bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing international medical graduate research productivity for application to US neurosurgery residency and beyond: A survey of applicants, program directors, and institutional experience
Authors: Mignucci-Jiménez Giancarlo , Xu Yuan , Houlihan Lena Mary , Benner Dimitri , Jubran Jubran H. , Staudinger Knoll Ann J. , Labib Mohamed A. , Dagi Teodoro Forcht , Spetzler Robert F. , Lawton Michael T. , Preul Mark C.
Published: July 2022

Background

The authors investigated perceived discrepancies between the neurosurgical research productivity of international medical graduates (IMGs) and US medical graduates (USMGs) through the perspective of program directors (PDs) and successfully matched IMGs.

Methods

Responses to 2 separate surveys on neurosurgical applicant research productivity in 115 neurosurgical programs and their PDs were analyzed. Neurosurgical research participation was analyzed using an IMG survey of residents who matched into neurosurgical residency within the previous 8 years. Productivity of IMGs conducting dedicated research at the study institution was also analyzed.

Results

Thirty-two of 115 (28%) PDs responded to the first research productivity survey and 43 (37%) to the second IMG research survey. PDs expected neurosurgery residency applicants to spend a median of 12–24 months on research (Q1-Q3: 0–12 to 12–24; minimum time: 0–24; maximum time: 0–48) and publish a median of 5 articles (Q1-Q3: 2–5 to 5–10; minimum number: 0–10; maximum number: 4–20). Among 43 PDs, 34 (79%) ranked “research institution or associated personnel” as the most important factor when evaluating IMGs' research. Forty-two of 79 (53%) IMGs responding to the IMG-directed survey reported a median of 30 months (Q1-Q3: 18–48; range: 4–72) of neurosurgical research and 12 published articles (Q1-Q3: 6–24; range: 1–80) before beginning neurosurgical residency. Twenty-two PDs (69%) believed IMGs complete more research than USMGs before residency. Of 20 IMGs conducting dedicated neuroscience/neurosurgery research at the study institution, 16 of 18 who applied matched or entered a US neurosurgical training program; 2 applied and entered a US neurosurgical clinical fellowship.

Conclusion

The research work of IMGs compared to USMGs who apply to neurosurgery residency exceeds PDs' expectations regarding scientific output and research time. Many PDs perceive IMG research productivity before residency application as superior to USMGs. Although IMGs comprise a small percentage of trainees, they are responsible for a significant amount of US-published neurosurgical literature. Preresidency IMG research periods may be improved with dedicated mentoring and advising beginning before the research period, during the period, and within a neurosurgery research department, providing a formal structure such as a research fellowship or graduate program for IMGs aspiring to train in the US.
Novel Approach to Fault-Tolerant Control of Inter-Turn Short Circuits in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for UAV Propellers
Authors: Suti Aleksander , Di Rito Gianpietro , Galatolo Roberto
Published: July 2022

This paper deals with the development of a novel fault-tolerant control technique aiming at the diagnosis and accommodation of inter-turn short circuit faults in permanent magnet synchronous motors for lightweight UAV propulsion. The reference motor is driven by a four-leg converter, which can be reconfigured in case of a phase fault by enabling the control of the central point of the motor Y-connection. A crucial design point entails the development of fault detection and isolation (FDI) algorithms capable of minimizing the failure transients and avoiding the short circuit extension. The proposed fault-tolerant control is composed of two sections: the first one applies a novel FDI algorithm for short circuit faults based on the trajectory tracking of the motor current phasor in the Clarke plane; the second one implements the fault accommodation, by applying a reference frame transformation technique to the post-fault commands. The control effectiveness is assessed via nonlinear simulations by characterizing the FDI latency and the post-fault performances. The proposed technique demonstrates excellent potentialities: the FDI algorithm simultaneously detects and isolates the considered faults, even with very limited extensions, during both stationary and unsteady operating conditions. In addition, the proposed accommodation technique is very effective in minimizing the post-fault torque ripples.
Impact of Mega Constellations on Geospace Safety
Authors: Tao Haicheng , Zhu Qinyu , Che Xueke , Li Xinhong , Man Wanxin , Zhang Zhibin , Zhang Guohui
Published: July 2022

The extent of the impact of mega constellations on the low-orbiting geospace environment, which has not yet been assessed in more concrete quantitative terms, is an extremely important issue to consider as mega constellations are built. Satellite safety and lifetime can clearly represent the situation of space targets, and thus can reflect the impact of mega constellations on geospace security. Three target satellites with different characteristics were selected and the Accepted Collision Probability Level (ACPL) was calculated to obtain the impact of Starlink on satellite mission lifetime. Upon considering Starlink without early avoidance control, the lifetimes of the three target satellites were shortened by 56.21%, 99.09%, and 99.82%, respectively. After 10 revolutions of early avoidance control, two were shortened to 92.166% and 91.99%, while the lifetime of JILIN-01 was extended by 155.44%. After joining Starlink, the total risk became larger; even if the target satellite avoided control far more frequently than before joining Starlink, it will face a worse geospace environment. Adopting the most aggressive orbit avoidance control cannot avoid the deterioration of the geospace environment from the perspective of satellite lifetime, which is an irreversible and deteriorating process.
Spectral Light Curve Simulation for Parameter Estimation from Space Debris
Authors: Nussbaum Max , Schafer Ewan , Yoon Zizung , Keil Denise , Stoll Enrico
Published: July 2022

Characterisation of space debris has become a fundamental task to facilitate sustainable space operations. Ground-based surveillance provides the means to extract key attributes from spacecraft. However, signal inversion attempts are generally under-constrained, which is why an increase in measurement channels through multispectral observations is expected to benefit parameter estimation. The current approach to simulating space debris observation at the Institute of Technical Physics of the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) in Stuttgart relies on monochromatic images taken from the POV-Ray render engine to form light curve signals. Rendered scenes are generated based on the location of an observer by propagating a target’s orbit and rotation. This paper describes the simulation of spectral light curves through the extension of DLR’s Raxus Prime simulation environment. Light reflections are computed using the Mitsuba2 spectral render engine, while atmospheric attenuation is accounted for by the radiative transfer library libRadTran. A validation of the simulator was achieved using multispectral measurements, carried out at the Uhlandshöhe research observatory in Stuttgart. Measured and synthetic data were found to be in agreement based on an RMS error <1% of the total measured signal count. Further, simulated spectral products were used to determine a target’s surface material composition and rotation state and examine aspects of laser ranging to non-cooperative targets.
Matrix Metalloproteases from Adipose Tissue-Derived Stromal Cells Are Spatiotemporally Regulated by Hydrogel Mechanics in a 3D Microenvironment
Authors: Martinez-Garcia Francisco Drusso , van Dongen Joris Anton , Burgess Janette Kay , Harmsen Martin Conrad
Published: July 2022

Adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are of interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) due to their easy acquisition, multipotency, and secretion of a host of factors that promote regeneration. Retention of ASCs in or around lesions is poor following direct administration. Therefore, for TERM applications, ASCs can be ‘immobilized’ via their incorporation into hydrogels such as gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA). Tweaking GelMA concentration is a common approach to approximate the mechanical properties found in organs or tissues that need repair. Distinct hydrogel mechanics influence the ability of a cell to spread, migrate, proliferate, and secrete trophic factors. Mesenchymal cells such as ASCs are potent remodellers of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Not only do ASCs deposit components, they also secrete matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) which degrade ECM. In this work, we investigated if GelMA polymer concentration influenced the expression of active MMPs by ASCs. In addition, MMPs’ presence was interrogated with regard to ASCs morphology and changes in hydrogel ultrastructure. For this, immortalised ASCs were embedded in 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/v) GelMA hydrogels, photopolymerised and cultured for 14 d. Zymography in situ indicated that MMPs had a variable, hydrogel concentration-dependent influence on ASCs-secreted MMPs. In 5% GelMA, ASCs showed a high and sustained expression of MMPs, while, in 10% and 15% GelMA, such expression was almost null. ASCs morphology based on F-actin staining showed that increasing GelMA concentrations inhibit their spreading. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that hydrogel ultrastructure in terms of pore density, pore size, and percentage porosity were not consistently influenced by cells. Interestingly, changes in ultrastructural parameters were detected also in cell-free materials, albeit without a clear trend. We conclude that hydrogel concentration and its underlying mechanics influenced MMP expression by ASCs. The exact MMPs that respond to these mechanical cues should be defined in follow-up experiments.
The Effect of an Energy Window with an Ellipsoid Phantom on the Differential Defect Contrast on Myocardial SPECT Images
Authors: Oglat Ammar , Sayah Mohannad , Kabir Norlaili
Published: July 2022

Good quality single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images are required to achieve a perfect diagnosis and determine the severity of defects within the myocardial wall. There are many techniques that can support the diagnosis of defect formations in acquired images and contribute to avoiding errors before image construction. The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of energy width (15%, 20%, and 25%) on defect contrast in myocardial SPECT images correlated with the decentralization of positioning of a phantom. A phantom of polyethylene plastic was used to mimic the myocardial wall of the left ventricle. The phantom consists of two chambers, inner and outer. Two rectangular pieces of plastic were placed in anterior and inferior locations in the mid-region of the myocardial phantom to simulate myocardial infarction (defects). The average defect contrast for all phantom positions using 15% to 20% energy was (1.2, 1.6) for the anterior region and (1.1, 2) for the inferior region, respectively. Additionally, the energy window width was >25% with a large displacement of the positioning off center, leading to loss of the defect contrast in myocardial SPECT images, particularly in the inferior region. The study showed decreasing defect contrast in both locations, anterior and inferior, with increasing energy window width correlated with eccentricity positioning of the phantom on an imaging table.
Assessing Higher-Order Visual Processing in Cerebral Visual Impairment Using Naturalistic Virtual-Reality-Based Visual Search Tasks
Authors: Manley Claire E. , Bennett Christopher R. , Merabet Lotfi B.
Published: July 2022

Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is a brain-based disorder associated with the maldevelopment of central visual pathways. Individuals with CVI often report difficulties with daily visual search tasks such as finding a favorite toy or familiar person in cluttered and crowded scenes. We developed two novel virtual reality (VR)-based visual search tasks combined with eye tracking to objectively assess higher order processing abilities in CVI. The first (virtual toybox) simulates a static object search, while the second (virtual hallway) represents a dynamic human search task. Participants were instructed to search for a preselected target while task demand was manipulated with respect to the presence of surrounding distractors. We found that CVI participants (when compared to age-matched controls) showed an overall impairment with visual search on both tasks and with respect to all gaze metrics. Furthermore, CVI participants showed a trend of worsening performance with increasing task demand. Finally, search performance was also impaired in CVI participants with normal/near normal visual acuity, suggesting that reduced stimulus visibility alone does not account for these observations. This novel approach may have important clinical utility in helping to assess environmental factors related to functional visual processing difficulties observed in CVI.
Thoracoscopic Guided Pericostal Sutures as a Solid Fixation for Primary Closure of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias
Authors: Michel Armin-Johannes , Metzger Ulrike , Rice Steven Alan , Metzger Roman
Published: July 2022

Purpose: To describe a minimally invasive technique with primary closure and strong suture connection that is feasible in cases of larger, most common type B defects of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Background: The thoracoscopic approach (TA) is a favorable technique for the repair of CDH and is still evolving globally. A common issue is finding the optimal suture technique for secure closure in order to prevent recurrences. Whether a defect can be closed only by sutures or by using a patch depends on the size of CDH, the presence of a muscular rim along the inner thoracic surface and finally on the surgeon’s experience. From a geometrical point of view, the challenge is to transform the circular defect into a line, without tension, with a strong compound and preferably without additional material. To address this, we apply a setting of the sutures in a “T-shape” and a way to lead the sutures around the rib bones in order to increase stability. This method allows for the primary closure of CDHs and also applies to larger defects. Cases: We present seven newborns with posterolateral CDH on the left side. The defects were solely repaired by TA and by the suturing technique described in detail.
Special Issue: Fractal Functions and Applications
Authors: Navascués María Antonia , Sebastián María Victoria
Published: July 2022

This volume gathers some important advances in the fields of fractional calculus and fractal curves and functions [...]
Development of Nanogel Loaded with Lidocaine for Wound-Healing: Illustration of Improved Drug Deposition and Skin Safety Analysis
Authors: Ali Amena , Ali Abuzer , Rahman Mohammad Akhlaquer , Warsi Musarrat Husain , Yusuf Mohammad , Alam Prawez
Published: July 2022

A wound refers to a cut or blow that may result in primary or secondary infection or even death, if untreated. In the current study, we have explored the wound-healing properties of lidocaine nanogel, owing to its antioxidant and neutrophilic modulatory potential. Initially, the pre-formulation study was performed and then using central composite design (CCD) fabrication and the characterization of lidocaine-loaded nanoemulsion was carried out. After the preparation of a nanogel of lidocaine-loaded nanoemulsion, it was evaluated on various parameters, such as pH, spreadability, extrudability, drug content, in vitro drug release, dermatokinetic study and in vivo skin safety. Based on the pre-formulation study, the maximum solubility of lidocaine was found in oleic acid (324.41 ± 4.19 mg/mL) and in Tween 20 (192.05 ± 8.25 mg/mL), selected as a suitable emulsifier. The refractive index of the optimized nanoemulsion was found to be 1.35 ± 0.04, the electrokinetic potential was recorded as −15.47 ± 0.95 mV. The pH, spreadability and extrudability of nanogel was found to be 6.87 ± 0.51, 73.32 ± 4.59 gm.cm/sec and 107.41 ± 6.42 gm/cm2, respectively. The percentage of the cumulative drug content and drug release from nanogel was found to be 99.94 ± 1.70% and 93.00 ± 4.67%, respectively. Moreover, dermatokinetic study showed significantly (p < 0.0005) improved drug deposition and the in vivo skin safety study showed no sign of dermal erythematous lesion or any visible damage. Stability studies also testified the secureness of nanogel after storage in a prescribed environmental condition. Thus, this study provides substantial evidence for healing wounds effectively and the further evaluation of the in vivo model. The patent related to this work was published in the Indian Official Journal of the Patent Office (Issue number: 20/2022).
Transwoman Elite Athletes: Their Extra Percentage Relative to Female Physiology
Authors: Heather Alison K.
Published: July 2022

There is increasing debate as to whether transwoman athletes should be included in the elite female competition. Most elite sports are divided into male and female divisions because of the greater athletic performance displayed by males. Without the sex division, females would have little chance of winning because males are faster, stronger, and have greater endurance capacity. Male physiology underpins their better athletic performance including increased muscle mass and strength, stronger bones, different skeletal structure, better adapted cardiorespiratory systems, and early developmental effects on brain networks that wires males to be inherently more competitive and aggressive. Testosterone secreted before birth, postnatally, and then after puberty is the major factor that drives these physiological sex differences, and as adults, testosterone levels are ten to fifteen times higher in males than females. The non-overlapping ranges of testosterone between the sexes has led sports regulators, such as the International Olympic Committee, to use 10 nmol/L testosterone as a sole physiological parameter to divide the male and female sporting divisions. Using testosterone levels as a basis for separating female and male elite athletes is arguably flawed. Male physiology cannot be reformatted by estrogen therapy in transwoman athletes because testosterone has driven permanent effects through early life exposure. This descriptive critical review discusses the inherent male physiological advantages that lead to superior athletic performance and then addresses how estrogen therapy fails to create a female-like physiology in the male. Ultimately, the former male physiology of transwoman athletes provides them with a physiological advantage over the cis-female athlete.
Plant Growth-Promoting Fungi as Biocontrol Tool against Fusarium Wilt Disease of Tomato Plant
Authors: Attia Mohamed S. , Abdelaziz Amer M. , Al-Askar Abdulaziz A. , Arishi Amr A. , Abdelhakim Ahmed M. , Hashem Amr H.
Published: July 2022

Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) improve plant health and resist plant pathogens. The present study was carried out to biocontrol tomato Fusarium wilt using PGPF through antifungal activity and enhance tomato plant immune response. Four PGPF were identified genetically as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor circinelloides and Pencillium oxalicum. In vitro antagonistic activity assay of PGPF against Fusariumoxysporum was evaluated, where it exhibited promising antifungal activity where MIC was in the range 0.25–0.5 mg/mL. Physiological markers of defense in a plant as a response to stimulation of induced systemic resistance (ISR) were recorded. Our results revealed that A. niger, M. circinelloides, A. flavus and P. oxalicum strains significantly reduced percentages of disease severity by 16.60% and 20.83% and 37.50% and 45.83 %, respectively. In addition, they exhibited relatively high protection percentages of 86.35%, 76.87%, 56.87% and 59.06 %, respectively. With concern to the control, it is evident that the percentage of disease severity was about 87.50%. Moreover, the application of M. circinelloides, P. oxalicum, A. niger and A. flavus successfully recovered the damage to morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments’ total carbohydrate and total soluble protein of infected plants. Moreover, the application of tested PGPF enhanced the growth of healthy and infected tomato plants.
Biochemical Intracystic Biomarkers in the Differential Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions
Authors: Wietrzykowska-Grishanovich Dominika , Pawlik Ewa , Neubauer Katarzyna
Published: July 2022

Background and Objectives: Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are frequently incidental findings. The prevalence of PCLs is increasing, mainly due to advancements in imaging techniques, but also because of the aging of the population. PCLs comprise challenging clinical problems, as their manifestations vary from benign to malignant lesions. Therefore, the recognition of PCLs is achieved through a complex diagnostic and surveillance process, which in turn is usually long-term, invasive, and expensive. Despite the progress made in the identification of novel biomarkers in the cystic fluid that also support the differentiation of PCLs, their application in clinical practice is limited. Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature published in two databases, Pubmed and Embase, on biochemical biomarkers in PCLs that may be applied in the diagnostic algorithms of PCLs. Results: Eleven studies on intracystic glucose, twenty studies on intracystic carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and eighteen studies on other biomarkers were identified. Low levels of intracystic glucose had high sensitivity and specificity in the differentiation between mucinous and non-mucinous cystic neoplasms. Conclusions: CEA and glucose are the most widely studied fluid biochemical markers in pancreatic cystic lesions. Glucose has better diagnostic accuracy than CEA. Other biochemical biomarkers require further research.
Systemic and Ophthalmic Manifestations in Different Types of Refractive Errors in Patients with Down Syndrome
Authors: Ljubic Antonela , Trajkovski Vladimir , Stankovic Branislav , Tojtovska Biljana , Langmann Andrea , Dimitrova Galina , Jovanovic Ivana , Tesic Milorad
Published: July 2022

Background and Objective: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of systemic and ophthalmic manifestations in different refractive groups in children and young adults with Down syndrome (DS). Materials and Methods: The study was a population-based, cross-sectional study that included 141 Caucasian children and young adults with DS. They were classified into the following three groups: myopia DS group (37 subjects, mean age 15.8 years), emmetropia DS group (41 subjects, mean age 11.7 years) and hyperopia DS group (63 subjects, mean age 10.9 years). The participants underwent inspection, slit-lamp examination, cycloplegic refraction, ocular alignment and ocular motility examination. Ten systemic manifestations were analyzed. Results: There was no difference in the prevalence of any systemic manifestations between the groups. Considering the ophthalmic manifestations, there was statistical difference in the distribution of proportions among the three groups for nystagmus (p = 0.011), iris-stromal atrophy (p = 0.048) and strabismus (p = 0.031). The prevalence of strabismus in our DS myopia group was 35.1%, and in DS hyperopia group 38.1%. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that DS children and young adults with any refractive error do not have a higher chance of additional systemic manifestations. Myopia in DS was associated with a higher prevalence of nystagmus and iris stromal atrophy, whereas astigmatism was found to be more frequent in hyperopia.
The 1064-nm Nd:YAG Photobiomodulation vs. 20% Benzocaine Topical Gel in Inducing Mucosal Anesthetic Effect: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: El Feghali Rita , Tatarian Karen , Zogheib Carla , Benedicenti Stefano , Pasquale Claudio , Amaroli Andrea
Published: July 2022

The periapical local anesthetic injection may be associated with fear of needles and pain administration. Dental topical anesthetic agents can help to reduce pain perception; however, adverse events can occur. To investigate the efficacy of 1064-nm photobiomodualtion (PBM) in inducing mucosal anesthesia delivered with a flat-top hand-piece compared to 20% Benzocaine topical anesthetic gel, sixty healthy patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either 20% benzocaine topical gel + placebo laser (T group) or PBM + placebo gel (L group). The 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser was employed and is associated with a novel flat-top hand piece. The applied operational parameters were 0.5 W, 10 Hz, 100 µs pulse width, and 30 J/cm2 for one-minute single application time. The enrolled subjects were asked to assess pain intensity at the time of anesthetic injection with a Visual Analog Scale. Taking into consideration taste, undesirable numbness, and overall satisfaction, the patients were asked to rate their experiences according to a verbal rating scale. Statistical analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the T and L Groups for pain ratings (p = 0.0596). The L Group displayed significantly higher ratings than T Group for taste, undesirable numbness, and overall satisfaction (p < 0.001). The 1064-nm PBM delivered by flat-top hand piece is effective in inducing mucosal anesthesia, eliminating the adverse side-effects of the conventional topical anesthetic gel.
Green Ag/AgCl as an Effective Plasmonic Photocatalyst for Degradation and Mineralization of Methylthioninium Chloride
Authors: Udomkun Patchimaporn , Boonupara Thirasant , Smith Siwaporn M. , Kajitvichyanukul Puangrat
Published: July 2022

A green synthesis of Ag/AgCl with an exceptional SPR and photocatalysis property is greatly benefit to the environmental application especially pollutant removal. In this work, a novel green plasmonic photocatalysis of Ag/AgCl nanocatalyst using aqueous garlic extract (Allium Sativum L.) was successfully synthesized. The allicin and organosulfur compounds in the garlic can act as reducing agents in the green synthesis process. The nanocatalyst properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractometer. The light-harvesting property was investigated by UV-vis absorption spectra which reveals its visible light absorption capability owing surface plasmon resonance behavior of Ag nanoparticles. The degradation and mineralization of methylthioninium chloride (MC) using this photocatalyst were evaluated under visible light and natural solar irradiation. Surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles and the presence of organosulfur from the garlic extract facilitated adsorption of MC onto the particle surface, promoting greater degradation. The photocatalytic reaction under visible light can be explained by the pseudo first-order pattern with the highest reaction rate of 0.5829 mg L−1 min−1 at pH 10. The photocatalytic activity of the Ag/AgCl under the natural sunlight reached 90% and 75% for MC and total organic carbon (TOC), respectively. The intermediate products detected during MC degradation under sunlight irradiation before final transformation to CO2, H2O, HNO3, and H2SO4 were also reported. The simplicity of Ag/AgCl green synthesis with the photocatalysis properties under visible light and sunlight can offer the convenience of applying these nanoparticles for pollutant removal in water treatment processes.
Public lecture by Mr. Dimitar Bozhilov, mayor of Triaditsa district of the Metropolitan municipality, before law students on the topic “The acts of an almost mayor”
Authors: Nikolova Raina
Published: July 2022

The public lecture was devoted to the powers of the district mayor in a municipality. It emphasized on the acts issued by this territorial administrative body. Presents numerous case studies in the fields of civil registration; health, with emphasis gezi during a pandemic situation; education; public works and communal activities; sports and recreation; environmental protection, etc., which the district mayor must resolve in his work.
Invalidity of the Election
Authors: Chochova Мaria
Published: July 2022

The statement addresses issues concerning the election as a basis for employment and the general rules of invalidity established in the Labor Code. Separate hypotheses are considered, in the presence of which there will be grounds for declaring the election invalid. A comparative analysis has been made between the proceedings challenging the legality of the election and challenging its validity.
The Head of State in International Law
Authors: Vidin Blagoy
Published: July 2022

Head of states are designated under national legislation rules. International law intervenes in this process by means of treaties and international customs. Intersection point of national and international law are the privileges and immunities of heads of state.
The Development of The Labour Law of the European Union in 2019 – New Sources and New Perspectives for a More Reliable Legal Framework of Labour Relations. Part One: European Labour Authority – Establishment and Legal Characteristic
Authors: Staykov Ivaylo
Published: July 2022

In 2019 the development of the labour law of the EU received a strong impetus. The questions of the EU social policy were among the leading activities of all EU institutions. Two acts in the field of EU social policy, adopted in 2019, attract attention because they are expected to have a structural role in the future development of European labour and social law. These are Regulation (EU) 2019/1149 and Directive (EU) 2019/1152. Both acts were adopted under the ordinary legislative procedure, both acts have an identical story about their adoption, and were not accidentally adopted on the same date and published in the same issue of the OJ of the EU. The adopted acts of the EU law in the social field are the logical final step in the multi-year progressive efforts for adequate coping with the many problems and challenges facing the internal market, incl. labour market, which became a reality in the second decade of the 21st century. Given the size of the normative content of both acts, their social and legal purpose and importance of labour law and social policy of the EU, it is necessary to analyse them separately. In the following lines, as part one of a more comprehensive study, will be presented the background and establishment of the European Labour Authority, as well as its legal characteristic – functions and bodies. The statement does not claim to be exhaustive – it marks the beginning of a study on the place and role of this new body in the ever-current EU social policy.
ANÁLISIS DE CAMPOS DÉBILES EN LA PREDICCIÓN DE ONDAS GRAVITACIONALES
Authors: Suárez Carreño Franyelit María
Published: July 2022

La interacción gravitacional puede ser entendida a partir de la teoría de la Relatividad General, presentada en 1915, donde se exponen las diferencias entre la aceleración y la gravedad, presentes en una misma realidad, y además, se describen las características del espacio-tiempo y los fundamentos de covariancia. En este documento se muestra un análisis de los límites de campos débiles y su relación con las ondas gravitacionales. Se analizan los aportes que surgieron en 1950-1960 de los científicos Bondi, Sachs, Penrose, entre otros. Finalmente, los resultados muestran las características esenciales de las ondas gravitatorias, además de las similitudes presentes con las ondas electromagnéticas.
Implementasi Axioo Class Program Berdasarkan Relevansi Incheon Declaration Dalam Memajukan Pendidikan SMK di Indonesia
Authors: Kristianto Alfons
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Various educational problems hinder the development and progress of the nation. A global forum, namely the World Education Forum (WEF) 2015 was held as an effort to formulate solutions and strategies for advancing education with a target in 2030. WEF 2015 also produced the Incheon Declaration as a education observer actors’ commitment and seriousness to advance education.

Indonesia is a country that attended WEF 2015 when at the same time have been experiencing problems in its education sector, especially vocational education (SMK). Mabito Karya Indonesia Company is a private company actor that is serious in advancing vocational education in Indonesia through the implementation of the Axioo Class Program. All efforts in the Axioo Class Program are implicitly aligned with the articles of the Incheon Declaration.The implementation of the Axioo Class Program also involves various local and international actors. This research uses narrative analysis method in qualitative research method. This study concludes the importance of synergy in efforts to advance vocational education in Indonesia with the Incheon Declaration as global development ideas so that educational progress can be successfully realized.

Keywords : Axioo Class Program, Incheon Declaration, Advancing Vocational Education (SMK), Mabito Karya Indonesia Company, WEF 2015
Expansão da Educação Superior no Brasil: análise das Instituições Privadas
Authors: Eduardo Bielschowsky Carlos
Published: July 2022

O Relatório visa promover e alimentar o diálogo permanente com a sociedade, difundindo dados e análises sobre as recentes Políticas de Expansão da Educação Superior brasileira, com foco nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) privadas, e democratizar o acesso a informações pouco conhecidas e divulgadas sobre o histórico da expansão, a sua configuração atual e as consequências das políticas para o futuro do Brasil.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Teknostres Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: ÇALIŞKAN Mahmut , ÇOKLAR Ahmet Naci
Published: July 2022

Özellikle dijital teknolojilerin kullanımının artması ve yaşam üzerindeki yoğun baskısı, bireylerde psikolojik bazı sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Yoğun teknoloji kullanımının neden olduğu psikolojik sorunlardan birisi de teknostrestir. Literatürde teknostresin öğretmenlerin iş performansları üzerinde önemli bir etkisi olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bu araştırmada eğitim fakültesinde öğrenim gören ve gelecekte öğretmen olacak, eğitim ortamlarında görev yapacak öğretmen adaylarının teknostres düzeyleri araştırılmıştır. 2018-2019 eğitim- öğretim yılı, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi son sınıfında öğrenim gören 484 kişiden veri toplanmıştır. Ölçme aracı olarak Öğretmen Adaylarının Teknostres Düzeylerini Belirleme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının teknostres düzeyleri ile alt boyutları olan öğrenme- öğretme süreci odaklı, mesleğe yönelik, teknik konu odaklı, kişisel kaynaklı ve sosyal odaklı alt boyutlarında orta düzeyli bir teknostrese sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Ayrıca öğretmen adaylarının cinsiyet, öğrenim gördükleri bölüm, aylık gelir düzeyi ve internet kullanım sürelerine göre teknostres düzeylerinin farklılaşmadığı sonucu bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda bazı öneriler getirilmiştir.
Marxist Thoughts in ‘Thol’ Novel
Authors: P Yuvarani , S Sivamani
Published: July 2022

The literary form of the novel is the epic form of the new age. Literary forms and their patterns change according to the change of society. Due to this some literary forms will disappear and some of them will always appear in that form. The new literary form that emerged about two centuries ago is still reviving today. Because like other literary forms it is on depicting a part of a man or event. It fully portrays the change and movement of a society and is violent. The idea of Marxism which was subjected to such a mic and created various adjustments between the class distinctions of working class and employer worldwide, brought about a global change. Not only this but it gave a new evolution to the literary development. It was widely talked about by the writers. Many novels have been created in the world of Tamil fiction based on the principle of Marxism. This article sets out to explore the thol novel of Mr. Daniel Selvaraj, who appeared in the series from a public perspective.
Life Problems of Tamils of Highlands in the Fictions of Maatthalai Somu
Authors: M Christopher
Published: July 2022

Immigrant Tamil literature has an important place in Highland literature. Highland Tamil literature can be considered a part of immigrant literature. It is a rich literary field with many literary genres like folk literature, poetry, short stories, novels, dramas, and essays. Highland writers have contributed to and enriched the field of literature. Their field of literature is expanding beyond the Sri Lankan highlands to include Tamil Nadu, European countries, and other countries in the world. In this way, Maatthalai Somu is an international Tamil writer who records Sri Lanka (Highland), India (Tamil Nadu), Australia and the lives of Tamils living in them. Highland literature is two hundred years old. European countries that conquered large parts of the world to accumulate capital, exploited the resources of their colonies and the labour of indigenous peoples. In this way, the British, who took control of Sri Lanka in 1815, ended the Kandy monarchy. In 1820, coffee plantations were started. After that, they also cultivated cash crops like sugarcane, tea, and rubber. The South Indian Tamils migrated and settled in the highlands for the manpower to work on these large plantations. These Tamils are called Highland Tamils. Famine and oppression in India in the nineteenth century also caused Tamils to immigrate to Sri Lanka. The hard labour of Tamils was used in creating and cultivating these plantations. The history and life problems of such highland Tamils have been recorded by the highland Tamil writer Maatthalai Somu in his fiction.
An Overview of the Percussion Instrument Mridangam and its Rhythm
Authors: P Divyarupasarma
Published: July 2022

The "Harmonious Tune and Rhythm" are music's two ears. Rhythm is what determines the time scale of musical compositions. If the rhythm is wrong, the controls of the music will not be in order. Rhythm is what keeps music under control. In classical music, pitch is equated with mother and rhythm is equated with father. Pitch instruments include string instruments, wind instruments. Rhythmic instruments include the drums, jal tarang, cymbals, and string instruments. Some great geniuses have said that rhythm is the life of music. Through ancient literature, we learn about the formation of leather musical instruments, their structure, and their use. Leather instruments were used in various stages of human life. Musical instruments such as Thannumai (one-headed drum), Muzhavu (tomtom-large drum), Matthalam (big drum) and Mridangam (percussion instrument) have been developed as primary instruments in classical music syllabuses, stage performances and percussion instruments. References to musical instruments such as Thannumai, Mozhavu, Matthalam, and Mridangam are found in literary texts such as' Tolkaappiyam, Silapathikaram, Pancha Marabu.’ In ancient times, tools were made from clay. At present, they make instruments out of glass, wood, and fibre wood. They form joints in the skins of animals. Rice and iron powder are used for the sound. In this period, the names of Tannumai, Muzhavu, and Matthalam are changed to Mritangam. Literary messages of Mridangam, thong used for tying, right side joint, left side joint, method of putting rice, trees used, and words used can be seen in this study.
Paraulacizes irrorata (Fabricius, 1794) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae: Proconiini) en México, con el primer registro de alimentación sobre Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck en Huichapan, Hidalgo, México
Authors: Vega-Chávez Jorge Luis , Blanco-Rodríguez Edith , Pinedo-Escatel J. Adilson
Published: July 2022

Se presenta una redescripción morfológica de los caracteres externos de la cabeza, tórax y órganos genitales de ambos sexos de Paraulacizes irrorata (Fabricius). Además, se actualiza la distribución conocida para México y se le reporta por primera vez alimentándose sobre Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck en la localidad de El Saucillo, Huichapan, estado de Hidalgo. Se revisaron ejemplares de esta especie pertenecientes a las principales colecciones mexicanas y aquellos recolectados sobre A. salmiana mediante mediante un aspirador entomológico. Paraulacizes irrorata se distribuye preferente en la región neártica en contraste con el resto de las especies del género que habitan las zonas tropicales de Centro y Sudamérica. México alberga nueve de las diez especies conocidas, dos de las cuales son endémicas.
Catálogo de los milpiés (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) de Chile
Authors: Parra-Gómez Antonio
Published: July 2022

A catalogue of the millipede species recorded or described from Chile is presented, both in continental and insular territories, including synonyms, type localities, and distribution maps, based on the published literature between 1847 and 2022. A total of six orders, eleven families, 26 genera, 75 species and two subspecies were found distributed almost all over the Chilean territory. Most of the records in Chile are concentrated in the central-south zone of the country; furthermore, the described species have a high degree of endemism and the existence of seven introduced species is recognized. A key for the identification of the orders, families, and genera of millipedes occurring in Chile are provided. Finally, the species Chondrodesmus auxus Chamberlin, 1957, Chondrodesmus sierricola Chamberlin, 1957 and Rhinocricus gaudichaudi (Gervais, 1847) are proposed in nomina dubia.
Uso de Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) como agente biológico para la limpieza de osamentas de pequeños vertebrados
Authors: Jara Diego , Urra Francisco
Published: July 2022

Se documenta el uso de larvas de Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 como agente limpiador de osamentas de aves y mamíferos pequeños. Después de tres meses, se observó mayor actividad de los insectos en restos secos que en restos húmedos. Esta técnica requiere supervisión constante para evitar el daño de las piezas óseas más débiles por la acción de las larvas.
Una nueva especie del género Perzelia Clarke, 1978 (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) de Chile central
Authors: Urra Francisco , Palma César , Carvacho Camila
Published: July 2022

Se describe una nueva especie del género Perzelia Clarke, Perzelia mystax sp. nov., proveniente de la zona central de Chile. Se presentan caracteres diagnósticos para la especie, fotografías del adulto y figuras de las estructuras genitales.
Ampliación del ámbito geográfico de Pudahuelia modesta Urra, 2013 (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae): primer registro en la provincia biogeográfica de Bosque Valdiviano (subregión Subantártica)
Authors: Urra Francisco , Pérez-Schultheiss Jorge , Gajardo David , Oyarzún Carlos
Published: July 2022

Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de la especie Pudahuelia modesta Urra, 2013 en la cordillera de la costa de Purranque (Osorno), a partir de ejemplares recolectados en la localidad de Hueyusca durante enero de 2022. Dicho material permite extender considerablemente el área de distribución de la especie, desde la Región Metropolitana de Santiago hasta la Región de Los Lagos, abarcando parte de dos zonas biogeográficas adyacentes, la subregión Chilena Central y la subregión Subantártica.
PENDAMPINGAN KEGIATAN OPTIMALISASI TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DALAM MENDUKUNG PROSES PENDIDIKAN DI TAMAN KANAK-KANAK
Authors: Sholeh Muhammad , Rachmawati Yuliana , Andayati Dina
Published: July 2022

The use of information technology in supporting the learning process has become one of the needs that must be prepared by teachers. Teachers must adapt to the development of information technology. Teachers must adapt and adapt to children who use information technology more and are smarter in using smartphones. There are many applications that can be used to support the information technology-based learning process. One application that can be used in making online questions is to use the Wordwall application. The purpose of this activity is to provide alternatives to teachers in using applications to create online practice questions. The selection of the Wordwall application with the consideration that the application is easy to use and the questions presented to students can be chosen in the form of games. By packing in the game, it is hoped that students will feel happy in doing the questions. The method in the activity is carried out by providing training and practicing directly. The use of this practical method is expected that teachers can directly implement the making of questions. As a result of this activity, the teachers were able to develop online questions and form the outputs of the questions with various forms of games and distribute the questions to students.
A Novel Mathematical Model of the Dynamics of COVID-19
Authors: DEMİRCİ Elif
Published: July 2022

The severity of the COVID-19 pandemic requires a better understanding of the spread of SARS-COV2. As of December 2019, several mathematical models have been developed to explain how SARS-COV2 spreads within populations, and proposed models have evolved as more is learned about the dynamics of the outbreak. In this study, we propose a new mathematical model that includes demographic characteristics of the population. Social isolation and vaccination are also taken into account in the model. Besides transmission arising from intercourse with undiagnosed infected persons, we also consider transmission by contact with the exposed group. In this study, after the model is established, the basic reproduction number is calculated and local stability analysis of disease-free equilibrium is given. Finally, we give numerical simulations for the proposed model.
DNA CONTENT AND CYTOGENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF Gymnocalycium quehlianum (CACTACEAE) ALONG AN ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT
Authors: Martino P. , Gurvich E.D. , Las Peñas M.L.
Published: July 2022

Important changes in vegetation types occur along elevational gradients. The genus Gymnocalycium is endemic to southern South America, and its species are distributed along elevational gradients. In particular, Gymnocalycium quehlianum is a globular cactus endemic to the Sierras de Córdoba. Studying cytogenetic aspects and DNA content in populations throughout their distribution is key to understanding the species. DNA content and cytogenetic characteristics were analyzed in four populations of G. quehlianum (615, 744, 948 and 1257 masl). The genome size in the four populations varied between 3.55 and 4.30 pg. The populations were diploid (2n = 22). All populations showed the karyotype formula of 10 metacentrics (m) + 1 submetacentric (sm). The species presented symmetrical karyotypes and constitutive heterochromatin CMA+/DAPI- associated with nucleolar organizing regions, always found in the first pair of m chromosomes. The 18-5.8-26S rDNA locus is found in the terminal regions of the first pair of chromosomes m, and the 5S locus is adjacent to the 18-5.8-26S locus. A tendency for DNA content to decrease with increasing altitude was observed.

Key words: Gymnocalycium quehlianum, chromosome number, cytogenetic, DNA content, altitudinal gradient
The impact of the ‘Teachers as Researchers’ programme on educators’ sense of efficacy, practice, and collaboration at work: Results from implementation in France 2020-21
Authors: Pagnotta Murillo , Jeune Nathanael , De Nicola Marie , Atal Ignacio
Published: July 2022

We conducted a mixed-methods observational study of the impact on educators of the ‘Teachers as Researchers’ programme in France in 2020-21. A total of 152 educators signed up and 112 joined at least one of the 118 workshops conducted by 10 communities. We examined changes in educators’ sense of efficacy, practice, and collaboration at work. We found evidence of a positive effect on teachers’ sense of efficacy especially for teachers with high baseline measures, as well as evidence of positive changes in practice among teachers and non-teachers. We also found qualitative evidence that the programme motivated collaboration at work.