bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Thousand Exercises in Probability
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

This book is a revised, updated and greatly expanded version of the authors' "Probability and Random Processes: Problems and Solutions", first published in 1992. The 1000+ exercises contained within are not merely drill problems but have been chosen to illustrate the concepts, illuminate the subject, and both inform and entertain the student. Topics cover a broad range of subjects, including: elementary aspects of probability and random variables; sampling; Markov chains; convergence; stationary processes; renewals; queues; Martingales; diffusion; mathematical finance and the Black-Scholes model. This text is intended for general use, and to serve students as a companion text for elementary, intermediate and advanced courses in probability and random processes. Useful for anyone needing a large source of problems in these areas and at all levels. This book also acts as a companion volume to the new edition of Probability and Random Processes 3/e, (OUP - 2001), providing the solutions for the problems and exercises.
Probability and Random Processes
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

This third edition of this successful text gives a rigorous and extensive introduction to probability theory and an account in some depth of the most important random processes. It includes various topics which are suitable for undergraduate courses, but are not routinely taught. It is suitable for students of probability at all levels. There are four main aims: 1) to provide a thorough but straightforward account of basic probability, giving the reader a natural feel for the subject unburdened by oppressive technicalities, 2) to discuss important random processes in depth with many examples. 3) to cover a range of important but less routine topics, 4) to impart to the beginner the flavour of more advanced work. The book begins with basic ideas common to many undergraduate courses in mathematics, statistics and the sciences; it concludes with topics usually found at graduate level. The ordering and numbering of material in this third edition has been mostly preserved from the second. Minor alterations and additions have been added for clearer exposition. Highlights include new sections on sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo, geometric probability, coupling and Poisson approximation, large deviations, spatial Poisson processes, renewal-reward, queuing networks, stochastic calculus, Itô's formula and option pricing in the Black- Scholes model for financial markets. In addition there are many (nearly 400) new exercises and problems that are entertaining and instructive; their solutions can be found in the companion volume 'One Thousand Exercises in Probability', (OUP).
Events and their probabilities
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

Much of our life is based on the belief that the future is largely unpredictable. For example, games of chance such as dice or roulette would have few adherents if their outcomes were known in advance. We express this belief in chance behaviour by the use of words such as ‘random’ or ‘probability’, and we seek, by way of gaming and other experience, to assign quantitative as well as qualitative meanings to such usages.
Discrete random variables
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

The distribution of a discrete random variable may be specified via its probability mass function. The key notion of independence for discrete random variables is introduced. The concept of expectation, or mean value, is defined for discrete variables, leading to a definition of the variance and the moments of a discrete random variable. Joint distributions, conditional distributions, and conditional expectation are introduced, together with the ideas of covariance and correlation. The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality is presented. The analysis of sums of random variables leads to the convolution formula for mass functions. Random walks are studied in some depth, including the reflection principle, the ballot theorem, the hitting time theorem, and the arc sine laws for visits to the origin and for sojourn times.
Continuous random variables
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

The distribution of a continuous random variable may be specified via its probability density function. The key notion of independence is explored for continuous random variables. The concept of expectation and its consequent theory are discussed in depth. Conditional distributions and densities are studied, leading to the notion of conditional expectation. Certain specific distributions are introduced, including the exponential and normal distributions, and the multivariate normal distribution. The density function following a change of variables is derived by the Jacobian formula. The study of sums of random variables leads to the convolution formula for density functions. Methods for sampling from given distributions are presented. The method of coupling is discussed with examples, and the Stein–Chen approximation to the Poisson distribution is proved. The final section is devoted to questions of geometrical probability.
Renewals
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R
Published: November 2023

A renewal process is a recurrent-event process with independent identically distributed interevent times. The asymptotic behaviour of a renewal process is described by the renewal theorem and the elementary renewal theorem, and the key renewal theorem is often useful. The waiting-time paradox leads to a discussion of excess and current lifetimes, and their asymptotic distributions are found. Other renewal-type processes are studied, including alternating and delayed renewal processes, and the use of renewal is illustrated in applications to Markov chains and age-dependent branching processes. The asymptotic behaviour of renewal–reward processes is studied, and Little’s formula is proved.
Linear regression and correlation
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: November 2023

We follow descriptive statistics in our course with a descriptive treatment of linear regression with a single predictor: straight-line fitting, interpretation of the regression line and standard deviation, the confusing phenomenon of “regression to the mean,” correlation, and conducting regressions on the computer. We illustrate various of these concepts with student discussions and activities.
Structuring an introductory statistics course
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: November 2023

The demonstrations and examples in this book are presented as separate modules so that the reader can easily use any subset of them. This chapter illustrates how we integrate our demonstrations and other teaching material into a non-calculus based semester-long introductory course. We outline the course material and the student activities for each of 26 lecture periods of 75 minutes each. We make no claims for the optimality of this syllabus; rather, we include it to show how class-participation activities can be inserted into a standard course. In addition, we sketch an alternative list of activities for each week of a 15-week semester.
Decision theory and Bayesian statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah
Published: November 2023

We have taught several times an introductory course in decision theory and Bayesian statistics, requiring one term of probability as a prerequisite. In addition to the usual lectures, homework, and problem solving, we have found it useful to conduct frequent classroom demonstrations. Some of these are essentially lectures, but with extensive class participation, whereas others involve actions or calculations by the students. This chapter outlines some of our more effective demonstrations. Our contribution here is in the tricks used to involve students; the ideas behind most of the demonstrations are well known, and we refer in structors and students to textbooks in applied decision analysis and Bayesian statistics for further references (see the Notes at the end of the book).
Human Baroreflexes in Health and Disease
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

BL The first book devoted to human baroreflexes A comprehensive review of baroreflex involvement in human diseases, this book places the most recent understanding of human physiology solidly in the context of knowledge from animals. This book secures a place for human studies in the understanding of baroreflex physiology and pathophysiology and celebrates the advances made. By describing clearly the existing deficiencies in the understanding of baroreflex mechanisms, it points a way for future research in this exciting and important area of medical science. Nerve endings in the walls of the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch transduce arterial pressure changes and provide the central nervous system with a steady stream of encoded information. On the basis of this information, efferent autonomic neural activity is modulated finely, and the neurohumoral milieu of the heart and blood vessels is adjusted on a second-to-second basis. The arterial baroreflex may be the most important of the cardiovascular control mechanisms, because the baroreflex, above all other reflex mechanisms is the one whose speed is most adequate to respond rapidly to the abrupt transients of arterial pressure that occur in daily life. This book will help to fix a place for human studies in the understanding of baroreflex physiology and pathophysiology. It is intended as a celebration of the advances that have been made and, by describing clearly the existing deficiencies in the understanding of baroreflex mechanisms, it points a way for future research in this exciting and important area of medical science.
Myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

Baroreflexes may be involved in the pathophysiology of human myocardial ischaemia in a variety of ways. Since ischaemia alters arterial pressure, and since arterial baroreceptors sense and respond to extremely small changes of pressure, it is likely that baroreceptors sense all pressure changes provoked by ischaemia and help shape autonomic responses. In patients with ischaemic heart disease, baroreceptors seem to be involved intimately with prognosis; they may modify responses to therapy; and there is even the possibility that under certain circumstances, baroreflex mechanisms modulate coronary vascular resistance and provoke (or relieve) myocardial ischaemia.
Congestive heart failure
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter
Published: November 2023

In no category of patients with cardiovascular problems is abnormal baroreflex function more apparent than it is in those with congestive heart failure. Starling as early as 1897 recognized the possibility that tachycardia and vasoconstriction in heart failure patients might be due to reflex mechanisms. Baroreflex abnormalities are well documented in patients with heart failure resulting from a variety of underlying diseases, including particularly hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiomyopathy. Abnormalities are present (or have been studied) most commonly when disease involves the left ventricle; however, abnormal baroreflex-mediated responses may also be present in patients with processes that do not involve the left ventricle, including mitral stenosis (McIntosh Set al. 1954) and obstructive lung disease (Patakas et al. 1982).
Stamen diversity and in situ pollen of Cretaceous angiosperms
Authors: Friis Else Marie , Crane Peter R , Pedersen Kaj Raunsgaard
Published: November 2023

Stratigraphic and systematic analyses of dispersed fossil pollen grains have played a major role in developing current ideas on the timing and pattern of early angiosperm evolution. In most cases other parts of the plants that produced these grains are unknown but recent studies have recovered diverse floral remains from many Cretaceous localities, and these frequently have pollen preserved within anthers or on stigmatic surfaces. In the mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian), probable magnoliid and ‘lower’ hamamelidid stamens are particularly diverse and usually contain small, monocolpate or tricolpate-tricolporate pollen, generally with a relatively thick endexinc and a prominent footlayer. Typically these stamens show only weak differentiation between anther and filament, have a massive connective with a pronounced apical expansion, and exhibit well-developed valvate dehiscence. All of the hamamelidid stamens for which other floral organs arc known occur in small, unisexual flowers.
CCK receptors and anxiety in rats
Authors: Vasar Eero , Harro Jaanus , Pold Anu , Lang Aavo
Published: November 2023

Agonists at CCK receptors have been shown to induce or potentiate fear-related behaviour in rats. Thus very low doses of caerulein and pentagastrin have, an anxiogenic-like effect on rats in an elevated plus maze (Harro et al. 1989). The CCK antagonist proglumide completely reverses the anxiogenic-like action of caerulein and pentagastrin in rodents (Harro et al. 1989, 1990). Intracerebroventricular administration of CCK-4 increases the intensity of footshock-elicited aggressiveness in male rats (Vasar et al. 1984). The intravenous administration of CCK-4 has recently been shown to cause very severe anxiety and panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers (De Montigny 1989). However, it is not clear whether the primary target of the anxiogenic-like action of CCKrelated peptides lies in the brain or the periphery. Therefore the aim of the present study is to reveal the primary target of the anxiogenic-like effect of CCK agonists in the rat.
Behavioural analysis of the role of CCKA and CCKB receptors in the control of feeding in rodents
Authors: Dourish Colin T
Published: November 2023

Since the discovery that CCK decreases food intake in rats (Gibbs et al. 1973a; see Chapter 17 of this volume) there has been considerable interest in the proposal that the peptide may act as an endogenous satiety signal. The ‘CCK satiety’ hypothesis has aroused much controversy, and there have been suggestions that the decrease in feeding induced by the peptide is not due to satiety but is caused by sedation, nausea, or mild toxicity. The major proponents of the nausea/toxicity hypothesis have been Deutsch and his colleagues and, more recently, Stricker and his colleagues. Deutsch has shown that CCK produces a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) to various novel-flavoured. solutions (Deutsch and Hardy 1977) and that the decrease in feeding induced by CCK is attenuated by an anti-emetic drug (Moore and Deutsch 1985). However, the relationship between the ability of a drug to induce a CTA and to cause nausea is uncertain, and indeed many drugs that induce a CTA also support selfadministration, indicating that they have rewarding properties (Goudie 1987). Furthermore, it appears that small doses of CCK which produce a reliable decrease in food intake do not induce a CTA, suggesting that the presence of a CTA is not a prerequisite for observing a satiety-like action of CCK (see Chapter 17 of this volume for further discussion).
Production and application of phytochemicals from an agricultural perspective
Authors: Wink Michael
Published: November 2023

Animals and microorganisms (except the chemo-or photo-autotrophic bacteria) directly or indirectly rely on plants as a major and ultimate source of food. We can safely assume that plants have developed strategies against herbivorous animals or phytopathogenic microorganisms during evolution. Furthermore, plants compete with other plants (of the same or of different species) for light, water, and nutrients.
Mineral nutrition of galls induced by Diplolepis spinosa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on wild and domestic roses in central Canada
Authors: bagatto Giuseppe , Shorthouse Joseph D
Published: November 2023

The cynipid wasp Diplolepis spinosa induces large, multichambered galls on stems of the wild rose Rosa blanda throughout central Ontario, Canada and recently has become established on the domestic rose Rosa rugosa. The life history of D. spinosa and composition of the associated community of parasitoids will be described.
The fossil record of leaves with galls
Authors: Scott Andrew C , Stephenson Jonathan , Collinson Margarete
Published: November 2023

A few scattered examples of galls on plant fossils have been reported from the late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic. A more extensive record exists in the Cretaceous, largely coincident with the first radiation of angiosperms and the earliest fossil occurrences of several insect groups known today to induce gall formation. In the Tertiary a higher diversity of gall types arc encountered. This review incorporates new data on morphological diversity in galls from several large assemblages of Cretaceous and early Tertiary angiosperm leaves. These fossil galls have also been compared with possible modern analogues. The implications of the new evidence are briefly considered in the context of the evolution of this important plant arthropod interaction.
The Annals of Botany Lecture: ‘Regulation of leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase and nitrate reductase by reversible protein phosphorylation’
Authors: Huberl S C , Mcmichael JR R W , Bachmann M , Huber J L , Shannon J C , Kang K -K , Paul M
Published: November 2023

Leaves play an extremely important role in plant growth and development. Two of their most important functions include:1) fixation of CO2 via the reductive pentose phosphate pathway, and synthesis of a transport form of reduced-C (sucrose in the species we are studying);2) reduction of NQ3- and incorporation of NH/ into amino acids. Both sucrose and amino acids are exported from mature leaves via the phloem for translocation throughout the plant (Riens et al. 1991, 1994).
Spatial and non-spatial coding of patterns by the Honey-bee
Authors: Horridge Adrian
Published: November 2023

Bees separate items in the three-dimensional world visual1y by relative motion, by colour, by range, and also by detecting global features in two dimensional patterns. They resolve a grating of period 3°-4° in daylight but when the locations of contrasts are made useless as cues by randomizing or alternating the positions of black areas, they cannot discriminate between many simple geometrical patterns.
Miniaturization in tetrapods: consequences for skull morphology
Authors: Rieppel Olivier
Published: November 2023

Miniaturization and its consequences for skull structure in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals are reviewed. The smallest tailed tetrapod is a salamander; physiological constraints related to endothermy prevent size in mammals decreasing to the degree observed in amphibians and reptiles. With decreasing head size, the brain and sense organs increase in relative size and become dominant factors in the shaping of the skull of miniaturized tetrapods. Skull morphology may be further modified by the mode of life of the organisms, as it is in miniaturized and fossorial / burrowing tetrapods (caecilians, squamates), where physiological constraints of miniaturization (minimal size of brain and labyrinth organs) combine with adaptational needs in a radical change of skull structure. Paedomorphosis is always involved in changes of skull morphology in miniaturized lizards, but in no case is it also a sufficient explanation for all the observed modifications.
Mass extinctions
Authors: Hallam A
Published: November 2023

As we have seen in Chapter 2, Cuvier was the first person to recognize that certain organisms, such as the mammoth and the giant sloth, had become extinct. He went on to argue for episodes of mass extinction and in effect became the father of catastrophist thought in the early nineteenth century. Cuvier was a greatly respected figure in France and acquired a number of disciples, one of whom, d’Orbigny, introduced the concept of stage into stratigraphy on the basis of extinctions of successive faunas (see Chapter 3).
The nutrient regime
Authors: Hecky R E , Spigel R H , Coulter G W
Published: November 2023

Nutrients are chemical elements essential for biological growth. Nutrients are generally considered to limit algal productivity in aquatic ecosystems when light and temperature are adequate for photosynthetic growth to proceed. In tropical lakes such as Tanganyika which are highly transparent, continuously warm and where solar radiation has little seasonality, nutrients would be expected often to limit algal growth.
Composition of the flora and fauna
Authors: Coulter G W
Published: November 2023

This checklist of the uniquely rich flora and fauna of Lake Tanganyika is bound to have many imperfections. Apart from possible sins of omission and taxonomic errors (such as of synonymy, attribution or classification), there are have been established long enough to thoroughly collect the aquatic biota at any lakeshore site, except perhaps at the IRSAC* station at Uvira, Zaire, on the north-west shore. Most other collections have been carried out on a short-term project or expedition basis. Many biotopes in the basin have not been intensively studied, particularly the benthic zone of the lake and most of the affluent rivers. Even in the most accessible region, the lake littoral, new fish species are still being discovered, and especially new colour morphs of cichlid fish. Much of the coastline remains biologically unexplored.
Structure and materials of brushless servomotors
Authors: Imagawa Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

Direct current servomotors are widely used for industrial robots, NC machine tools, and so on, owing to their superior performance as servomotors. For example, they are easy to control because the torque is generated in proportion to the current. In addition, they have high efficiency and high speed response. However, their reliability is subject to deterioration resulting from the friction caused by the mechanical contact between the brushes and the commutator. They therefore require inspection and maintenance such as cleaning and replacement of brushes. Brushless servomotors (SM type) are called brushless d.c. servomotors because their structure is different from that of d.c. servomotors. Brushless servomotors rectify current by means of a transistor, instead of a commutator used in d.c. servomotors. On the other hand, brushless servomotors are also called a.c. servomotors because brushless servomotors of synchronous type with a permanent magnet rotor detect the position of the rotational magnetic field to control the three-phase current of the armature. Then they obtain the same torque characteristic d.c. motors by making the field and the current meet at right angles.
Artificial-Intelligence-Based Electrical Machines and Drives
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

Recently artificial-intelligence-based techniques (fuzzy logic, neural networks, fuzzy-neural networks, genetic algorithms, etc) have received increased attention world-wide and at present two industrial drives incorporate some form of artificial intelligence. This is the first comprehensive book which discusses numerous AI applications to electrical machines and drives. The drives considered are: d.c. drives, induction motor drives, synchronous motor drives, and switched reluctance motor drives. Sensorless drives are also considered. It is essential reading for anyone interested in acquiring a solid background in AI-based electrical machines and drives. It presents a detailed and unified mathematical and physical treatment.
Elementary Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Acheson D J
Published: November 2023

The study of the dynamics of fluids is a central theme of modern applied mathematics. It is used to model a vast range of physical phenomena and plays a vital role in science and engineering. This textbook provides a clear introduction to both the theory and application of fluid dynamics, and will be suitable for all undergraduates coming to the subject for the first time. Prerequisites are few: a basic knowledge of vector calculus, complex analysis, and simple methods for solving differential equations are all that is needed. Throughout, numerous exercises (with hints and answers) illustrate the main ideas and serve to consolidate the reader's understanding of the subject. The book's wide scope (including inviscid and viscous flows, waves in fluids, boundary layer flow, and instability in flow) and frequent references to experiments and the history of the subject, ensures that this book provides a comprehensive and absorbing introduction to the mathematical study of fluid behaviour.
The Navier-Stokes equations
Authors: Acheson D J
Published: November 2023

The resistance arising from the want of lubricity in the parts of a fluid is, other things being equal, proportional to the velocity with which the parts of the fluid are separated from one another.
Matrix functions
Authors: Barnett Stephen
Published: November 2023

So far in this book we have mainly been concerned with algebraic manipulations of matrices, and have encountered limiting processes only in relation to iterative methods in Section 6.7. We now give an introduction to what can be called ‘matrix analysis’, where the idea of convergence plays a fundamental role.
Systems of differential equations, matrices, and sets
Authors: Hocking Leslie M
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains some material that will be used extensively in what follows. For convenience, it is collected together in this preliminary chapter, before we go on to consider optimal control problems. Some of the topics will be introduced briefly and some will be quoted without proof. If needed, further information can be found in the books listed in the Bibliography.
Further applications and extensions
Authors: Hocking Leslie M
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains some further applications of the PMP of a more difficult nature. Now that some experience in using the PMP for simple problems has been gained, the solutions presented here are not given in as much detail as before. We also consider more general control sets and the way in which restrictions on the state variables can be included in the theory. The name given to this problem is explained by the planning of the succesful landing of a module on the surface of the Moon in the Surveyor missions of 1966. The descent of the module had to be controlled so that the landing was ‘soft’, that is, both the height of the module above the surface and its downward velocity had to be brought to zero simultaneously. Because of the limited amount of fuel that could be carried on the module, it was important to achieve the soft landing with as small an expenditure of fuel as possible. The time taken to reach the surface was of little significance. A simplified version of this problem is described and solved in this section.
What is a knot?
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The knot problem is: given two knots, determine whether or not they are the same. But to proceed it is important to have a very precise idea about what we mean when we speak about a knot. Although most people would say that a knot is a tangled length of rope, for the topologist that would be nonsense. One need only pull the rope along its length to eventually restore it to a straight length of line. (If it has initially been pulled too tight, then some lubricating substance might be helpful!) For us then, all such tangles are equivalent to one another, and they are trivial. If the Gordian knot was not trivial in this sense, then one might perhaps imagine that it was spanned across the road to Asia, with the two ends secured to fixed posts.
Incompressible surfaces
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Let M be a compact, piecewise linear 3-manifold, possibly with boundary, and let S⊂ M be a compact, p.l. surface, properly embedded in M. As always, we will assume that a piecewise linear structure underlies the whole discussion. But still, this does not prevent us from imagining that the structures can slide about in easily visualized, topological ways, as was seen in the last chapter.
Diophantine inequalities
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In order to proceed, it is necessary to show that the positive solution sets of systems of linear Diophantine equations are finitely generated. One might compare this with the famous simplex algorithm, which is well known to the practitioners of economic speculation. The concern there is with a system of linear equations (describing economic facts) and linear inequalities (describing economic constraints). In addition, an overall function (representing profits) is defined, and the task is to find a solution which maximizes profits while respecting the facts and constraints. The computer quickly finds a single optimal solution.
The ‘difficult’ case
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The difficult case is that after discarding the spheres and discs of nonpositive complexity, we might still be left with some fundamental surfaces of negative, or at least vanishing, complexity. What possibilities are there? As far as negative complexity is concerned, the only possibilities are (i) spheres, (ii) discs, or (iii) projective planes. But spheres and discs have already been eliminated. Projective planes are non-orientable surfaces without boundary. They cannot be properly embedded in any knot space (which is a subspace of the 3-sphere).
Straightening homeomorphisms
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

Let S be a compact surface, and let f  1 and f  2 be two homeomorphisms of S onto itself. Given this, then it might be the case that f  1 and f  2 are ‘essentially’ the same. That is to say, f  1 can be ‘continuously deformed’ into f  2. Topologists have come up with the definition of isotopies to describe this situation. Let I = [0, 1] be the standard unit interval of the real numbers.
Kramer’s Lemma
Authors: Higgins J R
Published: November 2023

The situation was formalized by Kramer (1957, p. 68) following an idea of P.Weiss, in a lemma that has been elevated by some writers to the status oftheorem in recent years.
Single Channel And Multi-Channel Sampling
Authors: Higgins J R
Published: November 2023

The reconstruction from samples of a band-limited function f is called multichannel if the samples are not all taken from f itself, but at least some of them are taken from transformed versions of f. In practical terms, f has been passed through various processing channels before sampling. The name single channel sampling is used if only one processing channel is involved.This idea goes back to the classic paper of Shannon (1949), in which the reconstruction of a band-limited signal from samples of the signal and of its derivatives is suggested. General methods for multi-channel sampling go back to work of Papoulis. This and later work in the area is synthesized in the expository account by Brown (1993).
Sampling And Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Higgins J R
Published: November 2023

Suppose that ℒ denotes a differential operator on an ℒ2 space, and that an appropriate solution Y(x,.λ) of the eigenvalue equation ℒy= λY can be chosen so that (Y (x, λn)) are the eigenfunctions corresponding to eigenvalues (λn) (the relevant definitions can be found in §15.1). If there is an expansion theory associated with these eigenfunctions, then under suitable conditions there is a companion expansion which has the nature of a sampling series. This is the direction in which Kramer suggested that his Lemma (Chapter 8) should be developed. The aim of the present chapter is to introduce some of the many known ways in which this procedure can be made precise.
Ockham Algebras
Authors: Blyth T S , Varlet J C
Published: November 2023

An Ockham algebra is a natural generalization of a well known and important notion of a boolean algebra. Regarding the latter as a bounded distributive lattice with complementation (a dual automorphism of period 2) by a dual endomorphism that satisfies the de Morgan laws, this seemingly modest generalization turns out to be extemely wide. The variety of Ockham algebras has infinitely many subvarieties including those of de Morgan algebras, Stone algebras, and Kleene algebras. Folowing pioneering work by Berman in 1977, many papers have appeared in this area oflattice theory to which several important results in the theory of universal algebra are highly applicable. This is the first unified account of some of this research. Particular emphasis is placed on Priestly's topological duality, which invloves working with ordered sets and order-reversing maps, hereby involving many problems of a combinatorial nature. Written with the graduate student in mind, this book provides an ideal overview of this are of increasing interest.
MS-spaces; fences, crowns, …
Authors: Blyth T S , Varlet J C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall apply both the theory of duality and the results on fixed points to a consideration of finite MS-algebras whose dual space is of a particularly simple nature, namely is connected and of length 1. As we shall see, such ordered sets are amenable to rather interesting combinatorial considerations [50, 53]. In order to proceed, we must first characterise the dual spaces of MS-algebras.
NSF
Authors: Wilson E W
Published: November 2023

The NSF protein was purified from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO} cell extracts on the basis of its ability to restore activity to an NEM-treated in vitro transport reaction. Partial amino acid sequence analysis of pure NSF was used to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes, and a cDNA clone encoding NSF was subsequently recovered from a CHO-cell ,,gt10 cDNA library1. The sequence of this cDNA clone (GenBank accession # X15652} contains an open reading frame (ORF} of 744 codons. Although this ORF begins with an ATG in an excellent context for translational initiation, the reading frame is open from the beginning of the clone and the true translational initiation site may lie further upstream. Nevertheless the cloned fragment is capable of encoding a fully functional NSF protein (see below}.
ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)
Authors: Kahn R
Published: November 2023

Cloned ARF cDNA predicts a protein with a glycine at this position. Each of the three human ARF cDNAs hARF11314 (accession number P10947), hARF315 (accession number P16587), and hARF4,3,15 (accession numbers P18085, P21371) encode proteins of 180 or 181 amino acids with predicted molecular masses of 21-22 kDa. However, in some SDS gel systems ARF proteins appear as low as 19 kDa. Like the two yeast ARFs, hARF1p and hARF3p are >96% identical, while hARF4p shares only 80% identity with the other ARF proteins. As the human and bovine ARF1 proteins are 100% identical, the term mammalian ARF (mARF1) was introduced in an effort to minimize confusion. The ARF-like and other members of the ARF family of structurally related proteins range between 25-55% identity with ARFs. Alignments of ARFs with other GTP binding proteins revealed that ARFs are the most divergent family of the RAS superfamily, with slightly greater relatedness to the a subunits of the heterotrimeric G proteins than to the other members of the RAS superfamily. Regions of homology are largely limited to those elements identified as forming the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Rab5
Authors: Zerial L
Published: November 2023

Rab5 has been identified by screening cDNA libraries with degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to the sequence WDTAGQE shared by members of the Ypt1/Sec4/rab subfamily45. The DNA sequence of canine rab5 (GenBank accession number M35520) predicts a pro tein with a molecular mass of 23,658 Daltons. Canine rab5 protein shows 98% amino acid identity with the human rab5 protein. Like the other members of the rab family, rab5 displays the four highly conserved regions participating in the formation of the GTP-binding site6 and a -CCSN cysteine motif at the (-terminus, which is required for membrane association1 In vitro and in vivo expressed rab5 is post-translationally modified via isoprenylation of the cysteine motif7 and, more specifically, acquires geranylgeranyl groups89. Although isoprenylation is required for membrane association it does not alone specify targeting to specific organelles. The highly variable 34 amino acidlong C-terminal domain of rab5 contains sequences that determine the specificity of localization.
Rab9
Authors: Pfeffer S
Published: November 2023

The sequence of the full length protein is most closely related to another late endosomal rab protein, rab7 (57% identicaI)2 Rab9 is 39% identical to YPT1 protein2 Like mostrab . family members, rab9 displays greatest sequence homology to ras over regions of the protein involved in GTP binding and hydrolysis; it displays greatest sequence divergence from other rabs at its carboxy terminus. Unlike other rab family members, both rab7 and rab9 have slightly longer than normal “loop 7” domains, which have been shown to distinguish the functions of Ypt1p and Sec4p3 The rab9 sequence terminates with two cysteine residues, both of which are likely to acquire geranylgeranyl moieties.
SEC6
Authors: Novick P
Published: November 2023

Temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal sec6 mutants were isolated by a density enrichment protocol. The sec6 mutants are blocked in the export of cell surface proteins and accumulate 100 nm post-Golgi vesicles containing fully glycosylated secretory proteins23. The best characterized sec6 allele is sec6-4.
SEC9
Authors: Bankaitis V
Published: November 2023

Mutants carrying conditional lethal sec91’mutations were isolated by Ludox density enrichment and found to accumulate 80-100 nm secretory vesicles upon shift to restrictive temperatures1. The secretory block is rapidly manifested (i.e. within 15 min of temperature shift3) and is very efficiently reversed by subsequent shift-down to permissive temperatures under conditions where new protein synthesis is not permitted to occur after temperature downshift1. These data identify the accumulated vesicles as true components of the secretory pathway and identify the Sec9 protein as a bona fide secretory factor.
General introduction
Authors: Hall Alan , Zerial Marino
Published: November 2023

The elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of Ras (Pai et al. 1989), EF-Tu (Lacour et al. 1985; Berchtold et al. 1993) and transducin-a. (Noel et al. 1993) by X-ray crystallography has revealed that the structure of the GTP-binding domain is a highly conserved element among all GTPases. In addition, the structural studies have revealed some of the key molecular principles of the conformational change that accompanies the transition between the GTP- and the GDPbound forms. Given the high sequence conservation of the guanine nucleotide binding domain, these features are also likely to be shared by all other Ras-like GTPases. Thus, sequence analysis and molecuiar modelling can be extended to other members of the Ras superfamily.
Molecular cloning of Ras-related proteins
Authors: Tavitian Armand
Published: November 2023

The N-ras gene was discovered, first, as the third ras oncogene by DNA-mediated gene transfer from a human neuroblastoma (Shimizu et al. 1983). Shortly after, a gene was identified by chance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by sequencing the region flanking the 5’ end of the actin gene. The open reading frame coded for a protein named Ypt that was effectively expressed in growing cells and exhibited a 30% homology with the ras proto-oncogene (Gallwitz et al. 1983).Later, a rho gene was discovered inadvertently in aplysia while searching for analogs of human chorionic gonadotropin. The protein coded by the cloned cDNA also coded for a protein that shared 30% identity with Ras and 30% identity with Ypt proteins (Madaule and Axel 1985).
CAAX geranylgeranyl transferase
Authors: Seabra Miguel C , Goldstein Joseph L , Brown Michael S
Published: November 2023

GGTase, also known as GGTase-I, is composed of two tightly coupled subunits, designated α and β (Moomawand Casey 1992; Yokoyama and Gelb 1993). The a-subunit is identical to the a-subunit of FTase as determined by immunological studies (Seabra et al. 1991; Kohl et al. 1991; Moomaw and Casey 1992), cDNA cloning and expression (Zhang et al. 1994), and genetic studies in Saccharomycescerevisiae (Kohl et al. 1991; Mayer et al. 1992).
Rab geranylgeranyl transferase
Authors: Seabra Miguel C , Brown Michael S , Goldstein Joseph L
Published: November 2023

CAAX GGTase, also known as GGTase-I, is composed of twotightly coupled subunits, designated a. and 13 (Moomawand Casey 1992; Yokoyama and Gelb 1993). The a-subunitis identical to the a-subunit of FTase as determined byimmunological studies (Sea bra et al. 1991; Kohl et al. 1991;Moomaw and Casey 1992), cDNA cloning and expression(Zhang et al. 1994), and genetic studies in Saccharomycescerevisiae (Kohl et al. 1991; Mayer et al. 1992).
H-Ras
Authors: McCormick Frank
Published: November 2023

H-Ras p21, in its processed state, is a hydrophobic proteinof 186 amino acids, covalently modified by palmitoylationand farnesylation (see below). H-Ras p21 binds guaninenucleotide with very high affinity (Kd = 10*11M (Feuersteinet al. 1987; John et al. 1990)) and hydrolyzes bound GTP ata rate of 0.028/min (John et al. 1989). This rate is reduced inoncogenic mutants, such as position 12, 13 and 61 variants(Barbacid 1987).
R-Ras
Authors: Fernandez-Sarabia Maria Jose , Bischoff James R
Published: November 2023

The human R-ras gene was originally isolated by low stringency hybridization with a v-H-ras probe (Lowe etal. 1987). The human R-ras gene contains six exons and the exon-intron organization in R-ras differs from that of H-, K-, and N-ras protooncogenes (Lowe et al. 1987). The human R-ras gene has been localized to chromosome 19 (Lowe et al. 1987). The murine R-ras gene shares 88% nucleotide identity to human R-ras and is localized to chromosome 7 (Lowe etal. 1987).
Rap2a
Authors: Peterson Scott N , Lapetina Eduardo G
Published: November 2023

Rap2a was cloned from a Raji human Burkitt lymphoma cell line cDNA library using the Dras3 gene from Drosophila melanogaster as a probe under low stringency hybridization conditions (Pizon et al. 1988). This clone was named rap2. Upon the cloning of a second rap2 gene (Ohmstede et al. 1990; Farrell et al. 1990), the original clone was renamed rap2a. The DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of human rap2a (Pizon et al. 1988) are shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is X12383.
Rap2b
Authors: Peterson Scott N , Lapetina Eduardo G
Published: November 2023

Rap2b was cloned by screening a platelet cDNA expression library with the monoclonal antibody M90, which recognizes the highly conserved epitope of H-Ras between amino acids 107-130 (Ohmstede et al. 1990). The DNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of human Rap2b (Farrell etal. 1990) are shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is X52987.
Let-60 Ras
Authors: Sternberg Paul W , Han Min
Published: November 2023

LET-60 was identified by molecular cloning of the C elegans let-60 locus, which was genetically identified by mutations that perturb vulval induction (Beitel etal. 1990; Han etal. 1990) orcause lethality (Rogalski etal. 1982). The DNA sequence is shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is M5535.
She
Authors: Pelicci Giuliana , Lanfrancone Luisa , Pelicci Pier Giuseppe
Published: November 2023

She was identified by low stringency screening of the human KG1 myeloid leukemia cDNA library using a DNA probe representative of the SH2 domain of the c-fes cytoplasmic tyrosine-kinase (Pelicci etal. 1992). The nucleotide sequence of the She cDNA is shown in Fig. 1. The GenBank accession number is X66321.
Ras-GRF
Authors: Feig Larry A
Published: November 2023

The complete Ras-GRF cDNA was isolated and then sequenced from both the mouse (Cen et al. 1992; Martegani eta/. 1992) and rat (see Fig. 1)(Shou etal. 1992). The former was accomplished by complementation of a mutant yeast strain lacking the Cdc25 gene, and the latter by mixed oligo polymerase chain reation (PCR) after prediction of amino acids that might be conserved among species. In one case, cDNAs were isolated that suggested smaller forms of Ras-GRF might be expressed in brain by alternative splicing (Cen etal. 1992).
MAP kinase activators: Mekl, Mek2
Authors: Leevers Sally , Marshall Chris
Published: November 2023

Sequencing of cDNAs from mouse, rat, rabbit, human and hamster has revealed that there are at least two Mek genes encoding Mekl and Mek2 (Ashworth etal. 1992; Crews et al. 1992; Otsu et al. 1993; Seger et al. 1992; Wu et al. 1993a,b; Zheng and Guan 1993). In addition, there is evidence for an alternatively spliced form of Mekl (Mekl b) that lacks 26 amino acids between domains V and Via (Seger et al. 1992). Mekl and Mek2 have a proline rich domain between kinase subdomains X and XI. In Xenopus laevis cDNA cloning has revealed the existence of a homologue of Mekl, XMEK1 (Kosako et al. 1993), as well as a predicted protein (XMEK2) that lacks the proline rich domain (Yashar etal. 1993).
Ras2p
Authors: Fasano Ottavio
Published: November 2023

The RAS2 gene was identified by screening a yeast DNA genomic library under low stringency with a vertebrate RAS probe (DeFeo-Jones et al. 1983; Powers et al. 1984). GenBank accession numbers are K01971 and X00528 for the coding region and X52411 for the promoter region.
Bud5p
Authors: Chant John , Pringle John R
Published: November 2023

BUD5 has been isolated in two ways. First, it was identified as a gene that overlaps the MAT locus and is required for producing ordered budding patterns. It was then cloned from a genomic library based on this map position (Chant et al. 1991). Second, BUD5 was also isolated from a high-copy-number plasmid library as a clone that could provide partial CDC25 function when overexpressed (Powers et al.
The Rho subfamily of small GTPases
Authors: Hall Alan
Published: November 2023

Rho (Ras homology) was first picked up back in 1987 from an Aplysia cDNA library as a cloning artefact! Despite this inauspicious start, it turned out to be the founder member of a new and very interesting subgroup of the Ras GTPase superfamily that so far includes nine mammalian (RhoA,B and C; Rac1 and 2; CDC42Hs and G25K; RhoG and TC10) and five Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Rho 1,2,3,4 and CDC42Sc) proteins. Members of the Rho subfamily each have around 30% amino acid identity to Ras and have a carboxy-terminal ‘CAAX’ box used as a signal for posttranslational modification. Consequently, it has generally been assumed that Rho-like proteins probably act like Ras at the plasma membrane to regulate signal transduction pathways.
Cdc42p
Authors: Johnson Douglas I , Pringle John R
Published: November 2023

CDC42 was first isolated in S. cerevisiae by complementation of the cdc42-1ts mutation (Adams et al. 1990) using a genomic DNA library (Johnson and Pringle 1990; GenBank accession number X51906). The 5. pombe CDC42 homolog was isolated by complementation of the S. cerevisiae cdc42-1ts mutation using a S. pombe cDNA library (Miller and Johnson 1994; GenBank accession number L25677) and by screening a 5. pombe cDNA library using mixed oligonucleotides corresponding to conserved regions of Ras-like GTPases (Fawell et al. 1992; GenBank accession number M83650).
Rab6
Authors: Goud Bruno
Published: November 2023

Rab6 was originally identified by screening a human pheochromocytoma cDNA library with a probe derived from the human rab3A cDNA (Zahraoui et al., 1989). The DNA sequence of human Rab6 is shown in Fig. 1. The Genbank/EMBL accession number is JO4941.
Rab7
Authors: Bucci Cecilia , Chiariello Mario , Bruni Carmelo Bruno
Published: November 2023

Rab7 was first identified by screening a cDNA library from BRL-3A cells (buffalo rat liver) and initially called BRL-ras (Bucci et al. 1988). Later, a cDNA library from MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells was screened with degenerated oligonucleotides made in the conserved domains and the canine clone was isolated (Chavrier et al. 1990). The protein was then renamed Rab7 due to its high homology to the members of the Rab protein family. In Fig. 1(A), the rat coding cDNA and amino acid sequence is shown. Northern blot analysis has demonstrated that two messenger RNAs were present (Bucci etal. 1988): one major species of 2.5 kb and a minor one of 1.5 kb (Fig. 1 (B)).