bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACTEURS QUI INFLUENCENT LA TENEUR DE LA MATIERE ORGANIQUE ET LES PROPRIETES D'ECHANGE CATIONIQUE DES HORIZONS Ap DES SOLS DE GRANDE CULTURE DU QUEBEC
Authors: MARTEL Y. A. , LAVERDIERE M. R.
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this work were (1) to determine the relation existing between the organic matter contents of Ap horizons and their respective soil Orders, (Gleysolic and Podzolic), texture, pH and geographic locations in the different thermal regions of Quebec and (2) to determine the role of organic matter and soil texture on the cation exchange properties of the same Ap horizons coming from soils used for forage crops in Quebec. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC), the exchangeable bases and acidity were determined by using 1 N NH4OAC – pH 7. The results showed a variation in the carbon content ranging from 1.4 to 6.9%. The heat units accumulated in each region and the clay contents were correlated with the percentage of carbon and nitrogen. Soil pH and soil Orders (Gleysolic vs. Podzolic) did not seem to affect the organic matter content. The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) ranged from 10.6 to 42.6 meq/100 g soil; 40% of this was attributable to carbon and 32% to clay contents. Simple and multiple regression equations showed that carbon was correlated with the exchangeable acidity, while clay was related to the exchangeable bases. The CEC of organic matter and clay were respectively 161 ± 45 meq/100 g organic matter and 29 ± 6 meq/100 g clay. These values, lower than for Western Canada, reflected the nature of the organic matter that is less developed in Eastern Canada than in the Chernozemic soils; they also showed the effect of the predominant illite mineral found in the clay fractions compared to montmorillonite in Western Canada.
NITROGEN MOVEMENT NEAR SURFACE MANURE STORAGES
Authors: SOWDEN F. J. , HORE F. R.
Published: March 2010

No evidence of serious groundwater contamination by excess nutrients from solid manure storage areas that had been used for over 30 yr at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa was found in an investigation that was carried out over a period of 4 yr. One storage area was on a concrete base and the other was located on a gravel base. The water table was usually above the 275-cm depth at both sites. Two unused shallow dug wells less than 250 m from the storage areas were not contaminated by nitrate, ammonium or phosphate. Water from piezometers installed at 275- and 425-cm depths near the gravel base storage area was always low in nitrate and ammonium, but sometimes appreciable levels of nitrate were found in water from a 122-cm deep piezometer. Water from piezometers installed at 122- and 275-cm depths near the concrete base storage area usually contained nitrate and ammonium. Water from piezometers installed 213 and 241 m from the storage areas in the direction of groundwater flow contained little nitrate or ammonium. The conditions prevailing in the area and the variation in the nitrate content of the groundwater during the seasons suggested that much of the nitrate originating from the storage areas was denitrified at or near the water table.
BALANCE SHEET OF RECOVERED 15N-LABELLED UREA IN A POT TRIAL WITH PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII
Authors: MARSHALL V. G. , McMULLAN E. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
TRANSFORMATIONS OF NITROGEN ADDED AS AMMONIUM AND MANURE TO SOIL WITH A HIGH AMMONIUM-FIXING CAPACITY UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: SOWDEN F. J.
Published: March 2010

Ammonium sulfate, dairy cattle liquid manure and the “liquid" and “solid" fractions from the manure were separately added to 300-g samples of a loam soil at the rate of 250 μg N/g of soil and incubated in the laboratory at 22 C and 60% water-holding capacity. The Brunisolic soil sample used contained 20% clay which was largely vermiculite. Subsamples were removed at intervals for analysis of nitrate, exchangeable and fixed ammonium, Warburg studies of respiration rate and the distribution of organic N. One series of duplicate samples was leached with water three times during the course of the experiment which was over a year. About half of the nitrogen of the manure was in the NH4+ form and the exchangeable N from this as well as that from (NH4)2SO4 was rapidly nitrified (in about 3 wk) in both the leached and unleached series. About 40% of the NH4+-N of the manure and fertilizer was fixed by the clay and this was nitrified more slowly. With the fertilizer-NH4+, the fixed-N was reduced after about a year to a value slightly above that of the control soil at the beginning of the experiment. With the manure and its liquid fraction a smaller proportion of the "added" fixed NH4+ was nitrified. There was no increase in fixed-NH4+, nitrate or exchangeable NH4+ throughout the experiment with the solid fraction, although with the control soil more than 100 μg/g of nitrate was formed. There was a slight increase in amino compounds, amino acids and amino sugars, from 31 to 245 days. The amounts of these compounds were highest with the solid -fraction-treated soil and lowest with the control. The oxygen uptake was highest with solid -amended soil at all times; after about 180 days the soils treated with the other materials had the same oxygen uptake as the control soil. Leaching of the soil removed the nitrate formed but did not appear to have any other effect. Three leachings, the last after 245 days, removed 113 μg mineral-N/g soil from the control and only 144 μg/g from the manure-treated soil although 142 μg NH4+-N/g soil had been added to the latter. Clay fixation and immobilization had apparently "tied up" most of the added mineral-N.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CAPABILITY OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO ESTIMATE FALL SOIL MOISTURE AND DEEP PERCOLATION
Authors: SCHAIK J. C. VAN , CHANASYK D. S. , HOBBS E. H.
Published: March 2010

A computer program that estimates changes in soil moisture was used to calculate fall soil moisture contents and possible deep drainage. Generally good agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured total moisture contents under continuous wheat and grass after each of four and six growing seasons, respectively. Estimates of soil moisture storage and deep drainage under summer fallow showed discrepancies because unsaturated moisture flow was not included in the model. However, a comparison of actual field and estimated moisture data indicated that in two of five growing seasons, 3.7–7.5 cm of water could have been lost from the root zone of fallowed land because of deep drainage.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE NATURE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND ROOT LIGNINS OF GRASSES IN A ZONAL SEQUENCE OF CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: LUTWICK L. E. , DORMAAR J. F.
Published: March 2010

Clay–organic complexes, humic substances, and grass roots were separated from the Ah horizons of soils sampled at undisturbed sites in three Chernozemic soil zones from under dominantly single species of grass. Derivative thermograms (DTG) and infrared (IR) absorption spectra of the soil materials and of the lignins of the grass roots were compared. The data indicated that the organic matter (OM) of the Black soils contained fewer aliphatic groups and more carboxyl groups and was more resistant to thermal decomposition than that of the Brown soils; the OM of the Dark Brown soils was intermediate. The root lignins from the same soils showed many of the same zonal variations in the IR and DTG properties as did the soil OM.
LES EFFETS DE LA MISE EN CULTURE ET DE LA PRAIRIE PROLONGEE SUR LE CARBONE, L'AZOTE ET LA STRUCTURE DE QUELQUES SOLS DU QUEBEC
Authors: MARTEL Y. A. , DESCHENES J. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of cultivation (cultivated vs. non-cultivated soils) and the age of cultivated meadows (from 5 to 25 yr) on the evolution of carbon, nitrogen and soil structure were studied on some Quebec soils. The soil series used were Beaurivage, Charlevoix, Greensboro and Kamouraska which are important agricultural soils for Eastern Quebec. The air- and water-stability of soil aggregates were used to characterize the soil structure. As a result of cultivation, the Kamouraska soil lost 33% of the carbon and 8% of the nitrogen originally present in the virgin soil, while the decrease in the water-stable aggregates was 84%. Charlevoix and Greensboro soils showed losses varying from 30 to 35% for carbon and from 21 to 31% for nitrogen while the water-stable aggregates decreased by 50%. Under continuous meadow for 25 yr, the Kamouraska soil showed an increase of up to 36% for carbon and 64% for nitrogen whereas the Beaurivage soil did not show much variation. Such a cultural practice improved the soil structure mainly in the Kamouraska soil, as a result of the increase not only in carbon content but likely in the root biomass with time.
THE PYRITIZATION OF BASIC FERRIC SULFATES IN ACID SULFATE SOILS: A MICROBIOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
Authors: IVARSON K. C. , HALLBERG R. O. , WADSTEN T.
Published: March 2010

The aim of this investigation was to suggest a mechanism whereby the basic ferric sulfates, which occur in acid sulfate soils as a result of the microbial oxidation of pyrite in the original sedimentary parent material, can be microbiologically transformed back to pyrite when the soils are flooded. Three basic ferric sulfates were tested and it was found that in the presence of lactate and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, 10 g of each mineral were reduced within 12 wk to mackinawite (FeS). Additional incubation, to a total of 33 wk, resulted in no further sulfidation. However, in the presence of elemental sulfur, the sulfidation process resumed and mackinawite was soon transformed into greigite (Fe3S4) and then, following an aging process of increased temperature and pressure, pyrite (FeS2) was produced. Under simulated flooding conditions of sea water and decomposing seaweed, the sulfates were converted to a black X-ray amorphous sulfide which is known to change to mackinawite and/or greigite. The ability of H2S-oxidizing bacteria to form elemental sulfur in sedimentary pyrite-forming systems is reviewed and interpreted as a factor in producing the necessary sulfur. Basic aluminum sulfates were stable to microbial reduction. The X-ray pattern for ammoniojarosite was refined.
RESIDUES OF PARAQUAT AND LINURON IN AN ORGANIC SOIL AND THEIR UPTAKE BY ONIONS, LETTUCE AND CARROTS
Authors: KHAN S. U. , BELANGER A. , HOGUE E. J. , HAMILTON H. A. , MATHUR S. P.
Published: March 2010

Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride) and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] were applied to an organic soil, as spray treatments, at rates of 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha, and 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha, respectively. The persistence of the herbicides and their residues in lettuce (foliage), onions (root), and carrots (foliage and root) at harvest time were studied under field conditions. Proportionately more residues persisted in the soil from the higher rates of application of paraquat (2.24 kg/ha) and linuron (4.48 kg/ha). About 83–86% of the initial amounts of paraquat and 59–74% of the linuron remained in the soil 4 mo after application. Furthermore, about 50% of the paraquat was recovered from the treated soil 15 mo after application, whereas only about 20% of the linuron was recovered at the end of the same period. Carrots grown in this soil did not absorb detectable (>0.005 ppm) amounts of linuron, while onions and lettuce grown 12 mo after application absorbed the herbicide in various amounts. At the lower rate of application (2.24 kg/ha) linuron residue in onions was 0.014 ppm and that from the higher application rate (4.48 kg/ha) was 0.046 ppm. Lettuce had about 0.009 ppm residue, irrespective of the rate of application. Onions and lettuce grown on paraquat-treated soil had low residue levels (0.001–0.011 ppm). The study demonstrates the potential of paraquat and linuron residues to persist in organic soil, and their uptake by vegetable crops.
DIGESTION PROCEDURES FOR SIMULTANEOUS AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF NH4, P, K, CA AND MG IN PLANT MATERIAL
Authors: LIEROP WM. VAN
Published: March 2010

The efficacy of several digestion procedures for mineralizing organic matter from plant tissue was compared, and a rapid and precise method suitable for automated determination of NH4, P, K, Ca and Mg in a single digest was selected. A wet-digestion technique using hydrogen peroxide and perchloric acid as oxidative agents in a sulphuric acid medium was deemed the most advantageous among the tested procedures. Appropriate manifolds were designed to determine the sought plant constituents, present in the digests, by automated instruments. Although, recovered ammonium seemed more accurate and precise with the conventional Kjeldahl procedures, mean recovered ammonium was not significantly higher than the suggested method, when the latter was corrected for oxidized ammonium. Further, significantly larger quantities of K, Ca and Mg were recovered compared to the dry-ashing method, though the differences were small. The suggested procedure was verified with a plant-tissue standard and fortified samples. Further, it has been used to digest and analyze over 7,000 plant tissue samples and a number of manure samples without any problems. Two operators can weigh, digest and analyze 100 samples in an average working day without difficulty. An additional operator can, however, quicken the pace and double the number of daily samples.
AN EVALUATION OF THE INSTANTANEOUS PROFILE METHOD FOR IN SITU DETERMINATION OF HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES OF LAYERED SOIL
Authors: NAGPAL N. K. , VRIES J. DE
Published: March 2010

In the Abbotsford soil, which consists of 60 cm of silt loam over gravelly sand, the measurement of the partial unsaturated hydraulic conductivity characteristic Κ (ΨM) by the instantaneous profile (IP) method for the surface layer required hydrologic isolation of the experimental plot to prevent lateral flow within the surface layer. Lateral flow did not interfere with the measurement of the partial water retention characteristic θ (ΨM). Results, indicated wetting front instability at the interface between the two layers and the corresponding formation of "wetting fingers," which precluded calculation of Κ (ΨM) for the coarse layer. Tensiometer measurements indicated that wetting fingers had formed in the coarse layer around the tensiometer access tubes. The results point to difficulties inherent in the measurement of water potential in coarse layers with tensiometers and therefore in the application of the IP method. In the Delta soil, which consists of 30 cm of silt loam over fine to medium sand, difficulties were caused by irregular wetting of the Ap horizon which was observed to be related to its hydrophobic nature. Satisfactory θ (ΨM) curves were obtained for the sandy layer. No Κ (ΨM) functions were calculated for the sandy layer because of insufficient data.
THE UPTAKE OF NATIVE AND APPLIED LEAD BY ALFALFA AND BROMEGRASS FROM SOIL
Authors: KARAMANOS R. E. , BETTANY J. R. , STEWART J. W. B.
Published: March 2010

The uptake of native and applied fractions of lead (20 and 100 μg Pb/g soil) by alfalfa and bromegrass was studied in a growth chamber experiment using three soils. The applied soil lead treatments did not affect dry matter (DM) yield but the concentration of lead in the plant tops was found to increase twofold when the amount of lead added to soil was increased fivefold (mean values for both crops 3.8 and 8.7 ppm in the 20 and 100 ppm Pb treatments, respectively). Added sulphur gave significant DM yield response in both crops on all soils but did not significantly alter the lead concentration in the aboveground DM. Lowering the temperatures and reducing the photoperiod to simulate autumn conditions resulted in a significant increase of lead concentration in plants grown on the 100 ppm Pb treatment, which was attributed to the corresponding reduction in the DM yields of the plants. High concentrations of lead (mean 132 ppm) were found in the fine roots of both crops in comparison with lead levels in main roots (mean 33 ppm). Lead extracted by various extractants from soil samples at the end of the growth chamber experiment indicated that applied lead was rapidly immobilized with the higher lead concentrations in the soil solution being found in the soil with the lowest organic matter and clay content.
DEEP SOIL TEMPERATURES AT EDMONTON
Authors: TOOGOOD J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
USE OF NEGATIVE VALUES OF POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS
Authors: WILCOX J. C. , SLY W. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
MEASUREMENT OF UNSATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY WITH A MULTIPLE UNDISTURBED CORE METHOD
Authors: NAGPAL N. K. , VRIES J. DE
Published: March 2010

not available
INSECTICIDE RESIDUES IN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF TWO NEW BRUNSWICK STREAMS DRAINING AGRICULTURAL LAND
Authors: STEWART D. K. R. , KIMBALL E. R. , MacLEAN A. A.
Published: March 2010

Bottom sediments from two streams draining agricultural land in New Brunswick were analyzed for organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticide residues. Most samples contained appreciable quantities of DDT plus metabolites (up to a total of 2.07 ppm), about one-third contained smaller quantities of endrin (up to 0.45 ppm) and approximately one-fifth contained dieldrin (up to 0.01 ppm). No other organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides were detected. The highest residue levels were found in the watershed with the more intensive agricultural production and in proximity to fields producing intertilled crops.
CHANGES IN DECOMPOSITION RATE, MICROBIAL POPULATION AND CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF AN ACID PEAT BOG AFTER LIMING AND RECLAMATION
Authors: IVARSON K. C.
Published: March 2010

After 8 mo of decomposition, under laboratory conditions, the unlimed surface sample (0–15 cm, pH 3.8) of an acid peat bog contained about five times as many microbes as the unlimed subsurface material (15–41 cm, pH 4.1). As measured by CO2-C released and numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, lime had greater effects on the microbial activity of the surface material. Nitrifying bacteria were present and needed lime to become active. Fungal numbers decreased with lime and only 12 genera were found. Temperature had little effect, whereas pH had a marked effect on the distribution of fungal genera. Fusarium oxysporum, Cephalosporium acremonium and a frequently isolated nematode-destroying fungus Harposporium lilliputianum were found only at pH 7.5 and thus appeared to be alien fungi that responded well to an environment of high pH and cultivation. Before incubation, the unlimed lower sample was higher in carbon, nitrogen and methoxyl but lower in hexose, pentose and uronic acid than the unlimed upper sample. During decomposition there was a tendency for hexose and pentose to decrease, this being more noticeable in the upper material. No appreciable changes in nitrogen, carbon, methoxyl and uronic acid content occurred in either sample. Dry matter lost in the surface ranged from 8 to 13% while in the lower material it was from 2.0 to 3.5%. Despite sufficient NPK and a substantial sugar content, Sphagnum litter decomposes at a slower rate than some tree leaf litters. From the literature it is speculated that the slowness is due to the presence of microbial-inhibiting substances such as phenolic compounds.
CONSIDERATIONS ON SORPTION OF CADMIUM DURING LABORATORY OPERATIONS
Authors: SINGH S. SHAH
Published: March 2010

The techniques and procedures to be followed in the investigation of cadmium in soils and waters require careful evaluation in the interpretation of cadmium results. It was found that cadmium was adsorbed on the surfaces of rubber stoppers as well as on filter paper surfaces when in contact with solutions containing cadmium. The extent of error introduced through experimental techniques increased as the cadmium concentration in solution decreased.
ATRAZINE RESIDUES IN TILE-DRAIN-WATER FROM CORN PLOTS AS AFFECTED BY CROPPING PRACTICES AND FERTILITY LEVELS
Authors: STRYK F. G. VON , BOLTON E. F.
Published: March 2010

The herbicide atrazine was applied pre-emergence to corn plots which were drained by separate drains (average depth 70 cm). Water samples were collected from the tile outlets, extracted with chloroform, and the atrazine content determined by gas chromatography. The discharge of atrazine residues monitored over a 4-yr period ranged from 2.75 to 8.69 g/ha annually. The concentration varied between 0.5 and 3.50 μg/liter of water. Losses of atrazine were greater from plots under a continuous corn crop and a high fertility level than from plots under rotation corn and low fertility.
A COMPARISON OF LIME REQUIREMENT METHODS FOR ACID CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: WEBBER M. D. , CORNEAU DIANE , HOYT P. B. , NYBORG M.
Published: March 2010

Several laboratory methods for estimating lime requirements of acid soils were compared using 24 soils from Alberta and northeastern British Columbia and 15 from elsewhere in Canada. The Peech, Schofield, Woodruff and SMP (Shoemaker et al. 1971) buffer methods were equally well correlated with lime requirements for raising soil pH to 5.5 or 6, which in turn were highly correlated with the amounts of soluble and exchangeable Al and organic matter in the soils. The SMP buffer method is recommended for use as the diagnostic index of lime requirement to achieve pH 5.5 or 6 because of its speed and simplicity. A refinement is suggested for Alberta and northeastern B.C. soils on the basis that lime need not be added to achieve pH 5.5 but should be added to reduce Al below the toxic level for sensitive crops. The lime requirements to reduce Al in those soils were highly correlated with the amounts of 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble Al they contained and it is recommended that the 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble AI be used as the diagnostic index of lime requirement. Lime requirements related to SMP (pH) and 0.02 M CaCl2-soluble Al are presented.
DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN IN REPRESENTATIVE CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: SOWDEN F. J.
Published: March 2010

Forms of nitrogen in 92 samples were measured in a study designed to determine the similarities and differences in the nitrogen distribution in various horizons of a wide range of Canadian soils. The samples, representing all of the nine soil orders, were chosen from different climate and vegetation zones. Some peat soils were analyzed also. The data were first grouped according to the nitrogen content of the samples, but the amino acid composition of the soil "protein" did not appear to be related to this. The data were then grouped according to LFH, A, B and C horizons and also according to the Ah, Ap, Ae, Bhf, Bh, Bm and Bt layers. Again, few significant differences in the amino acid composition could be found. Data for the average amino acid composition and standard deviations for 92 mineral soils, 6 LFH and 2 ’O’ horizons of these and 18 peat soils were calculated. Since the analytical and sampling errors appear to be relatively small and would not account for all the variation between samples, there appeared to be real but relatively small and random differences in the amino acid composition of the different samples. The data for the individual soils supported this conclusion; for instance, some samples had very small or barely detectable amounts of hydroxyproline, while with other soils it made up 1–2% of the amino acid nitrogen. The amino sugar composition was more variable and the glucosamine/galactosamine ratio varied from 2:1 for the LFH horizons to 1:1 for the peat soils. In general, however, the soil "protein", which is probably largely the result of microbial degradation and synthesis, is remarkably similar to its amino acid composition. Amino acid nitrogen made up over half of the total nitrogen of the LFH and O horizons. This underestimated the "protein" nitrogen, since there is probably some amide nitrogen (about 5%) not included. In the mineral soils probably about 40% was "protein" nitrogen (including aminde), 5% was amino sugar nitrogen, 18% hydrolyzable unidentified nitrogen and 13.5% was insoluble in the acid used for hydrolysis. Clay-fixed ammonium made up 17% of the total nitrogen and much of the hydrolyzable ammonium came from this.
NATIVE CLAY-FIXED AMMONIUM CONTENT, AND THE FIXATION OF ADDED AMMONIUM OF SOME SOILS OF EASTERN CANADA
Authors: SOWDEN F. J. , ROSS G. J. , MacLEAN A. A.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the native clay-fixed NH4+ of some typical soils of Eastern Canada. Usually the amount of fixed NH4+ was related to the clay contents and increased down the profile but there were frequent exceptions to both of these generalizations. The amounts found ranged from 12 to 450 μg fixed NH4+–N/g soil. In general, with some cultivated soils, the cropped areas had lower native fixed NH4+ contents than areas that were in sod. The capacity to fix added NH4+ was usually low in the sandy soils and in general the B and C horizons fixed more NH4+ than the A horizons. For the soils that did fix NH4+, a larger amount but lower percentage was fixed as the amount of added NH4+ was increased. The amount of water in which the NH4+ was added had a slight effect on the percentage fixed, being a little lower as the amount of water was increased. The cultivated New Brunswick surface soils had low NH4+ fixing capacities. Analysis of the clay mineralogy of some soils showed a fairly close relationship between vermiculitic clay content and NH4+ fixation.
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER N AND SOIL MOISTURE ON MINERALIZATION, N RECOVERY AND A-VALUES, UNDER SPRING WHEAT GROWN IN SMALL LYSIMETERS
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , PAUL E. A.
Published: March 2010

The influence of rate of fertilizer N and soil moisture on N uptake by spring wheat, N mineralization, A-values and N recovery was determined in small lysimeters on stubble land by means of 15N-labelled KNO3. Net mineralization was enhanced by frequent irrigations but depressed by cropping. In contrast to most growth chamber results, N uptake was not linearly but logarithmically related to rate of application; uptake from fertilizer was positively related to rate, but only up to a point beyond which it levelled off; uptake from native soil N was generally negatively related to rate; A-values were not constant but negatively related to rate except at the highest rates (123–164 kg N/ha) when they were positively related especially under dry conditions. These differences in results were credited to the fact that the pot system does not adequately simulate the field situation. On dryland an average of 68, 20 and 12% of the plant N was located in the grain, straw and roots, respectively; under irrigation the corresponding values were 75, 16 and 9%. Average recovery of fertilizer N on dryland was: soil 34.6%, grain 37.3%, straw 12.2%, roots 2.6%, error 6.0%, and unaccounted 7%; under irrigation it was 15.4, 58.3, 13.0, 3.5, 6.0 and 4.0%, respectively. On dryland about 28% of the fertilizer N was left in the soil at rates up to 82 kg N/ha, while 57% was left at 164 kg N/ha; under irrigation the corresponding values were 15 and 21%, respectively. On dryland > 70% of the residual N was located in the 0- to 30-cm soil segment at fertilizer rates < 82 kg N/ha; at higher rates > 50% was in the 30- to 60-cm segment. Only at 164 kg N/ha was there appreciable residual N in the 30- to 60-cm segment under irrigation. There was negligible fertilizer N below 60 cm in all treatments.
RELEASE OF SULPHATE FROM THE OXIDATION OF THIOUREA AND AMMONIUM POLYSULPHIDE
Authors: HARRON W. R. , MALHI S. S.
Published: March 2010

A sulphate-sulphur-deficient soil was treated with thiourea and ammonium polysulphide in an incubation study to determine the release of sulphate. Reduced sulphur from both sources was oxidized to sulphate in 2–4 wk. The released sulphate from either of the sources may provide sufficient sulphur for plant growth in sulphur-deficient soil.
SOIL RESPIRATION IN A MIXED GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM
Authors: REDMANN R. E.
Published: March 2010

Soil respiration was measured in a mixed grassland ecosystem in southwestern Saskatchewan during 1970–72, using an infrared gas-analysis system. The site, on heavy-clay soil, was dominated by Agropyron dasystachyum and A. smithii. Soil respiration reached peak values (about 200 mg m−2h−1) during late June or early July. Rates earlier and later were limited primarily by low temperatures and soil water stress. A multiple regression analysis revealed that up to 74% of the variation in soil respiration could be explained by the variables: soil temperature, soil moisture and precipitation. The strong influence of precipitation suggests that wetting of the litter layer and dead vegetation might exert an important control over decomposition in this grassland.
RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA AND CLAY CONTENT TO SHRINK-SWELL POTENTIAL OF SOILS HAVING DIFFERENT CLAY MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITIONS
Authors: ROSS G. J.
Published: March 2010

Data for 22 samples from 17 pedons were analyzed for relationships of specific surface area and amounts and kinds of clay to coefficient of linear extensibility, as determined by the paste method (COLErod), and to free swelling index (FSI). The soils were divided into three main groups according to their clay mineralogy. The clay of the first group was micaceous, that of the second group kaolinitic, and that of the third group montmorillonitic. Both clay contents and specific surface areas of the combined first and second groups of soils were closely related to COLErod (r2 = 0.81 and r2 = 0.91) with specific surface area giving the higher correlation. The correlation of clay content with COLErod decreased markedly, however, when the montmorillonitic soils were included (r2 = 0.56). In contrast, the correlation of specific surface area with COLErod remained high (r2 = 0.97), indicating that for the soils used in this study, specific surface area was more basic with respect to shrink–swell potential than was clay content. Specific surface area was also highly correlated with FSI (r2 = 0.96) which was expected from the close relationship between COLErod and FSI (r2 = 0.95).
ORGANIC NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN SELECTED PEATS AND PEAT FRACTIONS
Authors: SOWDEN F. J. , MORITA H. , LEVESQUE M.
Published: March 2010

The nitrogenous products formed by 6 N HCl hydrolysis of a variety of peats including a cultivated mesic profile, a virgin humic profile, a sedge, a woody and a sphagnum fibric peat were studied. Peat fractions separated according to particle size, woody and herbaceous materials isolated from a peat sample, and Typha and Carex plants growing on peat soils were also analyzed. Of the two profiles examined, the cultivated mesic peat showed significant quantitative changes in the content of individual amino acids throughout the profile. Also the amino sugar and amino acid N increased to a maximum, then decreased. On the other hand, the virgin humic peat profile exhibited random variations in the content of the individual amino acids and in the amount of amino acid N. Of the other peats examined, the fibric sphagnum had the highest percentage of amino acid N. Among the separates, the 100- to 200-mesh material had the highest proportion of amino acid N. The amino acid composition of the plant remains from the peat was similar to that of the peat from which it was isolated. The amino acid composition of the Typha and Carex plants was different from that of peat in that 75% of their total N content could be accounted for on the basis of amino acid, amide and amino sugar N. The amounts of hydroxyproline and the amino sugars in peats vary more than that of the amino compounds. In contrast to inorganic soils, which tend to have a similar amino acid composition, these limited data suggest that the amino acid and amino sugar contents of peats may be characteristic of individual bogs.
THE EFFECTS OF SOIL AND FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND MOISTURE STRESS ON YIELD, OIL AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF RAPE
Authors: HENRY J. L. , MacDONALD K. B.
Published: March 2010

Rape yields were increased nearly fourfold by the combination of irrigation and fertilizer N for eight site-years in which average soil NO3-N to 60 cm was 34 kg/ha. The increase due to irrigation and fertilizer N in combination was more than double the increase due to the two factors applied separately. Irrigation increased the oil and reduced the protein content of rape. In irrigation experiments, soil NO3-N plus fertilizer N was positively correlated with yield and protein content and highly negatively correlated with oil content. The separation of irrigation experiments into three soil NO3-N categories showed significant differences in yield, oil and protein response to N for some of the categories. However, these data showed that soil test categories based on increments of less than 30 kg/ha of NO3-N to 60 cm are of doubtful practical significance.
METALS IN SOILS OF SOME AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN ONTARIO
Authors: WHITBY L. M. , MACLEAN A. J. , GAYNOR J.
Published: March 2010

The total concentrations of seven metals (Cr, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg) and two non-metals (As and Se) in the Ap horizons of 26 soils from six agricultural watersheds in Southwestern Ontario were consistent with normal background levels of agricultural soils. The concentrations of Se, Hg, Pb and Zn were higher in the Ap than in the C horizon. In the Ap horizon, the metals but not the non-metals were usually correlated significantly with the amounts of organic matter, clay, Al and Fe but the magnitude of the coefficients (r) was not high. There was an enrichment of Cu and Ni along with clay, Al and Fe in the B horizons of the soils. The concentrations of DTPA-extractable Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd were considerably higher in the Ap than in the C horizon of the soils. Furthermore, of the total concentrations of these five metals present, DTPA removed a larger proportion from the Ap than from the lower horizons.
EFFECTS OF SOIL ACIDITY AND LIMING ON MINERALIZATION OF SOIL NITROGEN
Authors: NYBORG M. , HOYT P. B.
Published: March 2010

Forty acid surface soils of pH 4.0–5.6 were incubated with and without lime, and the amounts of N that were mineralized or nitrified were statistically compared with several soil acidity characteristics. In addition, three field experiments were used to find the effect of liming on N mineralization. There was no relation between the amounts of mineral N released per unit of organic N in 120 days of incubation and soil pH, base saturation or soluble Fe, Al or Mn. Despite this, liming the soils to about pH 6.7 approximately doubled the amounts of N mineralized during incubation. In the field experiments, lime increased uptake of soil N by 15–42 kg/ha in the 1st yr but only 7–10 kg/ha in the 3rd yr. Thus these laboratory and field experiments indicate that soil acidity does not restrict mineralization of organic N and although liming increases mineralization of N, it is generally a temporary effect. Nitrification in the 40 incubated soils occurred much more rapidly in cultivated soils than in virgin soils. For both the virgin and cultivated soils, nitrification decreased with decreasing soil pH. However, nitrification was not statistically related to base saturation or soluble Fe, Al or Mn. Liming established good nitrification in most of the soils and this effect did not diminish with time.
AVAILABILITY OF ZINC, COPPER AND NICKEL TO PLANTS GROWN IN SEWAGE-TREATED SOILS
Authors: MACLEAN A. J. , DEKKER A. J.
Published: March 2010

In a pot experiment with additions of Zn, Cu and Ni to a loam soil (pH, 6.3) at rates up to 480 ppm, sewage sludge eliminated the toxic effect of Cu and reduced the toxic effect of Ni on corn, reduced the concentrations of Zn and Ni in the plants, and reduced the amounts of DTPA-extractable metals and of 0.01 M CaCl2-soluble Zn and Ni in the soil. Lettuce grown with the metals and sludges was more susceptible than corn to the toxic effects of the three metals in the loam soil and to Zn in a clay soil (pH 5.9). In the latter soil, Ni was less toxic to lettuce than to corn. The concentrations of metals were considerably higher in lettuce than in corn. Liming of the clay soil to a pH of 6.5 eliminated the toxic effect of Ni on corn and of Zn and Ni on lettuce and reduced the concentrations of the metals in the plants and the amounts of DTPA-extractable and CaCl2-soluble metals in the soil. The order of magnitude of the DTPA-extractable metals was Cu > Zn > Ni whereas the order for CaCl2-soluble metals was Ni > Zn> Cu. Variability in the effect of the metals between crops and soils precluded the use, except as a preliminary guide, of a Zn equivalent concept based on the assumption that Cu is twice as toxic and Ni is eight times as toxic as Zn.
MASSIVE IRON FORMATIONS IN SOME GLEYSOLIC SOILS OF SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: EVANS L. J. , ROWSELL J. G. , ASPINALL J. D.
Published: March 2010

Massive, but very localized, iron formations have been noted in some Humic Gleysols in southern Ontario. Some of these formations weigh up to 9 kg, and invariably occur at the contact zone between sandy loam to loam surface horizons and underlying clay-rich subsoils. The contents of Fe2O3 and MnO2 of 16 samples varied from 19.6 to 49.9% and 0.8 to 11.1%, respectively, although no crystalline oxides or hydroxides of Fe or Mn could be detected by X-ray diffraction. The localized occurence of these formations suggests that Fe2+ and Mn2+ are moving laterally through the subsoil and oxidizing at some seepage point downslope in the more aerated surface horizons.
RELIEF AND MICROCLIMATE AS RELATED TO SOIL PROPERTIES
Authors: MACYK T. M. , LINDSAY J. D. , PAWLUK S.
Published: March 2010

This study was undertaken to determine the influence of relief and microclimate on soil properties. Seven sites were chosen at different positions on the north- and south-facing slopes of a moderately rolling till knob. Physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were conducted to characterize the soils at each of the sites. The vegetation of the area was described and soil temperatures and moisture were monitored at four depths. Redox potential and pH were measured to detect seasonal variations. Data for oxalate and dithionite-extractable iron and aluminum, cation exchange capacity, and X-ray diffraction showed only minor differences among the seven pedons along the slope faces. Soil temperature was higher on the south-facing slope than on the north-facing slope and air temperature was usually higher than soil temperature at the 10-cm depth. Soil moisture regime varied with position in the landscape. The soil on the north-facing slope was generally more moist than the soil on the south-facing slope. Redox potential varied seasonally and appeared to be related to the moisture content of the soil.
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE EFFECTS OF THE VALUE OF ZERO POINT OF CHARGE AND ITS DISPLACEMENT FROM ZERO POINT OF TITRATION
Authors: HENDERSHOT W. H.
Published: March 2010

Three procedures for measuring the zero point of charge and its displacement from the zero point of titration were investigated and found to yield different values. The fast-adsorption procedure performed on untreated samples is considered to be the most suitable for soils because the values obtained will most closely characterize the surface charge characteristics in the field.
MASS SPECTROMETRIC INVESTIGATION ON DENITRIFICATION
Authors: CHO C. M. , SAKDINAN L.
Published: March 2010

A quantitative mass spectrometric technique utilizing Ar of air as an internal standard was applied to investigate the denitrification process under air atmosphere in closed containers. The disappearance of O2 and nitrate and the production of CO2, N2O and N2 were investigated as a function of added NO3− concentrations, liming and flooding using a near neutral soil. The added NO3− acted as the electron acceptor whenever oxygen supply was depleted. The first product to appear was nitrite, and gaseous N2O and N2 followed. The microbial activity of unit weight of the soil as measured by CO2 production was not affected by the addition of varying concentrations of NO3−. Consequently, the initial rate of NO3− disappearnace which is probably proportional to microbial activity was independent of NO3− concentration. The accumulation of N2O gas as intermediate was dependent upon the NO3− concentration. Higher concentration of NO3− favored the accumulation of N2O, thus reducing the formation of N2 primarily because of the competitive nature of NO3− and N2O as electron acceptor under constant microbial activity. Thus, the initial rate of N2 formation was faster with lower NO3− concentration. Also the appearance of N2 due to reduction of N2O took place earlier when NO3− concentration was lower. Liming reduced the accumulation of N2O thus producing N2 early. However, flooding induced the accumulation of N2O. Increasing the microbial activity and lowering the NO3− concentration would decrease the N2O accumulation.
A PORTABLE SAMPLER FOR PERENNIALLY FROZEN STONE-FREE SOILS
Authors: ZOLTAI S. C.
Published: March 2010

A simple, hand-operated tool was developed, using seamless steel tubing. The sampler has been used to core and sample perennially frozen stone-free, fine-grained soils, peat, and ice.
THE OCCURRENCE OF GIBBSITE IN A BRITISH COLUMBIA SOIL
Authors: MILES N. M. , SCOTT G. C. , GREEN A. J.
Published: March 2010

Gibbsite occurs in all horizons of an Orthic Dystric Brunisol near Port Alberni, Vancouver Island. The structural identity of gibbsite was established by (i) X-ray diffraction maxima at 4.85, 4.38 and 2.38 Å, which disappeared at 260 °C, (ii) principal IR bands at 3,615, 3,520, 3,428 and 3,380 cm−1 and (iii) a DTA endotherm near 300 °C.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL POROSITY, LEAF NUTRIENT COMPOSITION AND YIELD FOR CERTAIN CORN ROTATIONS AT TWO FERTILITY LEVELS ON BROOKSTON CLAY
Authors: BOLTON E. F. , DIRKS V. A. , FINDLAY W. I.
Published: March 2010

Continuous corn culture was associated with soil compaction in a 13-yr rotation experiment on Brookston clay. Fertilizer application failed to alleviate the detrimental effects of this compaction on K uptake by the plants in comparison with uptake where no fertilizer was applied throughout the experimental period. In addition, the efficiency of N use appeared to be reduced under monoculture conditions. While a rotation of corn with oats or with oats and seedling alfalfa was superior to a continuous corn system, a 4-yr rotation including 2 yr of alfalfa allowed for maximum fertilizer response in yield, adequate plant nutrition and maintenance of favorable soil tilth. For fine-textured soils, the desirability of a rotation system that includes legumes is clearly indicated for corn production.
GENESE D’UN HORIZON PROFOND FAIBLEMENT CIMENTE DANS UN PODZOL SABLEUX DES BASSES TERRES DU QUEBEC
Authors: PAGE F. , ROMPRE M. , BOURBEAU G. A. , KIMPE C. R. DE
Published: March 2010

An Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzol formed on a sandy deposit in the St. Lawrence lowlands exhibited a weakly cemented horizon at depth. Weathering of minerals was active mainly in the upper Ae horizon and released large amounts of iron, aluminum and silica. These elements migrated down the profile as organo-metallic complexes and accumulated as concretions in the podzolic B-horizons but also in the cemented horizon at depth. Micromorphological analysis showed that this latter horizon had a chlamydic/plectic assemblage. A comparison was made with other horizons found at depth in various profiles and differing from this one by their macro- and micromorphological, physical and chemical properties. The relative content of the various constituents of the cement was calculated. The sum of organic matter plus free sesquioxides ranged from 7 to 85%. There are apparent similarities in the formation of ortstein and duric horizons. The results serve to establish the concept of "ortstein-duric horizon-fragic horizon" intergrades in weakly cemented horizons found at depth in many Quebec soils.
THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER, IRON OXIDES AND MOISTURE ON THE COLOR OF TWO AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF QUEBEC
Authors: CHOMCHAN S. , LEGER R. G. , MILLETTE G. J. F.
Published: March 2010

A new spectrophotometric interpretation of the influence of organic matter, iron oxides and moisture on the soil color of the Ste-Sophie sand and the Ste-Rosalie clay is reported. The method is based on calculation of the area ratio of the reflected (area under the reflectance curve) against the absorbed (area over the reflectance curve). The higher the ratio the lighter is the soil. After treatment to remove organic matter and iron oxide coatings, both soils presented colors significantly lighter than those observed in untreated soils. Organic matter and amorphous iron oxide contributed for 78% and 64% of the color in the Ste-Sophie sand and in the Ste-Rosalie clay, respectively. Moisture tends to mask the effects of organic matter and iron oxides on soil color. Air-dried soils when compared to moistened soils were lighter in color.
A CHRONOSEQUENCE OF SOILS DEVELOPED FROM GRANITIC MORAINAL MATERIAL, BAFFIN ISLAND, N.W.T.
Authors: EVANS L. J. , CAMERON B. H.
Published: March 2010

The pedological development of a chronosequence of four soils ranging in age from 8000 to 115 000 yr was investigated on Baffin Island, N.W.T. All the soils were developed on granitic morainal material in an Arctic environment. The soils were acid and very gravelly with low clay contents. The major clay minerals in all horizons were illite and ’aluminous’ vermiculite. A number of soil properties changed with time and of these, depth of solum was the most significant. The estimated rate of solum development for the four soils averaged 1.0 cm/1000 yr.
COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AND MEASURED SHEET AND RILL EROSION LOSSES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: VLIET L. J. P. VAN , WALL G. J.
Published: March 2010

Sheet and rill erosion losses evaluated by the universal soil loss equation were compared with 4–6 yr of measured soil loss data from runoff-plots at two locations in southern Ontario. Results indicated no significant differences (P = 0.10) between predicted and measured soil losses.
RAPID CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL DRAINAGE CLASSES ON BURNABY MOUNTAIN, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: CRAMPTON C. B.
Published: March 2010

Maps showing the distribution of soil drainage classes on Burnaby Mountain in the Greater Vancouver urban area during 1974 and 1978, and systematic profile investigations during the intervening years, have revealed distinct changes. Construction of Simon Fraser University has diverted the heavy precipitation associated particularly with the plateau top of the mountain, off the north-facing slopes and onto the south-facing slopes. Hence, there has been an extension of well-drained soils onto north-facing footslopes and soils with more restricted drainage onto south-facing footslopes.
EFFECTS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATION ON THE HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF WHEAT AND FORAGE CROPS
Authors: ZWARICH M. A. , MILLS J. G.
Published: March 2010

A growth chamber experiment was employed to investigate the effect of digested sewage sludge application on the heavy metal content of wheat and brome-alfalfa forage crops. Samples of wheat were also obtained from farm fields which had received heavy applications of sludge. No adverse effects on yields or appearance of crops were noted. The tissue levels of Hg, Cr and Pb were unaffected by sludge treatment. Cu levels in wheat kernels and straw were only slightly increased, but Cu levels in the forage crop were elevated by the sludge treatment. There was a considerable increase in the Zn content of all crops, but levels were not excessive. Sludge treatment produced up to a sixfold increase in the Cd content of wheat kernels and a considerable increase in the Cd content of the forage crop. The increased cadium levels are undesirable, but can be controlled by restricting the sludge application rate. There was little or no effect of sludge treatment on Cd levels in wheat straw.