bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Restoration Study of Bokchundong-34's Armor and Helmet
Authors: Park Jun Hyun , Kim Seong Ho , Kim Jae Hwi
Published: October 2020

Bokchundong-Tombs, from which various Armors of the fourth and fifth centuries were excavated, is a critical site for Three-Kingdom era Armor research. Despite the excavation of various types of Armor, including Scale Armor, Neck Aromor, Vertical Plate Helmet, and Bard(Horse Sacale Armor), Bokchundong-34 has not captured scholastic attention due to the lack of detailed information. This report examined the significance of Bokchundong-34 through the examination of recently reported restoration and production methods of Bokchundong-34 Armors. First of all, the research found Scale Armor to be Dong-hwan Scale Armor, comprised of Body-Lameller, Waist-Lameller, and Skirt-Lameller depending on the form of Lameller and arrangement of Hole. Also, Scale Armor has an S-shaped Waist- Lameller and 2-Line Vertical Binding. Furthermore, the connection method through Body-Lameller s Third Vertical Hole and the Vertical Binding method of the last hem Skirt-Lameller is a new method that has never been introduced. The report estimates Brachial Armors to have connected Lamellers through Fan shape and had the overall form of Upside-down Trapezoid style. Hyeok-po that covers Lameller s edge and Inner side with a layer of leather were confirmed from Neck Aromor and Vertical Plate Helmet, and the 1 Hole Which is placed in Neck Lameller center is thought to have bonded the Layer of leather with Lameller. Lastly, Bard, although very similar in overall form to Jjokssaem-C10 with Rectangular Lameller and Hoof-shaped Lameller, was decided to be an arrangement only with Neck and Chest Armor. In conclusion, Bokchundong-34 embodies transitional aspects of Armor of Yeongnam area characterized by Heavy Cavalry through Armor-Combine typical of the first quarter of the fifth century. Also, the excavation of Heavy Cavalry s Armor from Bokchundong-34, despite its relatively small scale, implies the advanced military might of Bokchundong-Tombs at the time.
Reexamination of Japanese Dolmen Culture based on Relevance to Korea
Authors: Lee Dong Hee
Published: October 2020

Dolmens in Japan are concentrated in the northwestern region of Kyushu which is closest to the Korean Peninsula, which make themselves as important materials for understanding the relationship between Korea and Japan in ancient times as their geopolitical locations. There are different views about the spread of dolmen between Korea and Japan. In other words, the view that the aboriginal people of Japan only accepted the dolmen culture is strong in Japanese academic circles while Korean academic circles see the cultural elements such as the migration of residents from the southern region of the Korean peninsula, farming, residential style, and dolmen have a close connection. Japanese academic circles have not been enthusiastic about analyzing the relevance of the persons buried in dolmens in Japan to Korea. This is not unrelated to the climate of avoiding the study on the genealogy of Korean and Japanese people as a reaction of nationalism in the Japanese academic circles after the Second World War. This study intended to bring attention to the importance of Japanese dolmen culture in ancient Japanese society by highlighting Korean cultural elements that had been overlooked and revealing how the dolmen culture became naturalized in Japan based on the analysis on the background in which the dolmens were spread, the phases through which they were spread, and the properties of dolmens in detail in different views, away from the existing two-dimensional view. In short, the dolmens in Japan are the cultural elements that the immigrants from the southern region of Korea spread with rice farming while settling down in Kyushu and are considered to have had an enormous impact on the rise of the Yayoi culture, which is the basis for the growth of the ancient societies of Japan.
Pine Oil Kilns in Yeongnam Province on the Japanese colonial period
Authors: Joo Young-min
Published: October 2020

Since there are few relics excavated, research on pine oil kilns in Yeongnam Province has been mostly focused on figuring out the historical meaning of them relying on literatures with no precise analysis on the remains. Therefore, it has failed to give clear explanation about the fact that the firing room of pine oil kilns was rebuilt twice with different materials. Based on the awareness of the problem, this author conducted analysis on the relics of pine oil kilns that have been excavated so far. According to the analysis results, at first, the pine oil kiln was similar to the one producing oil made of pine resin collected. Furthermore, this author found the pine oil kiln first devised around 1938 and also two photos showing how the pine oil kiln was working. Along with that, this author suggests the valid possibility of colony Chosun’s traditional masters mobilized to apply their technique and operate the kilns in the background of the pine oil kilns completely equipped to the extent of performing their functions properly after several times of improvements made although they had exhibited many problems before. Next, this author analyzed the attributes related to the standardization of pine oil kilns and learned that building pine oil kilns was led by the colonial government systematically based on thorough planning as part of securing resources they needed. Also, to induce the people to participate in it voluntarily, at first, they encouraged it as a side job for farm families; however, in the end, the colonial government enforced the monopoly system for pine oil to control it. Accordingly, pine oil kilns were built mostly in the foot of a mountain near the village where there were many people residing. In fact, all the colonized people including children got mobilized systematically to collect the byproducts of pines.
A Study the Typological Approach on the Pottery of the Neolithic Age in Korea11
Authors: Hwang Chul-joo
Published: October 2020

Study of Neolithic Age Pottery in Korea puts emphasis on the typologicall research method along with study of other ages. However, as concepts and methodology related to type or typology are different to ones of other ages, so it causes a lot of confusion among majors not specializing in Neolithic Age Pottery. Therefore, this manuscript not only brings out concepts and methodology commonly used in current academia from 2012 in order to resolve the above issue but also suggests an alternative on the issue. Formal method in recent years is classified as a typologicall method which is known as typology method in tradition and divided based on forms and shapes, affiliated pattern seriation, attributively seriation, frequency seriation. Furthermore, according to the methodological nature, it can be largely divided into more subjective methods and more objective methods. While a disadvantage of the subjective method is change based in subjective understanding, flexibility on loss materials is an advantage. The objective method provides an identical outcome for third party, whereas it is vulnerable to loss materials by limitation of fragmentary materials. For the alternative on above methods, a stylistic method such as earthenware construction theory is emerging. It is hard to consider these methodologys perfect alternatives but very worth to understand issues on a macroscopic point of view. Finally, the issues on a study of Neolithic Age in Korea are considered results caused by insufficient baseline data. Thus, it is necessary to secure enough baseline data as well as keep trying to acquire a new point of view and methods. It is also mandatory that Cultural Heritage Administration and the organization of Cultural investigation desperately try to secure detailed baseline data plus attention of lots of researchers.
Characteristic Features and Archaeological Significance of the Armor Excavated at the Ancient Tombs of Namseong-ri in Pohang
Authors: Kim Hyuk-Joong
Published: October 2020

The area around Heunghae -- where the ancient tombs of Namseong-ri are located -- had been a strategic point for Silla (57 BCE ~ 935) in advancing into the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. This armor, together with other related objects unearthed at the site, serves as important sources of knowledge on the armor-related tradition developed in the area during the 4th and 5th centuries. Some characteristic elements of the armor, particularly the unique manufacturing technique and rareness, suggest that the relic was produced for use as an object of prestige. The armor is considered archaeologically significant since it contains a wealth of clues to increase knowledge of the Silla armors made in the 4th century, which was characterized by the lack of source materials. For a more comprehensive understanding of the Silla armors, it is essential to examine the system of supply and demand of the armors linking the capital and regional areas. Unfortunately, however, comparatively less attention has been paid to the difference between Silla and Gaya armors and their characteristics by region. In this study, the main discussion deals with the mechanism of supply and demand of Silla armors by focusing on the armor discovered at the ancient tomb site in Namseong-ri. The study found a significant difference in the supply and demand of armors between Gyeongju, the capital of Silla, and the regions outside it in the 5th century. The study also concludes -- based on the evidence given by the Namseong-ri armor, that there was little difference between the armors supplied to Gyeongju and to regional areas in the 4th-century Silla. It was in the following century, with the arrival of scale armor, that a difference began to emerge -- not in style but in structure. The difference between the armors found in Gyeongju and those in the regions outside is clearly shown by, among others, the accessories buried at the grave together with the main parts of the armor. It was surely a new development compared with the 4th century when there was little difference between the capital and regional areas in terms of the supply and demand of armors. The development provides evidence of the significant change in the relationship between the ruling class in the capital of Silla and regional clan leaders. Evidences of such change are given by the discoveries made at the Namseong-ri tomb site in Pohang, Jungsan-ri tomb site in Ulsan, and Hwanam-ri tomb site in Yeongcheon. There have been two different views proposed on the control of the regional areas by the central government of Silla in the 4th century: one is that the rulers in Gyeongju controlled the regions indirectly, and the other is that the regions were under the direct control of the central government. As suggested by the characteristic features of the Namseong-ri armor as discussed in this paper, the relationship between the capital and regions of Silla in the 4th century can hardly be said to be that of the rulers and the ruled.
The Anti-Anthropocentrism in the Recent Theoretical Archaeology
Authors: LEE SUNGJOO
Published: October 2020

It has been widely acknowledged that archaeology is the study of humans and their culture through the material remains of the past, and we have never doubted the validity of the proposition until now. However, in the theoretical suggestions of the recent archaeological studies, the arguments against the proposition are easily seen. For example, some argue that what we want to know are not the human beings and their culture, but the relationships in which humans and non-humans interact with each other or the things themselves that humans left behind. By the 21st century, archaeological theory had moved away from anti-anthropocentrism and turned into things and concentrated on the relational thinking that human and non-human, nature and culture, and materials and concepts were already associated with each other in an existential way. Thus the role and weight of human beings have been reduced, and archaeology has already had the trends of anti-anthropocentrism. In fact, it was from the early 1990’s when the theoretical archaeology became interested in the importance of things and began to show anti-anthropocentrism tendencies. However, it is Bruno Latour s Actor-Network-Theory(ANT) that played a crucial role in the transition to anti-anthropocentrism, which seems to have greatly changed the nature of theoretical archaeology. Some archaeologists, who have recently embraced the philosophy of ‘Speculative Realism’, even argue the need to speculate on the object itself left behind or left after humans. One can see that there is a degree of difference between the recent claims of theoretical archaeology, depending on how much they have tendency to the antianthropocentrism.
A review of the western extent of the Amrok River Culture Area between 6700 and 5300 years ago
Authors: Kim Jae Youn
Published: October 2020

Misongri site is the oldest relic in the currently known Amrok River basin, and can be compared with the lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture. The period of this remains was studied to be the same as that of lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture in the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula, due to the zigzag pattern pottery. However, as the ruins of Suzhou have been re-excavated recently, the absolute age of Xiaozhushan culture and the contents of middle layer of Xiaozhushan culture have also changed. Based on the measurement date, the age of the lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture is between 6700 and 6300 years ago, and middle layer of Xiaozhushan culture is between 5500 and 5300 years ago. In comparison with Misongri site, only the culture of the lower layer of Xiaozhushan were compared. But, compared to the newly known data, it can be divided into the first stage of Misongri site and the second stage of Misongri site. It can be seen as the ruins of the same period as the lower layer of Xiaozhushan culture and the Xiaozhushan middle-layer culture. In addition, the earthenware of the first phase of Misongri site is confirmed in the lower Houwa culture of the northern part of the Liaodong area and the lower layer of Xiaozhushan in the south of the Liaodong peninsula. To the Amrok River culture area. The first stage of the Amrok River cultural Area is between 6700 and 6300 years ago, and the west is the northern part of the Liaodong to the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula. The second stage of the Amrok River Cultural Zone is between 5500-5300 years ago. The western range extends from the northern part of the Liaodong to the southern part of Liaodong and the basin of the Taizhe River.
The Making of Roof Tile-Making System by Shilla Government
Authors: Choi Yeong-Hee
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this article is to examine the making and development through the pattern in which the roof tiles have been produced and distributed in the area of Kyungju. According to the technical characteristics and combination patterns of the flat and Roof-end tiles, the tiles were divided into three main types. The author examined the method of production by system. As a result, it was found that each tile making responded to the tile demand throughout the capital by sharing information such as standard, wadang patterns, and the use of early rock mules, while maintaining independent production based on different manufacturing methods. Later, at some point in the 7th century, tile-making methods are stereotyped, existing sizes are changed little by little, and there is a change in the appearance of low-grade wadang patterns that are easy to distribute and use, regardless of differences in production relics. This means that there is a governmental system of production in the Gyeongju area and multiple groups of tile makers are incorporated into the system. In other words, similar changes in the system are being identified in the same period Baekje and Ginai in Japan in a way that leads to the efficiency of the production and distribution structure through institutional readjustment rather than dismantling existing groups. With the advent of tile styled of Reunified Shilla another change occurs in tile production. From the late 7th century onwards, it is a change that focuses on the visual aspect focused on design, including the creation of new and diverse wadang patterns for a certain period of time, the replacement of Wabum structures to effectively decorate them, and the use of differentiated tile components. But this pattern does not deviate significantly from the framework of the state-run production system formed seven centuries ago. The analysis of the two cases of Jungbyun structure s Yeonhwamun Roof-end tiles shows that a number of Wabums and Roof-end tiles were produced in common at various production sites, and this phenomenon is not much different from those of the Silla-styled Yeonhwamun Roof-end tiles dating back to the 7th century. However, the willingness of those days to produce quality roof tiles with elegant patterns rather results in the concentration of some groups of productive forces, such as pottery sites of Geumjangri and Dakyung. Intensive production of the engraved Amkiwa in the 8th year of Uibong is also the result of this transition. Later, as the 8th century entered, tile production was reorganized: the flat tiles were produced fewer and their weight became lighter while the design was schematized. If reflects the tendency that the functional value was prefered.
Appearance and social meaning of Egg shaped jar with two lugs buried in the Wooden chamber Tomb of the Yeongnam Province
Authors: Lee Won Tae
Published: October 2020

This writing paid attention and made an approach to appearance and social meaning of Egg shaped jar with two lugs buried in the wooden chamber tomb of Yeongnam Province. As a result, according to the present data, the egg shaped jar was intensively excavated in the Gyeongju and Ulsan area and became prevalent around the Gyeongju area. If chronology of the egg shaped jar is applied to existing research results, it appears in the mid-3rd century AD and continues until the early 4th century. With respect to appearance of the egg shaped jar in each area, it first appeared in Gyeongju and Daegu area in the middle of 3rd century AD and especially, Gyeongju area continued its appearance until the early 4th century AD and has the largest amount of excavated artifacts. Gyeongju is the center of the appearance. And, it appeared in the Ulsan area in the late 3rd century AD and was existed until the early 4th century with second largest amount of excavated artifacts. On the other hand, it contrasts that burial of the egg shaped jar was confirmed with a very small quantity in the pohang, Daegu area. The social meanings according to appearance of the egg shaped jar and Gyeongju wooden chamber tomb are interpreted as follows. In other words, each of the towns of Saroguk was usually composed of plural powers rather than a single power and therefore, social unity was absolutely necessary to build them into a political system. Because of the political situation, it seems that Saroguk focused on rituals. Because the rituals eventually justify social hierarchy or contain political momentum and also mean innovation and change, the combination of powers through religious ritual rather than forced merger is more reasonable and economical to lead social hierarchy to a fair agreement. Especially archeological phenomenon, it’s appeared in the center of innovation and change in the middle of the 3rd century AD those’re Egg shaped jar with two lugs, Egg shaped jar with short neck, Chafing dish shaped earthenware, and Gyeongju wooden chamber tomb. In addition, the distribution range of Egg shaped jar with two lugs, Egg shaped jar with short neck, and Chafing dish shaped earthenware as well as Gyeongju wooden chamber tomb was interpreted as the data that can access to the relation with the Saroguk.
A their implications to additional buried in Goryeong Jisandong tombs
Authors: Choi Jung Bum
Published: October 2020

The Jisandong Tumuli—located in Daegaya-eup, Goryeong-gun in Gyeongsangbuk-do Province—is the largest tumuli of Daegaya. At this site, many earthen burial mounds, stonelined tombs, and stone chamber tombs are located along the major ridge of the Jusan Mountains and the surrounding area. Tumuli were established in the area after the fall of Daegaya, with cases of additional burials occurring by covering existing stone-lined tombs with soil or by extending or expanding them. This period is limited to the late 6th century. When looking at the archeological phenomena itself, these cases clearly show the changes from stone-lined tombs to horizontally-buried tombs as well as changes in funeral institutions. The subjects of additional burials can also be linked to local authorities who were related in some way to the subject who had been buried beforehand. In terms of the Jisandong Tumuli as a whole, it is very significant in the fact that it dramatically shows that in addition to the selective pressure regarding the styles of funeral institutions and earthenware after the conquer of Daegaya by the Shilla, the rule of the Goryeong region by the Shilla through the mediums of reverse leaf-type belt plaques and Tang-style metal belts is clearly achieved.
Bangudae Petroglyphs production experiment and study of overlapping pictures
Authors: Park Jun Cheol
Published: October 2020

The archaeological approach of Bangudae petroglyphs the bottom of the overlapping picture is a whale picture. When the whales were mainly hunted, it was possible to estimate the possibility that the Earthenware Bowl with Raised Pattern group produced whale paintings of petroglyphs. It was observed that Bangudae petroglyphs were artificially represented by lines (Section IIB), which was a long trace, similar to the cutting technique that began in the Neolithic era. The manufacturing technique appeared in various ways in one picture, and many facets were produced by pecking. The petroglyph manufacturing experiment is presumed to have had a drafting phase to draw a precise picture, and it was produced by different techniques (split and drawn) depending on the part. The manufacturing technique was usually a method similar to the indirect peeling of stone making.
Improved method to reduce interfacial defects in bonding polydimethylsiloxane layers of microfluidic devices for lab–on–chip applications
Authors: Mendoza-Acevedo Salvador , Villa-Vargas Luis Alfonso , Mendoza-León Héctor Francisco , Alemán-Arce Miguel Ángel , Munguía-Cervantes Jacobo Esteban
Published: October 2020

This work describes a method to achieve a nearly seamless bonding between two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. This material is widely used to realize microfluidic systems, and obtaining a strong union is an important step in the fabrication process. From the proposed bonding method, a minimal interface is accomplished, useful for hermetic seals in microfluidic systems. The presented method relies in the surface activation by oxygen plasma and the interaction of said treated surface with uncured PDMS. A comparison of bonding methods is presented in this paper in order to assess the performance of the bonding process and verify the interface formed between the bonded surfaces. The intended application of the presented method is the fabrication of pressure sensors, micropumps, microchannels, microfluidic pumps, valves, mixers and other structures that demand a complete seal over the bonded surfaces.
A modular and generic monolithic integrated MEMS fabrication process
Authors: Linares Aranda Mónico , Calleja Arriaga W. , Torres Jacome A. , Báez Álvarez C.R.
Published: October 2020

A modular and generic, monolithic integrated MEMS fabrication process is presented to integrate microelectronics (CMOS) with mechanical microstructures (MEMS). The proposed monolithic integrated fabrication process is designed using an intra-CMOS approach (to fabricate the mechanical microstructures into trenches without the need of planarization techniques) and a CMOS module (to fabricate the electronic devices) with a 3 ?m length as minimum feature. The microstructures module is made up to three polysilicon layers, and aluminum as electrical interconnecting material. From simulation results, using the SILVACO® suite (Athena and Atlas frameworks), no significant degradation on the CMOS performance devices was observed after MEMS manufacturing stage; however, the thermal budget of the modules plays a crucial role, because it set the conditions for obtaining the complete set of devices fabricated near their optimal point. Finally, to evaluate and to support the development of the proposed integrated MEMS process, a modular test chip that includes electrical test structures, mechanical test structures, interconnection reliability test structures and functional micro-actuators, was also designed.
Síntesis por el método Pechini y caracterización estructural, óptica y termoeléctrica de CuAlO2
Authors: Estrada Moreno Carolina , Guarneros Aguilar Cesia , Pacio Castillo Mauricio , Caballero Briones Felipe
Published: October 2020

El aluminato de cobre (CuAlO2) es un material termoeléctrico semiconductor tipo-p, que cristaliza en fase delafosita a temperatura de 1100 °C. En este trabajo se sintetizaron dos muestras por el método Pechini y se calcinaron por dos procedimientos diferentes para determinar el efecto de la historia térmica en la formación de las fases y en las propiedades termoeléctricas. La muestra M1 se calcinó a 1100 °C después de un tratamiento térmico a 550 °C y la muestra M2 se calcinó a 1100 °C sin tratamiento térmico previo. La estructura cristalina de los materiales obtenidos se analizó por difracción de rayos X y el ancho de banda prohibida se obtuvo por el método de Kubelka-Munk a partir de los espectros de reflectancia difusa en el ultravioleta-visible. En la muestra M1 se tiene una mezcla de fases, espinela y delafosita y en la M2 se observa una mezcla de Al2O3 y delafosita. Se midió la conductividad eléctrica, la densidad de portadores y la movilidad de la muestra M2 por efecto Hall a temperatura ambiente, así como la conductividad eléctrica y el coeficiente Seebeck en un intervalo de temperaturas de 100 °C a 800 °C, confirmándose que las dos muestras son semiconductores tipo-p y que la conductividad ocurre por polarones pequeños. Se demuestra que las rampas de temperatura y pre tratamiento térmico tienen un efecto en la formación de fases secundarias, lo que afecta directamente las propiedades termoeléctricas del material.
Simple and rapid method for silver nanoparticles incorporation in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates
Authors: Campos Verónica , DeAlba-Montero Idania , Ruiz Facundo , Butrón-Téllez Girón Claudia , García-García Carlos Eduardo , Loredo-Tovías Marcos
Published: October 2020

Due to its antimicrobial properties, silver has been used in many areas of medicine and today silver nanoparticles have been incorporated into different biomaterials. The objective of this study was to implement a simple method for the incorporation of silver nanoparticles in polymethyl methacrylate substrates, to determine their mechanical properties, antimicrobial functionality and the solubility of silver incorporated. Using this approach an antimicrobial material can be obtained; the surface of a commercial polymethyl methacrylate (Opti-cryl®) was impregnated with silver nanoparticles (AgNps) using a spray deposition method (0.03% by weight). The antimicrobial activity of the material was evaluated using the Japanese industrial standard (JIS Z 2801) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to measure the solubility of the incorporated silver nanoparticles. Mechanical tests of flexural strength were performed to observe changes in mechanical properties. The antimicrobial results show that        PMMA / AgNps has significant antimicrobial activity, showing better results for Escherichia coli. ICP-OES analysis suggests low solubility in silver nanoparticles. Mechanical tests showed a 1.6% increase in flexural strength for PMMA added with silver nanoparticles. The method presented for incorporating silver nanoparticles into PMMA and producing an acrylic antimicrobial substrate is easy and has the advantage of improving its mechanical properties.
The Customary Truth (The Common) and its Role in Deducting legal provisions
الحقيقة العرفية واعتبارها في استنباط الأحكام
Authors: Alrashid Ahmed Jasim Khalaf
Published: October 2020

Allah has commanded us to recite
the Holy Quran, understand its meanings,
and realize its goals, the Almighty said: چ
ڄ ڄ ڄ ڄ ڃ ڃ ڃ ڃ چچ
which means: {This is a book which we have
revealed to thee, full of blessing, that they
may reﬂect over its verses, and that those
gifted with understanding may take heed},
and the Almighty said: چ ڳ ڳ ڳ ڳ ڱ
ڱ ڱ ڱ ںں چwhich means: And
We have not sent any messenger except
with the language of his people in order that
he might make things clear to them}, The
Messenger of Allah said (God has not sent
any messenger except with the language of
his people), as the Qur’an and Sunnah are
the origin of the legislation and they were
revealed with an explicit Arab language, addressing the Arabs, starting with their custom in vocabulary and structures, in order
that the argument be established because
the Holy Qur’an with an Arabic tongue, it is
not possible to understand unless you read
in Arabic language, and there is no doubt
that the Companions of Prophet Mohammed are the most knowledgeable people in
this language. They have experienced the
contemporary down of the holy Quran and
ملخ�س البحث
َ اأمرنَا اللهُ �صبحانَ ُه اأَ ْن نقراأَ َ القراآن َ الكريم،
َ ونفه َم ِ معانيَ ُه َ ، ونتدبّر ُه ِل ُن ِ در َك ِ مراميَ ُه َ ، قال
َ تعالى: چ ڄ ڄ ڄ ڄ ڃ ڃ ڃ
ڃ چچ �(س: ،)29وقال تعالى: چ ڳ
ڳ ڳ ڳ ڱ ڱ ڱ ڱ ںں چ
(اإبراهيم: ،)4وقال ر�ص�ل الله ( :لم يبعث
ّ الله نبيا اإل بلغة ق�مه،) فالقراآن وال�صنة هما
اأ�صل الت�صريع، نزل القراآن بل�صان عربي مبين،
واأوتي النبي ج ً �امع الكلم، فخاطبا العرب
ً ابتداء على وفق معه�دهم في المفردات
والتراكيب؛ حتى تق�م الحجة، ولأن القراآن
ّ الكريم بل�صان عربي مبين فلا يمكن فهمه اإل من
جهة اللغة العربية، ول�صك اأن ال�صحابة هم
اأعلم النا�س بهذا الل�صان فقد عا�صروا التنزيل،
ّ و�صهدوا التاأويل فطريقتهم في ت�ظيفها حجة
ّ علينا؛ لأن دللت األفاظ اللغة العربية على
وجهين: اأ�صلي وتبعي، وقد ي�صتهر التبعي
فيك�ن بمثابة الأ�صلي وه� المعبر عنه بالت�ا�صع
العرفي الذي يح�صل بكثرة ال�صتعمال
والنت�صار فيغلب ال��صع الأ�صلي، وهذا
ما كان جاريًا في بع�س المفردات والتراكيب
في عهد نزول الخطاب، وقد اعتبره الفقهاءwitnessed the interpretation and their way
of using it as a proofng on us because the semantics of the Arabic language are two aspects: genuine and subordinate which happen in a lot of use and spread mostly the original situation, and this was what was going on in some vocabulary and structures during the era of the descent of the Qur’an speech, and the Islamic jurists considered it until it became inﬂuential in the understanding and deduction and issuance the provisions, which is our intention in this research to solve the problem that lies in clarifying the relationship between the customary truth (the common) and the deduction of legal provisions, and the extent of mind in
understanding the legal text and determine its signifcance?
Keywords: The customary truth - Signifcance - Deduction - Legal provisions -
Understanding the legal text.
Aerosol and cloud properties in the Namibian region during AEROCLO-sA field campaign: 3MI airborne simulator and sun-photometer measurements
Authors: Chauvigné Aurélien , Waquet Fabien , Auriol Frédérique , Blarel Luc , Delegove Cyril , Dubovik Oleg , Flamant Cyrille , Gaetani Marco , Goloub Philippe , Loisil Rodrigue , Mallet Marc , Nicolas Jean-Marc , Parol Frédéric , Peers Fanny , Torres Benjamin , Formenti Paola
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We analyse of the airborne measurements of above-cloud aerosols from the AEROCLO-sA field campaign performed in Namibia during August and September 2017. To improve the retrieval of the aerosol and cloud properties, the airborne demonstrator of the Multi-viewing, Multi-channel, Multi-polarization (3MI) satellite instrument, called OSIRIS, was deployed on-board the Safire Falcon 20 aircraft during 10 flights performed over land, over the ocean and along the Namibian coast. The airborne instrument OSIRIS provides observations at high temporal and spatial resolutions for AAC and cloud properties, with well-defined uncertainties. OSIRIS was supplemented with the airborne multi-wavelength sun-photometer PLASMA2. The application of the algorithm developed for the POLDER spaceborne instrument in the visible range to the OSIRIS measurements allowed to characterise the Aerosol Above Cloud (AAC) properties. The variations of the aerosol properties are consistent with the different atmospheric circulation regimes observed during the deployment. Airborne observations typically a show strong Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD, up to 1.2 at 550 nm) of fine mode particles from biomass burning (extinction Angström exponent varying between 1.6 and 2.2), transported above a stratocumulus deck (cloud top around 1 km above mean sea level) with Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) up to 35 at 550 nm. The above-cloud visible AOD retrieved with OSIRIS agrees within 10 % with the PLASMA2 sun-photometer measured in the same environment. The AEROCLO-sA campaign-average Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) obtained by OSIRIS at 550 nm is 0.87. The strong absorption of the biomass burning plumes in the visible is consistent with the observations from the AERONET ground-based sun-photometers. The latter indicate a significant increase of the absorption at 440 nm, showing possible additional presence of absorbing organic species within the smoke plumes. Biomass burning aerosols are also vertically collocated with significant amounts of water content up to the top of the plume around 6 km height. The average AAC Direct Radiative Effect (DRE) calculated from the airborne measurements in the visible range is +85 W m−2 (standard deviation of 26 W m−2) with instantaneous values up to +200 W m−2 during intense events. Combination between water vapour and the strong positive aerosol forcing over the region explains possible feedbacks on cloud development. This new set of data represents a new opportunity to better constrain climate models and to study aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions over the South-East Atlantic region.
Status of the Tibetan Plateau observatory (Tibet-Obs) and a 10-year (2009–2019) surface soil moisture dataset
Authors: Zhang Pei , Zheng Donghai , van der Velde Rogier , Wen Jun , Zeng Yijian , Wang Xin , Wang Zuoliang , Chen Jiali , Su Zhongbo
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau observatory of plateau scale soil moisture and soil temperature (Tibet-Obs) was established ten years ago, which has been widely used to calibrate/validate satellite- and model-based soil moisture (SM) products for their applications to the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This paper reports on the status of the Tibet-Obs and presents a 10-year (2009–2019) surface SM dataset produced based on in situ measurements taken at a depth of 5 cm collected from the Tibet-Obs that consists of three regional-scale SM monitoring networks, i.e. the Maqu, Naqu, and Ngari (including Ali and Shiquanhe) networks. This surface SM dataset includes the original 15-min in situ measurements collected by multiple SM monitoring sites of the three networks, and the spatially upscaled SM records produced for the Maqu and Shiquanhe networks. Comparisons between four spatial upscaling methods, i.e. arithmetic averaging, Voronoi diagram, time stability and apparent thermal inertia, show that the arithmetic average of the monitoring sites with long-term (i.e. ≥ six years) continuous measurements are found to be most suitable to produce the upscaled SM records. Trend analysis of the 10-year upscaled SM records using the Mann-Kendall method shows that the Maqu network area in the eastern part of the TP is drying while the Shiquanhe network area in the west is getting wet that generally follow the change of precipitation. To further demonstrate the uniqueness of the upscaled SM records in validating existing SM products for long term period (~ 10 years), comparisons are conducted to evaluate the reliability of three reanalysis datasets for the Maqu and Shiquanhe network areas. It is found that current model-based SM products still show deficiencies in representing the trend and variation of measured SM dynamics in the Tibetan grassland (i.e. Maqu) and desert ecosystems (i.e. Shiquanhe) that dominate the landscape of the TP. The dataset would be also valuable for calibrating/validating long-term satellite-based SM products, evaluation of SM upscaling methods, development of data fusion methods, and quantifying the coupling strength between precipitation and SM at 10-year scale. The dataset is available in the 4TU.ResearchData repository at https://doi.org/10.4121/uuid:21220b23-ff36-4ca9-a08f-ccd53782e834 (Zhang et al., 2020).
The Ensemble Framework For Flash Flood Forecasting (EF5) v1.2: description and case study
Authors: Flamig Zachary L. , Vergara Humberto , Gourley Jonathan J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The Ensemble Framework For Flash Flood Forecasting (EF5) was developed specifically for improving hydrologic predictions to aid in the issuance of flash flood warnings by the US National Weather Service. EF5 features multiple water balance models and two routing schemes which can be used to generate ensemble forecasts of streamflow, streamflow normalized by upstream basin area (i.e., unit streamflow), and soil saturation. EF5 is designed to utilize high-resolution precipitation forcing datasets now available in real time. A study on flash-flood-scale basins was conducted over the conterminous United States using gauged basins with catchment areas less than 1000 km2. The results of the study show that the three uncalibrated water balance models linked to kinematic wave routing are skillful in simulating streamflow.
Daily ensemble river discharge reforecasts and real-time forecasts from the operational Global Flood Awareness System
Authors: Harrigan Shaun , Zoster Ervin , Cloke Hannah , Salamon Peter , Prudhomme Christel
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Operational global-scale hydrological forecasting systems are widely used to help manage hydrological extremes such as floods and droughts. The vast amounts of raw data that underpin forecast systems and the ability to generate information on forecast skill have, until now, not been publicly available. As part of the Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS; https://www.globalfloods.eu/) service evolution, in this paper daily ensemble river discharge reforecasts and real-time forecast datasets are made free and openly available through the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). They include real-time forecast data starting on 1 January 2020 updated operationally every day and a 20-year set of reforecasts and associated metadata, available through the dedicated GloFAS FTP service. This paper describes the model components and configuration used to generate the real-time river discharge forecasts and the reforecasts. An evaluation of ensemble forecast skill using the Continuous Ranked Probability Skill Score (CRPSS) was also undertaken for river points around the globe. Results show that GloFAS is skilful in over 93thinsp;% of catchments in the short- (1- to 3-days) and medium-range (5- to 15-days) against a persistence benchmark forecast, and skilful in over 80 % of catchments out to the extended-range (16- to 30-days) against a climatological benchmark forecast. However, the strength of skill varies considerably by location with GloFAS found to have no or negative skill at longer lead times in broad hydroclimatic regions in tropical Africa, western coast of South America, and catchments dominated by snow and ice in high northern latitudes. Forecast skill is summarised as a new headline skill score to be added as a layer on the GloFAS forecast Web Map Viewer at the next GloFAS cycle release, expected Autumn 2020, to aid user’s interpretation and understanding of forecast quality.
Seismic design of masonry structures to the new provisional New Zealand Standard NZS 4230p
Authors: Priestley M. J. N.
Published: October 2020

Background to seismic design aspects of the provisional New Zealand Code of Practice for Masonry Structural Design is given. Emphasis is given to reasons for differences in the provisional code from an earlier draft code. The changes include improved compatibility with the current Loadings Code NZS 4203 and the Concrete Design Code NZS 3101, provisions of simplified rules to ensure adequate ductility capacity, and additional information to provide guidance for ductile design of masonry frames. Some experimental results are presented to provide support for the provisions.
Da entwickelt sich was!
Authors: Kühn Hannah Maria
Published: October 2020

Der entwicklungspolitische Freiwilligendienst weltwärts ist umstritten. Er ist von Ambivalenzen geprägt, die in asymmetrischen Machtbeziehungen zwischen Ländern des Globalen Südens und des Globalen Nordens begründet sind. Doch könnte es nicht sein, dass die Freiwilligen gerade durch die Erfahrungen der eigenen Involviertheit in ungleiche Machtverhältnisse Kompetenzen entwickeln, die es ihnen ermöglichen, diese strukturellen Ungleichheiten zu reflektieren und aufzubrechen?

Die Autorin der Studie geht dieser Frage nach und beleuchtet die individuellen Lernprozesse der deutschen Freiwilligen während ihres einjährigen Aufenthalts im westafrikanischen Benin. Sie beschreibt sowohl die Motivationen der jungen Menschen, entwicklungspolitisch tätig zu werden, als auch ihre veränderten Einstellungen und ihr Verhalten nach ihrer Rückkehr. Hierzu entwirft sie vorab den Begriff einer nachhaltigkeitsbewussten Handlungskompetenz und fragt schließlich: Können die Freiwilligen an einem „Entwicklungsmodell“ mitwirken, welches vom klassischen Entwicklungsparadigma und einem einseitigen ökonomischen Wachstumsdenken Abstand nimmt?
Second medical use Patente
Authors: Perino Gianna
Published: October 2020

Die Arbeit untersucht die rechtlichen Aspekte des Zusammentreffens von second medical use Patenten und wirkstoffbezogenen, nicht indikationsbeschränkten Arzneimittelrabattverträgen nach § 130a Abs. 8 SGB V. De lege lata bewirkt es eine unangemessene Marktmachtverteilung zugunsten der Originalpräparatehersteller.

Die Autorin zeigt erstmals eine Lösung auf, welche ihren Ansatz im kartellrechtlichen Verbot des Missbrauchs einer marktbeherrschenden Stellung findet. Der Lösungsweg lehnt sich an die Grundsätze zur Verhinderung eines Marktmissbrauchs bei standardessentiellen Patenten an. Damit bringt er die Interessen von Originalpräparate- und Generikaherstellern sowie der Allgemeinheit in Einklang und stellt den Wettbewerb wieder her.
OMG – German Legal Dogmatics!
Authors: Windel Peter A.
Published: October 2020

OMG – German Legal Dogmatics! Whoever listens closely to presentations by German legal scholars at international conferences will inevitably hear someone uttering this quiet but distinct sigh. Is it really that dire for us and our peculiar legal thinking? No: This collection of speeches given abroad proves how much we can still contribute to scholarly collaboration and systematic analyses of fundamental legal questions. The individual topics covered in this book range from a critical reflection of the school of legal dogmatics to general provisions of the pandect system, contract law, tort law, civil procedure, and bankruptcy law.
Die Ordnung der Religionen
Authors: Kollodzeiski Ulrike
Published: October 2020

Der römische Adlige und Humanist Pietro Della Valle bereist von 1614 bis 1626 das Osmanische Reich, Persien und Indien. In einer Zeit des Umbruchs sucht er nach neuen Allianzen für Rom: Gegen die Reformatoren will er die Einheit mit den orientalischen Christen wiederherstellen. Gegen die Osmanen sucht er ein Bündnis mit dem schiitischen Schah Abbas I. zu schließen. Sein Reisebericht, die „Viaggi“ (3 Teile, 1650-63), dokumentiert seine Ambitionen und enthält umfangreiche Erläuterungen zu vielen Religionen Asiens, die damals wie heute im Zentrum des Interesses stehen.

In der Form einer Begriffs- und Ideengeschichte untersuche ich in den „Viaggi“, welche Rolle Religion in den damaligen Auseinandersetzungen spielt und wie sich Della Valle mit der großen religiösen Vielfalt Asiens auseinandersetzt. Welche Hoffnungen und Befürchtungen verbindet er mit den verschiedenen Religionen? Welche Strategien verfolgt er in Bezug auf sie? Wo zieht er Grenzen und wo baut er Brücken?
Inklusiv und exklusiv? Inklusion an einer Deutschen Auslandsschule
Authors: Ließneck Julia
Published: October 2020

How can inclusivity be implemented in a German international school, a necessarily exclusive type of school which educates children from international expat families and operates according to the particular conditions in the host country? What laws and social conventions have to be taken into account? In terms of inclusivity in practice, which necessities, opportunities and problems can arise? What resources and support does the school need, both internally and externally? Which fundamental controversies relating to inclusivity will present themselves in the special case of an international school? The author addressed these questions during a three-year study at an international school in Germany. In this book, she describes her findings and her concept for inclusivity at such a school both realistically and practically.
Studien zu Homer, zur Tragödie und zum Satyrspiel
Authors: Seidensticker Bernd
Published: October 2020

This book contains 17 contributions on Homer and the reception of his works, Greek and Roman tragedies and satyr plays. These essays discuss the artistic creation of Odysseus’s travels and the reception of Homer’s two epics in both ancient and modern times, fundamental questions on Greek tragedy, such as catharsis, character and characterisation or its sociopolitical significance, and various aspects of satyr plays, such as the mythical subject matter of this genre, which has unfortunately almost been completely lost, or the composition of the chorus of satyrs and the form and significance of its dances.
Sickle Cell Disease and COVID-19
Authors: Moradi Leila
Published: October 2020

Context: The COVID-19 pandemic emerged in China and spread to the majority of countries worldwide, causing numerous health problems and restrictions on the people’s lifestyles. The complications of this disease can be much more severe in patients who have a weakened immune system or a chronic disease. Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder in which the immune system is impaired. Exposure to COVID-19 will have severe consequences in the sickle cell disease patients. In this study aimed to investigate the relationship between this disease with the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence Acquisition: Embase, Scopus, Pub Med databases were reviewed. Keywords were combined as (“COVID19” OR “Coronavirus” AND “Anemia sickle Cell” OR “Sickle cell disease”). The results of related articles were used. Results: At the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, chronic patients and those with weakened immune systems need to be more socially inclined to be less exposed to the COVID-19 virus. Conclusions: When producing the COVID vaccine, high-risk groups such as sickle cell anemia patients should be given priority.