bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A transcallosal fibre system between homotopic inferior frontal regions supports complex linguistic processing
Authors: Kellmeyer Philipp , Vry Magnus‐Sebastian , Ball Tonio
Published: June 2019

Inferior frontal regions in the left and right hemisphere support different aspects of language processing. In the canonical model, left inferior frontal regions are mostly involved in processing based on phonological, syntactic and semantic features of language, whereas the right inferior frontal regions process paralinguistic aspects like affective prosody. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)‐based probabilistic fibre tracking in 20 healthy volunteers, we identify a callosal fibre system connecting left and right inferior frontal regions that are involved in linguistic processing of varying complexity. Anatomically, we show that the interhemispheric fibres are highly aligned and distributed along a rostral to caudal gradient in the body and genu of the corpus callosum to connect homotopic inferior frontal regions. In the light of converging data, taking previous DTI‐based tracking studies and clinical case studies into account, our findings suggest that the right inferior frontal cortex not only processes paralinguistic aspects of language (such as affective prosody), as purported by the canonical model, but also supports the computation of linguistic aspects of varying complexity in the human brain. Our model may explain patterns of right‐hemispheric contribution to stroke recovery as well as disorders of prosodic processing. Beyond language‐related brain function, we discuss how inter‐species differences in interhemispheric connectivity and fibre density, including the system we described here may also explain differences in transcallosal information transfer and cognitive abilities across different mammalian species.
Transient population dynamics impede restoration and may promote ecosystem transformation after disturbance
Authors: Shriver Robert K. , Andrews Caitlin M. , Arkle Robert S. , Barnard David M. , Duniway Michael C. , Germino Matthew J. , Pilliod David S. , Pyke David A. , Welty Justin L. , Bradford John B.
Published: June 2019

The apparent failure of ecosystems to recover from increasingly widespread disturbance is a global concern. Despite growing focus on factors inhibiting resilience and restoration, we still know very little about how demographic and population processes influence recovery. Using inverse and forward demographic modelling of 531 post‐fire sagebrush populations across the western US, we show that demographic processes during recovery from seeds do not initially lead to population growth but rather to years of population decline, low density, and risk of extirpation after disturbance and restoration, even at sites with potential to support long‐term, stable populations. Changes in population structure, and resulting transient population dynamics, lead to a > 50% decline in population growth rate after disturbance and significant reductions in population density. Our results indicate that demographic processes influence the recovery of ecosystems from disturbance and that demographic analyses can be used by resource managers to anticipate ecological transformation risk.
Catchment land cover influences macroinvertebrate food‐web structure and energy flow pathways in mountain streams
Authors: Estévez Edurne , Álvarez‐Martínez José Manuel , Álvarez‐Cabria Mario , Robinson Christopher T. , Battin Tom J. , Barquín José
Published: June 2019

Understanding how different food resources sustain stream food webs is fundamental towards increasing our knowledge on trophic structure and energy flow pathways in fluvial ecosystems.

Food webs in small mountain streams are sustained by autochthonous (instream primary production) and allochthonous (inputs from the terrestrial ecosystem) organic resources, with their relative importance highly dependent on catchment land cover.

This study aimed to understand how catchment land cover determines food resource type (autochthonous, allochthonous) and quantity in mountain streams, and how this affects energy flow pathways and food web structure. We hypothesised that food resource type and quantity would reflect catchment land cover. Thus, changes in food resources would lead to shifts in macroinvertebrate assimilation of autochthonous and allochthonous food resources and consequently in dominant energy flow pathways. We further hypothesised that changes in food resources will have strong effects on dominant feeding groups and community biomass distribution among taxa in food webs.

Energy flow pathways were quantified by combining macroinvertebrate biomass measures and assimilation of food resources estimated from δ2H and δ15N in 10 streams along a forest cover gradient, located in the Cantabrian Mountains (northern Spain).

Results showed that grassland/shrub dominated streams had a higher proportion autochthonous food resources and a lower proportion of allochthonous food resources, whereas forested streams showed the opposite pattern. Changes in food resources with forest cover resulted in shifts in food resource assimilation and dominant energy flow pathways. Forested streams were mainly sustained by allochthonous resources, while streams flowing through grassland/shrub landscapes were mostly sustained by autochthonous resources.

Food resource assimilation differed between feeding groups. Detritivores showed a fixed assimilation of allochthonous resources independent of resource quantity, while omnivore assimilation was determined by the dominant food resource. This was reflected in food‐web structure. There was an increase in detritivore biomass and conservation of omnivore biomass with increasing forest cover, leading to a more equal distribution of community biomass among macroinvertebrates comprising individual food webs.

The dependence of stream food webs on dominant food resources highlights the importance of catchment land cover in determining energy flow pathways and food web structure in low order mountain streams. These findings will improve our predictions on the effects of land cover change on the functioning of mountain stream ecosystems.
FAM48A mediates compensatory autophagy induced by proteasome impairment
Authors: Arata Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Ayaka , Motosugi Ryo , Iemura Shun‐ichiro , Natsume Tohru , Mukai Kojiro , Taguchi Tomohiko , Hirayama Shoshiro , Hamazaki Jun , Murata Shigeo
Published: June 2019

Maintaining protein homeostasis is central to cell survival. The ubiquitin–proteasome system and autophagy play pivotal roles in protein quality control through protein degradation. Activities of these degradative pathways are carefully orchestrated, and autophagy is up‐regulated during proteasome dysfunction for cellular homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which proteasome impairment induces compensatory autophagy has remained largely elusive. Here, we show that FAM48A mediates autophagy induction during proteasome inhibition. FAM48A is degraded by the proteasome and accumulates in cells by proteasome inhibition. Knockdown of FAM48A led to defective induction of autophagy during proteasome inhibition and accompanied by defective localization of Atg9 on recycling endosomes. Our results indicate that FAM48A is a kind of sensor that is required for compensatory autophagy induction upon proteasome impairment.
The Elephant Welfare Initiative: a model for advancing evidence‐based zoo animal welfare monitoring, assessment and enhancement
Authors: Meehan C. , Greco B. , Lynn B. , Morfeld K. , Vicino G. , Orban D. , Gorsuch C. , Quick M. , Ripple L. , Fournier K. , Moore D.
Published: June 2019

The Elephant Welfare Initiative (EWI) is an effort supported by a community of member zoos with the common goal of advancing evidence‐based elephant‐care practices that enhance welfare. The idea for the EWI came about following the completion of a large‐scale North American elephant welfare study, which demonstrated that daily practices, such as social management, enrichment and exercise, play a critical role in improving the welfare of elephants in zoos. In 2014, the Elephant Taxon Advisory Group of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums expressed an interest in building upon the results of this study to support the continued assessment of elephant programmes and implementation of enhanced management practices. The EWI is supported by a web‐based system of software tools and resources. In contrast to traditional record‐keeping systems, the EWI tools provide participants with real‐time analysis as well as zoo‐ and elephant‐level metrics for key welfare indicators and associated management practices. Members’ data are pooled to create opportunities for benchmarking, and to leverage the collective efforts of individual organizations to address elephant welfare challenges and generate the data necessary to identify evidence‐based strategies for enhanced outcomes. Future considerations include extending the EWI model to other species in managed settings, and to support transitional programmes for in situ elephant reintroduction efforts.
Additive antidepressant‐like effects of fasting with β‐estradiol in mice
Authors: Wang Pu , Li Bingjin , Fan Jie , Zhang Kun , Yang Wei , Ren Bingzhong , Cui Ranji
Published: June 2019

Our recent study has shown that acute fasting produces antidepressant‐like effects in male mice. However, there is little evidence regarding the antidepressant‐like effects of acute fasting in female mice. Moreover, it is not yet clear whether estrogen produces additive effects with acute fasting. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the antidepressant‐like effects of acute fasting plus estrogen treatment. In this study, the acute fasting produced antidepressant‐like effects in female mice and the antidepressant‐like effects of 9 hours fasting with those of β‐estradiol (E2) were additive. Activity of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element‐binding protein (CREB)‐brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HP) was increased, as well as neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Serum ghrelin and estrogen were also increased by fasting plus E2. Furthermore, RNA‐seq analysis indicated that fasting and E2 co‐regulate similar gene expression pathways, underlying similar neurological functions. Taken together, these data suggest that E2 produces additive antidepressant‐like effects with fasting by activating the CREB‐BDNF pathway in the PFC and HP. Genome‐wide transcriptome mapping suggests that fasting may be used as an adjunct to estrogen replacement therapy for the treatment of depression associated with reduced estrogen function.
Maternal voluntary exercise mitigates oxidative stress and incidence of congenital heart defects in pre‐gestational diabetes
Authors: Saiyin Tana , Engineer Anish , Greco Elizabeth R. , Kim Mella Y. , Lu Xiangru , Jones Douglas L. , Feng Qingping
Published: June 2019

Women with pre‐gestational diabetes have a higher risk of producing children with congenital heart defects (CHDs), caused predominantly by hyperglycemia‐induced oxidative stress. In this study, we evaluated if exercise during pregnancy could mitigate oxidative stress and reduce the incidence of CHDs in the offspring of diabetic mice. Female mice were treated with streptozotocin to induce pre‐gestational diabetes, then mated with healthy males to produce offspring. They were also given access to running wheels 1 week before mating and allowed to exercise voluntarily until E18.5. Heart morphology, gene expression, and oxidative stress were assessed in foetal hearts. Maternal voluntary exercise results in a significantly lower incidence of CHDs from 59.5% to 25%. Additionally, diabetes‐induced defects in coronary artery and capillary morphogenesis were also lower with exercise. Myocardial cell proliferation and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition at E12.5 was significantly lower with pre‐gestational diabetes which was mitigated with maternal exercise. Cardiac gene expression of Notch1, Snail1, Gata4 and Cyclin D1 was significantly higher in the embryos of diabetic mice that exercised compared to the non‐exercised group. Furthermore, maternal exercise produced lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress in the foetal heart. In conclusion, maternal exercise mitigates ROS and oxidative damage in the foetal heart, and results in a lower incidence of CHDs in the offspring of pre‐gestational diabetes. Exercise may be an effective intervention to compliment clinical management and further minimize CHD risk in mothers with diabetes.
Survival analysis and functional annotation of long non‐coding RNAs in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Salavaty Adrian , Rezvani Zahra , Najafi Ali
Published: June 2019

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a subclass of non‐protein coding transcripts that are involved in several regulatory processes and are considered as potential biomarkers for almost all cancer types. This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of lncRNAs for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most prevalent subtype of lung cancer. To this end, the processed data of The Cancer Genome Atlas LUAD were retrieved from GEPIA and circlncRNAnet databases, matched with each other and integrated with the analysis results of a non‐small cell lung cancer plasma RNA‐Seq study. Then, the data were filtered in order to separate the differentially expressed lncRNAs that have a prognostic value for LUAD. Finally, the selected lncRNAs were functionally annotated using a bioinformatic and systems biology approach. Accordingly, we identified 19 lncRNAs as the novel LUAD prognostic lncRNAs. Also, based on our results, all 19 lncRNAs might be involved in lung cancer‐related biological processes. Overall, we suggested several novel biomarkers and drug targets which could help early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of LUAD patients.
Investigating and Remediating Selection Bias in Geriatrics Research: The Selection Bias Toolkit
Authors: Banack Hailey R. , Kaufman Jay S. , Wactawski‐Wende Jean , Troen Bruce R. , Stovitz Steven D.
Published: June 2019

OBJECTIVES

Selection bias is a well‐known concern in research on older adults. We discuss two common forms of selection bias in aging research: (1) survivor bias and (2) bias due to loss to follow‐up. Our objective was to review these two forms of selection bias in geriatrics research. In clinical aging research, selection bias is a particular concern because all participants must have survived to old age, and be healthy enough, to take part in a research study in geriatrics.

DESIGN

We demonstrate the key issues related to selection bias using three case studies focused on obesity, a common clinical risk factor in older adults. We also created a Selection Bias Toolkit that includes strategies to prevent selection bias when designing a research study in older adults and analytic techniques that can be used to examine, and correct for, the influence of selection bias in geriatrics research.

RESULTS

Survivor bias and bias due to loss to follow‐up can distort study results in geriatric populations. Key steps to avoid selection bias at the study design stage include creating causal diagrams, minimizing barriers to participation, and measuring variables that predict loss to follow‐up. The Selection Bias Toolkit details several analytic strategies available to geriatrics researchers to examine and correct for selection bias (eg, regression modeling and sensitivity analysis).

CONCLUSION

The toolkit is designed to provide a broad overview of methods available to examine and correct for selection bias. It is specifically intended for use in the context of aging research. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1970–1976, 2019
Greater Mindfulness is Associated With Better Academic Achievement in Middle School
Authors: Caballero Camila , Scherer Ethan , West Martin R. , Mrazek Michael D. , Gabrieli Christopher F. O. , Gabrieli John D. E.
Published: June 2019

Despite increasing interest in improving academic outcomes for students by enhancing mindfulness, there is a paucity of evidence that greater mindfulness is associated with success in school. We measured mindfulness with the short‐form Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) in over 2,000 urban students in Grades 5–8. The MAAS had good internal consistency and scale homogeneity. Greater mindfulness correlated significantly with better academic achievement as measured by grade point average and standardized tests of mathematics and literacy, greater improvement in academic performance from the prior school year, better attendance, and fewer suspensions. The relation between mindfulness and academic achievement was similar across demographic characteristics. These findings support the reliability of the MAAS as a measure of mindfulness among youth and provide initial evidence of an association between mindfulness and academic achievement. This association strengthens the rationale to explore whether mindfulness‐based interventions can enhance academic outcomes by leveraging the malleability of mindfulness.
Streptococcus mutans requires mature rhamnose‐glucose polysaccharides for proper pathophysiology, morphogenesis and cellular division
Authors: Kovacs Christopher J. , Faustoferri Roberta C. , Bischer Andrew P. , Quivey Robert G.
Published: June 2019

The cell wall of Gram‐positive bacteria has been shown to mediate environmental stress tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility, host immune evasion and overall virulence. The majority of these traits have been demonstrated for the well‐studied system of wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis, a common cell wall polysaccharide among Gram‐positive organisms. Streptococcus mutans, a Gram‐positive odontopathogen that contributes to the enamel‐destructive disease dental caries, lacks the capabilities to generate WTA. Instead, the cell wall of S. mutans is highly decorated with rhamnose‐glucose polysaccharides (RGP), for which functional roles are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that the RGP has a distinct role in protecting S. mutans from a variety of stress conditions pertinent to pathogenic capability. Mutant strains with disrupted RGP synthesis failed to properly localize cell division complexes, suffered from aberrant septum formation and exhibited enhanced cellular autolysis. Surprisingly, mutant strains of S. mutans with impairment in RGP side chain modification grew into elongated chains and also failed to properly localize the presumed cell wall hydrolase, GbpB. Our results indicate that fully mature RGP has distinct protective and morphogenic roles for S. mutans, and these structures are functionally homologous to the WTA of other Gram‐positive bacteria.
First application of loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for rapid identification of mating type in the heterothallic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: King Kevin M. , Hawkins Nichola J. , Atkins Sarah , Dyer Paul S. , West Jonathan S. , Fraaije Bart A.
Published: June 2019

Background

Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays, which operate at a single temperature and require no postreaction processing, have been described for rapid species‐specific detection of numerous fungi. The technology has much less commonly been applied to identification of other key genetic traits such as fungicide resistance, and has not yet been applied to mating‐type determination in any fungus.

Objectives

To develop first LAMP assays for mating‐type identification in a fungus, in this instance with the saprophytic mould and human opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, a heterothallic ascomycete requiring isolates of opposite mating type (MAT1‐1, MAT1‐2) for sexual reproduction.

Methods

New LAMP primer sets, targeted to MAT gene sequences, were screened against 34 A fumigatus isolates (of known mating type) from diverse clinical, environmental and geographic sources to establish whether they could distinguish MAT1‐1 or MAT1‐2 genotypes.

Results and conclusions

The new assays, operating at a single temperature of 65°C, correctly identified the mating type of A fumigatus isolates in <20 minutes, and thus have numerous research and practical applications. Similar MAT LAMP assays could now be developed for other fungi of agricultural, environmental, industrial and/or medical importance.
Poland in the ‘Paris system’: self‐determination, stereotypes, and decisions in 1919
Authors: Clark Denis
Published: June 2019

One of the most important questions at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference was what to do about the newly re‐created state of Poland. The Paris peacemakers realised the importance of the settlement, thanks in part to dire warnings about Poland's future, and the leaders spent much time discussing the territorial settlement. Yet discussions of this important question regularly strayed from debates about policy to incorporate understandings of Polish national character. In particular, the leaders of the so‐called Big Three, Britain, France, and the United States, connected expert opinion and the broader political landscape to stereotyped understandings of national character, among other factors. With reference to scholarship on stereotyping, this article analyses how developing attitudes on Polish national character became integrated into the complex settlement of Poland's borders. The peacemakers' decisions, which were a compromise between different points of view, reflected interconnected understandings of the Polish settlement.
Hydrogen sulfide alleviates chromium stress on cauliflower by restricting its uptake and enhancing antioxidative system
Authors: Ahmad Rehan , Ali Shafaqat , Rizwan Muhammad , Dawood Muhammad , Farid Mujahid , Hussain Afzal , Wijaya Leonard , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser , Ahmad Parvaiz
Published: June 2019

The present study evaluated the physiological and biochemical mechanisms through which exogenous sodium hydrosulfide (H2S donor) mitigates chromium (Cr) stress in cauliflower. The different levels of Cr included 0, 10, 100 and 200 µM. Results reported that Cr exposure reduced growth and biomass, chlorophyll (Chl) contents, gas exchange parameters and enzymatic antioxidants. Chromium stress enhanced the production of electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and increased Cr content in the roots, stem, leaf and flowers. Exogenous H2S improved the physiological and biochemical attributes of Cr‐stressed cauliflower. Hydrogen sulfide decreased Cr content in different parts of Cr‐stressed plants, whereas it increased the Chl contents and gas exchange attributes. H2S reduced the EL, H2O2 and MDA concentrations, enhancing the antioxidant enzymes activities in Cr‐stressed roots and leaves compared to the Cr treatments alone. Collectively, our results provide an insight into the protective role of H2S in Cr‐stressed cauliflower and suggest H2S as a potential candidate in reducing Cr toxicity in cauliflower and other crops.
Collective action and social contagion: Community gardens as a case study
Authors: Shur‐Ofry Michal , Malcai Ofer
Published: June 2019

Institutions for collective action (ICAs), comprising individuals that informally organize to manage collective resources, have gained recognition as a significant means of informal governance of common resources alongside the more formal schemes of privatization and top‐down regulation. Using the case study of community gardens, this article locates ICAs within the broader phenomenon of self‐organization in complex systems, and inquires whether ICAs exhibit dynamics of social contagion and diffuse in accordance with patterns that prevail in self‐organized complex systems. Applying quantitative methods derived from the field of complexity, we measure the temporal, spatial, and spatiotemporal diffusion of community gardens in the city of Jerusalem. The results suggest that the spread of community gardens in the urban space displays patterns of self‐organization and social contagion. More generally, these findings suggest that ICAs may scale from themicroto themacrolevel in a bottom‐up, self‐expanding manner, while maintaining the advantages of local, commons‐based arrangements. This perspective carries significant policy implications, and highlights the potential use of ICAs as a means for the governance of public resources, not only on a local, micro scale but also on a more global scale.
The imbalance of gut microbiota and its correlation with plasma inflammatory cytokines in pemphigus vulgaris patients
Authors: Huang Shuli , Mao Jing , Zhou Lin , Xiong Xia , Deng Yongqiong
Published: June 2019

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of IgG autoantibodies owing to an imbalance in the Th1/Th2 and Th17/Tregs cell pathways. The role of gut microbiota in the development of immune system and autoimmune diseases has been unraveled in the last two decades. However, data pertaining to gut microbiota of PV patients is largely lacking. We aimed to compare the gut microbiota of PV patients and healthy controls and assessed potential correlation with circulating cytokines of Th1/Th2/Th17 cell. Faecal bacterial diversity was analysed in 18 PV patients and 14 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy individuals using hypervariable tag sequencing of the V3‐V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Plasma levels of 20 inflammatory cytokines were assessed using the Luminex screening system. As a result, we identified 10 differentially abundant taxa between patients and controls. At the genera level, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis and Coprococcus decreased, while Granulicatella, Flavonifractor enriched in PV. Plasma levels of C5a, interleukin (IL)‐2R, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐7, IL‐1β, IL17A, IL‐5 and IL‐21 were significantly increased in PV Flavonifractor exhibited a positive correlation with C5a, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐7, IL‐1β, IL17A and IL‐21. Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis and Coprococcus showed a negative correlation with IL‐17A. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that PV patients have gut microbial dysbiosis which might contribute to the immune disorder and the development of PV.
Local Ambivalence to Diverse Mobilities – The Case of a Norwegian Rural Village
Authors: Villa Mariann
Published: June 2019

In Norway, immigration and tourism have become important drivers of diversity in rural communities. While rural migration mostly has been studied from the migrants’ perspective, this article examines how long‐term residents in a Norwegian rural mountain resort characterised by seasonal tourism and labour immigration experience the flux of diverse migrants and how this affects them and the local community. The article is based on 12 interviews with men and women who are long‐term community residents. A major narrative of the locals is that of the village and its inhabitants as accustomed to mobility, a local knowledge acquired through decades of tourism and in‐migration. But there are also narratives of ambivalence and contradictions and of the place as saturated by mobilities. The article explores how locals adjust to and avoid these mobilities.
It's okay to talk: suicide awareness simulation
Authors: Phillips Emma Claire , Neagle Gregg , Cameron Bethan , Moneypenny Michael
Published: June 2019

Background

Doctors are at an increased risk of suicide compared with the general population, and there is a current lack of formal education on suicide prevention for peers and colleagues. This educational project aimed to increase suicide awareness for medical students through simulation.

Methods

A simulation scenario was designed centred around a junior doctor (a qualified doctor who has not yet completed specialist postgraduate training) disclosing thoughts of suicide. The scenario and debriefing were designed using learning objectives and constructive alignment theory. Senior medical students participated in the scenario, which was followed by a facilitated debriefing and the provision of a framework for discussing suicide with a colleague. Quantitative and qualitative student feedback was collected and analysed.

A simulation scenario was designed centred around a junior doctor colleague found distressed at work and disclosing thoughts of suicide

Results

A total of 35 students participated in the simulation over six sessions. Feedback indicated that students felt this subject was important and that the learning objectives had been achieved.

Discussion

This simulation scenario focusing on suicide awareness for senior medical students has provided opportunity for open discussion and reflection on the topic and has increased the awareness and understanding of suicidality in colleagues. This is one step in the direction of preventing further deaths by suicide in health professionals.
Neighbourhood Poverty and Individual Earnings: Tales of Two (Norwegian) Cities
Authors: Nordvik Viggo , Turner Lena Magnusson , Friedrichs Jürgen
Published: June 2019

Across cities, one observes similarities in poverty and earnings of individuals within the same neighbourhood. Are these similarities due to causal influences neighbours exercise upon each other or to spatial sorting? We analyse this within the frame of a fixed effects model, estimated on a register‐based panel covering all residents of two urban areas in Norway over the years from 1997 to 2011. We find a significant depressing effect of the share of low‐earners in the neighbourhood on individual earnings in the capital region ‐ Oslo. Our estimates of the impact of neighbourhood poverty are small in magnitude compared to what is found in other studies. In the other, less central area studied, we do not find any such effect. It is tempting to speculate that sorting and neighbourhood effects are less intense in urban regions with a smaller menu of neighbourhood choices.

[Correction added on 30 July 2019, after first publication: The Abstract has been modified for improvement in this version.]
Extracting human emotions at different places based on facial expressions and spatial clustering analysis
Authors: Kang Yuhao , Jia Qingyuan , Gao Song , Zeng Xiaohuan , Wang Yueyao , Angsuesser Stephan , Liu Yu , Ye Xinyue , Fei Teng
Published: June 2019

The emergence of big data enables us to evaluate the various human emotions at places from a statistical perspective by applying affective computing. In this study a novel framework for extracting human emotions from large‐scale georeferenced photos at different places is proposed. After the construction of places based on spatial clustering of user‐generated footprints collected from social media websites, online cognitive services are utilized to extract human emotions from facial expressions using state‐of‐the‐art computer vision techniques. Two happiness metrics are defined for measuring the human emotions at different places. To validate the feasibility of the framework, we take 80 tourist attractions around the world as an example and a happiness ranking list of places is generated based on human emotions calculated over 2 million faces detected from greater than 6 million photos. Different kinds of geographical contexts are taken into consideration to find out the relationship between human emotions and environmental factors. Results show that much of the emotional variation at different places can be explained by a few factors such as openness. The research offers insights into integrating human emotions to enrich the understanding of sense of place in geography and in place‐based GIS.
Between disgust and indifference: Affective and emotional relations with carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia
Authors: Atchison Jennifer
Published: June 2019

As the product of not always rational human thought, emotions are either excluded from or considered to be barriers to effective invasive species management. In a context where fish are still disregarded, in this paper I consider the affective and emotional geographies of the world's most broadly distributed freshwater fish, carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Australia, in emerging sites of management that involve killing. Invasive species management is yet to reconcile emotion and the affective politics of killing invasive animals as a normative and ongoing practice of care for the environment. This paper advances animal geographies by developing a conceptual understanding of the biopolitics of invasive life and invasive species management by thinking through carp as affective and emotional subjects. To do this I look to feminist approaches that conceptualise emotion as relational, including Ahmed's analysis of emotion as movement, and visceral geographies’ extension of embodied meaning‐making beyond the human. Drawing on original empirical analysis of managing carp, I identify how carp are performed as collectively disgusting or monstrous objects and how emotions are submerged and people can become indifferent to, or “pull away” from, ethical deliberation. However, attending to affect and emotion beyond the human subject also allows carp to emerge as different kinds of “spooky” subjects who, through conflicting, constantly changing, and more‐than‐invasive relationships, resist singular and hegemonic understandings. Taking a feminist approach allows me to consider how carp have affective biopolitical agency, in life and death, across these multiple subjectivities with power to transform human relationships with nature by situating and re‐engaging people in the problems of the world. Indeed, I argue that it is through the affective and emotional practices of managing carp that people might also begin to apprehend their responsibilities and limitations in the Anthropocene.
Natural disasters and countries' exports: New insights from a new (and an old) database
Authors: El Hadri Hajare , Mirza Daniel , Rabaud Isabelle
Published: June 2019

This paper is the first to uncover in details the impact of different families of disasters on exports from 1979 to 2000 (storms, floods, earthquakes and changes in temperatures). Besides, our paper is the first to compare in a quasi‐systematic way the results across the two data sets at hand, the standard EM‐DAT data and GeoMet data, a newly available data set based on geophysical and meteorological data (European Economic Review, 2013, 58, 18; Journal of Development Economics, 2014, 111, 92). We run series of regressions while accounting progressively for the characteristics of products (all traded goods v/s agriculture ones), the characteristics of the country (size, level of development) and the intensity of the catastrophes. When pooling all countries, and all types of disasters, we do not find any statistical impact on exports. But when focusing on each of them separately and on agricultural goods, the occurrence of an earthquake appears to reduce exports of about 3%, regardless of its location. A windstorm shock, even when it happens to be very severe, has hardly any impact. A flood, on its side, is estimated to reduce export flows of a small country by nearly 3%. The effect of changes in temperatures is ambiguous. All in all, except for temperature‐related disasters, the results are consistent across both data sets, EM‐DAT and GeoMet, although they appear to be slightly more in line with our expectations in the case of GeoMet.
Applying the resources framework of teaching and learning to issues in middle school physics instruction on energy
Authors: Wittmann Michael C. , Millay Laura A. , Alvarado Carolina , Lucy Levi , Medina Joshua , Rogers Adam
Published: June 2019

Our choice of model affects how we interpret what we observe. Students often have difficulties with the ideas of energy, but not all their difficulties are about energy, alone. We present two examples. In the first, student difficulties with mechanical energy seem to be with the system in which energy flows, not energy itself. In the second, students seem to use a substance metaphor of energy, which has been shown to be very productive, but use the “wrong” substance. Accounting for the nuances of student responses suggests the use of a model of knowledge and learning, the resources framework, that takes into account context dependence and the ways in which incorrect answers often contain substantial amounts of correct information.
Improving student understanding of fine structure corrections to the energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom
Authors: Keebaugh Christof , Marshman Emily , Singh Chandralekha
Published: June 2019

We discuss an investigation of student difficulties with fine structure corrections to the energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom in the context of degenerate perturbation theory. The investigation was carried out in advanced quantum mechanics courses by administering free-response and multiple-choice questions and conducting individual interviews with students. We find that students share many common difficulties related to these concepts. We describe how the research on student difficulties was used as a guide to develop and evaluate a Quantum Interactive Learning Tutorial (QuILT) which uses a guided inquiry-based approach to learning and strives to help students develop a functional understanding of concepts necessary for the fine structure corrections to the energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom in the context of degenerate perturbation theory. The QuILT strives to help students learn to focus on both the unperturbed and perturbation Hamiltonians to determine whether the basis is a good basis and then be able to find the first order corrections to the energy spectrum after ensuring that the basis chosen is a good basis and a good basis entails that the perturbation Hamiltonian be diagonal in each degenerate subspace of the unperturbed Hamiltonian.
Making energy relevant: The role of free energy in introductory physics
Authors: Geller Benjamin D. , Daane Abigail R.
Published: June 2019

Free energy is a non-conserved quantity that is of fundamental importance in biochemistry and sociopolitical discourse, but one that does not often get discussed in introductory physics classrooms. While many canonical representations of energy that are encountered in introductory physics (energy bar charts, energy pie charts, etc.) foster ideas about energy that are productive for learners in a wide range of contexts, they have limited utility in contexts where free energy is an important consideration. In this study, we describe how learners who encounter canonical representations of energy in introductory physics develop a deep conviction that energy is conserved, and must then reconcile that idea with the fact that the amount of useful energy in the world is continually diminishing. We identify the most prominent ideas about free energy that are expressed by two different populations of learners—undergraduate Introductory Physics for Life Science (IPLS) students and K-12 teachers in a professional development seminar—and describe how those ideas reflect the representations of energy with which they are most familiar. Finally, we articulate features that would be required of new representations that might better prepare learners for considering the usefulness of energy. We suggest that such representations would make the study of energy across disciplines more coherent and make introductory physics more relevant to current sociopolitical energy needs.
Wavefield finite time focusing with reduced spatial exposure
Authors: Meles Giovanni Angelo , van der Neut Joost , van Dongen Koen W. A. , Wapenaar Kees
Published: June 2019

Wavefield focusing is often achieved by time-reversal mirrors, where wavefields emitted by a source located at the focal point are evaluated at a closed boundary and sent back, after time-reversal, into the medium from that boundary. Mathematically, time-reversal mirrors are derived from closed-boundary integral representations of reciprocity theorems. In heterogeneous media, time-reversal focusing theoretically involves in- and output signals that are infinite in time and the resulting waves propagate through the entire medium. Recently, integral representations have been derived for single-sided wavefield focusing. Although the required input signals for this approach are finite in time, the output signals are not and, similar to time-reversal mirroring, the resulting waves propagate through the entire medium. Here, an alternative solution for double-sided wavefield focusing is derived. This solution is based on an integral representation where in- and output signals are finite in time, and where the energy of the waves propagating in the layer embedding the focal point is smaller than with time-reversal focusing. The potential of the proposed method is explored with numerical experiments involving a head model consisting of a skull enclosing a brain.
Inspection of plate weldments through an interposed layer of viscoelastic material using an elastic-electromagnetic scanning method
Authors: Fisher Karl A. , Mays Owen , Haugen Peter , Obenauf David
Published: June 2019

In this article, an elastic-microwave based non-destructive evaluation method is presented to inspect for cracks in weldments and thinning of coated steel plates. The approach uses a microwave interferometer operating at 94 GHz to record the total surface displacement of a coated steel plated as it is driven by an incident elastic field. These spatiotemporal data coupled with wavefield processing algorithms provide powerful detection and localization capabilities. From these wavefield data sets, a plate thickness mapping capability has been demonstrated that can detect thickness changes on the order of 0.79 mm (1/32 in.). It is also shown that a topological energy analysis of the wavefield data can detect and locate small flaws on the order of 5–10 mm (0.19–0.40 in.) in the welded joint. Note, all of these results are obtained through a 50.8 mm (2 in.) thick viscoelastic coating without disturbing the coating or the coating bond. At present the algorithm cannot resolve individual flaws within a grid space, just their cumulative effect. Even with the current limitations, this detection approach appears to be a promising alternative to traditional phased array imaging methods where the coating layer must be removed prior to inspection.
Effect of interfacial adhesion on the ultrasonic interaction with adhesive joints: A theoretical study using spring-type interfaces
Authors: Mori Naoki , Matsuda Naoki , Kusaka Takayuki
Published: June 2019

The effect of interfacial properties on the reflection and transmission characteristics of ultrasonic waves at adhesively bonded joints is theoretically investigated. An adhesive joint is modeled as a double-interface model, namely, a homogeneous layer coupled to adherends by two spring-type interfaces with different interfacial stiffnesses. For the normal incidence of a one-dimensional longitudinal wave, theoretical results are obtained and validated by finite element simulation. When the thickness of the adhesive layer is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength, the amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients show monotonic dependence on frequency, which can be explained by the theoretical relation of the double-interface model to a single spring-type interface model. The reflection and transmission behavior is invariant if the values of the two interfacial stiffnesses are interchanged. For a relatively thick adhesive layer, on the other hand, the reflection coefficient shows local minima at multiple frequencies. As one interfacial stiffness decreases, the local minimum frequencies decrease and the local minima increase. If the values of the two interfacial stiffnesses are interchanged, the reflection coefficient remains invariant but the reflection waveform shows different features. The obtained reflection and transmission characteristics are discussed in light of the characterization of the interfacial adhesion.
Modeling of interlayer contact and contact pressure during fused filament fabrication
Authors: Coogan Timothy J. , Kazmer David O.
Published: June 2019

An in-line rheometer and data acquisition system are used to monitor the melt pressure, melt temperature, and environmental temperatures while producing parts via fused filament fabrication (FFF). Melt pressures are observed to increase when printing parts with small layer heights, which is attributed to the confined space created between the nozzle and the previous layer (i.e., an exit pressure). These exit pressures (referred to as contact pressure) and the resulting interlayer contact areas are analyzed for 2863 layers created at 21 different processing conditions. The measured contact pressure was found to directly influence the shape of the layers and the resulting interlayer contact. An intimate contact model based on contact pressure is combined with a wetting model to accurately predict the interlayer contact of FFF parts. This pressure-driven intimate contact model for FFF shows strong agreement with the observed interlayer contact. No theoretical model has previously existed for predicting interlayer contact, so this research provides a critical component for developing a comprehensive part strength model. Both the measurements and proposed model are sufficiently simple and accurate for real-time analysis of FFF quality, so the described in-line sensors provide valuable quality insights and are recommended for future researchers, printer manufacturers, and end-users.
Infection Rates and Alkaloid Patterns of Different Grass Species with Systemic
Epichloë
Endophytes
Authors: Vikuk Veronika , Young Carolyn A. , Lee Stephen T. , Nagabhyru Padmaja , Krischke Markus , Mueller Martin J. , Krauss Jochen
Published: June 2019

Severe problems of livestock intoxication from
Epichloë
-infected forage grasses have been reported from New Zealand, Australia, and the United States, but much less frequently from Europe, and particularly not from Germany. Nevertheless, it is important to monitor infection rates and alkaloids of grasses with
Epichloë
fungi to estimate possible intoxication risks. Most studies focus on agricultural grass species like
Lolium perenne
and
Festuca arundinacea
, but other cool-season grass species can also be infected. We show that in Germany, infection rates and alkaloids differ between grass species and that some of the alkaloids can be toxic to livestock. Changes in grassland management due to changing climate, especially with a shift toward grasslands dominated with
Epichloë
-infected species such as
Lolium perenne
, may result in greater numbers of intoxicated livestock in the near future. We therefore suggest regular monitoring of grass species for infections and alkaloids and call for maintaining heterogenous grasslands for livestock.
A Heat Shock Protein 48 (HSP48) Biomolecular Condensate Is Induced during Dictyostelium discoideum Development
Authors: Santarriaga Stephanie , Fikejs Alicia , Scaglione Jamie , Scaglione K. Matthew
Published: June 2019

During cellular stress, many microbes undergo a transition to a dormant state. This includes the social amoebaDictyostelium discoideumthat transitions from a unicellular amoeba to a multicellular fruiting body upon starvation. In this work, we identify heat shock protein 48 (HSP48) as a chaperone that is induced during development. We also show that HSP48 forms a biomolecular condensate and is stabilized by polyphosphate. The findings here identifyDictyostelium discoideumas a novel microbe to investigate protein quality control pathways during the transition to dormancy.
An Intragenic Recombination Event Generates a Snf4-Independent Form of the Essential Protein Kinase Snf1 in Candida albicans
Authors: Mottola Austin , Morschhäuser Joachim
Published: June 2019

Genomic alterations, including different types of recombination events, facilitate the generation of genetically altered variants and enable the pathogenic yeast
Candida albicans
to adapt to stressful conditions encountered in its human host. Here, we show that a specific recombination event between two 8-bp direct repeats within the coding sequence of the
SNF1
gene results in the deletion of six amino acids between the N-terminal kinase domain and the C-terminal regulatory domain and relieves this essential kinase from autoinhibition. This preprogrammed deletion allowed
C. albicans
to overcome growth defects caused by the absence of the regulatory subunit Snf4 and represents a built-in mechanism for the generation of a Snf4-independent Snf1 kinase.