bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ART HISTORY: CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON METHOD
Authors: ARNOLD DANA
Published: August 2009

Dana Arnold is Professor of Architectural History at the University of Southampton, UK. She was editor of Art History from 1997 to 2002 and edits the book series New Interventions in Art History; Companions to Art History; and Anthologies in Art History, all published by Wiley‐Blackwell. Her recent monographs include: Rural Urbanism: London Landscapes in the Early Nineteenth Century (2006); Reading Architectural History (2002); Re‐presenting the Metropolis: Architecture, Urban Experience and Social Life in London 1800–1840 (2000). Her edited and co‐edited volumes include: Biographies and Space (2007); Rethinking Architectural Historiography (2006); Architecture as Experience (2004); Cultural Identities and the Aesthetics of Britishness (2004); Tracing Architecture: The Aesthetics of Antiquarianism (2003); Art and Thought (2003). She is the author of the bestselling Art History: A Very Short Introduction (2004) which has been translated into many languages, including Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Japanese and Spanish and has been reprinted several times. Her monograph on the Spaces of the Hospital is forthcoming from Routledge. Professor Arnold has held research fellowships at Yale University, the University of Cambridge and the Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles and has held numerous visiting Professorships. She was a member of the Research Panel for the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and now sits on the Advisory Board of the joint Engineering and Physical Sciences/AHRC initiative Science and Heritage.
SEXING THE CANVAS: CALLING ON THE MEDIUM
Authors: CHARE NICHOLAS
Published: August 2009

The first part of this article explores current art‐historical approaches to gender through three case studies: the Venus of Willendorf; Michelangelo; and Artemisia Gentileschi. The second part employs case studies to examine how ideas about gender have historically been articulated and performed through the use of specific media and techniques. There has been little research devoted to how mediums (such as fresco, oil, and watercolour) and techniques (including drip, impasto, and staining) materialize femininity and masculinity. The article seeks to redress this neglect through an examination of some of the ways in which the gendering of materials and modes of art‐making has contributed to the construction and deconstruction of sexual difference in the visual field. Artists whose works are considered include Francis Bacon, Thomas Girtin, J.M.W. Turner, and Jack Vettriano.
ART FICTION
Authors: CHAPMAN H. PERRY
Published: August 2009

Fiction about art reveals a parallel extra‐academy, extra‐museum art history. This essay examines how three novels, all published in 1999, fictionalize early modern Netherlandish painters and paintings. Tracey Chevalier's Girl with a Pearl Earring is ‘art‐historical fiction’ that uses real paintings to craft a fictional Vermeer; Susan Vreeland's Girl in Hyacinth Blue is ‘provenance fiction’ that brings to life the history of ownership of a fictional painting by Vermeer; and Michael Frayn's Headlong, a tale of a modern‐day amateur art historian's quixotic quest for a long lost picture by Pieter Bruegel, is ‘art‐history fiction’. These novels rely on strategies of Dutch and Flemish genre painting to craft stories of ordinary lives that are made extraordinary by art. Held up as mirrors to our scholarly practices, they confront us with the popular ramifications of recent approaches to works of art and their makers.
DANCING YEARS, OR WRITING AS A WAY OUT
Authors: RIFKIN ADRIAN
Published: August 2009

This essay is concerned with the random and arbitrary nature of the relation between taste, love, desire and knowledge as the basis for disciplinary formation. As an expanded oxymoron it thinks of the constitutive irrationality of the history of art as the space in which it can be shaped politically and theoretically through contingent and singular moments. It understands the Warburgian notion of nachleben not so much as a returning figure of older affective forms as the form of the return of the incomplete in the historically inexhaustible life of images and figures, taking together merging the visible forms in Gerard David, Goya and the photograph of a 1960s tennis star.
A CHARIOT FOR THE SHEKHINAH: Identity and the Ideal Life in Sixteenth‐Century Kabbalah
Authors: Fishbane Eitan P.
Published: August 2009

In this paper, I seek to present the range of issues involved in the efforts of sixteenth‐century kabbalists to understand the nature of selfhood, and the paths prescribed for the formation of an ideal life. I reflect on the mystical writings of Moshe Cordovero, Eliyahu de Vidas, andayyim Vital—probing their conceptions of core identity, the polarity between body and soul, and the ethical guidance for a life well lived. In so doing, I consider the following additional themes, and their relation to the matrix of self‐formation and religious identity: reincarnation and rebirth; the virtue of humility and self‐effacement; the cultivation of wisdom; ideals of piety and prophetic experience; asceticism; and the spiritual transcendence of desire. In presenting this wide range of constituent themes, I argue that sixteenth‐century kabbalists understood the soul to be the ultimate marker of personal identity (nuanced and complicated by the doctrine of reincarnation), and that they formulated a vision of an ideal ethics in which the human being functions as an earthly vessel for the divine presence. What is more, the preparation of that vessel required a degree of humility so extreme that the attainment of ideal personhood ultimately involved the effacement of that very identity.
“DISMANTLING THE MASTER'S HOUSE”: Freedom as Ethical Practice in Brandom and Foucault
Authors: Springs Jason A.
Published: August 2009

This article makes a case for the capacity of “social practice” accounts of agency and freedom to criticize, resist, and transform systemic forms of power and domination from within the context of religious and political practices and institutions. I first examine criticisms that Michel Foucault's analysis of systemic power results in normative aimlessness, and then I contrast that account with the description of agency and innovative practice that pragmatist philosopher Robert Brandom identifies as “expressive freedom.” I argue that Brandom can provide a normative trajectory for Foucault's diagnoses of power and domination, helping to resolve its apparent lack of ethical direction. I demonstrate that Foucault, in turn, presents Brandom with insights that might overcome the charges of abstraction and conservatism that his pragmatic inferentialism frequently encounters. The result is a vindication of social practice as an analytical lens for social criticism that is at once both immanent and radical.
CALVINIST RESOURCES FOR CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN POLITICAL LIFE: A Critique of Michael Walzer's Revolution of the Saints
Authors: Beach‐Verhey Timothy A.
Published: August 2009

Inheriting the religious prejudices of the Enlightenment, many supporters of liberal democracy consider John Calvin's theology contrary to the norms and virtues necessary for productive public discourse in a religiously and culturally diverse society. In Revolution of the Saints: A Study in the Origins of Radical Politics, Michael Walzer makes a similar assumption, arguing that, despite its contribution to political modernization, the inherent fideism, absolutism, and intolerance of Calvinism constitutes a threat to public discourse in liberal society. In this paper, I contend that the prevailing understanding of Calvin's theology is incorrect. In actuality he is a nuanced natural law thinker, whose complex understanding of human nature and the state encourages the subtle balance of virtues that contemporary political life requires.
AGREEING TO DISAGREE: Indigenous Pluralism from Human Rights to Bioethics
Authors: Durante Chris
Published: August 2009

David Hollenbach, working within the context of human rights theory, has developed the notion of “indigenous pluralism” as a means of coping with the problems that arise when different religious traditions hold distinct or incompatible interpretations of human rights. It will be argued that indigenous pluralism is a theoretically and practically useful concept for bioethics as well and hence should be incorporated into bioethical methodology and processes of bioethical policy formation. Subsequently, the notion of indigenous pluralism will be discussed in relation to determinations of death as a means of illustrating this concept's applicability to bioethical inquiry.
THE MORAL AND POLITICAL BURDENS OF MEMORY
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: August 2009

Memory brings the past into the present. It is a feature of human temporality, contingency, and identity. Attention to memory's psychological and social importance suggests new vistas for work in religious ethics. This essay examines four recent works on memory's importance for self‐interpretation, social criticism, and public justice. My focus will be on normative questions about memory. The works under review ask whether, and on what terms, we have an obligation to remember, whether memory is linked to neighbors near and distant, how memory is related to justice and forgiveness, and whether memory sits easily with the kind of relationships that allegedly characterize life in democratic public culture.
“Luring Overseas Trained Doctors to Australia: Issues of Training, Regulating and Trading”
Authors: Iredale Robyn
Published: August 2009

Australia is at a crossroads. Its long history of relying on overseas trained medical practitioners and the last decade’s changes, in terms of the introduction of policies to recruit large numbers of temporary doctors, both require examination. Not only is Australia alone in its overt policy initiatives but it also fails to be aware of the consequences for some sending countries. Australia has not entered into the spirit of international attempts to ameliorate the potential effects of developing‐to‐developed country medical migration and trade. This paper will provide an overview of the current international situation regarding supply and demand, major ethical issues, Australia’s immigration policies and regulatory framework and the situation with respect to the labour market integration of overseas trained doctors (OTDs). It will be argued that Australia ‘lures’ with little concern for the consequences for source countries.
Incentives for International Migration of Scientists and Engineers to Japan
Authors: Murakami Yukiko
Published: August 2009

Many developed countries, welcome foreign talent, and Japan is no exception. The Japanese government has developed programmes for expanding the acceptance of foreign labour in specialized and technical fields, in order to compete with foreign nations in the global economy and accommodate the highly specialized domestic industrial structure. This paper focuses on scientists and engineers (S&E) as a component of the highly skilled labour force, and examines their incentives for migrating to Japan, which is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. According to a survey conducted in 2004, the majority of S&E working in Japan migrated from Asian nations, and many obtained their doctoral degrees in Japan and continued to stay in the country to work. Key incentives for migration are Japan’s high level of science and technology, opportunities to acquire cutting‐edge knowledge, and prospects for improving performance in an environment with large budgets, superior equipment and facilities, and good quality human resources. In particular, the technological environment is influential for S&E from countries with a significant technological gap when compared with Japan. However, this does not mean that S&E are indifferent to monetary rewards. The salary gap, which is considered to be a major factor in international mobility in to traditional economic theory, has also proven to be a significant incentive, particularly for S&E from countries where the gap in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared with Japan is large. In addition, cultural and social aspects of Japan attract mainly young S&E. The attractiveness of Japanese culture, opportunities to learn the Japanese language, and chances to build a network of personal contacts are important incentives for migration. This study presents some policy implications for countries competing over capable S&E.
A survey of family doctors on the likeability of migraine and other common diseases and their prevalence of migraine
Authors: Evans RW , Evans RE , Kell HJ
Published: August 2009

A survey of 148 family doctors attending a continuing medical education migraine update lecture was performed to assess whether family doctors like to treat migraine and other common disorders and the prevalence of migraine. Doctors were asked to respond to the following statement using a five-point Likert scale (from 1, strongly disagree to 5, strongly agree): ‘I like to treat patients with this disease or symptom’. The response rate was 53% with a mean age of 51.5 years. Doctors reported liking to treat general medical conditions more (mean = 4.40) than migraine (mean = 3.38) and other neurological diseases (mean = 3.20). Doctors reported a personal history of migraine in the prior 1 year of 22.8% and 45.6% lifetime, with 17% becoming aware for the first time that they personally had migraine after attending the lecture. Respondents with a personal history of migraine liked to treat migraine more than those without a history.
Epidemiological, clinical and pharmacological aspects of headache in a university undergraduate population in Palestine
Authors: Sweileh WM , Sawalha AF , Zyoud SH , Al-Jabi SW , Shamseh FFB , Khalaf HS
Published: August 2009

Headache is one of the most common complaints in clinical practice. Few studies regarding headache in university students have been conducted in the Middle East. The objective of this study was to explore the prevalence, clinical characteristics, triggering factors and treatment options of headaches in university undergraduate students in Palestine/Middle East. Data were collected by interviewing a sample of 1900 students. The Headache Assessment Quiz was used to measure quality and severity of headache and to collect data on triggering factors and symptom management. A total of 1808 (95.2%) reported having at least one headache episode in the previous year. A positive family history of headache was found in 40% of students. The prevalence rate of frequent headache (tow or more episodes/month) was found in 1096 (60.9%) students; 613 women (55.9%). Of those having frequent headaches, 228 (20.8%) experienced moderate to severe episodes, 341 (31.2%) had pulsating, throbbing and pounding pain, and 274 (25%) had unilateral pain. The most common triggering factors among students with frequent headaches were: tension/stress (78.2%) and sleep deprivation (75.4%). Less than 5% of students sought medical assistance during headache episodes. Most students (79.1%) reported self-therapy with a single analgesic (53.4%), herbs (10.2%) or combination (15.5%), while 20.9% reported using no medication of any type to decrease pain. Paracetamol (48.5%) followed by ibuprofen (4.9%) were the most commonly used non-prescription analgesic drugs. Headache is a prevalent symptom in the college age population. Further research is needed to determine the prevalence of specific types of headaches. Healthcare providers are required to educate this population as well as to assist students in properly diagnosing and treating headache types.
Headache attributed to intracranial tumours: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Valentinis L , Tuniz F , Valent F , Mucchiut M , Little D , Skrap M , Bergonzi P , Zanchin G
Published: August 2009

Between January 2007 and March 2008, we prospectively studied all patients operated on for intracranial tumours in our Department of Neurosurgery. Preoperatively, all patients were interviewed by a neurologist to collect headache characteristics. Measurements of tumour and oedema volume were made using dedicated software for magnetic resonance imaging studies. Tumour histopathology was established by histological examination postoperatively. If headache improved postoperatively, a diagnosis of ‘headache attributed to intracranial neoplasm’ was made, according to the 2004 International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association of headache with potential risk factors. We studied 206 subjects. The prevalence of tumour headache was 47.6%. Intracranial tumour headache was non-specific and in most cases could not be classified by current ICHD-II diagnostic criteria for primary headache syndromes. Its prevalence varied depending on volume, location and type of tumour, as well as on the patient's previous headache history.
Built to bite: cranial design and function in the wrinkle‐faced bat
Authors: Dumont E. R. , Herrel A. , Medellín R. A. , Vargas‐Contreras J. A. , Santana S. E.
Published: August 2009

One of the major goals of evolutionary biology is to explain phenotypic diversity and understand the limits imposed by those phenotypes. The cranial morphology of the wrinkle‐faced bat Centurio senex (Family Phyllostomidae) is bizarre and enigmatic. Its extremely short and wide skull consistently emerges as an outlier in morphological studies and many researchers have speculated about its function. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that the unique skull morphology of Centurio is associated with the ability to generate high bite forces and/or high bite forces at wide gapes. We accomplish this by comparing bite force data gathered in the field and estimates of gape limitations gathered from museum specimens. We also examine the possibility that Centurio uses unique feeding behaviors that may impose unique loading regimes on the facial skeleton. We found that relative to head size, Centurio generates the strongest bites known for any fruit‐eating phyllostomid bat, but that its ability to generate high bite forces at wide gape angles is likely limited. We also propose that its exceptionally strong bite indicates the ability to consume hard food items when other resources are limited, and that these ‘resource bottlenecks’ may have imposed strong selective pressure on its skull morphology. Behavioral data indicate that Centurio exhibits a unique reliance on unilateral biting (loading) during feeding. Based on data summarizing bite force, estimates of gape ability and feeding behavior, we suggest that Centurio's exceptionally short and wide skull reflects adaptations for high bite forces and repeated unilateral loading of the facial skeleton during feeding.
Quantifying terrestrial carbon stocks: examining the spatial variation in two upland areas in the UK and a comparison to mapped estimates of soil carbon
Authors: Frogbrook Z. L. , Bell J. , Bradley R. I. , Evans C. , Lark R. M. , Reynolds B. , Smith P. , Towers W.
Published: August 2009

Intensive field surveys were undertaken in two upland catchments in the UK, Plynlimon in mid‐Wales and Glensaugh in North East Scotland. The survey was to examine the spatial variation across the area and to assess the accuracy of the database underpinning the soil carbon map for the UK. In each area three 1‐km2 squares were sampled on a 200‐m grid, with samples taken from both the organic and mineral horizons. Carbon stock was estimated, from the sample data, for each 1‐km2 square and compared with values from the UK database for that square. The results showed large differences between some squares, particularly for Plynlimon. In this area, the overall discrepancy between field and database values was 45%, compared with 8% for Glensaugh. Various sources of uncertainty were examined, including bulk density, organic horizon depth, and the proportion of different soil types within a square. The value for bulk density, assumed to determine carbon stock, had a significant effect on the estimates. In both catchments the organic layer showed a gradual decrease in bulk density with depth, resulting in a large proportion of the carbon being stored in the top part of the profile. The soil types, mapped during the survey, also showed large differences from those previously identified for each 1‐km2 square. This would have a considerable effect on the estimates of carbon stock within the UK database. It highlights that caution needs to be used when interpreting the UK soil map at this spatial scale.
A reconsideration of the origins of the ‘typical’ Cretaceous inoceramid calcitic hinge plate in the light of new ultrastructural observations from some Jurassic ‘inoceramids’
Authors: KNIGHT ROBIN I. , MORRIS NOEL J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract:  Marked differences occur between the hinge plates of Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous British ‘inoceramid’ species. Albian and Upper Cretaceous inoceramids had the poiriform calcite hinge plate with closely spaced resiliifers that is widely associated with this extinct bivalve family. The whole structure was dominated by compressible ligament. Jurassic species, in contrast, had an ultrastructurally less familiar aragonite hinge plate with widely spaced resiliifers and a ligament reminiscent of Isognomon with equally spaced elastic and compressional components. The wider taxonomic relationships of the Inoceramidae still remain uncertain, although the majority of the evidence links the family to the Pterioida. This study, however, suggests that the ancestral inoceramid did not necessarily have a calcitic hinge plate, but rather that a Jurassic ‘inoceramid’ species could have been developing such a structure via an aragonite precursor. Observations on British Kimmeridgian ‘inoceramid’ specimens indicate that calcite was being incorporated into the aragonite hinge plate by these times. Structures in the ligamentat of Jurassic species suggest that the fundamental change in mineralogy was initiated by valve architectural modification at the byssal notch, linked to inoceramid epifaunalism. Worldwide poor preservation of Lower Cretaceous inoceramids makes it very difficult to further prove this hypothesis via intermediate evolutionary stages leading to the fully poiriform calcite hinge plate observed in Albian and Upper Cretaceous species of Inoceramidae.
EU Policies on Bioenergy and their Potential Clash with the WTO
Authors: Swinbank Alan
Published: August 2009

The paper outlines EU policy on bioenergy, including biofuels, in the context of its policy initiatives to promote renewable energy to combat greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The EU’s Member States are responsible for implementing EU policy: thus, the UK’s Renewables Obligation on electricity suppliers and its Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation and road‐fuel tax rebates are examined. It is unlikely that EU policy is in conflict with the WTO Agreement on Agriculture or that on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, but its provisions on environmental sustainability criteria could be problematic.
Agricultural Subsidies and Rural Development
Authors: Daniel Karine , Kilkenny Maureen
Published: August 2009

How consistent is a single farm payment system with rural development goals? A new economic geography model is used to compare coupled subsidies to ‘single farm payments’ effects on the location of farming, agro‐industry and non‐farm activity between rural and urban areas. This abstract model features a majority of employment in service sectors, farming vertically linked to manufacturing, and strong preferences for geo‐varieties. It appears that both coupled subsidies and single farm payments can decrease spatial agglomeration. But only the single farm payment policy raises welfare in both rural and urban regions of this stylised economy.
Impacts of Decoupled Agricultural Support on Farm Structure, Biodiversity and Landscape Mosaic: Some EU Results
Authors: Brady Mark , Kellermann Konrad , Sahrbacher Christoph , Jelinek Ladislav
Published: August 2009

The decoupling of direct payments from production represents a substantial reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Farmers are no longer required to produce commodities to be entitled to support but only to keep land in Good Environmental and Agricultural Condition. If output declines as a result, there is concern that landscape services produced jointly with commodities will also decline. The aim of this paper is to assess the long‐term effects of the 2003 reform on farm structure, landscape mosaic and biodiversity for a sample of EU regions. Impacts are quantified using a spatial agent‐based modelling approach by simulating agricultural development with links to indicators of landscape value. Our results demonstrate that eliminating the link between support payments and production has possible negative consequences for the landscape, but only under particular circumstances. It is shown that these effects could be offset by strengthening (Pillar II) agri‐environmental schemes. Further the single payment scheme results in higher land rental prices which reduces its ability to achieve its goal of providing income security for farmers. Implications of these results for the direction of continued CAP reform are discussed.
Valuing Quality Attributes and Country of Origin in the Korean Beef Market
Authors: Chung Chanjin , Boyer Tracy , Han Sungill
Published: August 2009

For beef exporters, one of the important questions in the Korean beef market is why Korean consumers are willing to pay almost three times more for domestic Korean beef than they pay for imported beef. To answer this question, we surveyed 1,000 shoppers in Seoul, Korea, and conducted a conjoint analysis on consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for country equity of domestic vs. imported beef and quality attributes of marbling, freshness, genetically modified organism (GMO)‐free feed ingredients and antibiotic‐free production. Among all factors contributing to the price differentials, the most important factor seems to be the country of origin followed by the use of GMO feeds and antibiotics in beef production, marbling grade and freshness. This study finds that Korean consumers value origins of imported beef approximately $14/lb less than the Korean origin. Korean consumers’ valuation of beef quality and country of origin differs by some demographic groups: older vs. younger generations, homemakers vs. non‐homemakers and consumers who prefer to purchase packaged beef vs. consumers who prefer to purchase butcher shop beef. Our empirical findings suggest that the top priority for beef exporters who wish to increase sales and value of their beef in the Korean market must be to counter Korean consumers’ strong ethnocentrism by improving the value of their country of origin.
Intensity and Duration of Chronic Ethanol Exposure Is Critical for Subsequent Escalation of Voluntary Ethanol Drinking in Mice
Authors: Griffin III William C. , Lopez Marcelo F. , Becker Howard C.
Published: August 2009

Background:  Excessive alcohol drinking continues to be an important health problem. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that animal models of ethanol dependence and relapse can contribute to understanding factors that contribute to excessive drinking. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the amount and duration of ethanol exposure is critical for promoting the escalation in drinking by mice given access to ethanol in a limited access paradigm.

Methods:  We used several methods of chronic intermittent ethanol exposure in male C57BL/6J mice that would vary in the amount and duration of exposure to ethanol as indicated by blood ethanol concentrations (BEC). After establishing baseline drinking in the mice using a 2 hours, 2 bottle choice drinking paradigm, each study involved alternating between periods of ethanol exposure and periods of limited access to ethanol (1 cycle) for a total of 3 cycles. In Study 1, mice were allowed extended access (16 hours) to ethanol for oral consumption or remained in the home cage. In Study 2, the ethanol exposure consisted of intragastric gavage of increasing doses of ethanol or isocaloric sucrose as the control. Study 3 compared intragastric gavage combined with pyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, with vapor inhalation of ethanol using procedures known to lead to increased drinking in mice. Finally, Study 4 was a retrospective review of several studies conducted in our laboratory using inhalation procedures. The retrospective review encompassed a range of postvapor chamber BEC values and ethanol intakes that would allow a relationship between increased drinking and BEC to be examined.

Results:  Allowing mice to drink for longer periods of time did not cause increased drinking in subsequent limited access sessions. Likewise, gastric intubation of ethanol which produced high BEC (>300 mg/dl) with or without pyrazole did not increase drinking. Only the vapor inhalation procedure, which was associated with sustained BEC above 175 mg/dl for the entire exposure period resulted in increased drinking. The retrospective study provided further evidence that sustained BEC levels above 175 mg/dl was critical to the escalation in drinking.

Conclusions:  We found that the intensity (amount) and duration of ethanol exposure, indexed by BEC, is critical to produce increased drinking in mice. Specifically, BEC must regularly exceed 175 mg/dl for the escalation in drinking to occur. Future studies will examine neurobiological adaptations that may underlie the increased drinking behavior caused by chronic intermittent ethanol exposure.
Schedule of Passive Ethanol Exposure Affects Subsequent Intragastric Ethanol Self‐Infusion
Authors: Fidler Tara L. , Oberlin Brandon G. , Struthers Amanda M. , Cunningham Christopher L.
Published: August 2009

Background: Many studies have shown that chronic ethanol exposure can enhance later self‐administration of ethanol, but only a few studies have identified critical parameters for such exposure. The present studies examined temporal and other parameters of chronic ethanol exposure on subsequent intragastric (IG) self‐infusion of ethanol.

Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats implanted with IG catheters were passively infused with ethanol for 5 to 6 days and then allowed to self‐infuse ethanol or water using a procedure in which infusions were contingent upon licking fruit‐flavored solutions. Experiment 1 examined the time interval between consecutive periods of passive infusion (Massed Group: 12 hours vs. Spaced Group: 36 hours). Experiment 2 studied the interval between the final passive infusion and onset of self‐infusion (12 vs. 36 hours). Finally, Experiment 3 tested the effect of inserting self‐infusion days within the passive infusion phase.

Results: Passive ethanol exposure on consecutive days induced relatively large amounts of ethanol self‐infusion (4.1 to 7.9 g/kg/d). Increasing the duration of the ethanol‐free interval between periods of passive exposure to 36 hours significantly reduced ethanol self‐infusion (2.2 g/kg/d; Exp. 1). The time delay between the last passive ethanol exposure and onset of self‐infusion had no effect on self‐infusion (Exp. 2). Moreover, inserting no‐choice self‐infusion days between the last few passive exposure days did not increase self‐infusion (Exp. 3).

Conclusions: Measurement of withdrawal signs indicated that Massed passive exposure produced stronger dependence than Spaced passive exposure, suggesting that enhanced ethanol self‐infusion in Massed Groups might be explained by the opportunity for greater negative reinforcement by ethanol. Although enhanced negative reinforcement might also explain why the Massed Group showed a weaker aversion for the ethanol‐paired flavor than the Spaced Group, this observation could also be explained by the development of greater tolerance to ethanol’s aversive pharmacological effects in the Massed Group.
Increased Perioculomotor Urocortin 1 Immunoreactivity in Genetically Selected Alcohol Preferring Rats
Authors: Fonareva Irina , Spangler Erika , Cannella Nazzareno , Sabino Valentina , Cottone Pietro , Ciccocioppo Roberto , Zorrilla Eric P. , Ryabinin Andrey E.
Published: August 2009

Introduction: Urocortin 1 (Ucn 1) is an endogenous peptide related to the corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF). Ucn 1 is mainly expressed in the perioculomotor area (pIII), and its involvement in alcohol self‐administration is well confirmed in mice. In other species, the relationship between the perioculomotor Ucn 1‐containing population of neurons (pIIIu) and alcohol consumption needs further investigation. The pIII also has a significant subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons. Because of dopamine’s (DA) role in addiction, it is important to evaluate whether this subpopulation of neurons contributes to addiction‐related phenotypes. Furthermore, the effects of gender on the relationship between Ucn 1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in pIII and alcohol preference in rats have not been previously assessed.

Methods: To address these issues, we compared 2 Sardinian alcohol‐preferring sublines of rats, a population maintained at the Scripps Research Institute (Scr:sP) and a population maintained at University of Camerino—Marchigian Sardinian preferring rats (msP), to corresponding nonselectively bred Wistar rats of both sexes. Ucn 1‐ and TH‐positive cells were detected on coronal midbrain sections from 6‐ to 8‐week‐old alcohol‐naïve animals using brightfield and fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Ucn 1‐ and TH‐positive cells in pIII were counted in the perioculomotor area, averaged across 2 to 3 sets, and binned into 3 bregma levels.

Results: Results demonstrated increased average counts of Ucn 1‐positive cells in the middle bregma level in preferring male rats compared to Wistar controls and no difference in TH‐positive cell counts in pIII. In addition, fluorescent double labeling revealed no colocalization of Ucn 1‐positive and TH‐positive neurons. Ucn 1 but not TH distribution was influenced by gender with female animals expressing more Ucn 1‐positive cells than male animals in the peak bregma level.

Conclusions: These findings extend previous reports of increased Ucn 1‐positive cell distribution in preferring lines of animals. They indicate that Ucn1 contributes to increased alcohol consumption across different species and that this contribution could be gender specific. The results also suggest that Ucn1 regulates positive reinforcing rather than aversive properties of alcohol and that these effects could be mediated by CRF2receptors, independent of direct actions of DA.
Seeing Red (and Blue): Effects of Electoral College Depictions on Political Group Perception
Authors: Rutchick Abraham M. , Smyth Joshua M. , Konrath Sara
Published: August 2009

Colored maps depicting electoral results may exacerbate perceptions of polarization, rather than merely reflecting them. Participants viewed maps of state‐by‐state Presidential election results that were either Electoral (red/Republican or blue/Democrat) or Proportional (purples that proportionally reflected each group's support). Half of the maps also displayed state‐level numeric electoral results. Participants viewing Electoral maps perceived the nation as more politically divided, stereotyped the political beliefs of residents of various states more, and saw people holding views in the political minority as less agentic and less likely to vote. These differences occurred even in the presence of numeric data. Implications of these findings for intergroup perception in several domains are discussed, including the impact of electoral depictions on political campaigns and elections.
Changing Monetary Policy Rules, Learning, and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics
Authors: MARK NELSON C.
Published: August 2009

When the exchange rate is priced by uncovered interest parity and central banks set nominal interest rates according to a reaction function such as the Taylor rule, the real exchange rate will be determined by expected inflation and the output gap or the unemployment gap of the home and foreign countries. This paper examines the implications of these Taylor rule fundamentals for real exchange rate determination. Because the true parameters in central bank policy rules are unknown to the public and change over time, the model is presented in the context of a least squares learning environment. This simple learning model captures the volatility and the major swings in the real deutschemark/euro–dollar exchange rate from 1976 to 2007.
Measures of per Capita Hours and Their Implications for the Technology‐Hours Debate
Authors: FRANCIS NEVILLE , RAMEY VALERIE A.
Published: August 2009

Structural vector autoregressions give conflicting results on the effects of technology shocks on hours. The results depend crucially on the assumed data generating process for hours per capita. We show that the standard measure of hours per capita and productivity have significant low‐frequency movements that are the source of the conflicting results. Hodrick–Prescott (HP)‐filtered hours per capita produce results consistent with those obtained when hours are assumed to have a unit root. We show that important sources of the low‐frequency movements in the standard measure are sectoral shifts in hours and the changing age composition of the working‐age population. When we control for these low‐frequency components to determine the effect of technology shocks on hours using long‐run restrictions we get one consistent answer: hours decline in the short run in response to a positive technology shock. We further extend the analysis by examining the effects of demographic controls on the impulse responses to investment‐specific technology shocks. Our results are less conclusive.
Outsiders at the Bank of England's MPC
Authors: GERLACH‐KRISTEN PETRA
Published: August 2009

The monetary policy committee (MPC) of the Bank of England consists of five internal and four external members. We study the voting record and show that outsiders dissent more often than insiders and tend to prefer lower rates, especially during economic downturns. Moreover, dissents by outsiders help forecast future interest rate changes, in contrast to dissents by insiders. A model in which outsiders in contrast to insiders are “recession averse” and more uncertain regarding the appropriate level of interest rates replicates the observed voting pattern well.
What Makes the Output–Inflation Trade‐Off Change? The Absence of Accelerating Deflation in Japan
Authors: DE VEIRMAN EMMANUEL
Published: August 2009

It is standard to model the output–inflation trade‐off as a linear relationship with a time‐invariant slope. We assess empirical evidence for two sets of theories that allow for endogenous variation in the slope of the short‐run Phillips curve. At an empirical level, we examine why large negative output gaps in Japan in the late 1990s did not lead to accelerating deflation but instead coincided with stable, albeit moderately negative inflation. Our results suggest that this episode is most convincingly interpreted as reflecting a gradual flattening of the Phillips curve. We find that this flattening is best explained by models with endogenous price durations. These models imply that in any economy where trend inflation is substantially lower (or substantially higher) today than in past decades, time variation in the slope of the Phillips curve has become too important to ignore.
Acquisition Targets and Motives in the Banking Industry
Authors: HANNAN TIMOTHY H. , PILLOFF STEVEN J.
Published: August 2009

This paper uses a large sample of individual banking organizations, observed from 1996 to 2005, to investigate the characteristics that made them more likely to be acquired. We use a definition of acquisition that we consider preferable to that used in much of the previous literature, and we employ a competing‐risk hazard model that reveals important differences that depend on the type of acquirer. Since interstate acquisitions became more numerous during this period, we also investigate differences in the determinants of acquisition between in‐state and out‐of‐state acquirers. We also employ a subsample of publicly traded banking organizations to investigate the role of managerial ownership in explaining the likelihood of acquisition. The hypothesis that acquisitions serve to transfer resources from less efficient to more efficient uses receives substantial support from our results, as do a number of other relevant hypotheses.
Can Miracles Lead to Crises? The Role of Optimism in Emerging Markets Crises
Authors: BOZ EMINE
Published: August 2009

Emerging market financial crises are abrupt and dramatic usually occurring after a precrisis bonanza. This paper develops an equilibrium asset pricing model with informational frictions in which crisis itself is a consequence of the investor optimism in the period preceding the crisis. If preceded by a sequence of positive signals, a small, negative noise shock can trigger a downward adjustment in investors' beliefs, asset prices, and consumption. The magnitude of this downward adjustment increases with the level of optimism attained prior to the negative signal. Moreover, with informational frictions, asset prices display persistent effects in response to transitory shocks.
Has the Economy Become More Predictable? Changes in Greenbook Forecast Accuracy
Authors: TULIP PETER
Published: August 2009

Several researchers have recently documented large reductions in economic volatility. But a more important question may be whether the economy has become more predictable. Using forecasts from the Federal Reserve Greenbooks, I find that inflation and output have become more predictable, though the results for output are somewhat mixed. The reductions in unpredictability (if any) are significantly smaller than reductions in volatility. Associated with this, the predictable component of fluctuations in output and inflation has virtually disappeared.
Currency Competition: A Hayekian Perspective on International Monetary Integration
Authors: ENDRES ANTHONY M.
Published: August 2009

Currency internationalization is examined from the vantage point of Friedrich Hayek's contributions in the 1970s. Compared with received commentaries in which only an idealized case for private money is attributed to Hayek, this paper underscores other dimensions of Hayek's work on money and currency. Hayek's case for “choice in currency” draws on his theory of competition, anticipates competition between government suppliers of fiat money, accommodates many aspects of international monetary integration, and embodies a distinctive approach to monetary independence, choice of exchange rate regime, and the transnationalization of currency. Hayekian predictions are outlined for future developments in currency competition.
On Distance‐Based Permutation Tests for Between‐Group Comparisons
Authors: Reiss Philip T. , Stevens M. Henry H. , Shehzad Zarrar , Petkova Eva , Milham Michael P.
Published: August 2009

Summary Permutation tests based on distances among multivariate observations have found many applications in the biological sciences. Two major testing frameworks of this kind are multiresponse permutation procedures and pseudo‐F tests arising from a distance‐based extension of multivariate analysis of variance. In this article, we derive conditions under which these two frameworks are equivalent. The methods and equivalence results are illustrated by reanalyzing an ecological data set and by a novel application to functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
Semiparametric Bayes Multiple Testing: Applications to Tumor Data
Authors: Wang Lianming , Dunson David B.
Published: August 2009

Summary In National Toxicology Program (NTP) studies, investigators want to assess whether a test agent is carcinogenic overall and specific to certain tumor types, while estimating the dose‐response profiles. Because there are potentially correlations among the tumors, a joint inference is preferred to separate univariate analyses for each tumor type. In this regard, we propose a random effect logistic model with a matrix of coefficients representing log‐odds ratios for the adjacent dose groups for tumors at different sites. We propose appropriate nonparametric priors for these coefficients to characterize the correlations and to allow borrowing of information across different dose groups and tumor types. Global and local hypotheses can be easily evaluated by summarizing the output of a single Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC). Two multiple testing procedures are applied for testing local hypotheses based on the posterior probabilities of local alternatives. Simulation studies are conducted and an NTP tumor data set is analyzed illustrating the proposed approach.
Partial‐Likelihood Analysis of Spatio‐Temporal Point‐Process Data
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Kaimi Irene , Abellana Rosa
Published: August 2009

SummaryWe investigate the use of a partial likelihood for estimation of the parameters of interest in spatio‐temporal point‐process models. We identify an important distinction between spatially discrete and spatially continuous models. We focus our attention on the spatially continuous case, which has not previously been considered. We use an inhomogeneous Poisson process and an infectious disease process, for which maximum‐likelihood estimation is tractable, to assess the relative efficiency of partial versus full likelihood, and to illustrate the relative ease of implementation of the former. We apply the partial‐likelihood method to a study of the nesting pattern of common terns in the Ebro Delta Natural Park, Spain.
Joint Spatial Modeling of Recurrent Infection and Growth with Processes under Intermittent Observation
Authors: Nathoo F. S.
Published: August 2009

SummaryIn this article, we present a new statistical methodology for longitudinal studies in forestry, where trees are subject to recurrent infection, and the hazard of infection depends on tree growth over time. Understanding the nature of this dependence has important implications for reforestation and breeding programs. Challenges arise for statistical analysis in this setting with sampling schemes leading to panel data, exhibiting dynamic spatial variability, and incomplete covariate histories for hazard regression. In addition, data are collected at a large number of locations, which poses computational difficulties for spatiotemporal modeling. A joint model for infection and growth is developed wherein a mixed nonhomogeneous Poisson process, governing recurring infection, is linked with a spatially dynamic nonlinear model representing the underlying height growth trajectories. These trajectories are based on the von Bertalanffy growth model and a spatially varying parameterization is employed. Spatial variability in growth parameters is modeled through a multivariate spatial process derived through kernel convolution. Inference is conducted in a Bayesian framework with implementation based on hybrid Monte Carlo. Our methodology is applied for analysis in an 11‐year study of recurrent weevil infestation of white spruce in British Columbia.
Incorporating Correlation for Multivariate Failure Time Data When Cluster Size Is Large
Authors: Xue L. , Wang L. , Qu A.
Published: August 2009

SummaryWe propose a new estimation method for multivariate failure time data using the quadratic inference function (QIF) approach. The proposed method efficiently incorporates within‐cluster correlations. Therefore, it is more efficient than those that ignore within‐cluster correlation. Furthermore, the proposed method is easy to implement. Unlike the weighted estimating equations inCai and Prentice(1995, Biometrika 82, 151–164), it is not necessary to explicitly estimate the correlation parameters. This simplification is particularly useful in analyzing data with large cluster size where it is difficult to estimate intracluster correlation. Under certain regularity conditions, we show the consistency and asymptotic normality of the proposed QIF estimators. A chi‐squared test is also developed for hypothesis testing. We conduct extensive Monte Carlo simulation studies to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed methods. We also illustrate the proposed methods by analyzing primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) data.