bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of wheat yield by atmospheric pressure plasma treatment
Authors: Chalise Roshan , Bhandari Prabin , Sharma Sangat , Basnet Suresh , Subedi Deepak Prasad , Khanal Raju
Published: June 2023

The use of plasma treatment in agriculture has shown promising results in improving seed germination and crop production. In this work, we have investigated the effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment on wheat seed germination and production qualities. Dielectric barrier discharge and plasma-activated water (PAW) made by gliding discharge plasma have been used for the treatment. Our results show that plasma-treated wheat seeds have better germination rates and higher production qualities. Among the various treatment times tested, 3 min of direct plasma treatment yields the highest germination rates, and 15 min of PAW produces the best results. Furthermore, the wettability and contact angle of the seeds decreases significantly with increasing treatment time. Our findings suggest that the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment can enhance the germination rate of wheat seeds and their production, which has potential applications in agriculture.
Mass spectroscopy of oxygen plasmas with energetic ions
Authors: Barni Ruggero , Daghetta Matteo , Piferi Cecilia , Riccardi Claudia
Published: June 2023

An experimental study of the plasma gas phase in low pressure radiofrequency discharges of oxygen is presented. The plasma phase has been studied by means of mass spectroscopy of the neutral and of the charged species, directly sampling the plasma gas phase. We also measured the ion energy distributions. We have studied the influence of the operating conditions on the plasma gas-phase composition. Ion density and energy have been measured as a function of discharge parameters. In particular, we have identified operating conditions in low pressure discharges allowing the extraction of ions from the plasma state with energies exceeding 50 eV. This makes plasma processing with energetic oxygen ions feasible in our device.
Melatonin improves drought stress tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants via upregulating nitrogen metabolism
Authors: Kaya Cengiz , Shabala Sergey
Published: June 2023

While ameliorating effects of melatonin (MT) on abiotic stress tolerance in plants are widely reported, the mechanism that underlies this process remains elusive. This work investigated mechanisms by which MT improved drought tolerance in pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. A foliar spray of 0.1 mM MT treatment was applied to plants grown at 80% and 40% of full field capacity for 3 days. Drought stress caused a significant decrease in plant dry weight, relative water content, leaf water potential, PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm ratio), chlorophyll, soluble protein, leaf and root nitrogen content. Drought increased hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrate, ammonium, free amino acids, soluble sugars, proline and glycine betaine. Drought also increased peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities, electrolyte leakage (EL) and methylglyoxal (MG). MT pre-treatment reduced oxidative stress and improved nitrogen metabolism by activating various enzymes such as nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamine dehydrogenase (GDH) activities. It also activated enzymes related to the glyoxalase system (Gly I and Gly II) and decreased NO3−, NH4+ and free amino acid content. Our study suggests a cost-effective and sustainable solution to improve crop productivity in water-limited conditions, by enhancing plant growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen content.
Fire and habitat variables explain reptile community abundance and richness in subtropical open eucalypt forests
Authors: Partridge Diana A. , Lewis Tom , Tran Cuong T. , Castley J. Guy
Published: June 2023

Fire alters habitat structure, thereby influencing fauna reliant on specific habitat features, particularly those with low dispersal capability such as reptiles. We quantified reptile responses to fire regimes in subtropical open eucalypt forests of southeast Queensland, Australia, with differing fire histories to isolate fire parameters that may alter reptile communities. We sampled 15 unique fire regimes from three sites. Active reptile searches and habitat assessments were completed at 74 plots to determine the influence of fire frequency, time since fire and fire type on reptile composition. The combination of fire parameters and habitat variables were key predictors of reptile communities within models. We identified a negative relationship for overall abundance and Lygisaurus foliorum with fire frequency, and higher species richness and abundances of two species in top disposal burn sites. Shrub and tree cover percentage were important predictors of three individual species. Concinnia martini also exhibited a negative response to time since fire. These results highlight the need to consider multiple fire parameters when explaining reptile community responses to fire owing to mixed responses and varied habitat preferences. Detailed recording and consideration of applied fire regimes should support adaptive management in relation to planned burning to support biodiversity outcomes.
Prescribed burning on private land: reflections on recent law reform in Australia and California
Authors: McCormack Phillipa C. , Miller Rebecca K. , McDonald Jan
Published: June 2023

Background Prescribed fire is a critical tool for building resilience to changing fire regimes. Policymakers can accelerate the development of effective, adaptation-oriented fire governance by learning from other jurisdictions. Aims We analyse reforms to prescribed fire governance to highlight improvements for fire hazard reduction and resilience. Methods We searched legislative registers in New South Wales (NSW), Australia and California, United States, identifying Bills tabled between 2011 and 2022 that mention the terms ‘prescribed (fire or burn)’ or ‘controlled (fire or burn)’. We reviewed the eight relevant Bills from NSW and 67 Bills from California to identify and thematically code reforms relevant to private landowners. Key results We found three primary themes across relevant legislative proposals: (1) reforms to simplify permitting and regulatory approval processes (primarily in Australia); (2) efforts to mitigate the risk of legal liability for escaped burns (primarily in California); and (3) recent recognition of and support for cultural burns (primarily in California). Conclusions Expanding prescribed burning on private land remains an ongoing challenge in NSW and California but recent reforms indicate greater attention, and jurisdiction-specific approaches, to this challenge. Implications Despite differing governance arrangements, California and NSW offer important insights for improving climate-adaptive governance of prescribed fire.
Mold filling behaviour of LPIM feedstocks using numerical simulations and real-scale injections
Authors: Haghniaz Foad , Delbergue Dorian , Côté Raphaël , Demers Vincent
Published: June 2023

This study aims to compare the flow patterns and in-cavity pressures obtained experimentally and numerically for different conditions. Four feedstocks based on 17-4PH stainless steel powder were fully characterised and implemented as material laws in an Autodesk Moldflow package before to obtain numerical simulations that were then validated using real-scale injections. The flow patterns obtained numerically for the different flat bar mold geometries were in good agreement with the experimental flow patterns, showing an almost perfect fit, whereas for the flow patterns of the complex mold geometry, there were some minor discrepancies. The simulated pressure profiles obtained for different mold geometries, feedstock temperatures, mold temperatures and solid loadings were in good agreement with the experimental pressure profiles in terms of trend and pressure values, with maximum relative differences varying from 30 to 64% depending on particular feedstocks and process parameters.
Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K4 of the absorbed dose to water standards of the BFKH, Hungary and the BIPM in 60Co gamma radiation
Authors: Kessler C , Burns D , Finta V
Published: June 2023

Main text

A new key comparison of the standards for absorbed dose to water of the Budapest Főváros Kormányhivatala (BFKH), Hungary, and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) was carried out in the 60Co radiation beam of the BIPM in October 2021. The comparison result, based on the calibration coefficient for a transfer chamber and evaluated as a ratio of the BFKH and the BIPM standards for absorbed dose to water, is 0.9965 with a combined standard uncertainty of 4.5 parts in 103. The result agrees within the uncertainties with the comparison carried out in 2002. The results are analysed and presented in terms of degrees of equivalence, suitable for entry in the BIPM key comparison database KCDB.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Power efficient ReLU design for neuromorphic computing using spin Hall effect
Authors: Vadde Venkatesh , Muralidharan Bhaskaran , Sharma Abhishek
Published: June 2023

We demonstrate that a magnetic tunnel junction injected with a spin Hall current can exhibit linear rotation of the magnetization of the free-ferromagnet using only the spin current. Using the linear resistance change of the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), we devise a circuit for the rectified linear activation (ReLU) function of the artificial neuron. We explore the role of different spin Hall effect (SHE) heavy metal (HM) layers on the power consumption of the ReLU circuit. We benchmark the power consumption of the ReLU circuit with different SHE layers by defining a new parameter called the spin Hall power factor. It combines the spin Hall angle, resistivity, and thickness of the HM layer, which translates to the power consumption of the different SHE layers during spin-orbit switching/rotation of the free FM. We employ a hybrid spintronics-CMOS simulation framework that couples Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism with Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Slonzewski equations and the HSPICE circuit simulator to account for the diverse physics of spin-transport and the CMOS elements in our proposed ReLU design. We also demonstrate the robustness of the proposed ReLU circuit against thermal noise and a non-trivial power-error trade-off that enables the use of an unstable free-ferromagnet for energy-efficient design. Using the proposed circuit, we evaluate the performance of the convolutional neural network for MNIST datasets and demonstrate comparable classification accuracies to the ideal ReLU with an energy consumption of 75 pJ per sample.
Net Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in defect-enriched ferromagnet
Authors: Quan Yifan , Steiner Jakob , Li Boning , Song Yixuan , Kohlbrecher Joachim , Hautle Patrick
Published: June 2023

The Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI), which typically occurs in lattices without space inversion symmetry, can also be induced in a highly symmetric lattice by local symmetry breaking due to any lattice defect. We recently presented an experimental study of polarized small angle neutron scattering (SANS) on the nanocrystalline soft magnet Vitroperm (Fe73Si16B7Nb3Cu1), where the interface between the FeSi nanoparticles and the amorphous magnetic matrix serves as such a defect. The SANS cross sections exhibited the polarization-dependent asymmetric term originating from the DMI. One would naturally expect the defects characterized by a positive and a negative DMI constant D to be randomly distributed and this DMI-induced asymmetry to disappear. Thus, the observation of such an asymmetry indicates that there exists an extra symmetry breaking. In the present work we experimentally explore the possible causes by measuring the DMI-induced asymmetry in the SANS cross sections of the Vitroperm sample tilted in different directions with respect to the external magnetic field. Furthermore, we analyzed the scattered neutron beam using a spin filter based on polarized protons and confirm that the asymmetric DMI signal originates from the difference between the two spin-flip scattering cross-sections.
First-principles design of g-C3N4/HfSSe heterojunctions for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Mao Yuliang , Zhang Zhiwei , Zhou Xing
Published: June 2023

Based on first-principles calculations, the structure, electronic and optical properties of g-C3N4/HfSSe heterojunctions have been systematically explored. We prove the stability of two heterojunctions by comparing the binding energies from six different stacking heterojunctions, which name are g-C3N4/SHfSe heterojunction and g-C3N4/SeHfS heterojunction, respectively. It is shown that both heterojunctions behave direct band gaps with type II band alignment. The charge is rearranged at the interface after the heterojunctions are formed, which results in the formation of the built-in electric field. In the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions, excellent light absorption is found in g-C3N4/HfSSe heterojunctions.
Modified Born method for modeling melting temperature using ab initio molecular dynamics
Authors: Woodcox Michael , Young Joshua , Smeu Manuel
Published: June 2023

The prediction of a material’s melting point through computational methods is a very difficult problem due to system size requirements, computational efficiency and accuracy within current models. In this work, we have used a newly developed metric to analyze the trends within the elastic tensor elements as a function of temperature to determine the melting point of Au, Na, Ni, SiO2 and Ti within ±20 K. This work uses our previously developed method of calculating the elastic constants at finite temperatures, as well as leveraging those calculations into a modified Born method for predicting melting point. While this method proves to be computationally expensive, the level of accuracy of these predictions is very difficult to reach using other existing computational methods.
PIC/MCC simulation for a ns-pulsed glow discharge in nitrogen at sub-atmospheric pressure and analysis of its quasi-steady state physics
Authors: Kuhfeld J , Lepikhin N D , Luggenhölscher D , Czarnetzki U , Donkó Z
Published: June 2023

The present study investigates the physics of a nanosecond-pulsed microplasma operated at a pressure of 200 mbar with the help of a particle-in-cell simulation with Monte Carlo treatment of collision (PIC/MCC) and (semi-)analytical models. The discharge is ignited in a 1 mm gap between two parallel molybdenum electrodes by applying a voltage in the kV-range for several tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. A PIC/MCC simulation code is developed in order to describe the experiment performed under identical conditions. The simulation includes the external electrical circuit to perform ab-initio calculations of the complete experimental setup. Notable features of the PIC/MCC are (i) the adjustment of super-particle weights to reduce the computational load during drastic changes of the plasma density, which reaches values up to a few

10

19

m

−
3

, and (ii) the inclusion of dissociative recombination of the

N
4

+

ions, which is the key loss process for the charge carriers in the plasma bulk regions. The current and voltage waveforms obtained from the simulation are compared to the experimentally measured ones and good agreement is found. After ignition, the discharge establishes a quasi-steady state exhibiting spatial features similar to a conventional DC glow discharge. Using the PIC/MCC results, reasonable approximations are identified, which allow the development of various analytical fluid models for the individual plasma regions. These models are able to reproduce the key features of the discharge in agreement with the PIC/MCC results. The simplified models for the different discharge regions can be combined to describe the global behaviour of the discharge and—in a next step—might be used to develop computationally efficient global chemistry models that account for the different power dissipation mechanisms along the discharge gap.
A multi-image compression and encryption scheme based on fractional chaotic map
Authors: Chu Ran , Zhang Shufang , Mou Jun
Published: June 2023

In this paper, a visual security encryption scheme for multi-color images based on BP neural network and fractional chaotic map is proposed, which disguises secret images as a meaningful visual image. Firstly, three color images are compressed based on BP neural network. Then, according to the pseudo-random sequence generated by fractional chaotic map, the merged compressed images are scrambled by spiral transformation and diffused by XOR, in which the direction and degree of spiral transformation can be adjusted. In order to ensure the visual effect of the camouflage image, the lifting wavelet transform (LWT) is used to decompose the carrier image to obtain the coefficient matrix, and the cipher images are adjusted to a narrow range and embedded into the coefficient matrixes based on the pseudo-random sequence. Finally, visually secure image can be generated by inverse lifting wavelet transform. The reverse algorithm can restore the images by extraction, decryption and decompression. Experimental results verify that the proposed scheme has feasibility, robustness, anti-noise and clipping capability, and the PSNR value is no less than 31.4 under various attacks.
Electronic transmission and conductance oscillations in electrostatic multibarrier system based on graphene monolayer
Authors: Alsalmi Omar H , Dakhlaoui Hassen , Belhadj Walid , Ungan Fatih
Published: June 2023

The Landauer-Buttiker formalism and the transfer matrix method (TMM) were used to solve the Dirac equation to theoretically explore the transmission coefficient and the conductance of multibarrier graphene systems (MGS). We have addressed the impact of the number of barriers, angle of incidence, and the quantum size of different layers on the electronic properties. The obtained results show that the conductance and the transmission of the carriers can be readily modulated by increasing the number of barriers. It has been observed that an increase in the number of barriers doubles the number of resonant states which leads to the emergence of energetic minibands alternating with minigaps. Furthermore, we found that after doubling the quantum wells the number of resonant states and minigaps increase and their shapes become well defined. Moreover, we considered two cases of incidence (oblique and normal). In the normal incidence case, the structures were completely transparent for different sizes and incident energy values. However, for high angles of incidence, the transmission coefficient presented sharper resonant peaks separated by minigaps. Thereby, according to our theoretical investigations, such structures can be useful for modulating the electronic properties of devices based on electrostatic MGS.
Preparation and cooling performance analysis of double-layer radiative cooling hybrid coatings with TiO2/SiO2/Si3N4 micron particles
Authors: Zhao 赵 Yang-Chun 洋春 , Zhou 周 Yong-Min 勇敏
Published: June 2023

Passive daytime radiative cooling is achieved by radiating heat into outer space through electromagnetic waves without energy consumption. A scalable double-layer coating with a mixture of TiO2, SiO2, and Si3N4 micron particles for radiative cooling is proposed in this study. The finite-difference time-domain algorithm is used to analyze the influence of particle size and coating thickness on radiative cooling performance. The results of the simulation show that the particle size of 3 μm can give the best cooling performance, and the coating thickness should be above 25 μm for SiO2 coating. Meanwhile, the mixture of SiO2 and Si3N4 significantly improves the overall emissivity. Through sample preparation and characterization, the mixture coating with a 1:1 ratio addition on an Al substrate exhibits high reflectivity with a value of 87.6% in the solar spectrum, and an average emissivity of 92% in the infrared region (2.5 μm–15 μm), which can be attributed to the synergy among the optical properties of the material. Both coatings can theoretically be cooled by about 8 °C during the day and about 21 °C at nighttime with h
c = 4 W⋅m−2⋅K−1. Furthermore, even considering the significant conduction and convection exchanges, the cooling effect persists. Outdoor experimental results show that the temperature of the double-layer radiative cooling coating is always lower than the ambient temperature under direct sunlight during the day, and can be cooled by about 5 °C on average, while lower than the temperature of the aluminum film by almost 12 °C.
Rucklidge-based memristive chaotic system: Dynamic analysis and image encryption
Authors: Jian 蹇 Can-Ling 璨岭 , Tian 田 Ze-An 泽安 , Liang 梁 Bo 波 , Hu 胡 Chen-Yang 晨阳 , Wang 王 Qiao 桥 , Chen 陈 Jing-Xi 靖翕
Published: June 2023

A new four-dimensional (4D) memristive chaotic system is obtained by introducing a memristor into the Rucklidge chaotic system, and a detailed dynamic analysis of the system is performed. The sensitivity of the system to parameters allows it obtains 16 different attractors by changing only one parameter. The various transient behaviors and excellent spectral entropy and C0 complexity values of the system can also reflect the high complexity of the system. A circuit is designed and verified the feasibility of the system from the physical level. Finally, the system is applied to image encryption, and the security of the encryption system is analyzed from multiple aspects, providing a reference for the application of such memristive chaotic systems.
Variational study of the pendulum’s angular motion in a differential equations course
Authors: Fallas-Soto R , Gaete-Peralta C
Published: June 2023

The objective of this research is to get students to mean the mathematical objects related to the second order differential equation through the context of a physical phenomenon. With the support of the physical system of the simple pendulum, the behavior of the angular position is studied in a modelling process with the help of simulators. From variational thought and language as a line of research of socio-epistemology in mathematics education, activities that promote a modelling process in a differential equations course for students in initial training for teaching mathematics are designed, implemented, and analyzed. The results of the process experienced by the students are presented, such as: familiarization of the phenomenon, use and interpretation of the simulations, construction of the mathematical model and its predictive role for decision making. It was identified that the students’ experiences, as well as the physical context, were determining elements for success in the resolution of the design.
A mathematical model and simulation scenarios for T and B cells immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
Authors: Cuesta-Herrera L , Córdova-Lepe F , Pastenes L , Arencibia A D , Baldera-Moreno Y , Torres-Mantilla H A
Published: June 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is a type 2 highly contagious, and transmissible among humans; the natural human immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 combines cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte) and antibody production. In the present study, we analyzed the dynamic effects of adaptive immune system cell activation in the human host. The methodology consisted of modeling using a system of ordinary differential equations; for this model, the equilibrium free of viral infection was obtained, and its local stability was determined. Analysis of the model revealed that lymphocyte activation leads to total pathogen elimination by specific recognition of viral antigens; the model dynamics are driven by the interaction between respiratory epithelial cells, viral infection, and activation of helper T, cytotoxic T, and B lymphocytes. Numerical simulations showed that the model solutions match the dynamics involved in the role of lymphocytes in preventing new infections and stopping the viral spread; these results reinforce the understanding of the cellular immune mechanisms and processes of the organism against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection, allowing the understanding of biophysical processes that occur in living systems, dealing with the exchange of information at the cellular level.
Multi-scale observations of mangrove blue carbon ecosystem fluxes: The NASA Carbon Monitoring System BlueFlux field campaign
Authors: Poulter Benjamin , Adams-Metayer Francis M , Amaral Cibele , Barenblitt Abigail , Campbell Anthony , Charles Sean P , Roman-Cuesta Rosa Maria , D’Ascanio Rocco , Delaria Erin R , Doughty Cheryl , Fatoyinbo Temilola , Gewirtzman Jonathan , Hanisco Thomas F , Hull Moshema , Kawa S Randy , Hannun Reem , Lagomasino David , Lait Leslie , Malone Sparkle L , Newman Paul A , Raymond Peter , Rosentreter Judith A , Thomas Nathan , Vaughn Derrick , Wolfe Glenn M , Xiong Lin , Ying Qing , Zhang Zhen
Published: June 2023

The BlueFlux field campaign, supported by NASA’s Carbon Monitoring System, will develop prototype blue carbon products to inform coastal carbon management. While blue carbon has been suggested as a nature-based climate solution (NBS) to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, these ecosystems also release additional greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane (CH4) and are sensitive to disturbances including hurricanes and sea-level rise. To understand blue carbon as an NBS, BlueFlux is conducting multi-scale measurements of CO2 and CH4 fluxes across coastal landscapes, combined with long-term carbon burial, in Southern Florida using chambers, flux towers, and aircraft combined with remote-sensing observations for regional upscaling. During the first deployment in April 2022, CO2 uptake and CH4 emissions across the Everglades National Park averaged −4.9 ± 4.7 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 and 19.8 ± 41.1 nmol CH4 m−2 s−1, respectively. When scaled to the region, mangrove CH4 emissions offset the mangrove CO2 uptake by about 5% (assuming a 100 year CH4 global warming potential of 28), leading to total net uptake of 31.8 Tg CO2-eq y−1. Subsequent field campaigns will measure diurnal and seasonal changes in emissions and integrate measurements of long-term carbon burial to develop comprehensive annual and long-term GHG budgets to inform blue carbon as a climate solution.
Towards parameter estimation in global hydrological models
Authors: Kupzig Jenny , Reinecke Robert , Pianosi Francesca , Flörke Martina , Wagener Thorsten
Published: June 2023

Global hydrological models (GHMs) supply key information for stakeholders and policymakers simulating past, present and future water cycles. Inaccuracy in GHM simulations, i.e. simulation results that poorly match observations, leads to uncertainty that hinders valuable decision support. Improved parameter estimation is one key to more accurate simulations of global models. Here, we introduce an efficient and transparent way to understand the parameter control of GHMs to advance parameter estimation using global sensitivity analysis (GSA). In our analysis, we use the GHM WaterGAP3 and find that the most influential parameters in 50% of 347 basins worldwide are model parameters that have traditionally not been included when calibrating this model. Parameter importance varies in space and between metrics. For example, a parameter that controls groundwater flow velocity is influential on signatures related to the flow duration curve but not on traditional statistical metrics. Parameters linked to evapotranspiration and high flows exhibit unexpected behaviour, i.e. a parameter defining potential evapotranspiration influences high flows more than other parameters we would have expected to be relevant. This unexpected behaviour suggests that the model structure could be improved. We also find that basin attributes explain the spatial variability of parameter importance better than Köppen–Geiger climate zones. Overall, our results demonstrate that GSA can effectively inform parameter estimation in GHMs and guide the improvement of the model structure. Thus, using GSA to advance parameter estimation supports more accurate simulations of the global water cycle and more robust information for stakeholders and policymakers.
Carbon sequestration assessment and analysis in the whole life cycle of seaweed
Authors: Lian Yushun , Wang Rui , Zheng Jinhai , Chen WenXing , Chang Lirong , Li Cheng , Yim Solomon C
Published: June 2023

Methods for carbon sequestration are warranted to tackle climate change caused by greenhouse gases released from anthropogenic activities. Seaweed is a type of marine plant that utilizes carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and has a substantial capacity to sequestrate carbon. Despite the huge potential, the long-lasting carbon sequestration (LLCS) of seaweed has never been calculated throughout its whole life cycle (nursery, temporary rearing, maturation, harvesting, and processing). In this paper, we use a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach to calculate the LLCS of seaweed, which can be understood as the difference between carbon fixation and released carbon throughout the life cycle of seaweed. Using kelp (Laminaria japonica) as an example of seaweed, the present study validates the procedure of calculating the LLCS of seaweed throughout its whole life cycle in Ailian Bay from nursery to processing into biochar (fertilizer) as the final product. The results showed that the carbon sequestration (full life cycle) of kelp in Ailian Bay was 97.73 g C m−2 year. Biomass carbon accounts for approximately 86% of the total value (982.53 g C m−2 year) of carbon absorption source of kelp in Ailian Bay, with the remaining 14% consisting of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon and sedimentary carbon. Moreover, we calculated the amount of biomass carbon that was sequestrated by seaweed production in China from 2010 to 2020. Thus, the present study demonstrates that the mass production of seaweed can be utilized as an efficient method to sequestrate carbon and a feasible method for evaluating the effect of kelp farms on climate change.
Changes in pH associated with temperature and salinity in the Banda Sea
Authors: Rugebregt M J , Opier R D A , Abdul M S , Triyulianti I , Kesaulya I , Widiaratih R , Sunuddin A , Kalambo Y
Published: June 2023

Changes in pH can impact the biogeochemical processes of the ocean. Several variables, like temperature and salinity, can influence pH levels. This research aims to determine the relationship between pH, temperature, and the salinity of the Banda Sea. The Banda Sea lies in the path of The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), so temperature and salinity dynamics occur. Research is carried out in the Banda Sea in July 2022 at 5 (five) stations with multiple levels of depth. The measured parameter is the pH clicking using a pH meter, while the temperature and salinity using the Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD). The results obtained are the pH of the waters ranging from 7.3-7.8 with an average of 7.55. The temperature went from 4.76-27.34°C with an average water temperature of 16.98°C, where the lowest temperature was at 1000 meters. Salinity ranged from 33.19-34.98 PSU with an average of 34.46 PSU. pH and temperature were correlated at 0.892, meaning that temperature significantly affects changes in pH in the waters of the Banda Sea. The correlation between pH and salinity was 0.314, which means that salinity also involves changes in pH in the Banda Sea.
Nieuwerkerk - Emperor of China (NEC) Seamounts (Banda Sea): A multibeam seafloor imagery analysis
Authors: Febriawan H K , Nugroho A B , Alodia G , Hascaryo A , Fadillah A , Aryanto N C D , Haryanto D , Muljana B , Endyana C , Purba N P
Published: June 2023

A new multibeam dataset of Nieuwerkerk and Emperor of China (NEC) seamounts was acquired during the Jalacitra 2-2022 ”Banda” Expedition in the Banda Sea region. This study discusses a morphometric analysis of the seamounts based on a high-resolution bathymetry digital elevation model (DEM) and describes the morphometric features, namely: slope, profile curvature, and aspect. Morphological results indicate that the Nieuwerkerk seamount has an area of 2,416 km2 with a maximum peak elevation of approximately 3,460 m above the seabed and 357 m below the water surface. In the southwest of the Nieuwerkerk seamount, two new seamounts were discovered, which are still unnamed and seem morphologically connected to the Nieuwerkerk seamount. Each of the seamounts covers an area of 148 km2 and 220 km2, respectively, with a maximum peak elevation of approximately 2,338 m and 2,053 m above the seabed. Additionally, both seamounts have an elevation of 1,878 m and 2,017 m below the sea surface. Meanwhile, the Emperor of China seamount is located southwest of the three formerly mentioned seamounts, with the maximum peak seats at 2,165 m below the sea surface. Seamount C is located in the west of the surveyed area and it covers an area of 95.6 km2 with an elevation of 1,834 m above the seabed. The results of regression analysis indicate that all of the features could be used for the morphological classification.
Intra-urban vulnerability gap towards urban resilience in Covid19 pandemic (case of Surakarta greater urban, Indonesia)
Authors: Andini Isti , Rahayu Paramita , Putri Rufia A. , Rini Erma F.
Published: June 2023

Urban areas have interaction characteristics that favor the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. The lifestyle of urban communities with higher close contact influences the speed of the spread of Covid19, which makes cities play an important role in the transmission of Covid19. Surgo Ventures’ Covid19 Community Vulnerability Index variable is used to analyze the community vulnerability in Surakarta Greater Urban. Statistics from government agencies were used to collect data on population, heterogeneity, housing conditions, health care systems, and environmental risks, which were then analyzed in the sub-district spatial unit. The findings show a close correlation between the aggregate value of the Covid19 Community Vulnerability Index (CCVI) and the rate of spread of Covid19 both in the city center and the urban fringe. However, the variable with the strongest correlation in the urban area differs from the variable in the urban fringe area. Furthermore, there are differences in vulnerability in urban communities. This demonstrates the need for different Covid19 handling strategies in different communities, despite the fact that they are all part of the same urban service system. The identification of these determinants may subsequently contribute to the design of cities that are better prepared for future pandemics.
Analysis DPSIR for the Strategic Environment Assessment in Planning Development in Agropolitan Areas and Minapolitan Areas in East Java
Authors: Idajati H , Umilia E
Published: June 2023

The development plan of Agropolitan and Minapolitan areas in the province of East Java is thought to pose a risk to the environment. Agropolitan/Minapolitan Area development will be followed by industrial sector development, increasing environmental risks such as environmental pollution, both air, soil and water due to waste from agricultural, aquaculture, and/or industrial activities, conversion of agricultural land and ponds, and destruction of other ecosystems. Policies, Plans and Programs (PPPs) Zoning planning and development in Agropolitan Areas and Minapolitan Areas in the form of production center zones, processing industry center zones, collection and distribution center zones is one of the PPPs that requires a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). This research was carried out at the zoning locations in East Java Province’s Agropolitan and Minapolitan areas. The purpose of this study is to determine how environmental influences and impacts are caused by Policies, Plans, and Programs (PPPs) planning and zoning development in Agropolitan Areas and Minapolitan Areas in East Java Province in the form of production center zones, processing industry center zones, collection and distribution center zones. Regional environmental analysis and policy evaluation are carried out using the analysis six contents of SEA and DPSIR (Driving Force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response) approach which it is a framework for organizing information and data on environmental conditions. The research results show that data on environmental conditions from PPPs planning and zoning development in the Agropolitan and Minapolitan Areas of East Java Province in the form of production center zones, processing industry center zones, collection and distribution center zones consist of D3TLH water is exceeded and has not been exceeded, environmental impact and risk, service performance or ecosystem services, level of vulnerability to climate change, resistance level and biodiversity potential, and estimated environmental risk impact. The research’s findings indicate that SEA is a very beneficial and effective ongoing usage of evaluation tools to provide solutions or recommendations based on an in-depth review process that includes mitigation and alternatives.
How do Public Policies impact Housing Provision? An empirical study of housing in Surabaya, Indonesia
Authors: Nisa’ Rifka Qonitatun , Umilia Ema , Rahmawati Dian , Samsura D.A.A.
Published: June 2023

Effective instruments are important to implement planning so that resources remain efficient, and the environmental balance is maintained for sustainable urban development. It has been a global problem that housing provision is often delayed due to various significant factors, on the other hand, the housing backlog is increasing in many urbanizing countries, including Indonesia. Furthermore, it impacts the imbalance in the housing market. There have been many policies to solve this problem, but limited we know how those contributes. This article aims to examine the impact of public policies on housing provision by taking samples in Surabaya. We use content analysis as a qualitative approach to analyse how public policies are implemented and influenced the housing provision represented by seven related variables. The result shows that the current regulations of housing provision that are effectively implemented in Surabaya include housing mortgage, taxation, local government regulations1. Meanwhile, other regulations or programs that are exist but has limited impact in Surabaya are the subsidized down payment program, liquidity facility for housing finance, and one million housing program. These empirical findings illustrate how public policies, both from the central government and local government, empirically affect the dynamics of the housing market, especially from the supply side. Further, we hope that these findings contribute to the global knowledge of housing provision in emerging countries and local housing practices in Surabaya, Indonesia.
Study of Morphological Character as Part of Rural-Urban Transect in Colo Tourism Area, Kudus District
Authors: Ariani N M , Wijaya M I H , Puspasari D A , Susanti R
Published: June 2023

Tourism activities are one of the factors that encourage changes in land use and the face of the area. Changes in land use that are part of the morphological character of the area become the fundamental extent of changes that occur. Colo Kudus Tourism Area is a tourist area located at the edge of Mount Muria with types of natural and religious tourism. The tourism activities in this area are hidden. The image of this area eventually changed. The changes in the function of space and activities showcase that people are starting to accept new improvements in the area. This study adopts the Conzen theory, dividing the morphology into three aspects, namely land use, road, and building patterns. The spatial analysis explores the urban transect theory and indicates morphological changes in the Colo Kudus Tourism Area in three aspects, including land-use patterns, roads, and buildings. The results showed that this tourist area has a fairly clear morphological character although there are combinations and variations. Morphological characters on land use and building patterns indicate that Colo Village is included in the sub-urban zone (T3), while the road network shows that the study area leads to the sub-urban zone to general urban T3-T4.
Measurement of Sprawl Effect Based on Urban Growth Trends and Prediction in Kedungkandang District, Malang City
Authors: Hariyanto A D , Yudono A , Wicaksono A D
Published: June 2023

Urban development generally produces a specific type of urban growth that can be identified by looking at the pattern formed by the growth of occuring built-up area. Urban growth in some theories has three types of growth, namely infill, leapfrog and sprawl. Each type has logical consequences for environmental sustainability, such as leapfrog and sprawl which can lead to inefficient use of resources. This study focuses on measuring sprawl intensity based on urban growth trends or built-up area in Kedungkandang District from 2012 to 2020 and based on the results of urban growth or built-up area predictions from 2021 to 2036. Urban growth predictions are carried out using the Cellular Automata method, that there will be 975 hectares built-up land growth from 2016 to 2036. Then to measure the intensity of sprawl as a result of urban growth, the Shannon’s Entropy method is used with the result that the urban growth process in Kedungkandang District within 24 years tends to decrease in sprawl intensity by 50%. The results of this study are expected to provide insight and future views for the Government in dealing with urban growth in Kedungkandang District in the future.
Geometry and topological photonics
Authors: Silveirinha Mário G
Published: June 2023

Topological photonics provides a powerful framework to describe and understand many nontrivial wave phenomena in complex electromagnetic platforms. The topological index of a physical system is an abstract global property that depends on the family of operators that describes the propagation of Bloch waves. Here, we highlight that there is a profound geometrical connection between topological physics and the topological theory of mathematical surfaces. We show that topological band theory can be understood as a generalization of the topological theory of surfaces and that the genus of a surface can be regarded as a Chern number of a suitable operator defined over the surface. We point out some nontrivial implications of topology in the context of radiation problems and discuss why for physical problems the topological index is often associated with a bulk-edge correspondence.
Synthesis and antifungal activity of copper nanoparticles against Fusarium oxysporum pathogen of plants
Authors: Truong Hanh Thi , Nguyen Lan Chi Thuy , Quang Le Luan
Published: June 2023

For many decades, Cu2+ions have been used as fungicides in agriculture. However, the accumulation of Cu2+ions in the soil ecosystem will be disadvantage for environment. Thus, the substitution of copper nanoparticles for Cu2+ion is necessary to develop long-term efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective fungicides. In this study, the copper nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction method of Cu2+with reductive agent of NaHB4in chitosan stabilizer. Characterizations of copper nanoparticles were determined by UV–vis spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X ray diffraction patterns and Transmission Electron Microscopy images. The antifungal efficacy of CuNPs was evaluated by testing againstFusarium oxysporumfungi at various concentrations from 20–100 ppm. The results revealed that copper nanoparticles samples inhibited significantly the growth ofFusarium oxysporumand the smaller diameter is, the higher antifungal efficacy is. The copper nanoparticles with 26.5 nm expressed an antifungal efficacy is higher than copper nanoparticles with 29 nm. The complete inhibition was observed at concentrations ≥ 80 ppm after 1 day and even 7 days of incubation for 2.0 CuNPs (26.5 nm) sample while fungi still survive on PDA plates containing 1.5 CuNPs (29 nm).
Subfactors and mathematical physics
Authors: Evans David , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki
Published: June 2023

This paper surveys the long-standing connections and impact between Vaughan Jones’s theory of subfactors and various topics in mathematical physics, namely statistical mechanics, quantum field theory, quantum information, and two-dimensional conformal field theory.
Association of genetic risk and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: interactions with early rhythm control in the EAST-AFNET4 trial
Authors: Kany Shinwan , Al-Taie Christoph , Roselli Carolina , Pirruccello James P , Borof Katrin , Reinbold Carla , Suling Anna , Krause Linda , Reissmann Bruno , Schnabel Renate B , Zeller Tanja , Zapf Antonia , Wegscheider Karl , Fabritz Larissa , Ellinor Patrick T , Kirchhof Paulus
Published: June 2023

Aims

The randomized Early Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation for Stroke Prevention Trial found that early rhythm control reduces cardiovascular events in patients with recently diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) compared with usual care. How genetic predisposition to AF and stroke interacts with early rhythm-control therapy is not known.

Methods and results

Array genotyping and imputation for common genetic variants were performed. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated for AF (PRS-AF) and ischaemic stroke risk (PRS-stroke). The effects of PRS-AF and PRS-stroke on the primary outcome (composite of cardiovascular death, stroke, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome or worsening heart failure), its components, and recurrent AF were determined.

A total of 1567 of the 2789 trial patients were analysed [793 randomized to early rhythm control; 774 to usual care, median age 71 years (65–75), 704 (44%) women]. Baseline characteristics were similar between randomized groups. Early rhythm control reduced the primary outcome compared with usual care [HR 0.67, 95% CI: (0.53, 0.84), P < 0.001]. The randomized intervention, early rhythm control, did not interact with PRS-AF (interaction P = 0.806) or PRS-stroke (interaction P = 0.765). PRS-AF was associated with recurrent AF [HR 1.08 (01.0, 1.16), P = 0.047]. PRS-stroke showed an association with the primary outcome [HR 1.13 (1.0, 1.27), P = 0.048], driven by more heart failure events [HR 1.23 (1.05–1.43), P = 0.010] without differences in stroke [HR 1.0 (0.75, 1.34), P = 0.973] in this well-anticoagulated cohort. In a replication analysis, PRS-stroke was associated with incident AF [HR 1.16 (1.14, 1.67), P < 0.001] and with incident heart failure in the UK Biobank [HR 1.08 (1.06, 1.10), P < 0.001]. The association with heart failure was weakened when excluding AF patients [HR 1.03 (1.01, 1.05), P = 0.001].

Conclusions

Early rhythm control is effective across the spectrum of genetic AF and stroke risk. The association between genetic stroke risk and heart failure calls for research to understand the interactions between polygenic risk and treatment.

Registration

ISRCTN04708680, NCT01288352, EudraCT2010-021258-20, www.easttrial.org