bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epigenetics – relevance to drug safety science
Authors: Priestley Catherine C. , Anderton Mark , Doherty Ann T. , Duffy Paul , Mellor Howard R. , Powell Helen , Roberts Ruth
Published: March 2012

Epigenetics describes the study of heritable changes in gene expression that occur in the absence of a change to the DNA sequence. Specific patterns of epigenetic signatures can be stably transmitted through mitosis and cell division and form the molecular basis for developmental stage- and cell type-specific gene expression. Associations have been observed that endogenous and exogenous stimuli can change the epigenetic control of both somatic and stem cell differentiation and thus influence phenotypic behaviours and/or disease progression. In relation to drug safety, DNA methylation changes have been identified in many stages of tumour development following exposure to non-genotoxic carcinogens. However, it is not clear whether DNA methylation changes cause cancer, or arise as a consequence of the transformed state. Toxic agents could act at different levels, by directly modifying the epigenome or indirectly by altering signalling pathways. These alterations in chromatin structure may or may not be heritable but are probably reversible. That said, there is currently insufficient data to support inclusion of epigenetic profiling into pre-clinical evaluation studies. Several international collaborations aim to generate data to determine whether epigenetic modifications are causal links in disease and/or tumour progression. It will only be when an understanding of chemical mode-of-action is required that evaluation of epigenetic changes might be considered. The current toxicological testing battery is expected to identify any potential adverse effects regardless of the mechanism, epigenetic or otherwise. It is recommended that toxicologists keep a close watch of new developments in this field, in particular identification of early epigenetic markers for non-genotoxic carcinogenicity. Scientific collaborations between academia and industry will help to understand inter-individual variations in response to drug and toxin exposure to be able to distinguish between adverse and non-adverse epigenetic changes.
Seronegative Myasthenia Gravis and Graves’ Disease. Is there a link?
Authors: Polymeris A. , Karoutsou E. , Doumouchtsis K.
Published: March 2012

Graves’ disease (GD) and myasthenia gravis (MG) are common autoimmune diseases but their coexistence is very rare. They may possibly share the same pathogenetic mechanisms. Recent research has shown the involvement of autoantibodies, lymphocytes, cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of MG and GD. It appears that Th17 cell lineage is involved in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and seems to be key factor in the development of both MG and GD.

A 34-year-old male with seronegative myasthenia gravis due to thymic hyperplasia was diagnosed with also GD and opthalmopathy. Several diagnostic and therapeutic issues regarding the relevant literature are discussed.
Simulation Study of Biological Reference Points for Summer Flounder
Authors: Rothschild Brian J. , Jiao Yue , Hyun Saang‐Yoon
Published: March 2012

The biological reference pointFx%(i.e., the fishing mortality rate that maintains the spawning stock biomass per recruit atx% of its unfished value [wherexis usually set to 40]) is a commonly used proxy forFMSY(the fishing mortality rate that results in the maximum sustainable yield). However,Fx%is not in general equivalent toFMSY. To investigate the difference betweenFx%andFMSY, we developed a simple simulation model capable of representing the relationship between yield and fishing mortality, maximum spawning potential (%MSP), and the curvature of the stock–recruitment (S–R) curve (parameterized asβ) for a stock similar to summer flounderParalichthys dentatus(a high‐βspecies). The model demonstrates that the dynamic trajectories of the stock are heavily dependent onβ. The model confirmed the dependence of equilibrium yield onβand produced a specific relationship between the magnitude ofβand yield. A decision‐theoretic approach was used to suggest that settingxto 40 reduces yield and that smaller values ofxproduce greater yields for high‐βstocks. The analysis focuses attention on the fact that the choice ofFx%as a management tool places extreme reliance on the least known and understood component of fish population dynamics: the S–R relationship. Our conclusion (to use a value ofxconsiderably less than 40 to obtain MSY) was supported by (1) our simulation results, (2) averaging in a decision‐theoretic approach, (3) the correspondence of the traditionally computed biomass at the maximum sustainable yield with high values ofβ, and (4) the values ofxreported in the literature.
In Vivo Quantification of Cell Coupling in Plants with Different Phloem-Loading Strategies
Authors: Liesche Johannes , Schulz Alexander
Published: March 2012

Uptake of photoassimilates into the leaf phloem is the key step in carbon partitioning and phloem transport. Symplasmic and apoplasmic loading strategies have been defined in different plant taxa based on the abundance of plasmodesmata between mesophyll and phloem. For apoplasmic loading to occur, an absence of plasmodesmata is a sufficient but not a necessary criterion, as passage of molecules through plasmodesmata might well be blocked or restricted. Here, we present a noninvasive, whole-plant approach to test symplasmic coupling and quantify the intercellular flux of small molecules using photoactivation microscopy. Quantification of coupling between all cells along the prephloem pathways of the apoplasmic loader Vicia faba and Nicotiana tabacum showed, to our knowledge for the first time in vivo, that small solutes like sucrose can diffuse through plasmodesmata up to the phloem sieve element companion cell complex (SECCC). As expected, the SECCC was found to be symplasmically isolated for small solutes. In contrast, the prephloem pathway of the symplasmic loader Cucurbita maxima was found to be well coupled with the SECCC. Phloem loading in gymnosperms is not well understood, due to a profoundly different leaf anatomy and a scarcity of molecular data compared with angiosperms. A cell-coupling analysis for Pinus sylvestris showed high symplasmic coupling along the entire prephloem pathway, comprising at least seven cell border interfaces between mesophyll and sieve elements. Cell coupling together with measurements of leaf sap osmolality indicate a passive symplasmic loading type. Similarities and differences of this loading type with that of angiosperm trees are discussed.
Tetra-μ-benzoato-bis[(3,5-dimethylpyridine)copper(II)]
Authors: Guo Qian , Wang Ping , Liu Fu-Chen
Published: March 2012

In the centrosymmetric binuclear title compound, [Cu2(C7H5O2)4(C7H9N)2], the CuIIatom is coordinated by four O atoms from benzoate anions and one N atom from a dimethylpyridine ligand. A paddle-wheel-like dimer is formed by two CuIIions and four benzoate anions with two 3,5-dimethylpyridine ligands at the axial position of the CuIIions. The dihedral angle between the two unique benzene rings is 84.26 (16)°. The dihedral angles between the pyridine ring and the benzene rings are 61.67 (15) and 34.27 (14)°. There is π–π stacking of inversion-related pyridine rings, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.833 (2) Å.
Bis(3-acetylpyridine-κN)bis(methanol-κO)bis(thiocyanato-κN)nickel(II)
Authors: Werner Julia , Boeckmann Jan , Jess Inke , Näther Christian
Published: March 2012

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Ni(NCS)2(C7H7NO)2(CH3OH)2], the Ni2+cations are coordinated by two thiocyanate anions, two 3-acetylpyridine ligands and two methanol molecules within slightly distorted NiN4O2octahedra. The asymmetric unit consists of one Ni2+cation, which is located on a center of inversion, as well as one thiocyanate anion, one 3-acetylpyridine ligand and one methanol molecule in general positions. The discrete complexes are linked by two pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the hydroxy H atom and the acetyl O atom into chains along thebaxis.
catena-Poly[[triaquacopper(II)]-μ2-furan-2,5-dicarboxylato-κ4O1,O2:O2,O2′]
Authors: Li Ya-Feng , Gao Yue , Xu Yue , Qin Xiao-lin , Gao Wen-Yuan
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, [Cu(C6H2O5)(H2O)3]n, an infinite chain is formed along [001] by linking of the Cu(OH2)3O4cluster with one carboxylate group of the furan-2,5-dicarboxylate ligand. Adjacent chains are linked by Owater—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions. The Cu(OH2)3O4cluster displays a pentagonal bipyrimadal geometry with two weak coordinations [Cu—Ofuran= 2.790 (2) Å) and Cu—Ocarboxylate= 2.684 (2) Å] and two water molecules located in axial positions.
7-Benzyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-propylamino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
Authors: Hu Hai-Jun , Chen Hong
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C25H25FN4OS, the thienopyrimidine fused-ring system is close to planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0089 Å), with a maximum deviation of 0.0261 (17) Å for the N atom adjacent to the benzene ring. This thienopyrimidine fused-ring system forms dihedral angles of 64.73 (3) and 81.56 (5)° with the adjacent benzyl and fluorophenyl rings, respectively. Intermolecular N—H...F and C—H...F hydrogen bonding, as well as C—F...π interactions [F...centroid = 3.449 (3) Å; C—F...centroid = 91.87 (15)°], help to stabilize the crystal structure.
cis-Tetraaquabis{5-[4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl-κN3)phenyl]tetrazolido}manganese(II) dihydrate
Authors: Tong Shao-Wei , Song Wen-Dong , Miao Dong-Liang , Li Shi-Jie , An Jing-Bo
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, [Mn(C10H7N6)2(H2O)4]·2H2O, the Mn2+lies on a twofold rotation axis and is six-coordinated by two N atoms from thecis-related monodentate 5-[4-(imidazol-1-yl)phenyl]tetrazolide ligands and four O atoms from the coordinated water molecules. The complex molecules are connectedviawater O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds and weak π–π stacking interactions between the benzene rings [minimum ring centroid separation = 3.750 (6) Å] into a three-dimensional polymeric structure. The imidazolyl group of the ligand is partially disordered over two sets of sites with refined occupancies of 0.531 (7):0.469 (7).
catena-Poly[[[2-({6-[(pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanyl-κS)methyl]pyridin-2-yl-κN}methylsulfanyl)pyrimidine]copper(I)]-μ-thiocyanato-κ2N:S]
Authors: Peng Rong , Ng Seik Weng
Published: March 2012

TheN-heterocyclic ligand in the title compound, [Cu(NCS)(C15H13N5S2)]n, coordinates to the CuIatom through its pyridine N-donor site, and adjacent metal atoms are bridged by the thiocyanate ion, forming a helical chain along thebaxis. The geometry of the metal atom is tetrahedral owing to a somewhat long intramolecular Cu—S interaction of 2.5621 (9) Å.
1-{2-Hydroxy-6-[3-(pyrrol-1-yl)propoxy]phenyl}ethanone
Authors: Ourari Ali , Aggoun Djouhra , Bouacida Sofiane
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, C15H17NO3, the mean planes of the pyrrole and benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 81.92 (7)°. The molecule contains an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, weak C—H...π interactions link the molecules into chains along [010].
rac-[3-Hydroxy-6,9-dimethyl-6-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6H-1,9-epoxybenzo[c]chromen-4-yl](phenyl)methanone
Authors: Ee Gwendoline Cheng Lian , Teh Soek Sin , Kwong Huey Chong , Mohamed Tahir Mohamed Ibrahim , Mah Siau Hui
Published: March 2012

The title compound congestiflorone, C28H32O4, which was isolated from the stem bark ofMesua congestiflora, consists of a benzophenone skeleton with two attached pyran rings to which a cyclohexane ring and a C6 side chain are bonded. The benzene ring is significantly distorted from planarity (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0007 Å) due to the constraints imposed by junctions with the two pyran rings. The cyclohexane ring is in a chair conformation, one pyran ring is in a boat conformation, while the other is a distorted chair. The phenyl and benzene rings make a dihedral angle of 55.85 (9)°. An intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...O interactions.
3-Acetyl-1,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile
Authors: Abdel-Aziz Hatem A. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Chantrapromma Suchada , Fun Hoong-Kun
Published: March 2012

The title compound, C18H13N3O, has a butterfly-like structure, in which the pyrazole ring forms dihedral angles of 59.31 (8) and 57.24 (8)° with the two phenyl rings. The dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings is 64.03 (8)°. The pyrazole ring and the C—C=O plane of the acetyl group are twisted slightly, making a dihedral angle of 7.95 (18)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked through weak C—H...N and C—H...O interactions into a helical chain along thea-axis direction.
Dichloridotris(2-methyl-1H-imidazole-κN3)cadmium
Authors: Zhu Run-Qiang
Published: March 2012

In the title compound, [CdCl2(C4H6N2)3], the CdIIatom displays a pentacoordinate CdN3Cl2coordination geometry, being coordinated by an N atom of three 2-methylimidazole ligands and two Cl atoms. In the crystal, the mononuclear complexes are linked by N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network in theabplane.
Concept‐based learning of personalized prescribing
Authors: Rissmann Robert , Dubois Eline A. , Franson Kari L. , Cohen Adam F.
Published: March 2012

The variability of drug response in different patients can be caused by various factors including age, change in renal function, co‐medication and genotype. Traditionally, these personal variables are considered by clinicians prior to issuing a prescription. This paper provides an overview of a process to individualize prescribing for a patient with an emphasis on how to train (learning) clinicians in skillful rational prescribing. For this purpose the 6STEP methodology, a concept‐based learning strategy to achieve a structured therapeutic plan, has been introduced. In contrast to older educational approaches which focused primarily on the drugs or the process of prescribing, the 6STEP is a patient‐centred method resulting in individualized therapy. The six interlinked steps provide the (training) prescriber with a structured framework that facilitates a rationalized therapeutic decision by focusing on the individual patient parameters that influence drug response. Educational tools for rational prescribing involve understanding of basic and clinical pharmacological principles, practicing to write 6STEP therapeutic plans, learning from feedback sessions on these plans and actively obtaining up to date information on drugs and therapeutic standards from online resources.
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL)-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1), a serine protease associated with humoral pattern-recognition molecules: normal and acute-phase levels in serum and stoichiometry of lectin pathway components
Authors: Thiel S , Jensen L , Degn S E , Nielsen H J , Gál P , Dobó J , Jensenius J C
Published: March 2012

The pattern-recognition molecules mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and the three ficolins circulate in blood in complexes with MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs). When MBL or ficolin recognizes a microorganism, activation of the MASPs occurs leading to activation of the complement system, an important component of the innate immune system. Three proteins are produced from the MASP1 gene: MASP-1 and MASP-3 and MAp44. We present an assay specific for MASP-1, which is based on inhibition of the binding of anti-MASP-1-specific antibody to MASP-1 domains coated onto microtitre wells. MASP-1 was found in serum in large complexes eluting in a position corresponding to ∼600 kDa after gel permeation chromatography in calcium-containing buffer and as monomers of ∼75 kDa in dissociating buffer. The concentration of MASP-1 in donor sera (n = 105) was distributed log-normally with a median value of 11 µg/ml (range 4–30 µg/ml). Serum and citrate plasma levels were similar, while the values in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid plasma were slightly lower and in heparin plasma were 1·5 times higher than in serum. MASP-1 was present at adult level at 1 year of age, while it was 60% at birth. In normal healthy individuals the level of MASP-1 was stable throughout a 2-month period. After induction of an acute-phase reaction by operation we found an initial short decrease, concomitant with an increase in C-reactive protein levels, followed by an increase, doubling the MASP-1 concentration after 2 days. The present data prepare the ground for studies on the associations of MASP-1 levels with disease.
Revision of the population structuring of Illex argentinus (Castellanos, 1960) and a new interpretation based on modelling the spatio‐temporal environmental suitability for spawning and nursery
Authors: CRESPI‐ABRIL AUGUSTO C. , BARÓN PEDRO J.
Published: March 2012

During the last 30 years, interpretation of the population structuring of Illex argentinus evolved from a single to a six‐stock model, in which stocks are characterized by having distinct spawning seasons, areas and migration patterns. It is assumed that major spawning activity occurs in discrete pulses along the outer‐shelf/slope off Argentina/southern Brazil during late‐fall/winter and that early life stages develop near the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence (BMC). Nevertheless, there are inconsistencies in the delimitation of stocks and the interpretation of their life histories. Here, we developed a model based on records of seawater temperature and chlorophyll‐a concentration to establish the quality of different areas of the species’ geographic distribution as spawning and nursery grounds. Whereas the outer‐shelf/slope domain south of 37°S presents marked seasonal restrictions for embryonic development and breeding, coastal areas within 44°–28°S are highly suitable most of the year. Squid in pre‐spawning aggregations at the outer‐shelf/slope south of 41°S would invest less energy to reach equally suitable spawning areas at the coast than at the BMC. Findings of paralarvae, stranded juveniles and mature squid in coastal areas off northern Patagonia support the predictions of the model. Based on these results, the population structuring and reproductive–migration patterns are reviewed and a new interpretation is proposed: Illex argentinus spawns not only in discrete seasons and areas on the slope and mid/outer shelf, but also conducts quasi‐permanent spawning migrations to coastal areas, resulting in a more continuous pattern of recruitment than previously considered and in weak stock differentiation.
Functional diversity and trait–environment relationships of stream fish assemblages in a large tropical catchment
Authors: PEASE ALLISON A. , GONZÁLEZ‐DÍAZ ALFONSO A. , RODILES‐HERNÁNDEZ ROCÍO , WINEMILLER KIRK O.
Published: March 2012

1. The species composition of stream fish assemblages changes across the longitudinal fluvial gradient of large river basins. These changes may reflect both zonation in species distributions and environmental filtering of fish traits as stream environments change from the uplands to the lowlands of large catchments. Previous research has shown that taxonomic diversity generally increases in larger, lowland streams, and the River Continuum Concept, the River Habitat Template and other frameworks have provided expectations for what functional groups of fishes should predominate in certain stream types. However, studies addressing the functional trait composition of fish assemblages across large regions are lacking, particularly in tropical river basins.

2. We examined functional trait–environment relationships and functional diversity of stream fish assemblages in the Río Grijalva Basin in southern Mexico. Traits linked to feeding, locomotion and life history strategy were measured in fishes from streams throughout the catchment, from highland headwaters to broad, lowland streams. Relationships between functional traits and environmental variables at local and landscape scales were examined using multivariate ordination, and the convex hull volume of trait space occupied by fish assemblages was calculated as a measure of functional diversity.

3. Although there were a few exceptions, functional diversity of assemblages increased with species richness along the gradient from uplands to lowlands within the Grijalva Basin. Traits related to swimming, habitat preference and food resource use were associated with both local (e.g. substratum type, pool availability) and landscape‐scale (e.g. forest cover) environmental variables.

4. Along with taxonomic structure and diversity, the functional composition of fish assemblages changed across the longitudinal fluvial gradient of the basin. Trait–environment relationships documented in this study partially confirmed theoretical expectations and revealed patterns that may help in developing a better understanding of general functional responses of fish assemblages to environmental change.
Information technology to support informal knowledge sharing
Authors: Davison Robert M. , Ou Carol X. J. , Martinsons Maris G.
Published: March 2012

The knowledge management (KM) literature largely focuses on the explicit and formal representation of knowledge in computer‐based KM systems. Informal KM practices are widespread, but less is known about them. This paper aims to redress this imbalance by exploring the use of interactive information technology (IT) applications for informal knowledge sharing (KS). We develop theoretical propositions to highlight the key facets of informal KS processes, and illustrate them through an interpretive case‐study analysis of KS in two public relations firms in China. We then discuss the implications of our findings for practice in both China and beyond. Finally, we recommend a research agenda to further investigate informal, relationship‐based knowledge sharing.
What makes blogging attractive to bloggers: a case of college‐level constituency users
Authors: Huang Y‐H. , Lo Y‐F.
Published: March 2012

This study presents a new perspective to facilitate learner‐centred weblog evaluation, based on content attractiveness, blogging support, and the value‐added service construct. A mixed method, combining fishbone diagram, fuzzy logic techniques, and the analytic hierarchy process, was conducted to identify further the criteria that attract bloggers to engage in blogging, based on user perspectives in a higher education context. Results indicate that the dimensions of content attractiveness and value‐added service for the benefit of students contributed two‐thirds of the overall weights. Respondents' appreciating a pleasant atmosphere is the first priority. Findings also indicated both similarities and differences among freshmen, non‐freshmen, and instructors and provide a valuable reference for various types of learning resources. This study made two contributions to research. First, the extracted weight values of the critical factors from the proposed hierarchical system framework serve as guidelines for enhancing the robustness and attractiveness of weblog content. Second, the evaluation process provided insights for managing weblog quality effectiveness to promote joyful interactions while exhibiting mutual connections.
Formal to informal learning with IT: research challenges and issues for e‐learning
Authors: Cox M.J.
Published: March 2012

For the purpose of clarity and consistency, the term e‐learning is used throughout the paper to refer to technology‐enhanced learning and information technology (IT) in teaching and learning. IT depicts computing and other IT resources. Research into e‐learning has changed in focus and breadth over the last four decades as a consequence of changing technologies, and changes in educational policies and practices. Although increasing numbers of young people have access to a wide range of IT technologies during their leisure activities, little is known about this impact on their learning. Much of the research evidence, to date, of students' informal uses of IT is about the frequency of use in different educational settings and the different types of IT uses occurring among learners at school and in the home. There is little evidence of the interrelationship between them.

What makes researching e‐learning so difficult is the ever‐changing technology itself and the increasing access to IT resources in informal settings, changing the balance between formal and informal uses of e‐learning. This rebalancing not only results in a wider diversification of IT uses by learners but also a greater variability in their IT literacies and unknown variables such as the level of control of the learning activities, and contributions from third parties online. This paper reviews the wide range of technological and educational research changes that have taken place over the last 40 years, the affordances these provide, and the consequent implications for research methods and issues regarding investigating the impact of IT on formal and informal learning. Based on this analysis, strategies are proposed to help us achieve reliable research approaches and methods that take account of the eclectic nature of e‐learning and the growing influence of informal learning on e‐learning in education.
Varying conceptions of competence: an analysis of how health sciences educators define competence
Authors: Fernandez Nicolas , Dory Valerie , Ste‐Marie Louis‐Georges , Chaput Monique , Charlin Bernard , Boucher Andree
Published: March 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46: 357–365

Context  Current debate in medical education focuses on the nature of ‘competency‐based medical education’ (CBME) and whether or not it should be adopted. Many medical schools claim to run ‘competency‐based’ curricula, but the structure of their programmes can differ radically. A review of the existing CBME literature reveals that little attention has been paid to defining the concept of competence. A straightforward examination of what is meant by the term ‘competence’ is noticeably missing from the literature, despite its impact on medical training.

Objectives  This paper aims to illustrate the varying conceptions of ‘competence’ by comparing and contrasting definitions provided in the health sciences education literature and discussing their respective impacts on medical education.

Methods  A systematic review of recent publications in medical education journals published in English and French was conducted to extract definitions of competence or, if definitions were not explicitly stated, to derive the authors’ implicit conception of competence. A sample of 14 definitions from articles in the health sciences education field was studied using thematic analysis.

Results  There is agreement that competence is composed of knowledge, skills and other components. Although agreement about the nature of these other components is lacking, attitudes and values are suggested to be essential ingredients of competence. Furthermore, a clear divergence in conceptions of how a competent person utilises these components is apparent. One view specifies that competence involves selecting components according to specific situations, as required. A second view places greater emphasis on the synergy that results from the use of a combination of components in a given situation.

Conclusions  These conceptual distinctions have many implications for the way CBME is implemented. A conception of competence as the selection of components may lead to a greater emphasis, in a training setting, on the mastery of each component separately. A conception of competence as the use of a combination of components leads to greater emphasis on the synergy that results as they are deployed in clinical situations.
Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training
Authors: Howe Amanda , Smajdor Anna , Stöckl Andrea
Published: March 2012

Medical Education 2012:46: 349–356

Objectives This article explores the concept of resilience and its potential relevance to medicine. It also looks at the dimensions of resilience and its ethical importance for effective professional practice, and considers whether a focus on resilience might be useful in medical training.

Methods An applied literature search was conducted across the domains of education, ethics, psychology and sociology to answer the research question: ‘What is resilience and what might it mean for professional development in medical education?’ This article predominantly considers the findings in relation to training in undergraduate and postgraduate settings, although the literature is wide‐ranging and findings may be applicable elsewhere.

Results Resilience is a dynamic capability which can allow people to thrive on challenges given appropriate social and personal contexts. The dimensions of resilience (which include self‐efficacy, self‐control, ability to engage support and help, learning from difficulties, and persistence despite blocks to progress) are all recognised as qualities that are important in clinical leaders. Much of what is deemed good practice in modern pedagogical approaches to medical training may support the development of resilience in adulthood, but this concept has rarely been used as a goal of professional development. More research is needed on the ways in which resilience can be recognised, developed and supported during and after clinical training.

Conclusions Resilience is a useful and interesting construct which should be further explored in medical education practice and research.
Schistosoma haematobium infection levels determine the effect of praziquantel treatment on anti‐schistosome and anti‐mite antibodies
Authors: RUJENI N. , NAUSCH N. , MIDZI N. , MDULUZA T. , TAYLOR D. W. , MUTAPI F.
Published: March 2012

Field studies show an association between schistosome infection and atopy, but the effects of anti‐helminthic treatment on this association have not yet been investigated in human populations with different schistosome endemicity levels. This study aimed to compare the effects of anti‐helminthic treatment on responses directed against the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp1) and Schistosoma haematobium in Zimbabwean populations living in high and low schistosome infection areas. Derp1‐ and schistosome‐specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies were quantified by ELISA before and 6 weeks after anti‐helminthic treatment. Following treatment, there were changes in the immune responses, which varied with place of residence. After allowing for the effects of sex, age and baseline infection intensity, there was no significant treatment effect on the change in anti‐schistosome IgE and IgG4 in the high infection area. However, the anti‐schistosome IgE/IgG4 ratio increased significantly, while anti‐Derp1 IgE responses decreased as a result of treatment. In the low infection area, treatment resulted in a significant increase in anti‐worm IgE levels, but there was no significant treatment effect on anti‐schistosome or anti‐Derp1 IgE/IgG4 ratios. Thus, the study shows that the level of schistosome endemicity affects the host responses to schistosome and mite antigens following anti‐helminthic treatment.
Evaluation of cardiac manifestations in pediatric liver transplant candidates
Authors: Madan Nitin , Arnon Ronen , Arnon Rica
Published: March 2012

Madan N, Arnon R, Arnon R. Evaluation of cardiac manifestations in pediatric liver transplant candidates.

Abstract:  Knowledge concerning the involvement of the cardiovascular system in children awaiting liver transplant is limited. Therefore, no guidelines have been established on evaluating this group of patients for cardiac disease. This review examines the diverse cardiovascular manifestations of liver disease in children. We also discuss the available testing and its applicability in screening for cardiac disease in this vulnerable population.
Role of VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in peritumoral brain edema associated with supratentorial benign meningiomas
Authors: Iwado Eiji , Ichikawa Tomotsugu , Kosaka Hiroshi , Otsuka Shinji , Kambara Hirokazu , Tamiya Takashi , Kondo Seiji , Date Isao
Published: March 2012

Accumulating evidence indicates that VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) play a central role in the development of peritumoral brain edema (PTBE) associated with human brain tumors. However, the roles of these proteins, particularly of MMP‐9, in PTBE associated with benign meningiomas have not been elucidated. We investigated the association between clinical features and biological factors, such as VEGF and MMP‐9, and the incidence of PTBE and edema index (EI) in 60 patients with benign meningiomas. In this study, supratentorial lesions were examined for evaluating the extent of PTBE in the surrounding normal brain tissue. VEGF and MMP‐9 expression was immunohistochemically examined. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of pial blood supply (odds ratio [OR] 12.250; P = 0.0096) and VEGF (OR 7.683; P = 0.0155), but not MMP‐9 (OR 1.178; P = 0.8113), expression are significant factors that independently predict the incidence of PTBE and influence EI. VEGF (P = 0.0397) and MMP‐9 (P = 0.0057) expression correlates with the presence of pial blood supply. Moreover, tumors with high VEGF and MMP‐9 expression had higher EIs than those with high expression of either (P = 0.030). Our findings suggest that MMP‐9 expression was positively related to VEGF expression and pial blood supply and promoted the occurrence of PTBE by inducing the disruption of the arachnoid membrane and formation of pial blood supply.
Clinical evaluation of hemorrhagic gastroduodenal ulcer in the elderly: Is Helicobacter pylori infection a risk factor for hemorrhage?
Authors: Domon Kaoru , Hirano Naoki , Otsuka Takafumi , Fujitsuka Yoshinori , Takeuchi Motoi , Kikuchi Yoshinori , Nakano Shigeru , Igarashi Yoshinori
Published: March 2012

Aim:  In this study, the aim was to determine the demographic characteristics of elderly patients with gastroduodenal ulcer who had undergone endoscopic hemostasis by comparing them with younger patients.

Methods:  A total of 353 patients with Forrest class I–IIa hemorrhagic gastroduodenal ulcer who underwent endoscopic hemostasis at our hospital between December 2004 and May 2010 were divided into two groups: one for those 75 years or older (old‐old group; n = 71; age ≥75 years) and one for those younger than 75 years (younger group; n = 282; age <75 years). Then, their demographic characteristics were compared.

Results:  There were significantly more female patients, patients with underlying chronic renal failure and patients using non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in the old‐old group than in the younger group. In addition, the prevalence of open‐type atrophy in the background gastric mucosa was significantly higher in the old‐old group. Although more than half the patients in each group were infected with Helicobacter pylori, the prevalence was significantly higher in the younger group. Of the patients who underwent endoscopic hemostasis only once, those in the old‐old group constituted a significantly higher medical cost than those in the younger group. Comparison of deaths between the two groups revealed that the old‐old patients were more likely to develop severe complications associated with hematemesis, such as aspiration pneumonia.

Conclusions:  The observed lower prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among the elderly patients compared to the younger patients with hemorrhagic gastroduodenal ulcer suggests that other factors, such as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs use and chronic renal failure, predispose the elderly to hemorrhagic ulcer.
UNDERDEVELOPMENT AND INDUSTRIALISATION IN PRE‐WAR THAILAND
Authors: OUYYANONT PORPHANT
Published: March 2012

Thailand's economy before 1940 was marked by remarkably low long‐term real economic growth, unusually high levels of the population living in rural areas, and limited industrialisation and urbanisation. This paper examines reasons for the lack of diversification, looking in particular at industrial development. We emphasise Thailand's role in the world economy, sources of labour supply, and the concentration of industry in the capital Bangkok. The impact of the world depression of the 1930s on the Thai economy was only moderate, which obviated the need for state policies that might have prompted significant economic change.
Lost and Found: Selfhood and Subjectivity in Love
Authors: Kronqvist Camilla
Published: March 2012

Sartre's conception of bad faith suggests that every desire to be someone in love is self‐deceptive in the attempt to define my factual being. Departing from İlham Dilman's discussion of personal identity, I argue that this view on selfhood is inattentive to the kind of personal and moral reflection inherent in asking who I am. There is a temptation in love to deceive myself and you by renouncing responsibility. Yet the concept also embodies demands that allow me to continuously shape myself into a loving subject by scrutinising my responses and by asking whether they are expressive of love or not.
Divine Command Theory and Theistic Activism
Authors: Rahimi Simin
Published: March 2012

If the divine will is not subject to any principle, and God controls all truths including moral truths, morality will be arbitrary at the deepest level. It will not be possible to offer any explanation of why God has willed certain actions rather than their contraries. Throughout the history of philosophical debate there have been many attempts to support the dependence of moral truths on God's command (or divine command theory) and at the same time to avoid this charge of arbitrariness. In the West, one such an attempt has been made by Thomas V. Morris and Christopher Menzel (, hereafter M&M), who refer to their position as theistic activism. In this paper I will discuss their view and argue that: 1) their position does not satisfy the requirements of divine freedom, and that 2) to regard moral truths as necessary and unalterable is not adequate.
STEM CELL TOURISM AND FUTURE STEM CELL TOURISTS: POLICY AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: EINSIEDEL EDNA F. , ADAMSON HANNAH
Published: March 2012

Stem cell tourism is a small but growing part of the thriving global medical tourism marketplace. Much stem cell research remains at the experimental stage, with clinical trials still uncommon. However, there are over 700 clinics estimated to be operating in mostly developing countries – from Costa Rica and Argentina to China, India and Russia – that have lured many patients, mostly from industrialized countries, driven by desperation and hope, which in turn continue to fuel the growth of such tourism.

While much research has focused on such dimensions as the promotions that allow such businesses to make their services known, media coverage, some patient research, and regulatory conditions for developing country clinics, little attention has been paid to the non‐affected members of the general population, the future potential users of such services. This empirical study based on five focus group discussions with a diverse group of healthy adults in a Canadian city, explored participant views of patients who use stem cell tourism services, the likelihood they would avail themselves of such services if they were to suffer similar illnesses, and the conditions under which they might do so, and the impact that admonitions and advice from international expert bodies might have on their decisions. Our findings suggest that these healthy adults are sympathetic to the drivers of hope and desperation, and, despite cautions about research limitations, may seek such treatments themselves under similar conditions. These findings are discussed in the context of the policy and ethical issues raised by this form of medical tourism.
EXPERIMENTAL IN VITRO DISSOLUTION OF THE DENTINE OF TEETH OF SUS SCROFA (MAMMALIA, SUIDAE): CHEMISTRY AND MICROSTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS*
Authors: DAUPHIN Y. , MASSARD P. , QUANTIN C. , MONTUELLE S.
Published: March 2012

Alterations induced during the first step of fossilization are examined. Molars and premolars of a modern large mammal were crushed to expose fresh dentine. Fragments were placed in solutions of acids present in humus for 2 months. Changes in composition of the solutions were analysed. Micro‐ and nanostructural changes of fresh and etched dentine were observed with scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. The ion contents of the acetic acid solution are higher than those of oxalic and oxalic plus acetic acid solutions. Oxalic acid etching results in secondary deposits of oxalates on the exposed dentine. The composition of the soil in natural fossilization processes is a main factor in fossil preservation.
The Effect of Relative Wages and External Shocks on Public Sector Turnover*
Authors: BRADLEY STEVE , GREEN COLIN , MANGAN JOHN
Published: March 2012

We use a unique database to investigate the determinants of quits and terminations amongst public servants where relative wages, job status and external shocks are used as explanatory variables. It is shown that in comparison with others in the public sector, nurses and teachers on permanent contracts are more likely to quit. More generally, both relative wages and external shocks are found to be an important determinant of turnover behaviour. The public policy implications of these findings are discussed.
An Image Processing Approach for Blind Mobility Facilitated Through Visual Intracortical Stimulation
Authors: Mohammadi Hossein Mahvash , Ghafar‐Zadeh Ebrahim , Sawan Mohamad
Published: March 2012

This article presents an image processing approach dedicated for a blind mobility aid facilitated through visual intracortical electrical stimulation. The method examines a display framework based on the distances related to a scene. The distances of objects to the walker are measured using a size perspective method which uses only one camera without any occlusion effect. The method extracts the information of the closest object to the camera and transfers a sense of distance to a blind walker. The proposed image processing method can estimate the distances of objects within 7.5 m of the walker, and alert the presence of the closest object to the person. This new method offers the advantages of information reduction and scene understanding suitable for visual prosthesis.
Predictors of seizures during pregnancy in women with epilepsy
Authors: Thomas Sanjeev V. , Syam Unnikrishnan , Devi J. Sucharitha
Published: March 2012

We aimed to characterize the seizure pattern during pregnancy in a large cohort of women with epilepsy (WWE) and identify possible predictors of seizure relapse during pregnancy. We recorded the antiepileptic drug (AED) use and seizure frequency for WWE during the prepregnancy month and pregnancy. The seizure profile was correlated with the clinical details and seizure type as abstracted from the clinical records maintained in the registry. Of the 1,297 pregnancies in WWE with complete seizure data, 47.8% were seizure‐free during pregnancy. Seizure relapse was highest during the three peripartum days. Women with partial seizures‐had higher risk of relapse (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–2.0) than those with generalized seizures. They had two peaks of seizure relapse (second to third month and sixth month). Those with generalized seizures had one peak at first trimester. Those who were on polytherapy had increased risk of seizures (OR 2.98, 95% CI 2.3–3.9) when compared to those on monotherapy. Those who had seizures in the prepregnancy month had higher risk (OR 15, 95% CI 9–25.1) of seizures during pregnancy when compared to those who were seizure‐free during that period. On multiple logistic regression, prepregnancy seizure was the most important predictor of seizures during pregnancy.
The urinary safety profile and secondary renal effects of retigabine (ezogabine): A first‐in‐class antiepileptic drug that targets KCNQ (Kv7) potassium channels
Authors: Brickel Neil , Gandhi Paul , VanLandingham Kevan , Hammond Janet , DeRossett Sarah
Published: March 2012

Retigabine (RTG; international nonproprietary name)/ezogabine (EZG; North American adopted name), a first‐in‐class antiepileptic drug (AED) that reduces neuronal excitability primarily by enhancing the activity of KCNQ2/3 (Kv7.2/7.3) potassium channels, has recently been approved by the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial‐onset seizures. Much of the RTG/EZG safety profile will be familiar to health care professionals who are experienced with the clinical use of AEDs. RTG/EZG, as a potassium channel opener, also has a pharmacologic effect on smooth muscle of the urinary bladder. Consequently, the adverse event (AE) profile of RTG/EZG includes a potential risk of effects on the urinary system. This review summarizes the urinary safety profile and any secondary renal effects of RTG/EZG using data from patients in the pivotal controlled trials and the overall phase 2/3 clinical development program. Urinary AEs were reported more frequently in patients receiving RTG/EZG compared with placebo, although most patients were able to continue with treatment. Specifically, there is an increased risk of urinary retention with RTG/EZG, with urinary hesitation representing the most frequently reported urinary retention‐related AE. Potential secondary renal effects, which may be caused by an inability to empty the bladder, were evaluated. Crystals with a bilirubin‐like appearance were detected in the urine of patients receiving RTG/EZG. Although investigations indicated that these crystals were not bilirubin, their composition remains undetermined. There was no causal association with urinary tract infections, and nephrolithiasis was uncommon. The reported clinical effects of RTG/EZG are consistent with its documented effects on bladder smooth muscle in preclinical studies. RTG/EZG should be used with caution in patients at risk of urinary retention.
Preventing Delirium in Older Adults with Recent Hip Fracture Through Multidisciplinary Geriatric Consultation
Authors: Deschodt Mieke , Braes Tom , Flamaing Johan , Detroyer Elke , Broos Paul , Haentjens Patrick , Boonen Steven , Milisen Koen
Published: March 2012

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of inpatient geriatric consultation teams (IGCTs), which have been introduced to improve the quality of care of older persons hospitalized on nongeriatric wards, on delirium and overall cognitive functioning in older adults with hip fracture.

Design

Controlled trial.

Setting

Two trauma wards in a university hospital setting.

Participants

One‐hundred seventy‐one people with hip fracture aged 65 and older assigned to a multidisciplinary geriatric intervention (n = 94) or usual care (n = 77).

Measurements

Incidence and duration of delirium were measured using the Confusion Assessment Method, severity of delirium using the Delirium Index, and cognitive status using the 12‐item Mini‐Mental State Examination.

Results

Significantly more controls (53.2%; n = 41) than intervention group participants (37.2%; n = 35; P = .04; odds ratio (OR) = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–3.54) were delirious at any point after surgery. No significant difference was found between the groups for duration or severity of delirium episodes. The proportion of participants with cognitive decline at discharge was higher in controls than in those assigned to geriatric intervention (38.7% vs 22.6%; P = .02; OR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.10–4.24).

Conclusion

Delirium episodes and cognitive decline during hospitalization were found to be common in older adults with hip fracture, as expected, but an IGCT intervention reduced the incidence of these adverse outcomes. In participants who developed delirium, a geriatric consultation had no effect on severity or duration of the delirium episode.