bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Strategy of Resistancy and the 'Cultural Hegemony of Transparent Discourse in English-language Translation'
Authors: Al-Omary Rafeeq Hameed
Published: February 2013

The paper hinges basically on Venutis notion of resistancy, a strategy which "seeks to free the reader of translation, as well as the translator, from the cultural constraints that  threaten to overpower and domesticate the foreign text, annihilating its foreignness" (Venuti 305). The orientation of modernist translation towards favouring the domestic over the foreign, the dynamic over the semantic, and the reader-oriented over the author-oriented are highly questioned and argued against in this paper. The stand taken by this paper, however, is not to be mistaken as one that favours literalist translation. The paper seeks to argue in favour of the strategy of resistancy as a new anti-modernist-translation notion in the field of translation theory and practice. This strategy opposes the cultural hegemony of narcissist strategies that promote the obliteration of the uniqueness of the foreign text when translated into the hegemonial Anglo-American English. The paper also attempts to revisit the existing and dominant notions related to the ethics of responsibility and normality in translation as one way to correct the mainstream translational practices and theorising. The paper concludes its statements with further reflections on Venuti's terminological choices, and with some practical mediating suggestions for the promotion of Venuti's notion of resistancy and the advocacy of mutual-respect ethics between cultures. Stamford Journal of English; Volume 6; Page 219-229 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v6i0.13915
The effectiveness of the ELT component at the B.Ed. programme in Bangladesh: A critical perspective
Authors: Sultana Nasreen
Published: February 2013

The study determines the level of effectiveness of the English course at the B.Ed. programme in Bangladesh in developing professionalism of the prospective English language teachers. Recently, English language teaching has gained momentum because of its local as well as global instrumental use. But, Bangladesh is still facing an acute shortage of skilled English language teachers. Hence, the study investigates the existing structure and the scope of English Language Teaching (ELT) in the teacher training programme of Bangladesh. For this purpose, data has been collected both from trained English language teachers and pre-service trainees to find out the level of success of the ELT course at the B.Ed. programme in Bangladesh. Hence, the study investigates the scope of English language teaching and teacher training with reference to the training institutions in Dhaka, Mymensingh and Comilla. Stamford Journal of English; Volume 6; Page 261-284 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v6i0.13918
A synchronic comparison between the vowel phonemes of Bengali & English phonology and its classroom applicability
Authors: Tamzida Aleeya , Siddiqui Sharmin
Published: February 2013

Due to linguistic diversity, phonologies of the world are notably different from one another, leading the foreign language learners encounter varied phonetic and phonological problems. Bengali speaking EFL learners face problems especially in pronunciation owing to their lack of sound knowledge regarding the distinct positions of phonemes and other aspects of Bengali and English phonology. In this context, our attempt, particularly in this article, is to compare the positions of Bengali and English vowel phonemes and identify the distinctions existing between those in order to help the Bengali speaking EFL learners to improve their pronunciation. Mainly, English vowels (RP) Diagram, Bengali vowels diagram, Cardinal vowels diagram etc have been examined to identify the distinctions mentioned. This paper shows the applicability of our findings by presenting some survey results and suggests some measures to be followed by learners to improve their pronunciation. Stamford Journal of English; Volume 6; Page 285-314 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v6i0.13919
Aeschylus Clytemnestra as a Seductress
Authors: Yasmin Tashina
Published: February 2013

Stamford Journal of English; Volume 6; Page 332-341 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v6i0.13921
On Feminism Shedding Its Skin
Authors: Amin Nuzhat
Published: February 2013

Stamford Journal of English; Volume 6; Page 41-53 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sje.v6i0.13937
Determinants of Place Identity and Dependence: The Case of International Tourists in Tanzania
Authors: Mlozi Shogo , Pesämaa Ossi , Haahti Antti , Salunke Sandeep
Published: February 2013

This research examines the effects of expectation (perceived attractiveness) on satisfaction, place identity, and place dependence. Place identity and place dependence are viewed as relational components of choice and relate to deeper needs. This study proposes that these two relational
components depend on transactional expectations, which are emergent and determined by past experiences and visitor goals. In a theoretically elaborated and tested Structural Equation Model (SEM) this study assumes that these relationships vary according to intentions to return. The study addresses
the conditions under which loyalty intentions influence the deeper place attachments (place identity and place dependence) that visitors associate with attractive cultural and natural destinations. The model is tested on a sample of 504 international tourists visiting tanzania during fall
2010, and explains 59% of variance in the predicted dependent variables. The results are linked to a discussion on loyalty programs.
Featuring Iconic Individuals on NTO Websites: A Catalyst for Cultural Tourism?
Authors: Kane Maurice J.
Published: February 2013

This article explores the promotion potential of culturally iconic individuals through the examination of four countries' national tourism organization (NTO) websites. The four individuals—Australian Don Bradman, New Zealander Edmund Hillary, Canadian Terry Fox, and South African
Nelson Mandela—are arguably the preeminent cultural representative figures in their countries. The stories of their physical practice and personal traits have been legitimized through social distinction to symbolize the character, ideals, and everyday way of life their country's cultures
aspire to. The analysis of each NTO website reveals the frequency and prominence of references to culture generally, formal cultural descriptions, and the stories of these and other culturally representative individuals. The discussion focuses on potential reasons for the variance in formal
descriptions and individual stories of culture across the websites. It is suggested one NTO website has a promotional strategy in which the culturally iconic individual transcends issues of site specificity and sustainability. This strategy, expanding from the recognized iconic individual
to multiple stories of individual cultural representation, also provides a complex, nonhegemonic framing of a country's cultural way of life. The central contention of this article is that culturally iconic individuals can provide a promotional portal and catalyst for NTOs. Their symbolic
stories uniquely differentiate, yet authentically frame, the integrated tourism experience of people, culture, and country.
Message from Paradise: Critical Reflections on the Tourism Academy in Jerusalem
Authors: Isaac Rami K. , Platenkamp Vincent , Çakmak Erdinç
Published: February 2013

In this critical review article an adopted framework from critical theorists will be introduced in order to question the alleged neutral objectivity in social scientific discussion. This old discussion—on value free science—becomes increasingly evident through the illustration
of the relevant example of how academics concealed their positions of neutrality just before the 86th annual tourism conference of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), October 2010 in Jerusalem. This critical review article continues by analyzing the relatively
high amount of email reactions to a Palestinian tourism scholar who called for support from the tourism academic community for the rejection of Jerusalem as the place where the conference will be held. On the basis of this material, three categories of reactions will be introduced and organized
as a normative, critical discussion. In this discourse, an emancipatory perspective on this topic will be presented. This emancipatory knowledge will give voice to the marginalized and less heard voices in this region. With these voices a counterdiscourse can be organized in this region in
which Arendt's “agora” will be introduced as a place of plural discussions. The intention of this revitalized critical discussion is to create a climate of broader enlightenment that ultimately goes beyond the perspectives of individual parties. (Editor's introduction)
Circulating Monocytes Are Reduced by Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Modulators Independently of S1P3
Authors: Lewis Nuruddeen D. , Haxhinasto Sokol A. , Anderson Shawn M. , Stefanopoulos Dimitria E. , Fogal Steven E. , Adusumalli Prathima , Desai Sudha N. , Patnaude Lori A. , Lukas Susan M. , Ryan Kelli R. , Slavin Anthony J. , Brown Maryanne L. , Modis Louise K.
Published: February 2013

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors are critical for lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs, and S1P receptor modulators suppress lymphocyte circulation. However, the role of S1P receptors on monocytes is less clear. To elucidate this, we systematically evaluated monocytes in rats and mice, both in naive and inflammatory conditions, with S1P receptor modulators FTY720 and BAF312. We demonstrate that S1P receptor modulators reduce circulating monocytes in a similar time course as lymphocytes. Furthermore, total monocyte numbers were increased in the spleen and bone marrow, suggesting that S1P receptor modulation restricts egress from hematopoietic organs. Monocytes treated ex vivo with FTY720 had reduced CD40 expression and TNF-α production, suggesting a direct effect on monocyte activation. Similar reductions in protein expression and cytokine production were also found in vivo. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice and rats by FTY720 correlated with reduced numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes. These effects on monocytes were independent of S1P3, as treatment with BAF312, a S1P1,4,5 modulator, led to similar results. These data reveal a novel role for S1P receptors on monocytes and offer additional insights on the mechanism of action of S1P receptor modulators in disease.
Writing Forces Associated With Four Pencil Grasp Patterns in Grade 4 Children
Authors: Schwellnus Heidi , Carnahan Heather , Kushki Azadeh , Polatajko Helene , Missiuna Cheryl , Chau Tom
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE. We investigated differences in handwriting kinetics, speed, and legibility among four pencil grasps after a 10-min copy task.

METHOD. Seventy-four Grade 4 students completed a handwriting assessment before and after a copy task. Grip and axial forces were measured with an instrumented stylus and force-sensitive tablet. We used multiple linear regression to analyze the relationship between grasp pattern and grip and axial forces.

RESULTS. We found no kinetic differences among grasps, whether considered individually or grouped by the number of fingers on the barrel. However, when grasps were grouped according to the thumb position, the adducted grasps exhibited higher mean grip and axial forces.

CONCLUSION. Grip forces were generally similar across the different grasps. Kinetic differences resulting from thumb position seemed to have no bearing on speed and legibility. Interventions for handwriting difficulties should focus more on speed and letter formation than on grasp pattern.
Fully Validated Simultaneous Determination of Bisoprolol Fumarate and Hydrochlorothiazide in Their Dosage Forms Using Different Voltammetric, Chromatographic, and Spectrophotometric Analytical Methods
Authors: Bozal Burcin , Gumustas Mehmet , -Topal Burcu Dogan , Uslu Bengi , Ozkan Sibel A
Published: February 2013

Voltammetric, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of bisoprolol fumarate (BIS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ). Differential pulse and square wave voltammetry techniques were used to analyze BIS and HCZ simultaneously by measuring at about 1400 and 1100 mV, respectively. RP-HPLC was the second method for simultaneous analysis of the compounds. The mixture of BIS, HCZ, and moxifloxacin as an internal standard was separated on an RP Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, id, 5 μm particle size) using acetonitrile–15 mM phosphate (25 + 75, v/v) mobile phase at a 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The third method was based on first derivative of the ratio-spectra method obtained from the measurements of the amplitudes at 246 and 257 nm for BIS and HCZ, respectively. All the proposed methods were effectively applied for the simultaneous determination of BIS and HCZ in tablet dosage forms without any time-consuming extraction, sample preparation, or derivatization procedures.
DNA-based Authentication Method for Detection of Yak (Bos grunniens) in Meat Products
Authors: Wang Ping , Hu Yue , Yang Hairong , Han Jiangxun , Zhao Yongsheng , Chen Ying
Published: February 2013

A TaqMan probe real-time PCR method was developed for rapid detection of yak component in raw and cooked meat products. Specific primers and TaqMan probes of yak (Bos grunniens) were designed in the cytochrome b gene. The specificity of the method was evaluated using pure meat of eight yak breeds (Jiulong, Qinghai plateau, Maiwa, Gannan, Bazhou, Sibu, Zhongdian, and Jiali) samples and nine non-Bos grunniens animals (sheep, goat, pig, chicken, cattle, water buffalo, donkey, horse, and rabbit). DNA showed no cross-reaction with non-Bos grunniens animal DNA. This method proved to be sensitive in detecting the presence of low levels of target DNA obtained from 0.001% (w/w) component in a mixed meat sample. The method also successfully identified commercial yak meat products. The results showed that some yak meat might be involved in business fraud by using cattle meat (in this paper, cattle meat means meat of Bos taurus) instead of yak meat. In conclusion, real-time PCR assay used in this study was shown to be a rapid and sensitive method for detection of yak DNA in fresh meat and cooked meat products.
Development and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography-UV Detection Method for the Determination of Sulfonamides in Fish Muscle and Shrimp According to European Union Decision 2002/657/EC
Authors: Granja Rodrigo H M M , de Lima Andreia C , Salerno Alessandro G , Wanschel Amarylis C B A
Published: February 2013

Sulfonamides are one class of antimicrobial agents used in aquaculture production. Sulfonamides are often overused because they are inexpensive and readily available. Their presence at a concentration above the legal limits is a potential hazard to human health. Brazilian authorities have included in the National Regulatory Monitoring Program the control of the three most widely used sulfonamides in aquaculture production, i.e., sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine. An LC method with UV detection for the determination of residual sulfonamides in fish muscle, using sulfapyridine as an internal standard has been developed and validated. The validation was performed according to the Brazilian Regulation 24/2009 (equivalent to European Union Decision 2002/657/EC). The method meets the Brazilian regulatory requirement that establishes criteria and procedures for determination of parameters such as decision limit (CCα), detection capability (CCβ), precision, and recovery. For fish muscle, CCα was determined at 3.63, 2.91, and 7.46 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. CCβ was 9.39, 14.54, and 9.39 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. For shrimp, CCα was 11.5, 8.67, and 4.46 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. CCβ was 18, 11.93, and 5.24 μg/kg for sulfathiazole, sulfamethazine, and sulfadimethoxine, respectively. A complete statistical analysis was performed on the results obtained. The results indicate that the method is robust when subjected to day-to-day analytical variations.
Determination of 30 Synthetic Food Additives in Soft Drinks by HPLC/Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gao Hui , Yang Minli , Wang Minglin , Zhao Yansheng , Cao Ya , Chu Xiaogang
Published: February 2013

A method combining SPE with HPLC/electrospray ionization-MS/MS was developed for simultaneous determination of 30 synthetic food additives, including synthetic colorants, preservatives, and sweeteners in soft drinks. All targets were efficiently separated using the optimized chromatographic and MS conditions and parameters in a single run within 18 min. The LOD of the analytes ranged from 0.01 to 20 μg/kg, and the method was validated with recoveries in the 80.8 to 106.4% range. This multisynthetic additive method was found to be accurate and reliable and will be useful to ensure the safety of food products, such as the labeling and proper use of synthetic food additives in soft drinks.
Modifications of AOAC Official Method 999.15 to Improve the Quantitation of Vitamin K1 in Complex Formulated Nutritional Products
Authors: Delmonte Pierluigi , Barrientos Steven , Rader Jeanne I
Published: February 2013

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) occurs in foods in relatively low concentrations. It is synthesized for addition to formulated nutritional products (infant formulas, medical foods, and adult nutritional products). In recent years, nutritional products formulated with free amino acids and partially hydrolyzed proteins have been introduced in the market. Schimpf et al. demonstrated that the current AOAC Official Method 999.15 for determination of vitamin K in milk and infant formula is not adequate to quantitatively extract vitamin K1 from such products. We developed a modification of AOAC 999.15 for the analysis of vitamin K1 in these products that provides quantitative extraction by increasing the sample size, volume of extraction solvents, time of liquid/liquid partitioning, and order of the addition of solvents. This modified procedure showed extraction efficiency comparable to that of the original AOAC 999.15 procedure for analyzing infant formula matrixes and to the modified procedure of Schimpf et al. for the analysis of samples containing limited amounts of free amino acids and/or partially hydrolyzed proteins. Extraction efficiency increased more than 10% using the modified extraction procedure for samples containing higher amounts of these components. The chromatographic separation was improved by using a Dionex Acclaim triacontanol-bonded C30 column (250 × 3.0 mm id, 3 μm particle size) maintained at 15°C, with acetonitrile–methanol (50 + 50, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, which provided baseline separation of the cis and trans isomers of vitamin K1 from each other and from other compounds contained in the sample extracts.
EL4 Cell-Based Colorimetric Toxin Neutralization Activity Assays for Determination of Neutralizing Anti-Ricin Antibodies
Authors: Lindsey Changhong Y , Brown J Edward , Torabazar Nahid R , Smith Leonard A
Published: February 2013

A recombinant ricin toxin A-chain 1-33/44-198 vaccine (RVEc™), developed at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases as a vaccine candidate, is under investigation in a phase 1 clinical study. To effectively evaluate the immunogenicity of this ricin vaccine and to eliminate the use of radioactive material, an EL4 cell-based colorimetric toxin neutralization activity (TNA) assay using a CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay Reagent has been developed, optimized, and applied in the vaccine efficacy studies. The TNA assay measures the protective neutralizing anti-ricin antibodies in animal sera by determining the cell viability after ricin exposure in the assay system and comparing it to a purified mouse polyclonal anti-ricin IgG standard curve. The standard curve of the anti-ricin TNA assay closely fits a four-parameter logistic regression model. The unknown test sample concentration was expressed as μg/mL, but not the 50% effective concentration (EC50), which was determined by most TNA assays. The neutralizing endpoint titers, not the 50% effective dilution (ED50), of human specimens were measured with the TNA assay in support of the clinical study of the RVEc vaccine. The optimal amount of ricin toxin, EL4 cells, and concentration of standards used in the assay system was established to minimize false-negative and false-positive results of serum specimens from the nonclinical and clinical studies of RVEc. The testing conditions were adjusted to optimize assay performance. The colorimetric TNA assay replaced a radioactive TNA assay previously used in the ricin vaccine studies.
Immunosensor Based on Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Using Ru(bpy)32+‐Doped Silica Nanoparticles and Calix[4]crown‐5 Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Kim Yang‐Rae , Seo Hyo‐Ju , Oh Jeong‐Wook , Lim Hyunchang , Kim Tae Hyun , Kim Hasuck
Published: February 2013

An electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL)‐based immunosensor for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been fabricated using Ru(bpy)32+‐doped silica nanoparticles and calix[4]crown‐5 self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). Ru(bpy)32+‐doped silica nanoparticles are prepared by the water‐in‐oil (W/O) microemulsion method. ProLinker B, a commercially available thiolated calix[4]crown‐5 derivative, is utilized for the immobilization of anti‐immunoglobulin G (Anti‐IgG) on a gold electrode. The concentration of IgG is measured using a sandwich‐type ECL immunosensor based on the proposed immunosensor. The ECL intensity is linearly proportional to the IgG concentration over the concentration range 5–30 µg mL−1. The detection limit of IgG is 1.5 µg mL−1.
Enhancement of laser desorption ionization mass spectrometric signals of cesium iodide by elemental sulfur
Authors: Kruegel Andrew , Pavlov Julius , Attygalle Athula B.
Published: February 2013

RATIONALE

The utility of elemental sulfur as a matrix for inorganic salts such as CsI, AgI, and KI was investigated because the conventional matrices deployed to generate gaseous ions from organic compounds, upon irradiation with a laser beam, are not suitable for inorganic salts.

METHODS

Sulfur and inorganic salts were admixed and irradiated with a 337‐nm UV laser. Laser desorption ionization (LDI) mass spectra were recorded in both positive and negative ion mode on a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

The positive ion laser desorption ionization mass spectrum of CsI showed peaks at m/z 133, 393, etc. for [(CsI)nCs]+ ions. Similarly, negative ion spectra showed peaks at m/z 387, 647, etc. for [(CsI)nI]– ions. However, for n >2 ion clusters, the intensities of peaks were negligibly small in both ionization modes. In contrast, spectra recorded from CsI admixed with elemental sulfur showed peaks up to n = 13 for (CsI)nCs+, and n = 9 for (CsI)nI–. A similar enhancement of ion abundances by sulfur was observed for the cluster ions generated from KI and AgI.

CONCLUSIONS

The dramatic increase in intensities of the higher‐mass CsI cluster peaks suggests that sulfur acts as a laser‐absorbing matrix for inorganic salts far superior to conventional matrices such as 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid and α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Study and Finite Element Analysis for the Installation of a Pipeline Into an Existing Pipeline
Authors: Bai Yong , Binbin Yu , Peng Cheng , Ning Wang
Published: February 2013

Some metallic pipelines suffer from corrosion issues due to internal and external environmental conditions. The pipe-in-pipe technology has been developed by inserting a new pipe (e.g., plastic pipe or flexible pipe) into an existing pipeline. The pipe-in-pipe approach may be applicable to the reconstruction of an existing pipeline, where the existing pipe is used as protective casing and the inserted new pipe is used to contain corrosive petrochemicals. The new pipe is installed in the long existing pipeline with several bends. The magnitude of the pull-in load and the response of the inserted pipe are the major concerns during installation. This paper presents the installation process of inserting a plastic pipe into an existing steel pipe, based on model tests, finite element analysis (FEA), and analytical investigations. First, a series of model tests are presented. In order to optimize the process of installation, sensitivity analyses based on model tests were conducted to study the influence of some key parameters, including the radius of curvature of the pipeline and diameter of the pipe. Then ABAQUS finite element models were applied to analyze the major factors. In addition, analytical studies on calculating the pull-in load are presented to make a comparison with the FEA and model test results. Since little previous work has been done about simulating the installation process of this kind of rehabilitation, the proposed finite element analysis results and the analytical studies of the installation can serve as a feasibility study for the design and evaluation of offshore pipeline rehabilitation project.
Wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) use water surface waves in their reproductive behaviour
Authors: Höbel Gerlinde , Kolodziej Robb C.
Published: February 2013

The ability to sense water surface waves has been described in only a few species, but across a wide taxonomic range. Water surface waves are typically used to localize prey or to avoid predators, and in some cases also for sexual communication. Here we add to the sparse knowledge of the use of this sensory modality by reporting observational and experimental evidence that wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) respond to water surface waves generated by conspecifics; that there are pronounced differences in response between males and females; and that they use surface waves in a behavioural context not previously reported for anuran reproductive behaviour: sexual eavesdropping. Because the water waves that elicit the described responses are incidental by-products of calling and locomotion behaviour, we consider this an example of sexual eavesdropping rather than sexual communication. Males quickly and accurately approach a surface wave source, thus aiding in mate acquisition which in this species is mainly achieved by scramble competition. By contrast, females move away from a surface wave source. This may help them avoid sexual harassment by mate-searching males. Because it assures that only the fastest, strongest, and potentially fittest males can amplex them, it may also be a strategy for indirect mate choice by females.
Lodo de esgoto como fonte de nitrogênio: concentração no perfil do solo e em plantas de milho
Authors: Macedo Fernando Giovannetti de , Melo Wanderley José de , Merlino Luciana Cristina Souza , Torres Luma Stefânia , Guedes Ana Carolina Trisltz Perassolo , Melo Gabriel Mauricio Peruca de , Camacho Marcos Antônio
Published: February 2013

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a concentração de nitrogênio em plantas de milho e ao longo do perfil de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico submetido a doses de lodo de esgoto e fertilizante mineral. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos (0,0; 55,0; 110,0 e 167,5 Mg.ha-1 de lodo de esgoto em doses acumuladas) e 5 repetições para um período de avaliação de 1 ano. A amostragem de solo foi realizada aos 60 dias após a emergência (d.a.e.) das plantas nas profundidades 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,4, 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m. Também aos 60, 80 e 128 d.a.e. foram coletadas, respectivamente, folha diagnose, planta inteira e grão. As maiores doses de lodo de esgoto proporcionaram maiores quantidades de nitrogênio no solo. O nitrogênio do solo, após a profundidade de 0,6 m, não diferiu entre as camadas avaliadas. Quanto maior a dose de lodo de esgoto, menor a proporção de nitrogênio em profundidade.
Tratamento de esgoto e produção de água de reúso com o emprego de filtros de areia
Authors: Tonetti Adriano Luiz , Coraucci Filho Bruno , Nicolau Cintia Elena , Barbosa Martina , Tonon Daniele
Published: February 2013

Nesta pesquisa estudou-se um sistema composto pela combinação de filtro anaeróbio com filtro de areia para o tratamento de esgoto. Para isso, foram avaliados três filtros anaeróbios operados com tempo de detenção hidráulica de nove horas, que tinham o efluente disposto sobre quatro filtros de areia em distintas taxas de aplicações. No primeiro filtro de areia aplicaram-se 50 L.m-2 uma vez por dia. No segundo, terceiro e quarto filtros, essa mesma carga foi disposta em dois, três e quatro horários, espaçadas entre às 9:00 e às 16:00 horas. O sistema apresentou um efluente final com qualidade que atendia os padrões para reúso e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio abaixo do limite para o lançamento em corpos hídricos (Decreto de Paulista nº 8.468/1976), indicando a viabilidade de disposição de taxas superiores às sugeridas pela NBR 13969/1997, a qual orienta os aspectos construtivos para esta forma de tratamento.
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Research Management in Anesthesia: The Integrated Clinical Research Team Model
Authors: Gasior Izabela , Solari Jessica , Young Vanessa , Bode Justine , Herdes Rachel E. , Chung Michelle
Published: February 2013

The Anesthesia Clinical Research Unit (ACRU) at Boston Children’s Hospital developed the integrated clinical research team model in 2009 as a framework to support the high ethical standards and team-based approach in pediatric anesthesia research which was already established within the department. The foundation of the model is built on interdisciplinary collaboration, communication, and integrity in the field of clinical research. Above all, the work of the ACRU is focused on the patients, families and community as a whole. In order to uphold these standards, each member of the ACRU has a clearly-defined role while still promoting the core fundamentals of teamwork and continuity of care. This department-wide, team-based approach to clinical research has proven to be effective in its resourcefulness and productivity in running numerous large projects concurrently within the department.
The Ambiguity of a Transgression and the Type of Apology Influence Immediate Reactions
Authors: Newman Leonard S. , Kraynak Lindsay R.
Published: February 2013

Apologies with explicit acknowledgements of wrongdoing are especially likely to be well received. An implication of Trope's (1986) dual process model of social information processing is that this may not be so when interpersonal transgressions are ambiguous. In such cases, full apologies
primarily serve to identify behaviors as affronts. In Study 1, participants read vignettes involving clear or ambiguous transgressions for which 1 of 3 alternative forms of apology were received by the wronged person: no apology, a full apology, or an expression of sympathy offered as partial
apology. For clear transgressions, participants expected full apologies to soothe the wronged person more than either partial apologies or no apologies, but when transgressions were ambiguous, full apologies were considered to be less likely to ameliorate the wronged person's bad feelings
than were partial apologies. In Study 2 we replicated the effect for ambiguous transgressions even when participants had the vignette presented to them as if they were in the role of the wronged person, and the results of Study 3 indicate that these findings are not an artifact of differences
in conclusions about whether a transgression had actually taken place. Reactions to apologies are an interactive effect of the nature of the apology and the nature of the transgression.
Reduced Heart Rate Variability Is Associated With Increased Arterial Stiffness in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jaiswal Mamta , Urbina Elaine M. , Wadwa R. Paul , Talton Jennifer W. , D’Agostino Ralph B. , Hamman Richard F. , Fingerlin Tasha E. , Daniels Stephen R. , Marcovina Santica M. , Dolan Lawrence M. , Dabelea Dana
Published: February 2013

OBJECTIVE

Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and increased arterial stiffness (AS) are both present in youth with type 1 diabetes. However, it is unclear whether they are associated and whether their association is independent of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The SEARCH Cardiovascular Disease (SEARCH CVD) study explored the cross-sectional relationships between HRV and several measures of AS in youth with (n = 344) and without (n = 171) type 1 diabetes. The SphygmoCor device (AtCor Medical, Sydney, Australia) was used to measure HRV using SD of normal R-R interval (SDNN), as well as AS, using pulse wave velocity in the carotid to femoral segment (PWV-trunk) and augmentation index adjusted to a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx75). Brachial distensibility (BrachD), another index of AS, was measured with a DynaPulse instrument (Pulse Metric, San Diego, CA). Multiple linear regression analyses explored the associations between HRV and each of the three AS measures, after adjusting for demographic characteristics and traditional CVD risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, obesity, microalbuminuria, and smoking) separately, for youth with and without type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS

Among youth with type 1 diabetes, lower SDNN was associated with peripheral AS (lower BrachD, P = 0.01; r2 = 0.30) and central AS (higher PVW-trunk, P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.37; and higher AIx75, P = 0.007; r2 = 0.08). These associations were attenuated with adjustment for CVD risk factors, but remained statistically significant for BrachD and PWV-trunk. While a similar association between HRV and BrachD was present in control youth, lower HRV was not associated with increased central AS or with AIx75.

CONCLUSIONS

Longitudinal studies are needed to understand the pathways responsible for these associations.
Mineral element content in prized matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) collected in China
Authors: Li Tao , Zhang Ji , Shen Tao , Shi Yun-Dong , Yang Shao-Bing , Zhang Ting , Li Jie-Qing , Wang Yuan-Zhong , Liu Hong-Gao
Published: February 2013

The contents of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn in fruiting bodies of the highly-prized matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) from twelve widely separated sites in Southwest China were determined using AAS. The results for dried mushrooms showed that the mean contents (mg kg−1) of the determined elements decreased in the following order: K (440–2000), Na (150–740), Ca (90–850), Mg (90–680), Zn (20–180), Fe (13–78), Cu (0.34–45), Mn (0.09–7.6).
Sequestration of supercritical CO2 by mercury oxide
Authors: Xhaxhiu Kledi , Saraçi Erisa , Bente Klaus
Published: February 2013

HgCO3·2HgO (mercury oxide carbonate), along with partly unreacted reactants, was obtained by exploring the behaviour of the Hg2Cl2/HgO binary system in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) at 200°C, 22000 kPa in the presence and absence of water, using a self-made laboratory-scale system. The reaction of pure HgO with scCO2 aimed at the synthesis of HgCO3 (mercury carbonate), also yielded the same product. Meanwhile, with a small amount of water present in the Hg2Cl2/HgO-scCO2 system, at 200°C, 22000 kPa, the mineral terlinguaite (Hg4O2Cl2) was obtained instead of mercury oxide carbonate. Repeating this reaction under the same conditions, but in the absence of CO2, again resulted in the synthesis of terlinguaite, leading to the assumption that the scCO2 had no influence on the synthesis of terlinguaite. This study reveals a new moisture-free laboratory method and conditions for the permanent fixation of CO2 by HgO. This method bears two benefits: 1) it can be introduced to reduce the Hg content in flue gas and fly ash emitted from coal-burning power plants and municipal waste incinerators; 2) it can contribute to CO2 mineralisation in montroydite (HgO) geological formations as mercury oxide carbonate.
Mesoporous nanocrystalline MgAl2O4: A new heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 2,4,6-triarylpyridines under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Safari Javad , Zarnegar Zohre , Borujeni Mahmoud
Published: February 2013

In this paper, one-pot synthesis of 2,4,6-triarylpyridine by condensation of subsisted acetophenone (II), aromatic aldehydes (I), and ammonium acetate (III) in the presence of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 as a new heterogeneous catalyst under solvent-free conditions is reported. Advantages of this method are the use of spatially-hindered aldehydes such as 2-methoxy-, 2-fluoro-, and 2-chlorobenzaldehydes, a new nanocatalyst with high surface area, shorter reaction time, easier workup, higher yield, and its environmental friendliness. The performance of this reaction under solvent free conditions using heterogeneous catalysts like MgAl2O4 could enhance its efficiency from an economic as well as green chemistry point of view.
Synthesis in water-free DMF, characterization, electrical, and gas sensing properties of bis[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol]copper(II) dibromide
Authors: Taşcıoğlu Sülin , Yalçın Bahattin , Dumludağ Fatih , Kakı Esra
Published: February 2013

2-(2-Aminoethylamino)ethanol (L) reacts with cupric bromide in dimethylformamide to give a mononuclear complex of Cu(II) [L2Cu]Br2, with six-coordinate distorted octahedral geometry, in which two molecules of tridentate (N,N,O) ligand are involved. The structure was confirmed by spectroscopic methods, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, and magnetic measurements. Optimization of possible configurations indicated the formation of the trans structure of the complex. Experimental results indicate that the investigated complex, bis[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol] copper(II) bromide, behaves as a semiconductor in the studied temperature range of 298–388 K. Gas sensing properties of the film for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs): acetone, tetra-chloromethane, chloroform, ethanol, and methanol, were also investigated as a function of vapor concentration and temperature in dark. The film showed maximum sensitivity to tetrachloromethane and ethanol vapors at room temperature. Responses of the film to the tested gases are reversible.
Atomic‐Scale Probing the Priority of Oxidation Sites of an Organic Molecule Adsorbed at the CuO/Cu(1 1 0) Interface
Authors: Sheng Kai , Kong Huihui , Li Zhiwen , Zhang Chi , Sun Qiang , Tan Qinggang , Pan Yunxiang , Hu Aiguo , Xu Wei
Published: February 2013

Catalytic reactions occurring on oxide‐supported Cu and Cu‐supported oxide catalysts are of fundamental interest in both industrial and scientific fields. Though the interface between Cu and oxide species has been regarded as the reaction site, the exact role of the interface in the catalytic reactions is not fully understood yet. In this work, by using a model system including CuO chains supported on Cu(1 1 0) and an organic molecule with alkynyl and aldehyde groups, we attempted to obtain a fundamental understanding of the role of the interface in the catalytic reactions. A combination of high‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations provided direct evidence at the atomic scale that the interface between the CuO chains and the Cu(1 1 0) surface is the most favorable site for the adsorption and activation of organic molecules, and the oxygen of CuO has an activity to oxidize both the alkynyl and aldehyde groups of the molecules adsorbed at the interface.
A Solid‐State Electrochemiluminescence Ethanol Biosensor Based on Electrogenerated Poly(pyrrole‐tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)) Film/Alcohol Dehydrogenase/Laponite Composite
Authors: Gao Bu‐Hong , Ding Shou‐Nian , Wang Yi‐Hong , Dai Yunqian , Xia Jiangyan , Sun Yue‐Ming , Cosnier Serge
Published: February 2013

Based on the solid‐state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of an electrogenerated polypyrrole tagged with tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex ( denoted as polypyr‐Ru), a new ethanol biosensor was fabricated by casting the composite of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and laponite colloids onto the polypyr‐Ru /Pt electrode. The two layer structure keeps the good robustness of the biosensor due to the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged biocomposite coating and the positively charged polypyr‐Ru. The morphology of the laponite‐ADH composite coating is characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical and ECL properties of the modified electrodes are investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The parameters concerning the ECL biosensor such as the amount of enzyme usage, the appropriate pH are optimized. The resulted ECL biosensor shows a good performance to detect ethanol.
Polyaniline‐Based Sensor Material for Potentiometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Milakin K. A. , Korovin A. N. , Moroz E. V. , Levon K. , Guiseppi‐Elie A. , Sergeyev V. G.
Published: February 2013

Polyaniline (PANI)‐based sensor material for determination of ascorbic acid was synthesized by oxidative chemical polymerization of aniline on a screen‐printed carbon‐paste electrode. The influence of PANI chemical structure formed under various polymerization conditions on the sensor response was investigated. The presence of aniline dimer derivatives in PANI structure was found to induce significant improvement of the limit of detection and the linear dynamic range without a change in sensitivity. The sensor prepared by aniline polymerization in pH 7 buffer leading to the product containing mainly the aniline dimer‐based units showed the best detection limit of 0.1 µM. It was shown that the PANI‐based sensor could be used for ascorbic acid analysis in the presence of citrate and lactate as interfering ions. A quantitative determination of ascorbic acid concentration in beverages and vitamins was performed.
Sampling stored‐product insect pests: a comparison of four statistical sampling models for probability of pest detection
Authors: Elmouttie David , Flinn Paul , Kiermeier Andreas , Subramanyam Bhadriraju , Hagstrum David , Hamilton Grant
Published: February 2013

Background

Developing sampling strategies to target biological pests such as insects in stored grain is inherently difficult owing to species biology and behavioural characteristics. The design of robust sampling programmes should be based on an underlying statistical distribution that is sufficiently flexible to capture variations in the spatial distribution of the target species.

Results

Comparisons are made of the accuracy of four probability‐of‐detection sampling models – the negative binomial model,1 the Poisson model,1 the double logarithmic model2 and the compound model3 – for detection of insects over a broad range of insect densities. Although the double log and negative binomial models performed well under specific conditions, it is shown that, of the four models examined, the compound model performed the best over a broad range of insect spatial distributions and densities. In particular, this model predicted well the number of samples required when insect density was high and clumped within experimental storages.

Conclusions

This paper reinforces the need for effective sampling programs designed to detect insects over a broad range of spatial distributions. The compound model is robust over a broad range of insect densities and leads to substantial improvement in detection probabilities within highly variable systems such as grain storage. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Generating ultrabroadband terahertz radiation based on the under-compression mode of velocity bunching
Authors: Wang D. , Yan L. X. , Du Y. C. , Hua J. F. , Du Q. , Qian H. J. , Lu X. H. , Huang W. H. , Chen H. B. , Tang C. X.
Published: February 2013

We propose and analyze a scheme to generate enhanced ultrabroadband terahertz (THz) radiation through coherent transition radiation emitted by ultrashort electron beams based on a 10.5 m beamline at Tsinghua University. The proposed scheme involves the initial compression of the electron beam with a few hundred pC charges using a velocity bunching scheme (i.e., RF compression) in an under-compression mode instead of the usual critical-compression mode in order to maintain a positive energy chirp at the exit of the traveling wave accelerator. After a long drift segment, the particles in the tail catch up with the bunch head. More than 80% of the particles are distributed in a spike with an rms length less than 20 fs. Such beams correspond to an ultrabroadband coherent transition radiation (CTR) spectrum of 0.1 THz to 25 THz, with the single-pulse THz radiation energy of up to 50 μJ. The principle of CTR and under-compression mode of velocity bunching are introduced in this paper. And the ASTRA simulation parameters and the stability of the system are also discussed.
Multifunctional tunable ultra-broadband visible and near-infrared luminescence from bismuth-doped germanate glasses
Authors: Xu Beibei , Zhou Shifeng , Tan Dezhi , Hong Zhanglian , Hao Jianhua , Qiu Jianrong
Published: February 2013

Here, we present three facile approaches to achieve wavelength tunable luminescence in the same host material with single dopant, i.e., by modulating doping level, preparation temperature, and atmosphere. Based on these methods, ultra-broadband tunable near-infrared luminescence with the largest full width at half maximum of about 500 nm covering the whole windows of optical communication has been obtained in bismuth-doped germanate glasses. Wavelength tunable luminescence is also observed with the change of excitation wavelength. Systematical strategy was followed to approach the physical origin of the near-infrared luminescence and we proposed that three different bismuth active centers contribute to the near-infrared luminescence in the germanate glasses. A comprehensive explanation for the tunable luminescence is given, combining the concentration, energy transfer, and chemical equilibrium of these active centers in the glasses. With the increase of melting temperatures and the increase of reducing extent of the preparation atmosphere, bismuth species transform from Bi3+ to Bi2+, Bi+, Bi0 and bismuth clusters, and then to bismuth colloid. Of particular interest is that red tunable luminescence was also observed by modulating doping level, preparation atmosphere, and excitation wavelength. Besides, the trapped-electron centers in germanate glasses can interact with bismuth species of high valence states leading to the formation of bismuth active centers of low valence states and the decrease of trapped-electron centers. This tunable ultra-broadband luminescence is helpful for a better understanding of the origin of the near-infrared luminescence in Bi-doped glasses and may have potential applications in varieties of optical devices.
Relaxation of rotational-vibrational energy and volume viscosity in H–H2 mixtures
Authors: Bruno Domenico , Esposito Fabrizio , Giovangigli Vincent
Published: February 2013

We investigate a kinetic model for H–H2 mixtures in a regime where translational/rotational and vibrational-resonant energy exchanges are fast whereas vibrational energy variations are slow. In a relaxation regime, the effective volume viscosity is found to involve contributions from the rotational volume viscosity, the vibrational volume viscosity, the relaxation pressure, and the perturbed source term. In the thermodynamic equilibrium limit, the sum of these four terms converges toward the one-temperature two-mode volume viscosity. The theoretical results are applied to the calculation of the volume viscosities of molecular hydrogen in the trace limit on the basis of a complete set of state-selected cross sections for the H + H2(v, j) system.