bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Montaigne on Curiosity
Authors: Zalloua Zahi
Published: December 2015

Curiosity for Montaigne is an elusive concept. As a Renaissance author, Montaigne inherits a long and multifaceted critical discourse on the question of curiosity. His reflections on this religiously and philosophically loaded term require careful assessment. This chapter first contextualizes Montaigne’s attitude toward curiosity by looking briefly at the mixed reception of curiosity in ancient and medieval discourses before turning to how early modern figures conceived of curiosity as, in large part, a danger to humanist, religious, and/or philosophical ideals of the period. It will then turn to Montaigne’s musings on curiosity, showing how his essaying, or essayistic doing, puts the author paradoxically at odds with his own dismissive remarks, or constative description, of curiosity. The essay form—a form that illustrates and enacts a curious will or “spirited mind”—will also be considered in the discussion of Montaigne’s transvaluation of curiosity.
Montaigne on Love
Authors: Guild Elizabeth
Published: December 2015

Montaigne is often celebrated as an analyst of embodied selves and their uncivilized and civilizing ways; this article focuses on the significance of emotion, specifically love, as much as embodiment, in the distinctive relationships in Montaigne’s writing between knowledge and understanding and between ethics and epistemology. He gives more weight to ancient sources, such as Plato and Aristotle, than to influential Renaissance discourses, such as Neoplatonism; but his understanding of the connections between loving, being loved, knowledge, self-knowledge, and living well seems to have been decisively shaped by his own experience of the love and loss of Étienne de la Boétie. His version of the ancient “paradoxical command” to know and love self puts the relationship between self and other at the heart of his inquiries, passions, and writing, and encompasses a paradoxically creative narcissism as the grounds for both curiosity about, and ethical recognition of, others.
Hanna Pitkin,The Concept of Representation
Authors: Dovi Suzanne
Published: December 2015

This chapter reviews Hanna Pitkin’s seminal book, The Concept of Representation, her most important and lasting contribution to political philosophy. Using Ludwig Wittgenstein’s ordinary-language theory, Pitkin explores the semantic landscape and the etymology of the concept of representation. In particular, she expounds on the meaning of representation by proposing four different views of representation: formalistic representation, descriptive representation, symbolic representation, and substantive representation. This chapter discusses Pitkin’s arguments, with particular emphasis on her assertion that representation is a paradox and that genuine representation respects the autonomy of the represented and the representative. It also considers the limitations of The Concept of Representation, such as its failure to adequately examine the relationship between democracy and representation.
Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars
Authors: Nardin Terry
Published: December 2015

Michael Walzer’s Just and Unjust Wars remains the standard account of just war theory despite the criticism it has received. Much of that criticism denies the political character of just war discourse by substituting general moral principles for principles generated in reflecting on the use of military force. It challenges Walzer’s view of the relationship between morality and politics and his conclusions about the moral standing of states, the moral equality of soldiers, the moral basis of humanitarian intervention, and the limits of morality in emergencies. Instead of providing a foundational argument, the book reconstructs a tradition of discourse that transcends particular contexts because of the range of historical experience on which it draws. The critics raise genuine issues but their objections do not undermine the book’s argument. That argument stands in a complex relationship with political realism, which it rejects in some ways and embraces in others.
Empire and Ethnicity
Authors: Geraci Robert
Published: December 2015

Drawing on a lively recent historiography stimulated by the fall of the Soviet Union, this chapter considers various ways in which Russia/USSR can be regarded as an empire and goes on to explore the relationships between Russians and the myriad other ethnic groups within the Empire’s borders. After showing how those borders expanded and contracted between 1552 and 1991, the chapter discusses the resultant territorial integration and demographic intermingling. The bulk of the chapter concentrates on four fundamental shifts that changed the way Russia’s rulers and elites viewed the Empire’s diversity and rationalized imperial rule between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Arguing that authorities viewed the Empire and its population through four successive ideological lenses—Christian, civilizational, nationalist and Marxist—the chapter concludes by suggesting that the post-Soviet Russian Federation remains an empire, or at least that its imperial legacy remains crucial to its identity.
Peter’s Legacy
Authors: Hartley Janet
Published: December 2015

Concentrating on central and local government and on fiscal reform, this chapter argues that although consecutive rulers’ attempts to modernize their state administration were inhibited by the political and social structures they inherited, their efforts were nevertheless sufficiently successful to permit Russia to become the most feared military power in Europe. Paradoxically, this very success militated against root-and-branch change to the system that had served the Tsars so well. Across the century between 1725 and 1825, therefore, Russia continued to adjust its institutional structures without undergoing any fundamental alteration to its political or social order.
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar’s Modern Moral Idealism
Authors: Guru Gopal
Published: December 2015

This chapter explains why aspects of the social philosophy of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891–1956) deserve sustained philosophical attention. Ambedkar lays bare the paradoxical relationship between the hegemony of Manu’s superman as an ideal and its logical opposite or repulsive real. Ambedkar asks the core question: if the Hindu ideal is ritually hierarchical rather than egalitarian, why is that it has so many supporters among the lower castes? The chapter’s final section discusses what constitutes Ambedkar’s conception of modern moral idealism, and what is the nature of constructivism that he seems to be invoking to envision a counter-ideal, the claim that moral and social ideals are to be constructed and are not pre-givens. Modern moral idealism is the framework within which it becomes possible for members of one group to develop a moral motivation to enter a struggle in favor of those not in that group.
Violent Coercion in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Zarling Amie Langer , Orengo-Aguayo Rosaura , Lawrence Erika
Published: December 2015

This chapter defines violent coercion in romantic relationships as comprising threatening or controlling behaviors such as economic abuse and social isolation, dominance and intimidation, belligerence and humiliation, threats of physical violence, physical violence itself, and sexual violence. This type of coercion occurs in a broad range of intimate relationships—dating, cohabiting, engaged and newlywed couples, separated and divorced couples, and second and third marriages. Even mild and infrequent forms of violent coercion have negative consequences for victims, relationships, and children raised in these homes. There are few empirically supported interventions for violent coercion in committed relationships, and those that do exist are limited in their efficacy. This chapter reviews the wide variation in definitions of coercion in committed relationships, assesses the methods used to measure coercion in committed relationships, reviews traditional treatments and evaluates their efficacy, and delineates recent treatment advances and outline directions for future research.
The NEO Inventories as Instruments of Psychological Theory
Authors: Costa Paul T. , McCrae Robert
Published: December 2015

This chapter reviews the contribution of the NEO Inventories and the Five Factor Model to progress in personality psychology since Loevinger’s 1957 essay. Personality structure is now viewed as a complex hierarchy of continuously distributed attributes; the content of this hierarchy consists of traits and their manifestations as needs, habits, and so on. The chapter also introduces the duality principle, according to which personality measures must be understood as both collections of characteristic adaptations and proxy measures of basic tendencies. Finally, the chapter considers the status of Five Factor Theory, a general theory of personality intended to account for research findings stimulated by the discovery and assessment of the Five Factor Model.
Factor Analytic Support for the Five Factor Model
Authors: Wright Aidan G. C.
Published: December 2015

The Five Factor Model (FFM) has risen to prominence over the past 50 years, and currently represents the most widely used structural model of personality attributes. By definition, the FFM is built upon a foundation of factor-analytic techniques. This chapter is divided into three parts. In the first, a methodological primer is provided for those who may be less familiar with factor analytic techniques. Second, the FFM and factor analysis are understood through a historical review, along with updated exemplars of contemporary techniques and applications to personality. Finally, several new directions in factor analytic research of the FFM are reviewed, including its application to psychiatric disorders.
Evaluating Violence Risk in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Borum Randy
Published: December 2015

Emergency workers and behavioral health professionals who work in crisis or emergency settings should understand the fundamentals of assessing and managing violence risk in children and adolescents, but violence potential must be considered in its developmental context. This chapter presents an approach for assessing violence risk among youth in the context of behavioral emergencies. It begins with a brief discussion of the developmental context for risk assessment and how to think about violent outcomes among children and adolescents. Then, it covers the information an evaluator would need to collect, how to collect it, and how to reach a sound decision about a youth’s risk level. It encourages evaluators in emergency or crisis settings to rely on evidence-based risk factors, while also applying individualized formulations to give texture to the assessments and to the subsequent forecasts about the nature and degree of risk for violence.
Organizations, Employment Discrimination, and Inequality
Authors: Stainback Kevin
Published: December 2015

This chapter explores theory and research that shows how employment discrimination and inequality are shaped by organizations and organizational context. More specifically, it considers how group-linked discrimination and other status-linked categorical distinctions give rise to group-level employment inequalities. It argues that categorical distinctions, such as race, gender, and citizenship, influence quality of life and life chances across institutional contexts including work, and that organizational context affects the extent to which such statuses become the basis, in part or whole, for sorting people into jobs or being exposed to opportunities and experiences. Three general forces that shape employment discrimination and group-linked inequality are discussed: inertia, the tendency for organizations—once policies, practices, and procedures are established—to produce stability and resist change over time; intraorganizational pressure, in particular the relative power of internal constituencies; and environmental pressures, both direct and diffuse, on organizations to implement organizational practices and procedures.
Social Organization of Science
Authors: Carrier Martin
Published: December 2015

The social organization of science as a topic of philosophy of science mostly concerns the question of which kinds of social organization are most beneficial to the epistemic aspirations of science. Section 1 addresses the interaction among scientists for improving epistemic qualities of knowledge claims in contrast to the mere accumulation of contributions from several scientists. Section 2 deals with the principles that are supposed to organize this interaction among scientists such that well-tested and well-confirmed knowledge is produced. Section 3 outlines what is supposed to glue scientific communities together and how society at large is assumed to affect the social organization of these communities. Section 4 attends to social epistemology (i.e., to attempts to explore the influence of social roles and characteristics on the system of scientific knowledge and confirmation practices).
Thomas and Scholasticism to 1870
Authors: Slotemaker John T. , Zahnd Ueli
Published: December 2015

The present article treats the life and works of Thomas Aquinas and his reception within the scholastic traditions up to 1879 (Aeterni Patris). The first two sections introduce the life and works of Thomas Aquinas, with a particular focus on the Scriptum and the Summa theologiae. The third section treats Thomas’s reception up through 1500, looking at the initial period of condemnation in the late thirteenth century. This is followed by his canonization and acceptance as a theological authority in the fourteenth century and the gradual development of the Thomist schools of the fifteenth century. The fourth and fifth sections examine the reception of Thomas’s thought in the era of Church reform and the baroque period (1500–1650), and from 1650 until Aeterni Patris (1879) respectively.
Corpus Annotation
Authors: Hovy Eduard
Published: December 2015

In computational linguistics, humans or algorithms identify instances of some phenomenon in text and provide an interpretation of each instance. Usually the interpretations are labels chosen from a small set that reflect an underlying theory about the phenomenon. Setting up an annotation task requires expertise with several facets of the problem. First, characterising the phenomenon in terms of easily understandable labels and developing instructions for the annotators are important and often quite difficult steps. Next choosing the texts to be annotated, selecting the annotators, and training them are not fully resolved issues. A number of possibilities exist for evaluating their agreement. Existing tools, services, standards, and regular workshops dedicated to annotation are discussed.
The Diachrony of Modality and Mood
Authors: Ziegeler Debra
Published: December 2015

This chapter surveys recent work on the diachrony of modality, mood, and subjectivity. It first considers the research over the past thirty years into the development of modal forms and meanings—which is largely dominated by the study of English, and more broadly the Germanic languages, in the context of grammaticalization theory. It focuses on the nature of the source constructions for modal forms, on the emergence of epistemic functions from deontic or root modality, and on the role of syntactic development for the emergence of modal meanings. The chapter then discusses work on the diachronic development of mood, focusing on indicative/subjunctive inflection and (ir)realis coding in languages with little written history. It finally looks into diachronic studies and the role of subjectivity and subjectification in meaning changes in the class of modal verbs in languages.
Modality and Mood in Cognitive Linguistics and Construction Grammars
Authors: Boogaart Ronny , Fortuin Egbert
Published: December 2015

From the start of cognitive linguistics, in the 1980s, researchers working within this framework have given ample attention to mood and modality. This is understandable since these categories crucially involve speaker attitude and perspective and cognitive linguistics has always concerned itself with the ways in which language users present a subjective construal of reality. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how mood and modality are analyzed within different strands of cognitive linguistics, ranging from the models of force dynamics and Mental Spaces to Cognitive Grammar. Specific topics discussed include the polysemy of modal verbs, the analysis of tense as modality, and the highly detailed account of modal verbs offered by Langacker in terms of “grounding” and “subjectivity”. The emerging framework of construction grammar focuses on the linguistic contexts, that is constructions, in which modal forms are used, regarding these as constraints on polysemy.
Surveying Modality and Mood
Authors: Nuyts Jan
Published: December 2015

This chapter offers an introduction toThe Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. It briefly sketches the background of research on modality and mood and it explains the rationale behind the present volume. It lays out the principles that have been followed in composing the Handbook (in matters terminological conventions, the scope of the volume, the attention for typological variantion, the division of labor between the chapters, and the theory neutral character of the contributions) and that have been used as instructions for the authors of the individual chapters. And it presents an overview of the contents and organization of the chapters in the volume.
Word Order and Information Structure
Authors: Neeleman Ad , van de Koot Hans
Published: December 2015

This chapter is concerned with the question to what extent free word order phenomena are regulated by information-structural (IS) constraints. Progress on this question must combine detailed empirical study with bold theoretical work that aims to test restrictive hypotheses about available syntactic operations, available IS-primitives, and their mapping. The present chapter evaluates four cross-cutting word order generalizations on the basis of a rough classification of syntactic operations and IS-primitives. Operations will be divided into those that are A-related (A-scrambling, passive), those that are A′-related (A′-scrambling), those that involve doubling with a pronoun or clitic, and finally those that involve extraposition, and it is assumed that IS-primitives are restricted to topic, focus, contrast, and givenness. Some discussion is offered of how the four generalizations identified here might emerge as effects of deeper properties of the language faculty or human psychology.
Education in the Reformation
Authors: Methuen Charlotte
Published: December 2015

What did Protestants need to know, and how were they given access to this knowledge? This chapter explores the spread of university and school education in Protestant areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, considering schools, their place in church orders, their curricula and their importance as models of good civic and godly order. Despite Luther’s pessimistic view of human reason, the article highlights the role of Protestant education in inspiring new approaches to the natural world: Melanchthon, amongst others, saw study of the natural world as leading the observer to God. The rise of Jesuit education indicates that early modern Catholic education was being restructured according to similar principles. Across Western Europe, education was intended to support the divinely imposed civic order, and to train young people to be good citizens who would contribute to a “godly society”.
Natural Philosophy
Authors: Rankin Alisha
Published: December 2015

This essay examines how Protestant natural philosophers incorporated theology into their study of nature. It focuses in particular on the impact of Lutheran beliefs, which have tended to receive less attention than seventeenth-century British Puritanism. After a brief discussion of changing historical ideas about Protestantism and science, it examines the specific ways in which Protestant theology influenced the natural philosophy practiced by its believers. It then discusses the reforms to natural philosophy developed by Luther and his disciple Philip Melanchthon and focuses on two areas of natural philosophy that were affected most strongly by Lutheran theology: medicine and astronomy. Finally, it shows the ways that trends in Protestant theology in the seventeenth century continued to influence ideas about natural philosophy, albeit in more diverse ways.
The Developing Voice
Authors: Sergeant Desmond
Published: December 2015

The highly complex nature of voice quality is discussed, and elements that contribute toperceived vocal output are identified. Samples of acoustic products of speech and singingare examined by means of computerized spectrographic analysis, and physicaldevelopment changes and gender differences are described. The “source-filter” model isused to discuss the way in which the waveform of the laryngeal output is modified by theconfiguration and resonance characteristics of the vocal tract and oral cavities to producethe phonemes of spoken and sung words. A developmental trajectory is traced, describingthe ontogenesis of voice quality, and the way in which patterns of normal human growthand development and sociological issues during the years of childhood from birth topuberty contribute to the emergence of a personal voice characteristic is illustrated byexamples of Long Term Average Spectra (LTAS) drawn from analysis of young trained andnaive singers.
Arab Youth
Authors: Herrera Linda , Mansour Abdelrahman
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines Arab youth from within the historic backdrop of the Arab uprisings that engulfed more than half of the Arab states. Millions of people, the overwhelming majority of them born between the 1980s and 2000s, took to streets, schools, and social media, with demands for change. Within a short period, they were met with counterrevolutions, and a period of instability. Among the questions posed for contemplation at this historical juncture are: are the youth who crystallized into the generation of the uprisings causing a disruption to the prevailing order, and if so, in what direction? What are the active and passive strategies young people are pursuing to unsettle the status quo and for what kind of alternative order? We address these questions through a focus on two areas: education and schooling; and virtual communities.
Participatory Checking and the Temporality of Landscapes
Authors: Årlin Camilla , Börjeson Lowe , Östberg Wilhelm
Published: December 2015

Developmental narratives are commonly constructed through statements on directions and drivers of ongoing change. In the process, however, heterogeneous realities and historical trajectories become manicured and truncated due to temporal short-sightedness, misinformation, and the creation of clear-cut categorizations. Based on historical, geographical, and anthropological research on landscape change in East Africa from the nineteenth century to the present, this chapter examines how different types of historical data sources (maps, photographs, remote sensing data, written and oral accounts, as well as the landscape itself) can be used to both interrogate and improve the rigour of narratives that frame concerns for development and conservation. We describe methods of interaction with members of the researched communities over these various data bodies, and summarize this process as ‘participatory checking’. While the focus of this chapter is on landscape change the participatory research methods described are equally relevant to other topics and disciplines.
Philosophical Theology
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: December 2015

This chapter explores philosophy in the Islamic world. It begins with an overview of ancient Greek philosophy, focusing on how the ideas of Aristotle and Plotinus relate to the teachings of Islam. It then considers the philosophical theology of al-Kindī, the first philosopher of the Islamic world, and his rejection of the Aristotelian conception of God as an intellect who gives rise to an eternal motion by thinking about Himself. It also discusses the philosophical views of thinkers who were known as thefalāsifa(practitioners offalsafa) in the relevant period, including al-Fārābī and Avicenna. The chapter treats Avicenna as the culmination of ‘philosophy’, since thinkers after him by and large respond to him rather than to Aristotle and other authors of the Greek tradition.
The American State
Authors: King Desmond , Lieberman Robert
Published: December 2015

This chapter introduces the complex and extensive scholarly literature that political scientists have generated about the American federal State. It is organized into four sections and begins with the seminal work of political scientist Stephen Skowronek. After specifying the institutional structure of the American federal state, the second section identifies some of the distinctive features of this polity including the development of regulatory commissions, the way in which some agencies such as the Federal Reserve stretch the boundaries of autonomy, and the distinct congressional and judicial constraints shaping the American state. Third, the submerged state is discussed as an example of some key recent contributions about the American state. Last, we write about the challenge of transforming the set of institutions constitutive of the American State into a civil rights enforcing apparatus.
How Suffrage Politics Made—and Makes—America
Authors: Valelly Richard
Published: December 2015

Most Americans believe that the franchise has steadily and gradually expanded since the Founding. In fact “suffrage politics” has been far more complex and disjointed. This contribution develops a party-centered approach that identifies several types of enfranchisement and disenfranchisement, as well as suffrage regimes–that is, bundles of institutions and election law that are meant to buttress allocations of voting rights. This party-centered approach allows one to grasp that America’s struggles over the right to vote are, in cross-national perspective, not just unusual but highly unusual, and have been a central force in American political development.
Pragmatics and Semantics
Authors: Carston Robyn
Published: December 2015

A cognitive-scientific approach to the pragmatic interpretive ability is presented, according to which it is seen as a specific cognitive system dedicated to the interpretation of ostensive stimuli, that is, verbal utterances and other overtly communicative acts. This approach calls for a dual construal of semantics. The semantics which interfaces with the pragmatic interpretive system is not a matter of truth-conditional content, but of whatever components of meaning (lexical and syntactic) are encoded by the language system (independent of any particular use of the system by speakers in specific contexts). This linguistically provided meaning functions as evidence that guides and constrains the addressee’s pragmatic inferential processes whose goal is the recovery of the speaker’s intended meaning. Speakers communicate thoughts (explicatures and implicatures)—that is, fully propositional (truth-evaluable) entities—and it is these that are the proper domain of a truth-conditional (referential) semantics.
The Sociological Foundations of Pragmatics
Authors: Mey Jacob L.
Published: December 2015

This article shows how a purely descriptive view of language cannot account for what happens to the speaking individuals on the social plane. Approaches inspired by the sociology of language and by sociolinguistics have, each from their own perspectives, endeavoured to introduce an interpretive take on language use and language users. In parallel to this, but not always coterminous with it, developments in linguistics itself have led to the establishment of what has become known as ‘pragmatics’, or the study of human communicative means (especially language), as they are being used in the context of society. Some practical applications of this view are discussed, and the emancipatory potentials of a pragmatically oriented sociology and sociolinguistics are outlined.
Contextualism and Semantic Minimalism
Authors: Bezuidenhout Anne
Published: December 2015

The debate between contextualists and semantic minimalists about meaning/content is one that matters most to philosophers of language, even though the debate is not solely a philosophical one. There are at least three ways of casting the debate. Firstly, it can be cast as one about how and when semantic and pragmatic mental resources are used during ordinary conversational exchanges. This debate utilizes theories and methodologies from psychology. Secondly, it can be framed in terms of the logic of natural languages and how to incorporate context sensitivity into a formal, compositional model of natural-language sentence-level meaning. Thirdly, it can be approached from an analytic philosophy of language perspective, with the aim of clarifying various crucial concepts, such as the concepts of saying and implicating, using a priori methods. Ideally, these domains of research will produce outcomes that cohere with each other. This essay surveys recent progress in these three domains.
East African English
Authors: Schmied Josef
Published: December 2015

English in East Africa is a well-developed usage variety (or a cluster of usage varieties), although it is not as indigenized as in West Africa, for instance, because many functions in the language repertoire are still taken over by Kiswahili and other African languages. The debate on developing an independent norm is not prominent, although at least English in Kenya could be classified as an outer circle variety. Theoretically, innovations, including borrowings from the national language Kiswahili, are less prominent than expansions of usages well-known from other New Englishes. Few features are really pervasive (like phoneme mergers) and accepted, so that an independent system cannot be identified easily. The socio-cognitive awareness of variation is not very pronounced, although English users are aware of national and even subnational features, especially in pronunciation, lexis, and idiomaticity. Today new internet research opportunities can complement the 20 year old data from the International Corpus of English (ICE).
Taxation and Development
Authors: Moore Mick
Published: December 2015

This article explores the impact of taxation on politics and development, especially in developing countries. It begins by explaining the revenues and regimes paradigm, which is based on the notion that state revenue (sources, levels or needs) has a profound influence on politics and governance institutions. In particular, it examines whether and in what ways government revenues shape political institutions and patterns of governance. The article considers a number of critiques and concerns regarding the revenues and regimes paradigm and outlines alternative perspectives. It then asks why governments tax, how they collect taxes, and what determines levels of tax collection. The article concludes by analyzing whether tax-collection performance indicates “state capacity.”
Drums in the Experience of Black Catholicism in Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Lucas Glaura
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the role of the drums and their music in the formation and development of an Afro-Christian ritual called congado, in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Being the main means for social interactions, music is viewed as a privileged context for the protection, reconstruction, performance, and transmission of spiritual and other cultural knowledge among Africans and their descendants since colonial times, and thus for the reinterpretation of the Catholic faith. Historical and contemporary forms of the congado ritual are discussed, based on ethnographic research of present-day rituals, on a study of the literature on Bantu cultures and on slavery in Brazil, and on analysis of the drums’ performances. The main argument is that music has been used by participants as a conscious means of cultural resistance and survival, being a strategic context for keeping interactions and exchanges with their ancestors as well as for intra-group communication and social relations.
Chant as the Articulation of Christian Aramean Spirithood
Authors: Jarjour Tala
Published: December 2015

For Urfalli Suryanis, an ethno-religious migrant community from Turkish Urfa/Edessa, chant is of paramount importance. Using Syriac, the fugitive Christians who escaped post-WWI persecution continue to practise this ancient oral musical tradition in their new home in Syria. This minority group has a communally agreed conception of identity that should be understood in its proper set of terms. Their conception of Suryaniness may best be seen through particular chants from the Edessan school of Syriac chant they practice in St. George’s Syrian Orthodox Church of Aleppo. Focusing on an example from Great Lent, this chapter traces the local terms of an Urfalli Suryaniness that is believed, lived, constructed, and performed, around a unique blessing. The chapter contextualizes expressions of Suryaniness in the local terms of being and belonging, where the Suryani ideal is manifested in the combination of demographic existence and a performative reconstructive process that relates to faith, place, time, history, memory, and language.
Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative
Authors: Mbuwayesango Dora R.
Published: December 2015

This chapter examines the themes of sex and sexuality in the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew Bible presents and promotes a heteronormative view of sexuality. The central idea behind the notion of heteronormativity is that heterosexuality is the norm and that any other form of sexual desire, expression, or relationship is abnormal and wrong. Heterosexuality is made to appear natural and normative in the Hebrew Bible through a focus on procreation and a recognition of only two biological sexes and corresponding two genders—male and female / man and woman—in biblical narratives. This chapter considers the strategies used by the Hebrew Bible to construct paternity, including the narrative motif of female barrenness, as well as sexual violence as an aspect of sexuality and the use of sexuality as an anti-conquest strategy in the biblical narratives.
The Genesis of Identity in the Biblical World
Authors: Fewell Danna Nolan , Heard R. Christopher
Published: December 2015

The book of Genesis has consistently attracted literary-critical attention to its stories. In addition to celebrating this rich tradition of critical engagement, this chapter examines how Genesis uses various narrative strategies to mark group boundaries, alternately establishing, maintaining, stretching, and crossing them, as well as debating the rules and conditions for boundary adjustments. Woven into the narrative fabric is a diverse range of questions, perspectives, and concerns that interrogate the moral dimensions of human experience against a backdrop where issues of communal identity and survival press with profound urgency. Genesis’s narrative multivalence constitutes fertile ground for political and social debate in Persian Yehud over the genesis of Israelite identity.
Postpartum Mood Disorders
Authors: McCabe-Beane Jennifer E. , O'Hara Michael W.
Published: December 2015

Postpartum mood disorders represent a significant mental health and public health problem. Prominent among these disorders are postpartum bipolar disorder (PPBD) and postpartum depression (PPD). Both of these disorders are underrecognized and undertreated. PPD is more common than PPBD, but both have deleterious consequences for mother and child. Compared to the empirical literature pertaining to PPD, the number of studies examining PPBD is small. This chapter begins with a discussion of the limited research pertaining to PPBD followed by an overview of the vast PPD literature. Topics covered in this chapter include distinctive features, risk factors, consequences, antidepressant medication, and psychotherapeutic interventions for these postpartum mood disorders. Continued research on the etiology and treatment of postpartum mood disorders and on ways to mitigate the negative impact of these disorders on children is critical.
Substance Use Disorders and Disorders of Mood
Authors: Lejuez Carl , MacPherson Laura , Collado-Rodriguez Anahi
Published: December 2015

Epidemiological surveys and clinical studies consistently suggest that mood and substance use disorders are among the most prevalent forms of psychopathology. Research also indicates that the cooccurrence of these disorders is exceptionally common. Efforts to better characterize and understand the factors underlying high comorbidity rates between mood and substance use disorders are crucial given links to negative outcomes for individuals afflicted with both disorders. This chapter draws upon the extant literature regarding the prevalence, consequences, etiology, and dynamic nature of comorbid mood and substance use disorders, and highlights key issues in a case illustration. The chapter concludes with a discussion of gaps in the literature, as well as consideration of the pragmatic and clinical implications surrounding this particular comorbidity.
Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Children
Authors: Szajewska Hania , Canani Roberto Berni , Guarino Alfredo , Hojsak Iva , Indrio Flavia , Kolacek Sanja , Orel Rok , Shamir Raanan , Vandenplas Yvan , van Goudoever Johannes B. , Weizman Zvi ,   ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics/Prebiotics
Published: December 2015

This article provides recommendations, developed by the Working Group (WG) on Probiotics of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, for the use of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic‐associated diarrhea (AAD) in children based on a systematic review of previously completed systematic reviews and of randomized controlled trials published subsequently to these reviews. The use of probiotics for the treatment of AAD is not covered. The recommendations were formulated only if at least 2 randomized controlled trials that used a given probiotic (with strain specification) were available. The quality of evidence (QoE) was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation guidelines. If the use of probiotics for preventing AAD is considered because of the existence of risk factors such as class of antibiotic(s), duration of antibiotic treatment, age, need for hospitalization, comorbidities, or previous episodes of AAD diarrhea, the WG recommends using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (moderate QoE, strong recommendation) or Saccharomyces boulardii (moderate QoE, strong recommendation). If the use of probiotics for preventing Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea is considered, the WG suggests using S boulardii (low QoE, conditional recommendation). Other strains or combinations of strains have been tested, but sufficient evidence is still lacking.
Possible Phenylacetate Hepatotoxicity During 4‐Phenylbutyrate Therapy of Byler Disease
Authors: Shneider Benjamin L. , Morris Amy , Vockley Jerry
Published: December 2015

In vitro studies have suggested that 4‐phenylbutyrate (PBA) may rescue missense mutated proteins that underlie some forms of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Encouraging preliminary responses to 4‐PBA have been reported in liver disease secondary to mutations in ABCB11 and ATP8B1. A 4‐year‐old boy with Byler disease was treated with 4‐PBA in the forms of sodium PBA (5 months) and then glycerol PBA (7 months) as part of expanded access single patient protocols. During this therapy serum total bilirubin fell and his general well‐being was reported to be improved, although total serum bile acids were not reduced. Discontinuation of rifampin therapy, which had been used to treat pruritus, resulted in reversible severe acute liver injury that was potentially the result of phenylacetate toxicity. Interactions between 4‐PBA and cytochrome P450 enzymes should be considered in the use of this agent with special attention to potential phenylacetate toxicity.
Intakes of Micronutrients Are Associated With Early Growth in Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Sjöström Elisabeth S. , Öhlund Inger , Ahlsson Fredrik , Domellöf Magnus
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to describe micronutrient intakes and explore possible correlations to growth during the first 70 days of life in extremely preterm infants.

Methods:

Retrospective population‐based study including extremely preterm infants (<27 weeks) born in Sweden during 2004–2007. Detailed nutritional and growth data were derived from hospital records.

Results:

Included infants (n = 531) had a mean gestational age of 25 weeks and 2 days and a mean birth weight of 765 g. Estimated and adjusted intakes of calcium, phosphorus magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium, vitamin D, and folate were lower than estimated requirements, whereas intakes of iron, vitamin K, and several water‐soluble vitamins were higher than estimated requirements. High iron intakes were explained by blood transfusions. During the first 70 days of life, taking macronutrient intakes and severity of illness into account, folate intakes were positively associated with weight (P = 0.001) and length gain (P = 0.003) and iron intake was negatively associated with length gain (P = 0.006).

Conclusions:

Intakes of several micronutrients were inconsistent with recommendations. Even when considering macronutrient intakes and severity of illness, several micronutrients were independent predictors of early growth. Low intake of folate was associated with poor weight and length gain. Furthermore, high iron supply was associated with poor growth in length and head circumference. Optimized early micronutrient supply may improve early growth in extremely preterm infants.
An unusual presentation of leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive individual
Authors: Roiko Marijo S. , Schmitt Bryan H. , Relich Ryan F. , Meyer Thomas L. , Zhang Shanxiang , Davis Thomas E.
Published: December 2015

Introduction:

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by vector-borne protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms result in disfiguration or mutilation, whilst visceral leishmaniasis (VL) affects multiple organs and is fatal if untreated. Notably, Leishmania are capable of establishing a chronic infection, which may reactivate years after initial infection when the host becomes immune-suppressed.

Case Presentation:

A 24-year-old human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive male presented for excision of anal condylomas. At the time of his current condyloma excision, the patient had no additional symptoms or cutaneous findings, but was noted to have been only intermittently compliant with his antiretroviral therapy. Microscopic examination of the haematoxylin and eosin-stained anal condyloma tissue revealed koilocytic change, ulceration and brisk histiocytic inflammation containing numerous small intracellular bodies suggestive of Leishmania amastigotes. A bone marrow biopsy was performed and demonstrated similar intracellular forms. Anal condyloma tissue and bone marrow aspirate were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Parasitic Diseases Branch for confirmation of Leishmania and speciation. Specific immunohistochemical staining for Leishmania in the tissue section was positive and the species was confirmed as Leishmania donovani by PCR. Subsequently, the patient resumed highly active antiretroviral therapy and received anti-Leishmania therapy.

Conclusion:

Whilst the presentation of VL in HIV-positive patients is often similar to those without HIV, here we describe an unusual initial presentation of leishmaniasis in an HIV-positive patient where the parasite was found in an anal condyloma. VL is a critical diagnosis that should be considered and pursued when leishmaniasis is encountered in seemingly illogical clinical settings.
Characterisation of CASPR2 deficiency disorder - a syndrome involving autism, epilepsy and language impairment
Authors: Rodenas-Cuadrado Pedro , Pietrafusa Nicola , Francavilla Teresa , La Neve Angela , Striano Pasquale , Vernes Sonja C.
Published: December 2015

Background

Heterozygous mutations inCNTNAP2have been identified in patients with a range of complex phenotypes including intellectual disability, autism and schizophrenia. However heterozygousCNTNAP2mutations are also common in the normal population. Conversely, homozygous mutations are rare and have not been found in unaffected individuals.

Case presentation

We describe a consanguineous family carrying a deletion inCNTNAP2predicted to abolish function of its protein product, CASPR2. Affected family members show epilepsy, facial dysmorphisms, severe intellectual disability and impaired language. We compared these patients with previously reported individuals carrying homozygous mutations inCNTNAP2and identified a highly recognisable phenotype.

Conclusions

We propose that CASPR2 loss produces a syndrome involving early-onset refractory epilepsy, intellectual disability, language impairment and autistic features that can be recognized as CASPR2 deficiency disorder. Further screening for homozygous patients meeting these criteria, together with detailed phenotypic investigations will be crucial for understanding the contribution ofCNTNAP2to normal and disrupted development.
Matching volatile demand with transportation services in Vietnam
Authors: Tan Albert , Hilmola Olli-Pekka , Binh Do Huy
Published: December 2015

Purpose

– Demand for retail transportation is typically volatile, and it is driven by the end of period (month) spiky deliveries. This is especially the case in emerging markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine situation in one of the leading Vietnamese logistics service company with numerous customers within the area of Ho Chi Minh City.

Design/methodology/approach

– Research work is based on a case study within a company called Gemadept, who is providing logistics services in Vietnam. Researchers were given access to the company data on distribution system, and the authors had collected daily data from transportation operations.

Findings

– Considerable truck utilization can be achieved even with volatile retail demand environment if optimization is applied to allocate trucks and drivers on certain routes and customer demand points. Relaxing service level of customers shall improve situation further, but not significantly. However, from logistics service point of view, it would be best to use numerous shifts per day (night shift option) to distribute products – this would enable high utilization of distribution fleet while overcoming spiky demand.

Research limitations/implications

– Analyses are dependent on a single case study of one logistics service provider in Vietnam. While this may limit the findings to some extent, but with rich case data and observations within the company distribution system, it provides the required depth to build an optimized model for the company.

Practical implications

– In volatile demand environment, it is important to allocate trucks and drivers as well as work schedule in a systematic order, and not based on trial-and-error human intervened timetable. System perspective also enables evaluation of different strategies and their implications on performance.

Originality/value

– Research work represents one of the seminal studies of Vietnamese retail logistics sector, and verifies that demand uncertainty is high in such environment in addition to exhibiting the end of period demand spikes (hockey stick effect).