bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morpho-orthographic segmentation on visual word recognition in Brazilian Portuguese speakers
Authors: dos Reis Pereira Humberto , dos Reis Justi Francis Ricardo
Published: November 2024

Objective

Studies have demonstrated a morphological decomposition process in the initial stages of visual word recognition based on orthographically defined morphemes and independent of semantic and lexical information. The present study sought to investigate this phenomenon in adult Brazilian Portuguese-speaking readers.

Method

Participants performed a lexical decision task preceded by primes at two Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA): 33 or 250 ms. The primes had one of the following relations with the target word: morphological (porteiro [DOORKEEPER]–PORTA [DOOR]), morpho-orthographic (cordeiro [LAMB]–CORDA [ROPE]), orthographic (abril [APRIL]–ABRIU [OPENED]), semantic (abelha [BEE]–MEL [HONEY]), or no relation (pessoa [PERSON]–DADO [DICE]).

Results

Priming effects were observed for the morphological and semantic conditions at both SOAs but not for the orthographic and morpho-orthographic conditions.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that semantic representations mediate morphological priming in Brazilian Portuguese since the early stages of visual word recognition.
Self-evaluations and the language of the beholder: objective performance and language solidarity predict L2 and L1 self-evaluations in bilingual adults
Authors: Hernández-Rivera Esteban , Kalogeris Alessia , Tiv Mehrgol , Titone Debra
Published: November 2024

People are often asked to self-evaluate their abilities, and these evaluations may not always reflect objective reality. Here, we investigated this issue for bilingual adults’ self-evaluations of language proficiency and usage. We specifically examined how people’s self-reported language solidarity impacted their first- (L1) and second-language (L2) self-evaluations, while statistically controlling for their objective language performance (i.e. LexTALE). We also investigated whether this impact varied for value-laden evaluations (e.g. how “good” am I at my L2) vs. usage-based evaluations (e.g. how often do I use my L2) for two sociolinguistically distinct groups (i.e. English-L1 speakers vs. French-L1 speakers in Montreal). Starting with value-laden self-evaluations, we found that French-L1 speakers with more favourable L2-English solidarity tended to underestimate their objective L2 ability, whereas French-L1 speakers with less favourable L2-English solidarity more accurately estimated their objective L2 ability. In contrast, English-L1 speakers with more favourable L2-French solidarity more accurately estimated their objective L2 ability than those with less favourable L2-French solidarity who underestimated their L2-French abilities. Turning to usage-based self-evaluations, we found that participants' self-evaluations were generally more accurate reflections of their performance, in a manner that was less affected by individual differences in self-reported language solidarity. This implies that language solidarity (or perhaps language attitudes more generally) can implicitly or explicitly impact bilingual adults’ language self-evaluations when these evaluations are value-laden. These data suggest that people’s language attitudes can bias how they perceive their abilities, although self-evaluations based on language use may be less susceptible to bias than those that are value-laden. These data have implications for the study of language and cognition that depend on self-assessments of individual differences and are relevant to work on how people self-assess their abilities generally.
Dark-field radiography for the detection of bone microstructure changes in osteoporotic human lumbar spine specimens
Authors: Rischewski Jon F. , Gassert Florian T. , Urban Theresa , Hammel Johannes , Kufner Alexander , Braun Christian , Lochschmidt Maximilian , Makowski Marcus R. , Pfeiffer Daniela , Gersing Alexandra S. , Pfeiffer Franz
Published: November 2024

Background

Dark-field radiography imaging exploits the wave character of x-rays to measure small-angle scattering on material interfaces, providing structural information with low radiation exposure. We explored the potential of dark-field imaging of bone microstructure to improve the assessment of bone strength in osteoporosis.

Methods

We prospectively examined 14 osteoporotic/osteopenic and 21 non-osteoporotic/osteopenic human cadaveric vertebrae (L2–L4) with a clinical dark-field radiography system, micro-computed tomography (CT), and spectral CT. Dark-field images were obtained in both vertical and horizontal sample positions. Bone microstructural parameters (trabecular number, Tb.N; trabecular thickness, Tb.Th; bone volume fraction, BV/TV; degree of anisotropy, DA) were measured using standard ex vivo micro-CT, while hydroxyapatite density was measured using spectral CT. Correlations were assessed using Spearman rank correlation coefficients.

Results

The measured dark-field signal was lower in osteoporotic/osteopenic vertebrae (vertical position, 0.23 ± 0.05 versus 0.29 ± 0.04, p < 0.001; horizontal position, 0.28 ± 0.06 versus 0.34 ± 0.04, p = 0.003). The dark-field signal from the vertical position correlated significantly with Tb.N (ρ = 0.46, p = 0.005), BV/TV (ρ = 0.45, p = 0.007), DA (ρ = -0.43, p = 0.010), and hydroxyapatite density (ρ = 0.53, p = 0.010). The calculated ratio of vertical/horizontal dark-field signal correlated significantly with Tb.N (ρ = 0.43, p = 0.011), BV/TV (ρ = 0.36, p = 0.032), DA (ρ = -0.51, p = 0.002), and hydroxyapatite density (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.049).

Conclusion

Dark-field radiography is a feasible modality for drawing conclusions on bone microarchitecture in human cadaveric vertebral bone.

Relevance statement

Gaining knowledge of the microarchitecture of bone contributes crucially to predicting bone strength in osteoporosis. This novel radiographic approach based on dark-field x-rays provides insights into bone microstructure at a lower radiation exposure than that of CT modalities.

Key Points

Dark-field radiography can give information on bone microstructure with low radiation exposure.

The dark-field signal correlated positively with bone microstructure parameters.

Dark-field signal correlated negatively with the degree of anisotropy.

Dark-field radiography helps to determine the directionality of trabecular loss.

Graphical Abstract
Awareness of environmental carcinogens and cancer risk among Jordanians
Authors: El Gazzar Walaa B. , Al-Hashaikeh Qusai I. , Al Maslooki Bara’ A. , Qarout Doa K. , Abdin Youssef M. , Hamad Mohammad O. , Al Shuraiqi Qutaiba A. , Al-Madi Balqees F. , Bassiouni Joumana A. , Nabil Nashwa
Published: November 2024

Background

In light of the existing body of scientific data, many substances are now recognized or reasonably assumed to be human carcinogens. Public knowledge about modifiable environmental carcinogens is regarded as a crucial first step in primary prevention. This study aimed to assess Jordanians' awareness of some of the recognized environmental human carcinogens and general cancer information.

Methods

This study was conducted using a cross-sectional descriptive survey based on a questionnaire completed by Jordanian participants aged 18 or above. The questions consisted of the following sections: socio-demographic characteristics, questions about the prevalent and non-prevalent cancer types in Jordan and general causes of cancer, closed-ended questions to evaluate knowledge about environmental carcinogens as well as factors that influence the development of cancer, source of knowledge about carcinogens and interest in learning about human carcinogens, and the best way for prevention of cancer.

Results

A total of 579 questionnaires were completed. Among respondents, 55.6% (n = 322) had a knowledge score ≥ 8 indicating good knowledge. However, low awareness was demonstrated regarding cancer-causing substances such as wood dust, Nitrosamines, Aflatoxins, Formaldehyde, Naphthalene, Asbestos, Benzene, and Arsenic. A significant portion of the participants failed to categorize infectious pathogens linked to cancer as variables that either cause cancer or raise the risk of developing cancer.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated a good level of awareness regarding some environmental carcinogens but also highlighted the lack of knowledge about other environmental carcinogens. These findings may provide a guide for future awareness programs by health authorities.
Are asymmetric designs of tibial components superior to their symmetric counterparts for constrained condylar total knee arthroplasty using metal block augmentation?
Authors: Kabu Ryosuke , Tsushima Hidetoshi , Akasaki Yukio , Kawahara Shinya , Hamai Satoshi , Nakashima Yasuharu
Published: November 2024

Purpose

In total knee arthroplasty (TKA), asymmetric tibial components have been developed alongside symmetric tibial components to enhance bony coverage at the tibia. In primary TKA and revision TKA for patients with significant bone defects, augmentation is employed to fill the bone defect. However, there have been no reports on bony coverage of the tibial component of the revision system in the cases of bone defects. Therefore, we simulated bone defects using CT and compared the bony coverage of asymmetric and symmetric tibial components in the revision TKA system.

Methods

This study included 45 patients (50 knees involved) with medial osteoarthritis. Preoperative CT scans were used to simulate placement using ZedKnee. Three models were evaluated: Persona Revision PCCK (Zimmer) for the asymmetric component, NexGen LCCK (Zimmer) for the symmetric component, and the ATTUNE revision system (Depuy-Synthes). A 130-mm stem extension was utilized. Augmentations of each thickness were placed to simulate bone defects of 5, 10, and 15 mm. The coverage, overhang, and underhang rates were measured for each slice and compared among the models.

Results

In terms of coverage, the rate was greater for PCCK at 0 mm, and only ATTUNE exhibited a significantly lower coverage at 5 and 10 mm. There was no significant difference in coverage at 15 mm. At 0 mm, PCCK demonstrated less posterior underhangs. At 5 and 10 mm, PCCK showed less anterior overhang but more anterior underhang. At 15 mm, PCCK had a less anterior overhang, with an overhang in the posterior region but less underhang. When overhang and underhang were combined and compared, the asymmetric component generally yielded superior results.

Conclusion

In the cases of bone defects, asymmetric components demonstrated reduced anterior overhang and decreased posterior underhang, resulting in greater bone coverage. This may contribute to improved long-term outcomes in the revision TKA system.
Systolic and global right ventricular functions of children with bronchial asthma as compared with those of healthy controls using echocardiography: a single-centre cross-sectional observational study from Nigeria
Authors: Abubakar Muhammad shakur , Aliyu Ibrahim , Ibrahim Umma Abdulsalam , Garba Nuhu Abubakar , Asani Mustafa O.
Published: November 2024

Background

Asthma is the most prevalent chronic airway condition in children. It is characterised by hyperresponsiveness of the small airways leading to airway narrowing, which is usually reversible, with or without treatment. Asthma is known to cause right ventricular dysfunction, but not much is known of this effect among children with highest burden of asthma. The aim of this study is to compare the right ventricular functions of children with asthma, aged 6– ≤ 13 years, with those of their age and sex-matched apparently healthy control using transthoracic echocardiography. The systolic and global right ventricular functions were assessed using Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Function (TAPSE) and Tei index, respectively.

Results

Seventy cases and 68 controls were included in the final analysis of the results. The male-to-female ratios are 1.9:1 and 2:1 for the cases and controls, respectively, and their mean age were 8.82 (± 2.28) and 9.05 (2.50) years. There was no statistically significant difference between their sex ($${X}^{2}$$

X

2

/P = 0.810/0.85) and their mean age (P = 0.554). The mean TAPSE of the cases (20.16 ± 2.15 mm) and the controls (20.28 ± 2.71 mm) did not differ significantly (P = 0.74), but the mean Tei index of the cases (0.56 ± 0.16) was significantly higher than that of the control (0.50 ± 0.10) (P = 0.007). Among the asthmatics, 17.1% (12/70) and 2.9% (2/70) had global and systolic RV dysfunctions, respectively; 2.9% (2/70) of the controls had RV global dysfunctions, but none had RV systolic dysfunction. The global dysfunction among the asthmatics was significantly associated with their age range and frequency of hospitalisation ($${X}^{2}$$

X

2

/p of 6.051/0.014 and 7.209/0.021, respectively), and significantly correlates with their Body Mass Index, and peripheral oxygen saturation (r/P of −0.236/0.049 and − 2.490/0.038, respectively). None of the participants had right ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Conclusion

This study shows that asthmatic patients have global RV dysfunction, and it is suggested that better control of asthma would preserve cardiac function.
Pulsed polarized vortex beam enabled by metafiber lasers
Authors: Zhang Chenxi , Zhang Lei , Zhang He , Fu Bo , Wang Jiyong , Qiu Min
Published: November 2024

Pulsed polarized vortex beams, a special form of structured light, are generated by tailoring the light beam spatiotemporally and witness the growing application demands in nonlinear optics such as ultrafast laser processing and surface plasma excitation. However, existing techniques for generating polarized vortex beams suffer from either low compactness due to the use of bulky components or limited controlment of pulse performance. Here, an all-fiber technique combining plasmonic metafibers with mode conversion method is harnessed to generate high-performance pulsed polarized vortex beams. Plasmonic metafibers are utilized as saturable absorbers to produce Q-switched pulses with micro-second duration, while the offset splicing method is employed to partially convert the fundamental transverse mode (LP$$_{01}$$

01

) to higher-order mode (LP$$_{11}$$

11

). Eventually, a polarized vortex beams laser is achieved at the telecom band with a repetition frequency of 116.0 kHz. The impact of geometrical parameters including period of metafibers and offset of splicing on the spatiotemporal properties of pulsed polarized vortex beams is systematically investigated. Our findings could pave the way for design, control and generation of all-fiber pulsed polarized vortex beams, and also offer insights into the development of other types of structured laser sources.
Exploring microbial interactions with denture resin surface and implications for plant based plaque control strategies: a narrative review
Authors: Vaidya Rohan Yatindra , Hegde Veena , Sherigar Pradeep , Prabhu Nayana
Published: November 2024

Background

The importance of oral hygiene maintenance is of prime importance in dentulous and edentulous individuals. There are numerous types of bacteria which colonise in the oral cavity. Completely edentulous individuals have to follow proper hygiene procedures to keep their dentures germ free which can prevent numerous oral conditions. The main aim of this text was to briefly understand the interaction between microorganisms and denture, discuss the various methods of preventing plaque formation on dentures and highlight the natural antimicrobial agents in detail.

Main body

There are numerous factors which play a role in biofilm formation. Methods such as patient education, maintenance of denture hygiene and use of pharmacological methods have proven to effectively reduce or prevent the growth of microorganisms. Pharmacological agents can broadly be classified into natural and synthetic based on their source of origin. Based on their mechanism of action, they are classified as biocides, biocide releasing polymers and surface acting agents. The use of natural v/s synthetic products has always seen positives and negatives. Apart from the antimicrobial activity, the influence of these agents on the mechanical properties also remains an important aspect. This text highlights the various natural antimicrobial agents that can be incorporated in the dentures and the effect they have on the mechanical properties of the dentures.

Conclusion

The interaction between microorganisms and denture has been explored in detail. The various natural and synthetic antimicrobial agents have been enlisted following which the natural antimicrobials have been discussed in detail. The various natural products have shown marked antimicrobial nature however, their influence on the mechanical properties is lacking.
Night-time light-traps and push–pull integrated system enhanced the control of different life stages of fall armyworm,
Spodoptera frugiperda
, (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Gebreziher Haftay Gebreyesus , Gebreazgaabher Fissiha Gebreyesus
Published: November 2024

Background

Maize, Zea mays L (Cyperales: Poaceae), is one of the major cereal crops grown in Ethiopia for its food and feed values. Recently, the fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) has become a major challenge of maize production threatening smallholder farmers in the country. Developing effective and smallholder farmers-friendly integrated pest management for FAW is vital. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of night-time light-traps and push–pull integrated system on controlling different life stages (adult, larvae and eggs) of FAW.

Methods

The study was conducted in Northern Ethiopia included four treatments; maize monocrop, maize plots with night-time light-trap, a push–pull system, and night-time light-trap and push–pull integrated system. Each treatment was replicated five times. The study was carried out twice involving a rain feed (from July to October 2018) and irrigated (from April to June 2019) experiments.

Results

A significantly greater number of FAW moths were captured on traps placed outside maize field plots treated with light-trap and push–pull integrated system than traps placed outside the maize monocrop, light-trap alone and push–pull alone treated plots during the 2018 and 2019 experiment seasons. As a result, a significantly lower number of moths was found inside maize field plots treated with light-trap and push–pull integrated system than the other treatments. The levels of FAW eggs and larval infestation were significantly lower in maize plots treated with the light-trap and push–pull integrated system than the maize monocrops, push–pull alone, and light-trap alone treated plots. The proportion of plants damaged by FAW larvae was significantly lower in maize plots treated with the light-trap and push–pull integrated system relative to maize plots treated with the other treatments.

Conclusion

This study proved that a system integrating night-time light-traps and push–pull results in better and more effective control of different stages of FAW than a push–pull system or night-time light-traps alone.
Anastrozole Improves Height Outcomes in Growing Children With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Al-Rayess Heba , Wiersma Rebecca , Turner Lindsey Elizabeth , Palzer Elise , Mercado Munoz Yesica , Sarafoglou Kyriakie
Published: November 2024

Background

Hyperandrogenemia resulting in estrogen-mediated accelerated bone maturation and early growth plate fusion contributes to short stature in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Aromatase inhibitors block androgen conversion to estrogen and have been used off-label in children with short stature to improve adult height. There are no adequately powered studies examining the use of aromatase inhibitors in children with CAH with advanced bone age and reduced predicted adult height.

Methods

Records of CAH patients treated with anastrozole were reviewed. Z-scores of bone age, predicted adult height, and height corrected for bone age were examined over an 8-year period. Outcome changes were analyzed using weighted mixed-effects models, adjusting for sex, diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and average hydrocortisone dose before and during treatment with anastrozole.

Results

In 60 patients (26 females; 52 classic, 8 nonclassic) started on anastrozole therapy, the mean bone age Z-score decreased from 4.2 to 2.0 at 4 years and 1.3 at 6 years (both P < .001); predicted adult height Z-score improved from −2.1 to −0.45 at 4 years and 0.18 at 6 years (both P < .001); corrected height Z-scores improved from −1.7 to −0.33 at 4 years and 0.18 at 6 years (P < .001). There was no significant difference in the average total daily hydrocortisone dose used before or during treatment.

Conclusion

Anastrozole decreased the rate of bone maturation and led to improved height outcomes, indicating that anastrozole could have a role as an adjunct therapy in children with CAH and advanced bone age.
Dynamic Craniotomy With Khanna NuCrani Plates as an Alternative to Craniotomy With Fixed Plates in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Krafft Paul R. , Tafel Ian , Khanna Anjali , Han Patrick , Khanna Rohit
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Dynamic craniotomy as opposed to a fixed plate craniotomy provides cranial decompression with a controlled outward bone flap movement to accommodate postoperative cerebral swelling and/or hemorrhage. The objective of this study was to evaluate if fixation of the bone flap following a trauma craniotomy with dynamic plates provides any advantage over fixed plates.

METHODS:

A review of our clinical series of 25 consecutive adult patients undergoing dynamic craniotomy with the Khanna NuCrani reversibly expandable bone flap fixation plates for the treatment of traumatic brain injury associated with mass lesions including subdural, epidural, and cerebral hematomas was conducted.

RESULTS:

Postoperative cerebral swelling was encountered in 21 of 25 patients (84%), which was compensated for with outward bone flap movement in all these patients and associated decreased midline shift. Severe brain swelling with outward bone flap movement of 8 mm or more was noted in 40% of the patients. All patients had a normal intracranial pressure after surgery. None of the patients required any reoperations for hematoma evacuation, rescue decompressive craniectomies, cranioplasty, or complications related to wound healing. The bone flap retracted after the resolution of the brain swelling, and none of the patients reported cosmetic symptoms related to bone flap or wound healing. Overall, 84% (21 of 25) of the patients achieved a good outcome.

CONCLUSION:

Craniotomy bone flap fixation with dynamic plates is an alternative to craniotomy with fixed plates. The main advantage of dynamic craniotomy over a craniotomy with fixed plates is that it allows for immediate intracranial volume expansion with reversible outward bone flap migration in patients who may develop postoperative worsening brain swelling and/or hemorrhage, with decreased need for repeat surgeries and associated complications.
MRCK-1 activates non-muscle myosin for outgrowth of a unicellular tube in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Popiel Evelyn M. , Ahluwalia Rhea , Schuetz Stefan , Yu Bin , Derry W. Brent
Published: November 2024

The formation and patterning of unicellular biological tubes is essential for metazoan development. It is well established that vascular tubes and neurons use similar guidance cues to direct their development, but the downstream mechanisms that promote the outgrowth of biological tubes are not well characterized. We show that the conserved kinase MRCK-1 and its substrate the regulatory light chain of non-muscle myosin, MLC-4, are required for outgrowth of the unicellular excretory canal in C. elegans. Ablation of MRCK-1 or MLC-4 in the canal causes severe truncations with unlumenized projections of the basal membrane. Structure-function analysis of MRCK-1 indicates that the kinase domain, but not the small GTPase-binding CRIB domain, is required for canal outgrowth. Expression of a phosphomimetic form of MLC-4 rescues canal truncations in mrck-1 mutants and shows enrichment at the growing canal tip. Moreover, our work reveals a previously unreported function for non-muscle myosin downstream of MRCK-1 in excretory canal outgrowth that may be conserved in the development of seamless tubes in other organisms.
The Value of Primary Tumor Resection in Patients with Liver Metastases: A 10-Year Outcome
Authors: Liu Lin-Lin , Lin Yu-Kun , Xiang Zuo-Lin
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study aimed to analyze the impact of primary tumor resection (PTR) on the prognosis of four common primary tumors with liver metastases, and to develop a prognostic model to visualize the PTR benefit rate of patients with liver metastases.

Materials and Methods

Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM), pancreatic cancer liver metastases (PLM), gastric cancer liver metastases (GLM), and breast cancer liver metastases (BLM) between 2004 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and assigned to either the surgery or non-surgery groups. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was performed. Surgical patients who survived longer than the median cancer-specific survival (CSS) time for non-surgery patients constituted the benefit group. Logistic regression was conducted to explore the independent factors affecting surgical benefit, and a nomogram was established.

Results

A total of 21,928 patients with liver metastases were included. After PSM for surgery and non-surgery patients, we found that PTR had a significant impact on the overall survival (OS) and CSS of CRLM, PLM, and BLM patients. In CRLM patients, age (p < 0.001), primary site (p = 0.006), grade (p = 0.009), N stage (p = 0.034), and histology (p = 0.006) affected the surgical benefit. In BLM patients, the independent factors were age (p = 0.002), race (p = 0.020), and radiotherapy (p = 0.043). And in PLM patients, chemotherapy was an independent factor associated with a survival benefit from PTR.

Conclusion

PTR improved OS and CSS in patients with CRLM, PLM, and BLM. A predictive model was established to identify suitable candidates for PTR in CRLM patients.
Investigation of reporting bias in interrupted time series (ITS) studies: a study protocol
Authors: Nguyen Phi-Yen , Turner Simon , Korevaar Elizabeth , Forbes Andrew , Page Matthew J. , McKenzie Joanne E.
Published: November 2024

Background Interrupted time-series (ITS) studies are commonly used to examine the effects of interventions targeted at populations. Suppression of ITS studies or results within these studies, known as reporting bias, has the potential to bias the evidence-base on a particular topic, with potential consequences for healthcare decision-making. Therefore, we aim to determine whether there is evidence of reporting bias among ITS studies. Methods We will conduct a search for published protocols of ITS studies and reports of their results in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase up to December 31, 2022. We contact the authors of the ITS studies to seek information about their study, including submission status, data for unpublished results, and reasons for non-publication or non-reporting of certain outcomes. We will examine if there is evidence of publication bias by examining whether time-to-publication is influenced by the statistical significance of the study’s results for the primary research question using Cox proportional hazards regression. We will examine whether there is evidence of discrepancies in outcomes by comparing those specified in the protocols with those in the reports of results, and we will examine whether the statistical significance of an outcome’s result is associated with how completely that result is reported using multivariable logistic regression. Finally, we will examine discrepancies between protocols and reports of results in the methods by examining the data collection processes, model characteristics, and statistical analysis methods. Discrepancies will be summarized using descriptive statistics. Discussion These findings will inform systematic reviewers and policymakers about the extent of reporting biases and may inform the development of mechanisms to reduce such biases.
Analysis of the dynamics of transition from non-colonization to colonization and Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in hemodialysis patients using Markov models.
Authors: Montoya-Urrego Daniela , Vanegas Johanna M , Jiménez J Natalia , González-Gómez Difariney
Published: November 2024

Background Hemodialysis patients are frequently colonized by Staphylococcus aureus, leading to severe infections with high mortality rates. However, little is known about transition from non-colonization to colonization or bacteremia over time. The aim was to analyze the behavior of S. aureus colonization, identifying the probability of transition from non-colonized to colonized state or bacteremia, and the influence of specific covariates. Methods The study was conducted in a dialysis unit associated with a tertiary care hospital in Medellín between October 2017 and October 2019. An initial measurement was taken to evaluate S. aureus colonization, and follow-up measurements were performed 2 and 6 months later. Bacteremia evolution was monitored for 12 months. A two-state recurrent continuous-time Markov model was constructed to model transition dynamics from non-colonization to S. aureus colonization in hemodialysis patients. Subsequently, the model was applied to a third state of bacteremia. Results Of 178 patients on hemodialysis, 30.3% were colonized by S. aureus. Transition intensity from non-colonization to colonization was three times higher (0.21; CI: 0.14-0.29) than from colonization to non-colonization (0.07; CI: 0.05-0.11). The colonization risk increased in patients with previous infections (HR: 2.28; CI: 0.78-6.68), hospitalization (HR: 1.29; CI: 0.56-2.99) and antibiotics consumption (HR: 1.17; CI: 0.53-2.58). Mean non-colonized state duration was 10.9 months, while in the colonized state was 5.2 months. In the 3-state model, it was found that patients colonized were more likely to develop S. aureus infection (13.9%). Conclusion A more likely transition from non-colonization to colonization was found, which increases with factors such as previous infection. In addition, the development of bacteremia was more likely in colonized than in non-colonized patients. These results underline the importance of surveillance and proper management of S. aureus colonization to prevent serious complications, such as bacteremia, and improve prognosis in this vulnerable population.
A historical perspective on the insect central complex: Anatomy, development, and function
Authors: Gillet Valentin , Kluge Janka , Patel Rickesh N.
Published: November 2024

The central complex (CX), a remarkable brain region at the core of insect behaviors, has been the subject of extensive research for decades. In this review, we offer a comprehensive historical perspective on the anatomy, development, and function of the CX. The CX consists of discrete and highly structured neuropils found at the center of the brain, which are conserved across insects and arthropods. The developmental processes that shape the CX are themselves conserved across insects. In early research, the CX had been shown to receive visual information and control motor function. Using increasingly advanced methods throughout the years, it has become clear that the CX is involved in high-level behavioral control, such as in vector navigation and goal directed orientation. Its numerical simplicity presents a rare opportunity to study structure-function relationships in small brains, gain insights into evolutionary neurobiology, and develop novel neuromorphic technologies inspired by insect brains. Since the CX is a highly conserved brain region involved in the control of spatial tasks, it is uniquely suited to gain a detailed understanding of the computations required for these processes at the level of neural circuits.
Environmental impacts of drugs against parasitic vector-borne diseases and the need to integrate sustainability into their development and use
Authors: Lima Clara M. , Uliassi Elisa , Thoré Eli S.J. , Bertram Michael G. , Cardoso Luis , Cordeiro da Silva Anabela , Costi Maria Paola , de Koning Harry P.
Published: November 2024

Background The current scientific discourse on environmental impacts of veterinary medicines mostly focuses on ectoparasiticides. Meanwhile, the environmental impacts of widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of human and animal parasitic vector-borne diseases (PVBD) remain largely unexplored. There is thus a need for evidence-based information to support guidelines and protocols for sustainable One Health PVBD drug development and use, while promoting greener research practices. Here, we reflect on the potential environmental impacts of PVBD drugs in current use, and the environmental impact of our research practices for developing new antiparasitics. Methods We conducted a survey of the membership of the “One Health drugs against parasitic vector borne diseases in Europe and beyond” Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action 21111 (OneHealth drugs) to assess the current appreciation of sustainable drug design concepts and the extent to which One Health and sustainability principles are integrated into PVBD drug discovery and development. The survey also explored which human, technical, and funding resources are currently used in Europe and neighbouring countries in PVBD drugs research. Results The survey was conducted and analysed by OneHealth drugs and garnered 89 respondents, representing a response rate of 66% from 32 countries, predominantly European. 87% of participating collaborators worked in Academia; research groups were small (60% with 1–4 researchers) and mostly consist of few researchers, mostly at early career stages (63% <35 years old). Collaborations were mostly between academics, and 60% collaborated with non-European researchers, while funding was mostly from national governments. Motivation for greener research practices was high but there was as yet low implementation of green strategies or the incorporation of ecotoxicological test in drug development workflows, due to cost and unfamiliarity. Conclusions We highlight the need for early-ecotoxicological testing of new drug candidates and suggest best practices as we move towards standardized protocols in developing safe and efficacious PVBD drugs.
The genome sequence of the Case-bearing Clothes moth, Tinea pellionella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Boyes Douglas , Boyes Clare ,   University of Oxford and Wytham Woods Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: November 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Tinea pellionella (the Case-bearing Clothes moth; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Tineidae). The genome sequence is 245.3 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 30 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 25.86 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 13,811 protein coding genes.
Role of traditional healers in the management of microbial keratitis in eastern Nepal
Authors: Das Sanyam Sandip , Yadav Reena , H. A. Mohamed Ahmed Abeer , Arunga Simon , Leck Astrid , Macleod David , Roshan Abhishek , K. Singh Sanjay , K. Mishra Sailesh , J. Hoffman Jeremy , J. Burton Matthew , Mtuy Tara
Published: November 2024

Background Microbial Keratitis (MK) is a leading cause of corneal blindness due to infection and its consequences, with a higher incidence in resource-limited nations. Hospital-based patient records from different parts of Nepal suggest patients often use traditional eye medicine to treat MK. Traditional healers (TH) within the community are often the first point of care for MK management. Little is known of their practice, perceptions, and knowledge around MK management. We aimed to understand the role of traditional healers in the management of MK in south-eastern Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional, mixed method, descriptive study was conducted in the Siraha district of Nepal. A total of 109 traditional healers consented to participate in a survey of knowledge, attitude, and practices. Some participants were also invited to participate in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Interviews and focus groups were conducted and recorded in the Maithili language by a native speaking interviewer and transcribed into English. Descriptive analysis was performed for the survey. Data saturation was considered the endpoint for qualitative data collection, and a thematic was analysis applied. Results Traditional healers believe that infection of the eye can be caused by trauma, conjunctivitis, or evil spirits. They were unclear about differentiating MK from other eye conditions. They provided various types of treatment. Some were confident that they could treat severe ulcers that had not responded to medical therapy, while others thought treating larger diameter ulcers would be difficult. Although there were mixed responses in referring patients with MK, the majority of TH were willing to refer. Conclusion In a weak health system, traditional healers may help address barriers to healthcare access and reduce delays to definitive care, upon integration into the formal health system and referral pathway.
The genome sequence of the sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)
Authors: Brittain Rachel , Adkins Patrick , Scott-Somme Kesella , Harley Joanna , Modepali Vengamanaidu ,   Marine Biological Association Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: November 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual Sardina pilchardus (the sardine; Chordata; Actinopteri; Clupeiformes; Clupeidae). The genome sequence spans 869.40 megabases. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 24 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 17.57 kilobases in length.
Association between tumour somatic mutations and venous thromboembolism in the 100,000 Genomes Project cancer cohort: a study protocol
Authors: Cornish Naomi , Westbury Sarah K. , Warkentin Matthew T. , Thirlwell Chrissie , Mumford Andrew D. , Haycock Philip C.
Published: November 2024

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. There is evidence that specific aberrations in tumour biology contribute to the pathophysiology of this condition. We plan to examine the association between tumour somatic mutations and VTE in an existing cohort of patients with cancer, who were enrolled to the flagship Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project. Here, we outline an a-priori analysis plan to address this objective, including details on study cohort selection, exposure and outcome definitions, annotation of genetic variants and planned statistical analyses. We will assess the effect of 1) deleterious somatic DNA variants in each gene; 2) tumour mutational burden and 3) tumour mutational signatures on the rate of VTE (outcome) in a pan-cancer cohort. Sensitivity analyses will be performed to examine the robustness of any associations, including adjustment for potentially correlated co-variates: tumour type, stage and systemic anti-cancer therapy. We hope that results from this study may help to identify key genes which are implicated in the development of cancer associated thrombosis, which may shed light on related mechanistic pathways and/or provide data which can be integrated into genetic risk prediction models for these patients.
The genome sequence of a tachinid fly, Linnaemya vulpina (Fallén, 1810)
Authors: Sivell Olga , Mitchell Ryan , Raper Chris ,   Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: November 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual male tachinid fly, Linnaemya vulpina (Arthropoda; Insecta; Diptera; Tachinidae). The genome sequence has a total length of 554.00 megabases. Most of the assembly (98.85%) is scaffolded into 7 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.72 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 11,599 protein-coding genes.
Lepidoptera larvae (Insecta) responsible for herbivory on Vanilla spp. (Orchidaceae) in the Federal District, Brazil
Authors: Specht Alexandre , Querino Ranyse Barbosa , Camargo Willian Rogers Ferreira de , Camargo Amabílio José Aires de , Lima Wanderlei Antonio Alves de , Brasil Zenilton de Jesus Gayoso Miranda
Published: November 2024

Given its culinary importance and high market value, the cultivation of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) has been expanding annually in Brazil. As observed in many crops, the increase in cultivated areas leads to a greater incidence of insects associated with species of this genus. This study reports the herbivory of larvae from Cremna thasus (Stoll, 1780) (Papilionoidea: Riodinidae: Riodininae), Hypercompe cunigunda (Stoll, 1781) (Noctuoidea: Erebidae: Arctiinae), and Spodoptera cosmioides Walker, 1858 (Noctuoidea: Noctuidae: Noctuinae) on Vanilla bahiana Hoehne and V. planifolia Andrews in the Federal District, Brazil. A list of 19 Lepidoptera species from six families associated with Vanilla spp. worldwide is provided based on a literature review. Most (n=15) of them exhibit polyphagous larvae. Given reports of exotic larvae spreading with orchids worldwide and the discussed larval polyphagy, we address precautions that producers of Vanilla and other orchids should take to reduce the incidence of insect pests in crops, especially in areas with intensive cropping systems involving annual commodities such as maize and soybean.
Iatrogenic cardiac arrest during thyroid storm
Authors: Mansoor Taha , Kaur Jaspreet , Randhawa Maninder , Rai Anand , Yu Dylan , Khan Fatima Iqbal , Koshy Santhosh
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Thyroid storm is a life-threatening condition with often severe cardiac implications. Correct treatment choices can vary depending on underlying cardiac systolic function. Case description: We present a case of a 47-year-old male with untreated Grave’s disease who presented with a thyroid storm. After propranolol administration, he experienced a cardiac arrest with the return of spontaneous circulation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Further evaluation revealed severe thyroid-induced cardiomyopathy with left ventricular ejection fraction of 15–20%, which had decreased from 60–65% over one year. The patient was discharged home on hospital day 8 after an unremarkable ischaemic work-up. He experienced a full cardiac systolic function recovery with an ejection fraction of 60–65% at the 90-day follow-up. Conclusion: Thyroid storm can present with overt or subclinical heart failure. Prompt evaluation of cardiac systolic function with a transthoracic echocardiogram before beta-blockade and the use of shorter-acting beta blockers can prevent devastating suppression of myocardial function.
Time-delayed reservoir computing based on spin-VCSEL: interplay between pump ellipticity and performance
Authors: Wang Tao , Fang Qing , Wang Huiming , Wang Yueyang
Published: November 2024

Reservoir computing, a simplified recurrent neural network, can be implemented using a nonlinear system with delay feedback, known as time-delayed reservoir computing. In this paper, we explore two time-delayed reservoir computing schemes based on the fast dynamics of two polarization channels of a spin-VCSEL and investigate their prediction performance for the Mackey–Glass task. Our main focus is on understanding the impact of pump ellipticity on the prediction performance of the two reservoir computing systems, namely, RC
X
and RC
Y
. Through numerical simulation, we find that when the pump ellipticity (P) is less than 0.73, the prediction performance of RC
Y
outperforms RC
X
. However, beyond this threshold, the performance advantage shifts towards RC
X
. These findings shed light on the importance of considering pump ellipticity when designing and optimizing reservoir computing systems. Furthermore, we also investigate the influence of the ratio between the delay time and input period on the memory capacity of these systems. Interestingly, we observe that using a delay time of 2.8 times the input cycle enables better prediction performance and memory capacity. This choice not only provides an optimal trade-off between memory capacity and computing speed but also avoids the computational slowdown caused by excessively long delay times. In general, our study emphasizes the flexibility and tunability of the spin-VCSEL-based reservoir computing system. By easily adjusting the ellipticity and delay-time parameters, we can optimize the memory properties, resulting in significantly improved prediction performance. Our findings offer valuable insights for enhancing the performance of reservoir computing systems based on the ultrafast dynamics of spin-VCSELs.
200 mm optical synthetic aperture imaging over 120 meters distance via macroscopic Fourier ptychography
Authors: Zhang Qi , Lu Yuran , Guo Yinghui , Shang Yingjie , Pu Mingbo , Fan Yulong , Zhou Rui , Li Xiaoyin , Pan An , Zhang Fei , Xu Mingfeng , Luo Xiangang
Published: November 2024

Fourier ptychography (FP) imaging, drawing on the idea of synthetic aperture, has been demonstrated as a potential approach for remote sub-diffraction-limited imaging. Nevertheless, the farthest imaging distance is still limited to around 10 m, even though there has been a significant improvement in macroscopic FP. The most severe issue in increasing the imaging distance is the field of view (FoV) limitation caused by far-field conditions for diffraction. Here, we propose to modify the Fourier far-field condition for rough reflective objects, aiming to overcome the small FoV limitation by using a divergent beam to illuminate objects. A joint optimization of pupil function and target image is utilized to attain the aberration-free image while estimating the pupil function simultaneously. Benefiting from the optimized reconstruction algorithm, which effectively expands the camera’s effective aperture, we experimentally implement several FP systems suited for imaging distances of 12 m, 65 m, and 120 m with the maximum synthetic aperture of 200 mm. The maximum synthetic aperture is thus improved by more than one order of magnitude of the state-of-the-art works from the furthest distance, with an over fourfold improvement in the resolution compared to a single aperture. Our findings demonstrate significant potential for advancing the field of macroscopic FP, propelling it into a new stage of development.