bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desertion, Elopement, and Wife-sale
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses different modes of marital break-up such as desertion, elopement, and wife-sale. There were five distinct ways in which the break-up of marriage in England could occur in the early modern period, the first two of which involved litigation. These two were separation from bed and board, without permission to remarry; and a full divorce, with permission to remarry. The third method, confined to the middling and better sort, was private separation. The fourth method, involving those who had little or no property, was desertion or elopement. Husbands sometimes ejected their wives and locked them out of the house, or set up a new household elsewhere with a mistress. A much rarer method of separation was by the ritual of wife-sale, a custom unique to Britain and New England, in which a husband publicly sold his wife and all legal responsibility for her and her upkeep.
Epilogue: The Century of Divorce Law Reform, 1857–1987
Authors: Stone Lawrence
Published: October 2011

This chapter traces the story of the divorce revolution from the first breach in the barrier in 1857 to the situation in 1987. As changing social mores came into conflict with resisting legislative conservatism and wavering religious beliefs, the end result churned out around 150,000 divorces a year by 1987. The discussion explores why divorce grew only very slowly after the Divorce Act of 1857, so that the numbers were still negligible in 1914. It also examines why, after 1914, and especially after 1960, there was an unprecedented growth in the number of divorces, accompanied by weakening moral controls over adultery by either sex.
Introduction
Authors: Denham A. E.
Published: October 2011

This book explores questions regarding the metaphysics of morals and moral epistemology, as well as questions in the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of language. In particular, it addresses the theory of metaphor. Art and morality are related in more than one dimension, but this book considers only one of these dimensions: the way in which works of art inform one's moral beliefs. The discussion is confined further to literary art alone, and that only, or almost only, in connection with one common feature of literary art, namely, the use of metaphor. The book examines in what way may one's engagement with literary art, and more particularly metaphorical discourse, informs his/her moral beliefs. The answer to that question can be extended to other features of literary discourse and indeed to other art forms.
Converging on Values: Cognition and Sentiment
Authors: Denham A. E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter reconsiders the intuitive conception of truth which any account of ‘qualified judgements’ and ‘suitable subjects’ will have to subserve. There are many alternative conceptions of truth; philosophers have characterised it variously in terms of correspondence, coherence, conventional warrant, and idealised assertibility. A minimalist conception of truth is not committed to any constitutive account of the truth-predicate as it applies to any and every discourse, but is rather satisfied to assign minimal content to the idea of ‘truth-in-general’. At least two approaches to this minimalist conception may be distinguished. The first denies that truth is, strictly speaking, a property at all, while the second — known as a ‘minimalist’ approach — allows that any predicate which coincides in normative force with warranted assertibility while yet being potentially divergent from it in extension deserves the title of a truth-predicate.
Anaphoric Reference: Grammatical or Pragmatic?
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: October 2011

Anaphoric reference has been discussed much more by linguists than by philosophers. It should be addressed by philosophers as well, for it raises some interesting questions about the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of pronouns. The main question concerns the status of the relation of co-reference between a pronoun and its antecedent: is this a semantic or merely a pragmatic relation? An answer to that question depends on the answer to a similar question about antecedency, which seems to be a syntactic relation. But is this relation really syntactic? In other words, do pronouns literally have antecedents? If they do, then anaphoric reference would have a syntactic basis and, since it would be explained at the level of sentence grammar, would have to be regarded as a semantic phenomenon. Otherwise, it would have to be explained pragmatically and be understood merely as a special case of indexical reference. This chapter takes the latter position, which is summed up very simply: being mentioned elsewhere in a sentence is just one way of being salient.
Introduction
Authors: Honderich Ted
Published: October 2011

Connections called nomic or lawlike connections, to distinguish them from logically necessary connections rooted in words and other symbols, are pervasive in the natural world, and fundamental to it. They are connections not between words but in reality, and they are considered the cement of the universe. It is also believed that every fact about a person, including every fact about the brain and central nervous system, and character and personality, and thought and feeling, might have been exactly as it was before and at the moment when the person understood something, or hoped, or decided, or acted, and nevertheless the understanding, hoping, deciding, or acting might never have occurred. That was the possibility in reality, not merely something that can be thought without contradiction.
The Causation of Psychoneural Pairs
Authors: Honderich Ted
Published: October 2011

The question that have been considered in previous chapters had something to do with how the mind is related to the brain, or the relation between mental and neural events. In particular, it was questioned how a mental event exactly is related to the particular neural event to which it is intimately related and thus with which it is simultaneous. The identity theory in its various forms attempts an answer to this question of the psychoneural relation. As the Correlation Hypothesis is supplemented, it brings about a Union Theory that leads to the question which seeks to find out an explanation for mental events. Answers to this and other questions partly depend for their worth on, and can be tested by, what they include or entail by way of answers to the second question which is the explanation of mental events.
The Origins of Methods
Authors: Jardine Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines methodological innovation by investigating large claims about the role of common sense as matrix for the methods of sciences. It discusses transference of methods between disciplines and some ways in which some disciplines may serve others as models or arbiters of method. It summarizes the social, institutional, and technological factors that may stimulate methodological innovation: changes in the social roles of practitioners of the sciences; the routines, practices, and instrumentation of technicians; teaching curricula; the organization, architecture, and resources of scientific institutions; and technologies of representation and communication.
A New Historiography
Authors: Jardine Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter begins by reviewing the main hypotheses about the factors responsible for setting and shifting scenes of inquiry. It notes two methodological issues that are vital in the development of a new historiography. The first concerns the proper level required for the analysis of scenes of inquiry in the sciences. The second problem is that of the roles to be assigned to individual agency, choice, and strategic deliberation in shifting and stabilizing scenes of inquiry. The chapter outlines a proposed programme for a new historiography of the sciences centred on the formation, transformation, and dissolution of scenes of inquiry, noting that such a historiography overcomes the opposition between internalist and externalist, intellectualist and praxis-oriented, individualist, and collectivist approaches.
Rhetoric, Aesthetics and Reliability
Authors: Jardine Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the roles in the sciences of different forms of appeal to literary and aesthetic sensibility. It reviews some studies to discuss the reliability and amenability to calibration of literary and aesthetic strategies. The first group of studies examines the literary strategies used to promote new conceptions of the nature and status of experiments in early 17th-century natural philosophy. The second group looks into the formation and transformation of the discipline of chemistry. Lastly, the chapter rebuts certain doctrines prevalent in philosophical aesthetics which imply that such strategies could not possibly be reliable.
Creation
Authors: HARRISON CAROL
Published: October 2011

Love of God in this life is inseparable from hope for Augustine. It is a movement of desire and longing for an ultimate goal: sight or knowledge. Augustine's teaching on the beauty of Creation, which has as its end the vision of the supreme beauty of God, assumes an eschatological aspect. Augustine likens Creation to the words of a sentence or poem, whose temporal sequence must pass before the beauty of the whole can be grasped. Creation awaiting the revelation of the Sons of Men is likened by Augustine to the colours of a painter on a palate, waiting to be applied to a painting to take on a new image and value. Thus, the beauty of Creation is relative.
The Hebrew Verbs and Aspect
Authors: Goldfajn Tal
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the verbs and the concept of aspect in biblical Hebrew (BH) language. It suggests that the sequential interpretation triggered by wayyiqtols in the BH text is closely connected with the fact that the wayyiqtol form represents situations which include their end points. It concludes that the different aspectual classes do not play any important role in the interpretation of the prefixed forms because the movement in the narrative advances whether or not a sentence presents an event or a state.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldfajn Tal
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the relation between the four main biblical Hebrew (BH) verb forms and the temporal ordering of classical BH text narrative. It has suggested that the differences in the use of the BH verb forms should be analysed in their intersentential use and proposed that a tense marker can only be properly understood when its place and role in the text has been determined. The general argument of this study is that the main function of the BH verb forms is to indicate the temporal relations holding between the events in the text.
Aspectology, Related Issues, and the Greek Verb
Authors: Evans T. V.
Published: October 2011

The Ancient Greek verbal system has been subjected to the scrutiny of scholars for over 2,500 years, but is still in many respects little understood. This state of affairs has been clarified in recent times by the work of Porter and Fanning on the verb in the New Testament (NT). Accordingly, this chapter sets out the theoretical basis of its own approach to the Greek verb with reference to developments in modern aspectology and especially to Porter and Fanning's contributions. According to the approach adopted here, ancient Greek manifests two aspects, perfective and imperfective, and as many as five aspectual tenses: present, imperfect, aorist, perfect, and pluperfect. The future and future perfect are taken as the only non-aspectual tense forms, but from the later Koine period, the future comes to be replaced by aspectual periphrases.
Comparative Analysis of the Greek and Hebrew Verbal Systems
Authors: Evans T. V.
Published: October 2011

Because Greek and Hebrew belong to separate language families (IE and Semitic respectively), their grammatical structures are naturally dissimilar in many respects. This chapter provides a mainly descriptive analysis of the verbal systems of the two languages, according to their manifestations in the Greek and MT Pentateuchs. The structural differences caused the LXX translators, despite their essentially literal techniques, to make choices regarding verbal usage which had less to do with the demands of the underlying Hebrew text than with natural Greek nuances of meaning. A range of options were available in Koine Greek for the translation of most Biblical Hebrew verbal forms. It can be seen that the grammatical categories of aspect, tense, and mood represent a significant sphere of difference between the languages and thus of largely independent Greek usage.
Preliminary Questions concerning Greek—Hebrew Comparisons
Authors: Evans T. V.
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers the relationship between verbal forms in the Greek Pentateuch and the underlying Hebrew text components, so as to establish degrees of independence in the Greek usage. In approaching the Greek-Hebrew formal comparisons, three issues must be addressed: the necessity for a methodology different from conventional translation-technical analysis; questions regarding the Hebrew text to be used as the basis for comparison; and complications concerning classification of Hebrew forms. It is apparent from this chapter that classification of Hebrew formal matches involves numerous difficulties. Nevertheless, consistent application of the method described provides a model for their resolution. The vast bulk of Greek-Hebrew formal matches in the Pentateuch are clear-cut.
Social Background
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter investigates the influence of age, gender, class, education, income, religion, town size and rurality, parenthood, and occupational sector on attitudes towards rights and liberties. British attitudes towards the principle of liberty followed patterns broadly similar to those described by Sullivan, Pierson, and Marcus for practical tolerance. However, attitudes to the principle of equality — which Sullivan and his colleagues did not research even at the level of practice — followed quite different patterns.
Policy Making in the 1970s: Constraints in Britain, Boldness in France
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyzes the impact of differing institutional frameworks on policy making in Britain and France, given the powerful external pressures common to the two countries. It looks for linkages between the major features of institutional frameworks and patterns of policy making (processes of decision-making, strategies, and major areas of substantive policy). It compares the patterns of policy formation in the two countries to assess the differences between them and to consider whether the cross-national institutional dissimilarities contributed to the policy contrasts identified.
Competition in Network Operation 1990–1996: Differing National Paths away from Monopoly
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines decision-making processes in key areas of substantive policy in Britain and France concerning network operation. Institutional factors that differed between the two countries are considered in detail, including ownership and formal position of network operators (BT and France Telecom), the existence of an independent industry regulator, the ending of the network operator's monopoly, and the powers and duties of the political executive, regulatory bodies, and network operator. In examining France, particular attention is given to policy change and to the impact of institutional features that were altered in 1990, such as the separation of France Telecom and the PTE Ministry. Finally, Britain and France are compared directly in order to link institutions to the observed patterns of policy making.
The Era of Cheap Fuel From Early Times to the Mid-Sixteenth Century
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the early history of the coal industry. Throughout much of the early Middle Ages, adequate supplies of fuel were cheaply, even freely, available. Firewood could be gathered almost everywhere from trees and hedgerows, and in addition turves, sedge, thack, furze, heath, coal, and other local specialities might also provide useful supplements. Coal was burnt in small quantities by those living close to outcrops, and the special qualities of mineral fuel created a limited but widespread demand from artisans engaged in specialist processes for which coal was the most suitable fuel. The long era from the 8th or 9th centuries to the opening of the 14th was one of massive expansion, and in its latter stages it brought increasing pressure on resources. By the opening decades of the 14th century mining was taking place on every British coalfield excepting perhaps Cumberland, and by the close of the Middle Ages pits abounded on all coalfields.
The Market Context
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the importance of the Government market in the formative years of the post-war electronics industry. It describes the treatment of the market as a sink, into which a firm tries to pour applications of techniques known to the firm, or as a continuing source of needs, actual and potential, which the firm tries to satisfy. Whether a firm treated the market as a sink or as a source appears to have been the most important determinant of its success.
Codes of Practice in Management Conduct
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the significance of the codes of practice in management conduct. The common system of beliefs existing in a concern, or in one section of a concern, is manifested in the way in which people treat each other. Each firm has its code of practice which defines the kind of conduct appropriate to managerial roles. The code is fixed by the managing director. This is his most important contribution to the welfare of the organization.
Conclusions
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

This book has investigated the innovation process through a focus on the management of information technology (IT) expertise in the financial services sector. Expertise is both an important focus of theoretical debate and a practical problem that has become more pressing as organizational and technological change have called into question traditional management models. Perhaps, ironically, organizations respond to this dynamism, and its attendant uncertainties, by employing new kinds of expertise and new means of deploying skilled resources. These range from attempts to integrate distributions of knowledge to more systematic efforts to redefine the underlying structures of knowledge around which products and development processes are based. Managerial concerns for the expertise problem increasingly reflect measures such as the development of elaborate integration mechanisms, the creation of ‘hybrid specialists’ and joint development teams, and the external acquisition of expertise from consultants and software houses.
Game-Theoretic Models of Bargaining: An Introduction for Economists Studying the Transnational Commons
Authors: Myerson Roger B.
Published: October 2011

The chapter discusses the different game-theoretic models of bargaining and serves as an introduction for economists studying the transnational commons. The chapter also explains the importance of bargaining and defines the transnational commons as the resources of the world, from the ozone layer to the deep ocean floor, that do not belong to any individual, organization, or nation. The chapter surveys some of the most important game-theoretic models of bargaining to see what they may tell us about the problems of the transnational commons. It also talks about Nash's demand game as well as the multiple equilibria in dynamic bargaining, and discusses the problems of arbitration, mediation, and multilateral bargaining in great detail.
International River Basins: Pervasive Unidirectional Externalities
Authors: Rogers Peter
Published: October 2011

This chapter talks about international river basins and the effects of pervasive unidirectional externalities. The chapter states that water development in our time is driven by population growth and technological advances such as hydroelectric generation and modernized year-round agriculture, and that under this heading, it is fair to visualize multi-billion dollar, often heroic national enterprises such as Hoover and Aswan dams, and the irrigation of the North China Plain. The concern with international river basins and the need to move quickly with mechanisms to diffuse conflicts before they become deeply entrenched is also part of the current interest in global environmental issues. The chapter states that an externality occurs whenever an action taken by some economic unit has a direct impact upon welfare of productivity of some other economic unit.
Protecting the Transnational Commons
Authors: Dorfman Robert
Published: October 2011

This chapter states that the problem of protecting the transnational commons is less a natural scientific problem of understanding the physical and biological processes that disrupt the environment, or of developing appropriate protective techniques, than it is a social scientific problem of devising procedures to expedite international cooperation in protecting the transnational commons. The chapter suggests that the procedures of international negotiations be altered so as to make more use of relevant economic concepts and insights. The chapter also recommends an approach based on the benefits principle of public finance, advocated particularly by Knut Wicksell and Erik Lindahl. The chapter recommends more research be done. Specifically, a need for drastic improvement in the negotiating procedures is great enough to justify conducting pilot trials in a few relatively manageable cases.
Implications of a World Economy for Environmental Policy and Law
Authors: Caldwell Lynton Keith
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the implications of a world economy for environmental policy and law. The chapter states that the interpretation of the influence of an emergent world economy on environmental policies presented in this chapter follows a logical topical sequence. It begins with a description of the techno-economic developments that are shaping the present world and the principal environmental issues that have consequently arisen are identified. This is followed by a synthesis of economic-environmental interrelationships that is relevant for the present context of national and international environmental policy and law. The chapter also analyses alternative strategies such as administrative, fiscal, diplomatic, legal, and ethical strategies, through which transnational issues of global change are addressed. The implications of policy choices for the future of the world economy and of the human condition in the biosphere are also conjectured.
Cultural Diversity in the Global Ecumene
Authors: Hannerz Ulf
Published: October 2011

The chapter starts by discussing two aspects of globalization. On the one hand, population and social structures which have previously always been separated now increasingly impinge physically and materially on people's living conditions and are the basis of most problems of transnational commons. On the other hand, there is also a growing, more direct flow of culture, of meanings and modes of expression, between territories and populations. For both of these reasons, one will have to reconsider received notions about boundaries and conceptions of boundedness which may have long been taken for granted. The chapter also discusses at length the right to one's culture, as well as the relationship of culture and ecology. It also talks about the role of difference as resistance, enjoying diversity, creative confrontations, drawing on other cultures, and the future of diversity.
The Desirability of Natural Resource Depletion
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the Club of Rome model using a polemical style. The second section contains the bulk of the discussion, and includes discussions on some numerical calculations that are intended to shed some light on the way economics uses exhaustible resources. These resources are viewed as a necessary preliminary to any consideration of the extent to which these resources are substitutable for other production factors.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

This chapter draws attention to the outline of the study. It points out that divergent theories on the development and performance of institutions are grounded on the differences in the assumptions about market operations. By analysing a cross-national long-term study of twenty countries under the OECD, this study attempts to answer whether internationalized markets brought about a general pattern of labour relations. Since institutionalism, class theory, and rational choice theory make up the analytical framework for this study, the various aspects of labour relations that should be concentrated on are able to be identified. The chapter presents three structural properties of organizations of interest and the bargaining system since these serve as the central institutional arrangement in labour relations. The study divides the three decades involved in the study into subperiods so that the chapter is able to observe the developments in the said periods.
The Role of the State
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

The role of the state, since it is the sovereign power that sets the legal framework in society, is not limited to wage regulation. Economic, organizational, and technological changes — particularly that of internationalization — caused economic performance to become vulnerable. The state's shift from pluralism to outcome-oriented regulation to make industrial relations more receptive to performance requirements can be viewed in two reliant aspects. The first dimension concerns how state regulation relates to organized industrial relations while the second refers to the state being substantive or procedural. This chapter examines how substantive state regulation and procedural state regulation are interrelated through using three regulatory approaches to make industrial relations compatible with what is needed for economic performance: neoliberalism, statism, and corporatism.
The Coverage of Collective Bargaining
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

According to Traxler (1994), the coverage rate of collective agreements is the most important indicator in determining the degree of organization or disorganization of labour markets. As fewer employees are covered by such agreements, organized industrial relations become more irrelevant. Since the coverage rate represents the ratio of employees covered by a collective agreement to the total number of employees in a firm, multi-level bargaining has to be taken into consideration as double-counting may occur. The chapter investigates the impact of internationalization on coverage through a cross-sectional analysis of the long-term developments along a certain group of countries. The chapter also looks into the stages of an evolutionary erosion of coverage and how this affects the labour market.
Labour Relations and their Interaction with Economic Policy
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

The effect that bargaining coordination has on macroeconomic developments is dependent on how these developments are linked with labour costs. Because of the declining variation in labour-cost growth seen across countries, variations in labour relations seem to no longer have relevance. It is therefore important to analyse the economic impact of bargaining coordination on economic institutions and their policies. The chapter first discusses how the interdependence of union policy and government policy has influenced how unions sacrifice member gains and long-term macroeconomic performance for the attainment of short-term goals. Another discussion involves monetary policy and the centralization of bargaining through such entities as the central bank. Lastly, the chapter includes a discussion about how bargaining coordination is related to monetary policy.
Performance and Labour Relations: Hypotheses and Evidence Revisited
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

In analysing the overall statistical fit of the models used in studying the performance effects of the distinct labour relations dimensions, six criteria involving statistical significance, F-tests, coefficient signs, the coefficient of determination (R2), the adjusted R2 for auxiliary runs, and an autoregressive term have been used to account for the presence of autocorrelation. This chapter looks into the mixed conclusions derived from the dual-chain causality attributed to the performance of labour relations. Aside for policy implications, this chapter presents the conceptual and theoretical conclusions that can be arrived at after comparing the different models concerning the relative importance of the distinct dimensions as factors of performance, the need to differentiate between bargaining centralization and bargaining coordination, and the reconsideration of the explanatory power of the hypotheses on performance effects.
The Prevalence of Path Dependency
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

Convergence and path dependency are competing hypotheses for explaining the institutional developments and their effects on performance, through views on the interplay of markets, institutional change, and performance. Path dependency may result from the existence of functional equivalents that allow countries to adapt to various market pressures or from institutional lock-ins that deter such pressures. Path dependency occurs when the distinct dimensions of labour relations co-vary in their level or organization. This chapter presents findings regarding the effect of the distinct dimensions of labour relations on development and performance which can aid in a better understanding of how path dependency is related to economic internationalization.
Dependent Entrepreneurs
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Dependent contractors are self-employed and their incomes are dependent on one or a few firms. Dependent contractors are in charge of activities which are mission critical to the firm and require high levels of firm-specific knowledge. Because of the risks of production inefficiencies, quality loss, unauthorized use of corporate knowledge, and other such risks associated with outsourcing to external suppliers, firms tend to externalize the routine aspects of mission critical activities. Through presenting statistical information, self-employment growth rates, demographics, and industry and occupational breakdowns, this chapter provides an analysis about the features of dependent contracting and how both firms and contractors can benefit from such an arrangement.
Independent Entrepreneurs and Business Networks
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Independent contractors require lower levels of firm-specific knowledge since independence in contracting is derived from the knowledge self-sufficiency of the contractor. By presenting this arrangement through a contractual perspective and a knowledge-based perspective, this chapter is able to describe the independent contractors' market. The chapter also explains the implications of the growth of individual independent contractors, small and micro-businesses, and networks. The trends presented in this chapter suggest that future small businesses will tend to employ fewer people. The chapter explains how the growth of independent contracting generally depends on the externalization of workers, the increasing number of workers in flexihire arrangements, the increasing demand for the supply of services outside the firm, and other such factors.
Redefining the Firm
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

In the simultaneous occurrences of the internalization of core functions and the externalization of non-core functions, the firm is being redefined in terms of its size, functions, organization, management, incentives, and reward systems. As a firm begins to concentrate more on knowledge assets, it also improves its ability to innovate, produce, market, and deliver. This chapter presents how the firm shrinks as its intellectual value grows. Also, in line with the changes in the volume of employees and processes, firms have opted to use performance-based incentives and promotion as an incentive. This chapter also introduces the six stages of the Knowledge Growth ModelTM as a tool for the assessment of a firm's progress, strengths, weaknesses, and other attributes that may affect the firm's performance.
The Rewards for Knowledge
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

One of the changes that require the most focus as a result of redefining the firm is the restructuring of corporate ownership. Since the firm's most important knowledge resources will come from individuals, it is appropriate for the firm to recognize the rights of these individuals regarding their participation in the ownership of the firm. This chapter presents a range of schemes that have offered workers varying levels of participation in the ownership of the firms where they were employed. The chapter also enumerates and explains both the positive and negative determinants of worker ownership and further analyses the emerging trends in worker participation in ownership and its implications on corporate strategies.
Different Points of Departure
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

In the latter portion of the 1990s, transition economies were evaluated to have had a considerable amount of influence in the development of many countries even if there were several shortcomings and hindrances encountered during the process. These constraints mainly comprise of the geographical and political realms of revolutions, which were expanded in the global economic and political realms. Nevertheless, these kinds of obstacles should not interrupt the leap for the creation of complete structural and institutional changes. Both developed and developing countries operate under these standards and trials. Market economies functioning under liberalization and privatization have produced new breaks in the fields of finance, asset diversification, distant transactions, technological advancement and investment networks with neighbouring nations despite the dominance of some ‘super powers’.
Systemic Change and Economic Performance
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Socialism and the centrally planned economy could have been successful if the economic systems and its governing bodies had comprehensive development policies as well as adequate knowledge and strong determination toward restructuration. Absence of any of the two conditions deters the process of organisational reforms and changes in growth strategies. This chapter contextualises these concepts and actions in China and Vietnam as compared to that of the Eastern European countries and the former Soviet republics. This is accomplished by examining the capacities and the abilities of each country in handling and balancing the two forces, the prevalence of the shifts to postsocialism in varying settings, the association of these modifications to the restoration of capitalism, and the possible backfires and benefits of the postsocialist regime.
Transition Policy and Development Strategy
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Consistent and creditworthy organisational design is crucial in the furtherance and success of transformation in all aspects of a certain country. Transition is viewed as a means to reinvent a system and as a device to formulate developmental techniques. Apparently, excessive or slow pacing implementation of reforms will both induce detrimental consequences especially to economic soundness. That is why some of the countries practicing postsocialist propositions consider carrying out gradual levels of liberalisation and privatisation in order to provide adequate time for institutions to adapt to the new mechanisms. With this, organisations along with their staff are enhanced. In contrast, with an improper institutional design and transition-by-chance inclination, there could be massive market failure, termed as ‘informal institutionalisation’ and ‘crony capitalism’.
The Long-term Perspectives
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

Although any country has the tendency to stop growth and development (thus, becoming stagnant) at any point, realisation of this can be a stepping stone to the pursuance of sustainable progress. Postsocialist economies we hope will continue to expand in the future; and countries, specifically members of the OECD or the Central European Free Trade Agreement, might be included in the list of nations operating under advanced economies. Qualification for the grouping is based on structural features, present establishments, and performance trends. Despite these categorisations, the selection process demands some revisions; hence, the transformation from a postsocialist market system to a market economy requires extensive reviews as well as hardcore behavioural and cultural modifications. Indeed, the arguments about transitions will persist; however, it should be noted that all these endeavours should encourage sustainable development.
Resource allocation
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

According to the WHO, palliative care is a complex group of assessments and interventions to improve the quality of life for both patients and their families. Within this context, wherein the inclusion of families in the remit of care is required, more resources, manpower, and money are expected to be consumed and provided compared to conventional care. Furthermore, the WHO also advocates the awarding of palliative care, assessments, and interventions to all patients who are terminally ill and who have life-threatening but curable diseases. This philosophy shifts the allocation of funds towards the palliative setting and away from the other areas of health care. This chapter discusses the distribution of available resources within the different areas of health care, a process called macroallocation. Within the context of macroallocation, resources are allocated to different specialties and for different treatments. Fair macroallocation pertains to a distribution system that is designed to achieve two goals: the best use of resources by using cost-effective measurements and the fair distribution of benefits between individuals. The chapter also examines the ethics for allocation of funds within palliative care.
German Historians and the Problem of Bourgeois Revolution
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the implications of the German historians' assumptions concerning the problem of bourgeois revolution in Germany. It contends that the assumption that Germany did not have a bourgeois revolution in the nineteenth century has structured the general understanding of German history and historiography. It discusses the view that abortive bourgeois revolutions led to fascism. The findings of the analysis indicate that the social determinations of revolutionary crises remain extremely complex and the specific contribution of the bourgeoisie and its various factions are far from clear.
The Realpolitik of the Bourgeoisie and Redundancy of Liberalism
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the realpolitik of the German bourgeoisie and argues for the redundancy of liberalism. It stresses the need to dissociate the idea of bourgeois revolution from the achievement of some necessary level of parliamentary democracy and redefine it to mean the body of change that inaugurated the bourgeois epoch. It suggests that the bourgeoisie's partnership with the pre-industrial power elite was influenced by the particular form of Germany's bourgeois revolution that combined with the accelerated character of capitalist development to impose a specific logic of class alliance.
The Political Stage and the Problem of Reform
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the political stage and the problem of reform during the bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that the there were major divisions with the bourgeoisie and that the chief victim of political discord within the bourgeoisie was that part of the class that thought of itself as both liberal and national. It suggests that open political action exposed the divisions within the bourgeoisie and revealed its vulnerability in political relations with subaltern social groups.
The Evolution of the European Banking Industry: An Overview
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides an overview of the situation in the banking industries of the five European countries analysed in this study: Germany, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. It examines the importance of the banking industry within the economy and later analyses the determinants of the banks's profitability. The chapter sets up a comparative framework that helps to lay the groundwork for a deeper analysis and takes into account the forces which have had a significant impact on banking operations, such as international financial instability, financial innovation, and the process of deregulation, in order to analyse the structure of the industry. It notes that this study focuses primarily on commercial banks.
Resilient carers and caregivers
Authors: Payne Sheila
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the resilience of family carers and caregivers in the palliative care setting. It analyses the impact of caring on caregivers using available data from relevant literature and from the personal accounts of caregivers. It highlights the discrepancies between how caregiving is construed by health and social care practitioners and the representation of the lived experience of caring reported by family members and others concerned.
The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
Authors: Bates Ed
Published: October 2011

This chapter provides an overview of the story of the evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights. It comments on the current crisis facing the Court. It then discusses the origins of the Convention and explains, in summary form, how it developed over subsequent decades. The situation of the Convention and the European Court of Human Rights over the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s is examined.
The Evolution of the Convention System through to 1990
Authors: Bates Ed
Published: October 2011

The chapter begins by providing an overview of the expansion of the Strasbourg jurisprudence in the 1980s. It then examines how the ECHR system further evolved over the same period, focussing on several key areas. Firstly the status of the individual applicant in proceedings before the European Court is addressed — it is observed that the individual applicant became more and more the focal point. Next, the approach taken by the Court to issues of ‘just satisfaction’ is examined. After this, the evolving role of the Commission and the Committee of Ministers is addressed, including the crucial role of the former in terms of deciding whether to refer cases to the Court or to the Committee of Ministers. As to the Committee of Ministers it is observed that this played an increasingly subservient role to the Commission, such that, in effect, the latter almost became a court of first instance. A further section examines how matters developed as regards the role and function of the Committee of Ministers when it came to supervising the implementation of Court judgments. The last part of the chapter looks at the largely unsuccessful efforts made in the 1980s to secure a reform of the ECHR system, when the proposal was put forward for a merger of the Commission and the Court.
Anti Social Trinitarianism
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues that there are two major problems for Social Trinitarianism. The first challenge it faces is to explain why its three Persons are ‘not three Gods, but one God’, and to do so without transparently misreading the Creed. The second task is to provide an account of monotheism which is both intuitively acceptable and lets Social Trinitarianism count as monotheist. More specifically, it argues that Social Trinitarianism compromises adequate doctrines of omniscience and omnipotence, and that it finally collapses into either incoherence or a version of polytheism referred as ‘Plantingean Arianism’.
Selecting and Managing Global Accounts
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

The quality of a club depends a lot on the quality of its members. The same holds for global account management (GAM) programmes. Choosing the right accounts to participate in the GAM programme is of vital importance to the success of the programme. This chapter gives some pointers on selecting the right accounts for the programme and discusses what kind of relationship with the customer should be aimed at after the selection process.
The Grammarian's Spoils:De Doctrina Christianaand the Contexts of Literary Education
Authors: Chin Catherine M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter places the De Doctrina Christiana in the context of grammatical education. The difficulty in assimilating this work to any single ancient model may be a sign of its special relationship to grammar, the primary discipline for all practical curricula of higher education in Augustine's time. The chapter notes that it was the grammarian's function to redistribute the knowledge produced in other disciplines. In pointing to the consonance of the habit of discursive transferral with the famous image of the spoliation of the Egyptians, and interpreting the latter as master trope of a discourse that produces the opposition of Christian to pagan culture through a process of de- and re-contextualisation, it seeks to explain the dynamics of love inscribed by the sign theory of De Doctrina Christiana.
Functions in Mind
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This book investigates what it means to say that mental states — thoughts, wishes, perceptual experiences, and so on — are about things in the world. The answer to this deep philosophical problem is a novel teleological account of intentional content, grounded in and shaped by a carefully constructed theory of functions. This book's teleological account centres on the claim that the content of an intentional state depends both on the information that it is supposed to carry and on the way in which it is used — whether to trigger a simple response, to help keep track of an object or place, to help in planning a route through the environment, or in a sophisticated process of reasoning. Along the way the book defends its view from recent objections to teleological theories, and indicates how it might be applied to some notable problems in the philosophy of mind.
Learning and Wanting
Authors: Price Carolyn
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers two ways in which it is possible to advance beyond the minimal intentional systems described in the previous chapters. It analyses who the learning process generates intentional content for and argues that a good account of a learned content will need to take account of the innate function of the mechanism that controls the process of learning. The chapter argues that the ability to represent goals is a more sophisticated capacity than the ability to signal the occurrence of some state of affairs.