bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of the low- to mid-latitude ionosphere to the geomagnetic storm of September 2017
Authors: Imtiaz Nadia , Younas Waqar , Khan Majid
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We study the impact of the geomagnetic storm of 7–9 September 2017 on the low- to mid-latitude ionosphere.
The prominent feature of this solar event is the sequential occurrence of two SYM-H minima with values of −146 and −115 nT on 8 September at 01:08 and 13:56 UT, respectively.
The study is based on the analysis of data from the Global Positioning System (GPS) stations and magnetic observatories located at different longitudinal sectors corresponding to the Pacific, Asia, Africa and the Americas during the period 4–14 September 2017.
The GPS data are used to derive the global, regional and vertical total electron content (vTEC) in the four selected regions.
It is observed that the storm-time response of the vTEC over the Asian and Pacific sectors is earlier than over the African and American sectors.
Magnetic observatory data are used to illustrate the variation in the magnetic field particularly, in its horizontal component.
The global thermospheric neutral density ratio; i.e., O∕N2 maps obtained from the Global UltraViolet Spectrographic Imager (GUVI) on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite are used to characterize the storm-time response of the thermosphere.
These maps exhibit a significant storm-time depletion of the O∕N2 density ratio in the northern middle and lower latitudes over the western Pacific and American sectors as compared to the eastern Pacific, Asian and African sectors.
However, the positive storm effects in the O∕N2 ratio can be observed in the low latitudes and equatorial regions.
It can be deduced that the storm-time thermospheric and ionospheric responses are correlated.
Overall, the positive ionospheric storm effects appear over the dayside sectors which are associated with the ionospheric electric fields and the traveling atmospheric disturbances.
It is inferred that a variety of space weather phenomena such as the coronal mass ejection, the high-speed solar wind stream and the solar radio flux are the cause of multiple day enhancements of the vTEC in the low- to mid-latitude ionosphere during the period 4–14 September 2017.
Foraminiferal community response to seasonal anoxia in Lake Grevelingen (the Netherlands)
Authors: Richirt Julien , Riedel Bettina , Mouret Aurélia , Schweizer Magali , Langlet Dewi , Seitaj Dorina , Meysman Filip J. R. , Slomp Caroline P. , Jorissen Frans J.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Over the last decades, hypoxia in marine coastal
environments has become more and more widespread, prolonged and intense.
Hypoxic events have large consequences for the functioning of benthic
ecosystems. In severe cases, they may lead to complete anoxia and the presence
of toxic sulfides in the sediment and bottom-water, thereby strongly
affecting biological compartments of benthic marine ecosystems. Within these
ecosystems, benthic foraminifera show a high diversity of ecological
responses, with a wide range of adaptive life strategies. Some species are
particularly resistant to hypoxia–anoxia, and consequently it is interesting
to study the whole foraminiferal community as well as species-specific
responses to such events. Here we investigated the temporal dynamics of
living benthic foraminiferal communities (recognised by
CellTracker™ Green) at two sites in the saltwater Lake
Grevelingen in the Netherlands. These sites are subject to seasonal anoxia
with different durations and are characterised by the presence of free
sulfide (H2S) in the uppermost part of the sediment. Our results
indicate that foraminiferal communities are impacted by the presence of
H2S in their habitat, with a stronger response in the case of longer
exposure times. At the deepest site (34 m), in summer 2012, 1 to 2
months of anoxia and free H2S in the surface sediment resulted in an
almost complete disappearance of the foraminiferal community. Conversely, at
the shallower site (23 m), where the duration of anoxia and free H2S
was shorter (1 month or less), a dense foraminiferal community was found
throughout the year except for a short period after the stressful event.
Interestingly, at both sites, the foraminiferal community showed a delayed
response to the onset of anoxia and free H2S, suggesting that the
combination of anoxia and free H2S does not lead to increased
mortality, but rather to strongly decreased reproduction rates. At the
deepest site, where highly stressful conditions prevailed for 1 to 2
months, the recovery time of the community takes about half a year. In Lake
Grevelingen, Elphidium selseyense and Elphidium magellanicum are much less affected by anoxia and free H2S than
Ammonia sp. T6. We hypothesise that this is not due to a higher tolerance for
H2S, but rather related to the seasonal availability of food sources,
which could have been less suitable for Ammonia sp. T6 than for the elphidiids.
Characterizing deep-water oxygen variability and seafloor community responses using a novel autonomous lander
Authors: Gallo Natalya D. , Hardy Kevin , Wegner Nicholas C. , Nicoll Ashley , Yang Haleigh , Levin Lisa A.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Studies on the impacts of climate change typically focus on changes to mean conditions. However, animals live in temporally variable environments which give rise to different exposure histories that could affect sensitivities to climate change. Ocean deoxygenation has been observed in nearshore, upper-slope depths in the Southern California Bight, but how these changes compared to the magnitude of natural O2 variability experienced by seafloor communities at short time-scales was unknown. We aimed to develop a low-cost and spatially flexible approach for studying nearshore, deep-sea ecosystems and monitoring deep-water oxygen variability and benthic community responses. Using a novel, autonomous hand-deployable Nanolander with an SBE MicroCAT and camera system, high-frequency environmental (O2, T, pHest) and seafloor community data were collected at depths between 100–400 m off San Diego, CA to characterize: timescales of natural environmental variability, changes in O2 variability with depth, and community responses to O2 variability. Oxygen variability was strongly linked to tidal processes, and contrary to expectation, oxygen variability did not decline linearly with depth. Depths of 200 and 400 m showed especially high O2 variability which may buffer communities at these depths to deoxygenation stress by exposing them to periods of relatively high O2 conditions across short time-scales (daily and weekly). Despite experiencing high O2 variability, seafloor communities showed limited responses to changing conditions at these shorter time-scales. Over 5-month timescales, some differences in seafloor communities may have been related to seasonal changes in the O2 regime. Overall, we found lower oxygen conditions to be associated with a transition from fish-dominated to invertebrate-dominated communities, suggesting this taxonomic shift may be a useful ecological indicator of hypoxia. Due to their small size and ease of use with small boats, hand-deployable Nanolanders can serve as a powerful capacity-building tool in data-poor regions for characterizing environmental variability and examining seafloor community sensitivity to climate-driven changes.
Contrasting decadal trends of subsurface excess nitrate in the western and eastern North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Yang Jin-Yu Terence , Lee Kitack , Zhang Jia-Zhong , Moon Ji-Young , Lee Joon-Soo , Han In-Seong , Lee Eunil
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Temporal variations in excess nitrate (DINxs) relative to phosphate were evaluated using datasets derived from repeated measurements along meridional and zonal transects in the upper (200–600 m) North Atlantic (NAtl) between the 1980s and 2010s. The analysis revealed that the DINxs trend in the western NAtl differed from that in the eastern NAtl. In the western NAtl, which has been subject to atmospheric nitrogen deposition (AND) from the USA, the subsurface DINxs concentrations have increased over the last two decades. This increase was associated with the increase in AND measured along the US east coast, with a mean lag period of 15 years. This time lag was approximately equivalent to the time elapsed since the subsurface waters in the western NAtl were last in contact with the atmosphere (the ventilation age). Our finding provides an evidence that the DINxs dynamics in the western NAtl in recent years has been affected by anthropogenic nitrogen inputs, although this influence is weak relative to that in the North Pacific. In contrast, a decreasing trend in subsurface DINxs was observed after the 2000s in the eastern NAtl, particularly in the high latitudes. This finding may be associated with a possible decline of tropical N2 fixation and the weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, although more time-resolved data on nutrients and meridional circulation are needed to assess this hypothesis. Our results highlight the importance of both anthropogenic and climate forcing in impacting the nutrient dynamics in the upper NAtl.
Back to the future II: tidal evolution of four supercontinent scenarios
Authors: Davies Hannah S. , Green J. A. Mattias , Duarte Joao C.
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Earth is currently 180 Myr into a supercontinent
cycle that began with the break-up of Pangaea and which will end around 200–250 Myr (million years) in the future, as the next supercontinent forms. As
the continents move around the planet they change the geometry of ocean
basins, and thereby modify their resonant properties. In doing so, oceans
move through tidal resonance, causing the global tides to be profoundly
affected. Here, we use a dedicated and established global tidal model to
simulate the evolution of tides during four future supercontinent scenarios.
We show that the number of tidal resonances on Earth varies between one and five in
a supercontinent cycle and that they last for no longer than 20 Myr. They
occur in opening basins after about 140–180 Myr, an age equivalent to the
present-day Atlantic Ocean, which is near resonance for the dominating
semi-diurnal tide. They also occur when an ocean basin is closing,
highlighting that within its lifetime, a large ocean basin – its history
described by the Wilson cycle – may go through two resonances: one when
opening and one when closing. The results further support the existence of a
super-tidal cycle associated with the supercontinent cycle and gives a
deep-time proxy for global tidal energetics.
A deep learning reconstruction of mass balance series for all glaciers in the French Alps: 1967–2015
Authors: Bolibar Jordi , Rabatel Antoine , Gouttevin Isabelle , Galiez Clovis
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Glacier surface mass balance (SMB) data are crucial to understand and quantify the regional effects of climate on glaciers and the high-mountain water cycle, yet observations cover only a small fraction of glaciers in the world. We present a dataset of annual glacier-wide surface mass balance of all the glaciers in the French Alps for the 1967–2015 period. This dataset has been reconstructed using deep learning (i.e. a deep artificial neural network), based on direct and remote sensing SMB observations, meteorological reanalyses and topographical data from glacier inventories. This data science reconstruction approach is embedded as a SMB component of the open-source ALpine Parameterized Glacier Model (ALPGM). An extensive cross-validation allowed to assess the method’s validity, with an estimated average error (RMSE) of 0.49 m w.e. a−1, an explained variance (r2) of 79 % and an average bias of +0.017 m w.e. a−1. We estimate an average regional area-weighted glacier-wide SMB of −0.72 ± 0.20 m w.e. a−1 for the 1967–2015 period, with moderately negative mass balances in the 1970s (−0.52 m w.e. a−1) and 1980s (−0.12 m w.e. a−1), and an increasing negative trend from the 1990s onwards, up to −1.39 m w.e. a−1 in the 2010s. Following a topographical and regional analysis, we estimate that the massifs with the highest mass losses for this period are the Chablais (−0.90 m w.e. a−1) and Ubaye and Champsaur ranges (−0.91 m w.e. a−1 both), and the ones presenting the lowest mass losses are the Mont-Blanc (−0.74 m w.e. a−1), Oisans and Haute-Tarentaise ranges (−0.78 m w.e. a−1 both). This dataset (available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3663630) (Bolibar et al., 2020a) – provides relevant and timely data for studies in the fields of glaciology, hydrology and ecology in the French Alps, in need of regional or glacier-specific meltwater contributions in glacierized catchments.
Overview of the PALM model system 6.0
Authors: Maronga Björn , Banzhaf Sabine , Burmeister Cornelia , Esch Thomas , Forkel Renate , Fröhlich Dominik , Fuka Vladimir , Gehrke Katrin Frieda , Geletič Jan , Giersch Sebastian , Gronemeier Tobias , Groß Günter , Heldens Wieke , Hellsten Antti , Hoffmann Fabian , Inagaki Atsushi , Kadasch Eckhard , Kanani-Sühring Farah , Ketelsen Klaus , Khan Basit Ali , Knigge Christoph , Knoop Helge , Krč Pavel , Kurppa Mona , Maamari Halim , Matzarakis Andreas , Mauder Matthias , Pallasch Matthias , Pavlik Dirk , Pfafferott Jens , Resler Jaroslav , Rissmann Sascha , Russo Emmanuele , Salim Mohamed , Schrempf Michael , Schwenkel Johannes , Seckmeyer Gunther , Schubert Sebastian , Sühring Matthias , von Tils Robert , Vollmer Lukas , Ward Simon , Witha Björn , Wurps Hauke , Zeidler Julian , Raasch Siegfried
Published: March 2020

Abstract. In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model and now an independent name) is a Fortran-based code and has been applied for studying a variety of atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers for about 20 years. The model is optimized for use on massively parallel computer architectures. This is a follow-up paper to the PALM 4.0 model description in Maronga et al. (2015). During the last years, PALM has been significantly improved and now offers a variety of new components. In particular, much effort was made to enhance the model with components needed for applications in urban environments, like fully interactive land surface and radiation schemes, chemistry, and an indoor model. This paper serves as an overview paper of the PALM 6.0 model system and we describe its current model core. The individual components for urban applications, case studies, validation runs, and issues with suitable input data are presented and discussed in a series of companion papers in this special issue.
The Making of the New European Wind Atlas, Part 1: Model Sensitivity
Authors: Hahmann Andrea N. , Sile Tija , Witha Björn , Davis Neil N. , Dörenkämper Martin , Ezber Yasemin , García-Bustamante Elena , González Rouco J. Fidel , Navarro Jorge , Olsen Bjarke T. , Söderberg Stefan
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This is the first of two papers that documents the creation of the New European Wind Atlas (NEWA). It describes the sensitivity analysis and evaluation procedures that formed the basis for choosing the final setup of the mesoscale model simulations of the wind atlas. An optimal combination of model setup and parameterisations was found for simulating the climatology of the wind field at turbine-relevant heights with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Initial WRF model sensitivity experiments compared the wind climate generated by using two commonly used planetary boundary layer schemes and were carried out over several regions in Europe. They confirmed that the largest differences in annual mean wind speed at 100 m above ground level mostly coincide with areas of high surface roughness length and not with the location of the domains or maximum wind speed. Then an ensemble of more than 50 simulations with different setups for a single year was carried out for one domain covering Northern Europe, for which tall mast observations were available. Many different parameters were varied across the simulations, for example, model version, forcing data, various physical parameterisations and the size of the model domain. These simulations showed that although virtually every parameter change affects the results in some way, significant changes on the wind climate in the boundary layer are mostly due to using different physical parameterisations, especially the planetary boundary layer scheme, the representation of the land surface, and the prescribed surface roughness length. Also, the setup of the simulations, such as the integration length and the domain size can considerably influence the results. The degree of similarity between winds simulated by the WRF ensemble members and the observations was assessed using a suite of metrics, including the Earth Mover's Distance (EMD), a statistic that measures the distance between two probability distributions. The EMD was used to diagnose the performance of each ensemble member using the full wind speed distribution, which is important for wind resource assessment. The most realistic ensemble members were identified to determine the most suitable configuration to be used in the final production run, which is fully described and evaluated in the second part of this study.
Remembering Immanuel Wallerstein
Authors: Chase-Dunn Christopher , Smith Jackie , Manning Patrick , Grubacic Andrej
Published: March 2020

Immanuel Wallerstein, one of the leading founders and promoters of world-systems analysis, died on August 31, 2019. Given the importance of his scholarship to the Journal of World-Systems Research, we plan to publish in future issues research articles based on conferences and symposia that are now being planned to honor Wallerstein’s work and legacy. In this essay, JWSR founding editor, Christopher Chase-Dunn, is joined by current editor Jackie Smith incoming editor Andrej Grubacic, and World Historical Information section editor Patrick Manning offering reflections on some of Wallerstein’s contributions to both scholarship and practice.
Factors Influencing High School Students' Career and Technical Education Enrollment Patterns
Authors: Xing Xue , Garza Tiberio , Huerta Margarita
Published: March 2020

Career and technical education (CTE) has gone through major transformations in the United States with important benefits for all students seeking postsecondary and career success. Research analyzing students' CTE enrollment patterns is important to understand which students are taking
CTE courses and why in order to inform future research and practice. Using the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 (HSLS:2009), this study investigated CTE enrollment patterns using Aliaga, Kotamraju, and Stone's (2014) typology and literature-based individual and social factors. Results
from descriptive and multinomial logistic regression indicated that the majority of students were enrolling in some level of CTE credits and that individual and social factors were influential but varied by specific enrollment patterns.
Host Community Attitude Toward Trade-off Between Tourism Development and Environmental Conservation: A Case Study of Palau
Authors: Lee Po Yen , Qi Lin , Li Peng
Published: March 2020

Palau is home to one of the purest marine ecosystems in the Pacific Ocean; however, since 2015, Palau has suffered an economic decline due to the negative environmental effects of over- tourism. The island country is at the crossroads of stagnation and recovery. The community attitude towards the trade-off between tourism development and environmental conservation are critical for forging a tourism strategy. This research attempts to identify the attitudes, values and beliefs of the community and proposes an appropriate plan within the current tourism scenario. The method of in-depth interviews and secondary data analysis were applied using NVivo software. The results showed that there are different viewpoints between the residents and the government, but there is one aspect that everyone agrees on: the need to develop tourism strategy that runs parallel to environmental conservation by upgrading Palau’s tourism to provide a high-end product. This would ideally result in finding a balance between the needs of the host community and sustainable tourism in a win-win scenario.
Research Opportunities to Improve the Competitiveness by Using Network Project Teams
Authors: Novikov Sergey , Komarova Natalia , Dadyan Karen
Published: March 2020

This article shows the relevance of the problem of increasing the competitiveness of Information Technology (IT) companies as part of the fourth industrial revolution and presents the relevance of the implementation of network project teams to improve the competitiveness of IT companies. The paper presents the hypothesis, purpose, object and subject of research and shows the practical significance and novelty of the work. There are possibilities of increasing the competitiveness of IT companies in the framework of the aerospace industry. The paper presents the industry's need for automated systems required for air transportation. We can find the correlation of the emergence of new management tasks with the presence of such components as new management standards, the growth of the number of holdings, financial and industrial groups and the total number of enterprises. It presents the advantages of using network project teams for solving complex and non-standard tasks within a limited time resource. Furthermore, it shows a comparison of the two approaches using the network and conventional project team. It is shown that the usual project team does not have the capabilities that will ensure the high competitiveness of the company in the implementation of complex, non-standard projects, where it is impossible to do without new knowledge and competencies and complete the project in a limited time. Also, it describes the process of transformation of an ordinary group into a network structure. Also, this article also illustrates possibility to avoid many negative characteristics of a conventional group while maintaining the basic principles of the project team and its positive characteristics.
Small is Beautiful? Niche Entrepreneurship with a Swiss Touch
Authors: Park Jung Eung , Pulcrano Jim , Leleux Benoit
Published: March 2020

Entrepreneurship in Switzerland seems to be the exact opposite of that in Silicon Valley and can be described as low-impact entrepreneurship, or niche-centric entrepreneurship. We used an online survey to investigate the characteristics of Swiss entrepreneurs, their business performance, activities in securing investments, as well as their expectations from supporting institutions. In addition, as an effective example of utilizing the ecosystem, we investigated the entrepreneurs’ activities in venture competitions. We provide empirical evidence that supports the view that Switzerland, at least regarding high-tech, early stage companies, has a unique ecosystem – low financial expectations, niche technology specialists, mostly angel and self-financed, high survival rates and clear success, defined via great products and innovation, and positive social/environmental impact.
CULINARY TOURISM AS A METHOD OF BUILDING THE PODTATRZE REGION STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT. PART 1: THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Authors: Górka-Chowaniec Agnieszka , Iwanicka Sonia
Published: March 2020

In the author’s publication, they presented the theoretical approach to issues related to the evolution of culinary tourism in recent years and referred to the essence of development strategies, treating this document as an important tool in creating a competitive advantage in the tourism market, with particular emphasis on the Podtatrze region. The main purpose of this article is to show the essence and significance of culinary tourism that can become an important element of building a future development strategy for the analyzed area, which is currently one of the main destinations of the tourist market. It should
also be emphasized here that decisions regarding the definition of support areas that could be included in future development strategies of particular regions are not easy decisions and errors resulting from their improper identification may have long-term consequences both in the area of effective achievement of goals and level generated revenues thus disrupting their sustainable and sustainable development. That is why, in the opinion of the authors, it is important to identify them correctly, taking into account both the supply side and the preferences of current and future tourists.
Specific Solution of Deformation Vector in Land Subsidence for GIS Applications to Reclaiming the Abandoned Magnesite Mine in the East of Slovakia
Authors: Sedlák Vladimír
Published: March 2020

Mining activity influences on the environment belong to the most negative industrial influences. Mining subsidence on the earth surface is a result of underground mining. The present study deals with the theory of specific procedures for solving the deformation vector in the case of an objective disturbance of data homogeneity in the geodetic network structure of the monitoring station in monitoring mining subsidence. The theory was developed for the mining subsidence created on the earth surface of the mining landscape, where the abandoned magnesite mine Košice-Bankov in the East of Slovakia was operated for many decades in the twentieth century. The achieved results and outputs were implemented into the GIS tools for the plan of the process of gradual reclaiming the entire mining landscape of Košice-Bankov. The aim of the deformation measurements was to determine the exact boundaries of the subsidence edges with the residual movement zones for the purpose of comprehensive reclaiming the devastated mining landscape. Some numerical and graphical results from the deformation vectors survey in the abandoned magnesite mine Košice-Bankov are presented. The obtained results in GIS were supplied for the needs of the Municipality of the city of Košice to the realization of the reclaiming work.
The w/w + Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) of Drosophila melanogaster for Detecting Antigenotoxic Activity
Authors: Gaivão Isabel , Ferreira João , María Sierra Luisa
Published: March 2020

Genotoxicological studies are emerging as fundamental for knowing the hazards to our genome, to our health. Drosophila melanogaster is one of the preferable organisms for toxicological research considering its metabolic similarities (viz. on dietary input, xenobiotic metabolizing system, antioxidant enzymes and DNA repair systems) to mammals. Accordingly, somatic mutation and recombination tests (SMARTs) of D. melanogaster are fast and low-cost in vivo assays that have shown solid results evaluating genotoxicity. The w/w + SMART uses the white (w) gene as a recessive marker to monitor the presence of mutant ommatidia (eye units), indicating the occurrence of point mutations, deletions, mitotic recombination or/and nondisjunction. Additionally, several studies used SMARTs to assess antigenotoxicity, with some using the w/w + SMART. We reviewed the state of the art of the w/w + SMART used for antigenotoxicity analysis, focusing on published results, aiming to contribute to the conception of a reliable protocol in antigenotoxicity. As such, genotoxic agents with known action mechanisms, as streptonigrin (oxidative stress inducer), were used as a genotoxic insult for proving the antigenotoxic effects of natural substances (e.g. seaweeds), demonstrating the presence of antimutagens in their composition. These antigenotoxicity studies are crucial for promoting preventive measures against environmental genotoxics that affect humans daily.
The Impact of Maternal Infection on the Neonate
Authors: Ko Hellen , Dehority Walter , R. Maxwell Jessie
Published: March 2020

Maternal infection is a common occurrence during pregnancy, with a substantial impact on the infant. Some infections result in impaired development in utero and even death of the fetus. Other infections may be insidious in the mother but result in growth impairment and hearing loss in the infant. A growing body of evidence suggests that even infections such as chorioamnionitis, thought to have no long-term impact on the infant, may alter fetal development. This chapter will review congenital infections and their impact on neonatal outcomes, as well as newer findings suggesting that acute infection may result in adverse changes in the infant. We will explore novel mechanisms of pathogenesis and virulence, as well as areas that continue with ongoing research.
The study of dissolved helium and radon concentrations in groundwaters of Southern Pribaikalie in connection with seismic processes
Authors: Semenov R. M. , Lopatin M. N. , Chechelnitsky V. V.
Published: March 2020

It is known that changes in geochemical fields may be due to the formation and development of earthquake foci. Hydrogeochemical fields at observation sites can be disturbed by underground shocks of sufficient energy, which occur at specific epicentral distances. Our study aimed to reveal these relationships by analysing the concentrations of helium and radon in groundwaters of Southern Pribaikalie, the area around Lake Baikal in Russia. Water samples were taken daily at 10 a.m. from artesian well No. 3 in Zeleny Mys, Irkutsk region. After water sparging, radon concentrations were measured by beta-detection Camera-01 and INGEM-1 (magnetic discharge indicator of helium) to determine helium concentrations. We analysed the concentration values in connection with 22 seismic events that occurred from 2010 to 2016 at the hydrogeochemical observation site (energy classes K of 10.4–14.5; epicentral distances of 40–750 km; conditional energy of K’>6). Based on the radon and helium concentration diagrams, specific regularities were established in the concentration variations before the earthquakes. Generally, concentration variations (increasing/decreasing) in excess of 1.5–2.0 standard deviations preceded earthquakes. This article presents the study results and discusses variations in the radon and helium concentrations, which are due to the seismic process and can be considered as a short-term precursor of earthquakes.
Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea in Children with Hematological Malignancy-Experience from a Pediatric Oncologic Centre, Bangladesh
Authors: Begum Ferdousi , Islam Afiqul , Haque Rashidul , Miah Mohammad Abdal , Alam Kazi Khairul , Karim Mohammad Anwarul , Begum Momena , Yasmin Farida
Published: March 2020

Background: Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea (CDAD) is considered to be one of the commonest causes of nosocomial diarrhoea worldwide. Gastrointestinal infections in the form of diarrhoea are common in pediatric oncology patients in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh. The study was conducted to find out the frequency of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among diarrheal children with haematological malignancy.
Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from April 2012 to March 2013 at the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, BSMMU, Bangladesh. Total 58 diarrheal episodes occurred in 51 children with various types of haematological malignancies were included consecutively. Faecal samples of the children were sent to International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) laboratory for detection of Clostridium difficile antigen (GDH) and toxins (A and/ or B) by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA).
Results: Among 58 diarrheal episodes 22.4% faecal samples were positive for GDH, but none of the faecal samples was positive for toxin A and or B. There were a significant association with leucopenia, severe neutropenia; usage of meropenem plus vancomycin, cefepime plus amikacin, imipenem, cytarabine and omeprazole with GDH positive diarrheal episodes.
Conclusion: Positive GDH antigen with a negative result for toxin indicates C. difficile colonization. Among GDH positive episodes, a significantly higher proportion of children had leucopenia, severe neutropenia and usage of some drugs known as risk factors for C. difficile infection. To confirm the CDI advanced tests are needed.
L’intime et le politique. Le corps de
l’enfant entre recherche scientifique et action publique
Authors: Diasio Nicoletta , Sirota Régine , Hamelin-Brabant Louise
Published: March 2020

Cadre de la recherche : L’article
questionne la dimension prise par le corps de l’enfant dans les sociétés
contemporaines et son influence dans les dispositifs de recherche scientifique
et d’intervention publique.

Objectifs : L’objectif est de montrer
les enjeux politiques du corps, de la santé et de la vie des enfants, leurs
manifestations historiques entre la fin du 18e et le
début du 21e siècle, la manière dont s’y croisent
sphère scientifique, débats sociétaux, contextes institutionnels et politiques
publiques.

Méthodologie : Cette introduction se
fonde sur une revue de littérature pluridisciplinaire qui mobilise des sources
dans le domaine de la sociologie, de l’anthropologie, de l’histoire, des
sciences de l’éducation. Elle est également issue d’une longue expérience de
recherche des autrices dans des programmes de recherche collectifs focalisés sur
le corps et la santé des enfants.

Résultats : L’intérêt pour le corps de
l’enfant n’est pas un phénomène récent. Il se développe d’abord dans le creuset
de la lutte contre la mortalité infantile, puis d’une biopolitique visant à
établir ou renforcer les Etats-nations, et enfin d’un processus de
médicalisation de la société, de transformations éducatives, familiales,
scolaires qui mettent l’enfance au cœur de nombreuses politiques publiques.
L’évolution du statut de l’enfant, la reconnaissance de son statut d’acteur, sa
sacralisation conjuguée aux inquiétudes et incertitudes produites par
l’évolution des normativités familiales, ont occasionné de nombreux programmes
de recherche et d’intervention

Conclusions : Autour du corps des
enfants, les sphères politico-administrative et scientifique entrent en
dialogue, s’ignorant à des moments, se renforçant à d’autres, puisant leur
légitimation dans des registres différents de normativité. Cette interaction
finit par influencer la démarche des chercheurs, leur positionnement, ainsi que
la place des enfants dans les pratiques de la recherche

Contribution : Nous montrons les formes
spécifiques du « corps politique » quand il se réfère aux enfants : le rapport
au temps ; les pratiques de bornage de l’entrée en existence et des âges de la
vie ; l’importance des passages ; les concurrences et les conflits normatifs
entre les différents acteurs ; des conditions d’existence et des rapports de
pouvoir qui segmentent les enfances et produisent des vies inégales. Savoirs et
expertises sont devenus un mode de légitimation de la mise en place des actions
publiques à l’égard de l’enfance, même si leur circulation entre monde
scientifique et arènes politiques n’est pas toujours linéaire ou aisée.
The Personal and the Political. The Child’s Body: Scientific Research and Public
Policy
Authors: Diasio Nicoletta , Sirota Régine , Hamelin-Brabant Louise , Baslyk Valentina
Published: March 2020

Research Framework: This article examines the
significance of the child’s body in contemporary societies and its influence on
apparatus of scientific research and public intervention.

Objectives: The objective is to show the
politics of children’s bodies, health and lives, their historical manifestations
between the late 18th and early 21st century and the way in which science, societal
debates, and institutional and public policy contexts intersect.

Methodology: This introduction is based on a
multidisciplinary literature review that draws on sources in the fields of
sociology, anthropology, history, and educational sciences. It is also the result of
many years of research by the authors in collective research programs focused on
children’s bodies and health.

Results: Interest in the child’s body is not a
recent phenomenon. It developed first in the crucible of the struggle against infant
mortality, then in a biopolitics aimed at establishing or strengthening
nation-states, and lastly in the medicalization of society and in changes in
education and the family that put childhood at the heart of many public policies.
The evolution of the status of the child, of being recognized as an actor and
treated as sacred, combined with the concerns and uncertainties resulting from
evolving family norms, have given rise to numerous programs of research and
intervention.

Conclusions: The politico-administrative and
scientific spheres engage in dialogue on the subject of the child’s body, sometimes
ignoring and sometimes reinforcing one other, drawing their legitimacy from
different registers of normativity.

Contribution: We show the specific forms of the
“body politic” when it refers to children: its relationship to time; the practices
of defining its entry into existence and its stages through life; the importance of
transitions; the competition and normative conflicts between various actors;
conditions of existence and power relations that segment childhoods and produce
unequal lives. Knowledge and expertise have become a means of legitimizing the
implementation of public actions with regard to childhood, although their flow
between the scientific world and political arenas is not always linear or easy.
Le corps enfantin, un espace
d’affrontement normatif et un enjeu de pouvoir scientificopolitique
Authors: Neyrand Gérard
Published: March 2020

Cadre de la recherche : L’article
s’attache à décrire la prise en compte de l’enfant et de son corps dans le
développement de la politique de gestion des populations en France, à partir de
l’itinéraire de recherche de l’auteur sur ces sujets depuis trente ans.

Objectifs : Son objectif est de rendre
compte de la place grandissante de l’enfant dans la gestion politique, en
partant de l’expérience de l’auteur depuis sa première recherche postdoctorale
en 1982 jusqu’à la période contemporaine.

Méthodologie : Pour cela, l’auteur
reprend une grande part de son travail de recherche, en le contextualisant au
regard de la variation des problématiques offertes dans les appels d’offres
selon les périodes et les gouvernements en place.

Résultats : Cet article démontre la
place grandissante de cette préoccupation pour le politique et sa formalisation
croissante à travers le développement des recherches, parallèlement à
l’évolution des connaissances que la gestion politique de la recherche en
sciences humaines et sociales a en grande part suscitée et au renouvellement de
la normativité ainsi produite.

Conclusions : Est ainsi montrée la
complexité avec laquelle évoluent les problématiques de recherche en sciences
humaines et sociales en matière d’enfance, au carrefour des mutations sociales
et des mœurs, des ruptures de positionnement politique liées aux changements de
gouvernement, des évolutions des problématiques de recherche liées au contexte
épistémologique, des modes intellectuelles qui les accompagnent et de
l’encadrement de l’évolution sociale par le renouvellement des lois.

Contribution : Contribution
à l’analyse de ce que Edgar Morin nomme la complexité, et qui trouve dans les
politiques de l’enfance une expression privilégiée.
De l’enfant "placé" à l’enfant
"accueilli" : du corps agi au corps agissant.
Authors: Jung Céline
Published: March 2020

Cadre de la recherche : La place de
l’enfant, progressivement objet d’attention de la part de l’État, relève d’une
transformation politique dans un contexte de dédoublement de la vie entre
l’intime et le public. La production de connaissances accompagne cette
recomposition du statut de l’enfance, construction sociale en
renouvellement.

Objectifs : Cet article propose de lire
ces évolutions à travers le prisme de l’enfance protégée, en s’intéressant plus
particulièrement au volet administratif du dispositif. Le service de l’Aide
sociale à l’enfance (ASE) s’est constitué par à-coups, révélant les évolutions
des regards scientifique et politique sur l’enfance.

Méthodologie : L’article s’appuie sur
l’analyse socio-historique de la construction de cette politique et l’examen de
190 dossiers administratifs de l’ASE de deux départements d’Île-de-France, à
partir des années 1950 jusqu’à nos jours, mis en regard avec les recherches
concernant l’enfant, les évolutions de la famille et les impératifs politiques
de la gestion publique.

Résultats : La recherche met au jour un
corps de l’enfant modelé par les dispositifs au fur et à mesure des évolutions
sociales et scientifiques, d’un corps agi à un corps agissant. Aujourd’hui,
l’impératif de rendre l’enfant acteur du projet de sa protection conduit à
revisiter la notion d’enfance : la sacralisation du corps de l’enfant petit
accentue une vulnérabilité à protéger, tandis que le corps de l’adolescent, dans
sa proximité à l’adulte, est empreint d’une dangerosité responsabilisatrice.

Conclusion : La protection publique de
l’enfance accompagne le processus de transformation de la famille moderne et
donne à voir comment les rapports entre famille et État recomposent les contours
de l’intime et du collectif à travers le corps de l’enfant. La spécialisation et
l’individualisation de l’expérience enfantine, dont rend compte aujourd’hui la
sociologie de l’enfance, sont à interroger dans le cadre de nouvelles normes,
entre vulnérabilité et capacité, qui ne sont pas indépendantes du contexte
social de vie.

Contribution :En centrant l’analyse sur
la place accordée à l’enfant dans le dispositif de protection de l’enfance,
l’article met en lumière comment les corps enfantins sont saisis par le
politique dans l’ordre contemporain.
Entre déni et considération, le corps de
l’enfant dans les procédures judiciaires d’infanticides
Authors: Vellut Natacha
Published: March 2020

Cadre de la recherche: une recherche
rétrospective sur les morts suspectes d’enfants de moins d’un an réalisée en
France a permis de constituer deux bases de données, une base de données
judiciaires et une base d’articles de presse. L’analyse de ces données a donné
lieu à plusieurs publications qui précisent les déterminants psychosociaux des
infanticides et caractérisent le traitement des institutions de la police, de la
justice et de la presse vis-à-vis de ces homicides.

Objectifs : Il s’agit d’étudier quelle
place est réservée au corps de l’enfant décédé dans ces procédures
d’infanticides et d’en inférer les conceptions de l’enfant qui sous-tendent les
discours et les pratiques des différents acteurs (parents, mis en cause,
témoins, acteurs de la police et de la justice).

Méthodologie : L’analyse porte sur des
données textuelles issues de dossiers judicaires et d’articles de presse et
compare des affaires d’infanticides similaires quant aux actes incriminés, mais
aux traitements judiciaires et médiatiques contrastés et présentant des
conclusions judiciaires hétérogènes.

Résultats : Le corps de l’enfant décédé
est considéré comme un corps-objet et non comme un corps-sujet. Ce corps-objet
est instrumentalisé par les différents acteurs de la procédure dans la
perspective, consciente ou non, d’influencer la conclusion judiciaire. Il est
alors corps politique soumis aux rivalités de différentes légitimités.

Conclusions : Plusieurs facteurs
contribuent à ce que le corps de l’enfant décédé soit objectalisé et
instrumentalisé : la mort, qui en elle-même favorise une conception du corps
comme objet, le manque de reconnaissance sociale des victimes qui résulte de
leur jeune âge, l’idée que les enfants appartiennent aux parents. La conception
de l’enfant comme personne apparaît incertaine.

Contribution : Ces affaires d’infanticide questionnent la conception de l’enfant comme
personne. Il semble que deux conceptions coexistent : l’enfant est une personne
dès sa naissance, l’enfant n’est pas tout à fait une personne tant qu’il n’a pas
été prénommé, n’a pas développé de relations, n’a pas eu une existence sociale
et publique.
Le corps adolescent face à la souffrance psychique : enjeux individuels, sociaux et politiques de l’hospitalisation en pédopsychiatrie.
Authors: Figueiredo Cristina
Published: March 2020

Cadre de la recherche:Dans les services d’hospitalisation pédopsychiatrique, les corps des adolescents sont soudain extraits de la sphère publique où ils doivent normalement se trouver. Le collège, le lycée, les rues entre le domicile et l’école ainsi que les lieux de rassemblements avec les pairs sont désertés par ces jeunes hospitalisés en raison de troubles psychiques. Ces derniers sont soit liés à des pathologies somatiques sous-jacentes, soit causés par une maladie mentale. Le retrait physique des jeunes, soumis à des règles strictes imposées par l’hôpital, notamment la réclusion et l’impossibilité de sortir en dehors de pauses encadrées par le personnel, pose de nombreuses questions tant aux patients qu’à leur famille.

Objectifs:Cette recherche a pour objectif de répondre à plusieurs de ces questions : comment accepter de mettre ce corps au repos, le soustraire au regard des autres ? Comment le remettre en route après l’absence, retrouver des repères, le laisser déambuler à nouveau au gré de l’espace public et du contact avec les corps de celles et ceux qui y circulent sans en être sortis ? L’enquête interroge la place du corps dans l’apprentissage de l’individualité et de la construction de la différence pour les adolescents hospitalisés. L’idée est que le séjour à l’hôpital peut être perçu comme un rite de passage afin que les jeunes réintègrent le monde public avec une nouvelle image de soi.

Méthodologie:Grâce au travail de terrain effectué pendant deux années scolaires, la parole est donnée aux adolescents, à leurs parents et aussi au personnel. L’enquête s’est faîte par une plongée dans le quotidien hospitalier. L’observation ethnographique et les entretiens ont été utilisés par l’auteure.

Résultats:Il a été possible de mesurer une partie de ce qui se joue entre le travail sur le corps et l’esprit, entre le privé et le public, le social et le politique dans un lieu d’accueil dédié aux adolescents en souffrance.

Conclusions:Un double mouvement s’opère dans l’étude du retrait des corps adolescents : celui, d’abord, d’une mise en invisibilité. Après un processus plus ou moins long de dialogues entre les professionnels, les adolescents et les familles, une socialisation des corps et des esprits permet une nouvelle visibilité de ces jeunes corps remis aux normes de la société. Les relations qui se tissent donnent à voir la manière dont les adolescents sont placés au centre de cette dynamique, les présentant comme des sujets pensants et agissants.

Contribution :Cette étude contribue à la réflexion sur la situation adolescente, notamment en reposant la question des normes physiques et psychiques qui sont tributaires des perceptions professionnelles et familiales. Celles-ci sont aussi constamment retravaillées par les adolescents même lorsqu'ils sont en souffrance et sous contrainte.