bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argon matrix Raman spectroscopic and aggregation model density function theoretical study of methyl isothiocyanate
Authors: Liu Maozhu , Zhao Yanying , Wu Fengqi , Wang Huigang , Zheng Xuming
Published: May 2019

The Raman spectra for methyl isothiocyanate (MTC) isolated in an argon matrix at different annealing temperatures and MTC in carbon tetrachloride at different concentrations were collected separately. Concentration‐dependent properties were characterized, and no noncoincidence effect (NCE) was observed. Argon matrix isolated Raman spectra shows that, the SCNC stretching at 6K presents as one distinct peak, it separates into two peaks at 25–35 K and merges as one peak again above 40 K, whereas its frequency shifted to a lower wavenumber. Concentration‐dependent experiments showed the peak frequency of SCNC stretching shifted to a higher wavenumber when the concentrations decreased. Aggregated dimer structures were proposed to explain the MTC SCNC and CS vibrational concentration effects with no NCE phenomenon. Density functional theories were performed to calculate the monomer and dimer of MTC; the dimer structure can explain the experimental data well. The strong antiparallel head‐to‐tail vibrational coupling of the SCNC oscillators in neighbouring molecules accounts for the frequency shifts of the SCNC stretching.
A review of Raman spectroscopy of vanadium oxides
Authors: Shvets Petr , Dikaya Olga , Maksimova Ksenia , Goikhman Alexander
Published: May 2019

This review summarizes Raman scattering data for different stable and metastable phases of vanadium oxides. We analyze literature data on crystal structures existing in the binary vanadium‐oxygen system. If available, we combine these data with experimental Raman spectra and relations of vibrational modes with the atomic arrangements and motions in crystals. Further, we employ arc sputtering to produce vanadium oxide films, including α and β‐vanadium, V14O6, VO, V2O3, V3O5, several phases of VO2, V6O13, V3O7, and V2O5, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. All the films are studied using Raman spectroscopy: low‐ and high‐temperature V3O5 and VOx (1.67 < x < 2) are investigated for the first time. We demonstrate that a significant change in the V3O5 spectrum takes place along the phase transition occurring at approximately 140 °C. Moreover, we describe differences between the spectra of VO2 polymorphs produced without doping impurities, VO2 (M1), VO2 (M2), and VO2 (T). Finally, we analyze conflicting data on V7O16 and V3O7 and provide an explanation of the observed spectra. Overall, 21 spectra are identified for 53 known phases. Our work is aimed at laying the groundwork for easy identification of vanadium oxide phases in thin films, using Raman spectroscopy.
A compact, ultrawide band planar antenna with modified circular patch and a defective ground plane for multiple applications
Authors: Hota Satyabrat , Baudha Sudeep , Mangaraj B. B. , Yadav Manish V.
Published: May 2019

A compact ultrawideband planar antenna with modified circular patch and a defective ground plane for multiple applications is presented. The proposed structure consists of a modified circular patch and rectangular parasitic elements with defective ground plane etched on flame retardant (FR‐4) substrate with 50 Ω feed line. Return loss (S11 < −10 dB) and the simulated bandwidth of the structure was 2.5 to 12.2 GHz with the fractional bandwidth of 131%. The overall volume of the structure had a compact size of 15 × 19 × 1.6 mm3. The gain of the structure is 3.5 dB, and the antenna efficiency is 73.5%. The structure radiated (stable radiations) omnidirectional and bidirectional patterns. Measured and simulated results of Co‐ and Cross‐polarizations. are in relatively good agreement. All these properties shows that the proposed structure is applicable in WiMAX‐band 3.5, 5.5 GHz, WLAN‐band 5.2, 5.8 GHz, X‐band8‐12 GHz, data links to satellites along with various applications in the wireless communication field.
Solubilization of organics I: 1H NMR chemical shift perturbations, diffusometry, and NOESY indicate biphenyls internalize in micelles formed by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
Authors: Peroza Carlos A. , Chen Fu , Wurster Dale E. , Velupillai Santhana Mariappan
Published: May 2019

Polychlorinated biphenyls are a class of persistent environmental contaminants, and micellar solubilization can be applied to remediate them. The intermolecular aggregates of biphenyl (BP) analogs and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were studied by chemical shift perturbation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) diffusometry, quantitative proton NMR, and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy to understand the structural determinants of their solubilization.

The micelles of CTAB solubilized BPs readily, but its capacity depended strongly on the nature of the functional group (BPCH2OH > > BPCHO > BPCOOH ≈ BPCl ≈ BP). Upon internalization, the BPs diffused much slower, introduced significant low‐frequency 1H chemical shift changes for CTAB, and displayed strong intermolecular NOEs. The semiquantitative analysis of NOEs revealed further that the BPs are located in the palisade layer closer to the N+(CH3)3 head group, away from the hydrophobic core.

1H NMR offers a simple high‐throughput screening assay for evaluating and quantitating the solubilization of organics in micelles. The intermolecular NOEs and site‐specific perturbation of chemical shifts add further insights on the location of solubilizates in micelles, which may be important for designing surfactants specific for environmental pollutants.
Patient Characteristics Associated with Receipt of Prescription Weight‐Management Medications Among Veterans Participating in MOVE!
Authors: Thomas Dylan D. , Waring Molly E. , Ameli Omid , Reisman Joel I. , Vimalananda Varsha G.
Published: May 2019

Objective

Weight‐management medications (WMM) are recommended for the treatment of obesity. This study examined characteristics associated with initial receipt of WMM among eligible veterans in the first year following enrollment in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) MOVE! behavioral weight‐management program.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of VHA patients with obesity or overweight and obesity‐related comorbidities who enrolled in MOVE! from October 2013 to September 2016 (N = 153,939). Multivariable logistic regression models estimated predictors of having a filled prescription for WMM and for orlistat.

Results

A total of 1.1% of these veterans received WMM. The most common WMM included orlistat (70.4%), phentermine/topiramate (11.2%), and bupropion/naltrexone (9.7%). Female sex, higher BMI, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, depression, lower back pain, and alcohol abuse were associated with greater odds of use of WMM, whereas age over 65 years, Hispanic ethnicity, and required co‐payments were associated with lower odds. Among patients receiving WMM, older age, black race, female sex, higher BMI, cardiovascular disease, lower back pain, and congestive heart failure were associated with use of orlistat versus any other WMM.

Conclusions

Of patients engaged in MOVE! in the VHA, 1.1% received WMM. WMM are underutilized among veterans. Additional research is needed to understand barriers to incorporating WMM into comprehensive obesity treatment plans.
Effect of ZnO and MoO3 Addition on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Tellurite Glasses
Authors: Linganna Kadathala , Park June , Choi Ju Hyeon
Published: May 2019

In the present study, zinc‐molybdenum‐tellurite glasses are prepared and their thermal, thermo‐mechanical, viscous, and mechanical properties for mid‐IR molded glass lens applications are studied. From the thermal analysis, it is found that the glass transition temperature, onset crystallization temperature, and stability parameters slightly increase with an increase in ZnO content in both series of glasses. Thermal expansion coefficient decreases from 16.56 to 14.67 × 10−6 K−1 as the ZnO content increased from 10 to 30 mol%. For fixed 10 mol% of MoO3 content, Knoop hardness slightly decreases from 3009 to 2842 MPa as ZnO content increases from 10 to 30 mol% whereas it increases for 20 mol% of MoO3. The results indicate that the addition of ZnO and MoO3 contents into the tellurite glass system increases bridging oxygen contribution and in turn network compactness of tellurite matrix.
An overview of fruit and vegetable edible packaging materials
Authors: Kadzińska Justyna , Janowicz Monika , Kalisz Stanisław , Bryś Joanna , Lenart Andzej
Published: May 2019

Various edible fruit and vegetable materials, including purees, residues, extracts, and juices, have been investigated in terms of their matrix‐forming properties to produce edible packaging materials to be applied to food products influencing their overall quality and improving the efficiency of synthetic packaging, thus leading to the reduction in amount of synthetic polymers used for each application.

The potential of fruit and vegetables to be used as components of edible packaging materials is discussed. Such application of fruits and vegetables is possible thanks to the presence of matrix‐forming polysaccharides and proteins in their composition while the presence of bioactive compounds such as vitamins and polyphenols may confer, eg, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of active packaging materials.

The development of edible fruit and vegetable packaging materials is a promising way of combining the barrier and mechanical properties of biopolymers with the nutritional and sensory properties. The application of fruit and vegetables as a component of edible packaging materials enables the utilization of raw materials with low commercial value. Edible packaging materials are a new method of their utilizing. There is also the possibility of just decreasing the amount of synthetic packaging waste by application of fruit and vegetable packaging materials simply as a passive or active layer partially replacing the non‐renewable materials.
Implementation Security Certification of Decoy‐BB84 Quantum Key Distribution Systems
Authors: Tomita Akihisa
Published: May 2019

One of the most important obstacles for the social deployment of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems is the lack of standards for security certification. Proper selection of application will circumvent other obstacles, such as cost, key generation distance, and rate. Nevertheless, security certification of real systems, or “implementation security certification” is indispensable. Such certification should be clear and tractable for non‐experts and should be performed with standardized characterization methods. Otherwise, the potential users cannot adopt the QKD system with confidence, because the highest level of security is what QKD appeals. This report discusses the process of the implementation security certification and the requirements for device characterization. It also presents several case studies on the requirements and experimental characterization of QKD devices for the security certification.
Lifetime measurements of ultrashort‐lived excited states in Be‐like ions
Authors: Rothhardt J. , Bilal M. , Beerwerth R. , Volotka A.V. , Hilbert V. , Stöhlker T. , Fritzsche S. , Limpert J.
Published: May 2019

We propose to measure the lifetime of short‐lived excited states in highly charged ions by pump‐probe experiments. Utilizing two synchronized and delayed Femtosecond pulses allows accessing these lifetimes with Femtosecond precision. Such measurements could provide sensitive tests of state‐of‐the art atomic structure calculations beyond the capabilities of established methods.
Local radial basis function scheme for solving a class of fractional integro‐differential equations based on the use of mixed integral equations
Authors: Assari Pouria , Asadi‐Mehregan Fatemeh
Published: May 2019

Integro‐differential equations with non‐integer order derivatives are an all‐purpose subdivision of fractional calculus. In the current paper, we present a numerical method for solving fractional Volterra‐Fredholm integro‐differential equations of the second kind. To establish the scheme, we first convert these types of integro‐differential equations to mixed integral equations by fractional integrating from both sides of them. Then, the discrete collocation method by combining the locally supported radial basis functions are used to approximate the mentioned integral equations. Since the local method proposed in this paper estimates an unknown function via a small set of data instead of all points in the solution domain, it uses much less computer memory in comparison with the global cases. We apply the nonuniform Gauss‐Legendre integration rule to compute the singular‐fractional integrals appearing in the scheme. As the scheme does not need any background meshes, it can be recognized as a meshless method. Numerical results are included to show the validity and efficiency of the new technique and confirm that the algorithm of the presented approach is attractive and easy to implement on computers.
Streamwise and spanwise slip over a superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Abu Rowin Wagih , Ghaemi Sina
Published: May 2019

The near-wall turbulent flow over a superhydrophobic surface (SHS) with random texture was studied using three-dimensional Lagrangian particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV). The channel was operated at a constant mass flow rate over the SHS and a smooth surface at a Reynolds number of 7000 based on the bulk velocity of $0.93~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$ and the full channel height. The friction Reynolds number was 217, based on the friction velocity and half channel height. The 3D-PTV processing was based on the shake-the-box algorithm applied to images of fluorescent tracers recorded using four high-speed cameras. The SHS was obtained by spray coating, resulting in a root-mean-square roughness of $0.29\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ and an average texture width of $5.0\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}=17~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ is the inner flow scale over the SHS. The 3D-PTV measurements confirmed an isotropic slip with a streamwise slip length of $5.9\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ and a spanwise slip length of $5.9\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$. As a result, both the near-wall mean streamwise and spanwise velocity profiles over the SHS were higher than the smooth surface. The streamwise and spanwise slip velocities over the SHS were $0.27~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$ and $0.018~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$, respectively. The near-wall Reynolds stresses over the SHS were larger and shifted towards the wall when normalized by the corresponding inner scaling, despite the smaller friction Reynolds number of 180 over the SHS. The near-wall measurement of streamwise velocity showed that the shear-free pattern consists of streamwise-elongated regions with a length of $800\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ and a spanwise width of $300\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$. The plastron dimensions correspond to the mean distance of the largest roughness peaks $(20~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m})$ obtained from profilometry of the SHS. The drag reduction over the SHS was 30 %–38 % as estimated from pressure measurement and the flow field using the 3D-PTV.
Numerical investigation of the effect of airfoil thickness on onset of dynamic stall
Authors: Sharma Anupam , Visbal Miguel
Published: May 2019

Effect of airfoil thickness on onset of dynamic stall is investigated using large eddy simulations at chord-based Reynolds number of 200 000. Four symmetric NACA airfoils of thickness-to-chord ratios of 9 %, 12 %, 15 % and 18 % are studied. The three-dimensional Navier–Stokes solver, FDL3DI is used with a sixth-order compact finite difference scheme for spatial discretization, second-order implicit time integration and discriminating filters to remove unresolved wavenumbers. A constant-rate pitch-up manoeuver is studied with the pitching axis located at the airfoil quarter chord. Simulations are performed in two steps. In the first step, the airfoil is kept static at a prescribed angle of attack ($=4^{\circ }$). In the second step, a ramp function is used to smoothly increase the pitch rate from zero to the selected value and then the pitch rate is held constant until the angle of attack goes past the lift-stall point. The solver is verified against experiments for flow over a static NACA 0012 airfoil. Static simulation results of all airfoil geometries are also compared against XFOIL predictions with a generally favourable agreement. FDL3DI predicts two-stage transition for thin airfoils (9 % and 12 %), which is not observed in the XFOIL results. The dynamic simulations show that the onset of dynamic stall is marked by the bursting of the laminar separation bubble (LSB) in all the cases. However, for the thickest airfoil tested, the reverse flow region spreads over most of the airfoil and reaches the LSB location immediately before the LSB bursts and dynamic stall begins, suggesting that the stall could be triggered by the separated turbulent boundary layer. The results suggest that the boundary between different classifications of dynamic stall, particularly leading edge stall versus trailing edge stall, is blurred. The dynamic-stall onset mechanism changes gradually from one to the other with a gradual change in some parameters, in this case, airfoil thickness.
Aerodynamic characteristics of flapping wings under steady lateral inflow
Authors: Han Jong-Seob , Nguyen Anh Tuan , Han Jae-Hung
Published: May 2019

This experimental study investigates the effect of a uniform lateral inflow on the aerodynamic characteristics of flapping wings. Seven designated sideward ratios in the hovering condition and in the presence of a contralateral wing and a body were taken into account as variables in order to secure a better understanding of wing–wing and/or wing–body interactions under the lateral inflow. Our results from the single-wing cases clarified that an inflow running from the wingroot strengthened the leading-edge vortex, thereby augmenting the aerodynamic force/moment. The inflow running in the opposite direction drastically bent the leading-edge vortex to the trailing edge, but the cycle-averaged aerodynamic force/moment was barely changed. This led to substantial imbalances in the force/moment on the two wings. The roll moment on a centre of gravity and the static margin suggested flight instability in the lateral direction, similar to previous studies. We found that the wing–wing interaction was not completely negligible overall under a lateral inflow. A massive downwash induced by the wing on the windward side nearly neutralized the aerodynamic force/moment augmentations on the other wing with lower effective angles of attack. The wing–wing interaction also gave rise to a low-lift high-drag situation during the pitching-up wing rotation, resulting in greater side force derivatives than the theory of flapping counterforce. Further calculations of the roll moment and the static margin with the centre of gravity showed that the wing–wing interaction can improve static stability in the lateral direction. This mainly stemmed from both the attenuation of the lift augmentation and the elimination of the positive roll moment of the flapping-wing system.
The Sayings Gospel Q and the Quest of the Historical Jesus
Authors: Kloppenborg John S.
Published: May 2019

Since the earlyliterature on the1980s we have witnessed an extraordinary resurgence of historical Jesus. It is not entirely clear why Jesus scholarship has again become so important following the collapse of the first quest and the relatively meager results of the New Quest; the differences between this most recent quest and its two predecessors, however, are immediately evident. Key among the differences is the role played by scholarship on the Sayings Gospel Q. This essay offers some reflections on the ways in which Q has figured (or not figured) in reconstructions of the historical Jesus and offers some cautions in light of the achievements of a quarter century of composition-criticism on Q.
Sculpting God: The Logic of Dionysian Negative Theology
Authors: Jones John N.
Published: May 2019

In recent decades, the theology of Dionysius the Areopagite (pseudo-Dionysius) has recaptured the attention of a number of scholars. These scholars address Dionysius's importance for the history of philosophy, for Christian aesthetics and liturgical and biblical symbols, and for postmodern theology. Much of this attention focuses on the brief and historically influentialThe Mystical Theology, written ca. 500 CE. For scholars, however, this text, like the God of which it speaks, seems to embody contradictions. I s there a consistent logic in the text, or is it deliberately inconsistent? In this essay, I shall analyze passages throughout the Dionysian corpus in order to interpret the sometimes dense expressions ofMystical Theologyand uncover the logical structure of Dionysius's negative theology. I shall suggest that Dionysius's primary task is to deny that God is a particular being. By identifying the patterns of language used to speak of beings, Dionysius can identify both affirmative and negative language that avoids such patterns and hence is appropriate for speech about God. This interpretation demands close attention to the distinction between particular assertions or denials and the assertion or denial of all beings. By focusing on this distinction and on the higher status of negative over affirmative theology, I shall show, against the dominant trend in Dionysian scholarship, that this negative theology logically coheres; it is neither self-negating nor logically contradictory.
Athenagoras'sEmbassy: A Literary Fiction
Authors: Buck P. Lorraine
Published: May 2019

In his 1989 article entitled “Apologetic Literature and Ambassadorial Activities,” William R. Schoedel considers “aspects of the form of apologetic literature in the early church and Judaism.” More specifically, he attempts to discover possible models for the literary character of the Christian apologies, and in particular theEmbassyof Athenagoras, in the various kinds of addresses that ambassadors delivered before the emperor when presenting appeals and requests. Examples of such addresses include the ambassadorial speech discussed by the third-century rhetorician Menander Rhetor, the legal oration as exemplified by Philostratus in his treatment of the trial of Apollonius of Tyana, and the imperiallibellusor petition. Schoedel draws two clear conclusions from this investigation. The first is that the literary form of Athenagoras'sEmbassyis an “apologetically grounded petition,” that is, a “mixed form that as such appears to have no real precedent in the Greco-Roman literary tradition.” The second is that “there is good reason to think that [it] was written to be presented to the emperor or delivered before him.” The present article will explore the ideas and arguments that led Schoedel to each of his conclusions and will offer an alternative interpretation of the evidence in each case.
The Tragedy of Romance: A Case of Literary Exile
Authors: Levinson Joshua
Published: May 2019

In the centuries since Tertullian asked, “What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?” the dichotomy between these two cities and their respective cultures has assumed almost mythical proportions. Scholars have expended a great deal of energy to show that this sentiment has a greater prescriptive value than a descriptive one. It now seems apparent that for nearly a thousand years, from the time of Alexander to the Muslim conquest, the Jews of Palestine lived in and successfully negotiated with Greco-Roman culture. The question that remains open is the depth and intensity of this interaction. It would plainly be both irresponsible and beyond my capabilities to attempt any type of comprehensive answer to this question.
An Irish Apocryphal Apostle: Muirchú's Portrayal of Saint Patrick
Authors: O'Leary Aideen
Published: May 2019

In hisVita sancti Patricii, written in the late seventh century, Muirch depicts St. Patrick, the national apostle of Ireland who lived in the fifth century, with a number of interesting characteristics. In this paper I shall demonstrate that the sources behind Muirch's account of Patrick included biographies of New Testament apostles. These biographies provide a background in religious literature for some of the events which, according to Muirch, befall Patrick on his missionary journey around the island of Ireland.
Sources of Reform in the Episcopate of Airard of Nantes, 1050–1054
Authors: Ziezulewicz William
Published: May 2019

There is an element of drama in Anselm's description of the Synod of Reims in 1049 as the assembled bishops are asked to swear before the relics of St Remi that they had not achieved their positions in the Church through simony. The tension mounts as the archbishop of Reims excuses himself from the oath and asks for a private audience with the pope. Of the twenty bishops present, four confessed involvement with simony. One bishop, Hugh of Langres, accused of a long list of crimes in addition, fled the scene rather than submit to Leo IX's justice. However, of all the bishops implicated in the crime of simony, only one was deposed outright: Budic of Nantes, as the narrator of the acts of the synod tersely states:

Finally, the bishop of Nantes came and confessed that his father was the bishop of hiscivitasand during his life he had received the gift of the episcopate and when he died he took his place for a payment of money. Because of this, by the judgement of the synod, he was deprived of his episcopal ministry. His pastoral staff and ring having been taken away, the office of priest alone was given to him through the intervention of the bishops.
The Case of the Reverend James Shore
Authors: Carter Grayson
Published: May 2019

The two hundred or so evangelical clergymen who seceded from the Church of England into Protestant Dissent during the first half of the nineteenth century often paid a considerable price for their action. By crossing the subtle social boundary between Anglican priesthood and Nonconformist ministry they forfeited status and often, no doubt, income. A number vanished into comparative obscurity as pastors of small chapels, whether as ministers of a major denomination, Strict and Particular Baptists, Christian Brethren, or preachers in some unlabelled and impoverished chapel. If not so severely penalised for their secession as many of their colleagues who went to Rome, particularly those with wives for whom entry into the Roman priesthood was closed, they usually came off the worse in temporal terms for following the dictates of conscience. This, no doubt, they fully anticipated. What was not anticipated, however, was the imposition of a legal penalty for their act of secession. Though Anglican secessions to Rome or Dissent were not infrequent, their legality was apparently seldom if ever questioned. Liberal Churchmen like Theophilus Lindsey, who had abandoned the establishment for Unitarianism during the eighteenth century, had set up their chapels with impunity. In 1831 the evangelical William Tiptaft received a threat from Thomas Burgess, the bishop of Salisbury, upon seceding from the parish of Sutton Courtney, Berkshire, but nothing came of it. Those who left the via media for Rome were assumed to be acting within the framework of the law when they took up a new ministry as priests of another apostolic confession.
Manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty for reconstruction of Austin–Kartush type B ossicular defects
Authors: Düzenli U , Kıroğlu A F
Published: May 2019

Objective

Manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty functional outcomes were compared to those of other methods for reconstructing Austin–Kartush type B ossicular defects.

Methods

Forty-two patients underwent Austin–Kartush type B ossicular defect reconstruction using: manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty (13 patients), an autologous incus (19 patients) or a titanium ossicular replacement prosthesis (10 patients). For manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty reconstruction, the malleus head was removed, the manubrium was relocated posteriorly and the incus short process was placed on the mobile footplate. The manubrium was placed on the incus body groove and bone cement was applied to stabilise the manubrium–incus junction. Pre- and post-operative hearing thresholds were assessed.

Results

The air–bone gap decreased from 25.9 ± 6.0 dB to 12.3 ± 5.0 dB (p< 0.05) in the manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty group. The hearing gain was 13.6 ± 5.2 dB for manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty, 3.4 ± 14.2 dB with the autologous incus, and 3.3 ± 11.07 dB with the titanium ossicular replacement prosthesis. Hearing improvement was greater for manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty compared to the other reconstruction methods (p< 0.05).

Conclusion

Manubrio-incudo-stapedioplasty resulted in satisfactory hearing outcomes in patients with Austin–Kartush type B ossicular defects. This technique can be considered a stable, inexpensive and effective method to reconstruct Austin–Kartush type B ossicular defects.
Small Fusulinids from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio
Authors: Hoare Richard D. , Sturgeon Myron T.
Published: May 2019

Small fusulinids are common in the Atokan and most Desmoinesian marine units in Ohio but less common in Missourian and Virgilian units. Twenty-one taxa are recognized. Five new species are proposed, includingMillerella?elegantula, Eostaffella?recondita, Eostaffella inusitata, Pseudostaffella douglassi, andPseudoendothyra ohioensis.Several specimens of uncertain taxonomic assignment are also included.

Approximately one-third of the previously recognized taxa were originally described from Europe and about one-half from western North America.Millerella?carbonicaGrozdilova and Lebedeva,Eostaffella rjasanensisRauzer-Chernousova,E. mutabilisRauzer-Chernousova, andE. acutaGrozdilova and Lebedeva are reported from North America for the first time. The known ranges of several species have been extended significantly. These conclusions support the concept of a greater cosmopolitanism of Pennsylvanian foraminifers than has been generally recognized.
T Cell and cytokine basis of host variability in response to intestinal nematode infections
Authors: Grencis R. K.
Published: May 2019

Infection by a variety of species of intestinal nematode infection gives rise to a wide variation in parasite load within a host population. There has been much investigation into the basis of this variation and is thought to involve several factors. Studies of infections of gut dwelling nematodes in laboratory rodents has clearly demonstrated that this variation may be due to the production of cytokines produced as part of the host immune response to infection. More specifically, activation of distinct T helper cell subsets leads to the generation of effective or ineffective responses resulting in clearance of the parasite load or maintenance of chronic infection. The induction of differential responses remains to be determined but is likely to be influenced at a number of levels including involvement of accessory cells and activation of co-stimulatory molecules on antigen presenting cells. Moreover, it appears that these parasites may actively interfere with the host cytokine response to promote their own survival. This review concentrates on recent findings of cytokine mediated control of intestinal nematodes highlighting a central role for the immune system in regulating both acute and chronic infection by these parasites.
The role of MHC- and non-MHC-associated genes in determining the human immune response to malaria antigens
Authors: Riley E. M.
Published: May 2019

Individual susceptibility to malaria infection, disease and death is influenced by host genotype, parasite virulence and a number of environmental factors including malaria-specific immunity. Immune responses are themselves determined by a combination of host genes and environmental effects. The extent to which host genotype limits the spectrum of possible immune responses may influence the outcome of infection and has consequences for vaccine design. Associations have been observed between human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotype and susceptibility to severe malaria, but no similar associations have been observed for mild malarial disease or for specific antibody responses to defined malaria antigens. Epidemiological studies have shown that, in practice, neither T helper cell nor antibody responses to malaria parasites are limited by host MHC genotype, but have revealed that genes lying outside the MHC may influence T cell proliferative responses. These genes have yet to be identified, but possible candidates include T cell receptor (TcR) genes, and genes involved in TcR gene rearrangements. More importantly, perhaps, longitudinal epidemiological studies have shown that the anti-malarial antibody repertoire is selective and becomes fixed in malaria-immune individuals, but is independent of host genotype. These findings suggest that the antibody repertoire may be determined, at least in part, by stochastic events. The first of these is the generation of the T and B cell repertoire, which results from random gene recombinations and somatic mutation and is thus partially independent of germline genes. Secondly, of the profusion of immunogenic peptides which are processed and presented by antigen presenting cells, a few will, by chance, interact with T and B cell surface antigen receptors of particularly high affinity. These T and B cell clones will be selected, will expand and may come to dominate the immune response, preventing the recognition of variant epitopes presented by subsequent infections - a process known as original antigenic sin or clonal imprinting. The immune response of an individual thus reflects the balance between genetic and stochastic effects. This may have important consequences for subunit vaccine development.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Clarke B. C.
Published: May 2019

A condition with a weak genetic component, but a strong correlation with age, is the summarizing of conferences. It is an art form often resembling the expression of gratitude by a bride on the receipt of her sixth electric kettle. However, our gratefulness now is genuine, because we have been given a wonderfully interesting series of papers. Their authors were chosen with skill to show the manifold variety of genetic interactions between parasites and hosts. The range of these interactions would daunt even the strongest-hearted summarizer, and my task can only be managed by a ruthless subjectivity.
Childhood and adolescent psychotic experiences and risk of mental disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Healy Colm , Brannigan Ross , Dooley Niamh , Coughlan Helen , Clarke Mary , Kelleher Ian , Cannon Mary
Published: May 2019

Background

Psychotic experiences (PEs) are common in childhood and adolescence and their association with mental disorders is well-established. We aim to conduct a quantitative synthesis the literature on the relationship between childhood and adolescent PEs and (i) any mental disorder; and (ii) specific categories of mental disorder, while stratifying by study design.

Method

Three electronic databases (PUBMED, PsycINFO and EMBASE) were searched from inception to August 2017 for all the published literature on childhood and adolescent PEs and mental disorder (outcome) in non-help-seeking community samples. Study quality was assessed using a recognised quality assessment tool for observational studies. Two authors conducted independent data extraction. Pooled odds ratios were calculated for mental disorders using random-effects models. Additional analyses were conducted investigating different categories of mental disorder while stratifying by study design.

Results

Fourteen studies from 13 community samples (n = 29 517) were identified with 9.8% of participants reporting PEs. PEs were associated with a three-fold increased risk of any mental disorder [odds ratio (OR) 3.08, confidence interval (CI) 2.26–4.21, k = 12]. PEs were associated with four-fold increase risk of psychotic disorder (OR 3.96, CI 2.03–7.73, population-attributable-fraction: 23.2%, k = 5). In addition, PEs were associated with an increased risk of affective disorders, anxiety disorders, behavioural disorders and substance-use disorders. Few longitudinal studies have investigated childhood and adolescent PEs and subsequent non-psychotic disorders which limited a meaningful synthesis and interpretation of these results.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis confirms that PEs are prevalent in childhood and adolescent community samples and are associated with a variety of mental disorders beyond psychotic disorders. Further longitudinal research is necessary to fully determine the longitudinal relationship between PEs and non-psychotic disorders.
Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Control in Soybean (Glycine max) with Reduced Bentazon Rates and Cultivation
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Gunsolus Jeffery L. , Ralston Donald F.
Published: May 2019

Common cocklebur is a very competitive and difficult to control weed species in soybean production. Field research was conducted at Rosemount, MN, from 1989 to 1991 to evaluate reduced rates of bentazon applied broadcast or banded over the crop row in combination with interrow cultivation for common cocklebur control in soybean. Bentazon at 0.6 kg ai ha−1applied in a 38-cm-wide band over the soybean row followed by two cultivations controlled almost 90% of the common cocklebur when environmental conditions were favorable, and the majority of the common cocklebur emerged prior to bentazon application. However, when precipitation was below normal prior to bentazon application and a high proportion of the common cocklebur emerged after the initial bentazon application, sequential bentazon treatments controlled more common cocklebur and resulted in greater soybean yields than combinations of bentazon plus cultivation. Differences in soybean yield were attributed to differences in common cocklebur control rather than injury from cultivation or bentazon.
Bioassay and Anatomical Study of Bas 517 Using Etiolated Crop Seedlings
Authors: Li Hwei-Yiing , Foy Chester L.
Published: May 2019

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the selectivity and inhibitory activity of BAS 517 using whole seedlings or root tips of corn and soybean. Effects of BAS 517 on the morphology of corn root tips were examined as well. Etiolated corn seedlings showed high sensitivity to BAS 517; soybean seedlings were not affected. Growth inhibition of corn varied with concentrations of BAS 517 and incubation time. Radicles of corn were more sensitive than mesocotyls and coleoptiles. Root meristems were the first to show symptoms (reddening tissue followed by cessation of root growth). Results using root tips were similar to those using whole seedlings. However, root tips appeared to be more sensitive than whole seedlings. Concentrations of 0.1 and 10 μM of BAS 517 caused severe vacuolization of cells in the 0.2-cm root tip of corn. A pattern of decreasing injury from epidermal cells toward the centers of roots was observed.
Biological Control of Hemp Sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) Under Field Conditions withColletotrichum truncatumFormulated in an Invert Emulsion
Authors: Boyette C. Douglas , Quimby Paul C. , Bryson Charles T. , Egley Grant H. , Fulgham Floyd E.
Published: May 2019

In greenhouse experiments, conidia ofColletotrichum truncatumapplied in an invert emulsion formulation controlled hemp sesbania 100% in the absence of a dew treatment. In field experiments, hemp sesbania control averaged 95 and 97% in 1989 and 1990, respectively, when this formulation was applied to hemp sesbania seedlings using tractor-mounted, air-assist nozzles. This level of weed control was comparable to that achieved from the herbicide acifluorfen. These results indicate thatC. truncatumhas excellent potential as a mycoherbicide for controlling hemp sesbania and that this potential can be augmented by formulating the pathogen as an invert emulsion.
Rapid Germination of Sulfonylurea-ResistantKochia scopariaL. Accessions is Associated with Elevated Seed Levels of Branched Chain Amino Acids
Authors: Dyer William E. , Chee Peng W. , Fay Peter K.
Published: May 2019

Field observations indicate that sulfonylurea-resistant kochia may germinate at lower soil temperatures and/or germinate more rapidly than susceptible kochia in the absence of herbicide. To investigate this possibility, seeds from three resistant and two susceptible kochia accessions were germinated at temperatures ranging from 4.6 to 13.2 C on thermal gradient plates. At 4.6 and 13.2 C, germination rates of all resistant accessions were higher than susceptible accessions, while germination rates of one resistant accession were higher than susceptible accessions at 7.2 and 10.5 C. Percent germination of all resistant accessions was significantly higher than susceptible accessions after 48 h at 4.6 C. At higher temperatures, percent germination of some resistant accessions was higher after 12 or 24 h, but germination of all accessions was similar at later times. HPLC analysis revealed that seeds from resistant accessions contained about 2-fold higher free levels of branched chain amino acids than seeds from susceptible accessions. The results indicate that mutations conferring resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides in these kochia accessions may concomitantly reduce or abolish acetolactate synthase sensitivity to normal feedback inhibition patterns, resulting in elevated levels of branched chain amino acids available for cell division and growth during early germination.
Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Shoot Structure as Affected by Soybean (Glycine max) Interference
Authors: Smith James E. , Jordan Peter W.
Published: May 2019

Shoot growth and morphology of sicklepod responded to distance of sicklepod from the soybean row and relative time of emergence of crop and weed. Sicklepod was added to soybean as either uniform stands of 26 individuals m−2or as widely spaced individuals. Sicklepod shoot height, number of main-stem nodes, number of primary branches, and shoot dry weight were decreased at 12 wk after emergence when plants were situated closer to a soybean row. Sicklepod that emerged 7 d later than soybean were shorter statured and had fewer main-stem nodes. Virtually all sicklepod overtopped the soybean, but proximity to the soybean row or later emergence reduced shoot dry weight up to 60%. A doubling in branches originating at lower main-stem nodes on sicklepod 25 cm from the row, compared to those in the row (upper branch numbers were unchanged), was associated with a 67% increase in leaves. Sixty to 90% of lower branches reached the upper canopy and thus contributed to the number of leaves above the soybean. Early-season effects of soybean interference on sicklepod reduced lower branches and, as a consequence, leaf production above the soybean late in the season, when sicklepod has the greatest impact on soybean yield.
Efficacy, Site of Uptake, and Retention of Bromoxynil in Common Lambsquarters with Conventional and Sprinkler Application
Authors: Boydston Rick A. , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: May 2019

Bromoxynil efficacy, uptake, translocation, and spray retention were investigated when bromoxynil was applied in conventional water volumes of 234 L ha−1and in simulated sprinkler irrigation at 127 000 L ha−1to common lambsquarters. Bromoxynil controlled common lambsquarters similarly regardless of water volume, whereas injury to spearmint, a tolerant crop, was greatest using low water volume. Spray retention was 18 and 38 times greater on common lambsquarters and spearmint, respectively, when bromoxynil was applied in 234 L ha−1than 127 000 L ha−1. Two weeks after applying bromoxynil in 127 000 L ha−1water volume, common lambsquarters dry weight was 60% of the nontreated check where only soil was treated but was 5% of the nontreated check where only leaves were treated. Roots of lambsquarters absorbed 22% of14C-bromoxynil applied to hydroponic solution by 7 d, but only 2% was translocated to the shoots. Percent absorption and translocation of foliar-applied14C-bromoxynil were 15 and 6% greater, respectively, from 0.0096 g L−1than from a 1.2 g L−1bromoxynil solution by 24 h after application. Uptake of bromoxynil was 13% greater through lower than upper leaf surfaces. These results suggest efficacy of bromoxynil applied in large spray volumes is, in part, due to root uptake, efficient foliar uptake and translocation, and uptake from lower leaf surfaces.
The Critical Period of Weed Control in White Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Woolley Brian L. , Michaels Thomas E. , Hall Michael R. , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the critical period for weed control in white bean grown in Ontario. The treatments consisted of either allowing weeds to infest the crop for increasing durations after planting or maintaining plots weed free for increasing durations after planting. The beginning of the critical period was defined as the crop stage by which weed interference reduced yields by 3%. Similarly, the end of the critical period was defined as the crop stage to which the crop had to be weed free to prevent a 3% yield loss. The critical period of weed control occurred between the second-trifoliolate and first-flower stages of growth for all cultivars and years, with the exception of the cultivar ‘OAC Seaforth’ in 1986. The average number of pods per plant for both cultivars was reduced by increasing durations of weed interference after planting in both years. However, pod number of the cultivar OAC Seaforth was reduced at a greater rate in 1986 than ‘Ex Rico 23’. The beginning of the critical period corresponded with the beginning of a rapid increase in total weed biomass.
Resistance to Aryloxyphenoxypropionate and Cyclohexanedione Herbicides in Wild Oat (Avena fatua)
Authors: Heap Ian M. , Murray Bruce G. , Loeppky Heather A. , Morrison Ian N.
Published: May 2019

Resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides was identified in four wild oat populations from western Canada. Populations UM1, UM2, and UM3 originated from northwestern Manitoba and UM33 from south-central Saskatchewan. Field histories indicated that these populations were exposed to repeated applications of diclofop-methyl and sethoxydim over the previous 10 yr. The populations differed in their levels and patterns of cross-resistance to these and five other acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors (ACCase inhibitors). UM1, UM2, and UM3 were resistant to diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, and sethoxydim. In contrast, UM33 was resistant to the aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides but not to sethoxydim. The dose of sethoxydim required to reduce growth of UM1 by 50% was 150 times greater than for a susceptible population (UM5) or UM33 based on shoot dry matter reductions 21 d after treatment. This population differed from UM2 and UM3 that had R/S ratios of less than 10. In the field UM1 also exhibited a very high level of resistance to sethoxydim. In contrast to susceptible plants that were killed at the recommended dosage, shoot dry matter of resistant plants treated at eight times the recommended dosage was reduced by only 27%. In growth chamber experiments none of the four populations was cross-resistant to herbicides from five different chemical families.