bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canons to St. Theodosius of the Kievan Caves in the Service for the Feast of His Repose (May 3)
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Sheremetov Nikita A.
Published: December 2022

Whilе he Life of St. Theodosius of the Kievan Caves written by Nestor still attracts attention of researchers, liturgical texts devoted to the Saint remain unexplored. This study examines Canons to St. Theodosius in the Service for the feast of his Repose (May 3) found in different types of manuscript miscellanies dating from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries (menaia, tropologia, books of Canons, miscellanies of church services and lives of saints) in possession of the Library of the Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg), the Library of the Academy of Sciences of Lithuania, the Russian State Library (Moscow), the National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg), and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow). The Canons to St. Theodosius are all the more interesting because their origin is traditionally associated with the monk of the Kievan Caves Monastery Grigory, the “creator of canons”, whose literary heritage remains virtually unknown. Special attention is given to the relationship these texts have with translated Greek services to the saints of the same title as Theodosius (the venerable) and hagiographic literature. The article also points out a number of previously unknown copies of the Acrostic Canon discovered by F. G. Spassky.
Hierodeacon Job of the Chudov Monastery, the Author of the Book “The Salvation Garden”
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Panchenko Oleg V.
Published: December 2022

The article covers the question of authorship of the book The Salvation Garden (1703) which includes lives of twelve saints of the Solovetsky Monastery. A study of four manuscript copies of this book led to the discovery of the name of its author, and his life story is presented in the article. He was the monk Job, a student of the Leichoudis brothers, the founders of the Slavic Greek Latin Academy in Moscow. In the late 1690s, he was a hierodeacon at the Chudov Monastery and a professor at the Slavic Greek Latin Academy. In 1701, he was exiled to Solovki “for his disobedience and stubbornness and sedition”. There he compiled the book The Salvation Garden and wrote a preface to it. The book became the literary basis for the entire Solovki hagiography of the later period
Slavonic Manuscripts of the Neamţ Monastery: The Library of Paisius Velichkovsky
Authors:   Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Popova Tatyana G.
Published: December 2022

The article presents information about manuscripts from the library of Paisius Velichkovsky currently in possession of the Neamţ Monastery. The study is based on three descriptions of the Neamţ manuscripts performed in 1905, 1962, and 2017. A comparative analysis of these sources led to the conclusion that the composition of the Neamţ library was not stable. At the present time, the Neamţ library possesses 263 manuscripts, thirty-seven of them were written by St. Paisius Velichkovsky. Some manuscripts have disappeared from the Neamţ Monastery, others have suffered losses of fragments. Seventeen books vanished from the library in the period between 1905 and 1962, nine books — in the period between 1962 and 2017. One of Paisius Velichkovsky’s autographs (the works of Macarius of Egypt) was among those books. During the period between 1905 and 1962, forty-four books were obtained by the library or returned to it, but twenty-five of them vanished later. Perhaps, some of those books came into the possession of the Museum of Antiquities in Bucharest. The article points out the manuscripts that have vanished from the library of the Neamţ Monastery and also those that have lost fragments of the text. It is possible that those manuscripts or parts of them will be found in other archives. The rich book heritage of the Neamţ monastery deserves being studied and preserved
Prianishnikov’s Illustrated Commentaries on the Prophets of 1887—1888 and Their Place in the Manuscript Tradition of the Text
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kalugin Vasiliy V.
Published: December 2022

The Illustrated Commentaries on the Prophets were made to order for the Old Believer G. M. Prianishnikov on the basis of the book that had been made in 1599—1600 and belonged to Hermogenes, Metropolitan of Kazan. The latter derives, through an intermediate copy, from a manuscript made at the very beginning of the 1490s in the circle of Archbishop Gennadius of Novgorod. This fifteenth-century manuscript has preserved the text of the ancient antigraph that dates from the beginning of the 12th century at the latest and derives from the codex of 1047 written by the priest Upyr’ Lykhoi. The article describes client’s requirements, techniques used by the scribe and the artists who worked on the manuscript, and the textual value of annotations to the miniatures
A Turkic-Russian Dictionary in the Miscellany Compiled by the Monk Prokhor Kolomniatin in 1668
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Savelieva Natalya V. , Kozintsev Mark A. ,   National Research University Higher School of Economics
Published: December 2022

The article presents an analysis and publication of a previously unknown Turkic dictionary compiled by a Russian captive in Crimea in the middle of the 17th century. Besides lexical units reflecting the state of the Crimean Tatar language in the time of Ottoman Turkish influence, the dictionary contains various historical, geographical and ethnographical notes, descriptions of religious practices of Crimean dwellers, local legends, and apocrypha. The text has been discovered by N. V. Savelieva in a manuscript miscellany dating from 1668, which also includes dictionaries of the Karelian and Komi-Zyrian dialects. None of these dictionaries has any equivalents in the Cyrillic script from that period with similar set of words, the amount of text, and in similar genre. All the dictionaries were compiled in the same way and written down by the same lexicographer in the manuscript under the title “Tsvetnik” signed by the monk Prokhor Kolomniatin. Paleographic and textual analysis of the miscellany allows attributing it and the newly discovered dictionaries to the hieromonk Prokhor Kolomniatin, a poet and tutor known for his works written in the 1670s and 1680s. The study is accompanied by a publication of the text of the Turkic-Russian dictionary from the miscellany
. The “Diariusz” by Dimitry of Rostov (Article 2)
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Fedotova Marina A.
Published: December 2022

This article describes and comments on the Chronicle redaction of the diary (the “Diariusz”) of St. Dimitry, Metropolitan of Rostov. Special attention is given to the manuscript of the work, now in possession of the National Library of Ukraine. This copy of the Chronicle redaction also contains a brief Ukrainian chronicle. The author suggests that Dimitry of Rostov began working on it while in Ukraine and finished it in Rostov after he had become a bishop there. The Chronicle redaction reveals Dimitry’s work on the “Book of Lives of the Saints” and on the “Keleinyi Letopisets”, a work on the Sacred and World history. The Chronicle redaction reflects the general tendency of the Ukrainian historiography of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to include personal biography facts in a chronicle. Another text — the “Epistolar”, a manuscript selection of Metropolitan’s letters, — also has diary entries that correlate with the autobiographical prose by Dimitry of Rostov. Those entries are commented in the article. The article is accompanied by a publication of the diary entries form the “Epistolar” and the Chronicle redaction of the “Diariusz”.
Unknown Letters by S. S. Gnusin from the Solovki Prison (From the Collection of M. S. Byvshev)
Authors:   State Historical Museum, Yukhimenko Elena M.
Published: December 2022

The article presents a study and publication of previously unknown letters of Sergey Gnusin, an outstanding Old Believer spiritual writer and mentor of the nineteenth century. Eight letters dating from 1817—1833, preserved in a manuscript miscellany from the collection of M. S. Byvshev (Moscow), are valuable sources about life of the Fedoseevtsy community of the Preobrazhenskoe Cemetery in Moscow and also S. S. Gnusin and Ivan Fedotov’s exile to the Solovetsky monastery. The article argues that the letters in the miscellany were copied directly from the original. The miscellany was compiled between 1833, the date of the last two letters, and 1839, the year of death of the Solovetsky prisoners. The copying of the letters indicates that at the Preobrazhenskoe cemetery these epistles, written by martyrs who died for their belief, were greatly valued and treated as genuine relics
The Tale of the Destruction of Riazan by Batu in Manuscript Thematical Selections of the 16th—18th Centuries
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobakova Irina A.
Published: December 2022

The article presents the results of the analysis of manuscript miscellanies from the sixteenth—eighteenth centuries which include senior redactions of The Tale of the Destruction of Riazan by Batu (redactions A, B1, and B2) and also seventeenth-century reworking of the text. The unity of the so-called “Zarazskii cycle”, a group of works of various genres all related, to a different extant, to miracles from the icon of St. Nicholas of Korsun (Zaraisk), suggested by V. L. Komarovich and D. S. Likhachev, turned out to be rather relative. In its entirety it is extremely rare, the sequence of texts varies, and quite often the “cycle” includes the legendary Tale of the Killing of Batu. Along with this local cycle, there is another historical All-Russian cycle about Batu’s invasion found in the Chronograph of 1599 (chapter 195) and the Russkii Vremennik. In manuscripts, the older redactions of The Tale of the Destruction of Riazan could be incorporated into more extensive selections of hagiographic texts together with lives of Russian saints, including those whose fate had been connected with the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion (the lives of Metropolitan Alexey, Sergius of Radonezh, Alexander Nevsky). The article points out a tendency to form different types of historical thematic selections (“ensambles”), which combined literary works about battles with the Mongols (Story about the Bloody Battle of Mamai, Kazan History, Tales of Azov), other historical battles (Alexandria, History of the Jewish War, History of Troy, The Tale of the Capture of Tsargrad by the Turks) and texts about the Time of Troubles
On the Dating and Authorship of The Story of the Bloody Battle of Mamai
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Sokolova Lidia V.
Published: December 2022

The dating of The Story of the Bloody Battle of Mamai is a debatable problem. Over the last two centuries, many researchers have showed interest in it. Proposed dates range from the end of the 14th to the middle of the 16th century. L. A. Dmitriev’s suggestion to date the text back to the first third of the 15th century has been critically examined by V. A. Kuchkin. This article analyzes arguments put forward by scholars who dated The Story back to the second half of the 15th, turn of the 16th, or the first half of the 16th century (V. S. Mingalev, Y. K. Begunov, M. A. Salmina, V. A. Kuchkin, B. M. Kloss, A. E. Petrov). The study shows that those arguments are not quite valid. In the second part of the study, it is argued that The Story of the Bloody Battle of Mamai was written by Pachomius the Serb (Logothete) during his first stay at the Trinity Monastery in 1440—1458, after he had finished the Fourth Pachomian redaction of the Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh (1444—1445), which is reflected in The Story. The attribution of The Story of the Bloody Battle of Mamai to Pachomius the Serb is based on the analysis of peculiarities of his literary works found in The Narration. Pachomius’s authorship explains similarities between The Story and the Serbian Alexandria observed by the researchers.
The Reception of the Old Russian Tale of the Sibyls by the Eighteenth-Century Reader
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Romodanovskaya Varvara A. .
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to a special copy of the Old Russian Tale of the Sibyls from the second half of the eighteenth century in which the texts of prophecies are supplemented with vernacular verses of divinatory character. The Sibylline prophecies, devoted exclusively to Christian themes in the Middle Ages (the Coming of Christ, his birth from the immaculate Virgin, and the Day of Judgment), acquired in modern times a lower, everyday role. The regularity of such attitude towards a medieval text on the part of the eighteenth-century reader is shown against the background of a wide range of medieval and new Western European and Russian literary works.
Russian Engraving of 1706 Depicting Mount Sinai
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Belobrova Olga A. , Romodanovskaya Varvara A. ,   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to the study of a large-size engraving from the collection of the Library of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg that bears the title The God-trodden Mount Sinai and was printed in Moscow in 1706 by the engraver and typographer Vasily Kiprianov. It is suggested that the engraving came into the possession of the Library of the Academy of Sciences together with the books that belonged to Jacob Bruce who was in charge of printing of the engraving. The article provides a detailed description of this “guiding” engraving and shows that it carries on the tradition of Greek iconography. The immediate source of the engraving is also detected: it’s a topographic guide engraving in Greek printed in Lviv in 1693—1694 by Hadzikiriak, whose image is present both in the original source and in the Russian engraving
“To the Affectionate Reader”: Рreface in the Structure of a Pilgrimage Account
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Fedorova Irina V.
Published: December 2022

The article draws a wide range of pilgrimage descriptions from the twelfth — beginning of the twentieth century to analyze the preface as an obligatory element of a pilgrimage account. The study focuses on the following issues: the origin and possible models for the preface to pilgrimage accounts, the complex of motifs peculiar to this kind of prefaces, the functional role of the preface in pilgrimage accounts of different times, self-representation of their authors and editors, the transformation of this structural unit of pilgrim accounts, formal ways of marking it. It has been discerned that motifs and themes traditional for the preface to a pilgrimage account were already present in the oldest text of the genre, the Pilgrimage of Prior Daniel. The article suggests that prefaces to pilgrimage accounts were modeled after the preface to lives of saints.
Igor Petrovich Eremin: His Life and Academic Studies
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences, Eremina Valeria I. , Semiachko Svetlana A. ,   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom), Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2022

The article is devoted to the famous Russian philologist I. P. Eremin (1904—1963). The biography of the scholar is accompanied by photographs of him and his family. The second part of the article briefly reviews his main academic works on Russian chronicles, The Tale of Igor’s Campaign, writings of Theodosius of the Caves, Cyril of Turov, Simeon Polotsky, Ivan Vyshensky, Baroque culture and literature, and folk theater
THE HISTORICAL BASIS OF THE LATER TRAGEDIES OF A. P. SUMAROKOV
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Veselova Aleksandra Yu.
Published: December 2022

The article examines the three later tragedies of Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov: “Yaropolk and Dimiza” (1768), “Vysheslav” (1768) and “Mstislav” (1772). All of them were little known and not highly appreciated by contemporaries and critics, who pointed out that the events described in them were far from being historically reliable. 20th-century scholars developed the thesis about the pseudohistorical nature of these tragedies by Sumarokov. Nevertheless, the analysis of the events and the names of the heroes shows that with each further tragedy, Sumarokov was striving to comply with the principle of historical reliability. Sumarokov’s likely sources of information for his late tragedies consisted not only of I. Gizel’s “Synopsis” (1674), which researchers have already indicated, but also of M. V. Lomonosov’s “Ancient Russian History” (1766). In addition, the very desire for historical accuracy could have been stimulated by the German translation of Shakespeare’s works by K. V. von Bork and K. M. Wieland (1762–1764).
HISTORY OF IMPERIAL RUSSIA IN STEPAN P. SHEVYREV’S OFFICIOUS POEMS
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Berezkina Svetlana V.
Published: December 2022

This is an overview of officious poems written by S. P. Shevyrev in 1842–1856. The article also presents a list of Shevyrev’s lifetime publications and autographs preserved in the National Library of Russia and the Russian State Historical Archive in St. Petersburg. Shevyrev’s officious poems distinguished themselves by their rich informative content, which conveyed important and interesting details of events in the life of the Russian Empire. They reflect documents of that time — imperial manifestos and decrees, as well as wartime orders. The topics of Shevyrev’s officious poems were mostly related to Moscow and, for that matter, produced a kind of historiosophical «Moscow-centric» view. The article pays special attention to poems that were addressed to persons of the highest status in the empire but were not approved for publication. Shevyrev’s poems about the life of the state of the empire distinguished themselves by a high scholarly and cultural level. They constitute an integral branch of the ode genre, which was composed in the setting of Nicholas I reign.
THE GOSPEL OF VENEDIKT EROFEEV AND THE BIBLICAL RHETORIC
Authors:   Università degli Studi di Udine, Bravin Alice
Published: December 2022

This paper analyzes one of the earliest works by Venedikt Erofeev — the tale Blagaja vest’ (The Good news, 1962). This early and unfinished work, which vanished sometime after being read by a small group of Erofeev’s acquaintances and which has only partially survived, relies on the Bible as its most significant intertext, both on an aesthetic and linguistic level: Erofeev uses not only biblical allusions, motifs, references or quotations but also stylistic and rhetorical devices, typically employed by biblical authors. The aim of this article is to explore how and why Erofeev employs these strategies. The purpose is to apply to such a postmodern text a method known as rhetorical analysis. Particular attention is devoted to the essential characteristics of biblical rhetoric (binarity and parataxis) and to compositional figures, such as parallelism and chiasmus. Intertextual and intratextual relations and linguistic or stylistic phenomena will be considered as well. The analysis will note that the composition of Erofeev’s work clearly obeys the same principles of biblical rhetoric. Nevertheless in Blagaja vest’ these formal devises are used in an unexpected and unusual way. The author of this paper also emphasizes the important role that Blagaja vest’ plays in Erofeev’s entire œuvre: although it is an early work, it already prefigures the major qualities of Erofeev’s unique prose.
THE LATE PROPHETOLOGION REDACTION OF CHAPTERS 7–9 OF THE BOOK OF GENESIS IN THE TIKHONRAVOVSKY CHRONOGRAPH
Authors:   Russian State Library, Anisimova Tatiana V.
Published: December 2022

This article continues the study of the Biblical books included in the Tikhonravovsky Chronograph and deals with Chapters 7–9 of the Book of Genesis. Their redaction differs fundamentally from the main “izbornaia” redaction of the biblical books in this codex. While the main redaction was a result of the abridgement of the ancient Preslav translation of the Octateuch, the source of Chapters 7–9 of the Book of Genesis in the Tikhonravovsky Chronograph were the paroemias for the third and fourth weeks of Lent of the socalled late redaction of the Prophetologion (Parimijnik). The latter was completed sometime between the 13th and early 14th centuries, presumably on Mount Athos, when Bulgarian scribes were correcting liturgical books. The analysis also involves the Kolomensky type of the Palaea Interpretata, which goes back to the “izbornaia” redaction of the biblical books through the “protochronograph”, which dates from the end of the 12th or the first half of the 13th century. This “protochronograph” has been recently introduced for academic study. It was supposedly written by Athanasius, the interpreter of the Epistle of Metropolitan Kliment Smolyatich. As is the case with the Tikhonravovsky Chronograph, the initial Chapters 1–9 of the Book of Genesis in the Palaea Interpretata significantly diverge from the Preslav translation of the Octateuch, due to the use of paroemias. The article compares these texts in Tikhonravovsky Chronograph with those found in the Palaea Interpretata, the Arkhivsky Chronograph, and the Prophetologion of the oldest type (in the twelfth-century Grigorovich manuscript and in the Zaharinsky manuscript from the year 1271). The comparison reveals that the Tikhonravovsky Chronograph contains verbatim quotes from the late (Pozdniaia) redaction of the Prophetologion (the manuscript from the year 1521 in the Museum collection of the Russian State Library in Moscow), while the Palaea Interpretata mostly follows the oldest type of the Prophetologion and only occasionally reproduces readings from its late redaction. The article hypothesizes that the beginning of the Book of Genesis could be replaced with the paroemias already in the “protochronograph”. This could happen, for example, because of the loss of Chapters 1–9 of the Book of Genesis from its source. In this form the “protochronograph” could be reflected in the Palaea Interpretata and in the Tikhonravovsky Chronograph. In the latter text, the initial paroemias of Lent (until Wednesday of the third week inclusive) were replaced by the narrative from the Palaea Interpretata within the same temporal limits of biblical history.
THE OLD RUSSIAN CHRONOGRAPH OF THE THIRD REDACTION IN 182 CHAPTERS. PART 2. THE CHRONOGRAPHIC REDACTION OF THE PATRIARCHAL LETOPISETS FOR THE YEARS 1619–1691
Authors:   Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bogdanov Аndrey P. , Belov Nikita V. ,   Independent scholar
Published: December 2022

This article studies the newly discovered chronographic redaction of the patriarchal Le-topisets for the years 1619–1691, preserved in the final part of the third redaction of the Chronograph from the collection of V. M. Undolsky in the Russian State Library (Moscow). The chronographic redaction derives from the archetype of the Letopisets for the years 1619–1691 and in some cases renders its text with more completeness than the previously known extensive and brief redactions. It preserves the entries about the Moscow uprising of 1648 (the Salt Riot), the Razin Rebellion, and the Chigirin campaigns, as well as a series of entries about the annexation of the Left-bank Ukraine to Russia, which were included in the archetype of the Letopisets. The compiler of the chronographic redaction mostly selected news related to foreign policy and troubles inside Russia from the archetype but possibly ignored records about local events in Moscow and the royal family. In this respect the chronographic redaction starkly differs from the general protograph of the extensive and brief redactions, which contained a large number of «Moscow-centric» reports. The main text of the chronographic redaction included information up to the year 1686 and was later simultaneously supplemented with entries for the years 1689–1690 and 1696. The final part of the patriarchal brief Chronographets from the OLDP collection in the National Library of Russia (St. Petersburg) is close to the chronographic redaction of the Letopisets. Apparently, it was also based on the archetypal text of the Letopisets for the years 1619–1691. The article is accompanied by the publication of the text of the chronographic redaction of the Leto-pisets for the years 1619–1691.
The Service to Boris and Gleb in the Redaction by Ivan from Novgorod
Authors:   National Library of Russia, Levshina Zhanna L.
Published: December 2022

The article presents an analysis, along with a publication, of the Service of Boris and Gleb written in the margins of the manuscript of the Typicon by Alexius Studites from the late 12th — early 13th century (National Library of Russia, Sofiiskoe sobranie, no. 1136). The name of the person who wrote the Service in this manuscript is determined as Ivan. According to the graphic and orthographic features of the manuscript, the author’s handwriting is dated sometime between the middle and the second half of the 13th century and is likely associated with the Novgorodian milieu. The analysis of the contents of this copy of the Service and the study of the textual features of several hymns suggest that this text is a special redaction of the Service, which cannot be found in other manuscripts.
TVER MANUSCRIPT COPY OF THE ABRIDGED REDACTION OF THE LIFE OF EFREM OF TORZHOK
Authors:   Tver Regional Public Fund for Culture, Gadalova Galina S.
Published: December 2022

In this article the author shows that the Tver manuscript copy оf the abridged redaction оf the Life of Efrem of Torzhok was based on the texts of its extensive redaction, the Panegyric, and legends about the translation of the relics and miracles of the saint. The article is accompanied by the publication of the Life.
“SACRED” VS. “SECULAR”: A LANGUAGE OR OTHER TYPE OF BARRIER IN THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH?
Authors:   Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tsareva Tamara V.
Published: December 2022

The problem of understanding the liturgical texts of the Russian Orthodox Church is no less pressing in the 21st century than it was at the turn of the 20th century, and the issue of liturgical language has repeatedly been the object of debate both within the Church and in the academic community. The arguments of supporters and opponents of change in the language of liturgical texts have remained virtually unchanged for more than a century. It is therefore important to study the church’s experience in dealing with this problem within the context of present-day conditions. To approach this task, the article analyzes the ideas developed and proposals voiced by the clergy in preparation for the Preconciliar Commission in 1905–1907, along with the views of contemporary Russian Orthodox clergy on this issue. Moreover, the article analyzes the data obtained in the survey that the author of this article conducted in November 2021. In the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, discussions about the translation of liturgical services into Russian have fuelled a fierce controversy among both the clergy and the laity, despite the practice of bilingual worship in many parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia and despite the performance of services in regional languages in Chuvash, Mordovian, Mari, Yakut, and other parishes in Russia. Besides the question of language of worship, there is a problem of «understanding» the liturgical texts: will the translation of the liturgical texts make it easier to understand them? Or will the transition to the celebration of the liturgy in Russian lead to a schism in the Church? In fact, there are no canonical restrictions on the translation of liturgical texts. Moreover, the very idea of translating church services into any language does not contradict the call addressed to the apostles to preach Scripture: «Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature» (Mark 16: 15). But why does the language of worship cause so many disagreements and disputes?
THE TALE OF SLOVEN AND RUS AS THE FIRST NARRATIVE OF THE EARLY MODERN MUSCOVITE RUSSIAN NATION: A NEW APPROACH TO THE INTERPRETATION OF THE TALE
Authors:   Deutsches Historisches Institut, Doronin Andrej V.
Published: December 2022

Created in the 1630s, the legend of Sloven and Rus illuminates the early history of Rus’ from the Great Flood to the invitation of Rurik. Although this tale is one of the principal pieces of Russian historical writing from the first half of the 17th century, I suggest that it remains misunderstood. It not only stands out from the Old Russian chronicle tradition but is also alien to it. The legend is concerned with the ethno-cultural rather than the dynastic or state origins of Rus’, the beginnings of the Rus’ people rather than the Rus’ state. Focused on Novgorod, it opposes the Kievan Rus’ narrative. The legend is a compilation of borrowed stories about European antiquity synchronized by Renaissance humanists. The Tale of Sloven and Rus offered Muscovite Rus’ a new starting point and set new milestones for its history, adjusted its branches of succession to European ancestry, and in this way opposed the isolationist trend of the “Old Russian tradition”. The Time of Troubles (Smuta), which compelled Muscovite Russia to think about its place in the new Europe, was the very impetus for the creation of this legend. The article considers the legend as the first early modern national narrative of Muscovite Rus’ within the general European ideological and cultural context.
THE MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS OF ROSTOV AND YAROSLAVL
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fedotova Marina A.
Published: December 2022

[Review of: Sinitsyna E. V., Knizhnye sobraniia Rostovo-Yaroslavskoi eparkhii s drevneishikh vremen do nachala 20 veka. Opyt rekonstruktsii. (The Book Collections of the Rostov-Yaroslavl Eparchy from the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the 20th C. Attempt of Reconstruction). St. Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2018. 400 p. (in Russian)]
THE CAPTURE OF KAZAN IN 1552: A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT FROM A SOURCE CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors:   Independent scholar, Belov Nikita V.
Published: December 2022

The article analyzes examples of scholars’ uncritical use of quantitative data from narrative sources concerning the siege and capture of Kazan by the army of Tsar Ivan IV in 1552. Since Karamzin, the prevailing belief has been that the Russian army was 150,000 men strong. This number, however, is the result of an error or of a deliberate correction made by the compiler of the Morozov Chronicle of the 1750–1760s. The information about the 740 captives caught by the Russians in the battle on the Arsk field near Kazan is also explained by a mistake of the scribe who copied the Voskresensky copy of «Posledovanie drevnim». The author of the article comes to the conclusion that an analysis of written accounts of the history of Kazan’s capture requires a comprehensive approach.
VERSES BY DIMITRY OF ROSTOV IN THE MANUSCRIPT COLOPHON BY THE OLD BELIEVER MAXIM FROM AROUND 1820s
Authors:   Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia, Kalugin Vasilij V.
Published: December 2022

There are three unique Old Believer manuscript books written on canvas. It is established that all of them were written around the 1820s by Maxim, an adherent of the sect of the beglopopovtsy (“runaway priests”). Two books are anonymous; the third, a prayer book of the “kanonnik” type, contains a colophon in the beginning of which Maxim almost verbatim cited syllabic verses with a mesostic from the Menologium ( Cheti Minei) of Dimitry of Rostov, a renowned critic of Old Believers. Maxim added his own name to the citation. Certain features of the ornament in the canvas codices suggest that Maxim was acquainted with both the Synodal and the Ukrainian-Belarusian book tradition. The citation from Dimitry of Rostov proves this supposition. Maxim’s colophon represents new evidence of Dmitry of Rostov’s literary influence on Old Believers, which has yet received little attention.
VLADIMIR IVANOVICH DAL AND MEDIEVAL RUSSIAN LITERATURE
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia, Fomichev Sergei A.
Published: December 2022

The topic of folklore in Vladimir Dal’s work is well studied. In contrast, the original and persistent connection of his work with the style, plots and genres of medieval and early modern Russian literature still remains unexplored. Plots of Dal’s first tales often followed popular lubok prints and books. They were published in large number of copies for that time and, for that matter, populated not only chivalric romances, but also the lives of saints and folk satire, like Dal’s “Tale of Shemyaka’s Judgement”. Dal’s tales made a strong impression with their virtuoso language and cascades of prefaces, where he usually used the stylistic device of amplification filled with everyday features. Dal was well acquainted with medieval manuscript books. As a result, his writings contain numerous echoes of medieval Russian texts, including The Tale of Igor’s Campaign. Among Dal’s writings there are also texts that especially correspond to genres of medieval Russian literature. Dal was the first to compose a systematically ordered monthly folk calendar and to use the Herbal and the Physiologus books in his lexicological research. Dal acknowledged that the study of twelfth-century texts written in Old East Slavic (Old Russian) strengthened his intention to compile the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. This work is no less important in the history of Russian culture than the legacy of Russian classics.
“SKITSKOE POKAYANIE” (“THE SKETE REPENTANCE”) IN MONASTIC MANUSCRIPTS OF THE 15TH CENTURY
Authors:   Church Research Center of the Russian Orthodox Church «Orthodox Encyclopedia», Romanenko Elena V.
Published: December 2022

The understudied text known as “The Skete Repentance” is a prayer related to the monastic penitential discipline. The author of this article identified two new copies of it in manuscript collections of Russian monasteries. Both copies date back to the end of the 15th century. One of them is located in Buslaev’s Psalter, a unique manuscript distinguished by outstanding quality of its calligraphy and ornament. A content analysis of the manuscript and of the text of “The Skete Repentance” allows us to shed light on the circumstances around the creation of the manuscript and on the evolution of the text of the repentance prayer.
AUTOINTERTEXTUALITY AND INTERPRETATION (BASED ON DOSTOEVSKY’S STORY “A FUNNY MAN’S DREAM”)
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia, Kibal’nik Serguei A.
Published: December 2022

The article presents a detailed and systematic examination of self-references in Dostoevsky’s story «A Funny Man’s Dream» from his previous works: «Notes from the Underground», «Demons», «Crime and Punishment», «The Adolescent», «A Writer’s Diary». In relation to “Notes from the Underground”, Dostoevsky’s «fantastic story» is even considered as an “auto-hypertext”. Detection of these self-references makes it possible to observe the deep connection of the main motives of «A Funny Man’s Dream» with Dostoevsky’s other texts and also to significantly clarify the main ideas of this «fantastic story». This approach also allows us to challenge the validity of Mikhail Bakhtin’s interpretation of the story. His inaccurate reading of the autointertextual features, which the story shares with many other previous and subsequent works of Dostoevsky, prevents Bakhtin from catching the writer-specific formulation of the theme. Accordingly, he does not notice such motives as the destructive nature of the pervasive «indifference», the impossibility of preserving the «integrity» of consciousness in the modern world and, at the same time, the costs of the development of consciousness in man. He also misses the concept of the renewal of the world, which is embodied in the story, where, contrary to Bakhtin’s opinion, Christian categories play an essential role.
ALEKSANDR PANCHENKO ON THE “CANON TO ANGEL THE TERRIBLE GENERAL” BY TSAR IVAN THE TERRIBLE
Authors:   Music Hall Theater Opera Choir, Kopylova-Panchenko Valentina S. , Pigin Alexander V. ,   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences,   Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2022

In 1997, Aleksandr Panchenko dedicated one of his Radio Liberty broadcast talks in the series “Russian Religiosity” to the “Canon to Angel the Terrible General”, which is ascribed to Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The talk was accompanied by a performance of the Canon in a modern chant version by the Rossika choir conducted by Valentina Kopylova-Panchenko. The text of Panchenko’s talk is preserved in an autograph that has not yet been published. In his talk, A. M. Panchenko discussed issues that he studied in his academic works: foolishness for Christ in medieval Rus’, the religiosity of Ivan the Terrible, Vladimir Malyshev’s life-time efforts to collect manuscripts, the Repository of Ancient Manuscripts (Drevlekhranilishe) of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushkinskij Dom) in St. Petersburg. Panchenko’s talk is published here from his autograph.
NOTEBOOKS OF RUSSIAN PEASANTS AND MERCHANTS IN THE REPOSITORY OF ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS OF THE INSTITUTE OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (PUSHKINSKIJ DOM) IN S T. PETERSBURG
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Galasheva Tatiana N.
Published: December 2022

This article considers notebooks as a type of manuscript source. The notebook is related to the diary but has its own characteristics: notebooks are easier to analyze and typify than diaries, they were written by many more people and better represent the variety of everyday writing practices of the 18th–20th centuries. This study is based on 23 manuscripts located in the Repository of Ancient Manuscripts of the Institute of Russian Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushkinskij Dom) in St. Petersburg. These manuscripts demonstrate the act of record-keeping in the peasant and merchant milieu of Russia. This article identifies structural elements that all these notebooks share to some degree. The first part of the article considers the notebook as a type of ego-document and its relationship with the diary. It also provides a brief historiography of the issue and a summary of valuable remarks by specialists concerning the publishing of peasants’ and merchants’ diaries. The second part of the article presents a typological analysis of the manuscripts that can be more or less conventionally called “notebooks”. The analysis considers the structure of the notebooks, the relationship between contents of a general nature and those that are private, reference information and economic records, documentary characteristics, family dates and phenological observations as central topics, inclusions of diary and memoir entries, and data about owners of the notebooks. The article is accompanied by a list of cited manuscripts from the Repository of Ancient Manuscripts, many of which are of interest to ethnographers, local historians, and linguists.
THE LEGEND OF THE “BEAST COMPUTER”: HISTORY, MIGRATION, AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Panchenko Alexander A.
Published: December 2022

In the 2000s, Russian Orthodox believers underwent a moral panic related to the spread of new informational technologies and the rise of state individual identification systems. Among other factors contributing to the panic was the legend about “the Beast Computer in Brussels”. This article deals with its initial history, translations of the legend into Russian, as well as the cultural and ideological contexts that promoted its global popularity. The article supplements previous publications on this topic by the author. The genesis and the immediate context of the legend have been debated by scholars. Only recently, however, Eugene Clay discovered that the story was invented and publicized by the American evangelical preacher David Wilkerson (1931–2011) in 1973. By the end of the 1970s, the legend had become immensely popular amongst evangelical Christians in the US. In the 1980s, it was translated into several languages and spread globally in different confessional and secular contexts. One of its first translations into Russian was published in 1981 by Pavel Vaulin (1918-2007), a professor at the University of South Alabama. Another Russian compilation of the legend was probably composed in the early 1980s in Sacramento by Vera Tyson, an editor at the Russian Baptist newspaper Nashi Dni (“Our Days”). This text was popular with both the Baptists and the Russian Old Believers in the US and abroad. Some other Russian publications about the Beast Computer appeared in Russia in the early 1990s. The initial dissemination of the Russian versions of the legend was related to its popularity among relatively small and marginal émigré groups whose eschatology and conspiratorial fantasies developed from the ideas of anti-globalism and social escapism. In the post-Soviet religious culture, however, the story about the Beast Computer soon became widely known and popular. The reason for its extreme popularity was probably “agency panic”, especially characteristic of the societies that appeared on the fragmented terrain of the post-Soviet empire.
HISTORICAL SPACE IN THE SONGS ABOUT STEPAN RAZIN
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanova Tatiana G.
Published: December 2022

The article analyzes the representation of historical space by toponyms mentioned in seventeenth-century folk songs about Stepan Razin (the Don, the Yaik, the Caspian Sea, the Volga). The study shows that these toponyms are related to Stepan Razin’s activities, while the places where the rebels acted without Razin (Saransk, Penza, Narovchat, Nizhny Lomov, the Makaryevskii Zheltovodskii Monastery, etc.) are not mentioned in the songs. There is also no mention, however, of such important places in Razin’s life like his native village of Zimoveiskaia, the fortress called Kagalnitskii Gorodok, where he made his winter headquarters on the Don, or the town of Simbirsk, where he was defeated by the state troops. The study of the toponyms captured in the songs suggests that the folk tradition was constantly developing and reacted to the changes of geographical names (from Cherkassk to Starocherkassk; from the Yaik River to the Ural River; from Verkhne-Yaitsky Gorodok to Uralsk; from Nizhne-Yaitsky Gorodok to Guryev). This reaction indicates the tension of historical consciousness within the oral poetic tradition. On the other hand, the construction of historical space in the songs about Razin was influenced by the folk tradition. The songs not only inherited folklore formulas that arose long before the 17th century (the quiet Don, Father Don Ivanovich, glorious Cherkassk, Yaik Gorynych, etc.), but also firmly connected the life of the “thieves’” ataman with the fortress of Azov and the Sea of Azov, an important place for the Cossacks. The songs about Razin also have obvious ties with the poetry about Ermak Timofeevich, the conqueror of Siberia.
THE CASE OF OFON’KA NAUMENOK AND THE CALABRIAN PROPHET TOMMASO CAMPANELLA: PEOPLE OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pliukhanova Maria B.
Published: December 2022

In 1642, the strelets Ofonka Naumenok stood trial in Moscow for intending to “spoil” the tsarina. The proceedings of this trial do not contain specific historical information. As a historical source they are useful mainly in the context of the history of torture. Hundreds of people were involved in the criminal proceedings, which were directed by the boyars and the tsar. The account of the trial gives a good sense of the atmosphere of the time — cruelty, chaos, social dynamism, and a widespread belief in magic. Especially valuable is a text that was found during the investigation and included in the trial proceedings. The text was about a Calabrian prophet who proclaimed himself the son of Christ, the Messiah, who gathered numerous followers. and who intended to create a kingdom of peace and justice. This article connects the legend with the history of the Calabrian uprisings of 1599 and 1633, which were inspired by Tommaso Campanella. Campanella took on the role of a prophet with the intention to create an ideal society and to rejuvenate the world before its impending destruction. The eschatological, messianic, and salvational legend about the Calabrian prophet was bound to find rich resonance in Moscovy, which was marked by re-ligious and social unrest at the end of the 1630s and in the 1640s. In the juxtaposition of the seventeenth-century Western European and Russian phenomena, this study employs the concept of the “Baroque period” developed by the historian Rosario Villari and, in a similar way, by Aleksandr Panchenko.
THE RHETORICAL ASPECT OF “EPINIKION” BY FEOFAN PROKOPOVICH
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Patroeva Natalia V.
Published: December 2022

The search for techniques and ways of artistic expression as a style- and genre-forming means of decorating the text was the main concern of baroque writers. This article analyzes the rhetorical devices of poetic texts by Feofan Prokopovich in comparison with recommendations that Feofan gives in his treatises “On the Poetic Art” and “On the Art of Rhetoric”. “Epinikion” demonstrates the early Feofan’s adherence to the Church Slavonic cultural tradition. It contains the widest range of Slavonic literary lexical and grammatical features and rhetorical devices. Feofan’s use of rhetorical devices testifies to his «moderate» baroque aspirations, noted by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Panchenko. “Epinikion” is written in the ode genre. In it, along with metaphor, comparison, metonymy, synecdoche, allegory, personification, paraphrase, antonomasia, and hyperbole, Feofan uses sarcasm and caustic irony against enemies, whom he calls «barbarians» and “heretics”. In his syllabic texts, Feofan quite strictly observes the requirements he prescribes in his works on poetic art and rhetoric: the avoidance of pomposity and decorative excesses in texts of the middle style and even a more moderate use of figures of speech in the plain style texts. It is no coincidence that Feofan Prokopovich was probably the first to call for the abolition of the baroque poetic and rhetorical devices in his treatises. With his poetic gift, this stern and strict supporter of Peter the Great’s reforms sought to demonstrate the use of a new style, rhetoric, and poetics in Russian literature. Feofan’s poetic texts differ to a large extent from seventeenth-century verses and paved the way for Russian classicism and the new Russian poets — Antioch Kantemir, Vasily Trediakovsky and Mikhail Lomonosov.