bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The shared molecular mechanism of spinal cord injury and sarcopenia: a comprehensive genomics analysis
Authors: Wang Binyang , Yang Xu , Li Chuanxiong , Yang Rongxing , Sun Tong , Yin Yong
Published: August 2024

Introduction

The occurrence of Spinal cord injury (SCI) brings economic burden and social burden to individuals, families and society, and the complications after SCI greatly affect the rehabilitation and treatment of patients in the later stage.This study focused on the potential biomarkers that co-exist in SCI and sarcopenia, with the expectation to diagnose and prognose patients in the acute phase and rehabilitation phase using comprehensive data analysis.

Methods

The datasets used in this study were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Firstly, the datasets were analyzed with the “DEseq2” and “Limma” R package to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were then visualized using volcano plots. The SCI and sarcopenia DEGs that overlapped were used to construct a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. Three algorithms were used to obtain a list of the top 10 hub genes. Next, validation of the hub genes was performed using three datasets. According to the results, the top hub genes were DCN, FSTL1, and COL12A1, which subsequently underwent were Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses. We also assessed immune cell infiltration with the CIBERSORT algorithm to explore the immune cell landscape. The correlations between the hub genes and age and body mass index were investigated. To illustrate the biological mechanisms of the hub genes more clearly, a single-cell RNA-seq dataset was assessed to determine gene expression when muscle injury occurred. According to our analysis and the role in muscle, we chose the fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) cluster in the next step of the analysis. In the sub cluster analysis, we use the “Monocle” package to perform the trajectory analysis in different injury time points and different cell states.

Results

A total of 144 overlapped genes were obtained from two datasets. Following PPI network analysis and validation, we finally identified three hub-genes (DCN, FSTL1, and COL12A1), which were significantly altered in sarcopenic SCI patients both before and after rehabilitation training. The three hub genes were also significantly expressed in the FAPs clusters. Furthermore, following injury, the expression of the hub genes changed with the time points, changing in FAPs cluster.

Discussion

Our study provides comprehensive insights into how muscle changes after SCI are associated with sarcopenia by moving from RNA-seq to RNA-SEQ, including Immune infiltration landscape, pesudotime change and so on. The three hub genes identified in this study could be used to distinguish the sarcopenia state at the genomic level. Additionally, they may also play a prognostic role in evaluating the efficiency of rehabilitation training.
Lung fibrosis in sarcoidosis. Is there a place for antifibrotics?
Authors: Bączek Karol , Piotrowski Wojciech Jerzy
Published: August 2024

Sarcoidosis, an enigmatic disease with unknown etiology, is characterized by inflammation and the potential involvement of various organs, predominantly the lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes. Non-caseating granulomas can resolve spontaneously in approximately 60% of cases within 2–3 years. However, sarcoidosis-related mortality has increased. Lung fibrosis, affecting up to 20% of sarcoidosis patients, stands out as a primary cause of mortality. Traditionally, fibrosis is viewed because of prolonged inflammation, necessitating anti-inflammatory treatment with systemic steroids, immunosuppressants, and anti-TNF agents to manage the disease. The recent introduction of antifibrotic drugs such as nintedanib and pirfenidone offers new avenues for treating fibrotic sarcoidosis. Nintedanib, effective in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD), has shown promise in patients with various progressive fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (PF-ILD), including those with sarcoidosis. Pirfenidone, also effective in IPF, has demonstrated potential in managing fibrotic sarcoidosis, though results have been inconclusive due to limited participant numbers in studies. This review explores the theoretical and empirical evidence supporting the use of antifibrotics in sarcoidosis, weighing the benefits and drawbacks. While antifibrotics offer a potential therapeutic approach, further randomized controlled trials are essential to determine their efficacy in fibrotic sarcoidosis. Addressing fibrosis as a continuum of chronic inflammation, the role of antifibrotics in managing sarcoidosis remains an area requiring more in-depth research to improve patient outcomes and advance treatment paradigms.
Spatial patterns of congruence or mismatch between taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and endemism of perennial flora along the aridity gradient of Chile
Authors: Poch Paola , Poulin Elie , Pérez María Fernanda , Peralta Gioconda , Hinojosa Luis Felipe
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Understanding the relationships between taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and endemism across environmental gradients is essential for elucidating the eco-evolutionary mechanisms that shape local plant communities.

Methods

A database was compiled from field surveys, national herbarium records, and virtual records of perennial plant specimens collected in the aridity gradient of northern Chile, between 18 and 32°S. A large-scale dated phylogeny of available perennial plants was used, and 11 functional traits were selected to construct a dendrogram using the Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) method for the species present in our database. We calculated spatial patterns of a-diversity, including taxonomic (TD), functional (FD), and phylogenetic (PD) diversity, as well as weighted (WE), functional (FE), and phylogenetic (PE) endemism. We used multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to identify spatial congruencies and discrepancies among these dimensions and to test different eco-evolutionary processes.

Results

The diversity indices TD, FD and PD showed similar geographic patterns (R2 > 0.93), with lower diversity observed in absolute desert regions. The pattern of weighted endemism (WE) showed a weak association with functional endemism (FE) and phylogenetic endemism (PE) (local R2 < 0.48). The regions with lower FD or PD than expected given the TD (i.e. FD<TD and PD<TD) are mainly located in desert areas, as well as in high Andean areas influenced by the Atacama Desert, suggesting communities with associated in situ speciation processes, as well as a limitation of morpho-functional trait diversity in response to extreme environmental conditions (environmental filter hypothesis). Similarly, where FE and PE values are higher than expected given the WE (i.e. FE>WE and PE>WE), they are found in arid, high Andean and transitional zones, at different altitudes, which would indicate a greater presence of phylogenetic lineages and species with morpho-functional traits related to extreme environmental conditions and transitional biomes (arid-semiarid).

Discussion

These spatial discrepancies suggest different eco-evolutionary drivers between the dimensions of diversity and endemism (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic). Areas of high diversity and high endemism do not necessarily coincide, and both should be addressed by conservation efforts.
Enhanced drought tolerance and photosynthetic efficiency in Arabidopsis by overexpressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from a single-cell C4 halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica
Authors: Li Caixia , Wang Juan , Lan Haiyan , Yu Qinghui
Published: August 2024

In crop genetic improvement, the introduction of C4 plants’ characteristics, known for high photosynthetic efficiency and water utilization, into C3 plants has been a significant challenge. This study investigates the effects of the desert halophyte Suaeda aralocaspica SaPEPC1 gene from a single-cell C4 photosythetic pathway, on drought resistance and photosynthetic performance in Arabidopsis. We used transgenic Arabidopsis with Zea mays ZmPEPC1 from C4 plant with classic Kranz anatomical structure and Arabidopsis AtPEPC1 from C3 photosynthetic cycle plants as controls. The results demonstrated that C4 photosynthetic-type PEPCs could improve drought resistance in plants through stomatal closure, promoting antioxidant enzyme accumulation, and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Overexpression of SaPEPC1 was significantly more effective than ZmPEPC1 in enhancing drought tolerance. Notably, overexpressed SaPEPC1 significantly improved light saturation intensity, electron transport rate (ETR), photosynthetic rate (Pn), and photoprotection ability under intense light. Furthermore, overexpression SaPEPC1 or ZmPEPC1 enhanced the activity of key C4 photosynthetic enzymes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) and NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), and promoted photosynthetic product sugar accumulation. However, with AtPEPC1 overexpression showing no obvious improvement effect on drought and photosynthetic performance. Therefore, these results indicated that introducing C4-type PEPC into C3 plants can significantly enhance drought resistance and photosynthetic performance. However, SaPEPC1 from a single-cell C4 cycle plant exhibits more significant effect in ETR and PSII photosynthesis performance than ZmPEPC1 from a classical C4 anatomical structure plant, although the underlying mechanism requires further exploration.
A social science trust taxonomy with emergent vectors and symmetry
Authors: Mobbs Anthony E. D. , Boag Simon
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Trust is foundational to all social science domains, but to date, there is no unifying theory or consistent measurement basis spanning the social sciences. This research hypothesized that trust forms the basis of an ontology that could unify the social science domains. The proposed ontology comprises a Cartesian plane with axes self-trust and other-trust. Self-trust manifests in dominant behaviors, and other-trust manifests in cooperative behaviors. Both axes are divided into five discrete categories, creating a matrix of 25 cells. All words in the lexicon are allocated into one of these 25 cells.

Methods

This research started with an existing 14,000-word lexicon of dominance and affiliation. The lexicon was extended by manually identifying and including socially descriptive words with information regarding self-trust, other-trust, dominance, and cooperation. The taxonomy was optimized using the Gradient Descent machine learning algorithm and commercially curated synonyms and antonyms. The t-test was employed as the objective (or loss) function for Gradient Descent optimization. Word vectors were identified using groups of four words related as synonyms and antonyms.

Results

Over 30,000 words were identified and included in the lexicon. The optimization process yielded a t-score of over 1,000. Over 226,000 vectors were identified, such as malevolent-mean-gentle-benevolent. A new form of symmetry was identified between adjectives and verbs with a common root; for example, the words reject and rejected are horizontally reflected.

Discussion

The word vectors can create a metrologically compliant basis for psychometric testing. The symmetries provide insight into causes (verbs) and effects (adjectives) in social interactions. These vectors and symmetries offer the social sciences a basis of commonality with natural sciences, enabling unprecedented accuracy and precision in social science measurement.
Hot topics and frontier evolution of growth-mindset research: a bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace
Authors: Xu Jianmei , Xu Wenqiong
Published: August 2024

By virtue of CiteSpace, this study aims to evaluate and pinpoint the status, hot areas, and frontiers of growth-mindset research. Co-authorship analysis, co-citation analysis, co-occurrence analysis, cluster analysis, and content analysis are conducted, based on 543 articles selected from the Social Sciences Citation Index database. Researchers from Australia and countries/territories in North America, East Asia, and Western Europe have maintained relatively closer cooperation with each other. Carol S. Dweck, Jeni L. Burnette, David S. Yeager, and Mary Murphy have high publication volumes and close connections with each other. Angela Duckworth has acted as a bridge among many researchers. Highly co-cited literature has mainly focused on the impacts of mindset and intervention measures. In the past two decades, the literature on mindset research has plunged into numerous hot topics in terms of implicit theory, intelligence, motivation, beliefs, achievements, academic performance, students, transitions, and psychological intervention. Based on burst detection, the field of growth-mindset research shows the following trends: (1) future research must pay more attention to fidelity in intervention studies, conduct rigorous manipulation tests at the statistical level, and improve causal relationship models between growth mindset and other variables and (2) use a multidisciplinary perspective to provide a deeper explanation of the formation mechanism of the growth mindset. Finally, (3) the function mechanisms of the growth mindset in different cultural backgrounds should be strengthened.
Combined effects of physical activity and life events on depression and PTSD in Chinese students aged 16–24 years
Authors: Wang Zhifeng , Wang Fengyun , Jiang Bing , Xue Haihong , Zhao Ming , Wang Dongmei
Published: August 2024

Background

Life events are important risk factors for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Physical activity is a beneficial behavior to physiological and psychological health. While it has not been reported at present the combined effect of physical activity and life events on individual depression and PTSD, and whether it can alleviate the psychological risks induced by life events.

Objective

To comprehensively investigate the current status of life events experiences in Chinese students aged 16–24 years and analyze the combined effects of physical activity and life events on their depression and PTSD.

Methods

An online cross-sectional survey was conducted on physical activity levels, life events experiences, depression and PTSD of 1,552 Chinese students aged 16–24 using short version of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-S), adolescent self-rating life events checklist (ASLEC), PTSD Check List-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and Patient Health Questionnaire Depression Scale. Then, logistic regression equation and stratified analysis were used to explore the combined effects of physical activity and life events on depression and PTSD.

Results

Regression analysis showed that, except for female, <8 h of sleep, smoking, single parent/reorganized families and poor family economic status, experiencing medium-intensity and high-intensity life events were both risk factors for depression. Compared with those who experienced low-intensity life events, those who experienced medium- and high-intensity life events had a 27 and 131% increased risk of depression, respectively. In contrast, medium- and high-level physical activity could reduce the risk of depression by 49 and 53%, respectively. Similar results were obtained with PTSD as a dependent variable. Combined correlation analysis showed that, compared with those with high-level physical activity and low-intensity life events, those with low-level physical activity and high-intensity life events had a 209 and 121% increased risk of depression and PTSD, respectively. Stratified analysis showed that the threshold for life events induced depression and PTSD rose with the increase in the level of physical activity.

Conclusion

Lack of physical activity and experience of high-intensity life events are independent risk factors for depression and PTSD, and strengthening physical activity can compensate for the harm of depression and PTSD caused by life events to some extent.
Nodule crushing: a novel technique to decentralize rhizobia inoculant technology and empower small-scale farmers to enhance legume production and income
Authors: Pudasaini Roshan , Raizada Manish N.
Published: August 2024

Millions of small scale legume farmers lack access to rhizobia bacterial inoculants that improve crop protein and yield, and minimize fossil-fuel based nitrogen fertilizers, through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). BNF converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia, required to synthesize chlorophyll and amino acids. BNF is catalyzed by rhizobia that inhabit nodule organs in legume roots (e.g., soybean, cowpea, chickpeas, lentil, fava, peas, beans). Rhizobia inoculant access in remote communities is limited by centralized facilities to grow bacteria, inadequate transportation networks and refrigeration. Recently, we proposed that rhizobia inoculants can be diffused by farmers themselves, simply, by crushing nodules onto seeds, and demonstrated its efficacy under field conditions. A concern was whether nodules remain viable between growing seasons. Here we provide preliminary evidence that bean nodules, dried and stored at room temperature after 6 months, retain nodulation potential. We discuss: (1) the feasibility, constraints and risks of nodule crushing; (2) scaling up strategies; (3) entrepreneurship that benefits women farmers (e.g., nodule-selling microenterprises); and (4) empowering farmers to directly select, evolve and indigenize rhizobia for the first time. Finally, we prioritize research questions and encourage the formation of a global participatory research network, with the goal of decentralizing and democratizing rhizobia inoculants.
Design and Characterisation of a 3D-Printed Pneumatic Rotary Actuator Exploiting Enhanced Elastic Properties of Auxetic Metamaterials
Authors: Donadio Francesca Federica , Dragone Donatella , Procopio Anna , Amato Francesco , Cosentino Carlo , Merola Alessio
Published: August 2024

This paper describes the design and characterisation of a novel hybrid pneumatic rotational actuator that aims to overcome the limitations of both rigid and soft actuators while combining their advantages; indeed, the designed actuator consists of a soft air chamber having an auxetic structure constrained between two rigid frames connected by a soft hinge joint inspired by the musculoskeletal structure of a lobster leg. The main goal is to integrate the advantages of soft actuation, such as inherent compliance and safe human–robot interaction, with those of rigid components, i.e., the robustness and structural stability limiting the ineffective expansion of the soft counterpart of the actuator. The air chamber and its auxetic structure are capable of leveraging the hyper-elastic properties of the soft fabrication material, thereby optimising the response and extending the operational range of the rotational actuator. Each component of the hybrid actuator is fabricated using a 3D-printing method based on Fused Deposition Modeling technology; the soft components are made of thermoplastic polyurethane, and the rigid components are made of polylactic acid. The design phases were followed by some experimental tests to characterise the hybrid actuation by reproducing the typical operating conditions of the actuator itself. In particular, the actuator response in unconstrained expansion and isometric and isobaric conditions has been evaluated. The experimental results show linearity, good repeatability, and sensitivity of the actuator response vs. pneumatic pressure input, other than a small percentage hysteresis, which is ten times less than that observed in commercial soft pneumatic actuators.
Inclusive Leadership and Employee Voice Behaviour: Serial Mediating Effects of Psychological Safety and Affective Commitment
Authors: Fatoki Olawale
Published: August 2024

Leaders have an important role to play in the creation of an organisational climate that fosters learning, engagement and voice behaviour. This study investigated the effect of inclusive leadership on the voice behaviour of the employees of small hospitality firms in South Africa. In addition, this study examined the serial mediating effects of psychological safety and affective commitment. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is one of the primary studies to explore the sequential mechanism through which inclusive leadership impacts employee voice behaviour. This study used a quantitative research design, and data were collected from employees in a cross-sectional survey. This study adopted the convenience sampling method, and SPSS AMOS27 was used for structural equation modelling. The findings indicated the positive effect of inclusive leadership on employee voice behaviour. In addition, this study confirmed the serial mediating roles of psychological safety and affective commitment. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors that can promote employee voice in hospitality firms through the testing of a new theoretical model. The findings of this study have important implications for policy and practice in the hospitality industry.
First Report: Senna multijuga Subsp. multijuga (Fabales: Fabaceae) as an Attractant and Bioinsecticide for Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Wandri Ruli , Alam Samsu , Ayundra Shervinia Dwi , Apriansa Azharudin , Asmono Dwi , Subeki Subeki , Fitriana Yuyun , Hasibuan Rosma , Suharjo Radix
Published: August 2024

In 2020, a plant displaying promising attributes as both an attractant and bioinsecticide for Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), known locally as “Hujan Emas”, was discovered at PT Sampoerna Agro Tbk, Indonesia. Despite its potential, the identity of this plant remains unknown. This study aims to reveal the plant’s identity and ascertain its potential as an attractant and bioinsecticide against O. rhinoceros. Identification was performed using morphological and sequence analyses of the MaturaseK, chloroplast rps16, and chloroplast rpl16 genes. Field observations were conducted over 9 months, focusing on the number of adult O. rhinoceros visiting the plant and the number captured using synthetic pheromone (ethyl 4-methyloctanoate) traps. Bioinsecticidal activity assessments focused on extracts from the plant’s bark, stem, and leaves. Morphological characterization and sequence analysis conclusively affirmed the plant’s identity as Senna multijuga (Fabales: Fabaceae). The total number of O. rhinoceros specimens obtained from S. multijuga was 1.6 times higher (836 beetles) than that obtained using the pheromone trap (512 beetles), suggesting that S. multijuga has better attractant capability than ethyl 4-methyloctanoate. The leaf extract exhibited insecticidal activity against larvae, while the stem and bark extracts demonstrated insecticidal activity against both larvae and adults. Larval mortality ranged from 1.25% to 3.75%, while adult mortality was notably higher, ranging from 12.5% to 25%. This is the first report on the capability of S. multijuga as an attractant and bioinsecticide against O. rhinoceros.
The Combined Effect of Two Alternaria Mycotoxins (Alternariol and Alternariol Monomethyl Ether) on Porcine Epithelial Intestinal Cells
Authors: Marin Daniela Eliza , Grosu Iulian Alexandru , Pistol Gina Cecilia , Bulgaru Cristina Valeria , Pertea Ana Maria , Taranu Ionelia
Published: August 2024

Alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) are secondary metabolites produced by fungi belonging to the genus Alternaria, which generally contaminate fruits but also cereal crops and vegetables. The objective of this study was to investigate if the co-exposure of the swine epithelial intestinal cell line (IPEC-1) to a mixture of mycotoxins would cause an increase in toxicity as compared with exposure to a single toxin. The effects of individual toxins as well as those of their combination (1:1 ratio), in a range of 1–250 μM, were assessed in vitro for the cell viability of proliferating IPEC-1 cells and then on parameters related to the oxidative stress. Our results indicate that both AOH and AME significantly decreased the IPEC-1 cell viability, but the cytotoxicity induced by the AOH + AME combination was significantly higher than that induced by the exposure to the individual toxins. The main interaction type ranged from slight synergy for the AOH-AME combination affecting 25% of cell viability (CI = 0.88), which evolved into a synergistic effect for a higher level of cytotoxicity IL50 (CI = 0.41) and a strong synergistic effect at IL90 (CI = 0.10). In addition, we investigated the effects of two low concentrations (2.5 μM and 5 μM) of AOH and AME mycotoxins administered individually or in combination on oxidative stress in IPEC-1 cells. Both AOH and AME can induce an increase in reactive oxygen species—ROS (+) cells%—and oxidative damage in porcine IPEC-1 cells. At least an additive effect was observed when the cells were exposed to the combination of AOH-AME, consisting of an increase in the percentage of ROS (+) cells and the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA as compared with the individual toxin effect. A breakdown of the antioxidant defense was observed in IPEC-1 cells after the exposure to individual toxins, related to the decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), but no additive or synergic effect resulted after the exposure to the mixture of the toxins. In conclusion, our data indicate that both AOH and AME interfere with cell proliferation and oxidative stress. Moreover, the exposure of IPEC-1 cells to the combination of AOH and AME mycotoxins had a dose-dependent synergistic effect on IPEC-1 cell viability. Also, the oxidative damage induced in IPEC-1 cells by the combination of AOH and AME was stronger than the effects of individual toxins. However, the signaling pathways responsible for the toxicity of AOH, AME, and their combinations need further investigations in order to provide important data for risk assessments in swine in the case of the contamination of feed with Alternaria toxins.
Genotype-by-Environment Interaction and Stability of Canola (Brassica napus L.) for Weed Suppression through Improved Interference
Authors: Asaduzzaman Md , Wu Hanwen , Doran Gregory , Pratley Jim
Published: August 2024

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a profitable grain crop for Australian growers. However, weeds remain a major constraint for its production. Chemical herbicides are used for weed control, but this tactic also leads to the evolution of herbicide resistance in different weed species. The suppression of weeds by crop interference (competition and allelopathic) mechanisms has been receiving significant attention. Here, the weed suppressive ability and associated functional traits and stability of four selected canola genotypes (PAK85388-502, AV-OPAL, AV-GARNET, and BAROSSA) were examined at different locations in NSW, Australia. The results showed that there were significant effects of canola genotypes and of genotypes by crop density interaction on weed growth. Among the tested genotypes, PAK85388-502 and AV-OPAL were the most weed suppressive and, at a plant density of 10 plants/m2, they reduced the weed biomass of wild radish, shepherd’s purse, and annual ryegrass by more than 80%. No significant differences were found in the primary root lengths among canola varieties; however, plants of the most weed-suppressive genotype PAK8538-502 exhibited a 35% increase in lateral root number relative to plants of the less weed-suppressive genotype BAROSSA. The analysis of variance revealed a significant influence of genotypes with PAK85388-502 and AV-OPAL performing the best across all the research sites. Results showed that canola genotypes PAK85388-502 and AV-OPAL were more weed suppressive than AV-GARNET and BAROSSA and may release specific bioactive compounds in their surroundings to suppress neighboring weeds. This study provides valuable information that could be utilised in breeding programs to select weed-suppressive varieties of canola in Australia. Thus, lateral root number could be a potential target trait for weed-suppressive varieties. Additionally, other root architecture traits may contribute to the underground allelopathic interaction to provide a competitive advantage to the crop.
Effects of High-Grain Diet on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Flora of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows
Authors: Wang Kexin , Song Damin , Zhang Xuelei , Datsomor Osmond , Jiang Maocheng , Zhao Guoqi
Published: August 2024

The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the fluctuations in production performance, rumen fermentation, and microbial community in lactating dairy cows fed a high-grain diet (HG). In this study, 16 healthy Holstein lactating dairy cattle with similar milk yields of 16.80 ± 4.30 kg/d, days in milk 171.44 ± 23.25 days, and parity 2.2 ± 1.5 times were selected and randomly allocated into two groups. One group was fed a low-grain diet (LG; 40% concentrate, DM basis; n = 8), and the other group was fed a high-grain diet (HG; 60% concentrate, DM basis; n = 8). The experiment lasted 6 weeks, including 1 week for adaptation. The experimental results showed that the milk fat content in the milk of lactating cows in the HG group was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and the milk urea nitrogen (MUN) content showed an increasing trend (0.05 < p < 0.10) compared with the LG group. Compared with the LG group, rumen fluid pH was significantly decreased after feeding a high-grain diet, and contents of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate, propionate, and butyrate were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The acetate/propionate significantly decreased (p < 0.05). HG group significantly increased the abundance of Prevotella and Bacteroides in rumen fluid while significantly reducing the abundance of Methanobrevibacter and Lachnospiraceae ND3007_group (p < 0.05). Microorganisms with LDA scores > 2 were defined as unique, with the bacterial genus Anaerorhabdus_furcosa_group identified as a biomarker for the LG group, and the unique bacterial genus in the HG group were Prevotella, Stenotrophomonas, and Xanthomonadaceae. The prediction results of microbial function showed that a total of 18 KEGG differential pathways were generated between the two treatment groups, mainly manifested in metabolic pathways, signal transduction, and the immune system. In conclusion, the HG group promoted rumen fermentation by altering the microbial composition of lactating cows. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of high-grain diets to achieve high yields in intensive dairy farming.
Effect of Dietary Sugarcane Bagasse on Reproductive Performance, Constipation, and Gut Microbiota of Gestational Sows
Authors: Huang Rong-Hui , Zhang Bing-Bing , Wang Juan , Zhao Wei , Huang Yu-Xuan , Liu Ying , Sun Lv-Hui , Deng Zhang-Chao
Published: August 2024

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of using sugarcane bagasse (SB) as a substitute for soybean hulls and wheat bran in the diet of pregnant sows on their reproductive performance and gut microbiota. A total of seventy-two primiparous sows were randomly divided into four treatment groups, with eighteen replicates of one sow each. The sows were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0% (CON), 5%, 10%, and 15% SB to replace soybean hulls from day 57 of gestation until the day of the end of the gestation period. The results showed that SB contains higher levels of crude fiber (42.1%) and neutral detergent fiber (81.3%) than soybean hulls, and it also exhibited the highest volumetric expansion when soaked in water (50 g expanding to 389.8 mL) compared to the other six materials we tested (vegetable scraps, soybean hulls, wheat bran, rice bran meal, rice bran, and corn DDGS). Compared with the CON, 5% SB significantly increased the litter birth weight of piglets. Meanwhile, 10% and 15% SB significantly increased the rates of constipation and reduced the contents of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid in feces. Furthermore, 10% and 15% SB significantly disturbed gut microbial diversity with increasing Streptococcus and decreasing Prevotellaceae_NK3B31-group and Christensenellaceae_R-7-group genera in feces. Interestingly, Streptococcus had a significant negative correlation with isobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, and fecal score, while Prevotellaceae_NK3B31-group and Christensenellaceae_R-7-group had a positive correlation with them. In conclusion, our study indicates that 5% SB can be used as an equivalent substitute for soybean hulls to improve the reproductive performance of sows without affecting their gut microbiota.
Association between Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health and Obesity Status in Cats
Authors: Yeon Kyu-Duk , Kim Sun-Myung , Kim Jung-Hyun
Published: August 2024

Obesity is a major public health concern in both humans and animals, leading to several metabolic complications. Recent human studies have classified obesity into two phenotypes, metabolically healthy (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy (MUO) obesity based on cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. MHO cases lack these risk factors and are protected from metabolic complications of obesity, whereas MUO cases exhibit the opposite characteristics. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the possible role of the gut microbiome in determining metabolic health of obese individuals. However, studies on the association between the gut microbiome and obesity and metabolic abnormalities in cats are limited. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between metabolic health phenotypes and gut microbiota composition and diversity in obese cats. We investigated hormone and serum biochemistry parameters and composition of the gut microbiota in non-obese (NO), MHO, and MUO groups. The abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, and Veillonellaceae were significantly higher in the obese versus NO group, showing a positive correlation with body mass index. The abundance of Ruminococcaceae was significantly higher in the MUO versus NO group, showing a positive correlation with triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. However, obesity, whether MHO or MUO, had only a minimal impact on fecal microbiota. Therefore, further studies are warranted to investigate whether gut microbiota could be a beneficial tool for the treatment or management of this condition.
Effects of Dietary Energy Levels on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Barrier and Microflora in Sheep
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Zhou Jia , Lu Mingli , Zhao Shoupei , Li Weijuan , Quan Guobo , Xue Bai
Published: August 2024

Dietary energy is crucial for ruminants’ performance and health. To determine optimal dietary energy levels for growing sheep, we evaluated their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, barrier function, and microbiota under varying metabolic energy (ME) diets. Forty-five growing Yunnan semi-fine wool sheep, aged 10 months and weighing 30.8 ± 1.9 kg, were randomly allocated to five treatments, each receiving diets with ME levels of 8.0, 8.6, 9.2, 9.8 or 10.4 MJ/kg. The results showed that with increasing dietary energy, the average daily gain (ADG) as well as the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) increased (p < 0.05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased linearly (p = 0.01). The concentration of total VFA (p = 0.03) and propionate (p = 0.01) in the rumen increased linearly, while rumen pH (p < 0.01) and the acetate–propionate ratio (p = 0.01) decreased linearly. Meanwhile, the protein contents of Claudin-4, Claudin-7, Occludin and ZO-1 as well as the relative mRNA expression of Claudin-4 and Occludin also increased (p < 0.05). In addition, rumen bacterial diversity decreased with the increase of dietary energy, and the relative abundance of some bacteria (like Saccharofermentans, Prevotella and Succiniclasticum) changed. In conclusion, increasing dietary energy levels enhanced growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and barrier function, and altered the rumen bacterial community distribution. The optimal dietary ME for these parameters in sheep at this growth stage was between 9.8 and 10.4 MJ/kg.
The Antitumour Mechanisms of Carotenoids: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Baeza-Morales Andrés , Medina-García Miguel , Martínez-Peinado Pascual , Pascual-García Sandra , Pujalte-Satorre Carolina , López-Jaén Ana Belén , Martínez-Espinosa Rosa María , Sempere-Ortells José Miguel
Published: August 2024

Carotenoids, known for their antioxidant properties, have garnered significant attention for their potential antitumour activities. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the diverse mechanisms by which carotenoids exert antitumour effects, focusing on both well-established and novel findings. We explore their role in inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell cycle progression and preventing metastasis by affecting oncogenic and tumour suppressor proteins. The review also explores the pro-oxidant function of carotenoids within cancer cells. In fact, although their overall contribution to cellular antioxidant defences is well known and significant, some carotenoids can exhibit pro-oxidant effects under certain conditions and are able to elevate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in tumoural cells, triggering mitochondrial pathways that would lead to cell death. The final balance between their antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities depends on several factors, including the specific carotenoid, its concentration and the redox environment of the cell. Clinical trials are discussed, highlighting the conflicting results of carotenoids in cancer treatment and the importance of personalized approaches. Emerging research on rare carotenoids like bacterioruberin showcases their superior antioxidant capacity and selective cytotoxicity against aggressive cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer. Future directions include innovative delivery systems, novel combinations and personalized treatments, aiming to enhance the therapeutic potential of carotenoids. This review highlights the promising yet complex landscape of carotenoid-based cancer therapies, calling for continued research and clinical exploration.
Impacts of Plu kaow (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) Ethanolic Extract on Diabetes and Dyslipidemia in STZ Induced Diabetic Rats: Phytochemical Profiling, Cheminformatics Analyses, and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Rahman Shaikh Shahinur , Klamrak Anuwatchakij , Nopkuesuk Napapuch , Nabnueangsap Jaran , Janpan Piyapon , Choowongkomon Kiattawee , Daduang Jureerut , Daduang Sakda
Published: August 2024

The increasing prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia poses significant health challenges, impacting millions of people globally and leading to high rates of illness and death. This study aimed to explore the potential antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Plu kaow (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.) ethanolic extract (PK) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats, focusing on its molecular mechanisms. Diabetes was induced in fasting Long Evans rats using streptozotocin (65 mg/kg b. w.), with glibenclamide (5 mg/kg/day) used as the standard experimental drug. The treated groups received oral supplementation of PK (500 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. The study evaluated blood glucose levels, lipid status, body weight, liver, kidney, and heart function biomarkers, antioxidant activity, and histological examination of various organs. Additionally, untargeted metabolomics, cheminformatics, and molecular docking were employed to elucidate the probable mechanisms of action of PK. Based on metabolomic profiling data, the PK was found to contain various putative antidiabetic agents such as kaempferol 7-neohesperidoside, isochlorogenic acid C, rutin, datiscin, and diosmin and they have been proposed to significantly (p < 0.001) reduce blood glucose levels and modulated hyperlipidemia. PK also improved the tested liver, kidney, and heart function biomarkers and reversed damage to normal pancreatic, liver, kidney, and heart cells in histological analysis. In conclusion, PK shows promise as a potential treatment or management option for diabetes and hyperlipidemia, as well as their associated complications in diabetic rats.
Dense Small Object Detection Based on an Improved YOLOv7 Model
Authors: Chen Xun , Deng Linyi , Hu Chao , Xie Tianyi , Wang Chengqi
Published: August 2024

Detecting small and densely packed objects in images remains a significant challenge in computer vision. Existing object detection methods often exhibit low accuracy and frequently miss detection when identifying dense small objects and require larger model parameters. This study introduces a novel detection framework designed to address these limitations by integrating advanced feature fusion and optimization techniques. Our approach focuses on enhancing both detection accuracy and parameter efficiency. The approach was evaluated on the open-source VisDrone2019 data set and compared with mainstream algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate a 70.2% reduction in network parameters and a 6.3% improvement in mAP@0.5 over the original YOLOv7 algorithm. These results demonstrate that the enhanced model surpasses existing algorithms in detecting small objects.
Optimum System for Diagnosing Power Quality in Electrical Microgrids
Authors: Gómez-Ruiz Gabriel , Sánchez-Herrera Reyes , Martin Aránzazu D. , Andújar José M.
Published: August 2024

An electrical measurement network designed for analyzing power quality within microgrids is presented in this paper. It is very portable and easy to install across various types of microgrids. Data collected by the system meet the standards for measuring electrical parameters, calculating waveforms spectra and comparing results from different microgrid nodes. The measurements provided by the network are useful for both utility and consumer sides. The system’s effectiveness is verified through two experimental setups, specifically built ad hoc: one for testing the accuracy of the measurements obtained and the other for assessing the suitability of these measurements for power quality analysis.
Analysis of Wafer Warpage in Diamond Wire Saw Slicing Sapphire Crystal
Authors: Liu Yihe , Cheng Dameng , Li Guanzheng , Gao Yufei
Published: August 2024

During the diamond wire saw cutting process of sapphire crystals, warpage is one of the key parameters for evaluating wafer quality. Based on the thermoelasticity theory and diamond wire saw cutting theory, a finite element model for thermal analysis of diamond wire saw cutting sapphire crystals was established in this paper. The variation laws and internal connections of the temperature field and thermal deformation displacement field of the wafer during the sawing process were analyzed. A calculation and analysis model for the warpage of sapphire crystal wafer cut by wire saw was established based on the node thermal deformation displacement field of the wafer, and the rationality of the simulation results was verified through sawing experiments. This simulation calculation model constructs the mapping relationship between the process parameters of diamond wire sawing and the sapphire wafer warpage during sawing. The influence of wafer thickness, diamond wire speed, feed rate, diamond wire diameter, and tension on the warpage of the wafer was studied using the simulation model. The results indicate that the highest temperature occurs in the sawing area during cutting. The wafer thickness decreases and the warpage increases. The wafer warpage decreases with the increase of the diamond wire tension and diameter, and increases with the increase of diamond wire speed and feed rate. The research results provide a reference for understanding the variation of wafer warpage during sawing and optimizing sawing process parameters.
Rosehip Seed Oil-Incorporated Chitosan Films for Potential Fruit Packaging Applications
Authors: Marudova Maria , Zsivanovits Gabor , Viraneva Asya , Gechev Biser , Rusinova-Videva Snezhana
Published: August 2024

The concept of food packaging plays a crucial role in ensuring consumer satisfaction and extending the shelf life of food products. The rising trend of introducing innovative materials for food packaging has become prominent in recent years. The present study aims to investigate the impact of rosehip seed oil (RSO) on the physical, physicochemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of edible films based on chitosan for potential fruit packaging applications. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform distribution of the incorporated emulsion throughout the edible film. The addition of RSO increased the deformation at break in both tensile and puncture test, thereby improving the elastic properties of the films. The resulting films exhibited a light-yellow color with high opacity. The immobilization of RSO led to a decrease in water content by almost two times and an increase in water vapor permeability of the films. The films showed enhanced antioxidant activity and retained good protective properties against the yeast S. cerevisiae. Consequently, these newly formulated multicomponent films are found to be suitable for applications in the development of active food packaging because of their physical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.
Simulation Study on the Installation of Helical Anchors in Sandy Soil Using SPH-FEM
Authors: Hu Haiyang , Yuan Chi , Zheng Hong
Published: August 2024

The helical anchor foundation is driven into the soil under the combined action of torque and vertical pressure. The installation process involves a significant deformation of the soil, which is difficult to simulate numerically using the traditional finite element method. As a meshless method, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) is very suitable for simulating large deformation problems. In this paper, the SPH meshless method and traditional finite element method are used to simulate the installation and pulling process of helical anchor foundations in sandy soil. The variations in installation force, installation torque, ultimate uplift capacity, and torque correlation factor under different advancement ratios were studied. The research results indicate that using a low advancement ratio for installation can significantly reduce the installation force and torque of the helical anchor and positively affect the ultimate uplift capacity. Moreover, the torque correlation factor is also influenced by the advancement ratio. Using the torque correlation factor value obtained from the “pitch matching” installation to predict the ultimate uplift capacity at other advancement ratios may result in an overestimation.
Experimental Analysis and Design of 3D-Printed Polymer Elliptical Tubes in Compression
Authors: McCann Finian , Rossi Federico , Sultan Shahzada Danyal
Published: August 2024

Local failure modes occurring in 3D-printed polymer elliptical section tubes in compression are investigated in the present study via a series of experiments, with the results compared to existing design proposals for slender steel analogues. Polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material specimens (ABS) have been printed in three orthogonal layering orientations, and tested in tension and compression to determine orthotropic material properties including strength, elastic modulus, failure strains and Poisson’s ratio. Next, twenty-four 3D-printed elliptical cross-section tubes are tested in compression, with the polymer material, cross-sectional aspect ratio and tube wall thickness varied across the set. Results including the load-deflection behaviour, longitudinal strains, failure modes and ultimate loads are discussed. A design method formulated previously for slender steel elliptical hollow sections in compression is adapted for use with the 3D-printed polymer specimens. Upon appropriate rescaling of the design parameters, safe-sided and accurate predictions are provided by the design method for the compressive resistance of the PLA and ABS elliptical specimens, thus validating its application to cross-sections in materials other than carbon steel.