bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of joint attention on the sound-induced flash illusions
Authors: Battich Lucas , Garzorz Isabelle , Wahn Basil , Deroy Ophelia
Published: September 2021

Humans coordinate their focus of attention with others, either by gaze following or prior agreement. Though the effects of joint attention on perceptual and cognitive processing tend to be examined in purely visual environments, they should also show in multisensory settings. According to a prevalent hypothesis, joint attention enhances visual information encoding and processing, over and above individual attention. If two individuals jointly attend to the visual components of an audiovisual event, this should affect the weighing of visual information during multisensory integration. We tested this prediction in this preregistered study, using the well-documented sound-induced flash illusions, where the integration of an incongruent number of visual flashes and auditory beeps results in a single flash being seen as two (fission illusion) and two flashes as one (fusion illusion). Participants were asked to count flashes either alone or together, and expected to be less prone to both fission and fusion illusions when they jointly attended to the visual targets. However, illusions were as frequent when people attended to the flashes alone or with someone else, even though they responded faster during joint attention. Our results reveal the limitations of the theory that joint attention enhances visual processing as it does not affect temporal audiovisual integration.
Individual differences in proactive interference in rats (Rattus Norvegicus)
Authors: Tsakanikos Elias , Reed Phil
Published: September 2021

Individual differences in behaviors are seen across many species, and investigations have focused on traits linked to aggression, risk taking, emotionality, coping styles, and differences in cognitive systems. The current study investigated whether there were individual differences in proactive interference tasks in rats (Rattus Norvegicus), and tested hypotheses suggesting that these tasks should load onto a single factor and there should be clusters of rats who perform well or poorly on these tasks. The performance of 39 rats was tested across three learning tasks that all involved disengagement from an irrelevant previously learned stimulus to a relevant stimulus: latent inhibition (LI), partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE), and reversal learning (RL). An exploratory factor analysis revealed the existence of one factor underlying performance. A cluster analysis revealed the existence of sets of rats displaying either weak LI and strong PREE and RL effects, or vice versa. These findings suggest that proactive interference may be based on a single underlying psychological system in rats.
Disaster Action’s Legacy – and the Future
Authors: Eyre Anne , Dix Pam
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Disaster Action's legacy. Disaster Action's focus has, rightly, evolved over the lifetime of the charity, in recent years being as much on addressing the human aspects of disasters as on their prevention. New members have joined, bringing their different experiences and issues, which have affected the shape and direction of the organisation. In many ways their contributions have reinforced and reminded members of the universal and consistent needs of those affected by disasters. At the same time, their expectations and concerns reflect the dynamic nature of emergency management, the changing environments in which disasters occur, and the need for a proper response, whatever the context. In order to sustain their work, the need for core funding for Disaster Action has remained paramount. The chapter then looks at Disaster Action's continuing work in the areas of legislation and guidance, as well as disaster victim identification. It also considers the future of humanitarian assistance and Disaster Action's enduring principles of accountability, support, and prevention.
Studying Jewish Women
Authors: Taylor-Guthartz Lindsey
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the problems of studying Orthodox Jewish women, in particular the 'double invisibility' they experience, first from the perspective of male Orthodox Jews, and, second, in the lack of knowledge about them in the non-Jewish world. Orthodox women engage in a wide range of communal and domestic religious activities, in spite of their exclusion from an active role in worship in synagogue and from some areas of Torah study. Activities defined by Orthodoxy as the supreme religious privileges of women, such as keeping a kosher kitchen, preparing food for sabbath and festivals, and nurturing and educating children, remain largely invisible to Orthodox men. Standard descriptions of women's practices in the domestic and individual spheres omit many widespread customs and practices, often characterized as 'superstitions' although they form an integral and meaningful part of many women's religious lives. A major problem in studying women's religious lives and the ways in which they differ from and intersect with those of men is imagining how women fit into one's overall picture of Jewish religious activity. Neither the 'separate but equal' apologetic nor the simplistic identification of 'oppressed and oppressors' made by some feminists provides an adequate way of thinking about the relationship between male and female lived experience of Judaism. Given that Orthodox Judaism is undeniably patriarchal, it may reasonably be asked whether women have any access to power or agency within the religious life of the community, particularly in matters of ritual and correct practice.
The View from the Ladies’ Gallery: Women’s ‘Official’ Life in the Community
Authors: Taylor-Guthartz Lindsey
Published: September 2021

This chapter documents and analyses women's activity in and experience of formal public worship in the synagogue. The synagogue is central to the performance of male religious obligations, but much less so to the performance of women's religious duties. Many observant women rarely attend synagogue, even if their fathers, husbands, brothers, and sons go every week. Women have mixed feelings about synagogue attendance. Some find it essential to their experience of the sabbath, and some are resigned to their synagogue experience. Women traditionally play no or very little role in life-cycle celebrations. At some synagogues, women's participation is actively discouraged. Women held formal titles in the synagogues of ancient Rome, but there are no further instances of this until the twentieth century. Most Orthodox women emerge from the Jewish educational systems with little competence in reading Hebrew or in studying classical texts. Women find it hard to place acquired knowledge in a wider context, and tend to describe themselves as 'not very learned', ignoring their often immense expertise in areas of domestic knowledge, such as the running of a Jewish household. Women's lack of confidence, text-based knowledge, and training has prevented them from becoming Jewish educators. This survey of women's activity and experience in the 'official' communal sphere clearly illustrates the different attitudes and strategies of the three groups identifiable in the London Jewish community: Haredi, Modern Orthodox, and traditionalist.
The Saturday Afternoon Syndrome
Authors: Powell Jim
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines what was done to reduce the dependence on American cotton before the war, and to replace the supply lost during the war. The conclusion is that both these tasks were impossible. British reliance on American cotton reflected the fact that – although cotton could be grown in many parts of the world – only in America did all the elements come together that made it both commercially viable and available to Britain in high volume. Despite increased supplies of Indian cotton during the war, other sources did not and could not replace the volume lost from America, and the augmented supply was entirely the result of an inflated price. The belief that Indian cotton could replace American was the brainchild equally of naivety and desperation. The chapter describes the agonised response of cotton spinners to the war as they attempted to reconcile their devotion to free trade with their demands for government intervention.
A Three-Phase Supply
Authors: Powell Jim
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the three phases of the war as experienced by the British cotton trade. The first phase (November 1860 to end June 1862) was characterised by a complacency in the trade, which expected neither a civil war nor a cotton scarcity. The Confederacy’s King Cotton strategy and its failure are examined, as well as British public opinion and British government policy. During the second phase (July 1862 to end August 1864), the full scale of the catastrophe was belatedly recognised and prices soared. Cotton speculation in the Liverpool market became endemic. A price collapse in September 1864 marked the end of the phase. Thereafter, confusion was widespread and prices oscillated violently, as did speculation. This third phase arguably lasted until 1876. The chapter concludes that the civil war period in Liverpool can best be seen as an extended series of bets on whether a war would start and how long it would last.
When Johnny Went Marching Home
Authors: Powell Jim
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the aftermath of the war, in Liverpool and in the American South during Reconstruction. In Liverpool, a combination of speculation, financial crises, the transatlantic telegraph and futures trading created a cauldron of disruption. The immediate question was whether American cotton could be produced in the pre-war quantity at the pre-war price. The reality was that, after the evils of slavery and the sacrifices of the war, little got better afterwards for anyone who produced cotton in America. The American South proved unable to organise itself collectively, to diversify its industry, or to escape the stifling control of the credit merchants, and the result was endemic poverty. There was no demonstrable failure of free labour, but there was a catastrophic failure of the free market. The conclusion of the book is that the civil war years were a time of unmitigated catastrophe for most of Britain’s cotton trade, and ultimately for America’s cotton producers. 1861 marked the end of the largely Anglo-centric era in which British cotton goods, using a raw material produced by American slaves, dominated the world market.
Writing the Neighbourhood: Literary Representations of Language, Space and Mobility
Authors: Wilson Rita
Published: September 2021

Combining insights from cultural geography and translation, Rita Wilson’s chapter examines recent literary texts that focus on multi-ethnic urban scenarios in Italy. It argues that literary representations of specific linguistic practices in everyday transcultural encounters concretely contribute to understanding the central role of translation in the discursive negotiation of social and cultural identities in global multilingual landscapes.
Vive Dessalines!
Authors: Webb Jack Daniel
Published: September 2021

Chapter Four interrogates British reactions to Haitian performances and demonstrations of national sovereignty at the beginning of the twentieth century. As the chapter explores, Haitians performed and enforced their sovereignty through the celebration of the centenary of independence, through exercising their rights to act on the international stage in the capacity of diplomats, and through adopting new citizens. To many elite British observers, who were concerned with the expansion of democracy in Britain, Haiti presented an excessively democratic state, populated and governed over by a lower-class of people. Such a view was challenged and made complicated in British interactions with Haitians. Ideas about Haiti were, this chapter illustrates, paradoxical as British state actors conversed with and respected the authority of their Haitian counterparts in some respects, while simultaneously arguing that Haitians lacked the credentials for government.
Killing God to Find Palestine ‘after the End of the World’ in Adania Shibli, Mahmoud Amer, and Maya Abu al-Hayyat
Authors: Parr Nora
Published: September 2021

While imagery and ideas from the past remain significant across much of Palestinian cultural production, there is an increasing push against a quagmire of language, where meaning is stuck in a past paradigm. Focusing on the work of Adania Shibli, Maya Abu al-Hayyat, and Mahmoud Amer,
this chapter looks at contemporary writers who use their art to forge new words—a new language, a new framework for language—that better responds to life as they live it. In the process, existing structures of representation are forcefully discarded, though not entirely left behind. The chapter contends that the stories demand repudiation; a reckoning with the fact that somewhere between the Oslo Accords and the new millennium Palestine’s symbolic order and its lived world ceased to cohere.
The Most Inhuman Thing of All
Authors: Grimm Joshua
Published: September 2021

This opening chapter presents an overview of the 2014 film Ex Machina. The description of the film is intercut with details about filming, background on the director, actors, and actresses, and observations on the film’s structure, design, and script. Compiling interviews from Alex Garland, Alicia Vikander, Oscar Isaac, and Domhnall Gleeson, as well as movie reviews and critical essays about Ex Machina, this chapter intersperses analysis with a focus on key scenes that will be discussed in-depth later in the book.
‘How Would We Treat Such a Thing?’
Authors: Grimm Joshua
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on Ava’s humanity and her struggle as a prisoner, piecing together her likely fate from a variety of clues. Meanwhile Caleb arrives at the same conclusion thanks to a disturbing cache of video recordings of previous AI iterations desperately trying – and ultimately failing – to escape. By exploring Ava’s desire to escape, it opens a discussion about sentience, consciousness, and how self-awareness is revealed to be much more than merely a survival instinct, all of which renders Ava’s experience that much more tragic.
Stalker
Authors: Hoel Jon
Published: September 2021

This book examines Andrei Tarkovsky’s film Stalker, one of the most powerful science-fiction films ever made, with the goal of unraveling the film’s many intricacies, from its difficult production and inspecting its many cinematic elements. Included are examinations of composition and cinematography, the many philosophies, poetic and literary influences, and the enormity of its influence across the following generations. The film juxtaposes its speculative elements with a gripping tale of human fragility and introspection. It is as much a movie about the complexity of the human as it is the mysteriousness of the film’s labyrinthine landscape: the ambiguous Zone and its epicenter, the Room of Desire. Stalker challenges us to engage with film in a different way: taking the sensuous and the analytical viewers to task and presenting a narrative that is both deeply pessimistic and yet profoundly hopeful and embedded in a framework of the deepest and most sincere form of faith. The resulting experience is a film viewing unlike any the viewer has experienced before, irrevocably altering cinema forever.
Synopsis
Authors: Evans-Powell David
Published: September 2021

A village near London in the early 18th century. Ploughman Ralph Gower (Barry Andrews) unearths a worm-infested, partially decomposed skull from a furrowed field. Frightened, he runs to the nearby manor house, home to Isobel Banham (Avice Landon) and her guest, a visiting Judge (Patrick Wymark). When the Judge accompanies Ralph back to the field, the skull has vanished....
The Witch’s Generic, Literary and Filmic Background
Authors: Grafius Brandon , Grafius Brandon
Published: September 2021

After a brief overview of theories of genre, the chapter argues that The Witch can best be understood as participating in the folk horror genre. While folk horror is most often associated with British films such as The Wicker Man (1973) and Witchfinder General (1968), the chapter argues for particular traditions of New England folk horror, as evident in films such as The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941) and The Blair Witch Project (1999).
Readings
Authors: Grafius Brandon
Published: September 2021

Starting with an exploration of the title, the chapter brings together the background work and character discussion to offer a reading of the film as a whole. Through an exploration of Thomasin’s laugh (and a comparison of the final shot of Witchfinder General), the chapter argues for the film as a critique of religious anxiety and patriarchal family structures. Thomasin’s concluding laughter represents her freedom from patriarchy, even though this freedom has come at the cost of her family.
Into the Labyrinth: The Immersive Soundscapes and Eerie Voices of Cruising
Authors: Ercolani Eugenio , Stiglegger Marcus
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the sound design and musical compositions in Cruising. William Friedkin usually relies in his films on very elaborate soundtracks, and in Cruising he makes effective use of location sound, squeaking leather clothing, and pounding punk rock songs.
Plot Summary
Authors: Walden Kiri Bloom
Published: September 2021

Mark Lewis is a young man living in London who works as a film camera focus puller at a film studio. He lives in a large house, his childhood home, which is now subdivided into flats. He lives in one flat and rents the others out....
A comparison of Peeping Tom and Psycho
Authors: Walden Kiri Bloom
Published: September 2021

A detailed comparison with Psycho. Peeping Tom and Psycho were released in 1960 only 2 months apart, both made by revered British directors. But while Peeping Tom was rejected, Psycho became hugely successful. In this chapter we try to understand why. Psycho was black and white and Peeping Tom was colour – this was a cross-over period between shooting techniques and it could be argued that the black and white of Psycho slighted muted it’s potential to truly horrify the audience, unlike Powell’s brightly colourful Peeping Tom. The presentation of Psycho, from a music point of view is highly theatrical, as is the eventual reveal to show the pantomime villain of Norman as ‘Mother’. Was Peeping Tom more revolting to a contemporary audience because it was that much closer to real life? This close comparison identified similarities and key differences between the two films.
Scripting Shame in African Literature
Authors: Bishop Stephen L.
Published: September 2021

- Shame is one of the most frequent underlying emotions expressed throughout sub-Saharan African literature, yet studies of such literature almost universally ignore the topic in favour of a focus on the struggle for independence and the postcolonial situation, encompassing a search for individual, national, and ethnic identities and questions of corruption, changing gender roles, and conflicts between so-called tradition and modernity. Shame, however, is not antithetical to these investigations and, in fact, the persistent trope of shame undergirds many of them. This book locates these expressions of shame in sub-Saharan African literature and shows how its diverse literary representations underscore shame’s function as a fulcrum in the mutual constitution of subject and community on the continent. Though shame research is dominated by Western definitions and theories, this study emphasizes the centrality of African conceptions of shame in ways that notions of Western subjectivity dismiss or cannot capture.
The Italian Anarchists' Network in São Paulo at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Romani Carlo , de Sá e Benevides Bruno Corrêa
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the transnational network built by Italian anarchists in South America at the beginning of the 20th century. The meeting of many activists allowed the formation of several affinity groups working together, an important improvement to the labor movement. Through biographical analyzes of the main anarchists based in São Paulo, Brazil, it is intended to show that the affinity relationships were mediated by the social identities of the partners. Its social aspects paint a picture more or less similar: all activists came from subaltern social classes with few or no material sources and they formed their political understanding in the prisons in contact with the masters of Italian anarchism. If in the youth they practiced the individualist actions typical of the poor classes, they started to occupy anarchist-communist positions in mature life, but always facing any kind of authority.
Global Master Workman
Authors: Parfitt Steven
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes the story of a transnational figure who hardly ever crossed a national border in his career as labor leader. Terence Powderly (1849-1924) was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, in 1849, to Irish immigrants. He entered the labor force as a switchman for the Delaware and Hudson railroad at the age of 13, as the Civil War raged across the United States, and became a machinists’ apprentice at the age of 17. He was marked out very early as a rising star in the American labor movement, rising quickly in the Machinist and Blacksmith’s Union after joining it in 1871. In 1874, a year after the Panic of ’73 brought economic depression to the United States and forced Powderly west to find work, he joined a relatively new, secret union that he would be associated with for the rest of his life: The Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor.
The Secular Rabbi
Authors: Kadish Doris
Published: September 2021

The Secular Rabbi is an intellectual biography of Philip Rahv, co-founder of Partisan Review. It focuses on the ambivalent ties that Rahv, a Russian immigrant, retained to his Jewish cultural background. Drawing on letters Rahv wrote to her mother from 1928 to 1931, Doris Kadish delves into Rahv’s complex and enigmatic character, his experience teaching Hebrew in Savannah, GA and Portland, OR; his attitudes toward class, race, and gender. Kadish positions herself in relation to Rahv in attempting to understand her own Jewish identity and perspective as a 21st century woman. The book draws on historical accounts, genealogical records, memoirs by Rahv’s friends and associates, interviews, and secondary scholarship devoted to the New York intellectuals, the history of Partisan Review, and Jewish studies. Key components of Rahv’s Jewishness—appearance, voice, name, attitudes toward Yiddish and Zionism—are explored, as is his deep-seated faith in Marxism. Textual analyses of Rahv’s works are interwoven with analyses of writers whose works appeared in Partisan Review: Delmore Schwartz, Franz Kafka, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Bernard Malamud, Saul Bellow. Rahv’s relations with writers who figured prominently in his life—most notably T.S. Eliot, Mary McCarthy, and Irving Howe—are explored. Events relating to anti-Stalinism, responses to the Holocaust, and alleged ties with the CIA, are discussed. Kadish sheds light on modernism, proletarian literature, and Jewish writing as well as movements that defined American political history in the 20th century: immigration, socialism, Communism, fascism, the cold war, feminism, and the New Left.
Decolonisation and Claim-Making in the Sudan, c.1945–1958
Authors: Curless Gareth
Published: September 2021

Drawing inspiration from the likes of Frederick Cooper and Lisa Lindsay, this article focuses on the case of Sudan, which is often marginalised in African studies. Challenging this exceptionalism, the article makes three inter-related arguments. Firstly, it demonstrates that the Sudan Government’s response to the emergence of organised labour activism in the 1940s was comparable to other colonial administrations in British Africa, as the colonial authorities sought to reshape Sudanese workers according to an idealised image of their metropolitan counterparts. Secondly, the article examines how Sudanese trade unions transformed this universalism into a ‘claim making’ device, demanding improved socio-economic entitlements in exchange for industrial stability and increased productivity. Finally, the article concludes by arguing that the claim making power of Sudanese trade unions diminished during the transition to independence as Sudanese political elites denounced labour activism in the name of nation-building – a dynamic that was observable across Africa during the period of decolonisation.
Decolonisation and ‘Development Untoward'
Authors: Hyde Dave
Published: September 2021

Kenya’s decolonisation was founded upon a contradictory and precarious strategy, menaced by the proliferation of consecutive waves of plantation strikes which revealed the unplanned formation of a rural proletariat, defying all nostrums of how a working class should emerge. There was a consensus that the brakes had to be applied to the spontaneous actions of this unwelcome actor and its further development diverted to consolidate the basis of the elite transition to independence on 2 October 1963. During the colony’s State of Emergency, declared on 20 October 1952, the imperial power attempted to violently atomise the organisation and sever the symbiotic ties of the urban proletariat. However, while being displaced from the key urban locations and pivots of the colony, these relationships stood to form elsewhere, especially in the rural presence of monopoly capital in the Kericho Valley where a rural proletariat emerged in face of attempts to reverse this process along a course of ‘peasantisation’ through land resettlement schemes.
Preserving a Synagogue
Authors: Kravtsov Sergey R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the ageing synagogue that reaches a moment when the problem of worn physical components must be addressed and must be concealed, removed, substituted, conserved, or repaired. It clarifies how preserving the old synagogue raises numerous questions as it acquires diverse values that are not equally appreciated by all the congregants or by the wider society. It also emphasizes how the questions became more acute from the end of the nineteenth-century, when the modern and virtually universal theory of conservation was developed in the non-Jewish realm. The chapter looks at the arguments on maintenance practices that emerge from the discourse about the holy and the profane, the memorable and the forgettable, and the valuable and the worthless, which seep into the economic and societal discussion about patronage and authority. It discusses Jewish tradition as a characteristic trait of an oriental society destined to somnolence, stagnation, and passivity.
Jewish Medical Activity in the Ghettos under the Nazi Regime
Authors: Offer Miriam
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the research on Jewish medicine in the ghettos and camps that began during the Holocaust and was initiated by Jewish physicians and scientists who suffered alongside their fellow Jews under the Nazi regime. It looks at the documents of Jewish physicians on morbidity and mortality and the medical services that were established during that time. It also describes the main characteristics of Jewish medical activity during the Holocaust which have emerged from the studies published to date. The chapter explains the phenomenon of Jewish medicine in a broad historical context as it is shown to be unique compared with other cases of genocide. It cites the development of theories of eugenics, their inclusion in the conceptualization of racial theory, and its implementation under the Nazi regime as Nazi medicine.
Biblical and Talmudic Tradition
Authors: Tuszewicki Marek
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the treatment of medical matters in the Biblical and Talmudic tradition. It talks about the way in which the holy books, as well as the midrashic, ethical, and kabbalistic literature based on them, influenced curative practices in Jewish society. Among the many customs of Jewish society, there are many examples of instrumental treatment of books. The Bible and Talmud created a system of laws regulating all aspects of a Jew's life, and contained many detailed pronouncements on health-related issues, including physical cleanliness, procedures designed to help maintain physical health, and the correct diet. So many and such varied matters were regulated in various places scattered throughout the extensive treatises and chapters that it seemed impossible to know them all fully. Assistance was at hand in the form of the halakhic codes but the rabbinic authorities of Ashkenaz discouraged study of halakhic matters from sources other than those written in Hebrew as they did not trust translations. The wealth of Bible-related resources grew larger the further one departed from a literal interpretation of words and quotations. The Bible constituted a boundless reservoir of quotes which might be used in conjurations against illnesses or on amulets. These were seen not only as guidance for action, but also as integral elements of sorcery.
Fright
Authors: Tuszewicki Marek
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses how Jews viewed fright and how it affects one's health. Folk medicine tended to credit strong emotions with having a significant influence on the physical aspects of human life. Death could be caused by an overload of all types of passion, from fear to joy to desire. Fear was the reason for the belief in the dangerous consequences of a fright — a term used to describe various forms of ailment usually caused by a sudden, unexpected, and unpleasant encounter. The innate greed of the victim or their curiosity may also lead to situations no less hazardous to both adults and children. The negative consequences of frightening experiences were treated primarily with the help of magical means — an important indication that this was a phenomenon that went beyond what was called 'natural.' Symptoms of fright were similar to the effects of the evil eye, and likewise the folk therapy was reminiscent of the procedures used to lift charms, and ranged from sluicing with water, through smudging with lulav, to throwing a piece of bread to a dog. As in that of the evil eye, it was deemed important to find the source of the problem.
A History of U.S. Censorship of Beat Writing
Authors: Theado Matt
Published: September 2021

This essay discusses U.S. Beat censorship history, highlighting attacks on Allen Ginsberg’s “Howl,” William S. Burrough’s Naked Lunch, Michael McClure’s The Beard, and Lenore Kandel’s The Love Book. Theado traces a complicated history of censorship laws and precedents extending back to Regina v Hicklin (England, 1868), distinguishing between the legal boundaries set for public and private educational institutions, and noting 21st-century censorship cases. In addition to close readings of the four featured texts, he identifies strategies secondary and post-secondary instructors can employ to teach these controversial texts.
“A New Consciousness”
Authors: Carden Mary Paniccia
Published: September 2021

This essay investigates the form and content of Joyce Johnson’s Minor Characters and Joanne Kyger’s The Japan and India Journals, discussing their choices of personally satisfying writing practices—Kyger’s radical, sardonic journal writing and Johnson’s subversion of the traditional female-authored memoir. The essay includes numerous examples of classroom exercises to teaching the literary significance of journal and memoir writing.
Teaching the Road Novel with Jack Kerouac
Authors: Fazzino Jimmy
Published: September 2021

This essay presents multi-racial/ethnic/gendered responses to Jack Kerouac’s On the Road, illustrating how cultural experiences of Beat and Chicano/a gendered identity shape one’s understanding of material and imaginary spaces. In addition to On the Road, the essay discusses Hunter S. Thompsons’ Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Erika Lopez’s Flaming Iguanas: An Illustrated All-Girl Road Novel Thing, Maria Amparo Escandon’s Gonzales & Daughter Trucking Co.: A Road Novel with Literary License, and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road.
Connecting Youthful Dissent and the Global Ecological Future when Teaching the Work of Gary Snyder
Authors: Whalen-Bridge John
Published: September 2021

The essay presents through close readings an overview of Gary Snyder’s life as an ecologically focused poet, deeply grounded in the history and practice of Buddhism. John Whalen-Bridge explores effective techniques for teaching Snyder’s early works, select essays, and his magnum opus Mountains and Rivers Without End. The essay provides succinct guidance on basic Buddhist tenets, and illustrates how Snyder integrates the city itself into a vision of an ecologically sustainable future.
Radial Gradients in Dust-to-gas Ratio Lead to Preferred Region for Giant Planet Formation
Authors: Chachan Yayaati , Lee Eve J. , Knutson Heather A.
Published: September 2021

The Rosseland mean opacity of dust in protoplanetary disks is often calculated assuming the interstellar medium (ISM) size distribution and a constant dust-to-gas ratio. However, the dust size distribution and dust-to-gas ratio in protoplanetary disks are distinct from those of the ISM. Here we use simple dust evolution models that incorporate grain growth and transport to calculate the time evolution of the mean opacity of dust grains as a function of distance from the star. Dust dynamics and size distribution are sensitive to the assumed value of the turbulence strength α
t and the velocity at which grains fragment v
frag. For moderate-to-low turbulence strengths of α
t ≲ 10−3 and substantial differences in v
frag for icy and ice-free grains, we find a spatially nonuniform dust-to-gas ratio and grain size distribution that deviate significantly from the ISM values, in agreement with previous studies. The effect of a nonuniform dust-to-gas ratio on the Rosseland mean opacity dominates over that of the size distribution. This spatially varying—that is, non-monotonic—dust-to-gas ratio creates a region in the protoplanetary disk that is optimal for producing hydrogen-rich planets, potentially explaining the apparent peak in the gas-giant planet occurrence rate at intermediate distances. The enhanced dust-to-gas ratio within the ice line also suppresses gas accretion rates onto sub-Neptune cores, thus stifling their tendency to undergo runaway gas accretion within disk lifetimes. Finally, our work corroborates the idea that low-mass cores with large primordial gaseous envelopes (“super-puffs”) originate beyond the ice line.
Misaligned Circumstellar Disks and Orbital Motion of the Young Binary XZ Tau
Authors: Ichikawa Takanori , Kido Miyu , Takaishi Daisuke , Shimajiri Yoshito , Tsukamoto Yusuke , Takakuwa Shigehisa
Published: September 2021

We report our analyses of the multi-epoch (2015–2017) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) archival data of the Class II binary system XZ Tau at Bands 3, 4, and 6. The millimeter dust-continuum images show compact, unresolved (r ≲ 15 au) circumstellar disks (CSDs) around the individual binary stars, XZ Tau A and B, with a projected separation of ∼39 au. The 12CO (2–1) emission associated with those CSDs traces the Keplerian rotations, whose rotational axes are misaligned with each other (P.A. ∼ −5° for XZ Tau A and ∼130° for XZ Tau B). The similar systemic velocities of the two CSDs (V
LSR ∼ 6.0 km s−1) suggest that the orbital plane of the binary stars is close to the plane of the sky. From the multi-epoch ALMA data, we have also identified the relative orbital motion of the binary. Along with the previous NIR data, we found that the elliptical orbit (e =

0.742

−
0.034

+
0.025

,

a
=
0
.″

172

−
0
.″
003

+
0
.″
002

, and

ω
=
−
54
.°

2

−
4
.°
7

+
2
.°
0

) is preferable to the circular orbit. Our results suggest that the two CSDs and the orbital plane of the XZ Tau system are all misaligned with each other, and possible mechanisms to produce such a configuration are discussed. Our analyses of the multi-epoch ALMA archival data demonstrate the feasibility of time-domain science with ALMA.
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XIV. A Candidate Type II Quasar at z = 6.1292
Authors: Onoue Masafusa , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Kashikawa Nobunari , Strauss Michael A. , Iwasawa Kazushi , Izumi Takuma , Nagao Tohru , Asami Naoko , Fujimoto Seiji , Harikane Yuichi , Hashimoto Takuya , Imanishi Masatoshi , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Shibuya Takatoshi , Toba Yoshiki
Published: September 2021

We present deep Keck/MOSFIRE near-infrared spectroscopy of a strong Lyα emitting source at z = 6.1292, HSC J142331.71−001809.1, which was discovered by the SHELLQS program from imaging data of the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) survey. This source is one of five objects that show narrow (FWHM < 500 km s−1) and prominent (L
Lyα
> 1044 erg s−1) Lyα emission lines at absolute 1450 Å continuum magnitudes of M
1450 ∼ −22 mag. Its rest-frame Lyα equivalent width (EW) is 370 ± 30 Å. In the 2 hr Keck/MOSFIRE spectrum in Y band, the high-ionization C iv
λλ1548,1550 doublet emission line was clearly detected with

FWHM
=

120

−
20

+
20

km s−1 and a total rest-frame EW of

37

−
5

+
6

Å. We also report the detection of weak continuum emission, and the tentative detection of O iii]
λλ1661,1666 in the 4 hr J-band spectrum. Judging from the UV magnitude, line widths, luminosities, and EWs of Lyα and C iv, we suggest that this source is a reionization-era analog of classical type-II AGNs, although there is a possibility that it represents a new population of AGN/galaxy composite objects in the early universe. We compare the properties of J1423−0018 to intermediate-redshift type-II AGNs and C iv emitters seen in z = 6–7 galaxy samples. Further observations of other metal emission lines in the rest-frame UV or optical, along with X-ray follow-up observations of the z = 6–7 narrow-line quasars, are needed for more robust diagnostics and to determine their nature.
The Patient Experience and Patient Satisfaction: Measurement of a Complex Dynamic
Authors: Berkowitz Bobbie
Published: September 2021

The concept of patient experience is surprisingly complex and generally linked with patient satisfaction. As reimbursement and performance policies have become more normative within healthcare, the patient experience has become a metric to measure payment systems for quality. However, we still have much to learn about the concept of patient experience and its influence on how patients report satisfaction with their care. This article discusses challenges for measurement of the patient experience, such as lack of consistent terminology and multiple contributing factors, by reviewing a brief selection of selected literature to help readers appreciate the complexity of measurement. Several examples from clinical practice will consider regulation, organizational environments, and research that can offer clarity around important factors that impact a patient’s experience and subsequent satisfaction with the provision of care.
Registered Nurses as Professionals, Advocates, Innovators, and Collaborative Leaders: Executive Summary
Authors: Williams Tracy , Baker Kathy , Evans Leda , Lucatorto Michelle , Moss Edtrina , O’Sullivan Ann , Seifert Patricia , Siek Terry , Thomas Timothy , Zittel Barbara
Published: September 2021

This article concludes a series that described work completed by the American Nurses Association (ANA) Barriers to RN Scope of Practice Professional Issues Panel (Panel). The Panel has summarized the roles of the registered nurse (RN) as professional, advocate, innovator, and collaborative leader. As professionals, RNs are accountable for their own educational development, growth of their own practice, and execution of their own professional role. As advocates, RNs provide direct and indirect care focused on the achievement of optimal health. As innovators, RNs act as agents of change in driving processes and policy and leveraging technology. As collaborative leaders, RNs lead within the professional practice setting with state-specific nurse practice acts, a defined scope of practice, and nurse-led initiatives. In this article, Panel members describe their methodology, offer role definitions and recommendations, and provide individual recommendations for RNs to remove barriers and practice to the full extent of their scope of practice. We conclude with some future considerations.
Affaire Halimi. Un arrêt stupéfiant
Authors: Dubois Charlotte
Published: September 2021

Le 14 avril 2021, dans l'arrêt Halimi, la Chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation déclare irresponsable pénalement le toxicomane, pris d'une bouffée délirante, qui a défenestré sa victime, animé par des mobiles antisémites. L'arrêt vient trancher un débat ouvert de longue date en consacrant l'indifférence à la faute antérieure de l'agent pour apprécier l'abolition du discernement. Les motifs qui ont conduit à cette décision controversée ne se trouvent pas tant dans l'arrêt, mais dans la littérature abondante qui l'a accompagné.
Les leçons de l'affaire Halimi sur l'office du juge
Authors: Coujard Dominique
Published: September 2021

Quand l'opinion demande à la psychiatrie de se conformer à ses impératifs moraux, le malentendu paraît à son comble. Certes, on ne juge pas pénalement les fous mais qui décide in fine ? L'affaire Sarah Halimi met le doigt sur une question peu abordée : l'office du juge. Alors que l'expérience de la cour d'assises ne fait que confirmer la montée en force de l'exigence sécuritaire, il paraît évident que la question de la responsabilité ne saurait se réduire à une approche exclusivement médicale. Elle constitue l'office du juge, même si c'est à la loi d'en fixer les contours généraux.
Les travaux de la mission ministérielle sur l'irresponsabilité pénale
Authors: Raimbourg Dominique
Published: September 2021

Faut-il modifier l'article 122-1 du code pénal français édictant une irresponsabilité pénale pour les criminels malades psychiques. La mission de réflexion créée par le ministère de la Justice a répondu par la négative à cette question, craignant une excessive pénalisation de la « folie criminelle ». En revanche elle préconise des améliorations de procédure, notamment l'actualisation des expertises lors de l'audience devant statuer sur l'irresponsabilité pénale. Elle prône le renforcement des mesures de sûreté à la sortie de l'hospitalisation sous contrainte qui peut être ordonnée par la juridiction. Enfin elle appelle de ses vœux une profonde réforme de l'expertise psychiatrique.
Allemagne. Entraves aux élections de conseil d’établissement : le législateur à la rescousse ?
Authors: Kahmann Marcus
Published: September 2021

Le conseil d’établissement (CE ; Betriebsrat ) bénéficie d’une légitimité sociale forte et ancienne. Mais depuis les années 1990, son influence recule. En Allemagne de l’Est, les CE n’ont jamais atteint la même densité qu’à l’Ouest. Et dans les anciens Länder , le taux de couverture des salariés par un CE a régressé de 10 points de pourcentage depuis 1996, n’atteignant plus que 41 %. La « loi sur la modernisation des conseils d’établissements » adoptée en mai 2021 répond à quelques-unes des revendications syndicales destinées à sécuriser et à faciliter les élections de CE.
De nouveaux territoires énergétiques dans les Andes et Alpes. Sur les sentiers des transitions
Authors: Forget Marie , Bos Vincent , Carrizo Silvina Cecila
Published: September 2021

La transition énergétique constitue un nouveau paradigme qui promeut le passage d’un système carboné vers un système plus soutenable. Cet article s’intéresse au développement des systèmes énergétiques en analysant la « dépendance au sentier ». Dans un contexte de décarbonisation des productions et des sociétés, le développement des énergies renouvelables entraîne des bifurcations. Ces énergies diversifient les matrices énergétiques, consolidant l’offre par la hausse d’une production alternative et le renforcement des réseaux. Leur développement entraîne l’apparition de nouveaux territoires énergétiques en fournissant un service dans des sites isolés et en supportant des processus extractifs. Trois cas d’étude situés dans des territoires de montagne argentins, boliviens et français illustrent en quoi le développement des énergies renouvelables constitue un processus de renforcement de l’offre auquel participent les grands acteurs énergétiques traditionnels, et une opportunité d’inclusion et/ou de réappropriation citoyenne des trajectoires de ces territoires.
La gouvernance des communautés énergétiques, entre pratiques de l’espace et dynamiques de pouvoir
Authors: Pappalardo Marta
Published: September 2021

Dans cet article, nous interrogeons la dimension spatiale de la gouvernance des communautés énergétiques et son rôle dans la reconfiguration des territoires de l’énergie. Plus particulièrement, nous analysons la mise en œuvre d’un dispositif d’autoconsommation collective électrique dans un habitat participatif, où espaces partagés et pratiques individuelles sont profondément enchevêtrés. La gouvernance horizontale conduit les membres du groupe à négocier des règles empiriquement construites, sur la base d’un compromis entre vivre ensemble et optimisation de la production/consommation d’énergie. L’équilibre entre sphère privée et mise en commun des espaces conduit à l’émergence de dynamiques de pouvoir et de gouvernement des conduites qui révèlent le rôle prédominant de l’espace dans l’organisation des communautés locales au prisme de la transition énergétique.
Territoires d’énergie, territoires à projet. Articulations et dépendances entre conceptions urbaine et énergétique
Authors: Ramirez-Cobo Inès , Tribout Silvère , Debizet Gilles
Published: September 2021

L’intégration de dispositifs de production et de consommation d’énergies renouvelables dans les projets d’urbanisme implique la collaboration entre des acteurs de l’urbain et des énergies. Elle pose la question de l’articulation entre deux processus de conception et de ses effets sur les matérialités résultantes ainsi que sur les systèmes techniques. Alors que des recherches sur les dimensions énergétiques des projets urbains ont pointé notamment les rapports entre les acteurs impliqués, cet article souligne celui de la conception sur les décisions. À partir de l’analyse spatiale et sociotechnique du projet blue factory (Suisse), il montre que les spatialités des objets urbanistiques et énergétiques interfèrent, sinon se percutent. Il propose la notion de dépendance spatiale afin de réduire la complexité de l’intégration de l’énergie dans l’urbanisme et d’esquisser des croisements entre expertises urbanistiques et énergétiques autour d’objets intermédiaires qui restent à inventer.
Pour une approche rythmique des modes de vie et de la mobilité
Authors: Drevon Guillaume , Gumy Alexis , Kaufmann Vincent
Published: September 2021

Des auteurs de plus en plus nombreux relèvent que les sociétés occidentales contemporaines sont marquées par des rythmes de vie particulièrement complexes (Rosa, 2010). Cette complexité se refléterait à travers les pratiques de mobilité. Pour analyser finement et de façon heuristique cette complexité, nous proposons dans cet article de développer une approche rythmique de la mobilité quotidienne à partir des données du Microrecensement Mobilité et Transports suisse ( mrmt ) de 2015. L’analyse proposée dans cet article vise à mesurer les modalités de déploiement de la mobilité à partir des fréquences d’actions quotidiennes, de l’ancrage temporel des programmes d’activités au sein de la journée et de l’étendue spatiale de la mobilité. Les résultats montrent la diversité des rythmes quotidiens, suggérant que l’approche rythmique permet de révéler des formes de vie quotidienne tout en dégageant des différences sociales. Ils indiquent également les relations entre les configurations rythmiques et les pratiques modales. Ces observations plaident pour une prise en compte des rythmes dans les politiques publiques de mobilité et dans les politiques sociales, en vue de la planification de l’offre de transport et de la réduction des inégalités.