bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing computer graphics from photographic images using a multiresolution approach based on local binary patterns
Authors: Li Zhaohong , Zhang Zhenzhen , Shi Yunqing
Published: December 2013

With the ongoing development of rendering technology, computer graphics (CG) are sometimes so photorealistic that to distinguish them from photographic (PG) images by human eyes has become difficult. To this end, many methods have been developed for automatic CG and PG classification. In this paper, we present a simple, yet efficient, multiresolution approach to distinguish CG from PG based on uniform gray‐scale invariant local binary patterns (LBPs) with the help of support vector machines (SVM). We select YCbCr as the color model. The original Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) coefficients of Y, Cb, and Cr components and their prediction errors are used for two LBP operators. From each 2D array and each LBP operator, we obtain 59 uniform LBP features. In total, 12 groups of 59 features are obtained from each image. But after multiresolution analysis, we select six groups of 59 features for CG and PG classification. The proposed features have been tested with thousands of CG and PG. Classification accuracy reaches 95.1% with support vector machines and outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art works. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Beta Unfolding Model for Continuous Bounded Responses
Authors: Noel Yvonnick
Published: December 2013

An unfolding model for continuous bounded responses is proposed, derived both from a hypothetical interpolation response mechanism and from the hypothesis of two opposite sources of item refusal being collapsed. These two sources of refusal are made explicit in a three-component Dirichlet response model and then collapsed to obtain a (two-component) beta response model. The two natural parameters of the beta are interpreted as acceptance and refusal parameters and expressed as functions of person-item distances on a latent continuum. The potentially bimodal shape of the beta is exploited to model chaotic response choices among ambivalent subjects.
Bayesian Inferences of Latent Class Models with an Unknown Number of Classes
Authors: Pan Jia-Chiun , Huang Guan-Hua
Published: December 2013

This paper focuses on analyzing data collected in situations where investigators use multiple discrete indicators as surrogates, for example, a set of questionnaires. A very flexible latent class model is used for analysis. We propose a Bayesian framework to perform the joint estimation of the number of latent classes and model parameters. The proposed approach applies the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo to analyze finite mixtures of multivariate multinomial distributions. In the paper, we also develop a procedure for the unique labeling of the classes. We have carried out a detailed sensitivity analysis for various hyperparameter specifications, which leads us to make standard default recommendations for the choice of priors. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through computer simulations and a study on subtypes of schizophrenia using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
Constrained Stochastic Extended Redundancy Analysis
Authors: DeSarbo Wayne S. , Hwang Heungsun , Stadler Blank Ashley , Kappe Eelco
Published: December 2013

We devise a new statistical methodology called constrained stochastic extended redundancy analysis (CSERA) to examine the comparative impact of various conceptual factors, or drivers, as well as the specific predictor variables that contribute to each driver on designated dependent variable(s). The technical details of the proposed methodology, the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm, and model selection heuristics are discussed. A sports marketing consumer psychology application is provided in a Major League Baseball (MLB) context where the effects of six conceptual drivers of game attendance and their defining predictor variables are estimated. Results compare favorably to those obtained using traditional extended redundancy analysis (ERA).
Empirical Correction to the Likelihood Ratio Statistic for Structural Equation Modeling with Many Variables
Authors: Yuan Ke-Hai , Tian Yubin , Yanagihara Hirokazu
Published: December 2013

Survey data typically contain many variables. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is commonly used in analyzing such data. The most widely used statistic for evaluating the adequacy of a SEM model is TML, a slight modification to the likelihood ratio statistic. Under normality assumption, TML approximately follows a chi-square distribution when the number of observations (N) is large and the number of items or variables (p) is small. However, in practice, p can be rather large while N is always limited due to not having enough participants. Even with a relatively large N, empirical results show that TML rejects the correct model too often when p is not too small. Various corrections to TML have been proposed, but they are mostly heuristic. Following the principle of the Bartlett correction, this paper proposes an empirical approach to correct TML so that the mean of the resulting statistic approximately equals the degrees of freedom of the nominal chi-square distribution. Results show that empirically corrected statistics follow the nominal chi-square distribution much more closely than previously proposed corrections to TML, and they control type I errors reasonably well whenever N≥max(50,2p). The formulations of the empirically corrected statistics are further used to predict type I errors of TML as reported in the literature, and they perform well.
A Rate Function Approach to Computerized Adaptive Testing for Cognitive Diagnosis
Authors: Liu Jingchen , Ying Zhiliang , Zhang Stephanie
Published: December 2013

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is a sequential experiment design scheme that tailors the selection of experiments to each subject. Such a scheme measures subjects’ attributes (unknown parameters) more accurately than the regular prefixed design. In this paper, we consider CAT for diagnostic classification models, for which attribute estimation corresponds to a classification problem. After a review of existing methods, we propose an alternative criterion based on the asymptotic decay rate of the misclassification probabilities. The new criterion is then developed into new CAT algorithms, which are shown to achieve the asymptotically optimal misclassification rate. Simulation studies are conducted to compare the new approach with existing methods, demonstrating its effectiveness, even for moderate length tests.
Capital, Coercion, and Postcommunist States. By Gerald M. Easter. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012. 248p. $75.00 cloth, $26.95 paper.
Authors: Schneider Aaron
Published: December 2013

Taxation in postcommunist states is at least doubly peculiar: States must learn to tax wealth in private hands that barely existed previously, and societies must learn to relate to tax institutions that barely existed previously. Gerald Easter has provided a comprehensively researched and grippingly written account of how these twin tests were met in Poland and Russia. To summarize the argument of this book, Polish state actors encountered a private sector of petty capitalists and workers, and their interaction struck a consensual bargain over tax powers, citizen obligations, and the nature of public benefits in a “contractual state.” By contrast, the Russian economy was dominated by large-scale extractive industries available only through elite bargains imposed with coercive authority in a “predatory state.” The contrast serves to demonstrate the gradual accretion of political struggles and institutional forms, diverse varieties of tax regimes, and the contribution to our understanding of state—society relations made by the postcommunist experience, where “the flow of power ran from state to society, rather than in the opposite direction” (p. 187).
The Equalizing Hand: Why Adam Smith Thought the Market Should Produce Wealth Without Steep Inequality
Authors: Boucoyannis Deborah
Published: December 2013

That the market economy inevitably leads to inequality is widely accepted today, with disagreement confined to the desirability of redistributive action, its extent, and the role of government in the process. The canonical text of liberal political economy, Adam Smith'sWealth of Nations,is assumed even in the most progressive interpretations to accept inequality, rationalized as the inevitable trade-off for increasing prosperity compared to less developed but more equal economies. I argue instead that Smith's system, if fully implemented, would not allow steep inequalities to arise. In Smith, profits should be low and labor wages high, legislation in favor of the worker is “always just and equitable,” land should be distributed widely and evenly, inheritance laws liberalized, taxation can be high if it is equitable, and the science of the legislator is necessary to put the system in motion and keep it aligned. Market economies are made in Smith's system. Political theorists and economists have highlighted some of these points, but the counterfactual “what would the distribution of wealth be if all the building blocks were ever in place?” has not been posed. Doing so encourages us to question why steep inequality is accepted as a fact, instead of a pathology that the market economy was not supposed to generate in the first place.
Enhanced mechanical properties of a multiwall carbon nanotube attached pre-stitched graphene oxide filled linear low density polyethylene composite
Authors: Kim Nam Hoon , Kuila Tapas , Lee Joong Hee
Published: December 2013

Multi-walled carbon nanotube attached pre-stitched graphene oxide used as a reinforcing filler in linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) composite. The tensile strength of the composite with 1 wt. % filler was enhanced dramatically by 148.7% compared to that of the neat LLDPE.
One-pot sequential electrochemical deposition of multilayer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid)/tungsten trioxide hybrid films and their enhanced electrochromic properties
Authors: Ling Han , Lu Jinlin , Phua Silei , Liu Hai , Liu Liang , Huang Yizhong , Mandler Daniel , Lee Pooi See , Lu Xuehong
Published: December 2013

A multilayer PEDOT:PSS/WO3 hybrid is prepared via one-pot sequential electrodeposition and it shows significantly enhanced electrochromic properties.
Enhancement of the power conversion efficiency in a polymer solar cell using a work-function-controlled TimSinOx interlayer
Authors: Ihn Soo-Ghang , Lim Younhee , Yun Sungyoung , Park Insun , Park Jong Hwan , Chung Yeonji , Bulliard Xavier , Chang Jaejune , Choi Hyeran , Park Jong Hyeok , Choi Yeong Suk , Park Gyeong-Su , Chang Hyuk
Published: December 2013

Work-function-adjustable TimSinOx provides an opportunity to optimize the energy-level alignment at the active/cathode interface in the polymer bulk heterojunction solar cell.
The chaperonin CCT interacts with and mediates the correct folding and activity of three subunits of translation initiation factor eIF3: b, i and h
Authors: Roobol Anne , Roobol Jo , Carden Martin J. , Smith Matthew E. , Hershey John W. B. , Bastide Amandine , Knight John R. P. , Willis Anne E. , Smales C. Mark
Published: December 2013

eIF3 (eukaryotic initiation factor 3) is the largest and most complex eukaryotic mRNA translation factor in terms of the number of protein components or subunits. In mammals, eIF3 is composed of 13 different polypeptide subunits, of which five, i.e. a, b, c, g and i, are conserved and essential in vivo from yeasts to mammals. In the present study, we show that the eukaryotic cytosolic chaperonin CCT [chaperonin containing TCP-1 (tailless complex polypeptide 1)] binds to newly synthesized eIF3b and promotes the correct folding of eIF3h and eIF3i. Interestingly, overexpression of these last two subunits is associated with enhanced translation of specific mRNAs over and above the general enhancement of global translation. In agreement with this, our data show that, as CCT is required for the correct folding of eIF3h and eIF3i subunits, it indirectly influences gene expression with eIF3i overexpression enhancing both cap- and IRES (internal ribosome entry segment)-dependent translation initiation, whereas eIF3h overexpression selectively increases IRES-dependent translation initiation. Importantly, these studies demonstrate the requirement of the chaperonin machinery for the correct folding of essential components of the translational machinery and provide further evidence of the close interplay between the cell environment, cell signalling, cell proliferation, the chaperone machinery and translational apparatus.
Type of distortionless through silicon via design based on the multiwalled carbon nanotube
Authors: Lu Qijun , Zhu Zhangming , Yang Yintang , Ding Ruixue
Published: December 2013

The concept of a distortionless through silicon via (TSV), which uses a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as conductor material, is proposed. The design requirements and the design method for the distortionless TSV are presented. In the high‐frequency band, the propagation constant of the traditional Cu‐TSV will deviate from the linear function of the frequency because of the skin effect, inducing the transmission signal distortion. MWCNT bundles have properties where the resistance and the inductance are almost constant with the frequency, which can meet the design requirements for a distortionless TSV. Compared with the identical dimensions Cu‐TSV, the TSV designed by using the proposed method with MWCNT bundles as the conductor material has the preferable linearity of the propagation constant with the frequency in the high‐frequency band, so that it can reduce the distortion of the transmission signal.
Network Relations and Boundary Spanning: Understanding the Evolution of E-Ordering in the Chinese Drug Distribution Industry
Authors: Guo Xunhua , Reimers Kai , Xie Bin , Li Mingzhi
Published: December 2013

The application of e-ordering systems has brought significant changes to the drug distribution industry in China, but the effects of these changes have remained unclear. Adopting a practice perspective and based on longitudinal data collection using multiple methods, we reveal that the Chinese drug distribution practice has passed through the following three stages: the stage before e-ordering, the transitional stage in which the government attempted to impose a centralised platform, and the current fragmented systems stage. We draw upon the theoretical foundations of the network relations model and the boundary spanning theory developed by Schultze and Orlikowski and Levina and Vaast, respectively, to formulate a taxonomic framework for understanding inter-firm network practices. Applying the framework to explain long-term changes in drug distribution in China, we discover that the practice in the field has evolved from traditional, socially embedded relations to information systems-based, socially embedded relations, while the centralised platform deployed by the government was unable to establish a practice with arm's length relations. Our theoretical work contributes an integrated framework for studying inter-firm practices that explicitly incorporates the presence of inter-organisational information systems. Our empirical findings offer helpful practical insights for facilitating collective efforts toward the innovative use of novel IT in the drug distribution industry in China and in other contexts that are similar.
A Summary of the Applications to Date of RELU-TRAN, a Microeconomic Urban Computable General Equilibrium Model
Authors: Anas Alex
Published: December 2013

RELU-TRAN (Regional Economy Land Use and Transportation) is a spatial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model treating endogenous road congestion, housing and labor markets, and real-estate development consistent with microeconomic theory. The model has been calibrated and used for the Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Greater Paris Region, and is currently being implemented for the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. In the Chicago application the model has been used: (i) to examine the impact of an increase in the price of gasoline on travel and location patterns; (ii) to study how travel time, gasoline consumption and automobile emissions would evolve over time as the area grows in population and land area and as employment continues to disperse into the suburbs; (iii) to evaluate the effects of cordon tolling; and (iv) of road congestion versus a tax on gasoline. The main findings from these applications of RELU-TRAN are reviewed in this paper. The recent application to the Greater Paris region was aimed to study the effects of projected growth and of planned rail investments on concentrating jobs in growth poles around the City of Paris.
Structural basis for 2′-phosphate incorporation into glycogen by glycogen synthase
Authors: Chikwana Vimbai M. , Khanna May , Baskaran Sulochanadevi , Tagliabracci Vincent S. , Contreras Christopher J. , DePaoli-Roach Anna , Roach Peter J. , Hurley Thomas D.
Published: December 2013

Significance

Glycogen is a branched glucose polymer found in most animals, fungi, bacteria, and archaea as an osmotically neutral means of energy storage. Glycogen also contains minor amounts of phosphate which can be removed by a dual specificity phosphatase, laforin. Accumulation of phosphate results in highly insoluble glycogen deposits and underlies Lafora disease, a devastating form of myoclonus epilepsy. In this paper, we present structural and kinetic data that support a plausible mechanism by which phosphate is directly incorporated into glycogen by glycogen synthase.
Necking and failure of constrained 3D microtissues induced by cellular tension
Authors: Wang Hailong , Svoronos Alexander A. , Boudou Thomas , Sakar Mahmut Selman , Schell Jacquelyn Youssef , Morgan Jeffrey R. , Chen Christopher S. , Shenoy Vivek B.
Published: December 2013

Significance

Tension generated by molecular motors is fundamental to many processes such as cell motility, tissue morphogenesis, tumor growth, metastasis, and fibrosis. Cell-derived tension depends strongly on the mechanical environment. The rigidity of the medium in which the cells are found has been shown to affect cell division, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this work, through a combination of experiments and mathematical models, we find that cell-derived tension can be of sufficient magnitude to cause failure of complex-shaped microtissues. We show that failure can be controlled by varying the amount of extracellular matrix in the tissue and by tuning the stiffness of the constraining structures. Our results can aid the design of stable tissue constructs for applications in regenerative medicine.
Effects of Flow Reduction on a Whitespotted Char Population in a Japanese Mountain Stream
Authors: Nakamura Tomoyuki
Published: December 2013

I evaluated the effects of long-term (about 270 d/year) and large-volume (83.3% at mean flow) reductions in stream flow on a population of Whitespotted Char Salvelinus leucomaenis. I compared a range of biological parameters (density, biomass, condition factor, and age composition) between populations of char in the free-flowing (above dam) and regulated (below dam) sections of a Japanese mountain stream over a 4-year period. The density and biomass of age-1 and older fish was significantly lower in the regulated section than in the free-flowing section: 32.8% reduction in density and 42.5% in biomass. The mean condition factor of age-1 and older fish was significantly lower in the regulated section. In addition, the percentage of age-2 and older fish in the total catch was significantly lower in the regulated section. Except for flow, the physical environment was similar in both the free-flowing and regulated sections. Thus, the changes I observed in the regulated section were likely caused by flow reduction. I hypothesize that a decrease in food availability associated with the reduction in flow caused the decrease in density and condition factor in the regulated section. I also speculate that an increase in density in the pools due to flow reduction resulted in increased aggression among conspecifics. In turn, this results in an increase in the emigration of individuals, particularly older and larger fish, in the regulated section. The decreases in the density, condition factor, and the number of older and larger fish following the reduction in flow probably explain the decrease in biomass in the regulated section.

Received November 20, 2012; accepted July 15, 2013
Valuing Recreational Fishing in the Great Lakes
Authors: Melstrom Richard T. , Lupi Frank
Published: December 2013

We estimated a pair of models to characterize the demand for Great Lakes recreational fishing in Michigan. With a nested logit framework, the models tested whether anglers have an unobserved tendency to substitute between fishing sites based on target species or lake-specific preferences. Results indicated that anglers tend to substitute more readily between sites within a lake, although we found that the choice of model did not qualitatively influence measures of nonmarket value. Both models predicted that the fishing destinations of anglers would be strongly influenced by catch rates. Using these results, we estimated the sportfishing value for several fish species and found that anglers have the highest willingness to pay for Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Coho Salmon O. kisutch, steelhead O. mykiss, and Walleyes Sander vitreus. We also derived the access values of Michigan's coastal fishing sites and determined that day trips to a typical Great Lake site are worth about $30 per trip.

Received March 12, 2013; accepted August 12, 2013
A role for IL-25 and IL-33–driven type-2 innate lymphoid cells in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Salimi Maryam , Barlow Jillian L. , Saunders Sean P. , Xue Luzheng , Gutowska-Owsiak Danuta , Wang Xinwen , Huang Li-Chieh , Johnson David , Scanlon Seth T. , McKenzie Andrew N.J. , Fallon Padraic G. , Ogg Graham S.
Published: December 2013

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s, nuocytes, NHC) require RORA and GATA3 for their development. We show that human ILC2s express skin homing receptors and infiltrate the skin after allergen challenge, where they produce the type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. Skin-derived ILC2s express the IL-33 receptor ST2, which is up-regulated during activation, and are enriched in lesional skin biopsies from atopic patients. Signaling via IL-33 induces type 2 cytokine and amphiregulin expression, and increases ILC2 migration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that E-cadherin ligation on human ILC2 dramatically inhibits IL-5 and IL-13 production. Interestingly, down-regulation of E-cadherin is characteristic of filaggrin insufficiency, a cardinal feature of atopic dermatitis (AD). ILC2 may contribute to increases in type 2 cytokine production in the absence of the suppressive E-cadherin ligation through this novel mechanism of barrier sensing. Using Rag1−/− and RORα-deficient mice, we confirm that ILC2s are present in mouse skin and promote AD-like inflammation. IL-25 and IL-33 are the predominant ILC2-inducing cytokines in this model. The presence of ILC2s in skin, and their production of type 2 cytokines in response to IL-33, identifies a role for ILC2s in the pathogenesis of cutaneous atopic disease.
A critical switch in the enzymatic properties of the Cid1 protein deciphered from its product-bound crystal structure
Authors: Munoz-Tello Paola , Gabus Caroline , Thore Stéphane
Published: December 2013

The addition of uridine nucleotide by the poly(U) polymerase (PUP) enzymes has a demonstrated impact on various classes of RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs), histone-encoding RNAs and messenger RNAs. Cid1 protein is a member of the PUP family. We solved the crystal structure of Cid1 in complex with non-hydrolyzable UMPNPP and a short dinucleotide compound ApU. These structures revealed new residues involved in substrate/product stabilization. In particular, one of the three catalytic aspartate residues explains the RNA dependence of its PUP activity. Moreover, other residues such as residue N165 or the β-trapdoor are shown to be critical for Cid1 activity. We finally suggest that the length and sequence of Cid1 substrate RNA influence the balance between Cid1's processive and distributive activities. We propose that particular processes regulated by PUPs require the enzymes to switch between the two types of activity as shown for the miRNA biogenesis where PUPs can either promote DICER cleavage via short U-tail or trigger miRNA degradation by adding longer poly(U) tail. The enzymatic properties of these enzymes may be critical for determining their particular function in vivo.
From perceptual to language-mediated categorization
Authors: Westermann Gert , Mareschal Denis
Published: December 2013

From at least two months onwards, infants can form perceptual categories. During the first year of life, object knowledge develops from the ability to represent individual object features to representing correlations between attributes and to integrate information from different sources. At the end of the first year, these representations are shaped by labels, opening the way to conceptual knowledge. Here, we review the development of object knowledge and object categorization over the first year of life. We then present an artificial neural network model that models the transition from early perceptual categorization to categories mediated by labels. The model informs a current debate on the role of labels in object categorization by suggesting that although labels do not act as object features they nevertheless affect perceived similarity of perceptually distinct objects sharing the same label. The model presents the first step of an integrated account from early perceptual categorization to language-based concept learning.
The P-chain: relating sentence production and its disorders to comprehension and acquisition
Authors: Dell Gary S. , Chang Franklin
Published: December 2013

This article introduces the P-chain, an emerging framework for theory in psycholinguistics that unifies research on comprehension, production and acquisition. The framework proposes that language processing involves incremental prediction, which is carried out by the production system. Prediction necessarily leads to prediction error, which drives learning, including both adaptive adjustment to the mature language processing system as well as language acquisition. To illustrate the P-chain, we review the Dual-path model of sentence production, a connectionist model that explains structural priming in production and a number of facts about language acquisition. The potential of this and related models for explaining acquired and developmental disorders of sentence production is discussed.
1-(Bromomercurio)ferrocene
Authors: Breunig Jens M. , Lerner Hans-Wolfram , Bats Jan W.
Published: December 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Fe(C5H5)(C5H4BrHg)], contains two independent molecules, A and B, in which the Hg—C bond lengths are 2.045 (6) and 2.046 (6) Å, the Hg—Br bond lengths are 2.4511 (9) and 2.4562 (7) Å, and the C—Hg—Br angles are 176.42 (17) and 177.32 (17)°. The two cyclopentadienyl rings of molecule A are eclipsed, while those of molecule B are almost staggered. The HgBr groups are connected by intermolecular Hg...Br contacts of 3.3142 (9)–3.4895 (11) Å, forming layers parallel to (001). These layers contain both four-membered (HgBr)2 and eight-membered (HgBr)4 rings. Ferrocene–ferrocene C—H...π contacts connect the molecular layers along the c-axis direction.
Single-cell resolution in high-resolution synchrotron X-ray CT imaging with gold nanoparticles
Authors: Schültke Elisabeth , Menk Ralf , Pinzer Bernd , Astolfo Alberto , Stampanoni Marco , Arfelli Fulvia , Harsan Laura-Adela , Nikkhah Guido
Published: December 2013

Gold nanoparticles are excellent intracellular markers in X-ray imaging. Having shown previously the suitability of gold nanoparticles to detect small groups of cells with the synchrotron-based computed tomography (CT) technique bothex vivoandin vivo, it is now demonstrated that even single-cell resolution can be obtained in the brain at leastex vivo. Working in a small animal model of malignant brain tumour, the image quality obtained with different imaging modalities was compared. To generate the brain tumour, 1 × 105C6 glioma cells were loaded with gold nanoparticles and implanted in the right cerebral hemisphere of an adult rat. Raw data were acquired with absorption X-ray CT followed by a local tomography technique based on synchrotron X-ray absorption yielding single-cell resolution. The reconstructed synchrotron X-ray images were compared with images obtained by small animal magnetic resonance imaging. The presence of gold nanoparticles in the tumour tissue was verified in histological sections.
An anthropologist among the filmmakers – A cautionary tale: Part 1. The politics of production (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Caplan Pat
Published: December 2013

In recent years film has been viewed as the prime vehicle by which anthropologists may engage with the public in an attractive way. But this is not without its pitfalls. In two parts, this article looks back at the making of an anthropological television series, Face Values, in the 1970s, a joint project of BBC TV and the RAI. Some of the reasons for the considerable differences between the author as one of the anthropological consultants, and the production and editing team, are discussed, as are the reactions of the villagers on Mafia Island, who were concerned for their dignity and privacy while being filmed for the series. Part 1 considers the politics of shooting film footage, and the tensions between anthropological and televisual premises. Part 2 is about the politics of circulation and audience, taking account of the views of Mafians as well as UK audiences (both lay and anthropological). While the former liked the film material they saw, some of them later came to find it problematic. In the UK, although the series attracted high viewing figures, it was the object of considerable criticism from both newspaper critics and anthropologists, and soon fell into obscurity. However, some of the issues and problems raised in this case study remain very real today for those who would bring together anthropology and film.
Performance measurement system use in generating psychological empowerment and individual creativity
Authors: Moulang Carly
Published: December 2013

Individual creativity is essential to an organisation's ability to innovate (Amabile, 1988, 1996), and potentially, management control systems could be used to enhance or constrain this creativity in organisations (Amabile, 1988; Davila et al., 2009). The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of how interactive performance measurement system (IPMS) use is implicated in the generation of individual creativity. A conceptual framework linking IPMS use to creativity is developed, incorporating psychological empowerment as an intervening variable. The results of a survey of middle‐level managers confirm that IPMS use impacts on creativity through the psychological construct of psychological empowerment.
Arylamine N‐acetyltransferases: a structural perspective. Comments regarding the BJP paper by Zhou et al., 2013
Authors: Xu Ximing , Kubiak Xavier , Dupret Jean‐Marie , Rodrigues‐Lima Fernando
Published: December 2013

This letter is a comment on Zhou et al. (2013). Arylamine N‐acetyltransferases: a structural perspective. Br J Pharmacol 169: 748–760. To view this article visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12182
Removing Protections for Wolves and the Future of the U.S. Endangered Species Act (1973)
Authors: Bruskotter Jeremy T. , Vucetich John A. , Enzler Sherry , Treves Adrian , Nelson Michael P.
Published: December 2013

In June of 2013, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed removing gray wolves (Canis lupus, Linnaeus) from Endangered Species Act (ESA) protections throughout the conterminous United States. The proposed rule depends on a definition of endangerment that is inconsistent with the legislative history and historical implementation of the ESA, as well as numerous court rulings. The proposed rule also asserts that areas where wolves once existed but no longer exist are “unsuitable habitat” because people in these areas lack tolerance for wolves. That claim entirely ignores a significant body of scientific knowledge that suggests otherwise. By effectively narrowing the definition of endangered species and ignoring the best available science on tolerance for wolves, the proposed rule would set an unfortunate precedent with far‐reaching consequences, including dramatically limiting recovery efforts for other species protected by the ESA.
The Role of Regression Performance on Multimodel Analysis
Authors: Foglia L. , Mehl S.W.
Published: December 2013

In this work, we provide suggestions for designing experiments where calibration of many models is required and guidance for identifying problematic calibrations. Calibration of many conceptual models which have different representations of the physical processes in the system, as is done in cross‐validation studies or multi‐model analysis, often uses computationally frugal inversion techniques to achieve tractable execution times. However, because these frugal methods are usually local methods, and the inverse problem is almost always nonlinear, there is no guarantee that the optimal solution will be found. Furthermore, evaluation of each inverse model's performance to identify poor calibrations can be tedious. Results of this study show that if poorly calibrated models are included in the analysis, simulated predictions and measures of prediction uncertainty can be affected in unexpected ways. Guidelines are provided to help identify problematic regressions and correct them.
Synthetic antimalarial drugs and the triggering of psoriasis – do we need disease‐specific guidelines for the management of patients with psoriasis at risk of malaria?
Authors: Gravani Agoritsa , Gaitanis Georgios , Zioga Aikaterini , Bassukas Ioannis D.
Published: December 2013

Background

Α distinct side effect of the synthetic quinolinic antimalarial drugs, still widely used for the treatment and prophylaxis of malaria, is the induction of psoriasis in predisposed or susceptible individuals.

Objective

To describe two patients that had induction and exacerbation of psoriasis due to the administration of hydroxychloroquine, to adapt pertinent literature on the pathophysiology of this side effect, to review psoriasis‐triggered cases by newer, non‐quinolinic antimalarials, and to propose malaria treatment and prophylaxis guidelines for psoriatic patients.

Patients and methods

Two patients, a 40‐year‐old female with unknown history of psoriasis and a 37‐year‐old primigravida with an established history of psoriasis, were treated with hydroxychloroquine for a newly diagnosed lichen planopilaris and for an exacerbation of psoriatic arthritis, respectively. PubMed was searched (last accessed 20 October 2012) employing as search strategy the keywords (psoriasis) AND (drug), where “drug” is the name of each of the newer, non‐quinolinic antimalarials.

Results

Psoriasis was controlled in both patients. The primigravida gave birth to a healthy child at 39 weeks of gestation. The literature review returned no articles that linked the newer antimalarials with psoriasis.

Conclusion

Despite the increased awareness, antimalarials‐triggered psoriasis is still diagnosed. Fortunately, the current artemisinin‐based antimalarial treatment can be safely offered to susceptible individuals. Additionally, prophylaxis with doxycycline or the combination atovaquone–proguanil could be a safe suggestion for malaria prophylaxis in psoriatic patients.
Novel presentation of lepromatous leprosy in an erythema gyratum repens‐like pattern
Authors: Mohanan Saritha , Devi Abarna S. , Kumari Rashmi , Thappa Devinder Mohan , Ganesh Rajesh N.
Published: December 2013

Objectives

Leprosy can have diverse cutaneous and occasionally perplexing presentations. We report an unusual case of lepromatous leprosy (LL) with annular lesions resembling erythema gyratum repens.

Report

A 55‐year‐old man presented with a symmetrical, hypopigmented, and erythematous rash of bizarre appearance over the lateral aspect of the upper arm, and anterior and posterior aspects of the trunk of two months' duration. He gave a history of self‐resolving episodes of bilateral pedal edema, and numbness and pricking sensations in both the hands and feet, which had occurred intermittently over the previous six years. An ulcer measuring 2 cm in size was present over the adjacent surface of the right first and second toes. The bilateral ulnar and radial cutaneous nerves were symmetrically thickened.

Results

Slit‐skin smears revealed numerous acid‐fast bacilli. Skin biopsy from the trunk showed collections of histiocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in the dermis and around the blood vessels. The patient was diagnosed with LL and started on multibacillary multi‐drug therapy.

Conclusions

Lepromatous leprosy can have varied clinical manifestations and is often a great imitator. However, the skin smear positivity, even in normal skin, symmetrical cutaneous and peripheral nerve involvement, and histopathology in the present patient were indicative of LL. This report highlights a rare presentation of leprosy. Clinicians should be aware of these rare manifestations as lepromatous cases still occur in certain regions.
Generalized eruptive keratoacanthomas of Grzybowski
Authors: Anzalone C. Lane , Cohen Philip R.
Published: December 2013

Background

The initial patient with generalized eruptive keratoacanthomas was described by Grzybowski in 1950. The condition presents as hundreds to thousands of small (1–5 mm), flesh‐colored to erythematous papules.

Objective

To review the clinical characteristics and treatments of generalized eruptive keratoacanthomas of Grzybowski.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical literature using PubMed, searching the terms “eruptive,” “generalized,” “Grzybowski,” “keratoacanthoma,” and “multiple.” Patient reports and previous reviews of the subject were critically assessed and the salient features presented to the best of our knowledge.

Results

Generalized eruptive keratoacanthomas of Grzybowski typically present in the fifth to seventh decades of life and display an equal preponderance for both men and women. The keratoacanthomas are pruritic and predominately appear in sun‐exposed regions, such as the face (in which they often demonstrate the sign of Zorro) and the upper trunk; the tumors also show a predilection for intertriginous areas. Topical, intralesional, and systemic treatment modalities have been used; oral retinoids are considered the preferred method of treatment.

Conclusion

Generalized eruptive keratoacanthomas of Grzybowski is a rare form of keratoacanthoma and is considered a serious condition because the eruptions are diffuse, persistent, and recurrent. Constant pruritus, ectropion, visceral neoplasms, and unsatisfactory response to treatment are ominous prognostic factors. Successful management of this condition has been observed in patients treated with systemic retinoids, such as acitretin.
An investigation into low‐temperature nitrogen plasma environment effect on the content of polyphenols during withering in madeKenyan tea
Authors: Kuloba Patrick W. , Gumbe Lawrence O. , Okoth Michael W. , Obanda Martin , Ng'ang'a Fredrick M.
Published: December 2013

Low‐temperature nitrogen plasma (LTNP) was used to wither green tea leaf to study its effect on the polyphenol content. Using a dielectric barrier discharge chamber to provide theLTNPenvironment, green tea leaf was withered at various withering times. Made tea samples indicated thatLTNPhad an effect on polyphenol content. The highest polyphenol content of 78.56 mg g−1in made tea was attained in 1 h after which it showed a decreasing trend with increasing retention time. For comparison purposes, green tea leaf was also withered in nonplasma environments. Highest polyphenol content of 133.4 mg g−1in made tea was attained in a sample withered anaerobically in nitrogen gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure for 18 h. In another sample, green tea leaf was directly macerated and dried without withering and fermenting and had polyphenol content of 101.91 mg g−1in made tea. These contents were compared with green tea 4, purple tea and oolong tea that are currently manufactured in Kenya.
Novel polymorphisms in the promoter region of the perforin gene among distinct Brazilian populations and their functional impact
Authors: Garcia F. B. , Kashima S. , Rodrigues E. S. , Silva I. T. , Malta T. M. , Nicolete L. D. de Figueiredo , Haddad R. , Moraes‐Souza H. , Covas D. T.
Published: December 2013

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells play a crucial role in eliminating tumour and virus‐infected cells. The perforin is a key part of the arsenal that these cells use to destroy their targets. In this study, we characterized single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the promoter region of the perforin gene among distinct Brazilian ethnic groups. The study was carried out by sequencing this region in three groups: European, African and Asian descents. We demonstrated for the first time the occurrence of three new polymorphisms in the promoter region of gene PRF1: 494A/G (rs78058707), 720G/A (rs75925789) and 1176C/T (rs75183511). Three other SNPs already described in the literature 63A/G (rs35401316), 112A/G (rs10999428) and 1012C/T (rs35069510) were also detected. The SNPs are distributed differently in the ethnic groups studied. The 112G allele was observed at high frequency, especially among Asian descents (48.1%). The 1012T allele was detected only among European descents, the 494G allele only among Asian descents and 1176T allele only in African descents. Based on the association between the polymorphisms described, ten new haplotypes were originated. In functional analysis, we noticed that SNPs present in most common haplotypes cannot induce significant differences in expression levels of perforin alone. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the existence of three new polymorphisms in perforin promoter and, contrary to what was stated, the presence of these SNPs does not alter the levels of protein expression.
Dietary modulation of the inflammatory cascade
Authors: Dawson Dolphus R. , Branch‐Mays Grishondra , Gonzalez Octavio A. , Ebersole Jeffrey L.
Published: December 2013

Dietary supplementation has traditionally consisted of adding vitamins and/or minerals to correct or prevent a nutritional deficiency. When supplementing the diet with other inflammatory mediators, such as essential fatty acids, there is an adjunctive benefit to the standard therapies used in the control of chronic inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease or rheumatoid arthritis. This review focuses on the strategies utilized for therapeutic modulation of the inflammatory cascade through dietary supplementation with specific biomolecules. Examples of how these biomolecules affect local and systemic immune responses to chronic inflammation are examined. In particular, an overview of the literature identifying the potential to modify the host response to chronic periodontitis is provided.
Total Thermal Expansion Coefficients of the Yttrium Silicate Apatite Phase Y4.69(SiO4)3O
Authors: Key Thomas S. , Presley Kayla F. , Hay Randall S. , Boakye Emmanuel E.
Published: December 2013

The formation of the Y4.69(SiO4)3O apatite phase was observed in compositions targeted at the yttrium monosilicate and disilicate phases. Through the use of high‐temperature in situ X‐ray diffraction, the lattice parameters of the phase were characterized as a function of temperature, and thermal expansion coefficients were calculated. Phase fractions were assessed as a function of sintering temperature, and the apatite phase fraction increased with temperature.
Effects of program‐advertisement congruity and advertisement emotional appeal on memory for health and safety advertisements
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Goh Mei Fang
Published: December 2013

The aim of this study was to examine the memory for health and safety advertisements (HSAs) embedded within a congruent (documentary) or incongruent (sitcom) program.

A total of 80 participants aged 16–25 years took part. Participants watched either a sitcom or a health‐related program with health and safety and “filler” advertisements. After they watched the 30 minute program, they were given free and cued recall measures as well as program evaluation. These showed that the free recall scores were generally better for HSAs than filler advertisements across both program types, while the cued recall and advertisement recognition scores were better for filler advertisements than HSAs. Memory scores revealed that the HSAs were better remembered than filler advertisements in an incongruent program environment. Health advertisements are better recalled in non‐health‐related programs. This supported the interference hypothesis.
Conservative treatment for interstitial monochorionic twin pregnancy: Case report and review of the published work
Authors: Berretta Roberto , Merisio Carla , Dall'Asta Andrea , Verrotti Carla , Rolla Martino , Bruni Stefano , Bacchi Modena Alberto
Published: December 2013

Interstitial pregnancy is considered one of the most hazardous types of ectopic pregnancies, with a mortality rate of 2–2.5%. We describe a case of a viable monochorionic twin pregnancy in a 35‐year‐old woman successfully treated with systemic methotrexate associated with bilateral uterine arteries' embolization. β‐hCG was undetectable 67 days after the first administration of methotrexate and the ultrasonography performed on day 67 showed the remnant of the gestational sac in the right uterine horn, a thin endometrium and a normal myometrial vascularization. Conservative treatment allowed us to avoid surgical treatment and to preserve the patient's fertility.
Role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in estrogen‐metabolizing enzymes and susceptibility to uterine leiomyoma in Han Chinese: A case–control study
Authors: Shen Yang , Xu Qian , Ren Mulan , Cai Yunlang , Xu Jie
Published: December 2013

Aim

To explore the relationship between estrogen metabolism enzyme gene polymorphism and susceptibility to uterine fibroids, and to seek the screening molecular markers for genetic traits in uterine fibroid populations.

Methods

A total of 300 female Han Chinese patients and 300 healthy female Han Chinese volunteers in Nanjing (age range, 30–50 years) were recruited from Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University from February 2011 to March 2012. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of estrogen‐metabolizing enzyme genes from the two groups of women were examined by polymerase chain reaction denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography, which were four COMT gene loci including rs3087869, rs165774, rs165599 and rs4680, three CYP1A1 gene loci including rs1048943, rs4646421 and rs4646422, and three CYP1B1 gene loci including rs1056827, rs1056836 and rs1056837. Genotype frequencies among cases and controls were calculated and analyzed by binary logistic regression.

Results

Regression analysis of SNP showed that COMT IVS1+2329C>T (odds ratio [OR], 2.872; 95% CI, 1.690–4.882) and Val158Met (OR, 2.593; 95% CI, 1.546–4.350), CYP1A1 Ile462Val (OR, 2.383; 95% CI, 1.418–4.005) and Gly45Asp (OR, 2.489; 95% CI, 1.49–4.159), and CYP1B1 Ala119Ser (OR, 3.361; 95% CI, 2.035–5.552) and Leu432Val (OR, 0.164; 95% CI, 0.061–0.441) influenced uterine fibroids significantly (P < 0.05). Allele and genotype frequencies among cases and control were calculated and examined to match the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with the χ2‐test.

Conclusion

The genetic polymorphisms of IVS1+2329C>T and Val158Met loci in COMT, Ile462Val and Gly45Asp loci in CYP1A1 and Ala119Ser loci in CYP1B1 were risk factors for uterine leiomyoma development, and Leu432Val locus in CYB1B1 may be a protective factor. The results provide a theoretical basis for genetic screening and early intervention for uterine leiomyoma‐susceptible populations.