bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial and Medical Factors Influencing Referral to an Israeli Air Force Base Mental Health Clinic
Authors: Rabinowitz Stanley (Shmuel) , Rueveni Chaim
Published: September 2011

This preliminary study concerned examining a number of psychosocial and medical factors involved in the referral of 207 conscripted soldiers to an Israel Air Force Base Mental Health Clinic. These factors were age, sex, education, source of referral, and timing of referral during service. The nature of medical complaints before and after psychological intervention was also examined. Results suggest an effective medical psychological cooperation can significantly reduce minor psychological problems in a population of drafted soldiers.
Brain Growth Theory and Educational Psychology
Authors: Harmon Dana S.
Published: September 2011

Psychologists in schools are attempting to apply many of the current findings of neurological research. This paper reviews Herman Epstein's brain growth theory and its implications for psychology and educational practice. Studies of brain weight and head circumference growth are described, particularly the studies that form the basis for Epstein's ideas. A critical examination of these studies does not support Epstein's stage theory of brain growth.
Evaluation of a Methadone Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Graham-Bafus Suzanne , Allen Richard H. , Gordon Jack R.
Published: September 2011

The present single-case study was initiated to determine whether our methadone maintenance program was of service to patients and community. Criteria used to make this determination were drug involvement, criminal activity, employment status, dependence on the welfare system, and health status. 25 randomly selected patients who had been in methadone maintenance for 6 mo. or longer were compared to 25 randomly selected patients who had not become engaged in methadone treatment. The results indicated that patients in the methadone maintenance program decreased their use of illicit drugs, decreased criminal activities, and increased self-support. No change was found between groups in welfare and health status.
Changes in Rational Beliefs among Treated Alcoholics
Authors: Ray Joseph B. , Freidlander Richard B. , Solomon Gary S.
Published: September 2011

The Rational Behavior Inventory pre- and posttreatment was administered to 62 male veteran alcoholic patients in a comprehensive medical-psychoeducational treatment program. Statistically significant increases in patients' rational thinking were noted on six of the 11 factors. Tentative support for the utility of Rational Emotive Therapy as a treatment intervention for alcoholic patients was noted. The Rational Behavior Inventory is a sensitive psychometric indicator of changes in alcoholic patients' rational beliefs.
Attitude Change and Information Integration in Fear Appeals
Authors: Rogers Ronald W.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment investigated the combinatorial rule individuals use to integrate information about the components of a fear appeal. Individuals were presented information about a hypothetical danger, and their intentions to adopt the recommended coping response were measured. The potential danger was varied on the dimensions of noxiousness, probability of occurrence, and efficacy of the coping response. Each independent variable had a significant main effect. A multiplicative combinatorial rule was rejected. Although individuals do not respond completely rationally when confronting real dangers, individuals respond in a highly logical fashion when contemplating how they would respond to an hypothetical danger.
Differential Effect of Alcohol on Aggressive Behavior in Dominant and Subordinate Hamsters
Authors: Walker Donna L. , Gregory Estelle H.
Published: September 2011

Pairs of male golden hamsters were tested to see whether alcohol differentially affected the aggressive behavior of the hamsters depending upon dominance status. 14 pairs of singly-caged hamsters were used. Dominance relationships were established between pairs of hamsters and the hamster pairs were then divided into two groups, one in which previous winners received alcohol and a second in which previous losers received alcohol. Hamsters were injected with either 2 gm alcohol/kg body weight or normal saline, and pairs were then tested in an arena for 3 min. or until one animal lost an encounter. When previous winners received alcohol fighting behavior decreased, but when previous losers received alcohol fighting was essentially the same as in the saline control condition.
Two Rating Indicators of Excellence in Teaching in Lecture-Format Courses
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to predict two criterion measures of teaching excellence. Findings partially support Lowman's two-dimensional model of “masterful teaching.”
Selection of Consequences: Adaptive Behavior from Random Reinforcement
Authors: Marken Richard
Published: September 2011

The behavior of subjects in a human operant conditioning experiment was “shaped” using a random reinforcement contingency. Bar-press responses kept a moving cursor near a target although the consequence of each response was a random change in the direction of the cursor. The apparent effect of reinforcement on behavior is shown to be an illusion created by ignoring the consistency of behavioral results.
Attraction to Men and Women Varying in Self-Esteem
Authors: Abloff Richard , Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

Among 23 male and 29 female undergraduates, the men and women who were high and low in self-esteem rank-ordered their liking for men varying in self-esteem and for women varying in self-esteem. Although a person of equal self-esteem was liked more than a person of higher self-esteem, this preference was much stronger when the targets were women than when they were men. It was suggested that superiority may be a more powerful determinant of liking for men than liking for women.
Relationship of Self-Esteem, IQ, and Task Performance for a Sample of USA Undergraduates
Authors: Lynch Alex D. , Clark Peter
Published: September 2011

Assessments of self-esteem, IQ, and performance on a cognitively demanding task were obtained from 45 college undergraduates. In addition, subjects were asked to predict how well they thought they would do on the “cognitive task” after having seen one sample problem, to estimate how well they thought they had done after completing all of the problems, how difficult they thought each problem was, and how certain they were that their answer was correct. Analysis indicated that self-esteem was significantly related to performance, independently of the covarying effect of intelligence. Contrary to expectations, however, individuals high in self-esteem did not predict that they would do better, and they did not express more confidence in their answers to the problems. Methodological and substantive implications pertaining to the mechanism whereby self-esteem influences achievement are discussed.
Factors in Interview Training
Authors: Farber Edward D. , Joseph Jack A.
Published: September 2011

Paraprofessionals and videotape were used to improve the interpersonal interviewing skills of medical students. Training improved rapport building, questioning skills, and interviewing techniques as assessed by students, paraprofessionals, and medical students. As rapport is influenced by complexity of the medical history, a greater focus on psychosocial factors in professional education is needed.
Prevalence and Correlates of the Type a Behavior Pattern in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Potts Marilyn K. , Katz Barry P. , Brandt Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

The Type A behavior pattern was noted less frequently in a group of 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis than was expected based on standardized norms for the Jenkins Activity Survey. Patients manifesting Type A behavior with respect to factors of Speed and Impatience and Job Involvement tended to have better physical status than those exhibiting Type B behavior. These aspects of the Type A behavior pattern may be associated with good physical health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Evaluative Feedback as a Determinant of the Pygmalion Effect
Authors: Van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter , Siero Frans
Published: September 2011

We postulated that teachers' expectations affect students' achievement via the evaluative feedback teachers give to them. To register the feedback we developed an observational instrument of 10 verbal and 10 nonverbal categories. Teachers show more negative nonverbal feedback (head movements) towards children who are thought not to be able to improve their performance than to children considered underachievers. On the other hand, teachers seem to compensate in their verbal feedback by giving the former children twice as much personally expressed verbal praise' as the children considered underachievers.
Considerations in Diagnosis and Management of Violent Behavior
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

Accountability of psychotherapists and other health-care professionals has now been extended to the prediction and control of violent behavior. Professional and public liability requires mental health practitioners to develop more reliable methods by which violent behavior may be diagnosed, managed with effective strategies, and ultimately prevented. The present paper lists a number of verifiable elements, e.g., (a) diagnosis, (b) availability of weapons, (c) use of drugs or alcohol, (d) history of violent behavior, (e) social withdrawal, isolation and absence of support systems, (f) level of psychosocial stress, and (g) environmental crises, which may be utilized to predict violent behavior with improved consistency. While by no means exhaustive, these suggested factors applied together with clinicians' “intuition” or “clinical judgment” might help improve the consistency with which violent behavior is diagnosed and then managed. Strategies for dealing with deleterious effects were also suggested.
Relationship of Extraversion, Neuroticism, Alienation, and Divorce Incidence with Pet-Ownership
Authors: Paden-Levy Deborah
Published: September 2011

100 freshman women completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Alienation Scale, and a researcher-constructed questionnaire to determine the association of pet-ownership with extraversion, with neuroticism, with alienation, with incidence of parental divorce, and with several demographic variables. Pearson product-moment and point-biserial correlations rested for significance and a stepwise multiple regression were applied to the data. The predicted positive correlation between pet-ownership and extraversion was not found. Hypotheses predicting pet-ownership to be negatively correlated with neuroticism, alienation, and incidence of parental divorce were all supported by correlations of low magnitude.
Behavioral Science in Medical Education: A 1985 Updated Bibliography
Authors: Holmes George R. , Smith Mary Elizabeth , Donald Alexander G.
Published: September 2011

Holmes, et al. in 1981 compiled 200 studies in a bibliography of behavioral science in undergraduate and graduate education. Since then, 46 additional studies of behavioral science in medical education have been published and abstracted in Index Medicus, and Psychological Abstracts, reference sources for the bibliography.
Factors Related to Individuals' Attitudes toward Their Names
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: September 2011

This research studied whether several factors might relate to a person's evaluation of his given names. Most subjects liked their names but less so their middle names. Male subjects rated their last names higher than did females theirs. People who had been known by pet names liked both their first and middle names less. People with unusual names were more likely to have a nickname; but neither names' atypicality nor nicknames were related to the evaluation of the legal names. Men were equally apt to attribute either parent as the source of their first or middle names; women were more apt to attribute both first and middle names to their mothers. Being named after the same-sexed parent occurred with men more often than with women. Women more frequently cited reasons for their names that did not involve their being named after some family member.
Consistency of Stage Structure in Objective Moral Judgment across Different Samples
Authors: Ma Hing-Keung
Published: September 2011

The consistency of stage structure in Rest's Defining Issues Test was examined in different samples. The responses of 124 Grade 10, 37 Grade 12, and 45 adult subjects were analysed. The Factor 1 loadings of the intermediate stages were the highest in only two of the six sample groups. In addition, the order of the Factor 2 loadings was also consistent in only two groups. Although the findings were not favorable in some subsamples, the over-all results which included a good factor pattern in the largest sample were regarded as providing some moderate support to the claim of an ordered sequence of Kohlberg's stages measured by the Defining Issues Test.
Screening of Police Applicants: A Replication of a 5-Item MMPI Research Index Validity Study
Authors: Dralle Penelope Wasson , Baybrook Rebecca M.
Published: September 2011

Five MMPI items, which identified acceptable police officers in prior research, were investigated in a different major southern city. The items were not useful in identifying police recruit candidates who successfully met our selection criteria.
Perceived Stress and Adolescents' Cigarette Use
Authors: Mitic Wayne R. , McGuire Don P. , Neumann Brigitte
Published: September 2011

We surveyed 1,684 students from Grades 7 through 12 on their use of cigarettes and the types of circumstances they perceived as stressful. Students' smoking status was classified as either none, light, medium, or heavy use while over-all stress levels were either low, medium, or high. Nonsmoking boys had significantly lower over-all mean stress scores than all others while heavy users had significantly greater perceived stress scores than all other categories. Among girls, regular and heavy users reported significantly higher over-all stress scores than either nonsmokers or occasional users. Those items reported as causing the highest level of perceived stress among smoking boys were school work, money, and parents while among smoking girls the items were appearance, parents, and money.
Relationship of Locus of Control to Achievement and Self-Concept in Education Majors
Authors: Crump Barbara R. Robson , Hickson Joyce H. , Laman Archie
Published: September 2011

Numerous studies have examined locus of control with regard to a wide spectrum of social and academic behavior. Few studies have considered the construct in relation to specific undergraduate majors. The present study investigated locus of control and its relationship to achievement and self-concept in undergraduate majors in education. The purpose was to determine if internally controlled education majors achieved higher than education majors who scored as externally controlled. Also tested was the assumption that expectancy of control is related to positive self-feelings. University students enrolled in College of Education courses completed the Tennessee Self-concept Scale and the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. Composite American College Test (ACT) scores and cumulative grade point averages were collected as well as information pertaining to age, sex, major, and type of financial assistance. Twelve variables discriminated significantly between students who scored as internal and external. Differences also were associated with age and sex. The findings suggest data which could be useful in assisting faculty to structure programs and counsel undergraduates who wish to teach. Findings also suggest additional questions which warrant study.
Achievement Orientations as Prototypes
Authors: Sadowski Cyril J. , Long-Hall Carolyn K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prototypical nature of achievement orientations as conceptualized by J Veroff and other theorists. Traits relevant to achievement were rated by 108 subjects who received a description of either a process or impact orientation. Analysis indicated distinct sets of traits characterizing each orientation as well as substantial agreement on the exemplars for each orientation. Moreover, traits associated with a process orientation were more favorable than those associated with an impact orientation.
Optimism and Pessimism: Relationships to Circadian Rhythms
Authors: Levy David A.
Published: September 2011

A 16-item scale to measure optimism-pessimism was developed and administered to 160 subjects to investigate differences in personality traits as related to circadian rhythm functioning. Evening types were significantly more pessimistic than morning types. Other results showed that men and women did not differ significantly with respect to either optimism-pessimism or morningness-eveningness. Finally, while increased age was mildly correlated with morningness, it appeared to have little relationship to optimism-pessimism.
Presence of Hand Test Indices of Aggressive Behavior for Mentally Retarded Adults on Behavior Management Programs for Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Panek Paul E.
Published: September 2011

Hand Test protocols of 24 institutionalized (18 men, 6 women) mentally retarded adults who were currently on structured behavior management programs for the control of violent and destructive behavior were inspected to determine the presence of two purported indicants of violent and destructive acting-out behavior, i.e., Acting-Out-Score (AOS) and Movement-Content response (ACT-MOV). Of the 24 cases, 19 contained 1 or more of the Hand Test signs of violent and destructive behavior. Implications of results were discussed.
Sex Differences in Internality-Externality
Authors: Lopez Linda C. , Staszkiewicz Mark J.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's I-E Scale was administered to 48 male and 48 female undergraduates. A factor analysis yielded three dimensions of internality-externality: success in life, future events, and politics. A multivariate analysis of variance using these three factors as dependent measures yielded no sex differences when all three factors were considered simultaneously. However, women were significantly more external on the success in life dimension. No sex differences were found on the other factors. It was suggested that the slight but consistent sex differences identified in previous research may be explained in light of the multidimensional nature of the I-E Scale.
WAIS Verbal and Performance IQ for a Psychiatric Population
Authors: Cullari Salvatore
Published: September 2011

190 patients newly admitted to a state psychiatric facility were divided into three diagnostic groups: schizophrenic, affective, and other. The complete WAIS given as part of the admission procedure showed significant differences in Verbal and Performance IQs between groups.
Clinical Application of Behavioral Social Skills Training with Children
Authors: Barrett Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

28 normal children of early primary school age, referred to a private clinic for deficits in social skills, were trained using the behavioral techniques of cognitive behavior modification, modeling, role-playing, and token reinforcement. Self-reports using the Children's Self-concept Scale and parents' reports using the Child Behavior Rating Scale indicated changes in behavior limited to the social skills response categories of those instruments.
Assessment of Refusal Skill in Minority Youth
Authors: Bobo Janet Kay , Snow William H. , Gilchrist Lewayne D. , Schinke Steven Paul
Published: September 2011

The Assertive Friend Cartoon Test was developed and evaluated for Native American youth. Preliminary findings on this refusal skill assessment approach are reported. Psychometric data and feedback from adolescent ethnic group spokespersons support using cartoons to augment paper-pencil measurement.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXXVIII. The Hyperbolic Structure of Eminence
Authors: Zusne Leonard
Published: September 2011

Using the results from previous work in which eminence measures of 698 contributors to the development of psychology were obtained, the mathematical function relating their eminence and rank order was obtained. It was found that authors of history of psychology texts attribute a disproportionate amount of importance to a very small number of contributors. The situation is analogous to that described by Lotka in 1926 concerning the frequency distribution of scientific productivity.
Adolescent Recall of Childhood Fears and Coping Strategies
Authors: Sipes Gregory , Rardin Max , Fitzgerald Bernard
Published: September 2011

Ninth grade students ( N = 2728) wrote essay responses to the questions: “Most of us, as children, were afraid of something—the dark, dogs, being alone. What caused you the greatest fright when you were young? Show, by example, how you reacted to fear. What has helped you to overcome or conquer fear?” Reported fears and coping strategies were recorded by subjects' sex and fears were categorized as singular, primary, or secondary. Fear and coping strategy categories were recorded once only for any subject. Fear of the dark was most frequently mentioned, with People, Spooks, Being Alone, and Animals being other frequently mentioned fears. Sex differences were found for singular or primary fears, with boys significantly more fearful of Animals and Heights and girls significantly more afraid of Being Alone, Death/Injury, Insects, and Fathers. About half of all subjects reported coping strategies, with nearly 55% reporting the strategy of Reason/Age. Boys reported significantly more In vivo Densensitization/Flooding and Destroy coping strategies, with girls reporting significantly more People, Escape, and Took Control strategies. Possible explanations for the various reported fears are provided.
Cognitive Complexity and Apprehension about Communication: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Neuliep James W. , Hazleton Vincent
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that there should be a negative and significant correlation between cognitive complexity and apprehension about communication. Indeed, there was, -.43, which confirmed the hypothesis ( N = 72 college students).
Homosexual Molestation of Children/Sexual Interaction of Teacher and Pupil
Authors: Cameron Paul
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature was conducted in which 19 separate studies were examined for the ratio of heterosexual-to-homosexual molestations of children and the ratio of female-to-male child victims. Using random-probability studies reported by three different sets of investigators, an estimate that about 4% of the general population is bisexual-to-homosexual was employed to generate relative degrees of ‘dangerousness’ of the various sexual orientations. It appears that at least a third of all the reported child molestations involve homosexual acts, while girls account for about two-thirds of children victimized. Those who practice homosexual acts are at leas: 12 times more apt to molest a child sexually, and with suitable corrections for bisexuals (who molest both genders), probably at least 16 times more apt to molest a child. A review of recorded cases of teacher-pupil sexual interaction indicated that of the 30 instances detailed in the literature, 24 (80%) involved homosexual acts. It appears that teachers who practice homosexual acts are between 90 to 100 times more apt to involve themselves sexually with pupils than teachers who confine themselves to heterosexual acts.
Readability of MMPI Short Forms
Authors: McGiboney Garry , Carter Clifford
Published: September 2011

Readability of 7 widely used MMPI short forms was calculated. All MMPI short forms had sixth grade readability, with slight variations from previous readability grade levels of MMPI long forms.
Career Orientations and Type a Behavior in Police Officers
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the career orientations of Type A men and women in police work. Four career orientations (Social Activist, Self-investor, Careerist, Artisan) were related to a measure of Type A behavior. 370 men and 36 women (and 20 others) completed questionnaires. Type A behavior was positively related to Careerist and negatively related to Self-investor and Artisan orientations. However, significant differences between men and women were found. Among women, Type A behavior was positively related to Social Activist and negatively related to Self-investor orientations. Among men, Type A behavior was positively related to Careerist and negatively related to Artisan orientations.
Perceptions of People with Psychological Problems: Effects of Seeking Counseling
Authors: Dovidio John F. , Fishbane Raina , Sibicky Mark
Published: September 2011

The present experiment examined the effects of variations in psychological history and academic qualifications on impressions of college applicants. 94 male and 81 female undergraduates were led to believe that the applicant had previous psychological problems or had previous psychological problems and sought professional help, or they were given no information about psychological history. Subjects also were informed that the person had strong or weak academic credentials or they were given no academic data. Applicants with previous psychological problems were rated more favorably when they sought counseling than when they did not. Applicants for whom no psychological problems were indicated were rated most highly over-all on security and sociability whereas applicants who had problems and sought counseling were evaluated most favorably on competence and character. A main effect for academic credentials was also obtained: subjects generally rated applicants with strong credentials most highly. The over-all pattern of results supports previous research indicating that people are ambivalent about persons with psychological problems.
Effects of Sex and Race on Interracial Dating Preferences
Authors: Korolewicz Mitchell , Korolewicz And Ann
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis was that sex and race will affect interracial dating preferences, one aspect of social distance. 64 subjects were selected from two different populations, 32 from New Jersey and 32 from Mississippi, to increase the external validity by using a more heterogeneous sample. An interracial dating-preference questionnaire was formulated and an item analysis was done to establish content validity. A 2-way analysis of variance showed sex and race were significant; blacks and black women in particular were more apt to prefer interracial dating.
Validation of a WAIS Algorithm for the Early Onset of Dementia
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. , Peters Bruce M. , Brown Ruby E. , Harsch Terri L. , Crookes Tom G.
Published: September 2011

A WAIS algorithm was developed to distinguish between the onset of dementia and depression. Seven WAIS subtests were given to 148 patients whose diagnosis was doubtful. They were classified after a minimum of 1 yr. later as dementia ( n = 50) or as depression ( n = 98). The algorithm, developed from a discriminant function analysis, indicates dementia if the Vocabulary scaled score is greater than or equal to double the Block Design scaled score. The algorithm predicted 74% of the dementias and 74.5% of the depressions, for an over-all prediction rate of 74.3% (110 of 148 cases). These results indicate that the algorithm, if cross-validated, may be a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of early dementia from depression.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXXIX. T. V. Moore and His Cognitive Psychology of 1939
Authors: Knapp Terry J.
Published: September 2011

In 1939 Thomas Verner Moore authored a book entitled Cognitive Psychology which shared many commonalities with the psychological perspective that emerged under the same name 25 years later. Moore rejected the behaviorism of his day, took knowing as the fundamental problem of psychology, employed reaction time procedures to differentiate among mental processes, and was committed to representationalism as an epistemology. His career, early experimental work, interaction with E. C. Tolman, and textbook are discussed.
On Computer Simulation of Human Cognition
Authors: Snyder Douglas M.
Published: September 2011

The logic underlying the rationale for the use of computers to model human cognition is faulty as the researcher must decide as a precondition in the development of a program that which he deems essential characteristics of the targeted cognitive processes. Some consequences resulting from this faulty logic are discussed.
Burnout: A Comparative Analysis of Personality and Environmental Variables
Authors: Nagy Stephen , Davis Lorraine G.
Published: September 2011

This study was done to determine whether burnout rates differed among junior high and elementary school teachers. An analysis of intrinsic and environmental variables was made in four junior high and six elementary schools. Data were generated from 227 responses to a four-part questionnaire assessing: Type A personality as derived from the Jenkins Activity Survey, burnout as identified by the Maslach Burnout Inventory, school climate via an instrument used by Fielding, and work-orientation.
Dominance-Submission in Students and Their Partners as a Function of Parental Dominance
Authors: McCartney Sandra A. , McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

In Study 1, scores on the dominance-submission scale of The Personality Inventory were obtained from 60 students equally divided among four groups of males and females who reported that their fathers or mothers were the more dominant parents. Males from father-dominant families scored higher than their female peers and than males from mother-dominant families, whose scores were equivalent to their female peers'. These results were replicated precisely with a similar sample ( n = 60) in Study 2, which also obtained data from each subject's steady partner. With the exception of males from father-dominated families, who scored higher than their mates, dominance levels for the members of each pair were similar. However, the majority of the partners in three of the four conditions reported that they came from father-dominated homes, the exception being the female mates of males from mother-dominated backgrounds, who reported the two parental relationships in equal numbers. Together, these results ate interpreted as supporting a model in which dominance in student couples is a joint function of social norms (which imply higher dominance scores for males) and the parental power structure in their immediate families. However, dominance scores for females from father-dominated homes were higher than predicted by this model, a finding which may reflect the contemporary emphasis on females' equality.
Suggestions for Use of Behavioral Measures in Treating Bruxism
Authors: Cherasia Michael , Parks Lee
Published: September 2011

Nonfunctional grinding and gnashing of teeth during sleep is a behavior known as nocturnal bruxism, which affects a significant number of persons. It may lead to serious dental problems. Current practices by dentists and psychologists involve EMG monitoring of masseter muscle tension and contingent arousal for bruxing. Here assumed efficacy of arousal combined with overcorrection procedures rather than use of arousal alone guides treatment. Intermittent contingency schedules have been effective in long-term maintenance and generalization of behaviors.
Comparison of Overt and Subjective Responses to the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale under Conditions of Group Administration
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Salas Jesus , Menary Evelyn P. , Brett Pamela J.
Published: September 2011

109 subjects were group tested in counterbalanced order on the Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS) and Form C of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS:C). Both scales yielded three susceptibility scores for each subject. O (objective) scores reflected overt responding to suggestions, S (subjective) scores reflected subjective responding, and OI (objective-involuntariness) scores reflected the extent to which overt responses were experienced as occurring involuntarily. O scores were significantly higher than OI scores on both scales, and on the SHSS:C OI scores were much more strongly skewed toward the low end of the scale than were O scores. Corresponding dimensions on the two scales correlated highly with one another. Contrary to the assumption of some investigators, our findings indicate that substantial discrepancies between overt and subjective aspects of responding occur on both scales. On neither scale did overt response to suggestion accurately reflect subjects' experience of responding involuntarily.
Students with Specific Learning Disabilities: A Review of Categorical Assignments
Authors: Whorton James E. , Pierson Emma D. , Plue William V.
Published: September 2011

Psychometric data for 290 special education students with specific learning disabilities were reviewed at reevaluation as required by both state and federal regulations. A significant change in scores for 18% of the subjects led to their reclassification as nonhandicapped. Gains in reading and mathematics for those 52 whose classifications changed were significantly higher than gains of those 238 whose classifications were the same.
Interpretable and Noninterpretable Female-Male Score Differences on Selected Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scales
Authors: Apostal Robert A.
Published: September 2011

This study classified the differences between scores based on female norms (same-sex scores) and scores based on male norms (other-sex scores) on 12 Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scales in a sample of 87 college women. The same- and other-sex score differences were classified as interpretable (of practical use in guidance) if one score indicated interests similar to those of persons working in the occupation and the other score indicated interests dissimilar to those persons' interests. The score differences were classified as noninterpretable if both scores indicated similar interests or both scores indicated dissimilar interests. There were 224 interpretable score differences on the 12 scales and 820 noninterpretable score differences. These findings were related to the practice of interpreting other-sex scores on Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Occupational Scales.
Sex and Age Differences in Preschool Children's Cooperative Behavior: Partial Support for the Knight/Kagan Hypothesis
Authors: Strein William
Published: September 2011

Although research has traditionally suggested that girls are more cooperative than boys and that younger children are less competitive than older children, Knight and Kagan and others have suggested that individualism is a critical variable in regard to sex and age differences that is often confounded with cooperation and competition. To test this hypothesis, two measures of cooperative behavior were administered to 30 4- and 5-yr.-old children. When interpreted dichotomously (cooperative vs competitive), the results support traditional findings: girls were more cooperative than boys on one measure while younger children were more cooperative than older children on both measures. When interpreted trichotomously (cooperative/individualistic/competitive) partial support emerged for the view that girls are more individualistic than boys.
Effects of Teachers' Marital Status and Child's Family's Marital Status on Teachers' Ratings of a Child
Authors: Goldstein-Hendley Susan , Green Virginia , Evans James R.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were to assess whether knowledge of a child's family's marital status (divorced home/intact home/family status unknown) and/or teachers' marital status (single/divorced) would affect teachers' ratings of that child's personality traits and predicted behaviors. The study also sought to determine whether raters' marital status and knowledge of family background interacted with these teachers' ratings. The subjects were 27 married and 27 divorced teachers of preschool through Grade five. To test the hypotheses, two instruments were employed. The Personality Trait Rating Scale and the Predicted Behavior in School Scale were used by the teachers to rate behaviors of a 5-yr.-old child observed on a videotape. Knowledge of the child's family's marital status had no significant effect on teachers' ratings on either test. Teachers' own marital status had no significant effect on ratings, and no interaction was noted. Contrary to some earlier research, teachers were not biased in their ratings by knowledge of a child's family's marital status. Similarly, married teachers who had not experienced the divorce process themselves were no more positively or negatively biased in their ratings than were the divorced teachers.
Characteristics of the Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale in a Regional Sample
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , McCollum Eric E. , Bugaighis Margaret A. , Jurich Anthony P. , Bollman Stephan R.
Published: September 2011

In a regional sample of 620 families, the four items of the Kansas Family Life Satisfaction Scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability and limited construct validity. As with other satisfaction scales, however, the scale did not manifest a normal distribution of responses. The scale's social desirability characteristics were not assessed and remain unknown.
Trait Anxiety as Related to Two Types of Mediated Teaching Procedures
Authors: Newhouse Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the performance of subjects high and low in anxiety given visual-based vs audio-tutorial instruction ( N = 232 undergraduate social science students). A 3 × 2 factorial analysis of variance indicated that highly anxious students performed equally well in both conditions, while students low in anxiety performed well in the visual-based model. In both treatments subjects were superior to controls.
Note on Reliability of the Teacher Stress Inventory
Authors: Fimian Michael J.
Published: September 2011

The internal consistency, split-half, and test-retest reliabilities of the Teacher Stress Inventory were based on responses of twice tested sample of 49 teachers. Alpha estimates ranged .77 to .90 for the subscales, .91 to .94 for the whole scale, and .83 to .88 for the short forms. Split-half reliabilities in the mid-90s show a strong relationship between the short forms. Test-retest reliabilities ranged .27 to .99 for the subscales and .78 to .98 for the whole scale, indicating stability for the stress factors across 2-hr., 1-day, 1-wk., and 2-wk. intervals.
Academic Senate Members' Knowledge of Federal Requirements for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research
Authors: Tymchuk Alexander J. , Thompson Jeremy H.
Published: September 2011

Although federal protective requirements for human subjects in research exist, it is unknown how knowledgeable individual investigators are about these requirements. The present study was undertaken to determine how much investigators know about legal requirements and what their attitudes are about those. Analysis showed that, although respondents were aware of general requirements, they were not knowledgeable about specific ones. This suggests that programs designed to inform people of research requirements should focus upon specific ones.
Videogame Playing and Psychopathology
Authors: McClure Robert F. , Mears F. Gary
Published: September 2011

The popular press has suggested that video games may cause psychopathology. This study examined the relationship of videogame playing and several psychopathologies. This study found that high-rate videogame playing was not related to neuroticism, several measures of conduct disorders or other measures of pathology measured in this study. Frequent videogame players do not act out more often or have more drug- or school-related problems than infrequent players. Frequent players did seem to be more extraverted and to be less achievement-oriented than infrequent players. Videogame playing is probably an escapist or fun activity and did not seem to be related to psychopathology.
Validation of an Analogue Measure of Social Skills in Children
Authors: Rinn Roger C. , Priest Maxine , Barnhart David L. , Markle Allan
Published: September 2011

Analogue assessment offers a promising avenue for determining social skills of children. However, data regarding the validity of such assessment have been lacking. In the present study, the validity of a simplified analogue system was examined. First, scores on the analogue system were obtained from responses of 24 third-grade children. Then four sociometric measures (peer ratings of play and work, positive and negative peer nominations) were administered. Correlations (.48 to .65) between the analogue and sociometric measures were significant, supporting the validity of the analogue system. Implications for future research were discussed.
Empathy and the Experiencing of Loneliness
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

The subjects were 39 students of psychology (5 men and 34 women). Empathy was measured by the modified Mehrabian and Epstein emotional empathy scale and loneliness by open-ended questions. Scores on empathy correlated slightly and positively with loneliness which was experienced positively and correlated negatively with loneliness when experienced negatively. Objective loneliness is not necessarily subjective loneliness. When evaluating loneliness the subjective personal view has the greatest value. The data are too limited to allow broader generalizations.
Older Adolescents' Differential Expectations of Infants' Development
Authors: Gullo Dominic F. , Paludi Michele A.
Published: September 2011

A 56-item questionnaire concerning infants' development was administered to 239 older adolescents (119 males, 120 females) to determine their understanding of the emergence of motor, cognitive, language, and personal-social behaviors. Analyses of variance indicated that subjects deviated significantly farther from the normative score on their expectations for cognitive and personal behaviors than on motor or language behaviors. Infants' perceived sex did not contribute to any over-all significant differences in their ratings.
Computerized Clinical Practice: Promises and Shortcomings
Authors: Murphy John W. , Pardeck John T.
Published: September 2011

Technology is inundating every aspect of modern society, and clinical practice is no exception. Computer programs are currently available that conduct intake interviews, monitor treatment plans, administer, score, and interpret clinical instruments, and conduct actual therapy sessions. A survey of these applications is provided. Technologically generated knowledge may be objective but socially insensitive, because data must be conceptualized as “bits” of information. If practitioners are not careful, computers may reify the therapeutic setting. A critique of computer-generated knowledge is offered, along with suggestions pertaining to the proper use of this technology.
Assessing Perceptions of Self and God: Comparison of Prisoners and Normals
Authors: Jolley Jerry C. , Taulbee Steven J.
Published: September 2011

The authors compare samples of college students and prisoners on findings about self-conceptions and how these relate to conceptions of Diety using a cognitive consistency framework. Hypotheses are evaluated and issues identified for further inquiry.
Sensation Seeking in a Female Bulimic Population
Authors: Schumaker Jack F. , Groth-Marnat Gary , Small Linwood , MacAruso Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined sensation seeking as a possible factor in the etiology of bulimia. The Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale was administered to 31 bulimic and 34 nonbulimic females. No significant. differences were found between groups in total sensation seeking or on any of the four subscales: nonbulimic subjects scored slightly to moderately higher in all cases. Findings are discussed in terms of possible differences among individuals in the preonset and postonser stages of this disorder.
Factor Analysis of Internal and External Self-Control Practices for Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Werch Chudley E. , Gorman Dean R.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of specific alcohol-related self-control practices reported by 410 young adults who completed a Self-control Questionnaire, consisting of both internal and external self-control measures, is described. Seven factors were extracted from the external self-control items including Rate Control, Self-reinforcement and Punishment, Alternatives, Avoidance, Limiting Driving and Cash, Controlling Time and Food, and Awareness. Three factors emerged from the internal self-control items including Impairment, Relaxation, and Anxiousness. These specific groupings of external and internal self-control variables should be empirically tested for their utility as interventions aimed at moderating the alcohol consumption of young adults.
On the Psychometric Properties of a Scale to Measure Leadership Substitutes
Authors: Childers Terry L. , Dubinsky Alan J. , Gencturk Esra
Published: September 2011

Researchers in organizational behavior posit that supervisors can influence subordinates' affective and behavioral responses. Certain individual, task, and organizational characteristics, however, may serve to substitute for, neutralize, or supplement a manager's influence on employees' job responses: these characteristics are referred to as “substitutes for leadership.” This paper summarizes the results of an empirical analysis of the psychometric properties of an instrument designed to measure leadership substitutes.
Impact of Relaxation-Training and Cognitive-Therapy on Coronary Patients Post Surgery
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Leith Bert
Published: September 2011

Progressive relaxation training and short-term cognitive psychotherapy were offered to postsurgical coronary patients. Weekly sessions lasting about 2 hr. were offered during a 6-wk. program for individuals who were members of Mended Hearts, Inc. The sessions included teaching patients the fundamentals of progressive relaxation as well as helping them to restructure their beliefs. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that treatment led to a significant increase in self-esteem and a decrease in depression.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XI. The Behavior of Organisms and the Principles of Behavior: Note on a Technique of Historical Analysis
Authors: Knapp Terry J.
Published: September 2011

The yearly sales records of two classics in psychology are compared. Royalty records may be a useful quantitative index for historians.
Frequency of Physical Aggression in Heterosexual and Female Homosexual Dyads
Authors: Brand Pamela A. , Kidd Aline H.
Published: September 2011

75 self-identified heterosexual and 55 self-identified homosexual women between the ages of 19 and 58 yr. completed a 24-item anonymous questionnaire to determine whether men or women were more violently aggressive in the form of attempted or completed rape, physical abuse, or infliction of pain beyond that which was consensual in the practice of sadomasochism in dyadic relationships. z tests for the significance of differences between proportions in analyzing questionnaire data indicated that men committed violent acts against women significantly more often than did women against men, which supports the hypothesis that the frequency of aggressive violence would be significantly higher for heterosexual than in female homosexual dyads. Of 104 incidents of violence, however, 29 acts (28%) were committed by women, which suggests that the nature of the relationship may also be an important variable in dyadic violence. Further research is indicated.