bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Myocardial Reperfusion in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Following Thrombolytic Treatment in Rural Community
Authors: UNTAJA Patcharaporn , SINDHU Siriorn , DAVIDSON Patricia Mary , THOSINGHA Orapan , VIWATWONGKASEM Chukiat
Published: November 2020

This cross-sectional study aims to examine patient and hospital factors contributing to reperfusion following thrombolysis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in rural hospitals in Thailand. Access to reperfusion therapy for STEMI patients in rural areas is increasing in Thailand, yet clinical outcomes vary between settings and are inferior to recommended guidelines. Ten years after the introduction of thrombolytic treatment for rural patients undergoing STEMI, there is still a limited description of factors influencing the outcomes of thrombolytic treatment.
Data were collected from 87 acute STEMI patients who had received thrombolytic treatment in 12 thrombolysis-capable hospitals located in rural areas.  Demographic and clinical characteristics included patient response and treatment seeking behavior, witness response to the patient symptoms, waiting time for treatment, severity of illness, guideline adherence, and thrombolytic reperfusion. The results were: only 31 of 87 patients (35.63 %) received thrombolytic treatment within 30 min after arrival at the hospital. A total of 42 patients (48.28 %) had successful myocardial reperfusion following thrombolytic treatment. Logistic regression analysis revealed that guideline adherence (OR : 1.58 ; 95 % CI : 1.12 - 2.25), severity of illness (OR : 0.77 ; 95 % CI : 0.64 - 0.94), and patient response and treatment seeking behavior (OR : 1.47 ; 95 % CI : 1.01 - 2.04) were predictors of thrombolytic reperfusion. In rural areas, healthcare resources and transfer facilities are limited. Therefore, the improvement of patient awareness is needed. The clinical practice guidelines and consideration of pre-hospital factors should be promoted and the number of thrombolysis-capable hospitals should be increased.
Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Activity of Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra Isolated from Marine Waters of Batangas, Philippines
Authors: CASTRO Arizaldo E. , SALIBAY Cristina C.
Published: November 2020

The ocean boasts untapped novel producers of antibiotic substances in the form of unicellular organisms. One of the newest bioproducers of pharmacologically-significant substances studied for its potential against clinically-significant pathogens is the genus Pseudoalteromonas, a gammaproteobacterial group. This study is a preliminary report detailing the isolation of a Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra species from Philippine marine waters. The isolate coded as PAM-003 was identified as 100 % similar to P. flavipulchra strain NCIMB2033 through 16s rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. PAM-003 was allowed to produce bioactives for 12 days. Afterwards, non-polar products were isolated from the base medium through membrane filtration, organic solvent extraction and rotary evaporation. The crude solution of bioactives injected in sterile discs was used for disc-diffusion assay against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results indicate that PAM-003 demonstrated visually-appreciable zones of inhibition with a mean value of 8 mm. To further describe the antibacterial activity of the isolate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bacterial extract was determined through broth microdilution technique. Results indicate that PAM-003 demonstrated a MIC of 1000 µg/mL against MRSA. Additional investigation on the bioactivity of Philippine isolates from the genus Pseudoalteromonas isolated from highly diverse regions of the country is a considerable initiative for increasing the pipeline of new molecular entities for drug discovery.
Species Composition of Algal Epiphyton of Pink Lotus (Nymphaea pubescens Willd) Found in Laguna de Bay (Philippines)
Authors: ARGUELLES Eldrin De Los Reyes
Published: November 2020

In spite of the fact that epiphytic algae are considered an important component of freshwater ecosystems, our knowledge of their diversity and distribution is still rather poor. Taxonomic study on the composition of epiphytic algae living on submerged leaf and root tissues of macrophyte Nymphaea pubescens Willd, found at Laguna de Bay (Philippines), was conducted. In total, 21 algal taxa were identified: 10 Cyanophyceae, 6 Trebouxiophyceae, and 5 Bacillariophyceae. The taxa described in this study represent 13 orders, 16 families, 18 genera, and 21 species based on the recent combined taxonomical approach. Of these taxa, the occurrence of a rare cyanobacteria, Chroococcus schizodermaticus West, is reported for the first time in the Philippines. One species is also reported here for the first time in the Philippines, based on current taxonomic nomenclature, and this is Cyanothece aeruginosa (Nägeli) Komárek, which is based on the former name of Synechococcus aeruginosus Nägeli. These taxonomic records are considered important basal information in enriching the knowledge about the diversity and habitat distribution of cyanobacteria and microalgae in macrophytes found in freshwater habitats in the Philippines.
Microbiological and Physicochemical Qualities of Moo Som (Traditional Thai Fermented Meat) Inoculated with Lactic Acid Bacteria Starter
Authors: TANGWATCHARIN Pussadee , NITHISANTAWAKHUP Jiraroj , SORAPUKDEE Supaluk
Published: November 2020

The effects of different strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation on the fermentation rates and qualities of moo som, a traditional Thai fermented pork, were evaluated. Lactobacillus plantarum KL102 (spontaneous starter) and L. plantarum TISIR543 (commercial starter) were used as starter cultures in the production of moo som. The decreased amounts of Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms in moo som inoculated with L. plantarum KL102 were at faster rates than those in Moo som inoculated with L. plantarum TISIR543. However, the final products of moo som inoculated with both LAB starters did not find S. aureus or and coliform loadings. Inoculation of both LAB starters could control growth of yeast in samples during fermentation. Furthermore, both starter cultures exhibited a higher rate of fermentation than the control (without inoculum), as demonstrated by the faster rate pH drop and acid production (p < 0.05) during fermentation, while the fermentation of all samples were completed within 3 d. Due to higher acid production rate, texture, and especially hardness, gumminess and chewiness of inoculated moo som were higher than control moo som in the final products (p < 0.05). From the results, the inoculation of LAB starter was more beneficial in color and in overall sensory evaluation (p < 0.05). The overall quality was positively correlated with the color, odor, and texture of moo som (p < 0.01). Based on microbiological and physicochemical qualities and sensory evaluation, KL102 is a potential LAB starter for moo som production.
Effect of Cyanobacteria (Nostoc species) Extracts on Osteogenesis Activities
Authors: CHAMNANPUEN Phatthilakorn , SATITPATIPAN Veena , SIRISATTHA Sophon , MUANGMAN Thanchanok
Published: November 2020

This study focused on osteogenesis activities from Cyanobacteria (Nostoc species), including cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell mineralization with osteoblast cell (MC3T3-E1). The four Nostoc species; N. parmelioides, N punctiforme, N. muscorum and N. paludosum were made axenic and cultured for a month. The ethanolic crude extracts were obtained by maceration extraction; the yield was in the range of 7.00 - 10.00 % (w/w). By using the TLC technique, it was observed that in all of the samples, there were phytochemical bands corresponding with β-carotene and chlorophyll a which were used as standard compounds. As a result, all crude extracts had no toxic effect on osteoblast cells after being incubated for 24 and 48 h with various concentrations (1 - 1,000 µg/mL), although they did not significantly promote osteoblast proliferation. In addition, it was found that 3 crude extracts (N. parmelioides, N punctiforme, and N. paludosum) also promoted osteoblast differentiation significantly after being induced for 9 days. Similarly, there was no difference between the relative cellular mineralization among treatment groups after being induced for 25 days. The potential ethanolic extracts on osteoblast cell differentiation were further partitioned by liquid-liquid partition chromatography (hexane, dichloromethane and aqueous fractions), and were analyzed for osteoblast differentiation with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. All of hexane and dichloromethane fractions from N. parmelioides (181.72±6.75 % and 195.11±3.27 %), N punctiforme (194.34±2.36 % and 168.69±1.08 %), and N. paludosum (191.54±7.66 % and 167.12±9.46 %) had a significantly higher effect of ALP activity than their aqueous fractions. In conclusion, our data suggested that the nonpolar potential major compound, which might correspond with carotenoids (β-carotene, xanthophyll and chlorophyll a) from Nostoc species, exhibited positive effects on osteoblast differentiation by increasing the alkaline phosphatase enzyme.
The Effects of Childbirth Preparation Nursing Intervention Integrating Islamic Praying Program on Duration of Labor and Neonatal Outcomes in Primiparous Muslim Women
Authors: DESMAWATI Desmawati , KONGSUWAN Waraporn , CHATCHAWET Warangkana
Published: November 2020

Fear and anxiety in labor pain may increase the duration of labor (prolonged labor) and is one of the reasons for cesarean section in first time mothers (primiparous women). Prevention could be implemented through a childbirth preparation program with childbirth education on positioning, breathing, stroking, and Islamic praying conducted from pregnancy until labor room with family support. An experimental study design was conducted with 83 participants randomly assigned into an intervention group (n = 41) and control group (n = 42) to examine the effect of nursing interventions integrating an Islamic praying (CPNsIIIP) program on duration of active phase of labor and neonatal outcomes. The experimental group received the usual care and the program from 32 weeks of pregnancy by providing childbirth education then practice it at home every day until childbirth. In the labor room, the women recited 14 verses of the Quran, stroking, positioning during inter contractions, and just breathing during contractions of the active phase of labor at the Bhinneka Bhakti Husada Hospital and Community Health Center Pamulang, Indonesia. The control group received only the usual care. Duration of labor was measured in minutes, and neonatal outcomes were measured using the APGAR (Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration) scale and complication of fetus after birth by collaborating with doctor. An Independent t-test was conducted to determine the between group effect of the program. Findings showed that duration of the active phase of labor was significantly shorter in the experimental group than in the control group after receiving the program (t = 7.51; p = 0.00) and improved the neonatal outcomes, except for the APGAR scores of the babies; at 1 and 5 min, the experimental group were 8.8 ± 0.4 and 8.79 ± 0.4 (p > .05). The program in this study clearly indicated positive effects on shortening of the active phase of labor, with no complications of neonatal outcomes, in primiparous Muslim women.
The Clinical Supervision Process of Nurse Preceptors in Thailand: A Meta-Ethnography Research
Authors: SARNKHAOWKHOM Chawapon , SUWATHANPORNKUL Ittipaat
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to synthesize five graduate theses on nurse preceptors by using the Meta-Ethnography research method. The research findings fell into three steps, as follows: Step 1- Preparing for teaching. Nurse preceptors prepared for their clinical supervision with four sub-steps,  1) preparing for readiness, 2) studying and reviewing the clinical practice and clinical supervision guidelines of the organization, 3) planning and designing a clinical supervision model, and 4) making clinical supervision plans; Step 2- Teaching. This step consisted of seven sub-steps, 1) creating familiarity with the learners, 2) clinical practice orientation, 3) clarifying the performance evaluation criteria, 4) pre-conference, 5) clinical teaching from real situations, 6) post- conference, and 7) improving clinical teaching skills; Step 3- Teaching evaluation. This step consisted of three sub-steps, as follows. 1) self-evaluation by learners, 2) reflection-evaluation by nurse preceptors, and 3) documentation of evaluation by nurse preceptors. Therefore, nursing administrators can implement the results of this research as a process for clinical supervision and develop supervision systems in the nursing organizations to be more effective.
Identification of Growth-related EST-derived Microsatellite Marker in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: CHISHTY Sk Md SaeefUlHoque , CHOTIPUNTU Piyapong , DIREKBUSARAKOM Sataporn , WUTHISUTHIMETHAVEE Suwit
Published: November 2020

This study aimed at investigating growth-related, EST-derived microsatellite markers in Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). The link between alleles and genotypes of these makers was particularly examined, as well as the growth performances of the samples of offspring produced from the broodstocks of 5 different fishery stations in Thailand. A total of 25 families of offspring were reared to observe the growth performance for a period of 83 days. Fish samples in this study were divided into two categories according to average body weight: fast (+SD) and slow (-SD) growth. Then, the fins of the fish samples were employed to perform DNA analysis. From the fast and slow growth evaluations, 3 families, namely F1, F24 (from Chumphon) and F11 (from Petchaburi), were chosen for the association analysis. A total of 30 fishes with 5 samples from fast and slow growth of each family were utilized. Nineteen EST-derived microsatellite markers were used to genotype 30 DNA samples of the fast and slow growth fishes. Out of 19 loci, 14 loci (i.e., OMO392, OMO051, OMO097, OMO072, OMO327, OMO277, OMO122, OMO193, OMO198, OMO200, OMO335, OMO374, OMO049, and OMO069) were found polymorphic. Another 4 loci (i.e., OMO059, OMO068, OMO315, and OMO337) were observed as monomorphic. Based on the genotype data, there appeared to indicate a strong, significant relationship between allele and growth of the A3 allele of OMO392 locus in the fast growth group. However, no significant genotypes regarding 19 EST-microsatellite were found to be related with growth. This study suggests that the identified allele A3, which has designated the growth hormone related EST-derived microsatellite primer OMO392, can potentially be used to facilitate marker-assisted selection regarding the fast growth of O. niloticus.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antitumor Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticle from Agaricus bisporus Pileus, Basidiomycota
Authors: OWAID Mustafa Nadhim , NAEEM Ghassan Adnan , MUSLIM Rasim Farraj , OLEIWI Raheel Saeed
Published: November 2020

The object of this study is to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles from Agaricus bisporus pileus extracts and their applications. Agaricus bisporus-mediated synthesis of AgNPs was characterized using changing the color solution, UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, AFM, SPM, FTIR spectrum, XRD, and EDS analyses. The change of the mixture color of 10-3 M AgNO3 with the watery extract of fresh A. bisporus caps from colorless to brown color is an indicator for the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The UV-Visible spectrum exhibits the absorption peak at 418 nm. The FTIR spectra exhibited that the structures of amino acids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols in the crude extract of A. bisporus are not affected because of the joining and interaction of their functional groups with silver ions, and act as reducing and capping agents to the biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles. SEM and EDS refer to the formation of AgNPs with irregular or spherical shapes. The XRD pattern exhibits face-centered cubic (fcc) silver nanocrystals, with crystalline AgNPs size of 43.9 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs play a suitable role against mouse cell line, which has receptors for polioviruses (L20B). After exposure of the colloid AgNPs to UV radiation (256 nm), the absorption band transferred from 418 nm to 435 nm, indicating that UV rays affect on physical properties of AgNPs. Roughness average of the biosynthesized AgNPs from A. bisporus caps is 15.4 nm, but the roughness is increased after UV irradiation for 1 h to average 33.6 nm. Histograms of particle size distribution of AgNPs show the average of AgNPs is 103.57 nm, while the size of nanoparticles reaches 69.47 nm after exposure to UV radiation of 256 nm. The use of UV radiation leads to enhanced characteristics of silver nanoparticles.
Quality Assessment and In Vitro Anti-diabetic Activity of Thunbergia laurifolia Stems and Leaves
Authors: HONGSING Parichart , PALANUVEJ Chanida , RUANGRUNGSI Nijsiri
Published: November 2020

The study aimed to evaluate pharmacognostic parameters for standardization of raw materials, Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. (family: Thunbergiaceae) stems and leaves, as well as their active phytochemical (rosmarinic acid) contents. The antidiabetic potential was evaluated by yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activity using p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside as substrate. Dried stems and leaves of Thunbergia laurifolia were collected from 15 different locations in Thailand. The microscopic anatomical and histological characteristics of stem and leaf were illustrated. The physico-chemical contents, including loss on drying, acid-insoluble ash, total ash, ethanol-soluble extractives, water-soluble extractives, and moisture of dried stems and leaves, were established. TLC-densitometry of rosmarinic acid in dried T. laurifolia stems and leaves were developed and revealed contents of 0.120 ± 0.079 and 0.291 ± 0.150 g per 100 g, respectively. Similarly, TLC-image analysis by ImageJ showed contents of 0.127 ± 0.094 and 0.303 ± 0.162 g per 100 g respectively (p > 0.05). Both quantitative TLC demonstrated their validity due to specificity, accuracy, repeatability, intermediate precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and robustness. The antidiabetic potential of rosmarinic acid, T. laurifolia leaf and stem ethanolic extracts, and acarbose (positive control) exhibited IC50 of 0.31, 0.80, 5.89, and 1.48 mg/ml, respectively.
Mechanical Properties and Cost-Minimized Design of 6-liter PET Bottle Using Finite Element Method
Authors: THONGKAEW Kunlapat , NAEMSAI Thanwit
Published: November 2020

Over the years, plastic water bottle manufacturing, especially PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) bottle has been steadily increasing due to its toughness, transparency, and chemical properties. However, most manufacturers have to spare time, and cost, verifying their prototypes in accordance to the Thai Industrial Standard (TIS) before any mass production can start. This paper aims to overcome some of these problems by using Finite Element Method (FEM) to study bottle mechanical properties, particularly maximum stress and deformation that can be employed to evaluate performance and optimal thickness. From simulation results the optimal thickness of a 6-liter bottle, that its maximum stress can still be kept under critical value, is 0.45 mm. The thinner and lighter bottle reduces the amount of material usage. The FEM simulation also speeds up and alleviates some necessary testing procedures in a prototype designing process.
Molecular Interactions and Binding Free Energy of Polydopamine and Methylene Blue: A DFT Study
Authors: SRIPHUMRAT Kunlanat , THONGSAMAI Phattaraporn , CHAIRAT Montra , SAENSUK Pilan , KUNGWAN Nawee , DOKMAISRIJAN Supaporn
Published: November 2020

Polydopamine (PDA) is a kind of mussel-inspired material. It has been applied as a coating and an adsorbent material. As an adsorbent, the PDA microspheres were used to remove methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution. It was reported that the efficiency of the PDA adsorbent depends on the pH of the solution. Furthermore, in a pH range of 3 - 10, the hydroxyl and amine functional groups of PDA can be either protonated or deprotonated. The change of the net charge of PDA can affect the intermolecular interactions between PDA and MB. It was proposed that both of the electrostatic and p-p interactions should be dominant in the acidic and basic solutions. Therefore, the structural properties and intermolecular interactions of the PDA-MB complex should be investigated. Such an investigation can be useful for the improvement of the PDA microspheres for the other dyes. To get insight into the roles of PDA structure and its role as an interesting adsorbent for MB, the PDA-MB complex formation was carried out at pH 7. The PDA dimers which have six possible structures were selected. The optimization of all PDA dimers and MB was performed in the gas phase at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculations. After that, the complex formation of the optimized PDA dimers and MB was performed using the AutoDock Vina V1.1.2. The binding free energy of the PDA dimers and MB was in a range of -3.2 to -3.7 kcal/mol, which indicated that the binding of PDA dimer and MB is spontaneous. The results showed that the p-p interaction between PDA dimer and MB plays a crucial role in the complex formation. Likewise, the sandwich-like structures of the complexes are more stable than the twisted structures.
“Costuma fornecer a diversas pessoas drogas abortivas”: o ofício das parteiras, disputas profissionais e sociabilidades femininas (Porto Alegre, RS, Primeira República)
Authors: Moreira Paulo Roberto Staudt , Witter Nikelen Acosta
Published: November 2020

O artigo versa sobre o ofício das parteiras, sua importância social, as disputas por clientela e as sociabilidades femininas que giravam em torno deste exercício profissional. A parteira era uma presença limite entre a vida e a morte, entre um bom parto e um desfecho indesejado. Era ela que trazia a criança ao mundo, cortava o cordão umbilical, cuidava da mulher que acabara de parir, limpava o recém-nascido, providenciava (às vezes, no próprio pátio da casa dos pais) o enterro do natimorto, batizava os nascidos in periculo mortis, amadrinhava os sobreviventes. A análise dessa trabalhadora da saúde usa documentos judiciários como observatórios sociais e através deles maneja o cruzamento com outras fontes, procurando as experiências sociais das agentes ali presentes, tanto no exercício do ofício como recebendo atendimentos diversos. Parte das mulheres que aparecem neste artigo, se consultando ou usando efetivamente os serviços das parteiras, são trabalhadoras do serviço doméstico, assim, também versaremos sobre questões desse universo laboral. O lócus de nossa pesquisa é a cidade de Porto Alegre, capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, na parte mais meridional do Brasil.
The effectiveness of a formal curriculum in teaching mass casualty management
Authors: Risavi, DO, MS, FACEP, FAAEM, FACOEP, CEMSO, PHP Brian L. , McLaughlin, DO, PHP Barrett , Stuart, DO, PHP Dustin , Holsten, BS, NRP, FP-C Donald L. , Terrell, EdD Mark A.
Published: November 2020

Objective: To improve knowledge, skills, and confidence in mass casualty management through design and implementation of a formal educational curriculum.Design: Observational study using a mixed-methods formal educational training curriculum. Setting: Rural Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system in Pennsylvania. Subjects/participants: Convenience sample of 141 licensed EMS providers.Interventions: Formal educational curriculum using a computerized mass casualty scenario, lectures, hands-on skill stations, post-intervention participant satisfaction survey, knowledge retention at three- and six-month post curriculum.Results: The formal curriculum resulted in an improvement in scene size-up, incident command system (ICS) set-up, and medical management of 12 percent, 27 percent, and 26 percent, respectively. Average scores on the written component evaluating mass casualty incident (MCI) management and knowledge of test patient triage were 84 percent and 74 percent, respectively. Knowledge recall at three- and six-month post-training was highly retained as test scores were generally unchanged from the time of the educational session. Course and instructor evaluations by participants reflected a high degree of satisfaction (scoring five on a five-point Likert scale).Conclusions: The formal curriculum was effective in improving the knowledge, skills, and confidence of mass casualty management. Although traditional educational methods tend to show decreases in long-term knowledge retention, the mixed active learning strategies used in this curriculum resulted in high level retention since short and long-term test scores were similar and unchanged over time. Additionally, this curriculum was perceived by participants as highly satisfactory toward their knowledge and skill development.
Laser to fight fire?
Authors: Moustafa, PhD Khaled
Published: November 2020

Wildfires spread as long as burnable organic matters fuel them, such as grasses and trees. When there is nothing more to burn, fires will put out naturally. Here, I would propose to fight “fire by fire” or by Laser using specific Laser devices to immediately and punctually carbonize a narrow zone in front of crawling wildfires to create a protective area that will stop fires from further propagation when the fire reaches the Laser-carbonized zone. Empirical studies will be required to determine the best conditions of Laser intensity, wavelength, and period of Laser irradiation that would be required to only carbonize organic matters in narrow targeted zone without spreading fire further.
Volume 18, Number 5
Authors: Emergency Management Journal of
Published: November 2020

September/October 2020
Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3
Authors: Kurokawa Junichi , Ohara Toshimasa
Published: November 2020

Abstract. A long-term historical emission inventory of air and
climate pollutants in East, Southeast, and South Asia during 1950–2015 was developed as the Regional Emission inventory in ASia version 3 (REASv3).
REASv3 provides details of emissions from major anthropogenic sources for
each country and its sub-regions and also provides monthly gridded data with
0.25∘ × 0.25∘ resolution. The average total
emissions in Asia during 1950–1955 and during 2010–2015 (growth rates in these 60 years estimated from the two averages) are as follows: SO2: 3.2 Tg,
42.4 Tg (13.1); NOx: 1.6 Tg, 47.3 Tg (29.1); CO: 56.1 Tg, 303 Tg (5.4);
non-methane volatile organic compounds: 7.0 Tg, 57.8 Tg (8.3); NH3: 8.0 Tg, 31.3 Tg (3.9); CO2: 1.1 Pg, 18.6 Pg (16.5) (CO2 excluding
biofuel combustion 0.3 Pg, 16.8 Pg (48.6)); PM10: 5.9 Tg, 30.2 Tg
(5.1); PM2.5: 4.6 Tg, 21.3 Tg (4.6); black carbon: 0.69 Tg, 3.2 Tg
(4.7); and organic carbon: 2.5 Tg, 6.6 Tg (2.7). Clearly, all the air
pollutant emissions in Asia increased significantly during these 6 decades, but situations were different among countries and regions. Due to
China's rapid economic growth in recent years, its relative contribution to
emissions in Asia has been the largest. However, most pollutant species
reached their peaks by 2015, and the growth rates of other species were found to be reduced or almost zero. On the other hand, air pollutant emissions
from India showed an almost continuous increasing trend. As a result, the
relative ratio of emissions of India to that of Asia has increased recently. The trend observed in Japan was different from the rest of Asia.
In Japan, emissions increased rapidly during the 1950s–1970s, which
reflected the economic situation of the period; however, most emissions
decreased from their peak values, which were approximately 40 years ago, due
to the introduction of control measures for air pollution. Similar features
were found in the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. In the case of other Asian countries, air pollutant emissions generally showed an increase along with
economic growth and motorization. Trends and spatial distribution of air
pollutants in Asia are becoming complicated. Data sets of REASv3, including table of emissions by countries and sub-regions for major sectors and fuel
types, and monthly gridded data with 0.25∘ × 0.25∘ resolution for major source categories are available through
the following URL: https://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/index.html (last access: 31 October 2020).
Identification and Source Attribution of Organic Compounds in
Ultrafine Particles near Frankfurt International Airport
Authors: Ungeheuer Florian , van Pinxteren Dominik , Vogel Alexander L.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Analysing the composition of ambient ultrafine particles (UFP) is a challenging task due to the low mass and chemical complexity of small particles, yet it is a prerequisite for the identification of particle sources and the assessment of potential health risks. Here, we show the molecular characterization of UFP, based on cascade impactor (Nano-MOUDI) samples that were collected at an air quality monitoring station nearby one of Europe's largest airports in Frankfurt, Germany. At this station, particle-size-distribution measurements show enhanced number concentration of particles smaller than 50 nm during airport operating hours. We sampled the lower UFP fraction (0.010–0.018 μm; 0.018–0.032 μm; 0.032–0.056 μm) when the air masses arrived from the airport. We developed an optimized filter extraction procedure, used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) for compound separation, and a heated electrospray ionization (HESI) source with an Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS) as a detector for organic compounds. A non-target screening detected ~200 organic compounds in the UFP fraction with sample-to-blank ratios larger than five. We identified the largest signals as homologous series of pentaerythritol esters (PEE) and trimethylolpropane esters (TMPE), which are base stocks of aircraft lubrication oils. We unambiguously attribute the majority of detected compounds to jet engine lubrication oils by matching retention times, high-resolution/accurate mass (HR/AM) measurements, and comparing MS/MS fragmentation patterns between both ambient samples and commercially available jet oils. For each UFP stage, we created molecular fingerprints to visualize the complex chemical composition of the organic fraction and their average carbon oxidation state. These graphs underline the presence of the homologous series of PEE and TMPE, and the appearance of jet oil additives (e.g. tricresyl phosphate (TCP)). Targeted screening on TCP confirmed the absence of the harmful tri-ortho isomer, while we identified a thermal transformation product of TMPE-based lubrication oil (trimethylolpropane phosphate (TMP-P)). Even though a quantitative determination of the identified compounds is limited, the presented method enables the qualitative detection of molecular markers for jet engine lubricants in UFP and thus strongly improves the source apportionment of UFP near airports.
Climate simulations and pollen data reveal the distribution and connectivity of temperate tree populations in eastern Asia during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Leroy Suzanne Alice Ghislaine , Arpe Klaus , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Wu Jing
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Publications on temperate deciduous tree refugia in Europe are abundant, but
little is known about the patterns of temperate tree refugia in eastern
Asia, an area where biodiversity survived Quaternary glaciations and which
has the world's most diverse temperate flora. Our goal is to compare climate
model simulations with pollen data in order to establish the location of
glacial refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Limits in
which temperate deciduous trees can survive are taken from the literature.
The model outputs are first tested for the present by comparing climate
models with published modern pollen data. As this method turned out to be
satisfactory for the present, the same approach was used for the LGM.
Climate model simulations (ECHAM5 T106), statistically further downscaled,
are used to infer the temperate deciduous tree distribution during the LGM.
These were compared with available fossil temperate tree pollen occurrences. The impact of the LGM on the eastern Asian climate was much weaker than on
the European climate. The area of possible tree growth shifts only by about
2∘ to the south between the present and the LGM. This contributes
to explaining the greater biodiversity of forests in eastern Asia compared to
Europe. Climate simulations and the available, although fractional, fossil
pollen data agree. Therefore, climate estimations can safely be used to fill
areas without pollen data by mapping potential refugia distributions. The
results show two important areas with population connectivity: the Yellow
Sea emerged shelf and the southern Himalayas. These two areas were suitable
for temperate deciduous tree growth, providing corridors for population
migration and connectivity (i.e. less population fragmentation) in glacial
periods. Many tree populations live in interglacial refugia, not glacial
ones. The fact that the model simulation for the LGM fits so well with
observed pollen distribution is another indication that the model used is
good enough to also simulate the LGM period.
ARIOS: a database for ocean acidification assessment in the Iberian upwelling system (1976–2018)
Authors: Padin Xosé Antonio , Velo Antón , Pérez Fiz F.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. A data product of 17 653 discrete samples from 3343 oceanographic stations
combining measurements of pH, alkalinity and other biogeochemical parameters
off the northwestern Iberian Peninsula from June 1976 to September 2018 is
presented in this study. The oceanography cruises funded by 24 projects were
primarily carried out in the Ría de Vigo coastal inlet but also in an area ranging
from the Bay of Biscay to the Portuguese coast. The robust seasonal cycles
and long-term trends were only calculated along a longitudinal section,
gathering data from the coastal and oceanic zone of the Iberian upwelling
system. The pH in the surface waters of these separated regions, which were
highly variable due to intense photosynthesis and the remineralization of
organic matter, showed an interannual acidification ranging from −0.0012
to −0.0039 yr−1 that grew towards the coastline. This result
is obtained despite the buffering capacity increasing in the coastal waters
further inland as shown by the increase in alkalinity by 1.1±0.7 and 2.6±1.0 µmol kg−1 yr−1 in
the inner and outer Ría de Vigo respectively, driven by interannual changes in the
surface salinity of 0.0193±0.0056 and 0.0426±0.016 psu yr−1 respectively. The loss of the vertical salinity
gradient in the long-term trend in the inner ria was consistent with other
significant biogeochemical changes such as a lower oxygen concentration and
fertilization of the surface waters. These findings seem to be related to a
growing footprint of sediment remineralization of organic matter in the
surface layer of a more homogeneous water column. Data are available at https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/12498
(Pérez et al., 2020).
El movimiento de desocupados de Argentina: Entre la gestión colectiva de políticas neoliberales y la gestión colectiva de la vida
Authors: Manzano Virginia
Published: November 2020

En este artículo analizo el campo de relaciones que se abrió con el movimiento de desocupados en Argentina. Con la base en una etnografía sobre los momentos extraordinarios de la protesta y el ritmo de la vida cotidiana, describo los lenguajes para la controversia y los lugares disponibles para los movimientos colectivos. Además, abordo los lenguajes de la lucha para considerar cómo las experiencias de riesgo fundan prácticas colectivas de contención, cuidado y afecto. Sostengo que el movimiento de desocupados convirtió a los desempleados en sujetos de políticas neoliberales, en tanto comenzó a gestionar colectivamente programas de transferencia condicionada de ingreso con los cuales el Estado respondió a la movilización. Sin embargo, ese vínculo era desbordado por prácticas de contención que tenían como centro a la vida. Con ello, pretendo contribuir a una mejor comprensión de la relación entre movimientos sociales y Estado y a los debates sobre autonomía.
La protección de la dignidad de la persona humana en el contexto de la pandemia del Covid-19
Authors: Miranda Gonçalves Rubén
Published: November 2020

Si todos los derechos humanos son universales, pues todos somos iguales ante la ley y tenemos los mismos derechos e igual protección, ¿cómo es posible que en la situación actual de pandemia a raíz del COVID-19, se estén vulnerando derechos humanos como la dignidad, la vida o la igualdad de determinados colectivos vulnerables, entre otros? Determinados gobiernos, actuando de forma desproporcionada y arbitraria, han negado el acceso a respiradores a las personas mayores, dejándoles morir. A lo largo de este capítulo analizaremos el derecho humano a la dignidad de la persona y su violación en relación con la pandemia del COVID-19.
Tutela administrativa efetiva do direito de acesso à água potável no Brasil: o reconhecimento de um direito humano fundamental
Authors: Gorczevski Clovis , Capuano Irigaray Micheli
Published: November 2020

O acesso à água potável apresenta-se como preocupação nas últimas décadas pelo crescimento populacional e utilização inadequada dos recursos hídricos, emergindo a necessidade de superação desse paradigma. A problemática reside: quais os desafios para implementação de uma tutela administrativa efetiva nas políticas públicas de acesso à água potável como reconhecimento de um direito humano fundamental no Brasil? Metodologicamente adota-se a teoria sistêmico-complexa, método dedutivo e pesquisa bibliográfica. Com fundamento nos princípios de sustentabilidade, solidariedade e dignidade da pessoa humana, foi verificado que para o adequado gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos há a necessidade de uma tutela administrativa efetiva das políticas públicas para garantir o acesso à água potável de forma igualitária, integral e espontânea.
State Opera House - upgrading
Authors: Christianson John
Published: November 2020

The Local Government Act allows local bodies to take powers requiring building owners to upgrade masonry buildings to a reasonable level of seismic capacity.

The State Opera House is one such building. The theatre was built in 1913 and allows for seating for 1300 patrons  on three levels. The building is of  brick construction with walls up to 685mm thick and 23,000mm high without intermediate support. Although the Wellington City Council generally requires buildings to achieve two thirds of the standard laid down by NZS 1900 Chap. 8:1965 the  City Engineer requested that the Opera House be upgraded to full compliance with that standard. As a preliminary to detail design, tests were made on brick beam samples to determine what quality of brickwork existed within the building and what levels of stress could be reliably used in panel configurations.  From these tests we determined a bond strength of 0.1MPa in mortar joints and F’c (Brick) 10MPa. This investigation was coupled with an extensive structural survey to supplement the meagre amound  of information from drawings and original specification.
Wat betekent de (nieuwe) Bekendmakingswet voor het (nieuwe) omgevingsrecht?
Authors: Gierveld H.A.J. (Henk)
Published: November 2020

Wat betekent de (nieuwe) Bekendmakingswet voor het (nieuwe) omgevingsrecht?

In de nieuwe Wet elektronische publicaties en het onderliggende Besluit elektronische publicaties is een bepaling die het aanbieden van een geconsolideerde versie van algemeen verbindende voorschriften verplicht. De huidige uitzondering voor algemeen verbindende voorschriften in ruimtelijke besluiten, zoals het bestemmingsplan, komt te vervallen. Auteur behandelt de gevolgen van de verplichting om een geconsolideerde versie aan te bieden van ruimtelijke besluiten en met name het omgevingsplan.
De stand van de stelselherziening: de wettelijke basis voltooid
Authors: de Vos H.W. (Wilco)
Published: November 2020

De stand van de stelselherziening: de wettelijke basis voltooid

In dit artikel wordt een stand van zaken gegeven van de stelselherziening omgevingsrecht. Het bevat een kort overzicht van de parlementaire behandeling en een vooruitblik op het vervolg van de stelselherziening in het najaar van 2020.
Afbakening van de Seveso-inrichting in het Bal in strijd met Europese regelgeving?
Authors: de Vries M. (Machteld)
Published: November 2020

Afbakening van de Seveso-inrichting in het Bal in strijd met Europese regelgeving?

In dit artikel wordt het nieuwe ‘inrichtingenbegrip’ uit de Omgevingswet afgezet tegen de Seveso-III-richtlijn.
Analyzing the IPv6 Deployment Process in Palestine
Authors:   Arab American University Department of Computer Science, Jenin - Palestine P.O Box 240 Jenin, 13 Zababdeh, Palestine, Abdalaziz Yazan W. , Hamarsheh Ala
Published: November 2020

This paper is to examine the IPv6 in Palestine and to examine where are Palestinian companies in the deployment process. Also, to examine if the infrastructure can withstand the transition to IPv6 or not. This study used quantitative research methods and collect the data through a survey from the Internet companies in Palestine as reported anonymously. Due to the lack of research related to the internet in Palestine, we saw that it is necessary to discover the internet companies and how much they achieved of the deployment process. The collected data have been analyzed and described using SPSS. The data analysis showed that one internet company representing 11% of the companies in Palestine did apply the transition process to IPv6, and the percentages have set a positive indicator for the transition process. It turns out that the other companies on their way to start deploying the IPv6.
Construction of novel ferroelectric topological structures and their structural characteristics at sub-angström level
Authors: Wang Yu-Jia , Geng Wan-Rong , Tang Yun-Long , Zhu Yin-Lian , Ma Xiu-Liang ,   Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China,   School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang 110016, China
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the recent progress of ferroelectric topologies is briefly reviewed with the emphasis on the important role of state-of-the-art aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy in revealing the topological features in nanoscale ferroelectric materials. By identifying the ion displacement at a sub-angström level, the corresponding polarization distribution can be determined which uncovers the characteristics of topological structures. The formation mechanisms of ferroelectric topological structures and their evolutions under external fields are summarized from the perspective of strain, screening, and external fields for two prototypical ferroelectric materials, PbTiO3 and BiFeO3. For the PbTiO3, its topological structures such as flux-closures, vortices, bubbles, skyrmions, and merons can be well demonstrated in a thickness-strain-screening phase diagram, which could be a guideline for better understanding the topological structures and also for the future exploration. For BiFeO3, its topological structures reported are classified as two categories: one is the unscreened topological structure such as vortices and the other is the screened topological structure (center-type domains). Finally, we present the prospects for the future development of the ferroelectric topologies.
Characteristics of ternary photodetectors based on benzodithiophene polymers
Authors: An Tao , Xue Jia-Wei , Wang Yong-Qiang ,   College of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
Published: November 2020

In this paper, P3HT∶PTB7∶PC61BM is used as an active layer to prepare a ternary heterojunction organic photodetector covering the visible light range. The effects of PTB7 added to P3HT∶PC61BM system on the optical and electrical properties of organic photodetectors (OPDs) are studied by atomic force microscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. It is found that when the mass ratio of P3HT∶PTB7∶PC61BM is 8∶2∶10, the response spectrum of the ternary mixed layer extends to 780 nm, and the responsivity (R) of OPDs reaches 178, 291, and 241 mA/W respectively under 630, 530, and 460 nm light and –1 V bias, and the specific detection rate (D*) reaches 1012 Jones, and the above results are compared with the research group’s previous results about P3HT∶PBDT-TT-C∶PC61BM as the active layer of ternary organic photodetector. The phenomenon of the device performance gap caused by adding two polymers PTB7 and PBDT-TT-C based on benzo[1, 2-b∶4, 5-b]dithiophene (BDT) units into the same system P3HT∶PC61BM is analyzed. The effect of PTB7 on the micro-morphology of the mixed film due to the introduction of fluorine atoms and the reason for the increase in the mobility of photogenerated carriers in the film are explained. This OPD with better preparation performance provides a theoretical basis and method.
Reconstruction of natural images from responses of primate retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Brackbill Nora , Rhoades Colleen , Kling Alexandra , Shah Nishal P , Sher Alexander , Litke Alan M , Chichilnisky EJ
Published: November 2020

The visual message conveyed by a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is often summarized by its spatial receptive field, but in principle also depends on the responses of other RGCs and natural image statistics. This possibility was explored by linear reconstruction of natural images from responses of the four numerically-dominant macaque RGC types. Reconstructions were highly consistent across retinas. The optimal reconstruction filter for each RGC – its visual message – reflected natural image statistics, and resembled the receptive field only when nearby, same-type cells were included. ON and OFF cells conveyed largely independent, complementary representations, and parasol and midget cells conveyed distinct features. Correlated activity and nonlinearities had statistically significant but minor effects on reconstruction. Simulated reconstructions, using linear-nonlinear cascade models of RGC light responses that incorporated measured spatial properties and nonlinearities, produced similar results. Spatiotemporal reconstructions exhibited similar spatial properties, suggesting that the results are relevant for natural vision.
Effects of food hydrocolloids on quality attributes of extruded red Jasmine rice noodle
Authors: Kraithong Supaluck , Rawdkuen Saroat
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to examine the quality characteristics of extruded red Jasmine rice flour (RJF) noodle that had been prepared with hydrocolloids, namely guar gum (GG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and xanthan gum (XG) at the concentrations of 0.0 (control sample), 0.2, and 0.4% (w/w), respectively. The use of hydrocolloids had no effect on total phenolic contents, antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), color, and X-ray diffraction patterns (p > 0.05). In contrast, the hydrocolloids tended to increase the expansion ration of the noodle. GG and CMC improved cooking, textural, and sensory properties. Ultimately, 0.2%-GG showed the lowest cooking loss (5.07%) when compared with others. Moreover, it also provided the noodle with better textural properties such as tensile strength, extensibility, hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness (p < 0.05). For these reasons, the highest acceptability (6.75) for the noodle was achieved with GG02. XG resulted in lower overall acceptability (5.05), particularly the 0.4%-XG recipe (p < 0.05). Thus, usage of 0.2%-GG was the best option for improving the qualities of extruded RJF noodle. XG was deemed ineffective for improving the noodle.