bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAPACIDADE DE ABSORÇÃO E INOVAÇÃO EM EMPRESAS DE PEQUENO PORTE
Authors: Paternolli Andréia , Cancellier Everton Luis Pellizzaro de Lorenzi
Published: May 2017

Neste estudo o objetivo foi analisar a capacidade de absorção de conhecimento de pequenas empresas para inovar em produtos e serviços. Uma forma de a empresa obter vantagem competitiva e garantir sustentabilidade é por meio da inovação, que por sua vez encontra na capacidade de absorção rotinas que facilitam a aquisição, a assimilação, a transformação e a explotação do conhecimento, dimensões sugeridas por Zahra e George (2002). A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada foi qualitativa com entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas com os empreendedores e colaboradores das empresas. Os resultados demonstram que essas empresas buscam conhecimento no ambiente externo para aplicar em seu processo produtivo, demonstrando o uso das quatro dimensões propostas por Zahra e George (2002); e destacam a importância dos fatores complementares conhecimento prévio, eventos ativadores e integração social na capacidade de absorção das pequenas empresas estudadas.
Kajian Peluang Kerjasama Pemerintah Swasta (Kps) Dalam Penyediaan Infrastruktur Di Pelabuhan Tanjung Emas Semarang
Authors: Aryani Desy Yuli , Rahdriawan Mardwi -
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT Port infrastructure in the transport system is a valuable asset for the national economy in order to face the globalization of free trade. Problems of provision of port infrastructure constraints in general is a factor financing. One of the government's efforts to overcome the problems in the provision of infrastructure financing is through the Public Private Partnership (PPP). This research was conducted in order to determine the opportunities and constraints of PPP implementation in the provision of port infrastructure by Master Plan Tanjung Emas Semarang. This study used a qualitative approach with a qualitative descriptive analysis techniques conducted on the characteristics of the PPP, the perception of government and stakeholders, as well as regulatory and institutional policies related to the implementation of the PPP. From this research it is known that in the construction and development of the port of Tanjung Emas does not currently use the PPP scheme because of the ownership status of Tanjung Emas port assets that are still in data collection, and a lack of understanding of the parties implementing the PPP. But the chances of implementing a PPP scheme is still possible in the area of ownership of assets remain below the government. Keyword: opportunities, constrains, PPP, infrastructure, port ABSTRAK Infrastruktur pelabuhan dalam sistem transportasi merupakan aset berharga bagi perekonomian nasional dalam rangka menghadapi globalisasi perdagangan bebas. Kendala permasalahan penyediaan infrastruktur pelabuhan pada umumnya adalah faktor pembiayaan. Salah satu upaya pemerintah untuk mengatasi permasalahan pembiayaan dalam penyediaan infrastruktur adalah melalui program Kerjasama Pemerintah Swasta (KPS). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui peluang dan kendala pelaksanaan KPS dalam penyediaan infrastruktur pelabuhan berdasarkan Rencana Induk Pelabuhan Tanjung Emas Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan teknik analisis deskriptif kualitatif yang dilakukan terhadap karakteristik KPS, persepsi pemerintah dan stakeholder, serta peraturan dan kebijakan kelembagaan terkait pelaksanaan KPS. Dari hasil penelitian tersebut diketahui bahwa dalam pembangunan dan pengembangan pelabuhan Tanjung Emas pada saat ini tidak menggunakan skema KPS dikarenakan status kepemilikan aset pelabuhan Tanjung Emas yang masih dalam pendataan, dan kurangnya pemahaman pihak-pihak pelaksana KPS. Namun peluang penerapan skema KPS masih mungkin dilakukan pada kawasan yang status kepemilikan asetnya masih berada dibawah pemerintah.
Implementasi Inovasi Kebijakan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Kota Surakarta: Relokasi PKL di Taman Monumen Banjarsari ke Pasar Klitikan Notoharjo
Authors: Wijayanti Lydia
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe relocation of Surakarta City street vendors from Taman Monumen Banjarsari to Pasar KlitikanNotoharjo is one of the innovative urban development policy focusing on cultural values aiming tostrengthen local ingenuity as the city’s economic power. This study examines how the innovative policywas implemented successfully. The study showed that the success of the innovation was due to (1) theinitiative and commitment of the mayor, (2) a shift in the mindset, creating trust in the management ofstreet vendors, (3) bureaucratic reform followed by legislation of supporting documents, (4) continuousand integrated mechanism of implementation, and (5) budget cuts and focus to spending with highimpact to welfare. The creation of the street vendor management manual should assure thesustainability of the innovative policy for the next term of governance.Keywords: sustainable development, innovative policy, government administration
Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan dan Kesesuaiannya terhadap RDTR di Wilayah Peri-Urban Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Mlati
Authors: Eko Trigus , Rahayu Sri
Published: May 2017

Ketidakseimbangan antara demand dan supply lahan sering mendorong perluasan kota ke daerahpinggirannya sehingga mengurangi wilayah pertanian. Hal ini dapat diamati di Kelurahan MlatiYogyakarta yang diklasifikasikan sebagai zobidekot (kawasan didominasi lahan pertanian) tetapi telahkehilangan 301,9 acre wilayah pertaniannya dalam kurun waktu 1996‐2010. Studi ini mengkaji perubahanguna lahan pada masa itu, dan ketidaksesuaian antara pembangunan di lapangan dan dokumen RencanaDetail Tata Ruang. Studi ini menganalisis foto udara dan gambar satelit melalui proses overlay dananalisis input‐output, disertai analisis SWOT atas kebijakan‐kebijakan guna lahan. Hasil menunjukkanbahwa 10,32% guna lahan di Mlati berubah sepanjang kurun waktu tersebut, yang mengakibatkanhilangnya 290,67 acre area pertanian dengan 13,12% diantaranya berubah menjadi permukiman. Namundemikian, 65,9% dari guna lahan disana masih sesuai dengan dokumen perencanaan. Wilayah inikekurangan aspek hukum dalam penerapan kebijakan guna lahannya karena dokumen perencanaanbelum disahkan. Aspek kelembagaan menunjukkan konsistensi dan ketersediaan sumber daya, tetapi adakelemahan dalam implementasi terkait kontrol dan penegakan hukum. Investasi, kebijakan pajak danperubahan guna lahan ilegal menjadi ancaman bagi implementasi kebijakan.Kata kunci : guna lahan, perubahan guna lahan, RDTR Yogyakarta, Kelurahan Mlati
Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Sub-Sistem Drainase Bringin Dalam Menghadapi Banjir
Authors: Waskitaningsih Novida
Published: May 2017

Sistem peringatan dini berbasis masyarakat merupakan salah satu upaya pengurangan risiko bencanabanjir untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan masyarakat menghadapi bencana. Sistem ini mencakuppengurangan tingkat ancaman dan kerentanan masyarakat, disertai penguatan kapasitas masyarakatyang salah satunya terkait kearifan lokal. Pemanfaatan kearifan lokal masyarakat dalam menghadapibanjir memastikan efektifvitas sistem peringatan dini yang akan diterapkan. Artikel inimengidentifikasi kearifan lokal masyarakat di tujuh kelurahan Sub‐sistem Drainase Bringin KotaSemarang untuk memahami kapasitas masyarakat dalam membangun sistem peringatan dini banjirmereka. Pengamatan terhadap metode yang digunakan dalam pemantauan tanda/kemungkinanbanjir, penyampaian informasi, serta evakuasi saat tanggap darurat menunjukkan bahwa masyarakatdi lokasi kajian telah memiliki sistem peringatan dini konvensional namun belum disertai prosedur yangjelas sehingga membuat usaha‐usaha pengurangan risiko bencana cenderung tidak efektif.Kata kunci: upaya pengurangan resiko, sistem peringatan dini, kapasitas masyarakat, kearifan lokal
Keberlangsungan Menetap Penduduk Asli pada Kawasan di Sekitar Kampus UNDIP Tembalang sebagai Permukiman Kota Semarang yang Tergentrifikasi
Authors: Tri Prayoga I Nyoman
Published: May 2017

Kawasan Tembalang, Semarang telah teridentifikasi mengalami gentrifikasi (Prayoga, 2011).Gentrifikasi dipahami sebagai perubahan status sosial‐ekonomi suatu kawasan yang sebelumnya lebihbanyak ditinggali penduduk berpenghasilan rendah yang kemudian tergantikan oleh penduduk yanglebih mampu seiring perkembangan aktivitas dan investasi di kawasan tersebut (Glass, 1963 dalam Gur,2009). Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif studi kasus untuk mengkajikerentanan penduduk asli untuk meninggalkan kawasan ini, serta pola bertahan mereka untuk tetaptinggal di kawasan yang tergentrifikasi di tengah desakan penduduk pendatang yang lebih mampu.Penelitian ini juga mengkaji persepsi penduduk asli terhadap pendatang dan perubahan yang terjadi.Explanatory analysis yang telah dilaksanakan menunjukkan bahwa penduduk setempat menyadaribahwa tempat tinggal memiliki fungsi bermukim dan ekonomi yang strategis. Mereka beradaptasidengan menangkap peluang usaha untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka. Secara umum pendudukasli memahami dampak positif dan negatif dari perubahan di sekitar mereka seiring adanyapendatang, penduduk asli yang pindah, serta transformasi fisik menuju suatu lingkungan kota. Studiini juga mengindikasikan bahwa penduduk asli berusaha menyikapi perubahan tersebut denganbijaksana.Kata Kunci: gentrifikasi; keberlangsungan menetap; penduduk asli; permukiman; social
Der VfGH als politischer Akteur. Konsequenzen eines Judikaturwandels
Authors: Ehs Tamara
Published: May 2017

Wie Verfassungsgerichte grundsätzlich, so erfüllt auch der österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof (VfGH) eine politische Funktion. Deshalb kann die Beschäftigung mit seiner Judikatur nicht nur den Rechtswissenschaften überlassen sein, sondern verlangt einen stärker politikwissenschaftlichen Beitrag. Alltagsbefunde etwa zur „Macht der obersten Richter“ oder zu den „stillen Herrschern“ bedürfen der politologischen Auseinandersetzung. Gerade der seit den 1980ern erfolgte Judikaturwandel im Bereich der Grundrechte trug zu seiner politischen Akzentuierung im Institutionengefüge bei und bewirkte zahlreiche parteipolitische Kontroversen. Denn mit der Grundrechtsprechung greift er offensiver und über die Einzelfallentscheidung hinausgehend – damit einflussreicher –  ins politische Geschehen ein.
Bedrohte Räume Antipluralismus in rechtsextremen bzw. rechtspopulistischen Diskursen in Österreich
Authors: Ajanovic Edma , Mayer Stefanie , Sauer Birgit
Published: May 2017

Der Artikel untersucht antipluralistische Raumkonstruktionen in rechtsextremen Diskursen in Österreich. Durch den Fokus auf umkämpfte Räume werden unterschiedliche frames bzw. Deutungsmuster sichtbar, und es wird deutlich, wie diese genutzt werden, um eine einheitliche und ‚geschlossene’ Landschaft zu konstruieren. Wir zeigen auf, dass den rechten Diskursen die Vorstellung einer nicht-pluralen Gemeinschaft inhärent ist, die sich in den konstruierten Räumen – beispielsweise ‚öffentliche‘ und ‚private‘, ‚eigene’ und ‚andere‘ Räume – widerspiegelt. Unser Artikel arbeitet heraus, wie in den so konstruierten Räumen Ausschluss- und Einschlussmechanismen qua Ethnizität, Nationalität, Kultur, Religion und Geschlecht sowie durch die Verknüpfung dieser Kategorien der Differenz legitimiert werden. Unsere Analyse kann deutlich machen, dass dies über zwei zentrale frames funktioniert: erstens über die Konstruktion einer ‚Bedrohung‘ durch ‚die Anderen‘ bzw. durch Vielfalt, zweitens über die Darstellung der ‚eigenen‘ Gruppe als Opfer.
Evaluation of Multidisciplinary Collaborative Care in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Depression and/or Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Liang Feng , Ma Xiuhua , Zhao Liuzhuang , Xing Chengwei , Li Xin , Zhao Dongjing , Hu Da-Yi , Hu Shuoqiang , Wang Wenbin , Han Lantang , Cao Shujun , Liu Huifang , Bian Zhengyu
Published: May 2017

Objective: To evaluate the effect of multidisciplinary collaborative care (MCC) in patients with both acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and depression and/or anxiety disorders compared with usual physician care (UPC).

Methods: Depression and/or anxiety were screened by using SDS and SAS, ACS patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders were randomized into MCC and UPC groups. The cardiac outcomes and the life quality were evaluated at 1 year follow-up.

Results: Overall, 30.19% (96/318) patients had positive screen results. At 1 year, Cardiac outcome measures for patients in MCC group were significantly better for composite events of cardiac death and non-fatal MI (6.12% vs 23.40%, p=0.016), cardiac function (NYHA functional classification III or IV, 0% vs 25%, p=0.05), and angina pectoris (21.28% vs 85%, p<0.0005), than patients in UPC group; the life quality were improved in patients in MCC group.

Conclusion: After ACS, 30.19% of patients had depression and/or anxiety disorders, MCC had better effects on cardiac outcomes and quality of life in ACS patients with Psychiatric disorders.
Mens sana
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the National Socialist movement's educational reforms. Nazi anti-intellectualism, which rejected the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, disdained abstract thought in favor of decisive action. In addition, modern individualism was cast aside in favor of a holistic view of man: not a fully autonomous, self-sufficient atom but an inseparable member of a group, without which the individual would wither and die. This two-pronged revolution was backed, with consummate political opportunism—and perhaps occasionally genuine conviction—by respected scholars of the ancient world, professors of classics and history, who sought to promote the study of antiquity as a paradigm of proper values for the youth of the new Germany. Their self-appointed mission in the new Reich was nothing less than to save the humanities.
From Stone to Flesh
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the body of the Third Reich's new man—a body first and foremost, and one which could only be achieved through recourse to an antiquity that the Nazis held up as the archetype and canon of racial beauty. The Greeks and Romans were Indo-Germanic populations, their bodies fulfillments of the Nordic type, which was vital to maintain or restore in the racial present. The Greek and Roman body was preserved in ancient statuary, which Hitler put forward as the standard for emulation by the German people. The sublime, fully realized archetype of the Aryan body would, by saturating the public with its image and continually proclaiming its perfection, nourish the same standard of beauty among its contemporary cousins.
Hoptopia
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

In the first half of the twentieth century, Oregon’s Willamette Valley became one of largest hop producers in the world. Hops, whose cones flavor and preserve beer, were a relatively new addition to the agricultural landscape. Farmers first planted the crop in small acreages shortly after the Civil War to meet the needs of local brewers; then, after bountiful yields, quickly expanded their enterprise after finding ideal environmental conditions and viable transportation networks to reach larger markets. In the late nineteenth century, regional promoters claimed that farmers had caught “hop fever” and others suggested that the Willamette Valley was a “virtual garden spot” for hop cultivation. Upon this foundation and vast connections with people and goods from around the globe, the hop industry continued to expand, with farmers claiming the title “Hop Center of the World” by the early 1900s. Despite world wars, Prohibition, and the introduction of botanical pests and diseases, success has lasted to the present. In the past thirty years, the valley’s hop industry, aided by horticultural scientists, played a vital role in the craft beer revolution, because growers produced the hop varieties used to make distinctive beers. By making hops the central character in a wide-reaching history, this book aims to connect readers with their agricultural origins of the beers they drink and offer an enhanced sense of place for Portland and Oregon’s Willamette Valley.
Introduction
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the book’s argument that the recent revolution in craft beer is the product of a complex global history that converged in the hop fields of Oregon’s Willamette Valley. While many beer enthusiasts know that Portland, Oregon, at the northern edge of the valley, has been called the Craft Beer Capital of the World, they do not know that the region’s farmers once held the title Hop Center of the World. From approximately the 1890s to the 1940s, Willamette Valley farmers led the nation in hop production, competing on a level with famed German hop-growing districts. While acreage dwindled after that point, the valley had established itself as a global center of hop marketing, science, and technology. That foundation, and the regional, national, and global connections that arose along with this history, played a direct role in the craft beer revolution from the 1970s to the present.
Cascade
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses largely on Alfred Haunold, Ph.D., a plant breeder employed by the USDA and housed at Oregon State University in Corvallis from the 1960s to the 1990s. Haunold’s work in breeding the first hybrid American hops helped save the industry in the Willamette Valley. Not only were his hybrids disease resistant, but they also appealed to brewers. The chapter suggest that Haunold’s efforts can only be understood in a larger historical context, however, and along with his biography it offers a longer history of the hop breeding efforts in Corvallis that dated to 1930. These connections to early periods of professionalization are essential in understanding how the continuity of specialty crop agriculture offers a sense of place or sense of history.
Epilogue
Authors: Kopp Peter A.
Published: May 2017

This epilogue comments on hop culture from 2000-2012. It looks at transformations in technology and acreage, but also informs the reader that most hop farms in the Willamette Valley are fourth and fifth generation, emphasizing the long-term commitment from farming families. It also explains how the visibility of the hop (in the field and on supermarket shelves) and continuity of success despite challenges (while many other specialty crops failed) support part of initial thesis that because hops are grown in relatively few places in the world and have connected Oregon’s rural agriculture and urban production continually over time, the history offers an imaginative way of understanding place.
Beyond the Gay Ghetto
Authors: Hobson Emily K.
Published: May 2017

Between 1969 and 1973, gay liberationists began to define radical alliances as central to sexual liberation. Gay men drew on Black radicalism, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and other causes to analyze anti-gay oppression and to draw analogies between sexuality and race. They pursued solidarity with the Black Panther Party and defined gayness as a means to resist U.S. militarism. They also distinguished leftist gay liberation from a different politics termed gay nationalism, as by opposing a gay nationalist scheme to colonize California's Alpine County — a project gay leftists argued would replicate capitalism, imperialism, and anti-gay oppression. In contrast to such proposals, Bay Area gay radicals organized gay solidarity with a multiracial and socialist left.
A More Powerful Weapon
Authors: Hobson Emily K.
Published: May 2017

Between 1969 and 1975, lesbian feminists developed a politics of collective defense, which linked self-protection and community building to armed resistance and the radical underground. Collective defense first emerged through alliances between the group Gay Women's Liberation and the Black Panther Party. It expanded through lesbian feminists' support for armed radical groups, their opposition to state repression, and their involvement in political and self-defense trials. The cases of the Symbionese Liberation Army, of white lesbian radical Susan Saxe, and of women of color Inez Garcia and Joan Little proved central to activists' politics. Yet as the experiences of the organization Gente showed, collective defense simultaneously mobilized anti-racism and constructed barriers between lesbians of color and white lesbian feminists.
Crime, Genius, and Criminal Genius
Authors: Oleson James C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the idea of “genius,” which has evolved since its origins as a Roman tutelary spirit to include conceptions of eminence, creativity, and intelligence. In the Renaissance, genius became associated with madness (an association that endures today). Francis Galton linked genius to eminence and noted that eminent parents gave birth to eminent offspring. Genius became associated with intelligence during the early twentieth century, prompted by the rise of IQ testing. Criminologists who have studied intelligence and crime have generally adopted one of three approaches: (1) most researchers have argued that delinquency and crime are associated with below-average IQ; (2) some researchers have suggested that IQ is distributed equally across criminal and noncriminal populations; and (3) a few researchers have suggested that criminals possess higher IQs than noncriminals.
The Offenses
Authors: Oleson James C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the self-reports for seventy-two different offenses. Rates of prevalence (the percentage of the sample reporting an offense), incidence (the number of offenses reported by the sample), and recency (the number of offenses committed within the previous year) are described, and are organized into nine crime types, ranging from minor infractions to capital felonies: (1) violent crimes; (2) sex crimes; (3) white-collar crimes; (4) drug crimes; (5) property crimes; (6) professional misconduct; (7) vehicular offenses; (8) justice-system offenses; and (9) a handful of miscellaneous offenses. Contrary to prevailing theories of IQ and crime, high-IQ index respondents reported higher prevalence rates than controls for fifty of the seventy-two offenses and, overall, reported higher incidence rates than controls.
Incentives to Cooperate
Authors: Dinar Shlomi , Dinar Ariel
Published: May 2017

This chapter assesses the mechanisms introduced in Chapter 4 by considering actual cases and evaluating how the mechanism or strategy used contributed to cooperation. In addition to mechanisms such as issue-linkage, side-payments and compensation as well as benefit-sharing, the chapter also examines foreign policy considerations and reciprocity as mechanisms or strategies for promoting cooperation. Mechanisms and strategies such as these aim to incentivize cooperation and shift the payoff structure so that it favors a mutually beneficial outcome.
They Leave Their Kidneys in the Fields
Authors: Horton Sarah Bronwen
Published: May 2017

They Leave Their Kidneys in the Fields takes the reader on an ethnographic tour of the melon and corn harvesting fields in California’s Central Valley to understand why farmworkers die at work each summer. Laden with captivating detail of farmworkers’ daily work and home lives, this book examines uses ethnography to show how U.S. immigration and labor policies have made migrant farmworkers “exceptional workers.” It explores the deeply intertwined political, legal, and social factors that place Latino migrants at particular risk of illness and injury in the fields, and that saddle them with a higher burden of chronic disease at home. It examines the patchwork of health care, disability, and Social Security policies that provide them little succor when they become sick or grow old. The book takes an in-depth look at the work risks faced by migrants at all stages of the life-course: as teens, in their middle-age, and ultimately as elderly workers. By following the lives of a core group of farmworkers over nearly a decade, this book provides a searing portrait of how their precarious immigration and work statuses get under their skin, culminating in preventable morbidity and premature death.
Portable Ancestors
Authors: Cole Alan
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the two newer versions of the Bodhidharma family in the context of the three preceding Bodhidharma narratives. In these two early genealogical texts—Faru's biography from Shaoli Monastery and Du Fei's Record—there is solid evidence for thinking that the increasing clout of the fictive Bodhidharma family was, in fact, the result of a series of authors reworking prior literary statements in sly and careful ways. In particular, the narrator of Faru's biography, while clearly combining and editing earlier accounts of the various masters, figured out how to stage his new claims so that they would appear to have been already known and endorsed throughout the empire. Likewise, Du Fei masterfully undermined the earlier Bodhidharma narratives regarding: the centrality of transmitting the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra; the teaching of “wall-contemplation” and the Two Entrances; and the claim that Huike lost his arm to bandits.
The Real School Safety Problem
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

Since the 1990s, K-12 schools across the U.S. have changed in important ways in an effort to maintain safe schools. They have added police officers, surveillance cameras, zero tolerance policies, and other equipment and personnel, while increasingly relying on suspension and other punishments. Unfortunately, we have implemented these practices based on assumptions that they will be effective at maintaining safety and helping youth, not based on evidence. The Real School Safety Problem addresses this problem in two ways. One, it provides a clear discussion of what we know and what we don’t yet know about the school security and punishment practices and their effects on students and schools. Two, it offers original research that extends what we know in important ways, showing how school security and punishment affects students, their families, their schools and their communities years into the future. Schools are indeed in crisis. But the real school safety problem is not that students are either out of control or in danger. Rather, the real school safety problem is that our efforts to maintain school safety have gone too far and in the wrong directions. As a result, we over-police and punish students in a way that hurts students, their families and their communities in broad and long-lasting ways.
How Schools Teach Bullying
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 considers the relationship between school discipline and an important contemporary issue: bullying. This chapter first looks at interviews with parents that illustrate how school officials sometimes bully students, and argues that excessive school punishment can be a form of bullying. It then turns to a quantitative analysis of nationally-representative survey data to show that students in schools where they perceive the rules to be unfair and unevenly enforced are at greater risk of being bullying victims than others.
Financial Costs of School Security and Punishment
Authors: Kupchik Aaron
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7 examines the financial impact of school security and punishment practices. Unlike most other governmental efforts, school safety practices seem to have evaded prior scrutiny of their costs. This chapter estimates their direct and indirect costs, including the expense of security infrastructure and disciplinary personnel, as well as the future costs of lost wages and justice system involvement that may result from school punishment. Estimates show that school security and punishment are very costly, despite the fact that prior research shows them to be fairly ineffective and even harmful.
The UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the Iraq Refugee Operation
Authors: Jamal Arafat
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the changing role of the United Nations in the Middle East by focusing on the Iraqi refugee situation and the actions of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) with respect to resettlement of the refugees. It first considers the pre-2007 context before discussing how the recognition of the existence of a massive refugee population, combined with the choice of UNHCR to recognize all Iraqis as prima facie refugees, enabled the agency— with support from donor countries, including the United States—to seize the initiative and stake out a new mode of operation involving both resettlement and new urban approaches. The chapter then considers how resettlement in the Middle East helped improve the general asylum climate for Iraqi refugees and was used by the UNHCR to begin carving out a larger space for international humanitarianism in the region. It also evaluates the initial response to the Syrian refugees (beginning in 2011), reflecting on the limitations of humanitarian action in the face of mass displacement and in the absence of political solutions.
The Middle East
Authors: Sa’Da Caroline Abu
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Syrian crisis has exposed the limitations of mixing political and humanitarian activities and its damaging impact on the delivery of much-needed assistance to Syrian civilians. Some actors, such as United Nations and some of its agencies, have faced challenges in their ability to provide aid to people on the ground because their political mandate has largely overruled the humanitarian imperative. Other actors, such as Médecins Sans Frontières (or Doctors without Borders; MSF), are compelled to challenge this political frame, even if they face huge difficulties in delivering humanitarian aid in an impartial and independent manner. The chapter considers how the Middle East challenges conventional actors—in particular MSF and the UN—over the limits of their mandates and/or actions. It presents case studies to demonstrate how these limits have influenced the delivery of humanitarian assistance in Syria.
Revenants
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

A review of Inna Naroditskaya’s Bewitching Russian Opera that considers the influence of Catherine the Great on the rise of Russian opera in the eighteenth century, and her many avatars in the standard Russian operatic repertory of the nineteenth. Gender anxiety and national self-assertion are considered as hermeneutic windows
Stravinsky’s Poetics and Russian Music
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

Recent discoveries concerning the origin and authorship of Stravinsky’s Harvard lectures of 1939-40 prompt reassessment of their content. The fifth leçon, on Russian music, is interpreted in the light of the Eurasian ideology that can now be shown to inform it.
Did He Mean It?
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

Stravinsky’s apparent relaxation of the intransigence he expressed in the 1920s and 1930s on the related matters of musical meaning and musical performance is considered in the light of his move from Europe to America. His style of performance is compared with Béla Bartók’s.
“Un Cadeau Très Macabre”
Authors: Taruskin Richard
Published: May 2017

Stravinsky’s Oedipus Rex is considered as an epitome of neoclassicism. Its dramaturgy is analyzed alongside its musical style.
Introduction
Authors: Trumper Camilo D.
Published: May 2017

Álvaro Ramírez’s documentary short, Brigada Ramona Parra, is a synesthetic exploration of urban politics in Chile. The folkloric group Quilapayun’s memorable interpretation of the Nicolás Guillén poem La Muralla, set to music in the late 1960s, initially dominates the movie’s soundscape. But the sound is jagged, cutting suddenly as the filmmakers follow members of the Communist Youth’s Brigada Ramona Parra (BRP) muralist “brigades.” Quilapayun gives way to the sounds of the young members’ chants, the rumble of the street, interviews, and everyday conversations that contextualize the grainy images of the Brigada. Ramírez’s camera stays with the ...
Dream Denied
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

A Dream Denied: Incarceration, Recidivism, and Young Minority Men in America shows how the narrative of American dream shapes the offending trajectories of twenty-three young Latino and African American men in Boston and Chicago. Believing in the American dream helps the teenagers cope with the pains of incarceration. However, without the ability to experience themselves as creative actors, reproducing the rhetoric of American meritocracy leaves the teenagers unprepared to negotiate the complex and frustrating process of desistance and reentry.
Types of Informants
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces a typology of confidential informants. Through assessing the motivation/reason that informants become such and whether law enforcement adopts a passive or active role in soliciting information from such person we construct a four category typology of confidential informants. By examining whether informants are coerced or volunteers and whether police simply receive information or actively work on and with individuals to attain desired information the varieties of cooperating sources, civic-minded sources, indentured informants and entrepreneurs are defined and discussed. How each main variety of informant interacts with law enforcement and the structure of such relationships is prioritized.
The Game
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 examines a different perspective on the use of informants, highlighting their use in narcotics investigations. With a focus on how different types of community members do and do not interact (and cooperate) with law enforcement officials the role of informants is brought central. By examining the beliefs and attitudes of policing officials, the belief that one can understand and fight for the “good people” of a community while striving to control and remove those who are a “scourge” on the community, the perceptions and activities of police who work with informants is described. Finally, this chapter also discusses the ways that community and law enforcement’s shared experiences and perspectives can influence the work of police and informants.
Maintaining Relationships with Informants
Authors: Dabney Dean A. , Tewksbury Richard
Published: May 2017

The actual activities, strategies, and processes of how law enforcement officials work with and manage confidential informants is explicated in this chapter. Here the processes of working within (and around) bureaucratic requirements for establishing and maintaining a relationship with an informant is examined. So too are the many ways that relationships between individual officers and informants are structured and maintained, the costs, benefits, and dangers (personal and professional) of creating a “too close” relationship are outlined and the ways in which such relationships are authentic or manipulative presented. Management of the relationship with an informant, while keeping them motivated, honest and reliable are underscored through reports of relationships, both successful and not.
Methamphetamine
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Methamphetamine: A Love Story presents an insider’s view into the lived experience of immersion in the world of methamphetamine. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirty-three adults formerly immersed in using, dealing, and manufacturing. Detailed accounts bring insight into the intoxicating aspects of the lifestyle, including sex, money, power, and the ability to create methamphetamine. Social networks and environment play an important role in shaping and influencing drug-related decisions. The transformation of the lifestyle from one that is intoxicating to one that becomes risky and ultimately dark explains its unsustainability and the challenges of exiting the life. This book is recommended for those wanting to understand this problem and why it is unlikely to be eradicated any time soon.
An Introduction to Darkness
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1, “Introduction to Darkness,” introduces the focus of this book. An overview of the methamphetamine problem and why it is important is presented. This chapter also describes the materials within each chapter that follows.
Dealing Meth
Authors: Shukla Rashi K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4, “Dealing Meth,” examines dealing and distribution, the second step of immersion in the life. Dealing is the critical link between users and suppliers of the drug. The motivations for involvement and patterns of dealing activities are described.
Hotel Mexico
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

In 1968 a street and media-savvy democratization movement led by students emerged in Mexico City. The 68 Movement was targeted in a state-sponsored massacre at a massive new housing complex ten days before the city hosted the Olympic Games. Both the complex and the mega event were symbols of the country’s rapid modernization but also decades-long political disenfranchisement and urban redevelopment that rendered citizens “guests” of the government and its allies. In spite of institutional denial, censorship and impunity, the massacre remains a touchstone in contemporary public culture thanks to the public memory work of survivors and narrators among Mexico’s intelligentsia. Hotel Mexico asks: How was urban space—material but also literary and cinematic—harnessed as a recalcitrant archive of 1968 and continues to serve as a framework for de facto modes of justice. The 68 Movement’s imaginary and tactics are interwoven and compared with other efforts, both official and countercultural, to reevaluate or renew Mexico’s post-revolutionary modernity: in architecture, urbanism, literature, visual arts, and film—among them, Mario Pani’s housing complex Nonoalco-Tlatelolco (1958–64), kinetic environments created for the 1968 Olympics, and David Alfaro Siqueiros last major mural, The March of Humanity (1964–71).
Dwellings
Authors: Flaherty George F.
Published: May 2017

Nonoalco-Tlatelolco was the last in a cluster of housing projects designed by Pani for the state that materialized his patron’s conditional hospitality, especially with regard to the controlled conviviality envisioned among its 70,000 planned residents. Although it was promoted as a “city apart from the city” that suggested it was built on tabula rasa, Pani design drew from the informal housing he sought to displace and residents would eventually restore traditional forms of encounter and exchange as well as introduce new forms. Taking cues from the 68 Movement’s spatial imagination and fellow narrators’ phenomenological and affective accounts, Poniatowska’s La Noche de Tlatelolco and Fons’s Rojo amanecer reactivate Tlatelolco’s palimpsest and uncanny qualities. The October 2 massacre revealed the violent and unjust structures that lay behind the complex’s modern surfaces and the PRI’s hospitality. Both Poniatowska’s anthology of testimonies and Fons’s film would emphasize space and the body as key sites for knowing and memory, including the bodies and locations of their audiences. The aim is not mere aesthetic shock or the defamiliarization of spectatorship but an ethical implication to bear witness in spite of geographic or temporal distance.
“ I’m Schizophrenic!”
Authors: Luhrmann T. M.
Published: May 2017

One of the challenges of living with schizophrenia in the United States is the clear identity conferred by the diagnostic label itself. In a society so acutely aware of individual rights, care involves explicit diagnosis. After all, a patient has the right to know. But the label “schizophrenia” is often toxic for those who acquire it. It creates not only what Erving Goffman called a “spoiled identity” but also an identity framed in opposition to the broader social world. This chapter illustrates this challenge through the life of a man who struggles with this illness.
Killing Your Neighbors
Authors: Holtzman Jon D.
Published: May 2017

One of the most disturbing spectacles of recent decades has been brutal acts of violence—indeed genocide—between groups who had long lived together in relative peace. In such cases lethal violence is the product not of some far away and unseen hand but rather the hand of your neighbor, someone who before some unforeseen event was perhaps even your friend. Employing multi-sited and multi-vocal ethnography, the book examines how peaceful neighbors become transformed into perpetrators and victims of lethal violence. It engages with a set of interlocking Kenyan case studies, focusing on sometimes-peaceful, sometimes violent interactions between Samburu herders and neighboring groups, interweaving Samburu narratives of key violent events with the narratives of neighboring groups on the other side of the same encounters. The book is, on one hand, an ethnography of particular people in a particular place, vividly portraying the complex and confusing dynamics of interethnic violence principally through the lives, words and intimate experiences of individuals variously involved in and affected by these conflicts. At the same time, it aims to use this particular case study to illustrate how the dynamics in northern Kenya may provide comparative insights to well-known, compelling contexts of violence around the globe.
Apostles and Aristocrats
Authors: Chin Catherine M.
Published: May 2017

The Life of Melania the Younger repeatedly refers to Melania and Pinian’s familial house in Rome, a house which “none of the senators in Rome had the means to buy” (Vita 14). This chapter uses the material remains of Roman property, both the family property of Melania, and imperial and episcopal property around the city of Rome, to explore the ways in which late antique concerns over family lineage, inheritance, and the replacement of one generation with another, became intertwined with concerns over apostolic succession, so that the history of Christianity and the history of the Roman aristocracy could become fundamentally the same.
Parkin‐independent mitophagy—FKBP8 takes the stage
Authors: Lim Grace GY , Lim Kah‐Leong
Published: May 2017

Although the Parkin/PINK1 pathway has received considerable attention in recent years as a key regulator of mitophagy in mammals, it is important to recognize that multiple mitophagy receptors like BNIP3, NIX, and FUNDC1 exist that can promote the selective clearance of mitochondria in the absence of Parkin. In this issue, Bhujabal et al expand the repertoire of Parkin‐independent mitophagy receptors to include the anti‐apoptotic protein, FKBP8. The authors demonstrate that FKBP8 interacts preferentially with LC3A via its LIR motif to destroy damaged mitochondria. During the process, FKBP8 escapes from the destruction presumably to prevent apoptosis during mitophagy .
Centrosome amplification: a suspect in breast cancer and racial disparities
Authors: Ogden Angela , Rida Padmashree C G , Aneja Ritu
Published: May 2017

The multifaceted involvement of centrosome amplification (CA) in tumorigenesis is coming into focus following years of meticulous experimentation, which have elucidated the powerful abilities of CA to promote cellular invasion, disrupt stem cell division, drive chromosomal instability (CIN) and perturb tissue architecture, activities that can accelerate tumor progression. Integration of the extantin vitro,in vivoand clinical data suggests that in some tissues CA may be a tumor-initiating event, in others a consequential ‘hit’ in multistep tumorigenesis, and in some others, non-tumorigenic. However,in vivodata are limited and primarily focus on PLK4 (which has CA-independent mechanisms by which it promotes aggressive cellular phenotypes).In vitrobreast cancer models suggest that CA can promote tumorigenesis in breast cancer cells in the setting of p53 loss or mutation, which can both trigger CA and promote cellular tolerance to its tendency to slow proliferation and induce aneuploidy. It is thus our perspective that CA is likely an early hit in multistep breast tumorigenesis that may sometimes be lost to preserve aggressive karyotypes acquired through centrosome clustering-mediated CIN, both numerical and structural. We also envision that the robust link between p53 and CA may underlie, to a considerable degree, racial health disparity in breast cancer outcomes. This question is clinically significant because, if it is true, then analysis of centrosomal profiles and administration of centrosome declustering drugs could prove highly efficacious in risk stratifying breast cancers and treating African American (AA) women with breast cancer.
A retrospective analysis of mitral valve pathology in the setting of bicuspid aortic valves
Authors: van Rensburg Annari , Herbst Philip , Doubell Anton
Published: May 2017

The therapeutic implications of bicuspid aortic valve associations have come under scrutiny in the transcatheter aortic valve implantation era. We evaluate the spectrum of mitral valve disease in patients with bicuspid aortic valves to determine the need for closer echocardiographic scrutiny/follow-up of the mitral valve. A retrospective analysis of echocardiograms done at a referral hospital over five years was conducted in patients with bicuspid aortic valves with special attention to congenital abnormalities of the mitral valve. One hundred and forty patients with a bicuspid aortic valve were included. A congenital mitral valve abnormality was present in eight (5.7%, P = 0.01) with a parachute mitral valve in four (2.8%), an accessory mitral valve leaflet in one (0.7%), mitral valve prolapse in one, a cleft in one and the novel finding of a trileaflet mitral valve in one. Minor abnormalities included an elongated anterior mitral valve leaflet (P < 0.001), the increased incidence of physiological mitral regurgitation (P < 0.001), abnormal papillary muscles (P = 0.002) and an additional chord or tendon in the left ventricle cavity (P = 0.007). Mitral valve abnormalities occur more commonly in patients with bicuspid aortic valves than matched healthy individuals. The study confirms that abnormalities in these patients extend beyond the aorta. These abnormalities did not have a significant functional effect.
Regulation of WNT Signaling at the Neuromuscular Junction by the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Protein RIG-3 inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Pandey Pratima , Bhardwaj Ashwani , Babu Kavita
Published: May 2017

Perturbations in synaptic function could affect the normal behavior of an animal, making it important to understand the regulatory mechanisms of synaptic signaling. Previous work has shown that in Caenorhabditis elegans an immunoglobulin superfamily protein, RIG-3, functions in presynaptic neurons to maintain normal acetylcholine receptor levels at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). In this study, we elucidate the molecular and functional mechanism of RIG-3. We demonstrate by genetic and BiFC (Bi-molecular Fluorescence Complementation) assays that presynaptic RIG-3 functions by directly interacting with the immunoglobulin domain of the nonconventional Wnt receptor, ROR receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), CAM-1, which functions in postsynaptic body-wall muscles. This interaction in turn inhibits Wnt/LIN-44 signaling through the ROR/CAM-1 receptor, and allows for maintenance of normal acetylcholine receptor, AChR/ACR-16, levels at the neuromuscular synapse. Further, this work reveals that RIG-3 and ROR/CAM-1 function through the β-catenin/HMP-2 at the NMJ. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RIG-3 functions as an inhibitory molecule of the Wnt/LIN-44 signaling pathway through the RTK, CAM-1.
Sometimes It Does Matter: The 2016 Presidential Primary Election in Pennsylvania
Authors: Kennedy John J.
Published: May 2017

Since the first presidential primary was held in Pennsylvania in the spring of 1912, rarely has the state truly impacted the race. A combination of forces, notably the rather late date that it has traditionally been scheduled relative to other states has all but guaranteed that the presumptive nominees of the Democratic and Republican Parties have long ago been selected. As long as this remains the case, it’s difficult to imagine the state’s voters ever being able to winnow a field of candidates, no matter how large or small it is. However, on rare occasions, the lateness of the Pennsylvania’s primary election allows the state’s voters to be one, if not the deciding force on who lays final claim to the nomination. Such was the case on April 24, 2016, when Pennsylvanians essentially settled the contest on both sides, elevating Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump toward their ultimate nominations.