bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Paleocene tropical forest from the Ojo Alamo Sandstone, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Flynn Andrew G. , Peppe Daniel J.
Published: September 2019

Earliest Paleocene megafloras from North America are hypothesized to be low diversity and dominated by long-lived cosmopolitan species following the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction. However, megafloras used to develop this hypothesis are from the Northern Great Plains (NGP) of North America, and relatively little is known about floras from southern basins. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of an earliest Paleocene megaflora (<350 kyr after K/Pg boundary) from the Ojo Alamo Sandstone in the San Juan Basin (SJB), New Mexico. The megaflora, comprising 53 morphotypes, was dominated by angiosperms, with accessory taxa composed of pteridophytes, lycophytes, and conifers. Diversity analyses indicate a species-rich, highly uneven, and laterally heterogeneous flora. Paleoclimate estimates using multivariate and univariate methods indicate warm temperatures and relatively high precipitation consistent with a modern tropical seasonal forest.

When compared with contemporaneous floras from the Denver Basin (DB) of Colorado and the Williston Basin (WB) of North Dakota, the SJB flora had significantly higher species richness but lower evenness. Paleoclimate estimates from the SJB were 7–14°C warmer than the estimates for the DB and WB, indicating a shift from a temperate forest in the NGP to a tropical forest in the SJB. These results demonstrate the presence of a latitudinal floral diversity and paleoclimatic gradient during the earliest Paleocene in western North America. We hypothesize that the warm, wet conditions in the earliest Paleocene SJB drove rapid rates of speciation following the K/Pg boundary, resulting in a diverse and heterogeneous flora.
The many faces of synapsid cranial allometry
Authors: Krone Isaac W. , Kammerer Christian F. , Angielczyk Kenneth D.
Published: September 2019

Previous studies of cranial shape have established a consistent interspecific allometric pattern relating the relative lengths of the face and braincase regions of the skull within multiple families of mammals. In this interspecific allometry, the facial region of the skull is proportionally longer than the braincase in larger species. The regularity and broad taxonomic occurrence of this allometric pattern suggests that it may have an origin near the base of crown Mammalia, or even deeper in the synapsid or amniote forerunners of mammals. To investigate the possible origins of this allometric pattern, we used geometric morphometric techniques to analyze cranial shape in 194 species of nonmammalian synapsids, which constitute a set of successive outgroups to Mammalia. We recovered a much greater diversity of allometric patterns within nonmammalian synapsids than has been observed in mammals, including several instances similar to the mammalian pattern. However, we found no evidence of the mammalian pattern within Therocephalia and nonmammalian Cynodontia, the synapsids most closely related to mammals. This suggests that the mammalian allometric pattern arose somewhere within Mammaliaformes, rather than within nonmammalian synapsids. Further investigation using an ontogenetic series of the anomodontDiictodon felicepsshows that the pattern of interspecific allometry within anomodonts parallels the ontogenetic trajectory ofDiictodon.This indicates that in at least some synapsids, allometric patterns associated with ontogeny may provide a “path of least resistance” for interspecific variation, a mechanism that we suggest produces the interspecific allometric pattern observed in mammals.
Strangers in a strange land: Ecological dissimilarity to metatherian carnivores may partly explain early colonization of South America by Cyonasua-group procyonids
Authors: Engelman Russell K. , Croft Darin A.
Published: September 2019

It was once thought that the endemic carnivorous mammals of South America, the metatherian sparassodonts, were driven extinct by North American carnivorans through competitive exclusion. However, sparassodonts went extinct before most groups of carnivorans entered South America; only the endemic Cyonasua-group procyonids (Cyonasua and Chapalmalania), which immigrated to South America nearly 4 million years earlier than other carnivorans, significantly overlapped with sparassodonts in time. In this study, we examine the functional morphology of the dentition of Cyonasua and Chapalmalania through quantitative analysis to determine the dietary habits of these taxa and the degree to which they may have ecologically overlapped sparassodonts and large predatory Neogene didelphimorphians. We find Cyonasua and Chapalmalania to be more carnivorous than extant procyonids, other than Bassariscus, in agreement with previous studies, but more omnivorous than most other carnivorans and all meat-eating South American metatherians, including sparassodonts. The extreme ecological dissimilarity between Cyonasua-group procyonids and members of the endemic South American predator guild may explain why procyonids were able to successfully establish themselves in South America several million years earlier than most other northern mammals (including all other carnivorans): they moved into a previously unoccupied ecological niche (large omnivore) and avoided direct competition with incumbent native species, a situation similar to that documented in historical cases of biological invasion. The omnivorous diets and climbing/swimming abilities of procyonids may have increased their chances for a successful over-water dispersal relative to other carnivorans, further favoring their successful establishment in South America.
‘A SILENT AND INVISIBLE PRESSURE’: A PANEL DISCUSSION WITH EIGHT JAPANESE WOMEN COMPOSERS
Authors: Morishita Chikako
Published: September 2019

On 27 August 2018, the first Women Composers Meeting (中堅女性作曲家サミット vol. 1) was held at the Social Business Lab in Tokyo as part of the Project PPP Summer Composition Academy. Eight Japanese women composers in their mid-thirties to early forties were invited to speak: Noriko Koide, Yu Kuwabara, Tomoko Momiyama, Chikako Morishita (moderator), Akiko Ushijima, Ai Watanabe, Yukiko Watanabe, and Akiko Yamane. This article is a compilation drawn from their three-hour discussion as well as from the opening and closing dialogues. All conversations were held in Japanese and are here translated for publication by the author with the aid of Michiko Saiki.
Gavin Higgins and Francesca Simon, The Monstrous Child, London, Royal Opera House, Linbury Theatre, 21 February–3 March 2019
Authors: Haggett George K.
Published: September 2019

Melting blocks of ice drip from the ceiling. Sounds of wind, rain, and shrieking howls accompanied by rasping trombone pedal tones and wailing clarinet glissandi build to a cacophony of death-noises. ‘Oh, enough local colour’, retorts Hel.
How is mindreading really like reading?
Authors: Apperly Ian A.
Published: September 2019

I suggest an alternative basis for Heyes’ analogy between cultural learning of mindreading and text reading. Unlike text reading, mindreading does not entail decoding of observable stimuli. Like text reading, mindreading requires relevant inferences. Identification of relevant inferences is a deeply challenging problem, and the most important contribution of cultural learning to mindreading may be an apprenticeship in thinking like a mindreader.
Language is not a gadget
Authors: Dominey Peter Ford
Published: September 2019

Heyes does well to argue that some of the apparently innate human capabilities for cultural learning can be considered in terms of more general-purpose mechanisms. In the application of this to language, she overlooks some of its most interesting properties. I review three, and then illustrate how mindreading can come from general-purpose mechanism via language.
Mending wall
Authors: Rathkopf Charles , Dennett Daniel C.
Published: September 2019

Heyes suggests that selective social learning comes in two varieties. One is common, domain general, and associative. The other is rare, domain specific, and metacognitive. We argue that this binary distinction cannot quite do the work she assigns it and sketch a framework in which additional strategies for selective social learning might be accommodated.
The wealth of the Swedish peasant farmer class (1750–1900): composition and distribution
Authors: Bengtsson Erik , Svensson Patrick
Published: September 2019

Using about 1,730 probate inventories, this article studies the wealth of peasant farmers in Sweden for the years 1750, 1800, 1850 and 1900. Average wealth grew rapidly, tripling over the nineteenth century, but it did not grow equally: the Gini coefficient for the farmers’ wealth grew from 0.46 in 1750 to 0.73 in 1900. Farmers who lived close to the major grain markets in Stockholm and the mining district of Bergslagen were wealthier than others, as were farmers on fertile plains and, in 1900, those living in coastal areas. Increased market access – in terms of cities and foreign demand – meant that farmers well placed in terms of geography and infrastructure benefited much more than farmers on what became the periphery. The diversity of farmers’ wealth grew, as did their financial sophistication.
The first peasant and his fellow travellers: state control over Greek agricultural institutions under Metaxas
Authors: Panagiotopoulos Dimitris , Carmona-Zabala Juan
Published: September 2019

State control over Greece’s agricultural institutions increased during Metaxas’s authoritarian regime (1936–41). Analysing such state control allows us to address, in the Greek context, two questions with regard to fascist agrarian regimes. First, considering the trajectory of agricultural policy before the emergence of these regimes, how much of what they did was new, and how much was not? Second, how did the cadres of agricultural specialists participate in, or at least accommodate, the new regimes? Our research shows that Metaxas received support from the agronomists who had been active in Greece under previous liberal administrations. Such support did not take the form of laudatory statements or ideology-driven activism. It was rather a discreet acceptance of the new circumstances, combined with defection from one’s previous political camp. Metaxas’s dictatorship inherited most traits that made it a fascist agricultural regime from previous liberal administrations.
Punishing paupers? Control, discipline and mental health in the Southwell workhouse (1836–71)
Authors: Carter Paul , James Jeff , King Steve
Published: September 2019

This article focuses on the way that staff and guardians in the rural Nottinghamshire workhouse of Southwell sought to exert control and containment over pauper inmates. Fusing together local and central records for the period 1834–71, including locally held punishment books and correspondence at The National Archives, Kew (TNA), we argue that the notional power of the workhouse authorities was heavily shaded. Most paupers most of the time did not find their behaviour heavily and clumsily controlled. Rather, staff focused their attention in terms of detecting and punishing disorderly behaviour on a small group of long-term and often mentally ill paupers whose actions might create enmities or spiral into larger conflicts and dissent in the workhouse setting. Both inmates and those under threat of workhouse admission would have seen or heard about punishment of ‘the usual characters’. This has important implications for how we understand the intent and experience of the New Poor Law up to the formation of the Local Government Board (LGB) in 1871.
Saving the nation from starvation: the heroic age of food control, June 1917 to July 1918
Authors: Martin John
Published: September 2019

The civilian food shortages and accompanying malnutrition that characterised the latter stages of the First World War were instrumental in fundamentally changing the course of European history. In Russia, food shortages were a key underlying factor in precipitating the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, while in Germany, food shortages led to the so-called ‘turnip winter’ of 1917, which effectively helped to undermine commitment to the war effort and contribute to the country’s defeat. In spite of Britain’s precarious dependence on imported food, and the shipping losses inflicted by German U-boats, the population was less badly affected. This achievement has been attributed to the work undertaken by Lord Rhondda, the second food controller, whose actions were characterised as the ‘heroic age of food control’. This article uses evidence from official government reports, newspapers and diaries, memoirs and biographies to challenge the prevailing historiography about the success of food control measures in Britain during the First World War. It shows that the Ministry of Food under Lord Rhondda’s period of tenureship was not only indecisive, but that efforts to save the nation from malnutrition, if not actual starvation, were in large part the result of initiatives implemented at the local level.
On the Chromatic Number of Matching Kneser Graphs
Authors: Alishahi Meysam , Hossein Hajiabolhassan
Published: September 2019

In an earlier paper, the present authors (2015) introduced thealtermatic numberof graphs and used Tucker’s lemma, an equivalent combinatorial version of the Borsuk–Ulam theorem, to prove that the altermatic number is a lower bound for chromatic number. A matching Kneser graph is a graph whose vertex set consists of all matchings of a specified size in a host graph and two vertices are adjacent if their corresponding matchings are edge-disjoint. Some well-known families of graphs such as Kneser graphs, Schrijver graphs and permutation graphs can be represented by matching Kneser graphs. In this paper, unifying and generalizing some earlier works by Lovász (1978) and Schrijver (1978), we determine the chromatic number of a large family of matching Kneser graphs by specifying their altermatic number. In particular, we determine the chromatic number of these matching Kneser graphs in terms of the generalized Turán number of matchings.
The sociology of individuality and the history of urban society
Authors: Föllmer Moritz
Published: September 2019

This article explores the role of individuality in Europe's urban past. In so doing, it builds on Georg Simmel's famous article ‘The metropolis and mental life’ as well as recent work especially by Bernard Lahire, Niklas Luhmann and Uwe Schimank. The article brings out key sociological insights and links them to a range of studies by urban historians, which are thus revisited from a fresh angle. The focus is on three key dimensions of the modern city: first, sites of social and cultural life; secondly, politics and government; thirdly, non-humans such as material objects, animals and natural elements.
Accessing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits to perform emergent interventional cardiac catheterisation
Authors: Góreczny Sebastian , McLennan Daniel , Morgan Gareth J.
Published: September 2019

Cardiac catheterisation in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may reveal new information leading to modification of a therapeutic plan and correction of newly recognised or residual lesions. Complications associated with cardiac catheterisation during ECMO are not uncommon and often related to the access site. We report a straightforward technique for accessing the ECMO circuit to perform an emergent cardiac catheterisation in two patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome decompensated after Norwood I, due to presumed systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt obstruction.
Reliability and validity of an FFQ for South American children and adolescents from the SAYCARE study
Authors: Rendo-Urteaga Tara , Saravia Luisa , Sadalla Collese Tatiana , Monsalve-Alvarez Julia María , González-Zapata Laura Inés , Tello Florencia , Martínez-Oliván Beatriz , Torres-Leal Francisco Leonardo , Moreno Luis A , De Moraes Augusto César Ferreira , Carvalho Heráclito Barbosa
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability and validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ to assess food group consumption in South American children and adolescents.

Design:

The SAYCARE (South American Youth/Child cARdiovascular and Environmental) study is an observational, multicentre, feasibility study performed in a sample of 3- to 18-year-old children and adolescents attending private and public schools from six South American countries. Participants answered the FFQ twice with a two-week interval and three 24-h dietary recalls. Intraclass and Spearman’s correlations, weighted Cohen’s kappa (κw), percentage of agreement and energy-adjusted Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated.

Setting:

Seven cities in South America (Buenos Aires, Lima, Medelin, Montevideo, Santiago, Sao Paulo and Teresina).

Subjects:

A sample of 200 children and 244 adolescents for reliability analyses and 252 children and 244 adolescents for validity analyses were included.

Results:

Depending on the food group, for children and adolescents, reliability analyses resulted in Spearman’s coefficients from 0·47 to 0·73, intraclass correlation coefficients from 0·66 to 0·99, κw coefficients from 0·35 to 0·63, and percentage of agreement between 72·75 and 83·52 %. In the same way, validity analyses resulted in Spearman’s coefficients from 0·17 to 0·37, energy-adjusted Pearson’s coefficients from 0·17 to 0·61, κw coefficients from 0·09 to 0·24, and percentages of agreement between 45·79 and 67·06 %.

Conclusion:

The SAYCARE FFQ achieved reasonable reliability and slight-moderate validity for almost all food groups intakes. Accordingly, it can be used for the purpose of ranking the intake of individuals within a population.
Property rights and domestication
Authors: Lueck Dean , Torrens Gustavo
Published: September 2019

This paper combines the property rights approach of Barzel with models from renewable resource and evolutionary economics to examine the domestication of wild animals. Wild animals are governed by weak property rights to stocks and individuals while domesticated animals are governed by private ownership of stocks and individuals. The complex evolutionary process of domestication can be viewed as a conversion of wild populations into private property, as well as a transition from natural selection to economic selection controlled by owners of populations and individuals. In our framework domestication is not the explicit goal of any economic agent, but it emerges as a long-run outcome of an innovation in hunting strategies in a hunter–gatherer society. Our formal model also suggests that the domestication process moves slowly at first but then proceeds rapidly, and is aligned with the archeological evidence on domestication events.
Berufspolitik als Burnout-Prophylaxe – Berufspolitisches Engagement als Copingstrategie
Authors: Wiedermann Anja , Meyer-Kühling Inga
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag setzen sich die Autorinnen mit Entlastungsmöglichkeiten auseinander, die Pflegefachpersonen bereits in ihrer Ausbildung erlernen können. Darauf aufbauend wird diskutiert, inwieweit berufspolitisches Engagement als Copingstrategie zur Bewältigung von Belastungen dienen kann und warum eine frühzeitige Anbahnung berufspolitischer Kompetenzen im Rahmen der Ausbildung erfolgen sollte.
Ständiges Lernen voneinander
Authors: Müller Christoph
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Das Leben hat es nicht immer gut mit Andreas Kernchen gemeint. Vor vielen Jahren ist er seelisch erkrankt. Für ihn ist das aber nicht der Moment gewesen, den Kopf in den Sand zu stecken. Er hat eine optimistische Genesungsgeschichte geschrieben. Teil dieses Genesungsweges sind die „Düsseldorfer PsychiatrieGespräche“, die in der nordrhein-westfälischen Landeshauptstadt eine Form des Psychose-Seminars sind. Andreas Kernchen erzählt im Gespräch von seinen Erfahrungen mit seiner aus der Balance geratenen Psyche und mit dem von ihm gelebten Trialog.
Differences in Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Three Racial Groups
Authors: Ammerman Brooke A. , Fahlgren Martha K. , Sorgi Kristen M. , McCloskey Michael S.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Background: Despite being a major public health concern, it is unclear how suicidal thoughts and behaviors differentially impact separate racial groups. Aims: The aim of the current study was to examine the occurrence of nonlethal suicide events, in addition to suicide attempt characteristics and factors contributing to suicide attempts. Method: A final sample of 7,094 undergraduates from a large northeastern university, identifying as members of three racial groups (White [67.30%], Black [17.30%], and Asian [15.40%]), completed online questionnaires. Results: White participants reported increased likelihood of endorsing lifetime suicidal ideation and plan, whereas Black participants reported decreased likelihood of these events; no differences were found in rates of lifetime suicide attempts. Black participants' suicidal behavior may involve greater ambivalence of intent. A higher proportion of Asian participants endorsed interpersonal factors as contributing to their suicide attempts, whereas a greater percentage of White participants reported internal contributing factors. Limitations: Findings are limited by the sample size and assessment of lifetime suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Conclusion: The findings present a more nuanced look at attitudes and actions related to suicidal thoughts and behaviors that may inform future research and risk assessment procedures.
The Role of Positive and Negative Affectivity in Healthy and	Unhealthy Work-Related Behavior and Experiences
Authors: Hofmann Hanna , Kohlmann Carl-Walter
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Positive affectivity (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) are basic traits that affect work-related perceptions and behaviors and should be considered in any assessment of these variables. A quite common method to assess healthy or unhealthy types of work-related perceptions and behaviors is the questionnaire on Work-Related Coping Behavior and Experience Patterns (WCEP). However, the association of PA and NA with WCEP remained unclear. In a sample of teachers, physiotherapists, and teacher students ( N = 745; Mage = 35.07, SD = 12.49; 78% females), we aimed to identify the relevance of these basic traits. After controlling for age, gender, and type of occupation, we found main effects of PA and NA, with the specific combination of PA and NA being decisive for predicting the assignment to a WCEP type. The results highlight the need to include PA and NA in future assessments with the WCEP questionnaire.
Migrating Scarps as a Significant Driver for Cometary Surface Evolution
Authors: Birch S. P. D. , Hayes A. G. , Umurhan O. M. , Tang Y. , Vincent J.‐B. , Oklay N. , Bodewits D. , Davidsson B. , Marschall R. , Soderblom J. M. , Moore J. M. , Corlies P. M. , Squyres S. W.
Published: September 2019

Rosetta observations of 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko (67P) reveal that most changes occur in the fallback‐generated smooth terrains, vast deposits of granular material blanketing the comet's northern hemisphere. These changes express themselves both morphologically and spectrally across the nucleus, yet we lack a model that describes their formation and evolution. Here we present a self‐consistent model that thoroughly explains the activity and mass loss from Hapi's smooth terrains. Our model predicts the removal of dust via reradiated solar insolation localized within depression scarps that are substantially more ice rich than previously expected. We couple our model with numerous Rosetta observations to thoroughly capture the seasonal erosion of Hapi's smooth terrains, where local scarp retreat gradually removes the uppermost dusty mantle. As sublimation‐regolith interactions occur on rocky planets, comets, icy moons, and Kuiper belt objects, our coupled model and observations provide a foundation for future understanding of the myriad of sublimation‐carved worlds.
Recovery Timescales of the Dayside Martian Magnetosphere to IMF Variability
Authors: Romanelli N. , DiBraccio G. , Modolo R. , Leblanc F. , Espley J. , Gruesbeck J. , Halekas J. , Mcfadden J. , Jakosky B.
Published: September 2019

In this work we revisit an event observed by Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution MissioN in the solar wind where the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) rotates around the Mars‐Sun axis during ∼6 min. Based on a time‐dependent LATMOS Hybrid Simulation, we determine recovery timescales of the dayside Martian magnetosphere normalized by the IMF variability timescale. Particularly, we find that such recovery timescales range between 8 s and 11 min for an ∼90° IMF rotation that lasted 50 s (observed as part of the 6‐min time interval), depending on the considered magnetospheric region. We also find that the O+ plume recovery timescales range between 40 and 120 s, taking greater values for further downstream distances (at least up to 1RM downstream from the terminator plane). This range is on the order of the magnetosheath O+ gyroperiod, showing the kinetic nature of the plume recovery process.
The Moment Duration Scaling Relation for Slow Rupture Arises From Transient Rupture Speeds
Authors: Thøgersen Kjetil , Andersen Sveinsson Henrik , Scheibert Julien , Renard François , Malthe‐Sørenssen Anders
Published: September 2019

The relation between seismic moment and earthquake duration for slow rupture follows a different power law exponent than subshear rupture. The origin of this difference in exponents remains unclear. Here, we introduce a minimal one‐dimensional Burridge‐Knopoff model which contains slow, subshear, and supershear rupture and demonstrate that different power law exponents occur because the rupture speed of slow events contains long‐lived transients. Our findings suggest that there exists a continuum of slip modes between the slow and fast slip end‐members but that the natural selection of stress on faults can cause less frequent events in the intermediate range. We find that slow events on one‐dimensional faults follow
with transition to
for longer systems or larger prestress, while the subshear events follow
. The model also predicts a supershear scaling relation
. Under the assumption of radial symmetry, the generalization to two‐dimensional fault planes compares well with observations.
Observing Oblique Slip During Rift Linkage in Northern Afar
Authors: La Rosa Alessandro , Pagli Carolina , Keir Derek , Sani Federico , Corti Giacomo , Wang Hua , Possee Daniel
Published: September 2019

Extensional plate boundaries are segmented by offsets that transfer extension between the ends of adjacent portions of the rift by linkage zones ranging in width from a few tens of kilometers to several hundreds of kilometers. However, the kinematics of linkage zones is poorly constrained as direct observations are difficult to make. Here we combine InSAR, seismicity, and structural geology data from the Afar rift to show that an active linkage zone currently connects the two offset Erta Ale and Tat Ali segments. The overall right‐lateral shear between the segments is accommodated primarily by oblique left‐lateral slip along faults subparallel to the rift segments but an active conjugate fault system with right‐lateral slip is also present. Our results provide the first direct observational evidence that offset rift segments during continental breakup can be linked by a shear zone composed of a conjugate set of oblique slip faults.
Finding the Normal Direction of Interplanetary Directional Discontinuities—A New Scheme
Authors: Yang Y.‐H. , Chao J. K. , Yang L. , Li Q. H. , Wu D. J.
Published: September 2019

Directional discontinuities (DDs) are common structures in the interplanetary space. Correctly determining the normal of a DD is important to understand the changes of phase fronts of magnetic fields adjacent to a discontinuity as well as helpful for the applications in many regimes of space physics research. In this work, we propose a new scheme to estimate the normal directions of DDs by finding the smallest standard deviation of normal magnetic fields derived from the cross product of magnetic fields on both sides of the discontinuity, based on the idea that the phase fronts of the adjacent magnetic fields are closely parallel to the DD plane. By comparing with the normal direction determined from Cluster multiple spacecraft, we show that our scheme can provide the same accuracy as that from the multispacecraft estimation. Moreover, our scheme gives a consistent result of normal estimations at different Cluster spacecraft. We notice that in some cases, the normal directions derived from the minimum variance analysis have large differences between those of multispacecraft method and our scheme implying significant influence of the kinetic effect of particles in the transition region of the discontinuity. A few events of STEREO B observations are further studied to show that our scheme can be applied to DDs in single‐spacecraft measurements with even small rotation of magnetic fields across the discontinuities. With the help of an accurate normal estimation, we can understand the variations of magnetic field phase fronts in the vicinity of discontinuities.
Long‐Term Evolution of Nontransform Discontinuities at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 24°N–27°30′N
Authors: Zheng Tingting , Tucholke Brian E. , Lin Jian
Published: September 2019

We studied long‐term evolution of nontransform discontinuities (NTDs) on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge from 0‐ to ~20‐ to 25‐Ma crust using plate reconstructions of multibeam bathymetry, long‐range HMR1 sidescan sonar, residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly (RMBA), and gravity‐derived crustal thickness. NTDs have propagated north and south with respect to flowlines of relative plate motion and both rapidly and slowly compared to the half spreading rate; at times they have been quasi‐stable. Fast, short‐term (<2 Myr) propagation is driven by reduced magma supply (increased tectonic extension) in the propagating ridge tip when NTD ridge‐axis offsets are small (≲5 km). Propagation at larger offsets generally is slower and longer term. These NTDs can show classic structures of rift propagation including inner and outer pseudofaults and crustal blocks transferred between ridge flanks by discontinuous jumps of the propagating ridge tip. In all cases crustal transfer occurs within the NTD valley. Aside from ridge‐axis offset, the evolution of NTDs appears to be controlled by three factors: (1) gross volume and distribution of magma supplied to ridge segments as controlled by 3‐D heterogeneities in mantle fertility and/or dynamic upwelling; this controls fundamental ridge segmentation. (2) The lithospheric plumbing system through which magma is delivered to the crust. (3) The consequent focusing of tectonic extension in magma‐poor parts of spreading segments, typically at segment ends, which can drive propagation. We also observe long‐wavelength (5‐10 Myr) RMBA asymmetry between the conjugate ridge flanks, and we attribute this to asymmetric distribution of density anomalies in the upper mantle.
On the Wind Contribution to the Variability of Ocean Currents Over Wide Continental Shelves: A Case Study on the Northern Argentine Continental Shelf
Authors: Lago L. S. , Saraceno M. , Martos P. , Guerrero R. A. , Piola A. R. , Paniagua G. F. , Ferrari R. , Artana C. I. , Provost C.
Published: September 2019

The southwestern Atlantic Ocean has one of the largest and most productive continental shelves of the southern hemisphere. Despite its relevance, its circulation patterns have been largely inferred from hydrographic observations and numerical models. Here we describe the variability of the shelf circulation based on the analysis of 11 months of multilevel currents measured by two bottom‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed over the continental shelf at 39°S. The record‐length mean is 12 and 13 cm/s in the upper layer and decreases to 6 and 8 cm/s near the bottom, at the deployment nearer and further from the coast, respectively. The mean flow direction is toward the NE, following the orientation of the isobaths. Measurements at both sites show that the alongshore barotropic component accounts for 83% of the variability observed and are well correlated (0.86), suggesting a relatively uniform flow, which is presumably driven by large‐scale forcing. Indeed, large‐scale wind stress patterns dominate the temporal variability of the in situ currents and the passage of atmospheric fronts induces significant changes in the observed currents at all depths. We found that for 12% of the measurements the currents reverse the direction to the SW in response to these atmospheric patterns. Furthermore, the analysis of sea surface height reconstructed from bottom pressure measurements at both sites and from a coastal tide gauge reveals that the variability of the alongshore currents is driven by the cross‐shore pressure gradients generated by the alongshore wind stress.
Large Decadal Changes in Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: Wanninkhof Rik , Triñanes Joaquin , Park Geun‐Ha , Gledhill Dwight , Olsen Are
Published: September 2019

Sixteen years of surface water CO2 data from autonomous systems on cruise ships sailing in the Caribbean Sea and Western North Atlantic show marked changes on interannual timescales. The measured changes in fugacity (≈partial pressure) of CO2 in surface water, fCO2w, are based on over a million observations. Seasonally the patterns are similar to other oligotrophic subtropical regions with an amplitude of fCO2w of ≈40 μatm with low wintertime values, causing the area to be a sink, and high summertime values making it a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. On annual scales there was negligible increase of fCO2w from 2002 to 2010 and a rapid increase from 2010 to 2018. Correspondingly, the trend of air‐sea CO2 flux from 2002 to 2010 was strongly negative (increasing uptake or sink) at −0.05 ± 0.01 (mol m−2 year−1) year−1 and positive (decreasing uptake) at 0.02 ± 0.02 (mol m−2 year−1) year−1 from 2010‐2018. For the whole period from 2002 to 2018, the fCO2w lagged the atmospheric CO2 increase by 24 %, causing an increase in CO2 uptake. The average flux into the ocean for the 16 years is −0.20 ± 0.16 mol m−2 year−1 with the uncertainty reflecting the standard deviation in annual means. The change in multiannual trend in fCO2w is modulated by several factors, notably changes in sea surface temperature and ocean mixed layer depth that, in turn, affected the physical and biological processes controlling fCO2w.
Responses of Clouds and Large‐Scale Circulation to Global Warming Evaluated From Multidecadal Simulations Using a Global Nonhydrostatic Model
Authors: Noda Akira T. , Kodama Chihiro , Yamada Yohei , Satoh Masaki , Ogura Tomoo , Ohno Tomoki
Published: September 2019

This is the first paper that analyzes data from atmosphere model intercomparison project‐type climate simulations using a cloud‐system‐resolving global nonhydrostatic model without cumulus parameterization focussing particulaly on the relationship between clouds and circulation, and their changes due to global warming. The decrease in fractional coverage of low clouds is key to evaluating cloud radiative effects, because changes in shortwave cloud radiative effects overwhelm those of longwave cloud radiative effects. Thus, improved evaluation of low clouds is important, even in high‐resolution climate simulations. An analysis of heat redistribution by explicitly computed clouds revealed that column‐integrated heating rate due to phase changes correlates highly with vertical velocity at the altitude corresponding to 500 hPa and is closely linked to column water vapor, similar to the present climate result. Using data from year 1 to year 5, the effective climate sensitivity was evaluated to be 3.6−3.7°C. Possible convective aggregation is also examined using an index of modified subsidence fraction and characteristic changes in the number of cold pools. Despite previous idealized‐planet simulations showing more aggregated tropical convection under warmer conditions, here we show a decrease in the subsidence fraction and an increase in the number of smaller cold pools, suggesting that it is possible to realize less convective organization with warming under real atmospheric conditions.
Activation of TFEB ameliorates dedifferentiation of arterial smooth muscle cells and neointima formation in mice with high-fat diet
Authors: Wang Yun-Ting , Li Xiang , Chen Jiajie , McConnell Bradley K. , Chen Li , Li Pin-Lan , Chen Yang , Zhang Yang
Published: September 2019

Autophagy is recently implicated in regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of autophagy signaling pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms and functional roles of TFEB in SMC homeostasis have not been elucidated. Here, we surveyed the ability of TFEB to regulate autophagy pathway in SMCs, and whether pharmacological activation of TFEB favors SMC homeostasis preventing dedifferentiation and pathogenic vascular remodeling. In primary cultured SMCs, TFEB activator trehalose induced nuclear translocation of TFEB and upregulation of TFEB-controlled autophagy genes leading to enhanced autophagy signaling. Moreover, trehalose suppressed serum-induced SMC dedifferentiation to synthetic phenotypes as characterized by inhibited proliferation and migration. These effects of trehalose were mimicked by ectopic upregulation of TFEB and inhibited by TFEB gene silencing. In animal experiments, partial ligation of carotid arteries induced downregulation of TFEB pathway in the media layer of these arteries. Such TFEB suppression was correlated with increased SMC dedifferentiation and aggravated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced neointima formation. Treatment of mice with trehalose reversed this TFEB pathway suppression, and prevented SMC dedifferentiation and HFD-induced neointima formation. In conclusion, our findings have identified TFEB as a novel positive regulator for autophagy pathway and cellular homeostasis in SMCs. Our data suggest that suppression of TFEB may be an initiating mechanism that promotes SMC dedifferentiation leading to accelerated neointima formation in vascular disorders associated with metabolic stress, whereas trehalose reverses these changes. These findings warrant further evaluation of trehalose in the clinical settings.
Role of laterodorsal tegmentum projections to nucleus accumbens in reward-related behaviors
Authors: Coimbra Bárbara , Soares-Cunha Carina , Vasconcelos Nivaldo A P , Domingues Ana Verónica , Borges Sónia , Sousa Nuno , Rodrigues Ana João
Published: September 2019

The laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT) is associated with reward considering that it modulates VTA neuronal activity, but recent anatomical evidence shows that the LDT also directly projects to nucleus accumbens (NAc). We show that the majority of LDT-NAc inputs are cholinergic, but there is also GABAergic and glutamatergic innervation; activation of LDT induces a predominantly excitatory response in the NAc. Non-selective optogenetic activation of LDT-NAc projections in rats enhances motivational drive and shifts preference to an otherwise equal reward; whereas inhibition of these projections induces the opposite. Activation of these projections also induces robust place preference. In mice, specific activation of LDT-NAc cholinergic inputs (but not glutamatergic or GABAergic) is sufficient to shift preference, increase motivation, and drive positive reinforcement in different behavioral paradigms. These results provide evidence that LDT-NAc projections play an important role in motivated behaviors and positive reinforcement, and that distinct neuronal populations differentially contribute for these behaviors.
Discovery and preclinical evaluation of anti-miR-17 oligonucleotide RGLS4326 for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Lee Edmund C. , Valencia Tania , Allerson Charles , Schairer Annelie , Flaten Andrea , Yheskel Matanel , Kersjes Kara , Li Jian , Gatto Sole , Takhar Mandeep , Lockton Steven , Pavlicek Adam , Kim Michael , Chu Tiffany , Soriano Randy , Davis Scott , Androsavich John R. , Sarwary Salma , Owen Tate , Kaplan Julia , Liu Kai , Jang Graham , Neben Steven , Bentley Philip , Wright Timothy , Patel Vishal
Published: September 2019

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), caused by mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2 genes, is one of the most common human monogenetic disorders and the leading genetic cause of end-stage renal disease. Unfortunately, treatment options for ADPKD are limited. Here we report the discovery and characterization of RGLS4326, a first-in-class, short oligonucleotide inhibitor of microRNA-17 (miR-17), as a potential treatment for ADPKD. RGLS4326 is discovered by screening a chemically diverse and rationally designed library of anti-miR-17 oligonucleotides for optimal pharmaceutical properties. RGLS4326 preferentially distributes to kidney and collecting duct-derived cysts, displaces miR-17 from translationally active polysomes, and de-represses multiple miR-17 mRNA targets including Pkd1 and Pkd2. Importantly, RGLS4326 demonstrates a favorable preclinical safety profile and attenuates cyst growth in human in vitro ADPKD models and multiple PKD mouse models after subcutaneous administration. The preclinical characteristics of RGLS4326 support its clinical development as a disease-modifying treatment for ADPKD.
Giant piezoresistive effect by optoelectronic coupling in a heterojunction
Authors: Nguyen Thanh , Dinh Toan , Foisal Abu Riduan Md , Phan Hoang-Phuong , Nguyen Tuan-Khoa , Nguyen Nam-Trung , Dao Dzung Viet
Published: September 2019

Enhancing the piezoresistive effect is crucial for improving the sensitivity of mechanical sensors. Herein, we report that the piezoresistive effect in a semiconductor heterojunction can be enormously enhanced via optoelectronic coupling. A lateral photovoltage, which is generated in the top material layer of a heterojunction under non-uniform illumination, can be coupled with an optimally tuned electric current to modulate the magnitude of the piezoresistive effect. We demonstrate a tuneable giant piezoresistive effect in a cubic silicon carbide/silicon heterojunction, resulting in an extraordinarily high gauge factor of approximately 58,000, which is the highest gauge factor reported for semiconductor-based mechanical sensors to date. This gauge factor is approximately 30,000 times greater than that of commercial metal strain gauges and more than 2,000 times greater than that of cubic silicon carbide. The phenomenon discovered can pave the way for the development of ultra-sensitive sensor technology.
Assembly and seasonality of core phyllosphere microbiota on perennial biofuel crops
Authors: Grady Keara L. , Sorensen Jackson W. , Stopnisek Nejc , Guittar John , Shade Ashley
Published: September 2019

Perennial grasses are promising feedstocks for biofuel production, with potential for leveraging their native microbiomes to increase their productivity and resilience to environmental stress. Here, we characterize the 16S rRNA gene diversity and seasonal assembly of bacterial and archaeal microbiomes of two perennial cellulosic feedstocks, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus). We sample leaves and soil every three weeks from pre-emergence through senescence for two consecutive switchgrass growing seasons and one miscanthus season, and identify core leaf taxa based on occupancy. Virtually all leaf taxa are also detected in soil; source-sink modeling shows non-random, ecological filtering by the leaf, suggesting that soil is an important reservoir of phyllosphere diversity. Core leaf taxa include early, mid, and late season groups that were consistent across years and crops. This consistency in leaf microbiome dynamics and core members is promising for microbiome manipulation or management to support crop production.
Carrier lifetime enhancement in halide perovskite via remote epitaxy
Authors: Jiang Jie , Sun Xin , Chen Xinchun , Wang Baiwei , Chen Zhizhong , Hu Yang , Guo Yuwei , Zhang Lifu , Ma Yuan , Gao Lei , Zheng Fengshan , Jin Lei , Chen Min , Ma Zhiwei , Zhou Yuanyuan , Padture Nitin P. , Beach Kory , Terrones Humberto , Shi Yunfeng , Gall Daniel , Lu Toh-Ming , Wertz Esther , Feng Jing , Shi Jian
Published: September 2019

Crystallographic dislocation has been well-known to be one of the major causes responsible for the unfavorable carrier dynamics in conventional semiconductor devices. Halide perovskite has exhibited promising applications in optoelectronic devices. However, how dislocation impacts its carrier dynamics in the ‘defects-tolerant’ halide perovskite is largely unknown. Here, via a remote epitaxy approach using polar substrates coated with graphene, we synthesize epitaxial halide perovskite with controlled dislocation density. First-principle calculations and molecular-dynamics simulations reveal weak film-substrate interaction and low density dislocation mechanism in remote epitaxy, respectively. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution atomic force microscopy and Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy unveil the lattice/atomic and dislocation structure of the remote epitaxial film. The controlling of dislocation density enables the unveiling of the dislocation-carrier dynamic relation in halide perovskite. The study provides an avenue to develop free-standing halide perovskite film with low dislocation density and improved carried dynamics.
A high-resolution 3D epigenomic map reveals insights into the creation of the prostate cancer transcriptome
Authors: Rhie Suhn Kyong , Perez Andrew A. , Lay Fides D. , Schreiner Shannon , Shi Jiani , Polin Jenevieve , Farnham Peggy J.
Published: September 2019

To better understand the impact of chromatin structure on regulation of the prostate cancer transcriptome, we develop high-resolution chromatin interaction maps in normal and prostate cancer cells using in situ Hi-C. By combining the in situ Hi-C data with active and repressive histone marks, CTCF binding sites, nucleosome-depleted regions, and transcriptome profiling, we identify topologically associating domains (TADs) that change in size and epigenetic states between normal and prostate cancer cells. Moreover, we identify normal and prostate cancer-specific enhancer-promoter loops and involved transcription factors. For example, we show that FOXA1 is enriched in prostate cancer-specific enhancer-promoter loop anchors. We also find that the chromatin structure surrounding the androgen receptor (AR) locus is altered in the prostate cancer cells with many cancer-specific enhancer-promoter loops. This creation of 3D epigenomic maps enables a better understanding of prostate cancer biology and mechanisms of gene regulation.
A cell fitness selection model for neuronal survival during development
Authors: Wang Yiqiao , Wu Haohao , Fontanet Paula , Codeluppi Simone , Akkuratova Natalia , Petitpré Charles , Xue-Franzén Yongtao , Niederreither Karen , Sharma Anil , Da Silva Fabio , Comai Glenda , Agirman Gulistan , Palumberi Domenico , Linnarsson Sten , Adameyko Igor , Moqrich Aziz , Schedl Andreas , La Manno Gioele , Hadjab Saida , Lallemend François
Published: September 2019

Developmental cell death plays an important role in the construction of functional neural circuits. In vertebrates, the canonical view proposes a selection of the surviving neurons through stochastic competition for target-derived neurotrophic signals, implying an equal potential for neurons to compete. Here we show an alternative cell fitness selection of neurons that is defined by a specific neuronal heterogeneity code. Proprioceptive sensory neurons that will undergo cell death and those that will survive exhibit different molecular signatures that are regulated by retinoic acid and transcription factors, and are independent of the target and neurotrophins. These molecular features are genetically encoded, representing two distinct subgroups of neurons with contrasted functional maturation states and survival outcome. Thus, in this model, a heterogeneous code of intrinsic cell fitness in neighboring neurons provides differential competitive advantage resulting in the selection of cells with higher capacity to survive and functionally integrate into neural networks.