bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender and Sexual Practice in Structural Context: Condom Use among Women Doing Sex Work in Southern India
Authors: Young Gay , Danner Mona J. E. , Fort Lucía , Blankenship Kim M.
Published: July 2018

In this study, we elaborate connections among gender, structure, and practice to suggest how social structural relations shape social sexual practice and, in the process, reshape gender relations. Using survey data from a study of a community mobilization intervention, we investigate the connection between institutional arrangements and condom use practice in sexual encounters with commercial clients and intimate partners among 410 women engaged in sex trade in a semiurban town in southern India. Multinomial logistic regression analysis uncovers the effects of 16 measures of gendered structural relations in three contexts—livelihood resources, household circumstances, and community mobilization intervention priorities. We compare women who practice either consistent or inconsistent condom use with both clients and partners with a reference group of women who practice consistent condom use with clients but not with partners. Results reveal the importance of household and community relations for consistent safer sex practice over and above the organization of sex trade. Our analysis advances gender theory in two interrelated ways: We contribute to gender theorizing in the implementation of health interventions, and to gender change more generally by thinking through possibilities emerging from recursive influences between reordered institutional configurations and altered expectations in interaction.
Financialization and liberalization: South Africa’s new forms of external vulnerability
Authors: Isaacs Gilad , Kaltenbrunner Annina
Published: July 2018

Since the late 1990s, shifts in the nature of the global financial integration of developing and emerging countries have exposed them to new forms of external vulnerability. This article explores such in the South African case. The article shows a precipitous growth in the magnitude of South African assets held and traded by international investors – increasingly institutional investors and ‘other’ financial institutions, such as hedge funds and complex investment vehicles. The composition of these assets, and the motivation for trading, has also altered, shifting towards a complex set of rand-denominated, short-term assets in equity, bond and derivatives markets traded for capital gains. Given this, the article contends that it is the portfolio considerations of such investors, rather than economic ‘fundamentals’, that have come to determine key economic prices, including the exchange rate, causing volatility, large swings and sudden adjustments. This, it is argued, places monetary policy in a predicament. In the context of liberalized capital accounts, together with the prioritization of inflation targeting, open-market interventions are ineffective at managing exchange rate movements and volatility, and often reinforce both the patterns of trading and subsequent vulnerabilities while carrying their own costs. In these respects, the nature of South Africa’s global financial integrations has exposed it to new forms of external vulnerability, with both these developments, and associated monetary policies, deepening the financialization of the South African economy.
Stimulating Research and Development of New Antibiotics While Ensuring Sustainable Use and Access: Further Insights from the DRIVE-AB Project and Others
Authors: Bettiol Esther , Hackett Judith , Harbarth Stephan
Published: July 2018

Global discussions are ongoing on how to stimulate antibiotic research and development in order to provide patients with new antibiotics able to address the challenges of antimicrobial resistance. In this supplement, we present nine articles derived from the research performed as part of the Innovative Medicine Initiative-funded DRIVE-AB project and others. These publications provide new evidence and arguments in the debate around economic incentives to stimulate antibiotic innovation, including characteristics, implementation and governance.
A Perspective on Incentives for Novel Inpatient Antibiotics: No One-Size-Fits-All
Authors: Bhatti Taimur , Lum Ka , Holland Silas , Sassman Stephanie , Findlay David , Outterson Kevin
Published: July 2018

The need for new “pull” incentives to stimulate antibiotic R&D is widely recognized. Due to the global diversity of health systems, combined with different challenges faced by antibiotics used in different types of healthcare settings, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Instead, different “pull” incentives should be tailored to local contexts, priorities, and antibiotic types. Policymakers and industry should collaborate to identify appropriate solutions at the local, regional, and global levels.
Prisoners as Patients: The Opioid Epidemic, Medication-Assisted Treatment, and the Eighth Amendment
Authors: Linden Michael , Marullo Sam , Bone Curtis , Barry Declan T. , Bell Kristen
Published: July 2018

This article argues that correctional institutions violate the Eighth Amendment when they refuse to establish MAT programs and prevent doctors from exercising medical judgment to properly treat incarcerated people with OUD.
The Opioid Crisis and Federal Criminal Prosecution
Authors: Rothberg Rachel L. , Stith Kate
Published: July 2018

This article examines how federal law enforcement has responded to the opioid epidemic nationally and in a variety of locales. We focus in depth on two initiatives, including prosecution in opioid-death cases, undertaken by the U.S. Attorney's Office in Connecticut.
Improving Rural Access to Opioid Treatment Programs
Authors: Johnson Quentin , Mund Brian , Joudrey Paul J.
Published: July 2018

This article explores challenges to accessing opioid treatment programs in rural areas, and offers solutions that would ease these problems.
The Role of Constitutional Features in Judicial Review
Authors: Brown Adam R.
Published: July 2018

American state constitutions vary tremendously in their length, amendment rate, and age. These three variables—especially the first two—strongly influence the rate at which state supreme courts strike down state actions for violating the state constitution. Longer, more detailed constitutions reduce policy flexibility, increasing judicial invalidations; rarely updated constitutions may fail to address modern concerns, increasing invalidations; and recently adopted constitutions may contain fragile logrolls and similar shortcomings, also increasing invalidations. These findings add new considerations to a rich literature on judicial review in state supreme courts.
Adaptive sliding mode backstepping control - based maximum torque per ampere control of permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor via nonlinear disturbance observer
Authors: Yu Yang , Mi Zengqiang , Zheng Xiaoming , Chang Da , Zheng Xiaojiang , Sun Chenjun
Published: July 2018

Combined with two approaches of sliding mode control and backstepping control, an adaptive sliding mode–based backstepping control scenario on the basis of nonlinear disturbance observer is proposed to complete maximum torque per ampere control for permanent magnet–assisted synchronous reluctance motor. The constraint relation of permanent magnet–assisted synchronous reluctance motor under maximum torque per ampere control is built, and the design of the controller is elaborated in detail. The uncertainties of modeling errors considering unmatched items are estimated through a presented nonlinear disturbance observer. The adaptive law reflecting the modeling error of the system is constructed. Globally asymptotic stability and convergence of the tracking error for the system are validated through Lyapunov stability criterion. Simulation and experimental results illustrate that external disturbances and uncertainties are observed correctly by nonlinear disturbance observer; the close-loop system controlled by the proposed controller can track the references rapidly and precisely, and the designed controller has a good robust ability.
Misery Loves Company: Presenting Symptom Clusters to Urgent Care by Patients Receiving Antineoplastic Therapy
Authors: Daly Bobby , Nicholas Kevin , Gorenshteyn Dmitriy , Sokolowski Stefania , Gazit Lior , Adams Lynn , Matays Jennie , Katzen Lauren L. , Chiu Yeneat O. , Xiao Han , Salvaggio Rori , Baldwin-Medsker Abigail , Chow Kimberly , Nelson Judith , Ross Mikel , Ng Kenneth K. , Zervoudakis Alice , Perchick Wendy , Reidy Diane L. , Simon Brett A. , Wagner Isaac
Published: July 2018

Purpose:

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) identifies suboptimal management of treatment toxicities as a care gap and proposes the measurement of hospital performance on the basis of emergency department visits for 10 common symptoms. Current management strategies do not address symptom co-occurrence.

Methods:

We evaluated symptom co-occurrence in three patient cohorts that presented to a cancer hospital urgent care center in 2016. We examined both the CMS-identified symptoms and an expanded clinician-identified set defined as symptoms that could be safely managed in the outpatient setting if identified early and managed proactively. The cohorts included patients who presented with a CMS-defined symptom within 30 days of treatment, patients who presented within 30 days of treatment with a symptom from the expanded set, and patients who presented with a symptom from the expanded set within 30 days of treatment start. Symptom co-occurrence was measured by Jaccard index. A community detection algorithm was used to identify symptom clusters on the basis of a random walk process, and network visualizations were used to illustrate symptom dynamics.

Results:

There were 6,429 presentations in the CMS symptom-defined cohort. The network analysis identified two distinct symptom clusters centered around pain and fever. In the expanded symptom cohort, there were 5,731 visits and six symptom clusters centered around fever, emesis/nausea, fatigue, deep vein thrombosis, pain, and ascites. For patients who newly initiated treatment, there were 1,154 visits and four symptom clusters centered around fever, nausea/emesis, fatigue, and deep vein thrombosis.

Conclusion:

Uncontrolled symptoms are associated with unplanned acute care. Recognition of the complexity of symptom co-occurrence can drive improved management strategies.
Thermal spikes from the urban heat island increase mortality and alter physiology of lizard embryos
Authors: Hall Joshua M. , Warner Daniel A.
Published: July 2018

Effects of global change (i.e. urbanization, climate change) on adult organisms are readily used to predict the persistence of populations. However, effects on embryo survival and patterns of development are less studied, even though embryos are particularly sensitive to abiotic conditions that are altered by global change (e.g. temperature). In reptiles, relatively warm incubation temperatures increase developmental rate and often enhance fitness-relevant phenotypes, but extremely high temperatures cause death. Due to the urban heat island effect, human-altered habitats (i.e. cities) potentially create unusually warm nest conditions that differ from adjacent natural areas in both mean and extreme temperatures. Such variation may exert selection pressures on embryos. To address this, we measured soil temperatures in places where the Puerto Rican crested anole lizard (Anolis cristatellus) nests in both city and forest habitats. We bred anoles in the laboratory and subjected their eggs to five incubation treatments that mimicked temperature regimes from the field, three of which included brief exposure to extremely high temperatures (i.e. thermal spikes) measured in the city. We monitored growth and survival of hatchlings in the laboratory for 3 months and found that warmer, city temperatures increase developmental rate, but brief, thermal spikes reduce survival. Hatchling growth and survival were unaffected by incubation treatment. The urban landscape can potentially create selection pressures that influence organisms at early (e.g. embryo) and late life stages. Thus, research aimed at quantifying the impacts of urbanization on wildlife populations must include multiple life stages to gain a comprehensive understanding of this important aspect of global change.
A Practical Approach for Searching Stable Molecular Structures by Introducing Repulsive Interactions among Walkers
Authors: Shoji Mitsuo , Kayanuma Megumi , Shigeta Yasuteru
Published: July 2018

We propose a new algorithm that can be practically applied for searching molecular conformations without specifying the explicit reaction coordinates in advance. The basic idea is to introduce repulsive interactions among all the sampling structures (walkers) to spread the walker distributions. By increasing the strength of the repulsive interactions, walkers trapped in a local potential minimum overcome the potential barrier and can flow into other potential areas. Using this method, called the GLobal Area Search (GLAS) approach, all the walkers are optimized in parallel like a conventional geometrical optimization procedure, but in which only the repulsive force is added to the total gradient like an extra restraint term. We tested the GLAS method using simple molecules, i.e., ethane and glycine, and we could show that their conformers are properly generated. As the GLAS method has the following advantages: (i) computational time is the order of the geometrical optimizations, (ii) parallel exclusion is possible, and (iii) some GLAS trajectories are very close to the minimum energy path, the GLAS approach will be quite useful to search for stable conformations and reactivity especially for uncharacterized molecules.
THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ALLOCHTHONOUS "ATHENS SCHISTS"
Authors: Παπανικολάου Δ. I. , Λόζιος Σ. Γ. , Σούκης K. Ι. , Σκούρτσος Εμ. Ν.
Published: July 2018

Based on lithological fades, deformation and metamorphic degree the alpine tectonostratigraphic complex known in the literature as "Athens Schists" is divided into two units: the non-metamorphosed overlying Athens Unit and the very low grade metamorphosed underlying Alepovouni Unit. Athens Unit crops out in several hills of the western and central part of the Athens Basin emerging through the post-alpine sediments. It comprises several lithologies that constitute two lithologie groups: the first one of neritic white massive-to thick-bedded carbonates that bear rudist fragments and Upper Cretaceous foraminifera. These limestones are olistholites within the second pelagic formation comprising marly limestones with Globotruncana sp., shales, sandstones, tuffs and ophiolithic blocks. Due to tectonic intercalating of these two lithological groups Athens Unit shows a complex internal structure. It represents an Upper Cretaceous mélange formed in an accretionary prism. Alepovouni Unit is observed at the eastern part of the Athens Basin along the foothills of Mt. Hymettos, wedged between Athens Unit and the metamorphic rocks of Mt. Hymettos. It comprises two lithological groups, in which remnants of Thassic fossils were reported. Alepovouni Unit is correlated to the allochthonous Lavhon Unit that tectonically overlies the autochthonous Attica Unit in SE Attica. At the eastern part of the Athens Basin, Alepovouni Unit is bounded by two west-dipping lowangle normal faults. Along these contacts the formations of both Athens and Alepovouni Units exhibit microstructures indicating top-to NW sense of shear. The contact between the Athens Unit and Alepovouni Unit in western Hymettos is probably a major extensional detachment separating the metamorphic units of Attica autochthon and Alepovouni at the footwall to the SE from the nonmetamorphic units of the Sub-Pelagonian and the Athens unit at the hangingwall to the NW. This major detachment fault accommodated the uplift of the metamorphic rocks and juxtaposed these two units. At the western part Athens Unit overlies tectonically the Paleozoic - Mesozoic formations of the Sub-Pelagonian unit. The contact is an east-dipping normal fault, antithetic to the major detachment of western Hymettos.
NAPPE STRUCTURE OF THE NORTH SPORADES (GREECE): ON THE GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF ALONNISOS ISLAND
Authors: Jacobshagen V. , Matarangas D.
Published: July 2018

On Alonnisos island detailed field studies were carried out concerning rock sequences and their boundaries, geochemical analyses of mafic volcanic rocks, and geological mapping of key areas in the southwestern and central parts of the island to the scale 1:10 000. In connection with already published data, our results led to a revision of the tectonic structure of the island and of its geological evolution. The deeper parts of Alonnisos are built up by Mesozoic rocks of the Pelagonian zone, locally with outliers of the Eohellenic nappe on top. Both units are covered by the well-known Mesoautochthonous sequence of Upper Cretaceous/Lower Tertiary age. These units are tectonically overlain by relics of the Palouki nappe, which consists of the probably Lower Cretaceous Palouki formation (once called "Palouki series"), followed by Upper Cretaceous marbles and by a metaflysch. This nappe was probably overthrust during the Eocebe (Mesohellenic) orogeny.Relics of the Palouki nappe can be followed from Alonnisos to Skopelos in the SW, over some small islands. As the rock association in its older parts point to a pelagic marine origin, we assume that the Palouki nappe had its origin in a relic of the Vardar ocean. Relations to other nappe ouliers, which hold a comparable position in the Sporades/Pelion region, are discussed.
THE NAPPE STRUCTURE OF THE TECTONIC WINDOW OF DOLIANA (CENTRAL PELOPONNESUS, GREECE)
Authors: Lekkas S. , Skourtsos E.
Published: July 2018

In the tectonic window of Doliana (central Peloponnesus, Greece) a variety of geological formations occurs deriving from different sedimentation palaeoenvironments and characterized by different tectonometamorphic evolution. These rocks initially formed thrust nappes of great extension and thickness which stacked one over the other during the Lower Oligocene-Lower Miocene. The early compressing structures that were formed by the emplacement of the nappes were almost totally overprinted by the later-orogenic extension that affected the nappe-column in the Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene. Its main tectonic characteristic was the formation of low-angle normal faults, which constitute the tectonic contacts of the nappes. These faults led to the exhumation of the formerly deeply buried metamorphic rocks that are forming the core of the tectonic window. Apart from these structures during the evolution of this deformation phase an intense thinning of the units of the upper plate took place, causing the upper units coming closer or next to the lower ones. After the Lower Pliocene a second extensional phase affected the already thinned nappe-column with the formation of high-angle normal faults.
RΟCKFALL S DURING THE EARTHQUAKE OF 14/8/03 AND PROBABLE SOLUTIONS AT THE UPPER LEVEL OF DRIMONA S VILLAGE SLOPE, MUNICIPALITY OF SFAKIOTON LEUKADA ISLAND
Authors: Βογιατζής Δ. , Δημητρίου A. , Παπαθανασίου Γ. , Χρηστάρας Β. , Καντηράνης Ν. , Φιλιππίδης A. , Μωραΐτη E.
Published: July 2018

Big rocky blocks of indicative dimensions of 2.5*2.5x2.5 m, were activated and fell down-slope during the earthquake (Ms=6.4) of 14/8/03 from the upper part of the hill slope behind Drimon village (Municipality of Sfakiotes in Leukada island). The area is geologically composed of thick bedded white neritic limestones, of Pantokratoras unit (Upper Triassic age). The slope angle is roughly 50° to the NW, at the place of rockfall activation. The limestone is cut in blocks of edge 2-3 m long, due to the geometry of the tectonic discontinuities and the orientation of bedding. In this paper, the mechanism of rockfalls was studied regarding to their horizontal and vertical jumps as well as their kinetic energy. Furthermore, the type, the geometry, the place of installation and the necessary absorbing capacity of barriers were studied for restraining future rockfalls in the area. According to our study, the blocks are necessary to be tied, in place, at the upper part of the slope, using bolting, wire cable and wire netting techniques. Nevertheless, two elastic metallic barriers, approximately 100 m long and 5 m high, able to absorb kinetic energy of 3000 kJ, were decided to be installed on the slope, for the case that blocks, of mean dimensions 2.5x2.5x2.5 m, fall down. These barriers will be placed at horizontal distances of 38.22 m and 94.08 m, from the rockfalls starting point.
SHEARD CLAYEY SHALES OF FLYSCH. THEIR BEHAVIOR DURING THE EXCAVATION OF THE DIVERSION TUNNEL OF GADOURA DAM IN RHODES (GREECE)
Authors: Μαρίνος Π. , Χριστοδουλοπούλου T. , Περλέρος Β.
Published: July 2018

This paper deals with the particular geological-geotechnical conditions that predominate in the construction area of the diversion tunnel of Gadoura dam (in Rhodes) and the way these conditions were taken under consideration during the construction of the temporary support system. The intensely sheared geological formation of flysch that is encountered in the construction area of the tunnel, is characterised by the predomination of clayey shales against siltstones and other lithological members (sandstone horizons, occasional gypsum lenses and limited limestone intercalations) and by the absence of a groundwater table. The main features of this argillaceous facies of flysch are: the schistosity-foliation due to tectonic compression and the chaotic structure, in places where it occurs in alternations with sandstone and siltstone, due to differential deformation of the strata. As a result, squeezing phenomena occured during the tunnel advance. According to the engineering geology model, which was proposed after the first excavation works, sheared clayey shales compose a "soil type" rockmass specified by very low geotechnical parameters (GSI=15-20, ITIJ=6, Oci=5-10 MPa, E m =30r>500 MPa, c'=150+250 kPa, φ=13°+18° και oCm=0,400,60 MPa). Performing a declined surface on the tunnel face, shotcrete and fiber glass anchoring, this weak rockmass was behaved well on the face. The applying of a light forpoling system has contributed to the stabilization of the face and of the cylindrical "core" of rock immediately ahead of the advancing face, although it was a conservative measure. Steel ribs incorporated into shotcrete were used for the support of the tunnel behind the face. Lateral forces were further stabilized by the closure of the invert using reinforced concrete. Weep holes were locally opened for the pore pressure relief.
LIQUEFACTION PHENOMENA TRIGGERED BY THE EARTHQUAKE OF AUGUST 14,2003, IN THE ISLAND OF LEFKADA, GREECE
Authors: Παπαθανασίου Γ. , Παυλίδης Σπ. , Χρηστάρας B. , Πιτιλάκης K.
Published: July 2018

In the early morning of August 14, 2003 (05:14:53.9 GMT; 08:14:54 local time), a strong (Ms=6.4, Mw=6.2, a=0.42g) damaging earthquake occurred offshore the NW coast of Lefkada Island (Ionian, Greece). According to the Seismological laboratory of Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki, its focus was located at 38.86 N, 20.73 E (fig. 1 ) at depth h = 10km. Extensive ground failures (rock falls, liquefaction, cracks) were observed. The maximum intensity has been evaluated lo = Vili (EMS) at Lefkas municipality. Historical evidence of liquefaction show that the island suffered from similar co-seismic effects from past earthquakes, especially from 1914 and 1948 shocks. From the liquefaction sites, representing samples of the ejected soil were examined with a view to evaluate the liquefaction susceptibility of them. The results of the laboratory tests show that according to the Chinese Criteria (Wang 1979) these soils are considered to be of high potentially liquéfiable type.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD FOR RAPID "IN SITU" CHARACTERIZATION OF ROCKS
Authors: Ciornei N. , Facaoaru I. , Cetean V.
Published: July 2018

The effective determination of the field and place of application of the products resulting from stone working is a compulsory requirement in the building activity and is solved by laboratory analyses. This article presents details on the determination, by non-destructive method, of the compression strength of the rocks, both "in situ" (in the deposit) and in a laboratory. The originality of the method consists in simplifying the determination process of this parameter, a method that is in agreement with the systems proposed to be applied in the European Community. The method has the advantage of being applicable in quarries, where knowledge of this parameter leads to a rationalizing of the working and more especially to a selection of the blocks by quality criteria. The method is applicable to all categories of natural consolidated hard rocks, being a viable alternative for deposits with an inhomogeneous composition as to quality and structure.
HYDROCHEMICAL CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENTS PROBLEMS IN THE LOW LAND ZONE OF PINIOS RIVER OF ILIAS DEPARTMENT
Authors: Λαμπράκης N. , Jessen Soren , Παναγόπουλος Γ. , Πυτικάκης E.
Published: July 2018

The lower Pinios basin at the eastern coast of the Peloponnesus, hosts a system of alternative aquifers in the Pleistocene sediments of "Kalatha" formation. The elaboration of chemical analyses of the principal and trace elements of groundwater samples shown that a Redox environments and the presence of deep thermal water affect the groundwater quality. The aquifers sectors with reducing conditions are characterized by high concentrations of alkalinity, ammonia, total iron and total manganese groundwater. In the aquifers sectors with oxidizing conditions the values of the above parameters are low and the dominance of the chemical elements oxidizing forms are obvious.
Η κοινωνία πολιτών στη σύγχρονη Ελλάδα με έμφαση στην περίοδο της κρίσης: Το παράδειγμα της Θεσσαλονίκης
Authors: Λουκίδου Kατερίνα
Published: July 2018

Η διατριβή εκπονήθηκε στο Τμήμα Πολιτικής Επιστήμης και Δημόσιας Διοίκησης του Εθνικού και Καποδιστριακού Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών υπό την επίβλεψη τριμελούς επιτροπής που στελεχώθηκε από τον Καθηγητή Χρήστο Λυριτζή, τον Αναπληρωτή Καθηγητή Δημήτρη Α. Σωτηρόπουλο και την Καθηγήτρια Μάρω Παντελίδου-Μαλούτα. Η υποστήριξή της έλαβε χώρα τον Οκτώβριο του 2017.
drawProteins: a Bioconductor/R package for reproducible and programmatic generation of protein schematics
Authors: Brennan Paul
Published: July 2018

Protein schematics are valuable for research, teaching and knowledge communication. However, the tools used to automate the process are challenging. The purpose of the drawProteins package is to enable the generation of schematics of proteins in an automated fashion that can integrate with the Bioconductor/R suite of tools for bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Using UniProt accession numbers, the package uses the UniProt API to get the features of the protein from the UniProt database. The features are assembled into a data frame and visualized using adaptations of the ggplot2 package. Visualizations can be customised in many ways including adding additional protein features information from other data frames, altering colors and protein names and adding extra layers using other ggplot2 functions. This can be completed within a script that makes the workflow reproducible and sharable.
Real time portable genome sequencing for global food security
Authors: Boykin Laura , Ghalab Ammar , Rossitto De Marchi Bruno , Savill Anders , M. Wainaina James , Kinene Tonny , Lamb Stephen , Rodrigues Myriam , Kehoe Monica , Ndunguru Joseph , Tairo Fred , Sseruwagi Peter , Kayuki Charles , Mark Deogratius , Erasto Joel , Bachwenkizi Hilda , Alicai Titus , Okao-Okuja Geoffrey , Abridrabo Phillip , Ogwok Emmanuel , Francis Osingada John , Akono Jimmy , Ateka Elijah , Muga Brenda , Kiarie Samuel
Published: July 2018

Crop losses due to viral diseases and pests are major constraints on food security and income for millions of households in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Such losses can be reduced if plant diseases and pests are correctly diagnosed and identified early. Currently, accurate diagnosis for definitive identification of plant viruses and their vectors in SSA mostly relies on standard PCR and next generation sequencing technologies (NGS). However, it can take up to 6 months before results generated using these approaches are available. The long time taken to detect or identify viruses impedes quick, within-season decision-making necessary for early action, crop protection advice and disease control measures by farmers. This ultimately compounds the magnitude of crop losses and food shortages suffered by farmers. The MinION portable pocket DNA sequencer was used, to our knowledge globally for the first time, to sequence whole plant virus genomes. We used this technology to identify the begomoviruses causing the devastating cassava mosaic virus, which is ravaging smallholder farmers’ crops in sub-Saharan Africa.
Tranexamic acid for significant traumatic brain injury (The CRASH-3 trial): Statistical analysis plan for an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Roberts Ian , Belli Antonio , Brenner Amy , Chaudhri Rizwana , Fawole Bukola , Harris Tim , Jooma Rashid , Mahmood Abda , Shokunbi Temitayo , Shakur Haleema ,   CRASH-3 trial collaborators
Published: July 2018

Background: Worldwide, traumatic brain injury (TBI) kills or hospitalises over 10 million people each year. Early intracranial bleeding is common after TBI, increasing the risk of death and disability. Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss in surgery and death due to bleeding in trauma patients with extra-cranial injury. Early administration of tranexamic acid in TBI patients might limit intracranial bleeding, reducing death and disability. The CRASH-3 trial aims to provide reliable evidence on the effect of tranexamic acid on death and disability in TBI patients. We will randomly allocate about 13,000 TBI patients to an intravenous infusion of tranexamic acid or matching placebo in addition to usual care. This paper presents a protocol update (version 2.1) and statistical analysis plan for the CRASH-3 trial.

Results: The primary outcome is head injury death in hospital within 28 days of injury for patients treated within 3 hours of injury (deaths in patients treated after 3 hours will also be reported). Because there are strong scientific reasons to expect that tranexamic acid will be most effective in patients treated immediately after injury and less effective with increasing delay, the effect in patients treated within one hour of injury is of particular interest. Secondary outcomes are all-cause and cause-specific mortality, vascular occlusive events (myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, stroke), disability based on the Disability Rating Scale and measures suggested by patient representatives, seizures, neurosurgical intervention, neurosurgical blood loss, days in intensive care and adverse events. Sub-group analyses will examine the effect of tranexamic acid on head injury death stratified by time to treatment, severity of TBI and baseline risk.

Conclusion: The CRASH-3 trial will provide reliable evidence of the effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid in patients with acute TBI.

Registration: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials registry (ISRCTN15088122) 19/07/2011, and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01402882) 25/07/2011.
Explaining Bundle-Framing Effects with Signaling Theory
Authors: Moon Jihwan , Shugan Steven M.
Published: July 2018

Many sellers bundle add-ons (e.g., in-flight entertainment, hotel amenities) with core services (e.g., transportation, lodging). One surprising empirical finding is that consumers often believe bundle frames provide greater value than equivalent unbundle frames ($10 > $9 + $1) despite equal all-inclusive prices. Although these context or framing effects appear irrational in isolation, the bundle-framing effect might reflect market relationships caused by underlying seller motives. We show that bundling can signal information about product appeal, that is, popularity. Specifically, only sellers of wide-appeal (popular) add-ons (e.g., well-liked entertainment, sought-after hotel amenities, standard side salads, popular excursions) have an incentive to bundle their add-ons with their core products (e.g., flights, hotel rooms, restaurant entrées, cruise trips). By contrast, sellers of narrow-appeal (niche) add-ons (e.g., unorthodox entertainment, unpopular amenities, exotic side salads, unusual excursions) find that bundling is undesirable because they lose core revenue. Consequently, bundling can convey information about horizontally differentiated markets even when the total all-inclusive price equals that of unbundling. Perhaps some presumed consumer biases can reveal market relationships. Frames provide information about the framer.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2018.1097 .
Speculation and the Bond Market: An Empirical No-Arbitrage Framework
Authors: Barillas Francisco , Nimark Kristoffer
Published: July 2018

An affine no-arbitrage asset pricing framework is developed that allows for agents to have rational but heterogeneous expectations. The framework can match both bond yields and the observed dispersion of yield expectations in survey data. Heterogeneous information introduces a speculative component in bond prices that is (i) statistically distinct from classical components such as risk premia and expectations about future short rates and (ii) quantitatively important, at times accounting for up to 125 basis points of U.S. yields. Allowing for heterogeneous expectations also changes the estimated relative importance of risk premia and expectations about future short rates in historical bond yields compared to a standard affine model. The framework imposes weaker restrictions than existing heterogeneous information asset pricing models and is thus well suited to empirically quantify the importance of relaxing the common information assumption.

This paper was accepted by Tomasz Piskorski, finance.
Sexualidade e envelhecimento: dilemas do corpo masculino
Authors: Lima Regiane De Oliveira , Leite Junior Francisco Francinete
Published: July 2018

O presente estudo objetiva abranger a intersecção dos conceitos de sexualidade, envelhecimento e masculinidade para a compreensão das representações do corpo envelhecido para os homens idosos, tal como a sexualidade e os desafios da manutenção da masculinidade na contemporaneidade. Os aspectos metodológicos empregados para este fim incidem em um relato de experiência de oficinas temáticas desenvolvidas com idosos, tais homens são frequentadores de um equipamento social e participantes de grupos de convivência. Os dados registrados em diários de campo foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Com isso, obtêm-se, enquanto resultados, os diversos fatores que contribuem para a construção da subjetividade do idoso a respeito do corpo masculino em torno da sexualidade, entre eles os valores e a manutenção das normas em detrimento dos encontros contemporâneos na mídia e na sociedade. Entende-se, portanto, que o envelhecer na atualidade é um desafio que vai além de carregar os estigmas sociais, e insere-se em uma dimensão cultural que padroniza os corpos, as relações sexuais e a masculinidade numa esfera que neutraliza o sujeito e o enquadra na jovialidade.
Análise de processos de ensino-aprendizagem de temas nutrição em salas de espera
Authors: Gomes Paulo César , Papini Sílvia Justina , Dias Luiza Cristina Godim Domingues
Published: July 2018

Este estudo investigou a prática educativa de uma graduanda do último ano do curso de Nutrição no espaço de educação não formal denominado na literatura por ‘Sala de Espera’ em distintas Unidades de Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Buscou-se investigar a atuação da participante e como procedia à delimitação de objetivos, estratégias de ensino e de avaliação em três distintas atividades de interações com os pacientes. Além de verificar se a ferramenta Avaliação Funcional Descritiva, largamente utilizada na Análise Aplicada do Comportamento, poderia fornecer elementos para que a própria participante modificasse sua prática educativa durante a interação com os pacientes em situação de espera. Os resultados evidenciaram que a participante executou modificações na maneira como passou a descrever seus objetivos, estratégias de ensino e medidas de avaliação dos pacientes. A participante também promoveu alterações no modo como conduziu as Salas de Espera, isto é, em seu repertório de ensino e como passou a “interpretar”, isto é, relatar processos de ensino-aprendizagem decorrentes, além de ter promovido mudanças significativas na maneira como conduziu as interações com os pacientes em situação de espera.
Análise de emissões aeronáuticas: estudo de caso em um aeroporto da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Moreira Rafael Vaz Fernandes , Souza Simone Lorena Quiterio de , Corrêa Sergio Machado
Published: July 2018

Devido ao crescimento do transporte aéreo ao longo das décadas e, consequentemente, das emissões atmosféricas por este meio, fez–se necessário o estabelecimento de estudos e normas que visam mensurar os níveis de poluentes emitidos por motores aeronáuticos. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo estimar quantitativamente e comparar as emissões de monóxido de carbono (CO), hidrocarbonetos (HC) e óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) da aeronave Airbus A319, série 115, durante suas operações no Aeroporto Santos Dumont, localizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2015. Para tal, utilizou-se dados estatísticos da Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil (ANAC) e do banco de dados de emissões da Organização Internacional de Aviação Civil (ICAO). Os resultados mostraram que as emissões destes poluentes variam conforme a fase de voo da aeronave e regime de potência dos motores, que influenciam na temperatura do motor e combustão do querosene de aviação. Desta maneira, observou-se que os níveis de NOx na fase de subida inicial – na qual a aeronave, após a decolagem, ascende à um nível de segurança, livre de obstáculos –, se mantiveram, aproximadamente, 51 e 68 % superiores, em relação as fases de decolagem e pouso, respectivamente. Em termos de CO, as emissões da fase de aproximação, mostraram-se, aproximadamente 92 e 96 % superiores em relação às fases de subida inicial e decolagem, respectivamente. O mesmo pode ser observado para as emissões de HC, que durante a aproximação, alcançaram valores 37 e 75 % maiores, em relação as fases de subida inicial e decolagem, respectivamente.
Lyme disease: Reducing the risks of infection and early signs
Authors: Croghan Emma
Published: July 2018

The number of confirmed cases of Lyme disease have increased in recent years in the UK. Emma Croghan looks at its transmission and signs and symptoms, as well as prevention strategies.
A ward nurse's guide to inflammatory bowel disease (part 1): screening, observation and investigation
Authors: Squires Seth , Boal Allan , McCluskey Fiona
Published: July 2018

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) care is shifting away from hospital to community- and outpatient-based services. Innovations in therapy and care mean fewer patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are being treated as inpatients. However, the unpredictable nature of IBD means that, when the severity of the disease reaches a point at which oral medications are ineffective, patients require hospitalisation. Ward nurses play an integral frontline role in inpatient treatment, with careful decision-making and expert communication. This two-part paper provides an educational framework for ward nurses on various aspects of IBD care. The first part looks at screening, observation and investigation, as well as logistical issues related to privacy and confidentiality. It covers stool screening for Clostridium difficile and other bacterial gastrointestinal infections, as well as blood tests and flexible sigmoidoscopy. Radiological investigations include X-ray, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The second part will deal with medical management.
What is Rightbreathe and how might patients benefit from it?
Authors: Attar-Zadeh Darush
Published: July 2018

Darush Attar-Zadeh explains how the app can help clinicians select the correct inhaler for their patients
Potty training tips for parents
Authors: Noakes Amy
Published: July 2018

For many parents, potty training can seem an anxiety-provoking and daunting challenge, exacerbated by minimal scientific evidence existing to support professionals.
Fit to practise? Assessment of student specialist community public health nurses
Authors: Moseley Michelle
Published: July 2018

A particular challenge for specialist community public health nursing (SCPHN) programme leaders is developing assessment and evaluation processes for students. This article outlines a strategy of combining two competency frameworks for use as part of the SCPHN course at a higher education institute. The frameworks are required to assess students' attitudes, skills and knowledge in relation to this specialist field of nursing practice. Combining the strengths of two different frameworks has the potential to enable practice teachers to assess and evaluate students developmentally. Assessing a student's ability, knowledge, attitudes and skills has proven to be successful using this approach in Wales and is featured in the All Wales Clinical Portfolio (used at four Welsh universities). Students can reflect on and in practice while achieving specific learning outcomes, and practice teachers can use the frameworks to assess competence and proficiency effectively.
What makes health visiting successful—or not? 1. Universality
Authors: Cowley Sarah , Whittaker Karen , Malone Mary , Donetto Sara , Grigulis Astrida , Maben Jill
Published: July 2018

The altered landscape surrounding the commissioning of public health provision has affected the nature and range of health visitor services across England. This is the first of two articles reporting evidence from a programme of research that focused on how health visiting works, also reporting service user and workforce perspectives. Evidence for a service model is offered based on universal principles and maximising the capacity of the health visiting resource. Where service specifications fail to give careful attention to this evidence, the reshaped services for children and families may miss core ingredients that enable health visitors to make a difference, delivering a proportionate and successful child health programme for the early years.
Health visitors as agents of change
Authors: Hanley Jane
Published: July 2018

Health visitors are tasked with shaping social change—so is it time we enshrined the principles of health visiting for posterity? Do we need a new health service?
A brief guide to borderline personality disorder in an emergency setting
Authors: Jamieson Louisa
Published: July 2018

Overview

Paramedics and ambulance staff are frequently in contact with patients who have mental health diagnoses This may be the primary reason for contacting the emergency services (e.g. self-harm, crisis or suicide ideation) or it may be incidental to their primary clinical concern. Patients in mental health crisis can be challenging and demanding. Most paramedics will not have had specific guidance on identifying or understanding the features, aetiology and responses to treatment of patients with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Borderline personality disorder is associated with a high risk of self-harm, risk-taking behaviour and suicide. Building a rapport with patients is often crucial to paramedics achieving optimum patient care. There are features of borderline personality disorder that may make rapport-building more complex, and the establishment of trust harder for the clinician to achieve and maintain. There is potential for frustration and a lack of understanding to interfere with the successful delivery of person-centred care. In order to support patients with borderline personality disorder, ambulance staff need to be aware of the particular characteristics of this condition and the current best practice guidance.
Developing the ability to sound the right note
Authors: White Hilary
Published: July 2018

In this new three-part series Hilary White kicks off by exploring the meaning of the term self-regulation in the context of modern pedagogy and research, and how reflective practice is needed to support it.
Plant some number ideas
Authors: McKeown Sal
Published: July 2018

Sal McKeown discovers how digital program Mathseeds is putting the fun into the learning and practising of key mathematical concepts at a London primary, and why teachers find it an easy resource to navigate.
Pebble dash
Authors: Clarke Jenni
Published: July 2018

All you need is a selection of smooth pebbles to make excellent props for storytelling. Link them to themes by making simple drawings and marks, and discover how children use them as reference points.
Canine hip dysplasia: rehabilitation
Authors: Corral Cheryl
Published: July 2018

Following on from part one, which discussed the aetiology, heritability, diagnosis and treatment options for the canine hip dysplasia patient, this article looks in depth at the role rehabilitation can play in management of the condition, both by the veterinary nurse in practice, and after referral by the rehabilitation therapist.
Care of geriatric rabbits
Authors: Dehn Sarah , Worrell Brianna
Published: July 2018

With the continual advancement in veterinary medicine, rabbits have the care they need to live longer. While rabbits of all ages have similar needs, geriatric rabbits can have a longer, better quality of life with proper identification and management of age-related diseases. Important considerations for elevated quality of life for geriatric patients include: adjustments in husbandry and nutrition, and medical management of age-related diseases such as congestive heart failure, chronic renal insufficiency, and a wide variety of mobility issues. Becoming familiar with signs of age-related medical complications is extremely important due to a rabbit's natural instinct to hide signs of illness. Supportive care at home is key to the ongoing wellbeing of geriatric pets with health conditions. It is also important to be prepared to discuss the delicate subject of end-of-life care and euthanasia with owners of geriatric rabbits. Humane and stress-free euthanasia is important for all species, including pet rabbits.
Extended patient care report for an unstable acromegalic cat with hypoglycaemia
Authors: Phillips Steph
Published: July 2018

This report highlights the complications associated with acromegalic patients in diabetic crisis, and suggests recommendations for the appropriate management and care. Outlined are the concepts of asymptomatic hypoglycaemia, the welfare implications of frequent pinna blood sampling and coma scale monitoring. It also discusses the benefit of using the nursing process for ongoing evaluation of the critical patient.
Contact and Nozzle Wear from 100 Interruptions for a Puffer-Type Air Load Break Switch
Authors: Stoa-Aanensen N. , Jonsson E. , Runde M.
Published: July 2018

One type test requirement for medium voltage load break switches is to interrupt 100 consecutive "mainly active loads". A puffer-type switch with axial-blown arc has been tested according to the 630 A/24 kV ratings. The nozzle and contact wear were measured regularly to investigate design requirements and the impact from nozzle wear on gas flow. The contact wear is only moderate, while the nozzle wear causes a decrease in pressure build-up, which in turn may influence the interruption performance.
Experimental Investigations on Electrical Plasma Conductivity in a Model Spark Gap for Surge Currents
Authors: Runge T. , Kopp T. H. , Kurrat M.
Published: July 2018

In this experimental investigation the electrical conductivity of plasma is measured during surge current using potential probes. The measurements were carried out in a narrow gap arrangement based on spark gap technology. In order to investigate the electrical conductivity during surge this model is tested using 8/20 µs surge currents according to the IEC 62475. The measured behaviour of the electrical conductivity during surge and the uncertainty of these measurements are discussed