bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
55.6: Research on the Bonding Technology of SUS And Panel for Curling Screen
Authors: Mo Wenwei , Ran Chong
Published: August 2021

In recent years, with the rapid development of display technology, flexible folding screen technology has become a must for major smart phone manufacturers to introduce new ones. With the continuous subversion of the industrial design concept of mobile phones, and the continuous optimization of product design and user experience, a new wave of mobile phone design has arrived‐curling screens. The curling screen is a new type of rollable and stretchable screen derived from the folding screen. The shrinkage and expansion of the screen is achieved through the Rolling component. The realization of the rollable screen relies on its rollable SUS as a support, and its curling characteristics directly lead to The difficulty of SUS fitting has increased dramatically.

This article will study the technology of the SUS and Panel bonding (M‐Lami) of the curled screen, aiming to improve the bonding effect of the M‐Lami process and solve the difficult problems of the process: Peeling, tearing film reverse release, curved edge GDS. Through the tearing point of the tear film (right‐angle apex, right‐angle point up, right‐angle point down), curved edge roller bonding pressure (0.20MPa, 0.25MPa, 0.3MPa, 0.4MPa), roller diameter (11mm, 13mm, 15mm), 15mm), roller hardness (30IRHD, 40IRHD, 50IRHD) and other conditions are comprehensively researched and analyzed, and it is concluded that the tearing point of the film is 3mm above the right angle point, the curved edge roller bonding pressure is 0.3MPa, the roller diameter is 13mm, the roller Under the condition of hardness of 50IRHD, it can solve the problems of M‐Lami process Peeling, tearing film reverse release and curved edge GDS to the greatest extent, and improve the yield of curled screen products.
56.1: Invited Paper: Research on Measuring Methods of Immersion for Virtual Display Based on Neurocomputing
Authors: Qiao Bo , Pei Guanxiong , Pan Yang , Li Taihao , Yao Shuai , Fang Shishi
Published: August 2021

Immersion is an important parameter to characterize the performance of VR in interaction. At present, the evaluation of immersion is basically based on the measurement of optical properties, image quality and other indirect indicators, without considering the actual feelings of people. In this study, we proposed a measuring methods of immersion for virtual display based on neurocomputing method. By comparing with self‐report method, the consistency index was at a relatively high level, which indicates that EEG‐based neurocomputing offers an option to evaluate the immersion of virtual display.
56.4: Research on Measurement and Evaluation of AR/VR Near‐eye Display
Authors: Hong Zhikun , Wang Lei , Zheng Zengqiang
Published: August 2021

Compared with traditional display devices, such as TVs, mobile phones, and watches, near‐eye display devices have great differences in the optical system, which leads to the difference between the display quality evaluation of near‐eye display devices and traditional display devices, In this paper, we analyze and design a unique optical structure based on the characteristics of the near‐eye display device, and conduct an experimental analysis on the designed imaging system. Then, the experimental research compared the traditional detection scheme, which well shows the advantages of the customized system in imaging quality. We have also developed related algorithms to evaluate the image quality of the NED detection system.
P‐1.7: Atomic‐Layer‐Deposition Deposited Superlattice‐Structure Al‐Zn‐O Films for Thin Film Transistors Application
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Dong Junchen , Li Qi , Xu Dengqin , Wang Yi , Han Dedong
Published: August 2021

Thin film transistors (TFTs) with a superlattice‐structure Al‐Zn‐O (AZO) active layer are demonstrated. The AZO TFTs show excellent device performance and bias stress stability. The major electrical properties include a field‐effect mobility (µfe) of 2.35 cm2V−1s−1, a subthreshold swing (SS) of 141.2 mV/decade, and an on‐to‐off state current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of 4.29 × 106. Our work accelerates the practical application of superlattice‐structure semiconductor materials in electronic devices.
P‐3.9: A high Transmittance VR LCD by Using the Application of 1D Photonic Crystal
Authors: Tong Jie , Xin Haoyin , Xie Jianyun , Li Wei , Chen Yanqing , Li Yanfeng
Published: August 2021

We presents a method to improve the transmittance of the VR LCD by using the photonic band‐gap characteristics of one‐dimensional (1D) photonic crystal. The specific method is as follows. The 1D photonic crystal is formed by making multiple layers of SiNx and SiO2 on the bottom of TFT, and the photonic crystal at the display area is removed. The light from backlight will passing through the aperture area of Pixels, and reflected back to the Backlight by high reflectivity of 1D photonic crystal which positioned behind the BM layer. The reflected light will be re‐enter the panel by the Reflector which be set on the bottom of backlight. The experimental results show that the transmittance can be increased about 20% by using 5‐layers photonic crystal.
P‐4.10: Quantum Dot Films for Color Converter Application by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Li Yifei , Liu Pai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: August 2021

Patterned color conversion layers could be applied in the micro‐LED display. Here, we presented a quantum dots (QDs)‐based patterned color conversion layer deposited by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The QDs used here are CdSe/ZnS QDs with the 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) ligands. Red and green patterned color conversion layers have been deposited by EPD, which could be used as the pixels in full‐color micro‐LED applications.
P‐4.13: Application and Improvement Measures of Sink IC for Bezel‐less Mobile
Authors: Yang Xinlan , Wang Shijun , Wang Jiguo , Liu Yi , Tai Yuke , Ding Tengfei , Wei Zhan , Wang Yang , Feng Bo , Zhan Hongming , Chen Xi , Xue Hailin
Published: August 2021

To satisfy the full‐screen display demand, we introduce the Sink IC to minimize the bezel of TFT‐LCD module. After study on IC design and optimization of the internal bumps, rationalized design has solved the bonding issues, warping deformation and uneven indentation of Sink IC. The application of Sink IC has promoted the bezel‐less mobile development and the COG precision, which will soon be threw into enterprise production. This essay discusses advantages of the new IC, bonding issues we are trying to solve, and the changes on the panel correspondingly to push Sink IC application in the volume production and display industry.
P‐4.16: Optimization for Picture Quality in LCD Video Wall Module Design
Authors: Fu Changjia , Zhong Wei , Shi Haijun , Wu Bin , Bu Zhanchang , Wang Bochang , Zhang Enliang
Published: August 2021

Accompanying with the gradual maturity in the LCD splicing screen market, there shows a higher demand for the technical performance and picture quality of products.

In this paper, a scheme is proposed to optimize the bordered optics and enhance the brightness uniformity of LCD video wall module with D‐LED BLU. The influence of the layout of the light source, the light intensity, the angle of the middle frame reflection surface, the material scattering rate of the middle frame reflection, the designing considerations of diffusion plate and the optical film are evaluated by optical simulation, and the optimum proposal is determined. The actual verification by BOE 55′ splicing screen module shows that the scheme in this paper can eliminate the uneven brightness around the screen and the brightness of the product is increased by 8%.
P‐5.3: Development of A FHD 360HZ LCD with Oxide TFT
Authors: Jianting SHAO , Shibing RUAN
Published: August 2021

We developed a 17.3’’ FHD 360HZ high‐end electronic competitive LCD in IGZO. For reducing the risk of pixel capacitance undercharge, we designed zigzag pixel structure and used pre‐charge driving mode. In addition, this product uses fast response liquid crystal and dynamic OD technology to reduce response time. Moreover, the downward backlit Local Dimming partition control is designed to meet HDR specifications.
P‐5.11: A Study on De‐multiplex Technology Based on IGZO Semiconductor for Notebook LCDs
Authors: Yang Wei , Shu Qiang , Wang Huaipei , Li Jie , Wang Zhijun
Published: August 2021

We proposed a DEMUX (De‐multiple) technology based on IGZO BCE‐type TFT structure and produced the 13.3 inches FHD LCDs for notebook. The adoption of DEMUX 1:3 circuit on panels combing with TED (Tcon‐Embedded Driver) technology realized a narrow module bezel of less than 15mm for the LCDs. A slight horizontal streaks issue observed on RG/GB/RB mixed color image under middle and low grayscale display is analyzed and discussed. The modeling and simulation results indicate that the issue is related to the drive architecture of Zigzag‐column inversion under charging insufficient of source lines.
P‐6.3: Analysis and Research of Pad Corrosion of COG LCD
Authors: Chun Ye , Yuting Yang , Lixia Zhou
Published: August 2021

As for the TFT‐LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display),pads corrosion of COG (Chip on Glass) are incident to happen in product line. And if the Q‐time (queue time) is over‐time between cleaning and bonding process, the pad area of single panel which kept in air may have pad corrosion problems. On the analysis of pads corrosion, we found that the corrosion layers are mainly ITO and Copper of source /gate, which are associated with the pad surface's residual water and particle. In addition, we also found that cleaning water and the detergent have a great relevance with the corrosion by simulation experiments, and the corrosion can be accelerated by ions in water stains. Meanwhile, we put forward some countermeasures to solve this problem.
P‐6.5: Cu Erosion of Via Hole within GOA Unit of Super‐large and Ultra‐HD TFT‐LCD of 120Hz Frame Rate
Authors: Lin Min , Liu Ziyuan , Wei Yan , Ma Yong , Liu Bin , Meng Yu , Qiu Hang
Published: August 2021

Cu erosion of via hole within GOA unit of super‐large and ultra‐HD TFT‐LCD of 120Hz frame rate is an important issue and may cause some line failures. Reliability tests of panel about temperature and humidity are used to accelerate occurrences of the relative failures (Y‐Line). Effects of some critical factors including ITO thickness, tray life and sealant coverage are analyzed for optimal combination of mass production parameters. Furthermore, mechanisms of the Y‐Line failure are dissected by some modern analytical equipment. Deep via hole broken is found to be primary cause of Y‐Line failure of 75inch 4K 120Hz panel in Green127 pattern. The broken is caused by erosion of gate Cu in the via hole. There is initial Cu erosion at chamfer consisting of GI‐Cu‐ITO, caused by photoresist stripping after via hole etch, leading to open the ITO used to connect gate Cu (below GI) and data line (above GI). The ITO open provides possibility for H2O to passing through, and greatly weakens its shielding ability. A channel for H2O diffusion resulting in Cu erosion after “8585” and “THO” tests can be speculated to be interfaces consisting of Sealant‐PVX and Sealant‐ITO.
P‐6.7: End‐Capped Transparent Polyimide Films with Improved Thermal Durability for Optoelectronic Application
Authors: Wang Chang'ou , Gao Mengyan , Jia Yan , Zhai Lei , He Minhui , Mo Song , Fan Lin
Published: August 2021

To meet the application demands as flexible substrate materials in optoelectronic display fields, the thermal durability at high temperature of transparent polyimide (PI) films faces a great challenge. Eight types of end‐capped transparent PI films were prepared using four end‐capping reagents through thermal and chemical imidization methods, respectively. The effects of end‐capping reagents with different chemical structures and imidization methods on optical properties of end‐capped films were investigated systematically. Their thermal durability in transparency was evaluated by changes of light transmittance and yellow parameter (ΔT and Δb) between the original and reheated end‐cappedfilms at 300 °C in the air. The results proved that end‐capping reagents and imidization methods have an important effect on optical properties of end‐capped PI films. It is also demonstrated that optimal end‐capping reagent combined with appropriate imidization method can enhance the thermal durability of transparent PI films. It provides an effective method to solve the discoloration problem of transparent PI films caused by high temperature during device manufacturing.
P‐7.3: A methodology of color management with saturation searching and color gamut remapping
Authors: Yang Hsueh-Yen , Zhou Ming-Feng
Published: August 2021

Since OLED implement superior chromatic efficiency without the transmittance impact of color filter. Besides the benefit of higher brightness, excellent color saturation can perform wider factory gamut to be achieve several standard color spaces, which such as DCI‐P3[3] and adobe [2] of standard color space. For achieving AMOLED panel of display performance, this paper would like propose a methodology to utilize gamut remapping and adjustable saturation searching to pursue target chromatics coordinates in CIE‐xy. The uniform 48 color points are utilized to execute experiments to verify algorithmic performance with auto tuning software tool.
P‐8.4: Improvement of Fingerprint on LCDs Based on NITS Film
Authors: Yingxue YU , Litao FAN , Luo ZHANG , Jian ZHANG , Yujie LIU , Xiaoping ZHANG , Site CAI
Published: August 2021

The key points of Fingerprint on LCDs system are to solve the problem of brightness reduction and unequal visual effect caused by the new NITS film. Mainly, this project of FoD system study the improvement of brightness, optimization of visual effect and adaptation of machine structure in two aspects of the PNL and module. Through repeated verifications, it achieved the goals of TLCM brightness=Typ.450 nit, FRR < 2% and FAR < 1/50000(Table 1), which can launch the fingerprint on LCDs products. Finally, based on the existing design, there are some improvement suggestions to put forward to higher TLCM color gamut, so as to accumulate experience for the next generation of FoD product.
P‐8.8: Low cost private set intersection protocol based on oblivious transmission
Authors: Luo Ran , Han Haoting , Yan Zian
Published: August 2021

Private set intersection (PSI) all two parties need to calculate the intersection of the sender and the receiver, and do not need to communicate with each other. At present this protocol is widely used in the field of information security. and PSI based on different technologies has been proposed. However, it is difficult for existing psi protocols to determine the best solution in each scenario. especially because they are not compared in the same environment. In addition, the existing psi protocols are several orders of magnitude slower than the hash method in practice,.

This article reviews the development process of PSI, and then we focus on the security of semi honest adversary psi protocol and use the latest methods to improve efficiency to achieve inadvertent transmission. In addition. the important optimization of the previous psi protocol is proposed and a new psi protocol is proposed, Whose runtime is better than the existing protocol.

In addition, by applying bloom filter. the receiver can calculate the output more easily than performing encryption on the senders private data set when using low‐power mobile. Internet of animals devices. In the semi honest model, we can prove the security of this method. In the experiment. through the implementation of all protocols on the same platform we give the use of this protocol in a specific environment, and evaluate the progress of PSI protocol by comparison. At present we use the insecure Nave hash protocol. By processing two large data sets. We prove the feasibility of our new psi protocol.
P‐8.13: Low‐cost Multi‐view Image Synthesis method for Autostereoscopic Display
Authors: Huang Zhicong , Chen Dihu , Pang Zhiyong
Published: August 2021

Multi‐view image plays an important role in many kinds of 3D display techniques. However, the acquisition of multi‐view image is usually high‐cost and complicated. Inspired by the research of Deep3D, we constructed view synthesis model and proposed a low‐cost multi‐view image synthesis method which can convert 2D image into multi‐view image automatically. To evaluate the performance of proposed method, we compared the synthesized multi‐view image with ground truth and carried out subjective experiments with autostereoscopic display devices. The result suggests that our methods have great potential on multi‐view image synthesis.
P‐9.3: High‐Performance Red, Green and Blue All‐Inorganic Perovskite QLEDs Based on Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Passivation Strategies
Authors: Yang Xikang , Wei Jiao , Zhao Zhenfu
Published: August 2021

The highly stable CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dot thin films were prepared by using InX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) and trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as inorganic‐organic hybrid ligands, which possess high photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) and long‐term stability. The full colored QLEDs based on these light‐emitting layers were achieved by selecting organic‐inorganic hybrid materials as carrier transport layer and designing appropriate energy band structure. The EQE (%) and luminance (cd m‐2) of the best red, green and blue QLEDs were 8.2% and 9080 cd m‐2, 7.8% and 18600 cd m‐2, and 1.62% and 164 cd m‐2, respectively.
P‐10.2: Printable Quantum‐dots Photopolymers as Color‐conversion Layers for Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Lin Yonghong , Feng Yang , Zhanghu Mengyuan , Liu Zhaojun
Published: August 2021

A quantum dots photopolymers color‐conversion layer is demonstrated. The black matrix is fabricated on glass substrate using photolithography process. The red and green quantum dots photopolymers are deposited into the black matrix by inkjet printing. It is found that the optimized quantum dots photopolymers viscosity could form uniform thin films, which can achieve full color under the excitation of the blue micro‐LEDs.
P‐11.2: A Full‐fitting Acheme for A New Rigid‐flexible Display
Authors: Ming ZHANG
Published: August 2021

In the traditional display technology of laminating glass cover plate, the protective film of the panel has been torn off before the cover plate is laminated with CG (plasma cleaning of the laminating surface), so the method of feeding into the vacuum chamber is usually a fork or a carrier film, which increases the difficulty of equipment production and debugging and production cost. Our company has developed a new type of rigid‐flexible new display full‐fitting scheme. This process fits the cavity under the vacuum cavity and can slide. After the panel is placed in the vacuum cavity, for tearing film and plasma cleaning, since the protective film still exists before the panel enters the cavity, it can be transported with a vacuum nozzle. This process has the characteristics of simplified equipment logistics, less process defects and a wide range of applications (rigid and flexible products), which can be used as a reference for the panel production module process.
P‐12.14: The Overview and Prospects of Privacy Technology
Authors: Li Jiao , Peng Xiaoqing , Ji Lintao , Wang Kaixuan , Zhan Hongming , Chen Xi
Published: August 2021

With the advent of big data information age and the multi‐field application of display screens, personal private information and commercial secrets are easily leaked through the display device. A privacy display with narrow viewing angle can effectively solve this problem. In this paper, we are going to introduce some advanced privacy technologies existing on the market, including technical principles, application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages. Prospects are made for the development direction of privacy products according to customer demands at the end of the article.
P‐13.3: A Novel Sub Pixel Arrangement based on OLED
Authors: Ji Zhihua , Shi Tiankuo , Hou Yifan , Liu Rui , Sun Wei , Duan Xin , Dong Xue
Published: August 2021

Several normal sub pixel arrangements were introduced in this paper, including RGB Stripe and PenTile RGBG. The paper compared the advantage and disadvantage of each arrangement. The pixel of PenTile RGBG includes only two color channels, which causing the color leakage and image distortion. To solve this problem, two novel arrangements after light interleaved and light overlapped based on lens refraction were proposed. The results of image test and contrast experiment showed that the improved sub pixel arrangement can weaken color artifacts effectively.
P‐13.9: Study of AMOLED Vertical‐Crosstalk mechanism and improvement
Authors: Liu Tingliang , Yang Huijuan , Zhang Yi , Long Yue , Xu YuanJie , Hu Ming , Youngyik Ko
Published: August 2021

The Simulation Model of Back Plane Circuit Vertical Crosstalk (BP‐VC) of AM‐OLED displays was established according to the experimental VC test method in this paper. The impact of the Pixel Storage capacitance (Cst) and the Parasitic Capacitance had been studied. Pixel with good simulated VC had been optimized by increasing Cst and decreasing the parasitic capacitance of gate electrode of driving TFT (N1 node) and Gate line (Cap2), thus reaching the achievement that BP‐VC decreases from 1.54% to 0.76% in 6.5 inch FHD OLED Display.
P‐13.10: A Shadow elimination method integrated with Flexible Multi‐Layer On Cell
Authors: Tian Hongwei , Wang Jing , Zhao Jia , Fan Yibing , Lu Jiangnan , Meng Qiuhua , Li Ran , Liu Zheng , Shi Shiming , Wang Dawei
Published: August 2021

In order to achieve better user experience, integrated on‐screen touch has become an important development direction of AMOLED. However, FMLOC metal wire bring high reflectivity itself. With the increasing of resolution, reflectivity will be significantly improved. Under some conditions, FMLOC wire itself is easily to be observed by consumers. In this paper, we set different widths of antireflection layer on FMLOC to reduce the reflection, in order to eliminate the shadow by FMLOC metal line being observed. Different widths and thickness of antireflection layer are tested, we made corresponding samples, and carried out scoring test in lighted state. The method can effectively reduce the probability of metal wire being observed under different pixel densities. Among them, the best effect is when the reflectivity is the lowest.
P‐13.11: Highly Efficient Electric‐Thermal Simulation for AMOLED Design
Authors: Tong Zhenxiao , Li Xiangqi , Lu Taotao
Published: August 2021

Along with the development of advanced display technology, the specification of display panel gets increasingly demanding, taking more factors into consideration in FPD designs. Because of parasitic resistance and capacitance, marked IR‐Drop effects are detected in high resolution display panel, leading to electrical and optical specification defects therein [1,2]. Power/thermal of the power source line serves as a key index affecting complex FPD designs. In this article, we provide a highly efficient full panel electric‐thermal simulation flow, which facilitates designers to accurately assess the effect of IRDrop and then simulate the power/thermal distribution map of a full panel. Precise simulation of device/wire current and voltage as well as current density also helps to optimize active matrix OLED pixel design.
P‐16.6: Investigation on the corrosion of Metal Mesh Node
Authors: Le Li , Chuan-wen Zhang , Bao-Ran Li , Da-Cheng Deng , Wen-jin Fan , Jia-Wei Xu , Bi-Sheng Li , Qi-Di Wu
Published: August 2021

This paper is the first study of Metal Mesh Node corrosion. The corrosion of Metal Mesh Node were occurred during the experiment, which was used to value the stock time of OGM. Based on our research,sensor protective film cause the node corrosion can be literal. With a replace of a neutral antistatic agent, issue such as node corrosion can be addressed. The results showed that the higher PH would increase the risk of product failure. We also investigated the mechanism of node corrosion and a reaction of the metal and OH− or H+ mechanism is proposed. The OH− or H+ was separating from Sensor protective film. This research can be used for guiding the production of sensor protective film. This research also pointed that the PH of sensor protective film should be 7
P‐16.12: Development of High Performance In‐cell Touch Panel based on Oxide TFT
Authors: Huang Lei , Wen Chaoping , Xu Yang
Published: August 2021

In‐cell touch panel based on oxide TFT possesses excellent display performance, high SNR and supports LPWG function with lowest power consumption. However, due to the discrete electrode VCOM and low leakage current characteristics of oxide TFT, it is easy to cause static electricity and charge residual. In view of above problems, this paper fully introduces the product design and process of targeted optimization.
Radical Scavenging Efficiency of Flavonoids Increased by Calcium(II) Binding: Structure‐Activity Relationship
Authors: Liu Chao , Wang Wen‐Zhu , Song Meng‐Ting , Lu Yao , Qian Ling‐Ling , Han Rui‐Min , Skibsted Leif H. , Zhang Jian‐Ping
Published: August 2021

Six structurally related flavonoids including two flavones apigenin and luteolin, one isoflavone genistein, and three flavonols, galangin, kaempferol and quercetin, are affected differently as radical scavengers by presence of Ca(II). Except for apigenin showing no reaction with Ca(II), other flavonoids all coordinate with Ca(II) to form 1 : 2 Ca(II)‐flavonoid complexes confirmed by UV‐vis and mass spectra. Coordination with Ca(II) for luteolin with the 3′, 4′‐catechol group and for flavonols with 3‐hydroxyl and 4‐carbonyl significantly enhance the DPPH• scavenging efficiencies shown by stopped‐flow spectra. Addition of Ca(II) shows no effect on radical scavenging rate of Genistein, as an isomer of apigenin, although both containing the same 4‐carbonyl and 5‐hydroxyl as a potential chelating group as confirmed by mass spectra and cyclic voltammetry. The two structure elements, 3′, 4′‐catechol and the combination of 3‐hydroxyl and 4‐carbonyl, are identified as important factors for Ca(II) enhancement of radical scavenging of flavonoids. Coordination of Ca(II) to kaempferol forming a 1 : 2 Ca(II)‐kaempferol complex at 3,4 site shows the most significant enhancement in radical scavenging efficiency by a factor of 4.4 compared to other investigated flavonoids.
Distress and wellbeing among 1.5‐generation immigrants 3 decades after immigration to Israel
Authors: Cohen‐Louck Keren , Shechory‐Bitton Mally
Published: August 2021

The aim of the study was to examine psychological adaptation levels (distress and wellbeing) and their association to acculturation strategies among 1.5 generation immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union (FSU), 3 decades after large waves of immigrants from these countries came to Israel. Three‐hundred and forty‐one participants, 176 from Ethiopia and 165 from FSU, completed survey questionnaires assessing their acculturation attitudes and the levels of their wellbeing and stress. Personal wellbeing and distress were found to be moderate among all participants. In addition, while no ethnic group differences were found for integration, separation and marginalization, FSU immigrants reported higher levels of using assimilation strategies than those who came from Ethiopia. Regression findings show that personal wellbeing was significantly explained by the acculturation strategies of integration and marginalization, such that a greater use of integration and a lower use of marginalization were associated with higher personal wellbeing. The adaptation process in which immigrant groups adapt to a host society is dynamic, takes many years and the acculturation strategies change over time. The change is related to attitudes toward the destination culture and to the culture of origin, both among the immigrants and the host society.
A discontinuous cantilever beam analogy for quantifying higher mode demands in stacked rocking cores
Authors: Rahgozar Navid , Rahgozar Nima , Rahgozar Nooshin
Published: August 2021

Stacked rocking core (SRC) combinations are innovative sustainable structural assemblies that mitigate seismic demands through uplift at the hinge joints and direct damage to replaceable fuses. The stacked segments curtail substantially higher mode effects by the relative motions between multilevel cores. Currently, few research studies have quantified the behavior of SRCs under earthquake shaking. This paper presents a novel closed‐form solution for quantifying the higher mode demands of stacked braced frames subjected to seismic excitation. The mathematical formulae for modal analysis are derived using the analogy of discontinuous cantilever beam and Euler–Bernoulli equation. The proposed equations provide a method for rapid analysis and preliminary design of low‐ to mid‐rise SRCs. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the influences of rotational restraint of segments and the location of the rocking joints. Results verified by time response analysis indicate the validity and accuracy of the suggested formulae.
Free Amine, Hydroxyl and Sulfhydryl Directed C−H Functionalization and Annulation: Application to Heterocycle Synthesis
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Kumar Akshay , Sharma Dharminder , Das Pralay
Published: August 2021

Transition metal‐catalyzed direct C−H bond functionalization is recognized as an efficient strategy to assemble heterocyclic frameworks. For this purpose, directing groups (DGs) installation on an organic molecule has remained a widely exploited strategy for the years. The installation of directing groups, especially for the amine, alcohol and thiol containing reactants and their removal after the reaction need additional steps. In this regard, the use of free amine, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl as directing groups in native form is advantageous and in recent times, these transformations have stirred undisputable advancements for applications to heterocycle synthesis. In this review, the aromatic sp2‐C attached free amine, hydroxyl and sulfhydryl as native functionalities are shown to be useful for the construction of five to seven‐memberedN‐,O‐ andS‐heterocycles.
The significance of fluorescence in transmission X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption fine structure
Authors: Sier Daniel , Ekanayake Ruwini Supeshala Kumari , Chantler Christopher Thomas
Published: August 2021

We present a method to explore the effect of fluorescence on X‐ray attenuation measurements obtained from X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). We use the X‐ray extended range technique‐like method (XERT‐like). The experimental setup includes different sized apertures to control the number of secondary X‐rays entering the detector. Comparison of attenuation measurements produced with different aperture combination permit investigation of the effect of fluorescence radiation. In this work, fluorescence has a large impact on the attenuation measurements of thick zinc foils. The correction is energy‐dependent and sample thickness‐dependent and changes the structure and relative amplitudes of oscillations in the near‐edge region. Correction for this systematic is important for absolute measurement, for edge‐jump and edge characterization, and for near‐edge structure and amplitudes. A significant background scattering due to zinc fluorescence from the beamline optics was identified and treated for the first time. The model theory fits the experimental measurements well. The resulting correction is most significant for thicker foils with the 50 μm sample experiencing a shift in attenuation of up to 15.5% for the largest aperture while the 25 and 10 μm samples saw corrections of up to 0.153 and 0.00639% respectively. The standard error from the dispersion and variance was reduced by up to 50.5% after the correction for the 50 μm sample. This enables high‐accuracy data and theoretical and experimental analysis to below 0.03% accuracy. The technology is advanced. There is a cost in preparation and measurement time of less than a factor of two, and the principles are clear and can be routinely implemented on any beamline. This paper focuses on the model and parameters for fluorescence.
Cryopreservation of Potato Shoot Tips for Long-Term Storage
Authors: Vollmer Rainer , Espirilla Janeth , Villagaray Rosalva , Cárdenas José , Castro Mario , Sánchez Juan Carlos , Manrique-Carpintero Norma , Ellis David , Anglin Noelle Lynette
Published: August 2021

Cryopreservation is currently the only method which allows long-term conservation of living clonal plant material in the vapor or liquid phase of nitrogen (at −140 to −196 °C) allowing tissue to be viable for decades or perhaps centuries. Specifically, for species with recalcitrant seeds or requiring constant vegetative propagation, it is the method of choice for the long-term conservation of its genetic resources. The protocol described here is a modification of a previously developed plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2)—droplet vitrification method of potato shoot tips, adapted from Musa species. Utilizing this protocol, the International Potato Center (CIP) has successfully stored in the cryobank more than 3000 cultivated potato accessions, belonging to seven species and nine different taxa [16], originating principally from ten countries in South and Central America. As part of CIP’s quality management system, all vegetative material placed in cryo is routinely subsampled, thawed, and assessed to confirm that whole plantlets can be produced after storage in liquid nitrogen. Complete plant recovery rates of thawed shoot tips range from 20% to 100% (average rate: 60%). This chapter describes the complete set of steps from the routine procedure of cryopreserving potato shoot tips for long-term conservation.
Non-relativistic and potential non-relativistic effective field theories for scalar mediators
Authors: Biondini Simone , Shtabovenko Vladyslav
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Yukawa-type interactions between heavy Dirac fermions and a scalar field are a common ingredient in various extensions of the Standard Model. Despite of that, the non-relativistic limit of the scalar Yukawa theory has not yet been studied in full generality in a rigorous and model-independent way. In this paper we intend to fill this gap by initiating a series of investigations that make use of modern effective field theory (EFT) techniques. In particular, we aim at constructing suitable non-relativistic and potential non-relativistic EFTs of Yukawa interactions (denoted as NRY and pNRY respectively) in close analogy to the well known and phenomenologically successful non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) and potential non-relativistic QCD (pNRQCD). The phenomenological motivation for our study lies in the possibility to explain the existing cosmological observations by introducing heavy fermionic dark matter particles that interact with each other by exchanging a light scalar mediator. A systematic study of this compelling scenario in the framework of non-relativistic EFTs (NREFTs) constitutes the main novelty of our approach as compared to the existing studies.
Hadronic decays of Higgs boson at NNLO matched with parton shower
Authors: Hu YaLu , Sun ChuanLe , Shen XiaoMin , Gao Jun
Published: August 2021

Abstract

We present predictions for hadronic decays of the Higgs boson at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) in QCD matched with parton shower based on the POWHEG framework. Those include decays into bottom quarks with full bottom-quark mass dependence, light quarks, and gluons in the heavy top quark effective theory. Our calculations describe exclusive decays of the Higgs boson with leading logarithmic accuracy in the Sudakov region and next-to-leading order (NLO) accuracy matched with parton shower in the three-jet region, with normalizations fixed to the partial width at NNLO. We estimated remaining perturbative uncertainties taking typical event shape variables as an example and demonstrated the need of future improvements on both parton shower and matrix element calculations. The calculations can be used immediately in evaluations of the physics performances of detector designs for future Higgs factories.
Integrable structure of BCD conformal field theory and boundary Bethe ansatz for affine Yangian
Authors: Litvinov Alexey , Vilkoviskiy Ilya
Published: August 2021

Abstract

In these notes we study integrable structures of conformal field theory with BCD symmetry. We realise these integrable structures as $$ \mathfrak{gl} $$
gl
(1) affine Yangian “spin chains” with boundaries. We provide three solutions of Sklyanin KRKR equation compatible with the affine Yangian R-matrix and derive Bethe ansatz equations for the spectrum. Our analysis provides a unified approach to the integrable structures with BCD symmetry including superalgebras.
Abklärung von blutigem Urin
Authors: Krämer J. , Krämer S.
Published: August 2021

Ein 3‑jähriges Mädchen wird in der pädiatrischen Stoffwechselambulanz vorgestellt, da seit einigen Monaten im Rahmen der Sauberkeitsentwicklung dunkle Urinverfärbungen aufgefallen sind. Die ausführliche Abklärung bezüglich einer Porphyrie und Hämaturie führte nicht zur Diagnosestellung. Die beim Kinderarzt abgegebenen Urinproben waren jeweils unauffällig. Im Rahmen der spezifischen Diagnostik zeigten sich eine erhöhte Homogentisatausscheidung im Urin und damit die Diagnosestellung einer Alkaptonurie. Es wurde eine spezifische Therapie eingeleitet, um Gelenkschädigungen durch pathologische Ablagerungen zu reduzieren. Die weitere Prognose bleibt unklar.
Reducing the geometrical machining errors incurred during die repair and maintenance through electric discharge machining (EDM)
Authors: Ishfaq Kashif , Farooq Muhammad Umar , Pruncu Catalin I.
Published: August 2021

The importance of geometrical accuracy can never be overruled in dies and molds which governs the dimensional precision of the parts being manufactured. The continuous use of such tooling requires repair and maintenance. Among the different processes used to upkeep the dimensional consistency of the tooling, machining is essentially required in most cases. The intricacy of the dies and molds’ cavities requires the use of electric discharge machining (EDM). However, in EDM it is challenging to develop control over the machined dimensions owing to the inherent issues of overcut/undercut. This aspect was not comprehensively investigated so far which is the core focus of this research. Three electrode materials, namely, copper, graphite, and tungsten carbide, which belong to the category of metals, nonmetals, and ceramics, respectively, have been compared for the said perspective on the comprehensive list of parametric variables. The results revealed that the average value of the axial errors is 2.5 times lesser in comparison to lateral dimensional errors. In the case of lateral dimensional errors, the electrode of graphite has proved to be a promising choice in comparison to the other two types of electrode materials, namely, copper and tungsten carbide. The copper electrode is noticed to be the most appealing option for reducing axial error (A.E). The mean A.E obtained with Cu electrode is 80.9% and 47.6% lower than that achieved in case graphite and tungsten carbide, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal parametric combination based on 7 variables has also been proposed using desirability analyses whose validity is proved during confirmation trials.
Behavioural and electrophysiological correlates of lightness contrast and assimilation
Authors: Acaster Stephanie L. , Taroyan Naira A. , Soranzo Alessandro , Reidy John G.
Published: August 2021

Lightness contrast and assimilation are opposite phenomena: in contrast grey targets appear darker when bordering bright rather than dark surfaces; in assimilation grey targets appear lighter when bordering bright rather than dark surfaces. The underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of these phenomena are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between contrast and assimilation, and the timing and levels of perceptual and cognitive processing using combined behavioural and electrophysiological methods. Thirty undergraduate students (23 female, age range 18–48 years) participated in a forced-choice (grey target is lighter/darker than a comparison square) task, using stimuli designed such that the inducers were in two configurations (small and large) and two shades (white and black). The behavioural data (more consistent and faster responses) corroborated previous findings of stronger contrast effects with white inducers and stronger assimilation effects with black inducers. According to the Event-Related Potentials (ERP) results the mean amplitude was larger in conditions with less consistent and slower behavioural responses. Thus, with contrast responses P1 amplitude was larger with black than white inducers, and N1 amplitude was larger to assimilation than contrast when the configuration of the stimulus was held constant. These results suggest contrast may occur as early as P1 (~ 110 ms) and assimilation may occur later in N2 (~ 220 ms), whereas in some conditions, differences in ERPs associated with contrast vs assimilation may happen as early as in N1 (~ 170 m), in occipital and parietal cortical sites.
Risk identification and technical modifications reduce the incidence of post-cholecystectomy bile leakage: analysis of 5675 laparoscopic cholecystectomies
Authors: Nassar Ahmad H. M. , Ng Hwei Jene
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The main sources of post-cholecystectomy bile leakage (PCBL) not involving major duct injuries are the cystic duct and subvesical/hepatocystic ducts. Of the many studies on the diagnosis and management of PCBL, few addressed measures to avoid this serious complication. The aim of this study was to examine the causes and mechanisms leading to PCBL and to evaluate the effects of specific preventative strategies.

Methods

A prospectively maintained database of 5675 consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies was analysed. Risk factors for post-cholecystectomy bile leakage were identified and documented and technical modifications and strategies were adopted to prevent this complication. The incidence, causes and management of patients who suffered bile leaks were studied and their preoperative characteristics, operative data and postoperative outcomes were compared with patients where potential risks were identified and PCBL avoided and with the rest of the series.

Results

Twenty-five patients (0.4%) had PCBL (7 expected and less than half requiring reintervention): 11 from cystic ducts (0.2%), 3 from subvesical ducts (0.05%) and 11 from unconfirmed sources (0.2%). The incidence of cystic duct leakage was significantly lower with ties (0.15%) than with clips (0.7%). Fifty-two percent had difficulty grades IV or V, 36% had empyema or acute cholecystitis and 16% had contracted gallbladders. Twelve patients required 17 reinterventions before PCBL resolved; 7 percutaneous drainage, 6 ERCP and 4 relaparoscopy. The median hospital stay was 17 days with no mortality. Hepatocystic ducts were encountered in 72 patients (1.3%) and were secured with loops (54.2%), ties (25%) or sutures (20.8%) with no PCBL. Eighteen sectoral ducts were identified and secured.

Conclusion

Ligation of the cystic duct reduces the incidence of PCBL resulting from dislodged endoclips. Careful blunt dissection in the proper anatomical planes avoiding direct or thermal injury to subvesical and sectoral ducts and a policy of actively searching for hepatocystic ducts during gallbladder separation to identify and secure them can reduce bile leakage from such ducts.
Molecular diagnostics and therapies for gastrointestinal tumors: a real-world experience
Authors: Welland Sabrina , deCastro Tiago , Bathon Melanie , Wirth Thomas Christian , Reineke-Plaaß Tanja , Saborowski Michael , Lehmann Ulrich , Saborowski Anna , Vogel Arndt
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Several targeted agents demonstrated efficacy in early clinical trials for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, but in many cases, phase-III trials and/or approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) are lacking. The primary focus of this study was to assess the regulatory processes associated with use and reimbursement of off-label treatment in precision oncology and to evaluate the benefit of targeted therapy in a real-world population in Germany.

Methods

Our cohort comprises 137 patients with GI cancers and is biased towards cancer entities with a high frequency of known targetable alterations, such as cholangiocarcinoma. Genetic testing was used to identify molecular targets, and therapy response was evaluated based on CT scans.

Results

A molecular target for precision oncology was identified in 53 patients and 43 requests for cost coverage were submitted to health insurance companies. 60% of the requests received approval after initial application and another 7% after appeal. Half of the rejected requests were denied despite ESCAT IA level evidence. The median time between initiation of molecular testing and start of therapy was 75 days. 35 patients received matched targeted therapies (n = 28) or, in the case of MSI, immunotherapy (IO) (n = 7). We observed a trend in favor of molecular therapy when compared to the immediate prior treatment.

Conclusion

Relevant treatment options were identified by molecular testing in a significant subset of patients. When targeted therapies that lack EMA approval are considered, treatment initiation may be delayed by the duration of the molecular analysis and the regulatory processes.
A Group Comparison Test under Uncertain Group Membership
Authors: Bauer Tobias A. , Folster Alexandro , Braun Tina , Oertzen Timo von
Published: August 2021

An overwhelming majority of articles in psychology compare means, often between multiple groups. However, sometimes we do not know the exact group membership, but only a probability to be in one of the groups. Such information may come from classifiers trained on other datasets, prevalence of group memberships for some parts of the sample, multi-level situations where the group membership is only known as a ratio in an upper level, or expert ratings (e.g., whether a person has a pathological condition or not). We present a simple method that allows to compare group means in the absence of exact knowledge about group membership and investigate the loss of information depending on the probability values theoretically and in a large-scale simulation.