bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multimodal convergence in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus: motor, sensory and theta-frequency inputs influence activity of single neurons
Authors: Lu Xiaodong , Wickens Jeffery , Hyland Brian
Published: November 2022

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the brainstem has wide ranging
interconnections and neuronal-behavioural correlates. It is implicated
in the regulation of movement, in sensorimotor integration, and may be
disordered as part of the neuropathology of the movement disorder
Parkinson’s disease. We used single neuron recordings in free moving
rats to determine if neuronal activity showed temporal correlation with
components of skilled forelimb movement. We also tested with tone
stimuli to find if individual neurons respond to both motor and sensory
events. We found that PPTg neurons showed activity modulations time
locked to specific task phases, similar to activity seen elsewhere in
voluntary movement control circuits, such as the motor cortex. Many also
responded to auditory inputs, allowing for sensorimotor integration at
the cellular level. We further tested for effects of acute drug-induced
parkinsonism on the firing rate of the neurons. Acute parkinsonian
akinesia was associated with reduction in resting firing rate and
increased firing regularity, consistent with reduced excitability in
this state. In addition, under normal conditions we detected oscillatory
activity in the theta range in some neurons, particularly during
performance of the reach-to-grasp movement, which often showed temporal
specificity. Together, these data firstly extend the concept of the PPTg
as an integrative structure in generation of complex movements, by
showing that sensory and motor-related information converge on single
neurons; and, secondly for the first time demonstrates that this
function extends to the highly coordinated control of the forelimb
during skilled reach to grasp movement.
Tumor detection using brain MRI and low-dimension co-occurrence feature approach
Authors: Mirkov Marta , Gavrovska Ana
Published: November 2022

Research in medical imaging focuses on methods useful in computer-aided
diagnosis systems. In modern times, these systems often have automatic
detection of regions of interest, and imaging technologies offer numerous
advantages, like the possibility of developing reliable assisting
algorithms. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides compelling features
for brain tumor detection due to good soft tissue contrast and has important
clinical value. To help clinicians in making diagnoses, current algorithms
for processing and medical image classification may depend on intricate deep
learning designs that demand large hardware resources and lengthy execution
times. This is with no doubt helpful in understanding disease mechanisms and
in labeling difficult instances for brain tumor identification. On the other
hand, statistical low-dimension feature sets including co-occurrence-based
ones could be useful in dealing with tumor detection avoiding possible
complexity. In this paper, statistical approaches for feature extraction and
reduction are analyzed for MRI brain tumor classification, and the
evaluation of the results is presented on one of the publicly available
brain tumor detection database commonly used for machine learning tasks.
Bayes and kNN classifiers are applied for the analysis, as well as four
distance metrics, and two methods for feature reduction. The results seem
promising in developing a simple and less hardware-demanding procedure.
On the application of wavelet transform and Huffman algorithm to Yorùbá language syntax text files compression
Authors: Amusa Kamoli , Adewusi Adeoluwawale , Erinosho Tolulope , Salawu Sule , Odufejo David
Published: November 2022

Most algorithms of data compression were developed with English language as
target text syntax. However, this paper approaches the problem of Yor?b?
text files compression via the use of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and
Huffman algorithm. Text files in Yor?b? language syntax are first
converted into signal format that are then decomposed using DWT. The
decomposed ASCII code representation of the text files are subsequently
encoded using Huffman algorithm. Twenty different variants of DWTs taken
from four families of wavelet filters (Haar, Daubechies, Symlets and
bi-orthogonal) are considered to select the optimal DWT for Yor?b? text
files compression. Furthermore, experiments are carried out in the proposed
compression scheme with six different Yor?b? text files extracted from the
open sources as input data sets. It is found that out of the twenty variants
of DWT investigated, sym6 gives the best output for effective Yor?b? text
files compression, due to its relatively high compression ratio, high
compression factor and lowest compression error. Thus, sym6 as a wavelet
transform is suitable for lossy text compression algorithm meant for
Yor?b? language syntax text files.
"Sacrifice" in the Harry Potter Series irom a Girardian Perspective
Authors: Wandinger Nikolaus
Published: November 2022

René Girard and his mimetic theory have undergone an interesting development with respect to the category of sacrifice. While the early Girard saw sacrifice as a development within the scapegoat mechanism, he later came to distinguish two types of sacrifice: one being part of scapegoating and belonging to pre-Biblical religion; the other being the sacrifice of self-offering and conforming to the act of Jesus of Nazareth. That way Girard could uphold his earlier analyses about pre-Christian sacrifice and still accept the Christian teaching that Jesus’ death was indeed a sacrifice, yet of a different kind.

As it happens, the popular Harry Potter series of novels, which was concluded in July 2007 with the publication of the seventh volume, is suffused with the language of sacrifice, beginning with Harry’s mother giving her life for her son and ending with Harry "self-sacrificing" in order to end the reign of the evil Lord Voldemort. The question is, what type of sacrifice do the popular novels espouse? Are they pre-Christian, Christian, or a syncretism of any kind?

Presupposing Girard’s developed idea of sacrifice, I will argue that J. K. Rowling’s novels do propagate a Christian conception of sacrifice, while depicting perversions of it as well. I will look at the novels from a theological perspective. By illustrating conceptions of sacrifice with pivotal scenes from the novels, I will argue that these novels indeed espouse a late-Girardian—or, if you will, Christian—view of sacrifice.
Acts of Writing and Authority in Bəgwəna-Lasta between the Fifteenth Century and the Eighteenth Century: A Regional Administration Comes to Light
Authors: Bosc-Tiessé Claire , Derat Marie-Laure
Published: November 2022

This presentation of a project for editing and translating documents that can be used to write the history of Bəgwəna-Lasta from the twelfth till the eighteenth century seeks to study the sorts of documents set down in writing as a function of the type of power exercised at the time and the means for writing and recording documents. Following a brief description of the corpus, the question of how these documents came to be kept in manuscripts in Bəgwəna-Lasta is examined. Through these documents, a regional administration comes to light, along with changes in it from the fifteenth till the eighteenth century. These changes are reflected in the production of written documents, which vanes as a function of the powers-that-were in the region.
The Micropolitics of Colonial Education in French West Africa, 1914–1919
Authors: Segalla Spencer D.
Published: November 2022

Cet article examine les controverses qui se sont déroulées au sein de l’administration coloniale française concernant la micro-politique des relations locales entre administrateurs français et Africains de l’Ouest étudiants ou diplômés des écoles françaises. Au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, des événements ont alimenté les craintes françaises d’une révolution socio-culturelle dans les relations coloniales. En 1918, plusieurs allégations d’incidents d’insubordination impliquant des étudiants, diplômés, et enseignants africains ont exacerbé ces peurs, et ces incidents devenus le centre des débats sur le rôle futur des sujets coloniaux diplômés des écoles françaises de l’AOF. La thèse principale de cet article est que l’attaque menée contre l’assimilationnisme dans la politique éducative des années 1910 n’était pas seulement un sous-produit des événements politiques majeurs, mais qu’il concerne aussi les relations quotidiennes de pouvoir et d’autorité dans les colonies. Cet article soutient la thèse que l’éducation française et les tentatives de contestation mineure par des étudiants, diplômés, et enseignants africains, ont provoqué des inquiétudes sur le pouvoir colonial français, et que ces points de contestation ont été au centre de l’élaboration des politiques éducatives à la fin de la guerre.
Remembering Matthew Shepard: Violence, Identity, and Queer Counterpublic Memories
Authors: Dunn Thomas R.
Published: November 2022

More than ten years after his death, Matthew Shepard is still remembered prominently in LGBT discourse. This discourse has been used to defy heteronormative characterizations of violence, confirm gay and lesbian identity, and to "queer" rigid notions of community. Tracing Shepard s memory through three contested memory frames, I argue for an expanded perspective of queer counterpublic memories and the strategic use of public memories by counterpublics.
Lincoln Reminiscences and Nineteenth-Century Portraiture: The Private Virtues of Presidential Character
Authors: Parry-Giles Shawn J. , Kaufer David S.
Published: November 2022

This essay examines reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln that were published in the aftermath of his death by those who had interacted with Lincoln personally. An understudied genre y Lincoln reminiscences offered judgments of Lincolns character through a portraiture style designed to make salient private as well as public dimensions of his character. We historicize the rhetoric of portraiture and trace the rise of reminiscence out of biography as a stand-alone genre, which reached unprecedented popularity in the competitive subgenre of the Lincoln reminiscence. We argue that Lincoln reminiscences featured a balance of common and uncommon virtues thought essential for a president, a balance that helped democratize and humanize presidential character.
Polyvocality and the Personae of Blackness in Early Nineteenth-Century Slavery Discourse: The Counter Memorial against African Colonization, 1816
Authors: Southard Bjørn F. Stillion
Published: November 2022

The American Colonization Society emerged at a time when some Americans believed that a "moderate" solution to the problem of slavery could be achieved by removing free blacks to Africa. Upon announcing its formation in 1816, the society received a public rejoinder: the Counter Memorial against African Colonization. This essay explores multiple interpretations of the Counter Memorial to demonstrate the instability of colonizationists moderate rhetorical position. More specifically, this essay argues that the Counter Memorial suspends colonization within the uneasy and unresolved tensions manifested by competing depictions of blackness, or black personae, in American public discourse at the time.
Genetic Subjectivity in Situ: A Rhetorical Reading of Genetic Determinism and Genetic Opportunity in the Biosocial Community of FORCE
Authors: Pender Kelly
Published: November 2022

In The Politics of Life Itself, Nikolas Rose argues that contemporary genetic medicine has given rise to the "genetically at-risk subject," which is distinguished from other forms of genetic selfhood by the shift from a paradigm of genetic determinism to one of genetic opportunity. This article analyzes the discourse of the genetically at-risk subject in one particular biosocial community (the "previvors" of FORCE) to demonstrate that despite—and in many cases because of—the shift to a paradigm of genetic opportunity, discourses of genetic determinism have not disappeared but instead have mutated in response to new exigences for new audiences. Based on both this analysis and other rhetorical readings of genetic discourse, this article argues that to distinguish among the many types of subjectivity at work within the contemporary era of genetic medicine, we have to understand not only how scientific and biopolitical changes have made those subjectivities possible, but also how the ethical practices associated with specific diseases work rhetorically in communities of those at genetic risk.
When Lehi’s Party Arrived in the Land, Did They Find Others There?
Authors: Sorenson John L.
Published: November 2022

A number of statements in the Book of Mormon text are examined, which indicate the presence in Lehi’s "promised land" of peoples other than those descended from Lehi’s party. Reasons are considered why the topic is not addressed more explicitly in the record. It is concluded that there is clear evidence for the presence of "others."
Ancient Aspects of Nephite Kingship in the Book of Mormon
Authors: Kerr Todd R.
Published: November 2022

Nephite kings were expected to fulfill the same roles that kings played in other ancient civilizations—commander of the military forces, chief judicial official, and leader of the national religion. A king’s success depended not only on the extent to which he performed each role, but also on the motives behind his service. Selfless rale by Benjamin-type kings commanded the respect and praise of the people, while King Noah’s quest for personal gain roused Old World disdain for the monarch. The Nephite experiment with kingship confirms that between "kings and tyrants there’s this difference known; kings seek their subject’s good; tyrants their own." [Robert Herrick, 1591-1674]
The Tree of Life, a Personification of Christ
Authors: Miller Jeanette W.
Published: November 2022

Throughout history in many cultures, man has looked to the tree of life as a symbol of eternal life. It has been typified in varying forms according to the culture’s perception of the universe. Many early Christians saw the tree of life as a personification of Jesus Christ. It may be that the tree of life vision in the Book of Mormon was presented to introduce the Savior and his ministry. We may learn much about the Lord’s calling and personality by combining a study of various cultural ideas of the tree of life with the testimonies of the prophets contained in the scriptures.
Recurrence in Book of Mormon Narratives
Authors: Rust Richard Dilworth
Published: November 2022

Repetition appears purposefully within Book of Mormon narratives as a principle of reinforcement and confirmation. It seems that every important action, event, or character is repeated in the Book of Mormon. These repetitions emphasize the law of witnesses at work within the book (e.g., "in the mouth of three witnesses shall these things be established"; Ether 5:4). Further, they underscore the relevance of one character or action to people living in a different time, and they link narratives together with what Robert Alter calls "type-scenes." Analyzed in detail as particularly striking are three-fold repetitions in Nephi’s task to retrieve the brass plates and repetition of the word power in the missionary endeavor of the sons of Mosiah. Larger repeated narratives treat escape and travel to a promised land; repentance; and the nature, rise, and effect of secret combinations.
A Response to David Wright on Historical Criticism
Authors: Christensen Kevin
Published: November 2022

In an article criticizing the historicity of the Book of Mormon, David Wright described critical scholarship and traditionalist modes as contrasting paradigms used to approach the scriptures. This article explores the nature of paradigm debate in general, in that context points out weaknesses in Wright’s critical approach, and discerns crucial flaws in his definition of believing paradigms.
Wanderers in the Promised Land: A Study of the Exodus Motif in the Book of Mormon and Holy Bible
Authors: Boehm Bruce J.
Published: November 2022

Lehi’s exodus to the promised land is only the first of a series of exoduses occurring throughout the Book of Mormon. Indeed, Lehi’s exodus becomes mere precedent for later flights into the wilderness by Nephi, Mosiah, Alma, Limhi, and the Anti-Nephi-Lehites. For the Nephites, continuing exodus is not merely historical fact. Understanding the biblical exodus as a type and shadow, the Nephites come to see their wandering as a metaphor of their spiritual condition. Thus, even centuries after Lehi’s arrival in the promised land, Nephite prophets recognize their status as "wanderers in a strange land" (Alma 13:23). As Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, the Nephites looked beyond their temporal land of promise "for a city which hath foundations, whose builder and maker is God" (Hebrews 11:10).
DPP-4 inhibitor and sulfonylurea differentially reverse type 2 diabetes-induced blood-brain barrier leakage and normalise capillary pericyte coverage
Authors: Elabi Osama F. , Karampatsi Dimitra , Vercalsteren Ellen , Lietzau Grazyna , Nystrom Thomas , Klein Thomas , Darsalia Vladimer , Patrone Cesare , Paul Gesine
Published: November 2022

Microvascular pathology in the brain is one of the suggested mechanisms underlying the increased incidence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). While accumulating data suggest a neuroprotective effect of antidiabetics, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. 

Here, we investigated whether two clinically used antidiabetics, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) linagliptin and the sulfonylurea glimepiride, restore T2D-induced brain vascular pathology. Microvascular pathology was examined in the striatum of mice fed for 12 months with either normal chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce T2D. A subgroup of HFD-fed mice was treated with either linagliptin or glimepiride for 3 months before the sacrifice. 

We demonstrate that T2D caused leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), induced angiogenesis and reduced pericyte coverage of microvessels. However, linagliptin and glimepiride recovered the BBB integrity and restored the pericyte coverage differentially. Linagliptin normalised T2D-induced angiogenesis and restored pericyte coverage. In contrast, glimepiride enhanced T2D-induced angiogenesis and increased pericyte density, resulting in proper vascular coverage. Interestingly, glimepiride reduced microglial activation, increased microglial-vascular interaction, and increased collagen IV density. 

This study provides evidence that both DPP-4 inhibition and sulfonylurea reverse T2D-induced BBB leakage which may contribute to the antidiabetic neurorestorative effects.  
Encapsulação de compostos bioativos por emulsão Pickering: revisão
Authors: Guevara-Guerrero Beatriz , Beltrán Carlos Andrés , Montero-Montero Juan Carlos , Valdés-Restrepo Magda Piedad
Published: November 2022

A seguinte revisão bibliográfica sistemática teve como objetivo identificar os diferentes aspectos técnicos das emulsões Pickering, a importância e aplicação desta técnica na indústria de alimentos, com base nas propriedades mecânicas, físico-químicas e de estabilidade conferidos aos produtos alimentares. Nesta revisão bibliográfica, foram utilizadas diversas bases de dados acadêmicas, como Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scielo, Scopus, Elibro, entre outras. Como critério de seleção, foram considerados artigos científicos, livros, resenhas e todo material acadêmico relacionado ao assunto, e que foram publicados desde o ano de 2000 até o presente. De acordo com as fontes consultadas, verificou-se que este tipo de emulsão tem grande potencial para ser utilizado na produção de laticínios, bebidas, condimentos e da indústria alimentícia. Além disso, há uma crescente demanda por produtos com componentes alimentícios biologicamente ativos, nos quais as referidas emulsões aplicadas como agentes encapsulantes, auxiliam na preservação desses componentes, o que pode trazer benefícios nutricionais e de saúde aos consumidores. Uma investigação mais aprofundada das emulsões Pickering, ainda é necessária para avaliar o mecanismo de entrega, liberação de bioativos e compatibilidade com outros componentes de sistemas alimentares reais.
Evaluation of mechanical properties of matrices derived from fish scale collagen
Authors: Sánchez-Soto Juan Manuel , López-Alcántara Ruth , Sánchez-González Andrea del Pilar , Torres-Mendoza Eyleen Jeniffer
Published: November 2022

La elaboración de materiales biodegradables surge como alternativa para disminuir la contaminación causada por los desechos plásticos al medio ambiente, con esta premisa, se propuso este estudio comprendido en el desarrollo de biopolímeros plásticos, a partir de compuestos bioactivos con diferentes matrices de almidón modificado de yuca (5 – 12 %), colágeno de escamas de pescado (10 – 40 %), aceite esencial de limón (0,5 - 1,5 %) y temperatura de gelatinización (70 – 80 °C). Se utilizó un diseño experimental de superficie de respuesta Box Behnken; con la determinación de sus propiedades mecánicas (esfuerzo máximo, módulo de Young, fuerza de corte, esfuerzo a la ruptura y porcentaje de elongación de ruptura). Según los resultados encontrados, se determinó que el almidón modificado de yuca fue el de mayor influencia en las propiedades mecánicas, teniendo en cuenta su importancia para crear materiales más resistentes, pero evidencia dificultades plastificantes, donde el colágeno de escamas de pescado incide significativamente. Además, se evidencia que el aceite esencial de limón presentó gran influencia en el módulo de Young (46,28 ± 2,31 MPa), y en el porcentaje de elongación (69,69 ± 2,16 %); mientras que la temperatura de gelatinización de 80 °C no es recomendada para este tipo de matrices almidón - proteína por daños de la estructura; determinando una mejor resistencia mecánica y un gran aumento del módulo de Young. En conclusión, las características y el rendimiento de la película a base de almidón de yuca, colágeno de escamas, y aceite esencial de limón; tienen un impacto al considerar el nivel máximo de eficacia mecánica de películas biodegradables y alcanzar un mejor comportamiento en sus propiedades mecánicas.
«Nødvendig» som vilkår for tyngande plikter ved areal- og ressursforvaltning
Authors: Myklebust Ingunn Elise
Published: November 2022

This paper discusses what constitutes ‘necessary’ requirements for private actors who gain public permits - and thus the right to use often untouched land which again can affect natural resources, etc. The overarching question is whether ‘necessary’ should be understood in more general terms of nature, environment, and societal interest, or determined from the perspective of the actor who usually will have a narrower perspective on what constitutes ‘necessary’ infrastructure and relevant measures – based on the actor’s own interests and goals. This article demonstrates that the rules that apply to private actors’ responsibility for such issues as climate, the environment and other common benefits are formulated differently in different laws, in different provisions and at different stages of overall planning and detailed planning – as well as in development agreements and decisions. The rule is often vague and has repeatedly been the subject of several disputes in both the public administration – cases of interpretation of law – and in the court system. The cases concerning the interpretation of legal terms and legal remedies in both the Planning and Building Act and the Aquaculture Act point to some problems, but perhaps also to solutions and possibilities. A general weakness in the law and in regulations is that private actors and the industry experience that use of conditions which will meet the “sum effects” of several measures can come into conflict with expectations of a clear causal connection and proximity, but perhaps especially the matter of equality between private actors in the same market. In conclusion, the article looks at how such challenges can be solved through greater use of strategic instruments for cost allocation between actors.
Økosystembasert forvaltning og miljøforsvarlig drift av vannkraftanlegg i et EU-perspektiv
Authors: Halleraker Jo Halvard , Bakken Tor Haakon , Larsen Tine
Published: November 2022

A sequence of key management principles are incorporated in the Norwegian Nature Diversity Act and the Norwegian version of the EU Water Frame-work Directive as complementary regulations to ensure sustainable use of rivers and lakes modified e.g., for hydropower regulations. Relevant knowledge about ecological conditions and possible cumulative impacts from multiple stressors, adaptive management, and pressure-pays principles are essential components in ecosystem-based management. In order to reach these objectives, best available mitigation measures for all rivers and lakes need to be implemented and regularly updated and revised in the river basin management plans, in line with EEA-relevant frameworks and regulations. Updated knowledge about environmental effects and documentation of the ecological mitigation effects from measures are essential. Several Norwegian hydropower schemes have included many emerging best-mitigation measures. We also exemplify, however, that several recent revisions of hydropower licenses lack key measures to meet the expectations for best practise, in particular related to ecological continuum. In most cases we have evaluated, the main focus has normally been on ecological mitigations of downstream impacts from hydropower operation, while upstream impacts, e.g., with lack of ecological flow, seem to be the case in many bypassed rivers.
Villaksens endrede rolle – fra naturressurs til kulturminne?
Authors: Holm Erling Dokk
Published: November 2022

This chapter addresses the inconsistencies in management of North Atlantic wild salmon in Norway. Salmon has been crucial for Norwegian, and for the country’s identity and culture. The North Atlantic salmon stock had been in decline for many decades, and by 2021 it was red-listed. The primary reason for this situation is commercial salmon farming. This industry now has substantially greater economic importance for Norway than the North Atlantic wild salmon.

Political measures have been implemented in response to the challenging state of the North Atlantic salmon stock. In recent decades the state has allocated ever more resources to strengthen the wild salmon. But simultaneously the political level reveals limited willingness to intervene in the aquaculture industry. Therefore, the struggle to protect North Atlantic wild salmon stocks is increasingly characterized by mitigation measures and now emerges as much as cultural heritage work as a biological rescue operation.
Om vannressurslovens betydning for bruk og forvaltning av vassdrag, grunnvann og overvann
Authors: Rogstad Anne
Published: November 2022

The Norwegian Water Resources Act is the general law for water and applies to watercourses and ground water. The Water Resources Act is based on the premise that water is a natural resource and the principle of ensuring sustainability of this natural resource. The act is an environmental law and a business law, as well as an emergency preparedness law. It is based on a balance between private law and public law considerations.

An important element is the general provisions regulating use and management of water resources, which include provisions regarding the duty of care, minimum water flow, the flow of water in a watercourse, restoration of watercourse routes, restoration of closed watercourses, ground infiltration, and quality goals. Furthermore, the act includes provisions regarding water abstraction from landowners, other uses of water-courses, and the licensing scheme. It’s provisions on protection include protected water-courses, national salmon watercourses, and vegetation along watercourse shorelines.
Kommunens krav og vilkår knyttet til vann og avløp – eierrådighet eller myndighetsutøvelse?
Authors: Baklund Lars
Published: November 2022

Municipalities set a number of requirements and conditions relating to the establishment of mains and branch lines as well as conditions for the provision of water and sewage services. As a general rule, these are anchored in the municipality’s standardized subscription conditions and VA norm. It is clear from these conditions that the requirements have been set by the municipality in its capacity as owner.

At issue is whether such provisions can actually be anchored in the municipality’s ownership, i.e., in the municipality’s private autonomy, with the associated consequence that only private law rules can regulate the relationship between a municipality and a private party. The traditional answer to this has been yes. With this article, I want to question this starting point. With reference to the Supreme Court’s decision in HR-2021-2510-A, there are strong arguments that municipalities’ subscription conditions cannot be anchored in their private autonomy (ownership). The nature, purpose and social area of the terms support this direction.
Norge trenger et overvannsgebyr – muligheter og utfordringer
Authors: Seifert-Dähnn Isabel , Furuseth Ingvild Skumlien , Riise Elin , Barton David N.
Published: November 2022

With the changing climate, more extreme precipitation events are expected in Norway, and thus good stormwater management becomes more and more important. The Norwegian White Paper on stormwater in cities and towns 1 proposes introduction of a stormwater fee to finance stormwater management. Today, stormwater, regardless of its degree of pollution, is defined as wastewater. Since current water and wastewater fees are considered payment for a service that is delivered through water and sewage pipes, not all types of stormwater measures can be financed through these fees. Especially blue-green solutions and naturebased solutions, i.e., those that use vegetation or multifunctional solutions such as parks with a stormwater retention function, fall outside the current fee structure. These types of stormwater measures lack financing today. In this chapter, we provide information on stormwater fee systems in selected countries outside Norway, explain different methods for estimating stormwater fees and describe the legal preconditions for the introduction of a stormwater fee in Norway. In addition, we discuss types of stormwater measures that, in our opinion, should be financed by future stormwater fees.
Individuelle pålegg og overvann – forutsetninger og begrensninger
Authors: Skullerud Andreas
Published: November 2022

This article discusses a recent proposal for a new section 31-9 in the Norwegian Planning and Building Act. The provision shall give municipalities the right to prescribe private landowners to implement measures to ensure better management of stormwater in existing settlements. The focus is on substantive aspects that apply to the legislature when preparing new laws and injunctions, especially according to the European Convention on Human Rights. It is argued that the principle of proportionality contains more than just a ‘free law’ assessment – based on a balance of interests – which is often decided based upon a preponderance of interests. The assessment also argues that distinction should be made between different types and forms of stormwater (situations). This will, among other things, be substantiated and illustrated through judgements and decisions from the European Court of Human Rights. Finally, it is argued that the current proposal should be re-evaluated or reworked in favour of an alternative approach.
Universal dependence for determining exergetic output-input ratio of air split-conditioner heat pump
Authors:   Department of Heat, Gas Supply and Ventilation, Institute of Construction and Engineering Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Labay V. Yo. , Klymenko H. M. ,   Department of Heat, Gas Supply and Ventilation, Institute of Construction and Engineering Systems, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Gensetskyi M. P. ,   Lviv Technical and Economic College, Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: November 2022

Today, in air conditioning and heating systems for small rooms of industrial, public, and residential buildings, the use of heat pumps of air split-conditioners is becoming more common. However, heat pumps of air split-conditioners are energy-intensive equipment, and, therefore, the need to increase their energy efficiency arises. It is important to reduce energy consumption during the refrigeration machines operating in the mode of heat pump in air split-conditioners, which is possible using a modern method of thermodynamics — an exergetic one. Exergetic analysis allows for establishing the maximum thermodynamic capabilities of the system, determining the losses of exergy in it, and substantiating recommendations for improving some of its elements. The exergetic method of analysis of the operation of one-stage steam-compressor freon heat pumps of air split-conditioners developed by the authors is used in this article. As a result, the universal dependence for determining the exergetic output-input ratio (OIR) for the air split-conditioner heat pump by "Mitsubishi Electric" with a heating capacity of 3200 W has been established, which makes it possible to select the parameters of its operation with the maximum exergetic OIR. The described algorithm for obtaining such a universal dependence can be used for heat pump air split-conditioner of any firm and any heating capacity.
Temperature field of metal structures of transport facilities with a thin protective coating
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Gera B. , Kovalchuk V. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Dmytruk V. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: November 2022

A study of the temperature field in metal structures of transport facilities with corrosion-resistant coating under the conditions of changes in ambient temperature has been conducted. The results of experimentally determined temperature distribution in the surface vicinity of a galvanized metal sheet are presented. The data were obtained over the day at positive and negative surface temperatures. Given a generalized boundary condition for the heat conduction problem, with a solid heated by a localized heat flow through a thin coating, there has been obtained and analyzed a temperature field. The temperature distribution across the surface outside the heating region during heat propagation along the coating was analyzed. Experimental data and model calculations, as well as temperature calculations allowing for the coating and not, have been compared. It has been established that the effect of coating on the temperature distribution in the metal structure, when the solid is heated by a localized heat flow through a thin coating, is insignificant.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Danylkiv Kh. , Hembarska N. ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Kohut-Ferens O. ,   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
Published: November 2022

Purpose. Generalization of theoretical and scientific-practical materials, methods, and tools of working capital management to develop the most rational management policy and measures to increase the efficiency of use at enterprises. Design/methodology/approach. The concept and methodology of the research are based on the fundamental provisions of modern economic theories. In scientific work, to achieve the formulated goal, the following methods are used: tabular and graphic (to characterize aggregate indicators of the condition and dynamics of working capital); ratio analysis (to assess the state of working capital); comparative analysis (to identify the peculiarities of the formation and placement of the company’s working capital); monographic (for studying domestic and foreign experience in conducting scientific research and using various methods of evaluating the effectiveness of working capital management); analysis and synthesis (for detailing the research object and studying its structural and functional components); logical (to substantiate the need for new scientific concepts and approaches to determining the essence of working capital); abstract-logical method (to generalize the concept of working capital, its functions, characteristics, forms and formulation of conclusions). Conclusions. It was determined that the features of the formation of the anti-crisis strategy of enterprises at the stage of development are uncertainty, complexity, dynamism, and aggressiveness of the external environment. It was established that uncertainty is a multi-level system of multidirectional factors of the external environment, the pace, and frequency of changes which determines the level of its dynamism. It is substantiated that increasing the complexity and uncertainty of the external environment contribute to increasing the level of aggressiveness of the external environment. It has been established that in the process of functioning of each enterprise there is always a certain probability of the onset of a crisis and it is completely impossible to exclude this probability, depending on the stability of the enterprise's development, a complex of anti-crisis mechanisms is proposed, where target criteria for their implementation are established from the standpoint of adequacy and effectiveness of the response to crisis phenomena. Practical implications. The main results of the study develop both theoretical and practical principles for improving the functioning of working capital and increasing the efficiency of economic activity enterprises in Ukraine. Originality/value. The methods and tools of working capital management have been improved to develop the most rational management policy and measures to increase the efficiency of use at enterprises.
HAMA DAN PENYAKIT PENTING TANAMAN KAKAO DI KABUPATEN NAGEKEO, PROVINSI NTT
Authors: Lea Victoria Coo , Triwidodo Hermanu , Supramana Supramana
Published: November 2022

Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan satu komoditas strategis pendukung perekonomian di Nagekeo. Tanaman kakao yang tua dan kurang produktif, pemeliharaan yang kurang intensif serta hama dan penyakit adalah penyebab rendahnya produktivitas kakao dibandingkan daerah penghasil kakao lain di Indonesia.  Penelitian untuk mengetahui hama dan penyakit penting pada buah kakao di Kabupaten Nagekeo dilakukan di perkebunan rakyat di 3 kecamatan, yaitu Kecamatan Boawae, Mauponggo dan Keo Tengah. Pada setiap lokasi diambil 20 lahan contoh seluas 0,5 ha. Penarikan tanaman contoh dilakukan dengan pola diagonal. Parameter yang diamati adalah gejala kerusakan dan  intensitas serangan oleh hama dan penyakit penting. Dua jenis hama penting, yaitu  hama kepik pengisap buah kakao (Helopeltis sp) dan penggerek buah kakao (Conopomorpha cramerella) dengan tingkat kerusakan Helopeltis sp paling tinggi terjadi di Kecamatan Boawae yaitu 23,95%, Kecamatan Keo Tengah yaitu 20,95%, Kecamatan Mauponggo intensitas serangan sebesar 20,10% intensitas serangan PBK tertinggi di Kecamatan Boawae yaitu 6,11%, Kecamatan Keo Tengah sebesar 4,76% sedangkan Kecamatan Mauponggo intensitasnya hanya mencapai 2,35%. Penyakit penting kakao yang ditemukan adalah  busuk buah (Phytophthora palmivora) dengan keparahan penyakit Phytophthora palmivora paling tinggi terjadi di Kecamatan Keo Tengah yaitu 5,11% jika dibandingkan dengan Kecamatan Boawae dan Mauponggo yaitu sebesar 3,25% dan 1,28%.
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI AIR KELAPA DAN PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK KECAMBAH KACANG HIJAU TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN SEEDLING MANGGIS (Garcinia mangostana L.)
Authors: Pratiwi Bela Ayu , Rugayah Rugayah , Sa'diyah Nyimas , Karyanto Agus
Published: November 2022

Kendala utama dalam budidaya tanaman manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) yaitu lambatnya pertumbuhan tanaman manggis diakibatkan minimnya akar lateral yang terbentuk. Salah satu upaya untuk memacu tumbuhnya akar lateral adalah pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT). ZPT yang biasa digunakan adalah ZPT sintetik yang harganya relatif mahal. Untuk itu diperlukan ZPT alami, seperti air kelapa dan ekstrak kecambah kacang hijau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi air kelapa dan pemberian ekstrak kecambah kacang hijau terhadap pertumbuhan seedling manggis. Penelitian ini disusun secara faktorial (3x2) menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan perlakuan konsentrasi air kelapa 0, 250, dan 500 ml/l dan pemberian ekstrak kecambah kacang hijau 0 dan 200 g/l. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga ulangan yang sekaligus berfungsi sebagai kelompok. Setiap kelompok terdiri dari 6 perlakuan dan setiap perlakuan terdiri dari 3 tanaman, sehingga didapatkan 54 satuan percobaan. Data pengamatan yang diperoleh dilakukan uji F dan uji lanjut menggunakan beda nyata terkecil dengan taraf 5%.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan seedling manggis terutama pada variabel tinggi tanaman menunjukkan peningkatan pada penggunaan air kelapa 250 ml/l dengan penambahan ekstrak kecambah kacang hijau 200 g/l, tetapi pada penggunaan air kelapa 500 ml/l maka tidak perlu penambahan ekstrak kecambah kacang hijau. Pemberian ekstrak kecambah kacang hijau 200 g/l juga menghasilkan diameter batang yang lebih besar dibandingkan tanpa pemberian ekstrak kecambah kacang hijau.
PENGARUH APLIKASI PUPUK HAYATI DAN PUPUK PELENGKAP ALKALIS TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN SEMANGKA (Citrullus vulgaris Schard)
Authors: Delvia Nada Citra , Hendarto Kus , Ginting Yohannes C , Pangaribuan Darwin H
Published: November 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi pupuk hayati dan pupuk pelengkap alkalis serta interkasi antara kedua faktor perlakuan terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman semangka (Citrullus vulgaris Schard). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Sukabanjar, Kabupaten Pesawaran pada Oktober 2019 – Januari 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang disusun secara faktorial (3x3) dengan tiga ulangan sebagai kelompok dan terdapat 9 kombinasi perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi pupuk hayati dan pupuk pelengkap alkalis serta interaksinya berpengaruh nyata hampir pada semua variabel pengamatan, namun tidak terjadi interaksi pada variabel panjang buah. Aplikasi pupuk hayati 30 ml/l yang disertai aplikasi pupuk alkalis 2 g/l menghasilkan bobot buah tertinggi yaitu 5,81 kg/tanaman dan lebih tinggi dibanding tanpa perlakuan yang hanya menghasilkan 2,7 kg/tanaman. Aplikasi pupuk hayati konsentrasi 30 ml/l mampu meningkatkan produksi buah semangka per tanaman sebesar 92,59% dari 2,70 kg/tanaman menjadi 5,20 kg/tanaman, sementara aplikasi pupuk pelengkap alkalis konsentrasi 2 g/l mampu meningkatkan produksi buah semangka per tanaman sebesar 46,6% dari 2,70 kg/tanaman menjadi 3,96 kg/tanaman. Peningkatan tersebut  disertai dengan meningkatnya panjang tanaman, jumlah bunga betina, jumlah buah/tanaman, bobot per buah, diameter buah dan panjang buah.
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK DAUN KIPAHIT (Tithonia diversifolia) DAN BABADOTAN (Ageratum conyzoides) TERHADAP KETERJADIAN PENYAKIT MOLER (Fusarium oxysporum) DAN PERTUMBUHAN PADA BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Authors: Wardhani Ristya Irma , Dirmawati Suskandini Ratih , Hariri Agus M , Purnomo Purnomo
Published: November 2022

Bawang merah termasuk tanaman hortikultura yang memiliki arti penting bagi kehidupan masyarakat dan bernilai ekonomis cukup tinggi untuk dibudidayakan, rendahnya produktivitas bawang merah dapat dipengaruhi oleh penyakit moler yang disebabkan Fusarium oxysporum. Berdasarkan permasalahan yang ditimbulkan maka diperlukan upaya untuk mengendalikan penyakit moler tersebut dengan menggunakan beberapa tumbuhan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai pestisida nabati salah satunya yaitu daun kipahit dan daun babadotan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak daun kipahit (Tithonia diversifolia) dan babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides) terhadap keterjadian penyakit moler dan pertumbuhan pada bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu Penyakit Tumbuhan, Laboratorium Ilmu Hama Tumbuhan serta di Laboratorium Lapang Terpadu Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Lampung pada bulan April hingga Juni 2019.  Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) 8 perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan. Faktor perlakuan yang diterapkan yaitu kontrol sakit, tanpa pestisida nabati (diinokulasi Fusarium oxysporum), tanaman sehat, ekstrak daun kipahit konsentrasi 5%, ekstrak daun kipahit konsentrasi 10%, ekstrak daun kipahit konsentrasi 15%, ekstrak daun babadotan konsentrasi 5%, ekstrak daun babadotan konsentrasi 10%, ekstrak daun babadotan konsentrasi 15%.  Homogenitas ragam diuji dengan uji bartlett, jika asumsi terpenuhi maka data dianalisis dengan anara dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, perlakuan ekstrak daun kipahit konsentrasi 15% dan perlakuan esktrak daun babadotan konsentrasi 5% dapat menekan keterjadian penyakit moler serta meningkatkan tinggi tanaman pada bawang merah.
Development of a Noise-Protective Suit for Reducing the Impact of Noise on the Employees in the Dairy Industry on the Example of Industrial Enterprises of the Republic of Mordovia
Authors:   FGBOU VO «MGU im. N.P. Ogareva», Skvortsov A.N.
Published: November 2022

In the work, a study was made of harmful production factors affecting a worker in the dairy industry. It established that in the modern production of dairy products, high-performance technological equipment is used, the operation of which leads to the appearance of hazardous and harmful production factors. Noise is not the last among them. The degree of negative impact of noise on people depends on its frequency range, intensity, duration of action and the nature of the personnel work. The zones of the greatest non-specific effect of noise on a person are identified. It is established that the operator of the dairy industry is in close contact with the process equipment. The most suitable solution for protecting personnel from noise is the use of personal protective equipment. The article evaluates the noise impact on the operators of the dairy processing industry of the Republic of Mordovia within the framework of a special assessment of working conditions using the Assistant noise meter of the first accuracy class. Exceeding the noise level is observed at all the same type of workplaces. To protect workers from increased noise, a noise protection suit was developed, consisting of a jacket, and trousers. Experimental studies of the noise-protective properties of this suit were carried out at the Department of Life Safety of FGBOU VO «Moscow State University nabbed after N.P. Ogarev» with the use of modern reverberation chamber BZD-16. This suit differs from the standard overalls in the presence of additional noise-protective inserts that allow to protect the most vulnerable parts of the worker body from the aggressive effects of noise.