bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NMR structure of the thromboxane A2 receptor ligand recognition pocket
Authors: Ruan Ke‐He , Wu Jiaxin , So Shui‐Ping , Jenkins Lori A. , Ruan Cheng‐Huai
Published: July 2004

To overcome the difficulty of characterizing the structures of the extracellular loops (eLPs) of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) other than rhodopsin, we have explored a strategy to generate a three‐dimensional structural model for a GPCR, the thromboxane A2 receptor. This three‐dimensional structure was completed by the assembly of the NMR structures of the computation‐guided constrained peptides that mimicked the extracellular loops and connected to the conserved seven transmembrane domains. The NMR structure‐based model reveals the structural features of the eLPs, in which the second extracellular loop (eLP2) and the disulfide bond between the first extracellular loop (eLP1) and eLP2 play a major role in forming the ligand recognition pocket. The eLP2 conformation is dynamic and regulated by the oxidation and reduction of the disulfide bond, which affects ligand docking in the initial recognition. The reduced form of the thromboxane A2 receptor experienced a decrease in ligand binding activity due to the rearrangement of the eLP2 conformation. The ligand‐bound receptor was, however, resistant to the reduction inactivation because the ligand covered the disulfide bond and stabilized the eLP2 conformation. This molecular mechanism of ligand recognition is the first that may be applied to other prostanoid receptors and other GPCRs.
Effects of juvenile hormone on 20‐hydroxyecdysone‐inducible EcR, HR3, E75 gene expression in imaginal wing cells of Plodia interpunctella lepidoptera
Authors: Siaussat David , Bozzolan Françoise , Queguiner Isabelle , Porcheron Patrick , Debernard Stéphane
Published: July 2004

The IAL‐PID2 cells derived from imaginal wing discs of the last larval instar of Plodia interpunctella were responsive to 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E). These imaginal cells respond to 20E by proliferative arrest followed by a morphological differentiation. These 20E‐induced late responses were inhibited in presence of juvenile hormone (JH II). From these imaginal wing cells, we have cloned a cDNA sequence encoding a P. interpunctella ecdysone receptor‐B1 isoform (PIEcR‐B1). The amino acid sequence of PIEcR‐B1 showed a high degree of identity with EcR‐B1 isoforms of Bombyx mori, Manduca sexta and Choristoneura fumiferana. The pattern of PIEcR‐B1mRNA induction by 20E was characterized by a biphasic response with peaks at 2 h and 18 h. The presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin induced a slight reduction in level of PIEcR‐B1 mRNA and prevented the subsequent declines observed in 20E‐treated cells. Therefore, PIEcR‐B1 mRNA was directly induced by 20E and its downregulation depended on protein synthesis. An exposure of imaginal wing cells to 20E in the presence of JH II caused an increased expression of Plodia E75‐B and HR3 transcription factors but inhibited the second increase of PIEcR‐B1 mRNA. These findings showed that in vitro JH II was able to prevent the 20E‐induced differentiation of imaginal wing cells. This effect could result from a JH II action on the 20E‐induced genetic cascade through a modulation of EcR‐B1, E75‐B and HR3 expression.
Enhancement of intracellular concentration and biological activity of PNA after conjugation with a cell‐penetrating synthetic model peptide
Authors: Oehlke Johannes , Wallukat Gerd , Wolf Yvonne , Ehrlich Angelika , Wiesner Burkhard , Berger Hartmut , Bienert Michael
Published: July 2004

In order to evaluate the ability of the cell‐penetrating α‐helical amphipathic model peptide KLALKLALKALKAALKLA‐NH2 (MAP) to deliver peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) into mammalian cells, MAP was covalently linked to the 12‐mer PNA 5′‐GGAGCAGGAAAG‐3′ directed against the mRNA of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor. The cellular uptake of both the naked PNA and its MAP‐conjugate was studied by means of capillary electrophoresis combined with laser‐induced fluorescence detection, confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Incubation with the fluorescein‐labelled PNA–peptide conjugate led to three‐ and eightfold higher intracellular concentrations in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and CHO cells, respectively, than found after exposure of the cells to the naked PNA. Correspondingly, pretreatment of spontaneously‐beating neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with the PNA–peptide conjugate and the naked PNA slowed down the positive chronotropic effect elicited by the neuropeptide nociceptin by 10‐ and twofold, respectively. The main reasons for the higher bioavailability of the PNA–peptide conjugate were found to be a more rapid cellular uptake in combination with a lowered re‐export and resistance against influences of serum.
Cd2+‐induced aggregation of Escherichia coli pyrophosphatase
Authors: Zimenkov Yury V. , Salminen Anu , Efimova Irina S. , Lahti Reijo , Baykov Alexander A.
Published: July 2004

We report here that Escherichia coli pyrophosphatase aggregates in the presence of millimolar Cd2+. This highly cooperative process was specific to both the metal ion and the protein and could be reversed fully by decreasing the Cd2+ concentration. Aggregation was enhanced by Mg2+, the natural cofactor of pyrophosphatase, and Mn2+. Mutations at the intersubunit metal‐binding site had no effect, whereas mutation at Glu139, which is part of the peripheral metal‐binding site found in pyrophosphatase crystals near the contact region between two enzyme molecules, suppressed aggregation. These findings indicate that aggregation is affected by Cd2+ binding to the peripheral metal‐binding site, probably by strengthening intermolecular Trp149–Trp149′ stacking interactions.
Differential involvement of protein kinase C alpha and epsilon in the regulated secretion of soluble amyloid precursor protein
Authors: Lanni Cristina , Mazzucchelli Michela , Porrello Emanuela , Govoni Stefano , Racchi Marco
Published: July 2004

We investigated the differential role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the regulated proteolytic release of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPPα) in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We used cells stably transfected with cDNAs encoding either PKCα or PKCε in the antisense orientation, producing a reduction of the expression of PKCα and PKCε, respectively. Reduced expression of PKCα and/or PKCε did not modify the response of the kinase to phorbol ester stimulation, demonstrating translocation of the respective isoforms from the cytosolic fraction to specific intracellular compartments with an interesting differential localization of PKCα to the plasma membrane and PKCε to Golgi‐like structures. Reduced expression of PKCα significantly impaired the secretion of sAPPα induced by treatment with phorbol esters. Treatment of PKCα‐deficient cells with carbachol induced a significant release of sAPPα. These results suggest that the involvement of PKCα in carbachol‐induced sAPPα release is negligible. The response to carbachol is instead completely blocked in PKCε‐deficient cells suggesting the importance of PKCε in coupling cholinergic receptors with APP metabolism.
Microfibril‐associated glycoprotein‐1 binding to tropoelastin
Authors: Clarke Adam W. , Weiss Anthony S.
Published: July 2004

Microfibrils and elastin are major constituents of elastic fibers, the assembly of which is dictated by multimolecular interactions. Microfibril‐associated glycoprotein‐1 (MAGP‐1) is a microfibrillar component that interacts with the soluble elastin precursor, tropoelastin. We describe here the adaptation of a solid‐phase binding assay that defines the effect of divalent cations on the interactions between MAGP‐1 and tropoelastin. Using this assay, a strong calcium‐dependent interaction was demonstrated, with a dissociation constant of 2.8 ± 0.3 nm, which fits a single‐site binding model. Manganese and magnesium bestowed a weaker association, and copper did not facilitate the protein interactions. Three constructs spanning tropoelastin were used to quantify their relative contributions to calcium‐dependent MAGP‐1 binding. Binding to a construct spanning a region from the N‐terminus to domain 18 followed a single‐site binding model with a dissociation constant of 12.0 ± 2.2 nm, which contrasted with the complex binding behavior observed for fragments spanning domains 17–27 and domain 27 to the C‐terminus. To further elucidate binding sites around the kallikrein cleavage site of domains 25/26, MAGP‐1 was presented with constructs containing C‐terminal deletions within the region. Construct M1659, which spans a region from the N‐terminus of tropoelastin to domain 26, inclusive, bound MAGP‐1 with a dissociation constant of 9.7 ± 2.0 nm, which decreased to 4.9 ± 1.0 nm following the removal of domain 26 (M155n), thus displaying only half the total capacity to bind MAGP‐1. These results demonstrate that MAGP‐1 is capable of cumulative binding to distinct regions on tropoelastin, with different apparent dissociation constants and different amounts of bound protein.
Electrophysiological Responses to Fusaric Acid of Root Hairs from Seedlings of Date Palm‐susceptible and ‐resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis
Authors: Bouizgarne B. , Brault M. , Pennarun A. M. , Rona J. P. , Ouhdouch Y. , El Hadrami I. , Bouteau F.
Published: July 2004

Bayoud, a vascular wilt of date palm caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa), is the most devastating disease in palm groves of north Africa. Although Foa is able to induce resistance mechanisms in its host plant, no data are available on the early responses of the root cells. Fusaric acid (FA) is the main toxin found in culture filtrates from Foa aggressive strains. This phytotoxin induces modifications of membrane permeability or membrane potential in various cell types and could thus be involved in the early steps of signal exchange between the pathogen and the plant. We showed an early differential behaviour of the disease‐resistant and ‐susceptible cultivars from date palm when challenged by FA. This response could be due to a differential sensitivity of H+‐ATPases to FA.
Possible Phytoplasma Disease in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) from Baja California Sur: Diagnosis by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Poghosyan A. V. , Lebsky V. K. , Arce‐Montoya M. , Landa L.
Published: July 2004

The symptoms of possible phytoplasma infection in introduced and local varieties of papaya were first noted in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur (BCS) during field surveys in 2002–2003. Phytoplasma structures were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in phloem sieve elements in diseased papaya plants, but not in healthy plants. They were rounded structures 400–1600 nm in diameter. This is the first report of the possible association of phytoplasmas with diseased papaya plants in BCS. The use of SEM for the primary detection of disease aetiology is discussed.
Genetic Analysis of the Latent Period of Stripe Rust in Wheat Seedlings
Authors: Dehghani H. , Moghaddam M.
Published: July 2004

Genetics of slow‐rusting resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) was studied by a half‐diallel design using six wheat varieties, Tiritea (susceptible), Tancred, Kotare, Otane, Karamu, and Briscard. The parents and 15 F1 progenies were evaluated in the greenhouse by three pathotypes 7E18A−, 38E0A+, and 134E134A+. The latent period was measured as the number of days from inoculation to the appearance of the first pustule. For each pathotype a randomized complete block design was used and data were analysed by methods of Griffing and Hayman. The range of average degree of dominance was from complete dominance to over‐dominance. Positive and negative degrees of dominance were observed for each pathotype that showed the reversal of dominance. Analysis of variance showed the importance of both additive and dominance effects in controlling the latent period. Broad‐sense heritabilities were 0.99 and narrow‐sense heritabilities ranged from 0.85 to 0.94. Briscard and Karamu for the pathotypes 38E0A+ and 134E134A+, Kotare for the pathotype 7E18A− and Tancred for the pathotype 38E0A+ had significant and positive general combining ability (GCA) (more resistance) for latent period. The crosses of Kotare with Tancred, Briscard and Karamu indicated the highest and positive specific combining ability (SCA) for the pathotype 7E18A−. Significant additive genetic component and moderate narrow‐sense heritability indicate the possibility of improving for longer latent period of stripe rust in breeding programmes.
Reaction of Certain Solanaceous and Asteraceous Plant Species to Inoculation with Phytophthora infestans in Cameroon
Authors: Fontem D. A. , Olanya O. M. , Njualem B. F.
Published: July 2004

Experiments were conducted to detect potential hosts of Phytophthora infestans, causal agent of potato late blight among weeds occurring in Cameroon. Isolates of P. infestans isolated from garden huckleberry (Solanum scabrum), potato (S. tuberosum) and tomato (S. lycopersicon) were inoculated on detached leaves of 12 solanaceous and 14 asteraceous species collected from the potato agroecosystem in the western highlands of Cameroon. Isolates of P. infestans from huckleberry and potato infected the same host plants as well as gboma eggplant (S. macrocarpon) and two asteraceous weeds; Billy goatweed (Ageratum conyzoides) and Dichrocephala (Dichrocephala integrifolia). Inoculum from potato caused late blight symptoms on haemorrhage plant (Aspilia africana); while inoculum from tomato resulted in late blight on worowo (Solanecio biafrae). This is the first report of late blight infection on S. macrocarpon, A. conyzoides, Sol. biafrae and Asp. africana in Cameroon. The research results indicate that some asteraceous and solanaceous weeds may be alternative hosts of P. infestans in the potato agroecosystem.
Hydrolytic Activities of Fusarium solani and Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii Associated with the Infection Process of Potato Tubers
Authors: Olivieri F. P. , Maldonado S. , Tonón C. V. , Casalongué C. A.
Published: July 2004

The development of dry rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. eumartii was evaluated in susceptible (Huinkul) and resistant (Spunta) potato cultivars. Fungal proteolytic and polygalacturanase activities were measured at different days postinoculation either with the pathogenic F. solani f. sp. eumartii, isolate 3122 or with the non‐pathogenic F. solani, isolate 1042. After inoculation with the pathogenic fungus, proteolytic and polygalaturonase activities were higher in the susceptible than in the resistant cultivar. In addition, we found a correlation between the levels of proteolytic activity detected in the intercellular washing fluids with the size of the lesion area caused by F. solani f. sp. eumartii in Huinkul tubers. The action of the proteolytic activity over cell wall proteins of both potato cultivars was assayed. An extracellular potato protein with homology to proteinase inhibitors of the Kunitz family was identified as a substrate of the proteolytic activity in the susceptible cultivar. A microscopic study revealed differences between the potato genotypes in the rate of response to infection by F. solani f. sp. eumartii. In addition, the cell wall alteration caused by F. solani f. sp. eumartii in cortical cells of susceptible tubers was evaluated. The data with respect to the correlation between the course of cyto‐ and biochemical events of the two host–pathogen interactions were discussed.
Sources of Resistance to Cowpea Bacterial Blight Disease in Nigeria
Authors: Okechukwu R. U. , Ekpo E. J. A.
Published: July 2004

The development of resistant crop varieties depends on the reliability of the method of screening for resistance. One of the techniques widely used in evaluating field resistance is the field screening method. However, most cowpea varieties regarded as having field resistance are often found to be susceptible in farmers’ fields, where the inoculum density can be higher. This study rescreened 96 cowpea varieties, evaluated earlier in breeders’ fields as resistant to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vignicola, in field and greenhouse under high inoculum pressure. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the reactions of cowpea varieties to bacterial blight in terms of disease incidence and severity. Results from the field screening showed that there were 69 susceptible, 25 moderately susceptible, and 2 resistant varieties. In artificial inoculation in the greenhouse IT81D‐1228‐14, IT82E‐16, IT93K‐2271‐2‐2, TVu 1235, and TVu 4630, which were moderately susceptible in the field showed a susceptible reaction. Tvu 12349 and Tvu 15549 gave consistent reactions in the field and in the greenhouse and are therefore good sources of stable resistance to bacterial blight pathogen. Stem canker incidence also varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) among the cowpea varieties. Seventeen varieties did not manifest canker symptoms.
Effect of Host Plant Resistance on Haustorium Formation in Cereal Rust Fungi
Authors: Martínez F. , Sillero J. C. , Rubiales D.
Published: July 2004

Haustoria of Puccinia triticina (wheat leaf rust fungus) and P. hordei (barley leaf rust fungus) were isolated from susceptible and partially resistant wheat lines, and susceptible, hypersensitive and partially resistant barley lines. Haustoria were counted and measured. The size of haustoria was similar in the partially resistant and susceptible genotypes but haustoria were smaller in the hypersensitive barley line L94+Pa7. The number of haustoria was reduced in both partially and hypersensitive lines when compared with susceptible ones. Therefore it seems that the reduction in the number of haustoria is a consequence of the resistance that can be attributable either to early abortion of infection units or reduced colony growth. The reduction of the number of haustoria was more pronounced in the adult plant stage.
Characterization of an Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in China from Chickens with Nephritis
Authors: Zhou J.‐Y. , Zhang D.‐Y. , Ye J.‐X. , Cheng L.‐Q.
Published: July 2004

One IBV isolate, SC021202, was isolated from the kidneys of the infected young chickens by inoculating embryonated eggs, and its morphology, physiochemical and haemagglutonating properties were detected. Virulence of the isolate SC021202 was determined with specific pathogen‐free (SPF) chicken inoculation. Nucleotide acid sequence of S1 gene of the isolate SC021202 was further sequenced and analysed. The physiochemical and morphological properties of the isolate SC021202 were in accordance to that of typical infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). In a pathogenicity experiment, the clinical signs and related gross lesions resembling those of field outbreak were reproduced and the virus isolate SC021202 was re‐isolated from the kidneys of the infected chicken. Sequence data demonstrated that the full length of the amplified S1 gene of the isolate SC021202 was composed of 1931 nucleotides, coding a polypeptide of 543 amino acid residues. Compared with IBV strains from GenBank, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of S1 gene of the isolate SC021202 shared 60.0–91.4% and 49.1–88.9% identities, respectively. A nucleotide fragment of ′CTTTTTAATTATACTAACGGA′ was inserted at nucleotide site 208 in the S1 gene of the isolate. These results indicated that IBV isolate SC021202 was a new variant IBV isolate and responsible for field outbreak of nephritis.
Characterization of a Point Mutation in the parC Gene of Mycoplasma bovirhinis Associated with Fluoroquinolone Resistance
Authors: Hirose K. , Kawasaki Y. , Kotani K. , Abiko K. , Sato H.
Published: July 2004

Quinolone‐resistant (QR) mutants of Mycoplasma bovirhinis strain PG43 (type strain) were generated by stepwise selection in increasing concentrations of enrofloxacin (ENR). An alteration was found in the quinolone resistance‐determining region (QRDR) of the parC gene coding for the ParC subunit of topoisomerase IV from these mutants, but not in the gyrA, gyrB, and parE gene coding for the GyrA and GyrB subunits of DNA gyrase and the ParE subunit of topoisomerase IV. Similarly, such an alteration in QRDR of parC was found in the field isolates of M. bovirhinis, which possessed various levels of QR. The substitution of leucine (Leu) by serine (Ser) at position 80 of QRDR of ParC was observed in both QR‐mutants and QR‐isolates. This is the first report of QR based on a point mutation of the parC gene in M. bovirhinis.
Angiogenesis in Developing Follicle and Corpus Luteum
Authors: Tamanini C , De Ambrogi M
Published: July 2004

Contents

Angiogenesis is a process of vascular growth that is mainly limited to the reproductive system in healthy adult animals. The development of new blood vessels in the ovary is essential to guarantee the necessary supply of nutrients and hormones to promote follicular growth and corpus luteum formation. In developing follicles, the pre‐existing endothelial cells that form the vascular network in the theca layer markedly develop in response to the stimulus of several growth factors, mainly produced by granulosa cells, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The angiogenic factors also promote vessel permeability, thus favouring the antrum formation and the events inducing follicle rupture. After ovulation, newly formed blood vessels cross the basement membrane between theca and granulosa layers and continue a rapid growth to sustain corpus luteum development and function. The length of luteal vascular growth varies in cycling and pregnant animals and among species; both angiogenesis and subsequent angioregression are finely regulated by systemic and local factors. The control of angiogenic development in the ovary could be a useful tool to improve animal reproductive performances.
Peripartal Endocrinology in the Mare and Foetus
Authors: Ousey JC
Published: July 2004

Contents

The endocrine profiles in the periparturient mares are dominated by increasing concentrations of progestagens and decreasing oestrogens. These hormones are produced by precursors from the foetus, metabolized by the placenta and act primarily on the maternal uterus. The circulating concentrations of hormones in maternal plasma, generally, represent a small proportion of those metabolized by the foetus and utero‐placental tissues. There is clear evidence that the foetal hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis initiates the process of foetal maturation and the hormonal cascade which culminates in parturition at term. The endocrine changes associated with abnormal pregnancy and abortion in late pregnancy are less well understood, as are the hormonal treatments needed to avert these problems. Further work is needed to establish the biological role of the various hormones present in pregnant mares and, in particular, those hormones which control myometrial quiescence.
Imaging features of unusual adrenal masses
Authors: Lerttumnongtum Pailin , Muttarak Malai , Visrutaratna Pannee , Ya‐in Charin
Published: July 2004

The widespread use of cross‐sectional imaging techniques has resulted in increased detection of adrenal masses. The imaging characteristics of common adrenal masses such as adenoma, phaeochromocytoma and metastasis are well established. In this pictorial essay, the imaging features of unusual adrenal masses including cyst, lymphoma, adrenal carcinoma, myelolipoma, haemangioma, smooth muscle tumour, haematoma, and infection (acute tuberculous adrenitis and histoplasmosis) are presented. Computed tomography permits a diagnosis of cyst, acute or subacute haematoma and myelolipoma. Although the imaging features of other lesions are non‐specific, imaging has an important role in the detection of these unusual adrenal masses, and in aiding their diagnosis and management.
Intracranial metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma with characteristic features on diffusion‐weighted imaging and in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Guruprasad Ashwathnarayan S , Chandrashekar Hoskote S , Jayakumar Peruvumba N , Srikanth Subbamma G , Shankar Susarla K
Published: July 2004

Intracranial abscesses and metastases are common lesions that might not be differentiated on routine MRI alone. In vivo proton spectroscopy and diffusion‐weighted imaging have been used as complementary investigations for improved tissue characterization. In the present report we illustrate the role of mucin and its contribution to signal characteristics on diffusion‐weighted imaging in a metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Silent embolism in diagnostic cerebral angiography: Detection with diffusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Chuah Kenneth C , Stuckey Stephen L , Berman Ivor G
Published: July 2004

Angiography has known and documented risks of neurological events. We prospectively studied 20 patients who underwent diagnostic cerebral angiographic examinations and diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI). Eighteen patients had DWI before and after their angiogram, whereas two patients had a DWI only after their angiogram (DWI was normal in both of these patients). No clinical neurological deficits were detected in any of our patients after angiography, but in three of 20 patients there was a new hyperintense signal abnormality found on DWI. Diffusion‐weighted MRI provides an objective means of detecting both clinical and subclinical neurological events. Diffusion‐weighted imaging might therefore provide an easier method of assessing complication rates in cerebral angiography by reducing the number of patients required for meaningful statistical analysis.
Intrapleural nasogastric tube insertion
Authors: O'Neil Ross , Krishnananthan Ruben
Published: July 2004

A misplaced fine‐bore nasogastric tube (NGT) might enter the bronchial tree. Pleural puncture and intrapleural passage of the tube is very uncommon but the location can often be inferred from the frontal chest radiograph. Following recognition of a NGT within the pleural space, progress films should be carefully screened for complications, particularly pneumothorax. This is often not done by staff involved in the monitoring of such patients because the staff frequently do not recognize the signs of intrapleural NGT insertion.
Identification and staging of pancreatic tumours using computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound and mangafodipir trisodium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Ramsay Duncan , Marshall Martin , Song Swithin , Zimmerman Mathew , Edmunds Simon , Yusoff Ian , Cullingford Graham , Fletcher David , Mendelson Richard
Published: July 2004

Pancreatic malignancy can be staged by a number of different investigations, either alone or in combination. The purpose of the present study was to compare the use of endoscopic ultrasound, CT and mangafodipir trisodium‐enhanced MRI for the staging of pancreatic malignancy, particularly with respect to determining resectability prior to surgery. Twenty‐seven patients referred for the investigation of a suspected pancreatic malignancy were entered into the trial. All patients had contrast‐enhanced CT, gadolinium and mangafodipir trisodium‐enhanced MRI, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Images were assessed for nodal staging, tumour staging and resectability for each investigation, and the results compared with findings at surgery. The results for the accuracy of MRI, CT and EUS, in detecting T4 disease versus T3 or lower was 78, 79 and 68%, respectively; nodal involvement was 56, 63 and 69%, respectively; and overall resectability (including the T stage, presence of involved nodes and metastases) was 83, 76 and 63%, respectively. There was no significant difference demonstrated between the three tests. The present study suggests that for patients referred for investigation and staging of pancreatic malignancy, EUS and MRI scanning convey little advantage over contrast‐enhanced CT. Furthermore, although mangafodipir trisodium improved the conspicuity of pancreatic tumours, it has little influence on T staging.
Skull base chordoid meningioma: Imaging features and pathology
Authors: Soo Mark YS , Ng Thomas , Gomes Lavier , Da Cruz Melville , Dexter Mark
Published: July 2004

The clinical, imaging and pathological features of a skull base chordoid meningioma (CM) are described. The huge tumour resulted in obstructive hydrocephalus and partial erosion of the clivus such that a chordoma was suspected. The lesion's MRI findings were similar to those of a meningioma. Light microscopic, immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural features were diagnostic of CM. Chordoid meningioma is a rare subtype of meningioma and has a great tendency to recur should surgical resection be incomplete.
Calcified nodal metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Gormly Kirsten , Glastonbury Christine M
Published: July 2004

Calcification within cervical lymph nodes is relatively rare, and most commonly ascribed to benign inflammatory or infectious processes. We present a case of a calcified submandibular nodal metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of the lip and review the current published literature on nodal calcifications in the neck. To the authors’ knowledge, calcification resulting from metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck has been described only once previously.
Rupture of the renal pelvis of a ureteropelvic junction hydronephrosis after blunt abdominal trauma
Authors: Ashebu Samuel D , Dahniya Mohamed H , Aduh Prosper , Ramadan Salwa , Bopaiah Harini , Elshebiny Yahaya H
Published: July 2004

In the present case report, we present the unusual occurrence of traumatic rupture of a ureteropelvic junction hydronephrosis, and discuss the potential mechanisms producing such a rupture and the management options.
Complications of occipital bone pneumatization
Authors: Moss Mary , Biggs Michael , Fagan Paul , Forer Martin , Davis Martin , Roche Jim
Published: July 2004

Four cases of occipital bone pneumatization and subsequent complications are described, which include a pathological fracture of C1 and the occipital bone, spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumatocele formation. Reviews of the published literature and possible aetiological factors have been discussed.
Benefits of sonographic‐guided hydrostatic reduction opposed to air reduction in a case of intussusception due to lymphoma
Authors: Grant Robyn L , Piotto Lino
Published: July 2004

A case of intussusception due to a pathological lead point in a child is presented. Such cases are uncommon in the paediatric age‐group. The pathological lead point was missed at air enema reduction but it was clearly defined on sonographic‐guided hydrostatic reduction. The advantages and disadvantages of these reduction methods are discussed.
Are single fractions of radiotherapy suitable for plantar fasciitis?
Authors: Schwarz Fabian , Christie David RH , Irving Michael
Published: July 2004

The use of radiotherapy for plantar fasciitis has never been reported in Australasia and is scarcely found in the English language medical literature, but it is commonly used in Europe, especially in Germany. In Europe, treatment courses consisting ofmultiplesmall fractions have been associated with high levels of pain relief. In the present report, the use ofsinglefractions or radiotherapy was evaluated by reviewing seven consecutive patients referred for treatment and by applying objective and subjective criteria for pain relief. One patient died of unrelated causes soon after treatment and one declined to receive radiotherapy. Four patients each received asingledose of 8 Gy resulting in complete pain relief. One patient was treated with 8 Gy and 12 weeks later was retreated achieving partial pain relief. A follow‐up interview was conducted after a mean of 15.6 months, ranging from 1.5 to 30 months. No acute or late effects occurred; however, the possibility that delayed effects may yet occur, particularly carcinogenesis, cannot be excluded. Radiotherapy for this common condition should be investigated further as it might be safer and more effective than other methods currently in use.
‘Boomerang’ technique: An improved method for conformal treatment of locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Corry June , Hornby Colin , Fisher Richard , D’Costa Ieta , Porceddu Sandro , Rischin Danny , Peters Lester J
Published: July 2004

The primary aim of the present study was to assess radiation dosimetry and subsequent clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer using a novel radiation technique termed the ‘Boomerang’. Dosimetric comparisons were made with both conventional and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) techniques. This is a study of 22 patients treated with this technique from June 1995 to October 1998. The technique used entailed delivery of 36 Gy in 18 fractions via parallel opposed fields, then 24 Gy in 12 fractions via asymmetric rotating arc fields for a total of 60 Gy in 30 fractions. Patients also received induction and concurrent chemotherapy. The radiation dosimetry was excellent. Dose−volume histograms showed that with the arc fields, 90% of the planning target volume received 94% of the prescribed dose. Relative to other conventional radiation therapy off‐cord techniques, the Boomerang technique results in a 27% greater proportion of the prescribed dose being received by 90% of the planning target volume. This translates into an overall 10% greater dose received for the same prescribed dose. At 3 years, the actuarial loco‐regional control rate, the failure‐free survival rate and the overall survival rate were 91, 75 and 91%, respectively. At 5 years, the actuarial loco‐regional control rate, the failure‐free survival rate and the overall survival rate were 74, 62 and 71%, respectively. The Boomerang technique provided excellent radiation dosimetry with correspondingly good loco‐regional control rates (in conjunction with chemotherapy) and very acceptable acute and late toxicity profiles. Because treatment can be delivered with conventional standard treatment planning and delivery systems, it is a validated treatment option for centres that do not have the capability or capacity for IMRT. A derivative of the Boomerang technique, excluding the parallel opposed component, is now our standard for patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer when IMRT is not available.
Iodine‐125 brachytherapy for prostate cancer: First published Australian experience
Authors: Joseph David J , CS Woo Tony , Haworth Annette
Published: July 2004

With the emergence of new imaging and implant techniques, prostate brachytherapy has become increasingly popular over the last decade. Brachytherapy promises to deliver twice the biologically effective dose as conventional external beam treatments without increasing the dose to tissues surrounding the prostate. However, there are few or no published Australian series of its efficacy in the clinic. We present the experience of one of the first centres in Australia to offer this service to its patients: a series from Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Western Australia. We present data on the efficacy of brachytherapy in maintaining prostate specific antigen levels, as well as the rate of urinary, rectal and sexual complications. Our results compare favourably with other brachytherapy and external beam treatment series. We believe that with the increasing trend towards dose escalation and novel therapies, standardized measurements of success and failure need to be better defined, and that randomized trials comparing modalities are needed to improve the management of prostate cancer.
A modified technique for craniospinal irradiation in children designed to reduce acute and late radiation toxicity
Authors: Phillips Claire , Willis David , Cramb Jim , Chicas‐Angulo Franc , Sexton Maree
Published: July 2004

Craniospinal irradiation is an important technique for the treatment of a number of paediatric malignancies. The conventional technique uses photons for all fields and does not exploit the benefits of CT and computer planning systems. The present paper describes a modification of the conventional technique in which both photons and electrons are used for the spinal field (mixed‐beam technique). Computed tomography images and a planning computer are used for the selection of field junctions, electron beam energy and dosimetry. The intention of the technique is to reduce radiotherapy toxicity. A discussion of the potential benefits is presented.
A comparison of RANZCR and Singapore‐designed radiation oncology practice audit instruments: How does reproducibility affect future approaches to revalidation?
Authors: Shakespeare Thomas P , Mukherjee Rahul K , Lu Jiade J , Wynne Christopher J , Kumar Mahesh B , Back Michael F
Published: July 2004

Physician competency assessment requires the use of validated methods and instruments. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) developed a draft audit form to be evaluated as a competency assessment instrument for radiation oncologists (ROs) in Australasia. We evaluated the reliability of the RANZCR instrument as well as a separate The Cancer Institute (TCI) Singapore‐designed instrument by having two ROs perform an independent chart review of 80 randomly selected patients seen at The Cancer Institute (TCI), Singapore. Both RANZCR and TCI Singapore instruments were used to score each chart. Inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability for both audit instruments were compared using misclassification rates as the primary end‐point. Overall, for inter‐observer reproducibility, 2.3% of TCI Singapore items were misclassified compared to 22.3% of RANZCR items (P < 0.0001, 100.00% confidence that TCI instrument has less inter‐observer misclassification). For intra‐observer reproducibility, 2.4% of TCI Singapore items were misclassified compared to 13.6% of RANZCR items (P < 0.0001, 100.00% confidence that TCI instrument has less intra‐observer misclassification). The proposed RANZCR RO revalidation audit instrument requires further refinement to improve validity. Several items require modification or removal because of lack of reliability, whereas inclusion of other important and reproducible items can be incorporated as demonstrated by the TCI Singapore instrument. The TCI Singapore instrument also has the advantage of incorporating a simple scoring system and criticality index to allow discrimination between ROs and comparisons against future College standards.
Primitive neuroectodermal kidney tumour
Authors: Ng Alex WH , Lee Paul SF , Howard Robert G
Published: July 2004

Renal primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) is a rare malignant tumour of paediatric patients. We describe the important imaging findings, including the ultrasound, CT and MRI of a case of renal PNET in a teenager. To our knowledge, some findings have not been described previously. Some features that have been considered as characteristic are not present in our case, and it is, to our knowledge, the first documented case with such extensive tumour thrombus. We also demonstrate the importance of including PNET as a differential diagnosis because combined chemotherapy is thought to be the best first‐line treatment in most cases. Histological diagnosis can be determined by a minimally invasive procedure instead of laparotomy or open biopsy.
Detection of occult bone metastases of lung cancer with Fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography
Authors: Foo Serene S , Ramdave Shankar , Berlangieri Salvatore U , Scott Andrew M
Published: July 2004

Accurate staging of cancer has a critical role in optimal patient management. Fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) is superior to CT in the detection of local and distant metastases in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer. Although Tc‐99 m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scanning is well established in the evaluation of bone metastases, there are conflicting reports on the use of FDG PET in the evaluation of skeletal metastases. We report on a patient with locally advanced lung carcinoma in whom FDG PET accurately identified previously unsuspected widespread asymptomatic bone metastases (bone scan and X‐rays negative, confirmed on MRI). Assessment of glucose metabolism with FDG PET might represent a more powerful tool to detect bone metastases in lung cancer compared with conventional bone scans.
Endovascular‐covered stent treatment of posttraumatic cervical carotid artery pseudoaneurysms
Authors: Haq Tanveer ul , Yaqoob Jamal , Munir Khalid , Usman Mohammad U
Published: July 2004

Pseudoaneurysm involving the cervical portion of the carotid artery can result from prior trauma or dissection. Two patients are reported with posttraumatic carotid artery pseudoaneurysms. In both cases, endovascular‐covered stents were placed across the diseased portion of the artery resulting in thrombosis of the aneurysm and preservation of the parent artery without any significant complication. It is therefore concluded that covered stent placement is an alternative approach in treating carotid artery pseudoaneurysms.
Low dose BCG as adjuvant therapy for superficial bladder cancer and literature review
Authors: Cheng C. W. , Ng M. T. , Chan S. Y. , Sun W. H.
Published: July 2004

Background:  Bacillus Calmette−Guerin (BCG) at low doses has long been employed as prophylactic and therapeutic treatment for superficial cancer of the urinary bladder, aiming at reducing toxicity while maintaining efficacy. A retrospective review was reported, together with a review of the literature with respect to a low dose BCG regimen.

Methods:  Forty‐five consecutive patients with superficial bladder cancer (Ta or T1) with one or more of the appropriate criteria (grade above 1, stage above a, size >1 cm, multiple or recurrent), after complete transurethral resection, received 27 mg Connaught strain BCG weekly for 6 weeks. There was no maintenance therapy. Patients were evaluated with urine cytology and cystoscopy. Recurrence, progression and death were analysed.

Results:  With a median follow up of 14 (range 3−61) months, 24 (53%) of the 45 patients responded to one course of 6 weekly BCG without recurrence. A further group of 13 (29%) patients responded to a second course of BCG on recurrence. Disease progressed in one (2.2%) patient. Two (4.4%) patients died of an unrelated condition. There was no disease specific mortality. Side‐effects were common but well tolerated, with only two (4.4%) cases of treatment interruption.

Conclusions:  Low dose BCG could be an alternative option of adjuvant therapy for superficial bladder cancer with acceptable toxicity and good compliance.
Graduated compression stockings (20−30 mmHG) do not compress leg veins in the standing position
Authors: Lord Reginald S. A. , Hamilton Debra
Published: July 2004

Background:  Since graduated compression stockings (GCS) reduce the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in both hospital and ambulant patients, we checked the compressive efficiency of 20−30 mmHg GCS in the standing position.

Methods:  In 30 volunteers (17 normal legs, 13 varicose legs), duplex ultrasound was used to measure the internal diameters of the long saphenous vein, posterior tibial veins, peroneal veins, and soleal veins in the lying and standing position and with and without 20−30 mmHg GCS.

Results:   Graduated compression stockings effectively compressed both superficial and deep veins in supine individuals but not the superficial or the deep veins when standing. In the varicose leg, the stockings did not compress the long saphenous vein at the mid‐calf level even when supine. In the varicose leg the long saphenous vein was constricted at the upper band of the stocking, which might explain why superficial venous thrombosis is more common when compression stockings are worn.

Conclusions:  In the standing position, GCS did not compress the deep or superficial veins of the calf.
Abdominoperineal resection or low Hartmann's procedure
Authors: Frye John N. R. , Carne Peter W. G. , Robertson Greg M. , Frizelle Frank A.
Published: July 2004

Aim:  To compare patients having low Hartmann's resection (LHP) with abdominoperineal resection (APR) by investigating postoperative complications.

Methods:  Retrospective comparative analysis of preoperative state and postoperative course for patients having surgery from 1 January 1997 to 1 July 2001, by the surgeons of the Colorectal Unit, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Results:  Over a 54‐month period 65 patients underwent either LHP or APR (29 LHP, 36 APR). The median age/sex (male:female) of patients for LHP was 76 years (51−90 years) (14:15), for APR 72 years (31−93 years) (19:17). The indication for surgery was predominantly cancer (LHP 89.6%, APR 94.4%). There was a high rate of preoperative comorbidities: LHP 75.9% (cardiac 62.1%, pulmonary 17.2%), APR 75% (cardiac 50%, pulmonary 15.9%). Preoperative chemoradiation was used in 10.3% of patients having LHP and 30.6% with APR. There was no difference in postoperative non‐septic complications. There was a significant difference in the types of septic complications (P = 0.018), with a higher rate of pelvic abscesses after LHP (5). Perineal wound infection occurred in five patients having APR (14.3%). The median time to heal a perineal wound was 1 month (0.5−7 months). The median length of stay was 13 days for LHP (5−33 days) and 11 days for APR (6−19 days)(P = 0.0266).

Conclusion:  This non‐randomized, retrospective, cohort study shows a surprisingly high rate of pelvic abscesses after LHP compared with APR. Perineal wound healing was a problem after APR, but less of a management problem than the septic complications after LHP. Both LHP and APR might be associated with significant morbidity. A high pelvic abscess rate following LHP is associated with a high likelihood of further surgical intervention and a prolonged length of stay.
Comparison of the effect of diclofenac with hyoscine‐N‐butylbromide in the symptomatic treatment of acute biliary colic
Authors: Kumar Anup , Deed Jagpreet S. , Bhasin Bharat , Kumar Ashok , Thomas Shaji
Published: July 2004

Background:  Although non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and spasmolytics have been used to relieve biliary colic, the role of these drugs in the natural history of biliary colic has not been clarified. The objective of the present study is to compare the efficacy of intramuscular diclofenac with intramuscular hyoscine in the treatment of pain of acute biliary colic, and to study their role in the natural history of biliary colic and in the prevention of cholelithiasis‐related complications.

Methods:  Seventy‐two consecutive patients with biliary colic were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double‐blind study. They received either a single 75 mg intramuscular dose of diclofenac (n = 36) or similarly administered 20 mg of hyoscine (n = 36). Pain severity was recorded on a visual analogue scale 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 4 h after injection of the drug. Patients were then followed closely for the next 72 h for persistence or relapse of pain, or development of acute cholecystitis, or drug related complications.

Results:  Diclofenac provided much more rapid relief of pain than hyoscine, as shown by significantly lesser pain scores after injection of the drug. 91.7% of patients on diclofenac were completely relieved of pain at 4 h as compared to 69.4% with hyoscine (P = 0.037). Progression to acute cholecystitis was seen in only 16.66% of patients on diclofenac as compared to 52.77% on hyoscine (P = 0.003).

Conclusions:  In patients with biliary colic, diclofenac gives much faster and more effective pain relief in a significantly larger number of patients as compared with hyoscine. Most remarkably, diclofenac can prevent progression of biliary colic to acute cholecystitis in a significant number of patients.