bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Mt. Merapi Pyroclastic Flow in 2010
Authors: Shimomura Makoto , Putra Raditya , Rukmini Niken Angga , Sulistiyani  ,   Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 1722-19 Sakurajima-Yokoyama, Kagoshima 891-1419, Japan,   BPPTKG, Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency of Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Published: January 2019

A pyroclastic flow is one of the most dangerous hazardous phenomena. To escape a pyroclastic flow, the influenceable area must be evacuated before the flow occurs. Therefore, to predict the inundation area of a pyroclastic flow is important, and numerical simulation is a helpful tool in this prediction. This study simulated a pyroclastic flow by reproducing the pyroclastic flow of Mt. Merapi that occurred in 2010. However, necessary detailed information of the flow to conduct the simulation, such as total volume and the property of the pyroclastic flow material, flow rate, etc., were not available. Therefore, 20 simulations were conducted, varying the important conditions, such as the volume of pyroclastic material, inter-granular friction factor, and duration of the flow. The results showed that the volume of the pyroclastic material and inter-granular friction factor strongly control the flow characteristics. However, the friction factor does not result in a wide range of values; therefore, volume is the most influencing factor. The most suitable condition is a total volume of pyroclastic material of 30 × 106m3, a 5 min duration of flow, and a 0.6 friction factor.
Numerical Simulation of Pyroclastic Flow at Mt. Semeru in 2002
Authors: Shimomura Makoto , Banggur Wilfridus F. S. , Loeqman Agoes ,   Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 1722-19 Sakurajima-Yokoyama, Kagoshima 891-1419, Japan,   Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency of Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
Published: January 2019

Mt. Semeru (3676 m asl.) is an active volcano in Indonesia. Mt. Semeru has a specific topography i.e., a large straight scar in its south-east flank. The geometry of the scar is approx. 2 km in length and 300–500 m width. The scar is connected to three major drainage channels: the Kobokan River, the Kembar River, and the Bang River. On December 29, 2002, a pyroclastic flow (PF) with an approximate volume of 3.25 × 106m3was generated and it traveled 9–11 km along the Bang River. This pyroclastic flow was the largest among the ones generated from 2002–2003 eruptions of Mt. Semeru. All prior recorded pyroclastic flows traveled 1–2.5 km along the Kembar channel. Thus, this pyroclastic flow suddenly changed its flow path, and it traveled more than three times longer than its antecedents. To investigate the cause of the sudden change, a simulated reproduction of this pyroclastic flow was carried out by employing the numerical simulation method proposed by Yamashita and Miyamoto (1993). Due to the uncertainty of the volume of each pyroclastic flow and the temporal change of deposition thickness, a total of 12 simulation cases were set up, with variations in the number of sequence events, the duration of inflow at the upper reach of the flow, and the inter-granular friction factor. The simulation results showed that to explain the sudden change in flow path, the Kembar channel, around 3 km from the vent, has to be buried by antecedent pyroclastic flows. Furthermore, the individual volumes of the prior flows must be less than 0.25–1× 106m3, with an inflow duration of less than 1 min. The friction factor must be set to be 0.5. By using the most acceptable case, the simulated pyroclastic flows were in good agreement with observed results. The results implied that careful investigation and continuous monitoring of the area at 1500–2000 m asl. on the south-east flank of Mt. Semeru are important to prepare for future pyroclastic flows.
Proposal of Estimation Method for Debris Flow Potential Considering Eruptive Activity
Authors: Iguchi Masato ,   Sakurajima Volcano Research Center, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University 1722-19 Sakurajima-Yokoyama, Kagoshima 891-1419, Japan
Published: January 2019

An estimation method for debris flow potential is proposed to evaluate the possibility of the occurrence of rain-triggered debris flows. Sakurajima volcano has repeatedly erupted (Vulcanian type) and has continuously emitted volcanic ash at the Minamidake summit crater or Showa crater east of the summit since 1955, and debris flows have frequently occurred at rates of 10 to 111 events per year. Ground deformation associated with debris flows along the Arimura River were analyzed for the period from 2009 to 2016. Downward tilt (10–450 nrad) in the direction of the river and extensional strain (3–138 nstrain) were detected during occurrence of the debris flows. The tilt and strain changes were modeled using a point load caused by debris flow deposition beside a sabo dam. Depositional weights of individual debris flow events were estimated to range from 6 to 276 kt. The total weight of the debris flows was 2,154 kt, which is approximately 5% of the total weight of volcanic ash ejected from the craters during the study period. Debris flow potential (DFP) was defined as the difference in the volcanic ash deposits along the upper stream of the river (5% of the total) and the lower stream of the river, and the temporal change of the debris flow potential was investigated. When the debris flow potential reached a level of 0.4 Mt resulting from an increase in eruptive activity, debris flows frequently occurred or large debris flows were induced during rainy seasons. The concept of debris flow potential was applied to volcanoes in Indonesia as lahar potential. After the 2010 eruption at Merapi volcano, lahar potential, perhaps, quasi-exponentially decays during the dormant period. The lahar potential of Sinabung volcano complicatedly varies because of long-term eruptivity beginning in 2014.
Disaster Management Following Decentralization in Indonesia: Regulation, Institutional Establishment, Planning, and Budgeting
Authors: Putra Danang Insita , Matsuyuki Mihoko ,   Faculty of Urban Innovation, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan,   Institute of Urban Innovation, Yokohama National University, Kanagawa, Japan
Published: January 2019

A consensus has emerged that decentralization of the disaster management sector improves disaster risk governance effectiveness and responsiveness. While many researchers contend that decentralization creates institutional capacity building and disaster management regulation opportunities, few studies have measured or analyzed both decentralization and disaster management. We examined changes to the disaster management system and the opportunities and challenges arising following decentralization, as well as how vertical and horizontal relationships between government actors have changed in Indonesia. First, we found that decentralization had a positive effect on the implementation of disaster management with respect to regulation, institutional establishment, budgeting, and planning. Second, despite general improvements, challenges remain, including regulatory inconsistencies, a lack of funding and capacity for local institutional establishments, a lack of participation of experts, a strong dependence on the central government, and an increased corruption rate. Third, while a decentralized disaster management system framework has been established, the local government’s capacity and the overall network remain limited, with national institutions playing a leading role. These findings suggest that empowering the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) and strengthening the vertical and horizontal provincial/municipal networks of the BPBD would both enhance the disaster management system and allow local actors to play a more critical role in disaster management.
A Clinical Investigation about Horizontal Heterophoria Among Newly Diagnosed Myopia Juveniles in Nanchong District of China
Authors: Yan Ying Li , Li Long , Wang Ying , Zeng Peng Guan , Zou Chun Yun
Published: January 2019

Background: To establish the prevalence and distribution of heterophoria in low myopia juveniles and and provide evidence of myopia prevention and treatment.
Methods: Near and distant heterophoria were administered to the patients who were diagnosed of low myopia at their first visit in clinic. Tthe Von Graefe method was performed to test near, distant horizontal heterophoria types and degrees. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS17.0 software.
Results: A total of 150 students were participated in this study. Distant and near phoria was detected in 92.67% and 96.00% of the students respectively. exophoria was more common than esophoria(diantant:79.33% vs 13.33%; near:86.67% vs 9.33%, P<0.05), and the mean deviation of diantant and near heterophoria was -1.97△ and -3.91△. There was a statistical difference between the near and distant heterophoria (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Most myopia juveniles have different extents of exophoria. Due to the high prevalence of heterophoria in myopia, in the process of refraction, attention should be paid to the examination of binocular visual function parameters such as heterophoria, which is conducive to the issuance of suitable optical correction prescriptions and the reasonable measures for myopia prevention and control.
Keywords: Heterophoria, myopia, juvenile school students
Stimulating Germination of Australian Everlasting Daisies
Authors: Plummer J.A. , Bell D.T.
Published: January 2019

Australian everlasting daisies (Asteraceae, Tribe Inulae) have considerable potential as bedding plants, but little is known about their germination requirements. Florets have a papery corolla, which imparts considerable longevity of the floral display even under dry conditions. The influence of temperature, light and gibberellic acid (GA3) was determined for several species with spectacular floral displays. Germination in petri dishes was optimum over the range of 10 to 20C, with little or no germination at extreme temperatures. Light stimulated germination in most species with little or no germination occurring under dark conditions. In the dark, GA3 stimulated germination to similar levels observed in light-treated seeds. In most species, germination in the dark was optimum over the GA3 concentration range 1 to 100 mg·liter–1, and 500 mg·liter–1 was often inhibitory.
Hydrocooling as an Alternative to Forced-air Cooling for Maintaining Strawberry Quality
Authors: Ferreira M.D. , Brecht J.K. , Sargent S.A. , Chandler C.K.
Published: January 2019

`Sweet Charlie' strawberries (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) harvested at full ripe stage were 7/8-cooled by forced-air or hydrocooling to 4C, then held with or without a PVC film wrap in one of three storage regimes: 1) 7 days at 1C plus 1 day at 20C; 2) 7 days at 1C plus 7 days at 7C plus 1 day at 20C, or; 3) 7 days at 1C plus 5 days at 15C plus 2 days at 7C plus 1 day at 20C. Quality attributes, including surface color, firmness, weight loss, soluble solids and ascorbic acid content, pH, and titratable acidity, were evaluated after storage. Hydrocooled berries were better in overall quality, with better color retention, less weight loss, and lower incidence and severity of decay compared to forced-air-cooled berries. Strawberries wrapped in PVC film retained better color and had less weight loss and greater firmness, but greater incidence and severity of decay than berries stored uncovered. These results indicate good potential for using hydrocooling as a cooling method for strawberries.
Renovation of Strawberries Grown on Plastic Mulch to Obtain Multiple Years of Harvest
Authors: Probasco Peter R. , Garrison Stephen A. , Fiola Joseph A.
Published: January 2019

Chandler strawberries were planted on plastic mulch in September and renovated at various times after harvest during the next summer. Renovation treatments included mowing, thinning to three crowns/plant, and mowing plus thinning. These treatments were applied to 1-year-old and 2-year-old beds of `Chandler' strawberries. We conducted this study over two harvest seasons to compare winter conditions and the influence of polyester rowcovers. The second harvest season had severe winter temperatures (–5F), along with frequent ice accumulation. Marketable yields, culls, and fruit size were determined from each treatment. Yields varied with the time of treatment and with the degree of winter severity. Fruit size of renovated berries was smaller than first year berries, but still marketable. Polyester covers increased early yields.
Leaf Essential Oil Composition of Selected Strawberry Cultivars with Different Degrees of Susceptibility to Two-spotted Spider Mites
Authors: Khanizadeh Shahrokh , Belanger Andre
Published: January 2019

Considerable variability in susceptibility to two-spotted spider mite (TSSM) were observed for the strawberry cultivars used as parents and some of our promising selections. Large variation was observed for 9-octadecenal oil composition followed by linalool, C9H1002, decanal, β-cyclocitral, α-terpineol and (Z)-3-hexenol. The purpose of this research was to identify the relative susceptibility of selected strawberry lines to TSSM in relation to leaf essential oil composition. One objective of our breeding program is the early identification of susceptible lines and/or seedlings so that they can be eliminated prior to field trials.
Seasonal Patterns of Dehydrins in Bark Tissue of Eight Species of Woody Plants
Authors: Wisniewski Michael , Arora Rajeev , Artlip Tim
Published: January 2019

Studies with herbaceous crops have indicated a similarity in the types of proteins that accumulate in response to environmental stresses and ABA. Many of these proteins belong to a group called dehydrins. We have identified a 60 kDa dehydrin-related protein (PCA 60) in peach associated with cold hardiness. Our objective was to determine if seasonal induction of dehydrins are a common feature in a wide array of woody plants Bark tissues from eight species of woody plants were collected monthly for 1.5 years. The species included: Prunus persica `Loring'; Malus domestica `Golden Delicious'; Rubus sp. `Chester'; Populus sp.; Salix babylonica; Cornus florida; Sassafras albidum, and Robinia Pseudo-acacia. Protein extraction, SDSPAGE, and immunoblotting were performed as previously reported. Immunoblots were probed with a polyclonal antibody recognizing a conserved region of dehydrin proteins (provided by Timothy Close). Although some proteins, immunologically related to dehydrins, appeared lo be constitutive, distinct seasonal patterns associated with winter acclimation were observed in all species. The molecular weights of these proteins varied, although there were similarities in related species (willow and poplar). Although this study represents a precursory examination of dehydrins, the results indicate that these proteins are common to woody plants and that further research to characterize their function is warranted.
Seed Vigor and Sugar Leakage for Isolines of Sweet Corn with Traditional vs. shrunken-2 Endosperm
Authors: Faver Marla K. , Coons Janice M. , Juvik John A.
Published: January 2019

Supersweet corn has problems establishing a stand, a problem that is related to a damaged pericarp that allows leakage from seeds during imbibition. This study compared seed vigor and sugar leakage of sweet corn isolines with different endosperms. Isoline pairs (C68, IaS125, Ia453, Il442a, and Oh43) of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa) with two endosperms (sul or sh2) were used. Seeds were germinated at 10, 15, or 20C. Seeds also were planted in Urbana, Ill., where seedling growth was measured. Seeds also were soaked in water for 24 h, and then leachate was analyzed for sugars (anthrone method) and for sucrose, fructose, and glucose (HPLC). No seeds germinated at 10C. At 15 and 20C, more sul seeds germinated than sh2 seeds in most cases. In fields, sul plants were more vigorous than sh2 plants based on emergence, plant height, leaf number, weight, and leaf area. More sugars leaked from sh2 than sul seeds. More sucrose leaked from sh2 than sul seeds in all but two isolines, where none leaked. More fructose leaked from sh2 than sul seeds in all but two isolines, where no differences occurred. More glucose leaked from sh2 than sul seeds only in Oh43.
Soil Acidification Potential of Four Commercial Nitrogen Solutions Used for Fertigation
Authors: Burrows Rhoda L. , Peryea Frank J.
Published: January 2019

Nitrification-induced subsoil acidification is a major problem encountered with the use of ammonium- or urea-containing fertilizer solutions for drip fertigation of tree fruit crops. We conducted a laboratory experiment to evaluate the soil acidification potential of the four fertilizer N solutions most frequently used for fertigation within the Washington tree fruit industry. Treatments were five orchard soils x four commercial N solutions (calcium nitrate, calcium-ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea-ammoniun nitrate) x four N rates (0, 100, 200, 500 mg N/kg). Air-dry subsamples of each soil were inoculated with fresh soil known to exhibit nitrifying behavior amended with treatment solutions. Subsamples were maintained at simulated field capacity of –15 kPa. Soil pH was measured after 5 weeks incubation. The treatment solutions were reapplied and pH measured after another 5 weeks. The soil were then leached with distilled water and further incubated to determine if pH would increase as has been observed in the field. The fertilizer solutions acidified the soils in direct relation to their ammonium plus urea content. The calcium nitrate solution was acidifying because it contains ammonium nitrate as an impurity. We will present the pH “rebound” data.
In Vitro Root Formation of Derooted Jujube Seedlings Induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Authors: Hatta Muhammad , Beyl Caula A. , Garton Stephen
Published: January 2019

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) is a plant whose cuttings root with great difficulty. Several strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were tested on two segments (proximal and basal) of derooted jujube seedlings in the presence or absence of IBA for induction of roots in vitro. Strains of A. rhizogenes used were A4, A4pARC8, TR105, and R1000. Strain, segment of derooted seedling, and IBA influenced inoculation success. Strains A4pARC8 and TR105 were more infective than A4 and R1000. Basal segments were more responsive than proximal ones and 0.5 mg·liter–1 1BA had a positive effect on inoculation success. Agrobacterium rhizogenes and IBA were very effective in promoting root formation, root number, root length, and early root emergence. They worked synergistically, but were effective independently as well. A4pARC8 and TR105 were more effective than strains A4 and R1000, and generally more effective than IBA. lBA was unable to eliminate the differential response of the two segments for individual strains.
Nitrogen Fertilization of Florida-grown Tomato Transplants: Seasonal Variation in Greenhouse and Field Performance
Authors: Vavrina C.S. , Hochmuth G.J. , Cornell J.A. , Olson S.M.
Published: January 2019

Fall-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants were larger than spring-grown transplants when fertilized in the greenhouse with NH3NO3 at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, or 75 mg·L-1 N in a standard 1/4 strength Hoagland's solution. All transplant growth characteristics measured (stem length, leaf area and number, root and shoot dry mass) increased linearly with increasing N in both seasons. However, in the fall, when greenhouse temperatures and light levels were higher, stem length, leaf area, root: shoot ratio, and the ratio of shoot dry weight: leaf area responded quadratically. In the spring, total fruit yield and production of extra-large fruit increased with increasing transplant N fertilization, but the opposite trend occurred in the fall. These differing seasonal responses suggest fundamental differences in tomato transplant growth that must be addressed by modifications in N fertilization between spring and fall.
Development of Sequence-specific Primers that Amplify a 1.5-kb DNA Marker for Race 1 Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Cucumis melo L.
Authors: Wechter W. Patrick , Dean Ralph A. , Thomas Claude E.
Published: January 2019

Two 24-mer primers, MUSKFOM I and MUSKFOM II, were developed that amplify a 1.5-kb DNA fragment in race 1 Fusarium wilt resistant muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), but not in race 1 susceptible germplasm tested. Three race 1 resistant cultivars and two race 1 resistant breeding lines as well as eight race 1 susceptible lines were analyzed using the two sequence-specific primers in the polymerase chain reaction. These primers should prove valuable for nondestructive determination of Fom 2 gene introgression in breeding programs.
Regrowth Performance of Apple Nursery Plants in Relation to Reserve and Current Uptake of Nitrogen
Authors: Cheng Lailiang , Fuchigami Leslie H.
Published: January 2019

Gala/M26 apple plants previously treated with foliar urea (0%, 2%, and 4%) were fertigated with or without 15N-depleted ammonium nitrate by using a modified Hoagland solution after transplanting in the spring. Plants with high N reserves had significantly greater growth than plants with low N reserves. More nitrogen was remobilized for new shoot and leaf growth in plants with high N reserves than plants with low N reserves. The amount of reserve N used for new shoot and leaf growth was not affected by current supply of nitrogen. There was no significant difference in the amount of nitrogen from current uptake used for new shoot and leaf growth between low and high N reserve plants up to 80 days after spring budbreak. The amount of N from current uptake for new shoot and leaf growth was negligible at 20 days after budbreak. Plants with low N reserves were more dependent on current uptake for sustaining new shoot and leaf growth and maintaining their nitrogen status than plants with high N reserves. After 80 days of growth, plants with low N reserves did not catch up with the plants with high N reserves.
Response of the Mamey Sapote (Pouteria sapota L.) Fruit to Storage
Authors: Diaz-Perez Juan C. , Bautista S. , Villanueva R.
Published: January 2019

The mamey sapote is a fruit highly appreciated by its sweet flavor. Although this crop has been cultivated in tropical America for several centuries, there is still little horticultural information about it. The fruit is very perishable and postharvest losses are usually large. The objective was to evaluate the postharvest changes in fruit quality under storage conditions. Fruit grown in Morelos, Mexico, were harvested when there was a color change from green to pink in the tissue just below the fruit cortex. Fruit were stored at 10 °C or kept at 20 °C (65% RH) or ambient temperature (Mean daily temperature = 27 °C) for 24 days or until fruit deteriorated. After storage at 10 °C, fruit were kept at 20 °C to allow for fruit ripening. Fruit kept at 27 °C ripened 3 days after harvest, while those at 20 °C ripened 5 days after harvest. Fruit at 10 °C showed little physical or chemical changes over the storage period. Ripening included fruit softening, a change in pulp color from a yellow or pale pink to an intense pink color, and an increase in SSC. No change in fruit cortex color was detected as ripening progressed. Ripe fruit showed a 30% to 35% of SSC, and a firmness (resistance to penetration) of 7 N. In overripe fruit, pulp color turned brown. Fruit stored at 10 °C and then ripened at 20 °C showed an irregular ripening, with portions of the fruit with a high firmness and others with a low firmness. This irregular ripening was more severe on fruit stored at 10 °C for 14 days than those stored for 7 days. This disorder was probably a result of chilling injury.
New Guinea Impatiens Flower Life and Growth Response to Coal Bottom Ash Level in the Root Substrate
Authors: Pitchay Dharmalingam S. , Cross Marlene , Bearce Bradford C. , Townsend Edwin
Published: January 2019

On 26 Mar. 1997, New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens × New Guinea) cultivars `Aglia', `Anaea', `Bora-bora', and `Dark Delias', were planted in 1 peat: 1 vermiculite (v/v) rooting media containing 0%, 25%, or 50% by volume of coal bottom ash (CBA) that had been sieved through 6-mm mesh. Individual flower longevity was recorded from the first day of flower opening until senescence. There was no significant effect among levels of CBA on flower longevity. However, flower life varied significantly among cultivars from 9.5–9.9 days in `Aglia' to 15.1–15.8 days in `Dark Delias'. Per-plant bloom numbers increased linearly with increase in percent CBA for all cultivars. Plant diameters were reduced by CBA in `Aglia', but not affected by CBA in the other three cultivars. Plant heights of `Dark Delias' were increased at 50% CBA over that of plants in 0% CBA. Visual quality indices were significantly greater for plants in CBA media compared to that for plants in 0% CBA. Top fresh and dry weights within each cultivar were equal among CBA levels. Within cultivars, there were no significant differences among plants at different CBA levels in plant transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthesis when measured with an LCA3 Leaf Chamber Analyser. However, there were significant differences in these processes among cultivars.
Changes in Fruit Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity during Storage
Authors: Kalt W. , Forney C.F. , McDonald J.
Published: January 2019

Ripe fruit of strawberry, raspberry, and highbush and lowbush blueberries were stored at 0, 10, 20, or 30 °C for up to 8 days. Total phenolic and anthocyanin content was measured at regular intervals during the storage period as well as the total antioxidant capacity, using the method of Cao et al. (Clin. Chem. 1995, 41/12 1739 1744). There were significant differences in all parameters among the species, and after storage. Across all species and storage treatments, the antioxidant capacity was correlated with the content of phenolics (R = 0.77) and anthocyanins (R = 0.85). Both species of blueberry had more than twice the antioxidant capacity of either raspberry or strawberry; antioxidant capacity of the highbush and low-bush blueberries did not change during storage. During storage at temperatures greater than 0 °C, anthocyanin content of raspberries and strawberries increased substantially, and this increase was accompanied by an increase in total antioxidant capacity. Since dietary antioxidants such as anthocyanin flavonoids have been suggested to have positive health benefits, postharvest anthocyanin formation may have a desirable effect on the health quality of certain fruit.
Survey Of Carotenoid and Tocopherol Variability in Corn
Authors: Kurilich A. C. , Juvik J.A.
Published: January 2019

Recent investigations into carotenoid and tocopherol activity indicate that these antioxidants are associated with the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Both carotenoids and tocopherols can be found in corn. A replicated survey of 21 sweet and dent corn inbreds was conducted to determine qualitative and quantitative variability of carotenoid and tocopherol content and form in corn germplasm. Ears were harvested at 20 days after pollination (DAP) and frozen in liquid nitrogen to remove kernels. Lyophilized samples were extracted, then analyzed using a reverse-phase HPLC method developed in this laboratory to simultaneously identify and quantify the carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene, as well as the α-, δ- and γ- forms of tocopherol. The primary carotenoids in immature corn were found to be lutein, and zeaxanthin, with the γ form of tocopherol dominating. Mean values among the genotypes were observed to range from 0.6 to 20 and 9 to 30 mg/g dry weight for lutein and γ-tocopherol, respectively, suggesting variability among inbreds in genes regulating the metabolism of these compounds. From this data, parents have been chosen for the creation of two segregating F2:3 populations, which will be used to study genetic associations of these compounds. This survey also found significant variability in antioxidant compounds between IL731a and W6786 for which a saturated linkage map containing 94 probes has already been constructed. Genetic investigations of this population will be conducted in the near future. The observed genetic variability suggests the possibility of developing germplasm with enhanced levels of these chemoprotectant compounds.
Propagation of Alnus maritima [Marsh.] Nutt. (Seaside Alder)
Authors: Schrader James A. , Graves William R.
Published: January 2019

We are interested in the potential of seaside alder as a shrub or small tree for managed landscapes. This species has received little attention from horticulturists and occurs naturally only in small, disjunct populations in Maryland and southern Delaware (Delmarva Peninsula), northwestern Georgia, and south-central Oklahoma. Our objective is to optimize asexual (softwood cuttings and tissue culture) and sexual propagation of seaside alder while testing for differences in propagation success among populations. Terminal softwood cuttings collected 11 June 1997 (Delmarva) and 25 Aug. 1997 (Oklahoma) were treated with IBA at various concentrations and provided intermittent mist in a greenhouse for 10 weeks. Up to 44% rooting was achieved by using 1 g IBA/kg on cuttings from Delmarva; replication over time will be used to determine whether poorer rooting of cuttings from Oklahoma (maximum of 17% with 8 g IBA/kg) was due to genotypic effects or the time of collection. Strobili were collected during late 1997 from multiple plants in the three populations. Unstratified seed from Oklahoma showed from 40% to 76% germination after 21 days depending on the tree of origin. The only previous data of germination of unstratified seeds was a report of 5% to 20% for seeds from Delmarva, so provenance as well as stratification effects on germination are being evaluated.
Fatty Acid Concentration in Portulaca oleraceae L. is Altered by Photosynthetic Photon Flux
Authors: Palaniswamy U.R. , McAvoy R.J. , Bible B.B.
Published: January 2019

Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) seedlings were grown under an instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 299 or 455 μmol·m–2·s–1 for a daily duration of either 8, 12, 16, or 20 h. Thus plants were exposed to a daily PPF of 8.6, 12.9, 17.2, and 21.5 mol·m–2·d–1 in the low PPF treatment (299 μmol·m–2·s–1) and 13.1, 19.7, 26.2, and 32.8 mol·m–2·d–1 in the high PPF treatment (455 μmol·m–2·s–1). All treatments received a 20-h photoperiod using a PPF of ≈5 μmol·m–2·s–1. At low PPF, purslane grown under 16-h PPF duration produced the highest concentration of total fatty acid (TFA), linoleic acid (LA), and linolenic acid (LNA) per unit leaf dry mass (DM) and leaf area; but at high PPF, the concentration of these compounds was highest under 8- and 12-h PPF duration. Trend analysis indicated that maximum TFA, LA, and LNA concentrations occurred with a PPF of 14.1, 16.9 and 17.2 mol·m–2·d–1 respectively; and protein, chlorophyll, and LNA concentrations in thylakoid membranes were maximized at PPF of 21.8, 19.9, and 16.1 mol·m–2·d–1, respectively. LNA as percent of TFA was unaffected by treatment. DM increased with PPF up to the highest PPF exposure of 32.8 mol·m–2·d–1.
Stigmatic Pollen Grain Deposition by Honey Bees and Bumble Bees after Single Bee Visits to Pistillate Watermelon Flowers
Authors: Stanghellini M.S. , Ambrose J.T. , Schultheis J.R.
Published: January 2019

As a means to assess pollinator efficiency, the number of pollen grains deposited by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson) after single visits to pistillate watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] flowers was compared. Pistillate flowers were enclosed in nylon bags prior to anthesis, and were then exposed to single visits by each bee species (RCBD: 10 flowers per bee species per replicate; 4 replicates). Pollen grains were removed from stigmata immdiately after bee visitation by use of a glycerin jelly-gelatin mixture that was mounted onto microscope slides. Light microscopy was used to count the number of pollen grains per slide. Bumble bees deposited significantly more pollen grains than did honey bees (P < 0.05). After single bee visits to flowers, bumble bees deposited an average of 481 pollen grains, while honey bees deposited an average of 119 pollen grains. Although multiple bee visits are usually required to set watermelon fruit, this work demonstrates that bumble bees are more-efficient pollinators of watermelon at the single visit level than are honey bees.
Vaselife Evaluations of Autumn Sedum, Lobelia, Hardy Amaryllis, Oregano, and Blue Spirea
Authors: Gast Karen L.B.
Published: January 2019

Specialty cut flowers have come of age. In 1996, the value of domestic fresh cut roses, carnations and mums were $195 million while the value of “other” flowers was $251 million. As consumers acquire a taste for more new and different flowers, postharvest information is needed to determine what growers, vendors and consumers can expect for vaselife from these flowers and how the vaselife can be best extended. The vaselife of autumn sedum, lobelia, hardy amaryllis, oregano, and blue spirea was evaluated with and without pretreatments of STS and holding solutions of floral preservatives or water. Results were varied among the different species for the best handling procedures. Lobelia, blue spirea and autumn sedum flowers benefitted from the use of STS. The longest vaselife for oregano was 8.5 days, for blue spirea was 11.3 days, for lobelia was 14 days, for hardy amaryllis was 7 days and for autumn sedum was 32.5 days.
Biomass Partitioning and Yield of Three Asparagus Hybrids
Authors: Erb W. Alan , Parsons Linda , Pyeatt Mark
Published: January 2019

This study was conducted to learn when an asparagus plant partitions its biomass into leaves, stems, buds, and rhizomes, and roots and to determine when after harvest the crown of the plant is rejuvenated to the point that harvest can begin again. The plants used in this study were generated by sowing seed on Jan. 1995, transplanting seedlings into 1.8-L containers (5 sand: 4 soil: 1 peat) in Mar. 1995 and on Mar. 1996, placing the crowns into 9.5-L containers. During Fall 1996, the number of shoots per plant were recorded and this data was used to group plants into six classes. The study was started on 8 Apr. 1997 by first removing six plants/cultivar (one from each class) and biomass partitioning each crown into buds and rhizomes, and roots. The remaining plants were harvested eight times and after the final harvest on 20 Apr. another set of plants (six/cultivar) were partitioned. Starting on 3 June, a set of plants were partitioned every 2 weeks until 21 Oct., when growth stopped in the fall. Atlas and UC157 F1 produced the most spears and had the highest yield and they also had the highest total dry weight, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight. There were no cultivar differences in rhizome and root dry weight. However, `Jersey Giant' and `Atlas' had the highest rhizome and root weight ratio. The highest bud dry weights occurred on 20 May, 23 Sept., 26 Aug., and 21 Oct. and the highest rhizome and root dry weights were on 21 Oct., 12 Aug., 26 Aug., and 23 Sept. The bud dry weight recorded on 12 Aug. was equal to the bud dry weight recorded on 8 Apr. Also on 12 Aug., leaf dry weight and rhizome and root dry weight were higher than almost all the other dates. In addition, above-ground shoot counts and bud dry weights were higher on 26 Aug. than on 12 Aug. All this data indicates that in this study sometime after 12 Aug. and before 26 Aug., the asparagus crown was completely rejuvenated and ready for another cycle of harvesting.
Affinities ofRosa roxburghii Tratt.
Authors: Byrne David H. , Ma Yan
Published: January 2019

Rosa roxburghii Tratt. has been placed in the monotypic subgenus Platyrhodon (Hurst) Rehd. on the basis of its exfoliating bark and prickly hips (fruits). Several lines of evidence indicate a much closer relationship to species within the subgenus Rosa L., particularly to the species in the sections Bracteatae Thory., Cinnamoneae DC. and Carolinae Crep. Unlike R. persica Michx. (subgenus Hulthemia (Dumort.) Focke.) and R. minutifolia Engelmann (Subgenus Hesperhodos Cockerell), which inhabit deserts, R. roxburghii inhabits more mesic habitats alongside numerous species of subgenus Rosa. Chromosome morphology and size in R. roxburghii resemble those of subgenus Rosa, and both have a single nucleolar organizer locus on the short arm of a relatively short submetacentric chromosome, as revealed by florescent in situ DNA hybridization. Rosa roxburghii clustered well within subgenus Rosa on the basis of alleles at putative isozyme loci and RAPD markers. Thus R. roxburghii probably should be classified as a morphologically distinct section of the subgenus Rosa rather than as a separate subgenus.
Weed Control in Tomato Production using Spring-sown Cover Crops Killed by Undercutting
Authors: Christine Akemo Mary , Bennett Mark , Regnier Emily
Published: January 2019

A cover crop study in Spring 1996 showed that mowing did not completely kill the cover crops. In 1997 the study was repeated with the same cover crop treatments using winter rye `Wheeler' (Secale cereale) and field peas (Pisum sativum). Cover crops were eastablished in pure stands and bi-cultures in decreasing levels and varying proportions in early Spring 1997. They were undercut under the soil 2 months later, prior to transplanting tomato seedlings. Three controls were included in each replicate. Tomato plants in treatments with higher seeding rates of field peas had higher leaf areas and dry weights 1 month after transplanting. Weeds, especially dicotyledons, grew through the cover crop mulch 1.5 months after undercutting, but by then the tomato plants were at an advanced stage of growth. Tomato fruit yields were much higher than those of 1996 and had significant differences (P = 0.05). Highest yields were from treatments with highest rates of 0.25 rye + 0.75 peas, 0.5 rye + 0.5 peas, pure peas, and the conventionally hand-weeded control. Lowest yields were from the weedy checks. Undercutting the cover crops improved yields in all plots so treated probably because the soil was loosened and the tomato plants' roots accessed nutrients and water better. Spring sowing and undercutting cover crops definitely has a potential for weed control.
Composted Chicken Manure Improves Growth and Yield of Red Table Beets
Authors: Stivers-Young Lydia , Rangarajan Anusuya , Tucker Frances
Published: January 2019

Six on-farm trials were conducted from 1995–1997 to test the effects of composted chicken manure applications on stand establishment, growth, disease incidence, and yield of red table beets (Beta vulgaris). Yields were consistently higher (14% to 68%) in plots where 4500 or 9000 kg·ha–1 composted chicken manure was broadcast at planting. Compost applications improved early season stands in 1995 and 1996; however, emergence and seedling death occured throughout the season in all trials. The number of marketable beets at harvest was as low as 35% of the number of seeds planted, even when yields were above average. Applying composted chicken manure to red table beets offers a way to use a waste product from one agricultural production system as an input in another, thus improving efficiency and minimizing pollution.
AFLPs in Pecan Genetics Research
Authors: Grauke L.J. , Thompson T.E. , Reddy A.S
Published: January 2019

Procedures were refined for extraction and amplification of DNA from pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] leaf tissue. Genomic DNA was extracted from leaf tissue from multiple inventories of `Wichita' and `Pawnee' and processed for Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLPs). Using only four AFLP primers, 26 polymorphisms were identified, verifying the reproducibility and consistency of amplification. The application and limitation of the procedure for separating genotypes will be discussed. Twenty-four cultivars and seedlings representing the geographic range of the species were analyzed using 10 primer combinations. Despite the small sample size, polymorphic bands apparently associated with geographic origin were apparent. Individuals from selected controlled-cross families of the Pecan Breeding Program were bulked according to disease reaction and screened using 64 primers. Primary primers were selected on the basis of polymorphisms observed in bulked samples of resistant and susceptible genotypes. Eighteen primer combinations were selected for use on all individuals in the test. The candidate markers were evaluated to verify that parental lines were polymorphic for the trait, reducing to one the number of appropriate primers. That primer was used to screen 84 progeny samples phenotypically rated for disease resistance levels. The data were analyzed for linkage to scab resistance in the population. Factors limiting the utility of AFLPs as tools for selection of disease resistant genotypes, and their use in developing markers for heterodichogamy (a simple dominant genetic system) will also be discussed.
The ffs Allele Conditions Flower Stem Fasciation in Red Beet
Authors: Goldman I.L.
Published: January 2019

A fasciated flower stem character arose spontaneously during development of the red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) inbred line W411. The fasciated character is manifest by a flattened flower stem with petioles coalesced into a twisted, ribbonlike appearance. No fasciation is present in the vegetative stem or petioles. An inheritance study was conducted to determine the genetic control of flower stem fasciation. The inbred line W411 was used both as a male and female parent in crosses with four red beet inbred lines. Segregating progenies in both the BC1 and F2 generations were developed and scored for the fasciated flower stem character. Variable expression of the fasciated flower stem phenotype was observed in these progenies; however, the presence of flattened flower stems at the stem/hypocotyl junction was unequivocal. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests in both the BC1 and F2 generations did not deviate significantly from expected ratios for a monogenic recessive character for each genetic background. No reciprocal differences were detected for any cross in this group of four inbred lines, which suggests the lack of maternal effect for the fasciated character. The symbol ffs is proposed to describe the genetic control of the fasciated flower stem phenotype.
Genetics and Breeding of Miniature Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: January 2019

Miniature vegetables have become mildly popular in the United States and elsewhere. These include small forms of carrot, pumpkin, bok choi, tomato, potato, corn, eggplant, squash, and watermelon. Some of the miniature vegetables are based upon harvest of immature edible portions. Others are genetically reduced in size. Miniature lettuce forms include romaine and butterhead cultivars, as well as young leaves harvested for mesclun, or baby leaf mixes. Miniature iceberg lettuce was derived from crosses of early flowering dwarf forms with standard iceberg lettuce cultivars. Three slow-bolting miniature cultivars, Ice Cube, Mini-Green, and Blush, were released from this program. Another miniature iceberg cultivar, LeCup, was developed by Asgrow Seed. Co. Crosses among these types and normal size iceberg cultivars showed that the two miniature types were based on two different single recessive genes with an epistatic relationship. Further breeding goals in the program will include earlier maturing miniature cultivars with variations in color, including green, red, and yellow.
Orchard Groundcover Systems Affect Meadow Vole Populations and Damage to Apple Trees.
Authors: Merwin I.A. , Ray J.A. , Curtis P.D.
Published: January 2019

Meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus L.) populations, feeding activity, and damage to young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were monitored by direct observation, trap counts, and a feeding activity index in different groundcover management systems (GMSs) for five years in a New York orchard. Vole populations differed greatly among GMSs, with consistently higher populations and more damage to tree trunks in crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), hay-straw mulch, and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.)sodgrass GMSs. Vole populations were highest in the fall and lowest during the spring seasons each year. Anticoagulant rodenticides and natural predation did not result in adequate control of voles in GMSs that provided favorable habitat for nesting and feeding of this pest. The percent of soil surface vegetation coverage was not, but the amount of groundcover biomass was, a significant predictor of vole populations and damage to trees, independent of groundcover vegetation species. Trunk applications of thiram fungicide were less effective than 40-cm-high plastic mesh trunk guards, but better than no protective measures for controlling vole depredation in groundcover management systems (GMSs) with high rodent populations. A combination of late fall vole trapouts, close and consistent mowing of orchard floor vegetation, tree trunk protection with mesh guards, ample surrounding habitat for natural predators of voles, and suppression of tree row groundcover species with herbicides provided adequate control of meadow voles without the use of rodenticides at this orchard.
Blossom Thinning in Pome and Stone Fruit
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil
Published: January 2019

Early thinning of apples is important because of its impact on fruit size and next season's flower bud initiation. In the past, apple cultivars were often sprayed with the blossom thinner sodium dinitro-ortho-cresol(Elgetol) during full bloom, followed by a post-bloom application of a fruit thinner such as carbaryl with or without naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Elgetol was removed from the market in 1989 because of the high cost of re-registration. Full-bloom sprays of sulfcarbamide (Wilthin), pelargonic acid (Thinex), and endothalic acid (Endothal), ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) or petal fall spray of carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) were developed as replacements for Elgetol. Hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and other chemicals have been used to eliminate or to reduce chilling requirements of peaches grown under the warm desert conditions. HC applied at “pink bloom” stage was observed to reduce the number of open blooms in `Florda Prince' peach; therefore, it was first used for blossom thinning in this cultivar in Arizona. Later, HC was also found to be an effective blossom thinner for plums in Idaho. HC has recently been found to effectively thin apple and peach blossoms. Armothin has also been an effective blossom thinner for peach in California.
The Effects of Exogenous Bioregulators and Environment on Regular Cropping of Apple
Authors: Williams Kathleen M.
Published: January 2019

Use of exogenous bioregulators (“hormones”) to adjust crop load in apple remains challenging to both researchers and producers. These hormones are sensitive to the rate and timing of application, to the physiological status of the tree, the choice of orchard system, variety and rootstock, and a myriad of cultural practices and environmental factors. All classes of plant bioregulators have been used over the past 30 to 40 years as chemical thinning materials. Most of the standard postbloom thinning programs involve application of a synthetic auxin, such as naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with carbaryl, a commonly used insecticide. The mode of action of these two compounds is not clearly understood. Gibberellins generally have not been effective thinning materials because of the negative impact on return bloom. Ethylene-releasing compounds have been used successfully as postbloom thinning materials. And cytokinins, particularly synthetic sources such as 6-BA, have been shown to effectively thin fruit and to enhance fruit size on many commercial varieties. The rate and timing of 6-BA applications are particularly critical to obtain the desirable thinning and size responses. Overall, these bioregulators are sensitive to temperature. The use of bloom thinning compounds and their efficacy in the Pacific Northwest will be discussed in the context of return bloom.