bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Regression Using the Explicit Solution of Michaelis‐Menten Kinetics Employing Lambert's W Function: High Robustness of Parameter Estimates
Authors: Paar Margret , Schrabmair Walter , Mairold Martina , Oettl Karl , Reibnegger Gilbert
Published: February 2019

Michaelis and Menten devised their model for enzyme kinetics in 1913. Various linearization schemes such as the Lineweaver‐Burk approximation have become popular. An explicit solution using the Lambert W function has been presented but remains widely unknown among bioscientists. By computer simulation, we studied the effects of two sources of measurement error on the estimates of the system parameters KM and vmax obtained by the explicit as well as by the implicit solutions as well as by popular approximations. Global regression using the explicit solution exhibits the highest robustness of parameter estimates against measurement error, compared with all other evaluation techniques. We conclude that global regression using the explicit solution of the Michaelis Menten equation provides superior resulting estimates for KM and vmax, even in case of considerable experimental error.
BMIm[OH] Catalyzed Rapid, Mild and Improved Protocol for the Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐(nitroalkyl)indolin‐2‐one Derivatives in Water
Authors: Chakraborty Ankita , Ghosh Tanmoy , Maiti Dilip K. , Majumdar Swapan
Published: February 2019

A sustainable route for the Henry reaction of isatins with nitromethane or nitroethane to afford 3‐hydroxy‐3‐(nitroalkyl)indolin‐2‐ones was developed by the catalysis of 1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium hydroxide (BMIm[OH]) ionic liquid in water‐SDS system. Incorporation of SDS in the reaction medium enhances the reaction rate by suppressing the solubility issues for different substrates particularly for N‐alkylated isatins. This method provides high yield of the condensation product in a shorter reaction time under a very mild condition and in a multi‐gram scale reaction. Moreover, recyclability of the catalyst ionic liquid as well as reaction medium including surfactant makes the present protocol environmentally benign.
Single Particle Electrochemistry of Collision
Authors: Xu Wei , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: February 2019

A novel electrochemistry method using stochastic collision of particles at microelectrode to study their performance in single‐particle scale has obtained remarkable development in recent years. This convenient and swift analytical method, which can be called “nanoimpact,” is focused on the electrochemical process of the single particle rather than in complex ensemble systems. Many researchers have applied this nanoimpact method to investigate various kinds of materials in many research fields, including sensing, electrochemical catalysis, and energy storage. However, the ways how they utilize the method are quite different and the key points can be classified into four sorts: sensing particles at ultralow concentration, theory optimization, kinetics of mediated catalytic reaction, and redox electrochemistry of the particles. This review gives a brief overview of the development of the nanoimpact method from the four aspects in a new perspective.
New Insights into the Electrochemistry Superiority of Liquid Na–K Alloy in Metal Batteries
Authors: Huang Man , Xi Baojuan , Feng Zhenyu , Wu Fangfang , Wei Denghu , Liu Jing , Feng Jinkui , Qian Yitai , Xiong Shenglin
Published: February 2019

The significant issues with alkali metal batteries arise from their poor electrochemical properties and safety problems, limiting their applications. Herein, TiO2 nanoparticles embedded into N‐doped porous carbon truncated ocatahedra (TiO2⊂NPCTO) are engineered as a cathode material with different metal anodes, including solid Na or K and liquid Na–K alloy. Electrochemical performance and kinetics are systematically analyzed, with the aim to determine detailed electrochemistry. By using a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, TiO2⊂NPCTO/NaK shows faster diffusion of metal ions in insertion and extraction processes than that of Na‐ions and K‐ions in solid Na and K. The lower reaction resistance of liquid Na–K alloy electrode is also examined. The higher b‐value of TiO2⊂NPCTO/NaK confirms that the reaction kinetics are promoted by the surface‐induced capacitive behavior, favorable for high rate performance. This superiority highly pertains to the distinct liquid−liquid junction between the electrolyte and electrode, and the prohibition of metal dendrite growth, substantiated by symmetric cell testing, which provides a robust and homogeneous interface more stable than the traditional solid−liquid one. Hence, the liquid Na–K alloy‐based battery exhibits to better cyclablity with higher capacity, rate capability, and initial coulombic efficiency than solid Na and K batteries.
SELFNET 5G mobile edge computing infrastructure: Design and prototyping
Authors: Chirivella‐Perez Enrique , Marco‐Alaez Ricardo , Hita Alba , Serrano Ana , Alcaraz Calero Jose M. , Wang Qi , Neves Pedro M. , Bernini Giacomo , Koutsopoulos Konstantinos , Gil Pérez Manuel , Martínez Pérez Gregorio , Barros Maria João , Gavras Anastasius
Published: February 2019

This paper presents the design and prototype implementation of the SELFNET fifth‐generation (5G) mobile edge infrastructure. In line with the current and emerging 5G architectural principles, visions, and standards, the proposed infrastructure is established primarily based on a mobile edge computing paradigm. It leverages cloud computing, software‐defined networking, and network function virtualization as core enabling technologies. Several technical solutions and options have been analyzed. As a result, a novel portable 5G infrastructure testbed has been prototyped to enable the preliminary testing of the integrated key technologies and to provide a realistic execution platform for further investigating and evaluating software‐defined networking– and network function virtualization–based application scenarios in 5G networks.
Concept versus data in delimitation of plant genera
Authors: Humphreys Aelys M. , Linder H. Peter
Published: February 2019

As a consequence of there being several ways in which observed patterns of variation in nature can be conveyed in a generic classification, long recognised genera have changed in size over time. The generic rank has its origins in folk taxonomy, where genera were homogenous units of relatively few kinds. In the era of Bentham there was a widespread preference for large genera, many of which were split during the 20th century. In a survey of contemporary (1998–2007) generic delimitation practice we found a significant dichotomy between studies that incorporate molecular data and those that rely exclusively on morphological data. The former lead to delimitation of larger genera whereas the latter in general do not. This finding spurred a broader investigation into what drives changes in overall generic sizes, new data sources or new concepts? Two new data types have been introduced during the course of history: detailed morphology (anatomy, cytology) and chemical data (amino acid and DNA sequence data). Conceptual development has seen several turns: from language and communication, through memory and stability, to evolution and monophyly. We argue that conceptual change has a greater impact than changes in data do, since new data must be interpreted and translated into a classification and since conceptual changes may spur a search for new kinds of data. We conclude that the current trend toward recognising larger genera is a result of a return to study on a broad scale, rather than of incorporation of molecular data.
Phylogenetic relationships, taxonomy, and morphological evolution in Dipsacaceae (Dipsacales) inferred by DNA sequence data
Authors: Carlson Sara E. , Mayer Veronika , Donoghue Michael J.
Published: February 2019

A phylogenetic study of Dipsacaceae, a Mediterranean­centered clade in the Dipsacales, was conducted using nuclear ITS and three chloroplast markers (atpB ­ rbcL, trnL­ trnF, trnSUGA­ trnGGCC). This is the first molecular study to assess Dipsacaceae phylogeny in detail, and includes representatives from all major subclades. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analyses were carried out on the ITS and plastid datasets separately and in combination. For the most part, the ITS and plastid datasets resulted in similar topologies, and the combined data yielded a well­resolved estimate of Dipsacaceae phylogeny. A small Asian clade composed of Bassecoia and Pterocephalodes hookeri is resolved as sister to the rest of Dipsacaceae. Scabioseae s. str. (Scabiosa, Sixalix, Pterocephalus s. str., Lomelosia , Pycnocomon) and a "Dipknautid" clade (Dipsacus, Cephalaria, Knautia, Pterocephalidum, Succisa, Succisella, Pseudoscabiosa) form the two major lineages within Dipsacaceae. Most of the previously recognized genera are recovered as monophyletic, with the exception of Pycnocomon, which is nested within Lomelosia. We discuss the taxonomic implications of these results and their significance for understanding character evolution, particularly of the epicalyx in relation to seed dispersal.
Phylogeny of Chamaecrista Moench (Leguminosae­Caesalpinioideae) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA regions
Authors: de Souza Conceição Adilva , Paganucci de Queiroz Luciano , Lewis Gwilym Peter , Gomes de Andrade Maria José , Machado de Almeida Paulo Ricardo , Schnadelbach Alessandra Selbach , Berg Cássio van den
Published: February 2019

Chamaecrista Moench is a genus of caesalpinioid legumes with about 330 species mostly from the New World. The phylogeny of the genus was studied using sequence data from nuclear ITS and plastid trnL­F DNA spacers, representing all six sections of Chamaecrista. Separate and combined analyses recovered the same major clades with high bootstrap and posterior probabilities support, except for the subclades of representatives of sections Caliciopsis, Chamaecrista, and Xerocalyx. The monophyly of Chamaecrista was highly supported in all analyses. Sections Apoucouita and Xerocalyx were supported as monophyletic, sect. Absus was paraphyletic and subsect. Baseophyllum was resolved more closely related to species of sections Chamaecrista, Caliciopsis, and Xerocalyx than to subsect. Absus. The monotypic section Grimaldia was embedded within subsect. Absus. Section Chamaecrista was paraphyletic with respect to sections Caliciopsis and Xerocalyx. Our analyses suggest that the diversification patterns in Chamaecrista occurred through an initial shift from rainforest trees to a more diverse clade of savannah shrubs. Within the latter group, two main subclades were recovered: (1) a planaltine and high­mountain clade characterized by absence of extrafloral nectaries and the appearance of sticky glandular hairs; and (2) a mostly herbaceous clade with axillary fascicled inflorescences and reduced chromosome numbers. This last group is more diverse in open grassland areas and includes many colonizers of waste ground.
Phylogenetic relationships of diploid and polyploid species inLudwigiasect.Isnardia(Onagraceae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNAs
Authors: Hung Kuo-Hsiang , Schaal Barbara A. , Hsu Tsai-Wen , Chiang Yu-Chung , Peng Ching-I , Chiang Tzen-Yuh
Published: February 2019

Ludwigia, a genus with rampant interspecific hybridization, is an ideal model for examining the impact of gene introgression and polyploidization on species diversification. We examined the evolution of theLudwigiasect.Isnardia, which is a polyploid complex (x= 8) of five species distributed in North America. The phylogeny ofL. sect.Isnardiawas reconstructed based on sequences of cpDNAatpB­rbcLintergenic spacer and nrITS (internal transcribed spacer). MostL. sect.Isnardiaspecies are polyphyletic at both loci, indicating possible recurrent hybridization, based on maximum likelihood trees rooted atL. sect.Microcarpium. A minimum spanning network was also constructed to examine genealogical relationships among haplotypes. In the cpDNA network, haplotypes of tetraploidL. spathulataare nested at the most interior nodes, suggesting a parental genome origin of an extinct diploid or an unsampled extant diploid with a DD cytotype. AllopolyploidL. arcuata contributed its cpDNA to hexaploid L. repens and L. brevipes. ITS haplotypes of diploid L. palustris were clustered with L. spathulata, suggestingL. palustrisas the paternal genome donor.Ludwigia brevipesmay have arisen via bi3directional hybridization betweenL. palustrisandL. arcuatafollowed by polyploidy. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses using molecular markers with different inheritance modes provided sufficient insights into the reticulate evolution of the species ofL. sect.Isnardia. Interspecific hybridization and polyploidy play a key role in the species evolution inL. sect.Isnardia.
Nuclear and chloroplast DNA variation in Cephalaria squamiflora (Dipsacaceae), a disjunct Mediterranean species
Authors: Rosselló Josep A. , Cosín Raúl , Bacchetta Gianluigi , Brullo Salvatore , Mayol Maria
Published: February 2019

Cephalaria squamiflora is a chamaephyte restricted to rupicolous habitats in islands of the Western (Balearic Islands, Sardinia) and Eastern Mediterranean (Crete and few Aegean islands). Four narrowly distributed races (subspp. squamiflora, mediterranea, ebusitana, balearica) have been described to encompass the morphological variation within the species. We have used nuclear ribosomal ITS and cpDNA sequences to assess how the patterns of molecular differentiation are related to taxonomic and geographic boundaries. Extensive intragenomic ITS variation was detected in samples from all territories, the average sequence divergence among cloned ribotypes was 1.339%. The parsimony network of cloned ITS sequences suggests a split between Eastern and Western Mediterranean accessions. Chloroplast DNA sequences showed five distinct haplotypes, only one of which was shared between islands (Majorca and Sardinia). Both nuclear and cpDNA markers supported the monophyly of the C. squamiflora complex and identified a highly structured pattern of molecular variation composed by sister monophyletic lineages that mirror major biogeographic units (Western and Eastern Mediterranean). The molecular evidence supports the hypotheses that vicariance events linked to the geological history of the region or dispersal across the Mediterranean may explain the distribution of the complex.
Palaeobotanical systematics for the phylogenetic age: applying organspecies, form­species and phylogenetic species concepts in a framework of reconstructed fossil and extant whole­plants
Authors: Bateman Richard M. , Hilton Jason
Published: February 2019

A typical vascular land­plant consists of ten to twelve definable organs. Most plant fossils have been disarticulated into their component organs, which must therefore be correlated if the fossil plant is to be understood holistically and compared with its presumed descendants in the extant flora. The resulting conceptually reconstructed whole­plants are the crown jewels of palaeobotany, as they permit full morphological comparison with extant plants and provide templates that guide through reciprocal illumination further attempts at reconstruction. Each of the three lines of evidence facilitating whole­plant reconstruction (association/dissociation, morphological similarity and organic connection) yields only a probability statement that the organs in question have been successfully correlated. Disarticulation means (1) that phenotypic variation can be studied only at the level of individual organs, and (2) that in order to be distinguished from all other kinds of the same organ, an organ must bear a unique morphological character state (autapomorphy). In our terminology, each definable kind of organ is an organ­species. The few organ­species perceived as possessing autapomorphies (and thus as unique) are termed autapospecies, whereas the remaining organ­species characterise more than one whole­plant species and hence are termed form­species. The distinction between autapospecies and form­species is dependent on the range of taxa sampled and is wholly character­based; the age of the fossils under comparison is irrelevant, and the state of preservation is relevant only through its influence on the range of characters that can realistically be scored. None of the many other species concepts recognised by (palaeo)biologists is applicable to fossil plants. Our ability to apply this phylogenetically­inspired approach and terminology to formal taxonomy has been increasingly compromised by modifications to successive editions of theInternational Code of Botanical Nomenclature, culminating in the 2001 and 2006Codeswhich reduced palaeobotanical provision to the fatally over­generalised 'morphotaxon' concept. A more conceptually rigorous, palaeobotanically informed revision of theCode, placing nomenclature more clearly in the service of taxonomy, would strengthen the crucial roles of reconstructed plants within palaeobotany and of palaeobotany within 21st Century science.
A combined molecular and morphological approach to the taxonomically intricate European mountain plant Papaver alpinum s.l. (Papaveraceae) — taxa or informal phylogeographical groups?
Authors: Schönswetter Peter , Solstad Heidi , Escobar Garcí Pedro , Elven Reidar
Published: February 2019

Papaver alpinum s.l. is an extraordinarily polymorphic taxon distributed throughout southern and central European mountain ranges. We tested previous hypotheses about relationships and taxonomical status of the numerous described taxa within this species or species group by applying different molecular approaches. In addition we re­evaluated morphological characters used in previous taxonomic treatments in the light of the molecular results. The ancestral sequence haplotypes were widespread and dominant throughout the Alps, whereas peripheral populations in other mountain ranges were often characterised by haplotypes directly derived from the central haplotypes involving one or two mutational steps. The AFLP data corroborated the pattern of a 'centrifugal radiation' and additionally showed that most populations were genetically distinct, presumably due to the effect of genetic drift in small and isolated populations. The morphological data did not reveal clear patterns of variation; only the Pyrenean and Sierra Nevada populations differed in two non­overlapping and presumably independent characters. Altogether, our study implies that most previous taxonomic concepts of P. alpinum s. l. were highly artificial, and that either nearly all populations have to be raised to some taxonomic rank or that, preferably, no infraspecific taxa should be recognised at all. The only segregate possibly deserving taxonomic rank, based on both morphology and genetics, is the Iberian P. alpinum subsp. lapeyrousianum.
×Chiranthomontodendron: the correct nothogeneric name for the artificial hybrid Chiranthodendron × Fremontodendron (Malvaceae: Malvoideae)
Authors: Dorr Laurence J.
Published: February 2019

The nothogeneric name ×Chiranthomontodendron is proposed to accommodate an artificial hybrid between species of Chiranthodendron and Fremontodendron, and the nothospecies ×Chiranthomontodendron lenzii is described from cultivated material.
Molecular phylogeny of Acacia Mill. (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae): Evidence for major clades and informal classification
Authors: Murphy Daniel J. , Brown Gillian K. , Miller Joseph T. , Ladiges Pauline Y.
Published: February 2019

Sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal (ITS) and external (ETS) transcribed spacers were used to generate a phylogeny of Acacia Mill. s.str. (synonyms: Acacia subg. Phyllodineae (DC.) Seringe; Racosperma Mart.). This study included 109 exemplar taxa from all seven sections recognised in previous classifications, and represents the largest sampling of diversity for molecular phylogenetics of Acacia s.str. undertaken so far. Four main clades were identified from the combined dataset of ITS and ETS using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Two of these clades consist mostly of uninerved phyllodinous taxa assigned to sect. Phyllodineae. One clade includes taxa related to A. victoriae and A. pyrifolia, and the second comprises taxa in the A. murrayana species group. These taxa occur predominantly in semi‐arid and arid regions. Relationships also resolve the previously identified Pulchelloidea clade, which includes members of sects. Pulchellae, Alatae, Phyllodineae and Lycopodiifoliae. A large clade with limited phylogenetic resolution was also identified (the "p.u.b. clade"). This is an assemblage of plurinerved and uninerved phyllodinous taxa and also bi‐pinnate taxa from sect. Botrycephalae. Clades are discussed with reference to morphological characters, and while some morphological states are correlated with clades, including seedling ontogeny, inflorescence and phyllode nerves, clear synapomorphies remain to be identified. Traditional classifications of Acacia s.str. are artificial and a preliminary informal classification based on phylogenetic relationships within Acacia s.str. is proposed.
Molecular phylogeny of Salix L. (Salicaceae) inferred from three chloroplast datasets and its systematic implications
Authors: Chen Jia-Hui , Sun Hang , Wen Jun , Yang Yong-Ping
Published: February 2019

Salix is a taxonomically difficult genus and its generic limits and infrageneric division are still highly controversial. We employed sequences of the chloroplast rbcL gene, trnD‐T spacer and atpB‐rbcL spacer for phylogenetic analyses of Salix. The results strongly support that Salix, Toisusu and Chosenia form a monophyletic group, confirming the merge of Toisusu and Chosenia with Salix. Within Salix s.l., two major clades are recognizable; one contains species of subgenus Salix (excluding sections Triandrae and Urbanianae), with the New World and the Old World species forming strongly supported clades, respectively; and the other includes sections Triandrae, Urbanianae, Chosenia and all species of subgenera Chamaetia and Vetrix, with the latter two subgenera forming a robustly supported subclade but with low resolution. A new infrageneric classification of Salix is herein proposed. The previously recognized subgenus Salix is split into three subgenera: Salix, Chosenia and Triandrae, and subgenera Chamaetia and Vetrix are combined as subgenus Vetrix.
Phylogeny and taxonomy of the bluebell genus Hyacinthoides, Asparagaceae [Hyacinthaceae]
Authors: Grundmann Michael , Rumsey Fred J. , Ansell Stephen W. , Russell Stephen J. , Darwin Sarah C. , Vogel Johannes C. , Spencer Mark , Squirrell Jane , Hollingsworth Peter M. , Ortiz Santiago , Schneider Harald
Published: February 2019

A robust phylogeny for the genus Hyacinthoides (bluebells) was established using cpDNA sequences and evaluated in light of a re‐assessment of morphological diversity, cytology, distribution patterns and field observations. The genus is distributed in the western Mediterranean–Atlantic region and the northern African mountains. Within this area, there is a major divide between an eastern and western clade, each of them with their own radiations, mainly in autumn‐winter flowering taxa in northern Africa and spring flowering taxa in the Iberian Peninsula. We now recognise eleven taxa and one hybrid taxon, which are separated into five clades. Polyploidy is confined to the H. non‐scripta–hispanica clade with diploid and triploid taxa as well as a newly recognized tetraploid taxon. For the eleven taxa, distribution ranges, taxonomy, morphology, descriptions and a new key are presented. The nomenclatural history of the genus has been reviewed. Generitypes have been designated for Hyacinthoides Heist. ex Fabr. and Endymion Dumort. and lectotypes selected for four species, three of which are combined for the first time in Hyacinthoides: H. cedretorum, H. ciliolata and H. flahaultiana. Several important questions worthy of further investigation, such as evolutionary processes and their major drivers, e.g. environmental change in the Mediterranean basin, flower morphology and associated pollinators, or sympatric versus allopatric speciation have come into sharper focus through this phylogenetic investigation.
The systematic position of Meteoriella S. Okamura (Musci) based on molecular and morphological data
Authors: Wang Qinghua , Jia Yu , Liu Yang , Chen Zhiduan
Published: February 2019

Meteoriella S. Okamura, an endemic moss genus of eastern Asia, has traditionally been classified in Pterobryaceae or Meteoriaceae. However, recent molecular data has suggested that Meteoriella should be placed in Hylocomiaceae. To elucidate the systematic position of Meteoriella within Hypnales, we analyzed two DNA sequence datasets consisting of two regions mt‐nad5, cp‐rps4) with 64 taxa, and five regions (mt‐nad5, cp‐rps4, cp‐rbcL, cp‐trnL‐F, nr‐ITS2) with 27 taxa, using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Analyses of the two datasets strongly supported Meteoriella as sister to Loeskeobryum, which has hitherto been included in the Hylocomiaceae. Although the evolution of Hypnales and the monophyly of Hylocomiaceae remain unresolved, a close relationship between Meteoriella and Hylocomiaceae is clear. Meteoriella shares some morphological characters with Meteoriaceae and Pterobryaceae, apparently owing to convergent evolution related to epiphytic growth. A reappraisal of morphological evidence reveals greater morphological similarity with Hylocomiaceae than previously recognized. The possible systematic position of Meteoriella within Hylocomiaceae is discussed. Loeskeobryum, rather than Orontobryum (suggested by earlier studies), shows the closest phylogenetic relationship with Meteoriella.
The reticulate origin of modern plane trees (Platanus, Platanaceae): A nuclear marker puzzle
Authors: Grimm Guido W. , Denk Thomas
Published: February 2019

Hybridization plays a major role in speciation. However, hybridization and reticulate evolution in general are poorly understood in tree species because genetic documentation is often missing. Analyses of biparentally inherited gene regions allow detection of reticulate signals. Multicopy and single‐copy nuclear markers may show significant intraindividual variability owing to reticulation processes. Naturally, such processes induce incompatible phylogenetic signal resulting in incongruent genealogies. Data from three nuclear markers, two multicopy nrDNA spacers, and the single‐copy 2nd intron of the LEAFY gene, mirror ancient and recent horizontal gene flow in plane trees (Platanus). In addition to previously assembled data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the 35S ribosomal DNA, we found atypical 5S rDNA intergenic spacer sequences (5S‐IGS) causing significant intra‐ and interindividual polymorphism, and a conspicuous LEAFY intron dimorphism. A detailed framework of reticulate molecular evolution of Platanus can be erected using splits graphs based on distances between cloned sequences or individuals, and competing topologies. Two hundred and sixty‐one 5S‐IGS sequences and LEAFY genotyping of 71 individuals via sequence analysis and PCR‐RFLP support a previous ITS study (including pseudogenous and non‐pseudogenous variants) suggesting that the modern North American taxa P. rzedowskii and P. occidentalis var. palmeri are the result of ancient hybridization. Platanus occidentalis var. palmeri requires taxonomic revision and is provisionally treated at species rank.
Heldreichia Boiss. (Brassicaceae) revisited: A morphological and molecular study
Authors: Parolly Gerald , Nordt Birgit , Bleeker Walter , Mummenhoff Klaus
Published: February 2019

The small Southwest Asian scree plant genus Heldreichia Boiss. (Brassicaceae) with its diversity centre in Anatolia, is revised in a morphological and molecular (ITS sequence) monograph. Heldreichia taxa under study appear to be monophyletic in the Bayesian tree; the tribal position remains unclear. A re‐evaluation of morphological characters resulted in a new taxonomic concept of Heldreichia. We suggest only one single polymorphic species, H. bupleurifolia, with four largely geovicarious subspecies, including a new subspecies, H. bupleurifolia subsp. polymorpha, for the westernmost populations of the Taurus range. Geographical areas with higher morphological and molecular diversity correspond to the generally accepted speciation and diversity centres of the Taurus range. Inter‐pluvial migration events between isolated mountain ranges may have contributed to the morphological and genetic diversity within Heldreichia. Populations with non‐entire leaf margins, traditionally named H. rotundifolia, should have evolved polytopically. Keys, a distribution map and illustrations are provided for all accepted subspecific taxa. Heldreichia bupleurifolia var. subtriloba and H. kotschyi are lectotypified.
Disintegrating Portulacaceae: A new familial classification of the suborder Portulacineae (Caryophyllales) based on molecular and morphological data
Authors: Nyffeler Reto , Eggli Urs
Published: February 2019

Traditional classifications of the suborder Portulacineae recognize six families: Basellaceae, Cactaceae, Didiereaceae, Halophytaceae, Hectorellaceae, and Portulacaceae. However, phylogenetic analyses based on molecular sequence data indicate that the traditional family Portulacaceae is paraphyletic and consists of three distinct lineages that also include Cactaceae, Didiereaceae, and Hectorellaceae. We use sequence data from the chloroplast genes matK and ndhF representing 64 species of Portulacineae and outgroups to reconstruct their phylogenetic relationships with Bayesian and maximum parsimony inference methods. Evidence from these molecular phylogenetic analyses as well as from comparative morphological investigations allow us to propose a revised familial classification of the suborder Portulacineae. We recognize eight monophyletic families: Anacampserotaceae (Anacampseros, Grahamia, Talinopsis), Basellaceae, Cactaceae, Didiereaceae (incl. Calyptrotheca, Ceraria, Portulacaria), Halophytaceae, Montiaceae (incl. Hectorellaceae, Calandrinia, Cistanthe, Claytonia, Lewisia, Montia, Phemeranthus), Portulacaceae (Portulaca only), and Talinaceae (Amphipetalum, Talinella, Talinum). We provide a synopsis for this revised family classification with an identification key mainly based on habit and fruit characters, and family diagnoses with information on distribution, taxonomic diversity, and a brief discussion on phylogenetics and classification.
Molecular systematics of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cynareae): A phylogeny based on ITS and trnL-trnF sequences with emphasis on sectional delimitation
Authors: Sánchez-Jiménez Ismael , Lazkov Georgy A. , Hidalgo Oriane , Garnatje Teresa
Published: February 2019

The monogeneric subtribe Echinopsinae of Cynareae (Asteraceae) was analysed using nrDNA ITS and plastid trnL-trnF for 81 of the ca. 120 species, representing all Echinops sections except Cenchrolepis and Pterolepis. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses were used for each dataset and for the combined data. The resulting molecular phylogenetic framework resolves Echinops as monophyletic and confirms the inclusion of E. acantholepis (= Acantholepis orientalis) within the genus. Echinops is divided into two lineages, one consisting of E. sect. Chamaechinops and sect. Acantholepis (almost exclusively annual or biennial), and the other the remaining sections (almost all perennial). Our results support an infrageneric classification of Echinops into nine previously recognized sections: Acantholepis (= Nanechinops), Chamaechinops, Echinops (= Terma), Hamolepis, Hololeuce, Oligolepis, Phaeochaete, Psectra and Ritropsis, all resolved as strongly monophyletic after some species relocations. The status of E. sect. Phaeochaete and the sectional assignment of E. onopordum, E. pungens and E. transcaucasicus remain to be clarified. The evolution of involucral bracts is congruent with the phylogenetic framework and supports the sectional classification. Annual pollen type does not constitute an autapomorphy of the clade grouping the annuals but may represent the ancestral character state for the entire genus.
Molecular systematics of tribe Rubieae (Rubiaceae): Evolution of major clades, development of leaf–like whorls, and biogeography
Authors: Soza Valerie L. , Olmstead Richard G.
Published: February 2019

Rubieae are centered in temperate regions and characterized by whorls of leaf–like structures on their stems. Previous studies that primarily included Old World taxa identified seven major clades with no resolution between and within clades. In this study, a molecular phylogeny of the tribe, based on three chloroplast regions (rpoB–trnC, trnC–psbM, trnL–trnF–ndhJ) from 126 Old and New World taxa, is estimated using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Seven major clades are strongly supported within the tribe, confirming previous studies. Relationships within and between these seven major clades are also strongly supported. In addition, the position ofCallipeltis, a previously unsampled genus, is identified. The resulting phylogeny is used to examine geographic distribution patterns and evolution of leaf–like whorls in the tribe. An Old World origin of the tribe is inferred from parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstructions. At least eight subsequent dispersal events into North America occurred from Old World ancestors. From one of these dispersal events, a radiation into North America, followed by subsequent diversification in South America, occurred. Parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstructions infer the ancestral whorl morphology of the tribe as composed of six organs. Whorls composed of four organs are derived from whorls with six or more organs. Transitions between four and six or more organs per whorl are common within the tribe, whereas reduction to two leaves at a node is derived and rare.
A molecular phylogeny, morphology and classification of genera of Ranunculeae (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Emadzade Khatere , Lehnebach Carlos , Lockhart Peter , Hörandl Elvira
Published: February 2019

Ranunculeae represent a highly diverse and cosmopolitan tribe within Ranunculaceae. Because of the great diversity of morphological features and lack of molecular phylogeny for the tribe, the classification of its genera has always been controversial. We report here molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear and plastid markers (nrITS, matK, trnK, psbJ–petA) that provide a framework for understanding relationships and character evolution within the tribe. Maximum parsimony analyses suggest a weakly supported basal dichotomy, while Neighbor Net analysis indicates strong support for five distinct lineages. Both methods revealed several well–supported, small terminal clades which correspond to previously described genera, characterised by unique morphological features and character combinations. Anatomical structures of the achenes suggested relationships with greatest concordance to those in the molecular phylogeny. Macroscopic analysis of achene morphology often indicated parallel evolution of structures related to certain dispersal mechanisms. Characters of perianth, androecium, gynoeceum and pollen are highly homoplasious, but several features characteristic of small terminal clades and terminal branches can be observed. Geographic isolation and adaptions may have triggered the evolution of morphological characters. We conclude that a classification accepting several small genera (Arcteranthis, Beckwithia, Callianthemoides, Ceratocephala, Coptidium, Cyrtorhyncha, Ficaria, Halerpestes, Hamadryas, Krapfia, Kumlienia, Laccopetalum, Myosurus, Oxygraphis, Paroxygraphis, Peltocalathos, Trautvetteria) and a large genus Ranunculus s.str. (including Batrachium, Aphanostemma and Gampsoceras) reflects best the molecular phylogeny and morphological diversity of the tribe.
Species–level phylogeny of Allium subgenus Melanocrommyum: Incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization and trnF gene duplication
Authors: Gurushidze Maia , Fritsch Reinhard M. , Blattner Frank R.
Published: February 2019

Noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences are widely employed markers in plant species–level phylogenetics and phylogeography. However, chloroplast capture (hybridization) and incomplete sorting of ancestral lineages could confound phylogenetic inference using chloroplast DNA. Recently, we studied the phylogeny of Allium subg. Melanocrommyum based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and showed that, although the subgenus is monophyletic, most sections are either para– or polyphyletic. To get insights from the chloroplast genome we sequenced the plastid trnL–trnF region in 434 individuals representing 100 species of A. subg. Melanocrommyum and found 74 chloroplast haplotypes. The sequences were analyzed using tree–based (Bayesian and maximum parsimony) and network–based (statistical parsimony network) approaches. The analyses revealed high level of chloroplast haplotype sharing among up to 15 species, as well as presence of several closely related haplotypes within single species. Several characteristics of the data violate the main assumptions of standard tree building methods that is the persistence of ancestral haplotypes and their co–existence with descendant alleles as well as multifurcating relationships among these alleles. The taxon groups inferred from chloroplast trnL–trnF sequence analyses were congruent with the nuclear phylogeny. Thus, bi– and uniparentally inherited datasets strongly contradict the morphology–based taxonomic classification of A. subg. Melanocrommyum. Also, the present study (1) reports a trnF gene duplication in A. subg. Melanocrommyum, (2) infers few putative homoploid hybrid taxa, and (3) shows that natural interspecies hybrids occur rarely in the subgenus. Generally, our data strongly advocate including multiple accessions per species in species–level phylogenetic studies, and show the advantages of networks over tree building methods for analyzing sequences from noncoding chloroplast loci in closely related species.
Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus Heterodea evolved from fruticose Cladia species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota)
Authors: Parnmen Sittiporn , Rangsiruji Achariya , Mongkolsuk Pachara , Boonpragob Kansri , Elix John A. , Lumbsch H. Thorsten
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic relationships of the genera Cladia and Heterodea were reconstructed using a combined dataset of nuclear ITS, nuclear LSU and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences. Based on different analyses (Bayesian approach, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood), the ingroup (Cladia + Heterodea) is strongly supported as monophyletic. Pilophorus strumaticus has a well supported sister–group relationship to the ingroup and together they form a sister group with a well–supported clade, which includes Metus conglomeratus and Pycnothelia papillaria. The Shimodaira–Hasegawa test and the ELW test significantly rejected monophyly of Cladia excluding Heterodea. Within Cladia three main clades can be distinguished which share morphological and chemical characters. The position of the foliose genus Heterodea within the fruticose Cladia is supported by anatomical and chemical characters. The species of clade II that includes two Cladia species and Heterodea share a similar type of upper cortex and two–layered medulla with an inner or lower medulla consisting of dark pigmented, thick–walled hyphae. Our phylogenetic estimate and the anatomical studies indicate that the foliose thallus of Heterodea originated from pseudopodetia of Cladia. It is discussed that the species currently classified in Cladia and Heterodea need to be placed in the same genus.
Phylogeny and taxonomy of Leucotrichum (Polypodiaceae): A new genus of grammitid ferns from the Neotropics
Authors: Labiak Paulo H. , Rouhan Germinal , Sundue Michael
Published: February 2019

A new genus of grammitid ferns, Leucotrichum, is described. Segregated from Lellingeria on the basis of molecular analyses and morphological characters, it comprises five species distributed in the Antilles, Central America, and Southeastern Brazil. We present a phylogeny based on two cpDNA genes, atpB and rbcL, showing the relationships between Leucotrichum and other genera of grammitid ferns. Both Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony analyses support the monophyly of Leucotrichum, with bootstrap value of 100% and posterior probability value of 1.0, and its sister–group relationship to the Terpsichore lanigera group. Leucotrichum is characterized by seven morphological characters: arching fronds, clathrate rhizome scales, blackish rhizome scale cell walls, laterally marginate petioles, laminar apices subconform to the lateral pinnae, pinna costae without blackish sclerenchyma, and hairs bearing acicular branch cells. We also provide a key, descriptions, complete synonymy, discussions, specimens examined, and illustrations for all the species.
Typification and characterization of Orobanche santolinae Loscos & J. Pardo (Orobanchaceae)
Authors: Pujadas-Salvà Antonio J.
Published: February 2019

Orobanche santolinae Loscos & J. Pardo, which is frequently considered a synonym of O. artemisiae–campestris or O. picridis, is lectotypified here from Loscos's original material in the herbarium of the Botany Department of the University of Coimbra (COI). A morphological description focusing on the particular characters which distinguish it from related species is provided. Orobanche santolinae occurs in western areas of the European Mediterranean region (viz., east and south of the Iberian Peninsula and south–west of France), it is considered to belong to the O. minor group and warrant recognition at species level.
The phylogenetic position of milkweeds (Apocynaceae subfamilies Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae): Evidence from the nucleus and chloroplast
Authors: Livshultz Tatyana
Published: February 2019

The nuclear gene phytochrome A (PHYA) from 71 species of crown clade Apocynaceae (subfamilies Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae, Periplocoideae, and four lineages of Apocynoideae) and outgroups is used to (1) test the chloroplast phylogeny that places the African tribe Baisseeae, with solitary pollen grains, as sister to the pollinia‐bearing milkweeds (Secamonoideae plus Asclepiadoideae); (2) resolve the position of tetrad‐bearing Periplocoideae, the proposed milkweed sister group based on morphology; (3) place the enigmatic Dewevrella; and (4) clarify relationships of the three other primary crown clade lineages: Rhabdadenia, New World clade, and Asian clade. Separate analyses of PHYA and chloroplast sequences agree in placing an African monad‐bearing clade (Baisseeae plus Dewevrella) as the sister group of the milkweeds. Combined PHYA and chloroplast datasets under parsimony and maximum likelihood reject Periplocoideae as the milkweed sister group with statistical significance. Rhabdadenia is placed as sister to the rest of the crown clade, consistent with aspects of its floral morphology and wood anatomy, but without statistical support. Other relationships among the primary crown clade Apocynaceae lineages are also not supported statistically, but power analysis indicates that four to eight times as many characters (26,376–52,752 aligned positions) will be sufficient for a robust estimate.
Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of morphological characters in Ononis L. (Fabaceae)
Authors: Turini Florian G. , Bräuchler Christian , Heubl Günther
Published: February 2019

Ononis L. (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae) is a common genus in the circum‐Mediterranean region. To infer phylogenetic relationships, 69 Ononis species were analyzed using plastid trnL‐F and nuclear ITS DNA sequences. Trees resulting from maximum parsimony analysis and Bayesian inference provide evidence that Ononis is monophyletic but contradict the traditional subgeneric division in O. sects. Ononis and Natrix. However, many of the 22 subsections of the genus are well supported by the molecular data. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate five major lineages within the genus, which are morphologically supported by peduncle length and flower color, characters which also confirm the polyphyly suggested for O. subsect. Reclinatae. Ononis subsects. Antiquae and Rhodanthae form a basally branching monophylum, confirming the findings of previous studies. An examination of the life strategies dominant in different clades and the climatic conditions in the habitats of the species in the light of the molecular data suggests that O. subsects. Ononis, Mauritanicae and Canariensis are secondarily perennial, with the latter two serving as examples of high altitude woodiness and insular woodiness.
Reestablishment and new circumscription of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae)
Authors: Parra Lara Regina , Giulietti Ana Maria , de Andrade Maria José Gomes , van den Berg Cássio
Published: February 2019

Previous morphological and molecular studies indicate that Syngonanthus is polyphyletic. Syngonanthus sect. Syngonanthus and S. sect. Carphocephalus as well as Philodice cluster in a monophyletic clade and are included in Syngonanthus. Syngonanthus sect. Eulepis and S. sect. Thysanocephalus are also a monophyletic group that can be used to reestablish Comanthera with a new circumscription and two subgenera: Comanthera subg. Comanthera and C. subg. Thysanocephalus. Characterization of Comanthera and the necessary nomenclatural combinations are provided in this paper. The genus will now include 38 species, six varieties and four subspecies. Of the species, 34 are endemic to Brazil, occurring especially in the Espinhaço Range in Minas Gerais and Bahia. Three species extend from Brazil into other countries of northern South America and one is found only in Venezuela and Guyana. In this paper we also propose 43 new synonyms, 39 new combinations, one name change, three changes of status, eight lectotypifications and one neotypification.
Georges Bronckart's collections and drawings of Vietnam orchids
Authors: Billiet Frieda , Pedersen Henrik Æ. , Robbrecht Elmar
Published: February 2019

Georges Bronckart (born 1881) was a Belgian orchid amateur who collected in Vietnam between ca. 1900 to 1905. He also made illustrations of some of his collections. Duplicate material was sent to the Belgian botanists Cogniaux and De Wildeman. The former described five new varieties within the genera Aerides, Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis and Stauropsis, while De Wildeman described four new species of Dendrobium based on this material. Only one of the nine taxa remains accepted today, viz. Dendrobium ochraceum De Wild., a species endemic to central Vietnam. A concise biography of Bronckart and his contribution to horticulture is presented. The taxonomic section summarizes the typification of the names based on his material, and designates lectotypes or neotypes where necessary.
Teleotypification of fungal names and its limitations
Authors: Gams Walter , Jaklitsch Walter M. , Kirschner Roland , Réblová Martina
Published: February 2019

Article 59.7 of the ICBN (Vienna Code) allows the epitypification of a name of a fungus, known until then only as an anamorph, with teleomorphic material in order to avoid introducing an additional name. Redhead suggested calling this procedure teleotypification. We demonstrate that it is not desirable to apply teleotypification to newly discovered teleomorphs of fungi for which a suitable teleomorph genus is available. Describing a newly found anamorphic fungus under a teleomorph‐typified generic name may be defended, provided generic homogeneity is proven with molecular methods and no suitable anamorph genus is available. Alternative proposals will be submitted to either return to the previous situation without teleotypification or to restrict teleotypification explicitly to cases where the original genus is monotypic or at least clearly monophyletic, and no suitable teleomorph genus is available.