bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between tooth irregularity and periodontal disease in children with regular dental visits
Authors: Abu Alhaija Elham , Al-Wahadni Ahed
Published: April 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate any association between irregular teeth and periodontal breakdown among children who attend dental clinics regularly.

Methods: The subjects were 80 children (39 females and 41 males) with a mean age of 12.38 ± 0.75 years. Each subject had an alginate impression in the mandibular arch, periapical radiographs for the lower incisor teeth and clinical examination for periodontal health. Plaque accumulation, gingival condition and probing depth, bone level and status of lower incisor teeth contact areas were recorded. Spearman correlation test was used to observe any relationship between the clinical variables.

Results: The average probing depth, gingival index and plaque index scores in the subjects studied were 1.3±0.25, 0.99±0.28 and 1.17±0.52 respectively. The average number of sites with labiolingual displacement with mesiodistal overlap was 1.81±1.30 and those without mesiodistal overlap was 1.39±1.10. The average number of contact areas with spacing was 0.59±1.23. The correlation observed between irregularity and periodontal health indicated no association between the number and type of displacement and plaque accumulation, gingivitis, attachment loss and alveolar bone level.

Conclusion: There was no association between irregularity of teeth and periodontal diseases in presence of good oral hygiene.
Ultrasonography and electromyography of masticatory muscles in a group of adolescents with signs and symptoms of TMD
Authors: Pereira Luciano José , Duarte Gavião Maria Beatriz , Bonjardim Leonardo Rigoldi , Castelo Paula Midori , Andrade Annicele da Silva
Published: April 2015

The thickness and electrical activity of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles were compared in adolescents with and without signs and symptoms of TMD. Forty individuals were selected using the Cranio Mandibular Index and a questionnaire. There was no significant correlation between thickness and activity (p>0.05). However, there were correlations between thickness and weight and height (p<0.05). The effect of signs and symptoms on muscle thickness and activity was weak, considering the low CMI scores found.
Retrospective Audit of Caries Management Techniques for Children under General Anesthesia over an 18-year Period
Authors: Kwok-Tung Dr. Law , King Prof. Nigel
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of dental treatment under general anesthesia and to analyze the different types of caries management techniques for children in different age groups and time periods. Seven hundred inpatient general anesthetics were administered for 656 children between 1982 and 1999 were included in the analysis. This study concluded that the treatment modality of the caries management techniques varied according to the different age groups. Furthermore, the nature of the treatment changed, the relative proportion of restorative procedures increased during the period under investigation.
Reaction of 5 and 6 year olds to Dental Injection after Viewing the Needle: pilot study
Authors: Maragakis G. , Musselman R. , Ho C.
Published: April 2015

The aim was to evaluate the practice of hiding the needle prior to dental anesthesia administration to children. Fourteen 5 and 6 year olds received dental treatment in two sessions. The needle was shown in one session and hidden in the other. Eleven children were cooperative and 3 uncooperative irrespective of approach. The children's behavior correlated with fears expressed by the mothers. Our initial findings do not support the practice of hiding the needle.
Macroabrasion in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Amarlal Deepti , Rayen R , Muthu M.
Published: April 2015

One of the most frequent reasons for seeking dental care is discolored anterior teeth. Macroabrasion is a technique used for the removal of localized superficial white spots and other surface stains. This article has compiled three case reports with relevant clinical photographs of discolored teeth where the treatment regimen included macroabrasion alone as well as macro-abrasion in combination with anterior composite restorations.
Children's Selection of Posterior Restorative Materials
Authors: Fishman Ross , Guelmann Marcio , Bimstein Enrique
Published: April 2015

This study evaluated children's preference for posterior restorations. After viewing photographs of amalgam, composite, colored compomer and stainless steel crowns, 100 children 5-12 years-old responded to a satisfaction survey. The influence of age, gender and ethnicity was assessed and statistically analyzed. Composite resins were preferred the most and amalgam the least. Caucasians mostly selected composites while African Americans stainless steel crowns. Early interest in colored compomers was seen in young, males and Caucasians.
The Subjective Image Quality of Conventional and Digital Panoramic Radiography Among 6 to 10 year old Children
Authors: Makris N , Tsiklakis K , Alexiou K , Vierrou A , Stefaniotis Th
Published: April 2015

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic quality of orthopantomographs made with the conventional unit Orthophos Siemens and the direct digital unit Planmeca 2000 cc Proline among children 6-10 years old and to investigate possible differences on image interpretation between oral radiologists and pediatric dentists.

Methods: Study material included two independent groups of panoramic images (50 in each group) made with different panoramic modalities (digital, conventional). Eight observers (four pediatric dentists and four oral radiologists) evaluated all images for diagnostic quality in 12 pre-determined areas using a 4-point rating scale.

Results: Digital and conventional panoramic radiography performed almost similarly as far as it concerns the specific diagnostic tasks rated with the exception of the interproximal contacts of mandibular molars where digital panoramic radiography was scored significantly higher and the periapical region of anterior mandible and anterior mandibular tooth germs where conventional panoramic radiography was found to be significantly better. Both oral radiologists and pediatric dentists graded similarly digital and conventional radiographs for a variety of diagnostic tasks.

Conclusions: It can be concluded that diagnostic image quality obtained with the digital orthopantomograph unit Planmeca 2000 cc Proline was generally equal to image quality obtained with the conventional orthopantomograph unit Orthophos Plus CD. Image interpretation between oral radiologists and pediatric dentists was not substantially different
Skeletal, Dental and Soft Tissue Changes in Postural Class III Malocclusion Treated with a Maxillary Removable Appliance
Authors: Abu Alhaija Elham
Published: April 2015

Objective: This longitudinal retrospective cephalometric study was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate the effect of upper removable appliances on the hard and soft tissue structures in subjects with postural Class III.

Methods: The material consisted of cephalometric films of 17 Class III patients (8 females and 9 males, with a mean age of 10.10 ± 1.63). Each treated patient was matched before treatment with Class III subject for sex and age. Differences in treated group at T1 and T2 and between treated and untreated groups were examined using paired t-test and independent t-test respectively.

Results: Treated and untreated Class III subjects differed in mandibular prognathism (SNB, P<0.01). Upper incisors proclined and inter-incisal angle reduced during treatment (P<0.001). Soft tissue A point moved anteriorly as maxillary incisors were proclined (P<0.05). Soft tissue profile was improved (NNP, P<0.05; NAP, P<0.01).

Conclusion: Skeletal, dental and soft tissue changes were found in patients treated by upper removable appliance in postural Class III patients.

Clinical relevance: upper removable appliance is an efficient method to procline upper incisors in postural Class III malocclusion and may be of greater influence in improving soft tissue profile.
A Comparative Evaluation of the Fracture Strength of Pulpotomized Primary Molars Restored with Various Restorative Materials
Authors: Passi Sidhi , Pandit I. , Srivastava Nikhil , Gugnani Neeraj , Gupta Monika
Published: April 2015

Sixty extracted primary molars were used in the study. After pulpotomy, these were divided into four groups on the basis of restorative materials to be used. Results showed that the Ormocer had the maximum fracture strength while the posterior Glass Ionomer Cement showed the least fracture strength among the various restorative materials used in the study.
Clinical Analysis of Molar Fissures by Cone-Beam Tomography
Authors: Cruvinel V , Azevedo B , Gravina D , Toledo O , Bezerra A
Published: April 2015

This study aimed to validate clinical analysis of 20 pediatric dentists on occlusal groove-fossa-system of molar depth comparing to Cone-beam tomography. The 48 sound third molars were visually classified from the shallowest to the deepest. Images were taken from the Accuitomo 3DX. There was a fair correlation between clinical analysis and the tomographic scorings (rs= 0.238; P=0.103). It was concluded that pediatric dentists were not able to classify the fissures depth by visual analysis correctly.
Functional Appliance Therapy to Control Drooling: A Case of A Child With Mental Retardation
Authors: Chandra Pani Sharat , Hegde Amitha
Published: April 2015

A 12 year old male child with mental retardation was referred to the department of Pedodontics and Preventive Children Dentistry, AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, with a complaint of severe drooling. Mouth closure exercises and speech therapy had failed to control the problem. The patient was given a functional appliance and a significant reduction in the severity of the drooling and reduction in the foul odor was found. Despite its limitations functional appliance therapy could serve as a useful alternative to the use of drugs or surgery in the control of drooling.
Dental Observations of Hyper IgE Disorder
Authors: Aldous J , Olson G , Parkin M
Published: April 2015

Recognition of "Jobs Syndrome" disorder may lead to better care. One of the dental manifestations reported is a high arched palate. Measurements of the maxillary arch were made to compare affected Job's patients,unaffected family members, and controls. Measurements of the palate found little difference between the three groups. DMFS, periodontal disease, and oral hygiene were evaluated with little difference between groups.
Talon Cusps Presenting in a Child with Alagille's Syndrome –A Case Report
Authors: Chatterjee Mahua , Mason Carol
Published: April 2015

Talon cusp is a rare dental anomaly often associated with systemic conditions such as Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome,Ellis-van Crevald Syndrome and Incontentia pigmenti achromians. It has not been previously reported as occurring in Alagille Syndrome.

Early diagnosis of talon cusps is crucial for the correct management and avoidance of complications. This case highlights the need for careful dental examination when treating children with syndromes, as new phenotypes that can have an effect on the dentition.
Maxillofacial Prosthodontics for the Pediatric Patient:"An Eye-Opening Experience"
Authors: Lal Shantanu , Schwartz Aaron , Gandhi Toral , Moss Melvin
Published: April 2015

The following case report describes the expanding role of pediatric dentists in treating children with craniofacial pathology. Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood and is approximately the tenth most common pediatric cancer in the United States. Treatment consists of enucleation, or removal of the entire globe followed by placement of orbital implants. Un-restored anopthalmic sockets exhibit growth retardation and can lead to facial disfigurement. Maxillofacial prosthetic (MFP) rehabilitation can be especially challenging in younger, pre-cooperative or behaviorally compromised children and requires the skills and participation of a pediatric dental specialist as part of the MFP team. The following case report involving a 3 yr-old girl with retinoblastoma describes such challenges. The objective of the maxillofacial prosthetic team was to provide custom-built, acrylic, bilateral ocular prostheses in as comfortable and atraumatic manner as possible. The case was a success and underscores the value of a multidisciplinary dental approach for the treatment of children with very special needs.
Microleakage of Ormocer-based Restorative Material in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study
Authors: AL-Harbi Saad , Farsi Najat
Published: April 2015

This in vivo study aimed to compare, by means of dye penetration, the microleakage values of an Ormocerbased material (Admira) and a commonly-used composite resin (Restorative Z-100) and to assess the differences in the degree of microleakage according to the cavity wall location for both tested materials. No statistically significant differences were found in the degree of microleakage between the 2 materials or the location of cavity walls. Additional preventive measures should be considered to minimize leakage since none of the restorative systems used, eliminated microleakage.
Root Surface Characteristics of Children Teeth with Periodontal Diseases
Authors: Bimstein E , Wignall W , Cohen D , Katz J
Published: April 2015

The present study examined the root surfaces of teeth from children with or without periodontal diseases and with or without systemic diseases. Light microscopy revealed that when compared to control teeth: teeth with chronic periodontitis had similar radicular histology; teeth from children with leukocyte adhesion deficiency,Down syndrome and aggressive periodontitis had narrower cementum areas; teeth from children with hypophosphatasia showed cementum aplasia. Cementum anomalies may facilitate the establishment and progress of periodontitis in children.
Microtensile Bond Strength of Contemporary Adhesives to Primary Enamel and Dentin
Authors: Marquezan Marcela , da Silveira Bruno Lopes , Burnett Jr Luizb Henrique , Delgado Rodrigues Célia Regina Martins , Kramer Paulo Floriani
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to assess bond strength of three self-etching and two total-etch adhesive systems bonded to primary tooth enamel and dentin. Materials and methods: Forty extracted primary human molars were selected and abraded in order to create flat buccal enamel and occlusal dentin surfaces. Teeth were assigned to one of the adhesive systems: Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose, Adper Single Bond 2,Adper Prompt L-Pop, Clearfil SE Bond and AdheSE. Imediately to adhesive aplication, a composite resin(Filtek Z250) block was built up. After 3 months of water storage, each sample was sequentially sectioned in order to obtain sticks with a square cross-sectional area of about 0.72 mm2. The specimens were fixed lengthways to a microtensile device and tested using a universal testing machine with a 50-N load cell at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Microtensile bond strength values were recorded in MPa and compared by Analysis of Variance and the post hoc Tukey test (a=0.05). Results: In enamel, Clearfil SE Bond presented the highest values, followed by Adper Single Bond 2, AdheSE and Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose, without significant difference. The highest values in dentin were obtained with Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose and all other adhesives did not present significant different values from that, except Adper Prompt L-Pop that achieved the lowest bond strength in both substrates. Adper Scotch Bond Multi Purpose and Adper Single Bond 2 presented significantly lower values in enamel than in dentin although all other adhesives presented similar results in both substrates. Conclusions: contemporary adhesive systems present similar behaviors when bonded to primary teeth, with the exception of the one-step self-etching system; and selfetching systems can achieve bond strength values as good in enamel as in dentin of primary teeth.
A Catalogue of Anomalies and Traits of the Primary Dentition of Southern Chinese
Authors: King N , Tongkoom S , Itthagarun A , Wong H , Lee C
Published: April 2015

Variation in size, form and morphology of the teeth result in anomalies such as macrodontia, microdontia,hyperdontia, hypodontia, double tooth, taurodontism and dens in dente. While traits that may occur more commonly in certain ethnic groups may be considered to be specific to that population. The characteristics of these anomalies and traits are presented along with the prevalence figures for their occurrence in primary dentition of southern Chinese.
Comparison of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chemomechanical Caries Removal (carisolv™) with that of Conventional Drilling in Reducing Cariogenic Flora
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Girish Babu K , Neeraja G
Published: April 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of chemomechanical caries removal (Carisolv™) in reducing the count of cariogenic flora and compare it to conventional drilling.Materials: The study group consisted of 20 healthy children aged between four and eight years. In each child, two primary molars with broad occlusal cavitated lesions were chosen for caries removal either with Carisolv™ or by conventional drilling. Dentin samples of both groups were taken prior to and following caries removal. They were then processed after suitable dilutions and cultured using Schaedler agar for the Total Viable Bacteria and MRS agar for the lactobacilli. After incubation at 35°C for 3 days, the Total Viable Count and lactobacilli count was determined and expressed as Colony Forming Units per ml. The two methods of caries removal were then compared and the data was statistically analyzed. Both methods reduced the TVC count by 92% and lactobacilli count by 91%. Results have indicated that the antimicrobial efficacy of Carisolv™ was comparable to that of conventional drilling and can be used as a suitable alternative for caries removal, especially in children.
Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Resin as an Intracanal Post –A Clinical Study
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Girish Babu K. , Sunny Raju
Published: April 2015

Restoration of primary incisors, which have been severely damaged by early childhood caries or trauma, is a difficult task for the pediatric dentist. With the introduction of new adhesive systems and restorative materials,alternative approaches for treating these teeth have been proposed. Materials: Ten healthy children aged between 3-4 years who had 28 grossly destructed primary maxillary incisors requiring intra canal retention were selected for the study. Following root canal treatment, either a Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Resin (GFRCR everStick,, Finland) or an omega shaped stainless steel wire were placed as intracanal posts in these teeth. Flowable composite was used for cementation of posts and also to build up the coronal structure using celluloid strip crowns. Both types of intracanal posts were evaluated for retention and marginal adaptation at 1, 6 and 12 months. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Conclusion:GFRCR intracanal posts showed better retention and marginal adaptation than omega shaped stainless steel wire posts.
Characteristics of Children Under 6 Years of Age Treated for Early Chidhood Caries in South Africa
Authors: Mohamed Nadia , Barnes Jo
Published: April 2015

Objective: This retrospective survey highlighted the characteristics of children less than six years of age presenting with early childhood caries(ECC) who had two or more teeth extracted under intravenous sedation at the Tygerberg Oral Health Centre in Cape Town, South Africa. This survey was carried out in order to plan a community-appropriate intervention strategy. Methods: Records of 140 patients kept by the pediatric Dentistry Division met the inclusion criteria and were included in this survey. Most of the patients originate from economically disadvantaged areas. Results: Diet, feeding and oral hygiene habits were shown to be the most significant factors that contributed to the development of ECC in these patients. All the children were either breast- or bottle-fed past one year of age. 93.6% of the children went to sleep with the bottle or while on the breast and 90% of them were fed on demand during the night. On average, breastfeeding was stopped at 9 months of age compared to bottle-feeding that, on average, was stopped at a much later mean age of 23 months. Where oral hygiene practices were concerned, 52.6% of children brushed their own teeth without supervision. Frequency of brushing varied between subjects. Conclusion: The results of this study have demonstrated that there is a need for culturally appropriate education campaigns to inform parents (especially those in disadvantaged communities) about the importance of oral health and the prevention of oral disease.
Immunohistochemical Study of Presence of T Cells, B Cells, and Macrophages in Periradicular Lesions of Primary Teeth
Authors: Bolan Michele , Lima Daniele de Almeida , Figueiredo Cláudia Pinto , Giunta Gabriella Di , de Carvalho Rocha Maria José
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND: The periapical lesion is the result of a local inflammatory reaction caused by bacteria and its products present on the root canal. The interaction between inflammatory cells and bacteria elicit both specific and non-specific immune responses. OBJETIVE: Due to the lack of studies evaluating the role of the immune system in periapical lesions of primary teeth and considering the potentially systemic effects that these infections can cause in children, especially because of the immaturity of their immune system, we sought to evaluate the presence of T cells, B cells and macrophages on periradicular lesions in primary teeth. STUDY DESIGN: 14 periradicular lesions were analyzed. The immunohistochemistry technique was performed using CD45RO, CD20, CD68 monoclonal antibodies aiming to identify T cells, B cells and macrophages, respectively. Cells were quantified by microscopic analysis of histological sections. RESULTS: Mean percentage of positive cells CD45RO was 11.76; CD20 was 5.25; CD68 was 10.92. Our results showed that T and B cells and macrophages comprise the majority of the inflammatory infiltrate. CONCLUSION: We concluded that both humoral and cell mediated immune reactions take place in periradicular lesions of primary teeth. The immune system plays an important role on the periradicular inflammatory processes in primary teeth.
Eruption guidance in the mixed dentition: a case report
Authors: Kim Tae Weon , Park Jae Hyun
Published: April 2015

Management of space problems is an important factor in the mixed dentition. The Clear Aligner can carry out minor tooth movement with no brackets bonded to the teeth. In addition, it can provide tooth movement for the following: crowding resolution, space closure, arch expansion or constriction, space maintenance or regaining, intrusion or extrusion, guidance of the eruption, and other interceptive orthodontic treatment.
Effects Of Antibacterial Agents On Dental Pulps Of Monkeys Mechanically Exposed And Contaminated.
Authors: Cannon M , Cernigliaro J , Vieira A , Percinoto C , Jurado R
Published: April 2015

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of antibacterial agents and mineral trioxide aggregate in the healing of bacterial contaminated primate pulps. Study Design: The experiment required four adult male primates (Cebus opella) with 48 teeth prepared with buccal penetrations into the pulpal tissues. The preparations were performed under general anesthesia and the exposed pulps were exposed to cotton pellets soaked in a bacterial mixture consisting of microorganisms normally found in human pulpal abscesses obtained from the Endodontic Clinic of UNESP. Following bacterial inoculation (30 minute exposure), the pulpal tissue was immediately treated with either sterile saline, Cipro HC Otic solution(12), diluted Buckley' formecresol solution (12) or Otosporin otic solution (12) for 5 minutes. After removal of the pellet, hemostasis was obtained and a ZOE base applied to the DFC treated pulps and the non-treated controls (12). After hemostasis, the other exposed pulps were covered with mineral trioxide aggregate (ProRoot). The pulpal bases were all covered with a RMGI (Fuji II LC). The tissue samples were collected at one day, two days, one week and over four weeks (34 days). Results: Following perfusion fixation,the samples were demineralized, sectioned, stained and histologically graded. After histologic analysis,presence of neutrophilic infiltrate and areas of hemorrhage with hyperemia were observed. The depth of the neutrophilic infiltrate depended on the agent or material used. The pulpal tissue treated with Otic suspensions demonstrated significantly less inflammation (Kruskal Wallis non parametric analysis, H=9.595 with 1 degree of freedom; P=0.0223) than the formocresol and control groups. The hard tissue bridges formed over the exposure sites were more organized in the MTA treatment groups than in the control and ZOE groups (Kruskal Wallis non parametric analysis, H=18.291 with 1 degree of freedom; P=0.0004).Conclusions: Otic suspensions and MTA are effective in treating bacterial infected pulps and stimulate the production of a hard tissue bridge over the site of the exposure.
"Six-month recall dental appointments, for all children, are (un)justifiable"
Authors: Anthonappa Robert , King Nigel
Published: April 2015

Each child is an individual with specific needs, which necessitates a different plan of management based on the type of oral disease or disability present. This raises a question as to whether the customary fixed sixmonth recall visits for children commonly advocated by dental professionals need to be altered/adjusted so as to reflect the individual's oral health needs more closely, in order to optimize their clinical and costeffectiveness. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the evidence to either justify or refute the sixmonth recall dental appointments for all children. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that the judgment about appropriate intervals should be made by the dental practitioner on an individual risk basis as insufficient evidence exists to either justify, or refute the six-month recall dental appointments.
The Erosive Potential of Different Malt Drinks: An in vitro and in situ study
Authors: Çaglar Esber , Cildir Sule Kavaloglu , Sandalli Nuket
Published: April 2015

Objectives: Whereas the potential effect of acidic drinks in the etiology of dental erosion is well recognized the role of malt drinks is unclear. The primary aim of the present study was to compare the in vitro erosive effect on enamel produced by different aromated malt drinks. A secondary objective was to compare their erosive effects in situ with those determined in vitro.

Materials and methods: To select the malt drink for the study in situ, six commercially available malt drinks were examined for erosive potential in vitro. The study in situ was a single centre, 2-period, 2-treatment crossover study to compare the erosive effect of a commercially available malt drink (Test), with that of natural spring water (Control), over 10 day periods on 10 healthy volunteers. Subjects wore upper removable appliances containing two human enamel specimens from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. The regimen of intake of the drinks was 250 ml at midday. Measurements of enamel loss were made on samples after 5 and 10 days by profilometry.

Results: The in situ study showed a statistically significant difference in erosive potential between the test and control beverages. No specimen exposed to the control beverage displayed appreciable erosion. Erosion occurred with the test drink, but to a variable degree between subjects.

Conclusions: Malt drinks should be considered as potentially erosive as the results for enamel specimens exposed to the test beverage in the clinical study showed a degree of erosion that varied greatly between different participants. It is likely that under these conditions an increase in the degree of erosion would be observed in children and young people who consume malt drinks.
Oral Health and Bone Density in Adolescents and Young Women with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Shaughnessy Brian , Feldman Henry , Cleveland Robert , Sonis Andrew , Brown Julia , Gordon Catherine
Published: April 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the dental and periodontal health of adolescents and young women with restrictive anorexia nervosa (AN), and relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and dental radiographs.

Study Design: Twenty-three young women, median age 17.6 years (range 14.4-27.2), were studied within three months of entering a clinical trial. DXA BMD measurements were obtained and subjects underwent a comprehensive dental examination, including panoramic and bitewing dental radiographs. Three observers assessed mandibular cortical width (MCW) in the mental foramen region on panoramic radiographs.

Results: Dental findings included very good to excellent oral hygiene. Gingival recession was evident in 10 participants (43%). Dental erosion was not seen and the mean decayed missing or filled teeth (DMFT) was 8.6. There was a weak positive correlation between BMD by DXA and MCW on radiographs. Conclusions:We report dental manifestations associated with restrictive AN, and the association between bone assessments by DXA and dental radiographs in this patient group. Despite subnormal DXA measurements in most patients, essentially all adolescents had a normal dental examination. Dental providers should be cognizant of the fact that many patients with eating disorders may not display the "classic" findings reported in the literature.
Impressions in Cleft Lip and Palate – A Novel Two Stage Technique
Authors: Pani Sharat Chandra , Hegde Amitha
Published: April 2015

Though the field of presurgical orthopedics for the management of children with cleft Lip and Palate (CLAP)has made great advances over the past few decades, little is found in literature regarding the imressions required to fabricate these appliances. The purpose of this paper is to describe a novel two stage technique utilizing greenstick compound and addition silicone impression material to provide a safe, economical and accurate method for recording impressions in children with cleft lip and palate.
Progression of Artificial Caries in Fluorotic and Nonfluorotic Enamel. An in vitro Study
Authors: R Suma , Shashibhushan KK , Shashikiran ND , Reddy VV Subba
Published: April 2015

Background and objectives: Fluorosis is an important clinical and public health problem in several parts of the world. Although the relationship of fluoride level in drinking water to dental caries and dental fluorosis is known, relationship of fluorosis with the caries is not clear. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the thickness of enamel and depth of lesion after inducing artificial caries in fluorotic and nonfluorotic teeth. Methods: Study group included 15 fluorosis affected and 15 normal teeth. Artificial caries was induced and teeth were sectioned to 150 microns and observed under polarized light microscope to measure the enamel thickness and depth of lesion in microns. Results: Statistical analyses of the measurements were made using student's unpaired t-test. Thickness of the enamel of nonfluorotic teeth was found to be significantly more when compared with the fluorotic teeth(p-value 0.0404) and depth of lesion was significantly more in fluorotic teeth when compared with the nonfluorotic teeth(p-value 0.0218). Conclusion:Although fluoride is acknowledged as an essential factor in the prevention of dental caries there has to be careful balance in the amount consumed to ensure that fluorosis does not occur.
Cartilage Choristoma (Soft Tissue Chondroma): A Rare Presentation in the Lower Lip
Authors: Kim Yoome , Moses Mark , Zegarelli David , Yoon Angela
Published: April 2015

Cartilage choristoma (soft tissue chondroma) is an ectopic cartilaginous tissue that is rarely found in oral mucosa. Awareness of such disease entity will guide proper diagnosis and treatment. A case of cartilage choristoma occurring in the lower lip of an 8-year-old child is reported. Potential pathogenetic mechanism and the histologic features of this unusual condition are further discussed.
Post-Traumatic Epidermoid Inclusion Cyst in the Chin Region
Authors: Ramakrishna Y , Baliga Sudhindra , Munshi AK
Published: April 2015

Epidermoid cysts of traumatic origin are found mainly on palms, fingers and soles. They are believed to originate through implantation of epithelium by either surgical or accidental trauma into deeper mesenchymal tissue. A case of traumatic epidermoid inclusion cyst of the chin region is described.
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
Authors: Takahashi Karine , Cunha Correia Adriana de Sales , Cunha Robson Frederico
Published: April 2015

Enamel defects are common alterations that can occur in both the primary or permanent dentition. A range of etiological factors related to this pathology can be found in the literature. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization(MIH) is a kind of enamel defect alteration that requires complex treatment solutions, and for this reason, it is of great clinical interest for dental practice. This article describes the management of a clinical case of MIH in a 7-year-old child. The different treatment options depending on the extension of the defect,the degree of tooth eruption and the hygiene and diet habits of the patient are also discussed.
Ultramorphological Characterization of the Resin Dentin Interface – An in vitro Analysis of Nanoleakage Patterns of Dentin Adhesives
Authors: Neelakantan Prasanna , Sanjeev Kavitha , Rao CV Subba
Published: April 2015

Aim and Design: The requirements of an effective dentin adhesive system include the ability to thoroughly infiltrate the collagen network and partially demineralized zone, to encapsulate the collagen and hydroxyapatite crystallites, to produce a well polymerized durable hybrid layer with high bond strengths. Microleakage and marginal percolation are the most detrimental factors thwarting the success of any restoration . However, the presence of leakage pathways, called nanoleakage have been observed in the hybrid layer,even in the absence of microleakage. The nanoleakage patterns of four dentin adhesives (Prime & Bond NT,AdheSE, Clearfil S3 bond and Fuji Bond LC) was compared using Scanning electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, by the silver nitrate penetration method.

Results and conclusion: The results indicated that etch and rinse adhesives showed the maximum nanoleakage followed by the self etch systems. The glass ionomer based bonding agents showed the least nanoleakage. It is extremely important to take nanoleakage as a consideration while choosing dentin adhesives, to ensure success of the restoration.
Influence of Local Factors on Cementoenamel Junction–Alveolar Bone Crest Distance in Primary Dentition
Authors: Silva Pierro Viviane Santos da , de Souza Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro , Luiz Ronir Raggio
Published: April 2015

Objective: This study illustrated the influence of local factors (dental biofilm, gingival bleeding, probing depth, proximal contact and proximal caries/inadequate restorations) on the cementoenamel junction(CEJ)-alveolar bone crest (ABC) distance in primary canines and molars of healthy children with complete primary dentition. Study Design: Two hundred and four patients have been examined clinically with regard to biofilm's presence, gingival status, probing depth, proximal contact and dental condition (carious lesions/restorations). Two bitewings of each patient were also taken. Eight dental surfaces (second molars mesial, first molars mesial and distal, and canines distal) could be analyzed per bitewing and the CEJ-ABC distance was measured using a digimatic caliper. Statistical analyses were controlled by dental arch, tooth type and surface. Mann-Whitney test was used to verify the association between CEJ-ABC distance and local factors. Results: After stratifying the data according to those influencing factors, the only local factor associated with increased CEJ-ABC distances in most of the different analyzed dental surfaces was the increased probing depth (>2mm), although only two dental surfaces showed statistical significance(p<0.01). Conclusion: Among the analyzed local factors, increased probing depth was the only factor that proved to be relevant in children's alveolar bone loss screening.
An Analysis of the First Dental Visits in a Federally Qualified Health Center in a Socio Economically Deprived Area
Authors: Malik-Kotru Gayatri , Kirchner Les , Kisby Lance
Published: April 2015

Dental caries is the single most common chronic disease affecting children in the USA. Approximately 20-25% children are affected. This not only has serious implications for a child's long term health and well being but also has serious financial implications. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry advocates early intervention with the first dental visit by 12 months of age. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the first dental visit for children living in a socio economically deprived area in Connecticut. This study was conducted at a Federally Qualified Health Center in Connecticut. Study Design: Data was collected prospectively on the children between January to December 2004. Results: We found that the mean age for the first visit was 4 years. The recommendation is that community health programs should emphasize the importance of preventive dental care by assuring the first dental visit be by age 1 year.
Cervicofacial Emphysema Secondary to Facebow Injury: A Case Report
Authors: Cicciù Marco , Grossi Giovanni Battista , Beretta Mario , Farronato Davide , Scalfaro Concetta , Maiorana Carlo
Published: April 2015

Aim: To report the clinical case of a child with facial and periorbital emphysema caused by an orthodontic device. Case report: An 11-year-old child presented to our clinic showing moderate swelling of the left facial area. Based on his dental history, physical findings, and instrument examinations, the diagnosis of cervicofacial emphysema was established, caused by disengagement of the facebow. One week later, all swelling and crepitus had disappeared without complications. Most patients who develop subcutaneous emphysema after a dental procedure have only moderate local swelling, which normally resolves spontaneously and without complications within a week. However, the spread of large amounts of air into the deeper spaces may cause life-threatening sequelae. Conclusions: Orthodontists should be aware that the use of extraoral traction applied via a facebow can cause soft tissue injures and emphysema of the cervicofacial region. It is important to avoid misdiagnosis and to appropriately inform patient and parents about this condition.
The Use of a Natural Tooth Crown Following Traumatic Injuries in Primary Dentition
Authors: Tannure Patricia Nivoloni , Valinoti Ana Carolina , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: April 2015

Preschool children are frequently affected by traumatic dental injuries, most of them during the first three years of life. Due to the resiliency of the alveolar bone surrounding the primary teeth, most of these injuries fit into tooth luxations category. In this paper, two different cases of early loss of primary incisors resulting from luxations are described. Removable esthetic space maintainers were placed using the natural crown of the traumatized teeth and the children were evaluated over a 12 month period. The treatment given could be considered an excellent rehabilitation option since it restores the esthetics and masticatory function,allows speech development, benefits oral hygiene and prevents the establishment of tongue habits and malocclusions.
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as Pulp Capping Agent for Primary Teeth Pulpotomy: 2 Year Follow Up Study
Authors: Subramaniam Priya , Konde Sapna , Mathew Somy , Sugnani Sony
Published: April 2015

The aim of the present study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate Mineral Trioxide Aggregate(MTA) as an agent for pulpotomy in primary teeth and to compare it with that of formocresol (FC) pulpotomy. Nineteen children between the ages of 6 to 8 years with 40 carious primary molars were treated with pulpotomy using either FC or MTA. All the molars were evaluated clinically and radiographically at regular intervals over a twenty four month period. The observations were tabulated and statistically analyzed. Eighty five percent success was observed with FC pulpotomy whereas MTA showed 95% success. MTA showed a higher clinical and radiographic success rate than FC. MTA may be a favorable material for pulpotomy in primary teeth whose pulps have been compromised by a carious or mechanical pulp exposure.
Long Term Histological Response of Hemisectioned Exposed Primary pulps. An in vivo Study
Authors: Valencia R , Espinosa R , Torres MA , Saadia M
Published: April 2015

The aim of this study was to analyze the pulp behavior 17 hemisectioned primary second mandibular molars, exposed into the oral environment. The mesial crown and root portions were extracted after 8 months and analyzed histologically. Results: The cardinal signs such as pain, sensitivity and necrosis were not found in any of these teeth with the exception of one case which had a previous restoration. The formation of pulp polyps, pulp calcifications and pulp obliteration were seen as a normal physio-pathological response. Conclusions:Exposed pulps, reacted forming pulp polyps and in a similar fashion to exfoliating primary teeth but in an accelerated manner.
Obesity in Children: A Challenge that Pediatric Dentistry Should not Ignore – Review of the Literature
Authors: Bimstein Enrique , Katz Joseph
Published: April 2015

The link between childhood oral diseases and obesity is demonstrated by their increasing prevalence, potential cause and effect relationship, the significant deleterious effect on the child's present and future oral and systemic health, and the influence of obesity on conscious sedation. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the literature on the relationships between childhood oral diseases and obesity, and between obesity,breathing and conscious sedation. While some reports suggest a connection between caries and obesity others do not, and it is unclear if they correlate or they just coexist since they have common etiologic and/or facilitating factors. Deleterious effects of dental caries and obesity on the systemic condition are clear, may potentiate each other, and facilitate the development and progress of chronic or acute systemic conditions. Obesity may interfere with the possibility to sedate patients because of potential breathing problems, or modify the effect of the sedative agents. Health providers should be aware of the increasing challenge posed by the correlations between dental caries, obesity, oral and systemic diseases. Furthermore, pediatric dentistry should team with other health professions in order to cooperate in the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Parents' Attitude toward their Children's Appearance in the Case of Esthetic Defects of the Anterior Primary Teeth
Authors: Holan Gideon , Rahme Munaya Abu , Ram Diana
Published: April 2015

Purpose: To evaluate parents' attitude toward esthetic defects of maxillary primary incisors and the association between various demographic parameters and the treatment parents chose for their children. Methods:The study consisted of two parts: 1) a clinical examination of the child's primary incisors, and 2) a questionnaire for the accompanying parent. 362 parents who accompanied 294 children aged 1-6 years, participated in the study. They were divided in 2 groups: parents' accompanying children with esthetic defects(study group) and parents' of children without esthetic defects (control group). Results: Significantly more parents in the study group (73%) recognized an esthetic problem in their child's incisors, compared to (17%)in the control group. Eighty seven percent (219 in the Study Group[85.2%] and 97 in the Control Group[92.4%]) advocated dental treatment to save a primary tooth even if the chances for success were only 50%. 35.9% rejected the idea of a prosthetic replacement for a lost primary incisor. The same percentage of parents (35.9%) answered that they "want it 'very much'" while the rest (28.2%) chose intermediate scores'2-3' on a scale of '0' (= not at all) to '5' (= yes! very much). Conclusion: Parents are interested in a conservative treatment for preserving esthetically damaged incisors, but will be less enthusiastic to replace extracted or missing teeth with an esthetic device.
Self–Report of Pain in Children Treated According to the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment and the Conventional Restorative Treatment – A Pilot Study
Authors: de Menezes Abreu Danielle Matos , Leal Soraya Coelho , Frencken Jo
Published: April 2015

Objective: To compare the level of pain among children treated according to the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) and the Conventional Restorative Treatment (CRT). Study design: Forty children of both genders, 4-to 7-years old, presenting Class I cavitated dentin lesions in primary molars were randomly allocated to 2 groups. One group (CRT) received conventional restorative treatment using rotary instruments,while in the other one (ART) hand instruments were used to perform the restorations. All children were treated by the same operator. A high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement (Fuji IX) was used to restore the teeth in both groups. Children's pain was measured at the end of the first restorative treatment session using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (dependent variable). Age, gender, treatment time and treatment group were independent variables. ANOVA and ANCOVA tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The CRT procedure took longer than the ART procedure (p<0.001). Children from the ART group reported less pain than those from the CRT group (p=0.0037). Four year olds reported more pain than 5-to 7-year olds(p<0.0001) in both groups. Conclusions: Restorations placed using ART were less time consuming, children felt less pain when the ART approach was used, and younger children (4-years) reported more pain than the older ones for both restorative treatments.
An Unusual Accident during a Primary Molar Extraction
Authors: da Silva Pierro Viviane Santos , de Morais Andrea Pereira , Granado Luciana , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: April 2015

Background: Special care must be taken during surgical procedures in children, especially primary tooth extractions. However, despite dentist's effort to perform tooth removal carefully, some accidents may be unavoidable when defective instruments are unknowingly used. Case Report: This article presents a case of a pediatric dental elevator fracture during a primary mandibular right second molar extraction.Conclusion: Although uncommon, instruments breakage may occur during dental and surgical procedures. Therefore, dentists should always check the surgical instrument for signs of breakage and be prepared to solve a possible emergency.
Estimation of Salivary Cortisol in Children with Rampant Caries
Authors: Rai Kavita , Hegde Amitha , Shetty Sridhar , Shetty Suchetha
Published: April 2015

Dental profession is largely challenged with rampant caries and probable predisposing factors for the same have been evaluated for ages. There is considerable evidence that emotional disturbances may be a causative factor in some cases of rampant caries. Thus the objective of the present study was to estimate the levels of salivary cortisol in children with active rampant caries before and after caries control using electrochemiluminescence assay. A total of 60 children between the age group of 5 to 10 years of both sexes were selected for the study. A questionnaire was also included to evaluate predisposing factors for caries. The results showed that there was an increase in salivary cortisol levels in children with rampant caries, the level decreased gradually when observed for a period of three months following dental treatment which was statistically significant.