bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Dorsomedial Striatum Neuronal Ensembles in Incubation of Methamphetamine Craving after Voluntary Abstinence
Authors: Caprioli Daniele , Venniro Marco , Zhang Michelle , Bossert Jennifer M. , Warren Brandon L. , Hope Bruce T. , Shaham Yavin
Published: December 2016

We recently developed a rat model of incubation of methamphetamine craving after choice-based voluntary abstinence. Here, we studied the role of dorsolateral striatum (DLS) and dorsomedial striatum (DMS) in this incubation. We trained rats to self-administer palatable food pellets (6 d, 6 h/d) and methamphetamine (12 d, 6 h/d). We then assessed relapse to methamphetamine seeking under extinction conditions after 1 and 21 abstinence days. Between tests, the rats underwent voluntary abstinence (using a discrete choice procedure between methamphetamine and food; 20 trials/d) for 19 d. We usedin situhybridization to measure the colabeling of the activity markerFoswithDrd1andDrd2in DMS and DLS after the tests. Based on thein situhybridization colabeling results, we tested the causal role of DMS D1and D2family receptors, and DMS neuronal ensembles in “incubated” methamphetamine seeking, using selective dopamine receptor antagonists (SCH39166 or raclopride) and the Daun02 chemogenetic inactivation procedure, respectively. Methamphetamine seeking was higher after 21 d of voluntary abstinence than after 1 d (incubation of methamphetamine craving). The incubated response was associated with increasedFosexpression in DMS but not in DLS;Foswas colabeled with bothDrd1andDrd2. DMS injections of SCH39166 or raclopride selectively decreased methamphetamine seeking after 21 abstinence days. InFos-lacZtransgenic rats, selective inactivation of relapse test-activatedFosneurons in DMS on abstinence day 18 decreased incubated methamphetamine seeking on day 21. Results demonstrate a role of DMS dopamine D1and D2receptors in the incubation of methamphetamine craving after voluntary abstinence and that DMS neuronal ensembles mediate this incubation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn human addicts, abstinence is often self-imposed and relapse can be triggered by exposure to drug-associated cues that induce drug craving. We recently developed a rat model of incubation of methamphetamine craving after choice-based voluntary abstinence. Here, we used classical pharmacology,in situhybridization, immunohistochemistry, and the Daun02 inactivation procedure to demonstrate a critical role of dorsomedial striatum neuronal ensembles in this new form of incubation of drug craving.
DNA-PKcs, ATM, and ATR Interplay Maintains Genome Integrity during Neurogenesis
Authors: Enriquez-Rios Vanessa , Dumitrache Lavinia C. , Downing Susanna M. , Li Yang , Brown Eric J. , Russell Helen R. , McKinnon Peter J.
Published: December 2016

The DNA damage response (DDR) orchestrates a network of cellular processes that integrates cell-cycle control and DNA repair or apoptosis, which serves to maintain genome stability. DNA-PKcs (the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent kinase, encoded byPRKDC), ATM (ataxia telangiectasia, mutated), and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) are related PI3K-like protein kinases and central regulators of the DDR. Defects in these kinases have been linked to neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental syndromes. In all cases, the key neuroprotective function of these kinases is uncertain. It also remains unclear how interactions between the three DNA damage-responsive kinases coordinate genome stability, particularly in a physiological context. Here, we used a genetic approach to identify the neural function of DNA-PKcs and the interplay between ATM and ATR during neurogenesis. We found that DNA-PKcs loss in the mouse sensitized neuronal progenitors to apoptosis after ionizing radiation because of excessive DNA damage. DNA-PKcs was also required to prevent endogenous DNA damage accumulation throughout the adult brain. In contrast, ATR coordinated the DDR during neurogenesis to direct apoptosis in cycling neural progenitors, whereas ATM regulated apoptosis in both proliferative and noncycling cells. We also found that ATR controls a DNA damage-induced G2/M checkpoint in cortical progenitors, independent of ATM and DNA-PKcs. These nonoverlapping roles were further confirmed via sustained murine embryonic or cortical development after all three kinases were simultaneously inactivated. Thus, our results illustrate how DNA-PKcs, ATM, and ATR have unique and essential roles during the DDR, collectively ensuring comprehensive genome maintenance in the nervous system.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe DNA damage response (DDR) is essential for prevention of a broad spectrum of different human neurologic diseases. However, a detailed understanding of the DDR at a physiological level is lacking. In contrast to manyin vitrocellular studies, here we demonstrate independent biological roles for the DDR kinases DNA-PKcs, ATM, and ATR during neurogenesis. We show that DNA-PKcs is central to DNA repair in nonproliferating cells, and restricts DNA damage accumulation, whereas ATR controls damage-induced G2checkpoint control and apoptosis in proliferating cells. Conversely, ATM is critical for controlling apoptosis in immature noncycling neural cells after DNA damage. These data demonstrate functionally distinct, but cooperative, roles for each kinase in preserving genome stability in the nervous system.
Introduction
Authors: Aggarwal Vinod K.
Published: December 2016

This special issue focuses on the rise of mega-FTAs—which involve efforts to liberalize trade across geographical regions with a multiplicity of countries—in the Asia-Pacific. We examine how the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership in this region have faced political resistance as negotiators attempt to address behind-the-border issues.
Institutional Balancing and the Politics of Mega-FTAs in East Asia
Authors: Lee Seungjoo
Published: December 2016

The dynamics of institutional balancing is the predominant factor prompting East Asian countries to move to mega-FTAs. Rather than seeking mega-FTAs purely on the basis of economic benefits, these countries, particularly major powers, have attempted to form mega-FTAs to counter the target state’s vision of the regional architecture.
Complex structure of cytochrome c–cytochrome c oxidase reveals a novel protein–protein interaction mode
Authors: Shimada Satoru , Shinzawa‐Itoh Kyoko , Baba Junpei , Aoe Shimpei , Shimada Atsuhiro , Yamashita Eiki , Kang Jiyoung , Tateno Masaru , Yoshikawa Shinya , Tsukihara Tomitake
Published: December 2016

Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) transfers electrons from cytochrome c (Cyt.c) to O2 to generate H2O, a process coupled to proton pumping. To elucidate the mechanism of electron transfer, we determined the structure of the mammalian Cyt.c–CcO complex at 2.0‐Å resolution and identified an electron transfer pathway from Cyt.c to CcO. The specific interaction between Cyt.c and CcO is stabilized by a few electrostatic interactions between side chains within a small contact surface area. Between the two proteins are three water layers with a long inter‐molecular span, one of which lies between the other two layers without significant direct interaction with either protein. Cyt.c undergoes large structural fluctuations, using the interacting regions with CcO as a fulcrum. These features of the protein–protein interaction at the docking interface represent the first known example of a new class of protein–protein interaction, which we term “soft and specific”. This interaction is likely to contribute to the rapid association/dissociation of the Cyt.c–CcO complex, which facilitates the sequential supply of four electrons for the O2 reduction reaction.
Molecular mechanisms that distinguish TFIID housekeeping from regulatable SAGA promoters
Authors: de Jonge Wim J , O'Duibhir Eoghan , Lijnzaad Philip , van Leenen Dik , Groot Koerkamp Marian JA , Kemmeren Patrick , Holstege Frank CP
Published: December 2016

An important distinction is frequently made between constitutively expressed housekeeping genes versus regulated genes. Although generally characterized by different DNA elements, chromatin architecture and cofactors, it is not known to what degree promoter classes strictly follow regulatability rules and which molecular mechanisms dictate such differences. We show that SAGA‐dominated/TATA‐box promoters are more responsive to changes in the amount of activator, even compared to TFIID/TATA‐like promoters that depend on the same activator Hsf1. Regulatability is therefore an inherent property of promoter class. Further analyses show that SAGA/TATA‐box promoters are more dynamic because TATA‐binding protein recruitment through SAGA is susceptible to removal by Mot1. In addition, the nucleosome configuration upon activator depletion shifts on SAGA/TATA‐box promoters and seems less amenable to preinitiation complex formation. The results explain the fundamental difference between housekeeping and regulatable genes, revealing an additional facet of combinatorial control: an activator can elicit a different response dependent on core promoter class.
Tradición y modernidad. Espacios de poder de las mujeres en el mundo rural durante el franquismo
Authors: Ramos Zamora Sara
Published: December 2016

La exaltación de la vida rural y la revalorización del mundo agrario frente al urbano sería uno de los ejes ideológicos del régimen franquista. La Sección Femenina asumió la tarea de reformar el campo a través de la capacitación profesional de las mujeres campesinas para así evitar la emigración de la población rural, mejorar la economía doméstica de las familias del campo y al mismo tiempo, afianzar el modelo de feminidad católica y patriótica legitimado por el gobierno. En este escenario, el presente artículo analiza la oferta formativa que la SF llevó a cabo para capacitar profesionalmente a las mujeres del medio rural, haciendo un repaso por las diferentes instituciones e iniciativas formativas que se crearon para tal cometido tanto del ámbito de la educación no formal como dentro del sistema educativo. La formación iría adaptándose al tiempo que iban cambiando las políticas agrarias del gobierno, lo que afectó directamente a las posibilidades laborales de las mujeres, en concreto a las que lograron aprobar oposiciones para ser Agentes de Economía Doméstica en las Agencias de Extensión Agraria.
Xénero e investigación en educación
Authors: Mosteiro García Mª Josefa , Porto Castro Ana Mª
Published: December 2016

A investigación é fundamental para o desenvolvemento da educación; permite consolidar o coñecemento dos fenómenos educativos, obter información sobre a realidade educativa e tamén tomar decisións e mellorar a práctica. No marco investigador faise cada vez máis necesario contar con estudos e investigacións que reflictan claramente a realidade de mulleres e homes, pois constitúe un elemento imprescindible para facer visibles as desigualdades que perduran na nosa sociedade. Nesta liña, este traballo ten como obxectivo trazar unha panorámica das investigacións que sobre xénero e educación desenvolvéronse nos últimos anos, a través da produción de teses doutorais.
E ti…, educas ou coeducas?: unha ollada pedagóxica dende un proxecto integrador
Authors: Mariño Fernández Raquel , Álvarez Vázquez Ana Isabel , Quintela Gallego Xulia
Published: December 2016

A coeducación é un proceso de intervención social e educativa cun carácter proxectado ao logro dun desenvolvemento integral dos suxeitos, tendo presente a coexistencia de dous sexos diferentes non enfrontados e que comparten unha mesma construción social, educativa e persoal.  Dende esta perspectiva, a escola de hoxe en día ten a obriga de renovarse e dar respostas as novas necesidades e requerimentos de igualdade, respecto e liberdade entre homes e mulleres  demandados polas nosas comunidades socioeducativas.O traballo que se presenta acontinuación recolle a experiencia vivida nun centro semiurbano de Vilagarcía de Arousa, o CEIP “O Piñeiriño”, a través dun proxecto coeducativo para todos os nenos e nenas dá etapa de educación Infantil e Primaria (3-12 anos). O motivo fundamental que suscitou o desenvolvemento de dito proxecto foi a necesidade de traballar, de xeito organizado e sistemático, aqueles aspectos que favorecen o respecto e a colaboración entre os dous sexos para conseguir unha sociedade mais igualitaria e xusta. Paro o logro de tal fin se diseñaron dous proxectos cunha duración de 3 anos, “Entre tod@s” e “Contando con elas”, nos que participou todo o centro. Os seus obxectivos principais foron:Modificar estereotipos masculinos e femininos.Sensibilizar ao alumando cara a corresponsabilidade nas tarefas domésticasO artigo dá comezo ca descrición de cómo naceu unha idea que foi madurando a través dá contorna e dá historia do mesmo CEIP “O Piñeiriño”; de cómo todo o equipo docente se plantexou que o colexio é de todos e de todas (organización de espazos); de cómo se deron conta de que todos e todas poden facer de todo e traballar en equipo (organización de tarefas) e de cómo se percataron  de que todos e todas deben colaborar e compartir esta idea, pois a Paz e a Igualdade se teñen que construír día a día.
Mujeres académicas y el reto de la internacionalización
Authors: Montes López Estrella , Groves Tamar
Published: December 2016

La movilidad internacional del profesorado universitario es un tema escasamente abordado desde las ciencias sociales, y en menor medida, desde una perspectiva cualitativa y de género. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación es conocer las vivencias de las primeras generaciones de mujeres académicas que realizaron estancias de investigación en instituciones extranjeras, ahondando en las motivaciones que las llevaron a trabajar temporalmente fuera del país, en cómo vivieron esa experiencia y en la repercusión que tuvo en su carrera profesional. La técnica de investigación desarrollada fue la entrevista semiestructurada y el análisis de los discursos de las participantes descubre el origen social y los incentivos de estas mujeres hacia la internacionalización, sus experiencias en el extranjero, su no siempre fácil regreso y el impacto que tuvo en su carrera posterior.
Does Epidural Labor Analgesia Increase the Rate of Cesarean Section? A Retrospective Study
Authors: Shen Xiaofeng
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of epidural analgesia on the rate of Cesarean section in nulliparous women.
 
METHODS: Retrospectively a total of 200 nulliparous women who underwent spontaneous vaginal delivery at term with or without requesting labor analgesia were reviewed and screened. The primary outcome is the rate of Cesarean section at different cervix diameter. Others included maternal and neonatal outcomes due to epidural analgesia and drug delivery.
 
RESULTS: The data from a total of 139 subjects were eventually included into the analysis. Significant difference in the rate of Cesarean delivery was observed amongst the two groups (7.3% in patients with epidural analgesia versus 63.4% in patients without epidural analgesia, P < 0.0001). The pain rating, oxytocin use, and patient’s satisfaction were also superior in those underwent epidural analgesia than those without analgesia. No significant differences were expressed in variables of non-reassuring fetal status.
 
CONCLUSIONS: Epidural analgesia does not increase the rate of Cesarean section, on the contrary, it is a reliable way to reduce the rate compared with the patients who do not received the analgesia in nulliparous women.
OPTIMAZTION OF GAMMA-DECALACTONE PRODUCTION BY YEAST YARROWIA LIPOLYTICA USING THE TAGUCHI METHOD
Authors: Moradi Hamideh , Ali Asadollahi Mohammad , Nahvi Iraj
Published: December 2016

The γ-decalactone is one of the lactones with peachy aroma which has been approved as food additive by FDA. The aim of this study was to optimize media composition and conditions for microbial biotransformation of ricinoleic acid and castor oil as substrates to γ-decalactone using the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The Y. lipolytica DSM 3286 strain was used as biotransformation agent in different trails designed by Taguchi method. The highest concentration of γ-decalactone was 62.4 and 52.9 mg/L from 1.5% ricinoleic acid and 2.5% castor oil, respectively. Nitrogen sources exhibited significant effect on the biotransformation. The maximum γ-decalactone production occurred at pH 6. The results showed that the composition of biotransformation medium composition is important for γ-decalactone production.
EFFECTIVE IDENTIFICATION OF LACTOBACILLUS PARACASEI SSP. PARACASEI-1 BY 16S-23S rRNA INTERGENIC SPACER REGION SEQUENCING
Authors: Islam Tariful , Iqbal Hassan Khan Md. , Farhana Afroz Kazi , Zakiur Rahman Mohammed , Shawkat Hossain Md. , Emdadul Islam Md. , Morsaline Billah Md. , Didarul Islam Kazi
Published: December 2016

Fermentation profiling is a common tool to identify Lactobacillus paracasei from other related members of Lactobacillus genus. Because of the proximate biochemical characteristics, identification based on the fermentation pattern within L. casei group (L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rahmnosus) has considerable limitation. On the other hand, members of L. casei group are genetically very closely related and sequencing of signature region is the most reliable and rapid method of differentiation. In this study, instead of sequencing entire 16S or 23S ribosomal RNA gene, we have sequenced 16s-23s rRNA intergenic spacer region and compared them across the members of L. casei group. We also compiled thirteen signature sequences within 16s-23s ISR rRNA gene of L. casei group members. Our isolated strain (L. paracasei ssp. paracasei-1) resembled 100% and 99% similarity when compared with 16s-23s rRNA intergenic spacer region of L. paracasei and L. casei respectively. Our study summarizes that sequencing of short 16s-23s rRNA intergenic spacer region carries great significance in identification of closely related probiotic bacteria such as the members of L. casei group. The findings of this research could be very much helpful for food and pharmaceutical industries who are dealing with probiotic bacteria.
ANTI-OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF HONEY AND ASCORBIC ACID IN YOGHURT FORTIFIED WITH OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
Authors: M.Wanjiku Murage , B.Nyambura Mbatia , E.Kirwa Muge , Mercy. W Mwaniki
Published: December 2016

Processing of Nile perch (Lates niloticus), a commercial fish in Eastern Africa; results in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) rich by-products. Oil derived from such by-products can be incorporated in commonly consumed foods; however, these fatty acids are highly susceptible to oxidation. Honey and ascorbic acid are natural anti-oxidants that could play a role in preventing lipid oxidation. In the current study, omega-3 rich oil was extracted from L. niloticus viscera and added to yoghurt samples. The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical and anti-oxidative parameters in honey and lemon juice and use them as antioxidants in the fortified yoghurt samples. Stability of the fortified yoghurt was monitored over one month storage period. Ascorbic acid Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (AEAC) of lemon juice and honey were 312 ± 2.34 and 197 ± 3.65 mg/L, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity showed that honey (86.16± 1.43%) tended to be highly active in the reaction with DPPH compared to lemon juice (71.29± 3.52%).After four weeks of storage, the peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV) and (free fatty acid) (FFA) contents were within the acceptable range with the honey fortified sample being most stable. The ascorbic acid content was highest in lemon juice fortified samples (30 mg/100g) while in honey fortified samples were below 1mg/100g. The pH in all the samples decreased slightly over time. Honey and lemon juice are therefore good natural anti-oxidants and their anti-oxidative potential can be utilized in the prevention of lipid oxidation in omega-3 fortified yoghurts.
QUALITY OF CHOK ANAN MANGO AS AFFECTED BY TAPIOCA-SAGO STARCH COATING SOLUTIONS STORED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Authors: F.L. Wong , Zaliha Wan W.S. , H. Yusnita
Published: December 2016

Chok Anan mango, a climacteric fruit, is easily susceptible to quality deterioration during storage. However, no research has been conducted related to the application of tapioca and sago starch coatings on Chok Anan mangoes. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the effect of tapioca-sago starch coating towards the quality of Chok Anan mango through storage. Hard matures Chok Anan mangoes (stage 2) were coated with different ratios of tapioca (T) and sago starch (S), i.e. 25%T: 75%S, 50%T: 50%S and 75%T: 25%S. Uncoated mangoes were served as the control. Coated and uncoated Chok Anan mangoes were packed in corrugated box to ripen at ambient temperature (27±2˚C) for 13 days. Starch analysis demonstrated that sago contained higher amylose (28.15%) than tapioca starch and thus a higher percentage of sago starch in the coating solution (25%T: 75%S) contributed to higher coating’s viscosity (75.90 cP). Analysis of coated mangoes exhibited significant better fruit quality as compared to the uncoated samples. Application of starch coating solutions with high percentage of sago starch (50%T: 50%S and 25%T: 75%S) were effectively delayed the increased of disease incidence, moisture loss and total soluble solids content as well as delayed the decreased of titratable acidity content during storage. Nevertheless, towards the final day of storage (day 13), no significant difference was shown in the peel color index, firmness and ascorbic acid content of Chok Anan mangoes between all coatings formulations applied.
EFFECT OF GAC FRUIT POWDER ON QUALITY AND NITROSATION ACTIVITY OF MEAT PRODUCT
Authors: Uearreeloet Pasakorn , Konsue Nattaya
Published: December 2016

Nitrite is important for meat product quality especially for color stabilization. However, toxicity of nitrite according to nitrosation reaction raises interest of many researchers. To improve the quality and safety of meat product, nitrite was substituted with freeze dried gac fruit aril (GP). Frankfurters were produced with the combination of 50-150 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 0-4% GP and stored at 4˚C. Color, pH and lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) were determined weekly for 4 weeks whereas sensorial qualities were evaluated after cold storage at 4˚C for one day. Aqueous determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) content was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at day zero before and after a two-step in vitro digestion. The results showed that replacement of nitrite with GP caused slightly increase in pH of frankfurter in a concentration dependent manner and falling of pH values were observed after 21 days storage. TBARS values also elevated but only when the highest level of GP (4%) was employed and storage time reached 28 days. Moreover, GP resulted in declining of L* (lightness) and greater of a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values of frankfurter which these were paralleled with increasing of color acceptability score evaluated by panelists. These color values were unchanged throughout storage period at 4% GP content. Finally, NDMA only occurred after in vitro digestion and tended to increase in the presence of GP. It can be concluded that GP successfully improved color stability and acceptability of frankfurter. However, over dose of GP incorporation (4%) led to increasing of lipid oxidation and nitrosation reaction.
QUANTITATIVE PROTEASE ASSAY BY SUBSTRATE-AGAROSE PLATE METHOD
Authors: U. Mokashe Narendra , K. Patil Ulhas
Published: December 2016

Proteases are unique class of industrial biocatalyst; occupy a key chair with respect to wide range of utility in both physiological and commercial sector. Repertoire of various enzyme assays were suggested for determining enzyme units of protease. Majority of currently reported assays are expensive, time consuming and cumbersome. In this direction, a development of speedy and sensitive quantitative enzyme assay for the characterization of proteases is highly desirable. The present investigation reported a quick method for characterization of proteases using single substrate-agarose plate method. A trypsin (obtained from bovine pancreas) and bacterial protease (serine protease of Bacillus circulans MTCC 7942) on subsequent interaction with proteinaceous substrate gives proteolytic zone on substrate-agarose plate. The clear zone diameter of proteolysis was directly proportional to enzyme units of protease. Furthermore, enzyme activities of protease treated with various chemical activator/inhibitor gives vis-à-vis response and yielded significant data. The biochemical characteristics of proteases are documented using rapid single substrate-agarose plate method. A rapid, sensitive and reliable improved quantitative protease assay using single substrate-agarose plate method could be used at academic, research and commercial level.
MICROBIAL LIPASES − PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: Priji Prakasan , Sajith Sreedharan , Abdul Faisal Panichikkal , Benjamin Sailas
Published: December 2016

Owing to wide spectrum of catalytic reactions both in aqueous and non-aqueous media, microbial lipases occupy an unquestionable position among the biocatalysts. The chemo-, regio- and enantio-specificities of lipases have contributed to their versatile applications in biotechnology. As far as global scenario is concerned, microbial lipases - especially from bacteria and fungi - contribute to the choice of interest to meet the commercial needs. At this context, this review critically looks into the major domains of microbial lipases with an industrial perspective, which include: properties, secretion and industrial applications with appropriate illustrations. Due to great specificity and versatility of the reactions catalyzed, lipases claim unique applications in various process and products industries engaged in food, dairy, fats and oils, detergency, tannery, pharmaceutics and cosmetics.
COMPARISON OF PREVALENCE AND GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN CATTLE AND SHEEP
Authors: Erol Irfan , Goncuoglu Muammer , Deniz Ayaz Naim , Seda Bilir Ormanci Fatma
Published: December 2016

In this study the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was detected by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) based cultivation technique and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in feces and/or colon tissue of cattle (n= 282) and sheep (n= 218) at slaughterhouse. The major virulence genes, intimin variants, Shiga toxin variants and antibiotic resistance genes of the isolates were examined by PCR and genomic diversity of the cattle and sheep E. coli O157:H7 isolates were assessed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In the present study the prevalence of E.coli O157:H7 was found higher in sheep (6.4 %) than in cattle (3.9 %). All the E.coli O157:H7 isolates were detected as positive for at least one stx gene and positive for other virulence genes. Twelve (29.3 %) and one (2.4 %) of the cattle isolates carried stx2 and stx1 gene, respectively. However 11 (17.7 %) of the sheep E. coli O157:H7 isolates carried stx2 and five (8.1 %) of the isolates harbored stx1 gene only. At least one antibiotic resistance gene was detected from 35 isolates. E. coli O157:H7 isolates from four sheep and three cattle harbored tetB gene. From three cattle and one sheep samples strA carrying E. coli O157:H7 were isolated. Among them, isolates from 2 cattle and one sheep samples were carried both tetB and strA. Isolates were grouped into six different clusters. From a cattle and a sheep, two different E. coli O157:H7 which have different PFGE patterns, were isolated. It can be concluded that sheep pose a risk as cattle for STEC O157:H7 contamination in Turkey.
IN VITRO EFFICACY OF BRACKET FUNGI FOR THEIR POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Parkash Vipin , Sharma Anita
Published: December 2016

This study was conceptualized to reveal the anti-microbial potential of bracket fungi, viz. - Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) Karst. and Polyporus officinalis (syn. Laricifomes officinalis) (Vill.) Fr. extracts through in vitro approach. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts were assessed against four phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus te¬rreus and Fusarium oxysporum) along with bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis). Ethanolic extract of G. lucidum had significant growth inhibition effect against A. solani, C. lunata, A. te¬rreus and F. oxysporum at 500ppm and 1000ppm concentrations. On the other hand, aqueous extract showed complete inhibition at 1000ppm and 500ppm concentrations against A. terreus and F. oxysporum. Ethanolic extract of P. officinalis, complete fungal growth inhibition was observed against A. solani and A. terreus at 1000ppm concentration while for C. lunata and F. oxysporum, complete inhibition was observed at 1000ppm and 250ppm concentration. Similarly, the aqueous extract of same bracket fungus, showed maximum inhibition of A. solani, A. terreus and F. oxysporum at 1000ppm concentration but C. lunata had maximum inhibition at 250ppm concentration. The antibacterial action of ethanolic extract of G. lucidum was observed against E. coli having inhibitory zone (0.09 mm) at 1000 ppm concentration and B. subtilis had inhibitory zone (0.05mm) at 250ppm concentration. But no inhibitory zones were observed in E. coli and B. subtilis with aqueous extract of G. lucidum. Whereas, the ethanolic extract of P. officinalis showed a maximum inhibitory zone (10 mm) at 1000 ppm concentration for E. coli and a remarkable inhibitory zone (0.2 mm) at 250 ppm concentration for B. subtilis. While an inhibitory zone (0.3 mm) was observed in E. coli at 250 ppm concentration of aqueous extract, but no inhibitory zone was observed for B. subtilis at any concentration of the aqueous extract of P. officinalis. Based on the study, it can be concluded that G. lucidum and P. officinalis are having considerable potential as anti-fungal and anti-bacterial action, respectively.
THERMOANALYTICAL STUDY OF ACECLOFENAC FORMULATIONS WITH REGULAR MAIZE STARCH AND WAXY MAIZE STARCH
Authors: Denck Colman Maristela , Da Silva Ramos Elaine , Soltovski de Oliveira Cristina , Andre Denck Colman Tiago , Schnitzler Egon
Published: December 2016

Production of tablets in pharmaceutical industry often is required to mixture the active ingredient (drug) with an inert material. Starch is shown as a good alternative material to be used as excipient. Thus, in this investigation the techniques: thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC as well as thermomicroscopy were performed with aim to verify existence of interactions between aceclofenac (2-[2-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino]phenyl]acetyl]oxalacetic) with regular maize starch and waxy maize starch. Binary and physical mixtures of aceclofenac and starch in ratios 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 (drug:starch) studied by the instrumental techniques showed that no interactions occurs between the drug and starches in any ratio, being maintained the properties of aceclofenac.
WASTE BIODEGRADATION AND UTILIZATION BY PSEUDOMONAS SPECIES
Authors: Savich Victoria , Novik Galina
Published: December 2016

Waste utilization is the global problem of modern society. Waste products display negative influence on environment and human health for a long time, consequently different methods have been developed for waste disposal. They include application of physical, chemical and biological degradation. Special interest is induced by using microbial cultures such as Pseudomonas. The article considers Pseudomonas genus as the effective key to the solution of relevant problem lifting adverse effects of toxic by-products. The studies revealed that pseudomonades due to metabolic and physiological diversity are able to degrade a wide range of compounds hazardous to living organisms. Indeed, during biodegradation bacteria produce secondary metabolites that can be used in medicine, industry, agriculture and bioremediation. Waste serves in this case as a cheap source of carbon and nitrogen. The genus possesses vast potential in both tackling contamination problems and production of valuable compounds for numerous applications.
Sweet Solutions to Reduce Procedural Pain in Neonates: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Harrison Denise , Larocque Catherine , Bueno Mariana , Stokes Yehudis , Turner Lucy , Hutton Brian , Stevens Bonnie
Published: December 2016

CONTEXT:

Abundant evidence of sweet taste analgesia in neonates exists, yet placebo-controlled trials continue to be conducted.

OBJECTIVE:

To review all trials evaluating sweet solutions for analgesia in neonates and to conduct cumulative meta-analyses (CMAs) on behavioral pain outcomes.

DATA SOURCES:

(1) Data from 2 systematic reviews of sweet solutions for newborns; (2) searches ending 2015 of CINAHL, Medline, Embase, and psychINFO.

DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS:

Two authors screened studies for inclusion, conducted risk-of-bias ratings, and extracted behavioral outcome data for CMAs. CMA was performed using random effects meta-analysis.

RESULTS:

One hundred and sixty-eight studies were included; 148 (88%) included placebo/no-treatment arms. CMA for crying time included 29 trials (1175 infants). From the fifth trial in 2002, there was a statistically significant reduction in mean cry time for sweet solutions compared with placebo (−27 seconds, 95% confidence interval [CI] −51 to −4). By the final trial, CMA was −23 seconds in favor of sweet solutions (95% CI −29 to −18). CMA for pain scores included 50 trials (3341 infants). Results were in favor of sweet solutions from the second trial (0.5, 95% CI −1 to −0.1). Final results showed a standardized mean difference of −0.9 (95% CI −1.1 to −0.7).

LIMITATIONS:

We were unable to use or obtain data from many studies to include in the CMA.

CONCLUSIONS:

Evidence of sweet taste analgesia in neonates has existed since the first published trials, yet placebo/no-treatment, controlled trials have continued to be conducted. Future neonatal pain studies need to select more ethically responsible control groups.
Socialización y cultura política de las mujeres en puestos de elección popular
Authors: Chávez Arellano María Eugenia , Vázquez García Verónica
Published: December 2016

En este documento abordamos las formas de socialización y cultura política propias de algunas mujeres que tuvieron cargos de representantes de alcaldías en municipios rurales del Estado de Tlaxcala, México. Partimos de que las formas de asumir y ejercer el poder están estrechamente ligadas a una cultura política que comienza a gestarse desde la familia y se afianza en diversos espacios de socialización como la escuela, los partidos políticos o los sindicatos. El análisis de este documento se basa en una serie de testimonios obtenidos de 14 mujeres que fueron presidentas municipales entre 1992 y 2010, periodo que enmarca el inicio de la alternancia política a nivel federal en México.
Midiendo la integración regional del Mercosur en sus 25 años
Authors: Olmedo Hernán
Published: December 2016

¿Cómo medir la integración regional de forma multidimensional? Este es el problema que ha orientado la realización de este trabajo. Si bien los estudiosos de la integración regional han construido distintos indicadores para su medición, han sido limitados los avances para la construcción de un indicador que permita medir un proceso de integración de manera multidimensional. Para avanzar en dicha dirección, este trabajo presenta el diseño de un índice de integración regional multidimensional, basado en la selección de variables necesarias, no suficientes, y que se encuentran articuladas con distintas aproximaciones sobre el fenómeno. Posterior al diseño del índice, el trabajo incluye una sección en la que se presentan los resultados más salientes de la aplicación del mismo al proceso de integración del Mercosur en sus 25 años de existencia. Por último, el trabajo presenta una conjetura explicativa de los limitados niveles de integración alcanzados en dicho proceso.
Migraciones de origen africano y sus conexiones diaspóricas: impactos socioculturales, económicos y políticos
Authors: Wabgou Maguemati
Published: December 2016

El artículo analiza las formas como las migraciones africanas son determinantes para la formación de las diásporas africanas, con el fin de aprehender la posibilidad de la consolidación de un mundo descentralizado, más allá de las fronteras y los limes fijos que encajan en la lógica del Estado-Nación. Se trata de examinar las migraciones diaspóricas de origen africano a lo largo de la historia, teniendo en cuenta esencialmente dos ejes temporales: la historia contemporánea del siglo XX y los tiempos de la esclavización (XV-XIX); igual que los impactos socioculturales, económicos y políticos estas diásporas africanas en sus países de acogida.
Thoughts on kinship at the citizenship office in South Sudan
Authors: Markó Ferenc Dávid
Published: December 2016

Building of a yearlong anthropological fieldwork inside the South Sudanese citizenship office, the paper elaborates the topic of the negotiated statehood through an analysis of the flexibility of kinship. As almost nobody in South Sudan posses genuine birth certificates, the new country struggles to verify the citizenship-applicants, and recognise the fraudulent applications. South Sudan introduced an ethnicity and kinship-based system. Each and every applicant has to arrive with a ‘next of kin’, an elder, blood-relative, to verify her life-story. These debates between verification officers and applicants open up a new space for kinship studies. The paper concludes, that nevertheless the continued flexibility of the meaning of kinship these situations cannot be understood without the normative basis of kinship.
“Up” and “Down”. “Zomia” and the Bru of the Central Vietnamese Highlands
Authors: Vargyas Gábor
Published: December 2016

The 2009 publication of J. Scott’s epoch-making book, The Art of Not Being Governed. An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia initiated a long-standing debate about the ethnohistory of the Southeast-Asian Highlands (“Zomia”) and, more generally, about lowland-highland relationships, “nativeness”, state evasion, self-government, and “secondary primitivism”. This article joins the discourse based on one concrete ethnographic example, the Bru, a Mon-Khmer speaking dry-rice cultivator hill tribe in the Central Vietnamese Highlands. Using detailed ethnographic and ethno-historic data, it argues that the Bru are, if not “native”, at least the oldest known inhabitants of the area inhabited by them — a fact that does not contradict Scott’s deep insight concerning their state evasion.
Variable husbandry and changing climate
Authors: Mészáros Csaba
Published: December 2016

The author focuses on the changing perception and use of alaases (round shaped meadows in thermocarst depressions) in a Central-Yakutian village community under the effect of global climate change. Households of the local cattle-economy before the collectivisation used to be located at alaases and had used small and disperse hayfields. Subsequent economic reforms in the Soviet era, and the process of decollectivisation (in the 1990s) distanced villagers from alaases. Therefore knowledge on alaas ecotope in the village has radically diminished.

In the 21st century environmental changes have had negative effect on the local agriculture and economy. Increase in annual precipitation, and in mean annual temperature resulted in the rapid humidification of permafrost soil, and the degradation of hayfields. Three factors expose today agricultural production in the village to ongoing climatic changes: low level of selfdependency in agricultural production, undiversified production of unprocessed raw material, and the vanishing concepts of local spiritual ecology. The author argues that anthropological research can effectively contribute to the mitigation of losses in Sakha cattle economy by studying traditional methods of land use and the perception of environment.
New technologies among Evenki hunter-gatherers in East Siberia
Authors: Safonova Tatiana , Sántha István
Published: December 2016

This article presents some results of the photographic analysis project, that we accomplish on the basis of 17,000 photos shot during the anthropological fieldwork between October 2008 and November 2009 among Evenki living in East Buryatia, in the Eastern part of Siberia. The aim of the project is to study the non-verbal patterns of culture. Some activities are significant due to the natural environment and the peripheral position of the Evenki land. Modern and old instruments can be seen together in the taiga, they relate to each other and form pairs. The existence of these pairs show the necessity of the co-presence of modern and old technologies and the importance of the categories — activities — tasks connected with them. An old instrument can remain among the Evenki only if an adaptable new instrument can find its place in the everyday life. Sometimes old practical skills also need to be reinvented for the accomplishment of a particular task. The things which have no modern existing pair, step by step lose their place and extinguish.
Cargo system, religion, and debates of community inclusion in a Mexican Nahua village
Authors: Szeljak György
Published: December 2016

The case study presents certain aspects of modernization and cultural changes in a small Nahua Indian village in Mexico. It investigates the local cargo system and its religious background; analyses the emergence of protestant denominations and its impact on the cargo system. Debates about locality, inclusion and exclusion, and the symbolic borders of the community are also discussed. The study is based on fieldwork conducted in the Huasteca hidalguense during the period 1996 and 2002.
Deterritorializing Dementia
Authors: De Lange Frits
Published: December 2016

One of John Swinton’s objectives in his recent book, Dementia: Living in the Memories of God (2012), is to “deterritorialize” dementia: dementia is not the privileged domain of the neurologist. Following Tom Kitwood (1997), Swinton argues that dementia is as much relational and social as it is neurological. But he does warn against the moral implications of a radical relational approach. The belief that people are kept in the memories of God offers the only adequate description and approach to dementia. This review will present Swinton’s argument and raise critical questions about his understanding of the hegemonic role of theology.
Supporting Spiritual Engagement for People Living with Dementia
Authors: Smeaton Emily , Maher Craig
Published: December 2016

The article lays out the results from an extensive literature review exploring the spiritual and religious lives of people living with dementia. The ways in which informal spiritual practices such as prayer, praise and worship can enhance people’s spiritual lives are outlined. Alongside formal spiritual practices the article highlights that more generically spiritual things such as finding meaning, forgiveness, acceptance, reminiscence and value are crucial dimensions of the spiritual lives of people living with dementia. It concludes by noting the importance of using a multi-sensory approach which enables individuals to connect with their spirituality in more concrete, tangible ways.
Święty Jan Paweł II – autorytet młodych
Authors: Drożdż Michał
Published: December 2016

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy autorytetu Jana Pawła II, widzianego z perspektywy ludzi młodych. Podstawowym warunkiem autorytetu jest życie w prawdzie. Być autorytetem − to być za autorytet uznanym. Autorytet ma to do siebie, że jest przede wszystkim wartością dla innych, i to jest istota autorytetu moralnego, być dla innych wartością w dobru i prawdzie. W takiej perspektywie dobra i prawdy widać autorytet Jana Pawła II, autorytet pielgrzyma, który stał się dla ludzi świadkiem Bożej miłości, i tą miłością przyciągał do Boga wielkie rzesze młodych ludzi w czasie Światowych Dni Młodzieży.
Does Facebook, Twitter, Instagram influence well­‑being and self­‑esteem among early adolescents?
Authors: Mierzwa Janusz , Jurjewicz Hubert
Published: December 2016

Social media has forever changed how we interact with the world. In many ways, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and the like have become an integral part of our individual identities. This is particularly true in adolescent and young adult populations. Social scientists are just beginning to understand the interplay between social media use and individual mental health. Research has demonstrated both negative and positive effects of social media use on wellbeing.
Radość i udręczenie proroka – ekspresja przekazu Piotra Natanka na temat odrodzenia Kościoła. Studium z socjologii emocji
Authors: Tułowiecki Dariusz
Published: December 2016

Zjawiska cudowne są elementem religijności. W owe nadzwyczajności wpisane są objawienia prywatne oraz charyzmatyczne postacie proroków­‑interpretatorów objawień. Na polskim gruncie za takiego proroka i interpretatora przesłań Boga uważa się ks. Piotr Natanek. Prowadzi on swój ośrodek religijny koło Makowa Podhalańskiego oraz publikuje swe przesłania w telewizji internetowej. Analiza jednego z cyklów kazań poświęconych sytuacji Kościoła, w kluczu socjologii emocji, pozwala wyodrębnić i skategoryzować emocje przekazywane przez proroka z Grzechyni. W analizowanym cyklu kazań „Kościół płonie” Piotr Natanek określa własne emocje wobec nadanego mu statusu wybrańca Bożego oraz wobec sytuacji na świecie i w Kościele, emocje Boga wobec Kościoła, emocje duchownych wobec Boga, emocje własne wobec odstępstw w Kościele, emocje odnawiających Kościół i klimat prześladowania tych, których Bóg wybrał do specjalnych zadań odnowy. Emocje te zostały pogrupowane według kategoryzacji Jonathana H. Turnera, a na bazie tej typologii dokonano próby oszacowania emocjonalnego oddziaływania Piotr Natanka na słuchaczy.
Funkcje badawcze w metodologii projektowania systemów organizacyjnych
Authors: Stabryła Adam
Published: December 2016

The paper presents the characteristics of the key research functions which constitute the methodological foundation of organisational design. The following key functions are described: identification, modelling, diagnosis, prospective analysis, and project decision-making. The following issues are discussed: the science of design in the context of organisational approaches and methodologies, the characteristics of key research functions, corrective and base designing, and specific research and administrative functions in the designing and implementation process.
Metodyka metaanalizy – egzemplifikacja wykorzystania w naukach o zarządzaniu
Authors: Walecka Anna , Zakrzewska-Bielawska Agnieszka
Published: December 2016

The paper discusses meta-analysis and its uses in management science. The first part presents the essence of the method, its main characteristics and its various stages as a procedure, with particular emphasis on the effects of different measures it uses. The next part of the paper introduces selected examples of the use of meta-analysis to examine problems in management science. Three of them are discussed in detail, each with a different aim for adopting this method. The summary indicates the main limitation of the use of meta-analysis as a research method and describes the direction of its methodological development.