bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of potentially zoonotic Giardia duodenalis in pigs in Shanghai, China
Authors: Liu Hua , Xu Ning , Yin Jianhai , Yuan Zhongying , Shen Yujuan , Cao Jianping
Published: May 2019

Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal parasite in humans and other mammals, and it causes major public and veterinary health problems worldwide. China is a major pig-raising country, and studies on Giardia in pigs have important public health significance. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Giardia and assess its genetic characterization. A total of 93 samples were collected from two farms in Shanghai. The presence of Giardia was determined using PCR and sequence analysis of glutamate dehydrogenase, beta-giardin and triose phosphate isomerase genes. The average prevalence of G. duodenalis infection was 26.88% (25/93) in the pigs, with 28.13% (18/64) in farm 1 vs 24.14% (7/29) in farm 2. All the PCR-positive products were successfully sequenced, and assemblage E was more prevalent. Zoonotic assemblages A and B and canine-specific assemblage C were identified in farm 1, whereas, only assemblage E was detected in farm 2. Interestingly, two pig isolates showed 100% homology with human-derived isolates from Australia and China at the bg and tpi loci respectively. Pigs infected with Giardia infect humans by polluting the environment; whether pigs are a potential environmental source of the human pathogen in China requires more epidemiological data.
Dynamic interpersonal therapy for moderate to severe depression: a pilot randomized controlled and feasibility trial
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Lemma Alessandra , Target Mary , O'Keeffe Sally , Constantinou Matthew P. , Ventura Wurman Tamara , Luyten Patrick , Allison Elizabeth , Roth Anthony , Cape John , Pilling Stephen
Published: May 2019

Background

Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services treat most patients in England who present to primary care with major depression. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is one of the psychotherapies offered. Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) is a psychodynamic and mentalization-based treatment for depression. 16 sessions are delivered over approximately 5 months. Neither DIT's effectiveness relative to low-intensity treatment (LIT), nor the feasibility of randomizing patients to psychodynamic or cognitive-behavioural treatments (CBT) in an IAPT setting has been demonstrated.

Methods

147 patients were randomized in a 3:2:1 ratio to DIT (n = 73), LIT (control intervention; n = 54) or CBT (n = 20) in four IAPT treatment services in a combined superiority and feasibility design. Patients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder were assessed at baseline, mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months) using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-17), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and other self-rated questionnaire measures. Patients receiving DIT were also followed up 6 months post-completion.

Results

The DIT arm showed significantly lower HRSD-17 scores at the 6-month primary end-point compared with LIT (d = 0.70). Significantly more DIT patients (51%) showed clinically significant change on the HRSD-17 compared with LIT (9%). The DIT and CBT arms showed equivalence on most outcomes. Results were similar with the BDI-II. DIT showed benefit across a range of secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

DIT delivered in a primary care setting is superior to LIT and can be appropriately compared with CBT in future RCTs.
Membranes and Transport Systems in Plants: An Overview
Authors: Briskin Donald P.
Published: May 2019

Membranes define the outer boundary of the living protoplast and the internal compartmentation of plant cells. From a structural point of view, membranes consist of a lipid bilayer and proteins essential for functions such as solute transport, signal transduction, and numerous metabolic reactions. While membranes can represent a significant barrier to the free movement of many solutes, those with sufficient lipid solubility may move across membranes by dissolving into the lipid bilayer. However, selective membrane transport is generally observed for hydrophilic solutes such as mineral nutrients and cell metabolites. Such selective transport requires an input of metabolic energy, and in plants this occurs via the production of proton electrochemical gradients across the membrane by substrate- (ex. ATP, PPi) driven proton pumps. Selective solute transport is then mediated by membrane-associated secondary transport systems which utilize the proton electrochemical gradient to drive the transport process. This review of membrane structure and transport system function provides a background for a further examination of herbicide interactions with plant membranes.
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Competition and Economic Thresholds in Conventional- and No-Tillage Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Cardina John , Regnier Emilie , Sparrow Denise
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted in conventional and no-tillage corn in 1990, 1991, and 1992 at Wooster, OH, to measure corn yield and velvetleaf seed production in response to density of early and late emerging velvetleaf, and to estimate economic thresholds. The percent reduction in corn yield fit a hyperbolic function over velvetleaf densities from 1 to 30 plants m2. The percent yield loss and velvetleaf seed production were higher in a warm, wet year (1990) than in a dry (1991) or cold, wet year (1992). The percent corn yield reduction was generally greater in no-tillage than in conventional tillage and from early rather than late emerging velvetleaf. Maximum velvetleaf seed production ranged from about 18,000 seeds m2for early emerging weeds in no-tillage in 1990 to 100 seeds m2for late emerging weeds in no-tillage in 1992. The single year economic threshold for early emerging velvetleaf ranged from 0.40 to 14.0 velvetleaf m2in conventional tillage and 0.13 to 3.13 in no-tillage. Economic thresholds that were predicted using yield goal information deviated from actual thresholds (using actual yields) for a given year by −43 to 30%. Single year economic thresholds were similar in both tillage treatments, but their value for management decisions is questionable due to variation among growing seasons and weed seed production from subthreshold populations.
Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow of Sulfonylurea-Resistant Kochia (Kochia scoparia)
Authors: Stallings George P. , Thill Donald C. , Mallory-Smith Carol A. , Shafii Bahman
Published: May 2019

The movement of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant (R) kochia pollen was investigated in a spring barley field near Moscow, ID, using a Nelder plot design in 1991 and 1992. Each 61 m diameter plot had 16 rays spaced 22.5° apart and contained 211 kochia plants. There were 12 susceptible (S) plants and one R plant along each ray. The R and S plants were 1.5 m and 3.0 to 30.5 m from the center of the plot, respectively. Wind direction and speed in the 16 vectors, air and soil temperature, and rainfall were monitored continuously. Mature kochia seed was collected from individual plants, planted in the greenhouse, and sprayed with chlorsulfuron to test for resistant F1progeny. Results from the 2-yr study showed outcrossing of R pollen onto S plants at rates up to 13.1% per plant 1.5 m from the R plants and declining to 1.4% per plant or less 29 m from the R plants. At least 35% of the total R x S crosses occurred in the direction of prevailing southeastward winds. Predicted percentages of R x S crosses per plant ranged from 0.16 to 1.29 at 1.5 m, and 0.00 to 0.06% at 29 m. Thus, resistant kochia pollen can spread the sulfonylurea-resistant trait at least 30 m during each growing season.
Clomazone for Weed Control in Transplanted Cole Crops (Brassica oleracea)
Authors: Scott Jon E. , Weston Leslie A. , Jones R. Terry
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted at Lexington and Quicksand, KY, in 1989 and 1990 to determine the effect of preplant incorporated clomazone on weed control, crop injury, and yield of broccoli, cauliflower, green cabbage, red cabbage, and pak choi. Oxyfluorfen and trifluralin were included as standard treatments. Greater than 80% weed control was observed at both locations with 0.8 kg ai ha−1clomazone, with the exception of smooth pigweed at Lexington. All clomazone treatments caused crop injury 2 WAT. Injury was still evident 8 WAT at clomazone rates of 1.7 and 3.4 kg ha−1, but was minor with rates of 0.8 kg ha−1or less on broccoli, cauliflower, and red cabbage. Injury was less at Quicksand in both years and seasons over all clomazone rates, most likely due to higher soil organic matter content Yields of broccoli and cauliflower treated with 0.8 kg ha−1clomazone were similar to yields with oxyfluorfen on a 3% organic matter soil at Lexington in 1989. However, clomazone at 0.8 kg ha−1at Lexington reduced 1989 spring yields of green cabbage, red cabbage, and pak choi and 1990 spring yields of all cole crops as compared to oxyfluorfen. Clomazone at 0.8 kg ha−1at Quicksand reduced yield of green cabbage and pak choi in spring 1990 only on a 5.2% organic matter soil. Fall yields of broccoli and cauliflower in both years were not reduced by clomazone at 0.8 kg ha−1or less at either location. Our studies indicated potential for utilization of clomazone on cole crops in higher organic matter soils, especially if some early season crop injury and occasional yield loss can be tolerated.
Isozyme Variation in Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae)
Authors: Hou Yanglin , Sterling Tracy M.
Published: May 2019

Broom snakeweed, a perennial rangeland shrub, is highly variable morphologically and can grow under a broad range of environmental conditions. In this study, isozyme analysis using starch gel electrophoresis was used to quantify genetic variability within and among New Mexico populations of broom snakeweed. Eight separate populations of broom snakeweed and one population of threadleaf snakeweed as a comparison were investigated. of the 10 enzyme systems examined, 16 loci were identified in eight populations and two species. Eleven loci were monomorphic in eight populations and two species and five loci were polymorphic in at least one population or species. Genetic variability was large in broom and threadleaf snakeweed populations as determined by isozyme analysis. Genetic variability among broom snakeweed populations was greater than that within populations for the five polymorphic loci. Cluster analysis of genetic distance and identity for the eight populations and two species characterized two major groups. Within broom snakeweed, cluster analysis characterized five groups. The two species shared most common alleles. The genetic variation identified in this research may account for the morphological differences and broad geographical distribution of broom snakeweed.
NET NUTRITION INEQUALITY IN ARGENTINA, 1875–1950: NEW EVIDENCE AND SOME CONJECTURES
Authors: Salvatore Ricardo D.
Published: May 2019

Using the coefficient of variations for heights, this paper examines the evolution of net nutrition inequality in Argentina from 1875 to 1950. It uses various samples of recruits and soldiers, previously gathered by the author. Evidence points to two important findings: (a) export-led growth led to stable or declining net-nutrition inequality; while import-substituting industrialisation generated significant net nutrition inequality; and (b) the highest levels of inequality in net nutrition took place during this latter phase in large urban, industrialised areas.
THE NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE: REAL WAGES AND WELFARE IN BRAZIL DURING THE EARLY 20THCENTURY
Authors: Zamberlan Pereira Thales Augusto
Published: May 2019

What was the degree of Brazil's regional inequality in living standards during the first decades of the 20thcentury? This paper presents municipal and state information on wages and prices in order to build welfare ratios for skilled and unskilled workers between 1912 and 1940. Despite the significant differences in nominal wages and costs of living throughout the country, real wage differentials remained lower than those estimated by earlier studies. Williamson (1999) argued that real wages in the Southeast were approximately six times higher than in the Northeast during the 1930s. The new evidence in this paper suggests that wages were on average only 1.5 times higher.
Towards the corpus revolution? Bridging the research–practice gap
Authors: Chambers Angela
Published: May 2019

Although there is a large and increasing body of research on the use of corpus data by language teachers and learners, the language teachers in question are also the researchers reporting on their use of corpora with their own learners. There is thus a gap, which this plenary speech addresses, between this research and the practice of language teachers who are not corpus linguists. After a brief account of the successful integration of corpus data in the production of language learning resources such as dictionaries, grammars and course books, the potential benefits of having direct access to corpora by teachers and learners are discussed. Following this, a number of publications on the use of corpora in the language classroom, both in higher education and at secondary level, are examined, focussing on how easy or difficult it would be for teachers to replicate the use of corpus data in their own classrooms. This leads to a final section where possible solutions to the research–practice gap are considered, involving language teacher education, publishers of course books, and research involving the use of corpora in the classroom by language teachers who are not also corpus linguists.
Snap-fit Assembly Process with Industrial Robot Including Force Feedback
Authors: Rónai László , Szabó Tamás
Published: May 2019

This paper investigates a battery snap-in operation performed by an industrial robot. The snap-fit phenomenon is experienced during the insertion of batteries into the battery holder. In order to understand the nature of the snap-fit phenomenon, the large displacement but small deformation theory is used to model the insertion operation. The stability of equilibrium points is analysed in order to determine the so-called trip point. The purpose of the investigation is to augment the displacement control of the robot with force feedback. A microcontroller-based measurement system is implemented to provide the force feedback. The proposed method is valid for a class of snap-fit problems not only for the investigated specific one.
Experienced Korean primary teachers’ perceptions of their difficulties in music classes
Authors: Shin Jihae
Published: May 2019

Because the importance of experienced teachers is growing, retaining experienced music teachers has become a major issue among educators. Therefore, it is necessary to listen attentively to what kinds of difficulties experienced music teachers perceive and to think about how to help these teachers so that they can successfully perform in their own music classes. The purpose of this study was to explore the difficulties in music classes that experienced Korean primary teachers perceived. The results of this study indicated that the teachers showed concerns regarding their own musical abilities, traditional Korean music, and students’ motivations for music learning. Implications of the findings for music teacher support are provided.
INFERENCE ON A SEMIPARAMETRIC MODEL WITH GLOBAL POWER LAW AND LOCAL NONPARAMETRIC TRENDS
Authors: Gao Jiti , Linton Oliver , Peng Bin
Published: May 2019

We consider a model with both a parametric global trend and a nonparametric local trend. This model may be of interest in a number of applications in economics, finance, ecology, and geology. We first propose two hypothesis tests to detect whether two nested special cases are appropriate. For the case where both null hypotheses are rejected, we propose an estimation method to capture certain aspects of the time trend. We establish consistency and some distribution theory in the presence of a large sample. Moreover, we examine the proposed hypothesis tests and estimation methods through both simulated and real data examples. Finally, we discuss some potential extensions and issues when modelling time effects.
INCIDENTAL VOCABULARY LEARNING THROUGH LISTENING TO SONGS
Authors: Pavia Niousha , Webb Stuart , Faez Farahnaz
Published: May 2019

Research investigating incidental vocabulary learning through listening to songs has primarily relied on participant’s self-report surveys on listening behaviors and its relationship with their vocabulary knowledge (Kuppens, 2010). Only one experimental study has investigated vocabulary learning gains from listening to songs (Medina, 1993). From the results, the researcher concluded that learning does occur from listening to songs. However, the learning gains were not provided. The present study investigated incidental learning of three vocabulary knowledge dimensions (spoken-form recognition, form-meaning connection, and collocation recognition) through listening to two songs. The effects of repeated listening to a single song (one, three, or five times) and the relationship between frequency of exposure to the targeted vocabulary items and learning gains were also explored. The results indicated that (a) listening to songs contributed to vocabulary learning, (b) repeated listening had a positive effect on vocabulary gains, and (c) frequency of exposure positively affected learning gains.
Octogenarians with Multiple Sclerosis: Lessons for Aging in Place
Authors: Downer Matthew B. , Wallack Elizabeth M. , Ploughman Michelle ,   the Health, Lifestyle, and Aging with MS Canadian Consortium
Published: May 2019

Les facteurs de protection retrouvés chez des octogénaires atteints de sclérose en plaques (SP) vivant à domicile ont été comparés à ceux d’individus sans SP du même groupe d’âge et de personnes moins âgées atteintes de SP. Les données provenant des octogénaires atteints de SP (n = 23) et d’un groupe de répondants plus jeunes avec cette maladie (n = 61) ont été tirées d’une enquête canadienne sur le vieillissement avec SP. Les données des groupes avec SP ont été comparées aux statistiques nationales d’octogénaires de la population générale. Les octogénaires avec SP présentaient plus d’incapacités et une prévalence plus élevée de troubles de l’humeur, mais étaient physiquement plus actifs que la population d’octogénaires de l’enquête canadienne. Les octogénaires avec SP ont déclaré éprouver moins de stress et de fatigue que le groupe d’individus plus jeunes avec SP. Bien que la différence d’âge entre les deux groupes avec SP soit d’une dizaine d’années, ces groupes ont rapporté des niveaux similaires de soutien social, d’aisance financière, d’incapacité physique et de participation. Le maintien d’appuis solides (sociaux et financiers), d’une attitude positive, la pratique d’activité physique et la participation aux activités quotidiennes peuvent contribuer au vieillissement dans la collectivité chez les individus avec SP, malgré les défis amenés par cette maladie.
Resting state coupling between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex is related to household income in childhood and indexes future psychological vulnerability to stress
Authors: Hanson Jamie L. , Albert W. Dustin , Skinner Ann T. , Shen Shutian H. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Lansford Jennifer E.
Published: May 2019

While child poverty is a significant risk factor for poor mental health, the developmental pathways involved with these associations are poorly understood. To advance knowledge about these important linkages, the present study examined the developmental sequelae of childhood exposure to poverty in a multiyear longitudinal study. Here, we focused on exposure to poverty, neurobiological circuitry connected to emotion dysregulation, later exposure to stressful life events, and symptoms of psychopathology. We grounded our work in a biopsychosocial perspective, with a specific interest in “stress sensitization” and emotion dysregulation. Motivated by past work, we first tested whether exposure to poverty was related to changes in the resting-state coupling between two brain structures centrally involved with emotion processing and regulation (the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex; vmPFC). As predicted, we found lower household income at age 10 was related to lower resting-state coupling between these areas at age 15. We then tested if variations in amygdala–vmPFC connectivity interacted with more contemporaneous stressors to predict challenges with mental health at age 16. In line with past reports showing risk for poor mental health is greatest in those exposed to early and then later, more contemporaneous stress, we predicted and found that lower vmPFC–amygdala coupling in the context of greater contemporaneous stress was related to higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. We believe these important interactions between neurobiology and life history are an additional vantage point for understanding risk and resiliency, and suggest avenues for prediction of psychopathology related to early life challenge.
Tuning of brain–autonomic coupling by prior threat exposure: Implications for internalizing problems in Mexican-origin adolescents
Authors: Weissman David G. , Guyer Amanda E. , Ferrer Emilio , Robins Richard W. , Hastings Paul D.
Published: May 2019

Exposure to threat increases the risk for internalizing problems in adolescence. Deficits in integrating bodily cues into representations of emotion are thought to contribute to internalizing problems. Given the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in regulating bodily responses and integrating them into representations of emotional states, coordination between activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and autonomic nervous system responses may be influenced by past threat exposure with consequences for the emergence of internalizing problems. A sample of 179 Mexican-origin adolescents (88 female) reported on neighborhood and school crime, peer victimization, and discrimination when they were 10–16 years old. At age 17, participants underwent a functional neuroimaging scan during which they viewed pictures of emotional faces while respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance responses were measured. Adolescents also reported symptoms of internalizing problems. Greater exposure to threats across adolescence was associated with more internalizing problems. Threat exposure was also associated with stronger negative coupling between the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and RSA. Stronger negative ventromedial prefrontal cortex–RSA coupling was associated with fewer internalizing problems. These results suggest the degree of coordinated activity between the brain and parasympathetic nervous system is both enhanced by threat experiences and decreased in adolescents with more internalizing problems.
Tracking Proto-Porcelain Production and Consumption in the Dongjiang Valley of Bronze Age Lingnan
Authors: Demandt Michèle H.S.
Published: May 2019

During the Early-Middle Bronze Age, a new package of technological knowledge, including high-fired ‘proto-porcelain’ products and specialized ‘dragon’ kilns, entered Lingnan in South China from neighbouring cultures. This enabled the first local production of proto-porcelain in Bronze Age communities of Guangdong province that later became concentrated in ceramic workshops in the Dongjiang valley. Through a holistic approach towards ceramic production and consumption that integrates elements of functionalist and social perspectives, this study will explore the technological and socio-political conditions underlying the value creation and consequent social usage of proto-porcelain. It will be argued that proto-porcelain was a suitable medium for the simultaneous expression of different social roles that might have included its use as serving ware in community rituals as well as its involvement in politico-economic strategies of elite groups.
From Fordist to neo-liberal urban spaces in times of de-industrialization: a conceptual frame for a complex relationship
Authors: Neumann Arndt
Published: May 2019

How did the complex relationship between working worlds and urban spaces change in Hamburg in times of de-industrialization? To answer this question, I focus on Hamburg's history from 1960 to 2008. Starting from the idea of a cumulative structural break, I develop a typology of Fordist and neo-liberal urban spaces and distinguish seven dimensions of change: from international division of labour to globalization, from industrial production to creativity, from rationalization to digitalization, from centralization to networks, from functional zoning to blurred boundaries, from social security to precarity and from suburbanization to the renaissance of the inner city. Finally, I consider whether this typology is valid for other European cities.
EXCHANGE RATE PASS-THROUGH INTO INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC PRICES: AN ANALYSIS WITH INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Saygılı Hülya , Saygılı Mesut
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the heterogeneity of exchange rate pass-through into industry-specific import, producer, and consumer prices. Results show that depending on the imported input contents, price responsiveness to the aggregate and relative exchange rate changes displays significant differences. We found that direct exchange rate impacts are more significant than indirect effects. The importance of the indirect effects is largely influenced from energy, basic metal, and chemical industries that provide intermediate inputs to others. The time horizon plays a role in the transition process: exchange rate pass-through tends to get stronger and spread to different price indices over time. The short-run impacts of aggregate exchange rate changes are not significant, while relative exchange rate changes partially transmit to producer and consumer prices in low-import content industries. In the long run direct impacts of both aggregate and relative exchange rates are significant on import prices in all industries and producer prices in high-import content industries. Another interesting finding is that the relative and aggregate exchange rate changes have opposing impacts on domestic prices: asymmetric information about industry-specific exchange rates can create pricing opportunities.
Three Wrongs Do Not Make a Right: The Conundrum of the US Steel and Aluminum Tariffs
Authors: LEE YONG-SHIK
Published: May 2019

In March 2018, the United States enacted tariff increases on a vast range of imported steel and aluminum products. The Trump administration cited national security concerns as the justification, claiming an exception under GATT Article XXI. In response to these tariffs, several WTO Members, including the European Union, Canada, Mexico, China, Russia, and Turkey, adopted their own tariffs against imports from the United States, justifying their tariffs under the WTO Agreement on Safeguards. Other Members, such as South Korea, Brazil, and Argentina opted for quota agreements on these exports with the United States in exchange for exemption from the tariffs. This article argues that none of these measures is consistent with WTO rules. The sweeping tariffs that the United States have adopted, the retaliatory measures that several Members have implemented, and the bilateral quota agreements that three Members concluded with the United States are indeed ‘three wrongs’ that do not make a right, but rather endanger the stability of the international trading system under WTO legal disciplines.
The Category Game and its Impact on Street-Level Bureaucrats and Jobseekers: An Australian Case Study
Authors: O’Sullivan Siobhan , McGann Michael , Considine Mark
Published: May 2019

A key question concerning the marketisation of employment services is the interaction between performance management systems and frontline client-selection practices. While the internal sorting of clients for employability by agencies has received much attention, less is known about how performance management shapes official categorisation practices at the point of programme referral. Drawing on case studies of four Australian agencies, this study examines the ways in which frontline staff contest how jobseekers are officially classified by the benefit administration agency. With this assessment pivotal in determining payment levels and activity requirements, we find that reassessing jobseekers so they are moved to a more disadvantaged category, suspended, or removed from the system entirely have become major elements of casework. These category manoeuvres help to protect providers from adverse performance rankings. Yet, an additional consequence is that jobseekers are rendered fully or partially inactive, within the context of a system designed to activate.
Sorghum resistant to the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Homoptera: Aphididae), in Botswana and Zimbabwe
Authors: Teetes G. L. , Manthe C. S. , Peterson G. C. , Leuschner K. , Pendleton B. B.
Published: May 2019

Seedlings of 462 sorghum lines were screened to identify resistance to the sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner). About 7% of the lines exhibited resistance in the seedling stage in greenhouse trials. In an advanced screening experiment, 12 sorghum lines had resistance ratings of 1.0–3.0 (highly resistant or resistant). In a similar test, older and larger plants of the same lines were as resistant as in the seedling stage. Lines IS12664C, IS12609C, IS12158C, and IS12661C were highly resistant in preliminary and advanced screening trials. Antixenosis was shown to be a mechanism of resistance. Sorghum lines IS12664C, IS1144C, IS1598C, and IS12661C were less preferred than ‘Mtode’, a susceptible sorghum. Based on greenhouse and field trials, antibiosis adversely affected aphid longevity, days reproducing, and progeny production. On the least antibiotic sorghums, longevity, days reproducing, and number of nymphs produced were as high as 13.7, 6.0, and 26.6, respectively. On the most antibiotic sorghums, these values were 4.5, 0.0, and 0.0. Resistance appeared to be controlled by a dominant gene, but there were indications of modifiers linked to major genes.
DOHaD – the challenge of translating the science to policy
Authors: Hanson M. A. , Poston L. , Gluckman P. D.
Published: May 2019

The DOHaD Society has passed its 10th birthday, so it seems an appropriate time to reflect on what has been achieved and the Society’s aspirations. At the 10th International Congress in Rotterdam in November 2017, Peter Gluckman (the Society’s first President) delivered a plenary lecture entitled ‘DOHaD – addressing the science-policy nexus: a reality check’; in opening the Congress, Mark Hanson (second, and outgoing President) not only highlighted the success of the Society but also the challenges it now faces in achieving impact for its work in the global health arena, that is beyond the research agenda; and in assuming the role of third President, Lucilla Poston highlighted the need for the Society to grasp opportunities to change healthcare policy, while persevering with basic research and well-planned intervention studies. In this review we summarize the points made in these three presentations and issue a call to action to the membership to take up the challenge of taking the Society’s work to the next level of translating science to policy.
Interventions to Reduce Internalized Stigma in individuals with Mental Illness: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alonso Marta , Guillén Ana Isabel , Muñoz Manuel
Published: May 2019

Internalized stigma has a high prevalence in people with mental health problems and is associated with negative consequences in different areas: work, social, personal, etc. Therefore, it is relevant to systematically study the characteristics and effectiveness of the different psychological and psychosocial interventions aimed at reducing it. Through the databases MEDLINE and PsycINFO, among others, controlled studies on specific interventions to reduce internalized stigma in people with severe mental disorders published between 2008 and 2018 were selected and reviewed. Results showed that the interventions can be grouped into four blocks: (a) psychoeducational interventions about stigma; (b) cognitive-behavioral interventions, mainly aimed at modifying self-stigmatizing beliefs; (c) interventions focused on the revelation of mental illness; and (d) multicomponent interventions that combine several of the above. The interventions had an average of 10 sessions and were predominantly applied in group format. In 9 of the 14 studies reviewed, significant results were obtained in the reduction of internalized stigma with small or moderate effect sizes. There were also significant improvements in other variables, such as subjective recovery or coping. The main methodological limitation of the studies reviewed was the absence of information on the rejection rate. We conclude that there are effective interventions aimed at reducing internalized stigma, with psychoeducational interventions on stigma and multicomponent interventions showing the best results. Cognitive-behavioral interventions and interventions based on disclosure have been studied to a lesser extent and their results are inconclusive. Future research should focus on establishing optimal interventions according to characteristics and objectives of individuals.
Meilensteine der Motorischen Verhaltensforschung
Authors: Schott Nadja , Rudisch Julian , Voelcker-Rehage Claudia
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Forschung zum motorischen Verhalten hat eine lange Tradition, wobei eine Vielzahl von Forschern zu einem breiten und tiefgehenden Verständnis des Themas beigetragen haben. Der Erkenntnisgewinn und Fortschritt in der Theorieentwicklung innerhalb des Feldes war zudem meist nicht-linear, sondern gezeichnet durch schnelle Wachstumsphasen nach der Veröffentlichung wichtiger Forschungsartikel und neuer theoretischer Perspektiven. Diese veränderten die Art und Weise wie wir das motorische Verhalten heute konzipieren; und sie sind noch nicht abgeschlossen. Wir werden einige der innovativsten und wirkungsvollsten Theorien und Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des motorischen Verhaltens (untergliedert in die drei Hauptbereiche Entwicklung, Kontrolle und Lernen) des letzten Jahrhunderts skizzieren und diskutieren. Darüber hinaus werden wir frühe, wegweisende Forschungsarbeiten vorstellen, die wir für unverzichtbar für das Studium der Motorikforschung halten. Der Blick zurück soll uns erlauben, eine Richtung für die Zukunft zu zeichnen und zu diskutieren. Diese Forschungsthemen können und werden (hoffentlich) in den nächsten Jahrzehnten in vielen Bereichen der Gesellschaft, einschließlich des Sports und der Bewegungswissenschaft, der Robotikforschung und der Klinik, einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung einer gesunden Lebenswelt haben.
Understanding Sea Level Change in the South Pacific During the Late 20th Century and Early 21st Century
Authors: Albrecht F. , Pizarro O. , Montecinos A. , Zhang X.
Published: May 2019

A spatially nonuniform sea level rise was observed in the South Pacific with high trends of up to 8 mm/year in the southwest subtropical Pacific and much lower values in the eastern ocean during the 1993 to 2015 altimetry data period. Negative trends were observed further south. In recent decades, these trends have been interpreted as a spin‐up of subtropical gyre circulation. Here an analysis of altimetry data and data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 is presented, which attempts to separate natural climate variability from sea level changes. In order to quantify the impact of natural variability, a multiple linear regression was performed between sea level and dominant climate indices in the region, with the latter representing interannual to interdecadal climate variability. Our results indicate that the observed pattern cannot completely be explained by the climate modes but that a large residual trend remains.
Modeling the 1783–1784 Laki Eruption in Iceland: 2. Climate Impacts
Authors: Zambri Brian , Robock Alan , Mills Michael J. , Schmidt Anja
Published: May 2019

The Laki eruption in Iceland, which began in June 1783, was followed by many of the typical climate responses to volcanic eruptions: suppressed precipitation and drought, crop failure, and surface cooling. In contrast to the observed cooling in 1784–1786, the summer of 1783 was anomalously warm in Western Europe, with July temperatures reaching more than 3 K above the mean. However, the winter of 1783–1784 in Europe was as cold as 3 K below the mean. While climate models generally reproduce the surface cooling and decreased rainfall associated with volcanic eruptions, model studies have failed to reproduce the extreme warming in western Europe that followed the Laki eruption. As a result of the inability to reproduce the anomalous warming, the question remains as to whether this phenomenon was a response to the eruption or merely an example of internal climate variability. Using the Community Earth System Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, we investigate the “Laki haze” and its effect on Northern Hemisphere climate in the 12 months following the eruption onset. We find that the warm summer of 1783 was a result of atmospheric blocking over Northern Europe, which in our model cannot be attributed to the eruption. In addition, the extremely cold winter of 1783–1784 was aided by an increased likelihood of an El Niño after the eruption. Understanding the causes of these anomalies is important not only for historical purposes but also for understanding and predicting possible climate responses to future high‐latitude volcanic eruptions.
Underground Robots: How Robotics Is Changing the Mining Industry
Authors: Chakravorty Adityarup
Published: May 2019

From exploring flooded sites to providing alerts, use of robotics aims to “increase the arsenal of tools that can help miners work more safely and efficiently.”
Study Will Examine Risks and Benefits of Climate Interventions
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: May 2019

A National Academies committee is working to develop a research agenda for geoengineering strategies that reflect sunlight to cool Earth.
Ce/Mo and Molybdenum Isotope Systematics in Subduction‐Related Orogenic Potassic Magmas of Central‐Southern Italy
Authors: Casalini M. , Avanzinelli R. , Tommasini S. , Elliott T. , Conticelli S.
Published: May 2019

Several recent studies have employed variations in the concentration and isotopic composition of molybdenum as tracers of igneous processes. In this study we present new Mo concentration and δ98/95Mo data on the peculiar subduction‐related potassic magmas of the Central‐Southern Italian peninsula; the leucite‐free (lamproite‐like) rocks of the Tuscan Magmatic Province and the leucite‐bearing rocks of Mt. Vesuvius. These rocks display exotic and distinctive geochemical and isotopic features due to differences in the lithology of the subducted material in their respective mantle sources. We examine the elemental and isotopic systematics of Mo in the context of these geochemical variations. The two different associations of magmas display significantly different Ce/Mo values but surprisingly similar δ98/95Mo values (0.10–0.26‰ for Vesuvius and 0.07–0.24‰ for Tuscan Magmatic Province), which are significantly heavier than typical mid‐ocean ridge basalts. While the δ98/95Mo implicate an isotopically heavy sedimentary component recycled into their respective mantle sources, the different Ce/Mo ratios reflect contrasting elemental fractionation during sediment melting related to the lithology and consequent residual mineralogy (sulfides vs. epidote) of the subducted sedimentary material undergoing melting (Ca poor vs. Ca rich). This indicates that the heavy Mo isotopic signature of these magmas is independent of the lithology of the recycled material, which instead controls the elemental fractionation of Mo.
Influence of Mesoscale Features on Mixed Layer Dynamics in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Trott Corinne B. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Nyadjro Ebenezer S.
Published: May 2019

During the summer monsoon season from June through September, low‐level winds from the Findlater Jet induce strong mesoscale activity and seasonal deepening of the mixed layer. For the first time, we have investigated the impact of mesoscale features on the strong intraseasonal variability of the mixed layer depth in the Arabian Sea using simulations from a reanalysis version of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model and the European Centre for Mid‐range Weather Forecasting ERA‐Interim product. We identify and track mesoscale eddies using an eddy‐tracking algorithm during strong and weak summer monsoon conditions to determine the importance of mesoscale features on mixed layer variability during strong and weak wind forcing. We identify frontal systems in the Arabian Sea and observe how they strengthen with depth throughout the summer monsoon season. To quantify the role of these features on mixed layer variability, we also explore the roles of wind forcing, evaporation, precipitation, significant wave heights, and surface heat fluxes on mixed layer variability. A mixed layer heat budget was computed in the Arabian Sea, finding a strong dominance of vertical advective entrainment followed by compensation by horizontal processes indicating strong mesoscale activity.
Involvement of proapoptotic genes in autophagic cell death induced by irradiation
Authors: Song Jianrui , Zhao Xue , Feng Yi , Xu Sheng , Zhang Yanling , Wei Lixin
Published: May 2019

Irradiation is widely used in anticancer therapy; however, the efficiency is limited. Most cancer cells have mutations in apoptosis that they can easily escape the apoptosis induced by irradiation. Autophagy has been known as type II programmed cell death that can be activated by irradiation, especially when apoptosis is blocked, but the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. We demonstrated that proapoptotic genes PUMA and Bid are involved in the regulation of autophagic cell death. When wild-type (WT), Bax−/− and PUMA−/− HCT116 cells were exposed to irradiation, we found that, compared with WT, Bax−/− cells showed significantly decreased cell death because of Bax deficiency; however, surprisingly PUMA−/− cells showed significant increase in cell death although the proapoptotic gene PUMA was knocked out. By analyzing apoptosis via Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assay with flow cytometry, both Bax−/− and PUMA−/− cells showed less apoptosis than WT, suggesting the existence of another type of cell death in PUMA−/− cells. Autophagy was then examined in three cell lines by counting the percentage of cells with punctate GFP-LC3. Although all three cell lines showed significantly increased autophagy activity after irradiation, that of PUMA−/− cells was much higher than the other two cell lines, which suggests that PUMA−/− cells may die through autophagy. This was then confirmed by the decreased cell death in PUMA−/− cells when autophagy was blocked by 3-MA. In addition, we also tested the responses of WT and Bid−/− MEFs to irradiation. Bid−/− MEFs but not WT died through autophagy after irradiation. These results imply the involvement of apoptosis-associated genes such as PUMA and Bid in autophagic cell death, which contributes to identifying the molecular mechanism by which autophagy drives cells to death.
Rethinking gut microbiome residency and the Enterobacteriaceae in healthy human adults
Authors: Martinson Jonathan N V , Pinkham Nicholas V , Peters Garrett W , Cho Hanbyul , Heng Jeremy , Rauch Mychiel , Broadaway Susan C , Walk Seth T
Published: May 2019

Longitudinal human gut microbiome datasets generated using community-level, sequence-based approaches often report a sub-set of long-lived “resident” taxa that rarely, if ever, are lost. This result contrasts with population-level turnover of resident clones on the order of months to years. We hypothesized that the disconnect between these results is due to a relative lack of simultaneous discrimination of the human gut microbiome at both the community and population-levels. Here, we present results of a small, longitudinal cohort study (n = 8 participants) of healthy human adults that identifies static and dynamic members of the gut microbiome at the clone level based on cultivation/genetic discrimination and at the operational taxonomic unit/amplified sequence variant levels based on 16S rRNA sequencing. We provide evidence that there is little “stability” within resident clonal populations of the common gut microbiome bacterial family, Enterobacteriaceae. Given that clones can vary substantially in genome content and that evolutionary processes operate on the population level, these results question the biological relevance of apparent stability at higher taxonomic levels.
Advances in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the Asia-Pacific region: the second report from APBMT 2005–2015
Authors: Iida Minako , Kodera Yoshihisa , Dodds Anthony , Ho Aloysius Yew Leng , Nivison-Smith Ian , Akter Mafruha Rumana , Wu Tong , Lie Albert Kwok Wai , Ghavamzadeh Ardeshir , Kang Hyoung Jin , Ong Tee Chuan , Gyi Aye Aye , Farzana Tasneem , Baylon Honorata , Gooneratne Lallindra , Tang Jih-Luh , Bunworasate Udomsak , Huynh Van Man , Srivastava Alok , Okamoto Shinichiro , Atsuta Yoshiko ,   Registry Committee of the Asia-Pacific Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group (APBMT)
Published: May 2019

Between 2005 and 2015, 138,165 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were reported in 18 countries/regions in the Asia-Pacific region. In this report, we describe current trends in HSCT throughout the Asia-Pacific region and differences among nations in this region and various global registries. Since 2008, more than 10,000 HSCTs have been recorded each year by the Asia-Pacific Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group Data Center. Between 2005 and 2015, the greatest increase in the number of HSCTs was observed in Vietnam. Allogeneic HSCT was performed more frequently than autologous HSCT, and a majority of cases involved related donors. Regarding allogeneic HSCT, the use of cord blood has remained steady, especially in Japan, and the number of cases involving related HLA non-identical donors has increased rapidly, particularly in China. The incidence of hemoglobinopathy, a main indication for allogeneic HSCT in India, China, Iran, and Pakistan, increased nearly six-fold over the last decade. Among the 18 participating countries/regions, the transplant rate per population varied widely according to the absolute number of HSCTs and the national/regional population size. We believe that this report will not only benefit the AP region but will also provide information about HSCT to other regions worldwide.
JNK1/2 represses Lkb1-deficiency-induced lung squamous cell carcinoma progression
Authors: Liu Jian , Wang Tianyuan , Creighton Chad J. , Wu San-Pin , Ray Madhumita , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Willson Cynthia J. , Cho Sung-Nam , Castro Patricia D. , Ittmann Michael M. , Li Jian-Liang , Davis Roger J. , DeMayo Francesco J.
Published: May 2019

Mechanisms of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) development are poorly understood. Here, we report that JNK1/2 activities attenuate Lkb1-deficiency-driven LSCC initiation and progression through repressing ΔNp63 signaling. In vivo Lkb1 ablation alone is sufficient to induce LSCC development by reducing MKK7 levels and JNK1/2 activities, independent of the AMPKα and mTOR pathways. JNK1/2 activities is positively regulated by MKK7 during LSCC development. Pharmaceutically elevated JNK1/2 activities abates Lkb1 dependent LSCC formation while compound mutations of Jnk1/2 and Lkb1 further accelerate LSCC progression. JNK1/2 is inactivated in a substantial proportion of human LSCC and JNK1/2 activities positively correlates with survival rates of lung, cervical and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. These findings not only determine a suppressive role of the stress response regulators JNK1/2 on LSCC development by acting downstream of the key LSCC suppresser Lkb1, but also demonstrate activating JNK1/2 activities as a therapeutic approach against LSCC.