bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory approval, implementation, and brief assessment of a pharmacist‐ and pharmacy trainee‐administered penicillin allergy assessment and skin testing program
Authors: Griffith Nicole C. , Justo Julie Ann , Winders Hana R. , Al‐Hasan Majdi N. , Mediwala Krutika N. , Bookstaver P. Brandon
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Patients with a penicillin allergy, most of which are falsely documented, often receive alternative antibiotic therapy leading to negative outcomes. Pharmacy personnel are well‐positioned to provide allergy reconciliation and penicillin skin testing services.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to describe the regulatory approval and implementation of a novel, inpatient pharmacist‐ and pharmacy trainee‐administered penicillin allergy assessment and skin testing (PAAST) service. Impact on allergy reconciliation and antibiotic use was assessed.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study describing a pharmacist‐administered PAAST program conducted at a 641‐bed tertiary care medical center in South Carolina. The primary outcome was the proportion of allergies reconciled or resolved pre‐ and post‐PAAST evaluation. The secondary outcomes were the durability of allergy removal and change in antibiotic use post‐PAAST.

Results

Regulatory approval from the Boards of Pharmacy, Medical Examiners, and Nursing was obtained prior to implementation of the program. There were 161 PAAST evaluations, 119 (74%) allergy assessments alone, and 42 (26%) skin tests. Proportion of patients with reconciled allergies improved from 17 (11%) pre‐PAAST to 120 (75%) post‐PAAST evaluation (P < .0001). Among 42 skin tests performed, there were no positive results, 36 (86%) negative results, and 6 (14%) indeterminate results. Antibiotic therapy was optimized in 58% (21/36) of patients with a negative skin test. Following a negative skin test, vancomycin use significantly decreased (44% pre‐test vs 17% post‐test, P = .01) while use of penicillins significantly increased (0% vs 39%, P < .0001). Among 35 patients with allergy labels resolved in the electronic health record after a negative test, there were no occurrences of relabeling among a mean of 7.6 patient encounters.

Conclusion

Implementation of a pharmacist‐administered PAAST service effectively streamlined antimicrobial therapy and resolved penicillin allergy labels, without relabeling. Advocating for pharmacy personnel to perform services such as PAAST should be considered in other institutions and states.
Dynamic shrinkage in time‐varying parameter stochastic volatility in mean models
Authors: Huber Florian , Pfarrhofer Michael
Published: December 2020

Successful forecasting models strike a balance between parsimony and flexibility. This is often achieved by employing suitable shrinkage priors that penalize model complexity but also reward model fit. In this article, we modify the stochastic volatility in mean (SVM) model by introducing state‐of‐the‐art shrinkage techniques that allow for time variation in the degree of shrinkage. Using a real‐time inflation forecast exercise, we show that employing more flexible prior distributions on several key parameters sometimes improves forecast performance for the United States, the United Kingdom, and the euro area (EA). Comparing in‐sample results reveals that our proposed model yields qualitatively similar insights to the original version of the model.
Ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 initiates overactive autophagy in depleted uranium‐induced cytotoxicity in the human embryonic kidney 293 cells
Authors: Hao Yuhui , Huang Jiawei , Ran Yonghong , Wang Shuang , Li Juan , Zhao Yazhen , Ran Xinze , Lu Binghui , Liu Jing , Li Rong
Published: December 2020

The kidney is the target of the acute toxicity of depleted uranium (DU). However, the mechanism of DU‐induced cytotoxicity is not clear. The study was to demonstrate the role of autophagy in DU‐induced cytotoxicity and to determine the potential mechanism. We confirmed that after a 4‐h exposure to DU, the autophagic vacuoles and the autophagy marker light chain 3‐II in the human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) increased, and cytotoxicity decreased by abrogation of excessive autophagy using autophagy inhibitor. We also found activation of nucleus p53 and inhibiting mTOR pathways in DU‐treated HEK293 cells. Meanwhile, ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 (ETHE1) decreased as the exposure dose of DU increased, with increasing autophagy flux. We suggested that by reducing ETHE1, activation of the p53 pathway, and inhibiting mTOR pathways, DU might induce overactive autophagy, which affected the cytotoxicity. This study will provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of DU‐induced cytotoxicity.
Constructing a 10‐core genes panel for diagnosis of pediatric sepsis
Authors: Zhou Xiaojie , Wang Yumin , Chen Jie , Pan Jingye
Published: December 2020

Background

The lack of sensitivity and specificity of most biomarkers or the lack of relevant studies to demonstrate their effectiveness in sepsis.

Methods

Downloaded three sets of sepsis expression data (GSE13904, GSE25504, GSE26440) from GEO. Then, using the R limma package and WGCNA analysis tocore genes. Finally, the value of these core genes was confirmed by clinical samples.

Results

Compared to normal samples, we obtain many abnormally expressed genes in the pediatric sepsis. WGCNA co‐expression analysis showed that genes from blue and turquoise module were close correlation with pediatric sepsis. The top 20 genes (TIMP2, FLOT1, HCK, NCF4, SERPINA1, IL17RA, PGD, PRKCD, GLT1D1, ALOX5, SIRPA, DOK3, ITGAM, S100A11, ZNF438, PLIN3, LTB4R, TSPO, MAPK14, GAS7) of the blue module of pediatric sepsis were mainly enriched in neutrophil degranulation, etc The top 20 genes (TBC1D4, NOL11, NLRC3, ZNF121, DYRK2, ABCE1, MAGEH1, TMEM263, MCUB, MALT1, DDHD2, TRAC, NOC3L, LCK, TRMT61B, ZNF260, ENOPH1, LOC93622, NAE1, TRBC1) for turquoise module were mainly enriched in rRNA‐containing ribonucleoprotein complexes exported from the nucleus, etc The selected hub gene of pediatric sepsis was combined with the markers of cell surface and found 10 core genes (HCK, PRKCD, SIRPA, DOK3, ITGAM, LTB4R, MAPK14, MALT1, NLRC3, LCK). ROC showed that AUC of the 10 core genes for diagnosis of pediatric sepsis was above 0.9.

Conclusion

There were many abnormally expressed genes in patients with pediatric sepsis. The panel constructed by the 10 core genes was expected to become a biomarker panel for clinical application of pediatric sepsis.
A Systematic Review of Intravaginal Diazepam for the Treatment of Pelvic Floor Hypertonic Disorder
Authors: Stone Rebecca H. , Abousaud Marin , Abousaud Aseala , Kobak William
Published: December 2020

This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of intravaginal diazepam in treating chronic pelvic pain and sexual dysfunction associated with high‐tone pelvic floor dysfunction. A literature search was conducted in Medline and Web of Science, including articles from the database's inception to July 2019. The search identified 126 articles, and 5 articles met study inclusion criteria: 2 observational reviews and 3 small randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating intravaginal diazepam for high‐tone pelvic floor dysfunction. The 2 observational studies identified subjective reports of improvement in sexual function for a majority of women, 96% and 71%, in each study. However, there were no statistical differences between Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores for pain identified. One RCT found no significant changes between groups in median FSFI or VAS scores, and a second RCT found no significant changes between groups in 100‐mm VAS scores. The third RCT demonstrated that compared with placebo, treatment with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and intravaginal diazepam for women with vestibulodynia and high‐tone pelvic floor dysfunction yielded significant differences in reduction of dyspareunia (P ≤ .05), ability to relax pelvic floor muscles after contraction (P ≤.05), and current perception threshold values at a 5‐Hz stimulation related to C fibers (P < .05), but no significant changes in 10‐cm VAS scores. Intravaginal diazepam may be helpful in women with a specific diagnosis of high‐tone pelvic floor dysfunction, but more and larger studies are needed to confirm these potential effects.
Pre‐registration: Why and How
Authors: P. Simmons Joseph , D. Nelson Leif , Simonsohn Uri
Published: December 2020

In this article, we (1) discuss the reasons why pre‐registration is a good idea, both for the field and individual researchers, (2) respond to arguments against pre‐registration, (3) describe how to best write and review a pre‐registration, and (4) comment on pre‐registration’s rapidly accelerating popularity. Along the way, we describe the (big) problem that pre‐registration can solve (i.e., false positives caused by p‐hacking), while also offering viable solutions to the problems that pre‐registration cannot solve (e.g., hidden confounds or fraud). Pre‐registration does not guarantee that every published finding will be true, but without it you can safely bet that many more will be false. It is time for our field to embrace pre‐registration, while taking steps to ensure that it is done right.
Do Firm Cues Impact Product Perceptions? When Small is Natural
Authors: Scekic Ana , Krishna Aradhna
Published: December 2020

Firms of varying size can produce the same product. Do consumers make inferences about products based on firm size? We focus on perceptions of product naturalness and show, in four studies, that products made by smaller firms are perceived to be more natural—whether they are directly experienced (study 1) or seen in ads (study 2). Additionally, we show that the association of firm size and naturalness is held nonconsciously (study 3), and also consciously (study 2); and that it impacts purchase intention (studies 2 and 4). Our research has many implications for firms conveying product naturalness. Importantly, it highlights the need to explore possible associations between firm characteristics and product perceptions.
The Effect of Letter versus Number Cues on Distance Perception
Authors: Rathee Shelly
Published: December 2020

People experience the world through distance perceptions, such as perceiving distance when moving through store aisles, locating movie theater seats, spotting parking spaces, or navigating airport gates. The distance can be perceived using qualitative (e.g., letter) or quantitative (e.g., number) cues. In this research, we focus on how the type of cues can influence consumers’ distance perceptions and affect their everyday judgments. Specifically, we suggest that in pretask estimates (referred to as the preaction stage), letter cues lead to lesser distance perceptions. However, in posttask estimates (referred to as the postaction stage), letter cues lead to greater distance perceptions. We explain the result pattern in the preaction stage using naive beliefs about the ease of computation and magnitude judgments (i.e., computational fluency). In the postaction stage, we propose that expectation–disconfirmation causes such a reversal in distance perceptions. We test the proposed patterns of results and theoretical accounts across two laboratory studies and two field studies.
Removal of NO by catalytic decomposition of vaporized H2O2 over Mo–Fe/TiO2 catalyst
Authors: Xiong Weicheng , Pu Ge , Chen Jiashan , Wang Pengcheng
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUD

A series of Mo–Fe/TiO2 catalysts were employed for the catalytic decomposition of vaporized H2O2 to remove nitric oxide in the low‐temperature range (80–160 °C). The experimental results and the physicochemical properties were evaluated using a variety of techniques.

RESULTS

The experiment results revealed that the 1.5%Mo–0.5%Fe/TiO2 catalyst exhibited the best catalytic activity and 97.6% NO removal efficiency was obtained at 80 °C. The formation of •OH radicals and oxygen vacancies was verified using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and EPR proved the importance of oxygen vacancies in the generation of •OH radicals. In addition, the results revealed the great stability of the 1.5%Mo–0.5%Fe/TiO2 catalyst after the introduction of SO2, which proved the sulfur resistance of the catalyst. Finally, the fresh and spent catalysts were characterized using X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The sulfur resistance was also verified using temperature‐programmed desorption of SO2.

CONCLUSIONS

This study illustrated that Mo–Fe/TiO2 catalysts showed excellent catalytic activity in the low‐temperature range and resistance to SO2. Such catalysts are very promising in the application of flue gas denitrification in industrial furnaces. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
B cell analysis in SARS-CoV-2 versus malaria: Increased frequencies of plasmablasts and atypical memory B cells in COVID-19
Authors: Wildner Nils H , Ahmadi Parimah , Schulte Sophia , Brauneck Franziska , Kohsar Matin , Lütgehetmann Marc , Beisel Claudia , Addo Marylyn M , Haag Friedrich , Schulze zur Wiesch Julian
Published: December 2020

B cells play a central role in antiviral and antiparasitic immunity, not only as producers of antibodies, but also as APCs and mediators of inflammation. In this study, we used 16-color flow cytometry analysis to investigate the frequency, differentiation, and activation status of peripheral B cells of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection or acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria compared with the healthy individuals. As a main result, we observed an increase of the frequency of (CD27–, CD21–) atypical memory B cells and (CD19+, CD27+, CD38+) plasmablasts in malaria and COVID-19 patients. Additionally, CD86, PD-1, CXCR3, and CD39 expression was up-regulated, whereas CD73 was down-regulated on plasmablasts of COVID-19 and malaria patients compared with the bulk B cell population. In particular, there was a more pronounced loss of CD73+ B cells in malaria. The frequency of plasmablasts positively correlated with serum levels of CRP, IL-6, and LDH of COVID-19 patients. In the longitudinal course of COVID-19, a rapid normalization of the frequency of atypical memory B cells was observed. The role and function of plasmablasts and atypical memory B cells in COVID-19 and other acute infections remain to be further investigated. The role of B cells as either “driver or passenger” of hyperinflammation during COVID-19 needs to be clarified.
Affinity selection–mass spectrometry for the discovery of pharmacologically active compounds from combinatorial libraries and natural products
Authors: Muchiri Ruth N. , van Breemen Richard B.
Published: December 2020

Invented to address the high‐throughput screening (HTS) demands of combinatorial chemistry, affinity selection–mass spectrometry (AS‐MS) utilizes binding interactions between ligands and receptors to isolate pharmacologically active compounds from mixtures of small molecules and then relies on the selectivity, sensitivity, and speed of mass spectrometry to identify them. No radiolabels, fluorophores, or chromophores are required. Although many variations of AS‐MS have been devised, three approaches have emerged as the most flexible, productive, and popular, and they differ primarily in how ligand–receptor complexes are separated from nonbinding compounds in the mixture. These are pulsed ultrafiltration (PUF) AS‐MS, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) AS‐MS, and magnetic microbead affinity selection screening (MagMASS). PUF and SEC AS‐MS are solution‐phase screening approaches, and MagMASS uses receptors immobilized on magnetic microbeads. Because pools of compounds are screened using AS‐MS, each containing hundreds to thousands of potential ligands, hundreds of thousands of compounds can be screened per day. AS‐MS is also compatible with complex mixtures of chemically diverse natural products in extracts of botanicals and fungi and microbial cultures, which often contain fluorophores and chromophores that can interfere with convention HTS. Unlike conventional HTS, AS‐MS may be used to discover ligands binding to allosteric as well as orthosteric receptor sites, and AS‐MS has been useful for discovering ligands to targets that are not easily incorporated into conventional HTS such as membrane‐bound receptors.
Prolonged Use of Ethanol Lock Prophylaxis With Polyurethane Catheters in Children With Intestinal Failure: A Single‐Center Experience
Authors: LaRusso Kathryn , Dumas Marie‐Pier , Schaack Geraldine , Sant'Anna Ana
Published: December 2020

Background

Children with intestinal failure (IF) receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) require long‐term central venous catheters (CVCs). Ethanol lock prophylaxis (ELP) can reduce central line–associated bloodstream infections, but there are some concerns of increased breakage rates when used with polyurethane catheters. We reviewed our experience using ethanol locks in both polyurethane and silicone CVCs.

Methods

A 10‐year retrospective study of children with IF receiving HPN that used ELP was conducted. Complications per 1000 catheter days were extracted and a multivariable, mixed‐effects Poisson model was used to compare catheter breakage rates and other complications between polyurethane and silicone CVCs.

Results

A total of 10 patients were included, comprising 85 CVCs and 13,227 catheter days. The most common cause of IF was necrotizing enterocolitis. Breakages were the most common complication: polyurethane 1.46/1000 vs silicone 3.76/1000 catheter days. Silicone catheters had a significantly higher breakage rate (adjusted rate ratio [RR], 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.84–2.88; P < .001) whereas polyurethane catheters had higher rates of occlusion (adjusted RR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07–0.28; P < .001) and displacements. However, there were no differences in the overall catheter replacement rates and any other catheter‐related outcomes.

Conclusions

In children with IF receiving long‐term HPN, the use of ELP in polyurethane catheters was associated with a lower risk of breakages when compared with silicone CVCs. These results should be regarded as preliminary data, and further studies with a higher number of participants are necessary to provide a better level of evidence.
Effect of cold plasma and elicitors on bioactive contents, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Thai rat‐tailed radish microgreens
Authors: Luang‐In Vijitra , Saengha Worachot , Karirat Thipphiya , Buranrat Benjaporn , Matra Khanit , Deeseenthum Sirirat , Katisart Teeraporn
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Raphanus sativus var. caudatus or Thai rat‐tailed radish (RTR) contains glucosinolates and isothiocyanates with chemopreventive effects; however, only mature plants have been investigated to date. Thus, the present study aimed to determine isothiocyanates, phenolic compounds and flavonoid compounds, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and antiproliferative activity of RTR microgreens grown from seeds treated with cold plasma (21 kV for 5 min), organic elicitor (160 mmol L−1 NaCl, 10 mmol L−1 CaCl2 or 176 mmol L−1 sucrose) or both in combination. Seeds were germinated on vermiculite and sprayed with deionized water or elicitor for 7 days before harvest.

RESULTS

Cold plasma had insignificant effect on growth, whereas NaCl and CaCl2 increased fresh weight. Plasma with CaCl2 led to the highest total isothiocyanate (ITC) content [1.99 g kg−1 dry weight (DW)] in RTR microgreens containing raphasatin as the only ITC detected. Plasma treatment gave the highest total phenolic content (7.56 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1 DW), antioxidant activity from a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay (7.70 mg trolox equivalents g−1 DW) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (21.72 mg Fe2+ g−1 DW). Microgreen extracts from plasma showed an IC50 value of 29.28 and 13.83 μg mL−1 towards MCF‐7 and HepG2, respectively, with inhibitory properties on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 proteins. Plasma enhanced Bax and Caspase‐3 gene expression but reduced Bcl‐2 and MMP‐9 expression, indicating activation of apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

Cold plasma shows promise as an innovative tool to enhance bioactive compounds with chemopreventive benefits in microgreens. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
In situ and rapid determination of acetamiprid residue on cabbage leaf using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Pan Ting‐tiao , Guo Wang , Lu Ping , Hu Deyu
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND

Pesticide residues in agricultural products and foods pose a serious threat to human health, and therefore a simple, rapid and direct method is urgently needed for pesticide residue detection. In addition to realizing the detection of acetamiprid in cabbage extract solution, the main target of this study was to establish an in situ surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method, which could directly detect acetamiprid residue on cabbage leaf without the need for extraction. Acetamiprid was first used to contaminate the surface of fresh cabbage leaf, and then bimetallic silver‐coated gold nanoparticles (Au@AgNPs) were added on the contaminated spots and dried for SERS measurement.

RESULTS

Results suggested that acetamiprid can be detected in cabbage extract and on cabbage leaf surface in situ using the SERS method based on the Au@AgNPs substrate. The limit of detection was 0.08 μg mL−1 in cabbage extract and 0.14 mg kg−1 on cabbage leaf, the recovery ranged from 80.5% to 105.5% and the relative standard deviation was in the range 4.37–10.63%.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed SERS method provides an in situ, nondestructive and rapid way to detect acetamiprid residue on the surface of fruits and vegetables, which could serve as an auxiliary approach for early screening of contaminated produce in field or on site in the future. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Risk screening of mycotoxins and their derivatives in dairy products using a stable isotope dilution assay and LC–MS/MS
Authors: Yang Shuai , Luo Yunjing , Mu Lei , Yang Youyou , Yang Yongtan
Published: December 2020

An liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method coupled with a stable isotope dilution assay was established for the simultaneous detection of 17 mycotoxins and their derivatives (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, and M2; fumonisins B1 and B2; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; zearalanone; α‐zearalanol; α‐zearalenol; T‐2 toxin; deoxynivalenol; deepoxy‐deoxynivalenol; and sterigmatocystin) in milk and dairy products. The mycotoxins were extracted with acidified acetonitrile and the lipids were removed using a Captiva EMR‐lipid column. The average recoveries of the target compounds from samples spiked at three different concentrations were 67–102%, and the relative standard deviations of the peak areas were less than 10%. Limits of quantification (S/N = 10) of 0.004–1.25 μg/kg were achieved, which are significantly lower than the maximum levels allowed in various countries and regions for each regulated mycotoxin. Milk and yogurt products from local markets and e‐commercial platforms were analyzed using the optimized method. The screening showed that aflatoxin M1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1 and B2, and zearalenone could be found in milk and yogurt products, especially those products also containing grains or jujube ingredients, indicating that there is a risk of mycotoxins in dairy products.
Diagnosis and Management of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy and Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Panaitescu Anca M. , Ciobanu Anca M. , Gică Nicolae , Peltecu Gheorghe , Botezatu Radu
Published: December 2020

With an increased cesarean delivery rate, the incidence of abnormal placentation is steadily rising, and it is estimated to be around 1.7 per 1000 pregnancies for cesarean scar pregnancy and 1 per 500 pregnancies for placenta accreta spectrum disorder. Current evidence considers cesarean scar pregnancy and placenta accreta spectrum as being the same condition, with different aspects, of the same spectrum, having higher risks with advancing gestation. We present 7 cases, diagnosed and managed in our hospital, at different gestational ages. Early diagnosis is essential for appropriate counseling and subsequent management, and an ultrasound examination is the reference standard for diagnosis. Screening for an abnormally implanted placenta in the first trimester of pregnancy might improve the perinatal outcome and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.
Factors Related to Extralaryngeal Spread in Juvenile Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Authors: Labedz Geraldine , Scatolini María Laura , Ruvinsky Silvina , Rodriguez Hugo Anibal
Published: December 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

To identify factors associated to increased risk of extra‐laryngeal spread in pediatric patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted evaluating the clinical charts of patients younger than 16 years with histopathologically confirmed RRP treated between January 2014 and December 2018. Characteristics of patients with and without extra‐laryngeal disease dissemination were compared. Odds ratios were calculated and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed.

Results

Data from 82 patients were analyzed. Mean age at symptom onset was 42 months. Fifteen (18.29%) patients had extra‐laryngeal spread (ELS) at time of diagnosis and in four, the disease continued to spread to other sites. Of 67 patients with disease restricted to the larynx, 17 (25.37%) developed ELS during the disease course. Human papilloma virus (HPV) typing was performed in 49 (59.8%) patients; in 28 (57.1%) HPV subtype 6 was identified and in 21 (42.9%) HPV subtype 11. ELS was found in 11 patients with serotype 11 (52.38%) and in seven patients with serotype 6 (25%) (P = .048). Statistically significant differences for ELS were also found for age at diagnosis younger than 5 years (P = .045), presence of tracheostomy (P = .031), and need for adjuvant therapy (P = .010).

Conclusions

Age at diagnosis of RRP younger than 5 years and presence of tracheostomy were factors related to ELS. A statistically significant association between infection with HPV subtype 11 and ELS were also observed. Adjuvant medication might be considered a protective factor against ELS. Laryngoscope, 131:1652–1656, 2021
Responses of aboveground and belowground net primary productivity to sand burial and enhanced precipitation in a semiarid desertified steppe
Authors: Ye Xuehua , Gao Shuqin , Du Juan , Liu Guofang , Cui Qingguo , Huang Zhenying
Published: December 2020

Sand burial and precipitation drive plant community structure and functions in semiarid desertified areas, while net primary productivity (NPP) is one of the most important indicators of plant community function. However, how NPP responds to sand burial in combination with changed precipitation regimes is still unclear. We conducted a field experiment with simultaneous sand burial and enhanced precipitation treatments to test the responses of both aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) in a semiarid desertified steppe in North China. The results showed that sand burial significantly affected the community ANPP but had no significant effects on the community BNPP. Sand burial increased the ANPP of rhizome grass and decreased the ANPP of perennial herbs, bunchgrass and annual herbs, with no significant effects on legume herbs, while enhanced precipitation did not significantly affect the community ANPP and BNPP or the ANPP of all five plant functional types (PFTs). Sand burial combined with enhanced precipitation mediated the vertical allocation of BNPP in the community. There are multiple significant relationships between the ANPP of different PFTs and the BNPP among the different soil layers. These findings will be conducive to understanding the consequences of grassland desertification under the background of climate change, with corresponding implications for grassland management and vegetation restoration in semiarid desertified areas.
A Boron Difluoride Hydrazone (BODIHY) Polymer Exhibits Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Cappello Daniela , Watson Alexander E. R. , Gilroy Joe B.
Published: December 2020

Polymers that exhibit aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) find use, for example, as cell‐imaging agents and as fluorometric sensors due to their unique optical properties. However, the structural diversity of AIE‐active polymers has not necessarily advanced at the same rate as their applications. In this work, ring‐opening metathesis polymerization is used to synthesize the first example of a polymer (Mn = 61,600 g mol−1, Đ = 1.32) containing boron difluoride hydrazone (BODIHY) heterocycles in its repeating unit. The BODIHY monomer and polymer described absorb and emit in the visible region in solution (λabs = 428 and 429 nm, λem = 528 and 526 nm) and as thin films (λabs = 443 and 440 nm, λem = 535 and 534 nm). Monomer (ΦFilm = 10%) and polymer (ΦFilm = 6%) exhibit enhanced emission as thin films compared to solution (ΦSoln ≤ 1%) as well as AIE upon the addition of water to DMF solutions as a result of restriction of intramolecular motion. Enhancement factors for the monomer and polymer are determined to be 58 and 15, respectively. The title BODIHY polymer exhibited an earlier onset of AIE and enhanced sensitivity to solution viscosity when compared to the parent monomer.
Indole, Phenyl, and Phenol Groups: The Role of the Comonomer on Gene Delivery in Guanidinium Containing Methacrylamide Terpolymers
Authors: Hack Franz J. , Cokca Ceren , Städter Sebastian , Hülsmann Juliana , Peneva Kalina , Fischer Dagmar
Published: December 2020

This report highlights the importance of hydrophobic groups mimicking the side chains of aromatic amino acids, which are tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, in guanidinium bearing poly(methacrylamide)s for the design of non‐viral gene delivery agents. Guanidinium containing methacrylamide terpolymers are prepared by aqueous reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (aRAFT) polymerization with different hydrophobic monomers, N‐(2‐indolethyl)methacrylamide (IEMA), N‐phenethylmethacrylamide (PhEMA), or N‐(4‐hydroxyphenethyl)methacrylamide (PhOHEMA) by aiming similar contents. The well‐defined polymers are obtained with a molar mass of ≈15 000 g mol−1 and ≈1.1 dispersity. All terpolymers demonstrate almost comparable in vitro cell viability and hemocompatibility profiles independent of the type of side chain. Although they all form positively charged, enzymatically stable polyplexes with plasmid DNA smaller than 200 nm, the incorporation of the IEMA monomer improve these parameters by demonstrating a higher DNA binding affinity and forming nanoassemblies of about 100 nm. These physicochemical characteristics are correlated with increased transfection rates in CHO‐K1 cells dependent on the type of the monomer and the nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio of the polyplexes, as determined by luciferase reporter gene assays.
Movement Disorders and Hematologic Diseases
Authors: Patel Roshni Abee , Hall Deborah A. , Eichenseer Sheila , Bailey Meagan
Published: December 2020

Background

Movement disorders can be associated with or caused by hematological abnormalities. The objective of this review is to highlight features that will aid in the clinician's recognition and treatment of these disorders.

Methods

MESH terms relevant to movement disorders and hematologic diseases were searched to identify conditions included in this narrative, educational review.

Results

Several conditions were identified, and they were organized by hematologic categories to include red blood cell abnormalities, white blood cell abnormalities, disorders of clotting and bleeding, hematologic malignancies, and others.

Conclusions

This review will increase providers’ understanding of disorders that include movement disorders and hematologic abnormalities. Basic hematologic laboratories can aid in assessment of these disorders, to include complete blood count/hemogram and peripheral blood smear. Recognition is key, especially in the setting of underlying malignancy, vitamin deficiency, or other disorder in which treatment is available.
Ligand‐based Discovery of Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors of RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Authors: Zarei Omid , Faham Najme , Vankayalapati Hariprasad , Raeppel Stéphane L. , Welm Alana L. , Hamzeh‐Mivehroud Maryam
Published: December 2020

Background: RON (Recepteur d′Origine Nantais) receptor tyrosine kinase is a promising target for anti‐cancer therapeutics. The aim of this study was to identify new RON inhibitors using virtual screening methods. Methods: To this end, a ligand‐based virtual screening approach was employed for screening of ZINC database on the homology model of RON receptor. All the selected hits were inspected in terms of drug‐likeness, ADME properties, and toxicity profiles. Ligand‐based similarity searches along with further filtering criteria led to the identification of two compounds, TKI1 and TKI2 that were evaluated using in vitro cell‐based RON inhibition assays. Results: The results showed that TKI1 and TKI2 could reduce phosphorylation of RON. Both compounds showed inhibitory activity of the downstream mTOR pathway with no apparent effects on other signaling mediators in a dose‐dependent manner. Conclusion: These compounds can provide a basis for developing novel anti‐RON inhibitors applicable to cancer therapy using medicinal chemistry‐oriented optimization strategies.
Homogenization of a micropolar fluid past a porous media with nonzero spin boundary condition
Authors: Suárez‐Grau Francisco J.
Published: December 2020

We consider a micropolar fluid flow in a media perforated by periodically distributed obstacles of size ε. A nonhomogeneous boundary condition for microrotation is considered: The microrotation is assumed to be proportional to the rotation rate of the velocity on the boundary of the obstacles. The existence and uniqueness of solution are analyzed. Moreover, passing to the limit when ε tends to zero, an analog of the classical micropolar Darcy's law in the theory of porous media is derived.
Codimension two Lie invariant solutions of the modified Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov equation
Authors: Satapathy Purnima , Raja Sekhar T. , Zeidan Dia
Published: December 2020

Invariant solutions for the modified Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov (KZK) equation are obtained by using classical Lie symmetries. The complete set of local point symmetries is established for modified KZK equation governing the propagation of finite amplitude. An optimal set of two‐dimensional inequivalent subalgebras of the maximal Lie invariance algebra is constructed. The optimality among the subalgebras of Lie algebra is proved in a constructive manner by using rank of coefficient matrix of general two‐dimensional element and successive application of adjoint actions. On the basis of these subalgebras, we carry out group invariant reductions and compute exact solutions for different classes of subalgebras in an optimal system. Mathematical and physical behaviors of different invariant solutions are shown graphically demonstrating that classical Lie symmetries are capable of solving the modified KZK equation.
Electromagnetic band gap based in Peano fractal geometry for harmonic suppression
Authors: Lima Adelson Menezes , Cunha Nilson Henrique O. , da Silva José Patrocínio
Published: December 2020

In this paper, an electromagnetic band gap structure with fractal geometry based on Peano curves is proposed to suppression of degenerated modes. The geometry is characterized by the inclusion of air slots into the substrate, under the feed line, of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The parameters analyzed are the input impedance using the Smith chart, the reflection coefficient (S11), radiation diagram and the electric field distribution of the propagation modes. The simulated results were compared with the measured results, obtained from manufactured prototypes and show that the proposed structure can be used to attenuate and suppress higher‐order modes.
An anisotropic viscoplasticity model for shale based on layered microstructure homogenization
Authors: Choo Jinhyun , Semnani Shabnam J. , White Joshua A.
Published: December 2020

Viscoplastic deformation of shale is frequently observed in many subsurface applications. Many studies have suggested that this viscoplastic behavior is anisotropic—specifically, transversely isotropic—and closely linked to the layered composite structure at the microscale. In this work, we develop a two‐scale constitutive model for shale in which anisotropic viscoplastic behavior naturally emerges from semianalytical homogenization of a bilayer microstructure. The microstructure is modeled as a composite of soft layers, representing a ductile matrix formed by clay and organics, and hard layers, corresponding to a brittle matrix composed of stiff minerals. This layered microstructure renders the macroscopic behavior anisotropic, even when the individual layers are modeled with isotropic constitutive laws. Using a common correlation between clay and organic content and magnitude of creep, we apply a viscoplastic modified Cam‐Clay plasticity model to the soft layers, while treating the hard layers as a linear elastic material to minimize the number of calibration parameters. We then describe the implementation of the proposed model in a standard material update subroutine. The model is validated with laboratory creep data on samples from three gas shale formations. We also demonstrate the computational behavior of the proposed model through simulation of time‐dependent borehole closure in a shale formation with different bedding plane directions.
Influence of pore‐like flaws on strength and microcracking behavior of crystalline rock
Authors: Peng Jun , Wong Louis Ngai Yuen , Zhang Yahui
Published: December 2020

Pore is a common type of microdefect or flaw in rock or rock‐like material. Predicting the influence of pore‐like flaw on the deformation, strength, and failure behavior of a brittle material is a topic of great interest in the field of geomechanics and geotechnical engineering. In this study, the influences of a group of two‐dimensional circular pore‐like flaws with varied number, position, and size on the strength and deformation behavior and the associated microcracking process of crystalline rock is numerically investigated by using a grain‐based modeling approach. The results reveal that the simulated strength and deformation properties, and the temporal and spatial microcracking process are significantly influenced by the aggregation of a group of pore‐like flaws in the model. Due to local stress amplification, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and elastic modulus are found to decrease as the pore number (ie, porosity) gradually increases in the model. The microcracks mostly initiate at the top and bottom of the pore‐like flaws, and tension zones generally form around these assembled pores in the loading direction. The stress magnitude in the model, which generally decreases with the increase of porosity in the model, is obtained and quantitatively analyzed. As compared with regularly assembled pores, randomly distributed pores are found to cause much more uniformly distributed stress and smaller tension zone in numerical models. The position of pore‐like flaws has been shown to have a negligible influence on the strength and deformation behavior, while the simulated UCS is found to progressively increase with increasing radius of the pore‐like flaw.
Parenteral Nutrition Prescribing and Order Review Safety Study: The Need for Pharmacist Intervention
Authors: Kraft Michael D. , Tucker Anne M. , Durfee Sharon M. , Jones Todd , Guenter Peggi , Banko David E. , Ayers Phil , Boullata Joseph , Raymond Erica , Sacks Gordon S.
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Errors have been reported in the literature to occur at each step of the parenteral nutrition (PN) use process, necessitating standardized processes, clinician competence, and open communication for those involved. This study was performed at Central Admixture Pharmacy Services (CAPS®) in collaboration with the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) with the purpose to study the need for and success of PN pharmacist interventions.

Methods

A survey was developed and sent to all CAPS customers for study enrollment and to identify their demographic and practice characteristics. For those enrolled, CAPS pharmacists reviewed every PN order in a 1‐month period using an error/intervention tool to capture data on prescription elements requiring intervention, along with acceptance of that intervention.

Results

Two hundred thirty‐two unique CAPS customers (23% response rate) participated in the study, representing 37,634 unique PN prescriptions. Two hundred forty‐eight PN prescriptions (0.66%) from 59 customers required ≥1 intervention. The top 3 intervention types were electrolyte dose clarification, calcium/phosphorus incompatibility, and amino acid dose clarification. A greater number and percentage of interventions were required for neonatal prescriptions, as compared with adult and pediatric prescriptions. No significant difference was found in many of the other customer characteristics.

Conclusion

This study supports the need for institutions to develop systems to comply with published PN safety recommendations, including knowledgeable and skilled pharmacists to complete the order review and verification steps for this high‐alert medication.
Burnout and patient safety: A discriminant analysis of paediatric nurses by low to high managerial support
Authors: Khatatbeh Haitham , Pakai Annamária , Pusztai Dorina , Szunomár Szilvia , Fullér Noémi , Kovács Szebeni Gyula , Siket Adrienn , Zrínyi Miklós , Oláh András
Published: December 2020

Aim

To explore how levels of managerial support discriminate paediatric nurses' burnout, quality of life, intent to leave and adverse patient events.

Design

A quantitative correlational study.

Methods

A total of 225 paediatric nurses were selected from nine major hospitals across Jordan. The main measures used were the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory and the brief version of World Health Organization‐Quality of Life Instrument. The study methods were compliant with the STROBE checklist.

Results

Nurse manager support was negatively associated with adverse patient events, work‐related burnout, client‐related burnout, and intent to leave; and positively with physical and psychological quality of life. Frequency of nosocomial infections characterized low manager support, whereas medication errors described high support. Greater nurse manager support decreased the likelihood of adverse patient outcomes.
Meaning in life as a predictor of the general health among medical sciences students: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Shahhosseini Zohreh , Hamzehgardeshi Zeinab , Marzband Rahmatollah , Azizi Marzieh
Published: December 2020

Aim

To investigate the predictive role of meaning in life on the general health among medical sciences students.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Four‐hundred medical sciences students were selected by proportional to size sampling. The general health questionnaire and the personal meaning profile were administrated to identify the predictive role of meaning in life on the student's general health. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were administrated.

Results

The mean ± SD of the total score of general health and meaning in life among students was 16.34 ± 6.73 and 71.50 ± 9.78, respectively. In the multiple linear regression model, factors such as father's educational level, and meaning in life can predict a 20% variance of general health among university students. As meaning in life thus emerges as a variable worth further in the health of university students, implementing interventional studies to assess the effect of meaning in life on students' general health is recommended.
NATF Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Project: Introduction
Authors: Connors Jean M.
Published: December 2020

An outstanding group of medical oncologists, hematologists, cardiologists, and epidemiologists developed a series of manuscripts on management approaches for the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. This article introduces this multidisciplinary collaborative effort.
Consider the Capabilities of Flexible Fabric‐Reinforced Pipe
Authors: Moody John
Published: December 2020

According to AWWA, US investment needs for buried drinking water infrastructure total more than $1 trillion nationwide over the next 25 years. With various technologies available, water utilities have effective, potentially cost‐saving options for pipeline rehabilitation, including flexible fabric‐reinforced pipe.
Life in the Desert Leads to Improvements at El Paso Water's Kay Bailey Hutchison Inland Desalination Plant
Authors: Campos Isaac , Guemez Sarah , Arevalo Jorge , Brown Doug , Trejo Gilbert
Published: December 2020

After more than 10 years of operation, a Texas desalination plant could no longer produce blended finished water at its design capacity. New membranes were selected after a comprehensive evaluation process, and the facility was retrofitted with interstage booster pumps to operate under a variety of potential feedwater conditions.
Pressure‐Transient Monitoring Supports Asset Management
Authors: Ginn Thomas , Smither Ben
Published: December 2020

Since implementing a pressure‐transient technology platform to monitor its 200‐mile network, a Georgia water utility improved its asset management planning and ability to identify and respond to leaks.
Double‐layer PLLA/PEO_Chitosan nanofibrous mats containing Hypericum perforatum L. as an effective approach for wound treatment
Authors: Mouro Cláudia , Gomes Ana P. , Gouveia Isabel C.
Published: December 2020

Despite a large number of wound dressing materials in the market, an ideal dressing able to re‐establish both the features and functions of the native skin remains a challenge. Concerning this, the present study aimed to produce a new double‐layer nanofibrous dressing material. The upper layer was fabricated by using Poly(l‐lactic acid; PLLA) to act as a hydrophobic protective barrier, while the highly porous lower layer composed of a blend of Poly(ethylene) oxide (PEO) and Chitosan (CS) containing Hypericum perforatum L. (HP) was produced to be used in the wound site, reduce the risk of infection, and enhance the healing process. The produced double‐layer material exhibited the required chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Besides, the results showed an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth without providing any cytotoxicity on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells. Therefore, these findings emphasize the potential use of this material as an antimicrobial wound dressing to treat skin lesions.
Synthesis of thiophene‐benzodithiophene wide bandgap polymer andGIWAXSevaluation of thermal annealing with potential for application in ternary polymer solar cells
Authors: Rubio Arias Jose Jonathan , Mota Isabela Custódio , Vieira Marques Maria De Fátima
Published: December 2020

Conjugated polymers are a special type of material responsible for light absorption in polymer solar cells. The absorption of these materials plays an important role in photon harvesting and energy conversion. Ternary organic solar cells are a type of OPV that combines two‐electron donors with complementary absorption in a single layer. The present work deals with the synthesis and characterization of a high‐bandgap polymer prepared through the alternation of two high‐electron density aromatic units (thiophene‐benzodithiophene). This polymer presented high bandgap (2.1 eV) with potential for complementary absorption in a ternary device, as well as highVocwhen applied in a single junction inverted OPV device in heterojunction with PC70BM (0.95 V), which agrees with the relatively large energy difference between its HOMO and the LUMO of PC70BM determined through CV and UV‐vis. A dynamic GIWAXS study was performed and demonstrated that for this polymer, increasing annealing temperature to 80°C can increase its crystalline organization by up to 50%.