bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of Serum Amyloid A in Human Ovarian Epithelial Tumors: Implication for a Role in Ovarian Tumorigenesis
Authors: Urieli-Shoval Simcha , Finci-Yeheskel Zvezdana , Dishon Shira , Galinsky Daliah , Linke Reinhold P. , Ariel Ilana , Levin Mark , Ben-Shachar Inbar , Prus Diana
Published: August 2010

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein which is expressed primarily in the liver as a part of the systemic response to various injuries and inflammatory stimuli; its expression in ovarian tumors has not been described. Here, we investigated the expression of SAA in human benign and malignant ovarian epithelial tumors. Non-radioactive in situ hybridization applied on ovarian paraffin tissue sections revealed mostly negative SAA mRNA expression in normal surface epithelium. Expression was increased gradually as epithelial cells progressed through benign and borderline adenomas to primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Similar expression pattern of the SAA protein was observed by immunohistochemical staining. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the overexpression of the SAA1 and SAA4 genes in ovarian carcinomas compared with normal ovarian tissues. In addition, strong expression of SAA mRNA and protein was found in the ovarian carcinoma cell line OVCAR-3. Finally, patients with ovarian carcinoma had high SAA serum levels, which strongly correlated with high levels of CA-125 and C-reactive protein. Enhanced expression of SAA in ovarian carcinomas may play a role in ovarian tumorigenesis and may have therapeutic application.
The Relationship Between Internal Encoding Style and Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms in a Subclinical Sample
Authors: Belayachi Sanaâ , Van der Linden Martial
Published: August 2010

This study examined the relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCs) and encoding style in a subclinical sample, by using a questionnaire that evaluates the extent to which preexisting schemata (versus cues from the outside world) affect encoding processes (Lewicki, 2005). Research on encoding style has revealed on one hand the existence of individual differences in the tendency to impose interpretive schemata in the process of encoding, and on the other hand the fact that an extremely internal mode of encoding has been found to be related to an increased propensity to self-perpetuate preexisting schemata. Furthermore, internal encoding may contribute to the development of psychopathological symptoms, through the self-perpetuation of dysfunctional schemata. The results confirmed that OCs are connected with an internal encoding style; specific relationships between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) dimensions and internal encoding style were also found. These results are discussed in terms of the role of encoding style in the perpetuation of OCs, and its relationship to the dysfunctional beliefs characterising OCD.
Do Socially Anxious Individuals Hold Positive Metacognitive Beliefs About Rumination?
Authors: Wong Quincy J.J. , Moulds Michelle L.
Published: August 2010

The Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model of affective dysfunction (Wells & Matthews, 1994) suggests that metacognitive beliefs are important for initiating and maintaining repetitive thought processes in emotional disorders. Rumination is reported by socially anxious individuals, yet it is not known whether this group endorse positive beliefs about the utility of rumination. We predicted that higher levels of social anxiety would be positively associated with stronger positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination. In Study 1 (N= 250 undergraduates), a measure of social anxiety was positively correlated with a measure of positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination, even when controlling for gender and level of depression. Given this result, we then attempted to replicate the finding in another sample, as well as test whether positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination would mediate the relationship between social anxiety and trait rumination. In Study 2 (N= 124 undergraduates), a social anxiety composite measure was positively correlated with a measure of positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination, even when controlling for gender, level of depression and level of rumination. Positive metacognitive beliefs about rumination were also shown to partially mediate the relationship between social anxiety and trait rumination. These results support the S-REF model and provide a potential account of why socially anxious individuals engage in rumination. Implications for the treatment of social anxiety are discussed.
Evidence of Impaired Event-Based Prospective Memory in Clinical Obsessive–Compulsive Checking
Authors: Harris Lynne M. , Vaccaro Lisa , Jones Mairwen K. , Boots Georgina M.
Published: August 2010

Based on findings from subclinical OCD checking samples (Cuttler & Graf, 2007; 2008), Cuttler and Graf (2009) suggested that checking may develop to compensate for prospective memory failures. The present study provides the first evidence of prospective memory problems in a clinical sample of OCD checkers (n = 26) compared to a group of healthy controls (n = 26). Consistent with earlier work with subclinical samples, the OCD checkers performed more poorly on an event-based, but not a time-based, prospective memory task. However, the OCD checkers did not report more subjective prospective memory failures than controls and their confidence in prospective memory accuracy was higher than that of controls. An explanation of the inconsistent findings with regard to metamemory in clinical and subclinical OCD checking is provided. Further research assessing both subjective memory performance and the strategies understood to support memory is needed to clarify the contribution of prospective memory to OCD checking.
Deliberate Self-Harm: The Interplay Between Attachment and Stress
Authors: Hallab Lisa , Covic Tanya
Published: August 2010

This study investigated the relationship between attachment, mood and deliberate self-harm (DSH) in a nonclinical population (n= 114). In addition to a range of risky behaviours, the most commonly reported DSH behaviours wereHead-banging(47%),Hitting(46%),Scratching(38%) andCutting(34%). Those who engaged in DSH had poorer quality of attachment to both parents but not peers, and higher levels of depression, anxiety and stress. Path analysis was then used to examine the interaction between attachment, mood and DSH. The impact of the quality of attachment on DSH was found to be mediated by stress, which suggests that DSH may be a maladaptive coping mechanism. Attachment to father and peers was found to be more influential than attachment to mother. Our findings suggest that DSH may be more prevalent in the community than previously recognised, and that attachment, which is currently neglected in DSH research, warrants further investigation in both clinical and nonclinical populations.
Laboratory Evaluation of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures with Polyethylene and Cellulose Stabilizers
Authors: Punith V. S. , Raju Sridhar , Kumar. K Kantha , Bose Sunil , Veeraragavan A.
Published: August 2010

This paper deals with the viability of using reclaimed polyethylene (PE) derived from low-density PE carry bags in shredded form collected from domestic waste as stabilizing fibers to evaluate the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA). Conventional SMA mixtures were used as reference mixture and were prepared using 60/70-grade asphalt cement and cellulose fibers as stabilizer. The use of PE-modified binder (PEMB) was also investigated as stabilizer in SMA mixtures. The performance of these mixtures was evaluated by conducting draindown, moisture susceptibility test, aging test, rutting test, creep test, permeability test, and fatigue life tests. The PE fibers reinforce the binder system, resulting in the increase in the viscosity of the system. Draindown test results indicated that PE fibers can be effectively used as a stabilizer in SMA to retard draindown of binder and mineral filler. To study the behaviour of SMA mixtures with different additives, mixtures were designed by Marshall and Superpave. Results showed that mixtures designed by Superpave yielded in 0.2 % reduced asphalt content compared to mixtures designed by the Marshall method. From the present study, results indicated that mixtures prepared with PE fibers showed improved performance than reference SMA mixtures with cellulose fibers. Mixtures prepared with PEMB showed improved performance properties compared to mixtures with PE fibers and cellulose fibers.
A Genomic Imprinting Defect in Mice Traced to a Single Gene
Authors: Rentsendorj Altan , Mohan Subburaman , Szabó Piroska , Mann Jeffrey R
Published: August 2010

Mammalian androgenones have two paternally or sperm-derived genomes. In mice (Mus musculus) they die at peri-implantation due to the misexpression of imprinted genes—the genes that are expressed monoallelically according to the parent of origin. The misexpressions involved are poorly defined. To gain further insight, we examined the causes of midgestation death of embryos with paternal duplication (PatDp) of distal chromosome 7 (dist7), a region replete with imprinted genes. PatDp(dist7) embryos have a similar phenotype to mice with a knockout of a maternally expressed imprinted gene, Ascl2 [achaete-scute complex homolog-like 2 (Drosophila)], and their death at midgestation could result from two inactive paternal copies of this gene. However, other dist7 misexpressions could duplicate this phenotype, and the potential epistatic load is undefined. We show that an Ascl2 transgene is able to promote the development of PatDp(dist7) embryos to term, providing strong evidence that Ascl2 is the only imprinted gene in the genome for which PatDp results in early embryonic death. While some of the defects in perinatal transgenic PatDp(dist7) fetuses were consistent with known misexpressions of dist7 imprinted genes, the overall phenotype indicates a role for additional undefined misexpressions of imprinted genes. This study provides implications for the human imprinting-related fetal overgrowth disorder, Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome.
Changes in the Nuclear Envelope Environment Affect Spindle Pole Body Duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Witkin Keren L , Friederichs Jennifer M , Cohen-Fix Orna , Jaspersen Sue L
Published: August 2010

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear membrane is part of a complex nuclear envelope environment also containing chromatin, integral and peripheral membrane proteins, and large structures such as nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and the spindle pole body. To study how properties of the nuclear membrane affect nuclear envelope processes, we altered the nuclear membrane by deleting the SPO7 gene. We found that spo7Δ cells were sickened by the mutation of genes coding for spindle pole body components and that spo7Δ was synthetically lethal with mutations in the SUN domain gene MPS3. Mps3p is required for spindle pole body duplication and for a variety of other nuclear envelope processes. In spo7Δ cells, the spindle pole body defect of mps3 mutants was exacerbated, suggesting that nuclear membrane composition affects spindle pole body function. The synthetic lethality between spo7Δ and mps3 mutants was suppressed by deletion of specific nucleoporin genes. In fact, these gene deletions bypassed the requirement for Mps3p entirely, suggesting that under certain conditions spindle pole body duplication can occur via an Mps3p-independent pathway. These data point to an antagonistic relationship between nuclear pore complexes and the spindle pole body. We propose a model whereby nuclear pore complexes either compete with the spindle pole body for insertion into the nuclear membrane or affect spindle pole body duplication by altering the nuclear envelope environment.
Multilevel Selection 4: Modeling the Relationship of Indirect Genetic Effects and Group Size
Authors: Bijma Piter
Published: August 2010

Indirect genetic effects (IGE) occur when individual trait values depend on genes in others. With IGEs, heritable variance and response to selection depend on the relationship of IGEs and group size. Here I propose a model for this relationship, which can be implemented in standard restricted maximum likelihood software.
Once- vs Twice-Daily Budesonide/Formoterol in 6- to 15-Year-Old Patients With Stable Asthma
Authors: Eid Nemr S. , Noonan Michael J. , Chipps Bradley , Parasuraman Bhash , Miller Christopher J. , O'Brien Christopher D.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:

To assess efficacy/tolerability of once-daily budesonide/formoterol pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) versus budesonide pMDI (primary) and twice-daily budesonide/formoterol (secondary) in children/adolescents with asthma stabilized with twice-daily budesonide/formoterol.

METHODS:

This 12-week multicenter, double-blind randomized controlled study (www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00646321) included 521 patients aged 6 to 15 years with mild/moderate persistent asthma. Patients stabilized during a 4- to 5-week run-in with twice-daily budesonide/formoterol pMDI 40/4.5 μg × 2 inhalations (160/18 μg daily) received twice-daily budesonide/formoterol pMDI 40/4.5 μg × 2 inhalations (160/18 μg daily), once-daily budesonide/formoterol pMDI 80/4.5 μg × 2 inhalations (160/9 μg daily; evening), or once-daily budesonide pMDI 80 μg × 2 inhalations (160 μg daily; evening).

RESULTS:

Once- or twice-daily budesonide/formoterol was more effective than budesonide for evening peak expiratory flow (primary variable) at the end of the 24-hour once-daily dosing interval (P ≤ .027). Twice-daily budesonide/formoterol demonstrated better efficacy versus once-daily treatments for evening predose forced expiratory volume in 1 second (P ≤ .011), versus budesonide for daytime/nighttime rescue medication (P ≤ .023), and versus once-daily budesonide/formoterol for daytime rescue medication (last 12 hours of once-daily dosing) (P = .032). There were no significant between-group differences for daytime/nighttime asthma symptoms, nighttime awakenings attributed to asthma, or health-related quality of life. Fewer patients experienced asthma worsening (predefined criteria) with twice-daily budesonide/formoterol (8.2%) versus once-daily budesonide (15.5%) (P = .036) or once-daily budesonide/formoterol (19.6%) (P = .002). All treatments were well tolerated.

CONCLUSIONS:

Once-daily budesonide/formoterol demonstrated significantly better efficacy than once-daily budesonide for most pulmonary-function variables. Twice-daily budesonide/formoterol (160/18 μg daily) maintenance therapy was generally more effective than stepping down to once-daily dosing (160/9 μg daily). Treatments were well tolerated, and there was no evident safety benefit for once- versus twice-daily dosing.
Nebulized Hypertonic Saline Without Adjunctive Bronchodilators for Children With Bronchiolitis
Authors: Ralston Shawn , Hill Vanessa , Martinez Marissa
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The goal was to determine an adverse event rate for nebulized hypertonic saline solution administered without adjunctive bronchodilators for infants with bronchiolitis.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective cohort study of the use of nebulized 3% saline for children <2 years of age who were hospitalized with the primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis at a single academic medical center. The medical records of study participants were analyzed for the use of nebulized 3% saline solution and any documented adverse events related to this therapy. Other clinical outcomes evaluated included respiratory distress scores, timing of the use of bronchodilators in relation to 3% saline solution, transfer to a higher level of care, and readmission within 72 hours after discharge.

RESULTS:

A total of 444 total doses of 3% saline solution were administered, with 377 doses (85%) being administered without adjunctive bronchodilators. Four adverse events occurred with these 377 doses, for a 1.0% adverse event rate (95% confidence interval: 0.3%–2.8%). Adverse events were generally mild. One episode of bronchospasm was documented, for a rate of 0.3% (95% confidence interval: <0.01%–1.6%).

CONCLUSIONS:

The use of 3% saline solution without adjunctive bronchodilators for inpatients with bronchiolitis had a low rate of adverse events in our center. Additional clinical trials of 3% saline solution in bronchiolitis should evaluate its effectiveness in the absence of adjunctive bronchodilators.
Fish and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Depressive Symptoms: Ryukyus Child Health Study
Authors: Murakami Kentaro , Miyake Yoshihiro , Sasaki Satoshi , Tanaka Keiko , Arakawa Masashi
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND:

Epidemiologic evidence on the role of fish and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on depression during adolescence is sparse.

OBJECTIVE:

We examined the association between fish, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake and depressive symptoms in a group of adolescents.

SUBJECTS AND METHOD:

This cross-sectional study, conducted in all public junior high schools in Naha City and Nago City, Okinawa, Japan, included 3067 boys and 3450 girls aged 12 to 15 years (52.3% of the eligible sample). Dietary intake was assessed by using a validated, self-administered diet-history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined as present when participants had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale score of ≥16.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.5% for boys and 31.2% for girls. For boys, fish intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [OR] for depressive symptoms in the highest [compared with the lowest] quintile of intake: 0.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–0.97]; P for trend = .04). EPA intake showed an inverse association with depressive symptoms (OR: 0.71 [95% CI: 0.54–0.94]; P = .04). DHA intake also showed a similar inverse, albeit nonsignificant, association (OR: 0.79 [95% CI: 0.59–1.05]; P = .11). In addition, intake of EPA plus DHA was inversely associated with depressive symptoms (OR: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.55–0.96]; P = .08). Conversely, no such associations were observed among girls.

CONCLUSIONS:

Higher intake of fish, EPA, and DHA was independently associated with a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms in early male, but not female, adolescents.
Disparities in the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Abuse Among Infants With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wood Joanne N. , Hall Matthew , Schilling Samantha , Keren Ron , Mitra Nandita , Rubin David M.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate in a national database the association of race and socioeconomic status with radiographic evaluation and subsequent diagnosis of child abuse after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in infants.

METHODS:

We conducted a retrospective study of infants with non–motor vehicle–associated TBI who were admitted to 39 pediatric hospitals from January 2004 to June 2008. Logistic regression controlling for age, type, and severity of TBI and the presence of other injuries was performed to examine the association of race and socioeconomic status with the principal outcomes of radiographic evaluation for suspected abuse and diagnosis of abuse. Regression coefficients were transformed to probabilities.

RESULTS:

After adjustment for type and severity of TBI, age, and other injuries, publicly insured/uninsured infants were more likely to have had skeletal surveys performed than were privately insured infants (81% vs 59%). The difference in skeletal survey performance for infants with public or no insurance versus private insurance was greater among white (82% vs 53%) infants than among black (85% vs 75%) or Hispanic (72% vs 55%) infants (P = .022). Although skeletal surveys were performed in a smaller proportion of white than black or Hispanic infants, the adjusted probability for diagnosis of abuse among infants evaluated with a skeletal survey was higher among white infants (61%) than among black (51%) or Hispanic (53%) infants (P = .009).

CONCLUSIONS:

National data suggest continued biases in the evaluation for abusive head trauma. The conflicting observations of fewer skeletal surveys among white infants and higher rates of diagnosis among those screened elicit concern for overevaluation in some infants (black or publicly insured/uninsured) or underevaluation in others (white or privately insured).
Parental BMI and Childhood Undernutrition in India: An Assessment of Intrauterine Influence
Authors: Subramanian S. V. , Ackerson Leland K. , Smith George Davey
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of parental BMI on childhood undernutrition in India.

METHODS:

The study population was a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of singleton children (n = 15976) who were aged 0 to 59 months from the 2005–2006 Indian National Family Health Survey. Information was obtained by a face-to-face interview with the mother with a 94.5% response rate. Modified Poisson regression models that account for multistage survey design and sampling weights were applied to estimate the associations between parental BMI and childhood undernutrition. The outcome measures were child underweight, stunting, and wasting; parental BMI was the primary exposure.

RESULTS:

In mutually adjusted models, an increase in 1 unit of maternal BMI was associated with a lower relative risk (RR) for childhood undernutrition (underweight RR: 0.957 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.947–0.967]; stunting RR: 0.985 [95% CI: 0.977–0.993]; wasting RR: 0. 941 [95% CI: 0.926–0.958]). The association between paternal BMI and childhood undernutrition was similar to that observed for maternal BMI (underweight RR: 0.961 [95% CI: 0.951–0.971]; stunting RR: 0.986 [95% CI: 0.978–0.995]; wasting RR: 0.965 [95% CI: 0.947–0.982]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Similarity in the association between paternal/maternal BMI and childhood undernutrition suggests that intergenerational associations in nutritional status are not driven by maternal intrauterine influences.
Lactobacillus reuteriDSM 17938 in Infantile Colic: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Savino Francesco , Cordisco Lisa , Tarasco Valentina , Palumeri Elisabetta , Calabrese Roberto , Oggero Roberto , Roos Stefan , Matteuzzi Diego
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE:

To test the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri on infantile colic and to evaluate its relationship to the gut microbiota.

STUDY DESIGN:

Fifty exclusively breastfed colicky infants, diagnosed according to modified Wessel's criteria, were randomly assigned to receive either L reuteri DSM 17 938 (108 colony-forming units) or placebo daily for 21 days. Parental questionnaires monitored daily crying time and adverse effects. Stool samples were collected for microbiologic analysis.

RESULTS:

Forty-six infants (L reuteri group: 25; placebo group: 21) completed the trial. Daily crying times in minutes/day (median [interquartile range]) were 370 (120) vs 300 (150) (P = .127) on day 0 and 35.0 (85) vs 90.0 (148) (P = .022) on day 21, in the L reuteri and placebo groups, respectively. Responders (50% reduction in crying time from baseline) were significantly higher in the L reuteri group versus placebo group on days 7 (20 vs 8; P = .006), 14 (24 vs 13; P = .007), and 21 (24 vs 15; P = .036). During the study, there was a significant increase in fecal lactobacilli (P = .002) and a reduction in fecal Escherichia coli and ammonia in the L reuteri group only (P = .001). There were no differences in weight gain, stooling frequency, or incidence of constipation or regurgitation between groups, and no adverse events related to the supplementation were observed.

CONCLUSION:

L. reuteri DSM 17 938 at a dose of 108 colony-forming units per day in early breastfed infants improved symptoms of infantile colic and was well tolerated and safe. Gut microbiota changes induced by the probiotic could be involved in the observed clinical improvement.
Blood gas values and pulmonary hypertension as affected by dietary sodium source in broiler chickens reared at cool temperature in a high-altitude area
Authors: Saedi Mostafa , Khajali Fariborz
Published: August 2010

One hundred and twenty day-old male chicks (Ross 308) reared at a cool temperature at high altitude were subjected to the following two treatments in a completely randomised design: (1) a group for which the sodium requirements were supplied by sodium chloride from day-old age and regarded as control, (2) a group similar to the control but for which 50% of the sodium requirements was supplied by sodium bicarbonate from day-old age. Provision of sodium equally from NaCl and NaHCO
3
significantly (P < 0.05) increased the partial pressure of oxygen and the saturation of haemoglobin with oxygen, and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. The right ventricle to total ventricles ratio shifted to lower values as a result of substituting NaHCO
3
for NaCl as a sodium source. Growth performance and carcass characteristics were not affected significantly by the dietary sodium source.
Distribution and chemical coding of sympathetic neurons in the caudal mesenteric ganglion projecting to the ovary in sexually mature gilts
Authors: Koszykowska Marlena , Kozłowska Anna , Wojtkiewicz Joanna , Skobowiat Cezary , Majewski Mariusz , Jana Barbara
Published: August 2010

The distribution and co-localisation patterns of dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM) and galanin (GAL) were investigated by use of retrograde neuronal tracing and double-labelling immunofluorescence techniques in the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CaMG) neurons supplying the ovary of adult pigs. The existence and density of nerve fibres that are immunoreactive (IR) for the above-mentioned neuroactive substances were also evaluated. Injections of a fluorescent tracer (Fast Blue; FB) into the ovaries revealed the presence of small- (76.38%) and large-sized (23.62%) FB-positive postganglionic neurons in the CaMG. Noradrenergic FB-positive cells were simultaneously NPY- (43.38%), SOM- (18.77%) and GAL- (18.31%) IR. Of the examined FB-positive neurons, 53.49% were DβH-IR but NPY-immunonegative (IN), 79.06% were DβH-IR but SOM-IN, and 77.16% were DβH-IR but GAL-IN. Small- or large-sized subsets of traced neurons were supplied by only one or a few nerve fibres, exhibiting DβH-, NPY-, SOM- and/or GAL-IR. Our data show the specific morphological as well as immunochemical structural organisation of the sympathetic neurons in the CaMG in adult gilts. The occurrence of an abundant population of noradrenergic perikarya in the CaMG may suggest their important physiological role in the regulation of gonadal function(s) in these animals.
Microbiological and pathological examination of fatal calf pneumonia cases induced by bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens
Authors: Szeredi Levente , Jánosi Szilárd , Pálfi Vilmos
Published: August 2010

The infectious origin of fatal cases of calf pneumonia was studied in 48 calves from 27 different herds on postmortem examination. Lung tissue samples were examined by pathological, histological, bacterial culture, virus isolation and immunohistochemical methods for the detection of viral and bacterial infections. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 47/48 cases and infectious agents were found in 40/47 (85%) of those cases. The presence of multiple respiratory pathogens in 23/40 (57.5%) cases indicated the complex origin of fatal calf pneumonia. The most important respiratory pathogens wereMannheimia-Pasteurellain 36/40 (90%) cases, followed byArcanobacterium pyogenesin 16/40 (40%) cases,Mycoplasma bovisin 12/40 (30%) cases, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in 4/40 (10%) cases.Histophilus somniwas detected in 2/40 (5%) cases, while bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus and parainfluenza virus-3 were each found in 1/40 (2.5%) case. Mastadenovirus, bovine coronavirus, influenza A virus or Chlamydiaceae were not detected.
Qualidade de vida e adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral de pacientes portadores de HIV
Authors: Geocze Luciana , Mucci Samantha , De Marco Mario Alfredo , Nogueira-Martins Luiz Antonio , Citero Vanessa de Albuquerque
Published: August 2010

Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura científica sobre adesão terapêutica à highly active antiretroviral therapy e sobre a qualidade de vida dos pacientes portadores do HIV, indexada no MEDLINE no período entre 1998 e 2008. Foram incluídos estudos em pacientes maiores de 18 anos, publicados em português, espanhol ou inglês. Foram excluídos estudos de revisão, relatos de caso e cartas. Dos 21 estudos encontrados, 12 foram incluídos (três ensaios clínicos, três coortes prospectivos, seis transversais). A relação entre qualidade de vida e adesão terapêutica permanece controversa, embora estudos descritivos apontem a possibilidade de uma relação positiva. Os resultados podem ter sido influenciados por características específicas dos ensaios clínicos descritos e mostram não haver consenso sobre o impacto da adesão terapêutica sobre a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.
AFLP Phylogeny of South American Species of Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)
Authors: Tremetsberger Karin , Stuessy Tod F. , Kadlec Gertrud , Urtubey Estrella , Baeza Carlos M. , Beck Stephan G. , Valdebenito Hugo A. , de Fátima Ruas Claudete , Matzenbacher Nelson I.
Published: August 2010

Hypochaeris is thought to have arrived in South America by dispersal over the Atlantic Ocean from NW Africa during the Pliocene or Pleistocene. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to unravel specific limits and relationships in the South American group of Hypochaeris
(c. 45 species). The Moroccan endemic Hypochaeris angustifolia, which is sister to the entire South American group, was used as outgroup. Our AFLP analysis comprises 415 individuals from 32 South American species and is based on six primer combinations with 670 fragments scored. It
provides important information for the delimitation of species and detection of closely related species pairs or groups. Most species are monophyletic and supported with > 90% bootstrap proportion. Hybridization is suggested between Hypochaeris chillensis and H. microcephala
in Brazil. The internal nodes (or "backbone") of the tree are not highly supported, but six major phylogenetic groups (also showing similarity in distribution and growth form) center around Hypochaeris apargioides, H. chondrilloides, H. microcephala, H. pampasica,
H. sessiliflora, and H. tenuifolia. These results suggest that rapid migration into different geographical regions played an important role in the initial diversification of Hypochaeris in South America.
Evidence for Inclusion of South African Endemic Nylandtia in Muraltia (Polygalaceae)
Authors: Forest Félix , Manning John C.
Published: August 2010

Nylandtia (Polygalaceae) is a small South African genus of two or more species distributed mainly in the Cape region. Previous studies based on anatomical, morphological and molecular data have already revealed a close relationship between Nylandtia and Muraltia,
a genus of 117 species that is nearly endemic to South Africa. New evidence from molecular studies of family Polygalaceae and genus Muraltia shows that Nylandtia is derived from genus Muraltia, and is nested in Muraltia subgenus Psiloclada. These results
have prompted a morphological re-evaluation of the genera Nylandtia and Muraltia, supporting the conclusion that the two species of Nylandtia currently recognized, N. spinosa and N. scoparia, should be included in subgenus Psiloclada within the genus
Muraltia. Only one nomenclatural change is necessary: Muraltia spinosa (L.) F. Forest & J. C. Manning, comb. nov.
Towards a Monophyletic Hoya (Marsdenieae, Apocynaceae): Inferences from the Chloroplast trnL Region and the rbcL-atpB Spacer
Authors: Wanntorp Livia , Kocyan Alexander , van Donkelaar Ruurd , Renner Susanne S.
Published: August 2010

The delimitation of the genus Hoya, with at least 200 species distributed from India and China to Australia, from its closest relatives in the Marsdenieae has long been problematic, precluding an understanding of the evolution and biogeography of the genus. Traditional circumscriptions
of genera in the Hoya alliance have relied on features of the flower, but these overlap extensively between clades and may be evolutionarily labile. We obtained chloroplast DNA sequences to infer the phylogenetic relationships among a sample of 35 taxa of Hoya and 11 other genera
in the tribe Marsdenieae, namely Absolmsia, Cionura, Dischidia, Dregea, Gongronema, Gunnessia, Madangia, Marsdenia, Micholitzia, Rhyssolobium, and Telosma. Trees were rooted with representatives of Asclepiadeae, Ceropegieae,
Fockeeae, Periplocoideae, and Secamonoideae. Hoya and Dischidia form a monophyletic group, but the phylogenetic signal in the chloroplast data analyzed here was insufficient to statistically support the mutual monophyly of the two genera. A monophyletic Hoya, however,
must include the monotypic Absolmsia, Madangia, and Micholitzia, a result congruent with their flower morphology. The data also identified several wellsupported groups within Hoya. The morphologically unusual Gunnessia belongs firmly in the Marsdenieae, but
it is not close to Hoya and Dischidia.
Promiscuity in the Andes: Species Relationships in Polylepis (Rosaceae, Sanguisorbeae) Based on AFLP and Morphology
Authors: Schmidt-Lebuhn Alexander N. , Kessler Michael , Kumar Mahendra
Published: August 2010

AFLP and morphological data were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Polylepis (Rosaceae). Results from the morphological analysis correlate well with earlier hypotheses about the evolution of the genus, showing a transition from tall, thin-leaved trees with large inflorescences
to small trees with thick leaves and reduced inflorescences. While a basic phylogenetic signal is also discernible in the AFLP analysis, it is partly eclipsed in that samples from different species sometimes cluster according to geographic proximity rather than systematic affiliation. This
structure is interpreted as indicative of frequent hybridization and introgression.
Ophiochloa bryoides (Poaceae, Paniceae), a New Grass Species from Central Brazil
Authors: Rua Gabriel H. , Oliveira Regina C. , Valls José F. M.
Published: August 2010

Ophiochloa bryoides, a new species in the Brazilian endemic genus Ophiochloa, is described and illustrated. It is similar to O. hydrolithica, the only currently known species in this genus, from which it differs because of its diminutive annual habit, the
absence of an axillary inflorescence, and the occurrence of a single apical seta on the lower lemma. The affinity of Ophiochloa with Axonopus is briefly discussed. Ophiochloa bryoides, uma nova espécie de Ophiochloa, um gênero endêmico
do Brasil, é descrita e ilustrada. A espécie é relacionada à O. hydrolithica, a única espécie conhecida desse gênero, da qual difere pelo hábito anual, pelo tamanho diminuto, pela ausência de uma inflorescência axilar,
e pela ocorrência de uma única seta apical no lema inferior. A afinidade de Ophiochloa com Axonopus é discutida brevemente.
A Revision of Erato (Compositae: Liabeae)
Authors: Moran Emily , Funk V. A.
Published: August 2010

Erato DC. contains five species, distributed from Costa Rica to Bolivia, with its main center of diversity in Ecuador. The revision includes a new species endemic to Costa Rica and Panama, Erato costaricensis E. Moran & V. A. Funk. Morphological and molecular
data support Erato as a monophyletic group, sister to Philoglossa. The phylogenetic analysis based on morphology used Munnozia Ruiz & Pavon, Chrysactinium (H.B.K.) Wedd., and Philoglossa DC. as outgroups. The phylogeny supports the monophyly of Erato,
but the relationships among the species within Erato have only weak support. The genus is believed to be a recent radiation because of the morphological similarity among the taxa and their location in some of the youngest areas of the Andes. El genero Erato contiene 5 especies,
distribuidas desde Costa Rica hasta Bolivia, con su centro de distribución en Ecuador. Este revista incluye una nueva especie que es endémica de Costa Rica y Panamá, Erato costaricensis E. Moran & V. A. Funk. Datos morfológicos y genéticos confirman
la hipótesis que Erato es un grupo monofilético hermano a Philoglossa. El análisis filogenético utilizó Munnozia Ruiz & Pavón, Chrysactinium (HBK) Wedd. y Philoglossa DC. como grupos externos. La filogenia confirma
Erato como un grupo monofilético, pero los relaciones dentro de Erato solo tienen soportes débiles. Créen que el genero es una radiación reciente a causa de la semejanzas morfológicas entre de las especies y porque occurien en unos de los áreas
mas jóvenes de los A ´ ndes.
A Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Review of Croton (Euphorbiaceae s.s.) on Jamaica Including the Description of Croton jamaicensis, a New Species of Section Eluteria
Authors: van Ee Benjamin W. , Berry Paul E.
Published: August 2010

The greater Caribbean region has played an important role in the early diversification of Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae s.s.). Jamaica is also important to Croton taxonomy because several of the earliest described species were based on material from the island. The Jamaican
species of Croton are found in five distinct clades indicating that there were at least five separate over-water dispersal events of the genus to the island. Croton jamaicensis (section Eluteria Griseb.), a new species endemic to limestone hills along the southern coast
of Jamaica, is described and illustrated. The species is phylogenetically most closely related to C. laurinus Sw. and C. grisebachianus Müll. Arg., both also endemic to Jamaica. Several lectotypifications and novel synonymies are required to clarify the taxonomy of the species
of Croton that have been described from Jamaica, some of which are widespread in the region. La región del Caribe ha jugado un papel importante en la diversificación inicial de Croton L. (Euphorbiaceae s.s.). Jamaica también es importante para la taxonomia
de Croton dado que varias de las primeras especies descritas fueron basadas en material de la isla. Las especies Jamaicanas de Croton se encuentran en cinco clados distintos indicando que hubieron por lo menos cinco eventos de dispersión sobre agua del género a
la isla. Croton jamaicensis (sección Eluteria Griseb.), una nueva especie endémica a colinas de caliza de la costa sur de Jamaica, es descrita e ilustrada. La especie es filogenéticamente mas cercanamente relacionada a C. laurinus Sw. y C. grisebachianus
Müll. Arg., ambas también endémicas a Jamaica. Varias lectotipificaciones y nuevas sinonimias son requeridas para clarificar la taxonomia de las especies de Croton que se han descrito de Jamaica, algunas de las cuales están ampliamente distribuidas en la región.
Phylogenetic Relationships in the Genus Paspalum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae): An Assessment of the Quadrifaria and Virgata Informal Groups
Authors: Giussani Liliana M. , Zuloaga Fernando O. , Quarín Camilo L. , Cota-Sánchez J. Hugo , Ubayasena Kumary , Morrone Osvaldo
Published: August 2010

Paspalum, an American genus of the x = 10 Paniceae clade, includes about 330 species, four subgenera, and 27 informal groups. Within the genus, the Quadrifaria and Virgata groups are well-represented in South and Central America. Interspecific variability make the delimitation
of these groups difficult; hence several species have been included or excluded from Quadrifaria or Virgata depending on the taxonomic treatment. In previous analyses, the Quadrifaria and Virgata groups of Paspalum were polyphyletic. Here we present a new appraisal of the classification
of both groups based on the phylogenetic analyses of DNA data from the chloroplast: the rpl16 intron, and the region comprising the trnL and trnF genes. A monophyletic Virgata clade is recovered, consisting of nearly all the species listed in an unpublished manuscript.
The Quadrifaria group is restricted to P. quadrifarium and P. quarinii. Other clades grouped species traditionally treated within Virgata or Quadrifaria, although their phylogenetic placement needs to be reevaluated. Within most of the clades, diploid and polyploid species seemingly
derive from a common ancestor denoting an autopolyploid origin. Alloploidy is also possible although reticulate evolution needs to be explored. The wide distribution of the I genome suggests that this is a plesiomorphic state in Paspalum.
Polystichum weimingii sp. nov. (sect. Metapolystichum, Dryopteridaceae) from Southern Yunnan, China
Authors: Zhang Li-Bing , He Hai
Published: August 2010

A new fern species, Polystichum weimingii (sect. Metapolystichum, Dryopteridaceae), is described from southern Yunnan, China. The new species is morphologically most similar to P. discretum. Compared to P. discretum, P. weimingii has a smaller
habit, lanate (linear and curly), brown rachis scales, and pinnules without obvious aristate spines on the margin. In contrast, P. discretum is larger, has linear, dark brown rachis scales, and has pinnules with obvious aristate spines on the margin. The new species also differs from
P. discretum in spore morphology. Features of the new species in anatomy of lamina epidermis, spore morphology, geographical distribution, and ecology are given. The relationships with three other closely related species in Polystichum ser. Linearia are discussed.
Study of Numerous Injections into Horizontal Flow Stream at Low Temperature
Authors: Khokhar Zahid HI
Published: August 2010

In this paper, the three-dimensional flow and characteristics of numerous injections into horizontal flow stream are examined numerically using CFD with the standard k-? turbulence model following side tee mixing experiments. The model has been validated with experimental results in a side tee mixer in which a side stream mixes with a horizontal stream perpendicularly. A good agreement between simulated and experimental results was obtained. The effects of numerous injections are discussed for this configuration. A reasonable decrease in downward mixing length of horizontal pipe is observed. Other factors such as the tee angle, which enhanced mixing in pipes with side tees, do have a similar impact on mixing in this mutiple tee geometry.
European Teacher Education: A Fractal Perspective Tackling Complexity
Authors: Caena Francesca , Margiotta Umberto
Published: August 2010

This article takes stock of the complex scenario of the European education space in its past, present and future developments, which highlights the priorities of the modernisation, improvement and convergence of the goals for education and training systems in the knowledge and learning society. The critical case of teacher education is then analysed within the European Higher Education Area, with its characteristic display of national and cultural features and constraints, often jostling with European recommendations about the competences and preparation of quality European teachers. This results in changes and reforms at a diverse pace, or even with contradictory trends, in different national contexts. An approach for tackling some of these issues has been devised by the European project EMETT (European Master for European Teacher Training), involving an academic network of eight universities within its Lifelong Learning Programme. The outcomes and reflections of this project work are thus reported, concerning the development and implementation of a European teacher education curriculum for a joint Master's degree. The key European priorities of mobility and intercultural, multilingual competences in teacher education have been taken into account within the framework of an integrated, flexible curriculum that can best be described by a fractal metaphor dealing with complexity from an ecological perspective.
Expertise, Networks and Indicators: The Construction of the European Strategy in Education
Authors: Normand Romuald
Published: August 2010

This article describes the networks of experts involved in the fabrication of indicators and benchmarks supporting the Open Method of Coordination led by the European Commission. In studying international expertise, it explores the policy borrowing process and the transfer of knowledge between several agents and institutions at global level. Our hypothesis is that science and policy are not in a discontinuing relationship but represent, through the building of instruments and methodologies of measurement, a corpus of scientific knowledge and normative principles held by representatives of supra-national organizations and States.
A Systems Biology Approach Identifies Inflammatory Abnormalities Between Mouse Strains Prior to Development of Metabolic Disease
Authors: Mori Marcelo A. , Liu Manway , Bezy Olivier , Almind Katrine , Shapiro Hagit , Kasif Simon , Kahn C. Ronald
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

Type 2 diabetes and obesity are increasingly affecting human populations around the world. Our goal was to identify early molecular signatures predicting genetic risk to these metabolic diseases using two strains of mice that differ greatly in disease susceptibility.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We integrated metabolic characterization, gene expression, protein-protein interaction networks, RT-PCR, and flow cytometry analyses of adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue of diabetes-prone C57BL/6NTac (B6) mice and diabetes-resistant 129S6/SvEvTac (129) mice at 6 weeks and 6 months of age.

RESULTS

At 6 weeks of age, B6 mice were metabolically indistinguishable from 129 mice, however, adipose tissue showed a consistent gene expression signature that differentiated between the strains. In particular, immune system gene networks and inflammatory biomarkers were upregulated in adipose tissue of B6 mice, despite a low normal fat mass. This was accompanied by increased T-cell and macrophage infiltration. The expression of the same networks and biomarkers, particularly those related to T-cells, further increased in adipose tissue of B6 mice, but only minimally in 129 mice, in response to weight gain promoted by age or high-fat diet, further exacerbating the differences between strains.

CONCLUSIONS

Insulin resistance in mice with differential susceptibility to diabetes and metabolic syndrome is preceded by differences in the inflammatory response of adipose tissue. This phenomenon may serve as an early indicator of disease and contribute to disease susceptibility and progression.
Physical Activity, Adiposity, and Diabetes Risk in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese Population
Authors: Qin Li , Corpeleijn Eva , Jiang Chaoqiang , Thomas G. Neil , Schooling C. Mary , Zhang Weisen , Cheng Kar Keung , Leung Gabriel M. , Stolk Ronald P. , Lam Tai Hing
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE

Physical activity may modify the association of adiposity with type 2 diabetes. We investigated the independent and joint association of adiposity and physical activity with fasting plasma glucose, impaired fasting glucose, and type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Middle-aged and older Chinese (n = 28,946, ≥50 years, 72.4%women) from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study were examined in 2003–2008. Multivariable regression was used in a cross-sectional analysis.

RESULTS

BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were positively associated with type 2 diabetes after multiple adjustment, most strongly for WHR with odds ratio (OR) of 3.99 (95% CI 3.60–4.42) for highest compared with lowest tertile. Lack of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, but not walking, was associated with diabetes with an OR of 1.29 (1.17–1.41). The association of moderate-to-vigorous activity with fasting glucose varied with WHR tertiles (P = 0.01 for interaction). Within the high WHR tertile, participants who had a lack of moderate-to-vigorous activity had an OR of 3.87 (3.22–4.65) for diabetes, whereas those who were active had an OR of 2.94 (2.41–3.59).

CONCLUSIONS

In this population, WHR was a better measure of adiposity-related diabetes risk than BMI or waist circumference. Higher moderate-to-vigorous activity was associated with lower diabetes risk, especially in abdominally obese individuals.