bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Other Comprehensive Income: Do Nonprofessional Investors Value It as Much as Net Income?
Authors: Du Ning , Whittington Ray
Published: November 2024

This study examines how investors incorporate unrealized gains or losses reported in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) into their investment judgments. Since unrealized gains or losses can be presented in either OCI or net income—gains from trading securities are included in net income, while those from available-for-sale securities are reported in OCI (ASC 320 and ASC 851)—it raises the question of whether OCI items are perceived as equally significant as net income items. To explore this, we conducted a 2 × 2 experiment with 240 individual investors, manipulating the presentation of unrealized gains or losses in either net income or OCI. Our findings reveal that unrealized gains are valued significantly lower when presented in OCI compared to net income, indicating that investors see OCI-reported gains as less relevant. However, for unrealized losses, the incorporation degree remained consistent across both presentations, reflecting a general aversion to unrealized losses regardless of how they are reported.
The Loss and Recovery Potential of Net Ecosystem Productivity in Mining Areas: A Global Assessment Based on Data for 2000–2020
Authors: Yang Yongjun , Gong Renjie , Liu Shuaihui , Wu Qinyu , Chen Fu
Published: November 2024

Climate change control requires more land to increase ecosystem carbon sequestration. With the high-intensity development of mineral resources in past decades, massive mining areas have been generated worldwide. However, few studies have evaluated the carbon sequestration of these mining areas. In this study, we analyzed the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) changes and calculated the NEP losses in global terrestrial mining areas. We adopted the random forest model to evaluate the NEP recovery potential and its driving factors. The key findings are that (1) the NEP of global mining areas exhibited a relatively obvious decreasing trend from 2000 to 2020, with an overall reduction of 29.1% and a maximum decline of 35.7%. By 2020, the NEP loss in mining areas was 11.9 g C m−2 year−1, and the total loss reached 576.9 Gg C year−1. (2) Global mining areas demonstrate significant NEP recovery potential, with an average of 12.0 g C m−2 year−1. Notably, Oceania and South America have significantly higher recovery potentials, with average mine site NEP recovery potentials of 15.9 g C m−2 year−1 and 16.1 g C m−2 year−1. In contrast, European mines have considerably lower recovery potentials of less than 10 g C m−2 year−1. In Asia, North America and Africa, the NEP recovery potential varies widely from mine to mine, but generally meets the global average. (3) The annual precipitation, population density, organic soil carbon, and average slope are important drivers of NEP recovery in mining areas and exhibit positive correlations with the NEP recovery potential. In contrast, mine area and minimum temperature exhibit a negative correlation. The dependency curves of the three drivers, standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, average elevation, and annual maximum temperature, are U-shaped, indicating that the recovery potential was poorer in the tropical and frigid zones with less precipitation. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of mining areas worldwide.
A Multi Source Data-Based Method for Assessing Carbon Sequestration of Urban Parks from a Spatial–Temporal Perspective: A Case Study of Shanghai Century Park
Authors: Wang Yiqi , Yu Jiao , Wei Weixuan , Dong Nannan
Published: November 2024

As urbanization accelerates globally, urban areas have become major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, urban parks are crucial as significant components of carbon sinks. Using Shanghai Century Park as a case study, this study aims to develop an applicable and reliable workflow to accurately assess the carbon sequestration capacity of urban parks from a spatial–temporal perspective. Firstly, the random forest model is employed for biotope classification and mapping in the park based on multi-source data, including raw spectral bands, vegetation indices, and texture features. Subsequently, the Net Primary Productivity and biomass of different biotope types are calculated, enabling dynamic monitoring of the park’s carbon sequestration capacity from 2018 to 2023. Moreover, the study explores the main factors influencing changes in carbon sequestration capacity from the management perspective. The findings reveal: (1) The application of multi-source imagery data enhances the accuracy of biotope mapping, with winter imagery proving more precise in classification. (2) From 2018 to 2023, Century Park’s carbon sequestration capacity showed a fluctuating upward trend, with significant variations in the carbon sequestration abilities of different biotope types within the park. (3) Renovation and construction work related to biotope types significantly impacted the park’s carbon sequestration capacity. Finally, the study proposes optimization strategies focused on species selection and layout, planting density, and park management.
Evaluating Wheat Cultivation Potential in Ethiopia Under the Current and Future Climate Change Scenarios
Authors: Alemayehu Sintayehu , Olago Daniel , Opere Alfred , Zeleke Tadesse Terefe , Dejene Sintayehu W.
Published: November 2024

Land suitability analyses are crucial for identifying sustainable areas for agricultural crops and developing appropriate land use strategies. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the current and future land suitability for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in Ethiopia. Twelve variables including soil properties, climate variables, and topographic characteristics were used in the evaluation of land suitability. Statistical methods such as Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Functions (REOF), Coefficient of Variation (CV), correlation, and parametric and non-parametric trend analyses were used to analyze the spatiotemporal variability in current and future climate data and identified significant patterns of variability. For future projections of land suitability and climate, this study employed climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) framework, downscaled using regional climate model version 4.7 (RegCM4.7) under two different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) climate scenarios: SSP1 (a lower emission scenario) and SSP5 (a higher emission scenario). Under the current condition, during March, April, and May (MAM), 53.4% of the country was suitable for wheat cultivation while 44.4% was not suitable. In 2050, non-suitable areas for wheat cultivation are expected to increase by 1% and 6.9% during MAM under SSP1 and SSP5 climate scenarios, respectively. Our findings highlight that areas currently suitable for wheat may face challenges in the future due to altered temperature and precipitation patterns, potentially leading to shifts in suitable areas or reduced productivity. This study also found that the suitability of land for wheat cultivation was determined by rainfall amount, temperature, soil type, soil pH, soil organic carbon content, soil nitrogen content, and elevation. This research underscores the critical importance of integrating spatiotemporal climate variability with future projections to comprehensively assess wheat suitability. By elucidating the implications of climate change on wheat cultivation, this study lays the groundwork for developing effective adaptation strategies and actionable recommendations to enhance management practices. The findings support the county’s commitment to refining agricultural land use strategies, increasing wheat production through suitability predictions, and advancing self-sufficiency in wheat production. Additionally, these insights can empower Ethiopia’s agricultural extension services to guide farmers in cultivating wheat in areas identified as highly and moderately suitable, thereby bolstering production in a changing climate.
Factors Affecting Truck Payload in Recycling Operations: Towards Sustainable Solutions
Authors: Harris Irina , Bermudez Bermejo Diego Enrique , Crowther Thomas , McDonald James
Published: November 2024

Background: One of the ongoing challenges in freight transport operations is to balance efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability through the integration of sustainable practices to minimize the environmental impact. When it comes to truck payload and sustainability, the emphasis is on optimizing space, and minimizing empty miles and the wastage of resources. Ensuring that truck loads meet their targets has many challenges, and our empirical research examines the factors influencing the payloads of recycled fibre across the network in the UK paper industry. Methods: A mixed method approach includes interviews, business process analysis, the identification of opportunity areas, a site visit, simulation, and viability analysis to assess factors as part of the sustainable solution. Results: The research identified aspects related to processes, data availability and fragmentation, consistent procedures, practices, and operational considerations. Refining cage-loading procedures, enhancing baling processes and the visibility of upstream processes, and establishing robust information-sharing mechanisms improve efficiency and support sustainability. Conclusions: The empirical research extends the knowledge related to freight efficiency movements on the road and focuses on practical actions in utilizing recycled fibre’s carrying capacity.
Solidified Salt Melts of the NaCl–KCl–CeF3–EuF3 System as Promising Luminescent Materials
Authors: Zinchenko Viktor , Volchak Ganna , Chivireva Nataliia , Doga Pavlo , Bobitski Yaroslav , Ieriomin Oleh , Smola Serhii , Babenko Anton , Sznajder Małgorzata
Published: November 2024

This study presents the results of investigating the interaction between the CeF₃–EuF₃ system and the NaCl–KCl salt melt using spectroscopic methods. It was found that CeF₃ ions undergo no significant changes upon dissolution in the NaCl–KCl melt. In contrast, the dissolution of EuF₃, both individually and within the CeF₃–EuF₃ system, is accompanied by redox reactions leading to the formation of Eu2⁺. The diffuse reflectance spectra of both the bottom (insoluble sediment) and upper parts of the solidified salt melt in the UV range indirectly indicate photoluminescence excitation from Ce3⁺ and Eu2⁺ ions. In addition, absorption bands in the near-IR region (1900–2300 cm⁻1) confirm the retention of some Eu3⁺ ions in the salt melt. The study explored the effects of various factors—including sample composition, excitation wavelength, prior and subsequent heat treatment, and medium composition—on the excitation and emission spectra of the samples. Intense 5d-4f luminescence of Ce3⁺ and Eu2⁺ ions (at 330 and 430 nm, respectively) was observed predominantly in the upper part of the salt melts, along with much weaker 4f-4f luminescence from Eu3⁺ ions. Certain parameters were optimized to reduce the luminescence contribution from Ce3⁺ and especially Eu3⁺ ions while enhancing the luminescence of Eu2⁺ ions. Solidified salt solution-melts of the NaCl–KCl–CeF₃–EuF₃ system show promise as materials for developing solar ultraviolet radiation detectors.
Analysis of the Properties and Thermal Behavior of Low-Temperature Phase Change Materials (PCMs) That Can Be Applied in Heating and Ventilation Systems
Authors: Rolka Paulina , Nowakowska Helena , Lackowski Marcin
Published: November 2024

This article analyses the use of low-temperature PCMs in devices supplementing a room ventilation system to prevent the overcooling effect. In this study, the phase change is numerically simulated in an axisymmetric system consisting of two tubes. One is filled with RT11HC with an initial temperature of 0 °C, while air with an inlet temperature of 20 °C flows through the other, heating the PCM and causing it to melt. Calculations are performed using commercial software with the apparent heat method for a system of given dimensions. Spatial distributions of the system temperature and liquid volume fraction at different time moments (from 0 to 120 min) are determined. It is found that the results depended mainly on the method of determining the latent heat. For the beginning of the charging process (t < 40 min), the values of the liquid phase fraction determined by the H and S methods are similar, while the one determined by the G method is definitely higher (even three times at t = 10 min). In turn, the outlet air temperature determined by the S method is lower than that determined by the other methods. The size and shape of the mesh have no significant effect on the results.
Self-Starting Improvement and Performance Enhancement in Darrieus VAWTs Using Auxiliary Blades and Deflectors
Authors: Ghafoorian Farzad , Enayati Erfan , Mirmotahari Seyed Reza , Wan Hui
Published: November 2024

The Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is categorized as a lift-based turbomachine. It faces challenges in the low tip speed ratio (TSR) range and requires initial torque for the starting operation. Ongoing efforts are being made to enhance the turbine’s self-starting capability. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were utilized to tackle the identified challenge. The Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach was employed, combined with the shear–stress transport (SST) k−ω turbulence model, to resolve fluid flow equations. The investigation focused on optimizing the placement of auxiliary blades by considering design parameters such as the pitch angle and horizontal and vertical distances. The goal was to increase the turbine efficiency and initial torque in the low-TSR range while minimizing efficiency loss at high-TSR ranges, which is the primary challenge of auxiliary blade installation. Implementing the auxiliary blade successfully extended the rotor’s operational range, shifting the rotor operation’s onset from TSR 1.4 to 0.7. The optimal configuration for installing the auxiliary blade involves a pitch angle of 0°, a horizontal ratio of 0.52, and a vertical ratio of 0.41. To address the ineffectiveness of auxiliary blades at high-TSRs, installing deflectors in various configurations was explored. Introducing a double deflector can significantly enhance the overall efficiency of the conventional Darrieus VAWT and the optimum rotor with the auxiliary blade by 47% and 73% at TSR = 2.5, respectively.
Analysis of Tire-Road Interaction: A Literature Review
Authors: Fathi Haniyeh , El-Sayegh Zeinab , Ren Jing , El-Gindy Moustafa
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the most popular and recent work on passenger and truck tires. Previous papers discuss a huge amount of work on the modeling of passenger car tires using finite element analysis. In addition, recent works on tire–road interaction and the validation of tires using experimental measurements have been described. Moreover, the history of the tire-road contact algorithms is explained. In addition, friction modeling that is implemented in tire–road interaction applications are discussed. Also, a summary of current state-of-the-art research work definitions and requirements of the tread rubber compound are covered from previous studies using various literature reviews and hyper-viscoelastic material models that are implemented for the tread top and the tread base rubber compound. Furthermore, the effect of tire temperature from previous works is presented here. Finally, this literature review also highlights the shortcomings of recent research work and describes the areas lacking in the literature.
Linear Codes and Self-Polarity
Authors: Bouyukliev Iliya , Bouyuklieva Stefka , Dzhumalieva-Stoeva Mariya , Bikov Dushan
Published: November 2024

This work studies projective self-dual (PSD) and self-polar linear codes over finite fields with q elements, where q is a power of a prime. The possible parameters for which PSD codes may exist are presented, and many examples are provided. Algorithms for checking whether a q-ary linear code is self-polar are described. Many PSD and self-polar codes over fields with two, three, four, and five elements with two and three nonzero weights are constructed.
Decomposition–Linearization–Sequential Homotopy Methods for Nonlinear Differential/Integral Equations
Authors: Liu Chein-Shan , Kuo Chung-Lun , Chang Chih-Wen
Published: November 2024

In the paper, two new analytic methods using the decomposition and linearization technique on nonlinear differential/integral equations are developed, namely, the decomposition–linearization–sequential method (DLSM) and the linearized homotopy perturbation method (LHPM). The DLSM is realized by an integrating factor and the integral of certain function obtained at the previous step for obtaining a sequential analytic solution of nonlinear differential equation, which provides quite accurate analytic solution. Some first- and second-order nonlinear differential equations display the fast convergence and accuracy of the DLSM. An analytic approximation for the Volterra differential–integral equation model of the population growth of a species is obtained by using the LHPM. In addition, the LHPM is also applied to the first-, second-, and third-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. To reduce the cost of computation of He’s homotopy perturbation method and enhance the accuracy for solving cubically nonlinear jerk equations, the LHPM is implemented by invoking a linearization technique in advance is developed. A generalization of the LHPM to the nth-order nonlinear differential equation is involved, which can greatly simplify the work to find an analytic solution by solving a set of second-order linear differential equations. A remarkable feature of those new analytic methods is that just a few steps and lower-order approximations are sufficient for producing reasonably accurate analytic solutions. For all examples, the second-order analytic solution x2(t) is found to be a good approximation of the real solution. The accuracy of the obtained approximate solutions are identified by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The major objection is to unify the analytic solution methods of different nonlinear differential equations by simply solving a set of first-order or second-order linear differential equations. It is clear that the new technique considerably saves computational costs and converges faster than other analytical solution techniques existing in the literature, including the Picard iteration method. Moreover, the accuracy of the obtained analytic solution is raised.
On Convergence of Toeplitz Quantization of the Sphere
Authors: Li Yanlin , Bouleryah Mohamed Lemine H. , Ali Akram
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we give an explicit expression of the Toeplitz quantization of a C∞ smooth function on the sphere and show that the sequence of spectra of Toeplitz quantization of the function determines its decreasing rearrangement. We also use Toeplitz quantization to prove a version of Szegö’s Theorem.
The Effects of Agaro-Oligosaccharides Produced by Marine Bacteria (Rheinheimera sp. (HY)) Possessing Agarose-Degrading Enzymes on Myotube Function
Authors: Huang Youshi , Hirose Takuya , Tsai Jyh-Ming , Hirasaka Katsuya
Published: November 2024

Agarase and its metabolites are reported to have applications in a variety of fields, but there have been few studies of the effects of agaro-oligosaccharide hydrolysate on muscle function. In this study, we analyzed the functionality of agarase and its metabolites in bacteria isolated from seawater. A bacterium with agar-degrading activity was isolated from Shimabara, Nagasaki, Japan. Through 16S rRNA sequence alignment, it was identified as being closely related to Rheinheimera sp. WMF-1 and was provisionally named Rheinheimera sp. (HY). Crude enzymes derived from this bacterium demonstrated an ability to hydrolyze various polysaccharides, including agar, agarose, and starch, with the highest specificity observed for agarose. The optimum pH and temperature were pH 10 and 50 °C. A glycoside bond specificity analysis of enzymatic activity indicated the cleavage of the α-linkage. Next, we investigated the functional effects of agaro-oligosaccharides on C2C12 myotubes. Treatment with 10–30 kDa oligosaccharides significantly increased the hypertrophy rate, diameter, and expression of myosin heavy-chain genes in C2C12 myotubes. These results indicate that the agaro-oligosaccharides produced by the enzymes identified in this study improve muscle mass, suggesting their potential contribution to muscle function.
Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Tests and Electroencephalogram Results Among Cirrhotic Patients
Authors: Mohamed Alaa Aboud , Elkholy Mostafa M. , Mangoud Ola O. , Ibrahim Ahmed R. N. , Elgendy Marwa O. , Abdel Fattah Ali M.
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: Patients with cirrhosis who seem normal during physical examinations may still have abnormalities in their electroencephalogram (EEG) or show pathological results in neuropsychological tests. This study aimed to investigate the progression of minimal hepatic encephalopathy, its effects on quality of life, its prognostic value, and its significance for daily functioning. Materials and Methods: This study involved 50 patients with confirmed cirrhosis (28 Child A, 12 Child B, 10 Child C) who were assessed for psychological symptoms and underwent several tests: the Minimal Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Letter Cancellation Test, the Digit Symbol Coding Test, and EEG. Results: showed that 40% of patients exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms, with somatization being the most common at 96%. The MMSE revealed cognitive impairment in 48% of patients. In the Letter Cancellation Test (LCT) (total error), 80% of patients had organic disorders, and 24% showed affections with (LCT) (completion time). The Digit Symbol Coding Test results showed affection in 28% of patients. Significant EEG changes were observed in patients with Child C cirrhosis. Patients with portal hypertension (including varices and variceal bleeding), liver cell failure symptoms (such as ascites, lower limb edema, and bleeding tendency), as well as those who smoke, or obese, or have hyperlipidemia, all displayed notable EEG and psychological test abnormalities, making them more likely to develop hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusions: psychological testing and EEG changes are effective in detecting minimal hepatic encephalopathy, with a higher incidence in Child C patients compared to those in Child A and B.
New Perspectives in the Etiology of Chronic Rhinosinusitis—Haller Cells
Authors: Nedelcu Alin Horatiu , Tepordei Razvan Tudor , Lupu Ancuta , Lupu Vasile Valeriu , Moraru Marius Constantin , Partene Vicoleanu Simona Alice , Statescu Gabriel , Popa Cosmin Gabriel , Ursaru Manuela , Tarniceriu Cristina Claudia
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: Haller Cells (HCs) represent the abnormal migration of ethmoid cells that are located below the ethmoid bulla at the level of the upper wall of the maxillary sinus. Through their placement, the cells can exert a mass effect on the infundibulum of the maxillary sinus. The aim of our study is to investigate the prevalence of Haller cells in the Romanian population and to evaluate the relationship between this anatomical variation and chronic rhinosinusitis. Secondly, we want to morphometrically evaluate the impact of Haller cells’ presence in the drainage paths of the maxillary sinuses. Materials and Methods: We conducted a randomised retrospective study that included 255 consecutive multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of the head. To carry out a comparative evaluation of the association of Haller cells with chronic rhinosinusitis, we divided the patients into two subgroups, a seasonal-based sample, between November 2022 and January 2023, and June 2023 and August 2023, respectively. We report the mean ± standard deviation for the continuous variables. To compare the results, we used the following statistical tests: a chi-squared test and a paired Student’s t-test (one-tail). Results: Our study identified a high prevalence of Haller cells, namely in 128 out of 255 patients (50.2%). There were no statistically significant associations between the presence of HCs and the age and the gender of the sample, respectively. The unilocular morphotype predominates in unilateral shapes and in bilateral shapes as well (p = 0.002). Our study identified the correlation between the Haller cells and the chronic rhinosinusitis in both research samples: “Winter group” and “Summer group” (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: It was determined that for 40 out of 42 patients, the presence of HCs changes the morphometric pattern of the infundibular maxillary sinus.
When Dark Personality Gets Darker: The Intersection of Injustice, Moral Disengagement, and Unethical Decision Making
Authors: Travis Justin , Neale Catherine A. , Wilgus Samuel J.
Published: November 2024

Despite advances in understanding the factors that predict unethical behaviors such as counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB), there is still substantial variance left unexplained in the occurrence of unethical behavior. Recent research has examined how unethical behavior may change beyond initially reported levels due to the gradual erosion of ethicality via justification processes such as moral disengagement. The present study extends this research by examining the role of personality in determining the extent to which individuals make subsequent unethical decisions at greater or lower levels beyond their initial levels. Studies 1 and 2 used an experimental design that presents half of participants with an opportunity to practice moral disengagement by allowing participants to justify their actions. Results in study 1 demonstrate that individuals with high levels of dark personality traits tend to increase their level of unethical decision making when given the chance to justify their actions, whereas those with low levels of dark personality become less unethical. Study 2 examines the extent to which the mediating role of perceived justice changes when participants are given an opportunity to justify their actions. Results from study 2 show the effects of justice as a mediating mechanism are significantly diminished when the justification manipulation is present. Implications emphasize the need to use both selection and development interventions in organizations to reduce gradual decreases in ethicality as well as reduced reliance on cross-sectional research to study a phenomenon that can change as unethical behavior is justified.
An Analysis of Dynamic Recrystallization During the Reduction Pretreatment Process Using a Multiscale Model
Authors: Wu Die , Ning Zhen , Zhu Yanlin , Yu Wei
Published: November 2024

In this study, a multiscale model is developed through secondary development (UMAT and UEXTERNALDB) in Abaqus with the objective of simulating the thermal deformation process with dynamic recrystallization behavior. The model couples the finite element method (FEM) with the multiphase field model (MPFM), thereby establishing bidirectional coupling between macroscopic mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution. A comparison between the single-element hot compression simulation and experimental results demonstrates that the model accurately simulates both the macroscopic mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution during the thermal deformation process, thereby exhibiting high precision. Simulations of the reduction pretreatment (RP) process under different reduction amounts and billet surface temperatures demonstrate that increasing the reduction amount and billet surface temperature significantly enhances both plastic deformation and the volume fraction of dynamic recrystallization in the billet core. This results in the closure of core voids and the refinement of the core microstructure, thereby providing valuable guidance for the development of optimal reduction pretreatment (RP) processes.
A Comprehensive LC–MS Metabolomics Assay for Quantitative Analysis of Serum and Plasma
Authors: Zhang Lun , Zheng Jiamin , Johnson Mathew , Mandal Rupasri , Cruz Meryl , Martínez-Huélamo Miriam , Andres-Lacueva Cristina , Wishart David S.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Targeted metabolomics is often criticized for the limited metabolite coverage that it offers. Indeed, most targeted assays developed or used by researchers measure fewer than 200 metabolites. In an effort to both expand the coverage and improve the accuracy of metabolite quantification in targeted metabolomics, we decided to develop a comprehensive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assay that could quantitatively measure more than 700 metabolites in serum or plasma. Methods: The developed assay makes use of chemical derivatization followed by reverse phase LC–MS/MS and/or direct flow injection MS (DFI–MS) in both positive and negative ionization modes to separate metabolites. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), in combination with isotopic standards and multi-point calibration curves, is used to detect and absolutely quantify the targeted metabolites. The assay has been adapted to a 96-well plate format to enable automated, high-throughput sample analysis. Results: The assay (called MEGA) is able to detect and quantify 721 metabolites in serum/plasma, covering 20 metabolite classes and many commonly used clinical biomarkers. The limits of detection were determined to range from 1.4 nM to 10 mM, recovery rates were from 80% to 120%, and quantitative precision was within 20%. LC–MS/MS metabolite concentrations of the NIST® SRM®1950 plasma standard were found to be within 15% of NMR quantified levels. The MEGA assay was further validated in a large dietary intervention study. Conclusions: The MEGA assay should make comprehensive quantitative metabolomics much more affordable, accessible, automatable, and applicable to large-scale clinical studies.
Magnetic Actuation for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy in a Large Workspace Using a Mobile-Coil System
Authors: Li Xiao , Zeng Detian , Xu Han , Zhang Qi , Liao Bin
Published: November 2024

Current wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) is limited in the long examination time and low flexibility since the capsule is passively moved by the natural peristalsis. Efforts have been made to facilitate the active locomotion of WCE using magnetic actuation and localization technologies. This work focuses on the motion control of the robotic capsule under magnetic actuation in a complex gastrointestinal (GI) tract environment in order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of its motion in dynamic, complex environments. Specifically, a magnetic actuation system based on a four-electromagnetic coil module is designed, and a control strategy for the system is proposed. In particular, the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control parameters and current values are optimized online and in real time using the adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm. In this paper, both simulations and real-world experiments were conducted using acrylic plates with irregular shapes to simulate the GI tract environment for evaluation. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed control methods to realize the accurate and efficient inspection of the intestine using active WCE. The methods presented in this paper can be integrated with current WCE to improve the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of the GI tract.
Effect of Thermal Expansion Mismatch on Thermomechanical Behaviour of Compacted Graphite Iron
Authors: Cao Minghua , Baxevanakis Konstantinos P. , Silberschmidt Vadim V.
Published: November 2024

Compacted graphite iron (CGI) attracts significant attention in the automotive industry thanks to its suitable thermomechanical properties and cost-effectiveness. A primary fracture mechanism at the microscale for CGI involves interfacial damage and debonding between graphite inclusions and its metallic matrix, which can occur under high-temperature service conditions due to a mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion between these two phases. Such microscopic interfacial damage can initiate macroscopic fractures in cast-iron components subjected to thermal loading. While this phenomenon was studied in various composites, there remains a lack of detailed information for CGI, especially related to the complex morphology of its graphite inclusions. This study investigates the influence of graphite morphology and type of matrix on the thermomechanical performance of CGI at high temperatures. A set of three-dimensional finite-element models were developed in the form of unit cells with a single graphite inclusion embedded within a cubic domain of the metallic matrix. Elastoplastic behaviour was assumed for both phases in the numerical simulations. The study is focused on the response of the constituents in CGI to pure thermal loading in order to explore the relationship between graphite morphology and fracture mechanisms. The findings aim to enhance understanding of how graphite morphology affects the behaviours of CGI under high-temperature conditions.
Analysis of Characteristics of Bovine-Derived Non-Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis and Validation of Potential Probiotic Effects
Authors: Wang Dong , Zhao Long , Lin Jingyi , Wang Yajing , Gao Haihui , Liu Wenhui , Li Qirui , Zhang Liang , Kang Xiaodong , Guo Kangkang
Published: November 2024

Bacteroides fragilis is a new generation of probiotics, and its probiotic effects on humans and some animals have been verified. However, research on B. fragilis in cattle is still lacking. In this study, 24 stool samples were collected from two large-scale cattle farms in Wuzhong, Ningxia, including 12 diarrheal and 12 normal stools. A non-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (NTBF) was isolated and identified by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and named BF-1153; genome composition and genome functional analyses were carried out to reflect the biological characteristics of the BF-1153 strain. A cluster analysis of BF-1153 was performed using Mega X to explore its genetic relationship. In addition, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) was used to determine the toxic effects of the strain on human ileocecal colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line cells (HCT-8), Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), and intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPECs). The results showed that BF-1153 conformed to the biological characteristics of B. fragilis. BF-1153 had no toxic effects on HCT-8, MDBK, and IPEC. Animal experiments have shown that BF-1153 has no toxic effects on healthy SPF Kunming mice. Notably, the supernatant of BF-1153 enhanced cell activity and promoted cell growth in all three cell lines. At the same time, a cluster analysis of the isolated strains showed that the BF-1153 strain belonged to the same branch as the B. fragilis strain 23212, and B. fragilis strain 22998. The results of the animal experiments showed that BF-1153 had a certain preventive effect on diarrhea symptoms in SPF Kunming mice caused by a bovine rotavirus (BRV). In summary, the strain BF-1153 isolated in this experiment is NTBF, which has no toxic effect on MDBK, HCT-8, and IPEC, and has obvious cell growth-promoting effects, especially on MDBK. BF-1153 promotes the growth and development of SPF Kunming mice when compared with the control group. At the same time, BF-1153 alleviated the diarrhea symptoms caused by BRV in SPF Kunming mice. Therefore, BF-1153 has the potential to be a probiotic for cattle.
Petrogenesis of Late Stenian Syn-Orogenic A-Type Granites in the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex and Eastern Indian Shield
Authors: Goswami Bapi , Basak Ankita , Gréau Yoann , Bhattacharyya Chittaranjan
Published: November 2024

We report the petrogenesis of arfvedsonite granites from the Dimra Pahar pluton in the Chhotanagpur Gneissic Complex based on petrology, whole-rock chemistry, mineral chemistry, and La-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages and Hf-Lu isotopic analyses. These granites are dominantly peralkaline, occasionally peraluminous, and demonstrate features of A1-type granites. The magma was emplaced at a shallow depth and had a high liquidus temperature, fO2 (>NNO), and water saturation. The zircons exhibit three distinct U-Pb isotopic ages. The oldest (1324 ± 6 Ma), large-sized inherited zircons (εHf(t) = +1.65 to +7.64), show complex zoning and signs of partial resorption. The euhedral, prismatic-bipyramidal zircons displaying oscillatory zoning (εHf(t) = −3.43 to +1.43) reveal a crystallization age of 1046 ± 7 Ma. Their thin periphery (εHf(t) = −3.23 to +0.27) grew during retrograde metamorphism (995 ± 6 Ma). The whole-rock geochemistry and the Hf-isotope values imply that the parental magma of these granites resulted from the anatexis of metasomatized lithospheric mantle sources. These granites intruded in a syn-orogenic (syn-collisional exhumation) stage of the orogeny.
Selection of Support System to Provide Vibration Frequency and Stability of Beam Structure
Authors: Lyapin Alexander P. , Kudryavtsev Ilya V. , Dokshanin Sergey G. , Kolotov Andrey V. , Mityaev Alexander E.
Published: November 2024

The current engineering theories on bending vibrations and the stability of beam structures are based on solving eigenvalue problems through similarly formulated differential equations. Solving the eigenvalue problem for engineering calculations is particularly laborious, especially for non-classical supports, where factors like the stiffness of supports, axial forces, or temperature must be considered. In this case, the solution can be obtained only by numerical methods using specially created programs, which makes it difficult to select supports for a given planar beam structure in engineering practice. This work utilizes established solutions from eigenvalue problems in the theory of vibrations and stability of beams, incorporating factors such as axial forces, temperature, and support stiffness. This combined solution is applicable to beam structures of any type and cross-section, as it is determined solely by the selected support conditions (stiffness) and loading (axial force, temperature). Approximation of eigenvalue problem solutions through continuous functions allows the readers to use them for the analytical solution of the design problem of choosing a support system to ensure the frequency of vibrations and stability of the planar beam structure. At the same time, the known solutions given in the reference books on bending vibrations and stability become their particular solutions. This approach is applicable to solving problems of vibrations and loss of stability of various types (torsional, longitudinal, etc.), and is also applicable in other disciplines where solving problems for eigenvalues is required.
Influence of Rapid Heat Treatment on the Photocatalytic Activity and Stability of Barium Titanates Against a Broad Range of Pollutants
Authors: Abedi Mahsa , Basheer Haythem S. , Lakatos Laura , Kukovecz Ákos , Kónya Zoltán , Gyulavári Tamás , Pap Zsolt
Published: November 2024

Barium titanate photocatalysts were synthesized via a sol–gel method involving a unique, cost-effective calcination technique that includes rapid heating and short exposure. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The photooxidation activity and stability of the samples were evaluated by the degradation of phenol, oxalic acid, and chlorophenol. Their photoreduction activity was also investigated by the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO. In both cases, UV irradiation was applied to activate the catalysts. As references, commercially available cubic and tetragonal barium titanates were used, with the addition of benchmark P25 TiO2 in some cases. Increasing the calcination temperature resulted in increased primary crystallite sizes, decreased specific surface areas, and slightly redshifted band gaps. On the one hand, the overall photooxidation activity of the samples for pollutant degradation was rather low, possibly due to their unfavorable valence band maximum position. On the other hand, our samples displayed significantly superior photoreduction activity, surpassing that of all the references, including P25 TiO2. The high photoactivity was mainly attributed to the specific surface areas that changed per the efficiency of the samples. Last, the cost comparison calculations showed that applying our calcination technique is 29.5% more cost-efficient than conventional calcination, and the same amount of energy is sufficient for preparing even a 1.4 times higher amount of barium titanite.
Mechanistic Study of Atomic Oxygen Erosion on Polyimide Under Electric Fields: A Molecular Dynamics and Density Functional Theory Approach
Authors: Zhou Shengrui , Zhang Li , Zou Liang , Ayubi Bilal Iqbal , Wang Yiwei
Published: November 2024

Polyimide (PI) is widely used in aerospace applications due to its superior insulating properties. However, the high concentration of atomic oxygen (AO) in low Earth orbit leads to significant performance degradation in PI, and the underlying mechanism of AO erosion under an electric field remains unclear. This study utilizes molecular dynamics simulations to model AO erosion on PI under various electric field strengths and explores the corresponding degradation mechanisms. The results indicate that the presence of an electric field exacerbates the degradation of PI by AO. AO erosion elevates the polymer’s temperature, and the combined effects of thermal and electric stresses increase the polymer’s free volume, loosening its structure and accelerating degradation. The quantity of AO-induced erosion products increases with rising electric field strength, causing more large carbon chains to detach from the polymer surface. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the electric field reduces the frontier orbital energy gap in PI molecules, making AO erosion reactions more thermodynamically favorable. This work provides an atomic-level insight into the degradation mechanism of PI under AO erosion in electric fields and offers a theoretical basis for future studies on polymer resistance to AO erosion in space environments.
Investigation of Trimethylenemethane Cyclopentyl-Annulations as a Strategy to Obtain a Functionalized Angular Triquinane Skeleton
Authors: Webber S. Mason , Russu Wade A.
Published: November 2024

The angular triquinane carbocyclic ring system is a component of many natural products found in numerous terrestrial and marine plants. A strategy for the synthesis of functionalized angular triquinanes utilizing two trimethylenemethane (TMM)-based [3+2] cycloaddition reactions is presented. This synthetic strategy employs the intermolecular dyil-trapping reaction to give eventual access to the bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-1-en-3-one system. A subsequent [3+2] cycloaddition with a TMM equivalent provides the angular triquinane carbocyclic framework.
Effects of Resveratrol on Adipocytes: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Terzo Matthew , Iantomasi Michael , Tsiani Evangelia
Published: November 2024

Obesity, a prevalent global health issue, arises from an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, leading to the expansion of adipose tissue and metabolic dysfunction. White adipose tissue (WAT) stores energy as lipids, while brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a pivotal role in energy dissipation through adaptive thermogenesis. Recent research initiatives have focused on finding strategies to decrease adipogenesis and fat mass accumulation and increase thermogenesis. Finding chemicals with anti-obesity properties would be beneficial. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound abundantly found in the skin of grapes and red wine, possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity properties. This literature review examines the effects of resveratrol on adipocytes in culture and adipose tissue in animal models of obesity. The existing evidence indicates that resveratrol may exert its anti-obesity effects by inhibiting adipogenesis, promoting the apoptosis of mature adipocytes, reducing lipid accumulation, and increasing thermogenesis. Further research utilizing animal and clinical studies is required to understand in detail the anti-obesity potential of resveratrol.
On-Site Sensitive Colorimetry for Free Cyanide by Using Ion-Pair Solid-Phase Extraction with Sedimentable Dispersed Particulates and Mobile Photography Box
Authors: Kohama Nozomi , Okazaki Takuya , Sazawa Kazuto , Hata Noriko , Kuramitz Hideki , Taguchi Shigeru
Published: November 2024

We propose a sensitive and simple colorimetric method using dispersed particle extraction for the highly sensitive detection of free cyanide in water samples. The method involves the direct capture of the color-producing compound by dispersed microparticles in a sample vessel containing colorimetric reagents and an adsorbent. The color of the microparticles that have naturally settled to the bottom of the microtube can be directly measured by visual observation or image analysis. A mobile photography box (MPB) suitable for use with a smartphone was developed to ensure reproducibility in the lighting environment during image acquisition. The MPB was then used to develop a highly sensitive analytical method for cyanide. This newly developed method allows direct measurement of the color tone of the target component collected on particles by irradiating light from below and photographing it perpendicularly. The method offers excellent portability, sensitivity, and reproducibility and is less affected by interfering color components. When applied to cyanide analysis, the detection limit reached 0.005 mg/L and measurements could be completed within 10 min, significantly shorter than the conventional absorbance spectrophotometric method, which requires 30 min. Thus, this method achieves highly sensitive cyanide analysis.
The (C2N2H10)[Cu(H2O)4](TX4)2 Structural Family: When Fluoroberyllate, Sulfate, and Selenate Are Full Analogs
Authors: Charkin Dmitri O. , Kireev Vadim E. , Dmitriev Dmitri N. , Banaru Alexander M. , Kompanchenko Alena A. , Deyneko Dina V. , Tananaev Ivan G. , Aksenov Sergey M.
Published: November 2024

Two new organo-inorganic hybrids, (C2N2H10)[Cu(H2O)4](BeF4)2 (1) and (C2N2H10)[Cu(H2O)4](SeO4)2 (2), were prepared via the interaction of ethylenediamine, copper fluoroberyllate or selenate, and H2[BeF4]/H2SeO4 in aqueous solutions. The structures of 1 and 2 are similar to each other and the previously reported (C2N2H10)[Cu(H2O)4](SO4)2: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 5.1044(2) Å, b = 11.6171(4) Å, c = 10.1178(3) Å, and β = 94.431(3)° for 1; and a = 5.25020(10), b = 11.7500(2), c = 10.4434(2), and β = 94.5464(17)° for 2. All structures contain a square planar [Cu(H2O)4]2+ species, which coordinates, at rather long distances, two TX42− tetrahedral dianions in κ1 mode, forming relatively weak [Cu(H2O)4(TX4)2]2− complexes. These are linked together via hydrogen bonding into pseudo-chains; the ethylenediammonium cations link them into a 3D architecture. Compound 1 is, to the best of our knowledge, the first—though expected—representative of a hybrid organo-inorganic fluoroberyllate. The crystal chemical relations within the structural family (enH2)[Cu(H2O)4](TX4)2 are discussed.