The Second Stage of Development of the Modern Olympic Movement According to the Author's Complex-Factological Periodization
Authors:   Ivan Boberskyy Lviv State University of Physical Culture, Theory of Sport and Physical Culture Department. 11/219, Kostushka Str., Lviv 79007, Ukraine, Neroda N. V. , Briskin Yu. A. 
Published: May 2022

The purpose of the study was substantiation and characterization of the second stage of development of the modern Olympic movement within the author's complex-factological periodization. Materials and methods. The main materials consisted of scientific articles dedicated to the research problem, archival data and International Olympic Committee guidelines, posted on the official website of the International Olympic Committee. Theoretical analysis and generalizations were used for the analysis of scientific and methodological literature and documentary materials on the issues of research and assessment of the state of the problem under study. A systematic approach was used to study Olympic sports as a dynamic social system. Historical methods made it possible to study the formation and development of the processes and events of the Olympic movement in chronological order, to determine the stages of development of the Olympic movement. Results and discussion. The second stage of development of the Olympic movement from 1919 to 1939 was quite difficult not only for the Olympic movement, but also for the entire world community, since it falls on the period between the two world wars. The decisions made by the VII-IX Olympic Congresses and sessions of the International Olympic Committee during this period became the fundamental principles for the development and functioning of the Olympic movement at the second stage of its development: the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee was reformed; requirements for the organization and holding of the Olympic Games were detailed; the Winter Olympic Games were introduced; the Permanent Council of Delegates of the Olympic International Federations was established, which was entrusted with cooperation with the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee on resolving issues related to the sports included in the program of the Olympic Games; the procedure for admission to participation in the Olympic Games and the formulation of amateur status were specified. The decision of the XI Olympic Congress regulated the duration of the Olympic Games up to 16 days, including the opening day, and the number of participants from each country for individual and team competitions. During the stage, the formation of the ceremonial of the Olympic Games takes place: the raising of the Olympic flag and the proclamation of the Olympic oath on behalf of the participants during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games (the Games of the VII Olympiad, 1920); the raising of three flags (the International Olympic Committee flag, the host country flag and the next host country flag) during the closing ceremony (the Games of the VIII Olympiad, 1924); the order of exit of the participating countries (the Games of the IX Olympiad, 1928); Olympic torch relay (the Games of the XI Olympiad, 1936). As for the first stage, the characteristic feature of the stage of 1919-1939 is the positive dynamics of the number of participants and representation of countries at the Olympic Games: from 2622 participants from 29 countries at the Games of the VII Olympiad (Antwerp, 1920) to 3963 athletes from 49 countries at the Games of the XI Olympiad (Berlin, 1936) and from 260 participants from 16 countries at the I Winter Olympic Games (Chamonix, 1924) to 646 athletes from 28 countries at the IV Winter Olympic Games (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936). The increase in the number of the National Olympic Committees and participants is due both to the growing popularity of the Olympic movement and the emergence of new independent countries in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. The number of women among the participants in the Olympic Games also increased from 65 (Antwerp, 1920) to 331 athletes (Berlin, 1936) due to an increase in the number of sports and disciplines with their participation. The second stage of the development of the Olympic movement is characterized by the stability of sports and the decrease of kinds of competitions in the program of the Olympic Games. Conclusion. We consider 1919 and 1939 to be the boundaries of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement. They were the years of the first post-war session of the International Olympic Committee (Lausanne) and the beginning of the Second World War, which made it impossible for the further development and functioning of the Olympic movement. The main characteristics of the second stage of the development of the Olympic movement are the strengthening of its position in the world community, the formation of the ceremonial protocol of the Olympic Games, the beginning of the Winter Olympic Games, further improvement of the organizational structure of the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic movement, the growing influence of international federations in the Olympic movement, in particular in solving issues of admission and control over compliance with competition rules, further improvement and stabilization of the Olympic Games program, cooperation and delimitation of powers of the Olympic movement bodies: the International Olympic Committee, the National Olympic Committees and the Council of Delegates of Olympic International Federations