bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion as Spirituality
Authors: McNally Michael D.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the relative success of court decisions accommodating certain individual Native American inmates in their religious exercise in prisons, especially the sweat lodge. These cases reveal a pattern of what officials refer to as “Native American Spirituality.” In the prison cases, Native American Spirituality emerges as a term of art from corrections management, a line on the intake form for religious preference, and keyed to the language of the federal chaplaincy manual. Prison chaplaincy programs use it in an effort to articulate what's often exceptional and irreducibly diverse about Native religious traditions and to articulate what makes them so difficult to pin down. Especially insofar as the cases largely involve a triad of intertribal practices: sweat lodges, pipe ceremonies, and access to medicinal tobacco, sage, cedar, and sweetgrass.
Religion as Collective Right
Authors: McNally Michael D.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers efforts to legislate Native American religious freedom in the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA, 1978). Where courts and even common sense have seen AIRFA as a religious freedom statute—as an extension of the legal protections of the First Amendment into the distinctive terrain of Native American traditions—the chapter suggests a different view. If the legal force of “religious freedom” discourse has been only dimly effective for Native sacred claims in courts, this chapter is the one that most pointedly shows how Native peoples drew on the rhetorical power of the sacred and religious freedom to win significant legislative protections specific to Native peoples. It does so through interviews with Suzan Shown Harjo. These interviews show how the remarkable legislative accomplishment of AIRFA and, later, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990), carry the rhetorical force of religious freedom into the legal shape of federal Indian law, with its recognition of treaty-based collective rights and the United States' nation-to-nation relationship with Native peoples.
Religion as Collective Right
Authors: McNally Michael D.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses repatriation law and a cluster of legal cases involving possession of ceremonial eagle feathers, where courts have consistently affirmed the collective contours of Native religions. Courts have upheld an exemption to the criminal penalties for feather possession tailored to members of federally recognized tribes against legal challenges by individual practitioners of Native religions who are not members of those tribes. These cases illustrate well the difficulties and the possibilities of religion as a category encompassing collective Native traditions. The coalition that persuaded Congress in 1994 to pass the Peyote Amendment to AIRFA was successful in part because it was largely the same circle of advocates, lawyers, tribal spiritual and political leaders, and allies who had recently won congressional passage of two repatriation statutes: the National Museum of the American Indian Act (NMAI) in 1989 and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) the next year. The chapter thus tells the story of Native-led efforts to secure these two laws and offers an interpretation of them not as religious freedom laws, but primarily as additions to federal Indian law that encompass religious and cultural heritage.
The Rise and Fall of the Mahdi State
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides a theory-building study of the rise and subsequent fall of the Mahdiya during the First (1881–1885) and Second (1896–1899) Mahdi wars against Anglo-Egyptian forces. It also illustrates the effects of a sudden and unexpected shift from low to extreme military inequality while also building out the matched template used to structure paired comparisons in subsequent chapters. The Mahdi constructed an egalitarian and inclusive notion of the collective Mahdist community that translated into low military inequality. The Khalifa, by contrast, radically reshaped the Mahdiya's social contract, choosing to rule atop an exclusionary ethnocracy that favored his own Baggara tribe and, even more narrowly, his own Ta'isha clan. Military inequality was correspondingly extremely high; many tribes and ethnic groups were subjected to coercion, forced displacement, deliberate starvation, and near-genocidal levels of violence that severed the connection between the regime and its soldiers.
African World Wars
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This chapter extends the argument to the modern era by comparing the battlefield performance of Ethiopia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during two of the most destructive conventional wars in the post-1945 era: the Second Congo War (1998–2002) and the Ethiopia–Eritrea War (1998–2000). Despite remarkably similar traits, these belligerents, separated by a substantial 0.32 difference in military inequality, had sharply different wartime outcomes. The DRC's army, riddled with ethnic contradictions, nearly collapsed as a coherent fighting force at the war's outset, leading military commanders to augment regular units with a motley collection of mercenaries, child soldiers, militia, and forces from neighboring Zimbabwe and Angola. For their part, Ethiopian forces waged some of the largest mechanized battles of the post-1945 era and displayed increasing sophistication over time. Mechanized units not only repelled Eritrea's initial invasion but cracked its defensive system in a series of grueling offensives reminiscent of World War I's trench warfare. Though casualties were high, Ethiopian forces displayed a high degree of cohesion and tactical innovation on their way to capturing nearly one-quarter of Eritrea.
Conclusion
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter summarizes the book's main findings before applying the argument to an out-of-sample case, that of Iraqi battlefield performance against the Islamic State (ISIS) in 2014–2017. The war provides an opportunity to step outside the original historical evidence used to devise, refine, and test the book's theoretical propositions. Here, the seeds of Iraq's shaky performance were sown by its Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki's decision to pursue an ethno-sectarian political program that marginalized Sunni and Kurdish citizens. Rather than cast an inclusionary net, al-Maliki pursued a Shia-dominated vision of the political community that relegated non-Shia to second-class status. The chapter also teases out the book's implications for international relations theory, proposes a new research program around inequality and war, suggests several policy implications flowing from the argument, and peeks cautiously at the future of war.
Revolution as Tragedy
Authors: Chirot Daniel
Published: September 2020

This chapter frames revolutions as sites of tragedy, within which liberal moderates find themselves caught in the midst of a highly volatile political situation. Here, revolutions are defined as being inspired by ideals that call for the building of a better society by deliberately and quickly changing, at a minimum, key political rules, and institutions. From there, the chapter describes four “acts” or stages, similar to the dramatic progression of classic tragedy, which can play out during revolutions. Not all revolutions follow all four of these stages, but some do, and all experience at least two or three of them. Furthermore, the chapter describes an important figure present in many of these revolutions—the liberal moderate—whose misfortune it is to be caught between intransigent resistance to reform by the king and royal court and equally uncompromising revolutionary radicalism.
Are There Lessons for Us to Learn?
Authors: Chirot Daniel
Published: September 2020

This chapter draws eight conclusions from previous chapters for contemporary use. The first is that a kind of “blockage” has occurred, whereby powerful interest groups grow stronger and defend their wealth and privileges by blocking essential change and innovation. The second conclusion points out that it is possible to overcome a crisis if there are strong institutions that can be used by a self-aware political elite capable of understanding that change is necessary. The third is that moderate liberals usually emerge in the early stages of revolution, but are apt to be marginalized later on. The fourth adds that people from other political alignments also fall into the same trap. The fifth argues that wars invariably enhance the power of the radicals. The sixth reminds us that we all need to pay attention to what political leaders write and say, and never assume that what sounds like extremism is just opportunistic exaggeration. The seventh remarks on how ideas were also shaped by cultural and intellectual elites who were not identical to political ones. Finally, the eight: if you want a revolution, beware of how it might turn out.
Introduction
Authors: Koortbojian Michael
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter briefly discusses the baffling history of the pomerium. The pomerium, as a fundamental feature of Rome's political topography, was especially confounding for Roman antiquarians seeking to study the origins of Rome and its institutions. Its religious role lived on, cultivated by the priesthoods—the augurs and the pontiffs—charged with its related rituals. But the realities that accompanied Rome's growth from the Romulean foundation to the caput mundi rendered much of the surviving lore that surrounded the city's mythic past incommensurate with early imperial life in the urbs. The sheer scale of the city thus challenged one's belief in so many of the stories about its formation and its growth.
Constantine’s Arch and His Military Image at Rome
Authors: Koortbojian Michael
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes the Arch of Constantine in Rome. First, it focuses on the roles of the SPQR and the emperor in the arch's design. In particular, the chapter deals with Constantine's role, or his conception of his role in the urbs, in the arch's imagery. Second, this chapter examines the meaning of the claim triumphis insignem—that is, that an arch, still customarily associated with triumph by the fourth century, was in this instance bestowed for a new purpose with a unique rationale, in a particular historical context, despite a lack of any persuasive evidence that an official triumph was actually celebrated. And finally, this chapter elucidates the arch's evocation of the emperor's role, both at home and abroad, as both civilis princeps and imperator exercitus.
Epilogue
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter provides a brief discussion of the relevance of this study to the way one might now think about philosophia and the history of philosophy in contemporary discussions of philosophy. Diverse candidates get floated: thinking about thinking, knowing at the deepest and most systematic level, conceptual analysis, concept creation, social critique. This diversity should surprise nobody. If each candidate meaning is offered as the best interpretation of the efforts of practitioners over the discipline's two-and-a-half millennia, or even of practitioners in one's immediate conversational circle, or even of oneself, uncertainty, disagreement, and shifts in emphasis can hardly be avoided. The chapter also argues that the relevance to contemporary discussion of philosophy of an account of the name's coinage and early centuries of use is, if narrow, still important.
Why Confucianism? Which Confucianism?
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that early Confucians were revolutionaries with a conservative facade. According to this “progressive” reading, they tried to solve issues of modernity not by rejecting modernity but by embracing it, although some of their locutions seem to resonate with those widely used in the “good old days,” and they were not as resolute as thinkers from some other schools. Moreover, not accepting early Confucianism as a moral metaphysics, the chapter also rejects the reading that early Confucians tried to solve political issues by improving on people’s morals alone. Rather, the premise of its reading is that they apprehended the political concerns as primary and the ethical ones as secondary, a byproduct of their political concerns. They were concerned with reconstructing a political order and were thus open to the idea of institutional design, even though they themselves did not discuss it in detail. To take a continuous reading of early Confucianism by asking about which political institutions they would have in mind, especially in today’s political reality, would not be alien to Confucianism.
A Confucian Hybrid Regime as an Answer to Democratic Problems
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows that there are some fundamental problems with contemporary democracy, especially the ideology beneath the one person, one vote system and the inevitable consequences of it. It identifies four problems of democracy: the suspicion of the elite, the neglect of the interests of nonvoters, the neglect of the interests of the minority, and the irrationality of voters. Then the chapter shows how the “internal” solutions are inadequate. Next, this chapter constructs a Confucian hybrid regime that is based on Mencius’s ideas discussed in Chapter 2, and shows how it can address the problems with democracy more adequately than present liberal democratic regimes. That is, the chapter reveals that the Mencian reservation of one person, one vote is actually a good thing about Confucianism.
The Superiority of the Confucian Hybrid Regime Defended
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers a few challenges to the desirability and superiority of the Confucian hybrid regime, especially the meritocratic elements in this regime that are apparently a significant departure from the present liberal democratic regimes. Some people may object to this regime because it apparently violates what they take as principles of liberal democracy: the principle that the legitimacy of a government comes from popular votes and the principle of equality. This kind of objection is an “external” one because it considers some fundamental ideas of the Confucian hybrid regime problematic. The chapter also looks at some “internal” objections to this regime, such as it will lead to consequences that it considers bad within its own framework, it is not as good as it claims to be, or we do not have to go that far to achieve what is desired by the framer of the Confucian hybrid regime. By answering all these challenges, the chapter hopes to elaborate on the designs of this regime and the reasoning behind it, and to further show the superiority and the desirability of it.
Conflict in the Expansion of Care
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that early Confucians were aware of the conflict between the private and the public, but their solution was to identify and develop the constructive aspect of the private and use what was cultivated from the private to suppress the conflict. Most late modern and contemporary Western liberal thinkers have switched their focus and are primarily concerned with how to protect the private against intrusions from the public. In contrast, early Confucians and Plato (in the Republic) were primarily concerned with intrusions to the public good from the private. But both Plato and modern liberals insist on the sheer divide between the private and the public. To look further into how early Confucians addressed the issue of the conflict between the private and the public may shed light on the universal philosophical issue of the private versus the public. With a fuller understanding of the Confucian rationale on this issue, the chapter then applies the Confucian idea of expanding care to other political and moral issues.
Tian Xia: A Confucian Model of National Identity and International Relations
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This chapter concerns the issue of one's duties to one's own state and people versus the duties to other states and peoples. The same reasoning discussed in Chapter 6 can still be applied to this new situation. Indeed, the Confucian idea of compassion, along with a few other conceptual tools, can be used to address the two remaining key political issues against a “modern” background: how to bond together people of a large, populous, and well-connected state that does not have a feudal structure with intermediate and autonomous units, and how to deal with state–state (international) relations when there is no overlord above the states anymore. Therefore, following the Confucian reasoning and applying it to the issue of one's duties to one's own state versus to other states, one can argue that, given the hierarchical structure of expanding care, one should prioritize duties to one's own state over those to foreign states, thus justifying some form of patriotism. But given the all-embracing characteristic of expanding care, one should still try to take care of the interests of foreigners, thus rejecting a strong form of patriotism as embodied in nationalism, which takes one's homeland's interests as supreme and absolute.
Humane Responsibility Overrides Sovereignty
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to international conflicts and interventions. It details early Confucian discussions on these issues, including “theories of just war.” The chapter also addresses the question of whether “justice” and “just war” are applicable to the discussions in the Analects and the Mencius, because these terms were originally from Western philosophy and political theories. There are different understandings of these terms even within Western philosophy. In spite of the differences, however, there is a common use of these terms: when a war is called “just,” it means that it is good, right, and proper, and follows at least some moral rules. The differences among philosophers are about how they understand the Good, the right, or the moral. In the broad sense of the term “just war,” clearly, both Confucius and Mencius considered some wars just and some not. It is legitimate, then, to discuss just war theories in early Confucian thought.
Origins
Authors: Mitra Durba
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers a conceptual history of the modern study of ancient Indian sex. It traces the intellectual history of how the philology of Sanskrit erotics, particularly through concepts of deviant female sexuality, shaped the modern study of social life. In doing so, the chapter reveals a history of how modern philological inquiry produced deviant female sexuality, as found in premodern Sanskrit text, as an originary object for the study of modern Indian society. What was lost in these new fixed structures of knowledge was the multiplicity of interpretations of different texts on premodern social life. Thus, this chapter examines the transregional rise of the field of Indological erotics in the period between the 1880s and the 1950s and beyond.
Repetition
Authors: Mitra Durba
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes how new modes of sociological inquiry created categories of women's sexuality that defined colonial legal interventions into Indian social life. It examines the expanding field of criminal law from the 1860s until around the 1930s, focusing in particular on legal questionnaires that sought to objectify Indian social life in the second half of the nineteenth century. The contention here is that Indian social practice became an object of knowledge in large part through the repetition and traffic in a recurring set of ideas about women's sexual deviance, in particular through the concept of the prostitute. The idea of the prostitute appears as an epistemological horizon: if only she could be known fully, then the colonial state could know everything about “native” society. Women's sexuality thus became a primary object of the legal survey, spurring controversies about the application and workings of new criminal laws.
Veracity
Authors: Mitra Durba
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to popular texts, focusing on a set of lay sociologies and “prostitute autobiographies” in the rapidly expanding world of print in the period from the 1870s until the 1940s. In this archive of popular texts, the chapter reveals that ideas of deviant female sexuality exceeded the closed worlds of formal philology, the government-mandated survey, the pathological diagnosis of forensic science, and the theoretical models of ethnology. In exposés and autobiographies, writers claimed that the prostitute was essential for comprehending the dangers of society. The chapter shows how the idea of the sexually deviant woman appeared as the secret of social life in scenes of impurity and pollution. These lay sociologies and life stories demonstrate the pervasive presence of a social imaginary that utilized the concept of the prostitute to create a regime of empirical truth.
Afterword
Authors: Mitra Durba
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter examines the idealized Indian society through a feminist lens. It first begins with a summary of the major themes introduced in the previous chapters. Afterward, the chapter analyzes a work by a now well-known woman writer from Calcutta, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, an early feminist thinker in India. Her short story “Sultana's Dream” (1905), is celebrated for its radical world-making of a society where women rule the outside world and seclude men in the home. From there, the chapter turns to another dreamscape concerned with the condition of Indian womanhood—S. C. Mookerjee's book, The Decline and Fall of the Hindus (1919), his study on the evolution of modern Indian society based in the ideals of Aryan society.
Cultivation: Clustered Distinctiveness, Interstitial Experience, and the Lived Foundations of the Bureaucratic Ethos
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes how niches cultivate their personnel. It is not enough to merely select the best people available in the environment, because in these environments people with a fully developed bureaucratic ethos are exceedingly rare. In addition to selection effects, there are considerable influence effects of the small-group culture: the lived daily experience of working in such a clustered environment cultivates a group style centered on the elements participants have in common. The elusive bureaucratic ethos is forged from the varied proto-bureaucratic experiences of those selected individuals clustered together in the niche. This chapter analyzes how newcomers adapt to incorporation into the niche and adjust their daily practices, conforming with what they observe are the characteristic ways of the working group. The interstitial structural position enhanced niche insiders' perception that they were a small subculture—tightly socially connected to others within but with large perceived differences to nearby outsiders. The contrast of perceived commonalities within, and differences outside, the working group forged commitment to the ways of comportment distinguishing the working group, which were in turn the foundation of the corporatist ethos and the bureaucratic orientation.
Introducing Comparison Cases: Patchwork Leviathans in Comparative and Historical Perspective
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This chapter peels back the earliest seeds of unusually effective clustered distinctiveness. It introduces comparison cases, which confirm the importance of recruitment, cultivation, and protection, while also shedding light on subtle variations in how those mechanics play out in different environments. The comparison cases provide additional analytic leverage from within-case contrasts in cases that were formerly ineffectual but that rapidly transformed into pockets of effectiveness. The chapter concludes with theoretical observations that emerge about the onset of a bureaucratic ethos, presenting the more vexing theoretical question of how bureaucratic niches first emerge. These insights include whether niches appear upon the formation of a new organization or result from reforms to an existing organization, the speed of change, and the scale of niches.
Beyond Autonomy: Elite Attention and Pathways to Shelter from Neopatrimonial Influence
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This chapter pushes further on the question of initial emergence. It analyzes the conditions under which parts of the administrative state obtain sufficient protection from neopatrimonial pressures to inculcate a highly effective niche within the administrative state. The conceptual focus on protection from neopatrimonial pressures broadens a theoretical discussion that has been too strongly focused on elite interests while reconciling seemingly discrepant arguments about whether highly effective niches require autonomy from political elites or, conversely, the active sponsorship of political elites. The chapter develops a four-part typology of political elite interest-alignment with organizational goals, which includes the elite sponsorship that has captured prior attention but also draws attention to two typically overlooked conditions that are also capable of fostering effective niches: merely interested elites and inattentive elites. The framework engages a larger pantheon of work on state capacity, including work by Charles Tilly and Daniel Carpenter.
Dual Habitus and Founding Cadres: The Sociological Foundations of How Discretion Is Oriented to Organizational Achievement
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers why organizations use the potential for difference afforded by operational discretion to pursue abstract public goals of organizational achievement, in the process bucking prevailing neopatrimonial patterns. It develops the idea of actors with dual habitus. Appreciating how institutionally fruitful innovations can emerge from dual habitus helps make sense of an important empirical observation: most Ghanaian niches became centers of excellence when they were populated by a critical mass of Ghanaians who had local first degrees that endowed them with valuable social and cultural capital, coupled with lived experience abroad of a medium duration, often through advanced foreign education. These Ghanaians had acquired implicit skills of, and taste for, formal organizational practice while still remaining connected to local Ghanaian cultural practices and networks. The same pattern holds true for the international comparison cases. The chapter concludes by observing that these organizations were not so much transformed by singular leaders but rather by clustered cadres: small and tightly knit corps of senior staff with strong proto-bureaucratic habitus who were hand-picked for their commitment to the organizational mission.
Long-Term Outcomes in Pockets of Effectiveness
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes what happened to the positive cases in this study over the longer term. By examining the outcomes observed in the selected cases, the chapter sheds some speculative light on whether the bureaucratic ethos can survive the departure of the niche founder, and sketches a range of possible outcomes for whether niches can scale up or possibly even diffuse more broadly. However, because the cases studied so far in this work have been selected instead of being randomly sampled, they cannot definitively show what will happen or even what is likely to happen as pockets of effectiveness within the state mature. They do however, sketch a range of future outcomes that are possible, laying a foundation for future research to analyze the conditions under which particular long-term outcomes do or do not emerge. The cases collectively illuminate some of the promise and pitfalls of interstitiality as a force for organizational reform more broadly throughout the state.
Conclusion
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter examines how this study extends and reimagines a long scholarly tradition of state-building based on the European state experience, including ways the framework may help scholars fill in some of the mechanics of early European state-building that have been less well documented in the historical record because they affected public servants rather than elites. It also highlights contributions to the field of development sociology. The chapter points toward a fruitful new framework that opens new avenues of research for configurational approaches to understanding state capacity, interrogating the developmental consequences for where and how state capacity is situated within the varied administrative apparatus of central states. In addition, it highlights how the framework of the book may be of interest to organizational scholars more broadly, including identifying how the framework might also apply to private-sector organizations. The implications for development practitioners are also discussed. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the book's findings about the challenges of top-down institutional change and the importance of lived experience lay the foundation for a cognitive turn within institutional development scholarship that takes cognitive science more seriously in the way development interventions are designed.
The Cohomology of GLn
Authors: Harder Günter , Raghuram A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses the cohomology of GLn. It first discusses the adèlic locally symmetric space. Next, the chapter turns to the highest weight modules 𝓜λ‎ and the sheaves 𝓜̃λ‎. From there, the chapter illustrates the cohomology of the sheaves 𝓜̃λ‎. A fundamental problem at the heart of this monograph is to understand the arithmetic information contained in the sheaf-theoretically defined cohomology groups H
⦁(SGKf,𝓜̃λ‎,E). Finally, the chapter briefly discusses how to refine many of the foregoing considerations to talk about integral sheaves and their cohomology and why this is interesting. This aspect is not so relevant for the results in this book, but it will become relevant when applying certain refinements of the results to arithmetic questions.
The Strongly Inner Spectrum and Applications
Authors: Harder Günter , Raghuram A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to the strongly inner spectrum. It first defines the strongly inner spectrum and its properties. Next, the chapter gives the definition of relative periods. It considers the group G = R
F/ℚ(GLn/F) only when n is an even positive integer. The chapter then defines and analyzes certain relative periods Ω‎ε‎(ι‎π‎f) ∈ ℂ×, where λ‎ = (λ‎τ‎)τ‎:F→E is a pure weight, π‎
f ∈ Coh!!(G, Kf, λ‎) for some level structure Kf, ι‎ : E → ℂ, and ε‎ = (ε‎ν‎)ν‎∈S∞ is a character of π‎
0(G(ℝ)). Finally, the chapter demonstrates the strongly inner cohomology of the boundary. It presents some interludes on Kostant's representatives, on induced representations, and on arithmetic identifications.
Eisenstein Cohomology
Authors: Harder Günter , Raghuram A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides the Eisenstein cohomology. It begins with the Poincaré duality and maximal isotropic subspace of boundary cohomology. Here, the chapter considers the compatibility of duality isomorphisms with the connecting homomorphism. It then states and proves the main result on rank-one Eisenstein cohomology. Thereafter, the chapter presents a theorem of Langlands: the constant term of an Eisenstein series. It draws some details from the Langlands–Shahidi method in this context. Induced representations are examined, as are standard intertwining operators. The chapter finally illustrates the Eisenstein series, the constant term of an Eisenstein series, and the holomorphy of the Eisenstein series at the point of evaluation.
Harish-Chandra Modules over ℤ
Authors: Harder Günter
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows that certain classes of Harish-Chandra modules have in a natural way a structure over ℤ. The Lie group is replaced by a split reductive group scheme G/ℤ, its Lie algebra is denoted by 𝖌ℤ. On the group scheme G/ℤ there is a Cartan involution 𝚯 that acts by t ↦ t
−1 on the split maximal torus. The fixed points of G/ℤ under 𝚯 is a flat group scheme 𝒦/ℤ. A Harish-Chandra module over ℤ is a ℤ-module 𝒱 that comes with an action of the Lie algebra 𝖌ℤ, an action of the group scheme 𝒦, and some compatibility conditions is required between these two actions. Finally, 𝒦-finiteness is also required, which is that 𝒱 is a union of finitely generated ℤ modules 𝒱I that are 𝒦-invariant. The definitions imitate the definition of a Harish-Chandra modules over ℝ or over ℂ.
An Egyptian Exception?
Authors: Fournet Jean-Luc
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the emergence of Coptic as the written form of Egyptian language. As is well known, a consequence of the Graeco-Macedonian conquest of Egypt and the establishment of the Ptolemaic Dynasty was the institution of Greek as the official language. This situation remained unchanged when Egypt came under Roman domination. Contrary to what was taking place elsewhere with other local languages in the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Egyptian language was not granted official recognition or used in official contexts during the first three centuries of its history. It remained in the shadows of private relations. Therefore, an Egyptian exception exists. The chapter then looks at the appearance of Coptic literary and documentary texts. It also considers legal texts, which had long been subject to the monopoly of Greek.
The Work of Death: Massacre, Retribution
Authors: Tomlins Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the logic behind Turner's “work of death,” to describe the action that he initiated. The phrase was, if not commonplace, not uncommon. It meant killing, and its associated experiences. But what kind of killing? The chapter asserts that the killings that are indelibly associated with Turner's name were not a “spree.” The killings were not indiscriminate, but purposeful. They followed a logic. The chapter thus attempts to pinpoint the logic behind the killings. There are a multitude of possibilities here. The killings could be instrumental or revenge-driven, or it could be incidental to some overriding purpose, or if it was in itself a central and essential redemptive act. Furthermore, the chapter considers what it might mean, particularly for a slave, to describe dealing death as “work.”
Revulsions of Capital: Virginia, 1829–32
Authors: Tomlins Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that Virginia was not the “calm and peaceful” world prior to Turner's Rebellion as Gray claimed. Turner's rebellion, in fact, took place amidst regional black restlessness at the prospect of seemingly endless enslavement, and regional white discord over the relationship between land, labor, and political representation. In the rebellion's aftermath, that white discord became a more profound rupture in the politics of slavery itself, driving a bitterly divided House of Delegates to entertain the possibility of gradual emancipation. From that rupture there emerged a new political and economic equilibrium, centered not on propertied hierarchy but on property's commoditization, notably, commodified labor.
Self-Interest versus Group Interest and “Racialized” Social Constraint
Authors: White Ismail K. , Laird Chryl N.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on racialized social constraint's ability to increase political action in support of the Democratic Party and its candidates. To demonstrate the existence of an in-group norm of active support, the chapter turns once again to data about the race of the interviewer. It then pushes deeper into the causal process of racialized social constraint using a lab-in-the-field experiment that can directly test the effect of racialized social pressure on blacks' willingness to engage in political action. Using the behavior of contributions to the Obama campaign as a black group-norm-consistent behavior, and using personal monetary incentives to defect from this norm to induce a self-interest conflict, the chapter varies whether black study participants must make their choice in front of another person who has made their own political choice clear, as well as whether that person is a racial in-group member. As a result, social pressure from other blacks uniquely reduces self-interested behavior and results in greater group-norm-consistent political behavior. Importantly, the chapter also shows that social pressure from other blacks only works to increase group-norm-consistent behavior. It does not encourage defection.
Conclusion
Authors: White Ismail K. , Laird Chryl N.
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter examines the broader implications of this research, both empirical and normative. It discusses the potential for this theoretical framework to further understanding of the political behavior of other social groupings in America. The chapter also considers the framework's applicability to understanding the political homogeneity of localized racial groupings. If the foundational mechanism of political power through unity is that identified by the framework—coracial social ties—then desegregation and the loss of black institutions are a fundamental challenge to the doing of black liberation politics. The chapter discusses what this might mean for the future of black politics. In so doing, it also engages arguments about the harms of coracial policing and weighs how to think about balancing those concerns against the reality that the political unity that has consistently enabled black political power relies on a process of social sanctioning. Finally, the chapter considers the questions future research might answer by engaging and applying this theoretical framework and charts a course for future progress.
Just Hierarchy between States
Authors: Bell Daniel A. , Pei Wang
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses relations between states. Whereas relations between rulers and citizens in countries should be characterized first and foremost by actions that benefit the citizens, relations between countries need to be mutually beneficial for both countries. Notwithstanding lip service paid to the ideal of equality between sovereign states in the modern world, this chapter argues that hierarchy between powerful and weaker states is the norm in international relations. Such hierarchical relations can be justified if they benefit both powerful and weaker states. The chapter draws on a mixture of philosophy and history to argue that justifiable hierarchical relations can be characterized by either weak reciprocity, with both countries deriving instrumental benefits from hierarchical relations, or strong reciprocity, with decision makers in stronger and weaker states thinking of their relations from the perspective of both states—not just from the perspective of their own state. Strong reciprocity is more difficult to achieve, but it is more stable and long lasting than weak reciprocity. In terms of the future, the chapter illustrates that an ideal of “one world, two hierarchical systems” may be appropriate for future forms of global order.
Just Hierarchy between Humans and Machines
Authors: Bell Daniel A. , Pei Wang
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to the need to maintain dominance over increasingly intelligent machines. It argues that machines can and should serve human interests—in that sense, they should be slaves—and it is important to maintain such hierarchical relations of dominance. Here Marxism provides intellectual inspiration: the ideal of higher communism, with artificially intelligent machines doing socially necessary labor and humans freed to realize their creative essences, may be feasible several decades from now. But the state cannot and should not “wither away”: a strong state will always be necessary to ensure that artificial intelligence does not invert the human–machine relation with humans on top and machines on the bottom. But in the short to medium term, this chapter explains that Confucianism can help us to think of how to meet the challenge of artificial intelligence so that machines continue to serve human purposes.
IMPLEMENTASI PUBLIC SPEAKING DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERBAHASA ARAB
Authors: Wutsqo Zulfa Urwatil , Nuraini Nuraini , Laksana Sigit Dwi
Published: September 2020

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the implementation of public speaking in improving the arabic language skills of students at Madrasah Diniyah Hidayataul Islam Jetis Ponorogo, knowing the results of the implementation of public speaking in improving the arabic language skills of Madrasah Diniyah Hidaytaul Islam Jetis Ponorogo, and as well as to find the supporting and inhibiting factors of the implementation of public speaking in improving the arabic language skillss of Madrasah Diniyah Hidayatul Islam Jetis Ponorogo. The object of this research is students anad teachers of Madrasah Diniyah Hidayatul Islam Jetis Ponorogo. This research used a qualitative research type. Data collectiontechniques using observation, interviews and documentation. Data were analyzed using conclusion. The research results found in this study are: (1) implementation of public speaking in improving arabic language skills in Madrasah Diniyah Hidayatul Islam Jetis Ponorogo, this activity is designed in muhadhoroh activities, which are carried out once a week with speech method in Arabic language. (2) The results of implementation of public speaking in improving arabic langguage skills in Madarash Diniyah Hidayatul islam Jetis Ponorogo are stuudents who are able to publicly speak in arabic gradually as well addition of their vocabulary.(3)Supporting and inhibiting factors for implementation public speaking in improving Arabic language skill in Madrasah Diniyah Hidayatul Islam Jetis Ponorogo are direct guidance and direction from teachers and friends, and the inhibiting factors is the lack of self confidence and lack of preaparation.
Efficacy of keratinocyte growth factor in prevention of oral mucositis in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Bartoszewicz Natalia , Czyżewski Krzysztof , Dębski Robert , Krenska Anna , Demidowicz Ewa , Richert-Przygońska Monika , Wysocki Mariusz , Styczyński Jan
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Oral mucositis is regarded by patients as one of the worst and debilitating complications of conditioning and hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Prevention of mucositis is one of the priorities of supportive therapy during and after conditioning.

Objectives

The primary objective of the study was the analysis of efficacy of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF, palifermin) used in prophylaxis of oral mucositis in patients undergoing allo-HCT. The secondary objectives of the study included the analysis of the influence of palifermin on clinical course of oral mucositis and early transplant outcomes, as well as analysis of the contraindications of palifermin in patients undergoing allo-HCT.

Patients and methods

A total number of 253 allo-HCT performed between 2003 and 2018 in patients aged 0–19 years in a single center were analyzed. Overall, in 161 HCTs, palifermin was administered.

Results

Patients receiving KGF were transplanted earlier in the context of calendar year, and more often received ATG, mainly due to the higher rate of unrelated donor transplants. Allo-HCT patients who were administered palifermin had shorter time of mucositis (median: 9 vs. 13 days, p < 0.001), lower mucositis grade (median: 2° vs. 3°; p < 0.001), shorter period of total parenteral nutrition (median: 19 vs. 22 days; p = 0.018), and lower incidence of episodes of febrile neutropenia (median: 39.1% vs. 83.1%; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The use of palifermin has decreased duration and severity of oral mucositis in children after allo-HCT. Palifermin is a safe and well-tolerated compound in children undergoing allo-HCT.
Sur la variation de certaines suites de parties fractionnaires
Authors: Balazard Michel , Benferhat Leila , Bouderbala Mihoub
Published: September 2020

Let b > a > 0. We prove the following asymptotic formula

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,

\sum\limits_{n \geqslant 0} {\left| {\left\{ {x/\left( {n + a} \right)} \right\} - \left\{ {x/\left( {n + b} \right)} \right\}} \right| = {2 \over \pi }\zeta \left( {3/2} \right)\sqrt {cx} + O\left( {{c^{2/9}}{x^{4/9}}} \right),}

with c = b − a, uniformly for x ⩾ 40c
−5(1 + b)27/2.
Linguocultural analysis of phraseological units with the meaning «hospitality» in the Russian and Persian languages
Authors: Mireyla Ahmadi , Hadi Baharloo , Shahrbanoo Hatami
Published: September 2020

Phraseologisms as a part of cultural heritage contain the experiences, thoughts and traditions passed from one generation to another over millennia both orally and in writing. The object of this research work is a phraseological unit in the Russian and Persian languages. The subject of this study is a phraseological unit related to the concept of “hospitality” in these languages. The analysis is based on a corpus consisting of 120 phraseological units that carry meaning of the word “hospitality” in Russian and Persian. The work consists of three main parts: The first part is devoted to the analysis of stable phrases with the meaning of “hospitality” and the situations in which they are used. In the second part of the work, proverbs and sayings that are used in the guest label situation in the Russian and Persian languages are analyzed; cultural features of “hospitality” and reception of guests among the Russian and Iranian people are revealed. In the last part, the equivalence the Russian and Persian phraseological units with the meaning of “hospitality” is analyzed. The results of the analysis mainly demonstrate the similarity of linguistic and cultural features in the guest etiquette situation of the Russian and Iranian people.
Inteligencia emocional y personalidad: predicción de los niveles de ansiedad en alumnos del Grado en Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria
Authors: Gómez-Núñez María Isabel , Cano-Muñoz María Ángeles
Published: September 2020

Introducción.  La ansiedad es una emoción que se caracteriza por un conjunto de síntomas cognitivos, psicofisiológicos y conductuales, emitidos por un sujeto ante algunas situaciones que se perciben como amenazantes o peligrosas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la relación existente entre ansiedad, inteligencia emocional y personalidad, así como la capacidad predictora de la inteligencia emocional y la personalidad sobre la ansiedad.Método.  Para llevar a cabo este estudio se reclutó una muestra de 140 participantes con edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 28 años de edad (M = 22.57, DT = 2.16), pertenecientes al Grado en Educación Infantil y Educación Primaria de dos universidades españolas. La muestra de estudio completó el Emotional Quotient Inventory, Trait Meta-Mood-24 Scale, Inventario de Personalidad NEO PI-R e Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad.Resultados: Los análisis de correlación revelaron la existencia de relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre los constructos evaluados (inteligencia emocional, personalidad y ansiedad). Por otro lado, el análisis de regresión múltiple de tipo jerárquico mostró que los factores claridad emocional e inteligencia intrapersonal de la dimensión inteligencia emocional, y los factores neuroticismo y extraversión de la dimensión personalidad, predecían significativamente los niveles de ansiedad.Discusión y conclusiones.  La evaluación de los factores vinculados a la ansiedad favorece la planificación de programas que mejoren su tratamiento y prevención.