bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cine EPID evaluation of two non‐commercial techniques for DIBH
Authors: Jensen Christopher , Urribarri Jaime , Cail Daniel , Rottmann Joerg , Mishra Pankaj , Lingos Tatiana , Niedermayr Thomas , Berbeco Ross
Published: January 2014

Purpose:

To evaluate the efficacy of two noncommercial techniques for deep inspiration breathhold (DIBH) treatment of left‐sided breast cancer (LSBC) usingcine electronic portal imaging device (EPID) images.

Methods:

23 875 EPID images of 65 patients treated for LSBC at two different cancer treatment centers were retrieved. At the Milford Regional Cancer Center, DIBH stability was maintained by visual alignment of inroom lasers and patient skin tattoos (TAT). At the South Shore Hospital, a distance‐measuring laser device (RTSSD) was implemented. For both centers,cine EPID images were acquired at least once per week during beam‐on. Chest wall position relative to image boundary was measured and tracked over the course of treatment for every patient and treatment fraction for which data were acquired.

Results:

Median intrabeam chest motion was 0.31 mm for the TAT method and 0.37 mm for the RTSSD method. The maximum excursions exceeded our treatment protocol threshold of 3 mm in 0.3% of cases (TAT) and 1.2% of cases (RTSSD). The authors did not observe a clinically significant difference between the two datasets.

Conclusions:

Both noncommercial techniques for monitoring the DIBH location provided DIBH stability within the predetermined treatment protocol parameters (<3 mm). The intreatment imaging offered by the EPID operating incine mode facilitates retrospective analysis and validation of both techniques.
A Viral RNA Structural Element Alters Host Recognition of Nonself RNA
Authors: Hyde Jennifer L. , Gardner Christina L. , Kimura Taishi , White James P. , Liu Gai , Trobaugh Derek W. , Huang Cheng , Tonelli Marco , Paessler Slobodan , Takeda Kiyoshi , Klimstra William B. , Amarasinghe Gaya K. , Diamond Michael S.
Published: January 2014

Alphaviruses use secondary structural elements in their genomic RNA to avoid host detection.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas chlororaphis YL-1, a Biocontrol Strain Suppressing Plant Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Liu Youzhou , Lu Shi-En , Baird Sonya M. , Qiao Junqing , Du Yan
Published: January 2014

Pseudomonas chlororaphis
YL-1 was isolated from soybean root tips and showed a broad range of antagonistic activities to microbial plant pathogens. Here, we report the high-quality draft genome sequence of YL-1, which consists of a chromosome with an estimated size of 6.8 Mb with a G+C value of 63.09%.
Genome Sequence of the Emerging Plant Pathogen Dickeya solani Strain RNS 08.23.3.1A
Authors: Khayi Slimane , Mondy Samuel , Beury-Cirou Amélie , Moumni Mohieddine , Hélias Valérie , Faure Denis
Published: January 2014

Here we present the genome sequence of
Dickeya solani
strain RNS 08.23.3.1A (PRI3337), isolated from
Solanum tuberosum
.
Dickeya solani
, recently described on potato cultures in Europe, is a proposed new taxon closely related to the
Dickeya dianthicola
and
Dickeya dadantii
species.
Stomach infarction in an ex-premature infant
Authors: Mahgoub Linda , Lilic Nenad , Evans Mark , Joynt Chloe
Published: January 2014

Gastric pneumatosis and thickened gastric wall are rare radiological findings that may be indicative of severe gastrointestinal tract ischaemia or necrosis; we report a case with a brief discussion of the literature. The premature neonate conveyed an interesting series of rare X-ray findings which were secondary to extensive gastric, duodenal and proximal jejunal infarction. She was managed palliatively and died.
Timing and presence of an attachment person affect sensitivity of aggression tests in shelter dogs
Authors: Kis A. , Klausz B. , Persa E. , Miklósi Á. , Gácsi M.
Published: January 2014

Different test series have been developed and used to measure behaviour in shelter dogs in order to reveal individuals not suitable for re‐homing due to their aggressive tendencies. However, behavioural tests previously validated on pet dogs seem to have relatively low predictability in the case of shelter dogs. Here, we investigate the potential effects of (1) timing of the behaviour testing and (2) presence of a human companion on dogs' aggressive behaviour. In Study I, shelter dogs (n=25) showed more aggression when tested in a short test series two weeks after they had been placed in the shelter compared to their responses in the same test performed 1–2 days after arrival. In Study II, the occurrence of aggressive behaviour was more probable in pet dogs (n=50) in the presence than in the absence of their passive owner. We conclude that the sensitivity of aggression tests for shelter dogs can be increased by running the test in the presence of a caretaker, and after some period of acclimatisation to the new environment. This methodology could also provide better chances for successful adoption.
Seasonal changes in the diel vertical migration ofChaoborus punctipennislarval instars
Authors: Barth Lauren Emily , Sprules W. Gary , Wells Mathew , Coman Melissa
Published: January 2014

We describe a novel seasonal shift in the vertical migration behavior of Chaoborus punctipennis second-instar larvae in Lake Opeongo, Ontario. An upward-looking 600 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) moored at a fixed 22 m station in the lake recorded acoustic backscatter continuously during the study period. Zooplankton samples collected indicated that the abundance of C. punctipennis larval instars accounted for the greatest proportion of variance in the linear backscatter from the ADCP. The large fourth-instar larvae underwent normal diel vertical migration throughout the study. Smaller second-instar larvae underwent reverse migration during late June but switched to normal migration by late July. The acoustic record indicates that the switch occurred over a few days around late June, and at this time a double vertical migration appeared with the second instars leading and following the migration of fourth instars. We speculate that these changes in the migration of second instars are driven by seasonal shifts in predation risk from larval cisco (Coregonus artedi) and by the need to minimize spatial overlap with the larger fourth instars.
Photoinduced changes in amorphous selenium
Authors: Djefaflia F. , Mebarkia C. , Hafdallah A. , Benkhedir M.L. , Belfedal A.
Published: January 2014

Photoinduced phenomena in thin films of amorphous selenium (a-Se) have been a subject of intensive researches so far. Thin films of a-Se were deposited on corning glass by thermal evaporation, with several thicknesses. The influence of light exposure, with different colors (blue or red or natural white light), on the optical and structural properties of a-Se thin films was carried out by using ultraviolet–visible transmittance spectroscopy. It was found that the gap of the samples illuminated with blue and natural white light at room temperature shifts to lower energies. This photodarkening is stable at room temperature and is irreversible even after several days. On the other hand the photodarkening in the samples illuminated with red light is much smaller than that for samples illuminated with blue and natural white light. The photodarkening is accompanied by an increase in the refractive index. These results are discussed with results, previously obtained, about the photoinduced changes of the negative-U centers in, T– and T+, studied using time-of-flight (TOF) traces recorded on samples prepared in the same conditions. These TOF measurements show that the defect level T– at 0.4 eV above the valence band edge shifts to 0.5 eV under illumination with white light at room temperature. This effect is not seen if the illumination is done at 35 °C. These phenomena are attributed to nanocrystallization in the a-Se films.
Pulmonary vasodilation by acetazolamide during hypoxia: impact of methyl-group substitutions and administration route in conscious, spontaneously breathing dogs
Authors: Pickerodt Philipp A. , Francis Roland C. , Höhne Claudia , Neubert Friederike , Telalbasic Stella , Boemke Willehad , Swenson Erik R.
Published: January 2014

Acetazolamide (ACZ) prevents hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) in isolated lungs, animals, and humans, but not by carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition. We studied administration routes in, and certain structural aspects of, ACZ critical to HPV inhibition. Analogs of ACZ during acute hypoxia were tested in unanesthetized dogs. Dogs breathed normoxic gas for 1 h (inspired O2 fraction = 0.21), followed by 10% O2 for 2 h (hypoxia) in these protocols: 1) controls; 2) ACZ intravenously (2 mg·kg−1·h−1); 3) ACZ orally (5 mg/kg, 12 and 1 h before the experiment); 4) inhaled ACZ (750 mg); 5) methazolamide (MTZ) intravenously (3 mg·kg−1·h−1); and 6) N-methyl-acetazolamide (NMA) intravenously (10 mg·kg−1·h−1). In controls, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) increased 7 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) 224 dyn·s·cm−5 with hypoxia ( P < 0.05). With intravenous and inhaled ACZ, MPAP and PVR did not change during hypoxia. With oral ACZ, HPV was only slightly suppressed; MPAP increased 5 mmHg and PVR by 178 dyn·s·cm−5 during hypoxia. With MTZ and NMA, the MPAP rise (4 ± 2 mmHg) was reduced, and PVR did not increase during hypoxia compared with normoxia (MTZ intravenous: 81 ± 77 and 68 ± 82 dyn·s·cm−5 with NMA intravenous). Inhaled ACZ prevents HPV, but not without causing systemic CA inhibition. NMA, a compound lacking CA inhibiting effects by methylation at the sulfonamide moiety, and MTZ, a CA-inhibiting analog methylated at the thiadiazole ring, are only slightly less effective than ACZ in reducing HPV.
The NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor Imipramine-Blue in the Treatment of Burkitt Lymphoma
Authors: Klingenberg Marcel , Becker Jürgen , Eberth Sonja , Kube Dieter , Wilting Jörg
Published: January 2014

Burkitt lymphoma is a rare malignancy arising from B cells. Current chemotherapeutic regimens achieve excellent overall survival rates in children, but less impressive rates in adults. There are cases with poor outcome caused by toxic effects of the therapy, tumor lysis syndrome, or metastatic spread of lymphomas to the central nervous system. Modulators of reactive oxygen species are currently discussed as potential drugs for the treatment of cancer. The NADPH oxidase 4 inhibitor imipramine-blue might satisfy the aforementioned requirements, and was studied here. We used MTT assay, crystal violet assay, and thymidine 3H-incorporation assay to analyze the effects of imipramine-blue on Burkitt lymphoma (BL2, BL2B95, BL30B95, BL41B95), neuroblastoma (KELLY, SH-SY5Y, SMS-KAN), cervix carcinoma (HeLa), breast cancer (MDA-MB231), angiosarcoma (AS-M), human embryonic kidney (HEK293WT), and nonmalignant (FLP1) cell lines. The effects of imipramine-blue on BL2B95 cells in vivo were investigated in xenografts on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). We report that imipramine-blue is a potent growth inhibitor for several cancer cell lines in vitro with IC50 values comparable to those of doxorubicin (0.16–7.7 μmol/L). Tumor size of BL2B95 cells inoculated in the CAM was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment with 10 μmol/L imipramine-blue. Lymphogenic dissemination of BL2B95 and the formation of blood and lymphatic vessels in experimental tumors were not affected. We show that imipramine-blue can be used to decrease the viability of cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Imipramine-blue reduces the size of experimental Burkitt lymphoma significantly but does not affect the dissemination of BL2B95 cells, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(4); 833–41. ©2014 AACR.
HIV-1 Matrix Protein p17 Promotes Lymphangiogenesis and Activates the Endothelin-1/Endothelin B Receptor Axis
Authors: Caccuri Francesca , Rueckert Christine , Giagulli Cinzia , Schulze Kai , Basta Daniele , Zicari Sonia , Marsico Stefania , Cervi Edoardo , Fiorentini Simona , Slevin Mark , Guzman Carlos A. , Caruso Arnaldo
Published: January 2014

Objective—

AIDS-related lymphomas are high grade and aggressively metastatic with poor prognosis. Lymphangiogenesis is essential in supporting proliferation and survival of lymphoma, as well as tumor dissemination. Data suggest that aberrant lymphangiogenesis relies on action of HIV-1 proteins rather than on a direct effect of the virus itself. HIV-1 matrix protein p17 was found to accumulate and persist in lymph nodes of patients even under highly active antiretroviral therapy. Because p17 was recently found to exert a potent proangiogenic activity by interacting with chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptors 1 and 2, we tested the prolymphangiogenic activity of the viral protein.

Approach and Results—

Human primary lymph node–derived lymphatic endothelial cells were used to perform capillary-like structure formation, wound healing, spheroids, and Western blot assays after stimulation with or without p17. Here, we show that p17 promotes lymphangiogenesis by binding to chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor-1 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor-2 expressed on lymph node–derived lymphatic endothelial cells and activating the Akt/extracellular signal–regulated kinase signaling pathway. In particular, it was found to induce capillary-like structure formation, sprout formation from spheroids, and increase lymph node–derived lymphatic endothelial cells motility. The p17 lymphangiogenic activity was, in part, sustained by activation of the endothelin-1/endothelin receptor B axis. A Matrigel plug assay showed that p17 was able to promote the outgrowth of lymphatic vessels in vivo, demonstrating that p17 directly regulates lymphatic vessel formation.

Conclusions—

Our results suggest that p17 may generate a prolymphangiogenic microenvironment and plays a role in predisposing the lymph node to lymphoma growth and metastasis. This finding offers new opportunities to identify treatment strategies in combating AIDS-related lymphomas.
Group VIA Phospholipase A
2
Mediates Enhanced Macrophage Migration in Diabetes Mellitus by Increasing Expression of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 4
Authors: Tan Chunyan , Day Robert , Bao Shunzhong , Turk John , Zhao Qingwei David
Published: January 2014

Objective—

We previously demonstrated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) mediates increased monocyte priming and chemotaxis under conditions of diabetic metabolic stress, and emerging data indicate that group VIA phospholipase A
2
(iPLA
2
β) also participates in regulating monocyte chemotaxis. Here, we examined relationships between iPLA
2
β expression and Nox4 action in mouse peritoneal macrophages subjected to diabetic metabolic stress.

Approach and Results—

Increased iPLA
2
β expression and activity were observed in macrophages from low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice that were fed a high-fat diet, and this was associated with time-dependent increases in atherosclerotic lesion size and macrophage content. Incubating macrophages with 30 mmol/L D-glucose, 100 μg/mL low-density lipoprotein, or both (D-glucose+low-density lipoprotein) induced a robust increase in iPLA
2
β expression and activity and in cell migration in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The increases in iPLA
2
β activity and cell migration were prevented by a bromoenol lactone iPLA
2
β suicide inhibitor or an iPLA
2
β antisense oligonucleotide. Incubating macrophages under conditions that mimic diabetic metabolic stress ex vivo resulted in increased Nox4 expression and activity and hydrogen peroxide generation compared with controls. Bromoenol lactone prevented those effects without affecting Nox2 expression. Nox4 inhibition eliminated diabetic metabolic stress–induced acceleration of macrophage migration. Lysophosphatidic acid restored Nox4 expression, hydrogen peroxide generation, and migration to bromoenol lactone–treated cells, and a lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonist abrogated iPLA
2
β-mediated increases in Nox4 expression.

Conclusions—

Taken together, these observations identify iPLA
2
β and lysophosphatidic acid derived from its action as critical in regulating macrophage Nox4 activity and migration in the diabetic state in vivo and under similar conditions ex vivo.
Venous Phase of Computed Tomography Angiography Increases Spot Sign Detection, but Intracerebral Hemorrhage Expansion Is Greater in Spot Signs Detected in Arterial Phase
Authors: Rodriguez-Luna David , Dowlatshahi Dar , Aviv Richard I. , Molina Carlos A. , Silva Yolanda , Dzialowski Imanuel , Lum Cheemun , Czlonkowska Anna , Boulanger Jean-Martin , Kase Carlos S. , Gubitz Gord , Bhatia Rohit , Padma Vasantha , Roy Jayanta , Stewart Teri , Huynh Thien J. , Hill Michael D. , Demchuk Andrew M.
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose—

Variability in computed tomography angiography (CTA) acquisitions may be one explanation for the modest accuracy of the spot sign for predicting intracerebral hemorrhage expansion detected in the multicenter Predicting Hematoma Growth and Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Using Contrast Bolus CT (PREDICT) study. This study aimed to determine the frequency of the spot sign in intracerebral hemorrhage and its relationship with hematoma expansion depending on the phase of image acquisition.

Methods—

PREDICT study was a prospective observational cohort study of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage presenting within 6 hours from onset. A post hoc analysis of the Hounsfield units of an artery and venous structure were measured on CTA source images of the entire PREDICT cohort in a core laboratory. Each CTA study was classified into arterial or venous phase and into 1 of 5 specific image acquisition phases. Significant hematoma expansion and total hematoma enlargement were recorded at 24 hours.

Results—

Overall (n=371), 77.9% of CTA were acquired in arterial phase. The spot sign, present in 29.9% of patients, was more frequently seen in venous phase as compared with arterial phase (39% versus 27.3%;
P
=0.041) and the later the phase of image acquisition (
P
=0.095). Significant hematoma expansion (
P
=0.253) and higher total hematoma enlargement (
P
=0.019) were observed more frequently among spot sign–positive patients with earlier phases of image acquisition.

Conclusions—

Later image acquisition of CTA improves the frequency of spot sign detection. However, spot signs identified in earlier phases may be associated with greater absolute enlargement. A multiphase CTA including arterial and venous acquisitions could be optimal in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.
The Atmospheric Response to Surface Heating under Maximum Entropy Production
Authors: Gjermundsen A. , LaCasce J. H. , Graff L. S.
Published: January 2014

In numerous studies, midlatitude storm tracks have been shown to shift poleward under global warming scenarios. Among the possible causes, changes in sea surface temperature (SST) have been shown to affect both the intensity and the position of the tracks. Increased SSTs can increase both the lateral heating occurring in the tropics and the midlatitude temperature gradients, both of which increase tropospheric baroclinicity.

To better understand the response to altered SST, a simplified energy balance model (EBM) is used. This employs the principal of maximum entropy production (MEP) to determine the meridional heat fluxes in the atmosphere. The model is similar to one proposed by Paltridge (1975) but represents only the atmospheric response (the surface temperatures are fixed). The model is then compared with a full atmospheric general circulation model [Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM3)].

In response to perturbed surface temperatures, EBM exhibits similar changes in (vertically integrated) air temperature, convective heat fluxes, and meridional heat transport. However, the changes in CAM3 are often more localized, particularly at low latitudes. This, in turn, results in a shift of the storm tracks in CAM3, which is largely absent in EBM. EBM is more successful, however, at representing the response to changes in high-latitude heating or cooling. Therefore, MEP is evidently a plausible representation for heat transport in the midlatitudes, but not necessarily at low latitudes.
Orally delivered water soluble Coenzyme Q10 (Ubisol-Q10) blocks on-going neurodegeneration in rats exposed to paraquat: potential for therapeutic application in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Muthukumaran Krithika , Leahy Samantha , Harrison Kate , Sikorska Marianna , Sandhu Jagdeep K , Cohen Jerome , Keshan Corrine , Lopatin Daniel , Miller Harvey , Borowy-Borowski Henryk , Lanthier Patricia , Weinstock Shelly , Pandey Siyaram
Published: January 2014

Background

Paraquat, still used as an herbicide in some parts of the world, is now regarded as a dangerous environmental neurotoxin and is linked to the development Parkinson’s disease (PD). Paraquat interacts with cellular redox systems and causes mitochondrial dysfunction and the formation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn, plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PD. Various antioxidant therapies have been explored with the expectations that they deliver health benefits to the PD patients, however, no such therapies were effective. Here we have tested the neuroprotective efficacy of a novel water-soluble CoQ10 (Ubisol-Q10), in a rat model of paraquat-induced neurodegeneration in order to evaluate its potential application in the management of PD.

Results

We have developed a rat model of progressive nigrostriatal degeneration by giving rats five intraperitoneal injections of paraquat (10 mg/kg/injection), once every five days. Neuronal death occurred over a period of 8 weeks with close to 50% reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Ubisol-Q10, at 6 mg CoQ10/kg body weight/day, was delivered as a supplement in drinking water. The intervention begun after the completion of paraquat injections when the neurodegenerative process had already began and about 20% of TH-positive neurons were lost. Ubisol-Q10 treatment halted the progression of neurodegeneration and remaining neurons were protected. The outcomes were evaluated based on the number of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the substantia nigra region and improved motor skills in response to the Ubisol-Q10 intervention. To maintain this neuroprotection, however, continuous Ubisol- Q10 supplementation was required, if withdrawn, the neuronal death pathway resumed, suggesting that the presence of CoQ10 was essential for blocking the pathway.

Conclusion

The CoQ10, given orally as Ubisol-Q10 in drinking solution, was effective in blocking the progression of neurodegeneration when administered therapeutically (post-toxin injection), at a much lower concentration than other previously tested oil soluble formulations and well within the acceptable daily intake of 12 mg/kg/day. Such unprecedented neuroprotection has never been reported before. These results are very encouraging and suggest that Ubisol-Q10 should be further tested and developed as a therapy for halting the progression of PD.
Data model, dictionaries, and desiderata for biomolecular simulation data indexing and sharing
Authors: Thibault Julien C , Roe Daniel R , Facelli Julio C , Cheatham Thomas E
Published: January 2014

Background

Few environments have been developed or deployed to widely share biomolecular simulation data or to enable collaborative networks to facilitate data exploration and reuse. As the amount and complexity of data generated by these simulations is dramatically increasing and the methods are being more widely applied, the need for new tools to manage and share this data has become obvious. In this paper we present the results of a process aimed at assessing the needs of the community for data representation standards to guide the implementation of future repositories for biomolecular simulations.

Results

We introduce a list of common data elements, inspired by previous work, and updated according to feedback from the community collected through a survey and personal interviews. These data elements integrate the concepts for multiple types of computational methods, including quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics. The identified core data elements were organized into a logical model to guide the design of new databases and application programming interfaces. Finally a set of dictionaries was implemented to be used via SQL queries or locally via a Java API built upon the Apache Lucene text-search engine.

Conclusions

The model and its associated dictionaries provide a simple yet rich representation of the concepts related to biomolecular simulations, which should guide future developments of repositories and more complex terminologies and ontologies. The model still remains extensible through the decomposition of virtual experiments into tasks and parameter sets, and via the use of extended attributes. The benefits of a common logical model for biomolecular simulations was illustrated through various use cases, including data storage, indexing, and presentation. All the models and dictionaries introduced in this paper are available for download at http://ibiomes.chpc.utah.edu/mediawiki/index.php/Downloads.
Changes in endotracheal tube cuff pressure in mechanically ventilated adult patients
Authors: Motoyama Asuka , Asai Shota , Konami Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Yuri , Misumi Takuyo , Imanaka Hideaki , Nishimura Masaji
Published: January 2014

During mechanical ventilation, endotracheal tube cuff pressure should be maintained within proper range. We investigated the effect of frequent adjustment on cuff pressure in 27 mechanically ventilated patients. Cuff pressure was recorded every 2 h and was adjusted to 24 cmH2O each time. We found that cuff pressure was decreased by 4.9 ± 2.9 cmH2O from the target value. Cuff pressure decreased to less than 20 cmH2O in 45% of measurement occasions 2 h after adjusting it to 24 cmH2O.
The formation of proximal and distal definitive endoderm populations in culture requires p38 MAPK activity
Authors: Yap Charlotte , Goh Hwee Ngee , Familari Mary , Rathjen Peter David , Rathjen Joy
Published: January 2014

Endoderm formation in the mammal is a complex process with two lineages forming during the first weeks of development, the primitive, or extraembryonic, endoderm that is specified in the blastocyst and the definitive endoderm that forms later, at gastrulation, as one of the germ layers of the embryo proper. Fate mapping evidence suggests that definitive endoderm arises as two waves, which potentially reflect two distinct populations. Early primitive ectoderm-like (EPL) cell differentiation has been used successfully to identify and characterise mechanisms regulating molecular gastrulation and lineage choice during differentiation. Using EPL cells and chemical inhibitors of p38 MAPK activity, roles for p38 MAPK in the formation of definitive endoderm have been investigated. These approaches defined a role for p38 MAPK activity in the formation of the primitive streak and a second role in the formation of the definitive endoderm. Characterisation of the definitive endoderm populations formed from EPL cells demonstrated the formation of two distinct populations, defined by gene expression and ontogeny, which were analogous to the proximal and distal definitive endoderm populations of the embryo. Formation of proximal definitive endoderm required p38 MAPK activity and was correlated with molecular gastrulation, defined by the expression of T. Distal definitive endoderm formation also required p38 MAPK activity but could be formed when T expression was inhibited. Understanding lineage complexity will be a prerequisite for the generation of endoderm derivatives for commercial and clinical use.
N-WASP-directed actin polymerization activates p130Cas phosphorylation and lamellipodium spreading
Authors: Zhang Xian , Moore Simon W. , Iskratsch Thomas , Sheetz Michael P.
Published: January 2014

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the substrate domain of Cas (CasSD) correlates with increased cell migration in healthy and diseased cells. Here we address the mechanism leading to CasSD phosphorylation in the context of fibronectin-induced early spreading of fibroblasts. We previously demonstrated that mechanical stretching of CasSD exposes phosphorylation sites for Src family kinases (SFKs). Surprisingly, phosphorylation of CasSD was independent of myosin contractile activity, but dependent on actin polymerization. Further, we found that CasSD phosphorylation in early cell spreading required: (1) integrin anchorage and integrin-mediated SFK activation, (2) association of Cas with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and (3) N-WASP actin assembly activity. These findings and analyses of Cas domain interactions indicate that Cas N-terminus associates with FAK/N-WASP complex at the cell's protrusive edge and that Cas C-terminus associates with immobilized integrin-SFK cluster. Thus, extension of the leading edge by actin polymerization could stretch Cas in early cell spreading, priming it for phosphorylation.
Adaptacja libretta operowego na potrzeby realizacji scenicznej – kilka uwag od tłumacza
Authors: Muszyńska‑Andrejczyk Agnieszka
Published: January 2014

Adaptation of the operatic libretto to the needs of stage presentation – a few translator’s remarksThe paper presents my reflections concerning translations of two operatic librettos from different ages: Lorenzo da Ponte’s text to Così fan tutte by W.A. Mozart and Giovacchino Forzano’s to Suor Angelica by G. Puccini. Both texts, in spite of the time difference between them, are united by an interpreter’s idea: adapting to the needs of the specific stage presentation and the director’s vision, i.e. translation with adaptation. To make such a translation effective, one should in my opinion make two basic operations on the text: to condense it according to the rules of audiovisual translation and to use the linguistic style characteristic to the time period chosen by a director. That kind of operations may influence positively the reception of an opera and its communication with audience.
Comparative study of conventional and enzymatic pretreatment (scouring & bleaching) of cotton knitted fabric
Authors: Bashar Md. Mahbubul , Siddiquee Md. Abu Bakar , Sarker Priti , Tohfa Tanzina Tasmina , Hossain Amjad , Azad Ibrahim , Aktherr Nazma
Published: January 2014

The scouring and bleaching performance of conventional process (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide), was compared to that of enzymatic process using enzyme (arylesterase) which catalyst the discontinuous peroxide reaction. The whiteness and reflectance% indicating bleaching performance and absorbency and weight loss % was used as a measure of the scouring performance. Comparison of these performance and the effects are analyzed by using graphical representation. The weight loss% of enzymatic process was less than conventional process. In conventional process the reflectance % and absorbency increased and whiteness decreased with the increasing of concentration of caustic soda and the aforementioned properties were increased with the increasing of concentration of H2O2. In enzymatic process the reflectance % of cotton fabric increased and whiteness and absorbency fluctuated with the increasing of concentration of enzyme. Meanwhile reflectance %, absorbency and whiteness increased with the increasing of concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Enzymatic process was found eco-friendly process as it was occurred in neutral pH and the COD of this process was less than conventional process. It was found that the enzymatic process was superior to the conventional process under the conditions studied. Keywords: Scouring, bleaching, conventional, enzymatic pretreatment.
Experimentelle Validierung von robuster Prozessplanung und -regelung mit Gauß'schen Mischdichten
Authors: Rossner Niko , King Rudibert
Published: January 2014

Anhand einer exothermen chemischen Reaktion wird experimentell untersucht, welche Auswirkung der Detailgrad der
Unsicherheitsbeschreibung in der Prozessplanung und -regelung auf das reale Produktionsergebnis hat. Dazu werden zunächst zwei robuste
Steuerfolgen gegenübergestellt, welche die Prozessschwankungen mit Gauß'schen Mischdichten (GMD) bestehend aus einer bzw. 32
multivariaten Normalverteilung beschreiben. Darüber hinaus werden die Prozessverläufe zweier robuster Prozessregelungen verglichen.
Eine genauere Unsicherheitsbeschreibung führt in beiden Fällen auf einen höheren Prozessumsatz.
Effect of Work–Life Balance Practices on Firm Productivity: Evidence from Japanese Firm-Level Panel Data
Authors: Yamamoto Isamu , Matsuura Toshiyuki
Published: January 2014

This article examines how firm practices that could contribute to worker attainment of work–life balance (WLB) affect the total factor productivity (TFP) of a firm, by using panel data of Japanese firms from the 1990s. We observed a positive correlation between the WLB practices and TFP among sampled firms. However that correlation vanished when we controlled for the unobserved firm heterogeneity, and we found no general causal relationship in which WLB practices increase firm TFP in the medium or long run. For firms with the following characteristics, however, we found positive and sizable effects: large firms, manufacturing firms, and firms that have exhibited labor hoarding during recessions. Since these firms are likely to incur large fixed employment costs, we infer that firms investing in firm-specific human skills or having large hiring/firing costs can benefit from WLB practices through a decrease in turnover or increase in recruiting effectiveness.
Non-integrability by discrete quadratures
Authors: Casale Guy , Roques Julien
Published: January 2014

We give a necessary condition for integrability by discrete quadratures of systems of difference equations: the discrete variational equations along algebraic solutions must have virtually solvable Galois groups. This necessary condition à la Morales and Ramis is used in order to prove that q-analogues of Painlevé I and Painlevé III equations are not integrable by discrete quadratures.
Homogeneous number of free generators
Authors: Aka Menny , Gelander Tsachik , Soĭfer Gregory A.
Published: January 2014

We address two questions of Simon Thomas. First, we show that for
any n ≥ 3 one can find a four-generated free subgroup of SL
n
(ℤ)
which is profinitely dense. More generally, we show that an arithmetic
group Γ that admits the congruence subgroup property has
a profinitely-dense free subgroup with an explicit bound on its rank.
Next, we show that the set of profinitely-dense, locally-free subgroups
of such an arithmetic group Γ is uncountable.
Sailing Video-Imagery: Impacts on Imagery Ability
Authors: Gapin Jennifer , Herzog Tim
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a standardized mental practice tool incorporating principles of video, modeling, and traditional-imagery,on the imagery ability of competitive college sailors. A quasi-experimental method using a quantitative pre-test/post-test design was administered with a convenience sample of collegiate sailors recruited via the Internet. An integrated video-imagery intervention was compared with a traditional verbal intervention to measure each intervention’s impact on imagery ability. The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) was used to assess external visual imagery, internal visual imagery, and kinesthetic imagery. Exposure to video-imagery resulted in significant improvement of external visual, internal visual, and kinesthetic imagery abilities. There was no significant difference between improvements from video-imagery versus traditional-imagery. Future studies should explore best combinations of imagery and observation techniques, and efficacious elements of each
Changing Interpretations of California's Mexican Past
Authors: Pubols Louise
Published: January 2014

The author surveys the work of Mary Floyd Williams.
The Normal Excellence of Long Accomplishment
Authors: Sides Josh
Published: January 2014

Author recounts the career of Charles Templeton Crocker, founder of the California Historical Society.
The Evolution of San Francisco's Labor History
Authors: Cherny Robert
Published: January 2014

The author surveys the work of Robert Robinson.
Are zinc transporter type 8 antibodies a marker of autoimmune thyroiditis in non-obese adults with new-onset diabetes?
Authors: Rogowicz-Frontczak Anita , Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz Dorota , Litwinowicz Monika , Niedźwiecki Paweł , Wyka Krystyna , Wierusz-Wysocka Bogna
Published: January 2014

Objective

The diagnosis of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese adults is based on the detection of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA), islet cell antibodies (ICA) and antibodies to tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A). Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) has been identified as a new autoantigen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The coincidence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD) with diabetes is common; therefore, screening of TSH and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (ATPO) is recommended during the diagnosis of diabetes. In this study, we determined whether the occurrence of islet autoantibodies is associated with a positive titre of ATPO in newly diagnosed adult-onset autoimmune diabetic patients.

Design and methods

The study involved 80 non-obese adults aged 44 (interquartile range (IQR): 37–51) years with a BMI of 24.0 (IQR: 22.2–26.0) kg/m2and new-onset diabetes. The markers of autoimmune diabetes (GADA, ICA, IA-2A and ZnT8A), TSH and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (ATPO) were evaluated.

Results

In the study population, 70% (n=56) of the subjects were positive for at least one of the four assessed markers of autoimmune diabetes (83.9% GADA, 62.5% ICA, 42.8% IA-2A and 33% ZnT8A) and 37.5% of the subjects were positive for ATPO. The ZnT8A-positive subjects had higher ATPO titres than the ZnT8A-negative subjects (172.7 (IQR: 0.36–410.4) vs 92.4 (IQR: 0–23.7) IU/ml,P=0.001). Based on the assessed islet autoantibodies, the occurrence of positive ZnT8A and GADA was found to be related to a positive titre of ATPO using logistic regression (OR=5.48, 95% CI: 1.65–18.14,P=0.006 and OR=3.42, 95% CI: 1.09–10.71,P=0.03 respectively).

Conclusions

In non-obese adults with new-onset diabetes, the presence of GADA and especially ZnT8 autoantibodies increases the risk of AITD.
Genetically engineered ERα-positive breast cancer mouse models
Authors: Dabydeen Sarah A , Furth Priscilla A
Published: January 2014

The majority of human breast cancers are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), but this has proven challenging to model in genetically engineered mice. This review summarizes information on 21 mouse models that develop ER+ mammary cancer. Where available, information on cancer pathology and gene expression profiles is referenced to assist in understanding which histological subtype of ER+ human cancer each model might represent.ESR1,CCDN1, prolactin,TGFα,AIB1,ESPL1, andWNT1overexpression,PIK3CAgain of function, as well as loss ofP53(Trp53) orSTAT1are associated with ER+ mammary cancer. Treatment with the PPARγ agonist efatutazone in a mouse withBrca1andp53deficiency and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene exposure in combination with an activated myristoylated form of AKT1 also induce ER+ mammary cancer. A spontaneous mutant in nude mice that develops metastatic ER+ mammary cancer is included. Age of cancer development ranges from 3 to 26 months and the percentage of cancers that are ER+ vary from 21 to 100%. Not all models are characterized as to their estrogen dependency and/or response to anti-hormonal therapy. Strain backgrounds include C57Bl/6, FVB, BALB/c, 129S6/SvEv, CB6F1, and NIH nude. Most models have only been studied on one strain background. In summary, while a range of models are available for studies of pathogenesis and therapy of ER+ breast cancers, many could benefit from further characterization, and opportunity for development of new models remains.
Upregulation of IGF2 expression during vascular calcification
Authors: Zhu Dongxing , Mackenzie Neil C W , Millan Jose Luis , Farquharson Colin , MacRae Vicky E
Published: January 2014

The process of vascular calcification shares many similarities with that of skeletal mineralisation and involves the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in arteries and cardiac valves. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we employed microarray analysis to demonstrate the upregulation of more than >9000 genes during the calcification of murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), of which the most significantly, differentially expressed gene wasIgf2. Following the validation of increased IGF2 expression by RT-qPCR and immunoblotting in calcifying murine VSMCs, IGF2 expression was further demonstrated in the calcified aorta of theEnpp1−/−mouse model of medial aortic calcification. Having confirmed that IGF1R and IGF2R were expressed in cultured murine VSMCs, cell-signalling studies in these cells revealed that IGF2 (50 ng/ml) significantly stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2 (P<0.05). These results potentially indicate that IGF2 may mediate VSMC calcification via the stimulation of Erk1/2 and Akt signalling. This study suggests that the increased IGF2 expression in calcifying VSMCs may reflect the well-established prenatal role of IGF2, particularly as the osteogenic phenotypic transition of VSMCs in a calcified environment recapitulates many of the events occurring during embryonic development. A full understanding of the importance of IGF2 in this pathological process will lead to a better understanding of the aetiology of vascular calcification.
Unilateral Pediatric “Do Not Attempt Resuscitation” Orders: The Pros, the Cons, and a Proposed Approach
Authors: Mercurio Mark R. , Murray Peter D. , Gross Ian
Published: January 2014

A unilateral do not attempt resuscitation (DNAR) order is written by a physician without permission or assent from the patient or the patient’s surrogate decision-maker. Potential justifications for the use of DNAR orders in pediatrics include the belief that attempted resuscitation offers no benefit to the patient or that the burdens would far outweigh the potential benefits. Another consideration is the patient’s right to mercy, not to be made to undergo potentially painful interventions very unlikely to benefit the patient, and the physician’s parallel obligation not to perform such interventions. Unilateral DNAR orders might be motivated in part by the moral distress caregivers sometimes experience when feeling forced by parents to participate in interventions that they believe are useless or cruel. Furthermore, some physicians believe that making these decisions without parental approval could spare parents needless additional emotional pain or a sense of guilt from making such a decision, particularly when imminent death is unavoidable. There are, however, several risks inherent in unilateral DNAR orders, such as overestimating one’s ability to prognosticate or giving undue weight to the physician’s values over those of parents, particularly with regard to predicted disability and quality of life. The law on the question of unilateral DNAR varies among states, and readers are encouraged to learn the law where they practice. Arguments in favor of, and opposed to, the use of unilateral DNAR orders are presented. In some settings, particularly when death is imminent regardless of whether resuscitation is attempted, unilateral DNAR orders should be viewed as an ethically permissible approach.
The Nimatullahiya and Naqshbandiya Sufi Orders on the Internet: The Cyber-construction of Tradition and the McDonaldisation of Spirituality
Authors: Milani Milad , Possamai Adam
Published: January 2014

This article is an exploration of the level of integration of Nimatullahi and Naqshbandi Sufi orders in the consumer culture of the West. One reason for comparing and contrasting these two orders is that they have originated in similar socio-political and religio-cultural climates within fourteenth century Iran, and have been affected by similar changes in their historical extension, persecution and migration. Notwithstanding, their relations to the West and to the ‘authenticity’ of their traditions appear to have been differently constructed on the Internet, the basis for which difference is the type of Sufism they each promote. The groups have been chosen because they are two of the most prominent in the West, and are useful in reflecting how Sufi groups in similar contexts can shift dramatically in adapting to a late modern climate. This article will address the Khaniqahi Nimatullahi branch of the Nimatullahiya and the two influential branches of the Naqshbandiya: Khalidi and Haqqani.
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness: Religion and Politics in West Bengal
Authors: Salter Brian
Published: January 2014

The State of West Bengal in India is the home of a monotheistic, salvationist religion known as Vaishnavism. It has also been governed for 30 years by the democratically elected Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M). Vaishnavism has expanded globally, largely via the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON or the Hare Krishna movement). ISKCON has developed an intentional community in West Bengal as its world headquarters, and this community is becoming one of the state’s major tourist attractions and income-earners. The research that follows in this article was conducted to assess tensions between the West Bengal government and ISKCON, particularly in relation to land acquisition and workers’ rights policies. Perceptions of a contemporary alliance between ISKCON and a Hindu nationalist party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is a rival to the government and has historical ties to ISKCON, are found to be aggravating politics at the local level. The research highlights sensitivities at the intersection of religion, politics and culture, and the complexities of state–religion relationships in West Bengal.
Education about Religions and Beliefs in Victoria
Authors: Halafoff Anna
Published: January 2014

While the role of religion in Australian schools has been vigorously debated since the 1870s, it has recently generated considerable controversy, particularly in the state of Victoria. This article provides a historical analysis of religious instruction (RI) in Victorian schools, particularly drawing on the 1974 Russell Report’s review of RI programs. It then focusses on more recent developments, notably the 2010 Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT) case, Aitken and Others vs. Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, which has reignited the ‘religion in schools debate’. Based on recommendations of the Russell Report and a number of recent Australian studies in this field, this article argues that a more inclusive model of education about religions and beliefs (ERB) is required for Australia’s Government schools to meet the needs of its increasingly multifaith and secular society. This research also suggests that ERB programs can be effective strategies for countering prejudices and building socially inclusive societies.
“The Natural History of My Inward Self”: Sensing Character in George Eliot'sImpressions of Theophrastus Such
Authors: Brilmyer S. Pearl
Published: January 2014

A large body of Eliot scholarship is dedicated to the question of human sympathy. My essay moves in a different direction, arguing that Eliot saw literature not only as a medium for intersubjective understanding but also as an amplificatory technology, a tool for sensory enhancement. This technology is embodied by the affective dynamics of character in Eliot's final published work,Impressions of Theophrastus Such(1879), a collection of character sketches and philosophical essays composed in conversation with the ancient Greek naturalist and sketch writer Theophrastus of Eresus. InImpressionsEliot invokes the descriptive traditions of natural history and the character sketch to suggest that human beings, like other animals, are conditioned by bodily frameworks and habitual responses that allow them to sense some things and not others. A meditation also on the history of characterization itself,Impressionsputs pressure on the modern association of character with individual human psychology.