bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War, Peace and the Circulation of Mobile Money Across the Somali Territories
Authors: Iazzolino Gianluca , Stremlau Nicole
Published: September 2023

This chapter charts the development of the Somali digital financial and telecommunication industries, of which mobile money is the most visible manifestation. With its rapid and surprising development, this sector has provided a de facto financial infrastructure for the circulation of capital and commodities—as well as the physical infrastructure for telecommunication—across the many borders of the greater Somali economic space. Due to their size, strategic importance, and political versatility, these conglomerates are key actors in the politics of circulation. While there are cases of direct support to state making (in Somaliland), financial and telecommunication firms have been averse to taxation and regulation, and have managed to keep international competitors out of Somali territories.
Governing Marketplaces
Authors: Gebresenbet Fana , Varming Kirstine Strøh , Ng’asike Philemon Ong’ao
Published: September 2023

Based on studies of a handful of Somali-dominated markets in Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Somaliland, this chapter scrutinizes how hybrid governance arrangements have evolved since 1991, how ethnic and social difference characterize these markets, and how the materiality of goods influences the intensity of regulation by public authorities. It also shows how “stateness” is being projected in marketplaces somewhat independently of the actual presence of state institutions. Trade operators that animate these marketplaces partake in politics of circulation by taking their business to specific markets, but also through the various market organisations that shape the daily dynamics of these marketplaces.
Bushmeat
Authors: Trefon Theodore
Published: September 2023

In much of Central Africa, eating wildlife is seen as a normal, desirable, and common-sense practice. Almost all wild animals, from the largest mammals to the smallest invertebrates, are hunted, traded, and consumed, providing vital income and nutrition for millions of people. But as demand for bushmeat grows, animal populations are being decimated, directly impacting biodiversity, local economies, and public health. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Bushmeat explores questions ranging from deforestation and conservation strategies to infectious diseases, urban street food, and law enforcement. It explains how the popularity of wild meat consumption has spread from rural areas into major cities, fuelled by rapid urbanization, poorly defined regulations, and developing trade networks—whether small-scale and informal, or commercial and politically connected. While unsustainable hunting practices pose clear problems for wildlife conservation, they also increase the risk of rural food insecurity and of new infectious diseases emerging—as HIV, Ebola, and Covid-19 have shown. But cultural attachment to wild meat, and its dietary importance for many communities, make the “bushmeat crisis” difficult to solve. Based on extensive interviews and a comprehensive review of secondary literature, Bushmeat presents a startling account of one of the Anthropocene’s catastrophes in the making.
Confronting the Color Line in National Security
Authors: Sirleaf Matiangai V.S.
Published: September 2023

By unearthing what is otherwise hidden in plain sight, this chapter demonstrates that foregrounding race, as W.E.B. Du Bois proposed in the 1900s, is a task that is necessary not only for the field and practice of national security but also for the discipline of domestic and international law more generally. It argues that failing to see and engage with race obscures the role of racism and White supremacy in national security. It contends that the reconceptualization of national security is required and demonstrates how race structures national security. This chapter also clarifies why centering subordinated groups is necessary. It maintains that a racial justice approach requires consideration of macro-structural processes that facilitate racial subordination and stratification in national security as opposed to focusing on discrete episodes of individual discrimination. This chapter outlines the main lines of inquiry in this book. First, why race national security at all. The second consideration excavates the limits of national security—by inquiring what the scope of national security is, and as a corollary, whose national security. The third contemplates how national security methods of repression developed for “over there” migrate back to the metropolis to be deployed on those othered internally. The fourth investigates what remedy and redress might entail when race and racial justice are centered in national security by turning to comparative and international perspectives. The final reflection considers what it would mean to reimagine national security and the reach of the security state.
National Security Law and the Originalist Myth
Authors: Rana Aziz
Published: September 2023

In American national security law, perhaps the most common way to critique security violence and excess is to argue that these practices violate the founders’ vision of constitutional limits. In the process, scholars and lawyers often depict the long history as one of civil libertarian decline from an ostensible high point in the past. This chapter interrogates that mainstream reform vision and historical retelling. It argues that the myth of civil libertarian origins ignores the extent to which there is no golden age to revive. Such familiar framings offer a limited account of the reforms necessary for genuinely protecting basic rights as well as for pursuing anti-imperial change in the present. They also ignore the structuring role of race and colonialism in deep-rooted American ideas of foreign intervention, war-making, and threat.
Extending the Logic of Defund to America’s Endless Wars
Authors: Bâli Aslı
Published: September 2023

This chapter connects the dots between two important movements that both gained momentum during the racial justice uprising of 2020: calls to defund the police and demands to end the United States’ endless wars abroad. The chapter examines how techniques, weapons, and personnel circulate between wars abroad and militarized policing at home. On this basis, the chapter develops an argument that dismantling the structures of racist policing at home will require recognizing the continuum of security state violence that connects domestic policing, border enforcement, and America’s ever-expanding military footprint abroad. In short, defunding the police will require a transformative vision for the sprawling security state, one that disrupts practices of racialized violence and advances a vision of racial justice at home and abroad.
Extrajudicial Executions from the United States to Palestine
Authors: Erakat Noura
Published: September 2023

This chapter uses the analytical framework offered by Black-Palestinian solidarity to reveal the co-constitutive nature of racism and colonialism as well as the enduring significance of the anti-imperialist struggle. It does so first by examining how Israel’s shoot-to-kill policy is predicated on the racialization of Palestinians within the framework of national security law. It then uses an internationalist approach, which situates Black subjugation in the United States in the context of global regimes of capital, violence, and governance, to help explain the militarized response to Black uprisings. Using Aimé Césaire’s “boomerang effect,” the chapter then traces the iterative development of police militarization, forged within the crucible of U.S. imperial dominance since at least the late 19th century, and highlights how contemporary U.S. law enforcement trainings in Israel are among the most recent iterations of this trend. The chapter concludes with reflections on the limits as well as the potential of anti-imperialist activist efforts embedded in the praxes of Black-Palestinian solidarity.
Racial Transitional Justice in the United States
Authors: Joshi Yuvraj
Published: September 2023

For years, the U.S. government has endorsed transitional justice approaches abroad while ignoring the need for transitional justice at home. Recently, racial justice uprisings have shifted U.S.-based discussions of transitional justice, from gazing outward toward the international community to attending to the legacies of slavery, segregation, and White supremacy at home. This chapter demonstrates that the centuries-long oppression of Black Americans is precisely the kind of massive human rights violation that necessitates a systematic transitional justice response. Using historical, legal, and comparative analyses, it reveals that the United States has employed its own versions of transitional justice mechanisms and debates without recognizing them as such. The chapter argues that Americans should not uncritically adopt transitional approaches from elsewhere but that they should reckon with systemic racism, recognize that the United States still has much to learn in this respect, and consider how transitional justice could be implemented in the American context.
Reforming, Transforming, and Radically Imagining National Security
Authors: Sirleaf Matiangai V.S.
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers what it would mean to reimagine national security and the reach of the security state. It reflects on the tremendous possibilities and numerous theoretical and policy implications offered in this book. The problems identified are so profound and integral that it questions the utility of reforms which tinker around the edges of the apparatus of national security. Using an abolitionist framework, this chapter finds that the security state as a form of social control has deleterious consequences for communities internally and externally and must be abolished as currently constituted. The only way to limit the excesses of the security state is to reduce its footprint in the world. In other words, if there is less contact between the public and the security state apparatus, then there are fewer opportunities for the security state to brutalize and enact violence. This chapter challenges some of the core assumptions of national security, including removing from government officials their continuous capacity to exercise discretionary violence. It puts forward an abolitionist vision of security, which imagines a world where the security state does not keep Black, Brown, and other marginalized peoples subordinated through threats of and actual arrest, detention, torture, incarceration, violence, and death. It concludes that radical imagination may well be the only meaningful path forward for national security.
The Tabernacle in the Late Second Temple Period
Authors: MacDonald Nathan
Published: September 2023

The four different versions of the tabernacle account have their origins in the Second Temple period, and shine an important light on the various forms Exodus took at that time. How is this textual plurality to be explained and how did the texts relate to one another? To address this question, this chapter considers first the extant evidence from this period: the manuscripts of Exodus found amongst the Dead Sea Scrolls. The relationship of the scrolls and the late antique and medieval textual traditions to one another is examined. It is demonstrated that the Old Greek reflects the oldest textual tradition, with the Old Latin shedding additional light on the text’s early history. The Masoretic version was the result of a later revision which sought to standardize and harmonize the text of the tabernacle account, and the Samaritan exhibits similar features at a still later stage.
The Making of the Tabernacle Account
Authors: MacDonald Nathan
Published: September 2023

The extant versions and the evidence from Qumran suggest that the tabernacle account in Exodus had a complex history of development. No compositional model has been proposed within scholarship that draws upon the evidence of the various versions and accounts for their differences. In this chapter a model for the development of the tabernacle account is proposed from the earliest priestly document through to the final stages of standardization and harmonization visible in the Hebrew versions of the Masoretic Text and Samaritan Pentateuch. This model is coordinated with contemporary understandings of how the priestly literature developed and was coordinated with other Pentateuchal sources.
Ordination, Consecration, and Inauguration
Authors: MacDonald Nathan
Published: September 2023

Before the tabernacle can operate as a sanctuary, it needs a functioning priesthood. The ritual prescribed in Exod 29 effects the ordination of Aaron and his sons. This chapter shows how the ordination ritual is presented as both the primary ritual and, in combining various sacrifices, the epitome of all other rituals. The original ritual consists of a series of sacrifices that could have been performed in a couple of hours. In the description of the ritual’s fulfilment in Lev 8, the ordination ceremony is transformed into a seven-day ritual that consecrates priest and tabernacle. Various chronological problems arise from transforming the ordination ritual into a seven-day consecration ritual.
Restoration
Authors: Williams Mark
Published: September 2023

The Restoration period was, for many Catholics in Britain and Ireland, one of both renewed optimism and profound disappointment. In the wake of the Civil Wars and Interregnum, the possibility of recognition—if not reward—for their loyalty to the Stuarts and efforts abroad to restore Charles II seemed real, if fleeting. However, as this chapter explains, growing political instability, military and domestic tragedy, and the renewed need for religious scapegoats among anxious Protestants across the three kingdoms, once again sparked tensions. Nevertheless, a closer look at the everyday adaptations and strategies adopted by Catholics in Britain, Ireland, and further afield suggests that the shifting political scene in London did not always reflect reality for the wider population: quotidian gestures of tolerance, familial connection, the reading (and disregarding) of polemical literature, and the constant reimagining of Catholic identity remained a regular feature of these decades.
Religious Houses
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses upon the devotional lives of British and Irish Catholics between 1641 and 1745, paying particular attention to the women who went on to become nuns. Specific examples illustrate how the spiritual experiences of the cloisters were intricately linked to those of the Catholic communities at home, where the faithful adapted their worship to compensate for the scarcity of priests, sacralizing domestic time and space, investing traditional rituals with new militancy, and imbuing holy objects with supernatural powers. Whilst some of these customs were universally sanctioned by the Church, others were more local or even highly individual, sometimes exceeding the guidelines defined by the Council of Trent. The integration of the idiosyncrasies of domestic devotions to monastic practices reconciled continuity and change. It bridged the traditional gap between lay and religious life, overcame the geographical distance between the British Isles and the Continent, and brought together a glorified past, a sanctified present, and a future return of the four nations to the Roman faith, thus questioning the validity of the paradigm of separation in religious life.
Material Culture
Authors: Johanesen Sarah , Marsland Claire
Published: September 2023

Investigating the design and use of explicitly Catholic material culture across Britain and Ireland between 1641 and 1715, this chapter puts the devotional experiences of Catholics in their political context to complicate historical narratives around persecution, toleration, and their effects on Catholics. It first considers how the disruptions of the Civil War and Commonwealth not only endangered Catholic material culture, but provided opportunities for its accumulation. It then discusses the impact of a more tolerant leadership after the Restoration, and anti-papal demonstration following the Oates Plot. It discusses the new opportunities for materially displaying Catholic identities as loyalist and nationalist, particularly after the conversion of the heir apparent, James, duke of York. Finally, material culture provides evidence for the extent of anti-popery around the Glorious Revolution, whilst the influence of Catholicism on Jacobite expression, and vice versa, is explored. The chapter uses material culture to argue for a much more nuanced picture of the opportunities, as well as difficulties, faced by Catholics in Britain and Ireland in this period.
European Mercantile Networks
Authors: Monod Paul
Published: September 2023

The outflow of Irish, Scottish, and English Catholics from their homelands to other countries in Europe produced not only monks, nuns, diplomats, and soldiers, but also generated merchants, who took up residence in commercial communities along the Atlantic coasts. Although this process began long before the Jacobite Wars of 1689‒1746, the migrations that followed those conflicts gave periodic boosts to existing mercantile networks in France, Spain, and the Austrian Netherlands. Cultural integration was rapid but never total, and migrants kept up links with their nation of origin. Irish Catholic migrants in France became prominent among the corsairs and smugglers of Saint-Malo, the brandy merchants of La Rochelle, and the wine dealers of Bordeaux. Connections with Ireland and England helped them to make fortunes in the tobacco trade, to expand into Mediterranean commerce, and to establish a profitable interest in the transportation of enslaved Africans to the New World. Outside France, successful Irish merchants gained privileged roles in the strictly regulated Spanish commerce with the Americas, and were central to the formation of the Ostend Company, trading from the Austrian Netherlands to East Asia. As bankers, financiers, and technological innovators, Irish and British Catholic exiles made a considerable impact on European economies in a period of intense commercial growth.
Catholics in the United Kingdom, 1800–1820
Authors: Mullett Michael
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the struggle for civil rights for British and Irish Catholics in the first two decades of the nineteenth century, assessing the acute partisanship that arose over the question of how much to concede to the State in order to win emancipation in return for various ‘securities’ which were designed to protect the Protestant constitution of the United Kingdom from suspected Catholic subversion. On key issues such as a veto proposed to be awarded to the Crown in the appointment of Catholic clerics, the Irish laity and their clergy were on the whole less willing to concede points of ecclesiastical independence than were some of their English co-religionists. John Milner emerged as the leading spokesman for recalcitrance over securities. The second section of the chapter considers the period from 1800 to 1820 as a vital phase in the long-term transition of the Church in Great Britain from a sect into a denomination, as well the consolidation of the role of the Irish Church as a model of Counter-Reformation renewal and as a beacon of nationhood.
‘The Abominable Cath. Quest.’
Authors: Bartlett Thomas
Published: September 2023

This chapter addresses two questions: first, why Catholic emancipation was so long delayed, and second, why Catholic emancipation was finally conceded in 1829. The answer to the first question focuses on the resolute opposition of George III, the political skill of Sir Robert Peel, the divisions within and between British and Irish Catholicism, and the lack of a clear plan of action by Irish Catholics. The answer to the second centres on the tactics adopted by the Catholic Association, headed by Daniel O’Connell, and the realization by Peel and the duke of Wellington that concessions, suitably safeguarded, would have to be made in order to prevent a civil war in Ireland. A theme running through this chapter is the growing politicization of Irish society during this period which ultimately produced the crisis that led to emancipation.
Anti-Catholicism and Protestant Relations with Catholics
Authors: Haydon Colin
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines anti-Catholicism and Protestant-Catholic relations in Britain and Ireland from 1746 and the demise of Jacobitism to Catholic emancipation in 1829. The chapter delineates the continuing dissemination of anti-Catholicism through printed works, sermons, language itself, the commemoration of anniversaries, and rituals, and by bodies such as the Protestant Association and the Orange Order. It outlines lessening Protestant-Catholic animosities among social and intellectual elites from c.1760, but also emphasizes sources of persisting discord, notably theological differences. Consideration is given to tensions and accommodations within families and workplaces and in local communities, where plebeian memories and superstitions could both reinforce and temper anti-Catholic prejudices. Violence and rioting (most notably the Gordon Riots in Edinburgh and London) are analysed. So is the sympathy for Catholics in France engendered by the Revolutionaries’ persecution of the Church and hence for the Georgian State’s own Catholic subjects (though the Revolution excited some Protestants to expect the imminent ‘Fall of Antichrist’ too). The chapter describes the 1798 Irish Rising’s entrenchment of ‘no popery!’ sentiment among aghast Protestants, and not only in Ireland, during the three decades preceding emancipation, and opposition to that measure.
‘Every Quarter of the World’
Authors: Bellenger Dominic Aidan
Published: September 2023

The British Empire and the Catholic Church had an uneasy but not unproductive relationship in the period covered by this book. Many territories under British rule had significant Catholic populations, not all of them made up of Irish or Scottish settlers. In the Mediterranean colonies like Gibraltar and Malta, Catholicism was deeply rooted and predominated in all social classes, as it did in the former New France, which became British Canada. In the wake of the French Revolution in which they had seen their mother church dispossessed, the French church leaders in the British colonies shared a cautious political outlook with their British rulers which made religious accommodation, and even limited toleration, a possibility, although achieving it was a long drawn out process in which mutual suspicions played a major role. In the ever-expanding wider empire the years after the decisive defeat of the French in 1815 saw the formation of a network of vicariates apostolic directly under the office of Propaganda Fide in Rome. The British government kept a close eye on key Catholic appointments across the empire, and the vicar apostolic of the London District, the Catholic prelate who had a brief which included colonial territories, acted as an intermediary between the War and Colonial Office and the Roman authorities. The unique communications network of the empire helped in this correspondence, as it would later in the nineteenth century with the expansion of the Church. The Irish diaspora was beginning to have its impact on the character of local churches across the empire, but had not yet achieved the dominance it gained later. Little was achieved in the evangelization of indigenous populations (in Canada this had been accomplished before the arrival of the British) or in coming to terms with diverse cultures. Little positive work was done in the care and emancipation of slaves. Nevertheless, opportunities had been opened up for future missionary activity and a less Eurocentric perception of the Catholic Church.
Church Music
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: September 2023

Music does not exist in a vacuum. It shapes and reflects social attitudes, especially when combined with text, as happens in a church service. It is therefore evidence for the nature of Catholicism in this period. This chapter explores three aspects. First, how the structure of the community affected the capacity and willingness of Catholics to perform music both at home and on the Continent, with the embassy chapels in London acting as a musical interface between them, at least in England. Such patterns were modified by Catholic relief, the influx of Continental institutions after the French Revolution and the development of Catholic music publishing in London. In turn, this last had significant implications for performance technique. Second, the ability of music to distort the liturgy during this period must be considered. Not only did it alter the balance within services but, at a detailed level, music could produce an emphasis on certain words and phrases at the expense of others. In their different ways such properties applied to both the contemporary Baroque-Classical styles and to the prevailing ‘measured’ form of plainchant, whose technical features must be clearly understood. By extension the ability of music to express ideological standpoints should also be noted; the Jacobite connotations of Adeste Fideles are a prime example. Third, in the early nineteenth century, the appearance of large Haydn-Mozart Masses brought Catholic music to a turning point. Was it, as a reflection of Catholic belief and culture, looking ‘forward’ and ‘outward’ or ‘backward’ and ‘inward’, or a mixture of both?
Feeble References
Authors: Richardson Carol M.
Published: September 2023

Rather than a sudden reawakening, relief and emancipation exposed the continuity of Catholic culture carefully preserved at home and abroad. This chapter considers and reconsiders Catholic references and artefacts hidden in plain sight. In Johann Zoffany’s portrait of an English nobleman, Charles Townley, and his collection, the main protagonists were materially and intellectually concerned with the past and present of Catholicism. Townley’s family seat in the north of England housed artefacts rescued from the nearby Whalley Abbey. Architectural fragments of the abbey are, in turn, embedded in local buildings and directly referenced in new structures that reassert the enduring existence of Catholicism. At the same time, largely as a result of the French Revolution, mundane yet highly prized artefacts returned with some of the religious communities exiled since the sixteenth century. These were the ‘feeble references’ that Charles Dickens, in his novel set against the backdrop of the Gordon Riots, Barnaby Rudge, recognized.
Elizabethan England, Wales, and Ireland
Authors: Gibbons Katy
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides a chronological overview of the changing fortunes of Catholics in England, Wales, and Ireland across the reign of Elizabeth I. It explores how the experiences of Catholics in these three realms were closely connected and yet distinct. The chapter outlines some key differences in the political, legislative, and ecclesiastical contexts for Catholics across these three realms, and explores the central importance of the support they received from Catholics beyond the British archipelago. Whilst noting acts of solidarity between Catholics from the three different realms, it goes on to argue that there were divisions, both between and amongst them, over the best way to respond to the dilemma they found themselves in, as Catholics living under a Protestant queen, and over how best to work towards a Catholic restoration.
The Early Stuarts
Authors: hAnnracháin Tadhg Ó
Published: September 2023

The early Stuart period saw the consolidation of Catholicism as the confessional identity of the great majority of the Gaelic and Old English of Ireland. Continental colleges provided sufficiently large numbers of educated clergy, particularly at leadership level, to cultivate commitment to Catholicism and hostility to heresy. In addition, from the safety of Continental centres, a sophisticated literary engagement developed that emphasized the inherently Catholic identity of the island. Particularly important actors in both these developments were the observant Franciscans who greatly outnumbered all other religious orders. During this period, a significant diminution in the political and economic position of the Catholic landholding elite helped to prime deep discontent with the existing structures of the kingdom. During this period, Catholicism in Britain declined to a tiny proportion of the general population, although massively overrepresented at elite social level. Proximity to Continental Catholic jurisdictions allowed for the development of a complex web of expatriate institutions which both sustained an increase in clerical numbers in England and provided education for the wealthy laity. The community which developed offered important avenues of agency for elite women and adapted its practices to minority status, although it was riven by faction and, often bitter, disputes between regular and secular clergy and their lay champions. The political and ecclesiastical threat of Puritanism, Stuart foreign policy, and the fractious relationship between royal power and parliament provided Catholics with an opportunity to try with some success to reframe their position as the chief danger to the kingdom’s stability.
Martyrdom
Authors: Tait Clodagh
Published: September 2023

Nearly 700 people from the Irish and British Isles, mostly men, have at various times been described as ‘martyrs’ and put forward as candidates for sainthood as a result of the manner of their deaths in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Of these, one Scots, one Irish, and forty-two English and Welsh martyrs have been canonized; 242 English and Welsh people and seventeen from Ireland have been beatified. This chapter considers the differing experiences of the martyrs, following them through capture, imprisonment, and episodes of psychological and physical torture. Local concerns and political circumstances strongly influenced decisions to arrest, try, and execute, and the means by which conviction was accomplished (with consequent implications for the production and preservation of documentation crucial to official recognition of ‘fama martyrii’). Martyrs aligned themselves with past examples of heroic virtue and sought to foreshadow their anticipated arrival in heaven via their performance of emotion, as well as their demeanour and words at the time of their deaths. Audiences looked out for miraculous events, and relics were an important link between the martyrs and the faithful. Despite this, many had been more or less ‘forgotten’ by the nineteenth century. This chapter thus also considers the ebb and flow of their cults.
Catholics and Their Protestant Neighbours
Authors: Sheils William
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on how Catholics and Protestants negotiated religious change at a local and regional level throughout the British Isles, concentrating on the gentry and non-gentry population in county town and parish. Relations between Catholics and their neighbours changed over time and place, reflecting both the political imperatives of government and the ecclesiastical demands of the clergy. Neither of them went unchallenged however, and in many regions the local standing of Catholic gentry often required that they, and their tenants, be treated with tolerance by their Protestant neighbours if the region was to be well governed. This was also true among the peasant population at parochial level, although in towns Catholics were more rapidly removed from civic office, in England at least if not elsewhere. The emergence of a strongly Protestant preaching ministry from the 1580s in southern England, and from 1600 elsewhere polarized attitudes among the laity in the localities. This resulted in both many Catholics and Protestants taking up more radical and intransigent positions, which were exacerbated by ethnic issues in Ireland following the policy of plantation, and in Scotland by distrust of an absentee government after 1603. Nevertheless, the records show constant and often sympathetic negotiation of difference in varying localities throughout the period, often at odds with the aims of government. These negotiations remained fragile, and at the end of the period the three kingdoms were plunged into civil war, a war in which religious distrust added to deep seated economic and social rivalries.
Exile Movement
Authors: O’Connor Thomas
Published: September 2023

Under Queen Mary, Catholic reformers associated with Cardinal Pole envisaged the establishment of domestic institutions to provide formal training for at least some of the parish clergy. Elizabeth’s rejection of Catholicism obliged senior English and Scots clergy to make emergency provision for the overseas education of all clergy. From the late 1560s, a network of English and Scots seminaries was established, principally in Iberia, the Spanish Netherlands, and Rome. In Ireland, it was initially hoped that a domestic clerical educational infrastructure might be possible, and, throughout the period, the majority of Irish clergy continued to be trained informally and at home, often in Franciscan networks. However, Irish students also enrolled in the English and Scots colleges, and, from the 1590s, the Irish too began to establish overseas seminaries, usually in the same towns as their English and Scots confreres. For all three nations, the Jesuits played a decisive role in college management, although, in the English case, the Benedictines assumed a significant role in the early seventeenth century. During these early years, the colleges suffered governance and financial challenges, which were exacerbated by internal divisions and outside interference. After 1622, the Roman Congregation of Propaganda Fide gradually assumed oversight for the overseas networks, which suffered near ruinous personnel and fiscal setbacks with the onset of the civil war.
Music
Authors: Cichy Andrew
Published: September 2023

The essential contingency of British Catholic music on the vagaries of contemporary government and politics remained a key feature of its development into the eighteenth century. It survived and flourished only to the degree that it was protected— by either power or distance—or concealed, in which case surviving evidence is limited. This chapter explores the protected musical culture of music in England, as well as other English Catholic institutions on the Continent. The evidence for domestic music is also considered, alongside the interactions between British Catholic households and Continental Europe. In a field that remains on the whole underexplored, a number of avenues for future research are suggested, alongside an argument as to why the repertoire for this period has been neglected (especially compared to earlier post-Reformation British Catholic works), particularly in liturgical contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Alana
Published: September 2023

Twentieth-century Catholicism in Britain and on the island of Ireland has not been the subject of sustained comparative analysis until the assembly of chapters within this volume. This Introduction surveys relevant synoptic literature for the study of the denomination in each national context and summarizes the present volume’s key themes, including: the increasing role and importance of the laity, the reception and impact of the Second Vatican Council (1962–5), shifting configurations of Church-State relations and challenges (within and outside the Church) to its authority and legitimacy, including the impact of child sexual abuse.
The Church in England and Wales: An Historical Overview
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: September 2023

Over the course of the past century, Catholics in England and Wales went from being a marginalized minority, with a strong subcultural identity as Catholics, to a largely unexceptional and accepted part of the mainstream: ‘like everyone else’, in the famous words of British Catholic anthropologist Mary Douglas. This simplistic narrative, while true enough in its broadest contours, nevertheless obscures a great deal. This chapter presents a more nuanced and detailed overview of the various complex and contested factors contributing to the transformation of English and Welsh Catholicism since 1914. It is intended as a complement to the deeper treatment of key topics and themes offered elsewhere in this volume, while offering a sociologically informed overview of Catholicism’s changing place within wider English and Welsh culture and society.
Twentieth-Century Scottish Catholicism: Poverty, Affluence, and Freedom
Authors: Gilfillan Paul
Published: September 2023

The story of twentieth-century Scottish Catholicism is one of demographic and institutional growth until the 1970s and early 1980s, with the reforms of Vatican II inaugurating a crisis in the priesthood and seminary life, while awakening members of the laity to their secular apostolate. Attaining socio-economic parity from the 1980s, the economic and social conditions of Scots Catholics change radically with the advent of new freedoms, with the consequences of material affluence to younger generations including the virtual extinction of Catholic identity as a matter of unchosen ‘fate’, and the shift to Catholicism as a personal ‘lifestyle’ choice; resulting in unprecedented levels of lapsing from Catholic practice. Finally, a new ‘politics of identity’ among Catholics in favour of nationalism has emerged from the 1970s, with Scotland’s Catholics leading the way in the politicization of new freedoms, resulting in the resurrection of the nation’s Catholic-era institutions in the new devolution era.
Catholics, War, and Britain’s Armed Forces
Authors: Snape Michael
Published: September 2023

The history of Catholics and war in the British Isles in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries is an oddly side-lined area of research, yet it provides not only a broad and dramatic context to that history but reveals much about the underlying nature and trajectory of Catholic life, Catholic moral theology, Catholic identity, and Catholic involvement in public affairs. Often paradoxical, sometimes poignant, occasionally striking, but always significant, the experience and role of Catholics in Britain’s armed forces provides an illuminating insight into this neglected history and deserves far greater recognition and prominence in the historiography of British and Irish Catholicism.
Marriage, the Family, and Sexual Ethics
Authors: Geiringer David , Kelly Laura
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the development of Catholic teachings and practices relating to marriage and the family, sexualities, and reproductive health in Britain and Ireland in the twentieth century. Evidently, Catholic lay experiences and understandings of sex, marriage, and the family varied greatly depending on age, geographical location, ethnicity, and class throughout the century. Through a focus on the key themes of divorce, homosexuality, abortion, contraception, and reproductive health technologies such as IVF, we reconsider the extent to which the cultural shifts of the mid-century, notably those relating to sexuality, reproduction, and the body, marked a watershed for modern British and Irish Catholicism. The chapter concludes by pointing to potential avenues for future research.
Saints and Devotional Cultures
Authors: Heimann Mary , Delay Cara
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines Catholic spirituality and devotion across the British and Irish isles in the twentieth century, a time of profound change in the devotional life of the Catholic Church. The chapter opens with an examination of the intensely devotional and minutely organized world of cradle-to-grave Catholicism which prevailed until the Second Vatican Council (1962‒5). The authors show how distinctively Catholic beliefs, practices, and attitudes—including Marian piety, Eucharistic devotion, and popular devotions to the saints—were transmitted, practised, and supported, in Church, at home, in the parish, and in the landscape, both officially and unofficially. Two landmark Eucharistic congresses held in London (1908) and Dublin (1932) offer snapshots of approved pre-conciliar devotion. The Second Vatican Council, together with the wider social changes of the 1960s and 1970s, gradually replaced the Catholic ‘ghetto’ with today’s eclectic mix of traditionalist, revivalist, populist, official and unofficial devotions, prayers, and practices.
Liturgy and Music
Authors: McElroy Christopher
Published: September 2023

The liturgical rituals of Catholics in Britain and Ireland were transformed during the twentieth century. Whilst the liturgical constitution of Vatican II Sacrosanctum Concilium played a role, this chapter argues that change was already occurring in the earlier part of the century, sparked by the reception of Pius X’s Tra le Sollecitudini in 1903. Whereas large-scale liturgical renewal was largely orchestrated from above, there is evidence that wholesale changes to music in the liturgy were more localized, falling largely in the domain of the laity. These differences expose two underlying issues prevalent throughout this chapter: the shift of ecclesial authority and an increasingly more democratized ecclesiology.
Ecumenism and Interfaith Relations
Authors: Power Maria
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the profound change in attitudes within the Catholic Church towards ecumenical and interfaith relations throughout the twentieth century. By exploring issues such as mixed marriage, relationships with other faiths, and the role of the churches in the Northern Irish troubles, it shows how a variety of methods and practices were used to improve relationships between Catholics and those of different denominations and faiths. It argues that as the century progressed, Catholic participants transformed their understanding of evangelization and the mission of the Church. Conversation and action rather than conversion became the motif of ecumenism and interfaith relationships, with action for social justice becoming the main motivation rather than reunification with Rome.
Women Religious, Charitable Ministries, and the Welfare State
Authors: Mangion Carmen M.
Published: September 2023

As part of the renewal process following the Second Vatican Council, women religious questioned and rethought their religious ministries. What were once ventures that had at their essence caritas and evangelization were now embedded in the Welfare State apparatus. In examining the shift in women’s ministries, this chapter scrutinizes the relinquishment of institutional religious ventures, particularly those relating to education and medical care, in favour of new ministries. These shifts were often a move from Catholic-centred services to forms of outreach that acknowledged and engaged with those marginalized by society. The move was a significant one, turning away from structured ministries with regulated State oversight to the flexibility of services that offered aid to anyone in need. The activities of women religious became broader than charity, as social justice also diagnosed the need for structural change and systemic remediation, refashioning more paternalistic and preventative characteristics of charity.
Migration, Migrant Chaplaincy, and Multi-Ethnic Britain
Authors: Gray Breda , Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

The work of migrant or ‘ethnic’ chaplaincies is central to understanding how the Catholic Church in Britain responds to the immigration-related diversification of membership through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Despite the significance of these chaplaincies, they have received little historical attention, especially in the post-conciliar ‘era of migration’. The chapter adopts an empirically based, sociological approach, and brings together data from two separate studies of ethnic chaplaincies based primarily in London. The case studies demonstrate how the conditions of migration and the response of migrant chaplaincies have changed greatly since the 1950s. Although limited by resources, these initiatives respond to State gaps in migrant care, advocate on their behalf, and facilitate the Church’s work on informing public debate on migration.
Clerical Abuse
Authors: Daly Mary E. , Pound Marcus
Published: September 2023

From the 1990s onwards a series of child sexual, physical, and emotional abuse allegations and convictions involving male and female Catholic clergy and religious began to gain public attention in Britain, Ireland, and internationally. This chapter examines the role of the media, Church, and State responses, including the introduction and implementation of safeguarding measures, the relationships between civil law and canon law, and between the Vatican and national hierarchies. It explores the dynamics of abuse in both Catholic institutional settings as well as abuse by priests in the parish communities, and the impact of that abuse on survivors and the wider Catholic community. The concluding section reflects on how the deformation of Catholic practices has contributed to the perception of a ‘crisis’ of abuse within the Catholic Church, in Britain and Ireland, and globally.
The Travails of Contemporary Irish Catholicism from John Paul II to Pope Francis
Authors: Corráin Daithí Ó
Published: September 2023

This chapter traces the recession of Irish Catholicism at an institutional and societal level. Two overarching questions are considered. The first assesses how the institutional Church responded to a rapidly changing Ireland between the papal visits of 1979 and 2018, how relations between Church and State altered, and how Church leadership has been perceived. The second examines the response of the institutional Church to the scandals of its past and to an evolving religious landscape. While the presence and influence of the institutional Church has inexorably declined and the number of practising believers has contracted, Irish Catholicism retains a public salience.
Architecture and Buildings
Authors: Jordan Kate
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers the buildings constructed by and for Catholics between 1830 and 1914, examining the range of building types and architectural styles that facilitated and reflected the rapid expansion of the Church during this period. In looking beyond traditional architectural readings of the Catholic built environment, it draws from social and religious histories and also from fresh critical approaches to material and spatial culture. Questions of agency and authority are examined and particular attention is paid to women, who have frequently been overlooked as significant patrons, designers, and decorators of Catholic architecture. This inclusive narrative is presented through four key themes that aim to shed light on the diverse strands of Catholic culture: architectural revivals and innovations, adaptations and restorations; funding and patronage; and sacred interiors.
Priests and Parishes
Authors: Champ Judith
Published: September 2023

The role and character of the Catholic priesthood in Britain and Ireland was transformed during the nineteenth century. Secular priests provided much of the leadership in parishes, but priests belonging to religious institutes also provided pastoral leadership and contributed to the revival of Catholic life. This chapter traces the emergence of a new type of Catholic priest by examining the priestly formation in the colleges for priest training reopened on the Continent after 1815 and new colleges established in England and Ireland. The rigorous culture of discipline injected into seminary formation shaped the character of the men ordained and priests went on to carve out a renewed ecclesial role which incorporated a distinctive professional identity, increasingly exercising local authority. Priests were pivotal in the campaign to instil in lay Catholics a disciplined regularity of religious practice, including Mass attendance and participation in the sacraments.