bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analisis Metode Sandiwara Boneka Terhadap Kemampuan Bercerita Anak di Taman Kanak-Kanak
Authors: Fatmi Okta Felinda , Rakimahwati Rakimahwati
Published: April 2021

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Metode Sandiwara Boneka Terhadap Kemampuan Bercerita Anak di Taman Kanak-kanak. Penelitian ini dikembangkan berdasarkan pada pentingnya berbicara dalam kehidupan. Kemampuan bercerita termasuk ke dalam salah satu komponen perkembangan bahasa. Kemampuan bercerita merupakan skill yang dimiliki oleh seorang anak untuk mengungkapkan perasaan melalui kata-kata dan ekspresi, sehingga anak dapat memberikan informasi kepada orang lain dan dapat memperkaya pembendaharaan kata anak. Selain itu anak akan terlatih berkomunikasi secara lisan dengan orang-orang yang ada di lingkungannya serta mengungkapkan pikiran atau pendapat yang dilakukan secara lisan agar bisa dipahami dan dimengerti oleh orang lain.  Kemampuan bercerita sangat penting di stimulasi sejak dini karena anak usia taman kanak-kanak sudah mampu berperan aktif dalam berkomunikasi. Anak yang mengalami kesulitan mengungkapkan gagasaan, berbcerita dan mengucapkan bunyi huruf membutuhkan stimulasi yang tepat agar kemampuan bercerita anak bisa berkembang sesuai usianya. Kemampuan bercerita dapat dikembangkan salah satunya dengan menggunakan penerapan metode sandiwara boneka. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literatur. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa penggunaan metode sandiwara boneka dapat mengembangkan kemampuan bercerita pada anak usia Taman Kanak-kanak dengan bantuan media boneka, selain membantu mengembangkan kemampuan bercerita anak juga mampu menstimulasi kemampuan motorik serta kognitif  anak yang kemudian  membuat anak tertarik, mudah mengingat kosakata baru, mampu menyebutkan bentuk dan bunyi huruf, melatih kemampuan menyimak serta menstimulasi anak untuk berfikir kemudian membuat anak bisa mengungkapkan pendapat yang terlihat dari cara berbicara
Pemanfaatan Membatik Sederhana untuk Mengembangkan Kemampuan Motorik Halus Anak di Taman Kanak-kanak
Authors: Almi Penuva , Yeni Indra
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan membatik sederhana untuk mengembangkan kemampuan motorik halus anak di taman kanak-kanak Penelitian ini dikembangkan berdasarkan pada pentingnya perkembangan motorik halus pada anak usia dini. Pada anak usia dini di Taman Kanak-Kanak kemampuan motorik halus masih rendah, terutama pada kegiatan pra menulis seperti cara memegang pensil yang masih kaku, menjiplak yang belum rapi, mewarnai yang masih telihat coretan. Motorik halus dapat dikembangkan dengan kegiatan membatik sederhana. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah studi literature. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menelaah sumber primer berupa buku, jurnal-jurnal, dan sumber-sumber yang relevan lainnya. Metode pengumpulan data pusataka dengan membaca dan mencatat serta mengelola bahan penelitian lalu menyimpulkan bahan penelitian. Hasil peneliltian yang didapat bahwa pemanfaatan membatik sederhana dapat mengembangkan kemampuan motorik halus anak usia dini di Taman Kanak-Kanak
Pembelajaran Dengan Kegiatan Daur Ulang Botol Bekas Untuk Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Putri Weni Mulia , Pransiska Rismareni
Published: April 2021

Kegiatan daur ulang botol bekas dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pembelajaran untuk anak, yang mana kegiatannya adalah mengolah botol bekas yang sudah tidak terpakai menjadi suatu karya yang inovatif Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pembelajaran dengan menggunakan daur ulang botol bekas untuk anak. Tujuannya adalah untuk menganalisis penggunaan daur ulang botol bekas dapat diubah fungsikan menjadi media pembelajaran untuk anak. Jenis penelitiannya adalah dengan pengambilan data dengan mengkaji  jurnal, buku dan artikel sesuai dengan variabel yang diteliti. Hasil studi literatur ini yaitu pengunaan daur ulang botol bekas dapat di jadikan pembelajaran untuk anak usia dini, yang mana dengan pemanfaatan daur ulang botol bekas dapat mengembangkan kemampuan motorik serta seni anak
E-Learning System For Physical Education In IAIN Salatiga Using Google Classroom
Authors: Rozi Fatkhur , Putri Mega Widya , Wijaya M. Riski Adi
Published: April 2021

This study aims to analyze the process of lecturing the theory and practice of physical education at the Salatiga State Islamic Institute (IAIN Salatiga) using the google clasroom media. The method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach and case study design to examine in depth the aspects that influence the use of google classroom media in the physical education learning. The results of this study are the physical education e-learning using google classroom at IAIN Salatiga can be used as a solution to the limitations of theoretical and practical in the physical education learning. Furthermore, it makes it easier for lecturers to deliver physical education material and makes it easier for students to learn physical education material. Internet signal access is a major obstacle in e-leraning physical education using google classroom at IAIN Salatiga.
English Teachers’ Perception toward the Switch from Offline to Online Teaching during lockdown in the Midst of Covid-19 Outbreak
Authors: Nashir Muhammad , Laili Roudlotun Nurul
Published: April 2021

Education is one of the sectors that is badly influenced by covid-19 pandemic where the learning process is carried out from home. This sudden pandemic requires teachers to switch from face-to-face learning into learning domain with technological network. The objective of this study was to describe English teachers’ perception toward the switch from offline to online teaching during lockdown in the midst of covid19 outbreak. The subject of study was 50 English teachers of Senior High School in Banyuwangi. The research method was case study with qualitative research approach. The data needed collected by distributing Google form questionnaire and interview. The result of study indicated that English teachers’ perception about online teaching have not been performed properly, they stated that only for about 35% students who were active and really serious in carrying out online learning and collecting the assignments given on time because of lacking flexibility and access from teachers in controlling students’ learning activities. 68% teachers felt that their workload was heavier if compared to face-to-face learning because they need additional time to operate appropriate online learning media and package interesting learning in order to be able to increase students’ motivation and desire in English lesson.
Kemampuan Menulis Naskah Drama Pentas dengan Menggunakan Media Cerita Rakyat Siswa SMA
Authors: Larasati Maria Marietta Bali
Published: April 2021

Penggunaan media cerita rakyat merupakan salah satu cara memudahkan siswa menulis naskah drama. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kemampuan menulis naskah drama pentas pada siswa kelas XI Bahasa SMA Negeri 7 Kota Komba dengan menggunakan kuantitatif dengan bantuan media cerita rakyat. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kependidikan. Yang menjadi subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI Bahasa SMA Negeri 7 Kota Komba yang berjumlah 35 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data kuntitatif penelitian ini adalah  menggunakan instrumen tes dengan hasil tes unjuk kerja siswa. Data yang telah terkumpul dianalisis secara kuantitatif.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan menulis naskah drama dengan menggunakan media cerita rakyat siswa kelas XI Bahasa SMA Negeri 7 Kota Komba  sudah baik karena siswa yang mendapat nilai di atas standar lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan siswa yang mendapat nilai dibawah standar, hal ini terbukti bahwa siswa yang meraih nilai di atas 74 adalah 31 orang atau 89% dan dibawah nilai 74 sebanyak 4 orang atau 11%  dengan  rata-rata 82%. Hasil penelitian ini memberi rekomendasi bagi guru Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia untuk menggunakan media cerita rakyat dalam pengajaran menulis naskah drama.
Pembaharuan Pendidikan Berdasarkan Pemikiran K. H. Ahmad Dahlan
Authors: Amelia Tasya Faricha , Hudaidah Hudaidah
Published: April 2021

Pembaharuan pendidikan di Indonesia tidak lepas dari sosok K. H. Ahmad Dahlan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji lebih dalam tentang pendidikan berdasarkan pemikiran K. H. Ahmad Dahlan dan mengkaji korelasi tokoh K. H. Ahmad Dahlan dalam sistem pendidikan di Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis dengan menggunakan metode historis, yaitu dengan mengumpulkan sumber data dari jurnal - jurnal terpercaya di internet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa K. H. Ahmad Dahlan telah berhasil mengubah tatanan pendidikan dengan menggunakan pemikirannya sendiri terhadap pendidikan. Menurut K. H. Ahmad Dahlan, tujuan pendidikan yang sempurna ialah untuk melahirkan individu yang utuh menguasai ilmu umum dan ilmu agama, material dan spiritual, serta dunia dan akhirat. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, K. H. Ahmad Dahlan memiliki gagasan untuk mendirikan sekolah agar para pribumi dapat bersekolah. Pada 1 Desember 1911, Sekolah pertama K. H. Ahmad Dahlan adalah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Diniyah . Dari sekolah tersebut, akhirnya K. H. Ahmad Dahlan membentuk organisasi yang disebut Muhammadiyah pada 1912. Dilanjutkan pada 1917 dibentuk juga organisasi khusus perempuan yang bernama Aisyiyah. Muhammadiyah dan Aisyiyah telah menjadi pembaharuan dalam dunia pendidikan. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan tersebarluasnya sekolah – sekolah Muhammadiyah dan Aisyiyah di seluruh indonesia.
Peran Tarekat Sufi Serta Relevansinya Terhadap Pendidikan Islam Modern
Authors: Kertayasa Herdian , Syach Alfyan , Yusuf Rini Novianti , Supriatna Asep
Published: April 2021

Di era modern ini, seringkali dijumpai orang-orang masa sekarang (manusia modern) yang pandangan keagamaannya masih bersifat legal-formal. Dengan fenomena tersebut harus berusaha untuk mencoba mengembalikan semangat keberagamaan masyarakat modern dengan menawarkan pendekatan tasawuf yaitu dengan cara menerapkan sistem metode tarekat sufi terhadap mereka khususnya kepada para pelajar agar dapat terhindar dari efek negatif arus modernisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan Peran Tarekat Sufi Serta Relevansinya Terhadap Pendidikan Islam Modern. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan peneliti adalah library research atau penelitian kepustakaan. Dalam pengambilan data diambil dari beberapa sumber diantaranya; al-Quran, Hadis, Buku-buku, Kitab-kitab klasik dan referensi-referensi yang menunjang penelitian ini seperti pendapat para Ulama dan para pakar pendidikan Islam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan; 1) Tarekat Sufi relevan dari ajaran Islam menempati posisi sentral yaitu tauhid, syariat, dan akhlak, 2) Relevan sangat memperhatikan aspek keseimbangan dan keharmonisan kehidupan, 3) Relevan setiap pengamalnya agar membangun kehidupan yang lebih efektif, produktif, dan kontemplatif melalui pendekatan komunitas belajar mengajar (learning society), 4) Relevan dengan nilai etika etos kerja, serta nilai etika pengembangan peradaban, dengan segala dinamikanya. Implikasinya peran tarekat menjadi jawaban atas semua problematika kehidupan, harapan terbesar eksistensi tarekat sufi ini, menjadikan manusia berpaling sejenak untuk mangapai lagi sifat ke-Ilahiannya yang sering kali pudar dengan modernisme.
Atlas de esporas de helechos isosporados de la Reserva Natural Punta Lara, Argentina
Authors: Gorrer Daniel A. , Berrueta Pedro C. , Ramos Giacosa Juan P. , Luna María L. , Giudice Gabriela E.
Published: April 2021

Introducción y objetivo: Las características morfológicas de las esporas brindan información para la identificación de taxa de helechos. Profundizar los análisis de las características morfológicas de las esporas de los helechos isosporados que habitan en la Reserva Natural de Punta Lara utilizando microscopía óptica. 
M&M: Se estudiaron con microscopio óptico las esporas de helechos isosporados que crecen en La Reserva Natural Punta Lara (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). El estudio fue llevado a cabo con material fresco colectado durante 3 años (2016-2018) en diferentes sitios de la Reserva. Se analizaron 20 taxa de helechos, 16 nativos y 4 exóticos. Las características registradas fueron: color, forma, diámetros ecuatoriales mayor y menor, diámetro polar, longitud y características de la lesura y ornamentación de la pared. 
Resultados: El color de las esporas puede ser amarillo, castaño claro, castaño oscuro y solo en el caso de Equisetum son verdes (clorofílicas). La mayoría de esporas son monoletes (13 especies), otras triletes (6 especies) y una sola especie posee esporas aletes. Las paredes de las esporas pueden ser lisas, plegadas, verrucosas, tuberculadas, reticuladas y ruguladas-crestadas. 
Conclusiones: La morfología de las esporas permite la identificación de los helechos de la Reserva a nivel de género y especie y aporta información para estudios paleopalinológicos, aeropalinológicos y de bancos de esporas del suelo.
PROPOSTA CURRICULAR NA EJA: DESAFIOS NA EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Alves de Almeida Aidê
Published: April 2021

A escola surge como instituição responsável pela educação formal dos cidadãos no momento em que a sociedade assimila a preocupação com o desenvolvimento pleno do ser humano. Permeada de diferentes práticas, concepções e tradições educativas, a escola influencia diretamente na construção da sociedade que temos. Desta forma, o currículo escolar, insere-se como fator relevante tanto para a construção da sociedade, como para o desenvolvimento do ser humano a ele confiado e o sucesso da aprendizagem. Os educandos têm necessidades e anseios diferentes, também diferentes devem ser as práticas de ensino dirigido a estes grupos distintos, os métodos de ensino aprendizagem, os procedimentos têm que estar contextualizados com a realidade dos educandos desta modalidade de ensino. É preciso considerar as vivencias e experiências que os alunos da EJA trazem para o contexto escolar. Destaca-se então a necessidade de elaboração de um currículo escolar constituídas pelos professores atuantes na EJA juntamente com seus educandos, procurando estabelecer as possíveis relações das concepções de currículo na EJA, e os processos que envolvem o ensino e aprendizagem. Dessa maneira, o presente artigo intitulado “Proposta curricular na EJA: Desafios na educação” teve como principal objetivo refletir sobre a proposta curricular para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), e verificar se a proposta curricular para a EJA está sendo suficiente para o aprendizado do aluno, para que seja inserido na sociedade.
Srpsko-albanski odnosi u albanskom udžbeniku iz istorije za 9. razred osnovne škole na Kosovu i Metohiji
Authors: Slavković Mirić Božica
Published: April 2021

This paper analyzes Albanian Grade 9 history text- book currently in use in Kosovo and Metohija. Emphasis is placed on the important issues related to Serbian/Yugoslav-Albanian relations between 1918 and 2008.
Prosvetna politika Kraljevine Albanije na Kosovu i Metohiji tokom Drugog svetskog rata
Authors: Vukadinović Igor
Published: April 2021

Kingdom of Albania’s fascist regime considered education as one of the pillars of its policy in Kosovo and Metohija during World War II. With the aim of spreading and strengthening Albanian national identity and culture, several hundreds of educators were sent from the “Old Albania” to Kosovo and Metohija. The Italian occupation authorities were not supportive of the educational policy pursued by the officials in Tirana, which often resulted in disagreement between the two sides. After liberating the province in 1944, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia decided to keep the teachers and educators who misused their positions to serve the Greater Albania cause, as there was no available staff to replace them. The paper is based primarily on the unpublished sources from the Central State Archives of Albania in Tirana, the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade, the Archives of Serbia, and the Archives of Yugoslavia.
Can Appeals For Peace Promote Tolerance and Mitigate Support for Extremism? Evidence from an Experiment with Adolescents in Burkina Faso
Authors: Grossman Allison Namias , Nomikos William George , Siddiqui Niloufer
Published: April 2021

Recent efforts to improve attitudes toward outgroups and reduce support for extremists in violent settings report mixed results. Donors and aid organizations have spent millions of dollars to amplify the voices of moderate religious figures to counter violent extremism in West Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Despite this investment, we know little about whether such messaging persuades the primary recruits of violent extremist organizations: at-risk youth in fragile settings. In this paper, we consider whether pro-peace religious messaging can promote social cohesion among school-age respondents in Burkina Faso. Using a survey experiment, we find little evidence that such messages affect reported attitudes or behaviors towards religious extremism and find instead that it can have the unintended effect of increasing intolerance towards ethnic others. Our findings carry lessons about the inadvertent priming of ethnic identities that can result in a backlash effect among certain societal segments.
Understanding dietary behaviour change after a diagnosis of diabetes: a qualitative investigation of adults with type 2 diabetes.
Authors: Rigby Roshan , Williams Lauren , Mitchell Lana , Ball Lauren , Hamilton Kyra
Published: April 2021

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major public health concern. Optimal management of T2D often requires individuals to make substantial changes to their dietary intake. This research employed a qualitative methodology to examine decision-making processes underpinning dietary behaviour change. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted on a purposive sample of 21 Australian adults who had recently consulted a dietitian after being diagnosed with T2D. Data were analysed using theoretical thematic analysis and themes were matched deductively with constructs that underpin motivational, volitional, and implicit processes which exist in common models of behaviour change. Influences on Motivation such as desire to improve health status and making use of valuable support networks featured in participant narratives. Volitional influences included knowing their limits, dealing with falling off the wagon, and learning how their body responds to food. The themes unlearning habits and limit the availability were identified as underpinning implicit influences on dietary change. Individual differences and emotions were constructs additional to the model that influenced dietary change. These findings contribute to a richer understanding of the subjective experiences of adults with T2D regarding dietary change and highlight the multiple processes that guide their decision making in this context.
On the measurement and estimation of cognitive processes with electrophysiological recordings and reaction time modeling
Authors: Weindel Gabriel
Published: April 2021

A primary goal in cognitive psychology is to describe the latent information processingunits that operate between the onset of a stimulus and a measured behavior. Mathe-matical models of cognition aim at decomposing behavior into such processing unitsby formalizing an assumed generative model. Unfortunately, a generative model mayexplain the behavioral data while not necessarily reflecting the underlying processes.Obtaining measurements between the stimulus and the responses could provideadditional information that fruitfully constrains the processing assumptions.The present thesis explores this issue by focusing on models of perceptual deci-sion making, a field with a long tradition of cognitive modeling. These models areconstructed to account for decision choices and their durations (reaction time inthe range of a second) on the basis of a decomposition into encoding, decision andresponse execution stages. We used electrophysiological measures (electromyographyand electroencephalography) to decompose each reaction time into different intervals,presumed to contain these stages. Simultaneously, we manipulated time-honoredexperimental factors to compare the cognitive locus of experimental effects inferredfrom both electrophysiological recordings and from model fitting procedures.Throughout four empirical chapters, we show that the inferences drawn from cogni-tive models conflict with the electrophysiological decomposition when: 1) the model’score assumption of independence between decision and non-decision processes isproven to be false; 2) standard modeling strategies are inadequate to capture thelocus of an experimental effect revealed by the electrophysiological decomposition;3) opposite experimental effects are revealed in decision vs. encoding and responseexecution processes.This thorough assessment of a generative model of decision making delineates itsvalidity, merits and limitations to account for the latent cognitive processes. Newinsights are thus provided on the information processes that allow humans to decidebetween alternatives.
On Trade-offs and Communal Breeding The Behavioural Ecology of Agta Foragers
Authors: Page Abigail Emma
Published: April 2021

Time is finite and no organism can avoid the allocation dilemma that this necessarily entails. A quintessential trade-off is that between parental investment and reproduction, otherwise known as the quality-quantity trade-off. However, humans may be exceptional among apes given our high quantity production of high quality offspring. This success has been argued only to be possible by breeding communally. In this thesis I explore questions surrounding trade-offs, communal breeding and their fitness consequences in a small-scale foraging society, the Agta. The first analysis examines the composition of Agta childcare using an innovative form of data collection to maximise sample sizes, previously a major limitation in hunter-gatherer research. The Agta, like many small-scale societies are prolific communal breeders. However, contra previous conclusions, juveniles and non-kin appeared to provide more allocare than grandmothers. Interactions with non-kin were associated with significant decreases in maternal workload, while interactions with siblings and grandmothers were not. The next analysis explores why both kin and non-kin behave cooperatively, finding support for kin selection among close kin and reciprocity for distant kin and non-kin allocare. Communal breeding appears to be an important mechanism to ensure enough childcare was received in the absence of other strategies to counter shortfalls in household energy budgets. The next analysis asks, what are the fitness consequences of maternal social networks and allocare? Mothers’ network centrality positively correlated with non-kin allocare as well as reproductive success, revealing the adaptive value of communal breeding. These results highlight the optimising nature of hunter-gatherer cooperation and life history strategies.
Correlation between physical and mechanical properties of mudrock
Authors: Lashkaripour G. R.
Published: April 2021

The paper describes the statistical relationship between physical and mechanical properties of mudrock. It focuses particularly on the correlation between index parameters that are relatively easy to measure and mechanical properties that are difficult to determine. Data for regression analysis were extracted from available published information. Moreover, many tests were carried out on different types of mudrock from various sites. Reasonably good correlation is found between some index parameters and mechanical properties, and various regression equations are proposed for predicting mechanical properties for available data. There is a good correlation between the point load, water content, porosity, and modulus of elasticity with the uniaxial compressive strength, whereas the correlation between the density, elastic wave velocity, and Poisson's ratio with the compressive strength is poor.

Theses correlations may aid engineers to make preliminary estimation of the mechanical properties of mudrock when samples of adequate size for testing are generally not available. Furthermore, the selective use of proposed relationships may even reduce the testing requirements of specific projects.
Geotechnics in the promotion of dimension stone
Authors: Shadmon Asher
Published: April 2021

Changes in the supply and use of dimension stone have extensively modified the approach of the engineering geologist to stone technology. Traditional expertise requirements have moved from exploration, extraction, and processing to quality control and application.

Reasons for this are the globalisation of dimension stone supplies from new and unknown sources; deterioration of environmental conditions; cost saving in using thin stone tiles or slabs as veneer; at times hazardous; incorrect cladding applications, and the assessment of weathering. All these require the knowledge and experience of the engineering geologist, whose skills are not commonly known. Promotion, assisted in the media by exposure of global hazards has drawn attention to the discipline and practices.

Research on the physical and mechanical stone properties has at last been taken up by major intergovernmental organisations. Large budgets are devoted to take stone testing out of century old routine."High tech" facilities are now applied to make stone-related evaluations more objective and independent of the human factor. Acceptance criteria of testing results require rationalisation. Geotechnical knowledge is important to keep test results within economic restraints and timetables. This is of special importance when linking such factors to environmental planning and control of quarrying and subsequent rehabilitation of the workings. In this paper a bird's eye view of the problems related to dimension stones is provided. Some examples of research trends are also given to exhibit the state-of-the-art.
Engineering problems in developing and managing show caves
Authors: Cigna Arrigo , Cucchi Franco , Forti Paolo
Published: April 2021

Show caves play an important role in the socio-economic development of a country. A fast increase of such caves can be attributed to the increasing demand from tourists eager to observe natural features and phenomena. On the other hand, the karst environment is quite vulnerable to changes, and hence the transformation of a natural cave into a show cave must be designed, implemented, and managed with due attention to the problem of environmental protection. For this reason, the contribution of the engineering geology is instrumental. Engineering geology is particularly useful for the following activities.

Environmental Impact Assessment including choice of the materials to minimise the environmental impact and to optimise the safeguard of tourists and employees;

Identification and implementation of countermeasures for unstable zones in the cave;

Design and construction of tourist pathways and other structures;

Identification of the best light sources and their operation;

Cave cleaning and maintenance (devices to supply water and to take out sewage, measures to minimise dust, and the problem of maintenance of old show caves); and

Management of the surface area (planning and managing human activities in the outside area corresponding to the whole intake site for the karst system, as most of them may greatly affect the show cave environment, but, on the other hand, some of them such as parking, ticket office, and toilets are absolutely unavoidable).

In the paper, the main engineering problems related to establishing and managing a show cave are presented together with practical examples from some of the main show caves in Italy and abroad.
Shear strength of landslide clay soil containing weathered serpentinite
Authors: Yokota K. , Yatabe R. , Yagi N. , Bhandary N. P.
Published: April 2021

Serpentinite is a rock consisting magnetite, brucite, and serpentine minerals. It is supposed to have formed on the deep sea floor by a sudden eruption of mantle matters or by cracking of the crust and coming in contact with water. It is generally associated with basic and sedimentary rocks. Among three constituent minerals, brucite easily dissolves in water, whereas magnetite does not. Hence, at a border between serpentinite and other rocks, formation of pores in the weathered serpentinite mass takes place due to leaching of brucite. These pores act as groundwater conduits all through the weathered rock mass, causing weathering of other rocks too. In the weathering process, chlorite changes partially to smectite and partially to expansive chlorite, which then form a clay layer with very weak strength. When this clay layer further loses strength, the soil mass resting on it starts moving, creating a landslide.

Many landslide sites in Japan lie at the boundary of serpentinite and metamorphic basic rocks like greenschist and black (sedimentary) schist. The slip layer clays of these sites contain various minerals such as serpentine, talc, chlorite, and montmorillonite. The angle of internal friction for serpentinite is about 30°, whereas those of minerals like talc, chlorite, and montmorillonite is between 20° and 10°. In them, the decrease from peak to residual strength is high. Slopes of serpentinite soil containing a high amount of these weak clay minerals are prone to sliding.
Engineering geological mapping: selected case studies in Malaysia
Authors: Mogana S. N. , Komoo I.
Published: April 2021

Engineering geological maps are essential background data to the planning of land use, and design, construction, and maintenance of civil engineering works. They contain important information on ground conditions for the safe engineering construction. This paper provides three examples of the advantages of engineering geological mapping during the planning stage of the projects. The maps provided the preliminary information to engineers who were then able to make decisions regarding further investigation and feasibility of the projects. The paper further highlights the importance of executing a thorough engineering geological mapping before the commencement of a project.
Mountain roads development in Nepal: engineering geological concerns
Authors: Deoja Birendra B.
Published: April 2021

Road construction in the mountainous regions of Nepal has not only added to the road building experience in the rugged mountain terrain but also created awareness that development of linear infrastructure in the mountainous regions requires multidisciplinary approach from social, economic, engineering, environmental, and biotechnical considerations besides substantial engineering-geological inputs. This paper tries to provide a brief account of the practices and developments in mountain-specific planning and management of infrastructure on the basis of experiences from Nepal.
Importance of tunnelling for infrastructure development in Nepal
Authors: Joshi P. R.
Published: April 2021

Tunnel and underground works of smaller dimensions were introduced in Nepal by the early miners during the 19th century. They applied their traditional technology to mine the ores of copper. Iron, lead, cobalt, and nickel. But, their activity virtually came to an end when these metals were easily available in the local market through the supply from India.

Tunnelling for the 1 MW Tinau Hydropower Project done by Nepalese technician through the Siwalik rocks was a pioneering activity to convince the concerned institutions and technicians that tunnelling through hills and mountains of Nepal is technically feasible. There were fourteen operational tunnels and eleven test audits (36.16 km in total length) driven through different rocks and geological conditions in Nepal up to 1999. They have successfully dissected the Siwaliks, Midlands, and the Higher Himalaya irrespective of their geological conditions and rock types. At present, seven tunnel projects are under construction, which will augment an additional length of 28.436 km by the year 2000.

Today, hydropower development without perception of a tunnel component is virtually impossible. It is also true for the supply of irrigation water in a year-round basis to the agricultural land of the Terai.

A demand for tunnel works in the improvement of water supply system and road network is also emerging in urban areas like Kathmandu. The need of a 28 km long tunnel is identified in the Kathmandu-Melamchi Water Supply Project, which will be the first tunnel to supply drinking water in Nepal. Similarly, the Kathmandu-Hetaunda Direct Link Project will be the first of its kind to use tunnels of 3.8 km to 7.5 km in length.
An appraisal of geohydrological characteristics of Puri Sadar Block, Orissa, India
Authors: Rout N. , Das Madhumita
Published: April 2021

The coastal wetlands are facing a great danger because of rapid and significant changes in the coastal system, especially in the near-shore areas. The present paper deals with the aquifer characteristics of the Puri Sadar Block (19 °45':19°55' N and 85°45': 86°00' E) by geophysical and geochemical methods. The average value of total dissolved so lid s (TDS) is 840 ppm and the cation and anion contents range from 0.1 to 10 mg/l, and from 7.8 to 5.400 mg/l, respectively. The maximum thickness of fresh aquifer is 30 m.
Simple and low-cost technology for irrigation from shallow aquifers in the Western Terai, Nepal
Authors: Faillace Costantino
Published: April 2021

The paper briefly outlines the hydrogeological conditions of the Terai area and describes the simple and low -cost drilling technologies used over the past thirty years in developing its groundwater resources for irrigated agriculture. The results herewith presented derive from the author's personal experience of the area and from the review of numerous studies and researches, most of which are reported in the references.

The Terai area is a very rich groundwater reservoir, made up of thick alluvial deposits transported in the lowlands by a number of watercourses originating in the northern hilly and mountainous areas. Proceeding from north to south, the alluvial deposits become progressively finer and inter-finger with each other. It is the most productive area of Nepal with rice and wheat as main food grains. The irrigated areas of the Terai Plain can be further expanded using simple and low-cost shallow tube wells drilled manually or by machine, and equipped with centrifugal diesel pumps, rower, and treadle pumps. The results of the 40,000 shallow tube wells drilled in the area have proven that shallow aquifer potential is very high, and this justifies the expansion of the present irrigated area to benefit also poor and marginal farmers.

The author stresses that the new development strategy should be based not only on the experience gained from the past thirty years, but also on improved technology and on renewed financial input in the forthcoming projects. For a well-coordinated development of the area, it will be necessary to adopt a model in which the people will be fully involved in the planning as well in the implementation, and also participate in the operation and maintenance of wells and irrigation water systems. The new development strategy should aim at expanding progressively the present irrigated area to cope with the rate of the population growth.
GLOF mitigation strategies - lessons learned from studying the Thulagi Glacier Lake, Nepal
Authors: Hanisch J. , Pokhrel A. P. , Grabs W. E. , Dixit A. M. , Reynolds J. M.
Published: April 2021

The results of an interdisciplinary study of the Thulagi Glacier Lake in Manaslu Himal in 1996 were in part surprising: different from remote sensing and geomorphologic interpretations, the Thulagi Lake is not dammed by a terminal moraine. Instead, the natural dam is composed of a huge, apparently old, thick, and slowly melting dead-ice body covered by mainly lacustrine sediments. Therefore, the most common mechanism of GLOF generation, the breaching of the damming terminal moraine by overtopping surge waves, can be ruled out in this case. Another important result of the field studies at the Thulagi Lake was the finding that most of the sediments of the dam area are lacustrine silts and fine sands with erratic boulders in-between. That implies that these sediments (hitherto believed to be of glacier origin) were deposited in a former lake.

This case study demonstrates two fundamental facts: (i) each individual glacier lake has got its own development mechanism without the knowledge of which reliable statements on the lake's stability and its potential outburst hazard cannot be made, (ii) the hazard assessments of a glacier lake can only be done successfully in a multidisciplinary approach and by extensive field work. Remote sensing techniques still do have their limitations in this domain.

Mitigation strategies have to focus on both: the GLOF hazard as well as the vulnerability of the area in the downstream. Only a combination of these two factors (by using the formula: disaster risk = hazard x vulnerability) can lea d to results that can convince the decision-makers on the need and effectiveness of mitigation work.
Recent landslide studies in the Dolomites (Eastern Italian Alps) for hazard assessment and mitigation
Authors: Maotovani F. , Pasuto A. , Silvaoo S.
Published: April 2021

The correct interpretation of landslide hazard, and consequently the optimisation of the interventions to be carried out in order to mitigate the loss of human lives and economic assets, depends on some general considerations. Firstly, gravitational phenomena should be regarded as an effect of natural landscape evolution, and secondly, the interaction of these phenomena with human activities and structures causes casualties and damage. Indeed, the population growth has led to greater needs for space and natural resources. On the other hand, the constant technological progress and improvement of living standards have caused remarkable changes in natural environment. Consequently, the events such as landslides have had increasingly serious consequences on human life and activities.

The Eastern Italian Alps, and in particular the Dolomites, are famous mountainous areas for their well-organised winter and summer resorts located at different elevations along the slopes and in the valleys.  The territory includes high (more than 3,000 m) peaks alternating with densely populated valleys. Most of the villages are located on alluvial fans, at the bottom of the valley, or on the toe of ancient landslide accumulations. This fact implies a high degree of risk for civil populations, urban settlements, and infrastructure. The Dolomites are prone to sliding owing to their steeps lopes and unfavourable structural setting (i.e. an intensely faulted and jointed sequence of rigid and plastic formations).  In this framework, the paper describes some experience of landslide investigations and monitoring carried out in this area.
Equivalences between Calabi–Yau manifolds and roofs of projective bundles
Authors: Rampazzo Marco
Published: April 2021

It is conjectured that many birational transformations, called K-inequalities, have a categorical counterpart in terms of an embedding of derived categories. In the special case of simple K-equivalence (or more generally K-equivalence), a derived equivalence is expected: we propose a method to prove derived equivalence for a wide class of such cases. This method is related to the construction of roofs of projective bundles introduced by Kanemitsu. Such roofs can be related to candidate pairs of derived equivalent, L-equivalent and non isomorphic Calabi–Yau varieties, we prove such claims in some examples of this construction. In the same framework, we show that a similar approach applies to prove derived equivalence of pairs of Calabi–Yau fibrations, we provide some working examples and we relate them to gauged linear sigma model phase transitions.
The Political and Economic Intervention of Non-Fiction Money Literacy Film in the Post-2008 Era
Authors: Parvulescu Constantin
Published: April 2021

L’auteur livre la première analyse critique des illustrations contemporaines de la notion d’argent dans le cinéma documentaire et en indique l’argumentaire prédominant. L’analyse porte sur des films de littératie financière comme The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (Adrian Pennick, 2009), Money and Life (Katie Teague, 2013), Money Puzzles (Michael Chanan, 2016) et Blockchain City (Ian Kahn, 2018). Elle révèle la réflexion politique et économique qui nourrit la perspective dans laquelle la question monétaire est envisagée dans le film, la façon dont y est racontée l’histoire de l’argent et décrit son rôle dans la société après 2008, et ses conclusions plaident pour une amélioration de la performance du système monétaire. Les constructions narratives, les méthodes d’enquête, la distribution des rôles, les métaphores visuelles et auditives, et les auditoires implicites de ces films sont examinés. L’auteur emploie dans son analyse trois variables complexes qui concourent à dépeindre l’angle économique et politique de chaque œuvre : niveau de formalisme, construction de l’expertise et interprétation de la crise financière.
Disease Transmission and Theatres: Creating Respectable Spaces
Authors: Canning Gregory
Published: April 2021

L’auteur se penche sur la perception qu’avaient les spectateurs des provinces maritimes canadiennes des dangers que présentaient les salles de cinéma au début du vingtième siècle. L’étude porte sur les préoccupations qui ont été exprimées par le truchement des médias au sujet de la santé publique et du risque de propagation de maladies. Cette incursion dans l’histoire de l’exploitation cinématographique dans les Maritimes nous renseigne sur le sentiment d’apaisement grandissant qu’ont inspiré aux citoyens des Maritimes les éléments de modernité tels qu’ils étaient représentés par les salles de cinéma. L’auteur s’intéresse plus précisément à la façon dont les dirigeants et les propriétaires de salles de cinéma ont réagi aux préoccupations du public quant aux risques que des cinémas mal entretenus et n’exerçant aucun contrôle sur les spectateurs eussent pu favoriser la propagation de maladies. Il conclut en examinant comment le gouvernement et les autorités de santé publique ont traité les salles de cinéma au cours de l’épisode d’urgence sanitaire engendré par la pandémie de grippe de 1918.
Allotting Inequity: Evaluating North Carolina’s Classroom Teacher Funding
Authors: Needham Chris , Houck Eric A.
Published: April 2021

While many state-level finance equity studies examine the effectiveness of state funding mechanisms overall, fewer examine specific components that make up these mechanisms. This research uses state-level longitudinal administrative data to examine levels of horizontal and vertical equity in the distribution of teacher salary dollars via the position allotment element of the North Carolina state funding mechanism. Using OLS regression with districts and year fixed effects, we find inequities in the allocation of teacher salary dollars related to concentrations of racial and language minority groups at the district level. Specifically, we find inequities linked to African-American and English-learning students. We hypothesize that these inequities are linked to the use of prior-year district salaries to calculate current-year allocations, resulting in a cycle of inequity that builds over time.
ОЦІНКА ПОКАЗНИКІВ АНАЛІЗУ ЕЛЕКТРОФОТОННОЇ ЕМІСІЇ У ХВОРИХ НА ХРОНІЧНІ НЕІНФЕКЦІЙНІ ЗАХВОРЮВАННЯ – ІШЕМІЧНУ ХВОРОБУ СЕРЦЯ
Authors: Невойт Г.В.
Published: April 2021

Більш чіткі фундаментальні знання принципів електромагнітної організації функціонування організму людини можуть створити науковий базис для подальшого розв’язання низки медичних проблем сучасності і зокрема сприяти подоланню світової пандемії хронічних неінфекційних захворювань Метою дослідження є удосконалення методів діагностики, лікування та профілактики хронічних неінфекційних захворювань шляхом вивчення та залучення новітніх наукоємких технологій. Було здійснено аналіз електрофотонної емісії 126 хворим на ішемічну хворобу серця. Отримані результати порівняно до показників контрольної групи – 56 функціонально здорових осіб. Аналіз електрофотонної емісії з пальців рук людини пропонується автором як одна із перспективних методик можливого дослідження системних електромагнітних енергетичних процесів людського організму при здійсненні об’єктивного клінічного обстеження пацієнтів.
СУЧАСНІ КРИТЕРІЇ ВЕРІФІКАЦІЇ ТА ОСНОВНІ ПРИНЦИПИ ВЕДЕННЯ НЕАЛКОГОЛЬНОЇ ЖИРОВОЇ ХВОРОБИ ПЕЧІНКИ У ДІТЕЙ
Authors: Пода О.А.
Published: April 2021

The article summarizes the knowledge about epidemiological data, clinical features, criteria for verification of the diagnosis, modern principles of diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children based on the analysis of literature sources using paper and electronic databases PubMed, CyberLeninka, Web of Science, MedLine, The Cochrane Library. A review of literary sources on the study of this pathology demonstrates that at the present stage NAFLD has become one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents because of the growing worldwide epidemic of childhood obesity. The article presents the latest recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases on the screening strategy and basic criteria for verification of the diagnosis, as well as the principles of treatment of this pathology in pediatric practice. Particular attention is paid to the description of the main imaging methods that play a key role in the diagnosis of NAFLD in children and adolescents. The role of lifestyle modification as the main method of NAFLD treatment according to current international recommendations is described in detail. The review also analyzes the main researches that have focused on alternative treatments targeting the basic pathogenic factors of pathology development. In conclusion, the author considered the problem of lack of accurate non-invasive markers of hepatocellular damage and fibrosis in the pediatric practice, as well as the lack of clinical trials to determine optimal approaches to the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children.
Cultivation of Chlorella sp. in broiler chicken waste media and its metabolite profile by GC-MS analysis
Authors: Izani Rizky , Nurhayati Lany , Susanty Devy
Published: April 2021

Broiler Chicken Waste (LTAB) contained Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium. LTAB can be used as an alternative medium for the cultivation of Chlorella sp. In this study, Chlorella sp. was cultured in LTAB at various concentrations (2,4,6,8, and 10%). Growth of Chlorella sp. was measured based on optical density values at a wavelength of 680 nm. Biomass was extracted using chloroform. The extract obtained was identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). LTAB 2% was the best medium for the growth of Chlorella sp. (amongst other concentrations). The highest growth rate was on the 10th day. Based on the results of KG-MS, chloroform extract of Chlorella sp. cultured on LTAB 2% contained oleic acid, methyl ester and gamma-sitosterol.Keywords: Chlorella sp, Medium, Waste, chromatographyABSTRAKKultivasi Chlorella sp. pada media limbah ayam broiler dan profil metabolitnya dengan analisis GC-MSLimbah Ternak Ayam Broiler (LTAB) mengandung Nitrogen, Fosfor dan Kalium. LTAB dapat dijadikan media alternatif untuk kultivasi Chlorella sp. Pada penelitian ini, Chlorella sp. dikultur pada LTAB pada berbagai konsentrasi  (2,4,6,8, dan 10%). Pertumbuhan Chlorella sp. diukur berdasarkan nilai optical density pada panjang gelombang 680 nm. Biomassa  diekstrak menggunakan  kloroform. Ekstrak yang diperoleh diidentifikasi meggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). LTAB 2% merupakan media terbaik untuk  pertumbuhan Chlorella sp. (diantara konsentrasi lainnya). Laju pertumbuhan tertinggi yaitu pada hari ke-10. Berdasarkan hasil KG-MS, ekstrak kloroform Chlorella sp. yang dikultur pada LTAB 2% mengandung senyawa asam oleat, metil ester dan gamma-sitosterol.Kata kunci: Chlorella sp., media, limbah, Kromatografi