bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anterior Megalophthalmos Phacoemulsification and IOL Implantation
Authors: Murthy Somasheila , Srirampur Arjun
Published: August 2014

Aim:

To demonstrate two techniques of achieving stable Intraocular lens fixation in patients with anterior megalophthalmos

Methods:

Video-based description of two cases of anterior megalophthalmos in which phacoemulsification was performed and a PCIOL was implanted, highlighting the difficulties in cataract surgery in these cases.

Results:

In the first case with advanced megalophthalmos, the patient underwent phacoemulsification and the PCIOL was scleral-fixated. The second case had optic capture of the IOL within the anterior capsulorrhexis resulting in stable IOL.

Conclusions:

Phacoemulsification in anterior megalophthalmos requires careful planning to overcome hyper-deep anterior chamber, loose lens-zonular complex. In-the-bag insertion of standard posterior chamber IOL is unsatisfactory as it is likely to decenter and scleral fixation of IOL and optic capture of the IOL within the anterior capsulorrhexis are technically simple procedures which results in a stable IOL postoperatively.
On the temporal memory of coastal upwelling off NW Africa
Authors: Benazzouz Aïssa , Pelegrí Josep L. , Demarcq Herve , Machín Francisco , Mason Evan , Orbi Abdellatif , Peña‐Izquierdo Jesus , Soumia Mordane
Published: August 2014

We use a combination of satellite, in situ, and numerical data to provide a comprehensive view of the seasonal coastal upwelling cycle off NW Africa in terms of both wind forcing and sea surface temperature (SST) response. Wind forcing is expressed in terms of both instantaneous (local) and time‐integrated (nonlocal) indices, and the ocean response is expressed as the SST difference between coastal and offshore waters. The classical local index, the cross‐shore Ekman transport, reproduces reasonably well the time‐latitude distribution of SST differences but with significant time lags at latitudes higher than Cape Blanc. Two nonlocal indices are examined. One of them, a cumulative index calculated as the backward averaged Ekman transport that provides the highest correlation with SST differences, reproduces well the timing of the SST differences at all latitudes (except near Cape Blanc). The corresponding time lags are close to zero south of Cape Blanc and range between 2 and 4 months at latitudes between Cape Blanc and the southern Gulf of Cadiz. The results are interpreted based on calculations of spatial and temporal auto and cross correlations for wind forcing and SST differences. At temporal scales of 2–3 weeks, the alongshore advection of alongshore momentum compensates for interfacial friction, allowing the upwelling jet and associated frontal system to remain active. We conclude that the coastal jet plays a key role in maintaining the structure of coastal upwelling, even at times of relaxed winds, by introducing a seasonal memory to the system in accordance with the atmospheric‐forcing annual cycle.
Joint numerical microscale simulations of multiphase flow and NMR relaxation behavior in porous media using Lattice Boltzmann methods
Authors: Mohnke O. , Stiebler M. , Klitzsch N.
Published: August 2014

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry is a useful tool to estimate transport and storage properties of rocks and soils. However, as there is no unique relation between the NMR signal and these properties in rocks, a variety of empirical models on deriving hydraulic properties from NMR relaxometry data have been published. Complementary to laboratory measurements, this paper introduces a numerical framework to jointly simulate NMR relaxometry experiments and two‐phase flow on the micrometer scale. Herein, the NMR diffusion equations were tied to an established Lattice Boltzmann algorithm used in computational fluid dynamics. The numerically simulated NMR data were validated for both surface‐limited and diffusion‐limited relaxation regimes using analytical solutions available for fully and partially water‐saturated simple pore geometries. Subsequently, simulations were compiled using a complex pore space derived from three‐dimensional computer tomography (CT) data of an unconsolidated sand and the results were compared to respective NMR T1 relaxometry data. The NMR transients simulated for different water saturations matched the measured data regarding initial amplitudes (i.e., porosity and saturation) and relaxation behavior (i.e., distribution of water‐saturated pores). Thus, we provide a simulation tool that enables study of the influences of structural and physicochemical properties, such as pore connectivity and pore coupling, surface relaxivity, or diffusivity, on partially saturated porous media, e.g, rocks or soils, with NMR T1 relaxometry data.
Hydrometric transit times along transects on a steep hillslope
Authors: Kim Sanghyun
Published: August 2014

Field monitoring of isotopes and isotope analyses have been used to approximate water travel time at hillslope scales. This paper introduces an alternate method for estimating a point‐scaled transit time in a soil layer, namely hydrometric transit time (HTT). HTT uses hydrometric measurements to address both matrix flow and bypass flow. Soil matrix flux is approximated through integration of continuous soil moisture profiles and soil water computations. Free surface film modeling of unsaturated flow is used to estimate bypass flow. This flux and storage estimation scheme is applied to a steep hillslope using hydrometric measurements that were estimated over an 8 month period using a continuous daily approximation of soil moisture profiles. Transit times at several designated points are also evaluated using isotope analyses. Results show that rainfall strongly controls temporal fluctuations. This work highlights the potential role of HTT in revealing the spatial and seasonal variations in the transit time probability density function (PDF) along transects. Mean transit time does not sufficiently characterize transit time variations on a hillslope scale. Accumulated flux distributions identify distinct hydrologic contributions and efficient redistribution of soil water in the downslope area of the hillside.
Estimating porosity and solid dielectric permittivity in the Miami Limestone using high‐frequency ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements at the laboratory scale
Authors: Mount Gregory J. , Comas Xavier
Published: August 2014

Subsurface water flow in South Florida is largely controlled by the heterogeneous nature of the karst limestone in the Biscayne aquifer and its upper formation, the Miami Limestone. These heterogeneities are amplified by dissolution structures that induce changes in the aquifer's material and physical properties (i.e., porosity and dielectric permittivity) and create preferential flow paths. Understanding such patterns are critical for the development of realistic groundwater flow models, particularly in the Everglades, where restoration of hydrological conditions is intended. In this work, we used noninvasive ground penetrating radar (GPR) to estimate the spatial variability in porosity and the dielectric permittivity of the solid phase of the limestone at centimeter‐scale resolution to evaluate the potential for field‐based GPR studies. A laboratory setup that included high‐frequency GPR measurements under completely unsaturated and saturated conditions was used to estimate changes in electromagnetic wave velocity through Miami Limestone samples. The Complex Refractive Index Model was used to derive estimates of porosity and dielectric permittivity of the solid phase of the limestone. Porosity estimates of the samples ranged between 45.2 and 66.0% and showed good correspondence with estimates of porosity using analytical and digital image techniques. Solid dielectric permittivity values ranged between 7.0 and 13.0. This study shows the ability of GPR to image the spatial variability of porosity and dielectric permittivity in the Miami Limestone and shows potential for expanding these results to larger scales and other karst aquifers.
Inferring the global cosmic dust influx to the Earth's atmosphere from lidar observations of the vertical flux of mesospheric Na
Authors: Gardner Chester S. , Liu Alan Z. , Marsh D. R. , Feng Wuhu , Plane J. M. C.
Published: August 2014

Estimates of the global influx of cosmic dust are highly uncertain, ranging from 0.4–110 t/d. All meteoric debris that enters the Earth's atmosphere is eventually transported to the surface. The downward fluxes of meteoric metals like mesospheric Na and Fe, in the region below where they are vaporized and where the majority of these species are still in atomic form, are equal to their meteoric ablation influxes, which in turn, are proportional to the total cosmic dust influx. Doppler lidar measurements of mesospheric Na fluxes made throughout the year at the Starfire Optical Range, New Mexico, (35°N) are combined with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model predictions of the relative geographic variations of the key wave‐induced vertical transport processes to infer the global influxes of Na vapor and cosmic dust. The global mean Na influx is estimated to be 16,100 ± 3200 atoms/cm2/s, which corresponds to 278 ± 54 kg/d for the global input of Na vapor and 60 ± 16 t/d for the global influx of cosmic dust.
Polar Front around the Kerguelen Islands: An up‐to‐date determination and associated circulation of surface/subsurface waters
Authors: Park Young‐Hyang , Durand Isabelle , Kestenare Elodie , Rougier Gilles , Zhou Meng , d'Ovidio Francesco , Cotté Cédric , Lee Jae‐Hak
Published: August 2014

The circulation of iron‐rich shelf waters around the Kerguelen Islands plays a crucial role for a climatically important, annually recurrent phytoplankton spring bloom over the sluggish shelf region and its downstream plume area along the Antarctic circumpolar flow. However, there is a long‐standing confusion about the Polar Front (PF) in the Kerguelen region due to diverse suggestions in the literature for its geographical location with an extreme difference over 10° of latitude. Based on abundant historical hydrographic data, the in situ hydrographic and current measurements during the 2011 KEOPS2 cruise, satellite chlorophyll images, and altimetry‐derived surface velocity fields, we determine and validate an up‐to‐date location of the PF around the Kerguelen Islands. Artificial Lagrangian particle trajectories computed from altimetric velocity time series are analyzed for the possible pathways and sources of different surface/subsurface waters advected into the chlorophyll bloom area east off the islands studied during the KEOPS2 cruise. The PF location determined as the northernmost boundary of the Winter Water colder than 2°C, which is also associated with a band of strong currents, appears to be primarily controlled by topography. The PF rounds the Kerguelen Islands from the south to deflect northward along the eastern escarpment up to the northeastern corner of the Kerguelen Plateau before making its southward retroflection. It is shown that the major surface/subsurface waters found within the deep basin east of the Kerguelen Islands originate from the shelf around the Heard Island, rather than from the shallow shelf north of the Kerguelen Islands.
Stratospheric sudden warmings in an idealized GCM
Authors: Jucker M. , Fueglistaler S. , Vallis G. K.
Published: August 2014

An idealized general circulation model (GCM) with an analytically described Newtonian cooling term is employed to study the occurrence rate of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) over a wide range of parameters. In particular, the sensitivity of the SSW occurrence rates to orographic forcing and both relaxation temperature and damping rate is evaluated. The stronger the orographic forcing and the weaker the radiative forcing (in both temperature and damping rate), the higher the SSW frequency. The separate effects of the damping rates at low and high latitudes are somewhat more complex. Generally, lower damping rates result in higher SSW frequency. However, if the low‐ and high‐latitude damping rates are not the same, SSW frequency tends to be most sensitive to a fractional change in the lower of the two damping rates. In addition, the effect of the damping rates on the stratospheric residual circulation is investigated. It is found that higher high‐latitude damping rate results in deeper but narrower circulation, whereas higher low‐latitude damping rates cause strengthening of the stream function in the tropical midstratosphere to upper stratosphere. Finally, the relation between easily measured and compared climatological fields and the SSW occurrence rate is determined. The average stratospheric polar zonal mean zonal wind shows a strong anticorrelation with the SSW frequency. In the troposphere, there is a high correlation between the meridional temperature gradient and SSW frequency, suggesting that the strength of synoptic activity in the troposphere may be an important influence on SSW occurrence.
Advection, moistening, and shallow‐to‐deep convection transitions during the initiation and propagation of Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Hagos Samson , Feng Zhe , Landu Kiranmayi , Long Charles N.
Published: August 2014

Using observations from the 2011 AMIE/DYNAMO field campaign over the Indian Ocean and a high‐resolution regional model simulation, the processes that lead to the rapid shallow‐to‐deep convection transitions associated with the initiation and eastward propagation of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) are examined. By tracking the evolution of the depth of several thousand individual model simulated precipitation features, the role of and the processes that control the observed midtropospheric moisture buildup ahead of the detection of deep convection are quantified at large and convection scales. The frequency of shallow‐to‐deep convection transitions is found to be sensitive to this midlevel moisture and large‐scale uplift. This uplift along with the decline of large‐scale drying by equator‐ward advection causes the moisture buildup leading to the initiation of the MJO. Convection scale moisture variability and uplift, and large‐scale zonal advection play secondary roles.
Verbatim and Semantic Imitation in Indexing Resources on the Web: A Fuzzy‐trace Account of Social Tagging
Authors: Seitlinger Paul , Ley Tobias , Albert Dietrich
Published: August 2014

Social tagging is a widespread phenomenon on the Web allowing users to tag resources, such as photos, by freely chosen labels. Imitation of other users' tagging behavior is deemed to increase the inter‐individual consistency of tag assignments. Both verbatim and semantic mechanisms have been proposed where the first case suggests reuse of the exact words and the second reuse of the concept without necessarily the word form. Here, we present a multinomial model of assigning tags that integrates these perspectives. On the basis of the fuzzy‐trace theory, the model includes separate parameters for the retrieval of verbatim and gist traces of encountered tags. Results of two experiments demonstrate that both types of memory traces contribute substantially and independently to tag productions. We conclude that the imitation of tags may be explained within one fuzzy‐trace framework that contributes to our understanding of emergent phenomena in social information systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced performance of supercritical fluid foaming of natural‐based polymers by deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Martins Marta , Aroso Ivo M. , Reis Rui L. , Duarte Ana Rita C. , Craveiro Rita , Paiva Alexandre
Published: August 2014

Significance

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are defined as a mixture of two or more solid or liquid components, which at a particular composition present a high melting point depression becoming liquids at room temperature. NADES are constituted by natural molecules and fully represent the green chemistry principles. For these reasons, the authors believe that the submitted manuscript is a highly valuable contribution to the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering. For the first time, the possibility to use NADES as enhancers of supercritical fluid technology is revealed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3701–3706, 2014
Trends and correlates of overweight and Obesity among adolescents from 2002 to 2010: A three‐cohort study based on a representative sample of Portuguese adolescents
Authors: Marques Adilson , Gaspar De Matos Margarida
Published: August 2014

Objective

To report the prevalence and factors associated with overweight/obesity in a representative sample of Portuguese adolescents, from three different cohorts.

Methods

Data on 8,610 adolescents aged 11–17, who participated in the 2002, 2006, and 2010 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children survey (HBSC/WHO) were analyzed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on self‐reported weight/height. Factors investigated as potential correlates of overweight/obesity were as follows: physical activity, screen time, life satisfaction, and perception of health.

Results

The prevalence of overweight/obesity was around 20% for boys and 17% for girls between 2002 and 2010. Among boys, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was negatively associated with age in 2002 (odds ratio, OR = 0.89, P < 0.01), 2006 (OR = 0.92, P < 0.05), and 2010 (OR = 0.91, P < 0.05). Those who engaged in physical activity were less likely to be classified as overweight/obese in 2006 (OR = 0.89, P < 0.01) and 2010 (OR = 0.92, P < 0.05). Among girls, as age increased, the likelihood of being overweight/obese significantly decreased in all years. Results from 2002 (OR = 0.69, P < 0.001) and 2010 (OR = 0.88, P < 0.01) varied by almost 20%.

Conclusion

The prevalence of overweight/obesity is still high, but seems to have stabilized. Physical activity, for boys, and perception of health, for girls, are factors associated with a lower likelihood of being overweight or obese. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:844–849, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional analysis of sexual dimorphism in human thoracic vertebrae: Implications for the respiratory system and spine morphology
Authors: Bastir Markus , Higuero Antonio , Ríos Luís , García Martínez Daniel
Published: August 2014

Sexual dimorphism is important for intraspecific variation and well studied in the human skeleton. In the thoracic part of the spine sexual dimorphism is expected for differences in the respiratory system related to body mass, lung capacity, and energetics, and in the reproductive system for adaptations to pregnancy (lower spine lordosis, posture). However, little is known about sexual dimorphism in this anatomical region. We use three‐dimensional (3D)‐geometric morphometrics to test hypotheses on sexual dimorphism in the first 10 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T10). Forty‐six 3D‐landmarks were measured on vertebrae of 24 adult females and males of known age and sex. Results confirm that male vertebrae are consistently larger than female ones. Males show more dorsally oriented transverse processes and relatively larger vertebral bodies in upper and lower thoracic vertebrae. Sexual dimorphism in lower thoracic vertebrae affects the orientation of the spinous processes, which is more horizontal in females but more caudal in males. Such regional pattering of sexual dimorphism emerges also from principal component analyses reflecting a complex interaction between the effects of sex and serial position on shape variation. Greater dorsal orientation of male transverse processes reorients the ribs and could lead to greater radial thorax diameters. This fits with greater male respiratory capacities, but may indicate also greater invagination of the male spine within the thorax. Horizontal orientation of the spinous processes in females could allow for a greater thoraco‐lumbar lordosis during pregnancy, but more comparative research is necessary to test these hypotheses. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:513–521, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological diversity and population history of Middle Holocene hunter‐gatherers from the Cis‐Baikal region of Siberia
Authors: Movsesian Alla A. , Bakholdina Varvara Yu. , Pezhemsky Denis V.
Published: August 2014

In the past decades, prehistoric hunter‐gatherers of the Cis‐Baikal region has been a subject of multidisciplinary research. In this study, we used nonmetric cranial traits to assess the genetic relationships between various spatial and temporal groups of Cis‐Baikal Middle Holocene hunter‐gatherers and to reveal genetic continuity between the Cis‐Baikal Neolithic‐Bronze Age population and modern native Siberians. Cranial series belonging to the bearers of the Early Neolithic Kitoi (n = 72), Late Neolithic Serovo (n = 54), and Early Bronze Glazkovo (n = 98) cultures were examined. Phenotypic differentiation was analyzed by the mean measure of divergence and Nei's genetic distances. Our results revealed several patterns of spatiotemporal biodiversity among the Cis‐Baikal Middle Holocene populations, including biological similarity between the Early and Late Neolithic‐Bronze Age groups, which suggests that the temporal hiatus between the Early and Late Neolithic does not necessarily imply genetic discontinuity in the region. The following possible scenarios of population history in the Cis‐Baikal region are proposed: 1) continuous occupation with outside invasion of new migrant groups in the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age and 2) migration of the Early Neolithic groups to the nearby regions and subsequent return of their descendants to the ancestral territory. A comparison of Cis‐Baikal Neolithic populations with modern Siberian natives suggests that the Сis‐Baikal region could have been a source area for population expansions into different parts of Siberia in the Neolithic and Bronze Age times. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:559–570, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanoindentation measurements of Teflon‐AF nanosheets
Authors: Rianasari Ina , Weston James , Rowshan Reza , Blanton Thomas , Khapli Sachin , Jagannathan Ramesh
Published: August 2014

We report the formation of cohesive, mechanically robust thin films of Teflon‐AF formed via self‐assembly of nanoparticles at both air/water and oil/water interfaces of micro‐emulsion droplets. We also present results of morphological and mechanical investigations of thin films formed at these oil/water interfaces. Scanning electron microscope and low angle X‐ray diffraction characterization of drop cast thin films from the micro‐emulsions showed the presence of stacks of nanosheets with an average thickness of 6 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization put the thickness at a much lower value of around 2 nm implying that these sheets are comprised of molecular sheets of Teflon‐AF. AFM characterization also indicated that these sheets are stretched molecular films comprising inter‐diffused molecular chains, arranged in a regular fashion. Nanoindentation studies of these films unambiguously demonstrated the “tablet sliding” mechanism, similar to nacre, for dissipating applied stress. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41360.
Thermoresponsive self‐assembled nanovesicles based on amphiphilic triblock copolymers and their potential applications as smart drug release carriers
Authors: Cao Xia , Chen Yunxiang , Chai Wenchao , Zhang Wenjie , Wang Yudong , Fu Peng‐Fei
Published: August 2014

A series of thermoresponsive triblock copolymers, methoxy poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (mPEO‐b‐PCL‐b‐PNIPAM), with different PCL and PNIPAM block lengths, were synthesized by a combination of ring opening polymerization and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization techniques. The triblock copolymers undergo self‐assembly in aqueous solutions forming stable nanovesicles of various sizes with a lipid membrane structure similar to body cells as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The nanovesicle is thermoresponsive, that is, its size is tunable using the temperature as a switch: shrinks at a temperature above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and expands at a temperature below the LCST. The corresponding LCST of the triblock copolymers is adjustable by varying the PNIAM segment length as well as the PCL segment length and covers a range from 33.9 to 41.0°C in water. The diameter of nanovesicles for mPEO3k‐b‐PCL5k‐b‐PNIPAM13.2k is about 177.7 nm below the LCST and 138.9 nm above the LCST, as determined by dynamic light scattering. It was demonstrated using indomethacin, a popular anti‐inflammation medicine, that the triblock copolymers can effectively act as a drug release carrier under the right human physiological conditions, that is, store the drug at a lower temperature and release it at a higher temperature, possibly targeting at the lesion sites of human body. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41361.
Effect of five saturated fatty acids on the properties of sweet‐potato‐starch‐based films
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Sun Shenglin , Hou Hanxue , Wang Wentao , Dong Haizhou
Published: August 2014

To fully explore the influences of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) on the properties of sweet‐potato‐starch (SPS)‐based films, five SFAs were chosen to add to SPS. The SPS‐based films were prepared by casting. The microstructure, mechanical, optical, water vapor barrier, and thermal properties of the films were investigated. The 2.0% (w/w, on the basis of starch) SFA significantly changed the SPS pasting characteristics in the peak viscosity, breakdown, and other feature point viscosity values as determined by a Rapid Visco Analyser. The amylose molecular weights decreased as measured by high‐performance size exclusion chromatography. A thermal study with differential scanning calorimetry suggested that the addition of SFA increased the onset temperature and peak temperature. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images showed a continuous and uniform structure in the films with SFA. The SPS–SFA composite films showed lower light transmission and elongation at break than the control. Compared with the control films, the addition of SFA increased the tensile strength and decreased the water vapor permeability of the films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41380.
Hybrid polyaniline–TiO2 nanocomposite Langmuir–Blodgett thin films: Self‐assembly and their characterization
Authors: Bhullar Gurpreet Kaur , Kaur Ramneek , Raina K. K.
Published: August 2014

Polyaniline (PANi)–titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocomposite materials were prepared by chemical polymerization of aniline doped with TiO2 nanoparticles. Surface pressure–area (π‐A) isotherms of these nanocomposites show phase transformations in the monolayer during compression process. Multiple isotherms indicate that the monolayer of the nanocomposite material can retain its configuration during compression‐expansion cycles. Langmuir–Blodgett thin films of PANi–TiO2 nanocomposite were deposited on the quartz and indium tin oxide coated conducting glass substrates. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy study indicates the presence of TiO2 in PANi, whereas X‐ray Diffraction study confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2 and particle size (∼nm) of PANi–TiO2. The morphology of Langmuir–Blodgett films of these nanocomposites was also characterized by atomic force microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41386.
Lignin valorization by forming toughened thermally stimulated shape memory copolymeric elastomers: Evaluation of different fractionated industrial lignins
Authors: Li Hui , Sivasankarapillai Gopakumar , McDonald Armando G.
Published: August 2014

Lignin‐based thermal responsive dual shape memory copolymeric elastomers were prepared with a highly branched prepolymer (HBP, A2B3 type) via a simple one‐pot bulk polycondensation reaction. The effect of fractionated lignin type (with good miscibility in the HBP) on copolymer properties was investigated. The thermal and mechanical properties of the copolymers were characterized by DMA, DSC, and TGA. Tensile properties were dominated by HBP <45% lignin content while lignin dominated >45% content. The copolymers glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with lignin content and lignin type did not play a significant role. Thermally stimulated dual shape memory effects (SME) of the copolymers were quantified by cyclic thermomechanical tests. All copolymers had shape fixity rate >95% and >90% shape recovery for all compositions. The copolymer shape memory transition temperature (Ttrans) increased with lignin content and Ttrans was 20°C higher than Tg. Lignin, a renewable resource, can be used as a netpoint segment in polymer systems with SME behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41389.
Age‐Related Difference in Postural Control During Recovery from Posterior and Anterior Perturbations
Authors: Singer Madeline Louise , Smith Lorinda K. , Dibble Leland E. , Foreman K. Bo
Published: August 2014

Decreased reactive postural responses in elderly adults may place them at increased risk for falls and related injuries. The first step in addressing the high rate of falls in the elderly population is to determine a baseline for postural response in healthy young and healthy elderly individuals. To determine these age‐related differences in reactive postural responses during recovery from posterior and anterior perturbations, we used the tether‐release method in conjunction with a motion analysis system to evaluate overall movement latencies, overall movement amplitude and velocity, and joint‐specific amplitude and velocity in healthy young (n = 10, mean age=25 ± 5) and healthy elderly participants (n = 10, mean age = 67 ± 6). During posterior perturbations, healthy elderly participants had increased recovery time (P = 0.01) and ratio of center of mass to step length (P = 0.013) when compared with young participants. Elderly participants also had decreased step length (P = 0.006), peak COM velocity (P = 0.01), peak knee flexion angle (P = 0.002), and decreased hip (P = 0.005) and knee (P = 0.0005) average angular velocity when compared with young participants. We conclude that these movement deficiencies at the hip and knee limited the length of the recovery step. With this restricted step, elderly participants could not achieve adequate mechanical advantage to counteract the displacement of their COM using a single step. During anterior perturbations, elderly participants did not exhibit any significant differences compared to young participants in overall movement variables. This understanding of postural responses in healthy individuals is clinically relevant to the development of rehabilitation programs for individuals at high fall risk. Anat Rec, 298:346–353, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molekül‐ und Gitterschwingungen des orthorhombischen und ferroelektrischen Thioharnstoffs I. Temperaturabhängigkeit der Infrarot‐ und Ramanspektren und der berechneten Entropie
Authors: Schrader Von B. , Meier W. , Gottlieb K. , Agatha H. , Barentzen H. , Bleckmann P.
Published: August 2014

Die Infrarot‐ und Ramanspektren von Thioharnstoff‐Einkristallen bei 300 und 120°K werden mit polarisierter Strahlung aufgenommen. Zusätzlich werden die Spektren der deuterierten Verbindung an polykristallinen Proben und die Fern‐Infrarot‐Spektren an pulverförmigen Proben gewonnen. Damit ist eine vollständige Zuordnung der inneren und der Gitterschwingungen möglich. Durch Kopplung über zwischenmolekulare Kraftkonstanten und durch Dipol‐Wechselwirkung spalten die inneren Schwingungen um ca. 10 — 40 cm−1 auf. Die Umwandlung in die ferroelektrische Phase ist an Aufspaltungen, Intensitätsveränderungen und Frequenzsprüngen sichtbar. Aus den beobachteten Daten wird für den Bereich 25 bis 350 °K die Entropie berechnet, sie ist in guter Übereinstimmung mit experimentellen Werten.
Mitosis, double strand break repair, and telomeres: A view from the end
Authors: Cesare Anthony J.
Published: August 2014

Double strand break (DSB) repair is suppressed during mitosis because RNF8 and downstream DNA damage response (DDR) factors, including 53BP1, do not localize to mitotic chromatin. Discovery of the mitotic kinase‐dependent mechanism that inhibits DSB repair during cell division was recently reported. It was shown that restoring mitotic DSB repair was detrimental, resulting in repair dependent genome instability and covalent telomere fusions. The telomere DDR that occurs naturally during cellular aging and in cancer is known to be refractory to G2/M checkpoint activation. Such DDR‐positive telomeres, and those that occur as part of the telomere‐dependent prolonged mitotic arrest checkpoint, normally pass through mitosis without covalent ligation, but result in cell growth arrest in G1 phase. The discovery that suppressing DSB repair during mitosis may function primarily to protect DDR‐positive telomeres from fusing during cell division reinforces the unique cooperation between telomeres and the DDR to mediate tumor suppression.
Downregulation of proapoptotic Bim augments IL‐2‐independent T‐cell transformation by human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐1 Tax
Authors: Higuchi Masaya , Takahashi Masahiko , Tanaka Yuetsu , Fujii Masahiro
Published: August 2014

Human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1), an etiological agent of adult T‐cell leukemia, immortalizes and transforms primary human T cells in vitro in both an interleukin (IL)‐2‐dependent and IL‐2‐independent manner. Expression of the HTLV‐1 oncoprotein Tax transforms the growth of the mouse T‐cell line CTLL‐2 from being IL‐2‐dependent to IL‐2‐independent. Withdrawal of IL‐2 from normal activated T cells induces apoptosis, which is mediated through the inducible expression of several proapoptotic proteins, including Bim. In this study, we found that Tax protects IL‐2‐depleted T cells against Bim‐induced apoptosis. Withdrawal of IL‐2 from CTLL‐2 cells induced a prominent increase in the level of Bim protein in CTLL‐2 cells, but not in Tax‐transformed CTLL‐2 cells. This inhibition of Bim in Tax‐transformed CTLL‐2 cells was mediated by two mechanisms: downregulation of Bim mRNA and posttranscriptional reduction of Bim protein. Transient expression of Tax in CTLL‐2 cells also inhibited IL‐2 depletion–induced expression of Bim, however, this decrease in Bim protein expression was not due to downregulation of Bim mRNA, thus indicating that Bim mRNA downregulation in Tax‐transformed CTLL‐2 occurs only after long‐term expression of Tax. Transient expression of Tax in CTLL‐2 cells also induced Erk activation, however, this was not involved in the reduction of Bim protein. Knockdown of Bim expression in CTLL‐2 cells augmented Tax‐induced IL‐2‐independent transformation. HTLV‐1 infection of human T cells also reduced their levels of Bim protein, and restoring Bim expression in HTLV‐1‐infected cells reduced their proliferation by inducing apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that Tax‐induced downregulation of Bim in HTLV‐1‐infected T cells promotes their IL‐2‐independent growth, thereby supporting the persistence of HTLV‐1 infection in vivo.
Novel transcatheter closure of an iatrogenic perimembranous ventricular septal defect
Authors: Retzer Elizabeth M. , Dill Karin E. , Shah Atman P.
Published: August 2014

Iatrogenic membranous ventricular septal defects (VSD) are rare complications of cardiothoracic surgery, most commonly seen as a complication of aortic valve replacements. An iatrogenic VSD can lead to right sided heart failure, systemic hypoxia, and arrhythmias, and closure is often necessary. Given the increased mortality associated with repeat surgical procedures, percutaneous transcatheter closure of these iatrogenic VSDs has increasingly become the preferred choice of therapy. We describe the first case of iatrogenic membranous VSD in the setting of mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair, using the newly approved Amplatzer Duct Occluder II Device from an entirely retrograde approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Au Photosensitized TiO2 Ultrathin Nanosheets with {001} Exposed Facets
Authors: Hu Chao , Zhang Xuan , Li Xinshi , Yan Yan , Xi Guangcheng , Yang Haifeng , Bai Hua
Published: August 2014

We report a general route for the direct growth of metal particles on TiO2 nanosheets with (001) exposed facets by an oxygen‐vacancy‐driven self‐redox reaction. As there is no need for thermal treatment to remove stabilizing agents, the structure of the nanoparticles can be retained, preserving the active sites associated with high activity.
Switching adaptive controllers to control fractional‐order complex systems with unknown structure and input nonlinearities
Authors: Roohi Majid , Aghababa Mohammad Pourmahmood , Haghighi Ahmad Reza
Published: August 2014

This article investigates the chaos control problem for the fractional‐order chaotic systems containing unknown structure and input nonlinearities. Two types of nonlinearity in the control input are considered. In the first case, a general continuous nonlinearity input is supposed in the controller, and in the second case, the unknown dead‐zone input is included. In each case, a proper switching adaptive controller is introduced to stabilize the fractional‐order chaotic system in the presence of unknown parameters and uncertainties. The control methods are designed based on the boundedness property of the chaotic system's states, where, in the proposed methods the nonlinear/linear dynamic terms of the fractional‐order chaotic systems are assumed to be fully unknown. The analytical results of the mentioned techniques are proved by the stability analysis theorem of fractional‐order systems and the adaptive control method. In addition, as an application of the proposed methods, single input adaptive controllers are adopted for control of a class of three‐dimensional nonlinear fractional‐order chaotic systems. And finally, some numerical examples illustrate the correctness of the analytical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 211–223, 2015
Matching energy of unicyclic and bicyclic graphs with a given diameter
Authors: Chen Lin , Liu Jinfeng , Shi Yongtang
Published: August 2014

Gutman and Wagner proposed the concept of matching energy (ME) and pointed out that the chemical applications of ME go back to the 1970s. Let G be a simple graph of order n and
be the roots of its matching polynomial. The ME of G is defined to be the sum of the absolute values of
. In this article, we characterize the graphs with minimal ME among all unicyclic and bicyclic graphs with a given diameter d. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 224–238, 2015
Generation of a Cre knock‐in into the Myocardin locus to mark early cardiac and smooth muscle cell lineages
Authors: Espinoza‐Lewis Ramón A , Wang Da‐Zhi
Published: August 2014

The molecular events that control cell fate determination in cardiac and smooth muscle lineages remain elusive. Myocardin is an important transcription cofactor that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and development of the cardiovascular system. Here, we describe the construction and analysis of a dual Cre and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) knock‐in mouse line in the Myocardin locus (MyocdKI). We report that the MyocdKI allele expresses the Cre enzyme and the EGFP in a manner that recapitulates endogenous Myocardin expression patterns. We show that Myocardin expression marks the earliest cardiac and smooth muscle lineages. Furthermore, this genetic model allows for the identification of a cardiac cell population, which maintains both Myocardin and Isl‐1 expression, in E7.75–E8.0 embryos, highlighting the contribution and merging of the first and second heart fields during cardiogenesis. Therefore, the MyocdKI allele is a unique tool for studying cardiovascular development and lineage‐specific gene manipulation. genesis 52:879–887, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exposure to inflammatory cytokines selectively limits GM‐CSF production by induced T regulatory cells
Authors: Reynolds Ben C. , Turner Darryl G. , McPherson Rhoanne C. , Prendergast Catriona T. , Phelps Richard G. , Turner Neil A. , O'Connor Richard A. , Anderton Stephen M.
Published: August 2014

Interest in manipulating the immunosuppressive powers of Foxp3‐expressing T regulatory cells as an immunotherapy has been tempered by their reported ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines when manipulated in vitro, or in vivo. Understanding processes that can limit this potentially deleterious effect of Treg cells in a therapeutic setting is therefore important. Here, we have studied this using induced (i) Treg cells in which de novo Foxp3 expression is driven by TCR‐stimulation in vitro in the presence of TGF‐β. We show that iTreg cells can produce significant amounts of three proinflammatory cytokines (IFN‐γ, GM‐CSF and TNF‐α) upon secondary TCR stimulation. GM‐CSF is a critical T‐cell derived cytokine for the induction of EAE in mice. Despite their apparent capacity to produce GM‐CSF, myelin autoantigen‐responsive iTreg cells were unable to provoke EAE. Instead, they maintained strong suppressive function in vivo, preventing EAE induction by their CD4+Foxp3− counterparts. We identified that although iTreg cells maintained the ability to produce IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in vivo, their ability to produce GM‐CSF was selectively degraded upon antigen stimulation under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we show that IL‐6 and IL‐27 individually, or IL‐2 and TGF‐β in combination, can mediate the selective loss of GM‐CSF production by iTreg cells.
An amphioxus gC1q protein binds human IgG and initiates the classical pathway: Implications for a C1q‐mediated complement system in the basal chordate
Authors: Gao Zhan , Li Mengyang , Ma Jie , Zhang Shicui
Published: August 2014

The origin of the classical complement pathway remains open during chordate evolution. A C1q‐like member, BjC1q, was identified in the basal chordate amphioxus. It is predominantly expressed in the hepatic caecum, hindgut, and notochord, and is significantly upregulated following challenge with bacteria or lipoteichoic acid and LPS. Recombinant BjC1q and its globular head domain specifically interact with lipoteichoic acid and LPS, but BjC1q displays little lectin activity. Moreover, rBjC1q can assemble to form the high molecular weight oligomers necessary for binding to proteases C1r/C1s and for complement activation, and binds human C1r/C1s/mannan‐binding lectin‐associated serine protease‐2 as well as amphioxus serine proteases involved in the cleavage of C4/C2, and C3 activation. Importantly, rBjC1q binds with human IgG as well as an amphioxus Ig domain containing protein, resulting in the activation of the classical complement pathway. This is the first report showing that a C1q‐like protein in invertebrates is able to initiate classical pathway, raising the possibility that amphioxus possesses a C1q‐mediated complement system. It also suggests a new scenario for the emergence of the classical complement pathway, in contrast to the proposal that the lectin pathway evolved into the classical pathway.
Triangular [Ag3]3+ Complexes Supported by Picolyl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Munro Lyndsay B. , Catalano Vincent J.
Published: August 2014

A series of 12 picolyl‐containing NHC ligand precursors and their AgI salts are reported. The complexes [Ag3{Sim(CH2pyCl)2}3]X3 [2(PF6)3], [Ag3{Sim(CH2pyBr)2}3]X3 [3(PF6)3], [Ag3{Sim(CH2isoquin)2}3]X3 [4(PF6)3], [Ag3{5,6‐Cl2‐benzim(CH2py)2}3]X3 [6(BF4)3], [Ag3{5,6‐Me2‐benzim(CH2py)2}3]X3 [7(PF6)3], [Ag3(benzim{CH2py‐3,4‐(OMe)2}2)3]X3 [8(PF6)3], [Ag3{benzim(CH2py‐3,5‐Me2‐4‐OMe)2}3]X3 [9(PF6)3], [Ag3(5,6‐Me2‐benzim{CH2py‐3,4‐(OMe)2}2)3]X3 [10(PF6)3], [Ag3{5,6‐Me2‐benzim(CH2py‐3,5‐Me2‐4‐OMe)2}3]X3 [11(PF6)3], and [Ag3{5‐OMe‐benzim(CH2py)2}3]X3 [12(PF6)3] (X = PF6– or BF4–) each contain a central [Ag3]3+ core spanned by three NHC ligands. The optically pure [Ag3{(R,R)‐cyclohexylim(CH2py)2}3](PF6)3 [(R,R)‐5(PF6)3] adopts a different coordination mode. All complexes were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and HRMS. In addition, complexes 3(PF6), (R,R)‐5(PF6), 6(BF4), 7(PF6), and 8(PF6) were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and found to exhibit Ag–Ag distances of approximately 2.7 Å.
On‐line yeast propagation process monitoring and control using an intelligent automatic control system
Authors: Birle Stephan , Hussein Mohamed Ahmed , Becker Thomas
Published: August 2014

The monitoring and control of bioprocesses is a challenging task. This applies particularly if the actions to the process have to be carried out in real‐time. This work presents a system for on‐line monitoring and control of batch yeast propagation under limiting conditions based on a virtual plant operator, which uses the concept of intelligent control algorithms by means of fuzzy logic theory. Process information is provided on‐line using a sensor array comprising the measurement of OD, operating temperature, pressure, density, dissolved oxygen, and pH value. In this context practical problems arising through on‐line sensing and signal processing are addressed. The preprocessed sensor data are fed to a neural network for on‐line biomass estimation. The root mean squared error of prediction is 4 × 106 cells/mL. The proposed system then triggers temperature and aeration by usage of a temperature dependent metabolic growth model and sensor data. The deviation of the predicted biomass from that of the reference trajectory as modeled by the metabolic growth model and its temporal derivative are used as inputs for the fuzzy temperature controller. The inputs used by the fuzzy aeration controller are the deviation of measured extract from that of the reference trajectory, the predicted cell count, and the dissolved oxygen concentration. The fuzzy‐based expert system allows to provide the desired yeast cell concentration of 100–120 × 106 cells/mL at a minimum residual extract limit of 6.0 g/100 g at the required point of time. Thus, a dynamic adjustment of the propagation process to the overall production schedule is possible in order to produce the required amount of biomass at the right time.
Two periods of mineralization in Xiaoxinancha Au–Cu deposit, NE China: evidences from the geology and geochronology
Authors: Zeng Qingdong , Guo Feng , Zhou Lingli , Duan Xiaoxia
Published: August 2014

The Xiaoxinancha Au–Cu deposit is located at the eastern segment of the Tianshan–Xingmeng orogenic belt in northeast China. The deposit includes porphyry Au–Cu orebodies, veined Au–Cu orebodies and veined Mo mineralizations. All of them occur within the diorite intrusion. The Late Permian diorite, Late Triassic granodiorite, Early Cretaceous granite and granite porphyry are developed in the ore area. The studies on geological features show that the porphyry Au–Cu mineralization is related to the Late Permian diorite intrusion. New geochronologic data for the Xiaoxinancha porphyry Au–Cu deposit yield Permian crystallization zircon U–Pb age of 257 ± 3 Ma for the diorite that hosts the Au–Cu mineralization. Six molybdenite samples from quartz + molybdenite veins imposed on the porphyry Au–Cu orebodies yield an isochron age of 110.3 ± 1.5 Ma. The ages of the molybdenites coeval to zircon ages of the granite within the errors suggest that the Mo mineralization was genetically related to the Early Cretaceous granite intrusion. The formation of the diorite and the related Au–Cu mineralization were caused by the partial melting of the subduction slab during the Late Palaeozoic palaeo‐Asia Ocean tectonic stage. The Re contents and Re–Os isotopic data indicate that the crustal resource is dominated for the Mo mineralization during the Cretaceous extensional setting caused by the roll‐back of the palaeo‐Pacific plate. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.