bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTUDO DA ANATOMIA HUMANA DA GRADUAÇÃO EM FISIOTERAPIA NA UNIVERSIDADE REGIONAL DE BLUMENAU: UMA VISÃO DOCUMENTAL E DISCENTE.
Authors: Lima Paola de , Guedert Denis Guilherme
Published: May 2016

O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral verificar por meio de uma pesquisa documental e um questionário proposto aos discentes, se o estudo da anatomia humana e neuroanatomia estão contemplando as necessidades propostas nas ementas das disciplinas específicas do curso de Fisioterapia – FURB (Universidade Regional de Blumenau). Para isso, realizou-se a análise das ementas e conteúdos programáticos dos planos de ensino da anatomia humana, neuroanatomia e das disciplinas específicas. Além disso, utilizou-se um questionário aplicado aos discentes, disponível on line na plataforma de criação e edição de documentos Google Docs. Foram convidados a responder o instrumento de pesquisa os alunos regularmente matriculados na sétima, oitava, nona e décima fase do curso de Fisioterapia no segundo semestre de 2014. Constituíram a pesquisa alunos maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, de qualquer etnia e que já concluíram anatomia humana e neuroanatomia e também já cursaram ao menos 70% das disciplinas específicas do curso de Fisioterapia da FURB. Foram excluídos do estudo os acadêmicos que cursaram as disciplinas estudadas em outras instituições de ensino. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a metodologia de análise de conteúdo. Os dados coletados na pesquisa documental e nos questionários foram agrupados sob a forma de unidades de registro e a partir delas agrupamentos foram identificados para a construção das categorias. Conclui-se que os conteúdos referentes à anatomia humana e neuroanatomia presentes nas disciplinas específicas na maior parte das vezes são contemplados na ementa e no conteúdo programático do plano de ensino da anatomia humana e neuroanatomia. Notou-se através dos relatos que houve uma dificuldade no entendimento das disciplinas de anatomia humana e neuroanatomia, isso condiz mediante os apontamentos dos discentes que afirmam que o que aprenderam não foi suficiente para suprir as necessidades das disciplinas específicas. Podemos perceber então um déficit no ensino-aprendizado da anatomia humana e neuroanatomia; porém, no que diz respeito aos conteúdos lecionados os discentes afirmam e que esse está de acordo com o que é exigido nas disciplinas específicas, mas devido a este déficit os alunos possuem dificuldades diante das disciplinas específicas com conteúdos relacionados à anatomia humana e neuroanatomia.
Dialogando com Ana Mae Barbosa sobre Arte
Authors: Batistti Taíze Dos Santos , Lopes Elisiane Saiber , Selpa Marcia Regina , Rausch Rita Buzzi
Published: May 2016

A entrevista foi realizada na Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC em Florianópolis durante o evento 9º Ciclo de Investigação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes Visuais que contou com a presença da professora. O objetivo foi dialogar acerca da arte/educação, da estética e sobre a Abordagem Triangular, teoria esta sistematizada no Brasil na década de 80 pela pesquisadora. A Abordagem Triangular é uma teoria sistematizada em ações “a partir das condições estéticas e culturais da pós-modernidade” (BARBOSA, 2012), ou seja, as ações de ler, contextualizar e fazer Arte, por meio da inserção de obras de arte nos processos de ensinar e aprender. Conversamos também sobre a arte/educação na atualidade e sobre como o ensino acontece nas escolas, de que maneira os professores estão “fazendo Arte”, após 20 anos da sistematização da Abordagem Triangular. Essa entrevista aborda também aspectos que envolvem a formação de professores.
A FORMAÇÃO CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES A PARTIR DE PESQUISAS ACADÊMICAS: TENDÊNCIAS E PERSPECTIVAS
Authors: Deimling Natalia Neves Macedo , Borges Fabiana Vigo Azevedo , Corrêa André Garcia
Published: May 2016

Visando contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das tendências e dos desafios postos às pesquisas em Educação, especialmente no que se refere à temática Formação Continuada, analisamos nesse artigo as contribuições derivadas das teses e dissertações defendidas entre os anos de 2000 e 2010 no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de São Carlos. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica a partir da consulta aos trabalhos relacionados a essa temática disponíveis na Biblioteca Comunitária dessa mesma Universidade. A análise dos trabalhos foi realizada à luz de estudos que discutem sobre a formação de professores e, mas especificamente, sobre processos de formação continuada. Neste trabalho analisamos os temas, questões de pesquisa, objetivos, principais conceitos e referenciais teórico-metodológicos, procedimentos metodológicos, participantes, instrumentos de coleta e de análise dos dados e os principais resultados e conclusões de cada estudo selecionado. A partir dessa análise, observamos que tanto as pesquisas que analisam políticas ou programas de formação continuada quanto àquelas que têm por objetivo elaborar, desenvolver e avaliar programas de formação se preocupam em investigar as contribuições que os programas de formação continuada, desenvolvidos pelo Estado ou pelas Universidades para ou com os profissionais da educação nas modalidades presencial ou a distância, tem trazido para a prática profissional e para os processos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento profissional de educadores, especialmente aos professores da educação básica.
ORALIDADE NA PRÁTICA DOCENTE: ENTRE A AUSÊNCIA E A EMERGÊNCIA DE UM ENSINO DO ORAL
Authors: Amorim Gomes da Costa-Maciel Débora , Ferreira de Figueirêdo Barbosa Maria Lúcia
Published: May 2016

RESUMO O trabalho apresenta resultados de uma investigação sobre três professoras, dos anos inicias do Ensino Fundamental, cujo objetivo foi a compreensão dos saberes docentes para o ensino do oral.  Para tanto, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas e tratamos os dados sob o prisma qualitativo (MINAYO, 2008), com emprego de elementos da técnica da análise de conteúdo categorial (BARDIN, 1997). O aporte teórico de sustentação estruturou-se em Tannen (1982); Bortoni-Ricardo (2004); Travaglia (1995) e Marcuschi (2008). As docentes demonstraram compreender a oralidade como um dos objetivos do ensino da língua portuguesa, apesar de enfocarem com maior clareza os eixos de leitura, produção e análise linguística; bem como de mostrarem demandas em relação ao que ensinar nos anos de escolarização em que atuavam. Apesar de não terem clareza sobre o trabalho com o oral, suas propostas didático-metodológicas se encaminharam para a exploração desse eixo. Nesse cenário, vimos um panorama revelador da emergência do ensino do oral, ainda que de modo incipiente.  Palavras-Chave: Oralidade; Saberes docentes; Ensino.
Management of migraine headaches in a chronic pain patient: A case report
Authors: Bach Linda Lu , Goga Joshana
Published: May 2016

Managing migraines complicated with medication overuse headaches and opioid-induced hyperalgesia can be challenging, especially within the geriatric and chronic pain population. A 65-year-old woman with a degenerative spine condition and chronic migraine headaches, along with other comorbidities, was admitted to the geriatric psychiatry unit for extreme mood swings and paranoia. Prior to admission, she had been taking extended-release morphine sulfate twice daily for more than a month and was unable to determine triggers to her frequent migraine headaches. She had a history of medication overuse and severe migraine episodes within 4 weeks prior to admission. This case report reviews the challenges of treating a geriatric patient with probable chronic migraines in addition to other pain conditions and comorbidities.
Possible generation mechanisms for Pc1 pearl structures in the ionosphere based on 6 years of ground observations in Canada, Russia, and Japan
Authors: Jun Chae‐Woo , Shiokawa Kazuo , Connors Martin , Schofield Ian , Poddelsky Igor , Shevtsov Boris
Published: May 2016

We investigate pearl structures (amplitude modulations) of Pc1 pulsations simultaneously observed at Athabasca (ATH, 54.7°N, 246.7°E, L = 4.3) in Canada, Magadan (MGD, 60.1°N, 150.7°E, L = 2.6) in Russia, and Moshiri (MOS, 44.4°N, 142.3°E, L = 1.5) in Japan. From 6 years of ground observations, from 2008 to 2013, we selected 84 Pc1 events observed simultaneously at the longitudinally separated stations (ATH and MGD) and 370 events observed at the latitudinally separated stations (MGD and MOS), all with high coherence (>0.7) of Pc1 waveforms. We calculated the cross‐correlation coefficient (similarity: r) for the Pc1 pearl structures and found that more than half of the events in both pairs had low similarity (r < 0.7), indicating that most Pc1 waves exhibit different pearl structures at different stations. We found that high‐similarity Pc1 pearl structures (r > 0.7) at the longitudinally separated stations are concentrated from 6 to 15 UT when both stations are in the nighttime. The similarity of Pc1 pearl structures tends to show a negative correlation with the standard deviation of the polarization angle in both pairs. The observed repetition period of Pc1 pearl structures has a clear positive correlation with the repetition period estimated from Pc1 bandwidth by assuming beating of different frequencies. From these results, we suggest that ionospheric beating effect could be a dominant process for the generation of Pc1 pearl structures. Beating processes in the ionosphere with a spatially distributed ionospheric source can cause the different shapes of Pc1 pearl structures at different observation points during ionospheric duct propagation.
First assessment of continental energy storage in CMIP5 simulations
Authors: Cuesta‐Valero Francisco José , García‐García Almudena , Beltrami Hugo , Smerdon Jason E.
Published: May 2016

Although much of the energy gained by the climate system over the last century has been stored in the oceans, continental energy storage remains important to estimate the Earth's energy imbalance and also because crucial positive climate feedback processes such as soil carbon and permafrost stability depend on continental energy storage. Here for the first time, 32 general circulation model simulations from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are examined to assess their ability to characterize the continental energy storage. Results display a consistently lower magnitude of continental energy storage in CMIP5 simulations than the estimates from geothermal data. A large range in heat storage is present across the model ensemble, which is largely explained by the substantial differences in the bottom boundary depths used in each land surface component.
Solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling efficiency during ejecta and sheath‐driven geomagnetic storms
Authors: Myllys M. , Kilpua E. K. J. , Lavraud B. , Pulkkinen T. I.
Published: May 2016

We have investigated the effect of key solar wind driving parameters on solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling efficiency during sheath and magnetic cloud‐driven storms. The particular focus of the study was on the coupling efficiency dependence with Alfvén Mach number (MA). The efficiency has been estimated using the dawn‐dusk component of the interplanetary electric field (EY), Newell and Borovsky functions as a proxy for the energy inflow and the polar cap potential (PCN), and auroral electrojet (AE) and SYM‐H indices as the measure of the energy output. We have also performed a time delay analysis between the input parameters and the geomagnetic indices. The optimal time lag and smoothing window length depend on the coupling function used and on the solar wind driver. For example, turbulent sheaths are more sensitive to the time shift and the averaging interval than smoother magnetic clouds. The results presented in this study show that the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling efficiency depends strongly on the definition used, and it increases with increasing MA. We demonstrate that the PCN index distinctively shows both a Mach number dependent saturation and a Mach number independent saturation, pointing to the existence of at least two underlying physical mechanisms for the saturation of the index. By contrast, we show that the AE index saturates but that the saturation of this index is independent of the solar wind Mach number. Finally, we find that the SYM‐H index does not seem to saturate and that the absence of saturation is independent of the Mach number regime. We highlight the difference between the typical MA conditions during sheath regions and magnetic clouds. The lowest MA values are related to the magnetic clouds. As a consequence, sheaths typically have higher solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling efficiencies than magnetic clouds.
Protein Blotting: Immunoblotting
Authors: Ni Duojiao , Xu Peng , Sabanayagam Diviya , Gallagher Sean R.
Published: May 2016

Immunoblotting (also referred to as western blotting) uses antibodies to probe for a specific protein in a sample bound to a membrane. Typically, a protein sample is first size separated via electrophoresis (e.g., SDS PAGE). However, antibodies used for specific protein detection are restricted by the polyacrylamide gel and, to make the separated proteins accessible, the proteins need to be moved out of the gel and bound to a rectangular sheet of PVDF or nitrocellulose membrane. Specialized blotting equipment electrophoretically transfers the negatively charged proteins from the gel onto the membrane. The nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane binds the proteins as they move out of the gel, producing an exact replica, on the membrane surface, of the original protein gel separation. The membrane is then blocked to prevent any nonspecific protein binding and visualized by specific antibodies to detect the presence or absence of a particular protein. Applications of immunoblotting are many, and include antibody characterization, diagnostics, gene expression, and post‐translational modification analysis. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conventional Light Microscopy
Authors: Cole Eric S.
Published: May 2016

In this molecular day and age, microscopy seems to be a neglected field of instruction. Too often professors, who themselves are strangers to the use of the light microscope, may hurry through a laboratory exercise designed to familiarize students with its uses. This chapter is designed to serve as a useful reference for instructors, perhaps demystifying some features of the microscope, and making their applications more user‐friendly and exciting. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Submitting a Sequence to GenBank
Authors: Chang Wei‐Jen , Zaila Kassandra E. , Coppola Thomas W.
Published: May 2016

In the post‐genomic era, more and more research projects involve the generation of molecular sequence data. How should these newly obtained DNA/protein sequences be analyzed, and how should they be prepared for submission to sequence databases? In this unit, we provide guidelines and a flowchart to help first‐time users process new sequence data using third‐party freeware programs and give a step‐by‐step demonstration on the preparation of a sequence file for submission to GenBank using the Sequin program. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Psychological and relational correlates of intimate partner violence profiles among pregnant adolescent couples
Authors: Lewis Jessica B. , Sullivan Tami P. , Angley Meghan , Callands Tamora , Divney Anna A. , Magriples Urania , Gordon Derrick M. , Kershaw Trace S.
Published: May 2016

We sought to identify relationship and individual psychological factors that related to four profiles of intimate partner violence (IPV) among pregnant adolescent couples: no IPV, male IPV victim only, female IPV victim only, mutual IPV, and how associations differ by sex. Using data from a longitudinal study of pregnant adolescents and partners (n = 291 couples), we used a multivariate profile analysis using multivariate analysis of covariance with between and within‐subjects effects to compare IPV groups and sex on relationship and psychological factors. Analyses were conducted at the couple level, with IPV groups as a between‐subjects couple level variable and sex as a within‐subjects variable that allowed us to model and compare the outcomes of both partners while controlling for the correlated nature of the data. Analyses controlled for age, race, income, relationship duration, and gestational age. Among couples, 64% had no IPV; 23% male IPV victim only; 7% mutual IPV; 5% female IPV victim only. Relationship (F = 3.61, P < .001) and psychological (F = 3.17, P < .001) factors differed by IPV group, overall. Attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, relationship equity, perceived partner infidelity, depression, stress, and hostility each differed by IPV profile (all P < .01). Attachment anxiety, equity, depression and stress had a significant IPV profile by sex interaction (all P < .05). Couples with mutual IPV had the least healthy relationship and psychological characteristics; couples with no IPV had the healthiest characteristics. Females in mutually violent relationships were at particularly high risk. Couple‐level interventions focused on relational issues might protect young families from developing IPV behaviors. Aggr. Behav. 43:26–36, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“You Don't Have to Be a Drinker to Get Gout, But It Helps”: A Content Analysis of the Depiction of Gout in Popular Newspapers
Authors: Duyck Stefanie D. , Petrie Keith J. , Dalbeth Nicola
Published: May 2016

Objective

To analyze the depiction of gout and its management in popular newspapers.

Methods

We conducted a content analysis of popular newspaper articles for reporting about the causes, management, and depictions of gout. The Factiva database was used to identify articles from the 21 highest circulation newspapers in the UK and US from August 2010 to August 2015. Articles with a primary focus on gout were analyzed (n = 114).

Results

Overindulgence of certain foods and beverages was most commonly reported as the cause of gout (72 of 114 articles). The range of dietary advice for gout management was extensive, with advice to decrease intake of 44 different food and beverage items and increase intake of 17 different food and beverage items. Strong advice was given for 23 of 40 dietary strategies (58%), 13 of 29 antiinflammatory strategies (45%), and 4 of 42 urate‐lowering therapy strategies (10%) (P < 0.0001). Serum urate monitoring or treatment targets were rarely reported. Social embarrassment due to gout was reported in 27 of 114 articles (23.7%). Jokes or humorous references to gout were reported in 30 of 114 articles (26.3%), often highlighting causal beliefs related to lifestyle and drinking alcohol.

Conclusion

Popular newspaper articles depict gout as a self‐inflicted condition that is socially embarrassing and the focus of humor. Dietary solutions are overemphasized compared to effective urate‐lowering strategies. Initiatives that challenge popular perceptions of gout may play an important role in changing public understanding about the disease, ultimately increasing the uptake of effective urate‐lowering therapy and reducing reliance on unproven strategies.
Theranostic Oxygen Reactive Polymers for Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Xu Julia , Ypma Menko , Chiarelli Peter A. , Park Joshua , Ellenbogen Richard G. , Stayton Patrick S. , Mourad Pierre D. , Lee Donghoon , Convertine Anthony J. , Kievit Forrest M.
Published: May 2016

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of disability and death in children and adults under 45, with approximately ten million new cases per year worldwide. Significant progress has been made in understanding the complex pathophysiological response to TBI; however, reducing the damage associated with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐dependent secondary phase of the injury remains a substantial challenge. The development of an image‐guided, Gd‐conjugated, oxygen reactive polymer (ORP) to reduce ROS levels in damaged brain tissue is reported. ORP effectively sequesters ROS while remaining biocompatible even at elevated concentrations. ORP is retained in damaged brains of controlled cortical impact (CCI) mouse models of TBI for over 24 h when injected intravenously immediately and up to 3 h post‐CCI. The polymer reduces neurodegeneration tenfold and gliosis twofold in these mouse models. ORP shows initial promise as an effective therapy for TBI and helps provide a better understanding of nanomaterial interaction with damaged brain.
Contactless and Rapid Discrimination of Improvised Explosives Realized by Mn2+ Doping Tailored ZnS Nanocrystals
Authors: Wu Zhaofeng , Zhou Chaoyu , Zu Baiyi , Li Yushu , Dou Xincun
Published: May 2016

In order to sensitively, selectively, and rapidly detect the constituents relevant to improvised explosive devices (IEDs), the sensing properties of ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) are regulated by tailoring the doping level of Mn2+. The responses of the sensors fabricated by ZnS NCs with different Mn‐doping levels (Mn:ZnS) toward the constituents, such as sulphur powder and black powder, generally increases first and then decreases with the increase of the concentration of doped Mn2+, and reaches the climate with an atomic ratio of 2.23% at room temperature. The sensory array based on eight sensors of Mn:ZnS NCs can realize the detection of two typical military explosives and six constituents relevant to IEDs within 7 s and can recover in 19 s. Furthermore, the fingerprinting of the constituents is achieved by pattern recognizing the inherent kinetics and thermodynamics of interaction between the sensory array and the constituents. Thus, a simple chemiresistive sensing strategy based on semiconductor NCs which can rapidly, supersensitively, and discriminatively detect the constituents relevant to IEDs is explored for the first time.
Photovoltaics with Ferroelectrics: Current Status and Beyond
Authors: Paillard Charles , Bai Xiaofei , Infante Ingrid C. , Guennou Maël , Geneste Grégory , Alexe Marin , Kreisel Jens , Dkhil Brahim
Published: May 2016

Ferroelectrics carry a switchable spontaneous electric polarization. This polarization is usually coupled to strain, making ferroelectrics good piezoelectrics. When coupled to magnetism, they become so‐called multiferroic systems, a field that has been widely investigated since 2003. While ferroelectrics are birefringent and non‐linear optically transparent materials, the coupling of polarization with optical properties has received, since 2009, renewed attention, triggered notably by low‐bandgap ferroelectrics suitable for sunlight spectrum absorption and original photovoltaic effects. Consequently, power conversion efficiencies up to 8.1% were recently achieved and values of 19.5% were predicted, making photoferroelectrics promising photovoltaic alternatives. This article aims at providing an up‐to‐date review on this emerging and rapidly progressing field by highlighting several important issues and parameters, such as the role of domain walls, ways to tune the bandgap, consequences arising from the polarization switchability, and the role of defects and contact electrodes, as well as the downscaling effects. Beyond photovoltaicity, other polarization‐related processes are also described, like light‐induced deformation (photostriction) or light‐assisted chemical reaction (photostriction). It is hoped that this overview will encourage further avenues to be explored and challenged and, as a byproduct, will inspire other research communities in material science, e.g., so‐called hybrid halide perovskites.
Sleep disorders in Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Zambrelli Elena , Fossati Chiara , Turner Katherine , Taiana Matteo , Vignoli Aglaia , Gervasini Cristina , Russo Silvia , Furia Francesca , Masciadri Maura , Ajmone Paola , Kullman Gaia , Canevini Maria Paola , Selicorni Angelo
Published: May 2016

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by growth retardation, intellectual disability, limb defects, typical facial dysmorphism, and other systemic involvement. Sleep disturbances have been frequently reported in CdLS, but these have not been completely characterized, and prevalence data are conflicting. The aim of this paper is to characterize and determine the prevalence of sleep disorders in CdLS patients by means of a validated questionnaire. From November 2012 to November 2013, we asked 46 consecutive parents/caregivers of CdLS patients aged more than 3 years old to fill out the sleep disturbances scale for children (SDSC). The subjects were also characterized by the presence of epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID), behavioral problems, CdLS severity score, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and genetic test results. An abnormal total sleep score was found in 7 patients (15.2%), 26 (56.5%) showed a borderline total score, and 18 (39.1%) had an abnormal score for at least one SDSC factor. In our study sleep disorders were found to be positively associated to presence of epilepsy, GERD, ID, and behavioral disturbances. No correlation was evident with specific mutations of the different genes, BMI, and severity score. Our results confirm that sleep disorders represent a common problem in CdLS, with higher incidence than in the normal population. In these patients sleep disorders seem to be more prevalent in comorbid settings, representing a clinical indicator for different medical and neuropsychiatric disorders. Better knowledge and characterization of typology of sleep disorders in CdLS patients could permit a more specific therapeutic approach. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wild capuchin monkeys spontaneously adjust actions when using hammer stones of different mass to crack nuts of different resistance
Authors: Liu Qing , Fragaszy Dorothy M. , Visalberghi Elisabetta
Published: May 2016

Objectives

Expert tool users are known to adjust their actions skillfully depending on aspects of tool type and task. We examined if bearded capuchin monkeys cracking nuts with stones of different mass adjusted the downward velocity and the height of the stone when striking palm nuts.

Materials and Methods

During a field experiment carried out in FBV (Piauí, Brazil), eight adult wild capuchin monkeys (five males) crackedOrbygnianuts of varied resistance with hammer stones differing in mass. From recorded videos, we identified the highest strike per nut‐cracking episode, and for this strike, we calculated the height to which the monkey lifted the stone, the maximum velocity of the stone during the downward phase, the work done on the stone, and the kinetic energy of the strike.

Results

We found that individual capuchins achieved average maximum kinetic energy of 8.7–16.1 J when using stones between 0.9 and 1.9 kg, and maximum kinetic energy correlated positively with mass of the stone. Monkeys lifted all the stones to an individually consistent maximum height but added more work to the stone when using lighter stones. One male and one female monkey lifted stones higher when they cracked more resistant nuts. The high resistance of theOrbygnianut elicits production of maximum kinetic energy, which the monkeys modulate to some degree by adding work to lighter stones.

Discussion

Capuchin monkeys, like chimpanzees, modulate their actions in nut‐cracking, indicating skilled action, although neither species regulates kinetic energy as precisely as skilled human stone knappers. Kinematic analyses promise to yield new insights into the ways and extent to which nonhuman tool users develop expertise. Am J Phys Anthropol 161:53–61, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sarcopenia is a predictive factor for prolonged intensive care unit stays in high‐energy blunt trauma patients
Authors: Akahoshi Tomohiko , Yasuda Mitsuhiro , Momii Kenta , Kubota Kensuke , Shono Yuji , Kaku Noriyuki , Tokuda Kentaro , Nagata Takashi , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Shirabe Ken , Hashizume Makoto , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: May 2016

Aim

Sarcopenia has been increasingly reported as a prognostic factor for outcome in settings such as cirrhosis, liver transplantation, and emergent surgery. We aimed to elucidate the significance of sarcopenia in severe blunt trauma patients.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 84 patients emergently admitted to the intensive care unit at Kyushu University Hospital (Fukuoka, Japan) from May 2012 to April 2015. We assessed the amount of skeletal muscle present according to computed tomography and its relevance to ventilation‐free days, patients' length of stay in the intensive care unit, and 28‐day mortality.

Results

Twenty‐five (29.7%) patients were defined as sarcopenic. Sixteen (19.7%) patients required 15 days or more in the intensive care unit. The major reason was a prolonged ventilation requirement due to flail chest (n = 7) or pneumonia (n = 3). Sarcopenic patients' stays in intensive care were significantly longer than those of non‐sarcopenic patients (18.7 versus 6.4 days, respectively; P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed sarcopenia to be a significant risk factor for prolonged intensive care unit stay.

Conclusion

Sarcopenia is a risk factor that predicts prolonged intensive care unit stay in high‐energy blunt trauma patients.
Cross‐Cycloaddition of Two Different Isocyanides: Chemoselective Heterodimerization and [3+2]‐Cyclization of 1,4‐Diazabutatriene
Authors: Hu Zhongyan , Yuan Haiyan , Men Yang , Liu Qun , Zhang Jingping , Xu Xianxiu
Published: May 2016

A new cross‐cycloaddition reaction between a wide range of isocyanides and 2‐isocyanochalcones (or analogues) was developed for the expeditious synthesis of pyrrolo[3,4‐b]indoles under thermal conditions. On the basis of the experimental results and DFT calculations, a mechanism for this domino reaction is proposed involving chemoselective heterodimerization of two different isocyanides to form 1,4‐diazabutatriene intermediates, followed by an intramolecular [3+2]‐cycloaddition and 1,3‐proton shift.
Synthesis of Cyclooctatetraenes through a Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction
Authors: Blouin Sarah , Gandon Vincent , Blond Gaëlle , Suffert Jean
Published: May 2016

Reported is a cascade reaction leading to fully substituted cyclooctatetraenes. This unexpected transformation likely proceeds through a unique 8π electrocyclization reaction of a ene triyne. DFT computations provide the mechanistic basis of this surprizing reaction.
Multi‐Molar Absorption of CO2 by the Activation of Carboxylate Groups in Amino Acid Ionic Liquids
Authors: Chen Feng‐Feng , Huang Kuan , Zhou Yan , Tian Zi‐Qi , Zhu Xiang , Tao Duan‐Jian , Jiang De‐en , Dai Sheng
Published: May 2016

A new strategy for multi‐molar absorption of CO2 is reported based on activating a carboxylate group in amino acid ionic liquids. It was illustrated that introducing an electron‐withdrawing site to amino acid anions could reduce the negative inductive effect of the amino group while simultaneously activating the carboxylate group to interact with CO2 very efficiently. An extremely high absorption capacity of CO2 (up to 1.69 mol mol−1) in aminopolycarboxylate‐based amino acid ionic liquids was thus achieved. The evidence of spectroscopic investigations and quantum‐chemical calculations confirmed the interactions between two kinds of sites in the anion and CO2 that resulted in superior CO2 capacities.
Effects of CaO‐K2CO3 on combustion behavior and emission properties of SO2 and NOX during coal sludge combustion
Authors: Wu Junzhi , Wang Baofeng , Lou Helen H. , Yang Fengling , Cheng Fangqin
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of CaO‐K2CO3 on the coal sludge combustion and the emission properties of SO2 and NOX. The combustion characteristics of coal sludge with or without catalysts were studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer, and the experiments were conducted from the ambient temperature to 1000 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1. Ignition index, burnout index, and general combustion parameter had been put forward to describe further the combustion characteristics of coal sludge. Combustion experiments were carried out in a quartz tubular fixed‐bed reactor, and the NOx and SO2 released during combustion were monitored continuously using a flue gas analyzer. The results show that adding K2CO3 accelerates the release of volatile matter and the combustion of partial fixed carbon. The reduction of ignition temperatures and burnout temperature followed the increase of the concentration of K2CO3. When the coal sludge is loaded with CaO and 1% K2CO3, the general combustion parameter is the maximum, and the activation energy (E) is the smallest. Meanwhile, when the coal sludge is loaded with CaO and 1% K2CO3, it emits less SO2 and NOX. Therefore, it is concluded that CaO‐1% K2CO3 facilitates the clean and efficient combustion of coal sludge. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elasmobranch captures in the Fijian pelagic longline fishery
Authors: Piovano Susanna , Gilman Eric
Published: May 2016

Pelagic longline fisheries for relatively fecund tuna and tuna‐like species can have large adverse effects on incidentally caught species with low‐fecundity, including elasmobranchs.

Analyses of observer programme data from the Fiji longline fishery from 2011 to 2014 were conducted to characterize the shark and ray catch composition and identify factors that significantly explained standardized catch rates. Catch data were fitted to generalized linear models to identify potentially significant explanatory variables.

With a nominal catch rate of 0.610 elasmobranchs per 1000 hooks, a total of 27 species of elasmobranchs were captured, 48% of which are categorized as Threatened under the IUCN Red List. Sharks and rays made up 2.4% and 1.4%, respectively, of total fish catch. Blue sharks and pelagic stingrays accounted for 51% and 99% of caught sharks and rays, respectively.

There was near elimination of ‘shark lines’, branchlines set at or near the sea surface via attachment directly to floats, after 2011.

Of caught elasmobranchs, 35% were finned, 11% had the entire carcass retained, and the remainder was released alive or discarded dead. Finning of elasmobranchs listed in CITES Appendix II was not observed in 2014.

There were significantly higher standardized shark and ray catch rates on narrower J‐shaped hooks than on wider circle hooks. Based on findings from previous studies on single factor effects of hook width and shape, the smaller minimum width of the J‐shaped hooks may have caused the higher shark and ray catch rates. For sharks, the effect of hook width may have exceeded the effect of hook shape, where small increases in shark catch rates have been observed on circle vs J‐shaped hooks.

Shark and ray standardized catch rates were lowest in the latter half of the year. Focusing effort during the second half of the year could reduce elasmobranch catch rates.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relativistic reflection: Review and recent developments in modeling
Authors: Dauser T. , García J. , Wilms J.
Published: May 2016

Measuring relativistic reflection is an important tool to study the innermost regions of the an accreting black hole system. In the following we present a brief review on the different aspects contributing to the relativistic reflection. The combined approach is for the first time incorporated in the new “relxill” model. The advantages of this more self‐consistent approach are briefly summarized. A special focus is put on the new definition of the intrinsic reflection fraction in the lamp post geometry, which allows to draw conclusions about the primary source of radiation in these system. Additionally the influence of the high energy cutoff of the primary source on the reflection spectrum is motivated, revealing the remarkable capabilities of constraining Ecut by measuring relativistic reflection spectra from NuSTAR, preferably with lower energy coverage. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectral components in black hole X‐ray binaries
Authors: Malzac J.
Published: May 2016

This paper summarises our current understanding of the spectral continuum components observed in black hole X‐ray binaries. The consequences for theoretical models are discussed with an emphasis on the constraints set by observations on the nature of the X‐ray corona in different spectral states. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasi periodic oscillations in black hole binaries
Authors: Motta S. E.
Published: May 2016

Fast time variability is the most prominent characteristic of accreting systems and the presence of quasi periodic oscillations (QPOs) is a constant in all accreting systems, from cataclysmic variables to AGNs, passing through black hole and neutron star X‐ray binaries and through the enigmatic ultra‐luminous X‐ray sources. In this paper, I will briefly review the current knowledge of QPOs in black hole X‐ray binaries, mainly focussing on their observed properties, but also mentioning the most important models that have been proposed to explain the origin of QPOs over the last decades. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measuring key X‐ray parameters from simulated spectra of Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Bonson K. , Gallo L. C.
Published: May 2016

Supermassive black hole (SMBH) accretion is an important topic of astro‐physical research for a variety of fields. However, literature shows that precisely modelling the X‐ray reflection component of an accretion disk around a SMBH is challenging. We test how reliably we can measure key active galactic nuclei (AGN) X‐ray reflection parameters by simulating the spectra of average Seyfert 1 galaxies and then fitting those spectra using common modelling techniques. The AGN spectra were created from 0.01–300.0 keV using XMM‐Newton pn responses and with (3.75±0.10)×106 counts in the 2–10 keV band. The model RELXILL was used to create all spectra with a reflection fraction (ratio of reflected flux over primary flux from 0.1–100 keV) of R = 1. The values of six key parameters were generated randomly within given ranges to simulate the spectra: photon index (Γ), inner emissivity index (q 1), black hole spin (a), disk inclination angle (θ), ionization (ξ), and iron abundance in solar units (A Fe). Once the simulated spectra were created, they were autonomously fit with RELXILL from 2.5–10.0 keV. All six key parameters were allowed to vary throughout the modelling process, with a gradual thawing of model parameters to mimic manual fitting procedure. We find that we can successfully measure key AGN spectral components in this scenario, but some conditions apply: Γ, θ, and A Fe are well constrained, however they are also consistently overestimated. Only black hole spin (a) measurements that are in extrema, a > 0.9, can be considered reliable. Lastly, ξ and q 1 cannot be measured and these parameters – along with intermediate spin values – should be verified using other techniques. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Magneto centrifugal winds from accretion discs around black hole binaries
Authors: Chakravorty S. , Petrucci P.‐O. , Ferreira J. , Henri G. , Belmont R. , Clavel M. , Corbel S. , Rodriguez J. , Coriat M. , Drappeau S. , Malzac J.
Published: May 2016

We want to test if self‐similar magneto‐hydrodynamic (MHD) accretion‐ejection models can explain the observational results for accretion disk winds in BHBs. In our models, the density at the base of the outflow from the accretion disk is not a free parameter but is determined by solving the full set of dynamical MHD equations without neglecting any physical term. Different MHD solutions were generated for different values of (a) the disk aspect ratio (e) and (b) the ejection efficiency (p). We generated two kinds of MHD solutions depending on the absence (cold solution) or presence (warm solution) of heating at the disk surface. The cold MHD solutions are found to be inadequate to account for winds due to their low ejection efficiency. The warm solutions can have sufficiently high values of p (0.1) which is required to explain the observed physical quantities in the wind. The heating (required at the disk surface for the warm solutions) could be due to the illumination which would be more efficient in the Soft state. We found that in the Hard state a range of ionisation parameter is thermodynamically unstable, which makes it impossible to have any wind at all, in the Hard state. Our results would suggest that a thermo‐magnetic process is required to explain winds in BHBs. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Systematic spectral analysis of GX 339‐4: Influence of Galactic background and reflection models
Authors: Clavel M. , Rodriguez J. , Corbel S. , Coriat M.
Published: May 2016

Black hole X‐ray binaries display large outbursts, during which their properties are strongly variable. We develop a sys¬tematic spectral analysis of the 3–40 keV RXTE/PCA data in order to study the evolution of these systems and apply it to GX 339‐4. Using the low count rate observations, we provide a precise model of the Galactic background at GX 339‐4's location and discuss its possible impact on the source spectral parameters. At higher fluxes, the use of a Gaussian line to model the reflection component can lead to the detection of a high‐temperature disk, in particular in the high‐hard state. We demonstrate that this component is an artifact arising from an incomplete modeling of the reflection spectrum. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A global look at X‐ray time lags in Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Kara E. , Alston W. , Fabian A.
Published: May 2016

X‐ray reverberation, where light‐travel time delays map out the compact geometry around the inner accretion flow in supermassive black holes, has been discovered in several of the brightest, most variable and well‐known bare Seyfert galaxies. In this work, we expand the study of X‐ray time lags to all Seyfert galaxies in the XMM‐Newton archive above a nominal rms and exposure level. We find that reverberation is found in >50 % of sources (with >99 % confidence). We also find that the low‐frequency hard lag (which is likely associated with the coronal emission) is found in >80% of sources, suggesting that most sources with X‐ray variability show intrinsic variability from the nuclear region. We update the known iron K lag amplitude vs. black hole mass relation. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new characterization of the Compton process in the ULX spectra
Authors: Kobayashi S. , Nakazawa K. , Makishima K.
Published: May 2016

Attempts were made to construct a unified description of the spectra of ULX (Ultra Luminous X‐ray source) objects, including their power‐law (PL) state and disk‐like state. Among spectral models proposed to explain either state, the present work adopts the one which combines multi‐color disk (MCD) emission and its thermal Comptonization (THC). This model was applied to several datasets of ULXs obtained by Suzaku, XMM‐Newton, and Nustar. The model well explains all the spectra, regardless of the spectral states, in terms of a cool disk (Tin = 0.2–0.5 keV) and a cool thick (Te = 1–3 keV, τ ∼ 10) corona. The fit results can be characterized by two new parameters. One is Q ≡ Te/Tin which describes the balance between the Compton cooling and gravitational heating of the coronal electrons, while the other is F ≡ 1 – Fdirect/Ftotal, namely, the covering fraction of the MCD by the corona. Here, and Ftotal are the luminosity in the directly‐visible disk emission and the total radiation, respectively. Then, the PL‐state spectra have been found to show Q ∼ 10 and F ∼ 0.5, while those of the disk‐like state Q ∼ 3 and F ∼ 1. Thus, the two states are clearly separated in terms of Q and F. The obtained results are employed to argue for their interpretation in terms of high‐mass (several tens to several hundreds M<) black holes. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The coronal parameters of local Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Marinucci A. , Tortosa A.
Published: May 2016

One of the open problems for AGN is the nature of the primary X‐ray emission: It is likely due to Comptonization of soft UV photons, but the optical depth and temperature of the emitting corona were largely unknown before the launch of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR). It is the first focusing hard X‐ray telescope on orbit, ∼ 100 times more sensitive in the 10–79 keV band compared to previous observatories, enabling the study of AGN at high energies with high precision. We present and discuss the results on the hot corona parameters of active galactic nuclei that have been recently measured with NuSTAR (often in coordination with XMM‐Newton, Suzaku, or Swift) with unprecedented accuracy, in a number of local Seyfert galaxies. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Broadband short term X‐ray variability of the quasar PDS 456
Authors: Matzeu G. A. , Reeves J. N. , Nardini E. , Braito V. , Costa M. T. , Tombesi F. , Gofford J.
Published: May 2016

We present a detailed analysis of a recent 500 ks net exposure Suzaku observation, carried out in 2013, of the nearby (z = 0.184) luminous (Lbol ∼ 1047 erg s–1) quasar PDS 456 in which the X‐ray flux was unusually low. The short term X‐ray spectral variability has been interpreted in terms of variable absorption and/or intrinsic continuum changes. In the former scenario, the spectral variability is due to variable covering factors of two regions of partially covering absorbers. We find that these absorbers are characterised by an outflow velocity comparable to that of the highly ionised wind, i.e. ∼ 0.25c, at the 99.9% (3.26σ) confidence level. This suggests that the partially absorbing clouds may be the denser clumpy part of the inhomogeneous wind. Following an obscuration event we obtained a direct estimate of the size of the X‐ray emitting region, to be not larger than 20Rg in PDS 456. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The origin of UV‐optical variability in AGN and test of disc models: XMM‐Newton and ground‐based observations of NGC 4395
Authors: McHardy I. M. , Connolly S. D. , Peterson B. M. , Bieryla A. , Chand H. , Elvis M. S. , Emmanoulopoulos D. , Falco E. , Gandhi P. , Kaspi S. , Latham D. , Lira P. , McCully C. , Netzer H. , Uemura M.
Published: May 2016

The origin of short timescale (weeks/months) variability of AGN, whether due to intrinsic disc variations or reprocessing of X‐ray emission by a surrounding accretion disc, has been a puzzle for many years. However recently a number of observational programmes, particularly of NGC 5548 with Swift, have shown that the UV/optical variations lag behind the X‐ray variations in a manner strongly supportive of X‐ray reprocessing. Somewhat surprisingly, the implied size of the accretion disc is ∼3 times greater than expected from a standard, smooth, Shakura‐Sunyaev thin disc model. Although the difference may be explained by a clumpy accretion disc, it is not clear whether the difference will occur in all AGN or whether it may change as, eg, a function of black hole mass, accretion rate, or disc temperature. Measurements of interband lags for most AGN require long timescale monitoring, which is hard to arrange. However for low mass (<106 M⊙) AGN, the combination of XMM‐Newton EPIC (X‐rays) with the optical monitor in fast readout mode allows an X‐ray/UV‐optical lag to be measured within a single long observation. Here we summarise previous related observations and report on XMM‐Newton observations of NGC 4395 (mass 100 times lower, accretion rate ∼20 times lower than for NGC 5548). We find that the UVW1 lags the X‐rays by ∼470 s. Simultaneous observations at 6 different ground based observatories also allowed the g‐band lag (∼800 s) to be measured. These observations are in agreement with X‐ray reprocessing but initial analysis suggests that, for NGC 4395, they do not differ markedly from the predictions of the standard thin disc model. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)