bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peculiarities of countering legalization of criminal income with the help of virtual assets: legislative regulation and practical implementation
Authors: Dumchikov Mykhailo , Reznik Oleg , Bondarenko Olha
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to define and characterize peculiarities of countering the legalization of criminal income with the help of virtual assets.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis of the legislative delineation and the realities of the practical implementation of the features of combating the legalization of criminal proceeds with the help of virtual assets in Ukraine was carried out with the help of general scientific methods of cognition. The systematic method helped identify the main ways to legalize criminal proceeds with the help of virtual assets. Using legal techniques, proposals will be formulated to amend draft legislation on legislative regulation of the concept of “virtual assets”. The generalization method was used to develop ways to combat the legalization of criminal proceeds with the help of virtual assets. The method of legal forecasting was used to substantiate the proposed areas of combating money laundering with the help of virtual assets. The method of extrapolation will be used to determine the possibility of implementing foreign experience in domestic practice to combat money laundering with the help of virtual assets.

Findings

One of the relatively new and increasingly popular ways of money laundering is to commit this act with the help of virtual assets. Methods of money laundering through virtual assets include services for the conversion of virtual assets, P2P exchange, gambling sites, virtual asset mixers and the use of fictitious internet sites selling digital goods. The difficulty of counteracting the legalization of criminal proceeds with the help of virtual assets is primarily due to the lack of legislative regulation of the concept of “virtual assets” in Ukraine. Yes, the draft law is currently being finalized. Besides, even the current edition is not evaluated by the authors as perfect. After all, the issue of the content of the concept of “virtual assets” and its relationship with virtual securities, cryptocurrency and virtual property remains unresolved.

Originality/value

One of the relatively new and increasingly popular ways of money laundering is to commit this act with the help of virtual assets. Methods of money laundering through virtual assets include services for the conversion of virtual assets, P2P exchange, gambling sites, virtual asset mixers and the use of fictitious internet sites selling digital goods. It is essential to intensify financial monitoring by financial control bodies over the activities of conversion service centers. Moreover, given the transnational nature of legalizing criminal proceeds, especially those committed through virtual assets, international cooperation in combating this crime is vital. The authors have proposed specific measures to ensure that a coherent consolidation of efforts can be built.
A study of player behavior and motivation to purchase Dota 2 virtual in game items
Authors: Ghazali Ezlika M. , Al Halbusi Hussam , Abdel Fattah Fadi Abdel Muniem , Hossain Uzir Md. Uzir , Mutum Dilip S. , Tan Foon-Lip
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The goal of this study is to examine the factors (e.g. enjoyment, skills, challenge, telepresence and flow) that influence players’ purchase intention toward Dota 2 virtual in-game as well as examine the effect of flow toward purchase intention of Dota 2 through the critical mechanism (i.e. continuous intention). Notably, the analysis of the moderating role of enjoyment of buying on the relation of (a) flow and purchase intention of Dota 2 in-game, as well as (b) between flow continuous intention and finally (c) between continuous intention purchase intention of Dota 2.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were gained from 331 users using Google Forms and posted to respondents on social media platforms and forums such as Facebook and Reddit, as these websites have the closest reach to gamers.

Findings

The study revealed that enjoyment, skill, challenge and telepresence have a positive effect on flow. Also, the flow was significantly related to purchase intention. The continuous intention has significantly mediated the relationship between flow and purchase intention. Importantly, this study found that the moderating role of buying enjoyment increases the relationship between flow and purchase intention (H7a) and between continuous intention and purchase intention (H7c). In contrast, the moderating role of buying enjoyment on the relationship between flow and continuous intention (H7b) was not supported. Hence, this study sheds a new light on the notable Dota 2 in-game and continuous intention purchase intention of the users.

Originality/value

In response, this study's main research question can be highlighted on testing how enjoyment, skills, challenge, telepresence, in-game virtual items influence purchasing intention when the enjoyment of buying moderates the proposed relationship? Therefore, this study aims to examine the significant elements like enjoyment, skills, challenge telepresence toward flow, and subsequently, the effect of flow toward purchase intention of Dota 2 in-game through continuous intention as a key mechanism which is urgently needed to minimize the gap in-game virtual items literature. Significantly, this study also intends to explore the contingent role of enjoyment of buying on the relation of flow and purchase intention of Dota-2 in-game, as well as between flow and continuous intention and finally between continuous intention and purchase intention.
Studying the relationships between authentic leadership, structural empowerment, and civility in the palliative care sector in Portugal
Authors: Kulari Genta , Ribeiro Luísa , Laneiro Tito , Osatuke Katerine , Mouta Inês
Published: January 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a model studying the relationship of authentic leadership (AL), structural empowerment (SE) and civility in the palliative care sector. This model proposes SE as a mediator between AL and civility.

Design/methodology/approach

Data was collected from 213 employees working in five major public palliative care hospitals in central Portugal. The study sample was predominantly female (80.3%) and the response rate was 42.6%. Variables were measured using the Authentic Leadership Inventory, Workplace Civility Scale and Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire II scales. Hayes’ PROCESS macro for mediation analysis in SPSS was used to test the hypothesized model.

Findings

Results suggest that AL has a significant positive direct relationship with both SE and civility. Furthermore, SE demonstrated to play a partial mediation effect between AL and civility.

Practical implications

This study may be of use for healthcare administration encouraging the development of AL, suggesting that the more leaders are seen as authentic, the more employees will perceive they have access to workplace empowerment structures and a civil environment.

Originality/value

Considering the mainstream literature in healthcare management, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to date to integrate the relation of AL, SE and civility in the palliative care sector. Further, the research model has not previously been introduced when considering the mediating role structural empowerment can play between AL and civility.
How and when overqualification improves innovative work behaviour: the roles of creative self-confidence and psychological safety
Authors: Dar Nasib , Ahmad Saima , Rahman Wali
Published: January 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the influence of perceived overqualification on innovative behaviour in the workplace. By integrating self-efficacy and human capital theories, this study proposes that perceived overqualification improves innovative behaviour directly and indirectly by boosting employee creative self-confidence. It further investigates the boundary conditions imposed by perceived psychological safety in this process.

Design/methodology/approach

The research utilises a quantitative research methodology through a two-wave survey of 335 employees and their 135 leaders. Moderated and mediated regression analyses were used to analyse the research data.

Findings

The results revealed that perceived overqualification promotes innovative behaviour at work directly and indirectly through its positive influence on creative self-confidence. The mediating effect of creative self-confidence in the relationship between perceived overqualification and innovative behaviour is moderated by perceived psychological safety at work, such that the relationship is stronger in a higher perceived psychological safety condition compared to when it is low.

Research limitations/implications

This study has theoretical and practical implications for personnel management. From a theoretical perspective, it integrates human capital and self-efficacy theories to explain a mechanism through which perceived overqualification will lead to innovative behaviour in the workplace. From a managerial perspective, it mitigates the stigma associated with an overqualified workforce by suggesting that perceived overqualification can be a source of innovation at work.

Originality/value

This is the first study that examines the creative self-confidence-based mechanism in the relationship between perceived overqualification and innovative behaviour at work. It also explores the moderating role of psychological safety in this relationship.
Keeping the balance. The efforts of bereaved siblings prior to their brothers’ or sisters’ drug‐related death
Authors: Løberg Aina Helen , Lindeman Sari Kaarina , Lorås Lennart
Published: January 2022

The aim of this study is to explore the burdens on siblings prior to their siblings’ deaths. A qualitative approach using reflexive thematic analysis was chosen. Fourteen interviews were conducted. The research question for this study is as follows: What did the bereaved siblings’ efforts consist of while their siblings with problematic substance use were alive? The interviews had a retrospective focus; hence, participants were asked to discuss the time prior to their siblings’ drug‐related death. Three different tasks were identified using reflexive thematic analysis: (1) emotional support, (2) social inclusion and (3) practical support. The findings of this study are discussed in relation to homoeostasis. Homoeostasis refers to an understanding of the family as a system in which family rules contribute to maintaining the status quo.
The ‘forever war’ on red tape and the struggle to improve regulation
Authors: Freiberg Arie , Pfeffer Monica , van der Heijden Jeroen
Published: January 2022

Since the 1970s, Australian governments have sought to reduce regulatory burdens, particularly on business, subject regulation to rigorous cost–benefit analysis and constrain both the stock and flow of new regulation. Yet, however, measured, regulation continues to grow, frequently in response to community demand. In this article, we interrogate both the more extreme claims of the anti‐regulation advocates and the alleged successes of anti‐red tape initiatives, identifying a critical clash of values over the role of the state and the appropriate relationship between government, business and the community. We conclude by arguing that to deliver desirable societal, economic and democratic outcomes, we need to acknowledge regulation as an asset, professionalise its workforce and more actively assert its public value.
Barriers to consistent and reliable investigation of sudden unexpected infant death: Perspectives from law enforcement
Authors: Snippen Jennifer R. , Cheyney Melissa , Drake Stacy A.
Published: January 2022

Despite persistent efforts to advance infant death investigation, most sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs) remain unexplained. Law enforcement officials contribute to SUID investigations throughout the United States, but their impacts on these investigations have not been adequately examined. In this exploratory study, 26 law enforcement officials were interviewed about their experiences and perspectives with SUID investigations. Thematic analysis of qualitative data revealed three specific difficulties law enforcement encounter during SUID investigations: (1) inadequate preparation; (2) overwhelming emotions; and (3) a victim–suspect dilemma. Findings indicate that these barriers may inhibit consistent and reliable investigation of infant death and, therefore, may impede the cause and manner of death determinations. Participants’ narratives also offered insights into potential solutions, including expanded SUID training for law enforcement and use of checklists, such as the Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Investigation Reporting Form. The impacts of overwhelming emotions confronted during SUID investigation warrant further study. The victim–suspect dilemma stems from the inability of law enforcement to conclusively eliminate the possibility of homicide. This dilemma may be resolved through a clear distinction between interactions with potential evidence and interactions with the family. Law enforcement must be trained to treat all SUID families in a compassionate and non‐accusatory manner, while investigating all SUID with careful attention to detail that is essential in any potential homicide investigation. A consistent, meticulous, and compassionate approach to SUID investigations will improve the reliability of information obtained and offer the best opportunity for providing answers to grieving parents.
When guardians become offenders: Understanding guardian capability through the lens of corporate crime*
Authors: Chan Fiona , Gibbs Carole
Published: January 2022

Recent developments in routine activities theory have sought to conceptualize the notion of capable guardianship, as well as to broaden the application of the theory to the corporate crime context. Building on this work with systematically collected qualitative data, we examine the mechanisms in which offenders commit corporate financial fraud and identify the failures in guardianship. In addition to the unique dimensions of corporate crime already identified (i.e., specialized access to targets), our work highlights the need to consider guardian–offender overlap, or instances in which those tasked with guardianship responsibilities become motivated offenders. Our findings suggest financial regulations focusing on adding layers of guardians may be insufficient. They also have broader implications for understanding guardian capability in other forms of crime—namely, the need to consider the costs and benefits of intervention, willingness and ability to intervene in differing contexts, and how these dimensions of guardianship shape offender risk perceptions.
Comparative effect of seed treatment with thyme essential oil and Paraburkholderia phytofirmans on growth, photosynthetic capacity, grain yield, δ15N and δ13C of durum wheat under drought and heat stress
Authors: Ben‐Jabeur Maissa , Chamekh Zoubeir , Jallouli Salma , Ayadi Sawsen , Serret Maria Dolores , Araus Jose Luis , Trifa Youssef , Hamada Walid
Published: January 2022

Abiotic stresses such as drought and heat constitute one of the major constraints to global crop production, and climate change will worsen the scenario. There is growing interest in investigating the application of biostimulants to palliate yield losses due to the impact of drought and heat stress. This study focuses on assessing the impact of coating seeds with either thyme essential oil or Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN strain on agronomic performance of durum wheat subjected to contrasting levels of irrigation. For this aim, the Tunisian durum wheat genotype Karim was cultivated in a field experiment in a semi‐arid climate, with two supplemental irrigation levels (SI): moderate drought stress (100% SI) and severe drought stress (50% SI). The impact of the seed coating technique was assessed on grain yield (GY) and its agronomic components (spikes/m2, straw yield [SY], 1,000 kernel weight [TKW] and the harvest index [HI]) across two consecutive crop seasons; 2015–16 and 2016–17. In addition, the effect on leaf nitrogen and carbon isotope composition (δ15N, δ13C) and nitrogen and carbon contents of leaves at grain filling was also assessed in the 2016–17 season. The two seed coating treatments (SCTs) enhanced GY, SY, spikes/m2, TKW and HI under both moderate stress (100% SI) and severe stress (50% SI). The positive effect of the SCTs on GY and agronomic yield components was more marked under the combined heat–water stress conditions of the first season (2015–16). In general, thyme oil enhanced vegetative growth, tillering and tiller fertility, while, PsJN had a positive effect, more centred on the grain filling stage. Under moderate stress, both SCTs decreased δ15N and δ13C at grain filling and straw N content at harvest, illustrating a better carbon and nitrogen uptake and mobilisation. Under severe water stress, both SCTs induced higher leaf total N, and lower δ13C, and leaf total C at grain filling. The effect on physiological traits and carbon and nitrogen metabolism is discussed. The findings emphasise a practical implication of these biostimulants.
How laboratory studies of cigarette craving can inform the experimental alcohol craving literature
Authors: Creswell Kasey G. , Sayette Michael A.
Published: January 2022

Interest in alcohol and other drug craving has flourished over the past two decades, and evidence has accumulated showing that craving can be meaningfully linked to both drug use and relapse. Considerable human experimental alcohol craving research since 2000 has focused on craving as a clinical phenomenon. Self‐reported craving to drink typically has served as a catch‐all for the craving construct in these studies, whereas few studies have considered craving as a process (or hypothetical construct) that interacts with other phenomena to affect use. In contrast to alcohol, we believe that recently there has been more mechanistic work targeting cigarette craving–related processes. Here, we briefly present a narrative review of studies of acute alcohol craving in humans that have been conducted during the past two decades. We then specify important ways in which alcohol and tobacco differ (e.g., the role of withdrawal), and we note the unique challenges in inducing robust alcohol craving states in the laboratory. Finally, we offer recommendations for how the alcohol field might advance its conceptual understanding of craving by adopting ideas and methods drawn from the smoking research literature. Specifically, we suggest that researchers extend their studies to not only examine the link between alcohol craving and relapse but also to focus on why and, in some instances, how alcohol cravings matter clinically, and the circumstances under which craving especially matters. We propose research to investigate the shifts in alcohol‐related cognitive and affective processing that occur during alcohol craving states. Furthermore, we highlight the value of research examining the level of insight that individuals with varying levels of alcohol involvement possess about their own craving‐related processing shifts. We believe that laboratory studies can provide rich opportunities to examine conceptual questions about alcohol craving that are central to addiction.
Medical therapy for glaucoma: A review
Authors: Casson Robert J.
Published: January 2022

A number of pharmacological targets are exploited to modify the parameters in the Goldmann equation and reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP). This strategy constitutes the foundation for the medical management of glaucoma, the evolution of which, until only recently, has been in relative stagnation. A burst of innovation has produced new ocular hypotensive drugs and long‐acting delivery methods, including intracameral delivery, which are expanding the clinician's medical armamentarium. A number of IOP‐independent neuroprotection strategies have shown strong potential in animal models of glaucoma, but translational attempts have been surprisingly limited. However, while pharmacological options are expanding, the traditional role of topical medical therapy is being challenged by selective laser trabeculoplasty, micro‐invasive glaucoma surgery, and sustained delivery methods. A scientifically rigorous assessment of new treatments will be critical to empower clinicians with evidence‐based information to optimise vision preservation and quality of life outcomes for their patients.
The surgical management of glaucoma: A review
Authors: Lim Ridia
Published: January 2022

After a long period of little change, glaucoma surgery has experienced a dramatic rise in the number of possible procedures in the last two decades. Glaucoma filtering surgeries with mitomycin C and glaucoma drainage devices remain the standard of surgical care. Other newer surgeries, some of which are minimally or microinvasive glaucoma surgeries, target existing trabecular outflow, enhance suprachoroidal outflow, create subconjunctival blebs, or reduce aqueous production. Some require the implantation of a device such as the iStent, Hydrus, Ex‐PRESS, XEN and PRESERFLO, whilst others do not—Trabectome, Kahook dual blade, Ab interno canaloplasty, gonioscopy‐assisted transluminal trabeculotomy, OMNI and excimer laser trabeculotomy. Others are a less destructive variation of an established procedure, such as micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation and ultrasound cycloplasty. Cataract surgery alone can be a significant glaucoma operation. These older and newer glaucoma surgeries, their mechanism of action, efficacy and complications are the subject of this review.
The genetics of glaucoma: Disease associations, personalised risk assessment and therapeutic opportunities‐A review
Authors: Aboobakar Inas F. , Wiggs Janey L.
Published: January 2022

Glaucoma refers to a heterogenous group of disorders characterised by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field loss. Both early‐onset and adult‐onset forms of the disease have a strong genetic component. Here, we summarise the known genetic associations for various forms of glaucoma and the possible functional roles for these genes in disease pathogenesis. We also discuss efforts to translate genetic knowledge into clinical practice, including gene‐based tests for disease diagnosis and risk‐stratification as well as gene‐based therapies.
Prevalence of bladder cancer in Costello syndrome: New insights to drive clinical decision‐making
Authors: Leoni Chiara , Paradiso Filomena Valentina , Foschi Nazario , Tedesco Marta , Pierconti Francesco , Silvaroli Sara , Diego Mario Di , Birritella Lisa , Pantaleoni Francesca , Rendeli Claudia , Onesimo Roberta , Viscogliosi Germana , Bassi Pierfrancesco , Nanni Lorenzo , Genuardi Maurizio , Tartaglia Marco , Zampino Giuseppe
Published: January 2022

Costello syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder affecting development and growth characterized by cancer predisposition and caused by mutations in HRAS proto‐oncogene. Somatic HRAS mutations drive bladder carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze prevalence and histological characterization of bladder cancer (BC) in a cohort of patients with CS to help clinicians plan effective management strategies. This study included 13 patients above 10 years of age with molecular diagnosis of CS. Screening cystoscopies (31 total procedures) were performed to exclude BC. Any lesion was analyzed through cold‐cup biopsy or trans‐urethral resection of the bladder. According to histology, patients were followed‐up with urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound yearly, and cystoscopies every 12–24 months. During study enrollment, bladder lesions (often multifocal) were detected in 11/13 patients. Histological analysis documented premalignant lesions in 90% of cystoscopies performed, epithelial dysplasia in 71%, and papillary urothelial neoplasm of low‐malignant potential in 19%. BC G1/low grade (Ta) were removed in 10%. Overall, 76% of patients showed a bladder lesion at first cystoscopy. The present findings document that individuals with CS aged 10 years and older have high prevalence of bladder lesions (premalignant/malignant), highlighting the importance of personalized screening protocols.
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on the size of US transplant waiting lists
Authors: Miller Jonathan , Wey Andrew , Valapour Maryam , Hart Allyson , Musgrove Donald , Hirose Ryutaro , Ahn Yoon Son , Israni Ajay K. , Snyder Jon J.
Published: January 2022

Background

More patients are waitlisted for solid organs than transplants are performed each year. The COVID‐19 pandemic immediately increased waitlist mortality and decreased transplants and listings.

Methods

To calculate the number of candidate listings after the pandemic began and short‐term changes that may affect waiting time, we conducted a Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients surveillance study from January 1, 2012 to February 28, 2021.

Results

The number of candidates on the liver waitlist continued a steady decline that began before the pandemic. Numbers of candidates on the kidney, heart, and lung waitlists decreased dramatically. More than 3000 fewer candidates were awaiting a kidney transplant on March 7, 2021, than on March 8, 2020. Listings and removals decreased for each solid organ beginning in March 2020. The number of heart and lung listings returned to equal or above that of removals. Listings for kidney transplant, which is often less urgent than heart and lung transplant, remain below numbers of removals. Removals due to transplant decreased for all organs, while removals due to death increased for only kidneys.

Conclusions

We found no evidence of the predicted surge in listings for solid organ transplant with a plateau or control of the pandemic.
The interest premium for left government: Regression‐discontinuity estimates
Authors: Ornstein Joseph T. , Hays Jude C. , Franzese Robert J.
Published: January 2022

This paper employs a regression‐discontinuity design (RDD) to ascertain the effects of left government on the interest‐rate premium that markets build into government‐bond prices. One advantage of this approach is that RDD does not require, as have some previously employed strategies, strong assumptions about how market actors form political expectations, about the quality and dissemination of political information, or about functional forms or explanatory‐variable selection. We expand from previous RDD studies in exploring effect heterogeneity, namely, whether particular political‐economic conditions produce larger or smaller interest costs of left government. Our findings suggest no or very small and insignificant partisan‐government effects except under specific circumstances: sharp governing alternatives (low fragmentation and high polarization), in certain eras (around the 1950s–1970s), and for a short term (about 1 year). Under these conditions of stark differences between alternative left/right governments and relatively great domestic policy autonomy, however, there is a statistically discernible and substantively notable government‐bond yield increase after left parties enter government following close elections.
Can the introduction of companion plants increase biological control services of key pests in organic squash?
Authors: Lopez Lorena , Liburd Oscar E.
Published: January 2022

Florida (USA) is a major producer of squash, Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), with approximated 16% of the US production in 2019, valued at about 35 million USD. Major insect pests, including the sweetpotato whitefly MEAM1, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), jeopardize plant development and transmit viruses of economic importance that can cause up to 50% yield loss in squash crops. Pesticides are generally used for insect management in squash, but the development of insecticide resistance and their non‐target effects are major concerns. A combination of non‐pesticidal approaches was evaluated, including intercropping flowering plants, augmentation, and conservation biological control to manage key pests in organic squash. Refugia increased natural enemies around the squash; however, only a few beneficial arthropods moved from the companion plants towards the squash plants. Whitefly densities and squash silverleaf ratings were reduced, whereas natural enemies were more abundant when the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias‐Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was released alone or together with sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (Brassicaceae). All companion plants used in this study increased natural enemies, but only African marigolds and sweet alyssum ultimately increased biological control activities.
The population dynamics of the yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on a tropical island in Malaysia
Authors: Gan Jason Yew Seng , Pathy Taneswarry Sethu , Yeo Deniece Yin Chia , Lee Jin Min , Yek Sze Huei
Published: January 2022

The yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) is a widespread tropical invasive species that causes ecological damage in introduced habitats; their negative impacts are especially prominent on island ecosystems.

We examined abiotic and biotic effects on a tropical island (Lang Tengah Island on the East Coast of Malaysia) that experiences annual monsoonal disturbance and hosts two distinct populations of yellow crazy ants.

To understand how biotic factors affect A. gracilipes, we conducted ant‐ant interaction bioassays to examine the extent of aggression levels between populations.

We tested the abiotic monsoonal rain effect by employing passive (pitfall traps) and active (quantifying ground foragers on marker crossings) sampling, across pre‐and post‐monsoon.

The two populations of A. gracilipes exhibited aggression toward each other. Furthermore, the onset of monsoonal rains reduced A. gracilipes abundance and foraging activity.

Our findings suggest that A. gracilipes populations are sensitive to monsoonal rains and long‐term population fluctuation data are urgently needed to examine the effect of monsoonal rains on this invasive ant's expansion dynamics on island ecosystems.
Wool smuggling from England's eastern seaboard,c. 1337–45: An illicit economy in the late middle ages
Authors: Raven Matt
Published: January 2022

The medieval English wool trade was a commercial activity of huge economic importance. The historiography of the medieval wool trade, however, has focused overwhelmingly on its legitimate side. This article uses the evidence of legal proceedings prosecuted in the royal courts to provide the first detailed account of wool smuggling in the fourteenth century, a time of heavy governmental regulation and hugely increased taxation. It demonstrates that a substantial number of merchants responded to these challenges by participating in a flourishing trade in smuggled wool which was considered a serious threat to crown fiscality. In particular, the article explores how smaller‐scale smuggling took place along under‐regulated areas of coastline away from customs ports; how major export operations were able to smuggle wool through the customs system itself; and how concerns over smuggling influenced a series of administrative reforms designed to improve the efficiency of commercial regulation.
The global contribution of roots to total soil respiration
Authors: Jian Jinshi , Frissell Max , Hao Dalei , Tang Xiaolu , Berryman Erin , Bond‐Lamberty Ben
Published: January 2022

Aim

Soil respiration (RS) is one of the largest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. It is composed of respiration by roots and heterotrophic organisms, with each component having distinctive drivers and sensitivities and, consequently, varying feedback potential to climate change. Global drivers of the total flux of RS are widely studied and generally accepted, but our understanding of the factors governing its component fluxes lags far behind.

Location

Global.

Time period

1962–2015.

Major taxa studied

Plant roots and soil microbes.

Methods

Combining a newly updated global database of RS partitioning measurements with biotic and abiotic variables, we examined the world‐wide distribution of the proportion of the annual root respiration (Rroot) contribution to RS (Rroot:RS). We investigated how Rroot:RS varies by ecosystem type, measurement method and climate. We used a random forest model to predict the relationship between field measurements of Rroot:RS (n = 880) and 14 biotic and abiotic factors, including climate, nitrogen deposition, soil, mycorrhiza, biomass and satellite‐derived greenness. Finally, we present a global map of predicted Rroot:RS at 0.5° resolution.

Results

Consistent with previous studies, we found no clear trends of mean Rroot:RS across ecosystem types and measurement methods. The area‐weighted overall mean of predicted Rroot:RS was .42 (SD ± .18; i.e., 42% of total global RS was generated by plant roots). Predicted Rroot:RS and related environmental factors did exhibit clear spatial patterns between climatic regions, with higher Rroot:RS in dry and cold regions and lower Rroot:RS in temperate and tropical regions.

Main conclusions

Given that Rroot:RS is linked to plant carbon use efficiency (CUE, the ratio of net primary production to gross primary production), but generated from measurements completely independent of plant CUE, it might provide crucial insights into ecosystem‐ to global‐scale carbon cycling. This study thus provides a framework to explore global carbon allocation under global climate change.
The prevalence of predialysis hyperkalemia and associated characteristics among hemodialysis patients: The RE‐UTILIZE study
Authors: Agiro Abiy , Duling Ian , Eudicone James , Davis Jill , Brahmbhatt Yasmin G. , Cooper Kerry
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Hyperkalemia (HK), defined as serum potassium (K+) >5.0 mEq/L, is an independent predictor of mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). This study investigated the annual prevalence of HK and examined patient characteristics potentially associated with a higher annual HK prevalence.

Methods

This retrospective observational cohort study used Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) survey data from US patients undergoing in‐center HD thrice weekly from 2018 to 2019. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with any predialysis HK (K+ >5.0 mEq/L) within 1 year from the index date (date of DOPPS enrollment), using the first hyperkalemic K+ value. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of patients with moderate‐to‐severe (K+ >5.5 mEq/L) or severe (K+ >6.0 mEq/L) HK.

Findings

Overall, 9347 patients on HD were included in this analysis (58% male and 49% aged >66 years). Any predialysis HK (K+ >5.0 mEq/L) occurred in 74% of patients within 1 year of the index date, 52% within 3 months, and 38% within 1 month. The annual prevalence of moderate‐to‐severe and severe HK was 43% and 17%, respectively. Recurrent HK (at least two K+ >5.0 mEq/L within 1 year) occurred in 60% of patients, and 2.8% of patients were prescribed an oral K+ binder. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed younger age, female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor use were significantly associated with a higher annual prevalence of any predialysis HK, while Black race, obesity, recent initiation of HD, and dialysate K+ bath concentration ≥3 mEq/L were associated with a lower prevalence of HK.

Discussion

The annual prevalence of predialysis HK and recurrence were high among US patients on HD, whereas oral K+ binder use was low. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of dialysate K+ bath concentrations on predialysis HK among patients on HD.
Identification of the coupled fouling mechanism involved in microfiltration of tobacco extracts liquid by multistage Hermia model
Authors: Gao Mengfeng , He Qiaole , Dong Huizhong , Wang Jiale , Shi Junfeng , Xie Chuanqi , Lo Yangming Martin , Zhao Liming
Published: January 2022

Microfiltration (MF) is a promising technique widely applied in the separation of solid–liquid mixtures. However, the potential application of MF was not explored much in the purification of tobacco extracts liquid. To be efficient, it necessitates having an assessment of the fouling mechanisms involved in MF processing. In this work, a thorough design of experiments was carried out to investigate various operating conditions, while specifying their effects on permeate flux were studied. Both single‐stage and multistage Hermia models were used to elucidate the fouling mechanisms. The results of the single‐stage Hermia model showed that cake layer formation was the dominant model, yet with fitting accuracy lower than 0.9; the type of fouling mechanism does relate to the operating conditions. Subsequently, the multistage Hermia model was used for determining the fouling mechanism during different time stages. It was found that the determinant coefficients R2 were significantly increased and multiple fouling mechanisms could be coupled or occurred simultaneously. A ternary plot was established to visualize the contribution of each model and to bridge the relationship between the fouling mechanism and the operating conditions. Therefore, the proposed method is a valid, convenient tool when selecting optimal operating conditions with the lowest irreversible fouling. The flux recovery of fouled membranes exceeded 95% after successive cleaning with deionized water, a 1 wt% NaOH + 0.5 wt% SDS mixed solution, and a 0.5% (vol/vol) HNO3 solution.

Practical Applications

Ceramic microfiltration membrane could separate tiny particles and macromolecules from tobacco extracts liquid (TEL) while it can keep most of active ingredients. The present study aims to have a better understanding of the complex membrane fouling mechanism in the MF processing of TEL. The fouling mechanism involved in the MF of TEL was firstly reported and a new method to bridge operating conditions and the fouling mechanism was proposed. It demonstrated that it is feasible to reduce irreversible membrane fouling by changing operating conditions during the initial stage of the MF processing. Identification of fouling mechanisms in the present study could be used to postpone fouling of the membranes by optimizing the operating parameters, and reduce irreversible membrane fouling.
What Did Homeowners Do with Home Equity Borrowing? Contemporaneous and Long‐Term Effects
Authors: GUO SHENG
Published: January 2022

Using a panel sample from the Panel Study Income Dynamics (1999–2015), I find that homeowners' contemporaneous spending and nonhome wealth increased with home equity withdrawals, but their longer term spending and wealth declined if their home equity was extracted during the housing boom period. Following Hurst and Stafford's (2004) definition of liquidity constraint, I find that the constrained homeowners' contemporaneous spending increased less, while their financial wealth increased more than those of the unconstrained. Unconstrained homeowners invested more than constrained homeowners in nonhome real estate and businesses. In the long run, the consumption spending of both groups persistently declined, while their wealth recovered from initial declines.
α2δ‐1 protein promotes synaptic expression of Ca2+ permeable–AMPA receptors by inhibiting GluA1/GluA2 heteromeric assembly in the hypothalamus in hypertension
Authors: Zhou Jing‐Jing , Shao Jian‐Ying , Chen Shao‐Rui , Chen Hong , Pan Hui‐Lin
Published: January 2022

Glutamate AMPA receptors (AMPARs) lacking GluA2 subunit are calcium permeable (CP‐AMPARs), which are increased in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and maintain sympathetic outflow in hypertension. Here, we determined the role of α2δ‐1, an NMDA receptor–interacting protein, in regulating synaptic CP‐AMPARs in the hypothalamus in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Co‐immunoprecipitation showed that levels of GluA1/GluA2, but not GluA2/GluA3, protein complexes in hypothalamic synaptosomes were reduced in SHR compared with Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY). The level of GluA1/GluA2 heteromers in endoplasmic reticulum‐enriched fractions of the hypothalamus was significantly lower in SHR than in WKY, which was restored by inhibiting α2δ‐1 with gabapentin. Gabapentin also switched AMPAR‐mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (AMPAR‐EPSCs) from inward rectifying to linear and attenuated the inhibitory effect of IEM‐1460, a selective CP‐AMPAR blocker, on AMPAR‐EPSCs in spinally projecting PVN neurons in SHR. Furthermore, co‐immunoprecipitation revealed that α2δ‐1 directly interacted with GluA1 and GluA2 in the hypothalamus of rats and humans. Levels of α2δ‐1/GluA1 and α2δ‐1/GluA2 protein complexes in the hypothalamus were significantly greater in SHR than in WKY. Disrupting the α2δ‐1–AMPAR interaction with an α2δ‐1 C terminus peptide normalized GluA1/GluA2 heteromers in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hypothalamus diminished in SHR. In addition, α2δ‐1 C terminus peptide diminished inward rectification of AMPAR‐EPSCs and the inhibitory effect of IEM‐1460 on AMPAR‐EPSCs of PVN neurons in SHR. Thus, α2δ‐1 augments synaptic CP‐AMPARs by inhibiting GluA1/GluA2 heteromeric assembly in the hypothalamus in hypertension. These findings extend our understanding of the molecular basis of sustained sympathetic outflow in neurogenic hypertension.

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The role of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: McCartney Christopher R. , Campbell Rebecca E. , Marshall John C. , Moenter Suzanne M.
Published: January 2022

Given the critical central role of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in fertility, it is not surprising that the GnRH neural network is implicated in the pathology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Although many symptoms of PCOS relate most proximately to ovarian dysfunction, the central reproductive neuroendocrine system ultimately drives ovarian function through its regulation of anterior pituitary gonadotropin release. The typical cyclical changes in frequency of GnRH release are often absent in women with PCOS, resulting in a persistent high‐frequency drive promoting gonadotropin changes (i.e., relatively high luteinizing hormone and relatively low follicle‐stimulating hormone concentrations) that contribute to ovarian hyperandrogenemia and ovulatory dysfunction. However, the specific mechanisms underpinning GnRH neuron dysfunction in PCOS remain unclear. Here, we summarize several preclinical and clinical studies that explore the causes of aberrant GnRH secretion in PCOS and the role of disordered GnRH secretion in PCOS pathophysiology.
Avocado Consumption Increased Skin Elasticity and Firmness in Women ‐ A Pilot Study
Authors: Henning Susanne M. , Guzman Jeraldine B. , Thames Gail , Yang Jieping , Tseng Chi‐Hong , Heber David , Kim Jenny , Li Zhaoping
Published: January 2022

Background

Avocados are a rich dietary source of monounsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds. Clinical studies have demonstrated that oral consumption of carotenoids improved skin aging. However, no studies have investigated whether oral intake of avocado will reduce skin aging.

Objectives

We therefore performed this pilot study to assess whether oral consumption of one avocado daily for 8 weeks can reduce skin aging in healthy overweight women assessing skin physical characteristics and resistance to UVB radiation.

Methods

Thirty‐nine female participants (age 27–73 years) with Fitzpatrick skin type II‐IV were randomly assigned to consume either one avocado daily or continue habitual diet for 8 weeks. Facial skin elasticity, firmness, pigmentation, sebum, and hydration were determined using a cutometer on the forehead and under eye. Minimal erythema dose (MED) was determined by standardized protocol at inner arm.

Results

Elasticity and firmness were increased at forehead comparing 8 weeks to baseline in the avocado group. Comparing avocado to control, change in firmness marker from baseline to week 8 indicated a significant increase in forehead skin firmness in the avocado group. We did not observe any change in hydration, pigmentation, sebum, and UVB resistance between the avocado and control group, although changes in melanin and erythema were observed in both groups over time.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that daily oral avocado consumption may lead to enhanced elasticity and firmness of the facial skin in healthy women. Further studies of other skin locations are required to establish the connection between avocado consumption and skin aging.
Comparative study between the effectiveness of plasma skin regeneration versus micro‐needling in the treatment of striae distensae
Authors: Mohamad Noha E. , ELgameel Rasha M. , Mohamed Mohamed H.
Published: January 2022

Background

Striae distensae (SD) or stretch marks, a common condition causing significant cosmetic concern and distress, are linear dermal scars associated with epidermal atrophy that occur due to overstretching. Recently, micro‐needling with dermapen is considered as one of the therapeutic modalities for SD. Also, plasma skin regeneration with plasma jet has been recommended as an effective method for the treatment of SD.

Aim

The aim was to compare between the efficacy of both methods in the treatment of SD.

Methods

This study included 30 patients with striae distensae. Body was divided into two halves; one was treated with plasma jet for two sessions with 1 month interval and follow‐up one month after the last session and the other half was treated with dermapen for four sessions with two weeks interval and follow‐up one month after.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference (p‐ value >0.05) between dermapen and plasma jet procedures as regard to width, Total Atwal Score, Atwal score component, score of erythema, and skin texture after treatment. There was high statistically significant difference (p value <0.01) between dermapen and plasma jet as regards pain with higher values with plasma jet while there were statistical higher values concerning hyperpigmentation and erythema with dermapen. There was high statistically significant difference (p value <0.001) between width of striae before and after treatment with dermapen.

Conclusions

Both lines of treatments are effective and promising therapeutic modalities for striae distensae with minimal side effects.
Price decomposition of laser treatment for port‐wine stain using the hedonic pricing model
Authors: Jantarakolica Tatre , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima , Yan Chadakan , Ng Janice Natasha C. , Sudhipongpracha Tatchalerm
Published: January 2022

Background

Port‐wine stain (PWS) is a congenital capillary malformation associated with negative effects on the quality of life and psychological health of the patients. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is the current treatment of choice for PWS; however, there is little information on the factors determining the treatment price of PWS. We aim to explore the factors determining the treatment price of PWS.

Methods

Data were collected through telephone surveys and self‐reported questionnaires from hospitals, chain clinics, and doctor's offices that offered PWS treatment from February 1 to March 30, 2021. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis using a log‐linear regression model.

Results

A total of 104 observations were gathered. The estimated base price of the treatment without any additional features is 98.34 USD. Treatment by dermatologists has an additional charge of 28.41 USD or 28.9%. Some private clinics offer a lower price of 28.7% (or 28.27 USD) by illegally having non‐medical doctors perform the treatment. Treatment with 595‐nm PDL and 585‐nm PDL and 1064‐nm Nd:YAG lasers has an additional charge of 34% (or 33.45 USD) and 38% (or 37.41 USD), respectively. The location and type of medical facility can also affect the price of the treatment.

Conclusion

Many factors determine the base price and shadow price of PWS treatment. Factors determining a higher cost of laser fee includes non‐government facilities, location within the capital city, and shopping complexes (high‐cost location). Lastly, the type of laser and medical personnel provider can also affect the price of the treatment.