bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Journal of Travel into the Arkansa Territory, during the Year 1819
Authors: Nuttall Thomas
Published: April 2013

Thomas Nuttall (1786–1859), an English-born scientist and Fellow of the Linnean Society, is well-known for his botanical and zoological discoveries in North America. By the time this book was first published in 1821, he had spent ten years travelling and recording the natural history of the continent. Nuttall's journal recounts a year-long expedition along the Arkansas River, where he collected and classified many previously unknown species of plants. The book begins with Nuttall's departure from Philadelphia and ends with his arrival in New Orleans. The intermediary chapters include an eclectic mix of geographical and botanical description, travellers' tales, and observations on the various Native Americans Nuttall encountered: his writings demonstrate the great admiration he held for these 'aborigines'. The work also includes substantial appendices which outline the history and customs of the indigenous populations in greater detail.
Sir Walter Scott
Authors: Hutton Richard Holt
Published: April 2013

Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) is famous for his poetry and historical romances such as Ivanhoe and Rob Roy. As the first English-language author to achieve truly international fame in his lifetime, his depiction of Scottish history and culture spread around the world so effectively that it persists even today. Scott also contributed to Scottish history himself: in 1818 he helped to unearth Scotland's missing crown jewels, and he also led the campaign that saved the Scottish banknote when the London Parliament threatened its existence. First published in 1878 in the first series of 'English Men of Letters', this biography by the journalist Richard H. Hutton (1826–97) tells Scott's story from his childhood and ancestry, through his early years as an advocate to his extraordinary fame and success as a writer, through bankruptcy to recovery, and his final days.
Extraordinary Beliefs
Authors: Lamont Peter
Published: April 2013

Since the early nineteenth century, mesmerists, mediums and psychics have exhibited extraordinary phenomena. These have been demonstrated, reported and disputed by every modern generation. We continue to wonder why people believe in such things, while others wonder why they are dismissed so easily. Extraordinary Beliefs takes a historical approach to an ongoing psychological problem: why do people believe in extraordinary phenomena? It considers the phenomena that have been associated with mesmerism, spiritualism, psychical research and parapsychology. By drawing upon conjuring theory, frame analysis and discourse analysis, it examines how such phenomena have been made convincing in demonstration and report, and then disputed endlessly. It argues that we cannot understand extraordinary beliefs unless we properly consider the events in which people believe, and what people believe about them. And it shows how, in constructing and maintaining particular beliefs about particular phenomena, we have been in the business of constructing ourselves.
Disrupting Dark Networks
Authors: Everton Sean F.
Published: April 2013

Disrupting Dark Networks focuses on how social network analysis can be used to craft strategies to track, destabilize and disrupt covert and illegal networks. The book begins with an overview of the key terms and assumptions of social network analysis and various counterinsurgency strategies. The next several chapters introduce readers to algorithms and metrics commonly used by social network analysts. They provide worked examples from four different social network analysis software packages (UCINET, NetDraw, Pajek and ORA) using standard network data sets as well as data from an actual terrorist network that serves as a running example throughout the book. The book concludes by considering the ethics of and various ways that social network analysis can inform counterinsurgency strategizing. By contextualizing these methods in a larger counterinsurgency framework, this book offers scholars and analysts an array of approaches for disrupting dark networks.
Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect
Authors: Brown Thomas
Published: April 2013

Scottish philosopher Thomas Brown (1778–1820) held the chair of moral philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. He was distinguished for his work in the philosophy of mind and causation, and was a founder member of the Edinburgh Review. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, controversy arose over John Leslie being appointed to the chair of mathematics at the university. City ministers opposed him because he defended Hume's view of causation, which was seen as being incompatible with the existence of God. In 1805 Brown wrote a pamphlet, Observations on the Nature and Tendency of the Doctrine of Mr. Hume Concerning the Relation of Cause and Effect, which among other things aimed to show that Hume's theory was compatible with belief in God. This book, first published in 1818, is the third edition of that original pamphlet, which grew to become a thorough examination of the philosophy of causation.
Feynman Diagram Techniques in Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Jishi Radi A.
Published: April 2013

A concise introduction to Feynman diagram techniques, this book shows how they can be applied to the analysis of complex many-particle systems, and offers a review of the essential elements of quantum mechanics, solid state physics and statistical mechanics. Alongside a detailed account of the method of second quantization, the book covers topics such as Green's and correlation functions, diagrammatic techniques and superconductivity, and contains several case studies. Some background knowledge in quantum mechanics, solid state physics and mathematical methods of physics is assumed. Detailed derivations of formulas and in-depth examples and chapter exercises from various areas of condensed matter physics make this a valuable resource for both researchers and advanced undergraduate students in condensed matter theory, many-body physics and electrical engineering. Solutions to exercises are available online.
An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China
Authors: Staunton George
Published: April 2013

George Leonard Staunton (1737–1801) arrived in China in 1792 as a member of a British delegation whose objective was to improve trade and establish better diplomatic relations with the Chinese, who, at the time, restricted economic activity with foreigners to the port of Canton (Guangzhou). Although the group managed to secure an audience with the Qianlong Emperor - to whom the British envoy Lord Macartney famously refused to kowtow - their mission failed. Staunton kept detailed notes throughout his time in China, and in 1797 this two-volume account of the visit was published, and later translated into French and German. Volume 1 begins with a historical account of China's diplomatic relations with Britain and other nations, and then discusses the extensive preparations for the delegation's voyage, and the long journey itself, which took them round the Cape of Good Hope and through South-East Asia before arriving in China nine months later.
Through Central Borneo
Authors: Lumholtz Carl
Published: April 2013

The Norwegian explorer and ethnographer Carl Lumholtz (1851–1922) wrote the influential ethnographic studies Among Cannibals and Unknown Mexico (both reissued in this series) after his journeys through Australia and Mexico respectively. In 1913, Lumholtz went on his final expedition, which aimed to explore the large parts of Borneo unknown to the rest of the world. Interested by tales of head-hunting, he wanted to spend time with the indigenous people and conduct research. Originally published in 1920, this two-volume work is Lumholtz's account of his expedition. Many of the illustrations in the work are from photographs taken by the author, including pictures of members of the different tribes he stayed with. Volume 2 begins with the expedition's stay with the Penihing people. Throughout the volume, the folklore of the different tribes is discussed, and a chapter on head-hunting and its purposes is included.
The Golden Bough
Authors: Frazer James George
Published: April 2013

This work by Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. At the same time, by applying modern methods of comparative ethnography to the classical world, and revealing the superstition and irrationality beneath the surface of the classical culture which had for so long been a model for Western civilisation, it was extremely controversial. Frazer was greatly influenced by E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (also reissued in this series), and by the work of the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, to whom the first edition is dedicated. The twelve-volume third edition, reissued here, was greatly revised and enlarged, and published between 1911 and 1915; the two-volume first edition (1890) is also available in this series. Volume 4 (1911), 'The Dying God', discusses the tradition by which the priest/king must be killed by his successor.
The Golden Bough
Authors: Frazer James George
Published: April 2013

This work by Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. At the same time, by applying modern methods of comparative ethnography to the classical world, and revealing the superstition and irrationality beneath the surface of the classical culture which had for so long been a model for Western civilisation, it was extremely controversial. Frazer was greatly influenced by E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (also reissued in this series), and by the work of the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, to whom the first edition is dedicated. The twelve-volume third edition, reissued here, was greatly revised and enlarged, and published between 1911 and 1915; the two-volume first edition (1890) is also available in this series. Volumes 10 and 11 (1913) continue to examine taboo behaviour, and consider the role of sunlight and firelight in ritual.
The Golden Bough
Authors: Frazer James George
Published: April 2013

This work by Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. At the same time, by applying modern methods of comparative ethnography to the classical world, and revealing the superstition and irrationality beneath the surface of classical culture, and also by examining Christianity using the same techniques, it was extremely controversial. Frazer was greatly influenced by E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (also reissued in this series), and by the work of the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, to whom the first edition is dedicated. That edition, reissued here, was published in two volumes in 1890; the third edition, greatly enlarged to twelve volumes, and published between 1911 and 1915, is also available in this series. Volume 1 considers the motif of the ritual murder of the priest/king in classical mythology.
Making Constitutions
Authors: Negretto Gabriel L.
Published: April 2013

Negretto provides the first systematic explanation of the origins of constitutional designs from an analytical, historical and comparative perspective. Based on analysis of constitutional change in Latin America from 1900 to 2008 and four detailed case studies, Negretto shows the main determinants of constitutional choice are the past performance of constitutions in providing effective and legitimate instruments of government and the strategic interests of the actors who have influence over institutional selection. The book explains how governance problems shape the general guidelines for reform, while strategic calculations and power resources affect the selection of specific alternatives of design. It emphasizes the importance of events that trigger reform and the designers' level of electoral uncertainty for understanding the relative impact of short-term partisan interests on constitution writing. Negretto's study challenges predominant theories of institutional choice and paves the way for the development of a new research agenda on institutional change.
Outsourcing Economics
Authors: Milberg William , Winkler Deborah
Published: April 2013

Outsourcing Economics has a double meaning. First, it is a book about the economics of outsourcing. Second, it examines the way that economists have understood globalization as a pure market phenomenon, and as a result have 'outsourced' the explanation of world economic forces to other disciplines. Markets are embedded in a set of institutions - labor, government, corporate, civil society, and household - that mold the power asymmetries that influence the distribution of the gains from globalization. In this book, William Milberg and Deborah Winkler propose an institutional theory of trade and development starting with the growth of global value chains - international networks of production that have restructured the global economy and its governance over the past twenty-five years. They find that offshoring leads to greater economic insecurity in industrialized countries that lack institutions supporting workers. They also find that offshoring allows firms to reduce domestic investment and focus on finance and short-run stock movements.
Hudson's Bay, or, Every-day Life in the Wilds of North America
Authors: Ballantyne Robert Michael
Published: April 2013

In 1841, aged just sixteen, the intrepid young Scotsman Robert M. Ballantyne (1825–94) joined the Hudson's Bay Company. Posted immediately to North-Eastern Canada, he spent five years traversing the region's inhospitable terrain by sleigh and canoe. His journal and letters home were so evocative that, upon his return, he was persuaded to publish an account of his experiences. Combining anthropological observations with descriptions of landscapes, plants, and animals, the account was applauded by the Dundee Courier for 'opening up a mine of information to the curious' and 'describing the everyday life of a novel and singular existence' with 'buoyancy and animation'. Appearing within a year of the first edition in 1848, the second edition reproduced here is illustrated throughout with views and vignettes. 'Free from tedious details and unnecessary wordiness', Ballantyne's fast-moving and readable narrative challenges many misconceptions about nineteenth-century Canada and its indigenous peoples.
Siberia and the Exile System
Authors: Kennan George
Published: April 2013

The American journalist George Kennan (1854–1924) spent many years travelling in and writing about Russia. After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, Kennan wanted to go to Siberia to examine the penal system and the punishment of political exiles. In this unflinching account, published in two volumes in 1891, Kennan gives vivid descriptions, accompanied by extensive illustrations of the prisons and labour camps and the harsh lives of the people forced to live there. This journey also led to a personal transformation for Kennan himself - he started out as a supporter of the tsarist government but when he returned to the United States, he had become an advocate of political revolution in Russia. In Volume 1, he inspects the overcrowded holding prison of Tyumen, where everyone banished to Siberia was forced to stay before redeployment, and he later speaks to some political exiles.
Siberia and the Exile System
Authors: Kennan George
Published: April 2013

The American journalist George Kennan (1854–1924) spent many years travelling in and writing about Russia. After the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, Kennan wanted to go to Siberia to examine the penal system and the punishment of political exiles. In this unflinching account, published in two volumes in 1891, Kennan gives vivid descriptions, accompanied by extensive illustrations of the prisons and labour camps and the harsh lives of the people forced to live there. This journey also led to a personal transformation for Kennan himself - he started out as a supporter of the tsarist government but when he returned to the United States, he had become an advocate of political revolution in Russia. In Volume 2, he travels to the infamous convict mines of the Trans-Baikal region, and also discusses the extensive police surveillance system he observed while in Russia.
Play, Learning, and Children's Development
Authors: Hedegaard Mariane , Fleer Marilyn
Published: April 2013

This book explores the dynamics in children's everyday lives as they move between school and the family, with particular consideration of how children's motives change in response to new challenges. Professors Mariane Hedegaard and Marilyn Fleer follow four children, two from Australia and two from Denmark, over a twelve-month period. Using these case studies, they show how children's everyday activities, play, and the demands of both family and educational contexts influence their learning and development. The authors contribute to a sociocultural theory formulation that includes the child's perspective in cultural historical contexts. Their approach yields insights that transcend specific nationalities, cultures, and socioeconomic situations. The analysis shows not just how children's family life shapes their experiences in school, but how schools influence and shape their lives at home.
Slavery, Abortion, and the Politics of Constitutional Meaning
Authors: Dyer Justin Buckley
Published: April 2013

For the past forty years, prominent pro-life activists, judges and politicians have invoked the history and legacy of American slavery to elucidate aspects of contemporary abortion politics. As is often the case, many of these popular analogies have been imprecise, underdeveloped and historically simplistic. In Slavery, Abortion, and the Politics of Constitutional Meaning, Justin Buckley Dyer provides the first book-length scholarly treatment of the parallels between slavery and abortion in American constitutional development. In this fascinating and wide-ranging study, Dyer demonstrates that slavery and abortion really are historically, philosophically and legally intertwined in America. The nexus, however, is subtler and more nuanced than is often suggested, and the parallels involve deep principles of constitutionalism.
The Rival Sirens
Authors: Aspden Suzanne
Published: April 2013

The tale of the onstage fight between prima donnas Francesca Cuzzoni and Faustina Bordoni is notorious, appearing in music histories to this day, but it is a fiction. Starting from this misunderstanding, The Rival Sirens suggests that the rivalry fostered between the singers in 1720s London was in large part a social construction, one conditioned by local theatrical context and audience expectations, and heightened by manipulations of plot and music. This book offers readings of operas by Handel and Bononcini as performance events, inflected by the audience's perceptions of singer persona and contemporary theatrical and cultural contexts. Through examining the case of these two women, Suzanne Aspden demonstrates that the personae of star performers, as well as their voices, were of crucial importance in determining the shape of an opera during the early part of the eighteenth century.
Britain, France and the Gothic, 1764–1820
Authors: Wright Angela
Published: April 2013

In describing his proto-Gothic fiction, The Castle of Otranto (1764), as a translation, Horace Walpole was deliberately playing on national anxieties concerning the importation of war, fashion and literature from France in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War. In the last decade of the eighteenth century, as Britain went to war again with France, this time in the wake of revolution, the continuing connections between Gothic literature and France through the realms of translation, adaptation and unacknowledged borrowing led to strong suspicions of Gothic literature taking on a subversive role in diminishing British patriotism. Angela Wright explores the development of Gothic literature in Britain in the context of the fraught relationship between Britain and France, offering fresh perspectives on the works of Walpole, Radcliffe, 'Monk' Lewis and their contemporaries.
Null Subjects
Authors: Camacho José A.
Published: April 2013

The null subject has always been central to linguistic theory, because it tells us a great deal about the underlying structure of language in the human brain, and about the interface between syntax and semantics. Null subjects exist in languages such as Italian, Chinese, Russian and Greek where the subject of a sentence can be tacitly implied, and is understood from the context. In this systematic overview of null subjects, José Camacho reviews the key notions of null subject analyses over the past 30 years and encompasses the most recent findings and developments. He examines a balance of data on a range of languages with null subjects and also explores how adults and children acquire the properties of null subjects. This book provides an accessible and original account of null subject phenomena, ideal for graduate students and academic researchers interested in syntax, semantics and language typology.
The Learner-Centred Curriculum
Authors: Nunan David
Published: April 2013

Traditionally, the curriculum has been regarded as a statement of what should be done in a course of study. The Learner-Centred Curriculum takes as its starting point what is done by language teachers in their classes. Nunan develops a concept of the negotiated model in which the curriculum is a collaboration between teachers and students. The author looks at the curriculum from a teacher's perspective and reports on what instructors focus on in planning, implementing, and evaluating language courses. He synthesizes theoretical models and recent empirical studies, and considers the vital part by curriculum design in coordinating the many aspects of language teaching.
The Language of Business Meetings
Authors: Handford Michael
Published: April 2013

This innovative volume presents an in-depth study of the language used by participants in business meetings. The cutting-edge research draws on the Cambridge and Nottingham Business English Corpus (CANBEC), a unique resource which brings together meetings of different types both within and between companies, involving speakers whose roles and responsibilities vary, and who represent a range of nationalities and first languages. Keywords, concordance lines and discourse analysis provide thorough insights into aspects such as the structural stages of meetings, participants' discursive practices, interpersonal language and creativity, and power and constraint. The author concludes by making practical suggestions for using these findings to inform the teaching of business English.
Old Books, New Technologies
Authors: McKitterick David
Published: April 2013

As we rely increasingly on digital resources, and libraries discard large parts of their older collections, what is our responsibility to preserve 'old books' for the future? David McKitterick's lively and wide-ranging study explores how old books have been represented and interpreted from the eighteenth century to the present day. Conservation of these texts has taken many forms, from early methods of counterfeiting, imitation and rebinding to modern practices of microfilming, digitisation and photography. Using a comprehensive range of examples, McKitterick reveals these practices and their effects to address wider questions surrounding the value of printed books, both in terms of their content and their status as historical objects. Creating a link between historical approaches and the emerging technologies of the future, this book furthers our understanding of old books and their significance in a world of emerging digital technology.
Orientalism and Musical Mission
Authors: Beckles Willson Rachel
Published: April 2013

Orientalism and Musical Mission presents a new way of understanding music's connections with imperialism, drawing on new archive sources and interviews and using the lens of 'mission'. Rachel Beckles Willson demonstrates how institutions such as churches, schools, radio stations and governments, influenced by missions from Europe and North America since the mid-nineteenth century, have consistently claimed that music provides a way of understanding and reforming Arab civilians in Palestine. Beckles Willson discusses the phenomenon not only in religious and developmental aid circles where it has had strong currency, but also in broader political contexts. Plotting a historical trajectory from the late Ottoman and British Mandate eras to the present time, the book sheds new light on relations between Europe, the USA and the Palestinians, and creates space for a neglected Palestinian music history.
A simple competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the specific detection of the multiphosphorylated 1–25 β-casein fragment
Authors: Kume Akinori , Sasayama Akina , Kaneko Tetsuo , Kurisaki Junichi , Oda Munehiro
Published: April 2013

A specific and simple competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to determine bovine β-casein phosphopeptides (β-CPP) in casein phosphopeptides (CPP) or CPP complexes such as casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate complexes added into dairy products. The method combines sample pretreatment designed for CPP enrichment and anti-β-CPP(f(1–25)) monoclonal antibody 1A5 (mAb 1A5). The mAb 1A5 bound specifically to the tryptic phosphopeptides from β-casein but not from αs1- or αs2-casein. Reactivity was also influenced by the extent of the phosphorylated form of serine residues. Based on the sequence-specific recognition and contribution of phosphorylated serine residues, the epitope of mAb 1A5 was found to reside within the cluster motif Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu and the surrounding residues in β-CPP. The competitive ELISA developed here can be used as an alternative to specialised and expensive techniques such as mass spectrometry. In particular, it is suitable for the measurement of CPP or CPP complexes in dairy products, which contain closely related endogenous molecular species.
Composition and textural properties of Mozzarella cheese naturally-enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Caroprese Mariangela , Sevi Agostino , Marino Rosaria , Santillo Antonella , Tateo Alessandra , Albenzio Marzia
Published: April 2013

The effects of adding flaxseed or fish oil to the diet of dairy cows on the chemical and physical profile of Mozzarella cheese production were studied. The experiment involved 24 Friesian cows, divided into 3 groups accordingly fat supplementation: basal diet (CT), diet supplemented with flaxseed (FS) or fish oil (FO). Mozzarella cheeses were manufactured from bulk milk of each group. Bulk milk was analysed for chemical composition and renneting parameters. Mozzarella cheeses were analysed for chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and textural properties. Results suggest that Mozzarella cheese from cows receiving flaxseed supplementation showed a decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFA), an increase in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with control Mozzarella cheese. The increased dietary intake of C18:3 in flaxseed supplemented cows resulted in increased levels of trans-11 C18:1, and of CLA cis-9 trans-11 C18:2, and in low Atherogenic and Trombogenic Indexes. FO Mozzarella cheese showed compositional and textural properties quite similar to CT Mozzarella cheese; however, increased levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in FO Mozzarella were found.
The role of surface glycoconjugates inLeishmaniamidgut attachment examined by competitive binding assays and experimental development in sand flies
Authors: JECNA LUCIE , DOSTALOVA ANNA , WILSON RAY , SEBLOVA VERONIKA , CHANG KWANG-POO , BATES PAUL A. , VOLF PETR
Published: April 2013

Binding of promastigotes to the sand fly midgut epithelium is regarded as an essential part of theLeishmanialife cycle in the vector. AmongLeishmaniasurface molecules putatively involved in attachment to the sand fly midgut, two GPI-anchored molecules are the most prominent: lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and promastigote surface protease gp63. In this work, we examined midgut attachment ofLeishmanialines mutated in GPI-anchored molecules and compared results from 2 different techniques:in vivodevelopment in sand flies andin vitrocompetitive binding assays using fluorescently labelled parasites. In combination with previous studies, our data provide additional support for (1) an LPG-independent parasite-binding mechanism ofLeishmania majorwithin the midgut of the permissive vectorPhlebotomus perniciosus, and provide strong support for (2) the crucial role ofL. majorLPG in specific vectorPhlebotomus papatasi, and (3) a role forLeishmania amazonensisgp63 inLutzomyia longipalpismidgut binding. Moreover, our results suggest a critical role for GPI-anchored proteins and gp63 inLeishmania mexicanaattachment toL. longipalpismidguts, as the wild type (WT) line accounted for over 99% of bound parasites.
Sociodemographic, psychiatric and somatic risk factors for suicide: a Swedish national cohort study
Authors: Crump C. , Sundquist K. , Sundquist J. , Winkleby M. A.
Published: April 2013

Background

More effective prevention of suicide requires a comprehensive understanding of sociodemographic, psychiatric and somatic risk factors. Previous studies have been limited by incomplete ascertainment of these factors. We conducted the first study of this issue using sociodemographic and out-patient and in-patient health data for a national population.

Method

We used data from a national cohort study of 7140589 Swedish adults followed for 8 years for suicide mortality (2001–2008). Sociodemographic factors were identified from national census data, and psychiatric and somatic disorders were identified from all out-patient and in-patient diagnoses nationwide.

Results

There were 8721 (0.12%) deaths from suicide during 2001–2008. All psychiatric disorders were strong risk factors for suicide among both women and men. Depression was the strongest risk factor, with a greater than 15-fold risk among women or men and even higher risks (up to 32-fold) within the first 3 months of diagnosis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer, spine disorders, asthma and stroke were significant risk factors among both women and men (1.4–2.1-fold risks) whereas diabetes and ischemic heart disease were modest risk factors only among men (1.2–1.4-fold risks). Sociodemographic risk factors included male sex, unmarried status or non-employment; and low education or income among men.

Conclusions

All psychiatric disorders, COPD, cancer, spine disorders, asthma, stroke, diabetes, ischemic heart disease and specific sociodemographic factors were independent risk factors for suicide during 8 years of follow-up. Effective prevention of suicide requires a multifaceted approach in both psychiatric and primary care settings, targeting mental disorders (especially depression), specific somatic disorders and indicators of social support.
Transcending objectivism, subjectivism, and the knowledge in-between: the subject in/of ‘strong reflexivity’
Authors: HAMATI-ATAYA INANNA
Published: April 2013

This article addresses theproblématiqueof the subject and the subject-object dichotomy from a post-objectivist, reflexivist perspective informed by a ‘strong’ version of reflexivity. It clarifies the rationale and epistemic-ontological requirements of strong reflexivity comparatively, through a discussion of autoethnography and autobiography, taken as representatives of other variants of reflexive scholarship. By deconstructing the ontological, epistemic, and reflexive statuses of the subject in the auto-ethnographic and auto-biographical variants, the article shows that the move from objectivism to post-objectivism can entail different reconfigurations of the subject-object relation, some of which can lead to subjectivism or an implicit positivist view of the subject. Strong reflexivity provides a coherent and empowering critique of objectivism because it consistently turns the ontological fact of the social situatedness of knowledge into an epistemic principle of social-scientific research, thereby providing reflexivist scholars with a critique of objectivism from within that allows them to reclaim the philosophical, social, and ethical dimensions of objectivity rather than surrender them to the dominant neopositivist tradition.
X-ray powder diffraction data for [Ru(II) Cl η -6-p-cymene (1R,2R)-N-[((1R,2R)-7,7-dimethyl-2-hydroxy-bicyclo-[2.2.1]- heptan-1-yl)-methansulphonyl]-1,2-diphenylethylene-1,2-diamine] complex
Authors: Pažout R. , Maixner J. , Přech J. , Kačer P.
Published: April 2013

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for a new Ru Cl diamide complex, C36H48N2SO3RuCl, are reported [a = 12.487(4) Å, b = 16.624(5) Å, c = 17.230(3) Å, unit-cell volume V = 3576,79 Å3, Z = 4, and space group P212121]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P212121 space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Relative language exposure, processing efficiency and vocabulary in Spanish–English bilingual toddlers
Authors: HURTADO NEREYDA , GRÜTER THERES , MARCHMAN VIRGINIA A. , FERNALD ANNE
Published: April 2013

Research with monolingual children has shown that early efficiency in real-time word recognition predicts later language and cognitive outcomes. In parallel research with young bilingual children, processing ability and vocabulary size are closely related within each language, although not across the two languages. For children in dual-language environments, one source of variation in patterns of language learning is differences in the degree to which they are exposed to each of their languages. In a longitudinal study of Spanish/English bilingual children observed at 30 and 36 months, we asked whether the relative amount of exposure to Spanish vs. English in daily interactions predicts children's relative efficiency in real-time language processing in each language. Moreover, to what extent does early exposure and speed of lexical comprehension predict later expressive and receptive vocabulary outcomes in Spanish vs. English? Results suggest that processing skill and language experience each promote vocabulary development, but also that experience with a particular language provides opportunities for practice in real-time comprehension in that language, sharpening processing skills that are critical for learning.
Imaging of Cellular Dynamics by Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy
Authors: Piston David W. , Bennett Brian D. , Ying Guangtao
Published: April 2013

Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy provides attractive
advantages over confocal microscopy for three-dimensionally
resolved fluorescence imaging. Two-photon excitation arises
from the simultaneous absorption of two photons in a single
quantitized event whose probability is proportional to the square
of the instantaneous intensity. For example, two red photons
(∼700 nm) can cause the transition to an excited electronic
state normally reached by absorption in the ultraviolet (∼350
nm). In the fluorescence experiments described here, the final
excited state is the same singlet state that is populated during
a conventional fluorescence experiment. Thus, the fluorophore
exhibits the same emission properties (e.g., wavelength shifts,
environmental sensitivity) used in typical biological microscopy
studies. Three properties of two-photon excitation give this
method its advantage over conventional optical sectioning
microscopies: (1) the excitation is limited to the focal volume,
thus providing inherent three-dimensional resolution and minimizing
photobleaching and photodamage; (2) the two-photon technique
allows imaging of UV fluorophores with only conventional visible
light optics; (3) red light is far less damaging to most living
cells and tissues than UV light and permits deeper sectioning,
because both absorbance and scattering are reduced. Many cell
biological applications of two-photon excitation microscopy
have been successfully realized, demonstrating the wide ranging
power of this technique.
A Dual Wavelength Microfluorimeter for Measuring Fast
Intracellular Calcium Signals
Authors: Hogan Perry M. , Besch Stephen R.
Published: April 2013

A dual excitation microfluorimeter is described for measuring
rapidly changing, intracellular calcium signals. A spinning
sector wheel is used in conjunction with a beam masking device
to provide rapid, efficient switching between the 2 excitation
wavelengths. Exposure intervals as short as 120 μs can be
achieved, yielding ratio samples at a rate of 6 kHz. Emission
photons are collected using a photomultiplier tube operating
in counting mode. When tested using FURA-2 as the calcium reporting
dye, throughput noise in the system is demonstrated to be due
to the statistical fluctuation inherent in photon counting.
An example of the operation of the system, using a guinea pig
cardiac myocyte, demonstrates that sufficient ratio data may
be acquires to fully characterize the fastest components of
the intracellular calcium signal.
A Cross-Correlation Method for Merging Electron Crystallographic
Image Data
Authors: Thomas Irene M. , Schmid Michael F.
Published: April 2013

An efficient method of merging images from electron
crystallographic data has been developed that is several orders
of magnitude faster than the method of phase shift origin search.
The results of this new cross-correlation method are compared
with the phase residual in terms of speed, consistency with
the phase residual method, and the ease of incorporating symmetry
constraints along with the image-to-image merging. The program
is further accelerated by a more efficient sorting procedure.
Tunable Label Contrast on the Cell Surface: Photoelectron
Imaging with Multiple Wavelength Excitation
Authors: Hedberg Karen K. , Birrell G. Bruce , Habliston Douglas L. , Griffith O. Hayes
Published: April 2013

Photoelectron imaging is a novel way of imaging the distribution
of specific cell surface components. The basic principle is
the photoelectric effect, in which electrons are ejected from
the specimen by UV light. There are two primary forms of image
contrast in photoelectron microscopy: material contrast and
topographical contrast. Material contrast, provided by differences
in photoelectron quantum yields, makes it possible to select
labels that appear bright against the darker background of the
cell surface. Topographical contrast ensures that label
distribution can be interpreted in the context of cellular
structures. By varying the wavelength of the exciting light,
the contrast between label and cell surface can be controlled
(tuned) to produce images ranging from a primarily topographical
view of the surface to those showing only the label distribution.
Being an emission-based technique, photoelectron imaging shares
with fluorescence microscopy the ability to image label
distributions at low magnification. However, unlike fluorescence
microscopy the photoelectron image is formed by electrons, which
generates a greater level of attainable resolution. Label contrast
and wavelength-dependent tunability of contrast is illustrated
with images of silver-enhanced immunogold-labeled cell surfaces,
including selective labeling of cells in mixed-cell co-cultures,
the cell surface CD44 adhesion protein on human glioma cells,
fibronectin patterns on human fibroblasts, and the human
transferrin receptor on MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells.
Microscopic Explorations is Published
Authors: Schooley Caroline
Published: April 2013

Microscopic Explorations, Microscopy Society of
America's microscopy-based middle school manual, has just been
published by the Lawrence Hall of Science (LHS), one of the leading
institutions in U.S. precollege science education. This is an appropriate
time to give some thanks and present some history. Let's begin with
the description of the manual that appears in the MICRO bibliography (MSA
Bulletin [Special Issue] 23:1–16 [1997], and
www.MSA.microsco-py.com/Project MICRO/Books.html).
Microscopical Society of Canada Presidential Message
Authors: Sherburne Richard
Published: April 2013

As the new President of the Microscopical Society of Canada, I am
aware that it is going to be difficult to follow in the footsteps of our
past Presidents. A major concern, as with many societies, is the decline
in membership; the MSC/SMC is no different.
Microscopy Society of America (MSA) Placement Office: Positions
Open
Authors: Watson John H.L.
Published: April 2013

This list contains brief descriptions of each of the positions known
to be open in the Microscopy Society of America (MSA) Placement Office
files. Potential employers are urged to use the Placement Office as widely
as possible to advertise their needs to MSA members. Likewise, MSA members
who are seeking employment in microscopy are urged to register with the
Office to receive data on open positions periodically.
Brazilian Society for Microscopy and Microanalysis Presidential
Message
Authors: Solorzano Guillermo
Published: April 2013

This is the first time that the president of a Brazilian scientific
society has addressed a message through Microscopy and Microanalysis.
I would like to thank Barbara Reine, News and Commentary Editor, and Dale
Johnson, Microscopy and Microanalysis Editor-in-Chief, for giving me
the honor of this inaugural opportunity.
Microscopy Society of America (MSA) Placement Office: Positions
Open
Authors: Watson John
Published: April 2013

This list contains brief descriptions of each of the positions known
to be open in Microscopy Society of America (MSA) Placement Office files
as of January 1, 1998. Potential employers are urged to use the Placement
Office as widely as possible to advertise their needs to MSA members.
Likewise, MSA members who are seeking employment in microscopy are urged
to register with the Office to receive data on open positions
periodically.
Application of Light Microscopy to Direct Coal Liquefaction
Research
Authors: Irdi Gino A. , Warzinski Robert P. , Booher Harold B.
Published: April 2013

Light microscopy was used to analyze the effects of added catalyst at
different conditions (temperature and reaction times) in liquefaction
testing of a low pyritic sulfur bituminous coal. Quantitative changes in
vitrinite/vitroplast reflectance of coal and liquefaction residues were
shown to be useful markers in analyzing and understanding the role of
catalyst during the initial stage of coal particle hydrogenation. Lower
reflectance values corresponded to increased conversions up to about the
60 min and 375°C experimental conditions. Microscopical observation of
liquefaction residues also revealed the presence of “wall scales”
of varying width.
Method of Calculating True Particle Size Distributions from Observed
Sizes in a Thin Section
Authors: Nauman E. Bruce , Cavanaugh Timothy J.
Published: April 2013

Particle size distributions obtained from a thin section are usually a
skewed version of the true distribution. A previous method for determining
the parent distribution was questionable because negative particle
frequencies could be obtained. Here, we describe a method of determining
parent distributions of spherical particles using a model with adjustable
parameters. Our calculated distributions are somewhat broader than the
distributions obtained with previous methods, but the average particle
sizes are nearly identical. The newly developed model is applicable to any
type of transmission microscopy.
Understanding Interphase Boundary Dynamics by In Situ
High-Resolution and Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscopy and
Real-Time Image Simulation
Authors: Howe J.M. , Murray T.M. , Moore K.T. , Csontos A.A. , Tsai M.M. , Garg A. , Benson W.E.
Published: April 2013

This study discusses the use of in situ high-resolution transmission
electron microscropy (HRTEM) techniques to determine the structure,
composition, and interphase boundary dynamics during phase transformations
at the atomic level. Three main in situ HRTEM techniques are described:
(1) in situ HRTEM dynamic studies that are performed on the same
precipitate plates from different viewing directions to determine the
three-dimensional structure of the interfaces; (2) in situ
compositional mapping of precipitate interfaces obtained by
energy-filtering TEM experiments at temperature in a HRTEM, and
(3) real-time HRTEM image simulations that are being created for
comparison with and interpretation of experimental in situ HRTEM dynamic
observations. The results from these studies demonstrate that it is
possible to understand the mechanisms and kinetics of interphase boundary
motion at the atomic level.
Ostwald Ripening of Self-Assembled Germanium Islands on
Silicon(100)
Authors: Ross F.M. , Tersoff J. , Tromp R.M.
Published: April 2013

We describe here real-time, in situ observations of the formation of
nanosize germanium (Ge) islands on silicon (Si). The deposition of Ge onto
electron-transparent Si(100) takes place in a UHV transmission electron
microscope that has been modified to allow chemical vapor deposition to be
carried out in the polepiece. We recorded the growth process at video rate
and were therefore able to follow the evolution of individual islands. As
the islands grew, we observed a coarsening process similar to classical
Ostwald ripening, but which leads at certain times to a bimodal
distribution of island sizes. We show that this phenomenon can be
understood using a model in which a conventional coarsening process is
modified by a transition between two different island shapes.
Conformation of Fibronectin Fibrils Varies: Discrete Globular
Domains of Type III Repeats Detected
Authors: Peters Donna M. Pesciotta , Chen Ya , Zardi Luciano , Brummel Sara
Published: April 2013

Cryo-high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze
the conformation of fibronectin fibrils formed in human skin fibroblast
cultures or in a cell-free system by treating soluble plasma fibronectin
with guanidine. Structurally, fibrils assembled in the cell-free system
and in culture were similar. Assembly of both fibrillar networks involves
interactions with the III1 and amino terminal repeats of
fibronectin; their conformations consist of either smooth surfaces or
patches of smooth surfaces and nodules randomly spaced along the fibril.
The random distribution of these two conformations in fibrils indicates
that fibronectin fibrils are capable of undergoing localized conformational
changes. The nodules may be discrete domains of 3 to 4 type III repeats,
as they can be labeled with the monoclonal antibody IST-2 to the
III13-14 repeats in fibronectin and are found in 160 kDa and
85 kDa fragments of fibronectin that only contain type III repeats. In our
study, smooth regions of fibrils were never recognized by the IST-2 antibody,
suggesting that the epitope in the III13-14 repeats is masked in
these regions. These results demonstrate that fibronectin fibrils are
flexible and certain epitopes of fibronectin may be buried, or exposed,
depending on the conformation of the fibril. They also show that fibrils
assembled in cell-free conditions can be a powerful tool for studying fibril
formation.