bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Three‐Dimensional Lead 2,6‐Dihydroxybenzoate with Channels
Authors: Thirumurugan A. , Suchethan P. A. , Cheetham A. K. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: October 2007

A lead 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoate of the formula Pb(C14H10O8) (I) has been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography and spectroscopic techniques. (crystal data: monoclinic, space group = Cc (no. 9), a = 11.2155(2), b = 9.2942(2), c = 13.5112(3) Å, β = 96.510(1)°, V = 1399.31(5) Å3, Z = 4). This is the first three‐dimensional metal dihydroxybenzoate structure, comprising 3,6‐connected periodic net and having channels with the dimensions 3.8 × 3.8Å and 10.8 × 3.8Å. The coordination of the PbO8 polyhedron is holodirected and the electron lone pair of the lead is, therefore, not manifested in I. It exhibits photoluminescence in the violet, green and red when excited at 240, 390 and 525 nm, respectively.
Back‐bonding in Organonickel Complexes with Terpyridine Ligands – A Structural Approach
Authors: Hamacher Claudia , Hurkes Natascha , Kaiser André , Klein Axel
Published: October 2007

A series of organonickel complexes [(R′terpy)Ni(aryl)]X (R′terpy = derivatives of 2,2′;6′,6″‐terpyridine; R′ = 4‐H, 4‐Cl, 4‐Tol and 4,4′,4″‐tBu3; aryl = 2,6‐dimethylphenyl = Xyl or 2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl = Mes; X = Br or PF6) have been prepared and characterized. The crystal structures exhibit a number of intermolecular H bond type interactions, but the structure determining force seems to be the packing of the aryl co‐ligands. The molecules reveal rather undistorted square planar coordination with a N3C ligand set, the central Ni–N bond being remarkably short, despite the expected strong trans influence of the aryl co‐ligands. The long‐wavelength absorptions were assigned to charge transfer transitions. No emission is observed at ambient temperature in the solid and in solution and at low temperature in glasses.
Scaled Quantum Mechanical Force Fields for the Isoelectronic Molecules CF3X (X = SiH3, PH2, SH, Cl )
Authors: Fernández L. E. , Varetti E. L.
Published: October 2007

The vibrational properties of the CF3X (X = SiH3, PH2, SH, Cl) series of molecules were studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) techniques. After obtaining the optimized geometrical parameters and conformations, the frequencies corresponding to the normal modes of vibration and the associated force constants were calculated. The original force fields in Cartesian coordinates were transformed to local symmetry coordinates and subsequently scaled to reproduce the experimental frequencies. Some trends observed in the experimental data could be explained on the basis of the calculated atomic charges.
Crystal Growth, Single‐Crystal Structure Refinement and Unusual Ligand‐Field Splittings of Lazulite‐Type Oxidephosphates MTi2O2(PO4)2 (M = FeII, CoII, NiII)
Authors: Schöneborn M. , Glaum R.
Published: October 2007

Single crystals of oxidephosphates MTi2O2(PO4)2 [M: Fe (dark red), Co (pinkish red), Ni (green)] with edge‐lengths up to 0.4 mm were grown by chemical vapour transport. FeTi2O2(PO4)2 and CoTi2O2(PO4)2 are isotypic to NiTi2O2(PO4)2. The crystal structure of the latter was previously solved from powder data [FeTi2O2(PO4)2 (data for CoTi2O2(PO4)2 and NiTi2O2(PO4)2 in brackets): monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 2, a = 7.394(3) (7.381(6), 7.388(4)) Å, b = 7.396(2) (7.371(5), 7.334(10)) Å, c = 7.401(3) (7.366(6), 7.340(3)) Å, β = 120.20(3) (120.26(6), 120.12(4))°, R1 = 0.0393 (0.0309, 0.0539) wR2 = 0.1154 (0.0740, 0.1389), 2160 (1059, 1564) independent reflections, 75 (76, 77) variables]. The single‐crystal study allowed improved refinement using anisotropic displacement parameters, yielded lower standard deviations for the structural parameters and revealed a small amount of cation disordering. Twinning and cation disordering within the structures are rationalized by a detailed crystallographic classification of the MTi2O2(PO4)2 structure type in terms of group‐subgroup relations. The structure is characterized by a three‐dimensional network of [PO4] tetrahedra and [MIITi2O12] groups formed by face‐sharing of [MIIO6] and [TiO6] octahedra. Electronic absorption spectra of MTi2O2(PO4)2 in the UV/VIS/NIR region show rather large ligand‐field splittings for the strongly trigonally distorted chromophors [MIIO6] (M = Fe, Co, Ni) with interelectronic repulsion parameters beeing slightly smaller than in other phosphates. Interpretation of the spectra within the framework of the angular overlap model reveals a significant second‐sphere ligand field effect of TiIV ions on the electronic levels of the NiII and CoII.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of new Macromolecule Iron(III) Complex Containing Dimethyl Phosphate, Acetate, and Dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Rafizadeh Masoud , Amani Vahid
Published: October 2007

The reaction between a solution of [Fe3O(μ‐OAc)6(H2O)3]Cl·6H2O (1) (OAc = acetate) and TMP (TMP = trimethyl phosphate) in absolute ethanol and DMSO (DMSO = dimethyl sulfoxide), led to the coordination macromolecule ‐[Fe16(μ3O)8(μ3‐OH)4(μ‐OH)4(μ‐DMP)12(μ‐OAc)12(DMSO)4]·2DMSO·1.5H2O (2) (DMP = dimethyl phosphate). This complex was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single‐crystal structure. Crystal data for 2 at −153 °C: triclinic, space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$, a = 18.185(2), b = 18.349(2), c = 21.976(3) Å, α = 91.633(3)°, ß = 103.833(3)° γ = 96.486(3)°, Z = 2 and R1 = 0.0655.
Ca2Pd2In and Ca2Pt2In with Monoclinic HT‐Pr2Co2Al Type Structure
Authors: Muts Ihor R. , Zaremba Vasyl I. , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Hermes Wilfried , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: October 2007

The metal‐rich indides Ca2Pd2In and Ca2Pt2In were synthesised from the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules in an induction furnace. Both samples were investigated by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: HT‐Pr2Co2Al type, C2/c, a = 1017.6(5), b = 574.1(3), c = 812.7(3) pm, β = 104.54(2)°, wR2 = 0.0344, 590 F2 values for Ca2Pd2In and a = 1004.3(3), b = 568.9(1), c = 813.1(2) pm, β = 104.25(2)°, wR2 = 0.0435, 654 F2 values for Ca2Pt2In with 25 variables per refinement. The structure contain Pd2 (272 pm) and Pt2 (264 pm) dumb‐bells with a trigonal prismatic coordination for each transition metal atom. These AlB2 related slabs are condensed via common edges. Together the palladium and indium atoms build up three‐dimensional [Pd2In] and [Pt2In] polyanionic networks in which the calcium atoms fill larger channels. The bonding of calcium to the network proceeds via shorter Ca–Pd and Ca–Pt contacts. Ca2Pd2In and Ca2Pt2In are Pauli paramagnets.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two New Transition‐Metal Complex Salts of the Wells‐Dawson Polyanion
Authors: Tian Aixiang , Han Zhangang , Peng Jun , Sha Jingquan , Zhai Jiangli , Zhang Pengpeng , Chen Jing , Liu Hongsheng
Published: October 2007

Two new transition‐metal (TM) complex salts of the Wells‐Dawson polyanion: [Cu(2,2′‐bpy)3]2[Cu(2,2′‐bpy)2]2[P2W18O62] (1) and [2,2′‐bpy]8[Fe(2,2′‐bpy)3]8[P2W18O62]4·9H2O (2) (2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by using pre‐prepared α‐K6P2W18O62·15H2O as a precursor. Crystal data for compound 1: monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 20.722(4) Å, b = 21.988(4) Å, c = 29.614(6) Å, β = 104.32(3)°, V = 13074(5) Å3, Z = 4; for compound 2: triclinic, space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$, a = 15.804(3) Å, b = 27.519(6) Å, c = 27.566(6) Å, α = 72.71(3)°, β = 89.94(3)°, γ = 89.90(3)°, V = 11447(5) Å3, Z = 1. Compounds 1 and 2 have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectra, thermogravimetric analysis, XPS spectra and cyclic voltammetry. The two compounds were used as solid bulk modifiers to fabricate bulk‐modified carbon paste electrodes (1‐, 2‐CPE). The electrochemical behaviors of 1‐, 2‐CPE have been studied in detail. The redox behavior of the parent Wells‐Dawson type cluster was maintained completely in compounds 1 and 2.
Mono and Poly‐nuclear Silver(I) Complexes with Thiosaccharin and Triphenylphosphine. Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Structural Characterization of Thiosaccharinato‐bis(triphenylphosphine)silver(I) and Tetrakis{thiosaccharinato(triphenylphosphine)silver(I)}
Authors: Dennehy Mariana , Mandolesi Sandra D. , Quinzani Oscar V. , Jennings Michael
Published: October 2007

The reaction of Ag6(tsac)6 (1) (tsac = thiosaccharinate anion) with triphenylphosphine gives rise to the already reported [Ag(tsac)(PPh3)3] complex (2) and to two new silver‐thiosaccharinate‐phosphine complexes, [Ag(tsac)(PPh3)2] (3) and [Ag4(tsac)4(PPh3)4] (4) (PPh3= triphenylphosphine). Spectroscopic characterization was carried out using IR, UV‐Visible and NMR techniques and confirmed by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. In each complex a singular coordination mode for the thiosaccharinate ligand is observed. The most important features of the different coordination modes of the thionates are discussed. Compound 3 crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group Pn, with a = 11.2293(3) Å, b = 12.7282(3) Å, c = 13.6056(4) Å, β = 94.985(2)°, Z = 2; while crystals of compound 4 are monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 15.024(3) Å, b = 14.681(3) Å, c = 21.914(4) Å, β = 95.31(3)°, Z = 2. The coordination around the silver atoms in both complexes consists of almost trigonal‐planar arrangements, AgP2S in 3 and AgS2P in 4.
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur des Lithium‐Strontium‐Hydridnitrids LiSr2H2N
Authors: Blaschkowski Björn , Schleid Thomas
Published: October 2007

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Lithium Strontium Hydride Nitride LiSr2H2N

LiSr2H2N was synthesized by the reaction of LiH and Li3N with elemental strontium in sealed tantalum tubes at 650 °C within seven days. This second example of a quaternary hydride nitride crystallizes orthorhombically in space group Pnma (no. 62) with the lattice constants a = 747.14(5) pm, b = 370.28(3) pm and c = 1329.86(9) pm (Z = 4). Its crystal structure contains both kinds of anions H− and N3− in a sixfold distorted octahedral metal cation coordination each. The coordination polyhedra [(H1)Sr5Li]10+, trans‐[(H2)Sr4Li2]9+ and [NSr5Li]8+ are connected via edges and corners to form a three‐dimensional network. Two crystallographically different Sr2+ cations exhibit a sevenfold monocapped trigonal prismatic coordination by H− and N3− with [(Sr1)H5N2]9− and [(Sr2)H4N3]11− polyhedra, wheras Li+ shows a nearly planar fourfold coordinative environment ([LiH3N]5−). Cationic double chains of edge‐shared [NSr5Li]8+ octahedra dominate the structure according to $^{1}_{\infty}\rm \{[N(Sr1)_{2/2}(Sr2)_{3/3}Li_{1/1}]^{2+}\}$. Running parallel to the [0 1 0] direction, they are bundled like a hexagonal rod‐packing which is interconnected by H− anions within the (0 0 1) plane first and finally even in the third dimension (i. e. along [0 0 1]). Therefore the structure of LiSr2H2N is compared to that one of the closely related quaternary hydride oxide LiLa2HO3.
Stuffed Graphite‐like vs. Stuffed Diamond‐like Structures of the 18 Valence Electron Compounds REAuSn (RE = Sc, Y, La‐Nd, Sm, Gd‐Lu)
Authors: Lee Changhoon , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan , Köhler Jürgen
Published: October 2007

18‐electron compounds REML (RE = rare earth metal; M = Cu, Ag, Au; L = Ge, Sn) can adopt either the stuffed graphite‐like (P63mc) or the stuffed diamond‐like ($F{\bar 4}{\rm 3}m$) structure. To understand why one structure is favored over the other, we carried out density functional theory electronic structure calculations for a number of REAuSn compounds. The stuffed graphite‐like and stuffed diamond‐like structures of an 18‐electron compound REAuSn are quite similar in their electronic structures with the Au atoms best described as existing as anions. The diamond‐like REML becomes possible only when the RE3+ ion is small and the M‐L bond is long.
ErF3‐reiche ternäre Erbiumfluoride mit den schweren Alkalimetallen: I. KEr3F10 und RbEr3F10
Authors: Müller‐Bunz Helge , Schleid Thomas
Published: October 2007

ErF3‐Rich Ternary Erbium Fluorides with the Heavy Alkali Metals: I. KEr3F10 and RbEr3F10

The conversion of erbium trifluoride (ErF3) with chlorides of the heavy alkali metals (ACl; A = K, Rb and Cs) at 700–800 °C in tantalum capsules sealed by arc‐welding surprisingly results in the formation of ErF3‐rich ternary alkali‐metal erbium(III) fluorides with the compositions AEr3F10 (A = K and Rb) or CsEr2F7, respectively. The first‐mentioned compounds are characterized by high coordination numbers at the alkali‐metal cation (CN(A+) = 15 and 16) as well as by a uniform surrounding of the Er3+ cation (CN = 8, square antiprism). In KEr3F10 (cubic, $Fm{\bar 3}m$Fm3m; a = 1154.06(7) pm, Z = 8) eight (F1)− anions always arrange as a cube, whose six faces are each capped by an Er3+ cation. These [(F1)8Er6]10+ groups constitute a cubic closest sphere‐packing with K+ cations in all of the tetrahedral interstices. The [Er6(μ3‐F1)8]10+ units are interconnected via the remainder fluoride anions (F2) to build up a three‐dimensional framework so that the characteristic [ErF8]5− polyhedra (d(Er3+−F−) = 220 – 235 pm) emerge. In RbEr3F10 (hexagonal, P63mc; a = 818.43(5), c = 1336.54(8) pm, Z = 4) the analogous [ErF8]5− polyhedra (d(Er3+−F−) = 219 – 237 pm) initially convene to triple groups [Er3F19]10− through cis‐edge condensation, which are then further connected via F− corners to arrange as a two‐dimensional network perpendicular to the c axis. Finally, the cross‐linking of these layers is achieved by common F− vertices again, such that large cavities apt to take up the Rb+ cations are formed. A second part of these series will report on the syntheses and crystal structures of the ErF3‐poorer AEr2F7‐type representatives with A = K, Rb and Cs.
Aurophilicity in Tetraphenylphosphonium 7,8‐Bis(diphenylphosphino)‐7,8‐dicarba‐nido‐undecaborato‐dibromo‐digold(I) [PPh4][{(PPh2)2‐C2B9H10}(AuBr)2]
Authors: Effendy  , Healy Peter C. , Noack Cassandra L. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H. , Young David J.
Published: October 2007

Reactions of tetraphenylphosphonium dibromoaurate(I) with 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,2‐dicarba‐closo‐dodecaborane in 2:1 ratio in acetone solution yields brown crystals shown to be the title compound. A single crystal X‐ray study shows coordination of AuBr moieties by the phosphorus atoms of the ligand (Au‐P 2.253(1), 2.246(1); Ag‐Br 2.4041(7), 2.4067(7) Å), permitting a close Au···Au contact (2.9536(3) Å) with concomitant bending of the P‐Au‐Br arrays (173.99(4), 166.14(4)°) and a Br‐Au···Au‐Br torsion of 47.80(2)°.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of RbMnO2
Authors: Pfeiffer Steffen , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2007

RbMnO2 was prepared via the azide/nitrate route. Stoichiometric mixtures of the precursers (Mn2O3, RbN3 and RbNO3) were heated in a special regime up to 600 °C and annealed at this temperature for 30 h in specially designed silver crucibles. Single crystals have been grown by annealing a 1:1 mixture of Rb2O and MnOx at 585 °C for 1200 h. According to the crystal structure determination Mn3+ is in a square‐pyramidal coordination by oxygen. These [MnO5] units form double chains extending along the crystallographic c‐axis. RbMnO2 shows Curie‐Weiss behaviour down to ∼ 100 K. A fit of the susceptibility data yields an average value of the magnetic moment (per manganese atom) of μeff = 5.33 μB, and θp = –820 K. At 50 K and low field strength onset of ferromagnetic order due to spin canting has been observed.
Synthesis and Structure of BaPtIn3 and BaTl0.63In3.33. Two Contrasting Examples of Preferential Site Occupation in BaAl4‐Type Structures
Authors: Palasyuk Andriy , Corbett John D.
Published: October 2007

The title compounds have been synthesised by high temperature means and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The compounds crystallize in the tetragonal structure type of BaAl4, I4/mmm, Z = 2 (a = 4.8130(7), 5.0196(8) Å; c = 11.669(2), 11.900(3) Å for BaPtIn3 and BaTl0.63In3.37, respectively).Platinum and thallium randomly substitute for 50 % of the In in the apical 4e and for 30 % in the basal 4d positions in the two networks, respectively. Consistent with both size and relative electronegativity factors, the basal positions in BaAl4‐type structure are appropriate for substitution by dimensionally and chemically similar atoms (Tl), which is different from the apical sites in which electronegativities or bond strengths are more important (Pt).
Structural and Magnetic Properties of Pr2BaCuO5 Oxide
Authors: Pascual E. Climent , de Paz J. Romero , Puche Regino Sáez
Published: October 2007

The Pr2BaCuO5 oxide has been prepared by using a precursor method. X‐ray and neutron diffraction data reveal that this mixed oxide crystallizes with the so‐called Nd2BaPtO5‐type structure, showing tetragonal symmetry and space group P4/mbm. Magnetic susceptibility, magnetization and specific heat measurements reveal that Pr2BaCuO5 oxide behaves as antiferromagnet, where the Pr3+ and Cu2+ sublattices become simultaneously ordered at 15 K. Preliminary neutron diffraction studies confirm this proposed antiferromagnetic ordering and it can be described by the wave vector k = [0,0,0].
M2B5 or M2B4? A Reinvestigation of the Mo/B and W/B System
Authors: Frotscher Michael , Klein Wilhelm , Bauer Joseph , Fang Chang‐Ming , Halet Jean‐Franois , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Baehtz Carsten , Albert Barbara
Published: October 2007

The literature states different compositions (M/B = 1:2 vs. 2:5) and structures for diborides of molybdenum and tungsten. Using X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction as well as energy and wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis, the Mo/B and W/B systems were now reinvestigated. Molybdenum diboride crystallizes as a stoichiometric compound Mo2B4 (formerly described as Mo2B5) in space group $R{\bar 3}m$ (No. 166, a, b = 3.01375(2) Å, c = 20.9541(3) Å), and as a non‐stoichiometric compound MoB2−x (formerly described as MoB2) in P6/mmm (No. 191, a, b = 3.043(2) Å, c = 3.067(2) Å), whereas stoichiometric tungsten diboride W2B4 (formerly described as W2B5) is found to crystallize in space group P63/mmc (No. 194, a, b = 2.9864(4) Å, c = 13.896(2) Å). These results seem to be supported by DFT calculations which show the instability of a hypothetic W2B5.
Komplexe Fluoride von Palladium(II) – eine kurze Übersicht
Authors: Serafin Michael , Müller Bernd G.
Published: October 2007

Fluor und seine Verbindungen nehmen in vielfacher Hinsicht eine gewisse Sonderstellung ein und sie unterscheiden sich häufig merklich von den schweren Homologen bzw. deren Verbindungen. Dies trifft zum einen für die unterschiedliche Stabilität vergleichbarer Oxidationsstufen – soweit überhaupt zugänglich – als auch zum anderen die im Allgemeinen zu beobachtende Zusammensetzung oder Strukturen der jeweiligen Verbindungen sowohl in binären als auch ternären oder noch komplexeren Systemen zu. Neben dem weitgehend ionischen Bindungscharakter (zumindest bei niederen Oxidationsstufen), der geringen Größe – F− ist das kleinste einfach geladene Anion – spielt – jedenfalls bei Übergangsmetallkomplexen – bisweilen auch noch dessen geringe Ligandenfeldstärke bei der Anordnung der Liganden (Koordinationssphäre) eine wesentliche Rolle. Eines der markantesten Beispiele hierfür stellen die PdII‐Fluoride dar, über die im Folgenden im Rahmen einer kurzen Zusammenfassung berichtet werden soll.
Hydrogen Bonds in Rubidium Amide‐Ammonia(3/2), RbNH2·2/3NH3
Authors: Scheubeck Thomas , Korber Nikolaus
Published: October 2007

Rubidium amide‐ammonia(3/2), RbNH2·2/3NH3, was synthesized from Rubidiumhydride, RbH, in liquid ammonia at −78 °C. The compound crystallizes in the cubic space group I213 with Z = 4, a = 10.0490(12) Å, and V = 1014.77(20) Å as isometric colorless crystals. The crystal structure was solved from single‐crystal X‐ray data. The structure contains a three‐dimensional network of amide anions and ammonia molecules, which are interconnected via hydrogen bonds.
Atomvolumina und Ladungsverteilungen in Nitridometallaten
Authors: Bronger Welf , Baranov Alexey , Wagner Frank R. , Kniep Rüdiger
Published: October 2007

Atom Volumina and Charge Distributions in Nitridometalates

The linear relation between the nitride volumina calculated by use of the QTAIM‐method developed by Bader and those derived from the tables of volume increments reported by Biltz does not hold for nitridometalates Aa[MmNn] (A = alkali or alkaline earth metal, M = transition metal). The clear deviation from linearity is caused by the different kinds of chemical bonds being present within the complex [MmNn] anions on the one hand and between the complex anions and the cations on the other hand. The significant covalency of the chemical bonds within the complex [MmNn] anions is reflected by the calculated volumina and the charge distributions between the M and N atoms using the Bader method. By comparing the oxidation numbers of the atoms forming the complex anions with their calculated charge assignments (QTAIM method) a significant charge reduction becomes evident.
Emotional Reaction to Fragile X Premutation Carrier Tests Among Infertile Women
Authors: Pastore Lisa M. , Morris Wendy L. , Karns Logan B.
Published: October 2007

Female fragile X premutation carriers are at ∼10‐fold increased risk of premature ovarian failure (follicle stimulating hormone >40 mIU/mL, amenorrhea, age <40). A milder degree of premature ovarian aging (diminished ovarian reserve, where follicle stimulating hormone levels are typically 10–20 mIU/mL) results in infertility. Approximately 10% of fertility clinic patients have this diagnosis. A cohort of 20 women diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve provided a blood specimen (confidential results), and completed structured questionnaires that assessed emotional reactions to potentially being a premutation carrier (pretest questionnaire, n = 20) and the posttest known carrier status (3 month follow‐up questionnaire, n = 18 non‐carriers). Responses were measured using 9‐point scales, and analyzed with Fisher exact and Wilcoxon exact tests. While most participants did not view fragile X premutations as a serious medical condition, perceptions of seriousness were positively correlated with anger and regret about not knowing sooner of the potential association of these premutations with infertility. Overall, when women (pretest) imagined themselves as carriers, their self‐esteem and Health Orientation Scale responses were unchanged with the exception of feeling more afraid (p = 0.004). Despite strongly wishing for negative test results, they were glad to know there might be a medical explanation for their infertility.
Free‐Radical‐Scavenging Effect of Carbazole Derivatives on DPPH and ABTS Radicals
Authors: Tang You‐Zhi , Liu Zai‐Qun
Published: October 2007

The major objective was to measure the trolox (6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid) equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of carbazole derivatives (Ar2NHs) by means of scavenging 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) radical cation (ABTS+·). The Ar2NHs included phenoxazine (PozNH), phenothiazine (PtzNH), iminostilbene (IsbNH) and diphenylamine (DpaNH), and the TEAC of trolox, α‐tocopherol (TocH), l‐ascorbic acid (VC) and l‐ascorbyl‐6‐laurate (VC‐12) were measured as well. The TEAC results revealed that the ability to scavenge DPPH (PozNH > IsbNH ~PtzNH ~TroH ~TocH ~VC ~VC12), differed from the ability to scavenge ABTS+ (PtzNH > IsbNH > PozNH > DpaNH ~TroH ~TocH ~VC ~VC12). CazNH did not react with DPPH and ABTS+·. Furthermore, the addition of acetic acid accelerated the reaction rate of Ar2NH to scavenge DPPH, suggesting that a sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanism occurred with amine‐type antioxidants during the trapping of DPPH. In contrast, the addition of acetic acid or pyridine reduced the reaction rate of Ar2NH to scavenge ABTS+., suggesting that the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism is the basis for the reaction that is occurring.
Melting and Solidification Properties of Palm Kernel Oil, Tallow, and Palm Olein Blends in the Preparation of Shortening
Authors: Jin Qingzhe , Zhang Ting , Shan Liang , Liu Yuanfa , Wang Xingguo
Published: October 2007

Ternary systems composed of palm kernel oil (PKO), tallow, and palm olein (POo) were studied in terms of their physical properties such as solid fat content (SFC), melting characteristics by DSC and polymorphism by X‐ray diffraction. Ternary phase behavior was analyzed with isosolid diagrams. The results showed that as the POo content of the blends was increased the SFC value decreased, while the increase of tallow content increased the SFC value. Eutectic effects within the ternary system were confirmed from the deviation of the measured SFC from the calculated SFC for corresponding thermodynamically ideal blends. The deviation reached a maximum when the amounts of PKO and POo are both about 45%. X‐ray diffraction results showed that addition of PKO into the blends promoted stabilization in the β′ crystalline form.
Genetische Störungen der Zahnentwicklung und Dentition
Authors: Bloch-Zupan A.
Published: October 2007

Die Zähne sind Organe, die aus ektodermalen epithelialen Aussackungen im Bereich des 1. Kiemenbogens entstehen, gesteuert von epitheliomesenchymalen Interaktionen. Dabei spielen zahlreiche Signalmoleküle speziell der 4 großen Familien TGF-β, FGF, Hedgehog und WNT sowie diverse Transkriptionsfaktoren eine Rolle. Eine Beteiligung der Retinoide an der Odontogenese ist durch umfangreiche Befunde belegt, auch wenn die Inaktivierung relevanter Gene in Mausmodellen meist keine Zahnanomalien verursacht. Die Zahnentwicklung wird klassischerweise in verschiedene Stadien eingeteilt: Entstehung der Zahnleiste, der Zahnknospe, der Schmelzkappe, der Schmelzglocke, die Wurzelbildung und der Zahndurchbruch. Anomalien der Zahnentwicklung können isoliert oder gemeinsam mit anderen Symptomen im Zusammenhang mit Syndromen auftreten. Sie können genetisch bedingt sein oder unter Einwirkung teratogener Stoffe während der Bildung und Mineralisierung der Zahnkeime zustande kommen. Dentibukkale Entwicklungsanomalien treten im Kontext seltener Erkrankungen auf und finden zunehmend Beachtung, da sie bei bestimmten Erkrankungen in der Diagnostik und als prädikative Faktoren wichtige Anhaltspunkte geben können. Allerdings ist hierfür eine interdisziplinäre und internationale Kooperation notwendig, die bislang erst in Ansätzen verwirklicht wurde.
Pioneer round of translation mediated by nuclear cap‐binding proteins CBP80/20 occurs during prolonged hypoxia
Authors: Oh Nara , Kim Kyoung Mi , Choe Junho , Kim Yoon Ki
Published: October 2007

Nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is one of the mRNA surveillance mechanisms, which eliminates aberrant mRNAs harboring premature termination codons. NMD targets only mRNAs bound by the nuclear cap‐binding protein complex CBP80/20 which directs the pioneer round of translation. Here we demonstrate that NMD occurs efficiently during prolonged hypoxia in which steady‐state translation is drastically inhibited. Accordingly, CBP80 remains in the nucleus, and processing bodies are unaffected with regard to their abundance and number under prolonged hypoxic conditions. These results indicate that mRNAs enter the pioneer round of translation during prolonged hypoxia.
The Cambridge Companion to the Irish Novel
Authors: Wilson Foster John
Published: October 2007

The Irish novel has had a distinguished history. It spans such diverse authors as James Joyce, George Moore, Maria Edgeworth, Bram Stoker, Flann O'Brien, Samuel Beckett, Lady Morgan, John Banville, and others. Yet it has until now received less critical attention than Irish poetry and drama. This volume covers three hundred years of Irish achievement in fiction, with essays on key genres, themes, and authors. It provides critiques of individual works, accounts of important novelists, and histories of sub-genres and allied narrative forms, establishing significant social and political contexts for dozens of novels. The varied perspectives and emphases by more than a dozen critics and literary historians ensure that the Irish novel receives due tribute for its colour, variety and linguistic verve. Each chapter features recommended further reading. This is the perfect overview for students of the Irish novel from the romances of the seventeenth century to the present day.
Bioavailability of astaxanthin stereoisomers from wild (Oncorhynchusspp.) and aquacultured (Salmo salar) salmon in healthy men: a randomised, double-blind study
Authors: Rüfer Corinna E. , Moeseneder Jutta , Briviba Karlis , Rechkemmer Gerhard , Bub Achim
Published: October 2007

The objective of the present study was to investigate the bioavailability and the configurational isomer distribution of the carotenoid astaxanthin (AST) in human plasma after ingestion of wild (Oncorhynchusspp.) and aquacultured (Salmo salar) salmon. In a randomised and double-blind trial, twenty-eight healthy men consumed 250 g wild or aquacultured salmon daily for 4 weeks which provided 5 μg AST/g salmon flesh. The plasma AST concentrations as well as the isomer distribution were measured by HPLC using a reversed and a chiral stationary phase. After 6 d of intervention with salmon, plasma AST concentrations reached a plateau of 39 nmol/l after consumption of wild salmon and of 52 nmol/l after administration of aquacultured salmon. At days 3, 6, 10 and 14 – but not at day 28 – the AST concentrations in human plasma were significantly greater after ingestion of aquacultured salmon. After administration of wild salmon, the (3S,3′S) isomer predominated in plasma (80 %), whereas after intake of aquacultured salmon themesoform (3R,3′S) prevailed (48 %). Therefore, the AST isomer pattern in human plasma resembles that of the ingested salmon. However, after consumption of both wild and aquacultured salmon for 28 d the relative proportion of the (3S,3′S) isomer was slightly higher and the (3R,3′R) form lower in human plasma compared with the isomer distribution in salmon flesh. A selective process of isomer absorption could be responsible for the observed differences in the relative proportions of the (3S,3′S) and (3R,3′R) isomers in human plasma compared with salmon flesh.
History in Poetry: Nabinchandra Sen's Palashir Yuddha and the Question of Truth
Authors: Chaudhuri Rosinka
Published: October 2007

History, it seems, has to attain a degree of scientificity, resident in the truth-value of its narrative, before it can be called history, as distinguished from the purely literary or political. Invoking the work of Jacques Rancière and Hayden White, this essay investigates the manner in which history becomes a science through a detour that gives speech a regime of truth. It does this by exploring the nineteenth-century relationship of history to poetry and to truth in the context of the emerging discipline of history in Bengal. The question is discussed in relation to a patriotic poem, Palashir Yuddha (1875), accused of ahistoricality, as well as to a defense made by Bengal's first professional historian, Jadunath Sarkar, against a similar charge in the context of Bankimchandra Chatterjee's historical novels. That the relationship of creativity to history is a continuing preoccupation for the historian is finally explored through Ranajit Guha's invocation of Tagore in History at the Limit of World-History (2002).
Taxes, the Local Elite, and the Rural Populace in the Chinju Uprising of 1862
Authors: Kim Sun Joo
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the causes and processes of a popular tax-resistance movement by adopting a multidimensional approach that considers dynamic rural power relations, popular responses to social and economic changes, and cultural practices that both united and divided rural communities. Popular rebellions in 1862 reflected not only the social and economic distress that the peasantry experienced in everyday life but also the inability of the dynastic structure to accommodate the social, political, and economic changes that were occurring in the nineteenth century. This work pays close attention to the particular historical and cultural context of 1862 Korea, such as various rural conditions and the workings of dynastic institutions at the local level, and discovers that different patterns of popular protest grew out of the competition, division, and conflict that had developed along class, social status, village community, and political lines.
Masculinizing the Nation: Gender Ideologies in Traditional Korea and in the 1890s–1900s Korean Enlightenment Discourse
Authors: Tikhonov Vladimir
Published: October 2007

This paper deals with ideal masculine types in the gender discourse of Korea's modernizing nationalists during the late 1890s and early 1900s. It begins by outlining the main gender stereotypes of Korea's traditional neo-Confucian society, and it argues that old Korea's manhood norms were bifurcated along class lines. On one hand, fighting prowess was accepted as a part of the masculinity pattern in the premodern society of the commoners. On the other hand, the higher classes' visions of manhood emphasized self-control and adherence to moral and ritual norms. The paper shows how both premodern standards of masculinity provided a background for indigenizing the mid-nineteenth century European middle-class ideal of “nationalized” masculinity—disciplined, self-controlled, sublimating the sexual impulses and channeling them toward the “nobler national goals,” and highly militarized—in early modern Korea.
A statistical taxonomy and another “chance” for natural frequencies
Authors: Barton Adrien , Mousavi Shabnam , Stevens Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2007

The conclusions of Barbey & Sloman (B&S) crucially depend on evidence for different representations of statistical information. Unfortunately, a muddled distinction made among these representations calls into question the authors' conclusions. We clarify some notions of statistical representations which are often confused in the literature. These clarifications, combined with new empirical evidence, do not support a dual-process model of judgment.
Nested sets and base-rate neglect: Two types of reasoning?
Authors: De Neys Wim
Published: October 2007

Barbey & Sloman (B&S) claim that frequency formats and other task manipulations induce people to substitute associative thinking for rule-based thinking about nested sets. My critique focuses on the substitution assumption. B&S demonstrate that nested sets are important to solve base-rate problems but they do not show that thinking about these nested sets relies on a different type of reasoning.
Dual-processing explains base-rate neglect, but which dual-process theory and how?
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. , Elqayam Shira
Published: October 2007

We agree that current evolutionary accounts of base-rate neglect are unparsimonious, but we dispute the authors' account of the effect in terms of parallel associative and rule-based processes. We also question their assumption that cueing of nested set relations facilitates performance due to recruitment of explicit reasoning processes. In our account, such reasoning is always involved, but usually unsuccessful.
Enhancing sensitivity to base-rates: Natural frequencies are not enough
Authors: Fantino Edmund , Stolarz-Fantino Stephanie
Published: October 2007

We present evidence supporting the target article's assertion that while the presentation of base-rate information in a natural frequency format can be helpful in enhancing sensitivity to base rates, method of presentation is not a panacea. Indeed, we review studies demonstrating that when subjects directly experience base rates as natural frequencies in a trial-by-trial setting, they evince large base-rate neglect.
Ecologically structured information: The power of pictures and other effective data presentations
Authors: Gaissmaier Wolfgang , Straubinger Nils , Funder David C.
Published: October 2007

The general principle behind the effects of nested sets on the use of base rates, we believe, is that the mind is prepared to take in “ecologically structured information.” Without any need to assume two cognitive systems, this principle explains how the proper use of base rates can be facilitated and also accounts for occasions when base rates are overused.
Frequency formats are a small part of the base rate story
Authors: Griffin Dale , Koehler Derek J. , Brenner Lyle
Published: October 2007

Manipulations that draw attention to extensional or set-based considerations are neither sufficient nor necessary for enhanced use of base rates in intuitive judgments. Frequency formats are only one part of the puzzle of base-rate use and neglect. The conditions under which these and other manipulations promote base-rate use may be more parsimoniously organized under the broader notion of case-based judgment.
Implications of natural sampling in base-rate tasks
Authors: Kleiter Gernot D.
Published: October 2007

The hypothesis that structural properties and not frequencies per se improve base-rate sensitivity is supported from the perspective of natural sampling. Natural sampling uses a special frequency format that makes base-rates redundant. Unfortunately, however, it does not allow us to empirically investigate human understanding of essential properties of uncertainty – most importantly, the understanding of conditional probabilities in Bayes' Theorem.
Dual concerns with the dualist approach
Authors: Lagnado David A. , Shanks David R.
Published: October 2007

Barbey & Sloman (B&S) attribute all instances of normative base-rate usage to a rule-based system, and all instances of neglect to an associative system. As it stands, this argument is too simplistic, and indeed fails to explain either good or bad performance on the classic Medical Diagnosis problem.
Naturally nested, but why dual process?
Authors: Newell Ben , Hayes Brett
Published: October 2007

The article by Barbey & Sloman (B&S) provides a valuable framework for integrating research on base-rate neglect and respect. The theoretical arguments and data supporting the nested set model are persuasive. But we found the dual-process account to be under-specified and less compelling. Our concerns are based on (a) inconsistencies within the literature cited by B&S, and (b) studies of base-rate neglect in categorization.
The logic of natural sampling
Authors: Over David E.
Published: October 2007

Barbey & Sloman (B&S) relegate the logical rule of the excluded middle to a footnote. But this logical rule is necessary for natural sampling. Making the rule explicit in a logical tree can make a problem easier to solve. Examples are given of uses of the rule that are non-constructive and not reducible to a domain-specific module.
Converging evidence supports fuzzy-trace theory's nested sets hypothesis, but not the frequency hypothesis
Authors: Reyna Valerie F. , Mills Britain
Published: October 2007

Evidence favors the nested sets hypothesis, introduced by fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) in the 1990s to explain “class-inclusion” effects and extended to many tasks, including conjunction fallacy, syllogistic reasoning, and base-rate effects (e.g., Brainerd & Reyna 1990; Reyna 1991; 2004; Reyna & Adam 2003; Reyna & Brainerd 1995). Crucial differences in mechanisms distinguish the FTT and Barbey & Sloman (B&S) accounts, but both contrast with frequency predictions (see Reyna & Brainerd, in press).
Varieties of dual-process theory for probabilistic reasoning
Authors: Samuels Richard
Published: October 2007

Though Barbey & Sloman (B&S) distinguish various frequentist hypotheses, they opt rapidly for one specific dual-process model of base-rate facilitation. In this commentary, I maintain that there are many distinct but related versions of the dual-process theory, and suggest that there is currently little reason to favor B&S's formulation over the alternatives.
The effect of base rate, careful analysis, and the distinction between decisions from experience and from description
Authors: Schurr Amos , Erev Ido
Published: October 2007

Barbey & Sloman (B&S) attribute base-rate neglect to associative processes (like retrieval from memory) that fail to adequately represent the set structure of the problem. This commentary notes that associative responses can also lead to base-rate overweighting. We suggest that the difference between the two patterns is related to the distinction between decisions from experience and decisions from description.
Base-rate neglect and coarse probability representation
Authors: Sun Yanlong , Wang Hongbin
Published: October 2007

We believe that when assessing the likelihood of uncertain events, statistically unsophisticated people utilize a coarse internal scale that only has a limited number of categories. The success of the nested sets hypothesis may lie in its ability to provide an appropriate set structure of the problem by reducing the computational demands.
Why the empirical literature fails to support or disconfirm modular or dual-process models
Authors: Trafimow David
Published: October 2007

Barbey & Sloman (B&S) present five models that account for performance in Bayesian inference tasks, and argue that the data disconfirm four of them but support one model. Contrary to B&S, I argue that the cited data fail to provide strong confirmation or disconfirmation for any of the models.
The motivated use and neglect of base rates
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Brescoll Victoria L. , Pizarro David
Published: October 2007

Ego-justifying, group-justifying, and system-justifying motivations contribute to base-rate respect. People tend to neglect (and use) base rates when doing so allows them to draw desired conclusions about matters such as their health, the traits of their in-groups, and the fairness of the social system. Such motivations can moderate whether people rely on the rule-based versus associative strategies identified by Barbey & Sloman (B&S).
Base-rate respect meets affect neglect
Authors: Whitney Paul , Hinson John M. , Matthews Allison L.
Published: October 2007

While improving the theoretical account of base-rate neglect, Barbey & Sloman's (B&S's) target article suffers from affect neglect by failing to consider the fundamental role of emotional processes in “real world” decisions. We illustrate how affective influences are fundamental to decision making, and discuss how the dual process model can be a useful framework for understanding hot and cold cognition in reasoning.
Adaptive redundancy, denominator neglect, and the base-rate fallacy
Authors: Wolfe Christopher R.
Published: October 2007

Homo sapiens have evolved a dual-process cognitive architecture that is adaptive but prone to systematic errors. Fuzzy-trace theory predicts that nested or overlapping class-inclusion relations create processing interference, resulting in denominator neglect: behaving as if one ignores marginal denominators in a 2 × 2 table. Ignoring marginal denominators leads to fallacies in base-rate problems and conjunctive and disjunctive probability estimates.
The evolution of foresight: What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans?
Authors: Suddendorf Thomas , Corballis Michael C.
Published: October 2007

In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.
Foresight has to pay off in the present moment
Authors: Ainslie George
Published: October 2007

Foresight requires not only scenarios constructed from memories, but also adequate incentive to let these scenarios compete with current rewards. This incentive probably comes from the efficacy of the scenarios in occasioning present emotions, which depends not on their accuracy per se but on their uniqueness as compared with other possible occasions for emotion.
How developmental science contributes to theories of future thinking
Authors: Atance Cristina M. , Meltzoff Andrew N.
Published: October 2007

Acting in the present in anticipation of the future is argued to be a behavioral correlate of mental time travel (MTT). Yet, it is important to consider how other future-directed behaviors – including planning, delay of gratification, and acts of prospective memory – figure into a theory of MTT and future thinking more broadly. Developmental science can help in this formulation.
Memory, imagination, and the asymmetry between past and future
Authors: Merker Bjorn
Published: October 2007

A number of difficulties encumber the Suddendorf & Corballis (S&C) proposal regarding mental time travel into the future. Among these are conceptual issues turning on the inherent asymmetry of time and causality with regard to past and future, and the bearing of such asymmetry on the uses and utility of retrospective versus prospective mental time travel, on which I comment.
Has mental time travel really affected human culture?
Authors: Mesoudi Alex
Published: October 2007

Suddendorf & Corballis (S&C) claim that mental time travel has significantly affected human cultural change. This echoes a common criticism of theories of Darwinian cultural evolution: that, whereas evolution is blind, culture is directed by people who can foresee and plan for future events. Here I argue that such a claim is premature, and more rigorous tests of S&C's claim are needed.
Developing past and future selves for time travel narratives
Authors: Nelson Katherine
Published: October 2007

Mental time travel requires the sense of a past and future self, which is lacking in the early years of life. Research on the development of autobiographical memory and development of self sheds light on the difference between memory in other animals and its cultural narrative basis in humans.
Empirical evaluation of mental time travel
Authors: Raby Caroline , Alexis Dean , Dickinson Anthony , Clayton Nicola
Published: October 2007

Although the mental time travel (MTT) hypothesis provides a rich, conceptual framework, the absence of clear, empirically tractable, behavioural criteria for determining the capacity for MTT restricts its usefulness in comparative research. Examples of empirical criteria for evaluating MTT in animals are given. We also question the authors' evaluation of semantic foresight and their even-handedness in assessing human and nonhuman behaviour.
Studying mental states is not a research program for comparative cognition
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J.
Published: October 2007

The title of the target article suggests an agenda for research on cognitive evolution that is doubly flawed. It implies that we can learn directly about animals' mental states, and its focus on human uniqueness impels a search for an existence proof rather than for understanding what components of given cognitive processes are shared among species and why.
First test, then judge future-oriented behaviour in animals
Authors: Sterck Elisabeth H. M. , Dufour Valérie
Published: October 2007

Suddendorf & Corballis (S&C) argue that animals are not capable of mental time travel (MTT) or its components. However, new results on chimpanzees suggest that they plan for the future and possess some MTT components. Moreover, future-oriented behaviour and episodic-like memory in other animals suggest that not all animals are limited to the present. Animals' capacities should not be dismissed without testing them.