bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in select fresh produce procured from farmers' markets in Central Virginia
Authors: Kim Chyer , Almuqati Rehab , Fatani Abeer , Rahemi Alireza , Kaseloo Paul , Wynn Crystal , Nartea Theresa , Ndegwa Eunice , Rutto Laban
Published: March 2021

As farmers' markets have increased in size, scope, and complexity, so have potential food‐safety challenges and implications. Most products sold at farmers' markets may receive minimal to no treatment of decontamination which could increase their potential microbial risks. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of foodborne pathogens in select fresh produce procured from farmers' markets in Central Virginia. A total of 138 samples produced by 15 farms and sold at 9 registered farmers' markets were obtained between March and November 2017. Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Listeria were, respectively, detected in 8.7, 9.4, and 8.0% of the samples. A total of 46 bacterial isolates consisted of Campylobacter, E. coli, and Listeria were tested for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials. Ampicillin resistance showed the highest frequency among Campylobacter (100%) and E. coli (47.8%) isolates while nalidixic acid resistance was the highest in Listeria isolates (72.7%). At least 17% of each Campylobacter, E. coli, and Listeria isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). No isolates had matching pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles demonstrating that the E. coli isolates had a high degree of genomic diversity. This study demonstrated a potential health hazard arising from farmers' market‐acquired fresh produce and emphasizes the importance of good agricultural and handling practices to prevent foodborne illness and spread of multidrug antibiotic resistance. Continued research is needed to determine and intervene the cause(s) of the observed prevalence and to support the healthy development of food products sold at farmers' markets.
Menstrual blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate inflammation and improve the mortality of acute liver failure combining with A2AR agonist in mice
Authors: Chen Dazhi , Zeng Ruichao , Teng Guigen , Cai Chao , Pan Tongtong , Tu Hanxiao , Lin Hongwei , Du Qingjing , Wang Huahong , Chen Yongping
Published: March 2021

Background and Aim

Acute liver failure (ALF) poses a serious public health issue. The menstrual blood‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) have been applied to cure various liver‐related diseases. However, the efficacy and mechanism are far from clear. This study aims to explore the efficacy and potential mechanism of MenSCs to cure ALF.

Methods

We investigate the potential mechanism of MenSCs on the ALF in vitro and in vivo. A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) activation was investigated as the potential reinforcer for MenSCs treatment. Lipid polysaccharide/d‐galactosamine (d‐GalN) was employed to induce ALF. Diverse techniques were used to measure the inflammatory cytokines and key signaling molecules. Hematoxylin–eosin stain and aminotransaminases were applied to evaluate the liver injury. Flow cytometry was employed to assess the T cells.

Results

The MenSCs can decrease the lipid polysaccharide‐induced inflammatory cytokine elevation and related signaling molecules in ALF, including TLR4, phosphorylated‐NF‐kBp65 (p‐NF‐kBp65), PI3K, and p‐AKT, p‐mTOR and p‐IKK in vitro. Moreover, MenSCs also can significantly reverse the liver injury, inflammatory cytokines elevation and related signaling molecules increase, and Treg/Th17 ratio decrease in vivo. In addition, MenSCs plus A2AR agonist can enhance the above changes.

Conclusions

The MenSCs can attenuate the ALF‐induced liver injury via inhibition of TLR4‐mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR/IKK signaling. Then, this inhibits the p‐NF‐κBp65 translocate into nuclear, which causes a decrease of inflammatory cytokines release. Moreover, A2AR agonist can play a synergic role with MenSCs and enhance the above‐mentioned effects.
Factors affecting the diagnostic yield of endoscopic transpapillary forceps biopsy in patients with malignant biliary strictures
Authors: Yang Min Jae , Hwang Jae Chul , Lee Dakeun , Kim Young Bae , Yoo Byung Moo , Kim Jin Hong
Published: March 2021

Background and Aim

Transpapillary biliary forceps biopsy (TBFB) is a common method to obtain histological evidence for the differential diagnosis of biliary stricture. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with a positive cancer diagnosis from TBFB and the number of tissue samples required to increase the diagnostic yield in patients with malignant biliary strictures.

Methods

A total of 376 patients who underwent TBFB for investigation of biliary stricture were included. Factors affecting the diagnostic yield of TBFB were determined using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results

Bile duct cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 3.50, P = 0.002), intraductal growing type (OR = 9.01, P = 0.001), and number of tissue samples (n < 5 vs 5 ≤ n < 10, OR = 4.13, P = 0.01; n < 5 vs n ≥ 10, OR = 12.25, P < 0.001; 5 ≤ n < 10 vs n ≥ 10, OR = 2.97, P = 0.046) were significant factors associated with positive results for malignancy. In patients with periductal infiltrating‐type bile duct cancer, the number of tissue samples was a significant factor for diagnostic sensitivity (54.3% in the n < 5 group, 83.3% in the 5 ≤ n < 10 group and 98.2% in the n ≥ 10 group) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Bile duct cancer, intraductal growing type, and five or more tissue samples were significant predictors of positive TBFB results in patients with malignant biliary stricture. Increasing the number of tissue samples by five or more led to higher sensitivity in bile duct cancer patients with the periductal infiltrating type.
Geriatric co‐management for cardiology patients in the hospital: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Van Grootven Bastiaan , Jeuris Anthony , Jonckers Maren , Devriendt Els , Dierckx de Casterlé Bernadette , Dubois Christophe , Fagard Katleen , Herregods Marie‐Christine , Hornikx Miek , Meuris Bart , Rex Steffen , Tournoy Jos , Milisen Koen , Flamaing Johan , Deschodt Mieke
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives

Older patients admitted to cardiac care units often suffer functional decline. We evaluated whether a nurse‐led geriatric co‐management program leads to better functional status at hospital discharge.

Design

A quasi‐experimental before‐and‐after study was performed between September 2016 and December 2018, with the main endpoint at hospital discharge and follow‐up at 6 months.

Setting

Two cardiac care units of the University Hospitals Leuven.

Participants

One hundred and fifty‐one intervention and 158 control patients aged 75 years or older admitted for acute cardiovascular disease or transcatheter aortic valve implantation.

Intervention

A nurse from the geriatrics department performed a comprehensive geriatric assessment within 24 h of admission. The cardiac care team and geriatrics nurse drafted an interdisciplinary care plan, focusing on early rehabilitation, discharge planning, promoting physical activity, and preventing geriatric syndromes. The geriatrics nurse provided daily follow‐up and coached the cardiac team. A geriatrician co‐managed patients with complications.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary outcome was functional status measured using the Katz Index for independence in activities of daily living (ADL; one‐point difference was considered clinically relevant). Secondary outcomes included the incidence of ADL decline and complications, length of stay, unplanned readmissions, survival, and quality of life.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients was 85 years. Intervention patients had better functional status at hospital discharge (8.9, 95% CI = 8.7–9.3 versus 9.5, 95% CI = 9.2–9.9; p = 0.019) and experienced 18% less functional decline during hospitalization (25% vs. 43%, p = 0.006). The intervention group experienced significantly fewer cases of delirium and obstipation during hospitalization, and significantly fewer nosocomial infections. At 6‐month follow‐up, patients had significantly better functional status and quality of life. There were no differences regarding length of stay, readmissions, or survival.

CONCLUSION

This first nurse‐led geriatric co‐management program for frail patients on cardiac care units was not effective in improving functional status, but significantly improved secondary outcomes.
Examining early and late onset of multimorbidity in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Nicholson Kathryn , Griffith Lauren E. , Sohel Nazmul , Raina Parminder
Published: March 2021

Background/Objectives

The study objective was to understand characteristics and health outcomes of multimorbidity, distinguishing between multimorbidity onset in earlier and later phases of life among community‐dwelling older adults in Canada.

DESIGN

A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA).

Setting and Participants

This analysis included 11,161 older adults who were between the ages of 65 and 85 years at baseline and who were living in community‐based settings.

Measurements

Multimorbidity was defined using two cutpoints: two or more chronic conditions (MM2+) and three or more chronic conditions (MM3+). After calculating the age of diagnosis for eligible participants, “early multimorbidity” was defined as multiple chronic conditions diagnosed before 45 years of age, while “late multimorbidity” was defined as multiple chronic conditions diagnosed at or after 45 years of age. The five health outcomes explored were physical disability, social limitation, frailty level, perceived general health status, and perceived mental health status.

Results

Overall, the prevalence of MM2+ was 75.3% (95% CI: 74.3, 76.1) and the prevalence of MM3+ was 47.0% (95% CI: 46.0, 48.0). The majority of participants (both females and males) living with multimorbidity were categorized with late multimorbidity. Participants with early multimorbidity or both early and late multimorbidity had increased odds of physical disability, social limitation, increased frailty level, and negative perceived general and mental health. These patterns were detected for both MM2+ and MM3+.

Conclusion

This study examined the impact of the timing of multimorbidity onset on five health outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of clinical and public health interventions to prevent and manage the causes and consequences of multimorbidity, with particular focus on age of onset. Future longitudinal research should be done to further articulate the relationships between multimorbidity and these health outcomes over time.
Preface to the Special Issue “Presynaptic Dysfunction and Disease”
Authors: Smillie Karen J. , Cousin Michael A. , Gordon Sarah L.
Published: March 2021

The synapse is formed between a presynapse (which releases neurotransmitter) and the postsynapse (which transduces this chemical signal). Over the past decade, presynaptic dysfunction has emerged as a key mediator of a series of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This special issue will highlight some of the important presynaptic molecules and mechanisms that are disrupted in these conditions and reveal potential routes for therapy.
Australia and the Global South: Knowledge and the Ambiguities of Place and Identity
Authors: Collyer Fran M.
Published: March 2021

Australia was settled as a colony of Britain from the 17th century, and its early history of violent occupation has gradually given way to a relatively peaceful, wealthy, multicultural society. As a post‐colonial country, its people share characteristics with those of Britain, but, as a multicultural society, national identity is increasingly influenced by the cultures of many countries, from both the global North and South. In this paper, the question of Australia's placement as a country of the global North or South is explored. Considerations of geography, the economy, political regimes and national identity are the backdrop to an investigation of Australian scholarship and the attitudes of scholars to the inclusion of Australia as a country of the global South.
Psychosocial impacts of oral epithelial dysplasia
Authors: Alsoghier Abdullah , Riordain Richeal Ni , Fedele Stefano , Porter Stephen
Published: March 2021

Background

The psychosocial impact of receiving the diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia, which presents up to 3.5% increased annual risk of mouth cancer, remains unknown. Using validated instruments, the present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and existing correlations between anxiety, depression and dental anxiety symptoms and burden on oral health‐related quality of life.

Methods

A clinical cohort of 82 patients with oral dysplasia was asked to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and the shortened version of the Oral Health Impact Profile. Spearman's correlation coefficient and regression analyses were performed.

Results

The participants’ scores were in keeping with the presence of anxiety, depression and emotional distress symptoms in 30%, 16% and 26%, respectively. However, 69% experienced anxiety related to procedures that may be required as part of long‐term management of oral dysplasia (e.g. local anaesthetic injection). The oral health‐related quality of life scores showed 41.5% reporting a recent daily problem due to their oral or dental health. Significant correlations [p >0.05] were found among and between all of the used instruments. Being a female with oral dysplasia also predicted increased odds of indicating higher anxiety and dental anxiety scores than males [p >0.05].

Conclusion

Oral dysplasia can adversely impact on the psychosocial well‐being of affected persons. Establishing a causal relationship between the measured variables may, however, be challenging and would need further longitudinal studies.
Trauma in Schools: An Examination of Trauma Screening and Linkage to Behavioral Health Care in School‐Based Health Centers
Authors: Nadeem Erum , Floyd‐Rodríguez Vanessa , de la Torre Gabriela , Greswold Whitney
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

This study examined trauma screening and behavioral health linkage rates in school‐based health centers (SBHCs).

METHODS

Participants included 4161 English‐ and Spanish‐speaking patients between the ages of 12 and 22 across 8 urban SBHCs 2 years. Screening rates at medical visits and linkage to additional behavioral health screening and services were assessed via electronic medical records and a chart audit.

RESULTS

Medical providers administered the Primary Care‐PTSD screen to 66.3% of patients in year 1 and 46.7% of patients in year 2. Rates of positive trauma screens were 27.5% and 32.1%, respectively, with more girls screening positive than boys. Few (year 1; 8.1%; year 2: 9.6%) adolescents received additional trauma screening by a behavioral health clinician. However, the majority were linked to services (year 1: 66%; year 2: 74%). Lack of documentation (year 1: 24%; year 2: 33%) was a common gap in the charts of patients who did not receive a second stage trauma screening. Demographic differences in screening rates were minimal.

CONCLUSION

The current study supports the feasibility of traumatic stress screening and linkage within an integrated care setting. Process improvement efforts should, however, address communication gaps around trauma assessment and its integration into ongoing care.
Melatonin mitigates disrupted circadian rhythms, lowers intraocular pressure, and improves retinal ganglion cells function in glaucoma
Authors: Gubin Denis , Neroev Vladimir , Malishevskaya Tatyana , Cornelissen Germaine , Astakhov Sergei Y. , Kolomeichuk Sergey , Yuzhakova Natalya , Kabitskaya Yana , Weinert Dietmar
Published: March 2021

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy associated with damage to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and disrupted circadian rhythms. Melatonin is a promising substance to ameliorate glaucoma‐associated compromised circadian rhythms, sleep, mood, and retinal cells function. However, studies estimating melatonin effects in glaucoma are currently lacking. Therefore, In this study, we investigated the effect of long‐term (daily at 10:30 pmfor 90 days) oral melatonin administration on systemic (Tb) and local to the organ of vision (IOP) circadian rhythms, pattern electroretinogram (PERG), sleep, and mood, depending on glaucoma stage in patients diagnosed with stable or advanced primary open‐angle glaucoma. In a laboratory study in 15 of them, 24‐hour records of salivary melatonin were obtained and MTNR1B receptor gene polymorphism was assessed. Melatonin increased the stability of the Tb circadian rhythm by improving its phase alignment and alignment with IOP. Melatonin time‐dependently decreased IOP and IOP standard deviation (SD). IOP 24‐hour mean and IOP SD decreases were more pronounced in individuals with the higher initial 24‐hour IOP mean. Melatonin improved RGCs function in advanced glaucoma; N95 amplitude increase correlated positively with RGCs loss. The beneficial effects of melatonin on sleep and mood were greater in advanced glaucoma. Finally, delayed salivary melatonin and Tb phases were observed in MTNR1B G‐allele carriers with advanced glaucoma. Combined, these results provide evidence for melatonin efficiency in restoring disrupted circadian rhythms in glaucoma with different effects of melatonin on systemic vs. local circadian rhythms, indicating that a personalized strategy of melatonin administration may further refine its treatment benefits.
Lactic acid bacteria prevent both periodontitis and atherosclerosis exacerbated by periodontitis in spontaneously hyperlipidemic mice
Authors: Kobayashi Ryoki , Hashizume‐Takizawa Tomomi , Kurita‐Ochiai Tomoko
Published: March 2021

Background and Objective

Recent studies have shown a link between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. We have previously reported that oral administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E‐deficient spontaneously hyperlipidemic (Apoeshl) mice. This study evaluated the potential of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to change the intestinal flora changes induced by periodontopathic bacteria and to prevent/slow down the development of atherosclerosis.

Methods

Lactobacillus gasseri O3‐2 (Lg) was orally intubated in Apoeshl mice for 5 weeks. Three weeks after oral intubation, the mice were orally infected with Pg for 2 weeks.

Results

Thirty days after the last infection with Pg, Lg+Pg‐treated mice showed a significant reduction in alveolar bone loss compared to the Pg‐treated group. The Lg treatment restored the Pg‐induced intestinal flora disturbance to normal. Furthermore, a significant decrease in atherosclerotic plaque lesion size and suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in the aorta were detected in the Lg + Pg‐treated group. In contrast, blood concentrations of TMAO, histidine, and carnitine were enhanced by the Lg treatment but decreased by Lg + Pg treatment.

Conclusion

These results suggest that oral Lg treatment is effective in preventing periodontitis and atherosclerosis.
Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of two formulations of dexamethasone in greyhound dogs
Authors: Morris Tim , Paine Stuart W. , Zahra Paul , Li Eric , Colgan Sally , Karamatic Steven
Published: March 2021

Dexamethasone, formulated as sodium phosphate and as phenylpropionate combined with sodium phosphate, was administered subcutaneously to six greyhounds. Plasma and urine were collected for up to 240 h and analysed with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of at least 100 pg/ml for dexamethasone. Dexamethasone, formulated as sodium phosphate, terminal half‐life was 10.4 h in plasma and approximately 16 h in urine, and at 96 h, plasma hydrocortisone concentrations returned to background with dexamethasone levels around the LOQ. Dexamethasone, formulated as phenylpropionate combined with sodium phosphate, terminal half‐life, was 25.6 h in plasma and approximately 26 h in urine, and at 96 h, plasma hydrocortisone concentrations returned to background with dexamethasone levels in three of the six greyhounds around the LOQ. Critical assessment of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data indicated how it might be utilized for medication control in racing greyhounds.
Improving reading rates and comprehension? Benefits and limitations of the reading acceleration approach
Authors: Korinth Sebastian P. , Nagler Telse
Published: March 2021

The reading acceleration phenomenon refers to the effect that experimentally induced time constraints can generate instantaneous improvements of reading rate, accuracy and comprehension among typical and reading impaired readers of different age groups. An overview of studies applying the fading manipulation (i.e., letters are erased in reading direction), which induces the time constraints causing the acceleration phenomenon, is provided in the first part of this review. The second part summarises the outcomes of studies using a training approach called the reading acceleration program (RAP) that integrated core principles of the acceleration phenomenon to generate persistent reading performance improvements. Our review shows ample evidence for the validity of the acceleration phenomenon, since it has been replicated across various languages and populations. However, although there are several explanatory approaches for underlying mechanisms, none of them is well substantiated by empirical evidence so far. Similarly, although generally positive effects of RAP training were reported for several languages and groups of readers, the exact mechanisms causing improved reading rates and comprehension are not well understood. Our critical discussion points out several limitations of RAP that call for further research. However, we also highlight several benefits regarding RAP's potential as an intervention approach for enhancements in reading performance. Video abstract link: https://youtu.be/wO6aEXavk8w
Phylogenetic diversity of culturable marine bacteria from sediments underlying the oxygen minimum zone of the Arabian Sea and their role in nitrate reduction
Authors: Amberkar Ujwala , Khandeparker Rakhee , D. Menezes Larissa , Meena Ram Murti
Published: March 2021

The eastern Arabian Sea has a unique and permanent oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) extending along the western continental margin of India. The Arabian Sea OMZ is a site of intense denitrification, contributing to 20% of the global oceanic denitrification, playing a significant role in the nitrogen cycle. This study reveals the members of the culturable marine bacterial communities thriving and functioning in the sediment underlying the Arabian Sea OMZ, through 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis and elucidating their nitrate reduction potential. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that these cultured bacteria distributed into five phyla, viz. Firmicutes (45.7%) Gammaproteobacteria (36.84%), Actinobacteria (8.7%), Bacteroidetes (5.26%), and Alphaproteobacteria (3.5%). The presence of denitrification genes such as narG, nirS, and nosZ in the cultured bacteria (39%) explains their importance in this process. Present study on the diversity and distribution of bacterial communities in the OMZ surface sediment and their probable role in the nitrogen cycle will provide insight into the microbial biogeochemical processes occurring in this region.
Rethinking Sex and the Brain: How to Create an Inclusive Discourse in Neuroscience
Authors: Rouse Melvin , Hamilton Evan
Published: March 2021

Biological sex is often framed as a strict binary, resting solely on the size of gametes or the homo/heterogeneity of chromosomal pairings. This inclination toward parsimony has, in effect, led to fundamental misunderstandings in the minds of many in the public. We see this effect in the current regression of transgender rights and the institution of public policies that conflate biological concepts (i.e., sex) with social concepts (i.e., gender) in ways that actively harm marginalized communities. The data show that the brains mosaic of feminized and masculinized regions, chromosomal sex, and the bodies phenotype can be disassociated from one another. The current socio‐political moment calls on us as scientists and educators to redress these misconceptions to help demythify public discourse.
Maternal postpartum deworming and infant milk intake: Secondary outcomes from a trial
Authors: Mofid Layla S. , Casapía Martín , Montresor Antonio , Rahme Elham , Marquis Grace S. , Vercruysse Jozef , Allen Lindsay H. , Blouin Brittany , Razuri Hugo , Pezo Lidsky , Gyorkos Theresa W.
Published: March 2021

The World Health Organization recommends deworming to reduce soil‐transmitted helminth (STH)‐attributable morbidity in women of reproductive age, including pregnant and lactating women, to reduce blood loss, iron deficiency anaemia and nutrient malabsorption. This study assessed the impact of maternal postpartum deworming with albendazole approximately 1 day after delivery on infant milk intake among a subset of 216 randomly selected mother–infant pairs recruited into a large trial in Peru. Infant milk intake was measured using the deuterium‐oxide method at 1‐ and 6‐month postpartum. Maternal STH infection was measured at 6‐month postpartum. At 1‐month postpartum, mean intake was 756 ± 16 and 774 ± 18 mL day−1in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: −18 mL day−1; 95% CI: −65, 30). At 6‐month postpartum, mean intake was 903 ± 16 and 908 ± 18 mL day−1in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: −5 mL day−1; 95% CI: −52, 43). There was no statistically significant difference in milk intake between groups at either time point. At 6‐month postpartum, mothers infected withTrichuris trichiurahad infants with higher milk intakes (adjusted mean difference: 70 mL day−1; 95% CI: 20, 120) compared with uninfected mothers. However, there was no statistically significant difference in infant milk intake between mothers who had moderate‐and‐heavy intensity infection compared with the comparison group (mothers with no and light intensity infection). A lower prevalence and intensity of infection, and inclusion of uninfected mothers in both arms of the trial, resulting in effect dilution, may explain the null findings.
Cross‐species transcriptomics uncovers genes underlying genetic accommodation of developmental plasticity in spadefoot toads
Authors: Liedtke Hans Christoph , Harney Ewan , Gomez‐Mestre Ivan
Published: March 2021

That hardcoded genomes can manifest as plastic phenotypes responding to environmental perturbations is a fascinating feature of living organisms. How such developmental plasticity is regulated at the molecular level is beginning to be uncovered aided by the development of ‐omic techniques. Here, we compare the transcriptome‐wide responses of two species of spadefoot toads with differing capacity for developmental acceleration of their larvae in the face of a shared environmental risk: pond drying. By comparing gene expression profiles over time and performing cross‐species network analyses, we identified orthologues and functional gene pathways whose environmental sensitivity in expression have diverged between species. Genes related to lipid, cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis and metabolism make up most of a module of genes environmentally responsive in one species, but canalized in the other. The evolutionary changes in the regulation of the genes identified through these analyses may have been key in the genetic accommodation of developmental plasticity in this system.
Doing Nonideal Theory About Gender in Global Contexts
Authors: Khader Serene J.
Published: March 2021

This paper elaborates and renders explicit some of the views about political philosophical methodology that underlie the author’s arguments in Decolonizing Universalism: A Transnational Feminist Ethic. It shows how the author’s stances on autonomy, individualism, intersectionality, human rights, the coloniality of gender, and the oppression of genders besides man and woman grow out of a commitment to scrutinizing our normative views in light of transnational criticism and empirical information from the qualitative social sciences.
Points of attention when conducting etiological research
Authors: Stel Vianda S. , Chesnaye Nicholas C. , Tripepi Giovanni , Dekker Friedo W. , Zoccali Carmine , Jager Kitty J.
Published: March 2021

Epidemiological studies often aim to investigate the causal contribution of a risk factor to a disease or other outcome. In etiological research, one is usually interested in the (biological) mechanism(s) underlying the studied relationship. Inappropriate conduct of an etiological study may have major implications for the correctness of the results and interpretation of the findings. Therefore, in this paper, we aim to describe step by step how etiological research should be carried out, together with its  common pitfalls. These steps involve finding and formulating a well‐defined etiological research question, choosing an appropriate study design including a suitable comparison group, adequate modelling, and adequate reporting and interpretation of the results.
Petrocosmea adenophora (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China
Authors: Huang Zhang‐Jie , Xin Zi‐Bing
Published: March 2021

A new species, Petrocosmea adenophora Z.J.Huang & Z.B.Xin, from SE Yunnan, China, is described here. It closely resembles P. iodioides Hemsl. in leaf blade shape and corolla type, but differs from the latter by some vegetative and generative characters, e.g. densely golden‐brown glandular puberulent all over the plant. We found only one population with no more than 200 mature individuals at the type locality. This species is provisionally assessed as data deficient (DD), following the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, because more surveys are needed.
Three overlooked species of Bacidia from insular Laurimacaronesia
Authors: Ekman Stefan , Tønsberg Tor , van den Boom Pieter P. G.
Published: March 2021

We discuss the taxonomy of three species of Bacidia occurring in insular Laurimacaronesia. Two of them, B. amylothelia (Vain.) Vain. and B. endoleucoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., which were previously described from Angola and Madeira, respectively, are found here to belong in Bacidia s. str. (Ramalinaceae). Modern descriptions and illustrations are provided for the first time. Bacidia amylothelia is similar to B. areolata Gerasimova & A. Beck, B. campalea (Tuck.) S. Ekman & Kalb, B. fusconigrescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr., B. heteroloma (Vain.) Zahlbr., B. millegrana (Taylor) Zahlbr. and B. suffusa (Fr.) A. Schneid. and is reported here from the Canary Islands. Bacidia endoleucoides is most likely to be confused with B. absistens (Nyl.) Arnold, B. friesiana (Hepp) Körb., B. salazarensis B. de Lesd. and B. caesiovirens S. Ekman & Holien and was found to be widely distributed in the Canary Islands and Azores in addition to Madeira. The third species, Bacidia deludens S. Ekman, Tønsberg & van den Boom, is described here as new to science. Bacidia deludens is characterised by a greyish, crustose thallus with whitish soralia, pale apothecia with crystals in the hymenium and proper exciple, acicular ascospores with 3–19 septa, and the production of fumarprotocetraric acid as the consistently present major substance. It is described here from the Canary Islands and Madeira. Although conservatively treated here in Bacidia, we argue that it is likely to belong in the Malmideaceae. An identification key to all known species of Bacidia s. str. in insular Macaronesia is provided.
Chicago Classification Update (v4.0): Technical review on diagnostic criteria for hypercontractile esophagus
Authors: Chen Joan W. , Savarino Edoardo , Smout André , Xiao Yinglian , de Bortoli Nicola , Yadlapati Rena , Cock Charles
Published: March 2021

Hypercontractile esophagus (HE), defined by the Chicago Classification version 3.0 (CCv3.0) as 20% or more hypercontractile peristalsis (Distal Contractile Integral >8000 mmHg·s·cm) on high‐resolution manometry (HRM), is a heterogeneous disorder with variable clinical presentations and natural course, leading to management challenges. An update on the diagnostic criteria for clinically relevant HE was needed. Literature on HE was extensively reviewed by the HE subgroup of the Chicago Classification version 4.0 (CCv4.0) Working Group and statements relating to the diagnosis of HE were ranked according to the RAND UCLA Appropriateness methodology by the Working Group, and the quality of evidence was rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. An overall emphasis of the CCv4.0 is on clinically relevant esophageal dysmotility, and thus it is recommended that an HE diagnosis requires both conclusive manometric diagnosis and clinically relevant symptoms of dysphagia and non‐cardiac chest pain. The Working Group also recognized the subtypes of HE, including single‐peaked, multi‐peaked contractions (Jackhammer esophagus), and hypercontractile lower esophageal sphincter. However, there are no compelling data currently for formally subdividing HE to these subgroups in clinical practice.
When do grasses resprout after fire?
Authors: Day Nicola J.
Published: March 2021

This article is a Commentary on Simpson et al. (2021), 230: 832–844.
Seedling developmental defects upon blocking CINNAMATE‐4‐HYDROXYLASE are caused by perturbations in auxin transport
Authors: El Houari Ilias , Van Beirs Caroline , Arents Helena E. , Han Huibin , Chanoca Alexandra , Opdenacker Davy , Pollier Jacob , Storme Véronique , Steenackers Ward , Quareshy Mussa , Napier Richard , Beeckman Tom , Friml Jiří , De Rybel Bert , Boerjan Wout , Vanholme Bartel
Published: March 2021

The phenylpropanoid pathway serves a central role in plant metabolism, providing numerous compounds involved in diverse physiological processes. Most carbon entering the pathway is incorporated into lignin. Although several phenylpropanoid pathway mutants show seedling growth arrest, the role for lignin in seedling growth and development is unexplored.

We use complementary pharmacological and genetic approaches to block CINNAMATE‐4‐HYDROXYLASE (C4H) functionality in Arabidopsis seedlings and a set of molecular and biochemical techniques to investigate the underlying phenotypes.

Blocking C4H resulted in reduced lateral rooting and increased adventitious rooting apically in the hypocotyl. These phenotypes coincided with an inhibition in AUX transport. The upstream accumulation in cis‐cinnamic acid was found to be likely to cause polar AUX transport inhibition. Conversely, a downstream depletion in lignin perturbed phloem‐mediated AUX transport. Restoring lignin deposition effectively reestablished phloem transport and, accordingly, AUX homeostasis.

Our results show that the accumulation of bioactive intermediates and depletion in lignin jointly cause the aberrant phenotypes upon blocking C4H, and demonstrate that proper deposition of lignin is essential for the establishment of AUX distribution in seedlings. Our data position the phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin in a new physiological framework, consolidating their importance in plant growth and development.
Histochemical localization of putative stem cells in irreversible pulpitis
Authors: Wu Yan , Zhou Caixia , Tong Xueying , Li Shue , Liu Jiarong
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Our study aimed to observe the distribution of putative stem cells in irreversible pulpitis and to investigate the expression of specific molecules.

Subjects and Methods

Extracted third molar teeth were collected and divided into two groups: the normal pulp group and inflamed pulp group. Real‐time PCR was applied to detect the expression of several embryonic and dentinogenic genes. The expression of mesenchymal cell markers (STRO‐1, CD90, and CD146) and stromal cell‐derived factor 1α (SDF‐1α)/CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) proteins was examined by immunohistochemical analysis.

Results

The expression levels of most embryonic and dentinogenic genes were not statistically different between the two groups. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that in inflamed pulp, cells with positive expression for STRO‐1, CD90, and CD146 mainly resided in two specific niches, both adjacent to inflammatory sites: one in the pulp core and another in the odontoblast layer. SDF‐1α‐ and CXCR4‐positive cells were significantly correlated with STRO‐1‐positive cells. Double immunofluorescence analysis indicated that STRO‐1‐positive cells overlapped with SDF‐1α‐ and CXCR4‐positive cells near the inflammatory site.

Conclusions

This study gave a direct observation of putative stem cells distributed in irreversible pulpitis and implied a role of SDF‐1α/CXCR4 signaling in stem cell‐based therapies for reparative dentinogenesis.
Genetic diversity and association of yield‐related traits in sesame
Authors: Teklu Desawi H. , Shimelis Hussein , Tesfaye Abush , Mashilo Jacob
Published: March 2021

The extent of phenotypic variation among Sesame germplasm influences the expression of economic traits and the response to selection. The objective of this study was to determine the variance components, heritability (H2) and association of seed and oil yield‐related traits in Ethiopian sesame germplasm to guide breeding. One hundred sesame germplasm were evaluated under field conditions in two locations in a 10 x 10 lattice design with two replications. The findings revealed higher genotypic coefficient of variation, H2, and genetic advance for number of primary branches (NPB), number of secondary branches (NSB), thousand seed weight (TSW), seed yield per hectare (SYH) and oil yield per hectare (OYH), suggesting high genetic gains can be achieved through selection. Higher direct effects of OYH and NSPC were recorded on SYH, while SYH, NCPP and TSW had higher direct effect on OYH. The genotypes Hirhir Kebabo Hairless‐9, Setit‐3, Orofalc ACC‐2, Hirhir Humera Sel‐6, Setit‐1 and ACC‐NS‐007(2) were found superior and the selected genotypes should promote for further field stability evaluation, which might be utilized in future sesame breeding programmes and production.
Assessment of hepatic artery anatomy in pediatric liver transplant recipients: MR angiography versus CT angiography
Authors: Verhagen Martijn V. , Dikkers Riksta , de Kleine Ruben H. , Kwee Thomas C. , van der Doef Hubert P. J. , de Haas Robbert J.
Published: March 2021

During LT screening, children undergo CTA to determine hepatic artery anatomy. However, CTA imparts radiation, unlike MRA. The aim was to compare MRA to CTA in assessing hepatic artery anatomy in pediatric LT recipients. Twenty‐one children (median age 8.9 years) who underwent both CTA and fl3D‐ce MRA before LT were retrospectively included. Interreader variability between 2 radiologists, image quality, movement artifacts, and confidence scores, were used to compare MRA to CTA. Subgroup analyses for ages <6 years and ≥6 years were performed. Interreader variability for MRA and CTA in children <6 years was comparable (k = 0.839 and k = 0.757, respectively), while in children ≥6 years CTA was superior to MRA (k 1.000 and k 0.000, respectively). Overall image quality and confidence scores of CTA were significantly higher compared to MRA at all ages (2.8/3 vs. 2.3/3, p = .001; and 2.9/3 vs. 2.5/3, p = .003, respectively). Movement artifacts were significantly lower in CTA compared to MRA in children ≥6 years (1.0/3 vs. 1.7/3, p = .010, respectively). CTA is preferred over fl3D‐ce MRA for the preoperative assessment of hepatic artery anatomy in children receiving LT, both at ages <6 years and ≥6 years.
Experience with UV‐C Air Disinfection in Some Russian Hospitals†
Authors: Volchenkov Grigory
Published: March 2021

Although the environmental control measure of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for disinfection has not been widely used in the United States and some parts of the world in the past few decades, this technology has been well applied in Russia. UVGI technology has been particularly useful with regard to limiting TB transmission in medical facilities. There is good evidence that UV‐C (180−280 nm) air disinfection can be a helpful intervention in reducing transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus.
Amelioration of short‐term drought stress during different growth stages in Brassica juncea by rhizobacteria mediated maintenance of ROS homeostasis
Authors: Asha Arambam Devi , Nivetha Nagarajan , Krishna Gopinathan Kumar , Thakur Jyoti Kumar , Rathi Maheshwar Singh , Manjunatha Booragamakalapalli Subbarappa , Chinnusamy Vishwanathan , Paul Sangeeta
Published: March 2021

In the present investigation, the role of rhizobacteria in alleviating the deleterious effects of drought on mustard was assessed. The plants were exposed to short‐term water shortages, during the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Drought stress in both stages had a negative effect on growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters of mustard. Both the root and shoot biomass were significantly reduced in plants exposed to drought, but rhizobacterial inoculation resulted in better plant biomass than uninoculated plants. The ameliorative effects of inoculation were also indicated by improved relative water content, membrane stability index, total chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic parameters. Similarly, inoculation resulted in enhanced activity of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase in both stages of growth which possibly increased stress tolerance by maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. There was a significant reduction in the accumulation of H2O2, proline and total soluble sugar in rhizobacteria treated plants under drought, suggesting that the treated plants did not encounter much stress and could maintain better plant health than uninoculated plants. Expression analysis of the BjP5CSB and BjFeSOD genes was conducted during both the growth stages. Expression of the BjP5CSB gene was significantly down‐regulated in inoculated plants under drought, while BjFeSOD gene transcript levels were upregulated. The vegetative stage was more responsive to rhizobacterial inoculations than the reproductive stage under drought. Principal component analysis indicated a differential response by the two growth stages to inoculation. Hence, results indicate that these rhizobacteria reduce the negative impacts of drought in mustard by maintaining ROS homeostasis.
An Institutional Analysis of TMP Regulation in India
Authors: Menon Siddhartha
Published: March 2021

This study identifies the main actors in the Indian network neutrality case and explores the main formal and informal institutional arrangements that constrain and influence their agendas for traffic management practices (TMPs). The analysis applies institutional analysis to this subject matter. This study identifies the formal institutional arrangements such as licenses for ISPs and informal institutional arrangements manifesting in practices to block websites and applications, throttle this content, and engage in preferential treatment.
Adult playfulness: An update on an understudied individual differences variable and its role in romantic life
Authors: Brauer Kay , Proyer René T. , Chick Garry
Published: March 2021

There is increasing interest in the study of individual differences in playfulness in adults; the way people frame or reframe situations in a way that they are experienced as personally interesting, and/or intellectually stimulating, and/or entertaining. In this review, we describe and discuss its role for romantic life. After a brief introduction, we will describe theoretical approaches as to why playfulness is important in romantic life (e.g., the signal theory of playfulness) and give an overview on empirical findings on assortative mating and its role in romantic relationships (e.g., for relationship satisfaction). Finally, we discuss future directions on playfulness in romantic life and singles and open research questions.
Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific cytotoxic lymphocytes: A viable strategy for COVID‐19 immunosuppressed patients?
Authors: Guerreiro Manuel , Aguilar‐Gallardo Cristóbal , Montoro Juan , Francés‐Gómez Clara , Latorre Víctor , Luna Irene , Planelles Dolores , Carrasco María Paz , Gómez María Dolores , González‐Barberá Eva María , Aguado Cristina , Sempere Amparo , Solves Pilar , Gómez‐Seguí Inés , Balaguer‐Rosello Aitana , Louro Alberto , Perla Aurora , Larrea Luis , Sanz Jaime , Arbona Cristina , de la Rubia Javier , Geller Ron , Sanz Miguel Ángel , Sanz Guillermo , Luis Piñana José
Published: March 2021

Cellular and humoral response to acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infections is on focus of research. We evaluate herein the feasibility of expanding virus‐specific T cells (VST) against SARS‐CoV‐2 ex vivo through a standard protocol proven effective for other viruses. The experiment was performed in three different donors' scenarios: (a) SARS‐CoV‐2 asymptomatic infection/negative serology, (b) SARS‐CoV‐2 symptomatic infection/positive serology, and (c) no history of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection/negative serology. We were able to obtain an expanded VST product from donors 1 and 2 (1.6x and 1.8x increase of baseline VST count, respectively) consisting in CD3 + cells (80.3% and 62.7%, respectively) with CD4 + dominance (60% in both donors). Higher numbers of VST were obtained from the donor 2 as compared to donor 1. T‐cell clonality test showed oligoclonal reproducible peaks on a polyclonal background for both donors. In contrast, VST could be neither expanded nor primed in a donor without evidence of prior infection. This proof‐of‐concept study supports the feasibility of expanding ex vivo SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific VST from blood of convalescent donors. The results raise the question of whether the selection of seropositive donors may be a strategy to obtain cell lines enriched in their SARS‐CoV‐2‐specificity for future adoptive transfer to immunosuppressed patients.
Extending the post‐thaw viability of cryoprecipitate
Authors: Thomson Candice , Sobieraj‐Teague Magdalena , Scott Darren , Duncan Elizabeth , Abraham Sunil , Roxby David
Published: March 2021

Background

Cryoprecipitate has a short post‐thaw expiry time of 6 h. The aim of this study was to assess the stability and function of cryoprecipitate components (FVIII, fibrinogen, vWF, and FXIII) and cryoprecipitate sterility up to 120 h post‐thawing when stored at two temperatures (2–6°C and room temperature [20–24°C]).

Methods and Materials

Twenty batches (110 individual units) of time‐expired, thawed cryoprecipitate were collected. Units were sampled at the 6‐h expiration mark and then stored at 2–6°C or room temperature (RT). They were resampled every 24 h for 120 h. One unit from each batch was sent for sterility testing at 120 h. Samples had FVIII (one stage and chromogenic), fibrinogen, FXIII, vWFag, and vWF:RCo assays performed in batches. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) was also performed.

Results

FVIII levels declined significantly at 120 h post‐thawing at both RT and 2–6°C, but still met international standards for FVIII content. Fibrinogen, vWF antigen, and FXIII levels reduced minimally over 120 h and always met international standard requirements when stored at either temperature. ROTEM analysis demonstrated that fibrinogen function was not compromised at 120 h post‐thawing under both storage conditions. vWF:RCo levels declined significantly over 120 h at both storage temperatures. No bacterial contamination was detected in 20 units of cryoprecipitate following storage for 120 h post‐thawing.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that extension of the storage time of thawed cryoprecipitate to 120 h, stored at either 2–6°C or RT, is feasible while still maintaining required FVIII, fibrinogen, and vWFag levels. Storage at 2–6°C has the advantage of reduced risk of potential bacterial contamination.