bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A defence of Cartesian doubt
Authors: Stern Kenneth
Published: May 2010

Just As it is, I believe, a legitimate philosophical enterprise to engage in a “rational reconstruction” of some term or concept in ordinary language, which will, although similar in many ways to the original concept, be a better concept than the original, in that it will, among other things, be free of ambiguities, vagueness and philosophically irrelevant associations of the parent concept, so there is, I believe, a similar enterprise in the history of philosophy. Here, it is legitimate to reconstruct a philosopher's views about some matter the philosopher has written on in such a way as to defend it from certain criticisms so long as the reconstruction remains faithful to the main thrust of the views in question. In particular this is so when the philosopher is acknowledged to be a very great and influential one, and if the criticisms, were they correct, would be inconsistent with the philosopher's acknowledged greatness. The defence of the philosopher from such criticisms is even more legitimate if it can be shown that although the philosopher has written in places in a way that makes the criticism in question seem correct, he has written elsewhere in a way which makes the criticism seem mistaken.
The Leninist Theory of Perception
Authors: Goldstick D.
Published: May 2010

In the standard English-language reference work, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Paul Edwards (New York and London, 1967), we find the following blunt statement on the subject of “orthodox Marxism's” theory of knowledge:

Its epistemology is naive representationism.

The use of the word “naive” will alert the reader to the unsurprising fact that the reference here is a definitely unfriendly one. More interesting is the way in which this characterization, based on an interpretation of Lenin's Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, has become generally accepted in English-speaking philosophical circles over the past forty years. The purpose of the present article is to explain the representationalist interpretation, challenge it in favour of an alternative reading of Lenin's text, and make some substantive comments on issues arising from the philosophical debate between the representationalist and anti-representationalist positions outlined.
A Re-examination of Aristotle's Philosophy of Science
Authors: van Fraassen Bas C.
Published: May 2010

There have recently appeared some studies in which Aristotle's views on science are related to modern philosophical issues and distinctions, some articles in which a return to at least some of his ideas is suggested as a solution to certain modern problems, and also some advocacy of the essentialism or modal realism that is historically associated with the Aristotelian tradition.
Platon et la Géométrie : la méthode dialectique en République 509d–511e
Authors: Lafrance Yvon
Published: May 2010

Dans un célèbre ouvrage surContemplation et Vie contemplative selon Platon, A.J. Festugière donnait de la dialectique platonicienne une interprétation selon laquelle celle-ci constituait une véritable expérience mystique possédant presque tous les traits de la contemplation chrétienne. La dialectique platonicienne y était présentée, surtout dans son acte final, comme une sorte d'extase, une union d'ordre mystique, un contact de l'âme perdue dans son objet, contact qui suscite en elle un sentiment qui dépasse tout l'ordre normal de la connaissance. Le Bien ou l'Un en tant qu'objet dernier de l'ascension dialectique y était conçu comme quelque chose d'ineffable et d'indéfinissable.
Le concept: de la perception à la pensée
Authors: Vuillemin Jules
Published: May 2010

Aucune théorie n'est probablement en mesure de rendre compte systématiquement des usages que philosophes et savants ont fait et font du mot « concept», car ces usages sont divers et certains d'entre eux incohérents. Eliminons d'emblée certaines interprétations, qui, d'ailleurs, comme c'est le cas pour 1'interprétation de Hegel, entrent en conflit avec le principe de non-contradiction. On pourra alors introduire un certain ordre dans cette diversité, à condition de suivre les deux principes suivants. 1°) On assignera au concept un niveau déterminé, qui dépend de son mode de communication. 2°) Caractéres, experience et acquisition du concept sont, à leur tour, relatifs à son niveau particulier.
The Distinctiveness of St. Thomas' “Third Way”
Authors: Dewan Lawrence
Published: May 2010

In the present paper I propose to examine St. Thomas Aquinas' third way of proving the existence of a God (henceforth TW), keeping in view and applying the proposals I have made elsewhere concerning the number andorder of the “Five Ways” and the role therein played by TW. I maintain that the first three ways take as starting-points the three types of act or actuality presented by Aristotle in Metaphysics 9.6: that the first way starts from imperfect actuality (motion), the second from secondary actuality (action or efficiency), and TW from primary actuality (being, or substantial actuality). The idea, of course, of a way of proving the existence of a God is that one proceeds from an effect, itself better known to us than its cause, to a knowledge of the existence of the cause. The problem is to develop a vision of the effect as an effect, i.e., a vision such as to reveal dependence on another, and so lead us in knowledge to the existence of that other.
The Impossibility of Kantian Immortality
Authors: Macintosh J. J.
Published: May 2010

When we discuss Kant's views on immortality we are walking in the by-ways of Kantian exegesis. Kant's views on immortality are interesting in themselves, but even within the Kantian framework, they do not affect other topics of importance. It is true that Kant felt that the possibility of immortality was necessary for certain moral manoeuvres to be possible, but he thought that the existence of God was even more essential, so that particular battle is lost regardless. On the other hand, some at least of Kant's views are shared by other people, and if he is wrong, not just over points of detail, but in a thoroughgoing way, that might be worth pointing out, and notjust as a matter of exegesis. And, I shall try to show, Kant is not only wrong, but necessarily wrong. Not only is his version of immortality impossible, but any version resembling his is also impossible. I shall discuss the topic under three main headings: first, I shall mention the views which led Kant to his doctrine of immortality; secondly, I shall try to bring out some of the important points which his doctrine involves; and, finally, I shall indulge briefly in what I hope will be the - by then - fairly superfluous task of showing why such a doctrine won't, after all do.
The Objects of Knowledge and Belief: Some Linguistic Considerations
Authors: Munsat Stanley
Published: May 2010

In Chapter V of Res Cogitans, Zeno Vendler argues that any analysis of “x knows that p” that has “x believes that p” in the analysans is incorrect. The reason he gives is that the “that p” in “x knows that p” is not the same grammatical object as the “that p” in “x believes that p”. As Vendler puts it, there are thats and thats. The view that there are two kinds of “that” clause, one which follows “know” and another which follows “believe”, is attacked by O.R. Jones in his article “Can One Believe What One Knows?”.
The Behaviourist Foundation of Sellars' Semantics
Authors: Marras Ausonio
Published: May 2010

It is well known that Sellars' account of linguistic meaning is closely linked to a framework of Rylean-behaviouristic concepts. It is far from clear, however, what the nature of this relation exactly is. Some (e.g., Chisholm, [2], 523) have construed this relation as conceptually so tight as to commit Sellars to logical behaviourism about meaning: semantical statements would be shorthand ways of talking about overt verbal and nonverbal behaviour and behavioural dispositions. On the other hand, some (e.g., J. Young, [18]), have construed the relation so loosely as to deny that the behaviouristic framework can possibly provide a conceptually adequate basis for understanding semantical discourse.
On Being Present to the Mind: A Sketch for the History of an Idea
Authors: Yolton John W.
Published: May 2010

I want to discuss a doctrine and a concept in theory of knowledge which has various manifestations from at least the seventeenth to the early twentieth century. The concept is that of direct or immediate cognition, the doctrine says that only what is like mind can be directly or immediately present to mind. This doctrine raises the question of how we can know things other than ourselves and our experiences: the concept of direct presence most usually had the consequence of making our knowledge of the world indirect, uncertain, or impossible. The directly present must in some way inform us about the indirectly present.
On the Third Attempted Definition of Knowledge, Theaetetus 201c–210b
Authors: Yoh May
Published: May 2010

There seem to be as many interpretations of the Theaetetus (Tht.) 201c–210b as there are scholars who care to interpret it. This, of course, is not surprising. As Cherniss well puts it,

the fascinating and perplexing history of Platonic interpretation…has been so largely a series of insistently charitable efforts on the part of Western philosophers and their acolytes, each to baptise Plato in his particular faith — having shriven him first, of course, by interpreting the heresies out of his works.
Deux Traditions Épistémologiques
Authors: King-Farlon John , Jones Prudence
Published: May 2010

Le Disciple: Maître, ayez pitié de moi! Je ne suis que l'humble disciple de l'auteur de la seconde Méditation. Comme Descartes, je brûle d'un terrible désir de savoir.
Infini, substance et attributs. Sur le spinozisme (à propos d'une étude magistrale)
Authors: Bernhardt Jean
Published: May 2010

Le présent article se propose, pour rendre hommage à l'admirable travail du Pr Martial Gueroult sur l'Éthique de Spinoza, non de tenter une revue critique qui manquerait inévitablement d'ampleur et de précision, mais d'examiner un point important de la doctrine: instruit par les analyses du commentateur, nous voudrions présenter quelques réflexions complémentaires sur la délicate question des rapports de la Substance et des Attributs.
Les principales tendances de la sémiologie
Authors: Bouchard Guy
Published: May 2010

La sémiologie est une discipline en gestation: ni ses concepts de base, ni sa méthode, ni son champ d'application ne sont encore parfaitement délimités. En cette nébuleuse nous voudrions toutefois montrer que s'esquisse un système stellaire polarisé par la notion de signe. Qu'un tel système ne soit pas encore visible à l'œil nu, cela dépend surtout, croyons-nous, d'une part du vocabulaire utilisé par les sémiologues, qui tantôt manipulent les mêmes termes en des acceptions différentes, tantôt conférent à des termes différents le même sens, d'autre part du fait que les distinctions sous-jacentes à certains choix ne sont pas considérées comme les éléments d'une combinatoire susceptible d'articuler les diverses positions possibles. Notre démonstration portera sur le champ d'application de la sémiologie: nous nous livrerons en premier lieu à un inventaire des principales tendances qui le parcourent, pour ensuite comparer ces tendances entre elles et reconstruire le système à l'intérieur duquel elles s'insèrent.
Catching Up With Castañeda
Authors: Sumner L. W.
Published: May 2010

Remember the fifties? That was, among other things, when it was outré for moral philosophers acutally to use moral discourse and de rigueur to theorize about its use. It was when we all read Stevenson and Hare and learned to believe that moral judgments had no truth values and were used to express emotion or to issue imperatives. It was when we came to realize that all previous moral philosophy rested on the mistake of supposing that moral judgments were propositions. How remote it all seems now. Today we write about social justice, sex, death, politics as though there were no question this might be improper. We no longer have the time and patience for the idler and more distant questions of the metalevel. It is correct certainly to call this progress but at a certain price. We tired of the old questions but we never learned how to answer them. The very grip of the noncognitivist fad made illuminating answers unlikely. Perhaps now that the fad is buried and forgotten we can go back to the issues and deal with them in a more fruitful manner.
A Leibnizian Space
Authors: Hacking Ian
Published: May 2010

Leibniz said that space and time are well-founded phenomena. Few readers can make much literal sense out of this idea, so I shall describe a small possible world in which it is true. I do not contend that Leibniz had my construction in mind, but I do follow Leibnizian guidelines. The first trick is to reverse the maxim that every monad mirrors the world from its own point of view. Points of view, and hence a space of points, can be constructed from a non-relational account of the perceptions of each monad. But we cannot fabricate space alone. We must build up laws of nature simultaneously. We must also employ a measure of the simplicity of the laws of nature. Moreover we require that, in a literal sense, the perception of each monad is a sum of its Petits perceptions. The identity of indiscernibles, in its application to space, is an automatic consequence of this construction. Although I shall examine only one possible world, there is a general recipe for such constructions, in which none of the above elements can be omitted. This is a striking illustration of the way in which the many different facets of Leibniz's metaphysics are necessarily inter-connected.
The Basis of Semantic Structure
Authors: Beebe Michael
Published: May 2010

The Concept of the whole utterance, we are inclined to to believe, is basic in meaning-theory. But any theory which locates a conceptual base must show how items in the super-structure relate to that base, and so for theories of meaning. There are units of meaning both larger and smaller than whole utterances: narrative, in which several whole utterances follow one another in some organized fashion, seems relatively unproblematic, but the relations of meaningful parts of utterances to the utterances themselves remains unclear. Grice's theory of meaning secures the logical priority of whole utterances, and in addition, lends itself to an attractive and theoretically fruitful view of the relations between whole utterances and their meaningful parts; or so I shall try to demonstrate.
Animals and Morality
Authors: Monticone George T.
Published: May 2010

Somewhere in Africa or Asia a band of unusual apes leaves the safety of the trees in the early morning light and stealthily approaches a grassland waterhole. A wounded antelope is sighted and the males, approaching quietly from all sides, spring to action. The thrashing animal is quickly subdued with rocks and clubs. Chunks of meat are ripped from the carcass and the band quickly retreats to the forest. All eat well and they multiply. The weapon using primate had arrived – the ancestor of homo sapiens.

The above scenario depicts what some of the best evidence of biology and anthropology suggests concerning the origin of man. The evolutionary forerunners of homo sapiens probably diverged from primitive ape stock in becoming co-operative, systematic carniverous users of weapons. Perhaps modern man would not have evolved had it not been for this development, and the most highly evolved primate of the modern age would have been arboreal, primarily vegetarian apes.
Coordination
Authors: Gauthier David
Published: May 2010

In the days when the Great Central and the Midland ran competitive services from Leicester to London, I agreed to meet your train when you came up from Leicester. “It arrives at 12.5”, you said in your letter. But you neglected to mention which station, and only on the morning of your journey did each of us realize that this matter had been left open. You intended to travel from Leicester Central, it being more convenient for you than London Road, and you supposed that I would be able to infer your intention by consulting Bradshaw, and noting a 12.5 arrival from Leicester at Marylebone.
Philosophical Foundations of Russell's Logicism
Authors: Radner Michael
Published: May 2010

Logicism is the doctrine that mathematics is reducible to logic. It is usually presented in two theses: (1) Every mathematical concept is definable in terms of logical concepts. (2) Every mathematical theorem is deducible from logical principles. In this paper, I am not concerned with the truth or falsity of (1) and (2). Rather, I am concerned with the underlying philosophical system. Logicism is connected with the names of Frege, Russell (and Whitehead). But the logicism which is familiar to most philosophers is not the original logicist system of Russell. Instead, we read either Russell's later Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy or articles by Carnap and Hempel. My purpose in this paper is to return to the original logicist system of Russell. This system, at least in essentials, lasts through the publication of the First Edition of Principia Mathematica. I believe that examination of this system will shed light on why certain difficulties arose in later logicism, including the logicist views of the Logical Empiricist movement. Further, the issues are closely connected with general doctrines on the nature of philosophical analysis.
Vers une pragmatique nucléaire de la communication
Authors: Poulain Jacques
Published: May 2010

«L'homme peut-il vivre et se faire vivre sans autre institution que celle de la parole? peut-il se faire dans la communication quotidienne et les discours régulateurs de la distribution des moyens de survie, peut-il se faire tel qu'il n'ait plus besoin de la ‘sagesse’ de normes étrangères à lui-même»? Cette question, posée au sein d'une pragmatique de la parole qui se veut indissociablement une pragmatique de la vie, définit une attitude délibérément opposée à une «construction» affective, cognitive et régulative de l'homme inconsciemment ou consciemment réglée sur le modèle d'une construction scientifique et technique du monde.
Justifying Deduction
Authors: Bickenbach Jerome E.
Published: May 2010

Is there a problem about justifying deduction? Why shouldn't there be? There is, after all, a direct analogue of Hume's dilemma for induction which applies, presumably with equal force, to deduction: We cannot justify deduction inductively since it would be far too weak to say, what such a justification could at best say, that usually when the premisses of a valid deductive argument are true, then the conclusion is true as well. But neither can we justify deduction deductively, because such ajustification would be circular. This much, it seems to me, is enough to think the issue worth raising. But if there is a genuine concern here, it is safe to say that few philosophers have paused long to worry about it. One of the reasons for this is that with the exception of Sextus Empiricus, J.S. Mill and a few others, philosophers have not been willing to entertain the notion that there is, or even that there could be, anything drastically wrong with deductive reasoning.
The Vegetable Library and God
Authors: Tweyman Stanley
Published: May 2010

In part II of Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Cleanthes maintains that the similarities between the works of nature and those of human contrivance, namely, the presence of means to ends relations and a coherence of parts, are sufficient to enable us to reason analogically to the conclusion that the cause of the design of the world resembles human intelligence. Philo objects to this on a number of grounds. The basis of his objections is to be found in his claim that the world does not bear a 'specific resemblance' to machines of human contrivance, i.e., there are not enough similarities between the world and machines to enable us to classify the world as a machine of a certain type, and therefore we are unable to proceed analogically to a similarity in the causes of the design of the world and machines. According to Philo, without such a specific resemblance, to establish the origin of the design of the world from intelligence requires seeing God and his product constantly conjoined (Hume's official account of how we learn what causes what); since we have never seen ‘worlds formed under our eyes’ we are unable to rule out alternative principles of design – both those whose effects we have observed on earth, and others whose influence is not found within the world itself. In short, Philo's criticisms of Cleanthes' argument show that he has misgivings about the evidence which the argument utilizes: he holds that more is needed besides the mere presence of means to ends relations and a coherence of parts before we are justified in postulating intelligence as the cause of design.
La notion de proposition dans les Principles de Russell: un exemple de conception réaliste du langage
Authors: Lepage François
Published: May 2010

En 1903, Bertrand Russell publie The Principles of Mathematics, ouvrage qu'il présente dans la préface comme le premier de deux tomes consacrés à une impressionnante entreprise de fondement des mathématiques. Cet ambitieux projet comportait, en fait, deux objectifs distincts qui, selon l'auteur, étaient complémentaires. L'un d'eux, qui était le but ultime, était de montrer «que toutes les mathématiques pures ont exclusivement à voir avec des concepts définissables en termes d'un très petit nombre de concepts logiques fondamentaux et que toutes ses propositions sont déductibles d'un trés petit nombre de principes logiques fondamentaux (…)».
Egalitarianism
Authors: McKerlie Dennis
Published: May 2010

Several writers have tried to describe the foundations of an egalitarian moral view. Their aim is to explain the way of thinking on which distinctively egalitarian conclusions depend. Egalitarianism is frequently located by reference to utilitarianism. The basic features of the utilitarian view are reasonably well understood and most of us find it at least plausible. Egalitarians want to show that their own view differs from the utilitarian view in some fundamental respect. They hope to convince us that the egalitarian stand on that fundamental matter is at least as plausible as that of utilitarianism.
Beyond Hegel's Ontological Claim
Authors: van Roden Allen Robert
Published: May 2010

Reading Charles Taylor's Hegel, one is quite struck by his view that Hegel's Logic offers us an ontology. To some degree this is an obvious observation in that the Logic certainly pretends to speak regarding “all that is”. Within the optic of Taylor's suggestion, it is possible to explore the primacy of the ontological claim for Hegel's work, the possibility of nihilism consequent upon its collapse, and an access to a post-Hegelian and post-nihilistic future for human thought and activity.
Reply to J. Narveson's Review of Reason and Value
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: May 2010

I would like to thank Jan Narveson for suggesting that I be permitted a few words in reply, and Michael McDonald, the co-editor of this journal, for agreeing to the suggestion. I will not waste words but will plunge right in.
Kant's Groundwork Justification of Freedom
Authors: McCarthy Michael H.
Published: May 2010

Kant's aim in Section III of the Groundwork is to establish the supreme principle of morality. To accomplish his aim he finds it necessary to present a justification of freedom. Commentators generally regard Kant's overall argument as a failure, because they regard his justification of freedom as a failure. In this paper I shall present three arguments. First, I shall argue that commentators, for the most part, look to the wrong text for Kant's Groundwork justification of freedom. They look to pars. 10–16 for an argument for freedom, but the collection of propositions, which Kant presents there, is aimed at showing something other than freedom. Second, I shall argue that to the extent that they look to the correct text, namely, par. 4, they misinterpret Kant. Third, I shall set out and evaluate the actual justification of freedom which Kant presents in par. 4.
Marxisme et rationalité scientifique
Authors: Panaccio Claude
Published: May 2010

Maurice Lagueux est allé à l'école de Merleau-Ponty. Il en a gardé une grande méfiance pour les catégories rigides, les étiquettes définitives et les distinctions tranchées. Dénonçant déjà, il y a plus de dix ans, « l'usage abusif du rapport Science/Idéologie », il évoquait en conclusion de sa contribution au collectif Culture et langage « le pouvoir incantatoire des formules toutes faites ». C'est encore cette fascination magique de la formule toute faite, du déjà dit, du déjà tranché, qu'il tente sans relâche de conjurer, aussi bien dans ses articles du Devoir sur le « plagiat inconscient » qu'au long de l'ouvrage qui lui a mérité le prix du Gouverneur général et auquel sera consacrée la présente etude critique, Le marxisme des années soixante
The Causation Recipe
Authors: Freundlich Yehudah
Published: May 2010

In a Recent article [9], Alexander Rosenberg attacks the “manipulative” view of causation as being unilluminating and as being beset with difficulties. As a proponent of that view [3], I have felt it necessary to take up cudgels in its defence.

Rosenberg's criticisms are directed at Gasking's version of this view [5]. Gasking's recipe for causation is, “one says ‘A causes B’ in cases where one could produce an event of the A sort as a means to producing one of the B sort” (p. 485). Here it is taken for granted that we have general manipulative techniques for producing events of the A sort and that this is implicitly assumed when one speaks of A as a cause. There is one qualification to this formula for causes which arises from the necessity for individuating processes, namely, that, for A to be the cause of B, it must not always lead to B (for then the technique for producing A would also be a B-producing one), but only in special cases.
Knowledge by Acquaintance and ‘Knowing What’ in Plato's Republic
Authors: Smith Nicholas D.
Published: May 2010

In this paper, I will attempt to interpret Plato's concept of knowledge as he presents it in the very end of Book V of the Republic. An adequate interpretation of Plato's concept of knowledge must be able to account coherently for the following, (I) According to Plato, knowledge is not a state of mind, but an ability or power of the mind (δύναμις) and is therefore, formally analogous to sight (477C ff.). This analogy is presented explicitly and in great detail in the famous ‘similes of light,’ the Sun, Divided Line, and Cave passages of Books VI and VII. (2) Cognition, for Plato, comes in degrees from clearer to less clear (478C, 509D, 511 E). (3) Finally, knowledge is related in a special way to being (thus, it is said to be ἐπἱ τᾦὂντι 477A, B, 478A).
Is there a freedom requirement for moral responsibility?
Authors: Gosselin Phillip D.
Published: May 2010

The Principle that freedom is necessary for moral responsibility (hereafter referred to as “the freedom principle”) has received a variety of explications, but few philosophers have doubted that in some plausible sense it is true. However, two philosophers have recently challenged it using very different but equally ingenious arguments. J.F.M. Hunter has provided the more obviously direct attack in arguing that considerations of freedom as such are in no way relevant to assessments of moral responsibility. Harry Frankfurt has directed his fire at the version of the freedom principle which says that a person is morally responsible for what he has done only if he could have done otherwise. Both Frankfurt and Hunter point out the significance of their arguments for the determinism/moral responsibility debate: if there is no freedom requirement for moral responsibility, then even if determinism threatens freedom, it does not follow that determinism threatens moral responsibility.
L'ordre du connaître et l'ordre de l'être ou L'ordre des choses et celui de la pensée
Authors: Theau Jean
Published: May 2010

Nous voulons reprendre ici, pour elle-même, la difficile question qu'évoque notre titre et qui fit le fond d'un débat jadis cèlébre, à propos de l'ordre cartésien, entre Alquié et Gueroult. Non que nous désirions ajouter quelque prolongement, même occasionnel, à ce débat plein de relief, comme le firent par exemple H. Gouhier, J. M. Beyssade et plus récemment J. L. Marion. Nous laisserons ce soin aux historiens de profession, si la comparaison et l'analyse inédites de vieux textes leur en fournit quelque matière. Mais tout en nous appuyant au besoin sur ce que nous savons et comprenons de Descartes, ainsi que sur quelques autres philosophes de cette capacité, tels qu'Aristote ou Hume, Kant ou Hegel, nous essayerons d'esquisser ici, sans contrainte érudite, tant notre perspective que notre solution.
Herméneutique et fiction chez M. Foucault
Authors: Margot Jean-Paul
Published: May 2010

En rompant avec la conception du temps comme une succession linéaire et accumulative de l'histoire, M. Foucault se retrouve avec une population d'événements dispersés, d' « événements discursifs », de pratiques qui construisent leur propre objet. Car il n'y a pas de réalité qui ne soit déjà une réalité discursive, une réalité de discours. Nietzsche avait bien dit que les faits n'existent pas; seules existent les interprétations. De là que le probléme de Foucault soit celui de la confrontation entre ces faits et une description pure des « événements discursifs », une (dé)monstration qui doit surprendre l'énoncé dans la singularité et la matérialité de son événementialité, et faire apparaître l'ensemble des conditions—historiques—qui ràglent l'apparition et la conservation des énoncés. La difficulté majeure de la méthode archéologique se manifeste alors immédiatement: comment réconcilier le projet d'une description libre de toute « intention prescriptive » avec la tâche infinie de l'interprétation?
Expérience et foi: réplique à Kai Nielsen
Authors: Garceau Benoît
Published: May 2010

Je voudrais d'abord remercier Kai Nielsen d'avoir bien voulu me communiquer, deux semaines avant cette rencontre, le texte de son exposé. Cela m'a donné le temps d'absorber le choc de sa critique, de préparer une réplique qui soit autre chose qu'une riposte et puisse contribuer à clarifier quelque peu le débat dans lequel nous sommes tous deux engagés.
Williams and Kant on Integrity
Authors: Rogerson Kenneth F.
Published: May 2010

For some time now ethical debates have been fought on a field whose boundaries are the historical theories of Kant's deontology and Mill's utilitarianism. Recently, however, several have chosen to leave the battlefield entirely—to suggest, in various ways, that both of the major ethical theories share a common, flawed outlook. Thomas Nagel, for example, has argued that founding ethics on the sole ground of interpersonal obligations (a common feature of Kantianism and utilitarianism) unnecessarily “fragments” human value. Such an account has the effect of pitting one species of human value (duties to others) against other quite legitimate values (personal goals and special relationships). Or approaching the matter from quite another direction, Philippa Foot also holds that morality, as a system of interpersonal obligations, is too limiting. However, she proposes to counter the advancing forces of modern ethics by championing an Aristotelian doctrine of virtue.
Du bon usage du paradoxe
Authors: Brisson Luc
Published: May 2010

Ce nouvel examen des Fragments et Témoignages de/sur Zénon d'Elée, Maurice Caveing l'a entrepris pour combler et les deficiences des études sur Zénon inspirées par la science moderne qui font peu de cas de l'histoire de la philosophic grecque, et celles des travaux d'héllenistes qui n'ont aucune idée des solutions modernes apportees au problème du continu.
Les paradoxes du sens commun (à propos du livre de L. Marcil-Lacoste: Claude Buffier et Thomas Reid)
Authors: Duchesneau François
Published: May 2010

Le livre de Louise Marcil-Lacoste traite d'un chapitre controversé de Fhistoire de la philosophic Le dix-huitième siècle a connu un ensemble de doctrines et de thèses auquel réfère l'expression « philosophie du sens commun ». Il s'en faut de beaucoup que cette philosophie du sens commun ait dominé la scène philosophique. De Locke à Condillac et à Kant, en passant par Berkeley et par Hume, la plupart des grands philosophes n'ont que peu à voir avec ce courant. Par contre, il ne serait pas faux de dire que la philosophie du sens commun sous ses diverses formes les accompagne le long de leur itinéraire spéculatif, les conteste, les met au défi, les corrige, les exploite et leur survit dans de nouvelles métamorphoses au siècle suivant (par exemple dans l'orthodoxie académique de Victor Cousin). La recherche qui nous est présentée vise à reconstituer les thèses centrales formulées par deux interprètes du sens commun, le jésuite français Claude Buffier au début du siècle et le philosophe écossais Thomas Reid vers la fin du siècle. En reconstituant ces «systèmes » du sens commun, l'auteur entend exorciser les images d'Epinal qui les caricaturent parmi les historiens et les interprètes; par voie de conséquence, l'auteur songe à régler une question restée jusqu'á présent indécidée: celle du plagiat possible de Reid par rapport à Buffier. La reconstruction raisonnée des «systèmes» est judicieusement réalisée, et il apparaît que la différence est radicale entre les deux penseurs, alors même qu'ils semblent énoncer des positions similaires, au point que l'on finit par se demander si un concept non équivoque de sens commun permettrait encore de les relier l'un à l'autre.
Some conceptual ties in Descartes' Meditations
Authors: McKinnon Alastair
Published: May 2010

Descartes Published the Latin text of his Meditations in 1641 and its French translation, by the Due de Luynes, in 1643. There have been many subsequent editions of this version, the most recent being that of M. André Robinet and Mile Anne Becco. In addition to the original text, this edition contains a more or less complete index, a mini-concordance, and some other valuable statistical information. In this brief study we use this index as the basis for an investigation of some of the conceptual ties in this historically important and still very controversial work.
Causation and Counterfactuals: Lewis' Treatment Reconsidered
Authors: Rosenberg Alexander
Published: May 2010

In this paper I bring together and discuss claims that David Lewis has made in Counterfactuals, and in “Causation,” and explore a number of difficulties which the views of these two works make for each other. If these difficulties are as serious as I suggest, they will require revision or rejection of the view of causation that Lewis defends.
Vortex formation out of two-dimensional orifices
Authors: PEDRIZZETTI GIANNI
Published: May 2010

The understanding of the vortex formation process is currently driving a novel attempt to evaluate the performance of fluid dynamics in biological systems. The concept of formation time, developed for axially symmetric orifices, is here studied in two-dimensional flows for the generation of vortex pairs. The early stage of the formation process is studied with the single vortex model in the inviscid limit. Within this framework, the equation can be written in a universal form in terms of the formation time. The single vortex model properly represents the initial circular spiralling vortex sheet and its acceleration for self-induced motion. Then, an analysis is performed by numerical simulation of the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations to cope with the spatially extended vortex structure. The results do not show the pinch-off phenomenon previously reported for vortex rings. The two-dimensional vortex pair tends to a stably growing structure such that, while it translates and extends longitudinally, it remains connected to the sharp edge by a shear layer whose velocity is always about twice that of the leading vortex. At larger values of the Reynolds number the instability of the shear layer develops small-scale vortices capable of destabilizing the coherent vortex growth. The absence of a critical formation number for two-dimensional vortex pairs suggests further considerations for the development of concepts of optimal vortex formation from orifices with variable curvature or of a tapered shape.
Rationale and use of n-3 fatty acids in artificial nutrition
Authors: Calder Philip C.
Published: May 2010

Lipids traditionally used in artificial nutrition are based on n-6 fatty acid-rich vegetable oils like soyabean oil. This may not be optimal because it may present an excessive supply of linoleic acid. One alternative to the use of soyabean oil is its partial replacement by fish oil, which contains n-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids influence inflammatory and immune responses and so may be useful in particular situations where those responses are not optimal. Fish oil-containing lipid emulsions have been used in parenteral nutrition in adult patients post-surgery (mainly gastrointestinal). This has been associated with alterations in patterns of inflammatory mediators and in immune function and, in some studies, a reduction in length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay. Perioperative administration of fish oil may be superior to post-operative. Parenteral fish oil has been used in critically ill adults. Here the influence on inflammatory processes, immune function and clinical endpoints is not clear, since there are too few studies and those that are available report contradictory findings. Fish oil is included in combination with other nutrients in various enteral formulas. In post-surgical patients and in those with mild sepsis or trauma, there is clinical benefit from a formula including fish oil and arginine. A formula including fish oil, borage oil and antioxidants has demonstrated marked benefits on gas exchange, ventilation requirement, new organ failures, ICU stay and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury or severe sepsis.
Implications of faecal removal by dung beetles for scat surveys in a fragmented landscape of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Norris Darren , Michalski Fernanda
Published: May 2010

Monitoring rare and elusive species for effective management and conservation is particularly challenging and often demands the development of specialized techniques. Scat surveys have been applied to monitor a variety of rare species but relatively little attention has been given to the development of appropriate sampling designs. To determine if scat surveys could be applied to compare the distribution of species across three habitats of a fragmented region in the Brazilian Amazon, the removal of human (n = 27) and jaguar (n = 27) scat samples in forest, riparian corridor and pasture habitats was recorded for 24 hours. Dung beetles were responsible for removing the majority of samples (71%) and a generalized linear mixed effect model revealed significant influence of habitat and scat type on removal probability, with forest and riparian corridors having higher removal compared with samples in pasture habitats. Although non-invasive scat surveys can potentially address fundamental broad-scale conservation and management questions, our results demonstrate that scat surveys in the tropics must account for differences in scat removal rates between habitats and target species before conclusions can be drawn regarding patterns of habitat use.
Production and immunological characterization of a recombinant subunit of aLoa loapolyprotein antigen
Authors: AZZIBROUCK G. BLAMPAIN , AKUE J. P. , LENOBLE D. RICHARD
Published: May 2010

Diagnosis of loiasis and analysis of the specific immune response are limited by a paucity of parasite material. To circumvent this problem, aLoa loaantigen has been expressed in a prokaryote vector (pTrcHis). Immunization of Balb/c mice with this soluble recombinant protein produced a strong antibody response, with antibodies recognizing 2 major bands of 38 and 20 kDa in a native crude extract ofLoa loaadult worms and microfilariae on Western blots. The target molecule was located mainly in the hypodermis and cuticle of the adult worm. Analysis of human IgG subclasses against this antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 but not IgG4 reactivity. IgG2 against this recombinant antigen was 100% specific for loiasis when tested against samples from European donor individuals. The same IgG2 antibodies showed 91% specificity for loiasis by comparison withWuchereria bancrofti,Onchocerca volvulus,Mansonnella perstansand other helminth infections. Furthermore, the IgG2 antibody level correlated with the density ofLoa loamicrofilariae (r=0·400;P=0·02). This recombinant 15r3 molecule and specific IgG2 assay may be useful for monitoring control programmes.
Exploiting the heterogeneous drop-off rhythm of Amblyomma variegatum nymphs to reduce pasture infestation by adult ticks
Authors: STACHURSKI F. , ADAKAL H.
Published: May 2010

Tick distribution depends on the drop-off rhythm of the previous stage and on the suitability for tick survival of the environment where they are disseminated. Studies were implemented in Burkina Faso to assess detachment pattern of engorged Amblyomma variegatum nymphs. Experiments were carried out with naturally infested cattle kept in a paddock or monitored when grazing community pasture. In the pasture, 80% of the nymphs detached between 14.00 h and 17.00 h while less than 25% did so in the paddock. Further investigation was implemented to assess whether the density of adult ticks might be modified by herd management. During the early dry season, zebus grazed in 4 plots fenced in natural savannahs and fallows. Two of the plots were used in the morning and the two others in the afternoon. Six months later, zebus were put in these plots, in turn, on 9 occasions. The number of A. variegatum adults picked up by the cattle in each plot was highly variable: they captured more ticks in the plots installed on good lush savannah and 3-fold more ticks in those where the herd had grazed in the afternoon during the previous dry season. An integrated tick control strategy taking these results into account is proposed.
Heat-shock protein 70 PCR-RFLP: a universal simple tool for Leishmania species discrimination in the New and Old World
Authors: MONTALVO A. M. , FRAGA J. , MONZOTE L. , MONTANO I. , DE DONCKER S. , DUJARDIN J. C. , VAN DER AUWERA G.
Published: May 2010

Introduction. Species typing in leishmaniasis gains importance in diagnostics, epidemiology, and clinical studies. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay of PCR amplicons from a partial heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70) had been described for the New World, allowing identification of some species. Methods. Based on an initial in silico analysis of 51 hsp70 sequences, most of which we recently determined in the frame of a phylogenetic study, species-specific restriction sites were identified. These were tested by PCR-RFLP on 139 strains from 14 species, thereby documenting both inter- and intra-species variability. Results. Our assay could identify Leishmania infantum, L. donovani, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, L. braziliensis, L. peruviana, L. guyanensis, and L. panamensis by applying 2 subsequent digests. L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, and L. garnhami did not generate species-specific restriction fragment patterns. Conclusion. Currently no assay is available for global Leishmania species discrimination. We present a universal PCR-RFLP method allowing identification of most medically relevant Old and New World Leishmania species on the basis of a single PCR, obviating the need to perform separate PCRs. The technique is simple to perform and can be implemented in all settings where PCR is available.
Current status of vaccination against African trypanosomiasis
Authors: MAGEZ STEFAN , CALJON GUY , TRAN THAO , STIJLEMANS BENOÎT , RADWANSKA MAGDALENA
Published: May 2010

Anti-trypanosomiasis vaccination still remains the best theoretical option in the fight against a disease that is continuously hovering between its wildlife reservoir and its reservoir in man and livestock. While antigentic variation of the parasite surface coat has been considered the major obstacle in the development of a functional vaccine, recent research into the biology of B cells has indicated that the problems might go further than that. This paper reviews past and current attempts to design both anti-trypanosome vaccines, as well as vaccines directed towards the inhibition of infection-associated pathology.
The evolution of metabolic profiling in parasitology
Authors: HOLMES E.
Published: May 2010

The uses of metabolic profiling technologies such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in parasitology have been multi-faceted. Traditional uses of spectroscopic platforms focused on determining the chemical composition of drugs or natural products used for treatment of parasitic infection. A natural progression of the use of these tools led to the generation of chemical profiles of the parasite inin vitrosystems, monitoring the response of the parasite to chemotherapeutics, profiling metabolic consequences in the host organism and to deriving host-parasite interactions. With the dawn of the post-genomic era the paradigm in many research areas shifted towards Systems Biology and the integration of biomolecular interactions at the level of the gene, protein and metabolite. Although these technologies have yet to deliver their full potential, metabolic profiling has a key role to play in defining diagnostic or even prognostic metabolic signatures of parasitic infection and in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of parasite-induced pathologies. The strengths and weaknesses of the various spectroscopic technologies and analytical strategies are summarized here with respect to achieving these goals.
Online foreign language interaction: Moving from the periphery to the core of foreign language education?
Authors: O'Dowd Robert
Published: May 2010

In this paper I argue that online intercultural interaction and exchange remains a relatively peripheral ‘add-on’ activity in most foreign language classrooms. In its current state, it is yet to be considered an integral part of curricular activity and it does not yet form a significant part of high stakes assessment procedures. Against this background, it is becoming increasingly difficult for educators to justify to learners the value of their online work. I present here an overview of what online intercultural exchange involves and discuss what have been its contributions to foreign language education. I then present findings from a survey of telecollaborative practices and discuss why this activity has yet to become a ‘normalised’ part of foreign language learning.
Formation control and trajectory tracking of mobile robotic systems – a Linear Algebra approach
Authors: Rosales Andrés , Scaglia Gustavo , Mut Vicente , di Sciascio Fernando
Published: May 2010

A novel approach for trajectory tracking of a mobile-robots formation by using linear algebra theory and numerical methods is presented in this paper. The formation controller design is based on the formation states concept and the dynamic model of a unicycle-like nonholonomic mobile robot. The proposed control law designed is decentralized and scalable. Simulations and experimental results confirm the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed controller and the advantages of using the dynamic model of the mobile robot. By using this new strategy, the formation of mobile robots is able to change its configuration (shape and size) and follow different trajectories in a precise way, minimizing the tracking and formation errors.