bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evaluating of Wind Energy Potential of Osmaniye
Authors: Kurt C. , Yelmen B. , Çakir M. T.
Published: June 2020

In parallel with the rapid increase in energy consumption today, it is known that conventional energy resources will be exhausted in the near future. Renewable energy sources are becoming more important today with decreasing available fossil resources and increasing energy needs. Wind energy is a clean and renewable energy source and has a remarkable importance. Wind energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources, whose technology and use have developed rapidly and their economy has become competitive with fossil energy sources. The systems that convert the energy in the wind into electrical energy are wind turbines. Wind turbines are classified according to their rotational axes, revolutions, powers, number of wings, wind effect, gear characteristics and installation locations. Energy has become one of the most important problems of the world countries today. Energy demand, as in many countries, is increasing with each passing day in Turkey. For this reason, solutions are sought to provide the energy needed in a timely, sufficient and reliable manner. The energy needed in these solution suggestions should be provided from domestic production opportunities and local energy sources as much as possible. In this study, usability of wind energy is tried to be revealed in Osmaniye province and its surroundings. When the wind map studies in Turkey are examined, in Osmaniye Province it has been found that the presence of wind potential, it is necessary to increase the number of WPP to benefit more from the potential of wind energy.
Modification and Optimization of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Roasting Machine
Authors: Musa A. , Adetola O. A. , Olukunle O. J. , Akintade A. M.
Published: June 2020

Roasting of groundnut is essential to ensure quality improvement, easy handling, safe storage, further processing, and value addition of the product. Therefore, the aim of the study was modified and optimized a groundnut roasting machine. Standard design parameters were used for the design modification. The design of the experiment had 27 runs. Machine speed (6.60, 12.80 and 19 rpm), roasting temperature (120, 160 and 200℃), and feed rate (120, 180 and 240 kg/h) were used as independent parameters, and the response variables include the moisture content of the groundnut, roasting efficiency, mechanical damage, throughput and quality efficiency of the machine. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of the Design Expert Version 11 was adopted for the optimization process by applying the central composite design method for the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and optimized responses within the limit of the independent factors tested. Roasting temperature (200℃), machine speed (19 rpm) and feed rate (240 kg/h) were found as the optimum operational conditions which will optimally result in the optimal machine performance of 8.76% moisture content (r2 = 0.94), 76.99% roasting efficiency (r2 = 0.90), 2.46% mechanical damage (r2 = 0.86), 62.32 kg/h machine throughput (r2 = 0.98), 74.3% quality performance efficiency (r2 = 0.86) with the high desirability of 88%. An increase in machine speed increased the moisture content of the groundnut, roasting efficiency, mechanical damage, throughput, and quality efficiency of the machine. The study showed the optimal machine parameters for a groundnut roasting machine.
Outcomes of Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema at a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Kanji Shariza , Dhalla Kazim , Makupa William
Published: June 2020

Background: Diabetic macular edema is a type of diabetic maculopathy affecting the central vision, ranging from mild blur to blindness. Laser photocoagulation has been the mainstay of treatment for the past three decades but it has a limited role in improving the central vision. Recent introduction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors appears to be promising in restoring vision. However, due to its short half life multiple injections are required to control edema and maintain vision. Objectives: To determine the visual and anatomical outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab in patients with diabetic macular edema.

Methods: A hospital based retrospective cross-sectional study was done at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center eye department from 2011- 2015. During this time, patients with  diabetic macular edema who were given intravitreal bevacizumab and satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Visual acuity, central macular thickness and macular volume were recorded at baseline, six, twelve, eighteen, twenty four and thirty weeks respectively. Optical coherence tomography was used to record central macular thickness and macular volume. Univariate and multivariate binary regression analysis were done and the p-value, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated.

Results: The prevalence of Diabetic macular edema was 15.4%. Mean baseline visual acuity improved from  0.9 ± 0.57 log MAR (6/48) to 0.6±0.49 log MAR (6/24) (95% CI 0.207 - 0.389) at 30 weeks. The mean baseline central macular thickness decreased from 426.97 ± 148.358 μm to 280.98 ± 95.89  μm at 30 weeks (95% 151.531 - 187.044, P < .001). The mean baseline macular volume decreased significantly from 10.59 ± 2.55 mm3 to 8.38 ± 1.498 mm3 (95% CI 1.860 - 2.886) at 30 weeks. In multivariate analysis, patients with no hypertension were more likely to have a better visual outcome of 6/18 or better (95% CI 1.064 - 4.420, P < .033).

Conclusion: This study shows a high burden of diabetic macular edema in our setting. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection results in better visual and anatomical outcomes.
Evidence of Post Trabeculectomy Optic Nerve Reperfusion by OCT Angiography
Authors: Sahu Jigyasa
Published: June 2020

Aim: To describe a case of glaucoma which showed increase in optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiographic vessel densities after intraocular pressure reduction suggesting reperfusion of optic nerve.

Presentation of Case: A 55 year old female with primary open angle glaucoma was taken up for trabeculectomy in view of inadequate control of intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximal medical therapy. In addition to routine glaucoma assessment by visual fields and nerve fiber layer assessment by OCT, OCT angiographic evaluation of peripapillary vessel density was done preoperatively. Three months after trabeculectomy, her intraocular pressure decreased from 35mmHg to 14mmHg. Compared with the preoperative baseline value, the vessel density increased significantly in all quadrants after three months from surgery as demonstrated by OCT angiography.

Discussion: This case report suggests that decreased optic nerve head perfusion due to high IOP can be reversed by reduction of IOP.

Conclusion: Vascular parameters like angiographic vessel density can show reversible changes as decreased blood flow reinstates and thus can be better prognostic indicators than structural parameters like OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in glaucoma patients.
Xobourgo on Tenos
Authors: Kourou Nota
Published: June 2020

Xobourgo is a fortified settlement on the island of Tenos in the Cyclades. It was established in the Early Iron Age and it remained the main civic center of the island until the end of the Classical period, when a new fortified coastal settlement created about seven miles southwards became the principal center of the island.
Cavalry, Byzantine
Authors: Dawson Timothy
Published: June 2020

The genius of the Roman army that underpinned its success over millennia was its ability to recognize effective techniques in use by other nations and its willingness to adopt and apply them within its own practice. Nothing illustrates this more strikingly than the evolution of its cavalry forces in Late Antiquity.
Eupatridai (Eupatridae)
Authors: Dupouy Alain
Published: June 2020

Eupatridai were once conceived as the old ruling nobility of Archaic Athens. A complete reappraisal of the evidence proves that they first appeared as a group of political opponents to Peisistratus and his sons, before turning into a common word denoting the elite.
Mardonios (Mardonius)
Authors: Muccioli Federicomaria
Published: June 2020

Mardonios was a Persian general, the son of Gobryas and of a sister of Darius I. He was active in the first decade of the fifth centurybceand he was a protagonist of the Second Persian War, during which he found death in the battle of Plataia.
Thucydides
Authors: Kallet Lisa
Published: June 2020

This entry is about Thucydides’ work, significance, and its impact. It aims especially to bring out the innovative features of his history of the Peloponnesian War so that readers will have a sense of where he fits into the nascent genre of historical writing, in particular the attention to demonstrating his awareness that speeches (logoi) as well as events (erga) were equally part of the writing of history.
Didache
Authors: Draper Jonathan A.
Published: June 2020

TheDidacheis an early Jewish Christian manual for community life dating no later than the end of the first centuryceor the beginning of the second, which was rediscovered in 1873. Beginning with catechesis drawn from Jewish Two Ways tradition it provides rules for initiation, community meal, leadership, hospitality, tithing, and a concluding apocalypse which are markedly different from what became the norm in Western Christianity. It remains something of an enigma which challenges many scholarly assumptions about earliest Christianity.
Peter, Acts of
Authors: Stoops Robert F.
Published: June 2020

TheActs of Peterwas composed in Greek, probably in Asia Minor during the second half of the second centuryce. Much of the surviving material depicts the conflict between Peter and Simon Magus in Rome.
Names, personal, Greco‐Roman Egypt
Authors: Clarysse Willy
Published: June 2020

Both Greeks and Egyptians identified themselves by a single name, to which could be added the name of their father. Mothers’ names are used in religious and magical contexts and become a common feature of full identification in the Roman period. Names are usually either masculine or feminine, unisex names are nonexistent in Greek and rare in Egyptian. Most names have a religious background, but family traditions also play a role. Double names are common and often reflect that their bearers belonged to both the Egyptian and the Greek world.
Ptolemy XV Caesar
Authors: Nadig Peter
Published: June 2020

Ptolemy XV was the son of Cleopatra VII and allegedly Julius Caesar. In the literary sources he is often called Kaisarion or Caesarion (“little Caesar”). After the murder of Ptolemy XIV in 44bce, he was made king and his mother's co‐ruler. In 34 Antony acknowledged him as a true son of Caesar by Cleopatra. At the end of her reign, his mother sent Ptolemy XV away for his own safety, but he was betrayed by his tutor Rhodon to return. Octavian did not wish to have another putative son of Caesar alive, and had him executed.
Deiotaros (Deiotarus) of Galatia
Authors: Coşkun Altay
Published: June 2020

Deiotaros (ca. 120–41/40bce) was the most important Galatian ruler and the leading ally of the Romans in Asia Minor of his time. He succeeded his father Sinorix as tetrarch of the Tolistobogii, whose territory in eastern Phrygia included Gordion. Pompey rewarded his services against Mithradates VI by granting him parts of Pontos and Armenia Minor besides the royal title. After setbacks in the Roman Civil War, he was the first to unite all Galatian territories.
Caesar (title)
Authors: Barrett Anthony A.
Published: June 2020

“Caesar” was originally a regular cognomen, associated with one of the branches of the Julian
gens
, and hence was an element of the nomenclature of the dictator Julius Caesar (C. Iulius Caesar).
Sport
Authors: Poliakoff Michael B.
Published: June 2020

The ancient world has left illuminating, albeit incomplete, records of its athletes. Inscriptions, monuments, and texts document who participated and sometimes their career records and socioeconomic backgrounds. Not unlike modern societies, ancient cultures differed widely, even within themselves, regarding the appropriateness of the athletes’ regimen and the rewards and emoluments they receive.
Law, Roman
Authors: du Plessis Paul J.
Published: June 2020

The legal history of ancient Rome is commonly divided into five epochs. These are: the Archaic period (753–250
bce
); the Preclassical period (250–27
bce
); the Classical period (27
bce
–284
ce
); the Postclassical period (284–527
ce
); and the Justinianic period (527–65
ce
). Central to this nomenclature, which corresponds broadly to more conventional historical classifications of Roman history such as Republic and Empire, are notions of growth and decline.
Chronology, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Dodson Aidan
Published: June 2020

Overview of the key elements used to develop the chronology of ancient Egypt from the unification of the country, down to the establishment of a firm absolute chronology from 690
bce
onwards.
Faience, Egyptian
Authors: Nicholson Paul T.
Published: June 2020

This paper looks at the non‐clay ceramic material known as faience or Egyptian Faience. It has been described as “the first high‐tech ceramic” and has links to the technology of stoneworking as well as to pottery and glass.
Khasekhemwy
Authors: Dreyer† Günter , Heagy Thomas
Published: June 2020

Khasekhemwy (“appearance of the two powers”), who began his reign as Khasekhem (“appearance of the power”), was the last king of the 2nd Dynasty, ca. 2700
bce
. His most important monuments are the so‐called “fort” at Hierakonopolis and his funerary enclosure and tomb at Abydos.
Menes
Authors: Heagy Thomas C.
Published: June 2020

According to Greek historians and the New Kingdom King Lists of Abydos and Turin, Menes was the first “human” ruler of Egypt. He is also credited with founding the new capital city of Memphis at the apex of the Delta. He is associated with the historically known royal names of either Narmer or Hor‐Aha.
Narmer
Authors: HEAGY THOMAS C.
Published: June 2020

Narmer, the first king of the 1st Dynasty of ancient Egypt, reigned ca. 3050bce. Many scholars identify him with Menes, traditionally the first “human” (non‐god) king of Egypt. He succeeded Ka/Sekhen. Narmer's Horus name is written with a catfish and a chisel (the chisel is sometimes omitted). Its meaning is uncertain but is sometimes translated as “raging catfish.” His most important monuments are the Narmer Palette and the Narmer Macehead. He was believed to have been married to Neithhotep. He was succeeded by Hor‐Aha, probably his son.
Nekhbet
Authors: Monkhouse Wendy
Published: June 2020

A female deity who took the form of a vulture, Nekhbet was the guardian of Upper Egypt. Originally a local deity of El‐Kab, as early as the 1st Dynasty Nekhbet had become one of the “Two Ladies” (
nbty
), the vulture and cobra goddesses closely associated with the king. Royal identity was partly configured through the king's
nbty
name, each goddess representing power over and allegiance from Upper or Lower Egypt. The vulture headdress worn by royal women from the Old Kingdom onwards is also linked to Nekhbet.
Arelate (Arles)
Authors: Heijmans Marc
Published: June 2020

Arelate (Arles) is an important ancient city situated in southern France, on the Rhône River currently located about 40 km from the Mediterranean coast. The earliest traces of human occupation found so far date to the first half of the sixth century
bce
. Founded as a Roman colony by Julius Caesar at 46/45
bce
, Arles became a wealthy city during the Roman Empire and an important political and religious centre in Late Antiquity.
Amazons
Authors: Mayor Adrienne
Published: June 2020

Amazons of myth were fierce horsewomen–archers who gloried in war, hunting, and sex. Dwelling in exotic lands east of the Mediterranean, Amazons were the equals of men in combat and bravery and the greatest Greek heroes proved their valor by defeating Amazon queens. Modern archaeological excavations of armed women's graves on the steppes now suggests that real nomadic mounted archers influenced ancient Greek ideas and images of mythic Amazons.
Carmentis and Carmentalia
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2020

Carmentis (Carmenta at Livy 1.7.8) is an early Roman goddess, or perhaps one of a divine group, the Carmentes. Her name probably derives from Latin carmen (a special utterance, such as a spell, song, or poem), which suggests her original nature as the abstraction of the prophetic voice.Indigitamentasuch as Postvorta (“Turned Backwards”) and Porrima (“Facing Forward”) help her to see into the past and future; but she is also designated a birth goddess, with her helpers’ names referring to the position of infants at birth.
Janus
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2020

Janus is the Roman god of the passage (Latin
ianua
), including doorways, archways, and bridges, as well as metaphorical transitions. His name is given to January, which became the gateway into the New Year (Ov.
Fast
. 1), the Janiculum hill,
ianuli
(a type of verse), and
ianual
(a sacrificial cake). In Indo‐European terms Janus seems to be “a personification of transitional spaces through which one must walk in order to begin an under‐taking” (Taylor 2000: 2).
Rebellions, Roman Empire
Authors: Andrade Nathanael
Published: June 2020

In the Roman Empire, provincial rebellions constituted acts of violent opposition mounted by inhabitants of conquered territories against the imperial administration, and they are to be distinguished from conflicts between Rome and a foreign power.
Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus)
Authors: Barrett Anthony A.
Published: June 2020

Nero (37–68
ce
) was the last emperor from within Rome's first imperial dynasty, the Julio–Claudians. He is generally viewed as the archetypical tyrant and the epitome of vicious depravity.
Cornelii Scipiones, family and tomb of
Authors: Jacobs John
Published: June 2020

The Cornelii Scipiones, a branch of the famous patrician
gens Cornelia
, were one of the most powerful and influential families of the Roman Republic. Together, Scipio Africanus and Scipio Aemilianus, the two most famous members of the family, led Rome to victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars and, at the same time, laid the foundation for the return of monarchy through the transition from Republic to Empire. The family tomb, located not far from the Porta Capena, fittingly commemorated both the rise and the fall of the clan, and likewise anticipated the construction of the Mausoleum of Augustus.
Jugurtha
Authors: Nice Alex
Published: June 2020

Jugurtha (ca. 160–104
bce
), the grandson of Masinissa and son of Mastanabal, was a king of Numidia, who waged a war against Rome documented in Sallust's
Bellum Iugurthinum
.
Birth control (abortion and contraception)
Authors: Riddle John M.
Published: June 2020

Early cuneiform and hieroglyphic writings indicate that women practiced birth control by taking contraceptive or abortive herbs. Male seed had a long, indeterminate period before fertilization. Women could restore menstruation. Law protected the right of males in wedlock to have a child. Surgical abortion was available, dangerous, and rare.
Anonymus Londiniensis
Authors: Prince Susan
Published: June 2020

Anonymus Londiniensis is a medical text from the first century
ce
preserved on papyrus, apparently an autograph of the author. It preserves a doxography on the causes of disease according to twenty doctors contemporary with or earlier than Aristotle and engages in polemical discussion on the maintenance of the healthy body with four named doctors and two schools of the Hellenistic period. Peripatetic terminology suggests that the author's own tradition is Aristotelian. Scholars are divided on the purpose of the text, whether it is the draft of a scholarly treatise or notes for a contest in medical knowledge.
Pharmacology, Egyptian
Authors: David Rosalie
Published: June 2020

The origins of modern medicine are generally traced back to ancient Greece: Galen, ca. 150
ce
, advocated treatments that included herbal remedies, and Dioscorides, ca. 150
ce
, is credited with authorship of the earliest extant pharmacopeia. However, interdisciplinary research on Egyptian medical papyri and revised identification of plants available for medicinal purposes has demonstrated the Egyptians' use of effective pharmaceutical treatments at least a thousand years earlier. An independent profession of pharmacist possibly did not exist, but there were professional standards and protocols: many treatments were based on recognizable and reproducible drug formulation, preparation, administration, and dosing regimens.
Vindicianus
Authors: Cilliers Louise
Published: June 2020

Helvius Vindicianus (ca. 340–ca. 400
ce
) was a prominent Roman physician who also held important government offices, such as Count of the Roman College of Physicians, and in later life proconsul of the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis (now Tunisia). He was the first to produce his compilations in Latin, the lingua franca of the time, thus preserving the great works of Hippocrates
et al
. for posterity.
Kinship terms, used metaphorically
Authors: Harders Ann‐Cathrin
Published: June 2020

Kinship provides a terminology to establish relations between persons not only related by descent and marriage; it thus broadens social networks and creates communities. The metaphorical use of kinship in Greek and Roman societies as well as Jewish and Christian communities allowed the creation of asymmetrical relations by evoking parenthood or of more symmetrical relations by evoking siblingship.
Misogyny
Authors: Watson Patricia
Published: June 2020

There was a Greco–Roman literary tradition, going back to Hesiod, of misogyny in its literal meaning. In the broader sense of the term – prejudice against women – misogyny was more widespread. Based on a stereotypic view of women as inferior, misogyny was enshrined in law and social practice, for instance in the disenfranchisement of women and a disinclination to allow women a significant political role. Misogynistic attacks were often directed at women who failed to conform to expected behavioral norms, especially in Rome, where the comparative freedom of wealthy upper‐class women was all the more threatening from a male perspective.
Inorganic Mediator toward Organosulfide Active Material: Anchoring and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Fan Qianqian , Guo Wei , Si Yubing , Wang Xin , Wang Bo , Fu Yongzhu
Published: June 2020

Organosulfides are promising high‐capacity cathode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries. However, they are hindered by several key challenges including the electronic/ionic insulation and solubility issues of the discharged products. Herein, TiS2 nanosheets@carbon nanotubes (TiS2 NSs@MWCNT) are proposed as a promoter and booster toward phenyl tetrasulfide (PTS). It serves as a bifunctional mediator, not only anchoring active materials in the cathode through chemical adsorption but also facilitating the reaction kinetics. The Li‐organosulfide cell yields a reversible discharge capacity of 467.6 mAh g−1 and a high capacity retention of 81.9% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C rate. When the PTS areal mass loading is 5.8 mg cm−2 and the electrolyte/PTS ratio is 3.8 µL mg−1, a high specific capacity of 444 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C rate can still be achieved. The strong anchoring and electrocatalysis effects of TiS2 toward PhSLi and polysulfide are revealed using experimental and computational approaches. The study sheds light on metal sulfides as mediators to improve the cycling life of Li‐organosulfide batteries and provides deep comprehension of the instinct interaction evolution at molecular level, which is invaluable for fabrication of electrode materials.
Nanoengineered Light‐Activatable Polybubbles for On‐Demand Therapeutic Delivery
Authors: Arun Kumar Shreedevi , Good Jacob , Hendrix David , Yoo Eunsoo , Kim Dongin , Deo Kaivalya A. , Jhan Yong‐Yu , Gaharwar Akhilesh K. , Bishop Corey J.
Published: June 2020

Vaccine coverage is severely limited in developing countries due to inefficient protection of vaccine functionality as well as lack of patient compliance to receive the additional booster doses. Thus, there is an urgent need to design a thermostable vaccine delivery platform that also enables release of the bolus after predetermined time. Here, the formation of injectable and light‐activatable polybubbles for vaccine delivery is reported. In vitro studies show that polybubbles enable delayed burst release, irrespective of cargo types, namely small molecule and antigen. The extracorporeal activation of polybubbles is achieved by incorporating near‐infrared (NIR)‐sensitive gold nanorods (AuNRs). Interestingly, light‐activatable polybubbles can be used for on‐demand burst release of cargo. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies demonstrate successful activation of AuNR‐loaded polybubbles. Overall, the light‐activatable polybubble technology can be used for on‐demand delivery of various therapeutics including small molecule drugs, immunologically relevant protein, peptide antigens, and nucleic acids.
Robust Fabrication of Hybrid Lead‐Free Perovskite Pellets for Stable X‐ray Detectors with Low Detection Limit
Authors: Tie Shujie , Zhao Wei , Xin Deyu , Zhang Min , Long Jidong , Chen Qi , Zheng Xiaojia , Zhu Jianguo , Zhang Wen‐Hua
Published: June 2020

X‐ray detectors are widely utilized in medical diagnostics and nondestructive product inspection. Halide perovskites are recently demonstrated as excellent candidates for direct X‐ray detection. However, it is still challenging to obtain high quality perovskites with millimeter‐thick over a large area for high performance, stable X‐ray detectors. Here, methylammonium bismuth iodide (MA3Bi2I9) polycrystalline pellets (PPs) are developed by a robust, cost effective, and scalable cold isostatic‐pressing for fabricating X‐ray detectors with low limit of detection (LoD) and superior operational stability. The MA3Bi2I9‐PPs possess a high resistivity of 2.28 × 1011 Ω cm and low dark carrier concentration of ≈107 cm−3, and balanced mobility of ≈2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for electrons and holes. These merits enable a sensitivity of 563 μC Gyair−1 cm−2, a detection efficiency of 28.8%, and an LoD of 9.3 nGyair s−1 for MA3Bi2I9‐PPs detectors, and the LoD is much lower than the dose rate required for X‐ray diagnostics used currently (5.5 μGyair s−1). In addition, the MA3Bi2I9‐PPs detectors work stably under high working bias field up to 2000 V cm−1 after sensing an integrated dose >320 Gyair with continuous X‐ray radiation, demonstrating its competitive advantage in practical application. These findings provide an approach to explore a new generation of low LoD, stable and green X‐ray detectors based on MA3Bi2I9‐PPs.
Metal Atom‐Doped Co3O4 Hierarchical Nanoplates for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Song Lin , Guan Bu Yuan , Lu Xue Feng , Xi Shibo , Du Yonghua , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: June 2020

Electrocatalysts based on hierarchically structured and heteroatom‐doped non‐noble metal oxide materials are of great importance for efficient and low‐cost electrochemical water splitting systems. Herein, the synthesis of a series of hierarchical hollow nanoplates (NPs) composed of ultrathin Co3O4 nanosheets doped with 13 different metal atoms is reported. The synthesis involves a cooperative etching−coordination−reorganization approach starting from zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) NPs. First, metal atom decorated ZIF‐67 NPs with unique cross‐channels are formed through a Lewis acid etching and metal species coordination process. Afterward, the composite NPs are converted to hollow Co3O4 hierarchical NPs composed of ultrathin nanosheets through a solvothermal reaction, during which the guest metal species is doped into the octahedral sites of Co3O4. Density functional theory calculations suggest that doping of small amount of Fe atoms near the surface of Co3O4 can greatly enhance the electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Benefiting from the structural and compositional advantages, the obtained Fe‐doped Co3O4 hierarchical NPs manifest superior electrocatalytic performance for OER with an overpotential of 262 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 43 mV dec−1, and excellent stability even at a high current density of 100 mA cm−2 for 50 h.
Perovskite Granular Wire Photodetectors with Ultrahigh Photodetectivity
Authors: Lee Yoon Ho , Song Inho , Kim Su Hwan , Park Ju Hyun , Park Sung O , Lee Jeong Hun , Won Yousang , Cho Kilwon , Kwak Sang Kyu , Oh Joon Hak
Published: June 2020

Control over the morphology and crystallinity of metal halide perovskite materials is of key importance to enable high‐performance optoelectronics. Here, a simple yet effective template‐free self‐assembly synthesis of perovskite granular wires with ultrahigh photodetectivity (3.17 × 1015 Jones) is reported. The 1D self‐assembly of perovskite grains is driven by differences in the surface interaction energies of the granular facets. The superb photodetecting performance originates from extremely low dark current engendered by energetic barriers featuring unique band‐edge modulation along the long axis of wire. Flexible photodetector arrays, fabricated by selectively placing perovskite granular wires onto pre‐patterned electrode arrays on a transparent polymer substrate, show independently addressable photonic signal mapping with remarkably high detectivity, photoconductive gain, and responsivity. The “self‐assembled nanograin engineering” strategy developed in this study provides a viable method for the development of high‐performance perovskite photodetectors and can be extended to other integrated optoelectronic systems.
Tunable Color Temperatures and Emission Enhancement in 1D Halide Perovskites under High Pressure
Authors: Ma Zhiwei , Li Fangfang , Sui Laizhi , Shi Yue , Fu Ruijing , Yuan Kaijun , Xiao Guanjun , Zou Bo
Published: June 2020

Designing low‐dimensional halide perovskites (LDHPs) for broadband emissions with enhanced emission and preferred chromaticity coordinator or color temperature remains a pressing challenge. Herein, a comprehensive study is conducted about the relationship between the crystal structure and broadband emission properties of 1D halide perovskite C4N2H14PbBr4, one of promising white‐emission LDHPs. It is found that the zigzag distortion degree tuned by pressure not only suppresses the general photoluminescence quenching, but also effectively adjusts the chromaticity coordinator and color temperature of C4N2H14PbBr4 nanocrystals (NCs). The initially broad white emissive C4N2H14PbBr4 NCs can be continuously modulated to a very bright bluish‐white emission with high color‐rendering index of 86, accompanied by a significant emission enhancement. The underlying mechanism of thus pressure‐induced emission enhancement (PIEE) can be attributed to the strengthening of electron–phonon interactions of compressed C4N2H14PbBr4 NCs. Furthermore, the zigzag distortion of [PbBr42−]∞ octahedral chains is able to rearrange the depths of multiple self‐trapped states, which is also corroborated by the wavelength‐dependent decay times under pressure, ultimately giving rise to adjustable emission chromaticity. This study offers a deep insight into the relationship between PIEE and distortion degree of LDHPs at extremes and facilitates the design of new materials with the desired emission properties.
Design and Synthesis of a [2.2]Paracyclophane‐based Planar Chiral Dirhodium Catalyst and its Applications in Cyclopropanation Reaction of Vinylarenes with α‐Methyl‐α‐Diazo Esters
Authors: Zippel Christoph , Hassan Zahid , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan
Published: June 2020

A planar chiral dirhodium paddlewheel complex Rh2(Sp−PCP)4 based on the [2.2]paracyclophane has been synthesized for the challenging cyclopropanation of venylarene derivatives with tert‐butyl α‐diazo propionates. The homobimetallic rhodium catalyst relies on the high steric demand and rigidity of [2.2]paracyclophane that favors the cyclopropanation of 1‐aryl substituted, 1,1‐disubstituted and benzannulated alkenes over β‐hydride migration at room temperature with high diastereoselectivity.

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Irrigated soybean response to granular fertilizer potassium application timing
Authors: Slaton Nathan A. , Roberts Trenton L. , Ross W. Jeremy , Richmond Tyler L.
Published: June 2020

Amelioration of K deficiency during the growing season requires knowledge of critical tissue concentrations and crop yield response to fertilization time. Our objectives were to characterize the yield and uptake responses of K‐deficient irrigated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to in‐season fertilizer‐K application time and rate, evaluate fertilizer‐potassium‐recovery efficiency (FKRE), and evaluate how leaflet‐K concentration responds to K‐fertilization time. Six trials were established on silt loam soils. Muriate of potash was applied pre‐plant and compared to an equivalent K rate applied post‐emergence on six or seven dates. Grain yield, trifoliolate‐K concentration, and K uptake were measured. Relative soybean yields were regressed across days after planting (DAP) for two situations of K‐responsive soybean: season‐long K‐deficiency symptoms or few symptoms (hidden hunger). The maximum yield increases from K fertilization ranged from 524 to 1948 kg ha−1 among trials producing relative yields that were 59−90% of the maximum yield produced with the greatest pre‐plant‐applied K rate. A linear‐plateau model showed maximal yields of soybean with hidden hunger could be produced with in‐season fertilizer K applied as late as 83 DAP or 44 d after R1 stage (DAR1). For soybean experiencing season‐long K deficiency, K fertilization from pre‐plant until 60 DAP or about 20 DAR1 produced similar relative yields. The FKRE of pre‐plant‐applied fertilizer K ranged from 36 to 75% among trials. Regardless of the severity of K deficiency, fertilizer K applied post‐emergence into the R2 development stage was taken up efficiently and produced similar yields as equal pre‐plant‐applied K rates.
Absence of Subcerebral Projection Neurons Is Beneficial in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Burg Thibaut , Bichara Charlotte , Scekic‐Zahirovic Jelena , Fischer Mathieu , Stuart‐Lopez Geoffrey , Brunet Aurore , Lefebvre François , Cordero‐Erausquin Matilde , Rouaux Caroline
Published: June 2020

Objective

Recent studies carried out on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients suggest that the disease might initiate in the motor cortex and spread to its targets along the corticofugal tracts. In this study, we aimed to test the corticofugal hypothesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis experimentally.

Methods

Sod1G86R and Fezf2 knockout mouse lines were crossed to generate a model that expresses a mutant of the murine Sod1 gene ubiquitously, a condition sufficient to induce progressive motor symptoms and premature death, but genetically lacks corticospinal neurons and other subcerebral projection neurons, one of the main populations of corticofugal neurons. Disease onset and survival were recorded, and weight and motor behavior were followed longitudinally. Hyper‐reflexia and spasticity were monitored using electromyographic recordings. Neurodegeneration and gliosis were assessed by histological techniques.

Results

Absence of subcerebral projection neurons delayed disease onset, reduced weight loss and motor impairment, and increased survival without modifying disease duration. Absence of corticospinal neurons also limited presymptomatic hyper‐reflexia, a typical component of the upper motoneuron syndrome.

Interpretation

Major corticofugal tracts are crucial to the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In the context of the disease, subcerebral projection neurons might carry detrimental signals to their downstream targets. In its entirety, this study provides the first experimental arguments in favor of the corticofugal hypothesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:688–702
The crystallization and rheological behaviors of in situ microfibrillar isotactic polypropylene/polyamide 66 composites with a selective β‐nucleating agent distribution
Authors: Luo Shanshan , Sun Jing , Huang Anrong , Li Juan , Gao Chengtao , Luo Heng , Wei Liangqiang , Qin Shuhao
Published: June 2020

In situ microfibrillar composites (MFCs) with isotactic polypropylene (iPP) as matrix and β‐nucleating agents filled polyamide 66 (β‐PA66) as dispersed microfibrils were fabricated through multistage stretching extrusion technology. The simultaneous effects of β‐nucleating agents, shear‐flow and microfibrils on the crystallization and rheological behaviors of iPP were explored. Crystallization analysis demonstrated that the counteraction of shear flow and β‐nucleating agents resulted in the absence of β‐crystal in the as‐extruded MFCs. When the MFCs were annealed at 210°C for 10 min, the flow field was erased accompanied with the migration of β‐nucleating agents from PA66 phase to surface, which in turn inducing the formation of β crystal in the recrystallized samples. Shear rheological investigations suggested that the β‐NAs at interface mechanically integrated the PA66 and iPP phase thus improving the interfacial adhesion. These findings provided a potential way to solve the interfacial problems of MFCs.
Negative dielectric permittivity of PVDF nanocomposites induced by carbon nanofibers and polymer crystallization
Authors: Sun Lili , Wu Nan , Peng Rui
Published: June 2020

Negative permittivity is a key characteristic of the distinctive metamaterials, a novel class of artificial materials with particular electromagnetic properties. Negative permittivity has been realized in metallic structures with special designs, but rarely achieved in polymer nanocomposites. Our recent studies discover that negative permittivity can be attained from randomly distributed carbon nanofiber (CNF) filled poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composites over a wide frequency range, and the negative permittivity values are strongly influenced by CNF and PVDF crystalline structures. The effects of CNF on the crystallization of PVDF, and the resultant negative dielectric permittivity of CNF/PVDF composites influenced by crystallization of PVDF and CNF, are investigated. It is revealed that the introduction of CNF not only affects the dielectric permittivity directly, but also causes indirect effects to the dielectric permittivity through influencing the crystallization of PVDF. In particular, due to addition of more CNF, a α‐ to β‐phase transformation in PVDF is found to affect permittivity of the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the permittivity of CNF/PVDF composites are increased considerably (“more negative”) with more CNF, and is affected noticeably by crystalline structures of PVDF. The lowest negative permittivity achieved is −2,500 for the nanocomposite with 5 wt% CNF at 5 kHz.
Artificial intelligence and the world of work, a co‐constitutive relationship
Authors: Østerlund Carsten , Jarrahi Mohammad Hossein , Willis Matthew , Boyd Karen , T. Wolf Christine
Published: June 2020

The use of intelligent machines—digital technologies that feature data‐driven forms of customization, learning, and autonomous action—is rapidly growing and will continue to impact many industries and domains. This is consequential for communities of researchers, educators, and practitioners concerned with studying, supporting, and educating information professionals. In the face of new developments in artificial intelligence (AI), the research community faces 3 questions: (a) How is AI becoming part of the world of work? (b) How is the world of work becoming part of AI? and (c) How can the information community help address this topic of Work in the Age of Intelligent Machines (WAIM)? This opinion piece considers these 3 questions by drawing on discussion from an engaging 2019 iConference workshop organized by the NSF supported WAIM research coordination network (note: https://waim.network).
Modulating the Properties of Azulene‐containing Polymers Through Functionalization at the 2‐Position of Azulene
Authors: Mao Png Zhuang , Xu Jianwei
Published: June 2020

Poly(2‐arylazulene‐alt‐fluorene) and poly(2‐arylazulene‐alt‐thiophene) are synthesized via Suzuki and Stille cross‐coupling polymerization, respectively, using 1,3‐dibromo‐2‐arylazulenes as monomers, which are prepared by a novel directed C−H activation method of 2‐carboxylic azulene and subsequent bromination reaction. Our study shows that functionalization at the 2‐position of azulene monomers influences polymer properties. For instance, different from electron‐withdrawing groups that discourage the protonation of azulene, electron‐donating aryl groups, however, enhances the sensitivity of response to acid. Protonation of the polymers leads to significant shifts in absorption spectra accompanying with obvious color changes from green to brown in majority cases because of the formation of poly(azulenium cation). The electrochromic properties of polymers are examined, exhibiting that nature of aryl group at the 2‐position of azulene influences the stability of their electrochromic devices.
Stratified two‐sample design: A review on nonparametric methods
Authors: Carrozzo Eleonora , Arboretti Rosa , Ceccato Riccardo , Salmaso Luigi
Published: June 2020

In this article, a comparison between the most promising nonparametric tests in a two‐sample stratified design for practical uses is performed. We compared methods that exhibit good small‐sample properties in order to be used with the most common stratum sizes. From the literature we identified as promising the following solutions: the aligned rank test, a small‐sample approximation for the ANOVA‐type statistic based on an unweighted average of all the distributions, and an asymptotic permutation distribution for the Wald‐type statistic. We also developed a permutation version of the aligned rank test and another permutation testing procedure based on the Mann‐Whitney statistic using the nonparametric combination procedure. All selected methods were compared by means of a simulation study. The results show that the aligned rank test and its permutation version perform better in most of the considered situations. Data from a genuine industrial problem were used for illustration purposes and to confirm the simulation results.
INSAR Special Interest Group Report: Stakeholder Perspectives on Priorities for Future Research on Autism, Sexuality, and Intimate Relationships
Authors: Dewinter Jeroen , van der Miesen Anna I. R. , Holmes Laura Graham
Published: June 2020

The number of empirical studies on sexuality and intimate relationships in autistic people has grown over the last years with the increasing awareness that sexuality and intimate relationships are an important part of life and well‐being for autistic people. Further, expression and enjoyment of sexuality is a fundamental, basic human right. This paper reports on needs for future research in this area based on the input of autistic adults, researchers, and other stakeholders (e.g., parents and professionals). Utilizing the nominal group technique, 65 individuals participated in eight groups in which they brainstormed on research questions they deemed most important. Responses were categorized into themes and ranked according to importance based on the level of priority attributed by participants. Findings suggest that future research should focus on developing ways to support sexual and relationship well‐being and getting a better understanding of sexuality and relationships in autistic people. Also, attention was drawn to the need for studying the influence of stereotypical societal views, and stigma. Finally, the importance of participatory research to include perspectives of autistic people in research and practice was stressed.

Lay Summary

Sexuality and romantic relationships are part of daily life for most people, including autistic people. For this study, groups of autistic people, professionals, and autism researchers discussed which research on autism, sexuality, and relationships is needed and can help autistic adolescents and adults. The group discussions revealed that more research is needed on how to support well‐being relating to romantic relationships and sexuality in autistic people and how the people around them can contribute to this. Therefore, we also need to learn more about how autistic people of all ages and throughout their lives experience sexuality and relationships. Finally, the need for attention to the role of stereotypical ideas and stigma about autism, sexuality, and relationships was pointed out. Attention to the experiences of autistic people can help professionals, researchers, and policy makers to offer and organize attuned support and do relevant research. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1248–1257. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
First Workshop on Metals in Medicine (2019): Translational Research in Medicinal Bioinorganic Chemistry
Authors: Notaro Anna , Gasser Gilles
Published: June 2020

On the 14–15th November 2019, the first workshop on Metals in Medicine took place in Paris at Chimie ParisTech, PSL University. Organised with the aim of having invited speakers share their experience in bringing metal‐based drugs to (pre‐)clinical trials, this event gathered 135 attendees from six continents to Paris. A special collection on this event has now been published in ChemBioChem, combining more than 20 articles on different topics related to metals in medicine.
Assessing the Importance of V(IV) During NH3−SCR Using Operando EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Godiksen Anita L. , Funk Marie H. , Rasmussen Søren B. , Mossin Susanne
Published: June 2020

Suggested mechanisms for NH3−SCR on V2O5/TiO2 based catalysts contain both oxidized and reduced vanadium species. The degree of reduction and the importance of the redox properties of the catalyst are however still widely discussed. Here we show the presence of significant amounts of oxidovanadium(IV), VO2+ using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of V2O5/TiO2 and V2O5/WO3/TiO2 under operando selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3 in a fixed bed plug flow reactor operating at high space velocity: 420,000 h−1. The V(IV) content at the completely oxidized and reduced states is also analyzed. It is found that a significant part of the vanadium is reduced to the EPR active species, VO2+ at operando SCR conditions and even more when O2 is removed from the SCR gas.
Application of infrared microscopy and alternating least squares to the forensic analysis of automotive paint chips
Authors: Kwofie Francis , Perera Undugodage Don Nuwan , Allen Matthew D. , Lavine Barry K.
Published: June 2020

To collect infrared (IR) absorbance spectra from an automotive paint chip with an IR imaging microscope, it is a common practice to cast the paint chip in epoxy and then cross section it using a microtome to reveal the individual layers of paint. Ideally, the epoxy should present little or no spectral interference. However, the epoxy can infiltrate individual layers of the paint chip as it cures contaminating the IR spectra of the layers and impairing the accuracy of a search of each of these layers against an automotive paint library. In this study, we have demonstrated that automotive paint chips can be successfully cross sectioned without the use of embedding media. Sample preparation is easier, and more importantly, interfering peaks in the spectra due to the epoxy are eliminated. To demonstrate the advantages of this approach for sample preparation, IR image maps of four automotive paint chips that were not cast in epoxy prior to cross sectioning were collected. After each IR image was unfolded using an oblique transit to traverse the image, the spectra of the individual paint layers comprising the line map were reconstructed by alternating least squares. Comparing each recovered IR spectrum against a spectral library, we show that high quality spectral matches were obtained for spectra from the same line/model of the vehicle from which the paint sample originated. When the same paint chips were cast in epoxy prior to cross sectioning, high quality spectral matches could not always be obtained.