bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSIDERAÇÕES E REFLEXÕES CRÍTICAS SOBRE OS RECENTES ATAQUES TERRORISTAS SOFRIDOS PELA FRANÇA À LUZ DO DILEMA ENTRE SEGURANÇA NACIONAL E PROTEÇÃO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS
Authors: Fernandes Bernardo Gonçalves , Senna Juliana Ferreira Alvim Soares de
Published: September 2018

O presente artigo visa a analisar questões jurídico-políticasque permeiam os ataques terroristas sofridos pela França em novembro de 2015, especificamente no que tange a medidas de contraterrorismo.Objetiva-se, a partir da Corte Europeia de Direitos Humanos, demonstrar de que forma ocorreu e ocorre a consolidação da jurisdição europeia de direitos humanos, questionando-se de que forma pode se dar a relação entre tal consolidação e a questão da segurança nacional. Ademais, intenciona-se argumentar que a situação normativa dos Estados Unidos no pós 11 de setembro demonstra que a escolha pela segurança nacional, em detrimento da proteção de direitos humanos, pode ter consequências muito severas, relacionadas à normalização do estado de exceção.
Optoregulated Drug Release from an Engineered Living Hydrogel
Authors: Sankaran Shrikrishnan , Becker Judith , Wittmann Christoph , del Campo Aránzazu
Published: September 2018

A living hydrogel has been developed with metabolically and optogenetically engineered E. coli encapsulated within an agarose-based hydrogel matrix to produce and release deoxyviolacein in response to blue light irradiation. Localized, tunable and prolonged drug release have been demonstrated.
Leadership and capability development and deployment in the New Zealand State Service
Authors: Pratt Michael J , Horn Murray
Published: September 2018

This article describes the design during 2013 of a model and implementation principles of a leadership and capability development and deployment (LCDD) model for the state services system. In this process, an initial prototype model was developed to describe a desired future state. It was informed by the best traditions of state services leadership development, together with models used by the world’s best companies, such as Procter & Gamble, for leadership development (Filipkowski and Donlon, 2013). The model was then enhanced based on our research in other jurisdictions, including Australia, Singapore and the United Kingdom, and cocreation with stakeholders.
Flexi-super not really such a great idea
Authors: Rashbrooke Geoff
Published: September 2018

This article is an abridged version of an IGPS working paper of the same title published October 2013. The working paper was commenced earlier in the year, but completion became timely after the government put out a discussion document outlining the Flexi-Super concept and invited submissions. Accordingly, this is not a response to the discussion document per se, but rather a holistic review of the policy option of letting people select starting dates for New Zealand Superannuation (NZS).
Lifting New Zealand’s productivity: a research agenda
Authors: Nolan Patrick
Published: September 2018

Sebastian Edwards (2013) wrote that when it comes to the economy New Zealand appears to exhibit ‘Woody Allen syndrome’. In most of Allen’s movies, he observed, the main character is leading what appears to be a charmed life (‘interesting friends, a nice apartment, and a well-paying job’) but he still worries a lot. New Zealanders too ‘worry a lot. They worry about the economy and about the country’s position in the world.’ And, as Edwards went on to note, as ‘Woody’s movies progress, the viewers realise that, although he is sweet and loveable, he has certain traits that could be improved on. … Similarly, and in spite of New Zealand’s wonderful showing in ranking after ranking, there are a number of areas where reforms would make the country’s position in the world even better.’
Picking up the pace in public services
Authors: Morrison Al
Published: September 2018

Following the reforms of the public management system in the 1980s, legislative change and programmes of work to develop and shape the system have occurred at various times. The work programmes have tended to come and go, with mixed success, each designed around maintaining the strengths that accountability for outputs has brought to public sector agencies while increasing the focus on achieving outcomes.
Climate change: towards policy coherence
Authors: Macey Adrian
Published: September 2018

The fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, being released in sections from late 2013 through 2014, is rekindling public interest in climate change. With controversies over the previous report (2007) out of the way, advances in knowledge since then and some improvement in procedures, the findings of the latest report appear more robust. Even though many uncertainties remain, the evidence base for policy is compelling.
Old and poor or old and cared for? Some policy reflections on data from the first two waves of NZLSA
Authors: Waldegrave Charles
Published: September 2018

It is customary in New Zealand policy circles to assume that older citizens are financially protected by New Zealand Superannuation (NZS) and their high rates of home ownership. Furthermore, it is assumed that families with children are much more at risk of living below one or more of the various poverty thresholds. The evidence supports this belief and there is, of course, an urgent need to address child poverty. However, the status of NZS and home ownership as protective factors for older people in the years ahead is not guaranteed.
Decumulation 101: the basics of drawing down capital in retirement
Authors: Rashbrooke Geoff
Published: September 2018

Decumulation in the retirement income context is the using up of retirement savings by way of drawing out regular income – for example, a fixed amount each month. It’s the converse of accumulating retirement savings while in paid work by regularly putting money aside. And return on investment plays its part in both: in the accumulation phase it enhances the amount saved; in the decumulation phase it enhances the regular amount that can be paid out.
Improving New Zealand water governance: challenges and recommendations
Authors: Eppel Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

Our lives and our livelihoods depend on fresh water. Our cities and the appeal of our countryside to New Zealanders and tourists alike are based on plentiful supplies of fresh water. The overwhelming majority of New Zealand’s exports – not least agricultural and horticultural – require water, and in large quantities. Indeed, in many respects water is New Zealand’s largest export. Yet the management of our fresh water has not been ideal. We have over-allocated, and badly polluted some of our water resources. Such problems point to significant weaknesses in the governance of fresh water in this country. This article explores these governance issues through a complex adaptive systems lens and outlines some possible solutions.
Learning from regulatory disasters
Authors: Black Julia
Published: September 2018

In 2010 an explosion in the Pike River mine in New Zealand killed 29 people, and, on the other side of the world, a blowout at the Macondo oil well killed 11 people and caused major environmental damage as four million barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico. In 2005 a cloud of petrol vapour spread over two major motorways early on a Sunday morning after an explosion at the Buncefield storage depot  in the South of England, which if it had happened at any other time could have caused significant loss of life. In 2008 the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), one of the UK’s largest banks, was rescued from collapse by a government bail-out of £46bn, a contributor to and casualty of the global financial crisis. In the 1990s to early 2000s poor New Zealand building practices led to significant losses for home owners caused by leaky buildings. Estimates of the losses range to as high as $NZ11.3bn (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2009).
Why departments need to be regulatory stewards
Authors: Ayto Jonathan
Published: September 2018

The latest Crown financial statements report that, at 30 June 2014, the New Zealand government held total assets valued at around $256 billion (New Zealand Government, 2014). These included a diverse range of physical, financial and other assets, such as national parks, highways, state houses, electricity generation plant and equipment, Kiwibank mortgages, shares, deposits, and the National Library and Te Papa collections. But some of the most important assets that the New Zealand government develops and maintains are not recorded on the Crown’s balance sheet. They are the regulatory arrangements that have been developed, introduced and refined over many years to, among other things, protect the rights, safety, property and other interests of its citizens, residents and visitors, allocate responsibilities for various risks, and otherwise help them transact or engage with each other on fair and efficient terms.
The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act: going beyond declarations
Authors: Hickman Tom
Published: September 2018

The process of capturing and entrenching fundamental rights remains very much a live one in both New Zealand and the United Kingdom. In both countries there is pressure to move on from the current bill of rights legislation: the UK Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA). While the two jurisdictions are subject to quite different political and cultural pressures, there remains a great deal of scope for exchange of ideas and experiences.
A way of thinking about vested interests
Authors: James Colin , Argyle Ellie
Published: September 2018

In 2010–11 three government policy initiatives aroused controversy and accusations of special treatment for ‘vested interests’: a change in workplace relations law to meet the demands of a film company; special treatment for a company in the ultra-fast broadband roll-out; and a gambling-licencesfor-convention-centre deal. Were the accusations justified? And what is a ‘vested interest’ and where does it fit in New Zealand’s democracy?
A comparative perspective on reforming the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act
Authors: Gardbaum Stephen
Published: September 2018

As an academic comparative constitutional lawyer, I come to the recent Constitutional Advisory Panel report and the issue of whether and how the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 (NZBORA) should be reformed from a particular – perhaps idiosyncratic – perspective. This is viewing the NZBORA as an influential version of a new general model of constitutionalism. This model grants to legislatures ultimate responsibility for the resolution of controversial rights issues while at the same time seeking to improve the rights sensitivity of the legislative process and increasing the rights protective powers of courts as compared with the traditional institutional form of parliamentary supremacy.
Who cares about income inequality?
Authors: Morrison Philip S
Published: September 2018

On the eve of the lecture by the authors of The Spirit Level at the University of Auckland in May 2014, Tim Hazledine pointed to a 2006 international survey which found that  New Zealanders were less supportive of redistributing income from the rich to the poor than people in most other nations in the survey. ‘I don’t think that leads to saying all is well’, Hazledine said. ‘I think inequality is a problem. But we have to understand why we tolerate it’; ‘We have to understand why we don’t have blood flowing in the streets’ (Collins, 2014).
Wages and inequality
Authors: Rosenberg Bill
Published: September 2018

Wages and salaries are a vital part of the picture of income inequality in New Zealand because so many people depend on them as their principal or only source of income, although it is important to remember that the greatest extremes of inequality most frequently come from investment income (for very high incomes) and from social welfare benefits (for poverty). Wages and salaries are market incomes – that is, before taxes, tax credits like Working for Families, and other government assistance. ‘Market’ incomes include income from capital (real estate, investments, financial assets and other unearned income) as well as wages, but here we are looking only at wages and salaries (henceforth ‘wages’).
Top after tax incomes
Authors: Easton Brian
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article is to present some data on top after-tax incomes in New Zealand. Thus it is a companion to the preceding article in this Policy Quarterly, ‘Distribution of pre-tax top personal incomes’, which looked at before-tax incomes. That article found that there had been little change after 1981 in the market (before-tax) income shares of those on top incomes. This article reports that, nevertheless, those on top incomes had dramatic increases in their after-tax incomes and shares of total after-tax income in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Since there was no change in pre-tax market income shares, these increases were due to changes in relative tax rates.
Sole parents in poverty: it’s time to update the policy paradigm
Authors: Dwyer Maire
Published: September 2018

In 2013 there were 201,804 sole-parent families in New Zealand – 84.2% were female-headed, six in ten with a youngest child aged under 15 – compared to around 469,290 two-parent families (Statistics New Zealand, 2014a). Around 90% of sole-parent families had a level of equivalised disposable income below the overall median in 2013, compared with 50% of two-parent families (Perry, 2014).
Engendering diversity: women’s employment in the public service
Authors: Washington Sally , Peak Martin , Fahey Katherine
Published: September 2018

The case for diversity in the workforce is well rehearsed. It has shifted over the years from arguments based on human rights and equality to a business case. A growing body of research suggests that diversity in senior management makes for better decision-making and is generally good for business, whether that business is in the public or private sector. Recent research covering 33,000 workers in 28 countries further suggests that employees who work in a strong climate of diversity and inclusion are three times more confident about their organisation’s ability to perform than those who work in companies with low diversity, and that the level of organisational innovation in such companies is four times higher than in those with a weak diversity and inclusion culture (Wichert, 2014).
Between survival and relevance: remaking 30 years of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs
Authors: Simon-Kumar Rachel
Published: September 2018

Since its establishment in 1984 the Ministry of Women’s Affairs has had a controversial profile.1 What began as a feminist policy agency in the public sector discernibly transitioned, in the course of a decade, into a mainstream policy agency whose function is to focus on issues of relevance to women (Curtin and Teghtsoonian, 2010). The ministry’s distinctive location at the crossroads of policy and gender places it in a maelstrom of contradictory expectations; like other women’s policy agencies elsewhere in the world, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs has historically been caught between expectations from community to be its advocate, on the one hand, and requirements from the public sector to conform to the standards of new public management on the other.
Becoming better helpers: rethinking language to move beyond simplistic responses to women experiencing intimate partner violence
Authors: Wilson Denise , Smith Rachel , Tolmie Julia , De Haan Irene
Published: September 2018

The prevalence of family violence is a persistent challenge facing New Zealand. Its effects are pervasive, spanning multiple levels: individuals, family/wha -nau, communities, and society in general. A major challenge in effectively addressing family violence is the apparent disconnect that exists between the various agencies and services that interact with families/wha -nau where abuse has become a defining feature of their lives. Despite efforts by agencies to become more collaborative, they tend to function in silos. In conducting a series of death reviews the Family Violence Death Review Committee has found agency records to reveal a lack of shared understanding of intimate partner violence as a gendered problem. The records misconstrue victims’ and perpetrators’ roles and convey distorted notions about the realities of victims’ lives and the context of the violence they suffer. This leads to practices that put victims and their children at further risk. In this article we discuss findings related to the use of language and the concept of empowerment that need to be critically considered by those working with victims and perpetrators and those planning and designing family violence responses and services.
Garnaut versus Piketty: inequality in the coming century
Authors: Bertram Geoff
Published: September 2018

If something cannot go on for ever, states Herbert Stein’s law, it will stop. In itself this is not very informative, but it opens the way to three interesting questions: (1) why can’t it go on forever?; (2) where and when will it stop?; and (3) why? Generations of economists have applied this line of inquiry to the accumulation of wealth (or its narrower version, capital) and to its close relative, the share of national income going to the holders of wealth. Their answers have varied widely.
Governance of national parks at the crossroads: New Zealand's silent reform
Authors: Dinica Valentina
Published: September 2018

New Zealand’s national parks are major attractions for tourism and recreation, while hosting other commercial activities considered compatible with that primary role, like grazing, commercial filming and renewable electricity production. Commercial activities can only be carried out according to the terms of legal documents referred to as ‘concessions’ (typically, permits, licences and leases). There are currently 14 national parks, all managed by the Department of Conservation (DOC). Most of the country’s native birds, reptiles, frogs, bats and plants are unique in the world, but highly vulnerable to introduced predators and human activities. DOC has argued frequently that its conservation activities are ‘heavily weighted towards the trapping and poisoning of … introduced animals’. However, ‘less than 25% of conservation land receives interventions on key threats, with around 8% receiving possum, rat and stoat control’.
Growing community housing: challenges for government policy and community providers
Authors: Norman Richard , Teahan Bernard
Published: September 2018

A government goal that one fifth of New Zealand’s social housing will be provided by community housing providers by 2020 received a setback in March 2015. One of New Zealand’s largest community organisations, the Salvation Army, announced that it lacked the expertise, infrastructure and resources and was not sure the lives of tenants would be improved by its becoming a housing provider.
Economic policy, external and internal, and public policy
Authors: Hawke Gary
Published: September 2018

Ross Garnaut delivered a Holmes Lecture superbly crafted to honour Frank Holmes. His economic theory is deployed discreetly. Not only does his lecture have diagrams but no equations, but  also most of the theorising is implicit. It is, however, sophisticated and carefully developed. Perhaps the influence of economic theory is most apparent in the concept of ‘maturation’ of economic growth, the eventually spreading of economic growth across all societies, with an implicit end-point when all have a common real per capita income and rate of growth.
The consequences of euthanasia legislation for disabled people
Authors: Wicks Wendi
Published: September 2018

‘Individual actions, which may ostensibly be seen as for humane purposes, can have inimical consequences for a whole category of people.’ This is one of the concluding comments in the affidavit from Not Dead Yet Aotearoa (NDYA) in the Lecretia Seales court case (Wicks and Hunt, 2015), and it is the starting point here. The community of disabled people and their interests is the focus of this article, which elaborates on some of the probable consequences of changing the law to legitimise euthanasia or assisted suicide.
So near yet so far: implications of the Organised Crime and Anti-corruption Legislation Bill
Authors: McCaulay Michael , Gregory Robert
Published: September 2018

When is a bribe not a bribe? A surprisingly large number of times under current New Zealand law. So many, in fact, that its outdated legislation has regularly been cited as a key reason why, despite its deserved reputation for good governance, New Zealand remains one of very few signatories to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) that has yet to ratify it, alongside Syria, Bhutan, Barbados and Japan. The Organised Crime and Anti-corruption Legislation Bill (OCACL Bill) is explicitly designed to change this state of affairs.
Changes in urban and environmental governance in Canterbury from 2010 to 2015: comparing Environment Canterbury and Christchurch City Council
Authors: Brower Ann , Kleynbos Ike
Published: September 2018

This article compares the proximate but not parallel trajectories of Canterbury Regional Council’s (ECan) and the Christchurch City Council’s changing authority to manage the urban and natural environment from 2010 to 2015. We ask why the trajectories are so far from parallel, and speculate as to why the central government interventions were so different. The apparent mismatch between the justifications for the interventions and the interventions themselves reveals important implications on the national and local levels. Nationally, the mismatch speaks to the current debate over an overhaul of the Resource Management Act. Locally, it informs current discussions in Wellington, Nelson, Gisborne and elsewhere about amalgamating district and regional councils.
The ‘investment approach’ is not an investment approach
Authors: Rosenberg Bill
Published: September 2018

A centrepiece of government social policy is the so-called ‘Investment Approach’ currently being used in the Ministry of Social Development (MSD). There are active plans to expand it into other social services. The attractive concept of an investment approach to public policy has been around for many years, but is that what this approach is really advocating?
Uncertainty in policy: implications for practice
Authors: Nicklin Germana
Published: September 2018

Academics have been writing about uncertainty in public administration since the 1950s (Brown, 1978; Lindblom, 1959), and more recently complexity theory has provided tools for learning one’s way through uncertainty (Eppel, Turner and Wolf, 2011; Kurtz and Snowden, 2003). Uncertainty is different from change. Uncertainty arises from change, but it is also an effect of the social interactions engaged in by public servants going about their business, and of the environment they work in. Research on the way policy is practised provides a way to ‘understand how to conceive of public policy making in an uncertain world’ (Hajer and Laws, in Moran, Rein and Goodin, 2006, p.421). Within this field, the pervasiveness of the effects of uncertainty on the daily work of policy practitioners appears to have been given less attention than it deserves.
Canterbury water management strategy: ‘a better way’?
Authors: Eppel Elizabeth
Published: September 2018

A refrain heard often in respect of Canterbury’s current approach to water governance is ‘there had to be a better way’. Canterbury has 12.7% of the national population, contributes 13% to GDP, and yet encompasses 17% of New Zealand’s land area, much of which, because of soil type and slope, is considered irrigable. What happens in Canterbury has material significance for the country as a whole. So, what is Canterbury doing about the management of its water resources, why do those involved think it could be ‘a better way’, and is there evidence that they might be right?
The planning framework for Auckland ‘Super City’: an insider’s view
Authors: Blakeley Roger
Published: September 2018

Auckland Council was launched five years ago, on  1 November 2010. This article examines the planning framework set in place to enable the growth of Auckland over the next 30 years. The author was chief planning officer of Auckland Council from its inauguration until mid-2015. It therefore gives an insider’s view on the framework, which may aid wider understanding in the policy community. The author has also had the opportunity since leaving the council to reflect on what has been learned, and the hurdles still to be cleared. The premise that Auckland’s success is critical to  New Zealand’s success underpins this article.
Enhancing the tax system to halt the decline of nature in New Zealand
Authors: Stephens Theo , Greenhalgh Suzie , Brown Marie A , Daigneault Adam
Published: September 2018

New Zealand is world-renowned for its nature – its lush forests, spectacular mountain landscapes, wild and scenic rivers, beautiful coastlines and extraordinary biodiversity.  This natural heritage is the foundation of New Zealand’s identity and its branding, and the premier attraction for the tourism industry. It provides habitable environments, contributes to economic production and assimilates wastes, and is an important source of great enjoyment, health and well-being (Roberts et al., 2015). Nature contributes to the success of the nation’s fishing, farming, forestry and tourism industries, which provide about 52% of national export income (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2013). But these values and the well-being and prosperity they enable are being diminished and degraded  at an alarming rate.
Looking back – looking forward? Institutional aspects of New Zealand approaches to nature conservation
Authors: Logan Hugh
Published: September 2018

This issue of Policy Quarterly examines the issue of governing human-nature relationships for the future. This article aims to provide context by examining the history of how New Zealand’s institutions for nature conservation have developed. Some may argue about the strengths or weaknesses, effectiveness, efficiency or legitimacy of New Zealand’s conservation governance. But understanding what it is, and how it came about, provides a platform from which to look at the future.
Application of New Zealand Privacy Law to drones
Authors: Shelley Andrew V
Published: September 2018

There has been rapid growth in the availability and use of small-scale drones1 in recent years, driven by the private benefits available to the drone operator. For a recreational operator the motivation may be enjoyment, but for the commercial operator there is the ability to gather information at lower cost and lower risk than previously possible, and potentially to gather information that could not previously  be gathered in a cost-effective manner. Drones also give rise to a number of costs, most notably safety-related and privacyrelated, which by their nature are borne by third parties.  A mechanism is required for the drone operator to internalise these costs if efficient use of drones is to be achieved.
Do citizens and communities have the news and information they need and want in a digital age?
Authors: Gault Penny , Krieble Todd
Published: September 2018

This article sets out evidence of social and technological trends that challenge traditional notions of civic engagement, particularly New Zealand’s changing demography and media markets. It is intended to provide insight for future policies on civics and media matters.
Restoring civic values to the news media ecology
Authors: Ellis Gavin , Thompson Peter A
Published: September 2018

The emergence of converged digital media platforms has seen a proliferation of new services, but also a disruption to value chains and business models, especially in a small, highly deregulated media market like New Zealand’s. Although consumer choice has expanded in some respects (e.g. subscriber video on demand via smart tablets), this does not fundamentally alter the information needs of citizens if they are to participate in a democratic society. Although digital media also provide spaces for citizen journalism and informed blogging, these complement, rather than replace, mainstream news production.
Policy framework for New Zealand to transition to a low-carbon economy
Authors: Blakeley Roger
Published: September 2018

The Paris Agreement of 12 December 2015 was an important political step forward for the planet. It is a statement of commitment by 185 nations to limit global warming to below 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Most nations also signed up to ‘the intent to pursue a 1.5°C target’. On its own this does not deliver the target. The challenge now for New Zealand is to dramatically lift the pace from the slow progress of the past 25 years. To do our ‘fair share’ we need a comprehensive policy framework and agreed actions for transitioning to a low-carbon economy.
New Zealand and climate change: what are the stakes and what can New Zealand do?
Authors: Bailey Ian , Inderberg Tor Hakon Jackson
Published: September 2018

Following the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December 2015, governments around the world now face the task of developing strategies to meet their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) – UN terminology for emissions reduction goals to 2030 – and their broader contributions to the Paris Agreement’s goal of maintaining global average temperatures to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (UNFCCC, 2015a, article 2.1(a)). Paris represented a crucial starting point, but the decisions by Paula Bennett, New Zealand’s new minister for climate change issues, and her international counterparts will determine whether COP21 produced just warm words or genuinely charted a course to avoid the worst impacts of human-induced climate change.
Thomas Hobbes, war and ‘the natural condition of man’: plus ca change
Authors: Jones Peter E.R.
Published: September 2018

It is customary in any commentary on Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and his best-known work, Leviathan, to emphasise the influence on him of the pre-eminent thinkers of his time, men with whom he had personal dealings (such as Bacon, Descartes and Galileo), forerunners of the Age of Enlightenment. It is also well recognised that Hobbes was much influenced by the civil disorders in England during his own time. However, the influence on him of the great writers and thinkers of ancient Greece has been less well recognised.
The stewardship deficit in New Zealand health policymaking
Authors: Smith Verna
Published: September 2018

The autonomy and capacity of a state to make and implement public policy (or to exercise its ‘stewardship’ functions) (WHO, 2000, p.122) is a fundamental characteristic of statehood. ‘Autonomy’ for a state is defined as ‘the ability of government institutions to resist being captured by interest groups and to act fairly as an arbiter of social conflicts’ (ibid.). ‘Capacity’ refers to the ability of government systems to make and implement policy and ‘springs from the expertise, resources and coherence of the machinery of government’ (Buse, Mays and Walt, 2007, p.81). Understanding the nature of autonomy and capacity in a particular state and how well that state is able to maintain or extend its autonomy or capacity to develop effective public policies is important because this enables states to strengthen these characteristics over time.
The Panama Papers and foreign trusts: what should be done?
Authors: Prebble John
Published: September 2018

On 3 April 2016 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) and the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung announced that for the past year they had been analysing a cache of 11.5 million records, now known as the Panama Papers, taken from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca. The cache included documents relating to trusts and companies in several tax havens. The ICIJ gave details of a number of users or beneficial owners of these structures. Sixty thousand of the records related to New Zealand.
The myth of the shrinking state? What does the data show about the size of the state in New Zealand, 1900-2015
Authors: Gemmell Norman , Gill Derek
Published: September 2018

As every student knows, the economic reforms of the fourth Labour government after 1984 reduced the size of the state. One of the elements of the government’s programme of economic liberalisation was to exit from state trading activities by first corporatising and then privatising the activity. The trading activities in question ranged from telecommunications and banks to hotels, a printing business and a shipping line. In 1984 government spending was about 40% of GDP, and the government employed 31% of the workforce.
Strategies for managing infrastructure risk: an update
Authors: Sullivan Frances
Published: September 2018

Dynamic is perhaps the most understated and least understood of all the terms used to describe New Zealand. Straddling an active plate boundary and surrounded by ocean, New Zealand has a spectacular and dynamic landscape formed by geological and meteorological events, but the management of the risk to people, property and infrastructure from natural hazard events associated with this environment is a challenging area of public sector management. Events of recent years, both here and overseas, present a timely reminder that risk does not stand still.
Local government funding: facing the issues
Authors: Scott Claudia
Published: September 2018

Designing funding policies to serve all the local and regional councils in New Zealand is challenging. This article looks at some of the issues that arise, and some principles for addressing funding arrangements and for considering whether current local government funding arrangements are suited to the requirements of local governments throughout New Zealand. The need for new sources of revenue for local governments in New Zealand is a topic which is raised in most reviews of local government funding. The larger question is whether the nature, level and mix of current funding sources meets the needs of all the councils, given the diversity of their roles, funding requirements, opportunities and constraints.
New public management’s impact on capital cities: new economic and employment challenges for Wellington
Authors: Norman Richard
Published: September 2018

The philosophy of New Public Management, which relies more on market solutions and less on government officials as initiators, has had particular impact for capital cities such as Wellington that are not also their country’s dominant commercial centre. Wellington has been challenged to diversify away from government-related employment during the past 30 years. While it has had considerable success fostering tourism and software and film production, since 2008 growth in employment has been almost non-existent, contrasting with strong growth in Auckland, New Zealand’s largest city and commercial centre. In 2013, John Key, prime minister in the country’s centre-right government, triggered debate and local action with an offhand comment: ‘even Wellington’s dying ... all you have there is government, Victoria University and Weta Workshop’.
Auckland Council: is it too big to last?
Authors: Duncan Grant
Published: September 2018

Auckland is a city-region under intense political pressure. Migration and development are transforming streetscapes and communities. Local government has to plan and budget for significant investments in infrastructure as the city grows, and there is no strategy that pleases all sectors of residents at once. Property owners love their rising asset wealth, but central government is under pressure to address homelessness and home affordability. The Reserve Bank and the Treasury, moreover, watch Auckland’s over-heated housing market nervously, as it poses risk to the whole economy (Makhlouf, 2016).
E-voting eventually? Online voting in (local) elections
Authors: Cheyne Christine
Published: September 2018

In April 2016 New Zealand’s long-awaited online voting trial for local elections was again cancelled, or postponed indefinitely. Despite its advocacy of e-government, central government in New Zealand has continued to stall over trialling online voting. The trial of online voting was strongly supported by local government and has long been recommended by a Parliamentary select committee. However, three months before nominations opened for the October 2016 elections, the associate local government minister, Louise Upston, called off the online voting trial proposed for the elections, citing concerns about security and vote integrity.
Do denser urban areas save on infrastructure? Evidence from New Zealand territorial authorities
Authors: Adams Matt , Chapman Ralph
Published: September 2018

How urban planners shape urban form and longlived infrastructure in these coming few years will largely determine whether the world gets locked into a traditional model … or moves onto a better path, with more compact, connected and liveable cities, greater productivity and reduced climate risk.
New Zealand’s population and development path: unravelling the ‘when’ ‘how’ and ‘why’
Authors: Pool Ian
Published: September 2018

New Zealand’s demographic regime, moderate to high population growth for most of the last 170+ years, has shaped ‘nation building’, especially self-identity (Pool 2016). Increasing population numbers, the quantum of demography, is the value ‘writ large’ in our consciousness, as an immigrant country with one of the highest rates of natural increase (births minus deaths) among western developed countries (WDCs). Yet, the spectre of slower or negative demographic rates has now appeared for some regions, and even nationally (Jackson and Cameron 2017), invoked popularly by the application to various districts of the inexact and pejorative term ‘zombie towns’.
The mechanisms of subnational population growth and decline in New Zealand 1976-2013
Authors: Jackson Natalie , Brabyn Lars
Published: September 2018

This article summarises key findings from the strand of the Tai Timu Tangata. Taihoa e? project that examined the mechanisms of subnational population change in New Zealand for 143 towns, 132 rural centres and 66 territorial authority areas (hereafter TAs), for the 37-year period 1976-2013. Because of space constraints we present the information as a set of 10 summary observations.
Māori in New Zealand’s contemporary development
Authors: Cochrane William , Pool Ian
Published: September 2018

By conventional economic indicators, such as GDP per capita and unemployment, New Zealand is among the better off of the OECD countries (OECD, 2015). This, however, is not true for all areas in the country. The other empirical articles in this issue focus on the disparities between towns and rural centres across New Zealand, especially those in decline. This article takes a different approach, focusing on the contribution of Māori to national and sub-national population and development.
Urban influence and population change in New Zealand
Authors: Cochrane William , Maré David
Published: September 2018

While the New Zealand population overall continues to grow, a large proportion of towns and communities in rural or peripheral areas exhibit near-certain stagnation (Cameron infra) or decline in their populations (Jackson & Brabyn infra). This is not, however, the fate of all such areas, as it has long been thought that rural areas can benefit from growth spill-overs from nearby urban agglomerations.
Global sustainability: policy networks for the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Hassall Graham , Van den Belt Marjan
Published: September 2018

This article focuses on public policy networks, but more particularly on those that are global in scope and intent.  It examines how such networks are being deployed to advance the goals of the Sustainable Development Agenda, and how the New Zealand government and non-government actors might be involved. Networks have become an important tool in policy making at all levels of government.
Global studies methodology
Authors: Graham Kennedy
Published: September 2018

It was shown in the previous article that global studies is qualitatively different from international relations, as a separate sub-discipline. It then becomes necessary to be clear about the defining criteria, the theoretical approaches adopted and the thematic scope of subject matter employed in global studies. This, in turn, raises epistemological issues that may need to be addressed.
Global studies and the New Zealand Centre: meaning and potential
Authors: Graham Kennedy
Published: September 2018

Things change with the passage of time. In the late decades of the 20th century, international relations were naturally founded on 20th-century thought – the nation state as dominant actor; sovereign equality as central principle; international organisation as neutral arena; politicalmilitary strategy as guarantor of peace and security; selfdetermination, economic and social development and human rights as emerging norms. The United Nations Charter was the lodestar, despite the paralysis of the Cold War. The challenge was to make the charter work politically.
Building criminal accountability at the global level: the ICC and its discontents
Authors: Gallavin Chris , Graham Kennedy
Published: September 2018

With the negotiation of the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), we all believed we had entered a new age: an age of unheralded peace and security, of justice, of an end to impunity; an age of accountability.  At the time we believed the statute to be the biggest advance for peace and security through the rule of law since the United Nations Charter of 1945.
Global law: confronting the transnational criminal
Authors: Boister Neil
Published: September 2018

Philosophers of liberalism from Rousseau to Rawls have placed the good citizen at the centre of the liberal political arrangements they advocate. These good citizens bear their obligations and exercise their rights within the law of nation states. They enjoy status in their communities, communities to which they owe allegiance. Conceptions of the nature of this citizenship vary widely. Some have a trace of the totalitarian. Rousseau famously argued that humans living in a society must reconcile their own sense of subjective freedom with the objective need to act correctly (Rousseau, 1762, chs 5-8). In a state of nature they live only for themselves; as citizens they cease to be individual units and become parts of the new unit, the community.
Under new management marine consents in the exclusive economic zone
Authors: Watkins Morgan
Published: September 2018

Mineral resources and energy are central to the level of technological sophistication that we have come to expect in our everyday lives. Yet the availability and use of these finite resources is unsustainable, almost by definition, and particularly so when considering fragile ecosystems. This raises the ‘super-wicked’ policy issue, negotiated through resource management legislation, of trying to balance necessary resource use with not irreparably damaging the natural environment (Levin et al., 2012). This article primarily concerns the effects of the Resource Legislation Amendment Bill (2015) on management of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and continental shelf area. Omnibus bills that contain nontechnical and contentious amendments continue to challenge civil society’s ability to fully consider the implications of reform.
Last line of defence: a summary of an evaluation of environmental enforcement in New Zealand
Authors: Brown Marie A
Published: September 2018

In 2016 the Environmental Defence Society embarked on an analysis of compliance monitoring and enforcement of environmental law in New Zealand (Brown, 2017). The responsibilities for ensuring that the aspirations of law and policy are met with respect to the environment are shared across a wide range of acts and several agencies. Different agencies operationalise compliance in different ways, affording it different priority and thus achieving different outcomes.  This article summarises the key findings of the project and briefly canvasses the primary groups of solutions. New Zealand’s environment would benefit from a far more robust approach to achieving regulatory outcomes and this requires injections of resourcing and capability into our enforcement agencies and dissolution of prevailing political influences.
What does good regulatory decision making look like?
Authors: Manch Keith
Published: September 2018

This article addresses a key theme of regulatory activity – decision making – in the context of the Government Regulatory Practice Initiative (G-Reg). This initiative has a broad focus on the improvement of regulatory practice and the development of the regulatory profession in New Zealand. In doing so, the article addresses decision making across regulatory systems.
Policy changes: Kiribati migration and settlement
Authors: Thompson Mary , Howden-Chapman Philippa , Fougere Geoff
Published: September 2018

This article examines how policy changes at a range of levels could improve decision making by and initial settlement outcomes for Kiribati migrants, a relatively new migrant group to New Zealand.
Intergenerational governance: problems of legislation
Authors: Palmer QC Sir Geoffrey
Published: September 2018

It is true to say that the language of politics is the language of priorities. Whatever else the Cabinet members do or do not do, they determine the priorities. They determine the order in which issues will be addressed and the resources that will be devoted to the issue. Many policies require legislation and the ministers, with the advice of public servants and the drafting of parliamentary counsel, design the legislation. Parliament passes the bills into law after select committee scrutiny. In the New Zealand democracy these ministers are connected to the voters through triennial general elections, voters to whom they are ultimately accountable through the institutions of representative democracy. Thus, ministers will be wary of public opinion and take it into account both in determining their priorities and in designing the legislation.
Housing pressures and policies
Authors: Grimes Arthur
Published: September 2018

Do we have a housing crisis in New Zealand that is in need of a ‘policy fix’? It depends on where you are and who you are. Imagine, for instance, that you bought a house in Auckland in March 2007 and wanted to sell in March 2017, a decade later. Provided you chose to leave Auckland, you would have done very well financially. Over the decade to March 2017 the typical Auckland house doubled in value: the REINZ house price index (HPI) for the Auckland region showed an increase of 102%. By contrast, the price of the typical house in the Manawatu–Wanganui region increased by only 17%, which was slower than the rate of consumer price inflation of 21% over the same period.
Reforms to New Zealand superannuation eligibility: are they a good idea?
Authors: Gemmell Norman
Published: September 2018

The National-led government of Prime Minister Bill English recently announced changes to the eligibility rules for receipt of New Zealand Superannuation (NZS). In 2037 the age from which New Zealand residents become eligible to receive NZS will begin to rise – by six months each year – from the current age of 65 to reach 67 by July 2040. Residency requirements will also rise, to 20 years from ten (five of which must be after age 50). This is a dramatic change for the new PM, who had been part of the previous Cabinet under Prime Minister John Key which, since 2008, steadfastly refused to consider changing the eligibility conditions for NZS. Treasury projected that without such changes the fiscal costs of NZS would rise from 4.8% of GDP in 2015 to 6.3% in 2030, reaching 7.9% by 2060 (Treasury, 2016).
Immigration policies that would enhance the well-being of New Zealanders
Authors: Fry Julie , Wilson Peter
Published: September 2018

Two stories wax and wane in New Zealand debates about migration. With record arrivals, falling departures and high net migration, current public concerns are around pressures on housing, infrastructure and publicly funded services like schools and health care. In 1979 people fretted about whether the last one to leave would be turning out the lights.