bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The growth of non‐standard employment in Japan and South Korea: the role of institutional actors and impact on workers and the labour market
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee , Jiang Yumei
Published: January 2017

A key trend in the development of the global economy is the informalisation of employment. A number of studies have emerged that capture the growth and characteristics of non‐standard employment in Japan and South Korea as two major world economies that are experiencing relative decline in growth. However, limited is understood in the role of institutional actors in shaping the labour markets and how these two neighbouring countries may, despite similarities, differ in terms of forms of non‐standard employment and the institutional and cultural reasons that underpin the differences. This review study fills part of the gap by providing a systematic analysis of changes in the labour market in Japan and South Korea, the role of institutional actors in shaping the informal labour market, patterns of non‐standard employment and its impacts on individual workers as well as the development of the labour market. The paper concludes that informalisation has led to the decline of job quality on a relatively large scale in these two countries and that a greater level of state intervention is necessary to maintain workforce well‐being and economic sustainability.
High Salinity Relaying to Reduce Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in Chesapeake Bay Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)
Authors: Parveen Salina , Jahncke Michael , Elmahdi Sara , Crocker Helen , Bowers John , White Chanelle , Gray Stephanie , Morris Amanda C. , Brohawn Kathy
Published: January 2017

Cases of Vibrio infections in the United States have tripled from 1996 to 2009 and these infections are most often associated with the consumption of seafood, particularly oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Information is needed on how to reduce numbers of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in bi‐valve molluscan shellfish (for example, oysters). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of high salinity relaying or treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) as methods to reduce the abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in oysters. For relaying field trials, oysters were collected from approved harvest waters, temperature abused outside under a tarp for 4 h, and then transferred to high (29 to 33 ppt.) and moderate (12 to 19 ppt.) salinities. For RAS treatment trial, oysters were transferred to 32 to 34 ppt. salinity at 15 °C. After 7, 14, 21, and in some instances 28 d, oysters were collected and analyzed for V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus levels using multiplex real‐time PCR. Initial levels of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus ranged from 3.70 to 5.64 log10 MPN/g, and were reduced by 2 to 5 logs after 21 to 28 d in high salinity water (29 to 34 ppt.). Oyster mortalities averaged 4% or less, and did not exceed 7%. Relaying of oysters to high salinity field sites or transfer to high salinity RAS tanks was more effective in reducing V. vulnificus compared with V. parahaemolyticus. These results suggest that high salinity relaying of oysters is more effective in reducing V. vulnificus than V. parahaemolyticus in the oyster species used in this study.
A Survey of the Peptide Profile in Prato Cheese as Measured by MALDI‐MS and Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Baptista Débora Parra , Araújo Francisca Diana da Silva , Eberlin Marcos Nogueira , Gigante Mirna Lúcia
Published: January 2017

In this study, we describe the characterization of the peptide profile in commercial Prato cheese by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Ten commercial Prato cheese brands were characterized via their physicochemical composition and subjected to fractionation according to solubility at pH 4.6. The pH 4.6 insoluble fraction was evaluated by CE, whereas MALDI‐MS was applied to the fraction soluble at pH 4.6 and in 70% ethanol. CE revealed a characteristic pattern of hydrolysis, with formation of para‐κ‐casein, hydrolysis of αs1‐casein at the Phe23 ‐ Phe24 bond, and hydrolysis of β‐casein. For the MALDI‐MS data, a complex peptide profile was observed, with the identification of 44 peptides previously reported (24 peptides from αs1‐casein, 14 from β‐casein, 3 from κ‐casein, and 3 from αs2‐casein). It was also observed that cheeses with salt‐in‐moisture content greater than 5% showed an accumulation of a bitter‐tasting peptide (m/z 1536, αs1‐CN f1‐13), suggesting a relationship between the higher salt concentration and the abundance of this peptide. In conclusion, the results showed that even commercial cheeses produced with different raw material and processing conditions showed very similar peptide profiles when assessed at the molecular level, and only 9 peptides were responsible for discrimination of cheeses.
Characterization of Date (Deglet Nour) Seed Free and Bound Polyphenols by High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sirisena Sameera , Zabaras Dimitrios , Ng Ken , Ajlouni Said
Published: January 2017

Date (Pheonix dactylifera L.) seeds are a valuable and abundant by‐product with various potential food applications. Free polyphenols (FPPs) and bound polyphenols (BPPs) of date seeds from Deglet Nour variety grown in Australia were investigated using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The FPP fraction contained the following main phenolic compounds per gram of date seed powder; procyanidin B1 (499.8 ± 7.8 μg), procyanidin B2 (288.6 ± 6.1 μg), catechin (167.6 ± 2.1 μg), epicatechin (39.44 ± 0.39 μg), and protocatechuic acid (1.77 ± 0.22 μg). Additionally, one of the 2 A‐type dimers was confirmed as procyanidin A2 (24.05 ± 0.12 μg/g). A‐type dimers have not been reported before in date seeds. The BPP fraction contained epicatechin (52.59 ± 0.76 μg/g) and procyanidin B2 (294.2 ± 3.7 μg/g), while several peaks exhibiting ESI− m/z of 153 indicated dihydroxybenzoic acid isomers including protocatechuic acid (2.138 ± 0.025 μg/g). These findings contributed to our knowledge of date seed phytochemicals and understanding of their contribution to the reported bioactivities.
Review: Use of Asian samples in genetic research of alcohol use disorders: Genetic variation of alcohol metabolizing enzymes and the effects of acetaldehyde
Authors: Matsushita Sachio , Higuchi Susumu
Published: January 2017

Background and Objectives

Epidemiological studies consistently find that Asian populations report lower rates of alcohol use disorders (AUD) compared with other racial groups. These differences result from a variety of biological, genetic, and environmental influences, some of which are related to the metabolism of alcohol. We will review several studies of these metabolic factors, including several alcohol clamping studies conducted in our laboratory, that provide further insight into the role of the alcohol metabolizing genes and drinking behavior among Japanese drinkers.

Methods

This manuscript reviewed studies investigating genetic variations of alcohol metabolizing enzymes among Asians and several mechanisms by which these genes are thought to give rise to differences in rates of alcohol dependence.

Results

The inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) and highly active alcohol dehydrogenase‐1B (ADH1B) genes are protective factors for the development of AUD. The inactive ALDH2 provides its protective effect through the accumulation of acetaldehyde after consuming alcohol, resulting in unpleasant effects, and heightened sensitivity to alcohol. However, the suppressive effects of inactive ALDH2 and highly active ADH1B for AUDs are only partial and interact with other factors, such as personality traits, psychiatric comorbidities, and environmental factors.

Discussion and Conclusions

While Asians are excellent models for the study of certain genetic effects on the development and consequences of AUD, few clinical studies of this population have been conducted. Further exploration of the interactions between various genetic, individual, and environmental factors influencing drinking behavior and, thus affecting the risk of AUD, would enhance our understanding of how alcohol‐related problems develop.

Scientific Significance

The heterozygous ALDH2*1/*2 genotype has only partial effects on limiting drinking behavior, suggesting the potential interaction with other factors. Therefore AUD patients with inactive ALDH2 may be a useful model to identify and to test a variety of other risk factors of AUD. (Am J Addict 2017;26:469–476)
Foreign Aid, Human Rights, and Democracy Promotion: Evidence from a Natural Experiment
Authors: Carnegie Allison , Marinov Nikolay
Published: January 2017

Does foreign aid improve human rights and democracy? We help arbitrate the debate over this question by leveraging a novel source of exogeneity: the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union. We find that when a country's former colonizer holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union during the budget‐making process, the country is allocated considerably more foreign aid than are countries whose former colonizer does not hold the presidency. Using instrumental variables estimation, we demonstrate that this aid has positive effects on human rights and democracy, although the effects are short‐lived after the shock to aid dissipates. We adduce the timing of events, qualitative evidence, and theoretical insights to argue that the conditionality associated with an increased aid commitment is responsible for the positive effects in the domains of human rights and democracy.
Serial cytokine alterations and abnormal neuroimaging in newborn infants with encephalopathy
Authors: O'Hare Fiona M. , Watson R William G. , O'Neill Amanda , Segurado Ricardo , Sweetman Deirdre , Downey Paul , Mooney Eoghan , Murphy John , Donoghue Veronica , Molloy Eleanor J.
Published: January 2017

Aim

Inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the final common pathway in the pathogenesis of hypoxic‐ischaemic injury in experimental models. We aimed to profile the systemic pro‐and anti‐inflammatory response over the first week of life in term infants at risk of neonatal encephalopathy.

Method

In a tertiary referral university neonatal intensive care unit, serial blood samples were analysed from 41 term infants (requiring resuscitation at birth) in this prospective observational pilot study. Serum levels of 10 pro‐and anti‐inflammatory cytokines were evaluated including interleukin(IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, tumour necrosis factor(TNF)‐α, interferon (IFN)‐γ, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte/colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) and granulocyte macrophage/colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).

Results

Infants with neonatal encephalopathy and abnormal neuroimaging (n = 15) had significantly elevated granulocyte macrophage/colony‐stimulating factor at 0‐24 h and interleukin‐8, interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐10 at 24–48 hour. Tumour necrosis factor‐α and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were lower at 72–96 hour (p < 0.05). Significantly elevated levels of interleukin‐10 were associated with mortality.

Conclusion

Serum cytokine changes and innate immune dysregulation in the first week of life may be indicators of outcome in neonatal encephalopathy but require validation in larger studies.
Visuospatial training improves elementary students’ mathematics performance
Authors: Lowrie Tom , Logan Tracy , Ramful Ajay
Published: January 2017

Background

Although spatial ability and mathematics performance are highly correlated, there is scant research on the extent to which spatial ability training can improve mathematics performance.

Aims

This study evaluated the efficacy of a visuospatial intervention programme within classrooms to determine the effect on students’ (1) spatial reasoning and (2) mathematics performance as a result of the intervention.

Sample

The study involved grade six students (ages 10–12) in eight classes. There were five intervention classes (n = 120) and three non‐intervention control classes (n = 66).

Methods

A specifically designed 10‐week spatial reasoning programme was developed collaboratively with the participating teachers, with the intervention replacing the standard mathematics curriculum. The five classroom teachers in the intervention programme presented 20 hr of activities aimed at enhancing students’ spatial visualization, mental rotation, and spatial orientation skills.

Results

The spatial reasoning programme led to improvements in both spatial ability and mathematics performance relative to the control group who received standard mathematics instruction.

Conclusions

Our study is the first to show that a classroom‐based spatial reasoning intervention improves elementary school students’ mathematics performance.
The evolution of regulators of G protein signalling proteins as drug targets – 20 years in the making: IUPHAR Review 21
Authors: Sjögren B
Published: January 2017

Regulators of G protein signalling (RGS) proteins are celebrating the 20th anniversary of their discovery. The unveiling of this new family of negative regulators of G protein signalling in the mid‐1990s solved a persistent conundrum in the G protein signalling field, in which the rate of deactivation of signalling cascades in vivo could not be replicated in exogenous systems. Since then, there has been tremendous advancement in the knowledge of RGS protein structure, function, regulation and their role as novel drug targets. RGS proteins play an important modulatory role through their GTPase‐activating protein (GAP) activity at active, GTP‐bound Gα subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. They also possess many non‐canonical functions not related to G protein signalling. Here, an update on the status of RGS proteins as drug targets is provided, highlighting advances that have led to the inclusion of RGS proteins in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY database of drug targets.
When invasion may not be harmful: niche relations in a lizard assemblage
Authors: Winck Gisele R. , Almeida‐Santos Marlon , Dorigo Thiago A. , Telles Felipe B. , Rocha Carlos F. D.
Published: January 2017

Some studies have suggested that non‐native species invasions may threaten local diversity by creating homogenized environments. However, many studies have been based on limited or anecdotal data, and/or have failed to consider the influence of habitat modification together with possible influences of non‐native species on native ones. Hemidactylus mabouia (Squamata, Gekkonidae) likely invaded natural environments in Brazil hundreds of years ago. Yet, little is known about whether it affects native lizard fauna. We tested whether H. mabouia negatively influences native lizard species richness and abundance on a regional scale and locally through niche overlap. We analyzed species abundance and richness of nine lizard assemblages, in five of which H. mabouia occurred. We evaluated niche overlap of species in a lizard assemblage with high H. mabouia abundance through null models. Niche axes included spatial use, temporal activity and diet. Although species abundance did not differ among sites with and without the invasive species, the presence of H. mabouia seems constrained to the richer assemblages sampled. We observed significantly higher niche overlap in spatial (ɸobs = 0.63; ɸexp = 0.37; Pobs ≥ Pexp = 0.0002) and trophic axes (ɸobs = 0.46; ɸexp = 0.17; Pobs ≥ Pexp < 0.001), but not in activity. When we considered all axes (three‐dimensional niche), there was no overlapping among the lizard species. Our findings did not support the hypothesis that this non‐native species negatively influences other sympatric lizard species.
Evaluation of perforated demineralized dentin scaffold on bone regeneration in critical‐size sheep iliac defects
Authors: Kabir Md. Arafat , Murata Masaru , Akazawa Toshiyuki , Kusano Kaoru , Yamada Katsuhisa , Ito Manabu
Published: January 2017

Objectives

Regenerating critical‐size bone injury is a major problem that continues to inspire the design of new graft materials. Therefore, tissue engineering has become a novel approach for targeting bone regeneration applications. Human teeth are a rich source of stem cells, matrix, trace metal ions, and growth factors. A vital tooth‐derived demineralized dentin matrix is acid‐insoluble and composed of cross‐linked collagen with growth factors. In this study, we recycled human non‐functional tooth into a unique geometric dentin scaffold, entitled perforated root‐demineralized dentin matrix (PR‐DDM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of PR‐DDM as the scaffold for regenerating bone in critical‐size iliac defects.

Material and methods

Artificial macro‐pores (1 mm in diameter) were added to human vital wisdom tooth after removing the enamel and pulp portions. The modified tooth was demineralized in 0.34 N HNO3 for 30 min and is referred to as PR‐DDM scaffold. Critical‐size defect (10 mm × 15 mm × 9 mm Ø) was created in the iliac crest of six adult sheep. The in vivo bone regeneration by the scaffold was evaluated by micro‐CT, 3D micro‐CT, and histological examination at 2 and 4 months post‐implantation.

Results

PR‐DDM exhibited better bone ingrowth, especially in the artificial macro‐pores. The results of micro‐CT and 3D micro‐CT revealed good union between scaffold and native bone. New bone formation was observed in almost all portions of PR‐DDM. Higher bone volume inside the scaffold was detected at 4 months compared with 2 months. New bone ingrowth was ankylosed with PR‐DDM, and both osteoinduction and osteoconduction capability of PR‐DDM were confirmed histologically. The ratio of new bone formation was higher at 4 months compared with 2 months by histomorphometric analysis.

Conclusions

Altogether, these results demonstrated that the human tooth‐derived graft material with a unique geometric structure, PR‐DDM, contributed to active bone ingrowth in critical‐size bone defects. This novel scaffold may have great utility in the near‐future clinical application.
Tumefactive foreign body giant cell reaction following high‐pressure paint injection injury: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Mauzo Shakuntala H. , Swaby Michael G. , Covinsky Michael H.
Published: January 2017

High‐pressure paint injection injury is an uncommon but well‐described injury. The histologic features of long‐term paint injection injury with retained material are less recognized. A 46‐year‐old male presented clinically as “recurrent giant cell tumor of tendon sheath.” The right index finger demonstrated fusiform enlargement by a pigmented mass with diffuse infiltration into the soft tissue of the hand. Histologically the tumor showed multiple giant cells in a fibrotic stroma extending into the dermis. There were multiple types of foreign material including diffuse brown black pigment, weakly optically polarizing foreign material and white inclusions with a “train track” appearance. The cells were positive for CD68 and negative for S100 antigen. Further investigation revealed that the patient had a history of high‐pressure paint injection injury to his digit 6 years prior. Foreign material injected under high pressure into tissues may result in a pseudo‐neoplastic foreign body granulomatous reaction that can mimic giant cell tumor of tendon sheath. Our case demonstrates that this reaction can be florid and can have slow growth over years. A high index of suspicion, a good clinical history and careful examination can distinguish these 2 entities.
Homophily in Human Resource Management Publishing
Authors: Barnes Stuart , Sang Katherine J.C. , Baruch Yehuda
Published: January 2017

Existing theory suggests that social networks form a major factor in individual and team performance, including in academic collaborative research. However, there is currently a lack of a theoretical framework to explain the social network related factors that influence publication processes and decisions. We address this gap by adopting a theory‐building perspective, analysing a large data set on the impact of social networks. Using a case of one leading journal (Human Resource Management), we collected data on 10 years of publication, exploring 327 papers, written by 667 authors, which represent 839 ties. Examining individual demographic and institutional characteristics, we developed and tested a set of hypotheses, providing a framework for shaping and guiding future academic research collaborations. Our findings suggest that as albeit the intention, diverse collaboration is still at a low level. This contribution adds to the literature on understanding the factors influencing the type of collaborations that lead to publications in leading journals.
Towards prognostic biomarkers from BOLD fluctuations to differentiate a first epileptic seizure from new‐onset epilepsy
Authors: Gupta Lalit , Janssens Rick , Vlooswijk Mariëlle C. G. , Rouhl Rob P. W. , de Louw Anton , Aldenkamp Albert P. , Ulman Shrutin , Besseling René M. H. , Hofman Paul A. M. , van Kranen‐Mastenbroek Vivianne H. , Hilkman Danny M. , Jansen Jacobus F. A. , Backes Walter H.
Published: January 2017

Objective

The diagnosis of epilepsy cannot be reliably made prior to a patient's second seizure in most cases. Therefore, adequate diagnostic tools are needed to differentiate subjects with a first seizure from those with a seizure preceding the onset of epilepsy. The objective was to explore spontaneous blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) fluctuations in subjects with a first‐ever seizure and patients with new‐onset epilepsy (NOE), and to find characteristic biomarkers for seizure recurrence after the first seizure.

Methods

We examined 17 first‐seizure subjects, 19 patients with new‐onset epilepsy (NOE), and 18 healthy controls. All subjects underwent clinical investigation and received electroencephalography and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The BOLD time series were analyzed in terms of regional homogeneity (ReHo) and fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (fALFFs).

Results

We found significantly stronger amplitudes (higher fALFFs) in patients with NOE relative to first‐seizure subjects and healthy controls. The frequency range of 73–198 mHz (slow‐3 subband) appeared most useful for discriminating patients with NOE from first‐seizure subjects. The ReHo measure did not show any significant differences.

Significance

The fALFF appears to be a noninvasive measure that characterizes spontaneous BOLD fluctuations and shows stronger amplitudes in the slow‐3 subband of patients with NOE relative first‐seizure subjects and healthy controls. A larger study population with follow‐up is required to determine whether fALFF holds promise as a potential biomarker for identifying subjects at increased risk to develop epilepsy.
Neurosteroid‐sensitive δ‐GABAA receptors: A role in epileptogenesis?
Authors: Joshi Suchitra , Rajasekaran Karthik , Williamson John , Kapur Jaideep
Published: January 2017

Objective

We determined the role of the neurosteroid‐sensitive δ subunit–containing γ‐aminobutyric acid A receptors (δ‐GABARs) in epileptogenesis.

Methods

Status epilepticus (SE) was induced via lithium pilocarpine in adult rats, and seizures were assessed by continuous video–electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. Finasteride was administered to inhibit neurosteroid synthesis. The total and surface protein expression of hippocampal δ, α4, and γ2 GABAR subunits was studied using biotinylation assays and Western blotting. Neurosteroid potentiation of the tonic currents of dentate granule cells (DGCs) was measured by whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. Finally, the effects of inhibiting N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) during SE on the long‐term plasticity of δ‐GABARs, neurosteroid‐induced modulation of tonic current, and epileptogenesis were studied.

Results

The inhibition of neurosteroid synthesis 4 days after SE triggered acute seizures and accelerated the onset of chronic recurrent spontaneous seizures (epilepsy). The down‐regulation of neurosteroid‐sensitive δ‐GABARs occurred prior to the onset of epilepsy, whereas an increased expression of the γ2‐GABAR subunits occurred after seizure onset. MK801 blockade of NMDARs during SE preserved the expression of neurosteroid‐sensitive δ‐GABARs. NMDAR blockade during SE also prevented the onset of spontaneous seizures.

Significance

Changes in neurosteroid‐sensitive δ‐GABAR expression correlated temporally with epileptogenesis. These findings raise the possibility that δ‐GABAR plasticity may play a role in epileptogenesis.
Adaptive evolution and demographic history contribute to the divergent population genetic structure of Potato virus Y between China and Japan
Authors: Gao Fangluan , Zou Wenchao , Xie Lianhui , Zhan Jiasui
Published: January 2017

Potato virus Y (PVY) is an important plant pathogen causing considerable economic loss to potato production. Knowledge of the population genetic structure and evolutionary biology of the pathogen, particularly at a transnational scale, is limited but vital in developing sustainable management schemes. In this study, the population genetic structure and molecular evolution of PVY were studied using 127 first protein (P1) and 137 coat protein (CP) sequences generated from isolates collected from potato in China and Japan. High genetic differentiation was found between the populations from the two countries, with higher nucleotide diversity in Japan than China in both genes and a KST value of .216 in the concatenated sequences of the two genes. Sequences from the two countries clustered together according to their geographic origin. Further analyses showed that spatial genetic structure in the PVY populations was likely caused by demographic dynamics of the pathogen and natural selection generated by habitat heterogeneity. Purifying selection was detected at the majority of polymorphic sites although some clade‐specific codons were under positive selection. In past decades, PVY has undergone a population expansion in China, whereas in Japan, the population size of the pathogen has remained relatively constant.
Predicting soil C changes over sugarcane expansion in Brazil using the DayCent model
Authors: Oliveira Dener M. S. , Williams Stephen , Cerri Carlos E. P. , Paustian Keith
Published: January 2017

In recent years, the increase in Brazilian ethanol production has been based on expansion of sugarcane‐cropped area, mainly by the land use change (LUC) pasture–sugarcane. However, second‐generation (2G) cellulosic‐derived ethanol supplies are likely to increase dramatically in the next years in Brazil. Both these management changes potentially affect soil C (SOC) changes and may have a significant impact on the greenhouse gases balance of Brazilian ethanol. To evaluate these impacts, we used the DayCent model to predict the influence of the LUC native vegetation (NV)–pasture (PA)–sugarcane (SG), as well as to evaluate the effect of different management practices (straw removal, no‐tillage, and application of organic amendments) on long‐term SOC changes in sugarcane areas in Brazil. The DayCent model estimated that the conversion of NV‐PA caused SOC losses of 0.34 ± 0.03 Mg ha−1 yr−1, while the conversion PA‐SG resulted in SOC gains of 0.16 ± 0.04 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Moreover, simulations showed SOC losses of 0.19 ± 0.04 Mg ha−1 yr−1 in SG areas in Brazil with straw removal. However, our analysis suggested that adoption of some best management practices can mitigate these losses, highlighting the application of organic amendments (+0.14 ± 0.03 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). Based on the commitments made by Brazilian government in the UNFCCC, we estimated the ethanol production needed to meet the domestic demand by 2030. If the increase in ethanol production was based on the expansion of sugarcane area on degraded pasture land, the model predicted a SOC accretion of 144 Tg from 2020 to 2050, while increased ethanol production based on straw removal as a cellulosic feedstock was predicted to decrease SOC by 50 Tg over the same 30‐year period.
Vonoprazan improves the efficacy of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy with a regimen consisting of clarithromycin and metronidazole in patients allergic to penicillin
Authors: Ono Shoko , Kato Mototsugu , Nakagawa Soichi , Mabe Katsuhiro , Sakamoto Naoya
Published: January 2017

Background

Although all Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)‐positive patients should receive eradication therapy, the therapy is a challenge for patients allergic to penicillin. There have been a few reports on the efficacy of eradication therapy for such patients.

Objective

To analyze the efficacy of vonoprazan or proton pump inhibitor (PPI)‐based 7‐day triple therapy in patients allergic to penicillin.

Materials and Methods

A total of 88 consecutive patients allergic to penicillin who received H. pylori eradication therapy were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty‐one patients had a history of failed eradication therapy. Four 7‐day regimens were prescribed during the study period: clarithromycin‐metronidazole‐PPI (13 patients), clarithromycin‐metronidazole‐vonoprazan (14 patients), metronidazole‐sitafloxacin‐PPI (44 patients) and metronidazole‐sitafloxacin‐vonoprazan (17 patients). A 13C‐urea breath test was used for confirmation of eradication, and efficacy of eradication was evaluated by “intention‐to‐treat” analysis and “per‐protocol” analysis.

Results

Intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol eradication rates were 46.2%/54.6% for patients who received clarithromycin‐metronidazole‐PPI, 92.9/92.9% for patients who received clarithromycin‐metronidazole‐vonoprazan, 100/100% for patients who received metronidazole‐sitafloxacin‐PPI and 88.2/93.8% for patients who received metronidazole‐sitafloxacin‐vonoprazan. For first eradication, vonoprazan significantly raised the intention‐to‐treat efficacy of the triple therapy including clarithromycin‐metronidazole (vonoprazan: 92.9%, PPI: 46.2%, P=.0128). A 7‐day regimen consisting of metronidazole and sitafloxacin was effective for patients allergic to penicillin with or without past failure of eradication.

Conclusion

For first eradication in patients allergic to penicillin, a 7‐day triple therapy consisting of clarithromycin, metronidazole and vonoprazan could be a candidate eradication regimen.
Vascular architecture as a diagnostic marker for differentiation of World Health Organization thymoma subtypes and thymic carcinoma
Authors: Pfister Frederick , Hussain Hussam , Belharazem Djeda , Busch Svenja , Simon‐Keller Katja , Becker Dominic , Pfister Eva , Rieker Ralf , Ströbel Philipp , Marx Alexander
Published: January 2017

Aims

Thymomas and thymic squamous cell carcinomas (TSQCCs) are rare thymic epithelial tumours. Data on angiogenesis and vascular phenotype in these tumours are limited, and no study has taken histological World Health Organization (WHO) subtypes into account. The aim of this study was to compare vascularization, pericytes coverage and expression of angiogenic growth factors in different WHO‐defined subtypes of thymoma

Methods and results

Vascular density, diameter and architecture and expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor‐β (PDGFRβ), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) were investigated in WHO type A, AB, B1, B2 and B3 thymomas and TSQCCs, by the use of immunostaining, quantitative morphometry, and tumour vessel isolation by trypsin digestion. Expression levels of angiopoietin 1 (Ang‐1), angiopoietin 2 (Ang‐2), VEGF‐A, PDGF‐B and Hif‐1α were examined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. A and AB thymomas were characterized by a dense network of capillary‐like vessels with tight pericyte coverage, whereas B thymomas showed a loose vascular network with increasing vascular diameters and increasing expression of SMA and PDGFRβ from B1 to B3 thymomas and TSQCCs. VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 were expressed in vessels of all analysed tumour entities, and at higher levels in epithelial cells of A and B3 thymomas and TSQCCs. mRNA of Ang‐2, but not of Ang‐1, was significantly up‐regulated in all thymoma subtypes, with the highest levels being found in A thymomas. In TSQCCs, Ang‐1 and VEGF were the predominantly up‐regulated growth factors. Hif‐1α was only up‐regulated in B3 thymomas and TSQCCs.

Conclusion

Thymomas and TSQCCs differ significantly in their vascular architecture and expression of key angiogenic growth factors. The findings could help to improve the differential diagnosis of difficult‐to‐classify thymic epithelial tumours, and indicate different mechanisms of tumour angiogenesis and functional differences of tumour vessels of major thymoma subtypes and TSQCCs.
A literacy-sensitive approach to improving antibiotic understanding in a community-based setting
Authors: David Crystal M , O'Neal Katherine S , Miller Michael J , Johnson Jeremy L , Lloyd Ann E
Published: January 2017

Objective

Antibiotic misuse contributes to antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Patient and prescriber knowledge and behaviors influence antibiotic use. Past research has focused on describing and influencing prescriber behavior with less attention to the patient role in antibiotic use. This study seeks to: (1) develop and deploy a program to enhance patient knowledge about antibiotic use; (2) evaluate whether providing patient education is associated with improvements in antibiotic knowledge in a community-based sample; and (3) explore whether health literacy may be associated with knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use.

Method

This study developed, deployed, and evaluated whether community-based educational seminars enhance patient knowledge about antibiotic use.

Key findings

Twenty-eight participants from five locations completed the seminar. The antibiotic knowledge index score significantly increased by 2.0 points on the 14 point knowledge index from 10.95 (±2.88) to 12.95 (±1.72) (P = 0.0011) for the 19 participants completing both the pre and post-test.

Conclusion

A community-based educational seminar on appropriate antibiotic use can effectively increase patient understanding of their role in antibiotic stewardship and combat the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
Distilling a body of knowledge for information systems development
Authors: Hassan Nik Rushdi , Mathiassen Lars
Published: January 2017

As a contribution towards consolidating the information systems (IS) field, we offer a systematic method for distilling a canonical body of knowledge (BOK) for information systems development (ISD), an area that historically accounts for as much as half of all IS research. Based on an integrative synthesis of the literature, we present a map of the most significant ISD research, uncover gaps in its canons and suggest fruitful lines of inquiry for new research. Our review combines citation analysis, which identifies the field's evidence of cumulative tradition, with computer‐aided textual analysis, a hermeneutically guided method that organizes the fragmented corpus of ISD literature into coherent knowledge areas. From a pool of over 6500 articles published in the IS Senior Scholars' Basket of Journals, we find 940 IS citation classics, and from that list, 466 ISD articles that offer canonical ISD knowledge distinctive to IS and complementary to other disciplines such as software engineering and project management. From this study, we offer two contributions: (1) a justification for an ISDBOK grounded in the theory of practice and professionalism, and (2) a canonical map of disciplinary ISD knowledge with areas that have demonstrated cumulative tradition and others that require the attention of IS scholars. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Signalling pathways involved in hypoxia‐induced renal fibrosis
Authors: Liu Minna , Ning Xiaoxuan , Li Rong , Yang Zhen , Yang Xiaoxia , Sun Shiren , Qian Qi
Published: January 2017

Renal fibrosis is the common pathological hallmark of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) with diverse aetiologies. Recent researches have highlighted the critical role of hypoxia during the development of renal fibrosis as a final common pathway in end‐stage kidney disease (ESKD), which joints the scientist's attention recently to exploit the molecular mechanism underlying hypoxia‐induced renal fibrogenesis. The scaring formation is a multilayered cellular response and involves the regulation of multiple hypoxia‐inducible signalling pathways and complex interactive networks. Therefore, this review will focus on the signalling pathways involved in hypoxia‐induced pathogenesis of interstitial fibrosis, including pathways mediated by HIF, TGF‐β, Notch, PKC/ERK, PI3K/Akt, NF‐κB, Ang II/ROS and microRNAs. Roles of molecules such as IL‐6, IL‐18, KIM‐1 and ADO are also reviewed. A comprehensive understanding of the roles that these hypoxia‐responsive signalling pathways and molecules play in the context of renal fibrosis will provide a foundation towards revealing the underlying mechanisms of progression of CKD and identifying novel therapeutic targets. In the future, promising new effective therapy against hypoxic effects may be successfully translated into the clinic to alleviate renal fibrosis and inhibit the progression of CKD.
Thromboelastography in Dogs with Chronic Hepatopathies
Authors: Fry W. , Lester C. , Etedali N.M. , Shaw S. , DeLaforcade A. , Webster C.R.L.
Published: January 2017

Background

The coagulation status of dogs with liver disease is difficult to predict using conventional coagulation testing.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate thromboelastography (TEG) results and associations with conventional coagulation results and indicators of disease severity and prognosis in dogs with chronic hepatopathies (CH).

Animals

Twenty‐one client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Dogs with CH were prospectively (10 dogs) and retrospectively (11 dogs) enrolled from 2008 to 2014. Kaolin‐activated TEG was performed and compared with reference intervals by t‐tests or Mann‐Whitney tests. Correlation coefficients for TEG results and conventional coagulation and clinicopathologic results were determined. Significance was set at P < .05.

Results

Dogs with CH had significant increases in R (5.30 min vs 4.33 min), K (3.77 min vs 2.11 min), and LY30 (4.77% vs 0.68%) and decreased angles (55.3° vs 62.4°). G value defined 9 of 21, 7 of 21, and 5 of 21 dogs as normocoagulable, hypercoagulable, and hypocoagulable, respectively. G and MA were correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.68, 0.83), prothrombin time (PT; r = −0.51, −0.53), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; r = −0.50, −0.50). K was correlated with PT (r = 0.75) and protein C activity (r = −0.92). Angle was correlated with aPTT (r = −0.63). Clinical score was correlated with PT (r = 0.60), MA (r = −0.53), and R (r = −0.47). Dogs with hyperfibrinolysis (LY30 > 3.04%; 5 of 21) had significantly higher serum transaminase activities. Dogs with portal hypertension had significantly lower G, MA, and angle and prolonged, K, R, and PT.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Dogs with CH have variable TEG results. Negative prognostic indicators in CH correlate with hypocoagulable parameters on TEG. Hyperfibrinolysis in dogs with CH is associated with high disease activity.
Development of a small lake: Ecotourism enterprise for Pandin Lake, San Pablo City, Philippines
Authors: Brillo Bing Baltazar C.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the development of Pandin Lake, a small lake in the Philippines, particularly the unconventional evolution of the ecotourism enterprise for the lake and the accompanying issues. The study concludes that Pandin Lake ecotourism development is mainly an endogenous initiative and that the intervention of the relevant administrative agencies is critical in addressing the contemporary issues. This study discusses the following issues: (i) the reasons for studying small lakes in the Philippines; (ii) Pandin Lake and its administration; (iii) the ecotourism enterprise evolution and issues regarding the lake; and (iv) the conclusions. It also addresses the extant gap in Philippine lake literature: specifically the scarcity of scholarly works on development‐oriented studies, noting the field is dominated by limnology and aquaculture studies, and on small lakes, noting the field concentrates heavily on studies of big lakes.
Impoundments affect fish reproduction regardless of reproductive strategy
Authors: Angulo‐Valencia Mirtha A. , Agostinho Angelo A. , Suzuki Harumi I. , da Luz‐Agostinho Karla D. G. , Agostinho Carlos S.
Published: January 2017

Major changes to local river habitats, after impoundment, are expected to restrict the reproductive activity of fishes with migratory strategies, although the changes are not expected to have relevant effects on fishes with other strategies. The reproductive activity of fishes with different reproductive strategies was evaluated along a longitudinal gradient before, and after, the formation of a reservoir on the Tocantins River (Tocantins State, Brazil). Samples were collected at six sites distributed along 80‐km stretch of the reservoir (R1 to R6 in the upstream–downstream direction) before and after the impoundment. The highest mean values of the reproductive activity index (RAI), considering all species in the river phase, were recorded for the intermediate segments (R4). The reproductive activity was classified as intense at the two sites located further upstream (R2 and R1). The highest mean RAI value after impoundment was observed for the site further upstream (R1). The reproductive activity was classified as intense, however, at every site, except for R6. Regardless of the reproductive strategy, mean RAI values were higher in this phase at site R1, particularly for long‐distance migratory species (LDM). The most lacustrine area (R6) was only relevant for the group of species with parental care. For non‐long‐distance migratory species, without parental care, the reproductive activity was intense at every site, except for R6. Overall, after the impoundment, the fish species tended to seek more lotic environments to spawn, including the riverine zone of the reservoir and side tributaries, regardless of the reproductive strategy. The results of this study provide evidence that impoundments affect the reproduction of the fish, independent of the reproductive strategy, although the intensity of the effect is different for each group.
When Do People Initiate a Negotiation? The Role of Discrepancy, Satisfaction, and Ability Beliefs
Authors: Reif Julia A. M. , Brodbeck Felix C.
Published: January 2017

Negotiation research increasingly pays attention to the beginning of negotiations. Building on a theory of the initiation of negotiation we investigated when and why people consider initiating negotiations. Results from one field study and two scenario experiments show that a negative discrepancy between an actual state and a desired state increased the intention to initiate a negotiation and promoted real initiation behavior. This effect was mediated by the subjective perception of this discrepancy and feelings of dissatisfaction. Expectancy considerations in the form of ability to initiate negotiations and implicit beliefs about negotiation ability moderated this serial mediation effect: high initiation ability and incremental negotiation beliefs facilitated the decision to negotiate whereas low initiation ability and entity negotiation beliefs inhibited negotiation initiations. In the present work, we offer a first empirical test of the theory of initiation of negotiation.
Concealed Accessory Pathways with a Single Ventricular and Two Discrete Atrial Insertion Sites
Authors: KIPP RYAN T. , ABU SHAM'A RAED , HIROYUKI ITO , HAN FREDERICK T. , REFAAT MARWAN , HSU JONATHAN C. , FIELD MICHAEL E. , KOPP DOUGLAS E. , MARCUS GREGORY M. , SCHEINMAN MELVIN M. , HOFFMAYER KURT S.
Published: January 2017

Background

Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) utilizing a concealed accessory pathway is common. It is well appreciated that some patients may have multiple accessory pathways with separate atrial and ventricular insertion sites.

Methods

We present three cases of AVRT utilizing concealed pathways with evidence that each utilizing a single ventricular insertion and two discrete atrial insertion sites.

Results

In case one, two discrete atrial insertion sites were mapped in two separate procedures, and only during the second ablation was the Kent potential identified. Ablation of the Kent potential at this site remote from the two atrial insertion sites resulted in the termination of the retrograde conduction in both pathways. Case two presented with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with alternating eccentric atrial activation patterns without alteration in the tachycardia cycle length. The two distinct atrial insertion sites during orthodromic AVRT and ventricular pacing were targeted and each of the two atrial insertion sites were successfully mapped and ablated. In case three, retrograde decremental conduction utilizing both atrial insertion sites was identified prior to ablation. After mapping and ablation of the first discrete atrial insertion site, tachycardia persisted utilizing the second atrial insertion site. Only after ablation of the second atrial insertion site was SVT noninducible, and VA conduction was no longer present.

Conclusions

Concealed retrograde accessory pathways with discrete atrial insertion sites may have a common ventricular insertion site. Identification and ablation of the ventricular insertion site or the separate discrete atrial insertion sites result in successful treatment.
Autoimmune enteropathy and hepatitis in pediatric heart transplant recipient
Authors: Lewis Kimberly , Butts Ryan , Antonio Quiros J. , Hudspeth Michelle , Twombley Katherine , Savage Andrew , Self Sally , Burnette Ali , Sun Shaoli
Published: January 2017

AIE is a rare disorder in children that presents with severe diarrhea and malabsorption, caused by immune‐mediated damage to intestinal mucosa. AIE is often associated with various syndromes of immunodeficiency including IPEX syndrome (immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy and enteropathy, X‐linked). Dysfunctional T regulatory cells are the source of pathology in both IPEX syndrome and AIE as they are essential in maintaining tolerance to self‐antigens and eliminating autoreactive B cells. This case report describes a 10‐year‐old cardiac transplant and total thymectomy patient on chronic immunosuppression with tacrolimus that presented with AIE and extraintestinal manifestations of cyclical hepatitis. Transition from tacrolimus to sirolimus successfully increased T regulatory cells and resolved enteritis and hepatitis symptoms. Data support that thymectomy at <1 year of age increases risk of autoimmune disease due to abnormal immune maturation. Studies suggest that the sirolimus promotes the upregulation of the FoxP3 protein that is classically associated with Tregs. In turn, Tregs prevent the maturation of autoreactive B cells that lead to autoimmune reactions.
School Spillover and College Student Health
Authors: Pedersen Daphne E. , Swenberger Jenelle , Moes Katlyn E.
Published: January 2017

This article uses a stress carryover perspective to examine the association between school spillover and mental and behavioral health outcomes among college undergraduates. School spillover occurs when the obligations and pressures of student life extend into other domains through shared behaviors or stress. The sample (N = 250) consisted of undergraduate students between the ages of 18 and 29 enrolled at a midsized midwestern university. Findings showed that on average, students reported a moderate level of school spillover. Among mental health outcomes, school spillover was positively associated with feeling nervous, restless or fidgety, worthless, depressed, and hopeless. Among behavioral health outcomes, results showed that school spillover was negatively associated with sleep hours per night and positively associated with number of sex partners. Contrary to past empirical studies, school spillover was not significantly associated with drinking or binge drinking. Findings have implications for those who work in student support and campus mental health services.