bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of integrated management of farmyard manure, phosphocompost, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers for rainfed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in Vertisols of central India
Authors: P.K. GHOSH  , K.K. BANDYOPADHYAY  , A.K TRIPATHI  , K.M. HATI  , K.G. MANDAL  , A.K. MlSRA
Published: December 2023

P.K. GHOSH, K.K. BANDYOPADHYAY, A.K TRIPATHI, K.M. HATI, K.G. MANDAL , A.K. MlSRA I Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 038 ecehed July 2002 . . : I , A field experiment was conducted during the rainy reason of 2000 2001 on deep Vertisols of Bhopal, to study the effect of different nutrient combinations, viz. 0, 75, 100% recommended dose of nitrogen, phosphorus and po tassium (NPK), 75% NPK farmyard manure (FYM) Q 5 tonneslha, 75% NPK poultry manure (PM) Q 1.5 tonneslha and 75% NPK phosphocompost (PC) Q 5 tonneslha on growth, water use efficiency, productivity afid economics of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivation. The results showed that with the increase in NPK dose from 0 to 100% there was significant improvemen Ir both below (root) and above ground (shoot) dry matter 60 days after sowing (DAS) and at harvest. Integrated use of organics and inorganics not only recorded sig nificantly more root shoot dry matter but also accelerated their growth compared to inorganic fertilizer application. The shoot growth was more between 60 DAS and harvest (26.6,24.8 and 26.7 g/mYday with NPK FYM, NPK PC and NPK PM, respectively, compared with 21 .lg/m2/day,with 100% NPK) and root growth between 30 and 60 DAS (5.2, 5.0 and 5.2 g/m2/day with NPK FYM, NPK PC and NPK PM, respectively, compared with 4.4 g/m2/ day with 100% NPK). All organics in combinations with inorganic fertilizer were superior to sole inorganic fertilizer for water use efficiency (WUE), grain and straw yields, and harvest index (HI). Overall, application of 75% NPK and PM Q 1.5 tonneslha recorded highest WUE, grain and straw yields, yield attributes (ear length, ear weighti plant and 1,000 grain weight of sorghum), net return and benefit :cost ratio in both the years. The performance of nutrient combination followed the order of 75% NPK PM 75% NPK FYM 75% NKP PC 100% NPK.
Phosphorus management in rice (Oryza sativa) wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: R.P. SHARMA  , R.N. JHA  , S.K. PATHAK  , M. HAQUE
Published: December 2023

The field trials on rice (Oryza sativa L.) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori Paol.) cropping system were conducted during 1996 97 to 2001 2002 at Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour (Bhagalpur), for optimizing dose and frequency of phosphorus application. Rice and wheat responded significantly only up to 60 kg P,O,/ha. Average of 6 years data revealed that for getting optimum yield of wheat, P application was essential to the crop whereas in rice if the preceding wheat crop was raised with phosphorus, it was not essential to supply phosphorus to the rice crop, Application of P to both the crops every year resulted in the maximum P uptake, which was also higher with increase in P level. The same treatment (P to both the crops) fetched the maximum net return (Rs 28,738lha) and had the highest benefit : cost ratio (1.36). Application of P only to wheat every year, however, proved to be equally good in realizing higher net return (Rs 26,466lha). Higher P rates and its repeated application every year resulted in higher P build up in soil.
Performance of rice (Oryza sativa) based crop sequences in Central Plains Zone of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: K.P. VERMA  , SANJAY KUMAR  , R.P. KATIYAR
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 1998 99,1999 2000 and 2000 2001, at Regional Research Sub station Saini, Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh, to work out suitable and profitable rice (Oryza sativa L.) based crop sequence on sandy loam soil.The maximum rice grain equivalent yield was recorded in rice chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) crops sequence (162.61 qlha), followed by rice chickpea yellow season (Brassica campestris var. yellow sarson) cucumber (1 61.22 qlha) and were significantly superior to that of remaining crop sequences. The lowest rice grain equivalent (1 11.88 qlha) was found under ricechickpea linseed mungbean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) crop sequence. Production efficiency based on 3 years was found highest with rice chickpea linseed cucumber (50.97 kglhdday), followed by rice chickpea yellow sarson cucumber (50.54 kglhatday). The total monetary gain, returnslhdday and benefit : cost ratio were re corded maximum with rice chickpea linseed cucumber, followed by rice chickpea yellow sarson cucumber. The maximum land use efficiency was associated with rice toria (Brassica campestris var. toria) wheat cucumber (94.5%).
Diversification of rice (Oryza sativa) wheat (Triticum aestivum) system for improving soil fertility and productivity
Authors: A.S. KHARUB  , D.S. CHAUHAN  , R.K. SHARMA  , R.S. CHHOKAR  , S.C.TRIPATHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1996 97 to 1999 2000 at Karnal, to evaluate the effect of 6 rice (Oryza sativa L.) based crop sequences on soil fertility and productivity. Maximum wheat equivalent yield was re corded by inclusion of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (197.1 200.3 qlha), followed by vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L.) (173.5 173.8 qlha) between rice and wheat (Trticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori Paol.) crops. These systems resulted in additional wheat equivalent yield of 48 71 qlha over the rice wheat system. Continuous incor poration of Sesbania aculeata as green manure increased organic carbon by 8.7%, available N by 12.1%, Olsen s P by 10.1 % and available K by 5.0% in soil compared to rice wheat sequence. Growing of vegetable pea and po tato between rice and wheat also increased organic carbon by 8.9 and 17.1%, available N by 6.3 and 8.3% qnd available P by 6.3 and 19.0%, respectively, compared to rice wheat system. Green manuring with Sesbania aculeata added 97 109 kg Nlha and enhanced the wheat equivalent yield in the rice wheat system. Electrical conductivity and pH of soil decreased due to the inclusion of vegetable rice, potato and green manure.
Integrated nutrient supply system of linked components in lowland ) I ) integrated farming system ai
Authors: C. JAYANTHI  , M. BALUSAMY  , C. CHINNUSAMY  , S. MYTHlLl
Published: December 2023

lntegrated farming system comprising enterprises like cropping, fishery, poultry, pigeon and goat rearing were undertaken at Coimbatore during 1998 2000, to sustain the productivity, profitability, employment generation and nutrient recycling for lowland farms of Tamil Nadu. Among the enterprises, cropping with fish and goat integration recorded higher rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain equivalent (39,610 kglha) than other systems. Similarly, the best re turns (Rs 126,564) were obtained with integration of goat fish cropping applied with recycled fish pond s lt fed with goat droppings and the same combination resulted in the highest return of Rs 493/ha/rupee invested. Crop fish pigeon stood next, fetching Rs 443/ha/rupee invested. Crop applied with recycled fish pond silt fed with poul try manure resulted in higher rice grain equivalent yield (29,166 kg/ha) and net return (Rs 104,231). The highest level of employment (575 man days/ha/year) was achieved in crop fish goat integration. Additional nutrients gained by recycling were the highest with poultry manure (65.7, 28.4 and 25.0 kg N, P,O, and K,O respectively) than with goat or pigeon manure. To enhance the productivity, economic returns and employment generation for family labour, integration of crop with fish goat or pigeon or poultry could be adopted than cultivating the crop alone under lowland situation. Better residue recycling could be achieved through integration of crop with fish poultry than other systems.
Growth analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars under different seeding dates and irrigation levels in Jharkhand
Authors: SHIVANI  , U.N. VERMA  , SANJEEV KUMAR  , S.K. PAL  , R. THAKUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1995 96 and 1996 97 on sandy loam soil of Ranchi, to study the growth behaviour of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori Paol.) cultivars under different dates of sowifig and irrigation levels. Timely seeded wheat (21 November) recorded more tillers/m2, higher dry matter accumulation, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR) and crop growth rate (CGR) as well as gave more grain yield (3,301 kglha) than delayed seeded crops. Wheat crop, which received 4 irriga tions, maintained taller plants, more tillers per unit area, dry matter accumulation, LAI, NAR, CGR and RGR and resulted in 13.7 and 29% more grain yield over 3 irrigations (2,349 kglha) and 2 irrigations (2,071 kglha) respec tively. There was no significant difference between both the cultivars ( HUW 234 and K 9006 ) for growth pattern and grain yield but cultivar HUW 234 (7.54 kg grainlha mm) had higher water use efficiency over cultivar K 9006 (7.14 kg grainlha mm).
Agronomic efficacy of indigenous and exotic rock phosphates in soybean (Glycine max) in an acid soil
Authors: C.M. SHARMA  , SEEMA OHRl  , S.K. BHARDWAJ
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1995 and 1996 to study agronomic efficacy of rock phosphates, North Carolina rock phosphate (NCRP), Udaipur rock phosphate (URP), and Mussoorie rock phosphate (MRP) as phos phorus source in an acidic silty clay loam soil at Palampur, with Bragg soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] as test cropand single superphosphate as standard. Direct application of rock phosphate 60 kg P20 ha resulted sig nificant increase in growth and yield attributes of soybean over the control. Combination of rock phosphate with FYM or single superphosphate (50:50) further enhanced the growth and yield and seed yield. The uptake of P and Ca as affected by different treatments followed the trend, similar to seed yield. Application of 60 kg P20,/ha through NCRP, URP and MRP along with 5 tonnes FYMlha recorded substantial increase in agronomic efficiency of rock phosphate. Comparing the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of different sources, the exotic source NCRP was superior.
Comparative efficacy of S-metolachlor for weed control in soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: P.B. SHARMA  , D. UMAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Powarkheda, Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh during the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000, to evaluate bioefficacy of S-metolachlor for weed control in soybean. [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. S-metolachlor @ 500 and 750 g/ha resulted in effective control of grassy weeds and Comrnelina sp. but it showed no effect on sedges and dicot weeds. However, among different herbicide tretments alachlor Q 2,000 g/ha and S-metolachlor Q 500 and 750 g/ha proved quite promising alter- native to hand-weeding for weed control in soybean.
Effect of different organic materials with fly ash in integrated plant nutrient system for groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: S. KARMAKAR  , B.N. MITTRA  , B.C. GHOSH
Published: December 2023

An investigation was carried out during the dry season (February - May) of 1996 and 1997 at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, to study the effect of paper factory sludge and fly ash on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and to find out their suitable time of incorporation in acid lateritic soils. Paper factory sludge along with fly ash and chemical fertilizers increased the dry matter accumulation, leaf area index and nodule number1 plant compared to farmyard manure and their combination along with fly ash and chemical fertilizers. The beneficial effect was also recorded in yield attributes, yield, oil content in kernel, nutrient uptake and chemical properties of soil. Their incorporation at 15 days before sowing or at sowing was more advantageous than that at 30 days before sowing.
Evaluation of improved management technologies and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars in salt-affected soils under rainfed condition
Authors: V.S. VERMA  , RAJENDRA PRASAD  , G.S. SlNGH  , VlNEET KUMAR
Published: December 2023

Eight and twelve on farm trials were conducted during the winter (rabl) season of 2001-2002 and 2002-2003, respectively, to evaluate the improved management technologies and promising linseed (Linum usistatissimum L.) cultivars in salt-affected soils under rainfed condition. lmproved management technologies consisting of line or seed drill sowing, application of FYM @ 2 tonneslha a month before sowing and use of straw mulch after sowing proved superior to traditional practices adopted by the farmers. 'Padmini' variety followed by 'SWeta' and vice-versa proved superior to 'Bijuri Local' with improved management technology in comparison to farmers' practices. 'Padmini' having markedly higher dry matter, number of branches and capsuleslplant with dwarf plants utilized soil moisture more efficiently under rainfed condition and showed better tolerance to salts compared to 'Sweta' and 'Bijuri Local'.
Effect of Bow doses of atrazine and metribuzin on Phalaris minor and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: JITENDRA PANDEY  , A.K. VERMA
Published: December 2023

A study was conducted during the winter (rab~) season of 2000-2002 to find out the optimum dose of atrazine and metribuzin and their effect on canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Canary grass lowered the crop yield by 57.6% but their control by atrazine lessened yield loss up to 53%. Atrazine at 50 and 75 g/ha completely ceased the growth of canary grass till the end of crop growth and resulted in significantly higher increase in productive tillers, yield attributes andgrain yield compared to metribuzin. The latter caused higher decrease in canary grass and sweet clover (Melilotus spp.) population, but with its increasing dose the yield decreased significantly. Hand-weeding resuited in the highest increase, being significantly superior to all other treatments.
Productivity and plant stand of perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa) under different weed-control measures during establishment year
Authors: SHIVA DHAR  , S.D. GUPTA  , S.K. DAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1998-99 to 2000-01 at the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, using different weed-control measures in perennial lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). Pre-emer- gence application of pendimethalin at 0.5 kg/ha with hand-weeding at 6-week-crop stage was found superior to other measures for lower weed dry matter (2.5 tonneslha) and weed intensity (72 weeds/m2), and higher weed- control efficiency (77.2%) without phytotoxic effect on lucerne crop. Moreover, it also produced higher green fod- der (60.7 tonnedha), dry matter (13.2 tonnedha), crude protein (2,192 kglha) yields and plant stand (70 plant/ m2) during first growing season. lmazapyr and metribuzin with and without hand-weeding were found phytotoxic to the lucerne and resulted in lower yields due to poor initial and final plant stand despite, very good in control- ling weeds. Combination of herbicides and hand-weeding resulted in more yields than chemical, mechanical and manual measure alone.
Enhancing productivity and profitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) + Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) intercropping system
Authors: RAVl KUMAR  , MASOOD ALI  , R.L. ARYA  , J.P. MlSHlRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 1998-99 to 2000-01 at the lndian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, to study the genotypic compatibility in kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerpj. & Cosson] in chickpea + lndian mustard intercropping system. Sole crop of chickpea cv. 'BG 1003' recorded significantly highest growth and yield attributes than the other genotypes of chickpea. Among the various intercropping systems, 'BG 1003' chickpea + 'Vardan' lndian mustard recorded significantly highest growth and yield attributes of chickpea and lndian mustard than the other intercropping systems. However, high- est 100-seed weight of chickpea was recorded in chickpea 'KAK 2' in chickpea + 'Vardan' lndian mustard inter- cropping system at 6:2 row ratio. Yield reduction of chickpea was recorded higher in lndian mustard genotypes of 'Varuna' than 'Vardan'. Significantly higher chickpea-equivalent yield, land-equivalent ratio (LER), net returns and benefit : cost ratio (B:C ratio) were recorded in 'BG 1003' + 'Vardan' intercropping system than the other in- tercropping system. Higher seed yield of component crops in intercropping system showed complimentary rela- tionship which resulted in higher chickpea-equivalent yield. Key words : Genotypic compatibility, Competition, Chickpea + lndian mustard intercropping
Effect of weed-control practice and irrigation levels on weeds and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: MUHAMMAD ATHER NADEEM  , ASlF TANVEER  , ASGHAR ALI  , M. AYUB  , MUHAMMAD TAHlR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different weed-control practices and irrigation levels on weeds and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) in winter 2002-03 and 2003-04 in Paki- stan. The experiment comprised four weed-control practices, viz. weedy check, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin, post-emergence application of isoproturon + carfentrazone ethyl and manual weed control (two hoeings), and four irrigation levels, viz. 0.50, 0.75, 1 .OO and 1.25 irrigation water (IW): cumulative pan evapora- tion (CPE). The manual hoeing resulted in minimum weed density and dry weight of weeds, and gave maximum grain yield of 62.46 and 61.45 qlha due to more spike-bearing tillers, 1,000-grain weight and number of grains1 spike, but was statistically similar to post-emergence application of isoproturon + carfentrazone ethyl. The effect of irrigation levels on weed density and dry weight of weeds was non-signifcant in 2002-03 but was significant in 2003-04. The maximum grain yield was obtained at 1.25 IW:CPE.
Evaluation of efficacy of post-emergence herbicides in soybean (GZycine m a . )
Authors: D.K. TIWARI  , M.L. KEWAT  , J.A. KHAN  , N.K. KHAMPARIA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the university during rainy (kharif) season 2001 and 2002 to evaluate the efficacy of post-emergence herbicides against weeds in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Among the weeds, the grassy weeds were predominant (69%) in the experimental field compared with broad- leaf weeds (31%). Post-emergence application of haloxyfop ethoxy-ethyl at 50 g/ha or higher rates (75 and 100 g/ha) gave effective control of grassy weeds only. lmazethapyr at 75 g/ha controlled only broad-leaf weeds. Haloxyfop ethoxy-ethyl (50 g/ha) controlled grassy weeds better and gave yield-attributing traits and yield com- parable to those of hand-weeding and proved more remunerative than imazethapyr 75 g/ha as well as hand- weeding treatment.
Agriculture and India today
Authors: PANJAB SINGH
Published: December 2023

Attainment of food security has been the major objective of lndia since independence. Today lndia is second largest producer of food in world and has all the potential of becoming world leader if the emerging problems of agriculture are addressed through technological development, appropriate policy interventions that improve farm profitability vis-a-vis agricultural sustainability. This can be done through a transition from commodity agriculture to product agriculture, that is from quantity to quality agriculture. Efforts to develop and expand new types and uses of bulk agricultural products (value addition), alternative production technology (organic and conservation agricul- ture) and speciality crops will create opportunities for improving economic viability of agriculture and rural commu- nities. Value-added cooperatives that can develop new alliances with consumers (farmer-grocer contacts, internet marketing) may create new entrepreneurial opportunities in Indian agriculture. Emphasis on access to higher edu- cation and imbibition of quality and relevance in education with appropriate policy intervention will pave the ways for faster and sustainable development.
Sustainable fertilizer practices for upland rice (Oryza sativa) from permanent manurial trials under subhumid alfisoh
Authors: B. BEHERA  , G.R. MARUTHI SANKARi  , S.K. MOHANTY  , A.K. PAL  , G RAVINDRA CHARYi  , G. SUBBA REDDYi  , Y.S. RAMAKRISHNA
Published: December 2023

Twelve permanent manurial trials were conducted from 1994 to 2005 to develop a sustainable fertilizer applica- tion schedule for upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and find out optimal fertilizer requirement for attaining maximum productivity in a moist subhumid alfisol. Nine treatments of organic N (glyricidia, cassia and farmyard manure) and inorganic N, P and K fertilizers together with a contol, were tested. The treatments differed significantly from each other in all seasons. Application of 50% N (FYM) + 50% PK of recommended dose proved superior, as evident from lowest yield decrease of 86.4 kglyear compared with a maximum of 170.9 kglyear with application of 100% NPK (inorganic). Regression analysis revealed that the treatment comprising 50% N (FYM) + 50% NPK was supe- rior with a maximum yield predictability of 0.85 with a prediction error of 511 kglha, and a maximum sustainability yield index (0.47), maximum mean yield (1,811 kglha) and lowest variation (29%) in the study. The study indicated that an optimum application of 32, 22, 17 and 14 kglha organic N together with 28, 33, 39 and 47 kglha inorganic N could be made respectively under 500-750, 750-1,000, 1,000-1,250 and 1,500-1,750 mm of crop seasonal rainfall for attaining sustainable productivity of upland rice under rainfed conditions in moist subhumid alfisols.
Productivity and economics of high-sugar genotypes of sugarcane (Saccharurn offieinarum hybrid complex) in plant-ratoon system under various planting a seasons and fertility levels
Authors: S.K. SHUKLA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during cropping seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Lucknow, to evaluate 3 sugarcane genotypes ('CoLk 9411', 'CoLk 9412' and 'CoLk 94184') under 3 levels of N, P and K (150, 19.6,37.4; 200, 26.2, 49.8; and 250, 32.8, 62.2 kglha) in 2 seasons (spring and summer) with plant-ratoon system. Genotype 'CoLk 941 84' recorded the highest cane yield and commercial cane sugar (CCS) across the seasons as well as plant and ratoon crops. Genotype 'CoLk 94184' showed the highest brix (21.21) and pol (18.49%) reading at 10- month stage in spring-planted cane. Individual cane length and cane weight increased significantly up to 200, 26.2 and 49.8 kg N, P and Wha. Ratoon of the genotype, 'CoLk 94184' produced the highest number of millable canes (133,90O/ha), cane length (186.8 cm), cane yield (70.46 Wha) and CCS (9.39 Wha). The plant-ratoon system indi- cated that genotype 'CoLk 94184' gave the maximum net returns (Rs 98,558lha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.99) in the spring-planted cane. Genotype CoLk 94184 gave better yield, sucrose and net profit, hence could be adopted in the region for optimizing sugar productivity and regulating crushing schedule at factory level. Fertility level of 200, 26.2 and 49.8 kg N, P and Wha was optimum for growth and cane yield during spring as well as summer planting.
Production and energy-use efficiency of greater yam (Dioscorea a1ata)-based intercropping system as influenced by intercrops and planting patterns
Authors: M. NEDUNCHEZHIYAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Bhubaneshwar during 2001-02 and 2002-03 on acid laterite soils under rainfed conditions, to assess the production and energy-use efficiency of various greater yam (Dioscorea alata) based intercropping systems. Greater yam was planted at normal (90 x 90 cm), paired (601120 x 90 cm) and skipped rows (901180 x 90 cm) with 1,2 and 3 rows of maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] respectively as intercrop. Sole greater yam was planted as control. The maximum tuber-equivalent yield (18.7 tlha), land-equivalent ratio (1.37) and production efficiency (89.2 kglhalday) were obtained with maize as an intercrop in greater yam (normal planting), followed by greater yam (paired row planting). Pigeonpea and sorghum were the next best intercrops in the order. Similarly, intercrop- ping with normal row and paired row planting irrespective of intercrops produced higher output energy (84.25- 100.70 x 103 MJlha). Skipped row planting, due to lower greater yam tuber yield, recorded lower tuber-equivalent yield, land-equivalent ratio, production efficiency and energy output than sole greater yam cropping. However, en- ergy output : input ratio and energy-use efficiency of greater yam + pigeonpea in skipped row planting was highest due to its lowest seed as well as manures and fertilizers energy inputs. Greater yam + maize (normal row planting) intercropping system was the next best in energy output : input ratio due to higher energy from the yields. Thus, maize was the best intercrop (1 row) with greater yam planted at normal rows (90 cm x 90 cm).
Effect of planting pattern and weed-control methods on weed growth and performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: I.B. PANDEY  , D.K. DWIVEDI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2000-01 and 2001 -02 at Pusa, Bihar to study weed growth, nutrient removal, weed-control efficiency and yield, and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticurn aestivurn L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) as influenced by planting pattern [criss-cross (20 cm x 20 cm), normal line sowing (20 cm) and broadcast] as well as weed-control treatment [weedy check, hand-weeding (30 days after sowing), isoproturon @ 0.75 kg/ ha (pre-emergence), sulfosulfuron @ 33.3 glha (post-emergence) and 2,4-D Na salt @ 0.80 kglha (post-emer- gence)]. Criss-cross sowing significantly reduced the weed biomass and hence lowered the nutrient depletion by weeds, ultimately resulting in higher nutrient uptake and yield of wheat crop. Normal line sowing and broadcast- ing methods recorded 7.29 and 19.93% less grain yield than criss-cross sowing. Amongst the weed-control treat- ments, post-emergence application of sulfosulfuron was found on a par with hand weeding treatment for control- ling weeds and producing grain yield of wheat. The different weed-control measures led to 119.5-139.0, 123.2- 141.3 and 120.4-138.5% increase in N, P and K uptake by wheat respectively, and 59.9-74.6, 60.2-75.0 and 60.0-75.5% reduction in the depletion by weeds over the weedy check.
Effect of planting method, tillage and weed management on productivity and wheat (Z'riticurn aestivum> ghysico-chemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa) - cropping system
Authors: SHRIKANT CHITALE  , NARENDRA PANDEY ANO J.S. URKURKAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Raipur in Chhattisgarh to assess the produc- tivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) -wheat [Piticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.] cropping system and changes in soil-nutrient status due to different planting methods of rice and tillage and weed-management practices of wheat. Transplanting of rice after Sesbania aculeata (green manure, GM) incorporation (Rice,,,,) produced significantly higher grain yield of rice (19.5-25.3%) and increased the organic C, available N and K over transplanting of rice (Rice,,) and beushening system without GM (Rice,,). The residual effect of Rice ,,,, gave 11 .I % higher grain yield of wheat, increased the available N, P and K content in the soil and reduced the bulk density in 0-7 and 10-17 cm soil depths. Conventional tillage (Wheat,,) in wheat produced 19.1% higher grain yield than zero tillage (Wheat,). Zero-tilled wheat gave 10.7% higher organic C in the soil than Wheat ., Infiltration rate was the highest under Wheat,, and observed to be 20.5% higher at harvest. Post-emergence application of sulfosulfuron @ 25 g/ ha and metsulfuron-methyl @ 4 glha reduced the dry weight of weeds significantly over the weedy check and in- creased the grain yield of wheat. Transplanting of rice after GM incorporation followed by conventional tillage and in post-emergence application of ~ ~ l f ~ ~ ~ l f i ~ r o r l wheat improved the soil physico-chemical properties and gave the maximum total productivity (12.45 tiha) and net returns (Rs 52,104lha).
Integrated phosphorus management in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: R.G. IDAPUGANTI  , I.P.S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2005-06 and 2006-2007 at New Delhi in the rainy (kharif) and winter (rabo seasons on sandy-loam soil to assess the effect of sources and levels of phosphorus on pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] -wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Results revealed that application of P to pigeonpea at 34.4 kg/ha through single superphosphate + phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) recorded higher mean yield attributes and grain yield (1.49 Vha) of pigeonpea and yield attributes and yield (4.49 Vha) of wheat over no P and 17.2 kg P/ha through single superphosphate alone or rock-phosphate + PSB. Direct application of P to wheat up to 34.4 kg P/ha improved the mean yield attributes and grain yield (4.53 Vha). The mean increase in wheat-grain yield due to P fertilization was 10.26 and 7.31% compared with that in the con- trol and 17.2 kg P/ha respectively. The system productivity (pigeonpea-equivalent yield) was the highest when pigeonpea and wheat received 34.4 kg P/ha through pressmud + PSB (4.06 Vha) and 34.4 kg P/ha (3.99 Vha) re- spectively. Application of 34.4 kg P/ha through single superphosphate with or without PSB or pressmud + PSB to pigeonpea recorded significantly higher P uptake by the system over rock-phosphate + PSB. The P balance in the soil increased with increase in P fertilization to the system.
Productivity, economics, energetics and soil properties of vegetables-based relay intercropping systems
Authors: VED PRAKASH  , NARENDRA KUMAR  , RANJAN BHATTACHARIYYA  , M. KUMAR  , A.K. SRIVASTVA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2002-03 and 2003-04 at Almora to find out the most productive and remunerative relay intercropping of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. nom. cons.) or french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in maize (Zea mays L.), garden pea (Pisum sativum L.var. arvense poir.) in tomato or french bean, and french bean in garden pea. Results showed that relay intercropping of maize (green cobs) + tomato + garden pea + french bean, and maize (green cobs) + french bean + garden pea + french bean proved significantly superior in terms of maize grain-equivalent yield (71.3 and 51.5 t/ha), and net returns (Rs 2,39,558 and Rs 1,52,624/ha) than maize (green cobs) - garden pea (1 8.8 t/ha and Rs 48,02O/ha) and french bean - garden pea (30.7 t/ha, and Rs 94,0211ha) sequential cropping. Also, maize (green cobs) + tomato + garden pea + french bean recorded signifi- cantly highest production efficiency (195.4 kgldaylha) and economic efficiency (Rs 656/ha/day), system energy output (1 0,83,760 MJ/ha), system net energy return (1 0,40,856 MJIha) and system energy-use efficiency (2,852 MJIhdday). The lowest maize grain equivalent yield (18.8 t/ha), net returns (Rs 48,02O/ha), production efficiency (51.5 kgldaylha) and economic efficiency (Rs 132lhdday) were recorded under maize (green cobs) - garden pea sequential cropping. Physico-chemical properties of the soil improved significantly due to relay intercropping sys- tems over maize (green cobs) - garden pea sequence. Relay intercropping of maize (green cobs) + tomato + gar- den pea + french bean proved the best in terms of total production and monetary returns.
Modeling of wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield in relation to soil characteristics and management practices
Authors: ADITYA K. SINGH  , R.S. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A study was carried out to evaluate the production potential of soils in Agro-Ecological Sub-Region (AESR) 4.2 of Udaipur district in Rajasthan for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) crop. Grain yield was monitored in farmers' fields consecutively for 3 years during winter season of 2004-05, 2005-06 and 2006-07. Multivariate regression model was developed to relate crop production to the set of four independent variables, viz. soil depth, available water content, irrigation and sowing time, and management. By using the regression equation, yield was predicted in 2005-06 and 2006-07, which was validated with actual yield. The available wa- ter capacity strongly affected the crop yield. In shallow sandy-loam soils, due to low available water content, minimum six irrigations were required for obtaining potential yield of 5.5-5.6 t/ha, whereas five irrigations were required in moderately deep to deep sandy clay-loam soils to produce potential yield of 5.7-5.8 t/ha. In deep clay soils four irrigations were sufficient to produce the potential yield. A saving of 15-20% water was achieved through the sprinkler system. The modelling exercise of the response of spatially distributed wheat yield was strongly affected by the soil variability within the study region.
Approaches for sustainability of rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system in Indo-Gangetic plains of India A review
Authors: M.S. GILL  , S.S. PAL  , I.P.S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

This paper describes the results of some innovative approaches for sustaining productivity of rice-wheat crop- ping system in the Indo-Gangetic plains. lntegrated nutrient management with green manuring as a substitute saved 50% of the chemical fertilizers, with an average productivity of rice (4.8 Vha) and wheat (3.3 Vha). Site-spe- cific nutrient management using judicious application of primary, secondary and micronutrients as per soil test and specific yield target was also found an economically-viable option with benefit : cost ratio of 4.9 under multi-loca- tion trials, with 15-17 Vha of productivity of rice and wheat. Resource conservation technologies (RCT) like zero tillage, bed planting and laser land leveling saved substantial quantity of irrigation water. Zero tillage saved 20% ir- rigation water, along with saving of 300 million litres of diesel per annum. Likewise, bed planting saved 37.5 cm ir- rigation water. Laser land leveling led to 18.4% saving of water and higher water productivity (1.1 9 kg grain/m3 wa- ter) in wheat under on-farm trials. The average water productivity in wheat under on-farm trials in Punjab was 0.33 and 0.52 kg grain/m3 water under no levelling and laser leveling, respectively. Happy seeder gave 7-8% higher pro- ductivity and retained 5-7 Vha rice crop residue for soil fertility improvement. Besides water-saving and direct pro- ductivity gain, RCT was a valuable option for reducing the cost of cultivation in terms of land preparation, timely sowing, decreased seed rate, improved water and nutrient-use efficiency, and left indirect effect on mitigating the adverse effect of climate change. Rernote-sensing technology also proved valuable for decision-support system in N saving, based on management-zone approach.
Effect of crop establishment methods on growth, productivity and soil fertility of rice (Oiyza sativa)-based cropping systems
Authors: K.S. GANGWAR  , M.S. GILL  , .K.TOMAR  , D.K. PANDEY
Published: December 2023

A field study was undertaken during 2003-04 to 2005-06 at Modipuram to develop appropriate establishment technique of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to improve the growth, yield, profitability and soil fertility of rice-based crop- ping systems. The mean yield of hybrid rice was higher (8.52 Vha) with drum seeding and remained on a par with that of direct seeding and mechanical transplanting (puddled) compared with manual transplanting (puddled) and mechanical transplanting (unpuddled). Direct seeding (dry bed, unpuddled) adopted in the previous rice crop gave higher mean yield of the succeeding wheat (5.70 Vha), chickpea (2.20 Vha) and Indian mustard (1.86 Vha). Drum seeding recorded the highest mean net returns (Us 47,040 /ha) in rice-wheat system, followed by rice-chickpea (Us 42,336 /ha) and rice-Indian mustard system (Us. 39,774 /ha), and benefit : cast ratio (1.24) in rice-chickpea fol- lowed by rice-wheat (1.21) and rice-Indian mustard system (1.12). The system-wise soil analysis undertaken after three crop cycles indicated that organic carbon increased positively over initial status in rice-chickpea system; however, the magnitude of increase was largest under mechanical transplanting (puddled), and negative balances were found in rice-wheat system. Available P and K balance was generally positive in rice-wheat, rice-chickpea and rice-Indian mustard crop sequences except for P in rice-wheat and rice-mustard crop sequences under direct seeding. The drum or direct-seeded rice-based cropping system not only produced higher grain yield of hybrid rice but also resulted in greater productivity of the subsequent crops.
Integrated nutrient management in soybean (Glycine max)wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: B.G. SHIVAKUMAR  , I.P.S. AHLAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 2001-03 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the impact of nutrient management practices on the growth, yield and economics of soybean ( Glycine max)-wheat ( Triticum aestivum) cropping system. The treatments consisted of combinations of 4 nutrient sources in main plots and 3 nutrient levels in subplots in soybean in rainy season. A general crop of wheat was grown during the follow- ing winter season to study the residual effect of treatments imposed on the previous soybean. The results indi- cated that application of 5 t/ha each of crop residues (CR) and farmyard manure (FYM) along with 5 kg zinc/ha among the nutrient sources and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) among the nutrient levels recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters and yield (1.62 t/ha) of soybean. The succeeding crop of wheat too showed a similar trend. The net returns were higher with 5 t/ha of FYM in soybean (Rs 8,154) and 5 t/ha each of CR and FYM alongwith 5 kg Zn/ha in succeeding wheat (Rs 12,577), as well as in soybean-wheat cropping system (Rs 20,334). The benefit:cost (B:C) ratio was higher with 100% RDF among nutrient levels (0.89) and with 5 t/ha CR (0.81 ) among the nutrient sources in soybean, whereas the 100% RDF among nutrient levels (0.73) and FYM @ 5 t/ha+ CR @ 5 t/ha + 5 kg Zn/ha among sources given to soybean recorded higher B:C ratio (0.72) in wheat. The organic carbon and the available N, P, K and Zn were higher with 5 t/ha each of CR and FYM along with 5 kg zinc/ha among the nutrient sources, and 100% RDF among nutrient levels after the completion of 3 years of experimentation. It was concluded that combined application of 5 t/ha each of CR and FYM along with 5 kg/ha zinc is necessary for getting higher yield and net returns from soybean-wheat cropping system.
Integrated nutrient management in FCV tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) in irrigated Alfisols
Authors: S.V. KRISHNA REDDY  , S. KASTURI KRISHNA  , K. DEO SINGH  , P. HARISHU KUMAR  , V. KRISHNAMURTHY
Published: December 2023

Field experiment conducted between rabi 2002-03 and 2003-04 at CTRI Research Station, Jeelugumilli, with different sources and levels of organic manures in comparison to chemical fertilizers and integrated application of sunnhemp, [ Crotalar ia juncea (L.) Rotar and Joy] in-situ green manuring + 110-26.2-99.9 kg of N, P and K/ha (INM) revealed that the highest mean yields of green leaf and cured leaf of FCV tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) were recorded with INM (20.84 and 2.51 t/ha) followed by groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) cake (GNC) 6.0 t/ha (19.93 and 2.38 t/ha), filter press cake (FPC) 100 t/ha (19.63 and 2.29 t/ha) and farmyard manure FPC 100 t/ha (19.01 and 2.25 t/ha), respectively. The increase in mean cured leaf yield of INM, groundnut cake 6.0 t/ha, FPC 100 t/ha, farmyard manure 100 t/ha, farmyard manure 50 t + FPC 50 t/ha and fertilizers alone was 122, 111, 103, 98, 99 and 81% and that of grade index was 153, 174, 162, 157, 151 and 97%, respectively compared with con- trol, no fertilizer. Mean grade index/ cured leaf percentage, reducing sugar content and sugar: nicotine ratio were higher with application of organic manures as compared to chemical fertilizers alone and INM. The increase in sta- tus of available soil N with INM, groundnut cake 6.0 t/ha, filter press cake 100 t/ha, farmyard manure 100 t/ha, farmyard manure 50 t + FPC 50 t/ha and fertilizers alone was 9.8, 13.1, 15.8, 15.0, 13.7 and 6.8% and that of available P was 27.6, 19.9, 28.0, 27.6, 23.4 and 15.3%, respectively compared with control no fertilizer. The high- est net returns of Rs 52,480/ha and B: C ratio of 1.67 accrued with INM. The unit cost of tobacco production with organics is higher than that raised with chemical fertilizers, as the cost of organic inputs is prohibitively higher than chemicals. With the current marketing scenario, organic tobacco production is not cost-effective as there is no price differential for conventional and organic tobaccos. Until such time a premium market system develops for or- ganically grown FCV tobacco, current system of tobacco grown with INM seems to be inevitable and can offer divi- dends and looks to be remunerative and viable on a long run.
Integrated farming systems for sustainability in coastal ecosystem
Authors: KURUVILLA VARUGHESE ANO THOMAS MATHEW
Published: December 2023

The growth rate in agriculture during the recent past is in a very slow pase in spite of the rapid economic growth in our country. The trend in productivity of major crops is either static or declining trend during the X Five- year plan. There is no scope for further increase of net sown area and the present scenario indicated a slight shift of area for other purposes like industrialization and urbanization. To sustain a positive growth rate in agri- culture, a holistic approach is the need of the hour. The goal of sustainable agriculture is to conserve the natu- ral resource base, protect the environment and enhance prosperity for a longer period. Farming systems is a set of agro-economic activities that are interrelated and interact among themselves in a particular agrarian set- ting. In diversified farming, though crop and other enterprises exist, the thrust is mainly to minimize the risk. While in the Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) a judicious mix of one or more enterprises along with cropping has a complimentary effect through effective recycling of wastes and crop residues and encompasses addi- tional source of income to the farmers. IFS activity is focused round a few selected inter-dependent, inter-re- lated and inter-linking production systems, based on crops, animals and related subsidiary professions. It is a rich source of species diversity, helps in soil building, preserve and improve ecological condition essential to long-term sustainability. It also enhances soil nutrient cycling and prevent proliferation of pests. In all the eco- systems, IFS approach with location specific models offer gainful employment and are highly profitable and sustainable. The models developed in the coastal ecosystem of Kerala are discussed. The agronomic, socio- economic and environmental advantages of IFS are vivid and appealing. These are potentially suitable to all cat- egories of farmers.
Integrated farming system and agriculture sustainability
Authors: M.S. GILL  , J.P. SINGH  , K.S. GANGWA
Published: December 2023

There are 115 million operational holdings in the country and about 80 % are marginal and small farmers. To fulfill the basic needs of house hold including food (cereal, pulses, oilseeds, milk, fruit, honey, meat, etc.), feed, fodder, fiber, etc. warrant an attention about Integrated Farming System (IFS). Undoubtedly, majority of the farm- ers are doing farming since long back but their main focus was individual components but not in a integrated manner. At the ICAR and State Agricultural Universities level, lot of efforts have been made aiming at increasing the productivity of different components of farming system like crop, dairy, livestock, poultry, piggery, goat keep- ing, duckery, apiculture, sericulture, horticulture, mushroom cultivation etc. individually but lacking in their inte- gration by following farming system approach. The integration is made in such a way that product of one com- ponent should be the input for other enterprises with high degree of complimentary effects on each other. The fodder fed to the cattle produces milk. The dung, urine and litter produce farmyard manure and energy used for crops and fish pond. The siltation of fish pond is utilized as manure to crops. The farmyard manure can substi- tute about 25% of recommended N P and K for crops, besides improving the physical and biological properties of soil. The fish pond water can be used by gravity method while there is breakdown in electricity supply. Oil- seeds provide nectar for honeybee, edible oils for human and oilseed-cake for animal feed. Integrated nutrient management can enhance the productivity of cereals by 0.5 to 1.0 t/ha. Processing of different products en- hances the value addition to the extent of 25 to 50% besides generating 50-75-man days/ family/ year of em- ployment. The fish pond embankment comprising 20-30% can be used for growing cucurbits and fruit trees which provide effective soil cover to checks the soil erosion and also make the system economically viable. The apportionment of farm land involving different enterprises, viz., cereal (40%), pulses (10%), oilseed (10%), horti- culture (15%), fishery (10%), livestock (10%), poultry/piggery/goatry (2%), storage, threshing floor, implement shed, vermicompost, straw storage and farm building etc. (3%) for the efficient use of resources available and to enhance the input use efficiency. The preliminary research investigations advocated the benefits of productiv- ity improvement by 30-50% depending upon the number and kind of enterprises and their management. The in- formation on farming system in a systematic way is presented here. The methodology is explained keeping in mind the work done so far to realize better productivity, profitability and sustainable production systems that would help to solve the fuel, feed and energy crisis, create more employment avenues, ensure regular income and encourage agricultural oriented industry.
Production technology and industrial uses of dual purpose linseed (Linum usitatissimum): An overview
Authors: KARAM HUSAIN  , Y. P. MALIK  , R. I SRIVASTAVA  , RITt J PANDEY
Published: December 2023

Flax (I-inum usitatjssimum L.) is a rabi crop of India, grown both for seed and fibre since very long fine. The variet- ies, which are grown for seed and fibre both, are known as dual purpose linseed. In India, oil flax is under cultivation in 16 states, While dual purpose linseed is being grown in few pockets. AS climatic conditions Of the country does not suit much for the cultivation Of fibre flax, but dual purpose linseed varieties like 'Gaurav', 'Jeevan', 'Nagarkot', 'Shikha', 'Rashmi', 'Meera', and 'Parvati' may be grown in Himachal Pradesh, some districts of Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, Tawa command area of Madhya Pradesh and Kota command area of Rajasthan. A good crop Of dual purpose linseed can be obtained by sowing of these varieties under irrigated situation (2-3 irrigations) during last week of October to mid November using 50-60 kg seed/ha at a row distance of 20 cm, fertilizer application of 60-90 kg N + 13.2- 17.6 kg P + 25-33.3 kg Wha along with need based plant protection measures. Development of improved varieties having quality fibre with good seed yield, refining agro-techniques, proper post-harvest technologies especialiy retting and scutching techniques along with the testing Of quality standards and suitable government policies are essential for the promotion of this crop in India.