bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nieprzekładalność Janowego Prologu? (J 1,1-18)
Authors: Górka Bogusław
Published: April 2020

W opracowaniu
Ślady gromadzenia ofiar lub darów w przykościelnych domach w Ptolemais i Cyrene?
Authors: Jastrzębowska Elżbieta
Published: April 2020

Si tratta di cosi dette mangiatoie di pietra, conservate nelle due case tardo antiche di Cirenaica (oggi Libia): casa di Paulos a Tolemaide (6 esemplari) e in una casa anonima (9 esemplari) presso la Basilica Centrale a Cirene. La piu problematica sarebbe la funzione originaria di questi blocchi rettangolari di pietra ricavati dentro e messi in linea, perche gli studi precedenti di molti monumenti simili dell'Africa del Nord (oggi Tunisia e Algeria) non danno la risposta definitiva a questa domanda: se si tratterebbe delle vere mangiatoie per i cavalli oppure dei recipienti per l’annona in natura oppure, nei casi di ambienti cristiani eon le „mangiatoie”, dei recipienti per le offerte di terra dalia parte dei fedeli o per i doni a loro dalla parte della chiesa ai fedeli furono le vere stalle. Le installazioni di Cirenaica, insieme eon le „mangiatoie” del Santuario d’Asclepio di El Bayda, non sono ancora conosciute ne pubblicate, sicuramente non hanno servito ai cavalli. L’ultimo caso sembra il piu chiaro, ed e molto probabile che nelle „mangiatoie” del luogo deponevano le loro offerte portate al dio della Salute dai malati visitatori del santuario. Si puó chiedere se la vicinanza stretta delle chiese, sia a Tolemaide, sia a Cirene, non potrebbe indicare la funzione simile delle „mangiatoie” in queste citta antiche. Purtroppo le fonti scritte cristiane a ąuesto proposito ne taccino oppure non sono ancora scoperte e studiate.
Obraz Boga Ojca w "De Trinitate" Nowacjana
Authors: Jaśkiewicz Grzegorz
Published: April 2020

II est tres difficile de parler de Dieu-Pere malgre notre connaissance theologiąue contemporaine. Chaque etre humain a un pere et donc se fait une image personnelle de la paternite. Ainsi nos images sont quelquefois differentes de celles des autres et peuvent detourner d’une veritable comprehension de Dieu-Pere. Dans la Bibie, on trouve beaucoup de rćferences par rapport a Celui qui se nomme comme „je suis qui je suis” (Ex 3,14) et Jesus, le Fils, nous revele pleinement son existence et son action. Novatien, le theologien tres ćrudit du IIIe siecle, nous explique cette verite de la foi et nous encourage tout d’abord a croire en Dieu le Pere, Createur du ciel et de la terre, ce qui n’etait pas evident pour les gnostiques. Novatien explique que la double conception de la creation n’a pas raison d’exis- ter. Le mai ne vient pas de Dieu-Createur mais de l’homme qui s’eloigne de Lui. Surtout, il a lutte contre Martion qui etait a la tete d’une secte qui, a cette epoque-la, rejetait l’Ancien Testament. Novatien rend hommage a Dieu le Pere et temoigne de Sa Providence. II souligne que personne ici bas n’est pere comme le Pere de Notre Seigneur Jesus Christ!
Morze wyzwaniem dla bogów i ludzi
Authors: Jundziłł Juliusz
Published: April 2020

W opracowaniu
Pokora w świetle "Expositio Evangelii secundum Lucam" św. Ambrożego z Mediolanu
Authors: Jurkiewicz Jerzy
Published: April 2020

Der Begriff Demut beschreibt Ergebenheit, die in der Einsicht in die Notwen- digkeit und im Willen zum Hinnehmen der Gegebenheiten begriindet ist. In der christlichen Religion bedeutet Demut das Anerkennen der Allmacht Gottes. Demut beschreibt demnach die innere Einstellung eines Menschen zu Gott. Die Demut spielt im christlichen Leben eine besondere Rolle. Fur Ambrosius von Mailand ist Demut eine wesentliche Eigenschaft des wahren Glaubigen, desjenigen, der mit Gott im Einen ist. Gott demiitigt Menschen, um sie zu ihm (zuriick) zu bringen, und Menschen demiitigen sich selbst vor Gott, um von ihm angenommen zu werden. Fur Christen bedeutet Demut gegeniiber Gott, ihn anzubeten, ihn zu achten, zu ehren und zu loben, weil man erkennt, dass alles, was man ist und hat, von Gottes Gnade ist. Beispiele fiir ein demiitiges und letztendlich gesegnetes Leben sind im Evangelium von Lukas z.B. Maria und der verlorenen Sohn. Aus diesen Begeben- heiten kónnen und sollten die Menschen, nach christlicher Auffassung, auch heute noch lernen. Ferner ist ais Fazit aus solchen Erzahlungen zu erkennen, dass im christlichen Glauben die Demut der Schliissel zu allem ist. Nur der Demiitige wird den Segen des Herm empfangen.
"Sermo de disciplina christiana" św. Augustyna. Omówienie syntetyczne
Authors: Kaczmarek Tomasz
Published: April 2020

Poco conosciuto l’opuscolo di sant’Agostino "Sermo de disciplina Christiana", di regola omesso dagli editori dei suoi scritti a causa di mancata recensione di esso nelle Retractationes, rappresenta un interessante esempio concreto di predicazione pastorale nell'ambiente d’Ippona degli ultimi anni del quarto secolo. In realta questo sermone costituisce una concisa esposizione della morale cristiana, basata sul comandamento della canta di Dio e del prossimo. Dopo un breve sguardo sul contenuto del trattato, nel presente articolo l’attenzione punta successivamente sull'idea agostiniana della disciplina Christiana, poi sul clima della retorica antica di cui e permeato il detto discorso di Agostino, e quindi vengono segnalati i pili caratteristici temi ivi presenti, tra cui particolarmente quello del rapporto tra Cristo ed il predicatore del verbo.
Las asociaciones de los cristianos en la Iglesia primitiva
Authors: Kantor Robert
Published: April 2020

W naturze człowieka jest zakorzeniona tendencja do zrzeszania się, po to, by osiągnąć wspólne cele. Pośród Rzymian to dążenie było manifestowane już od czasów monarchii i identyfikowało się w zakładaniu stowarzyszeń - collegia. Religia była jednym z fundamentalnych motywów zakładania stowarzyszeń. Stąd nie brakowało religijnych grup (collegia, amicitia, convictus, curia, magisterium, schola, sodalitium, etc.), które dysponowały miejscem sprawowania kultu oraz miały swoją strukturę hierarchiczną. W Imperium Rzymskim nie brakowało także stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych - Collegia tenuiorum. Tenuiores, byli to ludzie dysponujący niewielkimi zasobami ekonomicznymi, którzy zrzeszali się, czcząc jakieś bóstwo i zapewniając sobie w ten sposób godny pochówek. Do stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych zaliczano także Collegia domestica. Należeli do nich niewolnicy i libertyni bogatych rodzin, którzy płacąc miesięczne składki do wspólnej kasy i czcząc bożki larów, zapewniali sobie pochówek we wspólnym miejscu. Collegia chrześcijańskie pojawiają się także jako stowarzyszenia o charakterze religijnym. Nie brak autorów, jak m.in. Wilken, Benko czy De Rossi, którzy uważali, że pierwsze grupy chrześcijańskie imitowały model stowarzyszeń pogrzebowych. Kościół począwszy od III w. posiadał cmentarze i domy, które mógł wykorzystywać dla swoich celów. Większość grup chrześcijańskich w dużej mierze było jednak uzależnionych od osób bogatych, którzy pełnili funkcje patronów. Mówiąc o stowarzyszeniach w pierwszych wiekach chrześcijaństwa, nie sposób pominąć stowarzyszeń kapłańskich. Pierwsze z nich spotykamy w Jerozolimie. Dzieje Apostolskie opowiadając okoliczności powołania „Siedmiu”, milczą na temat pochodzenia prezbiterów. Ci pojawiają się, kiedy Kościół antiocheński przekazuje im pieniądze dla ofiar głodu, jaki panował wówczas w Judei. Prezbiterzy jawią się jako depozytariusze i administratorzy owej kolekty. Na soborze w Jerozolimie prezbiterzy wykonują także funkcję sędziów rozstrzygających sporne kwestie. Z kolei w epoce po-apostolskiej jawią się oni jako senat Boży i otaczają biskupa. Stowarzyszenia, w jakich zrzeszali się pierwsi chrześcijanie, nie były strukturą nową w znaczeniu oryginalności, nie były czymś wymyślonym przez chrześcijan. Ci jednak dokonując ich adaptacji, nadali im nowy wymiar.
Historia metropolii i antycznego rytu raweńskiego (IV-IX wiek)
Authors: Kasprzak Dariusz Antoni
Published: April 2020

This paper focuses on the social environment of the ancient Church of Ravenna, which developed its own local liturgy. The paper also characterizes the most impor- tant components of the liturgy up to mid 5th century. The Catholic see of Ravenna developed an original liturgy, which flourished during the incumbency of Bishop Peter Chrysologus (380-450). The ancient liturgy of the 5th century Ravenna church appears to have been a bridge, which United the Catholic liturgy of the Christian Orient with the West. The pregregorian Roman liturgy constituted its most prominent component. The pregregorian liturgical rite of Ravenna was conspicuous for its Roman Character, although it had always preserved its original local elements in the 5th as well as in the 6th-9th centuries. In the 9th century the liturgy of Ravenna was Romanized in accordance with the unifying tendencies of the Gregorian reform.
Katechumenat i chrzest na podstawie "Konstytucji Apostolskich"
Authors: Kieling Michał
Published: April 2020

Die Apostolische Konstitutionen sind um 380 in Antiochien entstanden. Sie sind ein Zeugnis fur das Leben der Kirchengemeinde in der antiken Kirche. Unter vielen Themen, welche in diesem Werk zu finden sind, befindet sich auch das Problem des Katechumenats und der Taufe. Diese Untersuchung ist in vier Teilen gegliedert: im ersten Teil wurden die Bediengungen zum Aufname in den Katechumenat dargestellt, im zweiten die Formation der Erwachsenen zur Taufe, im dritten Teil wurden die Vorschriften und Symbolik im Bezug auf dieses Sakrament dargestellt und im letzten das Problem der Taufe der Heratiker besprochen. Die Analyse des Textes der Apostolischen Konstitutionen ftihrt zum Ergebniss, dass die Vorbereitung und Formation zum christlichen Leben eine wichtige und verantwortliche Aufgabe war. Die Kandidaten zum Katechumenat miissten wah- len, ob sie bei ihrem „alten Leben bleiben” oder zum Christus gehóren wollen. Diese Entscheidung war sehr konkret und eindeutig. Dann haben sie die dreijahrige Katechese bekommen, die Theologie der Taufe kennengelernt und vor allem durch seine Lebensweise die Reife zur christlichen Initiation gezeigt.
Monety z Apamei Kibotos. Najstarsza ikonografia Arki Noego
Authors: Kiełczewska Aleksandra
Published: April 2020

Author of the article presents the series of six coins minted in ancient city of Apamea Kibotos in Phrygia during the reign of emperors Septimus Severus (193- 211), Macrinus (217-218), Alexander Severus (222-235), Gordian III (238-244), Philip the Arab (244-249) and Trebonius Gallus (251-253). The coins depict Noah’s Ark and were connected with Jewish community of the city. The article introduces a short history of Apamea and Jewish settlers in this region. The main part of the article presents the description of the scenes on the coins and tries to explain the circumstances of their appearance in ancient Roman city. An attempt to explain the meaning of the Greek nickname for Apamea - Kibotos, is also significant. In the end of the article author makes the comparison with depictions of Noah’s Ark in early Christian art.
Anatole - Dysis - Arktos - Mesembria
Authors: Kochanek Piotr
Published: April 2020

Das gut bekannte Akrostichon des Namens Adam ist aus den ersten Buchstaben der griechischen Bezeichnungen fur die vier Himmelsrichtungen zusammengesetzt: Anatole - Osten, Dysis - Westen, Arktos - Norden, Mesembria - Siiden. Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es jedoch nicht, die Quellen zu zitieren, in denen das Akrostichon vorkommt, sondern ein Versuch, die Verbindungen zwischen dem Akrostichon und dem Titel „Herrscher der vier Himmelsrichtungen” (sar kibrat erbettim) aufzuzeigen.
Posługiwanie biskupów, prezbiterów i diakonów w pismach Ojców Kościoła do V wieku
Authors: Krakowiak Czesław
Published: April 2020

L’autore di quest’articolo richiama la nostra attenzione sulla terminologia che si usava per descrivere il servizio dei superiori istituiti dagli Apostoli nelle prime comunita cristiane: episcopi, presbiteri, diaconi, praepositi. All'inizio non si usavano le parole hiereus e sacerdos. Tale terminologia appare gia in Didache e, poi, negli scritti dei Padri della Chiesa sia nelPOriente che nelPOccidente: da Clemente Romano, Ignazio da Antiochia, Policarpo, Clemente d’Alessandria, Cipriano, Ippolito Romano, Origene, Giovanni Crisostomo, Ambrogio, Agostino. II servizio di „superiori della Chiesa” consisteva nella predicazione del Vangelo, nella celebrazione di liturgie e nella guida di tutta la vita religiosa della comunita e di disciplina secondo le regole della Chiesa. In questo periodo si forma l'ordo clericorum nel quale si entrava tramite l'ordinazione (ordinatio episcopi, presbiteri, diaconi). Con i vescovi che erano al giuda delle Chiese locali, nell'adempimento alla loro missione, collaboravano presbiteri e diaconi, formando il consiglio ecclesiale. I chierici di gradi inferiori (ordines minores) erano al servizio di vescovi e di tutta la comunita dei credenti.
Osoba Jezusa Chrystusa i jej uniwersalne znaczenie. Perspektywa patrystyczna
Authors: Królikowski Janusz
Published: April 2020

II merito principale dei Padri della Chiesa consiste nell’aver elaborato i concetti fondamentali e i principi fondanti della dottrina di fede. In modo particolare, tale contributo va valorizzato nella cristologia perche rimane significatvo e valido anche per le ricerche odierne in questo ambito teologico. La cristologia si fonda sui tre principi. 1. Cristo e Salvatore di tutto l'uomo. La sua incamazione garantisce la salvezza di tutto l'essere umano (corpo, anima, intelletto, volonta, sentimento), poiche Egli e vero uomo. La cristologia patristica segue il principio: „II Verbo di di Dio si fece uomo, perchć l'uomo diventasse dio”. 2. Cristo e Salvatore di tutti gli uomini. L’universalita della salvezza e garantita dall'assunzione dal Verbo della natura umana comune a tutte le persone. Egli si e unito in qualche modo ad ogni uomo. 3. La salvezza di Cristo ha anche una dimensione cosmica in quanto Lui e la pienezza della verita di cui i germi si trovano in ogni creatura (Giustino Martire) e in Lui vengono ricapitolate tutte le cose (Ireneo di Lyone). Questi tre principi si fondano sull'ontologia del mistero di Gesu Cristo, ma, al tempo stesso, mantengono un forte e realistico carattere soteriologico. Anzi, il loro fondamento ontologico e garante della validita e dell’universalita della soteriologia. In ąuesto senso, la cristologia dei Padri non conosce l'antinomia tra ontologia e soteriologia di cui si e tanto parlato nella riflessione cristologica del XX secolo. La cristologia patristica rimane attuale e istruttiva nella sua struttura fondante, indicando come presentare organicamente il mistero di Gesu Cristo, vero Dio e vero uomo.
Konstantynopol i jego mieszkańcy w "Nowej Historii" Zosimosa
Authors: Leszka Małgorzata B.
Published: April 2020

For Zosimos Constantinople was a vital city, a city that owed a lot to Constantine the Great; all that despite the fact that both that ruler and his successors did not find much appreciation in the historian’s eyes. The new Capital city may have its problems, such as overpopulation, lack of room and safety, but it is also the place where one can easily find a job. Its inhabitants, whenever needed, can face serious threats (Gainas’ struggle with Goths), but their reactions are unpredictable and difficult to tame (Procopios’ usurpation, city unrest accompanying the deposition of John Chrysostom from bishopric). Constantinople is the place where the events essential for country’s existence take place, where there is a furious struggle for power, where one can fali with ease from the peaks of power down to the very bottoms (like e.g. Ruffinus of Eutropios). It is the place of the Imperial court, criticized so much by Zosimos himself because, as he says, of the monarchs’ weakness, but also due to bossy eunuchs, advisors and court cliąues. Such views may have resulted from the religious beliefs of the author, who could not agree to the apostasy of the rulers from religious traditions of the past. Constantinople is also the place with Christian temples and followers, led, according to the author, by arrogant individuals, for this is the way he perceives John Chrysostom. These individuals can riot the City against its rulers, while their followers from the mob may be a threat to law and public order.
Le mythe eschatologique chez Platon. Introduction
Authors: Lewandowicz Janusz
Published: April 2020

Artykuł w swej treści jest przypomnieniem głęboko zakorzenionych w kulturze Zachodu idei dotyczących eschatologii, które zostały wprowadzone do tradycji myśli europejskiej poprzez twórczość Platona. Obejmują one problemy związane z sądem pośmiertnym i retrybucją za czyny dokonane za życia, z reinkarnacją i preegzystencją. Uwzględniając główne idee antropologiczne zawarte w pismach Platona autor przedstawia te treści, które odnoszą się w nich do celu życia ludzkiego i losów człowieka po śmierci. W ramach tych ostatnich omawia zagadnienia związane z sądem - sędziowie i miejsce sądu, wyrok i miejsce przeznaczenia: Tartar i niebo, następnie zasadę retrybucji, wielkość i czas trwania kary, reinkarnację i powrót do nowego życia na ziemi, możliwość wpływania przez swoje postępowanie za życia na swe przeznaczenie po śmierci. Wreszcie po omówieniu obrazów mitologicznych została przedstawiona zasada oceny ich przydatności dla ukazania eschatologii człowieka. Opiera się ona na uwzględnieniu relacji między literackim mitem a wypływającą z niego nauką. Istotną dla zrozumienia tej relacji jest świadomość, że mit ma wymiar symboliczny, ponieważ nie może wyrazić całej prawdy. Zgodnie z określeniem podanym przez Apollodora jest on opowiadaniem zmyślonym obrazującym prawdę. Jako takie służy możliwie szerokiemu ukazaniu odbiorcy o prostym umyśle tego, do czego filozof dochodzi w abstrakcyjnym rozumowaniu, a tym samym pozwala przejść od tego, co jest w punkcie wyjścia obrazem zmysłowym do rzeczywistości niepostrzegalnej zmysłami.
Twierdza Emona. Na nadmorskich stokach średniowiecznego Hemusu
Authors: Marinow Kirił
Published: April 2020

La forteresse Emona constitua une des fortifications flanquant les versants maritimes de la montagne Hemus (Bałkan, Stara Pianina), qui etaient une bariere strategique la plus importante dans la Thrace Nord-Est au Moyen Age. Construite le plus probablement par les Byzantins au dćbute du XII siecle, apres la liberation de la Bułgarie de la suprematie byzantine a la fin de ce siecle, elle tomba dans les mains bulgares. Les Byzantins la rattraperent pour le periode entre 1279/1280-1304. Au XIV siecle elle resta dans les mains bulgares, brievement tombant sous suprematie latine en tant que le resultat de la campagne du comte Amadee de Savoy contre la Bułgarie en 1366-1367, pour succomber aux Ottomans a la fin de ce siecle. Une derniere fois elle fut sous le pouvoir des Byzantins dans les annees 1403-1453. La place de fortification au but du promontoire maritime, avancć dans la mer, fit qu’Emona constitua un des port fondamentaux et a la fois un des points d’orientation pour la navigation aux XII-XV siecles sur le trajet maritime entre les centres maritimes importants comme Anchiale, Messembrie et Varna. Avec ce centre deux embarcaderes furent lies - aux versants Sud du promontoire ainsi qu’au Nord de la forteresse, dans la baie de Saint Demetrius. Sa place, proche a Anchiale et Messembrie, exereants pour la Byzance le role des bases d’ataques pour les actions militaires contre la Bułgarie, determina son importance comme un avant-poste de la partie la plus d’est du systeme de la defense de Stara Pianina pour un Etat bulgare. Emona limita du Sud et veilla sur l’acces au massif de Stara Pianina du cóte de la mer, surveillant aussi les mouvements sur la route maritime de terre. Dans la domene ecclesiastique elle resta au principe constamment liee avec la metropole de Messembrie, alors soumise au patriarcat de Constantinople, meme dans le temps, ou elle fut place entre les frontieres de l’Etat bulgare.
Ludzkie ciało i nieśmiertelność. Wybrane przykłady z argumentacji Metodego z Olimpu "O zmartwychwstaniu" (De resurrectione II 19-25)
Authors: Mejzner Mirosław
Published: April 2020

La dimostrazione dell'idoneita della came all'esistenza incorruttibile ed eterna costituisce uno dei cardini della difesa del dogma della risurrezione tradizionalmente inteso. L’obiettivo dell'articolo (II corpo umano e l’immortalita) e di presentare l’argomentazione svolta in favore di essa da Metodio di Olimpo nel De resurrectione II 19-25 (GCS 27, 371-382). L’autore rievoca alcuni esempi presi dal mondo della natura (botanico, zoologico, astronomico), dal campo artistico e dalia storia biblica non solo per ilłustrare la possibile longevita dei corpi nell'esistenza terrena, ma anche per provare che Dio, plasmatore del corpo, ha destinato l’uomo all'immortalita. Applicare il principio dell'onnipotenza divina alla risurrezione della carne non costituisce per Metodio una scappatoia insensata, ma un tentativo di assumere, entro i confini di una razionalita alimentata dai dati della fede cristiana, un elemento che, seppur comprensibile per la ragione, tuttavia la supera.
Upadek patriarchy aleksandryjskiego Dioskura
Authors: Milewski Ireneusz
Published: April 2020

The overthrow of patriarch Dioscuros appertains to the breakthrough events, which influenced the doctrinal countenance of Late Antique Christianity. Despite the fact that the decision to deprive the patriarch of the throne remained solely political, the very depositional proceedings were commenced on the charge of wrongdoings committed by Dioscuros prior to and in the course of the second Ephesian Council. During the Chalcedonian Councii there were also four Alexandrians who maintained accusations against the patriarch, those being: two deacons (Theodoros and Ischyrionis), presbyter Athanasius and Sophronios, of whom we possess little knowledge. It was proved, however, that even the substantial charges did not destine Dioscuros to be overthrown as much as did his refusal to attend the council. The overthrown patriarch was exiled and therein died in 454. His relics were translated to Alexandria during the reign of Tymotheus Ailuros.
Biogas Fermentation from Vegetable Waste and Horse Rumen Involving Effective Microorganism-4 (EM4)
Authors: Septiani Mimin , Nuhardin Irhamni , Muliawan Arief
Published: April 2020

A vegetable waste is an organic matter that contains cellulose which potential to be processed into biogas with anaerobic fermentation process. The aims of this research are to find out how long time to produce biogas from vegetable waste and horse Rumen by using EM4, what does the effect of the addition of EM4 to the biogas yield and the content of the produced gas. Vegetables waste and Rumen rasio 1:1 (500g:500g). Water Content of 500g. Addition variable of EM4 in each digester are 0 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 150 ml dan 200 ml. Fermentation process takes time about 3 to 15 days.Â  This result shows that the average time of fermentation lasts up to 11 days. The addition of 150 ml EM4 generate the highest pressure, come to 322.801 Pa, capable of producing the highest biogas yield of 0.2679 % with CO2content of 5.15 %.
ANALYSIS OF SOIL DEGRADATION AND DESERTIFICATION IN SOUTHERN BALKASH DESERT BASED ON GIS
Authors: Gabdykadyr A.G. , Issanova G.T. , Kakimzhanov Y.Kh. , Ma Long
Published: April 2020

Desertification and degradation provide a clear picture of global environmental and socio-economic issues. Most of Kazakhstan is located in a desert region, including the suburbs of South Balkhash. The reason is that desertification of the region has a strong influence on natural and anthropogenic factors.
To consider the geomorphological state of the region and the problem of desertification of the territory, it is necessary to determine the importance of the process of relief of geological structure and relief of tectonics. In recent years, the environmental situation in Balkhash has deteriorated sharply not only as a result of river flow regulation, but also as a result of non-commercial economic activities. Therefore, it is very important to assess the situation of desertification and degradation in the Balkhash region. Desert vegetation has been identified, since information in the spectral range is often insufficient to describe the state of plants, plant indices often develop by combining two or more spectral bands. Land cover index is the percentage of vegetation over a given surface area. Remote sensing information was used to detect the entire land cover. Remote sensing with time and space limitations is widely used to classify vegetation cover. In this work, the proportion of vegetation was estimated by NDVI. The proportion of land cover is based on the relationship between NDVI (NDVIS) and NDVI (NDVIV) in the soil. Using the NDVI index, land cover zones were determined based on satellite images of 2006 and Landsat-5 from 2011. TCT (Tasseled Cap Transformation) coefficients are used in the widest range of problems solved using Earth remote sensing data: from recognition of the coastline of water bodies to determination of forest disturbances. Stressful vegetation may be an indirect sign of the presence of salt in soils. Saline soils are usually characterized by poorly planted areas. A normalized differential salinity index (NDSI) was also determined.
Direito de cooperação entre Estados: A busca de soluções aos interesses internos da imigração
Authors: Carneiro Dioclécio Salomão
Published: April 2020

A proposta de pesquisa se baseia em analisar se no instante em que ocorrem as mais diferentes formas de Cooperação entre Estados, a soberania de um ou outro poderá estar em risco, sob o ponto de vista das relações internacionais para com o tratamento independente aos imigrantes. Nesse contexto, busca-se avaliar os pressupostos e consequências desse modelo cooperativo entre os Estados Constitucionais como forma de articulação e condição desse cooperativismo garantindo os direitos ditos fundamentais a essa parcela de indivíduos.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT
Authors: Savilov Evgeny D. , Briko N. I. , Kolesnikov S. I.
Published: April 2020

Now there is taken place forming of the new active risk factor contributing to the evolution of the epidemic process, namely, the technogenic environmental pollution as the manifestation of the scientific and technical progress which is closely connected with globalization processes. For the preservation of the own species for all history of the development, the human was to force to adapt to regular impact on the habitat of the negative natural factors promoting global changes of climatic conditions surrounding it. However, this feature cannot actively be shown to technogenic risk factors because this influence not only constantly changes, but also continuously increases at the expense of the constantly increasing number of the alien chemicals coming to the biosphere. Environmental pollution by industrial wastes results in significant differences in levels of the incidence of infectious diseases with its higher rates in territories of ecological trouble. Besides, in ecologically unfavorable conditions the instability of development of the epidemic process is revealed (shortening of long-term cycles and considerably bigger fluctuation band of incidence concerning the line of a trend in the years of its cyclical upswings). Technogenic pollution leads to a more severe clinical course of the infectious process, its longer duration, more frequent occurrence of complications, synchronization of process and lengthening of the convalescence period, promotes comorbidity formation. In ecologically unfavorable conditions the level of collective immunity against infections controlled with immune preventive measures in almost healthy children of school age is significantly lower, than in comparison group, which reduces the epidemiological efficiency of vaccine prevention. In the urbanized territories also a change of degree of pathogenicity takes place due to an increase in resistance of pathogens to antibacterial drugs that provide infections advantage for more wide circulation and promotes the growth of infectious pathology. All above-stated has allowed concretizing in the presented review its purpose as displays of an infectious pathology on organismal and population levels in the conditions of technogenic environmental contamination.
RUSSIAN AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACTION PLANS FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN HEALTH FROM CLIMATE RISKS
Authors: Revich Boris A. , Maleev V. V. , Smirnova M. D. , Pshenichnaya N. Yu.
Published: April 2020

The Paris climate agreement confirmed that climate change continues to pose a global concern and required all Parties to put forward their best efforts to protect public health. In the conditions of global warming, climate-induced risks gained importance as a public health hazard and confirmed the need to develop national action plans. Such plans shall be developed locally, taking into account the requirements of the National Action Plan for adaptation to health risks induced by changing climate. This manuscript presents the data on climate-dependent mortality. The global annual burden of excess deaths attributed to climate change is over 150,000 cases, which leads to a loss of 5.5 million years of productive life per year. Early warning systems have been adopted in many countries, with the goal to prevent heat-related deaths. If such a system were implemented in Moscow, eleven thousand excess deaths could have been avoided during the extremely hot summer of 2010. Heat watch warning systems are based on scientific data on heat thresholds. On the days with temperatures above such thresholds, climate-dependent mortality increases. Such thresholds have been established in the environmental epidemiology studies conducted in Moscow, Northern and Southern cities, the cities with continental and monsoon climates. The experience of implementation of early warning systems during extreme weather events was analyzed. The relative powers of bioclimatic indices as predictors of daily mortality rates during extreme weather events were compared. To prevent complications of cardiovascular diseases, a set of protective measures was proposed which included cardiology medications, recommendations on personal behavior and drinking habits during extreme heat, and other measures. The risks and examples of occurrence and northward propagation of climate-dependent infectious diseases such as Siberian anthrax, West Nile fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and dirofilariasis, were described.
ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF BLOOD PLASMA AND ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANES IN STUDENTS UNDER STUDY LOAD AND THEIR PREVENTION
Authors: Kushnerova N. F. , Rakhmanin Yu. A. , Momot T. V. , Mikhailova R. I. , Ryzhova I. N. , Fomenko S. E. , Sprygin V. G. , Drugova E. S. , Merzliakov V. Yu. , Lesnikova L. N.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. The content of low and high-density lipoproteins, the level of total cholesterol, and the fatty acids composition of blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes were studied in first-year university students. The prevention of stress disorders was carried out with the functional food product “Biolad-Kalina” marmalade (TU 9128-152-02067936-2006) contained 100 mg of a complex of polyphenolic compounds per 100 g of the product, accounting for a therapeutic dose for polyphenol preparations. Material and methods. A group of 10 male students aged 18-20 years studying in the 1st year of full-time study (2nd semester after admission to the university) was examined. The 1st group (control) included 20 healthy male donors; in the 2nd group - 10 male students before a biochemical blood test, the 3rd group - 10 male students of the 2nd group, after a biochemical blood test, invited to take daily for 6 weeks in the morning, 100 g of marmalade “Biolad-Kalina”. Results. The effect of the study load (stress) was shown to be accompanied by the increase in low-density lipoproteins in plasma, the concentration of total cholesterol, total lipids and decrease in the content of total phospholipids, which is typical for dyslipidemia. In blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes, there was an increase in the content of saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic) and a decrease in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-6 (arachidonic) and n-3 (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic) families, which causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of erythrocyte membranes, permeability, and lability. Changes in the ratio of fatty acids in the lipid pattern of erythrocyte membranes indicate the presence of destructive processes under the influence of stress. A prophylactic effect of the functional food product of marmalade “Biolad-Kalina” on the studied biochemical indices has been estimated. There was shown its effectiveness in the restoration of lipid metabolism in blood and erythrocyte membranes due to presence in it of a wide range of polyphenolic compounds.
BALANCE OF GLUTATHIONE-RELATED PROCESSES IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES UNDER EXPOSURE TO SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN OF WISTAR RATS
Authors: Vitkina T. I. , Barskova Lyudmila S. , Zyumchenko N. E. , Tokmakova N. P. , Gvozdenko T. A. , Golokhvast K. S.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. Air suspended particulate matter (SPM) directly influence on the human respiratory system. Dispersion is one of the characteristics of SPM determining their pathogenicity. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) produce reactive oxygen species in response to an exposure that may lead to oxidative stress. The aim of the study. To assess the contribution of the glutathione antioxidant system to the protection of AMs from oxidative stress induced by air SPMs in Vladivostok’s districts with various man-made loads. Material and methods. AMs were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage of 17 Wistar rats. AMs were exposed by model suspensions (MS) for 2 days. MSs were identical air composition of Vladivostok’s districts with insignificant (MS № 1) and high (MS № 2) technogenic load. MS № 1 contained 22% of particles with a diameter of less than 10 µm. MS № 2 contained 70% of particles with a diameter smaller than 10 μm. The levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione and total antioxidant activity in cell culture and culture fluid were determined. Results. The gain in the proportion of fine and ultrafine particles in MS № 2 has been established to lead to an increase in lipid peroxidation in AMs and a compensatory elevation in the antioxidant activity. The elevation of oxidized glutathione concentration in cell culture indicates the intensification of hydroperoxide detoxification by AMs. The reduction of reduced glutathione exocytosis supports intracellular antioxidant processes. Conclusion. An increase in the fraction of fine and ultrafine particles in the air appears to shift AM redox balance towards oxidative stress, contributing to the formation and the progression of pathological disorders.
CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF HEPATOPROTECTOR ANTRAL ON BULL SPERM
Authors: Matysik S. I. , Kuzminov B. P. , Ostapiv D. D.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. According to the European legislation and requirements, industrial production of medication shall be provided with well-defined regulations of the quality of such preparation. Material and methods. Cytotoxic action of hepatoprotector Antral on bull sperm was evaluated. Samples of sperm were divided into control and two experimental samples: control one was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PSB), which included NaCl - 0.8 g, KСl - 0.02 g, Na2HPO4 - 0.11 g, КH2PO4 - 0.02 g, MgCl2 - 0.01 г, Н2О till 100ml; in the first experimental sample PSB was added with antral in the dose 1/500 LD50 (2.77 mg); in the second - PSB with Antral in the dose 1/100 LD50 (13.87 mg) was added. The survival of spermatozoa was defined until termination of rectilinear forward movement in sperm, which was preserved in temperature of 2-5 °C; respiratory activity was defined (by polarography (ng-atom O/0.1 ml of semen (S) ∙ min) in thermostated sell (temperature of 38.5 °C), with the volume of 1.0 ml with the automatic registration of process flow by potentiometer, the proportion of decrease of which was evaluated in accordance to impacted dose of antral in substrate and restorative activity was defined potentiometrically (mV/0.1ml C ∙ min) using a system of pen microelectrodes that were inserted in thermostated polarographic cell). Results. In the experimental samples of semen in comparison with the control sample the respiratory and restorative activities were reduced; dose 1/500 LD50 to 58.8% and dose 1/100 LD50 to 68.5%; restorative activity - to 66.7% and 54.5% correspondingly. Conclusion. Antral reduces the survival of sperm being irrespective of dose.
MONITORING OF ARSENIC, LEAD, CADMIUM, ZINC, AND COPPER IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS OF THE SHERLOVAYA GORA VILLAGE (EASTERN TRANSBAIKALIA)
Authors: Epova Ekaterina S. , Soloduhina M. A. , Eremin O. V. , Mihaylova L. A. , Alekseeva O.G. , Burlaka L. M. , Lapa S. E.
Published: April 2020

Introduction. The content of heavy metals (such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) and arsenic in soils, snow cover, and water has been monitored in the Sherlova Gora mining area. The geochemical specificity of mining landscapes directly determines the incidence in the local population. Establishing a dependency between these two indices is an important medical and biological task. Material and methods. The 120 soil samples were analyzed for the total content of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper during 2012-2015. The analysis of the newly diagnosed incidence in childhood (0-14 years) and adolescent (15-18 years) population of the village Sherlova Gora was carried out according to statistical form No. 12 “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the area of medical organization service” for 2012-2015. Results. The excess of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of arsenic and cadmium in samples of drinking water were revealed. For samples of soil, snow and surface water of the tailings dump ponds located near the settlement, a significant excess of arsenic and metals MPC was established. The total soil contamination index (Zc) at monitoring points was calculated taking into account the average concentrations, and it is less than 16 units, which corresponds to the “permissible” category of soil contamination. Conclusion. The children of the village were found to have cardiovascular morbidity by 7.0-15.3 times and a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) by 3.07-5.06 times more if compared with the administrative area. For adolescents, there was an excess of the incidence of cardiovascular pathology by 2.33-5.0 times, CNS - by 3.01-5.57 times, gastrointestinal tract by 2.6-4.9 times, urogenital system in 2.0-2.2 times. The prevalence of congenital anomalies is 6.9-15.6 times higher than the average margin.
Recommendations for reading and their educational function in the light of selected Polish guides for librarians and catalogs of books published in the years 1918-1939
Authors: Koredczuk Bożena
Published: April 2020

In the interwar period about 50 different types of guides for librarians and bookselling guides were published in Poland. Many of them contained mainly advices on setting up libraries, organizing them and gathering collections, but both types contained information on selection of books in terms of their educational function. 1) The aim of the research is the presentation of selected guides issued in Poland in 1918-1939, which were addressed to employees of various types of libraries: public, school, parish, home, etc. and their lists of books and recommenda­tions depending on the targeted reader. 2) Materials and methods: selection of guides, comparative method, literature analysis, bibliographic method. 3) Applications are the answers to the following questions: Were the reading recommendations in the analyzed manuals addressed only to the book professionals, as an aid in completing book collections and making reading choices, or to the readers as well? Which educational models were most important, to what extent they referred to the curricula in schools? Whether censorship was taking place (they included titles that should not be read), etc.?
Friends of Vilnius libraries in the interwar period
Authors: Ilgiewicz Henryka
Published: April 2020

In the interwar period, there were several Polish Societies in Vilnius, e.g. the Society of Friends of The Stefan Batory University Library (1924-1939), The Eustachy and Emilia Wróblewski Scientific Society (1922-1939), The Society of Friends of the Eustachy and Emilia Wróblewski State Library (1936-1939), The Tomasz Zan Circle of Libraries of the Polish School Organization (1919-1939), whose purpose was to support the libraries of Vilnius. They were interested in all matters related to libraries and tried to engage city officials and society at large in these matters. They also collected gifts (books, manuscripts, etc.) and cash funds for library needs. They organized readings, concerts, and other projects to raise funds for the libraries. The activities of these societies significantly influenced the development of some libraries in Vilnius.
XIX-wieczne czytelnie krakowskich Żydów postępowych
Authors: Maślak-Maciejewska Alicja
Published: April 2020

The article discusses activities of two Reading Rooms which were created in the milieu of the progressive Jews in Krakow, Galicia in the 19th century: The Israelite Reading Room (1871) and The Reading Room of the Jewish Merchant Youth (1882). Both Reading Rooms fostered not only readership but also social integration, education, and became centers of Polish patriotism. They contributed to the development of Jewish publish libraries.
Protection of written heritage after World War II. Józef Grycz’s contribution to saving library collections
Authors: Nowicki Ryszard
Published: April 2020

The article presents the problem related to the protection of written sources in Poland after World War II. The first attempt to draw up a legal document was made in 1944. From 1945, activities, based on legal provisions, were carried on a national scale by the Ministry of Education in a planned and organized manner. The most important actions were taken in the first period of the post-war protection of library collections, i.e. until 1946. The results of the conducted research made it possible to put forward the thesis that several million books were saved during that time. Józef Grycz made a great contribution in saving valuable written heritage. The activities, conducted in extremely difficult conditions, contributed to the reconstruction of libraries, librarianship, and Polish science.
Pokolenie wolności. Postęp i nowoczesność w czasopismach dla młodzieży w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego
Authors: Zielińska Katarzyna
Published: April 2020

The aim of article is to identify model of progress and modernity in popular Polish magazines such as ”Płomyk”, ”Młody Technik” and ”Dziś i Jutro” from 1919-1939, also to describe educational goals of contents from a field of science, motorization, radio-broadcasting, sport, health and recreation. The author has made the attempt to prove relationships of science articles with the idea of progress popularized in all areas of life in the interwar period. The article is supportive for recognition of educational goals of youth magazines, in circumstances when their goals were possibly correlated with school curriculum and dominant nurturing values of researched period.
Roczniki Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk na Śląsku” źródłem do badań życia kulturalnego na Górnym Śląsku
Authors: Warząchowska Bogumiła
Published: April 2020

“The Annals of the Society of Friends of Science in Silesia” appeared in the years 1929-1938, as the journal of Society of Friends of Science in Silesia, established in 1920 in Katowice. The purpose of journal was to conduct scientific research on the history and present of Silesia. In the six volumes of the periodical, thanks to authors such as: Wacław Olszewicz, Konstanty Prus and Emil Szramek, scientific, educational, social and economic activity of this region was documented. The content analysis of individual volumes has shown that “The Annals of the Society of Friends of Science in Silesia” are an irreplaceable source of knowledge about the development of scientific and cultural life and its initiators in Upper Silesia during the Second Polish Republic. Therefore, they contribute significantly to the research on the nation’s cultural heritage.
İbâziyye’nin Temel İnanç Esasları: el-Usûlu’t-Tis‘a (Dokuz İlke)
Authors: YILDIZ Metin
Published: April 2020

Zamanının siyasî olayları neticesinde ortaya çıkan Hariciliğin bir kolu olan İbâziyye, tevhîd ve mürtekib-i kebîrenin isimlendirilmesi başta olmak üzere belli başlı itikâdî görüşlerle diğer Haricî fırkalardan farklılaşarak günümüze kadar varlığını devam ettirmiş bir kelâm fırkasıdır. İbâzî kelâmcılar Müslümanlar arasında inanç esaslarıyla ilgili ihtilafa neden olduğunu düşündükleri problemleri genellikle dokuz başlık altında zikretmişlerdir ve bunları temel inanç esaslarından saymışlardır. Çalışmamızda İbâziyye’nin temel inanç esasları arasında saydığı tevhîd, kader, adâlet, el-va’d ve’l-vaîd, el-menziletu beyne’l-menzileteyn, lâ menziletu beyne’l-menzileteyn, el-emr ve’n-nehy, el-velâyet ve’l-beraat, el-esmâ ve’l-ahkâm meseleleri konu edinilecektir. Bu çalışmada amacımız İbâzîler tarafından dokuz temel inanç esası olarak da kabul edilen el-usûlu’t-tis’a’yı bir arada sunmaktır. Çalışmamız ayrıca İbâziyye’nin bu ilkeleri ile Mu’tezile’nin el-usûlu’l-hamsesini karşılaştırıp benzerlik ve farklılıklarını tespit etmeyi ve bunun neticesinde İbâziyye’nin özgünlüğünü ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ilk teşekkül eden kelâm ekollerinden İbâziyye’nin temel inanç esaslarının diğer kelâm ekollerin görüşleriyle mukayeseli bir şekilde ele alınması, İbâziyye’nin daha yakından tanınmasına ve yeni değerlendirmelerin yapılmasına imkân sunacağını umuyoruz. Çalışmada İbâziyye’nin insanın bireysel ve toplumsal sorumlulukları meselesini sorun edindiği, tevhîd, adâlet ve insan fiilleriyle bağlantılı olarak Allah-insan ve insan-insan ilişkisi konularında özgün görüşlere sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaştık.
Kekuatan Hukum Irah-Irah Eksekutorial Pada Grosse Akta Sebagai Dasar Eksekusi Jaminan
Authors: Gede Mohammad Amri , Said Nurfaidah , Arisaputra Muhammad Ilham
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis kewenangan dan hakikat kedudukan notaris dalam membuat grosse akta pengakuan hutang yang memiliki irah-irah eksekutorial dikaitkan dengan kedudukan notaris sebagai pejabat umum. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normative dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan sejarah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kewenangan notaris dalam membuat grosse akta pengakuan hutang yang memiliki irah-irah eksekutorial dikaitkan dengan kedudukan notaris sebagai pejabat umum adalah bersifat atributif. Grosse akta pengakuan hutang sebagai produk hukum dari notaris yang notabene bagian dari eksekutif memang memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan produk hukum yudikatif, sehingga dalam eksekusinya diperlukan penetapan dari pengadilan sebagai bentuk legalitas dari pelaksanaan eksekusi grosse akta pengakuan hutang. Irah-irah eksekutorial pada grosse akta pengakuan hutang pada hakikatnya tidak mempunyai kekuatan eksekutorial langsung, tetapi harus melalui penetapan dari pengadilan sebagai bentuk legalitas pelaksanaan eksekusi. Namun demikian, kedudukan grosse akta pengakuan hutang yang memiliki irah-irah eksekutorial sebagai salinan dari suatu minuta akta berbeda dengan salinan dari akta-akta lainnya yang tidak memiliki irah-irah eksekutorial. Kekuatan hukum dari suatu grosse akta pengakuan hutang yang memiliki irah-irah eksekutorial hanya untuk memberikan kepastian hukum mengenai adanya suatu hubungan hukum utang piutang saja serta memberikan kepastian hukum kepada kreditor perihal eksekusinya yang tidak perlu lagi melalui pengajuan gugatan, namun hanya didasarkan atas permohonan kreditor.