bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Restorative Obsession of Shostakovich’s Violin Concerto No. 2
Authors: Motazedian Táhirih
Published: January 2025

Shostakovich’s Violin Concerto No. 2 has never been among his popular works, perhaps in part because it does not exhibit the dazzling, extroverted virtuosity traditionally expected of concertos. It has been largely overlooked by scholars and listeners alike: there are no substantive analyses of this work, and there are roughly a third as many recordings of the Second Violin Concerto as there are of the First. However, despite its muted palette and introverted nature, exploring this work through the lenses of motivic, formal, tonal, and intertextual analysis will allow us to read a narrative of transcendent victory through obsessive perseverance.
Jesus Woodlą́ą́jí Sin
Authors: Yazzie Renata
Published: January 2025

This essay discusses three key difficulties of translating an English hymn into the Navajo language within the musical context of Navajo Christianity in the 1970s on the Navajo Nation. The singability of Navajo hymns is largely affected by three aspects: semantics, syllabic structure of the text, and sonority. The syllabic structure must remain as close to the original hymn as possible, the meaning of a song must not be compromised, and a unique challenge to Navajo translation of songs, is ensuring that easily sung syllables are prioritized. In 1979, the author’s maternal grandfather, Rev. Dr. Paul Redhouse, led a group of Navajo translators in the publishing of Jesus Woodlą́ą́jí Sin: Navajo Hymns of Faith, and this essay examines their work.
Motivic Development and Transformation in Tōru Takemitsu’s Itinerant (1989)
Authors: Hasegawa Robert
Published: January 2025

Tōru Takemitsu’s 1989 flute solo Itinerant, “composed to mourn the death of the composer’s friend Isamu Noguchi, a sculptor,” illustrates his fascination with the combination of Western and traditional Japanese elements. Many of the gestures of the work are inspired by traditional shakuhachi music—for example, pitch bends and variations in tone color, often indicated in the score by specific fingering instructions. The Western elements of the music are most apparent in the pitch organization—particularly the frequent use of octatonic and whole-tone scales (and their characteristic subsets) in a manner comparable to that of Debussy and Messiaen. This essay explores the development of a handful of octatonic and whole-tone motives, tracing the role of scales and recurring set classes in determining the piece’s unusual and idiosyncratic form. The conclusion contextualizes this set-class analysis in relation to other musical parameters and considers the broader ramifications of Takemitsu and Noguchi’s intercultural artistic practices.
The Sonic Imagery of Chen Yi’s Bright Moonlight
Authors: Rao Nancy Yunhwa
Published: January 2025

Chen Yi composed both the lyrics and music for Bright Moonlight (2001) for mezzo-soprano and piano. She drew inspiration from a poem written by the Song-dynasty poet Li Qingzhao (1084–1151), who was famous for her literary talent in her own lifetime, nine centuries ago, and has remained so up to the present day. Bright Moonlight evokes the mood of tranquil moonlight. But the serenity gives way to sections that are highly emotive, expressing feelings of nostalgia and homesickness, as well as yearning for reconciliation and a peaceful future. This essay discusses how the work brings together the poetic genre, melodic style characteristic of the vocal delivery in Peking Opera, effective piano writing, and the use of seven-note ostinato to express the famous poem.
The Duality of Drums
Authors: Garza Jr. Jose Manuel
Published: January 2025

The increased use of timpani in chamber and soloistic works in the latter half of the twentieth century caused composers to consider not only its rhythmic capabilities but its melodic possibilities. This essay explores the ways in which these characteristics manifest in Eric Rodis’s concerto for timpani, Colossus. To show the interaction between these aspects, it traces the development of two motives, representative of melody and rhythm, respectively. By the end of the piece, these motives undergo transformations in both the soloist’s and accompanists’ parts, symbolizing the timpani coming to terms with their dual nature.
Celebrating the Underdog
Authors: Peterson John
Published: January 2025

In his 2007 article “The Melodic-Harmonic Divorce in Rock,” David Temperley shows that many popular songs exhibit a degree of pitch independence between melody and accompaniment in the verse that is absent in the chorus. He calls this organization the loose-verse/tight-chorus (LVTC) model. Nicole Biamonte (2014) shows that the looseness of a verse can also be expressed when metric dissonance in a verse is resolved in a chorus. This essay examines Pink’s “Raise Your Glass” through the lens of the LVTC model established by Temperley and extended by Biamonte. Whereas in Biamonte’s examples, the grouping dissonances are indirect and “resolve” in favor of the more normative metrical groupings, in “Raise Your Glass,” the dissonances are both direct and indirect, with the former creating a kind of rhythmic independence similar to the pitch independence that Temperley identifies in his original formulation of the LVTC model. Additionally, rather than “resolving” in favor of the traditional metric grouping structure, the non-conforming grouping instead becomes more prominent than the normative grouping. This emphasis on the non-conforming grouping parallels the song’s message of celebrating a person’s uniqueness.
The Spiritual Pastoral in The Kansas Rapture for Saxophone Quartet by (Farhad) Forrest Pierce
Authors: Loeffert Kimberly Goddard
Published: January 2025

The Kansas Rapture for saxophone quartet (2015) by (Farhad) Forrest Pierce is permeated with allusions to American landscapes and religion that conveys topical pastoral allusions with spiritual grace. The opening movement, “Cantillation Fanfares,” includes horn calls and a “call to prayer,” and the second movement, “Cimarrón,” after the river, musically depicts water through babbling, polyrhythmic runs, both invoking a pastoral retreat elevated through religion to the spiritual pastoral. The third movement, “Bison Zikr,” imagines a bison herd engaging in a Sufi devotional, in community with prairie chickens and prairie dogs, and the final movement, “Wichita Vortex Sutra,” interprets “Allen Ginsberg [speaking] poetry into a Dictaphone in the back of a Greyhound somewhere near El Dorado [Kansas]” before circling back to previous themes in a “virtuosic, apocalyptic tour de force” that evokes a joyous social pastoral jamboree.
Harmonizing Uncertainty
Authors: Desinord Richard
Published: January 2025

In Summer Walker’s music, diminished sevenths and augmented triads are used frequently as diatonic dominant functioning chords and as applied dominants. However, the ambiguity created by the chords’ symmetrical makeup faces an added level of complexity through her occasional use of V7♭9 chords since it could be viewed as containing and expressing two dominant functioning chords: V7 and viio7. While both harmonies typically resolve to the tonic, the conception of the upper viio7 portion of the V7♭9means that it is possible to view this harmony as potentially enigmatic as well, specifically when inverted. This essay analyzes three songs by Walker to demonstrate how these wandering tonicizations serve to reinforce sentiments of woe and uncertainty expressed in the lyrics.
The Skeptical Roots of Critique
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: January 2025

Kant says that it was “the objection of David Hume that first . . . interrupted my dogmatic slumber”; he also says that “it was the fourfold Antinomy . . . that first woke me from dogmatic slumber.” But how can the Critique of Pure Reason be at once a response to Hume’s skepticism and the result of the Antinomy? The Skeptical Roots of Critique resolves this problem by showing that the Antinomy, like the Critique as a whole, stems from Hume’s attack on metaphysics. The Antinomy grew out of Hume’s challenge to the causal principle of rationalism and to the metaphysics founded on that principle.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: January 2025

The Introduction lays out the state of the question. Manfred Kuehn and Lothar Kreimendahl have tried to solve the apparent conflict between Kant’s two declarations but their proposals do not allow us to see how Hume inspired an Antinomy of pure reason, i.e., a conflict between laws of reason. Both Sadik Al-Azm and Omri Boehm have derived the Antinomy from conflicts involving such a law, the principle of sufficient reason; they do not, however, connect those conflicts with Hume. Michael Forster has proposed that Kant had two separate awakenings, the first by Pyrrhonian and the second by Humean skepticism about metaphysics. Brian Chance has argued, on the contrary, that Kant saw Hume as a Pyrrhonist.
Rousseau, Hume, and the Dreams of a Spirit-Seer
Authors: Anderson Abraham
Published: January 2025

Michael Forster has proposed that the Dreams of a Spirit-Seer represent Kant’s engagement with a Pyrrhonian skepticism about metaphysics, and correspond to the first awakening from dogmatic slumber which Kant attributes to the Antinomy. This chapter supports Forster’s proposal by considering a suggestion by Ezequiel de Olaso that the Antinomy was inspired by the Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar in Rousseau’s Émile. For the Profession of Faith clearly inspired Kant’s Dreams, which can be seen as Kant’s first sketch of the antinomy of freedom. Forster denies that the Pyrrhonism of the Dreams was inspired by Hume, but the Pyrrhonian defense of freedom in the Dreams was inspired by Hume as well as by Rousseau—by Hume’s argument in Enquiry 7 that we are not entitled to the principle of sufficient reason.
Disease Elimination—Successes and Challenges
Authors: Aboe Agatha , Bougma Windtaré Roland , Isiyaku Sunday , Jones Iain , Ndongmo Patrick , Oye Joseph , Bartlett Sarah , White Finlay , Downs Phillip , Bush Simon , Molyneux David
Published: January 2025

This chapter details the unprecedented progress toward elimination of transmission or elimination as a public health problem of three neglected tropical diseases—onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and trachoma. The strategies used and the history of their development are documented, and endemic areas and regions are identified. A major component of the elimination strategy for the three diseases is annual preventive chemotherapy of donated drugs by mass drug administration, usually through a network of community-directed distributors. This is accompanied by morbidity management. The parameters for confirmation of progress and elimination, through standardized evaluation, are documented, as well as available diagnostic technologies. The chapter also looks at the economic aspects of the programs, focusing on the cost effectiveness of the interventions and the projected social and economic gains of elimination. It discusses neglected tropical disease programs in the context of the broader development agenda, as these interventions focus on the alleviation and prevention of disability and the treatment of the most vulnerable and difficult-to-access populations. Challenges to reach elimination are also discussed—including epidemiological challenges, the need to integrate programs into wider health systems, and the need for further national and cross-border coordination. Despite these challenges, the chapter makes a strong case that with the guidelines, partnerships, and structures in place today the ambitious elimination goals set out by the World Health Organization are in reach.
Surveillance for Eradication
Authors: Heymann David L. , Peeling Rosanna
Published: January 2025

High-tech communication and diagnostic innovations have the potential to radically change the approach to surveillance during eradication programs. Many of these innovations are being used in current eradication activities, and many more are under development. Their eventual maximal use in eradication efforts could decrease the time to detection and response, thus making eradication efforts more effective, less costly, and more sustainable. Taken to their full potential, these innovations could turn surveillance for eradication upside down by focusing on communities as the major source of real-time disease reporting and response, thus better engaging them in eradication efforts. Real-time reporting from individuals and communities, enhanced by point-of-care diagnostic testing and digital mapping, could provide the data needed for immediate local action. At the same time, real-time reporting upward to the public health team at the district or more centralized level could provide the data needed to more rapidly focus on needs that require more centralized support, including planning and logistics for distribution of equipment and supplies and for development of culturally and ethically sound national and global policies for eradication and data sharing, including preventing cross-border and international transmission.
Uncertainty as Doubt
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an overview of the key concept of uncertainty as doubt. Calling uncertainty a state of mind rather than an external probability situation produced by unique circumstances puts uncertainty on a different plane. The chapter elaborates on the specification of uncertainty as psychological, located within the individual, in comparison to Frank Knight’s theory where uncertainty exists outside anyone’s mind. This chapter also explains that mistakes and misjudgments are crucial to Knight’s original theory of profit. In addition, statistical variability becomes uncertain due to the absence of statistical evidence, which reduces statistical uncertainty and is routinely sought with religious fervor.
Conjectures about Justification
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores justification as a suitable object for modernizing uncertainty. It examines how people justify practical proposals and predictions, particularly cooperative justifications. The conjectures of justification, such as its role, supply, demand, and routines of organizations, go well beyond Frank Knight’s thesis about uncertainty and profit. The roles and challenges of justification revolve around agreements, authoritarian alternatives, and competition. The chapter provides an overview of the supply and demand for justification, including the notion of evidentiary weights and the role of cultural and technological influences. Meanwhile, routines that organizations use to evaluate and justify claims include organizational specialization, bias against uniqueness, qualifications, and functional reasonableness.
Applications to Enterprise
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the application of justification and uncertainty to the enterprise. It discusses how uncertainty affects the specialization of entrepreneurial initiatives and the nature of entrepreneurial discourse. Moreover, economic theories typically ignore stories or other kinds of rich communication used to justify or share ideas, which raises the notion that persuasive pathos can only deceive. The chapter cites the unlikelihood of Frank Knight’s thesis of “no-uncertainty, no-profit” being accepted in mainstream economics since economics already has well-established theories of profit. Routines to control mistakes and misjudgments also impose unintended but unavoidable restrictions, such as discouraging large corporations from undertaking small projects whose profit potential cannot absorb the fixed planning and oversight costs.
Frank Knight: The Spark That Did Not Ignite
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the work and legacy of Frank Knight. It discusses why Knightian uncertainty never took off and the subsequent obstruction of its modernization. Knight’s claims about uncertainty and profit never entered formal economics, despite Knight’s analysis of uncertainty-free competition as a steppingstone to showing how true profit requires uncertainty. The chapter explains that Knight’s writing limits the influence of his book, referencing his inaccessible prose style that reflected his background and skeptical temperament. It then provides an overview of the notion of paradigms presented by Thomas Kuhn, which includes the paraphernalia of specialization that gives science its prestige and supporting paradigm.
Practically Omniscient Microeconomics
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter discusses the cornerstone of the economics paradigm and why it rejected Knightian uncertainty. Frank Knight associated uncertainty with subjective opinions formed when situational uniqueness makes objective calculation impossible, while also observing that the impossibility of objective measurement is ubiquitous. The chapter then elaborates on how personal probabilities provided a building block of the subjective expected utility (SEU) theory that became a cornerstone of the modern economics paradigm. However, the theory conflicts with the modernization project. The chapter provides an overview of comprehensive theory for utility maximization that included one-offs in The Foundations of Statistics presented by Jimmie Savage.
Herbert Simon: Faded Guiding Star
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter looks into the methodology of behavioral economics presented by Herbert Simon. It mentions Simon’s complicated relationship with the economic mainstream even though his technical virtuosity in the discipline was unquestioned. According to Simon, behavioral economics is best characterized as a commitment to empirical testing of the neoclassical assumptions of human behavior and to modifying economic theory based on what is found in the testing process. The chapter considers how Frank Knight’s middle-way methodology limits the practical risks of theories that assume away biases, quirks, and uncertainty. It also looks into realistic reasonableness, which is rationality bounded by unavoidable restrictions to what people can know or process.
Daniel Ellsberg’s Ambiguity: A Simplifying Side Trip
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on Daniel Ellsberg’s contribution, which is a 1961 article “Risk, Ambiguity and the Savage Axioms.” Ellsberg documented how incomplete information, even about the known unknown, encourages reasonable choices that contravene standard theories. Ellsberg’s efforts to find concrete support for Knightian uncertainty led him to propose ambiguity as one of its simple observable forms. The chapter also notes that the modernization project depends on the simple source of uncertainty. It then provides an overview of considering the notion of ambiguity as a simplified source of uncertainty and the research that repeatedly confirmed and extended Ellsberg’s results that was treated as a paradox.
Richard Thaler & Co.: Building the New Behavioral Boomtowns
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter explains that K-T’s pioneering research created a boom in behavioral research. Richard Thaler and other younger economists, supported by the Russell Sage Foundation, formed a strong, cohesive community that was built on the base that K-T research had established. Moreover, the community expanded the scope of behavioral research to finance while maintaining its cohesion and links to K-T’s foundational ideas. The chapter demonstrates that criticisms and alternatives could not disturb the dominance of the community or deflect behavioral economics from K-T’s uncertainty-free path. The chapter highlights that incorporating new ideas into economics requires alignment with its paradigmatic norms and forming cohesive communities of like-minded scholars.
Including Uncertainty: Recapitulation and Preview
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how entrepreneurship offers a natural staging ground for renewing uncertainty-based research. It cites how top business schools recruited large numbers of young economists to satisfy the growing demand for entrepreneurship courses, which then researched entrepreneurial topics but maintained the uncertainty-free focus of mainstream economics. The applications of the specialization of entrepreneurial initiatives and the role of imaginative discourse aim to improve the practical understanding of entrepreneurship in the modern economy. Moreover, the applications demonstrate what an uncertainty-based approach can reveal. The chapter looks into how economists who undertook entrepreneurship research repurposed models taken from information economics that focused on incentives rather than uncertainty.
“Bootstrapping” Improvised Startups
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an overview of the theories surrounding startups. It looks into how mainstream theories attribute the financing problems of entrepreneurs to concerns about truthfulness and incentives. The venture of Case Shiller Weiss typifies how irreducibly high uncertainty needs many high-potential businesses to self-finance. High-potential businesses often have humble, improvised origins and are started by founders who lack novel ideas or deep experience. The chapter explains that hospitable markets improve the prospects of businesses while also increasing their irreducible uncertainties. It also discusses the significance of luck in developing high-growth businesses before considering the extent of financing constraints.
The Case for Widening
Authors: Bhidé Amar
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides an overview of a broadened approach attempting to examine the extent of entrepreneurial specialization. It explores the deviations from normal patterns of entrepreneurial specialization. The entrepreneurial specialization map and its underlying routines describe and explain the normally symbiotic division of entrepreneurial labor in a modern economy. The chapter then looks into the interplay of technologies and discourse and how they influence each other while highlighting that technological progress threatens the legitimacy of the institutions that progress requires. It explains the notion of delegating authority to specialists, wherein imbalances of authority and justification can produce several kinds of public dysfunctions.
Introduction
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

This introduction traces Confucianism as a political philosophy that moved away from its traditional authoritarian monarchical manifestation in the face of the challenge of the rise of modernity. Since the 1950s, Confucianism has experienced a liberal turn which on the whole steered the tradition toward a more egalitarian and democratic direction in international scholarship. For a while, it seemed that liberal democracy would be the only future for political Confucianism. Yet the revival of the authoritarian strand of political Confucianism, especially in the People’s Republic of China, shows that the authoritarian tendency within the Confucian tradition must be taken seriously. To approach the issue of whether Confucianism should adopt a more authoritarian or democratic direction, this introduction establishes the basic framework by laying out the methodology, the scope of the study, and the basic puzzles of two conflicting images of Confucianism that are both supported by textual evidence.
Awakening the People
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 1 traces the relationship between Heaven, human, and sageking as depicted in the Confucian classics to demonstrate that political authority is fundamentally justified by the perfectionist goal of morally cultivating the people in the tradition of Confucianism. This perfectionist tendency is driven by the belief that the essence of humanity rests with the continuous development of virtues which are endowed by Heaven. This chapter argues that Confucianism deems virtuous cultivation of the people as both political means and political ends. These two perspectives coexist within the tradition as the starting point of the ideal and non-ideal perspectives of moral cultivation in the Confucian tradition.
Anyone Can Be a Sage
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 2 borrows the ideal theory from the Western tradition to reconstruct the idealistic features of Confucianism into an ideal theory of moral cultivation. It highlights the most optimistic aspects of Confucianism which regard every human being as virtuous beings whose potential can be fulfilled given the ideally favorable conditions. This chapter demonstrates that the primary motivation behind Confucianism’s insistence on morally improving each person comes from the conviction that such a possibility of moral improvement is the ultimate defining mark that makes a person a human being. Without the effort to fulfill this potential, the potential itself would become pointless and the person would lose the moral status of a human being.
As Virtuous as Heaven and Earth
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 3 details the contents of the ideal goals of Confucian virtue cultivation. Confucians seek to help everyone fulfill their human nature by developing their potential. But what does this human potential contain? This chapter analyzes and details human potential in the form of human virtues. Specifically, it argues that the core of human development depends on the co-arising and cultivation of five central virtues (benevolence, ritual propriety, wisdom, courage, and sincerity) that are codependent on each other. With these five virtues, a person will naturally embark upon a journey of increasing self-improvement. In Confucianism, such a person is already regarded as a sage along with the semi-god-like image of the sage kings.
From Non-ideal to No Ideal
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

Chapter 6 argues that while the hierarchical and authoritarian political order in Confucianism is not without justification, it is ultimately self-defeating in the sense that Confucians will eventually give up the political and moral ideal of virtuous cultivation for the majority of the population. This chapter argues that once the hierarchical order is in place, in all sensible ways most of the population will be considered little more than brutes. The traditional contempt of Confucians for commoners is less an individual failure than a mark of systemic failure of the traditional Confucian political order in response to non-ideal reality.
Conclusion
Authors: Chan Elton
Published: January 2025

The conclusion offers a succinct summary of the book by pulling together the divergent threads developed in different chapters. It explains how the future of Confucianism as a political force is best secured by partnering with republicanism, which will also benefit in the process of forming a hybrid political order that has the advantage of both institutional checks and balances and a virtuous citizenry. The conclusion offers a short and concise overview of all the major claims of this book in a coherent picture. The future of Confucianism does not rest with defaulting to the ancient authoritarian tendency, instead, it rests with embarking on a journey of reconstitution through incorporating the advantageous aspects of modern republican democratic politics.
Borders, State Authority, and the Right to Travel
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie
Published: January 2025

This chapter opens with the shocking story of Charlotte Bellis, a pregnant New Zealand citizen who was denied permission to return home during the pandemic and had to seek refuge with her American boyfriend in Afghanistan. It introduces the core question of the book—should there be limits on the authority of governments to close their borders in emergencies? During the pandemic, governments went to unprecedented extremes to stop travel, including in some cases both legal and de facto restrictions on citizens returning to their own countries. What does citizenship mean if not the right to return to one’s country? The chapter explains why so many countries were able to control borders effectively during the pandemic, and how they made decisions on controversial exemptions such as “essential workers”—which often included celebrities. It argues that the special exemptions for trade were never properly explained or justified by governments.
The Siege of Point Roberts
Authors: Alden Edward , Trautman Laurie
Published: January 2025

This chapter uses the case study of the isolated community of Point Roberts, Washington, as an entry into some of the hardships faced by those seeking to cross borders in North America. It outlines the Covid border restrictions put in place by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, which mark a drastic divergence from the previously established North American vision of closer integration. It explores the restrictions’ social and economic fallout, particularly in borderland communities. Particularly egregious was the use of Title 42 restrictions by the United States to prevent the processing of asylum claims, which were enacted in the name of public health yet served exclusively as an immigration control measure and lasted longer than any other Covid-related public health policy. The chapter focuses on the Canada-US relationship and the shocking lack of collaboration between two allied countries whose citizens, economic relationships, and border security are so deeply intertwined.
Should Newcomers Stay Temporarily or Indefinitely?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 5 explores the distinction between staying in a new country temporarily and staying there indefinitely or permanently. This question is foundational to immigration policy in ways that go underappreciated. The chapter starts with temporary immigration statuses. Most immigration systems have such statuses for workers, businesspeople, and students, and other groups of noncitizens. The chapter then expands to analyze what are often called in-between statuses. These might be for the temporary protection of forced migrants or serve as a partial substitute for legalization of the undocumented. The chapter discusses the reasons for temporary and indefinite statuses, sometimes as a matter of pragmatic politics and sometimes as a rational decision to defer the choice. The chapter explains why it’s best to have admissions that are temporary, but which also allow a temporary stay to become indefinite if noncitizens becomes part of communities in a new country and thus insiders.
What About People Without Lawful Status?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Chapter 6 looks at people who live in a country without having lawful immigration status. In the United States, the size of this undocumented population reflects a long-standing mismatch between narrow migration pathways for noncitizens and the pressing workforce needs of the national economy. The chapter then assesses several types of arguments for legalization as well as key choices in eligibility criteria and other aspects of legalization programs. The chapter next considers objections to legalization, especially objections that invoke the rule of law. In key respects, however, legalization is essential to maintaining the rule of law in immigration policy, especially by providing the transparency and accountability needed to prevent or remedy discrimination in enforcement. The chapter closes by recognizing the limits of legalization. When the undocumented population is large, legalization with no changes to the basic immigration system is not a durable solution.
Myths and Sanctioned Ignorance in British Immigration Discourse
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

Myths and Sanctioned Ignorance in British Immigration Discourse is about the myths that societies tell themselves, the partial stories with which they convince themselves and others that the UK is (and always has been) a ‘good’ country, in order to discursively legitimize racialized immigration policy. From a basis in critical discourse studies (CDS) and integrating postcolonial and decolonial theories, the book offers an analysis of different socio-historical contexts, spaces, and genres. The book moves backwards and forwards between past and the present to show how the myths the UK tells itself are stable across time and genre, deployed in different contexts, and historically rooted. Crucially, it reveals these myths as just that: myths—selective narratives of history that integrate existing (objectivated) phenomena into a cohesive story about the UK. An introductory chapter sets out the theoretical and analytical framework of the book. An initial empirical chapter analyses recent election manifestos to highlight the four myths used in political discourses of immigration. Subsequent chapters investigate each of these myths in different contexts, including history textbooks, newspapers, parliamentary debates, and NGOs. Throughout, the books argues that in the construction of these legitimating myths through talk and talk the migrant Other—and by extension British ethnic minorities—has been racialized, silenced, deleted, hidden, and instrumentalized, and that this in turn impacts societal issues of integration and social cohesion. A final chapter offers a synthesis of the findings, a consideration of how to integrate decolonial thought with CDS, and a reflection on the role of the researcher.
Introduction
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

This chapter provides the theoretical, methodological, and macro-contextual background to the book. It starts with the claim that it is not possible to understand the issue of migration to the UK and the concerted efforts to restrict it without also looking at historical discourses and practices. To account for this, there needs to be a more comprehensive consideration of history in studies of current discourses, and decolonial theories can be combined with critical discourse studies (CDS) to achieve this. Next, the chapter introduces the key decolonial concepts that the book combines with CDS: Spivak’s ‘sanctioned ignorances’ and the subaltern as ‘subject-effect’; and de Sousa Santos’s ‘sociology of absences’. After this, the chapter introduces mythopoesis as a form of legitimation through selective narratives of history and then provides the analytical framework for analysing myths, which is based on the discourse-historical approach.
British Exceptionalism
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

Chapter 2, the first analytical chapter, is the ‘jumping-off point’ for the other empirical chapters, both in terms of the specific myths analysed and the analytical framework. The chapter’s main aim is to draw out and analyse the current myths about immigration into the UK and how the country has reacted. The chapter starts by investigating election manifestos as a genre of political communication. It argues that election manifestos are an example of persuasive political language which seeks to legitimize certain courses of actions (policies). This builds on and builds into a maintenance of a stable, good identity of the national. To identify the myths, the chapter offers an analysis of a decade of UK election manifestos from the major parties, covering four general elections (2010, 2015, 2017, 2019). In doing so, the chapter also provides a practical operationalization of the analytical framework offered in the introduction.
Britain in Danger
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

Chapter 4 investigates the next myth: that immigration has enriched the nation but that it also threatens ‘us’, which in turn legitimizes restrictive legislation that allows the government to strip Britons of their citizenship without notice. To this end, the chapter presents a comparative analysis of newspaper discourses of two instances when the British government has restricted citizenship: the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act and the case of Shamima Begum in 2019. An initial section explains how citizenship regimes exclude those deemed undesirable and set the parameters for inclusion into the community. This is followed by the analytical section, which takes its data from more liberal or left of centre newspapers (The Guardian and The Mirror) to show how exclusionary myths are not just the preserve of conservative or far-right actors. The chapter finds many similarities between the two datasets, which points to the stability of these myths over time.
The Necropolitics of Asylum Policy
Authors: Bennett Samuel
Published: January 2025

This chapter analyses the third myth of immigration: that Britain has always welcomed those in need. The chapter argues that policies, actions, and discourses place the person seeking asylum in the role of Agamben’s homo sacer, and in doing so such laws are a form of what Mbembe calls ‘necropolitics’ that are at odds with the claim that Britain has helped and will continue to help those in need. To indicate this the chapter analyses the second reading of the Illegal Migration Act 2023 in the House of Commons. The analysis combines mythopoetic legitimation with Cap’s work on proximization to show the dominance of the contradictory threat/victim, securito-humanitarian frames as well a (post)colonial, liberal paternalism that undergirds these frames. Furthermore, the overriding belief in the myth acts as cover for the participants’ cognitive dissonance over the necropolitical effects of immigration policy.
Your Role and Relationship with Your Clients
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Social workers are found in almost every setting where people may require help. They are employed in hospitals, schools, mental health clinics, correction facilities, and more. This chapter helps readers to think about how their role with their clients, within their agency’s context, shapes the tasks that they undertake in their role as a social work practitioner. In addition, it focuses on how to strengthen the client–social worker relationship through focusing on common, shared factors and the working alliance. The chapter also provides some free tools that practitioners can use to measure and strengthen their relationship with their clients.
Assessment
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces readers to the common language that is used when conducting an assessment, including forming a psychiatric diagnosis and the mental status exam. It addresses some of the tools used in the assessment phase with clients, such as the use of standardized instruments, and it helps the reader to identify key areas that they should consider when conducting an assessment with their clients. It also introduces readers to the tool of ethnographic interviewing as a way to approach clients from a cultural humility stance, and it offers useful resources that can be used during the assessment process.
Asking the Difficult Questions
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Many times the questions that practitioners need to ask their clients can feel intrusive or the practitioner might worry that they themselves are not prepared to respond to the answers that they might receive. This chapter’s aim is to help new practitioners prepare for and be more confident in asking difficult questions. First, it debunks some myths about asking difficult questions and then it reviews specific topic areas that might feel challenging for some new practitioners to explore, such as substance use, religion/spirituality, sexuality, self-harming behaviors, and suicidality. It also provides some important resources that are aimed at addressing such challenging topics.
Assessing the Safety of the Client
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Social work practitioners must often conduct assessments focused specifically on the safety of their clients. These assessments are often aimed at looking for any form of abuse and/or neglect, suicidal feelings, or other dangerous situations. In this chapter, new social work practitioners are introduced to the requirements of mandated reporting, including what to look for in abusive situations, what to consider when assessing for self-harm and suicide, and the importance of seeking supervision and consultation in such situations. In addition, the chapter provides links to many resources to help practitioners identify other supports when there are concerns about safety.
Evidence-Based Practice and How to Use Research in Treatment Planning
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Integrating research into the clinical decision-making process is not something that is often discussed in social work courses or in the supervision of new social workers. However, it is imperative that practitioners consider the available research regarding what might help their clients with their current struggles. This chapter helps readers to think about how they can include research into their practices with the goal of finding the best way possible to help their clients using the evidence-based practice process. In addition, an appendix to the chapter details the process by which a reader can evaluate published literature for its veracity and usefulness in intervention selection and application.
Evaluation of Practice
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

Virtually every code of ethics for helping professionals emphasizes the importance of evaluating their practice. It is essential that social workers determine whether what they are doing is actually effective and helping reach the client’s goals as laid out in the treatment plan. This chapter provides readers with very user-friendly tools to evaluate their work with their clients, to ensure that they are working effectively toward their goals. These tools do not involve complicated statistics or high levels of research knowledge. Both objective and subjective measures are used in evaluating practice. Objective measures are based on concrete, unbiased reports of change. Subjective measures are based on the perceptions of the client and the social worker.
Beginning Knowledge of the Brain and Its Functions
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces new social workers to some of the key pieces of information needed to understand how the brain functions and the role that neurobiology plays in their work with clients. The chapter provides readers with an overview of terms and concepts that they may be exposed to regarding neurobiology. It explores the essential features of psychological testing and how such information can be used in their own work with clients. The chapter introduces readers to the various classes of medications that clients may be taking to address a psychiatric condition, and it presents guidelines for collaborating with psychiatrists.
The Governing Order
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

In Jesus’ lifetime, greater Judaea harbored a host of people who acted from political and personal motives. But they also acted to fulfill serious social and moral obligations. Their motives and obligations positioned them in debate and even conflict. Understanding them helps us understand Jesus’ trial and death. All figures of authority involved in governance in greater Judaea had reasons to want Jesus dead. These included the Herodian dynasts, the chief priests, some allied scribal elites, and above all Pontius Pilate. They all were pitted against dissenting figures who challenged their governing legitimacy, their politics, their ethics, or their economic interests. Dissenters also could create social disturbances that the Herodians or chief priests were obligated to resolve, or even get innocent people hurt or killed, especially at the Temple precinct. What were the motives of the people who governed Judaea? How did they pit them against Jesus?
Jesus, Herod Antipas, and Galilee
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

In the Gospels, Jesus does not say much about Herod Antipas. The Gospels also do not depict Antipas as pursuing Jesus consistently. Even so, Jesus’ message did pose a challenge to the Herodian dynasts, and Antipas’ hostility leaves its mark on the Gospels. If they do not focus consistently on Antipas’ pursuit of Jesus, it is because they have other priorities. The Gospel of Mark in particular bears traces of hostility, which the other Synoptics sometimes negate. What are these signs? Why was Antipas hostile?
Jesus’ Followers on Trial (until 250)
Authors: Andrade Nathanael J.
Published: January 2025

When Jesus died, his core followers went into hiding. But they eventually began to preach in public, including at the Temple precinct. The Acts of the Apostles is our main narrative source for the activity of Jesus’ followers in the years after his death. Its historical value is open to debate, if not outright dubious. But it suggests that Jesus’ followers at Jerusalem preached without coercion from Roman authorities or the chief priests for stretches of time. Arrests or violence by the chief priests or Roman authorities were occasional and selective. Executions were even rarer. How did Jesus’ followers go from fearing violence to preaching in the open? Why did their public preaching attract only occasional arrest, prosecution, or violence? How did Roman governors and their views on sedition affect this pattern?
Spectra of Atoms and Molecules
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

Spectra of Atoms and Molecules provides advanced undergraduates and graduate students with a working knowledge of the field of spectroscopy. The book illuminates fundamental principles of spectroscopy for chemists, physicists, astronomers, atmospheric scientists, and engineers, with the primary goal of teaching the interpretation of spectra. Highlights include an entirely new chapter on the spectroscopy of clouds and aerosols, as well as the presentation of group theory as needed to understand spectroscopy. Each chapter includes detailed worked examples, plus numerous problems allowing the reader to work with actual experimental data and spectra. Topics include molecular symmetry, matrix representation of groups, quantum mechanics, and group theory. Atomic, rotational, vibrational, electronic and Raman spectra are analyzed as well. This edition clears up the confusing topic of line strengths as needed for quantitative applications.
Introduction
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

This chapter introduces the interaction of radiation and matter. Einstein A and B coefficients, blackbody radiation, Planck function, and Beer-Lambert law are presented. Spectroscopic lines are introduced, and Doppler, pressure and natural lifetime line broadening are discussed.
Electronic Spectroscopy of Polyatomics
Authors: Bernath Peter F.
Published: January 2025

This chapter begins with a discussion of orbitals and the labelling of electronic states. Qualitative molecular orbital theory and Hückel molecular orbital theory are presented. The vibrational structure of electronic transitions is illustrated with spectra. The Herzberg-Teller, Jahn-Teller, and Renner-Teller effects are defined. Non-radiative transitions are illustrated with a Jablonski diagram. Photoelectron spectra are presented. Rotational structure in electronic spectra is illustrated with formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide.