bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ECONOMY OF SOUTH VIETNAM IN THE PRISM OF BÁCH KHOA JOURNAL (1957-1975)
Authors: Dai Loi Tran Van
Published: February 2025

The economic issues of South Vietnam have been mentioned in research works both before and after the Vietnam War ended in 1975. However, economic studies based on press sources are still an issue that has not received due attention. The Bách Khoa Journal has opted to be a case study in this writing not only because of its advantage in terms of the time of existence for nearly 20 years (1957-1975), almost coinciding with the existence of the Republic of Vietnam government (1955-1975) but also because of the richness in the content as well as the way of approaching when referring to the economic issues of South Vietnam. This article not only synthesizes and analyzes the main economic issues reflected in the Bách Khoa Journal to better understand the economy of South Vietnam through the perspective of contemporaries, but based on this source of information, we also have an additional basis to verify the studies on the economy of South Vietnam in the period 1957-1975.
THE PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT OF STRESS ON CHRONIC ILLNESS
Authors: Doris Eseoghene IKOGHO, , Rukevwe Samuel AKPOKINIOVO,
Published: February 2025

Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, are a global health challenge, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. This article explored the multifaceted dimensions of chronic illness management, thus emphasizing the psychosocial burden on caregiver and the role self-compassion plays coupled with the potential integrated care systems radiate. This review is hinged on the Health Belief Model as a framework, the discussion links individual behaviors with systemic barriers, highlighting opportunities for tailored, community-centered interventions. Emerging technological solutions, such as AI-driven tools and wearable health technologies, are explored for their potential to address resource disparities. The article also evaluated mindfulness as sound interventions supported by resilience-building strategies, these tools can be useful for mitigating stress and improving health outcomes. While these tools are promising, the approaches require greater cultural adaptability and resource investment, especially in under-resourced settings. The article therefore concluded by identifying research gaps, advocating for longitudinal studies, thus promoting scalable, equitable interventions to promote chronic illness management and reduce the global health disparities.
The Carotid Conundrum: Evaluating Stenting Versus Endarterectomy in Modern Practice
Authors: Toprak Burak , Kanat Toprak Çise
Published: February 2025

Objective:This review aims to assess the clinical outcomes, safety, and efficacy of carotid artery stenting (CAS) compared to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for managing carotid artery stenosis, emphasizing risk stratification based on patient age and symptomatic status. Proper risk stratification is vital to achieve personalized treatment and improve outcomes.
Methods:We analyzed data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses comparing CAS and CEA in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Notably, recent studies like Müller et al. (2021) offered detailed insights into how outcomes vary across patient subgroups. Primary endpoints include perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and restenosis, while secondary outcomes such as quality of life and recovery times were considered.
Results:CAS was linked to a higher risk of periprocedural stroke, particularly in older patients, while CEA showed a higher incidence of perioperative MI. Long-term follow-up revealed that CAS had a higher rate of restenosis, particularly in patients with calcified plaques. CEA was shown to reduce perioperative stroke risk significantly, especially in patients over 70 years old, highlighting age as a critical factor in determining long-term success. Thorough preoperative imaging is essential when selecting candidates for CAS, particularly in cases with significant calcification.
Conclusion:CAS is suitable for younger, low-risk patients, but CEA remains the optimal choice for older individuals due to its lower stroke risk. Treatment should be individualized, accounting for factors like age, comorbidities, and anatomical considerations.
Evaluation of machine learning methods in medicine: real data application
Authors: Binokay Hülya
Published: February 2025

Objective: One of the aims of a health study is to identify risk factors associated with the disease or to obtain predictive models for classification such as healthy / diseased. When the aim of a health study is classification, machine learning methods are widely used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the machine learning method, for different sample size, prevalence and determination coefficient in real data sets.Method: The data were randomly split into 70% training and 30% test set, and Logistic regression, Decision tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bayes were applied to the training set. The performance measure (Accuracy, Area Under Curve and Adjusted F Measure) of the methods in the test set were saved. These procedures were performed in the R 3.5 1.Results: When all variables in the data are categorical, and R2 is low with a moderate sample size, the Naive Bayes (NB) method exhibited higher performance. When all variables in the data are continuous, and R2 is moderate with a low sample size, support vector machines (SVM) method demonstrated superior performance. In cases where the dataset has a high number of categorical variables and a high R2, the Naive Bayes (NB) method outperformed others. The Random Forest (RF) method showed higher performance when R2 is high, and the sample size is moderate.Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights for researchers dealing with classification problems, guiding them to choose the most effective machine learning based on the characteristics of the datasets.
Across- and Within-Channel Gap Detection Thresholds Yielded by Two Different Test Applications
Authors: Alhaidary Abdulsalam , Tanniru Kishore
Published: February 2025

Background:Individuals with auditory processing disorders show some deficits with the temporal processing of auditory signals. Gap detection measurements are commonly used to assess temporal processing skills across different listening tasks.Purpose:The aim of this study
was to compare the gap detection thresholds (GDTs) in across-channel (AC) and within-channel (WC) tasks by using two computer applications—Adaptive Tests of Temporal Resolution (ATTR) and Psycon.Research Design:A within-subject study design.Study Sample:Twenty-one young
adults with normal hearing participated in the study.Data Collection and Analysis:Each participant’s gap detection performance was assessed using the narrowband noise stimuli of the ATTR and Psycon applications. Four conditions were administered with 2 kHz as the leading frequency
marker before the gap and 1 kHz as the trailing frequency marker after the gap for AC tasks, and with 2 kHz as both the leading and trailing frequency markers for WC tasks.Results:The results showed lower GDTs for the WC tasks than the AC tasks. Also, the GDT values for the WC tasks
were lower in the ATTR than Psycon; whereas the GDT values for the AC tasks were higher in the ATTR than Psycon.Conclusion:The differences noted in the obtained GDT values from the ATTR and Psycon applications may be attributed to subtle spectral differences in the stimuli of the two
programs. The present study also indicates that because of the inherent differences in the stimuli generated by the different software, the normative values for GDTs may need to be established according to evaluation tools before drawing conclusions about clinical conditions.
Barreras percibidas en la práctica de actividad física del profesorado de Santiago, República Dominicana
Authors: Rosario Rodríguez José Luis , Peña Polanco Jeyson Julio , Ventura Cruz Víctor Andrés , Brito Mejía Luis Miguel , Pacheco Ferreira Luis Miguel
Published: February 2025

Con el objetivo de identificar las barreras percibidas por los profesores en la práctica de actividad física, en función de su género, se realizó un estudio bajo un enfoque cuantitativo y un diseño no experimental con una clasificación transeccional de alcance descriptivo. Participaron 371 profesores de la provincia de Santiago, los cuales completaron el Cuestionario sobre las Barreras para Ser Activo (BBAQ). Mediante el software Jamovi se realizó un análisis de exploración descriptiva y un análisis de frecuencias de tablas de contingencias con la prueba de asociación de chi-cuadrado (χ²). Los resultados revelaron que las principales barreras percibidas por los profesores de la provincia de Santiago para la realización de actividad física son la falta de tiempo (62.4% en los hombres y 62.2% en las mujeres) y la falta de energía (63.3% en los hombres y 61.5% en las mujeres). Además, los análisis realizados con la prueba χ² revelaron que el valor p fue superior a 0.05 en las siete barreras analizadas, lo que indica que no existe una relación significativa entre el género y la percepción de las barreras para la actividad física.
Daylighting and lighting
Authors: Dubois Marie-Claude , Gentile Niko , Laike Thorbjörn , Mattsson Pimkamol , Bournas Iason , Alenius Malin
Published: February 2025

After nearly a century in which electric lighting has dominated interior building design, there is now a shift back to using daylight as the primary ambient light source. This return is driven by considerations of energy efficiency, environmental impact, and human health. Effective daylighting in building interiors not only supports low energy consumption, but also has the potential to reconnect people to the natural day-night cycle, which is known to enhance health and well-being. 
Daylight is particularly significant for people in the Nordic countries, where light is scarce in the winter and overabundant near the summer solstice. The unique character of Nordic daylight—characterized by weak intensity in winter and low sun angles in summer—demands careful study and consideration, as it holds special value in this region. 
However, the trend of urban densification makes it increasingly challenging to ensure adequate daylight in buildings under Nordic sky conditions, particularly in winter. Advanced building simulation tools are often necessary to accurately predict daylight levels and guide design adjustments. Building regulations and certification standards, which play a critical role in promoting sustainable daylighting practices, must be thoroughly understood by practitioners. Additionally, integrating state-of-the-art electric lighting technologies, such as LEDs and advanced control systems, with daylighting design is essential for optimal results.
Addressing these challenges, this book offers essential knowledge and background for students and practicing professionals seeking to illuminate buildings under a Nordic sky. It focuses on utilizing daylight as the primary ambient light source, with support from energy-efficient electric lighting systems.
Quality Care Through Clinical Audit: Blood Sampling Practices By Nurses In The Emergency Department Of A University Affiliated Teaching Hospital
Authors: Malik Aimen , Awais Muhammad Azam , Aziz Maria , Ahmed Mubariz , Hussain Muhammad Furqan , Usman Qureshi
Published: February 2025

Objective: We aimed to conduct an audit to investigate whether the steps of phlebotomy performed by nurses in our emergency department were in line with the WHO guidelines on drawing blood. Based on our investigation, we could then make interventions to ensure that the guidelines were followed diligently. This would be followed by a repeat audit to determine if there was an improvement in adherence to the guidelines.
Methods: This clinical audit was conducted in the Emergency Department of the Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi. Nurses working in the department were included in the audit. Medical and nursing students, along with doctors were excluded. The initial audit was conducted from 1st to 7th July 2021. A total of 54 instances of phlebotomy were observed and analyzed. The results of this analysis were used to devise interventions for improvement.
Interventions included an interactive training session for the nursing staff, installation of visual cues in the department, ensuring better availability of equipment and formation of a team to ensure that the guidelines are being followed. A repeat audit was performed from 23rd to 30th August 2021 in which a total of 58 instances of phlebotomy were covertly observed. The chi-square test was used to compare the percentages between the initial audit and the repeated audit. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Steps that were least adhered to by the nursing staff were the performance of hand hygiene (16.7%), asking patients to form a fist (79.6%), putting on well-fitting sterile gloves (0.0%), disinfecting the site of phlebotomy (59.3%) and the removal of gloves (3.7%). After intervention, a significant improvement was noted in all these steps in the second audit.
Conclusion: Many of the steps recommended in WHO guidelines were frequently being missed by the nursing staff in our emergency department as observed in the first audit. However, adherence to the guidelines was better during the repeated audit after appropriate interventions. Further interventions and continuous auditing are the key to further improving adherence to the WHO guidelines.
Frequency Of Hyponatremia In Children Admitted To The Pediatric Intensive Care Unit In A Tertiary-Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Khan Ammar Yasir , Idris Arooba , Shabbir Asad , Rashid Sobia , Danish Asad Iqbal , Qudrat Syeda Mamoona
Published: February 2025

Objective: Hyponatremia is relatively common in children with acute diarrhoea, occurring in around 10-15% of cases. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hyponatremia in children with acute diarrhoea.
Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Benazir Bhutto Hospital, Rawalpindi from April 2023 to September 2023. A total of 335 pediatric patients of both genders, aged up to 5 years, who were presented with acute diarrhoea and admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) were enrolled in the study. Each child was assessed by taking a detailed history from the mother/caregiver regarding the frequency and duration of diarrhoea of the patient. A blood sample for serum electrolyte (Na) was taken under aseptic measures and was sent to the hospital’s laboratory. Patients were labelled as having hyponatraemia or normal serum sodium and results were confirmed by a consultant pathologist. Appropriate entries were made in the structured study proforma. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: In this study, out of 335 cases, 28.96% (n=97) were between 0-2 years of age whereas 71.04% (n=238) were between 3-5 years of age. Mean±SD was calculated as 3.29±1.40 years, 69.25% (n=232) were male and 30.75% (n=103) were females.  The frequency of hyponatremia in children with acute diarrhoea was recorded in 4.18% (n=14) whereas 95.82% (n=321) had no findings of morbidity.
Conclusion: This study concluded that the frequency of hyponatremia in children with acute diarrhoea is not very high, however, other national and international studies are varied and need early management of this morbidity.
Estimation of Knowledge, Attitude and Prevalence of Female Sex Dysfunction in Elderly Pakistani Women
Authors: Noreen Khola , Ayyaz Farah , Meraj Lubna , Khalid Tabinda , Malik Javara , Randhawa Muhammad Akram
Published: February 2025

Objective: The study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitude and prevalence of FSD in middle-aged and elderly ladies of our community.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from 15 June 2022 to 15 June 2023, using a structured questionnaire after obtaining approval from the Ethical Review Board (ERB) of Rawalpindi Medical University (RMU), Rawalpindi. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for quantitative and frequency and percentages for qualitative variables. Binary logistic regression was calculated to find an association between the level of knowledge with socio-demographic variables. Data was analysed using SPSS version 26 and a p-value less than 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.
Results: A total of 150 middle-aged and elderly women were randomly included in the study.The females reporting with some medical or gynaecological problem at the teaching hospital of RMU, willing to participate and gave informed written consent where recruited. Their mean age was 54.5+ 2.5 and the overall FSD prevalence rate, estimated from the ‘Yes’ response to questions related to FSD symptoms, was 56.9%. Two-thirds of 110 (73%) had adequate knowledge about FSD. Around 60% knew that women take more time to get ready and the desire for matting and satisfaction also decreases after 40-50 years of age. Around 70% (106) reported that they felt depressed because of sexual problems. Results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that females aged 40-50 years were 2.2 times (p=0.007) more knowledgeable about FSD as compared to elderly women  > 60 years. Regarding attitude, more than half of 99 (66%) initially felt embarrassed when asked about their sex problem. However, they mostly felt satisfied (98, 65.3%) when they realised they were being enquired about an important issue of elderly females.   
Conclusions: A significant burden of FSD exists in the middle-aged and elderly women of our community and they had adequate knowledge about the problem. The study indicates that our middle-aged and elderly ladies need more attention and education so that they can get appropriate treatment for FSD, which would not only improve their quality of family life but also prevent them from going into depression.
Uric Acid: A Potential Marker For Predicting Maternal And Fetal Morbidity
Authors: Javed Aeman , Tahir Umber Arooj , Tauseef Hafsa , Hussain Syeda Luba , Siddiqui Sana Shaukat
Published: February 2025

Objective: To find out serum uric acid levels in normal and preeclamptic pregnant women in the third trimester.
Methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted from July 2022 to December 2023. All primigravida women aged 20-45 years in the third trimester of singleton pregnancy attending in Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient department of Ibn-e-Seina Hospital in study duration were included in the study. After obtaining approval from the ethical review committee and informed consent from the participants, relevant data were recorded on a predefined data sheet. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 14. A chi-square test was performed to find the statistical difference regarding uric acid distribution between groups and the ‘p’ value <0.05 was considered as significant.
Results: A total of 1264 subjects were included in the study fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The mean age of the study participants was 28.5±08.43 years with a mean gestational age of 29.35±3.08 weeks. Out of a total of 1264 women, 85.1% were normal and 14.9% had preeclampsia. In our study out of 189 preeclamptic women, 54.5% had raised serum uric acid levels. The difference between uric acid levels between preeclamptic and non-preeclamptic women was found to be significant (p<0.001). 
Conclusion: Serum uric acid level in pregnant women can be used as a useful and inexpensive marker in the prediction of preeclampsia and preventive measures can be taken accordingly.
Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Near-Peer Teaching Modality In Undergraduate Dental Students Learning A Psychomotor Skill (Partial Denture Fabrication) Considering Social And Cognitive Congruence Factors
Authors: Irshad Saima , Orakzai Gulmina Saeed , Nisa Waqar-Un , Khan Nauman Bari , Ali Misbah , Farooq Saba
Published: February 2025

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of Near Peer Teaching (NPT) modality in the psychomotor skills development of dental students in fabricating removable partial dentures considering cognitive and social congruence factors
Methods: This sequential two-phase experimental study was carried out from September 2022- December 2022 at Watim Dental College Rawalpindi. 50 Students of second-year BDS and recently graduated dental interns who were doing House jobs participated in the study. 50 students were divided into 2 groups A and B respectively. Quantitative data was collected against a 5-point performance appraisal rating scale and feedback from students was taken using a course experience questionnaire. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS-23. Descriptive statistics and the Whitney U test were applied to make a comparison between tutoring techniques. P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. The qualitative data gathered through three Focus Group Discussions (two tutee groups and one peer tutor group) was analyzed through thematic analysis.
Results: All the participants (50) of the survey were in the age group 20-24 years and female students outnumbered the males (7:1). The Mann-Whitney U test applied to make a comparison between experienced and near-peer tutoring modality showed greater student satisfaction with near-peer teaching. Focus group discussion also revealed various themes such as the benefits of experience as NPT, skills achieved and enhanced motivation thus supporting the “Involvement of NPT in dental education”.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the near-peer teaching technique is advantageous and feasible for both tutees and tutors because of social and cognitive factors. Near-peer tutors have more cognitive congruence and are more socially active in helping their peers. Near peer tutors endorse this technique as it allows them to enhance their knowledge and improve their communication and professional skills.
Assessment Of Fetal Maturity At Various Gestational Ages Using Modified Dubowitz Scoring System
Authors: Afreen  , Ejaz Lubna , Sial Shagufta Saeed , Noreen Humera , Bilqis Humaira , Akhtar Saman
Published: February 2025

Objective: Using a modified Dubowitz scoring system, evaluate and compare the maturity of neonates born at different gestational ages into three groups: 28+0 to 35+6 weeks, 36+0 to 36+6 weeks, and 37+0 to 37+6 weeks.
Methods: This prospective observational research was carried out at Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, in units 1 and 2 of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. The research covered all neonates born between 28+0 and 37+6 weeks of gestation.
Following clearance from the ERB and authorization from the hospital administration, data collecting began. After the informed consent of the parent /guardian of the neonate, a detailed maternal and neonatal history was taken including demographic data and obstetric history. All neonates enrolled in the study were divided into three groups. Group A include neonates delivered between 28+0 - 35+6 weeks. Group B includes neonates delivered between 36+0 - 36+6 weeks and group C includes neonates delivered between 37+0 - 37+6 weeks. Fetal maturity of all three groups was estimated by using Modified Dubowitz scoring and secondary fetal outcomes (Birth weight, APGAR score & complications of prematurity) were also measured. Data was entered on pre-designed proforma.
Results: SPSS version 25 was used to enter and evaluate the data. Determining neonatal maturity using a modified Dubowitz scoring system was the main result. The assessment of birth weight, APGAR score, and preterm problems are secondary fetal outcomes.
Conclusion: According to the study's findings, newborns of varying gestational ages can benefit from using the Modified Dubowitz score as a valuable tool to predict fetal development. Additionally, the study finds that the idea of the early maturation of Asian populations in our community is valid. This will help us make decisions on whether to do iatrogenic preterm births in complex circumstances.
Effects Of Metformin And Myo-Inositol In Combination Versus Metformin As Monotherapy On The Metabolic Profile Of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Patients With Infertility
Authors: Khattak Hira Ehsan , Aftab Muhammad Imran , Chaudhry Tayyaba Anis , Kamran Jaleel , Khattak Zoia Ehsan , Khattak Misbah Ehsan
Published: February 2025

Objective: To compare the effects of myo-inositol combined with metformin vs. metformin used alone on the metabolic profile of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome with infertility.
Methods: A randomised controlled trial that was double-blinded was conducted from September 2022 to February 2023. One hundred fourteen PCOS females with infertility were randomly assigned to 57 people made up Group A, which received oral Metformin in a dose of 500 mg 3 times per day together with oral Myo-inositol 4 g once per day; 57 people made up Group B, which received oral Metformin in a dose of 500 mg 3 times per day only. Following the start of medication, all hormonal and metabolic profile parameters were assessed at baseline, one, three and, six months later. Our main goal was to improve polycystic ovarian syndrome patients' metabolic profiles regarding mean change in serum Triglycerides, serum HDL and mean HOMA-IR index throughout one, three and six months. Comparable demographic, hormonal, and biochemical baseline characteristics were present in both groups.
Results: In comparison to Group B, Group A's mean serum triglycerides improved (p=0.16) although not significant, significant improvement in mean serum HDL in Group A as compared to Group B (p=0.00), additionally a significant improvement in the mean HOMA-IR index in Group A when compared to Group B was observed.
Conclusion: Compared to Metformin administered as a monotherapy, it seems promising to treat PCOS and insulin resistance using a combination of metformin and myo-inositol.
The Effect Of Demographic Factors And Comorbidities On Ejection Fraction Outcome In Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Malik Kausar , Batool Faiza , Siddiq Shazia , Meraj Lubna
Published: February 2025

Objective: Left ventricular dysfunction commonly occurs as a complication after acute myocardial infarction. This study sought to explore the occurrence of acute left ventricular dysfunction among patients who have experienced an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital over 12 months from February 2022 to January 2023. Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used to recruit the participants following informed consent. All patients aged 18 or more admitted with acute myocardial infarction confirmed by clinical, ECG findings and cardiac biomarkers were included in the study and patients with pre-existing valvular heart disease, previous history of myocardial infarction and history of cardiac surgery were excluded from the study. Socio-demographic details and risk factors like hypertension and diabetes were recorded, alongside presenting symptoms and vital signs. Echocardiography was performed to assess left ventricular function, including ejection fraction and other parameters. Data was analyzed utilizing SPSS version 28. The ejection fraction data were stratified into three distinct categories: 1) between 25% and 40%, 2) between 41% and 55%, and 3) between 55% and 70%. The Chi-square test was employed to assess significant differences in the proportion of patients with different demographic characteristics, co-morbidities and risk factors falling into each category. The level of statistical significance was p <0.05.
Results: 100 patients with acute myocardial infarction were recruited. 69% were male and the mean age was 61 years. Most patients (55%) had an ejection fraction (EF) between 25% and 40% and the majority of patients (63%) had acute anterior MI. The coexistence of hypertension with diabetes and smoking was prevalent (74% and 48% respectively), with significant associations (p = 0.000 and 0.02). A substantial difference in EF distribution was observed between anterior and inferior wall MI patients (p = <0.0001), with 71% of anterior MI patients having EF below 40%, compared to 27% of inferior MI patients.
Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the decrease in ejection fraction observed in patients with acute myocardial infarction, particularly those presenting with anterior wall MI.
Evaluation of serum Ferritin level in patients presenting with dysphagia: A hidden marker to diagnose Plummer Vinson syndrome
Authors: Tumrani Rukhsana , Qayum Afshan , Munir Kashif , Ijlal Ahmad , Sana Mehvish
Published: February 2025

Objective:1) To evaluate the serum ferritin level in patients presenting with dysphagia.2) To determine the frequency of low serum ferritin in Plummer Vinson syndrome
Methods: Cross sectional study conducted in Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Department of Chemical Pathology, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar khan from November 2022 to September 2023. Patients between 20 to 60 years of age, both genders, presenting with dysphagia in outdoor were included and subjected to the estimation of serum ferritin level and barium swallow to diagnose Plummer Vinson syndrome. Data was collected on predesigned proforma for different variables. Serum ferritin level was estimated on chemiluminescence based immunoassay analyzer in serum sample and low ferritin level was labelled on the basis of cut-off provided by the manufacturer i.e., 8ng/ml. Effect modifiers controlled through stratification and post-stratification chi square test used to see the statistically significant difference between subgroups. P value <0.05 was taken as significant.
Results: Mean age of the study subjects was 37.79±8.451years and 53(26.1%) were male and 150(73.9%) were females. Of the total 203 study subjects, 22(10.8%) were diagnosed as Plummer Vinson syndrome and among all these cases, 18(81.8%) were having low serum ferritin ≤8.0ng/ml with statistically significant difference between subgroups (p value <0.001). 
Conclusion:On the basis of our study, it is concluded that serum ferritin level can be a useful marker in patients of Plummer Vinson syndrome and it can help in early diagnosis and management of the patients to prevent its malignant transformation.
Key words:Serum Ferritin, Dysphagia, Plummer Vinson syndrome
Frequency And Type Of Refractive Errors Among The Teenage Groups Presenting In Eye OPD In Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore
Authors: Rahim Sumaira , Abbas Irum , Ahmed Atif Mansoor , Arif Zyiemah , Qudos Abdul , Imdad Tehmina
Published: February 2025

Objective: To determine the frequency and type of refractive errors in the teenage groups reporting in ophthalmology department of Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore, Pakistan.
Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from 14-9-2023 to 14-02-24. Total 501 subjects of both genders with refractive errors were included in the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. . Participants were in the age group 11-19 years. Visual acuity was checked with Snellen chart. Subjective and objective refraction was performed. All participants underwent complete ophthalmic examination to rule out any ocular abnormality.
Results: In the study 287 (57.3 %) participants were females and 214 (42.7%) were males. Median age of the participants was 16 years. Myopia was most prevalent refractive error with total of 339 (67.7%) followed by astigmatism having total 148 (29.5%). while hyperopia was seen in 14 (2.8%) participant of the study population. There were no gender related differences in distribution of refractive errors. Fewer cased were seen in age group 11 and 12 years. Almost 86% of the subject achieved visual acuity of 6/6 in both eyes after correction.
Conclusion: myopia is a most prevalent form of ametropia in teenage groups. There is a need of creating awareness regarding its risk factors and life style modifications which can help in reducing burden of visual impairment
son Of Performance And Perception Of Undergraduate Medical Students Towards Different Small Group Teaching Strategies
Authors: Habib Maryam , Mudassir Ghazala , Bhatti Mahwish Majid , Ahmad Rifat Nadeem
Published: February 2025

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the perception of students towards the effectiveness of small group teaching methods in pathology and to determine their performance in them.
Methods: The perception of 512 medical students on the effectiveness of small group teaching methods which included Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Seminar (Conference style), Case-Based Discussion (CBD) and Team-based learning (TBL) was measured by using a prevalidated questionnaire. Their performance was compared with their perception by using assessment scores achieved in themes covered by small-group teaching strategies.
Results: Participants chose PBL as a medium which increased their understanding of Pathology. They achieved the highest scores in topics covered by PBL with a significant p-value (p<0.001) by using ANOVA.
Conclusion: It was concluded that PBL was the most preferred learning method.
Comparison Of Glucagon Like Peptide/1 Levels In Diabetic Women With Ovarian Polycystic Syndrome And Healthy Women
Authors: Iqtidar Namra , Zaidi Imran Ali , Niaz Sobia , Latif Javaria , Naveed Amir , Yousaf Ayesha
Published: February 2025

Objective: The aim of the study is to compare Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients having diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy women.Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the routine endocrinological disorders of reproductive-aged women and it is associated with many problems and complications later in life. A relatively novel peptide hormone which is included in incretins (Gut-derived hormones) is Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1). This gut cells-derived peptide hormone originates from L cells which are endocrine cells in the intestine. The receptors of GLP-1 hormones are found in multiple places. Mostly it is found in islet pancreatic beta-cells, in the brain, in the cardiovascular system, and the lungs. The main function of GLP-1 is the reduction of glucose blood levels during hyper-glycemia through the mechanism of increased secretion of hormone insulin and reduced glucagon hormone secretion. GLP-1 promotes satiation and slows up stomach emptying, and hence reduces post-meal glucose blood levels. Moreover, GLP-1 is required to significantly stimulate GnRH (Gonadotropin Hormone releasing hormone) secretion because of the presence of GLP-1 brain receptors located on the GnRH neurons which cause more LH (Luteinizing hormone) secretion. 
Methods: A total of 104 subjects participated in the study. Out of them, 52 had PCOS with DM (Group 2), and 52 were age and weight-matched healthy subjects (Group 1) with no signs of hormonal abnormalities.
Results: Mean ± SD of GLP-1 levels in healthy women was 0.41± 0.04 ng/dl as compared to 0.18± 0.03 ng/dl levels in PCOS with DM (p= <0.05). Mean Fasting blood sugar levels in healthy women were 99.92 ± 4.46 mg/dl as compared to 150.19 ± 30.20  mg/dl in PCOS with DM (p= <0.05).
Conclusion: The study shows low GLP-1 levels are seen in PCOS with DM as compared to healthy women.
Effect Of Exercise Therapy on Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress Indicators in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jadoon Madeeha , Zeb Shazia , Razaq Sajid , Khan Munazza , Shoaib Muhammad , Mariyum Sara
Published: February 2025

Objective: To measure change in lipid profile and levels of oxidative stress by performing exercise therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2022 to January 2023 at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, and consisted of 35 patients with T2DM using non-probability consecutive sampling. Criteria for patient selection were a T2DM duration of at least one year and patients aged between 28-45 years with or without consent to enrol for the study. Information was gained through questionnaires, satisfaction surveys, physical assessments, and biochemical assays. Levels of lipid profiles and oxidative stress indicators were determined enzymatically from the sera obtained from the fasting blood samples and by ELISA kits.
Results: This study established that exercise therapy has a beneficial effect on the lipid status of patients with type 2 diabetes. Overall cholesterol and LDL-C concentration also decreased (p = 0. 023 and p = 0. 042, respectively) thereby lowering cardiovascular risk. LDL-C adiposity levels were reduced (p = 0. 378), but desirable cholesterol levels, HDL-C, improved (p = 0. 032). Additionally, oxidative stress indicators improved: Apropos to this, serum MDA, a marker of oxidative stress, significantly reduced (p = 0. 012). The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the antioxidants enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase all increased (p = 0. 021, 0. 035, 0. 022 and 0. 015) and increased the body’s ability to fight oxidative stress.
Conclusion: Exercise therapy significantly improves type 2 diabetes patients' oxidative stress indicators and lipid profiles. According to the data, there was a significant decrease in triglycerides, LDL-c, HDL-c, and total cholesterol following the exercise intervention. As a result, exercise is crucial for controlling dyslipidemia, a common problem in individuals with diabetes. The improvement in metabolic health can be attributed to the protective effects of exercise against oxidative stress, as seen by the decline in MDA levels and the rise in activity of antioxidant defence-related enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase.
Use Of Anti-Epileptics For Seizure Prophylaxis After Traumatic Brain Injury In The Pediatric Population
Authors: Khan Aroosh , Muntaha Sidra Tul , Ayaz Hammad , Tariq Afrah , Mughal Huma
Published: February 2025

Objective: To determine the frequency of Early Post-Traumatic Seizures (EPTS) in patients receiving anti-epileptic prophylaxis after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children.
Methods: A Descriptive Case Series was conducted at the Department of Neurosurgery, Shifa International Hospital Islamabad from 26 August 2021 to 25 August 2022. A total of 160 children aged from 2 to 18 years who presented with traumatic brain injury within 24 hours of trauma were included. Patients were given intravenous phenytoin in a loading dose of 20mg/kg with the rate of 1-2mg/kg/min infusion followed by a daily maintenance dose of 5mg/kg twice daily. Patients were clinically monitored for the occurrence of seizures during the first 7 post-traumatic days. Diagnosis of early post-traumatic seizures was made by a consultant neurologist as per operational definitions. All the study-relevant information was noted on the proforma. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS version 24.0.
Results: In 160 patients mean age and duration of injury were 8.45±4.54 years and 7.91±4.93 hours respectively. Male to female incidence was 92 (57.50%) and 68 (42.50%) respectively. Early post-traumatic seizures were seen in 17 (10.63%) patients.
Conclusion: EPTS occurred in 10.63% of children with moderate to severe TBI despite Phenytoin prophylaxis. In our view, phenytoin prophylaxis should be given to all children with traumatic brain injury to reduce the incidence of early seizures.
Keywords: Early posttraumatic seizures, Phenytoin, Traumatic brain injury.
Comparative Evaluation Of Postoperative Sensitivity Using Total-Etch Versus Self-Etch Bonding Techniques In Resin Composite Restorations: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Marwat Shahid Ahmad , Maqbool Hassan , Haq Umair ul , Rizwan Zarnab , Sajid Khadija , Khattak Shakeel Ur Rehman
Published: February 2025

Objective: To assess and compare postoperative sensitivity in resin composite restorations using the self-etch versus total-etch technique.
Methods: A randomized clinical trial conducted at the Department of Operative Dentistry &Endodontics, from April 1st, 2022, to September 30th, 2022. Patients were assigned to Group A (total-etch) or Group B (self-etch) based on odd or even outpatient department numbers, determined through randomization. Local anaesthesia was administered, following the placement of a rubber dam, a high-speed handpiece with water coolant and an ISO #15 round diamond bur (Shofu. Inc, Kyoto, Japan) used for cavity preparation. In Group A, 37% phosphoric acid etchant (3M, ESPE) was applied for 30 seconds, followed by rinsing and air-drying (triple syringe). Subsequently, the bonding agent (Scotchbond 3M, ESPE) was applied and cured with light. Group B utilized a self-etch priming adhesive (Adper™ 3M) for 20 seconds, followed by exposing the tooth to light for a 20-second curing process.
Results: In Group A, the mean and SDs for post-operative sensitivity were 2.48+1.30 VAS at 24 hours and 2.05+1.30 VAS at 2 weeks. Group B showed reduced values of mean and SDs for postoperative sensitivity at 24 hours 1.73+1.66 VAS and 2 weeks 1.25+1.18.
Conclusion: Self-etch bonding demonstrated decreased postoperative sensitivity at 24 hours and 2 weeks, suggesting its effectiveness in reducing sensitivity after resin composite restoration.
Keywords: Sensitivity, Visual Analog Scale.
COVID-19 Vaccination-Related Concerns Amongst Healthcare Workers
Authors: Saeed Ammarah , Rabbani Bushra , Dhedhi Naseem Amin , Ahmed Faisal , Umar Mehrunnisa , Ahmed Jameel
Published: February 2025

Objective: To assess the concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination amongst healthcare workers of a medical university in Karachi.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Baqai Medical University, Karachi from 15th July 2021 to 30th September 2022. A total of 197 healthcare workers, using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, were  interviewed about their concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination, using a structured online questionnaire. Data were analyzed on SPSS version 20. To determine the association of demographic characteristics with concerns of healthcare workers about COVID-19 vaccination, binary logistic regression was applied for inferential analysis. A two-tailed p-value of  <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The mean age of the study participants was 38.28±11.73 years, the majority were females (n=110, 55.8%), married (n=132, 67.0%), doctors by profession (n=129, 65.5%), non-smoker (n=169, 85.8%) and had no comorbidity (n=155, 78.7%). Out of 197 participants, 66 (33.5%) respondents exhibited their concerns regarding the side effects and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination. Furthermore, doctors were found to have significantly lower odds of having concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccination than nurses/paramedics (AOR 0.17, 95% CI 0.08-0.34, p<0.001).
Conclusion: A substantial number of healthcare workers revealed their concerns regarding the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine. Compulsion for vaccination may lead to inert participation towards COVID-19 vaccination programs. It is therefore imperative to address their concerns on an urgent basis.
Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccination, Health Personnel, Vaccine Hesitancy, Vaccine Efficacy
Can We Reduce Postoperative Airway Symptoms Related To Endotracheal Intubation In Elective General Anesthesia?
Authors: Asad Sehrish , Ali Muhammad , Ahmed Saleem , Feroze Faheem , Chaudhry Sadia , Qamar Nighat
Published: February 2025

Objective: To assess whether applying betamethasone-gel to an endotracheal tube is more effective than using an unlubricated endotracheal tube in minimizing the occurrence of postoperative sore throat, hoarseness, and cough.
Methods: 144 patients of the American Society of anaesthesiologists-physical status (ASA-PS) I and II, aged 18–65 years of either gender planned for elective surgery under general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation were included. Patients undergoing ENT /oral cavity / oropharyngeal surgeries and upper respiratory tract infections were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups. In group X, patients were intubated with an endotracheal tube lubricated with 0.05% betamethasone-gel. In group Y patients were intubated with the unlubricated endotracheal tube. All patients were evaluated for the frequency of POST, HOV and PEC at 24 h after extubation.
Results: Post-operative sore throat was present in 25 (34.7%) patients in group X and 29 (40.3%) patients in group Y. Post-extubation cough was present in 06 (8.3%) patients in group X and 9 (12.5%) patients in group Y. Hoarseness of voice was present in 04 (5.6%) patients in group X and 6 (8.3%) patients in group Y. A comparison of both groups showed a p-value of 0.0001 which is statistically significant.
Conclusion: Using betamethasone-gel to lubricate the endotracheal tube markedly diminishes the frequency and intensity of postoperative airway symptoms.
Keywords: Endotracheal intubation, betamethasone, sore throat, cough, hoarseness, anesthesia.
Role Of Cyberchondria In Mediating Health Anxiety, Fears And Obsessions Among Students Of Private Medical Colleges Sargodha
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Afzal Adnan , Afzal Muhammad , Ahmad Sundas , Habib Bilal , Iqbal Amina
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the role of cyberchondria in mediating health anxiety, fears and obsessions among Students of private medical college.
Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted at department of Psychiatry & behavioural sciences and Medical OPD of Rai Medical College, Sargodha. For this purpose data was collected from 150 medical students. The Cyberchondria Severity Scale (CSS‑12) was used to measure cyberchondria severity and Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI) scale was used to measure Anxiety in patients. The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory – Revised (OCI‑R) scale was used to measure Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in patients.
Results:  Descriptive statistics (i.e. frequency distribution, percentages, mean, standard deviations, Pearson correlation and Anova) were the analytical methods to test the objectives. Results of correlational analysis showed positive but non- significant correlation between cyberchondria and mobile usage per day. Results of linear regression analysis indicate that cyberchondria has significant impact on health anxiety. Findings also indicate significant gender differences on health anxiety and cyberchondria, Females are more concerned about health and have more cyberchondria tendencies than males.  However, non-significant difference on OCD patterns, mobile phone daily usage.
Conclusion: This study shows that feeling constantly worried about your health and obsessively checking the internet for information can make you feel more anxious and stressed, and can also lower your quality of life. It also shows that cyberchondria has a great impact on health anxiety. Gender differences exist in health anxiety and cyberchondria.
Keywords: Cyberchondria, Health Anxiety, Fear, OCD.