bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of shadowing the sphere of information and communication services at the national and regional levels
Authors: Yaremchuk Roman
Published: December 2020

Based on the assessment of the features and basic preconditions for the shadowing of ICT services in the regions of Ukraine, it is substantiated that a significant level of its shadowing, especially in the IT sector, is an unfavorable factor that limits the positive effects and structural changes in Ukraine’s socio-economic system and also hinders the most complete and effective realization of its development potential. It is established that lack of effective judicial system and specialized standard and legal base, and also the low level of ICT services domestic market development and generally low investment appeal of our country’s economic system remains the main obstacles which hinder the achievement of the high level of the Ukrainian ICT sector development and increase in competitiveness of its services on a global scale. It leads not only to the deepening lag of the ICT services sector of Ukraine from its main competitors on a global scale, but also to maintaining a high level of its shadowing, which negatively affects the prospects of the national economy and increasing the efficiency of its potential in ensuring economic development of the regions of Ukraine. The maximum positive impact of the ICT services sector in the development of the economic system is possible only if it, in addition to increasing its competitiveness in the global IT market, will contribute to the growth and improvement of the domestic IT market through the implementation of experience gained in the economic systems of developed countries in creation and introduction of modern innovative technologies, products, methods of organization and management of business processes. The positive impact of the ICT services sector on the internal IT market development in Ukraine is significantly limited by numerous regulatory and economic barriers, which together with the high level of the shadow economy, both in the ICT services sector and in the economic system of Ukraine in general, noticeably reduce its investment attractiveness for foreign and domestic investors. According to the assessment of the shadow economy level in the ICT services sector of Ukraine in 2013-2018 by the method of unprofitable enterprises, the interdependence between changes in the level of the shadow economy in ICT services sector and some parameters of its productivity in the economic system is defined. It allowed to find out the main reasons for the shadowing and the threats of its growth in the ICT services sector in Ukraine, and also to identify possible ways to overcome them in the near future.
Effect of Cooperative Learning Approach on Ninth Grade Students’ Achievement in Chemistry
Authors: Amin Khan  , Dr. Rehmat Ali Farooq  , Zahoor-ul-Haq
Published: December 2020

Effective science teaching methods can increase the learning process of learners. It facilitates both teachers and learners in creating an environment of learning. Therefore, the researchers tried to find the effect of a cooperative learning approach on student's achievement in the subject of chemistry.  The main objectives of the study were: a) to study the difference between cooperative learning and traditional methodologies in terms of achievement in chemistry teaching at grade-IX and b) to analyze the difference between both methodologies in terms of achievement while comparing students of diverse intelligence of both groups. To accomplish these targets null hypotheses were tested. The nature of this study was experimental (Pre-test, Post-test equivalent group design). Forty-Two students were selected as a sample from Government Boys High School No 1 Nowshera Kalan on basis of pre-test score. Then two equal groups were formed i.e. experimental and control having an equal number of students 21 each. Both groups were taught the same three lessons, selected from of 9th-grade chemistry book (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Text-Book board). The Control group was taught these three selected lessons through the traditional method of science teaching. On the other hand, some chapters were taught to the experimental group through Slavin's student's team achievement division (STAD). This treatment lasts for six weeks and in the end, a teacher-made post-test was administered to both groups. The collected data were analyzed by applying an independent sample t-test. It was concluded from the analysis of data that chemistry learning through STAD was more effective than the traditional method of science. The same was also noticed for low achievers and high achievers of both groups. Based on the conclusion, it is recommended that science teachers should implement this method in their classrooms. Furthermore, curriculum developers should design such a curriculum which will be in favor of teaching this method.
Brexit: An Assessment, Implications, and Strategy for Pakistan
Authors: Aisha Riaz  , Dr. Muhammad Ayyoub  , Fouzia Yasmin
Published: December 2020

Currently, Brexit is a reality. How much of an impact will Brexit have on the economy of Pakistan? We address this question by analyzing Pakistan’s most recent trade data. Since in the existing European Union, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy are among the major exporting destinations, the economy of Pakistan cannot remain entirely immune to the implications of Brexit. However, our analysis shows that after the Brexit-vote in Britain on 23 June 2016, economic indicators of Pakistan remained stable, and the Brexit pressure on Pakistan’s economy has remained relatively muted so far. To maintain the ongoing stable export trends, we suggest that Pakistan needs to modernize its political diplomacy by formulating separate policies for Britain and the post-Brexit EU. Additionally, we propose that, instead of signing a free trade agreement (FTA) with the United Kingdom, Pakistan should bargain for an agreement like the ‘Generalized Scheme of Preferences Plus to access the post-Brexit UK market.
Halal Products: Not Restricted to Food and its Marketing Opportunity in the Muslim World
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Tariq Khan  , Dr. Tariq Iqbal Khan  , Mr. Sheraz Ahmed
Published: December 2020

Halal refers to methods of producing goods & services in the manner allowed by Shariah or Islamic law, which invest besides food preparation and food products but also encompasses the production of pharmaceutical, Cosmetics, Garments & fashion, Tourism Practices and also services like tourism, finance & banking and many more. Halal not only a religious observance and obligation for Muslims but also has emerged as a powerful market force alike both for Muslims and non-Muslims, so gained an increasing acceptance among Muslims along with non-Muslim consumers. Halal is becoming a global symbol of a lifestyle choice and quality assurance choice has promoted values as economic and social justice, earth stewardship, social responsibility, and animal welfare have gained interest which is beyond religious compliance. The global halal market is 1.7 billion consumers and worth almost US$ 2.3 trillion. This paper has focused on items Muslims are using other than food.
Factors Influencing Organic Food Purchase of Young Pakistani Consumers
Authors: Dr. Ghulam Muhammad Mangnejo  , Dr. Urooj Talpur  , Bakhtiar Ahmed Kuber
Published: December 2020

This study has mainly focused on the various factors that influence the purchasing of organic food on young Pakistan consumers. This empirical examination has used the primary data that has been collected from various consumers. The revised “Theory of Reasoned Action” (TRA) Model has been successfully applied by this empirical research and the same had been applied by various empirical studies all over the world. It has been observed that environmentally friendly, nutrition, and food safety are the significant factors that influence consumers to purchase organic foods in Pakistan. Furthermore, this empirical examination has observed that most customers of organic food prefer fruits, vegetables, eggs, meat, milk, and beans. The unavailability, higher price, and the distrust of certification are the main hindrances in the growth of organic food in the economy. The study concludes and recommends the proper policy for the potential market of organic food at the national and international levels. This sector has much potential to create new job opportunities and to reduce unemployment in the economy.
An Investigation into the Level of Burnout in Secondary School English Language Teachers and their Perception of Prevention of it
Authors: Ziaullah  , Dr. Farooq Nawaz Khan  , Dr. Shazia Kanwal
Published: December 2020

Research on burnout gained popularity in the 1970s but in the last three decades’ research about burnout gained immense popularity (Hedden, 2005, Harmesh, Laurenz, Maulana & Veen., 2018). Frudenberger (1974) defined the term (Burnout) for the first time who opined that when there are too many professional demands with limited resources and rewards, it causes a sense of chronic stress and failure. The current research study was undertaken to find out the level of burnout among secondary school English teacher and also their perception of prevention from burnout. The data from the respondents were collected through CBI inventory to measure their level of burnout and its effects on teachers at the secondary school level in district Swat. An open-ended 7 items questionnaire was used to identify the perception of the teachers about preventing them from burning out. The population for this study is comprised of government secondary schools’ teachers (230) male-only from which the sample group was selected through systematic sampling techniques. The reliability coefficient was measured through the Cronbach alpha method the= .00000. All the respondents used the categories indicating a low level of burnout and the average score of all the respondents is below 40 in most of the categories of burnout.  The study recommends that the school management should take preventive measures to help teachers fight burnout on a school level and larger scale (directorate level) organizations should help teachers maintain balance in their work so that they do not fall victim to burnout. The study is of immense importance for the wellbeing of the teachers and the effective teaching-learning process. To be able to generalize the findings of the study, it is recommended for future researchers to undertake it on a larger scale such as provincial or country level. Moreover, the current research has been conducted only among male secondary school teachers. It would be interesting to see the research-based results across both genders.
Reaction of College Teachers about HEART Training Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Authors: Iftikhar Ali  , Dr. Rahim Khan
Published: December 2020

The impact of training is always very valuable and positive on the performances of employees in every organization. The main objective of this study was to know the reaction of the college professors who received training from the HEART training academy. Total (1320) professors of different colleges completed the training up to June 2018 from HEART. The study was restricted to districts Charsadda, Mardan, Nowshera, Peshawar, and Swabi. In the above mention districts, the trained college teachers were three hundred (320) and the sample size was one hundred and seventy-five (175). The Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Model was used. The nature of the study was a survey and a five-point Likert Scale questionnaire was used for the collection of data. The data were collected from college teachers trained by HEART. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS version 20. The analysis showed that the reaction of trained teachers was very positive about the training.
"Measuring the Effectiveness of Teacher's Mentoring Practices on Academic achievement of University Students"
Authors: Erum Shahzadi  , Dr. Allah Bakhsh Malik
Published: December 2020

This research intended to examine and explore the effectiveness of teachers mentoring practice on the academic achievement of university students. This study is descriptive, in nature Objective of the study was to measure the effectiveness of teachers' mentoring practice on students’ academic achievement at the university level. The hypothesis of this study is: there is a positive impact of teacher mentoring on students' achievement. For this purpose a stratified random sample of 100 respondents was collected from two distinct groups of the population were from both genders male teachers and female teachers who are teaching in respective institutions and male and female students who are studying from same institutes.  The result obtained from the research study revealed that there is a positive and constructive connection between teachers mentoring practice and students' academic achievement. It is recommended that the government level and state levels should encourage mentoring programs for beginner teachers at the university level and should also provide the necessary infrastructure to facilitate in all institutions. It is also recommended that Administrative heads of institutions e.g. Vice-Chancellors, Deans, and Heads of Department, should ensure that effective and efficient mentoring programs exist and are encouraged in their respective Faculties and Departments. Heads of departments should ensure that newly appointed teachers may fully aware of the significance of mentoring.
Change of Discourse Type in a Social Activity
Authors: Dr. Shahzada Qaisar  , Dr. Maria Shiraz
Published: December 2020

In this study, we propose classroom discourse as a dynamic activity whereby the discourse shifts from one mode to another within one social activity when students are involved to complete the task. The data for this study consisted of audio and video-recordings of the sessions. The analysis transcribed verbal and non-verbal behaviors of the students emerging during social activity. In the analysis, a transcript of one whole episode was taken from a larger study of the data set to inform about the discourse type used by the students during the social activity. The purpose of selecting one episode was to show the change in different types of discourse during a session. The finding of the study implies that in the context of social activity exploratory type discourse is required for learning. This study agrees with the general genetic law of cultural development that links the social, psychological, and cultural aspects during collaborative activities.
A Discourse Analysis of the Language Use in Courts During Trials
Authors: Kanza Javed  , Prof. Dr. Mamuna Ghani
Published: December 2020

It is a common phenomenon that every case that is pursued by the advocate is due to the use of powerful language and explains, proves, give statements, and enlighten the matter in the most appropriate way to get the attention of the whole body. Therefore, in present, the era it has become the hot topic of discussion among legal writers to focus on the effects of variations in the presentational style of the witnesses during court-trails. Thus, keeping in view the above-mentioned facts, this study was planned to examine the pros and cons of the language used in courts during trials in various suburbs of the Punjab, Pakistan. Focusing on the paradigm of research, this study was quantitative. A total of 150 participants belonging to the law fraternity took part in the study to find out whether language plays a significant role during court-trails, of which almost half of them gave their response in the affirmative. Therefore, it can be concluded that this study will also help take suitable measures for enhancing the quality of the effective language of presentation during court trials.
Illness, Care, Love and Today’s American Family: A Comparative Study of the Novels “Miss Janie’s Girls and Sula”
Authors: Dr. Shabbir Ahmad  , Dr. Neelum Almas  , Muhammad Iqbal
Published: December 2020

This study examines how the novels Miss Janie’s Girls and Sula discussed the family life, illness, fight against pandemics, and need for care during a time of combatting the disease. This study has more importance in the context of the pandemic Covid-19 situation that laid stress on social distancing while the immediate demand of the patient is taking care of by the family members. This study establishes a link between fighting with a deadly disease and feminism, and for that, it brings a comparative analysis of the issues e.g. illness, care, love, and today’s American family from the 1970s to the 2020s selected fiction. The influence of changed living style on family relations, in contemporary American family life, with an emphasis on family love is underscored in facing the challenge of lethal diseases. However, this article concludes that the family also expands to the adopted children and fostered mothers.
Public Interest Litigation: Economic Implications (A Critical Appraisal of Reko DIQ Case)
Authors: Dr. Barkat Ali  , Dr. Hafiz Aziz-ur-Rehman
Published: December 2020

Public Interest Litigation (PIL), a discretionary constitutional jurisdiction is, indeed, a constitutional mandate for preserving socio-economic and legal justice in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Pakistan). Such PIL objectives are focused  through the protection of fundamental rights of public importance under provisions of Article 184(3) of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973(Constitution, 1973). Though the Supreme Court of Pakistan (SC) has been vigilant while exercising judicial review powers as modus operendi for PIL, sometimes it is engaged, however, in the disguise of protection of fundamental rights, in the domain of other branches of the government. Even, such involvement has been extended to the matters of economic policies, which as a general principle of judicial review jurisprudence should be retrenched from judicial review jurisdiction. This trend has not only distorted the PIL objectives, it has influenced the socio-economic development which eventually affects the fundamental rights. Economic policies being of technical nature needs to be decided and supervised by the bodies concerned instead of the judicial intervention which is not appropriate. Judicial overlook of this fact may cause serious economic implications as it has occurred in the Reko Diq matter as decided in the case of Maulana v. Government (2013). The appraisal of exercising of PIL jurisdiction in this case demonstrates that 'judicial capital' is of no use, in the economic matters, and expanding its political capital in such matters eventually influences public interest. So, it is concluded that the matter relating to economic policies should be considered non-justiciable, and be denied from taking judicial cognizance.
Milli neft-qaz sektorunda biznes fəaliyyətinin genişləndirilməsi istiqamətləri
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Bazar iqtisadiyyatının tərəqqisində biznes işi və sahibkarlığın möhkəmləndirilməsi təcrübəli biznesmenlərin, kommersantların yetişməsi, bu xüsusda müəyyən əxlaqi dəyərlərin, müvafiq etikanın formalaşması, müasir idarəetmə bacarığının, biliyinin, mükəmməl təhsilin əldə olunması, liberal məzmunlu iqtisadi islahatların davam etdirilməsi ilə mümkündür. Hazırda ölkəmizdə biznes fəaliyyətinin inkişafı üçün gerçəkləşdirilən tədbirlərin kəmiyyət və keyfiyyəti artmaqdadır. Yeni tənzimləyici təsisatlarının yaradılması, mütərəqqi qanunların qəbulu, ictimai təşkilatların fəaliyyəti, vergi rejiminin təkmilləşməsi milli iqtisadiyyatda biznesin inkişafı üçün ilkin möhtəşəm zəmin yaradır. Ümummilli lider Heydər Əliyev tərəfindən biznes işinə göstərilən qayğı və əməli işlər bu gün Azərbaycan Respublikasının prezidenti cənab İlham Əliyev tərəfindən genişlənən instutusional aspektdə, yeni artım çevrəsində uğurla davam etdirilir. Bununla belə, ölkədə biznes işinin, sahibkarlığın inkişaf etlirilməsi üçün hələ də bir çox işlərin görülməsi vacib məsələ kimi qarşıda durur. Əlbəttə, keçid dövrünün özəllikləri fonunda artan problemlərin tezliklə aradan qaldırılması, qısa müddət ərzində sahibkarlığın dayanıqlı inkişaf zoloğına istiqamətləndirilməsi sadəlövhlük olardı. Hətta bütün resursların bolluğu, səylərin səfərbərliyi şəraitində belə məsələnin inkişaf etmiş ölkələrdəki səviyyəyə yüksəldilməsi zaman faktorunun təbii aşırımlarından keçmədən mümkün deyldir.
Artan qloballaşma tələbləri şəraitində istehsal infrastrukturunun inkişafı meyilləri
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Qloballaşma bütün hərəkət aspektlərində özünün spesifik cəhətlərini xarakterizə edən əsas amillər və başlıca tələblərlə çıxış edir. Bu tələblər ayrı-ayrı ölkələrin iqtisadiyyatında və onların formalaşmış istehsal infrastrukturlarının inkişaf meyillərində əks olunur. Müasir elmi-empirik reallıq belədir ki, qloballaşma tələbləri ilə dəyişiklikləri labüd edən təmaslar miqyaslı olaraq istehsal və istehsal infrastrukturları sferasında baş verir. Ona görə də, rəqabət üstünlüyü əldə etmək missiyasını qarşıya qoymuş bir sıra istehsalçılar qloballaşma tələblərindən irəli gələn müvafiq infrasturkur təkmilliyinə daimi qayğı göstərir və onun davamlılığının və mükəmməliyinin möhkəmləndirilməsini stimullaşdırırlar.
Yanacaq-Enerji Kompleksində biznes fəaliyyətinin diversifikasiyası problemləri
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Müasir Azərbaycan iqtisadiyyatında Yanacaq-Enerji Kompleksi (YEK) sistemyaradıcı funksionallığı ilə büdcə mədaxilinin özəyini, valyuta daxilolmalarının, istehsal və ixrac potensialını mühüm hissəsini özündə cəmləşdirərək, ölkə iqtisadiyyatını maye yanacaq və elektrik enerjisi ilə tam təmin edir. Belə funksionallıq artan karbohidrogen ehtiyatları, yüksələn idisadi potensial zəminində enerji qaynaqları ilə bağlı iqtisadi dövriyyənin bütün həlqələrində sistem unifikasiyasını, daha mükəmməl nəzarət mexanizmləri və menecment texnologiyalarının tətbiqini, gerçəkləşdirilən milli neft strategiyası, bütövlükdə enerji siyasəti bazasında geniş spektrdə institusional yenidəntəşkil və infrastruktur moderizasiyasını şətləndirir. Milli neft strategiyası və enerji siyasətinin mühüm vəzifələri ilə yanaşı, əsas prioritetləri sırasında biznes sferasında fəaliyyətlərin genişləndirilməsi, konkret olaraq səhmdar əməkdaşlığın inkişaf etdirilməsi, özəlləşdirmə prosesinin dərinləşdirilməsi, yerli sahibkarların servis işinə cəlb olunması kimi vəzifələr də durur [5, 7]. Köhnə yataqlarda, elektrik enerjisi və qaz təhcizatında, infrastruktur sahəsində fəaliyyət göstərən təşkilatlarının, yardımçı istehsal qurumlarının özəlləşdirməyə açıq elan edilməsi, mütərəqqi biznes subyektlərinin təsis olunması bu istiqamətdə səylərin gerçəkləşdiyini səciyyələndirən reallıq göstəricisidir. Lakin görülən işlərlə də kifayətlənmək olmaz. Müşahidə və araşdırmalar göstərir ki, YEK-də biznes işinin daha da aktivləşdirilməsi istiqamətində hələ də çeşidli imkanlar və fəaliyyətlər qalmaqdadır. Belə fəaliyyətləri isə daha çox bir sıra istehsal və xidmət obyektlərinin milli sahibkarların sərəncamına verilməsi kontekstində YEK-də biznesin diversifikasiyası ilə əlaqələndirmək olar. Buna görə də müasir mərhələdə YEK-də daha geniş özəl arealın formalaşdırılması strateji istiqamətli məsələlər sferasının prioritetləri sırasına qatılmalıdır.
Resurs qənaətciliyinin təkmilləşdirilməsi
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Sivilizasiyanın müasir mərhələsində resurs təminatı ekstensiv və intensiv xarakterliliyini arxada qoyaraq, inkişafını qənaətcil istehlak tələbləri ilə reallaşdırır. Təbii resursların strukturu, öyrənilmə səviyyəsi, təsərrüfat mənimsəmə istiqaməti ölkə tipindən asılı olmayaraq onun iqtisadi potensialına bilavasitə təsir edir. Bu baxımdan da, iqtisadi potensialı baza və infrastruktur sahələrinin inkişaf səviyyəsi, elmi-texniki tərəqqi və əmək ehtiyatları ilə yanaşı, həm də resurs qənaətcilliyi qaynaqladırır. Təbii resurslar ümumi ictimai məhsul yaradaraq ölkənin iqtisadi srtukturunu formalaşdırdığı kimi, dayanıqlı və səmərəli inkişaf zəminidə də resurs qənaətcilliyini əsaslandırır. İqtisadi amil olaraq resurs qənaətcilliyi isə ciddi təhlil olunma və situasiyanın qiymətləndirilməsini tələb edir. Yaddan çıxarılmamalıdır ki, resurlar məhdud xarakterliliyə malikdirlər. Bu cəhət isə öz növbəsində resurs qənaətcilliyi zərurətinı yaradır. Bundan irəli gələrək müasir inkişaf tipli ölkələr resurs qənaətcilliyinin təkmilləşdirilməsi istiqamətli elmtutumlu texnologiyalı istehsalların stimullaşdırılması strategiyası reallaşdırırlar.
Qlobal maliyyə böhranı və Islam iqtisadi konsepsiyası
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

Məqalə qlobal maliyyə böhranlarının dünya iqtisadiyyatının inkişafına təsirinə və dünya təsərrüfatında maliyyə-iqtisadi münasibətlərin sonrakı tənzimlənməsi problemlərinin tədqiqinə həsr olunur. Bundan çıxış edərək, 2008-ci ildə başlanmış qlobal maliyyə böhranı nümunəsində dünyada baş vermiş maliyyə-iqtisadi böhranların yaranma tarixi, səbəbləri, mahiyyəti və həmçinin onların həlli yollarının axtarışı araşdırılır. Göstərilir ki, qlobal maliyyə böhranlarının qarşısının alınmasında maliyyə tənzimlənməsinin konseptual prinsiplərinin transformasiyasının ən effektivli aləti təməlində İslam iqtisadiyyatı dayanır. Bu görüntünü aparılan sistemli təhlillə əsaslandıran müəlliflər yeni dünya maliyyə arxitekturasının formalaşmasında daha təkmil alternativ və perspektivli paradiqma olaraq İslam iqtisadi modelinin genişləndirilməsi və möhkəmləndirilməsi ideyasının gerçəkləşdirilməsini təklif edirlər.
“Milli neft-qaz sektoru” anlayışının interpretasiyası
Authors:   DES, Professor, Hajizadeh Elshan
Published: December 2020

İqtisadi ədəbiyyatlarda, həmçinin müvafiq hüquqi-normativ sfera və praktiki müstəvidə neft-qaz sektoru anlayışının dəqiq interpretasiyasına hələ ki, rast gəlinməmişdir. Sadəcə bu anlayış geniş dövriyyədə empirik köklərə istinadən söz düzümünə adekvat neft və qazın mövcud olduğu bir iqtisadiyyat sahəsi kimi başa düşülür. «Neft-qaz sektoru» anlayışı həm də üstün olaraq, çox zaman yalnız «neft sektoru» kimi də səsləndirilir. Bununla belə, dövriyyədə ayrıca «qaz sektoru» anlayışı da mövcuddur. Bu reallıq onlara yanaşmada fərqlilik və ya sinonim kimi istifadəetmə çətinliyi yaradır. Elmi müstəvidə və eyniliklə də statistik çərçivədə neft-qaz sektorunun dəqiq metodoloji təyinatı olmadığı üçün onun hüdudları haqqında qəti fikir söyləmək də mürəkkəbləşir. Belə vəziyyət isə bir çox aspektlərdə milli neft-qaz sektoru ilə bağlı düşüncə və qavramalarda eyni çaşqınlıqlara səbəb olur. Bu baxımdan bizim tədqiqat araşdırmamızda milli neft-qaz sektorunun əhatə dairəsinin dəqiqləşdirilməsi əsas tədqiqat vəzifələri sırasında dayanır. Burada həmçinin sistemli yanaşmada aparılan genetik və müqayisəli təhlil sferasında «neft-qaz sektoru» anlayışına məntiqi əsaslandırmada ilkin nəzəri ümumiləşdirmənin verilməsi də tədqiqat meyarı kimi əsas götürülür. Bununla belə, «neft-qaz sektoru» anlayışı ilə bağlı təyinatı dolğunlaşdırmaq üçün iqtisadiyyat müstəvisində «sektor» məfhumunun açılışına baxılması da gərəkli hesab edilir.
NEW TECHNOLOGY ON DETERMINATION OF SUBJECTS, OBJECTS AND RESPONSIBLE DEPARTMENTS OF INTERNAL COST CONTROL AT ENTERPRISES OF THE OIL AND FAT INDUSTRY
Authors: Chernovol Olena
Published: December 2020

The control functions of each structural unit and the measure of their responsibility have been determined. The types of on-farm control at the enterprise and their role and significance for the economic activity of the enterprise have been determined.
Internal control is carried out at each enterprise by all economic and technical services. Given that in modern economic conditions, the main thing is to ensure the interests of the owner, the main purpose of internal control is to prevent shortcomings.
One of the most important objects of control are production costs, since control over them is a necessary element of enterprise management, without which it is impossible to fully implement other management functions. In our opinion, the organization of internal cost control in modern conditions should be considered as a process that follows and is derived from the financial structure of the enterprise. And in this sense, this process is authentic to the cost accounting process. However, the process of on-farm cost control has its own characteristics.
INFLUENCE OF THE BALLAST RESISTANCE ON THE STABILITY OF CONTINUOUS WELDED RAIL
Authors: Pokropski Dominik
Published: December 2020

The article is about the issue of the influence of ballast resistance on the stability of the Continuous Welded Rail. The ballast resistance affects both the longitudinal and transverse displacements. It depends on the quality of the ballast, the degree of its compaction and contamination. The article contains an analysis of the impact of ballast resistance on the track based on the Finite Difference Method. The calculations showed that the resistance value directly affects the allowable critical force and the maximum temperature rise in the rail that does not endanger the safety of railway traffic.
THE QUANTIFICATION METHOD OF FUNCTIONAL AVAILABILITY MILITARY VEHICLES
Authors: Przybysz Kamil
Published: December 2020

The availability is one of the most important feature of a technical object which shapes its operational quality. The paper undertakes the issue related to the quantification of functional availability of vehicles, with reference to reliability aspects. The conducted exploitation research paved the way for elaborating methods of determining functional availability for vehicles, in particular focusing on reliability. The essential research was conducted using the developed mathematical model based on the probabilistic, stochastic Markov process, which allowed modelling the process of changes in the exploitation states of vehicles.

In view of the above, it is essential to develop methods that enable the most accurate estimation of the functional availability of vehicles. Knowing the values of functional availability, we can estimate the probability of performing assigned tasks and precisely control the vehicle exploitation system, especially in terms of availability, which is important for vehicles.

This work presents a method for determining the functional availability of vehicles, taking into account the limitations introduced by the vehicle exploitation system.  Particular attention was paid to the possibility of using probabilistic, stochastic semiMarkov models, whose rules and method of creation were generally described, with regard to the ability to acquire operational data in the vehicle exploitation system.
Prediksi Daya Panel Surya Kapasitas 50 Wp Menggunakan Model Regresi Linier Majemuk
Authors: Mukromin Radian Indra , Asy'ari Muhammad Khamim
Published: December 2020

Sistem monitoring daya listrik pada panel surya penting dilakukan. Hal ini disebabkan daya listrik panel surya dapat mempengaruhi performansi pengisian baterai dan keandalan dari panel surya.  Sifat stokastik dari temperatur panel surya dan iradiasi surya mengakibatkan fluktuasi daya listrik, sehingga diperlukan sistem prediksi daya panel surya. Sistem prediksi dapat dirancang untuk mendapatkan model prediksi daya panel surya secara matematik menggunakan model regresi linier majemuk. Model dibangun untuk sistem prediksi dengan menggunakan data latih dari keluaran panel surya. Variasi yang diberikan adalah jenis variabel masukan untuk membangun model. Variabel masukan model terdiri dari temperatur panel surya, iradiasi surya, dan kombinasi dari keduanya. Pengujian data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji korelasi majemuk, uji signifikasi regresi linier majemuk, dan uji signifikasi koefisien regresi. Hasil perancangan sistem prediksi terbaik adalah kombinasi temperatur panel surya dan iradiasi surya sebagai variabel masukan. Nilai MSE(mean square error) terkecil sebesar 9,83 untuk data latih dan 22,73 untuk data uji.
Korelasi Media Audio Visual Dengan Hasil Belajar Kelas IV Tema 3 Subtema 1 Pembelajaran 1 Di SD Negeri Belahantengah Mojokerto
Authors: Aulia Riska Nur , Ida Sulistyawati  , Susi Hermin Rusminati
Published: December 2020

Media yang menggabungkan dua unsur sekaligus yaitu media audio dimana menggunakan unsur suara yang melibatkan indera pendegaran dan media visul yang menggunakan unsur gambar yang melibatkan indera penglihatan disebut media audio visual. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan antara media audio visul dengan hasil belajar kelas IV tema 3 subtema 1 pembelajaran 1. Metode dan jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian korelasi kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh peserta didik kelas IV SD Negeri Belahantengah Mojokerto yang berjumlah 31 peserta didik dengan teknik sampel jenuh. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan angket dan tes. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan yakni uji normalitas, uji linieritas, dan uji korelasi. Hasil uji korelasi menghasilkan adanya korelasi media audio visual dengan hasil belajar kelas IV tema 3 subtema 1 pembelajaran 1. Hal ini berdasarkan uji korelasi dengan menggunakan bantuan spss diketahui rhitung > rtabel yaitu 0,831 > 0,355. Dengan taraf signifikasi (Sig) . Sehingga hipotesis Ha yang menyatakan terdapat korelasi antara media audio visual dengan hasil belajar  kelas IV tema 3 subtema 1 pembelajaran 1 dapat diterima.
Strategi Belajar Dengan Memanfaatkan E-Learning Pada Masa Pandemi Di Sdn 2 Kembang Kerang Aikmel
Authors: Yuliana Elfa , Bahri Saepul
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana strategi belajar dengan memanfaatkan e-learning pada masa pandemi, dan apa saja faktor-faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam penerapan strategi belajar dengan pemanfaatan e-learning pada masa pandemi.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan subjek penelitian guru dan siswa. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data diuji dengan menggunakan triangulasi sumber, yaitu memeriksa kembali data yang diperoleh melalui beberapa sumber.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Strategi belajar dengan memanfaatkan e-learning pada masa pandemi di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 2 Kembang Kerang didasari atas ketidak bolehan dalam melakukan pembelajaran secara langsung  pada masa pandemi covid 19 atau virus corona (2) Faktor-faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam penerapan strategi belajar dengan pemanfaatan e-learning pada masa pandemi, adapun faktor pendorong strategi belajar dengan memanfaatkan e-learning pada masa pandemi yaitu: motivasi dalam penggunaan dan pengaplikasian internet sangat besar dalam melakukan pembelajaran, baik dari kepala sekolah, guru, maupun siswa, sarana prasarana yang dimiliki sudah lumayan untuk penerapan e-learning. Faktor penghambat: terbatasnya kemampuan guru dalam mengaplikasikan pembelajaran e-learning di sekolah, sumber daya manusia yang belum optimal dalam penerapan strategi belajar dengan memanfaatkan e-learning, belum adanya website e-learning, dan kesadaran semua pihak dalam pentingnya pembelajaran e-learning dalam memajukan pendidikan di sekolah masih sedikit.
Penggunaan Media Story Book untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa Pada Materi Hijrah Nabi Muhammad SAW ke Yatsrib Kelas IV Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Hidayah Kasembon Bulu lawang Kabupaten Malang
Authors: Mahalil Asna Megawati
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan pemahaman Siswa Kelas IV MI Al-Hidayah Kasembon Bulu lawang Kabupaten Malang padamateri Hijrah Nabi Muhammad saw ke Yatsrib Mata Pelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam semester 2. Pertanyaan utama yang ingin di jawab pada penelitian ini adalah: (1) Bagaimanakah proses penggunaan Media Story Boo kpadapembelajaran SKI MateriHijrahNabi Muhammad saw ke Yatsrib pada Siswa kelas IV Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Hidayah Kasembon Bulu lawang ? (2) bagaimana peningkatan pemahaman Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam (SKI) melalui media Story Book pada SiswaKelas IV Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Al-Hidayah Kasembon Bulu lawang Kabupaten Malang? Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut maka penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan dengan penelitian tindakan kelas.
Penelitian tindakan kelas ini dilaksanakan tanggal 03 September 2020 sampai 10 Oktober 2020 dan terdiri dari 2 siklus dan satu siklus terdiri atas dua jam pelajaran atau satu kali pertemuan. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam penyampaian materi sebelumnya guru menyampaikan materi HijrahNabi Muhammad saw ke Yatsrib matapelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam sebelumnya menggunakan metode ceramah yakni guru menyampaikan dengan ceramah dan siswa hanya mendengarkan dengan hanya sesekali di beri kesempatan untuk bertanya.
Pemahaman siswa tentang materi Isra’ Mi’raj yang di ajarkan dengan metode ceramah sangat rendah. Dari hasil tesulangan harian siswa, dari jumlah 32 siswa hanya sekitar 8 siswa (31%) yang mampu memahami materi Isra’ Mi’raj dan memperoleh hasil yang maksimal atau mencapai batas ketuntasan belajar minimal mereka. Sedangkan sisanya (65%) sekitar 28 siswa memperoleh rata-rata nilai di bawah 60.
Features of building a predictive neuro-fuzzy network
Authors: Епихин А.И. , Хекерт Е.В. , Каракаев А.Б. , Модина М.А.
Published: December 2020

В статье рассматриваются особенности построения прогностической нейро-фаззи сети. В процессе исследования представлена структура адаптивного нейро-фаззи-предиктора и многомерного нейро-фаззи-нейрона. Рассмотрен принцип обработки информации, поступающей в режиме реального времени, о работе поршневого двигателя СЭУ с использованием TSK-системы нулевого порядка с применением быстродействующих оптимизационных процедур второго порядка типа рекуррентного метода наименьших квадратов для настройки синаптических весов. Определена архитектура искусственной нейро-фаззи сети для прогноза ресурсной прочности поршневого двигателя СЭУ марки RND 105, состоящая из пяти последовательно соединенных слоев. Представлена структура динамических нейронов-фильтров с конечной импульсной характеристикой. Рассмотрена процедура обучения нейросети. При проведения численного эксперимента использовались следующие критерии оценки: MSE (mean squared error, среднеквадратичная погрешность); SMAPE (Symmetric mean absolute percentage error, симметрично абсолютная процентная погрешность) - характеризует погрешность прогноза в процентах. Экспериментальный анализ разработанной сети проводился на примере прогнозирования ресурсной прочности восьмицилиндрового двухтактного судового дизеля марки RND 105.

The article discusses the features of building a predictive neuro-fuzzy network. During the research, the structure of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy predictor and a multidimensional neuro-fuzzy neuron is presented. The principle of processing information received in real time about the operation of a piston engine of a SEP using a TSK-system of zero order with the use of high-speed optimization procedures of the second order such as the recurrent least squares method for adjusting synaptic weights is considered. The architecture of an artificial neuro-fuzzy network for predicting the resource strength of a piston engine SEU brand RND 105, consisting of five layers connected in series, has been determined. The structure of dynamic filter neurons with finite impulse response is presented. The procedure for training a neural network is considered. During the numerical experiment, the following evaluation criteria were used: MSE (mean squared error); SMAPE (Symmetric mean absolute percentage error) - characterizes the forecast error in percentage. An experimental analysis of the developed network was carried out on the example of predicting the resource strength of an eight-cylinder two-stroke marine diesel engine of the RND 105 brand.
Principles of neural control and variants of neural network architecture, applied to a complex dynamic system of sea-vessel
Authors: Епихин А.И. , Хекерт Е.В. , Модина М.А.
Published: December 2020

В статье рассматриваются возможности, особенности и перспективы внедрения принципов нейроуправления в контур регулирования, контроля и эксплуатации сложной динамической системы СЭУ-СУДНО. Отдельное внимание уделено базовым характеристикам и принципам нейроуправления. Рассмотрена структурная схема и принцип проектирования нейрорегулятора применительно к данной системе. Кроме того, формализована процедура настройки нейронной сети на моделирование входа/выхода объекта управления, а также принцип выбора архитектуры, определения критериев оптимизации нейронной сети для управления СЭУ-СУДНО. Рассмотрены альтернативные варианты для создания нейросетевой системы управления СЭУ-СУДНО. Отдельное внимание уделено принципам работы системы нейроуправления и ее ключевым характеристикам. Также формализована процедура выбора архитектуры нейронной сети для управления СЭУ-СУДНО и предложено несколько вариантов нейронных сетей для разных исходных параметров.

The article discusses the possibilities, features and prospects of introducing the principles of neurocontrol for the regulation, control and operation of a complex dynamic system ship power plant. Special attention is paid to the basic characteristics and principles of neurocontrol. The block diagram and design principle of the neuroregulator in relation to this system are considered. In addition, the procedure for setting up a neural network for modeling the input / output of a control object has been formalized, as well as the principle of choosing an architecture, determining the criteria for optimizing a neural network for controlling the ship power plant-VESSEL. Alternative options for creating a neural network control system the ship power plant-VESSEL are considered. Special attention is paid to the principles of the neurocontrol system and its key characteristics. Also, the procedure for choosing the architecture of a neural network for controlling the ship power plant-VESSEL was formalized and several options for neural networks for different initial parameters were proposed.
Modeling algorithm of transport and technological system operation
Authors: Эглит Я.Я. , Эглите К.Я. , Шаповалова М.А. , Головенко А.А.
Published: December 2020

Статья посвящена разработке моделирующего алгоритма работы транспортно-технологической системы. Математическое моделирование дает возможность формально описать любую сложную систему (в нашем случае специализированный терминал по перегрузке генеральных грузов) и с помощью описания исследовать различные режимы ее функционирования. Разработанная модель позволит осуществлять выбор оптимального в заданных условиях варианта функционирования перегрузочного комплекса, но, как любая математическая модель, она не учитывает неформализуемую часть релевантной информации. На специализированном терминале происходят сложные и многообразные процессы, связанные с перегрузкой различных грузов, контейнеров и других генеральных грузов, что не позволяет построить абсолютно адекватную математическую модель. Поэтому в математической модели представлены только основные, характерные для моделирующей системы, закономерности. При этом второстепенные факторы не принимаются во внимание, так как они являются несущественными. [1,3]

The article is devoted to the development of a modeling algorithm for the operation of a transport and technological system. Mathematical modeling makes it possible to formally describe any complex system (in our case, a specialized terminal for transshipment of General cargo) and use the description to explore various modes of its operation. The developed model will allow you to choose the optimal option for the operation of the reloading complex under given conditions, but, like any mathematical model, it does not take into account the non-formalized part of the relevant information. At a specialized terminal, complex and diverse processes occur related to the transshipment of various cargo, containers and other General cargo, which does not allow us to build an absolutely adequate mathematical model. Therefore, the mathematical model presents only the main patterns that are characteristic of the modeling system. In this case, secondary factors are not taken into account, as they are insignificant. [1,3]
Finite element simulation of marine generators
Authors: Гринек А.В. , Фищенко А.М. , Бойчук И.П. , Перелыгин Д.Н. , Савостеенко Н.В.
Published: December 2020

В статье рассмотрено численное моделирование синхронного генератора. Описана последовательность создания геометрической модели. Представлены результаты численного моделирования статической и динамической задачи. Получены временные осциллограммы потокосцепления, фазных токов и напряжений, сил и моментов. На их основании получены частотные характеристики заданного генератора на холостых режимах. С помощью вейвлет-преобразования проведен анализ переходного процесса. Исследование показало, что существует три частотные области: область нарастания скорости, достижение критической скорости и выход на установившийся режим. Анализ коэффициентов вейвлет-преобразования исследуемого сигнала дал информацию об энергии, содержащейся в соответствующих частотных составляющих ряда. Данная численная модель дает возможность идентифицировать спектры напряжений, токов, сил и моментов, соответствующих механическим и электромагнитным дефектам. Показана возможность диагностирования дефектов генератора, обусловленного эксцентриситетом ротора, с помощью модельного исследования на пусковых режимах. Наличие эксцентриситета ротора приводит к появлению гармонической составляющей в спектре силы большой амплитуды с максимальным значением на низкой частоте.

The sequence of creating a geometric model is described. The results of numerical simulation of static and dynamic problems are presented. Time oscillograms of flux linkage, phase currents and voltages, forces and moments were obtained. The analysis of the transient process is carried out using the wavelet transform. The study showed that there are three frequency ranges: the area of increasing speed, reaching critical speed and reaching steady state. Analysis of the wavelet transform coefficients gave information about the energy, which is contained in the corresponding frequency components of the series. This numerical model makes it possible to identify the spectrum of voltages, currents, forces and moments corresponding to mechanical and electromagnetic defects. The possibility of diagnosing the eccentricity of the rotor using a model study in starting modes is shown. Eccentricity leads to the appearance of a harmonic component in the power spectrum with a large amplitude with a maximum value at a low frequency.
Specyfika odpowiedzialności za naruszenia Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka związane z działalnością nieuznawanych reżimów – analiza orzecznictwa
Authors: Zaręba Szymon
Published: December 2020

The aim of the article is to compare the way in which the issue of responsibility for violations related to the acts of unrecognized authorities claiming to be States is treated by the European Court of Human Rights and other international courts, particularly the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The article considers in detail the relations between jurisdiction and responsibility, responsibility of parent States (including the concept of “positive obligations”) and responsibility of States which provide assistance to unrecognized regimes (with emphasis put on the concept of “effective control”). The results of the study indicate that the jurisprudence of the European Court differs in several important aspects from decisions of other international courts. These differences, while undoubtedly enhancing the protection of human rights in Europe, contribute to the process of fragmentation of the law of international responsibility.