bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential erosion of psychotherapist–patient privilege beyond California: dangers of “criminalizing” Tarasoff*
Authors: Weinstock Robert , Leong Gregory B. , Silva J. Arturo
Published: September 2002

The “dangerous patient exception” to psychotherapist–patient privilege, adopted almost a decade before the celebrated case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976), was mentioned in a footnote to that decision in the context of an analogy. Although intended to permit testimony in civil commitment proceedings, this exception has been used to “criminalize” the Tarasoff duty in California. California courts eroded the privilege initially primarily to permit victims to sue psychotherapists and later to require psychotherapists to testify against their patients in criminal proceedings and appear to have confused evidentiary privilege and confidentiality. If consistent, similar reasoning in California in the future should allow therapists to testify against their patients if they were civilly committed in the past for dangerousness and attorneys to testify against their clients in criminal cases if at some earlier time they believed their clients represented a risk of future harm. Although most other jurisdictions may not word their privilege exceptions for civil commitment in the same way as California, most states have some type of privilege exception for civil commitment that could allow for such an interpretation. The United States Supreme Court in Jaffee v. Redmond (1996) found a psychotherapist–patient privilege, but stated in a footnote that an exception to the privilege would exist if a serious threat of harm to the patient could be averted only by means of disclosure by the therapist. Other jurisdictions have begun to consider these issues. Rather than being unique to California, similar reasoning could lead to the “criminalization” of Tarasoff in other jurisdictions and thereby compel therapists outside California to testify against their patients in criminal proceedings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing violence risk in Tarasoff situations: a fact‐based model of inquiry*
Authors: Borum Randy , Reddy Marisa
Published: September 2002

Although significant advances in risk assessment research and practice have been made in recent years, there has not been any analysis in the professional literature regarding how and whether the emerging practice recommendations apply in Tarasoff‐type situations. We suggest that, when faced with a Tarasoff‐type situation, the appraisal of risk should be guided by a method that is primarily fact‐based and deductive, rather than by the more inductive risk assessment approach for general violence recidivism, which is guided primarily by base rates and historical risk factors. We review the principles underlying a fact‐based, or threat assessment, approach and outline six areas of inquiry that can guide the appraisal of risk: A—attitudes that support or facilitate violence, C—capacity, T—thresholds crossed, I—intent, O—other's reactions, and N—noncompliance with risk reduction interventions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical training and the duty to protect*
Authors: Tolman Anton O.
Published: September 2002

Given that the duty to protect is now a well established clinical and legal expectation, training in professional psychology should assist students in developing conceptual models for violence risk assessment and management. This report presents a training model incorporating recent advancements in risk assessment (such as the assessment of psychopathy), the need for basic legal understanding, and knowledge of specific risk management strategies. Additionally, academic and internship training programs in Michigan were surveyed by telephone about current training patterns. Preliminary results indicated program strengths in general awareness and training in risk factors. However, the data also suggested a need to formalize a faculty role in risk education, improve the training of students in relevant legal information, and establish coherent conceptual models of dealing with potential patient violence. It is argued that improving training of future professionals in this way will improve clinical practice, reduce legal liability, and improve public safety. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychologists' perceptions of their duty to protect uninformed sex partners of HIV‐positive clients‡
Authors: Simone Simone J. , Fulero Solomon M.
Published: September 2002

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether mental health professionals would breach the confidentiality of HIV‐infected patients with uninformed sex partners, and how any such disclosure would occur. Subjects read one of eight vignettes that depicted a patient who refused to disclose his viral status. Results revealed a split of opinion about breaching confidentiality and about the preferred mode for doing so. Neither diagnosis nor mode of viral transmission significantly influenced breaching decisions. Subjects demonstrated a high level of AIDS risk knowledge but only a moderate level of legal/ethical knowledge. Implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple real‐time process control experiment using serial communication
Authors: Neitzel Ivo , Lenzi Marcelo Kaminski
Published: September 2002

Microcomputers introduced process control to a new era. A simple and didactic experiment, used to control the temperature of an equipment, is described. Features of this experiment include the use of two computers connected by serial ports and allowing students to build the controller and to disturb the process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 101–104, 2001
The development and assessment of multimedia software for improving 3‐D spatial visualization skills
Authors: Gerson Helena B. P. , Sorby Sheryl A. , Wysocki Anne , Baartmans Beverly J.
Published: September 2002

Well‐developed 3‐D spatial skills are critical to success in a number of scientific and technical careers. This is particularly true for engineers who generally communicate by graphical means. In the fall of 1992, Baartmans and Sorby received funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to develop a course and the course materials for the improvement of 3‐D spatial visualization skills for engineering students. In January of 1998, Sorby and Baartmans along with a third PI, Wysocki, received additional funding from the NSF to develop multimedia software and a workbook for the improvement of 3‐D spatial visualization skills for engineering students. The multimedia software has been developed in modular form, and there are nine total modules currently available. This article presents the development of the multimedia software and assessment results from its use in special courses designed to improve spatial skills. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 105–113, 2001
Web‐based learning environment for a communications module
Authors: Al‐Nuaimy Waleed , Zhang Jinghua , Noble Alan
Published: September 2002

Teaching and learning in higher education has recently been transformed by the development and affordability of fast microcomputers and the accessibility of the World Wide Web. The potential to utilise the Web to enhance students' learning has been recognised, and to this end a pilot web‐based system has been developed as an online interactive resource for the teaching and learning of an undergraduate module on Communications within the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics. The system comprises course note material, interactive tutorial demonstrations, an interactive self‐assessment system, and a facility for asynchronous group interaction. These materials are intended to complement the traditional taught element of the module, and will support new student‐centred delivery methods being implemented within the University of Liverpool. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 114–121, 2001
Exploration of structural stability: A computer implementation
Authors: Webster E. M. , Archer Graham C.
Published: September 2002

In this paper, the education of structural stability is viewed from the perspective of a range of analysis techniques emphasizing the exploratory nature of not only instability phenomenon, but also engineering problems, in general. The purpose of this research was to develop a computational‐based educational platform upon which to perform “experimental” tests. Three aspects of this work are discussed: the philosophy of the platform, the design concepts behind its implementation, and the programme itself. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 122–135, 2001
An interactive 1D Matlab FDTD code for education
Authors: Glisson Allen W. , Elsherbeni Atef Z.
Published: September 2002

This paper describes a 1D Matlab finite difference time‐domain (FDTD) code with a graphical user interface for visualization of the time‐domain electromagnetic response. The program animates time‐domain reflection and transmission of a Gaussian plane wave through one or two homogeneous material slabs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 136–147, 2001
Talking normalization: the role of communication in integration
Authors: Bradshaw Jill , Carnaby Steven
Published: September 2002

Deinstitutionalization has generally had a positive impact on the lives of people with learning disabilities, although provision of appropriate and individualized support in the community has proved difficult. Communication is often seen in isolation, its role within integration passing unacknowledged. This paper suggests an integrated framework around individual needs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political ideology, helping mechanisms and empowerment of mental health self‐help/mutual aid groups
Authors: Hatzidimitriadou Eleni
Published: September 2002

Self‐help/mutual aid groups share common attributes such as they are peer‐led, address a common problem or condition, have a voluntary character and little or no connection with professionals. However, these groups may vary according to their political ideology and focus on personal or/and societal change. This study examines the role of political ideology of self‐help/mutual aid groups and differences in psychosocial characteristics of group members.

Fourteen mental health self‐help/mutual aid groups in England were studied. On the basis of stated aims and principles and following semi‐structured interviews with group leaders (facilitators/chairpersons), these were classified according to Emerick's typology as conservative (eight groups), combined (three groups), and radical (three groups). Group members (n = 67) completed questionnaires to assess personal empowerment, mental wellbeing, social networks and support, group identification and helping processes in the groups.

Findings suggested that all self‐help group members experienced a large number of naturally occurring helping process and felt empowered whilst they shared limited social networks and support and marginal mental wellbeing. Different ideological types of self‐help groups may be related to specific helping processes and particular aspects of personal empowerment. Specifically, members of conservative and combined groups reported more expressive group processes like sharing of feelings and self‐disclosure, while radical group members reported more optimism/control over their lives. Furthermore, group identification was associated with specific helping processes and aspects of personal empowerment in the three group categories. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical and social dilemmas in community‐based controlled trials in situations of poverty: a view from a South African project
Authors: Nama Nosisana , Swartz Leslie
Published: September 2002

All psychological and social research presents ethical dilemmas, many of which centre around the difficulties which flow from the power imbalances between those conducting the research and the research respondents or participants. Issues of power are magnified in research undertaken in contexts of poverty, and there is a burgeoning literature on ethical issues in research in developing countries. In this article, we augment the existing literature by focusing on the experiences of an assessor working in a controlled trial of a mother–infant intervention in a poor South African community. We consider issues of community expectations, the presentation to our project of physical health problems, the issue of HIV/AIDS, cultural beliefs which impact on the research, child protection issues, and the tensions between research assessment and ubuntu—a cultural norm which requires helpful engagement with others. We suggest that our experiences may assist with the development of further research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representations of handguns by young adults in the US and UK
Authors: Puddifoot John E. , Cooke Claire A.
Published: September 2002

The representation of handguns by a sample of university students (n = 96) from one of the southern states of the US, was contrasted with that of a sample of university students in the UK (n = 100), employing ANOVA and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Exploring the structure of response, the findings showed little evidence for a common cross‐locational representation of handguns for the US and UK samples taken together. There was support for the existence of distinctive locational representations, some support for gender‐specific representations, and strong support for representations of handguns according to particular combinations of locality and gender. Representations of handguns by US males from the southern states were the most distinctive, complex and integrated in structure, bringing into question simplistic assumptions concerning the nature of an alleged ‘southern sub‐culture of violence’ or of a more general ‘gun culture’. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roles of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and phospholipase D in temporal activation of superoxide production in FMLP‐stimulated human neutrophils
Authors: Yasui Kozo , Komiyama Atsushi
Published: September 2002

To determine the temporal roles of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) and phospholipase D (PLD) during human neutrophil activation stimulated by a chemotactic peptide, we examined the kinetics of these enzymes and related them to a neutrophil function (superoxide production). Both wortmannin and 2‐(4‐morpholinyl)‐8‐phenyl‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one (LY294002), potent and specific inhibitors of PI3‐kinase, inhibit PI3‐kinase activity in human neutrophils and significantly inhibit superoxide production from the early phase. Ethanol has no effect on PI3‐kinase and markedly inhibits superoxide production at the late phase. Although these agents are inhibitory to different degrees, when neutrophils are simultaneously treated with ethanol and PI3‐kinase inhibitors, superoxide is not produced. These results suggest that PI3‐kinase and PLD play a pivotal role in the signal transduction pathway of the chemo‐attractant‐receptor involved neutrophil activation. These enzymes produce second messengers which are required for subsequent superoxide production in human neutrophils. NADPH oxidase is activated in a PI3‐kinase‐dependent manner at the early phase, and PLD activity follows it and is related to superoxide production at the late phase in human neutrophils by stimulation with FMLP. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatic fate of D‐[3H] mannoheptulose
Authors: Malaisse Willy J. , Doherty Margaret , Kadiata Marcel M. , Ladriere Laurence , Malaisse‐Lagae Francine
Published: September 2002

D‐Mannoheptulose was recently postulated to be transported into cells by GLUT2. The validity of such an hypothesis was assessed by comparing the uptake of tritiated D‐mannoheptulose by pancreatic islets versus pieces of pancreas and, in the latter case, by comparing results obtained in control rats versus animals injected with streptozotocin (STZ). The uptake of D‐[3H] mannoheptulose by islets represents a time‐related and temperature‐sensitive process, inhibited by cytochalasin B and enhanced by D‐glucose. The uptake of the tritiated heptose was much lower in pieces of pancreatic tissue and inhibited by D‐glucose, at least in the STZ rats. Whether in pieces of pancreas exposed in vitro to D‐[3H] mannoheptulose or after intravenous injection of the tritiated heptose, the radioactive content of the pancreatic tissue was lower in STZ rats than in control animals. This contrasted with an unaltered radioactive content of liver and muscle in the STZ rats, at least when treated with insulin. Suitably radiolabelled D‐mannoheptulose or an analogue of the heptose could thus conceivably be used for quantification of the endocrine pancreatic mass. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug metabolic activity of cultured hepatocytes can synchronize with bile acid concentration in the medium
Authors: Sugihara Nobuhiro , Ise Hirohiko , Negishi Naoki , Nikaido Toshio , Akaike Toshihiro
Published: September 2002

The regulation of drug metabolic activity of cultured hepatocytes can be applied to the evaluation of pharmacokinetics, analysis of drug delivery and the bioartificial liver system. It is very difficult to maintain the drug metabolic activity mediated by cytochrome P‐450 (CYP) 3A. Recently we found that the CYP3A aminopyrine N‐demethylase (AMND) activity of hepatocytes cultured on collagen surface oscillated with culture time. This phenomenon was related to the concentration of bile acid in the culture medium. CYP3A, multidrug resistant gene 2 (MDR2) and heat shock protein 84 (HSP84) mRNA appeared in a manner corresponding to this oscillation. When a large quantity of bile acid was taken up into hepatocytes from the medium, low AMND activity was observed, and these proteins did not appear. When bile acid was secreted and the bile acid concentration inside the hepatocytes was low, high AMND activity was obtained, and these proteins appeared. In order to clarify the mechanism of oscillation between AMND activity and bile acid, 8 μM glycocholic acid was added to the culture medium 15 h before the measurement. No oscillation in AMND activity was observed in the presence of 8 μM glycocholic acid. Bile acid controls the AMND activity in the transcription of hepatocytes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The difference in the stimulation by putrescine of DNA synthesis using DNA polymerase extracts of normal rat liver or of tumour tissue or host liver from tumour‐bearing rats
Authors: Taguchi Takahiko , Kurata Sumiko , Ohashi Mochihiko
Published: September 2002

Putrescine biosynthesis is elevated before DNA replication, and a stimulation of DNA synthesis by 20 mM putrescine has been found using an in vitro DNA synthesizing system. Furthermore, this stimulation of DNA synthesis by putrescine involves a particular factor (factor PA). This factor PA stimulates DNA polymerases α, β, and γ, and is present in nuclei and mitochondria but not in cytoplasm. Factor PA loses about 80% of its activity by heating at 45°C for 15 min or by hydrolysis with 100 mg ml−1 Enzygel trypsin. These properties indicate that factor PA is a protein. Its size is estimated to be about 2.1 S. DNA synthesis in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA polymerase extracts from tumour tissues and host livers of tumour‐bearing rats are not stimulated by 20 mM putrescine. However, the addition of excess factor PA to DNA synthesizing systems using DNA polymerase extracts from proliferative tissues again results in a stimulation of DNA synthesis by exogenous putrescine. These findings indicate that the stimulatory effect of DNA synthesis in vitro by exogenous putrescine is controlled by the ratio between factor PA and endogenously synthesized putrescine in proliferative tissues or that sent by the bloodstream from proliferative tissues. These results suggest that a non‐stimulatory effect of putrescine on DNA synthesis may be diagnostic in tumour‐bearing patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sub‐lethal concentrations of activated complement increase rat lymphocyte glutamine utilization and oxidation while lethal concentrations cause death by a mechanism involving ATP depletion
Authors: Bacurau R.F.P. , O'Toole C.E. , Newsholme P. , Costa Rosa L.F.B.P.
Published: September 2002

Nucleated cells are more resistant to complement‐mediated cell death than anucleated cells such as erythrocytes. There are few reports concerning the metabolic response of nucleated cells subjected to sub‐lethal complement attack. It is possible that the rate of utilization of specific metabolic fuels by the cell is increased to enhance cell defence. We have measured the maximum activity of hexokinase, citrate synthase, glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and glutaminase in rat mesenteric lymphocytes exposed to sub‐lethal concentrations of activated complement (present in zymosan‐activated serum, ZAS). These enzymes were carefully selected as they indicate changes of flux in glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and glutaminolysis, respectively. The only enzyme activity to change on exposure of lymphocytes to ZAS was glutaminase, which was enhanced approximately by two‐fold. Although rates of both glutamine and glucose utilization were enhanced by exposure to ZAS, only the rate of oxidation of glutamine was increased. Complement kills anucleated cells by simple osmotic lysis. However, it is likely that some nucleated cells will display characteristics of an ordered death mechanism and we have demonstrated that the concentration of lymphocyte ATP is dramatically decreased by activated complement. Nevertheless, the extent of cell death could be significantly reduced by the addition of inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). We conclude that glutamine metabolism is not only important for lymphocyte proliferative responses but is also important for cell defence from sub‐lethal concentrations of activated complement. The rapid rate of complement‐induced lymphocyte death reported here is suggested to be a consequence of over‐activation of the nuclear enzyme PARP and ATP depletion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glyceraldehyde metabolism in human erythrocytes in comparison with that of glucose and dihydroxyacetone
Authors: Taguchi Tadao , Murase Shigeki , Miwa Ichitomo
Published: September 2002

Metabolism of D‐glyceraldehyde in human erythrocytes in comparison with that of glucose and dihydroxyacetone was studied. Both trioses were metabolized to produce L‐lactate at rates comparable to that of L‐lactate formation from glucose. Almost complete inactivation of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase by treatment of cells with iodoacetate resulted in a 95% decrease in L‐lactate formation from the ketotriose as well as from glucose, whereas L‐lactate formation from the aldotriose was only partially reduced (60%). D‐Lactate was produced faster from either the aldotriose or the ketotriose than from glucose, but the ability of the two trioses to produce D‐lactate was far lower than that to produce L‐lactate. Almost complete inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram and of both aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase II by sorbinil, had no effect on L‐lactate formation from D‐glyceraldehyde. The present study suggests that D‐glyceraldehyde is metabolized via two or more pathways including the glycolytic pathway after its phosphorylation by triokinase, and that neither oxidation to D‐glyceric acid nor reduction to glycerol is a prerequisite for D‐glyceraldehyde metabolism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apoptosis induction by S‐allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, during 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: Balasenthil S. , Rao K. S. , Nagini S.
Published: September 2002

The apoptosis‐inducing capacity of S‐allylcysteine (SAC), a water‐soluble garlic constituent, during 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene‐induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis was investigated in male Syrian hamsters using DNA fragmentation and the apoptosis‐associated proteins, tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and Bcl‐2. Hamsters were divided into four groups of six animals each. Animals in group 1 were painted with a 0.5% solution of DMBA in liquid paraffin on the right buccal pouches three times a week for 14 weeks. Group 2 animals painted with DMBA as in group 1, in addition received 200 mg kg−1 body weight SAC orally on days alternate to DMBA application. Group 3 animals received SAC as in group 2. Group 4 animals received neither DMBA nor SAC and served as the control. The experiment was terminated at the end of 14 weeks. Administration of SAC (200 mg kg−1 body weight) to animals painted with DMBA inhibited DMBA‐induced HBP carcinogenesis as revealed by the absence of neoplasms, induction of tTG and inhibition of Bcl‐2 expression. The results of the present study suggest that SAC may exert its chemopreventive effect by inducing apoptosis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aldosterone impairs insulin responsiveness in U‐937 human promonocytic cells via the downregulation of its own receptor
Authors: Campión J. , Maestro B. , Molero S. , Dávila N. , Carranza M.C. , Calle C.
Published: September 2002

In an earlier study, we have reported an inhibition of insulin receptor (IR) mRNA levels and insulin binding by aldosterone in U‐937 human promonocytic cells. In the present extension of our studies, we demonstrate that this inhibition by aldosterone had no effects on basal glucose transport or on basal thymidine incorporation into DNA, while the cell responsiveness reflected by the maximal response to insulin was decreased by 23% for glucose transport and by 31% for DNA synthesis after the aldosterone treatment. We also prove that this inhibition of the insulin response by aldosterone is mediated by a downregulation of the levels of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) (50% decrease) and their mRNA (50% decrease). In addition, the mineralocorticoid antagonist spironolactone reversed the decrease in MR mRNA levels elicited by aldosterone, which suggests the involvement of this receptor in the process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevention of distal embolization following the treatment of late stent occlusion
Authors: Baker C.S.R. , Rothman Martin T.
Published: September 2002

We report the use of the AngioGard system in the treatment of acute, late in‐stent occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery. This case shows that late stent occlusion can in part be due to in‐stent thrombosis and the use of an embolization protection device should be considered in this context. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:250–252. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcatheter treatment of muscular ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valvar stenosis in an infant
Authors: Butera Gianfranco , Carminati Mario , De Luca Francesco , Chessa Massimo , Bini Margherita Roberta
Published: September 2002

An 11‐month‐old, 8 kg girl with muscular ventricular septal defect and pulmonary valvar stenosis had successful transcatheter treatment of both anomalies. The stenotic pulmonary valve was dilated first by balloon catheter, then the VSD was approached and closed using a 6 mm Amplatzer VSD occluder device. Due to technological improvements, transcatheter techniques are more and more the procedure of choice in a larger number of congenital heart diseases in younger and younger patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:212–216. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeated intracoronary beta radiation for recurrent in‐stent restenosis
Authors: De Benedetti Edoardo , Latchem Donald , Roguelov Christian , Coucke Philippe , Seydoux Charles , Goy Jean‐Jacques , Urban Philip , Eeckhout Eric
Published: September 2002

More than 70% of percutaneous coronary interventions are followed by a stent implantation. In‐stent restenosis still occurs in 20‐30% of patients and remains a therapeutic challenge. At present only vascular brachytherapy has been shown to be an effective treatment option. We report here one case of recurrent in‐stent restenosis after vascular brachytherapy that was successfully treated by a second beta radiation treatment. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:233–236. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transradial approach for coronary angioplasty in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: A dual‐center registry
Authors: Louvard Yves , Ludwig Josef , Lefèvre Thierry , Schmeisser Alexander , Brück Martin , Scheinert Dierk , Loubeyre Christophe , Klinghammer Lutz , Morice Marie‐Claude , Flachskampf Frank A. , Daniel Werner G.
Published: September 2002

Although transradial angioplasty has been shown to have no major entry site–related complications, its clinical applicability for balloon angioplasty and stenting in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is unclear. In order to assess the feasibility, safety, and clinical outcome of transradial access for coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and stenting during AMI, transradial angioplasty for AMI was registered on a prospective database at two European sites (A and B) with experience in the radial approach (RA); 6 Fr catheters with an inner lumen of at least 0.064″ and low‐profile rapid‐exchange balloons were used. Primary success rates and procedural complications of 6 Fr RA were determined and compared to 6 Fr femoral approach (FA) procedures. A total of 1,224 AMI patients entered the registry. Study site A enrolled 185 RA patients (13.6% AMI) and study site B 92 RA patients (63.4%). Patient baseline demographics were similar in both study centers and showed no differences between RA and FA patients, except a more frequent use of abciximab in study site B compared to A. PTCA was successful in > 95% of both RA and FA patients. Total procedural time did not differ between RA and FA patients. Severe access site–related bleeding complications, however, were observed in FA patients only: study site A used closure devices routinely and found 2% severe bleedings; study site B used no closure device for FA patients and observed 7% severe bleedings. In selected patients and in experienced hands, transradial PTCA in AMI has a high success rate, is clinically safe, and could become an attractive alternative access site for patients being at high or even low risk for bleeding complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:206–211. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noncoronary transradial angioplasty with coronary equipment: A less invasive technique
Authors: Sharma G.L. , Louvard Yves , Morice Marie Claude , Lefevre Thierry , Loubeyre Christophe , Dumas Pierre , Piechaud Jean François
Published: September 2002

As the safety and feasibility of the transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions have already been established by many series, we evaluate the safety and feasibility of this approach in noncoronary interventions such as renal, celiac, mesenteric, and subclavian angioplasty procedures. We present here our preliminary experience of noncoronary interventions via the transradial approach using coronary equipment with 100% technical and clinical success. Nine noncoronary interventions were performed in seven patients (five renal, two celiac, one mesenteric and subclavian angioplasty each). The advantage of this approach is that it limits arterial wall damage as well as potential distal embolization by the use of small guiding catheters and 0.014″ guidewires. The only limitation of this approach for noncoronary interventions is the guiding catheter length in tall patients and the unavailability of large coronary balloons for subclavian, celiac, and renal interventions. With the miniaturization of equipment and improvements in technique, this approach will also become an excellent alternative for noncoronary interventions. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:197–205. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicenter Palmaz stent renal artery stenosis revascularization registry report: Four‐year follow‐up of 1,058 successful patients
Authors: Dorros Gerald , Jaff Michael , Mathiak Lynne , He Thomas
Published: September 2002

Palmaz‐Schatz stent revascularization of renal artery stenosis was successfully performed on 1,058 patients who were entered into a voluntary, multicenter registry. The revascularization procedures were performed because of poorly controlled hypertension, preservation of renal function, and congestive heart failure. All 1,058 patients were eligible for ≥ 6‐month clinical follow‐up, which focused on subsequent renal function, blood pressure, number of antihypertensive medications, and survival. At 4‐year follow‐up, systolic and diastolic blood pressures had significantly decreased (168 ± 27 mm Hg to 147 ± 21 mm Hg, and 84 ± 15 to 78 ± 12 mm Hg; P < 0.05) and the blood pressure appeared to be more facilely controlled as indicated by the concomitant decrease in number of antihypertensive medications (2.4 ± 1.1 to 2.0 ± 1.0; P < 0.05). Serum creatinine had also significantly decreased (1.7 ± 1.1 to 1.3 ± 0.8 mg/dl; P < 0.05). The cumulative probability of survival was 74% ± 3% at 4 years. Survival was good for patients with normal (85% ± 3%) baseline renal function, fair (78% ± 5%) with mildly impaired renal function, and poor (49% ± 5%) with severely impaired renal function (baseline creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dl). The combination of impaired renal function and bilateral disease adversely effected survival (unilateral 55% ± 6% vs. bilateral 36% ± 11%; P < 0.05). Renal artery stent revascularization, in the presence of normal or mildly impaired renal function, had a beneficial effect on blood pressure control and on renal function (through stabilization or improvement). Survival was adversely effected by renal dysfunction despite adequate revascularization. Perhaps early diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and adequate revascularization prior to the onset of renal dysfunction could beneficially impact blood pressure control, preserve or prevent deterioration of renal function, and improve patient survival. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:182–188. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conserved ‘hypothetical’ proteins: new hints and new puzzles
Authors: Galperin Michael Y.
Published: September 2002

Conserved hypothetical proteins, i.e. conserved proteins whose functions are still unknown, pose a challenge not just to functional genomics but also to general biology. For many conserved proteins, computational analysis provides only a general prediction of biochemical function; their exact biological functions have to be established through direct experimentation. In the few cases when this has been accomplished, the results were remarkable, revealing the deoxyxylulose pathway and a new essential enzyme, the ITP pyrophosphatase. Comparative genome analysis is also instrumental in illuminating unsolved problems in biology, e.g. the mechanism of FtsZ‐independent cell division in Chlamydia, Ureaplasma and Aeropyrum or the role of uncharacterized conserved domains in signal transduction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elongation of hair cell stereocilia is defective in the mouse mutant whirler
Authors: Holme Ralph H. , Kiernan Brent W. , Brown Steve D.M. , Steel Karen P.
Published: September 2002

The recessive mouse mutant whirler (wi) shows no response to sound and exhibits circling and head‐tossing behaviour, indicative of both auditory and vestibular dysfunction. The wi mutation maps genetically to mouse chromosome 4. We examined the organ of Corti of whirler mutants to explore the possibility that the wi mutation affects sensory hair cells. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that the specialised microvilli (stereocilia) that are projected by the sensory hair cells and are vital for sound transduction are abnormal in wi homozygotes. Specifically, wi homozygous inner hair cell (IHC) stereocilia are approximately half the length of equivalent stereocilia in heterozygous littermates. They are arranged normally into ranks, but the gradation in height and width of stereocilia in adjacent ranks is less prominent in wi homozygotes. Analysis of IHC stereocilia during the course of their development shows that, by embryonic day 18.5, mutant stereocilia are already significantly shorter than those in controls. Mutant stereocilia elongate at a normal rate, at least until postnatal day 1, but prematurely stop elongating between postnatal days 1 and 4. Stereocilia length then decreases. At postnatal day 15, outer hair cell (OHC) stereocilia in wi homozygotes appear short and are arranged in a rounded, “U” shape rather than the normal “W” or “V” shape. Eventually, both IHCs and OHCs degenerate. We show that the whirler locus encodes a protein(s) required for the elongation and maintenance of IHC and OHC stereocilia. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:94–102, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normal dendritic arborization in spinal motoneurons requires neurofilament subunit L
Authors: Zhang Zaixiang , Casey Diane M. , Julien Jean‐Pierre , Xu Zuoshang
Published: September 2002

Neurofilaments, composed of three polypeptide subunits, NF‐L, NF‐M, and NF‐H, are major cytoskeletal elements in large neurons with long axons. Neurofilaments play a critical role in the development of axonal diameter; however, their role in the development of dendrites is largely unknown. By overexpressing different neurofilament subunits, we previously demonstrated that alteration of neurofilament subunit composition resulted in dramatic changes in dendritic arborization. To further determine the role of neurofilaments in dendritic growth, we examined and compared the dendritic architecture of spinal cord neurons in young NF‐L knockout (−/−), heterozygous (+/−), and wild‐type (+/+) mice. We show that an absence or reduction in the expression of NF‐L inhibited dendritic growth most dramatically in large motoneurons, mildly in medium neurons, but had no effect on small neurons. We also reveal that a decrease in NF‐L leads to an increase in NF‐M and NF‐H subunits in cell bodies and their reduction in dendrites. These results demonstrate that NF‐L is a critical intrinsic factor for dendritic growth in large motoneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:144–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogenetic organization of the FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the nervus terminalis of the lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri
Authors: Fiorentino Maria , D'Aniello Biagio , Joss Jean , Polese Gianluca , Rastogi Rakesh K.
Published: September 2002

The development of the nervus terminalis system in the lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, was investigated by using FMRFamide as a marker. FMRFamide immunoreactivity appears first within the brain, in the dorsal hypothalamus at a stage around hatching. At a slightly later stage, immunoreactivity appears in the olfactory mucosa. These immunoreactive cells move outside the olfactory organ to form the ganglion of the nervus terminalis. Immunoreactive processes emerge from the ganglion of the nervus terminalis in two directions, one which joins the olfactory nerve to travel to the brain and the other which courses below the brain to enter at the level of the preoptic nucleus. Neither the ganglion of the nervus terminalis nor the two branches of the nervus terminalis form after surgical removal of the olfactory placode at a stage before the development of FMRFamide immunoreactivity external to the brain. Because this study has confirmed that the nervus terminalis in lungfish comprises both an anterior and a posterior branch, it forms the basis for discussion of homology between these branches and the nervus terminalis of other anamniote vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:115–121, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Premotor circuits controlling eyelid movements in conjunction with vertical saccades in the cat: I. The rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus
Authors: Chen Bingzhong , May Paul J.
Published: September 2002

Saccadic eye movements in the vertical plane are controlled by the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Eye movements in the vertical direction are accompanied by concurrent upper eye lid movements. These gaze‐related lid movements are produced by the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, whose motoneurons are located in the caudal central subdivision (CCS) of the oculomotor nucleus. The neural circuits that direct such gaze‐related lid movements were examined by use of both conventional and dual neuronal tracing methods in the cat. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) into the area of the CCS revealed a distinctive subset of retrogradely labeled neurons located in the caudomedial portion of the riMLF. This subset of riMLF neurons was not labeled when injections were localized within the oculomotor nucleus proper, without involving the CCS. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) that included this caudomedial riMLF region anterogradely labeled axons that projected profusely throughout the CCS. Labeled terminals were seen in close association with retrogradely labeled levator palpebrae motoneurons, which were primarily found contralateral to WGA‐HRP muscle injections. Ultrastructural examination revealed that most BDA‐labeled terminals contained clear spherical vesicles and formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts, primarily on the proximal dendrites of WGA‐HRP‐labeled motoneurons. A few had pleiomorphic vesicles. In summary, these results strongly suggest that the caudomedial part of the cat riMLF is a premotor center that monosynaptically controls lid movements in conjunction with vertical saccades. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:183–202, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐Gaussian invariant measures for the Majda model of decaying turbulent transport
Authors: Vanden Eijnden Eric
Published: September 2002

The problem of turbulent transport of a scalar field by a random velocity field is considered. The scalar field amplitude exhibits rare but very large fluctuations whose typical signature are fatter than Gaussian tails for the probability distribution of the scalar. The existence of such large fluctuations is related to clustering phenomena of the Lagrangian paths within the flow. This suggests an approach to turn the large deviation problem for the scalar field into a small deviation, or small ball, problem for some appropriately defined process measuring the spreading with time of the Lagrangian paths. Here, such a methodology is applied to a model proposed by Majda consisting of a white‐in‐time linear shear flow and some generalizations of it where the velocity field has finite, or even infinite, correlation time. The non‐Gaussian invariant measure for the (reduced) scalar field is derived and, in particular, it is shown that the one‐point distribution of the scalar has stretched exponential tails, with a stretching exponent depending of the parameters in the model. Different universality classes for the scalar behavior are identified which, all other parameters being kept fixed, display a one‐to‐one correspondence with a exponent measuring time persistence effects in the velocity field. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Compactness in Ginzburg‐Landau energy by kinetic averaging
Authors: Jabin Pierre‐Emmanuel , Berthame Benoît
Published: September 2002

We consider a Ginzburg‐Landau energy for two dimensional divergence free fields appearing in the gradient theory of phase transition for instance. We prove that, as the relaxation parameter vanishes, families of such fields with finite energy are compact in Lp (Ω). Our proof is based on a kinetic interpretation of the entropies which were introduced by Desimone, Kohn, Müller and Otto. The so‐called kinetic averaging lemmas allow to generalize their compactness results. Also the method yields a kinetic equation for the limit where the right‐hand side is an unknown kinetic defect bounded measure from which we deduce some Sobolev regularity. This measure also satisfies some cancellation properties depending on its local regularity, which seem to indicate several level of singularities in the limit. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A parallel Viterbi decoding algorithm
Authors: Reeve J. S.
Published: September 2002

In this paper we express the Viterbi algorithm as a matrix–vector reduction in which multiplication is replaced by addition and addition by minimization. The resulting algorithm is then readily parallelized in a form suitable for implementation on a systolic processor array. We describe the algorithm for Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes which have a task graph with its valence restricted to four inputs and four outputs. The method is also applicable to convolution codes, but the complexity of the task graph increases with the number of input bits for these codes. Results for BCH codes are given for two general purpose parallel machines, an IBM SP2 and a Meiko CS2. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic configuration of access control for mobile components inFarGo
Authors: Gidron Yoad , Ben‐Shaul Israel , Holder Ophir , Aridor Yariv
Published: September 2002

Component mobility is an important enabling technology for the design of wide area pervasive applications, but it introduces new challenges in the critical aspect of access control. In particular, when mobility is used for dynamic relocation of distributed components, access from both remote and local mobile components needs to be uniformly controlled. The dynamic determination of execution location, possibly crossing multiple administrative authorities, requires dynamic establishment and enforcement of access control. The deployment over widely heterogeneous hosts and devices requires integration of access control with dynamic probing of resource availability so as to influence the relocation process.

This paper presents a model for dynamic specification and enforcement of access control in the context of dynamically relocatable components, and an implementation in the Java‐basedFarGoframework. The specification follows a negotiation‐based protocol that enables dynamic matching of available and required resources by providers and consumers, respectively. Enforcement is provided through a capability‐based secure component reference architecture, which uniformly applies to both local and remote references, and through instance‐level, as opposed to type‐level (supported in Java), access control. Finally, access control is integrated into the programming model in a non‐intrusive fashion, by separating the encoding of access control from the encoding of the logic of the application. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance investigation of an on‐line auction system
Authors: Hillston Jane , Kloul Leïla
Published: September 2002

The standard design of on‐line auction systems places most of the computational load on the server and its adjacent links, resulting in a bottleneck in the system. In this paper, we investigate the impact, in terms of the performance of the server and its adjacent links, of introducing active nodes into the network. The performance study of the system is done using the stochastic process algebra formalism PEPA. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault‐tolerant holonic manufacturing systems
Authors: Fletcher Martyn , Deen S. Misbah
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a model of fault‐tolerant holonic manufacturing systems (HMS) where each holon's activities are controlled by an intelligent software agent. Multiple agents schedule actions, resolve conflicts and manage information to produce, transport, assemble, inspect and store customized products. Our model provides robustness and distribution transparency across a shop‐floor where unpredictable failures occur with machines, control software and communication networks. Each autonomous holon is composed of a hierarchy of large‐grain functional components where interaction is carried out by user‐defined cooperation strategies. These strategies enable holons to coordinate their behaviour through exchanging messages and sensing/actuating of their shared environment. Therefore, holonic agents can select suitable rescheduling and recovery mechanisms to tolerate faults and keep the manufacturing system working. We also propose how the IEC 1499 standard (Function Block Architecture) for distributed control systems could be used to implement our model. The model presented here is a crystallization of some abstract concepts from a generic cooperating agent system, with suitable extensions to meet the criteria of the ongoing HMS project. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.