bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corea or Cho-sen
Authors: Savage Landor A. Henry
Published: June 2015

Born and educated in Florence, Arnold Henry Savage Landor (1867–1925) abandoned his art studies in Paris in favour of adventurous expeditions across Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. A fellow of the Royal Geographical Society from 1892, Landor was also made a member of the Royal Institution in 1897. Dismissive of specialist equipment, he embarked on extraordinary trips that often required considerable courage and endurance. Another of his publications, Alone with the Hairy Ainu (1893), is also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. The present work, first published in 1895, is an absorbing account of the geography, people and culture of Korea. While Landor's grasp of the forces of change at work in the country may be partial, the work nevertheless demonstrates a valuable understanding of Korean culture and customs not found in earlier accounts. Many fine illustrations by Landor himself increase the book's appeal.
Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the Great Loo-Choo Island
Authors: Hall Basil , Clifford H. J.
Published: June 2015

A naval officer and man of science, Basil Hall (1788–1844) commanded the brig HMS Lyra as part of Lord Amherst's 1816 embassy to the Qing court in China. While Amherst was engaged on his ultimately abortive venture, the mission's ships visited the west coast of Korea, and then travelled to the island of Okinawa (then known as the Great Loo-Choo Island), where they stayed for several weeks. Little was known about these regions in Britain, and this illustrated account of the journey offered many insights. As well as providing nautical data, such as surveys, soundings and meteorological observations, Hall also comments on geography and culture. A substantial vocabulary and primer on the Okinawan language, compiled by fellow naval officer H. J. Clifford, is included in the appendix. Hall's narratives of his later travels to both North and South America are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
A Handbook of Colloquial Japanese
Authors: Chamberlain Basil Hall
Published: June 2015

Travelling in order to recover from a nervous breakdown, Basil Hall Chamberlain (1850–1935) arrived in Yokohama, Japan, in May 1873. He was immediately fascinated by traditional Japanese culture. At the same time, the national drive for modernisation in the wake of the Meiji Restoration had created a demand for teachers of English. Chamberlain was taken on as a tutor in the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, at the same time studying the Japanese language to such good effect that in 1886 he was made professor of Japanese and philology at the Imperial University (later Tokyo University). This 1888 Japanese primer is split into theoretical and practical parts: a Japanese grammar and a vocabulary of useful words and phrases. Chamberlain gives both literal and free translations of phrases and short texts for the learner. His encyclopaedia of Japan, Things Japanese (1890) is also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection.
Corea, the Hermit Nation
Authors: Griffis William Elliot
Published: June 2015

Described as a 'hermit nation' because it isolated itself from the rest of the world, Korea remained very little known to English speakers in the late nineteenth century. During his time in Japan, the American author and educator William Elliot Griffis (1843–1928), who did much to foster understanding between the United States and Japan, became fascinated by Korea and its influence on Japanese history and culture. This historical outline of Korea is compiled from printed sources and eyewitness accounts rather than from personal experience since Griffis was yet to visit Korea at this point. Despite this, and the fact that he was sometimes criticised for presenting Korea in comparison with Japan, this book was well received. First published in 1882, it contains an annotated bibliography and features maps and illustrations throughout. Griffis' most famous work on Japan, The Mikado's Empire (1877), is also reissued in this series.
Discoveries at Ephesus
Authors: Wood John Turtle
Published: June 2015

In 1863, the English architect John Turtle Wood (1821–90) resigned from a railway development project in western Turkey to begin his search at Ephesus for the Temple of Artemis, lost from view since the middle ages. In the first part of this well-illustrated 1877 publication, Wood describes the city and the initial excavations carried out with support from the British Museum. This survey of various structures concludes with Wood's work at the great theatre, where he found the Greek inscription that helped direct him to the correct location of the temple in 1869. Part II focuses on the exhausting four years that Wood spent excavating the temple, which was buried under many layers of sand. The appendix presents Greek and Latin inscriptions, with facing-page translations, from various Ephesian sites. Also reissued in this series, Edward Falkener's Ephesus (1862) includes a review of references to the temple in ancient writings.
The Wallet-Book of the Roman Wall
Authors: Bruce John Collingwood
Published: June 2015

After the success of his 1851 book on the Roman Wall (also reissued in this series), in 1863 John Collingwood Bruce (1805–92) published this shorter work, intended as 'a guide to pilgrims journeying along the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus'. Designed 'for the field, not the library table', it sought 'to inform the traveller what he is to look for, and to assist him in examining it'. Bruce first gives a short history of the wall, including medieval and more recent accounts, and then an overview of the 73-mile structure itself, from Wallsend in the east to Bowness in the west. The remainder of the book, illustrated with maps and line engravings, leads the traveller from section to section, noting details such as the re-use of Roman masonry in more recent buildings. This guide was enormously popular, and newly revised versions continue to be published in the twenty-first century.
Ephesus, and the Temple of Diana
Authors: Falkener Edward
Published: June 2015

The English architect and archaeologist Edward Falkener (1814–96) spent a fortnight sketching the ancient ruins of Ephesus during his trip through Anatolia in the 1840s. In Part I of this 1862 publication, he tries to reconstruct the architectural features of Ephesian buildings, tracing the history of the city. Falkener's accomplished sketches and layouts display his artistic talent, which won him the grand medal of honour at the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1855. Part II focuses on the Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Falkener surveys ancient writings relating to the Greek temple, which still awaited rediscovery at that time. Although his speculations about the location of the temple were later proven wrong by John Turtle Wood, who correctly identified the site in 1869 (his 1877 account is also reissued in this series), Falkener's work added to the Victorian interest in ancient architecture.
A Monograph of the British Fossil Corals
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: June 2015

In this supplementary monograph, originally published 1866–72, the English geologist Peter Martin Duncan (1824–91) treats only those British fossil corals that were unknown to Edwards and Haime in their preceding monograph (also reissued in this series), and those that needed revision. The two works were meant to be used together, and Duncan includes combined indexes. Featuring similar white-on-black engravings, the work starts with the Eocene and proceeds stratigraphically downwards, ending with corals from around the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. The intention to cover Palaeozoic corals was never fulfilled, so this monograph concerns scleractinians. Duncan includes an introductory treatment of the anatomy of living scleractinians, in support of his claim to offer a new taxonomical approach. He also draws attention to 'the entirely new [Eocene (Bartonian)] Coral-fauna of Brockenhurst'. This was auspicious, since recent study of this fauna sheds light on the origin of the modern Indo-Pacific coral hotspot.
A History of Japanese Literature
Authors: Aston W. G.
Published: June 2015

The diplomat and Japanese and Korean scholar William George Aston (1841–1911) wrote several highly regarded publications, particularly on the Japanese language. This work is a chronological survey of Japanese literature from its early songs to the European-influenced works of the nineteenth century. It covers lyrics, poetry, prose and children's stories, and charts the major themes in the history of Japanese learning. At the time of publication in 1899, Japanese literature was little known to European readers, and Aston is careful to assume no prior knowledge of the subject, focusing instead on the most important works and writers, and providing contextual political and religious detail where necessary. His treatment of contemporary literature, and of works not typically discussed for their literary merit, was groundbreaking. The book as a whole remained unsurpassed for eighty years. Aston's introductory survey of traditional Japanese religion, Shinto (1907), is also reissued in this series.
Decentralization and Intrastate Struggles
Authors: Bakke Kristin M.
Published: June 2015

There is no one-size-fits-all decentralized fix to deeply divided and conflict-ridden states. One of the hotly debated policy prescriptions for states facing self-determination demands is some form of decentralized governance - including regional autonomy arrangements and federalism - which grants minority groups a degree of self-rule. Yet the track record of existing decentralized states suggests that these have widely divergent capacity to contain conflicts within their borders. Through in-depth case studies of Chechnya, Punjab and Québec, as well as a statistical cross-country analysis, this book argues that while policy, fiscal approach, and political decentralization can, indeed, be peace-preserving at times, the effects of these institutions are conditioned by traits of the societies they (are meant to) govern. Decentralization may help preserve peace in one country or in one region, but it may have just the opposite effect in a country or region with different ethnic and economic characteristics.
A Monograph of the British Trilobites from the Cambrian, Silurian, and Devonian Formations
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: June 2015

At the time of his death, John William Salter (1820–69) was dubbed 'the prince of palaeontologists'. A true naturalist with a particular interest in Trilobita, he started publishing this monograph in 1864, and three further parts were issued in 1865–7. But his heath failed and he died, leaving around half of the trilobites then known from Britain unclassified; the work was wound up in 1883. Though unfinished, Salter's monograph has thirty excellent plates which make it an essential starting point for the study of British Devonian, Silurian and Ordovician trilobites. The monograph is also frequently cited because Salter's 'preliminary classification of trilobites', though brief, was the best devised up to that time, and has since served as a framework for the classifications used today. Salter introduced four orders of trilobites, three of which - Phacopida, Asaphida, Agnostida - are generally recognised today; only his group 'Ampycini' is not now used.
The Great Auk, or Garefowl
Authors: Grieve Symington
Published: June 2015

The great auk (Pinguinus impennis, formerly Alca impennis), a flightless bird of the north Atlantic, became extinct in the mid-1850s because of over-hunting - apart from being used as a food source and as fish-bait, its down was used for feather beds, and efforts in the early nineteenth century to reduce the slaughter were not effective. The last breeding pair was killed in 1844. This 1885 work by Scottish naturalist and scientist Symington Grieve (1850–1932) collects together 'a considerable amount of literature bearing upon the 'History, Archaeology, and Remains' of this extinct bird'. The material includes articles on the historic distribution of the great auk, its known habits, its various names, and information on all the surviving specimens, whether stuffed, skeletal, bones, or eggs. The book is illustrated with drawings and lithographs of auk remains, and an appendix supplies historical and contemporary documents on the auk from all over Europe.
Among the Himalayas
Authors: Waddell L. Austine
Published: June 2015

Laurence Austine Waddell (1854–1938) spent twenty-five years as a medical officer in the colonial Indian Medical Service. Fascinated by the landscapes and cultures of Darjeeling and Tibet, and inspired by reports from British spies surveying the remote Himalayan valleys, Waddell studied local languages, and spent his leisure time researching and writing on Tibetan topics. His books The Buddhism of Tibet (1895) and Lhasa and its Mysteries (1905) are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. This 1899 publication, illustrated with photographs and drawings, claims to describe 'the grandest part of the grandest mountains in the world', for the first time since Hooker (whose 1854 Himalayan Journals are also reissued), and anticipates today's trekking industry. Waddell's colourful account of jungles, snakes, glaciers, yaks, dizzying mountain ridges, rickety bamboo bridges, tribal peoples and unfamiliar food aims to 'bring home to the reader a whiff of the bracing breezes of the Himalayas'.
Lhasa and its Mysteries
Authors: Waddell L. Austine
Published: June 2015

A successful officer in the colonial Indian Medical Service, Glasgow-educated Laurence Austine Waddell (1854–1938) was fascinated by the landscapes and cultures of Darjeeling and Tibet, studied local languages, and spent his leisure time researching and writing on Tibetan topics. His earlier books The Buddhism of Tibet (1895) and Among the Himalayas (1899) are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection. Waddell had attempted to enter Lhasa (then closed to foreigners) in disguise in 1892, but did not succeed until he accompanied the controversial British expedition to Tibet in 1903–4; he describes his arrival there as 'the realisation of a vivid and long-cherished dream'. His eyewitness account of how the 'peaceful mission' became an 'invasion' occupies the first half of this 1905 publication. The later chapters vividly portray the city and its inhabitants. The book includes more than a hundred of Waddell's own photographs, as well as maps and line drawings.
Cocoa
Authors: Cadbury Richard
Published: June 2015

In Britain, the name of Cadbury has been synonymous with chocolate ever since John Cadbury opened his factory in 1831. This book, written by Richard Cadbury (1835–99) under the pen name 'Historicus', was published in 1892. It describes the natural history of the tropical American cocoa plant, its spread in cultivation across the world, and the history of its use. He also deals with the manufacturing process, as exemplified by the Cadbury factory at Bournville, surrounded by the model housing and leisure facilities which the family built for its workers. The processing of cocoa beans into solid and drinking chocolate is described in detail, with emphasis on the developments in machinery which simplified production. A chapter deals with the importance of the vanilla plant for flavouring, and an appendix gives guidance on the cultivation of cocoa trees. This remains a fascinating account of one of the world's most popular indulgences.
A History of the Later Roman Empire
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: June 2015

The classical historian J. B. Bury (1861–1927) was the author of a history of Greece which was a standard textbook for over a century. He also wrote on later periods, and, in this two-volume work of 1889, examines Byzantine history from 395 to 800. Arguing for the underlying continuity of the Roman empire from the time of Augustus until 1453, Bury nevertheless begins his account in the year in which, on the death of Theodosius I, the empire was divided into eastern and western parts, and Constantinople began to take on the metropolitan role formerly held by Rome. Broadly chronological, but with an extended section on the state of the empire at the end of the fourth century, Volume 1 covers the period to the deaths of Belisarius and Justinian in 565, examining the decline of paganism, the inroads of 'barbarians', and the cultural milieu of the early Byzantine empire.
A History of the Eastern Roman Empire
Authors: Bury J. B.
Published: June 2015

The classical historian J. B. Bury (1861–1927) was the author of a history of Greece which was a standard textbook for over a century. He also wrote on the later history of the Roman empire, and, in this 1912 work, examines the Byzantine empire in the ninth century. The book is a continuation of his two-volume History of the Later Roman Empire of 1889, which covers the period from 395 to 800 (and is also reissued in this series), and reflects Bury's belief that the century-long so-called Amorian epoch 'is not a mere epilogue, and is much more than a prologue' between the better-known periods of Byzantine history that preceded and followed it. In this period, iconoclasm again became a cause of civil strife, and wars on the eastern frontier were a strain on the military resources of the empire, while at least two of the emperors were murdered.
Thomas Paine and the Idea of Human Rights
Authors: Lamb Robert
Published: June 2015

Thomas Paine is a legendary Anglo-American political icon: a passionate, plain-speaking, relentlessly controversial, revolutionary campaigner, whose writings captured the zeitgeist of the two most significant political events of the eighteenth century, the American and French Revolutions. Though widely acknowledged by historians as one of the most important and influential pamphleteers, rhetoricians, polemicists and political actors of his age, the philosophical content of his writing has nevertheless been almost entirely ignored. This book takes Paine's political philosophy seriously. It explores his views concerning a number of perennial issues in modern political thought including the grounds for, and limits to, political obligation; the nature of representative democracy; the justification for private property ownership; international relations; and the relationship between secular liberalism and religion. It shows that Paine offers a historically and philosophically distinct account of liberalism and a theory of human rights that is a progenitor of our own.
What Our Hands Say: Exploring Gesture Use in Subgroups of Children With Language Delay
Authors: O'Neill Hilary , Chiat Shula
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate whether children with receptive-expressive language delay (R/ELD) and expressive-only language delay (ELD) differ in their use of gesture; to examine relationships between their use of gesture, symbolic comprehension, and language; to consider implications for assessment and for the nature of problems underlying different profiles of early language delay.

Method

Twelve children with ELD (8 boys, 4 girls) and 10 children with R/ELD (8 boys, 2 girls), aged 2–3 years, were assessed on measures of gesture use and symbolic comprehension.

Results

Performance of the R/ELD group was significantly poorer than performance of the ELD group on measures of gesture and symbolic comprehension. Gesture use and symbolic comprehension were significantly associated with receptive language, but associations with expressive language were not significant.

Conclusions

Findings of this study support previous research pointing to links between gesture and language development, and more specifically, between delays in gesture, symbolic understanding, and receptive rather than expressive language. Given potentially important implications for the nature of problems underlying ELD and R/ELD, and for assessment of children with language delay, this preliminary study invites further investigation comparing the use of different gesture types in samples of children matched on age and nonverbal IQ.
Linear dispersion properties of ring velocity distribution functions
Authors: Vandas Marek , Hellinger Petr
Published: June 2015

Linear properties of ring velocity distribution functions are investigated. The dispersion tensor in a form similar to the case of a Maxwellian distribution function, but for a general distribution function separable in velocities, is presented. Analytical forms of the dispersion tensor are derived for two cases of ring velocity distribution functions: one obtained from physical arguments and one for the usual, ad hoc ring distribution. The analytical expressions involve generalized hypergeometric, Kampé de Fériet functions of two arguments. For a set of plasma parameters, the two ring distribution functions are compared. At the parallel propagation with respect to the ambient magnetic field, the two ring distributions give the same results identical to the corresponding bi-Maxwellian distribution. At oblique propagation, the two ring distributions give similar results only for strong instabilities, whereas for weak growth rates their predictions are significantly different; the two ring distributions have different marginal stability conditions.
The sea lamprey meiotic map improves resolution of ancient vertebrate genome duplications
Authors: Smith Jeramiah J. , Keinath Melissa C.
Published: June 2015

It is generally accepted that many genes present in vertebrate genomes owe their origin to two whole-genome duplications that occurred deep in the ancestry of the vertebrate lineage. However, details regarding the timing and outcome of these duplications are not well resolved. We present high-density meiotic and comparative genomic maps for the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a representative of an ancient lineage that diverged from all other vertebrates ∼550 million years ago. Linkage analyses yielded a total of 95 linkage groups, similar to the estimated number of germline chromosomes (1n ∼ 99), spanning a total of 5570.25 cM. Comparative mapping data yield strong support for the hypothesis that a single whole-genome duplication occurred in the basal vertebrate lineage, but do not strongly support a hypothetical second event. Rather, these comparative maps reveal several evolutionarily independent segmental duplications occurring over the last 600+ million years of chordate evolution. This refined history of vertebrate genome duplication should permit more precise investigations of vertebrate evolution.
Excess Metabolic Syndrome Risks Among Women Health Workers Compared With Men
Authors: Adeoye Abiodun M. , Adewoye Ifeoluwa A. , Dairo David M. , Adebiyi Adewole , Lackland Daniel T. , Ogedegbe Gbenga , Tayo Bamidele O.
Published: June 2015

Metabolic syndrome is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although significant disparities in the risks of metabolic syndrome by occupation type and sex are well documented, the factors associated with metabolic syndrome in low‐ to middle‐income countries remain unclear. These gaps in evidence identify the need for patterns of metabolic syndrome among hospital personnel of both sexes in Nigeria. A total of 256 hospital workers comprising 32.8% men were studied. The mean age of the participants was 42.03±9.4 years. Using International Diabetic Federation criteria, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 24.2%. Women were substantially and significantly more likely to be identified with metabolic syndrome compared with men (34.9% vs 2.4%, respectively;P=.0001). This study identified metabolic syndrome among health workers with over one third of women with metabolic syndrome compared with <10% of men. These results support the implementation of lifestyle modification programs for management of metabolic syndrome in the health care workplace.
Macroevolutionary persistence of heritable endosymbionts: acquisition, retention and expression of adaptive phenotypes in Spiroplasma
Authors: Haselkorn Tamara S. , Jaenike John
Published: June 2015

The phylogenetic incongruence between insects and their facultative maternally transmitted endosymbionts indicates that these infections are generally short‐lived evolutionarily. Therefore, long‐term persistence of many endosymbionts must depend on their ability to colonize and spread within new host species. At least 17 species of Drosophila are infected with endosymbiotic Spiroplasma that have various phenotypic effects. We transinfected five strains of Spiroplasma from three divergent clades into Drosophila neotestacea to test their capacity to spread in a novel host. A strain that causes male killing in Drosophila melanogaster (its native host) also does so in D. neotestacea, even though these host species diverged 40–60 mya. A strain native to D. neotestacea (designated sNeo) and the two other strains of the poulsonii clade of Spiroplasma confer resistance to wasp parasitism, suggesting that this trait may be ancestral within this clade of Spiroplasma. Conversely, no strain other than sNeo conferred resistance to the sterilizing effects of nematode parasitism, suggesting that nematode resistance is a recently derived condition. The apparent addition of nematode resistance to a Spiroplasma lineage that already confers resistance to wasp parasitism suggests endosymbionts can increase the repertoire of traits conducive to their spread. The capacity of an endosymbiont to undergo maternal transmission and express adaptive phenotypes in novel hosts, without requiring a period of host–symbiont co‐evolution, enables the spread of such symbionts immediately after the colonization of a new host. This could be critical for the macroevolutionary persistence of facultative endosymbionts whose sojourn times within individual host species are relatively brief.
Facilitation consequences for reproduction of the benefactor cushion plant Laretia acaulis along an elevational gradient: costs or benefits?
Authors: García Mary Carolina , Bader Maaike Y. , Cavieres Lohengrin A.
Published: June 2015

Environmental stress may favour facilitative interactions among plants but whether these interactions are positive for the benefactor and how this depends on stress factors, remains to be determined. We studied the effect of beneficiary cover and biomass on reproduction of the benefactor cushion plant Laretia acaulis (Apiaceae) in the central Chilean Andes during three years. Study sites were situated along an elevational gradient at 2600, 2800, 3000 and 3150 m a.s.l. This range comprises a cold‐ and a drought‐stress gradient, with moisture increasing and temperature decreasing with elevation. We studied the effect of natural gradients in beneficiary cover and of experimental cover removal on cushion flower and fruit production. Beneficiary cover had a negative effect on flower production but not on infructescence and fruit densities or fruit weights. A positive effect of beneficiaries on the fraction of flowers converted into fruits was detected for hermaphrodite cushions. The effect of beneficiary cover on flowering was independent of elevation or cushion gender, although these latter factors explained most of the variation. Removing the aboveground parts of the beneficiaries positively affected flowering at 2800 m a.s.l. but not at the other elevations. Our results suggest negative effects of facilitation on L. acaulis flowering, but these are neutralized in fruit production. Surprisingly, this conclusion holds along the entire elevational or stress gradient. This suggests that this system of facilitation is evolutionarily stable and not very sensitive to environmental change. It remains to be tested, however, whether facilitation affects fitness via growth and long‐term survival in these slow‐growing alpine cushions.
Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy beyond morphea: experience in 83 patients
Authors: Connolly Karen L. , Griffith James L. , McEvoy Marian , Lim Henry W.
Published: June 2015

Background/Purpose

Ultraviolet A1 (UVA1) phototherapy has been used for over 15 years in the United States, primarily for the treatment of localized sclerosis and various sclerosing disorders. The objective was to describe use of UVA1 for dermatoses beyond localized sclerosis at two academic institutions.

Methods

Data from 83 patients treated with low‐ (20–40 J/cm2), medium‐ (>40–80 J/cm2), and high‐ (>80–120 J/cm2) dose UVA1 phototherapy was retrospectively analyzed. The mean individual treatment dose (J/cm2), the mean number of sessions, and the mean total dose (J/cm2) were evaluated. Effectiveness was assessed by reviewing clinical examination notes from office visits.

Results

Good therapeutic efficacy was seen in patients with systemic sclerosis (SS, 16 patients), graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD, 25 patients), and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF, 17 patients). A statistically significant a dose–response association was observed in the cases of SS, GVHD and NSF. Likelihood of clinical improvement from UVA1 phototherapy was very likely for medium‐ and high‐dose regimens in SS, while this level of improvement was only observed in GVHD and NSF patients receiving high‐dose UVA1.

Conclusion

UVA1 phototherapy is effective and safe in the treatment of GVHD, NSF, SS, and mast cell disorders. High‐dose regimens appear to be more effective than medium‐ and low‐dose regimens for NSF and GVHD, while medium‐ and high‐dose regimens outperform low‐dose UVA1 in SS.
Wear biomechanics in the slicing dentition of the giant horned dinosaur
Triceratops
Authors: Erickson Gregory M. , Sidebottom Mark A. , Kay David I. , Turner Kevin T. , Ip Nathan , Norell Mark A. , Sawyer W. Gregory , Krick Brandon A.
Published: June 2015

Triceratops developed complex dental morphology, allowing it to become a dominant herbivore in the late Mesozoic era.
Topological
R
PdBi half-Heusler semimetals: A new family of noncentrosymmetric magnetic superconductors
Authors: Nakajima Yasuyuki , Hu Rongwei , Kirshenbaum Kevin , Hughes Alex , Syers Paul , Wang Xiangfeng , Wang Kefeng , Wang Renxiong , Saha Shanta R. , Pratt Daniel , Lynn Jeffrey W. , Paglione Johnpierre
Published: June 2015

Tunable superconductivity and magnetism in noncentrosymmetric
R
PdBi provide a new route to exotic topological excitations.
Changes in coral reef communities across a natural gradient in seawater pH
Authors: Barkley Hannah C. , Cohen Anne L. , Golbuu Yimnang , Starczak Victoria R. , DeCarlo Thomas M. , Shamberger Kathryn E. F.
Published: June 2015

Coral reef community responses vary but bioerosion increases under natural ocean acidification.
Phylogenetic and Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analyses Identify Nonpathogenic Xanthomonas arboricola Lineages Lacking the Canonical Type III Secretion System
Authors: Essakhi Salwa , Cesbron Sophie , Fischer-Le Saux Marion , Bonneau Sophie , Jacques Marie-Agnès , Manceau Charles
Published: June 2015

Xanthomonas arboricola
is conventionally known as a taxon of plant-pathogenic bacteria that includes seven pathovars. This study showed that
X. arboricola
also encompasses nonpathogenic bacteria that cause no apparent disease symptoms on their hosts. The aim of this study was to assess the
X. arboricola
population structure associated with walnut, including nonpathogenic strains, in order to gain a better understanding of the role of nonpathogenic xanthomonads in walnut microbiota. A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was performed on a collection of 100
X. arboricola
strains, including 27 nonpathogenic strains isolated from walnut. Nonpathogenic strains grouped outside clusters defined by pathovars and formed separate genetic lineages. A multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) conducted on a collection of
X. arboricola
strains isolated from walnut showed that nonpathogenic strains clustered separately from clonal complexes containing
Xanthomonas arboricola
pv. juglandis strains. Some nonpathogenic strains of
X. arboricola
did not contain the canonical type III secretion system (T3SS) and harbored only one to three type III effector (T3E) genes. In the nonpathogenic strains CFBP 7640 and CFBP 7653, neither T3SS genes nor any of the analyzed T3E genes were detected. This finding raises a question about the origin of nonpathogenic strains and the evolution of plant pathogenicity in
X. arboricola
. T3E genes that were not detected in any nonpathogenic isolates studied represent excellent candidates to be those responsible for pathogenicity in
X. arboricola
.
Changing adherence-related beliefs about ICS maintenance treatment for asthma: feasibility study of an intervention delivered by asthma nurse specialists
Authors: Chapman Sarah C E , Barnes Neil , Barnes Mari , Wilkinson Andrea , Hartley John , Piddock Cher , Weinman John , Horne Rob
Published: June 2015

Objectives

The Necessity-Concerns Framework (NCF) posits that non-adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in asthma is influenced by doubts about the necessity for ICS and concerns about their potential adverse effects. This feasibility study examined whether these beliefs could be changed by briefing asthma nurse specialists on ways of addressing necessity beliefs and concerns within consultations.

Design

Pre-post intervention study.

Setting

Secondary care.

Participants

Patients with a diagnosis of moderate to severe asthma who were prescribed daily ICS were recruited to either a hospital care group (n=79; 71.0% female) or intervention group (n=57; 66.7% female).

Intervention

Asthma nurse specialists attended a 1.5-day NCF briefing.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Beliefs about ICS (primary outcome) and self-reported adherence were measured preconsultation and 1 month postconsultation. Participants also rated their satisfaction with their consultations immediately after the consultation. Consultation recordings were coded to assess intervention delivery.

Results

After the NCF briefing, nurse specialists elicited and addressed beliefs about medicine more frequently. The frequency of using the NCF remained low, for example, open questions eliciting adherence were used in 0/59 hospital care versus 14/49 (28.6%) intervention consultations. Doubts about personal necessity for, and concerns about, ICS were reduced at 1 month postbriefing (p<0.05), but the intervention was not applied extensively enough to improve adherence.

Conclusions

The intervention changed nurse consultations, but not sufficiently enough to fully address non-adherence or adherence-related ICS beliefs (necessity and concerns). More effective techniques are needed to support nurse specialists and other practitioners to apply the intervention in hospital asthma review consultations.
Risk assessment in acute non-variceal upper GI bleeding: the AIMS65 score in comparison with the Glasgow–Blatchford score in a Scottish population
Authors: Palmer Andrew J , Moroni Francesca , Mcleish Sally , Campbell Geraldine , Bardgett Jonathan , Round Joanna , McMullan Conor , Rashid Majid , Clark Robert , De Las Heras Dara , Vincent Claire
Published: June 2015

Introduction

The early use of risk stratification scores is recommended for patients presenting with acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds (ANVGIB). AIMS65 is a novel, recently derived scoring system, which has been proposed as an alternative to the more established Glasgow–Blatchford score (GBS).

Objective

To validate the AIMS65 scoring system in a predominantly Caucasian population from Scotland and compare it with the GBS.

Design

Retrospective study of patients presenting to a district general hospital in Scotland with a suspected diagnosis of ANVGIB who underwent inpatient upper GI endoscopy between March 2008 and March 2013.

Outcomes

The primary outcome measure was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcome measures were requirement for endoscopic intervention, endoscopy refractory bleeding, blood transfusion, rebleeding and admission to high dependency unit (HDU) and intensive care unit (ICU). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated for each score.

Results

328 patients were included. Of these 65.9% (n=216) were men and 34.1% (n=112) women. The mean age was 65.2 years and 30-day mortality 5.2%. AIMS65 was superior to the GBS in predicting mortality, with an AUROC of 0.87 versus 0.70 (p<0.05). The GBS was superior for blood transfusion (AUROC 0.84 vs 0.62, p<0.05) and admission to HDU (AUROC 0.73 vs 0.62, p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the scores with respect to requirement for endoscopic intervention, endoscopy refractory bleeding, rebleeding and admission to ICU.

Conclusions

AIMS65 accurately predicted mortality in a Scottish population of patients with ANVGIB. Large prospective studies are now required to establish the exact role of AIMS65 in triaging patients with ANVGIB.
Simulating the thermorheological evolution of channel-contained lava: FLOWGO and its implementation in EXCEL
Authors: Harris Andrew J. L. , Rhéty Maéva , Gurioli Lucia , Villeneuve Nicolas , Paris Raphaël
Published: June 2015

FLOWGO is a one-dimensional model that tracks the thermorheological evolution of lava flowing down a channel. The model does not spread the lava but, instead, follows a control volume as it descends a line of steepest descent centred on the channel axis. The model basis is the Jeffreys equation for Newtonian flow, modified for a Bingham fluid, and a series of heat loss equations. Adjustable relationships are used to calculate cooling, crystallization and down-channel increases in viscosity and yield strength, as well as the resultant decrease in velocity. Here we provide a guide that allows FLOWGO to be set up in Excel. In doing so, we show how the model can be executed using a slope profile derived from Google™ Earth. Model simplicity and ease of source-term input from Google™ Earth means that this exercise allows (i) easy access to the model, (ii) quick, global application and (iii) use in a teaching role. Output is tested using measurements made for the 2010 eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island). The model is also set up for rapid syneruptive hazard assessment at Piton de la Fournaise, as we show using the example of the response to the June 2014 eruption.
Some Things I Hope You Will Find Useful Even if Statistics Isn't Your Thing
Authors: Cowgill George L.
Published: June 2015

I emphasize some common misuses of statistics that everyone, whether you do statistics or just read what others write, should be on the lookout for. I next discuss somewhat more complicated issues in archaeological method and theory and then conclude with a qualitative explanation of Bayesian methods and why they are often preferable to the frequentist methods advocated in many introductory statistics texts.
Dynamics, Viability, and Resilience in Bioeconomics
Authors: Chavas Jean-Paul
Published: June 2015

This article presents an overview of the economics and management of a population. It reviews the biology of survival and reproduction and various feedback effects that exist between the population and the environment. This discussion leads to an assessment of the potential complexities characterizing population dynamics. The review evaluates the options available in population management, with a focus on the choice of decision rules used by managers and policy makers. The analysis investigates several important concepts in bioeconomics, including dynamics, viability, sustainability, efficiency, and resilience.
Notes from a Small Island
Authors: McGrath Brendan , Wilkinson Kathy , Shah Rahul K.
Published: June 2015

The spotlight in the care of tracheotomy patients has turned in recent years onto multidisciplinary care, scrutinizing the patient journey from initial treatment decisions through tracheotomy to postprocedural care. The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) conducted a national study into tracheostomy care in the United Kingdom, reporting the most comprehensive analysis of in‐patient care to date. Key findings highlight recurrent deficiencies in the organization of care, staff training, and support and the inconsistent use of monitoring and safety equipment. The NCEPOD study findings are translatable to Western health care systems and serve to highlight important safety initiatives from exemplar institutions and national and international quality improvement projects. This commentary provides a forum to disseminate this essential information internationally.
A two-hander
Authors: Harper Andy , Mackay Robin
Published: June 2015

In a series of works dating from 2013–2014, the British painter Andy Harper ‘doubles’ painted images using a direct form of contact printing. This operation on the part of the painter brings together the traditional practice of painting with the purely mechanical act of printing, a doubling of the image. The accompanying text considers the principle of symmetry implied in this act, through a reading of Kant’s early philosophy of space and the crucial role played in it by the notion of ‘handedness’ or orientation.
Lanreotide Autogel 120 mg at extended dosing intervals in patients with acromegaly biochemically controlled with octreotide LAR: the LEAD study
Authors: Neggers Sebastian JCMM , Pronin Vyacheslav , Balcere Inga , Lee Moon-Kyu , Rozhinskaya Liudmila , Bronstein Marcello D , Gadelha Mônica R , Maisonobe Pascal , Sert Caroline , van der Lely Aart Jan , _ _
Published: June 2015

Objective

To evaluate extended dosing intervals (EDIs) with lanreotide Autogel 120 mg in patients with acromegaly previously biochemically controlled with octreotide LAR 10 or 20 mg.

Design and methods

Patients with acromegaly had received octreotide LAR 10 or 20 mg/4 weeks for ≥6 months and had normal IGF1 levels. Lanreotide Autogel 120 mg was administered every 6 weeks for 24 weeks (phase 1); depending on week-24 IGF1 levels, treatment was then administered every 4, 6 or 8 weeks for a further 24 weeks (phase 2). Hormone levels, patient-reported outcomes and adverse events were assessed. Primary endpoint: proportion of patients on 6- or 8-week EDIs with normal IGF1 levels at week 48 (study end).

Results

107/124 patients completed the study (15 withdrew from phase 1 and two from phase 2). Of 124 patients enrolled, 77.4% were allocated to 6- or 8-week EDIs in phase 2 and 75.8% (95% CI: 68.3–83.3) had normal IGF1 levels at week 48 with the EDI (primary analysis). A total of 88.7% (83.1–94.3) had normal IGF1 levels after 24 weeks with 6-weekly dosing. GH levels were ≤2.5 μg/l in >90% of patients after 24 and 48 weeks. Patient preferences for lanreotide Autogel 120 mg every 4, 6 or 8 weeks over octreotide LAR every 4 weeks were high.

Conclusions

Patients with acromegaly achieving biochemical control with octreotide LAR 10 or 20 mg/4 weeks are possible candidates for lanreotide Autogel 120 mg EDIs. EDIs are effective and well received among such patients.
Defense related enzyme induction in coconut by endophytic bacteria (EPC 5)
Authors: Rajendran L. , Akila R. , Karthikeyan G. , Raguchander T. , Samiyappan R.
Published: June 2015

Endophytic bacteria Bacillus subtilis (EPC 5) was isolated and tested in vitro along with Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) and the fungus Trichoderma viride (Tv1) against Ganoderma lucidum (Leys) Karst, the causal agent of basal stem rot on coconut palm. The endophytic bacterial strains namely EPC 5 and EPC 8 showed higher vigor index (germination percentage, root and shoot length) and more inhibition against G. lucidum over un-inoculated control. These strains were confirmed as Bacillus subtilis by biochemical tests, cloning and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The Bacillus subtilis (EPC 5) along with Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) and Trichoderma viride (Tv1) has been tried as bioconsortia against basal stem rot disease under greenhouse conditions. The soil application of bioconsortia enriched with farm yard manure (FYM) enhanced the coconut saplings growth under greenhouse conditions and showed higher induction of defense related enzymes like peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and phenols when challenged with pathogen.
Evidentiality in the Samoyedic languages: A study of the auditive forms
Authors: Usenkova Eleonora
Published: June 2015

In the Samoyedic languages non-visuality is marked by the affixes of a specific Auditive mood that is explored in this paper from paradigmatic and syntagmatic perspectives. The focus is on various usages of the Auditive in its paradigmatic meaning, as well as on correlation of the meaning of this mood with the semantic properties of the predicates it marks. The work also examines the emergence of the Auditive in the functional sphere of other moods, the use of other moods as functional equivalents of the Auditive, and the semantic grounds for these transpositions.
Desafíos axiológicos para la psiquiatría contemporánea. Pluralismo e imperativo bioético
Authors: Lolas Fernando ,   Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios en Bioética, Instituto de Estudios Internacionales y Clínica Psiquiátrica Universitaria, Universidad de Chile.
Published: June 2015

Este trabajo examina el pluralismo metódico y axiológico de la psiquiatría contemporánea. Describe y critica el paradigma técnico dominante y sugiere la necesidad de una integración de perspectivas y discursos bajo el concepto guía de imperativo bioético.
Vieux chemins et ponts de Provence : aspects paysagers et objets patrimoniaux (Old ways and bridges of Provence : landscape view and patrimony objects)
Authors: Nicod Jean
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Les vieux chemins sont d'origine diverse, les uns commandés par les pratiques agricoles ou pastorales, les autres provenant des rectifications de tracé. On étudie les murs en pierre sèche, de limite ou de soutènement, en rapport avec les caractéristiques du terrain et les systèmes de terrasses de culture, les types de pavage et de bordures, les sites et agencement des ponts.
La campagne de presse des Amis de la Religion en faveur de l’intervention militaire française en Espagne en 1823
Authors: Dufour Gérard
Published: June 2015

Cet article analyse la participation des deux principales revues ecclésiastiques de l’époque (L’Ami de la Religion et du Roi et Les Tablettes du clergé et des Amis de la Religion, fondés, réciproquement, en 1814 et 1822) à la véritable croisade que la presse ultra mena, dès la fin janvier 1820, en faveur d’une intervention militaire française en Espagne pour sauvegarder les droits « légitimes » du trône et de l’autel.Il montre comment l’information fournie aux ecclésiastiques français sur le sort réservé par les révolutionnaires à leurs collègues espagnols réveilla en eux le souvenir de la Terreur et des persécutions qu’ils avaient alors subies et qu’ils risquaient de devoir supporter de nouveau si l’on laissait le mal se propager et comment, à partir des nouvelles (vraies ou fausses) ainsi propagées, les prêtres poussèrent dans leurs prêches (avec le plus grand succès) les fidèles à manifester par des prières publiques leur souhait de voir la France restaurer Ferdinand VII comme souverain absolu.
Désir de liberté, citoyenneté et démocratie. Retour sur la question de l’actualité politique de Machiavel
Authors: Gaille Marie
Published: June 2015

La pensée de Machiavel a fait l’objet, ces dernières décennies, de nombreuses références dans les réflexions sur les processus de démocratisation, sur la signification et les conditions de la liberté politique ou encore sur la participation civique. La présente contribution défend la thèse d’une actualité indirecte de Machiavel pour la théorie contemporaine de la démocratie, à travers le questionnement que son œuvre suscite sur le rôle du désir de liberté dans l’approfondissement de la démocratie. Sa pensée nous invite à nuancer le rôle que nous attribuons communément à l’institution de la citoyenneté en lien avec la Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen et la signification donnée à la « modernité » politique. Elle permet d’éclairer les ambivalences de la citoyenneté démocratique et d’interroger les limites de la conception participative de la démocratie.