bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future projections of winter cold surge paths over East Asia from CMIP6 models
Authors: Yang Xiaoye , Zeng Gang , Zhang Guwei , Iyakaremye Vedaste , Xu Ying
Published: August 2020

Previous studies using observed data suggested a decreasing trend in the frequency of cold surge (CS) over East Asia (EA) under global warming. However, the future change of CSs in different paths is relatively understudied. In this study, after evaluating the classification of CSs paths and the trend of CSs in different paths in historical simulation, the changes of CS paths in EA in future warming scenario have been investigated using the latest 21 models from the phase six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) under the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245) scenario. First of all, the observed paths of winter CS in EA from 1979 to 2013 are tracked by the Flexible Particle (FLEXPART) model using ERA‐Interim daily reanalysis datasets, and the CS paths are divided into the northwestern path, northern path, and western path by hierarchical clustering algorithm. Random forest algorithm is introduced to match the future CSs according to the observed classification results. The projected results indicate that the frequency of total CSs will decrease significantly in the 21st century with a trend of −0.47 times/10a. Compared with the late 20th century, the total CSs, the CSs in the northwestern path and the western path decrease by 49, 61, and 60%, respectively, in the late 21st century, while the CSs in northern path do not show a significant trend. The substantial decrease of the northwestern path CSs and the western path CSs make the proportion of northern path CSs in total CSs rise from 19.5% in the late 20th century to 37.3% in the late 21st century. It means the strong CSs are still frequent in the future, probably due to the stability of the northern path CSs.
Accuracy of dental calculus detection using digital radiography and image manipulation
Authors: Hyer Jenna C. , Deas David E. , Palaiologou A. Archontia , Noujeim Marcel E. , Mader Michael J. , Mealey Brian L.
Published: August 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to determine if image enhancement improves a clinician's ability to identify the presence of calculus on digital radiographs.

Methods

Seventy‐one hopeless teeth were collected from 34 patients. Teeth were stained with 1% methylene blue, the largest interproximal calculus deposit was scored, and photographs of each interproximal root surface were taken. The surface area of calculus deposit was determined as a percentage of the total interproximal root surface area. Digital radiographs of teeth taken before extraction were modified using the following enhancements: auto‐contrast, emboss, invert, and sharpen. Radiographic presence of calculus was determined by two examiners. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each examiner and enhancement. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to compare differences between the image enhancements in the detection of dental calculus. The kappa statistic was used to compare ratings between examiners.

Results

None of the enhanced images were statistically superior to original images in identifying radiographic calculus (P > 0.05). The average sensitivity of digital radiography was 50%, average specificity was 82.2%, PPV was 94%, and NPV 23.2%. A threshold of >30% of interproximal root surface covered with calculus and increasing size of deposits were associated with improved detection (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Digital enhancements do not significantly improve radiographic detection of dental calculus. As area of calculus on the root surface and size of calculus deposits increased, sensitivity of detection also increased.
Localized spin‐flip excitations in hexagonal HoMnO3
Authors: Nam Ji‐Yeon , Kim Seung , Nguyen Hien Thi Minh , Chen Xiang‐Bai , Choi Mahn‐Soo , Lee Daesu , Noh T.W. , Yang In‐Sang
Published: August 2020

Growing demands for ultra‐fast switching of spins have turned attention to optically controlled spintronics, which indeed has recently been demonstrated promising. Here we report localized spin‐flip excitations revealed by resonance inelastic light scattering on hexagonal holmium manganite thin films with the magnetic manganese ions substituted by the nonmagnetic gallium ions (HoMn1 − xGaxO3). Our analyses on a broad Raman peak support that the corresponding spin excitation is associated with flipping of all three Mn3+ spins in the elementary trimer of manganese ions and hence maintains the same excitation energy determined by the intrinsic spin–spin interaction between Mn3+ ions. The nonmagnetic gallium ions only reduce the population of the spin excitations by breaking the spin‐frustrated triangular network. Such localized spin‐flip excitations show another promise towards optically controlled spin devices.
Levels of PAHs, PCBs, and toxic metals in Ruditapes philippinarum and Donax trunculus in Marmara Sea, Turkey
Authors: Künili İbrahim E , Çolakoğlu Serhat , Çolakoğlu Fatma
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

The manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the wedge clam Donax trunculus are economic bivalve species which constitute an important part of the natural bivalve beds in the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Toxic chemicals such as, dioxins, dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxic metals are recognized as important health risk factors that threaten public health via food or directly in the environment. In the present study, we aimed to determine and monitor levels of these toxic chemicals in both clam species, R. philippinarum and D. trunculus, between 2013 and 2017.

RESULTS

According to the results, maximum levels of dioxins, PAHs, and toxic metals (lead, cadmium, mercury) during the period were determined as 0.18 pg g−1, 2.43 mg kg−1, and 0.44–0.53‐0.1 mg kg−1, respectively. The level of contaminants in both clam species were determined to be below the threshold or tolerable daily intake values established by the European Commission, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Seasonal fluctuations were observed to be similar in both species and also in seasons, but elevated levels of PCBs and PAHs were detected in warmer months during the period.

CONCLUSION

As a consequence, toxic chemicals in both clam species were found at low concentrations in this study from the point of view of public health concerns; however, the contaminants should be closely monitored in the future due to their elevated levels in samples. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of fermentation temperature and yeast type on the chemical and sensory profile of handcrafted beers
Authors: Lasanta Cristina , Durán‐Guerrero Enrique , Díaz Ana Belén , Castro Remedios
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

Various physicochemical parameters, the polyphenolic content, the volatile fraction as well as the sensory profile of beers were studied using five different yeast strains (three top‐fermentation and two bottom‐fermentation) and two different fermentation temperatures (12 and 18 °C) for each of them.

RESULTS

The results indicated that at lower fermentation temperatures, the yeast strain factor was less significant for the various physicochemical parameters considered. The polyphenolic content increased as the fermentation temperature decreased, and significantly higher amounts of tyrosol were found in the samples fermented at 12 °C. However, the volatile content increased for beers fermented at 18 °C, these beers being better evaluated from the sensory point of view.

CONCLUSIONS

No clear relationship was observed between the temperature used and the type of yeast, with more complex aroma and sensory profiles being found in beers fermented at higher temperatures, using yeasts that are supposedly suitable for use at lower temperatures. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Complex coacervation of pea albumin‐pectin and ovalbumin‐pectin assessed by isothermal titration calorimeter and turbidimetry
Authors: Pillai Prasanth KS , Guldiken Burcu , Nickerson Michael T
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the complexation of a pea albumin‐rich fraction and ovalbumin with pectin of different degrees of esterification (DE) and blockiness (DB) as a function of pH and biopolymer mixing ratio by turbidimetric titration and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC).

RESULTS

Turbidimetric analysis found maximum complexation occurred at a mixing ratio of 4:1 for pea albumin with high methoxy pectin, 8:1 for pea albumin with low methoxy pectin, and 8:1 for ovalbumin with low methoxy pectin. In the case of ovalbumin with high methoxy pectin, interactions were very weak. The pectin with high levels of esterification and blockiness displayed greater interactions with the pea albumin in both turbidimetry and ITC. However, low methoxy pectin imparted better interactions with ovalbumin and displayed higher optical density values than high methoxy pectin.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study indicated that the different thermodynamic parameters of PA‐pectin complexes can be tuned by controlling the structural characteristics (DB, DE, and d‐galacturonic acid) of the pectin. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
A chemometric approach to characterize the aroma of selected brown and red edible seaweeds / extracts
Authors: Vilar Elena Garicano , O'Sullivan Maurice G , Kerry Joseph P , Kilcawley Kieran N
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

Information pertaining to the aromatic profile of seaweeds and seaweed extracts can provide evidence regarding their potential suitability as ingredients in processed foods. To date only limited material has been available on the volatile profiles of some seaweed species. Others in this study have not previously been described. The volatile profiles of dried brown (Himanthalia elongata, Undaria pinnatifida, Alaria esculenta) and red (Porphyra umbilicalis, Palmaria palmata) seaweeds, and a brown seaweed extract (fucoxanthin) from Laminaria japonica were investigated using a chemometric approach to collate data from volatile gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC–MS), direct sensory aroma evaluation, and gas‐chromatography – olfactometry (GC‐O) to obtain a better understanding of their volatile profile and sensory perception.

RESULTS

More than 100 volatile compounds were identified by static headspace solid phase micro‐extraction (HS‐SPME) and thermal desorption gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (TD GC–MS). Brown seaweeds were characterized by ‘grassy/herbal/floral’, ‘fruity’, and ‘fatty’ aromas, red seaweeds by ‘green/vegetable’, ‘mushroom/earthy’ and ‘sweet/buttery’ aromas, and the fucoxanthin extract by ‘rancid’ and ‘nutty’ aromas with an overall lower intensity. Heptanal appeared to be a major odor‐active compound in all samples. Other volatiles were more characteristic of each individual seaweed: hexanal, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal and 2‐pentylfuran for H. elongata; ethyl butanoate and 2,3‐butanedione for U. pinnatifida; 6‐dimethylpyrazine, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal and sulactone for P. palmata; 1‐octen‐3‐ol for P. umbilicalis, heptanone for A. esculenta, and 2‐furanmethanol for fucoxanthin.

Conclusion

Brown and red seaweeds had distinct sensory properties with individual seaweeds having differing volatiles and odorants. This study provides additional information that can contribute to the development of products incorporating dried seaweeds / extracts that are more acceptable to the consumer. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
The largest multicentre data collection on prepectoral breast reconstruction: The iBAG study
Authors: Masià Jaume ,   iBAG Working Group
Published: August 2020

Background and Objectives

In the last years, prepectoral breast reconstruction has increased its popularity, becoming a standard reconstructive technique by preserving pectoralis major anatomy and functionality. Nevertheless, the lack of solid and extensive data negatively impacts on surgeons’ correct information about postoperative complication rates and proper patient selection. This study aims to collect the largest evidence on this procedure.

Methods

A multicentre retrospective audit, promoted by the Barcelona Hospital, collected the experience of 30 centers on prepectoral breast reconstruction with Braxon ADM. The study had the scientific support of INPECS and IIB societies which provided the online database Clinapsis.

Results

A total of 1450 procedures were retrospectively collected in a 6‐year period. Mean age 52.4 years, BMI 23.9, follow‐up 22.7 months. Reconstruction was carried out after a tumor in 77.1% of the cases, 20.1% had prophylactic surgery, 2.8% had revisions. Diabetes, smoke, and immunosuppression had an influence on complications occurrence, as well as implant weight. Capsular contracture was associated with postoperative radiotherapy, but the overall rate was low (2.1%). Complications led to implant loss in 6.5% of the cases.

Conclusions

The international Braxon Audit Group multicentre data collection represents a milestone in the field of breast reconstruction, extensively improving the knowledge on this procedure.
Unseen Costs: The Direct and Indirect Impact of U.S. Immigration Policies on Child and Adolescent Health and Well‐Being
Authors: Mattingly T. Joseph , Kiser Laurel , Hill Sherika , Briggs Ernestine C. , Trunzo Carrie Purbeck , Zafari Zafar , Betancourt Theresa S.
Published: August 2020

Shifts in migration and border control policies may increase the likelihood of trauma exposure related to child–parent separation and result in costs to the health system and society. In the present study, we estimated direct and indirect costs per child as well as overall cohort costs of border control policies on migrant children and adolescents who were separated from their parents, detained, and placed in the custody of the United States following the implementation of the 2018 Zero Tolerance Policy. Economic modeling techniques, including a Markov process and Monte Carlo simulation, based on data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network's Core Data Set (N = 458 migrant youth) and published studies were used to estimate economic costs associated with three immigration policies: No Detention, Family Detention, and Zero Tolerance. Clinical evaluation data on mental health symptoms and disorders were used to estimate the initial health state and risks associated with additional trauma exposure for each scenario. The total direct and indirect costs per child were conservatively estimated at $33,008, $33,790, and $34,544 after 5 years for No Detention, Family Detention, and Zero Tolerance, respectively. From a health system perspective, annual estimated spending increases ranged from $1.5 million to $14.9 million for Family Detention and $2.8 million to $29.3 million for Zero Tolerance compared to baseline spending under the No Detention scenario. Border control policies that increase the likelihood of child and adolescent trauma exposure are not only morally troubling but may also create additional economic concerns in the form of direct health care costs and indirect societal costs.
Nonscrotal Causes of Acute Scrotum
Authors: Campo Irene , Valentino Massimo , Sidhu Paul S. , Magi Meconi Luca , Van Nieuwenhove Sandy , Cova Maria Assunta , Derchi Lorenzo E. , Bertolotto Michele
Published: August 2020

Acute scrotum is characterized by intense acute scrotal pain, which may be associated with other symptoms and signs such as abdominal pain, inflammation, and fever. Many pathologic conditions can present in this way, most which involve the scrotal contents. Nonscrotal conditions, however, can rarely present clinically only as acute scrotum: among them, renal colic, aneurysm rupture or other causes of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, primary abdominal or pelvic tumors and metastases, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammation, and muscle injuries. The pathophysiologic characteristics of the clinical presentation, clues for diagnosis, and imaging features of a series of nonscrotal lesions presenting clinically with acute scrotal pain are herein reported and illustrated. In patients presenting with acute scrotal symptoms and normal scrotal ultrasound findings, nonscrotal causes of acute scrotal pain should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Therefore, an ultrasound investigation of the abdomen, groin, and thighs is indicated.
Fetal Heart Diameter as a Predictor of Hemoglobin Bart Disease at Midpregnancy
Authors: Nattawongsiri Chinapa , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Tongsong Theera
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy of the fetal heart diameter (HD) in predicting fetal hemoglobin (Hb) Bart disease at midpregnancy.

Methods

Video clips of fetal chest ultrasound examinations performed on fetuses at risk of Hb Bart disease at 18 to 22 weeks' gestation were randomly retrieved from our video clip database. The clips were replayed for fetal HD measurements, and the measured HDs were converted to z scores based on the z score model as a function of biparietal diameter. An HD z score greater than 2 or an actual HD value above the 95th percentile for gestational age was used as a cutoff in predicting Hb Bart disease. The best cutoff value of HD for identifying affected fetuses during midpregnancy was also evaluated by a receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

A total of 90 video clips, including 37 affected and 53 unaffected fetuses, were measured. An HD z score greater than 2 had sensitivity of 94.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.8%–99.3%) and specificity of 84.9% (95% CI, 72.4%–93.3%). An actual HD value above the 95th percentile for gestational age had sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 90.5%–100%) and specificity of 69.8% (95% CI, 55.7%–81.7%). The best cutoff values of the HD z score and actual HD value were 2.27 (with sensitivity of 94.6% and specificity of 88.7%) and 18.15 mm (with sensitivity of 91.9% and specificity of 77.4%), respectively.

Conclusions

The fetal HD is highly effective in predicting fetal Hb Bart disease among fetuses at risk at midpregnancy. Both the HD z score and the actual value can be used for noninvasive prenatal screening of fetal cardiomegaly in clinical practice.
Insurance Status as a Predictor of Treatment in Human Papillomavirus Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Berger Michael H. , Yasaka Tyler M. , Haidar Yarah M. , Kuan Edward C. , Tjoa Tjoson
Published: August 2020

Objectives

The link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is well known. Locally advanced, HPV‐positive OPC (HPV OPC) can be treated with either chemoradiation or primary surgery with or without adjuvant therapy. Head and neck cancer patients with government insurance or uninsured have been shown to have worse prognosis than similar patients with private insurance. In this study, we aimed to determine if insurance status would predict treatment modality in patients with HPV OPC.

Study Design

A retrospective analysis using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Methods

The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients with HPV OPC who underwent primary surgery or primary chemoradiation from 2010–2015. Insurance status was categorized as government, private, or no insurance. The relationship between insurance status and treatment was investigated using Chi square and multivariate regression models. Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed comparing overall survival (OS) by insurance status.

Results

There were 10,606 patients were included. There was a statistically significant correlation between insurance status and primary treatment modality for HPV OPC (P < .001). Patients with government insurance were 19.3% less likely to undergo surgery and uninsured patients were 36.9% less likely to undergo primary surgery when compared to those with private insurance (P < .001), even after correcting for TNM stage in multivariate analysis. There was an improved 5‐year OS for patients with private insurance (86.6%) versus both government insurance (68.4%) and no insurance (69.9%) (P < .001).

Conclusions

Patients with private insurance are more likely to undergo primary surgery in HPV OPC and have improved overall survival.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:776–781, 2021
The pleasure of sharing: Can social context make healthy food more appealing?
Authors: Maldoy Katrien , De Backer Charlotte J. S. , Poels Karolien
Published: August 2020

This study investigates whether healthy food can be made more appealing by looking at the pleasure induced by the social context in which food is eaten (eating alone, eating together, or sharing food), assuming that pleasure affects food appeal. Whereas unhealthy food is often considered a source of pleasure, healthy food is not. The pleasure induced in images portraying healthy food may depend on the social context in which the food is eaten. Based on evolutionary associations of sharing food and social interaction with pleasure, we expected that eating together induces more pleasure than eating alone and that sharing food induces more pleasure than eating together. Two between‐subject experiments with a 3 (context: eating alone, eating together, or sharing food) × 2 (healthfulness: healthy or unhealthy) design were conducted across various age groups and food types. Results indicate that images in which healthy food is shared induce more pleasure than images in which healthy food is eaten alone, making the food involved more appealing. Pleasurable imagery of healthy food being shared therefore seems to hold promise as a strategy to promote healthy eating through public service or commercial advertising.
About one unified description of the first‐ and second‐order phase transitions in the phase‐field crystal model
Authors: Ankudinov Vladimir , Starodumov Ilya , Galenko Peter K.
Published: August 2020

Modeling of crystal micro‐structures and their dynamics during fast phase transitions can be performed by the phase‐field crystal (PFC) model in the hyperbolic formulation (Modified Phase Field Crystal [MPFC] model). This method is suitable for a continual modeling of the atomic density field at diffusion time intervals (slow diffusion dynamics) and short intervals of atomic flux relaxation (fast structural relaxation). Since the PFC model describes transitions of the first and second order, we present a description of both transitions in a unified manner. We show how phase transitions of each order can be treated using specific analytical transformations. To justify the unified approach to description of the first‐ and second‐order transformations, we provide results of numerical simulation of phase changes between homogeneous structure and Body Centered Cubic (BCC) crystal lattice. The set of benchmarks for different domains shows coincidence of instantaneous atomic distributions and free energies in both forms.
Ionic conductivity of protonated layered titanate nano‐powder compact in water
Authors: Nomura Munemitsu , Vediyappan Veeramani , Lai Qiwen , Terayama Yuki , Fujisaki Takaya , Eguchi Hiroto , Yamauchi Miho , Sone Yoshitsugu , Mendoza Omar , Matsuda Junko , Satokawa Shigeo , Matsumoto Hiroshige
Published: August 2020

This paper demonstrates that nano‐powder of a layered protonated titanate (H2Ti2O5·H2O; LPT) compound exhibits a significant proton conductivity. The conductivity was measured on the compact of the un‐milled/milled powder and it reached higher than 10−2 S cm−1 at 95°C in water in the milled case. The increase in conductivity of LPT after bead milling along with the thermogravimetric and surface area analysis suggested that the protonic conduction takes place on the surface of the nanoparticles in contact with water.
COVID‐19 will accelerate the decline in international student enrollment
Authors: Dennis Marguerite J.
Published: August 2020

‘Dates of destiny are always on time.’

— Anonymous

‘I hate quotations. Tell me what you know.’

— Ralph Waldo Emerson
Use infographics effectively to get things done
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: August 2020

You're driving through a neighborhood, nearing the end of Walnut Street. You're getting ready to turn right onto Main Avenue, but you suddenly see a big, red octagon.
Indigenous food harvesting as social–ecological monitoring: A case study with the Gitga'at First Nation
Authors: Thompson Kim‐Ly , Hill Cameron , Ojeda Jaime , Ban Natalie C. , Picard Chris R.
Published: August 2020

Indigenous peoples have been monitoring and managing the natural resources in their homelands and waters for millennia. Meanwhile, social–ecological systems thinkers are embracing the capacity of Indigenous knowledge systems, which are informed by land‐based practices, to inform adaptive management.

Following the collaborative design of a community‐based social–ecological monitoring system over two traditional seafood harvesting seasons, we conducted a conceptual framework analysis of meeting notes and interview transcripts with Gitga'at harvesters and knowledge holders to discern how Gitga'at people monitor their territory and what indicators they focus on.

An interconnected set of social–ecological concepts and indicators emerged, evidencing an intrinsic part of Gitga'at life: Gitga'at harvesters closely monitor their coastal social–ecological system through ongoing land‐ and sea‐based practices.

The conceptual framework highlights the importance of maintaining and revitalizing Indigenous knowledge and harvesting practices to inform social–ecological monitoring and adaptive management at local and broader scales.

Amidst discussions of marine and coastal resource co‐management in British Columbia, our results also suggest opportunities for scientific approaches to situate themselves within and support existing Indigenous frameworks and priorities.

This research also adds to the discussion on the development of appropriate regional and global indicators and frameworks to monitor the resilience of social–ecological systems.

A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
A self‐cured glass‐ionomer cement with improved antibacterial function and hardness
Authors: Chen Yong , Caneli Gulsah , Almousa Rashed , Hill Kayla , Na Sungsoo , Anderson Gregory G. , Xie Dong
Published: August 2020

A novel antimicrobial dental self‐cured glass‐ionomer cement has been developed and evaluated. Alumina filler particles were covalently coated with an antibacterial polymer and blended into a self‐cured glass‐ionomer cement formulation. Surface hardness and bacterial viability were used to evaluate the modified cements. Results showed that the modified cements exhibited a significantly enhanced antibacterial activity along with improved surface hardness. Effects of antibacterial moiety content, alumina particle size and loading, and total filler content were investigated. It was found that increasing antibacterial moiety content, particle size and loading, and total filler content generally increased surface hardness. Increasing antibacterial moiety, filler loading and total filler content increased antibacterial activity. On the other hand, increasing particle size showed a negative impact on antibacterial activity. The leaching tests indicate no cytotoxicity produced from the modified cements to both bacteria and 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells.
Cultural patterns in autobiographical memory of childhood: Comparison of Chinese, Russian, and Uzbek samples
Authors: V. Nourkova Veronika
Published: August 2020

In the present study, I examined whether the regular patterns of variables that referred to mental representation of the entire childhood in young adults might be associated with the different types of cultural selves proposed by Kagitcibasi's model of family change. In this model, three types of cultural selves (heteronomous‐related self, autonomous‐separated self, and autonomous‐related self) are merged with culturally specific styles of parenting and childhood experience. Chinese, Russian, and Uzbekistani participants (N= 439) visualized their childhood on timelines. The exploratory factor analysis suggested a three‐factor solution. Factor 1 combined memories of achievements and vicarious memories; that is, memories representing events that happened to other people. In my point of view, in contrast to “we‐memories,” vicarious memories portray a readiness to view other people as a valuable part of one's own life, but in the context of well‐defined self‐boundaries. Therefore, they denote the kind of relatedness which does not contradict autonomy. Because Factor 1 was found to be the most articulated in the Chinese sample, it was linked to the autonomous‐related self, with the focus on directive function of autobiographical memory. Factor 2 was composed of the abundance of recollections, the early age of first memory, and prolonged childhood. Due to the highest scores being achieved on Factor 2 in the Russian sample, it was attributed to the autonomous‐separated self, employing predominantly a self‐reflective function of autobiographical memory. Factor 3 consisted of memories of attending social groups, positive emotional bias, and a tendency to mention one's own birth. Taking into account that the Uzbeks achieved the highest scores on this factor, it was interpreted as a mnemonic database of a heteronomous‐related self, predominantly associated with social bonding and emotion regulation functions. Taken together, the findings highlight the assumption that childhood memories reveal a cultural self.
FDA postmarketing safety labeling changes: What have we learned since 2010 about impacts on prescribing rates, drug utilization, and treatment outcomes
Authors: Rosenberg Matthew , Sheehan Sarah , Zhou Esther , Pinnow Ellen , Burnell Jessica , Romine Morgan , Dal Pan Gerald
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Prior literature reviews have identified gaps in understanding of how postmarketing safety labeling changes and related FDA communications impact key clinical and behavioral outcomes. We conducted a review of newly published studies on this topic to determine what new evidence exists and to identify which gaps may still remain. We believe that this information can support FDA as it develops and implements future risk communication approaches.

Methods

We searched PubMed and Embase for studies published between January 1, 2010, and August 7, 2017 that examined the impact of labeling changes or associated FDA safety‐related communications. For each study, we extracted information on research design and findings for key clinical outcomes and behaviors. We also conducted a ROBINS‐I review to identify potential for bias in the research design of each study.

Results

We found that the estimated impacts of FDA labeling changes on several key outcomes—including adverse events—varied. Labeling changes also yielded unintended consequences on drug prescribing in some cases, despite low provider adherence. Finally, some studies we reviewed exhibited potential for bias due to confounding, among other factors.

Conclusions

The new studies we reviewed contain many of the same limitations identified in previously published reviews. While there are several challenges to conducting this research there is substantial room for improvement in the quality of the evidence base. More information, particularly with respect to the types of populations and medications affected by labeling changes, is needed to support the development of more effective and targeted safety communications.
Exploring the heavy metal ion sequestration ability of gum copal‐collagen hybrid based interpenetrating polymer network: Kinetics, isotherms, and biodegradation studies
Authors: Kaur Savneet , Jindal Rajeev
Published: August 2020

In this article, gum copal‐collagen hybrid based interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) [(GcA‐coll)‐cl‐poly(AAm‐ip‐AA)] has been used as a green adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from waste water. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved in 9 h and pseudo‐second‐order model was found to be the closest fit to the kinetic adsorption data. Freundlich adsorption isotherm model was found to closely match with the sorption behavior of Pb(II) and Cd(II). The reaction parameters like initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, and the reaction time were optimized to get the hydrogel with maximum metal ion removal capacity (91.65% for Pb(II) and 95% for Cd(II)). The maximum percentage biodegradation of IPN was 80.25% by the compositing method. This IPN is an efficient, low cost potential adsorbent with excellent biodegradation and can act as an environment‐friendly agent for removing heavy metals from water.
On the peroxyl radical scavenging ability of β‐sitosterol in lipid media: A theoretical study
Authors: Ortiz‐Escarza Jorge M. , Medina Manuel E. , Trigos Angel
Published: August 2020

Vegetable consumption was considered healthy, mainly because a large number and variety of antioxidants were identified from them. However, the main component in all vegetables is β‐sitosterol, and although its antioxidant capacity was reported, little is known about the reaction mechanism involved. In this study, thermodynamic and kinetic studies of the peroxyl radical scavenging activity of β‐sitosterol in lipid media were carried out, employing the density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that the hydrogen transfer (HT) reaction mechanism is the most important in the peroxyl radical scavenging activity of β‐sitosterol when peroxyl radicals with a medium reactivity such as •OOH and •OOCH3 were considered. However, when the peroxyl radical has significant reactivity, it could react through the radical adduct formation (RAF) mechanism. The calculated overall reaction rate constants of the peroxyl radical scavenging of β‐sitosterol were 8.76 × 103 and 1.54 × 102 M−1 s−1 for the peroxyl radicals •OOH and •OOCH3, respectively. According to the previous results, β‐sitosterol might be considered a modest antioxidant, which prevents oxidative damage to biological molecules such as cell membrane lipids. These results support the idea that vegetables could be considered antioxidants in the organism, and therefore, considering the consumption of vegetables in the daily diet could prevent cell aging by inhibiting oxidative damage.
Investigation of Underwater Sympathetic Detonation
Authors: Zhang Zhifan , Wang Cheng , Hu Haoliang , Yang Tonghui
Published: August 2020

A high‐pressure shock wave generated by a donor charge subjected to an underwater explosion can sympathetically detonate an acceptor. Experimental research is the most effective method of studying sympathetic detonation because information regarding pressure evolution, pressure peak, and bubble pulsing cycle can be obtained directly. In this study, a set of underwater sympathetic detonation tests were conducted to investigate the pressure characteristics and critical distance for the sympathetic detonation of a 1‐kg TNT donor and acceptor charges. Following the experiment, the energy, pressure, and bubble pulsing cycle were empirically analyzed. The results indicate that the best transmission and safety distances for sympathetic detonation were 99.55 and 128.92 mm, respectively. The acceptor charges were partially detonated by the donor when the gap distances were 109.90 and 119.98 mm. The degree of sympathetic detonation can be determined by analyzing the energy, bubble pulsing cycle, and pressure evolution.
Progress of work safety standardization in China: A case study of hundred local standards in Beijing
Authors: Tong Ruipeng , Fan Bingqian , Li Ziqi , Wang Hui , Zhang Jiangbonan
Published: August 2020

In recent years, China has accelerated the construction of work safety laws, reformed the national safety supervision system, and gradually upgraded its safety requirements and standards. Since 2003, work safety standardization has been implemented to assist enterprises in identifying the main responsibility of work safety, and strengthening the foundation of work safety. The two key objectives of this paper are the following: (a) to analyze the current status of work safety standardization in China, and (b) to introduce how Beijing uses local standards to promote work safety standardization. First, this paper reviewed the current situation of work safety standardization regarding the policy background, system construction, and safety promotion. Second, the “ Hundred local standards” campaign in Beijing was analyzed to further explain work safety standardization, which includes the project background, preparation process, and framework content. The hundred local standards cover key enterprises and institutions in various industries and provide a strong standard basis for strengthening government supervision and enterprise safety management. In addition, it is worth provincial regions learning to promote work safety standardization toward a more standardized and scientific direction. This paper can promote cooperation and exchange on work safety among regions to promote work safety standardization.
Controlling type I error rates in multi‐arm clinical trials: A case for the false discovery rate
Authors: Wason James M. S. , Robertson David S.
Published: August 2020

Multi‐arm trials are an efficient way of simultaneously testing several experimental treatments against a shared control group. As well as reducing the sample size required compared to running each trial separately, they have important administrative and logistical advantages. There has been debate over whether multi‐arm trials should correct for the fact that multiple null hypotheses are tested within the same experiment. Previous opinions have ranged from no correction is required, to a stringent correction (controlling the probability of making at least one type I error) being needed, with regulators arguing the latter for confirmatory settings. In this article, we propose that controlling the false‐discovery rate (FDR) is a suitable compromise, with an appealing interpretation in multi‐arm clinical trials. We investigate the properties of the different correction methods in terms of the positive and negative predictive value (respectively how confident we are that a recommended treatment is effective and that a non‐recommended treatment is ineffective). The number of arms and proportion of treatments that are truly effective is varied. Controlling the FDR provides good properties. It retains the high positive predictive value of FWER correction in situations where a low proportion of treatments is effective. It also has a good negative predictive value in situations where a high proportion of treatments is effective. In a multi‐arm trial testing distinct treatment arms, we recommend that sponsors and trialists consider use of the FDR.
Stochastically perturbed bred vectors in single‐scale systems
Authors: Giggins Brent , Gottwald Georg A.
Published: August 2020

The breeding method is a computationally cheap procedure to generate initial conditions for ensemble forecasting which project onto relevant synoptic growing modes. However, ensembles of bred vectors often lack diversity and align with the leading Lyapunov vector, which severely impacts their statistical reliability. In previous work we developed stochastically perturbed bred vectors (SPBVs) and random draw bred vectors (RDBVs) in the context of multi‐scale systems. Here we explore when this method can be extended to systems without scale separation, and examine the performance of the stochastically modified bred vectors in the single scale Lorenz‘96 model. In particular, we show that the performance of SPBVs crucially depends on the degree of localisation of the bred vectors. It is found that, contrary to the case of multi‐scale systems, localisation is detrimental for applications of SPBVs in systems without scale‐separation when initialised from assimilated data. However, in the case of weakly localised bred vectors, ensembles of SPBVs constitute a reliable ensemble with improved ensemble forecasting skills compared to classical bred vectors, while still preserving the low computational cost of the breeding method. RDBVs are shown to have superior forecast skill and form a reliable ensemble in weakly localised situations, but in situations when they are strongly localised they do not constitute a reliable ensemble and are over‐dispersive.
Solvothermal Synthesis and Interfacial Magnetic Interaction of β‐FeSe/SrTiO3‐x Nanocomposites
Authors: Huh Seok , Song Kang Hyun , Yang Hee Jung , Jang Si Eun , Kim Kyungtae , Sur Yeahan , Nam Kiwan , Kim Kee Hoon , Hur Nam Hwi
Published: August 2020

Hybridization of nanomaterials, combined by interfacial fusion, have drawn tremendous interests because of their novel properties induced by structurally matched interfaces. Here we report a solvothermal route that can synthesize β‐FeSe/SrTiO3‐x composites made of β‐FeSe nanosheets (NSs) and SrTiO3‐x nanoparticles (NPs). Various spectroscopic data such as XRD, SEM, and TEM with elemental maps confirm the formation of nanocomposite architecture. Electron microscopy images of β‐FeSe/SrTiO3‐x show that small SrTiO3‐x NPs in the cuboidal form are firmly bound to a sizable β‐FeSe sheet with a thickness of several nanometers. The β‐FeSe/SrTiO3‐x composite shows paramagnetic, which was determined using a SQUID magnetometer. The ferromagnetic property of individual FeSe NPs appears to be suppressed by interfacial interaction between β‐FeSe and SrTiO3‐x, clearly showing the presence of the proximity‐induced effect in the nanocomposites.
An Insight of Molecular Twisting of Coumarin Dyes
Authors: Debnath Tushar , Ghosh Hirendra N.
Published: August 2020

This article highlights the recent understanding of twisted intramolecular charge transfer state (TICT) of coumarin dyes on TiO2 and Au NP surface. The natural origin of coumarin dye in several plants makes it attractive to solar cell and fluorescence sensing applications. Two different classes of D‐π‐A coumarin dyes, having cyano‐acrylic acid as acceptor and 7‐amino moiety as a donor, have been chosen: one of them, having 7‐amino moiety in the ring, shows only intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states in the excited state. While due to twisting of the free 7‐amino moiety, the second class of coumarin shows both ICT and TICT states in their photo‐excited states in the polar environment, in the form of a strong dual‐fluorescence. On TiO2 surface such coumarin dyes found to couple with carboxylic moiety, however on Au NP surface they bind with amino moiety. As a result, on TiO2 surface, the 7‐amino moiety is free to rotate, thus exhibiting TICT state which is a charge‐separated state and leads to higher electron injection yield for the second class of coumarins. The applicability of such twisted conformers of coumarin molecules in the solar cell has been demonstrated. Furthermore, due to molecular coupling with the 7‐amino moiety on Au NP surface, a restriction imposed on the molecular twisting of the free 7‐amino group. This constrains the formation of the TICT state for the second class of coumarins on the Au NP surface. Such ICT‐TICT fluorescence modulation character of the coumarin dyes may lead them to use for fluorescence sensing application, which is also demonstrated to detect specific ions and biomolecules. Thus the present review acmes very fundamental photophysical properties of coumarin dyes based on their molecular twisting on different solvents, semiconductors, and metal nanoparticles which have great consequences of real life applications.
Synthesis of A Novel Cyclotriphosphazene and Its Enhancement of Anti‐aging and Flame Retardancy of Polyolefin
Authors: Huang Xue‐zheng , Jing Qi , Lin Yu‐hui , Wang Yi‐xiao , Ye Yi‐Fei
Published: August 2020

A novel cyclotriphosphazene polymer (PDP) was synthesized by one‐step method with hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4′‐biphenol (DOD) as raw materials. The effects of different reaction time and molar ratio of reactants on PDP yield and molecular weight were investigated. The results showed that when the reaction time reached 60 min, the yield and the molecular weight of PDP was the highest. The yield of PDP decreased with the increase of the molar ratio of HCCP to DOD, when the ratio of HCCP to DOD was 3 : 3, the molecular weight of PDP reached the maximum. The characterization results of FTIR and XPS showed that the method can effectively prepared PDP. XRD result showed that the PDP was non‐crystalline polymer. The synthesized PDP was applied to the polyolefin cable materials by electron beam radiation cross‐linking method. The results of aging experiments showed that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the samples increased from 20% to 21.6% with the addition of 5phr PDP. As for the sample without PDP, the elongation at break was reduced to almost 0 in 12 h and tensile strength to 0 in 25 h. However, the elongation of the sample with 5phr PDP still kept 30% in 100 h, and the tensile strength kept 90% in 100 h. It shows that PDP has good flame retardancy and excellent anti‐aging properties.
From DNA to Nerve Agents – The Biomimetic Catalysts for the Hydrolysis of Phosphate Esters
Authors: Jiang Lei , Sun Yujiao , Chen Yuxue , Nan Pengli
Published: August 2020

The phosphate ester bonds are widely present in living organisms and in the environment. From the nucleic acids to the sparingly dispersed pesticides and chemical warfare residues, the phosphoester bond's stability against hydrolysis can be extremely high or exceptionally low. Recently, the enzyme‐mimicking nanomaterials, namely ‘nanozyme’, have been explored for their activities in hydrolytically cleaving DNA, organophosphate and their analogues. Herein in a broad perspective these nanomaterials were summarized and compared with a view to reproducing the catalysis efficiency and selectivity of natural phosphatases and nucleases. The development of biomimetic inorganic materials would not only provide potential nanomedicine for future gene editing, but also offer alternative solutions to the environmentally friendly treatment of pesticide residues and chemical warfare stockpiles.
Modulation of an Alpha‐Beta Unsaturated N‐Acylhydrazone as Phase Selective Dual Efficient Chemosensor for Zn(II) and Al(III)
Authors: Patra Roumi , Rajak Kajal K.
Published: August 2020

Abstract: ((E)‐N‐salicylidene)‐hydrazide (HL) was synthesised from the condensation of cinnamic acid hydrazide with salicylaldehyde and it was utilised as a fluorescent and colorimetric sensor for dual detection of Zn(II) and Al(III) ions. The solid‐state structure of the ligand (HL) was stabilised by two‐dimensional supramolecular network as evident from single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. In solution the probe was found to have greater relative binding affinity and sensitivity towards Al(III) ion over Zn(II) ion. While the probe demonstrated very fast colorimetric response towards Zn(II) ion in solid state, it had superior fluorimetric sensitivity to Al(III) ion in solution by exhibiting distinct spectral changes. This unique phase dependent property of the probe has been exploited to easily detect Al(III) and Zn(II) ions. The above mentioned metal ions formed 2 : 1 (L : M) complexes with the probe which was supported by absorption and emission titration studies, Job′s Plot and ESI mass spectral analysis. Most of the experimental outcomes were well supported by theoretical calculations.