bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combination Therapies Targeting ALK-aberrant Neuroblastoma in Preclinical Models
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth R. , Jiménez Irene , Chen Lindi , Bellini Angela , Gorrini Chiara , Calton Elizabeth , Gao Qiong , Che Harvey , Poon Evon , Jamin Yann , Martins Da Costa Barbara , Barker Karen , Shrestha Sumana , Hutchinson J. Ciaran , Dhariwal Simran , Goodman Angharad , Del Nery Elaine , Gestraud Pierre , Bhalshankar Jaydutt , Iddir Yasmine , Saberi-Ansari Elnaz , Saint-Charles Alexandra , Geoerger Birgit , Marques Da Costa Maria Eugénia , Pierre-Eugène Cécile , Janoueix-Lerosey Isabelle , Decaudin Didier , Nemati Fariba , Carcaboso Angel M. , Surdez Didier , Delattre Olivier , George Sally L. , Chesler Louis , Tweddle Deborah A. , Schleiermacher Gudrun
Published: January 2023

Purpose:

ALK-activating mutations are identified in approximately 10% of newly diagnosed neuroblastomas and ALK amplifications in a further 1%–2% of cases. Lorlatinib, a third-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor, will soon be given alongside induction chemotherapy for children with ALK-aberrant neuroblastoma. However, resistance to single-agent treatment has been reported and therapies that improve the response duration are urgently required. We studied the preclinical combination of lorlatinib with chemotherapy, or with the MDM2 inhibitor, idasanutlin, as recent data have suggested that ALK inhibitor resistance can be overcome through activation of the p53-MDM2 pathway.

Experimental Design:

We compared different ALK inhibitors in preclinical models prior to evaluating lorlatinib in combination with chemotherapy or idasanutlin. We developed a triple chemotherapy (CAV: cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine) in vivo dosing schedule and applied this to both neuroblastoma genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) and patient-derived xenografts (PDX).

Results:

Lorlatinib in combination with chemotherapy was synergistic in immunocompetent neuroblastoma GEMM. Significant growth inhibition in response to lorlatinib was only observed in the ALK-amplified PDX model with high ALK expression. In this PDX, lorlatinib combined with idasanutlin resulted in complete tumor regression and significantly delayed tumor regrowth.

Conclusions:

In our preclinical neuroblastoma models, high ALK expression was associated with lorlatinib response alone or in combination with either chemotherapy or idasanutlin. The synergy between MDM2 and ALK inhibition warrants further evaluation of this combination as a potential clinical approach for children with neuroblastoma.
Association between Early Feeding Patterns and Neonatal Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Alyahya Wesam , Simpson Judith , Garcia Ada L. , Mactier Helen , Young David , Edwards Christine A.
Published: January 2023

Objective: Mother’s own milk (MOM) is the optimal feed for premature infants but may not always be sufficiently available. Alternative feeding includes donor human milk (DONOR), with or without fortification and preterm formula. This study evaluated the association between early feeding with exclusively and predominantly MOM (MAINLY-MOM) versus MOM supplemented with fortified DONOR (MOM + DONOR) or preterm formula (MOM + FORMULA) and in-hospital growth and neonatal morbidities. Method: This was a multicentre (n = 13 units) cohort study of infants born at <32 weeks’ gestation. Data captured at the point of care were extracted from the UK National Neonatal Research Database. The study groups were defined based on feeding patterns within the first 2 weeks of life using predefined cut-offs. The primary outcome was the in-hospital growth rate. Results: Data from 1,272 infants were analysed. Infants fell into two groups: extremely preterm (EPT) infants and very preterm (VPT) infants, born after <28 weeks and 28 to <32 weeks of gestation, respectively. Only 11 of 365 EPT infants received formula supplements, precluding a useful comparison of MOM + DONOR and MOM + FORMULA. There was no difference in median (25th–75th centile) growth velocity over the first 30 days of life between the MAINLY-MOM (n = 248) and MOM + DONOR (n = 106) groups: 10 (8–13) versus 10 (7–13) g/kg/day. Similarly, for VPT infants, there was no difference in growth velocities between MAINLY-MOM (n = 407), MOM + DONOR (N = 196), and MOM + FORMULA (N = 304): 11 (8–14) versus 11 (8–14) versus 11 (8–14) g/kg/day. Head growth did not differ (p value = 0.670). Cox regression analysis showed no difference in time to discharge between feeding types or any difference in major neonatal morbidities. In both EPT and VPT infants, growth velocity from the time of regaining birth weight to discharge was significantly lower in the MAINLY-MOM group compared to the MOM-DONOR group (EPT: 12.5 [11–14.2] vs. 14 [12.3–15.9] p = 0.45, VPT 13.5 [11–15.7] vs. 14.5 [12.6–16.8] p = 0.015). Conclusion: Early feeding with fortified DONOR, in comparison to formula, to supplement MOM was not associated with any differences in short-term growth, length of stay, and neonatal morbidities. However, early feeding with mainly maternal milk, compared to maternal milk supplemented with DONOR, was associated with significantly lower overall weight gain.
Topographic Differences in Superficial Macular Vessel Density in Eyes with Early Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Normal Tension Glaucoma
Authors: Huo Yan-Jiao , Thomas Ravi , Guo Yan , Zhang Wei , Li Lei , Cao Kai , Wang Huai-Zhou , Wang Ning-Li
Published: January 2023

Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare macular vascular microcirculation in early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG), and normal subjects. Methods: 99 patients with early glaucoma (99 eyes: 60 POAG and 39 NTG) and 78 normal subjects were included. All subjects underwent optical coherence tomography angiography scan at 6 × 6 mm macular area. Macular vessel density (VD) and perfusion density (PD) and 9 sectors were compared between the controls, POAG, and NTG groups. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between VD and other variables including macular PD, signal strength (SS), and mean macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) thickness. Results: Significant losses in total area of VD and PD were detected in POAG and NTG groups compared to the controls (all p < 0.01). There were no significant differences in all inner sectors of macular VD and PD between POAG and controls (all p > 0.05). Except for outer-nasal sector, all other outer sectors of macular VD and PD were significantly lower in POAG than in the controls (all p < 0.01). The inferior-inner sector and all outer sectors of VD and PD were significantly lower in NTG than in the controls (all p < 0.01). Macular VD was significantly correlated with macular PD (r = 0.99, p < 0.001), SS (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), and mGCIPL thickness (r = 0.51, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Macular microcirculation declined significantly in early POAG and NTG patients. Macular microcirculation loss in the NTG group was more central and nasal compared with that in the POAG group. A decrease in macular VD was correlated with lower macular PD, lower SS, and thinner mGCIPL thickness.
The Role of Artemisia in Acne Vulgaris : A Review
Authors: Dharsono Agita Danaparamita , Setyowatie Lita
Published: January 2023

Akne vulgaris merupakan masalah yang sering kali menjadi alasan pasien berobat. Akne vulgaris dapat mengganggu kualitas hidup penderitanya karena dapat menurunkan rasa percaya diri, terutama pada derajat berat. Terapi yang ada saat ini seperti retinoid dan antibiotik sering kali memicu masalah lain seperti iritasi akibat penggunaan retinoid dan resisten akibat penggunaan antibiotik topikal jangka panjang. Saat ini telah banyak dilakukan penelitian untuk mencari terapi alternatif pilihan untuk akne vulgaris, salah satu alternatif yang sedang dikembangkan adalah dengan menggunakan ekstrak dari tanaman Artemisia atau lebih banyak dikenal dengan Mugwort. Tanaman ini banyak digunakan sebagai tanaman obat tradisional karena memiliki berbagai aktivitas, seperti antioksidan, anti bakteri, anti jamur, dan anti parasit. Peran anti bakteri pada ekstrak tanaman Artemisia dapat menghambat pertumbuhan berbagai bakteri seperti Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Propionibacterium acnes. Penggunaan ekstrak tanaman ini dilaporkan memiliki efek samping yang lebih minimal dibandingkan dengan penggunaan bahan kimia. Pemanfaatan ekstrak tanaman Artemisia pada terapi akne vulgaris dapat dipertimbangkan karena kemampuan anti bakteri yang dimilikinya.
A Review A Review: Effectivity and Immunology of HuCB-MSCs Therapy in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Umami Helmina Robiyatul
Published: January 2023

Dermatitis atopi merupakan penyakit yang prevalensinya semakin meningkat. Pengetahuan terkini menyebutkan bahwa faktor penyebab dermatitis atopi berhubungan dengan banyak faktor1. Mekanisme yang berhubungan erat dengan dermatitis atopi adalah mekanisme imunologi. Salah satu strategi terapi utama dermatitis atopi adalah untuk mengontrol sistem imun tubuh. Modalitas terapi terbaru yang masih diteliti hingga kini adalah terapi Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) atau sel punca mesenkimal2. Beberapa penelitian terbaru menunjukkan efektivitas MSCs dalam mengontrol sistem imun tubuh sehingga dapat menghambat progresitivas dermatitis atopi.
Relationship Between Ascending Thoracic Aortic Diameter and Blood Pressure: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: DePaolo John , Levin Michael G. , Tcheandjieu Catherine , Priest James R. , Gill Dipender , Burgess Stephen , Damrauer Scott M. , Chirinos Julio A.
Published: January 2023

Background:

Observational studies identified elevated blood pressure (BP) as a strong risk factor for thoracic aortic dilation, and BP reduction is the primary medical intervention recommended to prevent progression of aortic aneurysms. However, although BP may impact aortic dilation, aortic size may also impact BP. The causal relationship between BP and thoracic aortic size has not been reliably established.

Methods:

Genome-wide association studies summary statistics were obtained for BP and ascending thoracic aortic diameter (AscAoD). Causal effects of BP on AscAoD were estimated using 2-sample Mendelian randomization using a range of pleiotropy-robust methods.

Results:

Genetically predicted increased systolic BP, diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure all significantly associate with higher AscAoD (systolic BP: β estimate, 0.0041 mm/mm Hg [95% CI, 0.0008–0.0074];
P
=0.02, diastolic BP: β estimate, 0.0272 mm/mm Hg [95% CI, 0.0224–0.0320];
P
<0.001, and mean arterial pressure: β estimate, 0.0168 mm/mm Hg [95% CI, 0.0130–0.0206];
P
<0.001). Genetically predicted pulse pressure, meanwhile, had an inverse association with AscAoD (β estimate, −0.0155 mm/mm Hg [95% CI, −0.0213 to −0.0096];
P
<0.001). Multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses showed that genetically predicted increased mean arterial pressure and reduced pulse pressure were independently associated with AscAoD. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization demonstrated that genetically predicted AscAoD was inversely associated with pulse pressure (β estimate, −2.0721 mm Hg/mm [95% CI, −3.1137 to −1.0306];
P
<0.001) and systolic BP (β estimate, −1.2878 mm Hg/mm [95% CI, −2.3533 to −0.2224];
P
=0.02), while directly associated with diastolic BP (0.8203 mm Hg/mm [95% CI, 0.2735–1.3672];
P
=0.004).

Conclusions:

BP likely contributes causally to ascending thoracic aortic dilation. Increased AscAoD likely contributes to lower systolic BP and pulse pressure, but not diastolic BP, consistent with the hemodynamic consequences of a reduced aortic diameter.
Substrate Mapping Alters Ventricular Tachycardia Inducibility
Authors: Aboud Asad A. , Davogustto Giovanni , Adeola Oluwaseun , Richardson Travis D. , Tokutake Kenichi , Michaud Gregory F. , Stevenson William G. , Kanagasundram Arvindh
Published: January 2023

Background:

Initiation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) by programmed electrical stimulation (PES) has an important role to allow mapping and assess ablation end points. We hypothesized that substrate mapping may alter VT inducibility by mechanical bumping of critical sites.

Methods:

Subjects with left ventricular scar-related VT that was inducible by PES who were undergoing ablation were included. PES was repeated after substrate mapping (Group I) or after time under sedation/anesthesia during which additional imaging and transeptal puncture were performed without substrate mapping (Group II). The response to the second PES was categorized as type I if the same VT was induced, type II if a different VT was induced, and type III if VT was not inducible.

Results:

Twenty-eight patients (median age 66 years, 61% ischemic cardiomyopathy), 14 in Group I and 14 in Group II, were included. Age, time between initial and second PES, type of cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction, and anesthesia methods were not different between the 2 groups. Initial VT cycle length, however, was shorter in Group I (305 millisecond [range, 235–600] versus 350 millisecond [range, 235–600],
P
=0.016). Also, Group I required more extrastimuli to induce VT in PES 1 (2 [1–4] versus 2 [1–3],
P
=0.022). In Group I, following substrate mapping, the second PES induced the same VT in 3 patients (21%), a different VT in 9 (64%), and no VT in 2 (14%) patients. In contrast, in Group II the same VT was induced in 10 (71%) patients, a different VT in 3 (21%) and no VT in 1 (7%) patient (
P
=0.017).

Conclusions:

Mechanical effects of substrate mapping commonly alter inducibility of VT. This has important implications for catheter ablation procedure planning and acute assessment of outcome and can potentially account for some recurrent VTs that are not recognized at the time of the procedure.
Microcirculation and Physical Exercise In Hypertension
Authors: De Ciuceis Carolina , Rizzoni Damiano , Palatini Paolo
Published: January 2023

Hypertension is associated with important alterations in the morphology of small arteries and arterioles. Vascular-specific manifestations are changes in the structure and function of vascular smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, perivascular tissues, and endothelial cells. Arteriole and capillary remodeling and capillary rarefaction have been observed in hypertensive animals and human beings which contribute to increased vascular resistance. An impairment of different angiogenetic factors, such as VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), VEGFR-2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases-1), and TSP-1 (thrombospondin-1), seems to be responsible for the reduction of the microvascular network. Exercise training has been shown to improve vascular structure and function in hypertension not only in the large arteries but also in the peripheral circulation. Exercise training may regress microvascular remodeling and normalize capillary density, leading to capillary growth possibly by increasing proangiogenic stimuli such as VEGF. Exercise enhances endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation through nitric oxide release increase and oxidative stress reduction. Other mechanisms include improved balance between prostacyclin and thromboxane levels, lower circulating levels of endothelin-1, attenuation of infiltration of immune cells into perivascular adipose tissue, and increase of local adiponectin secretion. In addition, exercise training favorably modulates the expression of several microRNAs leading to a positive modification in muscle fiber composition. Identifying the bioactive molecules and biological mechanisms that mediate exercise benefits through pathways that differ from those used by antihypertensive drugs may help to improve our knowledge of hypertension pathophysiology and facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Blood Pressure Levels, Cardiovascular Events, and Renal Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease Without Antihypertensive Therapy: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Wu Shujing , Li Mian , Lu Jieli , Tang Xulei , Wang Guixia , Zheng Ruizhi , Niu Jingya , Chen Li , Huo Yanan , Xu Min , Wang Tiange , Zhao Zhiyun , Wang Shuangyuan , Lin Hong , Qin Guijun , Yan Li , Wan Qin , Chen Lulu , Shi Lixin , Hu Ruying , Su Qing , Yu Xuefeng , Qin Yingfen , Chen Gang , Gao Zhengnan , Shen Feixia , Luo Zuojie , Chen Yuhong , Zhang Yinfei , Liu Chao , Wang Youmin , Wu Shengli , Yang Tao , Li Qiang , Mu Yiming , Zhao Jiajun , Ning Guang , Bi Yufang , Wang Weiqing , Xu Yu ,   for the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study Group†
Published: January 2023

Background:

High blood pressure (BP) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, the thresholds to initiate BP-lowering treatment in this population are unclear. We aimed to examine the associations between BP levels and clinical outcomes and provide evidence on potential thresholds to initiate BP-lowering therapy in people with chronic kidney disease.

Methods:

This nationwide, multicenter, prospective cohort study included 12 523 chronic kidney disease participants without antihypertensive therapy in mainland China. Participants were followed up during 2011 to 2016 for cardiovascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalized or treated heart failure, and cardiovascular death) and renal events (≥20% decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate, end-stage kidney disease, and renal death).

Results:

Overall, 652 cardiovascular events and 1268 renal events occurred during 43 970 person-years of follow-up. We observed a positive and linear relationship between systolic BP and risks of cardiovascular and renal events down to 90 mm Hg, as well as between diastolic BP and risks of renal events down to 50 mm Hg. A J-shaped trend was noted between diastolic BP and risks of cardiovascular events, but a linear relationship was revealed in participants <60 years (
P
for interaction <0.001). A significant increase in the risk of cardiovascular and renal outcomes was observed at systolic BP ≥130 mm Hg (versus 90–119 mm Hg) and at diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg (versus 50–69 mm Hg).

Conclusions:

In people with chronic kidney disease, a higher systolic BP/diastolic BP level (≥130/90 mm Hg) is significantly associated with a greater risk of cardiovascular and renal events, indicating potential thresholds to initiate BP-lowering treatment.
β-Bursts over Frontal Cortex Track the Surprise of Unexpected Events in Auditory, Visual, and Tactile Modalities
Authors: Tatz Joshua R. , Mather Alec , Wessel Jan R.
Published: January 2023

One of the fundamental ways in which the brain regulates and monitors behavior is by making predictions about the sensory environment and adjusting behavior when those expectations are violated. As such, surprise is one of the fundamental computations performed by the human brain. In recent years, it has been well established that one key aspect by which behavior is adjusted during surprise is inhibitory control of the motor system. Moreover, because surprise automatically triggers inhibitory control without much proactive influence, it can provide unique insights into largely reactive control processes. Recent years have seen tremendous interest in burst-like β frequency events in the human (and nonhuman) local field potential—especially over (p)FC—as a potential signature of inhibitory control. To date, β-bursts have only been studied in paradigms involving a substantial amount of proactive control (such as the stop-signal task). Here, we used two cross-modal oddball tasks to investigate whether surprise processing is accompanied by increases in scalp-recorded β-bursts. Indeed, we found that unexpected events in all tested sensory domains (haptic, auditory, visual) were followed by low-latency increases in β-bursting over frontal cortex. Across experiments, β-burst rates were positively correlated with estimates of surprise derived from Shannon's information theory, a type of surprise that represents the degree to which a given stimulus violates prior expectations. As such, the current work clearly implicates frontal β-bursts as a signature of surprise processing. We discuss these findings in the context of common frameworks of inhibitory and cognitive control after unexpected events.
Taleng Phai: A Chakrabhand Puppet Play: Characteristics of Performance Literature
Authors: Ratchatakorntrakoon Ratchaneekorn
Published: January 2023

This research examines literary techniques used in the adaptation of Lilit Taleng Phai to a Chakrabhand puppet play and analyzes characteristics of Taleng Phai: A Chakrabhand Puppet Play as performance literature. The study reveals that four literary techniques were used to make this adaptation: 1) adaptation of the content; 2) the characters; 3) the pattern; and 4) the presentation. These adaptations contribute to the characteristics of puppet play as performance literature through five conventions: 1) use of an invocation for puppet performance; 2) inclusion of puppet songs; 3) insertion of jokes; 4) method of delivery of puppets to the stage; and 5) not ending with the death of a character. Importantly, the play includes three innovations of puppet performance: 1) the creation of a puppet play from historical literature; 2) the creation of an atmosphere in a puppet performance; and 3) the creation of songs and a singing format.
New contribution to the knowledge of the neotropical species of the genus Astylus (Laporte, 1836) (Coleoptera: Melyridae)
Authors: ESTRADA PATRICIA
Published: January 2023

Fabricius (1775) describes Anobium lineatum for Brazil, a species recognized as Astylus (Melyridae). The study of the external morphology and genitalia of the type material and collections allows us to establish Astylus subacuminatus (Solier, 1849) as a synonym of Astylus lineatus (Fabricius, 1775). Likewise, the varieties described by Pic (1919) A. lineatus var. inlineatus and A. lineatus var. janeirensis are established as new synonyms. A. lineatus is redescribed and types material photographs are provided.
New hermit crab species (Anomura, Paguroidea) from the upper Miocene St. Marys Formation of Maryland (USA), preserved in their host shells
Authors: WALLAARD JONATHAN J.W. , FRAAIJE RENÉ H.B. , VAN BAKEL BARRY W.M. , NANCE JOHN R. , LINDHOLM ADAM , JAGT JOHN W.M.
Published: January 2023

Two new species of hermit crab are recorded from the upper Miocene (Tortonian) St. Marys Formation of Maryland, named Pagurus hazenorum n. sp. and Paguristes timoni n. sp. and assigned to the families Paguridae Latreille, 1802, and Annuntidiogenidae Fraaije, 2014, respectively. Both new species are morphologically close to present-day congeners, but can be differentiated on details of ornament (tubercles, granules and teeth).
Governing aid coordination in regional platforms: the G20 Compact with Africa case
Authors: Fabiani Beatrice , Frondizi Rocco , Rossi Noemi
Published: January 2023

The diversity and increasing number of development actors is a factor of complexity for recipient countries that puts at risk the efficiency of assistance delivery and undermines country ownership. The G20 Leaders have called on the international community to promote country platforms, owned by governments, to foster coordination among development partners and mobilize private investments. The objective of this study is to analyse the coordination exercise of the G20 Compact with Africa, a regional platform initiated under the Germany G20 Presidency in 2017, in line with its mandate to leverage private financing. In particular, we will investigate how the international community pursues common goals in the sectors of operations under the Compact with Africa and how Compact's countries structure their national development and sectoral strategies in synergy with development partners. The analysis will be triangulated through a documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews to assess how country platforms can contribute to promoting a coordinated approach among development partners in the definition of government priorities and attract private sector investments.

Points for practitioners

The implications of this work emphasize that country platforms can act as a vehicle to harmonize, monitor, and narrow the number of development priorities in a country. For this mechanism to be effective, country leadership and ownership should be inclusive of all development partners and in line with governments’ needs and targets.
Don Cupitt: prophet, public intellectual and pioneer Prophet without honour: the marginalization of Don Cupitt
Authors: Graham Elaine , Smith Graeme
Published: January 2023

This article is the first of three that will evaluate the work and legacy of the Cambridge non-realist theologian and philosopher of religion, Don Cupitt. We begin by suggesting that Cupitt might be depicted as a ‘prophet without honour’ in both his ecclesiastical home of the Church of England and at the University of Cambridge, where he spent most of his professional life. This is based on the observation that, after a promising early career, Cupitt never received the ecclesiastical preferment or academic promotion that many argued he deserved. This arguably represents a missed opportunity for both Church and academy, because Cupitt is more accurately understood not as an enemy of religion but as essentially an ecclesiastical insider whose chief motivation was to uphold the contemporary relevance and credibility of Christianity.
‘Il Nous Faut les Hommes’: Catholicism, Masculinity and the Culture Wars in France, 1880–1914
Authors: Verhoeven Timothy
Published: January 2023

This article investigates a campaign by the French Catholic Church to bring men to Mass in the first decades of the Third Republic. Historians have long noted the gender imbalance in religious practice in France in this era. Less attention has been paid, however, to the mobilization on the part of leading clerics to tackle the problem of male religious indifference. This response took the form of a range of initiatives – pastoral visits, male-only Masses, study circles, missions and more. But the Church went further in order to overcome the obstacle of the ‘respect humain’, the fear of public mockery that kept so many men away from the Church doors. In order to inspire courage in laymen, it published narratives of Catholic heroes. Another means of encouraging piety was an association dedicated to the Sacred Heart which organized a male-only pilgrimage to Lourdes. An understanding of this campaign to evangelize men throws light on a neglected area of religious history, the relationship between religion and masculinity. It also offers a new dimension on the War of Two Frances which reached such a peak of intensity in the decade after 1900.
Effect of exercise therapy on PICC-associated venous thromboembolism: A meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Aiping , Liu Xiaoqing , Li Zhaoyang , Lai Chunyan , Tan Jing
Published: January 2023

Background

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is widely used in clinical practice because of its long retention time and easy maintenance. However, PICC-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most serious complication of PICC. Guidelines recommend exercise therapy to prevent PICC-associated VTE. However, inconsistent findings have been reported across the literature. This study conducted a meta-analysis to further evaluate the effect of exercise therapy on PICC-associated VTE.

Methods

We searched CNKI, Wanfang database, Chinese Science and Technology Journal Full Text Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases and included all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise therapy for the prevention of PICC-associated VTE. Two investigators independently screened the literature, extracted information, and evaluated the risk of bias for eligible RCTs. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan5.4 software.

Results

Eleven RCTs were included, including 1919 patients. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of PICC-associated VTE was lower in the exercise therapy group than in the usual care group (RR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.22–0.41, p < 0.00001).Exercise therapy increased the axillary vein maximum velocity (SMD = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.58–1.28, p < 0.00001) and the axillary vein time-mean flow velocity (SMD = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.53–1.20, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis showed statistically significant differences for the incidence of PICC-associated VTE for intervention times<4 weeks (RR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.17–0.40, p < 0.00001) and intervention times≥4 weeks (RR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.22–0.54, p < 0.00001). For axillary vein maximum velocity, the difference was statistically significant for both intervention time <4 weeks (SMD = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55–0.91, p < 0.00001) and intervention time ≥4 weeks (SMD = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.18–2.19, p = 0.02). For axillary vein time-mean flow velocity, the intervention time <4 weeks (SMD = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.46–1.04, p < 0.00001), and the difference was statistically significant; while ≥4 weeks, the difference was not statistically significant (SMD = 1.14, 95% CI: −0.07 to 2.35, p = 0.06).

Conclusions

Exercise therapy improved venous blood flow velocity and effectively reduced the incidence of PICC-associated VTE. However, RCTs with large samples and high quality are needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of exercise therapy in PICC patients.
“An Act of Allah”: Religious Explanations for Floods in Bangladesh as Survival Strategy
Authors: Schmuck Hanna
Published: January 2023

In countries of the so-called Third World, disaster prevention, preparedness, and relief do not have the expected outcome. Even if people are informed and warned about the arrival of a flood, cyclone, or earthquake, they hesitate to take precautions or leave the area. In some cases, they have to be forced to take refuge in the shelters built for this purpose. They seem to be helpless victims accepting their fate. This is especially the case in Bangladesh, a country which is frequently affected by floods. tornadoes, and cyclones. The affected people, mostly Muslim, regard these hazards as an act of Allah. Through the events He is showing Bis will and power against which they cannot and should not do anything. In the view of aid agencies, this perception and explanation hampers both external as well as indigenous efforts to survive disasters. However, the findings of my research on local perception and strategies to cope with floods reveal this conception to be a healthy reaction, self-help strategy to overcome crises as quickly as possible and return to daily life. As Allah has given the floods, He will also give believers the strength to survive them. The religious explanation prevents those affected literally wasting time and energy asking why disasters happen to them and not to others.
Panic or Situational Constraints? The Case of the M/V Estonia
Authors: Cornwell Benjamin , Harmon Wendy , Mason Melissa , Merz Brian , Lampe Mike
Published: January 2023

This paper evaluates behavior among individuals during the sinking of the M/V Estonia in 1994, which caused the deaths of 851 people. Survival rates of those on board indicate a drastically higher proportion of men surviving than women (.22 vs .05), and a higher proportion of crew members surviving than regular passengers (.23 vs .12). These patterns suggest that intense competition and panic may have ensued during the escape, since it appears that individuals with (socially-defined) role obligations (e.g., crew members) disregarded others’ (e.g., regular passengers) need for aid during the emergency. However, we believe that the unusually tumultuous physical constraints effectuated by the disaster may have made if difficult for these individuals to help one another escape from the ship. Thus, unlike previous research on disasters, this paper treats the situational environment of the disaster as a factor that can influence survival rates differentially across groups. The usefulness of reaching conclusions about the existence of panic based solely on obsenvations of overt action and/or covert emotional states (especially those based solely on quantitative analyses) is thus called into question.
Modeling Hurricane Evacutaion Decisions with Ethnographic Methods
Authors: Gladwin Christina H. , Gladwin Hugh , Peacock Walter Gillis
Published: January 2023

This paper directly models individual and household hurricane evacuation behavior using ethnographic decision tree analysis. This approach uses a set of iterative processes to inductively derive a general decision model from specific individual decision models. To elicit the model described here, below the authors and several graduate students interviewed Miami residents who had been in South Florida during both Hurricanes Andrew in 1992 and Erin in 1995. The resulting model of hurricane evacuation decision processes was then tested with interview data collected from a separate random sample of 954 South Florida residents drawn from areas that were evacuation zones and areas immediately adjacent to them at the time of Hurricane Andrew. The model captures the complexity and messiness of real-life decision-making by including criteria-showing how people are constrained by their perceptions of the hurricane, the safety features of their homes, the time they have available to prepare for the hurricane, their age, and the reactions of other family members who are also deciding whether or not to evacuate. By showing the richness of the decision process as well as its messiness, results taken from this model can better inform emergency managers who need to know how people will react to the approach of a hurricane.
Finding Order in Disorder: Continuities in the 9–11 Response
Authors: Dynes Russell R.
Published: January 2023

The events of September 11th in the United States prompted speculation about the capacity of modern societies to deal with such collective traumas. Here, comparisons are made to past situations, primarily Hamburg after intensive bombing in 1943. Such comparisons indicate immediate and persistent efforts to re-establish the continuity of social life. Such continuity is in contrast to popular images of individual and collective disorganization as well as the presumption that urban areas are especially fragile. After 9/11, effective efforts were frequently attributed to American exceptionalism.

While the social sciences have a number of concepts to deal with social disorganization, there are fewer to characterize stability and adaptability. Illustrations of the importance of social capital and organizational resilience in the New York case are offered. By contrast, post 9/11 discussions have often been dominated by the recycling of disaster myths, especially the belief in widespread panic, the necessity of command and control and the assumption that “people “ are the primary problem. Many of those ideas have since become embedded in the implementation of “homeland security”.
Terrorism and System Failure: A Revisited Perspective of Current Development Paradigms
Authors: Oyola-Yeroaiel Arthur , Wilson Jennifer
Published: January 2023

In this article we explore social vulnerability to terrorism based upon current development paradigms and the social complexities derived from- our evolutionary process. We argue that highly complex systems are the essence of accelerated development as well as the possible cause of our collapse as a society System complexity in and of itself could very well be modern society's principal vulnerability to terrorism with the possible outcome of a generalized failure resulting in a. national disaster. To obtain vulnerability reduction we suggest that American society move toward a new stage of development accentuating redundancy and independence of crucial system functions. We recommend that business and resource consolidation and the centralization of power paradigm give way to developmental strategies of decentralized power and dispersed resource allocation. We utilized the Twin Towers incident to analyze our evolutionary developmental process and the vulnerability of our complex society and to revisit the working definition of disaster in the reality of highly complex systems.
Police Social-Work Collaboration in Response to the World Trade Center Attacks
Authors: Patterson George T.
Published: January 2023

This paper utilizes the lessons learned from police-social work collaboration in response to the World Trade Center attacks to build capacity for the future of police- social work collaboration in response to mass emergencies and disasters. A collaborative disaster response provided during the early hours and days following the attacks, before the American Red Cross and other agencies were involved are described. Social workers and other mental health professionals collaborating with law enforcement personnel to provide a disaster response can assist law enforcement agencies with their community service and community policing functions. The benefits and barriers to police-social work collaboration, and social work-practice roles are discussed as they relate to disaster preparedness, response, recovery, and collaborating effectively with law enforcement personnel.
Homeland Security Warnings: Lessons Learned and Unlearned
Authors: Aguirre Benigno E.
Published: January 2023

The paper examines the Homeland Security Advisory System in light of existing knowledge about effective warning systems in the social science of disasters. It firsts describes an integrated warning system model and what is known about effective warning messages. The Homeland Security Advisory System is then contrasted to the successful hurricane warning system in the United States, to point out the existing difficulties with the former. It concludes with a section advocating an alternative all hazards approach to increase the resilience of communities.
Time is of the Essence: Disasters, Vulnerability and History1
Authors: Bankoff Greg
Published: January 2023

As an historian whose interests lie in both contemporary disaster practice as well the historical roots of vulnerability, I have become increasingly intrigued by the manner in which the proponents of these two ‘fields’ approach the question of time in relation to disasters. Needless to say these actors regard it very differently. Social scientists (and here I include mainly sociologists, anthropologists and human geographers) largely pay lip service to its importance, at best mentioning its relevance en passant but giving historical analysis and specific historical example little real consideration in the greater scheme of things. At the same time, though, they place inordinate emphasis on the importance of ‘process’ as the basis upon which their understanding of what turns a natural hazard into a disaster depends. The concept of vulnerability is proposed as the key to understanding how social systems generate unequal exposure to risk by making some people more prone to disaster than others, a condition that is largely a function of the power relations operative in each society (Cannon 1994:14–15, 19; Wisner 1993:131–133). Vulnerability to historians, on the other hand, is not even really a conceptual term and, when used at all, usually indicates a state of being not a condition derivative of historical processes. Above all, disasters are primarily ‘events’ caused by a combination of seismological, meteorological or epidemiological agents (occasionally war is seen in this context as well) 2 that have certain detrimental physical and socioeconomic consequences. At their most extreme, they may even cause the downfall of societies. However, they are rarely integrated into any wider theoretical perspective (Ambraseys 1971; Landsberg 1980). Though both social scientists and historians may talk about disasters, they are not necessarily talking about the same thing: the one sees disasters as primarily a historical processes (or processes set within recent temporal parameters), the other as non-sequential historical events. This is unfortunate because primarily disasters are both historical processes and sequential events. If this assertion sounds rather convoluted, I trust the following discussion will make the distinction somewhat clearer though no amount of clarification is really sufficient to adequately address this question. Instead, I intend what I say more as ‘a line of thinking in progress’ than ‘a work in progress’.
Divided We Fall: Towards an Understanding of Community Risk Assessment: A Case Study from the Lao PDR
Authors: Bloomer Julian
Published: January 2023

Much of the theory that embodies the framework for community risk assessments has been drawn from varying peripheral disciplines. Many potentially important factors such as the suitability of existing disaster management philosophies in differing contexts, the need for methodologies accessible to those with limited training and the development of appropriate indicators for monitoring the success of participation have been largely neglected. Further to these issues that relate directly to the risk assessment, issues surrounding the role of governments in risk reduction and the recognition of the importance of risk perception amongst communities were also encountered during the research process discussed below and have been examined in the context of developing appropriate methodologies. The importance of small-scale threats to the surveyed community was identified during the field study as well as the need for the de-professionalization of risk assessment procedures, particularly for areas that would not ordinarily receive attention from disaster management practitioners but that would benefit from the principles used in the discipline. The study concluded that the development of a more flexible methodology that had the ability to adapt to the multifarious contexts that the process is employed in is a key factor in ensuring the positive future development of the process
The Phases of Disaster as a Relationship between Structure and Meaning: A Narrative Analysis of the 1947 Texas City Explosion
Authors: Richardson Brian K.
Published: January 2023

Developing disaster phase models has been useful, particularly for understanding response efforts to emergencies and disasters. However, such models are limited in their ability to explain the phases encountered by a social collective, or community, as it progresses through response and recovery efforts. This study examined phases of disaster response and recovery as a sociological problem. A grounded-theory analysis was used to examine 60 personal narratives of the 1947 Texas City explosion, which is an example of a cosmology episode (Weick 1985). Survivors of the explosion provided narrative accounts describing their memories of the incident. Results support the idea that social collectives depend upon a transactional relationship between structure and meaning to make sense of events. The study develops a phase model depicting four phases experienced by the Texas City community prior to, during, and after the disaster. This study reveals contributions gained through analysis of personal narratives to illuminate the relationship between disaster and human activity.
Vulnerability of Displaced Persons: Relocation Park Residents in the Wake of Hurricane Charley
Authors: Tobin Graham A. , Bell Heather M. , Whiteford Linda M. , Montz Burrell E.
Published: January 2023

Hurricane Charley made landfall in southwest Florida, USA on August 13, 2004. It caused devastation in several coastal counties before moving rapidly north-northeastwards through the state. While storm surge and flooding were minimal, the destruction from high winds was extensive. Hurricane Charley was the most intense storm to make landfall in Florida since Andrew in 1992; three more hurricanes followed in 2004, creating problems throughout the state and leaving many people homeless. This study looked at the vulnerability of these displaced persons, exploring issues of pre and post-event behavior, response and recovery in a relocation park run by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews were used to assess perception of immediate and ongoing needs of park residents and to evaluate how well those needs had been met. Though residents reported that emergency response organizations had met most of their immediate needs and they were generally appreciative of FEMA's efforts, there were some ongoing concerns. Results indicated that relocation park residents were more vulnerable than the general population prior to the storm, and that differences among park residents were associated with variations in perception of needs and outcomes. Specifically, four themes stood out and require further study: special needs, race, access to resources and social networks. With subsequent events, not least being Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma, more attention to long-term sheltering needs and temporary housing would seem appropriate.
Families and Disaster Behavior: A Reassessment of Family Preparedness
Authors: Kirschenbaum Alan
Published: January 2023

Disaster researchers have consistently emphasized that the family is a principal conduit for disaster behaviors and critical for its individual members’ survival. Evidence for this claim, however, is problematic as it is based primarily on anecdotal and ethnographic evidence restricted to ongoing or post-disaster coping behaviors. Such evidence should focus on the preparedness stage where family disaster behavior is critical for subsequent chances of survival. Reassessing the primacy of the family-disaster link at the preparedness stage was accomplished by analyzing a representative Israeli sample (n=814) of family household units. Focusing on the household unit provided access to its members, internal familial social processes and household pre-disaster preparedness levels. The households were divided into traditional, cohabiting and single family structures. The initial analysis showed that variations in household structure had inconsistent and in some cases no impact on core disaster preparedness behaviors. Testing a series of alternative explanations related to internal familial social processes found that the extent and intensity of family social networks and gender of the household head did predict differences in preparedness levels. Apparently, the impact of families on preparedness—a vital factor in subsequent disaster behaviors—does not appear to be the result of its structure but the social processes inherent within the household. Being a family in its many diverse forms but lacking these essential familial ingredients is no guarantee of being prepared for disasters.
Transforming the Field of Disaster Research through Training the Next Generation
Authors: Peek Lori
Published: January 2023

Given the importance of nurturing the next generation of hazards and disaster researchers and exposing them to the breadth, depth, and vitality of the field, surprisingly little has been written that explicitly addresses this topic. In this article, I examine the role of research centers in transforming the field of disaster research and specifically focus on the responsibility of research centers in educating and mentoring new scholars, who in turn will influence the future directions of the field. I discuss five aspects of training new researchers that I consider essential: a) fostering commitment to the field; b) maintaining academic and professional integrity; c) examining root causes of disasters; d) developing and improving research agendas; and e) disseminating research findings. The role of research centers is critical in the training process, given that there is probably no better venue for educating new scholars and ultimately encouraging innovative perspectives, generating new knowledge, advancing science, and strengthening the field.