bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding responses of the horsefly, Tabanus nigrovittatus, to phagostimulants
Authors: FRIEND W. G. , STOFFOLANO J. G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Wild caught horseflies, Tabanus nigrovittatus Macq. (Diptera, Tabanidae), were presented solutions of 0.15 MNaCl at 37°C containing various concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, phytic acid or 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in an artificial feeding apparatus. The insects fed upward through a Para‐film M® membrane. ADP (ED50 35 μM) was more potent than ATP (ED50 112 μM) and AMP (ED50 382 mUM). All of these diets were deposited in the midgut, an indication that the flies were in the ‘blood feeding’ mode. Adenosine caused only 23% gorging at 1 mM. Phytic acid caused only 10% gorging at 1 mM and 2,3‐diphosphoglyceric acid had no activity at 0.6 mM. Flies would feed only in highly reflective cages under high levels of light intensity (1200–1500 lux) at the membrane surface.
Photoperiodic regulation of the development of winged gynoparae in the aphid, Aphis fabae
Authors: HARDIE JIM , LEES A. D.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In uncrowded rearing conditions, determination of the winged gynopara of the Aphis fabae Scopoli is dependent upon both pre‐ and postnatal short days (LD 12:12). Extension of the photophase to produce longday (LD 16:8) conditions localized on the head or abdominal region, showed that during the early larval instars of the parent generation (G1) there is a maternally‐controlled induction of gynoparae. However, during later stages of embryonic development the presumptive gynoparae respond directly to photoperiod through the mother's abdominal wall. During early postnatal development, presumptive gynoparae (G2) remain sensitive to photoperiodic conditions; the photoperiodic receptors lie in the head. These results are discussed with respect to possible endocrine mediators of this photoperiodically controlled polymorphism.
Subsocial behaviour in Oniticellus cinctus (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): effect of the brood on parental care and oviposition
Authors: KLEMPERER H. G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In Oniticellus cinctus (F.) the nest chambers each contain about twenty brood balls. Females enlarge the brood balls during the egg and larval stages and remain in the chamber for the whole period of brood development (1 month); they then make a new nest after 1 week. The presence of the brood releases parental care and ensures that the mother remains in the nest: she repairs defects in the brood balls and the nest, and expels other O. cinctus females. A new ball is formed around a naked O. cinctus larva, but larvae of other species are killed. In addition, the brood inhibits oviposition: removal (or addition) of brood balls stimulates (or inhibits) egg laying. In inhibited ovarioles, existing follicles are resorbed and production of new ones ceases. Control of clutch size by the brood is an adaptation to the nest structure and life history of O. cinctus. It may have an important role in the reproductive strategy of other insects with parental care.
Bodily stimulus gradients and precopulatory orientation in the midge, Culicoides melleus
Authors: LINLEY J. R.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The male Culicoides melleus (Coquillett) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is able to orientate extremely rapidly to the copulatory position on a C. melleus female and, remarkably, assumes an equivalent position on a mosquito female (Aedes taeniorhynchus). To test for possible similarity between the midge and mosquito females, the ability of their different bodily parts to stimulate sexual response from C. melleus males was assayed. Males were known to respond sexually to a contact pheromone. Males showed increasing response posteriorly on both female C. melleus and A. taeniorhynchus, and greater response to ventral positions than dorsal. Experiments involving transpositions of bodily parts of C. melleus females prove that orientation, at least in the later stages of precopulatory behaviour, is to cues on the female abdomen. It is suggested that the orientation behaviour of the C. melleus male is achieved in response to contact pheromone gradients on the female body.
Interneurons sensitive to female pheromone in the deutocerebrum of the male silkworm moth,Bombyx mori
Authors: OLBERG ROBERT M.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.In response to minute quantities of female sex pheromone, the male silkworm moth,Bombyx moriL., walks upwind to locate the odour source. The axons of antennal receptors specific for the two known components of the pheromone terminate in the deutocerebrum. In this study, single interneurons were recorded extracellularly in the deutocerebrum of the male silkworm moth. Responses were characterized as the antennae were presented with puffs of clean air, or air containing either or both components of the female pheromone, bombykol and bombykal. An apparatus is described which added bombykol or bombykal to a constant air stream flowing over the antenna. Most units (87%) showed qualitatively different responses to bombykol and bombykal. A majority of the pheromone‐sensitive units (65%) also showed mechanosensory responses to air puffs. Two units were recorded which were slightly inhibited by either bombykol or bombykal alone, but were excited by a mixture of the two.
Neuroendocrine stimulation of uterine gland protein synthesis in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans
Authors: PIMLEY R. W.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The uterine gland of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. synthesizes a secretion which nourishes the developing larva in the uterus. Aqueous extracts of the brain have been shown to stimulate the synthesis of the protein and amino acid components of this secretion from L‐ [U‐14C]leucine by uterine gland tubules in vivo and in vitro. A linear dose response relationship was demonstrated in vitro with extract concentrations ranging from 1 × 10‐4 to 1 × 10‐2 brains μl‐1. The maximum response, a > 300% increase in the rate of protein and amino acid synthesis, was achieved with as little as 1 × 10‐2 brains μl‐1 The concentration of active factor(s) in the brain declined during a single interlarval period coincident with the period of release of secretion associated with larval growth. The stimulatory activity in brain extracts was destroyed by proteolytic enzymes indicating that it is probably a protein or peptide. Results suggest that the active factor(s) is a hormone responsible for the stimulation of uterine gland protein synthesis essential for larval nutrition.
The role of volumetric feedback from the hindgut in the regulation of meal size in fifth‐instar Locusta migratoria nymphs
Authors: SIMPSON S. J.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Behavioural studies show that fullness of the hindgut influences the size of meals taken by fifth‐instar Locusta migratoria L. nymphs, with the relevant information coming from the ileum and passing via the terminal abdominal ganglion. Morphological and electrophysiological studies suggest that stretch receptors on the posterior ileum, associated with branches of the rectal nerves, register extension of the ileal fold and probably also an increase in ileal volume. A system in which the volumetric feedbacks from both the crop and hindgut interact in the regulation of meal size is postulated.
Maternally induced host regulation by the egg parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis
Authors: STRAND M. R. , RATNER S. , VINSON S. B.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The egg parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) arrested development and prevented emergence of its host, the egg of Heliothis virescens F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Arrestment was due to a factor injected by the ovipositing parasitoid just prior to egg release. T. heliothidis prevented hatching of H. virescens eggs up to 62 h old. Implantation of the distal region of the parasitoid common oviduct also prevented host emergence. Examination of the distal common oviduct revealed large numbers of protein‐containing vesicles in the cytoplasm of the oviduct epithelial cells. These vesicles may be the source of the arrestment factor. The arrestment factor did not prevent emergence of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an interspecific competitor of T. heliothidis.
Discrimination and production of disparlure enantiomers by the gypsy moth and the nun moth
Authors: HANSEN KURT
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT.Two odour receptor cells were physiologically identified within male antennal hair sensillae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L, and the nun moth, L. monacha L. In the gypsy moth, one cell responded to (+)‐disparlure, while a neighbouring cell responded to (‐)‐disparlure. In the nun moth both cells responded to (+)‐disparlure. The lack of sensitivity to (‐)‐disparlure in the nun moth was corroborated by electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, which indicated no affinity to this enantiomer. Single cell responses of male gypsy moth to different concentrations of the synthetic enantiomers of disparlure were then compared to responses elicited by hexane extracts of female glands of both species. The gypsy moth's extracts stimulated almost exclusively the receptor cell specialized for (+)‐disparlure, while both cells were simultaneously stimulated by the extracts of the nun moths. From the response characteristic of the cells it is estimated that pheromone production of the nun moth is about 10% (+) and 90% (‐)‐disparlure, and that of the gypsy moth is almost 100% (+)‐disparlure. Stimulation of the antenna of each species by female gland extracts of both species did not indicate the presence of receptors for other hexane elutable pheromone components in either species.
Saccadic head movements of the praying mantis, with particular reference to visual and proprioceptive information
Authors: LISKE ECKEHARD , MOHREN WERNER
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Horizontal head movements of the praying mantis, Sphodromantis lineola Burm., were recorded continuously. They responded to the presence of a live blowfly prey in the antero‐lateral visual field with a rapid saccadic head movement. The angular movement of a fixation saccade was correlated positively to the displacement of the prey from the prothoracic midline. Saccade magnitude and velocity are related. After the stimulus moved out of the visual field, the mantis made a second saccadic head movement, a return saccade towards the body midline. We observed return saccades in which the head overshot or undershot the body midline, as well as saccades which returned the head exactly to its initial position. In 92% of trials with intact mantids, the return movement succeeded eventually in rotating the head back to its initial position, whereas after removal of the neck hair plates this occurred in only 47% of trials. There is a consistent relation between saccade extent and velocity. Velocities of return saccades were slower than those of fixation saccades. It is suggested that sensory inputs from the neck hair plate proprioceptors modify both the magnitude and the angular velocity of fixation and return saccadic head movements.
Sensory inhibition as a mechanism of feeding deterrence: effects of three alkaloids on leaf beetle feeding
Authors: MITCHELL B. K. , SUTCLIFFE J. F.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Effects of three alkaloids, sparteine, nicotine and quinine on galeal sensilla of larvae and adults of Entomoscelis americana Brown (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are described. Each of these deterrent compounds stimulates a cell which is stimulated also by glucosinolates (Mitchell & Gregory, 1979; Sutcliffe & Mitchell, 1980) which are feeding stimulants. They inhibit also the response of the sugar‐sensitive cell. It is suggested that the latter effect may be mainly responsible for the observed feeding deterrence caused by sparteine and implicated in the other two compounds. Possible mechanisms for the actions of these compounds are discussed with reference to work on other invertebrates. The results also lead us to suggest modification of recent interpretations of the role of secondary plant compounds in the evolution of insect chemosensitive systems.
Seasonal variation in embryonic diapause of the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus
Authors: TANAKA SEIJI
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The incidence and intensity of embryonic diapause in the striped ground cricket, Allonemobius fasciatus DeGeer (Gryllidae), is influenced by the date of oviposition and the incubation temperature. At 20d̀C, embryos develop normally until the end of the appendage‐formation stage when diapause occurs. The intensity of ‘winter’ diapause at this stage is greatest in eggs laid early in the season. Incubation at higher temperature induces a different and earlier ‘summer’ diapause. The higher the temperature the earlier the stage at which this developmental suppression is imposed. At 27 and 30d̀C, some individuals develop without any interruption and hatch within 20 days. The proportion of these fast‐developing eggs is low in summer but increases towards the end of the laying season. In nature, this species is univoltine and precocious hatching before winter is unlikely.

When embryos diapausing at an early stage at 27d̀C are transferred to low temperatures, they resume development and enter winter diapause. The time required to reach the winter‐diapause stage after transfer is inversely related to the temperature (30‐30d̀C). At 30d̀C, sunmer diapause is neither induced nor maintained.
Observations on the orientation of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes) to wind‐borne odours
Authors: BURSELL E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Observations of the upwind flight of Glossina pallidipes Austen near a source of host odour show that in the absence of a visual target the insects tend to overshoot the odour source in fast, low flight. There is no sign of the crosswind ‘casting’ flight which characterizes the behaviour of moths under similar circumstances, except that a 180d̀ turn is executed to bring the tsetse flies back to the vicinity of the odour source in downwind flight. This may be followed by a second overshoot and another 180d̀ turn before the insects alight within a metre or so of the source. The results indicate that the orientation of tsetse flies to host odour may involve a step‐wise approach to the odour source, providing an opportunity for assessment of wind direction when the insects are at rest between successive bursts of flight.
The effects of decapitation and the influence of size and sex on diuresis in newly emerged mosquitoes
Authors: GILLETT J. D.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Diuresis in the newly emerged adult mosquito occurs in two phases, a short initial peak immediately after eclosion and a longer peak in the middle of day 1. The present work lends support to the view that the second phase of diuresis is controlled by a hormone which is either released from the head, or from the thorax under the control of the head, 3–4 h after eclosion. The influence of the head ceases to be effective some 9 h later. The rate of water loss is normally higher in unfed females than in unfed males. Whereas the higher rate of diuresis in females during the two peaks is a function of size, the higher rate in unfed females during the second and third day following eclosion is mostly a result of ovarian activity during this period.
A programme of self‐steered turns as a humidity response in Tenebrio, and the problem of categorizing spatial manoeuvres
Authors: HAVUKKALA I. J. , KENNEDY J. S.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Dry‐acclimatized mealworm beetles, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), were exposed to a rapid change from dry to moist air in an arena with vertical air flow providing spatially uniform humidity, thus precluding orientation along humidity gradients. Subsequent angles of turn were significantly clustered around 90d̀ and 180d̀, and took the beetles back into the region from which they had come. The possibility of geomagnetic orientation was ruled out experimentally and in the apparent absence of other external directional cues it is concluded that the turn sequences were idiothetically controlled and pre‐programmed. This and other cases of ‘longitudinal’ klinotaxis are discussed in the wider context of kineses and taxes and the currently‐questioned value of these categories.
The effects of dietary nitrogen on reproductive development in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
Authors: HILLIARD RICHARD A. , KEELEY LARRY L.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The role of dietary nitrogen in reproductive development was investigated in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis (Boh.)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Artificial diets were employed containing 1.7%, 2.6% and 4.0% N. Each diet was labelled with a 14C‐amino acid mixture and standardized relative to cpm and N per mg of diet dry weight. Egg production, diet consumption, nitrogen consumption and nitrogen utilization were measured by recovering the cpm in the faeces, ovaries plus eggs and the carcass.

Females given the 4% N diet initiated oviposition on day 4 with maximum egg production of 11 eggs/day/female occurring on day 6. Females on the 2.6% N diet also initiated oviposition on day 4, but the time necessary to reach maximum egg production was extended. Egg production by these females eventually equalled the total production of the group on the 4% N diet. This was achieved by consuming more diet per female and dedicating a higher percentage of the absorbed diet to egg formation. With the 1.7% N diet, females showed both a delay and a decrease in total egg production because of reduced feeding and a reduced commitment of consumed nutrients to oöcyte maturation.

Switching dietary nitrogen concentrations after the initiation of oviposition resulted in changes in consumption and reproductive allocation within 48 h.
Role of labial glands in nesting behaviour of Chalicodoma sicula (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae)
Authors: KRONENBERG SHULAMITH , HEFETZ ABRAHAM
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Chalicodoma sicula (Rossi) is a megachilid bee that constructs ball‐shaped nests out of mud, which are usually attached to twigs or are built on the face of rocks. The nesting female collects sand from a nearby area while mixing it with secretion from labial glands in the head. Chemical analysis of labial glands by gas chromatography mass spectrometry reveal that the secretion is composed of long chain hydrocarbons, mainly hentriacontene and tritriacontene. Once the nest is completed it is covered entirely with a sand‐labial gland mixture. In this form the nest is rendered hydrophobic and is not destroyed by rain for several years.
Preliminary characterization of glycogen phosphorylase activating hormone and adipokinetic hormone from Manduca sexta corpora cardiaca
Authors: ZIEGLER ROLF , GÄDE GERD
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. An attempt was made to separate glycogen phosphorylase activating hormone (GPAH) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH) from the corpora cardiaca (CC) of the moth Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) by separating extracts of CC on various chromotographic media, but it was not possible to conclude whether GPAH and AKH are activities of one or of two different peptides. Both activities elute together from glass beads, from Sephadex G‐25 and from Sephadex LH‐20 columns. In the separation experiments with glass beads and G‐25 the activities eluted as a single peak, but using LH‐20 we found two peaks exhibiting both activities. The major peak eluted at 1.25 × Vt, which is very similar to locust AKH, while the smaller second peak eluted at O.74 ×Vt. Cross injections of CC extracts from M. sexta into Locusta migratoria and CC extracts from L. migratoria into M. sexta suggest that GPAH and the AKH from M. sexta are not identical with the decapeptide AKH from locusts.
Flight orientation of swarming Locusta migratoria
Authors: BAKER PETER S. , GEWECKE MICHAEL , COOTER RICHARD J.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. High‐speed films of four swarms of Locusta migratoria in Australia and one swarm in New Guinea were analysed. Measurements were made of the locust's body orientation and flight track in the horizontal relative to wind direction, and of height and speed of flight. In all swarms mean course angle and mean track angle in relation to wind direction were significantly different from zero, although all indicated an upwind direction. No evidence was found for orientation to compass direction or sun. Considerable fluctuations in flight direction were measured in some individuals as they traversed the field of view. A modification of Kennedy's (1951) theory is adopted to explain the angled orientations to wind. It is suggested that this could be the result of an optical orientation mechanism.
A preparation of the stick insect Carausius morosus for recording intracellularly from identified neurones during walking
Authors: GODDEN D. H. , GRAHAM D.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Using a preparation of the stick insect it is possible to record activity from the neuropile of the mesotheoracic ganglion during sequences of walking behaviour lasting several minutes. The animal walks on two lightweight wheels, counterbalanced to give an upthrust of 0.4 g against the legs. Each wheel may be rotated independently during turning behaviour. The walking behaviour of the operated preparation is compared with the results obtained for free‐walking animals, and intact or partially operated preparations, walking on heavier wheels and mercury. Records from several identified retractor motor neurones show the stability and reproducibility obtainable with this preparation.
Gating of locomotor activity in the cave‐cricket, Troglophilus cavicola
Authors: KASTBERGER GERALD
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Cave‐crickets of the genus Troglophilus exhibit a slope dependent gating of locomotor behaviour (Kastberger, 1982), which is mainly expressed by a suppression of evasive jumping on inclined surfaces. A similar dependence of the jumpting rate on the ground inclination to that seen in the cave‐cricket can be shown in the African cricket Phaeophyllacris and in the grasshopper Chorthippus. They differ only in the basic motivation for jumping. In this study, free‐moving and tethered cave‐crickets were studied to elucidate the inclination‐sensitive control of gating locomotor activity. Cave‐crickets with cauterized tarsal nerves exhibit only a 20% reduction in jumpting rate at slopes up to 45d̀ compared with intact crickets. Freely moving crickets with compensated body weights show a suppression of evasive jumping which is complete if the vertical force overrides the body weight. Dorsally tethered cave‐crickets which contact a rotary globe with their tarsi, show a significant increase in the latency of jerking beyond 60d̀ inclination. Crickets placed on a floating boat and partially fixed respond to both static and dynamic forces applied to the longitudinal axis of the cricket. Static towing forces induce passive movements and the rate of active balancing are linearly correlated to the force applied. Under dynamic forces the rate of balancing is dependent on the longitudinal position of the legs and on the direction of force. This basic relation is changed by additional stimulation such as light and vibration. Locomotor activity is gated in a different mode, if the light interval is placed during forward or during backward forcing. Light‐off suppresses locomotor activity. The results of dynamic forcing suggest the existence of a gain control which might be responsible for modal and temporal effects in gating locomotion.
Regulation of reproductive behaviour and egg maturation in the tobacco hawk moth, Manduca sexta
Authors: SASAKI MASAMI , RIDDIFORD LYNN M.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The virgin female tobacco hawk moth, Manduca sexta, flies during the early scotophase in an LD 16:8 cycle at 24d̀C then begins ‘calling’ within 2h. Mating lasts 3–4 h. Oviposition occurs in the succeeding scotophases if a tobacco plant is present. The switch from virgin ‘calling’ behaviour to mated ovipositional behaviour is mediated by the presence of sperm and/or associated testicular fluids in the bursa copulatrix. The corpora allata, which are necessary for egg maturation in this species, are activated via the NCC I and II around the time of eclosion. Feeding increases the activity of the corpora allata in the virgin female (as judged by the number of eggs matured in 4 days) but mating brings about a further stimulation of the activity of the corpora allata. The stretching of the bursa copulatrix by the insertion of the spermatophore during mating is probably the trigger for this response. Continued neural input from the bursa copulatrix to the brain is necessary to maintain the increased activity of the corpora allata.
A study of behavioural habituation to a feeding deterrent in nymphs of Schistocerca gregaria
Authors: SZENTESI A. , BERNAYS E. A.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Behavioural habituation† of Schistocerca gregaria Forskål fifth instar larvae to a feeding deterrent, nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT), is described. An attempt was made to differentiate between various factors possibly involved in the induction of this behavioural habituation. Sensory stimulation (through maxillary palp), cannulation of NHT into the crop, and its administration by gelatine capsules placed into the oesophagus each resulted in behavioural habituation, but in the latter two cases a sole induction via post‐ingestional input is not completely proven. Injection of NHT into the haemolymph did not induce habituation. It is concluded that habituation via sensory stimulation is a central phenomenon.
Effects of intermittent and continuous pheromone stimulation on the flight behaviour of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta
Authors: WILLIS MARK A. , BAKER THOMAS C.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. When male oriental fruit moths, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Tortricidae), casting in clean air entered an airstream permeated with pheromone their flight tracks changed immediately on initial contact with pheromone, but after a few seconds returned to casting as if in clean air. The degree of change in the flight track was directly related to the concentration of pheromone. Although little net uptunnel movement occurred in response to the continuous stimulation provided by a uniformly permeated airstream, when an intermittent stimulus provided by a point‐source plume was superimposed onto the permeated airstream moths were able to ‘lock on’ and zigzag uptunnel in the plume. The percentage of moths doing so corresponded to the difference between the peak concentration within the plume and the background concentration of pheromone permeating the airstream. Moths also locked onto, and flew upwind along the pheromone‐clean‐air boundary formed along a pheromone‐permeated side corridor. Because a similar response was observed along a horizontal edge between a pheromone‐permeated floor corridor and clean air, we conclude that the intermittent stimulation at the edge perpetuated the narrow zigzagging response to pheromone.
Cold‐hardiness: a component of the diapause syndrome in pupae of the flesh flies, Sarcophaga crassipalpis and S. bullata
Authors: ADEDOKUN TADE A. , DENLINGER DAVID L.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Diapausing pupae of Sarcophaga crassipalpis Macquart and S. bullata Parker reared at 20 or 25d̀C readily survive exposure to ‐ 10d̀C for at least 25 days. In contrast, non‐diapausing pupae produced by a variety of means are consistently intolerant of the low temperature. Non‐diapausing pupae are not immediately killed by exposure to ‐10d̀C: pupae exposed to the low temperature for up to 3 days proceed with pharate adult development but ultimately die before adult eclosion. Unlike many temperate zone insects, diapausing flesh fly pupae do not require a period of chilling for induction of cold‐hardiness, and the attribute of cold‐hardiness cannot be separated from other features of the diapause syndrome. Some cold‐hardiness is already acquired during the third larval instar: diapause‐destined larvae exposed to ‐10d̀C are more successful in pupariating than non‐diapause‐destined larvae of the same age.
Optomotor anemotaxis polarizes self‐steered zigzagging in flying moths
Authors: BAKER T. C. , WILLIS M. A. , PHELAN P. L.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Experiments with oriental fruit moth males, Grapholita molesta (Buck), provide evidence that a pheromone plume in zero wind elicits an endogenous, self‐steered programme of counterturning (zigzagging) flight, and that wind experienced in flight establishes the polarity of the counterturns; they become aligned so that displacement occurs toward the source, even after the wind is stopped. In zero wind, males located a pheromone source more frequently when they had experienced a wind after having already taken flight before the wind was stopped (46%) compared with those that took flight later and therefore only experienced wind while they were in contact with the ground (14%). Furthermore, males placed in a stationary pheromone plume in zero wind located the source, eventually, on 21% of occasions. The flight tracks of these males, as well as those having experienced a wind only while on the ground, often exhibited repetitive counterturns (zigzags) of c. 180–200d̀. However, the counterturns meandered around the flight tunnel, the inter‐reversal track angles having no consistent direction. Sometimes the males displaced down‐tunnel in the stationary plume, sometimes up, eventually locating the source and performing a courtship display. The inter‐reversal track angles of males counterturning in wind, on the other hand, displayed a consistent orientation of c. 60d̀ to either side of the wind line, resulting in consistent upwind displacement toward the source. With no pheromone present, with or without wind, counterturns were not observed.
Influence of immature queen honeybees (Apis mellifera) on queen rearing and foraging
Authors: FREE J. B. , FERGUSON A. W. , R. SIMPKINS JACQUELINE
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Providing queenless colonies with five queen cells containing larvae or pupae diminished the number of queen cells and queen cell cups subsequently produced, but not as effectively as the provision of a mated laying queen. Immature queens were more effective than the mature queens in stimulating pollen collection, but were less effective in stimulating nectar collection.
Environmental control of larval behaviour and its consequences for ecdysteroid content and pupation in Ephestia kuehniella
Authors: GIEBULTOWICZ JADWIGA M. , CYMBOROWSKI BRONISLAW , DELBECQUE JEANP.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The behaviour of postfeeding larvae of Ephestia kuehniella Zell. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) depends on environmental conditions. Long day and high larval density (LG) stimulate larvae to spin the outer envelope of the pupal cocoon which, in turn, accelerates pupal ecdysis. Constant darkness and isolation in a limited space (DS) inhibit spinning of the outer envelope, and cause extension of the wandering stage and a delay in pupation. This behaviour was also observed in larvae confined in the diet.

In postfeeding LG larvae, an increase in ecdysteroid content coincides with spinning of the outer envelope. In DS larvae, which fail to spin the outer envelope, the ecdysteroid content remains low during the wandering stage, and rises to a prepupal peak after a considerable delay. Wandering larvae inserted into empty outer envelopes showed a premature rise of ecdysteroids, and it is thus concluded that sensory stimulation from the outer envelope is a cue promoting further development.
Geographic variation of reproductive diapause in the Drosophila auraria complex (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: KIMURA MASAHITO T.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In the Drosophila auraria complex (D. auraria Peng, D. biauraria Bock & Wheeler, D. triauraria Bock & Wheeler, D. quadraria Bock & Wheeler and D. subauraria Kimura), D. triauraria from the island of Yaku (30.3d̀N in latitude) and D. quadraria from Taiwan (24.1d̀N) had no or weak diapause, while strains of all the four species from the main islands of Japan had a firm reproductive diapause. These strains entered diapause at short daylengths and the critical daylength was longer and the incidence of diapause higher at a low rather than high temperature. In each species, the critical daylength was longer in strains from higher latitudes. Among sympatric populations of different species, D. subauraria always had the longest critical daylength, while D. auraria had the shortest one. The populations of D. biauraria and D. triauraria had longer critical daylengths than the sympatric populations of D. auraria, but this difference became smaller northwards. Since a longer critical daylength induces diapause earlier in autumn, D. subauraria would enter diapause earliest among these species, and D. auraria would do so latest. The late start of diapause in D. auraria may be related to its adaptation to domestic environments. On the other hand, the adaptive significance of the late start of diapause in northern populations of D. biauraria and D. triauraria is not clear.
Transient effects of photoperiod on reproduction in the Mexican bean beetle
Authors: TAYLOR FRITZ , SCHRADER RONALD
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Mexican bean beetles (Coccinellidae: Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant)) have an adult diapause and show a graded response to photoperiods intermediate between those that lead to the fastest gonadal maturation and those that lead to diapause. The rate of maturation is reduced by a few to several days at day lengths corresponding to dates after the summer solstice, and such delays in reproduction may be of ecological and evolutionary importance. Multinomial probit analysis is demonstrated as a method for studying more than two classes of response to a photoperiodic regime.
Effects of ovarian maturation and insemination on the length of intermoult in Thermobia domestica
Authors: BITSCH COLETTE
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A study of the individual variability in the length of intermoult periods allows correlations to be established between reproductive and moulting cycles in adult females of Thermobia domestica (Packard) (Thysanura, Lepismatidae). By keeping the females without or with males and by changing the day of insemination, it is shown that the intermoult periods vary with the rate of ovarian maturation from the beginning of each stadium. Females with slow oocyte growth are never inseminated, even in the presence of males; they have short intermoults. Females with rapid oocyte growth can be inseminated and the timing of insemination regulates the length of the intermoults. It appears that the variability in duration of the intermoult only concerns the first part of the stadium (postecdysial period of the reproductive cycle=period of intense vitellogenesis), whereas the second part of the stadium (pre‐ecdysial period=previtellogenesis) has an almost constant length. The endocrine mechanisms involved are considered, taking into account the cyclic changes in hormonal levels already described in other papers.
The pheromonal activity of chiral 3‐octanol for Myrmica ants
Authors: CAMMAERTS M. C. , ATTYGALLE A. B. , EVERSHED R. P. , MORGAN E. D.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The (R)‐(‐)‐3‐octanol from the mandibular glands of Myrmica ants is the only enantiomer active as an attractant pheromone for M.scabrinodis Nyl. The S enantiomer is inactive and its presence decreases slightly the response of M.scabrinodis to the R enantiomer. (R) and (S)‐2‐octanol are inactive.
Phagostimulation of larval Culexpipiens L. by nucleic acid nucleotides, nucleosides and bases
Authors: DADD R. H. , KLEINJAN J. E.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The influence of nucleic acid constituents on the rate of ingestion of charcoal powder filtered from ambient water by larvae of Culex pipiens L. was examined. All nucleotides tested stimulated ingestion to some extent. Various mono‐, di‐ and tri‐phosphates of adenosine were most effective and at concentrations of 1 mM stimulated ingestion nearly as well as yeast extract, a powerful phagostimu‐lant. Guanylic, thymidylic, cytidylic and uridylic acids were less stimulatory, the latter two even at 10 mM. Cyclic AMP and deoxyadenylic acid were less effective than other adenine nucleotides. The nucleosides adenosine, guanosine and uridine were almost as effective as their corresponding nucleotides (adenylic, guanylic and uridylic acids); thymidine was less effective than thymidylic acids, whereas cytidine was non‐stimulatory. Adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine, the bases of the ribose nucleotides, were non‐phagostimulatory, whereas thymine, base of the deoxynucleotide, thymidylic acid, caused low but significantly increased ingestion. These findings are compared with the reported phagostimulation by nucleic acid constituents of certain plant feeding insects and with the stimulation of engorgement of the blood meal by many blood feeding insects.
Effects of the availability of food and water on reproduction in the African army worm, Spodoptera exempta
Authors: GUNN A. , GATEHOUSE A. G.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Female Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths require access to water to achieve hydration and maturation of their oocytes if they are to achieve their potential fecundity. For moths provided with water, the main factor limiting fecundity is moth weight. There is some evidence that sucrose in the adult diet can increase fecundity, particularly in lighter moths from a suboptimal larval feeding regime. Moths fed sucrose live longer, but complete oviposition at about the same age as moths provided only with water. Dietary protein and amino acids have no effect on fecundity or longevity. Although‐ multiple matings are frequent in the laboratory, female S.exempta only need to mate once to complete oviposition. Differences are apparent in the relative contribution of larval and adult feeding to reproduction in Noctuidae. Some species, like S.exempta, require only water to achieve their reproductive potential, while others (e.g. Heliothis spp.) are dependent on sugars in the adult diet. Female S.exempta denied access to water or food until night 3 after eclosion and then provided with water or sucrose, commence oviposition on night 4 and have fecundities comparable with those moths fed from emergence.
The induction of normal and teratoid viviparae by a juvenile hormone and kinoprene in two species of aphids
Authors: HARDIE JIM , LEES A. D.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Topical application of a juvenile hormone (JH1) and the JH mimic, kinoprene, to short‐day, ovipara‐producers of Megoura viciae usually leads to the production of oviparous/viviparous intermediate forms in the progeny sequence, in place of the expected sexual females (oviparae). The ovaries of these abnormal forms may contain embryos rather than the haploid yolky eggs of oviparae; ‘mixed’ ovaries containing both haploid eggs and embryos are also observed. The intermediates range in form from winged (alate) to wingless (apterous). The fully alate individuals usually contain only parthenogenetic ovaries but differ from the naturally occurring alate viviparae in that they are invariably infertile, have fewer antennal sense organs and often bear pheromone releasing glands on the metathoracic tibiae. The hormonally induced production of normal viviparae is difficult in this species but has been achieved by rearing short‐day aphids on kinoprene‐treated bean plants.

In Aphis fabae similar oviparous/viviparous teratomorphs have been reported and, in addition, single JH1 treatments were shown to induce normal viviparae at the end of the progeny sequence. Multiple applications, beginning prenatally and continuing through the postnatal development of the gynopara (winged ovipara‐producer), showed that the numbers of viviparae born were related to the earliness of the treatment and to the dosage. The results are compared with the effect of a switch in photoperiod and discussed in relation to the endocrine control of aphid polymorphism.
Water balance and rectal absorption in the grasshopper Oedipoda
Authors: SELL D. , HOULIHAN D. F.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The xeric grasshopper Oedipoda germanica pyrenaica (Uvarov, 1936) has a daily cycle of water‐gain from feeding during the afternoon and water‐loss at night. The afternoon peak of water‐gain in laboratory animals is correlated with a short‐term rise in the osmotic pressure of the haemolymph in field animals. It is estimated that starved large animals would deplete their water reserves within 8–11 days. Water loss in faeces production is a major component of total water loss only during the late afternoon to early evening; at all other times transpiratory water losses are considerably greater. Overall, 23% of the daily water loss occurs through the faeces. From hindgut cannulation experiments, c. 80% of water entering the rectum is reabsorbed. A comparison of transpiratory water losses of xeric and mesic Orthoptera and some xeric Coleoptera revealed that water losses are some 6–7 times higher in Orthoptera than in similar sized Coleoptera.
Pheromone‐mediated behaviour of male lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, correlated with adaptation of pheromone receptors
Authors: BARTELL R. J.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Two pheromone components are required to elicit close‐range precopulatory behaviour in male lightbrown apple moths, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera). The receptor cells which respond to the major component (I) (E)‐11‐tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate, have a fast disadaptation rate with recovery occurring within 5 s after stimulation, while the cells responding to the second component (II), (E, E)‐9, 11‐tetradecadien‐1‐yl acetate, recover after approximately 300 s.

Studies on the behaviour of males in the laboratory show a close correlation between the duration of a memory effect, during which males will respond to compound I alone after receiving an initial exposure to I and II, and the time‐course for disadaptation of component II‐responding cells. These results suggest several possibilities for mechanisms of integration of sensory input by the CNS.
Joint action of l‐leucine and sodium phosphate buffer solutions as feeding stimulants for protein‐deprived females of the house fly Musca domestica
Authors: BROWNE L. BARTON , KERR R. W.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Potentiation in joint action was demonstrated between solutions of L‐leucine and sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.3) as feeding stimulants for protein‐deprived females of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Both components alone elicited feeding. In two‐choice feeding tests, mixtures consisting of equi‐stimulating concentrations of the two components were taken in greater quantities than either component alone at twice the concentration in the mixture.

The presence of 1×10‐1 M phosphate buffer markedly lowered the threshold for detection of L‐leucine. The presence of phosphate buffer strengthened the preferences shown by flies given choices of concentrations of L‐leucine differing by a factor of 2 and enabled them to display preferences at lower concentrations.

The presence of 1×10‐3 M L‐leucine increased, somewhat, the ability of flies to detect low concentrations of phosphate buffer. Its presence had relatively little effect on the strength of preference shown between two‐fold differences in concentration of phosphate buffer when the higher concentration was 6.3×10‐3 M or less, but markedly strengthened the preferences when the higher concentration was 2.5×10‐2M or greater. Leucine increased the optimal concentration of phosphate buffer by a factor of more than 2 and converted 2×10‐1 M phosphate buffer from a mild feeding deterrent to a powerful feeding stimulant.
A comparison of phototactic responses to red and green light in Glossina morsitans morsitans and Musca domestica
Authors: GREEN C. H.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Experiments were performed on male Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and female Musca domestica L. to investigate their phototactic responses at long wavelengths. In both species, green light was less attractive than red (relative to a 400 nm standard). In M. domestica this can be adequately explained by an intensity‐dependent phototactic reversal at wavelengths above 500 nm; red light could be matched in attractiveness by a low intensity green light, implying that no true red‐green discriminating ability exists, but that red is perceived as a dim green. Although a partial phototactic reversal was also observed in G. m. morsitans at 525–575 nm, no tested intensity of green matched red in attractiveness. It appears therefore that G. m. morsitans may be an unusual dipteran in possessing a method of discriminating red and green light independently of intensity. Both species also resolved near‐UV from green.
Juvenile hormone and reproduction in crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer: corpus allatum activity (in vitro) in females during adult life cycle
Authors: KOCH P. B. , HOFFMANN K. H.
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Incubation conditions were established for a short‐term radiochemical assay of spontaneous juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in vitro by corpora allata from adult female Gryllus bimaculatus. The only JH synthesized was shown by HPLC to be JH III. A further incubation product, predominantly extracted from the corpora allata, was thought to be the JH III precursor, methyl farnesoate. In adult females reared at a constant temperature of 27°C the synthetic activities of the corpora allata‐corpora cardiaca complexes in vitro increase from almost zero to a high peak value 4 days after the imaginal moult. Thereafter the activity decreases to varying intermediate levels, but always lower than the first maximum. Two days after the first peak in corpus allatum activity, ovarian fresh weight increases dramatically and the first oviposition occurs 2 days later.

Topical application of JH III to females reared at 20°C, which usually have a low fecundity, causes a dose‐dependent stimulation of egg production and oviposition.
Activity of the diastereoisomers of 13,23‐dimethylpenta‐triacontane, the sex pheromone of Glossina pallidipes, and comparison with the natural pheromone
Authors: McDOWELL PHILLIP G. , HASSANALI AHMED , DRANSFIELD ROBERT
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. All three synthetic diastereoisomers of 13,23‐dimethyl‐pentatriacontane, the pheromone of Glossina pallidipes (Austen), have been tested in the G. pallidipes sex pheromone bioassay, together with one of the four diastereoisomers of 13,17‐dimethylpentatriacontane, originally proposed as a candidate pheromone of G. pallidipes. Of the three isomers of 13,23‐dimethylpentatriacontane only the (13R,23S) isomer was active with an ED‐50 of 4.47±1.09/μg (mean±SD). The (13R,17R)‐13,17‐dimethylpentatriacontane was inactive. The diastereo‐isomeric mixtures of 13,17‐ and 13,23‐dimethylpentatriacontane were active with ED‐50 values of 17.88±1.25/μg and 8.88±1.15μg respectively. The natural pheromone was active with an ED‐50 of 8.07±1.17 μg indicating it to be a diastereoisomeric mixture.
Circadian locomotor rhythms in individual honeybees
Authors: MOORE DARRELL , RANKIN MARY ANN
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The circadian locomotor (walking) rhythms of individual forager honeybees (Apis mellifera ligustica L.) were measured under a variety of conditions. In constant dark the rhythms exhibited endogenous periodicities that were less than 24 h, whereas under constant light the periods tended to be greater than 24 h. Individual honeybees readily entrained to photoperiods, displaying a diurnal pattern of entrainment with most of the activity occurring in late photophase. Evidence is presented which suggests that foraging behaviour and general locomotor behaviour may be governed by two different circadian clock systems.