bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonoxidative Fungicidal Mechanisms of Mammalian Granulocytes: Demonstration of Components with Candidacidal Activity in Human, Rabbit, and Guinea Pig Leukocytes
Authors: Lehrer Robert I. , Ladra Kathryn M. , Hake Randall B.
Published: January 2020

Granulocytes from the peripheral blood of normal subjects and a patient with hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency were homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose. A granule-rich fraction, prepared by sedimentation at 27,000 × g for 20 min, contained components that killed
C. parapsilosis
in vitro. These were extractable with 0.01 M citric acid and were shown by micropreparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis to be multiple. The candidacidal activity of these neutrophil components was heat stable and they were somewhat more active at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.0. When rabbit or guinea pig heterophils were obtained from sterile peritoneal exudates and similarly fractionated, they also were found to contain components that killed
C. parapsilosis
in vitro. These were primarily associated with a group of lysosomal cationic proteins lacking direct counterpart in human neutrophils. Among the candidacidal components of the human neutrophil was a protein, more cationic than lysozyme, that exhibited naphthol-ASD acetate esterase activity.
Adsorption of Typhus Rickettsiae to Ghosts of Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Winkler Herbert H. , Ramm Louise E.
Published: January 2020

Rickettsia prowazeki
will adsorb to ghosts derived from sheep erythrocytes by hypotonic lysis. Adsorption to ghosts, as to intact erythrocytes, is dependent on the metabolism of the rickettsiae. KCN and 0 C inhibit adsorption. Fluoride, while inhibiting hemolysis, has no effect on adsorption to ghosts or intact erythrocytes. The adsorption of rickettsiae to ghosts does not lead to lysis, in that fluorescent albumin can be retained by the ghost after adsorption. Both inside-out and right-side-out vesicles formed from the ghost are equally capable of adsorption, indicating that the receptor is stable during the process of vesiculation and is not localized to one aspect of the cell membrane. Adsorption to ghosts is slower and displays less affinity than to the intact erythrocyte. The ghost system will be useful in characterizing the membrane receptor for rickettsia and in establishing assays for adsorption to other cells.
Role of Immunoglobulins in Protection Against Shigella-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Reed William P. , Cushing Alice H.
Published: January 2020

Various immunoglobulin preparations were tested for their ability to protect guinea pig eyes from infection by a virulent strain of
Shigella flexneri
. Secretory immunoglobulin A was effective in delaying or preventing keratoconjunctivitis in eight guinea pigs when it was used to precoat the organism, and was also placed in the eye with the inoculum. Neither immunoglobulin G nor immunoglobulin M gave any protection when used in the same way. Protection by secretory immunoglobulin A appeared to be related to the antishigella antibody content of the immunoglobulin since a low-titered preparation gave less protection than a higher-titered one.
Isolation and Purification of
Treponema pallidum
from Syphilitic Lesions in Rabbits
Authors: Hardy Paul H. , Nell E. Ellen
Published: January 2020

Treponema pallidum
were extracted from testicular syphilomas of corticosteroid-treated rabbits and purified by differential centrifugation. The steroid therapy allowed a longer holding time for infected rabbits, which produced greater treponeme yields, averaging 1.58 × 10
10
treponemes per rabbit. The treatment, which also diminished cellular infiltration and increased the extracellular mucoid material in lesions, produced much cleaner suspensions than preparations from nontreated animals. Most of the treponemes in the purified suspensions were still motile, and none carried demonstrable host immunoglobulin. The preparations were free of recognizable host tissue debris and they contained, on the average, 1.9 × 10
−7
μg of protein per treponeme.
Possible Role of Protein(s) as Antigenic Determinant of the Type-Specific Main Antigen of
Leptospira kremastos
Strain Kyoto
Authors: Adachi Yoshikazu , Yanagawa Ryo
Published: January 2020

Acid hydrolysates of the type-specific main (TM) antigen isolated from
Leptospira kremastos
strain Kyoto showed a considerable inhibition of complement fixation reaction between TM antigen and anti-strain Kyoto serum. A fraction of 2 N HCl hydrolysate containing exclusively a large amount of neutral sugars showed no inhibition, whereas another fraction containing only a small amount of protein(s) showed a slight inhibition. The remaining fractions containing amino sugars, protein(s), and neutral sugars showed a slight inhibition, but the inhibition did not correlate with the amount of amino sugars. TM antigen, delipidized by hydrolysis with 1 N HCl for 4 min and then dialysis, showed a strong inhibition. The lipid fraction did not show any inhibition. The inhibitory effect of nondialyzable delipidized TM antigen was completely lost by treating the antigen with proteolytic enzymes, indicating that the antigenic determinant of
L. kremastos
strain Kyoto is intimately related with protein(s).
Differential Effects of Homocytotropic Antibodies on the Mast Cell and Anaphylactic Responses in Actively and Passively Sensitized Mice
Authors: Barnett John B. , Justus David E.
Published: January 2020

The relationship between mast cell degranulation, anaphylaxis, and the production of homocytotropic antibodies was examined in ICR mice after trichinella infection. It was found that the active cutaneous response to trichinella antigen had a rapid onset (within 2 weeks) and the sensitivity increased over a 9-week period after infection. Two types of mast cell degranulation were observed: (i) moderate, with few extracellular, deep-blue-staining granules (May-Grunwald-Giemsa), and (ii) “explosive,” with many extracellular reddish-staining, swollen granules, indicating an apparent breakdown of cell membrane. The moderate type was observed primarily during the first 4 weeks after infection, whereas the explosive type predominated during 5 to 8 weeks. Homocytotropic antibody of the immunoglubulin G
1
type appears responsible for moderate type degranulation, and mouse immunoglobulin E appears responsible for the explosive degranulation. No correlation was evident between the active cutaneous anaphylactic response and either type of degranulation or between active cutaneous anaphylaxis and circulating levels of homocytotropic antibody. A proposed role of immunoglobulin G
1
and mouse immunoglobulin E in immunity is discussed.
Occurrence of BK Virus and BK Virus-Specific Antibodies in the Urine of Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Malignancy
Authors: Reese Joan M. , Reissig Magdalena , Daniel Richard W. , Shah Keerti V.
Published: January 2020

Urine specimens from 23 children and 9 adults who were undergoing treatment for malignancy as well as urines from 40 normal individuals were concentrated and examined for evidence of papovavirus infection. Papovavirus particles were detected in 6 of 64 urines examined by electron microscopy. Three of the particle-positive urines induced BK virus-specific immunofluorescence after inoculation of WI38 cells, and three isolations of BK virus were made by inoculation of urines from virus-excreting patients into Vero cells. BK virus-specific hemagglutination-inhibiting and immunofluorescence neutralizing antibodies were found in a majority of urines from adult patients, in about a fifth of pediatric patients, and less often in normal urines. Urines of virus-excreting patients generally had antibodies. In indirect fluorescent antibody tests, BK virus-specific antibodies of the immunoglobulin G class were found in five urine specimens from patients; immunoglobulin A antibodies were not detected in any urine. These data suggest that activation of BK virus is related to immunosuppression and not to transplantation itself and that the occurrence of virus-specific antibodies in urine may be indicative of virus multiplication in the urinary tract.
Inhibition of Herpesvirus hominis replication by human interferon
Authors: Rasmussen L , Farley L B
Published: January 2020

The effect of human interferon on single-cycle replication of Herpesvirus hominis type 1 (HV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in human foreskin fibroblast cultures (HFF) was studied. After treatment of HFF cultures with low concentrations (58 U) of human interferon, a variable but statistically significant inhibition of HV-1 was observed. At higher concentrations (greater than 95 U) yield reduction of HV in interferon-treated cultures approached that of VSV. Preliminary data indicate that antiviral activity decays more rapidly for HV-1 than for VSV after removal of interferon from cultures.
Cellular streptolysin S-related hemolysins of group A Streptococcus C203S
Authors: Calandra G B , Oginsky E L
Published: January 2020

Group A streptococci strain C203S, grown in heart infusion broth with 0.3% maltose, produce two cellular hemolysins related to extracellular streptolysin S (SLS). Enzymatic lysis of the streptococci by group C streptococcal phage-associated lysin results in release of low titer, labile hemolysin, which can be stabilized by ribonucleic acid (RNA)-core (RNA preparation from yeast). This labile hemolysin can be detected only after the higher titer cellular streptolysin O is removed by erythrocyte membranes or inactivated by N-ethylmaleimide. The other cellular SLS-related hemolysin is released in a latent state (potential hemolysin) which can be activated to high-titer hemolysin by sonication with RNA-core. The titer of such activated hemolysin depends upon the intensity of sonic energy, duration of sonication, and amount of RNA-core. RNA obtained from the streptococci is far less effective than RNA-core. When the cocci are disrupted by sonication or grinding, potential hemolysin and/or activated form may be released, depending upon the conditions employed. The potential hemolysin material is large and heterogeneous; activation appears to involve, in part, disaggregation or fragmentation. Labile hemolysin, potential hemolysin, and the activated form of potential hemolysin can all be converted to hemolysin having the same hemolytic and physical properties as RNA-core SLS, suggesting that all have the same hemolytic moiety. The presence of glucose in heart infusion broth prevents formation of both potential hemolysin and RNA-core SLS by log-phase cells, whereas addition of glucose to a culture in heart infusion broth with 0.3% maltose stops accumulation of potential hemolysin but does not affect continuation of RNA-core SLS release. These results suggest that potential hemolysin is a cellular precursor to RNA-core SLS.
Rabbit immunoglobulin responses to the flagella, somatic, and protective antigens of a highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei
Authors: Chandler H M
Published: January 2020

The immunoglobulin response of rabbits to the flagells (H), somatic (O), and protective antigens of a highly protective strain of Clostridium chauvoei was studied using antisera that had been fractionated by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The H antigen elicited the characteristic agglutinin response to a protein antigen--early production of 19S globulin followed by persistent 7S globulin production. The O antigen stimulated a transient agglutinin response which was detected in both the 19S and 7S serum fractions. Protective antibody was assayed by passive protection tests in mice. Using these tests the protective activity of the rabbit sera was found to be confined exclusively to the 7S serum fractions. Purified immunoglobulin G, prepared by DEAE-cellulose chromatography of the above sera, was also tested and found to confer considerable passive protection on mice. It is considered that either the protective antigen fails to stimulate an immunoglobulin M response or that immunoglobulin M is relatively ineffective in conferring protection against infection in the mouse passive protection tests.
Herpes simplex virus infection in guinea pigs: an animal model for studying latent and recurrent herpes simplex virus infection
Authors: Scriba M
Published: January 2020

Footpad infection of guinea pigs with herpes simplex virus led to an acute local inflammatory reaction, followed by a persistent latent infection of lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia. Spontaneous reactivation of the latent virus occurred, leading to recurrent lesions at the site of the initial infection. Clinical observations and virological studies during the acute latent and recurrent infection are reported.
Interaction of hepatitis B surface antigen (Australia antigen) with membrane vesicles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Weng L K , Bayer M E , London W T
Published: January 2020

A lysogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from the dialysis fluid of a patient on chronic hemodialysis treatment whose blood contained hepatitis B surface antigen (HB8Ag). When this bacterium was incubated for 4 to 7 days with serum containing HB8Ag or with purified HB8Ag, a loss of the HB8Ag-specific immunological reactivity was observed. Bacteriophages can be induced from the isolated P. aeruginosa with mitomycin C; the phages, after purification on CsCl gradients, also lyse P. aeruginosa strain 25102 (ATCC). Subsequent to gradient centrifugation of the lysate, a fraction was found with a density around 1.40 g/ml that inactivated HB8Ag after a 4-h incubation at 37 C as determined by counterelectrophoresis and hemagglutination inhibition. The activity was not found in appreciable amounts in other gradient fractions. The electron microscope shows that the active fraction contains envelope vesicles of 45 to 60 nm in diameter. In spite of their loss in HB8Ag activity, the HB8Ag particles (22nm) appeared morphologically intact. These findings suggest that an enzyme(s) is present in the vesicle fraction which inactivates antigenic determinants on HB8Ag particles. Thus, the presence of these bacteria in environments such as feces, dialysis tanks, and contaminated drinking water may prevent the detection of HB8Ag.
Chromosomal synthesis of staphylococcal exfoliative toxin
Authors: Keyhani M , Rogolsky M , Wiley B B , Glasgow L A
Published: January 2020

Tox-+ staphylococcal strains, as opposed to Tox-minus strains, produce epidermal exfoliation within 18 h after direct subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection into newborn mice. The extracellular product responsible for exfoliation is termed exfoliative toxin (ET). When culture supernatant fluid from the plasmid-cured Tox-minus substrains UT 0100 or UT 0111 or from six naturally occurring phage group 2 Tox-minus strains was concentrated 20-fold and inoculated into newborn mice, ET activity could be detected. The Tox-minus, cured derivatives produced ET at levels which were 32 minus and 64-fold lower than the amounts made by their Tox-+ parent strains. Since these Tox-minus, cured substrains contained no plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid, it was postulated that the product possessing ET activity in strains UT 0100 and UT 0111 was made by chromosomal genes. This product has been isolated and purified from strain UT 0100 and appears as two faint bands after electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and corresponds in position to a heavy band of ET isolated from the Tox-+ strain UT 0007.
Serum immunoglobulin, dermal response, and lymphocyte transformation studies in horses with chronic diarrhea
Authors: Targowski S P
Published: January 2020

Serum specimens from 12 sick and 20 normal horses were examined for levels of different classes of immunoglobulin (Ig) by a single radial immunodiffusion. The level of IgA in the sera of sick horses was about 50% lower than in the sera of normal horses. By contrast, the level of serum IgG was higher in sick than in normal horses. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness of blood lymphocytes showed transient suppression during the stage of severe diarrhea. The regaining of PHA responsiveness of lymphocytes was observed simultaneously with the recovery process. However, the responsiveness of lymphocytes in recovered horses was still markedly lower than in normal horses. Allergic reactions in sick and normal horses were studied by observing dermal response to the injections of saline extracts from some of the horse feeds. A delayed hypersensitivity reaction to streptokinase-streptodornase and PHA was also studied. The allergic reactions to these extracts were not induced in either sick or normal horses; however, inflammatory response to the extracts was about 50% greater in normal than sick horses. Response to the intradermal injection, either streptokinase-streptodornase or PHA, was significantly greater in normal horses than sick horses. These findings are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of chronic diarrhea and the complexity of immunodeficiency demonstrated in this disease. The possibility that transient defects of cell-mediated immunity may predispose to chronic diarrhea is proposed.
Demonstration by immunoelectro-osmophoresis of precipitating antibodies to a purified rubella virus antigen
Authors: Grauballe P C , Vestergaard B F , Hornsleth A , Leerhoy J , Johnsson T
Published: January 2020

The nonionic detergent Triton X-100 was used to extract antigens of rubella virus from infected tissue culture cells. Three virus-specific antigens were demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis by using a pool of human gamma globulin as antiserum. The most dominant of these antigens were purified by ion-exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. This antigen was of glucoprotein nature and had slow electrophoretic motility and low binding capacity to diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. Thus, it seems likely that the antigen is identical with the precipitating antigen of rubella virus designated b-antigen or tro-osmophoresis with precipiting antibody in sera obtained from patients recovering from acute postnatal rubella. The precipitin reaction that could be correlated to the hemaglutination-inhibition titers of the same sera appeared 12 days after onset of the disease and remained positive for several years.
Failure of attenuated temperature-sensitive influenza A (H3N2) virus to induce heterologous interference in humans to parainfluenza type 1 virus
Authors: Murphy B R , Richman D D , Chalhub E G , Uhlendorf C P , Baron S , Chanock R M
Published: January 2020

The present investigation was undertaken to determine if a candidate live vaccine virus, influenza A/Hong Kong/68-ts-1 [E] (H3N2), induced heterologous interference against an interferon-sensitive, wild-type, parainfluenza type 1 challenge virus. The parainfluenza virus was administered 7 days after Hong Kong/68-ts-1 [E] virus infection. The clinical response, daily quantitative virus shedding, interferon production, and serum and nasal wash antibody responses were determined in an experimental group (influenza A virus followed by parainfluenza virus) and 10 volunteers in a control group (parainfluenza virus only). The volunteers were selected on the basis of susceptibility to the two viruses, i.e. serum hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer of is less than or greater to 1:8 for influenza virus and low nasal wash antibody titer (is less than or greater to 1:8) for parainfluenza virus. Despite a 100% infection rate in the Hong Kong/68-ts-1 [E] vaccinees, no heterologous interference was induced against the parainfluenza type 1 virus challenge.
Extracellular enzymes of Micropolyspora faeni found in moldy hay
Authors: Nicolet J , Bannerman E N
Published: January 2020

Fully active enzymes with chymotrypsic activity were demonstrated in moldy hay samples where Micropolyspora faeni was found as the predominant saprophyte by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Great quantitative differences in enzymatic activity were found among moldy hay samples.
Heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin production in vivo
Authors: Whipp S C , Moon H W , Lyon N C
Published: January 2020

Hysterectomy-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli on day 4 of life. Samples of feces and intestinal contents were collected and tested in infant mice for enterotoxic activity. Positive enterotoxic responses were observed in mice given filtrates of feces and intestinal contents from piglets infected withe enterotoxigenic E. coli known to produce heat-stable enterotoxin but not heat-liabile enterotoxin in vitro. It is concluded that heat-stable enterotoxigenic E. coli induce diarrhea by production of heat-stable enterotoxin in vivo.
Dextranases from oral bacteria: inhibition of water-insoluble glucan production and adherence to smooth surfaces by Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Schachtele C F , Staat R H , Harlander S K
Published: January 2020

The effect of dextranases (EC 3.2.1.11) from the oral isolates Actinomyces israelii and Bacteroides ochraceus on water-insoluble glucan production by the Streptococcus mutans dextransucrase (EC 2.4.1.5) and sucrose-dependent adherence to smooth glass surfaces by S. mutans was studied. Collection on membrane filters of water-insoluble polysaccharides synthesized from radioactive sucrose was used to demonstrate the marked sensitivity of insoluble glucan formation to the presence of dextranase. Concentrations of A. israelii dextranase as low as 0.002 U/ml inhibited insoluble glucan formation by 60%. Similar results were obtained the the B. ochraceus enzyme. An assay for sucrose-stimulated adherence of S. mutans to smooth surfaces involved attachment of radioactively labeled nongrowing cells to the bottom of glass scintillation vials. This facile and sensitive assay was utilized to demonstrate that sucrose-dependent adherence was affected by low levels of dextranase from either A. israelii or B. ochraceus. Enzyme at 0.005 U/ml reduced adherence of S. mutans by 80%. Treatment of S. mutans cells previously attached to glass with low concentrations of the dextranases resulted in removal of 50% to 60% of the bacteria. The results indicate that dextranase-producing oral bacteria may affect sucrose-dependent colonization of S. mutans on the tooth surface and offer a possible explanation for both the difficulties involved in implanting this bacterium into the human mouth and the limited intraoral transmission of S. mutans from one tooth surface to another.
Specific macrophage immunity to Sendai virus: macrophage aggregation in vitro with Sendai virus by cytophilic antibodies
Authors: Watanabe M , Tozawa H , Kumagai K , Ishida N
Published: January 2020

When a 24-h tube culture of rabbit alveolar macrophages was infected with Sendai virus, the rate of infected cells was found to be limited. Even at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 500 plaque-forming units per cell, an average of 63% cells was found to synthesize viral antigens stainable by direct immunofluorescence. When the macrophages obtained from rabbits hyperimmunized by an intravenous injection of Sendai virus were infected under the same in vitro conditions, the rate of antigen synthesis averaged a low as 23%. At the time of infection of alveolar macrophages from immunized rabbits (immune macrophages), cell aggregation at an MOI 50 and cell fusion at an MOI 500 were found 24 h after infection, and these reactions were never encountered after the infection of nonimmune macrophages. When the immune macrophages were either pretreated by trypsin or incubated in medium at pH 4.0, the infection no longer caused the aggregation. The supernatant fluid obtained after incubation at pH 4.0 contained neutralizing antibody to Sendai virus. Conversely, when nonimmune macrophages were incubated in the presence of rabbit anti-Sendai virus serum or purified immunoglobulin G, the same aggregation reaction occurred after virus infection. Ultraviolet light-killed Sendai virus could be used as the counterpart of alive virus in the same aggregation reaction. These results suggest that the aggregation reaction of the immune macrophages could be attributed to the presence of specific cytophilic antibodies on their surface.
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by normal mouse peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Baughn R , Bonventre P F
Published: January 2020

Although Staphylococcus aureus is incapable of intracellular multiplication in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages, it is killed at a much slower rate than the avirulent Staphylococcus epidermidis. In addition to the presence of capsular material which inhibits phagocytosis of specific strains of S. aureus, the data show that a number of cellular and environmental factors affect the functional capacities of mononuclear phagocytic cells. The data obtained by varying the initial level of infection indicate that the number of ingested bacteria may subsequently alter the kinetics of intracellular killing. In vitro maturation of macrophages in culture was also found to exert a pronounced effect on the kinetics of bacterial death.
Fowl Immunoglobulins: Quantitation in Birds Genetically Resistant and Susceptible to Marek's Disease
Authors: Higgins D. A. , Calnek B. W.
Published: January 2020

The development of serum immunoglobulins was observed in chicks genetically resistant (N line) and susceptible (P line) to Marek's disease (MD), in conditions free from infection with MD. IgG was present at hatching at about 5.0 mg/ml and decreased to about 0.5 mg/ml by 12 to 15 days. Active production of IgG was apparent at about 20 days of age and reached levels of 2.0 to 3.0 mg/ml by 67 days. Low levels of IgM were present at hatching, and a gradual increase was seen to 1.0 to 2.0 mg/ml by 67 days. IgA was not detectable at hatching; it appeared in N-line birds at 5 days and in P-line birds at 13 days, and by 67 days was about 0.10 to 0.13 mg/ml. After 30 to 40 days, immunoglobulin levels were generally higher in N-line than in P-line birds. However, it was concluded that no primary immunoglobin deficiency existed sufficient to explain the susceptibility of the P-line birds to MD
Serological studies of Actinomyces israelii by crossed immunoelectrophoresis: taxonomic and diagnostic applications
Authors: Holmberg K , Nord C E , Wadström T
Published: January 2020

Crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) with intermediate gel was applied to the serological analysis of Actinomyces israelii to develop a test with high efficiency in the laboratory diagnosis of human actinomycosis and classification of A. israelii. Recently developed standard antigen-antibody systems for A. israelii by CIE were used as reference. The reference systems were based on standard preparations of cytoplasmic and whole cell-associated antigens of A. israelii and a standard immunoglobulin G pool purified from rabbit antisera to formalin-treated whole cells and cell lysates of A. israelii. The specificity of the standard antigens for A. israelii was evaluated in CIE studies by screening for antibodies to components of the antigens in rabbit antisera raised against related bacteria. The standard system for A. israelii based on cytoplasmic antigens formed species-specific precipitins whereas antisera raised against A. naeslundii and/or Propionibacterium acnes precipitated components of the other standard antigens. As a result of these analyses, the standard system for A. israelii based on 10 cytoplasmic antigens was used as reference for CIE studies to detect humoral antibodies to A. israelii in sera from nine patients with actinomycosis. All the sera from the patients formed at the time of diagnosis one or more precipitins in terms of the 10 reference precipitins. Up to five precipitins were found in single sera. Follow-up studies covering a period of one-half year after treatment showed a gradually decreased precipitin response in the course of time. In control sera from patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis, nocardiosis, deep Candida infection, and aspergillosis, and in sera from healthy blood donors, no antibodies were detected with specificity for the reference antigens.
Rabbit corneal damage produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
Authors: Gray L D , Kreger A S
Published: January 2020

Gross, light microscopic, and electron microscopic examination of the rabbit corneal destruction produced by experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections revealed a combination of acute inflammation and liquefaction necrosis of the cornea. Degeneration of the epithelial cells and the start of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration of the cornea occurred initially. These changes were followed by loss of the epithelium, degeneration and loss of the keratocytes and endothelium, loss of the characteristic weblike pattern of the proteoglycan ground substance, dispersal of ultrastructurally normal collagen fibrils, extensive accumulation followed by degeneration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and accumulation of plasma proteins and fibrin in the necrotic cornea. Histochemical examination of the cornea suggested a loss of the proteoglycan ground substance but not of collagen. Rabbit corneas injected with Clostridium histolyticum collagenase showed gross and cellular changes similar to those observed during the pseudomonal infections; however, histochemical examination suggested a loss of collagen, and electron microscopy revealed ultrastructurally abnormal collagen fibrils. The results support the idea (i) that a bacterial or host-derived collagenase is not required for extensive corneal damage during a P. aeruginosa corneal infection, and (ii) that a P. aeruginosa corneal infection may severly damage the cornea by producing extensive corneal edema and by causing the loss of the corneal proteoglycan ground substance, thus resulting in dispersal of undamaged collagen fibrils, weakening of the cornea, and subsequent descemetocele formation and corneal perforation by the anterior chamber pressure.
Variation in internal polysaccharide synthesis among Streptococcus mutans strains
Authors: Freedman M L , Coykendall A L
Published: January 2020

Five strains, representative of Streptococcus mutans genetic group III antigenic group d, synthesized and degraded less intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) then 17 strains representative of other S. mutans groups. The strains that synthesize IPS degraded it rapidly. The production of acid in titratable amounts from endogenous IPS was usually complete within 1 h. IPS synthesis in S. mutans increased abruptly at culture glucose concentrations between 0.2 and 0.5% and was quantitated as both iodine-and glucose oxidase-positive material in cell hyrolysates. IPS degradation was measured by acid production in a pH-stat maintained at 7. The existence within group III d of a strain recently shown to be cariogenic in experimental animals suggest that IPS may not be a prerequisite for virulence in these cariogenic bacteria.
Efficiency of Various Intestinal Bacteria in Assuming Normal Functions of Enteric Flora After Association with Germ-Free Mice
Authors: Syed Salam A. , Abrams Gerald D. , Freter Rolf
Published: January 2020

Strictly anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the intestinal tract of normal mice. Germ-free mice were associated with mixtures of varying complexity of pure cultures of these bacteria. The development of normal features in these animals was then determined on the basis of the following criteria: (i) size of the cecum, (ii) size of the
Escherichia coli
population in the cecum, (iii) histology of the intestinal tract, and (iv) development of a mucosa-associated flora in stomach and large intestine. Germ-free mice contaminated with cecal contents from conventional mice were used as controls to establish normal values for these parameters. Some strictly anaerobic bacteria could be implanted into germ-free mice only after prior implantation of an
E. coli
strain.
E. coli
was found in large numbers in stomach and cecum of mice monocontaminated with this organism. Use of restraining devices indicated that the
E. coli
population in the stomach was maintained by coprophagy and did not contribute significantly to the size of the cecal population. A mixture of 50 strictly anaerobic bacteria plus 80 facultative anaerobes rendered recipient animals normal with respect to the criteria tested. Other, less complex bacterial mixtures reduced the cecal size and the intestinal
E. coli
population to levels intermediate between those found in normal and germ-free mice. With all bacterial mixtures tested, the intestinal
E. coli
population decreased, if at all, within a period of about 10 days after introduction of other bacteria, and remained stable thereafter. This suggests that the intestinal
E. coli
population is controlled by a mechanism which reduces population size without affecting the growth rate.
Experimental Cerebral Zygomycosis in Alloxan-Diabetic Rabbits I. Relationship of Temperature Tolerance of Selected Zygomycetes to Pathogenicity
Authors: Reinhardt Donald J. , Kaplan William , Ajello Libero
Published: January 2020

Acute alloxan diabetic rabbits were used in a survey of the potential ability of
Absidia, Cunninghamella, Mucor, Rhizopus, Syncephalastrum
, and
Thamnidium
species to cause cerebral zygomycosis (phycomycosis, mucormycosis). Specifically, the correlation of thermotolerance with potential pathogenicity was studied. The test organisms fell into two groups: those able to grow well at 39 C on Sabouraud dextrose agar and those unable to grow at that temperature. Isolates unable to grow at 39 C were not pathogenic. The nonpathogens were
C. elegans, M. jansenni, R. reflexus, R. stolonifer
, and
T. elegans
. Two isolates of
S. racemosum
and one isolate of
A. corymbifera
, although able to grow well at 39 C in vitro, did not invade the brain or lungs of acutely diabetic rabbits. Three species of
Rhizopus, R. chinensis, R. microsporus
, and
R. oligosporus
, all of which grew at 39 C and which had not been previously known to cause cerebral zygomycosis, were as pathogenic as the only two previously implicated disease agents,
R. arrhizus
and
R. oryzae
. Studies were also carried out to determine whether animals inoculated with spores of selected zygomycetes many hours prior to the onset of acute diabetes would develop cerebral zygomycosis. Approximately 50% of the rabbits that became acutely diabetic 72 to 90 hr after receiving
R. oryzae
spores by nasal instillation succumbed to cerebral zygomycosis. Our study indicates that several members of the genus
Rhizopus
that grow well at 39 C or higher, other than
R. arrhizus
and
R. oryzae
, are potential etiological agents of cerebral zygomycosis.
Effect of Estrogen and Other Steroids on MM Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Giron David J. , Allen Patton T.
Published: January 2020

The effect of several steroid hormones on the susceptibility of mice to infection with MM virus was studied. Estrone, cortisone, and hydrocortisone increased mortality, whereas progesterone, prednisolone, and testosterone had no effect. The viral infection-enhancing (VIE) activity of estrone was maximal when the hormone was given 24 to 72 hr prior to viral inoculation. Less VIE activity was seen when the estrone was administered at the same time as the virus, and hormone treatment 24 hr after inoculation had no significant effect on mortality. Virus was found in the blood 24 hr before it appeared in the brain, regardless of estrone treatment. However, viremia was demonstrated in estrone-treated mice 48 hr before it occurred in control animals. There was no significant difference in the respective titers reached in the sera or the brains of the two groups.
Effect of Anti-Kupffer Cell Serum on Phagocytosis and Humoral Antibody Formation
Authors: Pisano J. C. , di Luzio N. R.
Published: January 2020

To ascertain the effects of selective impairment of the fixed macrophage compartment on host defense, rabbit anti-rat Kupffer cell serum was raised and tested for its ability to depress phagocytosis and to serve as an immunosuppressant. The ability of the anti-Kupffer cell serum (AKS) to depress intravascular clearance rates of gelatinized RE test lipid emulsion indicated that the antiserum can functionally impair overt phagocytic activity. The phagocytic impairment was manifested by a significantly decreased liver phagocytosis of the lipid emulsion, whereas only a slight decrease in phagocytosis by the spleen was noted. When titered in vitro, AKS was cytotoxic to hepatic and splenic macrophages. Although AKS induced some degree of immunosuppressive activity, it was not as effective as antilymphocytic serum in suppressing the humoral immune response of rats to sheep red blood cells. Selectivity in the cytotoxic activity of AKS was manifested by toxicity for macrophages but not toxicity for thymocytes or splenic lymphocytes. It is suggested that AKS as a specific antimacrophage serum may be useful for assessing the contribution of the reticuloendothelial system to host defense physiology and metabolism.
Aerosol-Induced Tuberculosis in Subhuman Primates and the Course of the Disease After Intravenous BCG Vaccination
Authors: Barclay W. R. , Anacker R. L. , Brehmer W. , Leif W. , Ribi E.
Published: January 2020

Suitability of the rhesus monkey (
Macaca mulatta
) as an experimental host for evaluation of vaccines against airborne infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strain H37Rv was investigated. Nonvaccinated monkeys were exposed to estimated doses of 12, 25, or 49 units of H37Rv in a modified Henderson apparatus, and the course of the disease was followed by chest X rays, skin testing with purified protein derivative, body-weight determinations, and autopsy 8 weeks postinfection. These animals developed progressive and extensive tuberculosis with pathological changes proportional to the infecting dose. Four of seven monkeys vaccinated intravenously with 1 mg of live BCG 8 weeks prior to challenge with 40 units of H37Rv had no gross evidence of disease at autopsy 13 weeks postinfection; the other three monkeys had minimal disease. These data demonstrated that (i) reproducible and progressive infection could be induced in rhesus monkeys infected in a manner which simulated natural infection of man and (ii) a high level of resistance to infection could be induced by BCG vaccine in the rhesus monkey, which in nature is highly susceptible to tuberculous infection.
Antibody in Cattle Experimentally Infected with Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Authors: Barber T. L. , Stone S. S. , DeLay P. D.
Published: January 2020

Antibody responses in cattle experimentally infected with contagious bovine pleuropneumonia were assayed by the complement fixation (CF), plate agglutination (PA), and agar-gel diffusion precipitin (AGDP) tests. Sera were also fractionated by sucrose gradient centrifugation, by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose columns, and by starch-block electrophoresis. Serum fractions were assayed for antibody by the CF and PA tests. Antibody was detected by the CF and PA tests from 7 days postinoculation (DPI) throughout the test period of 154 days. The AGDP test was the least sensitive and was negative after 28 DPI. By sucrose gradient centrifugal analysis, only 19
S
antibody could be detected in the 7 DPI sera, but 19 and 7
S
antibodies were found in the 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 DPI sera. Only 7
S
antibody was found in sera subsequently collected until 154 DPI at the conclusion of the experiment. Results of chromatographic fractionation of sera on DEAE-cellulose columns showed that most of the CF antibody was adsorbed when 0.0175
m
phosphate buffer (
p
H 6.3) was used for elution of proteins. Plate agglutination antibody activity was found in both immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM fractions from 7 to 42 DPI and only in the IgG fraction thereafter. By starch-block electrophoresis, the 14 DPI antibody was of beta mobility (IgM), whereas at 21 DPI the antibody mobility was gamma-beta. In the 28 and later DPI sera, CF antibody had gamma mobility.
Enhanced Tumor Initiation by Mixtures of Tumorigenic and Nontumorigenic Strains of
Agrobacterium
Authors: Lippincott James A. , Lippincott Barbara B.
Published: January 2020

Mixtures of two strains of
Agrobacterium
from the species
A. tumefaciens
(11 strains),
A. rhizogenes
(6 strains), and
A. radiobacter
(7 strains) were tested for their ability to initiate tumors on primary pinto bean leaves. Intra- and interspecific mixtures of
A. tumefaciens
and
A. rhizogenes
strains induced 10- to 20-fold increases in the number of tumors initiated. This complementation was observed only in mixtures in which at least one of the strains was tumorigenic when inoculated separately. Tests of various combinations of strains that formed complementary pairs showed two groups described as tumorigenic “helper” strains (donors) and conditionally tumorigenic strains (receptors). Donor, receptor, and noncomplementing strains were found among the strains of
A. rhizogenes
and
A. tumefaciens
. Donor or receptor
A. tumefaciens
strains substituted respectively for
A. rhizogenes
donor or receptor strains to form complementary pairs.
A. radiobacter
strains mixed with strains of the same or other
Agrobacterium
species did not initiate tumors and failed to promote tumor initiation in combination with a tumorigenic strain. Washing the complementing strains prior to mixing had no effect on the response, and the centrifuge supernatants from either donor or receptor strains when inoculated with cells of the opposite type did not increase tumor initiation. Neither indole acetic acid, kinetin, nor gibberellic acid could substitute for either the donor or receptor strain when tested separately on each member of a representative pair of complementing organisms. It is proposed that a substance is either produced or induced in the host by the donor strain after its inoculation on the leaf which permits tumor initiation by a receptor strain at a separate site.
Penicillinase Studies on L-Phase Variants, G-Phase Variants, and Reverted Strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Simon Harold J. , Yin Elaine Jong
Published: January 2020

L-phase variants and small colony (G-phase) variants derived from penicillinase-producing
Staphylococcus aureus
strains were tested for penicillinase (beta lactamase) production. A refined variation of the modified Gots test for penicillinase was used to demonstrate penicillinase synthesis. Penicillinase synthesis was reduced in L-phase variants and G-phase variants when compared to parental strains. After reversion of variants to vegetative stages had been induced, revertants were tested for production of penicillinase, coagulase, and alpha hemolysin, mannitol fermentation, and pigment production, and comparisons were made between parent and reverted vegetative forms. All revertants of G-phase variants retained penicillinase activity. Most revertants of L-phase variants showed reduction or loss of penicillinase activity. Retention of coagulase activity, alpha hemolysin production, mannitol fermentation, pigmentation, and phage type varied among revertants.
Susceptibility of Staphylococci to Minocycline In Vitro: Identification of Group III Bacteriophage Types by Characteristic Inhibition of Growth
Authors: Phair John P. , Carleton Judith
Published: January 2020

Minocycline in concentrations of 1.0 μg per ml or less inhibited growth of 50 staphylococcal isolates which were tested by the broth dilution method. All strains were resistant to penicillin and tetracycline, and 34% were resistant to lincomycin. Minocycline discs identified two populations of minocycline-susceptible strains. The first group with small zones of inhibition surrounding the disc had multiple resistance and all were lysed by group III phage (84/85). The organisms with larger diameter of zones of inhibition were less frequently resistant to the antibiotics tested, and only 7.4% of these organisms were lysed by the 84/85 phage.
Mouse Virulence of Human, Systemic, Pathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strains
Authors: Erlandson Arvid L.
Published: January 2020

Strains of
Escherichia coli
isolated from systemic infections of humans exhibited marked intraperitoneal and intracerebral virulence for mice. This marked virulence was not exhibited by enteropathogenic strains.
In Vitro Plaque Formation by Several Oral Diphtheroids Implicated in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Hageage G. J. , Johanssen I. , Tanzer J. M.
Published: January 2020

The in vitro plaque-forming ability of oral diphtheroids is not dependent upon the type of sugar incorporated in the culture medium.
Specificity of Diphtheria Toxin Action on Heart and Muscle Tissues of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Bowman C. G. , Imhoff J. G. , Bonventre P. F.
Published: January 2020

Heart and muscle tissues appear to be specific target organs for the in vivo inhibition of protein synthesis by diphtheria toxin.
Accelerated Cytopathology in HeLa Cells Induced by Reovirus and Cycloheximide
Authors: Loh Philip C. , Oie Herbert K. , Ratnayake R. M. T.
Published: January 2020

The addition of the protein inhibitor cycloheximide, at concentrations which suppress virus replication, to HeLa cell monolayers infected with reovirus type 2 results in the appearance of accelerated cytopathic effects (CPE). At high multiplicity of infection, CPE appeared after a lag period of 2 to 3 hr and increased progressively, until by 12 hr the entire monolayer had rounded and sloughed off. During this same period, both the uninfected cycloheximide-treated and untreated virus-infected controls exhibited no CPE. The phenomenon is affected by the kind of cell species employed and can be reversed if the antibiotic is removed within 1 hr after exposure. The evidence obtained through studies in which specific metabolic inhibitors and direct biochemical analyses were used suggests that the accelerated CPE observed in cycloheximide-treated reovirus-infected cells is the consequence of the combined inhibition of the synthesis of both cellular protein and ribonucleic acid. The accelerated CPE is also induced in the antibiotic-treated cells by reovirus serotypes 1 and 3.
Increased Incidence of Lymphoma in C3H/HeJ Adult Mice Injected with Gross Virus and Antithymocytic Serum
Authors: Vredevoe Donna L. , Hays Esther F.
Published: January 2020

An increased incidence of lymphoma in adult C3H/HeJ mice injected with antithymocytic serum as compared with normal rabbit serum during a course of one to four weekly intraperitoneal injections of cell-free filtrates of Gross virus-induced lymphomas was noted. The latent period of lymphoma ranged from 119 to 298 days after initiation of treatment. The incidence tended to increase as the number of injections of cell-free filtrate was increased, with a maximum incidence reached at three injections.
Failure of Immune Sera to Enhance Significantly Phagocytosis of
Staphylococus aureus
: Nonspecific Adsorption of Phagocytosis-Promoting Factors
Authors: Shayegani Mehdi
Published: January 2020

Serum from rabbits immunized with either heat-killed or live nonencapsulated
Staphylococcus aureus
failed further to enhance phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the homologous organism by either normal rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes or monocytes, when compared with normal rabbit serum. These immune sera did, however, show an increase in agglutinating and precipitating antibody level. Adsorption of normal human serum with some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and some inert particles significantly reduced the phagocytosis-promoting factors of the serum. It would seem, then, that nonencapsulated
S. aureus
differs from other pathogenic bacteria in that the humoral antibacterial factors promoting its phagocytosis and intracellular killing are not significantly enhanced by infection or immunization.
Effect of Antimacrophage Serum on Dermal Tuberculin Sensitivity and Allergic Pulmonary Granuloma Formation in Rabbits
Authors: Moore V. L. , Myrvik Q. N.
Published: January 2020

Anti-rabbit alveolar macrophage goat serum (AMS), adsorbed of hemolysins and hemagglutinins, exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity for the following rabbit target cells: alveolar macrophages, thymocytes, and kidney (RK-13) cells. The intravenous injection of AMS, sufficient to reduce markedly the dermal tuberculin reaction in BCG-sensitized rabbits, did not suppress the development of BCG-induced chronic and accelerated pulmonary granulomas. These observations are discussed in relation to delayed sensitivity, allergic granuloma formation, and cell-associated immunity.