bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approach for the systematic development of domain‐specific languages
Authors: Strembeck Mark , Zdun Uwe
Published: August 2009

Building tailored software systems for a particular application domain is a complex task. For this reason,domain‐specific languages(DSLs) receive a constantly growing attention in recent years. So far the main focus of DSL research is on case studies and experience reports for the development of individual DSLs, design approaches and implementation techniques for DSLs, and the integration of DSLs with other software development approaches on a technical level. In this paper, we identify and describe the different activities that we conduct when engineering a DSL, and describe how these activities can be combined in order to define a tailored DSL engineering process. Our research results are based on the experiences we gained from multiple different DSL development projects and prototyping experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kupferchalkogenid‐Clusterverbindungen mit Brom‐funktionalisierter Ligandenhülle
Authors: Langer Robert , Wünsche Linda , Fenske Dieter , Fuhr Olaf
Published: August 2009

Five new copper chalcogenide cluster molecules, [Cu4(S–C6H4–Br)4(PPh3)4] (1), [Cu22Se6(S–C6H4–Br)10(PPh3)8] (2), [Cu28Se6(S–C6H4–Br)16(PPh3)8] (3), [Cu47Se10(S–C6H4–Br)21(OAc)6(PPh3)8] (4) and [Cu8(S–C6H4–Br)6(S2C–NMe2)2(PPh3)4] (5) have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. Compounds 1–4 were prepared from the reaction of CuOAc, p‐Br–C6H4–SSiMe3 and Se(SiMe3)2 in the presence of PPh3. In a further reaction of 1 with iPrMgCl and (Me2N–CS2)2 cluster 5 was crystallized.
Inferior head resection of the pancreas for intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms
Authors: Nakagohri Toshio , Kinoshita Taira , Konishi Masaru , Takahashi Shinichiro , Gotohda Naoto , Kobayashi Shin , Kojima Motohiro , Miyauchi Hideaki , Asano Takehide
Published: August 2009

Background

Previous reports have suggested that patients with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) have a favorable prognosis after surgical resection. Thus, a variety of types of partial pancreatic resections have been advocated for treating these low‐grade malignant tumors. However, the surgical outcome of IPMN after such limited pancreatectomy has not been fully clarified.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of the clinicopathologic features and surgical outcome in 15 patients who underwent inferior head resection for IPMN at the Chiba University Hospital and National Cancer Center Hospital East between July 1994 and January 2007.

Results

There were 13 patients with noninvasive IPMNs (10 adenomas and 3 noninvasive carcinomas) and 2 patients with minimally invasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (minimally invasive IPMN). Complete tumor removal (R0 resection) was performed in four patients (80%) with intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma. Subsequent pancreatoduodenectomy was performed in one patient because of noninvasive carcinoma with multiple mucous lakes in the pancreatic parenchyma. Values forN‐benzoyl‐l‐tyrosyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid excretion test results before (n = 13) and after (n = 13) the operation were 70.7 and 66.1, showing no significant difference. The 2‐h glucose levels in the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test before (n = 13) and after (n = 13) the operation were 133 and 146 mg/dl, respectively, showing no significant difference. Pancreatic fistula occurred in 7 (47%) patients. Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 67 and 0%, respectively. The overall 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year survival rates for the 15 patients were 100, 79, 79, and 71%, respectively. The 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year survival rates for patients with noninvasive IPMN (n = 13) and those with minimally invasive IPMN (n = 2) were 100, 92, 92, and 83%; and 100, 0, 0, and 0%, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival between patients with noninvasive IPMN and those with minimally invasive IPMN (p = 0.0005). No patient with noninvasive IPMN developed recurrent disease. One patient with minimally invasive IPMN died of recurrent peritoneal dissemination 18 months after margin‐positive R1 resection. Two patients died of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, 30 and 78 months after inferior head resection.

Conclusions

Pancreatic endocrine and exocrine function was well preserved after inferior head resection. Pancreatic fistula occurred more frequently after inferior head resection than with conventional pancreatoduodenectomy. Patients with noninvasive IPMN had favorable survivals after this procedure. However, one patient with minimally invasive IPMN with margin‐positive R1 resection died of recurrent disease. Thus, margin‐negative R0 resection should be performed for IPMN.
Diagnosis, treatment, follow‐up and gene mutation analysis in four Chinese children with biotinidase deficiency
Authors: Ye J. , Wang T. , Han L. S. , Qiu W. J. , Zhang H. W. , Zhang Y. F. , Gao X. L. , Wang Y. , Gu X. F.
Published: August 2009

Objective: To report the clinical course and explore the gene mutation spectrum of four Chinese children with biotinidase deficiency. Methods: Four Chinese patients aged 4 months to 8 years were referred to this study. Tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and the determination of biotinidase activities were performed for selective screening of biotinidase deficiency. Four patients with biotinidase deficiency were diagnosed, treated with biotin and followed. Results: (1) Four patients with biotinidase deficiency were diagnosed by characteristic metabolites, such as elevated blood levels of 3‐hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (6.22 ± 3.1 μmol/L), elevated 3‐methylcrontonylglycine, methylcitrate and 3‐hydroxypropionate in urine and very low biotinidase activities. (2) These patients have been treated with biotin for 1–8 years; two of them still have mental retardation, and two have irreversible hearing or vision disability. (3) In the four patients, six different mutations in the biotinidase gene were identified: c.98G:del7ins3, c.1369G>A (p. V457M), c.1384delA, c.1493_1494insT, c.1284C>A (p.Y428X) and c.1157G>A (p.W386X). The latter four mutations are novel variations. Seven out of eight mutations are located on exon 4 of the biotinidase gene. Conclusions: Early recognition of biotinidase deficiency is crucial to avoid permanent damage. Determination of biotinidase activity should be included in neonatal screening in China. Exon 4 may be a hot‐spot for biotinidase gene mutations in Chinese patients. Four novel gene variations may be disease‐causing mutations and should be confirmed by expression studies.
Synthesis and Evaluation of 4‐Diethyl Amino Benzaldehyde Schiff Base Cationic Amphiphiles as Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel in Different Acidic Media
Authors: Negm Nabel A. , Zaki Mohamad F. , Salem Mounir A. I.
Published: August 2009

A novel series of cationic surfactants containing Schiff base groups were synthesized by condensation of fatty amines namely: dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl amine and 4‐diethyl aminobenzaldehyde. The chemical structures of these surfactants were confirmed using elemental analysis, FTIR spectra, 1H‐NMR and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Surface properties of the synthesized compounds were determined using surface tension techniques. The results of the surface tension measurements showed good surface behaviors of these compounds in their aqueous solutions. The surface activities were found to be greatly influenced by the chemical structures of the synthesized compounds. The synthesized cationic Schiff bases were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in different acidic media (HCl and H2SO4) at different doses (400, 200, 100, 50, 25 ppm). The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of these inhibitors were calculated using the corrosion rates of the carbon steel in the studied media and found in the acceptable range of the commercially used inhibitors. Also the chemical structure of these inhibitors was found of great influence on their inhibiting efficiency.
Membrane glycolipids in stem cells
Authors: Yu Robert K. , Suzuki Yusuke , Yanagisawa Makoto
Published: August 2009

Stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and very small embryonic‐like stem cells, are undifferentiated cells that are endowed with a high potential for proliferation and the capacity for self‐renewal with retention of pluri/multipotency to differentiate into their progenies. Recently, studies regarding the biological functions of glycolipids and cell surface microdomains (caveolae, lipid rafts, or glycolipid‐enriched microdomains) in stem cells are emerging. In this review, we introduce the expression patterns of glycolipids and the functional roles of cell surface microdomains in stem cells.
Epinephrine‐induced hyperpolarization of pancreatic islet cells is sensitive to PI3K–PDK1 signaling
Authors: Zhang Ying , Shumilina Ekaterina , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Lang Florian , Ullrich Susanne
Published: August 2009

Epinephrine inhibits insulin release by activation of K+ channels and subsequent hyperpolarization of pancreatic beta cells. The present study explored whether epinephrine‐induced hyperpolarization is modified by phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and phosphatidylinositide‐dependent kinase PDK1. Perforated patch‐clamp was performed in islet cells isolated from PDK1 hypomorphic mice (pdk1fl/fl
), expressing only 20% of PDK1, and in their wild‐type littermates. At 16.8 mM glucose, the cell membrane was hyperpolarized by epinephrine (1 μM), an effect significantly blunted in pdk1fl/fl
and abrogated in wild‐type cells by inhibition of PI3K with wortmannin (100 nM) or LY294002 (10 μM). The hyperpolarizing effect of epinephrine in pancreatic islet cells is thus sensitive to PI3K and PDK1.
Contemporary hysteroscopic methods for female sterilization
Authors: Smith Roger D.
Published: August 2009

A permanent contraceptive method that avoids abdominal incisions and general anesthetic should be safer than sterilization by laparoscopy or laparotomy. In theory, the transcervical route ought to be ideal for female sterilization. However, past attempts have not seen widespread success, and contemporary efforts demonstrate that challenges to the creation of an ideal transcervical sterilization technique continue to exist. After 6 years of use, clinical data and real‐world experience indicate that the Essure permanent birth control system is a viable option. Efficacy of 99.74% has been demonstrated. Adverse effects and risks are low. Patient satisfaction is high. Successful placement is observed in worldwide marketing. It can be placed in the office setting, which offsets the relatively high cost of the device. Recent data suggest that patients and surgeons are choosing hysteroscopic sterilization over laparoscopic and postpartum sterilization. Adiana emerged in 2009 as a second hysteroscopic sterilization option. Challenges continue to exist for transcervical sterilization. Compliance with post‐procedure confirmation imaging is not universal. Real‐world contraception failures are seen in a setting of protocol non‐compliance. However, extrapolation of the failure rates in real‐world use seems to be comparable with other laparoscopic and abdominal sterilization methods.
Transretropubic traction vaginoplasty for correction of vaginal aplasia
Authors: Darwish Atef Mohammad
Published: August 2009

Objective

To introduce an alternative approach to vaginoplasty using transretropubic traction (TRT).

Methods

In this case series with 4 patients with complete vaginal aplasia, a plastic “olive” placed on the vaginal dimple was lifted by a mesh tape inserted through the space of Retzius and anchored to the anterior abdominal wall.

Results

On day 8 postoperatively all patients had a reasonable vaginal size, 2.5 to 3 cm in width and 6 to 7.5 cm in length. The mean satisfaction scores were 86 points for the patients and 89 points for their husbands, who also reported a mean penetration score of 90 points.

Conclusion

As a minimal‐access and relatively simple operation, TRT vaginoplasty could be performed by trained gynecologists. Studies with larger populations are required to support this preliminary report.
Prevalence and impact of primary dysmenorrhea among Mexican high school students
Authors: Ortiz Mario I. , Rangel‐Flores Eduardo , Carrillo‐Alarcón Lourdes C. , Veras‐Godoy Humberto A.
Published: August 2009

Objective

To evaluate factors affecting the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in a group of Mexican students.

Method

A questionnaire was administered to 1152 high school students and the obtained data about severity, symptoms, and medications used were analyzed.

Results

Dysmenorrhea had a prevalence of 48.4% and was the cause of school absences for 24% of the affected students. It was mild in 32.9%, moderate in 49.7%, and severe in 17.4% of these students, of whom 28% consulted a physician and 60.9% self‐medicated. The most common over‐the‐counter drugs used were a combination of paracetamol, pamabrom and pyrilamine maleate; metamizol (a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug) plus butylhioscine; and naproxen. We found a significant correlation between the presence of dysmenorrhea and smoking, cycle pattern, cycle duration, flow duration, and amount of flow.

Conclusion

The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was high in our sample. The condition caused short‐term school absences and the students commonly addressed it by self‐medicating.
Schistosoma mansoniinfection as a predictor of severe anaemia in schoolchildren in eastern Sudan
Authors: Mahgoub H.M. , Mohamed A.A. , Magzoub M. , Gasim G.I. , Eldein W.N. , Ahmed A.A. , Adam I.
Published: August 2009

A cross-sectional study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for severe anaemia among schoolchildren in New Halfa, eastern Sudan. After taking age and gender, haemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured and all children were screened for malaria and intestinal parasitic infections, including schistosomiasis. Six hundred and forty (230 boys, 410 girls) schoolchildren aged 8–18 years were enrolled. The mean (SD) of the haemoglobin was 9.6 (1.7) mg/dl. One hundred and eleven (17.3%) and 33 (5.2%) children hadSchistosoma mansoniinfection andHymenolepis nanainfection, respectively. Five hundred and eighty (90.6%) of these children had anaemia (Hb < 12 g/dl), and 103 (16.0%) of them had severe anaemia (Hb < 8 g/dl). Girls (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.1–5.3;P = 0.01) were at higher risk for severe anaemia in univariate and multivariate analyses.Schistosoma mansoniinfections were associated with severe anaemia in univariate analyses only. Thus, there was a high prevalence of severe anaemia among these children. This needs to be investigated in more depth in the future, and more attention should be paid to the health of adolescent girls.
Genetic differentiation of Echinostoma revolutum and Hypodereaum conoideum from domestic ducks in Thailand by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis
Authors: Saijuntha W. , Sithithaworn P. , Andrews R.H.
Published: August 2009

Echinostomes are common intestinal parasites causing zoonotic disease, which are endemic worldwide. Of the four species of medically important echinostomes reported in Thailand, two species, Echinostoma revolutum and Hypodereaum conoideum, have been detected in poultry. These two parasites are morphologically similar and are sometimes difficult to distinguish. In the present study, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to differentiate E. revolutum from H. conoideum collected from domestic ducks in Thailand. The parasites were compared using 22 enzymes with 30 presumptive enzyme loci. The two species of echinostome could be distinguished at 17 of the 30 enzyme loci. Several loci were polymorphic within each species, suggesting that these can be used to examine their population genetics.
Birkat Ha-MinimRevisited
Authors: Marcus Joel
Published: August 2009

J. Louis Martyn and others have argued that a decision by late first-century rabbis to introduce a liturgical curse against heretics (Birkat Ha-Minim) provides the background for early Christian passages about Christians being excluded from and cursed in synagogues. More recent scholars, however, have challenged the assumption that the earliest form ofBirkat Ha-Minimreferred to Christians and that the rabbis controlled the synagogues. The present article defends the basics of Martyn's reconstruction while nuancing the extent of rabbinic control in the early Christian centuries. It also suggests, however, that the original ofBirkat Ha-Minimmay have been a Qumranian curse on the Romans.
The Faithfulness of Jesus Christ in Hippolytus's De Christo et Antichristo: Overlooked Patristic Evidence in the Πίστις Χριστοῦ Debate
Authors: Bird Michael F. , Whitenton Michael R.
Published: August 2009

The debate over the meaning of πίστις Χριστοῦ has been continuing for some time and shows no signs of abating, yet one conclusion has remained constant: the Church Fathers, generally, did not understand πίστις Χριστοῦ in the Pauline materials in the subjective sense as the ‘faithfulness of Christ’. Furthermore, there has heretofore been no text that correlates Jesus' faithfulness with his death on the cross in patristic writings. In light of that, the aim of this study is (1) to offer a critique of recent work on πίστις Χριστοῦ in the Church Fathers, and (2) to break the longstanding silence by presenting overlooked evidence from Hippolytus's De Christo et Antichristo that unambiguously relates Jesus' faithfulness to his death on the cross.
daf-7-related TGF-β homologues from Trichostrongyloid nematodes show contrasting life-cycle expression patterns
Authors: McSORLEY H. J. , GRAINGER J. R. , HARCUS Y. , MURRAY J. , NISBET A. J. , KNOX D. P. , MAIZELS R. M.
Published: August 2009

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) gene family regulates critical processes in animal development, and plays a crucial role in regulating the mammalian immune response. We aimed to identify TGF-β homologues from 2 laboratory model nematodes (Heligmosomoides polygyrusandNippostrongylus brasiliensis) and 2 major parasites of ruminant livestock (Haemonchus contortusandTeladorsagia circumcincta). Parasite cDNA was used as a template for gene-specific PCR and RACE. Homologues of the TGH-2 subfamily were isolated, and found to differ in length (301, 152, 349 and 305 amino acids respectively), with variably truncated N-terminal pre-proteins. All contained conserved C-terminal active domains (>85% identical over 115 amino acids) containing 9 cysteine residues, as inC. elegansDAF-7,Brugia malayiTGH-2 and mammalian TGF-β. Surprisingly, only theH. contortushomologue retained a conventional signal sequence, absent from shorter proteins of other species. RT-PCR assays of transcription showed that inH. contortusandN. brasiliensisexpression was maximal in the infective larval stage, and very low in adult worms. In contrast, inH. polygyrusandT. circumcincta, tgh-2transcription is higher in adults than infective larvae. The molecular evolution of this gene family in parasitic nematodes has diversified the pre-protein and life-cycle expression patterns of TGF-β homologues while conserving the structure of the active domain.
Naturalizing Humanity: Genealogy and the Politics of Storytelling in Boccaccio'sDecameron
Authors: Farneti Roberto
Published: August 2009

In his literary masterwork, theDecameron, Boccaccio undertakes a thorough examination of human values along the lines he had drawn in his history of the origins of the gods, theGenealogie deorum gentilium libri, on the assumption that values, in a world emptied of the gods, retain a similarly normative and aggregating function. To Boccaccio both gods and values are transient items in a moral ontology that acknowledges only one set of perennial items: natural impulses and dispositions. Boccaccio adopts a particular stance towards the emergence of values: genealogy is, for him, a distinctive way to examine the processes whereby beliefs, attitudes, and values come about.
Baconian Science and the Intelligibility of Human Experience: The Case of Love
Authors: Minkov Svetozar
Published: August 2009

Perhaps surprisingly, one of the founders of the modern technological world, Francis Bacon, has a penetrating and sustained lifelong engagement with the phenomenon of love or eros. Bacon's reflections on eros come in two stages. He first examines the human and moral meaning of love. Bacon attends to the exorbitant promises of love—to bring us into a perfect condition, to grant us eternity—and finds them confused or unreasonable. Bacon then moves away from an engagement with the simple experiences of love and their promises. Departing from the human perspective, he proceeds to examine love, from the point of view of natural science or cosmology, as a fundamental property or principle of matter. This departure tends to lead, at least in the case of Bacon's followers, if not in Bacon's own case, to an obliviousness to both his cynical and appreciative insights into love.
The Limits of Constructivism: Can Rawls Condemn Female Genital Mutilation?
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: August 2009

Constructivist political theory, championed most prominently by John Rawls, builds up a conception of justice from the minimal requirements of political life. It has two powerful attractions. It promises a kind of civic unity in the face of irresolvable differences about the good life. It also offers a foundation for human rights that is secure in the face of those same differences. The very parsimony that is its strength, however, deprives it of the resources to condemn some atrocities. Because it focuses on the political aspect of persons, it has difficulty cognizing violence done to those aspects of the person that are not political, preeminently the body. Constructivism thus can be only a part of an acceptable theory of justice.
Guest Editorial: Encouraging the Dialogue
Authors: AGICH GEORGE J. , REITER-THEIL STELLA
Published: August 2009

Ethics consultation is the most engaged aspect of clinical ethics, a field focused on ethical issues, questions, and conflicts arising in the course of patient care and delivery of healthcare services. Despite the skepticism of some academic bioethicists and criticism expressed by social commentators, clinical ethics, which began in North America, has expanded to Europe and many other parts of the world with the proliferation of healthcare institution ethics and ethics consultation support services. Along with the development and implementation of ethics policies and guidelines for patient care through work on hospital ethics committees, clinical ethicists are increasingly involved in the ethics of healthcare organizational structures and processes and the day to day provision of ethics consultative services to health professionals, patients, and families.
Ethics Case Consultation in Primary Care: Contextual Challenges for Clinical Ethicists
Authors: SLOWTHER ANNE
Published: August 2009

The development of ethics case consultation over the past 30 years, initially in North America and recently in Western Europe, has primarily taken place in the secondary or tertiary healthcare settings. The predominant model for ethics consultation, in some countries overwhelmingly so, is a hospital-based clinical ethics committee. In the United States, accreditation boards suggest the ethics committee model as a way of meeting the ethics component of the accreditation requirement for payment by Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), and in some European countries, there are legislatory requirements or government recommendations for hospitals to have clinical ethics committees. There is no corresponding pressure for primary care services to have ethics committees or ethics consultants to advise clinicians, patients, and families on the difficult ethical decisions that arise in clinical practice.
Extortion and the Ethics of “Topping Up”
Authors: SACHS BENJAMIN
Published: August 2009

In November 2008 Professor Mike Richards issued his much awaited review of the British Department of Health's policy on out-of-pocket payments (“top-ups”) for drugs not approved as cost effective by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). The policy stated, or had been construed as stating, that those who top up thereby became ineligible for further National Health Service (NHS) treatment for the condition targeted by the drug. For instance, if a lung cancer sufferer bought Avastin, which is not NICE approved, she could no longer receive free treatment for her cancer on the NHS's tab. Richards, the National Cancer Director, recommended that the policy be repealed. From an ethical point of view, this change should be enthusiastically welcomed.
Choice experiments in health: the good, the bad, the ugly and toward a brighter future
Authors: LOUVIERE JORDAN J. , LANCSAR EMILY
Published: August 2009

Compared to many applied areas of economics, health economics has a strong tradition in eliciting and using stated preferences (SP) in policy analysis. Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are one SP method increasingly used in this area. Literature on DCEs in health and more generally has grown rapidly since the mid-1990s. Applications of DCEs in health have come a long way, but to date few have been ‘best practice’, in part because ‘best practice’ has been somewhat of a moving target. The purpose of this paper is to briefly survey the history of DCEs and the state of current knowledge, identify and discuss knowledge gaps, and suggest potentially fruitful areas for future research to fill such gaps with the aim of moving the application of DCEs in health economics closer to best practice.
Preferential Mode of gas invasion in sediments: Grain‐scale mechanistic model of coupled multiphase fluid flow and sediment mechanics
Authors: Jain A. K. , Juanes R.
Published: August 2009

We present a discrete element model for simulating, at the grain scale, gas migration in brine‐saturated deformable media. We rigorously account for the presence of two fluids in the pore space by incorporating forces on grains due to pore fluid pressures and surface tension between fluids. This model, which couples multiphase fluid flow with sediment mechanics, permits investigation of the upward migration of gas through a brine‐filled sediment column. We elucidate the ways in which gas migration may take place: (1) by capillary invasion in a rigid‐like medium and (2) by initiation and propagation of a fracture. We find that grain size is the main factor controlling the mode of gas transport in the sediment, and we show that coarse‐grain sediments favor capillary invasion, whereas fracturing dominates in fine‐grain media. The results have important implications for understanding vent sites and pockmarks in the ocean floor, deep subseabed storage of carbon dioxide, and gas hydrate accumulations in ocean sediments and permafrost regions. Our results predict that in fine sediments, hydrate will likely form in veins following a fracture network pattern, and the hydrate concentration will likely be quite low. In coarse sediments, the buoyant methane gas is likely to invade the pore space more uniformly, in a process akin to invasion percolation, and the overall pore occupancy is likely to be much higher than for a fracture‐dominated regime. These implications are consistent with laboratory experiments and field observations of methane hydrates in natural systems.
Three‐dimensional numerical modeling of slip rate variations on normal and thrust fault arrays during ice cap growth and melting
Authors: Hampel Andrea , Hetzel Ralf , Maniatis Georgios , Karow Tobias
Published: August 2009

Changes in the volumes of ice caps considerably alter the stress state of the lithosphere by generating a transient signal that is added to the tectonic background stress field. These stress field changes, in turn, affect crustal deformation and in particular the slip behavior of existing faults. Here we use three‐dimensional finite element models to investigate how arrays of normal and thrust faults near a growing and subsequently melting ice cap are influenced in their slip evolution. The results show that regardless of fault dip, both types of faults experience a decrease in their slip rate during ice cap advance and an increase in their slip rate during ice cap retreat if they are located beneath the ice cap. In contrast, faults outside the ice cap that are loaded on their footwall or hanging wall only show the opposite pattern: their slip rate increases during glacial loading and decreases during subsequent unloading. If the load is located along strike of the fault; that is, at one of its tips, the slip behavior of normal and thrust faults is different: The normal fault shows a slip rate increase during unloading, the thrust fault during loading. Our results explain the location and timing of deglaciation‐induced paleoearthquakes in Scandinavia and the contrasting slip histories reported from normal faults in the Basin and Range Province, which are located at different positions relative to the former Yellowstone ice cap. More generally, our findings imply that a uniform slip behavior of faults in formerly glaciated regions should not be expected.
Harvesting model uncertainty for the simulation of interannual variability
Authors: Misra Vasubandhu
Published: August 2009

An innovative modeling strategy is introduced to account for uncertainty in the convective parameterization (CP) scheme of a coupled ocean‐atmosphere model. The methodology involves calling the CP scheme several times at every given time step of the model integration to pick the most probable convective state. Each call of the CP scheme is unique in that one of its critical parameter values (which is unobserved but required by the scheme) is chosen randomly over a given range. This methodology is tested with the relaxed Arakawa‐Schubert CP scheme in the Center for Ocean‐Land‐Atmosphere Studies (COLA) coupled general circulation model (CGCM). Relative to the control COLA CGCM, this methodology shows improvement in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation simulation and the Indian summer monsoon precipitation variability.
GPS TEC and the plasmasphere: Some observations and uncertainties
Authors: Bishop G. J. , Secan J. A. , Delay S. H.
Published: August 2009

Plasmaspheric total electron content (PTEC) remains an elusive component of GPS TEC, even in middle latitude regions. PTEC is significant in measuring and modeling the ionosphere to altitudes much lower than GPS, such as for ground‐based transionospheric radars that must detect and track orbital and ballistic objects. In addition, for GPS TEC observations to be useful for today's assimilative models, each TEC measurement needs to have an associated uncertainty. It is clearly beneficial if such uncertainty figures are not constant upper bounds, but rather are as data‐specific and determined as possible. This paper presents results from a study using a chain of GPS stations on the west coast of North America. Ionospheric TEC, PTEC, and uncertainties are derived, and validated against Jason 1 TEC. We suggest that the methodology presented has potential to improve midlatitude ionospheric TEC accuracy for modeling, system impact and forecasting applications, and for monitoring PTEC.
Spatial distribution of the Southeast Asian smoke plume over the Indian Ocean and its radiative heating in the atmosphere during the major fire event of 2006
Authors: Thampi Bijoy V. , Rajeev K. , Parameswaran K. , Mishra Manoj Kumar
Published: August 2009

Smoke plumes originating from vegetation fires engulf Southeast Asia and East Equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) during October‐November period in almost all the El Niño years. For the first time, observations of the vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient using the Cloud Aerosol Lidar Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO), along with the spatial distribution of aerosol optical depth (AOD) derived from NOAA‐18‐AVHRR provided an opportunity to study the 3‐dimensional structure of the plume that spread over an area of ∼1 million km2 (0.5<AOD<1.2) during October‐November 2006. The plume was confined to altitude <3.0 km with an accumulation around 0.6–2.0 km. The shortwave aerosol direct heating of the atmosphere by this plume was >32 Wm−2 over a wide area and the mean aerosol radiative heating rate in the atmosphere estimated over Singapore is 1.2 K/day between 0.6–2 km. This led to an increase in the lower tropospheric stability in this location.
Hot flow anomalies at Saturn's bow shock
Authors: Masters A. , McAndrews H. J. , Steinberg J. T. , Thomsen M. F. , Arridge C. S. , Dougherty M. K. , Billingham L. , Schwartz S. J. , Sergis N. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Coates A. J.
Published: August 2009

We present evidence for the occurrence of hot flow anomalies (HFAs) at Saturn's bow shock. A survey of Cassini magnetic field and electron data taken upstream of the dawn flank bow shock is carried out in order to identify Kronian HFAs. Seventeen events are identified that were all associated with energization of the solar wind electrons and satisfied the majority of the conditions for HFA formation. The majority of the events possessed a central cavity of rarefied plasma; however, for two of the events the central cavity was over dense, possibly indicating that these examples were at an early stage of formation. For the event that occurred on 8 November 2004 the calculation of ion moments is possible, revealing an ion temperature increase by a factor of ∼800 in the central region of the event that was associated with a significant deflection of the solar wind bulk flow. The spatial extent of the event was ∼4.6 Saturn radii in the direction normal to the current sheet underlying the event. Pressure calculations imply that the heated central region was expanding at the time of the encounter. We conclude that the 8 November 2004 event was a spacecraft encounter with an HFA at Saturn's bow shock and we propose that the other 16 events identified by the survey were also HFA encounters. These observations suggest that HFAs are a solar‐system‐wide phenomenon.
Rice Convection Model simulation of the substorm‐associated injection of an observed plasma bubble into the inner magnetosphere: 2. Simulation results
Authors: Zhang J.‐C. , Wolf R. A. , Spiro R. W. , Erickson G. M. , Sazykin S. , Toffoletto F. R. , Yang J.
Published: August 2009

We present results from a Rice Convection Model simulation of the early expansion phase of a substorm that occurred 22 July 1998. The theoretical basis of the simulation is the idea that the plasma injected into the inner magnetosphere during a substorm primarily consists of a low‐content plasma bubble, which is made up of flux tubes with lower values of the entropy parameter PV5/3 than their neighbors. As discussed in an accompanying paper, to simulate this event, we carefully tailor model inputs to fit Geotail observations of the bubble at XGSM ≈ −9 RE. We find that both potential and induction electric fields play important roles in transporting and energizing the particles during the event. The potential electric field associated with Birkeland currents that flow along the east and west sides of the bubble (i.e., the substorm current wedge) is characterized by a localized strengthening of the westward auroral ionospheric electric field within the bubble, as well as the production of a region of enhanced westward flow just Equatorward of the diffuse electron aurora. The inner edge of the modeled plasma sheet assumes a dented‐in form that is similar in shape to the injection boundary proposed many years ago on observational grounds. Flux tubes that are pushed earthward ahead of the bubble at onset form a sharp pressure peak near local midnight and geosynchronous orbit, and the particles on those tubes contribute significantly to the injection of particles into the inner magnetosphere.
Cenozoic uplift of Europe
Authors: Carminati Eugenio , Cuffaro Marco , Doglioni Carlo
Published: August 2009

Following the diachronous Cretaceous–Neogene onset of seafloor spreading in the northern Atlantic and Arctic oceans, the European passive margin and continental Europe underwent a generalized uplift. This long‐wavelength Cenozoic uplift has been attributed either to mantle plumes and/or to the far‐field compression in the Alps. We suggest an alternative mechanism or concause, where the asthenosphere depleted at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge was shifted relatively eastward beneath the continent because of the net rotation of the lithosphere. The partial melting at the oceanic ridge leaves the asthenosphere lighter. When migrating beneath the European continental lithosphere, the substitution of the older, denser mantle with the depleted, lighter asthenosphere should have generated an isostatic rebound and associated uplift of about 300–600 m. Dynamic topography exerted by the mantle flowing eastward could have enhanced the uplift process.
Development of special rotor for centrifugal separation of isotopes in solid pure metals
Authors: Ono Masao , Sueyoshi Masanori , Okayasu Satoru , Hao Ting , Esaka Fumitaka , Osawa Takahito , Iguchi Yusuke , Mashimo Tsutomu
Published: August 2009

A prototype rotor with two grooves for the multistage centrifugal isotope separation in solid state was developed to test a new idea. This idea is based on the sedimentation of constitutional atoms in solid. In the performance test using indium specimen, it is verified that the developed rotor can receive all injected molten-indium droplets from an automatic raw-material feeding system even at the high rotational speed of 97 000 rpm without the loss of rotational stability, and the received indium specimens can be transferred in/between two grooves through the plastic flow under the influence of strong centrifugal force even in the solid state. The isotope ratio of centrifuged indium specimens was analyzed employing the secondary ion mass spectrometry, and it is confirmed that intended isotope separation by the centrifugation is realized in the solid state. The developed rotor can be used to perform the isotope separation on at least solid metals under the conditions of up to 400 °C in specimen temperature and 0.4×106g in centrifugal force field.
Coulomb effects and carrier diffusion in semiconductor quantum wires
Authors: Cruz H. , Luis D.
Published: August 2009

We have solved in space and time the effective-mass nonlinear Schrödinger equation for an electron-hole gas in a semiconductor quantum wire. If the carrier density is large enough, we have obtained the diffusion of coupled electron and hole densities considering a Coulomb interaction between both electron-hole gases. In this way, we have shown the possibility of having an inverse Mott transition in a quantum wire after an optical excitation of the sample.
Advanced oxidation process combining oxide deposition and short postoxidation step for N-type 3C- and 4H-SiC
Authors: Esteve R. , Schöner A. , Reshanov S. A. , Zetterling C.-M. , Nagasawa H.
Published: August 2009

The electrical properties of oxides fabricated on n-type 3C-SiC (001) and 4H-SiC (0001) epilayers using an advanced oxidation process combining plasma enhanced deposition and rapid postoxidation steps have been investigated. Three gas atmospheres have been studied for the postoxidation steps: N2O, dry, and wet oxygen (H2O). In comparison, additional oxides using postannealing in pure N2 have been fabricated. The implementation of wet oxygen resulted in a significant decrease in the interface traps density, in a reduction of oxide fixed charges and in the increased breakdown field in the case of 3C-SiC. In the case of 4H-SiC the postoxidation in N2O is a superior postprocessing step.
Response of seven crystallographic orientations of sapphire crystals to shock stresses of 16–86 GPa
Authors: Kanel G. I. , Nellis W. J. , Savinykh A. S. , Razorenov S. V. , Rajendran A. M.
Published: August 2009

Shock wave profiles of sapphire (single-crystal Al2O3) with seven crystallographic orientations (c, d, r, n, s, g, and m-cut) were measured with time-resolved VISAR (velocity interferometer for a surface of any reflector) interferometry at shock stresses in the range 16–86 GPa. Shock propagation was in the direction normal to the surface of each cut. The angle between the c-axis of the hexagonal representation of the sapphire crystal structure and the direction of shock propagation varied from 0 for c-cut up to 90° for m-cut in the basal plane. Based on published shock-induced transparencies for three directions of shock propagation, shock-induced optical transparency correlates with the smoothness of the mechanical shock wave profile. The ultimate goal was to find the direction of shock propagation for which shock-compressed sapphire is most transparent as a window material. In the experiments particle velocity histories were recorded at the interface between a sapphire crystal and a LiF window. In most cases measured wave profiles are noisy as a result of heterogeneity of deformation. Measured values of Hugoniot elastic limits (HELs) depend on direction of shock compression and peak shock stress. The largest HEL values (24 GPa) were recorded for shock loading along the c-axis and perpendicular to c along the m-direction. Shock compression along the m- and s-directions is accompanied by the smallest heterogeneity of deformation and the smallest rise time of the plastic shock wave. m- and s-cut sapphires most closely approach ideal elastic-plastic flow, which suggests that m- and s-cut sapphires are probably the sapphire orientations that remain the most transparent to the highest shock pressures. Under purely elastic deformation sapphire demonstrates very high spall strength, which depends on both load duration and peak stress. Plastic deformation of sapphire causes loss of its tensile strength.
Density functional theory study of the conformational space of an infinitely long polypeptide chain
Authors: Ireta Joel , Scheffler Matthias
Published: August 2009

The backbone conformational space of infinitely long polyalanine is investigated with density-functional theory and mapping the potential energy surface in terms of (L, θ) cylindrical coordinates. A comparison of the obtained (L, θ) Ramachandran-like plot with results from an extended set of protein structures shows excellent conformity, with the exception of the polyproline II region. It is demonstrated the usefulness of infinitely long polypeptide models for investigating the influence of hydrogen bonding and its cooperative effect on the backbone conformations. The results imply that hydrogen bonding together with long-range electrostatics is the main actuator for most of the structures assumed by protein residues.
Temperature dependent surface photovoltage spectroscopy characterization of highly strained InGaAs/GaAs double quantum well structures grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Chan C. H. , Wu J. D. , Huang Y. S. , Su Y. K. , Tiong K. K.
Published: August 2009

Highly strained InxGa1−xAs/GaAs double quantum well (DQW) structures grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy with different In compositions are investigated by surface photovoltage spectroscopy (SPS) in the temperature range 20–300 K. A lineshape fit of spectral features in the differential surface photovoltage (SPV) spectra determines the transition energies accurately. A comprehensive analysis of the anomalous phenomena appearing in lower temperature SPV spectra enable us to evaluate directly the band lineup of DQW and to remove the ambiguity in the identification of spectral features. The process of separation of carriers within the QW with possible capture by the interface defect traps plays an important role for phase change in SPV signal in the vicinity of light-hole related feature at low temperature. The results demonstrate the considerable diagnostic values of the SPS technique for characterizing these highly strained DQW structures.
Separation of sheet flow on the surface of a circular cylinder
Authors: Isshiki Hiroshi , Yoon Bum-Sang , Yum Deuk-Joon
Published: August 2009

The shape of a spout of a pot is very important for the liquid to flow smoothly from the pot. This is known as the “teapot effect.” Separation of flow must take place at the tip of the spout. Separation of sheet flow on the surface of a circular cylinder may provide an explanation as to why pot spouts have such a unique shape. As can be easily observed by a simple experiment, separation of sheet flow from the surface of a circular cylinder is a very interesting phenomenon beyond intuition. In the nonviscous case, the flow released at the top of the surface may proceed completely around the surface and come back to the flow start point without separation. In the present paper, effects of gravity and viscosity on sheet flow are theoretically explained and the theory is verified by experiments. The results of the theoretical model proposed in the present study were very similar to the experimental measurements. In the present study, the effects of viscosity on sheet flow on a circular cylinder, the location of flow separation, and other associated responses were investigated.
Theoretical predictions of adsorption behavior of elements 112 and 114 and their homologs Hg and Pb
Authors: Pershina V. , Anton J. , Jacob T.
Published: August 2009

Fully relativistic (four-component) density-functional theory calculations were performed for elements 112 and 114 and their lighter homologs, Hg and Pb, interacting with gold systems, from an atom to a Aun cluster simulating the Au(111) surface. Convergence of the adatom-metal cluster binding energies Eb with cluster size was reached for n>90. Hg, Pb, and element 114 were found to preferably adsorb at the bridge position, while element 112 was found to preferably adsorb at a hollow site. Independently of the cluster size, the trend in Eb is Pb⪢114>Hg>112. The obtained Eb for Pb and element 112 are in good agreement with the measured adsorption enthalpies of these elements on gold, while the Hg value is obviously underestimated, confirming the observation that adsorption takes place not on the surface but in it. A comparison of chemical bonding in various systems shows that element 114 should be more reactive than element 112: A relative inertness of the latter is caused by the strong relativistic stabilization of the 7s atomic orbital. On the contrary, van der Waals bonding in element 114 systems should be weaker than in those of element 112 due to its larger radius.
Flow shaping using three-dimensional microscale gas discharge
Authors: Wang Chin-Cheng , Roy Subrata
Published: August 2009

We introduce a flow shaping mechanism using surface compliant microscale gas discharge. A three-dimensional finite element-based multiscale ionized gas flow code is utilized to analyze charge separation, potential distribution, and flow inducement mechanism. For the case of quiescent flow, a horseshoe-shaped plasma generator is introduced. Due to its unusual shape, the three-dimensional electric force excites a pinching effect on the fluid inside selectively powered electrode arc. Such effect is capable of tripping the flow-ejecting fluid normal to the plane of the actuator and thus can be very useful for many applications.
Interconnected Si nanocrystals forming thin films with controlled bandgap values
Authors: Nychyporuk T. , Zakharko Yu. , Lysenko V. , Lemiti M.
Published: August 2009

Interconnected Si nanocrystals forming homogeneous thin films with controlled bandgap values from 1.2 to 2.9 eV were formed by pulsed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique under dusty plasma conditions. The chosen values of plasma duration time correspond to specific phases of the dust nanoparticle growth. Structural and optical properties of the deposited nanostructured films are described in details. These nanocrystalline Si thin films seem to be promising candidates for all-Si tandem solar cell applications.