bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disease problems of sunflowers
Authors: Sackston W. E.
Published: September 2007

Sunflower, the second most important oilseed crop in the world, was developed as a crop in eastern Europe, but is a native of North America. The pathogens causing many of its major diseases are also native to North America. Although a profitable crop, sunflowers have fairly low value per hectare. Disease control must, therefore, be inexpensive, by resistant varieties or seed treatment or cultural practices, rather than repeated field application of chemicals. Rust, a limiting factor in many countries, has been successfully controlled everywhere by resistance from wild sunflowers discovered in Canada about 1950. New races are posing problems in Argentina and Australia, but new resistance may be available. Verticillium wilt has been destructive in some areas but resistance is available from wild sunflowers and Russian high‐oil varieties. Downy mildew, highly destructive in many countries, has been effectively controlled by two genes from the original rust‐resistant material. A new race attacking this resistance was discovered in 1980: resistance to it appears to be available. Sclerotinia stalk rot and head rot, caused by a pathogen with wide host range, is much harder to control by breeding. Leaf spot diseases have long been a limiting factor in some European countries and elsewhere, but were considered minor in North America until recently. Broom rape, a root parasite which almost destroyed the crop in the USSR and elsewhere in eastern Europe, does not attack it in North America. It is controlled by resistant varieties.
Development of a pilot‐plant process for the extraction of soy flakes with aqueous isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Baker E. C. , Sullivan D. A.
Published: September 2007

Soy flakes were extracted with aqueous isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at 77 C in a Kennedy countercurrent continuous extractor at a retention time of 71 min. IPA concentration was varied from 85.0 to 90.5% w/w and included the 87.7% IPA‐water azeotrope. Solvent to meal ratios were varied from 1.5 to 3.0. The oil‐IPA miscella leaving the extractor was chilled and coalesced to yield an oil phase and an IPA phase. The IPA phase was recycled to the extractor without being distilled. Excess IPA was expressed from the defatted flakes, and this also was recycled to the extractor. IPA recovered by distillation in the evaporator‐stripper and desolventizer‐toaster accounted for less than 10% of the total. Refined deodorized oils from the IPA extraction process compared favorably with their hexane counterpart in color, peroxide value and phosphorous and free fatty acid contents. Desolventized meals from the IPA process compared favorably with their hexane‐extracted counterpart in protein, ash and fiber content.
Analysis of the nonpolar extractables ofAsclepias speciosa
Authors: Adams R. P. , Balandrin M. F. , Hogge L. , Craig W. , Price S.
Published: September 2007

Asclepias speciosa is currently being evaluated as a potential hydrocarbon‐producing crop. Chemical analyses of the nonpolar extractables of the above ground parts of this plant showed that pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterols account for over 90% of the refined hexane extract. In addition, low molecular weight natural rubber (cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene), of potential use as an elastomer, was obtained from the crude hexane extract.
Sodium silicate: The key ingredient in detergent agglomeration
Authors: Keeley Craig T.
Published: September 2007

The rise of sodium silicate as an agglomerating agent in detergent powders is discussed. Various ingredient ratios and agglomeration techniques/processes are reviewed as such parameters affect finished product characteristics.
Advertising: The advertising agency and the r&d department
Authors: Lois Mike Jag
Published: September 2007

The role of the advertising agency in selling products is discussed. Suggestions are made on the importance of the R&D Department in helping an agency develop and implement a sound advertising campaign.
Management of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and dementia
Authors: Hogan David B. , Bailey Peter , Carswell Anne , Clarke Barry , Cohen Carole , Forbes Dorothy , Man‐Son‐Hing Malcolm , Lanctôt Krista , Morgan Debra , Thorpe Lilian
Published: September 2007

The authors were charged with making a series of evidence‐based recommendations that would provide concrete advice on all aspects of the management of mild to moderate stages of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The recommendations were primarily targeted to primary care physicians practicing in Canada. The assigned topic area did not include either the assessment of a patient with suspected dementia or the prevention of AD and other dementias. An extensive examination of the available literature was conducted. Explicit criteria for grading the strength of recommendations and the level of evidence supporting them were used. The 28 evidence‐based recommendations agreed on are presented in this article.
Clinical practice guidelines for severe Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Herrmann Nathan , Gauthier Serge , Lysy Paul G.
Published: September 2007

Background

Although severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a prevalent, serious, and costly public health problem, few practice guidelines exist to help physicians manage this disorder.

Methods

A search of English language medical databases was performed from 1996 to the present for articles pertaining to the management of AD. The focus of this review was on studies that included patients with severe disease. Studies were assessed by considering the subjects, trial design, analysis, and results. Recommendations were based on the best available evidence.

Results

Severe AD can be defined and diagnosed reliably by using measures of cognition, function, behavior, and global staging. Specific assessments would also include medical status, safety issues, and the health status of the caregiver. Disease‐specific management would include treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine. Treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms begins with nonpharmacologic behavioral and environmental approaches. Severe agitation, aggression, and psychosis that are potentially dangerous to the patient, caregiver, and others in the environment can be treated with atypical antipsychotics, with consideration of their increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events and mortality. All pharmacologic approaches require careful monitoring and regular periodic reassessments to determine whether ongoing treatment is necessary.

Conclusions

Evidence‐based guidelines for the management of severe AD have the potential to improve the quality of life for the patient and their caregiver. More randomized controlled trials aimed specifically at this phase of illness are still urgently required.
How To Work A Room
Authors: Brown Rob
Published: September 2007

Rob Brown gave the opening presentation at the BIALL Conference and filled us all with confidence on how to network at either a social or business event. He gave lots of helpful hints on how to prepare for an event, whom to approach on entering a room and then ten practical tips on how to behave at the event to ensure successful networking.
Isotopic composition of tropospheric and soil N2O from successive depths of agricultural plots with contrasting crops and nitrogen amendments
Authors: Rock L. , Ellert B. H. , Mayer B. , Norman A. L.
Published: September 2007

Agricultural soils are the dominant contributor to increases in atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). Few studies have investigated the natural N and O isotopic composition of soil N2O. We collected soil gas samples using horizontal sampling tubes installed at successive depths under five contrasting agricultural crops (e.g., unamended alfalfa, fertilized cereal), and tropospheric air samples. Mean δ15N and δ18O values of soil N2O ranged from −28.0 to +8.9‰, and from +29.0 to +53.6‰. The mean δ15N and δ18O values of tropospheric N2O were +4.6 ± 0.7‰ and +48.3 ± 0.2‰, respectively. In general, δ values were lowest at depth, they were negatively correlated to soil [N2O], and δ15N was positively correlated to δ18O for every treatment on all sampling dates. N2O from the different agricultural treatments had distinct δ15N and δ18O values that varied among sampling dates. Fertilized treatments had soil N2O with low δ values, but the unamended alfalfa yielded N2O with the lowest δ values. Diffusion was not the predominant process controlling N2O concentration profiles. Based on isotopic and concentration data, it appears that soil N2O was consumed, as it moved from deeper to shallower soil layers. To better assess the main process(es) controlling N2O within a soil profile, we propose a conceptual model that integrates data on net N2O production or consumption and isotopic data. The direct local impact of agricultural N2O on the isotopic composition of tropospheric N2O was recorded by a shift toward lower δ values of locally measured tropospheric N2O on a day with very high soil N2O emissions.
Proteolysis and membrane capture of F-spondin generates combinatorial guidance cues from a single molecule
Authors: Zisman Sophie , Marom Karen , Avraham Oshri , Rinsky-Halivni Lilah , Gai Uri , Kligun Gilit , Tzarfaty-Majar Vered , Suzuki Tatsuo , Klar Avihu
Published: September 2007

The formation of neuronal networks is governed by a limited number of guidance molecules, yet it is immensely complex. The complexity of guidance cues is augmented by posttranslational modification of guidance molecules and their receptors. We report here that cleavage of the floor plate guidance molecule F-spondin generates two functionally opposing fragments: a short-range repellent protein deposited in the membrane of floor plate cells and an adhesive protein that accumulates at the basement membrane. Their coordinated activity, acting respectively as a short-range repellant and a permissive short-range attractant, constricts commissural axons to the basement membrane beneath the floor plate cells. We further demonstrate that the repulsive activity of the inhibitory fragment of F-spondin requires its presentation by the lipoprotein receptor–related protein (LRP) receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2, LRP2/megalin, and LRP4, which are expressed in the floor plate. Thus, proteolysis and membrane interaction coordinate combinatorial guidance signaling originating from a single guidance cue.
THE CITIZEN OF BALTIMORE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an overview of Mencken's German-American family background and childhood, focusing on Baltimore during the Gilded Age of the 1880s and 1890s, and how it formed his worldview and values. His nascent interest in science, music, writing, and reading is described.
A YOUNG MAN IN A HURRY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken was hired by the Baltimore Sun, the newspaper he would be associated with for the rest of his life. As Sunday editor, he pushed for innovations such as new illustrations, printing changes, and exciting articles on medicine, humor, music, and theater. However, Mencken once again began to feel restless. He wrote a book on Nietzsche, the first one published in the United States, and set forth his own iconoclastic views. He continued with his drama criticism, and broke away from Anglophile models by translating Henrick Ibsen's plays into colloquial American English. He thought about marriage, but felt that he did not have the time. He also met Theodore Dreiser.
BROADENING HORIZONS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

In 1908, Mencken was asked to become the new literary critic of The Smart Set magazine. Over the next fifteen years, Mencken would write 182 essays in which he reviewed some 2,000 books. The Smart Set gave Mencken a national venue to express his controversial views on American literature. He also met George Jean Nathan, a theater critic, and the two became fast friends. Mencken worked on his fourth book, Men Versus the Man, where he presents his views on individualism, Social Darwinism, and race.
THE BAD BOY OF BALTIMORE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken's column, “The Free Lance”, was published daily in the Baltimore Evening Sun from 1911 to 1915. Mencken became a controversial local figure, taking on such issues as medicine, literature, prostitution, immigrants, the American language, reform, and suffragism. Mencken's columns on Baltimore's public health issues forced him to consider the plight of the city's African-American population, and he began to display a new sensitivity towards the race that he had not shown in his book, Men Versus the Man.
THE HOLY TERROR
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

As war broke out in Europe, Mencken became dismayed by the influence of deliberate propaganda on the nation's press. Not only were editorials, headlines, cartoons, and methods of display misleading, so were the photographs. Mencken's pro-German column forced him to stop his column, “The Free Lance”. Looking back to this unhappy period, Mencken realized that there is little tolerance for free speech, especially during wartime.
BERLIN, 1917
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken underwent a transformation from his experiences in Berlin. From abroad, he witnessed how an irresponsible press could manipulate the news, provoking misunderstanding between two warring countries; this helped form his myopia towards Hitler's Germany. The year 1917 marked Mencken's personal struggle as an independent and controversial public voice. The many examples of censorship, the practice of war news, and the anti-German sentiment he witnessed marked the beginning of a process of maturation for Mencken. His first-hand experience covering the war hardened the ideas he already formed and provided a host of evidence about notions he previously discussed in his defunct column “The Free Lance”.
A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Despite the excitement of a new love affair and the professional heights he achieved, Mencken remained depressed over the loss of his mother and was unable to work. To revive his optimism, Mencken headed off on a trip south, and ended up in Hollywood where he was reunited with actress Aileen Pringle. His subsequent disenchantment with the movie industry and the suicide of his friend, poet George Sterling, pushed him back home to Baltimore.
THE LATE MR. MENCKEN
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

The lessening of Mencken's influence was accompanied by the further decline of The American Mercury. Against slumping financial returns, Mencken decided to resign from the magazine. For various reasons, resentment against Mencken began to fester in his assistant, Charles Angoff; this nearly exploded when Mencken and Knopf appointed Henry Hazlitt, instead of Angoff, to replace Mencken.
A TIME TO BE WARY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Freed from the responsibility of editing The American Mercury, Mencken turned to his political column. He was a supporter of a balanced budget, fiscal responsibility, and a federal government with limited powers. He believed, like Thomas Jefferson, that the best government was one that governed least. Like his father before him — who had always been suspicious of governmental authority and power, and a believer in the self-reliance of the individual — Mencken was alarmed by Roosevelt's New Deal policies, which seemed to him like an abolition of traditional Constitutional guarantees. Mencken's confrontation with FDR came at the 1934 Gridiron Dinner, when, after Mencken's lighthearted attack on the President, FDR played a malicious joke on Mencken, causing much rancor.
BERLIN, 1938
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken arrived in a prosperous country. The increasing dehumanization of Germany's Jews alarmed him, but did not dampen his view of his beloved Germany, which he continued to view through a sentimental haze. As the war clouds gathered overhead, Mencken traveled the country to view the places where his ancestors were born.
THE MAN WHO HATES EVERYTHING
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

With the arrival of 1945, Mencken began feeling the effects of his age. Keenly aware that the rest of the world was in chaos, he was disturbed by post-war conditions in Germany, and sent care packages to German citizens. News of the Nazi concentration camps and the killings of millions reduced to silence. By the end of the decade, a new generation of admirers sought out Mencken, among them biographers Edgar Kemler and William Manchester.
History of the Northern Range Dispute
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

To manage a large elk herd that winters on a low-elevation, a 152,663 ha area along the northern border of Yellowstone National Park has gone through four phases since before park establishment in 1872: (1) no management except aboriginal hunting before 1872; (2) protection from hunting, predator control, and winter feeding between 1872 and the 1920s; (3) population reduction through trapping and shooting by park rangers from the 1920s through 1968; (4) no population control from 1969 to the present (the natural-regulation policy). Park officials' reports and 1914-1968 scientific observations agreed that the northern herd occurred at low numbers and migrated out of the park area in winter before 1872; increased to 20,000-35,000 wintering animals by the early 1900s; and was heavily impacting the northern-range biota. New research posed the 1971 natural-regulation ecological hypothesis and reinterpreted evidence to infer that elk in prehistory were abundant and wintered outside the park area; had not increased to 20,000-35,000 in the early 1900s; without control, the herd would stabilize at moderate numbers, and would do so without significant impact on the northern-range ecosystem as it had not in the 1914-1982 period. The purpose of this book is to review the entire documentary and scientific record to evaluate the effects of management phases on the size of the northern herd and, in turn, its effects on the northern range, thereby testing the natural-regulation hypothesis. The park may be entering a fifth management phase, depending on what effect the reestablishment of wolves in 1995 has on the herd, an effect that was not yet evident when this book was written.
Synthesis
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Northern-range elk numbers have changed through four successive population phases over time: low numbers in prehistory up to ~1883; censuses of >6,000 up to 20,000-35,000 from 1884-1958; <6,000 from 1959-1970 during park reductions; and >6,000 from 1971 to the low 2,000s after reductions stopped. Varying sources of evidence indicate alternating responses to each of these phases by all measured components of the northern-range biota. The pre-1872 northern-range ecosystem can be characterized by a hierarchical model constrained at the top by human and large-carnivore predators that limited elk numbers, prevented heavy herbivory, and allowed development of a vegetation that provided ample food for other herbivores, habitat for other faunal components, and constraints on hydrology. Removing the predatory constraints allowed elk increase that altered the structure of the system and progressively reduced biodiversity. These changes have disproved the ecological-effect tenets of the natural-regulation hypothesis. Expansion of the northern range since 1988 and the reestablishment of wolves could return the system structure back to its 1872 state, although it is too early to ascertain whether this will occur. Meanwhile, climate warming could alter system structure to conditions not previously experienced.
“Pink-Tinged Pages”?
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the impact of McCarthyism on the production, content, and reception of children's literature, tracing a path from 1946 when the children's literature field seemed particularly receptive to books with social content, to the mid-1950s, when several authors (such as Meridel Le Sueur, Langston Hughes, Helen Kay, Howard Fast, Irving Adler, Leo Huberman, and Franklin Folsom) saw their books banned, were called before investigating committees such as the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), and/or became the subjects of lengthy FBI files. Likewise, publishers became more cautious about publishing books with controversial subject matter, including those with “interracial” themes. Despite these pressures, most leftists were able to continue working in the children's literature field, and found support among editors and publishers, as well as librarians (who were outspoken advocates of intellectual freedom). Moreover, public outcry against books by radical children's book authors was relatively rare, and even FBI files suggest that authors who were targeted for investigation attracted attention not for their books but because of other organizational activity.
Countering the Cold War
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines challenges to McCarthyism that benefited leftists in the field of children's literature. Beginning with the establishment in the mid-1940s of Young World Books, a division of (the Communist) International Publishers devoted to publishing children's literature, this chapter argues that leftists made some of their most important inroads into the children's literature field at exactly the same moment that American culture became most constricted under the pressures of McCarthyism. Following the discussion of Young World, the chapter examines the politics surrounding Franklin Watts' publication of Langston Hughes' First Book of Negroes as well as the Kathy Martin nursing series for girls, written by Emma Gelders Sterne and Barbara Lindsay (under the name Josephine James), and published by Golden Books. It also looks at outlets for distributing children's books that were controlled by people sympathetic to the Left, including the Arrow Book Club and the Children's Book and Music Center in Los Angeles. Finally, it examines alliances that formed between writers and other influential people in the field, from the Writers' League to the more informal “Loose Enders”, who resisted the pressures of McCarthyism and pressed for “socially significant” children's literature.
Ballad for American Children
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

Beginning with Meridel Le Sueur's River Road: A Story of Abraham Lincoln, this chapter examines children's literature, primarily from the 1940s and 1950s, which employed history, folklore, and American tradition toward a project of “leftist civic education”. Radicals both rewrote master narratives to emphasize a working-class perspective, and also recovered the stories of marginalized people, particularly members of the working class, women, and African Americans. Ironically, by creating markets for children's books dealing with American history and life, civic education programs and other school initiatives usually designed to boost children's patriotism fostered the production of books that used the past to criticize conditions in the present. The chapter explores the traditional association between the Left and folklore as it played out in children's literature. Finally, using biographies of black women by Dorothy Sterling, Ann Petry, Emma Gelders Sterne, and Shirley Graham, it traces leftist concern with African Americans and with women, as these played out in historical works for children.
Epilogue
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

The Council on Interracial Books for Children (CIBC) was founded in the mid-1960s by a group of Old Left activists. The Council, whose members helped to make children's literature more genuinely representative of American life and cultural diversity, also helped to link the Old Left and the New Left, or the radical generations of the 1930s and the 1960s. Linking undertakings like Scholastic's Firebird Books program (a project of Lilian Moore, a founder of the CIBC) which highlighted the contributions of racial minorities to American life with the popular book, record, and television special, Free to Be You and Me, which challenged gender stereotyping the epilogue focuses on the new terrain of children's books in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond. The work of left-wingers in the children's book field throughout the most repressive years of the Cold War points to the counter-hegemonic impulses that may thrive even during periods that seem to foreclose dissent.
Evolving Embryology
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the development of embryology. Experimental embryology, which began in the 1880s, aimed to discover the actual physicochemical processes by which the adult developed from the egg. Referred to by its founders as “developmental mechanics”, it originated from the premise that organisms could be understood in the same way as machines. Its findings however, caused biologists to stand back somewhat as their studies revealed a complexity of development that confronted the general aim of understanding the organism in terms of its parts. Many leaders of the new generation of experimental embryologists opposed the concept of organisms as constituting a cell state.
Mendel Palimpsest
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the contribution of Austrian monk Johan Gregor Mendel, one of the greatest legends in the history of science. Three moments in this man's history and legacy are extraordinary. The first is that in the 1860s he discovered the laws governing the inheritance of individual characters; second, that the scientific world failed to recognize the monumental importance of these findings during his lifetime; and third, the remarkable rediscovery in 1900 of what came to be called Mendel's laws. Mendel's experiments provided the foundation for a chain of scientific research that led to the Darwinian evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s and to spectacular accomplishments of contemporary molecular biologists.
Darwinian Renaissance
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the emergence of evolutionary synthesis. Evolutionary synthesis — the coming together of naturalists and geneticists concerning Darwinism and Mendelism — happened in the 1930s and 1940s. It resolved many of the large issues that had confronted Darwin's theory. Evolutionary synthesis constitutes what many biologists today regard as biology's basic evolutionary paradigm. The phrase “evolutionary synthesis” was introduced by Julian Huxley in his book Evolution: the Modern Synthesis (1942) to indicate two generally accepted conclusions: that evolution can be explained by natural selection acting on variations resulting from gene mutations and recombination, and that phenomena observed by paleontologists, systematists, and field naturalists can be explained in a manner consistent with known genetic mechanisms.
Beyond the Genome
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the outcomes of the human genome project. Topics discussed include the complexity of decoding the human genome, DNA as a genetic plan, old dogmas about DNA, cell architecture and spatial information, field heredity, and epinucleic inheritance.
Molecular Evolution and Microbial Phylogeny
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the development of methods by biologists for tracing life back billions of years to investigate early microbial evolution and create a universal phylogeny. These explorations of the first 75% of Earth's biological history have contradicted long-held assumptions about the course of evolution and the diversity of life on Earth. They have also identified evidence for the fundamental importance of non-Mendelian mechanisms in the evolution of microorganisms.
Symbiomics
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the concept of symbiosis. Although the bacteria living in our bodies have recently begun to attract some medical interest, for most of the 20th century symbiosis research had developed close to the margins of the life sciences and in virtual conflict with the aims and doctrines of the major biological disciplines, as well as with medical concepts of germs. Symbiosis continues to be strikingly absent from all the standard histories and treatises on evolutionary biology. To gain a better understanding of this aspect of biology, this chapter briefly sketches some of the phenomena, issues, and debates that have shaped attitudes about its scope and significance.
Forgiving Trespasses
Authors: DeJohn Anderson Virginia
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that trespassing livestock were a major cause of friction between Indians and English colonists. Even so, Native Americans and colonists found ways to cooperate with one another to resolve problems that animals caused. As a result of their efforts, the middle decades of the 17th century were characterized as much by cooperation as confrontation.
Between Two Empires
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: September 2007

Before World War II, Japanese immigrants, or Issei, forged a unique transnational identity between their native land and the United States. Whether merchants, community leaders, or rural farmers, Japanese immigrants shared a collective racial identity as aliens ineligible for American citizenship, even as they worked to form communities in the American West. At the same time, Imperial Japan considered Issei and their descendents part of its racial expansion abroad and enlisted them to further their nationalist goals. This book shows how Japanese immigrants negotiated their racial and class positions alongside white Americans, Chinese, and Filipinos at a time when Japan was fighting their countries of origin. Utilizing rare Japanese and English language sources, the book stresses the tight grips, as well as the clashing influences, the Japanese and American states exercised over Japanese immigrants and how they created identities that diverged from either national narrative.
Civic Disabilities
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J.
Published: September 2007

The disabilities that were imposed on prostitutes and pimps constitute infringements on their rights and their standing as Roman citizens. This chapter examines a segment of these: disabilities relating to political and social life, on the one hand, and to the operation of the courts, on the other. Citizenship is an ambiguous concept, one of whose basic functions is to discriminate. Like many such definitions ancient and modern, that of Roman citizenship was informed by certain criteria that excluded individuals from the category that it defined. The definition is of necessity complicated by the fact that, once the dividing line between citizen and non-citizen was drawn, the definition did not stop there but articulated a range of differences on the citizen side of the line.
Ne Serva Prostituatur
Authors: McGinn Thomas A. J.
Published: September 2007

Roman law recognized certain restrictive covenants in agreements for the sale of slaves, covenants that directed a certain disposition of the slave on the part of the buyer but that, when violated, did not void the sale. Although they played a relatively minor role in Roman private law, these covenants had important implications for public policy and for the relationship of policy and the private law system. This is especially true of the restrictive covenant that forbade the buyer to prostitute the slave: ne serva prostituatur. An analysis of the content of these covenants and their treatment by both emperors and jurists reaffirms the accuracy of the distinction traditionally drawn in modern literature between those covenants that were construed to benefit the original vendor and those that were understood to benefit the slave. The contention is that the covenant is best understood in terms of a value complex known as the honor-shame syndrome. This complex, common to Mediterranean societies, assigns role and status within the household on the basis of gender.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

This introduction looks at the life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, known as “America's Joan of Arc” for her youth and fiery passion in the midst of the Civil War. Dickinson successfully stormed the male-dominated bastion of partisan politics, became a star of the lyceum circuit and one of the country's most widely recognized and oft-photographed celebrities, and then turned to the stage as both playwright and actress, eventually trying her hand at a series of male roles. All of these exploits appeared in the scrapbooks that surrounded Dickinson on February 25, 1891, when she was forcibly taken and confined against her will to Pennsylvania's State Hospital for the Insane at Danville. Dickinson's scrapbooks and clippings comprised the narrative of a distinctly public life, or — to be more precise — they represented her life story as told by the men and women of the press.
EARLY LIFE AND CAREER
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

Born in Philadelphia on October 28, 1842, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson was the youngest of five children. Her parents were both from old Quaker families, and, like many of their brethren, John and Mary Dickinson were adamant abolitionists who occasionally opened their Arch Street home to fugitive slaves. Although some later chroniclers tried to paint Anna Dickinson as a heroine born in poverty, it is more accurate to say that she grew up comfortably, but without material excess and certainly with the clear expectation that she would have to find some occupation, at least until she married. This chapter chronicles Dickinson's early life and career and how the events during the Civil War transformed her from a radical reformer to a fervent patriot. It remained to be seen what would become of her budding fame in the midst of the war.
DECLINE AND FALL
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

As 1883 ended, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson again found a haven in Chicago's Palmer House Hotel, short on funds, physically and emotionally drained, and with no clear direction. For five months she remained in the city that had become one of her favorite sanctuaries, while gradually depleting her limited savings by staying at one of Chicago's more luxurious hotels. As was so often the case, Dickinson devoted her energies to various schemes for earning a living. In the meantime, she sent depressing letters home complaining of neuralgia in her shoulder and general despair. Worse, Dickinson's circle of friends and correspondents shrunk as she gradually settled into a life of quiet obscurity. She began drinking alcohol, although it is debatable whether her alcohol consumption had turned into true alcohol abuse. Dickinson was also accused of being insane, culminating in her confinement — against her will — to Pennsylvania's State Hospital for the Insane at Danville.
The Politburo's Last Purge
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of the Leningrad and Gosplan Affairs of 1949. Although, in many respects, aberrations in the postwar period — these were the only occasions on which a Politburo member was expelled and senior politicians executed — it is argued that Stalin's charges, though contrived, did rest on a rational basis. In addition to demonstrating that it was Stalin who orchestrated these affairs, the chapter describes how he took action to fill the vacancies created by these scandals and reestablish a balance within the leadership.
Conclusion
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents some concluding remarks about Stalin's leadership, the events following his death, and his legacy. Stalin was in many respects a patrimonial leader. In his last years, most official business was transacted in private meetings between Stalin and his entourage. He secured the loyalty of his colleagues over and above their commitment to any office and, to underline this, he completely reshaped and renamed posts and committees, maneuvering his companions between them at will. Stalin's death opened the gates for the so-called new course on a variety of domestic and foreign policy issues, many of which were steered by the new collective leadership at the Council of Ministers.
The Endless Quest and Perfect Knowledge
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Joseph built the church on the foundation of dialogic revelation, physical artifacts, testable historical claims, and the promise of spiritual certainty. Truth claims are absolute and categorical. At the same time, Mormonism conceives of salvation as a process rather than event, tied to learning, knowledge acquisition, and growth in intelligence. Eternal progress and continuing revelation are key doctrines.
“A Uniform Look for the Church”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Turn of the century Mormon architecture could be daring and magnificent. World-wide growth, economic constraints, and fierce pragmatism have more recently given to modern Mormon architecture a bland and uniform appearance, with occasional exceptions. Even temples have succumbed to corporate requirements, along with meethinghouses (chapels) and beautiful tabernacles have given way to the generic stake center.
“No Tabernacle Choir on Broadway”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Mormon music is a forum where originality and assimilation compete vigorously. Hymnody began by borrowing but also by employing the first original Mormon artistic productions. The Tabernacle Choir is still the most famous face of Mormon music today. Oratorios have given way to popular musicals.
“Cinema as Sacrament”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Film has largely replaced theater as the dramatic medium for Mormon artists. Film was early employed in the anti-Mormon campaign, and Mormons learned early to use it for their own purposes. Evangelistic (missionary films) and public relations varieties (Homefront series) have given way to a recent generation of talented filmmakers who are creating two kinds: one is an insider genre, while the other explores ways of informing popular film with a Mormon sensibility.
“To the Fringes of Faith”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

The first great Mormon literature came only with the “Lost Generation” of the 40s, with authors like Maurine Whipple and Virginia Sorensen. The novel has flourished (with Levi Peterson a major figure), as has the short story (Douglas Thayer and Donald Marshall leading the way) poetry, and even science fiction (Orson Scott Card).
“Painting the Mormon Story”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

The Paris Art Mission introduced European developments and training into Utah art at the turn of the century. Today, loose alliances like the New York Mormon Artists Group have supplanted efforts to create a self conscious style (as with the Art and Belief Movement). World class sculptors as well as prominent painters emerged by mid-century. A regular international art competition is the major vehicle for opening the church to cultural influences from beyond the United States.
Diagnosing the Strategic Impacts of Lost Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter uses a knowledge typology to describe different characteristics of lost knowledge and their impacts on business performance. It shows how increased retirements interact with recruiting problems and increased mid-career turnover to threaten workforce capabilities. Five knowledge retention barriers are described, which undermine efforts to address aging workforce challenges.
A Strategic Framework for Action
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes three different types of situations in organizations where knowledge retention strategies are needed. It then provides an overview of an integrated knowledge retention framework that includes: human resources practices and processes; knowledge transfer practices; information technology applications to capture, store, and share knowledge; and knowledge recovery initiatives.
Applying IT to Capture, Store, and Share Intellectual Capital
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes a range of information technology (IT) applications that can be used to enhance knowledge capture, storage, and knowledge sharing. Although definitely a solution that must be coordinated with cultural and behavioral changes, IT applications can accelerate learning and problem solving, as well as knowledge storage. Applications described include the use of expert locator and e-learning systems, collaboration technologies, expert systems, document repositories, electronic documentation, lessons learned databases, and knowledge mapping systems.
Launching Knowledge Retention Initiatives
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides an outline of how to start implementing knowledge retention programs. It illustrates the uses of a risk assessment or a knowledge audit, as well as an attrition profile and social network analysis, to identify where turnover and lost knowledge will have the greatest impacts. These steps are necessary to build the business case for investing in the implementation of a variety of knowledge retention initiatives. In addition, change management strategies are outlined to address the cultural barriers and resource constraints that can threaten to undermine the implementation process.
Neurotics to Tribal Psychoanalysts
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at shamanism from a psychological perspective. Eighteenth- and 19th-century explorers of Siberia and arctic North America frequently mentioned what appeared to them as extreme nervousness and mental instability of indigenous populations. European observers noted that trivial things or movements, such as a sudden exclamation, an unexpected move, a knock, or a bird flying nearby, sometimes easily drove native northerners to what such writers called hysterical fits. To the Western explorers, such scenes looked abnormal. So did incidents of natives running away to the woods or mountains and remaining there for a few days. This chapter looks at the experience of Russian ethnographer Waldemar Bogoras, who conducted research among the Chukchi and Yupik natives, the indigenous inhabitants of the northeast of Siberia. Shamanism became an important part of his observations. According to his accounts, the shamans he encountered were a weird, abnormal, or at least irritable folk.
Power Plants
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the relationship between shamanism and psychedelic culture, focusing on the experience of investment banker R. Gordon Wasson and his Russian-born wife, Valentina, with mushrooms. Valentina and Gordon eventually embarked on their lifelong quest to explore the role of mushrooms in the histories and folklore of different cultures. When Valentina died of cancer in 1958, Gordon continued this quest alone. Eventually, his explorations evolved into research on possible links between hallucinogenic mushrooms and early religion. What came out of this research was a small community of scholarship that brought together people who believed that plant hallucinogens gave rise to human spirituality in archaic times; essentially, Wasson and his colleagues added a new hallucinogenic dimension to shamanism studies. That “psychedelic scholarship,” which was closely linked to the counterculture of the 1960s, not only informed the debates about shamanism among academics but also aroused and fed public interest in shamanism.
Case Study
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

As what was learned from Chapter 6, studies that compare older sampling techniques to newer ones sometimes are necessary to advance the science of plant ecology. This chapter presents another comparison of techniques to challenge very commonly used rangeland sampling techniques. In terms of measuring and monitoring native and non-native plant species richness in grassland habitats, never has such a study been so urgently needed. The inertia of rangeland sampling techniques is extremely apparent in the literature.
Quantifying Trends in Space and Time
Authors: Stohlgren Thomas J.
Published: September 2007

Most of all, this book has focused on accurately quantifying the spatial patterns of plant diversity. This is often attempted with a combination of remote sensing data, plot sampling techniques, and interpolations from spatial models, which provide “a snapshot” of plant diversity patterns (with some quantified levels of uncertainty). This chapter describes the ultimate challenge as plant ecologists measure and predict (model) changes in plant diversity in space and time — “the movie.” The “Holy Grail” in ecological research is to develop field and modeling techniques to detect and quantify patterns in space and time and to explicate underlying mechanisms. This chapter also discusses the theoretical and analytical challenges of such research, and concludes with lessons learned from the book.
Ernest Hemingway's Media Relations
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This chapter suggests that the most relevant institutional background for Hemingway's fiction is advertising and not journalism. It shows that much of Hemingway's “journalistic” writing was in fact not factual reporting at all but rather impressionistic columns about fad and fashion. From this background, a definition of Hemingway's fictional practice is derived that questions the common wisdom that finds it sharp, economical, and direct. Instead, the chapter suggests that Hemingway's writing is often repetitious and redundant because he values social fidelity rather than faithfulness to fact.
Being REASONABLE
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

This chapter investigates, in a historical and cultural perspective, the meaning of the word reasonable, and in particular, of the phrases reasonable man and reasonable doubt, which play an important role in Anglo-American law. Drawing on studies of the British Enlightenment such as Porter (2000), it traces the modern English concept of “reasonableness” back to the intellectual revolution brought about by the writings of John Locke, who (as Porter says) “replaced rationalism with reasonableness, in a manner which became programmatic for the Enlightenment in Britain”. The chapter also argues that the meaning of the word reasonable has changed over the last two centuries and that as a result, the meaning of phrases like reasonable man and beyond reasonable doubt has also changed. It further argues that since these phrases were continually in use for over two centuries and became entrenched in Anglo-American law as well as in ordinary language, and since the older meaning of reasonable is no longer known to most speakers, the change has, generally speaking, gone unnoticed. The chapter also shows how the meaning of the English word reasonable differs from that of the French word raisonable, and how semantic differences of this kind reflect differences in cultural ideals, traditions, and attitudes.
The “Cultural Baggage” of English and Its Significance in the World at Large
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the significance of the “cultural baggage” of English in a world in which English is increasingly functioning as a global lingua franca. It discusses the use of English by international organizations and bodies such as ASEAN, and its use in international law and international aviation. It explores the links between Anglo/English cultural scripts, conversational routines, and culture-specific values, and it shows the dangers inherent in regarding English as a “culture-neutral” medium of international communication. It also discusses the implications of the historically shaped cultural content of English for the practical — and immensely important — issues of intercultural communication and cross-cultural education.