bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of fentanil and remifentanil for coronary artery surgery with low ejection fraction
Authors: Baddal Nukhet , Conkbayir Cenk , Erdemli Ozcan , Karadeniz Umit , Tezcan Busra , Oztas Didem Melis , Beyaz Metin Onur , Ugurlucan Murat , Yildiz Yahya , Yavas Soner
Published: April 2020

Introduction

In this study, we evaluated patient response and haemodynamic parameters in patients with low ejection fraction undergoing coronary bypass surgery with either fentanil or remifentanil in conjunction with etomidate.

Material and methods

We evaluated 30 cases of coronary artery surgery, which were divided into two treatment groups (n = 15 each). In group F (fentanil group), the following regimen was employed for anaesthesia induction: 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 0.3 mg/kg etomidate, and, following a 1 µg/kg 60 s bolus dose of fentanil, a 0.1 µg/kg/min fentanil infusion was initiated, after which 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium was administered. In group R (remifentanil group), the following regimen was employed for anaesthesia induction: 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 0.3 mg/kg etomidate and, following a 1 µg/kg 60 s bolus dose of remifentanil, a 0.1 µg/kg/min remifentanil infusion was initiated, after which 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium was administered. Systolic artery pressure, diastolic artery pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, SPO2 (saturation), cardiac output, stroke volume variance, central venous pressure, and systemic vascular resistance values were recorded for all study patients at five minutes before anaesthetic induction (T1), immediately following induction (T2), and immediately following intubation (T3).

Results

The demographic values obtained for both groups were similar. We found that remifentanil use was associated with decreased cardiac output and increased fluctuations in both heart rate and mean values of arterial pressure.

Conclusions

Although many studies have demonstrated remifentanil to be as safe as fentanil when titrated to an appropriate dose, our study suggests that fentanil may be a more appropriate choice during the induction of anaesthesia in patients with a low ejection fraction.
Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a single-center experience
Authors: Sert Ozlem Zeliha , Bozkurt Hilmi , Olmez Tolga , Aray Emre , Gülmez Selcuk , Senger Aziz Serkan , Polat Erdal , Duman Mustafa
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Here we present our 10-year experience regarding gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in terms of clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical staining patterns.

Material and methods

In this single-center retrospective study, during 2008–2018, data of 26 patients with histologically confirmed diagnoses of GISTs were collected. All patients included in the study underwent surgical resection. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 60.7 ±10.4 (35–79) years. The most common GIST location was the stomach (88.5%). The mean tumor size was 5.8 cm (1–13 cm) and the most common histologic type of GIST was spindle cell (61.5%). CD 117(c-kit) was positive in 96% of GIST cases, while CD34 was positive in 84.6%, discovered on GIST-1(DOG1) in 46.2%, smooth muscle actin (SMA) in 26.9%, S100 in 19.2%, and desmin in 7.7%. In one CD117 negative patient, DOG1 was positive. Four patients had metastases (15.4%). The mean follow-up time was 56.5 ±36.2 month. The length of hospital stay was significantly longer in patients who had small intestinal GIST (p = 0.010). In immunohistochemical staining, SMA was significantly more common among spindle cell type (p = 0.032).

Conclusions

GISTs are very rare tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, but the accurate diagnosis with immunohistochemical staining is vital for the treatment. So, large scale, prospective and randomized multicenter trials are needed to reduce the misdiagnosis rate of GISTs.
Endothelial protective effect of rapamycin against simulated ischemia injury through up-regulation of autophagy and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Gabryel Bożena
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Rapamycin has been shown to have cytoprotective properties in some experimental models of ischemia. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the positive effect of rapamycin on endothelial cells in ischemic injury remain unknown. It is very important because endothelial cells are firstly exposed to ischemia and play an important role in ischemic organ damage. Autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress are suggested to be implicated in hypoxic/ischemic injury of endothelial cells. This study aims to explore whether the endothelial protective effect of rapamycin is associated with exacerbation of autophagy and attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Material and methods

The protective effects of rapamycin against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell injury were explored in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The protein levels of Beclin 1, p62, p-mTOR, p-S6K, p-4EBP, GRP78, p-PERK and p-IRE1 were analyzed using immunoblotting.

Results

Rapamycin in the simulated ischemia model increased the cell viability, indicating its cytoprotective effect (p < 0.05). Experiments with 3-methyladenine as an inhibitor of autophagy and thapsigargin as an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress support that rapamycin exerts endothelial protective effects against OGD-induced damage via autophagy – endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that rapamycin protects ischemic HUVECs via down-regulation of the mTOR pathway, enhancement of autophagy and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Post-traumatic growth among gastrointestinal oncological patients: the perspective of Stevan Hobfoll’s conservation of resources theory
Authors: Houn Angelika , Rzeszutek Marcin , Sarosiek Tomasz
Published: April 2020

Background

This study assessed the relation between social support dimensions and post-traumatic growth (PTG) among a sample of gas-trointestinal cancer patients. Particular focus was placed on the mediating role of resources based on the conservation of re-sources (COR) theory and its effect on the previously mentioned association.

Participants and procedure

A total of 190 patients comprising 87 females and 103 males with a clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer were recruited to participate in this study. This was a cross-sectional study, with social support evaluated by the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). The participants’ levels of subjectively possessed resources were assessed by the Conservation of Resources Evalua-tion (COR-E) questionnaire. Posttraumatic growth was evaluated by the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI).

Results

No direct relation was found between social support and PTG among participants. However, a mediating role of subjectively possessed resources was detected through the COR theory on the aforementioned relationship, i.e. the link between social sup-port and PTG. More specifically, the level of economic and political resources was a mediator in the relation.

Conclusions

These results contribute to extant literature on the psychological aspects of gastrointestinal cancer. Evidently, social support may be related to positive outcomes among gastrointestinal cancer patients in the form of PTG.
Radiological significance of high-resolution computed tomography for elderly pulmonary tuberculosis patients – an analysis with culture test
Authors: Sahu Niranjan , Das Somadatta , Padhy Rabindra Nath
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the major health problems in the elderly population, causing significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the significance of the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) modality for the diagnosis of PTB, in comparison to culture test.

Material and methods

Thoracic HRCT images of the study population, comprising 124 patients clinically suspected for PTB with smear and culture reports, were analysed for sensitivity and specificity of the HRCT test. Features of active PTB were centrilobular nodules, ‘tree-in-bud’ pattern densities, macro-nodules, consolidations, cavitary lesions, ground-glass opacities, and miliary nodules.

Results

Among the study population, 108 cases presented HRCT features of active PTB and the remaining cases were negative but had presented a few features mimicking PTB. As inferred from positive culture test results, 106 cases had active PTB, the remaining cases were culture negative for PTB. False-positive (FP) or ‘type I error’ cases, and false-negative (FN) or ‘type II error’ cases were ascertained by Bayes’ theorem. Sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) of HRCT test were 0.8125 and 0.8571, respectively.

Conclusions

For proper diagnosis the predictive capability, as two values of ‘a posteriori probability’, was computed; the mean value of ‘a posteriori probability’ for HRCT was 0.6358. When its culture test was positive, the HRCT test was 69.56-92.85% efficient in ascertaining positive results with a sample; on the other hand, when its culture test was negative it was 66.66-100% efficient for a negative result. Thus, the HRCT test is considerably dependable.
Combined hyperdense gallbladder wall-lumen sign: new computed tomography sign in acute gangrenous cholecystitis
Authors: Sureka Binit , Jha Satya , Rodha Mahaveer S. , Chaudhary Ramkaran , Elhence Poonam , Khera Pushpinder S. , Garg Pawan K. , Yadav Taruna , Goel Akhil
Published: April 2020

Purpose

The objective of our study was to evaluate the combined hyperdense gallbladder wall-lumen sign on computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing gangrenous cholecystitis.

Material and methods

We retrospectively reviewed the unenhanced CT scans of surgically proven cases of acute gangrenous (GCh) and non-gangrenous cholecystitis (nonGCh). Eleven cases of pathologically proven acute gangrenous cholecystitis and 12 consecutive cases of surgically proven acute non-gangrenous cholecystitis that underwent CT at our institute were included in the study so as to have 1 : 1 control. The Hounsfield unit (HU) value of the gallbladder wall and intraluminal bile was measured. Interobserver variability for individual CT findings was also assessed.

Results

The gangrenous cholecystitis group had significantly higher HU values of wall and bile (median value of
33 HU vs. 21 HU and median value of 21 HU vs. 8.5 HU, respectively, p < 0.05). The area under the receiver ope­rator characteristic curve for HU lumen was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.62-0.98, p = 0.014) with an ideal cut-off at 31.5 HU, where the sensitivity was 54.5% and specificity was 91.7%. HU lumen has an even better assessment for gangrenous cholecystitis with AUC of its ROC as 0.92 (95% CI: 0.80-1.00, p = 0.001) with an ideal cut-off at 12.5 HU, where the sensitivity was 81.8% and specificity was 91.7%. The combined wall-lumen cut-off is 35 HU with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 75%.

Conclusion

A cut-off CT density value of the gallbladder wall of more than 31.5 HU, intraluminal bile more than 12.5 HU, and combined wall-lumen HU of more than 35 can predict GCh.
Color fraction as a useful method of imaging synovium vascularization in patients with high activity of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Jakubaszek Michał , Płaza Mateusz , Kwiatkowska Brygida
Published: April 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with joint inflammation and destruction as the main features that appears with prevalence of 1 to 2% of the general population. Women are three times more likely to suffer from RA than men. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs at any age but commonly over 40–50 years old. In the course of RA each joint may be involved but most frequently the proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hands, wrists, and also small joints of the feet are affected.

Symmetrical joint swelling with overgrowth of synovium and hypervascularization confirmed in power Doppler ultrasound imaging are very characteristic for RA. Quantification of vascularization with the color fraction index may be a useful tool to monitor disease activity and in evaluation of inflammation in scientific research.

This article aims to present this imaging diagnostic method based on the literature.
Rapid Evolution of Aerosol Particles and their Optical Properties Downwind of Wildfires in the Western U.S.
Authors: Kleinman Lawrence I. , Sedlacek III Arthur J. , Adachi Kouji , Buseck Peter R. , Collier Sonya , Dubey Manvendra K. , Hodshire Anna L. , Lewis Ernie , Onasch Timothy B. , Pierce Jeffery R. , Shilling John , Springston Stephen R. , Wang Jian , Zhang Qi , Zhou Shan , Yokelson Robert J.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. During the first phase of the Biomass Burn Operational Project (BBOP) field campaign, conducted in the Pacific Northwest, the DOE G-1 aircraft was used to follow the time evolution of wildfire smoke from near the point of emission to locations 2–3.5 hours downwind. In nine flights we made repeated transects of wildfire plumes at varying downwind distances and could thereby follow the plume's time evolution. On average there was little change in dilution-normalized aerosol mass concentration as a function of downwind distance. This consistency hides a dynamic system in which primary aerosol particles are evaporating and secondary ones condensing. Organic aerosol is oxidized as a result. On all transect more than 90 % of aerosol is organic. In freshly emitted smoke aerosol, NH4+ is approximately equivalent to NO3−. After two hours of daytime aging, NH4+ increased and is approximately equivalent to the sum of Cl−, SO42− and NO3−. Particle size increased with downwind distance causing particles to be more efficient scatters. Averaged over nine flights, mass scattering efficiency increased in ~ two hours by 56 % and in one fight doubled. Coagulation and material transport from small to large particles are discussed as mechanisms for increasing particle size. As absorption remained nearly constant with age the time evolution of single scatter albedo was controlled by age-dependent scattering. Near-fire aerosol had a single scatter albedo (SSA) of 0.8–0.9. After one to two hours of aging SSAs were typically 0.9 and greater. Assuming global-average surface and atmospheric conditions, the observed age-dependence in SSA would change the direct radiative effect of a wildfire plume from near zero near the fire to a cooling effect downwind.
Understanding the effects of early degradation on isotopic tracers: implications for sediment source attribution using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA)
Authors: Hirave Pranav , Wiesenberg Guido L. B. , Birkholz Axel , Alewell Christine
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Application of compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA)
in sediment fingerprinting source apportionment studies is becoming more
frequent, as it can potentially provide robust land-use-based source
attribution of suspended sediments in freshwater and marine systems.
Isotopic tracers such as δ13C values of vegetation-derived
organic compounds are considered to be suitable for the CSIA-based
fingerprinting method. However, a rigorous evaluation of tracer
conservativeness in terms of the stability of isotopic signature during
detachment and transport of soil during erosion is essential for the
suitability of the method. With the aim to identify potential fractionation
and shifts in tracer signature during early degradation of organic matter in
surface soils, we measured concentrations and δ13C values of
long-chain fatty acids and n-alkanes from fresh plant biomass (as vegetation
is a direct source of these compounds to the soils), degraded organic
horizon (O horizon), and mineral soil (A horizon) from various forest
types with different humus forms (five sites). The bulk δ13C
values showed continuous 13C enrichment through the degradation stages
from fresh plant material to the O and A horizons, ranging between 3.5 ‰ and
5.6 ‰. Compound-specific δ13C values showed
a general 13C enrichment for both long-chain fatty acids (up to
5 ‰) and n-alkanes (up to 3.9 ‰) from fresh plant biomass to the O horizon overlying the A horizon.
However, only slight or no further changes occurred from the O to the A
horizon. We also compared compound-specific δ13C values between
two soil particle size classes (<2 mm and <63 µm)
from four sites and found no significant differences of tracer values
between them, with even less fractionation for the long-chain n-alkanes
within the soil particle fractions. This points to the conclusion that
sampling and analysing bulk soil material might be valid for the isotopic
tracer applications. We further conclude that our results support the
suitability of studied isotopic tracers as a representative source soil
signature in the CSIA-based sediment source attribution, as they demonstrated
necessary stability in the plant–soil system during organic matter degradation.
Seasonality of greenhouse gas emission factors from biomass burning in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Vernooij Roland , Alves Marcos Vinicius Giongo , Borges Marco Assis , Costa Máximo Menezes , Barradas Ana Carolina Sena , van der Werf Guido R.
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Landscape fires, often referred to as biomass burning (BB), emit substantial amounts of (greenhouse) gases and aerosols into the atmosphere each year. Frequently burning savannas, mostly in Africa, Australia, and South America are responsible for over 60 % of total BB carbon emissions. Compared to many other sources of emissions, fires have a strong seasonality. Previous research has identified the mitigation potential of prescribed fires in savanna ecosystems; by burning early in the dry season when the vegetation has not fully cured, fires are in general patchier and burn less intense. While it is widely accepted that burned area and the total carbon consumed is lower when fires are ignited early in the dry season, little is known about the seasonality of emission factors (EF) of greenhouse gases. This is important because potentially, higher EFs in the early dry season (EDS) could offset some of the carbon benefits of EDS burning. Also, a better understanding of EF seasonality may improve large-scale BB assessments, which to date rely on temporally-static EFs. We used a sampling system mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and cavity ring-down spectroscopy to estimate CO2, CO, CH4, and N2O EFs in the Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins in the Brazilian states of Tocantins and Bahia. The protected area contains all major Cerrado vegetation types found in Brazil, and EDS burning was implemented on a large scale since 2014. We collected and analyzed over 800 smoke samples during the EDS and late dry season (LDS). Averaged over all measurements, the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) was slightly higher in the LDS (0.976 vs. 0.972) and the CH4 and CO EFs were 13 % and 15 % lower in the LDS compared to the EDS. This seasonal effect was larger in more wood-dominated vegetation types. N2O EFs showed a more complex seasonal dependency, with opposite seasonal trends for savannas that were dominated by grasses versus those with abundant shrubs. We found that the N2O EF for the open cerrado was less than half of those reported so far in the BB literature for savannas. This may indicate a substantial overestimation of the contribution of fires in the N2O budget. Overall, our data implies that in this region, seasonal variability in greenhouse gas emission factors may offset only a small fraction of the carbon mitigation gains in fire abatement programs.
ISMIP6 Future Projections for Antarctica performed using the AWI PISM ice sheet model
Authors: Kleiner Thomas , Schmiedel Jeremie , Humbert Angelika
Published: April 2020

Ice sheets constitute the largest and most uncertain potential source of future sea-level rise. The Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (ISMIP6) brings together a consortium of international ice sheet and climate models to explore the contribution from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets to future sea-level rise.

We use the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM, pism-docs.org) to carry out spinup and projection simulations for the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Our treatment of the ice-ocean boundary condition previously based on 3D ocean temperatures (initMIP-Antarctica) has been adopted to use the ISMIP6 parameterisation and 3D ocean forcing fields (temperature and salinity) according to the ISMIP6 protocol.

In this study, we analyse the impact of the choices made during the model initialisation procedure on the initial state. We present the AWI PISM results of the ISMIP6 projection simulations and investigate the ice sheet response for individual basins. In the analysis, we distinguish between the local and non-local ice shelf basal melt parameterisation.
Interacting with the EGU displays: Choose your own adventure!
Authors: Gibson Hazel , Cook Terri , Hill Chloe
Published: April 2020

You log on to a computer in a dimly lit room. The screen shines with a yellowish, night-setting tint since you discovered that it’s more comfortable for your eyes that way. You sift through the many, many open windows, documents and spreadsheets, looking for the one — the one you know will take you to the next level: the browser window. Finding it, you nervously type in the address that had been whispered to you through the ether (of social media, email and video chats)…

 

Which one do you type?

www.egu2020.eu (go to paragraph 2)

https://egu2020.eu/sharing_geoscience_online/ (go to paragraph 2)

As you enter the text into the browser window, you are thrust, sci-fi style, through a glowing tunnel of light as your roommate enters the room and turns on the annoyingly bright overhead light. After you turn it off and they apologise by making you a hot beverage, you return to the screen and notice an icon – your #shareEGU20 material that you uploaded last week now has a comment!

 

What do you do?

Click on the comment notification email (go to paragraph 3)

Navigate to your abstract and click on the speech bubble icon (go to paragraph 3)

You click. Straight away the comment pops up – someone likes your work! They want to collaborate with you on an idea sparked by your material, and it sounds like there is funding!

 

What do you do next?

Reply to the comment (go to your material upload)

Web search the person, then reply to the comment (go to your personal programme)

Get up, do a little happy dance, then reply to the comment (go to the short courses playlist on Youtube)

This is the beginning of a big adventure. Throughout the week of #shareEGU20 and beyond, we are providing a range of ways for you to interact about your research with the global Earth, planetary and space science community. You will have to choose which one works for you, be it commenting on your material, live chat during your session slot, or discussions on social media using one of our official hashtags. Whichever method you choose, we hope you’ll reach out to others and discuss your ideas.

I’m sure you will choose well, DARING ADVENTURER!
Sval_Imp: a gridded forcing dataset for climate change impact research on Svalbard
Authors: Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Østby Torbjørn Ims
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We present Sval_Imp, a high-resolution gridded dataset designed for forcing models of terrestrial surface processes on Svalbard. The dataset is defined on a 1 km grid covering the archipelago of Svalbard, located in the Norwegian Arctic (74–82∘ N). Using a hybrid methodology, combining multidimensional interpolation with simple dynamical modeling, the atmospheric reanalyses ERA-40 and ERA-Interim by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting have been downscaled to cover the period 1957–2017 at steps of 6 h. The dataset is publicly available from a data repository. In this paper, we describe the methodology used to construct the dataset, present the organization of the data in the repository and discuss the performance of the downscaling procedure. In doing so, the dataset is compared to a wealth of data available from operational and project-based measurements. The quality of the downscaled dataset is found to vary in space and time, but it generally represents an improvement compared to unscaled values, especially for precipitation. Whereas operational records are biased to low elevations around the fringes, we stress the hitherto underused potential of project-based measurements at higher elevation and in the interior of the archipelago for evaluating atmospheric models. For instance, records of snow accumulation on large ice masses may represent measures of seasonally integrated precipitation in regions sensitive to the downscaling procedure and thus providing added value. Sval_Imp (Schuler, 2018) is publicly available from the Norwegian Research Data Archive NIRD, a data repository (https://doi.org/10.11582/2018.00006).
Drainage divide networks – Part 1: Identification and ordering in digital elevation models
Authors: Scherler Dirk , Schwanghart Wolfgang
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We propose a novel way to measure and analyze networks of drainage divides
from digital elevation models. We developed an algorithm that extracts
drainage divides based on the drainage basin boundaries defined by a stream
network. In contrast to streams, there is no straightforward approach to
order and classify divides, although it is intuitive that some divides are
more important than others. A meaningful way of ordering divides is the
average distance one would have to travel down on either side of a divide to
reach a common stream location. However, because measuring these distances
is computationally expensive and prone to edge effects, we instead sort
divide segments based on their tree-like network structure, starting from
endpoints at river confluences. The sorted nature of the network allows
for assigning distances to points along the divides, which can be shown to scale
with the average distance downslope to the common stream location.
Furthermore, because divide segments tend to have characteristic lengths, an
ordering scheme in which divide orders increase by 1 at junctions mimics
these distances. We applied our new algorithm to the Big Tujunga catchment
in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California and studied the
morphology of the drainage divide network. Our results show that topographic
metrics, like the downstream flow distance to a stream and hillslope relief,
attain characteristic values that depend on the drainage area threshold used
to derive the stream network. Portions along the divide network that have
lower than average relief or are closer than average to streams are often
distinctly asymmetric in shape, suggesting that these divides are unstable.
Our new and automated approach thus helps to objectively extract and analyze
divide networks from digital elevation models.
Assimilation of Himawari-8 Imager Radiance Data with the WRF-3DVAR system for the prediction of Typhoon Soulder
Authors: Xu Dongmei , Shu Aiqing , Zhang Zhankui
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Himawari-8 is a new generation geostationary meteorological satellite launched by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). It carries the Advanced Himawari imager (AHI) onboard, which can continuously monitor high-impact weather events with high frequency space and time. The assimilation of AHI was implemented with the framework of the mesoscale numerical model WRF and its three-dimensional variational assimilation system (3DVAR) for the analysis and prediction of typhoon Soudelor in the Pacific Typhoon season in 2015. The effective assimilation of AHI Imager data in tropical cyclone with rapid intensify development has been realized. The results show that after assimilating the AHI imager data under clear sky conditions, the typhoon position in the background field in the model is effectively corrected compared with the control experiment without AHI data. It is found that assimilation of AHI imager data is able to improve the analyses of the water vapor and wind in typhoon inner-core region. The analyses and forecast of the typhoon minimum sea level pressure, the maximum near-surface wind speed, and the typhoon track are further improved．
Barotropic vorticity balance of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre in an eddy-resolving model
Authors: Le Corre Mathieu , Gula Jonathan , Tréguier Anne-Marie
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The circulation in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre is complex and strongly influenced by the topography. The gyre dynamics are traditionally understood as the result of a topographic Sverdrup balance, which corresponds to a first-order balance between the planetary vorticity advection, the bottom pressure torque, and the wind stress curl. However, these dynamics have been studied mostly with non-eddy-resolving models and a crude representation of the bottom topography. Here we revisit the barotropic vorticity balance of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre using a new eddy-resolving simulation (with a grid space of ≈2 km) with topography-following vertical coordinates to better represent the mesoscale turbulence and flow–topography interactions. Our findings highlight that, locally, there is a first-order balance between the bottom pressure torque and the nonlinear terms, albeit with a high degree of cancellation between them. However, balances integrated over different regions of the gyre – shelf, slope, and interior – still highlight the important role played by nonlinearities and bottom drag curls. In particular, the Sverdrup balance cannot describe the dynamics in the interior of the gyre. The main sources of cyclonic vorticity are nonlinear terms due to eddies generated along eastern boundary currents and time-mean nonlinear terms in the northwest corner. Our results suggest that a good representation of the mesoscale activity and a good positioning of mean currents are two important conditions for a better representation of the circulation in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre.
Response of near-inertial energy to a supercritical tropical cyclone and jet stream in the South China Sea: modeling study
Authors: Kung Hiu Suet , Gan Jianping
Published: April 2020

Abstract. We used a well-validated three-dimensional ocean model to investigate the process of energetic response of near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) to a tropical cyclone (TC) and strong background jet stream in the South China Sea (SCS). We found that the NIO and near-inertial kinetic energy (KEni) varied distinctly during different stages of the TC forcing, and the horizontal and vertical transport of KEni was largely modulated by the velocity and vorticity of the jet stream. The KEni reached its peak value within ~one-half the inertial period after the initial TC forcing stage in the upper layer, decayed quickly by one-half in the next two days, and further decreased in a slower rate during the relaxation stage of the TC forcing. Analyses of the KEni balance indicate that the weakened KEni in the upper layer during the forcing stage was mainly attributed to the downward KEni transport due to pressure work through the vertical displacement of isopycnal surface, while the upward KEni advection from depths also contributed to the weakening in the TC-induced upwelling region. In contrast, during the relaxation stage as TC moved away, the effect of vertical advection on KEni reduction was negligible and the KEni was chiefly removed by the outward propagation of inertial-gravity waves, horizontal advection and viscous dissipation. Both the outward wave propagation and horizontal advection by the jet stream provided the KEni source in the far-field. During both stages, the negative geostrophic vorticity south of the jet stream facilitated the vertical propagation of inertial-gravity waves.
What Do You Really Want Students To Know?: Perspectives About Learning and Assessment from Faculty in Creative Fields of Study
Authors: Ozaki C. Casey , Worley Deborah , Cherry Emily , Kehn Andre
Published: April 2020

This article examines how theater, music, and art and design undergraduate programs assess student learning. One hundred twenty-three programs provided quantitative and qualitative survey assessment data in five categories: knowledge building, creative production, contextualization, communication, and professionalism. Gale and Bond's four-part framework informed the development of the instrument sections, but the results of this study also support the credibility of the framework. Two overarching themes in the arts are creativity and performance, not only in terms of what is being assessed but also in how assessment is carried out.
The Everywhere and Nowhere Skill: Sustaining the Assessment of Analytical Reading as Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum
Authors: Lambrecht Kathryn , Sweeney Meghan A. , Detweiler Jane
Published: April 2020

Despite efforts of both administration and faculty, the intent and the execution of new curricular initiatives are not always in alignment. To understand how the declaration of a campus-wide general education initiative was being implemented, this article combines analyses of syllabi and courses from across disciplines. In an initial review, the goal was to understand how new elements of Core Objectives and Student Learning Outcomes were being incorporated into syllabi. After this general review, the authors sought to understand how core elements associated specifically with reading were being implemented in syllabi and in the classroom. This article finds that while critical analysis and reading are valued as cornerstones of the university, the details of who is responsible for teaching and assessing these important features remains less clear. “Reading” is variously prevalent across disciplinary courses: while present in the course structure and assessment mechanisms of syllabi across the university, there is little evidence that instructors are holding themselves responsible for teaching and assessing it as an intellectual practice. Amid a national scholarly conversation about reading and its role in critical thinking, this study contributes ideas for how institutions can more explicitly align stated values with curricular outcomes in practice.
Liberal Education and Effective Action: A Commentary
Authors: Laursen Bethany K.
Published: April 2020

This commentary on David Burrows's critical reflection, “Liberal Education and Effective Action,” identifies potential benefits and harms of defending liberal education in terms of higher-order cognitive skills.
Protracted Magmatism and Mineralized Hydrothermal Activity at the Gibraltar Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum Deposit, British Columbia
Authors: Kobylinski Christopher , Hattori Keiko , Smith Scott , Plouffe Alain
Published: April 2020

The Gibraltar Cu-Mo deposit, with a total tonnage of 3.2 million tons (Mt) Cu, is located in the Canadian Cordillera and hosted by the Late Triassic Granite Mountain batholith. The batholith formed through multiple intrusions of tonalitic rocks over a period of ~25 m.y. beginning at 229.2 ± 4.4 Ma in the Quesnel island arc before the accretion of the arc to the North American continent. Late in its evolution, Cu fertile magmas intruded in the center of the batholith, during at least three events from 218.9 ± 3.1 to 205.8 ± 2.1 Ma. The fertile magmas were hotter and more mafic than older barren magmas. They generated magmatic-hydrothermal activity, forming potassic alteration and white mica alteration, and produced Cu mineralization as chalcopyrite-quartz veinlets and disseminated chalcopyrite. Zircon in the Cu-bearing tonalite intrusion (218.9 ± 3.1 Ma) shows high Ce4+/Ce3+ (681 ± 286 [2σ], n =15) compared to those from older barren intrusions (129 ± 56 [2σ], n = 118). Oxidation conditions for parental magmas are calculated using the compositions of zircon and amphibole. The magmas for Cu-bearing intrusions have an average of fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer (FMQ) +1.7 ± 0.7 (2σ, n = 73), whereas those for older barren intrusions have slightly lower fO2 (avg FMQ +1.3 ± 0.5 [2σ], n = 108), although the values are overlapping for the two.

The bulk rocks of Cu-bearing tonalite intrusions in the Granite Mountain batholith have low Sr/Y ratios (<22) independent of the degrees of alteration. The low ratios are also reflected by low Sr/Y in zircon, suggesting that the low Sr/Y ratios of bulk rocks represent those of unaltered rocks. The values are low compared to those associated with many other porphyry Cu deposits globally. The data suggest that igneous rocks elsewhere with low Sr/Y in bulk rocks may have a potential to host economic Cu deposits. Ratios of Ce/Nd and Ce/Ce* (=Ce/((NdN)2SmN)) in zircon are positively correlated with the Ce4+/Ce3+ in zircon from the Granite Mountain batholith. Since the former two ratios can be obtained solely from zircon composition, these ratios from detrital zircon may be useful in evaluating the occurrences of oxidized intrusions in regional mineral exploration.
How the Suffering of Nonhuman Animals and Humans in Animal Research is Interconnected
Authors: Kranke Nina
Published: April 2020

In the context of animal experimentation, laboratory workers fluctuate between seeing animals used in research as tools or objects and seeing them as sentient living beings. Most laboratory workers do not wholly lose their empathy and their ability to connect with other living beings. To deal with the fact that their job involves harming and killing animals on a regular basis, they employ various coping strategies, such as rationalizing the use of animals in research and minimizing their emotional attachment to the animals. The evidence compiled in this article suggests that researchers, technicians, and caregivers who are involved in animal experimentation experience stress, anxiety, guilt, and trauma. I conclude that inflicting pain and death on nonhuman animals causes laboratory workers to suffer as well. Thus, in animal research, the suffering of nonhuman animals and humans is directly linked. The consideration of human suffering adds another dimension to ethical discussions of animal research, namely the relation between the suffering of human and nonhuman animals. A comprehensive ethical discussion of animal experiments should therefore include the suffering of nonhuman animals, the suffering of humans, and the relation between the two.
Endoscopic medial maxillectomy in patients treated at the Otorhinolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology Clinic of Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw in the years 2008–2018
Authors: Witkowska Agnieszka , Szczygielski Kornel , Jurkiewicz Dariusz
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Endoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) refers to surgical resection of the medial wall of the maxillary antrum. The primary indications for EMM are recalcitrant maxillary sinusitis, ablation of malignant and specific benign diagnoses such as Schneiderian Papilloma. Maxillectomy is potentially complicated by injuries to the orbital contents, lacrimal apparatus, optic nerve, ethmoidal arteries that may be accompanied by brisk bleeding.
Aim: The purpose of this paper is to conduct a retrospective analysis of patients treated with EMM surgery at the Otorhinolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology Clinic of Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw in the years 2008–2018.
Material and methods: The retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent EMM treated at the the Otorhinolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology Clinic of Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw in the years 2008–2018. The research included 18 patients aged 15–94; 8 women and 10 men.
Results: Out of 18 patients, 8 had been operated before EMM. 16 of them presented with histological examinations, though 5 of which were not confirmed with postoperative histological result. The most common indication for the operation was inverted papilloma.
Conclusion: Endoscopic surgical approach is effective and precious way to manage tumors which involve the neighboring structures especially medial maxillary sinus. EMM itself is a safe surgical method in managing maxillary sinus disorders and is favored for its decreased invasiveness and avoidance of the deformity of face.
High expression of CD133 – stem cell marker for
prediction of clinically agressive type of colorectal cancer
Authors: Kostovski Ognen , Antovic Svetozar , Trajkovski Gjorgji , Kostovska Irena , Jovanovic Rubens , Jankulovski Nikola
Published: April 2020

 Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The cancer stem cell (CSC) markers are associated with aggressive cancer types and poor prognosis. The objective of the study was to evaluate the CD133 expression and to correlate it with clinicopathological features in patients with CRC.
Material and Methods: Our study included ninety patients with CRC who underwent curative surgical resection from 2012 to 2017 at the University Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Skopje, North Macedonia. Tumor samples were first analyzed with standard histopathological methods and then the CD133 expression was investigated immunohistochemically. The level of expression of CD133 was classified semiquantitatively. Low positivity was defined as positive immunoreactivity in <50% of tumor glands, and high positivity was defined as positive immunoreactivity in ≥50% of tumor glands. Furthermore, clinicopathological features of patients were retrospectively reviewed.
Results: High expression of CD133 was found in 47.8% of patients’ CRC samples. In 69.6% of patients with metastatic lesions in visceral organs we found high expression of CD133. We found statistically significant differences in the expression of CD133 between patients with and without visceral metastatic lesions (P = 0.0153), between patients with a different T category (P = 0.0119), N status (P = 0.0066) and grade (G) (P = 0.0115). Our results showed that the stage of disease has the greatest impact on expression of CD133 (P < 0.00001).
Conclusion: High expression of CD133 is a useful marker for prediction of the clinically aggressive type of CRC and can be routinely implemented in standard pathohistological diagnostics.
Don't Blame It on WTO Law: An Analysis of the Alleged WTO Law Incompatibility of Destination-Based Taxes
Authors: Pirlot Alice
Published: April 2020

The idea that corporations should be taxed in the jurisdiction where they make their sales or provide their services is getting more and more attention in the policy debate on international taxation. In 2016, U.S. House Speaker Paul Ryan proposed to introduce a destination-based cash flow tax (DBCFT) in order to reform the United States’ corporate income tax (CIT). Moreover, in the last few years, more and more countries have considered the adoption of new rules to tax the digital economy in the country where the users and/or the consumers are located.These proposals differ from traditional direct taxes imposed on corporations. They borrow from the tax design of indirect taxes, such as sales taxes or value added taxes. Consequently, it is difficult to predict whether these sui generis destination-basedtaxes will fit in with superior legal provisions, in particular international tax and trade law. One recurring legal argument against destination-based taxes is that they are likely to violate the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO).Using the DBCFT as a case study, this Article will assess the different conflicts that could arise between new types of destination-based taxes and international trade law. Based on a critical approach informed by the analysis of the history and case law surroundingdestination-based taxes, this Article concludes that the likelihood that a DBCFT would be found incompatible with international trade law is much lower than past legal scholars have concluded. WTO law does not in itself prevent countries from adopting such taxes. Since this conclusion could be extended by analogy to other, new types of destination-basedtaxes, this Article could have important implications for policymakers who are willing to move towards taxation in the country of destination.
Evaluation by Monte Carlo Simulation of Doses Distribution in Tumors with Hypoxia
Authors: Salomón Alva-Sánchez Mirko , Alves Pianoschi Thatiane
Published: April 2020

Radiotherapy is one of the most useful modalities applied for tumor treatments, which use ionization radiation to eradicate the tumor, in major cases. Cells with normal oxygenation are more sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation than those with hypoxic conditions, because O2 molecules react rapidly with free radicals, produced by irradiation, originating highly reactive radicals. Thus, the different concentrations of hypoxia in tumors can modulate the response of the irradiation through the radioresistance they present and consequently the success of the treatment. This chapter deals with the dose distributions in cranial tumors with different concentrations of hypoxia through a code based on Monte Carlo simulation.
Using Multi-Agent System to Govern the IT Needs of Stakeholders
Authors: Aziza Chakir , Meriyem Chergui
Published: April 2020

Many organizations spread and integrate the practices of the Information Technology Governance, Risk and Compliance (IT GRC). The problem that arises is how to choose the best practice to satisfy a precise need. This chapter concerns the study and the conception of decision-making architecture with the multi-agent system (MAS). So, the objective of this research is to build a decision-making model to satisfy a precise IT need. The proposed approach rests on four main stages to set up the decision-making model, which takes as input the strategic needs. The realized work has as objective to minimize the incoherence between the decisions taken by the stakeholders of an organization compared with the defined strategic objectives. The decision-making would contribute to legitimize the taken decision. This work is based on modeling a MAS, which rests on the idea that it is possible to represent directly the behavior and the interactions of a set of autonomous individuals evolving in a common environment. Finally, the proposed solution is part of a global platform for IT Governance, Risk and IT Compliance (EAS-IT GRC) (“EAS is the name of our team”).
Platelet Imaging
Authors: A. Matthay Zachary , Zumwinkle Kornblith Lucy
Published: April 2020

The knowledge gained through imaging platelets has formed the backbone of our understanding of their biology in health and disease. Early investigators relied on conventional light microscopy with limited resolution and were primarily able to identify the presence and basic morphology of platelets. The advent of high resolution technologies, in particular, electron microscopy, accelerated our understanding of the dynamics of platelet ultrastructure dramatically. Further refinements and improvements in our ability to localize and reliably identify platelet structures have included the use of immune-labeling techniques, correlative-fluorescence light and electron microscopy, and super-resolution microscopies. More recently, the expanded development and application of intravital microscopy in animal models has enhanced our knowledge of platelet functions and thrombus formation in vivo, as these experimental systems most closely replicate native biological environments. Emerging improvements in our ability to characterize platelets at the ultrastructural and organelle levels include the use of platelet cryogenic electron tomography with quantitative, unbiased imaging analysis, and the ability to genetically label platelet features with electron dense markers for analysis by electron microscopy.