bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Some Points in the Structure and Physiology of certain Fungi, with notices of the occurrence of some species new to this country
Authors: Currey Frederick
Published: April 2021

The object of the present communication is sufficiently described in the title given above. Being the result of a number of observations made at various times, the paper may appear to some extent discursive and unconnected, but I venture to hope that the facts recorded will be considered of some scientific value. Such of the subjects as required illustrations to render the discussion of them intelligible, are figured in the accompanying plate from drawings made (with the exception of figs. 42, 43) with the Camera lucida.
On Compound Nucleated Cells.
Authors: Hepworth J.
Published: April 2021

Although many writers speak very positively as to the compound nucleated cell being invariably a characteristic sign of cancer, my observations for some years past have led me to doubt the truth of this. I believe it is more frequently found than otherwise; but not always.
Empusa Muscæ, and the disease of the Common House-fly. A contribution towards the knowledge of Epidemics characterised by the presence of parasitic Fungi
Authors: Cohn Breslau Dr. F.
Published: April 2021

The subject of this paper is the well-known, curious disease which prevails among common house-flies, at the period when the departing warmth of autumn induces them to seek shelter within doors.
Ueber die Entwickelung und den Bau des Säugethierzahns
Authors: Hannover Von Dr. Adolph
Published: April 2021

In this beautifully illustrated memoir, Dr. Hannover contributes much interesting information with regard to the histology of the dental tissues in the Mammalia generally; but we suspect that both by the author, and by the scientific public, the pith of the essay will be considered to lie in the views respecting the development of the teeth, whose exposition occupies so large a portion of it. It is to these, therefore, that we shall chiefly direct the reader’s attention in the course of the following critical analysis. Dr. Hannover commences his work thus:
On self-division in noctiluca
Authors: Brightwell Thomas
Published: April 2021

The observations we have to communicate on the subject of Noctiluca may properly have for their text or starting point the following passages in vol. iii of this journal:
On “Finders ” for Microscopes
Authors: Edwards Arthur M.
Published: April 2021

The importance of having an instrument, simple, and at the same time accurate, for the purpose of registering objects mounted on microscope-slides, so that they can easily and with certainty be again found, has occupied the minds of microscopists at different times; and several pieces of apparatus, more or less complicated, have been the result.
An Adjustable Index Point for the Scale to be used as a Marker
Authors: Bridgman W. K.
Published: April 2021

In carrying out the principles laid down by the committee appointed by the council of the Microscopical Society, I have succeeded in producing an arrangement capable of doing double duty—serving as a “marker,” and, at the same time, being an index to the scale as a “finder ”—so that either or both may be used upon the same object at any time without requiring a separate carrier, or interfering with any of the arrangements either of the slide or the object-glass.
On a True Parthenogenesis in Moths and Bees, a contribution to the history of Reproduction in Animals
Authors: Von Siebold Carl Theodor Ernst , Dallas William S.
Published: April 2021

The whole theory of reproduction, as it occurs in plants and animals, has undergone curious and interesting changes, according as new observations have been made from time to time. Amongst the earlier naturalists sex was only recognised amongst the higher animals, and the lower animals and plants were supposed to be produced by a process of budding. Gradually, however, it became evident that amongst the lower animals sexes existed, and at length the discovery was made of the true relations of the pollen of plants to the ovules contained in the pistil. Then followed the sexual system of Linnæus. But Linnæus was not aware how far the antagonistic cells existed amongst the lower plants, and it has been the discovery of microscopists of recent times that sperm-cells and germ-cells exist in the Linnean Cryptogamia. So far have these discoveries been extended in both the animal and vegetable kingdom, that it would appear to be a general law that no true species of animal or plant is renewed without the union of sperm-cells and germ-cells. But whilst these observations were going on, many curious instances of anomalous production of individuals were observed. Steenstrup drew attention to the fact that many animals, whilst passing from their youngest to their adult forms, produced new individuals without any union of germ-cells and sperm-cells. Such animal forms he called “nurses.” Professor Owen observed the phenomenon of “nursing” with great care in the well-known plantlouse (Aphis). In these creatures, the young, generated by the union of the sperm-cell and the germ-cell, produce young, resembling themselves, for eight or nine generations without any union of the two opposite cells. This Professor Owen calls Parthenogenesis.
On some New British Polyzoa
Authors: Hincks T.
Published: April 2021

The following is the conclusion (accidentally omitted) of a paper which appeared in the last number of the ‘Journal.’ It completes the description of the Alcyonidium hexaganum (Hincks)—the A. Mytili of Dalyell.
On the crystals contained in the malpighian vessels of caterpillars
Authors: Schlossberger J.
Published: April 2021

In the Malpighian vessels of a caterpillar (Eichenspinneraupe) the microscope showed the contents to consist of numerous, brilliant, and colourless crystalline corpuscles, of very various sizes, although the largest were scarcely equal to the quadratoctahedra of oxalate of lime which occur in human urine. Most of these minute crystals were isolated; but here and there might also be remarked crystalline masses, in which the individual crystals were united by an amorphous or membranous connective material. The isolated corpuscles never presented more than one surface to view, which was for the most part quadratic, though in some cases having an oblong form. No octahedra could be observed.
How to work with the microscope
Authors: Beale Lionel S.
Published: April 2021

Few men have worked more diligently and successfully with the microscope than Dr. Beale, and none have more claims to be heard on its uses and the methods of its application. Although we have had many works devoted to the microscope, to explanations of its structure, and the objects it investigates, we think with Dr. Beale that a book with a more thoroughly practical aim was really a desideratum. It is this hiatus in our literature which Dr. Beale has attempted in the present work to fill up. The instruction conveyed is in the form of lectures, which were, in fact, delivered by the author during the winter session of 1856-7. He offers the following apology for his little book :
On the Detection of Strychnia by the formation of Iodostrycknia
Authors: Herapath W. Bird
Published: April 2021

My Dear Sir,—Will you do me the favour to announce to the Royal Society, that I have been engaged during some time past in the application of my discovery of the optical properties of iodo-strychnia to the detection of this alkaloid in medico-legal inquiries? I find it perfectly possible to recognize the 10,000th part of a grain of strychnia in pure solutions by this method, even when experimenting on very minute quantities. In one experiment I took 5th of a grain only, and having produced ten crystals of nearly equal size, of course each one, possessing distinct and decided optical properties, could not represent more than the Tu th part of a grain; in fact, it really represents much less, inasmuch as one portion of the strychnia is converted by substitution into a soluble hydriodate, and of course remains dissolved in the liquid.
On the Aquarium
Authors: Warington Robert
Published: April 2021

The speaker opened the evening’s demonstration, by stating that he had immediately responded to the invitation of the managers of the Royal Institution to deliver this discourse, on what they had been pleased to call his “own subject,” from the feeling, that as the originator of the aquarium, he was in duty bound to afford, to all those who had taken up this “new pleasure,” every assistance, from the result of his own experience, that lay in his power, in order to render the undertaking more easy and pleasurable ; and for this purpose he proposed to lay before his audience, as far as was practicable, a demonstration of the principles on which it was founded, particularly as very erroneous ideas had been promulgated on the subject, and instructions given in several most engaging publications, which might tend materially to mislead and disappoint those inclined to recreate themselves with this interesting subject.
Phenomena of Internal Movements in Diatomaceæ of the North Sea, belonging to the Genera Coscinodiscus, Denticella, and Rhizosolenia
Authors: Schultze Max
Published: April 2021

The sea around Heligoland is rich in large Diatoms, which are frequently brought up in considerable numbers by the fine net. Several of the species very abundant there have been found by Ehrenberg at Cuxhaven, as Coscinodiscus, Zygoceros, Eucampia, Triceratium (‘Abhandl. d. Akad. d. Wiss. z. Berlin’1839). Others are still not known out of that region, as Chætoceros (Brightwell, ‘Quart. Journ. of Micr. Science’ 1856, p. 105, tab. vii), Denticella, Rhizosolenia.
On the Development of Sagitta
Authors: Gegenbaur C.
Published: April 2021

Having in a former volume of this journal given an account of what is known respecting the structure and relations of Sagitta bipunctata, we have thought that an abstract of Dr. Gegenbaur’s observations on the subject of reproduction in that genus would not be unacceptable; and the more so, as this part of the history of Sagitta has hitherto been involved in much obscurity.
On some new and interesting Forms of British Zoophytes
Authors: Hincks T.
Published: April 2021

A New species of Plumularia was characterised under the name of P. similis, closely allied to the P. echinulata of Peach. Two new species of Polyzoa were also described, one as Avenella dilatata, the other, which exhibits a new generic type, as Arachnidia hippothöoides, a delicate ctenostomatous Polyzoon, curiously resembling in general appearance the well-known Hippothoa. Mr. Hincks also drew attention to the remarkable difference in the form of the male and female capsule in Halecinum Beanii and H. halecinum.
On the Reproduction of Nassula Elegans (Ehr.)
Authors: Cohn Ferdinand
Published: April 2021

Although the reproduction of the Infusoria by a motile internal progeny (schwarmsprosslinge) is well established in the case of several species, the number of forms in which the production of endogenous embryos has been observed is so limited, that we are not at present justified in expressing a decided opinion as to the universality of this mode of reproduction, and it remains therefore a matter of interest still to collect new facts respecting it. In the çourse of the last summer I had an opportunity of ascertaining the existence, besides some incompletely observed instances, of a decided, though peculiarly modified case of embryoformation, in the interesting Infusorium described by Ehrenberg as Nassula elegans.
What are Marine Diatoms?
Authors: Walker-Arnott G. A.
Published: April 2021

In the Preface to the late Professor Smith’s second volume of ‘British Diatomaceæ,’ at p. 25, we find—”I feel persuaded that a marine species will not flourish under fluviatile influences, nor a fresh-water form long survive when transferred to a marine habitat. Still further, I believe that certain species are far more special in their tastes, some selecting mountain-torrents, and others fixing their habitation in boggy pools or alpine lakes; some being exclusively littoral, and others found only in the deeper parts of the sea.” As a mere speculation, this statement is of little consequence, but Smith applies it to the determination of species, when other means fail; thereby employing it, not as a theory, but as an ascertained fact.
On the Measurement of the Stride of Diatoms
Authors: Sollitt J. D.
Published: April 2021

A Paper having appeared in the ‘American Journal of Science’ for March, 1859, by W. S. Sullivant and T. G. Wormley, on the “Measurement of the Striæ of Diatoms,” I think it necessary to make a few remarks on their observations, in order to endeavour to prevént the spread of far greater errors on this interesting point than those which, they consider they have corrected. As the subject now stands, it is very similar to the men with the chameleon; and had Messrs. Sullivant and Wormley, béfore publishing their paper, made themselves better acquainted with all the variations in the markings on the Diatomacese, they would have come to a different conclusion to what they have done. To show that this is the fact, I will first call attention to the Pleurosigma fasciola. Of this diatom the kind we find near Hull are very small, and consequently the markings extremely fine, the finest being, as I have Before stated, 90 in the of an inch; but the Fasciola we get from Boston, in Lincolnshire, are many of them so large that there are not more than 50 strise in the 1/1000 th of an inch. I have frequently seen the longitudinal and cross strise at the same, time on the largest-sized Fasciola, from Boston, with the half-inch objective, either of Ross or of Powell and Lealand but the finest we find at Hull will defy even Powell’s one-sixteenth, with 175° of angle of aperture, to show the same, use what illumination you may. The length of the finest Hull Fasciola is under of an inch, whilst some of the Boston Fasciola measure more than of an inch in length. Again, in the P. strigosum, I may observe that those from the coast of Sussex have their markings very strong, even stronger than set down by Messrs. Sullivant and Wormley; but those we find at Hull, and which were first named Strigosum by Mr. Harrison, in 1846, have exceedingly fine markings on them, varying from 72 in the of an inch up to nearly 80. With regard to the strise on the Nitzschia sigmoidea, we have another very striking instance of how little we know respecting the markings on the Diatomacese. I have one slide of this diatom, on some of which the markings are very strong and easily seen, whilst others, in the same slide, set at defiance every method of illumination to bring them out, and I have little hesitation in stating that the striæ on this diatom vary from 65 in the 1/1000 th of an inch up to a degree of fineness which no lenses that we now have will show. I have always found the various kinds of Nitzschia to be the most irregular in the number of their striæ in the inch, of any Diatomaceæ that I have studied.
Note on Trichina Spiralis
Authors: Virchow Professor
Published: April 2021

I Had the honour last autumn of communicating to the Academy some of the first results of my researches respecting the development of Trichina introduced into the animal economy through the digestive passages.
On the Common Nervous System (Kolonialnervensystem) of the Bryozoa (Polyzoa), exemplified in Serialaria Coutinhii, n. sp
Authors: Muller Fritz
Published: April 2021

In animals living associated in a common colony or stock, movements of the entire growth or of individual animals may often be observed—movements which, though spontaneous, do not appear to depend upon the will of the individual, but to be carried out by them in obedience, as it were, to a command from a higher quarter. This is the case with the Polyzoa. In a species of Pedicellina, in which the cell is supported upon a rigid peduncle, mm. long, affixed by a thicker moveable socket, the motion of the peduncle continues unchanged for a whole day after the removal of the animal itself. In a far smaller species of the same genus, which frequently occurs as a parasite upon other Polyzoa and Hydroida, the peduncles, which are moveable throughout their entire length, begin to move in the most active manner at a time when the animal at the summit is scarcely distinguishable in the form of a bud. I also remember noticing in Mimosella gracilis, Hincks, common and simultaneous movements of the distichously arranged cells. Now, since in these animals, as in other Polyzoa, the existence of nerves has been demonstrated, it may reasonably be supposed that a nervous system exists not only in each Polypide, as the agent of its individual spontaneity, but that a similar system also exists for the performance of the common or associated movements of the polyzoary The demonstration of this nervous system, it is true, will be; excessively difficult in the majority of the Polyzoa; the difficulty of course being increased in proportion with the diminutive size, greater amount of calcareous matter, and consequent want of transparency in the test, and diminished under the opposite conditions. In this respect there cannot perhaps be a more favorable subject than a species of Serialaria, by no means rare in the sea of Santa Catharina, whose polyzoary consists throughout of thin-walled, almost perfectly transparent joints or internodes, an inch or more in length. In this species, in fact, a general or common nervous system is more plainly manifest than I remember elsewhere to have met with, except in the case of the Salpæ.
Note on Dr. Hinrich Nitsche'S Paper on “ Some Interesting Points concerning the Mode of Reproduction of the Bryozoa”
Authors: Hincks Thomas
Published: April 2021

In the following brief communication I propose to offer one or two remarks on the important paper by Nitsche published in the last number of this Journal; in which he criticises some of the views of the eminent Swedish naturalist Smitt respecting _the reproduction of the Polyzoa. I shall confine myself at present to a single point, the theory of the “germ-capsule” (“groddkapsel”) of Smitt. This term has been employed to designate the dark-coloured, more or less circular bodies, which are commonly present in the older cells of the Polyzoan colony, and were long regarded as ova. Smitt claims to have established the very interesting fact that they are in reality produced by the decomposition of the polypides previously in possession of the cells, and that they originate fresh zooids to fill the places of those which have thus disappeared. He describes the “germ-capsule,” as it occurs in several species, and also the evolution from it by budding of a new polypide.
On the Embryology of Limulus Polyphemus
Authors: Packard A. S.
Published: April 2021

The eggs on which the following observations were made were kindly sent me from New Jersey, by Rev. Samuel Lockwood, who has given an account of the mode of spawning, and other habits, in the ‘American Naturalist.’ They were laid on the 16th of May, but it was not until June 3rd that I was able to study them. The eggs measure ‘07 of an inch in diameter, and are green. In the ovary they are of various hues of pink and green just previous to being laid, the smaller ones being, as usual, white. The yolk is dense, homogeneous, and the yolk granules, or cells, are very small, and only in certain specimens, owing to the thickness and opacity of the egg-shell, could they be detected.
The Nature of Connective Tissue
Authors: Krause W.
Published: April 2021

It is usual to distinguish as the fundamental types of connective tissue two modifications, the ordinary fibrous or homogeneous and the reticulated. The former is usually regarded as consisting of a distinctly or indistinctly fibrillated intercellular substance, and variously formed cells, the connective-tissue corpuscles, imbedded therein; and these are described sometimes as stellate, sometimes as spindle-shaped or roundish, sometimes angular and flat. Reticular or areolar connective tissue is composed of anastomosing stellate cells (connective-tissue corpuscles), in the interstices of which is contained fluid with suspended lymph corpuscles.
Review: On the so-called Chorda of the Ascidian larvœ, and the alleged affinity of the invertebrate and vertebrate animals
Authors: Donitz W.
Published: April 2021

Dr. DONITZ has availed himself of a stay in Naples to study the development from the egg of Clavellina lepadiformis. The Berlin zoologist, as a result, comes to the conclusion that Kowalewsky and Kupffer have unfortunately made a very great mistake in pronouncing the development of Ascidians as broadly and generally identical with the development of the vertebrates. He, on the contrary, has been taught by his researches that the development of the Ascidians speaks in a very distinct manner precisely against the affinity of the invertebrates and the vertebrates. One would think that men like Kowalewsky and Kupffer understand something of the developmental history of animals, and especially of the vertebrates. Dr. Donitz, nevertheless, admonishes the former especially, that he makes use of such expressions as keimblatter, chorda, nervous system, &c., in such a way as though a signification, long since firmly established in science, had not been attached thereto. Now, since others are included in this crushing condemnation of Kowalewsky and his work, who have given their adhesion to his researches; and since to these last, such men as Gegenbauer and Haeckel belong, not to mention so many others, we are naturally in a state of anxiety to know what kind of argumentation it is which Dr. Donitz brings into the field.
On the Colouring Matter Of some Aphides
Authors: Sorby H. C.
Published: April 2021

Those who have orchards are no doubt often only too familiar with the red Aphides found in downy patches on the bark of the apple tree. These are coloured by a substance possessing somewhat remarkable properties, connecting it on the one hand with cochineal, and on the other with the hæmoglobin of the blood of vertebrate animals. It rapidly changes into a series of new products, which have remarkable optical characters, and are in some respects analogous to the colouring matters of oils and fats.
On the Peripheral Distribution of Non-Medullated Nerve-Fibres
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

Safter the terminations of non-medullated nerve-fibres had been discovered in the tactile corpuscles of the skin and in the Pacinian bodies; after Max Schultze had come forward with his surprising and stirring doctrine as to the special terminations of some of the nerves of the higher senses, and Krause had described what were named by him the “clubshaped extremities “in many nerves of common sensibility, as well as in those of the conjunctiva, oral mucous membrane, and genital organs; and after special terminal-apparatus had been found out in the striated muscles,—the doctrine of a terminal network of nerves in general seemed to be finally set aside, especially in the case of the nerves of common sensibility, which, according to it, break up into a network in the most superficial layers of the skin and mucous membranes, consisting sometimes of thin fibres partly medullated, partly non-medullated, or bending round to form a loop. Indeed, within the last ten years a great number of treatises have appeared on the modes of termination of the peripheral non-medullated nerves, showing in general that special terminal apparatus are to be found in the most various organs and in the most various nerves. Here I can call to mind only the termination of the nerves of common sensibility in the branching corpuscles lying between the epithelial cells of the rete Mal-piffhii of the skin (1); the so-called terminal corpuscles of the genital nerves (2); the termination of nerves in the nucleolus of the smooth muscular fibre (3); the knob-shaped termination of the corneal nerves in the precorneal fluid (4); the ending of nerves in the corneal corpuscles (5); the nervetermination in the nucleoli of the epithelium of the tail of the tadpole (6); and in the branched cells (7) of the same organ; the terminations of nerves in the pear-shaped structures of the tissue of the epiglottis (8); in the nuclei of capillary bloodvessels (9); in special bodies in the mucous membrane of the urinary bladder (10); and in structures which lie between the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the stomach of the frog (11); the freely outrunning nerve-fibres in the tissue of certain serous membranes (12); the termination of nerve-fibres in the cells of the alveoli and of the ducts of the salivary glands (13); in the cells of the liver (14); and so on.
A Note of some Circumstances Affecting the Value of Glycerine in Microscopy
Authors: Ord W. M.
Published: April 2021

Glycerine being very generally used in the making and keeping of many kinds of microscopic preparations, it is of some importance to be aware that in certain cases the action of this fluid is more than a simple penetration, more than an illustration of osmose. When, for example, the enamel of teeth is found after long stay in glycerine to have so far departed from original flinty hardness that it can be cut by a sharp knife, the exertion of either a solvent or a disintegrant power by the glycerine is suggested. Everybody knows that glycerine, even when pure and free from acid is a solvent of many substances (such as carbonate of lime ; see Carpenter, ‘The Microscope,’ p. 220). But, perhaps, everybody does not know what glycerine is capable of doing in the way of changing the molecular arrangement of many other substances, and of altering their consistence. It may help to set people thinking on this point, if I quote a few instances from my own observations.
On the Structure of the Stem of the Screw Pine
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton
Published: April 2021

Species of the genus Pandanus, or screw pines proper, are a conspicuous element in the vegetation of the East Indian islands. Representatives of them are to be found in all large collections of tropical plants ; yet, notwithstanding this, the few notices of their structure to be met with in books are meagre and incomplete in the extreme.
On Students’ Microscope
Authors: Payne J. F.
Published: April 2021

The regulations of the College of Surgeons, now coming into force, which require all medical students to become practically acquainted with histology, and are giving so great an impulse to this study in England, will impose upon many students the necessity of providing themselves with a microscope, and upon many teachers the responsibility of aiding their choice. It is with the view of assisting both classes that we have compiled the information contained in the following table. It is constructed entirely from data obligingly furnished us by the makers themselves, who are, therefore, solely responsible for the correctness of the statements made therein.1 We do not, furthermore, undertake to recommend any one of these instruments,2 but no makers’ names have been admitted into the list except those of good repute ; while the materials for a comparison are given by the table itself.
Remarks on the Structure of the GregarinÆ
Authors: Van Beneden Edward
Published: April 2021

In a work published in the 1 Bulletins of the Royal Academy of Belgium’ (vol. xxxi, No. 5, 1871), and 1 Quart. Journ. Micro. Science’ (vol. xi, new ser.), I have made known the successive conditions of the evolution of a new Gregarin found in the intestines of the lobster, and described on a former occasion under the name of Gregarina grgantea (‘ Report of the Royal Academy of Belgium/vol. xxix, No. 11, 1869, and ‘Quar. Journ. Micro. Science,’ vol. ix, new ser.). I have established through my investigations that the psorosperms give birth to small protoplasmic globes, which differ from Amœbæ in that they are devoid of all cell-nucleus, and in that they never show any trace of vacuole. They represent, from a morphologic point of view, the Monera of Haeckel, and the Gregarinæ pass, during the course of their autogenic evolution, through the Monerian condition. At that time they are simple gymnocytods, and only become cells when a nucleus develops itself in their interior. On the surface of each cytod grow two protoplasmic prolongations. Simple buds in their beginning, these prolongations stretch out, absorbing at the same time the body of the cytod, and when they become free they move in the intestines of the lobster, like little nematod worms. From thence the name of Pseudofilaria, which I have given them. Not long after, they become shorter, and at the same time their movements become less active; they soon cease altogether; a voluminous nucleolus then appears inside the body, this at once becoming surrounded by a nuclear coating. From this time the cytod has become a cell; the separation of the chemical elements of the nucleolus and of the nucleus from the essential elements of the body of the cell has led to the differentiation of the original matter, which I have called“plas-son,” into three distinct layers—the nucleolus, the nucleus, and the protoplasma.?
On the Term Endothelium
Authors: Foster Michael
Published: April 2021

The word “endothelium ” has been recently introduced into histology, and the use of it has rapidly become common, if not general. The speedy acceptance of a new term may, in many cases, but not in all, be taken as an indication that something of the kind was wanted; and the already frequent use of “endothelium,” both by Continental and English histologists, would seem to show the need of some other phrase besides” epithelium.“Nevertheless, there are cogent reasons why the new term should not be allowed to take any further root.
On Arranging and Cataloguing Microscopic Specimens
Authors: Groves J. W.
Published: April 2021

This subject seems to be one of some difficulty, from the fact that most authors who have written upon it, and most people who possess collections, follow different methods without being altogether satisfied with any of them ; moreover, it is a question of importance, for upon the arrangement adopted, and the convenience of the catalogue, depends the space gained or wasted in the cabinet, and the comparative ease or difficulty of finding any given preparation.
Note on “Picro-Carminate of Ammonia.”
Authors: Baber E. Cresswell
Published: April 2021

In this note I wish to draw attention to a microscopic staining fluid which, as far as I am aware, is very little, if at all, known or used in England. This fluid is the picrocarminate of ammonia, invented by M. Ranvier, and largely used in his laboratory at Paris.
On the Etiology of Madura-Foot
Authors: Berkeley M. J.
Published: April 2021

[The following article appeared in the ‘Indian Medical Gazette’ of April 1, 1874. The Rev. M. J. Berkeley has favoured us with a reply to the objections which it raises to the hitherto received theory of the cause of the Madura-foot. —Eds.]
An Asexual Growth from the Prothallus of Pteris Cretica
Authors: Farlow William G.
Published: April 2021

While studying the development of the archegonium in the Polypodiaceœ, in the botanical laboratory of the University of Strassburg, a peculiarity was first noticed in the prothallus of Pteris cretica which seems to have an important bearing on the question of the fern prothallus in general.
A Comparison of the Early Stages in the Development of Vertebrates
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

If the genealogical relationships of animals are to be mainly or largely determined on embryological evidence, it becomes a matter of great importance to know how far evidence of this kind is trustworthy.
Résumé of recent contributions to our knowledge of “ freshwater rhizopoda.” Part IV
Authors: Archer WM.
Published: April 2021

Lecyhium, hyalinum, Hertwig et Lesser1 (Plate XIII, figs. 1, 2), is the name applied to a form identified by the authors as equivalent to that named Gromia hyalina by Schlumberger2 , and by Ehrenberg and Fresenius3 called Arceilla hyalina, and again by Schneider identified as Diffiugia enchelys. No doubt these authors were each wrong in referring such a form to any of these genera. For that reason, seemingly, Hertwig and Lesser conceived they were compelled to institute a new genus, therefore named as above; Cienkowski4 accepts this genus. But it occurs to me to suggest that, just ąs in Schulze’s form referred to Gromia (as G. granulata), there is little, if anything, to separate either from the genus Plagiophrys, Clap, et Lachm. The test of Lecyhium hyalinum, Hertwig et Lesser, is roundish, pellucid, membranous (structureless), thin—according to Hertwig and Lesser not flexible, but according to Cienkowski it is flexible—according to the former bilaterally symmetrical, but according to the latter only accidentally so, with a short neck. The body-mass completely fills the test, anterior portion granular and vacuolar, posterior homogeneous and bearing a nucleolated nucleus ; pseudopodia filiform, homogeneous, much branched, sometimes anastomosing. (See fig. 1, showing a dorsal or posterior view. Fig. 2, after Cienkowski, perhaps doubtfully identical, shows a lateral view.) There seems nothing here requiring a new genus distinct from Plagiophrys. Possibly, too, the same would apply to the following:
The minute anatomy of the Alimentary Canal.
Authors: Watney Herbert
Published: April 2021

THE following is an abstract of a paper published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ vol. 166, part 2. The research was commenced and carried on under the direction of Dr. Klein for the first fifteen months; during the last year it was continued independently. The paper was read in January, 1876. It is illustrated by forty-three drawings, most of them having been made by means of the camera lucida.
On a new genus and species of zoanthina malaco-dermata (panceria spongiosa, sp. n.).
Authors: Andres Angelo
Published: April 2021

THIS new kind of polyp was found in Port Natal, like the allied species Xanthus viridis, Kr., and Pales Cliftonii, Gr. It has a cylindrical shape, and is four centim. in length and six millim. in diameter (Pl. XVI, fig. 1).
Experimental Contribution to the Etiology of Infectious Diseases with special reference to the Doctrine of Contagium Vivum
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

The present communication has for its object to bring before the Royal Society the results of an experimental inquiry 1 into the etiology of an infectious disease of the pig, known as Hog Plague, Mai Rouge, Red Soldier, Malignant Erysipelas, or also Typhoid Fever of the Pig. Their are English and continental writers who describe the disease as Anthrax or Splenic Fever of the Pig. I shall show, however, conclusively in my Report to the Medical Officer of the Local Government Board, that it is neither typhoid fever nor anthrax, but is an infectious disease of its own kind, which I propose to call “ Infectious Pneumo-Enteritis of the Pig” (Pneumo-enteritis contagiosa).
Further Communication on the Structure of the Cell-Nucleus, with Observations on Ciliate Epithelium1
Authors: Eimer H.
Published: April 2021

Continuing his researches on the structure of nuclei of cells (Archiv fur Mikroskop. Anatom. Bd. vii and viii), in which he demonstrated within the membrane of the nucleus of various kinds of cells the presence of a hyaline zone round the nucleolus, which he called “ Hyaloid;” Professor Eimer found this surrounded by a zone of minute granules, which he called “ Körnchenkreis “ (granular sphere); between this and the membrane lies the peripheral opaque part of the nuclear contents. His more recent observations enable the author to say that the above elements of the cell-nucleus are not the result of reagents (Auerbach), but are present in the living unaltered nucleus of various cell-species.
Recent Researches on Bacteria
Authors: LANKESTER E. RAY
Published: April 2021

The progress of knowledge with regard to the life-history of Bacteriahas been carefully recorded in the pages of this Journal during the past ten years, sometimes by original memoirs, sometimes by more or less extended notices of foreign publications :—’The Origin and Development of Bacterium Termo,’ by Frau Lfiders, vol. viii, p. 32. ‘Spontaneous Generation,’ by Professor Dyer, vol. x, p. 333. ‘Relations of Torula, Pénicillium, and Bacterium,’ by Prof. Huxley, vol. x, p. 355. ‘Bacteria and their Relations to Putrefaction and Contagion,’ by Prof. Cohn, vol. xii, p. 20 7. ‘Natural History of the Vibriones,’ by Oscar Grimm, vol. xii, p. 411. ‘The Origin of Bacteria,’ by Prof. Sanderson, vol xi, p. 323. ‘Bacteria and the Germ Theory,’ by Prof. Lister, vol. xiii, p. 380. ‘Researches on Bacteria’ (first series), by Prof. Cohn, vol. xiii, p. 156. ‘A Peach-Coloured Bacterium,’ by E. Ray Lankester,’ vol. xiii, p. 408. ‘The Theory of Fermentations,’ by Louis Pasteur, vol. xiii, p. 351. ‘Bacteria in Malignant Pustule,’ by Drs. Frankel and Orth, vol. xiv, p. 288. ‘Bacterium Rubescens,’ by Wm. Archer, vol. xv, p. 206. ‘Bacteria in Disease,’ by Dr. Payne, vol. xv, p. 327. ‘A Pink-Coloured Spirillum,’ by Dr. Klein, vol. xv, p. 381. ‘Account of Cohn’s Researches into the History of Bacteria’ (second series), vol. xvi, p. 259. ‘Further Observations on Bacterium Rubescens,’ by E. Ray Lankester, vol. xvi, p. 27. ‘Account of Cohn’s Researches on Bacteria (third series), vol. xvii, p. 81. ‘Atmospheric Bacteria,’ by G. F. Dowdeswell, vol. xviii, p. 83. ‘Life-History of Bacillus Authracis, by Dr. Cossar Ewart, vol. xviii, p. 161. ‘The Nature of Fermentation,’ by Prof. Lister, vol. xviii, p. 177.
General Outline of the Organization of the Animal Kingdom
Authors: Jones Thomas Rymer
Published: April 2021

This work has been, for many years, the most complete manual of comparative anatomy in our language, and we are glad to find that the demand for such a volume has led to the publication of a third edition. Although but a limited number of the subjects embraced in a complete survey of the animal kingdom demand investigation with the aid of the microscope, yet we imagine, at the present day, that few persons study comparative anatomy without using the microscope; and that those who use this instrument do not confine themselves to the study alone of those structures and forms which are invisible to the naked eye. It is on this account that we would draw the especial attention of our readers to this new edition of Professor Jones’ book. As a complete survey of the whole field of animal structure, it has long occupied a prominent place in the scientific literature of this country; but it is the extensive additions and alterations, more particularly in the microscopic organisms, in which the work claims more particularly the attention of the student of the microscope. In the opening chapters devoted to the lower organisms, a rearrangement of these forms is presented, and a large quantity of new matter is added. Professor Jones does not follow in this work any particular system of classification, but satisfies himself with indicating the characters and structure which belong to certain great groups of recognised objects. This has enabled him to dispense with a good deal of discussion, and leaves the student free to construct his zoological arrangement from other sources. There may be a difference of opinion as to the desirability of this course, but we have no doubt that each plan has its merits and demerits. It would be impossible, in a volume like the present, to bring together all the observations that have been made on any particular group of organisms; but taking the Protozoa and Infusoria as examples, we think that Professor Jones has been very happy in his selections. We are reminded by his chapter on the Infusoria, that he was one of the earliest writers in this country to throw doubt upon some of the conclusions of the great Ehrenberg. Since the first edition of this book was written an immense advance has been made in our knowledge of microscopic organisms, and the great family of Infusoria of Ehrenberg have been almost threatened with extinction. We are glad, however, to find our author holding by some of the Infusoria as genuine examples, and not following Agassiz in his hasty annihilation of such organisms.
Description of a New Parasite Found In The Heart Of The Edible Turtle
Authors: Leared Arthur
Published: April 2021

While dissecting the heart of the common turtle in August, 1860, I observed certain elongated, flattened white bodies, upon the interior of the cavities, and on the valves. The number of the bodies was considerable, and they existed in all the chambers of the organ, but I had no opportunity of examining the blood-vessels. Their average length was aline and a half, and the breadth about one third of this. On examining with the microscope, I found them to be fluke worms which presented some novel features.
On True Sexual Reproduction in the infusoria.—Recherches sur les phenomenes sexuels des infusoires
Authors: Docteur Par Le
Published: April 2021

The Infusoria have long been known to multiply by spontaneous fission, external germination, and the production, internally, of variously formed bodies, which many observers, somewhat hastily, have described under the name of “embryoes.” The phenomena of “encysting,” “conjugation,” and “alternate generation” (so called), which these animals frequently exhibit, and the relation, real or supposed, between such processes and their various modes of propagation, have, from time to time, afforded subject-matter for not a little controversy. Stein’s theory of Acinetism, once universally received, then skilfully assailed by Lachmann and Cienkowsky, and again defended by D’Udekem, has now virtually been abandoned by its distinguished author. But, although some knowledge was gained, and many false notions dispelled by these and other investigations, it is surprising how little, before 1858, had really been done towards proving the occurrence among the Infusoria of a true reproduction, similar to that which takes place in all the higher classes of animals. An English anatomist had, in 1851, recorded the presence of ova and spermatozoa in one of the marine sponges (Tethya), thus, for the first time, showing that the Protozoa formed no exception to the four remaining sub-kingdoms of animals in the possession of these essential elements. Five years later his observations were corroborated by Lieberkühn, in the case of the fresh-water sponge (Spongilla). Even then, the existence of generative elements still remained to be demonstrated in the Infusoria—a class which might well be considered as ranking above sponges in the scale of organisation. Ehrenberg, it is true, had described their “nucleus” as a male organ—an opinion which received a qualified support from Stein, though it met with less favour at the hands of other observers. And the late Johannes Müller, with some of his most able pupils, took note of various minute filaments seen by them within the bodies of several Infusoria, which filaments they were disposed to regard as spermatozoa. Such researches and conjectures, in themselves by no means useless, were very far from settling the questions really at issue; for it has now conclusively been shown that the nucleus does not perform the function of a testis, and that Müller’s filaments were, in all probability, parasitic organisms, belonging to the lower Algæ.
On the reproduction of thaumantias inconspicua
Authors: Wright T. Strethill
Published: April 2021

I Have for several years taken much interest in the reproduction of the naked-eyed Medusæ, and have endeavoured to obtain the polypoid larvæ of these creatures ; hitherto, however, with very indifferent success, having only succeeded in hatching two, Æquorea vitrina and Furris neglecta. Various species of Thaumantias swarm in the Firth of Forth, near Edinburgh, but when confined they almost invariably “cast” their ova, which never become developed into planuloid larvæ. This summer I have succeeded in obtaining the polyps in the following manner.
On True Sexual Reproduction in the Infusoria.—recherches sur les phénomènes sexuels des infusoires
Authors: Balbiani Par le Docteur
Published: April 2021

TEN or twelve hours after the commencement of copulation, yolk-granules begin to be deposited on the outer surface of the germ-vesicle, around which they speedily increase in number and form a homogeneous layer, which does not, however, succeed in reaching the vitelline membrane ; albeit that the latter becomes more and more encroached upon from without. Its distinctness may, at any time, be demonstrated by the addition of water or acetic acid; as may also that of the germ-vesicle, even when wholly concealed by its fully formed investment of yolk-substance.
Studies on the Pollen-Bodies of the Angiosperms
Authors: Elfving Fred.
Published: April 2021

Until very recently botanists believed it to be a well-established fact that the Pollen-bodies of the Angiosperms were one-celled, that when once formed as tetrades in the pollen mother-cell they underwent no further divisions. This was thought, too, to form a direct contrast with the Pollen-bodies of the Gymnosperms, in which, as is well known, shortly before the period of pollination, one or more so called vegetative cells are formed, which are regarded as constituting a rudimentary male prothallus.
On the Development of the Spermatozoa. Part I. Lumbricus
Authors: Bloomfield J. E.
Published: April 2021

The investigation into the structure of the testis and the development of the spermatozoa, of which the present chapter on Lumbricus is an instalment, was undertaken at the suggestion and with the kind supervision of Prof. Lankester, and has been carried out partly in the laboratory of Exeter College, Oxford, partly in the new zootomical laboratories at University College, London.
A Reformed System of Terminology of the Reproductive Organs of the Cryptogamia
Authors: Bennett Alfred W. , Murray George
Published: April 2021

We have been led to the following attempt at obtaining a symmetrical system of terminology among Cryptogams by the undoubted fact that the anomalies at present existing greatly retard the prosecution of the study of this most interesting group of plants. A more striking instance of the want of accuracy in the use of the commonest terms could not be afforded than by observing the different meanings, often quite irreconcilable with one another, applied by the most approved writers to the term “spore.” Thus, Le Maout and Decaisne (Hooker’s edition of ‘Descriptive and Analytical Botany,’ p. 14) and Professor Asa Gray (‘Botanical Textbook,’ sixth edition, p. 434) speak of spores as “the analogues of seeds Sachs (‘Text-book,’ English edition, p. 203, but modified in the most recent German edition) defines them as “asexual reproductive cells.” In direct opposition to each and both of these definitions, Berkeley (‘Micrographie Dictionary,’ third edition, p. 327) describes the unfertilised ova or oospheres of Fucus as spores ; and Huxley and Martin (‘Elementary Biology,’ p. 45) call the archegonium of Characeæ a spore-fruit or sporangium. A still more singular example occurs in the most recent text-book of botany introduced to English readers (Vines’s edition of ‘Prantl’s Text-book” where we read on one page (p. 97) “Reproduction of Cryptogams is effected asexually by cells termed gonidia, conidia, or spores and on another page (p. 115), “Fungi are reproduced sexually by means of spores.”