bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PECULIARITIES OF MICROBIOCENOSIS OF THE UROGENITAL TRACT OF WOMEN WITH HPV-ASSOCIATED SQUAT CELLULAR INTRAEPITELIAL LESIONS OF THE UTERINE CERVIX
Authors:   Ural research Institute for maternal and infant health, Shmakova N.A. , Chistjakova G.N. ,   Ural research Institute for maternal and infant health, Lavrent’eva I.V. ,   Ural State Medical University, Kononova I.N. ,   LLC interregional center of additional professional education, Remizova I.I. ,   Ural research Institute for maternal and infant health
Published: December 2020

Objective: To reveal the features of the microbiocenosis of the cervical canal with the species identification of lactobacilli in women with HPV-associated squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Materials and methods: A survey of 80 patients of reproductive age with HPV-associated squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix (SIL), who had not received local and systemic antibacterial drugs at the time of the examination, was carried out. According to the results of morphohistological examination of cervical biopsies, this cohort of patients was divided into two groups. Group 1 included 40 patients with CIN II and CIN III, which corresponds to Нigh-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), group 2 — 40 patients with CIN I, which corresponds to Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL). The comparison group (3rd) consisted of 30 clinically healthy women. All patients underwent a cytological study by the «liquid method» BD SurePath technology, genotyping of the human papillomavirus by the polymerase chain reaction method (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59), cultural studies of the microbiocenosis of the cervical canal (by the MALDI method — TOF mass spectrometry, in the VITEKMS analyzer), extended colposcopy. Conclusion. It was found that in all women with HPV-associated squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix, the microflora of the cervical canal is characterized by the presence of Gardnerella vaginalis, as well as a decrease in the detection rate and number of lactobacilli, with the presence of the facultative anaerobe Lactobacillus iners. In the structure of opportunistic microflora, the predominance of Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli was demonstrated in HSIL, while for LSIL, representatives of the enterococcus group.
EFFECT OF MMSC AND HSC ON REPARATIVE REGENERATION OF THE LIVER UNDER CONDITIONS OF ITS TOXIC DAMAGE
Authors:   Ural State Medical University, Maklakova I.Yu. , Bazarniy V.V. ,   Ural State Medical University, Grebnev D.Yu. ,   Ural State Medical University
Published: December 2020

The aim of this study was to study the effect of combined MMSC and HSC transplantation on liver regeneration under conditions of toxic carbon tetrachloride damage. Materials and methods. The study was performed on white male mice with toxic liver damage by intraperitoneal administration of carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 50 µl per mouse once. An hour after modeling liver damage, placental MMSCs and HSCs were administered intravenously at a dose of 4 million cells/kg and 330 thousand cells/kg, respectively, suspended in 0.2 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution. Control group animals were given 0.9% NaCl solution-0.2 ml intravenously. On days 1, 3, and 7 after cell transplantation, changes in inflammatory activity in the liver were evaluated, and mitotic and apoptotic indices were determined. On the 7th day after the introduction of cells, the activity of DNA repair enzymes of the PARP family was analyzed. Results. Combined MMSC and HSC transplantation leads to a decrease in the index of inflammatory activity in the liver due to a decrease in necrosis, hepatocyte dystrophy, and a decrease in infiltration. As a result of the study, an increase in the activity of PARP repair enzymes was found, which led to a decrease in programmed cell death. Also, cotransplantation of MMSCs and HSCs was accompanied by increased mitotic activity of hepatocytes. Conclusion. Cotransplantation of MMSCs and HSCs under conditions of toxic liver damage reduces the inflammatory response, stimulates the mitotic activity of hepatocytes, and increases the activity of enzymes of the DNA repair system. Activation of the liver's reparative system, in turn, reduces the programmed death of hepatocytes.
Enhanced astaxanthin production by oxidative stress using methyl viologen as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) reagent in green microalgae Coelastrum sp.
Authors: Tharek Ameerah , Mohamad Shaza Eva , Iwamoto Koji , Suzuki Iwane , Hara Hirofumi , Dolah Rozzeta , Yoshizaki Shinji , Jamaluddin Haryati , Salleh Madihah Md , Yahya Adibah
Published: December 2020

Microalgae are known to be a potential resource of high-value metabolites that can be used in the growing field of biotechnology. These metabolites constitute valuable compounds with a wide range of applications that strongly enhance a bio-based economy. Among these metabolites, astaxanthin is considered the most important secondary metabolite, having superior antioxidant properties. For commercial feasibility, microalgae with enhanced astaxanthin production need to be developed. In this study, the tropical green microalgae strain, Coelastrum sp., isolated from the environment in Malaysia, was incubated with methyl viologen, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) reagent that generates superoxide anion radicals (O2-) as an enhancer to improve the accumulation of astaxanthin. The effect of different concentrations of methyl viologen on astaxanthin accumulation was investigated. The results suggested that the supplementation of methyl viologen at low concentration (0.001 mM) was successfully used as a ROS reagent in facilitating and thereby increasing the production of astaxanthin in Coelastrum sp. at a rate 1.3 times higher than in the control.
Genetic recombination of bovine viral diarrhea virus subgenotype -1a and -1c in persistently infected dairy cattle
Authors: Irianingsih Sri Handayani , Poermadjaja Bagoes , Wuryastuti Hastari , Wasito Raden
Published: December 2020

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major viral pathogen in cattle worldwide. In Indonesia,  diversity in subgenotypes of BVDV-1 has been observed, with the highest proportion of subgenotype -1a, followed by -1c, -1b, and -1d. So far, phylogenetic analysis of BVDV-1 is based on nucleotide sequences of the 5′ UTR and partial NS5B regions. Accuracy in identifying the subgenotype and antigenic type is critical for vaccine development and effective vaccination. The aim of this study was to determine genetic recombination of BVDV through phylogenetic analysis of five different regions (5′ UTR, NPro, E2, NS3, and NS5B) of BVDV in persistently infected dairy cattle. Five isolates were sequenced using next-generation sequencing, and data were analyzed with the CLC Genomic Workbench 9.0 and MEGA-X programs. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 5′ UTR (275 nt), NPro (504 nt), E2 (1,122 nt), NS3 (2,049 nt), and NS5B (2,157 nt) regions indicated  that one BVDV isolate from Banyumas, Central Java, could be classified into different subgenotypes based on the E2 region (-1c), but the same subgenotype based on the other four regions (-1a), suggesting  the presence of genetic recombination of the BVDV subgenotypes -1a and -1c in persistently infected dairy cattle.
Pengantar Redaksi
Authors: Sosiologi Jurnal Pemikiran
Published: December 2020

-
Antagonism Test of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. Bali Local Isolates As a Disease Control of Blendok Disease (Botryodiplodia theobromae) in Grapefruit (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck)
Authors: Kalimutu Putu Krisnawan , Komang Mahardika Ida Bagus , Anak Agung Sagung Putri Risa Adriani
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine the ability of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp. in inhibiting the fungus that causes Gumosis disease Botryodiplodia theobromae. This study used a completely randomized design with two single treatments and was repeated eight times.

In the in-vitro antagonism test Trichoderma atroviride and Gliolcadium sp. can inhibit the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae as well. The percentage of inhibition was 94.58% in the Trichoderma atroviride antagonism test and 81.67% in the Gliocladium sp. antagonism test. Whereas the Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony Area had no significant effect on both treatments. Each Botryodiplodia theobromae Colony area is 18.34 cm2 with T. atroviride treatments and 22.25 cm2 with Gliocladium sp. treatment. The growth rate of Botryodiplodia Theobroma fungi was superior to that of Trichoderma atroviride and Gliocladium sp.
Chemical and Microbiology Analysis of Salted Anchovies (Stolephorus sp.) in East Denpasar Traditional Market
Authors: DellaX’ma Nandari  , Anak Agung Made Semariyani  , Ni Made Ayu Suardani Singapurwa
Published: December 2020

Jengki anchovies are one of the raw food ingredients that are preserved using salt. Basically, salting is done to reduce the water content in the fish so that bacteria cannot live and develop. This study aims to determine the chemical and microbiological contamination of salted anchovies in East Denpasar Traditional Market. This research is a descriptive study using survey and experimental methods in the laboratory. Based on data from the Department of Industry and Trade in Denpasar, there are 7 traditional markets in East Denpasar. The number of samples studied was 43 samples from 75 existing populations. The parameters of this research were formaldehyde, moisture content, TPC, E. coli and organoleptics. The results showed that none of the 43 samples contained formalin. The results of the water content test were obtained that all samples met the SNI 8273: 2016 requirements. From the results of the TPC test, 35 samples met the requirements and 8 samples exceeded the limits set by SNI 8273: 2016, namely the maximum limit of TPC contamination, namely 1.0 × 105 colonies / gram. The E. coli test results from 43 samples met the SNI 8273: 2016 requirements, namely the maximum limit of E. coli contamination ˂3.6 APM / gram. From the results of the organoleptic test on appearance, smell, taste, texture, fungus and overall acceptance, all assessments were significantly different, with the characteristics of a dull to clean bright appearance, specific to type, specific odor but less strong, salty taste and less specific type, dry solid texture to dense less dry.
Extraction and Stability of Natural Dyes From The skin of Red Dragon Fruit
Authors: Ni Putu Bella Trisna Dewi  , Ni Made Ayu Suardani Singapurwa  , I Gede Pasek Mangku
Published: December 2020

Dragon fruit skin contains anthocyanin dyes which are quite high. Anthocyanins are dyes that give red color and can be used as natural dyes for food. This study aims to determine the ratio of the 10% citric acid solution with the time of maceration to obtain the highest anthocyanin levels and to determine the stability of the red dragon fruit peel extract. The research design used was a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely the ratio of red dragon fruit peel pulp with 10% citric acid solvent consisting of three levels: 1: 3; 1: 6; 1: 9. The second factor is the length of maceration of the red dragon fruit skin which consists of three levels: 3 days; 3.5 days; 4 days. Analysis of red dragon fruit peel extract includes: yield, anthocyanin levels, pH value, color intensity, and stability test. The best treatment of red dragon fruit peel extraction was obtained in the sample ratio of 10% citric acid solution (1: 3) and the duration of maceration for 4 days with a yield of 22.92%; pH value of 1.84; anthocyanin levels of 52.27 mg / L; L * color intensity of 16.54; color intensity a * of 75.57; color intensity b * was 9.63 and the best anthocyanin dye stability test was obtained at a pH of 3 and a temperature of 7 ° C.
Romance and Arabic Names of Mozarabs in Al-Andalus (in the Archive of the Toledo’s Mozarabs of the 12th and 13th Centuries)
Authors:   Oxana V. Tikhonova, Tikhonova Oxana V.
Published: December 2020

The archive of Toledo’s Mozarabs was translated from Arab into Spanish and published in four volumes by Anhel Gonzales Palencia in 1926–1930. The territory of Toledo was numerous times reoccupied by either Spaniards or Arabs during the Reconquista period. The chronological frames are 1083–1315. The archive includes a collection of the 1175 documents: legal papers with the registration of property arrangements between individuals and religious institutions. Most of the documents are related to the Toledo Cathedral of St. Mary. Every Mozarab document (with the exception of 25) is written in Arabic which emphasizes the official status of Arabic language in Toledo even at the beginning of the 14th century. In Arabic texts, there are words in aljamiado, (Spanish words written with Arabic letters). This phenomenon is of great philological interest. Traces of Mozarabs’ aljamiado, the language of Spaniards on the territory conquered by Arabs, is not present in any of written documents so the earlier period of Spanish language history has been documented very poorly. The archive of Toledo’s Mozarabs is an important source of vocabulary in aljamiado of Moriscos. In these texts, there are Spanish toponyms; Christian onomatology; designation of church posts; names of Christian holidays; designations of a number of secular court posts; references to family connections, etc. Documents are very often written in Arabic and Romance. In many documents, there are names both in Arabic and Romance. The cases of name identification which show that the names used in daily life were those in Arabic and not in Romance are quite frequent. With Arabic names including elements of Spanish morphology, names in Romance, in contrast, were formed following the pattern of Arabic names including the distinctive characteristic such as mentioning of several generations. Particular attention should be paid to the transcription of names in Romance in Arabic documents. Some of these transfer the particularities of pronunciation which is closer to the Latin ones than Spanish. To identify Muslims among signers is especially difficult as Christians also had Arabic names.
Political Science of Religion: «Religio» from Cicero to Luhmann in Search of the Ideal of «Pax Deorum»
Authors:   Evgenyi I. Arinin Vladimir State University, Arinin Evgenyi I.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the description of political, linguistic, philosophical and religious aspects of the phenomenon of religion as a social reality in the context of the concept of N. Luhmann. The Latin word «religio» goes through a series of stages in development, becoming a philosophical term in the era of Cicero, denoting the ideal and practice of self-sustaining social solidarity «Pax Deorum», saving Aeterna urbs and the Pax Romana community that formed around it. Religions Cicero contrasted with egoistic and atomizing superstition, where everyone is afraid of the invasion of global forces that threaten destruction. Historically, the practices of «linking with the initial» and «overseeing the unknown» were established by politicians from the founding of Ancient Rome, however, the word «religio» before Cicero was not used in connection with them. Only in Pax Romana does the possibility of analyzing the «nature of the divine» arise
School of Religious Psychology at the University of Derpt. On the Issue of Studying Religion in the Russian Empire in the Early 20th Century
Authors:   Dmytryi I. Weber St. Petersburg State University, Weber Dmytryi I.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the consecration of the basic ideas of the Dorpat school of religious psychology. The main attention is focused on Karl Girgensohn and his experimental method of studying religiousness, in particular religious experience. The main methodological basis of the school is shown. The article also reflects the interaction of the Dorpat and Würzburg schools of religious psychology, which influenced the ideas of Oswald Külpe. The main conclusions reached by Girgensohn during his research were, on the one hand, that the leading structural element of religious experience was intuitive thinking, which, unlike discursive thinking, is less formulated and is associated not so much with logic as with feelings of pleasure and dissatisfaction, as with symbols. In addition, Girgensohn singled out the so-called “ego functions” associated with intuitive thoughts in religious experience. Faced with a new set of ideas, the ego first reacts intellectually, using its existing stock of principles. In addition to the characteristic of the method, the attitude to the method developed by Oswald Külpe and developed by Carl Girgensohn is also shown. Among the researchers there were both supporters of experimental introspection, such as Otto Rithschle, and the critic of this technique in the person of Oscar Pfischer, Anna Tumarkin and others. The last part gives a brief review of the gradual sunset of the Dorpat school.
Between Duty and Bliss: Ancient Greek Moral Imperatives, Mythology, and Modern American Cinema
Authors:   Olga K. Mikhelson  St. Petersburg State University, Mikhelson Olga K.
Published: December 2020

The article treats the reception of ancient Greek mythology and history in modern American cinema. Modern directors do not just illustrate ancient narratives, but update them, enriching them with additional readings and subtexts. In the films considered, eternal questions are posed: life and death, duty and moral choice, the destiny of man and desire to become equal to the gods, but they are reinterpreted. It demonstrates that the ancient Greek myth continues its life in the modern cinema, which serves as a kind of contemporary mythology. In the V. Petersen’s film “Troy” man finds true immortality, embodied in heroism and glory. The director’s version of the Iliad still contains the spirit of the Homeric epic, but in doing so conveys later themes through it as well. Homer's tales of the heroes of Troy are filled with new breath, not least due to the anthropocentrism of the film. In O. Stone’s film “Alexander” not only the mythologization of ancient history can be seen, but it can also be comprehended through an even more ancient mythology. The mythological structure of the film is further emphasized by the cyclicity of the narrative, but the film is topical at the same time.
The Problem of Fundamentalism in Foreign Orthodoxy: the Review
Authors:   Anna M. Yakovleva, Yakovleva Anna M. , Volobuev Alexey V. ,   Alexey V. Volobuev
Published: December 2020

. The review deals with the problem of Orthodox fundamentalism in the discussion of Englishspeaking authors of different denominations, representatives of canonical and non-canonical Orthodox churches, which took place in theological discussions, in journalism and at scientific conferences mainly in recent years. The main materials are first introduced into the scientific circulation in Russian. The concepts of fundamentalism in Orthodoxy in the foreign press are presented; the definitions of Orthodox fundamentalism, the main theses of opponents and their argumentation are given. Frequently, the word “fundamentalism” in relation to Orthodoxy is used as a banal nickname for those opponents who have traditional or conservative beliefs, are prone to “ritualism”, shows intolerance and lack of readiness for dialogue, including ecumenical. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, theologians, priests and scholars have been trying to give a stricter definition of such fundamentalism as a phenomenon of the modern era, especially in its demise. It is primarily about the attitude to the works of the holy fathers of the Church. It is expressed, in particular, the opinion that the veneration of patristic writings, along with the resolutions of the Councils (which constitutes the Holy Tradition) should be revised. However, the concept of “Orthodox fundamentalism”, as follows from the given review, has not yet been formed. But one can speak of such signs of it, connected, in particular, with a wide exit to the public sphere of mass consciousness, as the striving to minimize theological provisions, absolutization of some provisions of dogma to the detriment of others, and the logos (modern) reading of the myth.
Chuvash Religion and Its Influence on the Ethnic Mentality
Authors:   Erbina V. Nikitina, Nikitina Erbina V. , Stanyal Vitaliy P. ,   Vitaliy P. Stanyal
Published: December 2020

The article describes the main thesis of the teaching of the Chuvash ethnic religion Sardash, which is based on the key principles of Zoroastrianism; highlights some of its history and research issues; analyzes the current state of the traditional faith and its importance in the life of the people. An attempt was also made to reveal the role of the religious factor in ethnic identification and the formation of the ethnic mentality of the Chuvash people from the historical and socio-cultural perspective. The problem is considered in three aspects: 1) the interaction of traditional religious belief of the Chuvashes with Orthodox Christianity; 2) the influence of Islam (the religion of the related Turkic peoples – Tatars and Bashkirs) on the mentality of the Chuvashes; 3) the functioning of the Chuvash ethnic religion Sardash in modern conditions. The authors conclude that ethnic religion, which is preserved in the daily life of the Chuvashes in the form of «teaching of ancestors», as well as in prayers, mythology and folklore, forms the basis of centuries-old ethnic mentality, expressing spiritual values, behavioral principles and life aspirations of people. Ethnic religion contains the psychological roots of the Chuvash mentality, the phenomenon of the Chuvash inflexibility and the Chuvash character. Traditional faith has a profound impact on the lifestyle and behavior of many modern Chuvashes, determines their worldview and ethnic identity. The adherence of the Chuvash people to the «teaching of ancestors» is explained by the need to survive in difficult geopolitical and demographic conditions, the desire to preserve the lifestyles and social arrangements that have been established for centuries, and the aspiration to communal and economic well-being. In modern conditions, the rites of the Chuvash ethnic religion can be a significant factor in the development of ethnic tourism in the Chuvash Republic.
Atheistic Propaganda in the Altai Region as an Element of the State-Сonfessional Policy in 1964–1982
Authors:   Petr K. Dashkovskiy Altai State University, Dashkovskiy Petr K. , Dvoryanchikova Natalya S. ,   Natalya S. Dvoryanchikova Altai State University
Published: December 2020

The article deals with atheist propaganda in the Altai region during the rule of L.I. Brezhnev. The use of archival material, resolutions of the Central committee of the Communist party of USSR, as well as brochures propagandists allows revealing the main methods and directions of scientific-atheist education in 1964–1982. The main forms of atheistic work in the Altai territory the soviets were atheists; moving groups of atheists; individual form of work. In addition, along with them, mass forms of propaganda of scientific atheism, such as radio, print, and film screenings on atheistic themes, continued to develop and improve. In the Altai region a great influence on the dissemination of scientific atheism led the “Knowledge” society, the Commission is facilitating control over the observance of legislation on religious cults, the regional department of health, medical and educational institutions. Based on archival materials we can talk about some reduction of the role of atheistic propaganda during the period under review, which largely has become abstract in nature. Most of the lectures and discussions held on atheistic problems in the Altai Territory, as a rule, were aimed at covering issues of the history of religion, the emergence of religious holidays, and the description of religious rites. Similar trends in the features of atheistic work were observed in other regions of the countr
Some Aspects of the Development of Religious Worldview of the Ancient Kyrgyz
Authors:   Gulnara T. Oruzbaeva, Oruzbaeva Gulnara T. , Sajаkbaev Zhelden ,   Zhelden Sajаkbaev
Published: December 2020

. In the modern world, there is an increasing tendency for the interconnection of cultures of various peoples and countries, where everything is valuable and significant and makes sense. The more ancient era, the more difficult it is to restore the ancient culture, its original essence. That is why it is important to try to study the spiritual culture of the Kyrgyz people. The Kyrgyz are one of the most ancient peoples of Central Asia, which have a centuries-old history of statehood, ancient traditions of culture and scientific thought. The religious worldviews of the Kyrgyz people, as well as its history, have a peculiar, multilayered history of formation and becoming. Studies of the centuries-long period of development of the religious worldview among the ancient Kyrgyz allow tracing the history of the emergence and formation of the fundamental base of the development of religion, to identify the specific features of its formation associated with the centuriesold original culture, unique natural conditions. The study of ancient beliefs is not only of theoretical interest to recreate the history of the early forms of religion, but also of great practical importance. It is of interest for studying the ethnic history of the ancient Kyrgyz, as the various life processes were reflected in folk ideas, customs and rituals. Many of them are still preserved in the everyday life of the Kyrgyz, which makes it necessary to systematize factual material and determine the genesis of beliefs. The article is aimed to study the evolution of the religious beliefs of the ancient Kyrgyz, as the ancient religious beliefs among the Kyrgyz are not yet sufficiently investigated. The article covers various aspects of the beliefs of the ancient Kyrgyz.
Incarnated Bodhisattva: A Record of the Commemoration of Princess Sonshi
Authors:   Nadezhda N. Trubnikova Lomonosow Moscow State University, Trubnikova Nadezhda N.
Published: December 2020

The article describes one of the examples of the ganmon genre in Japanese Buddhist literature: the text of Yoshishige-no Yasutane (933–1002), compiled in 985 for the commemoration rite of Princess Sonshi (addressee of Sanbō ekotoba) and included into the Honchō Monzui collection. In this ganmon, a noble woman appears as the incarnation of bodhisattva: although in childhood and youth the princess was a priestess of Kamo shrine, then became the sovereign's wife and only became a nun shortly before her death, her life choice is described as moving along the path of the Buddha to the rebirth in Pure Land. Like other compilers of gammon texts, Yasutane combines references to Buddhist scriptures with motifs from Chinese secular poetry. The rite of commemoration, of which he speaks, is indicative from point of view of the selection of Buddhist sutras presented to the temple – those that were most popular in Japan and were considered especially useful for women. Among the Japanese texts about Kannon (Avalokiteśvara), this gammon is interesting by the sense in which the fate of a woman, in her life and after death, can be considered the realization of the Bodhisattva's merciful practice. The article is accompanied by translation of the Yasutane’s ganmon
Pietism in the Scandinavian Countries and in Russia in the 19th Century: Comparative Analysis of Religious and Social Attitudes
Authors:   Oksana V. Kuropatkina Ural Federal University, Kuropatkina Oksana V.
Published: December 2020

The article considers a brief history of Pietism and its Scandinavian and Russian forms. Special attention is paid to the emergence of the Laestadianism among the Saami that has become for them the national form of Christianity. The article compares the doctrinal and social attitudes of the Laestadians and the Shtundists, and reveals the similarities and differences in their approaches. The original features of the Scandinavian Pietists – Laestadians are indicated: primacy (with certain exceptions) of experience, and not the Bible; the idea of the power of the church as a congregation and movement; the practice of compulsory confession. The article mentions the features of the early Laestadians that are now almost never encountered: the extreme emotionality of worship and the active borrowing of Pagan mythology. Analyzing the history of Scandinavian and Russian pietism, the author comes to the following conclusions: 1) Scandinavian and Russian Pietists carried a general message to their lay followers (the need for a radical life change, a ban on alcohol, a desire to enlighten society, setting a good example for it and introducing it to their practice); 2) Laestadians were also distinguished by their practice of compulsory confession and expression accompanying their worship; 3) Laestadianism was especially successful among the Sami, actively using their mythology; 4) in relation to the official church, the Pietists took a critical, but generally loyal position; 5) the Scandinavian Pietists were considered as dissidents, sometimes dangerous, in relation to state, but they could under the protection of the authorities; Russian Shtundists criticized the authorities, but were mainly engaged in the spiritual transformation of society, as they saw it, while the authorities pursued them as “sectarians”.
Normalization of Consumption of Alcoholic Drinks in the Abrahamic Religions
Authors:   Dmitrij O. Furtsev Lomonosov Moscow State University, Furtsev Dmitrij O.
Published: December 2020

The article presents a comparative review of the attitude to wine drinking of followers of Abrahamic religions. The article reveals the traditions and norms of alcohol consumption in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Wine as a product was of great cultural and economic importance for the peoples in which Abrahamic religions were formed. The article takes as its basis the attitude to wine, since it, as one of the most ancient alcoholic beverages, was familiar to the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam from the beginning of the formation of their formation. In Judaism and Christianity, wine was used in both everyday and religious practice, with different attitudes in these two areas of life. However, Judaism, already in antiquity, tried to remove the practice of drinking alcohol from sacred space, and eventually established a certain framework of permitted alcohol consumption. Christians made the wine, symbolically representing the blood of Christ, one of the elements holding the Christian community together. At the same time, Christianity in the early period did not approve the abuse of wine. Subsequently, in Christianity, as well as in Judaism, norms of alcohol consumption are created. The attitude towards the wine drinking in Islam was completely different. At the very beginning of the existence of Islam, strict prohibitions were imposed on the consumption of wine, and particularly prohibitions were imposed on the performance of rituals while intoxicated. Modern Abrahamic religions continue and develop in the tradition of regulating the use of alcoholic beverages.
Scientific Atheism of the Era of “Developed Socialism” in the Visual Arts: a Series of Decorative Panels “Soviet Way of Life” (1983–1986) from the Collection of the State Museum of the History of Religion
Authors:   Marianna M. Shakhnovich St. Petersburg State University, Shakhnovich Marianna M.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the history of the creation of a series of decorative panels “The Soviet way of life” (1983–1986) from the collection of the State Museum of the History of Religion, created by artists from the village Mstyora. The discussion on the essence of atheism, unfolded in the Soviet social science literature of the period of “developed socialism”, was indirectly reflected in the concept of the new Museum exhibition on the atheism in contemporary society. Some authors searched for the “positive” content of atheism, developing the so-called “theory of scientific atheism”, others, relying on the traditions of European free-thinking, considered atheism only a negation of theism and a feature of the materialistic worldview, suggesting searching for “positive” content not in atheism, but in science, culture and new civil traditions.
Features of Islamic Religion on the Territory of the Altai Mountains
Authors:   Alexander Р. Yarkov Tyumen State University, Yarkov Alexander Р.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the question about the place of Islam in the space of the Altai Mountains. Muslims visited this territory with the caravans coming from Central Asia or the Volga region. But Altai tribes were not interested in their religion, since archaic beliefs were strong. Besides, there were Manichean cloisters, representing powerful religious direction. The entry of this territory into the “zone of Islam” is connected both with political changes of a continental nature – the disappearance of the Dzungar Khanate, the confrontation between China and Russia, and the fate of the nomads – Altai and Kazakhs. The latter (who, having migrated to these lands, began to consider it “Ata Zhurt”) were precisely the bearers of Islam, but with a “tinge” of the old archaic worldview. In addition, some Kazakhs converted to Orthodoxy, preserving their native language and culture. The author believes, that centuries later these features turned out to be a powerful anti-radical potential.
From Temple to Household Altar (Butsudan and Zushi in Japanese Culture)
Authors:   Sergey V. Shandyba The State Museum of the History of Religion, Shandyba Sergey V.
Published: December 2020

The article focuses on one of the most important Buddhist sacred objects of Japanese religion known as household altar (butsudan) as well as the miniature icon case (zushi) which has genetic relation with the latter. These objects are the most typical examples of religious art in Japan. Aside from their major religious significance in Japanese culture, various religious ideas and many skillful techniques were incorporated to them that transform them into wonderful works of art. The Buddhist family altar is one of the most peculiar objects that characterize Japanese religiosity. This paper examines some issues of the origin, development and existence of a Buddhist altar. It is the center of family worship and devotional activities in Japan, as an important communication tool between this world and the world of the afterlife; it also produces a sense of continuity between the generations, e.g. when people report to the ancestors events related to the living members of the family. In Japan, where religion is increasingly observed critically, religious practices centered on the Butsudan are one of the country’s most enduring social and religious traditions.
From the History of Shamanism: Images of Shamans and Shamanistic Rituals on the Petroglyphs of the Upper Amur, Olekma, and Aldan Rivers (article one)
Authors:   Tatyana Yu. Sem Russian Museum of Ethnography, Sem Tatyana Yu.
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the ancient roots of shamanism according to the materials of the petroglyphs of the Upper Amur, Aldan and Olekma of the Bronze Age and early Iron Age (2000–1000 BC) with the ethnographic parallels. In order to analyze the material, the author uses a set of methods – diachronic archaeological and ethnographic comparative research, iconographic and semantic analysis. According to the petroglyphs of the 11 images of shamans of the specified period, and two of the 18th century, describing the personality of shamans with ritual paraphernalia – a suit, a tambourine, a mallet, a baton, masks and a headdress. Two images in costumes were also dressed in masks of the supreme gods of heaven and thunder. All shaman figures are painted in the process of ritual actions. There are hunting rituals, ritual of receiving the heavenly grace of the calendar type, circular dances associated with the cult of the sun at the new year’s holiday, the ritual of seeing the soul into the world of the dead and the shaman's initial ritual of sacrifice to the spirits to strengthen the shaman's power depicted among the shamanistic rituals on the petroglyphs. The vast majority of the considered images of shamans with attributes and costumes, shamanistic rituals depicted in the petroglyphs of the Upper Amur and Aldan rivers have direct correspondences in the shamanism of the Tungus-Manchu peoples (Evenki, Nanai, Udege), which indicates a possible direction of cultural genesis in the region. In addition, some of the images have parallels with the spiritual culture of the ancient Indo-Europeans and Turkic-Mongols. Some images – radiant headdress, figures of thunderbolts – have analogies among the ancient Indo-European population of Karakol and Pribaikalye. Separate stories are genetically related to the Okunevites. Shamanic tambourines with vertical rungs are typical for the Altai and Tuvinians and were found in the Yakut group of Evenks.
The Place of Religion in the System of General Humanitarian Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan
Authors:   Timur M. Nadyrshin R.G. Kuzeev Institute for Ethnological Studies, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nadyrshin Timur M.
Published: December 2020

The article discusses the place of religion in the system of school humanitarian education of the Republic of Bashkortostan. At the regional level, one can clearly see what place religion occupies in the picture of the world of subjects of education on two subjects that essentially determine the worldview of schoolchildren. These include “Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics” and the History of Russia. The study focuses on the following aspects of the topic: the place of religion in textbooks on “Fundamentals of the Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics” and the History of Russia, the form of discourse in the lessons of “Fundamentals of the Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics”, the factors of choosing religious modules of the “Fundamentals of the Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics” course, students 'interest in the history of religion, students' knowledge of Russian religious leaders. The work is based on the analysis of statistical sources, observation, sociological survey of schoolchildren, parents, students, as well as rhetorical analysis of textbooks. As the results of the research show, in Bashkortostan, a low choice of confessional modules guarantees a weak religious socialization of students in the classrooms of the “Fundamentals of the Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics”, since the module reflects the subject's discourse. Schoolchildren of Bashkortostan demonstrate a rather low interest in the history of religion and the biographies of religious figures. The data obtained indicate a low level of confessional identity of schoolchildren in the region.
On the Project of Phenomenological Religion of G.G. Shpet and N.I. Zhinkin
Authors:   Nikolay L. Muskhelishvili Russian State University for the Humanities, Muskhelishvili Nikolay L. , Antonenko Andrey K. ,   Andrey K. Antonenko Russian State University for the Humanities
Published: December 2020

This paper is aimed to reconstruct the project of phenomenological psychology of Russian phenomenologist G.G. Shpet and a psychologist and his disciple N.I. Zhinkin. The research shows the continuity of their investigations in the aspect of inner voice’s mechanisms and points out the possibility of integration of both phenomenological and psychological discourses from their works as the methodological project that is called “phenomenological psychology” by this paper’s authors. The research uncovers the reasons of phenomenological psychology’s origin as Shpet’s creative project. These reasons are rooted in Shpet’s will to investigate phenomena of religious consciousness using inside the phenomenological discourse, that is stated in his correspondence with E. Husserl. The main papers that are used for the synthesis are the mentioned Shpet’s correspondence and Zhinkin’s “On Transition Coded in Inner Voice”. The second one explains the tenets of inner voice’s functionality as the language of thinking, personal consciousness. The general workability of Shet’s and Zhinkin’s method for analysis of religious consciousness is demonstrated on the example Ignatius’ of Loyala “Spiritual Diary” that isn’t only the example of religious consciousness, but also is the specific method of religious comprehension. The general possibility of complex conclusions’ statements about “Spiritual Diary” problem is linked to the understanding of someone else’s consciousness as a possible object of phenomenological intuition and analysis inside Shpet’s concept of phenomenology. The inner consistency of Shpet’s and Zhinkin’s synthetic method gives us a chance to state it as the possible ideological framework for future interdisciplinary investigations of religious consciousness.
The Schism in the Mariavite Church of Poland
Authors:   Natalia V. Avdeeva Higher School of Economics, Avdeev Natalia V. a
Published: December 2020

Данная статья посвящена расколу в мариавитском движении в 1920–1930-х гг. Мариавиты – это польская религиозная группа, которая была осуждена Святым Престолом в 1906 году. После смерти основательницы мариавитизма Марии Козловской в мариавитском движении усилились мессианские настроения. Провозглашалась особая роль поляков в мире. Михаил Ковальский получил исключительно высокий статус в Мариавитской церкви. Он был влиятельным и до этого, а после смерти Козловской его власть стала безальтернативной. Ковальский принял титул архиепископа. Он ссылался на творения знаменитых польских поэтов и в определённой степени испытывал влияние идей «Серебряного века». Реформы архиепископа заключались в провозглашении исключительной роли поляков, которые должны были стать образцовыми христианами, появлении «мистических браков», женского священства и некоторых других нововведениях. Большинство из них оказались слишком радикальными (за исключением мессианизма, оказавшегося приемлемым для умеренных мариавитов). Реформы проводились в авторитарной манере. Кроме того, Ковальский был обвинён в аморальном поведении. В 1935 г. большинство мариавитов выбрало новым лидером Филипа Фельдмана. Мариавитская церковь утратила единство. В статье анализируются ключевые аспекты реформ. Кроме того, демонстрируется разнообразие польского католицизма.
On the History of the Spread of Protestantism on the Korean Peninsula at the End of the 19th – the Beginning of the 20th Centuries
Authors:   Sergei A. Sevriugin Academy of Korean Studies, Sevriugin Sergei A.
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a multilateral analysis of the penetration process of Protestantism on the Korean Peninsula. For the first time in Russian historiography, the methods of missionary activity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were studied. Using these techniques, Western missionaries instilled their teachings not only in China and Japan, but also with even greater success in Korea. Protestant and especially Presbyterian missionary centers, created during the period of the political and economic turmoil, became a shelter for the lower strata of Korean society. Thanks to them, numerous schools and hospitals appeared. Korean youth, regardless of gender and origin, had the opportunity to receive elementary general education and English lessons along with Bible study
Modern Technology in the Practices of Necromancy
Authors:   Anastasiia A. Novikova Russian Christian Academy of the Humanities, Novikova Anastasiia A.
Published: December 2020

This article deals with the new forms of communication with the dead which appeared in our modern world as a result of technical progress. These are the contact forms based on using a lot of different technical devices, such as photo, audio and, less often, video ones. Most of them are based both on socalled Electronic Voice Phenomenon, “discovered” in the 1960s by Friedrich Jurgenson and spiritualistic photography which was very popular in the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. In the 1917s, all of these types of communications were named “instrumental transcommunication”. The article observes the main methods and process content of instrumental transcommunication, justification of this phenomenon by its researchers, relations between the roles of operator and devices’ functions in this process. The author also considers the researchers’ world view for justification of their experiences and results, relations of modern methods with the ones used by spiritualism followers, and purposes set by the people who practice different methods of instrumental transcommunication. The author pays attention to source of specified methods and changes which occurred in separate ways of communication with the dead, their appearance, and their use by Russian researches in our time. The paper questions the possibility of assignment of this way of communication with the dead to necromantic practice, and of relation of the practicing communities to mystical and esotherical ones. Consideration of all of these questions is important for understanding the changes which we see in traditional magic practice depending on technical progress in modern society
The Phenomenon of Sabbatarianism: Nature, Types, and Brief History
Authors:   Tatiana I. Khizhaya Vladimir State University n.a. Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs, Khizhaya Tatiana I.
Published: December 2020

The article focuses on the analysis of Sabbatarianism, i.e. on clarifying the meaning of the term, identifying various kinds of this phenomenon, as well as researching its history. The topicality of the work stems from both uncertainty of the definitions of the concept under consideration and the lack of works in Russian religious studies that deal with the problem of Sabbatarianism. During the study the author comes to the conclusion that the term “Sabbatarianism” is polysemantic. First, it implies special attention to the fourth commandment of the Decalogue in the Christian tradition, in which, since the period of the early Church, there were different practices of observing the first and/or the seventh day of the week in the East and West of the Christian world. Second, we call Sabbatarian specific religious movements that emerged in Europe during the Modern Era and had genetic connection with the Reformation. The author divides them into Christian (Protestant) and Judaizing, noting the challenge and even the failure of differentiating between both in some cases. The first type is subdivided, in turn, into the First-day Sabbatarians, who did not constitute a particular religious movement, and the Seventh-day ones, who made up separate Protestant denominations. The secon type includes sects that are guided to varying degrees by the Old Testament texts. The study of the Judaizers’ history reveals that their genesis is correlated to the Radical Reformation. They arose among the Anabaptists, Unitarians and Puritans, forming an ultraradical stream in the religious scene of the Modern Era. At the same time, these movements were often millenarian. The most vivid model of Judaizing Sabbatarianism was the phenomenon of Transylvanian Sabbath keepers, who evolved from the Protestant Anti-Trinitarians to the Orthodox Jews. The paper is the first attempt at a special research on the phenomenon of Sabbatarianism in Russian religious studies. Its results are significant for understanding the history of the Reformation, various religious trends within the latter (especially radical), as well as the relationship between Christianity and Judaism.