bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tools for Oil Spill Response Waste Management and Logistic Support – Field Exercises Testing the RFID Technology and QR Codes
Authors: Halonen Justiina , Altarriba Elias , Kuosa Maunu
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT ID 687464

An oil spill reaching ashore may generate massive amounts of oiled waste as oil contaminates soil, vegetation and floating debris. The resulting volume of oiled waste may be multiple compared with the original volume of spilt oil. The Finnish authorities responsible for the oil spill response in nearshore waters have calculated that the target scenario, to which the national and regional contingency plans should respond, is an oil spill of 30 000 tonnes resulting in over 500 000 tonnes of oily wastes. Safe and efficient handling of that waste volume requires a thorough pre-planning. As the capacities of the waste disposal facilities are mainly measured up to the domestic wastes, temporary arrangements will be necessary. Further, in order to maximize the differentiated capacities of each available disposal plant, the wastes should be segregated. Segregation also decreases the costs related to the final disposal. In Finland, where the coastline is ragged and, in some places, difficult to access, the logistic chain of wastes may consist of several stages and transportation modes. The complexity of the transportation chain combined with the requirement of segregation will challenge the waste management during an incident. Therefore, contingency plans are developed to include also site-specific logistic plans with pre-defined transportation and storage points. In addition, easy-to-use segregation guidelines are produced using colour codes for different waste types together with the inserted Quick Response (QR) codes to provide segregation instructions. To keep track on the segregated waste units, the Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology might provide a useful option. This paper examines the usability of RFID tracking in oil spill response waste management. The observations are based on field exercises aiming to study the benefits of technology using RFID tags and RFID readers. The aim of the exercises was also to determine the quality and quantity of the data needed to be stored on tags in different transportation scenarios. In addition, this paper introduces the QR segregation guideline and its interoperability with the identification and tracking technology tested.
Supervision of Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Production and the Independence of Regulators as a Response to Major Accidents
Authors: Nieves-Zárate Margarita
Published: December 2021

This article analyzes the reforms of offshore oil and gas (O&G) regulators in the United Kingdom (the UK), Norway, the United States of America (the USA), and the Netherlands after major accidents in the industry. The reforms introduced a measure to make regulators more independent, and to avoid conflicts of interest by separating economic and risk regulation. This research calls such measure “the functional separation criterion”. In order to identify what makes a regulator independent, this research goes beyond the offshore O&G industry to analyze the theory of independent regulators developed in the field of public administration. This approach evidences that, in contrast to the understanding of independent regulators used in the offshore O&G industry, the independence of regulators in the field of public administration is a multidimensional concept. A multidimensional assessment of the independence of offshore O&G regulators reveals findings that remain hidden if one uses a single and limited approach such as the functional separation criterion.
How Industry Collaboration Can Manage an Effective Source Control Emergency Response
Authors: Burroughs James , Myers Andy R
Published: December 2021

Responding to a Source Control event requires a significant amount of resources, both in terms of engineering complexity and skilled personnel. The pool of available hardware is ever increasing, not only in quantity but in operational complexity. Service providers store and maintain a range of equipment, including capping stacks, subsea dispersant application tooling, technology to allow landing of capping stacks in shallow water and flowback systems. To mount a response, it is highly likely that these assets would be mobilised from various global locations. It would also require the support from many organisations with expertise in various fields. Industry has invested significantly in workshops and exercises to test and continuously improve the service provisions in place. This paper aims to: Re-visit industry led source control exercises completed to date and identify the impact they have had on preparednessDiscuss key developments industry is taking to tackle complex planning activity, including regional expertise forumsWork through the core subjects that require industry collaboration to develop a successful Source Control Emergency Response Plan (SCERP - detailed below)

Industry led exercises & workshops have identified several key items that require detailed analysis to develop a successful SCERP: Response Time Modelling – understanding and planning complex supply chain requirementsResource mapping – identifying global experts who can provide engineering, modelling and operational supportMutual aid – in the event of a mobilisation, how can industry work together to ensure the most experienced people can work collaborativelyEquipment fabrication – whilst there is a range of hardware available, certain scenarios will require the fabrication of specific equipment. How can this be managed and pre-planned?Exercising and testing – how can the above subjects be effectively tested, with industry maximising experience and ensuring continuous development of lessons learned

This paper will explore the steps industry has taken to methodically work through these challenges to ensure that preparedness remains a high priority. The range of industry developed guidelines that have also been developed to act as a handrail for planning purposes will be discussed.

Whilst planning and executing Source Control exercises can take a significant amount of time and investment, the lessons learned, and experience gained is invaluable not only directly to industry, but wider support organisations (i.e. logistics providers). It is paramount that these lessons are built on and the experience gained is maintained for the future.
Development of the Inland Estimated Recovery System Potential (ERSP) Calculator
Authors: Balsley Alexander , McGrath Gabrielle G. , Rowe Jill , Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , Joeckel John
Published: December 2021

Mechanical oil spill recovery response planning currently depends on an equation contained in regulations which assigns an oil removal capability value to an individual oil skimmer. The Effective Daily Recovery Capacity (EDRC) calculator, the current planning standard oil spill recovery planning calculation method, depends solely on a prescribed percentage of the skimmer's nameplate capacity. EDRC came under heavy scrutiny as an inadequate means for vessel and facility plan holders to calculate their oil spill equipment needs in the wake of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident. EDRC's calculation omitted factors such as the encounter rate and onboard storage of skimmers.

These limitations led the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) to develop a new calculator called the Estimated Recovery System Potential (ERSP) calculator in collaboration with the United States Coast Guard (USCG). ERSP is an oil encounter rate-based calculator that evaluates mechanical recovery equipment as a complete “system” as opposed to focusing on an individual component such as the skimmer capacity or an intake pump. This calculator incorporated the previously neglected factors such as decreasing oil thickness over time, swath width of skimmers, speed of the skimmers relative to the oil spill, oil/water separability, pump rate, onboard fluid storage, and transition time. Although ERSP appears to significantly improve mechanical recovery planning for offshore and nearshore skimming operations, USCG recognized that it may not be applicable for the inland operating environments where large numbers of oil spills occur. The USCG Research and Development Center (RDC) initiated a project to conduct research into oil spill response planning factors for the inland operational environment.

RDC and RPS Group (Project Team) interviewed numerous governmental, industry, and Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) subject matter experts to gain a broad perspective on this tool, what factors were critical to include, and how best to implement the tool. These interviews and further research led to the creation of the Inland ERSP Calculator conceptual model. Employing a system-based approach, the conceptual model provides the relationship between these factors and the ways in which they contribute into the calculator's estimation of oil spill recovery capacity. The Project Team presents this Inland ERSP Calculator conceptual model as consideration for regulatory implementation as a planning tool. It may improve planning capabilities for oil spill events in inland environments.
Quantified Exposures from Potential Deepwater Releases for Comparative Risk Assessment of Oil Spill Response Options Including Dispersant Use
Authors: French-McCay Deborah , Crowley Deborah , Rowe Jill , Bock Michael , Robinson Hilary , Wenning Richard , Walker Ann Hayward
Published: December 2021

The goal of oil spill response is to mitigate the overall impacts of spilled oil on ecological and socioeconomic resources. Surface and subsea dispersant applications are effective tools that remain controversial after decades of research and discussion. The tradeoff that dispersants potentially increase effects on water column and benthic communities while reducing floating and nearshore/shoreline oil exposure is recognized, but inevitably are qualitatively considered when subjectivity and stakeholder interests prevail. To be objective and transparent, we developed a quantitative approach using oil spill modeling to evaluate response alternatives in a Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) framework where the fractions of resources potentially exposed are compared, along with their recovery potential. The model quantifies exposure as water surface area, shoreline area and water volume exposed above thresholds of concern, multiplied by duration of exposure, in each environmental compartment. These exposure metrics (i.e., area-days or volume-days) are multiplied by relative densities across the environmental compartments to evaluate the fractions of the resources exposed in each modeled scenario. The fractions of resources exposed, along with their recovery potential, inform decisionmakers using a Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA) approach with quantitative estimates of potential consequences, which they may consider along with stakeholder values.

Previously, we evaluated a deepwater blowout in the Gulf of Mexico, assuming no intervention or various response options (mechanical recovery, in-situ burning, surface dispersant application, and subsea dispersant injection [SSDI]). The findings were that inclusion of SSDI reduced human and wildlife exposure to volatile organic compounds; dispersed oil into a large water volume at depth; enhanced biodegradation; and reduced surface water, nearshore and shoreline exposure to floating oil and entrained/dissolved oil in the upper water column. Tradeoffs included increased exposures at depth. However, since organisms are less abundant at depth, overall exposure of valued ecosystem components was minimized by use of SSDI. Follow-up modeling shows the benefits of SSDI are due to reduction of the oil droplet sizes released to the water column. Droplet sizes are sensitive to oil and gas release rates, release depth, orifice size and dispersant-to-oil ratio. The exposure metrics resulting from a matrix of scenarios varying these inputs and response actions are expected to be generally representative of the fate and behavior of oil and gas blowouts in the offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico, as well as other regions with similar oceanographic conditions.
Cybersecurity in Oil Storage and Transportation
Authors: Klarmann Christopher
Published: December 2021

Cyber threats to the oil and gas industry have been existent in one form or another for as long as computing and networking systems have utilized to increase the efficiency of production and transportation operations. The number of systems that are utilizing internet-connected technology to aid the industry has risen dramatically over the past 20 years, seeing use on exploration, management of production systems, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and supply chain management. As the number of available exploits and attacks against these systems increases over time, it is more necessary than ever to ensure that cybersecurity is in facility and vessel plans. Incorporating cybersecurity measures into the existing security framework will be critical to ensuring that malicious actors do not impact communities and the environment through destructive attacks upon production and transportation. This paper will provide a look at the impact cyberattacks may have on the safe production, storage, and transportation of oil, as well as provide insight as to what industry standards and legal proposals exist to ensure that industry partners are operating securely throughout the US.
Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment Case Study: Dispersants Use in Shallow Waters of Northern Caspian Sea
Authors: Broje Victoria , Utegen Nazgul
Published: December 2021

Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) and Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA), a broader version of NEBA, are structured approaches used by response decision-makers and stakeholders during oil spill preparedness and response to compare available oil spill response options and identify those that have best potential to reduce environmental and socio-economic impacts and facilitate fastest recovery. The process comprises four stages: evaluate data, predict outcomes, balance trade-offs and select the best response options. This paper describes a case study of Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment conducted for shallow waters of North Caspian Sea. As a part of this analysis several steps were undertaken: - Environmental conditions in the area were characterized and critical environmental and socio-economic resources were identified;- Trajectory modeling was conducted for different seasons to evaluate oil fate and behavior with and without response techniques;- Impacts of a base scenario (no response) was compared to impacts of scenarios where different response techniques were used;- SIMA methodology was used to rank response techniques based on their ability to minimize environmental and socio-economic impacts;- Optimal combination of response options for each scenario was selected.

This case study demonstrated how SIMA methodology could be applied even in challenging locations requiring careful analysis of environmental and socio-economic tradeoffs to ensure that selection of response strategies is supported by best available science.
Oil Spill Preparedness and Response: Building the Capacity to Protect Public Welfare and Support Community Resilience
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , McKinnon LCDR Renee , Ritchie Liesel , Gill Duane , Hasenaeur Terry , Giese John
Published: December 2021

Some oil spills become disastrous for communities who live and work in proximity of the spill, even when a disaster is not formally declared. For decades, social science researchers have reported the negative impacts of such oil spills on communities, but their findings remain in the literature and have not resulted in improvements to oil spill preparedness and response practice.

Effective response to an oil spill which has the potential to become a social disaster requires leaders in emergency management to proactively address spill threats to public welfare in addition to stopping the release of oil and cleaning up the spill. To accomplish this, the oil spill community could proactively engage stakeholders at the grass-roots level to share information, address questions and concerns through risk communication, and include inputs for pre-spill planning. The capacity to engage with vulnerable communities and stakeholders before, during, and after an oil spill is one measure of a successful response.

This paper is a collaborative effort among oil spill specialists, social science researchers, and community members on the Eastern Shore of Virginia to prepare for a serious oil spill and mitigate its potential threats. This remote area of global ecological significance is highly vulnerable to an offshore persistent oil spill that could negatively impact the way of life of many community members who depend upon the environment. Prior to this effort, community members were not engaged in oil spill preparedness. A subcommittee of the Virginia Area Committee sought community input in developing a new annex of the Area Contingency Plan. This effort engaged non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, watermen, local governmental agencies, and others on the Eastern Shore, recognizing the importance of two-way communications with stakeholders, rather than one-way outreach. In addition, social scientists who have studied major spills identify opportunities to adapt oil spill practices and help communities recover from potential psychosocial and incident-specific impacts.

The community aspects of the new annex were exercised during a 4-day, full-scale Area Exercise under Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP), along with other pre-exercise activities, to support public welfare and community resiliency. Through this work, the authors demonstrate adaptations to strengthen incident management by leveraging networks of trusted relationships developed during planning with local government, elected officials, and communities.
Oil Spill Fate and Trajectory Simulation for Sierra Leone's Offshore Exploration Basin, Using the Savanah-1X Well as the Focal Point
Authors: Bintu Momoh Sebay Janet , Bassey Bassey Okon
Published: December 2021

The demand for crude oil and petroleum products have subsequently led to an increase in the likelihood of occurrence of oil spills. It is therefore imperative to understand the impacts of these spills on humans and the environment. Developing appropriate oil spill response and remediation techniques can be achieved by understanding the fate and likely trajectory of different types of oils, once they come in contact with the sea surface. Though still at the nascent stage of oil and gas exploration, the Sierra Leone basin is known to hold large undeveloped hydrocarbon reserves which are being exploited with the aim of contributing to national development. With the availability of oil spill modelling tools, and owing to the fact that environmental conditions vary over time, there is the need to carry out routine studies on the likely behavior of a spill offshore Sierra Leone. This study aims to develop a prediction model that would aid in understanding the fate, trajectory and uncertainties of oil spilled on Sierra Leone waters in the dry, rainy, and harmattan seasons. In order to analyze the trajectory of a spill in the Sierra Leone basin, the GNOME software was used. Furthermore, ADIOS2 was also employed to analyze the weathering processes of the spill. The results obtained from GNOME showed that during the dry and rainy seasons, approximately 15% of oil would be stranded on the shores of Sierra Leone, within three – five days. Owing to the permanently warm water temperatures in the Gulf of Guinea basin, a high percentage of the oil is expected to evaporate and disperse within few days of the spill. The weathering models from ADIOS2 reveal that 34% of oil would be lost to evaporation in the dry season, and 36% and 38% will be lost in the rainy and harmattan seasons respectively. Furthermore, it can be seen that dispersion accounts for 2.5% of oil lost in the dry season, 7.8% during the rainy season and 6.2% in the harmattan period. Within 5-days, ADIOS2 reveals a stable water-in-oil emulsion, leading to an increase in viscosity and density. Airborne benzene concentration is expected to be high on the first day of the spill, but would decrease as the days go by. Based on these results, it is recommended that oil spill response personnel are professionally trained, and equipment must be available to respond to spills in a timely and efficient manner.
A Comparison between Chemical and Natural Dispersion of a North Sea Oil-spill
Authors: Thomas Gareth E , McGenity Terry J , Zeinstra-Helfrich Marieke , McKew Boyd A
Published: December 2021

The application of dispersants to an oil-slick is a key remediation tool and thus understanding its effectiveness is vital. Two in situ oil slicks were created in the North Sea (off the coast of The Netherlands), one left to natural processes whilst dispersant (Slickgone NS) was applied to the other. GC-MS analysis of seawater from the surface slick, and at 1.5 and 5 m below the slick, revealed only two samples with measurable hydrocarbons (221 ± 92 μg ml−1 seawater), from the surface of the “Slickgone Dispersed” oil-slick ~25.5 hours after oil-slick formation, which was likely due to environmental conditions hindering sampling. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR and amplicon analysis revealed extremely limited growth of obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OHCB), detected at a relative abundance of <1×10-6 %. Furthermore, the Ecological Index of Hydrocarbon Exposure (EIHE) score, which quantifies the proportion of the bacterial community with hydrocarbon-biodegradation potential, was extremely low at 0.012 (scale of 0 – 1). This very low abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria at the time of sampling, even in samples with measurable hydrocarbons, could potentially be attributed to nutrient limitation (~25.5 hours after oil-slick creation total inorganic nitrogen was 3.33 μM and phosphorus was undetectable). The results of this study highlight a limited capacity for the environment, during this relatively short period, to naturally attenuate oil.
Numerical and Experimental Study of the Thermal Efficiency of an Air-Soil Heat Exchanger in the Sahelian Zone
Authors: Kaboré Boureima , Ouedraogo Germain Wende Pouiré , Ouedraogo Adama , Kam Sié , Bathiebo Dieudonné Joseph
Published: December 2021

In the Sahelian zone, air conditioning in house by air-soil heat exchangers is an alternative in the context of insufficient of electrical energy. In this work, we carried out a numerical and experimental study of thermal efficiency of an air-soil heat exchanger. This study provided an estimation of thermal efficiency of an experimental air-soil heat exchanger during June, July and August 2016. Numerical results provided a better understanding of the influence of parameters such as tube length, air velocity and soil temperature on the thermal efficiency of this system.
The Possibilities of Simultaneous Operation (SIMOPs) and Practicality of Positive Pressure Habitat in a Hazardous Industry: Where Process Safety Meets Occupational Hygiene
Authors: Osakwe Kennedy A.
Published: December 2021

High risk industrial facilities require operational shutdowns to undertake maintenance activities when the interaction between maintenance activities and facility processes are potentially explosive. This study presents a model that circumvents this interaction thereby enabling simultaneous operations flammable hydrocarbon facility while hot work progresses. A mixed study in which qualitative data on Simultaneous Operation (SIMOPs) of a hydrocarbon facility, hot work and deployment of Positive Pressure Habitat were generated through a walk-through survey. Quantitative data on the exposures within and around the hot work activities were generated using air quality monitor to measure the concentration of welding particulates, portable ozone meter used to measure the ozone level, sound level meter to measure ambient noise level, personal noise dosimeter to measure personal noise level, Multi-gas Meter. While concentrations of chemical parameter, temperature, relative humidity, habitat pressure were not in exceedance of exposure limits; the average noise level and particulate matter (PM) 2.5 within the habitat were 87 – dB(A) and 65 µg/m3 respectively. The exceedances in noise and PM2.5 level was mitigated using hearing protection, respirator and local exhaust ventilation (LEV). A simultaneous operation involving live hydrocarbon facility and hot works was achieved using the Positive Pressure Habitat (PPH) as a buffer between flammable work environment and thermal energy emitted from hot work activities. Chemical pollutants were introduced by maintenance activities within the habitat but was however mitigated through occupational hygiene measures. This study validates the possibility of simultaneous operation in the event of two mutually explosive scenarios with the aid of process safety equipment’s and occupational hygiene measurements and control measures. Globally, downtimes in high risk industries occasioned by maintenance activities could be prevented by deploying process safety and occupational hygiene control strategies concurrently.
Assessment of Milk Consumption and Lactose Intolerance among Self Perceived Lactose Intolerant Student of Abia State Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria
Authors: Elekwachi O. E. , Afam-Anene O. C. , Asinobi C. O.
Published: December 2021

Objective: The study assessed milk consumption and prevalence of lactose intolerance among self-perceived lactose intolerant students of Abia State Polytechnic, Aba.

Subject and Methods: The study involved 121 self-reported lactose intolerants students from which 76 students with confirmed cases of lactose intolerant were selected from two purposively selected departments namely: Food Science and Technology (F.S.T) and Hospitality Management Technology (H.M.T) Abia State Polytechnic Aba. Questionnaires were used to collect information on dairy consumption and self- perceived intolerance to milk; while milk tolerance test was used to investigate the incidence of lactose tolerance among the student

Results: The result shows that self-perceived lactose intolerance was higher (89%) than the estimated prevalence of (79%) among the students. The majority of the students consumed milk and dairy products, with percentages of 100%, 82%, 72%, and 100% for milk, ice cream, yoghurt, and flavored dairy products, respectively. The frequency and serving portions consumed per day were small. The percentages were 24%, 17%, 16%, and 15% for milk, ice cream, yoghurt, and flavored dairy products, respectively. None of the subjects consumed up to 2 serving of milk per day.

Conclusion: The result shows that a high percentage of the students still consume milk and dairy products, irrespective of their lactose intolerance. This suggests that lactose intolerance could not stop the subjects from consuming milk and dairy products. The low frequency of daily consumers of milk and dairy products coupled with small portion sizes of milk and dairy products indicates that dairy consumption among the subjects was poor and inappropriate. Inappropriate consumption of milk and dairy products would fail to meet the nutritional needs of the consumer.
Tanzanian Bat Guano as an Alternative Source of Phosphorus for Organic Rice Production
Authors: Hatibu Asha Ally , Shitindi Mawazo Jamson , Marwa Ernest Melkiory
Published: December 2021

Many tropical and subtropical soils are low in phosphorus. This is partly because of excessive weathering, high phosphorous (P) fixation rates, and low P levels in soil parent materials. Continuous removal of P from soils by crops, coupled with limited application of P fertilizers, is also among the contributing factors for low P in soils. Phosphorus is among the most limiting macronutrient in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of bat guano collected from Kisarawe (BGK-A and BGK-B) and Sukumawera caves (BGS) in Tanzania. The screen-house experiment at the Sokoine University of Agriculture was designed as a 4 × 6 factorial experiment conducted as a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Guano and triple superphosphate (TSP) were used as standard fertilizer at six P application rates. The yield of rice in response to applied TSP was comparable to applied guano but in the order TSP > BGK-A > BGS > BGK-B. All parameters increased with an increase in applied amounts of P from guano and TSP. Besides this study revealed the significant (P = .05) interaction between P sources and P rates on plant height (PH), micronutrient concentration and dry matter (DM).  The study showed the correlation between grain yield (GY) and other crop components of dry matter (DM), the number of panicles (NP), Panicle height (PAH), plant height (PH) and number of tillers (NT). A significant and positive correlation was found for the GY-DM (r = 0.58, P = .05), GY-PAH (r = 0.65, P < .001), and GY-NT (r = 0.420, P = 0.1). But strong positive correlation was found between GY-PH (r = 0.76, P < .001) and GY-NP (r = 0.84, P < .001). It was concluded that studied guanos can be used as an alternative source of P, especially for   smallholder farmers.
Callus Induction, Regeneration and Establishment of Rice Plant from Mature Embryo
Authors: Alam Khan Nazmul , Uddin Md. Imtiaz , Rana Md. Shohel , Jahan Nusrat , Sumi Mirana Akhter , Rashid M. Harun-or
Published: December 2021

Plant growth regulators were used to test callus induction and in vitro regeneration in six rice genotypes (RM-AC-2, BRRI dhan89, BRRI dhan88, Nipponbare, Koshihikari and Zenshan97). Four different concentrations (1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/L) of 2,4-D for callus induction and three different concentrations (1,2 and 3 mg/L) of NAA with three doses (5,10 and 15 µ/L) of kinetin for callus regeneration were used to test the effect of plant growth regulators. This study found a high callus induction on MS medium enriched with 2 mg/L 2, 4-D. In cases of RM-AC-2, BRRI dhan89, BRRI dhan88, Nipponbare, Koshihikari and Zenshan97, callus induction frequencies were 92.7%, 87.8%, 84.6%, 82.9%, 86.2% and 62.9%, respectively. In the regeneration, it was found that an MS medium enriched with 2 g/L Kinetin and 10 µm/L NAA has the ability to induce increased regeneration of different rice varieties (RM-AC-2 (72.4%), BRRI dhan89 (66.9%), BRRI dhan88 (62.5%), Nipponbare (63.3%), Koshihikari (48%) and Zenshan97 (39.6%). From the regenerated plants, one plant of the RM-AC-2 genotype availed to complete its life cycle and generated 32 effective tillers and yielded 89g. This rice plant is very promising for high yielding rice variety development program in Bangladesh. The improved callus development and regeneration ability of this genotype might be helpful for future rice variety development and genetic transformation program.
The Construction and Practice of the Right of Residence System from the Perspectives of China
Authors: Chungang Miao
Published: December 2021

In the history of civil law, the residence right system, as a representative of human servitude, originated from Roman law and continued to develop in the "French Civil Code" and "German Civil Code". Based on the differences between Chinese and Western social and cultural traditions, Japanese civil law did not accept the human servitude system in the initial legal inheritance, and modern Chinese civil law also abandoned the human servitude system based on similar cultural value judgments. With the major changes in social life, based on the response to real social needs, the "Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" created a system of residency rights. This article uses the comparative method to study the historical evolution of the housing rights system, and explore the legal and cultural roots behind the establishment of the system. At the same time, with the help of typical cases, it analyzes the practice of the right of residence after the promulgation of the Civil Code and discusses the legal perfection of the right of residence system. This article points out the unpaid nature of the right of residence, which can easily hinder the development and effectiveness of the right of residence system. In the future judicial practice, we need to expand the interpretation of the law, expand the scope of the right of residence, and expand the legal function of the right of residence system, so as to make full use of social resources to meet the public's housing needs.
Pronunciation of Indonesian Language Consonant by Students with Autism in Bintang Harapan Special Needs School: A Psycholingustic Analysis
Authors: Utami Khilda , Darmayanti Nani , Amalia Rosaria Mita , Sidiq Inu Isnaeni
Published: December 2021

This study is entitled “Pronunciation of Indonesian Language Consonant by Students with Autism in Bintang Harapan Special Needs School: A Psycholinguistic Analysis”. The aim of this research is to describe the pronunciation of Indonesian Language Consonant by students with Autism in Bintang Harapan Special Needs School in Bandung, Indonesia. This research utilized qualitative data analysis with case study approach. The data was collected by observing students in Special Needs School of Bintang Harapan followed by recording and note-taking techniques as well as interviewing teachers and parents. Theories used in this research include psycholinguistic and phonological theories related to language acquisition. The research results show that there is alteration of consonants in [p], [t], [k], [g], [ñ], [ŋ], [l], [f], [v], and [z]; deletion of consonants [n], [ŋ], and [r]; and appearance of consonants [h] and [?]. However, the student has a good articulation compared to other students in the school. This was driven by family support, namely when he was a child, he was more often required to speak by his parents.
Nature-based Learning Analysis in the Nature School of Early Childhood Education-Barokallah Samarinda
Authors: Sjamsir Hasbi , ani Yuli
Published: December 2021

This study aims to describe the planning, implementation, and assessment of natural school-based learning in Early Childhood Education-Barokallah Samarinda. The research method used is qualitative research. Data collection techniques are through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and field notes. The data analysis technique used is the interactive flow model of Miles and Huberman (1994), by collecting data, reducting data, presenting data, and verifying or concluding. The credibility test uses data validity through triangulation. The results showed that 1) Nature-based learning planning in Early Childhood Education-Barokallah Samarinda, namely determining Basic Competence, determining teaching materials, learning activities, tools, and materials used to carry out activities. 2) Implementation of nature-based learning in Early Childhood Education-Barokallah, through playing ground. Nature-based learning is carried out in the classroom or outside the classroom and children learn about nature, using nature, and being with nature. 3) Evaluation of nature-based learning in Early Childhood Education-Barokallah uses assessment through observation, anecdotal notes, and portfolios.
Abu Hafs Al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH / 1142 CE) (Historical Study)
Authors: Ali Badr Dr. Sally , - -
Published: December 2021

The research dealt with the biography of the jurist and historian Abu Hafs al-Nasafi, who was known thanks to him, his knowledge and his asceticism, and the abundance of his works in various types of sciences, literature and arts, which amounted to more than one hundred works. As this Hanafi jurist is the owner of the first system in jurisprudence, and his work (al-Qand in the mention of the scholars of Samarkand) is among the most important printed sources that have been translated for the flags of the city of Samarkand and those who came to it and everyone who contacted its sheikhs or held an administrative position in it then showed their intellectual activity in that period, and he was a favored owner Great in highlighting the great role of the scholars of the city and those who came to it, their civilizational contributions and their effects on the city and the regions of the country beyond the river during the era of the Islamic caliphate. The subject of his translation explained the prosperity of Arab civilization and its cultural activity in the Islamic world from the ancient until the sixth century AH, so it was the high scientific status enjoyed by Abu Hafs Al-Nasafi as a jurist and historian, and Adeeb, motivated us to choose this topic.
Challenges to Parental Involvement in Children’s ESL Learning
Authors: Kamal Siti Soraya Lin Abdullah , Rahman Wan Afezah Wan Abdul , Ghani Faizah Abd.
Published: December 2021

This paper highlights the findings from the research question, namely: “How do the participating parents work with their children at home?” This is a qualitative study involving seven participating parents of struggling readers of ESL in a Malaysian primary classroom. Interviews were conducted to obtain information from the participants and data was inductively analysed encompassing a co-construction of meaning between the participants’ expressions and researcher’s own interpretation. Two major themes emerged from the data namely involvement; and challenges. In this paper, the results of one of the main themes developed, that is challenges will be discussed. This paper focuses on three types of challenges reported by the participating parents of this study which are “parents and family factors”, “school and teacher factors” and “child factors”. The findings of this study suggest some implications for the system surrounding struggling readers in the Malaysian context including strengthening home-school relationship and establishing educational program for parents.
The Ways to Teach Children in Decision Making based on Parents Educational Level
Authors: Muslimah Dr. , Rahman Abd. , anah Hamd , Mazrur Dr. , Tang Dr.S. Muhammad
Published: December 2021

Every parent worldwide wants their children to make decisions in dealing with problems and determine their future career; however, various things can influence them in making decisions during their growing up process. This study aims to find out how to train children aged 3-7 years to make decisions based on parents educational level in the City of Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, that is because teaching children in making decisions at a young age is an effort to teach kids to think ahead for the great choices in their lifetime. A qualitative descriptive design with a case study method was used to obtain information. Some eight families were chosen as the subject in this study based on the purposive sampling technique. The collection of the data is through observation and in-depth interviews. The researcher employed the triangulation technique to validate data by involving multiple sources such as interviewing the informant parents, teacher, and friends and observation to data gained from the interview. Data analysis is carried out by collecting data, reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. Parents with a low educational level tend to impose their children on decision making. Furthermore, parents with a middle educational level generally provide limited decisions and choices to their children—meanwhile, parents with higher educational levels training their children by promoting two-way communication.
Educational and Psychological Issues for Kids Education
Authors: Huy Dinh Tran Ngoc , Huong Le Thi Thanh , Hanh Do Thu Huong, Nguyen Thi Thuy , Sang Do Thi
Published: December 2021

Nowadays both parents and teachers in schools has been in charge of educating our kids and children from 2 to 6 ages in kindergarten in developing countries such as Viet Nam has been integrating into world and Western education method, and has been changing from traditional to modern education model. This papers use mainly qualitative analysis, synthesis and inductive methods and explanatory methods, combined with dialectical materialism methods. We propose suggestions for standardizing kid teachers, as well as lessons from Western education style and method. Teachers or kid instructors need to prepare well by lesson planning. This study also analyzes psychological issues in kid educating at kindergarten and at home for parent and teachers. For instance, we do not need to put heavy punishment, as a result from our work stress, on our children. Moreover, parents need to spend time for our children to understand and listen their needs and fulfill their emotions and emotional intelligence.
Social Networking Sites and Grammar Learning: The Views of Learners and Practitioners
Authors: Kumar Dr. Tribhuwan
Published: December 2021

This study examines the impact of online English Teachers' Stroking Behaviors on L2 grammar learning through online learning of L2 grammar for EFL learners. Sixty intermediate EFL learners were chosen for this reason and split randomly into three telegram groups. A researcher-made grammar test was administered as a pre-test prior to beginning the online course. For all three groups during one month, the determined grammar points were instructed in the same manner by one teacher. The instructor also used some pre-planned terms and phrases in the first category that suggested a positive conditional stimulation in her input during the teaching process. The researcher often used some per-planned terms and phrases with negative conditional stimulation for the next group, and the instructor provided the students with the input for the last group as the control group, suggesting no emotional themes. Another researcher-made grammar test was given as the post test for three groups at the final session. The findings showed that the positive verbal conditional stimulation of the teacher was substantially more efficient than the negative conditional stimulations; however, the negative ones were more efficient than no stimulation. Interview results revealed that, compared to receiving no stimulations, the participants prefer to receive stimulations from the instructor, including harmful ones.
Studying the Fifty Seven and the Fifty Eight Verse from Surah Alaraf in the Light of Text Attribution
Authors: Saadoon Abed Dr. Wurood , Mohammed Abhar Hadi
Published: December 2021

Attribution is considered as one of the means which helps to improve speech for it avoids the text from being scattered by gathering its parts and giving it cohesion and coherence. The research is built on studying the fifty seven and the fifty eight verse from surah Alaraf in the light of text Attribution and this required three demands the first one is showing the opinions of the explainers and the second is studying the means of text casting while the third demand was represented in the significance of the word (all). The most important results this study reached is that there was no use of pronoun with transference from third person singular into direct speech but instead of that this example shows returning to the speech of one of the addressee who is the prophet of god Mousses and also showed the effect of attribution in revealing interpreters opinions which was not shown before.
Restrictions on the Public Authority’s Right to Amend the Contributor Company Law (Comparative Study)
Authors: Musa Samah Jaafar , Habash Abhaar Hamid
Published: December 2021

Legislations gives away, including comparative legislation the Egyptian and Lebanese the field for companies including contributed companies in taking all what it deems appropriate of its own affairs, especially when the company goes through circumstances that require its process quickly and directly, provided that the company doesn't harm its interests if it does so including the interests of the country and it's partners and those who involved with it, therefore, the comparative legislation restricted the company to some of the restrictions mentioned in clear texts, accordingly the study of this research came in order to find out what may happen to the company of cases, and what are these cases and the restrictions of it's cases. For that the research abstracted to the foundation of legal regulation in the Egyptian and Lebanese legislations, recapture the company at the amendment and it's restrictions that have been considered the rights of contributory and those dealing with it from others, but this regulation contains some of ambiguity specially concerning of the rights and obligations of the companies contributory, in time that there is no foundation for such texts at Iraqi legislation. So we call the Iraqi legislator to restrict the right of contribution companies when amendment it's contract or it's order at clear texts that effect on the company then on national economy because these companies considered one of the best businesses supporting the economy companies and for every one who contributed and dealt with it.
Social Behavior of University Students in the Educational Sphere in the Rostov Region and the Republic of Crimea: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Zaytseva Anastasiya Andreevna
Published: December 2021

The present article examines the specificity of social behavior of students of two regions – the Rostov Region and the Republic of Crimea. The notions of education as a terminal and instrumental value, attitudes towards academic mobility practices, the implementation of such practices, and motives are studied as the foundations of differences between the regions. The methodological construct is developed based on the theoretical approaches of A.V. Lubskii on mental programs, the value approach of M. Rokeach, the neo-institutional approach of D. North, and the activity approach in the study of social practices. The comparative analysis of two questionnaires allows concluding that the specificity of social behavior of the citizens of Crimea lies in a lesser focus on high financial income as a result of obtaining education, lower attitudes towards intra-Russian mobility, the awareness of the peninsula’s closedness to international mobility due to the lack of financial capabilities, and high support for classical versus online learning. The number of educational practices realized by students is much lower in Crimea compared to the Rostov Region. This finding shows the need to introduce such opportunities for students in the peninsula’s system of higher education.
Factors Influencing Employee Satisfaction of Educational Institutions
Authors: Sankar Jayendira P , Kesavan V.E. , Kalaichelvi R. , Alqahtani Mufleh Salem M. , Abumelha May Abdulaziz , John Jeena Ann
Published: December 2021

Generally speaking, education plays a potential role in shaping the economy. Like other organizations and education, employee development initiatives play a vital role in employee satisfaction. Therefore, this paper aims to study the influence of employee development on employee satisfaction in the education sector. Employee development is attached to empowerment, motivation, and training as independent variables. The data collected from 261 sample respondents from the education institutions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To prove the construct's hypothesis, SmartPLS 3.3.2 was utilized to analyze the measurement model and the structural model. Therefore, the study utilized the combinative PLS method that fulfills the characteristics of the model. Empowerment, motivation, and training were found to be conducive to employee satisfaction. Employee development (empowerment, motivation, and training) measures on employee satisfaction can help decision-makers emphasize their actions. The findings revealed that employee development positively influences employee satisfaction and commitment among employees in the education sector.