bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost Analysis of Oral Cancer Treatment in a Tertiary Care Referral Center in India
Authors: Ramireddy Jeba Karunya , Sundaram Daniel Sathiya , Chacko Rabin K
Published: August 2019

Introduction: As much as the number of oral cancer patients is a heavy burden to the health care system in India, so much is the economic burden to the patient and the relatives, especially in India where most do not have any financial cover for their medical expenditure. Objectives: To find out the approximate cost of treatment of oral cancer through various modalities, and calculate the proportion of direct and indirect expenses, and then identify the factors which would increase the indirect expenses so as to come up with recommendations which will reduce the indirect cost thereby reducing the financial burden to the patient.Methods: A retrospective observational study was done in a tertiary care center for cancer treatment and the direct cost (medical expense), indirect cost (non-medical expense) incurred by the patients, their economic status and source of fund for payment of the expenses were obtained. Results: The proportion of indirect cost was about 38.72% of the total cost for patients who underwent a single modality treatment with surgery, around 34.73% for a combination treatment with surgery and RT (Radiotherapy), about 79.63% for treatment with conventional Radiotherapy without surgery and about 49.61% for treatment with IMRT (Intensity Modulated Radio Therapy) without surgery. Availability of financial aid or cover is abysmally poor. The rate of discontinuance of treatment is also very high according to this study.Conclusion: The proportion of the indirect cost is very high and the total expenditure can be reduced by approximately 30% by following measures discussed in this article.
Post- operative Radiotherapy of Conjunctival Malignancies: A Series of 24 Cases
Authors: Belaïd Asma , Nasr Chiraz , Jmour Omar , Cherif Aziz , Kamoun Hajer , Mahjoubi Khalil , Abidi Rim , Yahiaoui Safia , Zarraa Semia , Yousfi Amani , Gargouri Walid , Bouguila Hedi , Besbes Mounir , Benna Farouk
Published: August 2019

Objective: To assess the results of post-operative radiation therapy in the management of incompletely resected conjunctival malignancies.Methods: In this retrospective case series, we reviewed the clinical records of all cases of conjunctival tumors treated with post-operative radiotherapy in the radiation oncology department of Salah Azaïz Institute of Tunis, from January 1990 to December 2015. We focused on clinico-pathological characteristics, treatment modalities and patients’ outcome.Results: Twenty four patients were enrolled in our study: 19 men and 5 women. The mean age of our patients was 54 years (range: 20 to 84). The mean basal diameter of the tumor was 11 mm (range 6 to 20 mm). The mean tumor thickness was 4 mm (range 1 to 15 mm). The most frequent histological type was squamous cell carcinoma in 23 cases. One patient had a malignant conjunctival fibrohistiocytoma. Radiation therapy was post-operative for positive or narrow surgical margins in all cases. Eighteen patients were treated with kilovoltage radiation therapy (KVRT). The mean delivered dose to the tumor bed was 64 Gy (range: 60 to 70 Gy). Four patients were treated with an association of KVRT and Strontium 90 plaque brachytherapy. Two patients were treated only with Strontium 90 plaque brachytherapy (2 fractions of 17 Gy). After a median follow-up of 110 months, 19 patients were alive with no evidence of local recurrence in 17 patients. Two patients had a local recurrence and were referred to surgery. Two patients were ost to follow up. The 5-year relapse free survival rate was 90.9%. Radiation-induced side effects were conjunctivitis, cataract, eye watering and glaucoma.Conclusion: Post-operative radiation therapy allows good local control with acceptable toxicities in conjunctival malignancies. Management of these tumors needs a broad collaboration between ophthalmologists and radiation oncologists, to allow a conservative treatment with the lowest rates of local recurrence.
Surveying Mutagenic and Anti-mutagenic Effects of Citrus Limon
Authors: Entezari Malihe , Majd Ahmad , Falahian Fathollah , Mehrabian Sedighe , Hashemi Mehrdad , Movafagh Abolfazl
Published: August 2019

Background and objective: Cancer is one of the main causes of mortality in the world and countless mutagenic chemical compound kill millions of cancer patients every year. Scientists are searching for natural foodstuff to prevent cancer. The present paper examines anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic effects of citrus lemon.Methodology: Human astrocytoma cancerous cell line was cultured in DMEM (Gibco) with FBS10% (fetal bovine serum), L-glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin at 37ºC for two days. Then the samples were treated with citrus lemon juice and biotic potential of cells was examined through the MTT method. Anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic effects of citrus lemon were studied through back mutation assessment standard method (Ames test). The test was done using Salmonella typhimurium strain (TA100) with the mutation in histidine operon that needs external histidine source. The strain creates the reverse colony in presence of carcinogenic agents (sodium azide). Findings: Based on the MTT method, human astrocytoma cancerous cell line demonstrated significant cellular death compared with the control groups (p<0.01). Ames test showed that the juice prevented back mutation and rate of inhibition, based on the anti-mutagenic effect, of half-ripen and ripen citrus lemon was 71.7% and 34.3% respectively. In addition, the anti-carcinogenic effect of half-ripen and ripen citrus lemon were 83.3% and 50% respectively. Conclusion: Anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic effects of citrus lemon were examined for the first time. The results showed that in this regard half-ripen citrus lemon was more effective than ripening citrus lemon.
Disruption of FGF2-Heparin-FGFR1 Complex Formation by Antiangiogenic Small Molecule Found In Silico
Authors: Mahdavi Mahdiyeh Sadat , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Sardari Soroush , Majidi Mohammad , Ghadam Mona
Published: August 2019

Background: Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) is one of the most potent proangiogenic proteins involving in tumor angiogenesis. Interaction of heparin with FGF2 and FGF2 receptor (FGFR1) form a ternary complex that is prerequisite for FGF2 proangiogenic activity. Therefore, this interaction can be an important target for inhibition of angiogenesis. Material and Method: In this study, we performed screening studies by computer-aided techniques to find a small molecule interfering with this interaction. Based on ionic interactions, we found seventeen small molecules which had the capability of angiogenic inhibition. According to important negative charge distances, benzene-1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic acids, known as Trimellitic acid (TMLA), was chosen. MTT viability test, real time PCR, tube formation assay, and Flowcytometry technique were used to evaluate TMLA effect. Results: Here, the viability of HUVECs was decreased following exposure to TMLA only at high concentrations. According to real time PCR, gene expression was dramatically decreased in comparison to negative control, indicating that TMLA is an effective agent on reduction of CD31 expression. At half maximal inhibitory concentration (13mM), TMLA inhibited HUVEC tube formation process. Annexin V-FITC / PI flow cytometry technique revealed that TMLA inhibitory effect was via apoptosis. Conclusion: With respect to findings of the present study, it is possible to extend FGF2 inhibitors with much specificity based on ionic interactions strategy.
Air Pollution and Breast Cancer in Iranian Women Living in Tehran Metropolis
Authors: Minaee Farima , Sohrabi Mohammad reza , Heidarnia Mohammad Ali , Mosavi Jarrahi Alireza
Published: August 2019

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the possible association between air pollution and breast cancer in women living in polluted urban areaMethods: A frequency (five years age group) matching case-control study was conducted among women living Tehran Metropolis. Ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) as an indicator of exposure to air pollution and particulate matter 10 (PM10) as a carcinogen were used as exposure. Concentrations of the two indicators for the residential address of cases and control for the last five years were obtained from office of Tehran Air Quality Control Bureau (TAQB). All subjects were interviewed by phone and information about other risk factors (hormonal, behavioral anthropometric, and socio-economics) were obtained. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratios adjusted for confounding variables. CO2 entered into in the model as a continuous variable and PM10 was categorized as PM10 ≤ 1 VS 1 < PM10.Results: A total of 300 cases and 270 controls participated in the study. The mean age for cases and controls were 51.93 and 51.45 years, respectively. The distribution of air pollution throughout the study area indicated a large variation from a minimum of zero (no detectable) to a value of 16165.2612 µg/m3 for CO2. This figures were 0.03441 to 8.3242 µg/m3 for PM10. In average cases tend to live in areas with higher pollution indicators than controls PM10 was (PM10 < 1 µg/m3 = 107), (1 < PM10 <2 µg/m3 = 83) and (PM10 > 2 µg/m3 = 97) for cases and (PM10 < 1 µg/m3 = 108), (1 < PM10 < 2 µg/m3 = 87) and (PM10 > 2 µg/m3 = 105) for controls. Also CO2 index was a significant different with control groups as mean was (3943.87±3.50 µg/m3) for controls and (3199.84±2.72 µg/m3) for cases (P-value= 0.03). logCO2 as general indicator of exposure to air pollution was not observed association with breast cancer (OR = 1.218 and CI 95% 1.000 to 1.000). subjects in the case and control groups had no signific nt difference in terms of the level of PM10 index (OR = 1.047 and CI 95% 1.005 to 7.278). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, risk of breast cancer increases in women with exposure to air pollution, which denotes air pollution as a potential risk factor of breast cancer.
The Effect of Time on Apoptosis Changes Following Ischemia-Reperfusion in Isolated Heart of Rats
Authors: Dostar Yusef , Gorjani Alireza , Hashemi Mehrdad , Rezapour Shahir Rambod
Published: August 2019

Background and objective: To study the time-dependent effects of ischemia – reperfusion on myocardium cells. Methodology: Male SD rats (270-330gr) were randomly grouped in four groups of 10 in an experimental study. After anesthesia using pentobarbital sodium (50-60 IP-kg/mg) the rats’ hearts in the treatment groups were isolated immediately and connected to langendorff apparatus with krebs solution at 37ºC and a fixed pressure. During stabilization, 30m ischemia and 60, 90, and 120min reperfusion was carried out on the hearts. Hearts of the control group remained intact. Immunhistochemistry of apoptotic cells was performed using TUNEL POD Kit and positive TUNEL myocardium cells of each group, in five microscopic view fields, was counted. The results were represented as mean ± SD. Findings: Apoptotic cell counts in control group was 1±0.4, and this figure in the treatment groups T/60min, T/90min, and T/120min was 2.0±0.5, 3.0±0.3, and 6.0±0.3 respectively. Comparison between the treatment groups and control group was carried out using one-way ANOVA and the results showed no significant difference between the groups T/90min and T/120min and the groups T/60 and control (p>0.05). However, the differences between the groups T/120min and T/60min (p<0.001) and groups T/120min and T/90min (p<0.01) was significant. Conclusion: The study showed that ischemia-reperfusion time can be effective on apoptotic changes of myocardium cells of heart.
An Experimental Study on Apoptosis in Lymphoid Tissues of SPF Chicken after Avian Influenza Serotypes H9N2 Infection
Authors: Doustar Yusef , Troughi Reza , Hashemi Mehrdad , Mohajeri Daryoush , Movafagh Abolfazl
Published: August 2019

Background and purpose: Influenza virus induces cell death in animals and human through necrosis and apoptosis. The present study is an attempt to experimentally examine the type of cell death in lymphoid tissue of chicken infected by avian influenza serotype H9N2 (A/chicken/Iran/772/2000). Methodology: Twenty SPF three weeks old chickens were grouped in two identical groups. The treatment group was infected by influenza virus (0.2ml, dilution 1:10, titration EID 50 107.5) and the control group received saline serum of the same volume through intranasal inoculation. Spleen, thymus, bursa of fabricius tissue specimens were collected after 72hrs. Afterward, microscopic intersections (5-6µm) stabilized in buffer formalin (10%) and marked by hematoxylin-eosin were prepared from the specimens.Findings: Histopathological examination of lymphoid tissues of the treatment and control chickens showed necrosis, apoptosis, and lymphoid depletion in lymphoid tissues of the treatment group. The difference between treatment and control groups in terms of apoptosis in spleen tissue was significant (p<0.001); however, the difference in thymus and bursa of fabricius tissues was not significant. As to necrosis and lymphoid depletion, there was a significant difference between the two groups with regard to spleen, thymus, and bursa fabricius tissues. (p<0.001)Conclusion: The survey showed that avian influenza serotype H9N2 can cause damages to lymphoid tissues through inducing apoptosis and necrosis
Adiponectin Level in Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Homaee Fatemeh , Ghaffarzadehgan Kamran , Aziminia Azar , Ghodrati Hamideh , Izanloo Azra , Ziaolhagh Reza , Ardalan Khales Sahar
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Adiponectin is one of the plasma protein derived from adipose tissue which has a positive effect on the metabolism of fat and lipid, resulting from its own receptors. Increase in body mass index (BMI) has a direct relationship with life length. Obesity has effects on secretion of some hormones related to adipokines. Adiponectin is an adipokine having an opposite relationship with insulin resistance and breast cancer. There is also an association between breast cancer incidence and obesity. Adiponectin level decreases in women affected by breast cancer and knowing this fact can help treat and prevent the cancer by giving adiponectin supplements. The present study compared the adiponectin levels in women affected by breast cancer and healthy females as a control group. Material and Method: In this study, 80 women with breast cancer and 80 healthy females as controls were selected and adiponectin level was compared between them. Result: Breast cancer group had higher BMI mean (28.77 ± 6.05) and lower adiponectin level in comparison to control group (p= 0.0001). Conclusion: Considering our findings, breast cancer risk is higher in women with higher BMI. Therefore, informing women in this regard could have a great effect on preventing this wide-spread disease. Taking adiponectin supplements as pills or injection could be a preventing step for breast cancer, which needs to be further cultivated in future studies.
Prognostic Significance of MGMT Promoter Methylation in Egyptian GBM Patients: A Single-institution Experience
Authors: Abdel Moneim Rabab , Abdel-Rafei Mohamed , Hassan Hesham , El-Zawahry Ibrahim , Bassam Hashem Wedad
Published: August 2019

Background: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the highest-mortality tumor of the central nervous system. Epigenetic silencing of the MGMT gene by promoter methylation is associated with loss of MGMT expression and deficiency in MGMT-mediated DNA repair, which is affiliated with improved survival in patients treated with alkylating agents such as TMZ.Purpose: This is a retrospective work, studying the MGMT promoter status in a group of GBM patients; correlating this status to time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS).Methods: Thirty-nine patients with GBM, treated in Kasr El-Ainy Center of Clinical Oncology and Nuclear Medicine (NEMROCK) between January 2014 and January 2015, were included in our study. The QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (Qiagen, USA) was used for genomic DNA extraction from Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues of the 39 patients. Bisulfite modification of DNA was performed for detecting methylation in MGMT promoter using EpiTect Bisulfite Kit (Qiagen, USA). Specific primers were used to match methylated & un-methylated DNA that was visualized by loading its PCR products in gel electrophoresis system. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS version 20.0.Results: The mean age for our patients was 48 years; with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. MGMT promoter methylation was found in 27 patients (69.2%) compared to 12 (30.8%) with un-methylation. TMZ was received in 71.8 % (28) of our patients throughout their treatment. The median OS for all patients was 20.03 months; while the median TTP 15.03 was months. Although the OS was statistically significantly higher for patients with the methylated promoter (p-value = 0.004) compared to the un-methylated group; yet the TTP difference did not reach a statistically significant value (p-value = 0.048). Conclusions: The epigenetic silencing of the MGMT gene by promoter methylation has been associated with longer OS & TTP in patients with GBM.
Carbon Disulfide (CS2) Induced Chromosomal Alterations and Apoptosis in Circulated Blood Lymphocytes of Personnel Working in Viscose Industry
Authors: Pappuswamy Manikantan , Sundaram Rajkumar , M Kuppanna Harishankar , Periyasamy Thirunavukkarasu
Published: August 2019

Background and objective: Carbon disulfide (CS2) is a naturally occurring chemical substance in the environment and also an important endogenous substance in the human body. This study was done to collect data on the effects and to find a possible relationship between in-vivo CS2 induced apoptosis and genotoxic effects.Material and method: Circulated blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 41 workers occupationally exposed to Carbon disulfide (CS2) in viscose industry were investigated. The participants involved three groups. The first group included 41 participants exposed to CS2 together with various confounding factors; the second group comprised of 41 participants who were inhabitant of viscose industry and were partially exposed to CS2 in long periods; and third group consisting 41 participants as control group who were not exposed to any kind of chemicals and radiation hazards. Ambient air concentrations of CS2 were measured in different workplaces. Measures of genotoxicity included the determination of the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), HPRT mutations (variant frequency, VF), and measurement of UV-induced unscheduled DNA-repair synthesis (UDS). The percentages of premature centromere division (PCD) and of cells with a high frequency of SCE (HF/SCE) were also scored. Apoptosis and c l proliferation were determined by flow cytometry.Results: In both CS2 exposed groups, the apoptotic activity and the CA levels in PBLs were significantly higher than in controls. CA was mostly breaks of the chromatid type. In group II, CA was slightly lower in comparison with group I, which can be attributed to a different rate of elimination of damaged lymphocytes as a consequence of CS2 induced apoptotic activity.Conclusion: The results demonstrate that exposure to CS2 induced apoptosis and CA, indicating an excess cancer risk among participants occupationally exposed to CS2. The results also emphasized the importance of the measurement of occupationally exposed pollutants such as CS2 in order to avoid genotoxic effects in the workers.
Dominant and Recessive Genetic Models of LSP1 Gene rs3817198 Polymorphism and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Study
Authors: Sanjari Moghaddam Ali , Roodgar Morteza , Mansourpour Hamid , Mosavi Jarrahi Alireza
Published: August 2019

Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to discover the effect of dominant and recessive genetic models of LSP1 gene rs3817198 polymorphism on breast cancer risk. Material and Method: We performed this meta-analysis according to PRISMA protocol. Three databases, including PubMed/Medline, Web of sciences, and EMBASE were searched. In this meta-analysis, we included all studies that evaluated the association between LSP1 gene rs3817198 and breast cancer risk. ORs and their reported 95% confidence interval (CI) for dominant and recessive inheritance models were extracted from final retrieved studies. ORs were pooled using both fixed and the random-effect models. Egger’s test and contour-enhanced funnel plot were used to evaluate publication bias and small study effect. Twelve publications were eligible for final analysis after observing our defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Totally, this meta-analysis composed of 15,530 cases and 20,258 controls. This study revealed a significant association between LSP1 gene rs3817198 polymorphism and breast cancer in the dominant genetic model (OR=1.07 [1.01-1.14]). Inversely, no association was found in the recessive genetic model (OR=1.10 [0.93-1.32]). Subgroup analysis displayed a significant association in population-based studies and European & American and African population only in the dominant genetic model. Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test revealed no publication bias. Conclusion: According to our findings, it seems that LSP1 gene rs3817198 polymorphism is associated with breast cancer risk and this risk is more prominent in Caucasians.
HLA-G: Facts and Fictions
Authors: Khodabandeh Shahraki Parisa , Alavian-Mehr Ali , Farjadian Shirin
Published: August 2019

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a nonclassical MHC class I molecule with modulatory effects on NK and T cells. Unlike classical HLA class I molecules, HLA-G has seven isoforms, three of which are soluble. Soluble HLA-G molecules are reportedly able to transduce negative signals to immune cells after interacting with their corresponding receptors. The expression of these molecules plays significant roles in maternal tolerance against semi-allogenic fetuses. Overexpression of HLA-G in tumors and increased serum levels of soluble HLA-G have been reported in different malignancies, and these changes may be involved in tumoral immune evasion and cancer progression. To improve immune responses against tumor cells, the downmodulation of HLA-G by siRNA or blocking monoclonal antibodies can be helpful in cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, HLA-G can be considered a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and/or prognosis of certain cancers. Although polymorphism of the HLA-G gene-coding region is more limited than in classical HLA class I, some genetic variations in regulatory regions of the gene control the expression level of this molecule. Furthermore, epigenetic factors such as infections may affect the expression of HLA-G in infection-related cancers.
Detection of miR-21, MUC1mRNA and VEGF Protein Biomarkers Expression Changes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) in Peripheral Blood
Authors: Payehghadr Shaghayegh , Bahrami Naghmeh , Mohammadi Farnoush , Naji Tahereh , Mohamadnia Abdolreza
Published: August 2019

Background and purpose: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common type of cancer and one of the most important causes of death in the world; therefore, this study investigates the expression of miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein in peripheral blood for early detection and better treatment of this cancer using Real-Time RT-PCR and Elisa.Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 50 OSCC patients and 50 healthy subjects were selected as controls. The total RNA in peripheral blood was extracted by RNA extraction kit and quality evaluation of extracted RNA was measured by NanoDrop.For the synthesis of cDNA, Viva 2-steps RT-PCR kit was used. Expression of miR-21 and MUC1 mRNA were measured by Real-Time RT-PCR and used Elisa for VEGF protein. The relationship between the expressions of these biomarkers was evaluated with tumor staging and progression of cancer.Results: The average age difference is not significant in these two groups by using t-test. The miR-21 was positive in 43 out of 50 OSCC patients (86%), and it was also 14 out of 50 healthy subjects (28%). The MUC1 mRNA was positive in 35 out of 50 OSCC patients, indicating 70% sensitivity, and it was positive in 9 of the 50 healthy subjects(18%). The serum levels of VEGF protein were measured using Elisa; it was positive in 32 out of 50 OSCC patients (64%) and this biomarker in healthy subjects report was not positive, indicating that the specificity is 100%.Conclusions: Overall, the miR-21, MUC1 mRNA and VEGF protein biomarkers could be suggested as a diagnostic screening test for the early detection of diseases. To prove further research is recommended further studies with a larger sample size to be done.
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Gene Variation and Its Association with 5-Fluorouracil Toxicity in Colorectal Patients
Authors: Salehifar Ebrahim , Abd Haghighi Mohammad Javad , Negarandeh Reza , Janbabai Ghasem , Safgafi Fatemeh , Jalali Hossein
Published: August 2019

Objective: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), an enzyme translated by DPD gene (DPYD), has a critical role in the metabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5FU). In this study we aimed to investigate the frequency of the IVS14+1 G>A, 2194G>A, 2846 A>T mutations in the DPYD gene in colorectal cancer patients in north of Iran and their association with side effects of 5FU.Methods: Venous blood samples of 89 colorectal cancer patients were drawn. After the DNA extraction from nuclear cells, a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used to detect the frequency of the IVS14+1 G>A and 2846 A>T mutations. Tetra-Primer ARMS PCR optimization method was used to detect the 2194 G>A mutation. Side effects were classified according to CTCAE (common terminology criteria for adverse events V. 4) and the association between different polymorphisms and side effects were evaluated.Results: Of 89 colorectal patients, the frequency of IVS14+1 G>A and 2846 A>T polymorphism was 4 (5.1%) and 1 (1.1%), respectively. The 2194 G>A polymorphism was not detected. All 4 patients were heterozygous for IVS14+1 G>A mutation, whereas the only patient with 2846 A>T polymorphism was homozygous. Some adverse effects of 5FU including diarrhea, vomiting, mucositis and stomatitis were more frequent in patients with IVS14+1 G>A polymorphism.Conclusion: The prevalence of IVS14+1 G>A mutation in our patients were relatively high and was associated with a higher occurrence of 5FU-associated toxicities.
Natural Killer T Cells (NKT cells) Functions in Malignancies
Authors: Balouchi-Anaraki Sima , Nourozian Marzie
Published: August 2019

CD1d-restricted natural killer (NKT) cells are unique innate like T lymphocyte that recognize glycolipid antigens. Two major NKT cell subsets, type I and type II, are different in their TCR repertoire and ligand specificity. Up on activation, NKT cells mediated strong and rapid responses through their ability to rapidly produce a large amount of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite being a small population of αβ T lymphocytes, they can bridge the innate and adaptive arm of immune system through interaction with other immune components. These two subsets of NKT cells play critical apposite roles in anti-tumor immunity. This review focuses on the progress made in understanding the role of NKT cells in tumor immunity and how their activities can be useful in immunotherapeutic strategies.
Ultrastructural and Immunofluorescent Analysis of Lithium Effects on Autophagy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Taskaeva Iuliia , Bgatova Nataliya
Published: August 2019

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant cancers worldwide. The role of autophagy in the НСС development and progression is controversial and are still not well known. It has been shown that lithium induces autophagy and apoptosis, affects on proliferation and survival of various human malignancies. In this study we estimated lithium`s effects on autophagy in HCC in vivo.Materials and methods: Subcellular components and autophagic vacuoles were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The number of cells with LC3 and LAMP1 punctate was analyzed by double-immunofluorescence staining. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Mann–Whitney nonparametric tests were used to assess statistically significant differences at P < 0.05.Results: Lithium carbonate increased the numerical and volume density of autophagic vacuoles and autophagy marker LC3 beta. Therefore, lithium carbonate promotes enlarged autophagic vacuoles formation in HCC cells in vivo.Conclusion: Extended and unresolved autophagy induces cancer cell death by stimulating autophagic cell death. Thus, lithium-mediated autophagy can be an attractive approach in HCC chemotherapy.
Effects of Curcumin in Combination with Doxorubicin in Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Rostamzadeh Khameneh Zakieh , Mohammadian Mahshid , Rasouli Mohammad Aziz , Moradi Zhino , Ahmadi Zohre , Akbarzadeh Khiyavi Azim
Published: August 2019

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main cause of cancer related death worldwide. New therapeutic strategies are required for CRC. Anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) remain one of the most active wide-spectrum and cost-effective drugs in cancer therapy. However, colorectal cancer (CRC) cells are inherently resistant to anthracyclines. Curcumin, the active component and yellow pigment, has been considered as anti-cancer agents with anti-proliferation, anti-invasion, and anti-angiogenesis properties. Previous data show that curcumin may played main role as therapeutic agent for CRC. We aimed to assess the possible sensitizing effects of curcumin in HCT-116 CRC cells treated with DOX.Methods: HCT-116 cells were treated with different doses of curcumin and DOX in increasing concentrations and cytotoxicity were evaluated after 48 h by Water Soluble Tetrazolium Salts(WST-1) method. In double combination treatments (48 h), the mentioned concentration were utilized; D ( Curcumin; 20 μM;DOX;5μM) C (Curcumin; 10 μM;DOX ;2.5μM ), B (Curcumin; 5 μM;DOX;1μM) and A (Curcumin; 2.5 μM;DOX;0.5μM).Results: HCT-116 cells treatments with various concentrations of single agents (DOX and curcumin) decreased the cellular viability in a dose-dependent pattern. Here, we show that treatment of HCT-116 CRC cells with curcumin increases the efficacy of DOX-induced death in HCT-116 cells. Curcumin treatments also results in higher cytotoxicity of DOX and the cell death percent in compared to higher doses in single treatments.Conclusion: It could be concluded that curcumin could acts as chemosensitiser towards the DOX therapy. So it might be used as adjuvant therapy to enhance DOX sensitivity in CRC cells.
Somatic BRCA Mutation in High Grade Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Manchana Tarinee , Lertkhachonsuk Ruangsak , Teerapakpinyo Chinachote
Published: August 2019

Aim: To identify the frequency of somatic BRCA mutation in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), particularly those with high grade subtypes. Methods: Patients diagnosed with EOC included fallopian tube cancer or peritoneal cancer who had surgery during January 2015 to December 2016 were included. High grade subtypes included high grade serous carcinoma, poorly differentiated endometrioid carcinoma, and clear cell carcinoma. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were tested using DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded block or a fresh tumor specimen then analyzed by next generation sequencing system. Patients who had no germline BRCA mutation in their peripheral blood DNA investigated by bi-directional Sanger sequencing were diagnosed as having somatic BRCA mutation.Results: 36 patients were enrolled; majority of the patients (33patients; 97.2%) had EOC, 1 patient (2.8%) had fallopian tube cancer and 2 patients (5.6%) had peritoneal cancer. 28 patients (77.8%) had high grade serous carcinoma, 6 (16.7%) had poorly differentiated endometrioid carcinoma, and 2 (5.6%) had clear cell carcinoma. BRCA1 mutation was detected in tumor tissues of 2 patients (5.6%). These two patients had high grade serous carcinoma and significant family history of breast and/or ovarian cancers. However, BRCA1 mutations were detected in the peripheral blood in both of them.Conclusion: Only 5.6% of BRCA1 mutation was detected in ovarian tumor tissues, all mutations were found in high grade serous subtype. However, BRCA mutations were detected in the peripheral blood in both of them. Germline BRCA mutation was diagnosed, thus there were no somatic mutations in this study.
Evaluation of Microorganisms in Cervical Smears: A Single Institutional Experience
Authors: Alwahaibi Nasar , Alrubkhi Mai Mohammed , Rani Bai Usha
Published: August 2019

Human papilloma virus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) are common microorganisms investigated in the diagnosis of cervical abnormalities, however other microorganisms have received less attention. This study aimed to identify different microorganisms present in cervical smears as well as to determine the association between those microorganisms and cervical abnormalities. A retrospective study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2012, evaluating the presence of microorganisms in cervical smears. The association between the microorganisms and cervical abnormalities was studied by using the odds ratio and relative risk tests. A total of 7112 cervical smears were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 39.13 years (range 17 – 80). Bacteria were the most common microorganism but it showed no association with cervical abnormalities. HPV, HSV and Trichomonas vaginalis are the least common but showed a positive association with a relative risk of 16.59, 7.23 and 1.15 respectively. Bacteria and fungi are the most common microorganisms present in cervical smears but they are not associated with cervical abnormalities whereas HPV and HSV are less common but they are associated with cervical abnormalities.
The Inauguration of Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care
Authors: Mosavi Jarrahi Alireza
Published: August 2019

On behalf of the Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention (APOCP) and its subsidiary (the West Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention- WAOCP), it is a great honor to present the inaugural issue of Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care (APJCC, ISSN ).APJCC is branching out from Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention to become the journal of choice for the large community researchers in the Asian and Pacific region who work on the care cancer patients. Its goal is to become leading online forum to disseminate the work of Asia and Pacific Regions’ cancer clinicians to the global audience.APJCC inherits its inception from the backbone of 17 years of successful publication of the Asian Pacific Cancer Prevention (APJCP) and considers itself as a sister publication of the APJCP.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), an Informative Start for Challenging Process of Etiologic Investigation of Diseases and Public Health Policy Making
Authors: Mosavi Jarrahi Alireza , Zare M , Sadeghi A
Published: August 2019

Background: The public health has been always concerned of the immediate environment of human as causal factors for different diseases and health outcomes. Epidemiology, as one of the fundamental basis of public health, is concerned of how diseases are distributed in terms of geographical, chronological, and human population characteristics and employees the descriptive nature of such spread to draw conclusion on the etiology of health or disease utcome for further policy making on prevention of disease or promotion of health.Methods: In this paper, we present the importance of GIS technology in epidemiology from both descriptive and etiologic standpoints and elaborate how this technology can stand in the forefront of disease and health outcome measures in the coming decades. The paper will address the history of geo-related health and disease issues. The mapping tool as a traditionally strong resource in the public health will be explored. The advances in Information Technology and one of its best utilized offshoot, GIS, in Health and disease will be discussed. How the huge repository of generated or ever generating geo-related data and information is utilized to address etiology of diseases or to help public health authorities in making informed policy making decisions are explored.Results: The utilization of GIS technology in diseases with intermittent host such as malaria, yellow fever, or other parasitic diseases has already been well established. The GIS technology and its utilization in chronic and degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and aging are under development and new frontiers are discovering. The limitation of GIS technology in addressing host environment interaction in micro-environment (at the molecular biology and tissue pathogenicity level) and gene–environment interaction (at the individual level) will further be discussed.Conclusion: We then distress on the efficient use of GIS both in the etiologic investigation of diseases and health events as well as the utilization of the GIS technology as a administrative tool in the help of public health authorities and policy makers in strategic management of health of a community or emergency management of man-made or technological disasters (e.g., wars) or naturally occurring disasters (e.g., earthquake and floods).
Determinants of Beneficiary Effects of Physical Activity among Adult Population in US
Authors: Ayubi Erfan , Khazaei Salman , Mansori Kamyar , Safiri Saeid , Sani Mohadeseh , Mousavi Jarrahi Alireza
Published: August 2019

Physical activity, if reaches to a beneficiary level, positively affect almost all the chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-demographic and anthropometric determinants of beneficiary effects of different domains of physical activity. Physical activity data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006 were utilized. A cut off point of 7.5 MET-hour/week was used a level in which beneficiary effect of physical activity starts. Logistic regression model were used to evaluate the magnitude and the determinants of beneficiary effects for each domains of physical activity. The median of physical activity was mainly similar for leisure time, home and garden, and total physical activity across different categories of socio-demographic factors but not with Transportation domain. The transportation contributed up to 60% for age group 35-54 years, 35% for age group 55 to 64 years. Male enjoyed close to 37% more in achieving health benefit compared to female (the OR was 0.63 with 95% CI of 0.58, 0.69). Others factors played important role in different dominos of physical activity in achieving health benefits. Our findings indicated that achieving beneficiary effect of physical activity is highly depended on socio-demographic factors.
Association of the s1799724 and rs1800629 Polymorphisms of the TNF-α Gene with Susceptibility to Cervical Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis based on 24 Case-Control Studies
Authors: Hamadani Sedigheh , Kamali Mahdieh , Hantoushzadeh Sedigheh , Tabatabaee Razieh Sadat , Neamatzadeh Hossein , Foroughi Elnaz , Haghighi Fatemeh , Zare-Shehneh Masoud , Hejazian-Yazdi Elham Alsadat
Published: August 2019

Objective: Some studies have recently focused on the association between TNF-α polymorphisms and cervical cancer; however, results have been inconsistent. In order to drive a more precise estimation, the present systematic review and meta-analysis is performed to investigate the relationship of the TNF-α rs1800629 and s1799724 polymorphisms with cervical cancer risk. Methods: An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google scholar databases, for papers that describe the association between TNF-α polymorphisms and cervical cancer risk. Results: A number of 24 case-control studies in 22 publications were identified according to the inclusion criteria. The results showed that rs1800629 polymorphism was significantly associated with the increased cervical cancer risk under four genetic models (A vs. G: OR = 1.277, 95% CI: 1.104-1.477, p = 0.001; AA vs. GG: OR = 1.333, 95% CI: 1.062-1.674, p = 0.013; AG vs. GG: OR = 1.307, 95% CI: 1.064-1.605, p = 0.011; and AA+AG vs. GG: OR = 1.324, 95% CI: 1.104-1.587, p = 0.002). In stratified analysis, there was a significant association between rs1800629 polymorphism and cervical cancer risk in the subgroup of Caucasians and African, but not in Asians. However, no statistically significant association was observed between the s1799724 and cervical cancer risk under all genetic models. Furthermore, stratification by ethnicity indicated no association between the s1799724 and cervical cancer risk.Conclusion: the present meta-analysis suggests that the rs1800629 polymorphism of the TNF-α gene was significantly associated with cervical cancer risk, but not s1799724.
The Effect of Protocol- based Education on Number of Errors in Radiotherapy
Authors: Zarei Hamed , Sheikholeslami Sahar
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Education is important and plays a vital role in all fields of science. During radiotherapy, some errors may happen that can have detrimental effects on treatment outcomes. We designed this study to investigate the effect of using a protocol on the range of errors.Materials and Methods: A checklist, including 5 sets of errors was designed to investigate whether having a certain protocol has any effect on workflow. To reach that, 106 patient profiles compiled randomly to ascertain those five factors in two radiotherapy and oncology centers.Results: Based on the concluded data from statistical analyze, all 5 factors, including the monitor unit, shield, coach rotation, field size, and second phase had a significant change in terms of statistic (p<0.05).Conclusion: Education has utmost importance in any type of skill, especially when it comes to patients' affairs. Radiotherapy; however, has its errors sets in which the rate of human uncertainty must be reduced. Furthermore, having certain rules to determine every one’s responsibility seems to be essential.
Screening and Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: Assessment of Knowledge and Practical Abilities of Final Year Nursing and Midwifery Students in Health Schools of Ouagadougou
Authors: Zongo Nayi , Marthe Sandrine Sanon/Lompo , Aboubacar Bambara H. , Chantal Soma , Augustin Tozoula Bambara , Gilbert Bonkoungou , Adama Sanou , Ahmadou Dem
Published: August 2019

The Objective was to assess the knowledge and practical abilities of final year nursing and midwifery students in health schools of Ouagadougou relating to screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer. This is a cross-sectional, prospective and descriptive observational study conducted from 1st November 2014 to 31st January 2015. A sample of 403 students was used for this study. Data were collected using an individual questionaire and were typed on Epi data and then analyzed on SPSS software. Chi-square tests were used to compare the different proportions. The difference is considered to be significant if p value < 0.05. Three hundred and ninety nine students filled the questionnaire, i.e. a rate of non-respondents of 1%. All students were aware of the existence of breast cancer. The media (47.8%) was the main source of information. The level of knowledge of students was satisfactory with frequencies of 83.9% for risk factors; 91.6% for clinical signs; 83.4 % for screening methods and 88.1% for therapeutic terms of breast cancers. However, focus should be put on the teaching of cancerology and the supervision of students during internship, must be reinforced. These results attest that the level of students in the knowledge and practical abilities concerning screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer is satisfactory.
Immunohistochemical and Clinicopathological Factors Associated with Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patients of Northern Pakistan
Authors: Zubair Muhammad , Tahir Khadim Muhammad , Tariq Hassan , Ali Salman , Ali Khan Omer , Gul Salma
Published: August 2019

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of tumors in Pakistani women, with axillary lymph node (ALN) positivity reported to be one of the most important prognostic factors.This study shows the distribution of various clinical and pathological variables including age, tumor size, grade, histologic subtype, and hormone receptor status among Pakistani women with and without ALN metastasis.Materials and Methods: A total of 245 cases of primary breast cancer from Northern Pakistan were analyzed in this study. Their clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical parameters, including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Her-2/Neu status, were extracted from previous histopathological reports and stratified based on the occurrence of ALN metastasis. Results: Occurrence of ALN metastasis was significantly different between older age patients above 50 years and younger age patients age <50 years [χ² (1, N=245) =14.6, p<0.001]. There was an increased number of metastases in large sized tumors >5cm in size (80%, n=60), [χ² (2, N=245) =23.1, p<0.001] and tumors with higher nuclear grade III (78.4%, n=40), [χ² (1, N=245) =5.1, p=0.02]. ALN metastasis was inversely associated with expression of estrogen receptor [χ² (1, N=245) =12.5, p<0.001], and progesterone receptor [χ² (1, N=245) = <0.001, p=0.99], while it was directly associated with Her-2/Neu expression [χ² (1, N=245) =5.63, p=0.01]. Conclusion: In Pakistani women, ALN metastasis was significantly associated with older age, tumor size, and high-grade tumors showing Her2/Neu expression and was inversely associated with ER, PR expression in breast tumors.
Factors Associated with High Mortality of Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Thailand Versus Japan
Authors: Pittayanon Rapat , Uedo Noriya , Praipisut Thapanee , Tounai Yusuke , Rerknimitr Rungsun , Kullavanijaya Pinit
Published: August 2019

Background and aim: Thailand and Japan have high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection but prevalence of gastric cancer and mortality rate are difference. Most international comparative studies are epidemiologic studies and the difference in actual clinicopathological data has not been clarified. This study aimed to investigate the difference in clinicopathological characteristics of gastric adenocarcinoma between Thailand and Japan.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in two high-volume hospitals for gastric cancer in Thailand and Japan. Baseline characteristics, clinical manifestations, tumor characteristics, treatments and mortality rate of gastric cancer patients in the two institutions were examined.Results: A total of 403 Thai and 2,318 Japanese patients were retrieved from the electronic database. Finally, 332 Thai and 414 Japanese patients (randomly sampled) with gastric adenocarcinoma were eligible for analysis. Thai gastric adenocarcinoma patients were significantly younger than the Japanese (59 ± 13 vs. 68 ±10 years old, p<0.001) and the majority of Thai patients were female (55% vs. 25%, p<0.001). The rate of smoking (5.1% vs. 23%, p<0.001) and alcohol drinking (2.7% vs. 34%, p<0.001) were lower in Thai patients when compared with those in Japanese. The mortality rate at the conclusion of this study (July 2016) was significantly higher in Thai patients (75.3% vs. 7%, p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, ethnicity, clinical UICC stage II-IV compared to I, and resection-based treatment were significant prognostic factors after adjusting for age, gender, presence of alarm symptom, lesion extension and histology.Conclusion: Thai patients with gastric adenocarcinoma were different from Japanese patients in all aspects. Advanced stage of disease, country, and un-resected tumor were associated with poor prognosis. An individual strategy to improve survival of gastric adenocarcinoma in a low-prevalence area such as Thailand should be explored.