bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exame físico e sua integralização ao processo de enfermagem na perspectiva da complexidade
Authors: Silva Carlos Magno Carvalho da , Teixeira Enéas Rangel
Published: January 2012

Este estudo expõe o exame físico e o processo de enfermagem sob a perspectiva da Complexidade de Morin. Seus objetivos foram: descrever as características da complexidade na realização do exame físico e discutir a sua interação com o processo de enfermagem. Metodologia descritiva e exploratória; 10 enfermeiros foram entrevistados e acompanhados por observação participante. A análise de dados foi realizada através Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Nos resultados foram discutidos os eixos "dialógica e recursividade" e "o holograma e a reintrodução do conhecimento". O exame físico como componente do processo de enfermagem implica a complexidade do cuidado e o lidar com ordem e desordem do cotidiano, em uma abordagem dialógica e intervenções técnicas e humanas contextualizadas. Conclui-se que o aprimoramento da avaliação clínica, ampliada na complexidade do exame físico, possibilita a integralização do processo de enfermagem para efetividade do cuidado.
Perfil fermentativo de silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura ou queimada e tratadas ou não com Lactobacillus buchneri
Authors: Siqueira Gustavo Rezende , Reis Ricardo Andrade , Schocken-Iturrino Ruben Pablo , Roth Anna Paula de Toledo Piza , Roth Marcella de Toledo Piza , Resende Flávio Dutra de
Published: January 2012

Objetivou-se comparar as perdas, a dinâmica microbiológica e as alterações fermentativas e nutritivas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura ou queimada e tratadas ou não com Lactobacillus buchneri durante o período de armazenamento. Os tratamentos foram cana-de-açúcar in natura ou tratada com L. buchneri e cana-de-açúcar queimada ou tratada com L. buchneri, avaliadas com 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias de fermentação, em três repetições por tratamento. Apenas antes da ensilagem foi constatada diferença significativa na população de leveduras entre cana-de-açúcar in natura e queimada, cujos valores foram de 4,85 e 5,43 log ufc/g de forragem, respectivamente. No decorrer do tempo de fermentação, ocorreu redução da recuperação de matéria seca e as perdas se prolongaram até o dia 56. A concentração de etanol foi alta até o dia 28 e estável até o dia 56, sem diferença entre tratamentos. A digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da matéria seca sofreu severa redução já no primeiro dia de armazenamento, chegando a reduzir cerca de 20 unidades percentuais aos 56 dias de armazenamento. Silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada apresentam maiores perdas e alterações fermentativas e nutricionais que silagens de cana-de-açúcar in natura. O L. buchneri deve ser utilizado em silagens de cana-de-açúcar queimada, mas nas de cana-de-açúcar in natura seu uso é dispensável.
Extensible multi‐primary control sequences
Authors: Centore Paul , Brill Michael H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract— In a display with more than three primaries (called a multi‐primary display), a color can be expressed as multiple combinations (called control sequences) of primaries. This paper presents an algorithm for assigning control sequences that preserves current assignments when further primaries are added. These control sequences are cal led extensible. It is shown that the gamut of any number of primaries is a zonohedron, which can be dissected into parallelepipeds. Control sequences are assigned within each parallelepiped. The current parallelepipeds remain when more primaries are added, so the current assignments are preserved. Multi‐primary displays can also cause unwanted metamerism and make continuous color scales appear discontinuous. The algorithm avoids these problems. When viewed through natural filters, such as yellowed ocular lenses, multi‐primary displays can sometimes make two different colors appear identical. If the primaries satisfy the Binet—Cauchy criterion, which is always the case when all primaries are monochromatic, then these spurious matches are avoided.
A novel field‐sequential blue‐phase‐mode AMLCD
Authors: Hirakata Yoshiharu , Kubota Daisuke , Yamashita Akio , Ishitani Tetsuji , Nishi Takeshi , Miyake Hiroyuki , Miyairi Hidekazu , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Cho Takayuki , Sakakura Masayuki
Published: January 2012

Abstract— Through the realization of a blue‐phase‐mode (hereinafter, the operational mode of liquid crystal having a blue phase is referred to as a blue‐phase mode), a display using an improved field‐sequential method was confirmed to be capable of display at a frame rate of 180 fps (field frequency of 540 Hz) or higher. Under this condition, an image without annoyance caused by color breakup was obtained. Moreover, a novel field‐sequential AMLCD integrated with a scan driver by combining the liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) technology using blue phase and oxide‐semiconductor technology has been developed.
Vertical Ridge Augmentation Using an Equine Bone and Collagen Block Infused With Recombinant Human Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor‐BB: A Randomized Single‐Masked Histologic Study in Non‐Human Primates
Authors: Nevins Myron , Hezaimi Khalid Al , Schupbach Peter , Karimbux Nadeem , Kim David M.
Published: January 2012

Background: This study tests the effectiveness of hydroxyapatite and collagen bone blocks of equine origin (eHAC), infused with recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (rhPDGF‐BB), to augment localized posterior mandibular defects in non‐human primates (Papio hamadryas).

Methods: Bilateral critical‐sized defects simulating severe atrophy were created at the time of the posterior teeth extraction. Test and control blocks (without growth factor) were randomly grafted into the respective sites in each non‐human primate.

Results: All sites exhibited vertical ridge augmentation, with physiologic hard‐ and soft‐tissue integration of the blocks when clinical and histologic examinations were done at 4 months after the vertical ridge augmentation procedure. There was a clear, although non‐significant, tendency to increased regeneration in the test sites. As in the first two preclinical studies in this series using canines, experimental eHAC blocks infused with rhPDGF‐BB proved to be a predictable and technically viable method to predictably regenerate bone and soft tissue in critical‐sized defects.

Conclusion: This investigation supplies additional evidence that eHAC blocks infused with rhPDGF‐BB growth factor is a predictable and technically feasible option for vertical augmentation of severely resorbed ridges.
Integration of NMR, Wireline Tester, Core and Open Hole Log Data for Dynamic Reservoir Properties
Authors: Ayan C. , Haq S. A. , Boyd A. , El-Hamawi M. , Hafez H. H.
Published: January 2012

This paper describes an integrated approach for key well evaluation using open hole well logging technology and core analysis. The information set includes nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), wellbore electrical image, wireline formation tester, dipole sonic, conventional nuclear and resistivity logs and core data from a carbonate field. The objective was to characterize formation static and dynamic properties prior to water injection.

The integrated analysis gave a good overall picture of the formation, including permeability anisotropy. Several sources of information were compared and their results were discussed. Permeability values obtained from the analysis of wireline vertical interference tests were input into the full field simulation model.
Factor I Autoantibodies in Patients with Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Authors: Kavanagh David , Pappworth Isabel Y. , Anderson Holly , Hayes Christine M. , Moore Iain , Hunze Eva-Maria , Bennaceur Karim , Roversi Pietro , Lea Susan , Strain Lisa , Ward Roy , Plant Nick , Nailescu Corina , Goodship Timothy H. J. , Marchbank Kevin J.
Published: January 2012

Background and objectives

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is a disease associated with mutations in the genes encoding the complement regulators factors H and I. In addition, factor H autoantibodies have been reported in ∼10% of patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. This study searched for the presence of factor I autoantibodies in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This study screened 175 atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome patients for factor I autoantibodies using ELISA with confirmatory Western blotting. Functional studies using purified immunoglobulin from one patient were subsequently undertaken.

Results

Factor I autoantibodies were detected in three patients. In one patient with a high titer of autoantibody, the titer was tracked over time and was found to have no association with disease activity. This study found evidence of an immune complex of antibody and factor I in this patient, but purified IgG, isolated from current serum samples, had only a minor effect on fluid phase and cell surface complement regulation. Genetic analysis of the three patients with factor I autoantibodies revealed that they had two copies of the genes encoding factor H–related proteins 1 and 3 and therefore, did not have a deletion commonly associated with factor H autoantibodies in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. Two patients, however, had functionally significant mutations in complement factor H.

Conclusions

These findings reinforce the concept of multiple concurrent risk factors being associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome but question whether autoantibodies per se predispose to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Children with Primary Oxalosis Requiring Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Harambat Jérôme , van Stralen Karlijn J. , Espinosa Laura , Groothoff Jaap W. , Hulton Sally-Anne , Cerkauskiene Rimante , Schaefer Franz , Verrina Enrico , Jager Kitty J. , Cochat Pierre
Published: January 2012

Background and objectives

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) as a cause of ESRD in children is believed to have poor outcomes. Data on management and outcomes of these children remain scarce.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This study included patients aged <19 years who started renal replacement therapy (RRT) between 1979 and 2009 from 31 countries providing data to a large European registry.

Results

Of 9247 incident patients receiving RRT, 100 patients had PH. PH children were significantly younger than non-PH children at the start of RRT. The median age at RRT of PH children decreased from 9.8 years in 1979–1989 to 1.5 years in 2000–2009. Survival was 86%, 79%, and 76% among PH patients at 1, 3, and 5 years after the start of RRT, compared with 97%, 94%, and 92% in non-PH patients, resulting in a three-fold increased risk of death over non-PH patients. PH and non-PH patient survival improved over time. Sixty-eight PH children received a first kidney (n=13) or liver-kidney transplantation (n=55). Although the comparison was hampered by the lower number of kidney transplantations primarily derived from the earlier era of RRT, kidney graft survival in PH patients was 82%, 79%, and 76% at 1, 3, and 5 years for liver-kidney transplantation and 46%, 28%, and 14% at 1, 3, and 5 years for kidney transplantation alone, compared with 95%, 90%, and 85% in non-PH patients.

Conclusions

The outcomes of PH children with ESRD are still poorer than in non-PH children but have substantially improved over time.
Robustness analysis in forward modelling gravity data in crustal/lithospheric studies
Authors: Pohánka Vladimír , Vajda Peter , Bielik Miroslav , Dérerová Jana
Published: January 2012

Robustness analysis in forward modelling gravity data in crustal/lithospheric studies

The robustness of the gravimetric forward modelling is investigated by applying the harmonic inversion procedure at the input which is the difference of the calculated and measured surface gravity. The gravity data are taken from two profiles in the Carpathian-Pannonian Basin region. The result of the inversion are density models obtained from the original two-layer models with various horizontal boundary depth and density contrast. The deformation of the originally planar boundary is the measure of the mismatch between calculated and measured data. The calculated deformation has reached up to tens of kilometers and thus the uncertainties in determining the geometry of disturbing bodies by the forward modelling are substantial.
Gravity field due to a homogeneous oblate spheroid: Simple solution form and numerical calculations
Authors: Hvoždara Milan , Kohút Igor
Published: January 2012

Gravity field due to a homogeneous oblate spheroid: Simple solution form and numerical calculations

We present a simple derivation of the interior and exterior gravitational potentials due to oblate spheroid and also its gravity field components by using the fundamental solution of the Laplace equation in oblate spheroidal coordinates. Application of the method of separation of variables provides an expression for the potential in terms of oblate spheroidal harmonics of degree n = 0, 2. This solution is more concise and suitable for the numerical calculations in comparison with infinite series in spherical harmonics. Also presented are the computations in the form of potential isolines inside and outside the spheroid, as well as for the gravity field components. These reveal some interesting properties of the gravity field of this fundamental geophysical body useful for the applied gravimetry.
Seasonal changes in ciliate biomass and composition of the ciliate community in oligo-mesotrophic Lake Jasne (Iława Lake District, Poland)
Authors: Czychewicz Natalia , Rychert Krzysztof
Published: January 2012

Seasonal changes in ciliate biomass and composition of the ciliate community in oligo-mesotrophic Lake Jasne (Iława Lake District, Poland)

Lake Jasne, also known as Lake Czyste, is a well-known oligo-mesotrophic water body located in the Iława Lake District, Poland. Between May 2009 and June 2010 ciliate biomass and community composition were studied on the basis of Lugol-fixed samples taken from the surface waters and the near-bottom zone. The mean annual ciliate biomass amounted to 0.58 μgC l-1in the surface waters and 1.46 μgC l-1in the near-bottom zone, and therefore, the ciliate biomass is amongst the lowest estimates observed in oligotrophic waters. In the surface waters typical bimodal seasonal changes in biomass were recorded with two peaks observed in spring and autumn. In the near-bottom zone the peak was recorded only in spring. The ciliate community was dominated by prostomatids (mainlyUrotrichaspp.), both in the surface waters (77% of biomass) and in the near-bottom zone (54% of biomass).
Use of faecal pellet size to differentiate age classes in female Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus
Authors: Morden C‐Jae C. , Weladji Robert B. , Ropstad Erik , Dahl Ellen , Holand Øystein
Published: January 2012

Proper management of threatened populations requires prior knowledge of population sizes and structures, however, current techniques to gather this information are generally impractical, costly, and can be physically stressful for the animals. Non‐invasive methods (e.g. faecal sampling) that can produce high quality and accurate results are better alternatives. Using faecal samples collected from a Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus population in the winters of 2008 (N = 158) and 2009 (N = 161), we investigated and validated the feasibility of using faecal pellet sizes to differentiate between female calves, yearlings and adults. We found that pellets from adult females were longer than those from calves, and pellets from adults and yearlings were clearly wider than those from calves. With an accuracy of 91% correct classification, we did show that a combination of faecal pellet dimensions (length, width and depth), rather than a single dimension alone, can allow managers to clearly differentiate between age classes if pellets already identified as being from females are used. We also found a positive relationship between live weight and pellet size of the reindeer. Combined with DNA analysis to identify the gender of the animal that produced the faecal pellet, this information may provide important population parameters and be a valuable tool for the monitoring of various ungulate species including wild reindeer.
Comparison of visual‐based helicopter and fixed‐wing forward‐looking infrared surveys for counting white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus
Authors: Storm Daniel J. , Samuel Michael D. , Van Deelen Timothy R. , Malcolm Karl D. , Rolley Robert E. , Frost Nancy A. , Bates Donald P. , Richards Bryan J.
Published: January 2012

Aerial surveys using direct counts of animals are commonly used to estimate deer abundance. Forward‐looking infrared (FLIR) technology is increasingly replacing traditional methods such as visual observation from helicopters. Our goals were to compare fixed‐wing FLIR and visual, helicopter‐based counts in terms of relative bias, influence of snow cover and cost. We surveyed five plots: four 41.4 km2 plots with free‐ranging white‐tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus populations in Wisconsin and a 5.3 km2 plot with a white‐tailed deer population contained by a high fence in Michigan. We surveyed plots using both fixed‐wing FLIR and helicopters, both with snow cover and without snow. None of the methods counted more deer than the other when snow was present. Helicopter counts were lower in the absence of snow, but lack of snow cover did not apparently affect FLIR. Group sizes of observed deer were similar regardless of survey method or season. We found that FLIR counts were generally precise (CV = 0.089) when two or three replicate surveys were conducted within a few hours. However, at the plot level, FLIR counts differed greatly between seasons, suggesting that detection rates vary over larger time scales. Fixed‐wing FLIR was more costly than visual observers in helicopters and was more restrictive in terms of acceptable survey conditions. Further research is needed to understand what factors influence the detection of deer during FLIR surveys.
Analysis of KatG Ser315Thr Mutation in Multidrug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and SLC11A1 Polymorphism in Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis in Central Development Region of Nepal Using PCR-RFLP Technique: A Pilot Study
Authors: Shrestha Raunak , Joshi Rubin Narayan , Joshi Kriti , Poudel Bal Hari , Shrestha Bhupal Govinda
Published: January 2012

Ser315Thr mutations in genes encoding the mycobacteria catalase-peroxidase (KatG) has been associated with the major resistance to isoniazid (INH) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Also G/C polymorphisms in INT4 region of the solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene (SLC11A1) and susceptibility towards tuberculosis (TB) has been demonstrated worldwide. 24 drug resistant MTB culture positive samples and 24 whole?blood samples were collected from different TB patients of Central Development Region of Nepal in 2009. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assay was carried out in order to investigate Ser315Thr KatG mutation and G/C polymorphism in INT4 region. 4 (16.67%) samples out of 24 MTB culture samples demonstrated the Ser315Thr KatG mutation whereas none of the 24 whole blood samples were found to contain G/C polymorphism in INT4. Though no significant correlation could be found between INT4 polymorphism and TB susceptibility, overall scenario of Nepal cannot be drawn from this data. Molecular diagnostic technique such as PCR-RFLP can be used in a robust scale to carry out base line studies in the TB population of Nepal. Key words: Multi?drug resistance; Tuberculosis; PCR; RFLP Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Jan. 2011, Vol. 1, No. 1 : 14-21
Development of PCR assay for targeting partial lipL21 and lipL41 gene of leptospira
Authors: Chandan S , Umesha S , Bhure SK , Haraprasad N , Chandrashekar S
Published: January 2012

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira that affects human and a wide range of animals. The direct method of diagnosis of leptospirosis, has been so far by culture isolation but it is time consuming and potentially biohazardous. Another traditional method is the detection of antibodies (Serological tests) which is also a time consuming method and fails to identify the infecting serovar. To overcome these limitations associated with the cultivation and serology, we developed PCR assay targeting partial lipL21 gene and lipL41 gene of Leptospires using in-house designed P28/29 and P30/31 primers, with a product size of 385bp and 427bp. The amplicons were subjected to restriction enzyme digestion using RsaI, Pvu II and HindIII for product of P28/29 and ClaI, TaqI and RsaI were used for product of P30/31. The protocols were standardized and the assay targeting the partial lipL21 and lipL41 gene was found to be specific for eight pathogenic Leptospires out of nine leptospires tested. The products were then cloned in pGEMT Easy vector and sequenced to facilitate further studies. PCR could detect the target bacterial gene without any ambiguity and showed good efficiency in detection of targeted species in the sample. This simple, rapid and cost-effective method can be applicable in a prediction system to prevent disease outbreak by these Leptospira species and can be considered as an effective tool for disease diagnosis of Leptospira species. Key words: PCR; lipL21; lipL41; Molecular Diagnostics; Transformation. Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Jan. 2011, Vol. 1, No. 1 : 22-30
The impact of segmental and en bloc derotation maneuvers on scoliosis correction and rib prominence in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Hwang Steven W. , Samdani Amer F. , Cahill Patrick J.
Published: January 2012

Object

Idiopathic scoliosis is a pathological process influencing the spinal column in 3 dimensions. Initial surgical treatment focused primarily on correction in the coronal plane, and with improved instrumentation, increasing attention has targeted balancing the sagittal profile. Newer surgical techniques now permit operative corrective forces to also directly address axial rotation. Although several technical variations of direct vertebral body derotation (DVBD) have been devised, no studies have compared outcomes from the differing techniques. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the differences between segmental and en bloc DVBD.

Methods

A large prospectively collected database was queried for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) who underwent posterior spinal fusion and for whom there was a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. In all patients some type of DVBD maneuver was performed (segmental, en bloc, or both). Any patients with concurrent thoracoplasties were excluded.

Results

The authors identified 188 patients, of whom 120 underwent segmental derotation, 17 en bloc derotation, and 51 both. No significant radiographic or clinical differences existed among the groups preoperatively. The mean preoperative thoracic curve in the entire cohort was 53.1° ± 14.1° and the mean thoracic rib prominence was 14.0° ± 5.5°, whereas the respective postoperative values were 19.3° ± 8.3° and 7.2° ± 4.0°. No significant difference was identified between the various techniques postoperatively, either. However, when comparing intraoperative variables, significant differences were found for operative duration (p = 0.0001), estimated blood loss (p = 0.0081), and volume of blood transfusions (p = 0.041).

Conclusions

Although each surgical technique of DBVD may have theoretical benefits and risks, no apparent difference in outcomes was observed between techniques. The concurrent use of both techniques was associated with increased blood loss and operative duration without any appreciable benefit. The surgeon should adopt the derotation technique with which he or she is most comfortable, but concurrent use of both does not appear to improve results.
Vertebral compression fracture risk after stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases
Authors: Boehling Nicholas S. , Grosshans David R. , Allen Pamela K. , McAleer Mary F. , Burton Allen W. , Azeem Syed , Rhines Laurence D. , Chang Eric L.
Published: January 2012

Object

The aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors for and determine the rate of vertebral compression fracture (VCF) after intensity-modulated, near-simultaneous, CT image–guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for spinal metastases.

Methods

The study group consisted of 123 vertebral bodies (VBs) in 93 patients enrolled in prospective protocols for metastatic disease. Data from these patients were retrospectively analyzed. Stereotactic body radiotherapy consisted of 1, 3, or 5 fractions for overall median doses of 18, 27, and 30 Gy, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging studies, obtained at baseline and at each follow-up, were evaluated for VCFs, tumor involvement, and radiographic progression. Self-reported average pain levels were scored based on the 11-point (0–10) Brief Pain Inventory both at baseline and at follow-up. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥ 30.

Results

The median imaging follow-up was 14.9 months (range 1–71 months). Twenty-five new or progressing fractures (20%) were identified, and the median time to progression was 3 months after SBRT. The most common histologies included renal cancer (36 VBs, 10 fractures, 10 tumor progressions), breast cancer (20 VBs, 0 fractures, 5 tumor progressions), thyroid cancer (14 VBs, 1 fracture, 2 tumor progressions), non–small cell lung cancer (13 VBs, 3 fractures, 3 tumor progressions), and sarcoma (9 VBs, 2 fractures, 2 tumor progressions). Fifteen VBs were treated with kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty after SBRT, with 5 procedures done for preexisting VCFs. Tumor progression was noted in 32 locations (26%) with 5 months' median time to progression. At the time of noted fracture progression there was a trend toward higher average pain scores but no significant change in the median value. Univariate logistic regression showed that an age > 55 years (HR 6.05, 95% CI 2.1–17.47), a preexisting fracture (HR 5.05, 95% CI 1.94–13.16), baseline pain and narcotic use before SBRT (pain: HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.06–1.62; narcotic: HR 2.98, 95% CI 1.17–7.56) and after SBRT (pain: HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06–1.70; narcotic: HR 3.63, 95% CI 1.41–9.29) were statistically significant predictors of fracture progression. On multivariate analysis an age > 55 years (HR 10.66, 95% CI 2.81–40.36), a preexisting fracture (HR 9.17, 95% CI 2.31–36.43), and baseline pain (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.05–1.9) were found to be significant risks, whereas obesity (HR 0.02, 95% CI 0–0.2) was protective.

Conclusions

Stereotactic body radiotherapy is associated with a significant risk (20%) of VCF. Risk factors for VCF include an age > 55 years, a preexisting fracture, and baseline pain. These risk factors may aid in the selection of which spinal SBRT patients should be considered for prophylactic vertebral stabilization or augmentation procedures. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00508443.
Postvertebroplasty instability
Authors: Nagad Premik , Rawall Saurabh , Kundnani Vishal , Mohan Kapil , Patil Sanganagouda S. , Nene Abhay
Published: January 2012

Vertebroplasty provides excellent pain relief and functional restoration for osteoporotic fractures. Short-term complications such as cement leak and embolism are well described. Incident fractures are the only well-reported long-term complications. The authors describe the cases of 5 patients who presented with back pain caused by instability or worsening neurological status 13 months (range 8–17 months) after vertebroplasty. They further classify this postvertebroplasty instability into intervertebral instability and intravertebral instability, depending on the apex of abnormal mobility.

One patient presented with cement migration and progressive collapse of the augmented vertebral body. Another patient presented with an additional fracture. Both cases were classified as intravertebral instability. The cases of 3 other patients presenting with adjacent endplate erosion, vacuum disc phenomenon, and bridging osteophyte formation were classified as having intervertebral instability.

Long-term effect of cements on the augmented vertebral body and adjacent endplates and discs is a cause for concern. Vertebroplasty acts as a mechanical stabilizer and provides structural support but does not bring about union. Micromotion has been shown to persist for years after vertebroplasty. This study describes persistent instability after vertebroplasty in a series of 5 cases. The authors propose that postvertebroplasty instability occurs due to collapse of soft osteoporotic bone and endplates around cement. All 3 cases of intervertebral instability were associated with an intradiscal cement leak. With increased longevity and higher functional demands of the geriatric population, the durability of this “rock (cement) between cushions (of osteoporotic bone)” arrangement (as seen in vertebroplasty) will be increasingly challenged.
The Mechanism of the Reaction of the Tollens Reagent
Authors: Benet William E. , Lewis Gabriella S. , Yang Louise Z. , Hughes D. E. Peter
Published: January 2012

The Tollens test for aldehydes has been used for over 100 years but no reason has been given for adding sodium hydroxide to the silver nitrate before the solution is cleared with ammonia. In this paper, a mechanism is proposed which explains why the addition of alkali makes the test much more sensitive.
Synthesis of Disulfide-Derivatised Metallodeuteroporphyrins as Novel Catalysts to Imitate Cytochrome P450 in the Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexane
Authors: Sun Cheng-guo , Hu Bing-cheng , Zhou Wei-you , Xu Shi-chao , Liu Zu-liang
Published: January 2012

Metallodeuteroporphyrins with two side chains linked by a terminal cystine dimethyl ester [M(PDTEP), where M = ClFe(III), ClMn(III), Co(II)], have been synthesised. These metalloporpyirn complexes were found to act as efficient catalysts in the oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone using air as the oxygen source and in the absence of additives and solvents. The influence of the central metal, reaction temperature and pressure on the catalytic behavior of M(PDTEP) were evaluated. The high conversion and selectivity of M(PDTEP) was ascribed to the existence of intramolecular coordination by the M(PDTEP).
A New Labdane Diterpene from Rauvolfia Tetraphylla Linn. (Apocynaceae)
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Mandal Lalan Ch. , Gorai Dilip , Mondal Avijit , Sarkar Sajal , Majhi Sasadhar
Published: January 2012

The air-dried stems and branches of Rauvolfia tetraphylla afforded a new labdane diterpene characterised as 3β-hydroxy-labda-8(17),13(14)-dien-12(15)-olide on the basis of spectroscopic studies including UV, IR, MS and NMR (1H, 13C and HMQC); this is the first report of a new terpenoid constituent from R. tetraphylla, an important medicinal plant widely known for the source of a variety of alkaloids.
Solvent–Free Synthesis of Some Triazole-Based Bis(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Ligands
Authors: Zhao Jianfeng , Yang Long , Zhang Lingqiao , Guo Jin , Shi Yanhui , Pang Guangsheng , Cao Changsheng
Published: January 2012

Two series of bistriazolium dibromides with different alkyl bridged length (n = 2–4) were synthesised through a simple solvent-free method. Six of these compounds were prepared from the reaction of 1-R-1H-1,2,4-triazole with dibromoalkane in moderate to excellent yield (45–98%). However, the other six compounds were prepared from the reaction of alkyl bridged bistriazole with bromoalkane in 55–99% yield. All compounds are new and were fully characterised by IR, NMR and elemental analyses.
Synthesis and Crystallography of 8-Halonaphthalene-1-Carbonitriles and Naphthalene-1,8-Dicarbonitrile
Authors: Noland Wayland E. , Narina Venkata Srinivasarao , Britton Doyle
Published: January 2012

A convenient and high-yielding three-step synthesis of 8-halonaphthalene-1-carbonitriles has been achieved by ring opening of 1H-naphtho[1,8-de][1,2,3]triazine with the corresponding halides as the key step. Naphthalene-1,8-dicarbonitrile also has been synthesised from 8-bromonaphthalene-1-carbonitrile via palladium-catalysed cyanation of the aryl bromide. The crystal structures of 8-chloronaphthalene-1-carbonitrile, the A polymorph of the bromo analogue, and naphthalene-1,8-dicarbonitrile are isomorphous with orthorhombic symmetry. The B polymorph of the bromo compound and the iodo analogue are also isomorphous, but with monoclinic symmetry. In all of the halo carbonitriles, the molecules are disordered with respect to the location of the halogen atoms and the nitrile groups. There are no intermolecular X···NC interactions in any of the solids.
Synthesis, Insecticidal Evaluation of Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Chrysanthemamide Derivatives formed by an EDCI/HOBt Condensation
Authors: Yu Peng , Hu Jun , Zhou Tao-Yu , Wang Peng , Xu Yan-Hua
Published: January 2012

A series of novel pesticides with two components derived from a 1,3,4-thiadiazole and chrysanthemic acid were synthesised via an EDCI/HOBt condensation. These 1,3,4-thiadiazole chrysanthemamides were identified by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analyses. Their insecticidal activity was also evaluated.
Synthesis and Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity of Gold(III) Tetraarylporphyrins with a C5-Carboxylate Substituent
Authors: Liu Jinliang , Chen Huasheng , Li Yan , Chen Ying , Mao Leilei , Xu Aihua , Wang Cunde
Published: January 2012

Gold(III) tetraarylporphyrins with a C5-carboxylate substituent have been synthesised and their in vitro cytotoxic activity against SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cell line panel evaluated. The compound 5-[4-(4-ethoxycarbonylbut oxy)phenyl]-10,15,20-tri(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrinatogold(III) chloride exhibited significant growth inhibitory properties against SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cells and afforded an IC50 value of 29 μM for 69.73% of the cell lines in the panel.
Preparation of Methylphenyldichlorosilane through a Catalytic Cracking Reaction of 1,2-Dimethyl-1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorodisilane with Halobenzene
Authors: Pi Yong-Rui , Tan Jun , Liu Hui , Chen Jie , Qun Zhu-You , Zeng Yan-Bo , Li Lei
Published: January 2012

Catalytic cracking reaction of 1,2-dimethyl-1,1,2,2-tetrachlorodisilane with a halobenzene (PhCl, PhBr) to prepare methylphenyldichlorosilane has been investigated. Pd(PPh3)4 exhibited the best catalytic activity among the catalysts used. The activity of chlorobenzene was significantly lower than that of bromobenzene. With the latter and toluene as solvent, in the presence of 0.3 mol % Pd(PPh3)4, the conversion of disilane was 100% with a selectivity to MePhSiCl2 of 97.1%.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polysiloxane Exhibiting Spherulite Texture of Polymeric Smectic a Phase
Authors: Li Ying , Zhang Guangcheng , Jiang Ying , Hou Zhenzhong , Peng Longgui
Published: January 2012

A new type of side-chain liquid-crystalline polysiloxane was synthesised by graft copolymerisation, using (trans, trans)-4-propyl-4'-vinylbicyclohexane exhibiting platelet texture of a blue phase as a mesogenic monomer. The graft copolymerisation was confirmed by characterising the chemical structure of the mesogenic monomer and the polymer by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Microstructures of the mesogenic monomer and the polymer were analysed by polarising optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Thermal properties of the mesogenic monomer and the polymer were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Meanwhile, the spherulite texture of the polymeric smectic A phase of the mesogenic polymer was revealed in the cooling process by polarising optical microscopy. This texture is uncommon in other liquid crystalline polymers.
Echocardiography: An Important Tool for Diagnosis, Guidance of Intervention and Post- Interventional Follow Up of the Congenital and Structural Heart Diseases
Authors: Begum NNF , Razzaque AKM , Rahman MM
Published: January 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v4i1.9393 Cardiovasc. J. 2011; 4(1): 67-74
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Zareen S , Mahmud RS , Uddin SN , Ahmed S , Choudhury KN
Published: January 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v4i1.9394Cardiovasc. J. 2011; 4(1): 75-79
New Fulvalenium Salts of Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide): Crystal Structures and Electrical Conductivities
Authors: Kazheva Olga N. , Aleksandrov Grigory G. , Kravchenko Andrey V. , Starodub Vladimir A. , Lobanova Irina A. , Kosenko Irina D. , Sivaev Igor B. , Bregadze Vladimir I. , Buravov Lev I. , Dyachenko Oleg A.
Published: January 2012

New radical cation salts (BEDT-TTF)[8,8',(7)-Cl2(Cl0.09)-3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H9.91)(1',2'-C2B9H10)] (1), (BEDT-TTF)[8,8'-Br0.75Cl1.25-3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H10)2] (2), and (BMDT-TTF)4[8,8'-Br1.16(OH)0.72-3,3'-Co(1,2-C2B9H10.06)2] (3) were synthesized, and their crystal structures and electrical conductivities were determined. All the radical cation salts are semiconductors. Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be isostructural, however their electrical conductivities strongly differ (s293 = 2 Ω−1cm−1 and 10−5 Ω−1cm−1, respectively).
Mass Spectrometry Based Lipidomics: An Overview of Technological Platforms
Authors: Köfeler Harald C. , Fauland Alexander , Rechberger Gerald N. , Trötzmüller Martin
Published: January 2012

One decade after the genomic and the proteomic life science revolution, new ‘omics’ fields are emerging. The metabolome encompasses the entity of small molecules—Most often end products of a catalytic process regulated by genes and proteins—with the lipidome being its fat soluble subdivision. Within recent years, lipids are more and more regarded not only as energy storage compounds but also as interactive players in various cellular regulation cycles and thus attain rising interest in the bio-medical community. The field of lipidomics is, on one hand, fuelled by analytical technology advances, particularly mass spectrometry and chromatography, but on the other hand new biological questions also drive analytical technology developments. Compared to fairly standardized genomic or proteomic high-throughput protocols, the high degree of molecular heterogeneity adds a special analytical challenge to lipidomic analysis. In this review, we will take a closer look at various mass spectrometric platforms for lipidomic analysis. We will focus on the advantages and limitations of various experimental setups like ‘shotgun lipidomics’, liquid chromatography—Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) based approaches. We will also examine available software packages for data analysis, which nowadays is in fact the rate limiting step for most ‘omics’ workflows.
Quantum Mechanics Calculations, Basicity and Crystal Structure: The Route to Transition Metal Complexes of Azahelicenes
Authors: Caronna Tullio , Castiglione Franca , Famulari Antonino , Fontana Francesca , Malpezzi Luciana , Mele Andrea , Mendola Daniele , Sora Isabella Natali
Published: January 2012

Quantum mechanics density functional calculations provided gas-phase electron distributions and proton affinities for several mono- and diaza[5]helicenes; computational results, together with experimental data concerning crystal structures and propensity to methylation of the nitrogen atom(s), provide a basis for designing azahelicene complexes with transition metal ions.
A New Triterpene from the Plant of Uncaria Macrophylla
Authors: Sun Guangli , Zhang Xiaopo , Xu Xudong , Yang Junshan , Zhong Mingliang , Yuan Jingquan
Published: January 2012

Our ongoing investigations on the stem bark of Uncaria macrophylla afforded a new ursolic triterpene, 3β,6β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid-24-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1), named uncariursanic acid, and three known ursolic triterpenes including 3β,6β,19α-trihydroxy-23-oxo-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (2), 3β,6β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (3) and ursolic acid (4). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectral methods, including 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The cytotoxicities of the four compounds were evaluated against two cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG2) by the MTT method, and only compound 4 exhibited potent activity.
Tissue Engineered Human Skin Equivalents
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Michniak-Kohn Bozena B.
Published: January 2012

Human skin not only serves as an important barrier against the penetration of exogenous substances into the body, but also provides a potential avenue for the transport of functional active drugs/reagents/ingredients into the skin (topical delivery) and/or the body (transdermal delivery). In the past three decades, research and development in human skin equivalents have advanced in parallel with those in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The human skin equivalents are used commercially as clinical skin substitutes and as models for permeation and toxicity screening. Several academic laboratories have developed their own human skin equivalent models and applied these models for studying skin permeation, corrosivity and irritation, compound toxicity, biochemistry, metabolism and cellular pharmacology. Various aspects of the state of the art of human skin equivalents are reviewed and discussed.
A Magnetic Flux Leakage and Magnetostrictive Guided Wave Hybrid Transducer for Detecting Bridge Cables
Authors: Xu Jiang , Wu Xinjun , Cheng Cheng , Ben Anran
Published: January 2012

Condition assessment of cables has gained considerable attention for the bridge safety. A magnetic flux leakage and magnetostrictive guided wave hybrid transducer is provided to inspect bridge cables. The similarities and differences between the two methods are investigated. The hybrid transducer for bridge cables consists of an aluminum framework, climbing modules, embedded magnetizers and a ribbon coil. The static axial magnetic field provided by the magnetizers meets the needs of the magnetic flux leakage testing and the magnetostrictive guided wave testing. The magnetizers also provide the attraction for the climbing modules. In the magnetic flux leakage testing for the free length of cable, the coil induces the axial leakage magnetic field. In the magnetostrictive guided wave testing for the anchorage zone, the coil provides a pulse high power variational magnetic field for generating guided waves; the coil induces the magnetic field variation for receiving guided waves. The experimental results show that the transducer with the corresponding inspection system could be applied to detect the broken wires in the free length and in the anchorage zone of bridge cables.
Improvement of Pyroelectric Cells for Thermal Energy Harvesting
Authors: Hsiao Chun-Ching , Siao An-Shen , Ciou Jing-Chih
Published: January 2012

This study proposes trenching piezoelectric (PZT) material in a thicker PZT pyroelectric cell to improve the temperature variation rate to enhance the efficiency of thermal energy-harvesting conversion by pyroelectricity. A thicker pyroelectric cell is beneficial in generating electricity pyroelectrically, but it hinders rapid temperature variations. Therefore, the PZT sheet was fabricated to produce deeper trenches to cause lateral temperature gradients induced by the trenched electrode, enhancing the temperature variation rate under homogeneous heat irradiation. When the trenched electrode type with an electrode width of 200 μm and a cutting depth of 150 μm was used to fabricate a PZT pyroelectric cell with a 200 μm thick PZT sheet, the temperature variation rate was improved by about 55%. Therefore, the trenched electrode design did indeed enhance the temperature variation rate and the efficiency of pyroelectric energy converters.
Visual Sensor Based Abnormal Event Detection with Moving Shadow Removal in Home Healthcare Applications
Authors: Lee Young-Sook , Chung Wan-Young
Published: January 2012

Vision-based abnormal event detection for home healthcare systems can be greatly improved using visual sensor-based techniques able to detect, track and recognize objects in the scene. However, in moving object detection and tracking processes, moving cast shadows can be misclassified as part of objects or moving objects. Shadow removal is an essential step for developing video surveillance systems. The goal of the primary is to design novel computer vision techniques that can extract objects more accurately and discriminate between abnormal and normal activities. To improve the accuracy of object detection and tracking, our proposed shadow removal algorithm is employed. Abnormal event detection based on visual sensor by using shape features variation and 3-D trajectory is presented to overcome the low fall detection rate. The experimental results showed that the success rate of detecting abnormal events was 97% with a false positive rate of 2%. Our proposed algorithm can allow distinguishing diverse fall activities such as forward falls, backward falls, and falling asides from normal activities.
Inhibitors of the Cellular Trafficking of Ricin
Authors: Barbier Julien , Bouclier Céline , Johannes Ludger , Gillet Daniel
Published: January 2012

Throughout the last decade, efforts to identify and develop effective inhibitors of the ricin toxin have focused on targeting its N-glycosidase activity. Alternatively, molecules disrupting intracellular trafficking have been shown to block ricin toxicity. Several research teams have recently developed high-throughput phenotypic screens for small molecules acting on the intracellular targets required for entry of ricin into cells. These screens have identified inhibitory compounds that can protect cells, and sometimes even animals against ricin. We review these newly discovered cellular inhibitors of ricin intoxication, discuss the advantages and drawbacks of chemical-genetics approaches, and address the issues to be resolved so that the therapeutic development of these small-molecule compounds can progress.
Development of microsatellite markers for Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae)
Authors: Kameyama Y.
Published: January 2012

• Premise of the study: Cinnamomum camphora is an evergreen tree distributed in southern Japan, Taiwan, and southeastern China. Because of its vast utilization and cultivation, the natural distribution area of this species has been controversial.

• Methods and Results: I isolated and characterized 22 microsatellite loci in C. camphora. Levels of polymorphism were evaluated in 104 adult trees from three populations in Japan: Meiji Jingu (Shinto Shrine), Kajiya Plantation, and Manazuru Peninsula. The mean number of alleles per locus ranged from 4.1 to 8.0 among populations. The mean observed and expected heterozygosities per population ranged from 0.53 to 0.60 and 0.55 to 0.68, respectively.

• Conclusions: All of 22 loci showed a clear and strong single band for each allele, and revealed a useful degree of polymorphism. The microsatellite markers described here will be useful to study the history, population dynamics, mating system, and genetic structure of C. camphora.
Dynamics Characteristics of Blast Furnace Shell
Authors: Zhang De Chen , Sun Yan Ping
Published: January 2012

Finite element method and structural mechanics method are used to study the blast furnace shell modal analysis and the natural frequencies and mode shapes have been calculated. The two methods were compared and validated , and the results provide a theoretical foundation for the anti-vibration capabilities design of blast furnace shell in the future .
Feasibility Study on Structure Optimization of Filter Elements for Hydraulic Pipelines
Authors: Zhao Li Wei , Wang Ying
Published: January 2012

The goal of this paper is to form a mathematic model indicating the relationship between the structural parameters of a filter element and its pressure drop. Under study a plait stainless steel filter element used for a hydraulic pipeline filtration system, search for the optimized structural parameters of a filter element used for XYZ-100 lubricating stations and simulate numerically its optimized structural parameters that are worked out theoretically by means of the FLUENT technology of CFD software. Based on the theoretical model, the optimized structural parameters are proved to be feasible through contrasting the theoretical outcome with the simulated outcome.