bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
”BIK/NBK Gene Expression as a Possible Marker of Circulating Breast
Cancer Cells in Blood“
Authors: Lopez-Munoz E. , Garcia-Hernandez N. , I. Penaloza-Espinosa R. , E. Gomez-Del Toro M. , Zarco-Espinosa G. , Barroso-Bravo S. , Salamanca-Gomez F. , J. Arenas-Aranda D.
Published: October 2011

The detection of circulating breast cancer cells in blood could be of special interest as an indicator of diagnosis
and prognosis, and for the selection of treatment. In a previous report, our research group determined gene expression profiles
in samples of breast cancer tissue, identifying over-expression of the BIK/NBK mRNA gene in 90% of the analyzed
samples. In this paper, we analyze the BIK/NBK gene expression as a possible biomarker of circulating breast cancer cells
in blood. We demonstrate that the BIK/NBK gene expression is not a significant biomarker in the detection of circulating
breast cancer cells in the blood of women with breast cancer. Several studies have evaluated the regulation of apoptosis by
estrogens in breast cancer cells, demonstrating the importance of BIK/NBK protein, in estrogen-regulated breast cancer
cell apoptosis, which suggests that the regulation of its expression may be an important therapeutic target or strategy in
the management of cancer, and, although we did not find statistically significant differences among the patient groups to
demonstrate that BIK/NBK gene expression is a biomarker of circulating breast cancer cells in blood, we consider it necessary
to continue the study of this gene in breast cancer tissue and its role in the development and progression of breast
cancer, its prognostic value, and its potential use as therapeutic target.
Catalytic Oxidation of Olefins
Authors: Yongmei Zhang , Hongjun You
Published: October 2011

This paper introduces the development circumstance of catalytic oxidation of olefins. And the synthesis method
of catalytic oxidation of olefins are discussed in detail, such as, catalytic gas-phase oxidation of olefins; catalytic liquidphase
oxidation of olefins; catalytic oxidation of enzyme; catalytic oxidation of olefins by using sodium hypochlorite and
hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst; directly catalytic oxidation of olefins by using visible light. When hydrogen peroxide is
used as the catalyst, it has no pollution and is good beneficial to the public.
Gnoseological models in geographic research of relationship between nature and society
Authors: Grcic Mirko
Published: October 2011

This paper is a retrospective review of theory and concepts about the
relationship between man and nature, which influenced the development of
geographical thought and in certain historical conditions have the role of
scientific paradigms. In this regard, the subject, methodological and
gnoseological transformation of human geography has an explanation in the
concept of the structure of scientific revolutions of T. S. Kuhn.
Hydrographic resources of Ibarski Kolasin in the function of tourism development
Authors: Ivanovic Radomir , Ivanovic Marko , Djokic Mrdjan
Published: October 2011

Hydrographic objects (hydrograph) of a territory may be an important natural
potential for tourism development. Ibarski Kolasin is a territory in northern
Kosovo. Very poor in economic terms. Development of tourism activities in
this area, it could be a significant source of income. Accumulation Gazivode
is remarkably fit into the landscape, and together with the surrounding
mountains, Mokra Gora and Rogozna, represents a specific geographical areas,
which could be excellent tourist realized.
Photoneutron and capture gamma dose calculations for a radiotherapy room made of high density concrete
Authors: Mesbahi Asghar , Ghiasi Hosein , Mahdavi Rabee
Published: October 2011

Neutron and capture gamma ray dose equivalent along the maze and entrance
door of a radiation therapy room made of high density concrete was calculated
using analytical and Monte Carlo methods. The room geometry and the 18 MV
photon beam of a Varian 2100C/D linac were simulated using MCNPX MC code.
Four analytical methods including Kersey, French, McCall, and Wu-McGinley
methods were used in the current study. Average difference of 13-30% was seen
between analytical and MC methods along the maze for photoneutron
calculations. The difference between Wu-McGinley and MC methods was about 17%
for capture gamma ray calculations. It was concluded that the analytical
methods overestimate both neutron and capture gamma ray dose equivalents
compared to MC. Moreover, it was shown that the analytical methods can be
used as conservative estimators for neutron and capture gamma calculations.
Jane Jacobs' ideas about the economical nature of urban societies
Authors: Pusic Ljubinko
Published: October 2011

It is not possible at all to understand the ideas that Jane Jacobs had been
asserting in her various academic, activistic and research works if we
consider only one of these aspects. If we consider, as the very center of her
interest for urban societies, only her ideas about large American cities, we
put in second plan, to some extent, her ideas covering a much wider spectrum.
Particularly, I am referring to her understanding of the relationships
between economy, cities and prosperity of nations. Today, after almost thirty
years since the publication of ?Cities and the Wealth of Nations?, it is easy
to notice her ability of anticipation: we analyze ideas about the connections
between the roles of national states, globalization and the existence of
world cities. When the problem is about the destiny of big cities and their
connections to the economy, J. Jacobs assembles the scenario of the
historical retrospective and vision, in a similar way to L. Mumford. With a
careful reading of her ideas, we become conscious of the extent to which the
connecting of urban features allows sociology to understand, to accept many
disciplines in contact and use them as complementary. It is not only a cheap,
postmodern flirting with the main stream in the center of which lies
globalization, but more an opening of humanities to the ideas of I.
Wallerstein of a heuristic importance.
Relationism of Pierre Bourdieu: Between materialistic and linguistic structuralism
Authors: Filipovic Bozidar
Published: October 2011

In this paper we have attempted to rethink some of the basic postulates of
the Bourdieu?s theory, in order to offer a new point of view and point out
possible problems - epistemological space, relevant relations of structure
and structural nominalism - located in its grounds. Bourdieu?s attempt to
synthesize various theoretical influences, although very heuristically
productive, has left behind doubts and concerns which we have tried to
recognize and point out more clearly.
Ethiopathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy of foal neonatal septicemia
Authors: Laus Sasa , Trailovic Dragisa , Djokovic Stefan
Published: October 2011

Sepsis is very frequent cause of neonatal foal deaths. It is systemic inflammation developing after infective agents break into in the foal circulation with progressive disturbance of health not responding to intensive therapy. Systemic inflammatory response and development of the shock in first phase of the sepsis development lead to massive organ damages and progression of organ dysfunction syndrome further promoting loss of homeostatic mechanisms and death of foal. During the period of three decades high mortality rate of newborn foals have been reported. Among most frequent causes of foal deaths beside EHV1 infection, bacterial sepsis mostly accompanied with insufficient colostral immunity transfer was documented. Fast development of the non-specific symptoms and shock in foals are often misleading diagnostics thus prolonging the onset of specific therapy. Therefore the effective clinical procedures, beside close observation of newborn foals, depend upon fast recognition of mechanisms of infection and shock development. Since time-consuming procedure is necessary for identification of the causative infective agent and the evaluation of its susceptibility on antibiotics, the therapy if symptomatic and include intravenous administration of fluids in aim to correct glycaemia and acid-base disturbance, antibiotic and antiendotoxic treatment, and substitutive treatment of immunoglobulin deficiency in all cases of passive immune transfer failure involved in sepsis development. .
Influenza - flu
Authors: Valcic Miroslav , Radojicic Sonja
Published: October 2011

In epidemiology or in epizootiology, there are some infectious diseases that have potential for significant reduction of the susceptible species population. Over the past few decades, epidemiologists were concentrated on diseases that were 'modern' and made front-page news in tabloids. One should recall diseases like bovine spongiform encephalopathy, SARS and AIDS syndromes. However, we should always be aware of the most dangerous diseases such as our old friend, influenza, or simply, flu. In the past decade, we heard about 'bird' or 'swine' influenza. It is the same disease for different animal species as well as for man. Influenza owes its characteristics to specific virus biology as well as to the epidemiology-epizootiology characteristics of the susceptible species. Antigenic changes that took place thanks to reassortment mechanisms of the viral gene segments cause the onset of the new antigenic combinations of the hemaglutinin and neuraminidase molecules. As a result, new H and/or N antigenic formulas appear for the first time in totally susceptible animal and human populations. That means that in such circumstances, no person in the world is immune to the virus. In that case, such a virus can cause a pandemic with disastrous consequences since influenza is a disease with significant mortality, especially in some segments of the human (as well as animal) population. Birds and swine are virus reservoirs, but these species are at the same time live test tubes in which the virus resides, changes and adapts itself not only to the original species but to other species as well. That means that there is no 'bird' or 'swine' flu. Influenza is an infection of several important animal species as well as man that have potential not only for the reduction of the population size but, in case of the human population, for influencing social and economic life. .
High, open wedge tibial osteotomy: Finite element analysis of five internal fixation modalities
Authors: Stepanovic Zeljko , Zivkovic Miroslav , Vulovic Snezana , Acimovic Ljubisa , Ristic Branko , Matic Aleksandar , Grujovic Zoran
Published: October 2011

Background/Aim. Medial open wedge tibial osteotomy is one of the most widely
accepted method of treatment for varus knee deformity in younger patient
population. Its success depends on the quality of fixation and preservation
of the outer cortex of the tibia. The aim of the study was to evaluate stress
distribution in five numerically designed plate configurations which can be
used in open wedge tibial osteotomy. Methods. The paper describes the 3D
numerical model of the tibia with 10? varus deformity correction obtained by
an optical scanner ATOS. The simulation anticipated axial compressive loads
of 700 N, 1 400 N and 2 100 N. We used a modification of the standard T-plate
in all of the five tested models. Modalities were tested with and without a
metal block, and with and without a stable angle fixation plates and screws.
Software PAK was used in the analysis of stress distribution. Results. With
exception for the standard T-plate configuration without the supporting
block, the loads up to 1400 N did not result in critical stresses on the
outer cortex of the tibia in the remaining four models. There is an objective
risk of possible failure of the outer cortex and loss of correction at a load
of 2100 N in all configurations. The plate model with the angle stable
fixation and the supporting metal block showed the most optimal distribution
of stresses on the plate-bone composite compared to other models. Conclusion.
The standard T-plate configuration without supporting metal block is not
sufficient to stabilize the open wedge osteotomy of the tibia. Numerical
models of the angle stable T-plate and the supporting metal block achieved a
favorable distribution of stresses on the bone and implant which require
further biomechanical testing.
Foreign body extraction through the rigid bronchoscopy
Authors: Mrvic Stanko , Milosavljevic Milos , Stojkovic Dragan , Milisavljevic Slobodan , Radovanovic Dragce , Mitrovic Slobodanka
Published: October 2011

Introduction. Foreign body aspiration into tracheobronchial tree represents
an urgent condition at high level of risk. Etiology is different, and this
condition is typical for all ages with highest incidence in pediatric
population. Case report. A successful foreign body removal (partial denture)
in a 34-year old man was presented. Radiography and computerized tomography
of the chest showed a foreign body localized at the level of the right
bronchus including the right middle lobe bronchus. By the use of rigid
bronchoscopy, a foreign body was visualized and mobilized from the segmental
bronchus in the first act, and then completely extracted. Conclusion.
Efficient diagnostics and extraction are imperative for the aspirated foreign
body preventing life-threatening complications.
Plantar fibromatosis and Dupuytren’s contracture in an adolescent
Authors: Nikolic Jelena , Janjic Zlata , Momcilovic Dragan , Ninkovic Srdjan , Harhai Vladimir
Published: October 2011

Background. Fibromatosis represents a wide group of benign, locally
proliferative disorders of fibroblasts. Dupuytren` s disease is a benign
proliferative disease of palmar aponeurosis which usually affects adults
between 40 and 60 years of age. Ledderhose`s disease or plantar fibromatosis
is plantar equivalent of Dupuyten`s disease most often affecting middle- aged
and older men, usually bilateral, represented with painless nodule in the
medial division of plantar fascia. Case report. We presented a 19-year old
adolescent that turned to a plastic surgeon complaining to his small finger
contracture. He noticed palmar thickening with nodule over the
metacarpophalangeal joint of small finger of his right hand when he was 16
years old. A year later a finger started to band. During physical checkup we
noticed plantar nodule that also had his father and grandmother. Magnetic
resonance and tumor biopsy confirmed a suspicion on plantar fibromatosis -
Ledderhose`s disease. Clinical exam of the hand clearly led to a conclusion
that the patient had Dupuytren`s contracture with pretendinous cord over the
small finger flexor tendons and lack of extension of proximal interphalangeal
(PIP) joint. On the extensor side of the PIP joints there were Garrod`s
nodes. The patient refused surgical treatment of plantar tumor, but agreed to
surgical correction of finger contracture. Conclusion. Despite the fact that
Dupuytren`s disease and plantar fibromatosis are diseases of adults, the
possibility of conjoint appearance of these forms of fibromatosis in
adolescent period of life should be kept in mind especially in patients with
strong genetic predisposition.
Role of extracellular matrix and prolactin in functional differentiation of bovine BME-UV1 mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Kozłowski M. , Wilczak J. , Motyl T. , Gajewska M.
Published: October 2011

Role of extracellular matrix and prolactin in functional differentiation of bovine BME-UV1 mammary epithelial cells

Interactions between extracellular matrix (ECM) and epithelial cells are necessary for proper organisation and function of the epithelium. In the present study we show that bovine mammary epithelial cell line BME-UV1 cultured on ECM components, commercially available as Matrigel™, constitutes a good model for studying mechanisms controlling functional differentiation of the bovine mammary gland. In contact with Matrigel BME-UV1 cells induce apicobasal polarity, and within 16 days form three dimensional (3D) acinar structures with a centrally localized hollow lumen, which structurally resemble mammary alveoli present in the functionally active mammary gland. We have shown that the 3D culture system enables a high expression and proper localisation of integrin receptors and tight junction proteins in BME-UV1 cells to be induced. This effect was not obtained in cells grown in the classical 2D culture system on plastic. Moreover, ECM highly stimulated the synthesis of one of the major milk proteins, β-casein, even in the absence of prolactin. Our results show that contact with ECM plays an important role in the lactogenic activity of bovine MECs, however, prolactin is necessary for the efficient secretion of milk proteins.
Magnetic resonance imaging of selected limb joints in dogs
Authors: Adamiak Z. , Jaskólska M. , Matyjasik H. , Pomianowski A. , Kwiatkowska M.
Published: October 2011

Magnetic resonance imaging of selected limb joints in dogs

The presented paper presents updated information concerning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of shoulder joint, elbow joint and knee joint in dogs. It describes indications, planes, standard sequences, slice thickness to perform MRI examination of above mentioned joints. Besides general information about basic physics use in magnetic resonance imaging, and practical information about magnetic resonance and it usage in orthopedic examination are given.
Prediction of leaf number by linear regression models in cassava
Authors: Fakir MSA , Mostafa MG , Karim MR , Prodhan AKMA
Published: October 2011

Estimation of leaf number currently held on the plant and degree of leaf sheding occurred was carried out in two Cassava (Manihot esculenta) morphotypes (Philippine and Nagra) at Mymensingh (24°75´N 90°50´E). Four linear regression Models were developed for estimating leaf number (LN) from length (L) of mainstem (MS) and primary branch (PB) and they were LNMS = -6.89 + 1.05LMS (Model # 1) and LNPB = -5.116 + 1.033LPB (Model # 2) for Philippine; and LNMS = -4.041 + 0.73LMS (Model # 3) and LNPB = -1.597 + 0.707LPB (Model # 4) for Nagra morphotype. New leaf number produced in the mainstem (LNMS) and primary branch (LNPB), total leaf number in the mainstem (TLMS) and primary branch (TLPB) of each morphotype were also counted for leaf abscission (LAB) prediction model and the results showed that the regression models of leaf abscission in the primary branch (LABPB) from new leaf in the primary branch (LNPB) was effective (LABPB = - 0.521 + 0.525LNPB) (Model # 6). These regression Models showed linear relationships when actual leaf number was plotted against predicted leaf number and that this confirmed accuracy of the developed Models. Moreover, Models selection indices had high predictability (high R2) with minimum error (low error mean square error and percentage deviation). The selected Models appeared accurate and rapid, but can be used for estimation of leaf production in Philippine and Nagra morphotypes of Cassava. Keywords: Manihot esculenta; Regression; Leaf production; Leaf abscission DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i1.8743 JBAU 2011; 9(1): 49-54
Application of PCR for the detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Nahar Q , Pervin M , Islam MT , Khan MAHNA
Published: October 2011

The present study was carried out for the detection and identification of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 10 suspected cattle of Savar and BAU dairy farm were examined. Lymphnode biopsy, nasal swabs and blood were collected. Smears from lymphnode biopsy and nasal swabs were made onto clear slides and stain with acid fast staining. Portion of lymohnodes were preserved at -200C and extracted DNA for PCR analysis. Portion of lymphnodes and other tissues were also collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin for routine Hematoxilin and Eosin staining and acid fast staining. In this study, acid fast staining of lymphnodes and nasal smears failed to detect acid fast Mycobacterium. The genome of bovine Mycobacterium in the extracted DNA of lymphnodes which used in PCR reaction was amplified and yielded 600 bp amplicon. This study suggests that, the PCR technique is a useful and rapid diagnostic tool for the identification of bovine TB in dairy cattle. Amplification technology offers the potential for the diagnosis of TB in a few hours with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Keywords: Bovine TB; acid fast; PCR DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i1.8747 JBAU 2011; 9(1): 73-78
Shelf life of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) under different storage conditions
Authors: Begum M , Pollen AA , Newaz AW , Kamal M
Published: October 2011

The effect of formalin on the organoleptic parameters, biochemical composition and storage quality of iced and frozen stored giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) was investigated. The organoleptic characters such as appearance, textural condition, colour, odour of both formalin added and non-added prawns were evaluated. The quality of non-added prawns was judged good up to first 3 days of iced storage and remained acceptable in terms of commercial standard for processing in the industry up to 6 days. On the other hand, formalin added samples were organoleptically acceptable up to 8 days. The expressible moisture content of both formalin added and non-added prawns continued to increase gradually during 90 days of frozen storage and it was higher in non-added sample. Study of proximate composition at initial storage showed that there were variations in composition between formalin added and non-added samples. At the end of 10 days of iced storage, there was little change in composition in both the cases. To assess the freshness of the prawn samples, TVB-N value and myofibrillar protein solubility were determined. Under iced storage, there was a clear trend of increasing TVB-N value both in formalin added and nonadded samples with higher value in non-added sample. The initial myofibrillar protein solubility of formalin added prawn was 88% and that of non-added sample was 80%. After 10 days of iced storage, the protein solubility of both the samples decreased to 50% of their initial value. The solubility of myofibrillar protein of formalin added prawn was lower than non-added sample. Overall loss of freshness took place much faster in non-added prawn sample than the formalin added sample both under iced and frozen storage conditions. Keywords: Freshwater prawn; Organoleptic parameter; Myofibrillar protein; TVB-N value DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i1.8758 JBAU 2011; 9(1): 159-168
The Role of the Effective Cloud Albedo for Climate Monitoring and Analysis
Authors: Mueller Richard , Trentmann Jörg , Träger-Chatterjee Christine , Posselt Rebekka , Stöckli Reto
Published: October 2011

Cloud properties and the Earth’s radiation budget are defined as essential climate variables by the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). The cloud albedo is a measure for the portion of solar radiation reflected back to space by clouds. This information is essential for the analysis and interpretation of the Earth’s radiation budget and the solar surface irradiance. We present and discuss a method for the production of the effective cloud albedo and the solar surface irradiance based on the visible channel (0.45–1 μm) on-board of the Meteosat satellites. This method includes a newly developed self-calibration approach and has been used to generate a 23-year long (1983–2005) continuous and validated climate data record of the effective cloud albedo and the solar surface irradiance. Using this climate data record we demonstrate the ability of the method to generate the two essential climate variables in high accuracy and homogeneity. Further on, we discuss the role of the cloud albedo within climate monitoring and analysis. We found trends with opposite sign in the observed effective cloud albedo resulting in positive trends in the solar surface irradiance over ocean and partly negative trends over land. Ground measurements are scarce over the ocean and thus satellite-derived effective cloud albedo and solar surface irradiance constitutes a unique observational data source. Within this scope it has to be considered that the ocean is the main energy reservoir of the Earth, which emphasises the role of satellite-observed effective cloud albedo and derived solar surface irradiance as essential climate variables for climate monitoring and analysis.
Therapy of Osteoporosis in Men with Teriparatide
Authors: Cusano Natalie E. , Costa Aline G. , Silva Barbara C. , Bilezikian John P.
Published: October 2011

Osteoanabolic therapy is an attractive therapeutic option for men with osteoporosis because it directly stimulates bone formation, an action not shared by any antiresorptive drug. Teriparatide (recombinant human PTH(1-34)) and PTH(1-84) are available in many countries but PTH(1-84) is not available in the United States. Only teriparatide is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis in men. It is also indicated in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Teriparatide is associated with major gains in bone density at the lumbar spine and, to a lesser extent, in the hip regions. Vertebral and nonvertebral fractures are reduced in postmenopausal women treated with teriparatide. Fracture reduction data in men are less secure because the number of study subjects is small and the studies have not been powered to document this endpoint. Nevertheless, observational data in men suggest a reduction in vertebral fractures with teriparatide. Attempts to show further beneficial effects of teriparatide in combination with antiresorptive agents have not been demonstrated yet to be superior to monotherapy with teriparatide alone. The duration of therapy with teriparatide is limited to 2 years. Thereafter, it is necessary to treat with an antiresorptive drug to maintain, and perhaps increase, densitometric gains. Teriparatide is well tolerated with a good safety profile.
Multimodality Imaging of Normal Hepatic Transplant Vasculature and Graft Vascular Complications
Authors: Roberts Jeffrey H , Mazzariol Fernanda S , Frank Susan J , Oh Sarah K , Koenigsberg Mordecai , Stein Marjorie W
Published: October 2011

Orthotopic liver transplantation is an important treatment option for patients with end-stage liver disease. Advances in surgical technique, along with improvements in organ preservation and immunosuppression have improved patient outcomes. Post-operative complications, however, can limit this success. Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for evaluation of hepatic transplants, providing real-time information about vascular flow in the graft. Graft vascular complications are not uncommon, and their prompt recognition is crucial to allow for timely graft salvage. A multimodality approach including CT angiography, MRI, or conventional angiography may be necessary in cases of complex transplant vascular anatomy or when sonography and Doppler are inconclusive to diagnose the etiologies of these complications. The purpose of this article is to familiarize radiologists with the normal post-transplant vascular anatomy and the imaging appearances of the major vascular complications that may occur within the hepatic artery, portal vein, and venous outflow tract, with an emphasis on ultrasound.
Influence of Donor Tissue Factors on Detachment Rate in DSAEK Patients
Authors: Demsey Daniel , Baxter Stephanie
Published: October 2011

Purpose. To determine whether the rate of graft detachment in patients undergoing the DSAEK procedure is influenced by the time elapsed between donor death and tissue implantation. Methods. Data on procedure outcome and donor tissue for patients undergoing the DSAEK procedure were reviewed. Data on time elapsed between harvest, processing, storage, and implantation of the tissue, as well as donor tissue endothelial cell count were obtained from reports made available from the Eye Bank of Canada. The adverse outcome of interest was graft detachment. Results. 71 cases were reviewed, with 14% resulting in detachment. The following time periods were compared between detachment and nondetachment groups: donor death to enucleation; enucleation to processing; duration of storage at the Eye Bank to implantation. No statistically significant differences were found (Student's t-test, ). Endothelial cell counts of donor tissue were compared between the two groups, and no statistically significant difference was found (Student's t-test, ). Conclusion. The range of processing times and endothelial cell counts in donor tissue available from the Eye Bank did not predict a change in the rate of graft dislocation in one surgeon's practice.
Thermoelectric transport properties of an apparent Fermi liquid: Relation to an analytic anomaly in the density of states and application to hole‐doped delafossites
Authors: Kremer S. , Frésard R.
Published: October 2011

Through the motivation of the recent discovery of dispersionless regions in the band structure of the delafossites, a model density of states of free fermions including a d anomaly is studied. The resulting temperature dependence of the chemical potential is obtained both exactly and by different approximation schemes which are then discussed thoroughly. This includes the introduction of an approximation of the polylogarithm difference which is capable of accessing a parameter range neither covered by Sommerfeld expansion nor by Boltzmann approximation. It is found that the Fermi temperature and several other temperature scales may be very low, giving rise to experimentally observable behaviours differing from the one described by Fermi liquid theory. In particular, two kinds of apparent Fermi liquid behaviour emerge at intermediate temperatures. This behaviour is related to recent transport data reported for CuCr1‐xMgxO2 [A. Maignan et al., Solid State Commun. 149, 962 (2009)] and CuRh1‐xMgxO2 [A. Maignan et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 115103 (2009)] by means of the temperature independent correlation functions ratio approximation. In this way an effective density of states as well as the effective charge carrier density of these materials are determined. Furthermore, conclusions about the specific heat of the latter material are drawn which presents particular effects of the analytical anomaly.
Degradation behaviors of linear low‐density polyethylene and poly(L‐lactic acid) blends
Authors: Singh Gursewak , Kaur Navleen , Bhunia Haripada , Bajpai Pramod K. , Mandal Uttam K.
Published: October 2011

In this study, the degradability of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) blend films under controlled composting conditions was investigated according to modified ASTM D 5338 (2003). Differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the thermal and morphological properties of the plastic films. LLDPE 80 (80 wt % LLDPE and 20 wt % PLLA) degraded faster than grafted low‐density polyethylene–maleic anhydride (M‐g‐L) 80/4 (80 wt % LLDPE, 20 wt % PLLA, and 4 phr compatibilizer) and pure LLDPE (LLDPE 100). The mechanical properties and weight changes were determined after composting. The tensile strength of LLDPE 100, LLDPE 80, and M‐g‐L 80/4 decreased by 20, 54, and 35%, respectively. The films, as a result of degradation, exhibited a decrease in their mass. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Investigation of the rheological behavior of titanium dioxide pigmented acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene polymer
Authors: Taghinejad Soheil Farshbaf , Behrouzi Mina , Asiaban Saeed
Published: October 2011

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigments may be surface‐modified by hydrous oxides, such as alumina (e.g., Cristal 134) or by organic compounds, such as organophosphate (e.g., Tiona 188). In this investigation, the effects of these pigments on the rheological properties of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) polymer were investigated. With the oscillatory rheometry method in the linear viscoelastic region, the storage and loss moduli versus frequency graph of ABS in the molten state showed two crossover points (COPs) when the surface of the ABS components, that is, poly(styrene‐stat‐acrylonitrile) and poly[(styrene‐stat‐acrylonitrile)‐graft‐polybutadiene] or g‐ABS, had good interaction. The first COPs increased when the TiO2 content rose to 0.5 and 1.5% in Tiona 188 and Cristal 134 pigmented ABS samples, respectively. With the addition of TiO2 up to these contents, the polymer–pigment interaction becomes stronger so that the dispersion of the pigments was good. With increasing TiO2, the first COPs dramatically decreased because of agglomeration of the pigments. The shifting of the first COP may be applied as a criterion to specify the dispersion of TiO2 particles in the ABS matrix. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the pigments had no effect on the size of the polybutadiene particles. Also, transmission electron micrographs proved that agglomerates of Tiona 188 and Cristal 134 particles were formed above 0.5 and 1.5% TiO2 contents, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Polysilazane‐based heat‐ and oxidation‐resistant coatings on carbon fibers
Authors: Shayed M. A. , Hund R. D. , Cherif C.
Published: October 2011

Carbon fibers must be protected from a high‐temperature oxidizing environment because, at approximately 500°C and above, the fibers exhibit reduced mass and strength stability. The fibers can be protected by the application of thermal coatings, which simultaneously improve the adhesive properties of the carbon fibers in the composite materials. Polysilazanes are a new family of heat‐resistant polymer coatings that are converted into silicone carbide or silicone nitride ceramic structures at high temperatures. The converted ceramics are resistant to the effects of high temperatures. In this research work, polysilazane‐based coatings were applied to carbon filament (CF) rovings with the dip‐coating method. Tensile testing at room temperature and under thermal stress was carried out to assess the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of both coated and uncoated rovings. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis were performed to evaluate the surface topographical properties of the coated and uncoated rovings. Thermogravimetric analysis was executed to determine the thermal stability of the polymer coatings. The coating performance on the CF rovings was determined by assessment of the test results obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Pilocarpine‐loaded poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles as potential candidates for controlled drug delivery with enhanced ocular pharmacological response
Authors: Nair K. Lekha , Vidyanand S. , James Jackson , Kumar G. S. Vinod
Published: October 2011

The poor corneal residence time of pilocarpine, an alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the Jaborandi plant, limits its ocular application. The aim of this study was to develop, characterize, and evaluate the potential of pilocarpine entrapped by poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle carriers for ocular drug delivery. Pilocarpine‐loaded nanoparticles were prepared with a double‐emulsion (water in oil in water) method and characterized with transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The nanoparticles exhibited an average size of 82.7 nm with an encapsulation efficiency of 57%. Stability studies showed the absence of agglomeration and constancy in the amount of drug entrapped; this indicated the solidity of these particles for long‐term use. The in vitro release studies conducted in simulated tear fluid showed the sustained release of pilocarpine. In vivo evaluation of the nanoparticles was done in a rabbit model with a miosis assay and compared to an equal dose of commercially available eye drops of pilocarpine (Pilocar drops). The in vivo miosis studies showed that the duration of miotic response increased by 40% for the nanoparticles and produced an almost 68% increase in total miotic response when compared to the eye drops. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrated the potential of pilocarpine‐loaded PLGA nanoparticles for multiplying the therapeutic effect of ophthalmic drug delivery with enhanced bioavailability and pharmacological response. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermal Behaviors of 2‐(Dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacycloheptane (DNDH)
Authors: Lü Lei , Xu Kangzhen , Wang Gang , Luo Jinan , Song Jirong , Wang Bozhou , Zhao Fengqi
Published: October 2011

2‐(Dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacycloheptane (DNDH) was prepared by the reaction of 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7) with 1,4‐diaminoethane in NMP. Thermal decomposition behavior of DNDH was studied under the non‐isothermal conditions with DSC method, and presents only one intensely exothermic decomposition process. The kinetic equation of the decomposition reaction is dα/dT=1033.88×3α2/3exp(−3.353×105/RT)/β. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 215.97°C. Specific heat capacity of DNDH was studied with micro‐DSC method and theoretical calculation method, and the molar heat capacity is 215.40 J·mol−1·K−1 at 298.15 K. Adiabatic time‐to‐explosion was calculated to be 92.07 s. DNDH has same thermal stability to FOX‐7.
New Synthetic Route of Two Active Isomeric Metabolites of Erlotinib and Their Bioactivity Studies against Several Tumor Cell Lines
Authors: Li Hanqing , Li Mengyao , Li Zaiquan , Li Liang , Bi Shanshan , Deng Chenhui , Chen Rui , Zhou Tianyan , Lu Wei
Published: October 2011

The synthesis and differential antiproliferative activity of two active isomeric metabolites of erlotinib were investigated. This synthetic process had demonstrated to avoid the unstable 4‐chloroquinazoline intermediates and long procedures. New intermediates and final compounds were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI‐TOF MS, and their purities were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. In vitroproliferative assay indicated that these two metabolites possessed antiproliferative activity against some conventional tumor cell lines and EGFR tyrosine kinase over‐expression tumor cell lines as compared to erlotinib control, and their antitumor activity in cellular level was first reported here.
One‐pot Combinatorial Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo‐[1,2‐a]thiopyrano[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one Derivatives
Authors: Shen Shide , Zhang Honghong , Yang Weihua , Yu Chenxia , Yao Changsheng
Published: October 2011

A series of novel fused tetracyclic benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]thiopyrano[3,4‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives were synthesized via the reaction of aryl aldehyde, 2H‐thiopyran‐3,5(4H,6H)‐dione, and 1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐amine in glacial acetic acid. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, high yields and short reaction time.
A Tri‐µ‐O‐S‐O Manganese Dimer: Synthesis, Structral and EPR Study
Authors: Bi Yangang , Chen Yuyou , Lu Xiaoming
Published: October 2011

A Tri‐µ‐O‐S‐O coordinative manganese dimer: [Mn2(SO4)2(phen)4]·CH3OH (phen1,10‐phenanthroline) (1) was yielded by the reaction of 1,10‐phenanthroline and MnSO4·H2O in a mixed solvent of methanol and acetonitrile under room temperature and was structurally characterized. Single crystal analysis shows that complex 1 has polymeric structure based on binuclear Mn(II) units bridged by O‐S‐O groups of two SO42− anion. The UV spectrum of the complex clarifies that each metal‐organic building unit parallels with each other through the Π‐Π interactions of face‐to‐face separations of two 1,10‐phen planes among the complex, forming a layered structure. And the electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal clearly indicates that those manganese atoms in complex 1 are in +2 oxidation states.
Synthesis and Opto‐electronic Properties of a Red‐Emitting Heteroleptic Platinum Complex Using Pyrazol‐based Diketone Derivative as Ancillary Ligand
Authors: Deng Jiyong , Wang Yafei , Li Xiaoshuang , Ni Meijun , Liu Ming , Liu Yu , Lei Gangtie , Zhu Meixiang , Zhu Weiguo
Published: October 2011

A red‐emitting heteroleptic cyclometalated platinum(II) complex containing an ancillary ligand of pyrazol‐based diketone derivative was synthesized. Its optophysical and electroluminescent properties were studied. Compared to the reported (piq)Pt(acac) complex, this platinum(II) complex exhibited a blue‐shifted UV absorption band at 300–450 nm, a low LUMO energy level and improved electroluminescent property. Using this platinum(II) complex as a single doping emitter and a blend of ploy(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) and 2‐tert‐butylphenyl‐5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole as a host matrix, the fabricated polymer light‐emitting devices displayed saturated red emission with a peak at 648 nm and a shoulder at 601 nm. Furthermore, the emission quenching of the platinum(II) complex was significantly suppressed in these devices at high current density due to an introduction of the non‐planar pyrazol group into the ancillary ligand.
Encapsulation Chalcogen Anions in Perfluorinated Silicon Fullerene: X2−@Si20F20 (X=O, S, Se)
Authors: Wang Hong , Wu Lin
Published: October 2011

The structures and stabilities of cage Si20F20 and its endohedral complexes X2−@Si20F20 (X=O, S, Se) were determined at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) levels of density functional theory (DFT). It is found that the adiabatic electron affinity (EAad) of host cage Si20F20 (Ih) is higher than that of isolated O atom (4.24 vs. 1.46 eV). This suggests the Si20F20 cage can selectively trap and stabilize the capsulated spherical anions. The calculations predict that X=S and Se are nearly located at the center of the cage, and O dramatically deviates from the center in C3v symmetry. Moreover, the corresponding X2−@Si20F20 complexes have more negative inclusion energies (ΔEinc) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔZ) than X2−@C20F20. The amount of charge that is being transferred from the encapsulated anions to the cage increases with the atomic radius, i.e., from O2− (ca. 45%), S2− (ca. 51%) to Se2− (ca. 59%), and such a novel model of cage may have practical uses as potential and electrical building units of nanoscale materials.
Synthesis, Photophysical Properties of Tribranched Chromophores Based on 1,3,5‐Triazine Core and Different Electro‐donating End‐groups
Authors: Liu Li , Huang Wei , Shi Jieping , Lü Changgui , Cui Yiping , Lu Guo‐Yuan
Published: October 2011

Three two‐photon absorption (TPA) tribranched chromophores were successfully prepared, in which 1,3,5‐triazine is been as electron deficient core, 1,4‐phenylenedivinylene as conjugated bridge, 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) (T1), N‐methylpyrrole (T2) or triphenylamine (T3) as electron‐donating end‐groups. Their photophysical properties were studied by absorption, one‐ and two‐photon fluorescence and TPA cross‐section determination. The nonlinear transmission (NLT) measurement in femtoseconds (fs) regime at 800 nm indicates that TPA cross‐section (2 values of T1, T2 and T3 with extended Π‐conjugated bridge are much larger than the corresponding chromophore T4 with a short length bridge, and TPA cross‐section of T1 with end‐groups EDOT exhibits a remarkable enhancement compared with T2 and T3 having the same length Π‐system. The chromophores T1, T2 and T3 show also remarkable up‐converted luminescence and optical limiting activity.
High Glass Transition and Optical Transparency of Novel Organosoluble Polyamides Containing 4‐tert‐‐Butyltoluene Moiety
Authors: Wang Chenyi , Zhao Xiaoyan , Li Guang , Jiang Jianming
Published: October 2011

A series of novel polyamides 3a–3d containing 4‐tert‐butyltoluene moiety, were prepared using the phosphorylation polycondensation technique. FT‐IR and 1H NMR techniques were used to investigate the chemical structures of 3a–3d. The results confirmed that they agreed with the proposed structures for 3a–3d completely. The 3a–3d had inherent viscosities ranging from 0.71 to 1.67 dL·g−1. All the polyamides showed excellent solubility, with the dissolvability at a concentration of 10 wt% in most amide polar solvents. Flexible and tough polyamide films could be prepared by casting from DMAc (N,N‐dimethylacetamide) solvent. Their films were nearly colorless and exhibited high optical transparency, with the UV cutoff wavelength in the range of 346–363 nm and transmittance higher than 80% at 450 nm. They also exhibited high glass transition temperatures in the range of 310–343°C and the onset decomposition temperatures in the range of 435–462°C in nitrogen atmosphere. Meanwhile, these polyamide films possess good mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 76.4–86.1 MPa and elongations at break of 11.2%–27.3%. Due to those properties, these polyamides could be considered as photoelectric and microelectronic materials.
Multifunctional microbubbles and nanobubbles for photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Xu Ronald X.
Published: October 2011

Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging imaging modality for noninvasive detection of tissue structural and functional anomalies. Multifunctional microbubbles (MBs) and nanobubbles (NBs) are contrast agents integrating multiple disease‐targeting, imaging and therapeutic functions. Multifunctional MBs and NBs represent an enabling technology for many potential applications in the field of photoacoustic imaging. Highly absorbing optical contrast agents, such as gold nanoparticles, India ink and Indocyanine Green, can be encapsulated in MBs and NBs for stable absorption properties and multimodal imaging contrasts. The surface of MBs and NBs can be modified for high disease‐targeting affinity, reduced immunogenicity and prolonged circulation lifetime. Low boiling point perfluorocarbon compounds can be encapsulated in MBs and NBs for selective activation by external energy sources. The activation of these MBs and NBs may introduce significant contrast enhancement and facilitate a variety of potential clinical applications, such as image‐guided drug delivery and therapeutic margin assessment. MB and NB enhanced photoacoustic imaging is still in its infancy. Further development and validation works are necessary for successful translation of the technology from the benchtop to the bedside. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hedgehog pathway signaling in cervical carcinoma and outcome after chemoradiation
Authors: Chaudary Naz , Pintilie Melania , Hedley David , Fyles Anthony W. , Milosevic Michael , Clarke Blaise , Hill Richard P. , Mackay Helen
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling was assessed in patients with primary cervical carcinoma who were receiving chemoradiation. Because the up‐regulation of Hh has been reported in response to hypoxia, the authors examined associations between Hh gene expression and measurements of HP5 (the percentage of oxygen pressure readings in each tumor <5 mm Hg) and interstitial fluid pressure (IFP).

METHODS:

Sonic hedgehog (SHH), Indian hedgehog (IHH), patched 1 and 2 (PTCH1 and PTCH2), smoothened (SMO), and glioma‐associated oncogene family zinc finger 1 (Gli1) expression levels were determined using quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis on 85 frozen samples of primary cervical carcinoma and on 16 normal cervical samples. Clinicopathologic data were collected prospectively. Possible correlations between Hh expression and tumor hypoxia (HP5 and IFP) measured at the time of biopsy, the time to local recurrence, and disease‐free survival (DFS) were examined.

RESULTS:

At least 1 member of the Hh pathway was elevated in all but 1 tumor compared with normal tissue (P < .0001). Hh gene expression was heterogeneous with SHH, IHH, and GLI exhibiting bimodal distribution. Elevation of SHH expression (P = .04) and low SMO expression (P = .0007) were associated with HP5. The risk of local recurrence was associated with the up‐regulation of SMO (hazard ratio [HR], 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00‐5.82; P = .044), the up‐regulation of >3 Hh genes (HR, 2.56; 95% CI, 1.09‐6.00; P = .026), tumor size (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.74; P = .0015), and lymph node‐positive disease (HR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.16‐6.86; P = .022).

CONCLUSIONS:

The proportion of tumors that expressed Hh genes in cervical cancer was very high. The current data support a role for the Hh pathway in repopulation after chemoradiation and suggest that SMO may be a valid therapeutic target. The authors concluded that further investigation into this pathway after radiation and Hh inhibition are warranted. Cancer 2012;118: 3105–15. © 2011 American Cancer Society.