bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation Response to Pollen Extract as a Monitor of Immunotherapy
Authors: Möller Christian , Juto Per , Dreborg Sten , Björkstén Bengt
Published: May 2007

In a study of immunotherapy 41 children with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis due to deciduous tree pollen allergy were monitored by means of symptom scoring, patient self‐evaluation, conjunctival provocation tests and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro to the allergen. The lymphocyte responsiveness to birch pollen decreased significantly during the first year of immunotherapy. However, neither the lymphocyte responsiveness before treatment nor changes in lymphocyte reactivity during the immunotherapy correlated with the clinical efficacy of the therapy as evaluated by changes in symptom scores, self‐evaluation or conjunctival provocation test changes in the individual patients. The results indicate the lymphocyte responsiveness to an allergen cannot be used to select patients for immunotherapy, i.e. to predict whether a patient would benefit from immunotherapy or not, or to evaluate the effects of immunotherapy after beginning the treatment. However, lymphocyte proliferation response to an allergen indicates clinical sensitivity.
Lymphocyte Transformation by Grass Pollen Allergens
Authors: Broman Per , Möllkr Erna
Published: May 2007

Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBI) transformation by allergens. PPD antigen and PHA mitogen, was followed in 20 allergic patients with grass pollen rhinitis, during and after a preseasonal immunotherapy. Ten patients were treated with Allpyral® and 10 with Conjuvac® two‐grass mixture. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to grass antigens decreased during therapy for most of the patients. Higher values than before treatment were seen in August. Three patient:, had increased values during the preseasonal treatment. One stopped treatment because of discomfort, the other two got urticaria during the ensuing winter seasons. No effect of immunotherapy was seen on the PPD or PHA response of cells. Cellular changes in relation to changes in specific IgE and IgG antibodies are discussed.
Do Infections in Infancy Affect Sensitization to Airborne Allergens and Development of Atopic Disease?
Authors: Backman Alf , Björkstén Fred , Ilmonen Soili , Juntunen Kaisu , Suoniemi Ilpo
Published: May 2007

We studied 145 children aged 7 years, who had been at day‐care centers for at least 3 months during the 2 first years of their lives. The group was compared with a matched population of 145 children cared for at home. Of the 290 children, 212 participated in all phases of the study, which included a questionnaire to parents, skin prick tests with seven allergens, and a clinical examination. Day‐care‐center children had twice as much otitis media in infancy as “home” children (P < 0.001), and they also tended to have more other infections. On the other hand, day‐care‐center children did not have more eczema in infancy, more cumulated atopic disease by the age of seven, or more positive skin tests than home children. When the groups were combined, an increased prevalence of cumulated atopic disease and positive skin tests was found in children with infections in infancy. We conclude that under the conditions of this study infections in infancy did not facilitate the development of hypersensitivity to allergens and atopic disease. The linked tendencies to develop infections and atopy could depend on some third factor.
Effects of Cromolyn on Codeine‐Induced Histamine Release in Vivo
Authors: Ting S. , Reimann E. F. , Zweiman B.
Published: May 2007

Cromolyn has been shown to inhibit histamine release from mast cells induced by various stimuli in vitro. However, the local effects of cromolyn on codeine‐induced wheal and flare skin reactions are not well understood. Intradermal injection of codeine induced prominent whealing in almost all humans. We studied the effect of local cromolyn injection on codeine‐induced skin reactions, histamine release, and ultramicroscopic changes in mast cells in 10 volunteers. The finding in this study showed that injection of a 2% cromolyn solution before or together with the codeine injection does not affect the subsequent skin reactions, histamine release and ultramicroscopic changes of mast cells.
Effect of Highly Radiolabelled 2,4‐Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) on Experimental DNCB Contact Dermatitis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Filipp G. , Biro G. , Bahmer F. , Mitschke H. , Lehmann G.
Published: May 2007

With the aid of epicutaneous application of 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) solution in acetone, we induced a cutaneous allergic reaction of the delayed type. Our question was whether the development of the DNCB cutaneous sensitivity could be suppressed by highly radiolabelled DNCB. On the basis of the clonal selection theory and our own results with other in vivo‐experimental animal models, one could suppose that the highly radiolabelled DNCB as haptens binds to the Ig‐membrane receptors of the genetically determined T‐lymphocyte clone, and that the conjugated radioactivity (125I) causes a selective radioactive damage to this competent T‐lymphocyte subpopulation. By means of intracardially applied radiolabelled DNCB, we are able to induce either complete or very significant suppression of the cutaneous DNCB immune response. In the second experiment, the highly radiolabelled DNCB was not able to inhibit sensitization to a simultaneously applied 4‐ethoxy‐methylene‐2‐phenyl‐oxazolone (oxazolone). This result clearly demonstrates the antigen specificity of this form of immune suppression.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Kus J. , Tse K. S. , Enarson D. , Grzybowski S. , Chan‐Yeung M.
Published: May 2007

The lymphocyte subpopulations were classified using monoclonal antibodies specific for B lymphocytes (B1 antibodies), T lymphocytes (T11 and OKT3 antibodies). Helper/inducer T cells (T4 antibodies) and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (T8 antibodies). Three groups of subjects were studied: 20 normal controls, 29 patients with allergic rhinitis and a subgroup of nine patients who had received immunotherapy. The proportion of B Lymphocytes, total T cells and T4 positive (helper/inducer) cells were not significantly different between the groups, but allergic patients were found to have a decreased proportion of suppressor T8 positive (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells and hence a high helper/suppressor cell ratio. These received immunotherapy. These results imply that a suppressor cell deficiency may be an underlying mechanism of allergic disease, and that immunotherapy could correct the suppressor cell deficiency.
EGG Hypersensitivity as Measured by RAST and a Reverse Enzyme‐Immunoassay
Authors: Domínguez J. , Cuevas M. , Moneo I. , Ureña V. , Ferreira A. , Bootello A.
Published: May 2007

The application of a reverse enzyme‐immunoassay (REIA) to measure specific anti‐egg IgE is described. The results obtained with the REIA and the RAST are shown. The REIA is economical, easy and fast to perform when the conjugate has been made, non‐radioactive and offers a new alternative for the in vitro evaluation of egg white‐specific IgE.
Oral Sodium Cromoglycate Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis Related to Food Allergy
Authors: Daugbjerg P. S. , Bach‐Mortensen N. , ØSterballe O.
Published: May 2007

Thirty‐two children and two adults with chronic atopic dermatitis related to food allergy entered this double‐blind crossover study comparing oral sodium cromoglycate (200–1600 mg/24 h) with placebo. Each treatment period comprised 6 weeks: 1 weeks on elimination diet, and 2 weeks on a normal. i.e. unrestricted diet. The diagnosis of food allergy was made after clinical improvement with elimination diet and relapse after challenge. Overall analysis of skin symptoms evaluated by means of clinical assessments and diary cards, opinions of treatment, and use of concomitant medication gave no evidence of any difference between sodium cromoglycate and placebo. Unusual symptoms were reported by 18 patients. In one case the patient was withdrawn during the sodium cromoglycate period because of side effects. The majority of symptoms with both treatments were stomach problems. Overall analysis of the laboratory data gave no significant differences between treatments.
Insect Allergy
Authors: Mosbech H.
Published: May 2007

One hundred and seventeen persons all stung by yellow jacket (YJ) and/or bee were examined by means of skin prick test with venom of these insects, skin prick test with 10 inhalant allergens and analyses of total IgE. Specific IgE and IgG against honey bee and YJ venom. Eighty‐seven persons had had a systemic reaction. Positive correlations (P < 0.05) were found between results of skin prick tests and specific IgE against venoms and, for YJ, between the severity of symptoms after sting and the size of skin prick test with the venom. That some of the more severe symptoms could have been caused by non‐immunological mechanisms could explain why a significant correlation was present only between the results of the prick test and specific IgE and not between these tests and the clinical symptoms. Specific IgE values against YJ and honey bee venom showed convariation, although no correlation could be demonstrated between the clinical symptoms after stings from these insects, or between skin prick test results using the two different extracts. The severity of the sting reactions was not correlated to age, atopic disposition, amount of total IgE, number of stings during life, or positive skin prick test to inhalant allergens. It is concluded that in insect allergy, specific IgE analysis and skin prick tests are supplementary.
Nifedipine – a Calcium Channel Blocker – in Asthmatic Patients Interaction with Terbutaline
Authors: Svedmyr Karin , Lofdahl Claes‐Goran , Svedmyr Nils
Published: May 2007

Seven asthmatic patients were studied in a single‐blind randomized, crossover study after oral administration of 20 mg nifedipine or placebo Four increasing doses of i.v. terbutaline were then given with 30 min interval. The study was concluded with inhalation of five terbutaline puffs. FFAV1 measurements 30 min after intake of nifedipine did not show any difference compared to placebo. During the terbutaline treatment, however, there was a more pronounced bronchodilation after nifedipine than after placebo (P < 0.051. Terbualine‐induced skeletal muscle tremor was similar after nifedipine and placebo pretreatments. After nifedipine intake there was a decrease of diastolic blood pressure and a reflexogenic tachycardia. Thus, this study showed a small potentiation of the beta2‐adrenoceptor mediated bronchodilation. which is of importance when treating patients with simultaneous asthma and hypertension or angina pectoris.
Type I Allergy to Normal Cellular Constituents in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Authors: Elmgreen J. , Skov P. Stahl , Permin H. , Binder V. , Wandall J. Heugh , Norm S.
Published: May 2007

The possibility of autoimmune type I reactions to cellular constituents was investigated in 22 patients with ulcerative colitis, 12 with Crohn's disease, and in 22 healthy volunteers Nuclear components and colon mucosa fragments were tested as potential antigens by the basophil histamine release technique One of 12 patients with ulcerative colitis responded to sonicated leukocyte nuclei and one of 12 patients with Crohn's disease responded to both nuclei and RNA. Increased serum levels of total IgE and antinuclear antibodies of IgE class were found in one and three of the 24 patients, respectively Histamine release caused by colon mucosa fragments was not observed in a separate study consisting of 10 ulcerative colitis patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Autoimmune type I allergy to cellular‘constituents does not seem to be of significance for chronic inflammatory bowel disease and thus could not explain the involvement of tissue mast cells and eosinophils in this condition
A Three‐Layer Immunoradiometric Assay for Determination of IgG Subclass Antibodies in Human Sera (“IgG Subclass RAST”)
Authors: Djurup R. , Søndergaard I , Magnusson C. G. M. , Weeke B.
Published: May 2007

We report the development of a three‐layer immunoradiometric assay (TIRA) for measurement of IgG antibodies of all four subclasses in human sera. The first layer consists of diluted human serum, the second layer is monoclonal mouse antibodies to human IgG subclasses., and the third layer is 125I‐labelled rabbit anti‐mouse IgG. Monoclonal anti‐IgG1. anti‐IgC3 and anti‐IgG4 reacted only with their complementary IgG subclass, whereas the anti‐lgG2 showed slight cross‐reactivity to immunoglobins of other subclasses and classes and to light chain proteins. The observed cross‐reactivity was found to be without importance, when the TIRA was applied to measurement of IgG subclass antibodies. Equipotency was established by use of appropriate dilutions of the monoclonal antibodies, and the assay was calibrated by use of human reference serum. The TIRA therefore permits reliable inter‐individual and intra‐individual comparisons of the IgG antibody response in all four subclasses. Von‐sped fie binding obtained with pooled normal human serum was below 0.33′#. Inter‐assay coefficient of variation was between 18 and 27%, The TIRA was applied to measurement of IgG subclass antibodies to timothy grass pollen in sera from grass pollen allergies undergoing immunotherapy.
Respiratory Symptoms in Ispaghula‐Allergic Nurses after Oral Challenge with Ispaghula Suspension
Authors: Machado Lavania , Stalenheim Gunnemar
Published: May 2007

Ispaghula powder, which is used as a component in bulk laxatives, is known to induce allergic reactions when inhaled by occupational exposed persons. We have tested whether nurses sensitized by inhalation could get allergic symptoms when challenged by eating ispaghula, of six nurses tested, all developed symptoms from the airways, one of them even pronounced ones requiring treatment In all cases the dose required to produce symptoms was below the single dose of ispsaghula used as a laxative.
Food Intolerance to Honey
Authors: Bousquet J. , Campos J. , Michel F.‐B.
Published: May 2007

A 42 year‐old beekeeper who had an inhalant allergy to Compositeae pollen presented an adverse reaction while eating a honey which contained large numbers of Compositeae pollens. As she was not intolerant to honey of own production, which contained no Compositeae pollen, the adverse reaction seems so be attributed to these pollens
Inhibition of the Late Phase Reaction to Anti‐Human IgE in Man by Oral Tranexamic Acid
Authors: Grönneberg Reidar
Published: May 2007

Pharmacological modulation of the immediate and late phase reaction (LPR) to anti‐human IgE was further investigated in a double‐blind cross‐over study. Tranexamic acid (AMCA) 1 g t.i.d. 24 h prior to and following intradermal injection of anti‐IgE produced an approximate 40% inhibition of the LPR (P < 0.01) without affecting the early response as compared with placebo in 10 volunteers. Antagonistic effect on activation of fibrinolysis and possibly the complement system is suggested as a possible mode of action.
Inhibition of the Late Phase Reaction to Anti‐IgE by Previous Mast Cell Activation with Compound 48/80
Authors: Grönneberg Reidar
Published: May 2007

The concept of an obligate association between mast cell activation and development of a late phase reaction (LPR) to various agents in human skin was further elucidated. Skin sites were treated four times at 24 h intervals with non‐LPR‐inducing doses of the histamine liberator compound 48/80 in 10 volunteers. The previously compound 48/80‐challenged sites responded with an approximately 40% attenuated early response (P < 0.01) and a 70% reduction of the LPR (P < 0.001) to subsequently injected anti‐IgE as compared with simultaneous reactions at control sites The data suggest that mediators from the cutaneous mast cells are necessary for the final expression of an LPR.
A Modified Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoretic Method for Determination of Allergen‐Specific IgG Antibodies
Authors: Søndergaard Ib , Djurup René , Weeke Bent
Published: May 2007

A crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic (CRIE) method for detection of specific IgG antibodies in patients' sera against horse hair and dander was developed. The unacceptable high non‐specific binding encountered when substituting 125I‐labelled antihuman IgG for 125I‐labelled antihuman IgE in an ordinary CRIE was eliminated by the combined use of 125I‐labelled Protein A as detector, and F(ab')2‐fragments of the allergen‐specific rabbit antibodies. The low background binding thus obtained makes the method useful for detection of specific IgG in sera where the ratio between specific and non‐specific IgG is low. Therefore the method should also be applicable to other antigen allergen systems.
Effect of Platelet Activating Factor on the Human Nasal Mucosa
Authors: Pipkorn Ulf , Karlsson Göran , Bake Björn
Published: May 2007

In order to determine the effect of PAF‐acether on the vascular bed in the human nose, 11 healthy volunteers were studied. Rhinomanometry was performed to determine the effect on the capacitance vessels, and the 133Xe wash‐out method enabled determination of the mucosal blood flow, regulated mainly by the resistance vessels. These measurements were made before and after topical administration of PAF‐acether in three different doses; 0.26 μg 2.6 μg and 26 μg per nostril. The results indicate that PAF‐acether induces a dose‐dependent vasoconstriction of the capacitance vessels and a reduction in mucosal blood flow. That PAF‐acether should be a principal mediator in the allergic reaction in the human nose is not supported by these findings.
Plasma Separation in Patients with Bronchial Asthma, Atopic Dermatitis and Hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E
Authors: Nielsen H. , Thomsen B. , Djurup R. , Søndergaard I. , Kappelgaard E. , Berkowicz A. , Kjersem H. , Dahlager J. I. , Szpirt W. , Ullman S. , Valerius N. H. , Weeke B.
Published: May 2007

The effect of intensive plasma separation performed eight times within 5 weeks in four patients with atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma and hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E was followed as regards clinical symptoms and changes in the concentrations of serum (S) IgE, S IgG, S IgA, S IgM, plasma complement C3 split products, S transferrin, blood eosinophils, chemotaxis of neutrophil cells and histamine metabolites in urine in samples obtained consecutively during the period of observation. The occurrence of circulating immune complexes (IC) was analysed by a polyclonal rheumatoid factor (pRF) agglutination inhibition assay and an IgE IC specific technique. IgE 1C were demonstrated in three of the patients prior to plasma separation, complexed IgE was 2–3 % of the total concentration of S IgE. In one patient complexes were detected by the pRF agglutination inhibition assay, also. In the three patients with IgE 1C, the complexes disappeared during treatment, but recurred in two of the patients shortly after the last plasma separation. Shortly after eight separations the S IgE was reduced in all patients to a mean level of 46% of the pre‐exchange concentrations. During the following 3 weeks the relative increase of S IgE in three of the patients was similar to the values obtained for S IgG. Serum IgG was subnormal in all patients during the period of treatment. Increasing numbers of eosinophils were observed in three of the patients after the fifth separation procedure. The histamine metabolite 1,4‐methylimidazoleacetic (1,4‐MIAA) in urine was increased in all patients, but no significant changes were observed during the treatment. The increase of complement C3c split product in two of the patients during the separation procedure indicated that complement activation took place. Questionable clinial improvement of dermatitis and asthma was observed during the period of plasma separation, and the effect was short lasting. For the time being plasma separation in patients with combined hyperimmunoglobulinaemia E, asthma and atopic dermatitis cannot be recommended as a tool in the management of the disease.
Bacterial Histamine Release by Immunological and Non‐Immunological Lectin‐Mediated Reactions
Authors: Jensen C. , Norn S. , Skov P. Stahl , Espersen F. , Koch Chr. , Permin H.
Published: May 2007

The mechanisms of bacteria‐induced histamine release were examined in vitro in human leukocytes and rat mast cells. Three types of bacterial responders were found. In persons with IgE‐bearing basophilocytes bacterial histamine release could be triggered by two different mechanisms, an IgE‐dependent mechanism where removal of IgE abolished the release and a non‐immunological mechanism where this was not the case. In responders with no IgE‐bearing cells bacterial histamine release was caused by a non‐immunological mechanism. The non‐immunological mechanism was further substantiated by release in isolated mast cells from germ‐free rats. These experiments suggest a direct interaction between bacteria and target cell, and experiments with multi‐washed bacteria and bacteria cell wall preparations indicate the possibility of the bacteria wall interacting with the target cell. It is probable that the non‐immunological mechanism depends on lectin‐mediated reactions, since bacteria‐induced histamine release was inhibited by lectin‐binding sugars as is release caused by plant lectins.
Variability in Different Strains of Cladosporium herbarum with Special Attention to Carbohydrates and Contents of Two Important Allergens (Ag‐32 and Ag‐54)
Authors: Swärd‐Nordmo M. , Almeland T.‐L. , Aukrust L.
Published: May 2007

Ten different strains of Cladosporium herbarum cultivated and extracted under identical experimental conditions were compared with respect to: 1) carbohydrates quantified by methanolysis and gas‐liquid chromatography, 2) contents of two important Cladosporium allergens Ag‐32 and Ag‐54 estimated by rocket radioimmunoelectrophoresis, 3) protein content determined by the Lowry and Bradford methods, respectively, and 4) allergenic activity as measured by RAST. The allergen extracts contained 45–73% carbohydrate material which mainly consisted of mannose, galactose and glucose. The Ag‐54 content increased with increasing mannose and decreasing glucose concentration. No linear correlation between carbohydrate content and allergenic activity was found. The strains differed extensively in immunological composition. One of the strains totally lacked Ag‐32 and Ag‐54. To be clinically relevant, allergen preparations of C. herbarum should be based on a representative pool of several C. herbarum strains.
Rationale for Specific Immunotherapy of Grass Pollen Allergy with Extracts of Rye Pollen
Authors: Løwenstein H. , Wihl J.‐Å. , Billesbølle K. Bache , Bøwadt H.
Published: May 2007

In immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy, an extract of rye (Secale cerebale) is often included. The aim of this study was to investigate by skin prick test (SPT) and immunochemical methods whether rye pollen contains specific allergens justifying the use of this extract separately. Twenty grass pollen allergic patients were skin prick tested with a dialysed freeze‐dried raw extract of rye pollen (Sc), timothy extract (Soluprick® SQ, 1 HEP) and two other rye extracts (Soluprick®). Sera from the patients were RAST‐tested using Sc and timothy (Pp). CRIE was performed using Sc and rabbit‐anti grass (aNG) antibodies. The antigenic relations between rye and common grasses were investigated by CLIE using Sc and aNG as references, and by RAST inhibition. The ability of aNG to absorb the allergen activity of Sc was also tested. Significant correlations were found between timothy and rye when compared by means of SPT and RAST. The immunochemical analyses did not reveal any rye antigens containing rye epitopes only. However, the possibility of rye antigens with several epitopes, of which at least one is specific for rye, could not be excluded. Clinical symptoms supposedly elicited by rye alone can be explained quantitatively by the strongly time‐limited and concentrated natural exposition. Diagnosis and treatment can, however, be performed with extracts of common grasses.
IgG Subclass Antibody Response in Grass Pollen‐Allergic Patients Undergoing Specific Immunotherapy
Authors: Djurup R. , ØSterballe O.
Published: May 2007

All four subclasses of IgG antibodies to timothy grass pollen extract were measured by a three‐layer immunoradiometric assay in sera from 20 grass pollen‐allergic patients who underwent specific immunotherapy in a 3‐year prospective study. Both IgG1 and antibody level passed its peak (median 5,4 U/ml) after 12 weeks. At this time, the ratio between the medians of IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies was 2.25 IgG4 antibody level reached its peak (median 11.6 U/ml) just before termination of immunotherapy. At this time IgG1/IgG4 ratio was 0.43. Two years after the end of immunotherapy, IgG1 and IgG4 antibody levels were 0.0 and 1.8 U/ml in median, respectively. The amounts of IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies detected in the sera were less than 1.6 U/ml and were considerd insignificant. Preseasonal serum IgG1 and IgG4 antibody levels did not correlate significantly with symptom scores in the subsequent season. Serum IgG4 level obtained after 12 weeks of immunotherapy was significantly correlated to symptom score in the third season i.e. the season just after termination of therapy (rs =0.529.t= 2.567.P= 0.02). In this work. A scrum IgG4 antibody level higher than 8.0 U/ml after 12 weeks of therapy predicted poor clinical result at the end of immunotherapy with 100% sensitivity and 87% specificity. An IgG4/IgG1 ratio greater than 1.0 after 12 weeks' therapy had the same predictive value.
Atopic Allergy and Serum IgE Concentrations in Randomly Selected Children Followed Up from 8 to 12 Years of Age
Authors: Kjellman N.‐I. M.
Published: May 2007

A total of 159 children selected at random were followed up from the age of 8 to 12 years regarding the development and cumulated incidence of atopic disease as well as serum IgE concentrations. The cumulated incidence, including healed cases, rose to 25.8%. The highest prevalence was found for allergic rhinitis (12.2%). Serum IgE concentrations decreased significantly in both healthy and atopic subjects, and indicated a peak in total IgE concentration in early school age. The allergy predictive value of elevated IgE concentrations was confirmed. Low concentrations of allergen‐specific IgE were found in 14.1 % of children healthy before and during the observation period, indicating that transient production of IgE antibodies is a normal phenomenon. Finally, the stability of IgE was excellent during the first 2 years at −20°C but later on concentrations tended to decrease, especially in the lower range.
Complexity of Lectin‐Mediated Reactions in Bacteria‐Induced Histamine Release
Authors: Jensen C. , Skov P. Stahl , Norn S. , Espersen F. , Bøg‐Hansen T. C. , Lihme A.
Published: May 2007

We have earlier suggested that bacteria‐induced histamine release is caused by different mechanisms, including allergic and non‐immunological mechanisms, and that the latter probably depends on lectin‐mediated reactions. Two possibilities of lectin‐mediated reactions were examined in this study, bacterial surface lectins bind to sugars on the basophil cell membrane leading to histamine release, and the reverse reaction where bacterial aminosugars react with lectins on the basophil cell surface. In the bacterial histamine release caused by the Staph. aureus strain Wood 46 it was possible to demonstrate a reverse reaction, but not a bacterial lectin‐mediated reaction. The reaction seems to be complex, as lower concentrations of sugars might potentiate the release of histamine by binding to the target cell or bacteria, while the release is inhibited by higher concentrations.
Ipratropium in the Treatment of Patients with Perennial Rhinitis
Authors: Sjögren I. , Juhålsz J.
Published: May 2007

Rhinorrhea is due to increased parasympathetic activity. This study was undertaken in order to study the applicability and efficacy of ipratropium, an anticholinergic drug, in patients with perennial rhinitis seen in an allergy clinic. Thirteen patients were included in the double‐blind. Cross‐over study following screening with methacholine test. The number of paper tissues used during the period with active drug decreased significantly. Other variables did not change significantly. Eight patients preferred the active drug. The findings of this study suggest that ipratropium brominde is a valuable addition in the treatment of patients with perennial rhinitis with rhinorrhea.
Purification of Patient‐Related Allergens by Means of Bioaffinity Chromatography on a Sepharose Anti‐IgE Patient IgE Immunosorbent
Authors: Søndergaard I. , Weeke B.
Published: May 2007

A method is described for bioaffinity chromatographic purification of patient‐specific IgE reactive allergens by using sepharose coupled rabbit anti‐human IgE antibodies, patient serum and an allergen extract. The conditions for this bioaffinity chromatographic procedure have been optimised, and it was shown that the nonspecific binding of serum proteins and antigens can be kept at very low levels by a high ionic strength. The specificity of the method has been determined by showing that allergens to which the patient did not react were not bound to the affinity matrix. We suggest that the isolated allergens could be used for more specific immunotherapy in the future.
A New β2‐Adrenoceptor Agonist – D2343 – with Long Duration
Authors: Löfdahl C.‐G. , Svedmyr N.
Published: May 2007

A new β2‐adrenoceptor agonist D2343 has been shown in a human i.v. study to be less potent than terbutaline. Animal experiments showed an increased affinity to lung tissue and a longer bronchodilating effect than terbutaline when inhaled. In a randomized single‐blind, crossover comparison, 2.5 and 5 mg D2343 and 5 mg terbutaline were inhaled by eight asthma patients. We found that 5 mg of D2343 was equipotent to 5 mg terbutaline in bronchodilatory effect measured with FEV1. The duration was longer with an increased bronchodilation (P < 0.01) 6 h after D2343 inhalation compared with terbutaline. The mean fall in FEV1 3–6 h after inhalation was significantly greater with terbutaline than with D2343 (P < 0.05). Thus, this study shows that inhaled D2343 has a longer bronchodilating effect than terbutaline.
Characterization of Allergens in a Crude Extract of Dermatophagoides farinae and Their Identification in a New Purified Preparation
Authors: Dale S. , Landmark E.
Published: May 2007

The allergens of a crude D. farinae extract were identified by means of crossed radio‐immunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). A total of 11 allergens were identified. They were characterized as three major, three intermediate and five minor allergens, based on radiostaining in CRIE. In addition to the radiostaining due to allergens, some misleading radiostaining was observed associated with some of the other antigens. A purified commercially available preparation, Spectralgen® Mite D. farinae, was compared with the crude extract by means of immunoelectrophoretic techniques and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) based techniques. The purified preparation was found to be fully representative of the allergens in the crude extract. All 11 allergens were identified in the purified preparation. The purification ratio of the allergens varied from 2 to 7, while the total specific allergenic activity was approximately 6 times higher in the purified preparation than in the crude extract, as judged from RAST‐inhibition studies.
Nasal Hypersensitivity in Wood Furniture Workers
Authors: Wilhelmsson B. , Jernudd Y. , Ripe E. , Holmberg K.
Published: May 2007

Occupational nasal allergies caused by moulds and wood dust were extensively studied in six wood furniture factories. The concentration of moulds, wood dust and endotoxins was registered and occasionally high values were found. Paccilomyces spec, was the most common mould. Answers to a special questionnaire showed that 16% (42/268) of the wood workers with a mean exposure time of 12 years had a history compatible with hypersensitivity in the upper airways associated with their work. Calculations based on skin prick tests and provocation tests with relevant allergens showed that the wood furniture workers had an incidence of allergy to moulds in 3% and to wood dust in 2%. Most of the workers (5/7) sensitive to moulds and/or woods were also skin prick sensitive to other allergens. No statistical difference concerning the presence of precipitating antibodies against mould and wood antigens could be registered between workers with discomfort and workers without symptoms.
Skin Prick Testing and the Use of Histamine References
Authors: Malling H.‐J.
Published: May 2007

The skin prick test is a fundamental test in biological allergen standardization and in evaluation of changes in skin sensitivity due to treatment. The allergen concentration eliciting a wheal equal to that produced by histamine 1 mg/ml is generally accepted as the skin sensitivity. Using a standardized quantitative skin prick test, 25 mould allergic patients were tested with quadruplicate determinations of five 10‐fold allergen concentrations of highly purified and standardized extracts. Histamine 1 and 10 mg/ml were used as positive references. The 10‐fold increase of histamine resulted in a doubling of the histamine reaction and increased the mean wheal diameter from 4 to 7 mm. The correlation between skin sensitivity estimated by histamine 1 and 10 mg/ml is significant, but with a dissociation between the two ways of estimating the sensitivity of 0.25 log step in the low sensitivity range and 1.8 log step in the high sensitivity range (the difference at median sensitivity is 1 log step). No correlation was found between histamine‐ and allergen‐induced wheal area increase, and the discrepancy might be caused by a difference in the endogenous histamine release and/or difference in the number of histamine receptors at different degrees of sensitivity. With the use of median values it is possible to perform biological standardization with histamine 10 mg/ml and interpolate to histamine 1 mg/ml. However, the response in individual patients varies, and because of the small wheal area and the low reproducibility with histamine 1 mg/ml we recommend the exchange of histamine 1 mg/ml to histamine 10 mg/ml as an international positive reference.
Tree Pollen Allergy
Authors: Strandhede S.‐O. , Wihl J.‐Å. , Eriksson N. E.
Published: May 2007

The distribution of trees and bushes in Sweden (viz. lignoses) of possible allergic importance is presented and comments made on analyses of pollen counts of lignose taxa from different parts of the country. Based on these data, 20 lignose taxa were selected for an allergen panel and used in a multi‐centre study covering Sweden with the aim of revealing the pattern of sensitization to these plants among sufferers of springtime hay fever.
Tree Pollen Allergy
Authors: Eriksson N. E. , Wihl J.‐Å. , Arrendal H. , Strandhede S.‐O.
Published: May 2007

In a multi‐centre study, comprising 16 clinics, 871 adult hay fever patients were studied. Most patients included had springtime hay fever. Skin prick tests were performed with 20 different tree or bush pollen (lignoses) allergens. RAST determinations were done with eight different tree pollen allergens in 590 patients. Birch pollen (BP) allergen gave the highest frequency of positive test results. The test results with the various tree pollen allergens in patients with BP allergy were compared with those in patients without BP allergy. With all the allergens a significantly higher frequency of positive test results was found in those with BP allergy than in those without. Only very small differences were noted between various parts of the country, and sensitization against various tree pollens was common even in regions where the corresponding trees do not grow. It was concluded that a high degree of cross‐sensitization exists among tree pollens, and testing with BP allergen is sufficient for the diagnostic screening of tree pollen allergy.
Lack of Evidence for Human Lymphokines with Thrombocyte Aggregating Activity
Authors: Oxholm P. , Winther K. , Bendtzen K. , Bendixen G.
Published: May 2007

The ability of human lymphocytes to produce soluble mediator(s) with thrombocyte aggregating activity (TAA) was investigated in an in vitro technique. Isolated human mononuclear cells were stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin or purified protein derivative of tuberculin. The supernatants were investigated for lymphokine activity in a leucocyte migration inhibitory factor assay. Supernatants were then tested for their ability to aggregate human thrombocytes, and in contrast to the results of previous studies, we were not able to demonstrate any TAA. Most likely, lymphokines with TAA are not involved in the thrombotic processes seen in human cell‐mediated immune inflammatory reactions.
Characterization of IgG‐Subclass Antibodies to Individual Allergens by Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Søndergaard I. , Djurup R. , Weeke B.
Published: May 2007

A crossed radioimmunoelectrophoretic (CRIE) method for detection of human IgG subclass specificities against individual antigens is described. After crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of the antigens the immunoplates are incubated with serum, washed and incubated with mouse monoclonal anti‐human IgG‐subclass antibodies. After washing, the plates are finally incubated with the 125I‐labelled detector protein, rabbit anti‐mouse IgG, and washed. The plates are then placed on an X‐ray film for autoradiography. The specificity of the method was tested by inhibition with antigens in the first layer and by inhibition with myeloma sera containing only one IgG subclass protein in the second layer. The specificity of the third layer was assured by affinity purification of the rabbit anti‐mouse IgG antibodies. The method was shown to be sensitive and specific. The test systems were timothy (Phleum pratense) pollen antigens and house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) antigens.
A Pharmacokinetic Study of the Recommended Dosing Schedules of Theo‐Dur and Uniphylline
Authors: Purkiss R. , Cope A. , Edwards C.
Published: May 2007

Theo‐Dur, 300 mg twice daily, and Uniphylline, 600 mg once daily taken with food were compared in an open cross‐over study in healthy volunteers. Uniphylline had significantly (P < 0.001) higher peaks, lower troughs and wider variation in theophylline concentrations than Theo‐Dur. Peak plasma concentrations were reached earlier for Theo‐Dur but the difference failed to reach statistical significance (0.05 < P < 0.1). There was no significant difference between the two drugs in area under the plasma concentration time curve. Therapeutic occupancy lasted significantly longer (P < 0.05) with Theo‐Dur; eight volunteers attained 24 h therapeutic occupancy after administration of Theo‐Dur compared to 4 h with Uniphylline.
Seasonal Variation of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Pedersen Poll A. , Weeke Eva Rung
Published: May 2007

The seasonal variation of consultations on account of asthma and allergic rhinitis, and the relationship with air concentrations of pollen, spores, and lead, cadmium, dust, soot and sulfur dioxide was investigated in Danish general practice during a 1‐year period 1977–78. A population of about 500,000 was studied. Among about 3000. asthmatics there were less consultations during spring than die rest of the year, but the seasonal variation of consultations with symptoms was rather small. The highest rate of consultations was in week 24, which is close to the peak of the grass pollen period. No relationship was found between asthma symptoms and concentrations of pollution indicators. Among about 5000 patients with allergic rhinitis the rate of consultations with symptoms increased at the start of the tree pollen season, still more at the start of the birch pollen season, and was very high during weeks 21–26 in the grass pollen season. Two thirds of all consultations for symptomatic allergic rhinitis took plate within 10 weeks (Nos. 18–27). During the grass pollen season there was a relative preponderance of young patients, while during the birch pollen season older patients dominated. No connection was seen between rhinitis symptoms and pollution indicators. The different seasonal variation of asthma and allergic rhinitis indicates that the two patient categories differ as regards symptom‐provoking factors. Allergic rhinitis is mainly precipitated by grass and birch pollen. The precipitating‐ factors of asthma were not disclosed in this study, with the exception perhaps of some influence from pollen, and ‐ among 0–4‐year‐old children ‐ respiratory infections.
A New Aerosol Formulation of Sodium Cromoglycate Compared with Conventional Powder in the Treatment of Asthma
Authors: Stevens E. , Kochiuyt A. M.
Published: May 2007

Sodium cormoglycate formulated as a pressurized aerosol was compared with the conventional powder for a period of 12 weeks in a double‐blind group comparison trial involving 48 patients. A double dummy technique was used: the dose of sodium cromoglycate was 2 mg four tunes daily by aerosol and 20 mg four times daily by Spinhaler®. Patients were able to use the correct technique for both aerosol and dry powder inhalation. Patients recorded the severity of their asthma symptoms, their morning and evening peak flow rate and the amount of other asthma therapy used, on a daily diary card. They also attended the clinic every 4 weeks for assessment. A statistical comparison of the efficacy of the powder and aerosol forms found no significant differences in clinical assessment of severity, diary card symptom scores, morning and evening peak flow readings or aerosol bronchodilator usage. Thirty‐four patients considered that the aerosol was more convenient and easier to use than the dry power inhaler.
Non‐Hydrolysed and Hydrolysed Soy Protein
Authors: Taudorf E. , Bundgaard A. , Hancke S. , Hansen L. V. , Prahl P. , Weeke B.
Published: May 2007

Daily consumption of soy protein has increased during recent years. Twelve healthy subjects and 12 atopic patients were given 30 g non‐hydrolysed soy protein (NHS) or 30 g hydrolysed soy protein (HS) daily during a 3‐month period. There were no changes in the following immunological parameters: IgE with specificity for NHS or HS. IgG with specificity for NHS, crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis with NHS and skin prick test using NHS or HS. Hypertrophy of the pancreas in rats exposed to excessive peroral intake of soy flour has been reported. In out study the size of the pancreas was measured before dosing began and at the end of the study by means of ultrasound. No change in size was shown. Daily intake of 30 g NHS and 30 g HS gave rise to gastrointestinal discomfort, while 15 g of both soy protein preparations were usually accepted.
Is House Dust Allergen a Possible Causal Factor for Relapses in Lipoid Nephrosis?
Authors: Laurent J. , Lagrue G. , Belghiti D. , Noirot C. , Hirbec G.
Published: May 2007

In three cases of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (lipoid nephrosis), an allergen sensitivity to house dust, cat hair and grass pollen was demonstrated by clinical and biological data. An increase in proteinuria after specific allergen contact and a decrease after withdrawal of the allergens, suggested that the cause was allergenic. Such cases demonstrate the necessity of an etiological investigation of particularly the atopic features in lipoid nephrosis. Results of these investigations can lead to specific therapy in selected cases
Standardization of House Dust Mite Extracts Liberation of Allergenic and Antigenic Components in Relation to Extraction Conditions
Authors: Kauffman H. F. , van der Heide S. , Hovenga H. , de Vries K.
Published: May 2007

The spontaneous release of house dust mite components from cultures of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus into slightly buffered water was studied against time, using both continuous and discontinuous extraction procedures. It was shown that proteins, carbohydrates, IgE binding components and precipitating antigenic components were rapidly released from the house dust mite cultures, reaching a maximal liberation within 1 h of extraction. Repeated extractions of house dust mite cultures (discontinuous extraction) showed an additional release of IgE components but the IgE binding potency declined after successive extractions, while showing increasing release of immunological inactive components. IgE binding to antigens immobilized to polystyrene surfaces (IgE‐ELISA) appeared to be less sensitive compared with cyanogen‐bromide activated discs (IgE‐RAST). It was concluded that extraction procedures of house dust mite cultures with short incubation time of 1 h or less are to be preferred.
Release of Histamine from Human Leukocytes by One Preparation of IgG Oligomers*
Authors: Zhou T. , Conroy M. C. , Spengler H. , de Weck A. L.
Published: May 2007

In preliminary experiments aimed at investigating the effect of covalently cross‐linked human myeloma subclass proteins on histamine release from human leukocytes, we observed one preparation (designated here IgG‐HR) made from pooled, purified immunoglobulin G which consistently released histamine from these cells. Dimers and trimers, but not monomers isolated from columns of Sephadex G‐200 and Ultrogel AcA22 following incubation of immunoglobulin G (Nordic Laboratories) with dimethyl suberimidate, released histamine from cells of all donors tested. In contrast, cells from the same donors showed variable responsiveness to dimers of IgE (prepared by similar techniques) or to anti‐IgE, IgG‐HR failed to release histamine from a “basophil‐rich” mononuclear cell preparation depleted of most of the erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils and eosinophils by centrifugation through a Ficoll‐Hypaque cushion. The data suggest that IgG‐HR was releasing histamine indirectly from basophils by first interacting with another cell. IgG oligomers prepared from different sources of pooled, purified IgG failed to release histamine. Although we did not have sufficient IgG‐HR to adequately define this releasing activity, we feel that the data represent a potentially novel, if rare, mechanism of mediator release involving basophils and another cell.
Cytodestructive Mechanisms Provoked by Food Antigens
Authors: PODLESKI W. K.
Published: May 2007

Antibody‐dependent, allergic autocytotoxicity (ACT) is an in vitro process through which WBC from patients and/or controls, passively sensitized with RAST positive serum, are damaged in the presence of corresponding food antigens. Studies among 13 patients, sensitive to cow milk, corn and wheat, and 13 asymptomatic controls revealed that antibody‐dependent ACT is mediated by thermolabile cytotoxic factor, presumably IgE antibody. The resultant cellular interactions might contribute to the induction of the autoimmune response.
Volumetric Aerobiological Survey of Conidial Fungi in the North‐East Netherlands
Authors: Beaumont F. , Kauffman H. F. , van der Mark T. H. , Sluiter H. J. , de Vries K.
Published: May 2007

In order to obtain actual data about the qualitative and quantitative occurrence of airborne fungi in The Netherlands, a viable‐volumetric sample survey with the Andersen sampler was undertaken. From April 1981 to the end of June 1983, one day a week samples were taken on the unobstructed rooftop of a hospital in the N‐E Netherlands. An average of 268 Colony Forming Units (CFU), per sample, per cubic metre of air were found. Almost three‐quarters of the total catch consisted of seven genera, Cladosporium predominating. Botrytis showed in surprisingly high numbers when compared with other surveys, while Alternaria occurred in very low concentrations. Most atmospheric airborne spora were found between May and September. Aspergillus and Penicillium prevailed in the autumn and winter months, although were present the year‐round. Momentary weather conditions seemed less important for the overall spore picture than the average meteorological characteristics for a whole season. The obtained aero‐mycological information may be useful in determining clinical strategies for skin testing and serological investigations in patients with suspected mould allergies.