bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Primary Salivary Gland Cells
Authors: Su Xinyun , Pillai Sangeeth , Liu Younan , Tran Simon D.
Published: July 2022

Primary cells are an essential tool for in vitro studies and are obtained directly from living tissues or organs. They closely mimic the physiological state and maintain in vivo functions for short periods of time under optimal conditions. Isolation and culture of salivary gland (SG) cells are useful to decipher the various mechanisms involved in salivary gland dysfunction. However, unlike some other primary cell cultures, SG cell cultures from patient‐derived tissues present several challenges. They are difficult to obtain, culture, expand, and characterize due to their sensitive heterogenous cell population and limited expansion potential. In addition, the majority of saliva‐secreting acinar cells fail to maintain a differentiated state ex vivo for long periods, and eventually succumb to an acinar‐to‐ductal metaplasia, losing their secretory phenotype and functions. Herein, we describe two detailed protocols for primary SG cell isolation, culture, and expansion from human (or mouse) salivary tissues using serum‐free culture media. We also describe the growth kinetics of these primary cells along with their immunocytochemical characterization. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of SG single‐cell culture from freshly obtained human or mouse SG tissues.

Basic Protocol 2: Preparation of SG explant culture from freshly obtained human or mouse SG tissues
MHD Casson nanofluid flow over a stretching surface with melting heat transfer condition
Authors: Kumar Tirumala Prasanna , Uma Madhugi Sreenivasarao
Published: July 2022

In this current communication thermal characteristics of non‐Newtonian fluid flow over a stretching surface with a melting heat transfer effect are discussed. Casson's rheological model is adapted to explain non‐Newtonian fluid flow characteristics. The boundary value problem comprising momentum, energy, and concentration equations is turned into a system of ordinary differential equations and then solved by applying the shooting method. Detailed analysis of important engineering quantities such as skin friction and Nusselt number are computed for the non‐Newtonian (Casson) model and Newtonian model. Some of the important outcomes are: melting parameter increases velocity and decreases temperature. Thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters increase temperature profiles.
Scalable, thin asymmetric composite solid electrolyte for high‐performance all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries
Authors: Wang Guoxu , Liang Yuhao , Liu Hong , Wang Chao , Li Dabing , Fan Li‐Zhen
Published: July 2022

All‐solid‐state Li metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have been considered the most promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage devices owing to their high‐energy density and safety. However, some obstacles such as thick solid electrolyte (SSEs) and unstable interface between the solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) and the electrodes have restricted the practical application of ASSLBs. Here, the scalable polyimide (PI) film reinforced asymmetric ultra‐thin (~20 μm) composite solid electrolyte (AU‐CSE) with a ceramic‐rich layer and polymer‐rich layer is fabricated by a both‐side casting method and rolling process. The ceramic‐rich layer not only acts as a “securer” to inhibit the lithium dendrite growth but also redistributes Li‐ions uniform deposition, while the polymer‐rich layer improves the compatibility with cathode materials. As a result, the obtained AU‐CSE demonstrates an ionic conductivity of 1.44 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 35°C. The PI‐reinforced AU‐CSE enables Li/Li symmetric cell stable cycling over 1200 h at 0.2 mA cm−2 and 0.2 mAh cm−2. Li/LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 and Li/LiFePO4 ASSLMBs achieve superior performances at 35°C. This study provides a new way of solving the interface problems between SSEs and electrodes and developing high‐energy‐density ASSLMBs for practical applications.
Selenium metabolism and regulation of immune cells in immune‐associated diseases
Authors: Niu Ruiying , Yang Qiuli , Dong Yingjie , Hou Yueru , Liu Guangwei
Published: July 2022

Selenium, as one of the essential microelements, plays an irreplaceable role in metabolism regulation and cell survival. Selenium metabolism and regulation have great effects on physiological systems especially the immune system. Therefore, selenium is tightly related to various diseases like cancer. Although recent research works have revealed much about selenium metabolism, the ways in which selenium regulates immune cells' functions and immune‐associated diseases still remain much unclear. In this review, we will briefly introduce the regulatory role of selenium metabolism in immune cells and immune‐associated diseases.
Reduced exercise capacity is associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction in long‐term survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation
Authors: Massey Richard John , Myrdal Ole Henrik , Diep Phoi Phoi , Burman Marta Maria , Brinch Lorentz , Gullestad Lars Lysgaard , Ruud Ellen , Aakhus Svend , Beitnes Jan Otto
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Exercise intolerance is a common complication in survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). The aim of this study was to determine if cardiac function measured with echocardiography is associated with exercise capacity measured with cardio‐pulmonary exercise tests in long‐term survivors treated in their youth with allo‐HSCT.

Methods

The study included 96 patients, of which 54.2% were female, aged 34.9 ± 11.6 years and 17.7 ± 9.3 years after allo‐HSCT. Reduced exercise capacity was defined as <85% of predicted‐peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Linear regression was used in the prediction of VO2peak (ml/kg/min). Receiver operating characteristic evaluated the accuracy of predicting reduced exercise capacity.

Results

VO2peak was 36.2 ± 7.7 ml/kg/min and 43 (44.8%) had reduced exercise capacity. Left ventricular ejection fraction was 55.4 ± 5.9% and global longitudinal strain (GLS) was −17.6% ± 2.0%. Left and right ventricular functions were significantly lower in survivors with reduced exercise capacity. Increased body mass index, lower physical activity score, reduced pulmonary function (by forced expiratory volume in 1‐s) and reduced left ventricular systolic function (by GLS) were significant independent predictors for reduced VO2peak. GLS was superior to other echocardiographical indices for identifying reduced exercise capacity (area under curve = 0.64, p = 0.014).

Conclusions

Left ventricular systolic dysfunction measured by GLS is associated with reduced exercise capacity in long‐term allo‐HSCT survivors.
Quaternary environmental and climatic history of the northern high latitudes – recent contributions and perspectives from lake sediment records
Authors: Melles Martin , Svendsen John Inge , Fedorov Grigory , Brigham‐Grette Julie , Wagner Bernd
Published: July 2022

Lake sediment records archive the Quaternary environmental and climatic history in northern high latitudes. Because of their spatial distribution, age range, time resolution, age control, and high sensitivity to paleoenvironmental conditions, lake records contribute to evaluating regional to hemispheric‐scale climate change. Here, we compare the characteristics of lake sediments and their qualities for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions with those of other archives in northern high latitudes, and we outline the current state of research by introducing a series of regional case studies on 31 lakes as part of this special issue. The compilation shows that the coring site selection and interpretation can strongly benefit from bathymetric and seismic or hydro‐acoustic surveys. New coring techniques have become available making it possible to expand the records in length and time. Analytical work on the cores has particularly benefited from improved non‐destructive logging and scanning techniques, from the development of new proxies, and from advancements in quantitative climate reconstructions. Progress was also made in further developments of dating techniques; however, the recognition of additional isochronal events, e.g., via tephrochronology or paleomagnetic event stratigraphy, is needed to derive a better understanding of leads and lags in climate signal propagation throughout the northern high latitudes.
Effect of Molecular Weights on Metal‐Mediated Grafting of Sulfobetaine Polymers onto Solid Surfaces for Non‐Biofouling Applications
Authors: Kim Inho , Kim Yohan , Kang Sung Min
Published: July 2022

The grafting of zwitterionic molecules onto solid surfaces is an important tool for decreasing the unwanted adsorption of biomolecules, such as proteins, bacteria, and cells. This has been achieved through various approaches, such as zwitterionic monolayer/multilayer formation, surface‐initiated polymerization of zwitterionic monomers, and grafting of presynthesized zwitterionic polymers. Recently, a coordination‐driven approach to grafting zwitterionic polymers onto solid surfaces has been discovered to be an effective method because of its versatility and robustness. However, the bacterial adhesion resistance of zwitterionic polymer grafting has been explored using only one molecular weight, and the non‐biofouling performance against other fouling organisms has remained unexamined. In this study, the characteristics of coordination‐driven surface zwitteration are systematically investigated. Sulfobetaine (SB) polymers with three different molecular weights are synthesized and employed for surface grafting. Polydopamine is used as a surface primer, and SB polymers are grafted onto the surfaces via the formation of metal‐mediated coordinate bonds. The effect of molecular weight on the grafting efficiency and non‐biofouling performance is investigated via protein adsorption and marine diatom adhesion assays. The SB polymer with a high molecular weight is found to be crucial for achieving strong resistance to protein adsorption and marine fouling.
Continuous Monitoring and Characterization of Copolymerization Reactions of Acrylate Monomers with Indistinguishable Ultraviolet Spectra Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Siqueira Julia S. , Reed Wayne F.
Published: July 2022

Applications of Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring of Polymerization reactions (ACOMP) have steadily expanded over the past 20 years. An ultraviolet (UV) detector, often combined with a differential refractive index detector (RID), is the usual method to track monomer conversion, but the method can fail when comonomers have similar UV spectra. Here, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is coupled to ACOMP to separate comonomer conversion during solution copolymerization of tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) and n‐butyl acrylate (nBA). The UV spectra of these comonomers are too similar for separation. The FTIR region between 1100 and 1410 cm−1, however, shows a strong difference between tBA and nBA peaks—1403 and 1192 cm−1, respectively. Reaction rates determined from FTIR data show that tBA's is higher than nBA's. The terpolymerization of tBA, nBA, and methyl methacrylate (MMA) is also monitored, using MMA's 1325 cm−1 peak. Reaction rates are significantly lower than in the nBA/tBA copolymerization. The incorporation of FTIR into ACOMP opens the path for further expansion to a wide variety of copolymerization reactions, including systems of three or more comonomers. It can be a key new detector in the next steps for development of fully automatic feedback control of composition and molecular weight.
Risk factors for the development of acute pyelonephritis in women with a positive urine culture
Authors: Balasubramanian Shiva , Wang Xi , Sahil Suman , Cheng An‐Lin , Sutkin Gary , Shepherd Jonathan P.
Published: July 2022

Introduction

In treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), the risk of overtreatment with antibiotics must be reconciled with the risk of an untreated urinary tract infection (UTI) progressing to acute pyelonephritis (APN). Using Cerner HealthFacts, a longitudinal clinical informatics database, we aimed to determine risk factors associated with the development of APN from UTI in an effort to guide the initiation of empiric antibiotics.

Methods

We queried the Cerner HealthFacts database for women over age 18 with a positive urine culture. Any patient with an International Classification of Disease (ICD) code indicating chronic pyelonephritis was excluded. Development of APN within 30 days of the positive culture, specified by ICD coding, was our primary outcome. Patient and facility factors were assessed as potential risk factors for the development of APN using multivariable regression.

Results

Out of 58 344 women with a positive urine culture, 3.9% (2296) developed APN. Mean patient age was 54.4 ± 25.3 years. Overall, 12 variables were predictive for APN and 11 variables were protective against APN. Presence of obstructive and reflux uropathies (OR 4.58), presentation to an acute care facility (OR 3.19), urinary retention (OR 2.30), history of UTI (OR 2.19), and renal comorbidities (OR 2.07) conferred the highest odds of APN development. The most protective variable against APN development was cognitive impairment (OR 0.49).

Conclusions

Identified risk factors associated with APN development may aid decisions regarding empiric antibiotic initiation for patients presenting with LUTS while awaiting urine culture results. The relationship between cognitive impairment and progression to APN deserves further study.
A Phase II prospective study of hypofractionated proton therapy of prostate and pelvic lymph nodes: Acute effects on patient‐reported quality of life
Authors: Wong William W. , Hillman David W. , Daniels Thomas B. , Vargas Carlos E. , Rwigema Jean Claude , Corbin Kimberly S. , Keole Sameer R. , Merrell Kenneth W. , Stish Bradley J. , Pisansky Thomas M. , Davis Brian J. , Mitchell Cecilia M. , Choo Richard
Published: July 2022

Background

The objective of this study was to report acute changes in patient‐reported quality of life (PRQOL) using the 26‐item Expanded Prostate Index Composite (EPIC‐26) questionnaire in a prospective study using hypofractionated intensity‐modulated proton beam therapy (H‐IMPT) targeting the prostate and the pelvic lymph nodes for high‐risk or unfavorable intermediate‐risk prostate cancer.

Methods

Fifty‐five patients were enrolled. H‐IMPT consisted of 45 GyE to the pelvic lymph nodes and 67.5 GyE to the prostate and seminal vesicles in 25 fractions. PRQOL was assessed with the urinary incontinence (UI), urinary irritative/obstructive symptoms (UO), and bowel function (BF) domains of EPIC‐26 questionnaire. Mean changes in domain scores were analyzed from pretreatment to the end of treatment and 3 months posttreatment. A clinically meaningful change (or minimum important change) was defined as a score change > 50% of the baseline standard deviation.

Results

The mean scores of UO, UI, and BF at baseline were 84.6, 91.1, and 95.3, respectively. At the end of treatment, there were statistically significant and clinically meaningful declines in UO and BF scores (−13.5 and −2.3, respectively), while the decline in UI score was statistically significant but not clinically meaningful (−13.7). A clinically meaningful decline in UO, UI, and BF scores occurred in 53.5%, 22.7%, and 73.2% of the patients, respectively. At 3 months posttreatment, all three mean scores showed an improvement, with fewer patients having a clinically meaningful decline in UO, UI, and BF scores (18.4%, 20.5%, and 45.0%, respectively). There was no significant reduction in the mean UO and UI scores compared to baseline, although the mean BF score remained lower than baseline and the difference was clinically meaningful.

Conclusions

UO, UI, and BF scores of PRQOL declined at the end of H‐IMPT. UO and UI scores showed improvement at 3 months posttreatment and were similar to the baseline scores. However, BF score remained lower at 3 months posttreatment with a clinically meaningful decline.
TheASi–SiiDefect Model of Light‐Induced Degradation (LID) in Silicon: A Discussion and Review
Authors: Lauer Kevin , Peh Katharina , Schulze Dirk , Ortlepp Thomas , Runge Erich , Krischok Stefan
Published: July 2022

TheASi–Siidefect model as one possible explanation for light‐induced degradation (LID) in typically boron‐doped silicon solar cells, detectors, and related systems is discussed and reviewed. Starting from the basic experiments which led to theASi–Siidefect model, theASi–Siidefect model (A: boron, or indium) is explained and contrasted to the assumption of a fast‐diffusing so‐called “boron interstitial.” An LID cycle of illumination and annealing is discussed within the conceptual frame of theASi–Siidefect model. The dependence of the LID defect density on the interstitial oxygen concentration is explained within theASi–Siidefect picture. By comparison of electron paramagnetic resonance data and minority carrier lifetime data related to the assumed fast diffusion of the “boron interstitial” and the annihilation of the fast LID component, respectively, the characteristic EPR signal Si‐G28 in boron‐doped silicon is related to a specificASi–Siidefect state. Several other LID‐related experiments are found to be consistent with an interpretation by anASi–Siidefect.
A Wind Energy Harvester Based on Piezoelectric Magnetic Compound
Authors: He Lipeng , Gu Xiangfeng , Wang Shuangjian , Liu Xuejin , Hu Renhui , Cheng Guangming
Published: July 2022

Herein, an energy harvester relying on the combination of piezoelectric and electromagnetic power generation is developed to increase the power generation and realize the force deformation of the piezoelectric sheets through the interaction between the exciting and mass magnets, thus avoiding mechanical collision and abrasion and improving the operational life span. The theoretical analysis for the magnetic movement, winding moment, and resilience strain is done, and the maximum shift of the rectangular and circular piezoelectric sheets is obtained through simulation. Experimentally, the device achieves the highest output voltage of 28.4 V when there are two exciting magnets and in mutual repulsion with the mass magnet. For an external resistance of 2 kΩ, the device outputs a maximum power of 20.48 mW. The device can convert wind energy from the environment into electricity and power other devices via circuit storage.
Recent Advances in Microgels: From Biomolecules to Functionality
Authors: Xu Yufan , Zhu Hongjia , Denduluri Akhila , Ou Yangteng , Erkamp Nadia A. , Qi Runzhang , Shen Yi , Knowles Tuomas P. J.
Published: July 2022

The emerging applications of hydrogel materials at different length scales, in areas ranging from sustainability to health, have driven the progress in the design and manufacturing of microgels. Microgels can provide miniaturized, monodisperse, and regulatable compartments, which can be spatially separated or interconnected. These microscopic materials provide novel opportunities for generating biomimetic cell culture environments and are thus key to the advances of modern biomedical research. The evolution of the physical and chemical properties has, furthermore, highlighted the potentials of microgels in the context of materials science and bioengineering. This review describes the recent research progress in the fabrication, characterization, and applications of microgels generated from biomolecular building blocks. A key enabling technology allowing the tailoring of the properties of microgels is their synthesis through microfluidic technologies, and this paper highlights recent advances in these areas and their impact on expanding the physicochemical parameter space accessible using microgels. This review finally discusses the emerging roles that microgels play in liquid–liquid phase separation, micromechanics, biosensors, and regenerative medicine.
Vanadium Tetrasulfide for Next‐Generation Rechargeable Batteries: Advances and Challenges
Authors: Yao Kaitong , Wu Meng , Chen Dong , Liu Chuanbang , Xu Chen , Yang Donghua , Yao Honghu , Liu Lin , Zheng Yun , Rui Xianhong
Published: July 2022

Alkali metal‐ion batteries (SIBs and PIBs) and multivalent metal‐ion batteries (ZIBs, MIBs, and AIBs), among the next‐generation rechargeable batteries, are deemed appealing alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of their cost competitiveness. Improving the electrochemical properties of electrode materials can greatly accelerate the pace of development in battery systems to cover the increasing demands of realistic applications. Vanadium tetrasulfide (VS4) is known as a prospective electrode material due to its unique one‐dimensional atomic chain structure with a large chain spacing, weak interactions between adjacent chains, and high sulfur content. This review summarizes the synthetic strategies and recent advances of VS4 as cathodes/anodes for rechargeable batteries. Meanwhile, we describe the structural characteristics and electrochemical properties of VS4. And we describe in detail its specific applications in batteries such as SIBs, PIBs, ZIBs, MIBs, and AIBs as well as modification strategies. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of VS4 in the domain of energy research are described.
A typology of Mexican highly educated immigrant entrepreneurs in the United States
Authors: Salamanca Elizabeth , Alcaraz Jorge
Published: July 2022

This study develops a typology of highly educated Mexican immigrant entrepreneurs living in the United States (U.S.) based on their personal resources, motivations and social capital, and the U.S. institutional challenges they face. An exploratory qualitative analysis was conducted by examining 25 in‐depth interviews with Mexican immigrant entrepreneurs and opinion leaders in the United States. The results show that highly educated Mexican migrant entrepreneurs have different resources, motivations, and premigration conditions and face different institutional challenges. These differences give rise to six types of immigrants: “self‐made‐preneurs,” “expat‐preneurs,” “consolidated‐preneurs,” “stubborn millennials,” “runaway‐preneurs” and “avoider‐preneurs.” Previous studies have proposed a typology of high‐skilled migrants or have compared their profile with that of other migrants. However, a typology of highly educated migrant entrepreneurs or any systematic study on the unique institutional challenges they face does not exist.
Endoscopic sexing in turtles and tortoises: 467 cases (2007–2017)
Authors: Divers Stephen J. , Barbosa Amanda , Ellis Lauren E. , Innis Charles , Gibbons Paul
Published: July 2022

Background

This multi‐institutional retrospective study evaluated the feasibility and safety of endoscopic sex identification in 467 turtles and tortoises, representing 10 species.

Methods

Medical records of turtles and tortoises that underwent endoscopic sex identification at the University of Georgia, New England Aquarium and Turtle Conservancy were reviewed for presurgical management, anaesthesia, endoscopic equipment and surgical techniques, endoscopic results and complications.

Results

The majority of animals weighed less than 200 g, were fasted and anaesthetised using an injectable combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine and morphine or hydromorphone, supplemented by local lidocaine at the prefemoral site. Anaesthetic reversal using atipamezole alone or in combination with naloxone was routine. For uncomplicated procedures, mean total anaesthesia, surgery and recovery times were 22, 4 and 18 minutes, respectively. All animals were placed in lateral recumbency for a prefemoral endoscopic approach to the coelom using a rigid telescope and sterile fluid infusion to visualise the gonads. Sex identification was definitive in 99.4% (n = 464) of the animals. Iatrogenic bladder perforation was the most common complication (n = 5), which necessitated extended anaesthesia and surgical time for repair. Only a single anaesthetic‐related death was reported, which was associated with human error and drug overdose.

Conclusions

This is the first large‐scale study to retrospectively evaluate endoscopic sex identification in multiple chelonian species. Results suggest that endoscopic sexing is a safe, accurate and practical means for sex identification in turtles and tortoises, and represents a valuable tool in their reproductive management.
RE:PRODUKTION – das Planspiel zu Energieeffizienz bei Querschnittstechnologien
Authors: Grund Ernst , Gehrung Katja
Published: July 2022

Im Planspiel RE:PRODUKTION (Abb. 8.1) wird spielerisch Wissen zum Thema energiebetriebene Querschnittstechnologien in der Produktion vermittelt. In dem Spiel werden für die Spieler zudem die Zusammenhänge und Wechselbeziehungen von Querschnittstechnologien sichtbar und es wird deutlich, wie wichtig das Einbeziehen aller Beschäftigten ist.

Während des Spiels werden in Teams unterschiedliche Maßnahmen umgesetzt, welche die Energieeffizienz in der Produktion verbessern und damit CO2 reduzieren. Dabei lernen die Spieler Zusammenhänge zwischen ökologischen und ökonomischen Einsparpotenzialen besser kennen. Aufgrund der interaktiven Planspielgestaltung wird die Kommunikations- und Sozialkompetenz aller Spieler gestärkt. Durch das Planspiel werden die Spieler animiert, das vermittelte Wissen in den eigenen Unternehmensalltag zu übertragen.
Importance of vector leptoquark-scalar box diagrams in Pati-Salam unification with vector-like families
Authors: Iguro Syuhei , Kawamura Junichiro , Okawa Shohei , Omura Yuji
Published: July 2022

Abstract

We study lepton flavor violation (LFV) induced by one-loop box diagrams in Pati-Salam (PS) unification with vector-like families. The vector leptoquark (LQ) associated with the PS gauge symmetry breaking generally causes various LFV processes such as KL → μe and μ → e conversion at the tree-level, thereby driving its mass scale to be higher than PeV scale. The vector-like families are introduced to suppress such tree-level LFV processes, allowing the LQ to have TeV scale mass. In this paper, we point out that there are inevitable one-loop contributions to those LFV processes from the box diagrams mediated by both one LQ and one scalar field, even if the tree-level contributions are suppressed. We consider a concrete model for demonstration, and show that the vector-like fermion masses have an upper bound for a given LQ mass when the one-loop induced processes are consistent with the experimental limits. The vector-like fermion mass should be lighter than 3 TeV for 20 TeV LQ, if a combination of the couplings does not suppress KL → μe decay. Our findings would illustrate importance of the box diagrams involving both LQ and physical modes of symmetry breaking scalars in TeV scale vector LQ models.
Analytic periods via twisted symmetric squares
Authors: Álvarez-García Rafael , Schlechter Lorenz
Published: July 2022

Abstract

We study the symmetric square of Picard-Fuchs operators of genus one curves and the thereby induced generalized Clausen identities. This allows the computation of analytic expressions for the periods of all one-parameter K3 manifolds in terms of elliptic integrals. The resulting expressions are globally valid throughout the moduli space and allow the explicit inversion of the mirror map and the exact computation of distances, useful for checks of the Swampland Distance Conjecture. We comment on the generalization to multi-parameter models and provide a two-parameter example.
A Bulk Spectral Gap in the Presence of Edge States for a Truncated Pseudopotential
Authors: Warzel Simone , Young Amanda
Published: July 2022

We study the low-energy properties of a truncated Haldane pseudopotential with maximal half filling, which describes a strongly correlated system of spinless bosons in a cylinder geometry. For this Hamiltonian with either open or periodic boundary conditions, we prove a spectral gap above the highly degenerate ground-state space which is uniform in the volume and particle number. Our proofs rely on identifying invariant subspaces to which we apply gap-estimate methods previously developed only for quantum spin Hamiltonians. In the case of open boundary conditions, the lower bound on the spectral gap accurately reflects the presence of edge states, which do not persist into the bulk. Customizing the gap technique to the invariant subspace, we avoid the edge states and establish a more precise estimate on the bulk gap in the case of periodic boundary conditions.
Prevalence and initiation of statin therapy in the oldest old—a longitudinal population-based study
Authors: Sundvall Helena , Vitols Sigurd , Wallerstedt Susanna M. , Fastbom Johan
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To investigate the prevalence and initiation of statins as well as treatment intensity in the oldest old, with younger olds as a reference.

Methods

A population-based cohort was used, including record-linked data from the Total Population Register, the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register, and the Swedish Patient Register. In each year over the study period (2009–2015), statin use was described in individuals 85 years or older and 65–84 years of age, and initiation rates were calculated among individuals with no statin treatment during a preceding 3-year period.

Results

A total of 1,764,836 individuals ≥ 65 years in 2009, increasing to 2,022,764 in 2015, were included in the analyses. In individuals 85 years or older, the prevalence of statin therapy increased from 11% in 2009 to 16% in 2015, the corresponding initiation rates being 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively. Corresponding prevalence and incidence figures in 65–84-year-olds were 23 to 25% and 3.0 to 3.3%, respectively. Overall, the proportion of individuals initiating statin with high-intensity treatment (atorvastatin ≥ 40 mg or rosuvastatin ≥ 20 mg) in the oldest old increased from 1 to 36% during the study period, and a similar increase was seen in the younger age group. Over the study years, the presence of an established indication for statin treatment varied between 70 and 76% in the oldest old and between 30 and 39% in the younger olds.

Conclusion

Prevalence and initiation of statin therapy are increasing among the oldest old, despite the fact that randomized controlled trials focusing on this age group are lacking and safety signals are difficult to detect.
Can the 5‐item Modified Frailty Index Predict Outcomes in Geriatric Trauma? A National Database Study
Authors: Guiab Keren , Evans Teresa , Siddiqi Mahwash , Saadat Ghulam , Brigode William , Starr Frederic , Bokhari Faran
Published: July 2022

Background

Frailty results in increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes following trauma. We investigated the association between the 5‐item modified frailty index (mFI‐5) and outcomes in geriatric trauma patients.

Methods

The 2011–2016 Trauma Quality Improvement Program database was used to study outcomes in patients ≥ 65 years old. The mFI‐5 was measured and categorized into no frailty (mFI‐5 = 0), moderate frailty (mFI‐5 = 0.2), and severe frailty (mFI‐5 ≥ 0.4). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent factors of mortality and complications.

Results

26,963 cases met the inclusion criteria, of whom 25.5% were not frail, 38% were moderately frail, and 36.6% were severely frail. Mean age (± SD) was 76 ± 7 years, 61.5% were male, and 97.8% sustained blunt injuries. Median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 17 (IQR = 10–26), and the median Glasgow Coma Scale was 15 (IQR = 12–15). Overall mortality was 30.6%. Factors independently associated with mortality were age (OR = 1.07 per year, 95%CI 1.06–1.07), blunt trauma (OR = 1.44, 95%CI 1.19 –1.75), ISS (OR = 1.04 per unit increase in ISS, 95%CI 1.03–1.04), and severe frailty (OR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.15–1.32). Interestingly, male sex and GCS appeared to be protective factors with OR of 0.88 (95%CI 0.83 – 0.93) and 0.89 per point change in GCS (95%CI 0.88–0.9), respectively. Moderate (OR = 1.27, 95%CI 1.19–1.25) and severe frailty (OR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.–1.59) were significantly associated with in‐hospital complications.

Conclusion

Moderate and severe frailty were significant predictors of complications. Only severe frailty was associated with short‐term mortality. The mFI‐5 can be used as an objective measure to stratify risks in geriatric trauma.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: evolving diagnostic perspectives
Authors: Cipriani Alberto , Mattesi Giulia , Bariani Riccardo , Cecere Annagrazia , Martini Nicolò , De Michieli Laura , Da Pozzo Stefano , Corradin Simone , De Conti Giorgio , Zorzi Alessandro , Motta Raffaella , De Lazzari Manuel , Bauce Barbara , Iliceto Sabino , Basso Cristina , Corrado Domenico , Perazzolo Marra Martina
Published: July 2022

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a genetically determined heart muscle disease characterized by fibro-fatty myocardial replacement, clinically associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Originally described a disease with a prevalent right ventricular (RV) involvement, subsequently two other phenotypes have been recognized, such as the left dominant and the biventricular phenotypes, for which a recent International Expert consensus document provided upgrade diagnostic criteria (the 2020 “Padua Criteria”). In this novel workup for the diagnosis of the entire spectrum of phenotypic variants of ACM, including left ventricular (LV) variants, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged as the cardiac imaging technique of choice, due to its capability of detailed morpho-functional and tissue characterization evaluation of both RV and LV. In this review, the key role of CMR in the diagnosis of ACM is outlined, including the supplemental value for the characterization of the disease variants. An ACM-specific CMR study protocol, as well as strengths and weaknesses of each imaging technique, is also provided.

Key Points

• Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy includes three different phenotypes: dominant right, biventricular, and dominant left.

• In 2020, diagnostic criteria have been updated and cardiac magnetic resonance has emerged as the cardiac imaging technique of choice.

• This aim of this review is to provide an update of the current state of art regarding the use of CMR in ACM, with a particular focus on novel diagnostic criteria, CMR protocols, and prognostic significance of CMR findings in ACM.
Rheological design of thickened alcohol-based hand rubs
Authors: Silva Andreia F , Wood Tiffany A , Hodgson Daniel J M , Royer John R , Thijssen Job H J , Lips Alex , Poon Wilson C K
Published: July 2022

The handleability and sensory perception of hand sanitisers by consumers affect the hygiene outcome. Spillage may result in under-dosing and poor sensory properties can lead to under-utilisation. We first propose four principles (low runoff, spreadability, smoothness and non-stickiness) for designing the rheology of thickened alcohol-based hand rubs with acceptable handleability and hand feel. We then evaluate a commercial hand gel and a variety of simplified formulations thickened with microgels (Carbopol 974P, Carbopol Ultrez 20 and Sepimax Zen), or linear polymers (Jaguar HP 120 COS), and evaluate them against these design criteria. All four additives provide acceptable spreadability by shear thinning to $$\eta \approx {10^{-1}\,\mathrm{\text {Pa}\text { s}}}$$

η
≈

10

-
1

Pa s

at $$\dot{\gamma }\sim {10^3\,\mathrm{\text {s}^{-1}}}$$

γ
˙

∼

10
3

s

-
1

. Either the finite yield stress conferred by the microgels ($$\sigma _y \gtrsim {10\,\mathrm{\text {Pa}}}$$

σ
y

≳

10

Pa

) or the increase in low-shear viscosity provided by the linear polymer ($$\eta \gtrsim {1\,\mathrm{\text {Pa}\text { s}}}$$

η
≳

1

Pa s

at $$\dot{\gamma }\lesssim {0.1\,\mathrm{\text {s}^{-1}}}$$

γ
˙

≲

0.1

s

-
1

) give rise to acceptably low runoff. However, the formulation using the linear polymer shows a filament breakage time of $$\tau _\mathrm{b} \approx {1\,\mathrm{\text {s}}}$$

τ
b

≈

1

s

in capillary rheology, which may result in stickiness and therefore a less than optimal hand feel.
Consensus statements on complete mesocolic excision for right-sided colon cancer—technical steps and training implications
Authors: Tejedor Patricia , Francis Nader , Jayne David , Hohenberger Werner , Khan Jim ,   on behalf the CME Project Working Group,   on behalf the CME Consensus Steering Group (SG), Tejedor Patricia , Francis Nader , Jayne David , Hohenberger Werner , Khan Jim ,   on behalf the CME Consensus Project Working Group (PWG), Ahmed Anwar , Abraham-igwe Chukwuma , Evans Charles , Miskovic Danilo , Pfeffer Frank , Tulina Inna , Coffey John Calvin , Campbell Kenneth , Gómez-Ruiz Marcos , West Nicholas Paul , Shihab Oliver , Bianchi Paolo Pietro , Coyne Peter Edward , Tsarkov Petr , Varghese Philip , Motson Roger W. , Gerjy Roger , Tou Samson , Gill Talvinder Singh , Konishi Tsuyoshi , Ozben Volkan ,   on behalf the CME Consensus Expert Group, Arezzo Alberto , Stevenson Andrew R. L. , Lynch Andrew Craig , Min Byung Soh , Pastor Carlos , Bertelsen Claus Anders , Hahnloser Dieter , Ignjatovic Dejan , Spinoglio Giuseppe , Kessler Hermann , Hasegawa Hirotoshi , Okabayashi Koji , Boni Luigi , Morino Mario , Leitz Michael R. , Crolla Rogier M. P. H. , Croner Roland S. , Kim Seon Hahn , Efetov Sergey K. , Benz Stefan R. , Niebisch Stefan , Panis Yves , Hiller Wolfgang F. A. , Bemelman Willem
Published: July 2022

Background

CME is a radical resection for colon cancer, but the procedure is technically demanding with significant variation in its practice. A standardised approach to the optimal technique and training is, therefore, desirable to minimise technical hazards and facilitate safe dissemination. The aim is to develop an expert consensus on the optimal technique for Complete Mesocolic Excision (CME) for right-sided and transverse colon cancer to guide safe implementation and training pathways.

Methods

Guidance was developed following a modified Delphi process to draw consensus from 55 international experts in CME and surgical education representing 18 countries. Domain topics were formulated and subdivided into questions pertinent to different aspects of CME practice. A three-round Delphi voting on 25 statements based on the specific questions and 70% agreement was considered as consensus.

Results

Twenty-three recommendations for CME procedure were agreed on, describing the technique and optimal training pathway. CME is recommended as the standard of care resection for locally advanced colon cancer. The essential components are central vascular ligation, exposure of the superior mesenteric vein and excision of an intact mesocolon. Key anatomical landmarks to perform a safe CME dissection include identification of the ileocolic pedicle, superior mesenteric vein and root of the mesocolon. A proficiency-based multimodal training curriculum for CME was proposed including a formal proctorship programme.

Conclusions

Consensus on standardisation of technique and training framework for complete mesocolic excision was agreed upon by a panel of experts to guide current practice and provide a quality control framework for future studies.
Planung und Umsetzung einer Laborinfrastruktur für Gleichspannungs-Hochleistungs-Prüfungen
Authors: Mayr Johann , Kupzog Friederich , Brauner Georg , Schiener Christoph , Wandl Stephan , Jambrich Gerhard
Published: July 2022

Die zunehmende Relevanz von Gleichstromtechnik geht einher mit dem zunehmenden Bedarf an leistungsfähiger Prüfinfrastruktur für DC-Systeme und -Komponenten wie Sicherungen, Schutzgeräte oder Schaltanlagen. Das AIT Austrian Institute of Technology hat als Prüfzentrum für elektrische und elektronische Komponenten eine neue Anlage für Gleichspannungs-Hochleistungs-Prüfungen entworfen und umgesetzt, welche als Entwicklungs- und Qualifikationsinfrastruktur für Industrie und Forschung dient. Im Zuge der Anlagenplanung wurde ein Simulationsmodell für Impedanzverhältnisse und dynamische Effekte des Prüfstroms erstellt. Dieses Modell war von zentraler Bedeutung für die Konstruktion der Anlage, welche für Prüfströme von 80 kA und mehr ausgelegt ist. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt das Anlagenkonzept und geht auf die Validierung des Modells durch Messungen mit der realen Anlage ein.
True value, error, and measurement uncertainty: two views
Authors: Lee Jong Wha , Hwang Euijin , Kacker Raghu N.
Published: July 2022

Measurement uncertainty, as established in the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), is a central concept in metrology. The GUM is known for its detailed discussions on the concepts of true value and error and their relation to measurement uncertainty. However, the GUM statements on true value and error have been a source of conceptual controversies, sometimes leading to inconsistent or unclear descriptions on true value, error, and uncertainty. Here, we discuss that such controversies arise from an unclear distinction between two views of measurement with fundamentally different premises. In one of the views, called the realist view, measurement is regarded as an activity of estimating or determining the true value, in which case measurement uncertainty represents the dispersion of reasonable estimates of true values. In the other view, called the instrumentalist view, measurement is regarded as an activity of assigning values to a measurand, in which case measurement uncertainty represents the dispersion of values that could reasonably be assigned to a measurand. By examining the philosophy of measurement in each view, we show that a clear understanding of the two views is critical for understanding the GUM.
Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease–related postural abnormalities: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Spindler Philipp , Alzoobi Yasmin , Kühn Andrea A. , Faust Katharina , Schneider Gerd-Helge , Vajkoczy Peter
Published: July 2022

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become a well-established treatment modality for Parkinson’s disease (PD), especially regarding motor fluctuations, dyskinesias, and tremor. Although postural abnormalities (i.e., Camptocormia [CC] and Pisa syndrome [Pisa]) are known to be a major symptom of PD as well, the influence of DBS on postural abnormalities is unclear. The objective of this study is to analyze the existing literature regarding DBS for PD-associated postural abnormalities in a systematic review and meta-analysis. In compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 studies that reported the effect of DBS regarding postural abnormalities. After screening of 53 studies, a total of 98 patients (44 female, 53 males, 1 not reported; mean age: 62.3, range 30–83 years) with postural abnormalities (CC n = 98; Pisa n = 11) were analyzed from 18 included studies. Of those patients, 94.9% underwent STN-DBS and 5.1% had GPi as DBS target area. A positive outcome was reported for 67.8% with CC and 72.2% with Pisa. In the meta-analysis, younger age and lower pre-operative UPDRS-III (ON/OFF) were found as positive predictive factors for a positive effect of DBS. DBS might be a potentially effective treatment option for PD-associated postural abnormalities. However, the level of evidence is rather low, and definition of postoperative outcome is heterogenous between studies. Therefore larger, prospective trials are necessary to give a clear recommendation.
Levenberg–Marquardt method and partial exact penalty parameter selection in bilevel optimization
Authors: Tin Andrey , Zemkoho Alain B.
Published: July 2022

We consider the optimistic bilevel optimization problem, known to have a wide range of applications in engineering, that we transform into a single-level optimization problem by means of the lower-level optimal value function reformulation. Subsequently, based on the partial calmness concept, we build an equation system, which is parameterized by the corresponding partial exact penalization parameter. We then design and analyze a Levenberg–Marquardt method to solve this parametric system of equations. Considering the fact that the selection of the partial exact penalization parameter is a critical issue when numerically solving a bilevel optimization problem by means of the value function reformulation, we conduct a careful experimental study to this effect, in the context of the Levenberg–Marquardt method, while using the Bilevel Optimization LIBrary (BOLIB) series of test problems. This study enables the construction of some safeguarding mechanisms for practical robust convergence of the method and can also serve as base for the selection of the penalty parameter for other bilevel optimization algorithms. We also compare the Levenberg–Marquardt method introduced in this paper to other existing algorithms of similar nature.
Are Fossils Mineral or Cultural Heritage? The Perspective of Brazilian Legislation
Authors: Kuhn Caiubi Emanuel Souza , Carvalho Ismar de Souza , Reis Fábio Augusto Gomes Vieira , Spisila André Luis , Nolasco Marjorie Csekö
Published: July 2022

Fossils have great potential for elucidating and popularizing geosciences among all age groups. Brazil, due to its continental dimension and wide geodiversity, has many internationally important fossiliferous sites, which include rocks from the Pre-Cambrian to the Quaternary eras. Thus, in this study, we analyse the legislation and public policies related to the extraction, use, or protection of fossils and palaeontological sites in Brazil. This research examines the legal and infra-legal normative documents and numerous publications on the subject. Our results show that fossils are considered a heritage of the union, i.e. mineral heritage according to the mining code or, exceptionally, cultural heritage when they are related to human culture. Although the sale of fossils as a main product of mineral extraction is not regulated, it is possible and legal to sell material extracted from rocks formed basically by fossils. Hence, it is common to observe the use of such fossiliferous rocks as landfill, construction and paving materials, agricultural inputs, or other types of industrialized products. Mining and civil works, by exposing layers of fresh or slightly weathered rocks and expanding available observation areas, contribute to the advancement of palaeontological knowledge. Accordingly, we evaluate the absence of clear criteria for differentiating whether a fossil is a rare specimen or a common occurrence, entailing the necessity for the proposal of new norms for the preservation of Brazilian fossil heritage. Our study demonstrates that a new legal framework concerning the extraction of mineral resources is crucial to ensure a better preservation of Brazilian fossil heritage and to provide legal certainty for both professionals who research these natural assets and mining companies or those who develop construction projects in sedimentary basins.