bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN RIPENING ENZYMES DURING SWEET CHERRY FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Li Shulin , Andrews Preston K.
Published: February 2019

The activities of the fruit ripening enzymes cellulase, polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin methylesterase (PME) were detected during the development of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit. Cellulase and PG activities of pericarp tissue increased 4-10 times between hypanthium abscission and harvest. PME activity remained high throughout this period of fruit development. There was a positive correlation between the anthocyanin content of the pericarp and both cellulase and PG activities. Concomitant with the increases in the activities of these ripening enzymes was a decrease in fruit firmness. The increases in cellulase and PG activities were checked following two-weeks storage at 10 C after harvest. The purification and characterization of the putative cellulase and PG enzymes will be discussed, together with attempts to chemically inhibit their activities and modify fruit softening.
IMPROVING THE SURVIVAL OF NURSERY PLANTS DURING POSTHARVEST HANDLING.
Authors: Englert John M. , Fuchigami Leslie H. , Chen Tony H.H.
Published: February 2019

Desiccation stress during the postharvest handling of bare-root nursery plants is often responsible for poor performance after transplanting. Alternate methods of handling desiccation sensitive deciduous trees, such as Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum Med.), and herbaceous perennials species, including Iris, Hosta, and Hemerocallis, are needed for improving survival after transplanting.

A new antidesiccant compound called Moisturin has been useful in reducing water loss from Washington hawthorn trees during storage and shipping, and in improving survival and plant performance during establishment. Hawthorn seedlings or multi-stemmed trees treated with Moisturin before a period of water stress had up to 75% less dieback than control or other antidesiccant treatments.

The use of Moisturin treatment and / or protection with plastic bags of topped bare-rooted herbaceous perennials before five weeks of cold storage (2C) was effective in improving the survival of Iris ensata, Iris sibirica, and Hosta plants. Hemerocallis plants survived equally well with all treatments. The greatest effect on reduction of water loss and improvement of survival was when plants were sealed in plastic bags.
DORMANT BUDS OF Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. `SMOKY', SURVIVE EXTREME COLD IN THE GLASSY STATE
Authors: Stushnoff Cecil , Remmele Richard L. , Esensee V.
Published: February 2019

Aqueous fractions in dormant buds of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. `Smoky', may exist either as liquid, ice or glass phases depending on the temperature history and the water content of the tissue. Phase diagrams for these states were constructed from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) freezing and warming scans. The diagrams show that glass transition temperatures shift to warmer temperatures as cold hardening increases and as the water content is lowered by controlled desiccation. Glass transitions were detected from -60 to -20° C, during slow freezing scans in the DSC, suggesting that survival of this extremely cold hardy tissue is based upon a potential to undergo glass transitions in the dormant state. Endogenous raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFO) increase during cold hardening, and decrease as hardiness diminishes with the onset of growth.
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE CONTROL WITH CYROMAZINE
Authors: Abbott J.D. , Thetford L. T.
Published: February 2019

Cyromazine is a triazine molecule with insect growth regulator properties being developed for control of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) (CPB) in vegetables. Research presented focuses primarily on results with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), however, crop safety has been observed in other crops within the Solanaceae. Several trials were conducted in PA and NY during 1991 to examine the rates and timing necessary to control CPB in potatoes. Data from replicated small plot trials and non-replicated large block trials are included. Rates examined ranged 70 to 560 g ai na-1 applied alone or in combination with a pyrethroid or Bt. Comparisons were made with insecticides presently registered for CPB control in potatoes and cyromazine compared quite favorably. Two applications per CPB generation were made, the first at the beginning of CPB egg hatch and a second 7-16 days later for each generation. This application schedule provided excellent (90%) control of CPB larvae. The reduction in larvae also resulted in a reduction in adult CPB and potato leaf area damaged through insect feeding. In the test conducted in PA, an increase in size and number of tubers was observed when plants were treated with cyromazine. -These increases resulted in a 23-28% increase in total yield compared to that obtained from the untreated check plots.
CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF SNAP BEAN LEAVES INFLUENCES CHINESE ROSE BEETLE FEEDING.
Authors: Furutani S. C. , Arita L. H.
Published: February 2019

Shading studies were conducted on snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Hawaiian Wonder, plants to observe the influence of endogenous carbohydrate content of leaves on the feeding activity of the Chinese rose beetle (CRB) Adoretus sinicus Burmeister. Increasing the shade level from 0 to 40 or 80 % shade significantly decreased carbohydrate content of leaves and reduced CRB feeding.

The normal distribution of carbohydrates within snap bean plants was altered by foiling the 2 terminal ranks of leaves and exposing the 2 subtending ranks to full sun. The feeding pattern of the CRB was observed to change in accordance to the carbohydrate concentration at each leaf rank. We speculate that carbohydrate concentration within leaves stimulates CRB feeding.
PHYTOTOXICITY OF PENDIMETHALIN TO ANNUALS UNDER LANDSCAPE CONDITIONS
Authors: McDowell Judith M. , Norcini Jeffrey G.
Published: February 2019

The granular formulation of pendimethalin (Southern Weedgrass Control) safely provides preemergent control of grasses and broadleaf weeds in a variety of landscape ornamentals but few annuals. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate phytotoxicity of pendimethalin to several annual species under landscape conditions. Pendimethalin at 1.7, 2.2, 2.8, or 3.4 kg ai/ha was applied over-the-top to cool and warm season annuals in a simulated landscape at 4-month intervals starting 15 October 1990. The simulated landscape was divided into 4 blocks (reps) with pendimethalin levels as the main plot factor and annual species as the subplot factor. Unweeded and hand-weeded plots served as controls. Irrigation (over-the-top) and insecticides were applied on an as-needed basis. All annuals except `Sonnet Burgundy' snapdragon exhibited some degree of stunting. `Vodka' wax begonia was the most sensitive to pendimethalin as it was moderately stunted at all rates. Weed control generally was good to excellent.
USE OF TRICHODERMA FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN EBB AND FLOW PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.
Authors: Bower Marsha Ann , Trinklein David H. , Brown John M.
Published: February 2019

Recent trends in greenhouse container production suggest using ebb and flow irrigation for water conservation and pollution control. A major problem in this system is management of soil borne pathogens. Some species of Trichoderma, a beneficial fungi, are known to control Pythium and Phytopthora in container production. This study investigates the potential of applying a Trichoderma conidial spore suspension in an ebb and flow irrigation system. Trichoderma conidia were collected from culture and placed in 101 l stock solution tanks at 10-2 and 10-4 colony forming units (CFU) per ml. Six inch container grown Dendranthema grandiflora `Delano', were irrigated as needed. To determine Trichoderma density in the root environment, soil samples were acquired from the container at 7 day intervals. Results showed that initial population densities of 10-4 CFU/ml were required to achieve adequate container populations to control disease after one irrigation. This study successfully demonstrated that Trichoderma could be dispersed through irrigation water into container plants in an ebb and flow system.
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS HOST PLANTS ON GROWTH, WATER RELATIONS, AND CARBON BALANCE OF THE HEMIPARASITE CASTILLEJA INDIVISA
Authors: Sweatt Michael R. , Zajicek Jayne M.
Published: February 2019

Castilleja indivisa grows hemiparasitically attached to the roots of various nearby plants. Studies were done using several host plants to determine the effects of the parasitic relationship on the growth of C. indivisa and the host plants. Transpiration rates, and leaf water potentials of C. indivisa, and various hosts, were also measured at various soil moisture levels. Carbon transfer between C. indivisa and each host was examined using a 14CO2 tracing technique.

The various hosts used in this experiment enhanced the growth of C. indivisa by 200-700% compared to non-parasitic controls. Transpiration rates of non-parasitic controls remained relatively low at all soil moisture levels while transpiration rates of parasitic C. indivisa increased rapidly as soil moisture increased, and generally exceeded that of its host at low to medium soil moisture levels. Leaf water potentials of non-parasitic controls were generally more negative than other treatments. Carbon exchange between C. indivisa and its hosts was insignificant and appears not to be a major nutritional factor.
TREE GROWTH RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
Authors: Wiest Steven C. , Hensley David L.
Published: February 2019

The prediction of which species will do well in various microclimates is of obvious interest to horticulturists as well as homeowners. To this end, the following 5 species of trees and shrubs where planted at 5 disparate sites across Kansas in spring 1985 and growth and environment measured for the 4 following years: Phellodendron amurense, Acer rubrum, Acer platanoides `Greenlace', Quercus acutissima, and Cercocarpus montanus. Preliminary analysis of trunk diameter growth vs. environment indicates few simple relationships and several rather complex relationships. Rather simplistic linear relationships (growth vs. a single environmental parameter) are largely meaningless, and often misleading. For instance, growth of Q. acutissima was negatively correlated with the highest maximum temperature prior to the growing season and positively correlated with the lowest minimum temperature prior to the growing season. More complex, and reasonable, relationships will be presented.
IRRIGATION, WATER RELATIONS, AND CRABAPPLE GROWTH IN ROOT-CONTROL BAGS IN A FIELD NURSERY
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Spihlman Craig
Published: February 2019

Limited root development of nursery stock in root-control bags facilitates harvest but without irrigation may predispose stock to water stress. The effect of bags and irrigation on growth and water relations of field-grown Malus sieboldii var. zumi were investigated following transplanting as large liners into a silty-clay soil. Predawn leaf water potential (ψ), and midday stomatal conductance (gs) and ψ, were measured periodically through the season. Late-season osmotic potential (ψπ), caliper, leaf area, and root growth were also measured. Non-irrigated treatments exhibited water stress during an extended mid-summer drought, as predawn ψ and particularly gs were less than irrigated treatments, resulting in lower vegetative growth and ψπ. For combined bagged treatments water relations did not differ, but leaf area, root growth, and ψπ, but not caliper, were less than non-bagged trees. Growth measurements and ψπ of non-irrigated bagged trees, however, were consistently lower but nonsignificant than the other treatments. Bag-induced root reduction can limit some top growth even with optimum soil water. Moreover, in terms of potential Type-II errors extrapolated over a conventional production cycle, trees grown in root-control bags in normally non-irrigated soils may be more susceptible to water stress and subjected to further cumulative growth limitation.
PROMOTION OF BRANCHING IN WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANTS BY ASC-66952
Authors: Keever Gary J.
Published: February 2019

Eight species of container-grown woody landscape plants received a single foliar spray of 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg a.i. ASC-66952 ·liter-1 on 13 June 1990. (ASC-66952 is a proprietary chemical being developed by ISK-Biotech.) Axillary, rhizomatous, and total shoot numbers of `Harbour Dwarf' nandina were increased with increasing concentrations of ASC-66952. Relative to those of the control plants, axillary shoot numbers were increased from 350% with 25 mg·liter-1 to 950% with 200 mg·liter-1, while rhizomatous shoot numbers were increased 144% with the lowest concentration and 477% with the highest concentration. Growth indices were decreased from 2.1% with 25 mg·liter-1 to 9.7% with 200 mg·liter-1. Branching and growth indices of other species tested were minimally affected by ASC-66952 application.
ROLES AND INTERACTIONS OF ETHYLENE AND POLYAMINES DURING THE SENESCENCE OF HIBISCUS(HIBISCUS SYRIACUS CV.YEONGGWANG) FLOWER.
Authors: Son Ki-Cheol , Chae Y. , Lee Y.
Published: February 2019

During the aging of H. syriacus flower, biosynthetic pathways of ethylene and polyamines, their interactions, and their effects on senescence were investigated. The evolution of ethylene in ephemeral flower was rapidly increased immediately after initiation of in-rolling of corolla at which EFE activity became maximum peak. After that, EFE activity was gradually decreased even though the aging was continued. Ethylene production was, however, slightly inhibited by the treatments of AOA and putrescine. The activity of ACC synthase and SAM decarboxylase were most rapidly increased at the time of 36th hrs. The contents of ACC and MACC were gradually increased from the early stage. However, ACC contents was decreased at the final stage but MACC was continuously increased. In normal condition, endogenous level of polyamines exists in the order of putrescine>spermidine>spermine. Putrescine was reduced from the initial point of aging, but spermidine and spermine were reduced from the middle and final stage of aging, respectively.
RESPONSE OF CONTAINER-GROWN ACER SACCHARUM TO DROUGHT STRESS
Authors: Shaw Sabrina L. , Burrows Rhoda , Hayslett William F.
Published: February 2019

Two year old sugar maples grown in 25 gallon containers were subjected to different levels of stress by withholding water. Drought levels were measured using irrometers. Irrometer readings of 40, 60, and 80 centibars were used to determine when to add water. The media used were a primary nursery mix of 50:50 sand and pine bark by volume. The maples were evaluated for differences in stomatal responsiveness with the porometer and growth parameters of number of nodes, internode length, and leaf number were taken. Some of the trees were treated with ROOTS as a drench to determine if it would enhance resistance to water stress of containerized nursery plants. Despite the use of ROOTS there was no significant difference between the stressed and the non-stressed plants of stomatal responsiveness or the growth parameters.
INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY ON OPTIMAL NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER RATES ON SPATHIPHYLLUM `PETITE'.
Authors: Campos Ricardo , Reed David Wm.
Published: February 2019

Salinity is a limiting factor in plant growth. The combination of water high in soluble salts and water-soluble fertilizers can induce salt damage in plants. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of salinity in irrigation water on optimal fertilization rates in Spathiphyllum `Petite'. The combination of 5 levels of fertilizers and 5 salinity levels were tested. Maximum growth was observed at 250 mg l-1 N and no salts, and with 2000 mg l-1 salts at 125 mg l-1 N. As salt levels increased, height and leaf area decreased. Tissue calcium, sodium, and chloride increased with increasing levels of salinity. Tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium generally increased with increasing levels of fertilizers, and were not affected by salinity level. It is possible that high sodium and chloride concentrations in leaves, petioles, and roots produced an ion toxicity.
COMPARISONS OF PLANT DENSITIES AND TRAINING SYSTEMS OF PEACH TREES
Authors: Evans G.E. , Deyton D.E. , High J.W
Published: February 2019

`Redhaven' peach tree plantings were established in 1985 to compare tree densities (299 trees/ha to 1794 trees/ha) and training systems (Open Vase, Central Leader, Y-shaped, Palmette Trellis, Tatura Trellis, and MIA Trellis). Tree trunk growth (diameter) was significantly less as the population of trees increased. Trunks of trees trained to the Open Vase were larger than Central Leader or Y-shaped trees. In 1988, yields per ha increased as tree density increased. Trees trained to the Tatura Trellis (897 trees/ha) had the highest yields (27.7 t/ha). Trees trained to the Central Leader and planted at 1794, 897, and 598 trees/ha had next highest yields of 24.5, 21.4, and 24.3 t/ha, respectively. By the 6th year, yield differences were not generally related to tree density. The top yielding systems were Open Vase (598 trees/ha) and Tatura Trellis (897 trees/ha) with yields of 32.1 and 29.0 t/ha, respectively. Trees trained to Open Vase had higher yield efficiencies (kg/cm2 limb CSA) in 1991 than trees in other systems-spacings and had yields of 23.6, 27.4, and 32.1 t/ha for plant densities of 299, 448 and 598 trees/ha, respectively.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF MATURE CITRUS CONVERTED TO PRESSURIZED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Roth R.L. , Gardner B.R. , Sanchez C.A.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted during four seasons to evaluate the performance of mature `Valencia' oranges converted to pressurized irrigation systems. Trickle, bubbler, spray, and sprinkler systems were all compared to the traditional flood-border irrigation. During the second year after conversion, trees irrigated by flood grew significantly more than trees irrigated by any of the pressurized systems. However, there were no differences in tree growth during the third and forth year, suggesting that the trees adapted to the new irrigation systems. Effects of irrigation treatments on leaf concentrations of N, P, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu were minimal. There were significant differences in orange yields among the irrigation treatments within years. However, average or total yields over the four year period did not vary by irrigation treatments. Similarly, there were no consistent differences in fruit or juice quality. Overall, results from this study indicate the mature citrus can be converted to pressurized irrigation systems with minimal effects on fruit yield and quality.
EFFECTS OF STRATIFICATION ON FIVE NATIVE CUT FLOWERS
Authors: Bratcher Carlma B. , Dole John M. , Cole Janet C.
Published: February 2019

The effect of cold on germination rate, percentage and range of five cut flowers was investigated: Baptisia australis (Wild Blue Indigo), Echinacea purpurea (Purple Coneflower), Helianthus maximilianii (Maximillian Sunflower), Solidago petiolaris (Spike Goldenrod), and Vernonia missurica (lronweed). Viability was determined for the species using TTC staining and germination based on percent viable seed. Seeds were given 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks of cold at 5°C. Increasing weeks of cold decreased days to germination in all five species, with Baptisia demonstrating the greatest effect. The germination percent increased as weeks of cold increased in all five species, but was most significant in Helianthus and Vernonia. Days from first to last germinating seed was significantly decreased in all five species as weeks of cold increased. Four weeks of cold was optimum for Echinacea and Vernonia, while optimum weeks of cold for Helianthus and Solidago was six weeks and Baptisia ten weeks.
WILDFLOWER SPECIES ADAPTABILITY IN GEORGIA AND SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Corley W. L. , Smith A. E.
Published: February 2019

Eighty horticultural wildflower taxa were evaluated for performance at three locations over three years in Georgia (USDA climatic zones 7-9). Plant performance and persistence were rated as superior perennial/reseeding annual, secondary perennial, annual, and unadapted. Length of bloom season for each species was determined at each location. Forty-eight species were rated as superior, 11 as secondary, 14 annual, and seven were not adapted. From these data, specialty mixes for meadow gardens, roadside beautification, landscape color, and native plant restoration areas have been formulated for use in cost-efficient landscape plantings. The mixes contain 10-15 species with overlapping bloom seasons to provide color during most of the growing season of eight months.
INFLUENCE OF COLD TREATMENT, CO2 LEVEL, AND TEMPERATURE ON VEGETABLE TRANSPLANT QUALITY
Authors: Jia Wenwei , Weston L.A. , Buxton J.
Published: February 2019

Tomato and pepper seedlings were grown in six controlled environmental chambers with three different temperature levels (high:24/16°C, medium:20/12°C, and low:16/8°C) and two CO2 levels (1500 ppm and ambient) after cotyledons had unfolded. After 4 weeks, seedlings were planted into 15 cm pots. After 4 weeks, another set were transplanted to the field on 5/13 and arranged with 4 replications in a randomized complete block design. Only temperature treatment had a significant influence on the number of flowers developed in greenhouse experiments. However, for field transplanted seedlings, CO2 enrichment had a significant effect on flower formation and increased total flower numbers and fruit numbers in the early growth stages in field. Temperature also influenced seedling height. In other experiments, cold treatments were given to tomato and pepper seedlings. Seedlings were treated with 13°C temperatures for 0, 1 or 2 weeks after cotyledons unfolded. Results indicate that tomato seedlings with either 1 or 2 weeks of cold treatment had greater dry weight and leaf numbers and larger and more mature flower buds than those given no cold treatment. Pepper seedlings receiving 2 weeks of cold treatment showed similar increases compared to those receiving 0 or 1 weeks of cold treatment. The earliest flower initials were observed microscopically when tomato had only one visible leaf and pepper had 8 or 9 visible leaves. These results indicate that cold treatments should be started as soon as the cotyledons have unfolded to hasten flower formation.
OXALATE CONCENTRATION IN SPINACH LEAVES DURING ONTOGENESIS
Authors: Okutani Iwane , Sugiyama Nobuo
Published: February 2019

Changes in oxalate concentrations in individual leaves during ontogenesis were examined by a sequential sampling of spinach plants grown in solution culture. The period between initiation of two successive leaves was 1.58 days. Fresh weight of each leaf increased at a constant rate with time after the leaf became 1 cm in length. Oxalate concentrations in plant tops decreased gradually with plant age. Oxalate concentrations in each leaf remained constant during ontogenesis, and they were negatively correlated with the leaf position numbered from the base. Leaf growth rates and the relationship between oxalate concentrations and leaf position were combined to make a model that describes the changes in oxalate concentrations in plant tops as the age of the plant advanced. The resulting model indicated that oxalate concentrations in plant tops decreased more rapidly as plastochron became shorter.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF DISORDERED ORIENTAL MELON FRUITS DURING MATURATION IK KOREA.
Authors: Hwang Yong-Soo , Chun Jong-Pil , Lee Jae-Chang
Published: February 2019

Physiological disorder occurred in a recently developed oriental melon cultivar, `Gumssaragi-Bunchun' (Cucumis melo var. makuwa), is involved with the appearance of water soaking area in placenta and can be extended to the pulp when severely affected. Physiological changes between normal and disordered fruits were compared. Ethanol soluble sugars were significantly decreased in both pulp and placenta tissue of disordered fruits whereas acidity was increased. Ethanol and acetaldehyde accumulation were confirmed in juice from disordered fruits, which were net detectable in normal ones. The contents of boron and calcium, especially water and HCl soluble calcium, were fairly low in disordered pulp. Also, there was a great difference in pectin content between both fruit tissue and severe hydrolysis of water soluble pectins isolated from disordered placenta was found by gel chromatography. However, the hydrolysis of pectins seemed not to be associated with the increase of wall hydrolase activities such as polygalacturonase and β-galactosidase.
EFFECTS OF CHLOROCHOLINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE GROWH AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS IN SEVERAL VEGETABLE CROPS
Authors: Park Young-Ki , Min Byung-Hoon , Choi Heawon P. , Lee Jung-Myung
Published: February 2019

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of chlorocholine and similar compounds such as choline, chlorocholine chloride (CCC or chlormequat) and other compounds on the rooting and seedling quality for transplanting. The growth of shoot and root and the ratio of shoot/root were influenced and consequently the seedling quality was improved by chlorocholine treatment. Mungbean bioassays for plant hormone revealed that rooting was promoted and shoot growth or stem elongation was inhibited by the treatment. Addition of other PGRs such as atonik, vitamins and surfactants to chlorocholine solution significantly promoted the rooting of mungbean cuttings as well as the rooting of cutting of sweet potato, cucumber, and watermelon.
DRIP IRRIGATION SCHEDULING FOR FRESH MARKET TOMATO PRODUCTION
Authors: Hartz T.K.
Published: February 2019

Drip irrigation scheduling techniques for fresh market tomato production were compared in three consecutive seasons (1989-1991) in the southern coastal environment of Irvine, California. Three techniques were compared: 1) reference evapotranspiration (ETo, corrected Penman) × programmed crop coefficients (Kc), ranging from 0.2 (crop establishment) to 1.1 (full canopy development); 2) ETo × Kc, based on % canopy cover as estimated by average canopy width per row; and 3) irrigation at 20% available soil moisture depletion (SMD) at 30 cm, with recharge limited to a maximum of 0.8 × cumulative ETo since the previous irrigation. The use of programmed crop coefficients and Kc values based on % canopy cover gave equivalent yields and fruit size distribution in all years; there was no difference in crop response between daily irrigation and irrigation three times a week. Both scheduling techniques maintained soil water content in the top 45 cm near field capacity throughout the growing season. The use of Kc based on % cover required less total irrigation in all seasons, averaging 78% of seasonal ETo vs. 88% with programmed coefficients. Irrigation at 20% SMD required an average of only 66% of seasonal ETo; marketable yield was equivalent with the other scheduling techniques in 1989 and 1991 but showed a modest yield reduction in 1990.
BREEDING BROWN ANTHER TYPE MALE STERILITY OF CARROT
Authors: Park Yong
Published: February 2019

This experiment was carried out to breed promising brown anther type male sterile lines of carrots having the desirable characteristics of higher seed yield and stable phenotypic expression of male sterility. Brown anther type male sterile lines used for this experiment had been derived from the male sterile sources selected from the seed multiplication plots of Shin Kurota cultivar in 1972. Brown anther type male sterile lines are, in general, good seed yielders but frequently show unstable phenotypic expression of male sterility as compared to petaloid type male sterile lines. Through several years of selection for male sterile lines and plants, brown anther type male sterile lines with good seed-yielding potentials and stable phenotypic expression similar to petaloid type were developed. Outline of the breeding scheme, potential benefits of these newly bred MS lines, etc. will be discussed.
LINKAGE CHARACTERIZATION OF RESISTANCE TO ZYMV AND WMV-2 IN THE INBRED CHINESE CUCUMBER LINE TMG-1
Authors: Wai Thanda , Staub Jack , Grumet Rebecca
Published: February 2019

TMG-1 is resistant to ZYMV and WMV-2, two closely related potyviruses. Resistance to ZYMV is due to a single recessive gene (Provvidenti, 1987); however, two recessive genes appear to confer resistance to WMV-2. We sought to further characterize the resistances by studying possible linkage relationships with physiological, morphological, electromorphic, and phytopathological markers. TMG-1, WI-2757 (an inbred line susceptible to both viruses), and their F2 progeny were screened for various single gene characters that differ between the two parents. Linkages reported in the literature were also observed in this study: (1) between bitterfree (bi) and female (F), and (2) between numerous spine (ns), small spine (ss), and tuberculate (Tu). New linkages detected were between: (1) resistance to WMV-2 and F, (2) resistance to WMV-2 and ZYMV, and (3) possibly resistance to ZYMV with fusarium and ns.
VARIATION OF LEAF AND TUBER SHAPE IN HYBRID YAM (DIOSCOREA OPPOSITA T. CV.YAMATOIMO X CV.NAGAIMO)
Authors: Araki Hajime , Hayashi Shoji , Harada Takashi , Yakuwa Toshiro
Published: February 2019

Dioscorea is one of the important tuber crops in Asia and dioecious. D.opposita cv.Yamatoimo (female, round tuber shape, high eating quality, low yield) and cv.Nagaimo (male, high yield, low eating quality) are typical cultivars in Japan. Much labor is necessary for harvesting tuber of cv. Nagaimo because this tuber is slender and brittle, and elongates to 60-70 cm underground. Some hybrid plants between the mentioned 2 cultivars were successfully grown and obtained through artificial pollination under high temperature conditions and embryo culture. The variations of leaf and tuber shape in hybrid yam were estimated by image processing and principal component analysis. A large range of variation in leaf shape was recognized, and a more round-shape(cordate) leaves and longer and narrower leaves in comparison with the parent cultivars were observed. In tuber shape, the variations with regard to fullness and elongation were recognized. The fullness ranged from the level of cv.Nagaimo (thin) to that of cv.Yamatoimo (thick), and slender, ellipsoid and clump shape tubers were observed. A correlation between leaf shape and tuber shape was not recognized. A relationship existed between the shape of tuber harvested in the 1st year (1990) and 2nd year(1991) after transferring in vitro plantlets to soil.
ISOZYME POLYMORPHISM IN LEUCAENA SPECIES
Authors: Sun W. , Brewbaker J. L.
Published: February 2019

The Leguminous Leucaena including 15 species, of which several have become pantropical as fodder, fuelwood, shade and ornamental trees. 160 collections of 12 Leucaena species, including 3 tetraploids and 9 diploids, were analyzed for six isozyme systems. Extensive inter and intraspecific variability was detected using cotyledon tissues. The uniformity of isozymic expression in 80 collections of the “common leucaena” from all over the world supported the hypothesis that it is a single self-pollinated variety. It was first distributed to the Philippines from Mexico in late 1500s, then spread worldwide. ACO polymorphism appeared to be controlled by three loci ACO1, ACO2, ACO3 and IDH by two loci IDH1, IDH2 in L. lanceolata. Peroxidase polymorphism was early shown to involve 4 loci, PX1-PX4. Polymorphism in these loci was applied to clarify phylogeny of the Leucaena ssp. and hybrids (>60 made in Hawaii), that are growing in the Waimanalo Sta. of UH.
CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEES: AN ADVISORY COMPONENT OF THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
Authors: Bohning Mark A. , Stoner Allan K.
Published: February 2019

The United States' National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is responsible for the acquisition, preservation, evaluation and distribution of plant genetic resources in the form of seed and clonal germplasm. In order to operate more effectively, the NPGS established a network of 40 Crop Advisory Committees (CACs) to provide analysis, data, and advice about germplasm within a crop or group of related crops of current or future economic importance. CACs are composed of Federal, State and industry scientists representing a variety of agricultural disciplines and geographic areas of importance to the crop. The committees are involved in a variety of activities including: 1) Developing crop descriptors for the collection of standardized characteristic and evaluation data, 2) Determining priorities for germplasm acquisition, evaluation and enhancement, 3) Advising curators on maintenance techniques, and 4) Developing special reports on the status of genetic resources for their crop(s). Twenty-four of the CACs are concerned with horticultural crops.
EFFECTS OF WATER STRESS ON PHYTOPHTHORA-INFECTED RHODODENDRONS
Authors: Carratu Michelle , Sauve Roger J.
Published: February 2019

Phytophthora cinnamoni infected Rhododendrons subjected to moderate moisture levels had greater survival rates than at the wet or dry levels. We potted rooted cuttings of Rhododendron L. hybrid, “Lee's Dark Purple” in 3 liter containers using a mixture of 3 pine bark: 2 coarse builder's sand: 1 Canadian peat moss (by vol.) and infected them with P. cinnamoni. Tensiometers maintained the moisture levels of the treatments at 0, -5, -10, -15, and -20 kPa. After 90 days, measurements of the plants revealed virtually curvilinear results, with the highest survival rate, plant and root weights at -5 and -10 kPa. Investigation continues on susceptibility of Rhododendrons to P. cactorum, P. cryptogea, P. cinnamoni, and P. citrophthora under wet and dry conditions.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC COMPARISON OF CULTIVATED MEMBERS OF THE CUCURBITACEAE
Authors: Meglic Vladimir , Staub Jack E. , Knerr Larry D.
Published: February 2019

Thirty-eight cultivated accessions of the diverse Cucurbitaceae were electrophoretically surveyed using 13 enzyme systems. Included were representatives from 6 of the 6 Cucurbitaceae tribes, 9 genera, and 17 species. Additionally, several cultivars or groups were included for those species possessing marked morphological diversity such as the 7 groups of Cucumis melo var. melo and 7 of the numerous cultivars representing Cucurbita pepo. Zymograms were scored for the presence or absence of bands measured in mm from the origin. Cluster analysis (complete linkage method) was used to detect affinities among the accession surveyed. Data suggest that: 1) Cucumis melo (x=12) possessed greater biochemical affinity with C. sativus (x=7) than with either C. anguira or C. metuliferus (both x=12); 2) Sechium edule and Cyclanthera pedata. both members of the tribe Sicyeae, were more closely associated with members of other tribes than with each other; 3) Some cultivars of Cucurbita pepo shared greater affinity with Cucurbita moschata than with other cultivars of C. pepo. Additional observations as well as their possible implications will be presented.
INFLUENCE OF END OF DAY FAR-RED LIGHT ON HEIGHT OF CHRYSANTHEMUM PLANTS UNDER CuSO4 SPECTRAL FILTERS
Authors: Rajapakse Nihal C. , McMahon Margaret J. , Kelly John W.
Published: February 2019

The response of `Bright Golden Anne' and `Spears' chrysanthemum plants to EOD-R or FR light was evaluated to determine the involvement of phytochrome in regulation of plant morphology under CuSO4 filters. Light transmitted through the CuSO4 filter significantly reduced height, internode length and stem dry weight of `BGA' and `Spears' chrysanthemum plants. However, the degree of response varied with the cultivar. Exposure to EOD-FR reversed the reduction of plant height, internode length and the stem dry weight caused by the light transmitted through CuSO4 filters to a level comparable with control plants. Exposure to EOD-FR did not significantly alter height and stem dry weight under control filter Exposure to EOD-R light reduced the height and stem dry weight of `BGA' plants grown under control filter but EOD-R had no effect under CuSO4 filters. In `Spears' plants, EOD-R caused stem dry weight reduction under control filters, but did not reduce stem or internode elongation. The results suggest phytochrome may be involved in controlling plant response under CuSO4 filters. However, there are evidence to indicate that an additional mechanism may be acting on stem/internode elongation.
INFLUENCE OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON FLORAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHRYSANTHEMUM
Authors: Karlsson Meriam G. , Hanscom Janice T.
Published: February 2019

The progression of flower initiation was documented in Dendranthema X grandiflorum (Ramat) Kitamura `Bright Golden Anne'. Rooted cuttings were planted and grown under 16 hours photoperiod (360 μmol·s-1m-2) and a constant 20C. After 7 days, the plants were pinched, the temperature reduced to 5, 10 or 15C and the day length shortened to 10 hours (13 mol·day-1m-2). Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the transition from vegetative to reproductive meristem and to document the flower formation process. Shoot apices from three randomly selected plants were dissected weekly from each temperature until plants had developed floret primordia to completely cover the apical dome. Delayed floral development in the low temperature grown plants was a combination of a later flower initiation event and a slower progression of flower development. Required time for formation of 3-4 rows with floret primordia was about 21 days at 15C, 32 days at 10C and 70 days at 5C.
POSTHARVEST QUALITY AND PH OF FUSARIUM-INOCULATED TOMATO FRUIT UNDER CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES
Authors: Beaulieu John C. , Saltveit Mikal E.
Published: February 2019

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. BHN 91) fruit were hand harvested at the pink sage of maturity and stored at 12.5, 20, and 30C in air, 3% O2 + 5% CO2, or 0.5% O2 + 20% CO2 for up to six days. Half of the fruit were inoculated with Fusarium. Control fruit retained the best appearance in 3% O2 + 5% CO2 at both 20 and 30C. Inoculated fruit at 12.5, 20 and 30C in air or 3% O2 + 5% CO2 were acceptable for 12, 3 and 2 days, respectively, but they deteriorated more rapidly compared to fruit held in 0.5% O2 + 20% CO2 as temperature and time increased. Off-odors were present in all 0.5% O2 + 5% CO2 treatments by days 12, 9 and 5 at 12.5, 20 and 30C, respectively. A significant time- and temperature-dependent increase in pH of locular and pericarp tissue, and of supernatant pH occurred in inoculated regions of fruit held in air by days 12, 6 and 3 at 12.5, 20 and 30C, respectively. In contrast, reduced acidity occurred at 9 and 5 days in 3% O2 + 5% CO2 at 20 and 30C, respectively. Generally, increased pH followed a trend with air > 3% O2 + 5% CO2 > 0.5% O2 + 20% CO2.
CLASSIFICATION OF TOMATO RIPENESS AND MATURITY BY FOOD COLORIMETRY
Authors: Shewfelt R.L. , Brecht J.K. , Thai C.N.
Published: February 2019

Tomato ripeness is currently assessed by a subjective visual classification scheme based on external color while maturity of green fruit is based on a destructive evaluation of internal locule development. In an effort to develop an objective method of tomato maturity and ripeness classification, external color measurements were performed on fresh, sized (6×7) `mature-green' tomatoes (cv “Sunny') initially and through ripening using a Gardner XL-845 colorimeter. Hue angle (tan-1 b/a, designated θ) provided the best objective means of ripeness classification with proposed ranges for mature-green (θ>114), breaker (101<θ<114), turning (85<θ<101), pink (64<θ<85), light red (36<θ<64) and red (θ<36) classes using average hue at the circumference. Hue angle at the blossom end was 2-12° lower than at the circumference due to initiation of color development at the blossom end. Colorimetry was not able to distinguish differences in physiological maturity of mature-green tomatoes as determined by the length of time required to develop from mature-green to breaker which varied from 1 to 22 days in the test.
MOLECULAR INVESTIGATION OF FLOWER SENESCENCE IN DAY LILY (HEMEROCALLIS SP.)
Authors: Valpuesta Victoriano , Lange Nathan E. , Reid Michael S.
Published: February 2019

Rapid senescence of day lily flowers (Hemerocallis sp. cv. Cradle Song) has been shown to be associated with a rapid disappearance of proteins. Senescence was significantly delayed by pulsing developing flowers with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. A cDNA library prepared from mRNA extracted from flowers in the very early stages of senescence was probed with mRNA from flowers at different stages of opening and senescence. Characterization of senescence-specific clones, and implications for the control of senescence in this non-climacteric flower will be discussed.
VASELIFE OF ZINNIAS UNDER LOW-TECH CONDITIONS
Authors: Gast Karen , Stevens Alan , Albrecht Mary L.
Published: February 2019

When alternative crops are first introduced, prospective growers often lack the expertise and capitol to enter traditional market channels. Farmers' markets often become the initial market for the crop in its' introductory phase. Postharvest handling practices, requiring significant capitol investment and intense management typically are not economically feasable for the small producer. Little work has been done to provide information on practices to prolong vaselife of specialty cut flowers under less than ideal commercial conditions. A study was conducted to determine the vaselife of field grown zinnias using readily available products for preservatives, no precooling and less than optimum storage and handling practices. Flowers held in a 68 ppm bleach solution had an acceptable vase life of 6.6 days compared to water at 5.7 days and commercial preservative at 8.6 days.
STRAWBERRY GROWTH FOLLOWING A SUB-LETHAL FREEZE
Authors: Warmund Michele R.
Published: February 2019

`Earliglow' strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants were frozen to -5C to examine the distribution of ice in the crowns. Anatomical studies were also performed to characterize tissue growth in a greenhouse at 4, 8, and 16 weeks after freezing to -5C. Ice masses observed in fresh crown tissue corresponded to the presence of extracellular tissue voids in specimens fixed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Voids were present near the peduncle and adjacent to the vascular system in crown tissue. After plants were grown in the greenhouse, cell division and enlargement were observed near the voids in crowns subjected to -5C. By 15 weeks after freezing, a few small extracellular voids remained in the crowns.
USING WILD MUSTARD AND TALL FESCUE TO LOWER BORON AND SELENIUM CONCENTRATION IN THE SOIL
Authors: Banuelos G.S. , Cardon G. , Wu L. , Zambrzuski S. , Akohoue S.
Published: February 2019

High concentration of boron (B) and selenium (Se) found in the environment may be detrimental to the sustainability of agriculture in regions of the western USA. Boron and Se uptake by wild mustard (Brassica juncea (L Czern & Coss.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. L.) was investigated under greenhouse conditions in thermic typic torriorthent soils containing naturally high levels of B and Se. The design structure was a randomized complete block with six 18-L plots per treatment, three blocks, and two treatments. After plants were harvested and separated into shoots and roots, tissues were analyzed for total tissue B and Se, and soils from each pot were analyzed for residual B and Se. The highest concentrations of B were recovered in shoots from wild mustard and roots from tall fescue. Tissue Se concentrations were generally similar in both plant species. Post-harvest soil B and Se concentrations were significantly lowered irrespective of the plant species and of the harvest. The effectiveness of using wild mustard and tall fescue for B and Se soil reclamation will be discussed.
EVALUATION OF ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE FROM CRYOPRESERVED APPLE BUDS
Authors: Towill Leigh E. , Waddell John W. , Forsline Philip L.
Published: February 2019

Three years ago we established a long-term cryogenic storage project for apple germplasm and utilized grafting of buds obtained from stored dormant shoot sections as the major viability assay. Grafting, however, is time consuming and requires considerable skill. Electrolyte leakage and oxidative browning tests were used as alternative viability assays. Using leakage from individual buds in a multiwell analyzer, we examined modifications of the electrolyte leakage test and analyzed the kinetics of leakage in an attempt to determine whether the test can predict grafting success. The results suggest that more buds were viable than were estimated by the grafting test. In vitro culture is being examined to test this and to determine if practical recovery is feasible for diversity within the germplasm collection.
GENETIC STUDIES ON WILD PRUNUS YEDOENS1S VAR. NUDIFLORA AND ITS PUTATIVE PARENTS GROWING IN HAENAM DISTRICTS IN KOREA.
Authors: Lee Man-Sang , Kwon Tae-Oh
Published: February 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution, morphological and ecological characteristics, cross fertility and peroxidase banding pattern in floral buds of wild Prunus yedoensis var. nudiflora and its putative parents, P. subhirtella and P. donarium growing at Haenam districts in Korea. P. yedoensis was distributed 200-250 m elevation and showed extensive variations in sterility and morphological variations. The morphological characteristics of P. yedoensis are judged to be intermediate between P. subhirtella and P. donarium. P. subhirtella and P. donarium were naturally found 150-350 m and 150-900 m elevation. Flowering date of p. subhirtella, P. donarium and p. Yedoensis were early April, mid-to-late April and around April 8, respectively. The floral morphology of p. yedoensis showed greater variations than that of p. subhirtella. It is proved that p. yedoensis is an interspecific hybrid between P. subhirtella and P. donarium considering the intermediate characteristics of flower, leaf and peroxidase banding pattern of the floral buds by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis.
PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS TOLERANCE AMONG DIVERSE PAPAYA GENOTYPES
Authors: Chang Loong-sheng , Tsai-young Chuang
Published: February 2019

Open-pollinated progeny from 20 papaya (Carica papaya) cultivars, 2 Carica pubescens and 1 C. goudotiana were evaluated for vegetative growth and for tolerance to papaya ringspot virus under greenhouse and field condition. The artificial inoculation with the viral strain of severe mottle and necrosis symptom type was followed two months after germination. The survival rate and symptom development were significant difference among genotypes. Plant height was negatively correlated with viral survival rate; r =0.58** at greenhouse, and r =0.56** in the field, respectively. The direct ELISA(the conjugate of purified McAb-14 with alkaline phosphatase) was applied to guarantee successful inoculation and to detect plant responding to viral infection one month after artificial inoculation. Then, selection for resistance to papaya ringspot virus is done on a single plant basis. The progeny of positive index of direct ELISA with no symptom development had often from the parent with higher survival rate.
PROCUMBENT GROWTH HABIT CHARACTERIZED IN SEEDLINGS OF `CIPO' ORANGE
Authors: Bowman Kim D.
Published: February 2019

`Cipo' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] is distinctive among citrus selections because of reduced tree height and procumbent growth habit. Open-pollinated seeds were collected from `Cipo' orange and `Pineapple' sweet orange (C. sinensis) at Riverside, California, and grown under cool greenhouse conditions. Seedlings of `Cipo' were relatively uniform in morphology (including drooping shoot habit) and were presumed to be apomicts derived from nucellar embryos. `Cipo' seedlings were distinctly different from `Pineapple' in several characteristics, including smaller shoot altitude/extension ratios (a measure of uprightness) and broader stem-petiole angles (`Cipo' 1.33 radians; `Pineapple' 0.84 radians). The procumbent habit of `Cipo' appeared to be related to a preference for horizontal shoot orientation rather than a weakness of stem structure. Some increased sensitivity to ethylene was observed in the `Cipo' seedlings. `Cipo' is proposed as a resource for hormone research and a potential parent in breeding for unique tree morphology and reduced tree size.