bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A foundation for an efficient multi-threaded scheme system
Authors: Jagannathan Suresh , Philbin Jim
Published: January 2005

We have built a parallel dialect of Scheme called STING that differs from its contemporaries in a number of important respects. STING is intended to be used as an operating system substrate for modern parallel programming languages.

The basic concurrency management objects is STING are first-class lightweight threads of control and virtual processors (VPs). Unlike high-level concurrency structures, STING threads and VPs are not encumbered by complex synchronization protocols. Threads and VPs are manipualted in the same way as any other Scheme structure.

STING separates thread policy decisions from thread implementation ones. Implementations of different parallel languages built on top of STING can define their own scheduling and migration policies without requiring modification to the runtime system or the provided interface. Process migration and scheduling can be customized by applications on a per-VP basis.

The semantics and implementation of threads minimizes the cost of thread creation, and puts a premium on storage locality. The storage management policies in STING lead to better cache and page utilization, and allows users to experiment with a variety of different execution regimes—from
fully delayed
to
completely eager
evaluation.
The Gabriel “Triangle” Benchmark at warp speed
Authors: Baker Henry G.
Published: January 2005

We show how to speed up the Gabriel 'Triangle' Benchmark by more than two orders of magnitude (206 X faster than the Cray-1) on a Common Lisp system running on the 80860-based OKIstation, by using better programming techniques. The resulting program fits nicely within next generation on-chip caches and kills almost all potential parallelism, thus becoming worthless as a general-purpose Lisp benchmark.
Speeding up the “Puzzle” Benchmark a “bit”
Authors: Baker Henry G.
Published: January 2005

We show how Baskett's "Puzzle" benchmark can be speeded up at least an order of magnitude by utilizing
bit-vectors.
Unlike many optimization techniques, the use of bit-vectors enhances the readability and understandability of the code. Since bit-vectors already utilize word-wide parallelism, it is unlikely that parallel processors will be able to solve the problem much faster.
Practicing AI with the portable AI lab
Authors: Baj Fabio , Cattaneo Paolo , Rosner Mike
Published: January 2005

The Portable Al Lab (PAIL) is an integrated collection of modules implementing established Al tools and techniques intended for use as a resource for teaching or learning artificial intelligence (Al). to well illustrated Al concepts by providing a set of incrementally complex demonstration programs, interactive tools to develop new examples, on-line context sensitive documentation with the description of the techniques involved, bibliographic references, and a set of exercises and projects. PAIL supplies a consistent interface that allows naive and more expert users to explore the core of Al algorithms in source form or graphically.This paper describes and illustrates in depth the implementation and use of one of the twelve modules currently available and presents a discussion of the motivation behind, and some enhacement to, the communication between modules which is one of the key features of the system.This public domain system is implemented in Common Lisp, CLOS, and Common Windows and runs on SPARC stations. It is distributed in source form via FTP. An alpha version of the same system is now available on Macintosh hardware.
Scheme as an expository language for liberal arts students
Authors: Konstam Aaron , Howland John E.
Published: January 2005

The Scheme dialect of Lisp is being used as an expository notation in introductory courses for liberal arts students at Trinity University. Terminology from natural language identifying parts of speech, such as verb, noun, pronoun, adverb, etc., is used to present Scheme syntax and semantics to non programmers. Simple working models of various computer science topics are described. Experiences from two Trinity computer science courses are presented.
Connecting to a relational database application from Interleaf 5 using Lisp
Authors: Dale Charles
Published: January 2005

The Interleaf 5 (15) desktop publishing software provides a powerful customization environment based on Lisp. A small development team, including the author, used this environment to build a tightly integrated 15 user interface (UI) for Interleaf's Relational Document Manager (RDM). This paper describes the part of this program that implements the connection between 15 Lisp and the RDM Application Program Interface (API).
Functional programming
Authors: Ferguson Iain
Published: January 2005

The current secondary school computer science curriculum, which culminates in the AP exam, provides students with a misleading picture of the discipline, and many young thinkers are turned off by the rigidity and pettiness of syntax-heavy languages like BASIC and Pascal. This paper describes an introductory course that uses functional programming techniques to emphasize the analytical and problem solving aspects that make computer science so interesting, while avoiding the tedium associated with traditional approaches. A course based on this approach has proven very successful in encouraging students to further their study of the discipline.
Lambda, the ultimate label or a simple optimizing compiler for Scheme
Authors: Clinger William D. , Hansen Lars Thomas
Published: January 2005

Optimizing compilers for higher-order languages need not be terribly complex. The problems created by non-local, non-global variables can be eliminated by allocating all such variables in the heap. Lambda lifting makes this practical by eliminating all non-local variables except for those that would have to be allocated in the heap anyway. The eliminated non-local variables become local variables that can be allocated in registers. Since calls to known procedures are just gotos that pass arguments, lifted lambda expressions are just assembly language labels that have been augmented by a list of symbolic names for the registers that are live at that label.
Collecting more garbage
Authors: Fradet Pascal
Published: January 2005

We present a method, adapted to polymorphically typed functional languages, to detect and collect more garbage than existing GCs. It can be applied to strict or lazy higher order languages and to several garbage collection schemes. Our GC exploits the information on utility of arguments provided by polymorphic types of functions. It is able to detect garbage that is still referenced from the stack and may collect useless parts of otherwise useful data structures. We show how to partially collect shared data structures and to extend the type system to infer more precise information. We also present hoe this technique can plug several common forms of space leaks.
Parallelism in Lisp
Authors: Steele Guy L.
Published: January 2005

Maybe not as hot a topic in computer architecture as it used to be, but still of considerable interest, is parallelism. How do you make a faster computer? Just strap 20 or 200 or 2000 processors together? As we have learned, the architectural and hardware difficulties are immense (How do you connect them? A shared bus? A network? Is there a single system clock or many clocks?), and after these have been solved there remains the matter of programming.
Scheme
Authors: Ramsdell John D.
Published: January 2005

Scheme has served the community for twenty years. It has demonstrated that a useful language can be constructed which has a very small number of rules for forming expressions. Scheme's set of rules were carefully chosen so as to produce a language flexible enough to support most major programming paradigms in use today, yet allow efficient implementations.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Ernst Rolf
Published: January 2005

With the growing complexity of embedded systems, more and more parts of a system are reused or supplied, often from external sources. These parts range from single hardware components or software processes to hardware-software (HW-SW) subsystems. They must cooperate and share resources with newly developed parts such that all of the design constraints are met. This, simply speaking, is the integration task, which ideally should be a plug-and-play procedure. This does not happen in practice, however, not only because of incompatible interfaces and communication standards but also because of specialization.
You Don’t Know Jack about Disks
Authors: Anderson Dave
Published: January 2005

Traditionally, the programmer’s working model of disk storage has consisted of a set of uniform cylinders, each with a set of uniform tracks, which in turn hold a fixed number of 512-byte sectors, each with a unique address. The cylinder is made up of concentric circles (or tracks) on each disk platter in a multiplatter drive. Each track is divided up like pie slices into sectors. Because any location in this three-dimensional storage space could be uniquely identified by the cylinder number, head (surface) number, and sector number, this formed the basis for the original programming model for disk drives: cylinder-head-sector access.
The Age of Corporate Open Source Enlightenment
Authors: Ferris Paul
Published: January 2005

It’s a bad idea, mixing politics and religion. Conventional wisdom tells us to keep them separate - and to discuss neither at a dinner party. The same has been said about the world of software. When it comes to mixing the open source church with the proprietary state (or is it the other way around?), only one rule applies: Don’t do it.
A Conversation with Chris DiBona
Authors: Allman Eric
Published: January 2005

He was hooked from the moment he installed Linux on an old PC when he was a teenager.
Debugging in an Asynchronous World
Authors: Donat Michael
Published: January 2005

Pagers, cellular phones, smart appliances, and Web services - these products and services are almost omnipresent in our world, and are stimulating the creation of a new breed of software: applications that must deal with inputs from a variety of sources, provide real-time responses, deliver strong security - and do all this while providing a positive user experience. In response, a new style of application programming is taking hold, one that is based on multiple threads of control and the asynchronous exchange of data, and results in fundamentally more complex applications.
The Developer’s Art Today: Aikido or Sumo?
Authors: Brown David J.
Published: January 2005

About once a month the Queue Advisory Board gets together for dinner to hammer out ideas for upcoming issues. Well, a few months back we fell into discussion about the problems surrounding software development these days. A few of us piped up straight away that tools are very important. Others countered, “Oh, sure, but do they help or do they hurt?” And so this issue was born.
Wireless Networking Considered Flaky
Authors: Allman Eric
Published: January 2005

Oh sure, I can get on the ’net from anywhere at Usenix or the IETF, but those are _hostile_ _nets_. Hell, all wireless nets are hostile. By their very nature, you don’t know who’s sharing the ether with you. But people go on doing their stuff, confident that they are OK because they’re behind the firewall.
Making a Case for Efficient Supercomputing
Authors: Feng Wu-chun
Published: January 2005

A supercomputer evokes images of “big iron“ and speed; it is the Formula 1 racecar of computing. As we venture forth into the new millennium, however, I argue that efficiency, reliability, and availability will become the dominant issues by the end of this decade, not only for supercomputing, but also for computing in general.
Broadcast Messaging: Messaging to the Masses
Authors: Jania Frank
Published: January 2005

We have instantaneous access to petabytes of stored data through Web searches. With respect to messaging, we have an unprecedented number of communication tools that provide both synchronous and asynchronous access to people. E-mail, message boards, newsgroups, IRC (Internet relay chat), and IM (instant messaging) are just a few examples. These tools are all particularly significant because they have become essential productivity entitlements. They have caused a fundamental shift in the way we communicate. Many readers can attest to feeling disconnected when a mail server goes down or when access to IM is unavailable. For some of us, network outages are now as inconvenient as a blackout.
Nine IM Accounts and Counting
Authors: Hildebrand Joe
Published: January 2005

Instant messaging has become nearly as ubiquitous as e-mail, in some cases far surpassing e-mail in popularity. But it has gone far beyond teenagers’ insular world to business, where it is becoming a useful communication tool. The problem, unlike e-mail, is that no common standard exists for IM, so users feel compelled to maintain multiple accounts, for example, AOL, Jabber, Yahoo, and MSN.
Uprooting Software Defects at the Source
Authors: Hallem Seth , Park David , Engler Dawson
Published: January 2005

Although the concept of detecting programming errors at compile time is not new, the technology to build effective tools that can process millions of lines of code and report substantive defects with only a small amount of noise has long eluded the market. At the same time, a different type of solution is needed to combat current trends in the software industry that are steadily diminishing the effectiveness of conventional software testing and quality assurance.
A Conversation with Peter Ford
Authors: Allman Eric
Published: January 2005

Instant messaging (IM) may represent our brave new world of communications, just as e-mail did a few short years ago. Many IM players are vying to establish the dominant standard in this new world, as well as introducing new applications to take advantage of all IM has to offer. Among them, hardly surprising, is Microsoft, which is moving toward the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) as its protocol choice for IM.
From the Editors: Fun and Games and Software Development
Authors: Grossman Edward
Published: January 2005

You may recall some of the hype last year as AMD announced and then released its 64-bit processor, the AMD Opteron. What you may not remember is that one of the key groups AMD was going after with its promotional blitz was gamers. You see, at the high-end (read: high-margin) side of the PC business, power-hungry users drive the business, and more and more often those power users are gamers looking to get that millisecond advantage needed to claim bragging rights for the week.
The Demise of the Waterfall Model Is Imminent, and Other Urban Myths
Authors: Laplante Phillip A. , Neill Colin J.
Published: January 2005

We discovered this and other disappointing indicators about current software engineering practices in a recent survey of almost 200 software professionals. These discoveries raise questions about perception versus reality with respect to the nature of software engineers, software engineering practice, and the industry.
DSP 4 You
Authors: Lyon Richard F.
Published: January 2005

Since 1979 saw the design of the first wave of user-programmable DSP chips—the Intel 2920, the NEC µPD7720, and the Bell Labs (AT&T) DSP-1—2004 is a 25th anniversary that’s appropriately celebrated with the collection of articles presented in this month’s ACM Queue.
Damnéd Digits
Authors: Kelly-Bootle Stan
Published: January 2005

I remind you, first, that "damnéd" has two syllables, calling for a Shakespearean sneer as sneered by Olivier strutting his King Richard III stuff.
α-Galactosidase A Deficiency Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Mice With Apolipoprotein E Deficiency
Authors: Bodary Peter F. , Shen Yuechun , Vargas Fernando B. , Bi Xiaoming , Ostenso Kristen A. , Gu Shufang , Shayman James A. , Eitzman Daniel T.
Published: January 2005

Background—

α-Galactosidase A (
Gla
) deficiency leads to widespread tissue accumulation of neutral glycosphingolipids and is associated with premature vascular complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Glycosphingolipids have been shown to accumulate in human atherosclerotic lesions, although their role in atherogenesis is unclear.

Methods and Results—

To determine whether
Gla
affects the progression of atherosclerosis, mice were generated with combined deficiencies of apolipoprotein E and
Gla
. At 45 weeks of age,
Gla
-deficient mice had developed more atherosclerosis than mice with normal
Gla
expression (25.1±14.0 versus 12.3±9.3 mm
2
of total lesion area,
P
<0.02). This increase in atherosclerosis was associated with the presence of increased Gb3, enhanced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and increased nitrotyrosine staining.

Conclusions—

These findings suggest that deficiency of
Gla
leads to increased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and accelerated atherosclerosis.
Chromosomal Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Elastin Content in Rat Aorta
Authors: Gauguier Dominique , Behmoaras Jacques , Argoud Karène , Wilder Steven P. , Pradines Christelle , Bihoreau Marie Thérèse , Osborne-Pellegrin Mary , Jacob Marie Paule
Published: January 2005

Extracellular matrix molecules such as elastin and collagens provide mechanical support to the vessel wall. In addition to its structural role, elastin is a regulator that maintains homeostasis through biologic signaling. Genetically determined minor modifications in elastin and collagen in the aorta could influence the onset and evolution of arterial pathology, such as hypertension and its complications. We previously demonstrated that the inbred Brown Norway (BN) rat shows an aortic elastin deficit in both abdominal and thoracic segments, partly because of a decrease in tropoelastin synthesis when compared with the LOU rat, that elastin gene polymorphisms in these strains do not significantly account for. After a genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing the aortic elastin, collagen, and cell protein contents in an F2 population derived from BN and LOU rats, we identified on chromosomes 2 and 14, 3 QTL specifically controlling elastin levels, and a further highly significant QTL on chromosome 17 linked to the level of cell proteins. We also mapped 3 highly significant QTL linked to body weight (on chromosomes 1 and 3) and heart weight (on chromosome 1) in the cross. This study demonstrates the polygenic control of the content of key components of the arterial wall. Such information represents a first step in understanding possible mechanisms involved in dysregulation of these parameters in arterial pathology.
Impact of Waist Circumference on the Relationship Between Blood Pressure and Insulin
Authors: Poirier Paul , Lemieux Isabelle , Mauriège Pascale , Dewailly Eric , Blanchet Carole , Bergeron Jean , Després Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2005

Hyperinsulinemia has been suggested to be involved in the etiology of obesity-associated hypertension. The objective of the present study was to quantify, in a population-based study, the respective contributions of excess adiposity (body mass index [BMI]), waist circumference (WC), fasting insulin levels, and insulin sensitivity to the variation of resting blood pressure. The Quebec Health Survey was used to obtain fasting plasma insulin and glucose levels and resting blood pressure as well as anthropometric measurements in a representative sample of 907 men and 937 women. When the sample was divided into tertiles of BMI and further stratified on the basis of the 50th percentile of WC (88 cm in men), nonobese men in the first BMI tertile (<23.2 kg/m
2
) but with abdominal obesity were characterized by an increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared with nonobese men with low WC (130±18 versus 120±11 mm Hg; mean±SD;
P
=0.075). The SBP was comparable to SBP values measured among men in the top BMI tertile (129±14 mm Hg for BMI ≥26.6 kg/m
2
). When subjects were classified into tertiles of fasting insulin and WC, no association between insulin levels and blood pressure was noted, once the variation in WC was considered. Insulin sensitivity (estimated with homeostasis model assessment [HOMA]) did not explain variation in blood pressure in men, whereas the contribution of HOMA in women was of marginal clinical significance (
R
2
of <1.3%;
P
<0.0001). These results suggest that the documented association between obesity, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure is largely explained by concomitant variation in WC.
Oxford Revisited: A Re-Reading of the Report on Church and Volk at the Life and Work Conference in Oxford 1937 as a Contribution to the Ethnat Study of 'Faith and Order'
Authors: Van Der Borght Eddy
Published: January 2005

The relationship between ethnic, national and ecclesiological identities continues to be important topics of ecumenical research. The reports presented at the recent Plenary Commission of FAITH AND ORDER in Kuala Lumpur off er a promising perspective because they link the topic of ethnic and national identities with the identity of the church. In this article, an analysis is made of the most elaborated attempt of the Ecumenical Movement to deal with this issue: the LIFE AND WORK conference of 1937 in Oxford on Church, Community and State. The context and the preparations are described, and the reports analysed. In a conclusion the main results are brought together in seven aspects. The absence of the universal church and the silence about the national church, two weak elements in this document might be overcome in the new document that FAITH AND ORDER is preparing.
Antifandom and the Moral Text
Authors: Gray Jonathan
Published: January 2005

Opposed and yet in some ways similar to the fan is the antifan: he or she who actively and vocally hates or dislikes a given text, personality, or genre. By studying antifan discussion and postings at the Web site Television Without Pity, this article examines antifan interaction with the television text. Focusing on the ensuing splintering of this text into aesthetic, moral, and rational-realistic dimensions, it is argued that antifan engagement with television forces a reevaluation of existing assumptions of textual ontology and of audience behavior and consumption.
“It Is Love”
Authors: Brooker Will
Published: January 2005

This article investigates the Lewis Carroll Society of Great Britain, suggesting parallels between popular media fandom and the “high cultural” literary society: the need for community, the obsession with close reading, the pleasures of pilgrimage, and the importance of defending the chosen text from criticism. However, the Lewis Carroll Society diverges from popular fandom in its comparatively greater cultural power, its potential to guide meanings in broader social discourse, and its blurring of the lines between amateur and academic publishing. Through these points of sameness and difference, it offers new insight into practices common to both popular and high cultural fandom.
WLBT News in the Deregulation Era
Authors: Fuller Lorraine
Published: January 2005

The Federal Communications Commission no longer keeps a microscopic watch on television stations as it did in years past. This being the case, could stations falter in their public interest obligations? This is an important question because of the power of television news. The present research examines WLBT News in Jackson, Mississippi. This article does not contend that WLBT News should adhere to a higher standard for public interest than the other stations in its market. WLBT holds a distinctive place in broadcast history. WLBT was the first television station to lose its broadcast license for anti-public interest reasons during an era of heavy broadcast regulation. The content of the newscasts were read as “text” and interpreted with semiotic methodolgy in terms of their symbolic and cultural meanings about race. The results of the study suggest that there is more to the messages in the newscasts than what meets the eye at first glance.
200 Years of Forgetting
Authors: Reinhardt Thomas
Published: January 2005

For many years, the island of Hispaniola served as a prototype for the European conquest of the New World. It also gave home to the world’s first Black Republic. Between 1791 and 1804, an army of former slaves successfully overthrew the colonial regime. This event, however (despite its enormous effect on future developments in the Western hemisphere), is almost forgotten in the West today. This article explores the reasons for the deletion of the Haitian Revolution from the West’s historical map.
Women in South Africa
Authors: Outwater Anne , Abrahams Naeema , Campbell Jacquelyn C.
Published: January 2005

South Africa is experiencing the turbulent aftermath of apartheid and the ravages of HIV/AIDS. Levels of violence are extremely high. In South Africa, violence has become normative and, to a large extent, accepted rather than challenged. Unusual for sub-Saharan Africa, there is a strong national research institute and rigorous data-based scientific literature describing the situation. Much of the research has focused on violence against women. This article reviews the intersection of HIV/AIDS and violence in the lives of women in South Africa. The evidence for the need for positive change is solid. The potential for positive change in South Africa is also very strong. There are suggestions that an African renaissance based on the principle of ubuntu has already begun on national, community, family, and individual levels. If so, it can lead the way to a society with decreased levels of violence and decreased levels of HIV transmission.
Using Giddens’s Structuration Theory to Examine the Waning Participation of African Americans in Baseball
Authors: Ogden David , Rose Randall A.
Published: January 2005

Baseball is on the decline in African American culture. The percentage of African Americans in the major leagues is at its lowest point since 1968, for example. This article employs structuration theory, a comprehensive social theory developed by British sociologist Anthony Giddens, to examine the evolution of African Americans’ involvement in baseball from the heyday of the Negro leagues to the historically low level of participation today. Structuration theory has the capability of facilitating a rich, multifaceted analysis of this situation, at both macro and micro levels, through employing such constructs as routine, ontological security, identity, rule and resource structures, and positioning.
Seizing the Time
Authors: Lothian Kathy
Published: January 2005

This article contributes to recent scholarship that has sought to investigate the international influence of the Black Panther Party. It does this by providing a brief narrative outline of the Australian Black Panther Party, formed at the end of 1971 by militant Aboriginal activists. It then suggests, however, that the most enduring influence of the American Black Panther Party in Australia is not the adoption of the American Party’s name and program. Instead, it can be seen in the way Aborigines, inspired by the example of the Panthers’ community survival programs, developed their own free medical and legal services.
Elite Media Discourses
Authors: Mogadime Dolana
Published: January 2005

With its policy of affirmative action, South Africa’s new constitution demands the radical transformation of the racial ordering of a society, which has, until the democratic elections of 1994, positioned Blacks as the oppressed majority. The ways in which affirmative action gets taken up and contested in the public sphere of the press in relation to audience or the previously dominant White minority in a newly democratic society is considered through an analysis of elite media discourses. The critique of media debates about affirmative action and judicial administrative promotion raise important questions about the transformation of South African society as a whole.
Failure Criteria for FRP Laminates
Authors: Davila Carlos G. , Camanho Pedro P. , Rose Cheryl A.
Published: January 2005

A new set of six phenomenological failure criteria for fiber-reinforced polymer laminates denoted LaRC03 is described. These criteria can predict matrix and fiber failure accurately, without the curve-fitting parameters. For matrix failure under transverse compression, the angle of the fracture plane is solved by maximizing the Mohr-Coulomb effective stresses. A criterion for fiber kinking is obtained by calculating the fiber misalignment under load and applying the matrix failure criterion in the coordinate frame of the misalignment. Fracture mechanics models of matrix cracks are used to develop a criterion for matrix failure in tension and to calculate the associated in situ strengths. The LaRC03 criteria are applied to a few examples to predict failure load envelopes and to predict the failure mode for each region of the envelope. The analysis results are compared to the predictions using other available failure criteria and with experimental results.
Multiconstraint Optimization of Composite Structures Manufactured by Resin Transfer Molding Process
Authors: Park Chung Hae , Lee Woo Il , Han Woo Suck , Vautrin Alain
Published: January 2005

A simultaneous optimization methodology is proposed considering both the structural and the process requirements for the weight minimization of laminated plates manufactured by the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) process. The coupling between the structural performance and the process cost is considered through the investigation of state parameters in the RTM process. As the structural constraint, maximum allowable displacement or maximum allowable failure index of the structure under load is assigned. For the process constraint, maximum allowable mold filling time is given. A new approach to deal with design constraints without having to concern about the penalty parameters is suggested. The influence of design constraints on the optimal design configuration is investigated through parametric studies. As the optimization scheme, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed. To take into account the layer number variation, genetic operators such as the crossover and the mutation are modified.
Grand Challenges in Modeling and Simulation of Complex Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Fowler John W. , Rose Oliver
Published: January 2005

Even though we have moved beyond the Industrial Age and into the Information Age, manufacturing remains an important part of the global economy. There is a need for the pervasive use of modeling and simulation for decision support in current and future manufacturing systems, and several challenges need to be addressed by the simulation community to realize this vision. First, an order of magnitude reduction in problem-solving cycles is needed. The second grand challenge is the development of real-time, simulation-based problem-solving capability. The third grand challenge is the need for true plug-and-play interoperability of simulations and supporting software. Finally, there is the biggest challenge facing modeling and simulation analysts today: that of convincing management to sponsor modeling and simulation projects instead of, or in addition to, more commonly used manufacturing system design and improvement methods such as lean manufacturing and six sigma.
Speeding Up Architectural Simulations for High-Performance Processors
Authors: Eeckhout Lieven , De Bosschere Koen
Published: January 2005

Designing a high-performance microprocessor is extremely time-consuming, taking at least several years. In this article, the authors discuss these issues and propose a solution for each of them. As such, they present a new simulation methodology for designing high-performance microprocessors by combining several recently proposed techniques, such as statistical simulation, representative workload design, trace sampling, and reduced input sets. The major contribution of this study is to present a holistic view on speeding up the architectural design phase in which the above-mentioned techniques are integrated in one single architectural design framework. In this methodology, the authors first identify a region of interest in the huge design space through statistical simulation. As such, the authors conclude that this methodology can reduce the total simulation time considerably. In addition to presenting this new architectural modeling and simulation approach, a survey of related work of this fast-growing research field is presented.
Fractional Lambda Switching Principles of Operation and Performance Issues
Authors: Baldi Mario , Ofek Yoram
Published: January 2005

This article introduces fractional lambda (λ) switching (FλS) and studies its blocking issues. FλS uses a global common time reference (CTR) for implementing pipeline forwarding (PF) inside the network. A global CTR is conveniently realized with the UTC (coordinated universal time) standard. Resource reservation over an FλS network requires a schedule. As in other scheduling cases, a call may not be accepted, even though there is enough capacity, because the schedule is not available—the call is then considered blocked. This work studies the probability of call blocking as a function of link utilization. The results show that (especially if multiple-wavelength division multiplexing channels are deployed on optical links between fractional λ switches) high-link utilization can be achieved with negligible call blocking, even when the switching fabric is a Banyan network.
Computer Automated Multi-Paradigm Modeling: An Introduction
Authors: Mosterman Pieter J. , Vangheluwe Hans
Published: January 2005

Modeling and simulation are quickly becoming the primary enablers for complex system design. They allow the representation of intricate knowledge at various levels of abstraction and allow automated analysis as well as synthesis. The heterogeneity of the design process, as much as of the system itself, however, requires a manifold of formalisms tailored to the specific task at hand. Efficient design approaches aim to combine different models of a system under study and maximally use the knowledge captured in them. Computer Automated Multi-Paradigm Modeling (CAMPaM) is the emerging field that addresses the issues involved and formulates a domain-independent framework along three dimensions: (1) multiple levels of abstraction, (2) multiformalism modeling, and (3) meta-modeling. This article presents an overview of the CAMPaM field and shows how transformations assume a central place. These transformation are, in turn, explicitly modeled themselves by graph grammars.
Stress and Coping among Migrant and Local-Born Adolescents in Hong Kong
Authors: Tam Vicky Chiu-Wan , Lam Rebecca Siu-Yuk
Published: January 2005

This study compared stress and coping among 243 migrant and 750 local-born Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Findings showed that compared to their local-born counterparts, migrants showed no difference in perceived stress, whereas they were less likely to use withdrawal coping and showed higher self-esteem and less delinquent behavior. Adjustment of migrant adolescents was related to the father’s education level and years of residence in Hong Kong. Research and policy implications were discussed.
The Influence of Delinquen Peers on Delinquency
Authors: Piquero Nicole Leeper , Gover Angela R. , MacDonald John M. , Piquero Alex R.
Published: January 2005

Research indicates that gender is one of the strongest correlates of juvenile delinquency. Additionally, a growing body of literature suggests that the association with delinquent peers is an important predictor of delinquent behavior. Although a few studies have examined how delinquent peers condition the gender-delinquency relationship, the authors extend this body of literature by using longitudinal data from a sample of adolescents to explore the extent to which internal and external constraints condition the relationship between gender, delinquent peers, and delinquent behavior. Findings indicate that delinquent peer association is an important predictor of delinquency generally, but the effect varies across gender. Specifically, delinquent peer associations are a better predictor of delinquency among boys compared to girls. In addition, the effect of delinquent peers on delinquency varies according to the level of internal and external constraints. Future research directions for unraveling the role of gender in youthful offending are discussed.
A Century of Public Budgeting Reform
Authors: Kelly Janet M.
Published: January 2005

A century of budget reform reflects a century of changing public support for the role of government in American society. When Americans trusted the private sector more than the public sector, budget reform was centered on cost control and improved efficiency. When Americans turned to government to solve problems the private sector could not, budget reform was centered on programmatic effectiveness. We have an answer to V. O. Key’s question about a theory of budgeting. History provides it. A theory of budgeting is a theory of political cycles driven by changing public opinion about the proper role of government. There are two enduring features of budgeting practice that emerged in the past century. Incremental budgeting reflects Americans’ preference for incremental policy change. The traditional or line-item format promotes financial accountability.
The Politics of Accountability in National Forest Planning
Authors: Manring Nancy J.
Published: January 2005

On December 6, 2002, the Forest Service published a proposed planning regulation that provides a framework for community-based collaborative planning for sustainability, alters the spatial and temporal scales of public involvement, and replaces postdecisional appeals of forest plans with a predecisional objection process. This article examines the potential effects of community-based collaborative planning on national environmental stakeholders and explores what it means to be accountable to a national constituency. The author argues that the focus on the community of place in collaborative planning, compounded by the loss of appeals, undermines the democratic accountability of the forest planning processes.
Competing Ideals and the Public Agenda in Medicare Reform
Authors: Kalu Kalu N.
Published: January 2005

This article analyzes the political and strategic reasons for the policy stalemate in Medicare reform in the United States. By using the specific case of the National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare, which was formed in 1997, this article attempts to explain the stalemate in the policy process by framing the activities of the various participants within the context of the “garbage can” model of decision making. It is equally argued that the utility of the model lies more in its ability to explain the dynamics of the policy process, and that the existence or nonexistence of a policy window provides the least logical explanation of how various policy episodes unfold. The cumulative effects of congressional behavior and whether members are engaged in the active-passive paradigm of policy making can provide more powerful indicators for policy events and outcome.
Leadership Matters
Authors: Raines Susan Summers , Prakash Aseem
Published: January 2005

An important feature of the new public management paradigm is the increasing reliance on voluntary codes rather than coercive mandatory regulation to achieve public policy objectives. Often, the proponents of new public management overlook the important contributions of policy entrepreneurs within regulated firms in popularizing such codes. Focusing on the environmental policy arena, this article documents that such policy entrepreneurs—corporate environmental entrepreneurs—exist in many corporations and significantly influence firms’ adoption of progressive environmental policies. This article uses survey data from firms in 16 countries to examine the role of corporate environmental entrepreneurs in the context of an international voluntary code that seeks to encourage firms to adopt environmentally progressive policies.
Effects of Time of Day on Classroom Behaviour in Children with ADHD
Authors: Antrop Inge , Roeyers Herbert , De Baecke Liesbet
Published: January 2005

To examine the effects of time of day and playtime on hyperactive behaviour in children with ADHD, 14 boys with ADHD and 14 control children were observed and videotaped during a whole school day. Analyses reveal minor differential effects of time of day and playtime on the hyperactive behaviour of children with ADHD compared to control children for noisiness and out of seat behaviour. Children with ADHD show a stronger increase in hyperactive behaviour after playtime in the afternoon. These differential effects are important in the light of the management of children with ADHD in the classroom and of observations that commonly take place for both diagnosis and research.
The Dose of Exposure and Prevalence Rates of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in a Sample of Turkish Children Eleven Months After the 1999 Marmara Earthquakes
Authors: Bulut Sefa , Bulut Solmaz , Tayli Asli
Published: January 2005

Since Turkey is a centrally prime earthquake zone, Turkey’s children are at risk for developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) caused by earthquake exposures and threats of anticipated earthquakes. Given the gaps in the literature and the risk to children living in Turkey, the present study was undertaken to investigate the severity and prevalence of PTSD in 4th and 5th grade Turkish children after the notorious 1999 earthquakes in the city of Sakarya. Data were collected in May 2000. The research focus was to compare results between high-impact trauma and low-impact trauma groups according to percentage, severity and the frequency of PTSD diagnosis. Group means were compared for mild, moderate, severe and very severe categories of PTSD diagnosis. High and low impact groups were not significantly different in any category; the number of children who met the PTSD requirement was almost the same in both groups in number and severity.
Students First! Improving and Evaluating Faculty Responsiveness to Students
Authors: Fairchild Thomas N.
Published: January 2005

This article provides a case illustration of a school psychologist trainer’s efforts to improve responsiveness to students and evaluate the success of those efforts. During the fall semester of the 2000-2001 academic year I developed, implemented and evaluated a policy entitled - Students First! The Students First! policy was developed in order to assure that I was being responsive to students. Responsiveness to students also implies being culturally sensitive. Policy goals highlighted the importance of timely, quality, helpful interactions with students during recruitment, advising and mentoring activities. The means by which I evaluated the effectiveness of the Students First! policy were through the use of the Interaction Monitoring Form and the Responsiveness to Students Survey. Use of the Interaction Monitoring Form facilitated recording the types of interactions with students and the timeliness of those interactions. Data indicated that I was timely in my responses to student requests for assistance. Feedback provided on the Responsiveness to Students Survey indicated that students perceived me as accessible, approachable and helpful. While grouped data revealed generally high scores, inspection of specific survey items by subgroups revealed several areas requiring attention. Overall, the data suggested that the Students First! policy was having the desired effect. Faculty interested in evaluating their responsiveness to students could create goals and strategies appropriate to their settings and cultural contexts.
Two Birds With One Stone
Authors: Green Lena
Published: January 2005

The aim of this article is to illustrate how the teaching of thinking can be incorporated into regular teaching, using the teaching of reading as an example. It provides a brief overview of current understandings of the processes of learning to read and learning to think and then considers how noticing, naming, comparing, categorizing, connecting, generalizing and remembering, which are just some of the many cognitive processes refined as children develop, can be explicitly mediated in the course of teaching reading. It makes a final proviso that this mediation can only be effective in a supportive learning climate in which cognitive dispositions are valued and nurtured.
The Quantity and Quality of Research on Religion and Spirituality in Four Major Gerontology Journals Between 1985 and 2002
Authors: Weaver Andrew J. , Flannelly Laura T. , Strock Adrienne L. , Krause Neal , Flannelly Kevin J.
Published: January 2005

The study examines the quantity and quality of research on religion published in four gerontological journals between 1985 and 2002. The percentage of studies that addressed religion increased significantly over time, especially in The Gerontologist and Research on Aging. The research quality of studies on religion also increased significantly over time. However, the measurement of religion and spirituality did not improve across time. The quality of religious measures used and other criteria of methodological and theoretical sophistication differed significantly between studies in which religion was the major research focus and those in which it was only a minor focus. The most important methodological improvement was the increased use of repeated measures designs, whereas the most important theoretical improvement was the increased use of hypothesis testing. Procedures and criteria for assessing the methodological and theoretical sophistication of a field are discussed.
Legitimating Agencies in the Face of Selection: The Case of AACSB
Authors: Durand Rodolphe , McGuire Jean
Published: January 2005

This article proposes that legitimating agencies such as accreditation organizations face selection pressures to both maintain their legitimacy among their constituents, but also to expand the domain of their activities. We argue that domain expansion raises three important research questions: first, the factors that lead legitimating agencies to expand their domain; second, the need to maintain legitimacy among existing constituents; and third, the establishment of legitimacy in the new domain. We use the domain expansion of the AACSB to develop propositions relevant to these three research issues. Quality concerns, process vs. content strategy, and institutional entrepreneurship are the main factors that impact the legitimation of legitimating agencies.
The Scripting of Total Quality Management within its Organizational Biography
Authors: Mueller Frank , Carter Chris
Published: January 2005

The last 20 years or so have seen a proliferation of managerialist innovations, including Total Quality Management. Many existing accounts, however, tend to view TQM either as a copy of an institutional template or lose themselves in the richness of ‘the case’. Our intention is to trace institutional influences at the organizational level. For this purpose, we put forward an organizational biography perspective. The main promise of an organizational biography perspective is its concern with scripts of typical activities occurring during the ‘biography’ of an organizational innovation. We argue that scripts such as ‘exhortation’, ‘mimetic learning’, ‘structuring’, ‘contesting’, ‘routinizing’ and ‘disbanding’ are useful concepts in order to understand the dynamics of a management innovation at organizational level. The scripts refer to different combinations of rhetoric and practice(s). There will be some form of temporal sequence, but it will not be a strict sequence: for example, exhortation in some parts of the organization will co-exist with routinization in others. Accounting for such diversity is a strength of scripting analysis.