bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability of detecting fundus abnormalities associated with systemic hypertension in cats assessed by veterinarians with and without ophthalmology specialty training
Authors: Moretto Laura , Lavaud Arnold , Suter Anja , Günther Christian , Pot Simon , Glaus Tony
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Systemic hypertension (SHT) causes severe target organ damage (TOD) and blood pressure (BP) measurement should be routine in at-risk populations. Fundoscopy is a tool to corroborate acute clinical relevance of high BP results and to decide on immediate therapy. Not every cat with a high BP result can be examined by an ophthalmologist. The study objective was to determine the reliability of fundoscopy in cats with SHT performed by a veterinarian without ophthalmology specialty training.

Methods

Cats with suspicion of hypertensive TOD or belonging to an at-risk population for SHT with a first measurement of elevated BP >160 mmHg were enrolled. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed by a recent graduate veterinarian followed by a veterinary ophthalmologist. Confirmation of SHT was based on two additional sets of systolic BP measurements >160 mmHg by Doppler sphygmomanometry.

Results

Thirty-three cats were included. SHT was confirmed in 27 cats. SHT was detected on routine examinations in 12/27 cats; fundoscopic lesions were observed in 9/12 by the non-trained veterinarian and in 11/12 by an ophthalmologist. Nine of 27 cats were neurological patients; fundoscopic lesions were detected in 4/9 by the non-trained veterinarian and in 7/9 by an ophthalmologist. Six of 27 cats were presented for acute blindness; fundus lesions were detected in all six cats by the non-trained veterinarian and ophthalmologist. SHT was not confirmed and fundoscopic lesions were not detected by either examiner in 6/33 cats. Compared with a veterinary ophthalmologist, reliability of detecting fundus abnormalities by the non-trained veterinarian was 72% (13/18) for cats with, and 100% (6/6) for cats without, vision.

Conclusions and relevance

Fundus examination by a non-specialty trained veterinarian has reasonably high reliability for the detection of ocular TOD. Private practice veterinarians are encouraged to perform an initial fundic examination in suspected hypertensive cats.
How much does a Medical and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency medical device alert for metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty patients really cost?
Authors: Nandra Rajpal S , Ahmed Usman , Berryman Fiona , Brash Lesley , Dunlop David J , Matharu Gulraj S
Published: January 2021

Background:

Many worldwide regulatory authorities recommend regular surveillance of metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty patients given high failure rates. However, concerns have been raised about whether such regular surveillance, which includes asymptomatic patients, is evidence-based and cost-effective. We determined: (1) the cost of implementing the 2015 MHRA surveillance in “at-risk” Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) patients; and (2) how many asymptomatic hips with adverse reactions to metal debris (ARMD) would have been missed without patient recall.

Methods:

All BHR patients eligible for the 2015 MHRA recall (all females, and males with head sizes ⩽46 mm, regardless of symptoms) at one centre were invited for review (hips = 707; patients = 593). All patients were investigated (Oxford Hip Score, radiographs, blood metal ions, and targeted cross-sectional imaging) and managed accordingly. Surveillance costs were calculated using finance department data.

Results:

The surveillance cost £105,921.79 (range £147.76–£257.50/patient). Radiographs (£39,598) and nurse practitioner time/assistance (£23,618) accounted for 60% of overall costs. 31 hips had ARMD on imaging (12 revised; 19 under surveillance). All revisions were symptomatic. 7 hips with ARMD under surveillance were asymptomatic and remain under regular review. The number needed to treat to avoid missing one asymptomatic ARMD case was 101 patients, representing a cost of £18,041 to avoid one asymptomatic case.

Conclusions:

Implementing MHRA surveillance for “at-risk” BHR patients was extremely costly. The risk of asymptomatic ARMD was low with the BHR (1%), suggesting recommended follow-up in asymptomatic patients is not cost efficient. This raises concerns about the increasingly intensive surveillance recommended in the 2017 MHRA guidance for metal-on-metal hip patients.
Comparing catheter related bloodstream infection rate between cuffed tunnelled and non-cuffed tunnelled peripherally inserted central catheter
Authors: Sze Yong Teoh , Vijayanathan Anushya A/P , Chung Eric , Ng Wei Lin , Yaakup Nur Adura , Sulaiman Norshazriman
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To compare catheter related blood stream infection (CRBSI) rate between cuffed tunnelled and non-cuffed tunnelled PICC.

Methods:

We prospectively followed 100 patients (50:50 cuffed and non-cuffed PICC) and compared CRBSI rate between these groups. Daily review and similar catheter care were performed until a PICC-related complication, completion of therapy, death or defined end-of-study date necessitate removal. CRBSI was confirmed in each case by demonstrating concordance between isolates colonizing the PICC at the time of infection and from peripheral blood cultures.

Results:

A total of 50 cuffed PICC were placed for 1864 catheter-days. Of these, 12 patients (24%) developed infection, for which 5 patients (10%) had a CRBSI for a rate of 2.7 per 1000 catheter-days. Another 50 tunnelled non-cuffed PICCs were placed for 2057 catheter-days. Of these, 7 patients (14%) developed infection, for which 3 patients (6%) had a CRBSI. for a rate of 1.5 per 1000 catheter-days. The mean time to development of infection is 24 days in cuffed and 19 days in non-cuffed groups. The mean duration of utilization was significantly longer in non-cuffed than in cuffed group (43 days in non-cuffed vs 37 days in cuffed group, p = 0.008).

Conclusions:

Cuffed PICC does not further reduce the rate of local or bloodstream infection. Tunnelled non-cuffed PICC is shown to be as effective if not better at reducing risk of CRBSI and providing longer catheter dwell time compared to cuffed PICC.
Arterial diameter following arteriovenous fistula creation predicts aneurysm progression
Authors: Cahalane Alexis M , Sahani Vivek G , Irani Zubin , Cui Jie
Published: January 2021

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between arteriovenous fistula (AVF) arterial diameter (AD) and AVF aneurysm development and progression.

Methods:

This study identified all patients who underwent fistulograms which demonstrated AVF aneurysms meeting criteria and requiring surgical intervention between 01/01/2014 and 7/30/2016. Patient demographics were collected and AVF dimensions were measured on fistulograms. A control group with nonaneurysmal AVFs who had undergone serial fistulograms between 2013 and 2016 were identified and identical datasets collected. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA 14.0 using student’s t-test, Chi square tests and linear regression.

Results:

45 eligible patients were identified in the AVF aneurysm study group and 24 in the control group, with the mean age of AVF creation being older in the control group (61.8 vs 53 years, p = 0.03). The mean interval between AVF creation and first fistulogram in the study group was 1464 ± 282 days, compared to an interval of 263 ± 101 days in the control group ( p = 0.003). The AD on the first fistulogram in those study group patients with aneurysms evident on first fistulogram was greater than in the control group (6.5±1.8 mm vs 5.0 ± 1.8 mm, p = 0.003). The AD on first fistulogram of the study group predicted maximum aneurysm diameter on last fistulogram ( r = 0.6, p = 0.03) as well as the interval between first fistulogram and surgical revision ( r = −0.33, p = 0.03).

Conclusion:

AVF aneurysms are a later complication in access natural history and AD may help to predict their progression.
Retained port connectors after central venous port removal
Authors: Bodenham Andrew , Lansdown Mark , Horgan Kieran
Published: January 2021

We report three cases where the connector/sleeve, which helps fix the flexible catheter section to a port injection chamber, was inadvertently left in scar tissue during port removal. Concerned patients presented months later with a palpable subcutaneous nodule, near the port site. The nodules were variably imaged with plain X-rays, mammography or ultrasound with the diagnosis correctly made by a surgeon familiar with devices. Two connectors were removed, and one was left in place following discussions with the patient. Prevention, recognition and management of this problem are discussed.
A Qualitative Study of NIMBYism for Waste in Smaller Urban Areas of a Low-Income Country, Mzuzu, Malawi
Authors: Holm Rochelle H , Chunga Brighton A , Mallory Adrian , Hutchings Paul , Parker Alison
Published: January 2021

When waste management infrastructure is built, there can be resistance from the local affected populations, often termed the Not in My Backyard (NIMBY) phenomenon. This study aims to understand the forms of resistance that may develop in such contexts, focusing on 2 solid waste and 1 liquid waste management site within Mzuzu City, Malawi. At the newest solid waste site, community resistance had grown to the extent that the site was reportedly destroyed by the local community. Interviews and observations of the sites are complemented by examining historic and recent satellite images. It was found that, at the new solid waste site, community engagement had not been conducted effectively prior to construction and as part of ongoing site operations. This was compounded by poor site management and the non-delivery of the promised benefits to the community. In contrast, at the liquid waste site, the community could access untreated sludge for use as fertilizer and were happier to live within its vicinity. While NIMBYism is a frustrating phenomenon for city planners, it is understandable that communities want to protect their health and well-being when there is a history of mismanagement of waste sites which is sadly common in low-income settings. It is difficult for government agencies to deliver these services and broader waste management. In this study, an unsuccessful attempt to do something better with a legitimate goal is not necessarily a failure, but part of a natural learning process for getting things right.
When Girls Walk: Mobilities of and Resistance to Affective Atmospheres of Unwelcome
Authors: Fontaine Jessica
Published: January 2021

Developing a framework of “affective atmospheres of unwelcome” from the work of Locatora Radio and Anderson (2009), Stewart (2008), and Thompson (2017), I examine how affective build-up and circulation suffuse a space in an atmosphere, as the atmosphere is taken up and felt in the bodies of street harassed individuals. I engage women’s narratives, the 2014 film A Girl Walks Home Alone at Night, and practices of resistance and “response-ability” (Rentschler, 2014) in headphone listening practices and an online antiharassment photojournalism series to assert that women’s and gender nonconforming individuals’ experiences of “affective atmospheres of unwelcome” disclose street harassment as a persistent and ordinary patriarchal structure that intrudes on women, gender nonconforming, and queer bodies in public space. This article makes known commonplace acts of resistance that street harassed individuals utilize to move through and transform atmospheres of unwelcome and demonstrates how affects are political and contingent implementations of a place and culture.
Determinants of therapeutic lag in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Roos Izanne , Leray Emmanuelle , Frascoli Federico , Casey Romain , Brown J William L , Horakova Dana , Havrdova Eva Kubala , Debouverie Marc , Trojano Maria , Patti Francesco , Izquierdo Guillermo , Eichau Sara , Edan Gilles , Prat Alexandre , Girard Marc , Duquette Pierre , Onofrj Marco , Lugaresi Alessandra , Grammond Pierre , Ciron Jonathan , Ruet Aurélie , Ozakbas Serkan , De Seze Jérôme , Louapre Céline , Zephir Hélène , Sá Maria José , Sola Patrizia , Ferraro Diana , Labauge Pierre , Defer Gilles , Bergamaschi Roberto , Lebrun-Frenay Christine , Boz Cavit , Cartechini Elisabetta , Moreau Thibault , Laplaud David , Lechner-Scott Jeannette , Grand’Maison Francois , Gerlach Oliver , Terzi Murat , Granella Franco , Alroughani Raed , Iuliano Gerardo , Van Pesch Vincent , Van Wijmeersch Bart , Spitaleri Daniele LA , Soysal Aysun , Berger Eric , Prevost Julie , Aguera-Morales Eduardo , McCombe Pamela , Castillo Triviño Tamara , Clavelou Pierre , Pelletier Jean , Turkoglu Recai , Stankoff Bruno , Gout Olivier , Thouvenot Eric , Heinzlef Olivier , Sidhom Youssef , Gouider Riadh , Csepany Tunde , Bourre Bertrand , Al Khedr Abdullatif , Casez Olivier , Cabre Philippe , Montcuquet Alexis , Wahab Abir , Camdessanche Jean-Philippe , Maurousset Aude , Patry Ivania , Hankiewicz Karolina , Pottier Corinne , Maubeuge Nicolas , Labeyrie Céline , Nifle Chantal , Coles Alasdair , Malpas Charles B , Vukusic Sandra , Butzkueven Helmut , Kalincik Tomas
Published: January 2021

Background:

A delayed onset of treatment effect, termed therapeutic lag, may influence the assessment of treatment response in some patient subgroups.

Objectives:

The objective of this study is to explore the associations of patient and disease characteristics with therapeutic lag on relapses and disability accumulation.

Methods:

Data from MSBase, a multinational multiple sclerosis (MS) registry, and OFSEP, the French MS registry, were used. Patients diagnosed with MS, minimum 1 year of exposure to MS treatment and 3 years of pre-treatment follow-up, were included in the analysis. Studied outcomes were incidence of relapses and disability accumulation. Therapeutic lag was calculated using an objective, validated method in subgroups stratified by patient and disease characteristics. Therapeutic lag under specific circumstances was then estimated in subgroups defined by combinations of clinical and demographic determinants.

Results:

High baseline disability scores, annualised relapse rate (ARR) ⩾ 1 and male sex were associated with longer therapeutic lag on disability progression in sufficiently populated groups: females with expanded disability status scale (EDSS) < 6 and ARR < 1 had mean lag of 26.6 weeks (95% CI = 18.2–34.9), males with EDSS < 6 and ARR < 1 31.0 weeks (95% CI = 25.3–36.8), females with EDSS < 6 and ARR ⩾ 1 44.8 weeks (95% CI = 24.5–65.1), and females with EDSS ⩾ 6 and ARR < 1 54.3 weeks (95% CI = 47.2–61.5).

Conclusions:

Pre-treatment EDSS and ARR are the most important determinants of therapeutic lag.
Semiparametric APC analysis of destination choice patterns: Using generalized additive models to quantify the impact of age, period, and cohort on travel distances
Authors: Weigert Maximilian , Bauer Alexander , Gernert Johanna , Karl Marion , Nalmpatian Asmik , Küchenhoff Helmut , Schmude Jürgen
Published: January 2021

This study investigates how age, period, and birth cohorts are related to altering travel distances. We analyze a repeated cross-sectional survey of German pleasure travels for the period 1971–2018 using a holistic age–period–cohort (APC) analysis framework. Changes in travel distances are attributed to the life cycle (age effect), macro-level developments (period effect), and generational membership (cohort effect). We introduce ridgeline matrices and partial APC plots as innovative visualization techniques facilitating the intuitive interpretation of complex temporal structures. Generalized additive models are used to circumvent the identification problem by fitting a bivariate tensor product spline between age and period. The results indicate that participation in short-haul trips is mainly associated with age, while participation in long-distance travel predominantly changed over the period. Generational membership shows less association with destination choice concerning travel distance. The presented APC approach is promising to address further questions of interest in tourism research.
Diagnostic evaluation with simulated probabilities
Authors: Befani Barbara , Elsenbroich Corinna , Badham Jen
Published: January 2021

As policy makers require more rigorous assessments for the strength of evidence in Theory-Based evaluations, Bayesian logic is attracting increasing interest; however, the estimation of probabilities that this logic (almost) inevitably requires presents challenges. Probabilities can be estimated on the basis of empirical frequencies, but such data are often unavailable for most mechanisms that are objects of evaluation. Subjective probability elicitation techniques are well established in other fields and potentially applicable, but they present potential challenges and might not always be feasible. We introduce the community to a third way: simulated probabilities. We provide proof of concept that simulation can be used to estimate probabilities in diagnostic evaluation and illustrate our case with an application to health policy.
#BetterHealth: A qualitative analysis of reactions to the UK government’s better health campaign
Authors: Talbot Catherine V , Branley-Bell Dawn
Published: January 2021

This study examined reactions to the UK government’s Better Health campaign through a thematic analysis of tweets. Four themes were generated: Embracing Better Health; There is no Better Health without mental health; Inconsistent messaging; Only a surface-level solution. Findings suggest the campaign is problematic, given its lack of consideration for mental health and wider societal factors that contribute to obesity. The campaign could exacerbate mental health difficulties for individuals with eating disorders due to its focus on weight and perceived fat-shaming approach. Recommendations are made to develop future campaigns that avoid negative public responses, minimise harms, and maximise intended benefits.
When the spotlight is always on the neighborhood: LGBTQ people from a Muslim background deconstructing imagined borders in Brussels, Belgium
Authors: Boussalem Alessandro
Published: January 2021

This article examines the experiences of LGBTQ people from a Muslim background in their navigations of different areas of Brussels, and their narratives on such experiences. It builds on literature on the territorialization of homo/bi/transphobia to neighborhoods framed as “Muslim” in continental Western Europe, and the imagination of rigid borders separating these areas from other parts of the city. The article presents analysis of semi-structured interviews with LGBTQ people from a Muslim background on their experiences of these demarcations. The analysis of data calls for a deconstruction of rigid discourses of difference and division at work in the city. This allows for an understanding of the complex ways in which LGBTQ people from a Muslim background relate to different areas of the city, and how their multiple crossings into/from racialized-as-Muslim neighborhoods escape the rigidity of essentialized imaginations of the city along civilizational lines.
Experimental and finite element study of optimal designed steel corrugated web beams
Authors: Erdal Ferhat , Tunca Osman , Tas Serkan , Ozcelik Ramazan
Published: January 2021

The structural performance of standard steel sections in long-span constructions gradually deteriorates due to wider and slighter webs that tend to buckle. This is the characteristic problem of plane webs. Corrugated steel web plates allow a considerable reduction of weight and increasing the web capacity of the beam. The experimental test results of optimal designed corrugated web beams, fortifying thin-walled steel girders without stiffeners, under load conditions, have been compared with the 3-D plane strains finite elements ( FE) model in this paper. The span of fabricated corrugated web beams ( CWB) is chosen as 5 m. These optimally designed CWB are exposed to a single concentrated loading, two-point loading, and partially distributed loading, respectively. The design methods for CWB are firefly optimization and hunting search algorithms. The implementation of design constraints is based on the EUROCODE, DIN, and DAST-Ri. 015 code provisions. The load-displacement curves, the residual load capacity, and the failure form of eighteen tested corrugated web beams are inquired in depth along the experimental process. The structural analysis software ANSYS is used for the simulation of the experimental study, the verification of all test results, and the investigation of the behavior of failure forms.
Post-national belongings, cosmopolitan becomings and mediating mobilities
Authors: Salazar Noel B
Published: January 2021

In this commentary piece, I combine insights gained from the various contributions to this special issue with my own research and understanding to trace the (dis)connections between, on the one hand, (post-)nationalism and its underlying concept of belonging and, on the other hand, cosmopolitanism and its underlying concept of becoming. I pay special attention to the human (im)mobilities mediating these processes. This critical thinking exercise confirms that the relationship between place, collective identity and socio-cultural processes of identification is a contested aspect of social theory. In the discussion, I suggest four points to be addressed in the future if we want to make existing theories about post-national formations and processes of cosmopolitanization more robust against the huge and complex challenges humankind is facing.
User involvement in interprofessional team meetings within services for substance use disorders
Authors: Wenaas Merethe , Andersson Helle Wessel , Kiik Riina , Juberg Anne
Published: January 2021

Background:

People with substance use disorders (SUD) and concurrent mental health disorders often need prolonged, coordinated health and welfare services. Interprofessional team meetings are designed to tailor services to users’ needs and should be based on interprofessional collaboration involving the user.

Aims:

To investigate service users’ experiences with interprofessional team meetings and to identify potential barriers to successful user involvement.

Methods:

Semi-structured interviews with five male service users aged 27–36 years with concurrent substance use and psychiatric disorders, and observations of team meetings involving both users and relevant professionals. Users were interviewed shortly after commencing treatment and after the team meeting. A phenomenographical approach framed the data analysis.

Results:

Users described the interprofessional team meetings as less than useful, and perceived that lack of a targeted process and of information hindered their collaboration with professionals. Observations revealed that users were given a subordinate role in the meetings, which largely undermined their involvement. Three categories reflecting lack of information as a core obstacle to user involvement emerged from the data material: (i) unclear role responsibilities and unclear professional role functions, (ii) unclear practices regarding rules and routines, and (iii) absence of user knowledge.

Conclusions:

User involvement in team meetings may be improved by facilitating adequate information, clarifying role expectations, emphasising user knowledge, increasing professionals’ awareness of the importance of collaboration, and by teaching skills that enhance user involvement.
The impact of algorithmic decision-making processes on young people’s well-being
Authors: Perez Vallejos Elvira , Dowthwaite Liz , Creswich Helen , Portillo Virginia , Koene Ansgar , Jirotka Marina , McCarthy Amy , McAuley Derek
Published: January 2021

This study aims to capture the online experiences of young people when interacting with algorithm mediated systems and their impact on their well-being. We draw on qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (survey) data from a total of 260 young people to bring their opinions to the forefront while eliciting discussions. The results of the study revealed the young people’s positive as well as negative experiences of using online platforms. Benefits such as convenience, entertainment and personalised search results were identified. However, the data also reveals participants’ concerns for their privacy, safety and trust when online, which can have a significant impact on their well-being. We conclude by recommending that online platforms acknowledge and enact on their responsibility to protect the privacy of their young users, recognising the significant developmental milestones that this group experience during these early years, and the impact that algorithm mediated systems may have on them. We argue that governments need to incorporate policies that require technologists and others to embed the safeguarding of users’ well-being within the core of the design of Internet products and services to improve the user experiences and psychological well-being of all, but especially those of children and young people.
Drivers of expectations: Why are Norwegian general practitioners skeptical of a prospective electronic health record?
Authors: Hertzum Morten , Ellingsen Gunnar , Melby Line
Published: January 2021

While expectations are well-known drivers of electronic health record (EHR) adoption, the drivers of expectations are more elusive. On the basis of interviews with general practitioners (GPs), we investigate how the early implementation process drives their expectations of an EHR that is being implemented in Norway. The GPs’ expectations of the prospective EHR are driven by (a) satisfying experiences with their current system, (b) the transfer of others’ experiences with the prospective EHR, (c) a sense of alignment, or lack thereof, with those in charge of the implementation process, (d) uncertainty about the inclusion of GP needs, and (e) competing technological futures. To manage expectations, starting early is important. Mismanaged expectations produce a need for convincing people to reverse their expectations. This appears to be the situation in Norway, where the GPs are currently skeptical of the prospective EHR.
Fractional-order controllers for stick-slip vibration mitigation in oil well drill-strings
Authors: Derbal Massinissa , Gharib Mohamed , Refaat Shady S , Palazzolo Alan , Sassi Sadok
Published: January 2021

Drillstring–borehole interaction can produce severely damaging vibrations. An example is stick–slip vibration, which negatively affects drilling performance, tool integrity and completion time, and costs. Attempts to mitigate stick–slip vibration typically use passive means and/or change the operation parameters, such as weight on bit and rotational speed. Automating the latter approach, by means of feedback control, holds the promise of quicker and more effective mitigation. The present work presents three separate fractional-order controllers for mitigating drillstring slip–stick vibrations. For the sake of illustration, the drillstring is represented by a torsional vibration lumped parameter model with four degrees of freedom, including parameter uncertainty. The robustness of these fractional-order controllers is compared with traditional proportional-integral-derivative controllers under variation of the weight on bit and the drill bit’s desired rotary speed. The results confirm the proposed controllers effectiveness and feasibility, with rapid time response and less overshoot than conventional proportional-integral-derivative controllers.
A study on the vibration dissipation mechanism of the rotating blade with dovetail joint
Authors: Li Chaofeng , Shen Zengchuang , Chen Zilin , She Houxin
Published: January 2021

The vibration dissipation mechanism of the rotating blade with a dovetail joint is studied in this paper. Dry friction damping plays an indispensable role in the direction of vibration reduction. The vibration level is reduced by consuming the total energy of the turbine blade with the dry friction device on the blade-root in the paper. The mechanism of the vibration reduction is revealed by the variation of the friction force and the energy dissipation ratio of dry friction. In this paper, the flexible blade with a dovetail interface feature is discretized by using the spatial beam element based on the finite element theory. Then the classical Coulomb-spring friction model is introduced to obtain the dry friction model on the contact interfaces of the tenon-mortise structure. What is more, the effects of the system parameters (such as the rotating speed, the friction coefficient, the installation angle of the tenon) and the excitation level on blade damping characteristics are discussed, respectively. The results show that the variation of the system parameters leads to a significant change of damping characteristics of the blade. The variation of the tangential stiffness and the position of the external excitation will affect the nonlinear characteristics and vibration damping characteristics.
The social construction of 101 non-emergency video relay services for deaf signers
Authors: Skinner Robert A , Napier Jemina , Fyfe Nicholas R
Published: January 2021

How the police prepare for and engage with a citizen who is deaf and uses British Sign Language (BSL) is a national problem. From the perspective of deaf sign language users, the police remain largely inaccessible and unprepared in how to accommodate their linguistic needs. Four regional forces have responded to this issue by introducing a local solution, a bespoke 101 non-emergency video relay service (101VRS). Independent VRS companies function as the auxiliary service, mediating video calls to a 101 helpline. This service was identified as a simple solution that relied on minimal resourcing and input from the police. In using Pinch and Bijker’s social construction of technology (SCOT) framework, we look at competing interpretations of the 101VRS concept and how this has led to a range of intended and unintended solutions and problems (Pinch TJ and Bijker WE (1984) The social construction of facts and artefacts: or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other. Social Studies of Science 14(3): 399–441). To maintain the investment in improving access to the police, we recommend harmonization of 101VRS nationally, and ongoing consultation with how front-line services can become better prepared at assisting deaf citizens.
Policing the corona crisis: A comparison between France and the Netherlands
Authors: Terpstra Jan , de Maillard Jacques , Salet Renze , Roché Sebastian
Published: January 2021

The policing of measures to control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a core aspect of the current corona crisis. This article concentrates on differences in policing the corona crisis in France and the Netherlands. There are huge differences in policing the corona crisis between the two jurisdictions: France with a very strict, repressive approach, and the Netherlands with a more pragmatic, communicative and responsibilizing style. These differences can be understood by looking at the underlying frames about the relationship between state and citizens. The differences in frames about the relationship between police and citizens are more or less similar between the two countries. In France, the dominant frame is of policing as a matter of ‘force’ and ‘war’; the Dutch policing style is framed in terms of responsibilization, communication and persuasion. Despite these important differences, there are also similarities. In both countries there have been fundamental criticisms of the legal basis of the corona measures and of the way that these have been policed. The issues of protest and criticism are often related to the specific dominating frames, in a paradoxical way. The Dutch approach, with its emphasis on proximity, communication and shared responsibilities, may be more effective in realizing compliance with the anti-corona rules than the French one, with its distrust of citizens, use of sanctions and war-like rhetoric. The question is raised of whether the Dutch approach will also be successful if awareness of the dangers of the virus and of the importance of self-control declines.
Evaluation of the influence of design in the mechanical properties of honeycomb cores used in composite panels
Authors: Miranda A , Leite M , Reis L , Copin E , Vaz MF , Deus AM
Published: January 2021

The aerospace, automotive, and marine industries are heavily reliant on sandwich panels with cellular material cores. Although honeycombs with hexagonal cells are the most commonly used geometries as cores, recently there have been new alternatives in the design of lightweight structures. The present work aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of metallic and polymeric honeycomb structures, with configurations recently proposed and different in-plane orientations, produced by additive and subtractive manufacturing processes. Structures with configurations such as regular hexagonal honeycomb (Hr), lotus (Lt), and hexagonal honeycomb with Plateau borders (Pt), with 0°, 45°, and 90° orientations were analyzed. To evaluate its properties, three-point bending tests were performed, both experimentally and by numerical modeling, by means of the finite element method. Honeycombs of two aluminum alloys and polylactic acid were fabricated. The structures produced in aluminum were obtained either by selective laser melting technology or by machining, while polylactic acid structures were obtained by material extrusion using fused filament fabrication. From the stress distribution analysis and the load–displacement curves, it was possible to evaluate the strength, stiffness, and absorbed energy of the structures. Failure modes were also analyzed for polylactic acid honeycombs. In general, a strong correlation was observed between numerical and experimental results. The results show that the stiffness and absorbed energy increase in the order, Hr, Pt, Lt, and with the orientation through the sequence, 45°, 90°, 0°. Thus, Lt structures with 0° orientation seem to be good alternatives to the traditional honeycombs used in sandwich composite panels for those industrial applications where low weight, high stiffness, and large energy-absorbing capacity are required.
Dielectric passive left-handed symmetric metamaterial design for electromagnetic absorption reduction application
Authors: Ramachandran Tayaallen , Faruque Mohammad Rashed Iqbal , Islam Mohammad Tariqul
Published: January 2021

Electromagnetic exposure became an alarming issue in the 20th century, which has resulted in the creation of shielding metamaterial to reduce the radiation effects from any wireless devices. In this research work, a square-shaped metamaterial structure was designed and numerically simulated using a well-known computer simulation technology microwave studio software. The relationship between human head and cellular phone was explored for L- and S-bands, respectively. The proposed metamaterial design is utilized by placing inside a mobile phone to reduce the electromagnetic effect that is absorbed by the human head. The simulation frequency range is adopted from 1 to 6 GHz where the square-shaped metamaterial manifests resonance frequencies at 1.602 GHz (L-band), 2.712 and 3.888 GHz (S-band). Meanwhile, the specific absorption rate results reveal that the reduction happened approximately 1.591% at L-band, 36.646% and 17.864% at S-band over 1 g of tissue volume. Moreover, the second highest reduction value exhibited at 2.712 GHz for 10 g of tissue volume with 20.077% respectively. Briefly, the findings reveal a strong specific absorption rate reduction accomplishment and the proposed square-shaped metamaterial design believed to be a promising aspect in the telecommunication field.
The British Orthodontic Society MOrth Cases Prize 2019
Authors: Jowett Adam C
Published: January 2021

This paper describes the orthodontic treatment of two cases that were successful in winning the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) Membership in Orthodontics (MOrth) Cases Prize in 2019. The first case describes the management of a 12-year-old girl with a Class II division 2 malocclusion complicated by moderate upper and lower arch crowding, multiple unerupted teeth, restored lower first permanent molars, pseudo-transposition of the lower left lateral incisor and canine, and diminutive upper lateral incisors. Treatment involved a combination of an upper removable appliance followed by upper and lower preadjusted edgewise fixed appliances. Anteroposterior correction and overbite reduction was achieved with triangular Class II elastics with posterior occlusal disengagement. Both upper permanent canines were exposed and aligned, and the diminutive upper incisors built up with resin-based composite. Treatment was completed over a period of 23 months. The second case describes the management of a 13-year-old boy with a Class II division 2 malocclusion complicated by severe upper and lower arch crowding with unerupted UR5, UL4, LR3, rotated LR5, an increased overbite complete to tooth, buccally displaced upper canines and hypoplastic upper first premolars. Treatment involved a first phase of functional appliance therapy, followed by the extraction of UR4, UL4, LL5, LR4 and upper and lower preadjusted edgewise fixed appliances over a 28-month period.
Linking unstructured evidence to structured observations
Authors: Waldner Manuela , Geymayer Thomas , Schmalstieg Dieter , Sedlmair Michael
Published: January 2021

Many professionals, like journalists, writers, or consultants, need to acquire information from various sources, make sense of this unstructured evidence, structure their observations, and finally create and deliver their product, such as a report or a presentation. In formative interviews, we found that tools allowing structuring of observations are often disconnected from the corresponding evidence. Therefore, we designed a sensemaking environment with a flexible observation graph that visually ties together evidence in unstructured documents with the user’s structured knowledge. This is achieved through bi-directional deep links between highlighted document portions and nodes in the observation graph. In a controlled study, we compared users’ sensemaking strategies using either the observation graph or a simple text editor on a large display. Results show that the observation graph represents a holistic, compact representation of users’ observations, which can be linked to unstructured evidence on demand. In contrast, users taking textual notes required much more display space to spatially organize source documents containing unstructured evidence. This implies that spatial organization is a powerful strategy to structure observations even if the available space is limited.
Historical memory, democratic citizenship, and political theory: Reconstructing a historical method in Judith Shklar’s writings
Authors: Luo Simon Sihang
Published: January 2021

Judith Shklar has been invoked by contemporary realists as an example of how history is a better source of political knowledge than abstract philosophy. This emphasis on history challenges the predominant understanding of her political theory that stresses the universality of fear of cruelty. This contrast between history and moral universalism invites a serious investigation of Shklar's historical method. This article takes up this task by reconstructing a Shklarian historical method based on a tripartite relation between historical memory, democratic citizenship, and historically minded political theory. This reconstructed historical method challenges the boundaries of Shklar's liberalism and broadens the possibilities that her political theory can offer.
Short-time deterministic prediction of individual waves based on space-time X-band Marine radar measurements
Authors: Zinchenko Victoria , Vasilyev Leonid , Halstensen Svein Olav , Liu Yuming
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate and verify, by the use of both synthetic and real wave data, a newly developed capability of short-time phase-resolved wave prediction based on incoherent X-band marine radar measurements. An inversion algorithm is developed to convert X-band radar sea surface measurements into the phase-resolved wave field and the associated wave spectrum based on the linear gravity wave theory. The wave components obtained from the reconstruction are then used to initialize the wave propagation model that is used to provide a short-time deterministic forecast of wave field evolution downstream. Both wave spectrum and spatial-temporal wave elevation evolution obtained based on the X-band measurements are compared with the independent point wave measurements by Miros RangeFinder. The agreements between them are reasonably well, which has a significant implication on practical applications of short-time deterministic wave prediction in optimal marine operations.
Nonlinear modulation with low-power sensor networks using undersampling
Authors: Oppermann Peter , Dorendorf Lennart , Rutner Marcus , Renner Christian
Published: January 2021

Nonlinear modulation is a promising technique for ultrasonic non-destructive damage identification. A wireless sensor network is ideally suited to monitor large structures using nonlinear modulation in a cost-efficient manner. However, existing approaches rely on high sampling rates and resource-demanding computations that are not feasible on low-cost and low-power sensor network devices. We present a new damage indicator that uses the short-time Fourier transform to derive amplitude and phase modulation with less computational effort and memory usage. Evaluation of the proposed method using real experiment data exhibits performance and reliability similar to the conventionally used modulation index. Undersampling is demonstrated, which reduces the memory demand in a test scenario by more than 100 times, and the required energy for sampling and processing more than four times. The loss of accuracy introduced by undersampling is shown to be negligible.
Simultaneous pixel-level concrete defect detection and grouping using a fully convolutional model
Authors: Zhang Chaobo , Chang Chih-chen , Jamshidi Maziar
Published: January 2021

Deep learning techniques have attracted significant attention in the field of visual inspection of civil infrastructure systems recently. Currently, most deep learning-based visual inspection techniques utilize a convolutional neural network to recognize surface defects either by detecting a bounding box of each defect or classifying all pixels on an image without distinguishing between different defect instances. These outputs cannot be directly used for acquiring the geometric properties of each individual defect in an image, thus hindering the development of fully automated structural assessment techniques. In this study, a novel fully convolutional model is proposed for simultaneously detecting and grouping the image pixels for each individual defect on an image. The proposed model integrates an optimized mask subnet with a box-level detection network, where the former outputs a set of position-sensitive score maps for pixel-level defect detection and the latter predicts a bounding box for each defect to group the detected pixels. An image dataset containing three common types of concrete defects, crack, spalling and exposed rebar, is used for training and testing of the model. Results demonstrate that the proposed model is robust to various defect sizes and shapes and can achieve a mask-level mean average precision ( mAP) of 82.4% and a mean intersection over union ( mIoU) of 75.5%, with a processing speed of about 10 FPS at input image size of 576 × 576 when tested on an NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1060 GPU. Its performance is compared with the state-of-the-art instance segmentation network Mask R-CNN and the semantic segmentation network U-Net. The comparative studies show that the proposed model has a distinct defect boundary delineation capability and outperforms the Mask R-CNN and the U-Net in both accuracy and speed.
Effect of propagation distance on acoustic emission of carbon fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: Jung Doyun , Lee Byoung-Sun , Yu Woong-Ryeol , Na Wonjin
Published: January 2021

This study examined the change in acoustic emission as a function of measurement position of fiber-reinforced composites. Single-edge-notched carbon fiber/epoxy composites were prepared and tested under cyclic loading, with sensors located at specific distances from the end of the notch. Although the I b-value increased overall, the degree of increase significantly varied with position and acoustic emission frequency. Notably, the proportion of acoustic emission signals for each failure mode varied due to a high attenuation rate at high frequencies, which increased the I b-value. Accordingly, the high-frequency fiber-failure signals significantly affected the I b-value. This study focused on the importance of analyzing acoustic emission signals by considering the crack location and frequency-dependent attenuation rate. We concluded that an acoustic emission sensor should be located 20–40 mm from the crack location for woven carbon fiber/epoxy composites.
Adorno on democratic pedagogy and the education of emotions: Pedagogical insights for resisting right-wing extremism
Authors: Zembylas Michalinos
Published: January 2021

This paper examines Theodor W. Adorno’s notion of democratic pedagogy and the role of emotions in re-educating and democratizing a society, particularly in light of the current political situation in many countries around the world in which right-wing extremism is on the rise. The paper revisits Adorno’s educational thought on critical self-reflection, focusing on his views on educating emotions and the tensions between democratic pedagogy and a schooling of the emotions. It is argued that Adorno’s contribution to discussions of the role of emotion in education and his suggestions about how to resist and counteract fascism and right-wing extremism are not only illuminating today, but also provide remarkable clarity and force of argumentation in educational efforts to create critical spaces in the classroom in which moral and political learning does not end up a form of sentimental manipulation.
The Relationship Between Policy, Media, and Perceptions of Sexual Offenders Between 2007 and 2017: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Zatkin Judith , Sitney Miranda , Kaufman Keith
Published: January 2021

Sexual violence is a prominent social problem that harms many victims every year. Perpetrators of these crimes tend to exist in a binary. Some are convicted by the criminal justice system, where they face sanctions such as jail time and registration and are demonized by society. Others never face any sanctions for harm caused and are exonerated for their actions. This review examines public perceptions of sexual offenders in the United States through the institutional-level constructs of federal policy, media, and institutional myths. A review of the literature on this topic from 2007 to 2017 produced 37 relevant articles, which were placed into three categories using thematic analysis: (1) perceptions about sexual offenders and perceiver differences, (2) media about sexual offending and effects of media consumption on perceptions of offenders, and (3) support for offender policies and effects of policy on perceptions of offenders. A review of these topics reveals that there are prominent institutional myths about sexual offending. A cyclical relationship is formed, where media perpetuates institutional myths, myths drive policy, and policy leads to media reporting. This review utilizes community psychology theory to examine and interpret the literature as well as to formulate research and intervention suggestions.