bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Infections among healthcare workers at a research center in the amazon region of BRAZIL from 2020 to 2022
Authors: Cordovil Darciane Coelho , Bezerra Delana Andreza Melo , Bedran Rayssa Layna Silva , Junior Edvaldo Tavares Penha , Teixeira Dielle Monteiro , Lobo Patricia Santos , Siqueira Jones Anderson Monteiro , Ramos Adinaura Gama , Silva Amanda Mendes , Pinheiro Kenny Costa , Ferreira Jedson Cardoso , Junior Wanderley Dias Chagas , Barbagelata Luana Soares , Tavares Fernando Neto , Santos Mirleide Cordeiro , Soares Luana Silva
Published: November 2024

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected different sectors of society, and healthcare workers have been particularly impacted. This study aimed to describe the clinical, epidemiological, and molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infections among healthcare workers in Evandro Chagas Institute, a research reference center in Brazil, from October 2020 to July 2022. 845 samples were collected from individuals who presented clinical symptoms of respiratory infection. Nasopharyngeal positive samples were submitted through genome sequencing. Clinical, epidemiological, and the SARS-CoV-2 lineages (or variants) were analyzed. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was detected in 31.8% (269/845) of samples with a higher prevalence of females (60.2%). The highest SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates were reported in March 2021 (39%), January 2022 (65%), and July 2022 (56%). On clinical symptoms, arthralgia, chills, and diarrhea were statistically significantly detected in 2020; fever, runny nose, and arthralgia in 2021; runny nose, and cough in 2022. On molecular analysis of SARS-CoV-2, 66 samples (25.3%, 66/269) were sequenced and the most prevalent lineage was the Omicron, representing 57.6%. Studies on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HCW are essential to propose control measures and work management since research centers play a major role in surveillance to identify and monitor infectious diseases.
Fibers and Gleason parts for the maximal ideal space of $${\mathcal {A}}_u(B_{\ell _p})$$
Authors: Dimant Verónica , Lassalle Silvia , Maestre Manuel
Published: November 2024

In the early nineties, R. M. Aron, B. Cole, T. W. Gamelin and W. B. Johnson initiated the study of the maximal ideal space (spectrum) of Banach algebras of holomorphic functions defined on the open unit ball of an infinite dimensional complex Banach space. Within this framework, we investigate the fibers and Gleason parts of the spectrum of the algebra of holomorphic and uniformly continuous functions on the unit ball of $$\ell _p$$

ℓ
p

($$1\le p<\infty $$

1
≤
p
<
∞

). We show that the inherent geometry of these spaces provides a fundamental ingredient for our results. We prove that whenever $$p\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

p
∈
N

($$p\ge 2$$

p
≥
2

), the fiber of every $$z\in B_{\ell _p}$$

z
∈

B

ℓ
p

contains a set of cardinal $$2^{{\mathfrak {c}}}$$

2
c

such that any two elements of this set belong to different Gleason parts. For the case $$p=1$$

p
=
1

, we complete the known description of the fibers, showing that, for each $$z\in \overline{B}_{\ell _1''}{\setminus } S_{\ell _1}$$

z
∈

B
¯

ℓ
1

′
′

\

S

ℓ
1

, the fiber over z is not a singleton. Also, we establish that different fibers over elements in $$S_{\ell _1''}$$

S

ℓ
1

′
′

cannot share Gleason parts.
Multivariate statistical and hydrogeochemical analysis of seasonal groundwater quality variations in coastal villages of Trivandrum district, south India
Authors: Pitchaimani V. Stephen , Joe R. J. Jerin , Shyamala G. , Manjula G. , Hemalatha B. , Babu M. Dinesh , Ezhil S. Shenbaga , Ravindran Gobinath
Published: November 2024

This study attempts a detailed assessment of the quality of groundwater in the coastal region of Trivandrum District, Kerala where groundwater is the main source of drinking water. Forty groundwater samples were collected during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The collected samples were analyzed for physical properties such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness, along with chemical properties, including major cations (Ca2⁺, Mg2⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (Cl⁻, SO₄2⁻, HCO₃⁻, NO₃⁻). The analysis of groundwater quality reveals significant spatial and seasonal variations caused by both natural and manmade influences. Water Quality Index (WQI), hydrogeochemical plots, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to analyses the data. The results show that Vakkom, Kazhakottam, Veli-Attipara, and Pozhiyoor show significant deterioration, and areas such as Varkala, Ayroor, and Edava generally maintain good water quality. The Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment indicates that approximately 22.5% of the studied area falls under excellent quality, while 17.5% is classified as poor. The WHO standard and BSI standards were used to derive the WQI. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and total hardness as the primary factors affecting groundwater quality, explaining 65.17% and 61.03% of the total variance in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, respectively. Hydrochemical plots collaborate these results, emphasize the influence of rock-water interactions as the main geochemical process, further compounded by pollution from agricultural runoff and urban development. These findings highlight the need for sustainable groundwater management strategies in coastal communities. Effective measures, including pollution mitigation, sustainable agricultural practice, proper waste management, and preservation of freshwater ecosystems, are essential for ensuring the sustainability of groundwater resources.
State of Emergency
Authors: Bjørnskov Christian , Voigt Stefan
Published: November 2024

Nine out of ten constitutions contain explicit emergency provisions. During the pandemic, half of the governments with such constitutions has made use of these provisions by declaring a state of emergency. State of Emergency is the first book to analyse the factors that lead to such provisions being included in newly drafted constitutions. It explores their use – as well as their misuse – and explains the effects that using emergency provisions has. Declaring a state of emergency is particularly challenging in federally constituted states as it endangers the balance of powers between the federal level and the states. This book, therefore, pays special attention to this topic. Focusing on two of the most important recent cases relating to emergency provisions: the Covid-19 pandemic and acts of terrorism, this book uses numerous examples to analyse emergency provisions with a rigorous empirical approach.
The Psychology of Religion
Authors: Kressel Neil J.
Published: November 2024

Many of the greatest minds in psychology have tried to unravel the mysteries, power, appeal, and consequences of religion. The task of understanding human behaviour will never be complete without the use of science and logic to examine the psychology of religion and spirituality. This undergraduate textbook provides an engaging and accessible tour of the field, drawing on historical, theoretical, and cutting-edge sources. It explores the origins and meaning of various forms of religious belief around the globe, with enhanced coverage of non-Christian religions, non-believers, and diverse populations. By focusing on the personal, medical, moral, social, and political consequences of religion, it explores how these findings can be applied in real-world scenarios. Students are supported by clear learning objectives, defined key concepts, varied end-of-chapter questions, further reading suggestions, and visual content, making this an invaluable resource for undergraduates in the psychology of religion and spirituality.
Differential effects of identification and discrimination training tasks on L2 vowel identification and discrimination
Authors: Cebrian Juli , Gavaldà Núria , Gorba Celia , Carlet Angélica
Published: November 2024

High variability phonetic training using perceptual tasks such as identification and discrimination tasks has often been reported to improve L2 perception. However, studies comparing the efficacy of different tasks on different measures are rare. Forty-four Catalan/Spanish bilingual learners of English were trained with identification or categorical discrimination tasks and were tested on both measures. Results showed that both methods were successful in improving the identification and discrimination of English vowels. Training with nonword stimuli generalized to new nonwords and real word stimuli, and improvement was maintained four months later. Cross-task effects may be related to the categorical nature of the discrimination task, which may entail a level of processing similar to that of identification training. Interestingly, whereas identification training improved identification more than discrimination training, discrimination training did not enhance discrimination more than identification training. This asymmetry may be explained by task differences in the amount and type of feedback used.
Petrography, Crystallography, and Geochronology of Baddeleyite With Two Morphologies in a Chang'e‐5 Lunar Basalt
Authors: Huang Liying , Xu Yuchen , Qin Lang , Liu Yang , Gu Lixin , Tian Heng‐Ci , Hao Jialong , Zhang Feng , Du Wei , Yang Jing , Hui Hejiu , Yang Wei , Lin Yangting , Zou Yongliao
Published: November 2024

Baddeleyite (ZrO2) is widespread in lunar basalts and frequently used for U‐Pb geochronology of magmatic and impact events. The formation of baddeleyite involves two primary mechanisms: (a) crystallization from late‐stage magma, and (b) decomposition of zircon under high‐temperature (high‐T) conditions. Baddeleyite with distinct formation mechanisms commonly displays different morphologies. In a Chang'e‐5 lunar basalt, we report baddeleyite with two different morphologies, termed “singular type” and “aggregate type.” Petrographic and crystallographic analyses were conducted on both types of baddeleyite to understand their formation conditions and evolution processes. Despite the similarity in the morphology and mineral assemblages between the aggregate type baddeleyite and zircon decomposition products, the petrographic characteristics and the rarity of zircon in lunar basalts tend to suggest that both types of baddeleyite are derived from magma crystallization. Crystallographic relationships observed in both types indicate a phase transformation from the precursor tetragonal‐ZrO2/cubic‐ZrO2 or orthorhombic‐ZrO2 phase. Two potential scenarios are proposed for the formation of these microstructures: (a) direct crystallization of high symmetry ZrO2 from magma, and (b) crystallization of baddeleyite from magma followed by a high‐pressure (high‐P) event causing its phase transition. However, due to unresolved scientific issues in both scenarios, an accurate evolutionary process cannot currently be determined. Therefore, extensive thermodynamic experiments are necessary to enhance our understanding of baddeleyite microstructures as indicators of P‐T processes, providing insights into magmatism and the impact history of planetary bodies.
Reconstruction of Nearshore Surface Gravity Wave Heights From Distributed Acoustic Sensing Data
Authors: Meulé Samuel , Pelaez‐Quiñones Julián , Bouchette Frédéric , Sladen Anthony , Ponte Aurélien , Maier Annika , Lior Itzhak , Coyle Paschal
Published: November 2024

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a photonics technology converting seafloor telecommunications and optical fiber cables into dense arrays of strain sensors, allowing to monitor various oceanic physical processes. Yet, several applications are hindered by the limited knowledge of the transfer function between geophysical variables and DAS measurements. This study investigates the quantitative relationship between surface gravity DAS‐recorded wave‐generated strain signals along the seafloor and the pressure at a colocated sensor. A remarkable linear correlation is found over various sea conditions allowing us to reliably determine significant wave heights from DAS data. Utilizing linear wave potential theory, we derive an analytical transfer function linking cable deformation and wave kinematic parameters. This transfer function provides a first quantification of the effects related to surface gravity waves and fiber responses. Our results validate DAS's potential for real‐time reconstruction of the surface gravity wave spectrum over extended coastal areas. It also enables the estimation of waves hydraulic parameters at depth without the need from offshore deployments.
Projected Increasing Negative Impact of Extreme Events on Gross Primary Productivity During the 21st Century in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Gao Yuhan , Zhu Dan , Wang Zhen , Lin Zinan , Zhang Yao , Wang Kaicun
Published: November 2024

In the context of increasingly frequent and severe climate extremes, an understanding of the impacts of these events on gross primary production (GPP) and thus on land carbon uptake is crucial. However, research utilizing new model outputs to assess the future trends, characteristics, and driving factors of GPP reduction associated with extreme events remains limited. Here, we use model outputs from Phase Six of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of negative GPP extreme events during the 21st century. We find a notable increase in negative GPP extremes globally under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. They are characterized by longer durations and larger sizes, despite the smaller number of events. Under the SSP1‐2.6 scenario, while the total negative GPP extremes remain relatively stable, hotspots, including tropical forests, southern China, and boreal forest zones, still experience increases in negative extremes. By attributing these GPP extremes to climate conditions, we identified compound hot and dry conditions, which contributed to over 40% of the negative GPP extremes under both scenarios, as the dominant driver, followed by single‐driver dry conditions. Under SSP5‐8.5, the increasing contribution of compound hot and dry conditions leads to greater GPP reductions through prolonged and intensified negative extreme events. Compared with CMIP5 models, CMIP6 models project an asymmetry of negative and positive GPP extreme events that favors more negative extremes across most regions. Our findings highlight the escalating damage from climate extremes on future ecosystem productivity, emphasizing the urgent need for effective mitigation and adaptation actions.
Extreme Climate as the Primary Control of Global Soil Organic Carbon Across Spatial Scales
Authors: Wei Yucheng , Wang Mingming , Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Chen Hong , Luo Zhongkui
Published: November 2024

Soil organic carbon (SOC) stock exhibits substantial variability across spatial scales and depths. Drivers of such variability may be scale‐ and depth‐dependent, but have been rarely systematically investigated. Assessing SOC measurements of 113,013 soil profiles worldwide, we show that climate, encompassing mean modern‐ and paleo‐climate and climate extremes, is the predominant determinant across scales (from 50 km to the globe) and depths, explaining 34%–62% of the spatial variability of SOC stocks depending on the spatial scale and soil depth layer assessed. On finer scales (50–100 km), soil properties and mean modern‐ and paleo‐climate are dominant in all soil depth layers. At broader scales (>100 km), the significance of climate extremes intensifies, alone explaining 27%–32% of the spatial variability of SOC stocks. Furthermore, we find nonlinear relationships of SOC stocks with most factors, while the relationship with the same factor is distinct across scales and depths. These results reinforce climate, particularly extremes, as the primary driving force of whole‐soil carbon distribution across the globe, emphasizing the need to factor extremes into carbon management strategies.
Centennial‐Scale Recovery of the North Atlantic Summer Storm Track Weakening
Authors: Chemke R.
Published: November 2024

The North Atlantic storm track plays a critical role in setting the regional weather and climate over Western Europe. In response to anthropogenic emissions, the summer North Atlantic storm track has weakened in recent decades and is projected to continue weakening by the end of this century. In light of growing efforts to mitigate climate change, it is crucial to assess how reversible the CO2‐induced storm track weakening is. Here, I show that under CO2 removal scenarios, the recovery timescale of the storm track is more than double its weakening period. It is found that due to a prolonged high‐latitude warming, postponing the execution of mitigation policies beyond doubling of CO2 concentrations would lead to a centennial‐scale recovery of the storms. Given the impacts of weakening summer storms on weather and extreme events, the delayed recovery of the storms might have broader regional consequences for Western Europe.
Distribution Characteristics and Dynamics of Marine Hydrogen in the Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Jiang Yu‐Cheng , Xu Gao‐Bin , Xu Feng , Wang Jian , Zhou Li‐Min , Zhang Hong‐Hai , Chen Zhao‐Hui
Published: November 2024

The ocean serves as a significant contributor of atmospheric Hydrogen (H2) with indirect greenhouse effects. However, uncertainties persist regarding internal production and consumption processes of marine H2, as well as controlling factors. Our study examined the spatial distribution and source‐sink dynamics of marine H2 in the Eastern Indian Ocean. H2 concentrations in surface seawater exhibited a range of 2.95–21.96 nmol L−1. High concentrations of H2 were observed in the anoxic water in the Bay of Bengal. Rates of H2 photo‐production and microbial consumption in surface seawater ranged from 1.80 to 17.78 nmol L−1 h−1 and 1.02–9.18 nmol L−1 h−1, respectively. When considering the entire mixed layer, photo‐production contribute to approximately 31%–43% of the total H2 removal, with cyanobacteria potentially serving as another source in the mixed layer. Compared with the sea‐to‐air exchange, microbial consumption was the primary removal pathway of H2 in seawater.
Crustal Deformation and Seismic Velocity Perturbations in the Alto Tiberina Fault Zone (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Almagro Vidal C. , Zaccarelli L. , Pintori F. , Serpelloni E.
Published: November 2024

Crustal perturbations related to seismic activity can generally be observed with the occurrence of a large magnitude event. For less energetic seismic sequences though, the associated transient crustal variations are questionably measurable, and their observation gets easily obscured by relatively stronger perturbations such as the ones related to hydrological processes. In this study we reveal the significant role that terrestrial water‐storage variations play in governing temporal crustal changes in the tectonically active Northern Apennines of Italy, and discuss the potential of accounting for its correction in order to monitor the relatively weaker transient perturbations caused by local seismic swarms. This area is characterized by an extensive level of low‐energetic seismic activity, typically clustered in time and space, of which three main seismic swarms outstand during the 12 year period of study (2010–2021). Our analysis compares independent observations and processing methods of Global Navigation Satellite System measurements and ambient seismic noise recordings. We adopt a multivariate statistical approach to discriminate between independent sources of ground deformation, and seismic noise cross‐correlation analysis to monitor relative seismic‐velocity variations. The result shows how the perturbation effects produced by variations in total water content are dominant in both time series of ground deformations and seismic‐velocity variations. After correcting for the water‐related variation effects, our monitoring results reveal perturbations in the crustal properties whose activation time and depth range correlate with the occurrences of the seismic swarms.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Lunar Core 73001: Upper Limit on Hydration in a Lunar Sample With No History of Exposure to Terrestrial Water Vapor
Authors: Lucey Paul G. , Zeigler Ryan A. , Sun Lingzhi , Flom Abigail , Mosie Andrea B. , Gross Juliane , Chertok Marley A. , Ferrari‐Wong Chiara , Ireland Schelin M. ,   the ANGSA Team
Published: November 2024

The lunar surface exhibits an absorption band near 3 μm due to hydration, either water or hydroxyl. In most analyses, the band is variable at least in latitude and temperature. Hypotheses for the variability include infilling of the band by thermal emission, migration of molecular water along temperature gradients, and formation and destruction of metastable hydroxyl as solar wind hydrogen diffuses through lunar surface grains. The degree to which lunar soil exhibits an inherent hydration feature in the absence of environmental influences is an open question. The recent opening of Apollo core sample 73001 that was sealed in vacuum on the lunar surface and curated in dry nitrogen since its return from the Moon affords an opportunity to determine if lunar soil exhibits a spectral feature due to hydration isolated from the lunar environment. To that end, near the close of dissection of the core into samples for allocation to the lunar science community, we introduced an infrared spectrometer into the nitrogen purged curation cabinet and collected reflectance spectra of portions of the core between 2 and 4 μm. We found no evidence of absorption due to hydration to 1.1% band depth uncertainty. The measurements were relative to a diffuse aluminum standard, which itself could possibly absorb light at 3 μm due to a thin film of water; we estimate a possible negative bias of about 50 μg/g equivalent water absorption, leading to a final estimate of core water abundance of 50 μg/g ± 50 μg/g. This finding does not contradict prior estimates of lunar surface hydration as core sample 73001 is immature and may not have had sufficient opportunity to gather enough hydrogen from the solar wind or water from micrometeorites to form detectable hydration. After exposure of the core to laboratory atmosphere, a strong 3 μm absorption developed, equivalent to over 1,000 μg/g at a rate of about 5 μg/g per minute, illustrating the sensitivity of lunar materials to water contamination, and the effectiveness of curation of the sample.
Long-distance decay-less spin transport in indirect excitons in a van der Waals heterostructure
Authors: Zhou Zhiwen , Szwed E. A. , Choksy D. J. , Fowler-Gerace L. H. , Butov L. V.
Published: November 2024

In addition to its fundamental interest, the long-distance spin transport is essential for spintronic devices. However, the spin relaxation caused by scattering of the particles carrying the spin limits spin transport. We explored spatially indirect excitons (IXs) in van der Waals heterostructures composed of atomically thin layers of transition-metal dichalcogenides as spin carries. We observed the long-distance spin transport: the spin polarized excitons travel over the entire sample,  ~10 micron away from the excitation spot, with no spin density decay. This transport is characterized by the 1/e decay distances reaching  ~100 micron. The 1/e decay distances are extracted from fits over the  ~10 micron sample size. The emergence of long-distance spin transport is observed at the densities and temperatures where the IX transport decay distances and, in turn, scattering times are strongly enhanced. The suppression of IX scattering suppresses the spin relaxation and enables the long-distance spin transport.
Optogenetic patterning generates multi-strain biofilms with spatially distributed antibiotic resistance
Authors: Jin Xiaofan , Riedel-Kruse Ingmar H.
Published: November 2024

Spatial organization of microbes in biofilms enables crucial community function such as division of labor. However, quantitative understanding of such emergent community properties remains limited due to a scarcity of tools for patterning heterogeneous biofilms. Here we develop a synthetic optogenetic toolkit ‘Multipattern Biofilm Lithography’ for rational engineering and orthogonal patterning of multi-strain biofilms, inspired by successive adhesion and phenotypic differentiation in natural biofilms. We apply this toolkit to profile the growth dynamics of heterogeneous biofilm communities, and observe the emergence of spatially modulated commensal relationships due to shared antibiotic protection against the beta-lactam ampicillin. Supported by biophysical modeling, these results yield in-vivo measurements of key parameters, e.g., molecular beta-lactamase production per cell and length scale of antibiotic zone of protection. Our toolbox and associated findings provide quantitative insights into the spatial organization and distributed antibiotic protection within biofilms, with direct implications for future biofilm research and engineering.
Human iPSC-derived neural stem cells displaying radial glia signature exhibit long-term safety in mice
Authors: Luciani Marco , Garsia Chiara , Beretta Stefano , Cifola Ingrid , Peano Clelia , Merelli Ivan , Petiti Luca , Miccio Annarita , Meneghini Vasco , Gritti Angela
Published: November 2024

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (hiPSC-NSCs) hold promise for treating neurodegenerative and demyelinating disorders. However, comprehensive studies on their identity and safety remain limited. In this study, we demonstrate that hiPSC-NSCs adopt a radial glia-associated signature, sharing key epigenetic and transcriptional characteristics with human fetal neural stem cells (hfNSCs) while exhibiting divergent profiles from glioblastoma stem cells. Long-term transplantation studies in mice showed robust and stable engraftment of hiPSC-NSCs, with predominant differentiation into glial cells and no evidence of tumor formation. Additionally, we identified the Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription Factor 1 (SREBF1) as a regulator of astroglial differentiation in hiPSC-NSCs. These findings provide valuable transcriptional and epigenetic reference datasets to prospectively define the maturation stage of NSCs derived from different hiPSC sources and demonstrate the long-term safety of hiPSC-NSCs, reinforcing their potential as a viable alternative to hfNSCs for clinical applications.
Finite element-based evaluation of the supraspinatus tendon biomechanical environment necessitates better clinical management based on tear location and thickness
Authors: Garcia Mason , Razavi Ahmad Hedayatzadeh , Caro Daniela , Ramappa Arun J. , DeAngelis Joseph P. , Nazarian Ara
Published: November 2024

Partial-thickness rotator cuff tears are a common cause of pain and disability and are central to developing full-thickness rotator cuff tears. However, limited knowledge exists regarding the alterations to the mechanical environment due to these lesions. Computational models that study the alterations to the mechanical environment of the supraspinatus tendon can help advance clinical management to avoid tear progression and provide a basis for surgical intervention. In this study, we use three-dimensional validated finite element models from six intact specimens to study the effects of low- and high-grade tears originating on the articular and bursal surfaces of the supraspinatus tendon. Bursal-sided tears generally had a lower failure load, modulus, and strain than articular-sided tears. Thus, caution should be taken when managing bursal-sided tears as they may be more susceptible to tear progression.
Research and performance analysis of random forest-based feature selection algorithm in sports effectiveness evaluation
Authors: Li Yujiao , Mu Yingjie
Published: November 2024

The rapid progress in fields such as data mining and machine learning, as well as the explosive growth of sports big data, have posed new challenges to the research of sports big data. Most of the available sports data mining techniques concentrates on extracting and constructing effective features for basic sports data, which cannot be achieved simply by using data statistics. Especially in the targeted mining of sports data, traditional mining techniques still have shortcomings such as low classification accuracy and insufficient refinement. In order to solve the problem of low accuracy in traditional mining methods, the study combines the random forest algorithm with the artificial raindrop algorithm, and adopts a sports data mining method based on feature selection to achieve effective analysis of sports big data. This study is based on the evaluation method of motion effects using random forests, and uses feature extraction algorithms to study the motion effect impacts. It uses the information gain index to rank the importance of features and accurately gain the degree of influence of exercise on various indicators of the human body. Through simulation verification, the algorithm proposed by the research institute performs the best in accuracy and FI scores on the training and testing sets, with accuracies of 0.849 ± 0.021 and 0.819 ± 0.022, respectively, and F1 scores of 0.837 ± 0.020 and 0.864 ± 0.021, respectively. This indicates that the algorithm proposed by the research institute has high classification accuracy and performance proves that the Random Forest-based feature selection algorithm established in this study is superior to the existing traditional feature extraction and extraction methods in terms of both performance and accuracy. The proposal of this data analysis method has achieved accurate and efficient utilization of sports big data, which is of great significance for the development of the sports education industry.
Multicenter evaluation of ceftazidime-avibactam use in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections in OXA-48 endemic regions
Authors: Mert Ali , Derin Okan , Akalın Halis , Dumlu Rıdvan , Gündeş Sibel , Zengin Rehile , Kocagöz Sesin , Gündoğdu Yasemin , Köksal İftihar , Yalçın Demet , Üstün Cemal , Kapmaz Mahir , Görenek Levent , Karahangil Kadriye , Can Füsun ,   Consortium, Önal Uğur , Tekin Süda , Çetinkaya Rıza Aytaç , Taşçıoğlu Didem Akal , Yetkin Gülay İmadoğlu , Başgönül Sedef , Gençer Serap , Akbulut Ece , Arslan Ferhat , Şenol Güneş , Kıraklı Cenk , Menekşe Şirin , Alan Servet , Sarıgüzel Nevin , Hakko Elif , Karabay Mehmet , Şimşek Funda , Yılmaz Sibel İba , Çevik Esin , Kaya Bülent , Ergönül Önder
Published: November 2024

Data in the literature on the use of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections (CRKP-BSIs) are limited especially in OXA-48 (Oxacillinase-48) predominant regions. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of CAZ-AVI use on outcomes in CRKP-BSIs in Turkey, where OXA-48 is endemic. A multicenter retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2017 and September 2021. The effects of clinical and treatment characteristics on 30-day mortality and relapse in CRKP-BSIs were analyzed. Predictors of outcomes were detected using a Cox regression model. The study enrolled 106 adults with CAZ-AVI-sensitive CRKP-BSIs who received CAZ-AVI for at least 72 h. Patients who received CAZ-AVI as initial therapy had lower mortality rates when compared to those who switched from last resort regimens [14.3% (n = 3/21) vs. 37.7% (n = 32/85), p = 0.04]. In multivariate analysis, older age and severe neutropenia were detected to be associated with higher mortality, significantly. Initiation of CAZ-AVI on the day of blood culture was obtained, was found to be significantly associated with lower mortality (HR: 0.25, CI: 0.07–0.84, p = 0.025). CAZ-AVI monotherapy is an important treatment option for CRKP-BSIs in OXA-48 endemic areas. Early initiation of CAZ-AVI should be preferred rather than switching from a last-resort regimen as it profoundly improves the survival rates.
Azide–Alkyne Click Chemistry and Multifunctional Polymers
Authors: Ragin Ramdas M. , Santhosh Kumar K. S.
Published: November 2024

“Click Chemistry” is a term that was first used by K. B. Sharpless in 2001 to refer to reactions that have high yield and broad scope, only produce byproducts that can be removed without the use of chromatography, are regio-specific and simple to perform, and can be carried out in solvents that can be removed easily or that are benign. Azide–alkyne cycloaddition, thiol–ene, thiol–yne, and Diels–Alder are leading chemistries belonging to the class of click chemistry. However, the above “click” conditions are also fulfilled by other known reactions, such as nucleophilic ring-opening reactions of epoxides/aziridines, addition to carbon–carbon multiple bonds (oxidative formation of epoxides and Michael additions) and cycloaddition reactions. The so-called “click reactions” are promising for creating polymers with advanced properties, such as shape memory, self-healing ability and other functional/smart polymeric structures. In this chapter, azide–alkyne click reactions and various functional polymers derived through such click chemistry approaches are discussed.
Diels–Alder Click Chemistry: A Powerful Tool for the Synthesis of Polymeric Materials
Authors: Alkis Meltem , Sanyal Amitav
Published: November 2024

This chapter highlights the vital role played by the Diels–Alder (DA) cycloaddition reaction in the design and synthesis of various polymeric materials, ranging from discrete polymers to crosslinked networks. The robust nature of this cycloaddition reaction in assembling discrete polymers with varying skeletal arrangements is covered in sections divided according to the type of architecture. Over the years, this reaction has been employed to synthesize linear and branched polymers through step-growth type polymerization. However, in recent years, the robust nature of the DA reaction has led to its utilization in connecting polymer chains to create complex polymeric architectures in a convergent fashion. Furthermore, this reaction has been widely employed in the fabrication of functional polymeric coatings and crosslinked materials such as hydrogels, as highlighted in some sections. Notably, the reacting components, i.e. the diene and dienophiles, are easy to integrate into polymers and yield coupling products with high efficiency using metal catalyst-free reaction conditions. Examples of such synthetic approaches are highlighted through seminal and recent reports. This chapter aims to familiarize the readers with this powerful synthetic tool, which they can consider in their design of novel polymeric materials for various applications.
Miscellaneous Click and Click-like Reactions in Polymer Science
Authors: Mondal Prantik , Singha Nikhil K. , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: November 2024

Click chemistry approaches have directed the materials research community to access a diverse range of complex polymeric systems. Click chemistry involves exploiting the easy-to-execute chemical reactions that can be performed at ambient conditions while being efficient and rapid. Macromolecular engineering with click chemistry requires the explicit installation of clickable reactive groups on polymer side chains or chain ends. The copper(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne (CuAAC) cycloaddition is the most prominent click reaction in polymer science. However, the Cu catalyst needs to be removed for many applications (especially in bio-applications), complicating the use of CuAAC. Therefore, several metal-free click reactions, including Diels–Alder, Alder-ene, thiol-X, amine-X, and electrophilic substitution, have been developed for the preparation of functional (bio)polymer materials, many of which were inspired by old organic chemistry literature. Some of these reactions don’t follow all the click criteria, although they are very effective in joining the building blocks. Hence, they are termed click-like reactions. This chapter briefly highlights some less exploited or newly explored click and click-like reactions for polymer science, such as carbonyl-condensation hydrazine and oxime reactions, the boronate–ester exchange reaction, transclick reactions, and supramolecular click chemistry.
Click Reactions in Dendrimers and Branched Polymers
Authors: Samanta Subhendu , Kumari Ankita , Roy Raj Kumar
Published: November 2024

“Click chemistry” is regarded as one of the best success stories of the 21st century for developing novel ligation tools. A simple yet efficient chemical ligation is one of the key characteristics of click transformations. In addition to other disciplines, macromolecular research has benefited greatly from the advent of click methodology. These types of chemistry can be used to construct macromolecules and to carry out post-polymerization modifications efficiently for enriching macromolecular libraries. For example, accessing higher-generation dendrimers becomes remarkably simple by employing click chemistry. Similarly, accessing different compartments of a branched polymer for functionalization becomes highly efficient. The availability of efficient functionalization tools also facilitates the tuning of physicochemical properties.
Click Chemistry for Block, Graft, and Star Copolymers
Authors: Tunca Umit
Published: November 2024

In this book chapter, various types of click and orthogonal multiple click, and multicomponent reactions (MCRs), alone or in combination, are presented for the design and preparation of complex macromolecular structures with diverse topologies (block, graft, and star-shaped), some of which had been never achieved before. These reactions enable straightforward coupling of various reactive building blocks, often by different polymerization methods, to produce macromolecular architectures, such as block, graft, and star polymers, through one-pot or sequential reaction techniques. The relevant publications are listed in tables according to the date of their appearance in the literature, from oldest to newest.
Click Chemistry in Fluoropolymers: Current Status and Future Applications
Authors: Sahu Bhanendra , Dolui Subrata , Banerjee Sanjib , Ameduri Bruno
Published: November 2024

Fluoropolymers are a class of materials known for their excellent chemical and thermal stability that are extensively used in various fields such as electronics, aerospace, and biomedical applications. Click chemistry has become an efficient method for precisely and effectively modifying fluoropolymers due to its high yield, selectivity, and compatibility with a variety of functional groups. The utilization of click chemistry in fluoropolymers encompasses a range of reactions, including azide–alkyne cycloaddition, thiol–ene coupling, and Diels–Alder reactions. These reactions enable the introduction of functional groups, cross-linking, and the synthesis of complex structures within fluoropolymers while maintaining their unique properties such as chemical stability, thermal stability, and surface bonding. Furthermore, the click chemistry approach offers advantages such as mild reaction conditions, scalability, and compatibility with various substrates, enhancing its applicability in fluoropolymer modification. Current research efforts focus on expanding the scope of click chemistry reactions applicable to fluoropolymers, optimizing reaction conditions to achieve higher yields and selectivity, and exploring novel applications of click-modified fluoropolymers. Potential future applications include functional coatings with tailored surface properties, responsive materials for sensing and actuation, and advanced biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Click chemistry has emerged as a versatile and efficient strategy for modifying fluoropolymers, unlocking new opportunities for enhancing their performance and enabling innovative applications across diverse industries. This chapter provides an overview of the current status and future potential of click chemistry in fluoropolymers.
Click Chemistry in Polymer–Drug Conjugates
Authors: Varanaraja Zivani , Lefley James , Vural Sema , Becer C. Remzi , Yilmaz Gokhan
Published: November 2024

Polymer–drug conjugates have attracted significant attention due to their numerous benefits, including enhanced drug aqueous solubility, controlled delivery and release, increased efficacy, and improved pharmacokinetics. Since its introduction in 1999, “click chemistry” has been utilized as a powerful and versatile tool for the conjugation of bioactive components to polymeric systems via covalent bonds. The combination of different polymerization techniques and validated click reactions has facilitated the design of well-defined, multi-functional and responsive polymer–drug conjugates of various architectures. Success in this field, in terms of translation to clinical practice, has been limited due to a variety of unique challenges. However, the research done in this area so far is very promising for the future of polymeric drug delivery systems and theranostics. Hence, this chapter will focus on the rational design of polymer–drug conjugates synthesized via click chemistry. Readers will be given an overview of the polymer–drug conjugate field regarding new architectures and complexity in design, and the use of the click chemistry concept in these designs.
Photoclick Chemistry in Polymer Science
Authors: Singh Riddima , Singh Gurleen , George Nancy , Singh Harminder , Kaur Gurpreet , Singh Jandeep
Published: November 2024

Externally prompted light-induced “photoclick” reactions are inexhaustibly beneficial for one-of-a-kind molecular transformations with great stereoselectivity, accuracy, and efficiency, as well as imparting spacio-temporal control to biomolecules. In its most basic form, photoclick chemistry may be thought of as an aggregation of click reactions that can be initiated by the application of light, encompassing various reaction methodologies like 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, the Diels–Alder reaction, thiol–ene/yne reactions, and nucleophilic addition. Photoclick chemistry is widely explored for its application in the synthesis of tailor-made polymeric conjugates for drug delivery purposes with minimal side effects and high loading capacity, thereby providing significant improvement over conventional polymeric systems utilized for drug delivery.
Click Chemistry in Designing Vitrimers: A New Class of Potential Sustainable Materials
Authors: Sadashiv Rege Siddhesh , Ajnas N Muhammed , Manna Kunal , Samanta Ketaki , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: November 2024

Plastic pollution has become a major problem today. The increasing focus of governments and institutions on the prevalent plastic pollution issues, and development of sustainable materials to counter the existing problem, has led to researchers pushing the existing boundaries of knowledge on sustainable materials and processes. In recent years, researchers have proposed a novel class of materials known as “vitrimers” as a viable solution to tackle plastic pollution. Vitrimers carry the distinct advantage of thermal processability which is absent in most sustainable materials. The field of vitrimer synthesis and applications has gained momentum in the last few years, on the heels of increasing regulations on sustainable materials. Among the various chemistries used for vitrimer synthesis “click” chemistry stands out as very efficient method due to its facile nature and high yield. Since its discovery in the last decade, click chemistry has been applied to various fields of chemical synthesis. In this chapter, we shed light on the various ways in which click chemistry has been utilized for the development of sustainable materials, especially in designing different types of vitrimers.
Enhanced ICP-MS detection of 24 elemental impurities in complex, high matrix mineral, medicinal lanthanum carbonates according to ICH Q2 (R2)
Authors: Shen Meng-Meng , Zhou Sun-xin , Jing Yi-Wen , Xiao Chao-Qiang , He Shu-Wang , Yang Jie
Published: November 2024

Specificity of ICP-MS method and detection of 24 elemental impurities in a complex, high matrix mineral, medicinal lanthanum carbonate.
Anti-obesity and other health benefits of bioprocessed black rice bran in combination with green tea extract in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells and in mice on a high-fat diet
Authors: Kwon Ki Sun , Lee Eun Seok , Lee Kyung Hee , Hwang Woon Sang , Lee Wha Young , Kim Jae Jung , Kim Jeanman , Lee Sang Jong , Kim Sung Phil , Friedman Mendel
Published: November 2024

This combination of polysaccharide-rich fermented black rice bran and green tea extract prevents weight gain in mice on a high-fat diet, with favorable effects on glucose tolerance and plasma lipids, and may also have health benefits for humans.
Association between olive oil consumption and all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality in adult subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: del Saz-Lara Andrea , Saz-Lara Alicia , Cavero-Redondo Iván , Pascual-Morena Carlos , Mazarío-Gárgoles Carmen , Visioli Francesco , López de las Hazas María-Carmen , Dávalos Alberto
Published: November 2024

Fourteen studies were systematically reviewed and seven were included in the meta-analysis. Consumption of OO is associated with a reduction of cardiovascular mortality (16%), all-cause mortality (15%) and cancer mortality (11%) in adult population.
Self-template impregnated silver nanoparticles in coordination polymer gel: photocatalytic CO2 reduction, CO2 fixation, and antibacterial activity
Authors: Alam Noohul , Mondal Sumit , Ojha Niwesh , Sahoo Subham , Zeyad Mohammad Tarique , Kumar Sushant , Sarma Debajit
Published: November 2024

CO2 fixation and light-assisted conversion of CO2 in the presence of water into fuels and feedstocks are clean and sustainable techniques to alleviate the energy crisis and global climate change.
Synthesis of asymmetric imine polymers for highly selective sorting of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes by a two-in-one strategy
Authors: Zhang Ying , Li Yu , Wan Yuchi , Wang Jun-Hao , Chang Yunzhen , Zhu Sheng , Bai Lan , Cao Yu , Liang Xuelei , Han Gaoyi
Published: November 2024

An asymmetric imine polymer was obtained by a two-in-one strategy, which shows high selectivity sorting towards semiconductor-SWCNTs and can be removed thoroughly and easily by TFA stimuli.
Facile one-pot synthesis of novel imidates as multifunctional organic fluorescent materials
Authors: Liu Feng-Ting , Wang Shuo , Chen Yong-Shun , Miao Jun-Ying , Zhao Bao-Xiang , Lin Zhao-Min
Published: November 2024

A novel one-pot synthesis of multifunctional organic fluorescent imidates from quinolinium salt derivatives, nitrosoarenes and alcohols was presented. This method had a wide substrate scope and excellent isolated yields.
The thickness-dependent response of aerosol-jet-printed ultrathin high-aspect-ratio electrochemical microactuators
Authors: Zhang Ji , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Kar-Narayan Sohini
Published: November 2024

Using aerosol-jet printing, we fabricate and measure electrochemical microactuators with varying layer thicknesses, exploring how these variations influence their DC response.