bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decoding Consumer Behavior: Predictive Analytics of Social Media Advertising Effectiveness
Authors: Kandula Pradeep
Published: May 2024

In the digital age, social media advertising has become an indispensable tool for marketing. This study investigates the effectiveness of social media advertisements in influencing consumer purchasing decisions. Using a dataset obtained from Kaggle, this analysis incorporates demographic and socio-economic factors—specifically, age, gender, and estimated salary—to predict consumer behavior towards product purchases after exposure to advertisements. Our dataset consists of attributes such as User ID, gender, age, salary, and purchase history. We employed several machine learning classification models including logistic regression, decision trees, random forests, SVM, Naive Bayes, KNN, and Perceptron to identify the most predictive factors and to model purchasing likelihood. Outliers were removed and missing data imputed through statistical methods to ensure data integrity. The highest predictive accuracy was achieved using a Random Forest model with 20 trees, which demonstrated a 95% accuracy rate. This model was integrated into a user-friendly interface developed with Gradio, facilitating real-time predictions. Our findings can assist companies in tailoring their marketing strategies to target demographics most likely to respond positively to advertisements, thereby enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of their marketing campaigns on social platforms. Keywords:- Social Media Advertising, Consumer Behavior, Predictive Analytics, Machine Learning, Classification Algorithms, Random Forest, Marketing Strategy, Purchase Intentions, Data Preprocessing, Gradio Interface.
THE ROLE OF HR IN PROMOTING DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION IN NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION
Authors: SIMRAN SHRUTI
Published: May 2024

In today's globalized and interconnected world, the discourse surrounding diversity and inclusion has become increasingly pertinent, resonating deeply within organizational landscapes worldwide. Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in India, serving as critical agents of social change and development, are no exception to this paradigm shift. As these organizations navigate complex societal challenges, the imperative to foster diversity and inclusion within their ranks emerges as a crucial component of their mission and operational ethos. The burgeoning importance of diversity and inclusion within organizations stems from a recognition of the multifaceted benefits they offer. Beyond mere compliance with legal and ethical standards, embracing diversity encompasses harnessing a wide array of perspectives, experiences, and talents within an organization's workforce. Inclusion, on the other hand, entails creating an environment where every individual feels valued, respected, and empowered to contribute their fullest potential. Together, these principles not only foster innovation and creativity but also enhance organizational performance and competitiveness in an ever-evolving global marketplace.
FACTOR INFLUENCING STOCK PRICE OF BSE AN ANALYSIS OF COMPANY PERFORMANCE MATRICS
Authors: KHAN MOHAMMAD KAIF
Published: May 2024

The factors that affect stock prices on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) need to be understood well by analysts, politicians, and investors. The intricate network of connections between BSE stock prices and metrics for company performance is explored in this research. We evaluate the influence of various performance indicators on stock prices in our research, including EPS, P/E, ROE, and D/E. We find the correlations between stock prices and the aforementioned characteristics by using statistical methods, particularly regression analysis, to a massive dataset that covers many different industries and time periods. To complete the picture, we talk to people who work in the industry and are involved in the market to get their take on the underlying dynamics. Our study's findings demonstrate that BSE stock prices are significantly affected by corporate performance indicators. What this shows is how important it is to use fundamental analysis while making investment decisions. On top of that, we uncover intriguing trends and patterns that investors may utilize to enhance their investing strategies and maximize the performance of their portfolios. This study makes a significant contribution to the current literature on stock market valuation, which stakeholders can use to their advantage as they navigate the ever-changing BSE. A plethora of financial metrics and analysis tools are at your fingertips: stock price, fundamental analysis, ROI, debt-to-equity ratio, stock price, company performance indicators, P/E ratio, stock price, regression analysis, and more.
ENHANCING DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: SHARMA MUDIT
Published: May 2024

In an era marked by rapid technological advancements and shifting consumer behaviors, the realm of marketing has undergone a profound transformation. Digital marketing, in particular, has emerged as a cornerstone of contemporary business strategies, offering unprecedented opportunities for brands to engage with their audiences in a dynamic and personalized manner. In the context of India, a burgeoning economy with a burgeoning digital landscape, the significance of leveraging digital marketing for sustainable growth cannot be overstated. The advent of digital technologies has revolutionized the way businesses interact with consumers, enabling targeted communication, real-time feedback, and unparalleled reach. From social media platforms to search engine optimization, digital channels have provided businesses with a diverse array of tools to connect with their target demographics, regardless of geographical boundaries. In India, where internet penetration is steadily increasing, particularly among the younger demographic, the potential for digital marketing to drive growth and foster sustainability is immense. However, amid the myriad opportunities presented by digital marketing, there exist multifaceted challenges and complexities that demand careful consideration. As businesses navigate the intricacies of the digital landscape, they must grapple with issues such as data privacy, information overload, and the need for authenticity in a cluttered online environment. Moreover, the pursuit of sustainable growth adds another layer of complexity, requiring businesses to balance economic objectives with environmental and social responsibilities. Against this backdrop, this study endeavors to undertake a comprehensive analysis of digital marketing strategies in India, with a specific focus on enhancing sustainability. By synthesizing existing literature, conducting empirical research, and examining industry best practices, this research aims to shed light on the evolving dynamics of digital marketing in the Indian context and identify strategies for driving sustainable growth in this domain. At the heart of this inquiry lies the recognition that sustainable growth is not merely a desirable outcome but a strategic imperative for businesses operating in the digital age. As societal expectations evolve and environmental concerns come to the forefront, businesses are increasingly being called upon to adopt practices that prioritize long-term viability over short-term gains. In the realm of digital marketing, this imperative manifests in various forms, including the adoption of eco-friendly technologies, the promotion of ethical consumerism, and the cultivation of authentic brand narratives.
Adoption Intention of Employees Towards AI in Technology
Authors:   Lovely Professional University
Published: May 2024

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has led to its increasing adoption by businesses, promising transformative changes across various industries. However, despite its potential benefits, many organizations are still in the early stages of AI adoption, grappling with complexities and uncertainties surrounding its integration into operations. Concerns about the future of work, including issues related to data privacy, human value, biases, and transparency, have accompanied the rise of enterprise AI. Nevertheless, there is also optimism regarding AI's potential to enhance decision-making, stakeholder relationships, and innovation. Top management support plays a crucial role in facilitating AI adoption within organizations, with strong leadership seen as essential to overcoming adoption-related challenges. The technology-organizational-environment (TOE) framework provides a useful lens for understanding the adoption of AI within socioenvironmental and technological contexts. Despite significant progress in understanding AI adoption from an organizational perspective, the perspectives of employees remain relatively understudied. This research aims to address this gap by exploring how employees' cognitive and affective attitudes toward AI influence their behavioral responses during the pre-adoption phase. By utilizing the cognitive appraisal theory, this study seeks to uncover the factors shaping employees' attitudes toward AI and their intentions to use or leave organizations. Understanding these dynamics is essential for promoting a conducive environment for AI adoption and fostering creativity and innovation in the workplace. Additionally, this study utilized a Google Form questionnaire to collect data from employees.
THE IMPACT OF REMOTE WORK ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY AND WELL BEING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PRE AND POST COVID 19 ERA
Authors: BHARADWAJ GAURANGI
Published: May 2024

This research investigates the multifaceted effects of remote work on employee productivity and well-being, comparing trends before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Remote work, once a niche practice, became mainstream during the pandemic, prompting a significant shift in work arrangements globally. Drawing upon a diverse range of academic literature, empirical studies, and surveys, this study employs a comparative approach to analyze the impact of remote work. While remote work offers flexibility and eliminates commuting, potentially enhancing productivity, it also poses challenges such as blurred work-life boundaries, home distractions, and communication difficulties. Through synthesizing existing research, this study provides insights into the evolving nature of remote work and its implications for productivity and well- being.
‘Why Don’t You Just Marry A Farmer?’: Barriers and Challenges Experienced
by Women Farm Owners in Georgia
Authors: Green Abby E , Croom Dan B , Sandlin M'Randa R , Scheyett Anna
Published: May 2024

This research explores the resilience of women farm owners
in Georgia amidst societal gender inequality and discrimination. The study identifies
barriers women face as farm owner-operators and strategies they use to overcome these
obstacles. A two-stage interview process focused on participants’ life histories and
reflections on their experiences. The study reveals significant challenges for women in
farming, including gender discrimination, the knowledge required to farm, and the
dichotomy between farming and home responsibilities. Gender discrimination is prevalent,
with women having to prove their legitimacy as farmers. The need to acquire farming
knowledge quickly was another significant barrier. The study aligns with previous
research, underscoring the unique challenges women face in the agriculture industry.
Dermatophytes Isolation from Patients and In-vitro Application of Selected Natural Extracts and Oils for Anti-Dermatophytic Activity
Authors: Akbar Ali , Khan Ghulam Ishaq , Zareen Gul  , Nosheen Akhter  , Haleema Sadia
Published: May 2024

Dermatophytosis, commonly known as ringworm, is caused by a group of fungi termed dermatophytes. It can invade the keratinized tissue of the skin, nails, and hair. Dermatophytosis is classified based on the site of infection, such as tinea pedis, tinea capitis, and tinea unguium. This study was performed at Bolan Medical College Hospital, Quetta, to isolate and identify the infectious agents of dermatophytes related infections in patients following all the codal formalities and ethical procedures. A total of 19 patients' samples were analyzed in the study, where ten samples were positive for infectious agents. The organisms were grown on specified media, such as dermatophytes test medium agar and potato dextrose agar, supplemented with antibiotics. The isolates were preliminary identified with the help of their growth on specific media and finally confirmed with the help of compound microscopic examination. Some common natural compounds, such as apple peel extract (APE), grapes peduncle extract (GPE), propolis oil (PO), and bitter apricot kernel oil (BAKO), were used against the dermatophytes isolates and were found positive for activity against a few isolates. The  APE showed inhibitory activity of 31% against Trichophyton tonsurans and 80% against Epidermophyton flocosum, while the GPE showed 27% and 74%, PO showed 42% and 69%, and BAKO showed 78% and 70% activity against Trichophyton tonsurans and Epidermophyton flocosum, respectively. The bioactive compounds in these extracts were analyzed through Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy.
Unlocking Chickpea Potential: Zinc and Iron Foliar Treatments for Enhanced Growth and Yield
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Khalid Muhammad Uzair , Soomro Mujahid Ali , Panhwar Sajjad Ali , Panhwar Abdul Rauf , Riaz Usman , Iqbal Hafiz Muhammad Waleed , Haq Ibrar ul
Published: May 2024

Chickpea is one of the most important crops of Pakistan. In the current study, the effect of five doses of zinc and iron was investigated on the growth and yield of chickpeas. The treatments include basal dose of 33% ZnSO4@25kg/ha, basal dose of 33% ZnSO4 @50kg/ha, foliar application of Zn @1% solution, foliar application of Zn @ 2% solution for zinc while the iron treatments were basal dose of FeSO4 @25kg/ha, basal dose of FeSO4 @50kg/ha, foliar application of Fe @1% solution, foliar application of Fe @ 2% solution. The experiments were conducted during two growing seasons 2022 and 2023. The results indicated that foliar application of 2% zinc resulted in higher plant height (50.77-50.96 cm), more numbers of branches (16.16-16.18), pods per plant (16.71-16.92), numbers of grains per pod (1.81-1.85) and yield (1466.1-1475.5 kg per ha) compared to control and other treatments. Similarly, foliar application of 1% iron caused a significant increase in plant height (49.86-50.20), number of branches (15.97-16.20), pods per plant (16.81-16.91) and yield (933.56-1011.56 kg per ha).  Therefore, the application of 2% Zn and 1% Fe is recommended to get a higher yield of chickpea.
Development and Evaluation of Ibuprofen-Loaded Glycerin Nanoparticles for Topical Application
Authors: Rehman Gul , Gul Maleeha , Rana Isra , Azhar Farah , Ahsan Hina , Khattak Shahana
Published: May 2024

The aim of this study was to prepare ibuprofen-loaded glycerin nanoparticle (IBU-GNP) based hydrogel for improved antiinflammatory effect. Ibuprofen (IBU) has low oral bioavailability and topical permeability because of poor solubility and transdermal permeability barriers. Glycerin nanoparticles (GNPs) are emerging nanotechnology for solubility improvement with the help of glycerin. Precipitation technique was opted to prepare IBU-GNPs, and the prepared nanoparticles (NPs) were subjected to appropriate in-vitro characterization techniques. IBU-GNPs revealed a uniform average diameter of 492.9 ± 44.2 nm. IBU-GNPs were formulated in hydrogel dosage form for topical application using carbopol 934 (2% w/v). Physical characterization, in-vitro release, and in-vivo antiinflammatory study in comparison to marketed IBU gel was performed for IBU-GNP hydrogel. The in-vitro drug release data revealed quick and sustained release behavior, which best fit the Higuchi model and followed Fickian diffusion as the release mechanism. IBU-GNP hydrogel rapidly lowered inflammation induced by carrageenan, followed by a sustained antiinflammatory activity, confirming an in vitro release pattern.
Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Diacerein Microspheres Using Ethyl-cellulose as Rate Retarding Agent
Authors: Dar Mamoona , Shah Kifayat Ullah , Ghori Fareeha Khalid , Akhtar Ayesha , Arshad Shumaila , Bashir Sajid
Published: May 2024

Diacerein is a newly developed anti-inflammatory drug that is chemically and pharmacologically different from NSAIDs. Diacerein is poorly soluble in water and possesses a slower dissolution rate. The development of Diacerein microspheres improved the aqueous solubility and the drug dissolution rate. Similarly, Diacerein microspheres enabled us to control the drug's release rate and minimize the dosing frequency. The solvent evaporation method prepared diacerein microspheres using ethyl cellulose and hydroxyl propyl cellulose as encapsulation material. In this study, six different formulations were prepared using different proportions of ethyl cellulose, and two formulations encompassing different combinations of ethyl cellulose and hydroxyl propyl cellulose were prepared. Different proportions of gelatin were used as emulsifying agents. The formulated microspheres were evaluated through FTIR, SEM, %age yield, chemical assay, release kinetics, in vitro dissolution studies, and entrapment efficiency. FTIR spectra depicted that there was no drug-to-polymer interaction. SEM confirmed the spherical nature of microspheres, and the drug entrapment efficiency was 89%. Our study demonstrates that microspheres could be a suitable technique to formulate DCN sustained release formulation.
Association of UGT1A1 Genetic Variants with Increases in Bilirubin Levels
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

For patients that are intolerant or resistant to the disease-modifying-antirheumatic-drugs (DMARDS) or suffer from mild to moderate rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a human monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin (IL)-6Rα called Sarilumab is approved for use. Patients who are given Sarilumab are reported to have mild abnormalities in the AST/ALT levels. Lin and colleagues performed a genome-wide investigation into the elevated levels of bilirubin in patients suffering from RA and are being administered Sarilumab. DNA samples of 1075 patients were subjected to exome sequencing and genotyping. Their findings reveal that maximum elevations in bilirubin levels are associated with variants of the UGT1A1 gene (rs4148325; p = 2.88 × 10−41) but ALT/AST elevations harbored no such association. Other independent loci failed to have any associations in Sarilumab prescribed patients having bilirubin elevations. The authors argue that variants of the UGT11 gene are associated with bilirubin increase in RA patients taking Sarilumab. Pharmacogenomics J. 2022 May;22(3):160-165.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with the Safety and Efficacy of Anti-Gout Medications
Authors: Ahmed Manzoor , Nikoui Vahid , Imran Hiba
Published: May 2024

Gout has become more widespread during the last few decades. Gout is a kind of inflammatory arthritis that is accompanied by sporadic pain, inflammation, and swelling within joints as a result of the accretion of monosodium urate crystals. The global incidence of gout has mounted in developed countries and it has afflicted particular ethnic groups, for instance, South Pacific Island populations. Hyperuricemia, manifested by an amplified serum urate, is the key predictor of gout. The optimum concentration of serum urate is less than 6.8 mg/dl, whereas individuals with hyperuricemia have a serum urate of over 6.8 mg/dl. The effective treatment of gout is relative to the type of gout. Nevertheless, controlling the level of serum urate is central to effective gout management. Anti-inflammatory drugs are available to mitigate acute flares and inhibit inflammation. Additionally, urate-lowering therapies are available to dissolve crystals and avert gout flares. Genomic and experimental data suggest that genetic variants linked to gout disease are of pharmacogenetic relevance. Pharmacogenetics’ function in anticipating responses and adverse outcomes to gout therapy is of keen importance. In this study, we summarize the progression of gout disease, the complications of contemporary gout therapy, and the relationship between genetic variations and therapeutic outcomes of certain drugs used in the management of Gout.
Cytochrome P450 2C19*2 Genetic Polymorphism in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Hasan Fawad , Khan Zahid , Mahmood ul Hassan Dr Mahmood ul Hassan
Published: May 2024

This study was designed to determine the association of CP2C19*2 loss of function polymorphism with acute coronary syndrome patients receiving clopidogrel. After getting informed consent signed by the participants, 5ml of intravenous blood was collected from 112 acute coronary syndrome patients and 105 healthy controls. CYP2C19*2 genetic polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The frequency of CP2C19*2 heterozygous GA was 38.3%, homozygous (wild type) GG was 58.7% and homozygous (mutant) AA was 3.4% in patients while in control subjects the frequency of heterozygous GA was 29.5%, homozygous GG was 59.0% and homozygous AA was 11.4% (p= 0.3513, OR 1.2927, 95% CI 0.75-2.21). The result shows no statistical significance in terms of the distribution of this genetic polymorphism between acute coronary syndrome patients and control individuals. These results suggest that the CYP2C19*2 loss of function polymorphism is not associated with acute coronary syndrome in this Pakistani cohort
Prediction of Toxicities Induced by Sorafenib and Regorafenib
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

Currently, no biomarkers are available for detecting toxicities induced by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Quintanilha and colleagues employed a discovery-validation approach to identify the markers of toxicities induced by these agents. A total of 140 cancer patients treated with Sorafenib (TARGET) were genotyped for 56 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A separate cohort of 201 sorafenib-treated patients was tested for associations between grade ≥2 toxicities and the most significant SNPs. Specific SNPs displayed an association with composite toxicities, dermatological toxicities, diarrhea, and grade ≥2 hypertension. The association with grade ≥2 toxicities with the validated SNP was further investigated in 82 (Italian cohort) and 107 (LCCC 1029) patients administered regorafenib. Logistic regressions were employed to elucidate SNP-toxicity associations, followed by a meta-analysis of the conducted research for inverse variance. The results demonstrated that the presence of SNPs in KDR increased the risk of grade ≥2 composite toxicities in TARGET patients. In the Italian cohort, toxicities were associated with the variant rs4864950. Thus, their studies identified a predictor of VEGF TKI-induced toxicities. The Pharmacogenomics Journal (2022) DOI: 10.1038/s41397-022-00279-3.
Anti-TNF-α Treatment Response in Ankylosing Spondylitis Depends on Gut Microbiota
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

Multiple auto-immune diseases are caused by dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. One such condition is ankylosing spondylitis which is treated using tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. It is well known that normal flora of the GI tract interacts with endogenous TNF-α.  Quinghong and associates aimed to investigate the gut microbiome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis that have been administered TNF-α blockers and subsequently identify essential bacteria involved. From 24 ankylosing spondylitis patients and 11 healthy volunteers, fecal samples were analyzed for microbiota profiling using bioinformatic tools and 16S ribosomal DNA amplicons before and after treatment with TNF-α inhibitors. The gut flora profiles of the patients and the healthy controls differed significantly, with a drastically lower amount of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria observed in the former. Post-anti-TNF α treatment, the patients of ankylosing spondylitis exhibited a positive response where rescue of gut microbiota was seen compared to healthy volunteers. SCFA-producing bacteria- Megamonsa and Lachnoclostridium were significantly lower. Moreover, a negative correlation with disease severity was also observed. Haemophilus and Bacilli, however, may promote disease onset and severity. The investigators, therefore, concluded that gut microbiome, especially SCFA-producing bacteria, can be restored using TNF-α inhibitors in patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis Pharmacogenet Genomics (2022) DOI: 10.1097/FPC.0000000000000468.
Genetic Variation in OPRK1 Gene and Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Staff Editorial
Published: May 2024

The OPRK gene encodes the kappa opioid receptor, which is involved in modulating the effects of opioids in the brain. Polymorphisms in the OPRK1 gene have been investigated for their potential association with opioid use disorder (OUD) and related phenotypes. OUD refers to a problematic pattern of opioid use characterized by a loss of control over use, craving, and negative consequences. To evaluate the association between OPRK1 rs963549 and rs997917 and opioid use disorder (OUD) and related phenotypes, Özkan-Kotiloğlu  et al conducted a study.
A sample of 208 individuals with (n = 100) and without (n = 108) OUD were enrolled. OPRK1 rs963549 and rs997917 were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Craving, opioid withdrawal, and the intensity of depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured by the appropriate scales.  OPRK1 rs963549 variation showed a trend of association with decreased opioid withdrawal. No significant associations were found between OPRK1 rs963549 and rs997917 polymorphisms and craving, depression or anxiety symptoms. Neither single OPRK1 SNPs nor OPRK1 haplotypes were associated with OUD. Their results could be useful for treatment failures of individuals who experience greater opioid withdrawal due to their OPRK1 rs963549 genotypes. Pharmacogenomics. 2023 May 11.  doi: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0037. Online ahead of print.
Investigation of the Association of GATM Gene Polymorphisms with Statin-Induced Myopathy
Authors: Hussain Arif , Zakria Muhammad , Tariq Shafiq Ahmed , Abdul Rauf Muhammad , Ahmad Jamil , Fawad Rasool Muhammad , Ali Iftikhar
Published: May 2024

Statins are one of the mainstay medicines for treating hyperlipidemia. The effect of statins can extend beyond their direct role in cholesterol transport to anti-inflammatory and plaque stabilization in coronary artery disease (CAD).  Statins are known to reduce low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by up to 55%, which can inadvertently reduce the risk of cardiac events in patients. Strong clinical profile notwithstanding, statins are notorious for their muscle-related adverse effects. Some variations in genes such as glycine amidinotransferase (GATM) have been implicated in this side effect; however, the reports are not all congruent. In the current study, a prospective cohort design was used to establish both drug efficacy and the incidence of muscle-rated adverse reactions in patients receiving atorvastatin and rosuvastatin. The muscle adverse effects were recorded using the “Statin Associated Muscle Symptoms-Clinical Index” (SAMS-CI) tool. Drug plasma levels were recorded using LC-MS, and GATM rs9806699 was genotype using direct Sanger sequencing. A binary logistic model was used to determine the association between genotypes and the incidence of muscle symptoms, whereas stepwise linear regression was used to determine the association between plasma concentration, genetics, and muscle symptoms. Among 130 enrolled patients, 97(74.62%) received rosuvastatin 10 mg (once daily), and 33 (25.38%) received atorvastatin 20 mg (once daily). A total of 26 patients reported adverse drug reactions according to the SAMS-CI. The genotype frequency of GATM rs9806699-GG was 45.74%, whereas the heterozygous genotype (AG) was 34(36.17%), and the AA genotype was 18.09%. There was no significant difference found between the plasma concentrations of both rosuvastatin and atorvastatin among GATM rs9806699 genotypes. Despite the high incidence of muscular adverse effects, there was no significant association between GATM genotypes and SAMS.
Role of Microbiome in Personalized Medicine
Authors: Siraj Sami
Published: May 2024

The human microbiome, which consists of trillions of microorganisms residing in and on the human body, plays a significant role in personalized medicine. The microbiome has been recognized as a critical factor influencing various aspects of health and disease, and its consideration in personalized medicine is expanding.  Factors such as genetics, diet, environment, and lifestyle contribute to the unique microbial profile of each person. Therefore, the microbiome varies between individuals in terms of its composition and diversity.
The microbiome can influence drug metabolism and response. Some drugs undergo biotransformation by gut bacteria, affecting the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the drugs. Understanding an individual's microbiome may help predict and optimize drug responses. The microbiome also plays a crucial role in shaping the immune system. Imbalances or dysbiosis in the microbiome have been linked to various immune-related disorders. Considering the microbiome in the development of immunotherapies and treatments for autoimmune diseases would help in developing personalized medicine.
The bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis, is influenced by the microbiome. The gut microbiome may impact neurological conditions, mental health, and even responses to certain medications. Personalized approaches may consider the gut-brain axis in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Similarly, alterations in the microbiome have been associated with various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer.
An individual's unique microbiome is crucial when designing personalized dietary recommendations. The microbiome influences metabolism, nutrient absorption, and overall health. Microbial biomarkers are being explored for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. The identification of specific microbial signatures associated with certain conditions may aid in personalized diagnostics and treatment planning.
Personalized medicine can help develop microbiome-targeted therapies, such as fecal microbiota transplantation or probiotics, to restore a healthy microbial balance in individuals with dysbiosis-related conditions. Computational models that integrate genetic, clinical, and microbiome data can be used to predict an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or response to specific treatments. These models contribute to more precise and individualized medical care.
The microbiome is an integral component of personalized medicine, influencing drug responses, immune function, and disease risk. Integrating microbiome data into personalized healthcare approaches has the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, treatment efficacy, and overall health outcomes for individuals. However, several challenges remain including the complexity of microbial interactions and the need for standardized methodologies. Ethical considerations, including privacy issues related to microbiome data, also need attention in the context of personalized medicine.
Pharmacogenomic Variants Affecting Statins Response in Sri Lanka
Authors: Staff Editorial
Published: May 2024

Pharmacogenomic variants can influence the efficacy and toxicity of statins, which are commonly prescribed medications for managing cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. Statins work by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis. Ranasinghe and colleagues investigated the diversity of pharmacogenetic variants of statins among Sri Lankans.  They compared the minor allele frequencies (MAFs) of 426 Sri Lankans with other populations. They observed the following MAFs in common genes usually associated with statins response and toxicity.  The MAF of SLCO1B1*5 (rs4149056 [T>C]) was 18.19% (95% CI: 14.53-21.85),  MAFs of CYP2C9*2 (rs1799853 [C>T]) and CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910 [A>C]) were 2.58% (95% CI: 1.08-4.08) and 10.30% (95% CI: 7.75-13.61), respectively, MAFs of rs2231142 (G>T) (ABCG2), rs7412 (C>T) (APOE) and rs20455 (A>G) (KIF6) variants were 10.68% (95% CI: 7.76-13.60), 3.52% (95% CI: 1.77-5.27) and 50.7% (95% CI: 45.96-55.45), respectively. They found the frequency of two variants higher in the Sri Lankan population compared to the Western and other Asian populations (rs20455 (A>G), CYP2C9*3 (A>C) and SLCO1B1*5 (T>C)). They concluded that genetic polymorphisms affecting efficacy of statins (KIF6 [rs20455], CYP2C9*3) and increased risk of statin-induced myotoxicity (SLCO1B1*5 and CYP2C9*3) were prevalent in higher frequencies among Sri Lankans compared with Western populations. Pharmacogenomics. 2023 Oct;24(15):809-819.  doi: 10.2217/pgs-2023-0149.
Editor's Summaries of the Articles Published in This Issue of Precision Medicine Communications
Authors: Staff Editorial
Published: May 2024

In this issue, Shah and colleagues reviewed and discussed the pharmacogenetics of tacrolimus in solid organ transplant patients, Ullah and colleagues performed a meta-analysis on the association of GABRG2 rs211037 gene polymorphism with epilepsies and pharmacoresistance to anti-epileptic drugs, Mansoor and colleagues carried out an integrative investigation for the prioritization of candidate genes and unveiled their interaction with celecoxib for targeted therapeutic applications, Nimra and Robab reviewed the pharmacogenomics of Leukemia for unlocking personalized treatment strategies, Hussain and colleagues investigated the association of GATM gene polymorphism with statin-induced myopathy.
Melissa Officinalis and Essential Hypertension
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

For long plants and herbs have been used to treat cardiovascular diseases and Melissa officinalis (M. officinalis) Is one of those plants. However, there is no conclusive evidence for the effects of the plant on both systolic and diastolic blood pressures in hypertensive patients. Shekarriz and colleagues performed a double-blind cross-over clinical trial with 49 hypertensive patients given either placebo or capsules of the plant (400mg/d) thrice a day for a week. The blood pressure was measured at baseline once and then biweekly for 2.5 months. Their findings revealed that both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced in patients given M. officinalis compared to the placebo. Moreover, no drastic adverse effects were observed. Hence, they conclude that in patients with primary hypertension, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures can be significantly decreased by M. officinalis. Phytother Res. 2021 Dec;35(12):6883-6892.
Natural Sources of Inhibition of Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Fayed Marwa A.A. , Islam Waheed Ul , Bangash Muhammad Hanif
Published: May 2024

Platelets are central in mediating cardiovascular diseases including thrombosis. Aggregation of platelets is an important process following the adhesion of platelets to the injury site which may lead to the formation of a thrombus. Various aspects of platelet activation and aggregation could be modulated with compounds or fractions isolated from natural sources. This review summarizes these natural sources of inhibition against one of the most relevant physiological and pathological platelet agonists-adenosine diphosphate. Reported literature on the subject is further explored to discuss phytocompounds isolated from crude extracts or polarity-based fractions. Structures of the active compounds and their structure-activity relationship are also discussed.
Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Icarisid II Improves Cognition
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

Reestablishing the impaired neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients can lead to improved cognitive function. Xiao and colleagues investigated whether the natural product icarisid II (ICS II) which possesses strong neuroprotective properties can restore physiological neurogenesis in APP/PS1 mice. After oral administration of ICS II, APP/PS1 mice showed hippocampal neuronal generation alongside the activation Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway as exhibited by the stimulation of Wnt-3a, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β) and β-catenin. Their data also showed inhibition of phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1 (p-Drp), mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), and mitochondrial fission 1 protein (Fis1). However, upregulation of Mitofusin 1 (Mfn 1) and Mitofusin (Mfn 2) suggested a depression in mitochondrial fission. These effects of ICS II were canceled by XAV-939. a Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor. The authors concluded that ICS II can mitigate mitochondrial fission through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and alleviate cognitive damage through neurogenesis in an AD mouse model. Phytother Res. 2022 May;36(5):2095-2108.
Amelioration of Liver Fibrosis by Pharbitis nil Through TGFβ1-SMAD2/3 Pathway
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

In the regions of Eastern Asia, traditional remedies of the seeds of the medicinal herb Choisy, scientifically known as Pharbitis nil (L.) have been used to treat hepatic diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and obesity. In chronic inflammatory hepatic disorders such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis of the liver is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. However, efficacious pharmaceutical products to treat liver fibrosis are awaiting approval. Jung and colleagues investigated whether alleviation of hepatic fibrosis is possible with Pharbitis nil ethanolic extract (PNE). Two different pre-clinical models were used in this investigation. C57BL/6 male mice that were 6 weeks old were given CCl4 as intraperitoneal injections two times a week for 6 weeks after which they were subjected to daily administration of 5 or 10 mg/kg PNE from the third week onwards. For 41 weeks the mice were given a high-fat diet (HFD) and at week 35 they were given 5mg/kg PNE every day for the final 6 weeks. The antifibrotic effects of PNE were further evaluated in primary mouse hepatic stellate cells and LX-2 cells. In both CCl4-treated mice and mice subjected to HFD, PNE successfully mitigated liver fibrosis, inflammation, and hepatic necrosis as well as inhibited the liver fibrosis progression. Reduced levels of fibrosis markers such as SMAD2/3 activations in mouse livers and in TGFβ1-treated primary mouse hepatic stellate and LX-2 cells show that PNE attenuates liver fibrosis by downregulating TGFβ1-induced SMAD2/3 activation. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Aug 10;294:115370.
Artemisia Argyi Extract Uses PI3K/MAPK Signaling to Induce Apoptosis in Human Gemcitabine-Resistant Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

Artemisia argyi H. Lév. & Vaniot (Asteraceae), also called "Chinese mugwort,” is frequently used as a herbal medicine in China, Japan, Korea, and eastern parts of Russia. It is termed “ai ye” and “Gaiyou” in China and Japan, respectively. It was an ancient Chinese practice that before Tomb-sweeping day, the leaves of A. argyi be consumed. Renal and Hepatic pathologies and conditions such as hepatitis, asthma, sinusitis, irregular menstrual cycles, and inflammatory syndromes were all treated by this plant. Although A. argyi extract (AAE) has demonstrated antineoplastic potential, the mechanisms by which this is achieved in lung cancer are yet to be known. Su et al. used CL1-0 parent and gemcitabine-resistant (CL1-0-GR) lung cancer cells to investigate the underlying mechanisms of AAE’s anti-tumor effects. In CL1-0 and CL1-0-GR cells, a significantly decreased cell viability and induction of apoptosis were observed after AAE treatment. AAE-induced apoptosis was found to be regulated via the PI3K/AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways. AAE also prevented CL1-0 and CL1-0-GR cancer cell invasion, migration, colony formation, and spheroid formation. In addition, AAE acted cooperatively with commercial chemotherapy drugs to enhance tumor spheroid shrinkage. Their study provides the first evidence that A. argyi treatment suppresses both parent and gemcitabine-resistant lung cancer cells by inducing ROS, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and apoptosis. Their findings provide insights into the anti-cancer activity of A. argyi and suggest that the plant may serve as a chemotherapy adjuvant that potentiates the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. J Ethnopharmacol (2022) DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115658.
Editor's Summaries of the Articles Published in This Issue of Phytopharmacological Communications
Authors: Editorial Staff
Published: May 2024

In this issue, Afzal and colleagues investigated the diuretic potential of diosmetin, a flavonoid from Citrus lemon, in the Sprague-Dawley rat model; Hafsa et al. reviewed natural remedies for gout and highlighted the importance of medicinal plants as a safe alternative to current conventional therapies against gout, Saghir and colleagues investigated the antispasmodic and antidiarrheal effect of Hippeastrum puniceum and elucidated their mechanism of action, Naseer et al., investigated, n-hexane fraction of Conyza bonariensis's  (CB) for its cytotoxic property, Jahanabadi and colleagues compiled and reviewed the medicinal plants with anti-colic activities, while Ahmed and Zahid reviewed and discussed natural remedies for the treatment of diabetes Mellitus.
Kaempferol Promotes Lung Cancer Cell Autophagy
Authors: Staff Editorial
Published: May 2024

Autophagy is a cellular process involved in the degradation and recycling of cellular components, and it plays a complex role in cancer. In the context of lung cancer, including lung cell cancer, the relationship between autophagy and cancer is multifaceted and can vary depending on the specific circumstances. Wang and colleagues investigated the molecular mechanism by which kaempferol (from Hedyotis diffusa) promotes autophagy in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Their results suggest that kaempferol significantly inhibits NSCLC cell proliferation. Kaempferol also caused NSCLC cell death by promoting NSCLC cell autophagy. Their experiments reveal that both protein and mRNA expression of Met was significantly inhibited. They also observed the inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These results were validated by the overexpression of Met which resulted in the reversal of kaempferol effects on NSCLC cell viability and cell autophagy. They concluded that Kaempferol exerts its anti-NSCLC effect by promoting NSCLC cell autophagy which involves Met and its downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 2023 Dec:121:155090.  doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155090.
Frequency of Low Back Pain and Its Related Functional Disability in Security Guards
Authors: Javaid Sadaf , Khan Maha , Mustafa Muhammad
Published: May 2024

Security guards are integral to many organizations today, especially in Pakistan. However, there is not much research done to discover the health problems associated with the nature of their Job. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in security guards in two cities in Pakistan. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed that included male and female security guards who were residents of Islamabad, and Dera Ghazi Khan, aged between 20 and 60 years. A convenience sampling technique was used for sampling, and a total of 580 participants responded to a structured questionnaire after signing the consent form. Feedback was collected hand to hand, and the statistical analysis was done on SPSS V20. The results show that the prevalence of LBP was 74.4% in Islamabad and 65.5% in Dera Ghazi Khan. Out of the total 580 participants (290 participants from Islamabad and 290 participants from Dera Ghazi Khan), 406 participants claimed to experience LBP once, with an overall prevalence of 70.12%. Prolonged standing was the most common aggravating factor other than prolonged sitting and lying. In addition to LBP, pain in other body parts was also reported, including the knee (52.2%), shoulder (14.1%), foot (10.1%), wrist (0.17%), and neck (0.74%). We concluded that the frequency of LBP and relative functional disabilities are higher in security guards due to job ergonomics and prolonged standing.
Preparation of cholesterol-imprinted polymer for selective adsorption of cholesterol from gastrointestinal mimicking solution
Authors: KARAKOÇ VEYİS , ERÇAĞ EROL
Published: May 2024

The purpose of this study is to synthesize a highly selective adsorbent to remove cholesterol, one of the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases, from the intestinal mimic solution (IMS). For this purpose, cholesterol imprinted polymers were synthesized by suspension polymerization method using the molecular imprinting technique. In the first step, the functional monomer MATyr with hydrophobic character was synthesized. Then, the cholesterol-MATyr monomer precomplex was formed and the polymerization process was carried out by adding cross-linkers with the comonomer HEMA. The synthesized polymer poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-tyrosine methylester) poly(HEMA–MATyr) was characterized by FTIR and SEM. The cholesterol adsorbing behavior of the synthesized poly(HEMA–MATyr) microbeads adsorbent was investigated at different initial concentrations, different temperatures, and adsorption times. The maximum adsorption capacity of microbeads was determined as 56.67 mg/g at a concentration of 2.5 mg/L. The amount of cholesterol adsorbed in the IMS was found as 83.07 mg/g polymer, which indicates that 92% of the cholesterol in the medium was adsorbed. The selectivity behavior of the cholesterol imprinted polymer was carried out with the stigmasterol and estradiol molecules, which are similar in structure, molecular weight, and character to the cholesterol molecule. The chol-imprinted polymeric beads were 21.38 and 10.08 fold more selective for cholesterol compared to estradiol and stigmasterol steroids used as competitor agents respectively. Kinetic and isotherm calculations of the synthesized cholesterol imprinted polymer were made and reusability experiments were carried out.
Metodología de educación al aire libre para el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico-matemático en preparatoria
Authors: Pérez Minchala Nancy Jacqueline
Published: May 2024

La educación al aire libre se presenta como una metodología activa dentro del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, debido a que permite a los estudiantes integrar sus actividades diarias con la naturaleza y el entendimiento del entorno en el que se desenvuelven. El objetivo del estudio es desarrollar una propuesta de intervención en educación infantil para niños de 5 a 6 años donde se vincula el pensamiento lógico-matemática, la naturaleza y el juego efectuando un acercamiento al medio ambiente y a su entorno. La metodología se basa en el enfoque cualitativo mediante un diseño documental y la observación. La muestra se conformó de 19 estudiantes de 5 a 6 años que asisten a una unidad educativa ubicada en una zona rural de la provincia del Azuay. Se diseñó una propuesta metodológica de 7 sesiones en el que incluye una planificación con diferentes actividades de acuerdo al nivel educativo. En las conclusiones se expone que la educación al aire libre permite dinamizar el aprendizaje, dentro de ello fortalecer el pensamiento lógico-matemático y varias habilidades necesarias para un desarrollo integral.