bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WAVE PREDICTIONS AT THE SITE OF A WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION ARRAY
Authors: Oskamp Jeffrey A , Özkan-Haller H Tuba
Published: October 2012

The SWAN spectral wave model was applied to a domain along the coast of Oregon State, USA with the purpose of establishing a better understanding of wave conditions at a location which has been proposed for the installation of an array of Wave Energy Converters (WECs). The model uses the directional spectrum measured at a nearby NDBC (National Data Buoy Center) buoy as input and in situ measurements of waves at the proposed WEC location for model validation. It was found that wind -wave generation and bottom friction were not significant over the domain between the NDBC buoy and the WEC site (domain size was 30km in the cross-shore and 230km in the along-shore directions). The predicted wave heights at the WEC location compared favorably to the in situ data wave heights with rms error of ~10 percent. It is suggested that some of this error may arise from the offshore boundary condition where the waves are assumed to be along-shore uniform. Future work is proposed to address this issue. Future work will also include modeling in two other domains, one very small domain to resolve individual WECs and a domain between the WECs and the shore to assess the impact of WECs on the coastline.
WAVE-FLUME EXPERIMENTS OF DISSIPATING WAVES ON SOFT MUD
Authors: Soltanpour Mohsen , Samsami Farzin , Sorourian Soroush
Published: October 2012

A series of laboratory wave-flume experiments was conducted to investigate the dissipation of monochromatic regular waves on a horizontal muddy bed of commercial kaolinite. The rheological parameters of kaolinite samples with different water content ratios were obtained from controlled shear rate tests using the rheometer. The flow curves of shear stress versus shear rate were found to be essentially Bingham viscoplastic medium for steady unidirectional mud flows of the rheological tests. Assuming Bingham behavior for kaolinite, a wave-mud interaction model was employed to obtain the values of the wave attenuation coefficients. Comparisons between the measured and simulated results show a good agreement.
REVISITING THE JONSWAP BOTTOM FRICTION FORMULATION
Authors: Vledder Gerbrant van , Zijlema Marcel , Holthuijsen Leo
Published: October 2012

The derivation of the JONSWAP bottom friction for wind-driven seas is revisited. This is motivated by the fact that
in the literature two different values for the corresponding coefficient are recommended, one value applicable for
swell conditions and a significantly higher value for wind-driven sea conditions. The value applicable for winddriven
seas was originally determined by Bouws and Komen (1983) who studied the source term balance of a
remarkably stationary storm in shallow water. We used a more accurate interpretation of these observations by
hindcasting this storm with the third-generation wave model SWAN. In addition, we compare wave model results
with measurements in the Wadden Sea and with parametric growth curves, some of which were obtained in Lake
George, Australia. The results strongly suggest that the lower bottom friction value of Cb=0.038 m2s-3 is applicable
for both wind-sea and swell conditions.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF WAVE PENETRATION IN OSTEND HARBOUR
Authors: Stratigaki Vasiliki , Vanneste Dieter , Troch Peter , Gysens Stefaan , Willems Marc
Published: October 2012

The initial Ostend harbour entrance at the North Sea coast of Belgium is being modified and extended with two new rubble-mound breakwaters. Through an integrated study of the wave penetration in Ostend harbour, the waves are being acquired by prototype measurements and physical and numerical modelling is carried out. Two numerical models are used. SimWave is a numerical model based on Nwogu's extended Boussinesq equations. The second numerical model is MILDwave, a mild-slope wave propagation model based on the equations of Radder and Dingemans. The present study concentrates on applications of the numerical models, throughout the different design stages and construction phases of the new breakwaters.
GLOBAL ERROR CONTROL AND CPU-TIME MINIMIZATION IN DETERMINISTIC WAVE MODELS EXEMPLIFIED BY A FAST CONVOLUTION-TYPE MODEL
Authors: Schäffer Hemming Andreas
Published: October 2012

The convolution-type approach to deterministic wave modeling is briefly reviewed including both continuous and discrete formulations for the case of linear waves in one horizontal dimension (1DH). The associated discrete dispersion relation is presented and shown to accurately predict results of numerical simulations. This provides a tool for global error control and it is suggested that a similar approach is adopted for other deterministic wave models preferably along with a procedure for minimizing computational times while adhering to specified error tolerances. The discretization scheme for the 1DH convolution uses direct impulse-response-function sampling on a staggered grid. The explanation for the high accuracy of this approach is established and it is shown that the advantage does not carry over to the case of 2DH. This calls for an entirely different method and it is sketched how a weighted least squares technique in wavenumber space might provide a satisfactory alternative in 2DH. For variable depth this approach involves a slight distortion of physical space in order to retain a wavenumber-space formulation that resembles that of constant depth.
SPECTRAL WAVE MODELLING IN TIDAL INLET SEAS: RESULTS FROM THE SBW WADDEN SEA PROJECT
Authors: Van Dongeren Ap , Van der Westhuysen Andre , Groeneweg Jacco , Van Vledder Gerbrant , Lansen Joost , Smale Alfons , Gautier Caroline , Peters Herman , Wenneker Ivo
Published: October 2012

Over the last five years a research program has been carried out to assess the performance of the spectral wave model SWAN in the Wadden Sea so that it may be used for the transformation of offshore wave conditions to wave boundary conditions near the sea defenses (dikes and dunes). The assessment was done on the basis of extensive wave measurements conducted in Ameland inlet and the Dutch Eastern Wadden Sea, as well as relevant data from lakes and estuaries. After a first round of assessment, we found that SWAN performed reasonably well for storm conditions but three aspects required further attention. Firstly, focusing on the main channel, SWAN formulations needed to be modified in order to eliminate overprediction of the significant wave height in opposing currents. Secondly, the primary spectral peak of North Sea waves penetrating into the inlet was underpredicted. Best results were obtained when the refraction of low-frequency waves was limited and the bottom friction coefficient was set at a lower value than the current default for wind seas. Thirdly, over the tidal flats the computed ratio of integral wave height over water depth showed an apparent upper limit using the conventional Battjes and Janssen (1978) depth-limited wave breaking formulation, because the wave growth over finite depth is hampered by the present formulation of depth-induced wave breaking. The problem has been solved using a new breaker formulation. All these improvements have lead to a wave transformation model with which reliable wave conditions in the Wadden Sea and related complex areas can be determined.
IMPROVED MODELLING OF WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION IN SWAN
Authors: Van der Westhuysen Andre Jaco
Published: October 2012

Recent hindcast studies in the Amelander Zeegat tidal inlet in the Dutch Wadden Sea have shown the significant influence of currents on the prediction of wave fields by the spectral wave model SWAN. In following current, observations are typically well reproduced, but under strong opposing current, wave heights are significantly overestimated. Ris and Holthuijsen (1996) propose that such overestimations are due to insufficient steepness dissipation of waves on an opposing current gradient. The present paper presents a new formulation for the enhanced dissipation of waves on a counter current gradient which is scaled with the degree of Doppler shifting, and hence steepness increase, due to the current. This expression contains one additional unknown parameter, which is calibrated using laboratory observations. This formulation is suitable for both mature wave fields and young wind sea conditions. Application of this enhanced dissipation term to a data set of Amelander Zeegat field cases shows an improvement for opposing current situations in the tidal channel. For following current, no significant deterioration of results is found. In particular, the results for the young wind sea on the tidal flats are not significantly affected, unlike with the Ris and Holthuijsen (1996) expression.
IMPROVEMENT OF BOTTOM BOUNDARY LAYERS MODELING UNDER INTERACTIONS OF WAVE AND WAVE-INDUCED CURRENT
Authors: Zheng Jinhai , Zhang Chi , Wang Yigang , Demirbilek Zeki
Published: October 2012

The bottom boundary layer characteristics beneath waves transforming on a natural beach are specifically affected both by wave and wave-induced current. This study presents an improved approach for coastal bottom boundary layers modeling under interactions of wave and wave-induced current. The improvement is achieved by formulating the mean horizontal pressure gradient term in the boundary layer equation with wave parameters and mean water level. This formulation represents the balance between the wave excess momentum flux gradient and the hydrostatic pressure gradient in a spatially transforming wave field, accounting for the effect of the wave-induced cross-shore current. Model is validated with experimental data for normally incident shoaling wave over a sloping bed. Calculated results agree well with data for instantaneous velocity profiles, wave oscillating amplitudes and mean velocity profiles. In particular, model reasonably reproduces the observed local onshore mean flow near the bottom beneath shoaling wave. It is revealed that the proposed formulation of the mean horizontal pressure gradient plays an important role in bottom boundary layer modeling under wave transforming over an variable near-shore bathymetry, and that the present model can be conveniently and reliably coupled with a sediment transport model to study coastal processes in engineering applications.
APPLICATION OF LES-STOCHASTIC TWO-WAY MODEL TO TWO-PHASE BOUNDARY LAYER FLOWS
Authors: Watanabe Yasunori , Mitobe Yuta , Niida Yasuo , Saruwatari Ayumi
Published: October 2012

A particle / turbulence two-way coupling model, integrated with conventional stochastic and sub-grid stress models of three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulation (LES), has been applied to the particle-laden turbulent flow in a wave boundary layer developed over seabed with the aim to understand dynamic effects of the particle size and number density to the suspension process in shearing flow over the seabed. While the particle size affects local velocity fluctuations, the particle population significantly induces secondary large-scale flows varying over a scale of the wavelength, and intensifies the turbulent energy near the bed. The particle-induced turbulence may result in additional suspension from the bed, causing a recursive suspension process via the particle turbulence interaction in the boundary layer.
WAKE EFFECTS BEHIND A FARM OF WAVE ENERGY CONVERTERS FOR IRREGULAR LONG-CRESTED AND SHORT-CRESTED WAVES
Authors: Troch Peter , Beels Charlotte , De Rouck Julien , De Backer Griet
Published: October 2012

The contribution of wave energy to the renewable energy supply is rising. To extract a considerable amount of wave power, Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are arranged in several rows or in a 'farm'. WECs in a farm are interacting (e.g. the presence of other WECs influence the operational behaviour of a single WEC) and the overall power absorption is affected. In this paper wake effects in the lee of a single WEC and multiple WECs of the overtopping type, where the water volume of overtopped waves is first captured in a basin above mean sea level and then drains back to the sea through hydro turbines, are studied using the time-dependent mild-slope equation model MILDwave. The wake behind a single WEC is investigated for long-crested and short-crested incident waves. The wake becomes wider for larger wave peak periods. An increasing directional spreading results in a faster wave regeneration and a shorter wake behind the WEC. The wake in the lee of multiple WECs is calculated for two different farm lay-outs, i.e. an aligned grid and a staggered grid, with varying lateral and longitudinal spacing. The wave power redistribution in and behind each farm lay-out is studied in detail using MILDwave. In general, the staggered grid results in the highest overall wave power absorption.
MULTIPHASE MODELING OF WAVE PROPAGATION OVER SEMICIRCULAR OBSTACLES USING WENO AND LEVEL SET METHODS
Authors: Kasem Tamer , Sasaki Jun
Published: October 2012

Wave propagation over a semicircular obstacle is studied. This problem is related to the design of semicircular breakwaters. These breakwaters are expected to have enhanced stability and were constructed in various places in China. Enhanced numerical modeling is done taking viscosity into account. The fifth order space accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) method is used to discretize the convection terms. As a result accurate results are obtained using simple options (uniform Cartesian grid, level set method). Wave generation is done using a numerical piston wave maker that is analogous to the real experiment. The model results are compared with free surface visualization and pressure measurements. Various features of the problem including wave drag and the flow field are revealed.
ANALYSIS OF SOLITON FISSION OVER A SUBMERGED STRUCTURE USING "NONLINEAR FOURIER TRANSFORM (NLFT)†
Authors: Bruhl Markus , Oumeraci Hocine
Published: October 2012

When a single incident solitary wave passes over a submerged reef, it disintegrates into a train of solitons (soliton fission), followed by a train of oscillatory waves. One of the major problems in the analysis of the recorded time series is the uncertain identification of the number of solitons N in the transmitted wave train behind the reef due to the difficulties to distinguish between solitons and oscillatory waves, especially in the case of breaking waves. With the "nonlinear Fourier transform (NLFT)†, an application of the inverse scattering transform (IST) of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, a powerful analysis method is proposed to analyse nonlinear wave processes. Application of the NLFT to the transmitted waves of systematic numerical tests with breaking and non-breaking solitary waves behind a submerged structure (reef) with finite width br allows to separate distinctly solitons and oscillatory waves. The paper gives an overview over the first NLFT analysis results for the determination of the number of solitons N behind the reef. The influence of relative submergence depth dr/h, relative reef width br/Li and relative incident wave height Hi/dr is examined. First recommendations for the distinct identification of the number of solitons arising from the fission using NLFT will also be provided, including the limitations of the method.
INCORPORATION OF WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION IN L-MOMENTS METHOD FOR
Authors: Goda Yoshimi , Kudaka Masanobu , Kawai Hiroyasu
Published: October 2012

The L-moments of the Weibull distribution are derived and incorporated in the regional frequency analysis of peaksover-threshold significant wave heights at eleven stations along the eastern coast of Japan Sea. The effective duration of wave measurements varies from 18.0 to 37.2 years with the mean rate of 10.4 to 15.1 events per year. The eleven stations are divided into three regions to assure homogeneity of the data. Both the Weibull and Generalized Pareto (GPA) distributions fit well to the observed data. The 100-year wave height varied from 8.2 to 11.2 m by the Weibull and 7.6 to 10.3 m by the GPA. The GPA distribution is not recommended for determination of design waves for these stations because it has an inherent upper limit and a tendency of under-prediction.

References

Coles, S. 2001. An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values, Springer, 208p.

Goda, Y., Konagaya, O., Takeshita, N., Hitomi, H., and T. Nagai. 2000. Population distribution of extreme wave heights estimated through regional analysis, Coastal Engineering 2000 (Proc. 26th ICCE, Sydney), ASCE, Sydney, 1078-1091.

Greenwood, J A., J. M. Landwehr, N. C. Matalas, and J. R. Wallis. 1978. Probability weighted moments: Definition and relation to parameters of several distributions expressable in inverse form, Water Resources Res., Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 1049-1064.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/WR015i005p01049

Hosking, J. R. M. 1990. L-moments: Analysis and estimation of distributions using linear combinations of order statistics, J. Roy. Statistical Soc., Series B, 52, pp. 105-24.

Hosking, J. R. M. and J. R. Wallis. 1997. Regional Frequency Analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press, 224p.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511529443

Ma, Q.-S., Li, Y.-B., and J. Li .2006. Regional frequency analysis of siginicant wave heights based on L-moments, China Ocean Engineering, 20(1), pp. 85-98.

Petruaskas, C. and P. M. Aagaard. 1971. Extrapolation of historical storm data for estimating design wave heights, J. Soc. Petroleum Engrg., 11, pp. 23-27.

van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M. 2000. Statistical Methods for the Risk-Based Design of Civil Structures, Ph.D. thesis Delft University of Technology, 249p.

van Gelder, P. H. A. J. M., J. De Ronde, N. W. Neykov, and P. Neytchev. 2000. Regional frequency analysis of extreme wave heights: trading space for time, Coastal Engineering 2000
WAVE HEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS IN SHALLOW WATERS
Authors: Mai Stephan , Wilhelmi Jens , Barjenbruch Ulrich
Published: October 2012

In shallow waters the wave height distribution significantly differs from Rayleigh distribution during extreme wind
conditions. The EurOtop manual (Pullen et al. 2007) recommends the use of a composite Rayleigh-Weibull distribution proposed by Battjes and Groenendijk (2000) in order to describe the wave statistics in shallow waters. A test of this recommendation by using wave measurements with continuously operated radar level gauges at three different sites at the German North Sea coast for comparison revealed the necessity for a change in the parameterization given in the EurOtop manual.

References

Barjenbruch, U., S. Mai, N. Ohle, and U. Mertinatis. 2002. Monitoring Water Level, Waves and Ice with Radar Gauges, Proceedings of the Hydro 2002 Conference, DHyG, 328-337.

Barjenbruch, U., and J. Wilhelmi. 2008. Application of radar gauges to measure the water level and the sea state, Proceedings of 31st International Conference on Coastal Engineering, ASCE, 687-695.

Battjes, J.A., and H.W. Groenendijk. 2000. Wave height distributions on shallow foreshores, Coastal Engineering, 40, 161-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(00)00007-7

Burcharth, H.F., P. Frigaard, J. Uzcanga, J.M. Berenguer, B.G. Madrigal, and J. Villanueva. 1996. Design of the Ciervana breakwater, Bilbao, Advances in coastal structures and breakwaters, Thomas Telford, London, 26-43.

Forristall, G. 2008. Offshore LNG terminal designs must overcome complications of shallow water, Oil & Gas Journal, 106(43).

IAHR Working Group on Wave Generation and Analysis. 1989. List of Sea-State Parameters, Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 115(6), pp. 793-80 http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1989)115:6(793)

Klopman, G., and M.J.F. Stive. 1989. Extreme waves and wave loading in shallow water, Proceedings of E&P Forum Workshop: Wave and current kinematics and loading, Paris, Oct. 25-26.

Longuet-Higgins, M. S. 1952. On the Statistical Distribution of the Heights of Sea Waves. Journal of Marine Research, 11(3), 245-266.

Mai, S. 2008. Statistics of Waves in the Estuaries of the Rivers Ems and Weser - Measurement vs. Numerical Wave Model, Proceedings of the 7th Int. Conf. on Coastal and Port Engineering in Developing Countries COPEDEC, CD-ROM.

Nelson, R.C. 1994. Depth limited design wave heights in very flat regions, Coastal Engineering, 23, 43-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3839(94)90014-0

Pullen, T., N.W.H. Allsop, T. Bruce, A. Kortenhaus, H. Schuttrumpf, and J.W. van der Meer. 2007. EurOtop - Wave Overtopping of Sea Defences and Related Structures: Assessment Manual, Die Kuste, 73, 193 pp. (online:
APPLYING BIVARIATE HHT TO HORIZONTAL VELOCITIES
Authors: Moura Theo Garcia Rolim de , Neves Claudio Freitas , Telles José Claudio de Faria
Published: October 2012

The Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is extended to the time series analysis of wave orbital velocities resulting from the superposition of waves propagating in different directions. On a theoretical basis, it is shown that an apparently chaotic velocity signal may result from the interaction of three or more waves, each one with its own period and direction of propagation. Such result is compatible with records of PUV instruments. The comparison between bivariate HHT with Fourier directional analysis shows several advantages of the former, such as identification of wave groups and non-linear interaction components.
FIELD MEASUREMENT OF POHANG NEW HARBOR FOR INVESTIGATING DOWNTIME FACTORS
Authors: Kwak Moonsu , Jeong Wonmu , Ryu Kyongho , Pyun Chongkun
Published: October 2012

This study is investigated a cause induced downtime through the field measurement and the downtime monitoring system in Pohang new harbor. The downtime events arose eleven times during November 11, 2008 to February 4, 2009. The causes induced downtime understood as swell at seven times, wave with strong wind at two times, swell with strong wind at one time and waves at one time. We can understand that swell affected in major cause induced downtime of 1,500 GT~23,000 GT size ships in Pohang new harbor.
MEASUREMENT OF DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION IN A SURF ZONE
Authors: Otsuka Junichi , Watanabe Yasunori , Saruwatari Ayumi
Published: October 2012

In this study, we measured dissolved carbon dioxide (D-CO2) concentration in a surf zone in a laboratory wave flume filled with freshwater and seawater using a glass electrode CO2 meter, and also observed the air-water turbulent flow field using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). D-CO2 concentration increased with time and the bore region reached a saturated state earlier than the transition region. The gas transfer velocity in the transition region was much higher than that in the bore region since the numerous entrained bubbles trapped within three-dimensional vortices significantly contribute to the gas dissolution into water in the transition region. The gas transfer velocity in a surf zone in freshwater were found to be higher than those in seawater. We estimated the gas transfer velocity in a surf zone from the turbulent energy in breaking waves and the Schmidt number. It was found that the gas transfer velocity could be roughly estimated from the turbulent energy in breaking waves.
GPU-ACCELERATED SPH MODEL FOR WATER WAVES AND FREE SURFACE FLOWS
Authors: Dalrymple Robert Anthony , Herault Alexis , Bilotta Giuseppe , Farahani Rozita Jalali
Published: October 2012

This paper discusses the meshless numerical method Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics and its application to water waves and nearshore circulation. In particularly we focus on an implementation of the model on the graphics processing unit (GPU) of computers, which permits low-cost supercomputing capabilities for certain types of computational problems. The implementation here runs on Nvidia graphics cards, from off-the-shelf laptops to the top-of-line Tesla cards for workstations with their current 480 massively parallel streaming processors. Here we apply the model to breaking waves and nearshore circulation, demonstrating that SPH can model changes in wave properties due to shoaling, refraction, and diffraction and wave-current interaction; as well as nonlinear phenomena such as harmonic generation, and, by using wave-period averaged quantities, such aspects of nearshore circulation as wave set-up, longshore currents, rip currents, and nearshore circulation gyres.
Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease
Authors: Austin Kerstin , Deiss-Yehiely Nimrod , Alexander Jason T.
Published: June 2024

This JAMA Clinical Guidelines Synopsis summarizes the American College of Gastroenterology’s 2023 guideline update on diagnosis and management of celiac disease.
Prostate-Specific Antigen Values in Transgender Women Receiving Estrogen
Authors: Nik-Ahd Farnoosh , De Hoedt Amanda M. , Butler Christi , Anger Jennifer T. , Carroll Peter R. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Freedland Stephen J.
Published: June 2024

This study examines prostate-specific antigen values among transgender women in the Veterans Health Administration receiving estrogen.
Psychosis in Alzheimer Disease and Elevations in Disease-Relevant Biomarkers
Authors: Gomar Jesus J. , Koppel Jeremy
Published: June 2024

Importance

The emergence of psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD) is associated with accelerated cognitive and functional decline that may be related to disease pathology.

Objective

To investigate the longitudinal dynamics of plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) levels in association with the emergence of psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations) in the context of AD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used longitudinal data from the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Baseline analyses compared patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD (both with psychosis [AD+P] and without psychosis [AD-P]) and participants who were cognitively unimpaired (CU). For the longitudinal analysis, participants with MCI and AD were subdivided into patients with evidence of psychosis at baseline (AD+P baseline) and patients free of psychosis at baseline who showed incidence of psychosis over the course of the study (AD+P incident). Study data were analyzed between June and November 2023.

Exposures

Plasma p-tau181 and NfL measures in individuals with MCI and AD, both with and without psychosis.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Plasma p-tau181 and NfL quantifications up to 48 months and concurrent assessments of presence or absence of delusions and hallucinations via the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) questionnaire.

Results

The cohort included 752 participants with AD (mean [SD] age, 74.2 [7.7] years; 434 male [57.7%]). A total of 424 CU participants had a mean (SD) age of 75.4 (6.6) years of whom 222 were female (52.4%). In the longitudinal analysis of p-tau181 trajectories of the AD+P group, the group of patients who showed incidence of psychosis over the course of follow-up (AD+P incident) demonstrated an associated increase in plasma p-tau181 levels compared with the group of patients who had psychosis at baseline (AD+P baseline) and showed an associated decrease in plasma p-tau181 levels (F4, 117 = 3.24; P = .01). The mean slope of p-tau181 change was significantly different in AD+P incident and AD+P baseline groups (F5,746 = 86.76, P < .0001) and when only individuals with amyloid-β positivity (Aβ+), which was determined using positron emission tomography, were compared (F5,455 = 84.60, P < .001). Patients who experienced psychosis at any time had increased levels of NfL relative to those who never experienced psychosis.

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this cohort study suggest that the emergence of psychosis in AD was associated with elevations in plasma levels of p-tau181, highlighting the potential utility of plasma p-tau181 as a biomarker of neuropsychiatric illness in AD, which could have implications for predictive and treatment response strategies.
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Within a National Multispecialty Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Temple Larissa K. F. , Pusic Andrea L. , Liu Jason B. , Melucci Alexa D. , Collins Courtney E. , Kazaure Hadiza S. , Brajcich Brian C. , Fordham Matthew J. , Lapsley Jakob C. , Ko Clifford Y.
Published: June 2024

Importance

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are increasingly recognized for their ability to promote patient-centered care, but concerted health information technology (HIT)–enabled PROM implementations have yet to be achieved for national surgical quality improvement.

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of collecting PROMs within a national surgical quality improvement program.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This was a pragmatic implementation cohort study conducted from February 2020 to March 2023. Hospitals in the US participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and their patients were included in this analysis.

Exposures

Strategies to increase PROM collection rates were identified using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Framework for Spread and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and operationalized with the IHI Model for Improvement’s Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary goal was to accrue more than 30 hospitals and achieve collection rates of 30% or greater in the first 3 years. Logistic regression was used to identify hospital-level factors associated with achieving collection rates of 30% or greater and to identify patient-level factors associated with response to PROMs.

Results

At project close, 65 hospitals administered PROMs to 130 365 patients (median [IQR] age, 60.1 [46.2-70.0] years; 77 369 female [59.4%]). Fifteen PDSA cycles were conducted to facilitate implementation, primarily targeting the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains of Inner Setting (ie, HIT platform) and Individuals (ie, patients). The target collection rate was exceeded in quarter 3 (2022). Fifty-eight hospitals (89.2%) achieved collection rates of 30% or greater, and 9 (13.8%) achieved collection rates of 50% or greater. The median (IQR) maximum hospital-level collection rate was 40.7% (34.6%-46.7%). The greatest increases in collection rates occurred when both email and short-message service text messaging were used, communications to patients were personalized with their surgeon’s and hospital’s information, and the number of reminders increased from 2 to 5. No identifiable hospital characteristic was associated with achieving the target collection rate. Patient age and insurance status contributed to nonresponse.

Conclusions and Relevance

Results of this cohort study suggest that the large-scale electronic collection of PROMs into a national multispecialty surgical registry was feasible. Findings suggest that HIT platform functionality and earning patient trust were the keys to success; although, iterative opportunities to increase collection rates and address nonresponse remain. Future work to drive continuous surgical quality improvement with PROMs are ongoing.
Fructose vs. glucose: modulating stem cell growth and function through sugar supplementation
Authors: Elsaid Salaheldeen , Wu Xiangdong , Tee Sui Seng
Published: June 2024

In multicellular organisms, stem cells are impacted by microenvironmental resources such as nutrient availability and oxygen tension for their survival, growth, and differentiation. However, the accessibility of these resources in the pericellular environment greatly varies from organ to organ. This divergence in resource availability leads to variations in the potency and differentiation potential of stem cells. This study aimed to explore the distinct effects of glucose and fructose, as well as different oxygen tensions, on the growth dynamics, cytokine production, and differentiation of stem cells. We showed that replacing glucose with fructose subjected stem cells to stress, resulting in increased Hif1α expression and stability, which in turn led to a reduction in cell proliferation, and alterations in cytokine production. However, fructose failed to induce differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) as well as mouse fibroblasts into mature adipocytes compared to glucose, despite the upregulation of key markers of adipogenesis, including C/EBPβ, and PPARγ. Conversely, we showed that fructose induced undifferentiated mouse fibroblasts to release cytokines associated with senescence, including IL1α1, IL6, IL8, MCP1, and TNF1α, suggesting that these cells were undergoing lipolysis. Taken together, our results suggest that altering the culture conditions through changes in hexose levels and oxygen tension places considerable stress on stem cells. Additional research is required to further characterize the mechanisms governing stem cell response to their microenvironments.
Electronic Transport and Interaction of Lattice Dynamics in Topological Nodalline Semimetal HfAs2 Single Crystals
Authors: Muhammad Zahir , Hussain Ghulam , Islam Rajbul , Zawadzka Natalia , Hossain Md Shafayat , Iqbal Obaid , Babiński Adam , Molas Maciej R. , Xue Fei , Zhang Yue , Hasan M. Zahid , Zhao Weisheng
Published: June 2024

Topological semimetals represent a novel class of quantum materials displaying non‐trivial topological states that host Dirac/Weyl fermions. The intersection of Dirac/Weyl points gives rise to essential properties in a wide range of innovative transport phenomena, including extreme magnetoresistance, high mobilities, weak antilocalization, electron hydrodynamics, and various electro‐optical phenomena. In this study, the electronic, transport, phonon scattering, and interrelationships are explored in single crystals of the topological semimetal HfAs2. It reveals a weak antilocalization effect at low temperatures with high carrier density, which is attributed to perfectly compensated topological bulk and surface states. The angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) results show anisotropic Fermi surfaces and surface states indicative of the topological semimetal, further confirmed by first‐principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, the lattice dynamics in HfAs2 are investigated both with the Raman scattering and density functional theory. The phonon dispersion, density of states, lattice thermal conductivity, and the phonon lifetimes are computed to support the experimental findings. The softening of phonons, the broadening of Raman modes, and the reduction of phonon lifetimes with temperature suggest the enhancement of phonon anharmonicity in this new topological material, which is crucial for boosting the thermoelectric performance of topological semimetals.
Fully 2D Materials‐Based Resistive Switching Circuits for Advanced Data Encryption
Authors: Han Tingting , Aguirre Fernando , Zhu Kaichen , Yuan Bin , Pazos Sebastian , Zhang Nan , Wang Sui‐Dong , Li Shaojuan , Lanza Mario
Published: June 2024

Data encryption is an essential building block in modern electronic systems to prevent spying and hacking. Every day more and more objects produce electronic data, and this needs to be encrypted before being transmitted. Hence, designing devices, circuits, and systems for data encryption that can be integrated in all kinds of objects and that consume low amounts of energy is highly necessary. Here, this work reports the fabrication of flexible and transparent electronic circuits consisting of devices that exhibit threshold‐type resistive switching with a high degree of stochasticity. The cycle‐to‐cycle variability of switching voltages and state currents is significant but confined within a well‐defined range, which is consistent across multiple devices. This allows to design an efficient protocol for true random number generation. The circuits are fabricated with only synthetic 2D materials, can be fabricated in a scalable manner, and can be integrated in any object.
Synthesis of Ti1‐xWx Solid Solution MAX Phases and Derived MXenes for Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Ratzker Barak , Favelukis Bar , Baranov Mark , Rathod Yugal , Greenberg Avia , Messer Or , Goldstein Dor A. , Upcher Alexander , Ezersky Vladimir , Maman Nitzan , Biran Ido , Natu Varun , Sokol Maxim
Published: June 2024

A distinguishing feature of MAX phases and their MXene derivatives is their remarkable chemical diversity. This diversity, coupled with the 2D nature of MXenes, positions them as outstanding candidates for a wide range of electrochemical applications. Chemical disorder introduced by a solid solution can improve electrochemical behavior. Up to now, adding considerable amount of tungsten (W) in MAX phase and MXenes solid solutions, which can enhance electrochemical performance, proved challenging. In this study, the synthesis of M site Ti1‐xWx solid solution MAX phases are reported. The 211‐type (Ti1‐xWx)2AlC exhibits a disordered solid solution, whereas the 312‐type (Ti1‐xWx)3AlC2 displays a near‐ordered structure, resembling o‐MAX, with W atoms preferentially occupying the outer planes. Solid‐solution MXenes, Ti2.4W0.6C2Tz, and Ti1.6W0.4CTz, are synthesized via selective etching of high‐purity MAX powder precursors containing 20% W. These MXenes are evaluated as sodium‐ion battery anodes, with Ti1.6W0.4CTz showing exceptional capacity, outperforming existing multilayer MXene chemistries. This work not only demonstrates the successful integration of W in meaningful quantities into a double transition metal solid solution MAX phase, but also paves the way for the development of cost‐effective MXenes containing W. Such advancements significantly widen their application spectrum by fine‐tuning their physical, electronic, mechanical, electrochemical, and catalytic properties.
Size‐Dependent Photocatalytic Reactivity of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Seunghyeon , Zhou Xin , Li Yungui , Yang Qiqi , Liu Xiaomin , Graf Robert , Blom Paul W. M. , Ferguson Calum T. J. , Landfester Katharina
Published: June 2024

Particle size is a critical factor for improving photocatalytic reactivity of conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) as mass transfer in the porous materials is often the rate‐limiting step. However, due to the synthetic challenge of controlling the size of CMPs, the impact of particle size is yet to be investigated. To address this problem, a simple and versatile dispersion polymerization route that can synthesize dispersible CMP nanoparticles with controlled size from 15 to 180 nm is proposed. Leveraging the precise control of the size, it is demonstrated that smaller CMP nanoparticles have dramatically higher photocatalytic reactivity in various organic transformations, achieving more than 1000% enhancement in the reaction rates by decreasing the size from 180 to 15 nm. The size‐dependent photocatalytic reactivity is further scrutinized using a kinetic model and transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing that only the initial 5 nm‐thick surface layer of CMP nanoparticles is involved in the photocatalytic reactions because of internal mass transfer limitations. This finding substantiates the potential of small CMP nanoparticles to efficiently use photo‐generated excitons and improve energy‐efficiency of numerous photocatalytic reactions.
Electro‐Chemo‐Mechanically Stable and Sodiophilic Interface for Na Metal Anode in Liquid‐based and Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Jin Enzhong , Su Jinrong , Hou Hongyu , Pirayesh Parham , Wang Yijia , Yuan Yi , Yan Hanghang , Popov Guerman , Goncharova Lyudmila V. , Ketabi Sanaz , Dai Fang , Cao Changhong , Chen Lei , Zhao Yang
Published: June 2024

Na metal batteries (NMBs) are attracting increasing attention because of their high energy density. However, the widespread application of NMBs is hindered by the growth of Na dendrites and interface instability. The design of artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with tuned chemical/electrochemical/mechanical properties is the key to achieving high‐performance NMBs. This work develops a metal‐doped nanoscale polymeric film with tunable composition, sodiophilic sites and improved stiffness. The incorporation of metal crosslinkers in the polymer chains results in exceptional electrochemical stability for Na metal anodes, leading to a significantly prolonged lifespan even at high current densities, which is at the top of the reported literature. The mechanical properties measurements and electro‐chemo‐mechanical phase‐field model are performed to interpret the impact of the ionic transportation capability (decoupled mechanical) and mechanic property in the metal‐doped polymer interface. In addition, this approach provides a promising strategy for the rational design of electrode interfaces, providing enhanced mechanical stability and improved sodiophilicity, which can open up opportunities for the fabrication of next‐generation energy storage.
Multiple Fano Resonances Enabled by the Interference between an Out‐of‐Plane Plasmon Mode and Fabry–Pérot Cavity Modes
Authors: Fu Runfang , Huang He , Chen Yilin , Zheng Jiapeng , Shao Lei , Wang Jianfang
Published: June 2024

Multiple Fano resonances (mFRs) are arising as a promising optical platform to achieve precise sensing and detection. However, experimentally achieving mFRs by simple structures has remained challenging, which impedes the widespread applications of mFRs. Herein a simple structure composed of a single colloidal metal nanoparticle and a transition metal dichalcogenide flake to simultaneously achieve up to 8 FRs in experiments is demonstrated. Combining theoretical and experimental techniques, that an out‐of‐plane plasmon mode of the metal nanoparticle interferes with the Fabry–Pérot cavity modes from the WS2 flake to form mFRs in the visible region is proved. The simplicity and generality of the method further allow us to systematically study the tunability of the mFRs, in terms of the peak/dip positions and the number of FRs, by changing the structural parameters, which include the thickness of the WS2 flake, size and shape of the plasmonic nanoparticle. In addition, the quality of the mFRs is proved to be adjustable by tuning the reflectivity of the substrate in the system. The highest quality factor and spectral contrast of the achieved resonances are up to ≈180 and ≈0.95, respectively. The simple structure and high‐quality optical modes will prosper applications in precise sensing and light modulation.
Ligand‐Free Pd‐Catalyzed Synthesis of PAHs via Vinyl C−H Activation/Decarboxylative Cyclization Sequence
Authors: Sun Jie , Yao Long , Sun Fei , Wu Mingxia , Shang Yanfang , Wu Xin‐Xing
Published: June 2024

Herein, we describe a strategy for the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from readily available 2‐iodostyrenes and o‐halobenzoic acids through a ligand‐free palladium‐catalyzed cascade vinyl C−H activation/decarboxylative cyclization. A vinyl‐coordinated five‐membered palladacycle was proposed as the key intermediate for this sequential process. Furthermore, Heptagon‐embedded aromatic compounds can be smoothly synthesized by employing 8‐bromo‐1‐naphthoic acid as decarboxylative insertion unit.
Latest Progress on Tuberculosis and HIV Co‐Infection: A Closer Look at People of Different Ages
Authors: Yusuf Aliyu Anna , Adeleke Oluwatoyin A.
Published: June 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection continues to be a very serious health concern globally. Even though TB is treatable, it remains among the leading cause of death especially among HIV‐infected individuals. Although the emergence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has positively impacted the treatment of HIV, it is a major risk factor for developing active TB disease. The treatment of HIV and TB coinfection is associated with many challenges, one of which is the requirement of treatment with multiple medications for an extended period which is faced by all infected individuals across every age group, however, some of the challenges are peculiar to a specific age range. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of HIV and TB co‐infection among persons within different age brackets and the characteristics of both diseases, their current treatment guidelines, the challenges they pose, and their impact on global health are examined and reported herein.
A Flexible Skin Bionic Thermally Comfortable Wearable for Machine Learning‐Facilitated Ultrasensitive Sensing
Authors: Di Pengju , Yuan Yue , Xiao Mingyue , Xu Zhishan , Liu Yicong , Huang Chenlin , Xu Guangyuan , Zhang Liqun , Wan Pengbo
Published: June 2024

Tremendous popularity is observed for multifunctional flexible electronics with appealing applications in intelligent electronic skins, human–machine interfaces, and healthcare sensing. However, the reported sensing electronics, mostly can hardly provide ultrasensitive sensing sensitivity, wider sensing range, and robust cycling stability simultaneously, and are limited of efficient heat conduction out from the contacted skin interface after wearing flexible electronics on human skin to satisfy thermal comfort of human skin. Inspired from the ultrasensitive tactile perception microstructure (epidermis/spinosum/signal transmission) of human skin, a flexible comfortably wearable ultrasensitive electronics is hereby prepared from thermal conductive boron nitride nanosheets‐incorporated polyurethane elastomer matrix with MXene nanosheets‐coated surface microdomes as epidermis/spinosum layers assembled with interdigitated electrode as sensing signal transmission layer. It demonstrates appealing sensing performance with ultrasensitive sensitivity (≈288.95 kPa−1), up to 300 kPa sensing range, and up to 20 000 sensing cycles from obvious contact area variation between microdome microstructures and the contact electrode under external compression. Furthermore, the bioinspired electronics present advanced thermal management by timely efficient thermal dissipation out from the contacted skin surface to meet human skin thermal comfort with the incorporated thermal conductive boron nitride nanosheets. Thus, it is vitally promising in wearable artificial electronic skins, intelligent human‐interactive sensing, and personal health management.
In‐Doped ZnO Electron Transport Layer for High‐Efficiency Ultrathin Flexible Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Xiujun , Ji Yitong , Xia Zezhou , Zhang Dongyang , Cheng Yingying , Liu Xiangda , Ren Xiaojie , Liu Xiaotong , Huang Haoran , Zhu Yanqing , Yang Xueyuan , Liao Xiaobin , Ren Long , Tan Wenliang , Jiang Zhi , Lu Jianfeng , McNeill Christopher , Huang Wenchao
Published: June 2024

Sol–gel processed zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). The high annealing temperature (≈200 °C) required for sintering to ensure a high electron mobility however results in severe damage to flexible substrates. Thus, flexible organic solar cells based on sol–gel processed ZnO exhibit significantly lower efficiency than rigid devices. In this paper, an indium‐doping approach is developed to improve the optoelectronic properties of ZnO layers and reduce the required annealing temperature. Inverted OSCs based on In‐doped ZnO (IZO) exhibit a higher efficiency than those based on ZnO for a range of different active layer systems. For the PM6:L8‐BO system, the efficiency increases from 17.0% for the pristine ZnO‐based device to 17.8% for the IZO‐based device. The IZO‐based device with an active layer of PM6:L8‐BO:BTP‐eC9 exhibits an even higher efficiency of up to 18.1%. In addition, a 1.2‐micrometer‐thick inverted ultrathin flexible organic solar cell is fabricated based on the IZO ETL that achieves an efficiency of 17.0% with a power‐per‐weight ratio of 40.4 W g−1, which is one of the highest efficiency for ultrathin (less than 10 micrometers) flexible organic solar cells.