bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Novel Azolo[1,2,3,5]thiatriazines.
Authors: Sadchikova Elena V. , Bakulev Vasiliy A. , Dehaen Wim , Van Hecke Kristof , Robeyns Koen , Van Meervelt Luc , Mokrushin Valdimir S. , Padwa Albert
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Platinum Catalyzed 3,4‐ and 1,4‐Diboration of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Using Bis‐Pinacolatodiboron.
Authors: Bell Nathan J. , Cox Andrew J. , Cameron Neil R. , Evans John S. O. , Marder Todd B. , Duin Marcel A. , Elsevier Cornelis J. , Baucherel Xavier , Tulloch Arran A. D. , Tooze Robert P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Substituted Pyrazolines in the Reaction of C,N‐Diphenylnitrilimine with a Zwitterion Derived from Triisopropylphosphine and Ethyl 2‐Cyanoacrylate.
Authors: Gololobov Yu. G. , Linchenko O. A. , Trishin Yu. G. , Petrovskii P. V. , Starikova S. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphorus‐Substituted Carbothioamides.
Authors: Kozlov V. A. , Odinets I. L. , Lyssenko K. A. , Churusova S. G. , Yarovenko S. V. , Petrovskii P. V. , Mastryukova T. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Alkoxystannanes by Reactions of O‐(Organylstannyl) Carbamates with Alcohols.
Authors: Komarov N. V. , Ryzhkova N. A. , Andreev A. A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Stable Distannirane.
Authors: Baiget Lise , Ranaivonjatovo Henri , Escudie Jean , Gornitzka Heinz
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Versatile Intermediates of the Ferrocene Series: Reductive Amination of Ferrocenecarbaldehyde.
Authors: Khrushcheva N. S. , Sokolov V. I.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Properties of Optically Active Ferrocenylethylindazoles.
Authors: Simenel A. A. , Kuzmenko Yu. V. , Ilyin M. M. , Gumenyuk V. V. , Snegur L. V. , Nekrasov Yu. S.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
C(10)—C(19) Bond Cleavage Reaction of 19‐Oxygenated Androst‐4‐ene‐3,6‐dione Steroids under Various Conditions.
Authors: Nagaoka Masao , Numazawa Mitsuteru
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Oxidizing Methods for the Synthesis of Oxandrolone Intermediates.
Authors: Ginotra Sandeep K. , Chhikara Bhupender S. , Singh Manish , Chandra Ramesh , Tandon Vibha
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Cytotoxic Cardenolide Glycoside from the Seeds of Cerbera manghas
Authors: Cheenpracha Sarot , Karalai Chatchanok , Rat‐a‐pa Yanisa , Ponglimanont Chanita , Chantrapromma Kan
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (R)‐S‐(1,2,4‐Triazol‐3‐yl)cysteines by Nucleophilic Addition of Triazolethiols to a NiII Complex with a Chiral Dehydroalanine Schiff Base.
Authors: Maleev V. I. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Access to C‐Arylglycosides Related to the Gilvocarcins.
Authors: Cordero‐Vargas Alejandro , Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thio Arsenosugars Identified as Natural Constituents of Mussels by Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry.
Authors: Schmeisser Ernst , Raml Reingard , Francesconi Kevin A. , Kuehnelt Doris , Lindberg Anna‐Lena , Soeroes Csilla , Goessler Walter
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2,3′‐Biindolyls and Indolo[3,2‐a]carbazoles.
Authors: Wahlstroem Niklas , Bergman Jan
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Cytotoxic Phospholipids for Prostate Cancer.
Authors: Gududuru Veeresa , Hurh Eunju , Durgam Gangadhar G. , Hong Seoung Soo , Sardar Vineet M. , Xu Huiping , Dalton James T. , Miller Duane D.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aerobic Oxidative Dimerization of 1‐Naphthols to 2,2′‐Binaphthoquinones Mediated by SnCl4 and Its Application to Natural Product Synthesis.
Authors: Takeya Tetsuya , Doi Hirohisa , Ogata Tokutaro , Okamoto Iwao , Kotani Eiichi
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Access to Enantiopure Polycyclic β‐Lactams by Diels—Alder Reaction of Novel Inner‐Outer‐Ring 2‐(Silyloxy)dienes with a Carbacepham Skeleton.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , de Murga Rosa M. , Pardo Carmen , Rodriguez‐Ranera Carolina
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New DNA Binding Ligands as a Model of Chromomycin A3.
Authors: Imoto Shuhei , Haruta Yoshinari , Watanabe Kyouichi , Sasaki Shigeki
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Facile Synthesis and Radioiodine Labeling of Hypericin.
Authors: Kim Sang Wook , Park Jeong Hoon , Yang Seung Dae , Hur Min Goo , Kim Yu‐Seok , Chai Jong‐Seo , Kim Young Soon , Yu Kook Hyun
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Spectroscopic Properties of Yb3+:LuLiF4 Crystal Grown by the Czochralski Method for Laser Applications and Evaluation of Quenching Processes: A Comparison with Yb3+:YLiF4.
Authors: Bensalah A. , Guyot Y. , Brenier A. , Sato H. , Fukuda T. , Boulon G.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crystallography and Solid State Chemistry at High Pressure
Authors: McMillan P. F.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hierarchical Zeolites: A Proven Strategy to Combine Shape Selectivity with Efficient Mass Transport
Authors: Hartmann Martin
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Exchange Forces and Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy in RFe12‐xMxZy Compounds (R: Rare Earth Metal, M: Transition Metal, Z: H, C, N)
Authors: Fruchart D. , Gignoux D. , Wolfers P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chalcogen‐Containing Manganese Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis and Structural Transformations
Authors: Shieh Minghuey , Hsu Miao‐Hsing
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tetrahedral Homonuclear Organoelement Clusters and Subhalides of Aluminum, Gallium and Indium
Authors: Uhl Werner
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evolution of Carbonylation Catalysis: No Need for Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cyclopropanation with Fischer Acyloxycarbene Complexes: Preparation of Cyclopropane and Cycloheptane‐fused γ‐lactones
Authors: Bandichhor Rakeshwar , Reiser Oliver
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Chemistry of Tricarballylic Acid (TCA)
Authors: Abdel‐Sattar S. , Elgazwy Hamad
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitrenium Ions
Authors: Falvey Daniel E.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Carbanions
Authors: Gronert Scott
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Crossing the Borderline Between SN1 and SN2 Nucleophilic Substitution at Aliphatic Carbon
Authors: Amyes Tina L. , Toteva Maria M. , Richard John P.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Synthetic Applications of the Tandem Staudinger/Aza‐Wittig Reaction
Authors: Hartung Ryan , Paquette Leo
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Extracellular Proteases as Targets for Treatment of Cancer Metatases
Authors: Lee Mijoon , Fridman Rafael , Mobashery Shahriar
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Peptides and Proteins Containing Non‐Natural Amino Acids
Authors: Hodgson David R. W. , Sanderson John M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Creation of Advanced Materials Taking Full Advantage of Azulene Skeletons
Authors: Ito Shunji , Morita Noboru , Kubo Takahiro
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diels—Alderase, a Novel C—C Bond Formation Enzyme Involving Natural Products Biosynthesis
Authors: Oikawa Hideaki
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electronic Conduction in Liquid Crystals and Materials Design for Its Characterization and Device Application in the Future
Authors: Hanna Jun‐ichi , Funahashi Masahiro
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Syntheses of Heterocycle‐Fused Quinone Derivatives Based on Reactions of Quinones with Enamines
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel and Hybrid Allylation Reactions of Aldehydes and Acetals
Authors: Watahiki Tsutomu , Oriyama Takeshi
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Condensed Matter Chemistry under “Extreme” High Pressure—High Temperature Conditions
Authors: McMillan Paul F.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Barkhausen Noise, Subloops, Demagnetization Curves, and Universal Scaling Tuning Disorder, Field Sweep Rate, and History
Authors: Dahmen Karin A. , Carpenter John H. , Mehta Amit P. , Mills Andrea C. , Sethna James P. , Travesset Alex , Weissman Michael B. , White Robert A.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Qualitative Colorimetric Tests for Solid Phase Synthesis
Authors: Vazquez Jesus , Qushair Gregory , Albericio Fernando
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
DNA‐Based Barcodes, Nanoparticles, and Nanostructures for the Ultrasensitive Detection and Quantification of Proteins
Authors: Brakmann Susanne
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Towards Nuclear Magnetic Resonance μ‐Spectroscopy and μ‐Imaging
Authors: van Bentum P. J. M. , Janssen J. W. G. , Kentgens A. P. M.
Published: December 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemische Bindung I
Authors: Kuhn Hans
Published: December 2004

Wie die vielfältigen Strukturen der chemischen Verbindungen zustande kommen, warum sich Atome zu Molekülen zusammenfinden und wieder voneinander lösen, kurzum die Frage nach der chemischen Bindung, ist eines der zentralen Probleme der Chemie.
Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Ethylenoxid und Propylenoxid
Authors: Swodenk Wolfgang , Waldmann Helmut
Published: December 2004

Neue technische Entwicklungen, Änderungen im Rohstoffangebot oder bei den Rohstoffpreisen, aber auch Forderungen des Umwelt‐ und Arbeitsschutzes führen dazu, daß die technische Herstellung von anorganischen und organischen Basisprodukten weit stärkeren Veränderungen unterworfen ist, als die Lehrbücher, vor allem diejenigen der organischen Chemie, vermuten lassen. Während in einem durchschnittlichen Universitätslehrbuch der organischen Chemie sicher ein halbes bis ein ganzes Dutzend Laborsynthesen für Ketone oder Aldehyde zu finden sind, werden technische Synthesen für industrielle Schlüsselverbindungen, wie z. B. Propylenoxid, nur am Rande erwähnt. Auch für den Hochschul‐ oder Schulunterricht geeignete Lehrbücher der industriellen synthetischen Chemie gibt es kaum (rühmliche Ausnahmen: K. Weissermel und H.‐J. Arpe: „Industrielle Organische Chemie”︁. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1976).

„Chemie in unserer Zeit”︁ beginnt angesichts dieser Situation im vorliegenden Heft mit einer lockeren Folge von Berichten über aktuelle Verfahren zur Herstellung industrieller Basischemikalien.
Newtons rationales System der Alchemie
Authors: Figala Karin
Published: December 2004

„Newton, Sir Isaac, englischer Physiker, Mathematiker und Astronom, eines der größten naturwissenschaftlichen Genies aller Zeiten. Seine größten Leistungen waren die Aufstellung eines in sich geschlossenen Systems der Mechanik und die Entdeckung der Gravitation, der allgemeinen Massenanziehung, die in der Aufstellung des Newtonschen Gravitationsgesetzes und der quantitativen Deutung der Keplerschen Gesetze gipfelte, und auf die sich die gesamte Himmelsmechanik aufbaut. Auf dem Gebiet der Optik stellte er grundlegende Untersuchungen über die Zerlegung des Lichts durch Prismen an, erforschte die Gesetze der Farbenmischung und stellte eine von Goethe infolge grundsätzlicher Mißverständnisse leidenschaftlich bekämpfte Farbenlehre auf. Auch mit den Interferenzerscheinungen hat er sich beschäftigt (Newtonsche Farbenringe). Seine Emanationstheorie des Lichts, die das Licht als aus kleinen Teilchen bestehend ansah, hat später der Wellentheorie von Huygens weichen müssen. Newton baute 1671 das erste Spiegelteleskop. Auf mathematischem Gebiet fand er u. a. den binomischen Satz. Als Erfinder der Fluxionsrechnung (1671) ist er zugleich mit Leibniz der Begründer der Differentialrechnung. Geboren 5. 1. 1643 in Woolsthorpe, gestorben 31. 3. 1727 in Kensington bei London; 1669 Professor in Cambridge, 1695 an der Münze in London, zweimal Vertreter der Universität im Parlament, 1672 Mitglied, 1703 Präsident der Royal Society. Hauptwerke: Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687, dtsch. 1872); Optics (1704, dtsch. 1898 in Ostwalds Klassiker); Arithmetica universalis (1707); Analysis (1711). Gesamtausg. 1744 (3 Bde) und 1799‐‐85 (5 Bde)”︁. [Zitiert nach: Der Große Herder, VIII]
Nicolas Guibert – eine Art chemischer Kopernikus
Authors: Rex Friedemann
Published: December 2004

Im Todesjahr der Königin Elisabeth und von William Gilbert, sechs Jahre nach dem Lehrbuch des Andreas Libavius, 60 Jahre nach dem Hauptwerk des Kopernikus, mehr als ein Vierteljahrhundert vor der Aufklärung eines Joachim Jungius, über ein halbes Jahrhundert vor dem “Sceptical Chymist” Robert Boyles, der sich wie sein großer Landsmann Newton vom Transmutationsgedanken nie endgültig hat lösen können, erschien in Straßburg eine unscheinbare anti‐alchemistische Schrift, deren prinzipielle Neuartigkeit gegenüber allen vorangegangenen Ablehnungen der Alchemie auch in der qualifizierten Sekundärliteratur nachgerade völlig übersehen worden ist.

Der vorliegende Beitrag versteht sich als eine Art Vorbericht zu einer geplanten ausführlicheren Darstellung und sucht in gedrängter Form einige Vorarbeiten zusammenzufassen, die ich bislang nur vortragsweise und in Seminaren behandelt, aber nicht veröffentlicht habe. Insofern erübrigt sich im hier gezogenen Rahmen einer strikten Beschränkung auf die Vorstellung eines höchst bemerkenswerten Frühzeugnisses chemischer Aufklärung, das historisch kaum zum Zuge gekommen und dem bis heute eine adäquate Würdigung versagt geblieben ist, ein näheres Eingehen auf die ohnehin spärliche und wenig ergiebige bisherige Behandlung in der einschlägigen Literatur sowie auf das sonstige bio‐ und bibliographische Beiwerk. Wohl aber zielt diese Zusammenstellung darauf ab, eine latente wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Zäsur von – bei allen Unterschieden – quasi‐ko‐pernikanischer Bedeutung für die Chemie bewußt zu machen. Denn in beiden Fällen handelt es sich um eine in vielen Stücken zwar durchaus konservativ bleibende, gleichwohl aber wirkliche Überwindung althergebrachter Denkweisen mit einer über tausendjährigen Tradition, obgleich es andererseits auch schon vor Kopernikus Nicht‐Geozentriker und vor Nicolas Guibert Nicht‐Alchemisten gegeben hat. Maßgeblich für die hier unternommene Bewertung eines weithin unbekannten Mannes als des eigentlichen Überwinders der alchemistischen Metalltransmutation ist indessen ein neuartiger Bezugshintergrund von ausgesprochen chemischer Natur, welcher der Guibertschen Anti‐Alchemie ein grundsätzlich anderes Gewicht verleiht als den ohne faktische Erhärtungen operierenden a‐priori‐Zurückweisungen ausschließlich philosophisch‐theologischer Provenienz. Daß Guibert an entscheidender Stelle mehr zu bieten hat, als die Nichtexistenz der Alchemie lediglich zu behaupten, mag auf den ersten Blick als eine kaum merkliche Nuance erscheinen. Doch genau diese Nuance entpuppt sich bei näherem Zusehen, d.h. eingehender Lektüre des Originals, als der eigentlich springende Punkt, welcher es überhaupt erst rechtfertigt, der vordergründig auch von Guibert nach wie vor konventionell‐philosophisch geführten Argumentation das Prädikat einer wirklichen Widerlegung der Metalltransmutation und damit eines fundamentalen chemiehistorischen Einschnitts zuzuerkennen.
Chemische Bindung anschaulich: Populationsanalysen
Authors: Ahlrichs Reinhart , Ehrhardt Claus
Published: December 2004

Es wurde eine Methode vorgestellt, die komplizierten Ergebnisse quantenmechanischer Elektronenstrukturberechnungen von Molekülen anschaulich darzustellen. Das Verfahren basiert auf der Berechnung der Besetzungszahlen (na) von Atomorbitalen, von Atomen (NA) und von Gruppen von Atomen (NAB etc.). Dieses Vorgehen ist quantenmechanisch fundiert, eine gewisse Willkür liegt lediglich in der Auswahl der Atomorbitale als Referenz.
Griechische, chinesische und chemische Elemente
Authors: Rex Friedemann
Published: December 2004

Dieser Artikel ist das Manuskript eines Hauptvortrages, den der Autor auf der 18. Hauptversammlung der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker im September 1979 in Berlin hielt.
Der Schrecken der Weinpanscher. Quantitative Deuterium‐NMR‐Spektroskopie
Authors: Kalinowski Hans‐Otto
Published: December 2004

Die NMR‐Spektroskopie (engl. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) hat in den letzten zehn Jahren eine sensationelle Entwicklung durchgemacht. Das gilt nicht nur für die Anwendung in der Medizin (Kernspin‐Tomographie), sondern auch für die Aufklärung der Strukturen chemischer Verbindungen mit Hilfe der zweidimensionalen NMR‐Spektroskopie, die Untersuchung von Festkörpern mit der „Magic Angle Spinning”︁‐Methode

Vgl. diese Zeitschr. 22, 100 (1998).

u.a. Durch die apparative Entwicklung werden neben der routinemäßig durchgeführten 1H‐, 13C‐, 19F‐, 31P‐NMR‐Spektroskopie heute zunehmend auch Kerne mit sehr geringer natürlicher Häufigkeit untersucht. Zu diesen Kernen gehören u.a. Schwefel‐33, Sauerstoff‐17, Stickstoff‐15 und das Wasserstoffisotop 2H (Deuterium). Gerade die Deuterium‐NMR‐Spektroskopie macht es möglich, Naturstoffe von Syntheseprodukten eindeutig zu unterscheiden sowie beide Stoffgruppen nach ihrer Herkunft und Geschichte zu charakterisieren. Mit ihr ist es zum Beispiel möglich, auch eine Zuckerung von Traubenmost (also vor der Gärung zugesetzten Zucker) nachzuweisen und damit selbst den raffiniertesten Weinfälschern auf die Spur zu kommen. So erschien in der Novemberausgabe 1987 der Zeitschrift „Alles über Wein”︁ ein kurzer Artikel mit der Überschrift: „NMR entlarvt verbotene Zuckerung: Der Schrecken der Panscher”︁ [1]. Der folgende Beitrag soll den wissenschaftlichen Hintergrund dieses Artikels erläutern.
Biologische Netzwerke II
Authors: Burchard Walther
Published: December 2004

Nachdem im ersten Teil über „Biologische Netzwerke”︁ [vgl. diese Zeitschr. 23, 37 (1989)] zweidimensionale und pseudo‐zwei‐ dimensionale Netzwerke behandelt wurden mit inneren und äußeren Deckflächen, die chemisch unterschiedlich strukturiert sind, geht es im vorliegenden zweiten Teil um dreidimensionale Netzwerke, und zwar um das Fibrin‐Netzwerk, um das Netzwerk des Bindegewebes, um den Mucus von Schleimhäuten und schließlich – wie zu Beginn des ersten Teils angekündigt – um die innere Struktur der Spinnennetz‐Seidenfäden, deren erstaunliche Eigenschaften auf der Kautschuk‐Elastizität eines polymeren Netzwerks im mikroskopischen Bereich beruhen.
Der scharfe Geschmack des Pfeffers. Ein altes Rätsel, nur teilweise gelöst
Authors: Freist Wolfgang
Published: December 2004

Welche Fortschritte, aber auch Irrtümer die Erforschung wirksamer Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe zustande bringen kann, soll in diesem Übersichtsartikel an der populären Gewürzpflanze Piper nigrum gezeigt werden. Diese seit dem Altertum bekannte Pflanze liefert uns in Form ihrer ungeschälten, unreifen Früchte den „schwarzen”︁, in Form ihrer geschälten, reifen Früchte den „weißen Pfeffer”︁; die Erforschung ihrer Inhaltsstoffe kann heute auf eine beinahe 200jährige Geschichte zurückblicken.
Chymia – die wahre Königin der Künste. Leben und Schriften des holsteinischen Dichters, Arztes und Alchemisten Michael Maier (1569–1622)
Authors: Figala Karin , Neumann Ulrich
Published: December 2004

Etwa um die Wende vom 16. auf das 17. Jahrhundert beginnt sich bekanntlich die Chemie nach und nach, von der aus Antike und Mittelalter überlieferten Alchemie zu lösen und zur exakten Naturwissenschaft im modernen Sinne zu entwickeln. Zu den markantesten Gestalten dieser Übergangsperiode, deren historische Erforschung im Detail allerdings noch einiges zu wünschen übrigläßt, zählt der gebürtige Holsteiner Michael Maier, ein humanistisch gebildeter Arzt, der zwischen 1614 und 1624 weit über ein Dutzend Bücher zur Alchemie und ihren Grenzgebieten im Druck veröffentlichte. Namentlich sein berühmtestes Werk, das von Matthaeus Merian mit 50 Kupferstichen illustrierte alchemistische Emblembuch „Atlanta fugiens”︁ (1617), hat in diesem Jahrhundert auch über den engeren Rahmen der Alchemiegeschichte hinaus Beachtung gefunden. Leben und Schaffen Maiers werden derzeit an der TU München neu untersucht [1, 2].
Natürliche Pflanzenschutzwirkstoffe. Teil II: Grenzen der praktischen Verwertung
Authors: Fugmann Burkhard , Lieb Folker , Moeschler Heinrich , Naumann Klaus , Wachendorff Ulrike
Published: December 2004

Im ersten Teil dieses Beitrags [vgl. diese Zeitschr. 25, 317 (1991)] wurde gezeigt, daß die Natur Stoffe bereithält, die in bezug auf ihre Wirkungshöhe im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen agrochemischen Wirkstoffen für den landwirtschaftlichen Einsatz durchaus interessant wären. Von den Problemen, die nach der Forschungsphase im Labor und ersten Freilandversuchen auftauchen und bei denen es um Verfügbarkeit und Behandlungskosten pro Hektar geht, soll im folgenden Beitrag die Rede sein.
A pair as a minimum: The two fibroblast growth factors of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Birnbaum Daniel , Popovici Cornel , Roubin Régine
Published: December 2004

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate many important developmental and homeostatic physiological events. The FGF superfamily contains several families. In this review, we present recent findings on the two FGFs of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans from both functional and phylogenic points of view. C. elegans has a single FGFR (EGL‐15) with two functionally exclusive isoforms, and two FGFs (LET‐756 and EGL‐17), which play distinct roles: an essential function for the former, and guidance of the migrating sex myoblasts for the latter. Regulation of homeostasis by control of the fluid balance could be the basis for the essential function of LET‐756. Phylogenetic and functional studies suggest that LET‐756, like vertebrate FGF9, ‐16, and ‐20, belongs to the FGF9 family, whereas EGL‐17, like vertebrate FGF8, ‐17, and ‐18, could be included in the FGF8 family. Developmental Dynamics 232:247‒255, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic versus blastogenetic development in the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: Insights from Pitx expression patterns
Authors: Tiozzo Stefano , Christiaen Lionel , Deyts Carole , Manni Lucia , Joly Jean‐Stéphane , Burighel Paolo
Published: December 2004

The colonial ascidians reproduce either sexually or asexually, having evolved a rich variety of modes of propagative development. During embryogenesis, the fertilized egg develops into a swimming tadpole larva that subsequently metamorphoses into a sessile oozooid. Clonal individuals (blastozooids), resembling oozooids, are formed from few bud‐forming multipotent somatic cells, following a wide range of ways that seem to characterize each family of this class. Here, we compare these two developmental processes in the compound ascidian species Botryllus schlosseri to determine whether similar gene activities are used during embryogenesis/metamorphosis and recruited in the asexual development. We analyzed expression of Pitx, a Paired‐related homeobox gene. Pitx genes are key developmental genes in vertebrates, and their expression is reported to be conserved in chordate stomodea and in the establishment of left/right asymmetries. Here, we report full‐length cDNA cloning of a B. schlosseri Pitx ortholog (Bs‐Pitx) and expression analysis during both embryo/metamorphosis and blastogenesis. During organogenesis of both developmental sequences, Bs‐Pitx was detected in identical domains: the stomodeum/neural complex and asymmetrically in the left digestive system. In striking contrast, expression patterns at early stages differ deeply. These observations provide the first evidence for a key developmental gene being deployed in essentially similar ways in two different developmental sequences that eventually give rise to similar zooids. Developmental Dynamics 232:468–478, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Executive functions in children with dyslexia
Authors: Reiter Astrid , Tucha Oliver , Lange Klaus W.
Published: December 2004

There is little data available concerning the executive functions of children with dyslexia. The small number of existing studies in this field focus on single aspects of these functions such as working memory. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess a variety of aspects of executive functioning in children with dyslexia. Forty‐two children with dyslexia and 42 non‐dyslexic children were examined using a neuropsychological test battery. The test battery consisted of standardised tests examining the assessment of working memory, concept formation, inhibition, flexibility, problem solving and fluency functions. Comparison between the test performance of non‐dyslexic children and children with dyslexia revealed obvious difficulties of children with dyslexia in tests measuring working memory. Inhibition of inappropriate reactions was impaired in children with dyslexia in more demanding tests, but not in simple ones. Furthermore, children with dyslexia displayed impairments of both verbal and figural fluency functions. While in comparison to non‐dyslexic children no disturbances of concept formation were observed, problem solving seemed to be partially impaired. The present findings suggest that children with dyslexia demonstrate impairments in a variety of executive functions. This should be considered in the development of new concepts in the treatment of dyslexia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Quaternary landscape history and geoarchaeology of two drainages on Black Mesa, northeastern Arizona, USA
Authors: Karlstrom Eric T.
Published: December 2004

Two approximately 5‐ to 6‐km drainage segments on Black Mesa preserve unusually complete sequences of late Quaternary alluvium and soils. Radiocarbon‐ and tree‐ring‐dated alluvial and soil stratigraphy suggests entrenched paleoarroyos were beginning to aggrade at about >24,260, 11,070, 9660, 8800, 7060, 3500, 2140, and 1870 14C yr B.P. Using the quantity of sediment removal from post‐A.D. 1900 arroyos as analogue, at least 77–200% of total valley alluvium has been removed and replaced by younger sediments during an estimated 11 late Pleistocene and Holocene erosion epicycles. Given that most (59%) of the 150 recorded prehistoric sites in the two study areas occur on valley floors where only about 3% of surface alluvium predates Lolomai phase Basketmaker II occupation (˜1900–1600 yr B.P.), it may be inferred that pre‐Lolomai phase Basketmaker II sites which may have been located along washes have been removed or buried by fluvial erosion. Identification of five buried hearths in alluvial sections, including White Dog and Lolomai phase Basketmaker II sites (dating about 3500 and 1870 14C yr B.P., respectively) and one possible Early Archaic site, supports this conclusion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using sulfur isotopes to determine the sources of vermillion in ancient burial mounds in Japan
Authors: Minami Takeshi , Imai Akira , Bunno Michiaki , Kawakami Kunihiko , Imazu Setsuo
Published: December 2004

This study represents an attempt to determine the sources of vermillion found in ancient Japanese burial mounds of the 1st–6th centuries A.D., by comparing their ratios of sulfur isotopes with those of cinnabar ore samples collected in Japan and China. Cinnabar ore samples were taken from three mines in central Japan (Niu in Mie, Yamato in Nara, and Sui in Tokushima prefectures), and from Wanshan in China, where mining activity has been recorded back to the 6th century A.D. and earlier. When the ratios of a 34S and 32S were compared with the Canyon Diablo meteorite standard, a high δ34S value of +22.6 ± 3.6‰ was found for the Wanshan mine, as opposed to low values ranging from −7.3 ± 1.9 to −2.1 ± 1.6‰ for the Japanese mines. The ratios of sulfur isotopes in vermillion collected from ancient Japanese burial mounds also divided into two groups. High ratios (+11.1 to +22.8‰) were found in 1st‐ and 2nd‐ century burials in the western regions of northern Kyushu and San'in, suggesting that local, powerful chiefs obtained vermillion through relations with China. Lower ratios (−8.4 to −2.0‰) were found in burials of the 2nd through 6th centuries in central Japan, where the ancient Yamato dynasty emerged as the first unified polity around the end of the 2nd century A.D. We, therefore, conclude that the Yamato dynasty exploited local sources of vermillion, rather than depending solely on China. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of determining sources of vermillion using sulfur isotope ratios, and the relevance of such findings for archaeological research. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of maternal age on uterine flow impedance
Authors: Pirhonen Jouko , Bergersen Tone Kristin , Abdlenoor Michael , Dubiel Marius , Gudmundsson Saemundur
Published: December 2004

Purpose

This study was conducted to determine possible maternal age‐related changes in uterine artery impedance in normal late pregnancy.

Patients and Methods

In a cross‐sectional design study, Doppler velocimetry of the uterine vessels was performed in 884 pregnant women with normal, late, singleton pregnancies. We hypothesized that maternal age is associated with changes in uterine blood flow Doppler parameters. We tested for univariate associations and for an adjusted relationship between these factors using a multivariate model to control for confounders.

Results

We found a statistically significant, nonlinear relationship between mean uterine artery impedance (pulsatility index) and maternal age, with an increase of the pulsatility index in women above the age of 35. This association continued to be significant even when adjusted for gestational age and parity as confounders.

Conclusions

In normal pregnancy, an increase in uterine artery impedance was noted in women above the age of 35. This finding may be related to the physiologic process of aging and may partly explain why pregnancies in older women are associated with diverse complications more often than those in younger women. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 33:14–17, 2005
Expression and possible function of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) and its cognate receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3 in postnatal and adult retina
Authors: Cinaroglu Ayca , Ozmen Yesim , Ozdemir Anil , Ozcan Ferruh , Ergorul Ceren , Cayirlioglu Pelin , Hicks David , Bugra Kuyas
Published: December 2004

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are important regulators of retinal development and survival. We examined the expression and distribution of FGF9 and its preferred receptors FGFR2IIIc and FGFR3IIIc in this tissue. FGF9 transcripts in whole rat retina were detected by RT‐PCR but were not present in purified cultured Müller glia. Transcripts appeared as 3.2‐kb and 4.0‐kb bands on Northern blots, and Western blotting of whole retina revealed FGF9‐immunoreactive bands at 30 and 55 kDa. FGF9 mRNA demonstrated a biphasic expression profile, elevated at birth and adulthood, but relatively decreased during terminal retinal differentiation (4–14 days postnatal). Antibody labeling broadly reflected these findings: staining in vivo was observed mainly in the inner retina (and outer plexiform layer in adults) whereas FGF9 was not detectable in cultured Müller glia. In adults, FGF9 in situ hybridization also showed a detectable signal in inner retina. FGFR2IIIc and FGFR3IIIc were detected by RT‐PCR, and Western blotting showed both FGFRs existed as multiple forms between ∼100–200 kDa. FGFR2 and FGFR3 antibodies showed prominent labeling in the inner retina, especially in proliferating cultured Müller glia. Exogenous FGF9 elicited a dose‐dependent increase in Müller glial proliferation in vitro. These data suggest a role for FGF9 in retinal differentiation and maturation, possibly representing a neuronally derived factor acting upon glial (and other) cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morale victories: How leaders can build positive energy
Authors: Klann Gene
Published: December 2004

It's not difficult to recognize an organization or team that has strong morale, pride, and spirit as opposed to one that does not. In the former, productivity and creativity are high and relationships are strong; in the latter, negativism, dissatisfaction, and friction reign. Here's a look at some steps leaders can take to enhance the characteristics that make for a prolific, efficient, cooperative, and loyal team.
Toward the Survival and Function of Xenogeneic Hepatocyte Grafts
Authors: Nishitai Ryuta , Koch Cody A. , Ogata Kiyoshi , Knudsen Bruce E. , Plummer Timothy B. , Butters Kim A. , Platt Jeffrey L.
Published: December 2004

Xenogeneic hepatocyte transplantation might offer an unobtrusive alternative to whole liver allotransplantation. Having previously found that the immune response to such grafts can be controlled by immunosuppression, we sought approaches to collection and delivery that would optimize survival and function after transplantation. Porcine hepatocytes were isolated by a 2-step collagenase technique and then: 1) used immediately; 2) stored in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution at 4°C; 3) cultured in supplemented Williams E medium; or 4) cryopreserved in UW solution with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The fate and function of the hepatocytes was determined after they were injected into the spleens of immunodeficient mice. Freshly isolated hepatocytes had better viability (92.2 ± 1.9%) than hepatocytes cultured for 24 hours (78.4 ± 6.3%), hypothermically preserved in UW solution for 24 hours (85.8 ± 3.1%), or cryopreserved (65.0 ± 2.6%). Freshly isolated hepatocytes secreted more albumin after transplantation than hepatocytes that were cultured, hypothermically stored, or cryopreserved. In conclusion, culture and storage profoundly compromises the function of isolated hepatocytes after transplantation. Freshly isolated hepatocytes are the preferred source for transplantation.
A Rare Case of Complex Vascular Reconstruction in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Smyrniotis Vassilios , Arkadopoulos Nikolaos , Kostopanagiotou Georgia , Vassiliou John , Contis John
Published: December 2004

Abnormalities of recipient or donor vascular structures are associated with reconstructive difficulties in liver transplantation. A patient with thrombosis of the right hepatic vein and associated stricture of the inferior vena cava (IVC), portal vein thrombosis and multiple aberrant arteries underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. The donor's suprahepatic IVC was anastomosed to the recipient's intrathoracic IVC. The portal vein flow was restored by venous graft interposition, while the arterial flow was ensured by interposing an iliac arterial graft anastomosed to the infrarenal aorta. In conclusion, graft function remains excellent more than 5 years postoperatively.
Assessment and correction of B1‐induced errors in magnetization transfer ratio measurements
Authors: Ropele Stefan , Filippi Massimo , Valsasina Paola , Korteweg Tijmen , Barkhof Frederik , Tofts Paul S. , Samson Rebecca , Miller David H. , Fazekas Franz
Published: December 2004

The magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) is strongly related to the field strength (B1) of the saturation pulse. B1 variations therefore can result in significant MTR variations and can affect histogram analysis, particularly if data from a large volume of interest are included. A multicenter study was performed to determine the typical range of B1 errors and the corresponding MTR variations in brain tissue of healthy volunteers. Seven subjects were included at each center resulting in a total cohort of 28 subjects. Additionally, numerical simulations were done to study this relationship more generally for pulsed saturation. It could be demonstrated, both theoretically and empirically, that for typical B1 errors there is a linear relationship between B1 error and the corresponding MTR change. In addition, for proton density‐weighted sequences, this relationship seems to be largely independent of the underlying relaxation properties.

Mean B1 errors in the entire brain were typically in the range between ‐3% and ‐7%. Due to different coil characteristics, significant MTR differences between different scanners and sites were observed. Using a simple correction scheme that is based on a linear regression analysis between MTR and B1 data it was possible to reduce the intersubject variation by ∼50%. Furthermore, interscanner variation could be reduced such that no significant differences between scanners could be detected. The correction scheme may be useful when investigating MTR as an outcome measure in single or multicenter studies. Magn Reson Med 53:134–140, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactions between hemodynamic responses to scanner acoustic noise and auditory stimuli in functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Langers Dave R. M. , Van Dijk Pim , Backes Walter H.
Published: December 2004

In functional MRI experiments on the central auditory system, activation caused by acoustic scanner noise is a dominating factor that partially masks the hemodynamic response signals to sound stimuli of interest. In this study, the nonlinear interaction between auditory responses to single scans and those to tone stimuli was investigated. By using irregular acquisition repetition times and quasi‐random stimulus timings, the brain responses to pure tone stimuli were analyzed, as well as their interaction with scanner noise. The tone frequencies were chosen to match either the fundamental frequency of the scanner noise (730 Hz) or a region with little spectral power (4.70 kHz). The hemodynamic responses could be characterized by amplitudes of 1.3% and a time‐to‐peak of 4.0–4.5 sec in the absence of scanner noise. Interaction effects due to a single previous scan typically decreased the response magnitudes to 0.9%. The functional shape of the interaction was analyzed and could be described by a highly separable, dominantly symmetric interaction function that fairly agreed with a low‐order Volterra expansion of a simple nonlinear model. Interactions were stronger and more complex in shape when the spectral content of the tone stimulus and the scanner noise were more similar. Magn Reson Med 53:49–60, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visualization of tensor fields using superquadric glyphs
Authors: Ennis Daniel B. , Kindlman Gordon , Rodriguez Ignacio , Helm Patrick A. , McVeigh Elliot R.
Published: December 2004

The spatially varying tensor fields that arise in magnetic resonance imaging are difficult to visualize due to the multivariate nature of the data. To improve the understanding of myocardial structure and function a family of objects called glyphs, derived from superquadric parametric functions, are used to create informative and intuitive visualizations of the tensor fields. The superquadric glyphs are used to visualize both diffusion and strain tensors obtained in canine myocardium. The eigensystem of each tensor defines the glyph shape and orientation. Superquadric functions provide a continuum of shapes across four distinct eigensystems (λi, sorted eigenvalues), λ1 = λ2 = λ3 (spherical), λ1 < λ2 = λ3 (oblate), λ1 > λ2 = λ3 (prolate), and λ1 > λ2 > λ3 (cuboid). The superquadric glyphs are especially useful for identifying regions of anisotropic structure and function. Diffusion tensor renderings exhibit fiber angle trends and orthotropy (three distinct eigenvalues). Visualization of strain tensors with superquadric glyphs compactly exhibits radial thickening gradients, circumferential and longitudinal shortening, and torsion combined. The orthotropic nature of many biologic tissues and their DTMRI and strain data require visualization strategies that clearly exhibit the anisotropy of the data if it is to be interpreted properly. Superquadric glyphs improve the ability to distinguish fiber orientation and tissue orthotropy compared to ellipsoids. Magn Reson Med 53:169–176, 2005. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of MRI for in vivo monitoring of retinal damage and detachment in experimental ocular inflammation
Authors: Pop‐Fanea Laura , Vallespin Sonia Nielles , Hutchison James M. S. , Forrester John V. , Seton Hugh C. , Foster Margaret A. , Liversidge Janet
Published: December 2004

Two quantitative methods were developed for investigation of the potential of MRI for in vivo monitoring of retinal damage and detachment in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Measurements of retinal thickness and detachment area were performed on matched MR and histologic (HIST) images of rat eyes at different stages of EAU. In vivo MR images of rat eyes were acquired at 4.7 T using a figure‐of‐eight surface coil and a spin echo pulse sequence. Ex vivo measurements were performed on HIST images acquired using a digital camera attached to a microscope. MR images mirrored the HIST appearance of inflamed eyes at each stage of disease. Retinal detachments as small as 0.1 mm2 were measured in vivo by MRI and confirmed in the same eye ex vivo by histology. Measurements performed on corresponding MR and HIST images demonstrated a good agreement between the two techniques. The potential of MRI for in vivo visualization and for monitoring changes in the eye during development of EAU was demonstrated in this study. Magn Reson Med 53:61–68, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Artifact and noise suppression in GRAPPA imaging using improved k‐space coil calibration and variable density sampling
Authors: Park Jaeseok , Zhang Qiang , Jellus Vladimir , Simonetti Orlando , Li Debiao
Published: December 2004

A parallel imaging technique, GRAPPA (GeneRalized Auto‐calibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions), has been used to improve temporal or spatial resolution. Coil calibration in GRAPPA is performed in central k‐space by fitting a target signal using its adjacent signals. Missing signals in outer k‐space are reconstructed. However, coil calibration operates with signals that exhibit large amplitude variation while reconstruction is performed using signals with small amplitude variation. Different signal variations in coil calibration and reconstruction may result in residual image artifact and noise. The purpose of this work was to improve GRAPPA coil calibration and variable density (VD) sampling for suppressing residual artifact and noise. The proposed coil calibration was performed in local k‐space along both the phase and frequency encoding directions. Outer k‐space was acquired with two different reduction factors. Phantom data were reconstructed by both the conventional GRAPPA and the improved technique for comparison at an acceleration of two. Under the same acceleration, optimal sampling and calibration parameters were determined. An in vivo image was reconstructed in the same way using the predetermined optimal parameters. The performance of GRAPPA was improved by the localized coil calibration and VD sampling scheme. Magn Reson Med 53:186–193, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed star labeling of arterial regions (PULSAR): A robust regional perfusion technique for high field imaging
Authors: Golay Xavier , Petersen Esben T. , Hui Francis
Published: December 2004

Regional perfusion imaging (RPI) has recently been introduced as a potentially powerful technique to map the perfusion territories of patients with vascular diseases in a fully noninvasive manner. However, this technique suffers from the problems of the transfer insensitive labeling technique upon which it is based. In particular, RPI is very sensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneities, and therefore the definition of the labeled bolus can deteriorate at field strength higher than 1.5 T. Furthermore, the slab‐selective triple‐pulse postsaturation sequence used originally will also be impaired due to the same problem, rendering RPI unusable at higher field. In this work, an adiabatic‐based signal targeting with alternating radiofrequency pulses sequence is proposed as a labeling scheme to solve the problems related to variations in local magnetic field, together with an improved four‐pulse water suppression enhanced through T1 effects technique as a presaturation scheme. Magn Reson Med 53:15–21, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exercise tolerance and daily life in McArdle's disease
Authors: Ollivier Karen , Hogrel Jean‐Yves , Gomez‐Merino Danielle , Romero Norma B. , Laforêt Pascal , Eymard Bruno , Portero Pierre
Published: December 2004

McArdle's disease is a common disorder of muscle metabolism and is due to myophosphorylase deficiency. The major complaint of patients with this disease is effort intolerance. Although the clinical features of affected patients are well known, their daily lifestyle is not well documented. The main objective of this work was to assess their mean daily energy expenditure (DEE) and compare it with control subjects. Thirty patients and 87 control subjects completed a questionnaire. A 3‐day self‐record of daily physical activities was used to estimate the mean DEE for patients and control subjects. A separate section of the questionnaire was used to assess patients' clinical features and daily lifestyle. The DEE of patients (44.1 ± 6.9 kcal/kg) was not significantly different from control subjects (44.5 ± 5.6 kcal/kg). Half of the patients with McArdle's disease performed a daily physical leisure activity as sport, sometimes at a high level (17%). Despite large individual variation, physical abilities and patients' symptoms were negatively correlated. Physical leisure activity significantly decreased the sensation of muscle pain (P< 0.03). These findings show that patients with McArdle's disease do not have a strictly sedentary lifestyle. Moreover, physical exercise appears to have positive effects on the main clinical features, such as effort intolerance. Thus, regular, moderate physical activity may be beneficial in McArdle's disease. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Numerical Investigation of Shock Wave Interference Heating in Chemical Nonequilibrium
Authors: Reinartz Birgit U. , van Keuk Jörn , Ballmann Josef
Published: December 2004

A Navier‐Stokes solver is extended by a nonequlibrium gas model to investigate heat transfer rates in hypersonic flow. The nonequlibrium model is shortly discussed and results for a type IV interaction on a cylinder are presented and compared to experimental measurements. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)