bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separation Measures and the Geometry of Bayes Factor Selection for Classification
Authors: Smith Jim Q. , Anderson Paul E. , Liverani Silvia
Published: July 2008

Conjugacy assumptions are often used in Bayesian selection over a partition because they allow the otherwise unfeasibly large model space to be searched very quickly. The implications of such models can be analysed algebraically. We use the explicit forms of the associated Bayes factors to demonstrate that such methods can be unstable under common settings of the associated hyperparameters. We then prove that the regions of instability can be removed by setting the hyperparameters in an unconventional way. Under this family of assignments we prove that model selection is determined by an implicit separation measure: a function of the hyperparameters and the sufficient statistics of clusters in a given partition. We show that this family of separation measures has plausible properties. The methodology proposed is illustrated through the selection of clusters of longitudinal gene expression profiles.
Graphical Gaussian Models With Edge and Vertex Symmetries
Authors: Højsgaard Søren , Lauritzen Steffen L.
Published: July 2008

We introduce new types of graphical Gaussian models by placing symmetry restrictions on the concentration or correlation matrix. The models can be represented by coloured graphs, where parameters that are associated with edges or vertices of the same colour are restricted to being identical. We study the properties of such models and derive the necessary algorithms for calculating maximum likelihood estimates. We identify conditions for restrictions on the concentration and correlation matrices being equivalent. This is for example the case when symmetries are generated by permutation of variable labels. For such models a particularly simple maximization of the likelihood function is available.
Datacab: a geographical‐information‐system‐based expert system for the design of cable networks
Authors: Monedero Iñigo , León Carlos , Denda Robert , Luque Joaquín
Published: July 2008

Abstract: Telecommunication networks have evolved over time as a result of technological advances, and network topologies and equipment have become increasingly complex. Expert systems are being successfully applied to the management of telecommunication networks. However, applying expert systems to network design is another especially beneficial yet still not very common approach. In this paper we propose a rule‐based expert system called Datacab. Datacab was developed at Enditel Endesa in collaboration with the Electronic Technology Department of the University of Seville, for the automatic design of hybrid fibre coax (HFC) cable networks. Using data from a geographical information system as input, it automatically generates viable HFC network designs.
Queering Space: Heterotopic Life in Derek Jarman's Garden
Authors: Steyaert Chris
Published: July 2008

Understanding the study of sexual spaces as heterotopological, this article argues that, in the context of sexual minorities, new forms of sexual identity that contest the dominant forms are generated and practiced in specific, ‘other’, spaces and timings, so‐called ‘heterotopias’. To develop and illustrate this argument, the garden and gardening practices of Derek Jarman are described and analysed as a heterotopic space and practice. To theoretically establish the relationship between sexual difference and (other) space, the notion of heterotopia is connected to the concept of the care of the self that is simultaneously understood as an existential, aesthetic and political activity of (creating) difference. Stressing the dimension of resistance, the care of the self is interpreted as a queer practice that turns a spatial politics of (sexual) difference into one of queering spaces.
Organizing Whiteness: Gender, Nationality and Subjectivity in Postcolonial Hong Kong
Authors: Leonard Pauline
Published: July 2008

This article looks at the negotiation and construction of new white subjectivities in the changing global workplace of Hong Kong. It explores how recent changes in the social and political landscape are being accompanied by complex transformations of work and working identities. Drawing on research conducted with white expatriates in the period since the return to Chinese rule in 1997, it reveals that whiteness, Britishness and gender are simultaneously both critical and unstable concepts that affect the ways in which these changing working identities are being managed and performed. The article explores interviews with a selection of British expatriates working in different contexts and identifies the key discourses that they draw upon as resources to position themselves as they talk about their working lives. These show that, while the colonial heritage is still evident, the interplay between global and local discourses and the formation of white, gendered subjectivities means that spaces are being created to renegotiate the established privileges and forms of entitlement on which work relationships have hitherto been based.
‘Que Viva La Minifalda!’ Secretaries, Miniskirts and Daily Practices of Sexuality in the Public Sector in Lima
Authors: Nencel Lorraine
Published: July 2008

This article explores the construction of hegemonic sexuality in daily practice. The first part recounts the story of two moments in Lima when attempts were made to forbid the miniskirt in the workplace. The second part explores female secretaries’ experiences and perceptions of the miniskirt and the connected issues of their appearance and identity. The article argues that the miniskirt is imbued with sexual meanings that reflect the hegemonic construction of sexuality. Secretaries, however, reject these meanings and these acts of rejection are open to multiple interpretations. The analysis of the secretaries’ rejection of the miniskirt focuses on issues of women's agency and ambivalence. The article concludes by suggesting that the theoretical notion of ambivalence can make sense only when practice is also conceptualized as unreflexive. This broadens our understanding as to why women uphold and accept the hegemonic discourse of sexuality that produces gender inequity and why the hegemonic discourse of sexuality appears to be so resilient to change.
From fish to modern humans – comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the head and neck musculature
Authors: Diogo R. , Abdala V. , Lonergan N. , Wood B. A.
Published: July 2008

In a recent paper Diogo (2008) reported the results of the first part of an investigation of the comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of the head and neck muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish + tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish, but also compared these fish with certain non‐mammalian sarcopterygians. The present paper focuses mainly on sarcopterygians, and particularly on how the head and neck muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non‐mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals, including modern humans. The data obtained from our dissections of the head and neck muscles of representative members of sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals, such as rodents, tree‐shrews, colugos and primates, including modern humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons indicate that the number of mandibular and true branchial muscles (sensu this work) present in modern humans is smaller than that found in mammals such as tree‐shrews, rats and monotremes, as well as in reptiles such as lizards. Regarding the pharyngeal musculature, there is an increase in the number of muscles at the time of the evolutionary transition leading to therian mammals, but there was no significant increase during the transition leading to the emergence of higher primates and modern humans. The number of hypobranchial muscles is relatively constant within the therian mammals we examined, although in this case modern humans have more muscles than other mammals. The number of laryngeal and facial muscles in modern humans is greater than that found in most other therian taxa. Interestingly, modern humans possess peculiar laryngeal and facial muscles that are not present in the majority of the other mammalian taxa; this seems to corroborate the crucial role played by vocal communication and by facial expressions in primate and especially in human evolution. It is hoped that by compiling, in one paper, data about the head and neck muscles of a wide range of sarcopterygians, the present work could be useful to comparative anatomists, evolutionary biologists and functional morphologists and to researchers working in other fields such as developmental biology, genetics and/or evolutionary developmental biology.
Distribution of mucins and antimicrobial substances lysozyme and lactoferrin in the laryngeal subglottic region
Authors: Kutta Hannes , Willer Andreas , Steven Philipp , Bräuer Lars , Tsokos Michael , Paulsen Friedrich
Published: July 2008

The subglottic region of the larynx is of high clinical relevance with regard to infections and malignancies. Little is known about the distribution of mucins and antimicrobial substances in this area. In this study, we have investigated the mucin distribution in the normal subglottis of the larynx. Moreover, we analysed the expression of lysozyme and lactoferrin in this area. Therefore, the subglottic region of 34 larynges was investigated immunohistochemically with different antibodies to mucins and antimicrobial substances. The epithelium reacted positive with antibodies to mucins MUC1 (34/34), 5AC (26/34), 5B (10/34), 7 (8/34), 8 (10/34) and 16 (19/34); submucosal glands were positive to mucins MUC1 (34/34), 5B (10/34), 7 (8/34), and 16 (19/34); high columnar epithelial cells and serous parts of subepithelial seromucous glands were also positive for lysozyme (34/34) and lactoferrin (34/34). The results show that human subglottic epithelium and subepithelial submucosal glands produce a broad spectrum of mucins that is almost comparable with that in other areas of the respiratory tract. We hypothesize that the mucin diversity of the subglottis has an impact on positive functional consequences during vocal production and antimicrobial defence. This antimicrobial defence is supported by synthesis and secretion of antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and lactoferrin. Moreover, knowledge of the observed distribution pattern of mucins in the subglottis can be a useful tool for a classification of subglottic laryngeal carcinomas.
Anatomical traits associated with absorption and mycorrhizal colonization are linked to root branch order in twenty‐three Chinese temperate tree species
Authors: Guo Dali , Xia Mengxue , Wei Xing , Chang Wenjing , Liu Ying , Wang Zhengquan
Published: July 2008

DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02648.xCommentary p 562
ERP correlates of complex human decision making in a gambling paradigm: Detection and resolution of conflict
Authors: Mennes Maarten , Wouters Heidi , Van Den Bergh Bea , Lagae Lieven , Stiers Peter
Published: July 2008

The present event‐related potential study investigated the correlates of decision making in relation to the amount of response conflict. In a gambling paradigm, response conflict was introduced by giving participants the option to either gamble or pass. Second, the odds and gains in each trial were manipulated to make the decision to gamble or pass determined or underdetermined. Underdetermined trials included an extra conflict. The N2 was modulated by the mere presence of conflict. In contrast to both conflict monitoring and inhibition theories for N2, these results suggest that an enhancement in N2 reflects the mere detection of conflicting alternatives. The P3 showed a fronto‐central increase in amplitude in trials including two forms of response conflict compared to trials including only one conflict. These findings suggest that P3 reflects part of the conflict resolution processes.
Blink before and after you think: Blinks occur prior to and following cognitive load indexed by pupillary responses
Authors: Siegle Greg J. , Ichikawa Naho , Steinhauer Stuart
Published: July 2008

Pupil dilation and blinks provide complementary, mutually exclusive indices of information processing. Though each index is associated with cognitive load, the occurrence of a blink precludes the measurement of pupil diameter. These indices have generally been assessed in independent literatures. We examine the extent to which these measures are related on two cognitive tasks using a novel method that quantifies the proportion of trials on which blinks occur at each sample acquired during the trial. This measure allows cross‐correlation of continuous pupil‐dilation and blink waveforms. Results indicate that blinks occur during early sensory processing and following sustained information processing. Pupil dilation better reflects sustained information processing. Together these indices provide a rich picture of the time course of information processing, from early reactivity through sustained cognition, and after stimulus‐related cognition ends.
The effects of learning on event‐related potential correlates of musical expectancy
Authors: Carrión Ricardo E. , Bly Benjamin Martin
Published: July 2008

Musical processing studies have shown that unexpected endings in familiar musical sequences produce extended latencies of the P300 component. The present study sought to identify event‐related potential (ERP) correlates of musical expectancy by entraining participants with rule‐governed chord sequences and testing whether unexpected endings created similar responses. Two experiments were conducted in which participants performed grammaticality classifications without training (Experiment 1) and with training (Experiment 2). In both experiments, deviant chords differing in instrumental timbre elicited a MMN/P3a waveform complex. Violations related to learned patterns elicited an early right anterior negativity and P3b. Latency and amplitude of peak components were modulated by the physical characteristics of the chords, expectations due to prior knowledge of musical harmony, and contextually defined expectations developed through entrainment.
Task difficulty effects on cardiac activity
Authors: Richter Michael , Friedrich Antonia , Gendolla Guido H. E.
Published: July 2008

An experiment with 64 participants manipulated task difficulty and assessed cardiac reactivity in active coping over four levels of demand. Participants performed a memory task while preejection period, heart rate, and blood pressure were assessed. In accordance with the theoretical predictions of R. A. Wright's (1996) integration of motivational intensity theory (J. W. Brehm & E. A. Self, 1989) with Obrist's active coping approach (P. A. Obrist, 1981), preejection period and systolic blood pressure reactivity increased with task difficulty across the first three difficulty levels. On the fourth difficulty level—where success was impossible—reactivity of both preejection period and systolic blood pressure were low. These findings provide the first clear evidence for the notion of Wright's integrative model that energy mobilization in active coping is mediated by beta‐adrenergic impact on the heart.
Over‐expression of an S‐adenosylmethionine‐dependent methyltransferase leads to an extended lifespan ofPodospora anserinawithout impairments in vital functions
Authors: Kunstmann Birgit , Osiewacz Heinz D.
Published: July 2008

PaMTH1, a putative methyltransferase previously described to increase in abundance in total protein extracts during aging ofPodospora anserinais demonstrated to accumulate in the mitochondrial cell fraction of senescent cultures. The protein is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and displays a methyltransferase activity utilizing flavonoids as substrates. Constitutive over‐expression ofPaMth1inP. anserinaresults in a reduced carbonylation of proteins and an extended lifespan without impairing vital functions suggesting a protecting role of PaMTH1 against oxidative stress.
Proxy global assessment of land degradation
Authors: Bai Z. G. , Dent D. L. , Olsson L. , Schaepman M. E.
Published: July 2008

Land degradation is always with us but its causes, extent and severity are contested. We define land degradation as a long‐term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, which may be assessed using long‐term, remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Deviation from the norm may serve as a proxy assessment of land degradation and improvement – if other factors that may be responsible are taken into account. These other factors include rainfall effects which may be assessed by rain‐use efficiency, calculated from NDVI and rainfall. Results from the analysis of the 23‐year Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI data indicate declining rain‐use efficiency‐adjusted NDVI on ca. 24% of the global land area with degrading areas mainly in Africa south of the equator, South‐East Asia and south China, north‐central Australia, the Pampas and swaths of the Siberian and north American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas. The results are very different from previous assessments which compounded what is happening now with historical land degradation. Economic appraisal can be undertaken when land degradation is expressed in terms of net primary productivity and the resultant data allow statistical comparison with other variables to reveal possible drivers.
Issue salience in regional party manifestos in Spain
Authors: LIBBRECHT LISELOTTE , MADDENS BART , SWENDEN WILFRIED , FABRE ELODIE
Published: July 2008

Abstract. This article analyses the dynamics of electoral competition in a multilevel setting. It is based on a content analysis of the party manifestos of the Spanish PP and PSOE in eight regional elections held between 2001 and 2003. It provides an innovative coding scheme for analysing regional party manifestos and on that basis seeks to account for inter‐regional, intra‐party and inter‐party differences in regional campaigning. The authors have tried to explain the inter‐regional variation of the issue profiles of state‐wide parties in regional elections on the basis of a model with four independent variables: the asymmetric nature of the system, the electoral cycle, the regional party systems and the organisation of the state‐wide parties. Three of their hypotheses are rejected, but the stronger variations in the regional issue profiles of the PSOE corroborate the assumption that parties with a more decentralised party organisation support regionally more diverse campaigning. The article concludes by offering an alternative explanation for this finding and by suggesting avenues for further research.
Coupling forward modelling of garnet growth with monazite geochronology: an application to the Rappold Complex (Austroalpine crystalline basement)
Authors: GAIDIES F. , KRENN E. , DE CAPITANI C. , ABART R.
Published: July 2008

Results from forward modelling of garnet growth and U–Th–Pb chemical dating suggest three periods of metamorphism that affected metapelitic rocks of the Rappold Complex (Eastern European Alps). Garnet first grew during Barrovian‐type metamorphism, possibly during the Carboniferous Variscan orogeny. The second period of metamorphism produced monazite and resulted in minor garnet growth in some samples. Variable garnet growth was controlled by changes to the effective bulk rock composition resulting from resorption of older garnet porphyroblasts. Monazite crystals have variable morphology, textures and composition, but all yield Permian ages (267 ± 12 to 274 ± 17 Ma). In samples in which there was Permian garnet growth, monazite forms isolated and randomly distributed grains. In other samples, monazite formed pseudomorphous clusters after allanite. This difference is attributed to higher transport rates of monazite‐forming elements in samples which underwent dehydration reactions during renewed garnet growth. The third and final period of garnet growth took place during Eo‐Alpine (Cretaceous) metamorphism. Garnet of this age displays a wart‐like texture. This may reflect transport‐limited growth, possibly as a result of repeated dehydration during polyphase metamorphism.
Primary Headache in Italian Early Adolescents: The Role of Perceived Teacher Unfairness
Authors: Santinello Massimo , Vieno Alessio , De Vogli Roberto
Published: July 2008

Background.—The impact of perceived teacher unfairness on headache incidence has previously been insufficiently investigated.

Objective.—The aims of the study are to analyze the prevalence of headache among Italian early adolescents as well as to examine the role of perceived teacher unfairness and classmate social support in predicting this health outcome.

Methods.—Data were taken from the “Health Behaviour in School Aged Children,” a cross‐sectional survey investigating health behaviors among early adolescents in selected European countries. Headache, perceived teacher unfairness, and classmate social support were measured through a self‐administered questionnaire filled out by a representative sample of 4386 (48.4% males) Italian students (11, 13, and 15 years old). Covariates included demographic characteristics (age, gender) and socioeconomic status (parental educational attainment), and other confounding psychological factors (eg, family empowerment, bullying).

Results.—Prevalence of frequent headaches (at least once a week) was about 40%. Girls were more likely to report frequent headaches compared with boys. Prevalence of frequent headaches increased with age. After adjusting for age and gender, teacher unfairness showed a significant association with frequent headache (P < .001). This relationship remained significant even after additional adjustment for several psychosocial factors. Classmate social support seems to act as a protective factor, but not as a buffering mechanism against the negative effects of teacher unfairness.

Conclusions.—Italian early adolescents show a quite high prevalence of frequent headache. Results show that characteristics of the school setting, such as teacher unfairness and classmate social support, can be significant predictors of frequent headache among early adolescents. Longitudinal research is needed to delineate causal relationships between school factors and recurrent headache.
Multicenter double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of levetiracetam as add‐on therapy in Chinese patients with refractory partial‐onset seizures
Authors: Wu Xun‐Yi , Hong Zhen , Wu Xun , Wu Li‐Wen , Wang Xue‐Feng , Zhou Dong , Zhao Zhong‐Xin , Lv Chuan‐Zhen
Published: July 2008

Purpose:  To evaluate efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam (LEV; Keppra®) as add‐on therapy in Chinese patients with refractory partial‐onset seizures.

Methods:  In this multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial, 206 patients aged 16–70 years with uncontrolled partial‐onset seizures were randomized to receive LEV (n =103) or placebo (n =103); 202 patients (LEV, n =102; placebo, n = 100) comprised the intent‐to‐treat population. An 8‐week historical baseline period confirmed eligibility according to seizure count. The 16‐week treatment period consisted of a 4‐week up‐titration period (LEV, 1,000–3,000 mg/day in two equal divided doses) followed by a 12‐week maintenance period. Efficacy assessments were based on weekly frequency of partial‐onset seizures during the 16‐week treatment period.

Results:  LEV significantly decreased weekly partial‐onset seizure frequency over placebo by 26.8% (p  < 0.001). Median percentage reductions in weekly partial‐onset seizure frequency from historical baseline were 55.9% for LEV and 13.7% for placebo (p  < 0.001). The ≥50% responder rates were 55.9% for LEV, compared with 26.0% for placebo (p  < 0.001). Freedom from partial‐onset seizures during treatment period was achieved by 11 LEV patients (10.8%) and 2 placebo patients (2.0%) (p = 0.012). Adverse events were reported by 65 LEV‐treated patients (63.1%) and 62 placebo‐treated patients (60.2%); most were of mild‐to‐moderate intensity. The most common adverse events were somnolence (LEV, 17.5%; placebo, 17.5%), decreased platelet count (LEV, 9.7%; placebo, 9.7%), and dizziness (LEV, 7.8%; placebo, 13.6%).

Discussion:  Add‐on LEV was effective and well‐tolerated in Chinese patients with refractory partial‐onset seizures.
Changes in individual and group spatial and verbal learning characteristics after anterior temporal lobectomy
Authors: Dulay Mario F. , Levin Harvey S. , York Michele K. , Li Xiaoqi , Mizrahi Eli M. , Goldsmith Ian , Verma Amit , Goldman Alica , Grossman Robert G. , Yoshor Daniel
Published: July 2008

Purpose:  To evaluate the effects of anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) on individual and group spatial and verbal learning and memory abilities as a function of side of surgery and seizure control outcome.

Methods:  We evaluated pre‐ and postsurgical learning and memory abilities of 75 left‐hemisphere language dominant individuals who underwent ATL (33 left, 42 right) using the 8‐trial Nonverbal Selective Reminding test and the 12‐trial Verbal Selective Reminding test.

Results:  Reliable change index methods indicated that 40.5% of individuals who underwent right‐ATL had a clinically significant decline in spatial memory, and 62.5% of individuals who underwent left‐ATL had a significant reduction in verbal memory. Growth curve analyses indicated that both side of surgery and poor seizure outcome independently affected the learning slope in the best fitting models. Left‐ATL reduced the slope, but did not affect the overall shape, of verbal learning across trials. On the other hand, poor seizure control outcome affected the slope of spatial learning regardless of the side of surgery.

Discussion:  Results demonstrate both individual and group declines in spatial memory and learning after ATL. Results suggest that individuals who undergo right‐ATL should be counseled regarding the likelihood of a decline in spatial memory and learning abilities after ATL. Results also suggest that individuals with poor seizure control after ATL should be referred for rehabilitation services given the significant declines in spatial and verbal memory that occurred in our sample regardless of side of surgery.
TWO SNOW SPECIES OF THE QUADRIFLAGELLATE GREEN ALGACHLAINOMONAS(CHLOROPHYTA, VOLVOCALES): ULTRASTRUCTURE AND PHYLOGENETIC POSITION WITHIN THE CHLOROMONAS CLADE1
Authors: Novis Philip M. , Hoham Ronald W. , Beer Thomas , Dawson Murray
Published: July 2008

The quadriflagellate snow algaChlainomonasChristen, distributed in New Zealand and North America, has several unusual structural attributes. A process assumed to be cytokinesis involves extrusion of protoplasm from the parent through a narrow canal,C. kolii(J. T. Hardy et Curl) Hoham produces a net‐like outer envelope rather than a cell wall, and the flagellar basal apparatus ofChlainomonasconsists of two semi‐independent pairs of basal bodies. Structural connections between basal body pairs appear minimal, but a connecting system different from that observed in other genera exists within each pair. Phylogenetic analysis usingrbcL sequences placesChlainomonasin the Chloromonas clade, other known members of which are all biflagellate.Chlainomonasis split into two robust lineages, with New Zealand collections sharing an origin with northern North American collections. Although the quadriflagellate condition is regarded as ancestral in the Chlorophyceae, we speculate—based on ultrastructural and molecular data presented here—thatChlainomonasrepresents a derived form that has arisen from fusion of two ancestral biflagellate cells. Other explanations (for example, thatChlainomonasrepresents a diploid form of a biflagellate species) are remotely possible but are presently at odds with extensive observations of field material. Improvements in techniques for experimental manipulation of these sensitive cryophiles will be required to fully characterize their structure and progress our understanding of their biology.
Coffee and Cigarette Consumption and Perceived Effects in Recovering Alcoholics Participating in Alcoholics Anonymous in Nashville, Tennessee
Authors: Reich Michael S. , Dietrich Mary S. , Reid Finlayson Alistair James , Fischer Edward F. , Martin Peter R.
Published: July 2008

Background: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) members represent an important and relatively understudied population for improving our understanding of alcohol dependence recovery as over 1 million Americans participate in the program. Further insight into coffee and cigarette use by these individuals is necessary given AA members’ apparent widespread consumption and the recognized health consequences and psychopharmacological actions of these substances.

Methods: Volunteers were sought from all open‐AA meetings in Nashville, TN during the summer of 2007 to complete a questionnaire (n = 289, completion rate = 94.1%) including timeline followback for coffee, cigarette, and alcohol consumption; the Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation Scale; coffee consumption and effects questions; the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND); and the Smoking Effects Questionnaire.

Results: Mean (±SD) age of onset of alcohol consumption was 15.4 ± 4.2 years and mean lifetime alcohol consumption was 1026.0 ± 772.8 kg ethanol. Median declared alcohol abstinence was 2.1 years (range: 0 days to 41.1 years) and median lifetime AA attendance was 1000.0 meetings (range: 4 to 44,209 meetings); average AA affiliation score was 7.6 ± 1.5. Most (88.5%) individuals consumed coffee and approximately 33% of coffee consumers drank more than 4 cups per day (M = 3.9 ± 3.9). The most common self‐reported reasons for coffee consumption and coffee‐associated behavioral changes were related to stimulatory effects. More than half (56.9%) of individuals in AA smoked cigarettes. Of those who smoked, 78.7% consumed at least half a pack of cigarettes per day (M = 21.8 ± 12.3). Smokers’ FTND scores were 5.8 ± 2.4; over 60% of smokers were highly or very highly dependent. Reduced negative affect was the most important subjective effect of smoking.

Conclusions: A greater proportion of AA participants drink coffee and smoke cigarettes in larger per capita amounts than observed in general U.S. populations. The effects of these products as described by AA participants suggest significant stimulation and negative affect reduction. Fundamental knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of coffee and cigarette consumption among AA members will enable future research to discern their impact on alcohol abstinence and recovery.
Impact of Alcohol Abuse on Protein Expression of Midkine and Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 in the Human Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Flatscher‐Bader Traute , Wilce Peter A.
Published: July 2008

Background: Alcoholism is associated with shrinkage of brain tissue and reduction in the number of neurons and dendritic arbors particularly in the prefrontal cortex. These changes correlate with the cognitive defects common in alcoholics. A recent study investigated the mRNA expression of selected genes in the prefrontal cortex and found that the levels of mRNA encoding the neurotrophic factor, midkine (MDK), and the excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) were significantly higher in alcoholics compared with nonalcoholic controls. This study aimed to investigate, whether the transcriptional changes observed result in alterations to protein expression. Additionally, the study aimed to expand our understanding of MDK and EAAT1 action by localizing their expression within morphologically and functionally distinct layers of this brain region.

Methods: Quantitative changes in protein levels of MDK and EAAT1 were investigated in alcoholic and control cases using Western blots. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to localize proteins expression in formalin‐fixed sagittal sections of the prefrontal cortex.

Results: A marked increase was revealed in protein expression of both genes in the prefrontal cortex of chronic alcoholics. MDK‐like immunofluorescence in alcoholic and control cases was present in nuclei throughout the prefrontal cortex and was particularly apparent in cell bodies of astrocytes in cortical layer II. Immunolabeling of the EAAT1 was densest in cortical layer II in control cases and induced in deeper layers in alcoholic cases.

Conclusion: Midkine promotes neuronal outgrowth and survival. The up‐regulation of MDK protein expression may indicate the induction of reparative processes. The amino acid transporter is vital for the removal of glutamate from the synaptic cleft. At alcohol withdrawal, extracellular glutamate is thought to reach excitotoxic concentrations. Up‐regulation of EAAT1 throughout the cortical layers may indicate an attempt to combat elevated glutamate concentrations. The predominant expression of the two proteins in layer II of the cortex implies a region‐specific role of astrocytes.
Differences in Acute Alcohol‐Induced Behavioral Responses Among Zebrafish Populations
Authors: Gerlai Robert , Ahmad Fahad , Prajapati Sonal
Published: July 2008

Background: With the arsenal of genetic tools available for zebrafish, this species has been successfully used to investigate the genetic aspects of human diseases from developmental disorders to cancer. Interest in the behavior and brain function of zebrafish is also increasing as CNS disorders may be modeled and studied with this species. Alcoholism and alcohol abuse are among the most devastating and costliest diseases. However, the mechanisms of these diseases are not fully understood. Zebrafish has been proposed as a model organism to study such mechanisms. Characterization of alcohol’s effects on zebrafish is a necessary step in this research.

Methods: Here, we compare the effects of acute alcohol (EtOH) administration on the behavior of zebrafish from 4 distinct laboratory‐bred populations using automated as well as observation based behavioral quantification methods.

Results: Alcohol treatment resulted in significant dose‐dependent behavioral changes but the dose–response trajectories differed among zebrafish populations.

Conclusions: The results demonstrate for the first time a genetic component in alcohol responses in adult zebrafish and also show the feasibility of high throughput behavioral screening. We discuss the exploration and exploitation of the genetic differences found.
Ethanol‐Induced Behavioral Sensitization in Adolescent and Adult Mice: Role of the nNOS Gene
Authors: Itzhak Yossef , Anderson Karen L.
Published: July 2008

Background: In the brain, nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has a role in synaptic plasticity. Recent evidence suggests the role of NO in a variety of effects produced by alcohol in the central nervous system. The current study investigated the role of the nNOS gene in the development of behavioral sensitization to ethanol in adolescent and adult mice.

Methods: Adolescent and adult wild type (WT; B6;129SF2) and nNOS knockout (KO; B6;129S4‐Nos1) mice of both sexes received saline or ethanol (1.5 g/kg; intraperitoneally) for 5 consecutive days, and locomotor activity was recorded daily. The locomotor response to challenge ethanol and saline injections was investigated at various time points following withdrawal from ethanol.

Results: Adolescent WT but not nNOS KO mice developed a long‐lasting sensitized response to ethanol as well as context‐dependent hyperlocomotion (in response to saline) from adolescence through adulthood; sex‐dependent differences were not observed. Compared to adolescent WT mice, adult WT males developed a short‐term sensitized response to ethanol and context‐dependent hyperlocomotion; adult WT females showed only short‐term context‐dependent hyperlocomotion. Adult nNOS KO males (like their adolescent counterparts) did not develop behavioral sensitization; no significant differences between adult nNOS KO and WT females were observed. Blood ethanol concentrations did not show genotype‐ or sex‐dependent differences.

Conclusions: (1) The nNOS gene is required for the development of behavioral sensitization to ethanol in adolescent male and female mice. (2) Adolescent exposure to ethanol results in long‐lasting behavioral sensitization through adulthood, while adult exposure to ethanol results in a shorter behavioral sensitization. (3) Sex‐dependent differences are observed when ethanol exposure begins in adulthood but not in adolescence. (4) Ethanol‐induced behavioral sensitization in adulthood is nNOS‐dependent in males but not in females. Taken together, results suggest genotype‐, ontogeny‐, and sex‐dependent differences in the development of behavioral sensitization to ethanol.
Lack of Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Fall‐Prevention Program in Elderly People at Risk: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Hendriks Marike R. C. , Bleijlevens Michel H. C. , Van Haastregt Jolanda C. M. , Crebolder Harry F. J. M. , Diederiks Joseph P. M. , Evers Silvia M. A. A. , Mulder Wubbo J. , Kempen Gertrudis I. J. M. , Van Rossum Erik , Ruijgrok Joop M. , Stalenhoef Paul A. , Van Eijk Jacques Th. M.
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether a pragmatic multidisciplinary fall‐prevention program was more effective than usual care in preventing new falls and functional decline in elderly people.

DESIGN: A two‐group, randomized, controlled trial with 12 months of follow‐up.

SETTING: University hospital and home‐based intervention, the Netherlands.

PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred thirty‐three community‐dwelling Dutch people aged 65 and over who were seen in an emergency department after a fall.

INTERVENTION: Participants in the intervention group underwent a detailed medical and occupational‐therapy assessment to evaluate and address risk factors for recurrent falls, followed by recommendations and referral if indicated. People in the control group received usual care.

MEASUREMENTS: Number of people sustaining a fall (fall calendar) and daily functioning (Frenchay Activity Index).

RESULTS: Results showed no statistically significantly favorable effects on falls (odds ratio=0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.50–1.49) or daily functioning (regression coefficient=0.37, CI=−0.90 to 1.63) after 12 months of follow‐up.

CONCLUSION: The multidisciplinary fall‐prevention program was not effective in preventing falls and functional decline in this Dutch healthcare setting. Implementing the program in its present form in the Netherlands is not recommended. This trial shows that there can be considerable discrepancy between the “ideal” (experimental) version of a program and the implemented version of the same program. The importance of implementation research in assessing feasibility and effectiveness of such a program in a specific healthcare setting is therefore stressed.
Obesity, Physical Function, and Mortality in Older Adults
Authors: Lang Iain A. , Llewellyn David J. , Alexander Kirsty , Melzer David
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effects of excess body weight on objective and subjective physical function and mortality risks in noninstitutionalized older adults.

DESIGN: Population‐based cohort study.

SETTING: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).

PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand seven hundred ninety‐three participants in the ELSA aged 65 and older followed up for 5 years.

MEASUREMENTS: Analyses compared the risks of impaired physical function and mortality for subjects who were at the recommended weight (body mass index (BMI)=20.0–24.9) with those who were overweight (BMI=25.0–29.9), obese (BMI=30.0–34.9) or severely obese (BMI≥35.0). Outcome measures were difficulties with activities of daily living (ADLs), score on the Short Physical Performance Battery, and mortality.

RESULTS: Participants in higher BMI categories had greater risk of impaired physical function at follow‐up but little or no greater risk of mortality. For example, compared with men of recommended weight, obese men (BMI=30.0–34.9) had relative risk ratios of difficulties with ADLs of 1.99 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.42–2.78), of measured functional impairment of 1.51 (95% CI=1.05–2.16), and of mortality of 0.99 (95% CI=0.60–1.61). Findings were robust when excluding those who lost weight, smoked, or had poor self‐rated health.

CONCLUSION: Excess body weight in people aged 65 and older is associated with greater risk of impaired physical function but not with greater mortality risk. Societies with growing numbers of overweight and obese older people are likely to face increasing burdens of disability‐associated health and social care costs.
Two‐Year Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia: To What Extent Do Different Definitions Agree?
Authors: Matthews Fiona E. , Stephan Blossom C. M. , McKeith Ian G. , Bond John , Brayne Carol ,   the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine the 2‐year outcome from 16 different current classifications of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a population‐based sample.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study: baseline and 2‐year follow‐up phases.

SETTING: Large‐scale multicenter study, United Kingdom.

PARTICIPANTS:: Thirteen thousand four individuals aged 65 and older from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. From this, a subsample of 2,640 individuals was selected and completed a more‐detailed cognitive assessment. Individuals who underwent further assessment were asked to complete annual or 2‐year follow‐ups.

MEASUREMENTS: Information on sociodemographic status, general health, cognitive impairment and functional ability were collected using a structured interview. Individuals were classified according to 16 different definitions of MCI. These were applied retrospectively.

RESULTS: The dominant outcome across definitions was an impairment that was not classifiable or reversion to normality. Progression to dementia was variable and generally poor. Overall progression was highest in classifications in which impairment extended to memory and nonmemory domains. Predictability was age dependent in some but not all classifications.

CONCLUSION: Current classifications of MCI have variable outcomes in population‐based samples. Progression to dementia is relatively rare and is dependent on age and definition. Selection criteria developed for the clinic are based on a “high risk” approach that leads to exclusion of a large percentage of the impaired population who are neither normal nor demented and for whom no intervention options are currently available. A refined definition of this construct is urgently needed if MCI is to be used to predict dementia in population‐based studies.
Obesity in Nursing Homes: A Critical Review
Authors: Bradway Christine , DiResta Joseph , Fleshner Irene , Polomano Rosemary C.
Published: July 2008

Obesity is a significant, and increasing, health problem for older individuals, their caregivers, and healthcare professionals and delivery systems, yet few studies document how nursing homes have responded to this epidemic. To address these gaps, an extensive electronic search was conducted in the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, MedLine, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library using key terms and phrases, including obesity, morbid obesity, obesity in elderly, long‐term care, bariatric or weight loss surgery, nursing care, and nursing homes. Subsequent critical review suggests that research on obesity in older adults has predominantly been conducted in community‐dwelling populations and that few investigations have elucidated this problem in nursing home (NH) residents. Research priorities are also proposed to fill the current void in studies of obese NH residents.
Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections: The Association Between Age and Mortality and Functional Status
Authors: Malani Preeti N. , Rana Meenakshi M. , Banerjee Mousumi , Bradley Suzanne F.
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) blood stream infections (BSIs) and morbidity and mortality in older adults.

DESIGN: Retrospective review.

SETTING: Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System.

PARTICIPANTS: All patients with S. aureus BSI during 2004/05.

MEASUREMENTS: Outcomes included in‐hospital and 6‐month mortality, as well as need for subacute care.

RESULTS: Sixty‐eight patients with S. aureus BSI were identified (mean age 63.5±13.0). Outcomes of interest included in‐hospital mortality (19.1%), 6‐month mortality (33.8%), and need for subacute care (65.4%). Univariate analysis identified several predictors of death, including older age, chronic renal insufficiency, catheter‐related infection, Charlson weighted index of comorbidity score, and infection with methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that older age (odds ratio (OR)=1.1, P<.01), chronic renal insufficiency (OR=16.6, P=.01), and MRSA infection (OR=5.1, P=.03) were independently associated with 6‐month mortality. These results suggest that, for every decade increase in age, the odds of death within 6 months of S. aureus BSI doubles (OR=1.1). Chronic renal insufficiency was also independently associated with in‐hospital mortality. Of the previously community‐dwelling patients (n=50), 41 survived hospitalization, of whom 22 (53.7%) required subacute care after discharge.

CONCLUSION: Better understanding of the epidemiology of S. aureus BSI in older patients and validation of risk factors for poor functional outcomes and death should be the focus of future prospective studies.
Cognition in Older Women: The Importance of Daytime Movement
Authors: Barnes Deborah E. , Blackwell Terri , Stone Katie L. , Goldman Suzanne E. , Hillier Teresa , Yaffe Kristine ,   for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an objective measure of daytime movement is associated with better cognitive function in women in their 80s.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.

SETTING: A study of health and aging.

PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand seven hundred thirty‐six older women without evidence of dementia.

MEASUREMENTS: Daytime movement was assessed using actigraphy, which involved wearing a watch‐like device that objectively quantified accelerometer motion over a mean of 3.0±0.8 days. Cognitive function was measured using the Trail‐Making Test, Part B (Trails B) and the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cognitive impairment was defined as performing 1.5 standard deviations (SDs) worse than the mean on a given test.

RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 83±4; 10% were African American. After adjustment for age, race, and education, women in the highest movement quartiles had better mean cognitive test scores (20±0.3 seconds faster on Trails B and 0.3±0.2 points higher on MMSE, both P<.001) than those in the lowest quartile and were less likely to be cognitively impaired (odds ratio (OR)=0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.41–0.92 for Trails B; OR=0.68, 95% CI=0.44–1.07 for MMSE). Associations were similar in different subgroups and were independent of self‐reported walking, medical comorbidities, physical function, and other health‐related behaviors.

CONCLUSION: Daytime movement as measured objectively using actigraphy was associated with better cognitive function and lower odds of cognitive impairment in women in their 80s. Additional studies are needed to clarify the direction of the association and to explore potential mechanisms.