bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from Acacia caesia plant
Authors: Thomas Seena K. , Begum P. M. Sabura , Midhun Dominic C. D. , Salim Nisa V. , Hameed Nishar , Rangappa Sanjay Mavinkere , Siengchin Suchart , Parameswaranpillai Jyotishkumar
Published: October 2020

Acacia caesia (L.) Willd (soap bark) fiber is an abundant natural resource, that is rich in cellulose. The study reports the effective utilization of underutilized Acacia caesia fiber for the isolation of nanocellulose whiskers. The nanocellulose whiskers were isolated successfully from Acacia caesia fibers by following alkali, bleaching, and sulfuric acid treatment. The obtained nanocellulose whiskers were carefully investigated for its chemical composition, structure, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability. The chemical composition and Fourier transform infrared spectra of nanocellulose whiskers showed the elimination of the non‐cellulosic parts present in the raw Acacia caesia fibers. The X‐ray diffraction analysis showed an upsurge in the crystallinity of the cellulose fibers after the chemical treatments. The isolation of nanocellulose whiskers from Acacia caesia raw fiber was confirmed by electron microscopy analysis. The thermogravimetric analysis showed remarkably high char residue for the nanocellulose whiskers compared to raw fibers. Based on the properties of nanocellulose whiskers, it can be concluded that the nanocellulose whiskers produced from Acacia caesia raw fibers are potential reinforcing material for developing high‐performance green composites.
A gene silencing of V‐ATPase subunit A interferes with survival and development of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta
Authors: Rahmani Shima , Bandani Ali R.
Published: October 2020

RNA interference (RNAi) technology is not only considered as a tool to analyze gene function, but it is also potentially considered as a strategy to develop novel biopesticide. In the current study, a double‐stranded RNA specific to v‐ATPase subunit A of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick; Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), was orally administered. A gradual decrease in the expression of the gene was observed from Day 1 to 3 and resulted in significant larval mortality. These results suggest that v‐ATPases A can be considered as a promising target gene by RNAi technology to be used in the management of the tomato leafminer.
CO2‐Assisted Fabrication of Defect‐Engineered Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhao Xinhui , Xue Zhimin , Tan Xingxing , Liu Zhenghui , Chen Wenjun , Zhang Baolong , Yang Yuechao , Mu Tiancheng
Published: October 2020

Here, a defect‐engineered carbon nitride (DCN) electrocatalyst has been synthesized by directly annealing of a rationally designed urea precursor. The existence of defect sites was investigated by detailed characterizations. When loading a small amount of Ru nanoparticles, the obtained DCN catalyst offers excellent catalytic activity for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction.
Comparing computer‐based training and lecture formats to teach visual analysis of baseline‐treatment graphs
Authors: O'Grady Alexandra C. , Reeve Sharon A. , Reeve Kenneth F. , Vladescu Jason C. , Deshais Meghan
Published: October 2020

Accurate analysis of data is vital to the validation of interventions. As such, there has been a recent increase in studies evaluating visual analysis training procedures. However, past investigations have not evaluated direct and indirect visual analysis training methods with matched instructional content that was systematically designed. Furthermore, training has rarely included assessment of generalization and maintenance of visual analysis skills. The purpose of the current dissertation study was to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of (a) computer‐based training, (b) lecture formats with and (c) without the opportunity to pause, and (d) a no‐training group to teach visual analysis of AB graphs to university students. To make these formats directly comparable, the instructional content was equated by ensuring information and examples were identical across the three training procedures. Eighty‐three students were randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Results showed that all three training formats produced increases in accurate responding compared to the no‐training group. Visual analysis skills generalized to novel graphs and maintained approximately 2 weeks following all trainings. These results suggest that structured approaches that are carefully designed to train visual analysis are effective and lead to gains that generalize and maintain in the absence of training.
Highly Active Binary Exfoliated MoS2 Sheet–Cu2O Nanocrystal Hybrids for Efficient Photocatalytic Pollutant Degradation
Authors: Hong Jong Wook
Published: October 2020

Semiconductor–semiconductor binary photocatalysts with complementary band gaps and desirable conduction band (CB)/valence band (VB) potentials are considered as attractive photocatalysts. In this study, binary exfoliated MoS2 sheet–Cu2O nanocrystal (e‐MoS2sheet–Cu2ONC) hybrids have been synthesized through direct growth of Cu2O nanocrystals on e‐MoS2 sheets. Under visible light irradiation, electrons and holes are efficiently generated in the binary e‐MoS2sheet–Cu2ONC hybrids. In addition, migration of electrons and holes is also accelerated into opposite e‐MoS2 sheets and Cu2O nanocrystals, respectively. The efficient charge carrier formation and transfer in the e‐MoS2sheet–Cu2ONC hybrids are attributed to their morphological and compositional features, which boost their photocatalytic performance toward methyl orange degradation.
Microscopy‐guided laser ablation for the creation of complex skin models with folliculoid appendages
Authors: Abreu Carla M. , Gasperini Luca , Lago Manuela E. L. , Reis Rui L. , Marques Alexandra P.
Published: October 2020

Engineering complex tissues requires the use of advanced biofabrication techniques that allow the replication of the tissue's 3D microenvironment, architecture and cellular interactions. In the case of skin, the most successful strategies to introduce the complexity of hair follicle (HF) appendages have highlighted the importance of facilitating direct interaction between dermal papilla (DP) cells and keratinocytes (KCs) in organotypic skin models. In this work, we took advantage of microscopy‐guided laser ablation (MGLA) to microfabricate a fibroblast‐populated collagen hydrogel and create a subcompartment that guides the migration of KCs and lead their interaction with DP cells to recreate follicular structures. Upon definition of the processing parameters (laser incidence area and power), MGLA was used to create 3D microchannels from the surface of a standard organotypic human skin model up to the aggregates containing DP cells and KCs, previously incorporated into the dermal‐like fibroblast‐collagen layer. Analysis of the constructs showed that the fabricated microfeatures successfully guided the fusion between epidermal and aggregates keratinocytes, which differentiated into follicular‐like structures within the organotypic human skin model, increasing its functionality. In summary, we demonstrate the fabrication of a highly structured 3D hydrogel‐based construct using MGLA to attain a complex skin model bearing folliculoid structures, highlighting its potential use as an in vitro platform to study the mechanisms controlling HF development or for the screening of bioactive substances.
CuO{001} as the Most Active Exposed Facet for Allylic Oxidation of Cyclohexene via a Greener Route
Authors: Mal Diptangshu Datta , Kundu Joyjit , Pradhan Debabrata
Published: October 2020

Allylic oxidation of olefins to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, especially2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one, by the oxidation of cyclohexene is a prime chemical transformation in the organic industry due to its immense application as an intermediate in the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceutical products, and perfumery products. Herein, we demonstrate microstructured copper oxide (CuO) as an efficient catalyst to oxidize cyclohexene to 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐oneand other value‐added intermediates in the presence of aerobic molecular oxygen as oxidant at 80 °C with outstanding conversion of cyclohexene and high selectivity towards 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one. CuO with diverse shapes was synthesized by a one‐step hydrothermal method. CuO plates (PLs) and flowers (FLs) were obtained by varying the ammonia and sodium hydroxide concentration, and CuO spheres (SPs) and hollow spheres (HSs) were prepared by varying the urea concentration. Under optimized conditions, the CuO FL2 catalyst shows the highest conversion of cyclohexene (97.6 %) due to its smaller size, higher surface charge, and high‐energy {001} exposed facets. Reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction duration, and catalyst concentration were varied to obtain the optimal reaction conditions for cyclohexene oxidation. Moreover, the CuO FL2 catalyst was recycled several times without any significant loss of catalytic activity, which ascertains recyclability and high stability of the catalyst for industrial use.
Nitrogen‐Deficient Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Carbon Nanotube as Polysulfide Barrier of High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Ma Heng , Song Cailing , Liu Ning , Zhao Yan , Bakenov Zhumabay
Published: October 2020

Lithium‐sulfur (Li−S) batteries have been attracting growing interest in the past few years due to their outstanding theoretical energy density, but the lower cycle performance and especially the migration of polysulfides significantly inhibited its applicability. Herein, we propose a novel strategy for trapping lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) by combining nitrogen‐deficient graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4–x) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form a functional interlayer between the separator and sulfur cathode in Li−S batteries. The defect chemistry present in g‐C3N4–x not only improves the chemical affinity toward polysulfides but also catalyzes the polysulfide reactions. Besides, the interwoven scaffold‐like CNT network in the g‐C3N4–x/CNT composite accelerates the process of electron transfer. Based on this synergistic effect, the cells with g‐C3N4–x/CNT‐modified separators showed a remarkable discharge capacity of 1128 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and a reversible capacity of 774 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles, indicating an efficient strategy toward high‐performance modified separators.
SWI/SNF‐deficiency defines highly aggressive undifferentiated endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Tessier‐Cloutier Basile , Coatham Mackenzie , Carey Mark , Nelson Gregg S , Hamilton Sarah , Lum Amy , Soslow Robert A , Stewart Colin JR , Postovit Lynne M , Köbel Martin , Lee Cheng‐Han
Published: October 2020

Dedifferentiated/undifferentiated endometrial carcinoma (DDEC/UEC) is an endometrial cancer characterized by the presence of histologically undifferentiated carcinoma. Genomic inactivation of core switch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex proteins was recently identified in approximately two‐thirds of DDEC/UEC. The aim of this study was to delineate the clinical behavior of SWI/SNF‐deficient DDEC/UEC in comparison to SWI/SNF‐intact DDEC/UEC. The study cohort consisted of 56 SWI/SNF‐deficient DDEC/UEC (2 POLE‐mutated), which showed either SMARCA4 (BRG1) loss, ARID1A/1B co‐loss, or SMARCB1 (INI1) loss in the undifferentiated tumor, and 26 SWI/SNF‐intact DDEC/UEC (4 POLE‐mutated). The average age at diagnosis was 61 years for patients with SWI/SNF‐deficient tumors and 64 years for SWI/SNF‐intact tumors. Mismatch repair (MMR) protein deficiency was seen in 66% of SWI/SNF‐deficient and 50% of SWI/SNF‐intact tumors. At initial presentation, 55% of patients with SWI/SNF‐deficient tumors had extrauterine disease spread in contrast to 38% of patients with SWI/SNF‐intact tumors. The 2‐year disease specific survival (DSS) for stages I and II disease was 65% for SWI/SNF deficient tumors relative to 100% for SWI/SNF‐intact tumors (p = 0.042). For patients with stages III and IV disease, the median survival was 4 months for SWI/SNF‐deficient tumors compared to 36 months for SWI/SNF‐intact tumors (p = 0.0003). All six patients with POLE‐mutated tumors, including one with stage IV SWI/SNF‐deficient tumor were alive with no evidence of disease. Among the patients with advanced stage SWI/SNF‐deficient tumors, 68% (21 of 31) received adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (platinum/taxane‐based) and all except the patient with a POLE‐mutated tumor (20 of 21) experienced disease progression either during chemotherapy or within 4 months after its completion. These findings show that core SWI/SNF‐deficiency defines a highly aggressive group of undifferentiated cancer characterized by rapid disease progression that is refractory to conventional platinum/taxane‐based chemotherapy. This underscores the importance of accurate clinical recognition of this aggressive tumor and the need to consider alternative systemic therapy for these tumors.
Myofibril assembly and the roles of the ubiquitin proteasome system
Authors: Wang Jushuo , Fan Yingli , Dube Syamalima , Agassy Nicodeme Wanko , Dube Dipak K. , Sanger Jean M. , Sanger Joseph W.
Published: October 2020

De novo assembly of myofibrils in vertebrate cross‐striated muscles progresses in three distinct steps, first from a minisarcomeric alignment of several nonmuscle and muscle proteins in premyofibrils, followed by insertions of additional proteins and increased organization in nascent myofibrils, ending with mature contractile myofibrils. In a search for controls of the process of myofibril assembly, we discovered that the transition from nascent to mature myofibrils could be halted by inhibitors of three distinct functions of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). First, inhibition of pathway to E3 Cullin ligases that ubiquitinate proteins led to an arrest of myofibrillogenesis at the nascent myofibril stage. Second, inhibition of p97 protein extractions of ubiquitinated proteins led to a similar arrest of myofibrillogenesis at the nascent myofibril stage. Third, inhibitors of proteolytic action by proteasomes also blocked nascent myofibrils from transitioning to mature myofibrils. In contrast, inhibitors of autophagy or lysosomes did not affect myofibrillogenesis. To probe for differences in the effects of UPS inhibitors during myofibrillogenesis, we analyzed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching the exchange rates of two selected sarcomeric proteins (muscle myosin II heavy chains and light chains). In the presence of p97 and proteasomal inhibitors, the dynamics of each of these two myosin proteins decreased in the nascent myofibril stage, but were unaffected in the mature myofibril stage. The increased stability of myofibrils occurring in the transition from nascent to mature myofibril assembly indicates the importance of dynamics and selective destruction in the muscle myosin II proteins for the remodeling of nascent to mature myofibrils.
Peptide‐Mimicking Poly(2‐oxazoline)s Displaying Potent Antimicrobial Properties
Authors: Zhou Min , Jiang Weinan , Xie Jiayang , Zhang Wenjing , Ji Zhemin , Zou Jingcheng , Cong Zihao , Xiao Ximian , Gu Jiawei , Liu Runhui
Published: October 2020

Poly(2‐oxazoline)s have excellent biocompatibility and have been used as FDA‐approved indirect food additives. The inert property of the hydrophilic poly(2‐oxazoline)s suggests them as promising substitutes for poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in various applications such as anti‐biofouling agents. It was recently reported that poly(2‐oxazoline)s themselves have antimicrobial properties as synthetic mimics of host defense peptides. These studies revealed the bioactive properties of poly(2‐oxazoline)s as a new class of functional peptide mimics, by mimicking host defense peptides to display potent and selective antimicrobial activities against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in vivo, without concerns about antimicrobial resistance. The high structural diversity, facile synthesis, and potent and tunable antimicrobial properties underscore the great potential of poly(2‐oxazoline)s as a class of novel antimicrobial agents in dealing with drug‐resistant microbial infections and antimicrobial resistance.
The doctors' lot
Authors: Gutmann Edward J.
Published: October 2020

Establishing and maintaining collegial relationships among physicians and other health professionals is challenging. However, these relationships are important for the well‐being of the health care workers and for patient care. This commentary addresses the importance of our direct, in‐person interactions and highlights a special place where they may occur.
Methodology for synthesis of high‐gain step‐up DC–DC converters based on differential connections
Authors: Salvador Marcos A. , de Andrade Jessika M. , Lazzarin Telles B. , Coelho Roberto F.
Published: October 2020

This paper presents a new methodology for synthesis of high‐gain step‐up DC–DC converters. This methodology is based on the differential connection of two basic non‐isolated DC–DC converters, in which the output voltages are respectively positive and negative with reference to a common terminal. Any load connected between these positive and negative terminals is subjected to a differential voltage equivalent to the sum of the voltages individually synthetized by each basic converter. When only non‐isolated basic DC–DC converters (boost, buck–boost, Ćuk, single‐ended primary‐inductor converter, and Zeta) are considered, six differential converters may be derived by the proposed methodology; nevertheless, voltage lifting techniques based on gain cells can also be applied to further extend the gain, resulting in others high‐gain topologies. Besides the proposition of the methodology, the paper investigates the operating principle of the derived converters under different modulation strategies, evaluates the possibility of eliminating redundant components after integration, and correlates the obtained converters with already existing topologies. In fact, it is demonstrated that several high‐gain step‐up DC–DC converters previously published could be addressed as particular cases of differential connections of basic converters. Experimental results are presented to validate the methodology herein proposed.
Tocilizumab monotherapy uncovered the role of the CCL22/17‐CCR4+ Treg axis during remission of crescentic glomerulonephritis
Authors: Sakai Ryota , Ito Minako , Yoshimoto Keiko , Chikuma Shunsuke , Kurasawa Takahiko , Kondo Tsuneo , Suzuki Katsuya , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Amano Koichi , Yoshimura Akihiko
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a humanised anti‐interleukin (IL)‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) monoclonal antibody that is a promising agent to treat various autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanism of TCZ efficacy is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between Tregs and IL‐6R blockade in autoimmunity‐mediated renal disease based on a TCZ‐treated cohort of patients with anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV) and in an experimental model of crescentic glomerulonephritis (cGN).

Methods

We examined multiple serum levels of cytokines and chemokines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with AAV who received TCZ monotherapy and achieved drug‐free remission. Moreover, we investigated the mechanistic role of IL‐6R blockade in accelerated cGN model to analyse the local sites of inflammation.

Results

Serum chemokines CCL22 and CCL17, in addition to the CCR4+Foxp3+ Treg population, increased in patients who demonstrated drug‐free remission after the cessation of TCZ. In the cGN model, IL‐6R blockade ameliorated the disease, elevated CCL22/17 in CD206+CD11b+CD11c+ kidney M2‐like type macrophages, and increased the migration of Tregs into the kidney and regional lymph nodes. The local administration of CCL22 in the kidney facilitated Treg accumulation and reduced glomerular crescent formation.

Conclusions

This study revealed a new mechanism whereby effector Tregs migrate into the inflammatory kidney via the CCL22/17–CCR4 axis that is facilitated by M2‐like type macrophages that are induced by IL‐6R blockade.
Monocyte HLA‐DR Measurement by Flow Cytometry in COVID‐19 Patients: An Interim Review
Authors: Benlyamani Ihsane , Venet Fabienne , Coudereau Rémy , Gossez Morgane , Monneret Guillaume
Published: October 2020

Several months after the sudden emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19, the understanding of the appropriate host immune response to a virus totally unknown of human immune surveillance is still of major importance. By international definition, COVID‐19 falls in the scope of septic syndromes (organ dysfunction due to dysregulated host response to an infection) in which immunosuppression is a significant driver of mortality. Sepsis‐induced immunosuppression is mostly defined and monitored by the measurement of decreased expression of HLA‐DR molecules on circulating monocytes (mHLA‐DR). In this interim review, we summarize the first mHLA‐DR results in COVID‐19 patients. In critically ill patients, results homogenously indicate a decreased mHLA‐DR expression, which, along with profound lymphopenia and other functional alterations, is indicative of a status of immunosuppression. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Children’s use of everyday artifacts: Learning the hidden affordance of zipping
Authors: Rachwani Jaya , Kaplan Brianna E. , Tamis‐LeMonda Catherine S. , Adolph Karen E.
Published: October 2020

The everyday world is populated with artifacts that require specific motor actions to use objects as their designers intended. But researchers know little about how children learn to use everyday artifacts. We encouraged forty‐four 12‐ to 60‐month‐old children to unzip a vinyl pouch during a single 60‐s trial. Although unzipping a pouch may seem simple, it is not. Unzipping requires precise role‐differentiated bimanual actions—one hand must stabilize the pouch while the other hand applies a pulling force on the tab. Moreover, kinematic data from six adults showed that the tolerance limits for applying the forces are relatively narrow (pulling the tab within 63° of the zipper teeth while stabilizing the pouch within 4 cm of the slider). Children showed an age‐related progression for the unzipping action. The youngest children did not display the designed pulling action; children at intermediate ages pulled the tab but applied forces outside the tolerance limits (pulled in the wrong direction, failed to stabilize the pouch in the correct location), and the oldest children successfully implemented the designed action. Findings highlight the perceptual‐motor requirements in children's discovery and implementation of the hidden affordances of everyday artifacts.
Recent Progress on Photo‐Promoted Alcohol Electrooxidation for Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Jing , Fan Chaohua , Xie Xingming , Jiang Luhua
Published: October 2020

Alcohol electrooxidation reaction (AOR) is of sluggish kinetics, which as the anodic reaction of direct alcohol fuel cells determines largely the discharging performance of the device. Solar energy as an endless energy source is introduced to promote the AOR kinetics. Herein, the recent progress on photo‐promoted AOR and the application in fuel cells is reviewed, including 1) design of the AOR photoelectrocatalysts, 2) photoelectrocatalysis mechanism, and 3) fabrication of photo‐promoted direct alcohol fuel cells (PDAFCs). Finally, a perspective on the challenges of PDAFCs and new directions in this exciting and still emerging research area are given.
MgSO4 composites in a ferroaluminophosphate for enhancement of volumetric heat storage capacity at a low charging temperature
Authors: Nguyen Giang T. , Hwang Ha Soo , Park In
Published: October 2020

Ferroaluminophosphate (FAPO4‐5)/MgSO4 composites were prepared as a series of new materials with low charging temperatures and improved volumetric heat storage capacities. A microporous zeolithic compound FAPO4‐5 was used as an adsorbent of water vapor and a matrix of MgSO4 salt particles. Composites with various MgSO4 contents (5‐40 wt%) were then prepared using a wet impregnation method. The MgSO4 salt particles were impregnated into the micropores and textural pores of FAPO4‐5 without the crystal structure of the host material, confirmed by XRD patterns. Although nitrogen adsorption isotherms of the composites showed approximately a half of FAPO4‐5 pore was blocked by MgSO4, the water uptake of the composites reached the sum of those from FAPO4‐5 and MgSO4. The dehydration temperature of MgSO4 in the FAPO4‐5 matrix decreased with its decreasing content due to the easier dehydration of FAPO4‐5. The heat storage recovery of the 25 wt% loaded sample at 80°C was 85.5% while that of MgSO4 was 52.2%. The swelling and agglomeration of the composites containing 25 wt% and less salt were suppressed by the micro and textural pores of FAPO4‐5. The composite at 25 wt% of MgSO4 loading exhibited a total volumetric heat storage capacity of 174 kW h m−3 based on the volume in the hydrated state.
Associations of age, body mass index and biochemical parameters with brain morphology in patients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Bang Lasse , Tamnes Christian Krog , Norbom Linn Bonaventure , Thomassen Rut Anne , Holm Jill Solberg , Skotte Laila Holgersen , Juliusson Petur Benedikt , Mejlænder‐Evjensvold Magnus , Rø Øyvind
Published: October 2020

OBJECTIVE

Accumulating evidence shows that patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) have globally reduced brain mass, including lower cortical volume and thickness, which largely normalizes following weight restoration. The underlying mechanisms for these processes are unknown, and how age and severity of emaciation are associated with brain morphology in AN is poorly understood. We investigated associations of age, body mass index (BMI) and biochemical parameters with brain morphology among patients in treatment.

METHOD

We included 85 patients (94% female) aged 12–48 (mean = 23) years with quality controlled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. T1‐weighted MRI images, clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters were retrospectively collected from hospital records. Brain morphology was measured using FreeSurfer, and associations investigated using regression models and correlations.

RESULTS

Controlling for BMI, age showed significant associations with brain morphology generally concordant with typical brain developmental patterns. Controlling for age, BMI showed significant positive associations with cortical volume and thickness. There were no significant interaction effects between age and BMI. None of the biochemical parameters correlated significantly with brain morphology.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest the presence of typical neurodevelopmental patterns in AN. Importantly, we showed that severity of emaciation is related to brain morphology reductions, underscoring the importance of weight restoration.
Major Shifts in Outpatient Cirrhosis Care Delivery Attributable to the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Mahmud Nadim , Goldberg David S. , Kaplan David E. , Serper Marina
Published: October 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has disrupted health care delivery in the United States, with increased reliance on telemedicine visits as opposed to in‐person outpatient appointments. We used national data to evaluate shifts in modes of hepatology outpatient care for patients with cirrhosis during the pandemic. This was a retrospective cohort study among U.S. veterans with cirrhosis. We used linear regression to evaluate absolute and percentage changes from baseline in hepatology in‐person visits and telemedicine visits from January 1, 2020, to August 11, 2020. The proportion of in‐person and telemedicine visits were plotted geographically to demonstrate state‐level shifts in care delivery over time. Patient‐level characteristics in the pre‐COVID and during‐COVID periods were also compared. We identified 5,618 in‐person and 6,210 telemedicine hepatology visits among patients with cirrhosis. In‐person visits significantly declined (−16.0% per week; 95% confidence interval [CI] −20.7, −11.2; P < 0.001), while telemedicine visits significantly increased (61.3% per week; 95% CI 45.1, 77.5; P < 0.001) in the early during‐COVID period. At the U.S. state level, we found that nearly all states experienced a significant shift toward telemedicine over the course of several weeks. Patients over the age of 70 years and Black patients were less likely to receive telemedicine visits in the pre‐COVID period (each P < 0.05), although these differences were eliminated in the during‐COVID periods. Conclusion: Among patients with cirrhosis, hepatology outpatient care delivery has shifted heavily toward telemedicine due to COVID‐19. This occurred across the United States, and changes have been sustained through August 2020. Expanded telemedicine visits among older patients and Black patients may reflect dedicated efforts to increased access to care among these groups.
Paradox of sustainability in tobacco control in Thailand: A comprehensive assessment of three‐decade experiences
Authors: Suriyawongpaisal Paibul , Patanavanich Roengrudee , Aekplakorn Wichai , Martinez‐Moyano Ignacio , Thongtan Thanita
Published: October 2020

Background

Over the past 3 decades of tobacco control, Thailand has gained international recognition as a middle‐income country with sustained achievement of declining smoking prevalence. However, the number of key Framework Convention on Tobacco Control measures implementation is still far away from the highest‐level implementation. As a result, we aim to explore explanatory factors for the paradoxical phenomenon of sustainability in tobacco control in Thailand, to understand what the paradox means, why it happens, and how to take further steps in minimizing the paradox.

Methods

We used a mixed‐method approach comprising qualitative (review of literature and documents plus Program Sustainability Assessment Tool [PSAT] guided key informant interviews) and semi‐quantitative methods (PSAT scoring, Theory of Change [TOC], and causal‐loop diagram [CLD]) to synthesize all the findings from the qualitative data.

Results

Across all eight domains, sustainability scores at the local level are lower than the national level. The highest total score was in three domains: political support, partnership, and organizational capacity. The lowest total score was for the strategic planning domain. We propose a set of key strategic elements and drivers for future strategic planning.

Discussion

Using CLD, we capture a high‐level view of tobacco control with dynamic interactions between contexts, mechanisms, interventions, and outcomes. We believe the deep understanding of tobacco control and the proposed strategy to counteract transnational tobacco companies in Thailand will guide future sustainable actions to reduce the prevalence of smoking, especially in the strategic planning domain that has the lowest PSAT score.
Synthesis and Photoelectrochemical Activity of α‐Fe2O3−CdFe2O4 Hybrid Structure for the Water Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Volokh Michael , Diab Mahmud
Published: October 2020

The electrochemical properties of spinel ferrites have been studied since the 1970s after the pioneering discovery of water electrolysis by using TiO2 as the photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell. Several approaches have been developed to fabricate ferrites of different sizes and shapes but most of these methods suffer from several disadvantages, such as the difficulty to produce the ferrite in a thin layer form or on top of another (pre‐prepared) structure as a second layer. Moreover, the formation process requires calcination at high temperatures, and the electrode fabrication requires an additional assembly method. Herein, a CdFe2O4 ferrite was formed via chemical vapor deposition of a single‐source precursor directly on a hematite structure followed by an annealing process. This thermal treatment simultaneously achieves both activation of the hematite and the formation of CdFe2O4. Three different iron oxide (rectangular, nanobelt, and mesoporous) structures were examined as photoanode electrodes. The maximum current at 1.65 V vs. RHE of the mesoporous film was more than two times higher than the rectangular and the nanobelt films. Therefore, iron oxide with mesoporous structures was used to form the hybrid structure of α‐Fe2O3−CdFe2O4. The hybrid structure presents stable and high photocurrent density (about 20 % enhancement in the measured maximum current density at 1.65 V vs. RHE).
The nonlinearity of exchange rate pass‐through on currency invoice: A quantile, generalized method of moments and threshold effect‐test from sub‐Sahara African economies
Authors: Abdulqadir Idris Abdullahi
Published: October 2020

This article explores the existence of the asymmetric effect of exchange rate pass‐through on exporter's currency‐invoice in 44 resources abundant sub‐Saharan African countries over the period 2008–2017. The investigation is carried‐out using asymmetric threshold regression developed by Hansen (1999, 2000) through 1,000 bootstrapping replications and the grid search. Our empirical results based on 44 SSA countries reveal a significant single threshold of 2.60%. We consider the effects of real income, openness, and the terms of trade on the real exchange rate measures, which exhibited a significant effect on the exporter's currency‐invoicing when exceeds beyond the threshold's values. Furthermore, we also consider the distribution of the effect of the regressors on currency‐invoice and found significant quantile coefficients appeared differently from the OLS coefficients. The quantile estimates for the exchange rate pass‐through reveal an asymmetry and gradual decay on the real exchange rate coefficients from 10th quantile. Hence, the pass‐through on the exporter's currency‐invoice is incomplete. Besides, the dynamic panel two‐step difference GMM estimators revealed statistically significant short‐run and long‐run impacts of ERPT on exporter's currency‐invoice in 44 SSA countries. In policy terms, the central banks in SSA countries should monitor the developments in the foreign exchange market to design appropriate policies to resist external sector shock from international trade.
Cisplatin‐Induced Long‐term Failure of Spermatogenesis in Adult C57/Bl/6J Mice
Authors: Sawhney Pragati , Giammona C. John , Meistrich Marvin L. , Richburg John H.
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT: Exposure to cisplatin results in impaired spermatogenesis, azoospermia, and, sometimes, permanent infertility in male patients. The mechanism(s) by which cisplatin induces damage to testicular cells is poorly understood. We previously reported that acute exposure to cisplatin results in elevated germ cell apoptotic rates and that this indicates long‐term damage to the seminiferous epithelium. Here, we present data that implicate an injury to Sertoli cells as a possible mechanism to explain an elevated rate of germ cell apoptosis and consequent infertility. Normal adult C57/Bl/6J mice were exposed to 1, 2, or 4 rounds of 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg cisplatin in a regimen designed to resemble clinical chemotherapeutic exposure (1 injection daily for 5 days with a recovery phase of 16 days between cycles). A dose‐dependent reduction in testicular weight due to germ cell loss was observed. While exposure to 1 mg/kg caused only temporary germ cell depletion, higher doses (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) revealed widespread testicular atrophy as evidenced by gaps in the epithelium due to cytoplasmic vacuolization and loss of differentiating germ cells. Although the acute loss of germ cells by apoptosis can result in temporary infertility, the testis has the ability to repopulate itself with mature cells, provided the stem germ cell population remains unharmed. Here, we demonstrate that a sustained disruption of spermatogenesis occurs despite the continued presence of stem spermatogonia in the seminiferous epithelium. These results suggest that cisplatin‐induced germ cell loss may occur, in part, as a result of Sertoli cell injury‐dependent alterations in germ cell microenvironment.
Characterization of dermal sensitization potential for industrial or agricultural chemicals with EpiSensA
Authors: Mizumachi Hideyuki , LeBaron Matthew J. , Settivari Raja S. , Miyazawa Masaaki , Marty Mary Sue , Sakaguchi Hitoshi
Published: October 2020

The regulatory community is transitioning to the use of nonanimal methods for dermal sensitization assessments; however, some in vitro assays have limitations in their domain of applicability depending on the properties of chemicals being tested. This study explored the utility of epidermal sensitization assay (EpiSensA) to evaluate the sensitization potential of complex and/or “difficult to test” chemicals. Assay performance was evaluated by testing a set of 20 test chemicals including 10 methacrylate esters, 5 silicone‐based compounds, 3 crop protection formulations, and 2 surfactant mixtures; each had prior in vivo data plus some in silico and in vitro data. Using the weight of evidence (WoE) assessments by REACH Lead Registrants, 14 of these chemicals were sensitizers and, six were nonsensitizers based on in vivo studies (local lymph node assay [LLNA] and/or guinea pig studies). The EpiSensA correctly predicted 16/20 materials with three test materials as false positive and one silane as false negative. This silane, classified as weak sensitizer via LLNA, also gave a “false negative” result in the KeratinoSens™ assay. Overall, consistent with prior evaluations, the EpiSensA demonstrated an accuracy level of 80% relative to available in vivo WoE assessments. In addition, potency classification based on the concentration showing positive marker gene expression of EpiSensA was performed. The EpiSensA correctly predicted the potency for all seven sensitizing methacrylates classified as weak potency via LLNA (EC3 ≥ 10%). In summary, EpiSensA could identify dermal sensitization potential of these test substances and mixtures, and continues to show promise as an in vitro alternative method for dermal sensitization.
PDK2 Deficiency Prevents Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss in Mice by Regulating the RANKL-NFATc1 Pathway During Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Lee Ji-Min , Kim Min-Ji , Lee Sun Joo , Kim Byung-Gyu , Choi Je-Yong , Lee Seung Mi , Ham Hye Jin , Koh Jung-Min , Jeon Jae-Han , Lee In-Kyu
Published: October 2020

Estrogen deficiency leads to osteoporosis as a result of an imbalance in bone remodeling due to greater bone resorption. Estrogen deficiency increases the osteoclastic resorption of bone, and many of the FDA-approved therapies for osteoporosis are antiresorptive drugs that mainly act by reducing osteoclast activity. The mitochondrial enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) is a critical regulator of aerobic glycolysis that exerts its effects by phosphorylating the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), which is responsible for oxidative phosphorylation. In the present study, we found that during osteoclast differentiation, PDK2 expression increased more than that of the other PDK isoenzymes. Bone loss was delayed and the number of osteoclasts was lower in ovariectomized (OVX) Pdk2−/− mice than in OVX wild-type mice. The differentiation of osteoclasts was suppressed in Pdk2−/− bone marrow–derived monocyte/macrophage lineage cells, which was associated with lower phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and c-FOS, and a consequent reduction in NFATc1 transcription. Administration of AZD7545, a specific inhibitor of PDK2, prevented the OVX-induced bone loss and reduced the phosphorylation of CREB and c-FOS, and the protein expression of NFATc1, in osteoclasts. Collectively, these results indicate that the inhibition of PDK2 prevents osteoporosis in estrogen-deficient mice by reducing aberrant osteoclast activation, probably via inhibition of the RANKL-CREB-cFOS-NFATc1 pathway. These findings imply that PDK2 inhibitors might be repurposed for the therapy of estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Genetic analysis and prenatal diagnosis of 20 Chinese families with oculocutaneous albinism
Authors: Xu Chenyang , Xiang Yanbao , Li Huanzheng , Xu Yunzhi , Mao Yijian , Zhou Lili , Xu Xueqin , Tang Shaohua
Published: October 2020

Background

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of heterogeneous genetic disorders characterized by abnormal melanin synthesis in the hair, skin, and eyes. OCA exhibits obvious genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Molecular diagnosis of causal genes can be of help in the classification of OCA subtypes and the study of OCA pathogenesis．

Methods

In this study, Sanger sequencing and whole exome sequencing were used to genetically diagnose 20 nonconsanguineous Chinese OCA patients. In addition, prenatal diagnosis was provided to six OCA families.

Results

Variants of TYR, OCA2, and HPS1 were detected in 85%, 10%, and 5% of affected patients, respectively. A total of 21 distinct variants of these three genes were identified. Exons 1 and 2 were the hotspot regions of the TYR variants, and c.895C > A and c.896G > A were the hotspot variants. We also found seven novel variants: c.731G > A, c.741C > A, c.867C > A, and c.1037‐2A > T in TYR, c.695dupT and c.1054A > G in OCA2, and c.9C > A in HPS1. Genetic tests on six fetuses revealed three carrier fetuses, two normal fetuses, and one affected fetus. The follow‐up results after birth were consistent with the results of prenatal diagnosis (one fetus terminated during pregnancy was not followed up).

Conclusions

This study expands our understanding of the genotypic spectrum of the Chinese OCA population. The findings indicate that prenatal diagnosis can provide important information for genetic counseling.
A narrative literature review: Growing the workforce through increased fieldwork capacity in genetic counseling training programs
Authors: Berninger Taylor , Nusbaum Rachel , Redlinger‐Grosse Krista , Davis Claire , Reiser Catherine
Published: October 2020

In response to mounting concerns regarding a perceived shortage of genetic counselors, the Genetic Counselor Workforce Working Group (WFWG) was established in 2013 to identify barriers to growth of the genetic counseling workforce. After completing a workforce analysis and confirming a shortage, the WFWG convened a strategic planning session in 2017 to identify goals and strategies that would increase the number of certified counselors to meet the current and future workforce demands and ensure access to genetic counselor services. Subcommittees were formed and charged with achieving assigned goals; one such subcommittee included a curriculum working group to build a dynamic and effective educational infrastructure to increase the number of genetic counselors graduated from accredited training program. This paper reports of progress of the WFWG Curriculum Subcommittee toward achieving this goal through a narrative literature review that identifies innovative education methods that help to increase capacity of fieldwork training, both in genetic counseling training programs and in other health professions. Of the five thematic areas identified in this study, four are analyzed for insight into building clinical capacity: systems/infrastructure, rotation structure/models, skill building, and novel techniques. While additional studies are needed to establish best practices in these thematic areas, there are several take‐aways that training programs can begin to utilize as they look to expand training opportunities. While growth of the genetic counseling workforce will continue to be a long‐term issue, programs should begin to think creatively and innovatively about how to reach beyond traditional fieldwork training formats to build capacity. The strategies explored in this paper offer feasible and untapped solutions that can help support efforts to establish a sustainable genetic counseling workforce.
T1, T2, and Fat Fraction Cardiac MR Fingerprinting: Preliminary Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Jaubert Olivier , Cruz Gastao , Bustin Aurelien , Hajhosseiny Reza , Nazir Sohaib , Schneider Torben , Koken Peter , Doneva Mariya , Rueckert Daniel , Masci Pier‐Giorgio , Botnar Rene M. , Prieto Claudia
Published: October 2020

Background

Dixon cardiac magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) has been recently introduced to simultaneously provide water T1, water T2, and fat fraction (FF) maps.

Purpose

To assess Dixon cardiac MRF repeatability in healthy subjects and its clinical feasibility in a cohort of patients with cardiovascular disease.

Population

T1MES phantom, water‐fat phantom, 11 healthy subjects and 19 patients with suspected cardiovascular disease.

Study Type

Prospective.

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5T, inversion recovery spin echo (IRSE), multiecho spin echo (MESE), modified Look–Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI), T2 gradient spin echo (T2‐GRASE), 6‐echo gradient rewound echo (GRE), and Dixon cardiac MRF.

Assessment

Dixon cardiac MRF precision was assessed through repeated scans against conventional MOLLI, T2‐GRASE, and PDFF in phantom and 11 healthy subjects. Dixon cardiac MRF native T1, T2, FF, postcontrast T1 and synthetic extracellular volume (ECV) maps were assessed in 19 patients in comparison to conventional sequences. Measurements in patients were performed in the septum and in late gadolinium enhanced (LGE) areas and assessed using mean value distributions, correlation, and Bland–Altman plots. Image quality and diagnostic confidence were assessed by three experts using 5‐point scoring scales.

Statistical Tests

Paired Wilcoxon rank signed test and paired t‐tests were applied. Statistical significance was indicated by *(P < 0.05).

Results

Dixon cardiac MRF showed good overall precision in phantom and in vivo. Septal average repeatability was ~23 msec for T1, ~2.2 msec for T2, and ~1% for FF. Biases in healthy subjects/patients were measured at +37 msec*/+60 msec* and –8.8 msec*/–8 msec* when compared to MOLLI and T2‐GRASE, respectively. No statistically significant differences in postcontrast T1 (P = 0.17) and synthetic ECV (P = 0.19) measurements were observed in patients.

Data Conclusion

Dixon cardiac MRF attained good overall precision in phantom and healthy subjects, while providing coregistered T1, T2, and fat fraction maps in a single breath‐hold scan with similar or better image quality than conventional methods in patients.

Level of Evidence

2.

Technical Efficacy Stage

2.
Effects of circadian iron administration on iron bioavailability and biological rhythm in pigs
Authors: Dong Zhenglin , Li Lan , Zhang Yiming , Guo Liu , Wu Xin , Yin Yulong , Wan Dan
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Iron supplements are limited by their poor absorption and low efficacy. A circadian feeding schedule would affect the circadian rhythm and improve nutrient metabolism. In this study, 18 iron‐deficient piglets were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group receiving a constant diet with mid‐iron (MI), a ‘HL’ group receiving a high‐iron (HI) diet at 8:00 h and a low‐iron (LI) diet at 18:00, and an ‘LH’ group receiving a LI diet at 8:00 and a HI diet at 18:00. The effects of circadian iron administration on iron absorption, iron status, and biological rhythm in iron‐deficient piglets were investigated.

RESULTS

Serum iron and hemoglobin improved significantly (P < 0.05) but did not significantly differ in the circadian iron‐feeding groups (P > 0.05). Iron concentration in the liver and spleen was significantly higher in the LH group than in the HL group (P < 0.05), and mRNA expression of divalent metal transport 1 (DMT1), cytochrome B (CYBRD1) and ferroportin (FPN) genes in the duodenum was significantly elevated in the LH group (P < 0.05). The clock‐related genes showed differential expression in the duodenum, with greater mRNA expression for period (Per2) and cryptochrome (Cry1 and Cry2) in the LH group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Circadian iron administration affected iron absorption and iron storage in pigs. Iron supplementation in the evening might be a more effective pattern for iron utilization. The rhythmic system in the intestine, driven by the time, played an important role in this process. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry