bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The infection dynamics and dispersion pattern of Lernaeocera branchialis L. on 0+ whiting (Merlangius merlangus L.) in the Oosterschelde (SW Netherlands)
Authors: van Damme P. A. , Hamerlynck O.
Published: January 2006

Size and structure of the Lernaeocera branchialis population infecting 0+ whiting in the Oosterschelde were studied during 1989. Two periods of successful transmission were distinguished. The first transmission wave occurs in late spring when the post‐larval whiting enter the Oosterschelde. A second wave occurs in autumn. This pattern in the infection dynamics is possibly related to seasonal variations in spatial overlap of the intermediate (Platichthysflesus) and the final host (Merlangius merlangus). The dispersion pattern of Lernaeocera branchialis within the whiting population can be described by the Poisson distribution. Possible explanations for the observed dispersion pattern are given. Evidence is presented that the rejection of pennella larvae is a key mechanism determining the abundance of L. branchialis in whiting. The potential impact of parasite‐induced host mortality on population size and dispersion pattern of the parasite is discussed.
Bifurcation of gill filaments in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus Walbaum) from Long Island Sound
Authors: Pereira J. J. , Lewis E. J. , Spallone R. L. , Sword C.
Published: January 2006

Morphological and histological examinations of gills excised from adult winter flounder, Pleuronectes americanus Walbaum, collected at clean and contaminated areas of Long Island Sound were undertaken to assess possible biological consequences of contamination. On the basis of previous studies, three collection sites were chosen: Shoreham, New York, a relatively clean, unindustrialized area, and New Haven Harbor, Connecticut and Hempstead Harbor, New York, both industrialized and heavily populated.

Gill samples were taken monthly at all three sites for light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Results from both techniques suggest a relationship between contamination of the sediments and the prevalence of bifurcated gill filaments, the condition being most severe at New Haven Harbor. The bifurcations were not consistently associated with any parasitological or pathological conditions when examined by light microscopy.

Gill samples were subsequently taken from juvenile winter flounder caught in New Haven Harbor to determine how early in the life cycle gill bifurcations develop. The data show that the majority of these anomalies begin in juvenile flounder rather than in embryos, larvae, or adults. Gill bifurcations were found in 27% of the 2‐year‐old flounder, compared to 12% of the 1‐year‐old fish and 15% of the adults from the same area.
The influence of social interaction on the acclimation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) to chronic stress
Authors: Pottinger T. G. , Pickering A. D.
Published: January 2006

To establish the time required for fish to acclimate to experimental conditions, comprising holding within a spatially restrictive environment, rainbow trout were transferred from rearing tanks (1500 1) to smaller volume holding tanks (50 1). The fish were maintained singly, in pairs, in groups of five fish, and in groups of 10 fish, and selected indices of physiological stress were monitored at intervals following the onset of confinement. In all cases transfer and confinement provoked a stress response in the fish, indicated by significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels, and significantly reduced numbers of circulating lymphocytes. Recovery of these parameters to levels similar to unstressed control fish, was most rapid among the fish confined singly, requiring 2 to 4 weeks, although weight gain, indicative of feeding, was apparent within 1 to 2 weeks. Acclimation of the fish confined as pairs was severely confounded by the development of hierarchical relationships between the fish. This resulted in some individuals displaying rapid acclimation and growth, in contrast to other fish within the groups which failed to acclimate, exhibited signs of chronic stress, and ultimately succumbed to bacterial infections. Similar, though less severe, evidence of social stress was observed among the fish confined as groups of five. A decline in the coefficient of variance for weight within the fish confined as groups of 10 suggested an absence of growth inhibition due to social interaction among these fish. The implications of these results for experimental design are discussed.
Are eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) planktonic feeders? Evidence from parasite communities
Authors: Kennedy C. R. , Nie P. , Kaspers J. , Paulisse J.
Published: January 2006

The metazoan parasite communities of eels Anguilla anguilla were investigated in three riverine localities and one lake in Devon. Altogether 21 species of parasite, the majority of the British eel parasite fauna, were recorded. Parasite communities in the three riverine localities were more similar to each other than to that of the lake. The four parasite component communities were typical and representative of those from eels in other parts of the U.K. They were characterized by low species diversity and domination by a single species: Pseudodacytlogyrus anguillae in the rivers and Diplostomum spathaceum in the lake. Both the dominant species and the majority of parasite species, and hence individuals, in any locality infected eels directly by free swimming planktonic larval stages or indirectly by the ingestion of infected planktonic copepod intermediate hosts. Examination of other species of fish in each locality showed that only Raphidascaris acus utilized a fish species as an intermediate or paratenic host to infect eels. Increases in prevalence and intensity of infection with size of eel by helminths such as Camallanus lacustris and Paraquimperia tenerrima were observed in localities in which transmission of these parasites could not have involved another fish species. Over 63% of the specialist, specific parasites of eels throughout Europe employ planktonic transmission to their hosts, as do several species of the commoner generalists. A study of eel parasite communities thus leads to the conclusion that eels are widely and closely associated in their habits with plankton and that eels of all sizes feed regularly upon planktonic copepods: the widely accepted view of eels as being more or less exclusively benthic in habit and feeding behaviour requires re‐appraisal.
Interannual variation in the reproductive cycle of the New Zealand snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider) (Sparidae)
Authors: Scott S. G. , Pankhurst N. W.
Published: January 2006

Changes in reproductive condition in the New Zealand snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider) were monitored in a wild population over three successive years. Recrudescence occurred in spring with spawning beginning in October and continuing for 3 to 5 months. The initiation of spawning varied by up to 3 weeks and was associated with sea surface temperatures of 15–16° C. Theconclusion of spawning was associated with temperatures of 19–21° C but showed greater interannual variation than the onset of spawning. Changes in the gonadosomatic index were accompanied by parallel changes in hepatosomatic index in females but not males, reflecting the role of the liver in vitellogenesis in females.
Patterns of increment width and strontium: calcium ratios in otoliths of juvenile rock blackfish, Girella elevata (M.)
Authors: Gallahar N. K. , Kingsford M. J.
Published: January 2006

Otoliths of juvenile Girella elevata (M.) were examined to obtain information about the environmental conditions experienced during early life. Patterns of increment deposition and elemental ratios in otoliths were compared in wild fish. A tetracycline experiment indicated that increments were deposited daily in juveniles. Although different patterns in the spacing of increments were found among juveniles collected at different locations and times, the widest increments were always found in the first 40 increments. Strontium: calcium (Sr: Ca) ratios increased with age in the otoliths of most wild G. elevata.

The patterns of increment width and Sr: Ca ratios were not related and, therefore, were probably not under the same relative control by environmental or physiological factors. Although the number of increments can be used to age juvenile G. elevata, the utility of increment widths and Sr: Ca ratios as environmental predictors in this species is questionable without experimental validation.
Effects of experience on feeding success by larval white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis
Authors: Dutton P.
Published: January 2006

Laboratory experiments on larval white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis, showed that first feeding success on mixed zooplankton was zero, and less than 5% on Artemia nauplii, for larvae of different sizes. Experience increased success from 20% after 2 days to 69% after 14 days when larvae fed on Artemia nauplii, and to 42% after 4 days of feeding on zooplankton. This increase was attributed to learning in larvae less than 5·0 mm s.l., and in part to size‐related factors in larvae greater than 5·0 mm s.l.
Fixation of mucus on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) gills for light and electron microscopy
Authors: Powell M. D. , Speare D. J. , Burka J. F.
Published: January 2006

Fixation of mucus for the assessment of biofilms and surface associated pathogens often involves complex and expensive techniques. Rainbow trout killed by an overdose of MS 222 had their gills removed and immersion‐fixed gently in buffered glutaraldehyde containing 2% Alcian blue. Control tissues consisted of gills fixed in Alcian blue‐free fixative. Trout were also killed and directly immersed in liquid nitrogen and the gills freeze‐dried then vapour fixed with osmium tetroxide at −50° C. Following fixation gill tissue was processed for light and electron microscopy. A continuous and intact mucous coat was not detected on tissue fixed by conventional methods but the addition of Alcian blue to the fixative preserved an extensive mucous coat trapped between the lamellae and overlying the epithelia. Electron microscopic examination revealed that mucus preservation with the conventional fixative was poor and intermittent whereas the addition of Alcian blue to the fixative greatly enhanced the preservation of the branchial mucous coat. Mucus appeared as interdispersed flocculant material between the epithelial microridges and formed extensive superficial sheets over the epithelium. Freeze‐dried/vapour‐fixed gill tissue also provides excellent preservation of the integrity of branchial mucous coats, the mucus appearing as a continuous sheet over the filament and secondary lamellae. However, freeze‐dried tissue fails to preserve sufficient cellular integrity for this technique to be useful for light or transmission electron microscopy. The potential for use of glutaraldehyde‐Alcian blue fixed‐gill tissue diagnostically and in research are discussed.
Suction volume and filtering efficiency of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Val.) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.)
Authors: Dong Shuanglin , Li Deshang , Bing Xuwen , Shi Qingfeng , Wang Fang
Published: January 2006

Experiments were conducted to measure the suction volume of silver carp and bighead carp of age 1 + with respiratory chamber, and to calculate the suction volume and the filtering efficiency with respect to changes in concentrations of food particles.

Suction volume (B. ml/mouth) and filtering efficiency (E. %) were calculated using the following formula:

C
1=C0(1‐BE/v)n

where C0 and C1 were the concentrations of specific food particles at the beginning and at the end of experiment, respectively, V was the volume (ml) of experimental water, and n was the total number of observation of suction made during the experimental period.

The relationships between suction volume (ml/mouth) of age I+ silver carp (Bh) and bighead carp (Ba) and their standard lengths (L, cm) were:

B
h=0.561L‐8.94, Ba= 0.627L‐7.48

while those of the fingerlings were:

B
h= O.l70L‐0.837, Ba= 0.157L‐0.418.

The suction volume of the fingerlings was mainly affected by fish size, the function of temperature between 15 and 25° C being negligible. However, temperature affected filtering rate (filtered volume per unit time) through its effect on filtering frequency. The filtering efficiency of the fishes for rotifers (Brachionus caliciflorus) was 100 per cent. The relationships between filtering efficiency and sizes of food particles smaller than or equal to that of a rotifer were:

E
h=25.1 ln e.s.d.‐13.6, Ea=22.2 In e.s.d.‐33.1

where Eh and Ea were filtering efficiency of silver carp and bighead carp, respectively, and e.s.d. was the equivalent spherical diameter (μm) of food particles.
Multi‐mesh gillnets to estimate species composition and catch per unit effort of fish in a small water body in Zambia
Authors: Mattson N. S. , Mutales J. C.
Published: January 2006

A standard method comprising multi‐mesh monofilament nylon gillnets and depth stratification, the Drottningholm method, was employed in test fishing of a small Zambian reservoir (32 ha) on eight occasions over 1 year. The catch per unit effort (cpue) from the 0–3 and 3–6 m zone was timated with benthic and pelagic nets, while in the 6–12 m zone only benthic nets were used. Results include species caught and cpue with coefficients of variation and confidence intervals, for net types and depth zones. A total of 11 species were caught, of which Burbus paludinosus, B. marequensis, Laheo cylindricus, and Oreochromis sp. dominated. Coefficients of variation did not indicate a preferable season for test fishing. During the cold season some species were not caught. The applicability of the method in estimation of species composition and cpue is discussed.
The ichthyoplankton of a seasonally closed estuary in temperate Australia. Does an extended period of opening influence species composition?
Authors: Neira F. J. , Potter I. C.
Published: January 2006

Fish eggs and larvae were collected monthly between September 1987 and April 1989 from sites throughout the main basin and within the saline regions of the two main tributary rivers of Wilson Inlet, a seasonally closed estuary in south‐western Australia. Of the eggs, 43.7% belonged to Engraulis australis (Shaw) and the rest to unidentified teleosts. The larval fish assemblage comprised 17 families represented by 25 species. The Gobiidae contained the highest number of species (four) and contributed approximately 57% of all larvae caught. Pseudogobius olorum (Sauvage) and E. australis were the most abundant species, contributing 43.9 and 27.9% to the total larval catch, respectively. The larvae of species which breed within Wilson Inlet dominated the assemblage, both in terms of number of species (64%) and contribution to total catch (99.9%). The numbers of the eight marine species and one freshwater species represented in the ichthyoplankton were very low. Classification and multi‐dimensional scaling ordination showed that the composition of the larval fish fauna at the various sites during a period when the estuary remained open to the sea (December 1988‐April 1989) was similar to that of the corresponding sites during the same period in the previous year when the estuary had become closed (December 1987‐April 1988). This can be attributed to the spatial distribution, time of occurrence and abundance of estuarine‐spawned larvae being similar in the two periods and to the rarity of marine‐spawned larvae, even in the spring and summer of 1988/1989 when the estuary was open for the whole time when most marine teleosts spawn in south‐western Australia. The low occurrence of marine‐spawned larvae in Wilson Inlet reflects the fact that tidal water movement within the basin of the system is so small that it is unable to facilitate the transport and dispersion of larvae. The ichthyoplankton of Wilson Inlet resembles that of other poorly‐flushed estuaries in that it is low in species richness and dominated by estuarine‐spawned larvae.
The effect of stocking density on the behaviour of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.)
Authors: Brown G. E. , Brown J. A. , Srivastava R. K.
Published: January 2006

Recent studies have demonstrated that Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) exhibit higher growth rates when held at high stocking densities. It has been argued that these increased growth rates are a result of decreased social interactions at the increased densities. The current study was designed to test this hypothesis by examining: (1) the frequency of agonistic interactions, (2) the proportion of time spent swimming and (3) growth rates among groups of young of the year Arctic charr held at different stocking densities. It was found that charr reared at higher densities exhibited significantly higher mean weights and lengths than those at the lower densities. The behavioural observations revealed that charr initiated significantly fewer agonistic interactions and spent a significantly greater amount of time shoaling at high densities than charr held at the medium or low densities. It is argued that these behavioural responses may serve to lower energy expenditures, resulting in the increased growth rates.
Morphological evidence for the biological role of caniniform teeth in combtooth blennies (Blenniidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Kotrschal K. , Goldschmid A.
Published: January 2006

Combtooth blennies have recurved, fang‐like caniniform teeth at the rear end of a single row of incisiform teeth. The lengths and positions of these canines were measured in the lower jaws of males of 14 species of Mediterranean Blenniidae. In four species, lower jaw canines were measured in males and females, while in one species, the upper jaw canines of both sexes were also measured. Relative (to body length) canine length in males tends to be significantly greater (10–40%) than in females. There are significant interspecific differences in relative canine length, with smaller species tending to have relatively larger teeth. No significant correlation was obtained between canine length and importance of animal prey in the diet, nor with ‘hole fit’ of males, which may be related with the intensity of paternal care. We suggest that canines in combtooth blennies are predominately used for predator deterrence and agonistic interactions.
Diet of the twaite shad Alosa fallax (Lacépède) (Clupeidae) in the River Tagus Estuary, Portugal
Authors: Assis C. A. , Almeida P. R. , Moreira F. , Costa J. L. , Costa M. J.
Published: January 2006

The diet of Alosafallax was studied by means of the frequency of occurrence of prey items. In the Tagus Estuary, shads feed preferentially on fish, with mysids, shrimp, isopods and insects occurring as secondary prey.
Plasma cortisol and osmoregulatory changes in sockeye salmon transferred to sea water: Comparison between successful and unsuccessful adaptation
Authors: Franklin C. E. , Forster M. E. , Davison W.
Published: January 2006

Gill Na+‐K+‐ATPase activities, haematocrits, condition factors, plasma osmolarities, cortisol, chloride and sodium concentrations were measured in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) transferred rapidly from fresh water to sea water. Comparisons were made between salmon that successfully adapted to sea water and salmon that failed to adapt. In salmon that successfully adapted to sea water there was a brief but large fluctuation in cortisol, and plasma ionic concentrations rose initially but were regulated after 24–48 h. In salmon that failed to adapt to sea water, cortisol remained elevated, haematocrit increased, plasma ionic concentrations were not regulated and the salmon became severely dehydrated and eventually died. The results are discussed with respect to physiological stress and seawater adaptation.
The effects of handling on flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)
Authors: Waring C. P. , Stagg R. M. , Poxton M. G.
Published: January 2006

The effect of 9 min of net confinement on two marine teleost species, the flounder and the Atlantic salmon, was investigated in order to gauge how different species respond to the same stress stimulus. Net confinement in both species induced significant elevations in plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality, and monovalent ion levels; the responses to net confinement in salmon were generally of a greater magnitude. In both species, handling induced significant alterations in PFFA levels though there were marked species differences in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of this response. Plasma protein levels were significantly elevated only in the flounders. In general, the two species responded similarly to the net confinement with differences only in the absolute levels and durations of the responses.
The leucocyte enzyme cytochemistry of the Indian eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland
Authors: Prasad G. , Radhakrishnan S.
Published: January 2006

Activity of peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, α‐naphthyl acetate esterase and naphthol‐AS‐D chloroacetate esterase in the leucocytes of the Indian eel, Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, was studied. But for some minor differences, the enzyme pattern of the leucocytes, especially neutrophil peroxidase, of the Indian eel closely resembled that of the New Zealand eels, suggesting that the Indian eel is phylogenetically more closely allied to the New Zealand eels than to the European eel.
Histochemical evidence of heparin in granular cells of Hoplias malabaricus Bloch
Authors: Chiarini‐Garcia H. , Ferreira R. M. A.
Published: January 2006

Histochemical data are presented verifying the presence of heparin in mast cells of the traira, Hoplias malabaricus.
Phenotypic integration of life history and morphology: an example from three‐spined stickleback,Gasterosteus aculeatusL.
Authors: Foster S. A. , Baker J. A. , Bell M. A.
Published: January 2006

Although typically life history and morphology are studied separately, they may evolve most often in concert. Therefore, a full understanding of the evolution of fish life‐history patterns may require exploration of the evolutionary interplay between components of life history and other aspects of phenotype. One of the most promising approaches to understanding phenotypic integration is population comparison. This approach is particularly effective when ancestralderived relationships are understood and when multiple populations can be inferred to have evolved derived character states independently. Here we provide an example of this approach using five allopatric populations of freshwater three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculcatusL.) that have diverged in response to differences in selection regimes among the lakes they inhabit. We demonstrate a relationship between one aspect of reproductive life history, clutch volume and relative body shape. The differences are consistent with those predicted on the basis of differences in trophic habit and overall body form. Finally, we discuss the value of particular groups of fish for use in comparative studies and explore the kinds of evolutionary issues that can be addressed through population comparison.
Parental effects on size variation in fish larvae
Authors: Panagiotaki P. , Geffen A. J.
Published: January 2006

The growth and changes in the standard deviation about mean length were measured for sole, Solea solea L., and herring, Clupea harengus L., larvae from crosses of one or two males with one or two females. The sizes of sole larvae did not differ between crosses but the size variation increased faster with age when two females were used. Both maternal and paternal effects were detected for size at hatching in herring, but there was no parental influence on size variation. Size variation in herring larvae declined or was stable during the yolk sac stage and was not affected by the number of parents used for fertilizations.
Patterns of growth and smolting in autumn migrants from a Scottish population of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Huntingford F. A. , Thorpe J. E. , de Leaniz C. Garcia , Hay D. W.
Published: January 2006

In late November 1990 salmon parr, Salmo salar L., from the Girnock Burn in northern Scotland were either caught on their feeding territories (n=25) or trapped during downstream migration (n= 18). They were then housed in a laboratory rearing tank and their food intake and growth rates were tracked, until their smolting status was ascertained in the following May. Female fish were predominant in both groups; although the range of ages was the same, the total age of migrants was 2+ while that of residents was 1+. In November, compared to resident fish of the same year class, migrants were larger, heavier and in better condition. Although growth rates dropped during the winter in both groups before increasing in spring, migrants ate more and consistently grew faster than residents. In seawater tolerance tests conducted in May, more residents than migrants failed to adapt. These results confirm the suggestion that autumn migrants smolt in the following spring and suggest that they represent the faster‐growing component of their cohort.
Reported Effects of “STP”—The Unreliability of Hippies as Reporters of Drug Effects
Authors: ANGRIST BURTON M.
Published: January 2006

Résumé Dés son introduction comme n médicament auquel on s'adonne, le hallucinogéne “STP” (2, 5‐dimetoxyl‐4‐méethyl amphéthamine) a fait courir le burit parmi les intoxiqués américains qu'il eset le hallucinogéne de choix, avec des effects d'une plus grande intensité et d'une plus longue durée que le LSD. Les études avec des témoins ont démotré que le produit est à vrai dire véritablement psychotomimétique mais que sa durée d'action est équivalante à vrai dire véritablements psychotomimétique mais que sa durée d'action est équivalente ã celle du LSD. Les intoxiqués hospitalisés à l'Hôpital POsychiatrique Belevue de New ork aprés avoirs ingéré du STP, ont rapporté des profonds effects d'une durée moyenne de plus que 50 heures et quelques uns ont remarqué des profonds effects d'une durée moyenne 72 heures jusqu'à deux semaines. En ce qui concerne la qualité et la durée, elles correspondaiet exactement à la légende crée sur ce produit. Il paraît donc qe les réactions d'attente et celle d'un reméde inactif ont été des déterminants plus importants du résultat du comportment que les facteurs pharmacologiques.
The Growth of Heroin Addiction in the United Kingdom
Authors: SPEAR H. B.
Published: January 2006

Résumé Cet article décrit un nombred d'événements qui ont procuré les premiers signes d'un changement dans l'aspect des gens qui devinrent intoxiqués pendant une maladie, mais dans cette année, pour la premiére fois leur nombre fût plus réduit que celui des adonnés, l'expansion graduée depuis 1950–1950 d'un petit groupe de West End de Londres, qui devinrent des adonnés à l'héroine, produit devenu disponible sur le marché illicite, par suite d'un vol dans une pharmacie d'hôpital, C'est dans la même période qu'il devint apparent que l'usage du cannabis n'étasit pls limité seculement aux émigrants de ce pays.
Effects of Staff Unity and Differential Ward Milieu on In‐Patient Attitudes toward an Alcoholic Treatment Center
Authors: PISANI VINCENT D. , MOTANKY GUY U.
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Les effets de l'union et de la discorde parmi les membres du personnel sur les attitudes des malades à l'endroit d'un centre de traitement des alcooliques dans un hôpital furent étudiés. Les attitudes étaient considérablement plus positives dans des conditions d'union en opposition avec des conditions de discorde pour les échantillonnages totaux utilisés dans chaque genre de condition. La division des échantillonnages en salles d'hôpitaux (sous‐milieu), fit apparaìtre que la salle possédant le milieu plus positif paraissait plus sensible à I'atmosphère psychologique du Centre comme le faisait apparaìtre les points attribués à l'Echelle des Attitudes C.A.T.C. L'implication pour des études futures fit l'objet d'une brève discussion en fonction de la possibilityé d'isoler les variables spéifiques ou les séries de variables qui contribuent à la sensibilité du malade vis‐à‐vis de l'ensemble du milieu.
Dr. V. Lipic: Grundzüge zur Dipsobiostatik–eine Monographic über den Alkoholismus aus dem Jahr 1834
Authors: ZALOKAR JURIJ
Published: January 2006

Abstract– In the year 1834 Dr. V. Lipic published a monograph on Alcoholism under the heading “Main Characteristics of Dipsobiostatics”. The book is interesting not only because it is–according to Pintar–one of the first monographs on this problem, but also on account of its thoroughness and detail. Many of the observations are identical with our modern research findings or present useful material for the specialist who wishes to follow up the historical development of alcoholism and its dependence upon sociopolitical conditions. It is in fact in this sense that the author provides a survey of the time and conditions in which Dr. Lipic lived and worked. He was at first physician in Ljubljana and afterwards professor of internal medicine in Padua and Vienna.
Drug Addiction and Personality Disorder*
Authors: KRAFT TOM
Published: January 2006

Résumén— Cet exposé examine la possibilityé selon laquelle le fait de s'adonner aux drogues ne représente qu'une partie d'un trouble de la personnalité beaucoup plus vaste. Ceci est illustré par les histoires des cas de trois jeunes adonnés aux drogues, tous trois mâles. On a concentré l'attention sur les difficultés rattachées à la personnalité ressenties par ces malades et l' on met en avant Pargument que ces difficultés peuvant être un facteur essentiel dans la pathogénie des adonnés aux drogues. Des troubles sexuels et de forts désirs masochistes étaient en evidence chez les trois malades. La présence de symptômes névritiques chez ces adolescents d'autre part délinquants vient appuyer la théorie de la personnalité d'Eysenck.
Intravenous Vitamins in Acute Alcoholic Intoxication: Effects on Physiological and Psychological Functions
Authors: KELLY MICHAEL , MYRSTEN ANNA‐LISA , GOLDBERG LEONARD
Published: January 2006

Sixteen male volunteer subjects of two different age groups were given placebo or a vitamin B complex preparation intravenously under double‐blind conditions fifteen minutes before a single oral dose of whisky, 2 ml (0.72 g ale) per kg, taken on an empty stomach.

The effects were studied over a 5 hr period at 1 hr intervals. The tests comprised subjective mood estimates, reaction time measurements, physiological variables as blood glucose, blood pressure, pulse rate, as well as electrooculographic recordings of positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) and of roving ocular movements (ROM). The test values were related to blood and urine alcohol levels.

The results indicate that the vitamin preparation induced significantly improved performance and reduced subjective intoxication as compared to the values from the placebo plus alcohol condition. These effects were not accompanied by any concomitant changes in blood and urine alcohol level. The beneficial effects of the vitamins seemed to be greater in the younger group. In the other variables studied there were no significant differences between conditions.

The findings exclude gross metabolic changes as the explanation of the alcohol‐antagonistic effects of the vitamin preparation, and point to the possibility of CNS mechanisms as the primary site of action.
Color Vision Defects in Alcoholism–II
Authors: SMITH JAMES W. , LAYDEN THOMAS A.
Published: January 2006

Recent data from Santiago, Chile, in which alcoholics and their female relatives showed higher incidences of overall color blindness and of blue‐yellow color blindness than was seen in controls has been interpreted to support a genetic association between alcoholism and color blindness.

In this study, Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐Hue Color Vision Tests were taken by 106 male and 16 female alcoholics before hospital treatment for alcoholism. Subsequent tests were taken approximately one week later, and again approximately six weeks later.

Correlation analyses showed that deficiences in overall color discrimination ability were correlated with abnormal liver tests and with inferior performance on psychological tests suggesting that color vision defects are like other partially reversible biochemical and behavioral disorders seen in alcoholics and result from chronic alcohol abuse. Additional support for this interpretation came from the improvement seen in overall color discrimination ability during and after hospitalization. The higher incidence of blue‐yellow color vision defect seen in the Chile study was not seen in this study and may be due to differences in the backgrounds and environment of the patient populations.
Changes in Anxiety Feelings Following Marihuana Smoking
Authors: ABEL ERNEST L.
Published: January 2006

Abstract A within subjects design was used to assess the effects of smoking marihujana upon feelings of anxiety. Marihuana did not increase the intensity of an individual's feelings of anxiety. Instead, anxious subjects tended to become less anxious and more euphoric, while nonanxious individuals tended to become somewhat more anxious.
A Five‐Year Follow‐up of 108 Cases of Opiate Addiction
Authors: Chappie Peter A. L. , Somekh David E. , Taylor Marilyn E.
Published: January 2006

A five‐year follow‐up of 108 opiate* addicts is described. Their mean age was 26 years when first seen and they had on average been known to the Home office less than two years, 79 were male. At the end of the follow‐up period, 25 were off opiates and 17 were dead. A series of cases is followed‐up in relation to their stage of addiction. The number of opiate‐free patients after Jive years is shown to be significantly different for the three stages. In relation to the Stage for II (i.e. “early” or “pre‐chronic”) addict, it is suggested tentatively that drug withdrawal must be effected after no, or limited, opiate prescription. The outlook for the chronic (Stage III) addict appears poor, and the limited apparent improvement that is shown must be considered in the light of an evidently growing black market m adulterated, imported (“Chinese”) heroin.
Subjective Effects of Two Anorexigenic Agents Fenfluramine and AN 448 in Amphetamine‐Dependent Subjects
Authors: Götestam K. Gunnar , Gunne Lars‐M.
Published: January 2006

Twenty‐two amphetamine‐dependent subjects, all imprisoned drug abusers, with a history of at least one year of intravenous abuse of central stimulants, were used for evaluation of the subjective effects of the two weight‐reducing drugs fenfluramine and AN 448. During four different days, each subject received a single dose of the following drugs in a double‐blind study with cross‐over design: AN 448 2 mg, fenfluramine 80 mg, amphetamine 50 mg and placebo. A self‐rating scale for the factor “CS effect” was used before drug intake, and 1, 3 and 6 hours thereafter. A question of “similarity to amphetamine” was posed at 6 hours after drug intake. Some subjects experienced a low degree of amphetamine‐like effect from AN 448, whereas no such effect was found for fenfluramine. With regard to the factor “CS effect”, AN 448 and fenfluramine did not differ from placebo.
The Incidence and Correlates of Smoking among Delinquent Boys Committed for Residential Training
Authors: Clarke R. V. G. , Eyles H. J. , Evans Margaret
Published: January 2006

Among 441 bays committed to approved schools, the proportions admitting to be smokers ranged from about 33 per cent at ages 10 and 11 to 91 per cent at age 16. At all ages for which comparison could be made, the proportion of smokers among the approved school boys was higher than among State schoolboys interviewed by the Government Social Survey, but it was at the younger ages that approved school boys seemed to be particularly at risk. In addition, smokers among the approved school boys seemed to smoke muck more heavily than those at State schools.

No relationships were found for the approved school population between amount smoked and variables of intelligence, educational attainment, delinquency involvement, personality (as measured by Cattell's H.S.P.Q.), social class, home circumstances, and family relationships and discipline, beyond a weak correlation at the age of 16 between smoking and number of court appearances. It was suggested that farther research on smoking among delinquent boys should concentrate on their life‐style and value‐systems.
Alcoholism in Industry (U.S.A.)
Authors: Von Wiegand Ross A.
Published: January 2006

The following paper gives cm account of the prevalence of alcoholism within American industry. It examines the correlation between alcoholism and certain types of work, job classification and jot stresses. After outlining the way this problem is at present being approached in the United States, a farther programme of action for operation within industry itself is discussed.
The Social and Psychological Background of Young Drug Abusers in Dublin
Authors: Carney P. A. , Timms M. W. H. , Stevenson R. D.
Published: January 2006

A report on 50 adolescent drug abusers seen in Dublin is presented. 84 per cent were male and 80 per cent mere Irish. Their school achievement was poor and 62 per cent displayed frequent mitching in their last school year. This occurred prior to the onset of drug taking. Their work records were also unsatisfactory, jobs being changed frequently while 60 per cent were unemployed for more than one year of an average working life of four years. In 40 per cent of the families one of the parents, usually the father, was dead or absent. The family size was larger than the national average while in 70 per cent, one of the members was using drugs in the course of legitimate treatment or illegally. The majority of the sample began using drugs in their post school‐leasing year. Cannabis and LSD were the two drugs most commonly used. 48 per cent had used drugs intravenously. 46 per cent had used drugs for more than three years. Data obtained from the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire suggested that this was generally a personality disorder group.
Total Alcohol Consumption as an Index of Anxiety among Urbanised Africans
Authors: Serebro Boris
Published: January 2006

A relationship exists between anxiety and alcoholism; and as alcohol is an anxiolytic substance, any increase in prevailing alcoholism in a racial or national group is an index of anxiety in such a group.

The increase in prevailing alcoholism based on total consumption has been noted on two occasions in respect of an influx controlled African population group, living in an African township in the South Western area of Johannesburg.

On the first occasion, in 1969, 5 in this racial group there was an increase of total Bantu beer (3 per cent concentration] consumption from 15 million gallons per annum to nearly 30 million gallons per annum. Over a period of seven years the total consumption had doubled. On a second occasion recently we noticed a most significant drop in total Bantu beer consumption with a significant rise in total European type liquor consumption (40 per cent concentration), 12 in this same population controlled African group.

In 19695 with the rise in the total Bantu beer consumption, we indicated that anxiety was present and its level was high, a situation confirmed by social workers and ministers of religion in close contact with, these people; presently on the second occasion, we have sufficient evidence (Table 2) to indicate that there has been compute change in the drinking pattern in this same African race group. The fact that this group has changed over from relatively mild traditional alcoholic beverage,1 to the use of high alcohol content loquor, with a rising total consumption, is indicative of the fact that anxiety is present and is maximal.
The Influence of Alcohol on the Mood of the Alcoholic*
Authors: van der Spuy H. I. J.
Published: January 2006

The aim was to investigate the emotional state of the alcoholic after one limited drinking session as compared to the sober state. Forty volunteer male alcoholics were psychologically assessed, both sober and after taking three or four two‐ounce drinks of brandy at ten‐minute intervals.

Tests: 1, Willoughby Personality Schedule. 2; Thematic Apperception Test (5 cards). 3, Rorschach. The Klopfer system of scoring and interpretation of the Rorschach results was used. In addition the Wichmann method was also used which gives a global assessment of Rorschach protocols. In the quantification of the T.A.T. results the system of Dana was used.

Results: 1, The Willoughby. Seven questions showed significant decreases, indicating decreased neuroticism in certain aspects of social interaction, 2, The Rorschach, The following significant changes were recorded under the influence of alcohol: (a) An increase in inanimate movement responses, indicating increased tension and conflict. (b) A decrease in the quality of introspection, indicating an increase in unsuccessful introspective effort, (c) A decrease in the quality of inner adjustment. (d) A decreased number of subjects classified as having intermediate total adjustment. 3, The T.A.T. The combined, standardised score showed a highly significant change towards more psychopathology after consumption of alcohol.

Discussion of Results:

The first three Rorschach results are clearly related. An increase in tension and conflict would contribute to decreasing the quality of inner adjustment. The decreased number of subjects with intermediate total adjustment is a neutral change without any meaning in itself. The increased psychopathology indicated by the T.A.T. agrees with the increased tension and conflict indicated by the Rorschach.

The Willoughby results may appear in conflict with the above, but it must be remembered that the tension reduction reflected by it was limited to certain aspects of social interaction only.

Conclusion:

After one limited drinking session the alcoholic experiences an increase in inner tension and anxiety. Compensatory mechanisms are then set in motion by the personality to counteract these emotions. These mechanisms may result in an immediate, perhaps superficial experience of tension reduction despite underlying anxiety.

Discussion of Conclusion:

The increase in tension recorded after the alcoholic took alcohol is in keeping with some of the latest findings, but contrary to the traditional viewpoint. The temporary, superficial experience of tension reduction, which is a new finding, might partly explain previous discrepancies. Possible reasons why the alcoholic nevertheless proceeds with his drinking were discussed. Closer inspection of the results show that many individual subjects did not necessarily follow group trends, but reacted in their own unique way to alcohol.
Two Years' Experience of Group Methods in the Treatment of Male Alcoholics in a Scottish Mental Hospital
Authors: Westfield D. R.
Published: January 2006

An account is given of the creation and management of an in‐patient therapeutic programme for male alcoholics at Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert, Stirlingshire, commencing with a selected group within a psychoneurotic unit which it was found necessary to convert into an unstaffed alcoholic unit with open admission procedure.

Statistics over a two‐year period are provided and discussed. In the discussion which followed an attempt was made to answer a serifs of questions posed by the experience involved.

For their advice and support in the preparation of this Paper, I would like to thank Dr. A. P. Russell., Physician Superintendent, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. D. A. Pemberton, Consultant Psychiatrist, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert; Dr. A. B, Sclare, Consultant Psychiatrist, Eastern District Hospital, Glasgow; Professor Ferguson Rodger, Chair of Psychiatry. Glasgow University; and Dr. R. J. Simpson, Registrar in Psychiatry, Bellsdyke Hospital, Larbert.
The Three Types of Marijuana Dependencies
Authors: Harms Ernest
Published: January 2006

One of the major reasons why we fail to combat the presort drug dependencies is because we try to simply deal with the dependency as such. We do not take into consideration that there are a variety of addictions which should be treated in different ways according to their specific characters. In an effort to make these matters understandable, one can point to the two major types of dependency, that of marijuana and that of heroin. Suck a basic differentiation however, cannot stop simply after establishing this fact. To be really factual and concrete one must go farther and, distinguish specific reaction types of such major drugs. In this way we have to distinguish three types of marijuana and four types of heroin dependencies. The purpose of this study is to present in detail and with exemplifictions the three kinds of marijuana dependencies and to offer certain basic directions for the specific therapy which ought to be applied to them.
Milieu Management for Drug Addicts: Extended Drug Subculture or Rehabilitation?*
Authors: Hart Larry
Published: January 2006

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to show that present day paraprofessional drug milieu treatment facilities are extended drug subcultures and are not fully rehabilitating addicts.

Research tends to indicate that Synanon House of California may offer its residents a protective society and a program which is not conducive to complete rehabilitation. It was also noted that ex‐addicts may become part of Synanon's ex‐addict social system and that the ex‐addict may become emotionally dependent upon Synanon. Also, numerous clinical impressions and observations made by the writer during a graduate field work placement were noted. It was suggested that professional ex‐addicts may be part of an extended drug subculture. Maintenance of the extended subculture and some of the inter‐ and inter personal dynamics which appear to be operating at a para‐professional drug rehabilitation facility were discussed.

Lastly, modifications of present day drug programs were suggested to facilitate rehabilitation. Generally, the recommendations centred around getting community people into the facility and getting residents out of the facility.
Ethical and Social‐Psychological Aspects of Urinalysis to Detect Heroin Use*
Authors: Lewis Virginia S. , Petersen David M. , Geis Gilbert , Pollack Seymour
Published: January 2006

This paper is concerned with the social scientific aspects of urinalysis procedures in the detection of heroin use. Data on attitudes toward urinalysis and subject behavior in regard to the test were derived from interviews with 53 former addicts who were subject to urinalysis as part of their release requirements from a federal commitment program. The study results indicate that a great deal of anxiety is associated with urinalysis both for the former addicts and the supervisory staff. Information is also provided on the procedures used by the former addicts to subvert the test. The accuracy of urinalysis tests under field conditions is questioned.
Drug Abuse—Prevention through Education at School
Authors: Ripley Godfrey D.
Published: January 2006

A programme of health education at schools is described in which study is made of personality development. The role of drugs is included and it is suggested that this could be a worthwhile adjunct to prevention of drug abuse.
Taste Thresholds in Drug Addicts and Alcoholics
Authors: Smith S. E.
Published: January 2006

Taste thresholds to quinine have been measured in 27 drug addicts and 28 alcoholics. By comparison with suitably matched control healthy subjects, drug addicts had significantly lower, and alcoholics significantly higher, thresholds. In the drug addicts no relationship was found between thresholds to quinine, amphetamine and pentobarbitone and individual drug‐taking preferences for amphetamines, hypnotics, narcotics or psychotomimetic agents. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Out‐Patient Treatment of Narcotic Addiction. Who Benefits?
Authors: Oppenheim G. B. , Wright Jean E. , Buchanan J. , Biggs Leo
Published: January 2006

The fast three years work of a drug dependence Out‐Patient clinic is discussed. 40 patients who succeeded in overcoming their drug habit are compared with a similar number still on drugs. No clear differences emerged which offered a prognostic guide.