bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Similarities and differences in values between Vietnamese parents and adolescents
Authors: Khanh Ha , Van Luot Nguyen , Różycka-Tran Joanna
Published: October 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to analyse similarities and differences in the motivational value system of Vietnamese parents and adolescents, in the context of Schwartz’s value theory. Also, the transmission of values between two generations was studied.

Participants and procedure

The study was performed in three different cities of Vietnam – Hanoi, Hue and Ho Chi Minh City – on adolescents, their fathers and mothers (N = 2226). The hierarchy of values was measured with a Vietnamese version of the Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-40). Additionally, expectations of parents toward children and preferences of children were measured with a list of 28 features and attitudes prepared for the study.

Results

The results show that both parents and their adolescent children highly respect universalism, conformity, and benevolence in contrast to power and stimulation, which is still typical for a collectivistic culture. The differences arise in higher-order values: while parents value conservatism (security, conformity and tradition), their children prefer more openness to change (self-direction and hedonism) values, which is typical for a more individualistic culture. The results also reveal that parents in Vietnam expect and transfer to children some attitudes and features such as studiousness, filial piety and diligence, but not riskiness, desire or humour. Although adolescents are aware of their parents’ expectations, they do not fully accept them.

Conclusions

The results provide hints for parents to plan their strategy on appropriate education of their children, in the current context of global integration and cultural changes.
Posttraumatic growth in women after breast cancer surgery – preliminary results from a study of Polish patients
Authors: Andysz Aleksandra , Najder Anna , Merecz-Kot Dorota , Wójcik Aleksandra
Published: October 2015

Background

The aim of the study was to answer the following research questions: What percentage of women after breast cancer surgery experienced posttraumatic growth (PTG)? Which aspect of PTG was experienced to the greatest extent by the participants? Do age at the day of survey, age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, type of surgery, non-surgical methods of treatment, participation in rehabilitation or physical activity significantly differentiate participants in PTG?

Participants and procedure

Forty-seven women after breast cancer surgery participated in the study. Posttraumatic growth was measured with the Polish version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) consisting of 4 scales: Self-Perception (SP), Relating to Others (RO), Appreciation of Life (AL) and Spiritual Change (SC). The demographic, disease and treatment related variables were controlled.

Results

Forty-three percent of participants experienced high, 23% moderate, and 34% little or no PTG. Posttraumatic growth manifested itself mainly positive changes in relationships with others. Age at the day of the survey did not correlate significantly with scores of PTGI. Age at diagnosis correlated significantly with total PTG (ρ = –0.37, p = .012), SP (ρ = –0.33, p = .029), RO (ρ = –0.40, p = .008) and AL (ρ = –0.39, p = .010). Women aged ≤ 50 at the day of the survey had significantly higher scores of AL than women > 50 (U = 117.50, p = .042). Women who were physically active at the day of the survey had significantly higher scores in total PTG (U = 118.50, p = .008), SP (U = 7.28, p = .007) and RO (U = 108.00, p = .003). Time since diagnosis, type of treatment and participation in rehabilitation after the surgery did not differentiate respondents significantly in PTG.

Conclusions

Posttraumatic growth was experienced by a considerable percentage of participants. The average level of PTG was moderate. Women physically active at the time of the survey showed higher levels of PTG. We recommend that women after breast cancer surgery should be encouraged by medical staff, family and friends to undertake physical activity as soon as possible.
Negative life events, coping and mental health in middle childhood
Authors: Grzegorzewska Iwona
Published: October 2015

Background

In the period of middle childhood, social experiences (both educational and social) may constitute a critical moment in time for the ultimate results of development in the case of an individual. Negative life events and coping skills may guarantee a positive or negative direction of development, exerting an influence on the mental health of children. In the study, a four-factor model of mental health was adopted, taking into consideration psychopathological symptoms within the scope of externalizing and internalizing disorders, the level of the performance of developmental tasks, and the sense of life satisfaction. The present study investigated the correlation between stress, coping and mental health in children in middle childhood.

Participants and procedure

The study included 182 individuals aged between 9 and 12 years. The following aspects were subjected to assessment: the level of mental health, the number and severity of negative life events, and the strategies of coping with stress. In order to determine the strongest predictors of the four dimensions of mental health of children, hierarchical regression analysis was applied.

Results

It was found that the strongest predictor of mental health of children in the period of middle childhood was individual and accumulated negative stress events. Lower significance was found for the subjective assessment of the severity of events being experienced. It was found that a factor protecting against disorders was active methods of coping.

Conclusions

The study suggests that it is not only psychopathological symptoms that constitute the negative consequence of the effect of stress. Negative stress events influence the positive dimensions of mental health, including the level of performance of developmental tasks and the sense of life satisfaction in children in the period of middle childhood. The obtained results show the specific character of the discussed period of development. However, these issues still need to be explored further.
Early identification and intervention services for children with autism in Vietnam
Authors: Tran Cong Van , Weiss Bahr , Khuc Toan Nang , Tran Thu Thi Le , Nguyen Trang Thi Nha , Nguyen Hoa Thi Kim , Dao Thuy Thi Thu
Published: October 2015

Background

In high income countries in Europe and North America, early identification and intervention for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been linked to improved long-term outcomes. However, in most low and middle income countries (LMIC) little is known about the use or availability of such services, which limits the ability of policy and development planning. The purpose of the present study was to assess the use of ASD services in a number of cities in Vietnam, an Asian LMIC, in order to identify areas within the field that should be specifically targeted to improve ASD services in Vietnam.

Participants and procedure

Surveys were conducted in six different cities across Vietnam with 90 parents/caregivers of children with ASD, 115 professionals working with children with ASD, and 10 directors of agencies providing ASD services. The parents/caregivers’ survey assessed demographics and information regarding their child’s symptoms and services the child received. The professionals’ survey assessed their demographic and professional background, the ASD services they provide, and their perspective on the quality of ASD services at their agency. The directors’ survey included these same questions as well as additional questions regarding the operation of the agency.

Results

Early identification and intervention ASD services are available in Vietnam, at least in major cities. However, there is a lack of well-trained professionals, the tools used for evaluation and diagnosis are limited, outdated and unstandardized, and the quality of services is questionable. Most importantly, a scientific evidence base for services is absent, and the country lacks an official governmental policy for supporting children with ASD.

Conclusions

Research directly assessing the quality of ASD services in Vietnam is needed. Most importantly, efforts at facilitating governmental policy and support advocacy are needed to increase the likelihood that families and children with ASD will receive appropriate and effective services.
Resilience and quality of life in chronically ill youth
Authors: Oleś Maria
Published: October 2015

Background

The goal of this article is to present some issues related to the concept of resilience and subjective quality of life of youth. This study was concerned with subjective quality of life, and the variables important for adaptation in the face of stress associated with illness, treatment and hospitalization. The assessment of psychological variables included social skills/competences, sense of self-efficacy, perceived social support, coping strategies, depression and subjective quality of life.

Participants and procedure

The study involved 154 participants (102 girls) aged 11-18, who were hospitalised with chronic illnesses. K-means cluster analysis allowed us to distinguish between three subgroups of youth, which were then compared in terms of the variables of interest.

Results

Among the participants there are well-adapted and resilient individuals, individuals of intermediate levels of adaptation and maladapted individuals (risk subgroup). These subgroups differ significantly in terms of psychosocial variables, coping strategies, depressive symptoms and subjective quality of life. Resilience co-occurs with adaptive coping strategies, low levels of depressive reactions and high quality of life.

Conclusions

Our results suggest the need to appreciate the role of protective factors for health and quality of life, and to facilitate the strengthening of the personal and social resources of less adapted individuals. It is important to take actions to help youths who fall into the risk group, who are vulnerable to abnormal adaptation processes and are at risk of further problems, affecting both their mental and somatic health.
Pain associated with the musculoskeletal system in children from Warsaw schools
Authors: Słowińska Iwona , Kwiatkowska Małgorzata , Jednacz Ewa , Mańczak Małgorzata , Rutkowska-Sak Lidia , Raciborski Filip
Published: October 2015

Objective: To assess the prevalence of pain in the musculoskeletal system and possible reasons for these complaints among early age children from Warsaw schools.

Material and methods:  The study was conducted in 34 randomly selected primary schools in Warsaw in 2011. 2748 survey-questionnaires were given to parents or legal guardians by children. Of these, 1509 surveys were subject to a final analysis. The survey included 66 questions regarding, among other things, pain in the musculoskeletal system in children. Additionally, there were questions about possibly occurring diseases, any postural defects, significant obesity, as well as effects of these complaints on the child’s physical activity. Survey data regarded 6–7-year-old children.

Results: In the group of 1509 respondents, 242 children (16%) complained about pain in the musculoskeletal system. Pain was located most frequently in the knee joints, and more rarely in the spine and joints in the upper extremities. In the group of children who complained about pain, moderate physical activity was statistically significantly limited. According to parents, physicians did not diagnose any medical conditions in 106 children. Joint disease was diagnosed in 33 children. Postural defects were diagnosed in 589 children. In 123 children complaining about pain at least one postural defect was diagnosed. Such defects were diagnosed statistically significantly more rarely (p = 0.011) in 1234 children who did not complain about pain (460 children). Platypodia or other foot deformation was observed in 25% of these children, spinal curvature in 12%, abnormal knee joint position in 11% and uneven hip position in 2% children. Of note, 17% of all children were significantly overweight. In overweight children the prevalence of pain, especially in the knee joints and feet, was significantly higher.

Conclusions: This study aims to underline the problem of musculoskeletal pain in early-age children which limits their physical activity. Also the authors draw attention to the issue of postural defects in a large group of school children. This issue undoubtedly requires more attention and a plan how to create more effective methods of prevention.
Metabolomics and its potential in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases
Authors: Smoleńska Żaneta , Zdrojewski Zbigniew
Published: October 2015

The main aim of metabolomics is to make a comprehensive study of metabolites, the intermediates of biochemical processes in living organisms. Any pathophysiological mechanism caused by disease will inevitably lead to related changes in the concentrations of specific metabolites. In line with this, metabolomics offers a promising laboratory tool for the analysis of potential diagnostic biomarkers that may be used to assess susceptibility to a disease and to evaluate the prognosis and therapeutic response to treatment.

Recent data have shown that metabolomics analysis in rheumatoid arthritis has made possible more efficient diagnosis, discrimination between patients with regard to disease activity, prediction of the response to a particular treatment approach, differentiation between rheumatic disease subtypes and greater understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease.

Here we characterize metabolomics as a comprehensive laboratory tool and review its potential in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Patterns of compensation of functional deficits of the knee joint in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Żuk Beata , Księżopolska-Orłowska Krystyna
Published: October 2015

Objectives:  Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a group of pathological syndromes of unknown aetiology, observed at the developmental age. Their common feature is sustained chronic arthritis with flares and remissions. Clinical signs and symptoms include joint pain, periarticular tissue oedema or articular exudate, frequently associated with hypertrophy of the synovial membrane. The intra- and extra-articular structural damage impairs the motion range and smoothness. The disease process may involve any joint. The knee joint is the most frequently affected in oligo- and polyarthritis. The aim of the study was to determine a direct correlation between disorders of knee joint function and the change in the range of motion of the ankle and hip joints of both lower extremities, and the so--called indirect impact of these changes on patients’ posture.

Material and methods: The study included 36 JIA patients and 56 healthy controls aged 8–16 years. The evaluation was based on physical examination.

Results: The results showed differences in the values of quality and range of motion between patients and controls. In the patient group pes planovalgus was more frequently associated with knee joint dysfunction along with the inherent restriction of dorsal flexion of the foot. Shortening of the iliotibial band, increased outward rotation of the right lower extremity with enlarged joint contour and augmented inward rotation of the contralateral healthy extremity all proved significant. Changes in motion range in the joints below and over the knee were associated with alterations of antero-posterior spine curvatures and vertebral rotation along the long spinal axis. Based on the results, the mechanism of the compensation is outlined.

Conclusions: The observed differences in the range and quality of motion in the ankle, hip and spinal joints between patients and healthy children provide evidence that dysfunction of the knee joint affects the function of the other above-mentioned levels of the motor system.
Rheumatoid arthritis treatment with TNF inhibitors and alternative procedures in case of its failure – results of the Polish survey in the context of EULAR recommendations
Authors: Tłustochowicz Małgorzata , Dębowska Grażyna , Spytek Joanna , Tłustochowicz Witold
Published: October 2015

Introduction: According to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment aims to achieve remission or low disease activity (LDA) within 6 months. In Poland, despite the existence of the National Health Fund Drug Program (NHF-DP), data on the effects of treatment with biological agents in patients with RA are not publicly available. Also we cannot compare registers from other countries with the Polish results because the rules of the therapeutic program in Poland impose restrictions that do not exist in other countries. For this reason, the data will not be comparable, but the results of the currently used regimen for biological treatment in Poland should be analyzed and compared with the recommendations of the European EULAR as a contribution to further discussion.

Objectives:  To determine the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitor treatment patterns in RA patients in Poland, to evaluate the frequency and causes of treatment failure as well as post-failure recommendations, and to compare Polish clinical practice enforced by the therapeutic program with the EULAR recommendations.

Material and methods:  The data on 895 RA patients were retrospectively collected from routine medical records. A questionnaire was completed only once for each patient.

Results: After 3 months of treatment with a TNF-α inhibitor, the therapeutic target was achieved in 72% of patients: 4% in remission, 8% LDA, and 60% with moderate disease activity (MDA); after 9 months, 46% had reached the target: 16% in remission, 30% with LDA. An average of 49% of patients presented with MDA or high disease activity (HDA), thus requiring treatment modification. Treatment failure was confirmed in 14% of patients and a modified therapy administered: rituximab (72%) or adalimumab (20%). The most common cause of failure was inefficacy of treatment (70%).

Conclusions: In the Polish therapeutic program, despite the persistence of MDA or HDA, the treatment with TNF inhibitors rarely qualifies as ineffective and therefore is seldom modified by switching to another biologic drug. As long as the initiation of treatment and its modifications are enforced by the NHF-DP and not the recommendations of EULAR, treatment may be less effective and paradoxically cost-intensive. Therefore, it seems obvious that it is necessary to change and adapt the NHF-DP requirements to European standards.
Fatigue and interleukin-6 – a multi-faceted relationship
Authors: Grygiel-Górniak Bogna , Puszczewicz Mariusz
Published: October 2015

Many connective tissue diseases are characterized by fatigue, which is described in the literature as prostration, weakness, lassitude or asthenia. In many other diseases (autoimmune, neurologic or metabolic) fatigue impinges on daily activities and thus influences the quality of life. Different molecular backgrounds are involved in the development of fatigue. Not only does the immunosuppressive treatment of autoimmune diseases reduce fatigue, but also selective nutritional components may have an effect on secretion of cytokines which are responsible for development of the sensation of tiredness (e.g. secretion of interleukin-6). The beneficial influence of selected food components (such as polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, nutritional antioxidants or adequate fat intake with the diet) on proinflammatory cytokine secretion has been demonstrated in many studies. In this review, the biochemical, neurological and nutritional aspects of fatigue in autoimmune diseases are underlined.
Atypical course of Henoch-Schonlein purpura in an adult patient
Authors: Bielewicz-Zielińska Agnieszka , Górnikiewicz-Brzezicka Bożena , Brzezicki Jan , Rymko Marcin
Published: October 2015

Henoch-Schonlein purpura is vasculitis of small blood vessels characterized by deposits of IgA immune complexes and also non-thrombocytopenic purpura, abdominal pain, arthritis and renal involvement. It affects people of all ages, but most cases occur in children between 2 and 11 years old, more frequently in boys. The disease is much less common in adults, who often have a more severe course of the disease. The paper presents the case of a 38-year-old female patient with insidious course of the disease, initially dominant skin symptoms and joint pain without signs of inflammation. Symptoms of the disease were initially uncharacteristic and mild, and did not suggest severe and rapid course of the disease. The patient required hospitalization in several departments before final diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppression. Despite the rapid course of the disease, treatment was effective. The patient was discharged in good condition.
European and Swiss Congress of Internal Medicine
Authors: J. Kucharz Eugeniusz
Published: October 2015

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Polish Medical Society of Radiology and Polish Society of Rheumatology recommendations for magnetic resonance imaging of musculoskeletal disorders in rheumatology*
Authors: Sudoł-Szopińska Iwona , Urbanik Andrzej , Wojciechowski Wadim , Warczyńska Agnieszka , Kapuścińska Katarzyna , Korkosz Mariusz , Jeka Sławomir , Kwiatkowska Brygida
Published: October 2015

This document presents the recommendations of the Polish Medical Society of Radiology (PLTR) and the Polish Society of Polish Society of Rheumatology (PTR) regarding the standards of collaboration between radiologists and rheumatologists so as to optimize the diagnostics and treatment of patients with rheumatic diseases of the musculoskeletal system, including rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthropathies.
Willingness to provide is more important than ability to provide: women’s choice of a long-term male partner
Authors: Oda Ryo , Hiraishi Kai
Published: October 2015

According to evolutionary theory, women select men who have the ability and willingness to provide for their offspring. However, a man with an excellent resource-holding potential might distribute his resources to another woman or pursue short-term sexual opportunities with a variety of women. Indeed, the ability of a woman to identify a man’s ability to provide is useless if his resources are distributed to another woman or to his own mating efforts. Therefore, the ability to ascertain the willingness of men to provide for long-term partners is important to women. Although such willingness is not directly related to genetic quality, the ability to provide might be based on genetic factors and function as an indicator of “good genes.” We asked women during either their high- or low-fertility period to rate the desirability of six fictitious men described in a vignette that addressed their ability and willingness to gather and share resources. Ability and willingness to provide were less important when women considered short-term relationships, but these two factors affected mate preference for long-term relationships. Women did not value the absolute value of their mates’ long-term ability to provide, and they placed more importance on their willingness to share than on their ability to accumulate resources. Women’s menstrual cycle did not affect this pattern of preference.
Evaluation of regional background particulate matter concentration based on vertical distribution characteristics
Authors: Han S. , Zhang Y. , Wu J. , Zhang X. , Tian Y. , Wang Y. , Ding J. , Yan W. , Bi X. , Shi G. , Cai Z. , Yao Q. , Huang H. , Feng Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Heavy regional particulate matter (PM) pollution in China has resulted in an important and urgent need for joint control actions among cities. It is advisable to improve the understanding of the regional background concentration of PM for the development of efficient and effective joint control policies. With the increase of height the influence of source emission on local air quality decreases with altitude, but the characteristics of regional pollution gradually become obvious. A method to estimate regional background PM concentration is proposed in this paper, based on the vertical characteristics of periodic variation in the atmospheric boundary layer structure and particle mass concentration, as well as the vertical distribution of particle size, chemical composition and pollution source apportionment. According to the method, the averaged regional background PM2.5 concentration in July, August and September 2009, being extracted from the original time series in Tianjin, was 40 ± 20, 64 ± 17 and 53 ± 11 μg m−3, respectively.
Comparative measurements of water vapor fluxes over a tall forest using open- and closed-path eddy covariance system
Authors: Wu J. B. , Zhou X. Y. , Wang A. Z. , Yuan F. H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Eddy covariance using infrared gas analyzes has been a useful tool for gas exchange measurements between soil, vegetation and the atmosphere. So far, comparisons between the open- and closed-path eddy covariance (CP) system have been extensively made on CO2 flux estimations, while lacking in the comparison of water vapor flux estimations. In this study, the specific performance of water vapor flux measurements of an open-path eddy covariance (OP) system was compared against a CP system over a tall temperate forest in northeastern China. The results show that the fluxes from the OP system (LEop) were generally greater than the LEcp though the two systems shared one sonic anemometer. The tube delay of closed-path analyzer depended on relative humidity, and the fixed median time lag contributed to a significant underestimation of LEcp between the forest and atmosphere, while slight systematic overestimation was also found for covariance maximization method with single broad time lag search window. After the optimized time lag compensation was made, the average difference between the 30 min LEop and LEcp was generally within 6.0 %. Integrated over the annual cycle, the CP system yielded a 5.1 % underestimation of forest evapotranspiration as compared to the OP system measurements (493 vs. 469 mm yr−1). This study indicates the importance to estimate the sampling tube delay accurately for water vapor flux calculations with closed-path analyzers, and it also suggests that some of the imbalance of the surface energy budget in flux sites is possibly caused by the systematic underestimation of water vapor fluxes measured with closed-path eddy covariance systems.
Lidar arc scan uncertainty reduction through scanning geometry optimization
Authors: Wang H. , Barthelmie R. J. , Pryor S. C. , Brown G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Doppler lidars are frequently operated in a mode referred to as arc scans, wherein the lidar beam scans across a sector with a fixed elevation angle and the resulting measurements are used to derive an estimate of the n minute horizontal mean wind velocity (speed and direction). Previous studies have shown that the uncertainty in the measured wind speed originates from turbulent wind fluctuations and depends on the scan geometry (the arc span and the arc orientation). This paper is designed to provide guidance on optimal scan geometries for two key applications in the wind energy industry: wind turbine power performance analysis and annual energy production. We present a quantitative analysis of the retrieved wind speed uncertainty derived using a theoretical model with the assumption of isotropic and frozen turbulence, and observations from three sites that are onshore with flat terrain, onshore with complex terrain and offshore, respectively. The results from both the theoretical model and observations show that the uncertainty is scaled with the turbulence intensity such that the relative standard error on the 10 min mean wind speed is about 30 % of the turbulence intensity. The uncertainty in both retrieved wind speeds and derived wind energy production estimates can be reduced by aligning lidar beams with the dominant wind direction, increasing the arc span and lowering the number of beams per arc scan. Large arc spans should be used at sites with high turbulence intensity and/or large wind direction variation when arc scans are used for wind resource assessment.
Effects of varied nitrate and phosphate supply on polysaccharidic and proteinaceous gel particle production during tropical phytoplankton bloom experiments
Authors: Engel A. , Borchard C. , Loginova A. , Meyer J. , Hauss H. , Kiko R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Gel particles such as the polysaccharidic transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and the proteinaceous Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) play an important role in marine biogeochemical and ecological processes like particle aggregation and export, or microbial nutrition and growth. So far, effects of nutrient availability or of changes in nutrient ratios on gel particle production and fate are not well understood. The tropical ocean includes large oxygen minimum zones, where nitrogen losses due to anaerobic microbial activity result in a lower supply of nitrate relative to phosphate to the euphotic zone. Here, we report of two series of mesocosm experiments that were conducted with natural plankton communities collected from the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA) close to Cape Verde in October 2012. The experiments were performed to investigate how different phosphate (experiment 1, Varied P: 0.15–1.58 μmol L−1) or nitrate (experiment 2, Varied N: 1.9–21.9 μmol L−1) concentrations affect the abundance and size distribution of TEP and CSP. In the days until the bloom peak was reached, a positive correlation between gel particle abundance and Chl a concentration was determined, linking the release of dissolved gel precursors and the subsequent formation of gel particles to autotrophic production. After the bloom peak, gel particle abundance remained stable or even increased, implying a continued partitioning of dissolved into particulate organic matter after biomass production itself ceased. During both experiments, differences between TEP and CSP dynamics were observed; TEP were generally more abundant than CSP. Changes in size distribution indicated aggregation of TEP after the bloom, while newly formed CSP decomposed. Abundance of gel particles clearly increased with nitrate concentration during the second experiment, suggesting that changes in [DIN] : [DIP] ratios can affect gel particle formation with potential consequences for carbon and nitrogen cycling as well as food web dynamics in tropical ecosystems.
Does Juncus effusus enhance methane emissions from grazed pastures on peat?
Authors: Henneberg A. , Elsgaard L. , Sorrell B. K. , Brix H. , Petersen S. O.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from drained organic soils are generally low, but internal gas transport in aerenchymatous plants may result in local emission hotspots. In a paired-sample field study at three different sites we measured fluxes of CH4 with static chambers from adjacent sampling quadrats with and without Juncus effusus during four field campaigns. At all three sites, CH4 was observed in the soil at all sampling depths (5 to 100 cm), and in most cases both above and below the groundwater table. During spring, local maxima suggested methanogenesis also took place above the water table at all three sites. We found significant CH4 emissions at all three sites, but emission controls were clearly different. Across the three sites, average emission rates (±1 SE) for sampling quadrats with and without J. effusus were 1.47 ± 0.28 and 1.37 ± 0.33 mg CH4 m−2 h−1, respectively, with no overall effect of J. effusus on CH4 emissions. However, a significant effect of J. effusus was seen at one of the three sites. At this site, local CH4 maxima were closer to the soil surface than at the other sites, and the upper soil layers were dryer. This could have affected both root CH4 accessibility and CH4 oxidation respectively, and together with limited gas diffusivity in the soil column, cause elevated CH4 emissions from J. effusus. We conclude that J. effusus has the potential to act as point sources of CH4 from drained peatlands, but more studies on the specific conditions under which there is an effect, are needed before the results can be used in modelling of CH4 emissions.
De Kant a Freud: a sociabilidade insociável da humanidade
Authors: Magalhães Josiane , Beck Marcelo L. G.
Published: October 2015

Este texto tem como proposta demonstrar a proximidade dos pressupostos kantianos e freudianos no que se refere à argumentação sobre a necessidade de associação dos seres humanos contrapostos a uma insociabilidade inerente à natureza humana. O ponto de partida para as reflexões que se seguem tratam especificamente de uma análise do texto "Idéia de uma história universal de um ponto de vista cosmopolita" de Imanuel Kant e "O mal-estar na civilização" de Sigmund Freud.
Becoming a language teacher: Constraints and negotiation in the emergence of new identities
Authors: Block David
Published: October 2015

Over the past three decades, identity has become a key construct in applied linguistics and there has been a great deal of research focussing on language learner identities. Meanwhile, less research has been devoted to language teacher identities, although there has been an increase in recent years. This paper makes a modest contribution to this growing literature. It examines how two Spanish nationals developed Spanish language teacher identities while attending a Postgraduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) course at a London university.
An interview with Dr. Ruth Breeze and Dr. Florentina Taylor on foreign language teaching and learning
Authors: Jiménez Ricardo-María
Published: October 2015

The author conducted an online interview with Dr. Ruth Breeze (University of Navarra, Spain) and Dr. Florentina Taylor (University of Greenwich, UK) about the present and future of foreign language teaching, following up on conversations initiated in York, Pamplona and Lancaster.
Le rôle des psychanalystes dans l’histoire du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal
Authors: Reid Wilfrid , Amyot Arthur
Published: October 2015

Trois psychanalystes ont joué un rôle de premier plan dans l’histoire du département, soit les Drs Camille Laurin, Yvon Gauthier et Arthur Amyot. Le Dr Laurin a mis sur pied un cursus prégradué et un post-gradué et doté le département d’un premier programme complet de résidence en français. Dr Gauthier a, en quelque sorte, « construit » le département en créant ses instances administratives. Dr Amyot a donné corps au réseau universitaire en intégrant les divers milieux hospitaliers dans les décisions et les projets du département. Chacun à sa manière a contribué à l’une des marques distinctives du département, à savoir l’importance accordée à la formation à la psychothérapie. De plus, les auteurs désirent souligner comment la psychanalyse ou mieux une certaine vision psychanalytique sans dogmatisme ni exclusivisme a joué un rôle important dans l’histoire du département universitaire. Ce faisant, ils ont transmis une conception de la psychiatrie où la perspective biopsychosociale n’est pas un vain mot.
50 ans de service public pour les politiques et l’organisation de services de psychiatrie communautaire au Québec
Authors: Lesage Alain
Published: October 2015

Cet essai, rédigé en deux articles compagnons (Partie I & II), est destiné mettre en valeur le service public de cinq psychiatres du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal ayant oeuvré au niveau du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) pour les politiques de désinstitutionnalisation et l’organisation des services de psychiatrie communautaire pour les personnes avec des troubles mentaux graves. Il s’agit des Drs Camille Laurin, Denis Lazure, Arthur Amyot, Luc Blanchet et André Delorme.

Dans cette première partie, l’essai proposera comme grille de lecture de la recherche sur les services, quatre références, soit les arguments pour des soins dans la communauté des psychiatres et chercheurs britannique et italien, Thornicroft et Tansella ; Les enjeux systémiques dans toute réforme de l’infirmière et chercheure canadienne Paula Goering ; la proposition de régulation du système de santé du chercheur québécois en administration de la santé le Professeur André-Pierre Contandriopoulos ; et enfin la tension structurelle entre le secteur médical et social signalée par le sociologue américain de la santé Leutz.

L’essai enchaînera avec un narratif des phases connues de la désinstitutionnalisation, soit la phase asilaire (pré-1960), communautaire (1960-2000) et différentiée (depuis 2000). L’essai signalera la marche inexorable vers un hôpital sans mur, un travail interdisciplinaire, des tensions entre le curatif et la réadaptation et le financement décroissant qui avec une organisation et un leadership contesté ou essoufflé, donne lieu à des déficits que sont la transinstitutionnalisation dans l’itinérance et dans le système judiciaire.
Le changement de nos valeurs et certitudes au long de ce demi-siècle
Authors: Borgeat François , Dongier Maurice
Published: October 2015

Dans cet essai, le premier auteur présente sa vision des changements importants dans les valeurs, certitudes et croyances fondamentales qui ont marqué le premier demi-siècle du Département de psychiatrie de l’Université de Montréal.

Cinq changements majeurs sont proposés : 1- de la psychanalyse aux maladies du cerveau, 2- de « Est-ce qu’un non-médecin peut pratiquer la psychanalyse ? » à « Est-ce qu’un psychiatre peut encore faire de la psychothérapie ? » 3- de la continuité des soins aux épisodes de soins, 4- du traitement d’emblée aux évaluations répétées, 5- de l’amour qui guérit au tabou de l’amour.

Puis le deuxième auteur souligne l’effervescence de la neuropsychiatrie à l’Université McGill avant l’arrivée de la psychanalyse. Finalement, on observe que l’influence accrue des classifications DSM et de la psychopharmacologie a transformé la psychiatrie clinique, particulièrement en orientant l’entretien vers la recherche de critères vus comme objectifs au lieu de la compréhension intime des symptômes.
La médecine du sommeil : 1965-2015
Authors: Montplaisir Jacques
Published: October 2015

La médecine du sommeil a maintenant 50 ans. À l’Université de Montréal, le Centre d’étude du sommeil naissait il y a environ 40 ans et a grandi pour devenir en 2012 le Centre d’études avancées en médecine du sommeil (CÉAMS). Le CÉAMS, c’est 14 chercheurs, plus de trente stagiaires de recherche et un personnel hautement qualifié. C’est un laboratoire de 1,500 mètres carrés comprenant 10 salles d’enregistrement polygraphique du sommeil, 3 laboratoires d’isolation temporelle pour l’étude des rythmes circadiens, un laboratoire d’enregistrement EEG à haute densité, un système d’imagerie SPECT à haute résolution et une clinique qui agit comme lieu de formation clinique et comme centre de référence pour plusieurs pathologies du sommeil, telles que la narcolepsie, le bruxisme, le syndrome des jambes sans repos et le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal. Cet article raconte l’histoire du CÉAMS, ses principales réalisations et ses projets d’avenir en parallèle avec le développement général de la médecine du sommeil.
What makes an eLife paper in epidemiology and global health?
Authors: Jit Mark , Franco Eduardo , Jha Prabhat
Published: October 2015

The best papers provide evidence that can be used to make changes that improve the health and lives of people around the world.
Special Education Teacher Preparation in Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
Authors: Chitiyo Morgan , Odongo George , Itimu-Phiri Ambumulire , Muwana Florence , Lipemba Mary
Published: October 2015

Researchers have repeatedly identified special education teacher shortage as one of the factors that have stymied the development of special education in many African countries. Highly qualified special education teachers are an integral part of successful national educational systems. In order to ensure an optimum supply of qualified special education teachers in any country, one can start by examining special education teacher preparation programs in the country. In this paper, the authors sought to explore special education teacher preparation in Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to identify the characteristics, key features, gaps, and therefore come up with specific recommendations. In doing this the authors hope that this information would be helpful to researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, and organizations that are interested in contributing to the development of special education in these countries through personnel preparation.
Silicon isotopic chemistry in the Changjiang Estuary and coastal regions: Impacts of physical and biogeochemical processes on the transport of riverine dissolved silica
Authors: Zhang A. Y. , Zhang J. , Hu J. , Zhang R. F. , Zhang G. S.
Published: October 2015

The dissolved silica (DSi) concentration and silicon isotopic composition (δ30Si) of surface water samples from the Changjiang Estuary was measured in summer and winter to study the behavior of DSi fluvial inputs into the estuary. The DSi concentration decreased away from the estuary and had a linear relationship with salinity, suggesting that mixing between river water and seawater is the dominant effect on DSi levels in the study area. Measured δ30Si in the Changjiang Estuary ranged from +1.48‰ to +2.35‰ in summer, and from +1.54‰ to +1.95‰ in winter. As a result of low light levels and abundant DSi riverine inputs, DSi remains relatively unaffected by biological utilization and fractionation in the near‐shore region, and the isotopic imprint of water from the Changjiang can still be detected up to a salinity level of 20 in summer. An obvious increase in δ30Si was observed beyond this salinity level, indicating a significant increase in biological utilization and fractionation of DSi in high salinity waters. Lower water temperatures and light levels that prevail over the winter lead to the reduced fractionation of DSi compared with that in summer. The fractionation factor (30ɛ) was estimated using a steady state model to the high salinity waters, yielding a value of −0.95‰, which is in agreement with previous results obtained for Skeletonema costatum in cultivation experiments. The results of this study suggest that silicon isotopes can be used to identify the impact of biological utilization on the behavior of DSi in highly dynamic estuarine environments.
A Decade of Questions About Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Gross Nicholas A. , Hughes W. Jeffrey
Published: October 2015

Key Point

Students questions about reconnection are summarized
Porous Si Nanowires from Cheap Metallurgical Silicon Stabilized by a Surface Oxide Layer for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Yu , Liu Lifeng , Xiong Jie , Yang Tingzhou , Qin Yong , Yan Chenglin
Published: October 2015

In the quest to develop next generation lithium ion battery anode materials, satisfactory electrochemical performance and low material/fabrication cost are the most desirable features. In this article, porous Si nanowires are synthesized by a cost‐effective metal‐assisted chemical etching method using cheap metallurgical silicon as feedstock. More importantly, a thin oxide layer (≈3 nm) formed on the surface of porous Si nanowires stabilizes the cycling performance of lithium ion batteries. Such an oxide coating is able to constrain the huge volume expansion of the underlying Si, yet it is thin enough to ensure good permeability for both lithium ions and electrons. Therefore, the extraordinary storage capacity of Si can be well retained in prolonged electrochemical cycles. Specifically, Si/SiOx nanowires deliver a reversible capacity of 1503 mAh g−1 at the 560th cycle at a current density of 600 mA g−1, demonstrating an average of only 0.04% drop per cycle compared with its initial capacity. Furthermore, the highly porous structure and thin Si wall facilitate the electrolyte penetration and shorten the solid‐state lithium transportation path, respectively. As a result, stable and satisfactory reversible capacities of 1297, 976, 761, 548, and 282 mAh g−1 are delivered at current densities of 1200, 2400, 3600, 4800, and 7200 mA g−1, respectively.
The Organic–Aqueous Extraction of Natural Eucommia ulmoides Rubber and Its Properties and Application in Car Radial Tires
Authors: Xia Lin , Wang Yan , Ma Zhenguo , Xin Zhenxiang
Published: October 2015

This paper discusses a fast, efficient, green extraction method of natural Eucommia ulmoides rubber. In the traditional extracting methods, the Eucommia leaves or barks were dissolved in a medium or low polarity solvents, such as chloroform and toluene. However, in this process not only huge amounts of solvent were consumed but also the reversed‐phase solvent, such as ethanol and methanol, was needed to separate Eucommia rubber in a solid form from the solution. To solve these problems, we used the hydrophilicity of natural Eucommia rubber plant, using petroleum ether solution and alternating hot and cold water, to extract natural E. ulmoides rubber. This method could simplify the extraction process of E. ulmoides, reduce the amount of organic solvent used in the process of extraction, and save the extraction cost. The extracted E. ulmoides rubber was characterized, and the results showed that the molecular weight of E. ulmoides pretreated by the mechanical method was about 30 kDa and relatively narrow polydispersity. We also used the extracted Eucommia rubber in tread designing of car radial tires; the result showed that the mechanical properties of the rubber samples with Eucommia rubber increased compared with those without Eucommia rubber.
The use of personal flotation devices in the Northeast lobster fishing industry: An examination of the decision‐making process
Authors: Weil R. , Pinto K. , Lincoln J. , Hall‐Arber M. , Sorensen J.
Published: October 2015

Background

This study explored perspectives of Northeast commercial lobstermen regarding the use of personal flotation devices (PFDs). Researchers sought to identify factors contributing to low PFD use, and motivators that could lead to increased use of PFDs.

Methods

This qualitative research (n = 72) included 25 commercial fishermen who participated in in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews, and 47 attendees of Lobstermen's meetings who engaged in focus groups.

Results

The results showed substantial barriers to PFD use. Fishermen described themselves as being proactive about safety whenever possible, but described a longstanding tradition of not wearing PFDs. Key factors integrally linked with the lack of PFD use were workability, identity/social stigma, and risk diffusion.

Conclusion

Future safety interventions will need to address significant barriers to PFD use that include issues of comfort and ease of use, as well as social acceptability of PFDs and reorientation of risk perceptions related to falls overboard. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:73–80, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
State of the Art: Mediation in Russia
Authors: Shamlikashvili Tsisana
Published: October 2015

While some attempts to practice mediation‐like approaches to dispute resolution in Russia can be traced back to late 1980s, it was not until the middle of the past decade that the process of the nation's wide‐range institutional development began.