bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FURNACE FOR BURNING BRICKS OF THE MEDIEVAL TOWN OF KYSHKALA
Authors:   Researcher, H.A. Yasavi İKTU.Kazakhstan, Turkestan. e-mail:kuanish_85@mail.ru, ARYNOV K.S. , ELEUOV M. ,   Dr.Professor,аl-Farabi Kazakh National University.Kazakhstan,Almaty. e-mail:madiareleyov@mail.ru, SIZDIKOV B. ,   PhD. Senior Researcher, H.A. Yasavi İKTU.Kazakhstan, Turkestan.
Published: June 2021

The article examines the role of the medieval settlement of Kyshkala among our historical values, touching upon the results of archaeological research carried out to this day. Also the historical topographic structure of the city was described, information about the central part and economic zones was given. Due to the lack of knowledge of the economic zone of the medieval settlement of Kyshkala, including the place of the kiln for firing ceramics, within the framework of this topic, we decided to conduct research work, identify the specifics of the identified kiln and introduce it into scientific circulation. The article discusses the results of archaeological research work carried out in the Kyshkala Settlement in 2019, analyzes the architectural features, manufacturing technology and building materials of the furnace, identified in the economic zone of the monument. In addition, a comparative analysis was carried out with pottery kilns found in medieval cities and additional scientific conclusions were drawn. On the basis of material data obtained during the excavations, the period of the stove's location in the Kyshkala Settlement was determined.
ORNAMENTS ON TRADITIONAL WOODEN PRODUCTS – EMBOSSING PATTERN
Authors:   Candidate of historical sciences, associate professor, Yessenov University, Aktau, Kazakhstan, Bekeshov S.S. , Bekenzhanova А. А. ,   the academic degree of Master in speciality 6М011400-History
Published: June 2021

This article examines the traditions of the Kazakh people in ancient woodcarving. It is about the semantic interpretation of the art of ornamentation and its significance in history. The composition of wooden interior furniture includes bed linen, pillows made of wood, dzhukayak, kebezhe, sandyk, abdire, yaglan, uldyryk, abazha, as well as a technique (method) for processing household utensils. Historical background, philosophical understanding of the symbolic meaning of each line of the ornament, indicated against the background of the object of artistic value of wooden products. This article is also important for understanding the genesis of the entire Kazakh traditional art of wood carving, as well as the evolution of ornaments, the general art of weaving (carpet weaving, jewelry made of wood, bone, etc.). It has been scientifically analyzed that home furniture and household appliances represent a holistic system entirely based on stylistic composition.
THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNICATION AND THE ROLE OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS IN MODERN SOCIETY
Authors:   Second Year Master's  Student  in Political Science and Conflict Studies,Akhmet Yassawi  International Kazakh-Turkish University, Diimetova M.B.
Published: June 2021

In the article, the author comments on the concept of communication. Opinions are expressed about the place of information technologies in the formation of public consciousness today. It raises questions about the global development of the Internet, its impact on the integrity of not only one state, but also the world, the benefits and harms. Currently, in the era of progressive development of scientific technologies, the concept of communication has become not just an obsessive, but a subconscious concept. The translation of this term from the Latin communicatio comes in the sense that communicatio is universal. In a broad sense, it can be interpreted as ways and channels of communication with the ability to perceive and distribute various information. We should know that communication is not only an object of several social disciplines, but also an object of exact sciences.
Konflik Keinginan Daging dalam Diri Paulus: Sebuah Analisis Roma 7:13-26
Authors: Benyamin Benyamin
Published: June 2021

Tujuan studi ini untuk membuktikan keberadaan Paulus dalam Roma 7:13-25. Keberadaan Paulus merupakan suatu topik yang diperdebatkan sepanjang sejarah gereja yang menghasilkan beragam pendapat. Dalam perjalanannya sampai sekarang belum ada kesepakatan mengenai keberadaan Paulus tersebut. Perdebatan mengenai keberadaan Paulus menghasilkan empat pandangan dasar yaitu pertama Paulus Sendiri, kedua Adam, ketiga Orang Israel di bawah Taurat, keempat Orang-orang Kristen, dalam penelitian ini penulis ingin mendalami kemungkinan yang paling tepat yaitu pandangan yang pertama. Namun dalam pendapat yang pertama ini juga ada dua pandangan, apakah Paulus yang berjuang menghadapi keinginan daging tersebut ketika ia sebelum percaya atau sesudah percaya? Dalam tulisan ini penulis menggunakan analisis eksegesis untuk membuktikan keberadaan Paulus sesuai dengan konteks dari Roma 7:13-25.
Evaluation of aerosol optical depths and clear-sky radiative fluxes of the CERES Edition 4.1 SYN1deg data product
Authors: Fillmore David , Rutan David , Kato Seiji , Rose Fred , Caldwell Thomas
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Aerosol optical depths (AOD) used for the Edition 4.1 Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Synoptic (SYN1deg) are evaluated. AODs are derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations and assimilated by an aerosol transport model (MATCH). As a consequence, clear-sky AODs closely match with those derived from MODIS instruments. AODs under all-sky conditions are larger than AODs under clear-sky conditions, which is supported by ground-based AERONET observations. When all-sky MATCH AODs are compared with Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA2) AODs, MATCH AODs are generally larger than MERRA2 AODS especially over convective regions (e.g. Amazon, central Africa, and eastern Asia). The difference is largely caused by MODIS AODs used for assimilation. Including AODs with larger retrieval uncertainty makes AODs over the convective regions larger. When AODs are used for clear-sky irradiance computations and computed downward shortwave irradiances are compared with ground- based observations, the computed instantaneous irradiances are 1 % to 2 % larger than observed irradiances. The comparison of top-of-atmosphere clear-sky irradiances with those derived from CERES observations suggests that AODs used for surface radiation observation sites are larger by 0.01 to 0.03, which is within the uncertainty of instantaneous MODIS AODs. However, the comparison with AERONET AOD suggests AODs used for computations over desert sites are 0.08 larger. The cause of positive biases of downward shortwave irradiance and AODs for the desert sites are unknown.
A New Inverse Modeling Approach for Emission Sources based on the DDM-3D and 3DVAR techniques: an application to air quality forecasts in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region
Authors: Cheng Xinghong , Hao Zilong , Zang Zengliang , Liu Zhiquan , Xu Xiangde , Liu Yuelin , Hu Yiwen , Ma Xiaodan
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We develop a new inversion method which is suitable for linear and nonlinear emission sources (ES) modeling, based on the three-dimensional decoupled direct (DDM-3D) sensitivity analysis module in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and the three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation technique. We established the explicit observation operator matrix between the ES and receptor concentrations, and the background error covariance (BEC) matrix of the ES which can reflect the impacts of uncertainties of the ES on assimilation. Then we constructed the inversion model of the ES by combining the sensitivity analysis with 3DVAR techniques. We performed the simulation experiment using the inversion model for a heavy haze case study in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region during December 27–30, 2016. Results show that the spatial distribution of sensitivities of SO2 and NOX ES to their concentrations, as well as the BEC matrix of ES, are reasonable. Using the posteriori inversed ES, underestimations of SO2 and NO2 during the heavy haze period are remarkably improved, especially for NO2. Spatial distributions of SO2 and NO2 concentrations simulated by the constrained ES were more accurate compared with the priori ES in the BTH region. The temporal variations in regionally averaged SO2, NO2, and O3 modelled concentrations using the posteriori inversed ES are consistent with in-situ observations at 45 stations over the BTH region, and simulation errors decrease significantly. These results are of great significance for: studies on the formation mechanism of heavy haze; reducing uncertainties of ES and its dynamic updating; providing accurate “virtual” emission inventories for air-quality forecasts and decision-making services for optimization control of air pollution.
Changes in PM2.5 concentrations and their sources in the US from 1990 to 2010
Authors: Skyllakou Ksakousti , Garcia Rivera Pablo , Dinkelacker Brian , Karnezi Eleni , Kioutsioukis Ioannis , Hernandez Carlos , Adams Peter J. , Pandis Spyros N.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Significant reductions of emissions of SO2, NOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and primary particulate matter (PM) took place in the US from 1990 to 2010. We evaluate here our understanding of the links between these emissions changes and corresponding changes in concentrations and health outcomes using a chemical transport model, the Particulate Matter Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (PMCAMx) with the Particle Source Apportionment Algorithm (PSAT). Results for 1990, 2001 and 2010 are presented. The reductions in SO2 emissions (64 %, mainly from electric generating units) during these 20 years have dominated the reductions in PM2.5 leading to a 45 % reduction in sulfate levels. The predicted sulfate reductions are in excellent agreement with the available measurements. Also, the reductions in elemental carbon (EC) emissions (mainly from transportation) have led to a 30 % reduction of EC concentrations. The most important source of organic aerosol (OA) through the years according to PMCAMx is biomass burning, followed by biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). OA from on-road transport has been reduced by more than a factor of three. On the other hand, changes in biomass burning OA and biogenic SOA have been modest. In 1990, about half of the US population was exposed to annual-average PM2.5 concentrations above 20 μg m−3, but by 2010 this fraction had dropped to practically zero. The predicted changes in concentrations are evaluated against the observed changes for 1990, 2001, and 2010, in order to understand if the model represents reasonably well the corresponding processes caused by the changes in emissions.
Cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating bacteria and fungi in coastal precipitation
Authors: Beall Charlotte M. , Michaud Jennifer M. , Fish Meredith A. , Dinasquet Julie , Cornwell Gavin C. , Stokes M. Dale , Burkart Michael D. , Hill Thomas C. , DeMott Paul J. , Prather Kimberly A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) represent a rare subset of aerosol particles
that initiate cloud droplet freezing at temperatures above the homogenous
freezing point of water (−38 ∘C). Considering that the ocean
covers 71 % of the Earth's surface and represents a large potential source
of INPs, it is imperative that the identities, properties and relative
emissions of ocean INPs become better understood. However, the specific
underlying drivers of marine INP emissions remain largely unknown due to
limited observations and the challenges associated with isolating rare INPs. By
generating isolated nascent sea spray aerosol (SSA) over a range of
biological conditions, mesocosm studies have shown that marine microbes can
contribute to INPs. Here, we identify 14 (30 %) cultivable halotolerant
ice-nucleating microbes and fungi among 47 total isolates recovered from
precipitation and aerosol samples collected in coastal air in southern
California. Ice-nucleating (IN) isolates collected in coastal air were nucleated ice from
extremely warm to moderate freezing temperatures (−2.3 to −18 ∘C). While some Gammaproteobacteria and fungi are known to nucleate ice at
temperatures as high as −2 ∘C, Brevibacterium sp. is the first Actinobacteria
found to be capable of ice nucleation at a relatively high freezing
temperature (−2.3 ∘C). Air mass trajectory analysis demonstrates
that marine aerosol sources were dominant during all sampling periods, and
phylogenetic analysis indicates that at least 2 of the 14 IN isolates are
closely related to marine taxa. Moreover, results from cell-washing
experiments demonstrate that most IN isolates maintained freezing activity
in the absence of nutrients and cell growth media. This study supports
previous studies that implicated microbes as a potential source of marine
INPs, and it additionally demonstrates links between precipitation, marine
aerosol and IN microbes.
Characterisation of the Manchester Aerosol Chamber facility
Authors: Shao Yunqi , Wang Yu , Du Mao , Voliotis Aristeidis , Alfarra M. Rami , Turner S. Fiona , McFiggans Gordon
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This study describes the design of the Manchester Aerosol Chamber (MAC) and its comprehensive characterisation. The MAC is designed to investigate multi-phase chemistry and the evolution of aerosol physico-chemical properties from the real-world emissions (e.g. diesel engine, plants) or of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from pure volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Additionally, the generated aerosol particles in MAC can be transferred to the Manchester Ice Cloud Chamber (MICC), which enables investigation of cloud formation in warm, mixed-phase and fully glaciated conditions (with T as low as −55 °C). MAC is an 18 m3 FEP Teflon chamber, with the potential to conduct experiments at controlled temperature (15–35 °C) and relative humidity (25–80 %) under simulated solar radiation or dark conditions. Detailed characterisations were conducted at common experimental conditions (25 °C, 50 % RH) for actinometry and determination of background contamination, wall losses of gases (NO2, O3, and selected VOCs), aerosol particles at different sizes, auxiliary mechanism and aerosol formation. In addition, the influences of chamber contamination on the wall loss rate of gases and particles, and the photolysis of NO2 were estimated.
Multi-year, spatially extensive, watershed scale synoptic stream chemistry and water quality conditions for six permafrost-underlain Arctic watersheds
Authors: Shogren Arial J. , Zarnetske Jay P. , Abbott Benjamin W. , Bratsman Samuel , Brown Brian , Carey Michael , Fulweber Randy , Greaves Heather E. , Haines Emma , Iannucci Frances , Koch Joshua C. , Medvedeff Alexander , O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Patch Leika , Poulin Brett A. , Williamson Tanner J. , Bowden William B.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Repeated sampling of spatially distributed river chemistry can be used to assess the location, scale, and stability of carbon and nutrient contributions to watershed-scale exports. Here, we provide a comprehensive set of water chemistry measurements and secondary ecosystem metrics describing the biogeochemical conditions of permafrost-affected Arctic watershed networks. These data were collected in watershed-wide repeated synoptic campaigns across six rivers across northern Alaska. Three watersheds are associated with the Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research (ARC LTER) site at Toolik Field Station (TFS), which were sampled seasonally each June and August from 2016 to 2018. Three watersheds were associated with the National Park Service (NPS) of Alaska and the US. Geological Survey (USGS), and were sampled annually from 2015 to 2019. Extensive water chemistry characterization included carbon species, dissolved nutrients, and anions and cations. The objective of the sampling designs and data acquisition was to generate a dataset to support the estimation of ecosystem metrics that describe the dominant location, scale, and overall stability of ecosystem processes in the Arctic. These metrics are: (1) subcatchment leverage, (2) variance collapse, and (3) spatial stability. Both water chemistry concentrations and secondary metrics are available at the National Park Service Integrated Resource Management Application portal (https://doi.org/10.5066/P9SBK2DZ) and within the Environmental Data Initiative LTER Data Portal (https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/258a44fb9055163dd4dd4371b9dce945).
Improved parameterization of snow albedo in WRF + Noah. Part II: Applicability to snow estimates for the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Lian , Ma Yaoming , Menenti Massimo , Su Rongmingzhu , Yao Nan , Ma Weiqiang
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Snow albedo is important to the land surface energy balance and to the water cycle. During snowfall and subsequent snowmelt, snow albedo is usually parameterized as functions of snow related variables in land surface models. However, the default snow albedo scheme in the widely used Noah land surface model shows evident shortcomings in land-atmosphere interactions estimates during snow events on the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we demonstrate that our improved snow albedo scheme performs well after including snow depth as an additional factor. By coupling the WRF and Noah models, this study comprehensively evaluates the performance of the improved snow albedo scheme in simulating eight snow events on the Tibetan Plateau. The modeling results are compared with WRF run with the default Noah scheme and in situ observations. The improved snow albedo scheme significantly outperforms the default Noah scheme in relation to air temperature, albedo and sensible heat flux estimates, by alleviating cold bias estimates, albedo overestimates and sensible heat flux underestimates, respectively. This in turn contributes to more accurate reproductions of snow event evolution. The averaged RMSE relative reductions (and relative increase in correlation coefficients) for air temperature, albedo, sensible heat flux and snow depth reach 27 % (5 %), 32 % (69 %), 13 % (17 %) and 21 % (108 %) respectively. These results demonstrate the strong potential of our improved snow albedo parameterization scheme for snow event simulations on the Tibetan Plateau. Our study provides a theoretical reference for researchers committed to further improving the snow albedo parameterization scheme.
Discharge of groundwater flow to Potter Cove on King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Falk Ulrike , Silva-Busso Adrián
Published: June 2021

Abstract. There are only a small number of recent publications discussing glacial runoff in Antarctica, and even fewer of them deal with the groundwater flow discharge. This paper focuses on the groundwater flow aspects and is based on a detailed study performed on a small hydrological catchment, informally called Potter basin, located on King George Island (KGI; Isla 25 de Mayo), South Shetland Islands, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula. The basin is representative for the rugged coastline of the northern Antarctic Peninsula and is discussed as a case study for the possible future evolution of similar basins further to the south. A conceptual hydrogeological model has been defined using vertical electrical soundings (VESs), geological and hydrogeological surveying methods, geomorphological interpretation based on satellite imagery, permeability tests, piezometric level measurements, meteorological, geocryological and glaciological data sets. The transmissivities of the fluvial talik aquifer and suprapermafrost aquifer range from 162.0 to 2719.9×10-5 m2 s−1 and in basaltic fissured aquifers from 3.47 to 5.79×10-5 m2 s−1. The transmissivities found in the active layer of hummocky moraines amount to 75.23×10-5 m2 s−1 and to 163.0×10-5 m2 s−1 in the sea deposits, and in the fluvioglacial deposits, they were observed between 902.8 and 2662.0×10-5 m2 d−1. Finally, the groundwater flow discharge was assessed to 0.47 m3 s−1 (during the austral summer months of January and February), and the total groundwater storage was estimated to 560×103 m3. The Antarctic Peninsula region has experienced drastic climatological changes within the past five decades. Under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios, a further warming of the polar regions can be expected as polar amplification of our changing climate. Although the basin in consideration is small and results are valid only during austral summers with surface air temperatures above the freezing point, it serves as model study that can be regarded as representative for the western coastline of the Antarctic Peninsula further south under expected future warming, with surface air temperatures periodically surpassing freezing point.
This data can be used to adjust glacial mass balance assessments in the region and to improve the understanding of coastal sea water processes, and their effects on the marine biota, as a consequence of the global climate change.
Decomposing oceanic temperature and salinity change using ocean carbon change
Authors: Turner Charles E. , Brown Peter J. , Oliver Kevin I. C. , McDonagh Elaine L.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. As the planet warms due to the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, the global ocean uptake of heat can largely be described as a linear function of anthropogenic CO2 uptake. This relates the oceans mitigation of atmospheric warming and carbon sequestration, as well as its increasing heat content. Patterns of ocean salinity also change as the earth system warms due to hydrological cycle intensification and perturbations to air-sea freshwater fluxes. Local temperature and salinity change in the ocean may result from perturbed air-sea fluxes of heat and freshwater (excess temperature, salinity), or from variability resulting from reorganisation of the preindustrial temperature and salinity fields (redistributed temperature, salinity), which are largely due to circulation changes. Here, we present a novel method in which, by tracking the redistribution of preindustrial carbon, we may estimate the redistribution of temperature and salinity using only local spatial information. We demonstrate this technique by estimating the redistribution of heat and salinity in the NEMO OGCM coupled to the MEDUSA-2 Biogeochemistry model under a RCP8.5 scenario over 1860–2099. We find on the longest timescales, the patterns of excess heat and salinity storage are dominated by increases in excess heat and salinity in the Atlantic, and that excess salinity is generally negative in other basins, compensating for strong atmospheric transport of excess salinity to the Atlantic. We also find significant redistribution of heat away from the North Atlantic, and of salinity to the South Atlantic, consistent with AMOC slowdown. Temperature change at depth is accounted for predominately by redistributed, rather than excess heat, but the opposite is true for salinity, where the excess component accounts for the majority of changes at depth. Though by the end of the simulation excess heat is the largest contribution to density change and steric sea level rise, the storage of excess salinity greatly reduces variability in excess density, particularly in the Atlantic. Here, redistribution of the preindustrial heat and salinity fields also produce generally opposing changes in sea level, though patterns are less clear elsewhere. As expected, the regional strength of excess heat and salinity signal grows through the model run. In addition, the regional strength of the redistributed temperature and salinity signals also grow, indicating increasing circulation variability or systematic circulation change on at least the time scale of the model run.
Mechanics and dynamics of pinning points on the Shirase Coast, West Antarctica
Authors: Still Holly , Hulbe Christina
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Ice rises and rumples, sites of localised ice-shelf grounding, modify ice-shelf flow by generating lateral and basal shear stresses, upstream compression, and downstream tension. Studies of pinning points typically quantify this role indirectly, through related metrics such as a buttressing number. Here, we quantify the dynamic effects of pinning points directly, by comparing model-simulated stress states in the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) with and without a specific set of pinning points located downstream of the MacAyeal and Bindschadler ice streams (MacIS and BIS, respectively). Because ice properties are only known indirectly, the experiment is repeated with different realisations of the ice softness. While longitudinal stretching, and thus ice velocity, is smaller with the pinning points, flow resistance generated by other grounded features is also smaller. Conversely, flow resistance generated by other grounded features increases when the pinning points are absent, providing a non-local control on the net effect of the pinning points on ice-shelf flow. We find that an ice stream located directly upstream of the pinning points, MacIS, is less responsive to their removal than the obliquely oriented BIS. This response is due to zones of locally higher basal drag acting on MacIS, which may itself be a consequence of the coupled ice-shelf and ice-stream response to the pinning points. We also find that inversion of present-day flow and thickness for basal friction and ice softness, without feature-specific, a posteriori adjustment, leads to the incorrect representation of ice rumple morphology and an incorrect boundary condition at the ice base. Viewed from the perspective of change detection, we find that, following pinning point removal, the ice shelf undergoes an adjustment to a new steady state that involves an initial increase in ice speeds across the eastern ice shelf, followed by decaying flow speeds, as mass flux reduces thickness gradients in some areas and increases thickness gradients in others. Increases in ice-stream flow speeds persist with no further adjustment, even without sustained grounding-line retreat. Where pinning point effects are important, model tuning that respects their morphology is necessary to represent the system as a whole and inform interpretations of observed change.
Future summer warming pattern under climate change is regulated by lapse-rate changes
Authors: Brogli Roman , Lund Sørland Silje , Kröner Nico , Schär Christoph
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Greenhouse gas-driven global temperature change projections exhibit spatial variations, meaning that certain land areas will experience substantially enhanced or reduced surface warming. It is vital to understand enhanced regional warming anomalies as they locally increase heat-related risks to human health and ecosystems. We argue that tropospheric lapse-rate changes play a key role in shaping the future summer warming pattern around the globe in mid-latitudes and the tropics. We present multiple lines of evidence supporting this finding based on idealized simulations over Europe, as well as regional and global climate model ensembles. All simulations consistently show that the vertical distribution of tropospheric summer warming is different in regions characterized by enhanced or reduced surface warming. Enhanced warming is projected where lapse-rate changes are small, implying that the surface and the upper troposphere experience similar warming. On the other hand, strong lapse-rate changes cause a concentration of warming in the upper troposphere and reduced warming near the surface. The varying magnitude of lapse-rate changes is governed by the temperature dependence of the moist-adiabatic lapse rate and the available tropospheric humidity. We conclude that tropospheric temperature changes should be considered along with surface processes when assessing the causes of surface warming patterns.
Practical pregraduate teaching in Human Anatomy: A review
Authors:   Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, Sañudo José Ramón , Talarico Ernest F. , Duparc Fabrice , Vázquez Teresa , Valderrama Francisco , Mompeo Blanca , Mirapeix Rosa , Elizondo-Omaña Rodrigo , Larkin Theresa , McHanwell Stephen , Maranillo Eva , Moriggl Bernhard , Konschake Marko
Published: June 2021

There is a general agreement in all fields of sciences that practical pre-graduate education in human anatomy is absolutely necessary. It constitutes an inseparable partner with theoretical learning on the path to knowledge. As such is it critical to (1) establish the set of specific objectives for each practical session (PS), and (2) define more precisely the outcomes (i.e., knowledge, skills and attitudes) that are expected by students. The principle for efficiency of practical sessions (PSs) is that they should take place immediately after didactic sessions of the corresponding topic(s). In this way, students could best reinforce their learning. Considering that the morphology of the human body can be learned by means other than direct observation/dissection of anatomical donors, media, models and imaging have also gained popularity as “anatomy learning tools” in recent years. Imaging is a perfect complement for teaching in the dissecting room, but always in correlation with the reality of bodydonor sections, prosections and dissections of the same region. Anatomical models and computer programs express the reality of the human body, however, anatomical variations and many other qualities (i.e., surgical skills, ethics, pathology, professionalism) can only be appreciated via hands-on use of an anatomical donor to science. Therefore, the anatomical donor remains the Gold Standard for anatomy teaching, especially topographical Anatomy.
Hydrocephalus Revealed by Relapsing Bilateral Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy
Authors: Moens Loïc , Boschi Antonella , Duprez Thierry , Ribeiro-Vaz Jose-Geraldo
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Uni- or bi-lateral fourth cranial nerve palsy due to hydrocephalus and/or after VPS placement is a very rare oculomotor manifestation. We report a case of relapsing bilateral fourth nerve palsies demonstrating recurring hydrocephalus. We reviewed the literature (table1) in order to inform the clinician about the clinical assessment, the past medical history and the radiological findings that prompt research for this peculiar entity and to avoid misdiagnoses like palsies of the sixth cranial nerve. Diagnosis, intervention and outcome: The patient presented with recurrence of diplopia in reading position, partially resolved after a second VPS placement. A diagnosis of bilateral fourth nerves palsies was done after complete neuro-ophthalmological evaluation. A close follow-up demonstrated fluctuating level of diplopia by changing VPS valve resistance. An optimal placement of the VPS offered reduction and stability of diplopia. A final strabismus surgery was necessary to obtain complete symptoms release.
"Review Article Pathogenicity and virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Zainulabdeen Shaimaa M. S. , Dakl Adian A.
Published: June 2021

"Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that resides in the skin and nasal membranes and can cause a broad spectrum of hospital-acquired infections. These diseases are becoming more common, and treating them has become much more complicated. The pathogen’s capacity to secret a variety of host-damaging virulence factors contributes to its pathogenicity. S. aureus destroys and supersedes immune cells throughout infection via toxins and virulence proteins, yielding non-neutralizing infective antibodies which already impede adaptive immunity. S. aureus has different biofilm-forming mechanisms on devices, necrotic bone tissue, bone marrow, and finally within the osteocyte lacuno-canicular networks of living bone (OLCN).This review focuses on gaining a better understanding of S. aureus toxin-based pathogenesis and its effects on infectious diseases.
"Study of effect of the inductor on dynamical behavior for electronic circuit by using nonlinear part from type memductance
Authors: Abbas Abo-Talib .Y.
Published: June 2021

"The effect of the coil on the dynamical behavior of the electronic circuit with nonlinear part memductance was studied, where we studied four coil values: L = 90mH, L = 80mH, L = 70mH and L = 100mH with changing the value of the first capacitance c1. We obtained stability maps consisting of two regions (the dynamical behavior zone and the stability zone), where the dividing line is the Hopf bifurcation line, as well as the bifurcation diagram for each value from the coil and the first capacitance was obtained, as well as the phase portrait diagram in which we obtained the chaotic attractions And the period of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and eighth.
Latest Developments in Robotic Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Hofmann Felix , Dörr Oliver , Blachutzik Florian , Boeder Niklas , Elsässer Albrecht , Keranov Stanislav , Köhne1 Alessa , Hofmann Simon , Möllmann Helge , Hamm Christian , Nef Holger
Published: June 2021

Interventional cardiovascular medicine has seen constant progress over the last few decades. Since the first angiograms and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were carried out, this progress has been tremendous and has led to a substantial decline in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this article is to report and review the latest developments and evidence in robotics-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention (rPCI) and its potential future applications, opportunities, and limitations. Contemporary evidence shows that rPCI can lead to a significant reduction in radiation exposure as well as medical hazards for cardiologists. Rates of device and procedural success remain high and there is no evidence of a disadvantage for the patient. The accuracy of implantation with a reduced geographic mismatch is a further advantage that can result in a higher quality of treatment. Even in complex coronary lesions and procedures, rPCI seems to be safe and efficient. The latest developments include telestenting over hundreds of kilometers from a remote platform. Currently, the main limitations are the absence of large-scale randomized trials for the valid assessment of the benefits and disadvantages of rPCI as well as the technical limitations of the currently available rPCI systems. rPCI is a forward-looking innovation in cardiology that is applicable to a wide range of coronary interventions. Despite the present lack of knowledge and the limited data concerning the outcome for the patient, the available literature reveals promising results that should lead to improvements for physicians and patients.
Adoption of Robotic Arm-Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty Results in Reliable Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes at Minimum Two-Year Follow Up
Authors: Hepinstall Matthew , Zucker Harrison , Matzko Chelsea , Meftah Morteza , Mont Michael
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Longevity and success of total hip arthroplasty (THA) is largely dependent on component positioning. While use of robotic platforms can improve this positioning, published evidence on its clinical benefits is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcomes of THA with robotic surgical assistance.
Materials and Methods: We conducted an analysis of robotic arm-assisted primary THAs performed by a single surgeon utilizing a posterior approach. A total of 99 patients (107 cases) who had a minimum two-year follow up were identified. Their mean age was 61 years (range, 33 to 84 years), and their mean body mass index was 30.5 kg/m2 (range, 18.5 to 49.1 kg/m2). There were 56% female patients and primary osteoarthritis was the principal hip diagnosis in 88.8%. Operative times, lengths of hospital stay, and discharge dispositions were recorded, along with any complications. Modified Harris Hip Scores (HHS) were calculated to quantify clinical outcomes.
Results: Mean postoperative increases in HHS at 2- to 5.7-year follow up was 33 points (range, 6 to 77 points). There were no complications attributable to the use of robotic assistance. Surgical-site complications were rare; one case underwent a revision for prosthetic joint infection (0.93%) but there were no dislocations, periprosthetic fractures, or cases of mechanical implant loosening. There was no evidence of progressive radiolucencies or radiographic failure.
Discussion: Robotic arm-assisted THA resulted in low complication rates at minimum two-year follow up, with clinical outcomes comparable to those reported with manual surgery.1–4 The haptically-guided acetabular bone preparation enabled reliable cementless acetabular fixation and there were no adverse events related to the use of the robot. Dislocations were avoided in this case series. Randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to compare manual to robotic surgery and to investigate whether the precision found with this functional planning will reliably reduce the incidence of dislocations.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Femoral Head Osteonecrosis: A Protocol for Development of Evidence-Based
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Cheng Edward , Cui Quanjun , Goodman Stuart , Ando Wataru , Baek Seung-Hoon , Bakker Caitlin , Drescher Wolf , Hernigou Philippe , Jones Lynne , Kim Harry , Kim Shin-Yoon , Kim Tae-Young , Ha Yong-Chan , Koo Kyung-Hoi , Lee Mel , Mont Michael , Reichert Ines , Sakai Takashi , Salem Hytham , Sierra Rafael , Stronach Ben , Sugano Nobuhiko , Yamamoto Takuaki , Yoon Byung-Ho , Zhao Dewei
Published: June 2021

Introduction: There are many treatment options for patients who have osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) and management strategies vary widely both among and within individual countries. Although many researchers have attempted to elucidate the optimal strategies for managing this disease, the lack of large-scale randomized control trials and the lack of agreement on disease staging have curtailed the development of clear-cut guidelines.
Materials and Methods: The Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) group sought to address three questions for the management of patients who have ONFH: 1) What imaging studies are most sensitive and specific for the diagnostic evaluation of patients who have ONFH?; 2) What is the best treatment strategy for preventing disease progression in patients who have pre-collapse lesions?; and 3) What is the best treatment strategy for patients who have post-collapse disease? The Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) format was used to formulate the search strategy for each research question. A systematic review will be performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. ARCO participants have been allocated to three groups, each representing one of the PICO questions. After qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data extracted from studies pertaining to each of the three research questions, a set of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines will be proposed for the management of patients who have ONFH.
Discussion: It is not always clear which treatment method is optimal for the management of ONFH. Thus, many surgeons have developed and performed various procedures based on patient-specific factors. As there is no consensus on the optimal treatment for various stages of disease, it was clear that developing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines would provide more structure and uniformity to management of these patients. Therefore, the results of this systematic review will lead to the development guidelines that may improve patient-care strategies and result in better outcomes for patients who have ONFH.
Postoperative Outcome of Patients Who Underwent Total Joint Replacement During the Tanezumab Phase 3 Osteoarthritis Development Program: A 24-Week Observational Study
Authors: Mont Michael , Carrino John , Nemeth Mary , Burr Aimee , Yamabe Takaharu , Viktrup Lars , Brown Mark , West Christine , Verburg Kenneth
Published: June 2021

Introduction: This prospective cohort study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02674386) evaluated the postoperative outcomes of patients who had undergone total joint replacement (TJR) while participating in one of three tanezumab (a nerve growth factor inhibitor) randomized phase 3 osteoarthritis (OA) studies.
Materials and Methods: Eligible patients were those who underwent TJR (knee, hip, or shoulder) at any time during any of three tanezumab randomized phase 3 OA studies. Consenting patients were followed for 24 weeks post-surgery. Patients undergoing sub-total arthroplasty procedures were not eligible; there were no further protocol-defined exclusion criteria. Outcomes assessed in relation to joint adjudication outcome and prior tanezumab treatment included: 1) surgeon’s assessment of procedural difficulty (uneventful, minor complications, major complications) at the time of the TJR; 2) postsurgical complications (clinically significant events attributable to the TJR, derived from adverse events) up to week 24; and 3) additional/corrective procedures (procedures or investigations related to the TJR) up to week 24.
Results: The 150 patients had received placebo (n=20), tanezumab 2.5mg (n=52), tanezumab 2.5mg titrated to 5mg (tanezumab 2.5/5mg, n=8), tanezumab 5mg (n=53), or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (n=17) in the parent studies. The 150 patients were adjudicated to have primary osteonecrosis (n=1), rapidly progressive OA (RPOA) type 2 (n=8), RPOA type 1 (n=3), other joint outcome (n=6), normal progression of OA (NPOA) (n=130), or insufficient information to determine RPOA versus NPOA (n=2). Surgeon’s assessment of procedural difficulty was uneventful for 95.1% (116/122) of patients. Through the 24-week study, there were no postsurgical complications for 96.0% (144/150) of patients; the 6 patients who had complications were all adjudicated as NPOA (tanezumab 2.5mg, n=2; tanezumab 5mg, n=4). There were no additional/corrective procedures for 93.3% (140/150) of patients.
Conclusion: Procedural difficulty of minor complications during surgery, postsurgical complications, and additional/corrective procedures were infrequent, although more common with tanezumab 5mg, typically occurring in patients adjudicated as NPOA. Adjudication outcome (RPOA/primary osteonecrosis vs. NPOA) was not associated with postoperative outcome.
INTERCONNEC TERCONNECTION OF L TION OF LANGUAGE AND CUL GE AND CULTURE IN THE TURE IN THE WORLD LITERATURE
Authors:   Bukhara State University of the Repubic of Uzbekistan, Kozieva Ikbol Komiljonovna , Chorakulova Dilnora Zokirdjanovna
Published: June 2021

Background. The language, reflecting the originality of the people, the national spirit, the national vision of the world, the national culture, represents the united spiritual energy of the people, which is imprinted in certain sounds. The "national spirit" is the driving force behind the development of the language. "Language is a constantly renewed work of the spirit to make the articulated sound suitable for the expression of thought." The concept of "internal form" is considered in connection with the concept of "national spirit". The most important attribute of language, Humboldt singles out the "linguistic internal form", which means the totality of the laws of language reproduction, the laws according to which the spirit acts. Methods. Language is recognized as a mediator between reality and consciousness, since the world as an “inexhaustible 'continuum of diversity'”, offering us an infinite number of classifications of these varieties, does not impose any of them. Reality and its proposed classifications are reflected not directly in the language, but in consciousness, which fixes this reflection in conventional signs. Results.
THE ROLE OF LITERATURE IN ESL CLASSES
Authors:   Bukhara State University of the Repubic of Uzbekistan, Usmonova Mukhayyo
Published: June 2021

Introduction. This article deals with the interpretation of the literary texts in an ESL classroom. We will try to analyze and examine the possible overcomes of the usage of literature in the classroom which means it will purely rely on the teacher and student involvement in the classroom situation. Research methods. It is clear that the problem of using literary texts in the English classroom is being observed and analyzed for a long time. There are many researches conducted in this field that have both positive and negative results. Literature is inseparable part of language learning since it deals with authentic text, and the reader can see the language of people who use it as their native. It can be a very helpful tool even if it has some cons which will not overweight the positiveness of this research. Results and discussions. Its is very important to mention that ESL classroom differs from a native speaker classroom for the reason that the students are not directly involved in the process of using the language that they are learning. The learning styles of the students with different cultural background also affects on the process of learning for the fact that culture is a part of language. Because of this reason language learning can be closely connected with the literature of that nation since you can come across with different cultural aspects while you read or examine any sorts of literary books.
THЕ LЕGАLITY ОF THЕ DЕСISIОNS ОF THЕ ЕXЕСUTIVЕ АUTHОRITIЕS АS А MЕАNS ОF BАLАNСING THЕ PОWЕRS THАT BЕ UNDЕR JUDIСIАL СОNTRОL. THЕ ISSUЕS ОF JUDIСIАL СОNTRОL, HISTОRY, PRЕSЕNT АND FUTURЕ PRОSPЕСTS
Authors:   Асаdеmy оf Publiс Аdministrаtiоn undеr thе Prеsidеnt оf thе Rеpubliс оf Uzbеkistаn, Tоshоv Ikrоmjоn
Published: June 2021

Bасkgrоund. Frоm thе first dаys оf indеpеndеnсе, Uzbеkistаn hаs sеt itsеlf thе gоаl оf building а dеmосrаtiс stаtе bаsеd оn thе rulе оf lаw. Tо асhiеvе this, а numbеr оf nоrmаtivе аnd lеgаl асts hаvе bееn аdоptеd аnd mеаsurеs hаvе bееn tаkеn tо implеmеnt thеm. Rеliаblе prоtесtiоn оf thе rights аnd frееdоms оf сitizеns, thе intеrеsts оf sосiеty аnd thе stаtе, аnd thе асhiеvеmеnt оf justiсе hаvе bееn idеntifiеd аs thе mаin tаsks оf thе judiсiаl systеm оf thе Rеpubliс оf Uzbеkistаn. Аmоng thе lаrgе-sсаlе wоrk оn dеmосrаtizаtiоn аnd libеrаlizаtiоn оf thе judiсiаl systеm is thе rеfоrm оf thе judiсiаry, rеfоrm оf thе judiсiаry аs аn indеpеndеnt brаnсh оf gоvеrnmеnt, striсt еnfоrсеmеnt оf lаws, соnsistеnt dеvеlоpmеnt оf dеmосrаtiс rеfоrms, rеliаblе prоtесtiоn оf humаn rights аnd frееdоms. In thе thеоry оf sеpаrаtiоn оf pоwеrs оn thе trаnsfоrmаtiоn оf thе judiсiаry intо а prоviding bоdy, thе dеvеlоpmеnt оf funсtiоns оf соntrоl оvеr thе lеgitimасy оf thе асtivitiеs оf thе judiсiаry by lосаl publiс аuthоritiеs rеmаins аn urgеnt tаsk аnd а mесhаnism оf rесiprосity
Educação financeira e psicologia econômica: uma breve discussão e algumas recomendações
Authors: de Mello Ferreira Vera Rita , M. J. Forte Cláudia
Published: June 2021

Este capítulo examina a interseção entre as áreas de educação financeira e psicologia econômica. O objetivo é discutir a importância do diálogo entre eles, a partir de materiais produzidos por organizações e países considerados referência em educação financeira, como a OCDE - Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico, Reino Unido, Austrália e outros, junto com dados coletados ao longo de uma trajetória de 27 anos na área de psicologia econômica e, nos últimos 15 anos, em ações e análises voltadas à educação financeira.
A Study to Assess the Knowledge regarding Cervical Cancer among staff Nurses in P.S. Medical trust Hospital, Thalakulam, K.K. District.
Authors: Sudha S. Gladin
Published: June 2021

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer among staff nurses in P.S. Medical Trust Hospital, Thalakulam at Kanyakumari District. Based on the convenient sampling technique, 20 subjects from P.S. Medical Trust Hospital, were selected. Question was given 15% of staff nurses having adequate knowledge 30% of the staff nurses having moderate knowledge and 55% of the staff nurses having inadequate knowledge. There is a significant association between knowledge and sex and there is no significant association between knowledge and (age, education, year of experience and type of family) the selected demographic variables.