bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural elucidation of dicarboxylated metabolites of nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants in surface waters by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ding Wang‐Hsien , Wu Chien‐Yi
Published: August 2002

Persistent dicarboxylated metabolites of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs), carboxyalkylphenoxy ethoxy carboxylates (CAPECs), have periodically been detected during gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) characterization of NPEO metabolites in samples of surface water and sewage effluent. An electron impact ionization (EI) MS study was conducted on two esterified CAPEC metabolites, CA4P1EC isomers (where A4 denotes a 4‐carbonalkyl group plus one carboxylic group (C)). The most abundant characteristic ions were produced by benzylic cleavages to yield [M−87]+ and [M−101]+ ions, corresponding to ions of m/z 249 and 235, each of which is formed from one of two isomeric dipropyl esters CA4P1EC. These two base‐peak ions were selected as precursor ions to help elucidate the fragmentation mechanisms and support the proposed structures via tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) experiments. The two isomers have been tentatively identified as 4‐(2‐ethyl‐2‐methylacetic acid)phenoxyacetic acid and 4‐(3,3‐dimethylpropionic acid)phenoxy acetic acid, which give rise to the fragments at m/z 249 and 235, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric investigations of imidazoline corrosion inhibitors in crude oils
Authors: McCormack P. , Jones P. , Rowland S. J.
Published: August 2002

The so‐called imidazolines (2‐alkyl‐1‐[ethylalkylamide]‐2‐imidazolines and 2‐alkyl‐1‐ethylamine‐2‐imidazolines) are a group of surface‐active compounds, complex mixtures of which are used by various industries as surfactants and corrosion inhibitors. Although their industrial synthesis was reported over 100 years ago, few methods for the determination of individual imidazolines in mixtures, including industrial matrices such as crude oils, have been reported. Here we demonstrate that spiking of crude oils with synthetic imidazolines followed by solid‐phase extraction and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation multistage mass spectrometry (LC/ESI − MSn) allows an estimation of low (<10) parts per million concentrations of individual imidazolines in crude oils. Whilst non‐optimised at present, the method is a significant advance and may prove useful not only for improving an understanding of the mechanisms of industrial imidazoline synthesis and for monitoring downhole and topside oilfield operations, but also for the determination of the fate of imidazoline‐based oilfield corrosion inhibitors and surfactants in the environment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron ionisation mass spectral analysis and fragmentation pathways for some thiophosphorylicp‐carboxybenzene sulfonamides
Authors: Nicoarã Simona , Culea Monica
Published: August 2002

The work presents the 70 eV electron impact mass spectra of some thiophosphorylic p‐carboxybenzene sulfonamides, and proposes rationalisation of their fragmentation pathways. Accurate mass measurements of the fragment ions, and metastable ion analyses performed in the MIKES mode, were used to elucidate the most abundant ion compositions and to elucidate the fragmentation patterns of these pharmacologically interesting compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transpiration in Black Willow Phytoremediation Plots as Determined by the Tree‐Trunk Heat Balance Method
Authors: Conger Robert M. , Portier Ralph J.
Published: August 2002

Plant transpiration is a critical process that affects the water balance in phytoremediation plots. The
desired effect is to remove contaminated water from the soils through the plant metabolism. Thus, the
transpiration rate can be a major component in modeling the groundwater flow and solute transport for a
phytoremediation project and ultimately can determine the time expected to achieve remedial goals. Two
phytoremediation plots of black willows (Salix nigra) were planted during October
1996 over separate,shallow groundwater plumes at a site in southeastern Louisiana. Concentrations of less than
10 mg/l of the herbicide bentazon were present in the shallow groundwater. Field experiments were developed
and performed during the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons to measure sap flow as an indicator of plant
transpiration. The tree‐trunk heat balance method was used to measure sap flow. Sap flow was indexed to
the cross‐sectional area of the stem, and the sum of the available stem area for each plot was used to
calculate the monthly water use in each plot. Daily water use in the plots averaged between 6 to 13
l/day/m2 during the periods tested in 1998 and 1999. By applying growth‐rate
observations with the daily water use, annual water use at tree plot maturity was estimated to be
3.6×106 l/year in Plot 1 and 11.39×106 l/year in Plot 2. Application
of these data will allow groundwater modeling to be performed to measure the effectiveness of phytoremediation
and to predict closure of remediation at the test site. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isotope applications in environmental investigations: Theory and use in chlorinated solvent and petroleum hydrocarbon studies
Authors: Sueker Julie K.
Published: August 2002

Isotope applications are gaining acceptance for use in surface water and groundwater investigations,
complementing traditional geochemistry and physical hydrology techniques. Recent developments in analytical
methodologies and in the understanding of isotope dynamics now allow the use of isotopes to investigate sources
and fate of common groundwater contaminants such as chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. Contaminants
with unique isotopic signatures may facilitate the determination of contaminant sources in complex plumes.
Degradation of chlorinated solvents and some petroleum hydrocarbons impart unique isotopic signatures on both the
original contaminant and the degradation product or products that provide verification of degradation. Use of a
Rayleigh‐type model may allow determination of degradation extent. Coupled with models of contaminant fate
and transport, degradation extent may be useful for determining degradation rates. © 2001 John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Algebraic solution to forward kinematics of a 3‐DOF spherical parallel manipulator
Authors: Ji Ping , Wu Hongtao
Published: August 2002

A three degree‐of‐freedom (3‐DOF) spherical parallel manipulator consists of two tetrahedrons (pyramids). The base tetrahedron is fixed while the moving tetrahedron is rotating at the joint apex of the two tetrahedrons. This article studies the forward kinematics to a special 3‐DOF spherical parallel manipulator, where the three apical angles of the moving tetrahedron are equal to their counterparts in the base tetrahedron, respectively. The final result of the forward kinematics to this parallel manipulator is a univariate quartic polynomial equation, which has a direct algebraic solution. In addition, a special right‐angle case of the manipulator is investigated and its forward kinematics can be obtained directly. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An efficient method for inverse dynamics of kinematically defective parallel platforms
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Wang Jinsong , Liu Xinjun
Published: August 2002

In addition the general six‐degree‐of‐freedom parallel platforms, parallel platforms
with fewer than six DOF can also be used in the structural design of robotic manipulators. The common property
of these parallel platforms is that the motion parameters used to describe the position and orientation of the
movable platform are six, but fewer than six are independent. In their general configurations, arbitrary
six‐dimensional motion of the platform cannot be achieved by the actuators mounted on the legs, therefore
they are kinematically defective. Because of this defect, the inverse dynamic analysis method, which is
applicable to the general six‐DOF parallel platforms, cannot be directly used for the kinematically
defective parallel platforms (KDPPs). In this paper, an effective method for formulating the inverse
dynamics of KDPPs is presented. Using the proposed method, three different KDPPs are studied and their inverse
dynamic formulas are derived. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ecological rehabilitation of the Dutch part of the River Rhine with special attention to the fish
Authors: Raat Alexander J.P.
Published: August 2002

The River Rhine has suffered severely from pollution and stream regulation over the last two centuries. Industrial effluents and municipal wastewater have imposed pollutant loads, and major engineering works for drainage and navigation have changed the ecological condition of the river. Only during the last three decades has the rehabilitation of the river system been a topic of concern.

The present fish fauna is dominated by eurytopic cyprinids. Rheophilous species have declined in numbers, and anadromous fish have become scarce or extinct.

Various forms of ecological rehabilitation in the Dutch Rhine are identified: floodplain development; optimization of migration routes with emphasis on the entrance of migrating species from the sea into the river; and restoration of spawning and nursery areas.

Ecological restoration of the Rhine is an international effort. The present socio‐economic functions of the river pose serious constraints on the feasibility of ecological targets. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternate link routing for traffic engineering in packet‐oriented ISL networks
Authors: Mohorčič Mihael , Werner Markus , Švigelj Aleš , Kandus Gorazd
Published: August 2002

The implementation of a satellite communication network consisting of intersatellite links provides a highly interconnected backbone in the space segment, increasing the network flexibility and reliability, while, on the other hand, introducing numerous issues related to network dimensioning, efficient resource management, adaptive routing, etc. In this paper we study two forwarding policies based on alternate link routing (ALR) and compare their performance with that of a simple forwarding policy employing shortest path routing (SPR) without options. All forwarding policies compared in this study are operating on routing tables calculated with the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm, capable of adapting to traffic load and propagation delay on the links through the appropriately selected link cost metric. Using an ISL network simulator, we demonstrate that both ALR forwarding policies can efficiently handle traffic load sharing among alternative routes, significantly reducing peak values of link load which is a central goal of ISL network dimensioning. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating concept mapping and the learning cycle to teach diffusion and osmosis concepts to high school biology students
Authors: Odom Arthur L. , Kelly Paul V.
Published: August 2002

This study explores the effectiveness of concept mapping, the learning cycle, expository instruction, and a combination of conceptmapping/learning cycle in promoting conceptual understanding of diffusion and osmosis. Four high school biology classes were taught diffusion and osmosis concepts with the aforementioned treatments. Conceptual understanding was assessed immediately and seven weeks after instruction with the Diffusion and Osmosis Diagnostic Test (DODT). The results indicated the concept mapping/learning cycle and concept mapping treatment groups significantly outperformed the expository treatment group in conceptual understanding of diffusion and osmosis. There was no significant difference among the learning cycle group and other treatments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:615–635, 2001.
Dynamics of saccadic eye movement depending on diurnal variation in human alertness
Authors: Ueno Akinori , Tateyama Tsuyoshi , Takase Moriichiro , Minamitani Haruyuki
Published: August 2002

From the viewpoint of traffic accident prevention or intelligent interface construction, the proposal of indices which can simply evaluate alertness is desirable. In this paper, to investigate the possibility of alertness evaluation using saccadic eye movement (SC), we report 24‐hour sleep deprivation experiments and investigate the relationship between the diurnal variation and SC dynamics. It has become clear that three parameters of SC, namely, the peak velocity/duration ratio, the normalized peak velocity, and the normalized duration, have strong correlations with the amplitude component of brain waves, sleepiness, and subjective alertness. These results imply that SC dynamics have a high dependence on the two alertness indices, physiological and subjective, and the possibility of application of the SC dynamics to alertness evaluation is shown. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(7): 95–103, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1145
Surface chemistry of the iron tetraazamacrocycle on the aminopropyl‐modified surface of oxidized n‐Si(100) by AFM and XPS
Authors: Magalhães Janildo L. , Moreira Leonardo M. , Rodrigues‐Filho Ubirajara P. , Giz Martha J. , Pereira‐da‐Silva Marcelo A. , Landers Richard , Vinhas Rita C. G. , Nascente Pedro A. P.
Published: August 2002

The structure and formation mechanisms of 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (3‐APTS) films deposited on wet‐chemically grown silicon dioxide over n‐Si(100) wafer have been examined systematically using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The asymmetric N 1s XPS spectrum for the anchored 3‐APTS was fitted for –NH2 (399.6 ± 0.3 eV) and –NH3+ (401.1 ± 0.3 eV). Rougher surfaces are obtained by deposition from toluene solutions than from the gaseous phase. Over the 3‐APTS layer was deposited the [FeTIM(CH3CN)2]2+ complex, where TIM is 2,3,9,10‐tetramethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradeca‐1,3,8,10‐tetraene. The adsorption occurs by acetonitrile replacement for the–NH2‐grafted group with the equatorial plane parallel to the organomodified surface. Once FeTIM can bind a CO, NO or N‐heterocycle, a built‐on Si wafer sensor device could be envisaged for these molecules. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Score tests for detecting excess risks around putative sources
Authors: Tango Toshiro
Published: August 2002

Focused clustering studies examine raised disease risk around prespecified point sources. As statistical methods to detect such clusters, Stone's maximum likelihood ratio test is popular, against the general ordered alternatives and score tests which score each case the reciprocal of the distance from a point source as a surrogate exposure. This paper considers extensions of score tests in that (i) they can allow us to select the best among prespecified parametric exposure functions to avoid multiple testing problems and (ii) they can be applied to a possible situation where the hazardous substance levels have a peak at some distance from a point source. Simulation studies show that the powers of the proposed tests are higher than that of Stone's test over all the alternatives considered. The proposed tests are illustrated with hypothetical data as well as simulated data to be expected in an epidemiological study currently in progress regarding an excess risk of perinatal undesirable outcomes near municipal solid waste incinerators in Japan. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sample size considerations in observational health care quality studies
Authors: Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , Zou Kelly H.
Published: August 2002

A common objective in health care quality studies involves measuring and comparing the quality of care delivered to cohorts of patients by different health care providers. The data used for inference involve observations on units grouped within clusters, such as patients treated within hospitals. Unlike cluster randomization trials where often clusters are randomized to interventions to learn about individuals, the target of inference in health quality studies is the cluster. Furthermore, randomization is often not performed and the resulting biases may invalidate standard tests. In this paper, we discuss approaches to sample size determination in the design of observational health quality studies when the outcome is binary. Methods for calculating sample size using marginal models are briefly reviewed, but the focus is on hierarchical binomial models. Sample size in unbalanced clusters and stratified designs are characterized. We draw upon the experiences that have arisen from a study funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality involving assessment of quality of care for patients with cardiovascular disease. If researchers are interested in comparing clusters, hierarchical models are preferred. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Country estimates of maternal mortality: an alternative model
Authors: Hakkert Ralph
Published: August 2002

Ever since the publication of country level estimates of maternal mortality for 1990 by WHO and UNICEF, there has been some degree of controversy about these estimates. The recent publication of a 1995 revision, based on the modification of the multivariate model used for 1990, has not managed to put this controversy to rest. Countries with national estimates of their own have generally protested against the higher figures resulting from the multivariate modelling approach used by WHO and UNICEF, but some experts have also objected to the model itself. As a result of earlier discussions with the WHO/UNICEF team, some adjustments were incorporated into their model, notably the age standardization of maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) and proportions maternal among deaths of females of reproductive age (PMDF) of demographic and health surveys (DHS) direct sisterhood data, as the use of unstandardized values was shown to cause systematic biases. However, a model feature that continued to be controversial was the use of the PMDF as the dependent variable. As will be shown in this paper, the use of this dependent variable has a number of conceptual and practical disadvantages, such as its dependence on non‐maternal deaths and the need for separate projections of births and deaths of women of reproductive age, in order to convert the estimated PMDF into a more conventional MMR. The latter greatly increases the uncertainty of the resulting MMR estimates, even though this additional variance is ignored in the WHO/UNICEF estimates of confidence intervals. On balance, the MMR, while also subject to some legitimate objections, is still considered preferable as an independent variable. This paper therefore derives alternative country estimates for 1995 based on a multivariate model of the MMR. The model is shown to lead to smaller root mean square relative errors of the MMR estimates. While the overall number of maternal deaths estimated worldwide is very similar to the number reached by WHO/UNICEF, there are major disagreements with respect to particular countries. Finally, a discussion is included on the appropriate way to incorporate the DHS direct sisterhood data, as this affects the results substantially. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analyses in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials in perinatal medicine: comparison of fixed and random effects models
Authors: Villar José , Mackey Maria Eugenia , Carroli Guillermo , Donner Allan
Published: August 2002

There is a need for empirical work comparing the random effects model with the fixed effects model in the calculation of a pooled relative risk in the meta‐analysis in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. Such comparisons are particularly important when trial results are heterogeneous. We considered 84 independent meta‐analyses in which each trial included a set of different women/newborns. These meta‐analyses were included in systematic reviews published in the Cochrane Library's pregnancy and childbirth module. Twenty‐one of these 84 meta‐analyses demonstrated statistical heterogeneity at p<0.10. The random effects model estimates showed wider confidence intervals, particularly in those meta‐analyses showing heterogeneity in the trial results. The summary relative risk for the random effects model tended to show a larger protective treatment effect than the fixed effects model in the heterogeneous meta‐analyses. In this set of meta‐analyses, statistical evaluation of publication bias cannot be shown to account for heterogeneity. Our empirical conclusion is that there may be opposing effects if the random effects model is used in the meta‐analysis of clinical trials showing heterogeneity in the results: stronger treatment effects reflected in the summary relative risk, but wider confidence intervals about this summary measure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Administrative and artificial censoring in censored regression models
Authors: Joffe Marshall M.
Published: August 2002

Administrative censoring, in which potential censoring times are known even for subjects who fail, is common in clinical and epidemiologic studies. Nonetheless, most statistical methods for failure‐time data do not use the information contained in these potential censoring times. Robins has proposed two approaches for using this information to estimate parameters in an accelerated failure‐time model; the methods generally require the analyst to treat as censored some subjects whose failure time is observed. This paper provides a rationale for this ‘artificial censoring’, discusses some of its consequences, and illustrates some of these points with data from a randomized trial of breast cancer screening. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On determination of sample size in hierarchical binomial models
Authors: Zou Kelly H. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T.
Published: August 2002

We consider a two‐ and a three‐stage hierarchical design containing the effects of k clusters with n units per cluster. In the two‐stage model, the conditional distribution of the discrete response Yi is assumed to be independent binomial with mean nθi (I=1,…,k). The success probabilities, θi's, are assumed exchangeable across the k clusters, each arising from a beta distribution. In the three‐stage model, the parameters in the beta distribution are assumed to have independent gamma distributions. The size of each cluster, n, is determined for functions of θi. Lengths of central posterior intervals are computed for various functions of the θi's using Markov chain Monte Carlo and Monte Carlo simulations. Several prior distributions are characterized and tables are provided for n with given k. Methods for sample size calculations under the two‐ and three‐stage models are illustrated and compared for the design of a multi‐institutional study to evaluate the appropriateness of discharge planning rates for a cohort of patients with congestive heart failure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large packaged application software maintenance: a research framework
Authors: Gable Guy G. , Chan Taizan , Tan Wui‐Gee
Published: August 2002

This paper seeks to stimulate research on large application package software maintenance by presenting a tentative framework for future research in the area, partially instantiating that framework with examples from the papers in this special issue of the Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution, highlighting other specific areas of research need and neglect, and posing a long list of related research questions. The user‐organization‐centric research framework captures relevant and interacting factors that can impact maintenance strategy, including software‐source, support‐source, and organizational and environmental contexts. These are viewed from the perspectives of four key stakeholders in the new distributed maintenance arrangement. In addition to the user‐organization, stakeholders include the software vendor, third‐party service providers, and society. Key messages from the paper include: maintenance generates benefits as well as costs; all stakeholders must have a lifecycle‐wide view of maintenance costs and benefits; there is value in understanding all stakeholder perspectives; various software and related support sourcing alternatives have substantial maintenance incidence implications (incidence of costs, benefits, and responsibilities); and maintenance knowledge sourcing decisions should be made in the light of lifecycle‐wide maintenance knowledge requirements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping with aliasing in the GNU Eiffel Compiler implementation
Authors: Zendra Olivier , Colnet Dominique
Published: August 2002

This paper reports our experience about aliasing in the implementation of SmallEiffel, the GNU Eiffel Compiler. The SmallEiffel compiler source code makes intensive use of aliasing in order to achieve very good performance. We explain how aliasing can be handled in a safer way, and how helpful the design by contract capabilities of the Eiffel language have been. The Singleton pattern appears to be crucial in implementing alias provider objects. We propose an efficient implementation of this pattern made easy by some Eiffel idioms. This technique, which requires no language modification, is very appropriate for compilation, but can also be applied to a much wider range of applications. We show the performance impact of string aliasing both in terms of memory footprint and execution time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjuvant treatment of brain metastases
Authors: Lohr Frank , Pirzkall Andrea , Hof Holger , Fleckenstein Katharina , Debus Jürgen
Published: August 2002

With an incidence of 15/105 in the general population, brain metastases constitute a serious, debilitating complication in cancer patients. The majority of those patients suffer from more than one metastasis, but up to 30% to 40% present with a solitary lesion. Whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) extends median survival from 1 to 2 months for treatment with steroids only, to 4 to 6 months in most series. However, long‐term survival (>1–2 years) is observed in up to 10% of patients with favorable prognostic factors, such as solitary lesions, good Karnofsky performance status, and absence of extracranial disease. For those patients, individually optimized treatment is worthwhile. For good‐prognosis patients with controlled extracranial disease, surgery in combination with postoperative WBRT should be considered, especially when fast relief of symptoms is mandated. For surgically inaccessible solitary lesions below a size threshold of approximately 30 ccm, stereotactic radiosurgery (RS), although never compared to surgery in a randomized fashion, seems to yield comparable results and is the treatment of choice for more than one lesion in appropriately selected patients. Nevertheless, a number of questions concerning the optimal treatment regimens for brain metastases remain. These mainly concern the radiation dose, need for a combination of RS and WBRT, relative timing of different treatment modalities, and maximum number of brain metastases that can reasonably be treated with RS when long‐term progression‐free survival is the goal. However, RS is definitely an excellent option for salvage and palliation in patients with short life expectancy, as it is simultaneously noninvasive and cost‐effective, with short hospitalization times. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:50–56, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of endoscopy in the staging of esophageal and gastric cancer
Authors: Messmann Helmut , Schlottmann Klaus
Published: August 2002

Progress in instrumentation and clinical research continues to expand the potential utility of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the treatment of esophageal and gastric cancer. This review focuses on the role of EUS in the staging and treatment planning of patients with esophageal and gastric cancer. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:78–81, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life on the Web
Authors: Pandzic Igor S.
Published: August 2002

With an increasing number of companies and research centers producing Virtual Characters aimed specifically for the Internet, the Web may soon become very much alive with all sorts of interesting and useful creatures guiding us, giving information or simply trying to sell us something. IGOR PANDZIC tries to predict the possible applications for Virtual Characters in the context of the Web, analyzes the technical requirements to enable these applications and provides a comparative review of currently available technologies with respect to the outlined requirements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMDA antagonist effects on striatal dopamine release: Positron emission tomography studies in humans
Authors: Kegeles Lawrence S. , Martinez Diana , Kochan Lisa D. , Hwang Dah‐Ren , Huang Yiyun , Mawlawi Osama , Suckow R. F. , Van Heertum Ronald L. , Laruelle Marc
Published: August 2002

Previous brain imaging studies with [11C]raclopride have suggested that the psychotogenic effects of the noncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate antagonist ketamine in humans might be mediated by increased dopamine (DA) release and increased stimulation of DA D2 receptors in the striatum. The goal of the present study was to assess the effect of ketamine on D2 receptor availability in subregions of the striatum (dorsal caudate, DCA; dorsal putamen, DPU; ventral striatum, VST) in humans. Ten healthy subjects were studied twice. In a first group of five subjects, PET scanning was obtained twice for 90 min during bolus plus constant infusion of [11C]raclopride. No significant differences were observed in [11C]raclopride specific‐to‐nonspecific activity ratios (V) measured during an early interval (30–50 min) and late interval (70–90 min), confirming that a state of sustained equilibrium had been established from 30–90 min (end of infusion). In a second group of five subjects, a similar experiment was performed twice, except that ketamine was administered beginning at 50 min (0.12 mg/kg i.v. bolus followed by 0.65 mg/kg/h i.v. infusion for 70 min). Raclopride V measured before ketamine (30–50‐min interval) was compared to [11C]raclopride V measured during ketamine infusion (70–90‐min interval). Ketamine induced a robust dissociative state. However, no significant differences were observed in D2 receptor availability measured before and during the ketamine infusion (n = 10) in any of the regions examined (DCA, DPU, and VST). These data fail to demonstrate an effect of ketamine on [11C]raclopride BP and are consistent with microdialysis studies in rodents and nonhuman primates which reported only small effects of acute NMDA receptor blockade on extracellular striatal DA concentration. Synapse 43:19–29, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ketamine alters the availability of striatal dopamine transporter as measured by [11C]β‐CFT and [11C]β‐CIT‐FE in the monkey brain
Authors: Tsukada Hideo , Nishiyama Shingo , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Ohba Hiroyuki , Sato Kengo , Harada Norihiro
Published: August 2002

The effects of ketamine anesthesia on the binding of [11C]‐labeled cocaine analogs, [11C]β‐CFT (2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐(4‐fluorophenyl)tropane) and [11C]β‐CIT‐FE (N‐(2‐fluoroethyl)‐2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐(4‐iodophenyl)tropane), to the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) were evaluated in the monkey brain using positron emission tomography (PET). We sequentially measured the kinetics of these labeled compounds in the brains of five young‐adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the conscious state, followed by those under ketamine anesthesia with continuous infusion (3 and 10 mg/kg/h). After intravenous injection, [11C]β‐CFT and [11C]β‐CIT‐FE were predominantly accumulated in the striatum in both conscious and ketamine‐anesthetized states. In the conscious state, the striatal uptake of [11C]β‐CFT and [11C]β‐CIT‐FE continuously increased with time up to 91 min after injection. Continuous infusion of ketamine‐induced higher levels of uptake of [11C]β‐CFT and [11C]β‐CIT‐FE into the brain in a dose‐dependent manner as compared with conscious state, and kinetic analysis with metabolite‐corrected arterial input function indicated that the binding potentials (BP = k3/k4) of both compounds were elevated by ketamine. Not only [11C]β‐CIT‐FE but also [11C]β‐CFT reached the equilibrium state of specific binding in the striatum within 40–50 min after injection. The present results demonstrated that ketamine significantly alters the DAT availability as measured with [11C]β‐CFT and [11C]β‐CIT‐FE in the brain. Synapse 42:273–280, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Internalization and trafficking of opioid receptor ligands in rat cortical neurons
Authors: Lee Mao‐Cheng , Cahill Catherine M. , Vincent Jean‐Pierre , Beaudet Alain
Published: August 2002

The binding, internalization, and trafficking of the fluorescently labeled opioid peptides Fluo‐dermorphin and Fluo‐deltorphin were quantitatively studied by confocal microscopy in primary cortical neurons in culture. Specific binding of these selective ligands to neurons naturally expressing mu (μ) and delta (δ) opioid receptors (OR), respectively, resulted in their internalization into neuronal somas and processes, as indicated by the persistence of fluorescent labeling following removal of cell surface binding by hypertonic acid wash. This internalization was receptor‐specific, as the fluorescent signal was completely abolished when the cells were concomitantly incubated with the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. It also was clathrin‐dependent, as it was totally prevented by the endocytosis inhibitor phenylarsine oxide. Accordingly, internalized ligands were detected inside small, endosome‐like vesicles. These labeled vesicles accumulated within nerve cell bodies between 5–30 min of incubation with the fluorescent ligands. This accumulation was abolished after treatment with the antitubular agent nocodazole, suggesting that it was due to a microtubule‐dependent, retrograde transport of the internalized ligands from processes to the soma. By contrast, there was no change in the compartmentalization of internalized μOR or δOR, as assessed by immunocytochemistry, suggesting that the latter were recycled locally. The present results provide the first demonstration of receptor‐mediated internalization of opioid peptides in cultured neurons. It is proposed that their retrograde transport into target cells might be involved in mediating some of the long‐term, transcriptional effects of opioids. Synapse 43:102–111, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase 7A mRNA in rat brain and peripheral organs
Authors: Miró X. , Pérez‐Torres S. , Palacios J.M. , Puigdomènech P. , Mengod G.
Published: August 2002

We investigated the regional distribution and cellular localization of mRNA coding for the cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase 7A (PDE7A) in rat brain and several peripheral organs by in situ hybridization histochemistry. The regional expression of two splice variants, PDE7A1 and PDE7A2, was examined by RT‐PCR using RNA extracted from several brain regions. PDE7A mRNA was found to be widely distributed in rat brain in both neuronal and nonneuronal cell populations. The highest levels of hybridization were observed in the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, cerebellum, medial habenula nucleus, pineal gland, area postrema, and choroid plexus. Positive hybridization signals were also detected in other areas, such as raphe nuclei, temporal and entorhinal cortex, pontine nuclei, and some cranial nerve motor nuclei. Both mRNA splice forms were differentially distributed in several areas of the brain with the striatum expressing only PDE7A1 and the olfactory bulb and spinal cord expressing PDE7A2 exclusively. In peripheral organs the highest levels of PDE7A hybridization were seen in kidney medulla, although testis, liver, adrenal glands, thymus, and spleen also presented high hybridization signal. These results are consistent with PDE7A being involved in the regulation of cAMP signaling in many brain functions. The consistent colocalization with PDE4 mRNAs suggests that PDE7A could have an effect on memory, depression, and emesis. The results offer clear anatomical and functional systems in which to investigate future specific PDE7 inhibitors. Synapse 40:201–214, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of endogenous dopamine on extrastriatal [11C]FLB 457 binding measured by PET
Authors: Okauchi Takashi , Suhara Tetsuya , Maeda Jun , Kawabe Kouichi , Obayashi Shigeru , Suzuki Kazutoshi
Published: August 2002

Central dopaminergic systems are known to be implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and recent in vivo dopamine receptor imaging studies have focused on the measurement of extrastriatal dopamine receptor. However, there are only a limited number of ligands that can measure the low‐density D2 receptor in extrastriatal regions and their sensitivity to endogenous dopamine in extrastriatal regions has not yet been fully examined. In this study, the effect of endogenous dopamine on the extrastriatal binding of [11C]FLB 457 was examined in the rhesus monkey after facilitation with 1 mg/kg of methamphetamine (MAP) and was compared with the effect on the striatal binding of [11C]raclopride. The indices of receptor binding were obtained by four methods using cerebellum as a reference region. The bindings of [11C]FLB 457 in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and thalamus were not significantly changed after MAP treatment, while the striatal binding of [11C]raclopride was decreased by more than 20%. These results suggest that [11C]FLB 457 is not sensitive to endogenous dopamine in the extrastriatal regions of rhesus monkeys, despite a sufficient dose of MAP to decrease the binding of [11C]raclopride in the striatum. Synapse 41:87–95, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the damping adjustment factors for earthquake response spectra
Authors: Naeim F. , Kircher C. A.
Published: August 2002

Damping adjustment factors for converting 5%‐damped earthquake response spectra to other damping levels are evaluated in this paper. The evaluation is based on statistical analysis of spectra of 1047 horizontal components of earthquake ground shaking recorded between 1933 and 1994. The dependency of damping adjustment factors to response period is studied. Results of the evaluation are compared to the damping adjustment factors embodied in the current seismic design code provisions and guidelines which are based on the spectrum amplification factors of Newmark and Hall. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of disulfiram on the genotoxic potential of acetaldehyde in mouse spermatogonial cells
Authors: Madrigal‐Bujaidar E. , Velazquez‐Guadarrama N. , Morales‐Ramirez P. , Mendiola M.T.
Published: August 2002

The initial purpose of the study was to determine the potential of acetaldehyde (Ace) to increase the rate of sister‐chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in mouse spermatogonia. We tested four doses of Ace (from 0.4 to 400.0 mg/kg), including a negative and a positive control group (distilled water and cyclophosphamide, respectively). The results showed that all tested doses were SCE inducers. The highest tested dose increased the control level more than three times. Also, the cumulative frequencies of SCEs per cell were higher in the Ace‐treated animals than in the control cells. Ace is transformed into acetate through the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase, a process that may be blocked by disulfiram (Dis) generating the accumulation of Ace. The second purpose of the study was to determine if the administration of Dis (150 mg/kg) could increase the SCE rate produced by non‐genotoxic doses of Ace. (0.004 and 0.04 mg/kg). The animals treated with the two doses of Ace alone showed no increase in the frequency of SCEs; also, Dis by itself was not an SCE inducer. However, the groups of animals previously treated with Dis showed an increase of 31 and 60% with respect to the values obtained with the two doses of Ace alone. Furthermore, the cumulative frequencies of SCEs per cell were higher in the animals administered with both compounds together than in those treated with them separately. These results suggest the need to extend this type of study to other models. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:83–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the microtubule network in Chinese hamster V79 cells in culture and in Sertoli cells in rats
Authors: Nakagomi M. , Suzuki E. , Usumi K. , Saitoh Y. , Yoshimura S. , Nagao T. , Ono H.
Published: August 2002

The effects of ten endocrine disrupting chemicals, i.e., bisphenol A (BPA), p‐nonylphenol (NP), p‐octylphenol (OP), p‐pentylphenol (PP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP), tetrabutyltin (TBT), tri‐n‐butyltin chloride (TBC), and di‐n‐butyltin dichloride (DBD), as well as 17β‐estradiol (E2) as a positive control on the microtubule network in Chinese hamster V79 cells in culture were examined by the indirect immunofluorescence method using anti‐β‐tubulin antibody. In the whole‐animal system, the effects of BPA, NP, OP, BBP, DBD, and E2 as well as vinblastine sulfate (VB) as a positive control on microtubules in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells in rats were examined by electron microscopy.

In Chinese hamster V79 cells, TBC and DBD showed higher microtubule‐disruptive activity than E2, while other chemicals had less activity than E2. The ranking for efficiency on microtubule disruption was (TBC ≒ DBD) > (E2 = TBT) > (BPA = alkylphenols, NP and OP) >> (phthalate esters, BBP, DHP, and DBP). In rats as a whole‐animal system, no disrupting effects on the microtubule network in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells were observed under any environmental chemicals tested, whereas exposure to VB resulted in marked disruption of the microtubule network. The results of this study suggested that some endocrine disrupting chemicals have disrupting effects on the microtubule network in vitro, but no such effects in vivo. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:453–462, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a free β‐galactosidase in vitro test for the assessment of heavy metal toxicity
Authors: Apartin Carina , Ronco Alicia
Published: August 2002

The effect of heavy metals and organic compounds on the activity of the enzyme β‐galactosidase in a standardized bioassay has been evaluated, considering future applications in environmental monitoring. The tests were done using a commercial extract of a hydrolase from the eukaryote yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and o‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (ONPG) as substrate. The enzyme was exposed to Cr(VI), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), phenol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, methanol and pentachlorophenol for 5, 15, 30, and 60 min. According to the results, a 15 min exposure time was considered optimum for the performance of the assay. Results of tests with metals showed IC50 values ranging between 9.25mg/L for Cd(II) and 0.015mg/L for Hg(II), with an order of sensitivity of: Cd(II)<Ni(II)<Cr(VI)=Pb(II)<Cu(II)<Hg(II). Sensitivity to organic compounds ranged from 200 to 4000 mg/L, showing a higher specificity to heavy metals. The present in vitro free enzyme test showed a similar behavior to other tests based on β‐galactosidase such as the MetPlate™. Furthermore, when compared to data from the literature on acute toxicity assays currently used in environmental assessment, test results show good agreement regarding the sensitivity to metals. After standardization, the proposed test could be used as a rapid and low‐cost assay when evaluating biological effects of heavy metals in monitoring programs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 117–120, 2001
Evaluating the impact of wind induced roughness change and tidal range on extrapolation of offshore vertical wind speed profiles
Authors: Barthelmie R. J.
Published: August 2002

Wind energy resource estimation frequently requires extrapolation of wind speeds from typical measurement heights to turbine hub‐heights. However, this extrapolation is uncertain, and this uncertainty is exacerbated in the offshore environment by the effect of the dynamic surface (i.e. surface roughness and height respond to wind speed or vary over time). This paper examines the impact of roughness variations and small tidal ranges on mean predicted wind speeds in near‐neutral conditions. Roughness variations offshore are in the range 0.002 and 0.00002 m. This range of roughnesses gives a difference in predicted wind speed extrapolated from 10 to 50 m of less than 8%. For a more typical range of 0.0005 tp 0.00005 m, the difference will be smaller (∼3%). With a tidal range of 4 m the difference in mean wind speed extrapolated from 10 to 50 m height is about 1%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of the expression of endopolygalacturonase gene PGU1 in Saccharomyces
Authors: Gognies S. , Simon G. , Belarbi A.
Published: August 2002

Previous work in our laboratory has shown that Saccharomyces bayanus strain SCPP is the only reported yeast expressing the three types of pectolytic enzymes: pectin esterases, pectin lyases and polygalacturonases. One of these enzymes, the endopolygalacturonase (endoPG), hydrolyses plant‐specific polysaccharide pectin. The endoPG encoding gene (PGU1) is also present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been shown that this endoPG is required for the development of pseudohyphae. Using genomic DNA, the PGU1‐1 and PGU1‐2 promoters of these strains have been amplified and used to construct gene fusions with the β‐galactosidase gene. On the basis of β‐galactosidase measurements, we compared the expression of both promoters in different environmental conditions in order to identify their modulation. We have shown that the PGU1 gene is upregulated by the presence of the pectin and the product resulting from endopolygalacturonase activity. Moreover, expression of the PGU1 is also enhanced under respiratory and filament formation conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel and comparative analysis of the proteome and transcriptome of sorbic acid‐stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: de Nobel Hans , Lawrie Laura , Brul Stanley , Klis Frans , Davis Mark , Alloush Habib , Coote Peter
Published: August 2002

Exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 0.9 mM sorbic acid at pH 4.5 resulted in the upregulation of 10 proteins; Hsp42, Atp2, Hsp26, Ssa1 or Ssa2, Ssb1 or Ssb2, Ssc1, Ssa4, Ach1, Zwf1 and Tdh1; and the downregulation of three proteins; Ade16, Adh3 and Eno2. In parallel, of 6144 ORFs, 94 (1.53%) showed greater than a 1.4‐fold increase in transcript level after exposure to sorbic acid and five of these were increased greater than two‐fold; MFA1, AGA2, HSP26, SIP18 and YDR533C. Similarly, of 6144 ORFs, 72 (1.17%) showed greater than a 1.4‐fold decrease in transcript level and only one of these, PCK1, was decreased greater than two‐fold Functional categories of genes that were induced by sorbic acid stress included cell stress (particularly oxidative stress), transposon function, mating response and energy generation. We found that proteomic analysis yielded distinct information from transcript analysis. Only the upregulation of Hsp26 was detected by both methods. Subsequently, we demonstrated that a deletion mutant of Hsp26 was sensitive to sorbic acid. Thus, the induction of Hsp26, which occurs during adaptation to sorbic acid, confers resistance to the inhibitory effects of this compound. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Tree Identify Protocol of IEEE 1394 in μCRL
Authors: Shankland Carron , van der Zwaag Mark
Published: August 2002

We specify the tree identify protocol of the IEEE 1394 high performance serial multimedia bus at three different levels of detail using μCRL. We use the cones and foci verification technique of Groote and Springintveld to show that the descriptions are equivalent under branching bisimulation, thereby demonstrating that the protocol behaves as expected.