bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Consumer Likes and Dislikes to a Consumer Behaviour Theory
Authors: Mitchell Vincent‐Wayne , Boustani Pari
Published: September 2004

Discusses the results of a consumer survey on the likes and dislikes of consumers towards breakfast cereals. Suggests a possible model of consumer behaviour to explain their preferences. The perceived risks and risk‐reducing strategies used by consumers are empirically investigated. Discusses the results in a way that highlights their usefulness to the industry′s marketers.
FARMED VENISON: THE NEW MEAT COMES OF AGE
Authors: Elliot John
Published: September 2004

Demonstrates the advantages over other red meats of farmed venison
as a lean healthy meat produced to quality standards with exceptional
animal welfare. Traces the growth of the farmed venison industry over
the last 20 years and describes some of the marketing and legislative
problems (EC directives) which have beset this new industry. Draws
comparisons with wild game venison and concludes that current emphasis
on healthy eating and the need for retailers to heed the due diligence
legislation will encourage long‐term growth in the market for farmed
venison.
Dietary Surveys: Some Practical Issues
Authors: Davies Jill
Published: September 2004

Discusses practical issues about dietary survey methods for use
with free‐living individuals. Reviews prospective and retrospective
methods indicating that no single method is flawless. Likely sources of
error include bias as a result of sampling and response; changes in
diet; variation with time; frequency of consumption; reporting food
weight and matching foods with those in tables of food composition.
Concludes that the choice of method will depend on the purpose of the
investigation, and factors such as interest in food requirements,
association between diet and disease and the need to know about the
intake of individuals or groups of people will be highly relevant.
New Technologies in Food Preservation and Processing: Part I
Authors: Williams Alan
Published: September 2004

The exploitation of new technologies and effective technology
transfer are vital ingredients for the long‐term competitiveness of all
organizations. When referring to developments in food technologies, the
use of the term “new” will mainly be in the context of new
to the user rather than new to science. Provides a brief overview of
some of the recently established processes such as ohmic heating,
microwave sterilization and novel methods to decontaminate herbs and
spices, which are starting to have an impact on the food industry.
Dietetic Intervention in Private Residential Care for the Elderly
Authors: Herne Sally
Published: September 2004

Figures from the USA and the UK suggest that a high proportion of elderly people in residential care would benefit from dietary therapy for common degenerative disorders. A postal survey examined the extent to which dietary advice was made available to homes and social service departments. The results showed that minimal contact between homes, social services and dietitians was the norm – 14 per cent of social service departments employed a dietitian; only 3 and 5 per cent respectively involved them on advisory committees. Concludes that the potential of dietitians to improve residents′ quality of life has not been fully exploited and thus nutritional care is based on a reactive system.
Periodic or Continuous Tracking Studies: Matching
Methodology with Objectives
Authors: Sherwood Philip K. , Stevens Robert E. , Warren William E.
Published: September 2004

Marketers may use a variety of research tools to
“track” or evaluate the various components of their
marketing mix. Should the data for such a study be collected
continuously or on a periodic basis? Insights are offered to help answer
this question, through a review of the literature related to consumer
tracking studies, by a presentation of the pros and cons of both methods
of data collection and by identifying the conditions under which one
type would be more desirable than the other.
Making SWOT Analysis Work
Authors: Piercy Nigel , Giles William
Published: September 2004

The analysis of Strengths and Weaknesses, and Opportunities and
Threats is probably the most common and widely‐recognised tool for
conducting a strategic marketing audit. The authors suggest SWOT
analysis has suffered from familiarity breeding contempt and that the
technique is normally used very badly and to little effect. The article
draws on experience of marketing planning process management in a
variety of companies to propose a five‐point approach to make SWOT
analysis work effectively.
Market Intelligence for International Markets
Authors: Fletcher Keith , Wheeler Colin
Published: September 2004

Based on the scanning modes of Scottish exporters of construction
services, the authors conclude that significant deficiencies exist in
information flows within firms. The need for mixed scanning is
recommended, combining objective knowledge with experiential knowledge.
Consortia may be a solution to the information and intelligence
gathering problems of smaller firms.
Marketing Planning and Expert Systems: An Epistemology of
Practice
Authors: McDonald Malcolm H.B.
Published: September 2004

After nearly a quarter of a century, Artificial Intelligence, in
spite of all its promise, has made virtually no progress in the domain
of marketing, and whilst most interested parties view it as a
potentially powerful way of beating the competition, there are few
products and no on‐line systems available. This article explores why
progress has been slow in the domain of marketing and describes the
experience and progress of a group of major British multinational
companies that have joined forces to produce an Expert Marketing
Planning System, EXMAR, with the author of this article as principal
expert. A number of conclusions are drawn, but one of the main ones is
that the development of EXMAR shows that it is possible to use Expert
System methodologies to build support systems in complex areas of
marketing management, especially if the domain is well defined, has a
large number of factors to be considered, and relevant expert knowledge
is available. Also Expert Systems are shown as being useful in helping
both academics and practitioners to structure, validate and use
marketing knowledge and to understand better the interrelationships
between the elements of marketing. In particular, the article forces
managers to think deeply and in a structured way about the issues that
need to be considered in developing a strategic marketing plan.
Food for Thought
Authors: Staff of the British Food Journal Editorial
Published: September 2004

Recent trends and developments in the food industry
are identified and discussed pointing out that despite
media hysteria a calm and reasoned response to recent
developments is required.
Strategic Planning: The Cultural Impact
Authors: Reid David M. , Hinkley L.C.
Published: September 2004

Strategic planning is portrayed as a dynamic process by which
companies tend to identify future opportunities and link that
recognition with a concerted effort to grow or acquire the resources so
that a business can take advantage of its strengths in the light of a
changing situation. Although a great deal of research has been carried
out on the subject, much of the work has focused on the substance of
planning as a practice not subject to the laws of cultural adaptation.
This article, however, attempts to assess the impact of culture.
Market Segment‐oriented Fund‐Raising Strategies: An
Empirical Analysis
Authors: Schlegelmilch B.B. , Tynan A.C.
Published: September 2004

With well over 250,000 registered UK charities vying to attract
generosity, fund‐raising has become a fiercely competitive and
professional activity. This article empirically analyses the popularity
of different fund‐raising techniques and shows that specific
fund‐raising methods are preferred by distinct market segments. The
managerial implications for fund‐raising strategies are outlined and
suggestions for future research are made.
Internal Marketing: Making Marketing Happen
Authors: Piercy Nigel , Morgan Neil
Published: September 2004

The need to market internally the plans and strategies developed by
marketing managers is seen as a critical component of successful plan
introduction. “Internal Marketing” appears to be a critical
issue in making marketing work.
Patterns of Competition: A Study of Local Restaurants
Authors: Auty Susan , Easton Geoff
Published: September 2004

Competitors come a very poor second to consumers as the focuses for
studies carried out by marketing academics. Since the marketing concept
is so much at the heart of what many academics think marketing is all
about this should surprise no one. However, the emergence of the subject
of marketing strategy with its concern over sustainable competitive
advantage and the current popularity of competitiveness, however
defined, as an adjunct or complement to marketing studies suggest that
competitors and competition may be about to become a fashionable area
for study. And not before time. The trinity of company, consumer and
competitor, however stark as a framework, represents the minimum
knowledge anyone would require before taking a major marketing decision.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management
Authors: Teare Richard
Published: September 2004

Two contributions, one examining the theory and practice of
strategic hospitality management as a contribution to prognostications
for the future of international business travel markets and the other
offering a penetrating insight into organisational issues facing
hospitality companies in the 1990s are reviewed.
Asia Pacific International Journal of Business Logistics
Authors: Gattorna John L.
Published: September 2004

An influential publication in business logistics is reviewed,
discussing the contribution of logistics to the profitability of the
organisation, the use of information to manage logistics more
profitably, the impact of technology, and human resources.
Strategic Planning: An Overview of Product Portfolio Models
Authors: Proctor R.A. , Kitchen P.J.
Published: September 2004

In any type of business it is almost inevitable that some products
or services will be more financially attractive to market than others.
Ways are introduced in which strategic business units can evaluate the
kinds of products and services they are offering. The suggestion is made
that it may be in the interests of some units to drop certain kinds of
products or services because they are unable to be operated profitably.
Other products or services, however, may benefit from investment.
Various product portfolio models exist which help in the task of
classifying products or services. The various approaches are discussed,
and how to develop the GEC‐McKinsey type of model with the aid of a
spreadsheet is shown.
Customer Service
Authors: Peel Malcolm
Published: September 2004

The importance of customer service to organisations of all kinds,
whether in the public or private sector, is now acknowledged. But the
definition is frequently too narrow. Good service starts before a
transaction takes place and goes on after its completion, including the
market research pre‐ordering climate; the buying/ordering process; the
period from order to delivery, packaging or presentation; transport and
logistics; delivery, complaint handling; payment and debt collection and
after sales support service. Poor service may be contributed to by
organisational culture, social attitudes, monopolies and market
dominance and management failings. Improvement depends on a
comprehensive programme, tackling causes as well as symptoms, involving
a customer service survey; organisation review; standard setting;
improved communications; training; and a process for continuous
monitoring.
British Images of Themselves vs Others
Authors: Djursaa Malene
Published: September 2004

The article presents, through research findings of British images
of themselves and others, Britain′s competitive image position, in
relation to EC partners. Results show a remarkable recovery of
self‐esteem, when considering specific products rather than products in
general.
New Databases and Forecasting Techniques for Trade
Marketing
Authors: Buckingham Colin
Published: September 2004

The trade marketer is already faced with a high standard of data
application in his approach to the buyer/seller relationship. The last
thing he needs is an information revolution now. Yet it appears that we
are on the verge of a new era of electronic databases with considerable
potential advantages for productiveness and profitability. An already
sophisticated level of database usage will be further enhanced by the
advent of new information sources – retail scanning data, in‐home
scanning. However, too much information could be a disadvantage and
effective data management will be necessary. Competitive advantage will
depend more than ever on the ability to apply these new databases to the
marketing process, especially in forecasting future requirements at the
macro and micro levels. Therefore mutual co‐operation will be an
essential ingredient for the success of the buyer/seller relationship.
European Journal of Marketing
Authors: Carson David
Published: September 2004

What is the best approach to take when researching marketing
planning in small firms? Some of the previous literature, methodology
and characteristics of such research are reviewed. The article concludes
that the most appropriate approach may be “exploratory” and
“descriptive” because small firms cannot be neatly defined.
International Marketing Review
Authors: Tamer Cavusgil S.
Published: September 2004

A variety of topics within international marketing are reviewed:
global product strategies; export marketing and distribution strategies;
export and planning future business with developing countries; and the
difficulties of trading within Eastern Europe.
Compound Feeds: Defined from a Marketing Perspective
Authors: Ness Mitchell R. , Walker Stephen
Published: September 2004

In marketing, products are defined as a series of attributes which
extend beyond the concept of physical aspects of the product. This
concept is applied to the definition of compound animal feeds. The
development of the industry is described and evidence presented to
establish the degree of seller concentration. Qualitative research, in
the form of in‐depth interviews, is employed to identify the relevant
product‐service attributes of compound feeds in the context of the
marketing mix. Subsequently, some of the more recent changes in the
industry are discussed in the context of this framework and from the
perspective of impending change in the marketing mix.
European Journal of Marketing
Authors: Carson David , Gilmore Audrey
Published: September 2004

Argues that some radically new thinking is needed in the provision
of training for marketing managers, and supports the argument with
experience gained in the SME sector.
Logistics Information Management
Authors: Day Abby
Published: September 2004

The part now being played by logistics in corporate strategy is
recognized. Reviews ten articles exploring the theme of “recent
insights into logistics”.
Learning in Marketing Clubland
Authors: Wills Gordon , Wills Julian
Published: September 2004

Compares the launch and development, by an academic publishing
house, of three marketing clubs, two of which were focused on customers
and the third on authors/editors. Promotional campaigns achieved good
results but, most importantly, the marketing intelligence gained
transformed the organization′s marketing structures. Fresh objectives
for future growth were identified and computer systems further
developed.
Using Videos for Management Training in Teamwork and Leadership
Authors: Scalan Burt , Ross Boyd David
Published: September 2004

A case analysis of training for managers using two published
videos, a teamwork video and a leadership video is presented. The videos
are described briefly and the approach to using them is outlined.
ACTION LEARNING: IN SEARCH OF P
Authors: Sutton David
Published: September 2004

One of the fundamentals of Action Learning is the emphasis on Q
type learning (knowledge and skill gained by apposite questioning,
investigation and experimentation) as distinct from P type learning
(information or skill derived from material already formulated, digested
and presented for consumption in programmes of teaching and training).
Because P is the traditional and established learning, there has been an
increasing emphasis on Q. This article seeks to redress the balance
whilst acknowledging the crucial difference between the two types of
learning and the importance of Q.
PROMOTING STRATEGIC CAREER DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES: SOME
IRISH EXPERIENCE
Authors: Garavan Thomas N.
Published: September 2004

The nature of career development, in particular the confusion which
arises in trying to define it, are considered. Two key elements of
career development are identified, namely career planning and career
management. Results of a study of career development practices in Irish
firms illustrate that the emphasis is more on career management than
career planning. A wide range of activities are undertaken with the
emphasis on career information systems, appropriate training and
management development activities, performance appraisal and career
counselling. There is a considerable lack of integration between the
various activities used to promote career development within the
organisation. A number of implications of the research are outlined,
focusing in particular on the role of the line manager, HRM specialist
and the general design of career development systems within an
organisation.
TO COACH, OR NOT TO COACH – THAT IS THE QUESTION!
PART 2
Authors: Burdett John O.
Published: September 2004

This article is the second in a two‐part series. The first outlined
why coaching is an imperative, the forces that create complexity, and
the need to identify the behaviour that has to change as a critical
first step in the coaching process. Part 2 explores the need for a
coaching model; respect as a factor in the basic coaching relationship,
the difference between counselling, tutoring, mentoring and performance
improvement; the relationship between coaching and control; and the
importance of setting the context if coaching interventions are to
succeed. The material and the concepts behind the ideas explored are
drawn from experience within the Lawson Mardon Group, a major
international printing and packaging conglomerate with more than 40
businesses spread throughout six countries.
REDEVELOPING CORE COMPETENCE IN MANUFACTURING: A CASE
EXAMPLE
Authors: Dale M.W.
Published: September 2004

In the early 1980s, Lucas fell into loss making for the first time
in its history, despite being well into a programme of closing 25 plants
and shedding 25,000 people. It faced declining shares of decreasing
markets and a vulnerable dependence on the UK automotive industry. By
1988 the group had climbed from loss making to a return on capital
expenditure of 25 per cent. The article describes the pivotal role
played in the turnaround by an internal consultancy unit set up in 1984.
The unit worked on an arm′s‐length trading basis with its client
businesses in Lucas. It employed a style which both encouraged client
ownership and enhanced client skills. Conclusions are drawn about the
learning mechanisms which were established to redevelop core competence
and personal comments are added about lessons learned.
SERVICE CHALLENGE OF THE 1990S: PART II. TRAINING –
THE DRIVING FORCE
Authors: Ament Linda M. , Deszca Gene
Published: September 2004

Perhaps the single most powerful competitive edge any company can
have over the next decade is providing superlative service. As
technology progresses at a rapid pace and the benefits of any
organization or product bear remarkable similarity to a competitor′s,
the one sustainable, competitive edge which remains is service. Service,
however, requires skill and, in most organizations, a cultural
transition. It is in this area where Training can become the driving
force and make significant impact on profitability.
Sous‐vide Cooking and its Application to Cook‐chill –
What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Schafheitle Joachim M. , Light Nicholas D.
Published: September 2004

The changing demands of consumers, advances in technology and the
pressures of the economic climate have led to many changes in catering
over the last two decades. Among other systems introduced to rationalise
large‐scale catering are cook‐freeze and cook‐chill, with the latter
becoming increasingly popular due to its advantages in energy saving and
food (textural) quality over cook‐freeze. However, the microbiological
risks of cook‐chill have always been acknowledged as being higher than
those inherent in cook‐freeze and, in a recent survey of operations in
the UK, cook‐chill food was regarded only as poor to good by consumers
– few “high‐class” caterers were found to be using the
system. New systems which utilise vacuum packaging either before or
after cooking in combination with the chilling techniques of cook‐chill
are becoming more popular and appear to give higher quality food.
Sous‐vide cuisine is one of these. In combination with cook‐chill
(sous‐vide/cook‐chill), this method is claimed to give rise to a host of
benefits yet very little laboratory research work has been published on
sous‐vide/cook‐chill. The few research publications on the
sous‐vide/cook‐chill method in the context of food safety and the use of
Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and quality assurance techniques like
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) are discussed. It is
argued that sous‐vide/cook‐chill, like standard cook‐chill itself,
should be regarded more as food manufacturing methods than catering
methods.
Why Productivity in the Hotel Sector is Low
Authors: Witt Christine A. , Witt Stephen F.
Published: September 2004

Productivity growth in service industries has generally tended to
be lower than in manufacturing industries, and the hotel sector is no
exception. Problems of measuring productivity are discussed, together
with specific reasons for low productivity in the hotel sector. It is
suggested that increased usage of operations management techniques by
hotel management is likely to result in improved productivity, and
various examples are presented of situations in which these techniques
can be successfully employed.
Marketing Hospitality into the 21st Century
Authors: Crawford‐Welch Simon
Published: September 2004

The most important issues facing hospitality marketing, as it
enters the 21st century, are outlined, discussed and analysed from two
aspects: competitive conditions and new directions. Strategic trends are
predicted including product portfolio marketing; internal and
relationship marketing; inferential market research; computerised
marketing; indirect channels of distribution; customisation; global
marketing; guerilla and flanking marketing and green marketing.
Environmental scanning is held to be the only way of preparing for
volatile industry conditions.
An Interactive Personnel Function for Managing Budget
Hotels
Authors: Lucas Rosemary , Laycock Jane
Published: September 2004

Companile has a unique management set‐up in its
hotels: each is run by a managing couple who are
developed from within the company and these
“hands‐on” managers are expected to be totally
responsible for running their unit. The aim is to
explain the operational nature of the personnel
function at corporate and unit level within this
management context, by examining the respective
personnel roles of the recruitment and training
executive and the managing couple and thereby
assess the contribution of the personnel function
to the effective management of Campanile budget‐priced
hotels.
Do Corporate Failure Prediction Models Work?
Authors: Adams Debra J.
Published: September 2004

During periods of recession or rapid expansion the need to monitor
closely the performance of a business is essential and there are
financial techniques available to do this. One such method, Multi
Discriminant Analysis, has received considerable attention in accounting
circles where opinions differ regarding its success. In this analysis
eight companies from the leisure sector have been selected specifically
to demonstrate varying levels of success. Financial data taken from the
published accounts are then analysed using two widely recognised models.
This preliminary research provides evidence that this technique has the
potential for predicting failure in the leisure sector. Further research
is now required to determine the effective lead time for such
predictions and eventually to provide a model specifically for the
service industries.
Methodologies for manufacturing systems
Authors: Wyatt T.
Published: September 2004

Reports on a conference staged to bring together all parties
concerned with the specification, analysis, design and operation of
manufacturing systems. Identifies a business objective approach, an
“integration quotient”, and support in terms of
computer‐aided software engineering as key issues. Concludes that:
available systems methods can be of significant use, although further
research is needed to establish the role of methods in manufacturing
systems engineering, particularly in the field of integration.
Cutter manufacturer finds the right tool
Authors: Brodbeck I.B.
Published: September 2004

Examines the facts that have led to the adoption of an FMS
installation and CADCAM system. Discusses the requirements of the
installation: complete machining, off‐line tool and jig preparation,
full computer integration, and organisation of resources. Concludes that
although the installation has increased unit costs, it has also
increased productivity and flexibility while reducing throughput time
and so can be considered economically viable.
No easy road for SNECMA FMS
Authors: Kochan A.
Published: September 2004

Considers the installation of a flexible manufacturing system at
French aero engine manufacturer SNECMA. Examines the preliminary study,
the computer hierarchy of the FMS, the physical layout, the workforce
and training, and the problems encountered. Concludes that while there
have been minor problems, and further FMS′s are unlikely, the current
FMS is a source of pride to the company.
Open systems do exist
Authors: Lee‐Mortimer A.
Published: September 2004

Discusses CIMAC′s demonstration system in the context of the DTI′s
Open Systems in Manufacturing programme. Considers the way proprietary
communication systems discriminate against integration, the way open
systems encourage integration, and available technology for implementing
open systems. Concludes that the main task of the initiative is
realising the benefits of open systems, and that the technology exists.
Reasons for the Success or Failure of an Automation
Project: An Investigation of Small and Medium‐sized Swedish
Manufacturing Companies
Authors: Sandberg Ulf
Published: September 2004

Reports an investigation into how 200 small and medium‐sized
Swedish manufacturing companies look upon and treat automation
technology. Shows that an increasing use of automation technology seems
to create a successful company, but the human aspects and questions like
“what will happen when the project is finished?” are seldom
considered. Instead technical matters are in focus. Shows a lack of
strategy formulation and little use of methods to design, introduce and
evaluate automation projects.
Expenditure on property: management aspects of taxation
Authors: Parsons G.
Published: September 2004

Discusses how property expenditure is dealt with under income
taxation, capital gains taxation, and capital allowances, with reference
to the owner′s status and the importance of an estate owner′s
objectives. Concludes that the distinction made between capital and
revenue expenditure is likely to result in different records for income
and capital gains taxation, and that review of capital expenditure may
result in capital allowances being enjoyed.
Negotiation in property management – 3: techniques
and tactics
Authors: Sadler M.
Published: September 2004

Discusses how the various stages in the negotiation process can be
completed to give a fair chance of success. Lists these stages as:
discussion, signalling, proposing, packaging, bargaining, closing, and
agreeing. Concludes that the structure of negotiations is consistent,
and that the two steps to becoming a successful negotiator are, first,
understanding the stages, and second, acquiring the necessary practical
skills.
Employee’s reaction to a business park environment
Authors: Holley P.
Published: September 2004

Examines reactions of employees to working in business park
environments by interviewing staff of two small to medium‐sized high
tech companies, one located in a business park in Swindon, the other a
control company located in Central London. Surmises that business parks
confer advantages in location, working facilities, commuting and work
environment, although they lack a sense of community and opportunities
for information contact between all levels of staff.
Expenditure: capital or revenue?
Authors: Parsons G.
Published: September 2004

Examines expenditure on property held by an investor or a person
running a business, particularly the contrast between capital
expenditure for Capital Gains Tax purposes and that allowed for income
taxation purposes. Considers the possible effects of proposals for new
VAT laws on the property industry. Surmises that the distinction between
revenue and capital expenditure is still not fully resolved, being a
“live” issue affected by current practice and future cases.
Residential conveyancing in France
Authors: Urquhart R.A.D.
Published: September 2004

Outlines residential conveyancing practice in France. Discusses the
organizations involved; the two stages in the conveyance, contract and
completion; Capital Gains Tax; Income Tax; Wealth Tax; and French
inheritance law, giving some of the pitfalls that can occur for the
English purchaser of French property.
Legionnaire’s disease: occupiers’ and landlords’ liability
Authors: Travers I.
Published: September 2004

Examines the areas of the law which might assist a plaintiff in
establishing a claim against either a landlord, a tenant, or an occupier
of premises where there has been an outbreak of Legionnaire′s disease:
Defective Premises Act, Occupiers Liability Act, negligence, nuisance,
strict and criminal liability, Public Health Act, and insurance.
Concludes that while there are numerous laws to help the plaintiff,
finding the necessary proof of liability is no easy matter.
Indoor air quality – The property manager’s role in
tenant health
Authors: Robertson Gray
Published: September 2004

Exposes the myth that air pollution can be escaped by retreating
indoors. Differentiates sick building syndrome from building‐related
illness. Claims that indoor pollution is caused more by the way the
building is operated than the way it was designed. Offers some causes
and cures. Presents a named building as an exemplar of perfection.
Office design – the way forward
Authors: Bennett Richard
Published: September 2004

Offers some advice on planning an office before tenancy. Points out
the importance of flexibility to cope with tenants′ varied needs and
changing technology. Advocates the “shell and core” approach
to avoid installing redundant facilities.
Maintenance of joint sealants and glazing systems
Authors: Barratt Stephen
Published: September 2004

Comments on the use of mastics and sealants in building
construction. Speculates that there were unrealistic claims made about
the products. Discusses cause and effect of seal failures. Explains how
preventive maintenance can avoid problems of water seepage. Offers and
comments upon photographic examples of sealant failure. Concludes that
regular inspection will warn of an impending problem and save money.
Warns that remedial work should be carried out by a specialist firm.
Business parks: ingredients for successful development
Authors: Damesick P.J.
Published: September 2004

Discusses the growth of business parks in the UK, their nature and
ingredients for success. Points out some advantages, compared with town
centre locations. Concludes that the concept is relatively new.
Life cycle costing
Authors: Norman George
Published: September 2004

Defines life cycle costing, which gives rise to Life Cycle Cost
(LCC). Defines LCC as “The total cost of the system or product
under study over its complete life cycle or the duration of the period
of study, whichever is the shorter”. Stresses that LCC can be used
at whatever level is chosen (estate or, say, a boiler). Explains the
timing and mechanism of measurement. Argues that the application of LCC
at an early design stage will greatly enhance system design and
operation. Offers other pertinent definitions.
Allocation of service charges contributions
Authors: Adams J.E.
Published: September 2004

Examines various methods of allocating service charge
contributions. Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of allocations
by floor areas, rateable values, degree of use, stated shares, as well
as adjustment and the court′s residual powers. Concludes that closer
liaison between property managers, agents and solicitors can avoid
problems at the lease making stage, although no one formula invariably
provides the best result for landlord or tenant.
The management of commonhold properties in Australia,
France and the USA: part 1
Authors: Marlow Spence , Rivers Sue
Published: September 2004

Provides some background to new proposals in the UK to introduce
legislation which would give existing long leaseholders in
interdependent properties the collective right to purchase the freehold
interest. Sets out to examine the management structure of commonhold
properties, with particular emphasis on the dynamics of collective
management, in three countries where it is well established: Australia,
France and the USA.
Geographic information systems in commercial property
Authors: Thirlby P.
Published: September 2004

Considers the increasing use of GIS (geographic information
systems) as a part of mainstream IT, particularly in the field of
commercial property. Presents a case study implementation of a GIS in
chartered surveyors′ offices. Concludes that uptake of GIS depends on
the sophistication of surveyors′ IT strategies, as well as the cost and
availability of map data and improved access to property data.
The need for listed building consent
Authors: Pickard R.
Published: September 2004

Considers section 7 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and
Conservation Areas) Act 1990 concerning demolition of and alterations to
listed buildings. Examines the legal meanings of the terms
“demolition” and “works which may affect
character” and the distinction between them by reference to
appropriate court cases. Concludes that the difficulty surrounding
Listed Building Consent, evidenced by the number of court cases, shows a
need for clearer advice to be presented to those with a legal interest
in listed buildings.
Maintenance management of ageing buildings in Hong Kong
Authors: Ho D.C.W.
Published: September 2004

Identifies and discusses the problems involved in maintaining Hong
Kong′s older buildings: deficiencies in existing legislation,
organizational difficulties, lack of public awareness, and manpower
shortages. Concludes that public education about maintenance is the best
long‐term solution, while in the short term rationalization of manpower
and changes to legislation are needed to ease the burden to the
Government.
Performance‐related Pay and Quality in Higher Education: Part One
Authors: Lewis Philip
Published: September 2004

The Citizen′s Charter contains a statement about the introduction of performance‐related pay in the public sector, suggesting that this will lead to the provision of better quality public services. Two of the assumptions underpinning this policy are challenged in this, the first of two articles on the subject. These are that PRP will motivate academic staff and that it will lead to greater perceived pay system fairness. Recent research evidence in the UK and America is used to substantiate this challenge.
Public duties and private fears
Authors: Kingman Sharon
Published: September 2004

Explains how school governors, who have to write a policy about sex
education, can get help on a topic which they might find embarrassing.
Looks at the reluctance of some governing bodies to promote sex
education in their schools and the conflicting opinions about what
should be taught. Reveals the lack of understanding among some governors
and the need for governor training. Discusses ways in which a reluctant
governing body may be stimulated into action and reports that it would
be quite possible to have a sex education policy which is broadly based,
providing no more detail than necessary, and which allows the head full
freedom to write an appropriate curriculum, governors adding special
requirements as they wish.
Lessons from America
Authors: Scriven Angela
Published: September 2004

Considers that educating about AIDS is a complex process and
describes two examples of recent initiatives in AIDS education in
America. Looks first at the Condom Availability Programme which is an
integral part of an expanded HIV/AIDS education initiative aimed at
school‐based HIV/AIDS prevention. Describes the key elements of the
initiative and asserts that much can be learnt from it; it is a
carefully considered, multi‐agency approach supported by a range of
resources. Gives examples of this. Reports on the reaction of the church
but considers the introduction of a statutory, comprehensive and
well‐structured school‐based programme of AIDS prevention strategies to
be responsible and a step that could be usefully emulated in the UK. The
second initiative discussed is the operation of a mobile AIDS education
unit which focuses on the use of interactive computer games and how they
are used. Concludes that health districts and regions in the UK should
consider such initiatives when contemplating how to support local
education authorities in AIDS prevention work.
An illuminating lesson
Authors: Griffin Elizabeth
Published: September 2004

Promotes the view that puppets are an ideal medium for health
education in primary schools. Describes how puppets may be used in
health education lessons not only to transmit facts but also to open the
way for wide‐ranging discussions. Discusses the development of two
projects linking follow‐up work to the science curriculum and, in turn,
to design and technology. Concludes by summarizing the educational
benefits not only with regard to health education but right across the
curriculum. Asserts that the quality of learning is high as a result of
the children′s full and enthusiastic commitment to the work.
MAJOR CAREER CHANGES: INTEREST/PERSONALITY RELATIONSHIP IN
SPIRAL TYPE INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Bourgeois R.P. , Wils T. , Plouffe L.
Published: September 2004

Based on a sample of 65 workers having undergone major
reorientation of their careers, this study indicates that Driver′s
spiral category is far from being a homogeneous one. Thus, individuals
pursuing this type of career path can be broken down into three distinct
subgroups both with respect to their interests as well as to their
personality dynamics. The first subgroup contains the social‐artistic
(e.g. author, housekeeper); the second, the conventional‐enterprising
(e.g. accountant, banker); the third, the artistic‐investigative (e.g.
psychologist, sculptor). All three sub‐types conform to Holland′s theory
and are characterised by different personality variables.
CAREER PATHS TO THE BOARDROOM
Authors: Coulson‐Thomas Colin
Published: September 2004

Why are some people more successful at obtaining and retaining
boardroom appointments than others? What are the career paths that will
lead today′s managers into the boardrooms of the 21st century? These and
other questions have been tackled in a series of organisational and
competency surveys which Adaptation Ltd., has undertaken. In the surveys
over 500 individuals, holding the job titles of either chairman,
director or chief executive, were asked to give their views on such
issues as the future development of their organisations, the qualities
that distinguish direction from management, qualities sought in
directors, and criteria used when selecting board members. From the
survey results, a number of lessons can be drawn for the aspiring
director. For instance, aspiring directors should think through the
distinction between direction and management, and must not confuse steps
up the management ′grades′ with the acquisition of directorial skills
and competences.
CAREER TYPOLOGIES OF WOMEN MANAGERS AND ENTREPRENEURS
Authors: Still Leonie V. , Guerin Cecily D.
Published: September 2004

In recent years women have made considerable progress in management
and self‐employment. However, there has been little attempt to develop a
career development perspective of women which may assist their further
advance in the workforce or to help them overcome inhibiting factors
preventing them from achieving career goals. Two Australian studies
suggest that managerial women reveal a number of career patterns
depending on whether they are organisationally or entrepreneurially
inclined. For instance, organisational (enterprise) women managers can
be divided into self‐made and professional groupings, with further
distinguishing career patterns. Entrepreneurial/self‐employed women
exhibit another variety of career patterns according to the nature of
the business entity they have chosen to operate. The results suggest
that there is great heterogeneity in the range of managerial careers for
women, and that this heterogeneity has more to do with contextual
factors than gender‐specific issues.
What’s in a name? Approaching organizational change
Authors: Allen‐Meyer Glenn
Published: September 2004

Change is not a commodity. When it is considered as a discrete thing – which the author terms the “commodification of change” – with a particular brand identity, it becomes compartmentalized, finite, and tightly proscribed; it becomes a product. However, no change effort can afford such a subjective, near‐whimsical approach to enrollment. There needs to be a stronger, more compelling drive for people to participate. The author proposes that organizations resist labeling change efforts and, instead, focus on creating change programs that specifically address the change and how that change benefits both the people and the organization. A nameless approach to changes gets rid of the unnecessary resistance and stress caused by marketing‐driven processes of change. It allows everyone to stay focused on the issues the organization is confronting without being distracted or sabotaged by the busywork of selling an initiative.
Gender Earnings Differentials Among College Administrators
Authors: Monks James , McGoldrick Kimmarie
Published: September 2004

This analysis examines gender pay gap among the top five salaried individuals at private higher education institutions. We find a 13.0 percent average pay disadvantage for women versus men. This pay gap can be decomposed into a 10.4 percent differential owing to differences in the types of institutions and occupations that women hold relative to men and a 2.6 percent unexplained earnings differential.
Predicting Joining and Participating in Minority Employee Network Groups
Authors: Friedman Raymond A. , Craig Kellina M.
Published: September 2004

Do minority employees join network groups due to social identity, dissatisfaction with conditions at work, or career costs and benefits? Results show that joining is driven by social identity as well as expected costs (backlash) and benefits (career enhancement) but not by dissatisfaction, making it unlikely that they will become oppositional. Participation is also driven by cost‐benefit calculations and social identity (via the effect social identity has on the perceived benefits of network groups).
Annual Income, Hourly Wages, and Identity Among Mexican‐Americans and Other Latinos
Authors: Mason Patrick L.
Published: September 2004

This article examines heterogeneity and income inequality among Hispanic Americans. Two processes that influence Hispanic heterogeneity include acculturation and labor market discrimination because of skin shade/phenotype. I focus on Hispanics because of their variation in phenotype, color, nativity, and language usage and also because of their recent large‐scale integration into a society that historically has been characterized by bipolar racial categories that are putatively based on phenotype. This process provides a natural experiment for appraising the relative importance of acculturation, discrimination, and income inequality. I use data from two periods, 1979 and 1989, to determine the stability of identity formation among Mexican‐Americans and other Hispanics. I find strong incentives favoring acculturation among Mexican‐ and Cuban‐Americans. Americans of Mexican and Cuban descent but less so Puerto Ricans are able to increase annual income and hourly wages by acculturating into a non‐Hispanic white racial identity. However, neither the abandonment of Spanish nor the abandonment of a specifically Hispanic racial self‐identity is sufficient to overcome the penalties associated with having a dark complexion and non‐European phenotype.
Unions and Flexible Employment in Britain and Spain: A Descriptive Note
Authors: Francesconi Marco , Garcia‐Serrano Carlos
Published: September 2004

Spain and Britain are known to have different labor market structures and degrees of employment protection. Despite such differences, they show remarkably similar associations of unionization with temporary employment and nonstandard hours of work. In particular, we find that unionization in both countries is correlated neither with overtime/long hours of work nor temporary employment. In both economies, instead, part‐time work is negatively associated with unionization. These cross‐national similarities warrant a rethinking of the strategies of enlargement toward flexible forms of work that unions have supposedly adopted in recent years.
Risk Assessment for Invasive Species
Authors: Andersen Mark C. , Adams Heather , Hope Bruce , Powell Mark
Published: September 2004

Although estimates vary, there is a broad agreement that invasive species impose major costs on the U.S. economy, as well as posing risks to nonmarket environmental goods and services and to public health. The domestic effort to manage risks associated with invasive species is coordinated by the National Invasive Species Council (NISC), which is charged with developing a science‐based process to evaluate risks associated with the introduction and spread of invasive species. Various international agreements have also elevated invasive species issues onto the international policy agenda. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement establishes rights and obligations to adhere to the discipline of scientific risk assessment to ensure that SPS measures are applied only to the extent required to protect human, animal, and plant health, and do not constitute arbitrary or unjustifiable technical barriers to trade. Currently, however, the field of risk assessment for invasive species is in its infancy. Therefore, there is a pressing need to formulate scientifically sound methods and approaches in this emerging field, while acknowledging that the demand for situation‐specific empirical evidence is likely to persistently outstrip supply. To begin addressing this need, the Society for Risk Analysis Ecological Risk Assessment Specialty Group and the Ecological Society of America Theoretical Ecology Section convened a joint workshop to provide independent scientific input into the formulation of methods and processes for risk assessment of invasive species to ensure that the analytic processes used domestically and internationally will be firmly rooted in sound scientific principles.