bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A contribution to understanding the influence of concrete cracking on timber concrete composite bridge beams
Authors: Schanack Frank , Ramos Óscar Ramón , Osman Juan Pablo , Oyarzún Pablo
Published: February 2015

Despite of widely implemented advances in TCC bridge technology, there are still no satisfying design recommendations that consider the influence of concrete cracking on the distribution of forces and deformation. A research project at Universidad Austral de Chile studied several aspects of concrete cracking in TCC bridges with timber beams of greater depth than width using elastic dowel‐type shear connectors. One of the results of concrete cracking is a reduction of the slip modulus of the connectors. This weakening was simulated in shear tests by a small gap between the timber and the concrete. A test calibrated FEM model was used for a parametric study of 120 different cases, most of which did not show concrete cracking. Where concrete cracking occurred, it caused an increase in the timber tensile stresses and beam deflection of up to 20 %. We conclude that concrete cracking occurs when the timber‐concrete depth ratio is less than four times the cubic root of the effective flange width of the concrete slab.

Beitrag zur Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der Rissbildung im Beton in Holz‐Beton‐Verbundbrücken

Trotz des hohen Entwicklungsstands der Holzverbundbrückentechnologie, fehlen ausreichende Entwurfsgrundlagen für die Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der Rissbildung auf die Schnittkraft‐ und Verformungsverteilung. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts an der Universidad Austral de Chile werden verschieden Aspekte der Rissbildung in Holzverbundbrücken mit Holzbalken mit größerer Höhe als Breite und elastischen stiftförmigen Verbindungsmitteln untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, dass sich die Rissbildung auf den Schubmodul del Verbindungsmittel auswirkt. Dieser Einfluss wurde in Scherversuchen durch einen kleinen Spalt zwischen Holz und Beton simuliert. Anhand eines mit Versuchen kalibrierten FEM‐Modells wurden eine Parameterstudie mit 120 verschieden Fälle durchgeführt. In den meisten Fällen tritt keine Rissbildung auf. Wenn es zu Rissbildung kommt, vergrössern sich die Holzzugspannungen und die Durchbiegung um bis zu 20 %. Wir stellen fest, dass Rissbildung auftritt, wenn das Bauhöhenverhältniss von Holz und Beton kleiner als die vierfache Kubikwurzel der mitwirkenden Plattenbreite der Betonplatte ist.
Erfurt – Brücken der Gründerzeit
Authors: Vockrodt Hans‐Jörg
Published: February 2015

Betrachtet man die städtebauliche Entwicklung der Stadt Erfurt in der Gründerzeit, so stehen oftmals nur die Architektur und die künstlerische Intension ihrer Schöpfer im Vordergrund. Die bautechnische Leistung der Ingenieure jener Zeit, die auf natur‐ und technikwissenschaftlicher Grundlage planten, entwarfen, konstruierten und berechneten, bleibt im Hintergrund. Dieser Beitrag soll daher die Erfurter Brücken der Gründerzeit und die Ingenieure, die sie erschufen, würdigen.

Erfurt – Bridges of the 19th Century

If we examine the town planning development of the City of Erfurt during Germany's period of expansion in the 19th century, we often focus solely on the architecture and the artistic intentions of its creators. The structural achievements of the engineers of that time, who planned, designed, built and calculated on a scientific and technical basis, are often ignored. This article therefore aims to pay tribute to the Erfurt bridges of this part of the 19th century and the engineers who created them.
Die neue Allerbrücke bei Verden
Authors: Keil Andreas , Fackler Thomas , Steigerwald Tobias
Published: February 2015

Ein innovativer Brückenneubau ersetzt auf der zweigleisigen DB‐Strecke Wunstorf‐Bremerhaven das mittlerweile stark geschädigte Bestandsbauwerk und fügt sich harmonisch in den Landschaftsraum der Allerniederung. Die durchlaufende schlanke Trogbrücke überzeugt durch materialgerechte, entsprechend dem Momentenverlauf gewellte Stege aus Stahl, die beidseits an die orthotrope Stahlfahrbahnplatte angeschlossen sind. Fächerförmig sind die Steifen der Stege im Bereich der Hauptspannweite über der Aller dem Kraftfluss folgend angeordnet. Im Vorlandbereich sind zur Harmonisierung eine konstante Höhe der außen liegenden Stahlträger sowie rein vertikale Stegsteifen vorgesehen. Der Brückenüberbau ist über Lager auf die schlanken Pfeilerscheiben und die Widerlager abgesetzt, der Festpunkt in Brückenlängsrichtung befindet sich auf dem nördlichen Strompfeiler. Die neue Allerbrücke wird in paralleler Lage östlich des vorhandenen Brückenbauwerks ohne nennenswerte Beeinträchtigung des laufenden Bahnbetriebs errichtet. Das gewählte Taktschiebeverfahren ermöglicht eine vom Hochwasser unabhängige Herstellung, der Eingriff in die Umwelt wird dadurch minimiert.

The new Allerbrücke near Verden

An innovative new bridge along the dual track DB‐railroad line Wunstorf‐Bremerhaven replaces the already heavily damaged existing bridge. The new bridge inserts itself harmoniously into the surrounding country side. The continuous, slender trough bridge convinces through its appropriate material application and moment‐diagram formed webs, which are connected on both sides with the orthotropic steel deck. The stiffeners of the web in the region of the main span across the Aller are arranged in a fan‐shape, following the flow of forces. To harmonize the alignment of the approach ramp, the height of the outer steel girders remains constant and the arrangement of the web stiffeners is purely vertical. The bridge superstructure is supported by bearings on slender pier walls and abutments, where the fixed point in the longitudinal axis is located on the northern pier. The new Allerbrücke will be assembled in parallel position next to the existing bridge structure, without significant disruption to the running rail traffic. The chosen incremental launching method allows a manufacturing process that is largely independent from flood waters, which means only a minimal intervention in the environment.
Optimal control strategy for fed‐batch enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass based on epidemic modeling
Authors: Tai Chao , Keshwani Deepak R. , Voltan Diego S. , Kuhar Pankaj S. , Engel Aaron J.
Published: February 2015

A mathematical optimal control strategy for feeding operation was developed for fed‐batch enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated lignocellulosic biomass based on a modified epidemic model. Cellulose conversion was maximized and glucose concentration achieved highest possible value over a fixed hydrolysis time. Boundaries of feeding rate and lignin content were set for feasible controls. Using the optimal control feeding strategy, glucose concentration and accumulated cellulose conversion reached up to 77.31 g/L and 72.08% in 100 h, which are 108.76% and 37.50% higher than in batch hydrolysis with same amount of enzyme consumption. Solids content in feeding source has a significant interference on system mass transfer. Optimal control is a useful tool for guiding operations in fed‐batch and continuous processes as it enables process optimization through clear objective functions and feasible controls. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 1376–1382. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cervical cancer screening with clinic‐based Pap test versus home HPV test among Somali immigrant women in Minnesota: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sewali Barrett , Okuyemi Kolawole S. , Askhir Asli , Belinson Jerome , Vogel Rachel I. , Joseph Anne , Ghebre Rahel G.
Published: February 2015

Cervical cancer is more common in the Somali immigrant population than the general population in the United States (US). There are low rates of cervical cancer screening among Somali women. This study compares cervical cancer screening test completion rates for a home human papilloma virus (HPV) test and standard clinic Pap test. Sixty‐three Somali immigrant women aged 30–70 years who had not undergone cervical cancer screening within the past 3 years were randomly assigned to a home HPV test group (intervention) or a clinic Pap test group (control). Test completion rates were measured at 3 months. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to explore factors associated with test completion (intention‐to‐treat analysis). Participants in the HPV test group were 14 times more likely to complete the test compared to those in the Pap test group (P = 0.0002). Women who reported having friends/family members to talk about cancer screening were approximately three times more likely to complete any screening test than those who did not (P = 0.127) and participants who reported residing in the US longer were more likely to complete a screening test (P = 0.011). Future research should explore the potential of using the home‐based HPV test kits as an initial approach to cervical cancer screening. Impact: The use of a self‐sampling HPV kit has the potential to increase cervical cancer screening in under‐served communities in the US.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Highly Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Aldehydes
Authors: Bonomo Lucia , Kermorvan Laurent , Dupau Philippe
Published: February 2015

The use of a [(ethylenediamine)(dppe)Ru(OCOtBu)2] [dppe=1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane] complex under base‐free conditions allowed highly efficient and selective hydrogenation of aldehydes in the presence of ketones in addition to olefins. Even in the case of highly sensitive 1,6‐ketoaldehydes, the desired ketoalcohols were obtained in high yields with 94–99 % overall selectivity at complete aldehyde conversion with a TON up to 30 000. The lack of requirement for strong basic co‐catalysts and polar protic solvents also allowed efficient and highly chemoselective reduction of aldehydes bearing other functional groups, such as epoxides, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and nitriles emphasizing the potential synthetic utility of the catalyst.
Structural and Theoretical Insights into the AIE Attributes of Phosphindole Oxide: The Balance Between Rigidity and Flexibility
Authors: Bu Fan , Wang Erjing , Peng Qian , Hu Rongrong , Qin Anjun , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: February 2015

Multiple intramolecular motions consume the excited‐state energy of luminogenic molecules upon photoexcitation and lower the emission efficiency. The low frequency rotational motion of aromatic rings can be facilely restricted by steric constraint in the condensed phase, but the high frequency bond stretching motion can hardly be suppressed by aggregation. In this work, three phosphorus‐containing heterocycles, 1,2,3,4,5‐pentaphenylphosphole‐1‐oxide (PPPO), 1,2,3‐triphenylphosphindole‐1‐oxide (TPPIO), and 1,2,3‐triphenylphosphindole (TPPI), were synthesized and characterized. Their optical properties, crystal‐packing manners, electronic features, and fluorescence dynamics were systematically investigated, and theoretical calculations were performed to decipher structure–property relationships. The results reveal that these luminogens are weak emitters in solutions but show strong emission in aggregates, exhibiting obvious aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) features. The aggregation‐insensitive stretching motion, which is dominant in PPPO, is lowered in TPPIO, enabling TPPIO to fluoresce much more efficiently than PPPO in aggregates. The stretching motion is even more lowered in TPPI, but its relatively planar conformation suffers emission quenching due to strong π–π stacking interactions in aggregates. Therefore, a twisted molecular conformation consisting of a rigid stator and a rotatable periphery is demonstrated to be a rational design for more efficient AIE luminogens.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of a Stable, a Metastable and a High Temperature Modification of Pb2NaIO6.
Authors: Kubel Frank , Pantazi Mariana , Wandl Nicole , Hagemann Hans
Published: February 2015

Metastable Pb2NaIO6 is precipitated from an aq.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Magnetic Study of Yb3+ in the Perovskites Sr2YbMO6 (M: Nb, Ta, Sb).
Authors: Coomer Fiona C. , Campbell John , Giordano Nico , Collins Oonagh M. , Cussen Edmund J.
Published: February 2015

Sr2YbNbO6, Sr2YbTaO6, and Sr2YbSbO6 are prepared by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3, Yb2O3, and Nb, Ta, or Sb(V) oxides in air (1400 °C, 30 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrahigh Energy Density Realized by a Single‐Layer β‐Co(OH)2 All‐Solid‐State Asymmetric Supercapacitor.
Authors: Gao Shan , Sun Yongfu , Lei Fengcai , Liang Liang , Liu Jiawei , Bi Wentuan , Pan Bicai , Xie Yi
Published: February 2015

Large‐scale β‐Co(OH)2 single‐layers with five‐atomic‐layer‐thicknesses are prepared under ambient atmospheric conditions by injection of an aminoethanol solution into a CoCl2 solution under N2 (36 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Pb5Bi24Se41: A New Member of the Homologous Series Forming Topological Insulator Heterostructures.
Authors: Segawa Kouji , Taskin A. A. , Ando Yoichi
Published: February 2015

The title compound, which is the m = 4 member of the (PbSe)5(Bi2Se3)3m homologous series is synthesized from the elements (1173 K, 6 h, followed by slowly sweeping the temperature from 1023 to 923 K).
ChemInform Abstract: Chincona Alkaloid‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Trifluoromethylthiolation of Oxindoles.
Authors: Yang Tao , Shen Qilong , Lu Long
Published: February 2015

using trifluoromethyl‐substituted thioperoxide as electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent
ChemInform Abstract: A Dual Arylboronic Acid—Aminothiourea Catalytic System for the Asymmetric Intramolecular Hetero‐Michael Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Azuma Takumi , Murata Akihiro , Kobayashi Yusuke , Inokuma Tsubasa , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: February 2015

For the first time aminoboronic acids (such as BNP) are used as efficient catalysts for the direct intramolecular hetero‐Michael addition to α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids to give a wide variety of O‐ and N‐containing heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective α‐Chlorination of β‐Oxo Esters Catalyzed by Chiral Diterpenoid Alkaloid Derivatives.
Authors: Li Zhi , Yang Fan , Meng Qingwei , Gao Zhanxian
Published: February 2015

A chiral diterpenoid easily accessible by N‐deethylation of lappaconitine is described as efficient organocatalyst for the enantioselective α‐chlorination of β‐oxo esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Difluoro(phenylsulfonimidoyl)methylation of Unactivated Alkyl Bromides with PhSO(NTBS)CF2H: Facile Entry into gem‐Difluoroalkenes.
Authors: Shen Xiao , Liu Qinghe , Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: February 2015

The advantages of the method are: (1) unactivated alkyl bromides can serve as substrates; (2) only slight excess of alkyl bromides is necessary.
ChemInform Abstract: Deammoniative Condensation of Primary Allylic Amines with Nonallylic Amines.
Authors: Wang Yong , Li Manbo , Ma Xiantao , Liu Congrong , Gu Yonghong , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: February 2015

The first examples of an efficient deammoniative condensation of primary allylic amines with nonallylic amines are given.
ChemInform Abstract: A Vinylic Rosenmund—von Braun Reaction: Practical Synthesis of Acrylonitriles.
Authors: Pradal Alexandre , Evano Gwilherm
Published: February 2015

The reaction of brominated analogues of the iodinated substrates fails as well as an in situ Finkelstein reaction prior to the cyanation.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Trifluoromethylthiosaccharin: An Easily Accessible, Shelf‐Stable, Broadly Applicable Trifluoromethylthiolating Reagent.
Authors: Xu Chunfa , Ma Bingqing , Shen Qilong
Published: February 2015

N‐Trifluoromethylthiosaccharin (III) is a highly stable crystalline compound and a powerful trifluoromethylthiolating reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐γ‐Silyl‐elimination in Electron‐Deficient Cationic Systems.
Authors: Tilley Leon J.
Published: February 2015

1,3‐γ‐Silyl‐elimination in electron‐deficient cationic systems affording cyclic CF3‐substituted products is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition of Keteniminium with Terminal Alkynes Toward Cyclobuteniminium and Their Use in Diels—Alder Reactions.
Authors: Lumbroso Alexandre , Catak Saron , Sulzer‐Mosse Sarah , De Mesmaeker Alain
Published: February 2015

Cyclobutinium salts react with dienes to form bicyclic compounds with high regio‐ and stereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Useful Extensions of the Henry Reaction: Expeditious Routes to Nitroalkanes and Nitroalkenes in Aqueous Media
Authors: Chandrasekhar Sosale , Shrinidhi Annadka
Published: February 2015

starting from β‐nitroalcohol adducts (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient “On Water” Catalyst‐Free Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Using Difluoroenoxysilanes: Dramatic Fluorine Effects.
Authors: Yu Jin‐Sheng , Liu Yun‐Lin , Tang Jing , Wang Xin , Zhou Jian
Published: February 2015

It is demonstrated that C—F and O—H interactions between fluorinated silanes and the hydrogen‐bond network at phase boundaries facilitates on water reactions with various carbonyl compounds and isatylidene malononitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Trifluoroacetate‐Promoted Mono‐Arylation of the β‐Methyl Group of Alanine at Room Temperature: Synthesis of β‐Arylated α‐Amino Acids Through Sequential C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Wang Bo , Nack William A. , He Gang , Zhang Shu‐Yu , Chen Gong
Published: February 2015

A procedure for the palladium‐catalyzed trifluoroacetate‐promoted mono‐arylation of the β‐methyl group of alanine at room temperature is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Transformation of Methylarenes into Aromatic Nitriles with Inorganic Metal‐Free Reagents.
Authors: Kawagoe Yuhsuke , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: February 2015

Stepwise oxidation of methylarenes with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and concentrated HBr followed by oxidation with iodine in the presence of ammonia offers a facile synthesis of the corresponding nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: High Enantioselective Michael Addition of Malonates to β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters Catalyzed by Bifunctional Thioureas.
Authors: Konda Swapna , Zhao John C.‐G.
Published: February 2015

The use of a bifunctional quinidine thiourea catalyst (QUI) allows the synthesis of Michael addition products in excellent yields with high enantioselectivities up to 99% ee.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzil Derivatives via Oxidation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Pd—Fe3O4 Heterodimer Nanocrystals.
Authors: Byun Sangmoon , Chung Jooyoung , Lim Taehyun , Kwon Jungmin , Kim B. Moon
Published: February 2015

The catalyst is magnetically recycled and reused with slightly decreasing activity after the fourth cycle.
ChemInform Abstract: New Methods for the Synthesis of Naphthyl Amines; Application to the Synthesis of Dihydrosanguinarine (IXa), Sanguinarine (X), Oxysanguinarine (IXb) and (.+‐.)‐Maclekarpines B (XI) and C (XII).
Authors: Tatton Matthew R. , Simpson Iain , Donohoe Timothy J.
Published: February 2015

Natural products (IX)‐(XII) are synthesized from the common precursor (VIII), which requires the change of the general procedure to the use of ZnCl2 as a catalyst because the more vigorous acetic acidic method leads to the products in significantly lower yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Highly Substituted β‐Lactones Through Oxidative Carbene Catalysis with LiCl as Cooperative Lewis Acid.
Authors: Bera Srikrishna , Samanta Ramesh C. , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido
Published: February 2015

The novel cascade reaction of enals with β‐diketones, β‐ketoesters, or malonates uses an NHC catalyst and a bisquinone oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Ultrasound‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of Bis‐azetidinones in the Presence of Zeolite.
Authors: Jetti Venkateshwarlu , Chidurala Praveen , Pagadala Ramakanth , Meshram Jyotsna S. , Ramakrishna Chowdam
Published: February 2015

The title compounds (IV) are obtained by Staudinger reaction ([2+2] ketene‐imine cycloaddition reaction) under both conventional or ultrasound irradiation conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Azide Trapping of Metallocarbenes: Generation of Reactive C‐Acylimines and Domino Trapping with Nucleophiles.
Authors: Bott Tina M. , Atienza Bren Jordan , West F. G. West F. G.
Published: February 2015

The reactive intermediate C‐acylimines are generated from azide‐tethered diazocarbonyl compounds under Cu catalyzed conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Formal [3 + 3] Cycloaddition of Indol‐2‐yl Carbinol with Azadiene and the Oxidative Ring Expansion Reaction for the Synthesis of Indole Azepinones.
Authors: Zhong Xue , Li You , Zhang Jing , Zhang Wu‐Xia , Wang Shi‐Xue , Han Fu‐She
Published: February 2015

An unprecedented [3 + 3] annulation of indol‐2‐yl carbinol (I) with azadiene (II) that allows for rapid construction of 6,5,6,6‐tetracyclic indoles bearing two quaternary carbon centers is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Access to 1H‐Indazoles Through Iodobenzene‐Catalyzed C—H Amination under Mild, Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Kashiwa Mitsuhiro , Sonoda Motohiro , Tanimori Shinji
Published: February 2015

Multisubstituted 1H‐indazoles having an N‐aryl substituent are prepared by iodobenzene‐catalyzed oxidative intramolecular C‐H amination of hydrazones.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline Promoted Green and Regioselective Synthesis of a Novel Pyrazole Based Trifluoromethylated Fused Thiazolopyran Scaffold and Its Biological Evaluation.
Authors: Kalaria Piyush N. , Satasia Shailesh P. , Raval Dipak K.
Published: February 2015

Title compounds (V) are synthesized in high yields by a one‐pot four‐component tandem type reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Free Alcohols: An Enantioselective Approach to Chiral Chromans with Quaternary Stereocenters for the Synthesis of Vitamin E and Analogues.
Authors: Uria Uxue , Vila Carlos , Lin Ming‐Yuan , Rueping Magnus
Published: February 2015

This new gold‐catalyzed intramolecular allylic alkylation reaction provides chiral chromans for the synthesis of α‐tocopherol [vitamin E (IVc)], γ‐tocopherol (IVe), and its analogs (VII), as well as trolox (VIII) and (S)‐LLU‐a (IX) via a following metathesis reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Unique Divergent Reactivity of Boc‐Protected Homopropargylic Alkoxyalkylamines in the Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Domino Catalytic Reactions: Application to the Formal Synthesis of (—)‐Pseudodistomin B.
Authors: Lee Ji Hyung , Jeong Wook , Rhee Young Ho
Published: February 2015

Trisubstituted piperidines [(II), (III), and (V)] are formed from homopropargylic alkoxyamines by Au(I)‐catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Conversion of Aryl‐ and Alkyl‐Substituted 1‐(o‐Aminophenyl)‐2‐propyn‐1‐ones to the Corresponding 2‐Substituted 4‐Quinolones.
Authors: Seppaenen Otto , Muuronen Mikko , Helaja Juho
Published: February 2015

2‐Substituted 4‐quinolines are readily achieved by cyclization of aniline‐2‐propynones (I) in the presence of the cationic Au(I)‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Formation of Cyano‐Bearing All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters: Desymmetrization by Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation.
Authors: Zhou Fengtao , Cheng Gui‐Juan , Yang Wenqiang , Long Yan , Zhang Shasha , Wu Yun‐Dong , Zhang Xinhao , Cai Qian
Published: February 2015

The cyano group at the prochiral center plays a key role for the high enantioselectivity of the copper‐catalyzed intramolecular N‐arylation reactions to give tetrahydroquinoline and tetrahydrobenzoazepine derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Methylimidazole Promotes the Reaction of Homophthalic Anhydride with Imines.
Authors: Liu Jian , Wang Zheng , Levin Aaron , Emge Thomas J. , Rablen Paul R. , Floyd David M. , Knapp Spencer
Published: February 2015

N‐Methylimidazole is an efficient additive in the formal cycloaddition of aldimines with homophthalic anhydride to improve yields as well as the regioselectivity with regard to cyclization over elimination.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Heterocycles via Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H Activation/Cyclization of Diazonium Salts. Part 3. Phenanthridin‐6‐(5H)‐ones.
Authors: Du Zhen‐Ting , Han Pan , Zhou Jing , Zhang Cong‐Cong , Chen Ke
Published: February 2015

Optimum reactions are examined for the synthesis of 17 phenanthridin‐6‐(5H)‐ones (II) by palladium‐catalyzed cyclization of diazonium salts (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines via the Pictet—Spengler Reaction in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP).
Authors: Wang Li‐Na , Shen Su‐Li , Qu Jin
Published: February 2015

Hexafluoro‐2‐propanol acts as both the solvent and the catalyst to promote the title reaction between tryptamine derivatives [(I) or (VI)] or tyramine derivative (IX), resp., and aldehydes (II) or ketones (IV), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: High Performance of a Palladium Phosphinooxazoline Catalyst in the Asymmetric Arylation of Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines.
Authors: Jiang Chunhui , Lu Yixin , Hayashi Tamio
Published: February 2015

The asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to N‐sulfonyl ketimines is efficiently catalyzed by a chiral Pd‐oxazoline catalyst to give the corresponding arylation products in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, σ Receptor Affinity, and Pharmacological Evaluation of 5‐Phenylsulfanyl‐ and 5‐Benzyl‐Substituted Tetrahydro‐2‐benzazepines.
Authors: Hasebein Peer , Frehland Bastian , Schepmann Dirk , Wuensch Bernhard
Published: February 2015

A series of 5‐benzyl‐ and 5‐phenylsulfanyltetrahydrobenzazepines are synthesized and evaluated for their pharmacological activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Hydrosilylation of Unsymmetric Alkynes Using a Phenylthio Directing Group.
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Hsun , Isobe Minoru
Published: February 2015

The first systematic study to determine the regioselectivity for the hydrosilylation of phenylthioacetylenes in the presence of a stable cobalt carbonyl complex is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient and Chromatography‐Free Partial Syntheses of Maslinic Acid and Augustic Acid.
Authors: Sommerwerk Sven , Csuk Rene
Published: February 2015

Maslinic acid (Ia) and augustic acid (Ib) are synthesized from the commercially available and inexpensive oleanic acid in four steps in 41% and 72% isolated yields, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Tricyclic and Spirobicyclic Norsesquiterpenes from the Endophytic Fungus Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola.
Authors: Wibowo Mario , Prachyawarakorn Vilailak , Aree Thammarat , Wiyakrutta Suthep , Mahidol Chulabhorn , Ruchirawat Somsak , Kittakoop Prasat
Published: February 2015

Together with three known sesquiterpenes, the new tricyclic (I) and spirocyclic norsesquiterpenes (II), and the new nor‐chamigrane endoperoxide (III) are isolated from the title fungus.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Biomimetic Total Syntheses of Kuwanons I (Ia) and J (Ib) and Brosimones A (II) and B (III).
Authors: Han Jianguang , Li Xia , Guan Yong , Zhao Wenjun , Wulff William D. , Lei Xiaoguang
Published: February 2015

The synthesis of the title compounds is accomplished from a common intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Properties and Applications of Nanoceria: Is There Still Plenty of Room at the Bottom?
Authors: Reed Kenneth , Cormack Alastair , Kulkarni Aniruddha , Mayton Mark , Sayle Dean , Klaessig Fred , Stadler Brad
Published: February 2015

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Constraining Cyclic Peptides to Mimic Protein Structure Motifs
Authors: Hill Timothy A. , Shepherd Nicholas E. , Diness Frederik , Fairlie David P.
Published: February 2015

Review: [172 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Nitroglycals: Versatile Building Blocks for the Synthesis of 2‐Aminoglycosides
Authors: Delaunay Thierry , Poisson Thomas , Jubault Philippe , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: February 2015

Review: [50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Photoredox‐Catalytic Activation of Aliphatic Nucleophiles for C(sp3)—C(sp2) Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Jahn Emanuela , Jahn Ullrich
Published: February 2015

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Insights Gained from Solvable Models into a Variety of Phase Transitions, Including Emergent Assemblies Plus Isoelectronic Series of Atomic Ions
Authors: March N. H. , Angilella G. G. N. , Pucci R.
Published: February 2015

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Status on Plastic Scintillators Modifications
Authors: Bertrand Guillaume H. V. , Hamel Matthieu , Sguerra Fabien
Published: February 2015

Review: [recent developments of plastic scintillators from 2000 to March 2014; 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inspecting Chiral Molecules by Raman Optical Activity Spectroscopy
Authors: Parchansk� Vaclav , Kapitan Josef , Bour Petr
Published: February 2015

Review: [94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanocatalysis II: In Situ Surface Probes of Nano‐Catalysts and Correlative Structure‐Reactivity Studies
Authors: Alayoglu Selim , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: February 2015

Review: 120 refs.
Leistungsdatenvergleich Wärmetauscher – WTP‐Plattenkondensator versus Rohrbündel
Authors: Femmer Ulrich , Offermanns Heribert
Published: February 2015

Im Rahmen des InnovA2‐Verbundprojektes zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz von Produktionsprozessen wurden zwei Bauarten von Kopfkondensatoren im Hinblick auf ihre Energieeffizienz verglichen. Rohrbündel‐Wärmetauscher brauchen kostenintensive Rohrböden zur Druckabsicherung zwischen Kühlwasser und Produkt, während WTP (Wärmetauscher‐Platten‐Stystem)‐Plattenwärmetauscher druckeigensicher sind. Der Vergleich dieser beiden Systeme über Rechenmodelle ergab eine erhöhte Energieeffizienz des WTP‐Systems sowie eine erhebliche Gewichtseinsparung.
Grain Cadmium and Zinc Concentrations in Maize Influenced by Genotypic Variations and Zinc Fertilization
Authors: Fahad Shah , Hussain Saddam , Saud Shah , Hassan Shah , Shan Darakh , Chen Yutiao , Deng Nanyan , Khan Fahad , Wu Chao , Wu Wei , Shah Farroq , Ullah Bashir , Yousaf Muhammad , Ali Saqib , Huang Jianliang
Published: February 2015

Zinc (Zn) fertilization could be a viable approach for minimizing cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the food chain. The present study was carried out to investigate the role of various Zn fertilization treatments (control, foliar application at tasseling stage, foliar application at milky stage, rubber ash application, soil application of ZnSO4) and cultivars (Pop 2004B, Pop 2006, Azam, Sarhad (W), Pahari) on grain yield, grain Zn, and grain Cd concentrations in maize. All Zn fertilization treatments resulted in a significantly higher grain yield, higher grain Zn concentration, and reduced grain Cd concentration. The application of rubber ash remained the best among all Zn fertilization treatments as it resulted in a higher grain yield of 62% and a reduced grain Cd concentration by 57% compared to control. Contradictions were apparent between cultivars, and the cultivars which recorded a higher grain yield had a lower Zn concentration in their grains and vice versa. Regarding Cd accumulation, all cultivars except Azam, retained less Cd with increased grain Zn concentration. Future studies should focus on breeding/selection of high yielding and high quality cultivars. Furthermore, the feasibility of rubber ash maybe tested under different climatic and edaphic conditions against other heavy metals and other crops as well.
Characteristics and Fertilizer Effects of Soil‐Like Materials from Landfill Mining
Authors: Zhou Chuanbin , Xu Wanying , Gong Zhe , Fang Wenjun , Cao Aixin
Published: February 2015

Landfills stock massive amounts of minerals and materials, where soil‐like material is the primary component of stored waste in old landfills. A typical old landfill (Yingchun landfill) in China was taken as a study case. The stored wastes were sampled from different depths of the landfill, and then the soil‐like materials were screened for further analysis. Physicochemical characteristics and the fertilizer quality of the soil‐like materials were analyzed and the fertilizer effects were studied by cultivatingImpatiens balsaminaL. with different mixed ratios of soil‐like materials and natural soils. According to the results, soil‐like materials accounted for 75.02% of the total stored wastes and were in an advanced state of decomposition. Soil‐like materials displayed a cation exchange capacity of 84.53 cmol(+) kg−1, pH 8.14, and an electrical conductivity of 1190.55 μS cm−1, and were also characterized by high levels of organic carbon and nutrient contents compared to natural soils. The total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium of soil‐like materials were 9.06, 0.16, 0.21, and 1.48%, respectively. Most of the heavy metal content was relatively lower than the law limits in China. However, As and Zn may have an environmental contamination risk. It could be shown that soil‐like materials could significantly promote growing and flowering ofI. balsaminaL., and were proved to be a valuable bio‐resource with utility as soil amendment, cultivating substrate, and raw materials for producing organic–inorganic compound fertilizers.
Double D–π–A Dye Linked by 2,2′‐Bipyridine Dicarboxylic Acid: Influence of para‐ and meta‐Substituted Carboxyl Anchoring Group
Authors: Ganesan Paramaguru , Chandiran Aravind Kumar , Gao Peng , Rajalingam Renganathan , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja
Published: February 2015

Starting from 2,2′‐bipyridine dicarboxylic acid, two new (D–π–A)2 sensitizers, including m‐DA with the carboxyl anchoring group substituted meta to the donor‐bridge moiety and p‐DA with a para‐substituted anchoring group, were synthesized in order to evaluate the impact of the position of the anchoring group on the optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of dye‐sensitized solar cells. p‐DA exhibits red‐shifted absorption behavior compared to m‐DA, owing to the more efficiently extended π‐conjugation with para substitution. Both m‐DA and p‐DA are adsorbed on the mesoporous TiO2 surface by using both of their carboxylic acid groups in a bianchoring mode, which is confirmed through attenuated total reflectance FTIR analysis. Red‐shifted absorption of p‐DA assists the achievement of a red‐shifted incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency and a higher short‐circuit current density than m‐DA. The photogenerated electron lifetime in TiO2 is also found to be higher for para substituted p‐DA than the meta‐substituted m‐DA, which results in a higher open‐circuit voltage. All of the results suggest that dicarboxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine can be used as an acceptor for metal‐free organic sensitizers. However, the anchoring segments should be adjusted to the favorable position of the corresponding donor‐bridge moieties for better conjugation.
Open Pore Architecture of an Ordered Mesoporous IrO2 Thin Film for Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Chandra Debraj , Abe Naoto , Takama Daisuke , Saito Kenji , Yui Tatsuto , Yagi Masayuki
Published: February 2015

We report the first accessible channel‐like open pore architecture of ordered 2D hexagonal mesoporous IrO2 films and its utilization as an efficient anode for electrocatalytic water oxidation. A well‐ordered mesostructure of circa 7 nm pores were obtained by a facile one‐pot soft‐templating strategy, employing a [Ir(OH)6]2− precursor stabilized by a triblock copolymer “Pluronic F127” as a pore‐directing template. A mesoporous IrO2 film calcined at 400 °C (∼70 nm thick) affords a high surface area of 512 m2 cm−3 and 2 times higher O2 evolution during the electrocatalytic water oxidation relative to an untemplated IrO2 coating film.
Reconciling nature conservation and traditional farming practices: a spatially explicit framework to assess the extent of High Nature Value farmlands in the European countryside
Authors: Lomba Angela , Alves Paulo , Jongman Rob H. G. , McCracken David I.
Published: February 2015

Agriculture constitutes a dominant land cover worldwide, and rural landscapes under extensive farming practices acknowledged due to high biodiversity levels. The High Nature Value farmland (HNVf) concept has been highlighted in the EU environmental and rural policies due to their inherent potential to help characterize and direct financial support to European landscapes where high nature and/or conservation value is dependent on the continuation of specific low‐intensity farming systems.

Assessing the extent of HNV farmland by necessity relies on the availability of both ecological and farming systems' data, and difficulties associated with making such assessments have been widely described across Europe. A spatially explicit framework of data collection, building out from local administrative units, has recently been suggested as a means of addressing such difficulties.

This manuscript tests the relevance of the proposed approach, describes the spatially explicit framework in a case study area in northern Portugal, and discusses the potential of the approach to help better inform the implementation of conservation and rural development policies.

Synthesis and applications: The potential of a novel approach (combining land use/cover, farming and environmental data) to provide more accurate and efficient mapping and monitoring of HNV farmlands is tested at the local level in northern Portugal. The approach is considered to constitute a step forward toward a more precise targeting of landscapes for agri‐environment schemes, as it allowed a more accurate discrimination of areas within the case study landscape that have a higher value for nature conservation.
Mitochondria‐Targeting Photocytotoxic Ferrocenyl Conjugates of N‐Alkylpyridinium Salts
Authors: Balaji Babu , Balakrishnan Babita , Perumalla Sravanakumar , Karande Anjali A. , Chakravarty Akhil R.
Published: February 2015

Ferrocenyl (Fc) conjugates (1–3) of alkylpyridinium cations (E)‐N‐alkyl‐4‐[2‐(ferrocenyl)vinyl]pyridinium bromide (alkyl = n‐butyl in 1, N,N,N‐triethylbutan‐1‐aminium bromide in 2, and n‐butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide in 3) were prepared and characterized, and their photocytotoxicities and cellular uptakes in HeLa cancer and 3T3 normal cells were studied. The species with a 4‐methoxyphenyl moiety (4) instead of Fc was used as a control. The triphenylphosphonium‐appended 3 was designed for specific delivery into the mitochondria of the cells. Compounds 1–3 showed metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer bands at λ ≈ 550 nm in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The Fc+/Fc and pyridinium core redox couples were observed at 0.75 and –1.2 V versus a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in CH2Cl2/0.1 M (nBu4N)ClO4. Conjugate 3 showed a significantly higher photocytotoxicity in HeLa cancer cells [IC50 = (1.3 ± 0.2) μM] than in normal 3T3 cells [IC50 = (27.5 ± 1.5) μM] in visible light (400–700 nm). The positive role of the Fc moiety in 3 was evident from the inactive nature of 4. A JC‐1 dye (5,5,6,6‐tetrachloro‐1,1,3,3‐tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide) assay showed that 3 targets the mitochondria and induces apoptosis by the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Annexin/propidium iodide studies showed that 3 induces apoptotic cell death in visible light by ROS generation, as evidenced from dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. Compounds 1–3 exhibit DNA photocleavage activity through the formation of hydroxyl radicals.
Slow Magnetic Relaxation in Pseudo‐One‐Dimensional 2p‐4f Chains Involving π–π Interactions
Authors: Wang Juanjuan , Zhu Mei , Li Cun , Zhang Junqing , Li Licun
Published: February 2015

The reactions of the nitronyl nitroxide radical 2‐(p‐nitrophenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (NIT‐PhNO2) with Ln(hfac)3 (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate) afford two mononuclear lanthanide nitronyl nitroxide complexes [Ln(hfac)3(NIT‐PhNO2)2]·0.5C7H16 [Ln = GdIII (1), DyIII (2)]. X‐ray structural analysis shows that both complexes have a similar mononuclear structure, in which two NIT‐PhNO2 radicals are bonded to the LnIII center as monodentate ligands through the oxygen atoms of the NO groups. Interestingly, those mononuclear units form a pseudo‐one‐dimensional chain structure through π–π interactions. Direct current (dc) magnetic measurements show that there is ferromagnetic coupling between the lanthanide ion and the radical ligand for both complexes. Alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that the DyIII complex shows slow relaxation of magnetization in zero field, which is observed for the first time in a lanthanide–radical complex with a pseudo one‐dimensional structure through π–π interactions.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Direct C–H Amidation of 2,4‐Diarylquinazoline with Sulfonyl Azides: An Example of Steric Hindrance Regulated Mono‐ and Diamidation Selectivity
Authors: Zhang Chunyan , Zhou Yirong , Deng Zhihong , Chen Xin , Peng Yiyuan
Published: February 2015

An unprecedented steric hindrance controlled regioselective rhodium‐catalyzed direct C–H amidation of 2,4‐diarylquinazoline was described. Sulfonyl azides were used as the amine source to provide a variety of amide‐functionalized 2,4‐diarylquinazolines in high efficiency. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions, had good functional group tolerance with a broad scope of substrates, and afforded moderate to good product yields. Excellent monoamidation selectivity was achieved with the assistance of meta substituents.
Direct Vicinal Difunctionalization of Alkynes: An Efficient Approach Towards the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Fluorinated Alkenes
Authors: Besset Tatiana , Poisson Thomas , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: February 2015

The direct vicinal difunctionalization of versatile alkynes is an area of considerable interest. In particular, the concomitant introduction of a functional group and a fluorinated moiety offers new efficient synthetic routes to the construction of highly functionalized olefins, key building blocks in the synthesis of several complex and relevant molecules. This review highlights the major progress that has been made in this field offering an overview of the direct concomitant introduction of a range of functional groups and various fluorinated moieties into alkynes through radical and metal‐catalyzed processes. In addition, rearrangement reactions involving molecules containing alkynes and leading to fluorinated alkenes are also carefully depicted.
Divergent Cascade Construction of Skeletally Diverse “Privileged” Pyrazole‐Derived Molecular Architectures
Authors: Zhang Yongqiang , Wu Shanchao , Wang Shengzheng , Fang Kun , Dong Guoqiang , Liu Na , Miao Zhenyuan , Yao Jianzhong , Li Jian , Zhang Wannian , Sheng Chunquan , Wang Wei
Published: February 2015

A powerful divergent cascade strategy has been explored for the easy construction of diverse enantioenriched pyrazole‐derived scaffolds from readily available chiral fused pyrazole‐tetrahydropyran acetals. These versatile intermediates can react in various ways to give Michael–aldol, reduction–lactonization, α‐hydroxylation–acetalization–oxidation, and Wittig–aldol and Wittig–oxa‐Michael cascade reactions. Using only six simple building blocks, these processes gave five distinct molecular architectures. Furthermore, screening 10 compounds representing the 5 distinct scaffolds revealed potent anticancer lead compounds that deserve further development.
Versatile electrophoresis‐based self‐test platform
Authors: Guijt Rosanne M.
Published: February 2015

Lab on a Chip technology offers the possibility to extract chemical information from a complex sample in a simple, automated way without the need for a laboratory setting. In the health care sector, this chemical information could be used as a diagnostic tool for example to inform dosing. In this issue, the research underpinning a family of electrophoresis‐based point‐of‐care devices for self‐testing of ionic analytes in various sample matrices is described [Electrophoresis 2015, 36, 712–721.]. Hardware, software, and methodological chances made to improve the overall analytical performance in terms of accuracy, precision, detection limit, and reliability are discussed. In addition to the main focus of lithium monitoring, new applications including the use of the platform for veterinary purposes, sodium, and for creatinine measurements are included.
Relative sensitivity of an amphipod Hyalella azteca, a midge Chironomus dilutus, and a unionid mussel Lampsilis siliquoidea to a toxic sediment
Authors: Ingersoll Chris G. , Kunz James L. , Hughes Jamie P. , Wang Ning , Ireland D. Scott , Mount David R. , Hockett J. Russell , Valenti Theodore W.
Published: February 2015

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relative sensitivity of test organisms in exposures to dilutions of a highly toxic sediment contaminated with metals and organic compounds. One dilution series was prepared using control sand (low total organic carbon [TOC; <0.1%, low binding capacity for contaminants]) and a second dilution series was prepared using control sediment from West Bearskin Lake, Minnesota, USA (high TOC [∼10% TOC, higher binding capacity for contaminants]). Test organisms included an amphipod (Hyalella azteca; 10-d and 28-d exposures), a midge (Chironomus dilutus; 20-d and 48-d exposures started with <1-h-old larvae, and 13-d and 48-d exposures started with 7-d-old larvae), and a unionid mussel (Lampsilis siliquoidea; 28-d exposures). Relative species sensitivity depended on the toxicity endpoint and the diluent. All 3 species were more sensitive in sand dilutions than in West Bearskin Lake sediment dilutions. The <1-h-old C. dilutus were more sensitive than 7-d-old C. dilutus, but replicate variability was high in exposures started with the younger midge larvae. Larval biomass and adult emergence endpoints of C. dilutus exhibited a similar sensitivity. Survival, weight, and biomass of H. azteca were more sensitive endpoints in 28-d exposures than in 10-d exposures. Weight and biomass of L. siliquoidea were sensitive endpoints in both sand and West Bearskin Lake sediment dilutions. Metals, ammonia, oil, and other organic contaminants may have contributed to the observed toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1134–1144. © 2015 The Authors. Published by SETAC.
Microplastics: addressing ecological risk through lessons learned
Authors: Syberg Kristian , Khan Farhan R. , Selck Henriette , Palmqvist Annemette , Banta Gary T. , Daley Jennifer , Sano Larissa , Duhaime Melissa B.
Published: February 2015

Plastic litter is an environmental problem of great concern. Despite the magnitude of the plastic pollution in our water bodies, only limited scientific understanding is available about the risk to the environment, particularly for microplastics. The apparent magnitude of the problem calls for quickly developing sound scientific guidance on the ecological risks of microplastics. The authors suggest that future research into microplastics risks should be guided by lessons learned from the more advanced and better understood areas of (eco) toxicology of engineered nanoparticles and mixture toxicity. Relevant examples of advances in these two fields are provided to help accelerate the scientific learning curve within the relatively unexplored area of microplastics risk assessment. Finally, the authors advocate an expansion of the “vector effect” hypothesis with regard to microplastics risk to help focus research of microplastics environmental risk at different levels of biological and environmental organization. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:945–953. © 2015 SETAC