bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Produção rural e segurança alimentar no Brasil
Authors: Strassburg Udo , Oliveira Nilton Marques de , Barchet Isabela , Dal Pai Camili , Ilha Paulo César da Silva , Shikida Pery Francisco Assis
Published: December 2015

O artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma abordagem sobre segurança alimentar e desenvolvimento rural de 1964 a 2011, fundamentado nas contribuições de pensadores brasileiros que analisam essa temática. Para tanto, recorreu-se a um ferramental metodológico exploratório e a literatura especializada. O Brasil é uma referência mundial na produção de alimentos. Porém, parcela significativa da população não tem acesso a uma alimentação adequada que possa caracterizar uma condição de segurança alimentar. Sugere-se que esse cenário decorre, principalmente, de aspectos sociais, entre os quais se destaca a desigual distribuição de renda. Políticas públicas foram implantadas no período analisado de modo a minimizar essa condição, destacando-se o Programa Fome Zero. Contudo, verifica-se que é preciso criar condições de inserção social e econômica para a população por meio do incentivo a novas atividades locais, que contribuam também para o desenvolvimento rural.

Código JEL | L66; Q18; Q56.
A Review of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Post-operative Endophthalmitis
Authors: Goray Apurva , Arora Supriya , Yadava Divya , Gupta Shantanu , Ghosh Basudeb
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this review is to summarise all available evidence regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for post cataract surgery endophthalmitis as some prophylactic measures add significantly to the cost of surgery, are routinely used and yet their benefit to cataract patients has not been proven. Use of Povidone Iodine before starting the surgery is one of the most effective means of reducing the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis. Intracameral cefuroxime is another important measure advocated by many studies. Intracameral moxifloxacin may be considered as an alternative to cefuroxime. Although pre and post-operative systemic or topical antibiotics, subconjunctival antibiotics and antibiotics in the irrigating solution have not been proven to decrease post-operative endophthalmitis, they have not been shown to be detrimental and hence surgeons may consider their use according to personal preferences and a cost-benefit analysis of their healthcare system.
Ankyloblepharon Filiforme Adnatum Associated with Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Rare Case
Authors: Sharma Ram Lal , Chauhan Sunil , Parmar Deepti
Published: December 2015

Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum (AFA) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by partial or complete adhesion of upper and lower eyelids, usually seen as an isolated finding, but often associated with other anomalies or a well-defined syndrome. We report a case of bilateral AFA associated with bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. There were multiple adhesions of both the eyelids, which were divided by scissors under topical anaesthesia. One year follow-up of the child showed normal eyelid function, ocular motility, and fundus. In a case of AFA, timely separation of the eyelids is crucial to avoid the development of occlusion amblyopia.
Intractable Disputes
Authors: Miller Courtney Waite
Published: December 2015

Intractable disputes are long‐lasting, escalated conflicts that seem resistant to resolution attempts. Intractable disputes can occur between two or more individuals, within or between groups, and within or between nations. This entry describes the distinguishing characteristics and causes of intractable disputes and addresses intractable disputes within ongoing relationships. It also provides strategies aimed at resolving intractable disputes, including communication before negotiation and ways to transform conflicts using the dynamical perspective on malignant social relations.

Intractable disputes are escalated conflicts that persist over time and seem resistant to resolution attempts. They often degenerate into destructive, highly emotional conflicts that are detrimental to the parties involved and often to those around them as well. The majority of research on intractable disputes has focused on intractable conflicts between nations or political groups. Much of this literature is applicable to intractable interpersonal disputes. Intractable disputes occur between family members, neighbors, coworkers, spouses, and friends.
Communication and Mental Health
Authors: Segrin Chris
Published: December 2015

Interpersonal communication processes are adversely affected by many mental health problems and in some cases may be risk factors for mental health problems. Four major interpersonal communication processes that play a role in mental health are highlighted: social skills deficits, communication deviance, expressed emotion, and lack of social support. The association between these interpersonal processes and schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, substance abuse disorders, personality disorders, and loneliness are discussed.
Relationship Disengagement Strategies
Authors: Cupach William R.
Published: December 2015

Relationship disengagement strategies represent symbolic actions that individuals employ to end an interpersonal relationship with another person. Disengagement can also refer to behaviors intended to reduce intimacy in a relationship. Disengagement strategies vary with respect to their directness (e.g., giving reasons for wanting a breakup) or indirectness (e.g., withdrawing from interactions with the partner), and their self‐orientation (e.g., manipulating the rejected partner) versus other‐orientation (e.g., showing sensitivity to the rejected partner). Disengagement strategies portray a somewhat static view of the way in which relationships are ended. Accomplishing relationship disengagement is particularly challenging when the rejected partner strongly resists disengagement.
Arousal Theories of Interaction Adaptation
Authors: Andersen Peter A.
Published: December 2015

A number of communication theories have attempted to account for how relationships emerge and flourish. The theories reviewed in this article examine the processes by which interpersonal immediacy or intimacy behaviors create interpersonal arousal and subsequently lead to cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal changes. Central in each theory is the attempt to account for the reasons interpersonal distancing and compensation versus affiliation and reciprocity occur in the presence of immediacy behaviors. No single theory of immediacy exchange has emerged as predominant, though each has received considerable empirical support.
Parenting Styles/Discipline
Authors: Givertz Michelle
Published: December 2015

A parenting style refers to a cluster of parental practices that produce relatively stable and identifiable patterns of child adjustment. Parenting styles reflect variations in the attitudes and practices of parents, and are comprised of discrete parenting behaviors, including disciplinary tactics. Baumrind's parenting styles typology represents the leading typological approach to parenting, and has dominated the parent–child research agenda for the last 50 years. This entry examines the historical context in which the typology emerged, as well as its theoretical and research foundations. It introduces the original parenting styles typology based on three parenting prototypes, and details the research findings that led to an expansion of the typology to include four parenting prototypes. It concludes with a discussion of child outcomes associated with the various parenting styles, as well as proposing future directions for parenting styles research.
Transcendent Interactions (
AAT
)
Authors: Greene John O.
Published: December 2015

Transcendent interactions are conversational experiences of immersion, connection, and discovery. This entry reviews treatments of transcendence and related constructs (e.g.,
flow
,
rapport
) and summarizes one theoretical framework, the theory of transcendent interaction (TTI), focused on describing the processes that give rise to such experiences. TTI draws upon action assembly theory to advance a set of propositions about the conjoint nature of human cognition.
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory
Authors: Nishida Tsukasa
Published: December 2015

William B. Gudykunst created the Anxiety Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory consisting of two subtheories: a subtheory of effective communication, and a corresponding subtheory of strangers’ intercultural adjustment. The first subtheory was meant to elucidate the processes subserving effective communication. The second subtheory was meant to explain intercultural adjustment processes. Both subtheories were designed to improve the quality of their communication in intercultural communication contexts. This entry overviews the history, assumptions, theoretical categories, axioms, and applications of both subtheories.
Topic Avoidance
Authors: Afifi Tamara D.
Published: December 2015

In the United States, people often feel uncomfortable with avoidance, especially if that avoidance is obvious between the people communicating with each other. Topics that are declared “taboo” or off limits, for example, can become a source of contention in relationships. At the same time, avoidance is natural and necessary and can be extremely beneficial in relationships. The purpose of this encyclopedia entry is to discuss some of the research on topic avoidance. Specifically, it will explore what topics individuals tend to avoid, why they avoid them, and the ramifications of avoidance.
Gestures and Kinesics
Authors: Guerrero Laura K.
Published: December 2015

Kinesics is the study of body movement. This entry discusses some of the early work that provided a foundation for the study of kinesics, along with contemporary work that examines how kinesic behaviors express emotion and send relational messages related to intimacy and dominance in interpersonal interaction.
Flirting
Authors: La France Betty H.
Published: December 2015

Flirting consists of those verbal and nonverbal communication cues that people use to demonstrate relational interest in others. Over 30 years of research, investigating flirtatious communication has discovered cues that are typically associated with flirting, motivations for flirting, and individuals’ flirting styles. Research on flirting supports an evolutionary perspective on social‐sexual interactions where flirtatious cues and misperceptions of those cues are indicative of strategic adaptations to pressures that humans face regarding their sexual behavior.
Parent–Child Communication
Authors: Munz Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2015

Parent–child communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between a parent and child within a family system. Parents are biological or nonbiological caregivers (e.g., adoptive parents or stepparents) and parent–child communication takes place throughout the child's ages and developmental stages. Theories utilized by scholars of parent–child communication come from within and beyond the communication discipline. Research on parent–child communication focuses on individual characteristics of the parent and the child, the quality and content of communicative exchanges, and child‐level and relationship‐level outcomes.
Communication in Single‐Parent Families
Authors: Miller‐Ott Aimee E.
Published: December 2015

Single‐parent households, also known as primary‐parent households, include one adult and at least one child and are formed through death, divorce, out‐of‐wedlock births, single‐parent adoption, technologically‐assisted reproduction, and desertion. Single parents are faced with unique challenges that directly impact their communication with children, coparents, cohabitating partners, and social support network members. This entry details the major areas of interpersonal communication research on single‐parent family communication.
Hospital Staff Communication
Authors: Jameson Jessica Katz
Published: December 2015

Hospital staff communication refers to the interaction among healthcare providers: nurses, doctors, pharmacists, social workers, psychologists, and other specialists who share information and coordinate activities to ensure the safety and care of patients. Due to the importance of effective hospital staff communication, medical schools require communication skills training. This need has led to a robust subdiscipline of health communication, and interpersonal communication research in this area includes communication among nurses, communication between doctors, nurses, and other specialists, and communication within cross‐disciplinary medical teams.
Stalking/Obsessive Relational Intrusion
Authors: Spitzberg Brian H.
Published: December 2015

Stalking is a pattern of unwanted behavior that results in the target or a reasonable person experiencing fear or a sense of threat. Obsessive relational intrusion is a pattern of seeking intimacy from a person who does not want such intimacy. The societal and historical context of stalking, the types of stalkers and the types of stalker behaviors, the ways in which victims attempt to cope, and the effects of stalking reveal the complexity of stalking and obsessive relational intrusion as a social phenomenon.
Friends with Benefits
Authors: Mongeau Paul A. , Knight Kendra
Published: December 2015

Friends‐with‐benefits relationships (FWBRs) occur when two unmarried individuals, who do not identify their relationship as romantic or dating, engage in sexual interaction (ranging from kissing to sexual intercourse) on repeated occasions. Friends with benefits (FWBs) represent a relational hybrid, an attempt to combine the best of friendships (intimate self‐disclosure and social support) and romantic relationships (sexual interaction). Although simple and easily understood, the FWB label belies considerable ambiguity and complexity. FWBRs encompass a variety of relational motivations, histories, and contexts. Recent research has identified at least seven types of FWBRs that differ in the nature of the friendship and partners’ romantic histories and motivations. FWBRs are likely popular with emerging adults (roughly, the 20–35 age range), because it corresponds with their desires for identity development and personal (and relational) experimentation.
Communication Apprehension
Authors: Beatty Michael J. , Pascual‐Ferrá Paola
Published: December 2015

Communication apprehension (CA) refers to the predisposition to avoid communication if possible or experience anxiety when forced to communicate. Initially, CA was conceptualized as a learned trait, resulting from punishment for communicating. Later, it was reconceptualized as a product of inborn, neurobiological systems. Understanding the conceptual shift away from a social learning perspective and toward the communibiological perspective requires consideration of personality theory, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral genetics.
Environment and Social Interaction
Authors: Patterson Miles L.
Published: December 2015

The environment is more than a canvas for social interaction. Macro‐environment and micro‐environment features constrain behavioral options and prime specific social behaviors and judgments. But individuals also act on their environments to shape changes in social interaction. The reciprocal influence between the environment and individuals can be seen in the quality and frequency of interactions, the dynamics of behavior settings, privacy regulation, and the effects of design and arrangement features. The complementary roles of individual actors and the environment on social interaction can be framed in terms of a systems approach.
Relational Uncertainty
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. , McAninch Kelly G.
Published: December 2015

Relational uncertainty is the degree of confidence (or lack of confidence) that individuals have in their perceptions of involvement within interpersonal relationships. This entry explicates the nature of people's questions about their relationships, with particular attention to the sources, levels, and content of relational uncertainty. It then describes research on how individuals produce and process messages when experiencing relational uncertainty, and it reviews work on relational uncertainty in a variety of contexts. The entry concludes by identifying paradoxes of relational uncertainty as well as avenues for additional work.
Influence Goals and Plans
Authors: Dillard James Price
Published: December 2015

Influence is one of the basic functions of communication. Messages that are designed to produce change in others can be explained as the product of individuals’ goals and plans. Seven influence goals can be distinguished in terms of their key features, related situation perceptions, and communication behavior.
Affection Exchange Theory
Authors: Floyd Kory
Published: December 2015

Affectionate communication is fundamental to the human relational experience. Across cultures, the expression of affection contributes to the formation, maintenance, and satisfaction level of close personal relationships. Floyd's affection exchange theory (AET) proposes that affectionate communication evolved among humans due to its contributions to the important goals of survival and procreation. This article introduces and evaluates AET, and details empirical work identifying the benefits of affectionate behavior for relationships and individual physical and mental health.
Reciprocity/Compensation in Social Interaction
Authors: White Cindy H.
Published: December 2015

Reciprocity and compensation refer to patterns of interaction which emerge between communicators during interaction. Reciprocity occurs when the behavior of one communicator influences the behavior of the interaction partner so that the behavior of both partners becomes more similar. Compensation occurs when the influence of one partner on the other results in accentuation of differences in interaction between partners. Much of the research on patterns of interaction has focused on nonverbal behaviors such as interaction distance or speech rate. Research suggests that reciprocity is often the norm in interaction; however, both reciprocity and compensation are communicative and convey a partner's understandings of the nature of the interaction and the orientation of communicators to one another.
Cultural Differences in Bargaining and Negotiation
Authors: Liu Meina
Published: December 2015

As globalization continues to bring members of different cultures into contact with each other, the study of culture and negotiation has gained increasing prominence since the 1980s. Numerous books and articles have been written about the complexities of negotiating across cultures by scholars from various disciplines, ranging from context‐rich, thick descriptions of negotiations within a culture to comparative analyses of negotiation processes across cultures. Although cross‐cultural negotiation research continues to expand our understanding of culture's influence on negotiation, it has evolved much more slowly than the mainstream negotiation theory and research. This entry reviews current trends in research on culture and negotiation, followed by directions for future research.
Causal Modeling
Authors: Hamilton Mark A.
Published: December 2015

The unique features of causal modeling as a form of the general linear model are described, with direct effects distinguished from indirect effects. The technique can identify spurious relationships and suppression; this is demonstrated in a research example that examines the effect of life events on personality and affection. The roles of variables in causal models are explained along with the intricacies arising from reciprocal causation. Descriptive and inferential indicators of model fit are described as well as various treatments of correlated errors. Alternatives for handling moderator variables in causal models are covered in addition to strategies for establishing the causal flow among the variables in a model. One‐step and two‐step procedures for constructing measurement models and testing theoretical models are compared.
Loneliness
Authors: Park Namkee
Published: December 2015

The study of loneliness has examined its definitions, types, antecedents, consequences, and coping strategies. With respect to the association between people's interpersonal relationships and loneliness, two approaches exist. The communication‐centered approach emphasizes the association between loneliness and communication skills deficiencies, whereas the attributional approach suggests that people attribute loneliness to stable, uncontrollable, and internal factors, such as lack of social competence or attractiveness. Further, lonely people's use of media technologies, such as television, the Internet, and mobile phones, has been found to differ systematically from that of people who are not lonely.
Sequential Analysis of Interaction(
LSA
/Markov)
Authors: Hewes Dean E.
Published: December 2015

Communication is a web of messages arranged over time. The order of statements and the duration between them affects their meaning and what they imply about the person making them and the relationships between people connected by those messages. Techniques for studying the temporal organization of messages are discussed in this entry.
P‐glycoprotein regulates Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B–stimulated interleukin‐5 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin secretion in organotypic mucosal explants
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Singleton Amy , Nocera Angela L. , Kocharyan Armine , Petkova Victoria , Han Xue
Published: December 2015

Background

T‐helper 2 (Th2) inflammation is a hallmark of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) although the pathogenesis is poorly understood. P‐glycoprotein (permeability glycoprotein, P‐gp) is an efflux pump that is capable of regulating cytokine transport and is expressed within sinonasal mucosa. The purpose of this study was to examine if the oversecretion of interleukin 5 (IL‐5) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in CRSwNP could be explained through P‐gp–mediated secretory pathways.

Methods

Fifteen ethmoid mucosal explants were harvested from patients with CRS (n = 10) and CRSwNP (n = 10) and stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). P‐gp was inhibited using zosuquidar trihydrochloride (herein Zosuquidar). P‐gp expression was measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL‐5, IL‐8, and TSLP secretion were quantified using ELISA.

Results

P‐gp protein was overexpressed in CRSwNP (28.32 ± 25.94 ng/mL per mg explant) as compared to CRS (10.74 ± 8.61; p = 0.01, 2‐tailed Mann‐Whitney U test). There was no difference in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. SEB induced a significant increase in IL‐5 and TSLP but not IL‐8 secretion relative to control in the CRSwNP explants only. Subsequent P‐gp inhibition significantly reduced IL‐5 and TSLP secretion (p = 0.04 for both, 2‐tailed Student t test) to control levels. The concentration of IL‐5 and TSLP secretion were strongly and significantly correlated to the concentration of P‐gp within the same explant (IL‐5: r = 0.791, p = 0.001; TSLP: r = 0.687, p = 0.003; 2‐tailed Spearman's rank‐order correlation).

Conclusion

P‐gp protein is expressed at higher concentrations in CRSwNP as compared to CRS. This overexpression directly contributes to the relative hypersecretion of IL‐5 and TSLP. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for Th2 skewing in CRSwNP.
Endoscopic endonasal orbital cavernous hemangioma resection: global experience in techniques and outcomes
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Castelnuovo Paolo , Battaglia Paolo , Turri‐Zanoni Mario , Dallan Iacopo , Metson Ralph , Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Stefko S. Tonya , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Nogueira Joao Flavio , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Muscatello Luca , Lenzi Riccardo , Freitag Suzanne
Published: December 2015

Background

Endoscopic orbital surgery represents the next frontier in endonasal surgery. The current literature is largely composed of small, heterogeneous, case series with little consensus regarding optimal techniques. The purpose of this study was to combine the experience of multiple international centers to create a composite of the global experience on the endoscopic management of a single type of tumor, the orbital cavernous hemangioma (OCH).

Methods

This was a retrospective study of techniques for endoscopic OCH resection from 6 centers on 3 continents. Only primary data from strictly endoscopic resection of OCHs were included. Responses were analyzed to qualitatively identify points of both consensus and variability among the different groups.

Results

Data for a total of 23 patients, 10 (43.5%) male and 13 (56.5%) female were collected. The majority of lesions were intraconal (60.9%). The mean ± standard deviation (SD) surgical time was 150.7 ± 75.0 minutes with a mean blood loss of 82.7 ± 49.6 mL. Binarial approaches (26.1%) were used exclusively in the setting of intraconal lesions, which were associated with a higher rate of incomplete resection (31.3%), postoperative diplopia (25.0%), and the need for reconstruction (37.5%) than extraconal lesions. Orthotropia and symmetric orbital appearance were achieved in 60.9% and 78.3% of cases, respectively.

Conclusion

Extraconal lesions were managed similarly; however, greater variability was evident for intraconal lesions. These included the laterality and number of hands in the approach, methods of medial rectus retraction, and the need for reconstruction. The increased technical complexity and disparity of techniques in addressing intraconal OCHs suggests that continued research into the optimal management of this subclass of lesions is of significant priority.
Assessment of pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses: a comprehensive and validated metric
Authors: Marino Michael J. , Weinstein Jacqueline E. , Riley Charles A. , Levy Joshua M. , Emerson Noah A. , McCoul Edward D.
Published: December 2015

Background

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a radiographic metric for characterizing the degree of paranasal sinus pneumatization. A validated metric for the extent of sinus pneumatization that comprehensively includes the maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid cavities is not currently available.

Methods

A validation study was performed in which 5 independent reviewers evaluated 49 sinus computed tomography (CT) scans in coronal, sagittal, and axial orientations. Reviewers evaluated each scan, bilaterally, for 18 proposed dichotomous items as part of the Assessment of Pneumatization of the Paranasal Sinuses (APPS) metric. Evaluation of APPS items was independent of sinus opacification, which was simultaneously evaluated using the standard and validated Lund‐Mackay scoring system. Interrater and intrarater reliability was assessed for each proposed APPS parameter and Lund‐Mackay item using Fleiss kappa statistic.

Results

Nine parameters were included in the final APPS metric due to substantial interrater reliability (κ(mean) = 0.61, κ(range) = 0.41–0.81) and intrarater consistency (κ(mean) = 0.64, κ(range) = 0.53–0.77), variable radiographic presence, and unique contribution to the characterization of sinus pneumatization. Kappa values were also calculated for Lund‐Mackay interrater reliability (κ(mean) = 0.58, κ(range) = 0.45–0.66) and intrarater consistency (κ(mean) = 0.71, κ(range) = 0.65–0.75). The final APPS metric has comparable interrater and intrarater reliability to Lund‐Mackay scoring. APPS scores were normally distributed within the study group by Anderson‐Darling normality test (p < 0.005).

Conclusion

The APPS score is the first comprehensive and validated metric for quantifying the degree of paranasal sinus pneumatization and anatomic variation. This has important potential utility in standardizing evaluation of sinus CT and researching the relationship of sinus pneumatization with clinical parameters.
What controls the interannual variation of tropical cyclone genesis frequency over Bay of Bengal in the post‐monsoon peak season?
Authors: Li Zhi , Li Tim , Yu Weidong , Li Kuiping , Liu Yanliang
Published: December 2015

Tropical cyclone (TC) over Bay of Bengal (BoB) during its climatologic maximum peak season (October–November, post‐monsoon season) exhibits a significant interannual variation between a negative Indian Ocean dipole (NIOD) and a positive IOD (PIOD) phase but not between El Niño and La Niña phase. Diagnosis of observational data reveals that the most important parameter that determines the interannual variation of BoB TC is the interaction between the mid‐tropospheric relative humidity and the long‐term mean states of absolute vorticity, vertical wind shear, and potential intensity. The change of mid‐tropospheric moisture is primarily determined by vertical advection associated with low‐level vorticity anomalies during IOD.
Comparison of long-term mortality after ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in England and Sweden
Authors: Karthikesalingam A , Wanhainen A , Holt P J , Vidal-Diez A , Brownrigg J R W , Shpitser I , Björck M , Thompson M M , Mani K
Published: December 2015

Background

Concern has been raised regarding international discrepancies in perioperative mortality after repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA). The variation in in-hospital mortality is difficult to interpret, owing to international differences in discharge strategies. This study compared 90-day and 5-year mortality in patients who had a rAAA in England and Sweden.

Methods

Patients undergoing rAAA repair were identified from English Hospital Episode Statistics and the Swedish Vascular Registry (Swedvasc) between 2003 and 2012. Ninety-day and 5-year mortality were compared after matching for age and sex. Within-country analyses examined the impact of co-morbidity, teaching hospital status or hospital annual caseload, adjusted with causal inference techniques.

Results

Some 12 467 patients underwent rAAA repair in England, of whom 83·2 per cent were men; the median (i.q.r.) age was 75 (70–80) years. A total of 2829 Swedish patients underwent rAAA repair, of whom 81·3 per cent were men; their median (i.q.r.) age was 75 (69–80) years. The 90-day mortality rate was worse in England (44·0 per cent versus 33·4 per cent in Sweden; P < 0·001), as was 5-year mortality (freedom from mortality 38·6 versus 46·3 per cent respectively; P < 0·001). In England, lower mortality was seen in teaching hospitals with larger bed capacity, higher annual caseloads and greater use of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). In Sweden, lower mortality was associated with EVAR, high annual caseload, or surgery on weekdays compared with weekends.

Conclusion

Short- and long-term mortality after rAAA repair was higher in England. In both countries, mortality was lowest in centres performing greater numbers of AAA repairs per annum, and more EVAR procedures.
Multicentre observational study of the Gatekeeper™ for faecal incontinence
Authors: Ratto C , Buntzen S , Aigner F , Altomare D F , Heydari A , Donisi L , Lundby L , Parello A
Published: December 2015

Background

A variety of therapeutic approaches are available for faecal incontinence. Implantation of Gatekeeper™ prostheses is a new promising option. The primary endpoint of this prospective observational multicentre study was to assess the clinical efficacy of Gatekeeper™ implantation in patients with faecal incontinence. Secondary endpoints included the assessment of patients' quality of life, and the feasibility and safety of implantation.

Methods

Patients with faecal incontinence, with either intact sphincters or internal anal sphincter lesions extending for less than 60° of the anal circumference, were selected. Intersphincteric implantation of six prostheses was performed. At baseline, and 1, 3 and 12 months after implantation, the number of faecal incontinence episodes, Cleveland Clinic Faecal Incontinence, Vaizey and American Medical Systems, Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale and Short Form 36 Health Survey scores were recorded. Endoanal ultrasonography was performed at baseline and follow-up.

Results

Fifty-four patients were implanted. After Gatekeeper™ implantation, incontinence to gas, liquid and solid stool improved significantly, soiling was reduced, and ability to defer defaecation enhanced. All faecal incontinence severity scores were significantly reduced, and patients' quality of life improved. At 12 months, 30 patients (56 per cent) showed at least 75 per cent improvement in all faecal incontinence parameters, and seven (13 per cent) became fully continent. In three patients a single prosthesis was extruded during surgery, but was replaced immediately. After implantation, prosthesis dislodgement occurred in three patients; no replacement was required.

Conclusion

Anal implantation of the Gatekeeper™ in patients with faecal incontinence was effective and safe. Clinical benefits were sustained at 1-year follow-up.
Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome caused by a novel missense mutation in FATP4 gene‐a case report from India
Authors: George Renu , Santhanam Sridhar , Samuel Rekha , Chapla Aaron , Hilmarsen Hilde Tveitan , Braathen Geir Julius , Reinholt Finn P. , Jahnsen Frode , Khnykin Denis
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical Message

Ichthyosis prematurity syndrome (IPS) is reported mainly from Scandinavia where most of the cases are homozygous or compound heterozygous for the nonsense mutation c.504C>A (p.Cys168*) in exon3 indicating a common ancestor for this mutation. The occurrence of IPS in an Indian patient suggests that it is more widespread than previously reported.
Viewing Adolescents' Career Futures Through the Lenses of Socioeconomic Status and Social Class
Authors: Eshelman Alec J. , Rottinghaus Patrick J.
Published: December 2015

This study examined socioeconomic status (SES) and perceived social class as predictors of educational and occupational aspirations and expectations in a sample of 100 high school students from 2 midwestern high schools. SES was measured using caregivers' occupation and education, and subjective social status was assessed using the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status–Youth Version (Goodman et al., SES and perceived social class made independent contributions to educational aspirations, whereas SES made an independent contribution to occupational aspirations and expectations. The authors discuss the importance of SES and social class in career development theory and research and provide practical implications based on the present findings. Overall, this study highlights the importance of measuring SES and social class as distinct constructs and the need for future work to identify the unique impacts of these variables.
Supervision Training, Practices, and Interests of California Site Supervisors
Authors: Uellendahl Gail E. , Tenenbaum Maya N.
Published: December 2015

In this descriptive study, the authors surveyed 220 California school counselor site supervisors of interns about supervision training, practices, and interests. Respondents overwhelmingly (71%) felt unprepared for this role and identified the need for more formal training and support. Results indicate a crucial leadership and advocacy role for counselor education programs.
Quality and quantity: transitions in antimicrobial gland use for parasite defense
Authors: Tranter Christopher , Fernández‐Marín Hermógenes , Hughes William O. H.
Published: December 2015

Parasites are a major force in evolution, and understanding how host life history affects parasite pressure and investment in disease resistance is a general problem in evolutionary biology. The threat of disease may be especially strong in social animals, and ants have evolved the unique metapleural gland (MG), which in many taxa produce antimicrobial compounds that have been argued to have been a key to their ecological success. However, the importance of the MG in the disease resistance of individual ants across ant taxa has not been examined directly. We investigate experimentally the importance of the MG for disease resistance in the fungus‐growing ants, a group in which there is interspecific variation in MG size and which has distinct transitions in life history. We find that more derived taxa rely more on the MG for disease resistance than more basal taxa and that there are a series of evolutionary transitions in the quality, quantity, and usage of the MG secretions, which correlate with transitions in life history. These shifts show how even small clades can exhibit substantial transitions in disease resistance investment, demonstrating that host–parasite relationships can be very dynamic and that targeted experimental, as well as large‐scale, comparative studies can be valuable for identifying evolutionary transitions.
A new r‐ratio formulation for TVD schemes for vertex‐centered FVM on an unstructured mesh
Authors: Zhang Zhuo , Song Zhi‐yao , Kong Jun , Hu Di
Published: December 2015

The r‐ratio is a parameter that measures the local monotonicity, by which a number of high‐resolution and TVD schemes can be formed. A number of r‐ratio formulations for TVD schemes have been presented over the last few decades to solve the transport equation in shallow waters based on the finite volume method (FVM). However, unlike structured meshes, the coordinate directions are not clearly defined on an unstructured mesh; therefore, some r‐ratio formulations have been established by approximating the solute concentration at virtual nodes, which may be estimated from different assumptions. However, some formulations may introduce either oscillation or diffusion behavior within the vertex‐centered (VC) framework. In this paper, a new r‐ratio formulation, applied to an unstructured grid in the VC framework, is proposed and compared with the traditional r‐ratio formulations. Through seven commonly used benchmark tests, it is shown that the newly proposed r‐ratio formulation obtains better results than the traditional ones with less numerical diffusion and spurious oscillation. Moreover, three commonly used TVD schemes—SUPERBEE, MINMOD, and MUSCL—and two high‐order schemes—SOU and QUICK—are implemented and compared using the new r‐ratio formulation. The new r‐ratio formulation is shown to be sufficiently comprehensive to permit the general implementation of a high‐resolution scheme within the VC framework. Finally, the sensitivity test for different grid types demonstrates the good adaptability of this new r‐ratio formulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of rare germline copy number variations and common susceptibility loci in Lynch syndrome patients negative for mutations in the mismatch repair genes
Authors: Villacis Rolando A.R. , Miranda Priscila M. , Gomy Israel , Santos Erika M.M. , Carraro Dirce M. , Achatz Maria I. , Rossi Benedito M. , Rogatto Silvia R.
Published: December 2015

In colorectal carcinoma (CRC), 35% of cases are known to have a hereditary component, while a lower proportion (∼5%) can be explained by known genetic factors. In this study, copy number variations (CNVs) were evaluated in 45 unrelated patients with clinical hypothesis of Lynch syndrome (Amsterdam or Bethesda criteria); negative for MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, CHEK2*1100delC and TP53 pathogenic mutations; aiming to reveal new predisposing genes. Analyses with two different microarray platforms (Agilent 180K and Affymetrix CytoScan HD) revealed 35 rare CNVs covering 67 known genes in 22 patients. Gains (GALNT6 and GALNT11) and losses (SEMA3C) involving the same gene families related to CRC susceptibility were found among the rare CNVs. Segregation analysis performed on four relatives from one family suggested the involvement of GALNT11 and KMT2C in those at risk of developing CRC. Notably, in silico molecular analysis revealed that 61% (41/67) of the genes covered by rare CNVs were associated with cancer, mainly colorectal (17 genes). Ten common SNPs, previously associated with CRC, were genotyped in 39 index patients and 100 sporadic CRC cases. Although no significant, an increased number of risk alleles was detected in the index cases compared with the sporadic CRC patients. None of the SNPs were covered by CNVs, suggesting an independent effect of each alteration in cancer susceptibility. In conclusion, rare germline CNVs and common SNPs may contribute to an increased risk for hereditary CRC in patients with mismatch repair proficiency.
Primary stability of inferior tilt fixation of the glenoid component in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: A finite element study
Authors: Chae Soo‐Won , Lee Haea , Kim Soo Min , Lee Juneyoung , Han Seung‐Ho , Kim Soung‐Yon
Published: December 2015

Glenoid component fixation with inferior tilt has been suggested as one of the surgical methods to decrease scapular notching and improve stability, but its clinically beneficial effect remains a concern. We evaluated the influence of inferior tilt fixation of the glenoid component on primary stability in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty by finite element analysis. Finite element models were constructed from cadaveric scapulae of females over the age of 60 years and glenoid components from reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. The relative micromotion at the bone–glenoid component interface, distribution of bone stress under the glenoid component and around the screws, contact area between the bone and screws, and cut surface area of the cancellous bone exposed after glenoid reaming were analyzed and compared between a neutral and 10° inferior tilt fixation of the glenoid component. The 10° inferior tilt fixation demonstrated greater relative micromotion and higher bone stress than the neutral tilt fixation. Eccentric reaming, which is done to produce the inferior tilt fixation of the glenoid component, increased glenoid cancellous bone exposure and decreased bone–screws contact area. Inferior tilt fixation of the glenoid component may adversely affect primary stability and longevity after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1061–1068, 2016.
Comparison of fluoride effects on germination and growth of Zea mays, Glycine max and Sorghum vulgare
Authors: Fina Brenda L , Lupo Maela , Dri Nicolas , Lombarte Mercedes , Rigalli Alfredo
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

Fluorosis is a disease caused by over‐exposure to fluoride (F). Argentina's rural lands have higher fluorine content than urban lands. Evidence confirms that plants grown in fluoridated areas could have higher F content. We compared F uptake and growth of crops grown in different F concentrations. The effect of 0–8 ppm F concentrations on maize, soybeans and sorghum germination and growth was compared. After 6 days seeding, the germination was determined, the roots and aerial parts lengths were measured, and vigor index was calculated. F content was measured in each part of the plants. Controls with equal concentrations of NaCl were carried out.

RESULTS

Significant decrease in roots and aerial parts lengths, and in vigor index of maize and soybeans plants was observed with F concentrations greater than 2 ppm. This was not observed in sorghum seedlings. Also, the amount of F in all crops augmented as F increases, being higher in roots and ungerminated seeds. Sorghum was the crop with the highest F content.

CONCLUSION

Fluoride decreased the germination and growth of maize and soybeans and therefore could influence on their production. Conversely, sorghum seems to be resistant to the action of F. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Free vascularized tibial periosteal graft with monitoring skin island for limb reconstruction: Anatomical study and case report
Authors: Diaz‐Gallardo Paula , Knörr Jorge , Vega‐Encina I. , Corona Pablo S. , Barrera‐Ochoa Sergi , Rodriguez‐Baeza Alfonso , Mascarenhas Vasco V. , Soldado Francisco
Published: December 2015

Several types of vascularized periosteal flaps have recently been described for the treatment or prevention of complex non‐union in pediatric patients. Among them, a vascularized tibial periosteal graft (VTPG), supplied by the anterior tibial vessels (ATV), has been used successfully as a pedicled flap in a few patients. The purpose of the study is to describe the periosteal branches of the ATV, as well as the cutaneous and muscular branches by means of an anatomical study. In addition, to report on the use of VTPG as a free flap with a monitoring skin island in a clinical case. A mean of 6.5 periosteal branches (range 5–7) were found. In all cases we located a cutaneous perforator branching from one of the periosteal branches located at the midlevel of the leg. We performed a two‐stage reconstruction of a recalcitrant non‐union and residual shortening of the right tibia in a 17‐year‐old boy. After nonunion focus distraction, we used a massive bone allograft fixed with a nail and covered by a VTPG as a biological resource. Allograft consolidation was achieved 5.5 months after surgery. At eighteen months after surgery, no complications were observed and the patient had resumed all his daily activities, despite a residual 2‐cm limb‐length discrepancy. VTPG may be considered as a valuable surgical option for bone reconstruction in complex biological scenarios in the young population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:248–251, 2017.
Intensity correction for multichannel hyperpolarized 13C imaging of the heart
Authors: Dominguez‐Viqueira William , Geraghty Benjamin J. , Lau Justin Y.C. , Robb Fraser J. , Chen Albert P. , Cunningham Charles H.
Published: December 2015

Purpose

Develop and test an analytic correction method to correct the signal intensity variation caused by the inhomogeneous reception profile of an eight‐channel phased array for hyperpolarized 13C imaging.

Theory and Methods

Fiducial markers visible in anatomical images were attached to the individual coils to provide three dimensional localization of the receive hardware with respect to the image frame of reference. The coil locations and dimensions were used to numerically model the reception profile using the Biot‐Savart Law. The accuracy of the coil sensitivity estimation was validated with images derived from a homogenous 13C phantom. Numerical coil sensitivity estimates were used to perform intensity correction of in vivo hyperpolarized 13C cardiac images in pigs.

Results

In comparison to the conventional sum‐of‐squares reconstruction, improved signal uniformity was observed in the corrected images.

Conclusion

The analytical intensity correction scheme was shown to improve the uniformity of multichannel image reconstruction in hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate and 13C‐bicarbonate cardiac MRI. The method is independent of the pulse sequence used for 13C data acquisition, simple to implement and does not require additional scan time, making it an attractive technique for multichannel hyperpolarized 13C MRI. Magn Reson Med 75:859–865, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.