bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fertilization of Chinook and Coho Salmon Eggs with Cryo-Preserved Sperm
Authors: Ott A. G. , Horton H. F.
Published: April 2011

Techniques were developed that resulted in the fertilization of fresh eggs of spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) with sperm frozen 7 days in liquid nitrogen (−196 C). Maximum fertilities obtained were 38 and 79%, respectively. Best results for coho salmon were achieved when mannitol and dimethyl sulfoxide were included in the extender, and when no time was allowed for equilibration of the fresh sperm to the extender. This is the first success reported in preserving viable sperm of these two species at subfreezing temperatures.
Geographic Variation in the Lateral Line Scale Counts of the Arctic Grayling, Thymallus arcticus
Authors: McCart P. , Pepper V. A.
Published: April 2011

An examination of Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) collected on either side of the continental divide (Brooks Range) in Alaska revealed that lateral line scale counts were significantly higher on the North Slope than in the Yukon Basin to the south. An examination of geographic variation in this character within the North American range of the species suggested a division into three geographic areas: an area of uniformly low mean counts in the Bering Sea–North Slope of Alaska; an area of uniformly high counts in the remainder of Alaska and parts of the Yukon Territory and British Columbia; an area of variable mean counts in the Northwest Territories. Only two glacial refugia need be postulated to explain this pattern if it is assumed that populations in the first and last of these areas have a similar Mississippian origin and the high count populations a Beringian origin.
Fecundity of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) from Two Maine Rivers
Authors: Baum E. T. , Meister A. L.
Published: April 2011

Estimates of numbers of eggs in 164 hatchery-spawned Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from two Maine rivers ranged from 3528 to 18,847, and egg number per pound of total body weight from 523 to 1385. Sample autopsies of 10 salmon revealed that artificial spawning removed an average of more than 97% of the eggs in the body cavity. There was no significant difference between von Bayer and displacement estimates of fecundity. Valid estimates of the potential egg deposition of Atlantic salmon runs in the two Maine rivers studied can be made using routinely collected trapping data and the regression formulae based on fish length resulting from this study. Salmon that spent 2 years at sea before spawning contained lower total numbers of eggs but appeared to have a higher rate of fecundity than older fish. Factors governing egg size could not be isolated. Loss in body weight during spawning is discussed.
A Liquid Scintillation Method for Assaying 14C-LabelIed Benthic Microflora
Authors: Skauen D. M. , Marshall N. , Fragala R. J.
Published: April 2011

A simple and reliable method for assaying 14C-labelled benthic microflora is described. Powdered core samples are suspended in Cab-O-Sil gel and 14C activity determined in a liquid scintillation spectrometer.
Relation between Stipe Length, Environment, and the Taxonomic Characters of Laminaria
Authors: Mann K. H.
Published: April 2011

The characters normally used to separate Laminaria longicruris from L. agardhii are unsatisfactory because they change with the stipe length of the plants (presumably related to age) and the degree of wave exposure, and because forms with characters intermediate between the two species are common. At four stations with differing degree of exposure, young plants all had solid stipes and some of the older plants had hollow stipes, but the length at which a cavity first appeared increased with increasing wave action, while the proportion of the stipe that was hollow decreased. The shape of the base of the blade did not correlate with the condition of the stipe.
Effects of Sodium Chloride on Outgrowth and Toxin Production of Clostridium botulinum Type E in Cod Homogenates
Authors: Boyd J. W. , Southcott B. A.
Published: April 2011

The sodium chloride tolerance of Clostridium botulinum type E strains Minnesota, Saratoga, and Tennessee was determined in heat-processed cod homogenates prepared from fresh frozen Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). Homogenates were inoculated with heat-activated spores and incubated anaerobically at 30 C. The Minnesota strain produced a maximum toxin titer of 800 MLD (minimal lethal dose)/g in homogenates without added NaCl (control samples); a brine concentration of 3.76% (NaCl content in aqueous phase) inhibited toxin formation in homogenates, but did not inhibit outgrowth and vegetative cell multiplication. A maximum titer of 75 MLD was formed by the Saratoga strain in control samples; growth occurred in homogenates with a 3.84% brine content without the formation of toxin. The Tennessee strain produced a maximum titer of 1000 MLD in control samples; toxin of low potency was formed in homogenates containing 4.40% brine. A brine concentration of 5.50% in homogenates was sporistatic to the Saratoga and Tennessee strains, but not to the Minnesota strain. Toxin was produced in subcultures prepared from homogenates in which growth was inhibited by NaCl.
The Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Long Pond, Conception Bay, Newfoundland
Authors: Kennedy V. S. , Steele D. H.
Published: April 2011

Monthly samples of winter flounder taken in Long Pond from November 1962 to October 1963 indicated that the flounder moved into deeper water (7–10 m) during the summer and returned to shallow water (1–2 m) from September to June. These movements corresponded to the end of the spawning season and the ripening of the gonads respectively. Spawning occurred from March until early June, most of it in May and early June. Most males were mature at age 6 and most females at age 7. Fifty percent of the males and females were mature at 21 and 25 cm respectively. The growth rates of the males and females were similar until the age of 8, after which the females apparently outgrew the males. Early growth and fecundity were similar to those reported for other areas. No feeding took place in December or January but the flounder fed in March and continued to feed throughout the summer; food intake decreased in the fall. They were omnivorous and the type of food eaten varied with the locality. Polychaetes, plant material, and molluscs were the most common food items throughout the year. Capelin eggs and fish remains were found only during a few months of the year but were eaten in great quantities.
Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Tissues of the Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister)
Authors: Allen W. V.
Published: April 2011

Tissues of the Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) were analyzed for content of total lipid, protein, amino acids, fatty acids, and glucosamine. Ovaries and hepatopancreas were the major lipid storage organs. Gonads (ovaries and testes) and skeletal muscle contained substantially more protein than the other tissues. All tissues except the exoskeleton had balanced amino acid compositions. The exoskeletal protein was deficient in arginine and lysine. Glucosamine was a prominent constituent of the exoskeleton and of the gills and the gastric apparatus. Palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids were the major fatty acids found in all tissues.
Monitoring of Fish Tank Oxygen Concentration Using a Digital Recorder
Authors: Scott K. R.
Published: April 2011

A method for monitoring fish tank oxygen concentrations at 10-min intervals is described. The millivolt output from a temperature-compensated oxygen meter is connected to a clocked digital datalogger system having a perforated paper tape output. Results from two widely different sets of operating conditions are analysed and automatically plotted using a prewritten computer program.
Paralepis coregonoides borealis (Osteichthyes: Paralepididae) from Davis Strait and Labrador Sea
Authors: Lear W. H. , May A. W.
Published: April 2011

Twenty Paralepis specimens were taken from the stomachs of 10 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) caught by drift net at seven fishing stations in the Davis Strait and Labrador Sea. Eleven of the 20 specimens were identified as Paralepis coregonoides borealis Reinhardt on the basis of vertebral counts, and the remainder are tentatively assigned to this species. These are the first records of adult specimens from the Davis Strait, though a few have been recorded from the west coast of Greenland.
Killifish "Hemagglutinogens"
Authors: Metroka C. E. , Chuba J. V. , Kuhns W. J. , Nigrelli R. F. , Ruggieri G. D.
Published: April 2011

The "blood-group" activities of mummichog and striped killifish erythrocytes were compared on the basis of monosaccharide agglutination–inhibition tests. Crude wheat germ lectin and some human sera (regardless of A–B–O blood-group status) were shown to contain antikillifish hemagglutinins that were variably inhibitable with N-acetyl–glucosamine and other A–B–O–inactive monosaccharides.
Antibody Production and Immune Responses of Rainbow Trout and Coho Salmon to Chondrococcus columnaris
Authors: Fujihara M. P. , Nakatani R. E.
Published: April 2011

Active immunity to Chondrococcus columnaris disease was established in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) approximately 3 months old by oral vaccination with heat-killed cells. Average agglutinating titers were 1:17 for control survivors and 1:168 for the orally vaccinated salmon. When rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) approximately 3 months old were exposed in a trough to C. columnaris present as a natural contaminant in Columbia River water, 52% of the fish died during the first 6 weeks of the test. Fish that survived the exposure were generally resistant to subsequent challenge. Many age 1 + rainbow trout that survived the C. columnaris infection as juveniles, when sampled after several months of reexposure to the disease, were immune carriers of the pathogen and developed agglutinating antibody titers ranging from 1:80 to 1:640. Titers up to 1:5120 were developed in disease-free yearling rainbow trout by parenteral vaccination.
Segregation Between Adult Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in Small Coastal British Columbia Lakes
Authors: Andrusak H. , Northcote T. G.
Published: April 2011

Comparison of spatial distributions and food of allopatric populations of cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) and Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) in two lakes and of sympatric populations in a third lake suggested interactive segregation. Allopatric cutthroat changed their depth distribution throughout the spring and summer but no diel migration was noted. Changes in food habits closely corresponded to seasonal changes in vertical distribution. A wide range of food organisms was eaten from surface, midwater, and benthic sources. Allopatric Dolly Varden underwent diel changes in spatial distribution, with many being caught in onshore waters near the surface at night. They were absent from such areas in the day, apparently occupying offshore waters at greater depths. Their diet throughout summer consisted largely of surface insects and zooplankton, with lesser amounts of bottom fauna.Sympatric cutthroat trout and Dolly Varden were spatially segregated throughout the summer. Cutthroat trout occurred and fed mostly near the surface in littoral areas. In contrast, Dolly Varden were offshore and benthic in distribution and fed primarily on bottom organisms. By comparing distribution and food habits in allopatric and sympatric populations, it was suggested that competition for food may contribute to their segregation in sympatry. Although segregation of these species when cohabiting may involve interactive processes, the possibility of selective differences being of importance cannot be dismissed.
Effects of Oxygen Depletion and of Carbon Dioxide Buildup on the Photic Behavior of the Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum)
Authors: Scherer E.
Published: April 2011

In laboratory experiments under overhead white light, walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill)) displayed a negative phototactic response consistent with field observations and histological features of the walleye eye. The strength of this innate response proved to be largely dependent on the given respiratory situation: during oxygen depletion and during buildup of free carbon dioxide, this response diminished to the point of obliteration, which occurred at levels leaving mobility and equilibrium of the test specimens still intact. Whereas during the course of oxygen depletion a wide indifference zone (little or no change of light behavior) could be observed from saturation (= acclimation) level down to about 4–2 mg/liter, the fish reacted rather sensitively to increase of free carbon dioxide. Starting from acclimation levels of 1.0–2.0 mm Hg CO2, the light avoidance response declined gradually while approaching tensions of 5 mm Hg or more, being completely abandoned at levels above 15 mm Hg. This effect could not be attributed to pH shifts.
Anomalous Occurrence of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Marine Environment
Authors: Barraclough W. E. , Robinson D. G.
Published: April 2011

Juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) were caught with a surface trawl in low salinity surface waters of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, during July 1967. A natural environmental route is established for the possible movement of carp from the Fraser River estuary to watersheds on Vancouver Island.
First Record of the Bluespotted Poacher, Xeneretmus triacanthus, in British Columbia
Authors: Peden Alex E. , Gruchy C. G.
Published: April 2011

A single specimen of the bluespotted poacher (Xeneretmus triacanthus) provides the first record of this species from British Columbia. The specimen, which extends the known range from Puget Sound to Kwatna Inlet, is described in detail.
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis of Salmonids in Ontario
Authors: Sonstegard R. A. , McDermott L. A.
Published: April 2011

Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) virus was isolated from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in two hatcheries of the Ontario provincial salmonid hatchery system. No histories of abnormal mortalities suggestive of IPN infection had been reported at any of these hatcheries.
Seasonal Settlement of Polychaetous Annelids on Test Panels in Los Angeles–Long Beach Harbors 1950–1951
Authors: Reish Donald J.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-four species of polychaetes settled on test blocks suspended at 13 stations in Los Angeles–Long Beach harbors in 1950–51. Polydora limicola, Capitella capitata, and Hydroides pacificus were the three most frequently occurring species. Although a peak in settling occurred during the spring months, in general, the warmer the water, the greater the number of species present. However, H. pacificus possessed a summer-full peak, and C. capitata exhibited no apparent peak. Many of the species reproduced throughout the year, as indicated by settlement data. A suppression in the number of species was observed whenever the dissolved oxygen concentration was below 4.0 mg/liter.
Schroederella berkeleyi sp.n., un nouvel Orbiniidé (Polychète Sédentaire) de la faune interstitielle littorale du Massachusetts (USA)
Authors: Laubier Lucien
Published: April 2011

The author describes a new species of polychaetous annelid belonging to the genus Schroederella (Orbiniidae), and compares it to the only previously known species, S. pauliani. Like the type-species, S. berkeleyi sp.n. lives in the littoral interstitial biotope, and is distinguishable from it by both morphological and biogeographical arguments.
Two New Records of Benthic Polychaetes from Washington
Authors: Nichols Frederic H.
Published: April 2011

Two benthic polychaete species, Chloeia entypa Chamberlin and Drilonereis falcata minor Hartman, heretofore not recorded from the northeast Pacific Ocean, have been found in samples from the Washington coast, Juan de Fuca Strait, and Puget Sound. These new records reflect incomplete knowledge of the polychaete fauna of these areas.
Aspects of the Characterization, Identification, and Ecology of the Bacterial Flora Associated with the Surface of Stream-Incubating Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus) Eggs
Authors: Bell Gordon R. , Hoskins Gary E. , Hodgkiss W.
Published: April 2011

Stream-incubating eggs of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon usually appeared to have a characteristic bacterial flora associated with the radiate membrane or "capsule," Cytophaga spp. predominating over pseudomonads and other species. In comparison, populations on simulated egg surfaces (polyethylene spheres) consisted mostly of Pseudomonas spp. and Chromobacterium lividum, suggesting that the surface of the incubating egg is bacteriologically selective. The bacterial flora of dead eggs consisted mostly of Pseudomonas spp., whereas the ambient stream waters contained members of Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, and two actinomycetes in addition to members of the genera found on eggs and "simulated eggs."Some characteristics of the bacteria found associated with the surface of the embryonated egg are examined in relation to egg survival. The embryonated egg is regarded as part of a dynamic ecosystem, coined the "oosphere," and it is suggested that egg mortality probably depends more upon the results of complex interactions between the egg, its microflora, and its ambient waters than upon the presence of an obligate pathogen.
Four Bomolochidae (Copepoda) from Fishes of British Columbia
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: April 2011

Holobomolochus venustus and Holobomolochus occultus, two new species of Bomolochidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) are recorded from fishes of British Columbia, described, and illustrated. Holobomolochus spinulus is found for the first time in the Canadian waters, and two new hosts (Damalichthys vacca and Gasterosteus aculeatus) are recorded for Bomolochus cuneatus.
Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area
Authors: Davis John C.
Published: April 2011

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.
Growth Responses of Young Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to Different Diets and Planes of Nutrition
Authors: Brett J. R.
Published: April 2011

The growth rate and food conversion efficiency of yearling sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) (26 ± 2 g) was determined for Halver's test diet, Clark's Chinook mash, Abernathy pellets, frozen marine zooplankton, and sockeye mash, using a number of planes of nutrition. The maximum growth rates at 15 C varied from 3.1% dry body wt/day (Halver's) to 1.5%/day (marine zooplankton) with corresponding gross conversion efficiencies of 48 and 10%. Maintenance rations were determined, mostly by extrapolation, and used to evaluate the net conversion efficiency for each diet. The highest was 74% net conversion on Halver's test diet. Although major differences in growth response existed between the five diets, it was concluded that the various moist diets based on fish meal, used in these and earlier experiments, were not significantly different from each other when on the same plane of nutrition.
The North and Central American Species of Rhabdochona Railliet 1916 (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) of Fishes, Including Rhabdochona canadensis sp.nov.
Authors: Moravec F. , Arai Hisao P.
Published: April 2011

The systematics of the representatives of the genus Rhabdochona, parasitic in fishes of North and Central America, is revised. Rhabdochona cascadilla Wigdor 1918, R. kidderi Pearse 1936, R. decaturensis Gustafson 1949, R. cotti Gustafson 1949, R. ovifilamenta Weller 1938, R. milled Choquette 1951, and R. canadensis sp.nov. are considered as the valid species of this region. The first six species are redescribed and illustrated. The new species, R. canadensis, is described from the cyprinids Hybopsis gracilis (flathead chub; type host), H. plumbea (lake chub), and Rhinichthys cataractae (longnose dace) of Alberta; the latter form is characterized largely by the presence of one or two long filaments at each pole of the eggs, by 14 teeth in the prostom, by the presence of the cuticular spike at the tip of the tail, and by the character of the spicules. The species R. pellucida Gustafson 1949 is regarded as a synonym of R. cascadilla Gustafson 1949, and R. laurentiana Lyster 1940 as a synonym of R. ovifilamenta Weller 1938. Rhabdochona serrata (Wright 1879) Ko and Anderson 1969 is transferred to the genus Cystidicola as species inquirenda. The hosts and geographical distribution of the current members of the genus are reviewed. The paper is supplemented by a key for the identification of the species parasitic in fishes of North and Central America.
Pachycerianthus (Ceriantharia) from British Columbia and Washington
Authors: Arai Mary Needler
Published: April 2011

Pachycerianthus fimbriates specimens from seven collecting areas are described. Many of these specimens closely resemble Pachycerianthus torreyi Arai 1965 from California, but the range of variation is wider. Pachycerianthus torreyi and Pachycerianthus plicatus are considered junior synonyms of P. fimbriatus.
First Record of Whitebait Smelt (Allosmerus elongatus) from Juan de Fuca Strait, British Columbia
Authors: Barraclough W. E. , Wilson R. M.
Published: April 2011

The whitebait smelt Allosmerus elongatus (Ayres) is recorded from British Columbia for the first time on the basis of three specimens from Juan de Fuca Strait caught November 2, 1969.
Morphology and Enzyme Histochemistry in the Liver of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)
Authors: Hinton David E. , Snipes Robert L. , Kendall Michael W.
Published: April 2011

Livers of 27 bass collected from streams and an impoundment in Kentucky were subjected to light and electron microscopic as well as enzyme histochemical examination. The connective tissue framework of the liver was primarily collagen and reticulum. Elastic lamellae were seen in hepatic arteries. Hepatic parenchyma was arranged in dual-plated muralia. Hepatocytes contained glycogen, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a homogeneous nucleus with one prominent nucleolus. Pancreatic acini were observed in walls and perivascular connective tissue of portal veins. No distinct lobular pattern of parenchyma was observed. The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase was abundant in cytoplasm of hepatocytes usually forming a perinuclear cuff. Alkaline phosphatase was determined in the sinusoidal border of hepatocytes and in walls of central veins. Differentiation of portal veins from central veins was made on the basis of proximity to the hepatic artery and bile duct.
Karyotypes of the Teleost Family Esocidae
Authors: Davisson Muriel Trask
Published: April 2011

Representatives of all five surviving species in the teleost family Esocidae, including pikes, pickerels, and muskellunge, and two interspecific hybrids were found to have karyotypes consisting of 50 acrocentric chromosomes. The karyotypic similarity suggests a cytological basis for the ease of hybridization observed among most members of this family and shows that speciation can occur without karyotypic change. Evolutionary implications are discussed.
Identification and Estimation of the Major Components of a Commercial Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture, Aroclor 1221
Authors: Willis D. E. , Addison R. F.
Published: April 2011

The major components of Aroclor® 1221, a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, have been tentatively identified as the following (weight % composition of each component is given in parentheses): biphenyl (12.7), 2-chlorobiphenyl (28.4), 4-chlorobiphenyl (18.7), 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl (9.2), 2,4-dichlorobiphenyl (3.5), 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl (13.6), and 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl (6.2).
Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium to the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Pickering Quentin H. , Gast Marion H.
Published: April 2011

Two continuous-flow bioassays on the chronic toxicity of cadmium to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) indicated that the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for this species is between 57 and 37 μg Cd/liter. The experimental concentration of 57 μg Cd/liter decreased survival of the developing embryos, the embryos being the most sensitive life stage. At lower concentrations of 37 to 4.5 μg Cd/liter, no adverse effect on survival, growth, or reproduction was found. Application factors based on the acute bioassays are discussed in relation to the great variation in toxicity values.
Amine-Citrate Buffers for pH Control in Starch Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Clayton J. W. , Tretiak D. N.
Published: April 2011

Amine-citrate buffer systems for pH control in starch gel electrophoresis gave good resolution of some dehydrogenase isozymes. The pK's of three new amine buffers, N-(3-aminopropyl)-morpholine, pK2 25 C, 6.12; N-(3-aminopropyl)-diethanolamine, pK2 25 C, 6.90; and 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-2-propanol, pK2 25 C, 7.55, were determined at 5 C intervals in the range 10–40 C. These compounds, together with N, N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)iminotris(hydroxymethyl)methane (bis-Tris) and tris-(hydroxymethyl)-methylamine(Tris), provide a series of amine buffers with pK's at 0.5 unit intervals in the pH range 6.1–8.1.
An Analysis of Temperature Effects on the Inshore Lobster Fishery
Authors: Flowers J. M. , Saila S. B.
Published: April 2011

In the past, water temperature has been utilized in combination with some measure of fishing effort in the development of economic estimator or predictor equations for the yield of the lobster Homarus americanus. The hypothesis that the inshore lobster fishery in the United States has been overfished since the end of World War II to the point where increases in fishing effort since that time have had only minor effects on the yields was examined. It was shown that suitable yield prediction equations could be developed using only lagged and present temperatures as the independent variables. Comparisons were made of equations developed for the Maine fishery and sections of the Canadian fishery. Further analyses were done comparing equations developed using winter vs. summer temperatures and surface vs. bottom temperatures.
Estimates of Primary Production off Oregon Using an Improved Chlorophyll-Light Technique
Authors: Small Lawrence F. , Curl Jr. Herbert , Glooschenko Walter A.
Published: April 2011

An existing equation for the estimation of primary production from chlorophyll and light data was examined, and revisions were made to allow more precise applications of the equation to upwelling areas and other regions with relatively large fluctuations in chlorophyll concentration and production per unit of chlorophyll during the day. The revised equation was developed by estimating production in 2-hr increments through the daylight period, and integrating by parts to arrive at production in terms of gC m−2 day−1. Total daily production in coastal waters was estimated within ± 13% of mean 14C estimates, on the average, while in offshore waters the estimates averaged within ± 21% of mean 14C estimates. Estimates by the revised equation averaged 52% better in coastal waters, and 32% better in offshore waters, than the basic, unrevised equation.
Timing of Changes in the Blood, Morphology, and Behavior of Petromyzon marinus During Metamorphosis
Authors: Beamish F. W. H. , Potter I. C.
Published: April 2011

Morphological, biochemical, and behavioral criteria, from samples collected from 1969 to 1971, showed that metamorphosis in P. marinus is of a relatively short duration. In an analysis of sequential catches during 1971, the first external signs of transformation were observed only in samples caught between July 12 and 26, illustrating the marked synchrony characteristic of this and subsequent developmental stages. Relative increases in size of the disc and snout were most marked from mid-August to late October. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the change-over from larval to adult hemoglobins took place mainly between early August and late October, the beginning and peak of this process being characterised by reduced hematocrit values. Over 95% of the animals captured at various times in the field commenced feeding on suckers (Catostomus commersoni) in the laboratory by late November or early December.
Taxonomy, Prevalence, and Specificity of Cryptobia dahli (Möbius) (Mastigophora: Bodonidae) in Lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus
Authors: Khan R. A. , Noble E. R.
Published: April 2011

The protozoan parasite Cryptobia dahli (Mastigophora: Bodonidae) is reported from the stomach of lumpfish, Cyclopterus lumpus, captured off coastal Newfoundland. The parasite was observed in 104 adult specimens but not in 407 viable eggs, 246 young (< 10 mm) that were reared in the laboratory, or in 57 immature lumpfish (25–130 mm). Experiments on host susceptibility indicate, however, that young lumpfish can become infected with C. dahli but not Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus, Mallotus villosus, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, or Tautogolabrus adspersus. It is likely that infections in lumpfish are acquired naturally following ingestion of regurgitated flagellates.
The Preservation of Some Oceanic Animals for Lipid Analysis
Authors: Morris Robert J.
Published: April 2011

Preservation experiments were carried out on zooplankton required for lipid analysis. Deep-freezing of the material under nitrogen, after as much surface water as possible has been removed, was found to be a satisfactory method of preservation for periods of up to 9 months. Formalin and methanol methods of preservation resulted in hydrolysis of the animal's lipid and degradation of the polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulfide to Goldfish (Carassius auratus) as Influenced by Temperature, Oxygen, and Bioassay Techniques
Authors: Adelman Ira R. , Smith Jr. Lloyd L.
Published: April 2011

Bioassays were conducted to test the effect of temperature and oxygen on H2S toxicity to goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) and to investigate some factors that influence bioassay results. Relation of H2S toxicity to temperature is negatively logarithmic over the range of 6.5–25 C. The mean 96-hr TL50 at 6 C was 530 μg/liter and at 25 C was 4 μg/liter. At temperatures of 14, 20, and 26 C, most acute mortality from H2S ended by 11 days and the 11-day TL50's at these temperatures were significantly different. In bioassays with and without prior oxygen acclimation, decreasing oxygen concentrations increased H2S toxicity. In the former, mean TL50's were 62 and 48 μg/liter H2S at oxygen concentrations of 6 and 1.5 mg/liter, respectively, and in the latter, 71 and 53 μg/liter H2S at the same oxygen concentrations. Variability in bioassay results was not affected by test temperatures of 14, 20, and 26 C, and in most cases 1 week of temperature acclimation was adequate. Stocks of fish responded differently after 11 days of bioassay, although differences were not detected after 4 days of bioassay.
Depth Distributions of Benthic Polychaetes in Two Fiords on Ellesmere Island, N.W.T.
Authors: Curtis Mark A.
Published: April 2011

The benthic fauna of Hare and Tanquary fiords was collected in replicate grab samples taken at standardized depths from 6 to 100 m. From this collection, 68 polychaete species were identified. Two of these, Hartmania moorei Pettibone and Zeppelinia monostyla (Zeppelin), have not previously been reported in the Arctic. Population densities of common species demonstrate a marked relation to depth and the distributions of single species were similar in each fiord. Distributions at less than 10 m in Tanquary Fiord appear to be greatly modified by the presence of fiord water, a brackish surface layer formed during the summer ice melt. Among the polychaetes, depth ranges and depths of greatest abundance usually differed and so the species appeared to be scattered along the depth gradient rather than grouped in distinct assemblages.
Effects of Exposure to Sublethal DDT on the Locomotor Behavior of the Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Davy F. B. , Kleerekoper H. , Gensler P.
Published: April 2011

A highly significant time-dependent correlation between consecutive turns in the locomotor pattern of normal goldfish (Carassius auratus), attributed to a "memory" process in the pertaining locomotor control mechanism in the central nervous system, is significantly reduced within 4 days by chronic exposure of the fish to 10 μg/liter p.p′. DDT. Keeping the fish in clean water during 130–139 days did not result in the restoration of the above correlation.
Some Aspects of the Biology of Gammarellus homari (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the Northwestern Atlantic
Authors: Steele D. H.
Published: April 2011

Gammarellus homari is a sublittoral Atlantic amphipod found from eastern Newfoundland and the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence north to Ellesmere Island. It is distinguished from G. angulosus by its larger size, smaller eyes and when alive by its red coloration. It appears to produce a single brood of young per year. Ovigerous females are found at depths of 12–15 m in the winter and the young are released in late winter or spring. It is not known where the males occur or where the adult females spend the remainder of the year.
Bunker C Oil in Sediments and Benthic Animals from Shallow Depths in Chedabucto Bay, N.S.
Authors: Scarratt D. J. , Zitko V.
Published: April 2011

Soft sediments showed considerable fluctuations in Bunker C oil content but little evidence of diminution of Bunker C concentration in the 26 months following the wreck of the tanker Arrow. Coarse sediment samples and most benthic species showed maximum oil concentrations about 1 year after the wreck and some reduction since then. Herbivorous or browsing species had higher oil content than carnivorous or omnivorous species. There is evidence from fluorescence emission spectra that some carnivorous or omnivorous species are able to assimilate and partly metabolize Bunker C oil, but no evidence that Bunker C or its fluorescent derivatives and fractions were being concentrated in higher parts of the food chain.
Effect of Shelters on the Resistance of Dominant and Submissive Blue gills (Lepomis macrochirus) to a Lethal Concentration of Zinc
Authors: Sparks Richard E. , Waller William T. , Cairns Jr. John
Published: April 2011

When pairs of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) were kept in bare, 10-gal compartments for 5 days, dominant–submissive relations developed, and the dominant fish survived a subsequent exposure to 32 mg/liter zinc longer than submissive fish. A flowerpot shelter in each compartment reduced the number of aggressive encounters between fish and removed the response difference. These results indicate that dominant–submissive relations may be a source of variability in the results of bioassays that use fish.
Cadmium Uptake by Marine Organisms
Authors: Eisler R. , Zaroogian G. E. , Hennekey R. J.
Published: April 2011

Adults of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, scallop Aquipecten irradians, oyster Crassostrea virginica, and subadult lobsters Homarus americanus were immersed for 21 days in flowing sea water containing 10 μg/liter of cadmium as[Formula: see text]. Cadmium residues in whole animals and selected tissues were consistently higher in exposed organisms than controls; edible portions of treated lobster (muscle), scallop (adductor muscle), and oyster (whole animal) contained more cadmium per unit wet weight than controls by 25%, 19%, and 352%, respectively.
Underwater Observations on Tracks of Dredges and Trawls and Some Effects of Dredging on a Scallop Ground
Authors: Caddy J. F.
Published: April 2011

Tracks of three types of fishing gear in bottom sediments were observed from a submersible in Chaleur Bay (Gulf of St. Lawrence). Tracks left by past otter trawling activities covered at least 3% of the bottom by area and were considered to have been made by trawl doors.Shallow tracks made by inshore and offshore scallop dredges during the course of the study could be distinguished from each other and from trawl tracks.Scallop dredging lifts fine sediments into suspension, buries gravel below the sand surface, and overturns large rocks embedded in the sediment, appreciably roughening the bottom. The inshore Alberton dredge is inefficient, dumping its contents back onto bottom at intervals during the tow.Dredging causes appreciable lethal and sublethal damage to scallops left in the track, this damage being greatest on rough bottom. Incidental mortalities to scallops with an offshore dredge of at least 13–17% per tow are of the same order of magnitude as estimates of harvesting efficiency made in earlier studies.Predatory fish and crabs were attracted to the dredge tracks within 1 hr of fishing and were observed in the tracks at densities 3–30 times those observed outside the tracks.
An Evaluation of RNA–DNA Ratio as a Measure of Long-Term Growth in Fish Populations
Authors: Haines Terry A.
Published: April 2011

The value of RNA–DNA ratio as a measure of long-term growth of fish populations under semi-natural conditions and when subjected to environmental manipulations was determined. Populations of carp and smallmouth bass of known age distribution were established in artificial ponds maintained at two fertility levels. After 15 months, population growth rates (as percent increase in weight) and RNA–DNA ratios of muscle tissue from selected fish were measured. Each species exhibited a range of population growth rates. The relation between population growth rate and individual fish RNA–DNA ratio for each species was significant. When reproduction occurred, the relation was not significant unless young-of-the-year fish were excluded from population growth rate calculations. Age of fish was also found to have an important effect on RNA–DNA ratio, with the ratio being higher in younger fish.RNA–DNA ratio can be a reliable indicator of long-term population growth in fish when population age structure is known and recruitment is controlled. The method has potential for use in detecting response to environmental changes before growth rate changes become severe.
Age Determination and Growth of Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastes alutus) in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

Age was determined by means of otoliths of juvenile and adult Pacific ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) collected during 1963–69 in the northeast Pacific Ocean, from Oregon to Unalaska Island, Alaska. Consistency of otolith readings between two readers varied inversely with numbers of translucent (or opaque) zones — from 100% agreement for 0-zone otoliths to 23% for 19-zone otoliths. Variability in zone counts between two readers was not great — 85% ± 1 zone for 3- to 24-zone otoliths — and the dispersion was near-normal about zero. Validity of otolith readings was established by demonstrating the annual formation of the translucent zone for juvenile fish, and by detecting the temporal passage of dominant year-classes among juveniles and adults.Age–length relationship varied inversely with depth off British Columbia, and inversely with latitude (or longitude) in the study region. Off Vancouver Island (48°48′N lat), two partially mixed stocks with near-opposite seasonal availability maxima were delineated, from bathymetric age–length and catch-rate data. Latitudinally, there was a sharp discontinuity in the age–length relationship at Dixon Entrance (54°40′N lat).Ranges of von Bertalanffy growth parameters were as follows: L∞, 37.2–48.2; K, 0.078–0.169; and to, − 0.4 to − 1.8. No geographical trend was evident for any parameter. Values of L∞ were larger for females, while values of K were smaller. Considerable variation in parameter values exists among studies on Pacific ocean perch from the western Gulf of Alaska.Age-weight relationship was generally sigmoid in shape. Values of W∞ ranged from 791 to 1686 g. Annual weight increments were maximal at ages 7–11.
Dispersed and Particulate Petroleum Residues in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Levy E. M. , Walton A.
Published: April 2011

Concentrations of petroleum residues both as material in solution or dispersed through the water column and as fresh oil or tarry particles floating on the surface in the Gulf of St. Lawrence were measured during July–August 1971. Dissolved and dispersed forms were present in concentrations generally less than 5 μg/liter over the southern and western regions while 5–10 μg/liter were encountered in the north and east. A major source of these residues appears to be the Atlantic water that enters through Cabot Strait, and the distribution of these materials is closely related to the circulation of water within the Gulf. Surface oil was present at approximately 50% of the stations occupied in concentrations generally less than 100 μg/m2 but as great as 12,400 μg/m2 in the vicinity of the sunken barge Whale. There is no evidence to indicate an appreciable change in concentrations to those of a year ago.
Detection of Trace Amounts of Oil in Sea Water by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Keizer P. D. , Gordon Jr. D. C.
Published: April 2011

Fluorescence spectroscopy is demonstrated to be a valuable technique for estimating petroleum residue concentrations in sea water when large numbers of samples must be analyzed. A recommended procedure is presented, along with some concentrations observed in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia, and along a section between Halifax and Bermuda.
Organochlorine Residues in Harp Seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) Caught in Eastern Canadian Waters
Authors: Frank R. , Ronald K. , Braun H. E.
Published: April 2011

From 1969 to 1971, 78 harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus), ranging in age from newborn to 18 years were obtained from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Newfoundland and Labrador coasts (Front). A further 12 seals captured in the Gulf died (in captivity) after being held for various periods of time.Total DDT and metabolites (Σ DDT) in the blubber of wild beaters and bedlamers from the Gulf were > 2 ppm, from the Front < 2 ppm. DDT levels increased to 8.7 ppm as the animals matured, and in females levelled off at 6.5 ppm when the breeding age was reached. Dieldrin levels were only 5% of those for Σ DDT, and did not accumulate appreciably in either wild or captive seals. PCB residues were only slightly less than Σ DDT and showed a similar increase with the age of the seal.Residues in tissues of captive seals were as much as eight times higher than in nature, indicating either that natural diets contain lower residues than the selected, often monospecific diet, or differing rates of assimilation of organochlorines in wild and captive animals. The differences between levels in wild seals from the Gulf and Front may offer evidence for sub-population groups in the harp seals of the North West Atlantic.In seals examined brain lipids contained between 7 and 20% of concentrations of all three chlorinated hydrocarbons found in the extractible fat of blubber, muscle, and liver, indicating a brain barrier.
Vulnerability and Survival of Young Connecticut River Fish Entrained at a Nuclear Power Plant
Authors: Marcy Jr. Barton C.
Published: April 2011

Most of the young fish of nine species that were entrained in the condenser cooling-water system of the Connecticut Yankee nuclear power plant were dead by the time they reached the lower end of the plant’s 1.83-km (1.14 mile) long discharge canal. Sampling during June and July, when 95% of the nonscreenable fish were abundant near the plant’s intake, showed that approximately 80% of the mortality in the canal was caused by mechanical damage and 20% was attributed to heat shock and prolonged exposure to temperatures elevated above 28 C. There was no measurable mortality due to the injection of sodium hypochlorite into the system as a biocide. The number of nonscreenable living fish entrained at the intake averaged about 4% (range, 1.7–5.8%) of those passing by the plant under conditions of unidirectional net tidal flow.
Yolk-Sac Malformation in Pacific Salmon in Relation to Substrate, Temperature, and Water Velocity
Authors: Emadi Hossein
Published: April 2011

Chum (Oncorhynchus keta), pink (O. gorbuscha), sockeye (O. nerka), and hybrid (pink × chinook) salmon alevins were susceptible to yolk-sac malformation when provided a smooth substrate as in standard hatchery incubators, at 12 C and a water velocity of 100 cm/hr. Chinook (O. tshawytscha) and coho (O. kisutch) alevins were not susceptible. In sockeye, malformations increased with increase in temperature from 8 to 12 and 14 C and, at 14 but not at 12 C, with increase in water velocity from 25 to 400 cm/hr. Replacement of the smooth substrate with a rough (gravel) substrate usually prevented the condition.
Probable Causes for the 1972 Red Tide in the Cape Ann Region of the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Mulligan Hugh Francis
Published: April 2011

Hydrographic data and spatial, temporal, and vertical distributions of Gonyaulax tamarensis are presented from the vicinity of Cape Ann, Massachusetts in summer of 1972. When considered together with available meteorological records, these data provide information on probable causes and development of the September 1972 red tide bloom in the Gulf of Maine. An upwelling of deep water, development of a "seed" population of G. tamarensis during unusually dry weather in August, and heavy rainfall in September are suggested as the three causative factors.
First Records of the Silver Shiner, Notropis photogenis, from Canada
Authors: Gruchy C. G. , Bowen R. H. , Gruchy I. M.
Published: April 2011

A series of specimens of the silver shiner, Notropis photogenis, from the Grand River drainage of Ontario provide the first records for the species from Canada. The specimens are described and some aspects of their ecology are discussed. The species is believed to be indigenous to Canada.
A Numerical Model for Determining Integral Primary Production and its Application to Lake Michigan
Authors: Fee Everett J.
Published: April 2011

A computer-based model for determining production by phytoplankton, integrated over depth and over an arbitrary time interval, is described. The solution incorporates light inhibition and uses the actual distribution of surface irradiance for the time interval of interest, since it is not possible to predict the detailed nature of cloudiness. Statistical procedures for estimating the model parameters from experimental data relating the rate of carbon uptake to irradiance are described. The model is applied to data collected from May 27, 1970 through February 3, 1971 from Lake Michigan.Integral primary production was bimodal at inshore and offshore stations with minimum production in midsummer and winter. There was great daily variability of integral production, due solely to variation of light. From this it is inferred that occasional in situ measurements would give a very poor knowledge of true seasonal trends.The model output was verified by performing two in situ experiments. The agreement was better than 95% on both dates. The model makes it possible to estimate integral primary production on a routine basis in large water bodies with well-mixed photic zones.