bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Efficient Enantio-selective Hydrogenation of Methyl Acetoacetate over an Improved Tartaric Acid-modified Raney Nickel Catalyst
Authors: Chen Hangning , Li Rong , Wang Huanling , Yin Liang , Wang Fushan , Ma Jiantai
Published: July 2006

Using methanol as the reaction medium (an appropriate amount of sodium bromide was directly added to it), the highly efficient enantio-selective hydrogenation of methyl acetoace-tate (MAA) was achieved over a tartaric acid-modified Raney nickel catalyst. 85% ee was attained under the comparatively mild conditions (0.6 MPa, 60 °C, 1 h).
Preparation and Catalytic Activity of Two-dimensionally Networked Gold Nanowires
Authors: Bi Yingpu , Lu Gongxuan
Published: July 2006

Two-dimensionally (2-D) networked gold nanowires have been prepared by a simple chemical reduction method using glycerol as capping agents. It was found that 2-D gold nanowires were more active than spherical gold nanoparticles on hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride solution.
The Effect of Word of Mouth on Sales: Online Book Reviews
Authors: Chevalier Judith A. , Mayzlin Dina
Published: July 2006

The authors examine the effect of consumer reviews on relative sales of books at Amazon.com and Barnesandnoble.com . The authors find that (1) reviews are overwhelmingly positive at both sites, but there are more reviews and longer reviews at Amazon.com ; (2) an improvement in a book's reviews leads to an increase in relative sales at that site; (3) for most samples in the study, the impact of one-star reviews is greater than the impact of five-star reviews; and (4) evidence from review-length data suggests that customers read review text rather than relying only on summary statistics.
Procedures Used for Dynamically Laterally Loaded Pile Tests in a Centrifuge
Authors: Hajialilue-Bonab M , Chazelas JL , Levacher D
Published: July 2006

Most of the experimental work carried on pile behavior on centrifuge has been limited to monotonic or cyclic loading, or both. As dynamic loads generated by shocks and earthquakes are difficult to model in centrifuge, not much work has been reported in the literature on the impact mechanism to produce shock in-flight, though seismic loads can be well simulated by in-flight shakers. A complete experimental procedure, i.e., hammering system, measurements, and test procedures, has been developed to test on centrifuge lateral impact on piles. In the first part of the paper following the test procedure, the experimental set-up is detailed from the soil preparation and piles equipment to the horizontal hammering or impact system. Innovative parts of the system such as the impact system and its monitoring are described. The second part describes the feasibility and the practice of the impact device and the adopted procedure to test on centrifuge different types of piles _jacked, cast-in, and 1 g driven_ in sand. The first series of tests are focused on the evaluation of possible errors and influences due to pile position, boundary effects, and repeatability of tests. Scale effects have been studied by carrying out a series of modeling of models tests at 40 and 60 g. In conclusion, all these preliminary centrifuge tests have demonstrated that the complete experimental set-up including the impact system and its use procedure is achieved and able to perform horizontal impacted piles tests on centrifuge.
Variables Affecting the ASTM Standard C 311 Loss on Ignition Test for Fly Ash
Authors: Harris NJ , Hover KC , Folliard KJ , Ley T
Published: July 2006

The loss on ignition (LOI) test as an indicator of carbon content in fly ash is a useful screening tool for fly ash for use in concrete. Despite the importance and relevance of the LOI test, the LOI test results are sensitive to procedural variations that are within the requirements of the ASTM C 311 test standard. A suite of LOI tests on fly ash samples was performed that varied several procedural details. The effects of cooling time, cooling method, sample size, ignition duration, and ignition temperature were evaluated.
Analytic integrals and Poincaré's centre problem
Authors: Wahl Wolf von
Published: July 2006

As for Poincaré's centre-problem Poincaré [3] himself assumed that if the origin is a centre then there is an integral (constant of motion) being analytic in a neighborhood of the origin. We are going to prove this assumption and vice versa in a concise way by using techniques developed by C. L. Siegel [6].
Generalized partition functions and subgroup growth of free products of nilpotent groups
Authors: Müller Thomas W. , Schlage-Puchta Jan-Christoph
Published: July 2006

We estimate the growth of homomorphism numbers of a torsion-free nilpotent group
Choosing Daughters: Exploring Why Mothers Favor Adult Daughters over Sons
Authors: Suitor J. Jill , Pillemer Karl
Published: July 2006

This article uses quantitative and qualitative data from 424 mothers' relationships with 1,494 adult children to explore gender differences in mothers' choices of children as sources of support and closeness. Despite strong theoretical arguments regarding the priority of the mother– daughter tie, empirical research has not provided consistent support for this pattern. This article explores whether inconsistent findings regarding the priority of mother–daughter relationships result from the way in which intergenerational affect is generally measured. In contrast to traditional measures that ask parents to rate their closeness to each child, the measures used here ask mothers to choose among their children. This method revealed a consistent pattern of preference for daughters over sons as sources of emotional and instrumental support, primarily on the basis of shared values and gender-specific similarities.
Labor Struggles, New Social Movements, and America's Favorite Pastime: New York Workers Take on New Era Cap Company
Authors: Carty Victoria
Published: July 2006

Contemporary economic globalization, which is driven and regulated primarily by multinational corporations, has a direct impact on workers' lives. Trade agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) tend to be controlled by corporate interests in the wealthy, industrialized nations. Those countries set the agenda to protect the interests of foreign investors and facilitate the mobility of capital, but they do little to protect the interests of labor. In response, workers in both the global North and South have been forced to rely on their own individual efforts to protect themselves against unfair labor practices. This article presents an in-depth analysis of a successful worker strike against New Era Cap Company in upstate New York. The research builds on interviews with union leaders, directors of nongovernmental organizations and other community groups, and high school and college students who participated in the struggle. The author situates this analysis within a social movement framework to identify how power dynamics in the contemporary global economic system can be contested at the local level. The changing social structures produced by economic globalization experience a convergence of theories that explain both “old” and “new” social movements.
Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater by a Membrane Bioreactor
Authors: Galil Noah I. , Sheindorf Chaim
Published: July 2006

Wastewater originating from chemical industries may contain compounds that could adversely affect the treatment processes, mainly the biological process, by either toxic or inhibition effects. The objectives of this study were to evaluate practical possibilities to upgrade existing wastewater treatment facilities by operating aerobic treatment based on membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. Three different industries were included in this study: a paper mill that operates raw solid separators followed by anaerobic treatment; a food production plant that operates oil and grease separators, chemical flocculation, and dissolved air flotation; and port fuel facilities that include gravity oil separators. In all the above cases the biological treatment was exposed to different problems, which included: (a) the possible presence of deflocculating materials such as starch and biocides, in the case of the paper mill; (b) residual hydrophobic compounds that may affect diffusion through biosolids surfaces in the food plant; and (c) organic matter characterized by low biodegradability (hydrocarbons), in the case of the fuel port facilities. The experimental work in this study indicated that biological treatment of industrial wastewater containing contaminants characterized by hydrophobicity and/or by low biodegradability could be successfully performed by MBR configuration, obtaining effluent of high quality. However, these particular types of industrial wastewater would require the adaptation of the MBR operation conditions, by lowering cell residence time and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) in the bioreactor and by increasing the amounts of excess biosolids accordingly.
A scoring system for the follow up study of nuclear receptor coactivator complexes
Authors: Han Sang Jun , Jung Sung Yun , Malovannaya Anna , Kim Taeil , Lanz Rainer B. , Qin Jun , O'Malley Bert W.
Published: July 2006

We have systematically isolated a variety of coactivator complexes from HeLa S3 cells using proteomic approaches. In the present report, we have evaluated twelve coactivator complexes involved in nuclear receptor-dependent gene transcription that have been purified by using an immunoprecipitation method. The twelve purified coactivator complexes are SRC-1, SRC-2, SRC-3, CBP, p300, CAPER, E6-AP, ASC-1, CoREST, CRSP3, CRSP2, and CDK7 containing complexes. We have identified 153 protein components associated with these coactivator complexes using mass spectrometry. In order to systematically characterize the functional roles for these components in nuclear receptor-dependent gene transcription and their investigative potential, we have developed a scoring system. This scoring system is comprised of biological and experimental parameters. The biological evaluation considers aspects such as intrinsic enzymatic activity of a protein component, cellular signaling processes in which protein components may be involved, associations with human disease, specific protein motifs, and the known biological roles of other interacting partners of the identified protein. In the experimental evaluation, we include parameters, such as the availability of research materials for the functional study of the identified protein component; such as full-length cDNA clones, antibodies, and commercially available knock-out embryonic stem (ES) cells. Each scoring parameter has been assigned an arbitrary number of points according to perceived relative importance. On the basis of this scoring system, we prioritized each of the protein components in terms of the likelihood of their importance for coactivator complex networking in nuclear receptor-dependent gene transcription.
Genome-wide approaches for identification of nuclear receptor target genes
Authors: Tavera-Mendoza Luz E. , Mader Sylvie , White John H.
Published: July 2006

Large-scale genomics analyses have grown by leaps and bounds with the rapid advances in high throughput DNA sequencing and synthesis techniques. Nuclear receptor signaling is ideally suited to genomics studies because receptors function as ligand-regulated gene switches. This review will survey the strengths and limitations of three major classes of high throughput techniques widely used in the nuclear receptor field to characterize ligand-dependent gene regulation: expression profiling studies (microarrays, SAGE and related techniques), chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray (ChIP-on-chip), and genome-wide in silico hormone response element screens. We will discuss each technique, and how each has contributed to our understanding of nuclear receptor signaling.
Thyroid hormone mediated changes in gene expression can be initiated by cytosolic action of the thyroid hormone receptor β through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway
Authors: Moeller Lars C. , Cao Xia , Dumitrescu Alexandra M. , Seo Hisao , Refetoff Samuel
Published: July 2006

Thyroid hormone (TH) action is mediated principally through binding of the hormone ligand, 3,3,5-triiodothyronine (T3), to TH receptors (TRs). This hormone-receptor interaction recruits other proteins to form complexes that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA sequences in the promoter of target genes. We recently described an extranuclear mechanism of TH action that consists of the association of TH-liganded TRβ with p85α [regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)] in the cytosol and subsequent activation of the PI3K, generating phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. This initiates the activation of a signaling cascade by phosphorylation of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its substrate p70S6K, leading to the stimulation of ZAKI-4α synthesis, a calcineurin inhibitor. Furthermore, we found that this same mechanism leads to induction of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), and its target genes, glucose transporter (GLUT)1, platelet-type phosphofructokinase (PFKP), and monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 4. These genes are of special interest, because their products have important roles in cellular glucose metabolism, from glucose uptake (GLUT1) to glycolysis (PFKP) and lactate export (MCT4). These results demonstrate that the TH-TRβ complex can exert a non-genomic action in the cytosol leading to changes in gene expression by direct (HIF-1α) and indirect (ZAKI-4α, GLUT1, PFKP) means.
Faciality and Sensation in Hardy'sThe Return of the Native
Authors: Cohen William A.
Published: July 2006

In Thomas Hardy's fiction, the human body is the untranscendible foundation of putatively ethereal interior entities such as mind and self. The emerging sciences of physiological psychology and evolutionary biology, with which Hardy was familiar, provide a context in which to understand his bodily materialism. Hardy explores these interests inThe Return of the Nativethrough a striking emphasis on the faces of characters and landscape and particularly on sensory perceptions–primarily associated with organs located in the face–as means of bringing the world into the human interior and of dissolving distinctions between subjects and objects. Reading Hardy's materialism with the tools provided by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's concept of faciality elucidates both the fiction and the theoretical model, for the writers share an idea of depsychologized character. For Hardy, as for Deleuze and Guattari, experience of the self and the world is fundamentally corporeal, and perceptual experience makes landscape inextricably contiguous with the human. (WAC)
Representing Chaos: William Craft'sRunning a Thousand Miles for Freedom
Authors: Ernest John
Published: July 2006

Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom: The Escape of William and Ellen Craft from Slavery(1860) is best understood as William Craft's attempt to represent the contradictions and instabilities inherent in white–supremacist thought and culture. I consider race as a complex of various and interconnected social, economic, legal, and political theories and practices. Chaos theory, I argue, offers a useful framework for grasping this understanding of race, in part by discouraging attempts to isolate any discrete concept of race as independent or definitive. Addressing this chaotic reality, Craft approaches his story with a narrative method analogous to fractal geometry–that is, an approach to representation and measurement that accounts for apparent irregularity, fragmentation, and instability. Order and stability do not follow from the successful escape but rather are negotiated through a mode of representation that prioritizes accuracy over a conceptually neat Euclidean order. (JE)
What's the Trouble with Identity? Practices and Theories from France
Authors: Mozère Liane
Published: July 2006

To theorize the ‘becoming child’ this article presents desire rather than identity, following Deleuze and Guattari. For desire to proliferate differently, everything that social, religious and moral identities try to control and police, following Foucault, must be deconstructed, reconceptualized and enabled. To show how this is possible the article exemplifies contemporary and historical practices from France, using the author's 30 years of experience as a researcher and a transdisciplinary sociologist there. The article thus transcends languages and normalized genres of English-language academic writing. In doing so it provides new directions for identity theory, from European genealogies and from a history of French early childhood from birth to age three. Arguing that identity is a keystone in modern capitalist society and that individualized processes come from micro-processes of subjugation, the article describes how institutions are organized not to operate or function but to assign status, identities and functions. Hence when you are a child in a preschool your identity must conform to what is demanded, and be limited to that of a preschooler or day-care child. Nevertheless, uncontrollable and unconscious desires operate. To make such theorizations, the article builds from sociology, anthropology, history and psychology. The author contends that Deleuze and Guattari's use of desire is akin to agency, and that those adults still close to childhood keep this alive.
Framework for Developing Leadership Skills in Child Care Centres in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Nupponen Hanna
Published: July 2006

There has been minimal Australian research focused on leadership and management aspects of directors' work in centre-based child care to date. In Australia, practices in early education have been drawn largely from studies in other cultural contexts, particularly research undertaken in the United States. It is timely that Australian research informs social policy about quality child care programs. The data in this article is part of a larger doctoral study where case studies of directors of child care centres were developed through interviews with the directors. The interview methodology focused on exploratory semi-structured, open-ended questions in relation to management and leadership in centre-based child care. Directors were interviewed on two occasions within a three-month period. This article concentrates on the second interview which explored directors' perspectives on leadership. In the current context of the delivery of child care services in a market-driven climate, the language of business and organisational theory has entered the lexicon of the early childhood field. The findings indicate that directors of child care centres need to have training and experience in business management and leadership to enhance their competencies for management of centres in today's competitive environment.
The Monetary Valuation of the Human Mind: The Conditions for Knowledge Transfer and Education in a Neo-Liberal Society
Authors: Bernhard Armin
Published: July 2006

The Marxist category ‘alienation’ – the author maintains – contains already all the dimensions necessary to identify and interpret the educational problems of a neo-liberal society going through the process of economic globalisation, without reducing these problems to pure economism. It not only aids in understanding the fragmentation of identity itself, but even the fact that the maturation of the education of human nature forms an indispensable aspect of this fragmentation. Ways of developing an educational system that does not restrict itself to a treatment of human resources centred only on their market-oriented exploitation will be discussed. In contrast to the centrifugal forces of neo-liberal modernisation. the project of ‘human incarnation’ must be created.
The Permanent Quality Tribunal in Education and the Limits of Education Policy
Authors: Simons Maarten , Masschelein Jan
Published: July 2006

The aim of this article is to analyse the evident use of the notion ‘educational quality’ from the perspective of a critical ‘ontology of the present’ by focusing on governmental relations. Through mapping present discourses on educational quality and related technologies, the authors analyse how our present concern with quality is part of a particular regime of government and self-government. In this governmental regime the ‘quality apparatus’ seeks to assure an optimal relation between supply and demand. In conclusion, the perspective of a ‘creative ontology’ of the educational present is introduced in order to formulate alternative ideas on education and in order to indicate the limits of education policy.
Microwaves, Power Ultrasound, and Ionic Liquids. A New Synergy in Green Organic Synthesis
Authors: Lévêque Jean-Marc , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: July 2006

Although the vast majority of organic chemists still cling to conductive heating as a means to promote reactions, major advances have recently been made in this connection. Both dielectric microwave heating (MW) and power ultrasound (US) are being increasingly exploited in organic synthesis,
and their combined use is one of the most promising innovations. A long way from pioneering approaches, when domestic MW ovens and US cleaning baths were poorly standardized tools, these techniques now appear in reproducible, high-yield synthetic protocols. Their important contributions towards
developing environment-friendly procedures overlap the application domain of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). The synthesis itself of these highly versatile green solvents can be efficiently promoted under US and/or MW irradiation. This review focuses on the advantages arising from
the use of these energy sources and their combination with unconventional reaction media such as RTILs. The synergies arising from the combined use of US, MW and RTIL will certainly go a long way to meet the increasing demand for environmentally benign chemical processes.
Dynamic Self‐Assembly of an M3L6 Molecular Triangle and an M4L8 Tetrahedron from Naked PdII Ions and Bis(3‐pyridyl)‐Substituted Arenes
Authors: Chand Dillip K. , Biradha Kumar , Kawano Masaki , Sakamoto Shigeru , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Fujita Makoto
Published: July 2006

The pyridine‐appended nonchelating bidentate ligands 1,4‐bis(3‐pyridyl)benzene (1) and 4,4′‐bis(3‐pyridyl) biphenyl (2) were complexed with a naked PdII ion for the construction of molecular cage compounds. Prior to these experiments, the complexation of the ligands with cis‐[Pd(en)(NO3)2] was also examined, because self‐assemblies from the cis‐protected PdII ion were expected to be simple motifs that constitute the assemblies from naked PdII ion. The structures of the self‐assembled compounds resulting from 1 and [Pd(en)(NO3)2] depended on the solvent employed. In aqueous solution, an M2L2 trenchlike compound was obtained. In dimethyl sulfoxide, however, a mixture of the M2L2 trench and an M3L3 macrocycle was found in equilibrium, the dynamic nature of which was confirmed by the concentration‐dependent nature of the species. At higher concentration, an M4L4 macrocycle was mostly observed. The complexation of 1 with naked PdII ions was expected to produce novel structures that are combinations of the MnLn type frameworks. A peculiar tetrahedral M4L8 assembly was obtained quantitatively from 1 and Pd(NO3)2, rather than the smallest possible M3L6 double‐walled triangle. Interestingly, the use of Pd(CF3SO3)2 resulted in the sole formation of the latter structure. Thus, the anion is important as a template in the formation of these assemblies. Ligand 2, which contains an extra p‐phenylene unit compared to 1, behaved in a similar manner when treated with [Pd(en)(NO3)2], but showed subtle differences with naked PdII ions. With Pd(NO3)2, 2 gave mostly a tetrahedron along with a double‐walled triangle. With Pd(CF3SO3)2, this longer ligand formed a double‐walled triangle with a negligible amount of tetrahedra. A single discrete assembly of a perfect tetrahedron was obtained from 2 and PdII ions by choosing p‐tosylate as a counterion.
Countercation Transport Modeled by Porous Spherical Molybdenum Oxide Based Nanocapsules
Authors: Rehder Dieter , Haupt Erhard T. K. , Bögge Hartmut , Müller Achim
Published: July 2006

Porous nanosized polyoxomolybdate capsule anions of composition [{MoVI(MoVI5O21)(H2O)6}12(linker)30]n−, where (linker)30 is {MoV2O4(SO4)}30 (n=72) (1 a) or {MoV2O4(SO4)}24{MoV2O4(CH3COO)}6 (n=64) (2 a), model the (competitive) cellular transmembrane transport of Li+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions along ion channels. According to X‐ray crystallography and 7Li and 23Na NMR spectroscopy, Li+ and Na+, the counterions for 1 a and 2 a, respectively, occupy internal sites of the capsule. This study of the counterion transport phenomenon shows that, while Li+ ions can be replaced to a large extent by Na+ and K+ ions and completely by Ca2+ ions added to a solution of 1 a, external Li+ ions do not replace the incorporated Na+ ions of 2 a in an analogous experiment. In this context, related properties of the capsules and especially of their flexible channels, in connection with the complex pathways of cation uptake, are discussed briefly. The relevance of these investigations for lithium‐based therapies is also addressed.
Pyrene‐Based Dual‐Mode Fluorescence Switches and Logic Gates That Function in Solution and Film
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Li Yongjun , Li Yuliang , Liu Huibiao , Wang Shu , Li Cuihong , Yuan Mingjian , Liu Xiaofeng , Zhu Daoben
Published: July 2006

A dual‐mode fluorescence switch controlled by external inputs such as protons and metal ions is described, and each state corresponds to a specific fluorescent emission peak. Based on the reversible changes of the fluorescence emission of the switch responding to different external stimuli, the corresponding integrated logic gates and communication networks have been constructed in solid film or in solution.
Mono‐ and Di(dimethylamino)styryl‐Substituted Borondipyrromethene and Borondiindomethene Dyes with Intense Near‐Infrared Fluorescence
Authors: Yu Yan‐Hong , Descalzo Ana B. , Shen Zhen , Röhr Holger , Liu Quan , Wang Yan‐Wei , Spieles Monika , Li Yi‐Zhi , Rurack Knut , You Xiao‐Zeng
Published: July 2006

Four novel borondipyrromethene (BDP) and ‐diindomethene (BDI) dyes with one or two (dimethylamino)styryl extensions at the chromophore were synthesized and spectroscopically investigated. An X‐ray crystal structure shows that the extended auxochrome is virtually planar. All dyes thus display intense red/near infrared (NIR) absorption and emission. The (dimethylamino)styryl group induces a charge‐transfer character that entails bright solvatochromic fluorescence, which is only quenched with increasing solvent polarity according to the energy‐gap law. The dye with an additional dimethylanilino group at the meso position of BDP shows a remarkable switching of lipophilicity by protonation. Two dyes with an 8‐hydroxyquinoline ligand at the meso position display quenched emission in the presence of Hg2+ or Al3+ owing to electron transfer from the excited BDP to the complexed receptor. The BDI dye presents a pH indicator with bright fluorescence and extremely low fluorescence anisotropy.
Design of a Binaphthyl‐Based Axially Chiral Amino Acid as an Organocatalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions
Authors: Kano Taichi , Tokuda Osamu , Takai Jun , Maruoka Keiji
Published: July 2006

A novel and robust binaphthyl‐based amino acid was designed and successfully applied to the direct asymmetric aldol reaction. In some cases, this catalyst leads to higher yields and selectivities than the well‐known proline catalyst. For instance, the direct asymmetric aldol reaction of acetone with 4‐nitrobenzaldehyde in the presence of the binaphthyl‐based amino acid catalyst proceeded smoothly to give the aldol adduct in 82 % yield with 95 % ee. This catalyst was also found to catalyze effectively the reactions of cyclic or unsymmetrical ketones to give the corresponding aldol adducts with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
Preparation of Nearly Monodisperse Nanoscale Inorganic Pigments
Authors: Wang Dingsheng , Liang Xin , Li Yadong
Published: July 2006

Many different important commercial pigments have been synthesized based on the liquid–solid–solution (LSS) phase‐transfer and separation process. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement results show that they are very small in size and have a narrow size distribution. Visible absorption spectra were taken to examine the very pure and brilliant colors of the pigments. They can be well‐dispersed in cyclohexane and remain non‐agglomerated, even over several months. These nearly monodisperse nanoscale inorganic pigments may have wide applications in many important fields and could bring about new developments in the pigment industry.
Complex of Silylene with Nitrogen: A Combined Matrix‐Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Maier Günther , Reisenauer Hans Peter , Glatthaar Jörg , Zetzmann Roland
Published: July 2006

The quest for a new and productive route to matrix‐isolated silylene 1 has led to the observation that the presence of nitrogen is favorable, as under such conditions 1 is stabilized by formation of a donor–acceptor complex 1⋅N2. Either matrix photolysis of diazidosilane or pulsed high‐vacuum flash pyrolysis of 1,1,1‐trimethyldisilane, followed by condensation of the products with nitrogen at 10 K, were applied as synthetic procedures. In a similar manner, complex 1⋅CO can be generated. The results are supported by isotopic‐labeling studies. The structural elucidation of the new species is based on the comparison of experimental IR and UV/Vis spectra with data from density functional theory calculations.
New Donor–Acceptor Materials Based on Random Polynorbornenes Bearing Pendant Phthalocyanine and Fullerene Units
Authors: de la Escosura Andrés , Martínez‐Díaz M. Victoria , Torres Tomás , Grubbs Robert H. , Guldi Dirk M. , Neugebauer Helmut , Winder Christoph , Drees Martin , Sariciftci N. Serdar
Published: July 2006

New donor–acceptor materials based on a polynorbornene framework to which both phthalocyanine and C60 electroactive pendant units are randomly attached have been prepared in good yield by ring‐opening‐metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in the presence of a Grubbs catalyst. A structurally related phthalocyanine homopolymer was also synthesized for comparison. A remarkable fluorescence quenching was observed in the homopolymer and accounts for Pc⋅⋅⋅Pc interactions along the polymeric framework. As expected, the fluorescence quenching increases in the case of the polynorbornenes containing both Pc and C60 units owing to photoinduced electron transfer, which was further confirmed by transient absorption spectroscopy. Finally, preliminary solar cell devices made of one of the copolymers were constructed.
The art of maximising gearing in a sensible way — what happens when it goes wrong?
Authors: Reilly Dominic
Published: July 2006

This paper is adapted from a presentation given at a Henry Stewart Market Briefing on Thursday 25th January, 2001 entitled ‘Creative Ways to Borrow More, Reduce Risk and Minimise Cost’. It addresses the issues of how both a financier and a borrower can deal with a loan secured against commercial property in the UK, once an event of default has occurred or when a potential event of default threatens. The paper illustrates the situations which can create problems for either the lender or the borrower, and then addresses the steps that can be taken to remediate those problems. In conclusion the paper looks at the current climate for the UK commercial property finance market in the light of recently announced record levels of borrowing. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Property investment and development finance in European jurisdictions part 3: Spain
Authors: Murray Neil
Published: July 2006

This is the third in a series of papers dealing with certain aspects of local law and practice concerning property investment and development finance transactions governed by certain jurisdictions in continental Europe. The author has previously dealt with the Netherlands and Italy; this paper deals with Spain. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Best practices in commercial real estate financing: the borrower's agenda in negotiating loan documents part 3
Authors: Stein Joshua
Published: July 2006

Loan documents raise many issues for borrowers. This instalment of a four‐part paper describes some legal and business issues that are less fundamental than the issues that arise at the earliest stages of a transaction. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Managing construction finance risk in the UK: what funders should be looking for
Authors: Giordano Joe
Published: July 2006

With the globalisation of the finance market, banks and funders are moving further afield. Coupled with the current UK market as it struggles to overcome the current economic downturn in the commercial property sector, the role of the project monitor is looking beyond the UK and more into the international arena. The skills and reporting techniques are the same, whether a development is in the UK or is international, and the need for someone to ensure that the interests of banks and funders are looked after is the same, whether the transaction involves a hotel development in Greece or an office development in London. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Best practices in commercial real estate financing: the borrower's agenda in negotiating loan documents part 4
Authors: Stein Joshua
Published: July 2006

Three earlier instalments of this paper discussed a range of legal and business issues that a borrower and its counsel will often want to raise in response to a typical set of loan documents. But what about the issues that borrowers should raise without being reminded? Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Outlook 2004: the paradox of real estate capital markets and space markets
Authors: Louargand Marc , Gately Michael
Published: July 2006

This paper illustrates why US real estate holds such appeal to the international investment community despite currently weak property market fundamentals. In part, US real estate is an attractive investment alternative because of its low correlation with other asset classes and because real estate demonstrates relatively stable current income returns over time. With up to 40 per cent of the world's institutional quality real estate located within the US, investors can achieve higher returns while taking advantage of the geographic and economic diversification of 60 major markets. In the near term, prospects for stronger real estate returns improve as the US economy strengthens and real estate market fundamentals firm, particulary in comparison to the world's other major industrialised economies. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Single tenant net lease guidelines to achieve maximum financing
Authors: Monsen Gordon , Yiu Joseph C.
Published: July 2006

Developers and acquirers of single credit tenant properties sometimes overlook lease terms that can dramatically affect the ultimate capital leverage — or lowest and most accretive interest rate — that could be achievable on a particular property. Where remaining lease terms are greater than 15 years, this is a bit less of an issue; however, where terms are less than 15 years, it is critical. These lease issues can reduce the maximum leverage attainable based on the cash flows by more than 25 per cent. These issues are subtle and part of corporate America's push to sign shorter, more flexible leases than the 20‐year bond‐type leases that were common five to ten years ago. Real estate professionals cannot be faulted for not focusing on the financing implications of the structural nuances of these lease provisions and the financial constraints they create in the capital markets. This paper outlines the perspective of lenders and the capital markets on these lease issues and provisions to help developers and acquirers achieve the optimal capital structure and understand the specific economics of lease terms that impinge on the capital structure. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Comparing mezzanine to alternative debt and equity products
Authors: Rosenthal Shawn
Published: July 2006

The following paper will address the potential use of mezzanine debt by a real estate buyer who is purchasing an office building in a major US market. Advantages and disadvantages of using mezzanine debt will be discussed and contrasted with alternative financing structures, including the use of additional equity. A short case study will be utilised to monitor the economic returns to the buyer in a best and worst case scenario. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Asset allocation versus entrepreneurial decisions in real estate investment
Authors: Armonat Stefan , Pfnuer Andreas
Published: July 2006

Although the application of capital market theory is questionable in real estate investment, many institutional investors still perform asset allocation with historical real estate data. Entrepreneurial investment analysis relies on a different information setting. To date, it is unclear which approach, or which data set, offers the most efficient solutions for the use of capital. In order to evaluate policy recommendations for decision making in pension fund real estate investment, an empirical investigation of the investment environment in Germany is described here. The authors find that current market information restricts the application of capital market models. While the use of investment models and capital market models has been strictly separated, there is no theoretically justified reason for this. Investors should be aware that they can determine performance parameters for real estate only as approximations. Therefore, it may be fruitful to consider and compare alternative parameter estimates for determining optimal real estate allocations in pension fund investment. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Property investment and development finance in European jurisdictions: France
Authors: Murray Neil
Published: July 2006

This paper looks at legal and practical issues which may arise for prospective lenders in relation to secured property loans concerning property in France. While the issues discussed are necessarily subjective, and appropriate legal advice should be taken in all cases, it is hoped that the paper will provide initial guidance in respect of transactions undertaken in France, relative to the typical expectations of a lender in respect of a similar UK deal. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
The convergence of real estate and technology
Authors: Young Amy
Published: July 2006

Technology is impacting on all companies at Internet speed, and an e‐understanding of the future is required in order for real estate companies to determine their strategies and how they plan to fit into the New Economy. Real estate companies present some of the greatest challenges as well as the greatest opportunities, depending on the vision of the CEOs. Considering the inefficiencies and fragmentation in the industry, significant wealth may be created in those real estate companies willing to move to the edge of the frontier and explore opportunities to converge real estate and technology. This is entering into uncharted territory, and the importance of management and a clear strategy to steer through these changing times has never been greater. The author recently published a report, ‘Wired Real Estate: The Ultimate Portal’, which highlights the potential that exists in the real estate industry as real estate and technology converge. Based upon this analysis, a wired infrastructure is seen not only as a competitive advantage, but an opportunity to expand beyond bricks and mortar to offer tenants value‐added services, or intangible assets, which should lead to high stock valuations. This paper gives a brief summary of the 164‐page report. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Questions to ask for any commercial real estate acquisition or financing: expectations and practices in New York
Authors: Stein Joshua , Hisiger James I.
Published: July 2006

What are the questions that any investor needs to ask about any commercial real estate before buying it or financing it? This paper lists and summarises those questions as a starting point for any investor's due diligence. The discussion first considers potential showstoppers such as development and approvals. It then turns to legal issues, leasing, title and other searches, financial matters, physical due diligence, a range of tax‐related concerns, contract negotiations and some other issues. Armed with this list, an investor can decide which issues it cares about, and which to disregard, and plan its due diligence accordingly. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Buying and selling residential portfolios
Authors: Collett Alan
Published: July 2006

The residential investment market in England and Wales is at a crossroads. Private renting in the UK fell from 90 per cent of the housing market at the beginning of the 20th century to 10 per cent at the end. The tide has now just turned and the size of the private rented sector (PRS) is slowly increasing. Large‐scale investors are operating at this crossroads both with the remaining portfolios of historic tenancies and also with the first of those which have been set up since the 1988 Housing Act deregulated the market. This paper analyses movements in the market and looks for the rationale behind investors' decisions. Performance reviews and different methods for making profit in the sector are also studied. Finally the alternative exit routes are investigated. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Accounting for investment properties in the UK: problems of definition and implementation
Authors: Eccles Timothy , Holt Andrew
Published: July 2006

This paper is concerned with accounting for investment properties within the UK. It examines the current requirements for reporting investment properties. The authors then explain the concerns that existing practice cause for accountants within their traditional conceptual framework on understanding the nature of assets. This disquiet emanates from the use of open market value and reference is made to the concerns it engenders. The paper concludes with an analysis of the concerns that those dealing with investment properties should remain vigilant over, both within domestic consultations and forthcoming European and international developments. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Towards a European property index
Authors: Key Tony
Published: July 2006

This paper reports on the total returns achieved on European property investments in recent years, drawing on the IPD Indices of performance for six countries. The results demonstrate the dominance of ‘national’ factors in determining widely varying property returns, and lack of any evidence of convergence in rates of return or in the composition of investor portfolios. The issues involved in creating a property index with full European coverage, and progress towards that objective, are discussed. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Pricing of risk and the cost of money: how banks are pricing property funding
Authors: Griffiths Allan
Published: July 2006

When the author was first asked to write for the Journal, the working title was ‘Creative property lending and how to maximise gearing’. As a member of the Association of Property Bankers, and having the honour of being a past president of that organisation, the author was not at all sure that he should accept the engagement! However, encouraged by the chance to get a point of view across – ie that sound property lending does not necessarily depend on low loan‐to‐ value ratios (and the promise of payment in liquid measure), the author gave in. In this paper, he wants to look at techniques for understanding risk, avoiding unnecessary risk, and establishing ‘correct’ pricing for the risks which cannot be avoided. Of course, there is no such thing as ‘correct’ pricing, but in this context, the author means pricing at a level which, over the long term and after allowing for the occasional loss, still shows a profitable outcome. It was often said after the 1990 crash (mainly by insolvency practitioners), that for many property lending banks, it would have been cheaper to pay for their entire property lending teams to play golf for the previous ten years! At the risk of sounding condescending, this paper will start with something obvious but which nevertheless is fundamental. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Deluge or dribble? EU pension reform and real estate investment flows
Authors: McAllister Patrick
Published: July 2006

This paper assesses the implications of increases in private pension provision within the European Union (EU) for the level and destination of real estate investment. The first part discusses the increasing ‘institutionalisation’ of the savings markets, current asset allocation patterns and demographic and fiscal pressures for reform of pensions markets. The projections for future growth in pensions are outlined and implications for real estate investment assessed. It is concluded that, although numerous imponderables render reliable quantitative projections problematic, growth and restructuring of the pensions market is likely to increase cross‐border capital flows to real estate markets. However, current projections imply limited growth of direct real estate investment. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
Research review
Authors: Adair Alastair
Published: July 2006

The aim of Research review is to focus on current academic research which contributes to and enhances professional practice. The objective is to provide the busy practitioner with a synopsis of leading edge research in the area and hopefully to stimulate a desire for greater understanding and application of knowledge and techniques that will enhance professional practice. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications
The impact of portfolio size on the variability of the terminal wealth of real estate funds
Authors: Lee Stephen , Byrne Peter
Published: July 2006

Studies have examined the number of properties required to reduce the risk in a real estate portfolio. This research has concentrated on examining the impact of portfolio size on the reduction in the standard deviation of returns from ex post time‐series data. However, the ex post time‐series standard deviation is not really relevant to long‐term institutional investors, such as insurance companies and pension funds, who are more concerned with the variability of the terminal wealth of their portfolios, from which policy holders and pensioners will derive their benefits. Long‐term investors with specific holding period requirements are less concerned with the within‐period volatility of their portfolios than with the possibility that their portfolio returns will fail to finance their liabilities. The terminal‐wealth standard deviation (TWSD) rather than the time‐series standard deviation (TSSD) has been proposed as the ‘true’ measure of portfolio variability to such investors. This paper compares the potential benefits and limitations of risk reduction, as measured by TWSD and TSSD, in the UK property market using a large sample of actual property returns over the period 1981 to 1996. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications