bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implantable loop recorder as a strategy following cardiovascular implantable electronic device extraction without reimplantation
Authors: Birs Antoinette , Darden Douglas , Eskander Michael , Pollema Travis , Ho Gordon , Birgersdotter‐Green Ulrika
Published: May 2022

Background

Limited data exists for outcomes in patients undergoing cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) transvenous lead extraction (TLE) without clear indications for device reimplantation. The implantable loop recorder (ILR) may be an effective strategy for continuous monitoring in select individuals.

Objective

This retrospective analysis aims to investigate patients who have undergone ILR implant following TLE without CIED reimplantation.

Methods

Clinical data from consecutive patients who have undergone TLE with ILR implant and without CIED reimplantation from October 2016 to May 2020 at a single center were collected.

Results

Among 380 patients undergoing TLE, 28 (7.7%) underwent ILR placement without CIED reimplantation. TLE indications were systemic infection (n = 13, 46.4%), pain at the site (n = 8, 28.6%), device/lead malfunction (n = 4, 14.2%), and other. Devices extracted included: dual‐chamber and single‐chamber pacemaker (n = 14, 50%; n = 4, 14.2%), dual‐chamber implantable cardiac defibrillator (n = 10; 35.7%), and cardiac‐resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (n = 1, 3.5%). Reasons for no reimplantation included no longer meeting CIED criteria (n = 14, 50%), patient preference (n = 9, 32.1%), and no clear or inappropriate indication for initial CIED implantation (n = 5, 18%). During an average of 12.3 ± 13.1 months of follow‐up, there were no lethal arrhythmias, and four (13.3%) patients underwent permanent pacemaker reimplantation due to symptomatic sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block with syncope as discovered on ILR. Three patients died due to unknown causes (n = 1), noncardiac (n = 1), and acute coronary syndrome (n = 1).

Conclusions

In patients undergoing TLE without reimplantation, an ILR may be an effective monitoring strategy in patients at low risk for cardiac arrhythmia.
Horizontal outsourcing and price competition: The role of sole sourcing commitment
Authors: Hu Qiaohai (Joice) , Kouvelis Panos , Xiao Guang , Guo Xiaomeng
Published: May 2022

Previous studies on horizontal outsourcing between competing duopolists emphasize cost factors, such as economies of scale and/or variable cost advantages in Cournot markets, as potential explanations. Our paper studies horizontal outsourcing when two competing firms engage in Bertrand competition, and highlights the important role of sole sourcing commitment. We adopt the framework of a multistage duopoly game that comprises of an incumbent and an entrant. The incumbent has the capability to make a key component in‐house, and the entrant, who is a rival of the incumbent in the downstream market, can source the component from either the incumbent or a supplier not participating in the end‐product market. We find that if the entrant commits to sole sourcing, horizontal outsourcing can occur when the incumbent has a component cost advantage or even a small cost disadvantage over the alternative supplier. Specifically, if the component cost gap is small, horizontal outsourcing may soften downstream market competition and benefit both firms at the expense of inducing higher prices for the consumers. If the incumbent has a significant cost advantage, horizontal outsourcing may lead to an increased downstream price war by expanding the total supply of end products. Without sole sourcing commitment, horizontal outsourcing occurs only when the incumbent has a cost advantage, and it always strengthens downstream price competition. By contrast, if the firms engage in downstream Cournot competition, sole sourcing commitment has no impact on the adoption of horizontal outsourcing, and the entrant sources from her rival only when the incumbent enjoys a significant cost advantage. Finally, we also study various extensions to check and confirm the robustness of our main results to key model assumptions.
Phylogenetically and functionally diverse species mixes beget diverse experimental prairies, whether from seeds or plugs
Authors: Barak Rebecca S. , Karimi Nisa , Glasenhardt Mary‐Claire , Larkin Daniel J. , Williams Evelyn W. , Hipp Andrew L.
Published: May 2022

Phylogenetic and functional diversity are relevant for restoration planning, as they influence important ecosystem functions and services. However, it is unknown whether initial phylogenetic and functional diversity of restorations as planned and planted are maintained over time, that is, the extent to which diversity of the restoration planting is reflected in the diversity of the resulting plant community. Furthermore, in the tallgrass prairie, many restorations are planted from seed. Among‐species variation in emergence and establishment affects the transition from seed mixes to realized plant communities in these restorations. We evaluated emergence and early establishment of experimental communities in a biodiversity plot experiment designed to test how phylogenetic and functional diversity influence restoration outcomes. We planted the same experimental communities starting from both seeds and plugs to assess differences in establishment. Our results suggest that phylogenetically and functionally diverse species mixes tend to produce phylogenetically and functionally diverse restored plant communities. After 3 years, experimental communities generally maintained their phylogenetic and functional diversity from seed and plug mixes to established vegetation, despite declines in species richness. While plots planted from seeds had on average 1.3 fewer species than plots planted from plugs, phylogenetic and functional diversity did not significantly differ between the two. Furthermore, most species exhibited no significant differences in percent cover when planted from seeds or plugs. Seeds are generally more cost‐effective for restoration than plugs, and our results indicate these two establishment methods achieved similar biodiversity outcomes.
Don't Cross the Line: Bounding the Causal Effect of Hypergamy Violation on Domestic Violence in India
Authors: Roychowdhury Punarjit , Dhamija Gaurav
Published: May 2022

We empirically examine whether violation of hypergamy—which occurs when the wife's economic status equals or exceeds that of her husband's—causally affects domestic violence using microdata from India. Identifying the causal effect of hypergamy violation on domestic violence, however, is challenging due to unmeasured confounding and reverse causality. To overcome these difficulties, we utilize a non-parametric bounds approach. Employing this approach, we find strong evidence that violation of hypergamy leads to a significant increase in domestic violence. Furthermore, we provide suggestive evidence that this result arises because violation of hypergamy is likely to undermine patriarchal beliefs and norms about gender roles, and also because it is likely to increase men's likelihood of using domestic violence as an instrument to sabotage their wives' labour market prospects. Our findings suggest that policies that seek to empower women and promote gender equality might paradoxically increase women's exposure to domestic violence.
Challenges in implementing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in organ transplant centers in India
Authors: Ghafur Abdul , Bansal Nitin
Published: May 2022

Introduction

We, in India, have unique challenges in implementing antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in our institutions, especially the transplant settings. Identifying challenges, addressing them, and finding innovative solutions to these are the need of the hour.

Challenges

Several challenges in India exists, which hamper implementation of effective AMS like lack of adequately trained personnel (infectious diseases [ID] physicians and clinical pharmacists), missing opportunities of AMS during the timeline, and lack of India‐specific outcome measures for AMS programme.

Solutions

Finding local solutions can make our AMS implementation more effective. Numbers of ID physicians are increasing (24 in 2011 to >300 in 2020), and we expect the specialty to grow more and make rapid progress in AMS. We propose that cost savings and overall improvement in clinical outcome to be included in outcomes measures, rather than rates of C. difficle infection. Effective implementations of National Medical Commission mandatory AMS training regulation are few such steps that can fill the gaps.

Conclusion

Antimicrobial stewardship programs is one of the several components of tackling the antimicrobial resistance‐related negative consequences in transplant patients. Transplant physicians, surgeons, and institutions should understand the bigger picture and strive hard to convince the policymakers to act for the benefit of the transplant recipients and the transplant programs across the country.
Hotspots in a cold land‐reported cases of rabies in wildlife and livestock in Mongolia from 2012–2018
Authors: Matulis Graham A. , Altantogtokh Doniddemberel , Lantos Paul M. , Jones Jordan H. , Wofford Rachel N. , Janko Mark , Tsogbadrakh Nyamdorj , Bayar Tserendovdon , Ganzorig Sainkhuu , Boldbaatar Bazartseren , Poole‐Smith B. Katherine , Hertz Jeffrey , Fiorenzano Jodi , von Fricken Michael E.
Published: May 2022

The epidemiological profile of rabies virus within Mongolia remains poorly characterized despite 21,302 domestic animal cases being reported between 1970–2005. This lack of knowledge is particularly concerning given that roughly 26% of the population lives a pastoral herding lifestyle and livestock production contributes up to 18% of Mongolia's total gross domestic product (GDP). The gaps in knowledge of the rabies disease ecology within Mongolia combined with the lack of routine vaccination of domestic animals and wildlife poses a significant threat to the more than 60 million heads of livestock within Mongolia. Animal rabies case data from the General Authority for Veterinary Services and National Center for Zoonotic Diseases were used in this study. Each data point included year of report, an animal descriptor, geographic coordinates and the aimag (province) of origin. A total of 2,359 animal rabies cases were reported between 2012–2018. Cattle were the most commonly reported animal overall (861 cases), followed by goats (268), sheep (251) and dogs (221) within the domestic animal category. Red foxes were responsible for most reported wildlife cases (317) followed by wolves (151). Most rabid animals were reported in the Khuvsgul, Uvurkhangai and Govi‐Altai aimags, and a positive correlation was found between livestock numbers per soum and the number of rabies cases reported. Rabies poses a significant threat to the Mongolian economy and the health of human and animal populations within Mongolia. The close association of the nomadic pastoralists with both domestic animals and wildlife represents a significant threat for disease emergence and necessitates studies that describe the ecology of rabies, which may threaten these populations.
Mechanical Characterization of Compliant Cellular Robots. Part II: Active Strain
Authors: Singh Gaurav , Nawroj Ahsan , Dollar Aaron M.
Published: May 2022

Modular active cell robots (MACROs) is a design approach in which a large number of linear actuators and passive compliant joints are assembled to create an active structure with a repeating unit cell. Such a mesh-like robotic structure can be actuated to achieve large deformation and shape-change. In this two-part paper, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to model the deformation behavior of different MACRO mesh topologies and evaluate their passive and active mechanical characteristics. In Part I, we presented the passive stiffness characteristics of different MACRO meshes. In this Part II of the paper, we investigate the active strain characteristics of planar MACRO meshes. Using FEA, we quantify and compare the strains generated for the specific choice of MACRO mesh topology and further for the specific choice of actuators actuated in that particular mesh. We simulate a series of actuation modes that are based on the angular orientation of the actuators within the mesh and show that such actuation modes result in deformation that is independent of the size of the mesh. We also show that there exists a subset of such actuation modes that spans the range of deformation behavior. Finally, we compare the actuation effort required to actuate different MACRO meshes and show that the actuation effort is related to the nodal connectivity of the mesh.
Modeling and Real-Time Motion Planning of a Class of Kinematically Redundant Parallel Mechanisms With Reconfigurable Platform
Authors: Nouri Rahmat Abadi Bahman , Carretero Juan A.
Published: May 2022

Kinematic redundancy can be exploited to improve the performance of parallel mechanisms. Nevertheless, motion planning and control of kinematically redundant parallel mechanisms (KRPMs) are the challenging problems. In this research, a novel class of KRPMs with a reconfigurable platform is introduced. The dynamic equations of motion are derived. Then, a neural network approach is used for the motion planning of a manipulator in the new class. The multilayer perceptron-based neural network (MLP) is used for training data. The results show that the method can be implemented online for the control of the mechanism. Also, since the platform is reconfigurable, the introduced mechanisms can be used for grasping irregular objects. The motion of the mechanism is simulated for singularity avoidance and grasping.
Psychometric Assessment of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form in Athletes: A Bifactor Modeling Approach
Authors: Shannon Stephen , Shevlin Mark , Breslin Gavin
Published: May 2022

Aim: A recent mental health in sport consensus statement advocates Keyes’ two continua model with an associated Mental Health Continuum (MHC) instrument to assess mental health in athletes. However, there remains statistically inconsistent usage of the MHC in athletes, so further exploration of the MHC’s psychometric factors is required. Methods: Athletes (N = 1,097) aged 32.63 (SD = 11.16) comprising 603 females (55.7%) and 478 males (44.3%), completed the 14-item MHC-Short Form, alongside validated measures of anxiety and depression. Five confirmatory factor analytic and bifactor models were developed based on extant research and theory. Results: Overall, a bifactor structure with a “general” positive mental health factor, and three specific factors (“hedonic well-being,” “social well-being,” and “psychological well-being”) fitted the data well and was deemed the superior model. Conclusion: A bifactor model of the MHC-Short Form is recommended comprising a composite score alongside specific factors of hedonic, social, and psychological well-being.
Effects of Low-Frequency Whole-Body Vibration on Muscle Activation, Fatigue, and Oxygen Consumption in Healthy Young Adults: A Single-Group Repeated-Measures Controlled Trial
Authors: Yoon Ju-Yul , Kang Seung-Rok , Kim Hye-Seong , Won Yu Hui , Park Sung-Hee , Seo Jeong-Hwan , Ko Myoung-Hwan , Kim Gi-Wook
Published: May 2022

Context: Whole-body vibration (WBV) training improves muscle strength and balance. Few studies have focused on the effects of WBV frequencies below 30 Hz. We aimed to investigate the effect of low-frequency WBV training on muscle activity, fatigue recovery, and oxygen consumption (VO2). Design: Prospective single-group, repeated-measures study. Methods: In this controlled laboratory setting study, 20 healthy adults (age 23.26 [1.66] y) performed half squats at 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 30-Hz WBV. Muscle activity was evaluated using the root mean square and peak electromyography amplitude of 6 muscles (iliocostalis, rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius) obtained via surface electromyography. VO2 was measured during the squats using a gas analyzer, and fatigue recovery was evaluated using measurements of lactate after the squats and after a recovery period. Statistical significance was set at P < .05, and analysis of variance was conducted to determine differences in muscle activity, fatigue, recovery, and VO2, with post hoc analyses as appropriate. Results: Of the 6 muscles measured, the muscle activity of the gastrocnemius alone significantly increased from 0 Hz at 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 30 Hz based on the root mean square values and at 4, 8, 12, and 30 Hz based on the peak electromyography amplitude values. There were no significant differences in the other muscles. There were no significant differences in VO2 or in lactate levels. Conclusions: Low-frequency WBV during squat exercises significantly increased the activity of the gastrocnemius medialis only at specific frequencies in healthy young adults. Low-frequency WBV is safe and has the potential to increase muscle activity.
Infrared surface plasmons on a Au waveguide electrode open new redox channels associated with the transfer of energetic carriers
Authors: Hirbodvash Zohreh , Krupin Oleksiy , Northfield Howard , Olivieri Anthony , Baranova Elena A. , Berini Pierre
Published: May 2022

Plasmonic catalysis holds promise for opening new reaction pathways inaccessible thermally or for improving the efficiency of chemical processes. We report a gold stripe waveguide along which infrared (λ
0
~ 1350 nanometers) surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagate, operating simultaneously as an electrochemical working electrode. Cyclic voltammograms obtained under SPP excitation enable oxidative processes involving energetic holes to be investigated separately from reductive processes involving energetic electrons. Under SPP excitation, redox currents increase by 10×, redox potentials decrease by ~2× and split in correlation with photon energy, and the charge transfer resistance drops by ~2× as measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The temperature of the working electrode was monitored in situ, ruling out thermal effects. Chronoamperometry measurements with SPPs modulated at 600 hertz yield a commensurately modulated current response, ruling out thermally enhanced mass transport. Our observations indicate opening of optically controlled nonequilibrium redox channels associated with energetic carrier transfer to the redox species.
Evaluation of Novel Quorum Sensing Inhibitors Targeting Auto-Inducer 2 (AI-2) for the Control of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Infections in Chickens
Authors: Helmy Yosra A. , Kathayat Dipak , Deblais Loic , Srivastava Vishal , Closs Gary , Tokarski Robert J. , Ayinde Oluwatosin , Fuchs James R. , Rajashekara Gireesh
Published: May 2022

Avian pathogenic
Escherichia coli
(APEC), a subgroup of ExPEC, is a zoonotic pathogen with public health importance. Quorum sensing is a mechanism that regulates virulence, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis in bacteria.
Quinoa Reduces High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice via Potential Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Interaction Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Ting-Ye , Tao Si-Yu , Wu Yan-Xiang , An Tian , Lv Bo-Han , Liu Jia-Xian , Liu Yu-Tong , Jiang Guang-Jian
Published: May 2022

Gut microbiota has been investigated extensively, as a driver of obesity as well as a therapeutic target. Studies of its mechanisms are predominantly microbiota-gut-brain axis or microbiota-gut-liver axis.
Higher childhood pneumonia admission threshold remains in Lao PDR: an observational study
Authors: Lim Ruth , Chaummanivong Molina , Taikeophithoun Chansathit , Gray Amy , Jenney Adam W J , Sychareun Vanphanom , Nguyen Cattram , Russell Fiona
Published: May 2022

Objectives

WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines changed pneumonia hospitalisation criteria in 2014, which was implemented in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) in 2015. We determined adherence to: current (2014) IMCI guidelines for children presenting to hospitals with pneumonia, current outpatient management guidelines and identified hospitalisation predictors.

Design

Prospective observational study (January 2017 to December 2018).

Setting

Outpatient and emergency departments of four hospitals in Vientiane, Lao PDR.

Patients

594 children aged 2–59 months diagnosed with pneumonia.

Main outcome measures

Number of children diagnosed, hospitalised, managed, administered preventive measures and followed-up accordant with current guidelines.

Results

Non-severe and severe pneumonia were correctly diagnosed in 97% and 43% of children, respectively. Non-severe pneumonia with lower chest wall indrawing (LCI) was diagnosed as severe in 15%. Hospitalisation rates were: 80% for severe pneumonia, 86% and 3% for non-severe pneumonia with and without LCI, respectively. Outpatient oral antibiotic prescribing was high (99%), but only 30% were prescribed both the recommended antibiotic and duration. Appropriate planned follow-up was 89%. Hospitalisation predictors included age 2–5 months (compared with 24–59 months; OR 3.95, 95% CI 1.90 to 8.24), public transport to hospital (compared with private vehicle; OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.09 to 6.24) and households without piped drinking water (OR 4.67, 95% CI 2.75 to 7.95).

Conclusions

Hospitalisation practice for childhood pneumonia in Lao PDR remains more closely aligned with the 2005 WHO IMCI guidelines than the currently implemented 2014 iteration. Compliance with current outpatient antibiotic prescribing guidelines was low.
Maternal and neonatal peripartum factors associated with late initiation of breast feeding in Bangladesh: a secondary analysis
Authors: Roy Abhijeet , Hossain Md Mokbul , Ullah Md. Barkat , Mridha Malay Kanti
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Late initiation of breast feeding (LIBF) is associated with increased neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to assess the association between intrapartum, early postpartum and neonatal factors, and LIBF in Bangladesh.

Design, setting and participants

In this analysis, we used data from the mothers participating in a cluster-randomised controlled trial (Rang-Din Nutrition Study) conducted in rural northwest Bangladesh. Mothers (n=3594) were interviewed about the time of initiation of breast feeding, and peripartum maternal and neonatal complications within the first 72 hours of delivery. LIBF was defined as initiation of breast feeding 1 hour after birth. Factors associated with LIBF were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Main outcome measures

Prevalence and associated factors of LIBF.

Results

The prevalence of LIBF was 18.5%. Factors significantly associated with LIBF in multivariable logistic regression were assisted vaginal delivery (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.17, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.27); delivery by caesarean section (AOR 9.67, 95% CI 7.21 to 12.96); maternal health problems during childbirth (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.00); preterm newborns (AOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.78); newborns moved slowly immediately after birth (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.94); and sick newborns (AOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.29).

Conclusions

Findings from this study suggest that to reduce LIBF, peripartum maternal and neonatal complications should be prevented and treated.

Trial registration number

NCT01715038.
Divergent decennial trends in mental health according to age reveal poorer mental health for young people: repeated cross-sectional population-based surveys from the HUNT Study, Norway
Authors: Krokstad Steinar , Weiss Daniel Albert , Krokstad Morten Austheim , Rangul Vegar , Kvaløy Kirsti , Ingul Jo Magne , Bjerkeset Ottar , Twenge Jean , Sund Erik R
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Public health trends are formed by political, economic, historical and cultural factors in society. The aim of this paper was to describe overall changes in mental health among adolescents and adults in a Norwegian population over the three last decades and discuss some potential explanations for these changes.

Design

Repeated population-based health surveys to monitor decennial changes.

Setting

Data from three cross-sectional surveys in 1995–1997, 2006–2008 and 2017–2019 in the population-based HUNT Study in Norway were used.

Participants

The general population in a Norwegian county covering participants aged 13–79 years, ranging from 48 000 to 62 000 000 in each survey.

Main outcome measures

Prevalence estimates of subjective anxiety and depression symptoms stratified by age and gender were assessed using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-5 for adolescents and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for adults.

Results

Adolescents’ and young adults’ mental distress increased sharply, especially between 2006–2008 and 2017–2019. However, depressive symptoms instead declined among adults aged 60 and over and anxiety symptoms remained largely unchanged in these groups.

Conclusions

Our trend data from the HUNT Study in Norway indicate poorer mental health among adolescents and young adults that we suggest are related to relevant changes in young people’s living conditions and behaviour, including the increased influence of screen-based media.
Long-term ocular and visual outcomes following symptomatic and asymptomatic congenital CMV infection: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Karamchandani Urvi , Ahmed Umar , Rufai Sohaib R , Tan Naomi , Tan Weijen , Petrushkin Harry , Solebo Ameenat Lola
Published: May 2022

Introduction

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common congenitally acquired infections worldwide. Visual impairment is a common outcome for symptomatic infants, with long-term ophthalmic surveillance often recommended. However, there are no clear guidelines for ophthalmic surveillance in infants with asymptomatic disease. We aim to conduct a systematic review to establish the overall prevalence and incidence of eye and vision related disorders following congenital CMV infection (cCMV).

Methods and analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis (pending appropriate data for analysis) of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies will be conducted. The PubMed, Embase and CINAHL databases will be searched up to 29 March 2022 without date or language restrictions. Studies will be screened by at least two independent reviewers. Methodological quality of included studies will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. The primary outcome measures will be incidence and/or prevalence of vision impairment or ophthalmic disorders in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic cCMV infection. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. The overall prevalence will be estimated by pooling data using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity between studies will be estimated using Cochran’s Q and the I2 statistics. Egger’s test will be used to assess for publication bias.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval is not required as there is no primary data collection. Study findings will be disseminated at scientific meetings and through publication in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number

This is not a clinical trial, but the protocol has been registered: CRD42021284678 (PROSPERO)
Risk factors for hospitalisation and death from COVID-19: a prospective cohort study in South Sudan and Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Leidman Eva , Doocy Shannon , Heymsfield Grace , Sebushishe Abdou , Mbong Eta Ngole , Majer Jennifer ,   The IMC-CDC COVID-19 Research Team, Bollemeijer Iris
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Our study described demographic characteristics, exposures and symptoms, and comorbidities to evaluate risk factors of hospitalisation and mortality among cases in Juba, South Sudan (SSD) and North and South Kivu in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Design

Prospective observational cohort of COVID-19 cases.

Methods

Individuals presenting for care at one of five study facilities in SSD (n=1) or DRC (n=4) or referred from home-based care by mobile medical teams between December 2020 and June 2021 were eligible for enrolment. Demographic characteristics, COVID-19 exposures, symptoms at presentation, as well as acute and chronic comorbidities, were evaluated using a standard questionnaire at enrolment. Disease progression was characterised by location of care using mixed-effects regression models.

Results

751 individuals were eligible for enrolment. Among cases followed to discharge or death (n=519), 375 were enrolled outpatients (75.7%). A similar number of cases were enrolled in DRC (n=262) and SSD (n=257). Overall mortality was 4.8% (95% CI: 3.2% to 6.9%); there were no outpatient deaths. Patients presenting with any symptoms had higher odds of hospitalisation (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.78, 95% CI 1.47 to 5.27) and all deaths occurred among symptomatic individuals. Odds of both hospitalisation and mortality were greatest among cases with respiratory symptoms; presence of low oxygen levels on enrolment was strongly associated with both hospitalisation (AOR 7.77, 95% CI 4.22 to 14.29) and mortality (AOR 25.29, 95% CI 6.42 to 99.54). Presence of more than one chronic comorbidity was associated with 4.96 (95% CI 1.51 to 16.31) times greater odds of death; neither infectious comorbidities evaluated, nor malnutrition, were significantly associated with increased mortality.

Conclusions

Consistent with prior literature, older age, low oxygen level, other respiratory symptoms and chronic comorbidities were all risk factors for mortality. Patients presenting with these characteristics were more likely to be hospitalised, providing evidence of effective triage and referral.

Trial registration number

NCT04568499.
Guideline review: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt in the management of portal hypertension—a BSG guideline
Authors: Jeyanesan Dhaarica , Balachandrakumar Vinay Kumar , Hogan Brian
Published: May 2022

The decision-making around transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) placement in the management of patients with chronic liver disease and portal hypertension (PH) is a regular challenge for hepatologists. In the UK, access has improved, with more than 35 hospitals now offering this service. However, its role in acute variceal bleeding, refractory ascites and other complications of PH continues to be redefined and expanded. In particular, the role of pre-emptive TIPSS has become more established and requires re-evaluation of pathways to enable equitable access for patients. Here, we summarise the key recommendations from the recently published British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines and expand on the challenges posed.
Emergency department patients’ attitudes towards the use of data in their clinical record for research without their consent
Authors: Schultz-Swarthfigure Chase , Kelly Anne-Maree , Zion Deborah
Published: May 2022

Background

Health research often uses health information, a subcategory of personal information, collected during clinical encounters. Conditions under which such health information can be used for the secondary purpose of research are set out in state, national and international law. In Australia, consent is required or the relevant conditions for a waiver of consent must be met and approved by a human research ethics committee (HREC). Consent for use of health information for research is rarely sought at an emergency department (ED) presentation. Research often occurs after the index visit and gaining consent can be difficult. Waiver of consent provisions are frequently used, but acceptability of this approach to patients is unclear.

Objective

To identify ED patients’ knowledge and attitudes towards the use of health information for research, consent preferences and acceptability of waiver of consent.

Methods

An online, anonymous survey of adult patients attending two large EDs in Melbourne, Australia.

Results

103 patients completed the survey. We found that 52% were unaware that health information might be used for research. A majority (77%) felt that HREC approval for use of health information without consent was acceptable. However, 36% would prefer to be contacted regarding consent.

Conclusion

These findings suggest a lack of awareness that health information can be used for research and that waiver of consent is acceptable, but not necessarily preferred, in most of the ED patient population. Efforts to increase awareness and provide opportunities to express preferences about health information use for research are needed.
Aspiration thrombectomy versus stent retriever thrombectomy alone for acute ischemic stroke: evaluating the overlapping meta-analyses
Authors: Azzam Ahmed Y , Ghozy Sherief , Kallmes Kevin M , Adusumilli Gautam , Heit Jeremy J , Hassan Ameer E , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Kallmes David F
Published: May 2022

Background

Previous studies comparing a direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) and stent retrievers have inconsistent methodologies and data reporting, limiting the ability to accurately assimilate data from different studies that would inform treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review to discuss and compare the findings of all relevant meta-analysis studies comparing the efficacy of the ADAPT and stent retriever techniques.

Methods

The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), where meta-analyses comparing the efficacy of the ADAPT technique and stent retrievers in the treatment of AIS were included. We extracted all relevant data from the included studies and assessed the quality of the included meta-analyses using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Review (AMSTAR-2).

Results

Seven relevant studies met our inclusion criteria and were suitable for the qualitative synthesis. All included studies obtained data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational investigations (including levels II, III, and IV). At the same time, none of them used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) for quality assessment. In accordance with AMSTAR-2, two studies were rated ‘high’, while the other five were rated ‘moderate’.

Conclusions

Present evidence is insufficient to clarify the superiority of one modality over the other. Further RCTs on this comparison must be conducted prior to designing further meta-analyses or making conclusive interpretations. Procedure duration and cost should be taken into consideration for any future studies.
Octant of 𝜃23, MH, 0νββ decay and vacuum alignment of A4 flavor symmetry in an inverse seesaw model
Authors: Devi Maibam Ricky , Bora Kalpana
Published: May 2022

Measurements of disappearance channel of long baseline accelerator-based experiments (like NO[Formula: see text]A) are inflicted with the problem of octant degeneracy. In these experiments, the mass hierarchy (MH) sensitivity depends upon the value of CP-violating phase [Formula: see text]. Moreover, MH of light neutrino masses is still not fixed. Also, the flavor structure of fermions is yet not fully understood. We discuss all these issues in a highly predictive, low-scale inverse seesaw (ISS) model within the framework of [Formula: see text] flavor symmetry. Recent global analysis has shown a preference for normal hierarchy and higher octant of [Formula: see text], and hence we discuss our results with reference to these, and find that the vacuum alignment of [Formula: see text] triplet flavon [Formula: see text] favors these results. Finally, we check if our very precise prediction on [Formula: see text] and the lightest neutrino mass falls within the range of sensitivities of the neutrinoless double beta decay [Formula: see text] experiments. We note that when octant of [Formula: see text] and MH is fixed by more precise measurements of future experiments, then through our results, it would be possible to precisely identify the favorable vacuum alignment corresponding to the [Formula: see text] triplet field as predicted in our model.
Conditional Identity Privacy-preserving Authentication Scheme Based on Cooperation of Multiple Fog Servers under Fog Computing-based IoVs
Authors: Xia Zhuoqun , Zeng Lingxuan , Gu Ke , Li Xiong , Jia Weijia
Published: May 2022

Internet of vehicles (IoVs) is a variant of vehicular ad hoc network, which provides an efficient communication method for vehicles. However, some traffic messages usually include sensitive identity information, which is easy to bring about the leakage of vehicular identities during data communications. Further, if vehicular identities are fully protected, then it can lead to trusted authority cannot reveal the real identities of malicious vehicles, which incurs more security issues in IoVs. Therefore, in this article, we propose an efficient conditional identity privacy-preserving authentication scheme based on cooperation of multiple fog servers under fog computing-based IoVs, where fog servers are used to verify (authenticate) the legitimacy of vehicles without revealing their real identities. Further, an associated vehicular identity updating mechanism is constructed to solve the problem that some compromised fog servers may leak their stored verification information to pool real vehicular identities. Additionally, a malicious vehicular identity tracing mechanism is proposed to support related fog servers that receive signed false messages can trace the real identities of malicious vehicles. Compared with other related schemes, our scheme further improves its security. Experimental results show our scheme is efficient under fog computing-based IoVs.
Socially Assistive Robots as Storytellers that Elicit Empathy
Authors: Spitale Micol , Okamoto Sarah , Gupta Mahima , Xi Hao , Matarić Maja J.
Published: May 2022

Empathy is the ability to share someone else’s feelings or experiences; it influences how people interact and relate. Socially assistive robots (SAR) are a promising means of conveying and eliciting empathy toward facilitating human-robot interaction. This work examines factors that influence the amount of empathy elicited by a SAR storyteller and users’ perceptions of that robot. We conducted an empirical mixed-design study (N=46) using an autonomous SAR storyteller that told three stories, each with a different human or robot target of empathy. The robot storyteller used the first-person narrative voice (1PNV) with half of the participants and the third-person narrative voice (3PNV) with the other half. We found that the SAR storyteller elicited significantly more empathy when the story target of empathy matched the SAR narrator, i.e., was also a robot. Additionally, the 1PNV robot elicited significantly more empathy and was perceived as more human-like, easy to interact with, and trustworthy than the 3PNV robot. Finally, participants who empathized more with the robot displayed facial expressions consistent with the emotional story content. These insights inform the design of SAR storytellers capable of eliciting empathy toward creating compelling and effective human-robot interactions.
SIGCSE Bulletin seeks a new co-editor
Authors: Miller Jeffrey , Wallace Charles
Published: May 2022

After three years of service, Jeffrey Miller is stepping down as Co-Editor of the SIGCSE Bulletin. We encourage members to apply for this position.
ITiCSE 2022 call for participation
Authors: Becker Brett , Quille Keith , Laakso Mikko-Jussi
Published: May 2022

The 27th annual ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (ITiCSE) will take place in Dublin, Ireland, hosted by University College Dublin (UCD), with support from the Technological University of Dublin (TU Dublin).
Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Prevalence and Associated Factors
Authors: Reque Santivañez Javier , Garcia Peris Beatriz , Panizo Gonzalez Nayara , Perez Alba Alejandro , D’Marco Luis , Collado Boira Eládio
Published: May 2022

Introduction. Renal function and thyroid metabolism are tightly related. However, evidence about subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence in patients with chronic kidney disease and its related factors is scarce. Objectives. Our aim is to analyze subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence and its related factors in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. Materials and methods. Nondialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease at stages 3 to 5 were included. Other inclusion criteria were age above 18 years and clinical stability. Patients with diagnosed thyroid illnesses were excluded. Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) > 5.3 mU/L, with free thyroxine 4 (FT4) between 0.54 and 1.24 ng/dl. Filiation data, comorbidities, and routine blood and urine test results were registered. Results. A total of 299 patients were included. Of them, 184 (61.5%) were men. The mean age was 71 ± 13 years old. The mean glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI) was 22 ± 9 ml/min/1.73 m2. According to chronic kidney disease stages, global distribution of patients was as follows: Stage 3, 67 patients (22.4%); Stage 4, 155 patients (51.8%); and Stage 5, 77 patients (25.8%). We found subclinical hypothyroidism in 54 (18.1%) patients. According to chronic kidney disease stages, distribution of affected patients was as follows: Stage 3, 9 patients (13%); Stage 4, 25 patients (16.1%); and Stage 5, 20 patients (26%). Differences among stages were statistically significant. By univariate analysis, factors related with subclinical hypothyroidism were as follows: age RR 1.048 (95% CI 1.019–1.078;

p
=
0.001

), hypertension RR 2.705 (95% CI 1.026–7.130;

p
=
0.04

), glomerular filtration rate RR 0.962 (95% CI 0.929–0.996;

p
=
0.03

), and proteinuria higher than 1 gram/day RR 2.387 (95% CI 1.303–4.374;

p
=
0.005

). By multivariate analysis adjusted by age, hypertension, glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease history, only age RR 1.016 (95% CI 1.009–1.028;

p
=
0.04

) and glomerular filtration rate RR 0.963 (95% CI 0.930–0.997;

p
=
0.03

) preserved their independent association with subclinical hypothyroidism. Conclusions. Subclinical hypothyroidism prevalence in patients with chronic kidney disease is high and increases with renal disease severity. Factors independently related to subclinical hypothyroidism are age and glomerular filtration rate.
The Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients and Their Application to Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Saliba Edward P. , Barnes Alexander B.
Published: May 2022

The Clebsch–Gordan coefficients are extremely useful in magnetic resonance theory, yet have an infamous perceived level of complexity by many students. The Clebsch–Gordan coefficients are used to determine both the matrix elements of the spherical tensor operators and the total angular momentum states of a system of component angular momenta. Full derivations of these coefficients are rarely worked through step by step. Instead, students are provided with tables accompanied by little or no explanation of where the values in it originated from. This lack of direction is often a source of confusion for students. For this reason, we work through two common examples of the application of the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients to magnetic resonance experiments. In the first, we determine the components of the magnetic resonance Hamiltonian of ranks 0, 1, and 2 and use these to identify the secular portion of the static, heteronuclear dipolar Hamiltonian. In the second, we derive the singlet and triplet states that arise from the interaction of two identical spin-

1
/
2

particles.
Excess Pore Water Pressure and Ground Consolidation Settlement Caused by Grouting of Shield Tunnelling
Authors: Zhang Qiongfang , Zhou Qihui , Ye Fengchun , Yan Jiajia , Liu Nianwu , Lou Yadong
Published: May 2022

This study investigates the effect of shield tunnel grouting on excess pore pressure distributions around tunnel and ground consolidation settlement. First, it presents half-plane excess pore pressure around an unlined tunnel caused by grouting pressure based on the complex variable theory and the conformal mapping method. Second, the analytical solution for the soil consolidation is derived using the conformal transformation method and the consolidation theory of Terzaghi–Rendulic. The drainage conditions of the tunnel lining are idealized into three cases: fully drained, partially drained, and impermeable along the tunnel circumference. The impacts of the burial depth of the tunnel, the permeability coefficient of the tunnel lining and the surrounding soil, the Poisson’s ratio of the soil, the lateral Earth pressure coefficient of the soil, and the shear modulus are investigated.
Effect of Ultrasound-Guided Fascia Iliac Compartment Block on Serum NLRP3 and Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Femoral Intertrochanteric Fracture
Authors: Zhu Kailai , Zheng Fang , Wang Chuanguang , Ding Leiming
Published: May 2022

Objective. To investigate the effects of ultrasound-guided fascia iliac compartment block (FICB) on patients’ postoperative pain and inflammatory factors as well as nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in femoral intertrochanteric fracture. Methods. This single-blind randomized controlled study included 231 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture treated in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2020. All patients were randomized into two groups, the FICB group (

n
=
116

) and the general anesthesia group (control group,

n
=
115

). The serum NLRP3 levels and inflammatory factors were evaluated. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and SpO2 values were recorded. Pain condition was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Harris score was performed for positive hip function. Results. The values of HR and MAP were significantly lower after anesthesia induction in FICB groups compared with the control group. However, no significant difference was found for SpO2. Compared with the control group, the VAS scores within 72 h after surgery were all markedly lower in the FICB group than in the control group and showed no significant difference at 1 week after surgery. The levels of NLRP3 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were significantly lower in FICB patients at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery compared with the control group. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) showed a significant lower level in the FICB group at 1 h and 6 h after surgery, and significant lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were found at 1 h and 24 h after surgery compared with the control group. Positive correlation was found between NLRP3 and IL-6, as well as CRP and VAS scores after 1 h of the surgery. No significant difference was found for both Harris score and postoperative complications between the two groups. Conclusion. Fascia iliac compartment block could reduce the postoperative pain, which might be associated with the decrease of the serum levels of NLRP3, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in femoral intertrochanteric fracture patients.