bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjusting for differential misclassification in matched case‐control studies utilizing health administrative data
Authors: Högg Tanja , Zhao Yinshan , Gustafson Paul , Petkau John , Fisk John , Marrie Ruth Ann , Tremlett Helen
Published: May 2019

In epidemiological studies of secondary data sources, lack of accurate disease classifications often requires investigators to rely on diagnostic codes generated by physicians or hospital systems to identify case and control groups, resulting in a less‐than‐perfect assessment of the disease under investigation. Moreover, because of differences in coding practices by physicians, it is hard to determine the factors that affect the chance of an incorrectly assigned disease status. What results is a dilemma where assumptions of non‐differential misclassification are questionable but, at the same time, necessary to proceed with statistical analyses. This paper develops an approach to adjust exposure‐disease association estimates for disease misclassification, without the need of simplifying non‐differentiality assumptions, or prior information about a complicated classification mechanism. We propose to leverage rich temporal information on disease‐specific healthcare utilization to estimate each participant's probability of being a true case and to use these estimates as weights in a Bayesian analysis of matched case‐control data. The approach is applied to data from a recent observational study into the early symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), where MS cases were identified from Canadian health administrative databases and matched to population controls that are assumed to be correctly classified. A comparison of our results with those from non‐differentially adjusted analyses reveals conflicting inferences and highlights that ill‐suited assumptions of non‐differential misclassification can exacerbate biases in association estimates.
Room Temperature Ionic Liquids from Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleobases
Authors: Gavhane Rajshree J. , Madkar Kavita R. , Kurhe Deepti N. , Dagade Dilip H.
Published: May 2019

Purine and pyrimidine nucleobases are of central attraction in biological and chemical sciences as these bases or their derivative are primary components in genetic materials. The solubility of these components is the main concern and puts certain limitations on their use in laboratory synthesis of medicinally important molecules. In this work, efficient conversions of purine and pyrimidine nucleobases (namely uracil, thymine, adenine, guanine, xanthine and hypoxanthine) into corresponding completely water soluble salts are reported. All the reported salts are room temperature ionic liquids except xanthine salts which have melting points higher than 100 °C and hence cannot be called as ionic liquids. Synthesized room temperature ionic liquids from nucleobases were well characterized using spectral and thermal analysis. Experimental data of some physicochemical properties such as density, conductivity, glass transition temperature, melting temperature as well as decomposition temperature reported which shows that the reported ionic liquids are stable upto 200 °C.
Estimating the number of signals using principal component analysis
Authors: Virta Joni , Nordhausen Klaus
Published: May 2019

In this work, we develop inferential tools for determining the correct number of principal components under a general noisy latent variable model, which includes as a special case, for example, the noisy independent component model. The problem is approached using hypothesis testing, and we provide both a large‐sample test and several resampling‐based alternatives. Simulations and an application to sound data reveal that both types of approaches keep the desired levels and have good power.
Dielectronic recombination at low energy range with Boron‐like Ar13+at the CSRm
Authors: Huang Z.K. , Wang S.X. , Wen W.Q. , Xu X. , Wang H.B. , Li S. , Dou L.J. , Khan N. , Mahmood S. , Zhu X.L. , Zhao D.M. , Mao L.J. , Ma X.M. , Li J. , Mao R.S. , Yang J.C. , Yin D.Y. , Yuan Y.J. , Chen C.Y. , Zhu L.F. , Ma X.
Published: May 2019

In order to extend the dielectronic recombination (DR) experiments from the main cooler storage ring CSRm with intermediate charge state ions to the experimental cooler storage ring CSRe with highly charged ions and even radioactive ions, a test electron‐ion recombination experiment of B‐like Ar13+ ions was performed with a section of the new electron beam energy detuning system, which will be installed at the CSRe. We present the measured and also the calculated DR spectra for the ∆n = 0 resonances from 0 to 3 eV. The experimental results agree very well with the previous DR experimental data from CRYRING, and the energy resolution reached 30 meV full width at half maximum. This test experiment demonstrates that the reliability and stability of the newly developed electron beam energy detuning system are satisfactory for the upcoming DR experiments at the CSRe. However, we found large discrepancies between the experimental result and the calculation in both resonance positions and the intensities of the recombination spectrum below 0.7 eV, which indicate that precise calculation of the DR spectrum of multielectron ions is still a challenge.
Estimating the Global Demand and Delivery of Cancer Surgery
Authors: Zafar Syed Nabeel , Siddiqui Asif H. , Channa Roomasa , Ahmed Shayan , Javed Ammar A. , Bafford Andrea
Published: May 2019

Background

Cancer is a leading cause of death and disability globally. While surgery remains a vital part of cancer management, access to surgical care remains inconsistent. Our objective was to estimate the global need for cancer‐related surgery and to identify disparities in the surgeon workforce.

Methods

The World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Global Cancer Observatory were queried for estimates on national incidences of 35 different malignancies. The proportion of patients requiring surgery for each of these cancers was extrapolated from the United States Surveillance, Epidemiology and End‐Result database. The number of people requiring cancer surgery in each country was calculated and compared with the surgical workforce. Estimates were presented as choropleth maps. Associations were tested with country development indicators.

Results

An estimated 9,464,214 (95% CI 4,364,196–14,564,230) patients required cancer‐related surgical care in 2018. An overall 1.24 people needed cancer surgery per 1000 population. This was related to income status (p < 0.01) and Human Development Index (r = 0.86, p < 0.001), with the largest need being in high‐income countries. The number of people requiring cancer surgery per surgeon (CP–S ratio) ranged from 7.3 in the European region to 80 in the African regions. The CP–S ratio was 10 times higher for low‐ versus high‐income countries (p < 0.001) and was inversely related to healthcare expenditure (r = −0.59, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

An estimated 9.5 million people required cancer surgery globally. Low‐ and middle‐income countries experience a severe and acute shortage of surgeons to provide for the cancer surgery needs of the population.
Gait and postural disorders in parkinsonism: a clinical approach
Authors: Raccagni Cecilia , Nonnekes Jorik , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Peball Marina , Boehme Christian , Seppi Klaus , Wenning Gregor K.
Published: May 2019

Disturbances of balance, gait and posture are a hallmark of parkinsonian syndromes. Recognition of these axial features can provide important and often early clues to the nature of the underlying disorder, and, therefore, help to disentangle Parkinson’s disease from vascular parkinsonism and various forms of atypical parkinsonism, including multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and corticobasal syndrome. Careful assessment of axial features is also essential for initiating appropriate treatment strategies and for documenting the outcome of such interventions. In this article, we provide an overview of balance, gait and postural impairment in parkinsonian disorders, focusing on differential diagnostic aspects.
Control of crossflow-vortex-induced transition by unsteady control vortices
Authors: Guo Zhengfei , Kloker Markus J.
Published: May 2019

The fundamental mechanisms of a hitherto unstudied approach to control the crossflow-induced transition in a three-dimensional boundary layer employing unsteady control vortices are investigated by means of direct numerical simulations. Using a spanwise row of blowing/suction or volume-force actuators, subcritical travelling crossflow vortex modes are excited to impose a stabilizing (upstream) flow deformation (UFD). Volume forcing mimics the effects of alternating current plasma actuators driven by a low-frequency sinusoidal signal. In this case the axes of the actuators are aligned with the wave crests of the desired travelling mode to maximize receptivity and abate the influence of other unwanted, misaligned modes. The resulting travelling crossflow vortices generate a beneficial mean-flow distortion reducing the amplification rate of naturally occurring steady or unsteady crossflow modes without invoking significant secondary instabilities. It is found that the stabilizing effect achieved by travelling control modes is somewhat weaker than that achieved by the steady modes in the classical UFD method. However, the energy requirements for unsteady-UFD plasma actuators would be significantly lower than for steady UFD because the approach makes full use of the inherent unsteadiness of the plasma-induced volume force with alternating-current-driven actuators. Also, the input control amplitude can be lower since unsteady crossflow vortex modes grow stronger in the flow.
A Review Article ofSongs of The Sabbath Sacrifices: a Critical Editionby Carol Newsom
Authors: Qimron Elisha
Published: May 2019

The publication of any work from Qumran is a great event for anyone who is interested in the DSS; far more is this the case when the work is a long and important one.Shirot Olat HaShabbath(ShirShabb) is such a long and important work, being preserved in no less than eight MSS from Qumran cave 4, one MS from Qumran cave 11, and one MS from Masada. Before the discoveries in the Judaean Desert this work was completely unknown.
On Hidden Hatred and Open Reproach: Early Exegesis Of Leviticus 19:17
Authors: Kugel James L.
Published: May 2019

As is well known, the beginnings of biblical exegesis are to be found within the Hebrew Bible itself: later books or passages often comment on earlier ones, clarifying perceived ambiguities, at times harmonizing apparent contradictions, or seeking to bring an ancient text up to date, even rewriting history or trying to bring out some would-be esoteric meaning. Indeed, evidence of these interpretive concerns is to be found not only within the later parts of the Jewish canon, but among the biblical apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, in the Qumran documents, Hellenistic Jewish writings, the New Testament, rabbinic literature, and so forth. Sometimes we can do more than simply catalogue how a given verse or passage was interpreted in various sources—we can actually try to glimpse something of the history and evolution of its interpretation.
The PharisaicParadosis
Authors: Baumgarten A. I.
Published: May 2019

When historical reconstruction of the nature of a person or a group is carried out under ideal circumstances, we should have two kinds of evidence: we should know the self description of the subject, and be able to compare this self description with the way the subject was seen by others. These two types of evidence give historians the perspective which should allow them to draw a wellrounded portrait of the nature of their subject. When viewed in this light, the problems presented in attempting a historical reconstruction of the nature of the Pharisees before 70 CE make this case a classic example of the problems of historical work. Virtually no documents have survived that come from the Pharisees themselves. We know them as seen by Josephus (who claimed to have been and to be a Pharisee, but who in fact shows little indication of Pharisaic belief or practice in his life or writings), as they appeared to the authors of the gospels, or as seen in the hindsight of their heirs, the rabbis. Thanks to Qumran texts we may learn how the Pharisees were viewed by members of a competing group. Paul claimed to have once been a Pharisee, but was writing his letters as a Christian. The first type of evidence discussed above is thus almost entirely lacking; the second is available in abundance.
Preventing a Civil Defendant from Leaving the Country as a Form of Preliminary Relief
Authors: Goldstein Stephen
Published: May 2019

All legal systems have long recognized the need to provide the plaintiff with provisional relief of various types so as to insure that, during the pendency of the legal proceedings, the defendant does not take actions that would frustrate the possibility of enforcing the plaintiff's judgment should one be obtained.

While recognizing the need to provide such relief, the law has, however, also been faced with an opposing set of values. That is, provisional relief is, by definition, relief provided before the plaintiff has proven the defendant's liability. In other words, the coercive power of the courts is sought to be brought to bear, whether in the form of sequestration of the defendant's property or by an order directed against him personally to restrain from acting as he otherwise would, before it is determined definitively that he is liable to the plaintiff. This is a drastic step indeed—a restraint of the defendant's property or liberty prior to a definitive adjudication of his liability.
Protection of Data Privacy in Computer Systems
Authors: Walker Benjamin G.
Published: May 2019

The protection of data in computer-based systems is a serious and growing problem. It is one of the most challenging technical problems in the field of computer science today. The objective of this paper is to provide a technical overview of the problem and to suggest some steps that need to be taken to assure progress in the field toward cost-effective systems that provide adequate protection.

The Problem: Protecting the privacy of data in computer systems involves establishing safeguards against accidental disclosure as well as protection against a deliberate attack. During system failures and restart procedures errors in coding procedures often cause data to be stored in the wrong files or put sensitive data out on the printer along with diagnostic information intended for maintenance personnel. You have probably had the experience at some time of being wired into someone else's telephone conversation.
Electronic Publishing: The Role of Carrier and Publisher
Authors: Neustadt Richard M.
Published: May 2019

Since this is a legal seminar, I thought it would be appropriate to begin with a case. There is a person in Los Angeles who has been operating an electronic bulletin board on his personal computer. What that means is that he has memory attached to his computer, and it is possible for anyone else in the country with a computer to dial into that bulletin board and leave a message automatically in the memory. That message can then be accessed by anyone else who dials in.

This person does not exercise any control over the messages that are put in. It is open to anyone who wants to put a message in there. Somebody put into that bulletin board the telephone credit card number of a rich person. Subsequently, many other people dialed into the bulletin board, got the telephone credit card number and charged phone calls to that person. No one knows where the number came from. The board operator was prosecuted under a criminal charge. The question is, is he liable?
Closing Remarks
Authors: Klinghoffer Hans
Published: May 2019

In the name of all those who had the privilege to listen to today's enlightening lectures and discussion, I should like to express our gratitude both to our guests from abroad and to the Israeli participants for their valuable contribution to the illumination of problems connected with the relationship between computerized data-collecting and the law. As was stressed by Chief Justice Shamgar, Erwin Shimron was very much interested in questions of mutual interaction between the progress of social life and legal development. May I, as a retired teacher of constitutional law, ask your permission to refer briefly, in these concluding remarks, to the crucial issue of the protection of privacy in the computer age.

The need to protect privacy is deeply rooted in the respect for human dignity, the highest and most fundamental of all values in the civilized world. Considering then the close link between the private sphere of the individual and the very essence of human dignity, we have to attach the greatest importance to the task of protecting the private sphere in the relationship between State and individual and among individuals themselves.
Guido (Gad) Tedeschi at Eighty: A Tribute
Authors: Englard Izhak
Published: May 2019

The sages held that part of a man's praise is told in his presence and all of it in his absence (BTEruvin18b). Even as Prof. Tedeschi sits before us in his valour – for so our sages have designated the age of four-score – I am well aware that he has no desire for eulogies and that he is a man who shuns honours. Indeed, only the entreaties of his students and friends moved him – with great difficulty – to participate in this festive meeting of the Academy of Sciences and Humanities. His valour is in his humility. This is the man and such has always been his chosen path. As I know him and respect him – and, I admit without shame, also love him – I shall, in deference to him, conduct myself in strictest accordance with the dictate of the sages and shall sing but the smallest part of his praises. Nevertheless, we owe it to ourselves to give an accounting of the work of this great jurist from whose well we have quaffed and who, as a rising spring, is as prolific today as in his youth.
The Problem of Equity in Maimonides
Authors: Englard Izhak
Published: May 2019

Concern with the question of equity – in the Aristotelian sense of epieikeia – in the teaching of Maimonides has been revived by the profound study of this basic and complex subject by the late Eliezer Shimshon Rosenthal. The immediate purpose of that study, amplified in the intricate manner characteristic of the author, is to show that Maimonides' answer regarding the Halakhah on the last hour for eating hamez on the eve of Pessah is intimately associated with his perception of the generality of the Torah as expressed in Part III, chapter 34 of The Guide of the Perplexed, and comparable to another well-known responsum of his concerning the prohibition of listening to musical song.

In the course of his discussion, the author points out the connection between Maimonides' approach and the writings of Aristotle, and in a special appendix he enlarges on the relationship of Aristotle to Plato. Rosenthal's understanding of Maimonides' position gave rise to a critical response by Shalom Rosenberg, which in turn led other scholars to contribute to the debate with their own clarifications and comments.
Interpretation in Criminal Law
Authors: Kremnitzer Mordechai
Published: May 2019

In recent years a new trend has appeared in decisions of the Supreme Court concerning the interpretation of criminal prohibitions. According to this trend – which will be analysed in the course of this article – a penal statute must be interpreted in the same way as every other statute, there being no rule of restrictive interpretation particular to criminal law. The interpreter must choose that interpretative option which best realizes the objective of the legislation, even when that option is based on the irregular and secondary meaning of the words. The legislative objective is often identified by the Court as the broadest possible defence of the social interest protected by the norm. It is this trend that we wish to discuss, or rather, to criticize.
Unenforceable Contracts and Unjusticiable Contracts: Secs. 32–33 of the Contracts (General Part) Law, 1973
Authors: Shalev Gabriela
Published: May 2019

The Contracts (General Part) Law, 1973, is the fundamental statute in Israeli contract law, and will in the future serve as the basis for the codification of Israel civil law. The Law was enacted following a decade of meticulous preparatory work by a committee headed by Professor Tedeschi. Prof. Tedeschi was the leading intellectual force in this committee; his influence is apparent in the approaches, principles and concepts of the Law, as well as in its particular provisions. Prof. Tedeschi also devoted a part of his prolific writings to the realm of contracts law. This article, dealing with only two sections of the wide-ranging Contracts (General Part) Law, is dedicated with admiration to the father of Israeli modern contract law.
Acceptance, and Withdrawal or Denial, of World Court Jurisdiction: Some Recent Trends as to Jurisdiction
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: May 2019

The political attacks being mounted today against international organisation—the United Nations General Assembly, and especially UNESCO—are paralleled by some differences and challenges to the International Court of Justice, and this on the part of some of the Court's erstwhile most enthusiastic supporters. It used to be almost an act of political faith for Western, or Western-influenced, para-professional legal associations, meeting in the immediate post-War era and up to the 1960s, to reaffirm their support for the principle of international adjudication as the prime method of peaceful settlement of international disputes, and for the acceptance by all States of the compulsory jurisdiction of the World Court as the most affirmative and concrete way of demonstrating their endorsement of that principle. It was once a key element in the instructions of Western delegations to international legal conferences to insist upon the primacy of judicial settlement in any formal legal affirmation of the principle of peaceful settlement and in any listing of the alternative modes of its exercise.
Ordovician Sphinctozoan Sponges from the Eastern Klamath Mountains, Northern California
Authors: Rigby J. Keith , Potter A. W.
Published: May 2019

Extensive silicified faunules of Middle and Late Ordovician sphinctozoan sponges have been assembled from the northern part of the eastern Klamath Mountains in northern California. The sponges are from eugeosynclinal rocks that are the westernmost Middle Ordovician to Late Devonian rocks at that latitude in North America. Seventeen new species occur in the assemblages, including 10 porate and 7 aporate forms. New genera of porate forms areAmblysiphonelloidesandCorymbospongia, and new porate species include:Amblysiphonella grossa, Amblysiphonelloides tubula, A. reticulata, Imperatoria mega, I. media, I. minima, I. irregularis, Corymbospongia adnata, C. mica, andC.(?)perforata.These are the first reported occurrences ofAmblysiphonellaandImperatoriain the Ordovician. New aporate genera areCystothalamiellaandPorefieldia, and new aporate species include:Cystothalamiella ducta, C. craticula, C. tuboides, Porefieldia robusta, Girtyocoelia epiporata, andG. canna.This is the oldest known occurrence ofGirtyocoelia, which is generally considered a Late Paleozoic form.Cliefdenella obconican. sp. is characterized by an obconical growth form in contrast to other species of the genus that are more massive or explanate.Cliefdenellais considered here as an imperforate sphinctozoan.

Minor isolated hexactines and hexactine-derived spicules of Hexactinellida were associated with the sphinctozoans. No particular taxa within the class can be distinguished from these individual elements.
Absorption and Translocation of14C-Ethalfluralin in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Willis M. D. , Putnam A. R.
Published: May 2019

Absorption and translocation of14C-ethalfluralin (N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine) were measured in cucumber plants in the field and greenhouse. In field enclosures, cucumbers treated with 1.68 or 3.36 kg ai/ha preemergence soil-surface applications of14C-ethalfluralin accumulated significantly more14C in leaves than in petioles, stems, or fruits. In greenhouse studies,14C-ethalfluralin vapor was absorbed by both cucumber seedling stems and cotyledons. Seedlings absorbed14C-ethalfluralin from a nutrient solution and translocated14C into all plant parts. Cucumber absorbed14C-ethalfluralin topically applied to the stem and translocated14C acropetally, while only limited basipetal translocation occurred. Although cotyledons absorbed14C-ethalfluralin, very little14C moved out of the treated tissue.
Response Differences of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare) to Chlorsulfuron
Authors: Foley Michael E.
Published: May 2019

Field observations indicate that wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is considerably more tolerant to soil residues of chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} than barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). The basis for relative differences in tolerance was investigated by measuring herbicide dose response, uptake, movement, and metabolism using ‘Clark’ barley and ‘Marberg’ wheat. Barley root fresh and dry weights were significantly reduced when roots were exposed to nutrient solution containing 35 mM chlorsulfuron for 1 day. Wheat roots similarly exposed for 3 days to 1.1 mM chlorsulfuron displayed no growth reduction. The small differences in uptake and movement of chlorsulfuron detected in wheat and barley are inadequate to explain the large response difference between the two species. Both species rapidly metabolize chlorsulfuron in 1 day and there is no significant difference in the level of parent compound remaining in barley compared to wheat. A factor other than uptake, movement, or metabolism must account for barley roots greater sensitivity to root-applied chlorsulfuron.
Control of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) with Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Wiese Allen F. , Lavake Dwane E.
Published: May 2019

Over 20 experiments comparing glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), fosamine [ethyl hydrogen (aminocarbonyl)phosphonate], and 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] for control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL. # CONAR) were conducted from 1976 to 1982 at various times of the year and different stages of weed growth. In three of the studies, 1.7, 3.4, and 5.0 kg ae/ha of glyphosate gave 54, 72, and 80% control, respectively, 1 yr after application. Control with glyphosate at 3.4, 2,4-D at 1.1, dicamba at 1.1, and fosamine at 13.7 kg ae/ha in the 20 studies was 71, 55, 57, and 73%, respectively, 1 yr after application. Glyphosate, 2,4-D, and fosamine gave good control at any time of the year if weed growth was lush. Dicamba gave good control anytime if growth was good and in the fall regardless of growing conditions. Control with mixtures of dicamba and picloram, picloram and 2,4-D, or glyphosate and picloram was higher than with the other herbicides. Dicamba at 1.1 kg/ha, applied after August caused some injury to wheat planted the same fall. Herbicide combinations with picloram at 0.28 kg/ha applied after June injured wheat planted in the fall.
Seedling Growth Responses of Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) to Tebuthiuron and Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)
Authors: Rasmussen G. Allen , Smith Roger P. , Scifres Charles J.
Published: May 2019

Tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} at 2 or 4 ppmw placed 0 to 3, 8 to 11, or 15 to 18 cm deep in soil columns reduced root and shoot weights of buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare(L.) Link # PESCI] 30 days after emergence. Plains bristlegrass (Setaria macrostachyaH.B.K.) seedling shoot weights were not reduced when 2 ppmw tebuthiuron was placed 8 to 11 cm deep or deeper. Effects of tebuthiuron at 0.13 to 0.50 ppmw on buffelgrass shoot and net tiller production were not moderated by the presence of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa# PRCJG) in the pots. However, regardless of tebuthiuron dosage, average height and shoot weight of buffelgrass seedlings were greater when seedlings were grown in soil collected from beneath honey mesquite canopies compared to growth in soil from interspaces. Therefore, spatial variations in buffelgrass response to applications of tebuthiuron for control of invading shrubs may largely be attributed to soil changes induced by woody plants rather than to presence of shrubs.
Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control in Red Fescue Seed Production
Authors: Wyse Donald L. , Elling Laddie J. , White Donald B. , McGraw Robert L.
Published: May 2019

Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one}, RO-13-8895 {acetone-O-[d-2-[p-[α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl-oxy]phenoxy] propionyl] oxime}, and KK-80 {4-[4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy] phenoxyl]-2-pentenoic} were evaluated for potential use for controlling quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv., # AGRRE] in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘NK200’), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermisLeyss. ‘Sac’), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL. ‘Nordstern’), timothy (Phleum pratenseL. ‘Climax’), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL. ‘Park’), Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaeL. ‘Rise’), meadow fescue (Festuca elatiorL.), and red fescue (Festuca rubraL.). The three herbicides, when applied postemergence at 1.1 kg ai/ha, caused severe injury to all species except red fescue. ‘Pennlawn’, ‘Ruby’, ‘Dawson’, MN67123, MN673, and MN6354 red fescue entries were tolerant to the three herbicides in both greenhouse and field experiments. Sethoxydim and RO-13-8895 effectively controlled quackgrass in Pennlawn red fescue, but KK-80 was not effective.
Effects of Plant Growth Stage on Glyphosate Absorption and Transport in Ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicum) and Blue Pacific Juniper (Juniperus conferta)
Authors: Neal Joseph C. , Skroch Walter A. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: May 2019

Carbon-14-labeled glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was foliarly applied to ligustrum (Ligustrum japonicumThunb.) and blue pacific juniper (Juniperus confertaParl. ‘Blue Pacific’) at the following growth stages: cold acclimation, winter dormancy, budbreak, shoot elongation, and termination of the first flush of growth (shoot termination). At shoot elongation juniper plants absorbed 2% of applied14C by 14 days after treatment (DAT). Applications at other growth stages resulted in no significant absorption of14C by junipers. Within 7 DAT the amounts of radioactivity absorbed by ligustrum were significant and depended upon growth stage in the following order: budbreak < shoot termination < shoot elongation. Absorption by overwintered leaves occurred at budbreak but not at elongation or termination. Transport of absorbed14C in ligustrum was primarily acropetal and occurred only in budbreak and flowering treatments. Differences in tolerance to glyphosate between juniper and ligustrum appear to be related to differential absorption. Seasonal differences in ligustrum tolerance also appear to be associated with differences in absorption. Although growth stage affected transport in ligustrum, differential transport does not appear to play a major role in seasonal influences on long-term glyphosate phytotoxicity.
Genetic Engineering for Herbicide Resistance Proceedings of a Symposium of the Weed Science Society of America February 1985
Authors: LeBaron Homer M.
Published: May 2019

Those who study the history of science and technology understand the important symbiotic relationships that exist between the various disciplines, and how a breakthrough in one area can trigger a chain reaction that leads to even more important progress in another area of science. This has certainly occurred in the discovery of triazine-resistant weeds in the late 1960's, followed in 1973 when Stanley Cohen of Stanford University and Herbert Boyer of the University of California at San Francisco found a simple way to combine DNA from two different organisms and then to clone identical copies of these recombined DNA molecules in bacteria. In 1975, Steven Radosevich made the important observation that isolated chloroplasts from triazine-resistant weeds were not inhibited in their rate of photosynthesis when treated with atrazine. With the use of triazine-resistant weeds and their chloroplasts, our knowledge of the structure of chloroplasts (herbicide binding genes that control the various peptides and amino acid sequences) and many other aspects of photosynthesis has expanded greatly during the past 10 years, with major contributions by Charles Arntzen and many other scientists.
A Fifteen-Year Phenological Record of Pasture Plants Near Lincoln, Nebraska
Authors: McCarty Melvin K.
Published: May 2019

Occurrence of various growth stages of major pasture plants near Lincoln, NE, were recorded for 15 yr, 1958 to 1973. The phenology of 31 perennial and 16 biennial, winter annual, and annual broadleaf species and 18 grasses was determined. Phenological stages of broadleaf species were recorded as: emergence, stem elongation, first bud, first bloom, and seed firm. Events recorded for the grasses were: emergence, culm elongation, head exserted, anthesis, and seed firm. Much variation existed in phenology among and within life habit groupings of species. Year-to-year variability in phenology of these plants was dependent on temperature patterns of specific years. Studies of this nature are useful in developing more efficient control methods for weeds, insects, and diseases.
Microorganisms Associated with Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Seeds on the Soil Surface
Authors: Kremer Robert J.
Published: May 2019

The relationships between microorganisms and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) seeds in contact with soil were studied to determine microbial effects on velvetleaf seed viability. The characteristic seed microbial association persisted on velvetleaf seeds placed on the soil surface during 32 days of incubation. The fungal association comprised ofAlternaria alternata(Fr.) Keissl.,Cladosporium cladosporioides(Fres.) de Vries,Epicoccum purpurascensEhrenb. ex Schlecht, andFusariumspp. was detected on over 50% of the seeds during incubation. Establishment of soil microorganisms on 50% of seeds occurred at only one sampling date. Such establishment was largely unsuccessful due to the effective barrier presented by seedborne microorganisms. Seedborne and soilborne microorganisms were unable to reduce viability of velvetleaf seeds in contact with soil as the total viability of all seeds tested exceeded 90% during incubation. Velvetleaf seedborne microorganisms may augment seed longevity on and in soils by acting as a barrier to potential seed decomposers originating from soil.
Herbicide Cross-Resistance in Triazine-Resistant Biotypes of Four Species
Authors: Fuerst E. Patrick , Arntzen Charles J. , Pfister Klaus , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The cross-resistance of triazine-resistant biotypes of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL), common groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL. # SENVU), and the crop canola (Brassica napusL. var. Atratower) to a selection of herbicides was evaluated at both the whole plant and chloroplast level. The triazine-resistant biotypes of all four species showed a similar pattern of cross-resistance, suggesting that a similar mutation had occurred in each species. The four triazine-resistant biotypes were resistant to injury from atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], bromacil [5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(1-methylpropyl)-2,4-(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione], and pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone] and were slightly resistant to buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}. The triazine-resistant biotypes were more sensitive to dinoseb [2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol]. Triazine-resistant smooth pigweed showed resistance to cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] with slight resistance to linuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea] and desmedipham {ethyl [3-[[(phenylamino)carbony] oxy] phenyl] carbamate}. There was little or no resistance to diuron [N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea], bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid). Parallel studies at the chloroplast level indicated that the degree of resistance to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport was highly correlated with the degree of resistance to herbicidal injury. This correlation indicates that atrazine, cyanazine, metribuzin, pyrazon, bromacil, linuron, desmedipham, and buthidazole cause plant injury by inhibition of photosynthesis. This correlation also indicates that triazine resistance and cross-resistance at the whole plant level is due to decreased sensitivity at the level of photosynthetic electron transport. Cross-resistance to numerous additional herbicides was evaluated on isolated chloroplast thylakoid membranes and these results are discussed.14C-atrazine was displaced from thylakoid membranes by several herbicides, indicating that these herbicides compete for a common binding site.
Induction of Rapid Metabolism of Metolachlor in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Shoots by CGA-92194 and Other Antidotes
Authors: Fuerst E. Patrick , Gronwald John W.
Published: May 2019

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench. ‘G-623 GBR’] bioassays indicated that shoot growth was more susceptible to metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] and more responsive to the antidote CGA-92194 {α-[(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-imino] benzeneacetonitrile} than root growth. Seed treatment with CGA-92194 increased seedling shoot tolerance to metolachlor approximately tenfold. CGA-92194 seed treatment enhanced shoot absorption of14C-metolachlor approximately twofold. Metolachlor was initially metabolized to the glutathione conjugate in untreated shoots and those treated with CGA-92194. However, CGA-92194 seed treatment caused accelerated metolachlor metabolism in the shoot, decreasing metolachlor content and increasing formation of the glutathione conjugate. Cyometrinil {(Z)-α[(cyanomethoxy)imino] benzeneacetonitrile}, flurazole [phenylmethyl 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylate], naphthalic anhydride (1H,3H-naphtho[1,8-cd]-pyran-1,3-dione), and dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-propenylacetamide) also protected sorghum from metolachlor injury and enhanced metolachlor absorption and metabolism. The degree of protection conferred by a particular antidote was correlated with its ability to enhance metabolism of metolachlor in shoot tissue. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the above antidotes protect sorghum from metolachlor injury by inducing rapid detoxification of metolachlor through conjugation with glutathione.
Effects of Three Weed Residues on Weed and Crop Growth
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Coble Harold D.
Published: May 2019

Broadleaf signalgrass [Brachiaria platyphylla(Griseb.) Nash # BRAPP has recently become the dominant annual grass in certain fields of the North Carolina Coastal Plains. Previously, fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorumMichx. # PANDI) and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] were the dominant annual grasses in the region. One of the possible reasons for the observed population shift could be production of inhibitors or stimulators by one species that affects the population dynamics of the other species. Studies were initiated to evaluate the effects of broadleaf signalgrass, large crabgrass, and fall panicum residue, applied as a mulch or soil incorporated, on five indicator species: the three weeds themselves, corn (Zea maysL.), and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. At expected residue levels, the degree of inhibition or stimulation from fall panicum and broadleaf signalgrass was determined to be significant for some indicator species. When such responses were seen, the amount of residue necessary to produce these results was usually within the concentrations normally observed in field situations. Based on these results, it appears that the observed population shift is partially mediated by the production of inhibitors or stimulators through plant residue. Other factors such as differential herbicide selectivity and crop rotation are being investigated.
Common Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Tolerance to Herbicides
Authors: Friesen George H. , Campbell Clayton G.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments conducted over a 7-yr period have demonstrated that common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench. cv. ‘Mancan’) has acceptable tolerance to many herbicides that are known to selectively control grass-type weeds in broadleaf crops. Herbicides for broadleaf weed control that showed some selectivity in common buckwheat were desmedipham {ethyl [3-[(phenylamino) carbonyl] oxy] phenyl] carbamate} applied postemergence and fluorochloridone {3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinone} applied either preplant soil incorporated or preemergence shallow incorporated. Tank mixtures of desmedipham plus sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} also showed adequate tolerance to common buckwheat at rates recommended for weed control in other crops.
Regrowth of Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Following Postemergence Applications of Haloxyfop and Sethoxydim
Authors: Stoltenberg David E. , Wyse Donald L.
Published: May 2019

Previous research has shown that haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} give less control of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] when applied at the five- to seven-leaf stage compared to the three- to four-leaf stage. Current research indicates that reduced control of quackgrass in the eight-leaf stage, compared to the four-leaf stage, was not due to reduced herbicide retention on leaves or to changes in residual herbicide activity in the soil following postemergence applications. The efficacy of both herbicides on rhizome bud kill did not change between the four- and eight-leaf stages following application to the foliage. However, the efficacy of both herbicides on crown tissue bud viability was less at the eight-leaf stage. Rhizome sink intensity (the capacity to accumulate radiolabel) was similar at both stages of development following14C-haloxyfop and14C-sethoxydim application to either upper or lower leaves. Crown tissue sink intensity was significantly less at the eight-leaf stage compared to the four-leaf stage following14C-sethoxydim application to either upper or lower leaves and following14C-haloxyfop application to lower leaves. These data suggest that crown bud regrowth contributes substantially to reduced control of quackgrass in advanced stages of growth following applications of haloxyfop and sethoxydim.
Uptake and Translocation of14C-Fluazifop by Quackgrass (Agropyron repens)
Authors: Chandrasena Nimal R. , Sagar Geoff R.
Published: May 2019

Detached leaves and whole plants of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. # AGRRE] were used to study uptake and translocation of butyl esters of14C-fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, with or without additional adjuvants. In the absence of adjuvants 3.2% of applied radioactivity entered detached quackgrass leaves by 6 h, and at the end of 24 h, 6.0% had penetrated. The presence of additives increased uptake by leaves significantly. In the presence of the nonionic surfactant Agral (nonyl phenol ethoxylate) at 0.2% (v/v) or the oil-additive Actipron (self-emulsifying adjuvant oil) at 2.0% (v/v), 17.2 and 12.9% of applied radioactivity, respectively, entered the leaves by 24 h. Evidence of dependence of phloem translocation of the radioactivity on source-sink relationships of the plant was obtained in the studies with whole plants. Translocation measured up to 7 days after treatment showed that radioactivity was concentrated in areas such as young developed leaves, young stems, and rhizome apices. Rhizomes appear to be major sinks for the accumulation of radioactivity and at 7 days 0.5% of applied radioactivity was found there. In wholeplant experiments the two adjuvants either individually or in mixture increased the uptake of14C-fluazifop significantly. However, a corresponding increase in basipetal translocation was found only in one experiment. Much of the increased activity that had entered the leaves in the presence of adjuvants was found to have moved to areas distal to the treated zone or remained within the treated zones. In all experiments, applied14C was not fully recovered. Evidence of significant volatility losses from treated surfaces was obtained and it is thought that this may be the main reason for the inability to recover all of the applied activity.
Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) and Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Authors: Patterson David T. , Russell Ann E. , Mortensen David A. , Coffin Robert D. , Flint Elizabeth P.
Published: May 2019

Texas panicum (Panicum texanumBuckl. # PANTE) is a native of the Southwest, now increasing as a weed throughout the southern United States, whereas wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL. # PANMI) is an introduced weed currently increasing in importance in the northern Midwest. In controlled-environment chambers, both species produced more tillers, greater leaf area, and more total dry weight at 30/24 C day/night (simulated growing season temperature in Georgia) than at 24/18 C (simulated growing season temperature in Minnesota). Texas panicum accumulated more dry matter at 30/24 C than did wild proso millet, while wild proso millet accumulated more dry matter at 24/18 C than did Texas panicum. When the two species were grown together, Texas panicum was the superior competitor at 30/24 C while wild proso millet was superior at 24/18 C. Exposure to short photoperiods at an intermediate temperature of 27/21 C accelerated flowering and limited vegetative growth in both species. In the range of photoperiods (10 to 16 h) examined, wild proso millet always flowered earlier and, consequently, produced less vegetative growth than Texas panicum. Its responses to temperature and photoperiod indicate that wild proso millet probably would be competitively inferior to Texas panicum and other adapted grass weeds in the southern United States.
Butylate Persistence and Activity in Soils Previously Treated with Thiocarbamates
Authors: Tuxhorn Gary L. , Roeth Fred W. , Martin Alex R. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: May 2019

Butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate] persistence was compared in three soils that were treated annually with four thiocarbamate herbicides in 1981 and 1982. Butylate degraded faster in soils treated two consecutive years with butylate + dichlormid (2,2-dichloro-N,N-di-2-prophenylacetamide) than in soils treated for 2 yr with EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate) + dichlormid, cycloate (S-ethyl cyclohexylethylcarbamothioate), vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate) + dichlormid, or from previously untreated soils. Butylate + dichlormid applications in 1981 and 1982 enhanced butylate degradation in 1983 at all locations and reduced weed control at two locations. Previously untreated soil or soil previously treated with two annual applications of butylate + dichlormid was treated with 6 ppmw butylate, incubated for 14 days, analyzed for residual butylate, and bioassayed for herbicide activity. Bioassay indicated higher herbicidal activity than was predicted by the residual butylate concentration. A herbicidally active metabolite may be produced during the soil degradation of butylate.