bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elevated aminotransferase levels: Diagnostic approach
Authors: Simonovic-Babic Jasmina , Delic Dragan , Svirtlih Neda , Djordjevic Marija
Published: July 2006

Introduction Aminotransferase levels are a sensitive indicator of liver cell injury and is frequently used to identify patients with liver diseases such as hepatitis. Both aminotransferases are normally present in serum at low levels, usually less than 30 U per liter. Although these enzymes are present in tissues throughout the body, they are most often elevated in patients with liver diseases and may reflect liver injury. Raised aminotransferase levels of unknown origin are common problem in clinical practice. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, the variable most commonly measured to assess hepatic disease, fails to identify many patients with hepatic injury. On the other hand, elevated ALT level doesn't always confirm liver disease. The aim of this study was to show the most common reasons for elevated aminotransferase levels. Material and methods The study included 27 patients with elevated ALT. All of them were followed-up for six months before liver biopsy was performed. All patients underwent routine laboratory tests and ultrasound of the abdomen. Results We found that four patients had a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), four patients had chronic hepatitis of unknown etiology, two of them had autoimmune hepatitis, four had mild lobular hepatitis (three of them unresolved acute hepatitis, one of them had nodular regenerative hyperplasia), six patients had normal results, and three had no specific changes. Conclusion Elevated ALT level doesn't always mean that there is a liver disease. If aminotransferase levels are persistently more than twice the normal value, a biopsy is recommended. Although results of biopsy are unlikely to lead to a diagnosis or to changes in management, they often provide reassurance to the patient and the physician to exclude serious pathology.
Anteroposterior jaw position in persons with skeletal class I
Authors: Vucinic Predrag , Vukic-Culafic Branka
Published: July 2006

Introduction Many authors point out that there are great differences in anthropometric studies due to racial, ethnic and population morphological characteristics. Facial type is a decisive factor when planning and setting objectives, as well as when choosing the mode of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics of antero-posterior position of maxilla and mandible and determine the most prevalent facial type in children living in Vojvodina. Material and methods Sixty cephalograms of both males and females, with skeletal class I and harmonious facial profile, were digitized and the following skeletal measurements were calculated: SNA, SNB and ANB angles. For comparative analysis, characteristics of craniofacial complex of the tested population were compared to Bolton standards from the Broadbent-Bolton longitudinal growth study. Results A statistically significant difference of both maxillary and mandibular prognathism were present when compared to Bolton standards. This indicates more retrognathic viscerocranial structures, and more posteriorly divergent profiles (SNA=81.7o; SNB=78.23o). Conclusion Differences identified in craniofacial parameters in relation to Bolton standards show that one should carefully consider the risk of altering facial esthetics of patients from Vojvodina with extraction treatment. Whenever possible, give priority to early non-extraction treatment, in order to reach the best possible end-result within the given facial type, preserving facial esthetics.
Characteristics of arterial hypertension in obesity
Authors: Ivkovic-Lazar Tatjana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Arterial hypertension is the most frequent cardiovascular disease in obese persons, progressing with time to left ventricular hypertension, often associated with dilatation, diastolic disorders, hearth rhythm disturbance, and generalized atherosclerosis. Etiology The origin of this disease is related to hemodynamic disturbances (increased blood volume, minute volume, mainly due to increased stroke volume) accompanied with changes of peripheral resistance, which increases in a later phase. However, metabolic factors are presently considered as primarily responsible for appearance of hypertension, which has rightly obtained the attribute of metabolic hypertension. A key role belongs to insulin, in fact, to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism. Treatment Awareness of the metabolic basis of arterial hypertension in obesity has resulted in a specific approach to its treatment. The primary treatment includes reduction diet, with a drastic reduction of salt intake and with compulsory physical activity, while concerning medications one should consider converting enzyme inhibitors, alpha1 blockers and calcium channel antagonists. .
Emerging diseases: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Authors: Kuljic-Kapulica Nada
Published: July 2006

Introduction Recognized for many years in central Asia and Eastern Europe, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe zoonotic disease which affects people coming into contact with livestock or ticks. The range of the CCHF virus is now known to extend form central Asia to India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and to most of Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa. Etiology CCHF virus is a member of the Bunyavirus family, and is classified as a Nairovirus. Clinical features After an incubation period of approximately 3 to 6 days the abrupt onset of acute febrile illness occurs. The first symptoms are similar to severe influenza and include fever, headache, severe back and abdominal pain. The hemorrhagic fever manifestations occur after several days of illnesses and include petechial rash, ecchymoses, hematemmesis, and melenna. Cases typically present with some form of hepatitis. The mortality rate is 10-50% in different outbreaks with deaths typically occurring during the second week of illness. Epidemiology The genus Hyalomma of ixodid ticks is the most important vector of the CCHF virus. Vertebrates including birds and small animals provide excellent amplifier hosts of both the virus and the tick. The virus can be transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals and from person to person. Diagnosis Early diagnosis is possible in special laboratories using antigen detection by imunofluorescence or ELISA tests or molecular methods as PCR and antibody detection. Control Tick control measures need to be emphasized and utilized to prevent CCHF. This includes spraying camp sites, clothing and danger areas with acaricides or repellent. Strict isolation of patients with CCHF and a focus on barrier nursing would help to prevent nosocomial spread. Presently the vaccine is a dangerous mouse brain-derived version. Future development of a vaccine would help to prevent human infection.
A longitudinal follow-up of cervical length during pregnancy
Authors: Novakov-Mikic Aleksandra , Stojic Sinisa
Published: July 2006

A prospective longitudinal study of cervical length during pregnancy included 60 women. Three groups of patients were analyzed: group I - cervical length was measured in all three trimesters, group II - cervical length was measured in the first and second trimesters, and group III - length was measured in the second and third trimesters. Cervical length was measured in each group individually, with the aim of establishing the trend of change. In the group in which the cervical length was measured in all three trimesters, there was either a mild progressive cervical shortening or cervix remained of the same length. The number of examined women is very small, though, so more valid is the information that the trend of mild shortening occurs in the second and third trimesters. None of the trends is particularly explicit and shows that there is a period in an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy of low risk for preterm delivery, during which there is a significant shortening before delivery takes place. During pregnancy there are different, individual modes of cervical changes, which leads to individualization when estimating the risk for preterm delivery. Reference values should be established for cervical length in order to assess risk for preterm delivery, rather than use the ?cut-off? value after which the risk is considered higher.
Breast cancer incidence among women of Branicevo region in the period 1991 - 2000
Authors: Sipetic Sandra , Petrovic Vesna , Milic Zorica , Vlajinac Hristina
Published: July 2006

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, the second leading cause of cancer death, and the third most common cancer overall, throughout the world. In 1996, 910.000 new cases were diagnosed worldwide (about 9% of all new cases). Over 50% of breast cancer incidence occurred in the developed world. The aims of this study were to study breast cancer incidence during 1991-2000 in the region of Branicevo and to analyze differences in incidence rate for breast cancer in two periods of time 1991-1991 and 1996-2000. Material and methods This was a descriptive study. Routine national incidence data were used from the Republic Statistical Office. The analysis was restricted to the region of Branicevo. Age adjustment of annual incidence rates was carried out using five-year intervals and the distribution of the World population by Sega as the standard. Results A total of 542 women affected with breast cancer were evidenced in the Region of Branicevo during the period 1991- 2000, accounting for 25.3% of all malignant cases. Over the studied ten-year period the average standardized incidence rate (1:100,000) for breast cancer was 27.4. Based on the average age-specific incidence rates (1:100,000) female breast cancer was least frequently evidenced in women up to 34 years of age, while it was most frequent in groups aged 45 - 49 and 70 - 74 years. Over the period 1991-1995, female breast cancer accounted for 32.0% and in the period 1996-2000 for 22.2% of all mlignancies, with the average standardized incidence rates (1:100,000) being 22.5% and 32.4%, respectively. Discussion The average standardized incidence rate (1:100,000) for breast cancer was 27.4, which is similar to the rates evidenced in Eastern European countries, such as Poland (38.7), Slovakia (34.5), Hungary (29.6), Romania (31.1), Belarus (24.7) and Russia (40.6). Increase of breast cancer incidence rate, evidenced in the Region of Branicevo, is also evidenced in most countries with previously low incidence rates. Increase of breast cancer incidence rate is also detected in our neighboring countries, Bulgaria and Slovenia. Conclusions An increasing trend of breast cancer incidence rate was evidenced in the Region of Branicevo over the period 1991 - 2000, partially due to well kept registries and partially due to actual increase in the number of patients affected with malignant diseases.
Rhinolithiasis
Authors: Buljcik Maja , Savovic Slobodan , Krnojelac Dijana , Covic Stanko , Nikolic Olivera , Lemajic Slobodanka
Published: July 2006

Introduction A rhinolith is a rock which forms in the nose. It occurs from the solidification of mucus and nasal debris: by mineral salts, calcium, magnesium phosphate and carbonate, and it leads to unilateral obstruction of the nasal airway followed by inflammatory changes of the nasal mucus membrane and paranasal cavities. This inflammatory process may lead to a purulent form with complications, intracranial propagation and dacryocystitis. Case report This is a case report of a patient with rhinolithiasis, 30 years of age, complaining of breathing difficulties for 10 years, with nasal secretion, reduced olfactory function and headaches. She underwent the following procedures: frontal rhinoscopy, epipharyngoscopy, nasal mucus analysis (fungi and bacteria), x- ray check-up as well as pathohistological analysis of the removed rhinolith. Discussion and conclusion The significance of computer tomography of paranasal cavities was confirmed in coronal lines, as the most valid radiological analysis which provides adequate diagnosis, differential diagnosis and helps in making the decision on surgical treatment. Surgery is obligatory and in most cases it is endonasal endoscopy. Bigger nasal stones (rhinoliths), progressing into the surrounding anatomic structures, are treated using rhinotomy and trepanation (Caldweell-Luc). In cases of greater rhynolits with propagation into neighboring anatomic areas, cases of surgical treatment by lateral rhynotomy and trepancy of the sinuses (Caldwel-Luc) were shown.
Effects of ginkgo biloba extract on an experimental model of epilepsy
Authors: Pilija Vladimir , Ivetic-Petrovic Vesna , Mihalj Marija , Draganic-Gajic Saveta , Popovic Mira
Published: July 2006

INTRODUCTION The active ingredients of ginkgo biloba extracts were determined by biochemical analyses in the last ten years and they are widely used in classical medicine. The active substances of ginkgo biloba extract, mostly affect muscarinic receptors and adrenergic receptors to a lesser degree. Recently, potential effects of ginkgo biloba on NMDA receptors and on epileptogenic seizures have been considered. The main goal of this research was to investigate effects of ginkgo biloba extracts on the experimantal model of epilepsy. Material and methODS The research was carried out on chinchilla rabbits. GINGIUM solution was used with 40 mg in 1 ml of dry extract of ginkgo biloba leaves. The epileptogenic area was formed by stimulating hippocampus. Bioelectrical activity was registered 60 minutes before the epileptogenic area was formed as well as 90 minutes later. Ginkgo biloba extract was given via IM, in a single daily dose of 1ml/kg/BW. RESULTS A statistically significantly higher frequency of paroxysmal seizures was established after usage of ginkgo biloba. CONCLUSION According to the results obtained in this research, we can conclude that ginkgo biloba extracts have a proconvulsive activity.
Cyclic intravenous pamidronate in treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Vujasinovic-Stupar Nada , Pilipovic Nada , Brankovic Slobodan
Published: July 2006

Objective To assess the efficacy and tolerability of cyclic intravenous pamidronate therapy in women with severe osteoporosis. Material and methods Bone mineral density (BMD) measurement was performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry using LUNAR DPX-L device. Slow intravenous infusion regimens of pamidronate (30 mg) every three months were used in treatment of 240 women, in addition to supplemental Ca and vitamin D. Bone mineral density was measured from lumbar spine 1 year later (120 mg of pamidronate) in 195 women and 2 years later (240 mg of pamidronate) in 29 women. The placebo group included 63 women treated only with calcium and vitamin D. Results The average age of 240 women with severe osteoporosis was 61.2?9.5. All were postmenopausal, except for two of them. Their mean age at the onset of menopause was 46.2?5.6. Mean duration of menopause was 15.7?8.1. After 1 year of therapy, bone mineral density increased from 0.781 g/cm2 to 0.837 g/cm2 (p<0.001), the mean increase bone mass was 7.2% (p<0.0001). After 2 years, bone mineral density increased to 0,844 g/cm2, the improvement was 8.1% from baseline (p<0.001). Bone mineral density in the placebo group, after one year, significantly increased (p=0.046) from 0.966 g/cm2 to 1.004 g/cm2, the improvement was 3.9%. However, after two years, bone mineral density decreased to 0.973 g/cm2, and compared with baseline this change was 0.7% and not significant (p> 0.05). Conclusion Pamidronate prevented further decrease of BMD in our patients with severe osteoporosis and also increased BMD in these patients. This safe and efficient drug is well tolerated.
The value of ultrasound in diagnosis of male infertility
Authors: Stojanovic Sanja , Govorcin Mira , Hadnadjev Dusan , Marusic Goran , Senicar Slavica , Nikolic Olivera
Published: July 2006

Introduction The number of male patients with clinical presentation of infertility, especially secondary infertility after infections, is increasing every day. Contemporary urological standards in defining male infertility include ultrasound examination. Ultrasound examination of the scrotum using color doppler is of great importance. Diagnosis of male infertility Testicular atrophy, microlithiasis and varicocele are the most common causes of male infertility. Microlithiasis and classical testicular microlithiasis are not directly associated with infertility. Gray scale sonography is used in evaluation of the dilatation of the testicular veins, but color Doppler made a real contribution in revealing subclinical varicocele. Transrectal ultrasound is used in a number of pathological conditions of prostate, seminal vesicles and ducts. In cases of obstructive azoospermia it is important to find out the cause, such as focal prostatitis, cysts, ejaculatory ducts obstruction or absence of vas deferens. Conclusion UIltrasound is a noninvasive method easy to perform, which provides information without postexamination consequences such as strictures or obstructions, which are possible after invasive deferentography. Ultrasound guided biopsy, provides a new minimally invasive diagnostic tool in current urology.
The use of rigid ureteroscope in the treatment of ureteral steinstrasse after extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy of renal calculi: Case report
Authors: Djozic Jasenko , Bogdanovic Jovo , Sekulic Vuk , Popov Milan , Dukic Miso , Marusic Goran
Published: July 2006

Introduction Exracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the first choice for patients with urolithiasis. Increased use of endoscopic techniques provided increased use of ureteroscopic lithotripsy in the treatment of stones located in distal ureter, as well as ESWL. Rigid ureteroscope is usually used in the management of distal ureter stones, while middle and upper ureter stones should be treated by flexible ureteroscope or ESWL. At Urology Clinic in Novi Sad, ureteroscopy has been used since 1986, and more than 1000 procedures have been preformed with success rate of over 95% (100% when we were able to reach the stone). The aim of this report is to show the destruction of stone along the ureter, using a rigid ureteroscope, shortly after the ESWL treatment of kidney stones. Case report A 46-year-old woman was admitted to the Clinic with "steinstrasse" along the ureter, two weeks following ESWL of kidney stones. Primarily, she underwent ESWL without J-J stenting, at another urologic department. On admission to our Clinic, she complained of pain, nausea, mild temperature. An urgent diagnosis was carried out and left sided "steinstrasse" with hydronephrosis was confirmed by ultrasound, plain X-ray, laboratory findings. Ureteroscopy was performed under spinal anesthesia by rigid ureteroscope and the stone was destroyed along the ureter, even the pyelon was explored at the end of the procedure. The patient was advised to take a lot of fluids with diuretics and 80% of stones were eliminated in the first week after the procedure. At the first control, a month later, the patient was stone free. Conclusion Rigid ureteroscope is a therapeutic option for distal ureteral stones, just as ESWL with comparable and reproducible results. This case confirms the fact that in strictly selected cases, and careful work of skilled urologists, rigid ureteroscope can be used for successful stone destruction in the middle and upper ureter.
In situ pedicle graft and coronary-coronary bypass grafting using internal thoracic artery in management of multiple lesions of the left anterior descending coronary artery
Authors: Nezic Dusko , Knezevic Aleksandar , Cirkovic Milan , Jovic Miomir , Mangovski Ljupco , Milojevic Predrag
Published: July 2006

Introduction Nowadays, coronary-coronary bypass grafting (CCBG) has been applied in patients with heavily calcified ascending aorta or due to lack of graft material. Case report We describe a case in which the patient's large left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, running well over the cardiac apex, presented with proximal and distal stenosis. Although the pedicled left internal thoracic artery (ITA) graft is sometimes too short for sequential bypass in cases of distal stenosis of the LAD coronary artery, we used a free, short segment of the pedicled left ITA for coronary-coronary bypass grafting. The in situ remnant of the left pedicled ITA was used to bypass the proximal LAD stenosis. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Predischarge angiogram (on the 9th postoperative day) showed an in situ left ITA graft as well as a free coronary-coronary ITA graft. The patient had a regular follow-up after 3 months, and was classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I. Discussion Primarily used in aorto-coronary bypass surgery (termino-terminal interposition of the saphenous vein between two parts of a resected coronary artery), CCBG was revised latter on, and from hemodynamic point of view the physiologic restoration of coronary blood flow has been confirmed. CCBG might be an attractive approach for bypassing distal lesions of large coronary arteries (combined with arterial or venous grafting of targeted arteries, if proximal stenoses are also present). The proximal remnant of ITA can be used as an in situ or free graft.
Effects of smoking on edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa
Authors: Markovic Dubravka , Vuckovic Nada , Jefic Bojana , Strajnic Ljiljana , Mirkovic Sinisa
Published: July 2006

Introduction Tobacco use is an important risk factor for advanced histopathological findings on edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of smoking on histopathological findings on edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa. Material and methods The experimental group consisted of 48 patients (29 smokers and 19 nonsmokers). The mean age of smokers was 42.6 and of nonsmokers 48.7 years. The anamnesis included the following data: age, sex, diseases and toxic habits-cigarette smoking. Biopsy samples were taken from the edentulous alveolar ridge mucosa without gross signs of symptoms. Results The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 11.5?7. The results of ?? test proved that there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) in histopathological findings on the alveolar ridge mucosa. The mean duration of smoking was 12.7? 5 years. Hyperkeratosis was established in 76.92% of smokers who smoked longer than 15 years. The mean-age at which smokers began smoking was 27.3?8 years and there were no statistically significant differences in histopathological findings on the alveolar ridge mucosa correlated with the beginning of smoking. Conclusion On the basis of our research we conclude that smokers who have been smoking for 15 years are at risk for developing histopathological changes of the alveolar ridge mucosa, but there were no statistically significant differences in histopathological findings on the alveolar ridge mucosa correlated with the number of cigarettes per day and the beginning of smoking. .
Running velocity at the ventilatory threshold and at VO2max, before and after the eight-week cardiovascular endurance training
Authors: Stojiljkovic Stanimir , Mazic Sanja , Nesic Dejan , Velkovski Sasko , Mitrovic Dusan
Published: July 2006

Introduction The purpose of this research was to compare changes in running velocity at ventilatory threshold with the veliocity at VO2max, before and after the eight-week exercise program. Material and methods 32 male subjects (age: 22.3? 2.5 years, height: 179.8? 7.6 cm, body mass: 76.8? 9.0 kg) performed a progressive test for ventilatory threshold (VT) measurement and VO2max on treadmill. After 8 weeks of endurance training (3 times per week, 30 to 70 min, in different zones in respect to the ventilatory threshold) the performed the same test. Results Running velocity at ventilatory threshold increased significantly (p=0.000I), between initial and final measurements (10.88?2.09, 12.94? 1.90 km/h, respectively): as well as at VO2max H4.63?1.86, 16.44?1.59 km/h, respectively). At the initial test, velocity at ventilatory threshold was 74.11% of VO2max. At the final test, velocity at ventilatory threshold was 78.43% of VO2max. Running velocity at ventilatory threshold has significantly increased at final test (p=0.001). Discussion Running velocity at ventilatory threshold has significantly increased after eight weeks of endurance training (p -0.001), when expressed in absolute values and percentage of velocity at vo2max. Conclusion Comparison between the initial and final test demonstrated a significant increase of observed variables, under experimental conditions: at final test running velocity has increased at ventilatory threshold, in respect to absolute values and expressed as percentage at VO2max. .
Development of human hypothalamus at the end of the first and in the second trimester of gestation
Authors: Babovic Sinisa , Srdic Biljana , Mijatov-Ukropina Ljilja , Stojsic-Dzunja Ljubica
Published: July 2006

Introduction The paper deals with the embryonic development of human hypothalamus at the end of the first and during the second trimesters of gestation. Bearing in mind that the mammal brain, as an entity, develops from the prosencephalic, mesencephalic and rhombencephalic vesicles, which are noticeable in the cranial portion of the neural tube in the 4th week of gestation, and that diencephalon is manifested in the eye vesicle at the same gestational age, authors presented the neuronal secretory activity in that period. Secretory activity of hypothalamic neurons The secretory activity of both neurons and hypothalamic nuclei, as well as their maturation, were followed-up by certain immunohistochemical and immunoradiological methods based on structural identification of some factors (primarily protein molecules), which made it possible to determine the specificity of secretory activity of hypothalamic nuclei (ex. Tuberohypophy-seal pathways), as well as the levels of the hormone release into the hypothalamo-hypophysial complex. Conclusion The aim of this work was to estimate the catecholamine activity during the development of the respective part of the brain in the 5th, 6th, 11th and 13th week of gestation and later. .
SARS corona virus: A new dilemma
Authors: Kuljic-Kapulica Nada , Srdic Biljana , Mijatov-Ukropina Ljilja , Stojsic-Dzunja Ljubica
Published: July 2006

In late 2002, cases of life-threatening respiratory disease with no identifiable cause were reported from Guangdong Province China, and they were followed by reports from other countries. The syndrome was designated "severe acute respiratory syndrome" (SARS). Investigators used a combination of traditional methods and molecular techniques to identitify the unknown pathogen. Researches showed that SARS is caused by a new coronavirus, never detected before and which is not related to - any of the known coronaviruses.
Course and outcome of adolescent deliveries: A comparative analysis for 1992 and 2002
Authors: Radeka Gordana , Kapamadzija Aleksandra , Bjelica Artur , Cetkovic Nenad , Stajic Dragan
Published: July 2006

Introduction. Adolescent pregnancy is considered to be risky, with potential psychosocial and health risks. From a medical point of view, adolescent pregnancy and delivery are risky and mortality of mothers and newborns is higher than in women aged 20-30. Material and methods. The analysis included all adolescent deliveries at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Novi Sad in 1992 and 2002. These data were compared with those observed in women aged 19 and older, for the same years. Results In respect to the number of adolescent deliveries, a decreasing tendency is observed. Also, there is an increasing trend in the number of cesarean sections in adolescents, which follows the trend of higher rates of cesarean deliveries in general. Episiotomy is more often performed in adolescents than in older women, but a decreasing trend is also observed in this population, which was also the case in women over 19. Vacuum extraction is less frequent in cases of adolescent deliveries. A very small percentage of malformed and stillborn newborns is registered in adolescents, whereas the percentage of premature births is similar in both groups. Conclusion. Although adolescent pregnancy and, delivery are risky, good obstetrical care and efficient control during delivery provide optimal conditions for successful deliveries among adolescents. .
Destructive staphylococcal pleuropneumonia in a two-year-old boy with hyperimmunoglobulin-E syndrome
Authors: Tomic Jelena , Odri Irena , Pasic Srdjan , Jovanovic Mirjana
Published: July 2006

Hyperimmunoglobidin-E syndrome (HIES) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder that is characterized by elevated serum concentration of IgE, eosinophilia and severe, recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Poor regulation of immune system is evident, with decreased production of cytokines, especially interferon. Production of specific antibodies to capsular polysaccharide antigens is decreased. Skeletal malformations have been reported in these patients. They can be caused by excessive production of interleukin-4, which may lead to pathologic bony tissue resorption. Due to immune system deficiency and malformations of skeletal and connective tissue, HIES is a multisystem disorder. We present a patient with recurrent bacterial infections since the early age. At the age of two years he presented with severe destructive staphylococcal pneumonia with pleural effusion, pneumatocela formation and pneumothorax. The patient also had a dysmorphic face and skeletal malformations that were most evident at the head. The diagnosis of HIES was made on the basis of elevated serum concentrations of IgE, hypereosinophily, and decreased leukocyte function in vivo and in vitro. Family history of our patient showed an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern of HIES. .
Effects of proteinuria on apolipoprotein metabolism disorders
Authors: Petrovic Dejan , Obrenovic Radmila , Poskurica Mileta , Stojimirovic Biljana
Published: July 2006

Introduction Proteinuria causes lipid metabolism abnormalities. Material and methods The study included 60 patients (M:F 32:28), mean age 37.15? 9.85 years, with average glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 86.27? 19.81 mL/min, and average BMI 24.18?2.23 kg/m2. Regarding the level of glomerular proteinuria, patients were divided into four groups. The first group, with proteinuria levels less than 0.25 g/24h, included 15 patients (M:F 6:9) (control group), average age 34.66?4.82 years, with mean GFR 99.70? 12.94 mL/min, and mean BMI 23.28?3.50 kg/nr. The second group, with proteinuria between 0.26 and 1.0 g/24h, comprised 15 patients (M:F 9:6) with primary glomerulonephritis, mean age 37.87?9.65 years, with mean GFR 82.85?18.48 mL/min and mean BMI 23.83?1.57 kg/m2. The third group consisted of 15 patients (M:F 8:7) with primary glomerulonephritis, with proteinuria between 1.1 and 3.0 g/24h, average age 35.67? 13.29 years, mean GFR 82.85?I8.48 mL/min, and mean BMI 23.83?1.57 kg/m2. The fourth group, with proteinuria over 3.0 g/24h, included 15 patients (M:F 9:6) with primary' glomerulonephritis, mean age 40.40?9.75 years, with mean GFR 80.16?20.80 mL/min, and mean BMI 24.83?1.44 kg/m2. In order to assess the influence of proteinuria on apoprotein metabolism abnormalities we investigated apo A-l apo B, apo E and the apo A-I/apo B ratio. Results Results were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. Statistically, patients with proteinuria over 3.0 g/24h have significantly higher apoprotein B and apoprotein E values in the serum, as well as apo B/apo A-l compared to control subjects, and patients with proteinuria around 0.26-1.0 g/24h and proteinuria around 1.1-3.0 g/24h. Proteinuria leads to deterioration of apoprotein abnormalities. .
The place and role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of gynecological diseases
Authors: Stojanovic Sanja , Hadnadjev Dusan , Govorcin Mira , Djurdjevic Srdjan , Lucic Zorka , Till Viktor
Published: July 2006

Introduction In everyday gynecological clinical practice imaging modalities are becoming more and more important. Depending on the site of pathology itself, CT and MR have certain advantages and disadvantages, which are important to know in order to choose adequate diagnostic procedure. Diagnosis of gynecological diseases Benign conditions such as myomas, inflammatory processes and genital tract abnormalities are major indications for MR imaging. In oncology, it is necessary to perform staging of the disease by imaging modalities. Tumors of the vagina and vulva are diagnosed by clinical examination and imaging modalities are used for staging. In cervical carcinoma it is very important to define stages of the disease and invasion of the surrounding structures which is better seen on MR, but invasion of parametria can be visualized by CT as well. For endometrial cancer MR imaging is a modality of choice. For ovarian cancer both modalities are in use, CT is less expensive and gives enough information. New possibilities with MR imaging using an endovaginal coil in diagnosis of stress incontinence are also discussed. .
Catecholamines in the human diencephalon
Authors: Babovic Sinisa , Srdic Biljana , Mijatov-Ukropina Ljilja , Stojsic-Dzunja Ljubica
Published: July 2006

Introduction Catecholamines are chemical compounds which play an important role as neurotransmitters in many vital functions of the organism. The paper presents a short survey of their biosynthesis, disintegration and functions, with respect to the neuroanatomical location of cell groups which contain these compounds. Catecholamines in the human hypothalamus Because the authors were most interested in the behavior of catecholamines in the diencephalon, particularly in the hypothalamus, they focused their attention on cells secreting catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, octopamine). The paper also deals with the connections between cellular structures which emit and receive the neuronal impulses that transport catecholamines as neurotransmitters. These include the following dopaminergic systems: nigrostriatal, tuberohypophysial, retinal, periventricular, periglomerular and dopaminergic systems in mesolimbic, mesocortical and diencephalic regions. The paper also indicates other areas in human brain with adrenaline and noradrenaline secreting cells. .
Value of panendoscopy in metastases of unknown origin
Authors: Kljajic Vladimir , Jovic Rajko , Canji Karol , Savovic Slobodan
Published: July 2006

Introduction Neck metastases of unknown origin are metastatic solid tumors with primary undetactable by physical examination, chest x-ray, rutine blood and urine studies and histologic evaluation. Material and methods This study included 77 patients of both sexes, average age 57 years, undergoing a diagnostic procedure at ENT clinic, Clinical Center Novi Sad, in the period from 1992 to 2001. Results The primary tumor was detected in 51% of all cases by panendoscopy and bilateral tonsillectomy. In 14 of 26 patients (54%), in whom the site of the primary tumor was not detected, after telecobalt therapy and radical neck dissection, no relapses occurred. Pathohistological examination revealed planocellular carcinoma in 50 (65%) cases, transitional cell carcinoma in 9 (11.7%) cases and lymphoma in 7 (9.1%) cases. Conclusion Cervical metastases with unknown primary tumor are the first sign of head and neck malignant disease. Panendoscopy with bilateral tonsillectomy and multiple mucosal biopsies are necessary procedures in detecting the primary tumor site. .
Blood pressure, heart rate and lipids in professional handball and water polo players
Authors: Jovanovic Jovica , Jovanovic Milan
Published: July 2006

Introduction: Blood pressure, heart rate and lipoprotein lipids are affected by family history, obesity, diet, smoking and physical activity habits. The aim of this paper was to estimate the values of blood pressure and heart rate in professional handball and water polo players before and after training and submaximal exercise test and to analyze the lipid state in these professional athletes in comparison with people who have never been in sports. Material and methods The investigation included 30 professional handball players, 30 professional water polo players and 15 men who have never been in sports (control group). All groups were matched for age, smoking habits, family predisposition to arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. Results Between these groups there were statistically significant differences of blood pressure values and heart rate in the state of rest, after exercise test and after the training. There were also statistically significant differences of total cholesterol values, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and total cholesterol/HDL ratio between these groups. Discussion Differences between these groups can be explained by various values of body mass index, by activity of lipoprotein lipase in athletes, by body position during the sports activity, by thermoregulatory vasoconstriction in the water, and by effects of hydrostatic pressure and reflex mechanisms during swimming. Conclusions Cardiovascular reaction in professional athletes depends on the type of sports activity, body position and medium during training. Professional athletes have a lower atherogenic risk than non-sportsmen. Changes of blood pressure and heart rate after submaximal exercise test are not the same as changes after training. .
An ultrasound protocol in premature infants with intracranial hemorrhage
Authors: Velisavljev-Filipovic Gordana
Published: July 2006

Introduction. Prematurity is a great health problem in our country and in the world. There are more than 11% of premature births in America annually, and in Europe this rate is between 5-10%. In Vojvodina, 9% of babies are born prematurely. Intracranial hemorrhage takes a significant place in the morbidity of prematurely born children. Intracranial hemorrhage in premature newborn infants Incomplete CNS development of premature infants causes numerous complications, but it is also the factor which enables survival of extremely immature infants without sequelae. The management protocol depends on the level of hemorrhage. Early diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage and determination of the level of hemorrhage are of utmost importance for disability prevention. Ultrasound in monitoring intracranial hemorrhage Brain monitoring of prematurely born babies is performed by ultrasound. This type of visualization has several advantages over other techniques: it is mobile, so called "bedside technique", it is relatively cheap, it may be repeated several times, it is possible to define the exact time of hemorrhage and monitor its absorption from day to day. Ultrasound is safe, and there is no ionized radiation. No sedation is required for ultrasound examination. The examination is not painful. Conclusion The frequency of ultrasound depends on the level of hemorrhage, presence or absence of ventriculomegally/ hydrocephalus, as well as on the surrounding cerebral parenchyma. .
Anastomotic aneurysm in forearm AV fistula for hemodialysis access: A late complication
Authors: Misovic Sidor , Draskovic Miroljub , Tomic Aleksandar , Sarac Momir
Published: July 2006

This case report describes the treatment of arteriovenous aneurysm and late vascular complications of native arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in a patient with end-stage renal disease. Aneurysm resection was performed and a new vascular access was created at the original site. 8-month follow-up revealed that this treatment was highly successful. .
Family dysfunction in adolescents with suicidal behavior and in adolescents with conduct disorders
Authors: Ivanovic-Kovacevic Svetlana , Dickov Aleksandra , Misic-Pavkov Gordana
Published: July 2006

Introduction. The period of life known as adolescence generally refers to transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescents' progress toward autonomy involves remaining connected with, as well as separated from parents. Young people and their parents usually have mixed feelings about adolescent autonomy and attachment. An estimated 50% of children born in the 80s have spent part of their developmental years in single-parent households. Divorce is almost always a stressful event in children's lives. Youthful suicide rate has increased dramatically and is the third leading cause of death among 15-19 year olds. Conduct disorder is one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in adolescents. Suicidal adolescents and adolescents with conduct disorder are much more likely than their peers to have grown up in disrupted, disorganized homes with lack of attachment between parents and their children. Material and methods This prospective study was carried out during 2002, 2003, and 2004. The research included 60 adolescents treated at the Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Novi Sad, 30 with diagnosed conduct disorder and 30 with suicidal behavior. Results Along with other kinds of distress, suicidal adolescents have experienced an escalation of family problems a few months prior to attempted suicide. Discussion Divorce and life in single-parent households is almost always a stressful period in children's lives. Conduct disorder and suicidal behavior represent a desperate cry for help. Conclusion Most adolescents in both groups live in single-parent house?holds. These young people have frequently passed into adolescence with little reason to feel that they could rely on their parents for support, or on their home as a place of sanctuary. .
Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthrosis
Authors: Petrovic-Rackov Ljiljana
Published: July 2006

The aim of this research was to determine the clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 in evaluation of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokine concentrations in serum samples and synovial fluid were measured by immnnoenzymatic methods using kits for human interleukins and the Disease Activity Score 28 in 64 patients with active disease. The control group consisted of 25 subjects with arthritis of the knee and osteoarthrosis. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have significantly high (p<0.01) concentrations of examined cytokines in relation to patients with osteoarthritis. By comparing concentrations in 30 patients with high, 14 patients with moderate and 20 patients with mild activity of rheumatoid arthritis, it was established that patients with high degree of disease activity have significantly high (p<0.01; p<0.05) concentrations of examined cytokines in the blood and synovial fluid in relation to patients with moderate and mild disease. We have concluded that cytokine concentrations are good indicators of the degree of rheumatoid arthritis activity. This research is a contribution to understanding the insufficiently known pathogenetic mechanisms of cytokines, especially IL-18, in active disease. .
The tole of ischemic preconditioning in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Ristic Andjelka , Damjanovic Milorad , Baskot Branislav , Rafaelovski Sasa
Published: July 2006

Introduction Ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon in which brief episodes of ischemia and reperfusion increase myocardial tolerance and substantially reduce the infarction size. Case report Two patients with acute left anterior descending artery occlusion received fibrinolytic therapy within 6 hours of symptom onset, but nevertheless developed myocardial infarctions of different size. The first patient, without a history of preinfarction angina, developed a large anterior infarction, because there was no time for ischemic preconditioning or development of coronary collateral vessels. The second patient, with a 4-day history of preinfarction angina, had a more favorable outcome-he developed apical necrosis, with greater myocardial viability in the infarct-related area. Conclusion The beneficial effects of angina occurring 24-48h before infarction are resulting from ischemic preconditioning, which reduces cardiac mortality, infarct size and occurrence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. .
Reference values for the peak expiratory flow
Authors: Ljustina-Pribic Radmila , Roncevic Nevenka
Published: July 2006

Introduction Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is an important screening method for investigation and follow-up of the pulmonary function. Since reading the obtained PEF results requires reference values, the aim of this study was to establish normal values for PEF in our adolescent population. Material and methods The investigation included 1154 healthy teenagers aged from 15 to 19 years using a peak flow meter Harlow, Essex CM 2 ED. Detailed explanations, purpose of investigation and function demonstrations were done prior to testing. Results were statistically analyzed. Results Obtained results showed an increase of PEF values with age and body height in both sexes. Elevation of PEF was more significant in boys; high correlation was found in regard to age and height in boys and moderate correlation in girls. Discussion and conclusion Regression equations for sex, age and height were made after measurements and data analysis. PEF values can be easily calculated knowing one's age and height.
Osteoprotegerin: A neutralizing receptor, protector of bones and a potential antiresorptive agent
Authors: Andjelkovic Zlatibor , Katic Vuka , Mihajlovic Dragan , Zivkovic Vesna , Petrovic Aleksandar , Lalosevic Dusan
Published: July 2006

Introduction The receptor activator of NF-B ligand (RANKL), expressed on the surface of osteoblasts and stromal cells in the bone marrow, plays an essential role in the formation and differentiation of osteoclasts and bone resorption. RANKL binds to its functional receptor, receptor activator of NF-B (RANK), expressed as a transmembrane heterotrimer on the surface of hematopoietic osteoclasts progenitors and mature osteoclasts. RANKL-RANK interaction is inhibited by soluble receptor-osteoprotegerin. Osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, acts as a natural decoy receptor that blocks the interaction between RANKL and RANK. The balance between RANKL and osteoprotegerin is of major importance in bone homeostasis, Osteoprotegerin inhibits differentiation and formation of osteoclasts and induces apoptosis of osteoclasts. OPG knock-out mice develop severe osteoporosis. In contrast, overexpression of OPG in transgenic mice causes osteopetrosis. Osteoprotegerin as a therapeutic agent Antiresorptive activity of osteoprotegerin is proved in numerous experimental models. Osteoprotective effect of osteoprotegerin has recently been proved in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis as well as in patients with multiple myeloma and osteolytic metastases of breast cancer. Conclusion Osteoprotegerin is a potent antiosteoclast agent that may prove useful in the treatment of bone disorders with net bone loss, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis and cancer metastases.
Preterm and premature rupture of membranes in pregnancies after in vitro fertilization
Authors: Tabs Dunja , Vejnovic Tihomir , Radunovic Nebojsa
Published: July 2006

Women conceiving by assisted reproduction are at higher risk for preterm and premature rupture of membranes. The aim of our study was to estimate and compare incidence of preterm premature rupture of membranes in singleton pregnancies of women who conceived by intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization, from 1999 to 2003. We investigated 87 women from the intrauterine insemination, and 102 from the in vitro fertilization program. There were no statistically significant differences in regard to preterm and premature rupture of membranes: p>0.75 in two groups. The incidence of premature rupture of membranes was 2.30% (after intrauterine insemination) and 2.94% (after in vitro fertilization). There was no statistically significant differences in regard to preterm and premature rupture of membranes in women who conceived by insemination and in vitro fertilization. Estimated incidence of preterm and premature rupture of membranes was similar to the literature data and also similar to incidence after natural conception.