bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility of 1H‐MRS measurements in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Mullins Paul G. , Rowland Laura , Bustillo Juan , Bedrick Edward J. , Lauriello John , Brooks William M.
Published: September 2003

The reproducibility of single‐voxel spectroscopic measures in a stable schizophrenic patient population is reported. Spectra acquired 1 week apart, in the left frontal white matter and left caudate nucleus of 12 patients, were analyzed using both frequency and time‐domain techniques. No significant change in mean concentrations for N‐acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cre) were found between sessions. Variation from scan to scan was low for the left frontal white matter, with coefficients of variation (CV) < 5% for all three metabolites. NAA measures from the left caudate nucleus had similar reproducibility (CV = 5%), but Cho and Cre were poorer by comparison (CV = 16–18%). The two methods used for spectral analyses produced similar results, indicating that both techniques are appropriate. These results extend previous studies of healthy, normal subjects, and establish that it is possible to obtain reliable measures of brain metabolites in clinical populations. Magn Reson Med 50:704–707, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A PRESTO‐SENSE sequence with alternating partial‐Fourier encoding for rapid susceptibility‐weighted 3D MRI time series
Authors: Klarhöfer Markus , Dilharreguy Bixente , van Gelderen Peter , Moonen Chrit T.W.
Published: September 2003

A 3D sequence for dynamic susceptibility imaging is proposed which combines echo‐shifting principles (such as PRESTO), sensitivity encoding (SENSE), and partial‐Fourier acquisition. The method uses a moderate SENSE factor of 2 and takes advantage of an alternating partial k‐space acquisition in the “slow” phase encode direction allowing an iterative reconstruction using high‐resolution phase estimates. Offering an isotropic spatial resolution of 4 × 4 × 4 mm3, the novel sequence covers the whole brain including parts of the cerebellum in 0.5 sec. Its temporal signal stability is comparable to that of a full‐Fourier, full‐FOV EPI sequence having the same dynamic scan time but much less brain coverage. Initial functional MRI experiments showed consistent activation in the motor cortex with an average signal change slightly less than that of EPI. Magn Reson Med 50:830–838, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High flip angle imaging of metallic stents: Implications for MR angiography and intraluminal signal interpretation
Authors: van Holten Jacqueline , Wielopolski Piotr , Brück Ekkes , Pattynama Peter M.T. , van Dijk Lukas C.
Published: September 2003

Intraluminal stent signal characterization by MRI is generally hampered by signal loss from the metallic stent material. This signal loss is related to magnetic susceptibility and RF shielding. Even when stent materials with low magnetic susceptibility are used, RF shielding can still be problematic. In this article we have shown that high flip angle imaging enables morphology assessment and tissue characterization in stents made of stainless steel 316L, NiTinol, and ABI‐alloy. Magn Reson Med 50:879–883, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1H‐localized broadband 13C NMR spectroscopy of the rat brain in vivo at 9.4 T
Authors: Henry Pierre‐Gilles , Tkáč Ivan , Gruetter Rolf
Published: September 2003

Localized 13C NMR spectra were obtained from the rat brain in vivo over a broad spectral range (15–100 ppm) with minimal chemical‐shift displacement error (<10%) using semi‐adiabatic distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) combined with 1H localization. A new gradient dephasing scheme was employed to eliminate unwanted coherences generated by DEPT when using surface coils with highly inhomogeneous B1 fields. Excellent sensitivity was evident from the simultaneous detection of natural abundance signals for N‐acetylaspartate, myo‐inositol, and glutamate in the rat brain in vivo at 9.4 T. After infusion of 13C‐labeled glucose, up to 18 13C resonances were simultaneously measured in the rat brain, including glutamate C2, C3, C4, glutamine C2, C3, C4, aspartate C2, C3, glucose C1, C6, N‐acetyl‐aspartate C2, C3, C6, as well as GABA C2, lactate C3, and alanine C3. 13C‐13C multiplets corresponding to multiply labeled compounds were clearly observed, suggesting that extensive isotopomer analysis is possible in vivo. This unprecedented amount of information will be useful for metabolic modeling studies aimed at understanding brain energy metabolism and neurotransmission in the rodent brain. Magn Reson Med 50:684–692, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional brain imaging using a blood oxygenation sensitive steady state
Authors: Miller Karla L. , Hargreaves Brian A. , Lee Jongho , Ress David , Christopher deCharms R. , Pauly John M.
Published: September 2003

Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) is an important method for functional neuroimaging that is sensitive to changes in blood oxygenation related to brain activation. While BOLD imaging has good spatial coverage and resolution relative to other neuroimaging methods (such as positron emission tomography (PET)), it has significant limitations relative to other MRI techniques, including poor spatial resolution, low signal levels, limited contrast, and image artifacts. These limitations derive from the coupling of BOLD functional contrast to sources of image degradation. This work presents an alternative method for fMRI that may over‐come these limitations by establishing a blood oxygenation sensitive steady‐state (BOSS) that inverts the signal from deoxygenated blood relative to the water signal. BOSS fMRI allows the imaging parameters to be optimized independently of the functional contrast, resulting in fewer image artifacts and higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). In addition, BOSS fMRI has greater functional contrast than BOLD. BOSS fMRI requires careful shimming and multiple acquisitions to obtain a precise alignment of the magnetization to the SSFP frequency response. Magn Reson Med 50:675–683, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurobehavioral effects among subjects exposed to high static and gradient magnetic fields from a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system—A case‐crossover pilot study
Authors: de Vocht Frank , van‐Wendel‐de‐Joode Berna , Engels Hans , Kromhout Hans
Published: September 2003

The interactive use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques is increasing in operating theaters. A study was performed on 17 male company volunteers to assess the neurobehavioral effects of exposure to magnetic fields from a 1.5 Tesla MRI system. The subjects' neurobehavioral performances on a neurobehavioral test battery were compared in four 1‐hr sessions with and without exposure to magnetic fields, and with and without additional movements. Adverse effects were found for hand coordination (–4%, P < 0.05; Pursuit Aiming II) and near visual contrast sensitivity (–16% and –15%, P < 0.10; Vistech 6000™). The results from the remaining tests were inconclusive due to a strong learning effect. No additional effect from gradient fields was detected. The results indicate that working near a 1.5 Tesla MRI system may lead to neurobehavioral effects. Further research is recommended, especially in members of operating teams using interactive MRI systems. Magn Reson Med 50:670–674, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative indices of water diffusion anisotropy are equivalent in live and formalin‐fixed mouse brains
Authors: Sun Shu‐Wei , Neil Jeffrey J. , Song Sheng‐Kwei
Published: September 2003

Formalin fixation of tissue is a common laboratory practice. A direct comparison of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters from mouse brains before (in vivo) and after (ex vivo) formalin fixation is reported herein. Five diffusion indices were examined in a cohort of seven mice: relative anisotropy (RA), directional correlation (DC), trace (Tr(D)), trace‐normalized axial diffusivity (D∥), and radial diffusivity (D⟂). Seven regions of interest (ROIs), including five in white matter and two in gray matter, were selected for examination. Consistent with previous findings, a significant decrease of Tr(D) was observed for all ROIs after fixation. However, water diffusion anisotropy, as defined by the indices RA, DC, D∥, and D⟂, remained unchanged after fixation. Thus, fixation does not appear to alter diffusion anisotropy in the mouse brain. This finding supports the utility of diffusion anisotropy analysis of fixed tissue. The combination of DTI measurements and standard histology may shed light on the microstructural determinants of diffusion anisotropy in normal and disease states. Magn Reson Med 50:743–748, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Normative pediatric brain data for spatial normalization and segmentation differs from standard adult data
Authors: Wilke M. , Schmithorst V.J. , Holland S.K.
Published: September 2003

Spatial normalization and morphological studies of pediatric brain imaging data based on adult reference data may not be appropriate due to the developmental differences between the two populations. In this study, we set out to create pediatric templates and a priori brain tissue data from a large collection of normal, healthy children to compare it to standard adult data available within a widely used imaging software solution (SPM99, WDOCN, London, UK). Employing four different processing strategies, we found considerable differences between our pediatric data and the adult data. We conclude that caution should be used when analyzing pediatric brain data using adult a priori information. To assess the effects of using pediatric a priori brain information, the data obtained in this study is available to the scientific community from our website (www.irc.cchmc.org). Magn Reson Med 50:749–757, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of tracer arrival time on flow estimates in MR perfusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Wu Ona , Østergaard Leif , Koroshetz Walter J. , Schwamm Lee H. , O'Donnell Joanie , Schaefer Pamela W. , Rosen Bruce R. , Weisskoff Robert M. , Sorensen A. Gregory
Published: September 2003

A common technique for calculating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and mean transit time (MTT) is to track a bolus of contrast agent using perfusion‐weighted MRI (PWI) and to deconvolve the change in concentration with an arterial input function (AIF) using singular value decomposition (SVD). This method has been shown to often overestimate the volume of tissue that infarcts and in cases of severe vasculopathy to produce CBF maps that are inconsistent with clinical presentation. This study examines the effects of tracer arrival time differences between tissue and a user‐selected global AIF on flow estimates. CBF and MTT were calculated in both numerically simulated and clinically acquired PWI data where the AIF and tissue signals were shifted backward and forward in time with respect to one another. Results show that when the AIF leads the tissue, CBF is underestimated independent of extent of delay, but dependent on MTT. When the AIF lags the tissue, flow may be over‐ or underestimated depending on MTT and extent of timing differences. These conditions may occur in practice due to the application of a user‐selected AIF that is not the “true AIF” and therefore caution must be taken in interpreting CBF and MTT estimates. Magn Reson Med 50:856–864, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light Scattering by Bent Cylindrical Fibers for Fiber Length and Diameter Characterization
Authors: Schuh Roman , Wriedt Thomas
Published: September 2003

Light scattering computations for cylindrical fibers of high aspect ratios are needed in designing instruments for the optical characterization of airborne fibers. Long airborne fibers may also appear in a bent shape. In this paper computational results for bent fibers of various radii of bending will be presented using the multiple multipole technique (MMP).
Particle Size Analysis by Transmission Fluctuation Spectrometry: Experimental Results Obtained with a Gaussian Beam and Analog Signal Processing
Authors: Shen Jianqi , Riebel Ulrich
Published: September 2003

Transmission fluctuation spectrometry (TFS) is a method for the analysis of particle size distributions based on the statistical fluctuations of a transmission signal. Complete information on the PSD and particle concentration can be retrieved by a special transformation of the transmission signal, whereby the expectancy of the transmission square (ETS) is determined after the signal has been subjected to a procedure of spatial and temporal averaging. By varying the averaging parameters over a wide range, a spectrum of ETSs is obtained and introduced into a linear equation system, which yields the PSD. In the experimental realization presented here, variable temporal averaging is realized in the frequency domain with a series of low pass filters at different cutoff frequencies while spatial averaging inevitably occurs as the particles pass through a focused Gaussian beam of finite cross section. Experimental results on spherical particles (glass beads) and non‐spherical particles (SiC) are presented. The PSDs are resolved in 30 intervals within a particle size range from 1–1000 μm, employing a modified Chahine inversion algorithm. So far, the measurements are limited to moderate particle concentrations. Some influences affecting the measurements, especially for higher particle concentrations, are discussed in detail.
Development of a Method for the Measurement of Particle Size and Velocity based on Projection onto a Variable Frequency Grating
Authors: Card Jacqueline B. A. , Jones Alan R.
Published: September 2003

Irregular particles down to approximately 3.8 μm have been sized by imaging them onto a variable frequency grating using laser illumination. Velocity can also be determined. The method was successful for certain particle types that were rough or irregular, partly absorbing or translucent. It was not successful for transparent spheres that display glare spots in the image, or other particles that produce localised regions of high brightness.
A New Apparatus for Particle Impact Tests
Authors: Petukhov Yevgeny , Kalman Haim
Published: September 2003

Breakage and chipping of particles due to collision with a hard surface is a common occurrence in many conveying and handling systems, such as pneumatic conveying and jet‐mills. Studies of the breakage mechanism of particles due to impact and the effect of impact velocity and the number of impacts have been investigated in depth both experimentally and theoretically. In this paper, a new concept and apparatus are introduced for conducting particle impact tests. In most of the published test rigs, particles were accelerated towards a target. In our apparatus, the target moves and hits the particles. Using this concept, the machine can operate in a vacuum, which will reduce errors caused by air streams and turbulence. The performance of the new apparatus is analyzed and the breakage phenomenon is discussed, to some extent, for two materials. The results are presented in terms of the increase in the weight percentage of the feed broken and the decrease in the weight median size as the impact velocity or number of impacts increases.
Fine Dry Grinding of Zeolite in a Laboratory Ball Mill
Authors: Ozkan Alper , Yekeler Meftuni
Published: September 2003

This paper presents the importance and usage of natural zeolites, which was recently recognized in the industry. Therefore, the grinding properties of natural zeolite were studied with the emphasis on a kinetic study in a ball mill. The experimental mill employed was laboratory sized, 200 mm diameter, 191 mm length, providing a total mill volume of 6000 cm3, with a total mass of 5.62 kg of steel balls of 25 mm diameter with a charge of 20% of the mill volume and with a rotation speed of 76 rpm. The breakage parameters were determined by using single sized feed fractions of −850+600 μm, −600+425 μm, and −425+300 μm for the zeolite samples. The Si (specific rate of breakage) and Bi, j (primary breakage distribution) values were obtained for those feed size fractions in order to predict the product size distributions by simulation for comparison to the experimental data. From the experimental results, Si values increased as the feed sizes became coarser, i.e., the highest Si value was 0.85 min−1 for −850+600 μm, while the lowest Si value was 0.65 min−1 for −425+300 μm feed ground in the mill. The Bi, j values obtained for the zeolite sample were γ=0.84, ϕ=0.61, and β=4.25. The breakage parameters obtained showed that the zeolite is broken faster than quartz and slower than calcite and barite in terms of the aT values reported previously at the same experimental conditions. The simulations of the product size distributions of zeolite were in good agreement with the experimental data using a standard ball mill simulation program. The slowing‐down effect was also seen in the mill after 4 min. of grinding.
Primary Break‐up of a Viscous Liquid Jet in a Cross Airflow
Authors: Birouk Madjid , Azzopardi Barry J. , Stäbler Thomas
Published: September 2003

This article presents an experimental study of the primary break‐up of a viscous liquid jet interacting with a cross airflow. This experiment was carried out in an open circuit wind tunnel. The measurement test section was made of clear acrylic resin to allow optical access for visualizing and imaging the jet break‐up in the cross airflow. The working liquid used in the present experiment was the aero‐engine lubrication oil, which was injected at 90° into the airflow, via a nozzle from the top wall of the test‐section. The effects of liquid viscosity, and the jet and cross airflow velocities on the primary break‐up mechanisms of the jet were studied. The main results showed that different break‐up regimes were identified; column break‐up and bag break‐up separated by a transition zone, and new correlations have been proposed for predicting the jet transverse and streamwise penetrations before break‐up.
Spray Forming: Controlling the Atomization Result with Regard to Particle Properties
Authors: Ziesenis Jens , Bauckhage Klaus
Published: September 2003

Spray forming is a new production process for manufacturing semi‐finished metal products. The procedure combines the liquid metal atomization with the compaction event of the generated metal droplets on a substrate. During spray forming, the heat emission of the molten metal particles is one of the most important transfer operations defining the thermal conditions in the spray and deposit. Definite thermal conditions throughout the manufacturing process lead to fine equi‐axed grain structures and therewith to characteristic and desired material properties. Thus, in particular, the disintegration of the molten metal occurring during spray forming is an essential step.
The Effects of Cost and Asset Retrenchment on Firm Performance: The Overlooked Role of a Firm’s Competitive Environment
Authors: Morrow J. L. , Johnson Richard A. , Busenitz Lowell W.
Published: October 2003

When firms face declining financial performance, research suggests that cost and asset retrenchment can lead to improved performance among poorly performing firms. However, previous studies have largely focused on firms operating in mature industries. This research develops and tests arguments that cost and/or asset retrenchment strategies will have different effects on firm performance in competitive environments characterized as growing and declining. In growth industries, asset retrenchment was positively related to performance improvement while cost retrenchment was unrelated. In declining industries, cost retrenchment was positively related to improved performance while asset retrenchment had a negative effect on firm performance. Implications of these findings for turnaround strategies are discussed.
Femoro‐tibial and menisco‐tibial translation patterns in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency—a potential cause of secondary meniscal tears
Authors: von Eisenhart‐Rothe R. , Bringmann C. , Siebert M. , Reiser M. , Englmeier K.‐H. , Eckstein F. , Graichen H.
Published: October 2003

Objective: To analyze menisco‐tibial and femoro‐tibial translation patterns in healthy and ACL‐deficient knees in different knee flexion angles under muscle activity.

Methods: The ACL‐deficient and contralateral healthy knees of 10 patients were examined with an open MR system at 30° and 90° of knee flexion, under isometric contraction of the extensors or flexor muscle groups. Translations between the tibia, the femoral condyles and the menisci were analyzed by three‐dimensional image postprocessing.

Results: Posterior translation of the femur and menisci relative to the tibia occurred during knee flexion (30–90°) in all knees. In ACL‐deficient knees, posterior translation of the medial femoral condyle (+1.3 ± 3.8 mm) was significantly larger than in healthy knee (−0.9 ± 2.9 mm; p < 0.05), while the translation pattern of the menisci was similar (med, meniscus 0.6 ± 2.3 mm vs. 0.6 ± 2.7 mm). Under isometric contraction of the extensors (relative to the flexor muscle group), an increased posterior position of the femur and menisci was observed at 30° knee flexion, but not at 90°. This applied to ACL‐deficient and healthy knees.

Conclusions: This study shows a significant increase of translation of the medial femoral condyle in ACL‐deficient knees, whereas menisco‐tibial translation remains almost unchanged. This difference in translation patterns indicates that the posterior horn of the medial meniscus might encounter shear, potentially explaining the high rate of secondary medial meniscal tears in patients with ACL‐deficiency. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FXRE can function as an LXRE in the promoter of human ileal bile acid‐binding protein (I‐BABP) gene
Authors: Landrier Jean-François , Grober Jacques , Demydchuk Julia , Besnard Philippe
Published: October 2003

Ileal bile acid‐binding protein (I‐BABP) is a 14 kDa cytosolic protein which binds bile acids with a high affinity. It is thought to be implicated in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and, hence, in cholesterol homeostasis. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments, we have recently shown that I‐BABP gene expression can be indirectly up‐regulated by cholesterol through the activation of sterol‐responsive element‐binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) by liver X‐receptor (LXR). We report here that I‐BABP can be also a direct target for LXR. I‐BABP regulation by LXR is maintained when the SREBP binding site is deleted in the I‐BABP promoter and occurs, in the absence of conventional LXRE sequences, through an IR1 sequence previously identified as a farnesoid X‐receptor‐responsive element (FXRE). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the LXR/RXR heterodimer specifically recognizes the FXRE. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that LXR can regulate the I‐BABP gene by both direct and indirect mechanisms.
R25 is an intracellular membrane receptor for a snake venom secretory phospholipase A21
Authors: Šribar Jernej , Čopič Alenka , Poljšak-Prijatelj Mateja , Kuret Jošt , Logonder Uroš , Gubenšek Franc , Križaj Igor
Published: October 2003

Ammodytoxin is a presynaptically neurotoxic (β‐neurotoxic) snake venom secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). We detected a 25 kDa protein which binds the toxin with very high affinity (R25) in porcine cerebral cortex [Vučemilo et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251 (1998) 209–212]. Here we show that R25 is an integral membrane protein with intracellular localisation. It is the first sPLA2 receptor known to date that localises to intracellular membranes. Centrifugation on sucrose gradients was used to fractionate porcine cerebral cortex. The subcellular composition of the fractions was determined by following the distribution of organelle‐specific markers. The distribution of R25 in the fractions matched the distribution of the mitochondrial marker succinate dehydrogenase, but not the markers for plasma membrane, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic and secretory vesicles. R25 most likely resides in mitochondria, which are known to be targets for sPLA2 neurotoxins in the nerve ending and are potentially implicated in the process of β‐neurotoxicity.
Structural requirements for nuclear localization of GCMa/Gcm‐1
Authors: Hashemolhosseini Said , Kilian Karin , Kardash Elena , Lischka Peter , Stamminger Thomas , Wegner Michael
Published: October 2003

GCM proteins constitute a small transcription factor family. Nuclear localization of Drosophila GCM is mediated by a typical bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) close to the DNA‐binding GCM domain. Here, we have analyzed nuclear localization of the mammalian GCM proteins. Whereas GCMb/Gcm‐2 contained a classical bipartite NLS, nuclear localization of GCMa/Gcm‐1 was mediated by two regions without resemblance to known NLS, one corresponding to the amino‐terminal part of the GCM domain, the second defined as a tyrosine‐and‐proline‐rich carboxy‐terminal region. Nuclear import was counteracted by an amino‐terminal nuclear export activity. This complex regulation of subcellular localization has important implications for GCMa/Gcm‐1 function.
Evidence that elastase is the TNF‐R75 shedding enzyme in resting human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Gasparini Chiara , Menegazzi Renzo , Patriarca Pierluigi , Dri Pietro
Published: October 2003

We previously showed that a metalloprotease and a serine protease mediate shedding of the TNF‐R75 (75‐kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor) in neutrophils. Here we show that elastase is the TNF‐R75 solubilizing serine protease. Release of the TNF‐R75 by resting cells was almost totally inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), by two synthetic, chemically unrelated, elastase‐specific inhibitors and by α1‐protease inhibitor. Release after TNF or FMLP (N‐formyl‐L‐methionyl‐L‐leucyl‐L‐phenylalanine) stimulation was blocked by DFP and a metalloprotease inhibitor used in combination. Supernatants from resting neutrophils contained a 28‐kDa fragment of the receptor, compatible with that generated by elastase, whose appearance was inhibited by DFP. Upon FMLP stimulation, the release of 28‐kDa and 40‐kDa fragments was observed, which was inhibited by DFP and a metalloprotease inhibitor, respectively. We conclude that elastase is the TNF‐R75 sheddase of resting neutrophils and that it contributes to shedding of this receptor in stimulated cells.
New constraints upon isotope variation during the early Cretaceous (Barremian–Cenomanian) from the Pacific Ocean
Authors: PRICE GREGORY D.
Published: October 2003

Carbon and oxygen isotope data from a succession of Cretaceous (Barremian–Cenomanian) age recovered from the Pacific Ocean (DSDP site 463) are presented. The carbon isotope curve reveals a large isotope excursion within the early Aptian where δ13C values reach ~4.8‰ in the L. cabri–G. ferreolensis foraminifera zone. A decrease in δ13C values is observed at the base G. algerianus zone, before a return to more positive values at the top of the G. algerianus–T. bejaouaensis zone. The pronounced early Aptian positive event is preceded by a large negative isotope excursion, confined to the G. blowi zone. Synchronous with this excursion are increased total organic carbon values and increases in Mn and Fe concentrations. Integrated biostratigraphic and magnetostratigraphic data, together with the carbon isotope profile, suggest that the organic-rich units of site 463 are correlatable with Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a. The input of isotopically light volcanic CO2 in concert with the intensification and upwelling of intermediate water enriched in 12C could account for the observed trends. A potential trigger may have been the destabilization of the water column and the prodigious CO2 emissions associated with hydrothermal activity and the emplacement of the Ontong Java Plateau. Coupled with faunal evidence, the subsequent positive carbon isotope excursion is interpreted to be resulting from high, but decreasing, productivity and possibly increasing ocean stratification resulting in strong carbon isotopic gradients and 13C-enriched surface waters. The decrease in δ13C within the G. algerianus zone is coincident with more positive δ18O values. If these are interpreted in terms of temperature this interval may be characterized by a period of cooling and possibly a waning of Corg cycling. A return to lower δ13C values during the middle Albian is considered to be related to the increased influence of upwelling, as opposed to a waning of Corg cycling. Upwelling introduced isotopically light carbon to the surface, arresting the stratified oceanic conditions.
A Case of Contagious Legitimacy: Kinship, Ritual and Manipulation in Chinese Martial Arts Societies
Authors: Takacs Jeff
Published: October 2003

When he wrote his oft-cited work, Lineage Organization in Southeastern China (Freedman 1958), Maurice Freedman could say little about the nature of Chinese martial arts societies. ‘The boxing and music clubs were, as their names imply, groupings of recreation. The structural significance of these associations is not altogether clear’ (Freedman 1958:93). This paper aspires to make that situation somewhat less opaque. Chinese martial arts students under the same teacher are brothers. I don't mean this in a metaphorical sense, that they are ‘like’ brothers. They, at least in some Chinese martial arts groups, consider themselves to be kin.
The Lord Chamberlain and the Containment of Americanization in the British Theatre of the 1920s
Authors: Marshall Paul
Published: October 2003

Reports in The Stage of an ‘American invasion in the theatre’ and the New Statesman writing of ‘our Americanized theatre’ expressed widely shared fears that transatlantic values were adversely affecting the British theatre in the wake of the First World War. In this article, Paul Marshall examines the strategies employed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office as it carried out its duties of censorship in dealing with plays from or about the United States. The Censor perceived it as his duty to defend public morals from elements that would threaten and challenge the values associated with ‘Englishness’, and, drawing on the Lord Chamberlain's Correspondence now available in the British Library, Paul Marshall explores how the Lord Chamberlain of the time, Lord Cromer, his readers, and his advisory board viewed the threat of the American ‘invasion’ – their shared values, sometimes disputed verdicts, and the formal and informal influences that could be brought to bear upon them. Five ‘case studies’ look at their attitudes to particular plays about and from the USA. Paul Marshall presently teaches history at Bromley High School, Kent, having studied for an MA in Text and Performance Studies at King's College and RADA.
A tilted‐dipole MHD model of the solar corona and solar wind
Authors: Usmanov A. V. , Goldstein M. L.
Published: September 2003

We simulate the three‐dimensional structure of the heliosphere during solar activity minimum by specifying boundary conditions at the coronal base. We compare the output of the model with Ulysses observations obtained during the spacecraft's first fast latitude transition in 1994–1995. The polytropic MHD equations are solved for a steady coronal outflow that includes the addition of Alfvén wave momentum and energy in the WKB approximation. A solution for the outflow in a tilted dipole magnetic field in the inner computational region (1–20R⊙) is combined with a three‐dimensional solution in the outer region which extends to 10 AU. The inner region solution is essentially the same as in the work ofUsmanov et al.[2000]but has been obtained for slightly different boundary conditions using a different numerical algorithm. The dipole orientation is chosen to match the one inferred from photospheric magnetic field observations at the Wilcox Solar Observatory. The steady solution in the outer region is constructed using a marching‐along‐radius method and models both solar rotation and interaction regions. The bimodality of solar wind with a rapid change in flow parameters with latitude and the observed extent of the slower wind belt are reproduced well. We compare our simulation also with the results ofBruno et al.[1986]and empirical models of coronal density. We show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the empirical model ofWang and Sheeley[1990].
Subduction initiation at a strike‐slip plate boundary: The Cenozoic Pacific‐Australian plate boundary, south of New Zealand
Authors: Lebrun Jean‐Frédéric , Lamarche Geoffroy , Collot Jean‐Yves
Published: September 2003

We first present a synthesis of the Macquarie Ridge Complex (MRC) tectonic structures as well as paleo‐reconstruction models of the kinematic evolution of the Pacific‐Australia plate boundary south of New Zealand, since the Eocene. We then ascertain the geodynamical conditions that preceded subduction initiation, and identify the nature and structures of the crust that first subducted, at the Puysegur subduction zone. This synthesis is used to produce a subduction initiation model for the Puysegur Region. Concomitant to inception of the Alpine Fault (ca. 23 Ma), a 150‐km‐wide transpressive relay zone developed along Puysegur Bank inherited structures, enabling localization of compressive deformation. Right‐lateral motion at the relay zone has juxtaposed oceanic and continental crusts facilitating inception of subduction and controlling the subduction vergence. Subsequently, the Puysegur subduction zone initiated at the transpressive relay zone ca. 20 Ma. Upper and lower plate inherited structures guided and facilitated the lengthening of the subduction zone during the Neogene. The four individual segments of the MRC represent different stages of incipient subduction whose development depends on local geodynamical conditions and lithospheric heterogeneities. The example of the MRC demonstrates that subduction can initiate from an oceanic spreading center, through progressive changes in plate kinematics within a 10–15 Myr time frame.
Stereological analysis of fractal fracture networks
Authors: Darcel C. , Bour O. , Davy P.
Published: September 2003

We assess the stereological rules for fractal fracture networks, that is, networks whose fracture‐to‐fracture correlation is scale‐dependent with a noninteger fractal dimension D. We first develop the general expression of the probability of intersection p(l, l′) between two populations of fractures of length l and l′. We then derive the stereological function that gives the fracture distribution seen in 2‐D outcrops or 1‐D scan lines for an original three‐dimensional (3‐D) distribution. The case of a fractal fracture network with a power law length distribution, whose exponent a is independent of D, is particularly developed, but the results can, however, be extended to any other length distributions. The analytical results were tested using a numerical model that generates 3‐D discrete fractal fracture networks. The corresponding 1‐D and 2‐D length distributions are still described by a power law with exponents a1‐D and a2‐D that are related to the original 3‐D exponent by a3‐D = a1‐D + 2 and a3‐D = a2‐D + 1, respectively, regardless of the fractal dimension. The density distributions of fractures in two or one dimensions remain fractal but with a dimension that depends on both the original 3‐D distribution and the power law length exponent a. The fractal dimension of 2‐D or 3‐D fracture networks cannot be directly inferred from one‐dimensional scan‐line data sets unless a is known. We found a good adequacy between our predictions and measurements made on a few natural data sets. We propose also an original method for measuring the fractal dimension from the variations of the average number of fracture intersections per fracture.
Sulphur dioxide fluxes from Mount Etna, Vulcano, and Stromboli measured with an automated scanning ultraviolet spectrometer
Authors: McGonigle A. J. S. , Oppenheimer C. , Hayes A. R. , Galle B. , Edmonds M. , Caltabiano T. , Salerno G. , Burton M. , Mather T. A.
Published: September 2003

We report here SO2 flux measurements for the southern Italian volcanoes: Mount Etna, Vulcano, and Stromboli made in July 2002 from fixed positions, using an automated plume scanning technique. Spectral data were collected using a miniature ultraviolet spectrometer, and SO2 column amounts were derived with a differential optical absorption spectroscopy evaluation routine. Scanning through the plume was enabled by a 45° turning mirror affixed to the shaft of a computer controlled stepper motor, so that scattered skylight from incremental angles within the horizon‐to‐horizon scans was reflected into the field of view of the spectrometer. Each scan lasted ∼5 min and, by combining these data with wind speeds, average fluxes of 940, 14, and 280 Mg d−1 were obtained for Etna, Vulcano, and Stromboli, respectively. For comparative purposes, conventional road and airborne traverses were also made using this spectrometer, yielding fluxes of 850, 17, and 210 Mg d−1. The automated scanning technique has the advantage of obviating the need for time‐consuming traverses underneath the plume and is well suited for longer‐term telemetered deployments to provide sustained high time resolution flux data.
Source parameters of the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence, southeastern France) earthquake: A reappraisal based on macroseismic, seismological, and geodetic observations
Authors: Baroux Emmanuel , Pino Nicola Alessandro , Valensise Gianluca , Scotti Oona , Cushing Marc E.
Published: September 2003

Destructive earthquakes are rare in France yet pose a sizable seismic hazard, especially when critical infrastructures are concerned. Only a few destructive events have occurred within the instrumental period, the most important being the 11 June 1909, Lambesc (Provence) earthquake. With a magnitude estimated at 6.2 [Rothé, 1942], the event was recorded by 30 observatories and produced intensity IX effects in the epicentral area, ∼30 km north of Marseille. We collected 30 seismograms, leveling data, and earthquake intensities to assess the magnitude and possibly the focal mechanism of this event. Following this multidisciplinary approach, we propose a source model where all relevant parameters are constrained by at least two of the input data sets. Our reappraisal of the seismological data yieldedMw5.7–6.1 (6.0 preferred) andMs6.0, consistent with the magnitude from intensity data (Me5.8) and with constraints derived from modeling of coseismic elevation changes. Hence we found the Lambesc earthquake to have been somewhat smaller than previously reported. Our data sets also constrain the geometry and kinematics of faulting, suggesting that the earthquake was generated by reverse‐right lateral slip on a WNW‐striking, steeply north‐dipping fault beneath the western part of the Trévaresse fold. This result suggests that the fold, located in front of the Lubéron thrust, plays a significant role in the region's recent tectonic evolution. The sense of slip obtained for the 1909 rupture also agrees with the regional stress field obtained from earthquake focal mechanisms and microtectonic data as well as recent GPS data.
Bacterial processes in the intermediate and deep layers of the Ionian Sea in winter 1999: Vertical profiles and their relationship to the different water masses
Authors: Zaccone R. , Monticelli L. S. , Seritti A. , Santinelli C. , Azzaro M. , Boldrin A. , La Ferla R. , Ribera d'Alcalà M.
Published: September 2003

Dissolved and particulate organic carbon, bacterial biomass, microbial enzymatic activities (EEA: leucine aminopeptidase, β‐glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase), bacterial production, respiration rates, and bacterial growth efficiency were determined in 10 stations of the Ionian Sea (winter 1998–1999) with the aim of characterizing the recycling of biogenic carbon and phosphorus in the different water masses, previously identified on the basis of their hydrographical properties. All microbial activities decreased markedly with depth, with a sharp increase in the benthic boundary layer, where potential remineralization rates of phosphorus up to 1.03 μg P·dm−3d−1 and bacterial carbon production of 0.078 μg C·dm−3 d−1 were recorded. Those rates were close to the surface ones; the bacterial growth efficiency was also around 20%, similar to the surface value, sustaining the microbial food chain at the bottom. The daily hydrolysis of the organic carbon pool estimated by EEA varied from 0.67% (Ionian Surface Water) to 0.02% (Deep Water). Alkaline phosphatase activity was generally low in the intermediate and deep layers, in relation to the higher inorganic P content. The last facts support the hypothesis that deep waters of Ionian Sea, and in general of the entire Mediterranean basin, because of their young age, carry a larger amount of labile dissolved organic carbon, which reduces the need for a high recycling activity by bacterial community. As a matter of fact, a relatively higher activity per cell in carbon production rates was found in the deep layer where a large volume of the very recently formed Cretan Sea Outflow Water was present.
The Levantine Intermediate Water Experiment (LIWEX) Group: Levantine basin—A laboratory for multiple water mass formation processes
Authors: Malanotte‐Rizzoli P. , Manca B. B. , Marullo Salvatore , Ribera d' Alcala' M. , Roether W. , Theocharis A. , Bergamasco A. , Budillon G. , Sansone E. , Civitarese G. , Conversano F. , Gertman I. , Hernt B. , Kress N. , Kioroglou S. , Kontoyannis H. , Nittis K. , Klein B. , Lascaratos A. , Latif M. A. , Ozsoy E. , Robinson A. R. , Santoleri R. , Viezzoli D. , Kovacevic V.
Published: September 2003

In winter 1995 the last major field work of the Physical Oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean (POEM) program was carried out, the Levantine Intermediate Water Experiment (LIWEX). In this study a thorough analysis is presented of the data set collected during three successive surveys in January, February, and March–April 1995. The major overall result is that the Levantine basin is shown to be the site for multiple, and different, water mass formation processes. Levantine Deep Water (LDW) was formed in the Rhodes gyre, with the preconditioning phase starting in December 1994. In late January the chimney was ventilating to the atmosphere. In February the strong mixing phase is documented by the convective cell vertically homogeneous to 900 m depth. In March–April, recapping has occurred in the upper 200 m. LDW remained confined inside the Rhodes gyre cyclonic circulation. Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) is instead deeply affected by the upper thermocline circulation. Shallow ventilating chimneys with the LIW thermostads were found in the January survey inside the cyclonic region of the northern Levantine. The formation process of LIW does not involve deep penetrative convection. Winter surface cooling and evaporation are sufficient to produce a surface mixed layer 100 m deep with LIW characteristics. At the mixed layer basis, LIW subducts and spreads along isopycnal surfaces along pathways determined by the cyclonic/anticyclonic structures of the upper thermocline circulation.
Distribution and mixing of intermediate water masses in the Channel of Sicily (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Iudicone Daniele , Buongiorno Nardelli Bruno , Santoleri Rosalia , Marullo Salvatore
Published: September 2003

The Channel of Sicily, which represents the only connection between the western and the eastern Mediterranean Sea, can be described as a three‐layer system, where fresher water of Atlantic origin (Modified Atlantic Water) flows eastward in the upper layer, Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) leaves the eastern basin at around 250–350 m, and an outflow of Transitional Ionian Deep Water (TIDW) is identified below the LIW. Synoptic Mesoscale Plankton Experiment data, collected during four surveys in the Channel of Sicily, show that LIW and TIDW are subject to major modifications when crossing the eastern sill. A significant Bernoulli aspiration is found there, and the bottom water at the sill is composed of modified deep Ionian waters coming from >800 m. An analysis of the water mass composition proves that LIW mixes essentially with TIDW, and that the TIDW flow through the channel must be larger than the expected 0.5 Sv. The presence of a secondary circulation related to the bottom boundary layer is demonstrated to be the primary factor leading to the dilution and cooling of LIW.
Evolution of dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean affecting water mass structures and properties in the Ionian and Adriatic Seas
Authors: Manca Beniamino B. , Budillon Giorgio , Scarazzato Paolo , Ursella Laura
Published: September 2003

Basin‐wide hydrographic observations performed in the eastern Mediterranean during the past 2 decades attest changes in the thermohaline circulation as well as new aspects concerning the onset and the follow up of the major transient event that occurred at the beginning of the 1990s, i.e., the change of the dense water formation site from the Adriatic to the Aegean Sea. Since 1999, the upper thermohaline circulation has indicated the restoring of the opposite flows of the Atlantic Water and the Levantine Intermediate Water, which were greatly reduced in the period 1987–1995. In the deep layer the comparison between water mass structures observed in 1995, during the mature status of the transient, and those observed in 1999 shows a damping of the event and a regained role of the Adriatic Sea as a primary source of dense waters. Separate calculations of the salt content in the Ionian and in the Levantine Seas show an overall salt redistribution. During 1987–1995 a salt loss of about 25 × 1012 kg was computed for the upper 800 m, constituting only 27% of the salt gain in the deep layer over most of the eastern Mediterranean. On the contrary, during 1995–1999 the restored upper thermohaline circulation caused a salt redistribution between the two basins of about the same amount, but in the opposite sense, while an extra quantity of 12 × 1012 kg was deposited in the deep layer. In addition, calculations of the salt concentration in the convection region of the southern Adriatic reveal a remarkable amount of the salt, not yet totally transferred into the deep layers by its interior dynamics because of mild winters.
Air motion intercomparison flights during Transport and Chemical Evolution in the Pacific (TRACE‐P)/ACE‐ASIA
Authors: Thornhill K. Lee , Anderson Bruce E. , Barrick John D. W. , Bagwell Donald R. , Friesen Richard , Lenschow Donald H.
Published: September 2003

Intercomparisons of chemical, aerosol, and meteorological measurement systems were conducted in the spring of 2001 between the NASA Wallops P3‐B and the NCAR EC‐130Q aircraft during overlapping portions of the concurrent tropospheric missions: the Global Tropospheric Experiment's (GTE) Transport and Chemical Evolution in the Pacific (TRACE‐P) and Aerosol Characterization Experiment's ACE‐ASIA mission, respectively. Both aircraft were equipped with similar air‐motion measurement systems and in situ meteorology sensors designed to measure the eddy‐correlation fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor. This paper presents the results of the informal intercomparison flight legs at two altitudes within the marine boundary layer performed over the Sea of Japan. The variances and spectra of the three‐dimensional winds and temperature are presented along with the cospectra of the vertical velocities and various parameters. The results show good agreement between the measurements obtained from the two aircraft. Discrepancies in the data are analyzed and discussed.