bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virome Characterization of Native Wild‐Rice Plants Discovers a Novel Pathogenic Rice Polerovirus With World‐Wide Circulation
Authors: Yan Wenkai , Zhu Yu , Zou Chengwu , Liu Wencheng , Jia Bei , Niu Jiangshuai , Zhou Yaogui , Chen Baoshan , Li Rongbai , Ding Shou‐Wei , Wu Qingfa , Guo Zhongxin
Published: October 2024

Pandemics originating from zoonotic viruses have posed significant threats to human health and agriculture. Recent discoveries have revealed that wild‐rice plants also harbour viral pathogens capable of severely impacting rice production, a cornerstone food crop. In this study, we conducted virome analysis on ~1000 wild‐rice individual colonies and discovered a novel single‐strand positive‐sense RNA virus prevalent in these plants. Through comprehensive genomic characterization and comparative sequence analysis, this virus was classified as a new species in the genus Polerovirus, designated Rice less tiller virus (RLTV). Our investigations elucidated that RLTV could be transmitted from wild rice to cultivated rice via a specific insect vector, the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, causing less tiller disease symptoms in rice plants. We generated an infectious cDNA clone for RLTV and demonstrated systemic infection of rice cultivars and induction of severe disease symptoms following mechanical inoculation or stable genetic transformation. We further illustrated transmission of RLTV from stable transgenic lines to healthy rice plants by the aphid vector, leading to the development of disease symptoms. Notably, our database searches showed that RLTV and another polerovirus isolated from a wild plant species are widely circulating not only in wild rice but also cultivated rice around the world. Our findings provide strong evidence for a wild plant origin for rice viruses and underscore the imminent threat posed by aphid‐transmitted rice Polerovirus to rice cultivar.
Prevalence, incidence, and residual risk for human immunodeficiency virus among blood donors from 2003 to 2022 in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Xie Junmou , Li Zhongping , Liang Haojian , Huang Zhijian , Du Rongsong , Gao Wenbo , Huang Boquan , Liao Fenfang , Rong Xia , Fu Yongshui , Nie Yongmei , Liang Huaqin , Wang Hao
Published: October 2024

Background

China's significant population affected by HIV poses a substantial threat to blood transfusion safety. Despite advancements in blood testing techniques, a residual risk of HIV transmission persists. Accurately assessing HIV epidemic and the residual risk is vital for monitoring blood supply safety and evaluating the effectiveness of new screening tests.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of HIV detection results among voluntary blood donors from 2003 to 2022. The study included data on HIV‐confirmed positive donors, HIV prevalence, infection risk factors, and an incidence‐window period mathematical model to estimate the residual risk of HIV.

Results

Between 2003 and 2022, HIV prevalence among blood donors in Guangzhou showed a peak‐shaped trend, initially increasing before declining. The overall HIV prevalence was 18.9 infections per 100,000 donations. Male donors had a significantly higher prevalence compared with female donors. Donors aged 26–35 years had the highest prevalence. Ethnic minority donors had a higher prevalence compared with Han donors. Repeat donors had a lower prevalence compared with first‐time donors. Donors from other provinces had a higher prevalence compared with local donors. During the period of 2003 to 2022, the residual risk of HIV in Guangzhou steadily decreased, reaching a notable 1 in 526,316 donations in the past two years.

Conclusion

The HIV epidemic among blood donors in Guangzhou remains severe, but the residual risk of HIV is decreasing. Novel detection methods have proven advantageous in reducing this residual risk. Implementing additional effective measures is imperative to ensure blood safety and curb the spread of HIV.
Border carbon adjustment (BCA) and heterogeneous firms trade
Authors: Kim Minsu
Published: October 2024

I explore the effect of a carbon tax and a border carbon adjustment (BCA) under the asymmetric heterogeneous trade model of Melitz (2003, Econometrica, 71, 1695). I achieve several results with welfare and policy implications. First, firms in both the home and foreign country tend to adopt high technology because of the home country's stricter environmental policy, and the imposition of BCA stimulates this technological upgrade further for the home country. Second, as a result of a higher emission tax, the home country is worse off from consumption, and lessens the emissions. Whereas, the foreign country can enjoy higher welfare from its consumption, and increases the emissions in its exports (‘carbon leakage’). The imposition of BCA can alleviate these problems, but it relocates the emissions back to the home country, and thus the total emissions increase slightly.
Astragalus arbuscula (Fabaceae): A new record for Mongolian flora
Authors: BAASANMUNKH Shukherdorj , MUNKHTULGA Dariganga , OYUNTSETSEG Batlai , UNDRUUL Altangerel , TSEGMED Zagarjav , KECHAYKIN Alexey A. , CHOI Hyeok Jae
Published: October 2024

Taxonomic identification of the genus Astragalus L. is challenging given that there are more than 3,000 taxa worldwide. In the present study, shrubby Astragalus arbuscula Pall., belonging to section Dissitiflori, is new record in the Mongolian flora based on morphological observations. The general morphology of this species is similar to that of A. gontscharovii Vassilcz., but it can be differentiated by its bracts 1–2 mm, black ciliate, calyx covered with strongly asymmetrically bifurcate and standard without a tongue-like narrowed tip. The general distribution, wild photo illustration, taxonomic notes, species examined, and habitats are provided
Codimension two mean curvature flow of entire graphs
Authors: Savas Halilaj Andreas , Smoczyk Knut
Published: October 2024

We consider the graphical mean curvature flow of maps , , and derive estimates on the growth rates of the evolved graphs, based on a new version of the maximum principle for properly immersed submanifolds that extends the well‐known maximum principle of Ecker and Huisken derived in their seminal paper [Ann. of Math. (2) 130:3(1989), 453–471]. In the case of uniformly area decreasing maps , , we use this maximum principle to show that the graphicality and the area decreasing property are preserved. Moreover, if the initial graph is asymptotically conical at infinity, we prove that the normalized mean curvature flow smoothly converges to a self‐expander.
Influence of Water Cover on the Blast Resistance of Circular Plates
Authors: Liu Zhenfeng , Li Xiaojie , Zhou Dezheng , Wang Xiaohong , Yan Honghao
Published: October 2024

Explosion containment vessels (ECVs) can effectively limit the range of potential hazards, and improving their blast resistance is an important research topic. Placing ECVs underwater is an excellent and promising method. The effect of water covering on the blast resistance of circular plates was investigated experimentally and numerically in this paper. First, blast experiments of circular water-covered and bare plates were conducted, and strain responses were obtained. The effect of water on the maximum strain as well as the high-level strain crests was investigated based on experimental results. Then, numerical simulations were carried out using ansys/autodyn and validated by experimental results. The displacement and strain response at the center of the circular plate with different water cover heights were analyzed. The experimental and numerical results show that water can effectively reduce the peak dynamic response of the steel plate and increase the vibration period of the steel plate. The center of the circular plate is the most dangerous position under confined blast loading, regardless of whether the plate is covered with water or not. The results from numerical simulations also clearly show that the blast resistance of the steel plate will first be improved and then stable with the increase of the water cover height. The work in this paper can provide a useful reference for the design and protection of explosion containment vessels.
Numerical Analysis of a Two-Phase Turbine: A Comparative Study Between Barotropic and Mixture Models
Authors: Kumar Amit , Parisi Simone , Agromayor Roberto , Walther Jens H. , Haglind Fredrik
Published: October 2024

Two-phase turbines offer the potential to significantly enhance the performance of power generation and refrigeration systems. However, their development has been hindered by comparatively lower efficiencies resulting from additional loss mechanisms absent in single-phase turbines. In this context, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) emerges as a crucial tool to predict the performance of two-phase turbines and guide the design process toward higher efficiency. To date, most multiphase CFD studies on turbomachinery have focused on condensation in the final stages of steam turbines, and on cavitation in hydraulic pumps and turbines. These applications, however, are not representative of the conditions in two-phase turbines, where a liquid-dominated mixture undergoes a large expansion ratio, leading to a significant increase in the gas phase volume fraction throughout the entire flow. Recognizing the lack of an established modeling approach, this paper aims to identify a suitable modeling methodology for two-phase turbines. Our evaluation is centered around two models: the mixture model and the barotropic model. The validity and accuracy of these two modeling approaches are assessed using existing experimental data from a single-stage impulse turbine operating with several mixtures of water and nitrogen as working fluid. The results indicate that both the mixture and barotropic models are consistent and accurately predict the nozzle mass flowrate, yet, both models systematically overpredict the nozzle exit velocity and rotor torque. Adding correction terms for windage and unsteady pumping losses significantly improves the torque predictions, bringing them within the uncertainty range of the experimental data. In addition, refining the models to account for the effect of slip presents a promising avenue to enhance the prediction of nozzle exit velocity and overall performance of two-phase turbines.
On Leakage Flows in a Liquid Hydrogen Multistage Pump for Aircraft Engine Applications
Authors: Lamprakis Dimitrios , Rajendran David John , Santhanakrishnan Mani , Coskun Seyfettin , Roumeliotis Ioannis , Pachidis Vassilios , Yates Martin
Published: October 2024

A comprehensive operational characterization of a representative, liquid hydrogen (LH2) aircraft engine pump, a key enabler for future hydrogen aviation, is presented in this work. The implications of leakage flows are investigated in a two-stage, high-pressure pump for a wide range of flow rates and rotational speeds, through three-dimensional (3D) (unsteady) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations. The study compares two configurations: a baseline model comprising the primary flow path components—inducers, impellers, and volutes, and a realizable pump hardware that includes hub, shroud, and power unit cavities. Performance metrics, including head changes and efficiencies, are extracted both at a component and system level. Leakage flow rates of 27.6% and up to 92.9% of the overall pump flow rate are recorded at design and lowest flow points, respectively. The head loss in the mid to low flow rates does not exceed 4.5%, but the efficiency diminishes by up to 13.5% at off-design operation. The component analysis indicates significant penalties in impeller efficiency. At high flow rates, the presence of leakage flows improves the overall pump performance by 43% and 27% in head rise and efficiency, due to reduced losses in volutes and connecting ducts. The detailed characterization of pump behavior described in this work is of importance in development of safe, reliable, and predictable design of aircraft LH2 pumps. These aircraft pumps are different from LH2 pumps utilized in rocketry and for cooling in nuclear industry due to the requirement to operate with wider turn-down ratios and often, at low specific speeds. Therefore, this study addresses design considerations in this enabling technology that ensures the delivery of preconditioned fuel according to the aircraft operating conditions.
The Safety Assessment of Civil Ships Against Capsizing Based on the Probability Analysis of Multiple Threshold-Crossings of Stochastic Sea Waves
Authors: Zhang Zhenhao , Wei Guoqing , Zeng Zhe , Teng Fengwei
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the impact of threshold-crossing events on ship capsizing through a probabilistic model that predicts random wave heights. Utilizing statistical data from wave height observations, this paper proposes that random waves can be approximated and modeled using the Wiener process, employing autocorrelation function identification and probabilistic statistical verification methods. The threshold-crossing duration of a random wave is just the period of the wave exceeds a given threshold, which can reflect the frequency property of the stochastic sea waves. And the probability distribution of the period can theoretically be determined using the derived probability density function for the time interval between any two adjacent crossings of the Wiener process and a threshold. Based on the above theories, the capsizing probabilities of a civil ship sailing in different wave areas are analyzed under different safety thresholds considering certain ratios of the ship's intrinsic period and wave period. The research results can provide a reference for the anti-overturning design of the ships under the action of random waves.
Behind Amor Blunt Trauma Lung and Liver Strains From Indenter Loading Via Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , Somasundaram Karthik , Harinathan Balaji , Banurekha Devaraj Karthik , Shah Alok , Koser Jared , Stemper Brian , Chancey Valeta Carol , McEntire B. Joseph
Published: October 2024

To determine behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) injury criteria, experiments have been conducted by launching blunt projectiles at live swine at velocities up to 65 meters per second (m/s) using one type of indenter design. To ensure the generalizability of the developed injury criteria, additional tests with different indenter designs are needed. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the kinematics and injury parameters from two indenter designs using human body finite element modeling. The simulation matrix consisted of chord and cylindrical shape indenter designs with two different masses of 150 and 230 grams. They were used to impact the liver and lung regions at velocities of 30 and 60 m/s using a human body model. Rib and lung strains from lung impacts and rib strain and liver strain energy densities (SED) from liver impacts were used to evaluate the design variables of mass and shape. Both designs played a role in skeletal and organ injury parameters. Analysis revealed an increased susceptibility for skeletal and organ traumas with the high mass indenter during high velocity impacts. The cylindrical indenter may be protective for organ injuries due to the larger area of loading on the ribcage compared to the chord indenter. Results from the chord indenter may serve as a conservative estimate of injury criteria.
Direct Normal Irradiance Prediction-Based Optimum Interval Tilt Angles for Enhancement of Energy Output, Levelized Cost of Energy, and CO2 Emission in a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System
Authors: Muniyandi Vijay , Manimaran Saravanan , Paramasivam Venkatesh , Venkatesan Sujitha Arumugapriya
Published: October 2024

The tilt angle of photovoltaic (PV) panels is a crucial determinant of their performance and can be adjusted using different tracking methods. Periodically changing the tilt angle strikes a practical balance between efficiency and cost. This work introduces a bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM)-based direct normal irradiance (DNI) prediction to estimate the time intervals for the tilt angle adjustments. DNI prediction involves 22-year (2000–2022) historical time series data and the Bi-LSTM deep learning model to predict DNI at different time frames for the location Madurai, India. Using the predicted DNI, tilt angle-based DNI is mapped using the tilt angle correlation through a nearest neighborhood interpolation method. DNI potential over a specific period is utilized to find the optimum time intervals for the tilt angle adjustments. The simulation study of this work is implemented with a 5 kW grid-connected solar PV system using pvsyst software. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is evaluated based on the improvements in power output, levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and carbon emission reductions and compared with other existing methods. The results showed that using the proposed optimal tilt angle intervals led to a 10.31% increase in PV output power, the lowest LCOE at 3.61 c/kW h, and 8.363 tCO2/year carbon emissions.
Environmentally Friendly MoS2-hBN Solid Lubricants: A Comprehensive Tribological Evaluation
Authors: Fallah Parastoo , Hensley Cara , Beall Charles J. , Islasencalada Alejandra , Chromik Richard R. , Wuthrich Rolf , Stoyanov Pantcho
Published: October 2024

MoS2-based solid lubricants have obtained significant attention and are extensively employed in the aerospace industry due to their desirable tribological performance. However, to enhance their performance in humid environments, MoS2 is often doped with Pb-based compounds. Considering the health and environmental concerns associated with Pb, it is necessary to develop eco-friendly alternatives. In this study, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has been used as a potential substitute for Pb-based dopants in MoS2-based solid lubricants and coatings with varying hBN contents (9.5, 11.5, 13.5, 15.5, and 17.5 wt%) were applied to stainless-steel substrates using a spray bonding technique. The friction and wear characteristics of the coatings were analyzed by using a ball-on-flat tribometer, employing constant load conditions. Subsequently, ex situ analysis techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the coatings. The results showed that the coating with a lower hBN concentration presented improved tribological properties, which was correlated with the development of an effective MoS2-based transfer/tribo-film. This suggests that optimizing hBN content is crucial for enhancing the lubrication performance.
Adsorption of cytochrome c on different self-assembled monolayers: The role of surface chemistry and charge density
Authors: Yang Shengjiang , Peng Chunwang , Liu Jie , Yu Hai , Xu Zhiyong , Xie Yun , Zhou Jian
Published: October 2024

In this work, the adsorption behavior of cytochrome c (Cyt-c) on five different self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) (i.e., CH3-SAM, OH-SAM, NH2-SAM, COOH-SAM, and OSO3−-SAM) was studied by combined parallel tempering Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that Cyt-c binds to the CH3-SAM through a hydrophobic patch (especially Ile81) and undergoes a slight reorientation, while the adsorption on the OH-SAM is relatively weak. Cyt-c cannot stably bind to the lower surface charge density (SCD, 7% protonation) NH2-SAM even under a relatively high ionic strength condition, while a higher SCD of 25% protonation promotes Cyt-c adsorption on the NH2-SAM. The preferred adsorption orientations of Cyt-c on the negatively-charged surfaces are very similar, regardless of the surface chemistry and the SCD. As the SCD increases, more counterions are attracted to the charged surfaces, forming distinct counterion layers. The secondary structure of Cyt-c is well kept when adsorbed on these SAMs except the OSO3−-SAM surface. The deactivation of redox properties for Cyt-c adsorbed on the highly negatively-charged surface is due to the confinement of heme reorientation and the farther position of the central iron to the surfaces, as well as the relatively larger conformation change of Cyt-c adsorbed on the OSO3−-SAM surface. This work may provide insightful guidance for the design of Cyt-c-based bioelectronic devices and controlled enzyme immobilization.
Sonic ambiances through fundamental needs: An approach on soundscape interventions for intensive care patients
Authors: Louwers Gijs , Pont Sylvia , Gommers Diederik , van der Heide Esther , Özcan Elif
Published: October 2024

We explored the underpinnings of providing positive listener experiences for intensive care unit (ICU) patients with compositions of added sounds. Our objective was to derive an approach to such interventions based on soundscape perception and need fulfillment. In one study, we gathered qualitative empirical data about imagined soundscapes where nine fundamental needs were fulfilled. Hierarchical clustering and thematic analysis showed that imagined soundscapes clustered into four types of sonic ambiances, i.e., affective connotations with soundscapes: Comfortable, Pleasurable, Motivating, or Stimulating ambiances. We derived four design parameters to achieve these ambiances with sound compositions: eventfulness, sonic ambiance qualities, narrative structure, and sound distribution. A sound artist was asked to use these parameters to create sound compositions. In a listening experiment, we examined their effects on the perceived pleasantness and eventfulness of soundscapes and on listeners' experienced pleasure and arousal. Soundscapes were perceived as pleasant with varying eventfulness in line with our structured approach. We found a strong correlation between pleasantness and with listener's pleasure and a moderate correlation between eventfulness and with listener's arousal. Finally, we suggested that in future research, three sonic ambiance types should be considered rather than four. Concluding, we showed that our need-driven approach could form a promising way to support ICU patients.
Phase stability of convergence zone propagation at mid-frequency
Authors: Akins F. Hunter , Hodgkiss William S. , Kuperman W. A.
Published: October 2024

Mid-frequency transmissions (1.5 to 7.5 kHz) from a towed source to a drifting array one convergence zone away demonstrate smoothly varying phase. Calculations of the strength and diffraction parameters Φ and Λ for a representative background environment predict partially saturated propagation. For a single convergence zone path, the evolving phase rate due to the changing internal wave field corresponds to a narrowband coherent integration time, defined by the length of a discrete Fourier transform that likely captures the signal, from ∼370 s at 10 kHz to ∼1370 s at 1 kHz in the absence of source motion. Simulated propagation with a split-step parabolic equation solver through a sound speed field with thermocline fine structure and a Garrett-Munk internal wave displacement field provides a full wave picture that is consistent with the statistical predictions. Experimental data from the Philippine Sea demonstrates signal phase that is highly correlated with source tow body vertical excursions, measured by a pressure sensor, that couple into horizontal motion. The received signal can be integrated for up to 128 s at 5.5 kHz, with the upper limit thought to be due to non-uniform source motion rather than ocean dynamics.
Processing group delay spectrograms for study of formant and harmonic contours in speech signals
Authors: Yegnanarayana B. , Pannala Vishala
Published: October 2024

This paper deals with study of formant and harmonic contours by processing the group delay (GD) spectrograms of speech signals. The GD spectrum is the negative derivative of the phase spectrum with respect to frequency. Recent study shows that the GD spectrogram can be obtained without phase wrapping. Formant frequency contours can be observed in the display of the peaks of the instantaneous wideband equivalent GD spectrogram, derived using the modified single frequency filtering (SFF) analysis of speech signals. Harmonic frequency contours can be observed in the display of the peaks of the instantaneous narrowband equivalent GD spectrogram, derived using the modified SFF analysis of speech signals. For synthetic speech signals, the observed formant contours match the ground truth formant contours from which the signal is derived. For natural speech signals, the observed formant contours match approximately with the given ground truth formant contours mostly in the voiced regions. The results are illustrated for several randomly selected utterances from the TIMIT database. While this study helps to observe the contours of formants in the display, automatic extraction of the formant frequencies needs further processing, requiring logic for eliminating the spurious points, without forcing the number of formants.
Fluorescent and bioluminescent bovine H5N1 influenza viruses for evaluation of antiviral interventions
Authors: Trimarco Joseph D. , Spurrier M. Ariel , Skavicus Samantha , Luo Zhaochen , Dutta Moumita , Janowska Katarzyna , Acharya Priyamvada , Heaton Brook E. , Heaton Nicholas S.
Published: October 2024

In early 2024, a clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus was detected in dairy cows and humans in the United States. Since then, it has spread to herds in at least 13 states and caused symptomatic disease in at least fifteen people. To facilitate rapid testing of existing and novel countermeasures, here, we report the development of an H5N1 viral reverse genetic system, its use to produce fluorescent and bioluminescent variant strains, and their utility in high-throughput evaluation of antiviral interventions.
Botulinum toxin for the management of bruxism: an overview of reviews protocol
Authors: Coelho Manuella Salm , Oliveira Júlia Meller Dias de , Polmann Helena , Pauletto Patrícia , Stefani Cristine Miron , De Luca Maciel Lara Catarine , De Luca Canto Graziela
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Bruxism is characterised by a repetitive activity in the masticatory muscles that involves teeth clenching or grinding and/or forceful mandibular movements. Its management is typically initiated when individuals start experiencing the adverse effects of the condition. One of the available intervention forms is the administration of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A). Numerous systematic reviews have addressed the use of BoNT-A to manage bruxism; however, the results are controversial. The current overview aims to determine BoNT-A’s effectiveness for managing bruxism in relation to placebo, the absence of treatment or alternative interventions in the adult population.

Methods and analysis

This study will include systematic reviews (SRs), with or without meta-analysis, aiming to evaluate the efficacy of BoNT-A for bruxism in adults. A broad literature search will be carried out on Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and the grey literature. Experts in the topic and reference lists of included SRs will also be consulted. The study selection will be conducted in two phases by two independent reviewers. Data collection will be performed by one author and cross-checked by another. The methodological quality of included SRs will be evaluated using AMSTAR-II. A narrative synthesis will be employed as the formal method to combine individual study data. The overlap across studies will be quantified by the corrected covered area and illustrated by the Graphical Representation of Overlap for Overviews.

Ethics and dissemination

This overview does not require ethics approval, as it uses secondary data from previously published studies. The results will be disseminated through the publication in a high-impact journal.

OSF of registration

DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/RB45T.
Trend and determinants of unplanned pregnancy among expectant mothers in Ethiopia based on the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (2000–2016) data: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Abebe Gossa Fetene , Lemu Lidiya Gutema , Adugna Amanuel , Alie Melsew Setegn , Negesse Yilkal , Girma Desalegn
Published: October 2024

Objective

To investigate the trend and determinants of unplanned pregnancy among expectant women using the four Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data (2000–2016).

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Secondary data analysis using EDHS data.

Participants

The number of weighted participants were 1451 in 2000, 1184 in 2005, 1205 in 2011 and 1135 in 2016.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Unplanned pregnancy encompasses both mistimed (occurring earlier than desired) and unwanted (occurring when no further children are desired) forms of conception. Trend and multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted.

Results

The rate of unplanned pregnancies in Ethiopia showed a significant decline, decreasing from 45.8% (95% CI 41.8 to 49.8) in 2000 to 29.7% (95% CI 25.3 to 34.4) in 2016, indicating an overall change of 16.1%. Several factors were positively linked to unplanned pregnancy, including being multipara (adjusted OR (AOR)=9.8; 95% CI 1.74 to 15.23) and grand multipara (AOR=12.2; 95% CI 1.62 to 19.3), expressing a lack of desire for additional children (AOR=2.82; 95% CI 1.30 to 6.12), unemployment (AOR=1.91; 95% CI 1.12 to 3.78) and being unmarried (AOR=7.23; 95% CI 4.71 to 15.5), whereas, women residing in the Afar (AOR=0.12; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.79) and Somalia (AOR=0.20; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.67) regions were associated with reduced likelihood of experiencing unplanned pregnancy.

Conclusion

The study discovered that unplanned pregnancies in Ethiopia decreased significantly from 2000 to 2016. However, around one-third of pregnant women are still affected, indicating a high rate. To address this, policymakers and stakeholders should propose and implement targeted interventions on identified risk factors.
Effects of dim-evening lighting optimised for geographical orientation versus standard lighting on mental health: protocol paper for a quasiexperimental study in a psychiatric hospital
Authors: Volf Carlo , Corell Dennis Dan , Hansen Torben Skov , Dubois Julie Margrethe , Zeng Xinxi , Baandrup Lone , Petersen Paul Michael , Martiny Klaus
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Research has provided novel insights into how light stimulates circadian rhythms through specialised retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In addition, there has been a revolution in light-emitting diode (LED) technology, leading to tunable LED light sources and lighting systems, enabling 24-hour dynamic light scenarios with bright blue-enriched short wavelength light during the day and dim evening light, stimulating the circadian system. These dynamic LED lighting systems are now being implemented at hospitals without adequate understanding of how it may affect the health and well-being of patients and staff.

Methods and analysis

An optimised dynamic LED lighting scenario is investigated at a newly built psychiatric hospital in Copenhagen. In the 12 months baseline period, a standard lighting scenario with dynamic colour temperature and fixed light intensity is investigated. In the following 12-month intervention period, a new DEL scenario is investigated, having dynamic colour temperature as well as dynamic light intensity with a higher daytime and lower evening-time melanopic daylight equivalent illuminance. This setting is furthermore adjusted for geographical orientation to compensate for differences in sunlight access in wintertime. The study uses a quasiexperimental design comparing patients admitted in the two study periods. Prior to each of the study periods, daylight and the contribution from the LED-lighting scenarios was measured. Patient sociodemographic and mental health data will be retrieved retrospectively from electronic medical records and by questionnaires administered in the two periods, evaluating lighting, noise, sleep quality and quality of life. Primary outcome is the proportion of patients receiving pro re nata medications. Secondary outcomes are the length of stay, sleep onset latency, sleep quality and quality of life.

Ethics and dissemination

No ethical issues are expected. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed international journal, lectures, posters and interviews.

Trial registration number

NCT05868291.
Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents born very preterm and its correlates: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Haile Sarah R , Peralta Gabriela P , Adams Mark , Bharadwaj Ajay N , Bassler Dirk , Moeller Alexander , Natalucci Giancarlo , Radtke Thomas , Kriemler Susi
Published: October 2024

Objective

We aimed to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in a cohort of very preterm born children and adolescents (aged 5–16), and to compare it with their fullterm born siblings and the general population. We also explored correlates of HRQOL among the very preterm born.

Design

Cross-sectional survey.

Patients

Children born <32 weeks gestation (N=442) as well as their fullterm born siblings (N=145).

Main outcome measures

Primary outcome was KINDL total score (0 worst to 100 best), a validated multidimensional measure of HRQOL in children and adolescents.

Methods

Linear mixed models accounted for family unit. Secondary analysis compared very preterm born children to another cohort of healthy children from the same time period. A classification tree analysis explored potential correlates of HRQOL.

Results

On average, preterm children, both <28 and 28–31 weeks gestational age, had similar KINDL total score to fullterm sibling controls (−2.3, 95% CI −3.6 to −0.6), and to population controls (+1.4, 95% CI 0.2 to 2.5). Chronic non-respiratory health conditions (such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or heart conditions, but not including cerebral palsy), age and respiratory symptoms affecting daily life were key correlates of HRQOL among very preterm born children.

Conclusions

Very preterm birth in children and adolescents was not associated with a relevant reduction in HRQOL compared with their fullterm born peers. However, lower HRQOL was explained by other factors, such as older age, and the presence of chronic non-respiratory health conditions, but also by possibly modifiable current respiratory symptoms. The influence of respiratory symptom amelioration and its potential influence on HRQOL needs to be investigated further.

Trial registration number

NCT04448717.
Can the clot meniscus and claw signs predict thrombectomy and clinical outcomes in patients with stroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Reda Abdullah , Cortese Jonathan , Ghozy Sherief , Gajjar Aryan , Douri Dani , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Kallmes David F
Published: October 2024

Background

The angiographic shape of an occlusion, like the clot meniscus sign and the claw sign, has been reported to potentially impact the recanalization rate and clinical outcome in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic strokes.

Method

Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases. Patients were grouped into clot meniscus/claw sign positive and negative groups based on the definitions obtained from each study. Primary outcomes included technical success, with a meta-analysis performed using a random-effects model to calculate proportions and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (Cl).

Results

We included seven studies recruiting 1572 patients. The results indicated that the positive and negative groups had comparable first-pass effect (OR 1.95; 95% CI 0.76 to 5.01; P=0.167) and final recanalization (OR 1.36; 95% CI 0.81 to 2.27; P=0.248) rates. However, the rate of having a favorable functional outcome was significantly higher in the positive group than in the negative sign group (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.25 to 2.92; P<0.003). Within the sign-positive population, the use of contact aspiration was associated with a significantly higher rate of recanalization compared with using a stent retriever (OR 0.18; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.49; P<0.001). This result did not translate into a clinical impact, as both stent retriever and contact aspiration showed comparable rates of functional independence at 3 months (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.02 to 2.33; P=0.210).

Conclusion

The presence of the clot meniscus/claw sign is not associated with recanalization outcomes after thrombectomy. However, it might be a good sign to predict which thrombectomy technique might be associated with better recanalization, although current evidence may need further confirmation.
Dynamics of choroid plexus volume is associated with the presence and development of fatigue in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rubin Martina , Preziosa Paolo , Margoni Monica , Meani Alessandro , Pagani Elisabetta , Corazzolla Gianluca , Storelli Loredana , Mistri Damiano , Filippi Massimo , Rocca Maria A
Published: October 2024

Background

Immune-mediated processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of fatigue, a common symptom in multiple sclerosis (MS). The choroid plexus (CP) regulates central nervous system (CNS) immune homeostasis and undergoes volumetric modifications possibly contributing to MS-related fatigue. We explored the association between MS-related CP volume changes and fatigue dynamics.

Method

Eighty-five patients with MS and 68 healthy controls (HC) underwent brain 3T MRI, neurological evaluation and Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) at two timepoints (median follow-up=1.4 years). Normalised brain and regional grey matter (GM) volumes were obtained using FSL-SIENAx, FIRST, SIENA and tensor-based morphometry. CP volumes were quantified with in-house methods, and longitudinal changes were analysed using linear mixed models.

Results

At baseline, 25 (29%) patients with MS had fatigue (f-MS) (MFIS ≥38). Compared with HC, patients with MS had significantly higher brain T2-lesion volume, lower brain, deep GM, cortical volumes and higher CP volume (false discovery rate (FDR)-p ≤0.024). Compared with non-fatigued (nf-MS) patients, f-MS were older, more disabled (FDR-p ≤0.002) and showed numerically higher CP volume (FDR-p=0.076). At follow-up, 41 (68%) nf-MS remained non-fatigued (nf-FU-MS) and 19 (32%) developed fatigue (f-FU-MS). Patients with MS showed higher brain and deep GM atrophy rates versus HC (FDR-p ≤0.048), whereas clinical, lesional and brain volumetric changes were not significantly different among MS groups (FDR-p ≥0.287). CP volume significantly increased in all MS groups compared with HC (FDR-p ≤0.043), with greater enlargement in f-FU-MS versus nf-FU-MS (FDR-p=0.048).

Conclusions

Larger CP and greater enlargement are associated with the presence and development of fatigue in MS, likely reflecting dynamic inflammatory states within the CNS, supporting the immunological contribution to MS-related fatigue.
Clinical features of Guillain-Barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis associated with SLE
Authors: Wang Jingqiao , Zhang Zhe , Qian Junyan , Zhang Shangzhu , Qiao Lin , Li Mengtao , Zhao Yan , Zeng Xiaofeng
Published: October 2024

Objective

We report on the clinical characteristics, treatments and outcomes of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis (CIDP) associated with SLE.

Methods

Patients treated at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2004 and November 2021 who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for SLE and GBS/CIDP (n=9) were included. Clinical presentations, lab results, treatment regimens and prognoses were retrieved and analysed.

Results

Six patients were diagnosed with SLE and GBS, while three were diagnosed with SLE and CIDP, with the average age at diagnosis of 38.6±18.2 years. SLE disease duration ranges from 1 week to 36 years, and the courses of GBS and CIDP range from 1 week to 2 months and from 2 months to 15 months, respectively. All patients exhibited either or both limb paresthesia and weakness, other neurological symptoms include dysphagia, peripheral facial nerve palsy and respiratory and cardiac arrest. The median cerebral spinal fluid white blood cell count and protein level were 0.002×109/L (0–0.006×109/L) and 0.79 g/L (0.57–7.09 g/L), respectively. All patients received glucocorticoid and immunoglobulin therapy. Seven patients received cyclophosphamide, and seven patients received intrathecal injections of methotrexate and dexamethasone. Two patients had complete resolution, five experienced marked improvements and two failed to improve with treatments.

Conclusion

SLE-associated GBS/CIDP may manifest regardless of disease systemic activity. Clinical features may differ from that of pure GBS/CIDP, and treatment often requires immunosuppressants, making differential diagnosis crucial, especially for patients with GBS/CIDP presenting as the first manifestation of SLE.
Masses of higher excited states of Ξc′ and Ωc baryons
Authors: Jakhad Pooja , Oudichhya Juhi , Rai Ajay Kumar
Published: October 2024

Significant efforts have been made in recent years to measure the properties of charmed baryons. In this work, we study the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] baryons in the relativistic flux tube model with a quark–diquark picture of a baryon. The modified Regge relation between mass and angular momentum is used to predict the spin-average masses. The spin-dependent interactions are also included to compute the spin-dependent splitting. We calculate the masses of states belonging to the [Formula: see text]-wave and [Formula: see text]-wave of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] baryons, which are not yet detected experimentally. Our mass predictions can offer valuable insights to experimental facilities in their search to discover the higher excited states of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] baryons.
Rapid Assessment Method of Buckling Stability of Bridge Pier–Cap–Pile System Under Scour Effect
Authors: Tan Guojin , Kong Qingwen , Zhou Peilei , Gao Yi
Published: October 2024

A novel analytical method for evaluating the buckling stability of the pier–cap–pile system under scour effect is proposed, and furthermore, the concept of rapid assessment of bridge buckling stability based on natural frequency is innovatively introduced in this paper. First, the total potential energy function of the bridge pier–cap–pile system is established, and the closed-form solution of structural system critical buckling load under scouring is solved according to the principle of stationary potential energy. Second, the sensitivity analyses of pier height, pier width, bending stiffness reduction in pier, pile slenderness ratio, pile bending stiffness reduction, m-value of soil and structural gravity to the buckling load are carried out. On this basis, 60 sets of sensitive parameter sample combinations are extracted by the Latin Hypercube Sampling algorithm, and a proxy model relating the critical buckling load to scour depth and the sensitive parameters are then developed using the McQuarter global optimization algorithm. Finally, the regression relationship model between the critical buckling load and the natural frequency is formed by combining the proxy model and the existing relationship between the scour depth and the first-order natural frequency. The feasibility of the proposed assessment method is demonstrated by the finite element method using a bridge case study, which provides an insight and a new means of quantitatively evaluating the safety of bridges under scour effect.
The Impact of Machine Learning-based Student Behaviour Detection on Teaching in Teaching Classroom Scenarios
Authors: Zhang Qian
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this study is to address the issue of low efficiency and time-consuming monitoring of student classroom behaviour in teaching classroom scenarios, as well as how to apply deep learning to student classroom behaviour detection. Classroom teaching is the main way for students to acquire and master knowledge, and teachers need to pay attention to students’ behaviour in the classroom and make timely corrections. In this study, the teaching classroom of undergraduate students was used as an example for application and analysis. Based on the You Only Look Once v5s network, a student behaviour detection algorithm was designed by combining the ghosting module and optimised feature fusion structure, and a student behaviour association technology suitable for continuous teaching classrooms was designed. Through the visualisation results, it can be seen that the research method can accurately detect the behaviour categories of students, and the effect is better in target dense scenes. Through quantitative analysis using correlation technology, it can be concluded that there are very few students with the lowest level of seriousness, while the majority of students have a level of seriousness above the qualified level. The overall situation of the teaching classroom is good. These student behaviour analyses can energy the level of seriousness of students, form effective and objective classroom feedback, provide teachers with objective and accurate reference value, and promote the construction of smart classrooms.
Machine learning-enhanced gaussian peak modeling for energy diffusion patterns in lithium-ion battery electrodes
Authors: Iqbal S. , Almohsen Bandar , Nutini Alessandro
Published: October 2024

Energy storage systems are crucial for the advancement of modern technology, yet achieving optimal efficiency in these systems remains a significant challenge. This study investigates how spatial distribution impacts energy diffusion within battery electrodes using Gaussian peak models. We explore two distinct configurations of Gaussian peaks separate and overlapping to understand their effects on diffusion patterns. Separate Gaussian peaks produce simpler diffusion profiles with well-defined influence regions, while overlapping peaks create complex diffusion patterns with intricate contours reflecting the combined effects of multiple sources. To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of our simulations, we leverage machine learning (ML) optimization techniques. An ML-based optimizer is employed to refine the parameters of the diffusion model, resulting in more precise and efficient simulations. This approach allows us to better understand and predict how different peak arrangements affect diffusion dynamics. By simulating these scenarios in rectangular and square electrode geometries, we reveal how the spatial arrangement of energy sources influences diffusion behavior. Our findings provide valuable insights for optimizing battery designs, suggesting that tailored diffusion profiles can significantly improve energy storage efficiency and reliability. This research not only advances the theoretical understanding of energy diffusion processes but also demonstrates how ML optimization can be used to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries and other energy storage systems.
Dynamics of a vegetation management model with seasonal rainfall and groundwater diffusion
Authors: Quan Qi , Jiao Jianjun , Dai Xiangjun
Published: October 2024

Based on reasonable management of vegetation in arid area, we consider the effect of artificial irrigation and proposed a vegetation management model with seasonal rainfall and groundwater diffusion. In this work, we describe the relationship between vegetation and groundwater by impulsive differential equation. Sufficient conditions are derived to ensure global asymptotic stability of the vegetation-extinction boundary periodic solution. Sufficient conditions are also derived to examine the permanence of the investigated system. Besides, the correctness of our results is further verified through numerical simulations. These results show that artificial irrigation and groundwater diffusion have a positive effect on the survival of vegetation in arid area.
A generalization of (FI-)extending and (quasi) Baer rings
Authors: Maleki Z. , Sahebi Sh. , Paykan K.
Published: October 2024

A ring [Formula: see text] is called right essentially (quasi) Baer if the right annihilator of every (ideal) nonempty subset of [Formula: see text] is essential in a right ideal generated by an idempotent. This class of rings includes both (FI-) extending and (quasi) Baer rings. Initially we develop basic properties and give some examples of these rings. Later the right essentially quasi-Baer property is shown to carry over product, matrix, monoid, polynomial and upper triangular matrix rings.