bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Thoughts on Sican Marked Adobes and Labor Organization
Authors: Cavallaro Raffael , Shimada Izumi
Published: April 2006

This paper explores the applicability of the segmentary construction-labor tax model of marked adobe distribution proposed for the solid adobe Mochica pyramids in the Moche Valley on the Peruvian North Coast for Middle Sican monumental architecture in Batan Grande farther north. The model is found inadequate to account for the Middle Sican brick-marking pattern characterized by, among other things, a very high frequency of marking and lack of a one-to-one correspondence between brick size/shape and mark. The difference seems due in part to the chamber-fill building technique of the Middle Sican pyramids which required large scale, unitary construction. Cluster analysis was carried out to assess the relative merits of various alternative models. The most plausible models are those that posit a relatively complex labor organization and specify the role of local, lower-level administrators.
Updating the past: The Establishment of the International Radiocarbon Data Base
Authors: Kra Renee
Published: April 2006

Radiocarbon dates are essential to the understanding of chronological frameworks in many fields, but are particularly important in archaeology. An International Radiocarbon Data Base (IRDB) has been proposed to update and maintain a computerized, centralized, and standardized record of 14C data, on a global and inter-disciplinary scale, from which researchers may retrieve and utilize valuable data. Since 1985, planning conferences and workshops continue to address the issues of establishing the IRDB. The primary focus of these discussions has been the data-entry format and how to obtain continuing financial support.
Reply to Yelton
Authors: Blakeslee Donald J.
Published: April 2006

The John Rowzée Peyton book is believed to be an eighteenth-century original with some nineteenth-century additions that probably derive from John Lewis Peyton. This does not affect the episode of the mound excavation in Kansas described in the book in question.
Comments on Sullivan and Rozen's “Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation”
Authors: Amick Daniel S. , Mauldin Raymond P.
Published: April 2006

Sullivan and Rozen (1985) suggest that inadequate typologies limit the interpretation of chipped-stone debitage. We contend that the methodology of inference rather than typological structure is limiting debitage analyses. Inferences about the meaning of archaeological data must be derived from sources that are independent of the archaeological record.
In Search of Coosa
Authors: Boyd C. Clifford , Schroedl Gerald F.
Published: April 2006

The recently published reconstruction of Hernando de Soto's route through the southeastern United States, and of the chiefdom of Coosa (Hudson et al. 1985), is critiqued. The researchers' estimates of time traveled by the expedition, their use of certain vague or unreliable sources, and their interpretation of archaeological data are questioned. These problems weaken their claims that their reconstruction is better than the Soto route originally proposed by Swanton. Of particular concern is their seeming naivete regarding the correlation of archaeological and ethnographic cultures.
Glacial-Age Man in South America? A Critical Review
Authors: Lynch Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

This paper is an attempt to place the dispute about early man in South America in historical context and to review the most convincing and important evidence that has been put forward. Essentially no skeletal remains–either in North or South America–have survived recent scrutiny and direct dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and small CO2counters. Only a handful of North American sites still are considered likely to be pre-Clovis, but the concept of an earlier, generalized hunting-and-gathering adaptation remains popular. In South America the pre-Paleoindian sites of the 1960s and 1970s are reevaluated and found to present only weak or negative indications of early occupation. Recently discovered sites in Brazil and Chile are examined critically, and the evidence is questioned. The results of this survey and evaluation suggest that we still lack the absolutely certain case that would be necessary to support the hypothesis of glacial-age occupation. Moreover, the probability of demonstration is seen to decrease, rather than increase, as the Paleoindian horizon increasingly is defined with more certainty while only equivocal cases are marshalled for an Archaic-like pre-Paleoindian stage. In summarizing prehistory, archaeologists should depend more on unambiguous and replicated cases, rather than on regional exceptions. More interpretive caution is needed, especially where there are possibilities of mixture and secondary deposition. Natural processes often mimic cultural patterns, confusing the positive identification of informal hearths and simple artifacts.
Immunological Identification of Small-Mammal Proteins on Aboriginal Milling Equipment
Authors: Yohe Robert M. , Newman Margaret E. , Schneider Joan S.
Published: April 2006

Ethnographic accounts of animal pulverization using stone grinding implements have led archaeologists to believe that this same behavior took place in the past. This important subsistence activity can now be confirmed through the immunological analysis of archaeological materials. Small-mammal blood-protein residue has been identified immunologically for the first time on milling equipment from two archaeological sites in southern California. Immunoprotein trace analysis has the potential for a wide range of applications in the study of prehistory.
Antiquity of Maize Cultivation in Ecuador: Summary and Reevaluation of the Evidence
Authors: Pearsall Deborah M. , Piperno Dolores R.
Published: April 2006

La Identification of maize phytoliths from the Preceramic Vegas and Formative period Real Alto sites, Guayas Province, Ecuador, has raised the issue of the antiquity of maize in Ecuador. This paper reviews how maize is identified using phytoliths and addresses criticisms of this technique. Our reexamination of the original Vegas and Real Alto samples using Piperno's three-dimensional variant method confirms the presence of maize in western Ecuador by at least 5000 B.C. Remains of charred maize from other sites suggest that more than one race was being utilized by the Formative period.
Curatorial Considerations for Systematic Research Collections: AMS Dating a Curated Ceramic Assemblage
Authors: Lovis William A.
Published: April 2006

The needs of new analytic techniques that may be depleting or destructive, or which have requirements that may be at odds with other approaches, place new and different demands on curated archaeological research collections. Curatorial approaches and attitudes need to accomodate such changes in research environment and be aware of both the potentials of curated collections as well possible conflicts. A pilot study employing AMS dating of adhering residues on a curated ceramic collection is used to illustrate curatorial concerns and decisions associated with the use of modern techniques. It is argued that continued use of such collections is important, and that management decisions must keep pace with technological innovations.
On the Macroscopic Identification of Used Flakes
Authors: Young Donald , Bamforth Douglas B.
Published: April 2006

The most common method used by archaeologists to identify flaked-stone artifacts that were used by prehistoric people to accomplish some task is to inspect an artifact's edges for macroscopic edge damage. The results of a test of this “no-magnification” approach to microwear analysis indicate that such an approach is likely to produce highly inaccurate and biased data in many or most cases.
Evidence for Population Aggregation and
Dispersal during the Basketmaker III Period in
Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
Authors: Wills W. H. , Windes Thomas C.
Published: April 2006

The appearance of pithouse settlements in
the American Southwest that have multihabitation
structures has been considered evidence for the
emergence of "village" social organization. The
interpretation that village systems are reflected
in pithouse architecture rests in great part on
the assumption that large sites correspond to
large, temporally stable social groups. In this
article we examine one of the best known pithouse
settlements in the Southwest—Shabik’eschee Village
in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico—and argue that the
site may represent episodic aggregation of local
groups rather than a sedentary occupation by a
single coherent social unit.
Observations regarding Chartkoff's California “Rock Feature Complex”
Authors: Jett Stephen C.
Published: April 2006

Trailside cairns created by Yuroks on religious journeys to mountaintops are shown to be a special case of the extremely widespread practice of establishing cairn trail shrines to which passers-by add stones. Specific comparative data are provided for the California culture area.
Conquest and Consolidation: A Comparison of the Wari and Inka Occupations of a Highland Peruvian Valley
Authors: Schreiber Katharina J.
Published: April 2006

A recent archaeological survey was conducted of a highland Peruvian valley in order to evaluate the effect on a local culture of the expansion of empires. The strategy employed in the consolidation of a region under an imperial administrative structure is the result of two general factors: the needs of the empire, and the level of extant local political organization. Evidence of Wari and Inka imperial facilities in the Carahuarazo Valley is interpreted in light of changes in the local culture during each occupation to provide a more complete picture of this process. A relatively greater Wari presence and lesser Inka presence are interpreted as the result of differing administrative needs on the part of the respective empires, as well as differing local systems at the time of each conquest. Similarities in goods and services extracted by each empire serve to indicate that although imperial strategies differed, the end result of consolidation of the area into each empire was roughly similar.
NISP vs. MNI in Quantification of Body-Part Representation
Authors: Marshall Fiona , Pilgram Tom
Published: April 2006

In an effort to understand the relative advantages and drawbacks of the minimum number of individuals (MNI) and number of identifiable specimens (NISP) for quantifying body-part representation in faunas from archaeological sites, we analyzed relations among NISP, MNI, fragmentation, and bulk density in the fauna from Ngamuriak, a Kenyan pastoral Neolithic site. Our findings suggest that MNI is at least as sensitive as NISP to effects of fragmentation. While MNI decreases with increasing fragmentation, NISP moves in two directions with fragmentation, increasing at low levels of fragmentation and decreasing at high levels of fragmentation. In addition, MNI appears more sensitive than NISP to the relative identifiability of different body parts. We believe MNI may be a less representative descriptor of relative element frequency than NISP in highly fragmented assemblages.
Health in Prehistoric Populations of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands
Authors: Lambert Patricia M.
Published: April 2006

Skeletal remains from the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, California were analyzed to evaluate the health consequences of an economic shift from a generalized maritime hunting-and-gathering adaptation to one focused increasingly on fishing. Changes in stature and in the frequency of inflammatory bone lesions suggest that health generally declined during this economic shift. This occurred despite an increase in the protein content of the diet. These data provide a basis for evaluating the significance of protein deficiency as a cause of the deterioration in health seen with the development of intensive agriculture.
The Late Woodland Diet on Nantucket Island and the Problem of Maize in Coastal New England
Authors: Little Elizabeth A. , Schoeninger Margaret J.
Published: April 2006

Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of (1) bone collagen from six burials of the Late Woodland Period at Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, and (2) a wide range of potential dietary materials provide data for evaluating coastal diets. Archaeological and historical data give evidence for the availability and use of dietary items. The bases of the food chains and trophic levels define the possible food groups: terrestrial C3 and C4 plants and their consumers, marine C3 and C4-like plants and their consumers, and marine carnivores. From these data, computer analysis of multiple linear mixing equations relating isotope ratios of human bone collagen to those of dietary food groups shows allowable ranges of these food groups in the diet. The results argue for a diet of 40–65 percent oceanic animals, with the rest consisting of substantial amounts of animals from salt marsh and eelgrass meadows or of maize, and minor amounts of C3 plants and their consumers.
Reply to Shaffer and Baker
Authors: Chrisman Donald
Published: April 2006

Accurate measurement of the number of epidermal ridges must be done directly from the artifacts, using a nearly flat surface or a very thin dental silicone mold pulled off and flattened. Measurements from enlarged pictures of 3-D rounded objects converted to 2-D are highly inaccurate and do not correct for the nearly 20 percent shrinkage factor.
On Mammalian Taphonomy, Taxonomic Diversity, and Measuring Subsistence Data in Zooarchaeology
Authors: Schmitt Dave N. , Lupo Karen D.
Published: April 2006

This paper examines the application of mammalian taxonomic diversity measures in the analysis of human subsistence. Employing qualitative and quantitative taphonomic analyses on archaeofaunas recovered from a sheltered Fremont site in Utah, numerous small- and medium-sized animal bones (especially Leporidae) are identified as nonhuman accumulations. Measures of taxonomic diversity for the shelter’s entire assemblage suggest that the inhabitants practiced a generalized, broad-spectrum subsistence strategy. Omitting the nonhuman accumulations and calculating similar measures on bones interpreted as human refuse produce a different portrait of subsistence practices. Using this investigation as a case study, mammalian faunal assemblages from six additional Fremont assemblages are examined to further demonstrate that subsistence inferences based on diversity measures should be approached with caution. We demonstrate that measures of taxonomic diversity are valuable tools but should be used in concert with analyses of taphonomic agents. Furthermore, rather than employing only those bones identified to species, we emphasize that specimens identified to taxonomic genera may offer adequate resolution in examining prehistoric diet breadth.
Power, Labor, and the Dynamics of Change in Chacoan Political Economy
Authors: Saitta Dean J.
Published: April 2006

The organizational structure of the famous Chaco Phenomenon has long been debated by southwestern archaeologists. To better clarify the nature and dynamics of Chacoan organization we need to rethink the relationship between social power and the appropriation of surplus labor in middle-range societies. Drawing on the tradition of anthropological political economy, I outline a theoretical approach that allows for the relative autonomy of power and labor relations in human social life and models Chacoan political economy using a “thin definition” of communalism. Empirical patterns from the Chaco and post-Chaco eras in the northern Southwest are presented in support of a model of Chaco communalism and change dynamics. Suggestions for furthering a political economy of the Chaco Phenomenon that respects the difference or “otherness” of the past are also detailed.
Stone Tools, Politics, and the Eighteenth-Century Chickasaw in Northeast Mississippi
Authors: Johnson Jay K.
Published: April 2006

The technological analysis of a collection of cores, flakes, unifaces, and bifaces from a Chickasaw site in northeast Mississippi makes it clear that the lithic industry was substantially reorganized to meet the functional demands of the early eighteenth-century colonial economy. The focus of this industry was a distinctive, well-made end scraper. Similar tools occur throughout the Midwest during late prehistoric times and extend into the middle Mississippi River valley during the protohistoric. Although the Midwest scrapers are likely a response to the spread of bison into that region, a study of the distribution of the Chickasaw tool kit in time and space suggests that it was used to process deer skins, the primary focus of the trade with the French and English in the Southeast. However, stone scrapers are not found on all early eighteenth-century Chickasaw sites. The historical documents suggest that some villages were more successful in their trade relations with the Europeans and were therefore able to replace stone tools with metal at an earlier date. An examination of the occurrence of stone tools throughout the Southeast during the early historic period indicates that relative distance to ports of trade was the primary determinant of the rate at which stone-tool technology was abandoned.
The Role of Stone Bladelets in Middle Woodland Society
Authors: Odell George H.
Published: April 2006

Although true blade technologies were virtually unknown throughout the entire Archaic period of the American Midwest, they blossomed briefly during the Middle Woodland, but died out and were absent again during the rest of prehistory. Despite their temporal specificity, we have no idea why this technology developed. In the most intensive attempt so far to derive an answer to this question, Yerkes, at the Murphy site in Ohio, was able to conclude only that blades were used for a variety of tasks, just like bifaces or retouched flakes.

My own research sheds light on this problem, at least in the lower Illinois Valley of Illinois. I have applied intensive use-wear analyses to three Middle Woodland components: the Smiling Dan settlement and two different kinds of ceremonial manifestations from the Napoleon Hollow site. Bladelets were used very differently in these three situations. At the habitation they were relatively unimportant and were used for a variety of tasks, just as at the Murphy site. But in mortuary contexts they were numerically very significant and were employed for a restricted range of tasks—primarily for cutting and scraping soft materials. This conclusion suggests that the blade was an integral part of Hopewell ceremonialism.
Native Life in a Johannesburg Slum Yard
Authors: Hellmann Ellen
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Although for reasons of a misguided economy a Native Census was not undertaken in 1931 and consequently complete statistics for the Native population of South Africa are entirely lacking, the available evidence points to a marked increase in the Native urban population. The 1921 census revealed the fact that Native women also were settling in town in much larger numbers than had previously been the case, and all indications point to a much greater increase in this section of the urban population since then. This growing inclination of the Native to settle his wife and children in the urban centre where he earns his livelihood indicates a tendency on his part to divorce himself from his rural bonds and to regard the town as his permanent home and not as the place of his solely temporary employment. The children of these families will, in all likelihood, eventually form a permanent and stable urban population, entirely dissociated from a rural background. Many of them—the potential citizens of a town—have been reared in a slum yard. Such yards represent for many Natives their first, and perhaps only, experience of a home.
An Experiment in Applied Anthropology
Authors: Baker G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Lord Lugard in, an article which appeared in the Daily Telegraph for July 30th, 1934, indicated some of the directions in which anthropology could assist the administration of primitive peoples. He referred to functional anthropology, but the limits of his article did not allow him to indicate the methods through which such assistance could be sought by the administrator and supplied by the anthropologist.
Witchcraft Divination and Magic among the Balovale Tribes
Authors: White C. M. N.
Published: April 2006

Belief in witchcraft was a characteristic of the Middle Ages and earlier in Europe, and a witch was executed there as late as 1782. Belief in witchcraft does not therefore place the African automatically in a special category of mankind; it is the result of being born and brought up in a society in which it is inherent. Broadly speaking a belief in witchcraft is a belief in a theory of cause and effect. It is a species of logic to explain why certain events have occurred. More particularly it is a theory of the causes of misfortunes which the believer finds to have their origins in the enmity of people possessed of evil powers. Since the belief is conditioned largely by the society in which the African is born and lives in a tribal state there is danger in the often-uttered statement that every African without exception believes implicitly in witchcraft. That is a superficial observation which is certainly not true. The African brought up outside tribal society to a greater or lesser degree will have his faith in witchcraft modified accordingly since that faith is a social and not a mental condition. An African born and brought up, for example, in England would only know of witchcraft objectively as a belief of other people. In Africa to-day, although tribal society predominates, it is not static; on the contrary in many respects it is in a state of constant change and modification, some would even say of a disintegration. In the light of this it is not surprising to find some Africans whose belief in witchcraft is being modified too.
XII. Im Vorderen Kamerun
Authors: Ittmann Johannes
Published: April 2006

Jegliches Unglück, Krankheit und fast jeden Todesfall führt der kameruner Heide auf Hexerei zurück; Ahnenkult und Machtglaube, Geheimbundwesen und mythische Vorstellungen treten heute in den Hintergrund; ‘aber’, so schreibt mir ein schwarzer Beamter aus französisch Kamerun, ‘der Hexenglaube geht überall ganz heimlich und gleichzeitig mit der Evangeliumspredigt um in jeder Gegend des Landes. Sein Wurzelstock ist heute in den Fremdensiedlungen gepflanzt; von dorther lebt er immer wieder neu auf, denn die Neulinge bringen den alten Aberglauben ihrer Heimat herein und verhindern, dass wahrer Gottesglaube in den Menschenherzen erspriesst.’
John Quincy Adams, Slavery, and the Disappearance of the Right of Petition
Authors: Frederick David C.
Published: April 2006

The first amendment prohibits Congress from making any law that abridges the right of the people “to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.” This clause reflects many years of practical experience with petitions, both in England and in the American colonies. Unlike the right of free speech, which has attracted much scholarly attention, the right of petition has received little scrutiny from commentators or judges. The scope of the substantive right embodied in the clause is still a matter of dispute.

This article explores a key incident in the history of the right of petition—the congressional imposition in the 1830s of a “gag rule” to prohibit the reception of petitions related to slavery. This restriction on petitions was a turning point both for a change in the meaning of the right and for the procedures permitted by Congress to give it expression. The gag rule effectively quashed the right to petition as it had been exercised for centuries—as a means of communicating the people's grievances to government. Although the right still exists, its traditional usage and meaning “disappeared” in the 1830s.
Conviction According to Conscience: The Medieval Jurists' Debate Concerning Judicial Discretion and the Law of Proof
Authors: Fraher Richard M.
Published: April 2006

One bright, sunny day in northern Italy, let us say in Bologna in the year 1275, a group of law students might have sat and listened to this case. A man named Seius slipped into a shed owned by his sworn enemy, Titius. A priest, a wealthy merchant, and a physician, all of them unimpeachable witnesses, saw Seius enter the shed with his sword drawn. A moment later they heard a man cry out. Then they clearly saw Seius, shaken and pallid, emerge through the doorway, bloody sword in hand. When Seius noticed the witnesses coming toward him, he fled. The witnesses found Titius in the shed, unconscious, dying from a sword wound. Upon investigation, the podestà, the magistrate charged with criminal investigations, discovered that Seius had recently sworn that he would kill Titius, and further, that everyone in town believed that he was guilty. The podestà ordered his arrest and, after a manhunt, Seius was captured before he could slip across the border to the neighboring city-state.
Writs and Rights, “clashings and animosities”: The First Confrontation between Federal and State Jurisdictions
Authors: Holt Wythe , Perry James R.
Published: April 2006

In the spring of 1789, officials elected under the Constitution met in New York to begin the work of organizing the new federal government. The federalists had won the battle for ratification, but the war to establish an accepted and respected federal structure was yet to be won. The opponents of centralized government had been subdued, but not conquered. Issues that had caused heated debate in the Constitutional Convention and in the state ratifying conventions lay just beneath the surface and could be revived easily. Any resurgence could shake the foundation of the new federal edifice.
Jurisdiction to Punish: Federal Authority, Federalism and the Common Law of Crimes in the Early Republic
Authors: Preyer Kathryn
Published: April 2006

Discussion and debate over the nature of federalism is one of the staples of American public discourse. Among historians and lawyers, politicians and judges this constant has remained. It is only the context of the discourse which has changed over time. Given the unusual framework of union provided by the Constitution it is hardly surprising that debate over its nature should continue for concepts of constitutionalism, federalism and law in American culture have melded into an alloy from which it is often impossible to determine which is the baser metal. Continuing inquiry over the proper balance between state and national authority and over the proper reach of federal jurisdiction has prompted as many scholarly endeavors as ever the quest for the Holy Grail led brave knights to their adventures. The endless searches among scholars, lawyers and jurists for ‘the original understanding’ of ‘the Framers’ has been an active industry for generations, seldom more so than in our own time. This is itself a striking cultural fact, and like the quest for the Grail, the center around which a huge corpus of legend, romance, learned scholarship and wishful thinking revolves.
The Case of the Collapsing Watercourse: Builders' Responsibility for Damage in Classical Roman Law
Authors: Martin Susan
Published: April 2006

The jurists of the classical period of Roman private law (50 B.C.—250 A.D.) encountered a variety of legal problems arising from the activity of those employed in the city's building industry. This segment of the Roman economy was prosperous and busy. Yet, despite the Romans' zeal for construction, a detailed description of how building projects were organized has proved illusive. This is the result of two factors. First, the Romans, unlike the Greeks, tended not to preserve on stone details about the actual construction of their edifices. A second, more general cause is found in the nature of construction as an enterprise. Although building furnishes a basic need, the demand for it is episodic and unstable. Forces of labor and supplies of materials are procured in response to specific commissions. In addition, there are many possible ways in which these productive forces can be organized, and building is typically characterized by a high degree of diversity in regard to methods of organization. For these reasons, builders and building have not been particularly accessible topics for researchers. It is only in the juristic sources that we get a relatively full picture of the activities of builders at Rome.
Marine Insurance and Risk Distribution in Scotland Before 1800
Authors: Forte A. D. M.
Published: April 2006

This paper is an account of the development of marine insurance in Scotland. The topic has not been previously investigated by either legal or economic historians. While providing a general history of the development of insurance, this paper will also undertake three more specific tasks, (1) to increase knowledge about the use of marine insurance during this time, particularly during the period 1700–1750; (2) to explain why insurance was not commonly used by merchants during the seventeenth century; and (3) to correct one very serious and misleading error relating to the chronology of development.
Changing Our Minds: Legal History Meets the World Wide Web
Authors: Hibbitts Bernard J.
Published: April 2006

Legal historians have had an ambivalent relationship with new technology. As students and spokespersons of the somewhat-stodgy legal past, our sympathies have predictably been with traditional methods of doing things rather than with the latest and greatest devices of our own age. In the twentieth century we have tended to champion writing and books more than radio, television, and computers. Today we may use new tools to help us create our scholarship and even to help us teach, but like most of our academic colleagues in law and in history we generally employ those tools as extensions of established media instead of exploiting their potential to deploy information and develop ideas in new ways.
Lawyers, Codification, and the Origins of Catalan Nationalism, 1881–1901
Authors: Harty Siobhán
Published: April 2006

The defense of Catalan civil law against the introduction of the Spanish Civil Code in the late nineteenth century was the catalyst for a broad social movement that would be transformed into Catalan nationalism by the turn of the twentieth century. Lawyers were central to this development. They interpreted and popularized the danger codification presented for Catalan society and they were instrumental in making the civil law a central element in the construction of Catalan national identity. Taking their cue from the experience of other stateless nations in Europe, lawyers developed a principled argument for political autonomy that was institutionalized with the creation, in 1901, of Catalonia's first nationalist political party, theLliga Regionalista. Between 1881 and 1901, Catalan lawyers would help found a series of social movements for the protection of Catalan culture and orient these movements toward the adoption of nationalist objectives. Finally, lawyers would form the majority of theLliga Regionalista's electoral candidates and the core of the party's strategists, helping the party climb to a position of dominance in Catalan politics between 1901–1932.
Actions of Covenant, 1200–1330
Authors: Biancalana Joseph
Published: April 2006

This article tries to answer two questions about the writ of covenant that have perplexed legal historians. Maitland noticed that the common law courts adopted a requirement that plaintiff produce a writing of the covenant under defendant's seal as proof of the covenant. When and why royal officials adopted this requirement continue to be the chief unanswered questions about covenant. Second, there is the matter of remedy. Some legal historians believe that the remedy in covenant changed from specific performance to damages. But what was the remedy in covenant? Did it change? If so, when and why did it change?
“Langdell, We Hardly Knew Ye”
Authors: Schweber Howard
Published: April 2006

When historians focus on an influential figure, they often do one of two things: either create a biographical portrait of the person, or explain the contribution that the person has made to the development of ideas or institutions. In the case of Langdell, most writers have chosen the latter course, at least partly out of a conviction that the man himself was simply not very interesting.
Language, Judgment, and the Holocaust
Authors: Douglas Lawrence
Published: April 2006

In The Failure of the Word, Richard Weisberg asks how legal scholars can “justify the substitution of imaginative for legal prose.” By way of response, scholars such as Martha Nussbaum and Weisberg have sought to demonstrate the power of literature to better render moral ambiguity and situational complexity than the language of the law. The most attractive images of the art of judgment, these scholars argue, are not to be found in the decisions duly compiled in the Federal Reporter, but in works of the literary imagination. These works, by capturing a world of nuance largely absent from the Manichean terms of law, offer a critical “school of moral sentiments” and, as a consequence, can help the legal scholar to better appreciate the law's exclusion and to extend the law's discursive ken.
“The Laws of This Country”: Foreigners and the Legal Construction of Sovereignty in Uruguay, 1830–1875
Authors: Benton Lauren
Published: April 2006

State making in nineteenth-century colonial settings involved contests over the configuration of plural legal systems. Colonial powers limited the jurisdiction of colonial courts and adopted complex, shifting rules for the articulation of imposed and indigenous law. The politics of legal pluralism in such settings became tied to discourse about cultural difference as groups challenged or justified jurisdictional boundaries by reference to the cultural characteristics of various colonial constituencies. The process of ordering legal authorities and assigning political identities reinforced the authority of incipient colonial states and emphasized the differences between colonial and metropolitan law.
Disaggregating Citizenship
Authors: Parker Kunal M.
Published: April 2006

Robert Steinfeld suggests that my article might be read in two entirely distinct ways—as a narrative of centralization, about which he is mildly enthusiastic, and as a narrative of citizenship, about which he is distinctly unenthusiastic. In my view, Steinfeld's understanding of citizenship, an understanding sharply at odds with my own, drives most of the criticisms he levels against the narrative of citizenship presented in the article.
A New Approach to the Dynamic Organization of Knowledge
Authors: Halliday Terence C.
Published: April 2006

The Internet poses a massive problem of making sense out of information. Two movements are taking place, side by side. On the one side, since the entry costs are very low, vast amounts of information of enormous variability in quality and value are being dumped on the virtual market. On the other side, to make some sense of it, “search entrepreneurs”—Excite, Yahoo, AltaVista—strive valiantly to create automated engines that will retrieve what we want when we want it. They succeed very imperfectly. One or two keywords are a very crude way to capture meaning of any complexity or nuance.
Law and Order in Seventeenth-Century England: The Organization of Local Administration during the Personal Rule of Charles I
Authors: Langelüddecke Henrik
Published: April 2006

Two of the most significant factors in the development of European nation states are the enforcement of the law and the political relationship between central government and the provinces. The establishment of powerful national institutions in the Middle Ages, the successful incorporation of its geographical fringes, and the involvement of local elites in implementing national law and policies have made England a challenging subject to test this interaction between the center and the localities. Although this relationship could never be free of tensions, reflection on the context of the English Civil War has suggested a new interpretation. Pursuing the inquiries initiated by the so-called “gentry controversy” in the 1950s and 1960s, a group of historians has studied individual counties and argued that, for local aristocrats and gentlemen, provincial values and issues took precedence over national policies. The Civil War, in their view, appeared to be a conflict between an increasingly interventionist and “nationalizing” central government and semiautonomous shires.
Bioassay for the Determination of the Intra‐ and Extracellular Activity of Aminopeptidases in Immobilized Tomato Cells
Authors: Stano Ján , Mičieta Karol , Tintemann Herbert , Neubert Klaus
Published: April 2006

Permeabilized tomato cells were cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde in the absence of a carrier. The immobilized cells demonstrated significantly lower aminopeptidase (AP) activities than untreated control cells. However, when immobilized with pectate and alginate gels, the tomato cells retained their AP activities. A new method for the determination of the activity of both extra‐ and intracellular AP was developed, based on enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of a series of synthetic β‐naphthylamides (βNA) of the L‐amino acids Ala, Arg, Leu, Pro, Tyr, or of the synthetic β‐methoxynaphthylamides (βMNA) of Ala and Arg. Extracellular AP – produced by calli, cell‐suspension culture, or seedlings of tomato cells grown on agar – hydrolyzed these peptidic substrates to the free naphthalene amines and amino acids. Staining with Fast Garnet GBC salt under formation of bright reddish azo dyes readily allowed the determination of AP activities. For the tomato‐cell suspension, the intracellular activity accounted for 91.3–93.9% of the total activity, and the extracellular one for 6.1–8.7%, respectively. Our method permits the rapid, simple, and specific determination of plant aminopeptidases.
The sibling relationships of adolescents with antisocial and comorbid mental disorders: an epidemiological investigation
Authors: Slomkowski Cheryl , Cohen Patricia , Brook Judith
Published: April 2006

A growing literature suggests that the sibling relationship provides one aetiologic context for the development of antisocial behaviour. This study adds to this body of work by examining associations between the quality of adolescent sibling relationships and antisocial behaviour in an epidemiological sample, and also by exploring whether such associations are conditional on the presentation of disorders comorbid with antisocial behaviour disorders. The sample consisted of 698 adolescents (at the average age of 16.2 years) participating in an epidemiological study of youth. Subjects completed a self‐report questionnaire on the quality of the sibling relationship, which yielded three correlated factors: negative, positive and competition. All subjects were assessed for psychiatric disorders using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. The primary focus was on 31 subjects who met ‘severe’ criteria for antisocial behaviour disorders (either conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder), and 46 subjects who met criteria for other psychiatric disorders. The antisocial adolescents reported significantly higher scores on the negative scale than the psychiatric control group. Furthermore, subjects with just antisocial disorders, as well as subjects with comorbid presentation of antisocial and other psychiatric disorders, had similar scores on the negative scale, which were elevated as compared with various psychiatric control groups. The results are consistent with theories which speculate that siblings influence the development of antisocial behaviour through direct training in coercive interaction. Furthermore, the analysis of comorbid presentation leads us to suggest that aversive sibling relationships may be specifically associated with antisocial behaviour disorders, rather than psychopathology in general. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
BiScO3: Centrosymmetric BiMnO3‐Type Oxide.
Authors: Belik Alexei A. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effect of the Transition Metal on the Synthesis of Quaternary Sulfides MPb8In17S34 (M: Cu, Ag, Au).
Authors: Wang Kuan‐Chen , Lee Chi‐Shen
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Study of the Mn—Mn Exchange Interactions in Single Crystals of LnMn6Sn6 Compounds with Ln: Sc, Y and Lu.
Authors: Matsuo A. , Suga K. , Kindo K. , Zhang L. , Brueck E. , Buschow K. H. J. , de Boer F. R. , Lefevre C. , Venturini G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ba2[Ni3N2]: A Low‐Valent Nitridonickelate — Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Physical Properties.
Authors: Mehta Akash , Hoehn Peter , Schnelle Walter , Petzold Vivien , Rosner Helge , Burkhardt Ulrich , Kniep Ruediger
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Phosphite‐Oxazolines: A New Class of Ligands for Asymmetric Heck Reactions.
Authors: Mata Yvette , Dieguez Montserrat , Pamies Oscar , Claver Carmen
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogen Bond Catalyzed Enantioselective Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Gondi Vijaya Bhasker , Gravel Michel , Rawal Viresh H.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
SnCl2‐Mediated Carbonyl Allylation of Aldehydes and Ketones in Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Tang Long , Ding Li , Chang Wei‐Xing , Li Jing
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Bromo‐1‐lithioethene: A Practical Reagent in Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Novikov Yehor Y. , Sampson Paul
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Functionalized Hydroxymethyl Ketones from the Mild and Chemoselective KMnO4 Oxidation of Chiral Terminal Olefins.
Authors: Bonini Carlo , Chiummiento Lucia , Funicello Maria , Lupattelli Paolo , Pullez Maddalena
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Concise Asymmetric Route for the Synthesis of a Novel Class of Glucocorticoid Mimetics Containing a Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Alcohol.
Authors: Lee Thomas W. , Proudfoot John R. , Thomson David S.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
In‐ or In(I)‐Employed Tailoring of the Stereogenic Centers in the Reformatsky‐Type Reactions of Simple Ketones, α‐Alkoxy Ketones, and β‐Keto Esters.
Authors: Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda , Yasuda Makoto , Shibata Ikuya , Baba Akio
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Anthraquinone Derivatives: Tandem Diels—Alder‐Decarboxylation—Oxidation Reaction of 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐pyrone with 1,4‐Naphthoquinone.
Authors: Komiyama Takuzo , Takaguchi Yutaka , Tsuboi Sadao
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple and Convenient Method for the Synthesis of 1‐Dialkylaminocarbothioic Acid S‐[(2,3‐Epithio)propyl] Esters.
Authors: Kumar S. T. V. S. Kiran , Sharma V. L. , Dwivedi A. K.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New and Simple Synthetic Approach to Functionalized Sulfone Derivatives by the Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Ghosh Arun Kumar
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Conjugate Base‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrazoles from β‐Formyl Enamides.
Authors: Saikia Anil , Barthakur Madan G. , Borthakur Moyurima , Saikia Chandan J. , Bora Utpal , Boruah Romesh C.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of 3‐Pyrrolin‐2‐one or Imidazolidine Derivatives by Slow Dimerization of N‐Substituted Aziridine‐2‐carboxylates.
Authors: Tomilov Yu. V. , Okonnishnikova G. P. , Shulishov E. V. , Korolev V. A.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cross Reactions of Cyanoacetic Acid Derivatives with Carbonyl Compounds. Part 3. One‐Step Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Amino‐5‐oxo‐4,5‐dihydropyrano[3,2‐c]chromenes.
Authors: Shestopalov A. A. , Rodinovskaya L. A. , Shestopalov A. M. , Litvinov V. P.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,1‐Disubstituted 4‐Phenyl‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydrospiro‐β‐carbolines from β‐Phenyltryptamine and Isatin Derivatives.
Authors: Semenov B. B. , Novikov K. A. , Azev V. N. , Kachala V. V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pyrrolo(iso)quinoline Derivatives as 5‐HT2C Receptor Agonists.
Authors: Mansell Howard L. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Optimization of Diarylamines as Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase.
Authors: Ruiz‐Caro Juliana , Basavapathruni Aravind , Kim Joseph T. , Bailey Christopher M. , Wang Ligong , Anderson Karen S. , Hamilton Andrew D. , Jorgensen William L.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Synthesis of 5‐Spirobarbituric Acids and Transformations of Spirocyclopropanobarbiturates to 5‐Substituted Barbiturates.
Authors: Singh Palwinder , Paul Kamaldeep
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.