bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE BY CHLAMYDOMONAS SP.12
Authors: Bennett M. Elwanda , Hobbie John E.
Published: August 2007

The glucose uptake of a species of Chlamydomonas was studied at various concentrations of d‐glucose plus glucose‐1‐14C (0.003–10.0 mg/liter) and at various light levels (0–220 ft‐c). The alga grows at 4 C either in the light or in the dark with added glucose, cellobiose, maltose, or fructose. Uptake of glucose could be described by the Michaelis‐Menten equation, and both the maximum velocity of uptake and the half‐saturation constant increased when the cells were exposed to glucose in the dark. However, the high value of the half‐saturation constant (5 mg glucose/liter) compared with the low levels of glucose in nature (5–10 μg/liter) makes it unlikely that a transport system is effective under natural conditions. Even if a total of 10.0 mg/liter of glucose plus other organic compounds were available as substrate, the rate of photosynthesis would still be more than 10 times higher (at 220 ft‐c) than the rate of organic substrate uptake.

Light had no effect on the total uptake of glucose but did reduce the percentage of 14CO2 evolved from 61% of the total 14CO taken up in the dark to 0% at 220 ft‐c. This decrease could be due to either preferential use of the 14CO2 in photosynthesis or of the photosynthate in respiration.
KINETICS OF AMINO ACID INFLUX INTO NITELLA FLEXILIS1
Authors: Wallen D. G.
Published: August 2007

The uptake of amino acids by Nitella flexilis has been investigated. Influx of glycine, alanine, and valine appears to be a diffusive process. Influx ranged from 0.14 to 0.06 and 0.04 pmoles/(cm)(sec), respectively. Aspartic acid uptake is an active transport mechanism. The Vmax is 2.8 pmoles/(cm)(sec); the transport constant (Michaelis constant) Km, 7.8 × 10−3 M. The uptake of arginine is apparently due to 2 transport systems, one with a Vmax and Km of 3.1 pmoles/(cm)(sec) and 3.2 × 10−3M, respectively. The second system has a Vmax of 1.4 pmoles/(cm)(sec) and a Km of 2.1 × 10−4 M. The possibility that the second system is diffusive has been considered.
CONTINUOUS CULTURE OF MARINE DIATOMS UNDER SILICATE LIMITATION. I. SYNCHRONIZED LIFE CYCLE OF SKELETONEMA COSTATUM12
Authors: Davis Curtiss O. , Harrison Paul J. , Dugdale Richard C.
Published: August 2007

Skeletonema costatum was grown in silicate‐limited continuous culture, Culture conditions resulted in synchronization of sexual reproduction. A detailed description of the life cycle is presented. During the life cycle growth rules varied from 0 to 0.12 hr−1. Sexual reproduction in diatoms has often been observed in batch cultures and some stages have been reported in nature. However, this is apparently the first report of its occurrence in continuous culture. Other experiments that demonstrate the importance of sexual reproduction in continuous culture work tare discussed.
SEXUAL INDUCTION IN EUDORINA: EFFECTS OF LIGHT, NUTRIENTS, AND CONDITIONED MEDIUM1
Authors: Szostak J. W. , Sparkuhl J. , Goldstein M. E.
Published: August 2007

The generation time of Eudorina and the time required for a male clone to produce sperm packets decreased with increased light intensity. Nutrient levels were not limiting for either process at the concentrations used in Volvox medium. Effects of various transfer schedules are discussed. A dialyzable substance which induces sperm packet formation was detected in medium in which Eudorina was grown. Methods for the preparation and assay of this substance are described.
EFFECTS OF CARBON, NITROGEN, AND ALLOPURINOL ON THE ABUNDANCE OF PARTICIPATE INCLUSIONS IN A MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE12
Authors: Gold Kenneth , Pokorny Kathryn Stein
Published: August 2007

Nutritional factors have been identified that affect the abundance of particulate inclusions in the heterotrophic dinoflagellateCrypthecodinium cohnii.The amount of ammonium sulfate. glucose, and glutamic acid in the medium markedly affected the number of particle‐containing cysts. Particle production was directly proportional to the concentration of ammonium sulfate and glutamic acid, and inversely proportional to the amount of glucose in the medium. Allopurinol reduced particle production Strikingly. The chemical composition of the particulate inclusions, and their possible ecological significance, are discussed.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE FAR‐RED EFFECT IN MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1,2
Authors: Lipps Mary Jo
Published: August 2007

A far‐red effect exists in 4 marine phytoplankton species: the diatom Ditylum brightwelli, the coccolithophorid Coccolithus huxleyi, the green flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta, and the dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula. The effect is reversible and is manifested through a change in cell division rate. Cultures of algae which received 30‐min far‐red (FR) light (750 nm) prior to the dark period were compared to controls which received, no FR. Reversal of the FR effect was studied by exposing experimental cultures to 30 min FR followed by 5‐min red (R) light (650 nm) prior to the dark period. Controls received only FR. Cultures were exposed to light at 6 different enumerated wavelengths between 460 and 750 nm. A decrease in division rate runs evident only with light at 750 nm. These results give evidence for the presence of the phytochrome system in these phytoplankton species.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON PARASITISM OF PANDORINA SP. BY DANGEARDIA MAMMILLATA B. SCHRÖDER IN AN ARIZONA MOUNTAIN LAKE1,2
Authors: Blinn Dean W. , Button Kenneth S.
Published: August 2007

A chytridiaccous fungus, Dangeardia mammillata, was found to be selectively parasitizing the volvocalean Pandorina sp. in a shallow eutrophic mountain lake in northern Arizona. Population estimates of infected algal colonies reached. 68% during epidemic periods (Feb.‐Mar.). Selected physicochemical parameters were measured during the infection period, with temperature found to be the most important factor in regulating chytrid parasitism. Infection only occurred at temperatures below 17 C in the field, and infection only at low temperatures was confirmed by laboratory investigations. Other parameters showed no apparent relationship with the chytrid‐algal association. The roles of photosynthetic exudates are also discussed in regulation of chytrid parasitism.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECOLOGY OF LAMINARIA SINCLAIRII ON THREE NORTHERN OREGON BEACHES1,2
Authors: Markham James W.
Published: August 2007

Laminaria sinclairii (Harvey) Furlow, Anderson and Eaton occurs only on the Pacific Coast, of North America and is usually restricted to rocks on beaches subjected, to moderate to heavy surf and a large seasonal fluctuation in sand level. It was observed and measured over a 2‐year period‐on 3 such beaches in northern Oregon. Growth, rate and, relative dominance are greatest in the lowest and most exposed parts of the inter tidal zone, where surf action and sand burial are greatest.

The sand level begins to build up on the beach in April and continues to rise, burying the plants, throughout the summer, until the first, heavy storms in fall again remove the sand. Maximum growth occurs in early summer, prior to burial. The blades are lost in December and regenerated in January. Ripe sori are produced on the old blades just before they are lost and on the new blades just after they appear. The gametophyles which, develop from spores produced by these sori apparently do not usually produce sporophytes. In March and April there is considerable production of new stipes and blades from the haptera at the margins of the holdfast and this is apparently the chief means of reproduction.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF CELL ENUMERATION FOR FILAMENTOUS ALGAE AND BACTERIA1
Authors: Burnham Jeffrey C , Stetak Thomas , Boulger James
Published: August 2007

A new simple method for estimating the number of individual cells per milliliter in suspensions of filamentous microorganisms is described. This 2‐part procedure utilizes a standard microscopic counting chamber and is independent of filament length or individual cell size. A statistical analysis of the method is also presented.
GLOEOCOCCUS MINUTISSIMUS SP. NOV. ISOLATED FROM SOIL1
Authors: King Joe M.
Published: August 2007

A new species of Gloeococcns, G. minutissimus, is described from unialgal culture; the organism was isolated from soil collected near Bastrop, Bastrop Co., Texas. This alga consistently produced Chlamydomonas‐like vegetative cells that were motile within nonmotile colonies of definite shape. Its taxonomic position is also discussed.
Residential Care/Assisted Living Staff May Detect Undiagnosed Dementia Using the Minimum Data Set Cognition Scale
Authors: Zimmerman Sheryl , Sloane Philip D. , Williams Christianna S. , Dobbs Debra , Ellajosyula Ratnavalli , Braaten Alyssa , Rupnow Marcia F. T. , Kaufer Daniel I.
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of the Minimum Data Set Cognition Scale (MDS‐COGS) in screening for undetected dementia when completed by direct care staff in residential care/assisted living (RC/AL) facilities and secondarily to determine the prevalence of dementia in the sample.

DESIGN: A cross‐sectional study in which staff were trained to complete the MDS‐COGS. Research interviewers and a neuropsychologist obtained information on each participant. Two neurologists reviewed the data and examined the participant, rendering a probable diagnosis of dementia/non‐dementia diagnosis. MDS‐COGS results were compared with the neurologists' determination.

SETTING: Fourteen RC/AL facilities in North Carolina.

PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from 50 staff on 166 residents without a diagnosis of dementia.

MEASUREMENTS: In addition to the MDS‐COGS, measures included a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms were also assessed.

RESULTS: Neurologists determined that 38% of participants had probable dementia. An MDS‐COGS cutpoint of 2 was highly specific (0.97) but not very sensitive (0.49) for dementia. Test–retest and interrater agreement for a negative screen were high (88% and 93%, respectively).

CONCLUSION: The MDS‐COGS is a simple, brief screen that RC/AL staff can complete. It will identify with high specificity a subset of residents with undetected dementia, allowing rapid identification of those likely to need dementia care. Caution needs to be exercised in light of its low sensitivity, because some with milder dementia will not be detected. Further work is needed to determine whether staff can and will use the MDS‐COGS as a trigger for more‐thorough assessment and to guide care and improve outcomes.
Exploring the Intention to React to Aggressive Action Among Israeli Adolescents
Authors: Winstok Zeev , Enosh Guy
Published: August 2007

The aim of the current study was to explore male and female adolescents' intentions to react to verbal and physical aggression issued by other males and females of the same age. The study is based on a sample of 292 male and female adolescents from 12 classes in four schools in northern Israel, two junior‐high and two high‐schools, 46.7% were males and 53.3% females. Sixteen short scenarios were presented to the interviewees, consisting of eight verbal provocations (four by males and four by females) and eight physical provocations. The results indicated that girls and boys perceived provocation differently. Males are more “gender oriented,” whereas girls are more “content oriented,” Males attend more to details of physical aggression, whereas females to details of verbal aggression. Yet, males are most concerned with the gender of the provocateur, whereas females are more attentive to the severity of the provocation, thus differentiating between verbal and physical forms of provocation, as representing different levels of attack, and within each form, differentiating along a continuum of severity of the attack. The results are discussed within the theoretical framework of reactive aggression.
Longitudinal Patterns of Daily Affect and Global Mood During Adolescence
Authors: Weinstein Sally M. , Mermelstein Robin J. , Hankin Benjamin L. , Hedeker Donald , Flay Brian R.
Published: August 2007

This study examined grade and sex patterns in real‐time measures of daily mood using Ecological Momentary Assessments via palmtop computers among 8th (N=296) and 10th graders (N=266) for 1 year using a three‐wave longitudinal design. Participants responded to five to seven random prompts/day for 7 consecutive days; when prompted, participants rated eight mood adjectives assessing positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). Global depressed mood was also assessed via self‐report questionnaire at every wave. Mixed‐effects regression analyses indicated that PA modestly but significantly declined across Grade 8 to 11, but NA was relatively stable over time. Sex by time interactions showed that boys experienced greater declines in daily mood over time than did girls. In contrast, global depressed mood did not change over time, and girls reported higher depressed mood than boys. Findings suggest that normative mood declines in adolescence may be driven by deteriorations in PA, rather than increases in NA.
Completeness of Revascularization for Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease and Its Effect on One‐Year Outcome: A Report from the NHLBI Dynamic Registry
Authors: SRINIVAS VANKEEPURAM S. , SELZER FAITH , WILENSKY ROBERT L. , HOLMES DAVID R. , COHEN HOWARD A. , MONRAD E. SCOTT , JACOBS ALICE K. , KELSEY SHERYL F. , WILLIAMS DAVID O. , KIP KEVIN E.
Published: August 2007

When percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is performed in patients with multivessel coronary disease, a targeted revascularization (TR) of diseased vessels is performed more often than complete revascularization (CR). We compared baseline characteristics and 1‐year outcomes of patients undergoing TR by operator choice (n = 1,091), TR because CR was unachievable (n = 375), and CR (n = 315) in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Dynamic Registry. Patients receiving TR because CR was unachievable were older, had more comorbidities, worse ejection fraction, less often received 2b/3a inhibitors and stents, and less frequently achieved complete angiographic success than either patients receiving TR by choice or CR. Despite these considerable differences, cumulative rates of 1‐year mortality, the need for repeat PCI, or coronary bypass surgery were similar in patients who received CR, TR by choice, or TR because CR was unachievable. In multivariable models, after adjustment for clinical characteristics and propensity to receive CR, the hazard ratio for CR versus TR was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.58–2.10) for 1‐year mortality; 0.89 (0.60–1.32) for repeat PCI, and 0.92 (0.66–1.29) for repeat PCI or coronary bypass surgery. In conclusion, despite the presence of more unfavorable characteristics, patients undergoing TR demonstrate 1‐year outcomes equivalent to those having CR, supporting its continued use in selected patients.
Peripheral Atherectomy: A Critical Review
Authors: BUNTING TROY A. , GARCIA LAWRENCE A.
Published: August 2007

Atherectomy is experiencing increased interest from endovascular specialists as a therapeutic treatment in the peripheral arteries. Long studied in the coronary vasculature, atherectomy has several theoretical advantages that make it uniquely suited for the peripheral circulation. In particular, infra‐inguinal peripheral arterial disease experiences physiologic stresses and forces that have made traditional percutaneous coronary treatments such as angioplasty and stenting not as successful. Restenosis has been a major problem for angioplasty and stenting alone. The SilverHawk atherectomy device has favorable short‐term data but important longer‐term data are limited and need further study. Laser atherectomy also has favorable applications in niche patients but the number of studies is limited. Unfortunately, athero‐ablative technologies for peripheral arterial disease require more definitive objective data regarding 12‐month and longer‐term outcomes in order to obtain widespread scientific acceptance.
In vivo evidence for early neurodevelopmental anomaly of the anterior cingulate cortex in bipolar disorder
Authors: Fornito A. , Malhi G. S. , Lagopoulos J. , Ivanovski B. , Wood S. J. , Velakoulis D. , Saling M. M. , McGorry P. D. , Pantelis C. , Yücel M.
Published: August 2007

Objective:  Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) abnormalities are commonly reported in studies of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but it is unclear whether these precede or follow illness onset. We investigated the evidence for early neurodevelopmental anomalies in the ACC and adjacent paracingulate cortex (PaC) of BD patients by studying cortical folding patterns of the region.

Method:  Magnetic resonance images were acquired from 54 BD patients and 116 healthy controls. Cortical folding patterns were assessed by classifying the incidence of the paracingulate sulcus (PCS) and interruptions in the course of the cingulate sulcus (CS).

Results:  Patients were significantly less likely to show a PCS bilaterally. There were no differences in the frequency of CS interruptions.

Conclusion:  The bilateral reduction observed in our patient sample implicates aberrant pre‐ or peri‐natal developmental processes. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo evidence for early neurodevelopmental anomaly of the ACC/PaC region in BD.
Iron status in a multiethnic population (age 36–80 yr) in northern Norway: the SAMINOR study
Authors: Broderstad Ann Ragnhild , Melhus Marita , Lund Eiliv
Published: August 2007

Objectives:  Northern Norway consists of a multiethnic population of Sámi and non‐Sámi. We evaluated iron status in these two groups with respect to gender, age and residence.

Methods:  In 2002–2004, a cross‐sectional study of health and living conditions in areas with both Sámi and Norwegian populations, SAMINOR, was performed in northern Norway. In total, 16 538 men and women between the age of 36 and 79 yr, participated. Response rate was 60.9%. Information about ethnic belonging, s‐ferritin and transferrin saturation were available in 14 873 persons (54.8% of the invited sample). A questionnaire delivered at attendance had several questions on family background language and self‐perceived ethnicity.

Results:  Sámi men and women living in the inland areas had significantly higher mean s‐ferritin than non‐Sámi living in the same area (P < 0.0001). The inland Sámi also had significantly higher s‐ferritin than the coastal Sámi and non‐Sámi populations, both genders (P < 0.013). S‐ferritin increased with increasing age for all women, while the opposite was true for men. Lifestyle factors had impact on s‐ferritin level. Also mean transferrin saturation was higher at the inland residents but significant only for the male participants.

Conclusion:  The results from our analyses indicate that individuals living at the inland areas have higher s‐ferritin and transferrin saturation than the coastal population. There were also differences in iron levels between Sámi and non‐Sámi groups at the inland areas. Iron levels are influenced by lifestyle factors. The observed differences in iron levels might therefore be explained by nutritional habits.
Architecture and Environment in Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited
Authors: Schönberg Ulf
Published: August 2007

This essay's aim is to direct attention to and analyse Evelyn Waugh's often overlooked use of symbolism, here examined in the novel Brideshead Revisited, where environment in general and architecture in particular plays a prominent role.

The essay examines the function of several environmental features in the novel, concentrating on the castle with its chapel and fountain. These features are shown to emphasize the themes of the novel and to help carry forward the plot.

Eventually the architectural metaphor analysed is shown to pursue and complete the novel's ambition to “transcend nostalgia” to reach the values of the catholic faith finally accepted by the main character, Charles Ryder.
Les Comptes amoureux de Jeanne Flore: un Texte‐Echo
Authors: Winn Colette H.
Published: August 2007

La critique a souvent souligné les sources classiques des Comptes amoureux de Jeanne Flore au dépens des sources nationales qui ne tiennent pas moins une place de choix. Nous examinons done, pour commencer, la part qu'occupe la lyrique médiéavale dans le recueil en nous interrogeant plus particulièrement sur le curieux choix que Jeanne fait de thèmes littéraires (“la belle dame sans mercy” et la chanson de la mal mariée), affiliés á des courants opposés.

On s'apercCoit en fait que cette juxtaposition de veines oppo‐sées produit une constante remise en question des traditions littéraires amoureuses et, plus encore, de l'amour proprement cour‐tois. En examinant de plus prés la peinture qui nous est offerte d'amour, on est également frappe par l'insistance sur les notions d'impuissance et d'asservissement et par le recours à des ma‐noeuvres d'intimidation qui visent à imposer une certaine image de la femme (la femme soumise, la femme domptée) et de son role en amour (celui de répondre ou d'agréer). On conclut que dans les Comptes amoureux se lit la distance que l'auteur prend par rapport aux textes qui ont précédé, le refus du discours amoureux tel que l'homme l'énonce, refus qui ne saurait cependant s'exprimer qu'indirectement.

Si j'ayme cil, que je debvrois hayr, Et hays celuy, que je debvrois aymer, Lon ne s'en doibt autrement esbayr, Et ne m'en deult aucun en rien blasmer. Pernette Du Guillet, Rymes
Les Sciences Naturelles et la Religion selon Pascal
Authors: Haugen Einar
Published: August 2007

Cet article a pour but d'analyser quelques réflexions méthodologi‐ques sur les sciences naturelles faites par Pascal. Afin de compren‐dre l'originalit4eA de ce prestigieux savant du XVII’siècle, nous avons entrepris une étude comparative basée sur des résultats ultérieurs dans les domaines de la mathématique et de la logique. Par elle, nous serons en mesure de montrer la relation entre les sciences naturelles et la religion, selon la conception pascalienne.
Le Joli Métier
Authors: Balzamo Elena
Published: August 2007

L'étude est consacrée à l'analyse de Fimage du journaliste dans quatre romans suedois couvrant une periode de plus d'un siecle. La vision que les auteurs ofFrent de leur personnage, est determinee par le clivage entre le journalisme et les wbelles lettres, apparu au debut du XIX siecle par suite de la professionnalisation grandissan‐te de la litterature. L'analyse fait apparaitre qu'a cote du conflit permanent, opposant l'Ecrivain au Journaliste, qui se traduit dans la narration par le couple contraste: vrai journaliste/journaliste malgre lui et par defaut, il existe des parametres variables. Ceux‐ci refletent la réalité objective)), qui consiste en un changement progressif du statut du journaliste, plus que le mythe du °Contrat passé entre la société et l'homme de lettres, qui influe sur les rapports Journaliste‐Ecrivain. L'examen attentif de ces paramètres variables permet de degager 1′évolution dans la vision du journalisme depuis le milieu du XIX siécle jusquà nos jours. Cette évolution des variables, en se surimposant au schéma permanent de la mise‐en‐cause du Journaliste par l'Ecrivain, fournit le noyau qui permet de parler d'une tradition littéraire dans ce type de roman.
Politik und Standesbewußtsein. Zur gesell‐schaftsspezifischen Komik in Ludvig Holbergs Komödie Den politiske Kandestøber
Authors: Liedtke Christian
Published: August 2007

Im Mittelpunkt steht die Analyse der Komik des Stückes im Hin‐blick auf deren soziale und politische Komponenten. Das Abwei‐chen vom Schema der Charakterkomödie, bisher allenfalls als Strukturschwäche (D. Lohmeier) bemerkt und bewertet, das u.a. anhand der Konstruktion der komödiantischen Intrige untersucht wird, bestimmt ihre didaktische Funktion innerhalb der büirgerli‐chen öffentlichkeit, wie sie im Stuck selber modellhaft repraUsen‐tiert wird. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Kom4oUdie und ihr Gesellschafts‐bild keineswegs antidemokratisch sind, sondern in der Tradition der Frühaufklärung stehen. Bürgerliches Standesbewußtsein als Grundlage politischer Aktivität, das durch eine ausdrückliche Wir‐kungsästhetik propagiert wird, erweist sich als diejenige soziale Norm, die der gesellschaftsspezifischen Komik in Den politiske Kandestøber zugrundeliegt und diesen zu einem bedeutsamen Bei‐trag zur Konstituierung des Burgertums als eigenstandige Kraft in der danischen enewrWe‐Gesellschaft macht.
Fielding's Function‐Word Substratum
Authors: Milk Louis T.
Published: August 2007

Fielding's abnormal preference for qualifiers has been attributed to his deliberate technique of irony. A hypothesis about the prevalence of function words in a writer's prose reveals that Fielding uses such qualifiers indiscriminately in both ironic and other contexts. Use is made in the working out of the hypothesis of a new half‐million‐word machine‐readable data‐base, THE CENTURY OF PROSE CORPUS.
Transitivity and Agency in Georg Biichner's Lenz: A Contribution to a Stylistic Analysis
Authors: Horton David
Published: August 2007

Modern stylistics, drawing on recent work in descriptive language study, has developed analytical techniques to demonstrate how structural choices exercised at various linguistic levels indicate the semantic organization of reality in literary texts. This essay considers the contribution of one such principle of organization, that of transitivity and agency, to the conceptualization of experience in Georg Büchner's narrative Lenz. The discussion seeks to identify consistent structural selections made by Büchner at the level of the verb phrase in order to reveal the interaction of syntactic form and literary meaning.
Aspects of the Rimbaldian Prose Poem: Pattern and Disorder in the “Illuminations”
Authors: Macklin Gerald M.
Published: August 2007

The article sets out to consider a number of formal features of the Illuminations and proceeds from this basis to suggest an approach to the Rimbaldian prose poem. Central to the paper is the argument that, while Rimbaud clearly turns to prose poetry as a means of emancipation from the restrictive conventions of verse, the Illuminations are by no means an example of random or unstructured writing. Rather they should be viewed as texts in which Rimbaud exploits the freedom from traditional rules of prosody while simultaneously developing new formal patterns which become defining characteristics of his version of the prose poem.

The article analyses several specific features of these prose poems which either create recognizable forms or structures in the collection or, alternatively, destabilize them by engendering an artistically fascinating discontinuité. In the former category are included Rimbaud's consciously fashioned beginnings and finales, his numerous litanical patterns and his adoption of the “conte” model in several pieces. In the latter category the paper considers Rimbaud's use of odd or foreign terms, his unpredictable rhythmical variations and his highly unconventional deployment of punctuation. Finally, it is argued that this blend of pattern and disorder is a typically Rimbaldian reconciliation of opposites and a key trait of his prose poetry.

Je veux la liberte dans le salut (“Mauvais sang”‐ Une saison en enfer])
Yourcenar and Merezhkovsky: Critical History and Patriarchy
Authors: Christensen Peter G.
Published: August 2007

In With Open Eyes Marguerite Yourcenar acknowledged that from the time she was eleven she was familiar with the historical novels of Dmitri Merezhkovsky. It is not surprising to think that between 1921 and 1925 when she formulated the earliest drafts of the novel which was to become The Abyss, she had in mind Merezhkovsky's most succesful and famous novel The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci. Both Yourcenar and Merezhkovsky studied Nietzsche's thought, and, using the terms of Nietzsche's essay On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life, we can analyze both historical novels as critical histories with respect to attitudes they take towards patriarchy during the Renaissance. Merezhkovsky uses Leonardo's deistic outlook and his androgyny as much as Yourcenar uses Zeno's atheism and his homosexuality to challenge patriarchy. However, the religious and sexual challenges of Leonardo and Zeno are put in jeopardy by their apparent indifference to morality, for their pursuit of knowledge is sometimes so abstract that they are willing both to serve tyrants and to avoid thinking about the consequences of their inventions. Ultimately, Leonardo seems to have a greater chance of leaving a legacy of social critique since he never breaks away from society as much as Zeno.
Enough to have Bodies?: Two Incongruities in Oliver Twist
Authors: Pettersson Torsten
Published: August 2007

This article argues that Dickens's Oliver Twist evinces two unobserved incongruities. Firstly, the novel explicitly denounces a society which treats its members as soulless corporeal and economic units; it emphasizes that man is primarily a spiritual being. But contrary to this, the narrative lends implicit support to a predominantly physiological view of man by focussing on the characters’physical traits rather than their psyche. Secondly, the novel deprecates distortions of the God‐given human body, but in its description of them it conveys relish and amusement rather than the censure and disgust that are to be expected. In conclusion it is argued that the physiological bias of the narrative, which is characteristic of all Dickens's novels, places him in close proximity to literary naturalism, a movement with which he generally is not associated.
The Comic Sense of Saint‐John Perse
Authors: York R. A.
Published: August 2007

Humour is a minor element in the work of Saint‐John Perse, and has often been overlooked by critics. His comic sense is nevertheless characteristic of his poetic sensibility. Comedy arises in his work from uses of inappropriate register (too solemn or too frivolous), inapt speech‐acts (self‐defeating claims), inappropriate comparisons (with incongruities of scale or importance), and, less frequently, puns or the narration of incongruous acts (trivial or perverse). These procedures are thematically significant; they depend on clashes between three types of valued experience: natural and corporeal animation, overwhelming intensity of sensation, and sharing in community; the clashes sometimes allow a tolerant acceptance of the opposing elements, but sometimes reveal a satiric rejection of one of them. The satiric attitude tends to lead to elimination of the affected element from the text, whereas accep‐tant humour tends to lead to the maintenance of both elements. Perse's humour expresses his acceptance of the irrational and his love of free and adventurous living.
Pro‐inflammatory cytokine production from normal human fibroblasts is induced by Tannerella forsythia detaching factor
Authors: Tomi N. , Fukuyo Y. , Arakawa S. , Nakajima T.
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  Tannerella forsythia is a periodontal pathogen. Recently, we have reported that the cytopathic component of T. forsythia contains two distinct factors. One arrests the cell cycle at the G2 phase and the other, named forsythia detaching factor, detaches adhesion‐dependent immortalized human cells. In this study, we investigated the biological function of forsythia detaching factor using human normal fibroblasts.

Material and Methods:  A recombinant forsythia detaching factor, reported previously, was used. TIG‐3 cells, cultured in the absence or presence of forsythia detaching factor, were lysed and the supernatant was analyzed by western blotting with polyclonal forsythia detaching factor antibodies. The cells were subsequently fractionated to isolate the cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and remaining fractions. In order to measure the activity of mitochondria using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐linked reductase, the water‐soluble tetrazolium method was used. The mitochondrial oxidative membrane potential was estimated by measuring the oxidization‐dependent fluorogenic conversion of dihydrotetramethylrosamine using flow cytometry. The concentration of interleukin‐8 in the culture supernatant was assayed using a Human IL‐8 ELISA kit.

Results:  Forsythia detaching factor‐treated cells detached from the substratum and aggregated from 3 to 24 h. Then, the detached cells resumed adhesion and proliferated after 48 h. The western blot analysis revealed that most forsythia detaching factor trans‐located into the mitochondrial fraction. Forsythia detaching factor suppressed the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide‐linked reductase activity in a dose‐dependent manner and consequently increased the mitochondrial oxidative membrane potential. The production of interleukin‐8 was reinforced in forsythia detaching factor‐treated cells at 72 h through an increase of the mitochondrial oxidative membrane potential.

Conclusion:  The forsythia detaching factor might be involved in the virulence of T. forsythia through induction of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐8.
Long‐term effects of local pretreatment with alendronate on healing of replanted rat teeth
Authors: Komatsu K. , Shimada A. , Shibata T. , Shimoda S. , Oida S. , Kawasaki K. , Nifuji A.
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  Our previous study showed that topical alendronate, an inhibitor of bone resorption, reduces root resorption and ankylosis for 21 d after replantation of rat teeth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long‐term inhibitory effects of topical alendronate in the replanted teeth.

Material and Methods:  The rat maxillary first molars were extracted, placed in saline containing 1 mm alendronate (alendronate group) or saline (saline group) for 5 min and then replanted. The maxillae were dissected at 60 and 120 d. Microcomputed tomography horizontal sections at three root levels were analyzed for root and bone resorption, ankylosis and pulp mineralization.

Results:  In the alendronate group at 60 and 120 d, the frequencies of resorption of roots and bone were lower than those in the saline group. The p values show statistical significances of lower frequencies in the alendronate group than in the saline group by chi‐square test (see Table 1). Ankylosis and pulp mineralization occurred in the alendronate and saline groups. Bone marrow spaces were narrowed in conjunction with bone tissue expansion around the replanted teeth in the alendronate group.

 Percentage of sites with ankylosis, root resorption, bone resorption and pulp mineralization for the alendronate and saline groups at 60 and 120 d after tooth replantation

Days
Group
Ankylosis
Root resorption
Bone resorption
Pulp mineralization

 60
Alendronate
28
3.5***
16*
81

(80/288)
(10/288)
(47/288)
(58/72)

 60
Saline
35
27
25
89

(51/144a)
(51/192)
(48/192)
(32/36a)

120
Alendronate
46###
3.3***
22**
70

(155/336)
(11/336)
(75/336)
(59/84)

120
Saline
42
32
34
77

(81/192)
(61/192)
(65/192)
(37/48)

Significant differences from the saline group, *, p < 0.02, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001 (chi‐square test).

Significant differences from the alendronate group at 60 d, ###, p < 0.001 (chi‐square test).

Data in parenthesis represent the number of sites with each symptom/total number of analyzed sites.

In one rat of the saline group at 60 d, ankylosis and pulp mineralization could not be evaluated because of severe root resorption.

Conclusion:  The inhibitory effects of topical alendronate were retained on root and bone resorption, but not on ankylosis and pulp mineralization, in the replanted teeth for 4 mo. Alendronate might also stimulate bone formation around the rat replanted teeth.
A dominant function of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling in receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand expression and osteoclastogenesis induction by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Rossa C. , Liu M. , Kirkwood K. L.
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective:  Lipopolysaccharide from gram‐negative bacteria is one of the microbial‐associated molecular patterns that initiate the immune/inflammatory response, leading to the tissue destruction observed in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide‐induced receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) expression by murine periodontal ligament cells.

Material and Methods:  Expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin mRNA was studied by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The biochemical inhibitor SB203580 was used to evaluate the contribution of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway to lipopolysaccharide‐induced RANKL and osteoprotegerin expression. Stable cell lines expressing dominant‐negative forms of MAPK kinase (MKK)‐3 and MKK6 were generated to confirm the role of the p38 MAPK pathway. An osteoclastogenesis assay using a coculture model of the murine monocytic cell line RAW 264.7 was used to determine if osteoclast differentiation induced by lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated periodontal ligament was correlated with RANKL expression.

Results:  Inhibiting p38 MAPK prior to lipopolysaccharide stimulation resulted in a significant decrease of RANKL mRNA expression. Osteoprotegerin mRNA expression was not affected by lipopolysaccharide or p38 MAPK. Lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated periodontal ligament cells increased osteoclast differentiation, an effect that was completely blocked by osteoprotegerin and significantly decreased by inhibition of MKK3 and MKK6, upstream activators of p38 MAPK. Conditioned medium from murine periodontal ligament cultures did not increase osteoclast differentiation, indicating that periodontal ligament cells produced membrane‐bound RANKL.

Conclusion:  Lipopolysaccharide resulted in a significant increase of RANKL in periodontal ligament cells. The p38 MAPK pathway is required for lipopolysaccharide‐induced membrane‐bound RANKL expression in these cells.
Rab6‐interacting Protein 1 Links Rab6 and Rab11 Function
Authors: Miserey‐Lenkei Stéphanie , Waharte François , Boulet Annick , Cuif Marie‐Hélène , Tenza Danielle , El Marjou Amed , Raposo Graça , Salamero Jean , Héliot Laurent , Goud Bruno , Monier Solange
Published: August 2007

Rab11 and Rab6 guanosine triphosphatases are associated with membranes of the recycling endosomes (REs) and Golgi complex, respectively. Evidence indicates that they sequentially regulate a retrograde transport pathway between these two compartments, suggesting the existence of proteins that must co‐ordinate their functions. Here, we report the characterization of two isoforms of a protein, Rab6‐interacting protein 1 (R6IP1), originally identified as a Rab6‐binding protein. R6IP1 also binds to Rab11A in its GTP‐bound conformation. In interphase cells, R6IP1 is targeted to the Golgi in a Rab6‐dependent manner but can associate with Rab11‐positive compartments when the level of Rab11A is increased within the cells. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis using fluorescence lifetime imaging shows that the overexpression of R6IP1 promotes an interaction between Rab11A and Rab6 in living cells. Accordingly, the REs marked by Rab11 and transferrin receptor are depleted from the cell periphery and accumulate in the pericentriolar area. However, endosomal and Golgi membranes do not appear to fuse with each other. We also show that R6IP1 function is required during metaphase and cytokinesis, two mitotic steps in which a role of Rab6 and Rab11 has been previously documented. We propose that R6IP1 may couple Rab6 and Rab11 function throughout the cell cycle.
Psychosomatic disturbances and cosmetic surgery
Authors: Harth Wolfgang , Hermes Barbara
Published: August 2007

Medical activity in recent years has experienced a marked expansion of possi‐bilities for aesthetic surgery, usually requested by patients. Especially in derma‐tology, an increasing demand for and use of doctor/medical services by healthy individuals has resulted in a drastic change to cosmetic dermatology. The request for cosmetic surgery is emotionally or psychosocially motivated. Patients with psychological disturbances sometimes push aside possible risks and complications or deny side effects and interactions of the procedures. Subjective impairments of appearance, feelings of inferiority and social pho‐bias may be in the background of somatizing disorders. These emotional disor‐ders, such as body dysmorphic disorder, personality disorder or polysurgical addiction, often remain undiscovered but should be excluded in any patient receiving cosmetic procedures.
A 7‐step consultation plan for health care workers and hairdressers
Authors: Soost Stephanie , Graupner Ilka , Morch‐Röder Alexandra , Pohrt Ute , Worm Margitta
Published: August 2007

Background: Skin diseases are among the most common occupational disor‐ders in health care workers and hairdressers. Optimal prevention methods make it possible for more individuals to remain active in their profession. We devised a 7‐step consultation plan which was employed in a standard fashion and then evaluated.

Patients and Methods: 264 employes were evaluated in the Education and Support Center of the German Accident Prevention and Insurance Association in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW schu.ber.z Berlin) from 2003 to 2005 in a standardized manner. Included were detailed history, physical examination, skin physiology measurements (transepidermal water loss, corneometry, sebumetry) and then making a diagnosis and therapeutic recommendations.

Results: Within the study group of 264 employes the most frequent diagnosis were toxic‐irritant hand eczema (28.4%), allergic contact eczema (19.7%), atopic eczema (15.5%) and irritant contact eczema with atopic diathesis (13.6%). The frequency of contact sensitivity was high in the study group (80.7%). The skin physiological parameters were not remarkably altered and did not differ between individuals with an atopic diathesis versus without an atopic diathesis.

Conclusion: This standardized protocol for a “7‐step consultation plan”when applied in a standardized manner offers quality‐controlled but also individually‐adapted support considering dermatological, educational and occupational aspects. Skin physiology parameters did not provide any further information indicating the need of the development of novel techniques to measure skin barrier function.
Assessment of publications using methods of evidence‐based medicine: an introduction using a dermatological clinical study
Authors: Boehncke Wolf‐Henning , Luger Thomas A. , Rzany Berthold
Published: August 2007

Evidence‐based medicine is the explicit use of the currently best available scientific data for decision‐making in the management of individual patients, with guidelines being among the instruments for its implementation. Publication of the German S3 guideline on the treatment of plaque‐type psoriasis is a mile‐stone for German dermatology, as it is the first dermatologic guideline at this highest level of evidence. Standardized analyses of the respective publications provide the basis for this guideline. This article explains the principles of such an analysis, so the reader can gain insight into the methodology of a crucial aspect of guideline generation. This information is of general relevance, as it provides help for every physician who wishes to critically read original scientific publications.
Feminist Approaches to Middle English Religious Writing: The Cases of Margery Kempe and Julian of Norwich
Authors: Warren Nancy Bradley
Published: August 2007

Feminist study of Middle English religious writings is a relatively new field, but it is a rich and well‐developed one. Although the work of such pioneers as Eileen Edna Power set the stage in the early twentieth century, feminist scholarship of the corpus of medieval religious texts in English only emerged as a truly vibrant area of inquiry in the past twenty years. Indeed, the entry of such figures as Margery Kempe and Julian of Norwich into the canon, marked iconically by their entries into the Norton Anthology of British Literature in 1986 and 1993 respectively, suggests at once how recent a scholarly development such work is and how strong an influence such scholarship has had on the study of Middle English literature. Using the cases of Margery Kempe and Julian of Norwich as test cases, this essay explores the key debates that have driven and shaped feminist scholarship on Middle English religious texts over the past two decades, and it explores newly emergent trends. It examines the impact of psychoanalytic criticism on medieval feminist scholarship and interrogates the contributions made by scholars who embrace French feminist approaches. It addresses the paradigm shifts enacted by the ground‐breaking work of Caroline Walker Bynum as well as the questions concerning gender and essentialism raised by her work. The importance of New Historicism in the field is also a key concern in the essay, as are new takes on historicist research, especially the work of scholars who are rethinking questions of historical periodization.
Searching out Science and Literature: Hybrid Narratives, New Methodological Directions, and Mary Russell Mitford'sOur Village
Authors: King Amy
Published: August 2007

The findings from the fields of book history, and in particular from the SciPer project, are implicitly asking nineteenth‐century scholars of literature and science to rethink their relation to the text: literally, from book to periodical. Nineteenth‐century literary studies has long been involved with the ways in which science and literature share and transmit ideas between the two. What we perhaps have done less of is think through the various ways that we may not have been able to identify certain texts as either literary or scientific. Here I will concentrate on the example of Mary Mitford's popular sketch seriesOur Village: Sketches of Rural Life and Scenery(1824–32) as a text that invites this kind of inquiry; it also illustrates how examining text originating in the periodical press can reconceptualize and broaden what we have come to think of as the scientific. The text's hybridity is based in its heterogeneity – that in part it is literary, in part it is natural history. This essay attempts to think about Mitford through the challenge of the SciPer project's invitation to search out non‐specialist forms of scientific discourse within periodical formats. The essay proposes new methodological and conceptual directions for early nineteenth‐century literature and science studies, focusing in particular on the residual popular form of natural theology as it presents in popularized natural history modes.Our Villageis proposed not as the exception but rather as a methodological pointer to possible new directions in early nineteenth‐century literature and science studies. In making the periodical press and the various narrative forms we will find there more front and center in our inquiry, might we find more of these odd hybrids that are neither and yet somehow both science and literature? And in so doing, will we begin to revamp some of the stories we tell ourselves about the interrelation of science and literature in the early Victorian moment?