bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Achievement on Writing Narrative Text through Discussion Starter Story Technique
Authors: Purba Rodearta
Published: January 2018

The objective of this study is to find out whether discussion starter story significantly improves the achievement on narrative text of the first grade students of Senior High School. This study was conducted by applying Clasroom Action Research (CAR). The subject of this study is the first grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Pangururan in academic year of 2016/2017. The sample of this study is the students X-4 consisting 30 students. There were two kinds of collected data, quantitative and qualitative data. The technique for collecting the quantitative data was writing test while with qualitative data were gathered through interview, diary notes, and observation sheet. Qualitative data showed the students were interested in discussion starter story technique. Based on quantitative data it is found that students’ writing achivement improved from pre-test to post-test cycle I and post-test cycle II. It can be seen from the students’ mean scores and the percentage of the students who got score up to 75. The mean of the students’ scores who got score up to 75 for pre-test is 51.4 , for the post-test cycle I is 74 and post-test cycle II is 80.2. There was an improvement of the application of discussion starter story technique to teach writing narrative.
An Analysis of Errors Committed by Saudi Non-English Major Students in the English Paragraph Writing: A Study of Comparisons
Authors: Nuruzzaman Mohammed , Shafiqul Islam A B M , Jahan Shuchi Israt
Published: January 2018

The present study investigates the writing errors of ninety Saudi non-English major undergraduate students of different proficiency levels from three faculties, who studied English as a foundation course at the English Language Center in the College of Languages &Translation at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia in the academic year 2016-17. The findings reveal that the common errors the Saudi EFL students make in writing English paragraphs fall under four categories namely grammar, lexis, semantics and mechanics. Then it compares the categories, types and frequency of errors committed by these three groups of students. Among these categories, grammar has been observed as the most error-prone area where students commit errors the most. The study also posits that among the three groups, the students of the College of Medicine make the minimum errors in all the types and the highest number of errors is committed by the students of Engineering College. The College of Computer Science is in the second position in making errors. The frequency of error types is also found different among these three groups.
Person Deixis in English Translation of Summarized Shahih Al-Bukhari Hadith in the Book of As-Salat
Authors: Pratiwi Siska
Published: January 2018

The dominant topic in investigating pragmatics which used to understand the meaning of certain words and phrases requires contextual information is the phenomenon of deixis. The researcher limited this study on person deixis which aimed to identify and classify kind of person deixis in English translation of Summarized Shahih Al-Bukhari Hadith , especially in the book of As-Salat (the prayer) that translated by Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan. This study used Stephen Levinson’s framework of deixis for the analysis of distinct types of person deixis elements. The researcher adopted qualitative research design as the method for this analysis. In this study, the researcher found that the dominant deixis used in Hadith  was the third person singular deixis especially the word “He” that dominantly refers to “Prophet Muhammad SAW in which shows that Hadith  is the media to reveal the action, provisions, approvals and utterances of Prophet Muhammad SAW and his companions.
Translating Missions in James Worral’s game “Grand Theft Auto’s Missions”
Authors: Rahmi Zelika
Published: January 2018

The objectives of the study was to know the difficult words encountered by the gamers and to know their strategies in translating this unknown word. The researcher used interview as the instrument to collect the material needed for this particular study. It is found that unknown word combined with certain feeling such as dissappoinment creates retention. So, this particular study showed eventhough these students have low capacity in understanding words in English but in GTA game, they were still willing to play. From their willingness it could increase their motivation to translating the word in English. So, the game is a very effective way to building vocabullary skill.
The Progress of Students Reading Comprehension through Wordless Picture Books
Authors: Lubis Romaida
Published: January 2018

Wordless picture book is an unique book that could help the young learner to get their literacy. The content of the wordless picture book must be communicated through the visual of the illustration. This research discusses a case study of how a kid of six years old produce his narrative through wordless picture book. The kid allowed to see and say on the page and then write the words that he has mentioned. Practicing to read repeatedly which increase fluency will improve his reading comprehension and written expression. This research was conducted to make better understand about the sense - making process that happen when a child works with the wordless picture book. Most sentences or texts were made based on the references and experience from daily life either explicitly or implicitly. In reading wordless book, readers faced the variety of visual signs. These sign systems help reader form a type of framework that show their interpretation of the text and helps them build construction of the story. The researcher wanted to make the reader understand better about the strategies that the child use to make sense of wordless text. The reason of this study is to help how a six year old nonreader would give interpretation to visual cues in wordless picture books. Transacting with the visual text in the books helped the child to make sense of the stories. The data were analyzed based on the principles of qualitative content analysis that involve a systematic review of the data, coding, category construction and analysis. The result of this research is the wordless picture books give opportunity to the children to create the story on their own and to bring in their own understanding of the world to the text.
A Flipped Writing Classroom: Effects on EFL Learners’ Argumentative Essays
Authors: Soltanpour Fatemeh , Valizadeh Mohammadreza
Published: January 2018

According to the literature, flipped teaching is a relatively new pedagogical approach in which the typical activities of classroom lectures followed by homework in common teaching practice are reversed in order, and most often integrated or supplemented with some types of instructional materials, such as instructional videos or PowerPoint files. This experimental study, using a pre-test-treatment-posttest-delayed posttest design, was aimed at investigating the effect of flipped instruction on Iranian EFL learners’ quality of argumentative essays. The participants were 55 students, who were assigned to two groups: the flipped classroom (FC) and the traditional classroom (TC). Each group received 3 sessions of treatment. First, whether there was any significant difference between the FC and TC in the overall quality of the essays was investigated. The FC group significantly outperformed the TC one. Then, whether the difference between the groups varied over time was explored, and it was revealed that the FC was still significantly superior over the TC. Next, whether there would be any significant change in the FC in the long run was examined, and no significant change was seen. The promising results found in FC group can be attributed to not only the flipped instruction but also the process of actively engaging the learners in their learning in addition to incorporating different techniques, such as the video screencasting, collaborative writing, as well as in-class teacher-learner interaction and negotiation because it is argued that the crucial point in flipped instruction is how teachers best use in-class-time with students.
Teachers’ Perceptions on Application Of 2013 Curriculum for Elementary School in Medan
Authors: Zulhernanda Windha
Published: January 2018

Curriculum is a set of educational design programs as a guide for learning activities. Recent changes in curriculum implementation in education have an impact on teachers in implementing them.This study investigated about the teacher perception on application the newest curriculum such as the  2013 curriclum for elementary school in Medan, especially Medan Selayang subdisrict. The participant of this study were 3 teachers that taught in different public elementary school in Medan Selayang sucdistrict. There were 2 female teachers and 1 male teacher. The techniques of collecting the data by interview the teacher about application 2013 curriculum in their class. The data analysis have beenanalyzed by their perception from the their statements about the difficulties and the solution when applied the 2013 curriculum by Rao, V. S. Pand then analyzed based on the types of perception, such as Perceivers-Specific Characteristics, Target-Specific Characteristics, Situation-Specific Characteristics.The result of this study was (1) the dominant types of the third teacher's perception was Specific Characteristics-Situation. (2) the participant gains that perception greater than the social context that surrounds it, because such social influences and citation as those listed in transcript can affect the behavior and thinking of the individual by stating that the 2013 curriculum is still a lot of flaws and should need revision again. because the participant sees the condition based on what they see, what they feel, and it will be what they think.
“Mimic woman” or “Abject Subject”? Crisscrossing Glances of Postcolonial and Psychoanalytic Theories in Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea
Authors: Peimanfard Shima , Asadi Amjad Fazel
Published: January 2018

This study intends to examine the intersections of Postcolonilism and Psychoanalysis in Rhys’ literary oeuvre, Wide Sargasso Sea. In the light of Kristeva’s Abjection theory, the paper challenges Bhabha’s notions of hybridity, mimicry and ambivalence as he accentuates them as a form of resistance against White hegemony. Notwithstanding Bhabha’s arguments, the novel also indicates that the hybrid woman’s mimicry of whiteness subjects her to an ambivalent space, which not only make her incapable of distorting the master’s hegemony, it dooms her to get lost in a constant psychotic delirium and abjection.
An Investigation of Refusal Strategies as Used by Bahdini Kurdish and Syriac Aramaic Speakers
Authors: M.Shareef Dilgash , Isteefan Qyrio Marina , Nadheer Ali Chiman
Published: January 2018

For the purpose of achieving a successful communication, issues such as the appropriateness of speech acts and face saving become essential. Therefore, it is very important to achieve a high level of pragmatic competence in speech acts. Bearing this in mind, this study was conducted to investigate the preferred refusal strategies Kurdish and Syriac native speakers use when faced with offers and requests from equal status interlocutors.  The current study has used a modified Written Discourse Completion Test (WDCT) consisting of six situations (three of which elicit refusals to offerings and the other three to requests). Forty subjects participated in this study: 20 native speakers of the Kurdish language (10 male and 10 female students) and 20 native speakers of Syriac language (10 male and 10 female students). All participants are currently pre-graduate students attending Zakho University. The participants were asked to provide written data that express their refusals to these situations. The data collected have then been analyzed descriptively according to frequency and number of occurrences of semantic formulas used by Beebe et al (1990).  The results showed that a) the Syriac Native Participants (SNP)s frequently preferred indirect and adjunct strategies for refusals rather than direct ones, b) the Kurdish Native Participants (KNP)s often preferred direct and indirect strategies more than adjunct ones, c) the results also revealed that gender has a great influence on the use of refusal strategies in various ways. Finally, this study concludes that both KNPs and SNPs tended to use more strategies when refusing requests than offers whereas gender has shown to play a significant role in the choice and number of the refusal strategies used by both groups of participants.
John Keats and John Clare: The Ivory Tower Poets of British Romanticism
Authors: Ahmadi Moslem
Published: January 2018

The focus of this research is in the area of the British Romantic literature. Such a study is important in order to demonstrate how the great poets of the British Romantic literature possess the potential to be regrouped under new labels based on the existence of similar attitudes in their literary works. The findings from this research provide evidence that the labels by means of which the scholars group different poets of an age are not fixed and they are susceptible to change. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that new literary labels can be an excellent methodology for determining the real attitudes which influence different poets’ literary works. This paper recommends that new literary labels can be an excellent way for a better understanding of literary works.
Activation of TNF‐α/NF‐κB axis enhances CRL4BDCAF11 E3 ligase activity and regulates cell cycle progression in human osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Zhang Caiguo , Chen Bin , Jiang Kaibiao , Lao Lifeng , Shen Hongxing , Chen Zhi
Published: January 2018

Cullin 4B, a member of the Cullins, which serve as scaffolds to facilitate the assembly of E3 ligase complexes, is aberrantly expressed in many cancers, including osteosarcoma. Recently, we observed that CUL4B forms the CRL4BDCAF11 E3 ligase, which specifically ubiquitinates and degrades the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21Cip1 in human osteosarcoma cells. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the aberrant expression of CUL4B and the upstream members of this signaling pathway are mostly unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that nuclear factor kappaB (NF‐κB) is a direct modulator of CUL4B expression. The CUL4B promoter is responsive to several NF‐κB subunits, including RelA, RelB, and c‐Rel, but not to p50 or p52. Additional studies reveal that the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)/NF‐κB axis pathway is activated in human osteosarcoma cells. This activation causes both CUL4B and NF‐κB subunits to become abundant in the nucleus of human osteosarcoma cells. The down‐regulation of individual genes, including TNFR1, RelA, RelB, c‐Rel, and CUL4B, or pairs of them, including TNFR1 + RelA, TNFR1 + RelB, TNFR1 + c‐Rel, and RelA+CUL4B, has similar effects on cell growth inhibition, colony formation, cell invasion, and in vivo tumor formation, whereas the overexpression of CUL4B in these knockdown cells significantly reverses their phenotypes. The inhibition of the TNF‐α/NF‐κB pathway greatly attenuates CRL4BDCAF11 E3 ligase activity and causes the accumulation of p21Cip1, thereby leading to cell cycle arrest at the S phase. Taken together, our results support a model in which the activation of the TNF‐α/NF‐κB axis contributes to an increase in CRL4BDCAF11 activity and a decrease in p21Cip1 protein levels, thereby controlling cell cycle progression in human osteosarcoma cells.
Broadband Planar Aperture‐Coupled Antenna Array for WLAN and ITS Beam‐Steering Applications
Authors: Khajeh Mohammad Lou R. , Naser‐Moghadasi M. , Sadeghzadeh R. A.
Published: January 2018

A broadband multilayer beam‐steering antenna array with a modified mushroom‐like radiating element is introduced. The two‐layer aperture‐coupled array consists of four equal sets of mushroom‐like elements, each of which is made of 16 unit cells in a 4 × 4 configuration. The feeding network is a modified quasi‐Butler matrix, which benefits from improved double‐box branch line couplers. The network has an isolation bandwidth between 4 and 7.9 GHz (65%) and a transmission bandwidth from 4.8 to 7.1 GHz (39%), which operates acceptably in most of the C‐band, especially at wireless local area network and Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). A broadband Butler matrix uses broadband 3 dB couplers and a middle network. The geometry of the element and feeding network is utilized in array form to enhance the impedance bandwidth and radiation efficiency of the antenna. The results show that the antenna impedance bandwidth covers 3.82 to 8.2 GHz (port 1) and 3.8 to 8.28 GHz (port 2) for Snn ≤ −10 dB, which covers the C‐band fully (4–8 GHz). Moreover, it has a 3 dB gain‐bandwidth of 2.25 GHz that extends from 4.65 to 6.9 GHz with a peak value of 13.65 dBi. The antenna array has a 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 1.65 GHz that extends from 4.9 to 6.55 GHz and involves wireless local area network (5.15–5.825 GHz) and ITS (5.795–6.400 GHz). The radiation efficiency of the array for both port excitations is in excess of 75% when circular polarization is achieved. Two firing beams at elevation angles of 20° and −35° are obtained for ports 1 and 2 upon excitation, respectively.
Pan‐Arctic Distribution of Bioavailable Dissolved Organic Matter and Linkages With Productivity in Ocean Margins
Authors: Shen Yuan , Benner Ronald , Kaiser Karl , Fichot Cédric G. , Whitledge Terry E.
Published: January 2018

Rapid environmental changes in the Arctic Ocean affect plankton productivity and the bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) that supports microbial food webs. We report concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and yields of amino acids (indicators of labile DOM) in surface waters across major Arctic margins. Concentrations of DOC and bioavailability of DOM showed large pan‐Arctic variability that corresponded to varying hydrological conditions and ecosystem productivity, respectively. Widespread hot spots of labile DOM were observed over productive inflow shelves (Chukchi and Barents Seas), in contrast to oligotrophic interior margins (Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, and Beaufort Seas). Amino acid yields in outflow gateways (Canadian Archipelago and Baffin Bay) indicated the prevalence of semilabile DOM in sea ice covered regions and sporadic production of labile DOM in ice‐free waters. Comparing these observations with surface circulation patterns indicated varying shelf subsidies of bioavailable DOM to Arctic deep basins.
A Comparison of Small‐ and Medium‐Scale Gravity Wave Interactions in the Linear and Nonlinear Limits
Authors: Heale C. J. , Snively J. B.
Published: January 2018

A 2‐D numerical model is used to compare interactions between small‐scale (SS) (25 km horizontal wavelength, 10 min period) and medium‐scale (MS, 250 km horizontal wavelength, 90 min period) gravity waves (GWs) in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere within three different limits. First, the MS wave is specified as a static, horizontally homogeneous ambient atmospheric feature; second, a linear interaction is investigated between excited, time‐dependent SS and MS waves, and third, a fully nonlinear interaction at finite amplitudes is considered. It is found that the finite‐amplitude wave interactions can cause SS wave breaking aligned with the phase fronts of the MS waves, which induces a permanent mean flow and shear that is periodic in altitude. This impedes SS wave propagation into in the upper thermosphere and dissipation by molecular diffusion, when compared to linear amplitude simulations. Linear cases also omit self‐acceleration‐related instabilities of the SS wave and secondary wave generation, which modulate the MS wavefield. Neither the linear or nonlinear cases resemble the static approximation, which, by reducing a dynamic wave interaction to a static representation that is vertically varying, produces variable momentum flux distributions that depend strongly upon the amplitude and phase of the larger‐scale wave. This is an approximation made by GW parameterization schemes, and results suggest that including time‐dependent effects and feedback mechanisms for interactions between resolved and parameterized waves will be an important area for future investigations especially as general circulation models begin to resolve MS GWs explicitly.
Hygroscopicity‐ and Size‐Resolved Measurements of Submicron Aerosol on the East Coast of the United States
Authors: Phillips B. N. , Royalty T. M. , Dawson K. W. , Reed R. , Petters M. D. , Meskhidze N.
Published: January 2018

Atmospheric measurements of aerosol size‐resolved hygroscopicity at submicron sizes are carried out at the United States Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility in Duck, North Carolina. The scientific aim of the field deployment is to gain improved understanding of the springtime advection of aerosols from the East Coast of the United States over the Atlantic and help to constrain assessments of anthropogenic particle contributions to the marine boundary layer aerosol budget. Air mass back trajectories show that the aerosol sampled at the coast is largely of continental origin that either gets transported directly from the land or spends some time over the Atlantic Ocean. Aerosol size‐resolved hygroscopicity measurements are consistent with air masses of both continental and marine background that are heavily influenced by the continental outflow. Aitken and accumulation mode mean diameters range from 49.1 ± 1.7 nm to 66.9 ± 0.8 nm and 142.8 ± 1.1 nm to 155.0 ± 2.8 nm, respectively. Hygroscopicity distributions for 96 nm, 188 nm, and 284 nm dry‐sized particles show the mode hygroscopicity parameter range from 0.20 ± 0.01 to 0.54 ± 0.03, suggesting the presence of anthropogenic aerosols. We have used the method described by Royalty et al. (2017) to decompose the hygroscopicity distributions into three distinct classes based on the ambient aerosol hygroscopic properties relative to the hygroscopic properties of a reference compound. The method shows that continental outflow heavily influences aerosol chemical and physical properties at the East Coast, with hygroscopicities of submicron aerosols consistent with sulfate‐containing species (62% to 83%), with small contributions from sodium‐ and carbon‐containing particles (up to 9% and 37%, respectively).
N,N‐Dimethylethylamin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2018

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated a momentary value of N,N‐dimethylethylamine [
598‐56‐1
].

Critical effects are vision disturbances and irritation of the eyes and the respiratory tract in exposed workers and volunteers. In a study in a foundry, these effects were caused by peak exposures of about 10 ml/m
3
. By analogy with cyclohexylamine, a momentary value of 5 ml/m
3
which must not be exceeded at any time is also established for N,N‐dimethylethylamine.
Torsional Vibrations
Authors: Sandberg Erik
Published: January 2018

The paper describes how to model components (typically used in ship propulsion) in order to solve torisional vibration calculations in frequency domain as well as in time domain. The latter applies especially for transient vibrations and non‐linear steady state vibrations. A short description of looped systems (i.e. speed control influence) is also included.
Deepwater Floating Production Systems—An Overview
Authors: Barton Christopher M.
Published: January 2018

There are four primary industry‐recognized deepwater floating production solutions in use today, that is, Spar, Semisubmersible (Semi), tension leg platform (TLP), and floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) system. They are accepted because they are proven with many years of operating history; they are functional and can accommodate a large variety of functions; they are scalable to a wide range of topsides payloads; and they are adaptable for applications globally. This article outlines the features and benefits associated with each type of system.
Vibration Analysis in Marine Applications
Authors: Rolfe Gerald , Staykov Svetoslav
Published: January 2018

This article provides a general overview of current best practices in the application of vibration analysis within the marine industry, based on practical experience in the delivery of fleet CM programs for major ship operators.

In addition the article provides an introduction to vibration analysis methods, technology products and processes which will support an effective CBM program, and deliver the expected operational benefits and return on investment.
Safety Management of Offshore Installations
Authors: Kuo Chengi
Published: January 2018

The subject of this article is concerned with safety management and its usage in offshore engineering. The emphasis is placed on three main fundamental issues. First, safety is a non‐absolute entity that is dominated by personal perception. Second, use of regulations to judge safety—popularly known asprescriptive regulatory approach(PRA)—assumes that safety is an absolute entity because regulations must provide standards and have been evolved from experience gained from previous accidents. Offshore industry uses PRA; however, after explosion of Piper Alpha platform in 1988, Lord Cullen's investigation led to introduction of goal‐based principle known assafety case approachfor offshore activities in UKCS. Third, the termsriskandhazardare used confusingly and incorrectly in safety management. It is common for people to use the termriskwhen they mean hazard.

This article begins by examining basic characteristics of safety and role of humans. Available approaches to safety management are given before critically considering four approaches entitled prescriptive regulatory, goal setting, safety case, and the generic management system circuit. The safety and environmental management system is outlined, and areas needing research attention are highlighted.

The main conclusion is that safety is a non‐absolute entity and it requires a management system for its practical application.
PLEMs,PLETs, and Manifolds
Authors: Sharma Kartik
Published: January 2018

Subsea field architecture involves a network of pipelines serving as a conduit for transferring the product on the seabed. These flowlines/pipelines or conduits are connected via manifolds, pipeline end manifolds (PLEMs), and pipeline end terminations (PLETs) and form the part of the subsea production system (SPS). The manifold, PLEM, and PLET components that make up a SPS are described in this article. This article also covers themes such as manifold design and analysis, PLET design, cathodic protection, coating, fabrication and welding guidelines, testing, and commissioning.
Accident Investigations and Safety Management
Authors: Khan Faisal , Hashemi Seyed Javad
Published: January 2018

Accident investigations have been influential in the evolution of safety management systems. Lessons learned through accident reports have shaped and evolved safety science toward a better understanding of how accidents happen. Review of the investigation reports of several major process‐related accidents shows that both cultural and technological problems have been the primary root causes of accidents. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in several accident reports that the accident might have been prevented if the lessons learned from previous accidents were implemented in the safety management systems. This article provides an overview of the main accident investigation methods. Common pitfalls of accident investigations are also highlighted to help investigators to implement a more effective investigation. Finally, the main processes of a safety management system and the importance of collecting and analyzing data from all aspects of safety management are also discussed.
Dropped Objects
Authors: Sari Ali
Published: January 2018

Dropped objects have constituted the great majority of potential and actual fatalities in offshore drilling. Major oil and gas operators have reported that the dropped objects account for around 60% of their high potential incidents. Tubular overhead equipment and tubular handling equipment items have accounted for the majority of the dropped object categories. The consequences of dropped object may include but not limited to human fatalities/injuries, offshore asset damage/failure, and environment/reputation and business impact.

Offshore dropped object risk assessment encompasses the quantification of the risk caused by accidentally dropped objects on potential targets from topsides to seabed. The assessment involves two parts, which are impact frequency estimation and consequence analysis. Often, a risk matrix is used in mitigation decision, that is, high impact frequency and high consequence events require attention. The potential targets from platform deck to seabed pipelines define three types of dropped objects analysis (DOA): topsides DOA, substructure DOA, and subsea DOA. Topsides DOA involves the risk assessment for platform structural components and equipment, while substructure DOA includes any potential targets from the sea surface to the seabed, such as jacket legs and hull. Subsea DOA is often of concern because of the high consequence, both environmental and economic.

For impact frequency estimation, the article presents a practical approach in which a two‐step Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the impact likelihood for potential targets such as upper decks, jacket legs, risers, mooring lines, and pipelines on seabed. As for the structural consequence analysis, this article presents both the simplified approaches, such as that found in Det Norske Veritas guidelines and advanced nonlinear finite element analysis, which is believed to remove the conservatism in simplified approaches. The dropped object assessment methodology is supplemented with two case studies: one related to subsea dropped object and the other related to topsides dropped object.
Safety of Offshore Platforms
Authors: Dhodhi Jai , Sharma Kartik , Hassanin Ahmed
Published: January 2018

The safety culture on offshore platforms has become a principal factor to consider in the design stages, especially after the occurrence of major incidents that resulted in loss of life. Implementing a safe setting covers safety of humans, equipment, and the environment. For the safety culture to be effective and all‐encompassing, it must seep to all disciplines to minimize the probabilities and consequences of possible risks. Multiple studies and process designs can be carried out throughout the design stages of offshore platforms by different functional teams as it has become a serious matter. This article looks at the disciplines of engineering management, technical safety, process, mechanical, instrumentation, layout and piping, electrical, and structural. The article also covers important themes such as relief, vent, flare, and blowout studies, and fire protection design.
Hydrodynamics of Substructure and Wave‐in‐Deck Loading on Fixed Steel Platforms
Authors: Tromans Peter S.
Published: January 2018

Factors relevant to the estimation of wave loads on steel frame substructures the decks they support are discussed. Although the conventional regular wave recipe is adequate for the design of new structures, more realistic and complex approaches are required for an accurate reliability analysis. It becomes necessary to recognize the random, directional, and nonlinear nature of extreme waves. Fully nonlinear calculations of wave kinematics can be employed for calculating substructure load and most often provide a load reduction relative to a regular wave model. However, there are considerable difficulties in direct calculation of wave‐in‐deck loads. As such, the best approach is to use random wave tests in a model basin to calibrate an empirical model. Although some model uncertainty remains, it is of small consequence compared with the large physical uncertainty in wave‐in‐deck load.
Umbilicals
Authors: Haverty Kevin , Huang Kevin
Published: January 2018

Subsea umbilicals are bundles of various cables and small diameter tubes, with overall diameter up to 10″ and overall length up to hundreds of kilometers. Umbilicals are the key components to communicate and control subsea equipment. While each umbilical is uniquely designed to accommodate different functional requirements from different field applications, most umbilicals have similarity on the structural element arrangement, hence the fabrication process. Umbilical handling and installation requires heavy lifting equipment for lifting, large diameter reels/carousels for storage and transportation, and friction tensioners for transpooling and laying.
Drilling Risers and Well Intervention
Authors: Lang Donogh W.
Published: January 2018

Drilling risers are an essential piece of equipment for drilling oil and gas wells offshore in water depths beyond those in which fixed offshore platforms can operate. Beyond these water depths, drilling can only be carried out from either specialized floating drilling units or floating production facilities. In either case, a drilling riser is typically employed to provide a conduit for running drilling tools and drill pipe from the floating unit to the seabed and to provide for well control and choke and kill operations. This article presents an introductory overview of drilling riser technology, describing the function and purpose of drilling risers, the main components of which they are comprised, and the main engineering and design issues that must be considered in their operation. The topic of well intervention, as it relates to drilling risers and more specialized workover riser systems, is also briefly discussed. Finally, some related technology developments that may help improve the economics of drilling offshore in deep and ultradeep waters are highlighted.
Riser Vortex‐Induced Vibrations
Authors: Nair Aravind R. , Jaiswal Vivek , McGinty Troy D.
Published: January 2018

Vortex‐induced vibration (VIV) fatigue is one of the failure mechanisms of riser systems. Failure occurs due to the fatigue of the structure in vibration. VIV is caused by the motion of risers or other structures to shed vortices when exposed to fluid flow (such as currents and waves) impinging on the structure. The response of the structure is dependent on the natural frequencies of the structure and the frequency at which the structure sheds vortices (shedding frequency). Several physical quantities affect the VIV response such as the dimensions, stiffness, damping, and mass of the structure. VIV results in catastrophic failure of the riser system and is a critical that either the structure by design has low fatigue damage due to VIV or some external VIV suppressing devices are used to ensure safe operations. This article discusses the theory/concepts of VIV and the unique aspects of each riser system (TTRs, SCRs, flexibles, etc.) that need to be accounted for in the fatigue evaluation. The final section of this article introduces the typical suppressing devices that are used. This article focuses on the concepts relevant for riser VIV, and further reading is presented toward the end, for those readers interested in gaining more in‐depth understanding of the topic.
Tidal Energy
Authors: Wills Tom
Published: January 2018

The risks of anthropogenic climate change and the benefits of renewable energy development are increasingly well recognized. Experience in the solar and wind power industries has shown that the cost of power from renewable sources can fall faster and by a greater amount than expected.

The tide is the world's most predictable renewable energy resource, and strong tidal currents are found across the globe, often in close proximity to human settlements. Tapping this resource is not a new idea; tidal mills were common in the medieval period, and in the twentieth century, a number of tidal barrages were built to generate electrical power. The development of tidal barrages has, however, been held back by environmental concerns and difficulties in securing capital for these large projects. Current proposals for tidal lagoons of more limited size aim to avoid these problems.

Technology development is increasingly focused on tidal stream turbines, which can be installed in areas of pre‐existing high energy current without the need for large civil constructions. A range of different floating and seabed‐mounted concepts are in development, with horizontal axis turbines the most common type to date.

Energetic tidal sites present a number of engineering and operational challenges, but with sufficient cost reductions, the tide could supply clean power to millions of people worldwide.
Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical Planning: Through Use of Integrated Geoscience Techniques
Authors: Finnie Ian , Kortekaas Stella
Published: January 2018

Integrated planning of geophysical surveys and geotechnical investigations has become a globally recognized best‐practice approach, which enables diagnostic integrated geoscience (DIG) techniques to be applied to achieve technical optimizations and cost savings in project developments. These planning approaches have been successfully applied during complex infrastructure and energy projects, such as offshore wind farm developments and long‐distance subsea pipelines. Despite being fundamentally different in nature, the intrinsic limitations of geophysical and geotechnical investigative techniques can be virtually eliminated by effective planning. This enables effective overlap of the individual data sets and allows for more accurate and reliable interpretation when they are considered in conjunction. This article specifically illustrates how integrated geophysical and geotechnical planning can be incorporated into offshore projects. It provides description of key aspects such as the fundamental importance of “ground‐truthing,” development of ground models, and the benefits of using GIS techniques and explains some reasons why integrated planning has become accepted as a best practice for both technical and commercial reasons, with reference to some example projects.
Pipeline Mechanical Design
Authors: Hassanin Ahmed , Jukes Paul
Published: January 2018

Subsea field architecture involves a network of pipelines for transferring hydrocarbons. It is crucial to understand the basics of pipeline design as an engineer to ensure that containment of the fluids is constant. Any loss of containment in land or subsea pipelines can result in adverse effects to the environment and the operator. Designing the pipeline wall thickness based on the stresses that occur from pressure differential and thermal loading will determine the pipeline cross section. The types of design checks undertaken arepressure containment(burst),collapsedue to external pressure,bucklingdue to combined bending and external pressure, andbuckle propagation. Ifbuckle propagationoccurs, thenbuckle arrestorsare included in the pipeline design. Longitudinal loading andcombined equivalent stressesare also considered.
Automatic patient positioning and gating window settings in respiratory‐gated stereotactic body radiation therapy for pancreatic cancer using fluoroscopic imaging
Authors: Pettersson Niclas , Simpson Daniel , Atwood Todd , Hattangadi‐Gluth Jona , Murphy James , Cerviño Laura
Published: January 2018

Before treatment delivery of respiratory‐gated radiation therapy (RT) in patients with implanted fiducials, both the patient position and the gating window thresholds must be set. In linac‐based RT, this is currently done manually and setup accuracy will therefore be dependent on the skill of the user. In this study, we present an automatic method for finding the patient position and the gating window thresholds. Our method uses sequentially acquired anterior–posterior (AP) and lateral fluoroscopic imaging with simultaneous breathing amplitude monitoring and intends to reach 100% gating accuracy while keeping the duty cycle as high as possible. We retrospectively compared clinically used setups to the automatic setups by our method in five pancreatic cancer patients treated with hypofractionated RT. In 15 investigated fractions, the average (±standard deviation) differences between the clinical and automatic setups were −0.4 ± 0.8 mm, −1.0 ± 1.1 mm, and 1.8 ± 1.3 mm in the left–right (LR), the AP, and the superior–inferior (SI) direction, respectively. For the clinical setups, typical interfractional setup variations were 1–2 mm in the LR and AP directions, and 2–3 mm in the SI direction. Using the automatic method, the duty cycle could be improved in six fractions, in four fractions the duty cycle had to be lowered to improve gating accuracy, and in five fractions both duty cycle and gating accuracy could be improved. Our automatic method has the potential to increase accuracy and decrease user dependence of setup for patients with implanted fiducials treated with respiratory‐gated RT. After fluoroscopic image acquisition, the calculated patient shifts and gating window thresholds are calculated in 1–2 s. The method gives the user the possibility to evaluate the effect of different patient positions and gating window thresholds on gating accuracy and duty cycle. If deemed necessary, it can be used at any time during treatment delivery.
De novo variants in CAMK2A and CAMK2B cause neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Akita Tenpei , Aoto Kazushi , Kato Mitsuhiro , Shiina Masaaki , Mutoh Hiroki , Nakashima Mitsuko , Kuki Ichiro , Okazaki Shin , Magara Shinichi , Shiihara Takashi , Yokochi Kenji , Aiba Kaori , Tohyama Jun , Ohba Chihiro , Miyatake Satoko , Miyake Noriko , Ogata Kazuhiro , Fukuda Atsuo , Matsumoto Naomichi , Saitsu Hirotomo
Published: January 2018

Objective

α (CAMK2A) and β (CAMK2B) isoforms of Calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) play a pivotal role in neuronal plasticity and in learning and memory processes in the brain. Here, we explore the possible involvement of α‐ and β‐CaMKII variants in neurodevelopmental disorders.

Methods

Whole‐exome sequencing was performed for 976 individuals with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and epilepsy. The effect of CAMK2A and CAMK2B variants on CaMKII structure and firing of neurons was evaluated by computational structural analysis, immunoblotting, and electrophysiological analysis.

Results

We identified a total of five de novo CAMK2A and CAMK2B variants in three and two individuals, respectively. Seizures were common to three individuals with CAMK2A variants. Using a minigene splicing assay, we demonstrated that a splice site variant caused skipping of exon 11 leading to an in‐frame deletion of the regulatory segment of CaMKIIα. By structural analysis, four missense variants are predicted to impair the interaction between the kinase domain and the regulatory segment responsible for the autoinhibition of its kinase activity. The Thr286/Thr287 phosphorylation as a result of release from autoinhibition was increased in three mutants when the mutants were stably expressed in Neuro‐2a neuroblastoma cells. Expression of a CaMKIIα mutant in primary hippocampal neurons significantly increased A‐type K+ currents, which facilitated spike repolarization of single action potentials.

Interpretation

Our data highlight the importance of CaMKIIα and CaMKIIβ and their autoinhibitory regulation in human brain function, and suggest the enhancement of A‐type K+ currents as a possible pathophysiological basis.
Functionalized Gold Nanoclusters Identify Highly Reactive Oxygen Species in Living Organisms
Authors: Xie Yangzhouyun , Xianyu Yunlei , Wang Nuoxin , Yan Zhaoyang , Liu Yong , Zhu Kui , Hatzakis Nikos S. , Jiang Xingyu
Published: January 2018

Surface engineering of nanomaterials allows fine tuning of their interactions with biological systems, and thus can benefit their applications in monitoring intracellular events. Herein, the facile synthesis of ligand‐functionalized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) as intracellular probes targeting highly reactive oxygen species (hROS, such as •OH, ClO−, and ONOO−) is demonstrated. Selected ligands such as quaternary ammonium and oligopeptides are utilized to modulate the surface chemistry of AuNCs. It is shown that AuNCs decorated with the cell‐penetrating oligoarginine peptide facilitate cellular uptake and intracellular imaging of hROS in living cells and the zebrafish, with high stability and selectivity.
Inch‐Size Single Crystal of a Lead‐Free Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite for High‐Performance Photodetector
Authors: Ji Chengmin , Wang Peng , Wu Zhenyue , Sun Zhihua , Li Lina , Zhang Jing , Hu Weida , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua
Published: January 2018

Large‐size crystals of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (e.g., CH3NH3PbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) have gained wide attention since their spectacular progress on optoelectronic technologies. Although presenting brilliant semiconducting properties, a serious concern of the toxicity in these lead‐based hybrids has become a stumbling block that limits their wide‐scale applications. Exploring lead‐free hybrid perovskite is thus highly urgent for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. Here, a new lead‐free perovskite hybrid (TMHD)BiBr5 (TMHD = N,N,N,N‐tetramethyl‐1,6‐hexanediammonium) is prepared from facile solution process. Emphatically, inch‐size high‐quality single crystals are successfully grown, the dimensions of which reach up to 32 × 24 × 12 mm3. Furthermore, the planar arrays of photodetectors based on bulk lead‐free (TMHD)BiBr5 single crystals are first fabricated, which shows sizeable on/off current ratios (≈103) and rapid response speed (τrise = 8.9 ms and τdecay = 10.2 ms). The prominent device performance of (TMHD)BiBr5 strongly underscores the lead‐free hybrid perovskite single crystals as promising material candidates for optoelectronic applications.
Photoresponsive Sponge‐Like Coating for On‐Demand Liquid Release
Authors: Gelebart Anne Helene , Liu Danqing , Mulder Dirk J. , Leunissen Kevin H. J. , van Gerven Jop , Schenning Albert P. H. J. , Broer Dirk J.
Published: January 2018

Many publications report on stimuli responsive coatings, but only a few on the controlled release of species in order to change the coating surface properties. A sponge‐like coating that is able to release and absorb a liquid upon exposure to light has been developed. The morphology of the porous coating is controlled by the smectic liquid crystal properties of the monomer mixture prior to its polymerization, and homeotropic order is found to give the largest contraction. The fast release of the liquid can be induced by a macroscopic contraction of the coating caused by a trans to cis conversion of a copolymerized azobenzene moiety. The liquid secretion can be localized by local light exposure or by creating a surface relief. The uptake of liquid proceeds by stimulating the back reaction of the azo compound by exposure at higher wavelength or by thermal relaxation. The surface forces of the sponge‐like coating in contact with an opposing surface can be controlled by light‐induced capillary bridging revealing that the controlled release of liquid gives access to tunable adhesion.