bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐frequency variable charge solitary waves in a collisionless dusty plasma with a Cairns‐Gurevich ion velocity distribution
Authors: Fellah Sabrina , Kerrouchi Slimane , Amour Rabia
Published: September 2021

In this paper, the problem of large amplitude dust acoustic (DA) solitons has been addressed in a charge varying dusty plasma with ions following a Cairns‐Gurevich distribution. Based on the orbit motion limited approach, the correct Cairns‐Gurevich ion charging current is presented for the first time. The expression relating the variable dust charge to the plasma potential is given in terms of the Lambert function and we take advantage of this transcendental function to, carefully, analyse DA solitons in a charge varying dusty plasma with trapped nonthermal ions. Our results show that the spatial patterns of the variable charge solitary wave are significantly changed due to the presence of ion population modelled by the Cairns‐Gurevich distribution. An addition of a small concentration of trapped nonthermal ions makes the solitary structure less spiky, grows the net negative charge residing on the dust grain surface, and contributes to the electron depletion. Finally, our investigation is extended to highlight the effect of the grain dust charge variation. We have shown that under certain conditions, the impact of dust charge fluctuation may furnish an alternate physical mechanism rasing anomalous dissipation, which becomes more strong and may predominate over the dispersion as the nonthermal character of ions following the Cairns‐Gurevich distribution increases.
Tracking temporal response dynamics in the ventral striatum during social feedback in anorexia nervosa: A functional magnetic resonance imaging exploratory study
Authors: Membrives Sonia , López‐Solà Marina , Fernández‐Aranda Fernando , Sánchez Isabel , Martínez‐Zalacaín Ignacio , Palao Diego , Pujol Jesus , Menchón Jose M. , Davey Chris G. , Harrison Ben J. , Keating Charlotte , Rossell Susan L. , Oliva Joan C. , Soriano‐Mas Carles , Cardoner Narcís , Via Esther
Published: September 2021

Objective

Research suggests abnormalities in reward‐based processes in anorexia nervosa (AN). However, few studies have explored if such alterations might be associated with different temporal activation patterns. This study aims to characterize alterations in time‐dependent processes in the ventral striatum (VS) during social feedback in AN using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Method

Twenty women with restrictive‐subtype AN and 20 age‐matched healthy controls (HC) underwent a social judgment experimental fMRI task. Temporal VS hemodynamic responses were extracted in SPM for each participant and each social condition (acceptance/rejection).

Results

Compared with age‐matched HC, patients with AN showed a significant time by group interaction of peak VS response throughout the task, with a progressive blunting of peak activation responses, accompanied by a progressive increase in baseline activity levels over time.

Discussion

The results suggest an attenuated response pattern to repetitive social rejection in the VS in patients with AN, together with a difficulty in returning to baseline. The information obtained from this study will guide future, design‐specific studies to further explore alterations temporal dynamics.
Thermal stability of an adaptable, invasive ectotherm: Argentine giant tegus in the Greater Everglades ecosystem, USA
Authors: Currylow Andrea F. , Collier Michelle A. M. , Hanslowe Emma B. , Falk Bryan G. , Cade Brian S. , Moy Sarah E. , Grajal‐Puche Alejandro , Ridgley Frank N. , Reed Robert N. , Yackel Adams Amy A.
Published: September 2021

Invasive species globally threaten biodiversity and economies, but the ecophysiological mechanisms underlying their success are often understudied. For those alien species that also exhibit high phenotypic plasticity, such as habitat generalists, adaptations in response to environmental pressures can take place relatively quickly. The Argentine giant tegu (Salvator merianae; tegu) is a large omnivorous lizard from South America that is prolific, long‐lived, vagile, and highly adaptable to disturbed environments. They are well suited to the climate of southeastern United States, introduced to several disjunct areas, including the Everglades, where their voracious appetite threatens native wildlife. Tegus undergo winter dormancy (hibernation) to cope with colder temperatures, and while this behavior may facilitate invasion into more temperate regions, it may also present management opportunities. We studied the thermal habits of wild S. merianae within their invaded range in southern Florida, USA. We used radiotelemetry and trail cameras to verify aboveground behaviors, and temperature dataloggers to monitor surface (sun‐exposed [Te] and shaded [Ts]), ambient (Ta), subsurface ground (Th), and internal body (Tb) temperatures of a population of free‐ranging tegus over several seasons. We evaluated thermal and behavioral data and identified five biologically significant periods: pre‐hibernal, hibernal, cold snaps, hibernal‐basking, and post‐hibernal. We found tegus maintained thermal stability throughout the hibernal period, frequently at temperatures above available thermal microhabitats. Variation in Tb was lowest during hibernation and cold snaps and was less variable than subsurface temperatures despite not leaving their hibernaculum. Hibernal ingress and egress were best predicted by temperature differentials between exposed soil and ambient daily mean temperatures (Te − Ta) and daylength. Though we detected no sex differences, larger animals started hibernation sooner, stayed in hibernation longer, and retained higher fat stores over the study period. One individual did not hibernate, representing only the second record of this behavior. Despite limitations of these descriptive data, this is the first study finely detailing Tb of a population of wild, free‐ranging S. merianae over multiple biologically significant time periods and to associate Tb with thermal habitats within its invasive range. Tegus' apparent ability for thermal stability expands the adaptability breadth of this species and underscores the invasion threat.
The formation and morphodynamics of complex multi‐hooked spits and the contribution of swash bars
Authors: Pellerin Le Bas Xavier , Levoy Franck , Robin Nicolas , Anthony Edward J.
Published: September 2021

Numerous studies have been devoted to recurved and hooked spits in micro‐ and meso‐tidal environments, but none have really focused on the peculiar right‐angle plan shape exhibited by some spit hooks. The morphodynamics of a complex multi‐hooked spit in a macrotidal inlet in Normandy, France, have been investigated using aerial photographs and 12 topographic LiDAR surveys from 2000 to 2017, complemented by hydrodynamic data. Merville Spit is a 2.5 km‐long hooked spit, composed of four ‘nested’ ridges each with a right‐angle hook at its tip, that has developed in the vicinity of the sand‐rich outlet of the Orne River. Monitoring of the two last ridges shows that ridge formation starts with the attachment of the tip of a swash bar to the fulcrum point of the previous ridge, and ends following its westward elongation and counter‐clockwise rotation when its hook impinges on the Orne outlet. The main factor controlling ridge plan‐view shape is swash bar dynamics in the vicinity of the spit. The offshore wave direction has no significant impact on ridge and hook behaviour due to the large number of swash bars on the ebb‐tidal delta. Over the study period, between 5 and 10 swash bars massively assured sand supply to the upper foreshore, favouring the growth of existing ridges, but also enabling the building of a new ridge. The bars contribute to imparting hook right angles at the tips of the ridges by creating local wave refraction or by providing a sheltering effect. Strong tidal currents in the Orne channel act as a hydrodynamic barrier that stops hook elongation at the edge of the river's outlet. The similar behaviour of the two studied ridges has been synthesized into a new and original conceptual model of complex multi‐hooked spit formation and evolution under the influence of swash bars.
Meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells fulfill scavenger endothelial cell function and cooperate with microglia in waste removal from the brain
Authors: Huisman Yvonne , Uphoff Katharina , Berger Michael , Dobrindt Ulrich , Schelhaas Mario , Zobel Thomas , Bussmann Jeroen , van Impel Andreas , Schulte‐Merker Stefan
Published: September 2021

Brain lymphatic endothelial cells (BLECs) constitute a group of loosely connected endothelial cells that reside within the meningeal layer of the zebrafish brain without forming a vascular tubular system. BLECs have been shown to readily endocytose extracellular cargo molecules from the brain parenchyma, however, their functional relevance in relation to microglia remains enigmatic. We here compare their functional uptake efficiency for several macromolecules and bacterial components with microglia in a qualitative and quantitative manner in 5‐day‐old zebrafish embryos. We find BLECs to be significantly more effective in the uptake of proteins, polysaccharides and virus particles as compared to microglia, while larger particles like bacteria are only ingested by microglia but not by BLECs, implying a clear distribution of tasks between the two cell types in the brain area. In addition, we compare BLECs to the recently discovered scavenger endothelial cells (SECs) of the cardinal vein and find them to accept an identical set of substrate molecules. Our data identifies BLECs as the first brain‐associated SEC population in vertebrates, and demonstrates that BLECs cooperate with microglia to remove particle waste from the brain.
The preparation and study on properties of calcium sulfate bone cement combined tuning silk fibroin nanofibers and vancomycin‐loaded silk fibroin microspheres
Authors: Lian Xiaojie , Xu Rui , Liu Shichao , Wang Zechuan , Niu Baolong , Huang Di , Wei Yan , Zhao Liqin
Published: September 2021

In this study, a bioactive composite material based on calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) bone cement was studied, which use calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) as coagulant and silk fibroin nanofibers (SFF) solution as the curing liquid, further loaded vancomycin silk fibroin microspheres (SFM/VCM). The drug release effect of bone cements caused by tuning weight content of SFM/VCM (0.5, 1, 2%) and the concentration of silk fibroin solution (SFS) (20, 60, 100 mg/mL) used for preparation of SFM was studied in this article. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) demonstrated that the average diameter of microspheres gradually increased and the setting time was prolonged with the concentration of SFS increasing. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to analyze the composition of composite materials. The result of compressive strength revealed that the composites contained 0.5% SFM/VCM showed better mechanical performance independent on the concentration of microspheres and the cumulative drug release percentage of all composites were less than 55% after 4 weeks. The drug‐loading bone cement possesses not only injectability but also sustained release capability which has a promising prospect in the field of bone substitute material.
A note on tight projective 2‐designs
Authors: Iverson Joseph W. , King Emily J. , Mixon Dustin G.
Published: September 2021

We study tight projective 2‐designs in three different settings. In the complex setting, Zauner's conjecture predicts the existence of a tight projective 2‐design in every dimension. Pandey, Paulsen, Prakash, and Rahaman recently proposed an approach to make quantitative progress on this conjecture in terms of the entanglement breaking rank of a certain quantum channel. We show that this quantity is equal to the size of the smallest weighted projective 2‐design. Next, in the finite field setting, we introduce a notion of projective 2‐designs, we characterize when such projective 2‐designs are tight, and we provide a construction of such objects. Finally, in the quaternionic setting, we show that every tight projective 2‐design for determines an equi‐isoclinic tight fusion frame of subspaces of of dimension 3.
Psychiatric comorbidities of obsessive‐compulsive disorder: A series of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses
Authors: Rowe Charlotte , Deledalle Aurore , Boudoukha Abdel Halim
Published: September 2021

Objective

Although there is a growing number of studies on psychiatric comorbidities of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), controversy remains about the strength of associations between some disorders. We present a series of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses examining four psychiatric disorders frequently associated with OCD—depression, bipolar disorder, substance abuse disorder and psychosis.

Methods

Three electronic databases were searched up to May 2017; PsycINFO, Medline, and Web of Science. Meta‐analyses using random effects models were conducted.

Results

The meta‐analyses found strong associations between all comorbidities and OCD, particularly for depression. In addition, a series of systematic reviews were conducted giving information about the characteristics of these psychiatric associations.

Conclusion

It is probable that these disorders share common etiological factors, and thus trans‐diagnostic processes must be addressed when offering treatment. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed with suggestions for further research in the area.
Disturbed flow's impact on cellular changes indicative of vascular aneurysm initiation, expansion, and rupture: A pathological and methodological review
Authors: Sunderland Kevin , Jiang Jingfeng , Zhao Feng
Published: September 2021

Aneurysms are malformations within the arterial vasculature brought on by the structural breakdown of the microarchitecture of the vessel wall, with aneurysms posing serious health risks in the event of their rupture. Blood flow within vessels is generally laminar with high, unidirectional wall shear stressors that modulate vascular endothelial cell functionality and regulate vascular smooth muscle cells. However, altered vascular geometry induced by bifurcations, significant curvature, stenosis, or clinical interventions can alter the flow, generating low stressor disturbed flow patterns. Disturbed flow is associated with altered cellular morphology, upregulated expression of proteins modulating inflammation, decreased regulation of vascular permeability, degraded extracellular matrix, and heightened cellular apoptosis. The understanding of the effects disturbed flow has on the cellular cascades which initiate aneurysms and promote their subsequent growth can further elucidate the nature of this complex pathology. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the disturbed flow and its relation to aneurysm pathology, the methods used to investigate these relations, as well as how such knowledge has impacted clinical treatment methodologies. This information can contribute to the understanding of the development, growth, and rupture of aneurysms and help develop novel research and aneurysmal treatment techniques.
Highly active Mg–Al hydrotalcite for efficient O‐methylation of phenol with DMC based on soft colloidal templates
Authors: Tang Ying , Slaný Michal , Yang Ying , Li Shaoying , Qin Fanglin , Zhao Yifei , Zhang Zhifang , Zhang Li
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND

Anisole (AN) is an important compound that has been studied in research into antioxidants, plastic stabilizers, pesticides and dyes. One of the technological alternatives to synthesizing them is using a modified solid catalyst with a soft colloidal template. Synthesis of AN has been demonstrated using dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and phenol over a mixed oxide catalyst derived from Mg–Al hydrotalcite, employing cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a soft colloidal template.

RESULTS

When the reaction was performed at atmospheric pressure in the presence of catalyst (in an amount of 4.5 wt% with respect to the reactants, DMC and phenol) at 200 °C, and a DMC:phenol molar ratio of 2:1 for 8 h, good results were seen for both phenol conversion and selectivity of AN (87.66% and 99.38%, respectively). The yield of AN was 87.11%.

CONCLUSION

The characterization of the catalyst demonstrated that the calcination temperature has a significant effect on the structure of the obtained Mg–Al hydrotalcite. Its surface properties and pore diameter distribution resulted in an increased concentration of hierarchical basic sites within the material. Weak and moderate basic sites contributed to the high conversion of phenol and good selectivity of AN. In addition, the thermal stability analysis of the as‐prepared Mg–Al mixed oxide showed that the hierarchical structures can be preserved up to 500 °C and eventually be transformed into highly dispersed MgO particles. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Should a third booster dose be scheduled after two doses of CoronaVac? A single‐center experience
Authors: Yigit Metin , Ozkaya‐Parlakay Aslinur , Cosgun Yasemin , Ince Yunus E. , Bulut Yunus E. , Senel Emrah
Published: September 2021

In the 10th month of the pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination was given first to healthcare workers in Turkey after receiving emergency use approval from the Ministry of Health. This study, which was performed at the COVID‐19 reference center in Ankara (the capital of Turkey) aimed to evaluate the seroconversion rate of the CoronaVac vaccine. The anti‐spike immunoglobulin G response to the two‐dose vaccination was retrospectively examined in healthcare workers who had no previous history of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. The postvaccine seroconversion rate was investigated by measuring the antibody levels of healthcare workers who had received CoronaVac. Vaccination was administered as 600 SU in 28‐day intervals. The healthcare workers' anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin G levels were used to determine the seroconversion rate 2 months after the second dose of the vaccine. Of the healthcare workers, 22.9% (n = 155) were seronegative. The younger the age of the participant, the higher the level of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin G. Furthermore, anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin G levels were much higher in women than men.
Neuronal deficiency of hypoxia‐inducible factor 2α increases hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice
Authors: Sun Dawei , Lu Fuxin , Sheldon Ann , Jiang Xiangning , Ferriero Donna M.
Published: September 2021

The cellular responses to hypoxia or hypoxia‐ischemia (HI) are governed largely by the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. Our previous studies show that HIF‐1α induction is an important factor that mediates protective effects in the brain after neonatal HI. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of another closely related HIF α isoform, HIF‐2α, specifically the neuronal HIF‐2α, to brain HI injury. Homozygous transgenic mice with a floxed exon 2 of HIF‐2α were bred with CaMKIIα‐Cre mice to generate a mouse line with selective deletion of HIF‐2α in forebrain neurons. These mice, along with their wildtype littermates, were subjected to HI at postnatal day 9. Brain injury at different ages was evaluated by the levels of cleaved caspase‐3 and spectrin breakdown products at 24 hr; and histologically at 6 days or 3 months after HI. Multiple behavioral tests were performed at 3 months, prior to sacrifice. Loss of neuronal HIF‐2α exacerbated brain injury during the acute (24 hr) and subacute phases (6 days), with a trend toward more severe volume loss in the adult brain. The long‐term brain function for coordinated movement and recognition memory, however, were not impacted in the neuronal HIF‐2α deficient mice. Our data suggest that, similar to HIF‐1α, neuronal HIF‐2α promotes cell survival in the immature mouse brain. The two HIF alpha isoforms may act through partially overlapping or distinct transcriptional targets to mediate their intrinsic protective responses against neonatal HI brain injury.
When do service employees smile? Response‐dependent emotion regulation in emotional labor
Authors: Ashtar Shelly , Yom‐Tov Galit B. , Akiva Navot , Rafaeli Anat
Published: September 2021

We advance the theoretical and practical understanding of affect in service interactions by conceptualizing employees and customers as concurrent participants in the same interaction. We analyzed employees' emotional labor requirements, which comprise both the well‐recognized requirement to display positive affect (i.e., acting is response independent) and the less‐recognized requirement to attend to customers' affective displays (i.e., acting is response dependent). We found support for our hypotheses across two studies, which compare the affective displays of employees and customers within the same interactions. In Study 1, we examined field data comprising 1 320 392 customer and employee messages from 164 899 real‐life chat‐based service interactions and used automated sentiment analysis to identify displays of positive and negative affect. In Study 2, we used simulated service interactions to examine discrete emotions. Using different methodologies, both Studies 1 and 2 found that employees and customers differ in their response‐dependent affective behaviors. Study 2 also demonstrated that employee response‐dependent affective behavior improves customer outcomes. Our analyses enrich the understanding of emotional labor, contribute to the theory of affect in social interactions by considering concurrent yet differing affective behaviors of partners in the same interaction, and suggest new and exciting methods for Organizational Behavior research.
Observed and projected trends in climate extremes in a tropical highland region: An agroecosystem perspective
Authors: Birhan Dereje Ademe , Zaitchik Benjamin F. , Fantaye Kindie Tesfaye , Birhanu Belay Simane , Damot Getachew Alemayehu , Tsegaye Enyew Adgo
Published: September 2021

Tropical highland environments present substantial challenges for climate projections due to sparse observations, significant local heterogeneity and inconsistent performance of global climate models (GCMs). Moreover, these areas are often densely populated, with agriculture‐based livelihoods sensitive to transient climate extremes not always included in available climate projections. In this context, we present an analysis of observed and projected trends in temperature and precipitation extremes across agroecosystems (AESs) in the northwest Ethiopian Highlands, to provide more relevant information for adaptation. Limited observational networks are supplemented with a satellite‐station hybrid product, and trends are calculated locally and summarized at the adaptation‐relevant unit of the AES. Projections are then presented from GCM realizations with divergent climate projections, and results are interpreted in the context of agricultural climate sensitivities. Trends in temperature extremes (1981–2016) are typically consistent across sites and AES, but with different implications for agricultural activities in the other AES. Trends in temperature extremes from GCM projected data also generally have the same sign as the observed trends. For precipitation extremes, there is greater site‐to‐site variability. Summarized by AES, however, there is a clear tendency towards reduced precipitation, associated with decreases in wet extremes and a tendency towards temporally clustered wet and dry days. Over the retrospective analysis period, neither of the two analysed GCMs captures these trends. Future projections from both GCMs include significant wetting and an increase in precipitation extremes across AES. However, given the lack of agreement between GCMs and observations with respect to trends in recent decades, the reliability of these projections is questionable. The present study is consistent with the “East Africa Paradox” that observations show drying in summer season rainfall while GCMs project wetting. This has an expression in summertime Ethiopian rain that has not received significant attention in previous studies.
Prediction of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Using Crown‐Rump Length at 11 to 13 + 6 Weeks of Gestation
Authors: Kwak Dong Wook , Yang Jeong In , Song Kwan Heup , Ryu Hyun Mee , Han You Jung , Kim Moon Young , Chung Jin Hoon
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To assess the risk of a fetus with a smaller or larger than expected crown‐rump length (CRL) for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

The data of 960 healthy singleton pregnancies conceived via in vitro fertilization were retrospectively collected. Fetal CRL was measured between 11 and 13 + 6 weeks of gestation, and small and large fetal CRLs were defined as fetuses below the 10th and above the 90th centiles, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Results

The mean birth weights of fetuses with small, normal, and large CRLs were 3002 g, 3205 g, and 3378 g, respectively. A small fetal CRL was associated with an increased risk of smaller‐than‐gestational‐age neonates (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.53–5.08; P < .001) and preterm delivery before 34 gestational weeks (aOR, 6.48; 95% CI, 1.36–30.79; P = .019). A large fetal CRL was associated with an increased risk of large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) neonates, and the risk persisted even after adjustment for well‐known risk factors of macrosomia, such as pre‐pregnancy body mass index, gestational diabetes, and excessive gestational weight gain (aOR, 3.67; 95% CI, 2.04–6.59; P < .001). However, a large fetal CRL was associated with a decreased risk of gestational diabetes (aOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.01–0.76; P = .026).

Conclusions

Fetal CRL measured at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks gestation is worth using as a predictor of LGA as well as small for gestational age or preterm delivery.
Seasonal life strategy of Prorocentrum minimum in Chesapeake Bay, USA: Validation of the role of physical transport using a coupled physical–biogeochemical–harmful algal bloom model
Authors: Li Ming , Zhang Fan , Glibert Patricia M.
Published: September 2021

Over 40 years ago, it was suggested that Prorocentrum minimum in Chesapeake Bay has a seasonal life strategy that depends on the physical transport by estuarine circulation, bringing cells from lower bay to the mid‐bay in spring when they bloom. In this study, a validated hydrodynamic‐biogeochemical model is used to simulate the annual cycles of P. minimum in Chesapeake Bay and track its life history over multiple years. The model reproduces the observed seasonal progression of P. minimum without a seed population. Four life stages of P. minimum are faithfully produced in the model: (1) in winter, overwintering populations from the previous bloom are distributed throughout the water column in the lower bay; (2) in late winter/early spring, cells are transported upstream by the landward bottom flows; (3) in May, P. minimum develops a bloom in the mid‐bay; (4) in late summer/fall, decaying P. minimum populations are transported downstream by the seaward surface flows. Particle tracking shows that it takes about 3–4 months for the overwintering cells to travel from the lower bay to the mid‐bay, but about 6 months for the decaying cells to travel from the mid‐bay to the lower bay, as the estuarine circulation is far stronger during the high runoff months of January–May than during the low runoff months of June–December. With the peak growth rate around 20°C, May provides an optimal window of growth opportunity for P. minimum as phytoplankton assemblage transitions from winter–spring diatoms to summer dinoflagellates in a seasonal succession.
How perfectionism reduces positive word‐of‐mouth: The mediating role of perceived social risk
Authors: Miranda Sandra , Duarte Margarida
Published: September 2021

Although perfectionism can influence the way people think and act in a wide range of domains, consumer research has paid little attention to this personality trait. A theoretically anchored model proposes that the relationship between perfectionism traits and willingness to offer positive word‐of‐mouth (WOM) is mediated by the perceived social risk of recommending a brand to relatives and friends in person (i.e., the social risk of disapproval and embarrassment). We employed a mixed‐methods approach with symmetric (structural equation modeling [SEM]) and asymmetric (fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis [fsQCA]) methods. With SEM, we found that consumers with high levels of (1) doubts about actions, (2) other‐oriented perfectionism, and (3) nondisclosure of imperfection have a lower propensity to offer positive WOM, because of a higher perception of social risk. Further, results from fsQCA reveal that the absence of those three dimensions is a sufficient condition to the absence of perceived social risk. Overall, the present research deepens the current understanding of the psychological profile of WOM communicators, and the role perceived social risk has on the propensity to spread WOM.
The lymphatic vasculature: An active and dynamic player in cancer progression
Authors: Rezzola Sara , Sigmund Elena C. , Halin Cornelia , Ronca Roberto
Published: September 2021

The lymphatic vasculature has been widely described and explored for its key functions in fluid homeostasis and in the organization and modulation of the immune response. Besides transporting immune cells, lymphatic vessels play relevant roles in tumor growth and tumor cell dissemination. Cancer cells that have invaded into afferent lymphatics are propagated to tumor‐draining lymph nodes (LNs), which represent an important hub for metastatic cell arrest and growth, immune modulation, and secondary dissemination to distant sites. In recent years many studies have reported new mechanisms by which the lymphatic vasculature affects cancer progression, ranging from induction of lymphangiogenesis to metastatic niche preconditioning or immune modulation. In this review, we provide an up‐to‐date description of lymphatic organization and function in peripheral tissues and in LNs and the changes induced to this system by tumor growth and progression. We will specifically focus on the reported interactions that occur between tumor cells and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), as well as on interactions between immune cells and LECs, both in the tumor microenvironment and in tumor‐draining LNs. Moreover, the most recent prognostic and therapeutic implications of lymphatics in cancer will be reported and discussed in light of the new immune‐modulatory roles that have been ascribed to LECs.
A fractional model for thermal investigation of MoS2‐Fe3O4/engine oil hybrid nanofluid under double ramped conditions and shape factor influence: The Atangana–Baleanu approach
Authors: Anwar Talha , Asifa  , Kumam Poom , Sitthithakerngkiet Kanokwan
Published: September 2021

In recent times, the study of diathermal oils is an area of interest for multiple researchers because of their numerous pivotal applications in industrial and engineering operations. The core aim of this work is the formulation of a fractional model to anticipate improvement in thermal and flow characteristics of a particular kind of diathermal oils named engine oil due to the dispersion of two different types of nanoparticles. Molybdenum‐disulfide (MoS2) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are considered to form hybrid nanofluid, and combined impacts of their particular features on the thermal efficiency of engine oil are investigated. The ramped movement of an unbounded vertically inclined wall initiates the flow of hybrid nanofluid and some supplementary physical phenomena such as heat radiation, uniform magnetic field, and ramped heating also influence this flow. Additionally, the significant role of nanoparticles' shape factor in augmenting the heat transfer capacity of engine oil is examined. Initially, the flow of hybrid nanofluid is described through the Brinkman‐type fluid model, which is developed in light of Maxwell equations and Boussinesq approximation. Later, this mathematical model is transmuted to a fractional framework by incorporating the time‐fractional Atangana–Baleanu derivative. Laplace transformation is employed to procure exact solutions of the generalized model. These solutions are portrayed through several graphical illustrations to analyze the influence of various involved physical parameters. Special attention is given to heat transfer rate and shear stress, and a comprehensive tabular study is performed in terms of Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient. It is concluded that the heat‐transferring potential of observed hybrid nanofluid is 17.4% higher than pure engine oil. The combination of fractional model and ramping technique is found to be more effective for increasing the heat transfer rate and reducing the shear stress.
Extension and improvement of the methanol‐d4NMR thermometer calibration
Authors: Karschin Niels , Krenek Stephan , Heyer Dieter , Griesinger Christian
Published: September 2021

NMR thermometers are a convenient way to determine the temperature inside the sample of an NMR spectrometer. They rely on signals with strongly temperature‐dependent chemical shifts, often of OH groups; 99.8% perdeuterated methanol is an established example which is particularly well suited for modern, high‐sensitivity spectrometers, but it is so far calibrated only in the range of 282 to 330 K. In this work, we extend this calibration to the entire liquid range of methanol, 175 to 338 K. Additionally, we use a temperature sensor calibrated traceably to the International Temperature Scale (ITS‐90) and accounted for the magnetic field effect on the sensor, yielding a more accurate calibration curve with an uncertainty (2σ) varying between 25 and 190 mK.
Magnetic resonance imaging interactions with a sacral neuromodulation system
Authors: Huang Xuechen , Jiang Guangqiang (Jay)
Published: September 2021

Aims

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has successfully treated patients with functional urinary and/or bowel disorders for more than two decades. Historically, patients with the InterStim system (Medtronic) were contraindicated for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. In 2012, Medtronic obtained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for allowing 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI head scans. In September 2019, the Axonics System (Axonics) received FDA approval for 1.5 T full‐body MR Conditional labeling and then 3 T full‐body MR Conditional labeling in July 2020. In August 2020, Medtronic received 1.5 and 3 T full‐body MR Conditional labeling from the FDA for their new SNM systems (InterStim II and Micro devices with SureScanTM leads). With the advancements in MRI technology and availability of full‐body MRI eligible SNM systems, it is important for physicians to better understand MRI safety for these systems.

Methods

This paper explains the fundamentals of MRI physics, its interactions with active implantable medical devices (AIMDs), the subsequent potential safety hazards with emphasis on radio frequency (RF)‐related safety, and the risks associated with “Off‐label” scans, including abandoned and broken leads.

Results

MRI guidelines provided by the AIMD device manufacturer should be followed to ensure MRI scan safety and avoid any unnecessary risk to patients.

Conclusions

MRI guidelines provided by the device manufacturer are the best resource for guidance for performing safe MRI scanning. Specific conditions should be fully understood and generalizations on MRI safety claims based on partial analysis or case studies should be avoided.
Urethral function and failure: A review of current knowledge of urethral closure mechanisms, how they vary, and how they are affected by life events
Authors: Pipitone Fernanda , Sadeghi Zhina , DeLancey John O. L.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

A critical appraisal of the literature regarding female urethral function and dysfunction is needed in light of recent evidence showing the urethra's role in causing stress and urge urinary incontinence.

Methods

An evidence assessment was conducted using selected articles from the literature that contained mechanistic data on factors affecting urethral function and failure.

Results

Maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) is 40% lower in stress urinary incontinence (SUI) than normal controls. Evidence from five women shows relatively equal contributions to MUCP from striated/smooth muscle, vascular‐plexus, connective tissue. MUCP varies twofold in individuals of similar age and declines 15% per decade even in nulliparous women. Age explains 57% of the variance in MUCP. This parallels with striated/smooth muscle loss and reduced nerve density. Factors influencing pressure variation minute‐to‐minute and decade‐to‐decade are poorly understood. Connective tissue changes have not been investigated. MUCP in de novo SUI persisting 9‐months postpartum is 25% less than in age and parity‐matched controls. Longitudinal studies do not show significant changes in urethral function after vaginal birth suggesting that changes in urethral support from birth may unmask pre‐existing sphincter weakness and precipitate SUI. Mechanisms of interaction between support injury, pre‐existing urethral weakness, and neuropathy are unclear.

Conclusion

Urethral failure is the predominant cause of SUI and a contributing factor for UUI; potentially explaining why mixed symptoms predominate in epidemiological studies. Age‐related striated muscle loss and differences between women of similar age are prominent features of poor urethral closure. Yet, connective tissue changes, vasculature function, and complex interactions among factors are poorly understood.
Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox): A reasonable alternative for refractory neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children and young adults
Authors: Softness Kenneth A. , Thaker Hatim , Theva Didi , Rajender Archana , Cilento Bartley G. , Bauer Stuart B.
Published: September 2021

Aims

We aimed to describe the effectiveness of Onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox) in children with neurogenic bladder (NGB) unresponsive to medical therapy to determine urodynamic parameters predictive of success.

Methods

Children receiving Botox for refractory NGB, between 2008 and 2019, from a single academic center, were included in this study. Botox success was defined as improvement of incontinence and/or urodynamic parameters.

Results

Of 34 patients who received Botox, 13 (38.2%) had a positive response from their first injection, with improvement in capacity by a median of 35% of expected capacity for age compared to only a 9% increase in those who did not respond clinically. When patients were divided into groups by baseline urodynamic parameters, high‐pressure (Pdetmax > 20 cm H2O) patients had significantly greater improvement in compliance compared with low‐pressure patients (p = 0.017). Low compliance patients (<10 ml/cm H2O) had a dramatic improvement of 3.08 ml/cm H2O in their compliance compared with minimal change in the high compliance group (p = 0.003). Finally, low‐capacity (<50% of expected CC) patients had significant improvement in capacity and compliance when compared with high‐capacity patients (p = 0.004 and p = 0.036, respectively). Improvement in detrusor overactivity (DO) was noted in both the clinical responders and non‐responders.

Conclusion

In our series, 38% had clinical success with intradetrusor Botox injections for refractory neurogenic bladder. When successful, improvement in capacity and compliance, DO, and/or incontinence was consistent with prior literature. While we could not determine which parameters predicted success, subdividing patients into categories based on baseline urodynamic parameters identified who would benefit from Botox treatment based on differential improvements in capacity and compliance. At least 1 injection of Botox should be considered for a subset of children with refractory NGB, before undertaking more invasive treatments.
Skimmed breast milk for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in an infant with congenital nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Dahl Amanda R. , Armellino Andrea L. , Tran Cheryl L. , Tebben Peter J.
Published: September 2021

Congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) is a complex condition that requires multidisciplinary care. Hyperlipidemia is a characteristic feature with elevation of serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Little evidence is available to guide treatment of dyslipidemia in infants with CNS. We describe successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia through dietary changes in a boy with CNS. A 9‐day‐old boy presented to the emergency department with lower extremity edema caused by deep venous thrombosis. Laboratory evaluation identified hypoalbuminemia, nephrotic‐range proteinuria, and a pathogenic variant of the NPHS1 gene. The initial triglyceride concentration of 369 mg/dl increased to 3096 mg/dl by 5 weeks of age, when his diet consisted of breast milk. Refrigerated breast milk was skimmed by removing the top layer after allowing it to separate for 24 h. This process was repeated prior to use. Skimmed breast milk was supplemented with medium‐chain triglyceride oil and an infant protein powder. After 2 days, the triglyceride concentration declined to 481 mg/dl and, by day 10, to 148 mg/dl. When breast milk supply decreased, a 1:1 ratio of skimmed maternal breast milk to an elemental, very low‐fat formula was utilized. The triglyceride concentration remained below 400 mg/dl for the first year of life, except when skimmed breast milk was not available during hospitalization. Severe hypertriglyceridemia caused by CNS can present in the neonatal period and be difficult to manage. In our patient, skimmed maternal breast milk was successful in reducing the triglyceride concentration and should be considered a therapeutic option for children with hyperlipidemia caused by CNS.
Malnutrition diagnoses and associated outcomes in hospitalized patients: United States, 2018
Authors: Guenter Peggi , Abdelhadi Ruba , Anthony Pat , Blackmer Allison , Malone Ainsley , Mirtallo Jay M. , Phillips Wendy , Resnick Helaine E.
Published: September 2021

In the US, malnutrition is prevalent among hospitalized patients and is associated with higher morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs when compared with those without malnutrition. Over time, national data have indicated the rate of coded malnutrition diagnoses among hospital discharges rising over time, and more current data on demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients are needed. Data on malnutrition discharges from the 2018 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP)—the most recent nationally representative data—were examined and compared with earlier HCUP findings. Based onInternational Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐10‐CM) codes, 8.9% of all US non‐maternal, non‐neonatal hospital discharges in 2018 had a coded diagnosis of malnutrition (CDM). From this 2018 data, those with a CDM were older, had longer lengths of stay, and incurred higher costs, as compared with those without a CDM. Higher readmission rates and higher inpatient mortality were also observed in this group. These findings provide more recent demographic and clinical evidence for standardized malnutrition diagnostic and interventional programs to treat and/or prevent this condition.
Racialized minorities, trust, and crisis: Muslim‐American nonprofits, their leadership and government relations during COVID‐19
Authors: Noor Zeeshan , Wasif Rafeel , Siddiqui Shariq , Khan Sabith
Published: September 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic disproportionately affects already‐vulnerable minorities, highlighting the need for strong, trusting relationships between governments and minority nonprofits for everyone's benefit. The current scholarship suggests minority members often lack trust in government. This study contributes to the field by examining trust levels Muslim‐American nonprofits have for federal, state, and local government. Nearly two‐thirds (65%) of Muslim nonprofit leaders believe that they may be discriminated against in the award of CARES Act funding, but on racial rather than religious ones. Moreover, partisanship affects trust levels. Muslim nonprofits in Republican “red” states show less trust in government compared with those in Democratic “blue” states. This study finds evidence that past relationships with the government strengthen trust. Past awards of government grants correlated positively with higher trust at both federal and local levels.
Learning from the land: Developing a course on Indigenous foodways
Authors: Luby Claire , Cornelius Daniel , Goldman Irwin
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we describe a new course that we developed at the University of Wisconsin‐Madison: ‘Horticulture 380: Indigenous Foodways’. In consultation with Indigenous partners in the region, we sought to create a course focused on the foodways of Indigenous peoples of the Upper Great Lakes and to center Indigenous knowledge systems as they relate to food and farming—perspectives that have generally been absent from horticultural and agricultural curricula. To offer this course, we partnered with Indigenous people from across the region as well as the University of Wisconsin‐Madison Arboretum, providing students with experiential learning opportunities in Indigenous foodways of the region that included tapping maple trees for syrup, butchering deer, cooking with the three sisters (corn, beans, and squash), and spearfishing. Students learned to connect foodways to place and to land in a fundamentally different way than that of the industrialized food system. Incorporating courses like these into agricultural curricula begins to expand agricultural education and learning opportunities for all students.
A general framework for substructuring‐based domain decomposition methods for models having nonlocal interactions
Authors: Capodaglio Giacomo , D'Elia Marta , Gunzburger Max , Bochev Pavel , Klar Manuel , Vollmann Christian
Published: September 2021

A mathematical framework is provided for a substructuring‐based domain decomposition (DD) approach for nonlocal problems that features interactions between points separated by a finite distance. Here, by substructuring it is meant that a traditional geometric configuration for local partial differential equation (PDE) problems is used in which a computational domain is subdivided into non‐overlapping subdomains. In the nonlocal setting, this approach is substructuring‐based in the sense that those subdomains interact with neighboring domains over interface regions having finite volume, in contrast to the local PDE setting in which interfaces are lower dimensional manifolds separating abutting subdomains. Key results include the equivalence between the global, single‐domain nonlocal problem and its multi‐domain reformulation, both at the continuous and discrete levels. These results provide the rigorous foundation necessary for the development of efficient solution strategies for nonlocal DD methods.
Efficient quadrature rules for finite element discretizations of nonlocal equations
Authors: Aulisa Eugenio , Capodaglio Giacomo , Chierici Andrea , D'Elia Marta
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we design efficient quadrature rules for finite element (FE) discretizations of nonlocal diffusion problems with compactly supported kernel functions. Two of the main challenges in nonlocal modeling and simulations are the prohibitive computational cost and the nontrivial implementation of discretization schemes, especially in three‐dimensional settings. In this work, we circumvent both challenges by introducing a parametrized mollifying function that improves the regularity of the integrand, utilizing an adaptive integration technique, and exploiting parallelization. We first show that the “mollified” solution converges to the exact one as the mollifying parameter vanishes, then we illustrate the consistency and accuracy of the proposed method on several two‐ and three‐dimensional test cases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the good scaling properties of the parallel implementation of the adaptive algorithm and we compare the proposed method with recently developed techniques for efficient FE assembly.