bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inclusive development and Forest Right Act 2006: A critical look
Authors: Samal Jayaram Singh
Published: October 2020

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act (FRA), 2006 is framed to undo the "historical injustice" suffered by communities living or dependent on the forest resources of India. The act for the first time recognized customary rights of indigenous forest‐dwelling communities over the forest. The underlined idea is to achieve inclusive development, where the most marginalized community can have a say in the process of development. The paper looks into the issues in relation to implementation of the act in the background of last year’s Indian Supreme Court Judgment. It investigates into the process of the emergence of the act. It reviews the range of forest rights deprivations in the act and how they came about. For instance how over emphasis is given to recognize individual forest rights other than community forest rights and community forest resources rights. It seeks to investigate how in‐spite of operational limitations, the act has significant implication on the livelihood of forest dwellers and the conservation of forests. In the long run an effective and comprehensive FRA has potential in achieving larger goal of inclusive development.
Production and characterization of biocompatible nano‐carrier based on Fe3O4 for magnetically hydroxychloroquine drug delivery
Authors: Sadr Mahshad Sadat , Heydarinasab Amir , Panahi Homayon Ahmad , Javan Raheleh Safaie
Published: October 2020

In this work, we attempted to produce a new biocompatible nano‐carrier based on the Fe3O4 nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. The release profile of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was evaluated and the nano‐carrier was characterized using Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X‐ray, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and vibration‐sample magnetometer. Specifically, maximum adsorption of HCQ was achieved in pH = 7, contact time 15 minutes, and environment temperature. Kinetics and mechanism of HCQ release were investigated using suitable mathematical models. The isotherm results demonstrated that the adsorption of HCQ onto the nano‐carrier was well fit to the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity for HCQ was 1.27 (mg g−1). Moreover, based on the RL value (0.06), the adsorption procedure was favorable. HCQ releasing was 75% in the simulated human blood environment (pH = 7.4) at 37°C within 5 hours. The release behavior of nano‐carrier can be described by the Korsmeyer‐Peppas model and a Fickian diffusion mechanism occurred (n = 0.5, R2 = 0.9777).
Diagnostic value of sputum cultures in children under 2 years of age with chronic suppurative lung diseases
Authors: Stafler Patrick , Zaks‐Hoffer Gal , Scheuerman Oded , Ben‐Zvi Haim , Mussaffi Huda , Mei‐Zahav Meir , Steuer Guy , Levine Hagit , Bar‐On Ophir , Mantin Hadas , Prais Dario , Blau Hannah
Published: October 2020

Background

Acquiring sputum cultures from infants is considered challenging. We describe their yield in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and other chronic suppurative lung diseases (CSLDs).

Methods

Retrospective medical record review over a 4‐year period, for infants aged 0–2 years with ≥2 airway bacterial cultures acquired by deep suction or induced sputum ≥4 weeks apart. Data included demographics, culture results, and clinical status.

Results

A total of 98 infants (16 CF) were evaluated and 534 sputum cultures acquired, 201 in CF and 333 in CSLD. There were 12 (2–23), median (range) cultures/CF infant, and 3 (2–21)/CSLD infant. Age at first culture was 3.8 (1–19.5) months for CF and 10.4 (0.5–22) months for CSLD; p = .016. In total, 360 cultures (67%) were positive for any bacteria, with 170/234 (73%) positive during exacerbations, compared with 190/300 (63%) during routine visits; p = .05. More infants with CF than CSLD had cultures positive for Staphylococcus aureus (SA; 75% vs. 34%; p = .004) throughout the period. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was common in both CF and CSLD (56% and 44%, respectively; p = .42) and increased over time for CF but was high throughout for CSLD. The number of hospital days before PA acquisition was 6 (10.2) for CF and 28.8 (38.7) for CSLD (p = .003). No CF but 6/82 (7%) CSLD infants had chronic PA (p = .56).

Conclusions

Sputum cultures showed that infection, in particular PA, is common in CF and CSLD whereas SA is more common in CF. Prospective studies are warranted to elucidate the role of active surveillance in guiding antibiotic therapy.
Mutation in cyp51b and overexpression of cyp51a and cyp51b confer multiple resistant to DMIs fungicide prochloraz in Fusarium fujikuroi
Authors: Zhang Yu , Mao Cheng‐Xin , Zhai Xiao‐Yu , Jamieson Pierce A , Zhang Chuan‐Qing
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

Fusarium fujikuroi is a plant pathogen that causes rice bakanae disease. Prochloraz is an imidazole‐class sterol, 14α‐demethylase inhibitor (DMI), which has been in use for several years as a foliar spray to control Fusarium spp. on agriculturally important monocot crops. F. fujikuroi is highly resistant to prochloraz treatment, and the aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism by which F. fujikuroi renders itself resistant to prochloraz.

RESULTS

Recently, prochloraz‐resistant strains were identified over a vast geographical area in the agricultural regions of Zhejiang Province, China. It was found that 21.13% and 3.96% of the strains examined were highly resistant (HR) to prochloraz during 2017 to 2018. The HR strains contained a point mutation (S312T) in the FfCYP51B protein, while the strains identified with prochloraz susceptibility had no such point mutation in FfCYP51A/B/C. To confirm whether the mutations in FfCYP51B confer resistance to prochloraz, we exchanged the CYP51B locus between the sensitive strain and the resistant strain by homologous double exchange. The transformed mutants with a copy of the resistant fragment exhibited resistance to prochloraz, and the transformed mutants with a copy of the sensitive fragment exhibited sensitivity to prochloraz. Furthermore, qRT‐PCR analysis of Ffcyp51a/b/c gene expression revealed that Ffcyp51a and Ffcyp51b were significantly up‐regulated in the prochloraz‐resistant strains relative to the sensitive strains in F. fujikuroi. Contrary to our expectation, docking of prochloraz into the modeled binding pocket of FfCYP51B indicated that the affinity between prochloraz and the FfCYP51B increased after the amino acid at codon 312 changed to Thr.

CONCLUSION

The point mutation S312T in FfCYP51B and overexpression of Ffcyp51a and Ffcyp51b together lead to the prochloraz‐resistant phenotype in F. fujikuroi.
Capturing glucose variability in patients with diabetes
Authors: Laight David
Published: October 2020

Measurement of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) as a marker of glycaemic control has become a cornerstone in the management of diabetes, while also predicting cardiovascular risk. However, this does not fully capture fluctuations in glucose levels – glucose variability – which has recently emerged as a significant independent risk factor. This article considers clinical approaches to capturing glucose variability that may help improve glycaemic control in diabetes in the future.
Effects of terrain‐following vertical coordinates on simulation of stratus clouds in numerical weather prediction models
Authors: Westerhuis Stephanie , Fuhrer Oliver , Bhattacharya Ritthik , Schmidli Jürg , Bretherton Christopher
Published: October 2020

Many numerical weather prediction models employ terrain‐following vertical coordinates. As a consequence, over orography, flat tops of stratus clouds are intersected by the vertical coordinate surfaces. We conduct idealised two‐dimensional simulations of a stratus cloud with the COSMO model to study the effect of such sloping vertical coordinate surfaces. The evolution of the stratus cloud above a flat surface within a horizontally homogeneous atmosphere serves as a reference. During night‐time, the cloud thickens, driven by radiative cooling at the cloud top. Adding a sinusoidal perturbation to the vertical coordinate surfaces reduces the growth of the stratus cloud. With strong perturbations, the cloud starts to dissipate. The physical processes in the two simulations are identical, hence this behaviour is purely driven by numerical diffusion. The cloud is similarly thinned when sinusoidal orographic features are introduced. The reduction depends on the amplitude and wavelength of the perturbations and hills. Increasing the horizontal resolution partly mitigates the numerical diffusion. However, this is a very costly measure for an operational weather model. We suggest conducting further research on a new vertical coordinate with additional local smoothing of the orographic signal.
Theoretical study of magneto‐electronic properties of TmCo2 and NdCo2 intermetallic compounds through density functional theory calculations
Authors: Benaïssa Abdelghani , Bentouaf Ali , Aïssa Brahim , Abbar Boucif
Published: October 2020

The physical properties of the electronic structure of TmCo2 and NdCo2 Laves phase compounds in the cubic structure MgCu2 were investigated using the functional density theory (DFT) under the linearized augmented plane wave method with full potential (FP‐LAPW) incorporated into the Wien2k software. In addition, the Hubbard (U) potential, was applied in studying these compounds to treat the correlation effects. The obtained lattice parameters were in good agreement with those found in the relevant literature, besides, there are not values available to make the comparison for the magnetic moments. The Hubbard parameter was applied, and has led to remarkable results for these quantities. Finally, the band structures and the state densities (DOS) of these two compounds were also calculated, where the DOS confirmed the ferromagnetic state of the TmCo2 and NdCo2 intermetallic binary for the two approximations.
Tunable Harmonic Flow Patterns in Microfluidic Systems through Simple Tube Oscillation
Authors: Thurgood Peter , Suarez Sergio Aguilera , Pirogova Elena , Jex Aaron R. , Peter Karlheinz , Baratchi Sara , Khoshmanesh Khashayar
Published: October 2020

Generation of tunable harmonic flows at low cost in microfluidic systems is a persistent and significant obstacle to this field, substantially limiting its potential to address major scientific questions and applications. This work introduces a simple and elegant way to overcome this obstacle. Harmonic flow patterns can be generated in microfluidic structures by simply oscillating the inlet tubes. Complex rib and vortex patterns can be dynamically modulated by changing the frequency and magnitude of tube oscillation and the viscosity of liquid. Highly complex rib patterns and synchronous vortices can be generated in serially connected microfluidic chambers. Similar dynamic patterns can be generated using whole or diluted blood samples without damaging the sample. This method offers unique opportunities for studying complex fluids and soft materials, chemical synthesis of various compounds, and mimicking harmonic flows in biological systems using compact, tunable, and low‐cost devices.
Insight into the Luminescence Alternation of Sub‐30 nm Upconversion Nanoparticles with a Small NaHoF4 Core and Multi‐Gd3+/Yb3+ Coexisting Shells
Authors: Kuang Ye , Li Tianyao , Jia Tao , Gulzar Arif , Zhong Chongna , Gai Shili , He Fei , Yang Piaoping , Lin Jun
Published: October 2020

It is absolutely imperative for development of material science to adjust upconversion luminescence (UCL) properties of highly doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with special optical properties and prominent application prospects. In this work, featuring NaHoF4@NaYbF4 (Ho@Yb) structures, sub‐30 nm core–multishell UCNPs are synthesized with a small NaHoF4 core and varied Gd3+/Yb3+ coexisting shells. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, UCL spectrum, UCL lifetime, and pump power dependence are adhibited for characterization. Compared with the former work, except for a smaller total size, tunable emission in color from red to yellow to green, and intensity from low to stronger than that of traditional UCNPs is achieved for ≈10 nm NaHoF4 core size by means of changing number of layers and Gd3+/Yb3+ concentration ratios in different layers. Besides, simultaneously doping Ho3+ into the shells will result in lowered UCL intensity and lifted green/red ratio. Surface energy loss and sensitizing energy supply, which can be modulated with inert shielding of Gd3+ and sensitization of Yb3+, are proved to be the essential determinant. More UCL properties of these peculiar Ho@Yb UCNPs are uncovered and detailedly summarized, and the findings can help to expand the application scope of NaHoF4 into photoinduced therapy.
SQVDT: A scalable quantitative vulnerability detection technique for source code security assessment
Authors: Akram Junaid , Luo Ping
Published: October 2020

Vulnerability detection and exploit is becoming a very important part of security, especially in malware code delivery, hacking a system, efforts to create patches, improving the source code, or updating a software. Vulnerabilities in applications, including browsers, media players, online services, document readers, and so forth. are often exploited and cause a serious damage. In this article, we propose a vulnerability detection technique to detect vulnerabilities in software, as well as shared libraries at source code level. We crawl the vulnerable source code by tracing and locating the patch files from different web sources according to their CVE‐numbers and built a fingerprint index of 2931 vulnerable files. Then we developed a vulnerability detection approach based on code clone detection technique and detect hundreds of vulnerabilities in thousands of GitHub open source projects, which are not noticed before as vulnerable. We detected vulnerabilities in some very famous recently available software, including latest version of Linux, HTC‐kernel, FindX‐8.1‐kernel, and in 7‐TB of C/C++ source code (152,823 open source projects). In this study, we discuss some of the very high severity level (CVSS) vulnerabilities that are detected by our approach. Furthermore, we performed an empirical evaluation and verification on these vulnerabilities, including intraproject clone vulnerabilities, copied‐kernel clone vulnerabilities, and library‐used clone vulnerabilities. Our technique is very fast, efficient, reliable, practical, scalable, and can be implemented at industrial level. The comparison with the state‐of‐the‐art tools shows the effectiveness of our approach.
Combining single and double parton scatterings in a parton shower
Authors: Cabouat Baptiste , Gaunt Jonathan R.
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Double parton scattering (DPS) processes in which there is a perturbative “1 → 2” splitting in both protons overlap with loop corrections to single parton scattering (SPS). Any fundamental theoretical treatment of DPS needs to address this double-counting issue. In this paper, we augment our Monte-Carlo simulation of DPS, dShower, to be able to generate kinematic distributions corresponding to the combination SPS+DPS without double counting. To achieve this, we formulate a fully-differential version of the subtraction scheme introduced in Diehl et al. (JHEP 06 (2017) 083). A shower is attached to the subtraction term, and this is combined with the dShower DPS shower along with the usual SPS shower. We perform a proof-of-concept study of this new algorithm in the context of Z0Z0 production. Once the subtraction term is included, we verify that the results do not depend strongly on the artificial “DPS-SPS demarcation” scale ν. As part of the development of the new algorithm, we improve the kinematics of the 1 → 2 splitting in the DPS shower (and subtraction term), allowing the daughter partons to have a relative transverse momentum. Several reasonable choices for the transverse profile in the 1 → 2 splitting are studied. We find that many kinematic distributions are not strongly affected by the choice, although we do observe some differences in the region where the transverse momenta of both bosons are small.
Hybrid subtractive–additive manufacturing processes for high value-added metal components
Authors: Stavropoulos Panagiotis , Bikas Harry , Avram Oliver , Valente Anna , Chryssolouris George
Published: October 2020

Hybrid process chains lack structured decision-making tools to support advanced manufacturing strategies, consisting of a simulation-enhanced sequencing and planning of additive and subtractive processes. The paper sets out a method aiming at identifying an optimal process window for additive manufacturing, while considering its integration with conventional technologies, starting from part inspection as a built-in functionality, quantifying geometrical and dimensional part deviations, and triggering an effective hybrid process recipe. The method is demonstrated on a hybrid manufacturing scenario, by dynamically sequencing laser deposition (DLM) and subtraction (milling), triggered by intermediate inspection steps to ensure consistent growth of a part.
The effect of processing parameters on the mechanical characteristics of PLA produced by a 3D FFF printer
Authors: Gonabadi H. , Yadav A. , Bull S. J.
Published: October 2020

3D printing by fused filament fabrication (FFF) provides an innovative manufacturing method for complex geometry components. Since FFF is a layered manufacturing process, effects of process parameters are of concern when plastic materials such as polylactic acid (PLA), polystyrene and nylon are used. This study explores how the process parameters, e.g. build orientation and infill pattern/density, affect the mechanical response of PLA samples produced using FFF. Digital image correlation (DIC) was employed to get full-field surface-strain measurements. The results show the influence of build orientation and infill density is significant. For on-edge orientation, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus were 55 MPa and 3.5 GPa respectively, which were about 91% and 40% less for the upright orientation, demonstrating a significant anisotropy. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased with increasing infill density. In contrast, different infill patterns have no significant effect. Considering the influence of build orientation, based on the experimental results, a constitutive model derived from the laminate plate theory was employed. The material parameters were determined by tensile tests. Results demonstrated a reasonable agreement between the experimental data and the predictive model. Similar anisotropy to tension was observed in shear tests; shear modulus and shear strength for 45° flat orientation were about 1.55 GPa and 36 MPa, whereas for upright specimens they were about 0.95 GPa and 18 MPa, respectively. The findings provide a framework for systematic mechanical characterisation of 3D-printed polymers and potential ways of choosing process parameters to maximise performance for a given design.
An intervention promoting understanding of achievement emotions with middle school students
Authors: Raccanello Daniela , Hall Rob
Published: October 2020

This study investigated the efficacy of an evidence-based intervention aimed at enhancing middle school students’ understanding of achievement emotions and their regulation. We used the control-value theory of achievement emotions and ability conception from emotional intelligence as a theoretical framework. Participants were 62 students followed longitudinally from seventh to eighth grade, assigned to an experimental or a control condition. Pre- and post-test measures assessed knowledge on achievement emotions, strategies to regulate achievement emotions, native language-related achievement emotions, and grades. The intervention was embedded within the native language domain and included ten units. We focused on a range of ten positive and negative, activating and deactivating emotions, and associated emotion regulation strategies. Compared to the control group, students in the experimental group improved knowledge of emotional lexicon and emotion strategies; they decreased some negative native language-related emotions; and only boys increased native language-related grades. The findings supported the efficacy of the training and were discussed referring to relevant theoretical approaches.
Relationship between right and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction assessed by 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Miyake Makoto , Abe Rie , Matsutani Hayato , Sakamoto Jiro , Kondo Hirokazu , Iwakura Atsushi , Doi Hiraku , Tamura Toshihiro
Published: October 2020

Several studies have reported a correlation between right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). However, data are lacking regarding the relationship between RV and LV diastolic dysfunction assessed by 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. We studied 69 adults with repaired TOF (mean age 34 years, 61% male) who had been regularly followed up and had routinely undergone echocardiography. In addition to conventional echocardiography, global longitudinal strain (GLS) and early diastolic strain rate (SRe) of both ventricles were assessed using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Results were compared with 30 age- and sex-matched controls. RV and LV GLS were decreased in TOF patients compared with controls (− 18.4 ± 3.3% vs. −23.5 ± 4.2%, p < 0.001 and − 16.0 ± 3.8% vs. −20.0 ± 3.0%, p < 0.001, respectively). RV and LV SRe were also decreased in TOF patients compared with controls (1.22 ± 0.34 sec− 1 vs. 1.47 ± 0.41 sec− 1, p = 0.003 and 1.29 ± 0.42 sec− 1 vs. 1.63 ± 0.42 sec− 1, p < 0.001, respectively). A correlation between RV and LV SRe was found in TOF patients (r = 0.43, p < 0.001) as well as between RV and LV GLS (r = 0.45, p < 0.001). Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography reveals subclinical RV and LV diastolic dysfunction in adults with repaired TOF. A correlation is observed between RV and LV diastolic dysfunction as well as between RV and LV systolic dysfunction.
Cardiogenic shock and acute kidney injury: the rule rather than the exception
Authors: Ghionzoli N , Sciaccaluga C , Mandoli GE , Vergaro G , Gentile F , D’Ascenzi F , Mondillo S , Emdin M , Valente S , Cameli M
Published: October 2020

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a life-threatening condition of poor end-organ perfusion, caused by any cardiovascular disease resulting in a severe depression of cardiac output. Despite recent advances in replacement therapies, the outcome of CS is still poor, and its management depends more on empirical decisions rather than on evidence-based strategies. By its side, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of CS, resulting in the onset of a cardiorenal syndrome. The combination of CS with AKI depicts a worse clinical scenario and holds a worse prognosis. Many factors can lead to acute renal impairment in the setting of CS, either for natural disease progression or for iatrogenic causes. This review aims at collecting the current evidence-based acknowledgments in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of CS with AKI. We also attempted to highlight the major gaps in evidence as well as to point out possible strategies to improve the outcome.
Towards the Probabilistic Analysis of Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy Features to Predict Severity of Duodenal Histology in Patients with Villous Atrophy
Authors: Chetcuti Zammit Stefania , Bull Lawrence A , Sanders David S , Galvin Jessica , Dervilis Nikolaos , Sidhu Reena , Worden Keith
Published: October 2020

Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) can be complementary to histological assessment of celiac disease (CD) and serology negative villous atrophy (SNVA). Determining the severity of disease on SBCE using statistical machine learning methods can be useful in the follow up of patients. SBCE can play an additional role in differentiating between CD and SNVA. De-identified SBCEs of patients with CD and SNVA were included. Probabilistic analysis of features on SBCE were used to predict severity of duodenal histology and to distinguish between CD and SNVA. Patients with higher Marsh scores were more likely to have a positive SBCE and a continuous distribution of macroscopic features of disease than those with lower Marsh scores. The same pattern was also true for patients with CD when compared to patients with SNVA. The validation accuracy when predicting the severity of Marsh scores and when distinguishing between CD and SNVA was 69.1% in both cases. When the proportions of each SBCE class group within the dataset were included in the classification model, to distinguish between the two pathologies, the validation accuracy increased to 75.3%. The findings of this work suggest that by using features of CD and SNVA on SBCE, predictions can be made of the type of pathology and the severity of disease.
Das IMIRA-Projekt am Robert Koch-Institut
Authors: Koschollek Carmen , Kajikhina Katja , Bug Marleen , Santos-Hövener Claudia
Published: October 2020

Deutschland ist ein Einwanderungsland und 2019 hatte mehr als jede vierte hier lebende Person einen sog. Migrationshintergrund. Bei dieser statistisch definierten Gruppe handelt es sich um einen heterogenen Personenkreis; nicht nur in Bezug auf die Herkunft, sondern auch auf die Lebenslagen oder beispielsweise die Zuzugsmotive oder Deutschkenntnisse. Diese Heterogenität lässt sich anhand der statistischen Annäherungskategorie Migrationshintergrund kaum abbilden, spezifische Aussagen über die Gesundheit von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund sind nicht ohne Hinzuziehung weiterer Variablen möglich. Um Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund besser in das Gesundheitsmonitoring am Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) einzubeziehen und das Thema Migration und Gesundheit ganzheitlicher zu betrachten, wurde das Projekt IMIRA („Improving Health Monitoring in Migrant Populations“) durchgeführt.  Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse, die im Rahmen dieses Projektes für die Forschungspraxis gewonnen wurden und trägt Empfehlungen für deren Übertragbarkeit in Bezug auf die medizinische Versorgung zusammen. So sind eine Weiterentwicklung mehrsprachiger Informations- und Aufklärungsmaterialien sowie die Einbeziehung von Vertreterinnen und Vertretern der Zielgruppe(n) unerlässlich. Darüber hinaus sollte in Behandlung und Diagnostik Sprachmittlung durch professionelle Dolmetscherinnen und Dolmetscher gewährleistet werden. Notwendig sind weiterhin Diversitätssensibilität und Diversität im Team. Die hier diskutierten Aspekte können auch im Bereich der Diabetologie nützlich sein. Zur Weiterentwicklung von Disease-Management-Programmen (DMP) sind partizipative Ansätze notwendig, um die DMP-Zugänglichkeit zu erhöhen.
Brüche der Arbeitsbeziehung in Coaching und Supervision
Authors: Ehrenthal Johannes C. , Möller Heidi , Zimmermann Jannik
Published: October 2020

In Coaching und Supervision ist die Arbeitsbeziehung zentraler Wirkfaktor. Zwischenmenschliches Geschehen ist aber auch eine Bühne für Störfaktoren, die es zu handhaben gilt. In diesem Beitrag wird das aus der Psychotherapieforschung stammende Konzept der Brüche der Arbeitsbeziehung und ihrer Reparatur vorgestellt. Hierzu gehen wir auf das „Rupture Resolution Rating System“ (3RS) ein, das Spannungsphänomene systematisiert, die Qualität einzelner Brüche veranschaulicht und für die Prozessforschung zugänglich macht. Anschließend wird das Phänomen der Brüche auf den Kontext von Coaching und Supervision übertragen und mit theoretischen und praktischen Implikationen für die Beratung abgerundet.
Students’ Understanding of the Derivative Concept in the Context of Mathematics for Economics
Authors: Feudel Frank , Biehler Rolf
Published: October 2020

The derivative concept plays a major role in economics. However, its use in economics is very heterogeneous, sometimes inconsistent, and contradicts students’ prior knowledge from school. This applies in particular to the common economic interpretation of the derivative as the amount of change while increasing the production by one unit. Hence, in calculus courses for economics students, learners should acquire an understanding of the derivative that is mathematically acceptable and connected to their prior knowledge, but which also takes into account its practical use in economics. In this paper we first develop a theoretical model describing such an understanding of the derivative for economics students. We then present an exploratory study investigating the extent to which economics students have such an understanding after their calculus course. The results indicate that many of them might not have acquired this kind of understanding, in particular concerning the common economic interpretation of the derivative. The study furthermore yields possible gaps in students’ understanding and possible misconceptions.
Child Development in Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Bjorklund David F.
Published: October 2020

Natural selection has operated as strongly or more so on the early stages of the lifespan as on adulthood. One evolved feature of human childhood is high levels of behavioral, cognitive, and neural plasticity, permitting children to adapt to a wide range of physical and social environments. Taking an evolutionary perspective on infancy and childhood provides a better understanding of contemporary human development, predicting and understanding adult behavior, and explaining how changes in the early development of our ancestors produced contemporary Homo sapiens.
Indecent Theology: Sex and Female Heresy in Counter-Reformation Spain
Authors: Rhodes Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

In 1636, the Spanish Inquisition tried María de la Cruz for heresy and having made a pact with the devil. Examination of her trial in light of information about sexual misconduct on the part of Catholic clerics, however, reveals that what drove María to the emotional and behavioral extremes that her accusers described was neither heresy nor the devil the authorities had in mind. Theologians who evaluated her case and also met with María discerned what those who only read the accusations against her were unable to know: María's devils were human men taking advantage of a poor, illiterate woman for sex.
Dependence of the leopardPanthera pardus fuscain Jaipur, India, on domestic animals
Authors: Kumbhojkar Swapnil , Yosef Reuven , Kosicki Jakub Z. , Kwiatkowska Patrycja K. , Tryjanowski Piotr
Published: October 2020

The ecology and predator–prey dynamics of large felids in the tropics have largely been studied in natural systems where wild ungulates constitute the majority of the prey base. However, in tropical countries where communities are primarily agrarian, the high density of domestic animals in human-dominated landscapes can be a potential prey source for large carnivores. We demonstrate almost complete dependence of the Vulnerable leopardPanthera pardus fuscain the Jhalana Reserve Forest in Jaipur, north-west India on domestic animals as prey. We analysed 132 leopard scats collected during the dry season of November 2017–April 2018. Domestic animals comprised the majority of the leopards' prey (89.5% frequency of occurrence): dogsCanis lupus familiaris(44%), catsFelis catus(13%), goatsCapra aegagrus hircus(16%) and cattleBos taurus(15%). Wild species, which occurred in the leopards' diet at a relatively low frequency, were rodents, the hareLepus nigricollis, small Indian civetViverricula indica, rhesus macaqueMacaca mulatta, northern plains grey langurSemnopithecus entellusand mongooseHerpestes edwardsii. Diet is also a function of availability of potential prey, but no data are available on the density of the leopard's wild prey species in Jhalana Reserve Forest. Nevertheless, our results suggest that abundance of domestic prey around Jhalana Reserve Forest sustains the c. 25 known leopards. We conclude that these leopards, by preying on feral dogs in an urban environment, could be considered as suppliers of a service to the human population amongst whom they thrive, although this potentially exposes the leopards to the canine distemper virus.
Sandwich dot-immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) for specific immunodiagnosis of active neuroangiostrongyliasis
Authors: Eamsobhana Praphathip , Tungtrongchitr Anchalee , Yong Hoi-Sen , Prasartvit Anchana , Wanachiwanawin Darawan , Gan Xiao-Xian
Published: October 2020

Serological tests may yield false-negative results for specific antibodies detection before or at the early seroconversion phase. Tests that detect circulating antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis would therefore be of value in diagnosis to distinguish current or past infection. Here, a quick, easy to perform, portable and inexpensive diagnostic device for detection of 31-kDa A. cantonensis specific antigens had been developed. This sandwich dot-immunogold filtration assay (AcDIGFAAg), for detecting active angiostrongyliasis was produced using anti-A. cantonensis polyclonal antibody dotted on the nitrocellulose membrane as a capture agent and colloidal gold-labelled anti-31 kDa A. cantonensis antibody as a detection agent. A well-defined pink dot, indicating positivity, was seen readily by naked eye within 10–15 min. The AcDIGFAAg detected A. cantonensis-specific antigens in cerebrospinal fluid samples from 4 out of 10 serologically confirmed angiostrongyliasis cases and 2 out of 5 suspected cases with negative anti-A. cantonensis antibodies. Among the 19 patient sera with A. cantonensis infection, 2 showed positive reaction by AcDIGFAAg. No positive AcDIGFAAg reaction was observed in all the serum samples with other parasitic diseases, and the healthy controls. The present ‘AcDIGFAAg’ enables rapid qualitative detection of the specific 31-kDa antigens of A. cantonensis in clinical samples with potential for application even under resource-limited settings.
Fully divine and fully human: a bi-modal outline towards consistency
Authors: BEALL Jc , COTNOIR A. J.
Published: October 2020

Philosophers and theologians have long recognized apparent contradictions in the Christian doctrine of the incarnation wherein Jesus is both fully divine and fully human and thereby exemplifies all properties essential to being divine and all properties essential to being human, including, respectively, immutability and mutability. In this article, we outline a new account of such apparent contradictions, wherein each such pair of (modal) properties involves different modal operators.
Introduction: Colonial Public Spheres and the Worlds of Print
Authors: Hunter Emma , James Leslie
Published: October 2020

A growing literature explores the varying role of print media in the colonial world and the new types of publics such newspapers and periodicals produced. However, this literature has tended to focus on specific regions, and has often sidestepped the larger question of how to conceptualise the relationship between print media and colonial rule. While some have used the term ‘colonial public sphere’ or ‘colonial publics,’ others have preferred to avoid these terms and instead thought in terms of multiple and overlapping publics. What this literature has shown is that a single analytic model for analysing public spaces of discourse is not usable. In this Introduction to our Special Issue we propose a new framework for studying the publics created through print media in the colonial world. We outline a set of four factors – addressivity, performativity, materiality and periodicity – that can be applied to specific historical case studies. We then explain how the issue as a whole models this methodology as a means to analyse how print media (as one medium within the public sphere) functioned in specific colonial and semi-colonial spaces around the world.
Revisiting the Past: Material Negotiations between the Classic Maya and an Entombed Sweat Bath at Xultun, Guatemala
Authors: Clarke Mary E. , Sharpe Ashley E. , Hannigan Elizabeth M. , Carden Megan E. , Luna Gabriella Velásquez , Beltrán Boris , Hurst Heather
Published: October 2020

Large material accumulations from single events found in the archaeological record are frequently defined as evidence of ritual. They are interpreted as generalized deposit categories that imply rather than infer human motivations. While useful in the initial collection of data, these categories can, over time, become interpretations in and of themselves. The emic motivations behind the formation process of ‘ritual deposits’ ought to be considered using a relational ontology as an approach to understanding how past populations interacted with non-human actors, such as structures and natural features on the landscape. The present study evaluates the assembly and possible function of a dense deposit of artifacts recovered from a Classic period sweat bath at Xultun, Guatemala. Analyses of the various artifact types and human remains in the deposit in relation to what is known of the social history of the sweat bath itself illustrate ontological relationships among offered materials as well as between the offering and the personified place in which it was recovered. We observe that with a better understanding of place, it is possible to evaluate the ritual logic in Classic Maya material negotiations.
MISALLOCATION OF RESOURCES, TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY, AND THE CLEANSING HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Vachadze George
Published: October 2020

Imperfections in the credit market can hamper the flow of factors from less productive to more productive firms and result in a lower aggregate total factor productivity (TFP). Depth of such misallocation will depend on per capita income, the level of imperfections in the credit market, and the distribution of entrepreneurial productivity. Under some parameter configurations, we find that per capita income and TFP may affect each other so that an economic boom may cause higher resource misallocation, lower TFP, and economic recession. At the same time, an economic recession may have a “cleansing effect” on TFP leading to a lower resource misallocation, higher TFP, and economic boom. In other words, economic success may breed the failure and the failure can become a precondition for success so that the boom-bust cycles in resource misallocation, TFP, and per capita income may become endogenous.
Is it important to define skin sub-volumes in breast brachytherapy?
Authors: Wadasadawala Tabassum , Bushra Sabheen , Gurram Lavanya , Scaria Libin , Phurailatpam Reena , Rane Pallavi , Sarin Rajiv
Published: October 2020

Aim:

To evaluate clinically pertinent skin dose and volume parameters for the development of toxicities following accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI).

Methods:

Three skin structures of various thicknesses inside the body (2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm) were contoured over the treated breast retrospectively in a cohort of 62 women who underwent APBI using multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy. The correlation statistics between the various skin structures and acute and late skin sequelae were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test and receiver-operating characteristic analysis. A p-value of <0·05 was considered significant.

Results:

At a median follow-up period of 54 months (range: 28–86), a significant correlation was seen between dose received by 0·2 (D0·2) cc of skin 4 mm inside the body as well as volume receiving 100% dose (V100) of skin 3 mm inside the body with cosmesis at 2 years and at last follow-up. The threshold for the two parameters for prediction of excellent or good cosmesis was 90% of the prescribed dose and 0·05 cc, respectively. No significant dosimetric or volumetric correlation was seen with other sequelae like wound dehiscence, fat necrosis, telangiectasia and atrophy.

Conclusion:

The results of this study support the use of dose and volumetric indices of the sub-volumes of the skin for correlation with clinical endpoints. However, the same should be validated prospectively in a larger cohort of women undergoing breast brachytherapy.
Verhaltensbezogenes Engagement im Unterricht
Authors: Troll Bianka , Pietsch Marcus , Besser Michael
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende schülerzentrierte Videostudie untersucht die Generalisierbarkeit und Zuverlässigkeit von Videobeobachtungen des verhaltensbezogenen engagements von Schülerinnen und Schülern unter Berücksichtigung der aktiven Arbeitsphasen (Partner-, Gruppenarbeit, Ergebnissicherung im Plenum) einer dritten Grundschulklasse ( N = 20 Schülerinnen und Schüler). Anhand eines adaptierten Münchner Aufmerksamkeitsinventars ( Helmke & Renkl, 1992 ) wurden alle Lernenden in ihrem individuellen, verhaltensbezogenen engagement in Ein-Sekunden-Intervallen über den Verlauf des Unterrichts von vier unabhängigen Kodiererinnen während der aktiven Arbeitsphasen beurteilt. Videostudien werden in der pädagogisch-psychologischen Unterrichtsforschung häufig zur Beschreibung und Analyse unterrichtlicher Prozesse durchgeführt, obwohl sie als sehr ressourcenintensiv und aufwändig gelten. Daher wird in dieser Studie ebenso untersucht, bis zu welcher Anzahl an Sekunden das verhaltensbezogene engagement der Schülerinnen und Schüler noch reliabel beobachtet werden kann, um eine effiziente und ökonomische Designplanung zu ermöglichen. Die Ergebnisse der G-Studie zeigen erwartungskonform, dass der Großteil der erklärbaren Varianz über alle Arbeitsphasen hinweg auf die individuellen Lernenden (18.85%) zurückzuführen ist. Der Zeitpunkt in Sekunden (2.67%) erklärt hingegen nur einen marginalen Varianzanteil. Es bleibt ein großer Anteil unerklärter Residualvarianz (78.48%). Der Zuverlässigkeitskoeffizient liegt mit Φ = .99 in einem sehr guten Bereich. Die Entscheidungsstudie (D-Study) ergibt, dass selbst bei 30 beobachteten Sekunden ein zuverlässiges Ergebnis erzielt werden kann (Φ = .87). Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass schülerzentrierte Videoanalysen sich besonders zur Erfassung des verhaltensbezogenen engagements aller Schülerinnen und Schüler eignen, da über den gesamten Unterrichtsverlauf Informationen über alle Lernenden vorliegen. Ebenso tragen die Ergebnisse zu einer ökonomischen Designplanung von schülerzentrierten Videostudien zum verhaltensbezogenen engagement bei.
Teachers of tomorrow: How gender framings of the teaching profession affect students' intention to teach
Authors: Renger Daniela , Renger Sophus , Köller Michaela M. , Möller Jens
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The teaching profession faces a general shortage of teachers in most countries, but a lack of male teachers is particularly prevalent. Past research has demonstrated that students' career choices depend in part on a job's assumed gender fit, i.e. whether a profession is perceived as appropriate for one's own gender. This process may be particularly relevant for adolescent boys and clashes with the perception of the teaching profession as a predominantly feminine profession. Therefore, perceived gender fit of the teaching profession was expected to affect high school students' intention to teach, especially for male students. In the present experimental research, we investigated whether a variation of the (perceived) gender fit of the teaching profession has an impact on students' immediate intention to become a teacher. In two experiments ( N = 126 and N = 342), we expected and found that a gender fit framing, which involved either simple reflection on male or female teachers, or on manipulated information about the gender ratio within the teaching profession, increased the intention of male students' to become teachers compared to non-gender fit or neutral framing. In contrast, female students were not affected by the gender fit manipulations. The implications for gender-bias free recruitment of future teachers are discussed.
Seismic Hazard Analyses From Geologic and Geomorphic Data: Current and Future Challenges
Authors: Morell Kristin D. , Styron Richard , Stirling Mark , Griffin Jonathan , Archuleta Ralph , Onur Tuna
Published: October 2020

The loss of life and economic consequences caused by several recent earthquakes demonstrate the importance of developing seismically safe building codes. The quantification of seismic hazard, which describes the likelihood of earthquake‐induced ground shaking at a site for a specific time period, is a key component of a building code, as it helps ensure that structures are designed to withstand the ground shaking caused by a potential earthquake. Geologic or geomorphic data represent important inputs to the most common seismic hazard model (probabilistic seismic hazard analyses, or PSHAs), as they can characterize the magnitudes, locations, and types of earthquakes that occur over long intervals (thousands of years). However, several recent earthquakes and a growing body of work challenge many of our previous assumptions about the characteristics of active faults and their rupture behavior, and these complexities can be challenging to accurately represent in PSHA. Here, we discuss several of the outstanding challenges surrounding geologic and geomorphic data sets frequently used in PSHA. The topics we discuss include how to utilize paleoseismic records in fault slip rate estimates, understanding and modeling earthquake recurrence and fault complexity, the development and use of fault‐scaling relationships, and characterizing enigmatic faults using topography. Making headway in these areas will likely require advancements in our understanding of the fundamental science behind processes such as fault triggering, complex rupture, earthquake clustering, and fault scaling. Progress in these topics will be important if we wish to accurately capture earthquake behavior in a variety of settings using PSHA in the future.
The Early Results and Validation of FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 Space Weather Products: Global Ionospheric Specification and Ne‐Aided Abel Electron Density Profile
Authors: Lin Chi‐Yen , Lin Charles Chien‐Hung , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Rajesh P. K. , Matsuo Tomoko , Chou Min‐Yang , Tsai Ho‐Fang , Yeh Wen‐Hao
Published: October 2020

The FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 (F7/C2) satellite mission was launched on 25 June 2019 with six low‐Earth‐orbit satellites and can provide thousands of daily radio occultation (RO) soundings in the low‐latitude and midlatitude regions. This study shows the preliminary results of space weather data products based on F7/C2 RO sounding: global ionospheric specification (GIS) electron density and Ne‐aided Abel and Abel electron density profiles. GIS is the ionospheric data assimilation product based on the Gauss‐Markov Kalman filter, assimilating the ground‐based Global Positioning System and space‐based F7/C2 RO slant total electron content, providing continuous global three‐dimensional electron density distribution. The Ne‐aided Abel inversion implements four‐dimensional climatological electron density constructed from previous RO observations, which has the advantage of providing altitudinal information on the horizontal gradient to reduce the retrieval error due to the spherical symmetry assumption of the Abel inversion. The comparisons show that climatological structures are consistent with each other above 300 km altitude. Both the Abel electron density profiles and GIS detect electron density variations during a minor geomagnetic storm that occurred within the study period. Moreover, GIS is further capable of reconstructing the variation of equatorial ionization anomaly crests. Detailed validations of all the three products are carried out using manually scaled digisonde NmF2 (hmF2), yielding correlation coefficients of 0.885 (0.885) for both Abel inversions and 0.903 (0.862) for GIS. The results show that both GIS and Ne‐aided Abel are reliable products in studying ionosphere climatology, with the additional advantage of GIS for space weather research and day‐to‐day variations.