bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus infection in Macao
Authors: Yip Yuk‐Ching , Ngai Karry L.K. , Vong Heong‐Ting , Tzang Lawrence C.H. , Ji Shenglin , Yang Mengsu , Chan Paul K.S.
Published: September 2010

Population‐specific epidemiological data on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are essential for formulating strategies to prevent cervical cancer. The age‐specific prevalence of HPV infection was determined among 1,600 women enrolled for cervical screening in Macao. A U‐shaped age‐specific prevalence curve with a first peak (prevalence rate, 10%) at 20–25 years and a second peak (13%) at 51–55 years was observed. Co‐infections with multiple types were detected in 32.5% of HPV‐positive subjects and without significant variation among different age groups (P = 0.318). The majority (84.6%) of the positive samples harbored high‐ or probable high‐risk HPV types, and these types also exhibited a similar U‐shaped age‐specific prevalence curve. In contrast, low and unknown‐risk HPV types remained at a low prevalence (1.5–2.5%) throughout the age groups between 20 and 50 years, and with a small peak (4.5%) at 51–55 years. HPV 52 was the most common type found in 26.8% of positive samples, followed by HPV 16 (15.5%), HPV 68 (11.4%), HPV 18 and HPV 58 (8.9% each), HPV 54 (8.1%), HPV 53 (7.3%), HPV 39 (6.5%), HPV 33 and HPV 66 (5.7% each). In conclusion, because of the early peak of infection, vaccination and educational campaigns in Macao should start early and target at teenagers. The presence of a second peak containing mainly high‐risk HPV types in older women indicates the need to evaluate the cover of the cervical screening programme for older women. Further study to determine the contribution of HPV 52 in high‐grade cervical neoplasia and invasive cancers in Macao is warranted. J. Med. Virol. 82:1724–1729, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular detection of adeno‐associated virus in cases of spontaneous and intentional human abortion
Authors: Pereira Christiane Curi , de Freitas Luciana Bueno , de Vargas Paulo Roberto Merçon , de Azevedo Maria Luiza Borges , do Nascimento Jussara Pereira , Spano Liliana Cruz
Published: September 2010

Pregnancy failure is a common event and often of unknown cause. Some viruses are thought to cause abortions including the adeno‐associated viruses (AAV), viruses which are regarded as being without any definitive association to any human disease. This study investigated AAV infection in 81 human abortions, both spontaneous and intentional that occurred up to the 23rd week of gestation. Nucleic acid of AAV‐2, 3, and 5 types from 118 decidual and chorionic tissues, collected from the patients in this study, was amplified by nested‐PCR. In situ hybridization (ISH) was developed with a digoxigenin‐labeled AAV probe in paraffin embedded tissues from the AAV positive cases. AAV was observed in 28.4% (23/81) of the cases, of which, 78.3% (18/23) were in the decidua and 21.7% (5/23) in the extravillous trophoblast, the chorionic plate, or chorionic villi fragments. AAV‐2, the only type detected, occurred in 32.3% (22/68) and in 7.7% (1/13) of the spontaneous and intentional abortions, respectively. ISH revealed AAV in the decidua, chorionic tissue or chorionic plate and extravillous trophoblast. The detection of only AAV‐2 type indicates that it is the most frequent in the population studied and/or shows tissue tropism. The presence of AAV in decidual or trophoblastic cells in cases of abortion, as observed by ISH, implies that the virus could jeopardize the pregnancy. The significant predominance in spontaneous cases suggests possibly a causal association between AAV and abortion. J. Med. Virol. 82:1689–1693, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus genotype 3 and the risk of severe liver disease in a large population of drug users in France
Authors: Larsen Christine , Bousquet Vanina , Delarocque‐Astagneau Elisabeth , Pioche Corinne , Roudot‐Thoraval Françoise
Published: September 2010

Although risk factors for cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been identified, the role of HCV‐genotype 3 remains controversial, and limited data are available in drug users. The aim of the study was to assess risk factors for severe liver disease (cirrhosis/hepatocellular carcinoma) in HCV‐infected drug users between 2001 and 2007 in France. Patients who reported drug use and who had been referred for HCV infection to hepatology centers from a national surveillance system were identified. The severity of liver disease was assessed clinically and histologically (Metavir score). Factors associated with severe liver disease were analyzed after estimating missing values by multiple imputation (MI). Of the 4,065 drug users naive to anti‐HCV treatment who were referred to the 26 participating centers, 8.0% had severe liver disease, 25.7% were infected with HCV‐genotype 3. Factors associated independently with an increased risk of severe liver disease were HCV‐genotype 3 (adjusted odds ratio, multiple imputation (aORMI) = 1.6, [95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 1.2–2.1]), HIV infection (aORMI = 1.8, [1.2–2.8]), male sex (aORMI = 2.0, [1.4–2.8]), age over 40 years (aORMI = 2.1, [1.6–2.9]), history of excessive alcohol consumption (aORMI = 2.8, [2.1–3.7]), and duration of infection ≥18 years (aORMI = 2.9, [2.0–4.3]). This analysis shows that HCV‐genotype 3 is associated with severe liver disease in drug users, independently of age, sex, duration of infection, alcohol consumption, and co‐infection with HIV. These results are in favor of earlier treatment for drug users infected with HCV‐ genotype 3 and confirm the need for concomitant care for excessive alcohol consumption. J. Med. Virol. 82:1647–1654, 2010. 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in northern Taiwanese women
Authors: Tsao Kuo‐Chien , Huang Chung‐Guei , Kuo Yung‐Bin , Chang Ting‐Chang , Sun Chien‐Feng , Chang C. Allen , Yang Su‐Li , Chan Err‐Cheng
Published: September 2010

The prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the general population of northern Taiwan is described. A total of 343 consecutive cervical swabs from women visiting the medical center for routine gynecologic care were included. Cervical cell cytology was examined by the Papanicolaou (Pap) test, and a PCR‐based hybridization gene chip analysis was used to identify HPV genotypes. The HPV prevalence in the overall population was 32.4%. When divided into two groups according to cytology, 20.9% of women with normal cytology were HPV positive while 75.3% of women with abnormal cytology were HPV positive. Among positive samples, 68.5% were single type infections while 31.5% harbored multiple HPV types. A total of 32 types of HPV were identified; the leading five were HPV16 (5.8%), HPV58 (5.3%), HPV53 (4.1%), HPV52 (3.8%), and HPV18 (2.3%). Our results constitute baseline data and may provide important implications for future prophylactic programs. The relatively high prevalence of HPV 58, 53, and 52 among northern Taiwanese women has important implications for vaccine development. J. Med. Virol. 82:1739–1745, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EBNA1 sequences in Argentinean pediatric acute and latent Epstein–Barr virus infection reflect circulation of novel South American variants
Authors: Lorenzetti Mario Alejandro , Altcheh Jaime , Moroni Samanta , Moscatelli Guillermo , Chabay Paola Andrea , Preciado María Victoria
Published: September 2010

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is related to the development of lymphomas and is also the etiological agent for infectious mononucleosis (IM). Sequence variation of the EBNA1 gene, consistently expressed in all EBV‐positive cells, has been widely studied. Based on the amino acid at codon 487 five major EBNA1 variants have been described, two closely related prototypic variants (P‐ala and P‐thr) and three variant sequences (V‐leu, V‐val, and V‐pro). Sub‐variants were then further classified based on mutations other than the originally described. While several studies proposed associations with tumors and/or anatomical compartments, others argued in favor of a geographical distribution of these variants. In the present study, EBNA1 variants in 11 pediatric patients with IM and 19 pediatric EBV lymphomas from Argentina were compared as representatives of benign and malignant infection in children, respectively. A 3‐month follow‐up study of EBNA1 variants in peripheral blood cells and in oral secretions of patients with IM was performed. A new V‐ala variant which includes five V‐ala sub‐variants and three new V‐leu sub‐variants was described. These data favor the geographical association hypothesis since no evidence for a preferential compartment distribution of EBNA1 variants and sub‐variants was found. This is the first study to characterize EBNA1 variants in pediatric patients with infection mononucleosis worldwide. J. Med. Virol. 82:1730–1738, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low frequency of cytomegalovirus infection during exacerbations of inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Lévêque Nicolas , Brixi‐Benmansour Hedia , Reig Thierry , Renois Fanny , Talmud Déborah , Brodard Véronique , Coste Jean‐François , De Champs Christophe , Andréoletti Laurent , Diebold Marie‐Danièle
Published: September 2010

Although numerous reports have described inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) complicated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, the virus participation as an exacerbating factor remains unclear. The aim of this study was thus to clarify the clinical significance of CMV infection complicating exacerbation and to correlate CMV detection with various characteristics in IBD patients. Sixty‐seven colonic biopsies obtained from 53 patients admitted for IBD exacerbation were retrospectively analyzed by real‐time PCR assay. The CMV genome was detected in seven (10.4%) colonic biopsies related to seven patients (three ulcerative colitis and four Crohn's diseases). Among the patients with IBD studied, patients with evidence of CMV infection were older (P = &!thinsp;0.047), were more likely male gender (relative risk [RR] 4.48; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94–21.36), received corticosteroids (RR 3.2; CI 0.79–13.02) or azathioprine (RR 3.17; CI 0.80–12.57) treatments, presented more extended lesions (RR for rectum‐sigmoid‐left colon 3.75 (0.0–69.37) and for pancolitis 2.45 (0.36–16.23)), and had a more severe disease (RR 3.3; CI 0.87–12.48) than those without CMV infection. Viral loads measured in the colonic mucosa of infected patient ranged from 5 to 236961 genome copies by microgram of total extracted DNA. No relationship was observed between the severity of the disease and the viral load level. Furthermore, CMV disappeared in five infected IBD patients in remission without antiviral agents. In conclusion, these results showed infrequent CMV detection in colonic biopsies of IBD patients during exacerbation leaving open the question of the relationship between CMV reactivation and the onset or the severity of IBD exacerbation. J. Med. Virol. 82:1694–1700, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term serological follow‐up of blood donors with an HTLV‐Indeterminate Western Blot: Antibody Profile of Seroconverters and Individuals With False Reactions
Authors: Martins Marina Lobato , Santos Ana Carolina da Silva , Namen‐Lopes Maria Sueli , Barbosa‐Stancioli Edel Figueiredo , Utsch Denise Gonçalves , Carneiro‐Proietti Anna Bárbara de F.
Published: September 2010

The high proportion of indeterminate results of the screening test for human T‐lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection has been a challenge worldwide. In this study, 60 persons with seroindeterminate results for HTLV were followed until their serological status was defined. At least two independent serological tests (EIA and WB) from sequential samples were performed at an average interval of 4.4 years, totaling 141 serum samples tested. Seroconversion occurred in 12 individuals (reactive by EIA, positive by WB and PCR), and 48 were classified as false reactions (non‐reactive EIA and negative PCR, but indeterminate WB). The seroconverter group had epidemiological features similar to those seen in HTLV‐1 carriers, and the average time of follow‐up for seroconversion was 4 years. In the group with false reactions, the most frequent indeterminate WB pattern in the samples was the presence of p24 alone. This pattern was absent in the seroconverter group, suggesting that p24 alone is an indicator of false reactivity. In contrast, the presence of p19 and p24 seems to be an indicator of true reactivity, since this pattern was frequent (66.7%) among the seroconverters and much less common (10.4% of the first samples) among the individuals with false reactions (P = 0.0001). Thus, HTLV infection may be suspected when reactivity to p19 and p24 is observed. Individuals with an indeterminate WB pattern should be followed‐up and retested. The improvement of the HTLV algorithm screening of blood donors has been necessary to reduce inconclusive results and to avoid unnecessary follow‐up to define the status of infection. J. Med. Virol. 82:1746–1753, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anchored Pan Dengue RT‐PCR and Fast Sanger sequencing for detection of Dengue RNA in human serum
Authors: Hu Zhe , Nordström Henrik , Nowotny Norbert , Falk Kerstin I. , Sandström Gunnar
Published: September 2010

A large number of human infections are caused by different dengue virus strains, mainly in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, but also outside the endemic regions. RT‐PCR methods are used widely for detection of dengue virus RNA in acute‐phase serum samples; however, new sequence variation can inhibit these methods. An assay was developed integrating an anchored Pan Dengue RT‐PCR with a new Fast Sanger sequencing protocol. For broad detection and identification of dengue virus RNA, including new strains of all serotypes, the conserved 3′ genome end was targeted for highly specific cDNA synthesis. A combination of degenerated primers was used for second strand synthesis, followed by tag primed amplification. The mixture of generated amplicons was identified directly by the Fast Sanger sequencing from the anchored 3′ genome end. Evaluating the assay on human serum RNA spiked with viral RNA representing the four dengue serotypes demonstrated a detection limit of 44–124 copies viral RNA per reaction for a two‐step format of the anchored Pan Dengue RT‐PCR and 100–500 copies for a one‐step protocol, respectively. The different serotypes were clearly identified from the generated sequences. Further, the 5‐hr procedure was evaluated and compared to standard real‐time RT‐PCR protocols on acute‐phase serum samples from patients with confirmed dengue infections. This assay demonstrates a strategy for virus detection, which combines nucleic acid amplification adapted for dengue virus RNA with direct and rapid sequencing. It provides a tolerance for new sequence variation and the strategy should be applicable for other RNA viruses. J. Med. Virol. 82:1701–1710, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicted 30‐year protection after vaccination with an aluminum‐free virosomal hepatitis A vaccine
Authors: Bovier Patrick A. , Bock Jürgen , Ebengo Tiziana Farinelli , Frösner Gert , Glaus Jacqueline , Herzog Christian , Loutan Louis
Published: September 2010

Few studies have examined the duration of protection following vaccination against hepatitis A virus (HAV) with currently licensed HAV vaccines. This study explored the long‐term immunogenicity in individuals vaccinated with the virosomal hepatitis A virus, Epaxal®. Adult volunteers (N = 130) previously enrolled into four different studies between 1992 and 1994 and who had completed a 0/12‐month immunization regimen (primary and booster dose) were asked to participate in this follow‐up study. Yearly anti‐HAV titers up to 6 years following booster vaccination, and then once 9–11 years after booster were measured using two assays, Enzygnost® and AxSYM® HAVAB 2.0. Based on the Enzygnost® assay, the seroprotection rate 9–11 years after booster was 100%, with a geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti‐HAV antibodies of 526 mIU/ml. Females had markedly higher GMCs than males (741 mIU/ml vs. 332 mIU/ml). Using an anti‐HAV cut‐off titer of ≥10 mIU/ml, a linear mixed mathematical model predicted a median duration of protection of 52.1 years. A duration of protection ≥35.7 years was predicted for 95% of subjects. A more stringent cut‐off of ≥20 mIU/ml shortened the median predicted duration of protection to 45.0 years. In conclusion, a two‐dose Epaxal® vaccination regimen confers in healthy adults a real‐time protection of at least 9–11 years; this protection is predicted to last at least 30 years in over 95% of individuals. Further studies are necessary to assess the real duration of seroprotection and whether an additional booster is necessary later. J. Med. Virol. 82:1629–1634, 2010. 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a multiplex PCR/RT‐PCR approach to assess the viral causes of influenza‐like illnesses in Cambodia during three consecutive dry seasons
Authors: Buecher Carole , Mardy Sek , Wang Wei , Duong Veasna , Vong Sirenda , Naughtin Monica , Vabret Astrid , Freymuth François , Deubel Vincent , Buchy Philippe
Published: September 2010

Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Using multiplex PCR/RT‐PCR methods for the detection of 18 respiratory viruses, the circulation of those viruses during 3 consecutive dry seasons in Cambodia was described. Among 234 patients who presented with influenza‐like illness, 35.5% were positive for at least one virus. Rhinoviruses (43.4%), parainfluenza (31.3%) viruses and coronaviruses (21.7%) were the most frequently detected viruses. Influenza A virus, parainfluenza virus 4 and SARS‐coronavirus were not detected during the study period. Ninety apparently healthy individuals were included as controls and 10% of these samples tested positive for one or more respiratory viruses. No significant differences were observed in frequency and in virus copy numbers for rhinovirus detection between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. This study raises questions about the significance of the detection of some respiratory viruses, especially using highly sensitive methods, given their presence in apparently healthy individuals. The link between the presence of the virus and the origin of the illness is therefore unclear. J. Med. Virol. 82:1762–1772, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New roles for vitamin D
Authors: Stanley John
Published: September 2010

The importance of vitamin D in maintaining bone health is well established. However, it has recently been suggested that vitamin D might reduce total mortality and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, cancer and type 2 diabetes. This article critically evaluates the evidence for this suggestion and concludes that while there is some experimental support for the suggested effects on total mortality, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer, the suggested effects on type 2 diabetes and prostate cancer lack serious experimental support. Nevertheless, since many cells have the capacity to produce biologically active vitamin D and respond to it through vitamin D receptors then new roles of vitamin D are likely to emerge in the near future. In the meantime, studies specifically designed to investigate effects of vitamin D on these chronic diseases are needed rather than relying on the results of studies designed for other purposes.
The institutional environment in the strategic decision of the emerging companies: the case of the Algerian sugar industry
Authors: Achabou Mohamed Akli , Tozanli Selma
Published: September 2010

During these last years, Algeria, like some other developing countries, is undergoing important institutional changes. The structural adjustment plan (1990s) and the association agreement signed with the European Union (2005) are some of the political tools that guide these profound changes that have considerable impacts on the strategic behaviour of local enterprises. Beyond these mutations at national level, important policy changes are observed at the international level, like the recent reform of the European sugar policy that constitutes a considerable shifter on the behaviour of enterprises operating in the Algerian sugar refining industry. The present research aims to measure the weight of the institutional criteria on the strategic decision of sugar refining companies in Algeria, by the combination of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analysis and the analytical hierarchy process. The ultimate purpose is to contribute to the analysis of interactions that exist between institutional changes induced by the globalization process and the strategic choices of local enterprises in an emergent economy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arterial anatomy of the second toe nail bed related to toenail transfer
Authors: Hwang Kun , Ki Sae H. , Choi Hyuk G. , Hwang Sejin , Kim Dong H. , Han Seung H.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to elucidate the exact course of the terminal branches of the plantar digital artery (PDA) to the nail bed of the second toe. Thirteen second toes from seven fresh Korean cadavers were dissected (age range 74–92 years, four men and three women). The terminal segmental branches (TSB) branched off from the PDA at 7.6 ± 0.7 mm proximal to the nail fold. The fibro‐osseous hiatus branch (FHB) branched off from the PDA at 3.3 ± 0.7 mm from the nail fold. They were 3.8 ± 1.0 mm lateral to the paronychium. Diameters of TSB and FHB were 0.8 ± 0.2 mm and 0.7 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. Diameter of PDA was 1.4 ± 0.2 mm. Surgeons should stay at least 4 mm proximal to the nail fold to avoid injury to the terminal branch. We believe that second toenail with minimum amount of soft tissue may be transferred using FHB‐based vascularized toenail flap. Perfusion study and clinical application should be followed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2010.
Hanging nodes and XFEM
Authors: Fries Thomas‐Peter , Byfut Andreas , Alizada Alaskar , Cheng Kwok Wah , Schröder Andreas
Published: September 2010

This paper investigates two approaches for the handling of hanging nodes in the framework of extended finite element methods (XFEM). Allowing for hanging nodes, locally refined meshes may be easily generated to improve the resolution of general, i.e. model‐independent, steep gradients in the problem under consideration. Hence, a combination of these meshes with XFEM facilitates an appropriate modeling of jumps and kinks within elements that interact with steep gradients. Examples for such an interaction are, e.g. found in stress fields near crack fronts or in boundary layers near internal interfaces between two fluids. The two approaches for XFEM based on locally refined meshes with hanging nodes basically differ in whether (enriched) degrees of freedom are associated with the hanging nodes. Both approaches are applied to problems in linear elasticity and incompressible flows. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of new FOXP3 mutations and prenatal diagnosis of IPEX syndrome
Authors: Harbuz Radu , Lespinasse James , Boulet Stéphanie , Francannet Christine , Creveaux Isabelle , Benkhelifa Mariem , Jouk Pierre‐Simon , Lunardi Joël , Ray Pierre F.
Published: September 2010

Objective

Molecular diagnosis and prenatal care of two pregnant women at risk of transmitting immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy X‐linked (IPEX) syndrome.

Methods

FOXP3 coding sequence and exon boundaries were analyzed in the two consultants and family members. Non‐invasive sex determination and specific prenatal diagnosis was realized.

Results

Following sequence analysis a new FOXP3 mutation was identified in each consultant. Sex diagnosis realized by amplification of Y sequences from the plasma of the two mothers revealed a male and a female fetus, respectively. Prenatal diagnosis showed that the male fetus was unaffected. The baby is now born and healthy. Subsequent ultrasound examinations confirmed the sex in the second pregnancy but unfortunately led to the diagnosis of a 69,XXX triploidy. The pregnancy was thus interrupted.

Conclusion

Two new FOXP3 mutations were identified and prenatal diagnosis could be proposed. Due to the rarity of the disease, clinical diagnosis is often considered with delay. Both patients reported here were already pregnant at the beginning of the genetic investigation and one had previously interrupted a male pregnancy for lack of diagnosis. When faced with children with severe refractory diarrhea, clinicians should entertain the possibility of IPEX. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annealing induced microstructure and fracture resistance changes in isotactic polypropylene/ethylene‐octene copolymer blends with and without β‐phase nucleating agent
Authors: Li Xiaoxi , Wu Haiyan , Han Liang , Huang Ting , Wang Yong , Bai Hongwei , Zhou Zuowan
Published: September 2010

Previous work showed that annealing induced the great improvement of fracture resistance of β‐iPP, relating to the decreased number of chain segments in the amorphous region. To further prove the rationality of this observation, in this work, the ethylene‐octene copolymer (POE) toughened isotactic polypropylene (iPP) blends with or without β‐phase nucleating agent (β‐NA) were adopted and the changes of microstructure and fracture resistance during the annealing process were further investigated comparatively. The results showed that, whether for the α‐phase crystalline structure (non‐nucleated) or for the β‐phase crystalline structure (β‐NA nucleated) in iPP matrix, annealing can induce the dramatic improvement of fracture resistance at a certain annealing temperature (120–140 °C for β‐NA nucleated blends whereas 120–150 °C for non‐nucleated blends). Especially, non‐nucleated blends exhibit more apparent variations in fracture resistance compared with β‐NA nucleated blends during the annealing process. The phase morphology of elastomer, supermolecular structure of matrix, the crystalline structure including the degree of crystallinity and the relative content of β‐phase, and the relaxation of chain segments were investigated to explore the toughening mechanism of the samples after being annealed. It was proposed that, even if the content of elastomer is very few, the excellent fracture resistance can be easily achieved through adjusting the numbers of chain segments in the amorphous phase by annealing. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Evaluation of the interaction parameter for poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) blends
Authors: Princi Elisabetta , Vicini Silvia
Published: September 2010

In this article, the miscibility of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) containing 25 wt % of acrylonitrile is studied from both a qualitative and a quantitative point of view. The evidences coming from thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry) demonstrate that PCL and SAN are miscible in the whole range of composition. The Flory interaction parameter χ1,2 was calculated by the Patterson approximation and the melting point depression of the crystalline phase in the blends; in both cases, negative values of χ1,2 were found, confirming that the system is miscible. The interaction parameter evaluated within the framework of the mean field theory demonstrates that the miscibility of PCL/SAN blends is due to the repulsive interaction between the styrene and acrylonitrile segments in SAN. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Organic functionalization of carbon nanostructures via 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions
Authors: Quintana Mildred , Grzelczak Marek , Prato Maurizio
Published: September 2010

The chemistry of carbon nanostructures is a current subject of intense research, which continuously produces intellectual advances and novel materials. In particular, the functionalization of carbon nanostructures, such as nanotubes and more recently, few layers graphene via 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides has been relevant in the construction of novel nanohybrids materials with a great potential in a wide range of applications.
Solution‐phase exfoliation of graphite for ultrafast photonics
Authors: Hasan T. , Torrisi F. , Sun Z. , Popa D. , Nicolosi V. , Privitera G. , Bonaccorso F. , Ferrari A. C.
Published: September 2010

We exfoliate graphite in both aqueous and non‐aqueous environments through mild sonication followed by centrifugation. The dispersions are enriched with monolayers. We mix them with polymers, followed by slow evaporation to produce optical quality composites. Nonlinear optical measurements show ∼5% saturable absorption. The composites are then integrated into fiber laser cavities to generate 630 fs pulses at 1.56 µm. This shows the viability of solution phase processing for graphene based photonic devices.
Sur des transpositions atomiques intramoléculaires: (Premier Mémoire)
Authors: Montagne P. J.
Published: September 2010

Transposition atomique intramoléculaire chez les dicétones aromatiques α

La partie principale a déjá été communiqué an 8me Congrèa néerlandais de naturalistes et de médecins à Rotterdam le 13 Avril 1901.

.
Sur les transpositions atomiques intramoléculaires: (Deuxième Mémoire)
Authors: Montagne P. J.
Published: September 2010

Transposition atomique intramoléculaire chez les α glycols aromatiques.
Sur les transpositions atomiques intramoléculaires (Septième Mémoire)
Authors: Montagne P. J.
Published: September 2010

Sur l'influence des substituants du groupe phénylique dans la transformation des benzopinacones en benzopinacolines.
The production of antimony hydride (stibine) at an antimony cathode in alkaline solution
Authors: Weeks Edward Joseph
Published: September 2010

The variation of the percentage yield of stibine with the temperature of the electrolyte and with the hydrogen concentration (activity) in the electrolyte.
Gradual separation and economy: (3rd communication)
Authors: Treub J. P.
Published: September 2010

In this communication a simple method will be developed for approximating the most economical way in which separation of raw material into final products may take place in a gradual continuous process of separation or combination of such processes, wherein the principle of countercurrent is applied.
Explosion limits of hydrogen and chlorine with oxygen, carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide and of carbon monoxide and oxygen with chlorine and nitrogen, also of carbon monoxide with nitrous oxide
Authors: Lindeijer E. W.
Published: September 2010

A number of gas mixtures, in which an explosive reaction is possible, were investigated in a vertical glass explosion burette. The progressive reaction was induced by an electrical spark which was produced in the top of the burette. As far as the available material permitted it the considerations set out in the previous communication were taken as the starting point.

Two separate explosion regions were found in the system carbon monoxide, hydrogen, chlorine and nitrogen after a clear indication in that direction had already been obtained in the investigation of the system carbon monoxide, hydrogen and chlorine.
Ueber die Berechnung von Folgereaktionen mit einem Gemeinsamen Reaktanten
Authors: Skrabal A.
Published: September 2010

Für die von J. Stuurman angestellte Rechnung nimmt der Verfasser die Priorität für sich in Anspruch. Die Rechnung wird auf die Bildung von zwei isomeren Zwischenprodukten ausgedehnt.
Fluor‐Jod‐Methan
Authors: van Arkel A. E. , Janetzky E.
Published: September 2010

Durch Einwirkung von Hg,F2 auf CH2J2 bei ungefähr 120° C wurde die Verbindung CH2FJ (Sdp. 53.4° M. R. 19.58) erhalten.

Die neue Verbindung ist ziemlich widerstandsfähig, wird z. B. von Wasser nicht angegriffen und zersetzt sich beim Aufbewahren nur wenig.
Un Acide Tétrasulfonique Radiaire Simple: (L'acide Tétraméthylméthanetétrasulfonique)
Authors: Backer H. J. , Evenhuis N.
Published: September 2010

L'action de deux molécules de tétrasulfure sodique sur le tétrabromotétraméthylméthane donne un hexasulfure spirocyclique, qui, désulfuré par de la poudre de cuivre, engendre un tétrasulfure spirocyclique de couleur jaune. Ce produit, qui diffère du tétrasulfure presque incolore et de structure asymétrique, décrit dans un mémoire antérieur, renferme dans chaque anneau la fonction dithioéther, car l'oxydation conduit à l'acide tétraméthylméthanetétrasulfonique; c'est le premier exemple d'un acide tétrasulfonique radiaire (à quatre groupes égaux autour d'un atome central de carbone).
Réactivité du Chlore dans le 1,1‐Dioxo‐3‐Chloro‐4‐Méthyl‐Thiacyclopentène‐3
Authors: Backer H. J. , van der Baan S.
Published: September 2010

Le 3‐chloroisoprène donne avec l'anhydride sulfureux une sulfone cyclique, dans laquelle le chlore est actif. En faisant réagir des mercaptides et du sulfure potassique, nous avons obtenu des thioéthers, et, par oxydation, leurs sulfones.
Untersuchung Monomolekularer Filme mit Hilfe von Elektronenstrahlen
Authors: Havinga E. , de Wael J.
Published: September 2010

Es wird eine Methode beschrieben um monomolekulare Filme von der Wasseroberfläche auf Nitrocellulose‐Häutchen oder dünne Goldblätter zu übertragen. Die auf solchen Trägern befindlichen Filme werden mit Hilfe von Elektronenstrahlen untersucht. Die monomolekularen Filme von Bariumsalzen höherer Fettsäuren zeigen charakteristische Diagramme, aus denen hervorgeht, dass diese Filme als “zweidimensionale” Einkrystalle hexagonaler Struktur aufzufassen sind. Die Kohlenstoffketten stehen senkrecht auf der Oberfläche. Die aus den Elektronenstrahlen berechneten Werte für die molekulare Oberfläche stimmen mit den von uns nach der Spreitungs‐Methode von Langmuir und Adam erhaltenen Ergebnissen überein.
The preparation of synthetic ethers from α‐chloro‐ethers
Authors: Waterman H. I. , de Kok W. J. C. , Leendertse J. J. , Schoenmaker W. H.
Published: September 2010

Introduction. A new apparatus, the film reactor, has been used for the preparation of a series of α‐chloro‐ethers, thus making this group of compounds easily obtainable. Substituted ethers were prepared from the α‐chloro‐ethers. Details of these preparations (yields and properties) are mentioned.
On aliphatic polyamines. V
Authors: van Alphen J.
Published: September 2010

Unlike 1:2‐dibromoethane and 1:3‐dibromopropane one mol of 1:5‐dibromopentane reacts with one mol of 1:2‐diaminoethane even when a large excess of the latter is present. 1‐(2′‐Aminoethyl)‐pyperidine is formed and this compound, an example of a combination of a tertiary and a primary amine has been investigated. Its derivatives obtained with benzoyl chloride, phenyl iso‐cyanate and with phenyl iso‐thiocyanate, still react basic.

Condensation with benzaldehyde and reduction of the derivative so obtained, gives a benzylated product, a tertiary‐secondary diamine which is markedly less basic and gives only a mono‐picrate.
Über Zwei Neue Methyl‐1‐Fucosid‐Triacetate
Authors: Minsaas J.
Published: September 2010

Der Verfasser hat reine, teils neue, unbekannte Modifikationen und Methyloside der Methylpentosen Fucose, Rhamnose und Isorhamnose, hergestellt um ihre Mutarotation, Molekularrefraktion, Lösungsvolumen und anderen physikalischen Konstanten zu bestimmen.

Während dieser Arbeit, ist es auch gelungen 2 neue Methyl‐1‐fucosid‐triacetate herzustellen.
Some properties of the ecgonines and their esters. III: The α.β‐Position of the double bond in ecgonidine, the structural formulae and autoracemisation of the ecgonines
Authors: de Jong A. W. K.
Published: September 2010

Willstätter, Gadamer and von Auwers have already indicated in 1921‐1922 that the double bond in ecgonidine is in the α. β‐position. Preliminary experiments have shown that l‐ecgonine is partially racemised by heating with water.
Le Tétra‐(Mercaptométhyl)‐Méthane (Tétrathiopentaérythritol), un réactif pour les aldéhydes et les cétones
Authors: Backer H. J. , Evenhuis N.
Published: September 2010

L'obtention du tétrathiaspirocyclononane sym. (I), décrite dans notre mémoire précédent, nous a mis à même de préparer par réduction le tétra‐(mercaptométhyl)‐méthane (tétrathiopentaérythritol). Ce tétramercaptan (cristaux tétragonaux) est un réactif pratique pour les aldéhydes et les cétones, avec lesquelles il donne aisément des thioacétals spirocycliques peu solubles et caractéristiques. L'oxydation du tétramercaptan conduit à l'acide tétrasulfonique correspondant.
Die Schnellanalyse des Edelgasgehaltes in Stickstoff
Authors: Liempt J. A. M. V. , van Wijk W.
Published: September 2010

Beschreibung einer Apparatur für die Schnellbestimmung (3 Min.) des Edelgasgehaltes in Stickstoff.
Ist es möglich die Belichtungszeit bei der Strukturuntersuchung Abzukürzen?
Authors: Krom C. J. , v. d. Sprenkel H. Berkelbach
Published: September 2010

Untersucht wurde die Möglichkeit einer Abkürzung der Expositionszeit von Röntgenaufnahmen für Strukturuntersuchungen. Es stellte sich heraus, dass die neuen Röntgenfilme 1 1/2‐fach schneller sind als der bei Strukturuntersuchungen allgemein benutzte Agfa‐Laue‐Film. Durch Anwendung der Ilford Fluorazure Screens (Levy‐West) konnte die Expositionszeit nochmals bis auf ein Drittel vermindert werden, ohne dass erkennbare Verzeichnung auftrat. Mit dem Fluorazure Schirm und den modernen Filmen wird also eine Gesamtverkürzung bis auf 1/5 der Belichtungszeit, welche früher benötigt war um eine Aufnahme gleicher Schwärzung auf Agfa‐Laue‐Film anzufertigen, erreicht.
Syntheses of polychloro‐compounds with aluminium chloride. IV. The condensation of hexachloropropene with 1.2‐dichloroethene
Authors: Prins H. J.
Published: September 2010

The condensation of hexachloropropene with 1,2‐dichloroethene, which gives rise to the formation of 1,1,2,3,3,4,5,5‐octochloropentene‐1, and the reaction of the latter with concentrated sulphuric acid are described. The course of the reactions and the constitution of the products are discussed.
Die Löslichkeit der Dicarbonsäuren
Authors: Merckel J. H. C.
Published: September 2010

Im Nachfolgenden wird eine Beziehung zwischen der Löslichkeit der Dicarbonsäuren und der Anzahl ihrer Kohlenstoffatome abgeleitet.
Le Moment Diélectrique D'un Dérivé Mono‐Substitué du Cyclopropane (n. Propyl‐Cyclopropane)
Authors: Böeseken J. , Takes H. V.
Published: September 2010

En général les hydrocarbures saturés n'ont pas de moment diélectrique. II était cependant possible que cet équilibre électrique n'existât plus dans les dérivés monosubstitués des cyclanes. Le n‐propylcyclopropane préparé dans ce but montrait en effet un petit moment diélectrique. L'hydrocarbure a été obtenu comme suit: CH2(COOC2H5)2 → n C3H7CH(COOC2H5)2 →. → n C3H7CH(CH2OH)2 → n C3H7CH(CH2Br)2 →n C3H7C3H5.
The action of hydrazine and methylhydrazine on 3‐chloro‐4:6‐dinitrophenetole and 1‐chloro‐2: 4‐dinitronaphthalene and derivatives of the resultant compounds
Authors: Robert J. L.
Published: September 2010

By the action of hydrazine on 3‐chloro‐4:6‐dinitrophenetole there is produced 3‐ethoxy‐4:6‐dinitrophenylhydrazine, while at higher temperatures, 4:6‐dinitro‐1:3‐dihydrazinobenzene and 5‐ethoxy‐6‐nitrobenzazimidole are formed. Methylhydrazine and 3‐chloro‐4 : 6‐dinitrophenetole react to give α‐(3‐ethoxy‐4:6‐dinitrophenyl)‐α‐methylhydrazine, while α‐(2:4‐dinitronaphthy])‐α‐methylhydrazine results from 1‐chloro‐2:4‐dinitronaphthalene and methylhydrazine. A number of derivatives of the above substituted hydrazines with aldehydes and ketones have been prepared.
The wetting characteristics of a surface
Authors: Voet Andr. , van Elteren J. F.
Published: September 2010

It has been observed that an extremely small change in the density of occupation of an adsorbed layer of a dye on a glass surface completely changes its wetting characteristics.
On aliphatic polyamines VI
Authors: van Alphen J.
Published: September 2010

Even when an excess of primary amine is present, one mol of tri‐ (2‐chloroethyl)‐amine reacts with only two molecules of the former and a derivative of 1‐(2'‐aminoethyl)‐piperazine is formed.
On the theory of limiting currents. I. Polarographic limiting currents
Authors: Mac Gillavry D. , Rideal E. K.
Published: September 2010

The theory of diffusion and limiting currents with the dropping cathode is critically examined. The expressions for the limiting currents at growing and steady drops are compared.

The general theory of diffusion currents, i.e. the theory of the complete Polarographic wave, is based on an approximation method. The driving force and the mobility of the reducible ion are discussed. A better agreement between experiment and theory is obtained when the proper ionic mobilities are employed.
Cryoscopic studies of solutions in 1‐4 dioxane
Authors: Getman Frederick H.
Published: September 2010

Measurements of the freezing points of a series of solutions of organic compounds, mostly alcohols, in 1‐4 dioxane have been made and the corresponding molecular depressions calculated therefrom.

In general, the results indicate progressive association of the solutes with increasing concentration of the solutions.

Several solutes, however, notably ethyl and t‐butyl alcohols, appear to undergo solvation in dilute solution, whereas in concentrated solution the tendency to undergo association preponderates.

Examination of solutes exhibiting this behavior in dioxane, when dissolved in other solvents having larger dielectric constants, fail to reveal a tendency to undergo solvation even in dilute solution.

Association factors of typical solutes in dioxane as a solvent have been found to vary linearly with the concentration.
La 3,4‐Diphénylthiophènesulfone et son Hydrogénation
Authors: Backer H. J. , Bolt C. C. , Stevens W.
Published: September 2010

La sulfone du 3,4‐diphénylthiophène n'est pas encore connue. La substance jaune fusible à 182°, décrite sous ce nom dans la littérature, est en réalité le dérivé 2,5‐dihydro (F 184°) à l'état impur. La sulfone manquante, que les auteurs ont préparée, est un produit presque incolore (F 171°), dont l'hydrogénation graduelle a conduit à trois dérivés. D'abord on obtient le dérivé 2,5‐dihydro (hydrogéné en positions 1,4 du Système conjugué), puis la liaison double de l'anneau dihydrothiophène est hydrogénée et enfin les noyaux phényliques sont saturés d'hydrogène.
La Sulfone du 1,3‐Ditertiobutylbutadiène
Authors: Backer H. I. , Strating J.
Published: September 2010

L'hydrocarbure décrit dans la littérature sous le nom de 2,3‐ditertiobutylbutadiène donne, par fixation de l'anhydride sulfureux, naissance à une sulfone cyclique (F 70°), qui cependant ne peut pas avoir une structure symétrique en raison des arguments suivants:

Elle fond au‐dessous de la sulfone monosubstituée correspondante.

Les produits de l'oxydation diffèrent de la dipinacolylsulfone, préparée par synthèse, et de ses dérivés.

L'ozonisation, suivie d'une isomérisation simple, conduit, sans perte de carbone, à un acide monobasique et racémique (dédoublable).

Une nouvelle synthèse prouve la structure asymétrique.

magnified image

L'ensemble des propriétés que présente la sulfone s'accorde avec la formule donnée ici; donc le butadiène dont elle dérive doit avoir également une structure asymétrique (1,3).
The artificial production of oestrogenic substances from certain sterols: III. The structure and properties of a synthetic analogue of the follicular ovarian hormone
Authors: Remesov Igor
Published: September 2010

The present communication approaches the question of the structure of the synthetic female ovarian hormone „folliculosterone”︁ by the method of spectrophotometric analysis. On this basis it is considered that the synthetic folliculosterone is an isomer of the natural hormone, and can be designated as 17‐keto‐5.7.9‐ergostatrienol (3) [3‐hydroxy‐17‐keto‐5.7.9.‐oestratriene].
Aktivierte Adsorption von Sauerstoff an Molybdänschichten
Authors: de Boer J. H. , Kraak H. H.
Published: September 2010

Die Rekristallisation und die Oberflächenoxydbildung, welche bei der Berührung dünner Metallschichten mit Sauerstoff auftreten, äussern sich durch eine Änderung des elektrischen Widerstandes. Beim Molybdän kann der zweite Effekt getrennt gemessen werden. Bei −185° C bindet nur ein sehr kleiner Teil der Oberflächenatome chemisch Sauerstoff. Die bei dieser Temperatur auch stattfindende van der Waalssche Adsorption, die sich nicht in einer Widerstandsänderung äussert, wird beim Aufwärmen der Schicht (in Vakuum) durch die Zunahme der Oxydation nachgewiesen.

Es bestätigt sich die Erwartung, dass die Aktivierungsenergie der Oxydation bei Cs, Mo und C in der angegebenen Reihenfolge zunimmt.
Transformation D'un Acide Isocarboxylique en Acide Carboxylique
Authors: Backer H. J. , Strating J.
Published: September 2010

On a étudié l'acide triméthylacétonylsulfonylméthane‐isocarboxylique

Ce composé (peroxyde d'aldéhyde) est un acide monomère, cristallisé et stable, qui, en solution aqueuse, se transforme en acide carboxylique normal. Cette transformation est une réaction monomoléculaire. Les sels que donne l'acide isocarboxylique avec les amines en solution anhydre sont identiques aux sels de l'acide normal.
Préparation de Quelques Dihydrocholestérols Alkylés (3‐Alkylcholestanols)
Authors: Bolt C. C. , Backer H. J.
Published: September 2010

On a préparé par addition d'organomagnésiens à la chlolestanone quelques 3‐alkyl‐cholestanols‐3. Ils présentent, surtout les dérivés aliphatiques, une grande tendance à donner avec les solvants organiques des solutions colloïdales et des gels.
New syntheses of mercury methyl‐ and ethyl‐thiocarbonates
Authors: Fry H. Shipley , Callaway Jack B.
Published: September 2010

A new compound, mercury methyl thiocarbonate, and the previously known mercury ethyl thiocarbonate, have each been synthesized by a new method ‐ the interaction of methyl and ethyl formic esters, respectively, with carbon disulphide and mercuric oxide.

A reaction mechanism scheme proposed to explain the formation of the products of the reaction led to the derivation of the following equation, wherein R = CH3 or C2H5:

The composition of the mercury alkyl thiocarbonates was established by quantitative determinations of the constituents, mercury and sulphur.

Modifications of the current methods for the quantitative estimation of mercury in organic sulphur compounds, obviating contamination with free sulphur, have been developed and applied.

A quantitative study of the interaction of the mercury alkyl thiocarbonates with ammonium hydroxide solution established the occurrence of an ammonolysis reaction in conformity with the equation:
Amides Hexavalentes de L'Hexaminobenzène (composés planradiaires V)
Authors: Backer H. J. , van der Baan Sj.
Published: September 2010

Après avoir étudié, dans le mémoire précédent, les esters de l'hexa‐hydroxybenzène, les auteurs se sont occupés des amides sextuples de l'hexaminobenzène.

L'influence de groupes compacts (ramifiés) et symétriques se manifeste nettement dans la solubilité, la fusibilité, la cristallisation et même dans les propriétés chimiques, parce qu'ils cachent les groupes fonctionnels internes. L'introduction de douze groupes de méthyle dans l'hexaminobenzéne rend celui‐ci insoluble dans l'eau et soluble dans les solvants organiques.
The cohesive energy of liquid mixtures II
Authors: Staverman A. J.
Published: September 2010

The theory of the concentration dependence of the heat of mixing of liquids is given for the case that the molecules are not distributed at random but certain orientations with a minimum of energy appear more than others. This theory explains the curves found by Wolf for mixtures of alcohols and hexane, the abnormal curves found by Hirobe for mixtures of alcohols and chloroform and the formation of non‐stöchiometric “compounds”.

The ordinary development of the charge distribution in dipole, quadrupole and octupole seems to be not adapted to give the characteristic quantities that govern the cohesive forces of the molecules. It is proposed to consider other integrals over the charge distribution, viz. integrals that have a variable value at every point of the surface.