bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farmer Evaluations Of The System Of Rice Intensification (SRI) Compared With Conventional Rice Production In Benin
Authors: Gbenou Pascal , Mitchel Anne-Marie , Sedami Adjahossou B. , Agossou Pr. Noukpo
Published: November 2016

This article summarizes the evaluation of a new method for rice cultivation, the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), by a group of 90 rice farmers in Benin. Between August 2009 and June 2012, a series of tests were conducted in two rice ecosystems on 32 plots. This farmer-conducted research focused on the new methodology’s agronomic performance and its labor and seed requirements, also considering what would be the constraints on adoption. The trials showed that SRI methods could increase average yields under farmer conditions by 54 %, while reducing seed requirements by 87 % and shortening the growing season by 14 days. To achieve these benefits required an increase in the amount of labor, by 36 %. Producers participating in this evaluation concluded that SRI offers significant opportunities to increase their rice production, provided its methods are adapted to local conditions
A Study of Correlation of Software Development Projects Team Size with its Quality Variances A Study of Selected Software Development Projects.
Authors:   School of General Management, National Institute of Construction Management and Research Pune, Ashok Mahajan Darshan , Vidyapeeth D.Y.Patil ,   PhD student,Novel Institute of Management Pune, India, Dattagupta Jaharkanti ,   Prof,Novel Institute of Management Pune, India
Published: November 2016

It has been observed by many researchers that software development projects are having various issues about cost, time, and quality. Many software development projects are exist which could not complete within their planned duration, within budgeted cost and as per expected quality. Various researchers have assessed various parameters on software development projects to examine the impact or relationship with other parameters. This research paper is intended to establish the relationship between software development projects Team Size with its Quality Variance. Implication of this paper shall be most useful to the software project managers to understand the impact of Team size on Quality Variance in the software development Projects. The result shows the there is a slightly positive correlation between the Quality Variance observed on the software project by software project authorities and Team Size of software development projects.
Bhutan: On the Path towards Sustainable Economic Development
Authors:   Lecturer Gaeddu College of Business Studies, RUB, Banerjee Aditya , Singh W. Jotin ,   Lecturer Gaeddu College of Business Studies, RUB
Published: November 2016

The world today is edging towards a precipice of crisis and disaster, pushed continually by unplanned development, and myopic vision of nations, and their leaders. The world requires moving towards sustainable development, which envisages the idea of meeting the worlds present needs, without compromising on the resources for future generations. Bhutan, a small Himalayan kingdom, is aspiring to achieve just that. This paper strives to highlight the uniqueness of Bhutan and discusses upon three of the vital tasks undertaken by Bhutan viz. promoting sustainable agriculture in the form of organic farming, sustainable energy production in the form of hydropower, and sustainable ecotourism as an important industry for the future, and in the process attempts to associate these factors to Bhutans ideology of ensuring happiness for all its citizen through a path of sustainable economic development. This paper attempts at sensitising the audience to the idea that Bhutan is marching ahead on the right path towards achieving sustainable economic development
DEKOMPOSISI PELEPAH PISANG MENJADI GLUKOSA SECARA TERMOKIMIA DALAM AIR PANAS BERTEKANAN (HOT COMPRESSED WATER)
Authors: Sembodo Bregas Siswo Tatag
Published: November 2016

Abstract: There are huge numbers of waste biomass like banana bark. In this study, the banana
bark was decomposed to be glucose with the hot compressed water using 5% Na
2
of the
weight of biomass as catalyst. The instrument used 100 ml autoclave which was heated at 280˚C
for several minutes on the tube furnace. The heating time was 25 minutes, 50 minutes; 75
minutes, 100 minutes, and 125 minutes. The results indicated that increasing of the length of
warming time increasing degradation of glucose produced.
Keywords : banana bark, decomposition, glucose, thermochemical
PENGGESERAN REAKSI KESETIMBANGAN HIDROLISIS MINYAK DENGAN PENGAMBILAN GLISEROL UNTUK MEMPEROLEH ASAM LEMAK JENUH DARI MINYAK BIJI KARET
Authors: Setyawardani Dwi Ardiana
Published: November 2016

Abstract: Indonesia is one of the largest rubber producers in the world. Rubber seed is obtained
as agricultural waste. This is a potential feedstock for biodiesel because of its high proportion of
oil. The oil is hydrolyzed to produce saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids
such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids are good for health. Besides, saturated fatty acids are
suitable for high-quality biodiesel by esterification. Batch process of rubber seed hydrolysis was
conducted on this research to produce fatty acids and glycerine. In case of its reversible reaction,
continuously separation of product or increasing reactant-concentration was needed to achieve
equilibrium conversion. In this batch process, continuously separation of glycerine was done by
settling it stage by stage (multi stages). The objection of this research was to find optimum
condition on multi stages hydrolysis to produce fatty acids. It was processed on hydrochloric-acid
catalyzed, fifty-fifty ratio of oil and water, and reacted in 70
C. In each stage of hydrolysis,
glycerine and water was separated from reaction mixture by settling on 24 hours. The fatty acids
were re-hydrolyzed with fresh water like the stage before. The process was stopped while it
reached maximum conversion (almost completely). Based on this research, we concluded that
for the shorter time of each stage on hydrolysis-process gives higher conversion of oil to fatty
acids.
o
Keywords: fatty acids, multi stages hydrolysis, Rubber Seed Oil, reaction equilibrium.
PEMBUATAN NANOPARTIKEL SENG OKSIDA (ZNO)MENGGUNAKAN PROSES FLAME ASSISTED SPRAY PYROLYSIS (FASP)
Authors: Purwanto Agus
Published: November 2016

Abstract: ZnO nanoparticles have been succesfully produced using Flame Assisted Spray
Pyrolysis (FASP) method. Burner type was a premixed flame reactor that used LPG as a fuel
and air as oxidizer because of an economical point of view. Zn(NO
3
)2
was used as a precursor
source for ZnO nanoparticles production. The flow rates of carrier gas during ZnO nanoparticles
fabrication were 5 L/menit, 7 L/menit, and 9 L/menit. To get the information about size and
shape of ZnO nanoparticles was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and
X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD). The results showed that the higher carrier gas flow rate, the bigger
size of ZnO nanoparticles. By using the flow rate of carrier gas at 5 L/min, the mean size of ZnO
nanoparticles was about 80 nm. ZnO nanoparticles at carrier gas of 5 L/min were hexagonal
zincite crystalline structure and XRD were about 30,62 nm
Keywords: Flame Assisted Spray Pyrolysis, nanoparticles, ZnO, LPG, SEM, XRD
PENGAMBILAN TANIN DARI KULIT KAYU BAKAU DAN PEMANFAATANNYA SEBAGAI ADSORBEN LOGAM BERAT CUPRUM (Cu) DAN TIMBAL (Pb)
Authors: Danarto Yohanes Calasanctius
Published: November 2016

Abstract: Mangrove bark contains tannins which can be modified into mangrove tannins based
adsorbent (MTBA) for heavy metals removal. This research aims to study the performance of
MTBA in removing lead (Pb) and copper (Cu). Mangrove barks was extracted using ethanol
70%w during a certain extraction time (1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3 hours) and temperature (50, 55, 60, 65,
70 ºC). After removing the residue, the filtrate was then dried. The obtained dried tannins was
dissolved in NaOH solution and formaldehyde 37% to form adsorbent structure. In adsorption
experiment, the tannin powder was mixed lead and copper solutions. The metal concentrations
were analyzed by Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Based on experiment data, it
was found that in extraction process, with the increasing of temperature and extraction time, the
yield of tannins were higher. The obtained MTBA could adsorb 79.94% of lead metal and
43.75% of copper metal. The Langmuir’s equation was more suitable to describe the equilibrium
absorption process which the constant equilibrium for lead (k
Pb
) was 0.0289 with relative error
percentage of 5.17%. Constant equilibrium of copper (k
Cu
) was 0.0011 with relative error
percentage of 7.57%.
Keywords: mangrove bark, adsorption, tannins, heavy metal
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN MINYAK SAWIT PADA KARAKTERISTIK SABUN TRANSPARAN
Authors: Dyartanti Endah Retno
Published: November 2016

Abstract: Transparent soap is a opaque one having clear structure. This soap has high
transparency level. Transparent soap is produced by saponification of oil or fat with NaOH
solution at 60-70
C. This research aims study the effect of composition of coconut oil and palm
oil (100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 g/g) mixture on the quality of transparent soap. The free
fatty acid (FFA) level of coconut oil was 0.8% and that of palm oil was 1.07%. In this work, there
were 3 processes separately, namely saponification reaction, transparent structure forming, and
curing. Saponification reaction was done by reacting stearic acid in fatty acid phase and NaOH
at 60-70
o
o
C. Stearic acid was melted with heating until melted and some oil was added. After
obtaining homogeneous mixture between stearic acid an oil, then NaOH 30% solution was
added. The forming of transparent structure was conducted by adding propylene, glycol,
glycerin, sugar solution and ethanol 70% into saponification product. To produce soap color and
aroma, the colorant and fragrance were added. Then, the soap was casted and cured for 24
hours by storing it at room temperature. The result of transparent soap analysis for coconut oil
compositions of 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60%, it was obtained that the water level were
18.36%, 18.24%, 18.66%, 18.66%, and 18.56%, respectively. The free alkali contained in
transparent soaps were 0.078%, 0.078%, 0.0796%, 0.0804%, and 0.0796%. The yields were
62.78%, 62.25%, 62.49%, 60.88%, 59.79%, and the pH of transparent soap was 9. The best
composition of coconut oil and palm oil mixture was 90:10 while the ratio of coconut oil and
palm oil mixture composition resulting the highest yield was 100:0.
Keywords: Transparent soap, Saponification, Coconut oil, Palm oil
Pengaruh Sistem Pengukuran Kinerja dan Sistem Reward terhadap Total Quality Management dan Kinerja Managerial pada Mic Transformer Surabaya
Authors: Pujianto Wahyu Eko
Published: November 2016

This causative research is aimed to present the influence of any system of performance measurement and rewards system towards the implementation of total quality measurement and managerial performance on the mics of transformers in Surabaya. The population of the research was all 56 employees of the MIC transformers, and the technique used total sampling. The technique of collecting data is done by the spread of questionairre. The technique of analysis was linear regression by using f test and t test to test the hypothesis. The results indicated that system of performance measurement and rewards system has an influence toward the implementation of TQM and managerial performance. It showed that the better system of measurement on the performance of employees and the rewards system applied by a company would increase TQM and managerial performance produced by the company. The greater attention to the needs of company employees, the more productivity the company will get.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional, Pengawasan dan Komunikasi terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai pada Kantor Radio Republik Indonesia Malang
Authors: Sukoyo Agus , Alhabsy Taher
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to describe transformational leadership, supervision, communication, and employee job satisfaction at RRI Malang; analyze and explain the effect of transformational leadership variables, control, communications simultaneously on employee satisfaction RRI Malang; as well as analyze and explain variable effect of transformational leadership, supervision, communication partially on employee satisfaction RRI Malang. Method in this study used a quantitative approach with type of research was description. Through this study, researchers wanted identifies the relationship or the effect of the studied variables and test the hypotheses that have been formulated. The results concluded: the descriptive statistical analysis of the transformational leadership (X1), supervision (X2) and communication (X3) note that all indicators of these variables are good and as expected. Based on the results of statistical analysis inferential test multiple linear regression can be seen that there is a simultaneous effect between three variables with the value of contribution of 15.8% and the remaining 84.2% are influenced by variables other than the independent variable studied. Based on the results of inferential statistical analysis with multiple linear regression analysis, there was the influence of three variables on employee job satisfaction (Y) partially.
Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 Tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik di DPRD Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Purnawansyah Dini , Lestari Yuni
Published: November 2016

The purposes of this research where to find phenomena in local legislators related with implementation Law number 14 of 2008 that is concerning Public Information Transparency and to detect the supporting and inhibiting factors. The location of this research was local legislators office in Sidoarjo Regency. Research methods used descriptive qualitative. This method is used to collect data and information through interview, observation, and documentation. While, data analysis were data description, data analysis, and conclusions. The results of this research showed that local legislators Sidoarjo Regency weren’t optimal yet in implementing of this Law. It can be measured by interview results can be concluded that the information that must be provided and published on a regular basis then the information must be provided every times, was still had not available yet with completely and accurately. And the media public information existence have available information completely, it had not sufficiently yet representative to contain public information that should be accessible by public quickly and easily.
Implementasi Peraturan Bupati Sidoarjo Nomor 78 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pelimpahan Sebagian Kewenangan Bupati kepada Camat
Authors: Choiri Choiri , Hariyanto Didik
Published: November 2016

The purposes of this research were to know implementation of law number 78 of 2008 on giving some authority from regent to sub-district head especially in Tanggulangin Sub-district. The methods of this research used qualitative discriptive. While, technique of collecting data through interview, observation, and documentation. Analysis data consists of data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The result of this research showed that implementation of law number 78 of 2008 on giving some authority from regent to sub-district head didn’t optimal yet. Researchers still find the some important things should be given more attention and correction from the government of Tanggulangin Sub-districts level and government of Sidoarjo Regency.
Manajemen Penanggulangan Bencana Banjir, Puting Beliung, dan Tanah Longsor di Kabupaten Jombang
Authors: Nisa Farichatun
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study to analyze and describe the disaster management by Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) and communnity participation in disaster management in Jombang Regency. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive method. The selection of informant’s used purposive sampling technique. The results of this research showed that the disaster management conducted by Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) through the stages of response, recovery, and development. The most dominant stages are performed by response on actions before and after the disaster. Meanwhile, disaster management by the community is performed by participation in the form of manpower, energy, skill, and material, as well as social participation. Dominant participation from community was manpower participation and social participation.
Kualitas Pelayanan Administrasi Pendidikan di UPTD Dinas Pendidikan Kecamatan Porong Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Kholipatun Kholipatun , Rodiyah Isnaini
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study to analyze and describe the quality of educational administration services as well as to describe supporting and inhibiting factors that affect towards quality of educational administration services in Education Department, Porong Subdistrict. In this study, researchers used a descriptive qualitative method. The results showed that educational administration services in Education Department, Porong Subdistrict had good quality. This is supported by good services from officer. In addition, they provide services prima like fast, responsive, accommodative, innovative, productive and economic. In addition, there were 5 elements in this services, namely reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangible. While supporting and inhibiting factors could affect the service itself, namely: resource officers, public awareness, and facilities.
Efektivitas Pelaksanaan One Day Service (ODS) di Badan Pelayanan Perijinan Terpadu Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Yuliani Christin , Agustina Isna Fitria
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to describe the government's role on the public service providers in implementing One Day Service Program (ODS) in the Integrated Licensing Service Agency, Sidoarjo Regency and determine its supporting and inhibiting factors program. The method used descriptive qualitative. The data collected from Licensing Services Integrated Agency, Sidoarjo Regency. The informants in this research are Head of Licensing Services Integrated Agency Sidoarjo Regency, head of business license sector, Customer Service (CS), and the customer. The results showed that the effectiveness of  One Day Service (ODS) implementation in the scope of district by Licensing Services Integrated Agency, Sidoarjo Regency run effectively and accordance with six (6) service standards set by the government. It was procedures, the time of completion, cost of service, product service, and facilities. Some of supporting factors in the effectiveness of its program included employees of Licensing Services Integrated Agency, Sidoarjo Regency which has considerable experience and have the ability / expertise; the availability of complete facilities included computer / laptop, printer, desk, chair, internet, and other facilities. While, some of inhibiting factors effectiveness of its program included lack of socialization time, lack of awareness of officials at the district level, and lack of an active role of village officials.
Peran Pemerintah dalam Pemberdayaan Lanjut Usia di Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Puspitasari Ramadhani Bondan , Arsiyah Arsiyah
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to describe the role of government in empowering the elderly in Sidoarjo and its supporting and inhibiting factors. This research is used by qualitative description. This study concluded that the government’s Sidoarjo Regency in implementing empowerment elderly quite good. It is supported by mental spiritual and religious guidance, health aspects like clinic and gymnastics, skills training such as crafts from recycled materials, ease in using facilities, public facilities and infrastucture, as well as social assistance in the form of cash RP.300.000 for poor elderly and unhealthy elderlys. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors first, coordination between three local work unit namely Social Department and Labor; Public Health Service; and Community Empowerment, Women and Family Planning Department. Second, data wasn’t valid related with neglected elderly in the villages. Third, elderly still had low awareness about importance of empowerment for their lives.
Gerakan Sosial Korban LUSI (Lumpur Sidoarjo)
Authors: Octaviani Ricka , Eka Reza Shintia , Alfin K Dwi
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to describe the forms of social movements Sidoarjo mud victim (LUSI) and to describe the factors supporting and inhibiting of the formation of social movements Sidoarjo mud victim (LUSI). The method in this research used descriptive qualitative research. Based on the research, showed that social movements Sidoarjo mud victim was a movement that is arising from a sense of common destiny that wants to fight for compensation due Lapindo mud disaster. Some forms of social movements such as KLM (mud victims sue), GKLL (movement Lapindo mud victims), PPKL (community care of mud victims) and social movements is initiated by the leader of the neighborhood. Some of the supporting factors to form of social movements victims included tighten the relationship of victims; movement to reach agreement on compensation; as supervisor of payment of compensation; as well as a movement justice for the victims. While the factors inhibiting included Sidoarjo Mud Management Agency  hard to be found; the leadership of the government was not facilitating the communication between the victim and the Sidoarjo Mud Management Agency;  demonstrations or meeting with leaders so difficult; as well as different perception among  NGO's with the social movements.
Kontribusi Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan Perdesaan dan Perkotaan (PBB-P2) bagi Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Nurbawono Surendro
Published: November 2016

The purpose of this study first, to determine and analyze the problems in delegating authority management of land and building tax of rural and urban from central government to the Sidoarjo Regency governments. Second, determine and analyze the contribution of land and building tax of rural and urban for improvement local revenue in the Sidoarjo Regency. The research method used qualitative approach. The results showed first, the problem condition concluded inconsistencies related regulations in delegating credit to the Sidoarjo Regency government. Second, the contribution of its authority delegation increased revenue until 100%, balancing the interests of budgetary for discretionary policies in the regency/city, explored potential  revenue for a wider network of bureaucracy, improved the quality of services to taxpayers, as well as improved accountability for the use of land and building tax of rural and urban.
Bioadsorption of Heavy Metals From Industrial Wastewater Using Some Species of Bacteria
Authors: Hassan Fikrat M. , AL-Baidhani Adnan N. A. R. , Al-Khalidi Sahira H. H.
Published: November 2016

Three isolated bacteria were examined to remove heavy metals from the industrial wastewater of the Diala State Company of Electrical Industries, Diyala-Iraq. The isolated bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). The three isolates were used as an adsorption factor for different concentrations of Lead and Copper (100, 150, and 200 ppm.), in order to examine the adsorption efficiency of these isolates. In addition, the effect of three factors on heavy metals adsorption were examined; temperature (25, 30, and 37 ?C), pH (3 and 4.5) and contact time (2 and 24 hrs). The results showed that the highest level of lead adsorption was obtained at 37 ?C by E. coli, P, aerugenosa and SRB with percentage of 95, 95.3 and 99.7 % respectively, whereas, E. coli, P. Aerugenosa and SRB gave a copper adsorption percentage of (40.63, 50.51 and 80.57%) respectively at 37 ?C. Moreover, E.coli showed different percentage of metal adsorption ranged from 6.4% to 95 % with lead concentration of 100 and 200 ppm at pH4.5 and for each of 2 and 24 hrs contact time, whereas, it exerts percentage of copper adsorption ranged from 3.5 % to 40.63 % at 100 and 200 ppm and pH value of 4.5 for similar contact time. P. aerugenosa was also shown to be involved in metal adsorption with percentage ranged from 1.39 % for lead concentration of 150 ppm to 97.9 % for 200ppm under pH of 3 and contact times of 2 and 24 hrs. Interestingly, SRB exhibits significant differences in metal absorption values ranged from 14.97 % for lead (100 ppm) to 99.32 % at 200 ppm with a pH value of 3 and contact times of 2 and 24 hrs and under different temperatures.
Extraction conditions of polyphenol oxidase from banana peel
Authors: Aziz Ghazi M. , AL-Sa'ady Ali J. R.
Published: November 2016

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is an enzyme containing copper, presents in various fruits and vegetables. It is responsible for the browning reactions when the cells are damaged during handling. The best conditions for extraction of polyphenol oxidase from banana peel was by using an extraction buffer containing phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 7), 0.01 M ascorbic acid and 0.5% polyethylene glycol, with extraction ratio 1:4 (w:v) for one minute by using blender. The enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 425 nm. PPO was studied to prevent the browning of banana peel which results in the loss of their marketability. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for polyphenol oxidase extraction from banana peel.
Spectroscopic Studies and Thermal Analysis of New Azo Dyes Ligands and their Complexes with some Transition of Metal Ions
Authors: Al-Hamdani Abbas Ali Salih , Hasan Zainab Abd Al-Hadi
Published: November 2016

New Azo ligands HL1 [2-Hydroxy-3-((5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)diazenyl)-1-naphth aldehyde] and HL2 [3-((1,5-Dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)diazenyl)-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde] have been synthesized from reaction (2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde) and (5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol) for HL1 and (4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one) for HL2. Then, its metal ions complexes are synthesized with the general formula; [CrHL1Cl3(H2O)], [VOHL1(SO4)] [ML1Cl(H2O)] where M = Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), and general formula; [Cr(L2)2 ]Cl and [M(L2)2] where M = VO(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) are reported. The ligands and their metal complexes are characterized by phisco- chemical spectroscopic techniques (FT.IR, Mass, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C-NMR, TGA, (C.H.N.), molar conductivity, Atomic Absorbance, Chloride containing magnetic susceptibility). The spectral data suggest that the (HL1) behaves as a bidentate ligand in all complexes, whereas (HL2) behaves as a tridentate ligand for all complexes; bidentate ligand in Vanadium complex is coordinated with the metal ions through azo nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Theoretical studies of these ligands and their metal complexes in gas phase using Hyper chem.8. Studies of these compounds are prepared for their bacterial activity
Surface-Subface Geochemical and Mineralogical Study of Gypcrete in Alexandria Area Central Iraq
Authors: Kadum Weam H.
Published: November 2016

Gypsiferous soil deposits (Gypcrete) are weakly consolidate earthy mixture of secondary gypsum, sand and clay. It is formed in arid and semi- arid area with annual precipitation rainfall less than 400mm. These sediments occur in surface and subsurface in region of little rainfall and rapid evaporation. This research deals with the study of gypcrete in Alexandria to improve the mineralogical and geochemical properties of the gypcrete. The gypcrete soil is used as raw material to produce the plaster for building purposes. Three samples of gypcrete were chemically and geochemically analyzed.
The common mineral is howed in 0-0.5m Gypsum followed by Calcite in 0-1m and Quartz in 1-1.5m due to leaching and infiltration by rainfall as well as it full the clay Matrix and the voids between soil constituent, therefore soil properties changes with depth and the clay materials increases such as (Al, Na and K oxides) and Gypsum compound decreases (Ca, S and Sr oxides), yet the change in element concentration, takes the same path. This indicate that annual season rainfall is the only factor affecting mineralogy in this arid area and this means that the Gypsum concentration cannot be affected by ground water either increasing or decreasing. This research concerns about mineralogy and element occurrence variation in this material with accordance to their concentration from surface to depth of 1.5 meter.
Studying The Optical Properties of CdO and CdO: Bi Thin Films
Authors: Muhammad Zain A. , Hassan Ahmed T. , Dawood Yasmeen Z.
Published: November 2016

Cadmium Oxide and Bi doped Cadmium Oxide thin films are prepared by using the chemical spray pyrolysis technique a glass substrate at a temperature of (400?C) with volumetric concentration (2,4)%. The thickness of all prepared films is about (400±20) nm. Transmittance and Absorbance spectra are recorded in the wave length ranged (400-800) nm. The nature of electronic transitions is determined, it is found out that these films have directly allowed transition with an optical energy gap of (2.37( eV for CdO and ) 2.59, 2.62) eV for (2% ,4%) Bi doped CdO respectively. The optical constants have been evaluated before and after doping.
Pengaruh Artemisin dan Moringa terhadap Derajat Parasitemia, Kadar Malondialdehyde serta Histopatologi Otak Mencit Malaria
Authors: Hernowati Tinny Endang , Fitri Loeki Enggar , Pertiwi Resti anggun
Published: November 2016

Salah satu bentuk infeksi malaria berat adalah malaria serebral ditandai dengan respon inflamasi berlebih dan peningkatan jumlah pembuluh darah di jaringan otak sehingga menyebabkan terbentuknya radikal bebas secara berlebihan. Ekstrak daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera) berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dan antiinflamasi yang diharapkan dapat bekerja sebagai terapi adjuvant untuk kombinasi dengan artemisin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh kombinasi Artemisin dan ekstrak daun Moringa oleifera terhadap derajat parasitemia, kadar MDA dan gambaran histopatologi pada jaringan otak mencit yang diinfeksi P.berghei. Penelitian ini merupakan True Experimental Design. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan adalah mencit galur BALB/c. Bedasarkan hasil analisis Post Hoc pada hari ke-3 dan ke-7, terdapat perbedaan rerata derajat parasitemia, kadar MDA, dan jumlah pembuluh darah di jaringan otak yang bermakna antara kontrol positif dan semua perlakuan (p<0,05). Pada kelompok yang diterapi Artemisin, didapatkan derajat parasitemia yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (p<0,05), namun lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kombinasi (p<0,05). Rerata kadar MDA turun signifikan pada hari ke 7 terutama pada kelompok kombinasi dosis tertinggi (p=0,000) dibandingkan dengan hari ke 3. Pada pengamatan jumlah pembuluh darah di jaringan otak mencit didapatkan bahwa pada hari ke 7 terjadi penurunan signifikan pada jumlah pembuluh darah di kelompok kombinasi dibandingkan kelompok Artemisin. Dapat disimpulkan kombinasi Artemisin dan ekstrak daun Moringa oleifera lebih baik menurunkan derajat parasitemia, kadar MDA dan jumlah pembuluh darah di jaringan otak mencit dibandingkan dengan terapi artemisin saja.Kata Kunci: Derajat parasitemia, histopatologi otak, malaria, Malondialdehyde
Bacterial Colonization in the Marginal Region of Ceramic Restorations: Effects of Different Cement Removal Methods and Polishing
Authors: Pereira SMB , Anami LC , Pereira CA , Souza ROA , Kantorski KZ , Bottino MA , Jorge AOC , Valandro LF
Published: November 2016

This study evaluated the effects of excess cement removal techniques, with or without subsequent polishing, on biofilm formation and micromorphology in the marginal region of the tooth/restoration. From bovine teeth, 96 dentin blocks (4 × 8 × 2 mm) were produced, molded, and reproduced in type IV gypsum, on which 96 pressed ceramic blocks (Vita PM9, Vita Zahnfabrik; 4 × 8 × 2 mm) were produced via the lost wax technique. The dentin blocks and their respective ceramic blocks were cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE), and cement excess was removed from the margin using four different techniques, followed or not by polishing with silicone rubber tips: MBr, removal with microbrush and photoactivation; MBr-Pol, MBr + polishing; Br, removal with brush and photoactivation; Br-Pol, Br + polishing; Photo-Expl, 5 seconds of initial photoactivation, removal with explorer, and final curing; Photo-Expl-Pol, Photo-Expl + polishing; Photo-SB, 5 seconds of initial photoactivation, removal with scalpel, and final curing; and Photo-SB-Pol, Photo-SB + polishing. After 24 hours, the roughness in the marginal region was analyzed using a profilometer (three measurements on each sample). Micromorphological analyses of the region were performed by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then the samples were contaminated with sucrose broth standardized suspension with Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans and incubated for a period of 48 hours. The samples were quantitatively analyzed for bacterial adherence in the marginal region by confocal laser scanning microscopy and counting of colony-forming units (CFUs/mL) and qualitatively analyzed using SEM. Roughness data (Ra) were submitted to two-way analysis of variance, Tukey test at a confidence level of 95%, and Student t-tests. CFU, biomass, and biothickness data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Dunn tests. The removing technique statistically influenced Ra (MBr, p=0.0019; Br, p=0.002; Photo-Expl, p=0.0262; Photo-SB, p=0.0196) when comparing the polished and unpolished groups. The MBr and MBr-Pol technique differed significantly for CFU/mL values (p=0.010). There was no significant difference in the amounts of biomass and biothickness comparing polished and unpolished groups and when all groups were compared (p>0.05). Different morphological patterns were observed (more regular surface for polished groups). We conclude that margin polishing after cementation of feldspar/pressed ceramic restorations is decisive for achieving smoother surfaces, as the excess cement around the edges can increase the surface roughness in these areas, influencing bacterial adhesion.
Influence of the Compliance and Layering Method on the Wall Deflection of Simulated Cavities in Bulk-fill Composite Restoration
Authors: Kim Y-J , Kim R , Ferracane JL , Lee I-B
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the layering method and compliance on the wall deflection of simulated cavities in bulk-fill and conventional composite restorations and to examine the relationships between the wall deflection and the polymerization shrinkage, flexural modulus, and polymerization shrinkage stress of composites. Six light-cured composites were used in this study. Two of these were conventional methacrylate-based composites (Filtek Z250 and Filtek Z350 XT Flowable [Z350F]), whereas four were bulk-fill composites (SonicFill, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill, SureFil SDR Flow [SDR], and Filtek Bulk-Fill). One hundred eighty aluminum molds simulating a mesio-occluso-distal cavity (6 W×8 L×4 D mm) were prepared and classified into three groups with mold wall thicknesses of 1, 2, and 3 mm. Each group was further subdivided according to the composite layering method (bulk or incremental layering). Linear variable differential transformer probes were used to measure the mold wall deflection of each composite (n=5) over a period of 2000 seconds (33.3 minutes). The polymerization shrinkage, flexural modulus, and polymerization shrinkage stress of the six composites were also measured. All groups with bulk filling exhibited significantly higher deflection compared with groups with incremental layering. The deflection decreased as mold wall thickness increased. The highest and lowest polymerization shrinkage stresses were recorded for Z350F (5.07 MPa) and SDR (1.70 MPa), respectively. The correlation between polymerization shrinkage and the mold wall deflection decreased with increasing wall thickness. On the other hand, the correlation between flexural modulus and the mold wall deflection increased with increasing wall thickness. For all groups, wall deflection correlated strongly with polymerization shrinkage stress.
Influence of Finishing and Polishing Techniques and Abrasion on Transmittance and Roughness of Composite Resins
Authors: Carneiro PMA , Ramos TM , de Azevedo CS , de Lima E , de Souza SHJ , Turbino ML , Cesar PF , Matos AB
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of finishing and polishing systems and toothbrush abrasion on transmittance (T) and surface roughness (Ra) of three composite resins (Filtek Z350 XT, Tetric N-Ceram, and IPS Empress Direct). Eighteen resin disks (10 mm diameter × 2 mm thick) finished by polyester strips had initial surface smoothness recorded, representing phase 1 (P1). Specimens were divided into three groups (n=6) according to the finishing/polishing instrument used (OneGloss, TopGloss, and Sof-Lex) to compose phase 2 samples (P2). Then specimens were subjected to 514 cycles of toothbrush simulation using a toothpaste slurry, with a constant load applied to soft bristles, and were then washed (phase 3=P3). After each phase, the specimens were examined by an optical profiler and spectrophotometer to measure Ra and T. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, Tukey and Pearson tests. T values were statistically influenced by composite resin ( p=0.000) and phase of measurement ( p=0.000) factors, while the finishing/polishing system used ( p=0.741) did not affect T. On the other hand, Ra values were statistically affected by the factor finishing/polishing system ( p=0.000), but not by composite resin ( p=0.100) and phase of measurement ( p=0.451). Tetric N-Ceram and Empress Direct presented higher values of roughness when polished by OneGloss, while TopGloss and Sof-Lex showed a lower roughness. It can be concluded that composite resins transmitted more light after dental abrasion. Transmittance of composite resins was not modified by the distinct roughness created by finishing/polishing instruments.
The Poets' War Revisited
Authors: Yearling Rebecca
Published: November 2016

This essay seeks to explore the role played by John Marston in the so-called War of the Poets – the literary quarrel between a small group of playwrights, including Marston, Ben Jonson, Thomas Dekker, and perhaps William Shakespeare, in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Marston's role in the War is problematic because although there are figures in his drama who might seem intended to be read as hostile portraits of Jonson, all of these figures are ambiguous, appearing to resemble Marston himself as much as they do his rival. I argue that this is because Jonson and Marston were participating in the War for very different reasons: Jonson in order to distinguish himself from his fellow satiric dramatists and Marston to emphasise the similarities between himself and his colleague. Marston may have done this in order to mock satiric dramatists as a class, but he may also have wanted to irritate Jonson by suggesting that Jonson was not as unique or individual as he liked to believe.
Spatial Relation of Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity with Crop Yields and Soil Properties at Different Topographic Positions in a Small Agricultural Watershed
Authors: Singh Gurbir , Williard Karl , Schoonover Jon
Published: November 2016

Use of electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors along with geospatial modeling provide a better opportunity for understanding spatial distribution of soil properties and crop yields on a landscape level and to map site-specific management zones. The first objective of this research was to evaluate the relationship of crop yields, soil properties and apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) at different topographic positions (shoulder, backslope, and deposition slope). The second objective was to examine whether the correlation of ECa with soil properties and crop yields on a watershed scale can be improved by considering topography in modeling ECa and soil properties compared to a whole field scale with no topographic separation. This study was conducted in two headwater agricultural watersheds in southern Illinois, USA. The experimental design consisted of three basins per watershed and each basin was divided into three topographic positions (shoulder, backslope and deposition) using the Slope Position Classification model in ESRI ArcMap. A combine harvester equipped with a GPS-based recording system was used for yield monitoring and mapping from 2012 to 2015. Soil samples were taken at depths from 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm from 54 locations in the two watersheds in fall 2015 and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The ECa was measured using EMI device, EM38-MK2, which provides four dipole readings ECa-H-0.5, ECa-H-1, ECa-V-0.5, and ECa-V-1. Soybean and corn yields at depositional position were 38% and 62% lower than the shoulder position in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Soil pH, total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), Mehlich-3 Phosphorus (P), Bray-1 P and ECa at depositional positions were significantly higher compared to shoulder positions. Corn and soybeans yields were weakly to moderately (<±0.75) correlated with ECa. At the deposition position at the 0–15 cm depth ECa-H-0.5 was weakly correlated (r < ±0.50) with soil pH and was moderately correlated (r = ±0.50–±0.75) with organic matter (OM), calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S). Slope variation from 1%–20% at the research site had a strong influence on soil properties at watershed scale. When data from all topographic positions were combined together in all basins spatial interpolation between Mehlich-3 P and ECa-H-0.5 resulted in a larger cross validation RMSE compared to individual shoulder and backslope positions. Results demonstrated that topographic position should be considered while making correlations of ECa with soil properties. Methods of delineating topography positions presented in this paper can easily be replicated on other fields with similar landscape characteristics and EMI sensor based survey techniques can certainly improve and help in making detailed prediction maps of soil properties.
Intrant ELISA: A Novel Approach to Fabrication of Electrospun Fiber Mat-Assisted Biosensor Platforms and Their Integration within Standard Analytical Well Plates
Authors: Hosseini Samira , Azari Pedram , Aeinehvand Mohammad , Rothan Hussin , Djordjevic Ivan , Martinez-Chapa Sergio , Madou Marc
Published: November 2016

A combination of far-field electrospinning (FFES) and free-radical polymerization has been used to fabricate coated electrospun polymer fiber mats as a new type of biosensor platform. Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) electrospun fibers were dip-coated with different compositions of poly methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid (poly(MMA-co-MAA)). This synergistic approach utilizes large specific surface area of PHBV fibers and co-polymer coatings that feature an optimum concentration of surface carboxyl (–COOH) groups. The platform surface morphology, porosity and tunable hydrophobicity enhance biomolecular interactions via plurality of molecular forces. These customized fiber mats have been integrated into a newly designed 96-well plate called an “intrant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay” or i-ELISA. I-ELISA allows colorimetric sandwich assay to be carried out without any modifications or additional steps in ELISA methodology. By introducing the fiber mats in fabrication of i-ELISA via extensions on the lid, we address some of the limitations of the previous designs while demonstrating an enhanced signal intensity up to 12 times higher than that of conventional assays. With improved sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in the detection of dengue virus, i-ELISA has proven to be a reliable platform for biomolecular recognition. The proposed fiber mat-assisted well plate in this study holds great potential as a universal approach for integration of different types of fiber mats with pre-designed specific properties in order to enhance the detection sensitivity of the assay.
Novel Predictive Model of the Debonding Strength for Masonry Members Retrofitted with FRP
Authors: Mansouri Iman , Hu Jong , Kisi Ozgur
Published: November 2016

Strengthening of masonry members using externally bonded (EB) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites has become a famous structural strengthening method over the past decade due to the popular advantages of FRP composites, including their high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance. In this study, gene expression programming (GEP), as a novel tool, has been used to predict the debonding strength of retrofitted masonry members. The predictions of the new debonding resistance model, as well as several other models, are evaluated by comparing their estimates with experimental results of a large test database. The results indicate that the new model has the best efficiency among the models examined and represents an improvement to other models. The root mean square errors (RMSE) of the best empirical Kashyap model in training and test data were, respectively, reduced by 51.7% and 41.3% using the GEP model in estimating debonding strength.
Effect of Ru Species on N2O Decomposition over Ru/Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Sui Chao , Yuan Fulong , Zhang Zhiping , Zhang Chi , Niu Xiaoyu , Zhu Yujun
Published: November 2016

Ru is considered as an effective active species for N2O decomposition; however, there is disagreement about which ruthenium species is key for catalytic activity. In order to understand the role of Ru species in N2O decomposition, Ru/Al2O3 (Ru/Al2O3-H2, Ru/Al2O3-NaBH4, Ru/Al2O3-air) catalysts with different ratios of metallic Ru were prepared and evaluated for their catalytic activities. Various characterizations, especially in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), were applied to investigate the relationship between activity and different Ru species. The results indicate that the N2O conversion displayed a linear relationship with the amount of metallic Ru. The DRIFTS results of adsorption for N2O show that metallic Ru was the active site. The catalytic processes are put forward based on metallic Ru species. The deactivation with increasing times used is due to the decrease in the amount of metallic Ru and agglomerates of Ru particles on the surface of catalysts.
Effects of Lakes on Wildfire Activity in the Boreal Forests of Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Nielsen Scott , DeLancey Evan , Reinhardt Krista , Parisien Marc-André
Published: November 2016

Large lakes can act as firebreaks resulting in distinct patterns in the forest mosaic. Although this is well acknowledged, much less is known about how wildfire is affected by different landscape measures of water and their interactions. Here we examine how these factors relate to historic patterns of wildfire over a 35-year period (1980–2014) for the boreal forest of Saskatchewan, Canada. This includes the amount of water in different-sized neighborhoods, the presence of islands, and the direction, distance, and shape of nearest lake of different sizes. All individual factors affected wildfire presence, with lake sizes ≥5000 ha and amount of water within a 1000-ha surrounding area the most supported spatial scales. Overall, wildfires were two-times less likely on islands, more likely further from lakes that were circular in shape, and in areas with less surrounding water. Interactive effects were common, including the effect of direction to lake as a function of distance from lakeshore and amount of surrounding water. Our results point to a strong, but complex, bottom-up control of local wildfire activity based on the configuration of natural firebreaks. In fact, fire rotation periods predicted for one area varied more than 15-fold (<47 to >700 years) depending on local patterns in lakes. Old-growth forests within this fire-prone ecosystem are therefore likely to depend on the surrounding configuration of larger lakes.