bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yaşlı Bireylerde Çevre Erişilebilirliği Bağlamında Yaşlı-Dostu Camiler (Burdur İl Merkezinde Bir Araştırma)
Authors: KILIÇ Sultan , AKCA Ümit
Published: January 2022

Hiçbir birey yaşadığı çevreden bağımsız bir yaşlanma ve yaşlılık geçirmemektedir. Yaşlanma çok boyutlu, birbirine bağlı süreçlerin yarattığı bir bütündür. Çok boyutlu ve çok yönlü gelişen süreçlerden meydana gelen yaşlanma olgusunda her boyut kendi içinde ayrıca incelenir. Yaşlanmanın salt biyolojik alana özgü olmadığı günümüz çalışmalarında yaşlanma sürecinde bireye eşlik eden ve uyarlanması gereken çevresel gereksinimler göz önünde tutulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda yaşlanma sürecinde ki bireylerin sosyal hayata katılımının kısıtlanmadan gerçekleştirilebilmesi, bireyin günlük yaşamına adapte olması oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Yaşlı dostu, erişilebilir ortamlar, sağlık ve refahı arttırarak, bireylerin yaşlandıkça sosyal hayata katılımını teşvik eder. Erişilebilir, eşitlikçi, kapsayıcı, güvenli, emniyetli ve destekleyicidirler. Yaşam hakkı içerinde özgürce ibadet edebilme ve bu hakka sahip olma kapsamında yaşlı bireylerin sıklıkla kullanmış oldukları ibadethanelerin kullanım kolaylığı ve zorluğu saptanmaya çalışılarak erişilebilir ve kaliteli ibadet olanaklarının değerlendirilmesini kapsamaktadır. İbadet ortamlarının pek çok yaşlı birey tarafından kullanılma nedeniyle sahip olduğundan bu çalışmada ibadethanelerdeki erişilebilirlik araştırılmıştır.
Determination of Eğirdir And Its Surround in Terms of Tourism and Recreational Potantial
Authors: ÖRÜCÜ Ömer K. , GÜL Atila
Published: January 2022

Eğirdir districts is rich in natural and historical environmental values and cultural traits are the important places of tourism and recreational activities. Tourism and recreational activities, which are developed in regards with the atractiveness of such places, are made of those natural and cultural environment. When events of tourism all over the world are examined, it could be observed that such activities usually take place during summer months. However, since developing residences and facilities tend to use sources more than before, they affect natural, historical and the cultural values negatively and thus corruption starts. Inspite of the fact that the district is gradually getting more intensive in terms of tourism and recreation during the four seasons, there haven’t been any serious problems yet. In the areas of these natural and cultural resources, the problems related with the use of those resources where tourism and recreational activities are concentrated can not be ignored and the purpose of this study is what can be done to prevent the spread of such problems of the district. In this study, natural and cultural traits to be developped in the district of Eğirdir have been investigated and analized in order to detect the tourism and the recreational potentials in the region.
New Exact Solutions of Conformable Time-Fractional Bad and Good Modified Boussinesq Equations
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Zafer , SORGUN Sezer , BİLGİL Halis , ERDİNÇ Ümmügülsüm
Published: January 2022

The new exact solutions of the conformable time-fractional Bad and Good modified Boussinesq equations are obtained using the Exp-function method, which is different from previous literature works. These equations play a significant role in mathematical physics, engineering sciences and applied mathematics. Plentiful exact solutions with arbitrary parameters are effectively obtained by the method. The obtained solutions are shown graphically. It is shown that the Exp-function method provides a simpler but more effective mathematical tool for constructing exact solutions of non-linear evolution equations.
An examination on to find 5th Order B´ezier Curve in E^3
Authors: KILIÇOGLU Şeyda , ŞENYURT Süleyman
Published: January 2022

In this study, we have examined how to find any 5th order Bézier curve with its known first, second and third derivatives, which are the 4th order, the cubic and the quadratic Bézier curves, respectively, based on the control points of given the derivatives. Also we give an example to find the 5th order Bézier curve with the given derivatives.
A New Method to Obtain PH-Helical Curves in E^(n+1)
Authors: MOLLAOĞULLARI Ahmet , GÜMÜŞ Mehmet , İLARSLAN Kazım , CAMCI Çetin
Published: January 2022

Helical curves are constructed by the property that their unit tangents make a constant angle with a chosen constant direction. There are relations between polynomial planar curves, helices and Pythagorean-hodograph or shortly PH-curves. The aim of this paper is to obtain a method which generate PH-curves and PH-helical curves from a planar curve in Euclidean Space E^(n+1). Furthermore, some examples are given in E^4 and E^5 to explain the method neatly.
Bianchi V I_0 Universe with Magnetized Strange Quark Matter in f(R, T) Theory
Authors: KALKAN Sinem , AKTAŞ Can
Published: January 2022

This study discusses f(R,T) theory, one of the alternative theories. It then studies magnetized strange quark matter in the universe model Bianchi V I0, homogeneous and anisotropic. Afterwards, it has determined whether the energy conditions are provided by using the deceleration parameter while obtaining the solutions. Moreover, the evolution of the cosmic universe is examined with the help of graphics and tables.
The Polish-Lithuanian Crisis of March 1938. Some Romanian and Western reactions
Authors: Schipor Bogdan-Alexandru
Published: January 2022

In March 1938, when the eyes of the entire Europe were trained on the events in Austria that culminated with the Anschluss, there was another conflict on the European continent that bothered the Western powers, and not only. On March 17, 1938 the Polish minister at Tallinn handed to the Lithuanian minister in the capital of Estonia a notification through which Warsaw asked Lithuania to establish immediate diplomatic relations without prior conditions. The Polish government considered this the only way to solve the problems related to the border between the two states without jeopardizing the peace. Lithuania had 48 hours after the delivery of the notification to accept the proposal without any debate or negotiation. Its rejection would have given Warsaw the right to ensure its objectives and interests by any means it deemed necessary. Great Britain and France reacted cautiously to this new crisis, hoping for a peaceful solution, in order to avoid the involvement of the League of Nations or the escalation of the events towards an open conflict between the two states. In its turn, Romania, as an ally of Poland, refrained from a possible involvement or condemnation of Warsaw’s actions, a fact for which the Polish diplomats expressed their gratitude. But even if Lithuania conceded and the crisis died out, the Western countries, as well as Romania, had certain anxieties raised by the Polish-Lithuanian crisis which were to come true a year later. Poland’s actions in March 1938 had created a precedent that other powers did not hesitate to follow and the country that, in the end, would lose everything was Poland itself.
Knowledge of Russian and Estonian – an aisle of Finnish–Russian–Estonian relations
Authors: Furu Adél
Published: January 2022

This article seeks to identify the educational tendencies in the case of Russian and Estonian second language instruction in Finland observing the shift from language erosion to maintenance. We examine the reasons why the promotion of Russian and Estonian in Finland is opportune and how acquainted immigrant children’s parents are with their rights to Russian or Estonian language instruction. The aim of this study is to examine the level of ethnic and linguistic intolerance sensed by the Russian and Estonian immigrants and the degree of integration into the Finnish culture and society.
The study addresses the following research questions: How does Finland try to attenuate the social exclusion of the Russian and Estonian immigrants? Do immigrant students receive enough support to achieve bilingual proficiency? In what cases does the child not agree to speak Russian or Estonian at all? Is knowledge of the two analyzed languages a prerequisite for economic and cultural perspectives in Finland?
The topic will be focused from sociolinguistic, linguistic, cognitive, cultural perspectives and the article will adopt a comparative approach.
Scandinavian Perspectives. Overcoming the Cold War Pressures in Romania’s Policy towards Northern Europe
Authors: Stanciu Cezar
Published: January 2022

During the first years of the Cold War, Romania was isolated in terms of foreign policy, and forced to develop relations mainly with the USSR and other socialist states. During the de-Stalinization period, the East-West relations improved and Romania started to rebuilt its relations with the West, especially economic relations. This article briefly presents the re-establishment of Romania's relations with the Scandinavian states, in the context of the improved Romanian-West relations.
The Concept of Tributalism: A Comparative Analysis of S. Amin, J. Haldon and H. H. Stahl‘s Approaches
Authors: Babinskas Nerijus
Published: January 2022

By this article the author wants to revive the discussion about Marxist schemas of social development and their applicability for constructing models of universal history. The viewpoints of three scholars are presented in the current text: Samir Amin‘s who is known in the Western historiographical tradition as the main creator and promoter of the concept of tributary mode of production, John Haldon‘s who has paid much attention to the above-mentioned concept and has dedicated an entire book to this issue, Henri H. Stahl‘s who created an original alternative approach to the issue of tributalism. The author rejects J. Haldon‘s concept of „mode of production“ as being too narrow. In fact J. Haldon identifies the mode of production with the mode of exploitation. The author proposes a wider definition of the mode of production which is based on the analysis of Karl Marx‘s texts. According to the author, the most important elements of mode of production are exploitative subject (it is defined by property of conditions of production, which realises as the social power) and productive/obligatory unit which can be manifested as a household of an individual direct producer or as a community. The author proposes the following classification based on his conception of a mode of production: 1. A proprietor of land is a monarch/state and the productive/obligatory unit is the community (of Asiatic/Slavonic type); 2. A proprietor of land is a monarch/state and the productive/obligatory unit is the household of an individual direct producer; 3. Proprietors of land are private landowners and the productive/obligatory unit is the community (of Asiatic/Slavonic type); 4. Proprietors of land are private landowners and the productive/obligatory unit is the household of an individual direct producer. The most important conclusions of the author‘s are as follows: 1. H. H. Stahl‘s statement that there were alternatives in the social development of precapitalist societies are definitely reasonable. 2. Keeping in his mind the controversies between the conceptions of tributalism the author emphasizes that for the moment the question of the typology of antagonistic precapitalist societies remains open; so further researches and discussions are necessary. 3. As a point of departure for further researches and discussions the author proposes his classification of antagonistic precapitalist societies based on the criteria of an exploitative subject and a productive/obligatory unit.
Bogdan Schipor, Politica Marii Britanii la frontiera de vest a Uniunii Sovietice: 1938-1941
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

The outcome of a Ph.D. work defended in the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iassy, the book published by the prestigious Romanian Printing House “Junimea” represents a fresh investigation into the aims of British diplomacy in what was termed at the beginning of 1920s by some authors the “cordon sanitaire” area surrounding Soviet Union. In contrast to Elisabeth Barker[1], Patrick Salmon[2] and Anita Prazmowska[3]’s monographs or to my comparative research facilitated by Glasgow University based mostly on British archival documents and focused on the British policy on Romania, Finland and Estonia (March 1939-March 1940)[4], Bogdan Alexandru Schipor deals with the British policy in the entire area from Helsinki to Bucharest and approaches the period 1938-1941, i.e. from the Anschluss to the “vanishing” of the states of this area or to their relegation to a status of dependency on Germany. The author is a researcher in the “A.D. Xenopol” Institute of History of the Romanian Academy and teaches university courses at the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iassy, while also being the chairman of the Section for Nordic Studies of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies.
Bogdan Murgescu, Romania and Europe. The Accumulation of Economic Disparities
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

The book represents one of the most authoritative responses to Romania’s long-term failures to overcome underdevelopment and, by virtue of examples it offers, the possibilities and choices it has to take the EU country in order to fully integrate into the European family. The case of Denmark and the differences between the two countries over the past a few centuries is again brought into discussion by the author of this book after a recent series of articles and a Ph.D. paper dedicated to the relations and reciprocal perceptions of the two countries by Oana Lăculiceanu-Popescu.
Nicolae Titulescu’s new eastern policy and the upgrading of Romania’s diplomatic ties with Lithuania
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

In 1933 Nicolae Titulescu, widely regarded as the main driving force behind many of Romania’s decisions in the field of foreign affairs for a decade and a half, started to ponder about the idea of opening a diplomatic representation of Romania in Kaunas. Reasons such as the necessity of advancing Romania and the Little Entente’s interests in the area, the usefulness of gaining access to information about Soviet Union circulating in the area and the importance of the geopolitical location of Lithuania at the intersection of Soviet, German and Polish interests were offered by the Romanian envoy to Riga to convince Titulescu. Yet, only in late 1935 and early 1936 was the decision being implemented and Constantin Văllimărescu was appointed to represent his country in Lithuania’s temporary capital. This paper analysis these new evolutions in the Romanian-Lithuanian relations and the reasons behind them and approaches the diplomatic relations between the two countries in mid-1930s.
Development characteristics of interwar European periphery: the cases of Romania and Lithuania’s agriculture
Authors: Dragomir Elena
Published: January 2022

In economic terms, the interwar European periphery was limited to underdeveloped, poor, and non-industrialized states. According to this definition, both Romania and Lithuania belonged between the two world wars to the periphery of the continent. The two countries approached the economic problem using similar instruments: radical agrarian reform, stress on exports, industrialization. Despite the industrial developments that Romania and Lithuania witnessed during the interwar years, they remained, throughout the period, essentially agrarian economies. Although both states had to start from a very under-developed agriculture that shared many similarities, Lithuania’s interwar agriculture was eventually considered ‘one of the most efficient in Eastern Europe’, while Romania’s remained highly ‘inefficient and peasant’. Using the comparative historical analysis method and a similar-systems approach, this paper compares their problems, evaluates steps taken towards their solutions and reveals the different outcomes.
The Awarding of Doctor Honoris Causa to H.S. Dr. Vladimir Jarmolenko, The Ambassador of Lithuania to Bucharest
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

One of the most original Lithuanian philosophers, Arvydas Sliogeris, approached in his works the dichotomy of humanism versus hominism. While humanism means, above all, the placing of man and human values at the head of the triangle, ethics, truth, fidelity, hominism, as Sliogeris defines it, is but the unauthentic, anonymous, uniform life, and also the aggressive, devouring, destructive attitude towards world and fellow men. According to the Lithuanian thinker, the ultimate result of hominism is represented by totalitarian ideologies and socio-political systems that destroy the human values.
Portrait of a necessary Ponto-Baltic alliance: Polish commercial road projects towards the Balkans and the Black Sea, 1919 – 1926
Authors: Anghel Florin
Published: January 2022

The economic expression of the Romanian-Polish military and political alliance undoubtedly had to be represented by the rebirth of the Baltic-Pontic commercial road, as the flow of products coming into and towards the Polish space had been artificially directed, during the 19th century, as a result of understandable political and economic interests, towards the North and the Adriatic Seas, instead of the Baltic and Black Seas. A Polish commercial road towards the Balkans obviously comprised economic, financial and strategic components. One of them referred to building an alternative to the continental routes dominated by Germany (Rhine, Main, Danube); the aim was chiefly to break a dangerous monopoly in the region of Central Europe and the Baltic area. Foreign commerce on the two relations did not enjoy, in any period between the two world wars, a spectacular evolution and never reached an important point. The arguments are based on strictly economic and financial elements: 1. Romania and Poland produced largely the same type of merchandise: there were basically similar raw materials (cereal, coal, oil), the products had a very low degree of processing, and one could earn more and more assuredly with the export type-products on traditional markets (mainly Western Europe); 2. Even if there was a great interest in a partner or a product on the other market, the transport thereof took a very long time. Between Warsaw and Bucharest there was a simple, inefficient and unsafe railroad; there was no preoccupation in the ’20s for the revamping or modernizing of the transport and service infrastructure (telephone, telegraph, post) between the two states; 3. Last, but not least, although the two states had a great number of inhabitants – and, thus, an extremely important potential for buying and consumption – the potential was strongly handicapped by the standard of living. The scanty Polish projects and investments on the Baltic – Black Sea axis have completed – and have not influenced – the general frame of Romanian – Polish relations, essentially based on political, diplomatic and military interests.
Leisure in Stalin’s Estonia
Authors: Mertelesmann Olaf
Published: January 2022

The period of Stalinism is usually overshadowed by accounts of terror and a topic like leisure seems not to be appropriate. Nevertheless, leisure was an important aspect of everyday life in Estonia under Stalin’s reign. Some elements of continuity with the interwar period might be identified. The state struggled to control leisure activities and to re-educate the population but obviously failed. Listening to foreign radio stations or reading forbidden books might have been subversive but were not yet signs of resistance. Many leisure activities bore the character of escaping from a harsh reality and from poverty. The paper is based on archival documents, oral history and life stories.
War, diplomacy and media: the British–Soviet Treaty of May 26, 1942 in Swedish press commentaries
Authors: Plopeanu Emanuel
Published: January 2022

The Soviet – British treaty is very well known. It represents the end of a road that began in December 1941, through Anthony Eden’s visit to Moscow. On that occasion Stalin forwarded a project that, actually, divided the mutual domination in Europe and modified the frontiers. But the final treaty, signed on May 26, 1942, doesn’t mention anything about the territorial changes discussed in Moscow. On Berlin’s instructions, some Swedish journals published articles regarding the so-called „territorial clauses” which, in fact, don’t exist in the actual treaty. We consider these standpoints as an episode in a „war of nerves”, which caused significant damages to the Allied cause, at public opinion level.
Lithuanian public opinion and the EU membership
Authors: Dragomir Elena
Published: January 2022

During the early 1990s, following the restoration of independence, Lithuania reoriented in terms of foreign policy towards West. One of the state’s main foreign policy goals became the accession to the EU and NATO. Acknowledging that the ‘opinion of the people’ is a crucial factor in today’s democracy as it is important and necessary for politicians to know and take into consideration the ‘public opinion’, that is the opinion of the people they represent, this paper brings into attention the public support for the political pro-West project. The paper is structured in two main parts. The first one presents in short the politicians’ discourse regarding Lithuania’s accession to the EU and its general ‘returning to Europe’, in the general context of the state’s new foreign policy, while the second part presents the results of different public opinion surveys regarding the same issue. Comparing these two sides, in the end, the paper provides the answer that the Lithuanian people backed the political elites in their European projects. Although, the paper does not represent a breakthrough for the scientific community, its findings could be of interest for those less familiarized with the Lithuanian post-Cold War history, and especially for the Romanian public to whom this journal mainly addresses.
Germany’s policy and the diplomatic agenda of Romanian neutrality (1914-1916). The Prospect of a plan for an alliance with Sweden
Authors: Topor Claudiu-Lucian
Published: January 2022

In the summer of 1915, concerned about Italy’s entry into the war in alliance with the Entente powers yet encouraged by the victories of its armies on the Eastern Front, the German diplomacy attempted to encourage Sweden and Romania to abandon their neutrality in order to give a decisive blow to Russia. In several reports dispatched from Berlin, Alexandru Beldiman, the envoy to Germany who was also Romania’s representative in the Scandinavian countries, raised the possibility of Sweden’s entry into the war on the German side. After he had identified Russia as the common historical enemy of the two countries, the Romanian diplomat suggested forging an alliance under the leadership of Germany. A strong alliance was thought to ensure Sweden’s ascendancy in Finland and the Baltic states, and Romania’s supremacy in the East at the Black Sea. Although this plan was rejected by the liberal government, Beldiman’s initiative in a period of neutrality remains an alternative in the Romanian political circles to Entente supremacy.
The Nansen Commission and the Romanian Prisoners of War’s repatriation from the Russian territories
Authors: Cazacu Ioana Ecaterina
Published: January 2022

The end of the Great War was the beginning of a long string of problems requiring immediate solutions, one of the most important of which being the repatriation of former prisoners of war. Given the fact that there were a large number of prisoners as a result of the huge amount of troops engaged in the conflict, we can approximate a number of 6,637,000 prisoners at the end of the war. This situation did not remain without consequences in the international debate. At the Paris Peace Conference, the General Secretariat had organized a Special Committee on all matters relating to prisoners. The lead of the Commission was entrusted to Fridtjof Nansen, explorer, scientist and public figure of the period. However, there were a number of difficulties generated by the absence of Russia from the Peace Conference. This country did not obey any decisions of the Commission, having neither rights, nor duties. To solve the problems, the High Commissioner made use of the prestige given by the League of Nations in order to facilitate the carrying out of his duty, but in reality the effort to repatriate the prisoners was supported by humanitarian agencies and private organizations, for example the International Red Cross. Overall the Mission led by Dr. Nansen managed to repatriate 427,885 prisoners, 19,188 of whom were Romanians.
Pre-World War II Romania from Latvian Perspective: An Envoy’s views
Authors: Jēkabsons Ēriks
Published: January 2022

The paper approaches the working environment and observations of Latvian envoy Ludvigs Ēķis in Romania from the autumn of 1939 when the Latvian Legation was opened in Bucharest until the summer of 1940 when the State of Latvia was liquidated. The main focus is on the Latvian-Romanian relations in this period of time, the Romanian foreign and economical policy and the reaction of Romanian statesmen and society to the events and processes of the first stage of World War: the policy of Soviet Union, Germany and Hungary, the Soviet-Finnish War and other conflicts in region and in Europe. The article is based on the materials stored in the State Archives of Latvia and particularly on Ludvigs Ekis’ reports. In a time when war was raging in Europe, Romania, too, was subject to considerable international pressure. Some similarities can be detected between the developments in this region and in the Baltic States.
Editor’s Foreword
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

The current issue of Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) continues the publication of selected papers presented at the second international conference for Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania entitled Black Sea and Baltic Sea Regions: Confluences, influences and crosscurrents in the modern and contemporary ages, an event which was organized under the aegis of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies with the support of the embassies of Finland, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden in Romania, of the Consulate of Latvia, of Valahia University of Târgovişte, of the City Hall of Târgovişte, of the The Princely Court National Museum Complex of Târgovişte and of Cetatea de Scaun Publishing House and of the respected companies Niro Investment Group and Arvi Agro SRL.
Never satisfactory, according to the Finnish standards”. From optimism and interest to disappointment and disillusion: Finnish views on the nations in Eastern Central Europe between the word wars
Authors: Vares Vesa
Published: January 2022

The questions of national prejudices, xenophobia and enemy images have been lately popular issues. The creation of the ”Other” has been evident in racial issues, like in the ideologies of imperialism or anti-Semitism. However, it is important to see the same mentality inside the European political culture itself, because the images often did and still do divide the nations into different categories. This mentality gained even more impetus after the collapse of the empires in 1918 and yet again in the discussion about ”Old Europe” and ”New Europe”. My purpose is to study how Finland saw Eastern Europe and its political systems and national peculiarities between the World Wars. Finland formed an interesting hinge between Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. On the one hand it wanted to emphasize how Western its mental heritage was; on the other, it had to fight off assumptions that it was still ”half-Russian” and behaving in a ”Balkan” manner. In the early 1920s there were also ideas of similar interests in European politics and similarities of the social structure. In the longer run, the Finns saw Eastern Europe as an area which was not ready for democracy, because it lacked the elements of national cohesion and basic people’s education. Argumentation resembles the German one, but was not necessarily decided by it – rather by own experience or Scandinavian and sometimes Hungarian information. For the Finns, Hungary formed some sort of exception of the prejudiced view because it was considered to be a kindred nation, but the experts could see little similarities even between Finland and Hungary.
The Little Entente and Romania from the perspective of Lithuanian diplomacy in the 1930s
Authors: Bukelevičiūtė Dalia
Published: January 2022

The first diplomatic contacts between Lithuanian and Romanian representatives started in the aftermath of World War I when Lithuania was looking for the protection of her inhabitants who were still refugees in Russia. As Russia became entrenched with Bolshevism and Civil War, the Lithuanian citizens were evacuated through Romanian territory from South Ukraine and Crimea. Lithuania and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations in December 1919 and eventually an attempt was made to set up ties also with Romania. As a member of the Little Entente and an ally of Poland, Romania attracted the attention of the Lithuanian government. Romania recognized Lithuania de jure on August 21, 1924 and Dovas Zaunius was appointed as the first Lithuanian envoy to Bucharest. Nevertheless, during the next decade no political or diplomatic contacts between Lithuania and Romania were recorded. With the growing influence of Germany, the Soviet Union and the Little Entente on the international arena, Edvardas Turauskas was appointed on August 27, 1935 as envoy to Romania residing in Prague and later in the year Romania accredited Constantin Vallimarescu for the position of envoy to Lithuania residing in Riga. The dialogue between the two parties remained, however, occasional. When on July 21, 1940 Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union, Turauskas visited the Romanian Legation in Bern and presented a note of protest in this respect. Romania did not acknowledge Lithuanian occupation and annexation.
The Nobel Peace Prize from a Romanian perspective – the interwar period
Authors: Sirbu-Jakobsen Vasilica
Published: January 2022

The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the ultimate achievement by researchers, writers and politicians. Due to its uniqueness and the values it stands for, the Nobel Peace Prize seems increasingly important in the modern world. To this point, no Romanian citizen was awarded this prize, but how many of them were nominated and how close were those nominated to winning this prize? Based on the archives of the Nobel Institute, this paper presents the Romanian nominees during the interwar period, their image and their activity as it appears in the nomination letters. The documents show that the name of some Romanians appears in the letters of nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize, their works and ideas being of a real interest. Those who nominated them tried to influence the decisions of the Nobel Committee in favor of their candidate. The results were not positive, but Romanians, the nominees as the nominators, were among those keeping pace with the events, the politics and the peace movements in Europe during a troubled time.
History of Finland, by Elena Dragomir and Silviu Miloiu
Authors: Coroban Costel
Published: January 2022

At the end of last year the Romanian historical academic community has had the pleasure of witnessing the publication of a first ever monograph of the history of Finland in the Romanian language. The volume is authored by Associate Professor PhD Silviu Miloiu from the “Valahia” University of Târgovişte, and researcher and PhD (ABD) Elena Dragomir from the University of Helsinki, appropriately under the aegis of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies (RABNS).
Editor’s Foreword
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) gathers in this issue contributions based on new documentary sources and interpretations concerning the area it investigates, i.e. the Baltic and Nordic Sea area, and the relations and contacts between this region and its Black Sea match. The fascinating ethnic and cultural diversity of the area, the contacts between distant European lands, the perceptions of “the other” are topics approached from different angles and brought before the judgment of the public and the community of fellow researchers.
Alteration of the ethnic diversity and ethnic segregation index in Latvia during the first and second independence periods
Authors: Németh Ádám , Šolks Guntis
Published: January 2022

It is a well-known fact that the Baltic area is traditionally one of the most diverse regions of Europe in terms of ethnic concerns; we can observe in many settlements that four or even five religions have their own churches, cemeteries and at least as many ethnic groups are having their schools etc. Regarding geography literature, no generally accepted method has been applied yet to measure the population’s diversity and spatial segregation; in most cases only the number and ratio of ethnic groups were described. This research paper proposes a different approach: the adaptation of the so-called Simpson’s Diversity Index, based on probability theory and originally used by ecologists to measure biodiversity, to human geography. The study seeks the answers to: where, when, why and how has the Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Segregation Index changed in Latvia during the first and second independence periods? What kind of spatial patterns are possible to observe on the basis of the transformation? The enormous data is processed by modern GIS software products and projected on thematic maps.
The Third Conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania, May 2012
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

The Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies continued to organize in 2012 a series of events, one of the most meaningful of which was the third international conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies entitled European networks: the Balkans, Scandinavia and the Baltic world in a time of economic and ideological crisis opened on 25 May at Valahia University of Târgoviște and sponsored by the Romanian National Research Council, Niro Investment Group and other partners (http://www.arsbn.ro/conference-2012.htm). The main goal of the conference was to foster debate and academic discussion with regard to the challenges the Balkan and Baltic regions face today, within a time of severe global economic instability. The participants discussed and advanced solutions to problems such as the accession of Balkan states to the EU and/or NATO, with particular reference to the experiences of the relatively new EU and/or NATO Member States from South-Eastern Europe and the Eastern Baltic region; the economic, security or cultural threats posed by Balkan and/or Eastern European states or non-state actors to the Western or Nordic Europe as perceived there; the development of extremist movements and the Balkan organized crime in the Scandinavian countries; the Balkan Roma peoples as a “threat” for Western and Nordic Europe; strategies for integrating minorities in the Baltic Sea rim countries and the Black Sea areas.
The Baltic and the birth of a modern English maritime community: the Muscovy Company and nautical cartography, 1553-1665
Authors: Maeer Alistair
Published: January 2022

English merchants and navigators began developing their skills in the late sixteenth century to reach Baltic shores and in the process birthed a distinct English nautical charting tradition which continued to service and reflect English interests for over a century. Specifically, the efforts of the Muscovy Company and the emergence of a distinct master-apprentice relationship of chart makers within the Drapers’ Company instigated the emergence of a modern maritime community in England replete with the financial structures, ships, and skills necessary to encompass the globe. As a result of various setbacks in the late-sixteenth century, English merchants and mariners shifted from coastal trading ventures to direct long-distance overseas commerce. This transformation was initiated through the efforts of the Muscovy Company and its accompanying introduction of marine charts for navigating distant shores. The introduction and expansion of direct long-distance overseas trade and modern navigational techniques then spurred the creation of a domestic charting industry to service these English navigational needs, the Thames School of English marine charting. Born out of a close association with English commerce to the Baltic, members of the Thames School continued to produce nautical charts of the globe that reflected ever-expanding English interests until the early-eighteenth century. This paper argues that trade to and from the Baltic acted as a proving ground, the venue, within which both the origins of English long-distant overseas trade and nautical cartography emerged—two fundamentally necessary components for the Empire which followed.
Illegal education of Polish children in Independent Lithuania in the 1930s: circumstances and development trends
Authors: Kaubrys Saulius
Published: January 2022

The circular of the Minister of Education Konstantinas Šakenis on the amendment to the 1925 Law on Primary Education, dated August 6th 1927 and the 1936 Law on Primary Education created the precedent demanding that children of mixed families (only one parent of Lithuanian nationality) should be taught at Lithuanian schools. As a result of this demand, the need to evade this provision arose because the contingent of pupils in Polish schools suffered losses due to this restriction. Polish organisations (“Pochodnia”) seeking to compensate losses due to restriction of spread of Polish people started organising illegal (secret) Polish schools. To contain their activities, official authorities used the mechanism of punishment, which partly suppressed that process. Polish organisations changed the tactics of their activities in seeking to maintain vitality of secret schools. The analysis of contents of some financial sources shows that almost the same amount of funds was allocated to both legal and illegal schools (the case of 1937). Establishment of diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Poland in 1938 activated secret education of Polish children, developed it even to a greater extent, and enhanced self-confidence of secret teachers in doing their work.
Beggars, scammers, discriminated against by the whole of Europe: Romania’s Roma in Finnish tabloids, 2008-2011
Authors: Alenius Kari
Published: January 2022

The unrestricted movement of EU citizens from one country to another has been one of the fundamental principles of the Union. On the other hand, this issue has also attracted criticism, particularly from the radical right and so-called populist parties, or the supporters of these movements. Part of the population of Europe regards immigration and the unrestricted movement of people as a threat to the stability and prosperity of their own society. Through these critical perspectives, permanent immigration is viewed as a larger problem, as its effects on the host countries are more permanent than in the case of temporary residence. Through the same perspectives, the short-term but uncontrolled stay of foreigners is often linked to crime. This study concentrates on what kind of image a significant part of the Finnish media has given of a recent case of the foreigners that have attracted large attention in the country.
What the membership has taught? National identity construction in Lithuanian public discourse after accession to the European Union
Authors: Švarplys Andrius
Published: January 2022

‘Europe’ and ‘Russia’ have historically been the most remarkable landmarks, playing geopolitical, cultural, and moral guide-role in the construction of national collective identities in the Central Eastern European countries, including Lithuania. This ‘civilizational identity’ helped to unite Lithuanian political elites as well as society towards the direction to West and Europe after the collapse of Soviet Union. The question article addresses is: does the factual belonging to the European Union after the 1st May, 2004 give the impulse to re-define ‘Europe’ and ‘Russia’ as the old essentials of collective identity of Lithuanians? The article presents the research based on monitoring of national public discourse (five Lithuanian national newspapers) in 2004-2007, i.e. enjoying three years of membership in the European Union and NATO.
The main result is that the role of Russia in the Lithuanian collective identity has not changed and still continues to play the major threat. The membership in the European Union and NATO has not solved Lithuanian security problem. According to the perceived threat, Russia has started to penetrate softly into Lithuania’s economy (especially energy sector) and has silently begun to make an impact to the domestic political parties and political elite. The traditional role of Europe, however, is slowly but gradually shifting from mythical ‘Paradise’ image to more critical understandings about divided Europe and selfish member-states. Already being in the EU and NATO, Lithuania should balance sometimes unfriendly westerners’ reluctance to understand the situation and help against Russia with the economic power that Russia uses as a political instrument against Lithuania on the international arena, as well as in domestic politics. This results in the feelings of „lost and forgotten” between Europe and Russia. Nevertheless, Europe continues to earn a positive meaning in national collective identity of Lithuanians, but all these trends in public discourse show that the state and society have only just started to realize its interests and learn how to handle the major challenges through the cooperation within the European Union, i.e. to build integrational European identity.
Construction of Resistance Discourse in Latvian Post-Soviet Literature about Deportations and Imprisonments
Authors: Birzniece Eva
Published: January 2022

During the Soviet era there were no publicly available published literary representations of the Soviet deportations and imprisonment of civilians and Latvian Army officers to Siberia and the Far East. If there were any, these were very scarce and available to very few people. Deportations and imprisonments were marginalized and silenced themes in all possible respects – politically, socially and culturally. Many narratives (in books published in state publishing houses) emerged only in the beginning of the 1990ies when the Soviet Union collapsed and Latvia regained its independence. Those narratives were written secretly during the Soviet time, as the authors were or could be repressed for talking about forbidden topics. The female experience was not only totally silenced but it was also different from men’s experience of imprisonments and deportations as men and women with children were separated – men were sent to forced labour camps and women to places of settlement. Even when writing about deportations was dangerous, the narratives of that experience construct strong resistance to the Soviet repressions against Latvia and its people. Many female narratives about these experiences emerged later adding to the testimonials studies of archives and historical documents thus making resistance discourse more pointed and stronger.
Editorial Foreword
Authors: Miloiu Silviu-Marian
Published: January 2022

Revista Română pentru Studii Baltice şi Nordice / The Romanian Journal of Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) continues the publication in this issue of a series of studies which have been presented at the annual conference on Baltic and Nordic Studies in Romania. These articles approach topics related to the relations and encounters between Black Sea and the Baltic Sea areas or various developments in the Baltic Sea region during the 20th century.
Finland’s rapprochement to National-Socialist Germany as reaction against Winter War
Authors: Hovi Kalervo
Published: January 2022

The aim of this article is to analyse the reasons behind the Finnish co-belligerency with Germany in the Operation Barbarossa. The investigation reveals the main reasons and key moments which contributed to Finnish rapprochement with Nazi Germany following the Winter War when their relations reached the nadir. Therefore, the article looks at the attitude of Finnish, German and Soviet decision-makers following the Winter War and sets the Finnish decision within the frame of Finnish national interest as defined by its elites and not in an ideological choice of Totalitarian doctrine of National-Socialism. Ironically, after cooperating in the war against Soviet Union, Finland and Germany became open enemies after the Finnish armistice with Soviet Union was concluded.
A typical example of mental region-building? The Balkan area in Finnish schoolbooks from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 21st century
Authors: Alenius Kari
Published: January 2022

Schoolbooks play a crucial role in the formation of one’s world view. This study analyzes how the Balkan area has been depicted in Finnish schoolbooks under the existence of the modern school system from the 1870s to the 2000s. For this study, all history and geography schoolbooks published in Finland have been examined. Of books of which there are several editions, at least the first and the last editions and any other necessary ones have been used. The familiarization of Finnish school children with the Balkan countries and peoples has occurred through two subjects, history, and foremost, through geography. Descriptions and interpretations relating to the Balkan area and its inhabitants have existed in Finnish schoolbooks from the beginning. During approximately 140 years, the amount of description and content has changed in some respects, but on the other hand, elements of clear continuity and immutability are apparent.
Some linguistic remarks regarding Romanian Viking Studies
Authors: Coroban Costel
Published: January 2022

In Romania there is no academic program dedicated entirely to the study of the Viking period in Scandinavia and Europe, but Romanian historiography can still boast with a decent number of monographs, translations and studies relating to early medieval Northern Europe. The concern of the present study is that of offering a general view on the language variations used by Romanian historians or translators when referring to certain Viking historical characters, rituals, artefacts or any other aspects regarding the history of the Norsemen. One of the first terms that ought to be considered by this study is the Old Norse word “viking” (used in runic inscriptions in contexts such as the verbal group “fara í víking” – meaning “to go on a raid”, “to go a-viking”). The complexity of translating this verbal structure into Romanian comes from the difficulty of turning the borrowed ethnonym “Viking” into a verbal phrase. Thus, it has been rendered as “a merge in expediţie vikingă”/”going on a Viking [+fem. desinence] expedition”. The only downside of using this phrase is that it might imply pleonasm since the Romanian noun “viking” already refers to raids and seafaring activities. Other authors have instead proposed the translation of “cineva care face un înconjur”/”somebody who goes on an expedition”, or simply “care e departe de casă”/”someone away from home”. But a royal saga also tells us about a noble who was “stundum í kaupferdum en stundum í víkingu” which is translated into Romanian as “în acelaşi timp în călătorie de afaceri şi în expediţie vikingă [at the same time in business trip and in viking expedition]”. The translation of í víking as “a merge în expediţie viking [going on a viking expedition]” also appears. In the translation of Frans G. Bengtsson’s well know The Long Ships, going a-viking is translated into Romanian as “seceriş [reaping], incursiune de jaf [raid for plundering]”, which is interestingly the only identifiable metaphor for this activity. Vikings also rarely appear as “wikingi” instead of the very common “vikingi” in Romanian translations.