bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Import Tariffs in the Canada‐U.S. Fresh Tomato Market
Authors: Hammig Michael D. , Mittelhammer Ron C.
Published: July 2010

A quarterly econometric simulation model of the Canada‐U.S. tomato market was constructed to evaluate the effects of tariff policies on producers, consumers, and international trade. The model consisted of seven behavioral equations and four identities. Mexican participation in the Canada‐U.S. market is explicitly included through an equation defining the supply of Mexican tomatoes available for export. The model was used to compare simulated market outcomes over time with all variables held at actual levels to outcomes resulting from simulations where U.S. and Canadian tariffs were changed from their historical levels. The effect of the U.S. tariff on the U.S. winter market was examined by first doubling U. S. tariff values and then by eliminating U. S. tariffs. The effect on the Canadian summer market was tested by similar changes in the Canadian tariff. Results indicate that due to the ad valorem nature of the Canadian tariff structure, Canadian producers have received considerably more protection in recent years than have U.S. producers. The tariff mechanism does provide an effective means to administratively manipulate international competition in the North American fresh tomato market.

On a bati un modéle simulé d'économetrie trimestrielle du marché de tomates canadien‐américain pour évaluer les effels de la politique douaniére sur les producteurs, les consommateurs et le commerce international. Le modéle consistait en sept équations behavioristes et quatre identités. On a tenu compte explicitement de la participation du Mexique au sein du marché canadien‐américain gráce á une équation qui déftnit l'offre en tomates mexicaines destinées á l'exportation. On a utilisé le modéle pour comparer d'une part les résultats á long terme des marchés simulés dont toutes les variables étaient fixées aux niveaux réels et d'autre part, les résultats provenant de simulations oú les tarifs douaniers americains et canadiens furent modifiés par rapport à leurs niveaux historiques. On a examiné l'effet du tarif douanier américain sur le marchè d'hiver américain, d'abord en doublant les valeurs des tarifs douaniers américains, ensuite en éliminant ces mémes tarifs. Gráce á des changements similaires portant sur les tarifs douaniers canadiens, on a testé l'effet sur le marché d'été canadien. Les résultants indiquent que, á cause de la nature proportionnelle de la structure des tarifs douaniers canadiens les producteurs canadiens ont reçu beaucoup plus de protection ces derníeres années que leurs homologues américains. Le mécanisme douanier fournit bien un moyen efficace de manipuler administrativement la concurrence internationale dans la marché américain de la tomate fraìche.
Fertilizer Buying Behavior of Ontario Farmers
Authors: Funk Thomas F.
Published: July 2010

One of the most important functions that must be performed by management in any fertilizer organization is the development of effective marketing strategies. A marketing strategy is a long‐term plan which gives basic direction to an organization's marketing program; an effective marketing strategy is one which creates strong preference for, and eventual purchase of, a company's or dealer's products and services.
Rod F. Ziemer**
Authors: White Fred C. , Ziemer Rod F.
Published: July 2010

This paper investigates the effect of disequilibrium prices on consumer and producer surplus in the U.S. fed beef market. An econometric model which allows for the possibility of prices that do not clear the market was used in the analysis. Results indicated that (I) the effect of disequilibrium prices in the U.S. fed beef market in the 1960s was relatively small compared to the 1970s and (2) recent price controls on beef caused price distortions that yielded surplus gains to consumers while producers suffered surplus losses.

Cet article a pour but de déterminer ľeffet du déséquilibre des prix sur le surplus du consommateur et du producteur dans le marché des bovins ďalimentation, aux Etats‐ Unis. Dans cette analyse, nous avons utilisé un modele économétrique qui peut s'appliquer aux cas où les prix ne sonl pas à la situation ďéquilibre. Les résullats indiquent que: (1) ľeffet do déséquilibre des prix dans les années 60 aux Etats‐ Unit était relativement modeste compareéàľeffet enregistré dans les années 70; (2) les récents contrölles de prix imposés sur les bovins ont causé des distortions de prix. lesquelles distortions ont entrainé un accroissement du surplus du consommateur au détriment du surplus du producteur.
National and Regional Household Demand for Meat, Poultry and Seafood: A Complete Systems Approach
Authors: Capps Oral , Havlicek Joseph
Published: July 2010

Brown and Heien's S1‐branch system was employed to investigate national and regional demand patterns for meat, poultry, and seafood in the United States. Meal, poultry, and seafood purchases were very sensitive to own‐price changes, changes in total expenditure, and changes in household size, and were less sensitive to cross‐price changes, regional differences, and differences in degree of urbanization. The estimates of parameters and elasticities in the S1‐branch system were reasonable on a priori grounds, the goodness‐of‐fit was exceptional, and, using independent samples, the predictive performance of the demand system was particularly notable.

Le système à branches de type S1 de Brown et Helen a été employe dans le but d'étudier les types de demandes au niveau national et regional en ce qui concerne la viande. la volaille et les fruits de mer aux Etats‐ Unis. Les achats de viande, de volaille et de fruits de mer etaieni tres sensibles à des changements de leurspropresprix, à des changements des dépenses totales ainsi qu 'à des variations de la taille des menages. Ils étaieni moins sensibles aux changements des prix croisés, aux differences regionales et aux differences du degré d'urbanisation. Les estimations des paramètres et des élasticités dans le système à branches du type S1étaieni a priori raisonnable, la qualitéétait exceptionnelle et en utilisant des échantillons indépendants, la performance prophétique du système de demande était particulièrement notable.
A Comparative Static Analysis of Welfare Impacts of Supply‐Restricting Marketing Boards: A Comnent
Authors: Harvey D. R. , Hubbard L. J.
Published: July 2010

Van Kooten and Spriggs (VKS) make a useful contribution to our understanding of the basic theory of the firm as applied to quota restrictions on output, at least as far as their short‐run analysis is concerned. However, it is the long‐run analysis which is more relevant for judging the welfare implications of the policy, and it is here that the VKS analysis is open to question. This comment puts forth an alternative view. In so doing it also draws attention to some of the more important policy implications of the analysis.
A Comparative Static Analysis of the Welfare Impacts of Supply‐Restricting Marketing Boards: Reply
Authors: Kooten G. C. Van , Spriggs John
Published: July 2010

The comment by Harvey and Hubbard (hereafter HH) on our earlier paper concerns the welfare implications of our long‐run analysis. They assume a competitive industry where the firms face perfectly elastic supply functions for all factors of production except one. Under such assumptions, they suggest that the area above the long‐run supply curve and below a price line can have meaning as a welfare measure. This is in contrast to our paper in which such an area can have no meaning as a welfare measure.
A Comparison of Extra Market Benefit Evaluation Techniques: A Reply
Authors: Adamowicz W. L. , Phillips W. E.
Published: July 2010

Van Kooten identifies what he considers four “major problems” with our paper. The first has to do in part with the discrepancy between WTP and WTAC. He suggests we misinterpreted Gordon and Knetsch with the sentence, “Economic theory suggests that these two values are estimates of consumer surplus and should be similar” which was taken out of context by Van Kooten. Our reference to Gordon and Knetsch followed the sentence, “Some have stated that this difference is due to an income effect but even this factor fails to provide for the vast difference in these measures (Gordon and Knetsch).” The message in the paragraph (p. 402–403) containing these two sentences is the following: In theory the two measures differ slightly because of differences in income or wealth effects. Yet large empirical differences have been observed and cannot be supported solely on the basis of income and wealth effects. We therefore must take strong exception to Van Kooten's statement that “… it is best to attribute most of the difference between WTP and WTAC to the income effect (Bockstael and McConnel 1 1980, p. 61).” One can find in the literature statements such as the following: “Further, the magnitude of the value at issue should rule out the income or wealth effect as being an adequate explanation of the observed variation between the two measures” (Knetsch and Sinden 1984; see also Bishop et al., 1984).
The Canadian Beef and Pork Sectors: New Found Relevance of Live Market Information
Authors: MacArthur J. , Hawkins M. H. , Adamowicz W. L. , Norby R. R.
Published: July 2010

The structure of price transmission both vertically (between links in the market channel) and horizontally (between market areas) for beef and pork in Canada is examined. The analysis of vertical price transmission indicates that farmgate prices lead retail prices. The hypothesized relationship between retail and farmgate prices is that the farmgate demand curve is shifted by wholesaler anticipation of the retail price changes. Such a situation would place greater importance on the live markets since prices determined in these markets would eventually be reflected in the retail market. The results have further implications for the determination of price margins and related policy issues.
The Demand for Atlantic Salmon in Canada: A Comment
Authors: Lin Biing‐Hwan , Williams Nancy A.
Published: July 2010

Due to the successful development of Norwegian salmon farming, major salmon producing countries (such as Canada, the United States, Japan, Chile, Scotland, etc.) have actively attempted to duplicate this practice. This recent development has far reaching implications for the salmon industry. Therefore, a demand analysis of Atlantic salmon products is timely. While we applaud the work by Kabir and Ridler (hereafter, KR), we would like to comment on the specification of their econometric model and elaborate on the implications of KR's findings on fishery management.
Agricultural Financial Analysis Expert Systems: Software Description
Authors: McGrann James M. , Karkosh Kedric , Osborne Clark
Published: July 2010

The Agricultural Financial Analysis Expert Systems (AFAES) include software to prepare:

agricultural financial statements;

analysis summaries and graphic presentations of the analysis; and

expert systems that present a diagnostic analysis of the financial statement data.

In addition, there is a lender data base management system (STANDARDS) to check borrower documentation, to compare borrower data to lender standards and to summarize data from the lender portfolio of borrowers.

Using AFAES software helps organize financial data in a format following accounting procedures. The expert system provides a consistent diagnostic analysis of financial data useful to both producers and lender. AFAES is developed to interface with existing accounting and financial statement software or lender data bases.

AFAES not only has been developed and verified in Texas but also its development has involved two national task forces, land‐grant university professionals, software vendors, accountants, lenders and representatives of regulatory agencies.

Experience gained through development and verification efforts indicate that expert systems technology will be a valuable tool to enhance knowledge delivery by agricultural economists. Economics and finance are areas where expertise is often limited, leading to inadequate use of data and analysis tools by producers, lenders and educators. Expert systems offer a significant delivery technology.
An Analysis of Removal of Agricultural Trade Barriers between the United States and Canada with Emphasis on the Southeast
Authors: Ames Glenn C. W. , Yu Ming‐Fang
Published: July 2010

A four‐region, 23‐commodity small world agricultural trade liberalization model within the SWOPSIM framework is used to measure the impact of tariff removal between the United States and Canada. The tariffs are simply defined as negative import subsidy equivalents in the model and are then removed from the trade prices. The model recalculates domestic supply and demand levels in all regions, rebalancing world trade, production, consumption and prices.

In summary, the impacts of the Canada‐U.S. Trade Agreement on selected commodity groups are significant. Canadian imports of beef and veal, poultry meat, soybean oil and fresh strawberries increase. Furthermore, the results indicate larger trade flows for selected products and declines in producer and consumer prices in Canada, U.S. and Southeast regions.

Since the U.S. share of Canadian agricultural imports averaged 60% in the 1980s, the impact of trade liberalization will be greater in Canada in selected commodities than in the U. S. or the southeastern region, and Canadian dependence on the U.S. market will be increasing in the future. The tariff phaseout, together with a reduction in nontariff barriers and harmonizing of domestic agricultural policies, will create more export opportunities in selected commodities for both the United States and Canada, and will create the world's largest free trade market.
Adoption of Captial Versus Management Intensive Technologies.
Authors: Zepeda Lydia
Published: July 2010

This research examines the factors explaining the adoption of a capital‐intensive versus a management‐intensive technology in the dairy industry. This is done by estimating a multinomial logit model of technological choices on California dairy farms. Results indicate significant differences in the probabilities of adoption of each technology, but not in the marginal effects of the explanatory variables on these probabilities. Thus the level of explanatory variables, such as herd size or education, appears to be the determinant of the probability of having adopted each technology. Implications of the results are discussed.

Cette analyse examine les facteurs qui expliquent l'adoption de deux technologies laitières, une intensive pour le capital, l'autre pour la gestion. Un modèle logit multivariée des choix technologiques sur les fermes laitières de la Californie est estimé. Les résultats indiquent que les différences entre les probabilités d'adoption de chacune technologie sont significantes, mais il n'y a pas des différences entre les effets des variables explicatives sur les probabilités marginales. Ainsi, c'est le niveau des variables explicatives qui détermine la probabilité de l'adoption de chaque technologie. Les implications des résultats sont discutées.
Canada's Agricultural Trade Policy: Choices and Challenges
Authors: Veeman Michele
Published: July 2010

As a small open economy, Canada has a considerable interest in the achievement of substantive trade liberalization for agriculture in a multilateral context. Despite the advantages of a multi lateral approach to international trade rules, there are clear economic benefits for small countries like Canada from pursuing unilateral trade liberalization. In the context of Canadian agricultural policy this would require a considerable adjustment to the high levels of protection afforded Canada's supply‐managed sectors. The benefits of an open economy are often not reflected in public discussions or in the language of trade negotiations. Instead these tend to reflect a focus on rent‐seeking by special interest groups. This misrepresents the concessions of reduced trade barriers as costs, rather than recognizing them as benefits. There is a challenge for agricultural and applied economists to spell out the benefits of an open economy more clearly. A related useful focus of research is to explore the conditions and the nature of compensation to producer groups that would encourage rapid unilateral trade liberalization.
Riding the Third Wave Implications of Biotechnology for the Canadian Seed Crop Industry
Authors: Leask Bill , Anderson Robynne
Published: July 2010

Biotechnology is causing dramatic changes in the seed industry on a national and global level. Further, the delivery of technology through seed is affecting all aspects of crop production. Coined the Third Wave of Development, it is a drive to meet specific end use traits through biotechnology. In light of this, the industry is seeing increased integration between all those involved in the chain of production. Adapting to this new environment creates significant challenges for the industry, including regulatory, international, handling, and structural.

As the Canadian seed industry changes dramatically to meet the specific needs of end users, there has been an increase in strategic alliances between both handling and seed companies to accommodate identity preserved production. There has also been an increase in mergers and acquisitions, as R&D companies attempt to marry novel trait developments with good germplasm and seed production expertise.

Yet, this is only the beginning as the integration of the seed industry with other aspects of the crop inputs sector applies even more pressure to integrate the agri‐food industry right from plant breeding through to end use.
Supply Chain Management in Cereal Grains: A Case Study from the U.S. Milling Wheat Industry
Authors: Kennett Julie , Fulton Murray , Brooks Harvey , Molder Pauline
Published: July 2010

This paper studies supply chain management in the grain industry by investigating the effects of wheat quality on marketing arrangements between wheat producers, grain handling companies and processors. Wheat quality is defined by many different characteristics, broadly categorized into physical and intrinsic quality attributes. The complexity of wheat quality places limitations on the effectiveness of industry grading schemes in assuring end‐use quality. In the U.S., wheat grading factors mostly reflect physical characteristics. Moreover, the U.S. wheat industry does little to regulate the intrinsic quality of new cultivars. Consequently, there is functional quality uncertainty in the U.S. wheat market, encouraging some individual processors to segregate wheat based on their own quality specifications. The costs and benefits of wheat segregation are illustrated with a case study of wheat procurement taken from the U.S. flour industry. Pendleton Flour Mills Inc. operates a stringent testing program to segregate wheat supplies with specific intrinsic quality attributes from the U.S. wheat market. The paper concludes that the inadequacy of the U.S. grading system in guaranteeing functional quality provides some processors with an incentive to manage the supply chain for milling wheat.
Identifying Macroeconomic Linkages to U.S. Agricultural Trade Balance
Authors: Baek Jungho , Koo Won W.
Published: July 2010

This study explores the short‐run and long‐run relationships between the U.S. agricultural trade balance and domestic macroeconomic aggregates and agricultural variables. We use cointegration analysis and a vector error‐correction model with quarterly data for 1981–2003. The results show that, in the long run, the exchange rate, agricultural price, and disposable income are weakly exogenous in the U.S. agricultural sector and have significant effects on the trade balance. The combined short‐run dynamic effects of the exchange rate, agricultural price and production, and the disposable income jointly explain changes in the trade balance.

La présente étude porte sur les liens à court et à long terme entre la balance commerciale agricole des États‐Unis, les agrégats macroéconomiques et les variables agricoles. Nous avons utilisé une analyse de cointégration et un modèle vectoriel à correction d'erreur comprenant des données trimestrielles de 1981 à 2003. Les résultats ont montré que, à long terme, le taux de change, les prix agricoles et le revenu disponible sont faiblement exogènes dans le secteur agricole des États‐Unis et qu'ils ont des effets substantiels sur la balance commerciale. Les effets dynamiques à court terme combinés du taux de change, des prix et de la production agricoles ainsi que du revenu disponible expliquent les changements observés dans la balance commerciale.
Market Structure and the Value of Agricultural Contingent Claims
Authors: Turvey Calum G. , Stokes Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we evaluate the proposition that market structure, including supply and demand elasticities, plays a significant role in influencing equilibrium price dynamics. We show that the more inelastic the demand and/or supply of a commodity is, the more price risk will be faced by producers of that commodity. In general one can expect greater volatility from commodities with both demand and supply being inelastic, and the least when they are both elastic. We illustrate how the elasticities of supply and demand can impact the prices of contingent claims on agricultural commodities including revenue insurance.

Dans le présent article, nous évaluons la proposition selon laquelle la structure de marché, y compris l'élasticité de l'offre et de la demande, influence la dynamique du prix d'équilibre. Nous montrons que plus la demande et/ou l'offre d'un produit de base est inélastique, plus les producteurs de ce produit de base sont confrontés au risque de prix. En général, on peut s'attendre à une forte volatilité des produits de base pour lesquels l'offre et la demande sont à la fois inélastiques, et à une faible volatilité lorsqu'elles sont élastiques. Nous faisons ressortir de quelle façon l'inélasticité de l'offre et de la demande peut influencer les réclamations éventuelles concernant des produits agricoles de base, y compris l'assurance−revenu.
Using Flexible Taste Distributions to Value Collective Reputation for Environmentally Friendly Production Methods
Authors: Scarpa Riccardo , Thiene Mara , Marangon Francesco
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we investigate consumer preferences for various environmentally friendly production systems for carrots. We use discrete choice multi‐attribute stated preference data to explore the effect of the collective reputation of growers from an Alpine valley with an established reputation for its environmentally friendly production: Val di Gresta ‘the valley of organic orchards.’ Data analysis of the panel of discrete responses identifies unobserved taste heterogeneity for organic, biodynamic, and place of origin along with extra variance associated with experimentally designed alternatives. The assumed parametric taste distributions are each tested using the semi‐nonparametric specification proposed by Fosgerau and Bierlaire, while the null of normality cannot be rejected for organic and biodynamic production methods, though it is for the place of origin. The latter is found to be bi‐modal, with modes at each side of zero. The use of a flexible taste distribution increases the plausibility of this form of heterogeneity and it appears promising for future applied studies.

Dans le présent article, nous avons examiné les préférences des consommateurs quant à divers systèmes de production écologiques de carottes. Nous avons utilisé des données sur les préférences déclarées, la valeur attendue et les choix discrets pour examiner l'effet de la réputation collective de producteurs dans une vallée alpine réputée pour sa production écologique: Val di Gresta, dite la ≪vallée des vergers biologiques≫. L'analyse des données de panel discrètes a fait ressortir une hétérogénéité inobservable des goûts quant à la culture biologique, la culture biodynamique et le lieu d'origine ainsi qu’une variance supplémentaire liée à des options expérimentalement conçues. Les distributions paramétriques hypothétiques des goûts sont testées à l'aide de la spécification semi‐non‐paramétique proposée par Fosgerau and Bierlaire (2007), tandis que l'hypothèse nulle de normalité(null of normality) ne peut être rejetée pour les méthodes de production biologique et biodynamique, bien qu’elle le soit pour le lieu d'origine. Cette dernière serait bimodale, avec des modes de chaque côté de zéro. L'utilisation d'une distribution des goûts souple augmente la plausibilité de cette forme d'hétérogénéité et semble prometteuse pour les études appliquées futures.
INTERACTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS IN DUAL SPECIES BIOFILMS
Authors: ZAMEER FARHAN , KREFT JÜRGEN , GOPAL SHUBHA
Published: July 2010

The development of mixed biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus epidermidis was studied on two model surfaces. Growth tests at 30C for mono and mixed cultures of the two bacteria in defined Hsiang‐Ning Tsai Medium, in tryptic soy broth (TSB)+1% glucose, TSB + 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE) and TSBYE + 1% glucose was performed. The optimal growth was seen in TSBYE + 1% glucose, and hence, biofilm formation in this medium was studied using a polystyrene microtiter plate assay. Mono and mixed cultures with different ratios of the two bacteria were assayed for (1) biofilm strength, expressed as the amount of cell‐bound crystal violet and (2) amount of matrix polysaccharide measured by ruthenium red staining. The mixture with a 40:60 ratio of L. monocytogenes to S. epidermidis yielded the highest values in both assays. The biofilm strength measured for this ratio indicated a synergistic interaction between the two bacterial species. Scanning electron microscopy of biofilms formed on cellulose membranes also revealed such an interaction.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Within food processing environments, bacterial biofilms are of concern, in particular if they contain foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes which may (re‐)contaminate food products. Our study shows that the intrinsically weak biofilm former L. monocytogenes strain EGD‐e, can form more robust biofilms in association with bacteria like Staphylococcus epidermidis, which as such are harmless in food, but form strong biofilms. This suggests that also such synergistically acting bacteria should be monitored and controlled.
Experimental releases of Waldrapp ibis Geronticus eremita: an unsuccessful trial
Authors: MENDELSSOHN H.
Published: July 2010

The Waldrapp ibis Geronticus ereinita. which is threatened in the wild, breeds well in captivity. Between 1983 and 1986 a series of experimental releases were made at Tel Aviv University Research Zoo, with birds of Moroccan origin which had been captive bred over several generations, with a view to establishing procedures for reintroduction. It was found that the birds were capable of sustained flight but had difficulty orientating and obtaining sufficient food. Of the four types of release groups only that using hand‐reared fledglings was considered to have limited success. A group of 13 free‐living birds was established at the Zoo but eventually all but one disappeared. The birds left in two groups and it was assumed that they had migrated.
Longevity and breeding records of ibises and spoonbills Threskiornithidae: in captivity
Authors: BROUWER KOEN , SCHIFTER HERBERT , JONES MARVIN L.
Published: July 2010

The authors have compiled the longevity records of 27 of 32 species of the Threskiornithidae. Records of first known breeding, taken from the International Zoo Yearbook and other sources. are also included.
Natural history and captive management of the Aye‐aye Daubentonia madagascariensis: at the Duke University Primate Center, Durham
Authors: HARING DAVID M. , HEW WILLIAM R. , COFFMAN BARBARA S. , SIMON ELWYN L. , OWENS TINA M.
Published: July 2010

The Aye‐aye Daubentonia rnadagascariensis is an endangered primate indigenous to Madagascar. Originally identified as a type of squirrel and only recognized as a primate in 1800, it was not until 1992 that successful breeding in captivity occurred. This paper summarizes the morphology, natural history, captive history and captive management of the species. Since 1987 the Aye‐aye has been kept at Duke University Primate Center, the first birth there from a captive mating occurred in 1992. The original 2.2 animals were maintained on local photoperiod but, in 1992, with the arrival of 1.3 wild‐caught Aye‐aye and because there had been no successful breeding to date, a Madagascar photoperiod was instituted. Between 1992 and 1994 five young, of which four were reared, were born at the Center. Because of the animals' selective eating of favoured food items the diet offered had to be amended to include a gruel to reduce the chances of the recurrence of the protein and vitamidmineral deficiency observed in an 11‐month‐old infant.
THE ENGLISH ARISTOCRACY
Authors: BECKETT J.V.
Published: July 2010

An Open Elite? England 1540–1880. By Lawrence Stone and Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone.

Aristocratic Century: The Peerage of Eighteenth‐Century England. By John Cannon.

The English Aristocracy: A Comparative Synthesis. By M.L. Bush.
‘The Return of Ulysses’: Gladstone, Liberalism and Late Victorian Politics
Authors: WARREN ALLEN
Published: July 2010

Gladstone, Whiggery and the Liberal Party, 1874–1886. By T. A.Jenkins. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1988. vi, 328 pp. £32.50.

The Gladstonian Turn of Mind: Essays Presented to J. B. Conacher. Edited by Bruce L. Kinzer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1985. xv, 294 pp. £35.00.

Gladstone, Home Rule and the Ulster Question, 1882–93. By James Loughlin. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1986. 369 pp. No price given.

Parliamentary Politics and the Home Rule Crisis: The British House of Commons in 1886. By W. C. Lubenow. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1988. vii, 389 pp. £37.50.

The Gladstone Diaries with Cabinet Minutes and Prime Ministerial Correspondence, Volume IX, January 1875‐December 1880. Edited by H. C. G. Matthew. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1986. xcvii, 714 pp. £55.00.

Parnell and the First Home Rule Episode, 1884–87. By Alan O'Day. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1986. x, 314 pp. £25.00.
Een‐Gonyama Gonyama!: Zulu Origins of the Boy Scout Movement and the Africanisation of Imperial Britain
Authors: PARSONS TIMOTHY
Published: July 2010

British imperialists in the late 19th century denigrated non‐western cultures in rationalising the partition of Africa, but they also had to assimilate African values and traditions to make the imperial system work. The partisans of empire also romanticised non‐western cultures to convince the British public to support the imperial enterprise. In doing so, they introduced significant African and Asian elements into British popular culture, thereby refuting the assumption that the empire had little influence on the historical development of metropolitan Britain.

Robert Baden‐Powell conceived of the Boy Scout movement as a cure for the social instability and potential military weakness of Edwardian Britain. Influenced profoundly by his service as a colonial military officer, Africa loomed large in Baden‐Powell's imagination. He was particularly taken with the Zulu. King Cetshwayo's crushing defeat of the British army at Isandhlawana in 1879 fixed their reputation as a ‘martial tribe’ in the imagination of the British public. Baden‐Powell romanticised the Zulus' discipline, and courage, and adapted many of their cultural institutions to scouting.

Baden‐Powell's appropriation and reinterpretation of African culture illustrates the influence of subject peoples of the empire on metropolitan British politics and society. Scouting's romanticised trappings of African culture captured the imagination of tens of thousands of Edwardian boys and helped make Baden‐Powell's organisation the premier uniformed youth movement in Britain. Although confident that they were superior to their African subjects, British politicians, educators, and social reformers agreed with Baden‐Powell that ‘tribal’ Africans preserved many of the manly virtues that had been wiped by the industrial age.
‘Meddling with Politics’: The Political Role of Foreign Missions in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: RUTZ MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2010

The proper character of the relationship between missionaries and politics shaped one of the most contentious debates within the first century of the modern missionary movement. While the leadership of the missionary societies repeatedly insisted upon the separation between the work of the gospel and politics, missionaries in the field frequently found it difficult to remove themselves from political controversies. John Philip and James Read served with the London Missionary Society in the Cape Colony for most of the first half of the 19th century. Their persistent defence of the interests of the colonial Khoi made them controversial figures in the debates over the social, political and economic structures of the Cape Colony. Missionaries like Read and Philip, rarely described their activities as ‘political’, and certainly did not conceive of their work as in any way related to the patronage‐ridden political system of the early 19th century. Nonetheless, in their promotion of the ideas of religious and civil equality, and in their effective use of public opinion to shape government and public perception of colonial policy, their actions reflected many of the important changes taking place in contemporary British politics. Dissenting political activity focused on the issues of the defence of religious liberty, the struggle to secure their own civil equality, and the debate over the proper relationship between church and state. These issues also played a crucial role in colonial politics throughout the period. This essay will illustrate the important role of the foreign missionary movement in this process. Examining the work of Philip and Read enables us to identify the ways that issues of domestic politics helped to shape the political debates emerging in Britain's expanding empire.
The Office of Housekeeper of the House of Lords
Authors: SAINTY J.C.
Published: July 2010

This note illustrates one aspect of the process whereby the palace of Westminster evolved from a royal residence into the seat of parliament, explains how the housekeeper of that palace came to be associated with the house of lords and lists the holders of the office from the 16th to the 19th century.
Dissent and Protest in the House of Lords, 1641–1998: An Attempt to Reconstruct the Procedures Involved in Entering a Protest into the Journals of the House of Lords*
Authors: JONES CLYVE
Published: July 2010

Members of the house of lords had the right to enter their dissent from a decision reached by the House into the journal, the formal record of the Lords' proceedings, by signing their names against the record of the decision. Further, members could enter a protest, which normally consisted of a reason or a series of reasons for the dissent together with their signatures. The first such protest originated in 1641 and, though it is still possible to enter a protest, the last one was in 1998. Little official evidence has survived to illuminate the procedure of how protests were entered into the journal. This evidence (largely consisting of draft journals for 1660 to 1690 and protest books since 1831), along with other unofficial sources, is examined to determine how protests may have been organised and entered into the record of the House. This organisation may mean that the record of protests that has survived is incomplete and that some names of lords who originally protested were not entered into the final manuscript journal. This may have important implications for the historian of parliament. The surviving records of protesting may have distorted the understanding of the politics of individual lords and party affiliations within the house of lords.
Freudian Slips and Coteries of Vice: The Sexual Offences Act of 1967*
Authors: GLEESON KATE
Published: July 2010

The Sexual Offences Act 1967 made the first inroads to decriminalising men's homosexual sex since buggery was made a capital offence under Henry VIII. The act was drafted at the direction of the 1957 Wolfenden report, but bore the distinct hallmark of individuals of the 1967 parliament. More complex than the dictated product of Wolfenden, and more idiosyncratic than a simple reflection of the social climate of the 1960s, the private member's bill was a Labour initiative with bipartisan support, driven in the Commons by the bizarre motivations of its sponsor, Labour member for Pontypool, Leo Abse. Contrary to popular myths about the aims of decriminalisation, Abse's crusading Freudian motivation was concerned with discouraging, more than allowing, homosexual behaviour. Similarly, ‘privacy’– the gift of the house of lords to sexual regulation – was aimed largely at curtailing men's sexual practices, along with secreting them away. Thus, while the act is typically associated with a general ideal of freedom, much parliamentary motivation concerned control and the prevention of sexual activities.
Recent Advances in Elucidating Niemann‐Pick C Disease
Authors: Vanier Marie T. , Suzuki Kinuko
Published: July 2010

Lysosomal sequestration of endocytosed LDL‐derived cholesterol, premature and abnormal enrichment of cholesterol in trans Golgi cisternae and accompanying anomalies in intracellular sterol trafficking are the hallmark phenotypic features of the Niemann‐Pick C (NPC) lesion. A variable severity of these alterations has been observed, with only partial correlation between clinical and biochemical phenotypes. NPC also affects the metabolism of sphingolipids, and other biochemical abnormalities have been reported. Occurrence of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain of patients with a slowly progressive course is a recent intriguing observation. Genetic heterogeneity was established by cell hybridization and linkage studies. The two complementation groups could not be distinguished from each other by clinical, cellular or biochemical criteria, suggesting that the two gene products may interact or function sequentially. The major (> 90% of patients) NPC1 gene was mapped to 18q11 and recently isolated by positional cloning. The cDNA sequence predicts a 1278‐amino acid protein, with 13 to 16 possible transmembrane regions and a putative cholesterol‐sensing domain. Two murine models of the disease involving the same gene are known. The murine cDNA and the npcnih mutation have been characterized. Described homologies of the NPC1 protein are in line with its putative involvement in cellular cholesterol traffic.
Conclusions of the Symposium
Authors: Gambetti Pierluigi , Lugaresi Elio
Published: July 2010

On the basis of twenty‐one kindreds and three cases from uninformative families, the Symposium has confirmed that fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is genotypically and phenotypically distinct and, likely, the third most common inherited prion disease. The genotype, characterized by the D178N mutation on the prion protein (PrP) gene coupled with the methionine codon at position 129 has been demonstrated in all cases. The immunoblot pattern of the PrPres associated with FFI shows a molecular mass of approximately 19kDa for the core protein and a marked underrepresentation of the unglycosylated form. The histopathology, characterized by marked thalamic and inferior olivary atrophy with a variable degree of cerebral cortical spongiosis has been observed in all but two cases. The disease duration was found to be significantly shorter in the FFI subjects homzygous at codon 129 than in the heterozygous subjects. The FFI sleep disorder is characterized by lack of spindle activity and disruption of the wake‐sleep cycle which can only be established, or excluded, by polysomnography. Autonomic, endocrine and cognitive impairments also require careful assessment in each case. A condition lacking the D178N mutation and pathologically identical to FFI has been reported. Presence of sleep, autonomic and endocrine abnormalities needs to be demonstrated to identify this condition as a sporadic form of FFI. The pathophysiology of the sleep disorder, the pathogenic mechanisms, fine and early structural changes, including the role of apoptosis, and disease penetrance are the major unresolved issues in FFI.
Transgenic and Knockout Mice in Research on Prion Diseases
Authors: Raeber Alex J. , Brandner Sebastian , Klein Michael A. , Benninger Yves , Musahl Christine , Frigg Rico , Roeckl Christiane , Fischer Michael B. , Weissmann Charles , Aguzzi Adriano
Published: July 2010

Since the discovery of the prion protein (PrP) gene more than a decade ago, transgenetic investigations on the PrP gene have shaped the field of prion biology in an unprecedented way. Many questions regarding the role of PrP in susceptibility of an organism exposed to prions have been elucidated. For example mice with a targeted disruption of the PrP gene have allowed the demonstration that an organism that lacks PrPc is resistant to infection by prions. Reconstitution of these mice with mutant PrP genes allowed investigations on the structure‐activity relationship of the PrP gene with regard to scrapie susceptibility. Unexpectedly, transgenic mice expressing PrP with specific amino‐proximal truncations spontaneously develop a neurologic syndrome presenting with ataxia and cerebellar lesions. A distinct spontaneous neurologic phenotype was observed in mice with internal deletions in PrP. Using ectopic expression of PrP in PrP knockout mice has turned out to be a valuable approach towards the identification of host cells that are capable of replicating prions. Transgenic mice have also contributed to our understanding of the molecular basis of the species barrier for prions. Finally, the availability of PrP knockout mice and transgenic mice overexpressing PrP allows selective reconstitution experiments aimed at expressing PrP in neurografts or in specific populations of hemato‐ and lymphopoietic cells. Such studies have shed new light onto the mechanisms of prion spread and disease pathogenesis.
Identification in Human Brain Tumors of DNA Sequences Specific for SV40 Large T Antigen
Authors: Huang Huatao , Reis Rui , Yonekawa Yasuhiro , Lopes Jose Manuel , Kleihues Paul , Ohgaki Hiroko
Published: July 2010

Simian virus 40 (SV40) sequences have recently been identified in a variety of human neoplasms, including mesothelioma, osteosarcoma, and brain tumors, but significant discrepancies exist regarding the frequency at which this occurs. The SV40 genome is 70% homologous to JC and BK, two related polyomaviruses that are highly prevalent in humans and which may cause in immune‐compromised patients progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and cystitis, respectively. We have established a specific and sensitive method to identify SV40 sequence in DNA extracted from histological sections, using PCR followed by Southern hybridization to probes specific to the large T region. We found SV40 largeT antigen sequences in all brain tumor types investigated. High frequencies were found in low‐grade astrocytomas, anaplastic astro‐cytomas and secondary glioblastomas derived thereof (13/22, 59%) while somewhat lower frequencies were found in gemistocytic astrocytomas (9/28, 32%) and oligodendrogliomas (3/12, 25%). Primary glioblastomas, giant cell glioblastomas, and gliosarcomas, which clinically develop de novo, contained SV40 sequences in 11–25% of cases. Presence of viral DNA was also observed in pediatric brain tumors, including ependymomas (9/16, 56%), choroid plexus papillomas (6/16, 38%), and medulloblastomas (5/17, 29%). In 8 tumor biopsies with SV40 sequences, the adjacent normal brain tissue was also analyzed but was devoid of viral DNA in all but one case. BK and JC virus sequences were rarely detected, the overall frequencies being 3% and 2%, respectively. It remains to be shown whether the presence of SV40 contributes significantly to malignant transformation or whether certain human neoplasms provide a microenvironment that favors viral replication in humans with latent SV40 infection.
Human Neural Stem Cells: Isolation, Expansion and Transplantation
Authors: Svendsen Clive N. , Caldwell Maeve A. , Ostenfeld Thor
Published: July 2010

Neural stem cells, with the capacity to self renew and produce the major cell types of the brain, exist in the developing and adult rodent central nervous system (CNS). Their exact function and distribution is currently being assessed, but they represent an interesting cell population, which may be used to study factors important for the differentiation of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Recent evidence suggests that neural stem cells may also exist in both the developing and adult human CNS. These cells can be grown in vitro for long periods of time while retaining the potential to differentiate into nervous tissue. Significantly, many neurons can be produced from a limited number of starting cells, raising the possibility of cell replacement therapy for a wide range of neurological disorders. This review summarises this fascinating and growing field of neurobiology, with a particular focus on human tissues.
No Complementation Between TP53 or RB‐1 and v‐src in Astrocytomas of GFAP‐v‐src Transgenic Mice
Authors: Maddalena Alessia S. , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Hegi Monika E. , Glatzel Markus , Aguzzi Adriano
Published: July 2010

Human low‐grade astrocytomas frequently recur and progress to states of higher malignancy. During tumor progression TP53 alterations are among the first genetic changes, while derangement of the p16/p14ARF/RB‐1 system occurs later. To probe the pathogenetic significance of TP53 and RB‐1 alterations, we introduced a v‐src transgene driven by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) regulatory elements (which causes preneoplastic astrocytic lesions and stochastically astrocytomas of varying degrees of malignancy) into TP53+/‐ or RB‐1+/‐ mice. Hemizygosity for TP53 or RB‐1 did not increase the incidence or shorten the latency of astrocytic tumors in GFAP‐v‐src mice over a period of up to 76 weeks. Single strand conformation analysis of exons 5 to 8 of non‐ablated TP53 alleles revealed altered migration patterns in only 3/16 tumors analyzed. Wild‐type RB‐1 alleles were retained in all RB‐1+/‐ GFAP‐v‐src mice‐derived astrocytic tumors analyzed, and pRb immunostaining revealed protein expression in all tumors. Conversely, the GFAP‐v‐src transgene did not influence the development of extraneural tumors related to TP53 or RB‐1 hemizygosity. Therefore, the present study indicates that neither loss of RB‐1 nor of TP53 confer a growth advantage in vivo to preneoplastic astrocytes expressing v‐src, and suggests that RB‐1 and TP53 belong to one single complementation group along with v‐src in this transgenic model of astrocytoma development. The stochastic development of astrocytic tumors in GFAP‐v‐src, TP53+/‐ GFAP‐v‐src, and RB‐1+/‐ GFAP‐v‐src transgenic mice indicates that additional hitherto unknown genetic lesions of astrocytes contribute to tumorigenesis, whose elucidation may prove important for our understanding of astrocytoma initiation and progression.