bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, Catalytic and Antiamoebic Activity of Vanadium Complexes of Binucleating Bis(dibasic tridentate ONS donor) Ligand Systems
Authors: Maurya Mannar R. , Haldar Chanchal , Khan Aftab Alam , Azam Amir , Salahuddin Attar , Kumar Amit , Costa Pessoa Joao
Published: April 2012

[VIVO(acac)2] (acac = acetylacetonate) was treated with ligands CH2(H2L)2 in methanol heated at reflux to yield two neutral binuclear VIV complexes with the formula [CH2{VIVOL(H2O)}2], namely, 1 and 2. Ligands CH2(H2L)2 I and II were derived from 5,5′‐methylenebis(salicylaldehyde) and S‐benzyldithiocarbazate [CH2(H2sal‐sbdt)2, I] or S‐methyldithiocarbazate [CH2(H2sal‐smdt)2, II]. Aerial oxidation of 1 and 2 in the presence of KOH or CsOH·H2O resulted in the formation of dioxidovanadium(V) complexes, K2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐sbdt)}2]·2H2O (3), Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐sbdt)}2]·2H2O (4), K2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐smdt)}2]·2H2O (5) and Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐smdt)}2]·2H2O (6). The compounds were characterized in the solid state and in solution, namely, by spectroscopic techniques (IR, UV/Vis, EPR, 1H, 13C and 51V NMR spectroscopy). It is demonstrated that the VVO2 complexes 3–6 are efficient and selective towards the oxidative bromination by H2O2 of styrene to yield 1,2‐dibromo‐1‐phenylethane, 1‐phenylethane‐1,2‐diol and 2‐bromo‐1‐phenylethane‐1‐ol, and of salicylaldehyde to yield 5‐bromosalicylaldehyde, 3,5‐dibromosalicylaldehyde and 2,4,6‐tribromophenol; they therefore act as functional models of vanadium‐dependent haloperoxidases. It is also shown that Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐sbdt)}2]·2H2O (4) and Cs2[CH2{VVO2(sal‐smdt)}2]·2H2O (6) are catalyst precursors for the catalytic oxidation of styrene by peroxide to yield styrene oxide, benzaldehyde, 1‐phenylethane‐1,2‐diol, benzoic acid and phenylacetaldehyde. Plausible intermediates involved in these catalytic processes were established by UV/Vis, EPR and 51V NMR spectroscopic studies. The VVO2 complexes along with ligands I and II were also screened against HM1:1MSS strains of Entamoeba histolytica; the IC50 values of compounds 3, 4 and 5 were significantly lower than that of metronidazole, thereby suggesting that they may be promising drugs for the treatment of amoebiasis.
Differential positioning and close spatial proximity of translocation‐prone genes in nonmalignant B‐cells from multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Martin Lorri D. , Harizanova Jana , Zhu George , Righolt Christiaan H. , Belch Andrew R. , Mai Sabine , Pilarski Linda M.
Published: April 2012

Accumulating evidence suggests that spatial proximity of potential chromosomal translocation partners influences translocation probability. It is not known, however, whether genome organization differs in nonmalignant cells from patients as compared to their cellular counterparts from healthy donors. This could contribute to translocation potential causing cancer. Multiple myeloma is a hematopoietic cancer of the B‐lineage, characterized by karyotypic instability, including chromosomal translocations involving the IGH locus and several translocation partners. Utilizing 3‐D FISH and confocal imaging, we investigate whether nuclear spatial positioning of the translocation‐prone gene loci, IGH, FGFR3, and CCND1 differs in nonmalignant cell subsets from multiple myeloma patients as compared to positioning in their corresponding healthy donor cell subsets. 3‐D analysis software was used to determine the spatial proximity of potential translocation pairs and the radial distribution of each gene. We observed that in all cell subsets, the translocation‐prone gene loci are intermediately located in the nucleus, while a control locus occupies a more peripheral position. In nonmalignant B‐cells from multiple myeloma patients, however, the translocation‐prone gene loci display a more central nuclear position and close spatial proximity. Our results demonstrate that gene positioning in nonmalignant B‐cells from multiple myeloma patients differs from that in healthy donors, potentially contributing to translocation probability in patient cells. We speculate that genome reorganization in patient B‐cells may closely reflect gene positioning at the time the multiple myeloma‐specific translocation initially formed, thus influencing translocation probability between proximal loci in the B‐cell population from which the malignancy emerged. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ENERGY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK FOR GROUNDWATER USE IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Tyson Alice , George Biju , Aye Lu , Nawarathna Bandara , Malano Hector
Published: April 2012

Changes in energy subsidies for Indian agriculture and the introduction of a carbon tax in Australia have the potential to impact on energy use practices in groundwater‐irrigated agriculture in both countries. A general framework for the accounting of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and life cycle energy consumption from groundwater‐irrigated agriculture was developed using life cycle and supply chain analyses to examine the contributing aspects of groundwater irrigation to total associated greenhouse gas emissions and energy use. The framework then formed the basis of a greenhouse gas emission and energy accounting model that was simulated for the groundwater‐ dependent agricultural areas of the Musi catchment in India and the south‐east region of South Australia. The region in South Australia was found to be emitting around twice the greenhouse gas of the Indian region per unit volume of water delivered, while emissions associated with operating electricity powered water pumps contributed more than 99.8% of modelled emissions in the south‐east of South Australia and over 99.1% of emissions in the Musi catchment. Diesel powered water pump irrigation systems emitted the least total amount of greenhouse gas emissions per unit volume of water supplied, compared to grid electricity and diesel generator powered submersible water pump options. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity of Rogerian Therapy in Turkish Culture: A Cross‐Cultural Perspective
Authors: POYRAZLI SENEL
Published: April 2012

Rogerian therapy is highly regarded and popular in Turkey. The model, however, represents individualistic Western culture. In this article, the author focuses on and discusses the validity of the model in Turkish culture and provides suggestions for counseling Turkish clients.
Polished Rocks: A Culminating Guided Imagery for Counselor Interns
Authors: PEARSON QUINN M.
Published: April 2012

A metaphor of polished rocks is presented in a culminating ritual for master's‐level counselor interns, communicating that they are ready to embark on their professional journeys. The ritual consists of a guided imagery followed by the giving of actual stones. Both activities are described.
A novel approach to attenuate proliferative vitreoretinopathy using ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction and recombinant adeno‐associated virus‐mediated RNA interference targeting transforming growth factor‐β2 and platelet‐derived growth factor‐B
Authors: Zheng Xiaozhi , Du Lianfang , Wang Huiping , Gu Qing
Published: April 2012

Background

To date, with the exception of surgery, there are no satisfactory treatments available for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) represents a new approach for the gene therapy of eye diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the attenuation of PVR by a combinatorial use of UTMD and recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV)‐mediated RNA interference (RNAi) targeting transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β2 and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐B.

Methods

One hundred and eighty rats of the PVR model were averagely divided into six groups (G). The left eyes, respectively, received an intravitreal injection as follows: normal saline (G1), rAAV2‐control small interfering RNA (siRNA) (G2), rAAV2‐TGF‐β2‐siRNA (G3), rAAV2‐PDGF‐B‐siRNA (G4), rAAV2‐TGF‐β2‐siRNA and rAAV2‐PDGF‐B‐siRNA (G5, G6) on day 3 after PVR induction. In G6, a condition of UTMD was used additionally. On days 14 and 28, pathological changes of eye fundus were assessed by ophthalmoscopic and histopathologic examination, and the protein and mRNA levels of TGF‐β2 and PDGF‐B expression were tested using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and a reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Results

The average grade scales of proliferation and the protein and mRNA expression levels of TGF‐β2 and PDGF‐B in G6 were all lower than that in G5 on day 28 (p < 0.05, unpaired t‐test). They were all lower in G5 and G6 than in G1, G2, G3 and G4 on day 28 (p < 0.05, one‐way analysis of variance), although the protein and mRNA expression levels of PDGF‐B in G6 did not differ from that in G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5 on day 14.

Conclusions

The combinatorial use of UTMD and rAAV2‐mediated RNAi targeting TGF‐β2 and PDGF‐B can serve as a novel approach to attenuate PVR. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative hip
Authors: Hayter Catherine L. , Koff Matthew F. , Potter Hollis G.
Published: April 2012

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is ideally suited to imaging the patient with painful hip arthroplasty due to its superior soft tissue contrast, multiplanar capabilities, and lack of ionizing radiation. MRI is the most accurate imaging modality in the assessment of periprosthetic osteolysis and wear‐induced synovitis, and can also assess regional tendons and neurovascular structures. This article discusses the technical aspects of MRI around metallic implants as well as the appearance of potential complications following hip arthroplasty, including osteolysis, wear‐induced synovitis, infection, hemarthrosis, fracture, loosening, component displacement, heterotopic ossification, tendinopathy, and neurovascular impingement. The specific complication of metal hypersensitivity following metal‐on‐metal prostheses is reviewed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1013‐1025. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physics of MRI: A primer
Authors: Plewes Donald B. , Kucharczyk Walter
Published: April 2012

This article is based on an introductory lecture given for the past many years during the “MR Physics and Techniques for Clinicians” course at the Annual Meeting of the ISMRM. This introduction is not intended to be a comprehensive overview of the field, as the subject of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) physics is large and complex. Rather, it is intended to lay a conceptual foundation by which magnetic resonance image formation can be understood from an intuitive perspective. The presentation is nonmathematical, relying on simple models that take the reader progressively from the basic spin physics of nuclei, through descriptions of how the magnetic resonance signal is generated and detected in an MRI scanner, the foundations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, and a discussion of the Fourier transform and its relation to MR image formation. The article continues with a discussion of how magnetic field gradients are used to facilitate spatial encoding and concludes with a development of basic pulse sequences and the factors defining image contrast. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus with a proposed genotype I was found in Sichuan Province, China
Authors: Tong Wenbin , He Jilan , Sun Li , He Shusen , Qi Qi
Published: April 2012

To date, eight hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes, A–H, have been designated, and two additional genotypes, I and J, have also been proposed. A serological survey targeting children in difficult‐to‐reach vaccination areas was carried out in remote counties of Sichuan Province, China. HBV genotypes and serotypes were also determined from HBsAg‐positive serum samples by direct sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis showed two strains isolated from the Yi ethnic children clustered with the proposed genotype I. The pairwise genome genetic distance was 7.5% between genotypes I and C, and ranged from 8.4% to 15.2% between genotype I and other genotypes, except genotype C. Grouping Scan analyses of the two strains revealed apparent recombination events between an unknown genotype and genotype C. Two out of four HBV strains isolated from the Yi ethnic children were confirmed to be genotype I, suggesting widespread circulation and common infection with genotype I HBV in the local Yi population. High prevalence of HBsAg and low hepatitis B vaccination coverage indicated that additional efforts are needed to control HBV infection in those areas. J. Med. Virol. 84:866–870, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic characterization of enterovirus 71 isolated from patients with severe disease by comparative analysis of complete genomes
Authors: Chang Shih‐Cheng , Li Wen‐Chen , Chen Guang‐Wu , Tsao Kuo‐Chien , Huang Chung‐Guei , Huang Yhu‐Chering , Chiu Cheng‐Hsun , Kuo Chen‐Yen , Tsai Kun‐Nan , Shih Shin‐Ru , Lin Tzou‐Yien
Published: April 2012

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) which causes mild illness in children is also associated with severe neurological complications. This study analyzed the complete genomes of EV71 strains derived from mild and severe diseases in order to determine whether the differences of EV71 genomes were responsible for different clinical presentations. Compared to complete genomes of EV71 strains derived from mild cases (less virulent strains), nucleotide differences in EV71 strains isolated from severe cases (more virulent strains) were observed primarily in the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR), which is vital for the cap‐independent translation of viral proteins. In the protein‐coding region, an E–Q substitution at amino acid position 145 of structural protein VP1 that occurred in more than one of more virulent strains was observed. This site is known to be related functionally to receptor binding and virulence in mice. Overall, strains (Group III) isolated from patients with fatal or severe sequelae outcomes had greater sequence substitutions in the 5′‐UTR and/or protein‐coding region and exhibited a relatively low‐average homology to less virulent strains across the entire genome, indicating the possibility of significant genomic diversity in the most virulent EV71 strains. Further studies of EV71 pathogenesis should examine the significance of genomic diversity and the effects of multiple mutations in a viral population. J. Med. Virol. 84:931–939, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship between the decline of Southeastern Australian rainfall and the strengthening of the subtropical ridge
Authors: Timbal B. , Drosdowsky W.
Published: April 2012

During the 20th century and early 21st century, the subtropical ridge (STR) in the vicinity of eastern Australia has intensified significantly. While the position of the STR has often been the focus of past studies, its influence on rainfall across southern Australia is less pronounced than the influence of the intensity of the ridge. Most of the Australian continent has experienced above average rainfall from 1997 to 2009, but areas of below average rainfall, including southeastern Australia (SEA), exist and tend to match the pattern of the influence of the STR on Australian rainfall. The spatial extent makes the 1997–2009 rainfall deficit in SEA different from previous dry decades such as 1935–1945. It is also noted that the annual cycle of the rainfall deficiency centred on a continuum from March to October overlaps well with the time of the year when the STR intensity has a strong influence on rainfall. Using simple linear statistics, a rainfall decline for the period 1997–2009 equivalent to nearly two thirds of that observed can be inferred from the intensification of the ridge. The apparent southward shift of the ridge in certain seasons does not appear to have had an additional effect on SEA rainfall. During the 1935–1945 drought, almost a third of the rainfall decline can be attributed to the strengthening of the ridge. Finally, it was observed that the intensification of the STR was not monotonic during the 20th century but happened mostly during two extended periods: from 1900 to the 1940s, culminating at the time of the 1935–1945 dry decade, and from 1970 to 2010 culminating with the 1997–2009 rainfall deficit in SEA. That multidecadal behaviour is reminiscent of the global warming of the planet. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Identification and management of a single large population of wild dromedary camels
Authors: Spencer Peter B. S. , Giustiniano Danielle , Hampton Jordan O. , Gee Phil , Burrows Neil , Rose Ken , Martin Gary R. , Woolnough Andrew P.
Published: April 2012

The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is a significant invasive species in Australia. It is an unusual pest species that is of large body size with relatively low fecundity compared with other pest species. Camels are highly adapted to the arid regions that characterize a large proportion of Australia and occupy an almost completely undisturbed area of ≥3 million km2. They have no history of invasion elsewhere in the world. Despite this, their population has been expanding at approximately 80,000 camels per annum, with the most recent estimate of population size around 1,000,000 individuals. We employed a landscape‐genetic approach to evaluate the population structure and molecular ecology of Australian camels. We combined mitochondrial control region sequence (n = 209 animals) with 18 microsatellite markers to profile over 800 adult camels to identify the presence of a single panmictic population. We showed that demographically defined neighborhoods for wild camels are about 200 km; this value was supported by home range estimates. Distances greater than this display no pattern of isolation by distance across the Australian continent. The result is the largest single geographical population so far recorded for an invasive species in Australia. This pattern may be explained by the impressive and near‐nomadic dispersal pattern of camels, in combination with an unpredictable environment virtually devoid of barriers to movement and predatory suppression. Although it is technically feasible, the reality is that it would not be economically or politically viable to have continental eradication of wild camels in Australia because of the vast size and movement dynamics of the camel population. As such, we advocate a change away from an expensive solution to an intractable reduction program (that is almost entirely focused on protection of biological refugia) and moves to include cultural, economic, and biodiversity asset protection for the management of this most unorthodox of invasive species. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Gradient system characterization by impulse response measurements with a dynamic field camera
Authors: Vannesjo Signe J. , Haeberlin Maximilan , Kasper Lars , Pavan Matteo , Wilm Bertram J. , Barmet Christoph , Pruessmann Klaas P.
Published: April 2012

This work demonstrates a fast, sensitive method of characterizing the dynamic performance of MR gradient systems. The accuracy of gradient time‐courses is often compromised by field imperfections of various causes, including eddy currents and mechanical oscillations. Characterizing these perturbations is instrumental for corrections by pre‐emphasis or post hoc signal processing. Herein, a gradient chain is treated as a linear time‐invariant system, whose impulse response function is determined by measuring field responses to known gradient inputs. Triangular inputs are used to probe the system and response measurements are performed with a dynamic field camera consisting of NMR probes. In experiments on a whole‐body MR system, it is shown that the proposed method yields impulse response functions of high temporal and spectral resolution. Besides basic properties such as bandwidth and delay, it also captures subtle features such as mechanically induced field oscillations. For validation, measured response functions were used to predict gradient field evolutions, which was achieved with an error below 0.2%. The field camera used records responses of various spatial orders simultaneously, rendering the method suitable also for studying cross‐responses and dynamic shim systems. It thus holds promise for a range of applications, including pre‐emphasis optimization, quality assurance, and image reconstruction. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel and partial Fourier imaging with prospective motion correction
Authors: Banerjee Suchandrima , Beatty Philip J. , Zhang Jian Z. , Shankaranarayanan Ajit
Published: April 2012

Subject motion during scan is a major source of artifacts in MR examinations. Prospective motion correction is a promising technique that tracks subject motion and adjusts the imaging volume in real time; however, additional retrospective correction may be necessary to achieve robust image quality and compatibility with other imaging options. Real‐time realignment of the imaging volume by prospective motion correction changes the coil sensitivity weighting and the field inhomogeneity relative to the imaging volume. This can pose image reconstruction problems with parallel imaging and partial Fourier imaging, which rely on coil sensitivity and image phase information, respectively. This work presents a practical method for reconstructing images acquired using prospective motion correction with parallel imaging and/or partial Fourier imaging. Our proposed approach is data driven and noniterative; data are binned into several position bins based on motion measurements made during the prospective motion correction acquisition and the data in each bin are processed through intrabin operations such as parallel imaging reconstruction (in case of undersampling), phase correction, and coil combination before combination of the position bins. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique through simulation studies and in vivo experiments using a prospectively motion‐corrected three‐dimensional fast spin echo sequence. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional effects of magnetization dispersion on quantitative perfusion imaging for pulsed and continuous arterial spin labeling
Authors: Çavuşoğlu Mustafa , Pohmann Rolf , Burger Harold Christopher , Uludağ Kâmil
Published: April 2012

Most experiments assume a global transit delay time with blood flowing from the tagging region to the imaging slice in plug flow without any dispersion of the magnetization. However, because of cardiac pulsation, nonuniform cross‐sectional flow profile, and complex vessel networks, the transit delay time is not a single value but follows a distribution. In this study, we explored the regional effects of magnetization dispersion on quantitative perfusion imaging for varying transit times within a very large interval from the direct comparison of pulsed, pseudo‐continuous, and dual‐coil continuous arterial spin labeling encoding schemes. Longer distances between tagging and imaging region typically used for continuous tagging schemes enhance the regional bias on the quantitative cerebral blood flow measurement causing an underestimation up to 37% when plug flow is assumed as in the standard model. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quasi‐average mean square consensus for wireless sensor networks under three topologies with respect to sleeping‐awaking method
Authors: Zhou Wuneng , Mou Jinping , Wang Tianbo , Ji Chuan , Fang Jian'an
Published: April 2012

The quasi‐average mean square consensus problem for wireless sensor networks is studied in this paper. The related networks considered are time continuous and linear, and possess the leader–follower structures in which some sensors act as leaders and the others act as followers, with the locale information controlled. Three different leader–follower structures are proposed in this paper. The first one is the topology with fixed leaders and varying followers which arrives at a quasi‐average mean square consensus by applying the sleeping‐awaking method to all cliques of the followers. The second one is the topology with fixed leaders and fixed followers which arrives at a quasi‐average value consensus via the general protocol. The third one is the topology with varying leaders and fixed followers which arrives at a quasi‐average mean square consensus by applying the sleeping‐awaking method to all cliques of the leaders. For mentioned three topologies, some necessity and sufficiency conditions of the related consensus are obtained, respectively. To illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results, some numerical examples are presented finally. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suicidal ideation and thought disorder associated with the formoterol component of combined asthma medication
Authors: del Rosario Mary Anne , Bender Bruce G. , White Carl W.
Published: April 2012

Combination inhaled asthma medications containing corticosteroids and long‐acting beta‐adrenergic (LABA) agents are generally well tolerated, although a small minority of children receiving them may develop side‐effects. Herein is reported a case of a 9‐year‐old boy who developed insomnia, pressured speech, agitation, and suicidal ideation within the 1st month after initiating formoterol + budesonide. He had not received oral glucocorticoids for >90 days. All symptoms resolved within 48 hr upon discontinuing formoterol while continuing budesonide. To our knowledge, this is the first report of childhood suicidal ideation strongly associated with use of a combination inhaled corticosteroid/LABA. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:102–103. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structures and electrical properties of a new molecular conductor (BSM‐TTP)4(PF6)3(C6H5Cl)2
Authors: Tsuji Hiroya , Yasuda Misaki , Shirahata Takashi , Fujiwara Hideki , Sugimoto Toyonari , Misaki Yohji
Published: April 2012

The title salt, where BSM‐TTP is 2‐[4,5‐bis(methylseleno)‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene]‐5‐(1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)‐1,3,4,6‐tetrathiapentalene, was prepared. The X‐ray structure analysis reveals that the donors form teramerized columns, each of which is connected through an edge‐to‐edge chalcogen interaction. A tight‐binding band calculation suggests that this salt is a semi‐metal with small Fermi surfaces. Indeed, this salt exhibited high conductivity of σrt = 25 S cm‐1 at room temperature, and showed metallic conducting behaviour down to TMI = 170 K. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopic studies of charge localization in organic metals (DMtTTF)2X (X = ClO4, ReO4)
Authors: Jankowski Damian , Świetlik Roman , Fourmigué Marc , Reinheimer Eric W. , Jeannin Olivier
Published: April 2012

We report on IR and Raman investigations of two isostructural quasi‐one‐dimensional charge‐transfer salts (DMtTTF)2X (X= ClO4, ReO4) with strictly regular conducting stacks. At room temperature the salts show metallic properties and below Tρ = 100‐150 K they undergo a transition to the semiconducting state. Polarized infrared reflectance (700‐16000 cm‐1) and Raman spectra (50‐3500 cm‐1) of single crystals were measured in the temperature range T = 5‐300 K. Additionally, vibrational spectra of neutral DMtTTF were also measured. Closer inspection of each salt's Raman spectra reveals that the charge distribution among the partially oxidized DMtTTF donors within the quasi‐one‐dimensional stacks remains uniform throughout the whole temperature range. The IR electronic plasma‐edge‐like dispersion can be well fitted with a Lorentz dielectric function, typical for semiconducting materials. Infrared vibrational features related to C=C stretching indicate significant electron‐molecular vibration coupling. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solitonic waves in polyene dications and principles of charge carrier localization in π‐conjugated organic materials
Authors: Gerasov Andrii O. , Nayyar Iffat H. , Masunov Artëm E. , Przhonska Olga V. , Kachkovsky Olexiy D. , Melnyk Dmytro O. , Ryabitsky Olexiy B. , Viniychuk Olexander O.
Published: April 2012

The quantum‐chemical investigations by ab initio method (restricted Hartree–Fock/6‐31G**) have been performed for a series of unsubstituted, monosubstituted, and disubstituted neutral polyenes and their double charged cations. The waves of charge alternation (characterized by the difference in the electron densities at the nearest carbon atoms or Δq function) and bond length alternation (characterized by the lengths difference of the nearest carbon–carbon bonds or Δl function) are reported. Comparisons are made with the corresponding monocationic polymethine molecules. We found that ionization by two electrons results in formation of two solitonic waves of charge alternation, rather than superposition of two overlapping solitonic waves into one. These waves behave similar to two independent elastic particles, which do not penetrate into each other despite the special confinement by the length of chromophore π‐system. In monosubstituted polyene dication, Δq and Δl functions contain two waves each; however, only one wave is mobile and sensitive to a change of the chemical nature of the terminal group, whereas the second wave remains practically unchanged. The introduction of one oxymethyl or phenyl terminal groups leads to a relatively small shift of the mobile wave from the center to a direction of the terminal group. The effect of the amino or tropilium terminal groups is much more pronounced and leads to a shift of the mobile wave to the end of the molecule. In disubstituted polyene dication, both solitonic waves become mobile and shift symmetrically to both ends. The general principles of the charge localization described in this study may be used in molecular design and fine‐tuning of the charge transport properties in plastic photovoltaics and other organic semiconducting materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A quantum chemistry study of Ds–Pa unnatural DNA base pair
Authors: Otsuka Takao , Miyazaki Tsuyoshi
Published: April 2012

We have performed density functional theory and MP2 calculations of the unnatural DNA base pair, Ds–Pa, (7‐(2‐thienyl)‐imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (Ds) and pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde (Pa)) in the gas phase. By calculating the interaction energy curve of Ds–Pa pair as a function of intermolecular distance, we have found that the interaction energy between Ds and Pa molecules is very weak. The detailed analysis of the structural properties of the optimized Ds–Pa pair has been also used and compared with those of A–T and G–C natural base pairs. These results clearly show that the Ds–Pa pair does not have any hydrogen bonds and suggest that the pair selectivity in the Ds–Pa pair mainly comes from the interaction of Ds or Pa molecules with other parts in DNA or RNA, such as upper or lower natural bases, sugar phosphate backbones, and water molecules. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the methylation degree on the rate constants of the •OH addition to alkenes and its temperature dependence
Authors: Castañeda‐Arriaga Romina , Alvarez‐Idaboy J. Raul
Published: April 2012

The increase of the rate constants with the degree of methylation and the negative temperature dependence in the·OH + alkenes reactions has been investigated using the CCSD(T)/6‐311++G(2d,2p)//BHandHLYP/aug‐cc‐pVTZ potential energy surface and the canonical transition state theory. Our results show that the pre‐exponential factor has positive temperature dependence for all the studied reactions. The experimental finding that the reaction rates augment as temperature decreases and the methylation degree increases is explained by the effective negative enthalpy of activation due to a complex mechanism, as first proposed by Singleton and Cvetanovic. The excellent agreement between the calculated and experimental rate constants at 298.15 K strongly supports our conclusions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microstructural analysis of Ti‐added Cr2AlC compounds after air‐oxidation
Authors: Lee Dong Bok
Published: April 2012

Bulk Cr2AlC compounds alloyed with 5% Ti were synthesized via a powder metallurgical route and oxidized between 700 and 1300 °C for up to 30 days in air. They were oxidized according to the equation: Ti‐added Cr2AlC+O2→Al2O3+TiO2+Cr7C3+(CO or CO2). Most of the scale consisted primarily of the thin, uniform α‐Al2O3 layer that contained a small amount of Cr ions, which grew primarily by the inward diffusion of oxygen ions. Nodules formed locally at the Ti‐rich region of the compound. The outer part of the nodule that consisted of TiO2 grew by the outward diffusion of Ti4+ ions, while the inner part of the nodule that consisted of (Ti, Al, Cr)‐mixed oxides grew by the inward diffusion of oxygen ions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced research of nanotubular‐structured Ti‐35Nb‐xZr alloys for biomaterials using STEM
Authors: Jeong Y. H. , Brantley W. A. , Choe H. C.
Published: April 2012

Previous research on nanotubular‐structured Ti‐35Nb‐xZr alloys for biomaterials have employed a variety of experimental methods. The present research was focused on clarifying the morphologies of these nanotubes that form on electrochemically oxidized (anodized) Ti‐35Nb‐xZr alloys by using the scanning transmission electron microscope. The Ti‐35Nb‐xZr alloys exhibited an equiaxed structure with β′ (body‐centered tetragonal) and β (body‐centered cubic) phases. The nanotubes formed on the oxidized alloys at two different scales having large and small diameters. The large nanotubes ranged in diameter from approximately 200 to 250 nm, and the small nanotubes ranged in diameter from approximately 60 nm to 100 nm. The wall thickness of the large nanotubes increased from approximately 40 nm to 60 nm with increase in Zr content. Selected‐area diffraction patterns showed that the nanotubes were in an amorphous state in the absence of subsequent elevated‐temperature heat treatment of the Ti‐35Nb‐xZr alloys. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIMS analytical technique for N profile in SiON/SiN/Si
Authors: Kim Sung‐Kyu , Lee B. H. , Park C. G.
Published: April 2012

The mass analysis of secondary ions is based on the phenomenon that secondary ions are ejected from the surface when primary ions bombard the target. It is well known that nitrogen has a very high ionization potential and zero electron affinity. As a result, both secondary positive and negative ion yields of nitrogen atomic ions are poor or absent. In this work, we report N profile easurements in SiON/SiN/Si using an O2+ primary beam while monitoring N+ and N2++ atomic ions. We chose a mass resolution of 1000 and found that 14N is very good candidate in several multilayer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thevicariouswisdom of crowds: toward a behavioral perspective on investor reactions to acquisition announcements
Authors: Schijven Mario , Hitt Michael A.
Published: April 2012

Although event‐study methodology is invaluable to strategic management research, we argue that the traditional financial economic rationale on which it is based has led scholars to assume away the behavioral mechanisms underlying investor reactions. Building on behavioral theory from management, psychology, and economics, we set out to develop a behavioral perspective on investor reactions to acquisition announcements—one that relaxes the assumption of investors making objective, rational‐deductive calculations. Given the information asymmetry they face, we theorize that investors (1) infer management's perception of an acquisition's synergistic potential from the premium it pays, and (2) draw on additional public information to assess the reliability of that perception. Using a multi‐industry sample of acquisitions by North American firms, we find considerable support for our behavioral framework. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular biology of the InsP3Rs: focus on brain function in health and disease
Authors: Hisatsune Chihiro , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko
Published: April 2012

The inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is a large tetrameric intracellular Ca2+ channel composed of four 313‐kD subunits and is localized mainly on the endoplasmic reticulum. When IP3 is produced by diverse physiological stimuli and binds to IP3R, Ca2+ is released from internal stores and triggers complex intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in many types of cells. These complex Ca2+ oscillations stimulated by IP3R are regulated by endogenous IP3R modulators, including ATP, phosphorylation, and many IP3R‐associated proteins, and contribute to diverse physiological processes such as development, synaptic plasticity, fertilization, and apoptosis. However, disruption of this regulatory process results in alterations in Ca2+ signaling via IP3Rs, which can impair cell homeostasis, leading to various pathological processes. This review will focus on the role and regulation of IP3R in the brain and the potential link between abnormal IP3R‐mediated Ca2+ signaling and brain diseases such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:589–604. doi: 10.1002/wmts.48

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Angular scaling in jets
Authors: Jankowiak Martin , Larkoski Andrew J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract

We introduce a jet shape observable defined for an ensemble of jets in terms of two-particle angular correlations and a resolution parameter R. This quantity is infrared and collinear safe and can be interpreted as a scaling exponent for the angular distribution of mass inside the jet. For small R it is close to the value 2 as a consequence of the approximately scale invariant QCD dynamics. For large R it is sensitive to non-perturbative effects. We describe the use of this correlation function for tests of QCD, for studying underlying event and pile-up effects, and for tuning Monte Carlo event generators.
Surgery, Fame, and Misfortune: The Life of Bronisław Kader
Authors: Magowska Anita
Published: April 2012

Bronisław Kader (1863–1937) introduced one of the traditional methods of gastrostomy. He was a Polish doctor who had been trained by such eminent surgeons as Ernst von Bergmann, Otto E. Küstner, Jan Mikulicz, and Eduard von Wahl. The Kader method implies blunt division of the left rectus muscle and opening of the stomach by a very small incision. A drainage tube is then inserted and fastened to the stomach wall by a stitch. Next, the stomach wall is sutured to the abdominal wall in a manner that places the tube in a tunnel surrounded by serosa. In comparison to others, Kader’s method of gastrostomy was considered simpler, cheaper (fewer stitches), speedy, and safe. Although recommendations to perform gastric fistula were limited at the time, the value of gastrostomy remains undisputable. This is a method of choice for securing alimentation in cases of intractable stenosis of the pharynx or esophagus, which are usually due to cancer, chemical burns, trauma, or congenital defects. Nowadays, it is performed endoscopically or laparoscopically. This article presents the life history of Bronisław Kader, the eponymous of this method and a gifted surgeon who lost his eyesight at the height of his fame.
Applying the Interactive Systems Framework to the Dissemination and Adoption of National and State Recommendations for Hypertension
Authors: Lane Rashon I. , Berkowitz Judy M. , Sullivan Steven T. , Rose John , Bernichon Tiffiny , Favoretto Alessandra , Shifflett Pat , Miles Eileen , Jones MaryCatherine
Published: April 2012

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP), commissioned an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report to identify the highest priority action areas for CDC, state health departments, and other public health partners in their efforts to reduce and control hypertension. To assess the dissemination and adoption of the IOM report recommendations, DHDSP developed an evaluation based on the Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation (ISF). The evaluation incorporates data collection at critical points across 3 years. In this article, we focus on the ISF systems to describe the role of funded state partners and their relationship with CDC in implementing public health recommendations. We describe baseline results for three data collection activities: (1) key informant interviews, (2) a Web‐based survey, and (3) content analysis of state workplans to determine the degree of alignment with IOM recommendations. For example, currently 30 % of surveyed programs are implementing most (or all) of the recommendations in the IOM report, however 76 % intend to change hypertension program priorities based on the recommendations of the IOM report. Qualitative data suggest that there are several facilitators and barriers in implementing public health policy recommendations. DHDSP will use these baseline results to provide additional technical assistance and support to state health departments in their efforts to implement the IOM report's recommendations.

Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
From the “Forgotten Region” to the “Great Game” Region: On the Development of Geopolitics in Central Asia
Authors: Zabortseva Yelena Nikolayevna
Published: April 2012

Only eight years ago, Central Asian 1 1 In this article Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are referred as Central Asia. region was characterized as being “largely ignored as a scholarly backwater of the defunct communist world system”. 2 2 Luong, P. (2002). Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. In Pacek, A.C. (2008). Book Review: Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia, The Journal of Politics, 65.

Since then the situation has changed; and the role of the Central Asian region in international affairs has increased considerably. Several developments within the region ushered in new geopolitical approaches, echoing international rivalries for the dominance in the ex-Soviet republics. Kazakhstan's oil export and the Kyrgyz Manas military bases are among those international disagreements that echoed in the “Great Game” vision of Central Asia in the world literature.

Could geopolitics be the key approach to frame complex developments in the region? Or is this the case when particular methodological “lenses” 3 3 Baylis, J., Smith, S., and Owens, P. (2005). The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.3. through which one could consider the world are counter-productive?
Estimating time to full uterine cervical dilation using genetic algorithm
Authors: Hoh Jeong‐Kyu , Cha Kyung‐Joon , Park Moon‐Il , Ting Lee Mei‐Ling , Park Young‐Sun
Published: April 2012

The objectives of this study were to provide new parameters to better understand labor curves, and to provide a model to predict the time to full cervical dilation (CD). We studied labor curves using the retrospective records of 594 nulliparas, including at term, spontaneous labor onset, and singleton vertex deliveries of normal birth weight infants. We redefined the parameters of Friedman's labor curve, and applied a three‐parameter model to the labor curve with a logistic model using the genetic algorithm and the Newton–Raphson method to predict the time necessary to reach full CD. The genetic algorithm is more effective than the Newton–Raphson method for modeling labor progress, as demonstrated by its higher accuracy in predicting the time to reach full CD. In addition, we predicted the time (11.4 hours) to reach full CD using the logistic labor curve using the mean parameters (the power of CD = 0.97 cm/hours, a midpoint of the active phase = 7.60 hours, and the initial CD = 2.11 cm). Our new parameters and model can predict the time to reach full CD, which can aid in the forecasting of prolonged labor and the timing of interventions, with the end goal being normal vaginal birth.
Large ureteral fibroepithelial polyp lacking epithelium due to ischemic infarction
Authors: Ye Lin , Zhao Lu‐Jia , Yue Feng , Song Xi‐Shuang , Wei Wei , Jiang Xing‐Jin , Yang Jin‐Yi
Published: April 2012

We describe a woman with flank pain and hydronephrosis. Computed tomography (CT) urography and maximum intensity projection (MIP) reformatted images clearly showed that a long finger‐like intraluminal filling defects mass in the left middle ureter. The pathologic biopsy by ureteroscopy revealed that the lesion mainly consists of benign fibrinoid necrosis. A large soft smooth, spindle‐like, dark brown mass (approximately 13.5 cm in length) was identified in left middle ureter when open surgery was performed. The segment of the ureter part attached to the stalk of the polyp was excised, then a dismembered ureteroplasty was performed. Pathologic examination revealed that the total polyp was an ischemic infarction, characteristic of cellular swelling, tissue degeneration, fibrinoid necrosis, and thrombosis in its vessels. The surface of the polyp was hardly covered with urothelium, but fibroepithelial polyp was still diagnosed. There was no recurrence during the 3 years of follow‐up.
U.S. support for Ukraine’s liberation during the Cold War: A study of Prolog Research and Publishing Corporation
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: April 2012

The US government established contact in Western Europe with anti-Communist refugees following World War II and covertly supported a variety of groups. Initially in the 1940s cooperation between the OSS/CIA and émigré groups provided support for the parachuting of couriers to contact underground organizations in ethnic homelands and over the next four decades until the late 1980s through support for non-violent methods against Soviet power. One of the organisations supported by the US government was Prolog Research and Publishing Corporation that existed from 1952 to 1992. Prolog was established by zpUHVR (external representation of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council), the political umbrella of Ukrainian nationalist, anti-Soviet partisans who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviet state until the early 1950s. US government support facilitated a democratic alternative to nationalist émigrés who dominated the Ukrainian diaspora as well as a different strategy towards the pursuit of the liberation of Ukraine. Prolog proved to be more successful in its liberation strategy of providing large volumes of technical, publishing and financial support to dissidents and opposition currents within the Communist Party of Ukraine. The alternative nationalist strategy of building underground structures in Soviet Ukraine routinely came under threat from infiltration by the KGB. US government support enabled Prolog to publish books and journals, including the only Russian-language journal published by a Ukrainian émigré organization, across the political spectrum and to closely work with opposition movements in central-eastern Europe, especially Poland.