bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinching of Dual-Phase Steels as an Alternative to Resistance Spot Welding
Authors: Kaščák Ľuboš , Spišák Emil , Majerníková Janka , Kubík René
Published: April 2018

Resistance spot welding is the dominant method for joining the materials in the car body production. Progressive materials are being developed to improve the car’s fuel consumption and the safety of passengers as well. Advanced high strength dual-phase steels are such materials. Despite of the dominancy of resistance spot welding in car body production, innovative methods are being developed to reduce the joining time, process costs and improve the load-bearing capacity of a particular joint. Mechanical clinching is such process. The research focused on the evaluation of the possibility of clinching as an alternative method to the resistance spot welding. Experimental samples were prepared from dual-phase steel sheets DP600. The samples were tested by uniaxial tensile test, microhardness test and metallographic observations. Both joining methods have advantages and disadvantages which could destine them for specific utilization. Clinching joining is a progressive, fast and low-cost technique, but the joint’s load-bearing capacity is lower when compared to resistance spot weld.
Problems and challenges associated with value addition: with special reference to coconut based productions in Jaffna District
Authors: Sathana V.
Published: April 2018

Coconut is one of the major source of Jaffna District. It has the greatest prospects for growth and development. The coconut based producers have been facing huge problems. Value addition in each aspect of coconut based productions create more quality and adequate demand for the products. The purpose of this research is to diagnose the tremendous problems and challenges for value addition of coconut based productions in Jaffna District.  Initially this paper reviewed the existing literature, empirical studies as well as the prevailing data bases in order to identify the problems and challenges for value addition. Then researcher conducted qualitative exploratory narrative research on coconut based productions in Jaffna District. Subjects were the owners or managers of enterprises and purposive sampling technique was utilized to select the subjects for this research.  Unstructured interview was conducted to collect data. The problems and challenges of entrepreneurs regarding value addition were categorized with coding method by using NVIVO software. Present study identified two types of problems; internal and external problems associated with value addition. This research had two coin side implication, for owners of enterprises and other stakeholder to improve the productivity of organizations.
Multiple Homozygous Variants in the STING-Encoding TMEM173 Gene in HIV Long-Term Nonprogressors
Authors: Nissen Sara K. , Pedersen Jesper G. , Helleberg Marie , Kjær Kathrine , Thavachelvam Karthiga , Obel Niels , Tolstrup Martin , Jakobsen Martin R. , Mogensen Trine H.
Published: April 2018

Among HIV-infected individuals, long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) patients experience slow CD4 T cell decline and almost undetectable viral load for several years after primary acquisition of HIV. Type I IFN has been suggested to play a pathogenic role in HIV pathogenesis, and therefore diminished IFN responses may underlie the LTNP phenotype. In this study, we examined the presence and possible immunological role of multiple homozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) encoding gene TMEM173 involved in IFN induction and T cell proliferation in HIV LTNP patients. We identified LTNPs through the Danish HIV Cohort and performed genetic analysis by Sanger sequencing, covering the R71H-G230A-R293Q (HAQ) single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TMEM173. This was followed by investigation of STING mRNA and protein accumulation as well as innate immune responses and proliferation following STING stimulation and infection with replication-competent HIV in human blood–derived cells. We identified G230A-R293Q/G230A-R293Q and HAQ/HAQ homozygous TMEM173 variants in 2 out of 11 LTNP patients. None of the 11 noncontrollers on antiretroviral treatment were homozygous for these variants. We found decreased innate immune responses to DNA and HIV as well as reduced STING-dependent inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation, particularly in the HAQ/HAQ HIV LTNP patients, compared with the age- and gender-matched noncontrollers on antiretroviral treatment. These findings suggest that homozygous HAQ STING variants contribute to reduced inhibition of CD4 T cell proliferation and a reduced immune response toward DNA and HIV, which might result in reduced levels of constitutive IFN production. Consequently, the HAQ/HAQ TMEM173 genotype may contribute to the slower disease progression characteristic of LTNPs.
Inflammatory Macrophage Expansion in Pulmonary Hypertension Depends upon Mobilization of Blood-Borne Monocytes
Authors: Florentin Jonathan , Coppin Emilie , Vasamsetti Sathish Babu , Zhao Jingsi , Tai Yi-Yin , Tang Ying , Zhang Yingze , Watson Annie , Sembrat John , Rojas Mauricio , Vargas Sara O. , Chan Stephen Y. , Dutta Partha
Published: April 2018

Pulmonary inflammation, which is characterized by the presence of perivascular macrophages, has been proposed as a key pathogenic driver of pulmonary hypertension (PH), a vascular disease with increasing global significance. However, the mechanisms of expansion of lung macrophages and the role of blood-borne monocytes in PH are poorly understood. Using multicolor flow cytometric analysis of blood in mouse and rat models of PH and patients with PH, an increase in blood monocytes was observed. In parallel, lung tissue displayed increased chemokine transcript expression, including those responsible for monocyte recruitment, such as Ccl2 and Cx3cl1, accompanied by an expansion of interstitial lung macrophages. These data indicate that blood monocytes are recruited to lung perivascular spaces and differentiate into inflammatory macrophages. Correspondingly, parabiosis between congenically different hypoxic mice demonstrated that most interstitial macrophages originated from blood monocytes. To define the actions of these cells in PH in vivo, we reduced blood monocyte numbers via genetic deficiency of cx3cr1 or ccr2 in chronically hypoxic male mice and by pharmacologic inhibition of Cx3cl1 in monocrotaline-exposed rats. Both models exhibited decreased inflammatory blood monocytes, as well as interstitial macrophages, leading to a substantial decrease in arteriolar remodeling but with a less robust hemodynamic effect. This study defines a direct mechanism by which interstitial macrophages expand in PH. It also demonstrates a pathway for pulmonary vascular remodeling in PH that depends upon interstitial macrophage-dependent inflammation yet is dissociated, at least in part, from hemodynamic consequences, thus offering guidance on future anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies in this disease.
The role of diallyl thiosulfinate associated with nuciferine and diosgenin in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A pilot study
Authors: Cai Tommaso , Cocci Andrea , Cito Gianmartino , Giammusso Bruno , Zucchi Alessandro , Chianchone Francesco , Carrino Maurizio , Mastroeni Francesco , Comerci Francesco , Franco Girgio , Palmieri Alessandro
Published: April 2018

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of an association of diallyl thiosulfinate with nuciferine and diosgenin in the treatment of a group of patients suffering from premature ejaculation (PE), primary or secondary to erectile dysfunction (ED). Materials and methods: From July 2015 to October 2016, 143 patients (mean age 25.3; range 18-39) affected by PE completed the study and were finally analyzed in this phase I study. All patients, after clinical assessment and laboratory evaluation were asked to take an association of diallyl thiosulfinate with nuciferine and diosgenin as oral tablet, once a day, on alternate days, for three months. At the baseline and after three months of treatment, each patient was asked to complete the following questionnaires: International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ). Results: A statistical significant improvement in terms of erectile function, comparing the IIEF-5 value at baseline and follow- up visit was found (respectively IIEF-5: 8.7 vs 14.01; p < 0.001). Moreover, at follow-up visit, 97/143 men (67.8%) referred a subjective improvement of the erection quality and a better control of the ejaculation (PROs). The IELT improved too between the baseline evaluation and the follow-up visit (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, our study, even if supported by preliminary results, showed how Diallyl Thiosulfinate, Nuciferine and Diosgenin is able to improve the control of ejaculation in patients suffering from PE, primary or secondary to ED without any significant adverse effects.
ATP metabolizing enzymes ENPP1, 2 and 3 are localized in sensory neurons of rat dorsal root ganglion
Authors: Nishida Kentaro , Nomura Yuka , Kawamori Kanako , Ohishi Akihiro , Nagasawa Kazuki
Published: April 2018

In dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, ATP is an important neurotransmitter in nociceptive signaling through P2 receptors (P2Rs) such as P2X2/3R, and adenosine is also involved in anti-nociceptive signaling through adenosine A1R. Thus, the clearance system for adenine nucleotide/nucleoside plays a critical role in regulation of nociceptive signaling, but there is little information on it, especially ectoenzyme expression profiles in DRG. In this study, we examined expression and localization of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPPs), by which ATP is metabolized to AMP, in rat DRG. The mRNA expression levels of ENPP2 were greater than those of ENPP1 and ENPP3 in rat DRGs. On immunohistochemical analysis, ENPP1, 2 and 3 were found in soma of DRG neurons. Immunopositive rate of ENPP3 was greater than that of ENPP1 and ENPP2 in all DRG neurons. ENPP3, as compared with ENPP1 and ENPP2, was expressed mainly by isolectin B4-positive cells, and slightly by neurofilament 200-positive ones. In this way, the expression profile of ENPP1, 2 and 3 was different in DRGs, and they were mainly expressed in small/medium-sized DRG neurons. Moreover, ENPP1-, 2- and 3-immunoreactivities were colocalized with P2X2R, P2X3R and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), as an ectoenzyme for metabolism from AMP to adenosine. Additionally, PAP-immunoreactivity was colocalized with equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1, as an adenosine uptake system. These results suggest that the clearance system consisted of ENPPs, PAP and ENT1 plays an important role in regulation of nociceptive signaling in sensory neurons.
Acid extraction processes for non-bauxite alumina materials
Authors: Hamer C A
Published: April 2018

A number of acid extraction processes for recovering alumina from non-bauxite materials are reviewed from strictly technical considerations. These processes are based on leaching with sulphuric, hydrochloric or nitric acids, purifying the leachates, recovering
aluminum salts and calcining to produce alumina. Sulphuric acid processes include those which use potassium and ammonium alums, aluminum sulphate, basic aluminum sulphate, combination processes utilizing both sulphuric and hydrochloric acids and some which have caustic purification following acid
leaching. The variety of processes differ in their approach to removing impurities and in the method of recovering snd treating the hydrated aluminum salts. Methods are described in sufficient detail to indicate their major technical advantages and disadvantages. Some comments are made on acid
processes for the principal potential Canadian non-bauxite sources, i.e., anorthosite, high alumina-containing coal wastes and low grade clays. No process described in the report is entirely satisfactory and none so far can produce alumina as cheaply as the Bayer process for bauxite. Economic
aspects of the acid processes are to be covered in a forthcoming report.
Social and environmental innovations of Brazilian companies
Authors: Junior Celso Machado , Souza Maria Tereza Saraiva de , Bazanini Roberto , Mantovani Daielly Melina Nassif , Furlaneto Cristiane Jaciara
Published: April 2018

This paper focuses on the social and environmental innovations of Brazilian companies, rather than on merely economic innovations. These innovations are discussed within the context of sustainability. Data were collected via a qualitative and descriptive study from the annual Guia Exame de Sustentabilidade magazine (2014 Edition). The magazine stated that 228 companies responded to the questionnaire. Of these, 61 companies stood out in Brazil for their policies and practices in sustainability and had their results published. The social innovations were geared towards meeting the needs of the surrounding communities. Environmental innovations appeared in greater numbers, connoting a higher stage of attention and interest from Brazilian companies. Environmental innovations were intended to evolve or improve processes and products and to reduce the consumption of resources.
International Hospital Pharmacy: Learning from Each Other
Authors: Moles Rebekah J
Published: April 2018

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Funding for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs: A Customizable Business Case Template
Authors: Le Saux Nicole , Dalton Bruce , Abbass Kim , Conly John , Daneman Nick , Dresser Linda , Fanella Sergio , German Greg , Grant Jennifer , Keynan Yoav , Lau Tim T Y , McDonald Jamie , Nott Caroline , Patrick David , Shevchuk Yvonne , Thirion Daniel , Morris Andrew
Published: April 2018

1
2018 CSHP National Awards Program Winners / Programme national des prix 2018 de la SCPH : lauréats et lauréates
Authors: Authors Various
Published: April 2018

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Tribute to the Reviewers of the Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy
Authors: Of Hospital Pharmacy The Canadian Journal
Published: April 2018

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An Acarological Risk Model Predicting the Density and Distribution of Host-Seeking Ixodes scapularis Nymphs in Minnesota
Authors: Johnson Tammi L. , Boegler Karen A. , Clark Rebecca J. , Delorey Mark J. , Bjork Jenna K. H. , Dorr Frances M. , Schiffman Elizabeth K. , Neitzel David F. , Monaghan Andrew J. , Eisen Rebecca J.
Published: April 2018

Ixodes scapularis is the vector of at least seven human pathogens in Minnesota, two of which are known to cause Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia mayonii). In Minnesota, the statewide incidence of Lyme disease and other I. scapularis–borne diseases and the geographic extent over which cases have been reported have both increased substantially over the last two decades. These changes correspond with an expanding distribution of I. scapularis over a similar time frame. Because the risk of exposure to I. scapularis–borne pathogens is likely related to the number of ticks encountered, we developed an acarological risk model predicting the density of host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs (DON) in Minnesota. The model was informed by sampling 81 sites located in 42 counties in Minnesota. Two main foci were predicted by the model to support elevated densities of host-seeking I. scapularis nymphs, which included the seven-county Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area and counties in northern Minnesota, including Lake of the Woods and Koochiching counties. There was substantial heterogeneity observed in predicted DON across the state at the county scale; however, counties classified as high risk for I. scapularis–borne diseases and counties with known established populations of I. scapularis had the highest proportion of the county predicted as suitable for host-seeking nymphs (≥ 0.13 nymphs/100 m2). The model provides insight into areas of potential I. scapularis population expansion and identifies focal areas of predicted suitable habitat within counties where the incidence of I. scapularis–borne diseases has been historically low.
Evolutionary transformation of the journal. Part 4
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: April 2018

The article presents the fourth phase of the development of the journal Studia Historiae Scientiarum (previous name Prace Komisji Historii Nauki PAU / Proceedings of the PAU Commission on the History of Science). The sections of the journal were modified, as well as the peer review procedure and the bibliographic style. There has also been an increase in the number of foreign authors and reviewers of the journal.
Historiography of science and technology in focus. A discussion with Professor Robert Fox
Authors: Fox Robert , Kokowski Michał
Published: April 2018

The article is an extended discussion with a laureate of numerous international distinctions, Professor Robert Fox, about his career, intellectual fascinations, as well as changing methods, styles, approaches and themes in the historiography of science and technology.
Od wazeliny do krzemowej rewolucji: czyli niezwykła historia największego polskiego odkrycia, które zmieniło świat
Authors: Tomaszewski Paweł E.
Published: April 2018

W sierpniu 2016 r. minęło sto lat od odkrycia metody otrzymywania monokryształów nazwanej metodą Czochralskiego od nazwiska twórcy – Jana Czochralskiego (1885–1953). Dla uczczenia tej rocznicy opublikowano tłumaczenie podstawowej publikacji Czochralskiego na język polski. W niniejszej pracy pokazano farmaceutyczną inspirację, która zapewne stanowiła źródło odkrycia metody Czochralskiego. Omówiono rozwój metody aż do otrzymywania ogromnych monokryształów krzemu, podstawowego budulca współczesnej elektroniki i współczesnej cywilizacji.
Karl Kolbenheyer (1841–1901) – nauczyciel, przyrodnik, turysta
Authors: Alexandrowicz Stefan Witold
Published: April 2018

Karl Kolbenheyer urodził się 28 V 1841 r. w Bielsku. Po ukończeniu gimnazjum w Cieszynie podjął studia z języków klasycznych (łaciny i greki) na uniwersytetach w Wiedniu i w Jenie, a następnie pracował jako profesor gimnazjalny w Lewoczy, Cieszynie i Bielsku. Prowadził badania botaniczne, pomiary wysokości bezwzględnej oraz obserwacje meteorologiczne w Beskidzie Zachodnim i w Tatrach, a wyniki swoich prac publikował w wydawnictwach niemieckich, austriackich, polskich i węgierskich. Stwierdził on występowanie gatunków roślin nieznanych przedtem w rejonie Cieszyna i Bielska. Wykonane przez niego pomiary wysokości charakterystycznych punktów krajobrazu (ponad 500), były wykorzystywane do celów kartograficznych. Od roku 1866 był członkiem Komisji Fizjograficznej Towarzystwa Naukowego Krakowskiego, później Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, która wspierała finansowo jego działalność terenową. Był jednym z założycieli niemieckiej organizacji turystycznej Beskidenverein i kierował jej oddziałem w Bielsku. Opracował dwa przewodniki turystyczne: przewodnik po Tatrach – Die hohe Tatra, wydany dziesięciokrotnie oraz przewodnik po Beskidach – Führer durch die Beskiden…, wydany dwukrotnie. Przyczyniły się one do znacznego upowszechnienia turystyki. Zmarł 1 II 1901 r. i został pochowany na Starym Cmentarzu Ewangelickim w Bielsku.
Preprint for the humanities – fiction or a real possibility?
Authors: Laporte Steven
Published: April 2018

Even though the use of open preprint databases for scholarly publications is commonplace in several disciplines, their possibilities remain largely unexplored in the humanities. This article examines the emergence and the dynamics of academic preprint and evaluates the possibilities for introducing preprint for the humanities.
Międzynarodowa konferencja naukowa „Intellectuals and the First World War: Central European Perspective” (Kraków, Polska, 20–22 X 2016)
Authors: Pudłocki Tomasz
Published: April 2018

Konferencja pt. „Intellectuals and the First World War: Central European Perspective”, zorganizowana w dniach 20–22 X 2016 r. w Krakowie, była doskonałą okazją do dyskusji nad fenomenem konfliktu z lat 1914–1918 i jego wpływem na życie przedstawicieli inteligencji oraz twórców kultury. Wojna przerwała niejedne znaczące badania naukowe oraz prace nad dziełami sztuki – wielu intelektualistów zginęło bowiem na frontach jako żołnierze, czy też cywilne ofiary. Z drugiej strony wojna była dla wielu z nich okazją do zaistnienia, m.in. w służbie propagandy wojskowej, i przekierowania swojej profesjonalnej kariery w innym kierunku. Konferencja zorganizowana została przez Instytut Historii UJ, przy wsparciu finansowym Gminy Miejskiej Kraków – Urzędu Miasta Krakowa. Konferencja zgromadziła prawie 30 prelegentów z krajów Unii Europejskiej oraz Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki.
The report on the activities of the PAU Commission on the History of Science in 2016/2017
Authors: Kokowski Michał
Published: April 2018

The report discusses the activities of the Commission on the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2016/2017. It presents the lists of: scientific meeting, conferences, and new publications.
Partially topological group action
Authors: Al Shumrani M. A.
Published: April 2018

The concept of partially topological group was recently introduced in [3]. In this article, we define partially topological group action on partially topological space and we generalize some fundamental results from topological group action theory.
Set-open topologies on function spaces
Authors: Alqurashi Wafa Khalaf , Khan Liaqat Ali , Osipov Alexander V.
Published: April 2018

Let X and Y be topological spaces, F(X,Y) the set of all functions from X into Y and C(X,Y) the set of all continuous functions in F(X,Y). We study various set-open topologies tλ (λ ⊆ P(X)) on F(X,Y) and consider their existence, comparison and coincidence in the setting of Y a general topological space as well as for Y = R. Further, we consider the parallel notion of quasi-uniform convergence topologies Uλ (λ ⊆ P(X)) on F(X,Y) to discuss Uλ-closedness and right Uλ-K-completeness properties of a certain subspace of F(X,Y) in the case of Y a locally symmetric quasi-uniform space. We include some counter-examples to justify our comments.
Counting coarse subsets of a countable group
Authors: Protasov Igor , Protasova Ksenia
Published: April 2018

For every countable group G, there are 2ω distinct classes of coarselyequivalent subsets of G.
Fixed point theorems for nonlinear contractions with applications to iterated function systems
Authors: Pant Rajendra
Published: April 2018

We introduce a new type of nonlinear contraction and present some fixed point results without using continuity or semi-continuity. Our result complement, extend and generalize a number of fixed point theorems including the the well-known Boyd and Wong theorem [On nonlinear contractions, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 20(1969)]. Also we discuss an  application to  iterated function systems.
“EL MOVIMIENTO SE DEMUESTRA ANDANDO,(2)”1-”“MOTION IS SHOWN BY WALKING (2)”
Authors: Zori Miñana Consuelo Isabel
Published: April 2018

El presente documento narra los trayectos realizados para la creación e incorporación en la currícula de grado, de la carrera de Fotografía, en dos facultades de arte, públicas de Buenos Aires, a través de la incorporación de una “Tecnicatura en Fotografía , Artes y Técnicas” y “ Licenciatura en Fotografía, Artes y Técnicas”.. Ambas carreras hoy aceptadas por el Departamento de Artes Visuales “Prilidiano Pueyrredón”, UNA (ex IUNA), y en proceso de aprobación por el Consejo Académico del rectorado de la Universidad Nacional de las Artes para su inserción en los nuevos planes de estudio. Se relatarán distintas etapas en las cuales se desarrolló dicho proyecto.
Precipitation regimes over central Greenland inferred from 5 years of ICECAPS observations
Authors: Pettersen Claire , Bennartz Ralf , Merrelli Aronne J. , Shupe Matthew D. , Turner David D. , Walden Von P.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. A novel method for classifying Arctic precipitation using ground based remote sensors is presented. Using differences in the spectral variation of microwave absorption and scattering properties of cloud liquid water and ice, this method can distinguish between different types of snowfall events depending on the presence or absence of condensed liquid water in the clouds that generate the precipitation. The classification reveals two distinct, primary regimes of precipitation over the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS): one originating from fully glaciated ice clouds and the other from mixed-phase clouds. Five years of co-located, multi-instrument data from the Integrated Characterization of Energy, Clouds, Atmospheric state, and Precipitation at Summit (ICECAPS) are used to examine cloud and meteorological properties and patterns associated with each precipitation regime. The occurrence and accumulation of the precipitation regimes are identified and quantified. Cloud and precipitation observations from additional ICECAPS instruments illustrate distinct characteristics for each regime. Additionally, reanalysis products and back-trajectory analysis show different synoptic-scale forcings associated with each regime. Precipitation over the central GIS exhibits unique microphysical characteristics due to the high surface elevations as well as connections to specific large-scale flow patterns. Snowfall originating from the ice clouds is coupled to deep, frontal cloud systems advecting up and over the southeast Greenland coast to the central GIS. These events appear to be associated with individual storm systems generated by low pressure over Baffin Bay and Greenland lee cyclogenesis. Snowfall originating from mixed-phase clouds is shallower and has characteristics typical of supercooled cloud liquid water layers, and slowly propagates from the south and southwest of Greenland along a quiescent flow above the GIS.
Estimates of CO2 fluxes over the city of Cape Town, South Africa, through Bayesian inverse modelling
Authors: Nickless Alecia , Rayner Peter J. , Engelbrecht Francois , Brunke Ernst-Günther , Erni Birgit , Scholes Robert J.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present a city-scale inversion over Cape Town, South Africa. Measurement sites for atmospheric CO2 concentrations were installed at Robben Island and Hangklip lighthouses, located downwind and upwind of the metropolis. Prior estimates of the fossil fuel fluxes were obtained from a bespoke inventory analysis where emissions were spatially and temporally disaggregated and uncertainty estimates determined by means of error propagation techniques. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes from biogenic processes were obtained from the land atmosphere exchange model CABLE (Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange). Uncertainty estimates were based on the estimates of net primary productivity. CABLE was dynamically coupled to the regional climate model CCAM (Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model), which provided the climate inputs required to drive the Lagrangian particle dispersion model. The Bayesian inversion framework included a control vector where fossil fuel and NEE fluxes were solved for separately.Due to the large prior uncertainty prescribed to the NEE fluxes, the current inversion framework was unable to adequately distinguish between the fossil fuel and NEE fluxes, but the inversion was able to obtain improved estimates of the total fluxes within pixels and across the domain. The median of the uncertainty reductions of the total weekly flux estimates for the inversion domain of Cape Town was 28 %, but reach as high as 50 %. At the pixel level, uncertainty reductions of the total weekly flux reached up to 98 %, but these large uncertainty reductions were for NEE-dominated pixels. Improved corrections to the fossil fuel fluxes would be possible if the uncertainty around the prior NEE fluxes could be reduced. In order for this inversion framework to be operationalised for monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of emissions from Cape Town, the NEE component of the CO2 budget needs to be better understood. Additional measurements of Δ14C and δ13C isotope measurements would be a beneficial component of an atmospheric monitoring programme aimed at MRV of CO2 for any city which has significant biogenic influence, allowing improved separation of contributions from NEE and fossil fuel fluxes to the observed CO2 concentration.
On the origin of the mesospheric quasi-stationary planetary waves in the unusual Arctic winter 2015/2016
Authors: Matthias Vivien , Ern Manfred
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The midwinter 2015/2016 was characterized by an unusually strong polar night
jet (PNJ) and extraordinarily large stationary planetary wave (SPW)
amplitudes in the subtropical mesosphere. The aim of this study is, therefore, to find
the origin of these mesospheric SPWs in the midwinter 2015/2016 study period. The study duration
is split into two periods: the first period runs from late
December 2015 until early January 2016 (Period I), and the second period from early
January until mid-January 2016 (Period II). While the SPW 1 dominates in the subtropical
mesosphere in Period I, it is the SPW 2 that dominates in Period II. There
are three possibilities explaining how SPWs can occur in the mesosphere: (1) they
propagate upward from the stratosphere, (2) they are generated in situ by
longitudinally variable gravity wave (GW) drag, or (3) they are generated in situ by barotropic and/or baroclinic instabilities. Using global
satellite observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and the
Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) the
origin of the mesospheric SPWs is investigated for both time periods. We
find that due to the strong PNJ the SPWs were not able to propagate upward
into the mesosphere northward of 50∘ N but were deflected upward and
equatorward into the subtropical mesosphere. We show that the SPWs observed
in the subtropical mesosphere are the same SPWs as in the mid-latitudinal
stratosphere. Simultaneously, we find evidence that the mesospheric SPWs in
polar latitudes were generated in situ by longitudinally variable GW drag and
that there is a mixture of in situ generation by longitudinally variable GW
drag and by instabilities at mid-latitudes. Our results, based on observations,
show that the abovementioned three mechanisms can act at the same
time which confirms earlier model studies. Additionally, the possible
contribution from, or impact of, unusually strong SPWs in the subtropical
mesosphere to the disruption of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO)
in the same winter is discussed.
Water mass distributions and transports for the 2014 GEOVIDE cruise in the North Atlantic
Authors: García-Ibáñez Maribel I. , Pérez Fiz F. , Lherminier Pascale , Zunino Patricia , Mercier Herlé , Tréguer Paul
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We present the distribution of water masses along the GEOTRACES-GA01 section during the GEOVIDE cruise, which crossed the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean and the Labrador Sea in the summer of 2014. The water mass structure resulting from an extended optimum multiparameter (eOMP) analysis provides the framework for interpreting the observed distributions of trace elements and their isotopes. Central Waters and Subpolar Mode Waters (SPMW) dominated the upper part of the GEOTRACES-GA01 section. At intermediate depths, the dominant water mass was Labrador Sea Water, while the deep parts of the section were filled by Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) and North-East Atlantic Deep Water. We also evaluate the water mass volume transports across the 2014 OVIDE line (Portugal to Greenland section) by combining the water mass fractions resulting from the eOMP analysis with the absolute geostrophic velocity field estimated through a box inverse model. This allowed us to assess the relative contribution of each water mass to the transport across the section. Finally, we discuss the changes in the distribution and transport of water masses between the 2014 OVIDE line and the 2002–2010 mean state. At the upper and intermediate water levels, colder end-members of the water masses replaced the warmer ones in 2014 with respect to 2002–2010, in agreement with the long-term cooling of the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre that started in the mid-2000s. Below 2000 dbar, ISOW increased its contribution in 2014 with respect to 2002–2010, with the increase being consistent with other estimates of ISOW transports along 58–59° N. We also observed an increase in SPMW in the East Greenland Irminger Current in 2014 with respect to 2002–2010, which supports the recent deep convection events in the Irminger Sea. From the assessment of the relative water mass contribution to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) across the OVIDE line, we conclude that the larger AMOC intensity in 2014 compared to the 2002–2010 mean was related to both the increase in the northward transport of Central Waters in the AMOC upper limb and to the increase in the southward flow of Irminger Basin SPMW and ISOW in the AMOC lower limb.
The potential of global re-analysis datasets in identifying flood events
in Southern Africa
Authors: Gründemann Gaby J. , Werner Micha , Veldkamp Ted I. E.
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Sufficient and accurate hydro-meteorological data are essential to manage water resources. Recently developed global re-analysis datasets have significant potential in providing these data, especially in regions such as Southern Africa that are both vulnerable and data poor. These global re-analysis datasets have, however, not yet been exhaustively validated and it is thus unclear to what extent these are able to adequately capture the climatic variability of water resources, in particular for extreme events such as floods. This article critically assesses the potential of a recently developed global Water Resource Re-analysis (WRR) dataset developed in the EU FP7 eartH2Observe project for identifying floods, focussing on the occurrence of floods in the Limpopo River basin in Southern Africa. The discharge outputs of seven global models and ensemble mean of those models as available in the WRR dataset are analysed and compared against two benchmarks of flood events in the Limpopo River basin. The first benchmark is based on observations from the available stations, while the second is developed based on flood events that have led to damages as reported in global databases of damaging flood events. Results show that while the WRR dataset provides useful data for detecting the occurrence of flood events in the Limpopo River basin, variation exists amongst the global models regarding their capability to identify the magnitude of those events. The study also reveals that the models are better able to capture flood events at stations with a large upstream catchment area. Improved performance for most models is found for the 0.25 degrees resolution global model, when compared to the lower resolution 0.5 degrees models, thus underlining the added value of increased resolution global models. The skill of the global hydrological models in identifying the severity of flood events in poorly gauged basins such as the Limpopo can be used to estimate the impacts of those events using the benchmark of reported damaging flood events developed at the basin level, though could be improved if further detail on location and impacts are included in disaster databases. Large-scale models such as those included in the WRR dataset are used by both global and continental forecasting systems, and this study sheds light on the potential these have in providing information useful for local scale flood risk management. In conclusion, this study offers valuable insights in the applicability of global re-analysis data for identifying impacting flood events in data sparse regions.
Are we using the right fuel to drive hydrological models? A climate impact study in the Upper Blue Nile
Authors: Liersch Stefan , Tecklenburg Julia , Rust Henning , Dobler Andreas , Fischer Madlen , Kruschke Tim , Koch Hagen , Hattermann Fred Fokko
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Climate simulations are the fuel to drive hydrological models that are used
to assess the impacts of climate change and variability on hydrological
parameters, such as river discharges, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration.
Unlike with cars, where we know which fuel the engine requires, we never know
in advance what unexpected side effects might be caused by the fuel we feed
our models with. Sometimes we increase the fuel's octane number
(bias correction) to achieve better performance and find out that the model
behaves differently but not always as was expected or desired. This study
investigates the impacts of projected climate change on the hydrology of the
Upper Blue Nile catchment using two model ensembles consisting of five global
CMIP5 Earth system models and 10 regional climate models (CORDEX Africa).
WATCH forcing data were used to calibrate an eco-hydrological model and to
bias-correct both model ensembles using slightly differing approaches. On the
one hand it was found that the bias correction methods considerably improved
the performance of average rainfall characteristics in the reference period
(1970–1999) in most of the cases. This also holds true for non-extreme
discharge conditions between Q20 and Q80. On the other hand,
bias-corrected simulations tend to overemphasize magnitudes of projected
change signals and extremes. A general weakness of both uncorrected and
bias-corrected simulations is the rather poor representation of high and low
flows and their extremes, which were often deteriorated by bias correction.
This inaccuracy is a crucial deficiency for regional impact studies dealing
with water management issues and it is therefore important to analyse model
performance and characteristics and the effect of bias correction, and
eventually to exclude some climate models from the ensemble. However, the
multi-model means of all ensembles project increasing average annual
discharges in the Upper Blue Nile catchment and a shift in seasonal patterns,
with decreasing discharges in June and July and increasing discharges from
August to November.
Assessment of actual evapotranspiration over a semiarid heterogeneous land surface by means of coupled low-resolution remote sensing data with an energy balance model: comparison to extra-large aperture scintillometer measurements
Authors: Saadi Sameh , Boulet Gilles , Bahir Malik , Brut Aurore , Delogu Émilie , Fanise Pascal , Mougenot Bernard , Simonneaux Vincent , Lili Chabaane Zohra
Published: April 2018

Abstract. In semiarid areas, agricultural production is restricted by water
availability; hence, efficient agricultural water management is a major issue.
The design of tools providing regional estimates of evapotranspiration (ET),
one of the most relevant water balance fluxes, may help the sustainable
management of water resources. Remote sensing provides periodic data about actual vegetation temporal
dynamics (through the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) and water
availability under water stress (through the surface
temperature Tsurf),
which are crucial factors controlling ET. In this study, spatially distributed estimates of ET (or its energy
equivalent, the latent heat flux LE) in the Kairouan plain (central Tunisia)
were computed by applying the Soil Plant Atmosphere and Remote Sensing
Evapotranspiration (SPARSE) model fed by low-resolution remote sensing data
(Terra and Aqua MODIS). The work's goal was to assess the operational use of
the SPARSE model and the accuracy of the modeled (i) sensible heat flux (H)
and (ii) daily ET over a heterogeneous semiarid landscape with complex
land cover (i.e., trees, winter cereals, summer vegetables). SPARSE was run to compute instantaneous estimates of H and LE fluxes at the
satellite overpass times. The good correspondence (R2 = 0.60 and 0.63
and RMSE = 57.89 and 53.85 W m−2 for Terra and Aqua,
respectively) between instantaneous H estimates and large aperture
scintillometer (XLAS) H measurements along a path length of 4 km over the
study area showed that the SPARSE model presents satisfactory accuracy.
Results showed that, despite the fairly large scatter, the instantaneous LE
can be suitably estimated at large scales (RMSE = 47.20 and 43.20 W m−2
for Terra and Aqua, respectively, and R2 = 0.55 for both
satellites). Additionally, water stress was investigated by comparing
modeled (SPARSE) and observed (XLAS) water stress values; we found that most
points were located within a 0.2 confidence interval, thus the general
tendencies are well reproduced. Even though extrapolation of instantaneous
latent heat flux values to daily totals was less obvious, daily ET estimates
are deemed acceptable.
Technical note: Representing glacier geometry changes in a semi-distributed hydrological model
Authors: Seibert Jan , Vis Marc J. P. , Kohn Irene , Weiler Markus , Stahl Kerstin
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Glaciers play an important role in high-mountain hydrology. While changing
glacier areas are considered of highest importance for the understanding of
future changes in runoff, glaciers are often only poorly represented in
hydrological models. Most importantly, the direct coupling between the
simulated glacier mass balances and changing glacier areas needs feasible
solutions. The use of a complex glacier model is often not possible due to
data and computational limitations. The Δh parameterization is a
simple approach to consider the spatial variation of glacier thickness and
area changes. Here, we describe a conceptual implementation of the Δh parameterization in the semi-distributed hydrological model HBV-light,
which also allows for the representation of glacier advance phases and for
comparison between the different versions of the implementation. The coupled
glacio-hydrological simulation approach, which could also be implemented in
many other semi-distributed hydrological models, is illustrated based on an
example application.
A new approach for land degradation and desertification assessment using geospatial techniques
Authors: Masoudi Masoud , Jokar Parviz , Pradhan Biswajeet
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Land degradation reduces the production of biomass and vegetation cover for all forms of land use. The lack of specific data related to degradation is a severe limitation for its monitoring. Assessment of the current state of land degradation or desertification is very difficult because this phenomenon includes several complex processes. For that reason, no common agreement has been achieved among the scientific community for its assessment. This study was carried out as an attempt to develop a new approach for land degradation assessment, based on its current state by modifying of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)–United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) index and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) index in Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. Using the proposed evaluation method it is easy to understand the degree of destruction caused by the pursuit of low costs and in order to save time. Results showed that based on the percent of hazard classes in the current condition of land degradation, the most and least widespread areas of hazard classes are moderate (38.6 %) and no hazard (0.65 %) classes, respectively. Results in the desert component of the study area showed that the severe class is much more widespread than the other hazard classes, which could indicate an environmentally dangerous situation. Statistical results indicated that degradation is highest in deserts and rangeland areas compared to dry cultivated areas and forests. Statistical tests also showed that the average degradation amount in the arid region is higher than in other climates. It is hoped that this study's use of geospatial techniques will be found to be applicable in other regions of the world and can also contribute to better planning and management of land.
Climate change and the global pattern of moraine-dammed glacial lake outburst floods
Authors: Harrison Stephan , Kargel Jeffrey S. , Huggel Christian , Reynolds John , Shugar Dan H. , Betts Richard A. , Emmer Adam , Glasser Neil , Haritashya Umesh K. , Klimeš Jan , Reinhardt Liam , Schaub Yvonne , Wiltshire Andy , Regmi Dhananjay , Vilímek Vít
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Despite recent research identifying a clear anthropogenic impact on glacier
recession, the effect of recent climate change on glacier-related hazards is
at present unclear. Here we present the first global spatio-temporal
assessment of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) focusing explicitly on
lake drainage following moraine dam failure. These floods occur as mountain
glaciers recede and downwaste. GLOFs can have an enormous impact on
downstream communities and infrastructure. Our assessment of GLOFs associated
with the rapid drainage of moraine-dammed lakes provides insights into the
historical trends of GLOFs and their distributions under current and future
global climate change. We observe a clear global increase in GLOF frequency
and their regularity around 1930, which likely represents a lagged response
to post-Little Ice Age warming. Notably, we also show that GLOF frequency and
regularity – rather unexpectedly – have declined in recent decades
even during a time of rapid glacier recession. Although previous studies have
suggested that GLOFs will increase in response to climate warming and glacier
recession, our global results demonstrate that this has not yet clearly
happened. From an assessment of the timing of climate forcing, lag times in
glacier recession, lake formation and moraine-dam failure, we predict
increased GLOF frequencies during the next decades and into the 22nd
century.
An efficient frequency-domain model for quick load analysis of floating offshore wind turbines
Authors: Pegalajar-Jurado Antonio , Borg Michael , Bredmose Henrik
Published: April 2018

Abstract. A model for Quick Load Analysis of Floating wind turbines, QuLAF, is presented and validated here. The model is a linear, frequency-domain, efficient tool with four planar degrees of freedom: platform surge, heave, pitch and tower modal deflection. The model relies on state-of-the-art tools from which hydrodynamic, aerodynamic and mooring loads are extracted and cascaded into QuLAF. Hydrodynamic and aerodynamic loads are precomputed in WAMIT and FAST respectively, while the mooring system is linearized around the equilibrium position for each wind speed using MoorDyn. An approximate approach to viscous hydrodynamic damping is developed, and the aerodynamic damping is extracted from decay tests specific for each degree of freedom. Without any calibration, the model predicts the motions of the system in stochastic wind and waves with good accuracy when compared to FAST. The damage-equivalent bending moment at the tower bottom is estimated with errors between 0.2 % and 11.3 % for all the load cases considered. The largest errors are associated with the most severe wave climates for wave-only conditions and with turbine operation around rated wind speed for combined wind and waves. The computational speed of the model is between 1300 and 2700 times faster than real-time.