bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supply–Demand Dynamics Quantification and Distributionally Robust Scheduling for Renewable-Integrated Power Systems with Flexibility Constraints
Authors: Liang Jiaji , Miao Jinniu , Sun Lei , Zhao Liqian , Wu Jingyang , Du Peng , Cao Ge , Zhao Wei
Published: February 2025

The growing penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) has exacerbated operational flexibility deficiencies in modern power systems under time-varying conditions. To address the limitations of existing flexibility management approaches, which often exhibit excessive conservatism or risk exposure in managing supply–demand uncertainties, this study introduces a data-driven distributionally robust optimization (DRO) framework for power system scheduling. The methodology comprises three key phases: First, a meteorologically aware uncertainty characterization model is developed using Copula theory, explicitly capturing spatiotemporal correlations in wind and PV power outputs. System flexibility requirements are quantified through integrated scenario-interval analysis, augmented by flexibility adjustment factors (FAFs) that mathematically describe heterogeneous resource participation in multi-scale flexibility provision. These innovations facilitate the formulation of physics-informed flexibility equilibrium constraints. Second, a two-stage DRO model is established, incorporating demand-side resources such as electric vehicle fleets as flexibility providers. The optimization objective aims to minimize total operational costs, encompassing resource activation expenses and flexibility deficit penalties. To strike a balance between robustness and reduced conservatism, polyhedral ambiguity sets bounded by generalized moment constraints are employed, leveraging Wasserstein metric-based probability density regularization to diminish the probabilities of extreme scenarios. Third, the bilevel optimization structure is transformed into a solvable mixed-integer programming problem using a zero-sum game equivalence. This problem is subsequently solved using an enhanced column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm with adaptive cut generation. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model positively impacts the flexibility margin and economy of the power system, compared to traditional uncertainty models.
Hydrogen Enhancement in Syngas Through Biomass Steam Gasification: Assessment with Machine Learning Models
Authors: Shi Yunye , Maya Diego Mauricio Yepes , Lora Electo Silva , Ratner Albert
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly supervised machine learning, has revolutionized the biofuel industry by enhancing feedstock selection, predicting fluid compositions, optimizing operations, and streamlining decision-making. These algorithms outperform traditional models by accurately handling complex, high-dimensional data more efficiently and cost-effectively. This study assesses the effectiveness of various machine learning algorithms in engineering, focusing on a comparative analysis of artificial neural networks (ANNs), support vector machines (SVMs), tree-based models, and regularized regression models. The results show that random forest (RF) models excel in predicting syngas composition and its lower heating value (LHV), achieving high precision with training and testing RMSE values below 0.2 and R-squared values close to 1. A detailed SHAP analysis identified the steam-to-biomass ratio (SBR) as the most critical factor in these predictions while also noting the significant impact of temperature conditions. This underscores the importance of thermal parameters in gasification and supports the systematic integration of AI in biofuel production to enhance predictive accuracy.
Optimization of Heat Transfer Performances Within Porous Solar Receivers—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Dai Guilong , Liu Yishuo , Chen Xue , Zhao Tian
Published: February 2025

The porous solar receiver (PSR) is a promising technology in advanced high-temperature applications. However, the non-uniform distribution of concentrated solar flux (CSF) and the dense pore structure lead to localized overheating and significant thermal losses for the PSR. This review focuses on the optimization strategies to enhance the thermal performance of the PSR, including porosity parameters, spectral selectivity, geometric configurations, and optical windows. Furthermore, mitigation strategies for addressing localized high temperatures in the PSR were thoroughly discussed, including methods for homogenizing CSF and improving the velocity of heat transfer fluid (HTF). Additionally, a numerical simulation and experimental measurements were introduced and evaluated. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the need to optimize the macroscopic geometry of OPSRs to improve their flow and heat transfer performance, thereby enhancing their practical value. It also suggests designing PPSRs that integrate adjustments for HTF mass velocity, CSF, optical window load, and reflection losses. Consequently, future studies should focus on developing efficient simulation and validation methods to advance the practical application of PSRs.
Exploring the Role of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Restoring and Managing Miombo Woodlands: A Case Study from the Lubumbashi Region, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: N’tambwe Nghonda Dieu-donné , Khoji Muteya Héritier , Mpanda Mukenza Médard , Cabala Kaleba Sylvestre , Malaisse François , Koy Justin Kyale , Masengo Kalenga Wilfried , Bogaert Jan , Useni Sikuzani Yannick
Published: February 2025

The overexploitation of forest resources in the Lubumbashi Charcoal Production Basin in the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) leads to deforestation and miombo woodlands degradation, threatening local livelihoods. Current forestry policies are ineffective, partly due to neglecting traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). This study identifies and describes TEK and practices related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable miombo woodlands management. Focus groups and interviews were conducted in four villages (Maksem, Mwawa, Nsela, and Texas), selected based on forest resource availability and population size. Data on sacred sites, conservation practices, knowledge transmission, ceremonies, and socio-demographic factors were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Fisher’s exact test, and Jaccard’s similarity index. The findings revealed that 75% of respondents identified sacred sites where logging activities are strictly prohibited. Thirty sacred tree species were identified, with stronger compliance in villages with a high availability of forest resources. This TEK is predominantly transmitted orally through family councils, as well as traditional ceremonies or rituals. Conservation practices include small-scale farming, intercropping, avoiding tree cutting in sacred sites, and using deadwood. However, only farming and intercropping are still commonly practiced, particularly in resource-scarce villages (64%). Women and elders are primary custodians of TEK, though its application is constrained by population growth and dwindling forest resources. The findings emphasize the crucial role of TEK in strengthening forest restoration initiatives by selecting key woody species and sustainable practices, while fostering community involvement. As such, decision makers should prioritize integrating TEK into DR Congo’s forest policies to support biodiversity conservation and miombo woodlands restoration efforts.
Chloroplast Markers for Detecting Chinese Tallow (Triadica sebifera) DNA in Environmental Samples
Authors: Olatinwo Rabiu O. , Bataineh Mohammad , Standley Jennifer M. , Abbate Anthony P. , Williams Geoffrey R. , Lau Pierre W.
Published: February 2025

DNA analysis of environmental samples (eDNA) provides a non-intrusive approach to identify organisms, characterize biological communities, and assess biodiversity, including the detection and monitoring of invasive plant effects. However, the use of eDNA for specific applications, such as targeted-species detection, geographic and floral source tracing, and assessment of invasive plant ecological and environmental effects, requires the development of species-specific genetic primers. Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) is a non-native high-impact invader, capable of changing fire regimes, native biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and wildlife habitat and populations, that is expanding in range and abundance throughout the southern United States. In this study, we investigated and identified specific genetic sites, markers, in the tallow chloroplast genome and developed sets of primers for tallow eDNA detection. Two sets of tallow primers were developed, tallow-specific primers and tallow-related primers. Both sets of primers can be used for tallow eDNA detection, with higher target specificity for tallow-specific primers. Primers were subsequently validated for target specificity against closely related species, samples of tallow tissue, and honey and honey bee-collected pollen from areas with tallow. We found that tallow-specific primers differentiated tallow eDNA from closely related species, demonstrating target specificity. Furthermore, a sequence analysis of the tallow-related primers in the polymerase chain reaction accurately distinguished members of the Hippomaninae subtribe, including tallow, from other subtribe or subfamily members within the Euphorbiaceae. Ultimately, the genetic markers and the corresponding sets of primers will facilitate eDNA analysis of tallow for several applications, including detection and monitoring in water and soil, assurance of honey quality and floral source tracing, and perhaps serving as a model for determining plant use by pollinators.
Multi-Physical Field Coupling Simulation and Experimental Study on the Radiation Characteristics of Sawing Noise from Circular Saw Blades in Woodworking
Authors: Jia Na , Guo Lei , Zhang Yongying , Liu Jiuqing
Published: February 2025

High-precision noise radiation characterization is essential for designing circular saw blades aimed at vibration and noise reduction. However, previous studies have generally overlooked the effects of thermal stress, centrifugal force, and cutting force on the acoustic performance of saw blades during the cutting process. This paper proposes a multi-physics field coupling analysis method based on FEM/BEM joint simulation technology. By performing thermal-force coupling analysis to obtain the sawing vibration response, the resulting vibration acceleration is introduced into the acoustic–solid coupling model to predict the frequency-domain characteristics and spatial distribution of sawing noise. The validity of the simulation results is verified through sawing noise test experiments. The study shows that the circular saw blade radiates the most noise when sawing in the mid-frequency band from 500 Hz to 8000 Hz, while the noise radiation efficiency is lower in both the low-frequency band and the high-frequency band. The multi-physical field coupling simulation method can significantly improve the calculation accuracy of the frequency-domain characteristics of sawing noise. The vibration noise of the circular saw blade shows clear directional distribution at different excitation frequencies, while the directionality of the experimentally measured noise is less distinct. Furthermore, based on the noise radiation characteristics, this study explores the design strategies of noise reduction slots and sound barriers, which provide references for the noise control and vibration damping design of circular saw blades.
Enhanced Sugar Yield from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulignin from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Biosurfactant and Soybean Protein in Powdered and Cavitated Forms
Authors: Mera Alain Monsalve , Muñoz Salvador Sánchez , Antunes Felipe A. Fernandes , dos Santos Júlio C. , da Silva Silvio Silvério
Published: February 2025

The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is often hindered by lignin, which acts as a physical barrier and promotes non-productive enzyme adsorption. This study evaluated the potential of soybean protein in powdered and cavitated forms, along with lactonic sophorolipid biosurfactant (LSLB), to enhance sugar yields from cellulignin derived from sugarcane bagasse, a residue with a high lignin content. A Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of enzyme loading (10–20 FPU/g cellulignin), soybean protein powder (10–30% w/w of dried cellulignin), and LSLB concentration (25–250 mg/L) on glucose and xylose yields. Hydrodynamic cavitation was employed to produce soluble soybean protein, achieving a solubility yield of 44.4% w/w in 10 min. The cavitated protein was compared with powdered protein to assess its impact on enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. The results showed that hydrodynamic cavitation reduced the required SBP dosage while maintaining sugar yields, allowing 10% w/w of dried cellulignin cavitated SBP to achieve glucose and xylose yields comparable to 25% w/w of dried cellulignin non-cavitated SBP. Specifically, glucose yield increased by 24.92% (from 34.1% ± 1.01 to 42.6% ± 1.4), and xylose yield by 30.86% (from 32.4% ± 0.53 to 42.4% ± 2.21) compared to the no-additive condition. These improvements were linked to enhanced solubility, increased surface area, and reduced particle size in the cavitated protein. This study highlights hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for modifying soybean protein structure to optimize enzymatic hydrolysis in lignocellulosic bioconversion.
The Effects of Microorganisms and Cellulases on the Quality and Microbial Diversity of Caragana korshinskii Silage
Authors: Song Jingjing , Zhang Xiu , Wen Xuefei , Tian Xingguo , Yang Guoping , Liu Qianru
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to explore the impacts of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y), tannase-producing bacteria (D), cellulase (M), and their combined treatment (L + Y + D + M) on the sensory quality, chemical composition, silage quality, and microbial community of Caragana korshinskii. In light of the scarcity of research on the use of tannase-producing bacteria, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and cellulase as composite silage additives in the utilization of desert shrubs as feed resources, this study centers on this area and endeavors to offer a novel theoretical foundation for relevant fields. Different microorganisms and enzymes were individually added to 500 g of Caragana korshinskii, and anaerobic fermentation was carried out in an incubator at 40 °C for 14 days. The results show that compared to the control group (CK) without any additives, the sensory evaluation of all treatments improved, with the L + Y + D + M treatment being the best (p < 0.05). All treatments reduced the contents of acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and tannin (p < 0.05), while increasing the content of crude protein and relative feeding value (p < 0.05), with the L + Y + D + M treatment showing the most significant effect (p < 0.05). Lactic acid levels significantly increased (p < 0.05) and the pH significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in all treatments, with the L + Y + D + M treatment outperforming the other treatments (p < 0.05). The L + Y + D + M treatment increased the abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Weissella (p < 0.05), significantly reduced harmful microbial abundance and diversity (p < 0.05), and improved the microbial community structure in silage. In summary, the addition of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Y), tannase-producing bacteria (D), cellulase (M), and their combined treatment (L + Y + D + M) can promote the silage-related characteristics of Caragana korshinskii, with the L + Y + D + M treatment performing better compared to the other treatments. The research shows that the compound bacterial and enzymatic preparation is more effective than the single-component. The components exert synergistic effects and can effectively enhance the quality aspects of silaged Caragana korshinskii. This research provides theoretical underpinnings for the utilization of Caragana korshinskii as feedstuff. This application has the potential to alleviate feed scarcity, reduce reliance on traditional feed, enhance the stability and diversity of the feed supply system, and thereby drive the development of the animal husbandry industry.
Integration of In Situ and Sentinel-2 Data to Assess Soil Quality in Forest Monitoring: The Case Study of the Vesuvius Fires
Authors: Santorufo Lucia , Gargiulo Massimiliano , Memoli Valeria , Maisto Giulia , Barile Rossella , Ruello Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

The climatic conditions in southern Italy favor the occurrence and spread of forest fires, with severe long-lasting consequences on the local flora and fauna. On the one hand, biological and chemical in situ measurements are typically used to accurately investigate the evolution of the land affected by fires, with limited spatial coverage. On the other hand, Remote Sensing (RS) is a mature technology to complement the in situ campaigns on large regions with adequate revisit time. In this paper, we evaluate the capability of Sentinel-2 data to spatially and temporally extend post-fire in situ analysis on a fire-affected area. In particular, we estimate the soil quality index from Sentinel-2 data and achieve a remarkable coefficient of determination (R2=0.79) and low relative error (er=0.06), highlighting the robustness of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the soil water content and the total iron (Fe) concentrations emerged as pertinent indicators detectable through Near-Infrared and Short-Wave Infrared Sentinel-2 bands. The obtained results prompted an investigation into the post-fire evolution of soil properties, thanks to RS data, in a large area covered by diverse vegetation types. The obtained results encourage a deeper synergic use of in situ and remotely observed data, enabling a comprehensive understanding of soil quality dynamics in fire-affected regions.
Anesthetic Effects of Clove Basil Essential Oil (Ocimum gratissimum) Microemulsion on Asian Redtail Catfish (Hemibagrus wyckioides) and Its Biochemical Stress Indicators
Authors: Lam Phuong Hong , Vo Huyen Da Nguyen , Truong Linh My Thi , Dang Dung My Thi , Dang Chien Mau , Doan Tin Chanh Duc , Mollaamin Fatemeh , Monajjemi Majid
Published: February 2025

Ocimum gratissimum (clove basil) essential oil is known for its anesthetic and stress-reducing effects in aquatic animals. In this study, it was synthesized into a microemulsion form and its anesthetic effects on Hemibagrus wyckioides (Asian redtail catfish) juveniles were evaluated. The clove basil essential oil was formulated into a stable oil-in-water microemulsion with a particle size of approximately 36.3 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.17. The microemulsion, with concentrations ranging from 125 mg L−1 to 250 mg L−1, effectively induced sedation and anesthesia in fish. It took approximately 2 to 4 min for the fish to reach a state of sedation or anesthesia, depending on the concentration of the clove basil essential oil microemulsion used. After a 30 min induction period using clove basil essential oil microemulsion at concentrations of 125 mg L−1 and 175 mg L−1, the blood cortisol, glucose, and lactate levels, which are stress indicators in fish, were evaluated. The results indicated that the blood cortisol levels in the treatments (6.97 to 7.4 μg dL−1) were consistently lower than in the control group (17.17 μg dL−1) throughout the induction time. However, the glucose (5.6–6.75 mmol L−1) and lactate levels (3.23–5.41 mmol L−1) in the treatment groups increased acutely during the induction time but returned to normal levels (around 3.5 mmol L−1 and 1.6 mmol L−1, respectively) during recovery. This contrasted with the control group, where the lactate and glucose levels remained slightly elevated during the recovery period. Additionally, the recovery time in fish anesthetized with clove basil essential oil microemulsion was consistently short across all of the treatments. These findings highlight the potential application of clove basil essential oil, particularly in microemulsion form, as an effective anesthetic agent for fish.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Acoustic Camera for Monitoring Three Large Jellyfish Species in the Coastal Waters of Liaodong Bay, China
Authors: Wang Bin , Liu Xiuze , Dong Jing , Wang Aiyong , Feng Chao , Xu Yanzhao , Zhang Depu , Zhao Zhongfang
Published: February 2025

A survey was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of adaptive resolution imaging sonar (ARIS), also known as an acoustic camera, for monitoring large jellyfish in the Liaodong Bay area, China. The abundance and vertical distribution of large jellyfish species, such as Nemopilema nomurai, Aurelia coerulea, and Cyanea nozakii, were obtained from acoustic camera observation images, and the effectiveness of the acoustic camera method was determined. The acoustic camera method provided visual information on the number of large jellyfish and their positions in the water column and demonstrated that they were more frequently located in the mid-upper water column of the surveyed area. The results show that it is possible to identify three different types of large jellyfish using acoustic camera sonar images, based on their size, shape, outline, and movement trajectory. The acoustic camera method enables the effective monitoring of jellyfish abundance and enables the observation of their vertical distribution, demonstrating its suitability for monitoring large jellyfish in shallow waters. The results show that observations through an acoustic camera can be used to study the horizontal and vertical spatial distribution characteristics of large jellyfish and to observe their behavior.
Evolution of Wind-Generated Shallow-Water Waves in the Framework of a Modified Kadomtsev–Petviashvili Equation
Authors: Maleewong Montri , Grimshaw Roger
Published: February 2025

In a recent paper, denoted by MG24 in this text, we used a modified Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation to describe the evolution of wind-driven water wave packets in shallow water. The modifications were several forcing/friction terms describing wave growth due to critical-level instability in the air, wave decay due to laminar friction in the water at the air–water interface, wave growth due to turbulent wave stress in the air near the interface, and wave decay due to a turbulent bottom boundary layer. The outcome was a KdV–Burgers type of equation that can be a stable or unstable model depending on the forcing/friction parameters. In most cases that we examined, many solitary waves are generated, suggesting the formation of a soliton gas. In this paper, we extend that model in the horizontal direction transverse to the wind forcing to produce a similarly modified Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation (KPII for water waves in the absence of surface tension). A modulation theory is described for the cnoidal and solitary wave solutions of the unforced KP equation, focusing on the forcing/friction terms and the transverse dependence. Then, using similar initial conditions to those used in MG24, that is a sinusoidal wave with a slowly varying envelope, but supplemented here with a transverse sinusoidal term, we find through numerical simulations that the radiation field upstream is enhanced, but that a soliton gas still emerges downstream as in MG24.
Analysis of Potential Markers of Pork Freshness Based on Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Wang Wu , Wang Yujing , Weng Peilin , Zhang Yixin , Peng Jiali , Ma Fei , Zhou Hui
Published: February 2025

Bacteria and endogenous enzymes generate volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are posited to be the primary source of undesirable flavors in spoilt pork. Headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was employed to assess the fluctuations in VOC concentrations in pork stored under tray packaging at 6–8 °C for 10 days, while total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and total viable counts (TVCs) were used to determine the quality of the pork. During storage, TVCs steadily increased, reflecting the growth of spoilage-related microorganisms, while TVB-N levels surpassed the spoilage threshold early, indicating an acceleration of the degradation process. Nine VOCs associated with pork spoilage were found by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), fold change (FC), and t-tests. The substances comprised ethyl acetate, acetoin, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methylbutanal, 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, vinyl acetate, 2-methylaziridine, and heptanal. A univariate linear regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (p < 0.001) between the gaseous total volatile basic nitrogen (G-TVBN) and the storage duration. Given that G-TVBN accurately reflects changes in pork freshness and the progression of spoilage, these results highlight the potential for dynamically monitoring the freshness and spoilage processes of pork.
A Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis of Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds in Folium Artemisia argyi Tea from Different Harvest Times
Authors: Wu Hui , Niu Liya , Chen Jiguang , Xu Haixia , Kong Cailin , Xiao Jianhui
Published: February 2025

To develop and utilize Folium Artemisia argyi (FAA) tea resources, UPLC-MS/MS, HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME/GC×GC-TOFMS were adopted to analyze its volatile and non-volatile compounds, when harvested from March to June, in combination with its antioxidant activity. Here, 1742 volatile compounds and 8726 non-volatile compounds were identified, with 75 differential volatile metabolites and 36 key flavor compounds screened. Notably, 1-octen-3-one, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-undecenal, and heptanal were identified as major contributors to the sweet, fruity, green, and herbal aromas, and the concentration of them was highest in June-harvest FAA tea. Furthermore, metabolomics revealed that there were 154 non-volatile differential metabolites in FAA tea at four harvest times, which were mainly related to amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Samples harvested in June also showed the strongest antioxidant capacity, which was positively correlated with D-xylitol, L-glutamic acid, honokiol, and costunolide. These findings highlight June as the optimal harvest time, providing FAA tea with superior flavor and enhanced antioxidant properties, underscoring its potential as a valuable resource for functional food development.
Staged Parameter Identification Method for Non-Homogeneous Fractional-Order Hammerstein MISO Systems Using Multi-Innovation LM: Application to Heat Flow Density Modeling
Authors: Liu Chunlei , Wang Hongwei , An Yi
Published: February 2025

For the non-homogeneous fractional-order Hammerstein multiple input single output (MISO) system, a method for identifying system coefficients and fractional-order parameters in stages is proposed. The coefficients of the system include the coefficients of nonlinear terms and the coefficients of the transfer function. In order to estimate them, we derived the coupling auxiliary form between the original system coefficients, developed a multi-innovation principle combined with the LM (Levenberg–Marquardt) parameter identification method, and introduced a decoupling strategy for the coupling coefficients. The entire identification process of fractional orders is split into three stages. The division of stages is based on assuming that the system is of different fractional order types, including global homogeneous fractional-order systems, local homogeneous fractional-order systems, and non-homogeneous fractional-order systems. Except for the first stage, the estimated initial value of the fractional order in each stage is derived from the estimated value of the fractional order in the previous stage. The fractional order iteration will re-drive the iteration of the system coefficients to achieve the purpose of alternate estimation. To validate the proposed algorithm, we modeled the fractional-order system of heat flow density through a two-layer wall system, demonstrating the algorithm’s effectiveness and practical applicability.
A Fractional Hybrid Staggered-Grid Grünwald–Letnikov Method for Numerical Simulation of Viscoelastic Seismic Wave Propagation
Authors: Zhang Xinmin , Song Guojie , Chen Puchun , Wang Dan
Published: February 2025

The accurate and efficient simulation of seismic wave energy dissipation and phase dispersion during propagation in subsurface media due to inelastic attenuation is critical for the hydrocarbon-bearing distinction and improving the quality of seismic imaging in strongly attenuating geological media. The fractional viscoelastic equation, which quantifies frequency-independent anelastic effects, has recently become a focal point in seismic exploration. We have developed a novel hybrid staggered-grid Grünwald–Letnikov (HSGGL) finite difference method for solving the fractional viscoelastic equation in the time domain. The proposed method achieves accurate and computationally efficient solutions by using a staggered grid to discretize the first-order partial derivatives of the velocity–stress equations, combined with Grünwald–Letnikov finite difference discretization for the fractional-order terms. To improve the computational efficiency, we employ a preset accuracy to truncate the difference stencil, resulting in a compact fractional-order difference scheme. A stability analysis using the eigenvalue method reveals that the proposed method confers a relaxed stability condition, providing greater flexibility in the selection of sampling intervals. The numerical experiments indicate that the HSGGL method achieves a maximum relative error of no more than 0.17% compared to the reference solution (on a finely meshed domain) while being significantly faster than the conventional global FD method (GFD). In a 500 × 500 computational domain, the computation times for the proposed methods, which meet the specified accuracy levels used, are only approximately 4.67%, 4.47%, 4.44%, and 4.42% of that of the GFD method. This indicates that the novel HSGGL method has the potential as an effective forward modeling tool for understanding complex subsurface structures by employing a fractional viscoelastic equation.
Alienation, Synchronization, Imitation: Kafka, Then and Now
Authors: Kittler Wolf
Published: February 2025

In this article, I have tried to measure the distance that separates us from Kafka by trying to register both the things that we still have in common with him and his time, and the many things that have changed in between. The first section is an analysis of the story “A Visit to a Mine” in terms of the new accident prevention techniques instituted by the welfare state at the turn of the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries. The second section deals with the new concepts of time and space that emerged in the age of electric and electro-magnetic media. And the third section is an attempt to write a short history of imitation from Descartes to Darwin, Kafka, Turing, and, finally, to the Large Language Models that we now call Artificial Intelligence.
“I Know What I Have to Do, but I Don’t Do It”: The Relationship Between Knowledge and Adherence to Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Settings
Authors: Silva Joana , Antunes Cristina , Batista Samanta , Braga José , Gomes Angélica , Guedes Rosa , Barbosa Anabela , Forte Pedro , Imaginário Cristina
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aims to analyze the correlation between healthcare professionals’ knowledge of hand hygiene protocols and their actual adherence to these practices. Specifically, we investigate whether higher knowledge levels correspond to better compliance, and we examine potential influencing factors such as professional role, gender, and prior training in infection control. Methods: A non-probabilistic, convenience sample was composed of 51 healthcare professionals working in patient care. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire to assess knowledge and direct observation to assess adherence to hand hygiene. Results: The results indicate a satisfactory level of knowledge among healthcare professionals. No statistically significant differences were observed between different professional groups regarding knowledge and adherence to hand hygiene. The average adherence rate to hand hygiene was 60.13%. No statistically significant relationship was found between healthcare professionals’ knowledge and their adherence to hand hygiene. Statistically significant differences were only found between males and females regarding the adherence rate to hand hygiene, with males showing higher adherence. Conclusions: Although healthcare professionals demonstrate satisfactory knowledge about hand hygiene, adherence to the practice still shows variability. Therefore, implementing continuous training programs and developing institutional policies may contribute to improving hand hygiene practices, thereby reducing the incidence of healthcare-associated infections.
Suicide Risk in Alcohol Use Disorders: Literature Review and Study Protocol with Preliminary Data for a Study in Treatment-Seeking Inpatients
Authors: Krystkiewicz Marika , Soyka Michael
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Individuals with substance use disorders are at risk of displaying suicidal behavior with suicide occurring more frequently compared to the general population. This article gives an overview of the existing literature on the association of substance use disorders, especially alcohol use disorder (AUD), with suicidal behavior. Studies indicate that individuals with AUD report a lifetime prevalence of 40% for at least one instance of attempted suicide. They also have a 10 to 14 times higher risk of suicidal behavior compared to the general population. Methods: The protocol and preliminary data from an ongoing study focused on the prevalence and clinical correlations of suicidal ideation and attempts in treatment-seeking inpatients with AUD are presented. The objective of this study is to address open questions regarding the clinical factors and psychiatric comorbidities associated with suicidality in patients with AUD. In a pilot and feasibility study in an inpatient rehabilitation facility for the treatment of substance use disorders, 150 patients with AUD were examined. For assessment, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Symptom Check-list-90 (SCL-90), and the Scale Suicidal Experience and Behavior (SSEV) were used as standardized questionnaires. In addition, psychosocial and sociodemographic variables were recorded. A total of 257 items were surveyed for each respondent. The statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS. Results: The initial evaluation indicates the feasibility of the study with a high number of responders (90% response rate). Of the participants surveyed, 50.7% (N = 76) were at risk of suicide and 40.7% (N = 61) had already made at least one suicide attempt. Even with a small sample size, a significant, moderate-to-large correlation between alcohol use disorder and suicidality could be demonstrated. Conclusions: This confirms that suicidality is a risk factor for patients with AUD. The role of psychiatric comorbidity, clinical correlations and consequences of AUD, Gender and treatment outcome will be studied in a larger sample of 700 patients.
Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancy Risk, Mental Health, Self-Understanding, and Relational Connections Among Urban Native American Young Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: London Sara M. , Howley Caitlin T. , Sarche Michelle , Kaufman Carol E.
Published: February 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic had a disproportionate impact on American Indian and Alaska Native (“Native”) communities, including factors impacting alcohol-exposed pregnancy (AEP) risk. This is especially true for young Native women in urban settings, where over 70% of the population resides, yet their experiences are rarely accounted for in research. We conducted remote in-depth interviews from March to May 2022, roughly concurrent with the Omicron surge and relaxed lockdown measures, with a subsample of 15 urban Native young women ages 16–20 who were participating in a national randomized controlled trial of an AEP preventive intervention. Participants were asked how the pandemic affected their use of alcohol, sexual health, mental health, and relationships. A qualitative analysis revealed diverse experiences during the pandemic. While some participants experienced greater risks for AEP due to increased alcohol use and reduced access to birth control, other participants drank less alcohol and had greater access to birth control. Additionally, while some participants faced mental health challenges due to isolation and relational strains that emerged during the pandemic, others found the pandemic to be a time that afforded self-reflection, self-development, and a deepening of relationships.
Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Sophoridine and Its Effect on Diarrhea in Mice
Authors: Wang Jiaxue , Tao Hui , Fan Qiuyu , Wang Zhenlong , Han Bing , Wang Xiumin , Wang Jingquan
Published: February 2025

To investigate the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of sophoridine and elucidate its mechanism of action, we carried out both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Multiple bacterial strains were utilized to determine the effective concentration of sophoridine in antibacterial and bactericidal assays. Subsequently, LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and E. coli-challenged BALB/c mice models were employed to evaluate the production of inflammatory cytokines. Our results showed that sophoridine concentrations exceeding 5.12 mg/mL significantly inhibited cell viability, while 0.32 mg/mL of sophoridine demonstrated the optimal anti-inflammatory activity at 12 h. In E. coli-induced diarrheal mice, doses of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg BW of sophoridine alleviated fecal occult blood and exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the level of serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels, increasing serum IL-10, and inhibiting leucocyte infiltration in the duodenum. Notably, 15 mg/kg BW of sophoridine effectively decreased the mRNA and protein expression of NF-κB p65. These findings suggest that sophoridine has promising potential for the treatment of diarrhea through its anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB activation.
Improved Adhesion and Biocompatibility of Chitosan-Coated Super-Hydrophilic PVC Polymer Substrates for Urothelial Catheters
Authors: Vesel Alenka , Motaln Helena , Mozetič Miran , Lojen Dane , Recek Nina
Published: February 2025

Chitosan is a water-soluble polysaccharide with good adherence to negatively charged surfaces and reported antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Coating the surfaces of medical devices with chitosan is a promising strategy for harnessing these benefits. However, the surface properties of commercial polymers need to be altered to enable the bonding of thin chitosan films. In this study, the adhesion of chitosan onto plasma-treated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and the metabolic activity of urothelial cells on chitosan-coated medical-grade PVC used for the synthesis of urinary catheters were evaluated. To improve the adhesion of chitosan onto the PVC catheters, PVC samples were made “super-hydrophilic”. PVC substrates were briefly treated with a powerful hydrogen plasma and weakly ionised oxygen plasma afterglow to obtain a chlorine-free surface film, which was rich in oxygen functional groups, followed by incubation of the plasma-treated substrates in an aqueous solution of chitosan. Then, urothelial RT4 cells were seeded on the treated and untreated PVC substrates, and their metabolic activity, confluency, and cell morphology were examined. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the nitrogen concentration, which corresponded to the chitosan concentration on the substrate. The results showed that the substrates were uniformly covered by a thin layer of chitosan only on plasma-treated surfaces and not on untreated surfaces. Moreover, the chitosan coating provided a stimulated environment for cell adhesion and growth. In conclusion, the chitosan-coated super-hydrophilic PVC substrate shows potential to improve the overall performance and safety of medical devices such as urinary catheters.
Adaptive Changes and Genetic Mechanisms in Organisms Under Controlled Conditions: A Review
Authors: Guo Yu-Wei , Liu Yang , Huang Peng-Cheng , Rong Mei , Wei Wei , Xu Yan-Hong , Wei Jian-He
Published: February 2025

Adaptive changes encompass physiological, morphological, or behavioral modifications occurring in organisms in response to specific environmental conditions. These modifications may become established within a population through natural selection. While adaptive changes can influence individuals or populations over short timeframes, evolution involves the inheritance and accumulation of these changes over extended periods under environmental pressures through natural selection. At present, addressing climate change, emerging infectious diseases, and food security are the main challenges faced by scientists. A comprehensive and profound understanding of the mechanisms of adaptive evolution is of great significance for solving these problems. The genetic basis of these adaptations can be examined through classical genetics, which includes stochastic gene mutations and chromosomal instability, as well as epigenetics, which involves DNA methylation and histone modifications. These mechanisms not only govern the rate and magnitude of adaptive changes but also affect the transmission of adaptive traits to subsequent generations. In the study of adaptive changes under controlled conditions, short-term controlled experiments are commonly utilized in microbial and animal research to investigate long-term evolutionary trends. However, the application of this approach in plant research remains limited. This review systematically compiles the findings on adaptive changes and their genetic foundations in organisms within controlled environments. It aims to provide valuable insights into fundamental evolutionary processes, offering novel theoretical frameworks and research methodologies for future experimental designs, particularly in the field of plant studies.
Hippo Signaling Regulates High-NaCl-Induced Increase in RORγt+ Pro-Inflammatory Lymphocytes
Authors: Zeeb Bastian Lukas , Weber-Stiehl Saskia , Escudero-Hernández Celia , Müller Dominik N. , Maifeld Andras , Sommer Felix , Schmitt Roland , Sievers Laura Katharina
Published: February 2025

Arterial hypertension is a major health challenge worldwide. Lifestyle factors including dietary NaCl increase the risk of hypertension. Pathophysiologically, the activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and vascular remodeling, as well as the increase in Th17 lymphocytes, contribute to increased blood pressure and end-organ damage. To date, it is unknown whether NaCl, changed osmolarity, and/or angiotensin II directly induce Th17 differentiation, and, if so, which molecular pathways are involved. One major transcription factor inducing Th17 differentiation is RORγt. RORγt+ immune-cell subtypes increased in a mouse model of hypertension. In primary splenocytes, NaCl and mannitol but not angiotensin II increased the frequency of RORγt+ lymphocytes and IL-17 and IL-22 expression. NaCl and angiotensin II induced angiotensin II receptor expression. NaCl led to the inactivation of the Hippo pathway in lymphocytes and decreased phosphorylation of the transcription factor TAZ, leading to increased functionality as a transcriptional coregulator. Inhibition of TAZ by verteporfin blocked the NaCl-induced increase in RORγt+ lymphocytes. Taken together, we found that NaCl induced pro-inflammatory lymphocytes via the regulation of Hippo signaling. The results suggest the possible involvement of Hippo signaling in the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension, with the potential for therapeutic targeting by small-molecule approaches.
Expression Profiles of Five Common Cancer Membrane Protein Antigens Collected for the Development of Cocktail CAR-T Cell Therapies Applicable to Most Solid Cancer Patients
Authors: Nakatsura Tetsuya , Takenouchi Kazumasa , Kataoka Jun , Ito Yusuke , Kikuchi Sae , Kinoshita Hiroki , Ohnuki Kazunobu , Suzuki Toshihiro , Tsukamoto Nobuo
Published: February 2025

Although CD19 CAR-T has been highly effective against B-cell blood cancers, there are few reports of successful treatments for solid cancers, probably because there are few protein antigens specifically expressed on the surface of the cancer cell membrane. The key to developing a groundbreaking CAR-T cell therapy effective against solid cancers is to “overcome the heterogeneity of cancer antigens”. For this purpose, it is necessary to target multiple cancer antigens simultaneously. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical analysis of various solid cancer specimens using antibodies against ROBO1, EphB4, CLDN1, and LAT1 in addition to GPC3, which we have previously studied. These antigens were frequently expressed in various solid cancers but shown to be rarely expressed, with some exceptions, in non-cancerous normal organs adjacent to the cancer. Although ROBO1 and GPC3 are often expressed in cytoplasm, there are also cases in which they are expressed on the cell membrane depending on the type of cancer. On the other hand, it has been revealed that three antigens—EphB4, CLDN1, and LAT1—are frequently expressed only on the cell membrane of cancer cells in various solid cancers, suggesting that they may be ideal targets for CAR-T cell therapy.
Systematic Characterization and Analysis of the Freeze–Thaw Tolerance Gene Set in the Budding Yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hartnett Donovan , Dotto Michael , Aguirre Ashley , Brandao Sophia , Chauca Melanie , Chiang Sandra , Cronin Madison , Deokar Niti , Martin Autum , McCune Zuri , Onwusogh Joseph , Paulino-Cruz Arisbeth , Gonzalez Soto Angelina D. , Swaray Aisha , Verdiner Maxwell , Rayah Majda , Arnone James T.
Published: February 2025

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely utilized model system with myriad applications in terms of industrial, biotechnology, and synthetic biology purposes. One such application is the biosynthesis of commercially and medically important bioactive compounds and their precursors, which oftentimes require culturing conditions at low temperatures to optimize production yield rather than cellular fitness. To lend insight into genetic modifications that may assist this goal, this work focuses on a systematic analysis of the genes that result in an increase in survival following freezing. At present, these genes have been identified in a wide variety of S. cerevisiae wild-type backgrounds—that vary significantly in their properties and behaviors—and in the conditions that led to the annotation of the freeze–thaw survival phenotype. In this work, we report a complete characterization of the thermal tolerance and viability for the freeze–thaw gene family following a standardized protocol within a unified genetic background, the extensively used BY4741 laboratory strain. Our results reveal that five out of these six genes are linked to increased viability in response to both freeze–thaw stress as well as enhanced survival during a heat shock stressor. Follow-up analysis characterized the local spatial effects that gene modification at each locus causes when utilizing the common kanamycin resistance cassette (KanMX6) for the creation of mutant strains and engineering purposes.