bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Balancing trust and control through dialogue meetings in Norwegian school district governance
Authors: Henriksen Øyvind H. , Paulsen Jan Merok
Published: January 2021

Increased attention has been paid to school superintendents and their role in school reforms. Still, there are few studies on dialogue meetings between actors at different levels in the school hierarchy. The current paper investigates how a superintendent balances between trust and control while supporting school development through dialogue meetings. Drawing on interviews, reflection notes, and longitudinal observational data from dialogue meetings, comprising a superintendent, subordinated school leaders, and team leaders, this action research study provides insight into requirements for productive dialogue meetings. We argue that superintendent leadership through regular dialogue meetings can foster trust-building, empowerment, and professional commitment.
Identification of thermal material parameters for thermo-mechanically coupled material models
Authors: Rose L. , Menzel A.
Published: January 2021

The possibility of accurately identifying thermal material parameters on the basis of a simple tension test is presented, using a parameter identification framework for thermo-mechanically coupled material models on the basis of full field displacement and temperature field measurements. Main objective is to show the impact of the material model formulation on the results of such an identification with respect to accuracy and uniqueness of the result. To do so, and as a proof of concept, the data of two different experiments is used. One experiment including cooling of the specimen, due to ambient temperature, and one without specimen cooling. The main constitutive relations of two basic material models are summarised (associated and non-associated plasticity), whereas both models are extended so as to introduce an additional material parameter for the thermodynamically consistent scaling of dissipated energy. The chosen models are subjected to two parameter identifications each, using the data of either experiment and focusing on the determination of thermal material parameters. The influence of the predicted dissipated energy of the models on the identification process is investigated showing that a specific material model formulation must be chosen carefully. The material model with associated evolution equations used within this work does neither allow a unique identification result, nor is any of the solutions for the underlying material parameters close to literature values. In contrast to that, a stable, that is locally unique, re-identification of the literature values is possible for the boundary problem at hand if the model with non-associated evolution equation is used and if cooling is included in the experimental data.
Drought resistance and gum yield performances in a Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton progeny trial in Senegal
Authors: Sarr Mame S. , Seiler John R. , Sullivan Jay , Diallo Adja M. , Strahm Brian D.
Published: January 2021

With continued global change as a result of land use changes, invasive species and changing climatic patterns, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the adaptability of Senegalia senegal provenances to maximize resilience in managed and natural populations of this species. The objective of this study is to investigate Senegalia senegal genotypic differences in water use efficiency (WUE) measured by stable 13C isotope composition in foliage according to their ploidy levels. Secondary objectives are to discuss inherent adaptive variation related to soil pH, survival, growth indexes, gum arabic yield and WUE within provenance in the climate change context. A Senegalia senegal progeny trial, in Dahra, Senegal was used in this study: 443 adult trees consisting of 60 families nested within 4 provenances were assessed in this study. Results showed significant differences in gum yield among provenances (P = 0.0002) and families (P < 0.0001). Diamenar and Ngane provenances showed overall similar annual gum yield despite a lower tree survival rate of Ngane than Diamenar. Growth traits, especially stem volume index and crown area index were larger on Ngane provenance, which also displayed significantly higher foliar WUE and lower leaf area index (LAI) than the other provenances. WUE was positively correlated with gum yield (P = 0.0302), but the coefficient of determination was only 2%. Foliar δ13C varied significantly (P < 0.0001) between diploids (− 27.91‰) and polyploids (− 27.12‰). However, within each provenance no significant difference was found. Only 15% of isotope compositions could be explained by ploidy level variation. Differences found in growth and gum yield may be attributed to genotype-specific variation. However, a significant correlation between soil pH and tree survival rate was found (P = 0.0051; r = 0.60). This study confirmed a possible improvement of the gum arabic sector through genotype based selection. Ngane and Diamenar seem to be more profitable to grow in Dahra than the other tested provenances. Future research should investigate the effect of soil pH, other soil physical and chemical properties, and management activities to improve site quality on tree survival and gum yields among provenances. Further, more research is needed to clarify inherent traits underlying drought tolerance in the field and gum yield performance.
Global Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles in Glutinous Rice 89-1 (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings Exposed to Chilling Stress
Authors: Pan Xiaoxue , Wu Hong , Hu Mingyu , Wang Zhongwei , Jiang Xiaoying , Guan Ling , Bai Wenqin , Lei Kairong
Published: January 2021

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a tropical cereal crop that is severely affected by chilling stress at the seedling stage, although glutinous rice 89-1 (Gr89-1) in Chongqing, China, shows tolerance to low temperatures and overwintering ability. However, little research has been conducted on the mechanisms regulating chilling stress in Gr89-1. In this study, a comprehensive of transcriptional profiles of Gr89-1 seedlings at the three-leaf stage was conducted after a 4 °C treatment for 2, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Overall, 2993 differentially expressed genes were detected in Gr89-1 seedlings upon cold exposure. Gene Ontology testing and pathway analysis revealed differentially expressed genes involved in transcriptional regulation, carbohydrate metabolism, plant hormone signal, and cell wall composition. A total of 243 transcription factors were differentially expressed during the cold treatment; in particular, the AP2/EREBP, bHLH, NAC, WRKY, C2H2, and TIFY families were generally upregulated after cold treatment, whereas the mTERF and GNAT families were downregulated. Chilling stress changed the starch and sucrose metabolism, coupled with the accumulation of sucrose and trehalose level, and increases in jasmonic acid level in Gr89-1 seedlings. Furthermore, a number of the cell wall-related genes identified in the present study were also differentially expressed during the cold treatment. The genes and pathways identified in the current study increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cold resistance in rice seedlings.
A comparison between two different dried blood substrates in determination of psychoactive substances in postmortem samples
Authors: Moretti Matteo , Manfredi Alessandro , Freni Francesca , Previderé Carlo , Osculati Antonio Marco Maria , Grignani Pierangela , Tronconi Livio , Carelli Claudia , Vignali Claudia , Morini Luca
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Whatman™ 903 cards represent a valid type of support for collection, storage, and analysis of dried blood spots (DBS). Whatman™ FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) are a type of cards soaked in chemicals that cause denaturation of proteins, while preserving DNA and ensuring the safe handling of DBS; to date, these cards are still rarely employed in forensic toxicology. The aim of this study was to analyze several psychoactive substances on not-dried blood on the two different cards and to compare the qualitative and quantitative results.

Methods

Twenty cardiac postmortem blood samples were collected and deposed on Whatman™ 903 and Whatman™ FTA cards. Spots and not-dried blood were analyzed following our validated and previously published liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods.

Results

We were able to identify: eight drugs of abuse and their metabolites (15 cases), five benzodiazepines and their metabolites (3 cases), six antidepressants (6 cases) and two antipsychotics (3 cases). We observed a perfect qualitative correspondence and a general good quantitative correlation between data obtained from not-dried blood and the two different DBS cards, except for alprazolam, diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, fluoxetine and sertraline, that showed a lower concentration on FTA. Additional experiments suggest that the chemicals, adsorbed on FTA, are not the cause of the loss of signal observed for the substances previously mentioned and that methanol should be preferred as extraction solvent.

Conclusions

This study proved that FTA cards are a good and a hazard-free alternative sample storage method for analysis of several psychoactive substances in postmortem blood.
Improving access to geodetic imaging crustal deformation data using GeoGateway
Authors: Donnellan Andrea , Parker Jay , Heflin Michael , Glasscoe Margaret , Lyzenga Gregory , Pierce Marlon , Wang Jun , Rundle John , Ludwig Lisa Grant , Granat Robert , Mirkhanian Megan , Pulver Nathan
Published: January 2021

GeoGateway (http://geo-gateway.org) is a web-based interface for analysis and modeling of geodetic imaging data and to support response to related disasters. Geodetic imaging data product currently supported by GeoGateway include Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) daily position time series and derived velocities and displacements and airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) from NASA’s UAVSAR platform. GeoGateway allows users to layer data products in a web map interface and extract information from various tools. Extracted products can be downloaded for further analysis. GeoGateway includes overlays of California fault traces, seismicity from user selected search parameters, and user supplied map files. GeoGateway also provides earthquake nowcasts and hazard maps as well as products created for related response to natural disasters. A user guide is present in the GeoGateway interface. The GeoGateway development team is also growing the user base through workshops, webinars, and video tutorials. GeoGateway is used in the classroom and for research by experts and non-experts including by students.
Characteristics of a Magnetic Bulk Thermostat for Granular Gas Investigations in Microgravity
Authors: Adachi Masato , Balter Michael , Cheng Xiang , Drescher Jörg , Li Xiaotian , Sperl Matthias , Zhao Shaofan , Yu Peidong
Published: January 2021

A magnetic thermostat employing soft-ferromagnetic particles and a varying magnetic field has been developed to investigate a homogeneous granular gas system in microgravity. While the thermostat’s mechanism of creating homogeneous distribution of the particles was shown earlier, its characteristics have not been understood well due to limited access to a microgravity environment. Therefore, a parametric study by numerical simulation based on the discrete element method is carried out in this paper to evaluate effects of tunable parameters in the thermostat. The result shows the capability of the system and provides a wide range of options and improvements for future experiments. Moreover, it predicts that the thermostat allows variation of homogeneity and excitation level of the granular gas just by changing the magnetic parameters without using any mechanical means. In addition, the suggested improvement is experimentally implemented and evaluated in a drop tower test.
Spatial and seasonal assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of soil in Wadi El-Rayan lakes using GIS technique
Authors: Eid Asmaa Nasser Mohamed , Olatubara C. O. , Ewemoje T. A. , El-Hennawy Mohamed Talaat , Farouk Haitham
Published: January 2021

Wadi El-Rayan wetland is an inland Egyptian Ramsar site of international importance, due to its rich biodiversity. The wetland constitutes two man-made lakes. The lakes size, particularly the Lower Lake, is in continuous reduction, and the vegetation productivity pattern is changing as result of deteriorating water and soil quality, domestic and industrial activities. This research was carried out to map the spatial and seasonal distribution of certain physico-chemical parameters of geo-referenced soil samples covering the two lakes parts using ordinary kriging GIS technique. The study utilized ArcGIS ver.10.7 software, and 76 soil samples collected from representative sites; 38 samples during winter and 38 samples during summer seasons. Soil data were analyzed statistically and geo-statistically based on best fitted semivariogram model. The results indicated high concentrations of some soil physical and chemical parameters, especially in summer and in the Lower Lake of Wadi El-Rayan. The summary statistics for soil parameters had shown that the median of some soil parameters is higher than the mean which indicated the presence of abnormal data. This finding has been approved through the spatial distribution mapping which clearly showed the differences in spatial and temporal distribution between the upper and lower lakes of Wadi El-Rayan. The study concluded that the generated spatial distribution maps using ordinary kriging method can be used as an effective tool in Wadi El-Rayan wetlands’ soil management.
Isosymmetric compression of cubic halide perovskites $$\mathrm{ABX}_{3}$$ ($$A=K, Rb, Cs$$; $$B=Ge, Sn, Pb$$ and $$X=Cl,Br,I$$)-influence of cation–anion exchange: a first principle study
Authors: Lamichhane Aneer , Ravindra N. M.
Published: January 2021

Halide perovskites are potential candidates for their use in solar cells. In this study, an investigation of the structural, mechanical and electro-optical properties of $$\mathrm{ABX}_{3}$$

ABX
3

($$A=K, Rb, Cs$$

A
=
K
,
R
b
,
C
s

; $$B=Ge, Sn, Pb$$

B
=
G
e
,
S
n
,
P
b

and $$X=Cl,Br,I$$

X
=
C
l
,
B
r
,
I

), under isosymmetric compression, is presented. All the calculations are performed with generalized gradient approximation schemes. We have examined the effect of cation and anion substitution on their overall properties.
Dynamic economic dispatch of wind-storage combined system based on conditional value-at-risk
Authors: Zheng Yi , Bai Xiaoqing
Published: January 2021

Wind power's uncertainty is from the intermittency and fluctuation of wind speed, which brings a great challenge to solving the power system's dynamic economic dispatch problem. With the wind-storage combined system, this paper proposes a dynamic economic dispatch model considering AC optimal power flow based on Conditional Value-at-Risk ($$CVaR$$

CVaR

). Since the proposed model is hard to solve, we use the big-M method and second-order cone description technique to transform it into a trackable mixed-integer second-order conic programming (MISOCP) model. By comparing the dispatching cost of the IEEE 30-bus system and the IEEE 118-bus system at different confidence levels, it is indicated that $$CVaR$$

CVaR

method can adequately estimate dispatching risk and assist decision-makers in making reasonable dispatching schedules according to their risk tolerance. Meanwhile, the optimal operational energy storage capacity and initial/final energy storage state can be determined by analyzing the dispatching cost risk under different storage capacities and initial/final states.
The Stratigraphic Paleobiology of Nonmarine Systems
Authors: Holland Steven
Published: January 2021

The principles of stratigraphic paleobiology can be readily applied to the nonmarine fossil record. Consistent spatial and temporal patterns of accommodation and sedimentation in sedimentary basins are an important control on stratigraphic architecture. Temperature and precipitation covary with elevation, causing significant variation in community composition, and changes in base level cause elevation to undergo predictable changes. These principles lead to eight sets of hypotheses about the nonmarine fossil record. Three relate to long-term and cyclical patterns in the preservation of major fossil groups and their taphonomy, as well as the occurrence of fossil concentrations. The remaining hypotheses relate to the widespread occurrence of elevation-correlated gradients in community composition, long-term and cyclical trends in these communities, and the stratigraphic position of abrupt changes in community composition. Testing of these hypotheses makes the stratigraphic paleobiology of nonmarine systems a promising area of investigation.
The Circular Model of Victimization and Teamwork Within the Italian Anti-Violence Centers: A General Survey
Authors: Monzani Marco
Published: January 2021

A correct understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms that make it possible for a woman to become a victim of intra-family violence allows the necessary measures to be taken so that she can escape from the situation of victimization. Emilio C. Viano, President of the International Society of Criminology, defines the victim of an abuse as “any subject injured or that has suffered wrongdoing on the part of others, who perceives herself to be a victim, who shares the experience with others looking for help, assistance and compensation, who is recognized as a victim and who presumably is being helped by public, private or collective agencies/structures”. Before the birth of Anti-Violence Centers it was believed that the awareness of being a victim was the necessary condition for a woman to ask for help. Experience has shown that, in reality, it is the request for help that allows her to begin a process of awareness together with the operators in the Anti-Violence Centers. This reflection has led to the creation of a theoretical model called “The Circular Model of Victimization”. The aim of the research, and which is presented here, was to verify whether the Italian Anti-Violence Centers recognize the Circular Model in the daily operational reality, and thus to ascertain whether this model can be considered a real empirical model, as well as a theoretical explanatory model. In conclusion, the revisited Circular Model of Victimization will be presented, in which it is assumed that the way out of the circuit of violence passes from a first moment of perception of victimization to arrive at a real awareness of the same.
Delirium occurrence in older Irish adults admitted to an acute medical hospital: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Dolan C. , Mohd Zubir M. , Melvin V. , McCarthy G. , Meagher D. , Adamis D.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

Delirium, which is associated with adverse health outcomes, is poorly detected in hospital settings. This study aimed to determine delirium occurrence among older medical inpatients and to capture associated risk factors.

Methods

This prospective cohort study was performed at an Irish University Hospital. Medical inpatients 70 years and over were included. Baseline assessments within 72 hours of admission included delirium status and severity as determined by the Revised Delirium Rating Scale (DRS-R-98), cognition, physical illness severity and physical functioning. Pre-existing cognitive impairment was determined with Short Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline (IQCODE). Serial assessment of delirium status, cognition and the physical illness severity were undertaken every 3 (±1) days during participants’ hospital admission.

Results

Of 198 study participants, 92 (46.5%) were women and mean age was 80.6 years (s.d. 6.81; range 70–97). Using DRS-R-98, 17.7% (n = 35) had delirium on admission and 11.6% (n = 23) had new-onset delirium during admission. In regression analysis, older age, impaired cognition and lower functional ability at admission were associated with a significant likelihood of delirium.

Conclusions

In this study, almost one-third of older medical inpatients in an acute hospital had delirium during admission. Findings that increasing age, impaired cognition and lower functional ability at admission were associated with increased delirium risk suggest target groups for enhanced delirium detection and prevention strategies. This may improve clinical outcomes.
Are voters too afraid to tackle corruption? Survey and experimental evidence from Mexico
Authors: García-Ponce Omar , Zeitzoff Thomas , Wantchekon Leonard
Published: January 2021

Are individuals in violent contexts reluctant to tackle corruption for fear of future violence? Or does violence mobilize them to fight corruption? We investigate these questions looking at the effects of fear and violence stemming from the Mexican Drug War on attitudes toward corruption. We conducted two surveys before the 2012 Mexican presidential election. First, as part of a nationally representative survey, we find a positive correlation between fear of violence and willingness to accept corruption in exchange for lower levels of violence. To disentangle causal effects, we conducted a follow-up survey experiment in Greater Mexico City where we manipulated fear over the Drug War. We find that individuals within this context are not easily scared. Those who received a common fear-inducing manipulation do not report higher levels of fear and are less willing to tolerate corruption. Conversely, we find strong evidence that individuals who have been victims of crime are more likely to report both higher levels of fear and willingness to accept corruption if it lowers violence. Our findings suggest that voters are more strategic and resilient in the face of violence than many extant theories of political behavior suggest.
A VARIANT OF CAUCHY’S ARGUMENT PRINCIPLE FOR ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS WHICH APPLIES TO CURVES CONTAINING ZEROS
Authors: BOUDABRA MAHER , MARKOWSKY GREG
Published: January 2021

The standard version of Cauchy’s argument principle, applied to a holomorphic function f, requires that f has no zeros on the curve of integration. In this note, we give a generalisation of such a principle which covers the case when f has zeros on the curve, as well as an application.
Theology as social activity: theological action research and teaching the knowledge of Christian ethics and practical ministry
Authors: Rhodes Daniel P.
Published: January 2021

Theological Action Research (TAR) is a way of doing and teaching theology and forming students that surmounts the problems associated with both formal theologies and theological ethnographies. Drawing from models of action research developed in other fields, this paper outlines an approach to teaching practical ministry grounded in a collaborative mode of inquiry capable of generating new insights into humanity's relation to God while also engendering the ethical-political powers that give shape to collective life. As a process of what anthropologist Lia Haro calls eth-o-graphy, Christian formation and knowledge production cannot be disconnected from cooperative participation in communities of practice dedicated to this kind of social, ecclesial activity. The paper goes on to describe how the author has begun to implement this TAR model at a Catholic, Jesuit institution, offering some promising preliminary findings on the potential it holds for training ministry students.
An unusual case of tetralogy of Fallot with an absent pulmonary valve associated with a retro-aortic innominate vein in a patient with a 16p12.2 microdeletion
Authors: Linnane Niall , Green Andrew , McMahon Colin J.
Published: January 2021

16p12.2 microdeletion has been associated with congenital heart defects and developmental delay. In this case, we describe the rare association between tetralogy of Fallot with an absent pulmonary valve a right-sided aortic arch and a retro-aortic innominate vein associated with a 16p12.2 microdeletion and epilepsy.
The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women
Authors: Pfaus James G. , Sadiq Amama , Spana Carl , Clayton Anita H.
Published: January 2021

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a common female sexual dysfunction and is estimated to affect approximately 10% of women in the United States. It has been suggested that HSDD is associated with an imbalance of hormone and neurotransmitter levels in the brain, resulting in decreased excitation, increased inhibition, or a combination of both. Evidence suggests neurotransmitters, including dopamine (DA), norepinephrine, and serotonin, as well as hormones such as estradiol and testosterone, contribute to female sexual desire and response. Current treatments for HSDD include psychotherapy, and two US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for premenopausal women: flibanserin, a serotonin mixed agonist and antagonist, and bremelanotide, a melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist. Melanocortins are endogenous neuropeptides associated with the excitatory pathway of the female sexual response system. MCRs are found throughout the body, including the brain. Bremelanotide is an MCR agonist that nonselectively activates several of the receptor subtypes, of which subtype 4 (MC4R) is the most relevant at therapeutic doses. MC4R is predominantly expressed in the medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the hypothalamus in the brain, and is important for female sexual function. Animal studies suggest that bremelanotide may affect female sexual desire by activating presynaptic MC4Rs on neurons in the mPOA of the hypothalamus, leading to increased release of DA, an excitatory neurotransmitter that increases sexual desire. This review presents what is known about the mechanism of action of bremelanotide in the context of treating HSDD.
An investigation into the factor structure of the Cognitive Therapy Scale – Revised (CTS-R) in a CBT training sample
Authors: Beale Sarah , Vitoratou Silia , Liness Sheena
Published: January 2021

Background:

Effective monitoring of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) competence depends on psychometrically robust assessment methods. While the UK Cognitive Therapy Scale – Revised (CTS-R; Blackburn et al., 2001) has become a widely used competence measure in CBT training, practice and research, its underlying factor structure has never been investigated.

Aims:

This study aimed to present the first investigation into the factor structure of the CTS-R based on a large sample of postgraduate CBT trainee recordings.

Method:

Trainees (n = 382) provided 746 mid-treatment audio recordings for depression (n = 373) and anxiety (n = 373) cases scored on the CTS-R by expert markers. Tapes were split into two equal samples counterbalanced by diagnosis and with one tape per trainee. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The suggested factor structure and a widely used theoretical two-factor model were tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement invariance was assessed by diagnostic group (depression versus anxiety).

Results:

Exploratory factor analysis suggested a single-factor solution (98.68% explained variance), which was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. All 12 CTS-R items were found to contribute to this single factor. The univariate model demonstrated full metric invariance and partial scalar invariance by diagnosis, with one item (item 10 – Conceptual Integration) demonstrating scalar non-invariance.

Conclusions:

Findings indicate that the CTS-R is a robust homogenous measure and do not support division into the widely used theoretical generic versus CBT-specific competency subscales. Investigation into the CTS-R factor structure in other populations is warranted.
FERTILITY, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND INCOME: THE EFFECTS OF CHINA’S ONE-CHILD POLICY
Authors: Gu Jiajia
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the effects of China’s one-child policy on human capital and income. I build and calibrate a quantitative OLG model with intergenerational transfers. The model generates a quantity–quality trade-off, so a restriction on fertility leads to an increase in human capital, and higher human capital then contributes to higher individual income and welfare. Calibrating the model to match survey data on urban households, I find that the one-child policy increases the human capital of affected agents by about 47% relative to a counterfactual with no fertility restrictions. However, the effect on aggregate income is negative as the size of the labor force falls.
Explaining health system responses to public reporting of cardiac surgery mortality in England and the USA
Authors: Exworthy Mark , Gabe Jon , Rees Jones Ian , Smith Glenn
Published: January 2021

Public reporting of clinical performance is increasingly used in many countries to improve quality and enhance accountability of the health system. The assumption is that greater transparency will stimulate improvements by clinicians in response to peer pressure, patient choice or competition. The international diffusion of public reporting might suggest greater similarity between health systems. Alternatively, national and local contexts (including health system imperatives, professional power and organisational culture) might continue to shape its form and impact, implying continued divergence. The paper considers public reporting in the USA and England through the lens of Scott's ‘pillars’ institutional framework. The USA was arguably the first country to adopt public reporting systematically in the late 1980s. England is a more recent adopter; it is now being widely adopted through the National Health Service (NHS). Drawing on qualitative data from California and England, this paper compares the behavioural and policy responses to public reporting by health system stakeholders at micro, meso and macro levels and through the intersection of ideas, interests, institutions and individuals through. The interplay between the regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive pillars helps explain the observed patterns of on-going divergence.
Observations from a small country: mental health policy, services and nursing in Wales
Authors: Hannigan Ben
Published: January 2021

Wales is a small country, with an ageing population, high levels of population health need and an economy with a significant reliance on public services. Its health system attracts little attention, with analyses tending to underplay the differences between the four countries of the UK. This paper helps redress this via a case study of Welsh mental health policy, services and nursing practice. Distinctively, successive devolved governments in Wales have emphasised public planning and provision. Wales also has primary legislation addressing sustainability and future generations, safe nurse staffing and rights of access to mental health services. However, in a context in which gaps always exist between national policy, local services and face-to-face care, evidence points to the existence of tension between Welsh policy aspirations and realities. Mental health nurses in Wales have produced a framework for action, which describes practice exemplars and looks forward to a secure future for the profession. With policy, however enlightened, lacking the singular potency to bring about intended change, nurses as the largest of the professional groups involved in mental health care have opportunities to make a difference in Wales through leadership, influence and collective action.
The welfare of finishing pigs under different housing and feeding systems: 1. liquid versus dry feeding in fully-slatted and straw-bedded housing
Authors: Scott K. , Armstrong D. , Chennells D.J. , Eckersall P.D. , Gill B.P. , Hunt B. , Taylor L. , Edwards S.A.
Published: January 2021

There is a need to identify finishing systems for pigs that meet the requirements of both pig producers and society. These require that a system is economically efficient, but also takes due account of animal welfare, food safety and environmental considerations. As part of an integrated investigation, this study assessed the health and welfare implications of giving pigs either dry or liquid feed when housed in either fully-slatted or straw-based accommodation.
A Synoptic‐Scale Wavelike Structure in the Nighttime Equatorial Ionization Anomaly
Authors: Rodríguez‐Zuluaga J. , Stolle C. , Yamazaki Y. , Xiong C. , England S. L.
Published: January 2021

Both ground‐ and satellite‐based airglow imaging have significantly contributed to understanding the low‐latitude ionosphere, especially the morphology and dynamics of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). The NASA Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission focuses on far‐ultraviolet airglow images from a geostationary orbit at 47.5°W. This region is of particular interest at low magnetic latitudes because of the high magnetic declination (i.e., about ‐20°) and proximity of the South Atlantic magnetic anomaly. In this study, we characterize an exciting feature of the nighttime EIA using GOLD observations from October 5, 2018 to June 30, 2020. It consists of a wavelike structure of a few thousand kilometers seen as poleward and equatorward displacements of the EIA‐crests. Initial analyses show that the synoptic‐scale structure is symmetric about the dip equator and appears nearly stationary with time over the night. In quasi‐dipole coordinates, maxima poleward displacements of the EIA‐crests are seen at about ± 12° latitude and around 20 and 60° longitude (i.e., in geographic longitude at the dip equator, about 53°W and 14°W). The wavelike structure presents typical zonal wavelengths of about 6.7 × 103 km and 3.3 × 103 km. The structure's occurrence and wavelength are highly variable on a day‐to‐day basis with no apparent dependence on geomagnetic activity. In addition, a cluster or quasi‐periodic wave train of equatorial plasma depletions (EPDs) is often detected within the synoptic‐scale structure. We further outline the difference in observing these EPDs from FUV images and in situ measurements during a GOLD and Swarm mission conjunction.
Reproducibility of Coral Mn/Ca‐Based Wind Reconstructions at Kiritimati Island and Butaritari Atoll
Authors: Sayani Hussein R. , Thompson Diane M. , Carilli Jessica E. , Marchitto Thomas M. , Chapman Alice U. , Cobb Kim M.
Published: January 2021

Global surface temperatures during the twentieth century are characterized by multidecadal periods of accelerated or reduced warming, which are thought to be driven by Pacific decadal variability, specifically changes in trade‐wind strength. However, the relationship between trade‐wind strength and global surface warming remains poorly constrained due to the scarcity of instrumental wind observations. Previous work has shown that corals growing at Tarawa Atoll (1.3°N, 173°E) incorporate dissolved Mn flushed from lagoon sediments by El Niño‐related westerly wind events (WWEs), providing records of both westerly wind variability and trade‐wind strength (on decadal time scales). Here, we explore the utility of this novel coral Mn/Ca‐wind proxy at two nearby islands that also feature west‐facing lagoons. Short coral Mn/Ca records from Butaritari (3°N, 173°E) and Kiritimati (2°N, 157.5°W) track WWEs, albeit with some intercolony variability in the magnitude and timing of the signal. Variability in coral Mn/Ca signal intensity among records from Butaritari suggests that wind‐driven mixing of the sediment Mn reservoir may be finite and/or localized. At Kiritimati, a coral growing outside the lagoon shows higher Mn/Ca concentrations during the 1997/1998 El Niño event, suggesting that nearshore sediments may be an overlooked dissolved Mn reservoir. Taken together, these results highlight a need for additional studies of Mn reservoir variability within and across atolls that hold promise for recording WWEs. These results also suggest that Mn/Ca records from multiple coral colonies and sites are needed to generate robust coral‐based wind reconstructions, particularly from sites with unknown or complex Mn transport pathways.
Hales Discontinuity in the Southern Indian Continental Lithosphere: Seismological and Petrological Models
Authors: Chaudhury Jashodhara , Mitra Supriyo , Sarkar Tapabrato
Published: January 2021

We model the depth and Vs structure of the Hales discontinuity (H‐D) beneath Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) using P wave receiver function (P‐RF) analysis and joint inversion with Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion. We calculate P‐RFs at higher frequency (fmax = 0.46 Hz), compared to previous studies, to show that the H‐D P‐to‐S converted phase (Phs) is distinct from crustal reverberations. Phs at stations Hyderabad (HYB) and Gauribidanur (GBA), in the EDC, arrive at ∼11.5 s and ∼12 s, respectively. From joint inversion, the H‐D is modeled at 107 ± 5 km and 113 ± 4 km depth, with ∼3% and ∼4% Vs increase, beneath HYB and GBA, respectively. For station Kodaikanal (KOD), in SGT, the Phs destructively interferes with the negative midcrustal reverberation at most ray‐parameters, which explains its apparent absence in previous studies. We isolated P‐RFs where Phs is distinct at ∼11 s and model it at 102 ± 3 km depth. Common conversion point stack profiles constructed by depth migrating P‐RFs through the Vs model show an undulatory nature of the H‐D. From data of mantle xenoliths (Wajrakarur kimberlite field), we calculate Vs of mantle peridotite and eclogite, using published bulk rock compositions. At the H‐D depth and temperature derived from Indian shield geotherm, we observed a good match to the Vs structure of the H‐D. Our results support the geodynamic model of the H‐D being an interface of paleosubducted eclogitic oceanic crust embedded within the upper mantle peridotite. Global observations of mantle reflectors within the continental lithosphere, at depths similar to H‐D, have been related to relict subduction and independently support our model.
Postbomb Subtropical North Pacific Surface Water Radiocarbon History
Authors: Guilderson Thomas P. , Schrag Daniel P. , Druffel Ellen R. M. , Reimer Ron W.
Published: January 2021

We have generated a high‐resolution coral Δ14C record from the leeward side of the Big Island of Hawai’i in the subtropical North Pacific. The record spans 1947–1992, when the coral was collected, and includes a brief prebomb interval as well as the postbomb era. Mean prebomb (1947–1954) values average −55‰ (±1, SE of the mean) with a clear seasonal cycle. Values are less positive during winter when vertical exchange mixes surface and lower‐14C subsurface waters. The postbomb annual maximum occurs in 1971 (+160‰) and decreases in a series of shifts to +105‰ in 1991, the end of our coral‐based reconstruction. The decrease is not monotonic and has inflection points during the La Niña years of 1973, 1977, and 1984. Imbedded in the Δ14C record is interannual variability in the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation band which is interpreted to reflect the lateral advection of low latitude surface waters as part of the oceanic Hadley Cell driven by Sverdrup dynamics.
Climatology and Evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula Föhn Wind‐Induced Melt Regime From 1979–2018
Authors: Laffin M. K. , Zender C. S. , Singh S. , Van Wessem J. M. , Smeets C. J. P. P. , Reijmer C. H.
Published: January 2021

Warm and dry föhn winds on the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) cause surface melt that can destabilize vulnerable ice shelves. Topographic funneling of these downslope winds through mountain passes and canyons can produce localized wind‐induced melt that is difficult to quantify without direct measurements. Our Föhn Detection Algorithm (FöhnDA) identifies the surface föhn signature that causes melt from measurement by 12 Automatic Weather Stations on the AP, that train a machine learning model to detect föhn in 5 km Regional Atmospheric Climate Model 2 (RACMO2.3p2) simulations and in the ERA5 reanalysis model. We estimate the fraction of AP surface melt attributed to föhn and possibly katabatic winds and identify the drivers of melt, temporal variability, and long‐term trends and evolution from 1979–2018. We find that föhn wind‐induced melt accounts for 3.1% of the total melt on the AP and can be as high at 18% close to the mountains where the winds funnel through mountain canyons. Föhn‐induced surface melt does not significantly increase from 1979–2018, despite a warmer atmosphere and more positive Southern Annular Mode. However, a significant increase (+0.1 Gt y‐1) and subsequent decrease/stabilization occur in 1979–1998 and 1999–2018, consistent with the AP warming and cooling trends during the same time periods. Föhn occurrence, more than föhn strength, drives the annual variability in föhn‐induced melt. Long‐term föhn‐induced melt trends and evolution are attributable to seasonal changes in föhn occurrence, with increased occurrence in summer, and decreased occurrence in fall, winter, and early spring over the past 20 years.
Topographical Controls on Hillslope‐Scale Hydrology Drive Shrub Distributions on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
Authors: Mekonnen Zelalem A. , Riley William J. , Grant Robert F. , Salmon Verity G. , Iversen Colleen M. , Biraud Sébastien C. , Breen Amy L. , Lara Mark J.
Published: January 2021

Observations indicate shrubs are expanding across the Arctic tundra, mainly on hillslopes and primarily in response to climate warming. However, the impact topography exerts on hydrology, nutrient dynamics, and plant growth can make untangling the mechanisms behind shrub expansion difficult. We examined the role topography plays in determining shrub expansion by applying a coupled transect version of a mechanistic ecosystem model (ecosys) in a tundra hillslope site in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Modeled biomass of the dominant plant functional types agreed well with field measurements (R2 = 0.89) and accurately represented shrub expansion over the past 30 years inferred from satellite observations. In the well‐drained crest position, canopy water potential and plant nitrogen (N) uptake was modeled to be low from plant and microbial water stress. Intermediate soil water content in the mid‐slope position enhanced mineralization and plant N uptake, increasing shrub biomass. The deciduous shrub growth in the mid‐slope position was further enhanced by symbiotic N2 fixation primed by increased root carbon allocation. The gentle slope in the poorly drained lower‐slope position resulted in saturated soil conditions that reduced soil O2 concentrations, leading to lower root O2 uptake and lower nutrient uptake and plant biomass. A simulation that removed topographical interconnectivity between grid cells resulted in (1) a 28% underestimate of mean shrub biomass and (2) over or underestimated shrub productivity at the various hillslope positions. Our results indicate that land models need to account for hillslope‐scale coupled surface and subsurface hydrology to accurately predict current plant distributions and future trajectories in Arctic ecosystems.
Episodic Crustal Extension and Contraction Characterizing the Late Mesozoic Tectonics of East China: Evidence From the Jiaodong Peninsula, East China
Authors: Meng Lingtong , Lin Wei
Published: January 2021

During the Late Mesozoic, East China is characterized by widespread magmatism, thrusting and folding, extensional doming, strike‐slip faulting, and block rotation. The Jiaodong Peninsula provides a key area located in East China to understand the episodic intracontinental extension and contraction and associated granitoid emplacement. Based on our structural analysis, magnetic fabric measurement, and gravity modeling, polyphase deformation and magma emplacement have been recognized within the Queshan‐Kunyushan‐Yuangezhuang‐Sanfoshan (QKYS) massif of the central Jiaodong Peninsula. A significant Late Jurassic D1 event, developed in the northern margin of the massif, was expressed by a high‐temperature, top‐to‐the‐NE shearing. Late Jurassic plutons display magnetic fabrics corresponding to the D1 structural fabrics and several NW–SE‐trending feeder zones at depth. These results link the syn‐kinematic emplacement of Late Jurassic plutons with regional NE–SW extensional tectonics. In the south of the massif, a lower‐temperature, top‐to‐the‐SW contractional deformation (D2) resulted from NE–SW contraction. The D3 shear zone with a top‐to‐the‐WNW kinematics is a rolling‐hinge type detachment fault that exhumed the massif, indicating NW–SE regional extension. Finally, Early Cretaceous plutons emplaced into the upper crust with a fast‐cooling rate and formed inverted drop shapes with concentric magnetic foliations and variably oriented magnetic lineations. In light of the previous geochronological results, the timing of these tectonic events is discussed. The tectonic evolution of the QKYS massif indicates a process from crustal thickening to lithospheric foundering in response to the Late Mesozoic plate convergences.
Lower amygdala fatty acid amide hydrolase in violent offenders with antisocial personality disorder: an [11C]CURB positron emission tomography study
Authors: Kolla Nathan J. , Boileau Isabelle , Karas Karolina , Watts Jeremy J. , Rusjan Pablo , Houle Sylvain , Mizrahi Romina
Published: January 2021

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) imposes a high societal burden given the repetitive reactive aggression that affected individuals perpetrate. Since the brain endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been implicated in ASPD and aggressive behavior, we utilized [11C]CURB positron emission tomography to investigate fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), an enzyme of the ECS that degrades anandamide, in 16 individuals with ASPD and 16 control participants. We hypothesized that FAAH density would be lower in the amygdala for several reasons. First, decreased FAAH expression is associated with increased cannabinoid receptor 1 stimulation, which may be responsible for amygdala hyper-reactivity in reactive aggression. Second, the amygdala is the seat of the neural circuit mediating reactive aggression. Third, other PET studies of externalizing populations show reduced brain FAAH density. Conversely, we hypothesized that FAAH expression would be greater in the orbitofrontal cortex. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that amygdala FAAH density was lower in the amygdala of ASPD (p = 0.013). Cerebellar and striatal FAAH expression were inversely related with impulsivity (cerebellum: r = −0.60, p = 0.017; dorsal caudate: r = −0.58, p = 0.023; dorsal putamen: r = −0.55, p = 0.034), while cerebellar FAAH density was also negatively associated with assaultive aggression (r = −0.54, p = 0.035). ASPD presents high levels of disruptive behavior with few, if any, efficacious treatment options. Novel therapeutics that increase FAAH brain levels in a region-specific manner could hold promise for attenuating certain symptom clusters of ASPD, although our results require replication.