bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Tholos Tomb on the Kephala
Authors: Hutchinson R. W.
Published: October 2013

The ridge known as the Kephala is the middle part of the long ridge that extends from Zafer Papoura on the south to Isopata on the north. The numerous Late Minoan and Protogeometric tombs uncovered on the west slopes of this ridge suggest that there was here in all probability a Minoan Appian Way connecting Knossos both with the harbour town at the mouth of the Kairatos and with the naval station at Amnisos. Years ago Professor Marinatos pointed out to me what appears to be a clear section of the same Minoan way where the modern road from the aerodrome dips to cut through into the Karteros valley.

In December 1938 the Ephor Dr. Platon informed me of the possible existence of a Minoan tomb on this ridge, and permission was granted for me to excavate it on behalf of the British School at Athens. I was assisted by two students of the school, Mr. Vincent Desborough and Miss Vronwy Fisher (now Mrs. Hankey). Miss Fisher kept the catalogue of small finds and is responsible for the published account of them. Mr. Desborough was responsible for the planning and surveying of the tomb, and also for most of the photographs taken during the excavations. Mr. Gerald Young, then Director of the School, kindly came over and took some photographs of the tomb and the inscription (Plate 10b). The foreman was my old friend the late Emmanuel Akoumianos.
The Deme Ikarion
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: October 2013

First, thanks to two kindly critics, some modifications have to be made in my discussion of Attic neuter plural demes (BSA 1 (1955) 13). I should have quoted Steph. Byz. s.v. Στειριὰ . . . θηλυκῶς καὶ οὐδετὲρως to illustrate the possibility of doubt between feminine singular and neuter plural. Note that the form Στειριὰνδε given in Meineke's text is an emendation for the MS. Στειριὰδε This last is clearly wrong, but Στειριὰδε is at least as possible an emendation. The other two τοπικὰ, Στειριᾶθεν and Στειριοὶ point different ways. Since we do not know where Stephanus found them, nothing useful can be said.
A Stone Receptacle from the Cave of Hermes Kranaios at Patsos
Authors: Warren Peter
Published: October 2013

The vase belongs to a group of coarse white limestone vessels usually thought to be libation tables or tables of offering. J. Boardman has, however, suggested that two examples of this form from the Dictaean Cave may be lamp- or torch-holders because the interiors are cubical, completely cut out, with a stepped cutting on the interior base which might have served as a lamp-or torch-socket. The marks of smoke or burning on the Patsos vase would support this view, but there are several points against it. The deep, square-cut interior is hardly suitable as a lamp-holder, Minoan lamps having small round bases. On the other hand the ‘socket’ cut in the interior bases of these vases is shallow, probably not deep enough to support a torch.
Sealing animal welfare into the GATT exceptions: the international dimension of animal welfare in WTO disputes
Authors: SYKES KATIE
Published: October 2013

EC–Seal Products has been characterized as a contest between local moral preferences about animal welfare, on the one hand, and global commitments to trade disciplines on the other. But that description fails to take into account the development of international legal norms concerning animal welfare and their relevance to this case, as well as to other potential disputes involving animal welfare measures that affect trade. The international dimension of animal welfare implicates two ongoing debates in international trade law: what the relationship should be between WTO law and general international law, and the extent to which ‘public morals’ under Article XX(a) of GATT can be locally defined or need to be internationally shared. This Article examines the argument that there is a general principle of international law concerning animal welfare, and analyzes the role that international norms regarding animal welfare should play in EC–Seal Products.
Assessing the roles of multi-stakeholder initiatives in advancing the business and human rights agenda
Authors: Jerbi Scott
Published: October 2013

Growing reliance on ‘multi-stakeholder initiatives’ (MSIs) aimed at improving business performance with respect to specific human rights-related challenges has become a significant dimension of the evolving corporate responsibility agenda over recent decades. A number of such initiatives have developed in direct response to calls for greater state and corporate accountability in areas of weak governance and violent conflict. This article examines the evolution of key MSIs in light of the 2011 adoption of the United Nations (UN) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and addresses challenges facing these initiatives in the future.
Effekte eines Trainings der phonologischen Bewusstheit bei Vorschulkindern mit unterschiedlichem Sprachhintergrund*
Authors: Schöppe Doreen , Blatter Kristine , Faust Verena , Jäger Dana , Stanat Petra , Artelt Cordula , Schneider Wolfgang
Published: October 2013

Die phonologische Bewusstheit gilt als bedeutsamer Prädiktor des Erfolgs beim Lesen- und Schreibenlernen. Allerdings existieren nur wenige empirische Studien zur Trainingseffektivität von Programmen zur Förderung der phonologischen Bewusstheit bei Kindern mit unterschiedlichem Sprachhintergrund. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie liegt daher in der Untersuchung von Effekten eines Trainingsprogramms zur vorschulischen Förderung der phonologischen Bewusstheit und der Buchstaben-Laut-Verbindungen bei Kindern mit unterschiedlichem Sprachhintergrund. Bei einer Stichprobe von insgesamt 572 Kindern wurden Sprachstandserhebungen vor und nach dem Trainingszeitraum durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen bedeutsame Leistungssteigerungen in der phonologischen Bewusstheit sowie in den Buchstabenkenntnissen bei den geförderten Kindern im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe, unabhängig von deren Sprachhintergrund. Das Ausbleiben einer signifikanten Interaktion zwischen der Intervention und des Sprachhintergrunds deutet darauf hin, dass das Training bei allen beteiligten Sprachgruppen effektiv war.
Zur Bedeutung der Intelligenz und des Fähigkeitsselbstkonzeptes bei der Vorhersage von Leistungstests und Noten in Mathematik
Authors: Steinmayr Ricarda , Meißner Anja
Published: October 2013

Trotz der Bedeutung der Intelligenz und des Fähigkeitsselbstkonzeptes für die Schulleistung liegen nur wenige Studien zur vergleichenden Beurteilung der relativen Bedeutung der beiden Konstrukte bei der Vorhersage von standardisierten Schulleistungstests und Schulnoten vor. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Replikation einer zentralen Studie in diesem Bereich ( Helmke, 1992a ) mit verbesserten Methoden. Untersucht wurden 463 Schüler (226 weiblich) der 8. Klasse an 4 Gymnasien und 3 Realschulen. Erfasst wurden die Leistung in einem standardisierten Mathematikleistungstest und die Mathematiknote als Kriterien sowie die allgemeine Intelligenz und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept in Mathematik als Prädiktoren. Mittels Strukturgleichungsmodellen konnte das Befundmuster von Helmke repliziert werden (keine Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Schulformen). Bei der Vorhersage des standardisierten Mathematiktests erwies sich die Intelligenz als am bedeutsamsten, während sich bezüglich der Mathematiknote das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept und die Intelligenz nicht unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund ihrer Bedeutung für die Debatte um Determinanten schulischer Leistung diskutiert.
Immigrant Youth in Germany
Authors: Frankenberg Emily , Kupper Katharina , Wagner Ruth , Bongard Stephan
Published: October 2013

This paper reviews research on young migrants in Germany. Particular attention is given to the question of how Germany’s history of migration, immigration policies, and public attitude toward migrants influence the transcultural adaptation of children and adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds. We combine past research with the results of new empirical studies in order to shed light on migrants’ psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Studies comparing young migrants and their German peers in terms of psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and mental health outcome suggest higher rates of emotional and behavioral problems among migrants of most age groups. With regard to adolescent populations between the ages of 14 and 17 years, however, the existence of differences between migrants and natives appears to be less clear. Research has also yielded inconsistent findings regarding the time trajectory of transcultural adaptation among adolescents. The coincidence of acculturation and age-related change is discussed as a possible source of these inconsistencies. Further, we provide an overview of risk and protective factors such as conflicting role expectations and ethnic discrimination, which may cause heightened vulnerability to adverse adaptation outcomes in some groups. Large-scale studies have repeatedly shown migrants of all age groups to be less successful within the German school system, indicating poor sociocultural adaptation. Possible explanations, such as the idiosyncrasies of the German school system, are presented. Our own studies contribute to the understanding of young migrants’ adaptation process by showing that it is their orientation to German culture, rather than the acculturation strategy of integration, that leads to the most positive psychological and sociocultural outcomes. The paper concludes by discussing implications for future cross-cultural research on young migrants and by suggesting recommendations for multicultural policies.
Contextualizing Religious Acculturation
Authors: Güngör Derya , Fleischmann Fenella , Phalet Karen , Maliepaard Mieke
Published: October 2013

Given the growing presence of Islam in Europe, we developed a research program articulating minority perspectives on acculturation and religion among self-identified Muslims across Europe. Integrating different cross-cultural perspectives on religious acculturation, we ask how acculturation contexts and processes affect the religiosity of Muslims (a) across heritage and mainstream cultures, (b) across different acculturating groups, and (c) across different receiving societies. Based on various large-scale datasets, collected among (young) Muslim populations from different ethnic backgrounds in four European countries, we conclude that religious decline in European societies is largely absent. A comparison across cultures of origin and destination suggests the reaffirmation of religion in acculturating youth, who are more strongly identified with their religion than comparison groups in both mainstream and heritage cultures. Cross-ethnic comparisons indicate that religious socialization is most effective in more cohesive acculturating groups. Finally, cross-national comparisons provide evidence of more strict forms of religiosity in societies with less welcoming intergroup climates. Together, the cross-cultural findings extend a well-established bi-dimensional conceptualization of acculturation to the religious domain.
No need for a power stroke in ISWI‐mediated nucleosome sliding
Authors: Ludwigsen Johanna , Klinker Henrike , Mueller‐Planitz Felix
Published: October 2013

Nucleosome remodelling enzymes of the ISWI family reposition nucleosomes in eukaryotes. ISWI contains an ATPase and a HAND‐SANT‐SLIDE (HSS) domain. Conformational changes between these domains have been proposed to be critical for nucleosome repositioning by pulling flanking DNA into the nucleosome. We inserted flexible linkers at strategic sites in ISWI to disrupt this putative power stroke and assess its functional importance by quantitative biochemical assays. Notably, the flexible linkers did not disrupt catalysis. Instead of engaging in a power stroke, the HSS module might therefore assist DNA to ratchet into the nucleosome. Our results clarify the roles had by the domains and suggest that the HSS domain evolved to optimize a rudimentary remodelling engine.
Physical mechanisms of self-organization and formation of current patterns in gas discharges of the Townsend and glow types
Authors: Raizer Yu. P. , Mokrov M. S.
Published: October 2013

The paper discusses current filamentation and formation of current structures (in particular, hexagonal current patterns) in discharges of the Townsend and glow types. The aim of the paper, which is in part a review, is to reveal basic reasons for formation of current patterns in different cases, namely, in dielectric barrier discharge, discharge with semiconductor cathode, and micro-discharge between metallic electrodes. Pursuing this goal, we give a very brief review of observations and discuss only those theoretical, computational, and experimental papers that shed light on the physical mechanisms involved. The mechanisms are under weak currents—the thermal expansion of the gas as a result of Joule heating; under enhanced currents—the electric field and ionization rate redistribution induced by space charge. Both mechanisms lead to instability of the homogeneous discharges. In addition, we present new results of numerical simulations of observed short-living current filaments which are chaotic in space and time.
Modeling a short dc discharge with thermionic cathode and auxiliary anode
Authors: Bogdanov E. , Demidov V. I. , Kaganovich I. D. , Koepke M. E. , Kudryavtsev A. A.
Published: October 2013

A short dc discharge with a thermionic cathode can be used as a current and voltage stabilizer, but is subject to current oscillation. If instead of one anode two anodes are used, the current oscillations can be reduced. We have developed a kinetic model of such a discharge with two anodes, where the primary anode has a small opening for passing a fraction of the discharge current to an auxiliary anode. The model demonstrates that the current-voltage relationship of the discharge with two anodes is characterized everywhere by positive slope, i.e., positive differential resistance. Therefore, the discharge with two anodes is expected to be stable to the spontaneous oscillation in current that is induced by negative differential resistance. As a result, such a discharge can be used in an engineering application that requires stable plasma, such as a current and voltage stabilizer.
Active electron energy distribution function control in direct current discharge using an auxiliary electrode
Authors: Schweigert I. V. , Kaganovich I. D. , Demidov V. I.
Published: October 2013

The electron energy distribution functions are studied in the low voltage dc discharge with a constriction, which is a diaphragm with an opening. The dc discharge glows in helium and is sustained by the electron current emitted from a heated cathode. We performed kinetic simulations of dc discharge characteristics and electron energy distribution functions for different gas pressures (0.8 Torr-4 Torr) and discharge current of 0.1 A. The results of these simulations indicate the ability to control the shape of the electron energy distribution functions by variation of the diaphragm opening radius.
Ultra-stable radio frequency dissemination in free space
Authors: Miao J. , Wang B. , Gao C. , Bai Y. , Zhu X. , Wang L. J.
Published: October 2013

We demonstrate an ultra-stable radio frequency (RF) dissemination scheme over 80 m free space. The frequency dissemination stability is 3.2 × 10−13/s and 4.4 × 10−17/day, which can be applied to transfer frequency signal without compromising its stability in a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or radio astronomy.
Local deformed semicircle law and complete delocalization for Wigner matrices with random potential
Authors: Lee Ji Oon , Schnelli Kevin
Published: October 2013

We consider Hermitian random matrices of the form H = W + λV, where W is a Wigner matrix and V is a diagonal random matrix independent of W. We assume subexponential decay for the matrix entries of W and we choose λ ∼ 1 so that the eigenvalues of W and λV are of the same order in the bulk of the spectrum. In this paper, we prove for a large class of diagonal matrices V that the local deformed semicircle law holds for H, which is an analogous result to the local semicircle law for Wigner matrices. We also prove complete delocalization of eigenvectors and other results about the positions of eigenvalues.
Internal energy selection in vacuum ultraviolet photoionization of ethanol and ethanol dimers
Authors: Bodi Andras
Published: October 2013

Internal energy selected ethanol monomer and ethanol dimer ions were prepared by threshold photoionization of a supersonic molecular beam seeded with ethanol. The dissociative photoionization processes of the monomer, the lowest-energy CH3-loss channel of the dimer, and the fragmentation of larger clusters were found to be disjunct from the ionization onset to about 12 eV, which made it possible to determine the 0 K appearance energy of C–C bond breaking in the H-donor unit of the ethanol dimer cation as 9.719 ± 0.004 eV. This reaction energy is used together with ab initio calculations in a thermochemical cycle to determine the binding energy change from the neutral ethanol dimer to a protonated ethanol–formaldehyde adduct. The cycle also shows general agreement between experiment, theory, and previously published enthalpies of formation. The role of the initial ionization site, or rather the initial photoion state, is also discussed based on the dimer breakdown diagram and excited state calculations. There is no evidence for isolated state behavior, and the ethanol dimer dissociative photoionization processes appear to be governed by statistical theory and the ground electronic state of the ion. In the monomer breakdown diagram, the smoothly changing branching ratio between H and CH3 loss is at odds with rate theory predictions, and shows that none of the currently employed few-parameter rate models, appropriate for experimental rate curve fitting, yields a correct description for this process in the experimental energy range.
Double momentum spectrometer for ion-electron vector correlations in dissociative photoionization
Authors: Bomme C. , Guillemin R. , Marin T. , Journel L. , Marchenko T. , Dowek D. , Trcera N. , Pilette B. , Avila A. , Ringuenet H. , Kushawaha R. K. , Simon M.
Published: October 2013

We have developed a new momentum spectrometer dedicated to momentum vector correlations in the context of deep core photoionization of atomic and molecular species in the gas phase. In this article, we describe the design and operation of the experimental setup. The capabilities of the apparatus are illustrated with a set of measurements done on the sulphur core 1s photoionization of gas-phase CS2.
Structures and dynamics of small scales in decaying magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: Dallas V. , Alexakis A.
Published: October 2013

The topological and dynamical features of small scales are studied in the context of decaying magnetohydrodynamic turbulent flows using direct numerical simulations. Joint probability density functions (PDFs) of the invariants of gradient quantities related to the velocity and the magnetic fields demonstrate that structures and dynamics at the time of maximum dissipation depend on the large scale initial conditions at the examined Reynolds numbers. This is evident in particular from the fact that each flow has a different shape for the joint PDF of the invariants of the velocity gradient in contrast to the universal teardrop shape of hydrodynamic turbulence. The general picture that emerges from the analysis of the invariants is that regions of high vorticity are correlated with regions of high strain rate S also in contrast to hydrodynamic turbulent flows. Magnetic strain dominated regions are also well correlated with region of high current density j. Viscous dissipation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\propto } \bm S^2$\end{document}∝S2) as well as Ohmic dissipation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}${\propto } \bm j^2$\end{document}∝j2) resides in regions where strain and rotation are locally almost in balance. The structures related to the velocity gradient possess different characteristics than those associated with the magnetic field gradient with the latter being locally more quasi-two dimensional.
Active drift stabilization in three dimensions via image cross-correlation
Authors: Koo P. K. , Setru S. U. , Mochrie S. G. J.
Published: October 2013

By monitoring stage drift via the normalized cross-correlation of an image of a stuck bead, obtained in real-time, with an out-of-focus “template” image of a similar immobile bead, stored in memory, we implement a simple approach to actively stabilize drift in all three dimensions for existing video microscopy setups. We demonstrate stability to 0.0062 nm along the Z-axis and 0.0031 nm along the X- and Y-axes for long (100 s) timescales.
Diamond sensors and polycapillary lenses for X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Ravel B. , Attenkofer K. , Bohon J. , Muller E. , Smedley J.
Published: October 2013

Diamond sensors are evaluated as incident beam monitors for X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments. These single crystal devices pose a challenge for an energy-scanning experiment using hard X-rays due to the effect of diffraction from the crystalline sensor at energies which meet the Bragg condition. This problem is eliminated by combination with polycapillary lenses. The convergence angle of the beam exiting the lens is large compared to rocking curve widths of the diamond. A ray exiting one capillary from the lens meets the Bragg condition for any reflection at a different energy from the rays exiting adjacent capillaries. This serves to broaden each diffraction peak over a wide energy range, allowing linear measurement of incident intensity over the range of the energy scan. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure data are measured with a combination of a polycapillary lens and a diamond incident beam monitor. These data are of comparable quality to data measured without a lens and with an ionization chamber monitoring the incident beam intensity.
A model of field and spherical aberration in soft/hard edge solenoid magnets
Authors: Biswas B.
Published: October 2013

A solenoid magnetic field model is presented that describes the on axis field by a parameter of its hard edginess and axial half-width at half-maximum field, which universally define its spherical aberration without solving the ray equation. The model shows an increase in spherical aberration from real soft edge fields to hard edge models, as used in beam tracking. It compares well with existing field models. It simply and accurately finds the spherical aberration in many types of solenoids.
Evolution of a hairpin vortex in a shear-thinning fluid governed by a power-law model
Authors: Zhen Ni , Handler Robert A. , Zhang Qi , Oeth Cassandra
Published: October 2013

The effect of a shear-thinning fluid governed by a power-law model on the evolution of a hairpin vortex in a wall-bounded flow was studied by means of direct numerical simulation. With a fixed Reynolds number and hairpin vortex strength, the effect of shear-thinning on vortex evolution could be isolated. The primary observation is that very early in time shear-thinning has the effect of reducing the production of vortex kinetic energy and dramatically increasing viscous dissipation. This leads to a delay in the transition of the flow to a turbulent state. Three-dimensional flow visualizations reveal that the increased dissipation is associated with an instability in which the hairpin vortex is broken down into small-scale structures. It is suggested that the finite amplitude of the hairpin creates a lowering of viscosity near the hairpin vortex core which leads to this instability.
Influence of oriented topological defects on the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube heterojunctions
Authors: Lee Wen-Jay , Chang Jee-Gong , Yang An-Cheng , Wang Yeng-Tseng , Su Wan-Sheng , Wang Cai-Zhuang , Ho Kai-Ming
Published: October 2013

The mechanical properties of finite-length (5,0)/(8,0) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) heterojunctions with manipulated topological defects are investigated using molecular dynamics simulation calculations. The results show that the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of SWCNT heterojunctions are mainly affected not only by the diameter of the thinner segment of the SWCNT heterojunction but also by the orientation of the heptagon-heptagon (7-7) pair in the junction region. Moreover, the orientation of the 7-7 pair strongly affects those properties in the compression loading than those in tensile loading. Finally, it is found that the location of buckling deformation in the heterojunctions is dependent on the orientation of the 7-7 pair in the compression.
Electronic transport in individual carbon nanotube bundles under pressure
Authors: Blancon Jean-Christophe , Ayari Anthony , Marty Laëtitia , Bendiab Nedjma , San-Miguel Alfonso
Published: October 2013

Field-effect transistors based on individual carbon nanotubes with reduced Schottky barriers are studied up to pressures of 0.9 GPa and down to temperatures of less than 10 K. At ambient temperature and high pressure, complex effects are observed in a small bundle of tubes stemming from either the intrinsic modifications of the nanotubes at their ovalization, the evolution of barriers at the tube/electrodes contacts, or even both processes. Variations of the nanotube transport characteristics related to changes in the tube environment are most possibly also involved. Despite the highly complex pressure induced changes occurring in our device, low temperature measurements (<10 K) at high pressure (4.5 kbar) provide the first experimental evidence of Coulomb blockade at high pressure and the conservation of the ballistic behaviour of charges carriers in nanotubes under important stress-induced strain.
Ion Bernstein waves in a plasma with a kappa velocity distribution
Authors: Nsengiyumva F. , Mace R. L. , Hellberg M. A.
Published: October 2013

Using a Vlasov-Poisson model, a numerical investigation of the dispersion relation for ion Bernstein waves in a kappa-distributed plasma has been carried out. The dispersion relation is found to depend significantly on the spectral index of the ions, κi, the parameter whose smallness is a measure of the departure from thermal equilibrium of the distribution function. Over all cyclotron harmonics, the typical Bernstein wave curves are shifted to higher wavenumbers (k) if κi is reduced. For waves whose frequency lies above the lower hybrid frequency, ωLH, an increasing excess of superthermal particles (decreasing κi) reduces the frequency, ωpeak, of the characteristic peak at which the group velocity vanishes, while the associated kpeak is increased. As the ratio of ion plasma to cyclotron frequency (ωpi/ωci) is increased, the fall-off of ω at large k is smaller for lower κi and curves are shifted towards larger wavenumbers. In the lower hybrid frequency band and harmonic bands above it, the frequency in a low-κi plasma spans only a part of the intraharmonic space, unlike the Maxwellian case, thus exhibiting considerably less coupling between adjacent bands for low κi. It is suggested that the presence of the ensuing stopbands may be a useful diagnostic for the velocity distribution characteristics. The model is applied to the Earth's plasma sheet boundary layer in which waves propagating perpendicularly to the ambient magnetic field at frequencies between harmonics of the ion cyclotron frequency are frequently observed.
Narrow spectral linewidth of single zinc-blende GaN/AlN self-assembled quantum dots
Authors: Sergent S. , Kako S. , Bürger M. , As D. J. , Arakawa Y.
Published: October 2013

We study by microphotoluminescence the optical properties of single self-assembled zinc-blende GaN/AlN quantum dots grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. As opposed to previous reports, the high quality of such zinc-blende GaN quantum dots allows us to evidence a weak acoustic phonon sideband as well as a limited spectral diffusion. As a result, we report on resolution-limited quantum dot linewidths as narrow as 500 ± 50 μeV. We finally confirm the fast radiative lifetime and high-temperature operation of such quantum dots.
Vibrational fine structure of C5 via anion slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging
Authors: Weichman Marissa L. , Kim Jongjin B. , Neumark Daniel M.
Published: October 2013

High-resolution anion photoelectron spectra of cryogenically cooled ${\rm C}_5^ - $C5− clusters are reported using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy. We resolve vibronic transitions to the ν2 stretching mode and multiply excited ν5, ν6, and ν7 bending modes of neutral C5 with significantly higher accuracy than previous experiments. Weak transitions to Franck-Condon (FC) forbidden singly excited bending modes are made possible by Herzberg-Teller coupling between electronic states of the neutral cluster. In addition, we resolve vibrational fine structure corresponding to different angular momentum states of multiply excited bending modes. The observation of this multiplet structure, some of which is FC forbidden, is attributed to Renner-Teller coupling between vibrational levels in the ${\rm C}_5^ - $C5− ground electronic state.
Tuning Ag/Si(100) island size, shape, and density
Authors: Kong Dexin , Drucker Jeff
Published: October 2013

Ag islands grown by depositing Ag onto Si(100) heated to 300–500 °C populate two distinct families. “Big islands” have basal dimensions in the few hundred nm to μm range, while “small islands” have basal diameters in the 10s of nm range. Big islands are clearly faceted, their bases are crystallographically aligned with the substrate and their bases form in a variety of shapes. Small islands are mound-like and not clearly faceted. The dependence of big island density on deposition temperature reveals that they form via nucleation and growth with a nucleation energy of 0.73 eV. The small island size and density are insensitive to growth temperature, indicating that they form via precipitation of Ag contained in a planar layer between the big islands that is thicker than the room-temperature Stranski-Krastanov layer. The big islands exhibit peculiar anti-coarsening behavior during anneals at their growth temperature: their areal density increases and their size decreases. Moreover, the proportion of each distinct basal shape evolves during the anneal and the big islands generally trend toward a more elongated shape. Since the small islands do not exist at the elevated growth and annealing temperatures, their size and density are relatively unaffected by annealing parameters. The results presented here provide guidance for tuning Ag/Si(100) island size, shape, and areal density that could have import for integration of plasmonics with Si devices.
Redirection of sound waves using acoustic metasurface
Authors: Zhao Jiajun , Li Baowen , Chen Zhi Ning , Qiu Cheng-Wei
Published: October 2013

When acoustic waves are impinged on an impedance surface in fluids, it is challenging to alter the vibration of fluid particles since the vibrational direction of reflected waves shares the same plane of the incidence and the normal direction of the surface. We demonstrate a flat acoustic metasurface that generates an extraordinary reflection, and such metasurface can steer the vibration of the reflection out of the incident plane. Remarkably, the arbitrary direction of the extraordinary reflection can be predicted by a Green's function formulation, and our approach can completely convert the incident waves into the extraordinary reflection without parasitic ordinary reflection.
Correlation of angular light profiles of light-emitting diodes to spatial spontaneous emissions from photonic crystals
Authors: Yin Yu-Feng , Lin Yen-Chen , Liu Yi-Chen , Shen Yi-Chun , Chiang Hai-Pang , Huang JianJang
Published: October 2013

Typically, photonic crystal light-emitting diodes employ shallow nanostructures which only higher-order optical modes can be interacted with. Here, both the shallow photonic crystals and nanohole arrays (etched through active layers) are fabricated, which serve to diffract, respectively, higher and lower optical modes in the active layer. Our results indicate that the photon lifetime can be controlled by adjusting the geometry of shallow nanostructures and nanohole arrays. The angular emission profiles are thus determined by the dominance of higher- and lower-order mode quality factors in the band structure.
Anomalous capacitance response induced by the superconducting gap in an Au/BiFeO3/La1.84Sr0.16CuO4/LaSrAlO4 heterostructure
Authors: Liu F. G. , Xie L. , Liu W.
Published: October 2013

Film capacitor characteristics of Au/BiFeO3/La1.84Sr0.16CuO4 on LaSrAlO4 (001) substrate were studied in the temperature range 10–300 K under magnetic fields up to 7 T. Apparent capacitance anomalies were observed at the superconducting transition temperature Tc of La1.84Sr0.16CuO4. Furthermore, the magnetic field dependences of the dielectric relaxation related activation energy can be well fitted from 10 K to Tc by the superconducting gap versus magnetic field. These results suggest an alternative technique for detecting the superconductivity related features in superconducting film, and also may be useful for future tunable multifunctional devices.
Interfacial molecular order of conjugated polymer in P3HT:ZnO bilayer photovoltaics and its impact on device performance
Authors: Wood Sebastian , Franklin Joseph B. , Stavrinou Paul N. , McLachlan Martyn A. , Kim Ji-Seon
Published: October 2013

Hybrid (organic-oxide) photovoltaic device performance is highly dependent on the nature and quality of the organic-oxide interface. This work investigates the details of interfacial morphology in terms of the molecular order of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) at the planar interface with zinc oxide (ZnO) formed by pulsed laser deposition. Resonant Raman spectroscopy is employed as a powerful morphological probe for conjugated polymers to reveal that the interfacial P3HT is disrupted during the deposition process whereas the bulk polymer shows an increase in molecular order. External quantum efficiency measurements of P3HT:ZnO bilayer devices show that this disordered P3HT region is active in photocurrent generation.
High-throughput physically based approach for mammalian cell encapsulation
Authors: Yu Jiashing , Wu Po-Chen , Huang Chi-Hui , Yang Chung-Yao , Cheng Chao-Min
Published: October 2013

Herein, we wish to tear down the traditional boundaries between physics and life sciences by demonstrating a physically based, flow-focusing method to encapsulate mammalian cells into alginate-based microspheres in a very short period of time. We paid particular attention to the physical properties of the alginate solution as it was critical to create a physiologically relevant environment within the alginate microspheres. The cells we cultured when re-culturing them on Petri dishes could still be maintained for at least 4 days after microsphere encapsulation. We believe that this study would provide interesting insight in biophysics, polymer physics, and applied physics.
Transmission of the LED light from the space to the ground
Authors: Kawamura Y. , Tanaka T.
Published: October 2013

We report the first observation and the analysis of the LED light emission from the space to the ground. A small cube satellite mounted LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) is released from the ISS (International Space Station). The power density of the LED emission of 4W on the ground is about 4 × 10−12 W/m2 in average, which is equivalent to the star of the 8.5th grade in average. The frequencies of the macro pulses (10Hz) and the micro pulses (5kHz) of the LED signal, were correctly clarified using the Fourier analysis. As the optical communication experiment, the potentiality of the data transmission rate of more than 1 kbit/second was shown.
Suppression of superconductivity in Nb by IrMn in IrMn/Nb bilayers
Authors: Wu B. L. , Yang Y. M. , Guo Z. B. , Wu Y. H. , Qiu J. J.
Published: October 2013

Effect of antiferromagnet on superconductivity has been investigated in IrMn/Nb bilayers. Significant suppression of both transition temperature (Tc) and lower critical field (Hc1) of Nb is found in IrMn/Nb bilayers as compared to a single layer Nb of same thickness; the suppression effect is even stronger than that of a ferromagnet in NiFe/Nb bilayers. The addition of an insulating MgO layer at the IrMn-Nb interface nearly restores Tc to that of the single layer Nb, but Hc1 still remains suppressed. These results suggest that, in addition to proximity effect and magnetic impurity scattering, magnetostatic interaction also plays a role in suppressing superconductivity of Nb in IrMn/Nb bilayers. In addition to reduced Tc and Hc1, the IrMn layer also induces broadening in the transition temperature of Nb, which can be accounted for by a finite distribution of stray field from IrMn.
Bulk conduction and nonlinear behaviour in multiferroic YMnO3
Authors: Ren Pengrong , Fan Huiqing , Wang Xin
Published: October 2013

Electrical conductivity of YMnO3 in O2, air, and N2 has been investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Within the investigated temperature range, three types of electrical conductivity were distinguished. Below 300 °C, the conductivity is dominated by p-type conductivity, while between 300 and 500 °C, the conductivity is in the so called saturation region. Above 500 °C, n-type conductivity occurred, probably due to the loss of oxygen. The air-processed YMnO3 is characterized by the presence of mixed Mn3+/Mn4+ and electrical heterogeneous structure, which are responsible for both, dielectric anomaly observed between 200 and 300 °C and nonlinear behavior under high electric field.
Minimum tetragonality in PbTiO3/BaTiO3 ferroelectric superlattices
Authors: Hong Liang , Li Yulan , Wu Pingping , Chen Long-Qing
Published: October 2013

PbTiO3/BaTiO3 ferroelectric superlattices commensurately constrained by a SrTiO3 substrate are studied using both phenomenological theory and phase field simulations. It is found that the spontaneous polarization of the superlattice does not vary significantly with volume fraction until PbTiO3 becomes the majority of the superlattice. A minimum tetragonality exists at room temperature when the PbTiO3 volume fraction is around 90%, resulted from its different sensitivity to epitaxial strains and the electrostatic coupling of the two polarized layers in this PbTiO3/BaTiO3 superlattice.
Production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and change of cell viability induced by atmospheric pressure plasma in normal and cancer cells
Authors: Ja Kim Sun , Min Joh Hea , Chung T. H.
Published: October 2013

The effects of atmospheric pressure plasma jet on cancer cells (human lung carcinoma cells) and normal cells (embryonic kidney cells and bronchial epithelial cells) were investigated. Using a detection dye, the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found to be increased in plasma-treated cells compared to non-treated and gas flow-treated cells. A significant overproduction of ROS and a reduction in cell viability were induced by plasma exposure on cancer cells. Normal cells were observed to be less affected by the plasma-mediated ROS, and cell viability was less changed. The selective effect on cancer and normal cells provides a promising prospect of cold plasma as a cancer therapy.
Optical absorption of CdSe quantum dots on electrodes with different morphology
Authors: Yindeesuk Witoon , Shen Qing , Hayase Shuzi , Toyoda Taro
Published: October 2013

We have studied the optical absorption of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) adsorbed on inverse opal TiO2 (IO-TiO2) and nanoparticulate TiO2 (NP-TiO2) electrodes using photoacoustic (PA) measurements. The CdSe QDs were grown directly on IO-TiO2 and NP-TiO2 electrodes by a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method with different numbers of cycles. The average diameter of the QDs was estimated by applying an effective mass approximation to the PA spectra. The increasing size of the QDs with increasing number of cycles was confirmed by a redshift in the optical absorption spectrum. The average diameter of the CdSe QDs on the IO-TiO2 electrodes was similar to that on the NP-TiO2 ones, indicating that growth is independent of morphology. However, there were more CdSe QDs on the NP-TiO2 electrodes than on the IO-TiO2 ones, indicating that there were different amounts of active sites on each type of electrode. In addition, the Urbach parameter of the exponential optical absorption tail was also estimated from the PA spectrum. The Urbach parameter of CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 electrodes was higher than that on NP-TiO2 ones, indicating that CdSe QDs on IO-TiO2 electrodes are more disordered states than those on NP-TiO2 electrodes. The Urbach parameter decreases in both cases with the increase of SILAR cycles, and it tended to move toward a constant value.
‘It’s your problem, not mine’: does competence have anything to do with desire and aspiration to self-direct?
Authors: Crozier Michelle , Muenchberger Heidi
Published: October 2013

The current disability policy paradigm operating across all states in Australia is self-direction. This central movement is closely linked to preparations for a National Disability Insurance Scheme called DisabilityCare. We provide one perspective in relation to self-direction in Australia including assumptions about aspirations to self-direct and the limited research evidence base that is available even though anecdotally self-direction practices have been occurring for many years. We conclude that by developing a funding platform, such as DisabilityCare, that empowers people with a disability to make decisions about their own fundamental needs and the fulfilment of them, it will lead to a society that supports people to access and achieve a ‘typical’ and desired life.
Factors associated with sexual arousal, sexual sensation seeking and sexual satisfaction among female African American adolescents
Authors: Sales Jessica M. , Smearman Erica L. , Brody Gene H. , Milhausen Robin , Philibert Robert A. , DiClemente Ralph J.
Published: October 2013

BackgroundSexuality-related constructs, such as sexual arousal, sexual sensation seeking (SSS) and sexual satisfaction, have been related to sexual behaviours that place one at risk of adverse consequences, such as sexually transmissible infections, HIV and unintended pregnancy. The biopsychosocial model posits an array of factors, ranging from social environmental factors to biological and psychological predispositions, that may be associated with these sexuality constructs in adolescents. Methods: Female African Americans aged 14–20 years were recruited from reproductive health clinics for an HIV intervention. Baseline survey and follow-up DNA data (n = 304) were used to assess biological, psychological and social environmental associations with the sexuality constructs of arousal, SSS and sexual satisfaction. Results: Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that a higher depressive symptom rating was associated with higher arousability, whereas short serotonin transporter gene allele(s) status was associated with lower arousability. Impulsivity and perceived peer norms supportive of unsafe sexual behaviours were associated with increased SSS, whereas short serotonin transporter gene allele(s) status was associated with lower SSS. Higher social support was associated with higher levels of sexual satisfaction, whereas short serotonin transporter gene allele(s) status was associated with lower satisfaction. The sexuality constructs were also significantly related to the number of sex partners, the frequency of vaginal sex and the number of unprotected vaginal sex acts in the past 6 months. Conclusions: The findings emphasise the importance of understanding biopsychosocial factors, including the role of serotonin as an indicator of natural variations in sexual inclination and behaviours, that influence sexuality constructs, which, in turn, are associated with sexual behaviours, to allow further refinement of sexual health clinical services and programs and promote the development of healthy sexuality.
Do callers to the NSW Sexual Health Infoline attend the services they are referred to?
Authors: Ewing Margy , Read Phillip , Knight Vickie , Morgan Samantha , Hanlon Mark , McDonald Angela , McIver Ruthy , Wright Simon , McNulty Anna
Published: October 2013

BackgroundThe NSW Sexual Health Infoline (SHIL) is a free and confidential sexual health information and referral line. The ability of Australian sexual health helplines to facilitate successful referrals has not been studied. In the present study, we sought to determine whether callers were successful in accessing the publicly funded sexual health services (PFSHS) or general practitioners (GP) they were referred to. Methods: Callers to SHIL who were directly referred to a PFSHS or GP for HIV and/or sexually transmissible infection testing from 3 January to 31 March 2012 were offered a follow-up phone call 1 week later. Results: Of 474 eligible callers, 190 (40%) agreed to disclose a first name and contact details and to be contacted by a study nurse on an agreed-upon date. One hundred and twenty (63%) callers were successfully contacted 1 week later; of these, 85% had attended or had a future appointment booked for testing. Conclusions: We conclude that among the study sample that was successfully followed up, most callers to the SHIL had attended or booked appointments to the services they were referred to.
MicroRNA-26a targets ten eleven translocation enzymes and is regulated during pancreatic cell differentiation
Authors: Fu Xianghui , Jin Liang , Wang Xichun , Luo Angela , Hu Junkai , Zheng Xianwu , Tsark Walter M. , Riggs Arthur D. , Ku Hsun Teresa , Huang Wendong
Published: October 2013

Significance

Ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes are recently identified proteins that mediate DNA demethylation, but their regulation is still unknown. This paper indicates that a microRNA, miR-26a, is able to directly target TETs and then modulate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. Furthermore, regulation of TETs by miR-26a is shown to promote pancreatic cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight a link between a miRNA, DNA demethylation, and stem/progenitor cell differentiation. It also suggests a potential approach to increase the efficiency of generating pancreatic endocrine cells in vitro through modulating miR-26a.
Robust adjustment of sequence tag abundance
Authors: Baumann Douglas D. , Doerge Rebecca W.
Published: October 2013

Motivation: The majority of next-generation sequencing technologies effectively sample small amounts of DNA or RNA that are amplified (i.e. copied) before sequencing. The amplification process is not perfect, leading to extreme bias in sequenced read counts. We present a novel procedure to account for amplification bias and demonstrate its effectiveness in mitigating gene length dependence when estimating true gene expression.

Results: We tested the proposed method on simulated and real data. Simulations indicated that our method captures true gene expression more effectively than classic censoring-based approaches and leads to power gains in differential expression testing, particularly for shorter genes with high transcription rates. We applied our method to an unreplicated Arabidopsis RNA-seq dataset resulting in disparate gene ontologies arising from gene set enrichment analyses.

Availability and implementation: R code to perform the RASTA procedures is freely available on the web at www.stat.purdue.edu/∼doerge/.

Contact:  doerge@purdue.edu