bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilan de l'action des Fonds Régionaux d'Art Contemporain : approche géographique
Authors: Gilabert Teodoro
Published: February 2010

Durant l'été 2003, on a fêté, dans toutes les régions de Fiance, "les 20 ans des Fonds régionaux d'art contemporain (FRAC)". Ces institutions, uniques

au monde, ont constitué un fonds de plus de 15 000 œuvres, et ont élé un élément clé de la diffusion de l'ail contemporain et de l'aménagement culturel du territoire. Le bilan de leur activité a été effectué par des sociologues, des économistes, des historiens de l'art et des spécialistes des sciences politiques. Les géographes se sont peu intéressés à ce champ d'étude. Il est toutefois important de dresser un bilan géographique de la

mise en place des FRAC effectuée dans le cadre des politiques de décentralisation. Le principe de la parité de la participation de l'Etat et des régions a

encouragé les Conseils régionaux, toutes tendances politiques confondues, à se lancer dans l'aventure de la création des FRAC. Aujourd'hui,

plus de vingt ans après leur mise en place, les FRAC existent toujours et ont résisté à l'alternance politique. Il n'y a d'ailleurs pas de lien évident entre

l'investissement des régions dans les FRAC et leur couleur politique. Aujourd'hui, les disparités sont importantes, tant sur le plan du budgel el

du mode de fonctionnement que sur celui de l'inscription dans l'espace. Le

désengagement progressif de l'Etat, dans le cadre d'une décentralisation

accrue, a d'ailleurs tendance à accentuer encore ces disparités.
La fête et le festival, éléments de promotion des espaces et représentation d'une société idéale
Authors: Garat Isabelle
Published: February 2010

Fairs and festivals are two types of cultural events well known in the developed countries. They have an exceplional character and a particular force to attract many people. Today, differences between them are slowly disappearing, they all

participate to what call be called a " symbolic economy", in which space is a

central element. By orientating its discourse towards distinctive and performing achievements, culture therefore can give a particular character to spaces and transform their representations. The fairs and festivals also assist in reconstituting in a short lime lhe ideal of social and spatial proximity.
De la biodiversité à la diversité : les biodiversités au regard des territoires
Authors: Simon Laurent
Published: February 2010

Biodiversity has become a subject of major interest since twenty years, giving rise to scientifc works, international conferences and discussions. Fears concerning the decline of life diversity take a strong place in the current environmental stakes. Without denying the reasons that justify such a concern, this paper focuse on the territorial aspects of the topic. The naturalist approach seems partly inadequate to deal with the matter in a spatial and temporal point of view. Taking in account "natural” and social areas enable to demonstrate the relativity of the matter and the diversity of cases. This paper consider biodiversity partly as a result of social history and thus, as a temporal process with period of decline alternating with period of expansion.
L'éternel retour du Corridor Rhin-Rhône
Authors: Woessner Raymond
Published: February 2010

The Rhine-Rhone Corridor (RRC) is a major transpoiiation axes associated with two important projects: a high speed train Une and a large waler canal. The région

has been waiting for long for their réalisation and there are indications that the new territorial governance is looking aller them. Indeed, local and régional players are showing up in bigger numbers, they try to renew talk with the central govemment to discuss the projects. A new RRC may émerge trough a clustering around industrial development and town associations. But the RRC région remains divided into many régional entities which have only recently started to eslablish

a common relationship. Il is still a marginal région, away from real metropolitan services, bul it is also a testing région: if the RRC projects go through,
Du paradis à Dream Park, les jardins dans le monde
Authors: Gillot Gaëlle
Published: February 2010

Évocations du paradis sur terre, les jardins arabo-musulmans, aménagés selon des règles relativement précises, ont voyagé et ont fécondé l’imaginaire de toute une région, et de l’Occident, tout en étant un élément constitutif et caractéristique des villes de cette aire géographique. Ils correspondent à une sorte d’âge d’or de la civilisation arabo-musulmane. Au XIXe siècle, un mouvement de modernisation des villes, soit recherché par les pouvoirs locaux soit imposé par les colonisateurs a introduit le jardin public et a induit dans l’aménagement urbain une rupture franche avec la tradition paysagère arabe. La représentation occidentale de la ville, hygiéniste et donc riche en jardins publics, est devenue le canon de la ville moderne. Ayant perdu leur symbolique de modernité pendant les années de croissance incontrôlée des villes, les jardins publics ont été abandonnés pour redevenir depuis les années 1970-1980, sous la forme d’espaces verts de nouvelles panacées aux maux urbains. Au cours de cette mutation de vocabulaire, ils ont également perdu leur sens d’espace public pour devenir des jardins dévoués aux distractions et ont été graduellement privatisés, ce qui a favorisé l’émergence de nouveaux types de lieux de loisirs, suréquipés, payants et sur le modèle de Disney Land. Ces trois phases des jardins correspondent à trois époques et à trois types de sociétés, et symbolisent une longue marche vers la perte de la spécificité arabe des villes.
L'État c'est quoi ? Questions sur l'historiographie des Anglo-Saxons
Authors: Foot Sarah
Published: February 2010

Cet article étudie le développement de l'historiographie anglaise sur l'État anglo-saxon au cours du XXe siècle. Il se demande comment le mot « État », si évocateur des conditions politiques modernes, en est venu à être utilisé avec tant d'assurance pour décrire le système politique anglo-saxon tardif, qui semble, à première vue, ne posséder aucune des caractéristiques d'un État moderne. Après avoir examiné les questions de terminologie et de langage, l'article se penche brièvement sur les débats historiographiques traitant des administrations et des systèmes de gouvernement anglo-saxons, et étudie la question de l'unité du royaume anglo-saxon tardif.
L'État, la nation et les peuples au Moyen Âge: l'expérience britannique
Authors: Davies Rees
Published: February 2010

The history of the formation of the English nation state in the period 900-1050 presents a remarkable case-study of the making of a country and a people. This article analyses the elements - including regnal power, ethnic mythology and the invention of names - which made this process possible. By 1100 England's identity was shaped and defined; but it was an identity which also made it impossible for England to forge an effective relationship with the other countries and peoples of the British Isles.
Le discours de La Bourdonnaye sur l'amnistie (11 novembre 1815). Un archétype du rôle des conflits de mémoire dans la marginalisation de l'extrême-droite
Authors: Tort Olivier
Published: February 2010

The famous speech, delivered by the deputy La Bourdonnaye in November 1815, at the beginning of the second Restoration, can be considered as an archetypal model, which precociously reveals a political far right temperament. It is particularly characterized by a deep propensity to compulsively revive memory conflicts, notwithstanding the consequent political marginality this will entail. By asking for "irons, executioners and tortures" against the main troublemakers of the Hundred Days, by way of an amnesty, the ultra-royalist member of Parliament intends to use this last short interlude as an indictment of the French Revolution and definitively get rid of its legacy, through a fully Utopian will of retrospective action, which is all the more paradoxical as it seems to mime to the point of writing a pastiche of the revolutionary prose, particularly that of Jean-Paul Marat himself.
Entre le monde et la clôture : un projet pour l'éducation religieuse des filles du peuple au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Bonzon Anne
Published: February 2010

This article is concerned with a set of regulations for Sunday schools that was published in Beauvais in 1673. The project, which seems never to have been put into practice, took its inspiration from various contemporary experiments of the same kind in attempting to organise dominical congregations devoted largely to teaching working girls the catechism. The principal elements characterising these classes were to be a venue both central and enclosed within the city, a woman teacher selected on the basis of her high moral qualities, and relatively tight supervision by the clergy. These classes were naturally meant to offer a minimum of religious instruction, but their primary aim was to give general moral guidance to the girls, whose occupations brought them into contact with the multiple temptations of urban life.
Monachisme féminin au pays de Liège à la fin du XVIIe siècle : une vie sub clausura perpetua ?
Authors: Henneau Marie-Élizabeth
Published: February 2010

Lorsque le prince-évêque de Liège Jean-Louis d'Elderen publie son édit en faveur du rétablissement d'une clôture stricte dans les monastères de femmes (1690), l'émotion est grande chez les cisterciennes, toujours installées dans les campagnes de son diocèse. Au cours des deux décennies suivantes, les moniales remuent ciel et terre pour faire entendre leur propre conception de la clôture, grâce aux interventions efficaces de divers réseaux, où relations familiales se conjuguent à l'habileté des canonistes pour incliner l'autorité épiscopale à se rendre à leurs arguments. Au même moment, d'autres religieuses proclament avec ferveur leur attachement à une stricte clôture, en dépit d'événements douloureux qui les contraignent parfois à quitter le cloître pour affronter le monde. La clôture la plus intransigeante y est revendiquée par les intéressées comme voie de salut et rempart protecteur de leur jardin clos. La confrontation de deux discours féminins contemporains, eux-mêmes mis en regard des avis souvent divergents des autorités masculines, révèle l'intensité des débats au sujet d'un article de discipline, présenté par les uns comme condition sine qua non du bon fonctionnement d'un couvent de femmes et de sa réputation aux yeux du monde, et ressenti par d'autres comme composante d'une règle monastique, certes utile, mais susceptible d'aménagements, en fonction des circonstances et des besoins individuels.
Les ouvrières des salines de Salins (Jura), XVe-XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Delsalle Paul
Published: February 2010

At the end of the Middle Age and during the following centuries, feminine activity especially in the textile industry is well known. Less attention was paid to other industrial sectors, saltworks among others, where sometimes numbers of women also worked. They, in no way were peasant women whose services would, on a temporary basis, have been hired, but real full time salaried employees. The rousing archives of the saltworks in Salins-les-Bains, in the Mountains of Jura, enable to the study of the female wage earners up to the end of the XVIIIe century. That raises the issue of the "wage earner" or "unskilled worker's" definition and status. These quite vague terms hire a wide range of feminine jobs, and especially sometime very surprising specializations and responsibilities. In this saltwoks in Salins, the female wage earner lot is one of the most peculiar that one can imagine. The situation is very different compared to other well known European saltworks. In Salins, women were quite numerous and, moreover, some of them hold during several ten consecutive years a position of responsibility inside the big plant. One can notice the almost hereditary nature of some task or offices and, also the existence of a pension payment system. It certainly was not much, but at that time just a few number of corporations would offer such conditions to female workers.
Images d'Outre-Manche : la France vue par les Britanniques, la Grande-Bretagne vue par les Français, 1904-2004
Authors: Crouzet François
Published: February 2010

This paper considers first how the people of Britain and France have acquired their knowledge of the other country. Mass tourism is not favourable to understanding between nations and, on both sides of the Channel, the teaching of the other country's history has declined. The media tend to spread stereotypes, which are amazingly long-lived, especially those on "national characters". However, there is no fixity in images, which change, though very slowly, most of the time - hence gaps with reality. The creation of images often is politically-motivated. Images of the other country vary according to social status and to political opinions. Despite their resistance to change, images undergo fluctuations, which have been frequent since 1904. Presently, Britain's image in France is complex, but many Frenchmen are not much interested in their neighbour. On the other hand, Englishmen are the only West-European nation where large numbers of people, under the tabloids' hate their neighbours — the Germans and above all the French.
Grandes tendances de l'historiographie japonaise depuis Meiji
Authors: Hirota Isao
Published: February 2010

Résumé

Cet article est consacré à l'évolution des tendances dans l'historiographie au Japon depuis un siècle, en se concentrant sur l'histoire économique de l'époque moderne et contemporaine. Cette évolution s'articule en quatre phases: la première va de la fin du XIXe siècle aux années 1930 où cette discipline était institutionalisée, la deuxième va de la fin des années 1930 à la fin des années 1950 où l'histoire économique était très influente même dans la société, la troisième correspond aux années 1960-1970 où sa spécificité nationale, nette dans la phase précédente, a disparu et dès lors enfin s'est renforcée une convergence avec les tendances internationales, accompagnée d'une multiplication de thèmes et des méthodologies.
L'américanisation des règles commerciales : le cas de l'industrie textile japonaise
Authors: Watanabe Junko
Published: February 2010

Résumé

Après la Seconde guerre mondiale, les États-Unis construisirent un système international de commerce fondé sur la liberté des échanges. Mais le résultat de cette liberté fut un renforcement du mouvement de protectionnisme dans le champ de l'industrie textile américaine. Confronté à cette difficulté, le gouvernement américain choisit de modifier les règles commerciales du GATT, plutôt que de régler ce problème par des fermetures à l'intérieur du pays. Dans cet article le mécanisme et la causalité historique du protectionnisme sont analysées à partir du cas des frictions commerciales internationales survenues dans le textile à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1950 et jusqu'à la première moitié des années 1970.
Les magistrats en révolte en 1789 ou la fin du rêve politique de la monarchie des juges
Authors: Figeac Michel
Published: February 2010

Résumé

À partir d'une analyse historiographique, cet article invite à une relecture du comportement des parlementaires à la veille de la Révolution. En effet, si ce mouvement de révolte fut souvent considéré comme l'ultime réflexe archaïque de privilégiés, c'est en grande partie à cause d'une lecture très partielle de remontrances. Celles-ci s'appuyaient toujours sur la tradition historique, sur les textes anciens, sur des événements comme la Fronde, mais ces principes ancestraux étaient relus au service d'un discours politique neuf dont les Lumières, notamment Montesquieu, n'étaient pas absentes. Fascinés par le pouvoir et se voulant les garants des lois fondamentales, les juges avaient transformé l'opinion en jury jusqu'à l'appel aux États Généraux. Ils n'avaient pas perçu que le souverain n'occupant plus sa position d'arbitre que face à une assemblée, ils ne joueraient pas longtemps leur rôle d'instance de représentation auquel ils prétendaient, d'où l'irréversibilité de l'échec.
Interprétation des insultes et relations de solidarité
Authors: Lagorgette Dominique , Larrivée Pierre
Published: February 2010

This article focuses on the empirical domain of the solidarity uses of certain insults in different varieties of French (standard, Quebec, Burgundy) from diachronic and synchronie points of view. "Solidarity uses" refers to the usage of axiological terms as terms of endearment to mark social proximity between subjects. This value is signalled by morpho- syntactic, prosodie and mimeo-gestural features indicating the speakers disposition towards the addressee. These psychological and social parameters conspire to attenuate the axiological term's argumentative program, which however can never be entirely evacuated. This argumentative program is nevertheless subordinated to pragmatics, which remains necessary in order to evaluate the extent to which the conventional lexical meaning is maintained in these uses. The attenuation of conventional meaning under solidarity uses shows the relevance of relational and attitudinal notions for the negotiation of meaning. It further establishes that at least in some cases, the analysis of linguistic interpretation require a multidisciplinary approach, most specifically where the relation between Semantics and Pragmatics is concemed.
La circulation des discours à la lumière de « l'effacement énonciatif » : l'exemple du discours puriste sur la langue
Authors: Rosier Laurence
Published: February 2010

Laurence Rosier: The circulation of speech in the light of "enunciative effacement": the example of "purist discourse" on language.

In this paper, we study purist discourse language (ironic criticism about language compiled into dictionaries, language chronicles in newspaper) by focusing on the enunciative postures adopted by the speakers that circulate this kind of speech. In the case of purist discourse in particular, how is this position translated into the presentation of other people's speeches and of their enunciators? The purist is the one who quotes speech's fragments that circulate, and who stigmatises and classifies the enunciators of those circulating fragments, according to an axiologic scale. The article describes some practices that privilege mechanisms of understating, on the borders of enunciative effacement.
La syntaxe des coordinations corrélatives du français
Authors: Mouret François
Published: February 2010

François Mouret: Corrélative Coordinations in French.

Two kinds of coordinate structures can be distinguished in French according to the distribution of conjunctions. In simplex coordinations, the conjunction introduces the last conjunct and optionally

appears before non-initial conjuncts [ Paul (et) Jean et Marie) while in correlative coordinations, which are the focus of this paper, the conjunction appears before each conjunct, including the first one (et

Paul '(et) Jean et Marie). We present arguments against asymmetric analyses according to which the initial conjunction should be analyzed as an adverb (more precisely focus-sensitive adverbs), homonymous with the conjunction and adjoined to the coordinate phrase. Instead, we adopt a

construction-based variant of the symmetric analysis according to which each conjunct is introduced by one and the same conjunction. We couch our analysis in the phrase structure grammar HPSG. We

assume [ conj X] phrases to be liead-complement-constructions while coordinate structures are a type

of non-headed construction. We define two subtypes of coordinations to account for the distribution

and spécifie properties of simplex and corrélative constructions.
Terminologie, ingénierie linguistique et gestion de l'information
Authors: Chaudiron Stéphane
Published: February 2010

Stéphane Chaudiron : Terminologie, ingénierie linguistique et gestion de l'information.

Terminology science is part of the broader field of language processing. Terminology is involved in several key domains of the new industries issued from researches on data processing applied to languages. Knowledge engineering, data mining, search engines are in some aspects dependant on terminology science.
Terminologie et ontologie
Authors: Roche Christophe
Published: February 2010

Christophe Roche : Terminologie et ontologie.

Occidental philosophy has been for centuries implicated in the way languages refer to the world. Ontologies are the result of the thought applied to the existence of things. Nowadays, ontologies represent entities handled by companies, such as products, processes, and so on. They are more and more involved in data processing. Actually, one of the aims of ontology treatment is to make sure that a designation corresponds to a concept and that both -concept and designation- refer to a well specified object. Logic as science of well formulated propositions is also involved in such data modeling.
Le ou asymétrique, introducteur d'un contexte négatif ?
Authors: Chiang Chih-Ying
Published: February 2010

Chih-Ying Chiang: Does asymmetric ou introduce a négative context?

The purpose of this paper is to show that asymmetric ou (in French) is systematically followed

by a négative context. This assertion is illustrated by the use of adjectives with ambiguous interprétations (e. g. the adjective relatif) as well as adjectives with no négative connotations

(e. g. imponant and moyen). With the first kind of adjectives, it is shown that the word after the asymmetric ou will systematically sélect the négative sensé of relatif. With the second kind of

adjectives, it is shown that the terni following the asymmetric ou needs to be qualified by a

négative term so that a grammatical ly acceptable sentence can be built.
Atteindre l’éducation pour tous en 2015 est-il un objectif réalisable ?
Authors: Orivel François
Published: February 2010

François Orivel. Objective: Education for all in 2015, is this attainable? This paper is looking at the feasibility of achieving the objective of education for all, one of the millennium objectives set up by the international community for the year 2015. Among numerous obstacles on the road map, the author is focusing on the budgetary constraint, which has aggravated significantly during the past decade. Actually the gap between least advanced countries and the rest of the world is widening, and not narrowing. Two remedies are proposed by the donor community for assisting the least developed countries to fill the gap: first a more efficient utilisation of resources presently allocated to education, and it seems that the efficiency reforms which are proposed are overambitious given the managing capacity of the concerned countries, second, a significant increase of aid flows dedicated to basic education; concerning on this issue, it seems that initial commitments are far from being met, due to changing international priorities among some donors. As a consequence, it is unlikely that education for all can be achieved by 2015.
Formalisation et modélisation dans les sciences sociales : une étude de la construction du jugement des enseignants
Authors: Bressoux Pascal
Published: February 2010

Le but de cet article est de montrer, sur la base d’une étude de la construction du jugement des enseignants, les fondements méthodologiques à l’oeuvre. On se centrera moins sur les résultats de l’étude et leurs implications théoriques que sur l’explicitation de l’articulation entre la problématique de recherche et la méthodologie. En se fondant au préalable sur des réflexions épistémologiques générales et sur des réflexions épistémologiques propres aux sciences sociales, on essaiera de montrer l’apport, les difficultés et les limites de la mise en oeuvre d’un raisonnement de type expérimental dans des études réalisées en milieu naturel. On tentera de montrer le rôle d’une modélisation formelle pour l’étude des phénomènes éducatifs, en particulier dans son lien avec l’empirie: la distinction entre faits virtuels et faits actuels, de même que la prise en compte du probable, nous aideront dans cette voie.
Les tentatives de mise en place des « Pédagogies nouvelles » dans les écoles fondamentales tchèques après 1989
Authors: Spilková Vladimíra
Published: February 2010

Vladimíra Spilková "New educational methods” in the Czech Republic after 1989 and practical attempts to set them up in the fundamental schools. The goal of this article is to explain the main processes of transformation of the Czech school system after 1989 (in relation to the big political changes) by highlighting the changes made in the field of fundamental education. The study of the changing processes is directed towards three main points: goals of educational policies, theoretical starting points and main ideas of the school system reform, and practical attempts at transforming, taking into account the reality of school teaching. Three main trends, progressively implemented in education policies (often as divergent principles), are presented here: •New educational methods”, the •new” conception of school teaching, and teaching and learning in specialized, mainly Czech literature of the last decade. To conclude, the main orientations and attempts to set up the •new educational methods” in practice in fundamental schools, including the problems preventing them from being set to work better on a larger scale, are herein discussed.
The Alps in 2020 : Cultural landscapes between the growth of urban agglomerations and the spread of wilderness areas
Authors: Favry Eva , Pfefferkorn Wolfgang
Published: February 2010

Abstract : ased on the findings of thе recently finalised research project REGALP we present some ideas on the future spatial development of the Alps. For the diverse types of alpine areas there are rather different future perspectives, but generally we can suppose that the spatial polarisation between prosperous and less favoured areas will continue. For the future of alpine cultural landscapes this means that by 2020 we can expect two contrary phenomena at the same time : firstly a growth of prosperous urban agglomerations, with the related problems of landscape consumption and land use conflicts, and secondly an aggravation of phenomena of decline and abandonment. We present the basements of this diagnosis stemming from the REGALP project, such as the analyses of local developement types and of regional accessibility levels. Furthermore, secenarios for the future of the Alps have been elaborated and discussed with stakeholders from seven alpine pilot regions. Finally we summarise some policy requirements for a more sustainable and balanced development of the Alps. For more information see : www.regalp.at
Agriculture as an agent in building local identities : an alternative approach to urbanization of rural areas as exemplified in the Alpine corridor
Authors: Peyrache-Gadeau Véronique , Fleury Philippe
Published: February 2010

Abstract : At a time when the rural world is undergoing considerable peri-urbanisation, it is tempting to consider the changes affecting peri-urban areas as simply part of the process of urban expansion. Based on an analysis of the place and functions of agriculture in the planning and development projects of the alpine corridor in the French northern alps, this article proposes an alternative way of looking at the question. We use examples to demonstrate that the renewal of agricultural functions can only be properly understood if we take into account a combination of processes associating the control of spreading urbanization, where agriculture is given the role of containing and qualifying the town, and local development dynamics, in which agricultural and non-agricultural actors attempt to direct agriculture in relation to different expectations : economic development, environmental and landscape management, identity and cultural aspects, and so on. Rural and peri-urban areas are not simply a periphery that is determined and structured by the town. To understand how these areas are evolving, it is important to examine the innovative capacity and proactive role of the actors involved.
L'agriculture dans les zones périurbaines du sillon alpin : une figure de la nature pour les habitants ?
Authors: Guisepelli Emmanuel
Published: February 2010

Résumé : La place de l'agriculture dans le sillon alpin connaît des évolutions sociales et spatiales rapides. Comment l'agriculture peut-elle s'adapter aux évolutions territoriales ? L'article propose d'éclairer cette question en l'abordant sous l'angle des représentations sociales du territoire et de l'agriculture d'une catégorie d'acteurs que l'on entend peu malgré leur importance : les habitants. Après une caracté- risation de leurs profils, nous montrerons la nature de leurs préoccupations vis-à-vis de leurs lieux de vie et les pistes qu'elles ouvrent sur les nouvelles fonctions de l'agriculture en zone périurbaine et sur les alliances que le monde agricole peut nouer avec la société civile.
The notion of risk governance : an application in terms of the vulnerability of mountain tourism areas
Authors: Boudières Vincent
Published: February 2010

Abstract : Examining risk management in mountain areas through the vulnerability of tourist areas amounts to analysing governability in the face of risks or the ability to find appropriate solutions to deal with risk in a particular context. Faced with a multitude of often conflicting issues, mountain tourism areas are thus developing diverse types of risk governance. Vulnerability, considered as a consequence of tourism development, must be considered in its different and aggregate forms. The notion of governance will be used here as an analytical prism. It can thus provide a means for understanding the emerging local forms of public action in the field of risks and the are dealt with.
Recensement des politiques territoriales dans l'Espace Alpin
Authors: Janin Rivolin Umberto
Published: February 2010

Résumé : Alors que le programme Interreg IIIb Espace alpin dédié à la coopération territoriale transnationale, débuté en 2000, achèvera ses activités fin 2006, le démarrage d'un nouveau programme, financé par les fonds structurels de l'UE, est attendu pour la période 2007-2013. Cet article illustre les résultats d'un recensement des différentes politiques territoriales alpines. Cette étude a été conduite dans le cadre d'une mission prospective en préparation de ce nouveau programme. Les politiques territoriales alpines dans le cadre du système de gouvernance territoriale de l'UE sont passées en revue pour introduire les résultats de ce recensement, fondés sur l'analyse de 70 directives politiques existant actuellement à différents niveaux institutionnels de l'espace alpin. Une partie conclusive suggère comment, en fonction des enseignements de ce recensement, le programme de coopération territoriale « Espace Alpin » pourrait être amélioré pour la période 2007-2013.
Lieux de « grimpe », contre-lieux de société ? Essai sur les formes néo-communautaires et les processus de territorialisation en œuvre dans la pratique de l'escalade
Authors: Cailly Laurent
Published: February 2010

Résumé : Dans une recherche consacrée à la territorialisation d'un site naturel d'escalade par un petit groupe de grimpeurs, E. de Léséleuc décrit la construction et le fonctionnement d'une organisation de type communautaire, particulièrement fermée aux autres pratiquants et retranchée sur un espace public qu'elle tend à privatiser. Cette forme de repli collectif, fondée sur une territorialisation défensive, constituerait, selon l'auteur, une composante essentielle des sports dits de « pleine-nature ». À partir de deux travaux antérieurs et inédits portant sur cette question, l'article propose de discuter la possible généralisation, au champ de l'escalade, de ce genre de configuration sociale et spatiale. Cette mise en perspective permet d'identifier les spécificités de cette pratique corporelle. Elle souligne aussi la diversité et la complexité des formes d'organisations socio-spatiales qui y sont engagées, et invite à relativiser le poids d'un « communautarisme défensif » que l'on pourrait présumer dominant.
ICT's and sustainable development : from meshing to valorisation of mountain territories
Authors: Papa Françoise , Collet Laurent , Landel Pierre-Antoine
Published: February 2010

Summary : The development of ICT's and their associated uses raises the question as to how these can tie in with the notion of sustainable development. Although the most common approach consists in examining the possible impacts of ICT development in economic, social and environmental terms, the ability of information processing and communication technologies to be integrated within these three dimensions has still to be explored. Taking the notion of territory into consideration would seem to be a suitable way of answering this question. This is how two research teams came to exchange synergies and work together on a comparative analysis of the logic behind the installation of networks and the development of uses in the Maurienne and Vésubie valleys. This article presents the first results of the research programme, following identifi- cation of a certain number of challenges stemming from the links between ICT's and sustainable development and a brief characterisation of the geographic area. These results underline the importance of meshing given the smaller level of investment in the area of ICT uses. However, specific uses do emerge in certain conditions, which lead to the offering and possible mobilisation of resources specific to the territories. The ability of territories to break free from the control and influence of external actors would explain the emergence of such uses. From being seen as generic resources needed to develop territories, ICT's have acquired the status of resource operators. This status has yet to be characterised.
Marcel Schwob lecteur de Frantz Jourdain : une contestation du naturalisme
Authors: De Guido Cédric
Published: February 2010

Marcel Schwob (1867-1905) was not one of the writers whom Jules Huret iinterviewed in 1891

in his Enquête sur l'évolution littéraire. Nevertheless the preface of Schwob's Coeur double published in the same year could well be seen as his answer to Huret. As about every symbolists from that

period, he was opposed to naturalism but he managed to sidarack it thanks to an aesthetic vision

akin to that oft he impressionists. Frantz Jourdain, Zola's friend and architect, was the unlikely go -between between Scbwob and Zola, as they tackled similar problems such as: turning historical or

sociological facts into fiction, whether or not to show one's erudition in one's fiction, how to deal with

the " document humain '" and the necessity to be true-to-life: to mirror life in its innermost details.
Du côté de chez Saint Simon : question raciale, question sociale et question religieuse
Authors: Régnier Philippe
Published: February 2010

Pierre Leroux) montre leur conviction précoce et commune que la prise en compte des

différences à l'intérieur de l'humanité constitue un enjeu décisif du changement vêts

l'égalité et l'association universelles. Tout en explorant, pour certains, l'hypothèse natu ¬ raliste, les saint-simoniens s'accordent à meure l'accent sur les dimensions sociale et religieuse de l'identité ethnique. Le préjugé de la supériorité de la «race européenne» ne

les retient pas, au contraire, de conclure à une politique de métissage.
« L'énonciation piétonnière ». Le boulevard au crible de l'Étude de moeurs (1821-1867)
Authors: Lyon-Caen Boris
Published: February 2010

Motivating the flaneur’s stroll, fueling observation of the social world, the boulevard is located at the very core of both the Tableaux de Paris and the studies of manners popular in the nineteenth century in the wake of Mercier. Depending on whether they facilitate or hinder the flow of the writing, these studies of manners can take the form, in structural terms, of “time-block texts” or “diagram-texts”. They present a dramaturgical (that is, staged) knowledge, relying on the paradigm of voyeurism, theatrical scenography, and writing by type. Thus transfigured, the Boulevard appears as the space of a paradoxical, fundamentally modern poetry, belonging to an ethics and an aesthetics of the “patchwork”.
Entre rue et boulevard : les chemins de l'allégorie chez Baudelaire
Authors: Carpenter Scott
Published: February 2010

The grands boulevards are nearly absent in Baudelaire’s work: although his urban topography is a maze of streets, alleyways, and other public thoroughfares, the poet rarely describes them in detail. Actual boulevards (and, in fact, is it not a question of the later Hausmannian variation?) appear on only three occasions: the poet loses his halo while crossing one; from the table of a café he watches a poor family peering in from one; it is upon a boulevard that he encounters one day a •mysterious Being” who will lure him into a gambling house. By following the evocations of streets in Les Fleurs du mal and Le Spleen de Paris, one can detect the fine network linking passageways to the poetic voice, where the surprise and shocks occasioned by traversing the city partake of the allegorical imagination. A space marked by chance and by rupture, the street, in its various forms, is emblematic of Baudelaire’s poetic practice.
Romantisme révolutionnaire et Réalisme paroxystique. Théâtre de Louise Michel
Authors: Ivernel Philippe
Published: February 2010

méditation. C’est un document important à verser au dossier des rapports entre la politique et l’esthétique, d’hier à aujourd’hui.
A NEW EGG-PARASITE OF THE PERIODICAL CICADA
Authors: Howard L. O.
Published: February 2010

The Chalcidid subfamily Trichogrammatinae is composed entirely of species parasitic in the eggs of other insects. A synopsis of the genera has recently been published by Dr.Chr. Aurivillius in “Entomologisk Tidskrift,” for 1897, pp.249–256, apropos to the establishment of a new genus (Oophthora) for a species which he has reared in Sweden from the eggs of Semblidis lutariae. In this synopsis of the genera Dr. Aurivillius makes Lathromeris, Förster (Hymenopt. Stud., 1856, 2, pp. 87–89) a synonym of Chaetostricha, Haliday (An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 2, Vol. 7, 1851, p.212).
METALLIC SPECIES OF BASILODES AND NEW SPECIES OF ALLIED GENERA
Authors: Ottolengui R.
Published: February 2010

Among the Basilodes there are three closely allied species of very similar pattern, the fore wings being mainly solid metallic golden. These are territans, Hy. Edw., Howardi, Hy. Edw., and Arizonae, French; Howardi and Arizonae having been described as Plusias. The most casual examination of the front of Howardi separates it structurally from Plusia and places it with Basilodes. Arizonae I have not seen, the only specimen known to me being the “type” in the collection of Prof. French, I, however, sent a male and female of territans to Prof. French for comparison with his “type,” thinking that Edwards might have redescribed French's species. From Prof. French's reply, together with a photograph of the type which he kindly had made for me, I have little doubt that his species is a Basilodes, unless, indeed, it may belong to an allied, underscribed genus of which I have to write.
A NEW ORCHARD PEST – THE FRINGED–WING APPLE-BUD MOTH (Nothris? maligemmella, n. sp.).
Authors: Stedman J. M.
Published: February 2010

While experimenting two years ago with the leaf Crumpler and the Leaf Folder, a gentleman asked me to visit his apple orchard, some two miles distant, and to observe the destructive work of what he supposed was the Leaf Folder. The orchard had been in bearing for several years and covered sixty acres. The apple trees had at that time just shed their blooms (petals) and the adjacent orchards appeared green, while the infested one was very conspicuous, appearing as if a fire had swept through it.
NOTES ON THE NOCTUID GENUS HYDROECIA
Authors: Bird Henry
Published: February 2010

Descriptions of several Hydroecia larvae have appeared in this magazine at various times, but as they were instance when the insects were infesting cultivated plants, the following notes are submitted to show their life history when found in more natural environments, and to assist the student in obtainin sufficient material in some of the species for comparative work. From the paucity of examples in collections and from the close relationship existing between most of the species, it is necessary to resort to breeding, or at least to have such a knowledge of their early habits as to secure extended series, before a very correct idea may be had of the representatives of this genus.
NEW SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN MYRMELIONIDAE.–II.
Authors: Currie Rolla P.
Published: February 2010

Brachynemurus niger, new species.

Female.—Length, 29 mm.; expanse of wings, 56mm.; greatest width of anterior wing, 7 mm.; length of antenna, 4 mm. Black, marked on head and thorax with luteous; sparsely hairy, more distinctly so on prothorax and abdomen.

Face scarcely convex, luteous, a transverse, shining black band above which extends upward so as to cover the inter-antennal area; this band is notched below, a black line extending form the notch almost to the clypeus; on either side between face, clypeus and inner orbit of the eye, a triangular black dot. Circumocular area mostly luteous, except along vertex, where it is piceous. Clypeus luteous, on each side anteriorly an impressed dot. Labrum transverse, rounded laterally, emarginate in front, luteous, darker on emargination where it is sparsely clothed with black hairs. Mandibles piceous, black at tips.
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ON SEVERAL SPECIES OF DIPTERA
Authors: Webster F. M.
Published: February 2010

Rhamphomyia mutabilis, Loew., has several times been observed preying upon Bibio pallipes, Say. I once saw hundreds of the former on a picket fence that had recently been whitewashed, and all appeared engaged in capturing the latter; at any rate hardly one could be found that was not engaged in sucking the life out of a victim. In one case the sexes were pairing while the female was lunching upon a recently captured Bibio.
SOME NEW SPIDERS
Authors: Banks Nathan
Published: February 2010

Poecilochroa minuta, n. sp.

Length ♂, 4 mm.; ceph., 1.7 mm. long, 1.1 broad, patella plus tibia IV., 1.6 mm. Cephalothorax uniform reddish yellow, legs and palpi a trifle paler, except metatarse IV. which are reddish brown; sternum yellowish; abdomen black, with short white hairs and some longer black ones at base; venter with a pale streak each side; spinnerets red-brown. Head narrow; posterior eyre row slightly recurved, longer than anterior row, the P. M. E. round, their diameter apart and a near the P. S. E. as to each other, equal in size; eyes of anterior row subequal, all close rogether. No plate under fang of mandibles. Legs quite hairy, but the scopulas not dense; femora with three of four very large spines above, each spine longer than the posterior eye row; no spine above on tibia IV., one below at tip of tibia I. Sternum narrow, nearly twice as long as wide. Abdomen slender no wider than cephalothorax, sipnnerets large, an interrupted ventral fold near their base. The tibia of the male palpus has on the outer tip a large, stout, slightly curved projection one-half the length of the tarsus and blunt pointed at tip; the palpal organ is swollen near middle, the style is short.
A NEW ALPINE GRASSHOPPER FROM WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Walker E. M.
Published: February 2010

Among a large number of Orthoptera taken by muyself during a trip ot the Pacific Coast by the Canadian Pacific Railway there is one species belonging to the Melanopli which I was unable to determine from Scudder's “Revision” of the group, and could not even satisfy myself as to its generic place. I therefore sent a pair to Mr. Scudder, who informed me that it was a new species of Asemoplus, but that a change would be necessary in the description of that genus as given in his “Revision of the Melanopli” in order to receive my species. I had noticed the resemblance to Asemoplus in the extremity of the male abdomen, but the total absence of tegmina and other points of dissimilarity caused my uncertainty regarding its true generic position.
A NEW CYCHRINID
Authors: Keen J. H.
Published: February 2010

This fine plum-coloured beetle–superficially resembling Cychrus marginatus—was taken by me in 1896, and kindly named for me by Captain Casey, whose description of it, published in his Coleopterological Notices, No. VII, page 334, I take the liberty of transcribing below for the benefit of Canadian students who may not see Captain Casey's books. The beetle occurs sparingly, under loose bark or under logs on the gournd, along the mainland of British Columbia from Fort Simpson to Rivers Inlet, and probably farther, if sought for. I have never met with a specimen on the Queen Charlotte Islands.
CONCERNING XANTHORHOE GLACIALIS, Hulst.
Authors: Dyar Harrison G.
Published: February 2010

Dr. Hulst describes the species and X. longula in May Can. Ent., p. 119. The National Museum has a long series of these (225 specimens), very variable, but doubtless representing only a single species. In spite of the label, I am of the opinion that Dr. Hulst's types are not American specimens. Some bear a printed label “Alaska” and “Coll. C. V. Riley”; others have a written label “Behring Island, Alaska” and others “Behring Island.” I think the whole series were collected by Dr. Stejneger at Behring Island, which is one of the Commander Islands off the coast of Kamchatka, and has in general an Asiatic fauna. It is unfortunate that these seductive little “Alaska” labels were used on the specimens.
DEIDAMIA INSCRIPTA, Harr.
Authors: Moffat J. Alston
Published: February 2010

In the early part of May last, on meeting Mr. Bice he had the agreeable information ot convey to me that he had taken a Sphinx that was new to him. Upon looking at it I at once suspected that it was new to me also; and on investigation proved the correctness of the impression. Its small size, strikingly Smerinthoid form of primaries, peculiar olive-gray colour and distinctly outlined ornamentation made it easy to determine.
Note on a Chalcidid of the Subfam. Encyrtinæ, Parasitic on Phenacoccus minimus
Authors: Cockerell T. D. A.
Published: February 2010

Tetracnemus Westwoodi, n. sp.—♂. Length 1 1-5 mm.; dark brown; head and thorax minutely reticulated; ocelli large adn rpominent, lateral ocelli nearer to the eyes than to the middle oceilus; scutellum prominent; scapulæ triangular, produced to a point mesad, failing to meet by a short interval only; coxæ large and swollen trochanters small, legs long, tarsi five-jointed. Antennæ 8-jointed, or 10 jointed if the two ring-joints are counted; first joint of flagellum subglobose, short; second about as long, but cylindrical; third about twice as long as second; fourth about one-third longer than third; fifth about as long as fourth; sixth (club) a little longer. First four joints of flagellum emitting long branches as in Westwood's figure of T. diversicornis. Club slender, consederably less swollen than in diversicornis. Wings strongly pubescent.
THREE MYRMECOPHILUS MITES
Authors: Banks Nathan
Published: February 2010

Many American entomologists have, doubtless, been much interested in the accounts published during the past year by Charles Janet on the relations of certain Myrmecophilus Acarians and their hosts. His very interesting papers have been noticed in various English and American journals. Particular attention was paid to two species of Eamasidæ, Discopoma comata and Antennophorus Uhlmanni.
A BRIGHT RED PARASITE OF COCCIDÆ
Authors: Cockerell T. D. A.
Published: February 2010

Aphycus Howardi, n. sp.—♀. Length about 1 mm.; entirely bright scarlet, except the brown antennal club, sage-green eyes, and white tarsi; with the apical portion dusky. Wings dull hyaline, with a dark clud ending at stigmal vein, whitish just beyond and hyaline at tip. Scape not dilated, club about or almost as long as the four joints before it. Mesonotum and scutellum with numerous short white hairs, mesonotum with no naked spots; mesopleura very delicately shagreened, with no longitudinal impressions.