bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Bradykinin on Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Study in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Neri Serneri G. G , Rossi Ferrini P. L , Paoletti P , Panti A , D’Ayala Valva G
Published: September 2018

The effects of bradykinin on coagulation and fibrinolysis have been studied both “in vitro” and “in vivo” in man. “In vitro” bradykinin employed at different concentrations does not affect the coagulation and fibrinolysis processes in any appreciable way. Bradykinin, intraarterially injected in man in the dose of 10 y, does not modify coagulation studied both with global investigations (thrombelastogram, recalcification time) and with analytical researches (Quick’s time, activation test of intrinsic thromboplastin, thrombin generation test and thromboplastin test, thrombin time, determination of antithrombin II and III). Bradykinin instead produces an activation of fibrinolysis both in the thrombelastographic investigation and in the lysis time of euglobulins. The decrease in the activity of the proactivator and of plasminogen supports our view that bradykinin produces an activation of the fibrinolytic system by liberating tissue kinases which act on the proactivator. The authors have discussed the physiological and physiopathological significance of the observed findings.
Radiation-Induced Skin Changes after Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy: A Pilot Study on Indicators for Timing of Delayed Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Kung Theodore , Kidwell Kelley , Speth Kelly , Pang Judy , Jagsi Reshma , Newman Lisa , Wilkins Edwin , Momoh Adeyiza
Published: September 2018

Background Delayed autologous breast reconstruction is commonly recommended in patients requiring postmastectomy radiation. This study examines gross and histologic changes in the breast skin of patients who have undergone postmastectomy radiation to help determine when radiation-induced skin changes begin to stabilize.

Methods A prospective pilot study was conducted on eight patients with invasive breast cancer who required mastectomy and radiotherapy. At the time of mastectomy and 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months after completion of radiotherapy, a punch biopsy was taken from the radiated mastectomy skin of each patient. Serial standardized photographs were taken before and after radiotherapy to evaluate the degree of hyperpigmentation and graded by three blinded plastic surgeons. Skin biopsies were processed for histologic assessment of inflammation, elastin organization, and vascularity.

Results Grading of patient photographs revealed an increase in hyperpigmentation after radiotherapy compared with baseline with a gradual improvement over time. SMAD3 immunostaining demonstrated a trend toward an increase in inflammation over 12 months. The elastin distribution within samples showed an increase in fiber disorganization, thickening, and clumping, with no improvement throughout the study period. The average number of vessels per high powered field decreased steadily through the duration of the study.

Conclusion Histologic changes in dermal inflammation, elastin organization, and vascularity do not appear to correspond with the gradual improvement of hyperpigmentation, resulting from postmastectomy radiation. These histologic changes persist beyond the 12 month observation period and will require clinical correlation to determine the potential impact on postoperative outcomes.
Gestational Weight Gain during Pregnancy as an Important Factor Influencing a Successful Trial of Labor following Two Previous Cesareans
Authors: Sargent James , Savitsky Leah , Dissanayake Mekhala , Lo Jamie , Cheng Yvonne , Caughey Aaron
Published: September 2018

Objective We sought to identify factors associated with a successful trial of labor (TOL) following two cesarean deliveries (CDs) in a contemporary North American cohort.

Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of term, nonanomalous, singleton, vertex pregnancies attempting a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) following a history of two previous CDs in the United States from 2012 to 2014. Maternal and intrapartum factors were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression.

Results A total of 22,762 women met the inclusion criteria and underwent TOL. Of these, 12,192 (53.6%) had a VBAC. Using multivariate logistic regression, previous vaginal delivery and delivery at 40 to 41 weeks' gestation were associated with VBAC; maternal age, education, Medicaid insurance, non-Caucasian race/ethnicity, weight (overweight or obese), and gestational weight gain above the Institute of Medicine guidelines (adjusted odds ratio: 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.81–0.95) were associated with CD. Induction of labor did not affect the VBAC rate.

Conclusion For those desiring a TOL after two previous CDs, prospective studies are needed to assess interventions that limit gestational weight gain as well as the safety and optimal timing of an induction of labor. The decision to attempt a TOL should be guided by counseling regarding the risks, benefits, and chances of a successful TOL.
Microstructure- and concentration-dependence of lithium diffusion in the silicon anode: Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and complex network analysis
Authors: Chang Cheng , Li Xiaoyan , Xu Zhiping
Published: September 2018

Diffusion of lithium atoms in the silicon anode is a key process for the lithiation and de-lithiation steps in lithium-ion batteries. The relationship between atomic structures of silicon, in forms of crystals and glasses, and the diffusivity of lithium atoms are thus of critical importance to assess the performance of batteries using silicon as the anode. In this work, we probe the microstructure- and concentration-dependence of lithium diffusivity in silicon samples prepared in both crystalline and amorphous phases, by performing molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. We find that the diffusivity in the crystalline sample decreases with the concentration due to the blockade effect, while those in the amorphous samples increase first with the concentration as the sites with higher binding energies are occupied, activating long-distance diffusion between sites with lower binding energies, and then decline due to the blockage of diffusion pathways at a high lithium concentration. Complex network analysis of the transport pathway is conducted to measure the underlying microstructure-diffusivity correlation and statistical principles. The methodology and conclusions can be generalized to study the diffusive processes in media with complex microstructures, offering microscopic mechanisms-based understandings.
Diagnostic capacity of electron cyclotron emission imaging system with continuous large observation area on EAST tokamak
Authors: Gao BingXi , Xie JinLin , Zhao ZhenLing , Qu Chengming , Liao Wang , Xu Xinhang , Mao WenZhe , Zhuang Ge , Liu WanDong
Published: September 2018

Electron cyclotron emission imaging on EAST provides direct measurements of the 2-D electron temperature dynamics in a continuous large observation area with high temporal and spatial resolution. Besides the normal MHD investigation, a system with a view field large enough to cover the core plasma region has been applied to extract more plasma information, such as the plasma center location, the deposition location of auxiliary heating, and the core toroidal rotation speed. These results solely based on electron cyclotron emission imaging (ECEI) data are consistent with the results of the equilibrium fitting (EFIT), numerical code, and other diagnostics, which indicate the powerful diagnostic capacity of this ECEI system.
Cylindrical hot refractory anode vacuum arc (CHRAVA)
Authors: Camps I. , Muhl S. , Camps Enrique
Published: September 2018

We present a study of a novel vacuum arc deposition system composed of a water-cooled aluminum cathode and a hot refractory anode. The plasma of the arc system was diagnosed using a cylindrical electrostatic probe. It was found that the mean electron temperature was ∼2 eV, the plasma density could be varied in the range of 0.5–6 × 1016 m−3, and the ion flux was between 0.06 and 0.35 A m−2. Optical emission spectroscopy measurements showed the presence of emission lines corresponding to Al i and Al ii. The characterization of the coatings showed that the deposition rate varied from 0.8 to 4 nm/s and the surface roughness (Ra) of the films was as low as 25 nm. We demonstrated that it was possible to deposit films with low macroparticle densities, overcoming the principal disadvantage of the vacuum arc process. Measurements of the arc voltage and current were performed as a function of time and the applied magnetic field. The anode temperature was measured using a pyrometer through a ZnS window as a function of time and arc current, and the maximum value was 1800 °C with heating rates of up to 110 °C/s.
Rooftop PV systems with distributed batteries for voltage unbalance mitigation in low voltage radial feeders
Authors: Nour Ahmed M. M. , Hatata Ahmed Y. , Helal Ahmed A. , El-Saadawi Magdi M.
Published: September 2018

This paper discusses the alleviation of voltage unbalance (VU) in low voltage four-wire ungrounded distribution networks. Unbalanced allocation of distributed rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) ratings and loads creates considerable neutral current in the neutral line. Because of the size limitation or non-connection of distributed batteries, this paper proposes three strategies for using the available distributed energy storage to reduce VU and neutral potential under a high penetration of distributed rooftop PVs. VU mitigation algorithms are presented and implemented in the MATLAB/software environment.
A robust energy and reserve dispatch model for prosumer microgrids incorporating demand response aggregators
Authors: Damisa Uyikumhe , Nwulu Nnamdi I. , Sun Yanxia
Published: September 2018

The uncertainty introduced by intermittent renewable energy generation and prosumer energy imports makes operational planning of renewable energy-assisted prosumer microgrids challenging. This is due to the difficulty in obtaining accurate forecasts of the energy expected from these renewable energy sources and prosumers. Operators of such microgrids therefore require additional grid-balancing tools to maintain power supply and demand balance during grid operation. In this paper, the impact of demand response aggregators (DRAs) in a prosumer microgrid is investigated. This is achieved by developing and solving a deterministic mathematical formulation for the operational planning of the grid. Also, taking a cue from CAISO's proposed tariff revision which allows the state-of-charge of non-generator resources (like storage units) to be submitted as a bid parameter in the day-ahead market and permits scheduling coordinators of these resources to self-manage their energy limits and state-of-charge, the proposed formulation permits prosumers to submit the battery energy content as a bid parameter and self-manage their battery energy limits. Furthermore, a robust counterpart of the model is developed. Both formulations are constrained mixed integer optimization problems which are solved using the CPLEX solver in the Advanced Interactive Multidimensional Modelling System environment. The results obtained from tests carried out on a hypothetical prosumer microgrid show that the operating cost of the microgrid reduces in the presence of DRAs. In addition, the storage facility owner may benefit from self-managing its energy limits, but this may cut the amount of grid-balancing resource available to the microgrid operator, thereby increasing the operating cost of the microgrid.
Extremely polarization-sensitive surface acoustic wave Brillouin scattering in subwavelength waveguides
Authors: Han Dae Seok , Lee Il-Min , Park Kyung Hyun , Kang Myeong Soo
Published: September 2018

We report that extremely polarization-sensitive stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) emerges in subwavelength elliptical waveguides when mediated by surface acoustic waves. We find based on the full-vectorial finite element analysis that the SBS driven by a specific surface acoustic wave can be eliminated for one polarization mode, whereas for the other polarization mode, it is kept significant, while such strongly polarization-dependent Brillouin gain has not been observed in conventional SBS by bulk acoustic waves. We explain the origin of these intriguing polarization-selective phenomena in terms of the counter-balance between the photoelastic and moving-boundary effects. Our findings provide a host of unique possibilities of highly efficient all-optical control and stabilization of the polarization state of light.
Magnetization reversal and emergent magnetic monopole-like state in square artificial spin ice vertex with defects
Authors: Keswani Neeti , Das Pintu
Published: September 2018

We have investigated the micro-magnetic behavior as well as magnetization reversal of dipolar coupled magnetic nanoislands with strong shape anisotropy arranged in a square artificial spin ice geometry. Our 0 K-temperature simulation results show that metastable two-in two-out state is stabilized at remanence of regular configurations. A complex interplay of defects and dipolar interaction leads to a predictable three-in one-out or three-out one-in higher energy state. Switching of the magnetic states is defined by the reduction of the no. of high-energy head-to-head or tail-to tail magnetic state.
Pressure evolution of magnetism in URhGa
Authors: Míšek M. , Proschek P. , Opletal P. , Sechovský V. , Kaštil J. , Kamarád J. , Žáček M. , Prokleška J.
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we report the results of an ambient and high pressure study of a 5f-electron ferromagnet URhGa. The work is focused on measurements of magnetic and thermodynamic properties of a single crystal sample and on the construction of the p-T phase diagram. Diamond anvil cells were employed to measure the magnetization and electrical resistivity pressures up to ∼ 9 GPa. At ambient pressure, URhGa exhibits collinear ferromagnetic ordering of uranium magnetic moments μU ∼ 1.1 μB (at 2 K) aligned along the c-axis of the hexagonal crystal structure below the Curie temperature TC = 41K. With the application of pressure up to 5GPa the ordering temperature TC initially increases whereas the saturated moment slightly decreases. The rather unexpected evolution is put in the context of the UTX family of compounds.
An optical Bragg scattering readout for nano-mechanical resonances of GaN nanowire arrays
Authors: Houlton J. P. , Brubaker M. D. , Martin D. O. , Bertness K. A. , Rogers C. T.
Published: September 2018

We report the use of optical Bragg scattering and homodyne interferometry to simultaneously measure all the first order cantilever-mode mechanical resonance frequencies and quality factors (Q) of gallium nitride nanowires (GaN NWs) in periodic selected-area growth arrays. Hexagonal 2D arrays of GaN NWs with pitch spacings of 350–1100 nm were designed and prepared to allow optical Bragg scattering of 632.8 nm laser light. The NWs studied have diameters ranging from 100 to 300 nm, lengths from 3 to 10 μm, resonance frequencies between 1 and 10 MHz, Q-values near 10 000 at 300 K, and Young's modulus of 310 ± 45 GPa. The optical system can detect the thermally induced Brownian mechanical motion of the NWs and driven NW motion and allows the simultaneous monitoring of hundreds of mechanical resonators with a single laser beam. The read-out system allows large arrays of NWs to be characterized and, upon mapping the resonance frequencies to individual array elements, to be applied as, e.g., spatially resolved temperature and mass sensors.
Probing suprathermal electrons by trace rare gases optical emission spectroscopy in low pressure dipolar microwave plasmas excited at the electron cyclotron resonance
Authors: Boivin S. , Glad X. , Latrasse L. , Sarkissian A. , Stafford L.
Published: September 2018

In microwave plasmas with the presence of a magnetic field, fast electrons could result from collisionless energy absorption under electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) conditions. In this case, electrons are trapped between the two poles of the magnetic field and rotate at the cyclotron frequency ωce. When crossing a zone where the cyclotron frequency equals the microwave frequency (ωce=ω), electrons see a steady electric field in their reference frame and are constantly accelerated by the right handed polarized (RHP) wave. When the plasma density reaches the so-called critical density nc at which ωpe2=ω2±ωωce, where ωpe is the plasma electron frequency, the left handed polarized (LHP) electromagnetic wave can excite electrostatic waves that can produce collisionless electron heating and fast electron generation by Landau damping. In this study, a combination of the Langmuir probe and trace rare gas optical emission spectroscopy (TRG-OES) is used to analyze the electron energy probability function (EEPF) in microwave (2.45 GHz) low-pressure argon plasmas excited at ECR in a dipolar magnetic field. While both TRG-OES and Langmuir probe measurements agree on the effective electron temperature (TeAll) from 1.6 to 50 mTorr, TRG-OES, which is more sensitive to high energy electrons, shows that the EEPF is the sum of two Maxwellian populations: one described by TeAll and a high energy tail characterized by a temperature TeTail. Spatially resolved-TRG-OES measurements show that the high-energy tail (TeTail) in the EEPF is spatially localized near the magnet, while the effective electron temperature (TeAll) stays constant. The ratio between the high energy tail and the effective temperatures is found to increase with the absorbed microwave power and decrease with increasing pressure. The former phenomenon is ascribed to a rise in ECR heating due to a stronger RHP wave electric field and to an enhanced absorption of the LHP waves. On the other hand, the decrease in the ratio is attributed to a smaller magnetic confinement of the electrons (increase in the collision frequency), which lessens ECR heating and to a decrease in the LHP field intensity at the resonant position, which impedes the conversion into electrostatic waves.
Role of electron inertia and electron/ion finite Larmor radius effects in low-beta, magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Authors: Srinivasan B. , Hakim A.
Published: September 2018

The magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor (MRT) instability has been investigated in great detail in previous work using magnetohydrodynamic and kinetic models for low-beta plasmas. The work presented here extends previous studies of this instability to regimes where finite-Larmor-Radius (FLR) effects may be important. Comparisons of the MRT instability are made using a 5-moment and a 10-moment two-fluid model, the two fluids being ions and electrons. The 5-moment model includes Hall stabilization, whereas the 10-moment model includes Hall and FLR stabilization. Results are presented for these two models using different electron mass to understand the role of electron inertia in the late-time nonlinear evolution of the MRT instability. For the 5-moment model, the late-time nonlinear MRT evolution does not significantly depend on the electron inertia. However, when FLR stabilization is important, the 10-moment results show that a lower ion-to-electron mass ratio (i.e., larger electron inertia) under-predicts the energy in high-wavenumber modes due to larger FLR stabilization.
The high pressure phase transformation behavior of silicon nanowires
Authors: Huston L. Q. , Lugstein A. , Williams J. S. , Bradby J. E.
Published: September 2018

Si nanowires of 80–150 nm and 200–250 nm diameter are pressurized up to 22 GPa using a diamond anvil cell. Raman and x-ray diffraction data were collected during both compression and decompression. Electron microscopy images reveal that the nanowires retain a nanowire-like morphology (after high pressure treatment). On compression, dc-Si was observed to persist at pressures up to 19 GPa compared to ∼11 GPa for bulk-Si. On decompression, the metallic β-Sn phase was found to be more stable for Si nanowires compared with bulk-Si when lowering the pressure and was observed as low as 6 GPa. For the smallest nanowires studied (80–150 nm), predominately a-Si was obtained on decompression, whereas for larger nanowires (200–250 nm), clear evidence for the r8/bc8-Si phase was obtained. We suggest that the small volume of the individual Si nanowires compared with bulk-Si inhibits the nucleation of the r8-Si phase on decompression. This study shows that there is a size dependence in the high pressure behavior of Si nanowires during both compression and decompression.
An integrated microfluidic platform for size-selective single-cell trapping of monocytes from blood
Authors: Lee Do-Hyun , Li Xuan , Jiang Alan , Lee Abraham P.
Published: September 2018

Reliable separation and isolation of target single cells from bodily fluids with high purity is of great significance for an accurate and quantitative understanding of the cellular heterogeneity. Here, we describe a fully integrated single-blood-cell analysis platform capable of size-selective cell separation from a population containing a wide distribution of sizes such as diluted blood sample and highly efficient entrapment of single monocytes. The spiked single U937 cells (human monocyte cell line) are separated in sequence by two different-sized microfilters for removing large cell clumps, white blood cells, and red blood cells and then discriminated by dielectrophoretic force and isolated individually by downstream single-cell trapping arrays. When 2% hematocrit blood cells with a final ratio of 1:1000 U937 cells were introduced under the flow rate of 0.2 ml/h, 400 U937 cells were trapped sequentially and deterministically within 40 s with single-cell occupancy of up to 85%. As a proof-of-concept, we also demonstrated single monocyte isolation from diluted blood using the integrated microfluidic device. This size-selective, label-free, and live-cell enrichment microfluidic single blood-cell isolation platform for the processing of cancer and blood cells has a myriad of applications in areas such as single-cell genetic analysis, stem cell biology, point-of-care diagnostics, and cancer diagnostics.
Perfect sound absorption of ultra-thin metasurface based on hybrid resonance and space-coiling
Authors: Ryoo H. , Jeon W.
Published: September 2018

We propose an acoustic metasurface for perfect absorption at dual frequencies within a compact space. Meta-molecules of the metasurface contain four subwavelength meta-atoms whose cavities are coiled by three foldings. The meta-atoms comprising a meta-molecule have slightly different neck sizes to obtain hybrid resonances at desired frequencies. In order to consider an effect of coiled spaces in the meta-atoms, we use equivalent straight cavities with an effective length in an analytical model. By using the analytical model, metasurfaces are optimally designed for perfect absorption at desired frequencies. The experimental results show that a λ/23-metasurface exhibits over 99% energy absorption at 294 Hz and 406 Hz. Furthermore, we define another optimization problem to minimize the thickness of the metasurface for perfect absorption at two desired frequencies. The experimental results show that a λ/32-metasurface exhibits over 91% energy absorption at 281 Hz and 99% sound energy absorption at 403 Hz.
Communication: Existence and control of liquid polymorphism in methanol under shear
Authors: Desgranges Caroline , Delhommelle Jerome
Published: September 2018

The liquid-liquid hypothesis, which states that a pure substance can exhibit two liquid forms (or polymorphs), has drawn considerable interest in recent years. The appeal of this theory is that it provides the basis for a deeper understanding of the properties of supercooled liquids. However, the study of this phenomenon is extremely challenging and a complete understanding of its impact on fluid properties has remained elusive so far, since the low-temperature liquid form is generally not stable and undergoes rapid crystallization. Using a coarse-grained model for methanol, we show that methanol under shear can exhibit, in the steady state, two liquid forms that respond differently to the applied shear. Using molecular simulations, we show that the difference in dynamical response is correlated with structural differences between the two liquid forms. This establishes the existence of liquid polymorphism for systems driven out-of-equilibrium. Our findings also show how, by varying the pressure or the shear stress applied to the system, liquid-liquid transitions can be triggered and how a control of liquid polymorphism can be achieved. The resulting solid-liquid-liquid nonequilibrium phase diagram leads us to identify new ways for the stabilization and study of liquid polymorphism.
Corrigendum to: Wildland fires behaviour: wind effect versus Byram’s convective number and consequences upon the regime of propagation
Authors: Morvan D. , Frangieh N.
Published: September 2018

With fuel moisture content and slope, wind velocity (UW) is one of the major physical parameters that most affects the behaviour of wildland fires. The aim of this short paper was to revisit the relationship between the rate of spread (ROS) and the wind velocity, through the role played by the two forces governing the trajectory of the flame front and the plume, i.e. the buoyancy of the plume and the inertia due to wind. A large set of experimental data (at field and laboratory scale) from the literature was analysed, by introducing the ratio between these two forces, namely Byram's convective number NC and considering the relationship between the fire ROS/wind speed ratio and Byram's number. This short note was also an opportunity to make a point on particular issues, such as the existence of two regimes of propagation of surface fires (wind-driven fire vs plume-dominated fire), the relative importance of the two modes of heat transfer (by convection and radiation) on the propagation of a fire front, and others scientific debates animating the wildland fire community.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T cell activation through nitrating LCK in mouse cancers
Authors: Feng Shan , Cheng Xi , Zhang Lin , Lu Xuemin , Chaudhary Seema , Teng Ruifang , Frederickson Christian , Champion Matthew M. , Zhao Ren , Cheng Liang , Gong Yiyi , Deng Haiteng , Lu Xin
Published: September 2018

Significance

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) to reinvigorate cytotoxic T lymphocytes using antibodies against CTLA4 or PD1 generates durable therapeutic responses in patients across a variety of cancer types. However, some cancers such as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) show overwhelming resistance to ICB. Here, we develop a nitroproteomic approach and uncover a potential mechanism for the immunotherapy resistance where a key protein for T cell activation, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), is nitrated and inactivated by myeloid-derived suppressor cell–generated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the resistant tumor. An agent that neutralizes RNS significantly sensitizes CRPC to ICB therapy in a mouse model. Therefore, our studies illuminate a clinical path hypothesis for combining ICB with RNS-reducing agents in the treatment of ICB-resistant cancers.
Old puzzle of incommensurate crystal structure of calaverite AuTe
2
and predicted stability of novel AuTe compound
Authors: Streltsov Sergey V. , Roizen Valerii V. , Ushakov Alexey V. , Oganov Artem R. , Khomskii Daniel I.
Published: September 2018

Significance

It is shown that the long-standing puzzle of incommensurate crystal structure of

A
u
T
e

2

can be solved, if this material is considered as a negative charge-transfer system. Using modern computational methods, we demonstrate that charge redistribution associated with incommensurate modulations of crystal structure occurs not so much on Au, but predominantly on Te sites. This substantially reduces Coulomb energy costs for creating such a unique crystal structure. The same mechanism also explains superconductivity of doped

A
u
T
e

2

. Exploring different Au–Te compositions, we also discovered a previously unknown compound AuTe, which theoretically is very stable, and we predict its crystal structure.
Fatigue limit and life evaluation formulae for compressive mean stress states
Authors: Cai Xiaojing , Li Xiangzhe , Xu Jinquan
Published: September 2018

Considering the difference of stress concentration behaviour near micro-defects in materials, a unified fatigue limit evaluation formula has been developed, which can be applied to compressive mean stress states without the necessity of introducing additional material's properties except for the modification parameter of mean stress. A generalised life evaluation formula has also been proposed and the dependence of fatigue life on mean stress can be simply expressed by the effect of fatigue limit corresponding to the mean stress. By considering the effect of fatigue limit corresponding to the compressive mean stress, the fatigue life can be evaluated by the same generalised formula as that developed for tensile mean stress state, without the necessity of carrying out additional S–N curve fatigue tests.
Stepwise oral immunotherapy for 10 days in an egg-white allergy mouse model did not ameliorate the severity of allergy but induced the production of allergen-specific IgA
Authors: Maeta Akihiro , Katahira Risako , Matsushima Marin , Onishi Haruka , Nakamura Yu , Takahashi Kyoko
Published: September 2018

We examined whether the stepwise oral immunotherapy (OIT) for 10 days ameliorates the severity of allergy and the biomarkers in an allergy mouse model. The OIT could not protect anaphylaxis symptoms after allergen challenges but promote the production of antibodies, especially allergen-specific IgA. It was suggested that this OIT influenced the function of immuno response against the allergen.

Abbreviations: EW: egg white; IFC: intraperitoneal food challenge; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IL: interleukin; OVA: ovalbumin; OM: ovomucoid; OFC: oral food challenge; OIT: oral immunotherapy.
The log-Brunn-Minkowski inequality in ℝ³
Authors: Yang Yunlong , Zhang Deyan
Published: September 2018

Böröczky, Lutwak, Yang, and Zhang have recently proved the log-Brunn-Minkowski inequality for two origin-symmetric convex bodies in the plane which is stronger than the classical Brunn-Minkowski inequality. This paper establishes the log-Brunn-Minkowski, log-Minkowski,

L
p

L_p

-Minkowski, and

L
p

L_p

-Brunn-Minkowski inequalities for two classes of convex bodies in

R

3

\mathbb {R}^3

.
Connected (graded) Hopf algebras
Authors: Brown K. , Gilmartin P. , Zhang J.
Published: September 2018

We study algebraic and homological properties of two classes of infinite-dimensional Hopf algebras over an algebraically closed field

k
k

of characteristic

0
0

. The first class consists of those Hopf

k
k

-algebras that are connected graded as algebras, and the second class are those Hopf

k
k

-algebras that are connected as coalgebras. For many but not all of the results presented here, the Hopf algebras are assumed to have finite Gel’fand–Kirillov dimension. It is shown that if the Hopf algebra

H
H

is a connected graded Hopf algebra of finite Gel’fand–Kirillov dimension

n
n

, then

H
H

is a noetherian domain which is Cohen–Macaulay, Artin–Schelter regular, and Auslander regular of global dimension

n
n

. It has

S
2

=

I
d

H

S^2 = \mathrm {Id}_H

, and it is Calabi–Yau. Detailed information is also provided about the Hilbert series of

H
H

. Our results leave open the possibility that the first class of algebras is (properly) contained in the second. For this second class, the Hopf

k
k

-algebras of finite Gel’fand–Kirillov dimension

n
n

with connected coalgebra, the underlying coalgebra is shown to be Artin–Schelter regular of global dimension

n
n

. Both these classes of Hopf algebras share many features in common with enveloping algebras of finite-dimensional Lie algebras. For example, an algebra in either of these classes satisfies a polynomial identity only if it is a commutative polynomial algebra. Nevertheless, we construct, as one of our main results, an example of a Hopf

k
k

-algebra

H
H

of Gel’fand–Kirillov dimension 5, which is connected graded as an algebra and connected as a coalgebra, but is not isomorphic as an algebra to

U
(

g

)

U(\mathfrak {g})

for any Lie algebra

g

\mathfrak {g}

.
Free resolutions of orbit closures of Dynkin quivers
Authors: Lőrincz András , Weyman Jerzy
Published: September 2018

We use the Kempf-Lascoux-Weyman geometric technique in order to determine the minimal free resolutions of some orbit closures of quivers. As a consequence, we obtain that for Dynkin quivers orbit closures of 1-step representations are normal with rational singularities. For Dynkin quivers of type

A

\mathbb {A}

, we describe explicit minimal generators of the defining ideals of orbit closures of 1-step representations. Using this, we provide an algorithm for type

A

\mathbb {A}

quivers for describing an efficient set of generators of the defining ideal of the orbit closure of any representation.
The impact of diabetes mellitus on the clinical phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wasserstrum Yishay , Barriales-Villa Roberto , Fernández-Fernández Xusto , Adler Yehuda , Lotan Dor , Peled Yael , Klempfner Robert , Kuperstein Rafael , Shlomo Nir , Sabbag Avi , Freimark Dov , Monserrat Lorenzo , Arad Michael
Published: September 2018

Aims

Diabetes mellitus (DM) aggravates the clinical features of ischaemic and hypertensive heart diseases and worsens the prognosis of heart failure patients. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and diabetes coexist fairly frequently in elderly patients but the impact of DM on the clinical phenotype of HCM is yet unknown. We sought to describe if predominant features of heart failure in DM patients exist independently in HCM.

Methods and results

We reviewed clinical characteristics of 937 patients, age ≥40, diagnosed with HCM, from two tertiary medical centres in Spain and Israel. A propensity score matched cohort of 294 patients was also analysed. Our cohort comprised 102 HCM patients with diabetes (8.7%). Patients with DM were older at diagnosis {median 56 [interquartile range (IQR) 47–67] vs. 53 (IQR 43–63), P = 0.02} and had a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with DM had a higher prevalence of diastolic dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, significant mitral regurgitation, and pacemaker implantation. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with DM had a higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (P < 0.001) and lower exercise capacity [7.0 METS (IQR 5.0–10.0) vs. 9.0 METS (IQR 6.6–11.0), P = 0.002]. These findings were independent of age, gender, country of origin, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. Patients with diabetes had a significantly higher 15-year mortality (22% vs. 15%, P = 0.03), with no differences in sudden cardiac death, appropriate implanted cardioverter-defibrillator therapy, or heart transplantation.

Conclusion

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with diabetes are older and have a higher cardiovascular risk profile. They have a lower functional capacity and more heart failure symptoms due to diastolic dysfunction.
Ignoring the vertical dimension: biased view on feeding dynamics of vertically migrating sprat (Sprattus sprattus)
Authors: Kulke Rini , Bödewadt Viola , Hänselmann Kristin , Herrmann Jens-Peter , Temming Axel
Published: September 2018

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a common behaviour and often relates with the diurnal feeding periodicity. Nonetheless, sprat feeding behaviour and daily ration (DR) estimation are usually based on daytime stomach contents from deeper layers. Our study provides a new approach for DR estimation, taking into consideration the DVM associated feeding periodicity. We analysed sprat DVM by hydroacoustics and collected stomach contents in the Central Baltic Sea at different depths. The main outcome is that feeding in the deep during the day represents only 16–39% of the DR. DRs were 1.4-times higher using our approach compared to the established approach. The underestimation by the established approach was mainly caused by ignoring the effect of higher temperatures from the upper layers on the gastric evacuation rate. Our results have major implications not only for DR estimates but also on the interpretation of prey selectivity. The study emphasizes the importance of adapting the sampling design to the vertical feeding dynamics to avoid a biased picture of predator prey interactions.
Stream function formulation of surface Stokes equations
Authors: Reusken Arnold
Published: September 2018

In this paper we present a derivation of the surface Helmholtz decomposition, discuss its relation to the surface Hodge decomposition and derive a well-posed stream function formulation of a class of surface Stokes problems. We consider a $C^2$ connected (not necessarily simply connected) oriented hypersurface $\varGamma \subset \mathbb{R}^3$ without boundary. The surface gradient, divergence, curl and Laplace operators are defined in terms of the standard differential operators of the ambient Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^3$. These representations are very convenient for the implementation of numerical methods for surface partial differential equations. We introduce surface $\mathbf H({\mathop{\rm div}}_{\varGamma})$ and $\mathbf H({\mathop{\rm curl}}_{\varGamma})$ spaces and derive useful properties of these spaces. A main result of the paper is the derivation of the Helmholtz decomposition, in terms of these surface differential operators, based on elementary differential calculus. As a corollary of this decomposition we obtain that for a simply connected surface to every tangential divergence-free velocity field there corresponds a unique scalar stream function. Using this result the variational form of the surface Stokes equation can be reformulated as a well-posed variational formulation of a fourth-order equation for the stream function. The latter can be rewritten as two coupled second-order equations, which form the basis for a finite element discretization. A particular finite element method is explained and the results of a numerical experiment with this method are presented.
A mixed finite-element method for elliptic operators with Wentzell boundary condition
Authors: Bänsch Eberhard , Gahn Markus
Published: September 2018

In this paper we introduce and analyze a mixed finite-element approach for a coupled bulk-surface problem of second order with a Wentzell boundary condition. The problem is formulated on a domain with a curved smooth boundary. We introduce a mixed formulation that is equivalent to the usual weak formulation. Furthermore, optimal a priori error estimates between the exact solution and the finite-element approximation are derived. To this end, the curved domain is approximated by a polyhedral domain introducing an additional geometrical error that has to be bounded. A computational result confirms the theoretical findings.
Survivability of moon systems around ejected gas giants
Authors: Rabago Ian , Steffen Jason H
Published: September 2018

We examine the effects that planetary encounters have on the moon systems of ejected gas giant planets. We conduct a suite of numerical simulations of planetary systems containing three Jupiter-mass planets (with the innermost planet at 3 au) up to the point where a planet is ejected from the system. The ejected planet has an initial system of 100 test-particle moons. We determine the survival probability of moons at different distances from their host planet, measure the final distribution of orbital elements, examine the stability of resonant configurations, and characterize the properties of moons that are stripped from the planets. We find that moons are likely to survive in orbits with semi-major axes out beyond 200 planetary radii (0.1 au in our case). The orbital inclinations and eccentricities of the surviving moons are broadly distributed and include nearly hyperbolic orbits and retrograde orbits. We find that a large fraction of moons in two-body and three-body mean-motion resonances also survive planetary ejection with the resonance intact. The moon–planet interactions, especially in the presence of mean-motion resonance, can keep the interior of the moons molten for billions of years via tidal flexing, as is seen in the moons of the gas giant planets in the solar system. Given the possibility that life may exist in the subsurface ocean of the Galilean satellite Europa, these results have implications for life on the moons of rogue planets – planets that drift through our Galaxy with no host star.
Endothelial cells exposed to phosphate and indoxyl sulphate promote vascular calcification through interleukin-8 secretion
Authors: Bouabdallah Jeanne , Zibara Kazem , Issa Hawraa , Lenglet Gaëlle , Kchour Ghada , Caus Thierry , Six Isabelle , Choukroun Gabriel , Kamel Saïd , Bennis Youssef
Published: September 2018

Background

Vascular calcification (VC) is amplified during chronic kidney disease, partly due to uraemic toxins such as inorganic phosphate (Pi) and indoxyl sulphate (IS) that trigger osteogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). These toxins also alter endothelial cell (EC) functions but whether this contributes to VC is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that ECs exposed to Pi and IS promote VSMC calcification.

Methods

Human umbilical vein ECs were treated with Pi, IS or both, and then the conditioned media [endothelial cell conditioned medium (EC-CM)] was collected. Human aortic SMCs (HASMCs) were exposed to the same toxins, with or without EC-CM, and then calcification and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated. Procalcifying factors secreted from ECs in response to Pi and IS were screened. Rat aortic rings were isolated to assess Pi+IS-induced calcification at the tissue level.

Results

Pi and Pi+IS induced HASMCs calcification, which was significantly exacerbated by EC-CM. Pi+IS induced the expression and secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) from ECs. While IL-8 treatment of HASMCs stimulated the Pi+IS-induced calcification in a concentration-dependent manner, IL-8 neutralizing antibody, IL-8 receptors antagonist or silencing IL-8 gene expression in ECs before collecting EC-CM significantly prevented the EC-CM procalcifying effect. IL-8 did not promote the Pi+IS-induced osteogenic differentiation of HASMCs but prevented the induction of osteopontin (OPN), a potent calcification inhibitor. In rat aortic rings, IS also promoted Pi-induced calcification and stimulated the expression of IL-8 homologues. Interestingly, in the Pi+IS condition, IL-8 receptor antagonist lifted the inhibition of OPN expression and partially prevented aortic calcification.

Conclusion

These results highlight a novel role of IL-8, whose contribution to VC in the uraemic state results at least from interaction between ECs and VSMCs.
Information Sharing, Holdup, and External Finance: Evidence from Private Firms
Authors: Bird Andrew , Karolyi Stephen A , Ruchti Thomas G
Published: September 2018

To mitigate holdup by an informed incumbent lender, a private borrower may publicly share information in order to increase lender competition. Despite proprietary costs, a subset of private borrowers voluntarily share private information in loan and credit underwriting agreements. These borrowers switch lenders at a 16% higher rate and receive lower loan financing costs. For private firms that go public, we analyze changes in the net benefits of information sharing and study the potential estimation bias from unobservable borrower quality. This setting corroborates our inference that voluntary information sharing reduces lender holdup and alleviates financial constraints for private firms.

Received May 25, 2017; editorial decision August 8, 2018 by Editor David Denis.
Adsorption of heavy metal with modified eggshell membrane and the
in situ
synthesis of Cu–Ag/modified eggshell membrane composites
Authors: Xin Yaqing , Li Caihong , Liu Jianing , Liu Jinrong , Liu Yuchen , He Weiyan , Gao Yanfang
Published: September 2018

The objectives of this study were to remove heavy metals from wastewater through the biosorption method with modified biomass as an effective sorbent and to prepare metal/biomass composites with the same modified biomass as a direct template. Eggshell membrane (ESM) was selected and modified to adsorb heavy metals. Adsorption of metal ions on the modified ESM (MESM) might be attributed to electrostatic interaction, ion exchange and coordination effect with chelating ligands containing N and S on the surface of the MESM. The pH of the solution was a key factor affecting the adsorption. The Cu–Ag/MESM composites with uniform Cu–Ag NPs were prepared with MESM as matrices, and with Cu
2+
and Ag
+
adsorbed as metal sources. The Cu–Ag/MESM showed excellent catalytic performance in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the aqueous phase. Because of the high stability of the Cu–Ag NPs supported on the macro-dimension supporter, Cu–Ag/MESM can be easily separated after the catalytic reaction and recycled.
The role of geospatial hotspots in the spatial spread of tuberculosis in rural Ethiopia: a mathematical model
Authors: Shaweno Debebe , Trauer James M. , Denholm Justin T. , McBryde Emma S.
Published: September 2018

Geospatial tuberculosis (TB) hotspots are hubs of TB transmission both within and across community groups. We aimed to quantify the extent to which these hotspots account for the spatial spread of TB in a high-burden setting. We developed spatially coupled models to quantify the spread of TB from geographical hotspots to distant regions in rural Ethiopia. The population was divided into three ‘patches’ based on their proximity to transmission hotspots, namely hotspots, adjacent regions and remote regions. The models were fitted to 5-year notification data aggregated by the metapopulation structure. Model fitting was achieved with a Metropolis–Hastings algorithm using a Poisson likelihood to compare model-estimated notification rate with observed notification rates. A cross-coupled metapopulation model with assortative mixing by region closely fit to notification data as assessed by the deviance information criterion. We estimated 45 hotspot-to-adjacent regions transmission events and 2 hotspot-to-remote regions transmission events occurred for every 1000 hotspot-to-hotspot transmission events. Although the degree of spatial coupling was weak, the proportion of infections in the adjacent region that resulted from mixing with hotspots was high due to the high prevalence of TB cases in a hotspot region, with approximately 75% of infections attributable to hotspot contact. Our results suggest that the role of hotspots in the geospatial spread of TB in rural Ethiopia is limited, implying that TB transmission is primarily locally driven.
Theoretically optimal forms for very long-span bridges under gravity loading
Authors: Fairclough Helen E. , Gilbert Matthew , Pichugin Aleksey V. , Tyas Andy , Firth Ian
Published: September 2018

Long-span bridges have traditionally employed suspension or cable-stayed forms, comprising vertical pylons and networks of cables supporting a bridge deck. However, the optimality of such forms over very long spans appears never to have been rigorously assessed, and the theoretically optimal form for a given span carrying gravity loading has remained unknown. To address this we here describe a new numerical layout optimization procedure capable of intrinsically modelling the self-weight of the constituent structural elements, and use this to identify the form requiring the minimum volume of material for a given span. The bridge forms identified are complex and differ markedly to traditional suspension and cable-stayed bridge forms. Simplified variants incorporating split pylons are also presented. Although these would still be challenging to construct in practice, a benefit is that they are capable of spanning much greater distances for a given volume of material than traditional suspension and cable-stayed forms employing vertical pylons, particularly when very long spans (e.g. over 2 km) are involved.