bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Just a click away: Action–state orientation moderates the impact of task interruptions on initiative
Authors: Birk Max V. , Mandryk Regan L. , Baumann Nicola
Published: July 2019

Objective

The present research examines the role of individual differences in self‐regulation (i.e., demand‐related action–state orientation) on initiative to resume an interrupted task.

Method

In three studies (N1 = 208, 55% male, Mage = 33.2; N2 = 457, 62% male, Mage = 31.7; N3 = 210, 60% male, Mage = 32.6), participants were notified about a network interruption while playing a computer game. Participants could dismiss the interrupting notification by clicking a continue button or wait until the notification timed out. We manipulated demand by presenting notifications during (demand) versus after game rounds (no demand).

Results

Demand‐related action orientation was associated with higher probability to dismiss the notification during a game round, controlling for dismissal after a game round. Findings occurred when controlling for task ability and task motivation, were specific for demand‐ and not threat‐related action orientation, were complemented by shorter dismissal latencies, and were stable across interruption timeouts (Studies 1–3). Exposure through repetition resulted in adaptation (Study 3).

Conclusion

The findings suggest that people with lower action orientation have less self‐regulatory ability to initiate goal‐directed action and resume interrupted tasks—even if they are just a click away. Findings are discussed within the framework of Personality Systems Interactions theory.
Revisiting interregional wage differentials: New evidence from Spain with matched employer‐employee data
Authors: Murillo Huertas Inés P. , Ramos Raúl , Simón Hipólito
Published: July 2019

This article examines wage differences across Spain's NUTS‐2 regions along the entire wage distribution based on matched employer‐employee microdata from 2006 to 2014. Unlike previous related studies, we properly control for differences in regional purchasing power parities, which are very large in practice. Although part of the raw regional wage differences observed is explained by differences between regions in productive structures, and, to a much lesser extent, in labor forces, noteworthy, very similar throughout the wage distribution regional differences net of composition effects arise even after controlling for a broad set of individual and firm characteristics.
Requirements for improving health and well‐being of children with Prader‐Willi syndrome and their families
Authors: Mackay Jessica , McCallum Zoe , Ambler Geoffrey R , Vora Komal , Nixon Gillian , Bergman Philip , Shields Nora , Milner Kate , Kapur Nitin , Crock Patricia , Caudri Daan , Curran Jaqueline , Verge Charles , Seton Chris , Tai Andrew , Tham Elaine , Musthaffa Yassmin , Lafferty Antony R , Blecher Greg , Harper Jessica , Schofield Cara , Nielsen Aleisha , Wilson Andrew , Leonard Helen , Choong Catherine S , Downs Jenny
Published: July 2019

Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic condition with multi‐system involvement. The literature was reviewed to describe neurodevelopment and the behavioural phenotype, endocrine and metabolic disorders and respiratory and sleep functioning. Implications for child and family quality of life were explored. Challenging behaviours contribute to poorer well‐being and quality of life for both the child and caregiver. Recent evidence indicates healthy outcomes of weight and height can be achieved with growth hormone therapy and dietary restriction and should be the current target for all individuals with PWS. Gaps in the literature included therapies to manage challenging behaviours, as well as understanding the effects of growth hormone on respiratory and sleep function. New knowledge regarding the transition of children and families from schooling and paediatric health services to employment, accommodation and adult health services is also needed. Developing a national population‐based registry could address these knowledge gaps and inform advocacy for support services that improve the well‐being of individuals with PWS and their families.
Effects of Jerusalem artichoke powder on the growth performance, nonspecific immunity, and gastrointestinal microbiota of sea cucumber
Authors: Jia Chenchen , Zhu Xiaozhen , Meng Xianyao , Yi Yuetao
Published: July 2019

This study investigated how Jerusalem artichoke powder (JAP) affected the growth, immunity, and gut microbiota of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. Animals were fed diets containing antibiotic (1 ppm) or five levels of JAP (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg). After the feeding trial, three sea cucumbers were sampled per tank to assay for immunity and gut microbiota composition. Dietary supplementation of 2.5 g/kg JAP significantly improved the growth rate and phenoloxidase activity of sea cucumbers. The diet containing 5 g/kg of JAP increased the survival rate and phagocytic activity, and the diet containing 15 g/kg of JAP increased the growth rate and total coelomocyte count of sea cucumbers. Moreover, exposure to antibiotics significantly changed the microbiota of sea cucumbers, while the JAP supplementation stimulated the development of microbiota communities, which could be more homogeneous. Supplementing the diets with 15 g/kg of JAP increased the growth of Rhodobacterales, and this may underlie the higher growth rate of sea cucumbers in this treatment. Considered together, our results suggest that supplementing the diet of sea cucumber with JAP may be beneficial for nonantibiotic farming of sea cucumber.
Skeletal completeness of the non‐avian theropod dinosaur fossil record
Authors: Cashmore Daniel D. , Butler Richard J.
Published: July 2019

Non‐avian theropods were a highly successful clade of bipedal, predominantly carnivorous, dinosaurs. Their diversity and macroevolutionary patterns have been the subject of many studies. Changes in fossil specimen completeness through time and space can bias our understanding of macroevolution. Here, we quantify the completeness of 455 non‐avian theropod species using the skeletal completeness metric (SCM), which calculates the proportion of a complete skeleton preserved for a specimen. Temporal patterns of theropod skeletal completeness show peaks in the Carnian, Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian and Barremian–Aptian, and lows in the Berriasian and Hauterivian. Lagerstätten primarily drive the peaks in completeness and observed taxonomic diversity in the Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian and the Barremian–Aptian. Theropods have a significantly lower distribution of completeness scores than contemporary sauropodomorph dinosaurs but change in completeness through time for the two groups shows a significant correlation when conservation Lagerstätten are excluded, possibly indicating that both records are primarily driven by geology and sampling availability. Our results reveal relatively weak temporal sampling biases acting on the theropod record but relatively strong spatial and environmental biases. Asia has a significantly more complete record than any other continent, the mid northern latitudes have the highest abundance of finds, and most complete theropod skeletons come from lacustrine and aeolian environments. We suggest that these patterns result from historical research focus, modern climate dynamics, and depositional transportation energy plus association with conservation Lagerstätten, respectively. Furthermore, we find possible ecological biases acting on different theropod subgroups, but body size does not influence theropod completeness on a global scale.
Botryosphaeriaceae species causing dieback on Annonaceae in Brazil
Authors: Machado A. R. , Custódio F. A. , Cabral P. G. C. , Capucho A. S. , Pereira O. L.
Published: July 2019

In Brazil, the Annonaceae species Annona muricata, A. squamosa, A. cherimola and atemoya (a hybrid of A. cherimola and A. squamosa) are cultivated in several regions, and produce fruits that are highly appreciated by consumers and are of great economic importance. Among the several diseases that can affect these crops, dieback is one of the most important, causing damage and, in the most severe cases, death of the plants. Due to the lack of suitable diagnostic studies up to now, this work aimed to identify the Botryosphaeriaceae species that cause dieback on Annonaceae in Brazil. Based on combined phylogenetic analyses of ITS, TEF‐1α, TUB2 and RPB2, eight species of Botryosphaeriaceae were identified, namely Lasiodiplodia brasiliense, L. crassispora, L. hormozganensis, L. iraniensis, L. pseudotheobromae, L. subglobosa, L. theobromae and Pseudofusicoccum stromaticum. All species found in this study were pathogenic and caused symptoms of necrosis in stems and dieback. Thus, this study confirms species of Botryosphaeriaceae as causal agents of dieback on Annonaceae in Brazil.
Assessing Campaign Quality: Was the 2016 Election a Travesty?
Authors: Hart Roderick P.
Published: July 2019

This article seeks to start a fresh conversation about how political campaigns are best judged. Surprisingly, there has been comparatively little research on this topic, with most scholars operating on implicit norms of what a good campaign looks like, featuring such republican criteria as ballot integrity, regime support, cognitive gains, press oversight and policy signaling. Focusing on the 2016 presidential campaign, I offer a contrarian set of criteria for judging campaign quality, including the expansion of communication networks, partisan rumination, moral interrogation, subaltern activism, economic evangelism, and more. Despite its noisiness, despite its fractiousness, I argue, the 2016 presidential campaign accomplished a great deal, but only if we look at it with fresh eyes.
Damage to Democracy: The 2016 Election and Rhetorical Judgment
Authors: Stuckey Mary E.
Published: July 2019

Roderick Hart provides a useful set of criteria through which he argues we can better assess elections and their usefulness to democracy. While finding some points of agreement with Hart's assessment of the 2016 election, this essay takes up the question of whether his criteria advance our understanding of elections as contributing to the practice of rhetorical and political judgment.
Biochar impact on the estimation of the colorimetric‐based enzymatic assays of soil
Authors: Cardelli Roberto , Becagli Michelangelo , Marchini Fausto , Saviozzi Alessandro
Published: July 2019

This study was carried out in order to assess the influence of biochar applications on the estimation of colorimetric‐based enzymatic assays and to verify the effectiveness of the most common methods. Since most methods used to determine enzymatic activities in the soil are based on colorimetry, biochar may absorb substrates and/or coloured products thereby distorting the analytical result. Biochar was added to two soils, with different textures and cation exchangeable capacities, at a rate of 2% (w/w), and seven enzyme activities were determined following standard methods. The biochar amendment lowered the spectrophotometer reading of the activity of FDAase and dehydrogenase in the sandy soil. In the three enzymatic activities based on p‐nitrophenol production (β‐glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulphatase), the addition of biochar did not change the enzyme assays. The biochar led to an overestimation in terms of the protease and urease activities in the sandy soil. In the clay loamy soil, biochar did not change the response of any of the enzyme activities tested. A biochar dose of up to 2% only guarantees the effectiveness of the most common spectrophotometric methods for not excessively sandy soils.
An unreported NB‐LRR protein SUT1 is required for the autoimmune response mediated by type one protein phosphatase 4 mutation (topp4‐1) in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yan Jia , Liu Yaqiong , Huang Xiahe , Li Lang , Hu Zhihong , Zhang Jing , Qin Qianqian , Yan Longfeng , He Kai , Wang Yingchun , Hou Suiwen
Published: July 2019

Our previous study indicates that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is involved in plant immunity. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, a genetic screening assay was carried out to identify suppressors of type one protein phosphatase 4 mutation (topp4‐1) (sut). Molecular and genetic approaches were used to investigate the mechanism of activation of autoimmune response in topp4‐1. We performed a map‐based cloning assay to identify the SUT1 gene, which encodes a coiled‐coil nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich‐repeat (NB‐LRR) protein (CNL). SUT1 physically interacts with TYPE ONE PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 4 (TOPP4) and topp4‐1. The mutated topp4‐1 protein activates the autoimmune response in the cytoplasm and promotes the accumulation of SUT1 at both the transcription and the protein levels. Furthermore, our genetic and physical interactions confirm that the topp4‐1‐induced autoimmune responses are probably mediated by HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) and REQUIRED FOR MLA12 RESISTANCE 1 (RAR1). This study reveals that TOPP4 phosphatase is likely guarded by SUT1 in plant immunity.
Hearing Imparied Students’ Attitudes Towards Physical Education and Sports
Authors: Dalbudak İbrahim , Yiğit ŞıhMehmet
Published: July 2019

In this study, it was aimed to determine the attitudes and opinions of hearing impaired primary school, high school, and university students towards physical education and sports lesson according to various variables.To the study, a total of 136 students (50 females and 86 males) with hearing-impairment, who are participating physical education and sports lesson in provinces of İzmir and Muğla between 2017-2018 education year, voluntarily participated.In the study, 2-part questionnaires were applied to the students. In the first part demographic features, and in the second part “Physical Education and Sports Attitude Scale” consisting of 12 positive and 12 negative items, a total of 24, which was developed by Demirhan and Altay (2001) to measure the attitudes of the students, were used. The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient was calculated as 0.93; and validity coefficient of the scale as 0.83. In the analysis of the data; frequency, and percentage distributions were used and the relationship between physical education and sports attitude scores were analyzed with correlation analysis. The t-test was used to determine the difference according to gender, sporting status, and disability status in the analyses about physical education and sports attitude scores. Besides, one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) was used to determine the difference according to educational status, branches of sports, and level of income.  The obtained data was recorded by using a programme called SPSS 22.00 in silico.In this study, attitude scale scores of the physical education and sports showed a significant difference according to gender (p<0,05). Males showed a better attitude than females. It does not show a difference according to education status (p>,05). The average scores of the primary school, high school, and university students were close to each other. It showed a difference according to hearing impaired students’ sporting status (p>,05). No significant difference was found according to students’ branches of sports (p>,05). There was no significant difference according to doing individual and team sports. It was stated that there was a significant difference according to students’ level of income (p<0,05); it showed that there was a significant difference between 500-1000 and 1000-2000, and 500-1000 and over 2000. No significant difference was found according to students’ disability status (p>,05). It shows difference according to students’ having congenital or afterward disability.According to the results of the study the participation of hearing-impaired students in physical education and sports activities; show that they qualify their leisure time doing sports and exercises, physical education and sports will provide significant benefits in my life. Allocating an important time to physical education and sports activities, they create awareness in the community, representing their country in Paralympic games show that they show a positive attitude towards physical education and sports.
Molecular Epidemiology ofXanthomonas perforansOutbreaks in Tomato Plants from Transplant to Field as Determined by Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis
Authors: Abrahamian Peter , Timilsina Sujan , Minsavage Gerald V. , Potnis Neha , Jones Jeffrey B. , Goss Erica M. , Vallad Gary E.
Published: July 2019

Current management ofXanthomonas perforanson tomato plants mainly relies on the frequent application of pesticides. However, the lack of effective pesticides and the development of strain tolerance to certain bactericides limit the ability to control outbreaks in production fields. Better knowledge of probable sources ofX. perforansinoculum during tomato production is required to refine management strategies. Tomato plants are typically established in the field using transplants. This study aimed to determine if strains from field epidemics were coming from transplant facilities or resulted from local field outbreaks. The overall goal was to identify potential sources of inoculum and subsequently develop strategies to reduce carryover from transplant production to the field. Our results indicate that tomato producers should shift disease management efforts to transplant facilities to reduce disease in the field. Improved transplant health should reduce the likelihood of bacterial spot outbreaks and subsequently reduce pesticide usage in the field.
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Panama, an Understudied Serovar Responsible for Extraintestinal Salmonellosis Worldwide
Authors: Pulford Caisey V. , Perez-Sepulveda Blanca M. , Rodwell Ella V. , Weill François-Xavier , Baker Kate S. , Hinton Jay C. D.
Published: July 2019

In recent years nontyphoidal
Salmonella
has emerged as one of the pathogens most frequently isolated from the bloodstream in humans. Only a small group of
Salmonella
serovars cause this systemic infection, known as invasive nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Here, we present a focused minireview on
Salmonella enterica
serovar Panama, a serovar responsible for invasive salmonellosis worldwide.
S
.
Population Structure, Molecular Epidemiology, and β-Lactamase Diversity among Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Isolates in the United States
Authors: Mojica Maria F. , Rutter Joseph D. , Taracila Magdalena , Abriata Luciano A. , Fouts Derrick E. , Papp-Wallace Krisztina M. , Walsh Thomas J. , LiPuma John J. , Vila Alejandro J. , Bonomo Robert A.
Published: July 2019

Multiple antibiotic resistance mechanisms, including two β-lactamases, L1, a metallo-β-lactamase, and L2, a class A cephalosporinase, make
S. maltophilia
naturally multidrug resistant. Thus, infections caused by
S. maltophilia
pose a big therapeutic challenge. Our study aims to understand the microbiological and molecular characteristics of
S. maltophilia
isolates recovered from human sources. A highlight of the resistance profile of this collection is the excellent activity of the ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam combination. We hope this result prompts controlled and observational studies to add clinical data on the utility and safety of this therapy. We also identify 35 and 43 novel variants of L1 and L2, respectively, some of which harbor novel substitutions that could potentially affect substrate and/or inhibitor binding. We believe our results provide valuable knowledge to understand the epidemiology of this species and to advance mechanism-based inhibitor design to add to the limited arsenal of antibiotics active against this pathogen.
Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Are Not Predictive of Colonic Tumor Status and Cannot Be Predicted Based on Bacterial Community Structure
Authors: Sze Marc A. , Topçuoğlu Begüm D. , Lesniak Nicholas A. , Ruffin Mack T. , Schloss Patrick D.
Published: July 2019

Considering that colorectal cancer is the third leading cancer-related cause of death within the United States, it is important to detect colorectal tumors early and to prevent the formation of tumors. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are often used as a surrogate for measuring gut health and for being anticarcinogenic because of their anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the fecal SCFA concentrations of a cohort of individuals with different colonic tumor burdens who were previously analyzed to identify microbiome-based biomarkers of tumors. We were unable to find an association between SCFA concentration and tumor burden or use SCFAs to improve our microbiome-based models of classifying people based on their tumor status. Furthermore, we were unable to find an association between the fecal community structure and SCFA concentrations. Our results indicate that the association between fecal SCFAs, the gut microbiome, and tumor burden is weak.
Developing a pan-cancer research autopsy programme
Authors: Bavi Prashant , Siva Madura , Abi-Saab Tarek , Chadwick Dianne , Dhani Neesha , Butany Jagdish , Joshua Anthony M , Roehrl Michael H
Published: July 2019

Aims

Rapid procurement of a wide variety of metastatic and primary cancers and normal tissues after death through rapid autopsy opens largely unexplored avenues in cancer research. We describe a high-volume rapid research autopsy programme at a large academic medical centre.

Methods

Advanced-stage cancer patients, most commonly inpatients in palliative care facilities, were approached to participate in a cancer research autopsy programme with the goal of acquiring multidimensionally annotated tissue for cancer research. On death of an enrolled patient, a predetermined notification plan was enacted, with the medical oncologist/clinical research coordinator informing a team of pathologists, researchers and allied staff. Quality assurance metrics were measured. Thereafter, tissues were annotated in a tissue bioinformatics database and linked to electronic patient records. All banked tissues were reviewed for tumour integrity, including DNA and RNA quality.

Results

Over 100 rapid research autopsies from diverse cancer sites were performed, and specimens were procured and annotated with detailed clinical information, including treatment and response. Tissues were successfully enabling studies of tumour immunology, xenografts, genomics and proteomics.

Conclusions

Large-scale rapid procurement and biobanking of cancer tissues from a rapid autopsy programme is feasible. Multidisciplinary integration between health and administrative staff from medical oncology, palliative care, pathology and biospecimen sciences is critical for the success of this challenging endeavour.
Car-following model based delay feedback control method with the gyroidal road
Authors: Zhai Cong , Wu Weitiao
Published: July 2019

Connected vehicles are expected to become commercially available by the next decade. In this work, we propose a delay feedback control method for car-following model on a gyroidal road. By using the Hurwitz criteria and the condition for transfer function in terms of [Formula: see text]-norm, the impact of controller gain coefficient and the delay time on the performance of traffic flow is investigated. Based on the bode curve, we verify that the designed delay feedback controller is effective in suppressing traffic congestion and reducing energy consumption. The enhanced traffic flow model is more sensitive to the controller gain coefficient and delay time at downhill situation compared to the uphill situation. The conclusion obtained from the simulation example is consistent with the theoretical analysis.
Medical decision support systems based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps
Authors: Habib Shaista , Akram Muhammad
Published: July 2019

This paper determines the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and nutrition level in infants aged 0–6 months using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs). The aim of this study is to facilitates the medical experts to early detects these diseases with accuracy, so that overall death ratio can be reduced. Firstly, we have introduced the concepts of FCMs and briefly refer to the applications of these methods in medical. After that, two intelligent decision support systems for cardiovascular and malnutrition are developed using FCMs. The proposed cardiovascular risk assessment system takes six inputs: chest pain, cholesterol, heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and old peak and determines CVDs risk. The second decision support system of malnutrition diagnosis takes twelve inputs: breastfeeding, daily income, maternal education, colostrum intake, energy intake, protein intake, vitamin A intake, iron intake, family size, height, weight, head circumference, and skin fold thickness and diagnoses the nutrition level in infants. We have explained the working of both decision support systems using case studies.
A Computer Simulation for Quantal Interference
Authors: Morris Noah A. , Styer Daniel F.
Published: July 2019

Interference of particles is one of the central phenomena of quantum mechanics. The computer program InterferenceSimulator demonstrates two-slit Fresnel interference patterns with one, the other, or both slits open. A magnetic flux situated between the two slits allows the demonstration of the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Simulations with short de Broglie wavelengths illustrate the classical limit of quantum mechanics. Because of the universality of wave phenomena, this program also demonstrates the geometrical-optics limit of wave optics for small wavelengths.
Prismatic Sets Associated with Planar Rooted Trees
Authors: Gürbüzer S. Kaan , Akyar Bedia
Published: July 2019

We construct the almost strong prismatic structure on the set of planar rooted trees and the bicomplex of planar rooted trees. Furthermore, we study the prismatic properties of Loday’s algebraic operations on the set of planar rooted trees.
Improving the Consistency of Injection Molding Products by Intelligent Temperature Compensation Control
Authors: Ruan Yufei , Gao Huang , Li Dequn
Published: July 2019

Temperature stability is critical to the consistency of product quality in the injection molding process, and it is very necessary to improve the temperature control accuracy under dynamic conditions. However, due to the large time delay, strong coupling, and the dynamic characteristics existing in the system, it is not an easy task to achieve precise temperature control in the injection molding process. In this paper, a new intelligent temperature compensation control strategy for the injection molding process under dynamic conditions is proposed in order to solve two key problems in the compensation control strategy: the compensation time and compensation quantity. A data-based feedforward iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm is designed to learn the optimal compensation time. Once the optimal compensation time is learned, a deep Q-learning algorithm which combined Q-learning with an artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to learn the optimal compensation quantity. An experimental platform is designed to validate the superiority of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively improve temperature control accuracy under dynamic conditions. Meanwhile, the product consistency has also been improved.
Harvested Energy Maximization of SWIPT System with Popularity Cache Scheme in Dense Small Cell Networks
Authors: Peng Xuefei , Li Jiandong
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we propose a harvested energy maximization problem of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system with popularity cache scheme in dense small cell networks. Firstly, network model, content request, and popularity cache schemes are provided in the system model. Then, we establish a harvested energy maximization problem of SWIPT system with popularity cache scheme in dense small cell networks, where maximum transmit power of small cell base stations (SBSs), minimum rate requirement, i.e., quality of service (QoS) of user terminals (UTs), and power splitting ratio are considered. Further, an iterative power splitting ratio and power allocation optimization (IPSPA) algorithm is proposed to solve the formulated problem. Finally, the better performance of our proposed method is demonstrated through a number of simulations. These results are of significance for maximizing harvesting energy of UTs and reducing consumption of backhaul resources and energy.
Therapeutic Effect of the Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant SkQ1 on the Culture Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Fetisova Elena K. , Muntyan Maria S. , Lyamzaev Konstantin G. , Chernyak Boris V.
Published: July 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease of unknown etiology characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration that affects both the white and gray matter of CNS. Recent large-scale epidemiological and genomic studies identified several genetic and environmental risk factors for the disease. Among them are environmental factors of infectious origin, possibly causing MS, which include Epstein-Barr virus infection, reactivation of some endogenous retrovirus groups, and infection by pathogenic bacteria (mycobacteria, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Helicobacter pylori). However, the nature of the events leading to the activation of immune cells in MS is mostly unknown and there is no effective therapy against the disease. Amazingly, whatever the cause of the disease, signs of damage to the nerve tissue with MS lesions were the same as with infectious leprosy, while in the latter case nitrozooxidative stress was suggested as the main cause of the nerve damage. With this in mind and following the hypothesis that excessive production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species critically contributes to MS pathogenesis, we studied the effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 in an in vitro MS model of the primary oligodendrocyte culture of the cerebellum, challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SkQ1 was found to accumulate in the mitochondria of oligodendrocytes and microglial cells, and it was also found to prevent LPS-induced inhibition of myelin production in oligodendrocytes. The results implicate that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants could be promising candidates as components of a combined therapy for MS and related neurological disorders.
Prognostic Value of the Advanced Lung Cancer Inflammation Index in Patients with Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhang Yi , Chen Bo
Published: July 2019

Background. The advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) has been related to tumor survival in lung cancer (LC) patients. However, these findings regarding the prognostic relevance of ALI in LC were inconsistent. Our study is aimed at characterizing the prognostic significance of low pretreatment ALI in LC cases. Methods. Relevant published studies were systematically searched in several online databases. The combined hazard ratios (HRs) were applied to assess the correlation between ALI and overall/recurrence-free/progression-free survival (OS/PFS/RFS) in LC. Results. A total of 1587 LC patients from eight articles were recruited. Pooled results indicated that pretreatment ALI was significantly associated with prognosis in cases with LC. Compared to those with high-ALI, LC cases in the low-ALI group had a poorer OS (HR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.34-1.93, p<0.001). Subgroup analyses further revealed the negative significant prognostic value of low ALI in LC. In addition, low ALI had obvious connection with inferior PFS/RFS (HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.35-2.07, p<0.001) in LC patients. Conclusions. Low ALI before treatments indicates poor prognosis in LC patients. Serum ALI may serve as a promising predictive tumor marker of survival in LC sufferers.
Finite Switchboard State Machines Based on Cubic Sets
Authors: Yaqoob Naveed , Abughazalah Nabilah
Published: July 2019

We study the cubic finite switchboard state machines (cubic fssms) intensively. The notions of (resp., good, strong) subsystem of cubic fssm are introduced. We prove that the Cartesian composition of two (resp., good, strong) subsystems of cubic fssms is (resp., good, strong) subsystem of cubic fssm. Similarly, the product of two (resp., good, strong) subsystems of cubic fssms is (resp. good, strong) subsystem of cubic fssm. We define the homomorphism between two of cubic fssms and proved some related results. Many examples on each case are provided.
Seasonal Variation and Characterization of the Micrometeorology in Linpan Settlements in the Chengdu Plain, China: Microclimatic Effects of Linpan Size and Tree Distribution
Authors: Zong Hua , Pu De-hua , Liu Mei-lin
Published: July 2019

Linpan settlements (abbreviated as Linpan) are the most important traditional type of rural settlement in the Chengdu Plain, and they are an important part of the agroforestry ecological system in southwest China. In this study, we measured the micrometeorological parameters (air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed) in 12 Linpans for two years to determine the seasonal micrometeorology variations; then, we explored the impacts of Linpan size and tree distribution on the Linpan micrometeorology. The results show that the Linpans undergo seasonal cooling (from 0.6 to 1.3°C), humidification (from 0.9% to 4.1%), reduction in solar radiation flux (from 92.1 to 496.0 W/m2), and changes in wind speed (by 0.4 to 0.5 m/s) compared to the surrounding environment. Both solar radiation flux and wind speed showed the following decreasing trend with respect to sampling positions in the Linpan: outside > edge > center. The Linpan size did not affect the solar radiation flux or wind speed over the four seasons. The main factor affecting solar radiation flux and wind speed was the horizontal tree distribution not the Linpan size. However, the Linpan size was significantly correlated with the air temperature in summer and winter. Large Linpans (>5 × 103 m2) showed better ability to control the temperature to within a comfortable range in extremely hot and cold seasons. The Linpan size also showed a negative relationship with the relative humidity, but only in winter. Among the tree distribution patterns, a scattered distribution was optimal to achieve a comfortable micrometeorology over the course of the year. In addition, we suggest some ways to adapt the Linpan micrometeorology, which could be used to protect traditional Linpans, as well as for ecological restoration.
Hyaluronan-Based Grafting Strategies for Liver Stem Cell Therapy and Tracking Methods
Authors: Nevi Lorenzo , Safarikia Samira , Di Matteo Sabina , Biancaniello Francesca , Chiappetta Michele Francesco , Cardinale Vincenzo
Published: July 2019

Cell adhesion is essential for survival, it plays important roles in physiological cell functions, and it is an innovative target in regenerative medicine. Among the molecular interactions and the pathways triggered during cell adhesion, the binding of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, to hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix, is a crucial step. Cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for advanced liver diseases; however, so far, it has led to low cell engraftment and limited cell repopulation of the target tissue. Currently, different strategies are under investigation to improve cell grafting in the liver, including the use of organic and inorganic biomatrices that mimic the microenvironment of the extracellular matrix. Hyaluronans, major components of stem cell niches, are attractive candidates for coating stem cells since they improve viability, proliferation, and engraftment in damaged livers. In this review, we will discuss the new strategies that have been adopted to improve cell grafting and track cells after transplantation.
Improving Upconversion Photoluminescence of GdAlO3:Er3+, Yb3+ Phosphors via Ga3+, Lu3+ Doping
Authors: Deng Taoli , Yan Shirun , Jiang Xiangbang , Zhang Qiuyun
Published: July 2019

GdAlO3:Er3+, Yb3+ phosphors doped with Lu3+, Ga3+ ions were prepared via coprecipitation. The influences of substituting Ga3+ for Al3+ and substituting Lu3+ for Gd3+ on the structure and upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) of the phosphors were studied. The experimental results show that the crystal textures did not change but the lattice parameters changed slightly via Lu3+, Ga3+ doping. This results in a decrease in the host phonon energy and a marked improvement in the green emission spectrum at 546nm. Moreover, the amounts of surface CO2, CO32-, and OH- species gradually decreased with Lu3+, Ga3+ doping. The combined effects led to an improvement in the UCPL efficiency with Ga3+, Lu3+ doping.
An Improved Squirrel Search Algorithm for Optimization
Authors: Zheng Tongyi , Luo Weili
Published: July 2019

Squirrel search algorithm (SSA) is a new biological‐inspired optimization algorithm, which has been proved to be more effective for solving unimodal, multimodal, and multidimensional optimization problems. However, similar to other swarm intelligence‐based algorithms, SSA also has its own disadvantages. In order to get better global convergence ability, an improved version of SSA called ISSA is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an adaptive strategy of predator presence probability is proposed to balance the exploration and exploitation capabilities of the algorithm. Secondly, a normal cloud model is introduced to describe the randomness and fuzziness of the foraging behavior of flying squirrels. Thirdly, a selection strategy between successive positions is incorporated to preserve the best position of flying squirrel individuals. Finally, in order to enhance the local search ability of the algorithm, a dimensional search enhancement strategy is utilized. 32 benchmark functions including unimodal, multimodal, and CEC 2014 functions are used to test the global search ability of the proposed ISSA. Experimental test results indicate that ISSA provides competitive performance compared with the basic SSA and other four well‐known state‐of‐the‐art optimization algorithms.
Neuroglobin: A Novel Player in the Oxidative Stress Response of Cancer Cells
Authors: Fiocchetti Marco , Fernandez Virginia Solar , Montalesi Emiliano , Marino Maria
Published: July 2019

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from intracellular aerobic metabolism and/or extracellular stimuli. Although endogenous antioxidant systems exquisitely balance ROS production, an excess of ROS production, commonly found in diverse human degenerative pathologies including cancer, gives rise to the oxidative stress. Increased oxidative stress in cancer is related to the sustained proliferation and metabolism of cancer cells. However, cancer cells show an intrinsic higher antioxidant capacity with respect to the normal counterpart as well as an ability to cope with oxidative stress-induced cell death by establishing mechanisms of adaptation, which define a selective advantage against the adverse oxidative stress environment. The identification of survival factors and adaptive pathways, set up by cancer cells against oxidative stress, provides multiple targets for the therapeutic intervention against cancer. Neuroglobin (NGB), a globin primarily described in neurons as an oxidative stress sensor and cytoprotective factor against redox imbalance, has been recently recognized as a novel tumor-associated protein. In this review, the involvement of NGB in the cancer cell adaptation and resistance to oxidative stress will be discussed highlighting the globin role in the regulation of both the stress-induced apoptotic pathway and antioxidant systems activated by cancer cells.
Using Coupled Rheometer-FBRM to Study Rheological Properties and Microstructure of Cemented Paste Backfill
Authors: Wang Hongjiang , Yang Liuhua , Li Hong , Zhou Xu , Wang Xiaotian
Published: July 2019

Rheological properties, such as the yield stress, viscosity, and thixotropy, are related to the microstructure of cemented paste backfill (CPB). To highlight the relationship, two instruments were combined to measure the changes in the microstructure and the rheological properties of CPB simultaneously. In this way, the particle/agglomerate size distribution characterized by the focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and the rheological factors measured by the rheometers could be directly linked. The results show that when under shearing, the intrinsic network structure of CPB responds to the shear-induced stresses with the interference of interparticle forces, leading to changes in the rheological behavior. Shear thinning can be found in CPB suspensions with a microstructure that is either loose interconnection or random. With an increase in the shear rate, random collisions among particles become organized in the flow, lowering the yield stress and viscosity. However, when the shear rate exceeds a certain threshold value, the rheological parameters change as a result of shear thickening. The results of this study contribute to better understanding of the complex rheological behavior of CPB.
The Beneficial Roles of SIRT1 in Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Yan Tingdong , Huang Jinlong , Nisar Muhammad Farrukh , Wan Chunpeng , Huang Weifeng
Published: July 2019

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) as a result of accumulated drugs in the human body metabolized into toxic agents and helps generate heavy oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, which induces necrosis in hepatocytes and ultimately damages the liver. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is said to have multiple vital roles in cell proliferation, aging, and antistress systems of the human body. The levels of SIRT1 and its activation precisely modulate its critical role in the interaction between multiple step procedures of DILI. The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell- (NF-κB-) mediated inflammation signaling pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress also contribute to aggravate DILI. Apoptosis is regarded as the terminal reaction followed by multiple signaling cascades including caspases, p53, and mitochondrial dysfunction which have been said to contribute in DILI. The SIRT1 activator is regarded as a potential candidate for DILI, because the former could inhibit signaling of p53, NF-κB, and ER stress. On the other hand, overexpression of SIRT1 also enhances the activation of antioxidant responses via Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1- (Keap1-) nuclear factor- (erythroid-derived 2-) like 2 (Nrf2) signaling. The current manuscript will highlight the mechanism of DILI and the interaction of SIRT1 with various cytoplasmic factors leading to DILI along with the summary of potent SIRT1 agonists.
Incidence of Breast Cancer in Eritrea: A Retrospective Study from 2011 to 2017
Authors: Medhin Lidia B. , Tekle Lia A. , Fikadu Daniel T. , Sibhatu Danait B. , Gebreyohans Samson F. , Gebremichael Kibrom H. , Halki Tesfamariam M. , Said Saleh M. , Ghidei Yosief T. , Lobeck Hartmut
Published: July 2019

In Africa, breast cancer closely compares with cervical cancer as the most common malignancy affecting women and the incidence rates appear to be rising. Eritrea is experiencing a growing breast cancer problem, but little is presently known on tumor patterns, breast cancer epidemiology, and risk factors. The main objective of this study is to provide baseline data on breast cancer incidence in both sexes in Eritrea. This study was carried out retrospectively and quantitatively by collecting, abstracting, analyzing, coding, and interpreting data recorded in National Health Laboratory (NHL) using CanReg5 ver. 5.00.35. Extracting and classification of the tumor data was done using topography, morphology together with the ICD-10. To generate the incidence rate for the seven years the Eritrean population dataset was used from the population pyramid net for 2014. After we entered all the data from Pathology department in NHL, data was analyzed using the predetermined and developed built-in analysis tools of CanReg5 software and Microsoft Excel 2010. A total number of 9,403 pathology cases were recorded from 2011 to 2017. Out of these 1,497 cases were confirmed as cytology and histology of breast cases. From 1,497 confirmed breast cases in both sexes, the incidence of benign cases was higher than incidence of malignant cases with the case number of 1, 149, and 348, respectively. Out of the 1,497 cases, 1,447 (96.66%) were females; this included a total incidence cases of female benign and malignant breast cases 1,111 (76.78%), and 336 (23.22%), respectively. In both female and male age group the highest positive cases were found in the age greater than 85. The incidence age standard rate per 100,000 in females and male was 3.3 and 0.2, respectively. In sum, the age standardized incidence of breast cancer was relatively low. However, it is our opinion that the low prevalence may be due to low awareness and a highly centralized screening and diagnostic services. This limits access. Altogether, it is our opinion that breast cancer presents a burden to Eritrean ministry of health.
Targeting Early Atherosclerosis: A Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Authors: Marchio Patricia , Guerra-Ojeda Sol , Vila José M. , Aldasoro Martín , Victor Victor M. , Mauricio Maria D.
Published: July 2019

Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is one of the key factors for the development of atherosclerosis. Nonoxidized LDL have a low affinity for macrophages, so they are not themselves a risk factor. However, lowering LDL levels is a common clinical practice to reduce oxidation and the risk of major events in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Inflammation and immunity are key factors for the development and complications of atherosclerosis, and therefore, the whole atherosclerotic process is a target for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focus on early stages of the disease and we address both biomarkers and therapeutic approaches currently available and under research.