bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SlMYB1R1‐SlSWEET12c module synergistically promotes sugar accumulation in tomato fruits
Authors: Liu Hui , Zhang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Rong‐Rong , Chen Chen , Tao Jian‐Ping , Xiong Jin‐Song , Xiong Ai‐Sheng
Published: February 2025

Tomato (Solanum lycopersium), a globally significant vegetable crop prized for its distinctive flavor, relies on efficient sugar allocation for fruit development. Despite this, the molecular module underlying the translocation of sugars from sources to sinks within the tomato remains elusive. Sugar will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs), a class of proteins known to mediate sugar transport, have been implicated in the process. Here, we discovered that SlSWEET12c, belonged to subfamily III, which was markedly upregulated during the development of tomato fruits. The subcellular localization of SlSWEET12c‐GFP to the plasma and vacuolar membrane supported its putative role in apoplasmic sucrose transport. Complementary growth in a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant strain SUSY7/ura3 confirmed SlSWEET12c with sucrose transport activity. Overexpressing and CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockdown of SlSWEET12c in tomato plants demonstrated its role in promoting sugar accumulation in fruits. Additionally, the MYB transcription factor SlMYB1R1 was obtained by screening the cDNA library of tomato, which was highly expressed during tomato fruit development with a similar pattern to SlSWEET12c. The SlMYB1R1 could bind to the SlSWEET12c promoter and regulate its activity, thereby positively promoting sugar accumulation in tomato fruits. Collectively, our findings presented a novel role for the SlMYB1R1‐SlSWEET12c module in facilitating sugar accumulation and provided a basis for future efforts to breed crops with enhanced sugar content.
Rationality of forms of M¯0,n$\overline{{\mathcal {M}}}_{0,n}$
Authors: Hassett Brendan , Tschinkel Yuri , Zhang Zhijia
Published: February 2025

We study equivariant geometry and rationality of moduli spaces of points on the projective line, for twists associated with permutations of the points.
Weak quasi‐F$F$‐splitting and del Pezzo varieties
Authors: Kawakami Tatsuro , Tanaka Hiromu
Published: February 2025

We show that smooth del Pezzo varieties in positive characteristic are quasi‐‐split. To this end, we introduce weak quasi‐‐splitting and we prove that general ladders of smooth del Pezzo varieties are normal.
Breath‐by‐breath measurement of alveolar gas exchange must preserve mass balance and conform to a physiological definition of a breath
Authors: Girardi Michele , Capelli Carlo , Ferguson Carrie , Ward Susan A. , Rossiter Harry B.
Published: February 2025

Tidal breathing in awake humans is variable. This variability causes changes in lung gas stores that affect gas exchange measurements. To overcome this, several algorithms provide solutions for breath‐by‐breath alveolar gas exchange measurement; however, there is no consensus on a physiologically robust method suitable for widespread application. A recent approach, the ‘independent‐breath’ (IND) algorithm, avoids the complexity of measuring breath‐by‐breath changes in lung volume by redefining what is meant by a ‘breath’. Specifically, it defines a single breathing cycle as the time between equal values of the / (or /) ratio, that is, the ratio of fractional concentrations of lung‐expired O2 (or CO2) and nitrogen (N2). These developments imply that the end of one breath is not, by necessity, aligned with the start of the next. Here we demonstrate how the use of the IND algorithm fails to conserve breath‐by‐breath mass balance of O2 and CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and tissues (and vice versa). We propose a new term, within the IND algorithm, designed to overcome this limitation. We also present the far‐reaching implications of using algorithms based on alternative definitions of the breathing cycle, including challenges in measuring and interpreting the respiratory exchange ratio, pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, dead space fraction of the breath, control of breathing, and a broad spectrum of clinically relevant cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables. Therefore, we do not support the widespread adoption of currently available alternative definitions of the breathing cycle as a legitimate solution for breath‐by‐breath alveolar gas exchange measurement in research or clinical settings.
A method for dyadic cardiac rhythmicity analysis: Preliminary evidence on bilateral interactions in fetal–maternal cardiac dynamics
Authors: Candia‐Rivera Diego , Chavez Mario
Published: February 2025

Cardiac activity responds dynamically to metabolic demands and neural regulation. However, little is known about this process during pregnancy. Reports show occasional fetal–maternal heart rate couplings, but it has remained unclear whether these couplings extend to more complex oscillatory patterns of the heart rhythm. We developed a framework of time‐varying measures of heart rate and rhythm, to test the presence of co‐varying patterns in concurrent maternal and fetal measures (late pregnancy dataset, n = 10, and labour dataset, n = 12). These measures were derived from first and second‐order Poincaré plots, with the aim to describe changes in short‐ and long‐term rhythmicity, but also the dynamic shifts in acceleration and deceleration of heart rate. We found episodes of maternal–fetal co‐varying patterns of cardiac rhythm in all the measures explored, in both datasets (at least 90% of the dataset presented a significant maternal–fetal correlation in each measure, with P < 0.001), with dynamic delays suggesting bilateral interactions at different time scales. We also found that these couplings intensify during labour (test between late pregnancy vs. labour datasets, P < 0.0015 in all second‐order Poincaré plot‐derived measures). While most literature suggests that the fetal heart responds to maternal breathing patterns or contractions, we propose the possibility that the fetal heart may also have a signalling function in the context of co‐regulatory mechanisms and maternal inter‐organ interactions. Understanding these complex visceral oscillations in utero may enhance the assessment of a healthy fetal development.
A Feasible Low-Cost System for Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Sit-to-Stand Movement
Authors: Wang Daoyuan , Tang Yang , Xu Shengqian , Wang Yichong , Yu Jingtao , Gu Zenghui , Ning Gangmin
Published: February 2025

The sit-to-stand (STS) movement is a common activity essential for independence and mobility. Traditional methods for assessing STS often involve costly laboratory equipment, limiting their accessibility. This study introduced an economic alternative to the standard motion capture setup. The system presented in this study used an Azure Kinect and a plantar pressure sensor mat to acquire kinematic and kinetic data simultaneously during the STS. The Kinect provided non-contact motion capture, while the pressure sensor array measured ground reaction forces. To address the Kinect's inherent limitations in capturing extremity movements and the sensor array's inability to measure tangential forces, algorithms for the correction of lower limb joints and a multisource fusion model were developed. The accuracy of the proposed system was evaluated against a gold standard Vicon motion capture system. The results indicated that the system delivered estimates comparable to reference values for joint angles (r ranging from 0.85 to 0.99), antero-posterior and vertical ground reaction forces (r ranging from 0.81 to 0.98), joint reaction forces of knee and ankle (r ranging from 0.83 to 0.90), and joint moments of hip and ankle (r ranging from 0.77 to 0.82), suggesting that the proposed system can provide vital kinematic and kinetic data for efficient STS analysis. This study offered an accessible and practical solution for monitoring and assessing mobility in various settings.
Effect of various degrees of anterior disc displacement on the biomechanical response of the masticatory system
Authors: Teng Haidong , Sun Tinghui , Shu Jingheng , Shao Bingmei , Liu Zhan
Published: February 2025

Anterior disc displacement (ADD) is one of the most prevalent temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It was widely recognized that occlusal factors could affect temporomandibular joint (TMJ). However, the impact of ADD on the biomechanical environment of TMJ and occlusion are still unclear. This study aimed to describe the effects of ADD on the masticatory system, including TMJ and occlusion. The finite element model (FEM) was constructed based on the medical images of a healthy adult male. The complete skull, masticatory muscles, TMJs, and related ligaments were included. Three FEMs with different degrees of ADD were constructed with disc-condyle angles of 10°, 20° and 30°. The muscle forces corresponding to intercuspal clenching were applied as the loading condition. Four models were conducted: normal, mild, moderate, and severe ADD. It was found that the overall stress distribution was relatively consistent across the four models. The contact stress on the TMJ and occlusion in severe ADD was visibly different from the other three models. In addition, the contact stress on the condyle gradually increased with the increasing occlusal strength. Abnormally high-stress concentration began to appear on the condyle at 30% muscle strength. Moderate ADD was more of a transitional stage. Compared to mild and moderate ADD, severe ADD had visibly effects on the stress response of the TMJ and the entire mandible (including occlusion), such as abnormally high stresses of the condyle, stress concentration on the second molar, and prone to disc extrusion and anterior slippage during high-strength occlusion.
Modeling and performance analysis on an integrated system combining sCO2 Brayton cycle with leakage feedback utilizing a heat pump or direct compression
Authors: Qi Yinke , Ma Xiaofeng , Jiang Dr. Peixue , Zhu Yinhai
Published: February 2025

CO2 leakage due to the coexistence of pressure differentials and clearances within the integrated turbine-alternator-compressor (TAC) of the kW-level sCO2 Brayton cycle is a key issue affecting cycle efficiency and long-term stable operation. To analyze the impact of leakage and feedback, this study examined the integrated system of the sCO2 Brayton cycle with leakage feedback and compared the system performance differences between heat pump feedback and direct compression feedback. Thermodynamic models for the Brayton cycle and feedback unit were established, and the effects of varying parameters were analyzed. A genetic algorithm was employed to further optimize the system. The selection suggestion charts for the feedback unit were obtained. It is recommended to choose a direct compression feedback unit for conditions with a cavity pressure higher than 6.41 MPa, whereas a heat pump feedback unit is recommended for other conditions. The heat pump feedback has advantages particularly at high rotational speeds, low leakage factors, and low cavity pressures. The efficiency of the optimized integrated system is improved by up to 12.53%. The net power accounted for only 53.6% of the turbine output power, the main cycle compression power accounted for 32.1%, the TAC losses accounted for 10.7%, and the total compression power of the feedback unit accounted for 3.7%. Ignoring the internal leakage and losses of TAC can overestimate the power generation capacity of the Brayton cycle, which is only 79% of the ideal case after considering losses and power consumption.
IMPROVING THE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY OF EMPIRICAL HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS FOR HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Authors: Parsons Dominic , Yuan Hao , Akehurst Sam , Esposito Stefania
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen internal combustion is widely considered a viable technology to achieve near-zero tailpipe CO2 and NOx emissions for difficult-to-electrify applications due to the maturity of ICE technology and production facilities.

1D/0D modelling is a valuable tool for engine development due to its relatively low computational requirements, but hydrogen combustion models still require further development. A large factor is gas-to-wall heat transfer, which is higher for hydrogen combustion due to higher flame temperatures and shorter quenching distance. For accurate prediction of in-cylinder temperatures, and therefore combustion rates and knock propensity, a well calibrated heat transfer model is essential.

This paper evaluates existing heat transfer models against previously published experimental cylinder pressure and heat flux data from a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine with hydrogen Port Fuel Injection (PFI). A new heat transfer correlation is developed, utilising a new fluid properties correlation to better represent the change in viscosity and conductivity with changing hydrogen concentration. Recent developments in 0D turbulence models improve the characteristic velocity calculation, which is augmented with a combustion term.

This model is tested against a second dataset from the CFR engine with lambda from 1.0 - 4.0 and compression ratios of 9 - 13, showing improved performance versus previously published models. Whilst the new model provides more consistent results during combustion for variations in lambda and compression ratio, it requires improvement in its prediction of heat loss during expansion, and further validation at higher engine speeds and different engine configurations.
Comparative Study On The Effect Of Premixed Equivalence Ratio On Engine Characteristics Of Ammonia Fuelled Engine Under Diesel Pilot Ignition Vs Spark Igition Combustion Mode
Authors: Kurien Caneon , Rousselle Christine
Published: February 2025

The adoption of zero-carbon fuel like ammonia will play a key role in the achievement of carbon neutrality targets. This work reports a comparative study on the effect of premixed equivalence ratio (varied from 0.8 to 1.25) on combustion and emission characteristics of ammonia fueled engine operating initially under (a) compression ignition (CI) mode (ignited by dodecane pilot injection), and then converted to (b) spark ignition (SI) mode (by replacing fuel injector with spark plug). The experiments were performed in a single-cylinder engine (compression ratio = 16.4:1) and the ammonia energy fraction was maintained at 95% during the CI mode and 100% ammonia in the SI mode. The results indicated that neat ammonia operation could be achieved satisfactorily by converting the existing CI engine configuration to operate in spark ignition mode with a stable engine operation with lower COVIMEP (less than 3%) at near stoichiometric to rich conditions. The power output and indicated thermal efficiency are lower in SI mode than in CI mode, certainly due to the occurrence of multiple auto-ignition sites. Moreover, the unburned ammonia emissions were observed to be higher in SI mode as compared to CI mode, especially in rich conditions. As expected, the carbon-based emissions reduced significantly in the SI operating mode as it is only due to lubricant oil leakages. N2O emissions were higher at near stoichiometric-rich conditions but remain below 100 ppm.
Hybrid Total Allowable Catch strategy can sustain productive mixed fisheries and conserve both target and non-target species
Authors: Sun Ming , Wo Jia , Ren Yiping , Chen Yong
Published: February 2025

Total Allowable Catches (TACs) are vital for managing fishing pressure and preventing overfishing. However, single-species TACs (SSTACs) in multispecies fisheries often lead to bycatch and choking-species issues, where fisheries close prematurely when the TAC for one species is met. Multispecies TACs (MSTACs), while potentially more effective, are rarely used due to the complexity of multispecies stock assessment. A “hybrid TAC” system, combining SSTAC for target species and MSTAC for non-target species, offers a balanced approach to conserving vulnerable species and managing overall fishing pressure. Using a size-spectrum model for multispecies, multi-gear fisheries in the Northern Yellow Sea, we evaluated the performance of SSTAC and MSTAC in terms of fishery production, conservation, and ecosystem health. SSTACs reduced target species yield and caused frequent choking-species issues, increasing depletion risks for non-target species. In contrast, MSTACs balanced biomass conservation with yield maintenance, reducing risks at species and community levels. These findings underscore the potential of hybrid TACs in mixed fisheries, emphasizing the need for holistic, flexible management approaches.
Perfusion Index Predicts the Effectiveness of Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block in Children Under General Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chu Tiantian , Zhou Siqi , Peng Ting , Tao Hong , Chen Han , Yan Xu , Xin Yueyang , Tian Zhang , Wang Jinxu , Deng Lingli , Xu Aijun
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the predictive value of perfusion index (PI) in determining the effectiveness of supraclavicular block (SCB) in children under sevoflurane or propofol general anesthesia.

Methods: In this randomized controlled study, 104 children who underwent elective upper extremity surgery under sevoflurane or propofol anesthesia were scheduled to be enrolled. The primary outcome was the effects of PI in predicting the effectiveness of SCB under general anesthesia. The PI value was obtained through pulse oximetries. Secondary outcomes include hemodynamic data, supplementary opioid doses, agitation score, pain score, and postoperative complications.

Results: A total of 103 pediatric patients were analyzed. PI increased rapidly after anesthesia induction, and there was no significant difference in PI in the blocked side between the propofol group (PRO group) and sevoflurane group (SEV group). At 10 min after the block, PI in the blocked side was higher than that in the unblocked side in both groups (p < 0.05). However, PI showed low sensitivity and specificity in predicting the effect of SCB at 10 min in both groups. At PACU, PI exhibited a high sensitivity (0.837 vs. 0.796) and specificity (0.721 vs. 0.898) for SCB at cutoff values of 5.91 and 6.67 in both PRO and SEV groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values were 0.834 (95% CI 0.750–0.918) and 0.895 (95% CI 0.832–0.959).

Conclusion: PI demonstrates limited sensitivity and specificity in predicting the effect of SCB at 10 min after block under general anesthesia. However, PI may serve as a more appropriate indicator to guide the necessity for supplemental analgesia in PACU.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04216823
The Acute Effects of Motor Imagery Combined With Action Observation Breathing Exercise on Cardiorespiratory Responses, Brain Activity, and Cognition: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Atak Ebrar , Ataç Amine
Published: February 2025

Breath and brain activity have been integral to daily life since time immemorial. Cognition and cardiorespiratory responses are closely interlinked, necessitating further investigation into their dynamics. The potential benefits of combining motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) based breathing exercises in rehabilitation have not been fully explored. This study was aimed at assessing the acute effects of MI combined with AO on cognitive function and cardiorespiratory responses. Thirty‐three healthy adults were randomized into MI combined with AO breathing (MI+AO), active respiratory exercise (ARE), and control groups, with equal distribution across groups. Electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected using a Muse EEG headband, and cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) while imagining activities were measured via the Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire (KVIQ). Significant improvements in the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and systolic blood pressure were observed in the ARE group (p < 0.05), alongside improvements in MoCA and KVIQ scores (p < 0.05). EEG data revealed significant decreases in delta and theta power at the temporoparietal (TP) location in the ARE group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that MI and AO, when combined with respiratory exercises, may serve as effective passive strategies to support cognition and cardiorespiratory function, particularly in individuals who struggle to actively participate in pulmonary rehabilitation.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06099483
On Novel Design Methods of Fixed‐Time State Observation and Consensus Control for Linear Leader–Follower Multiagent System
Authors: Li Hongliang , Liu Fan , Liu Yilin , Zhou Wuneng , Liao Kaili
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the fixed‐time consensus problem for leader–follower multiagent systems with directed graphs is discussed. First, a new fixed‐time state observer of the multiagent system is designed. In the new state observer, an auxiliary matrix is introduced which can be theoretically obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality. The important role of the auxiliary matrix is that it makes the upper bound of the fixed time for the state observation of multiagent system solvable and more accurate, which enable the observation error system converges faster. Based on the new fixed‐time state observer, a sufficient condition is given with which the observation of the state of multiagent system can be reached in fixed time. Second, a new fixed‐time control protocol is designed for the leader–follower multiagent system. In the new controller, another auxiliary matrix is introduced which can also be theoretically obtained with linear matrix inequality. With the new control protocol, the closed‐loop leader–follower multiagent system is theoretically shown that the fixed‐time consensus can be reached in fixed time by means of the concept of fixed‐time stability, Lyapunov stability theory, and LaSalle’s invariance principle. The important role of the new control protocol is that it also makes the fixed time for the consensus multiagent system solvable and then the closed‐loop multiagent system converges faster. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate convincingly the superiority of the method and results obtained in this paper. From the simulations, it can be seen that in comparison with some existing works, the estimate of fixed time for the consensus problem may be more accurate and faster.
Comparison of Left Ventricular Functional Recovery and Remodeling After Total Thoracoscopic Mitral Valve Repair and Replacement in Patients With Mitral Regurgitation and Mildly to Moderately Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Authors: Xu Zheng , Lin Feng , Chen Liang-Wan , Dai Xiao-Fu , Lin Zhi-Qin
Published: February 2025

Background: Total thoracoscopic mitral valve surgery (TT‐MVS) is a minimally invasive technique for mitral regurgitation (MR), but its impact on left ventricular (LV) function and remodeling in patients with reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF) is unclear.

Methods: We retrospectively compared 94 patients who underwent total thoracoscopic mitral valve repair (TT‐MVr) or total thoracoscopic mitral valve replacement (TT‐MVR) for MR and reduced LVEF at our center from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022. We assessed LV functional recovery and remodeling by echocardiography at baseline, 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery.

Results: A total of 43 patients underwent TT‐MVr and 51 patients underwent TT‐MVR. Both groups had similar early outcomes, hospital mortality, and postoperative complications. The TT‐MVr group had higher LVEF and lower left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LVEDD) and left ventricular end‐systolic diameter (LVESD) than the TT‐MVR group at 3 and 6 months after surgery (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). Both groups improved in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class from baseline to 6 months after surgery (p < 0.05 for all comparisons).

Conclusion: TT‐MVr and TT‐MVR are feasible and safe for patients with MR and reduced LVEF, but TT‐MVr is associated with better LV functional recovery and remodeling within 6 months after surgery. TT‐MVr should be preferred over TT‐MVR whenever possible in this high‐risk population. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long‐term outcomes of TT‐MVS in this population.
EASI 100 as a Therapeutic Target in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Teixeira João , Aparício-Martins André , Pedroso Mariana , Figueiredo Carolina , Santiago Felicidade , Batista Mariana , Gonçalo Margarida , Ramos Leonor
Published: February 2025

Dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin‐4 receptor alpha, has shown both robust efficacy and safety in pediatric atopic dermatitis (AD), but data on complete disease control (Eczema Area and Severity Index [EASI] 100) are scarce. A retrospective analysis of 25 pediatric patients at our institution with a median treatment duration of 20 months revealed a significant improvement in EASI scores, with 44.0% achieving EASI 100 at a median of 52 weeks of treatment. No significant differences were found between the group of patients achieving EASI 100 and those who did not. While this study provides additional insight into the efficacy and safety of dupilumab in pediatric AD, its limited sample size underscores the need for larger scale studies focusing on EASI 100 to better understand the factors influencing complete disease control and to optimize treatment strategies for pediatric patients with AD.
Optimization of Injection Timing and Ethyl Hexyl Nitrate Additive Effects on Diesel Engine Characteristics Using Rubber Seed Oil Biodiesel
Authors: Sabapathy Senthur Prabu , Ammasi Asokan Morappur , Khalife Esmail , Babu Musthafa , Munusamy Saravanan , Sabapathy Prathiba , Gharehghani Ayat , Szymanek Mariusz , Kaveh Mohammad
Published: February 2025

The use of biodiesel is becoming inevitable due to the depletion of fossil fuel resources. Biodiesel is an attractive alternative fuel derived from natural oils and can be used directly in diesel engines with no major change. However, various biodiesels may exhibit different performance behaviors and emission characteristics, with some performing worse than diesel fuel. The present research work investigates the performance, combustion, and emission behavior of rubber seed biodiesel (RSB)/diesel blends (B20, B30, B40) and B20 + ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN) at four injection timings (19°, 21°, 25°, and 27° before top dead center [BTDC]) in a single‐cylinder DI diesel engine. Combustion of biodiesel/diesel blends generally resulted in worse performance, except smoke emission. The addition of EHN reduced hydrocarbon (HC) emissions but negatively impacted brake‐specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). However, advanced injection timing not only restored the combustion parameters to the B20 level but also brought them closer to those of the diesel engine. Advancing the injection timing to 27° BTDC improved BSFC and BTE by 3% and 4% compared to B20, respectively. Additionally, the HC emission decreased strongly by 80% and 73%, and smoke emission decreased by 15% and 16%, respectively, compared to B20 and diesel fuel values. A slight improvement in NOx emissions (by 2%) was also observed compared to B20. An increase in cylinder pressure from 66.2 to 67.4 bar was observed with advanced injection timing, contributing to improved engine performance. Analysing of combustion characteristics showed that RSB/diesel blends, when doped with EHN, offer better performance at advanced injection timings making them a suitable alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel usage in developing countries like India.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile and Extended‐Spectrum Beta‐Lactamase Phenotype of E. coli Isolated From Poultry
Authors: Ayim-Akonor Matilda , Ohene Larbi Rita , Owusu-Ntumy Doreen Dela , Sasu Benjamin Kissi , Ohene Asa Hilda Emefa , Odoom Theophilus
Published: February 2025

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is increasing globally, with the food‐animal sector (FAS) playing a key role. Knowledge of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of microbes from the FAS is important in the development of country‐specific methods to minimize the AMR burden. In Ghana, there is limited data on the susceptibility of FAS bacteria to frequently used antimicrobials. We evaluated the susceptibility of 58 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from chickens to nine antibiotics and further assessed their potential to produce extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL). The Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion and combined disc methods were used following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Nearly all isolates showed high resistance (> 50%) to all the antibiotics except gentamicin, to which more than two‐thirds (n = 48, 83%) were susceptible. Resistance to streptomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin was observed to be 93%, 97%, and 100%, respectively. All isolates were multidrug resistant. Over one‐third of the isolates (n = 22, 37.9%) were resistant to seven classes of antibiotics, and a substantial proportion (n = 12, 20.7%) exhibited resistance to all eight antimicrobial classes. None of the isolates was detected as an ESBL producer. Most farms (86%) did not have a footbath, and the majority (71%) changed the bedding material after 4 weeks. Free‐range chickens were kept on 80% of the farms. The high resistance to frequently used antibiotics suggests long‐term use of these antimicrobials, which may be attributed to poor biosecurity practices that may be exposing the birds to frequent infections. There is a need to educate farmers on the prudent use of antibiotics and adherence to good biosecurity practices.
Skin’s New Shield: Food‐Derived Bioactive Peptides in Combating Photoaging—An Investigation Into Inhibitory Mechanisms and Structure–Activity Relationships
Authors: Liu Ruijia , He Lijuan , Chen Linfeng , Zhang Yihao , Zhang Yinxiao , An Jiulong , Li He , Liu Xinqi
Published: February 2025

In recent years, skin health has become one of the leading causes of nonfatal disease burden due to the significance of the skin in the body and the ubiquitous presence of ultraviolet radiation that negatively affects skin conditions and causes skin photoaging. Bioactive peptides (BAP) have received much attention for their antiphotoaging activity in skin because they are natural, safe, and functional. Previous studies have demonstrated that specific amino acids or sequences, as well as some characteristic amino acids, are key to the antiphotoaging effects of BAP. Nevertheless, their inhibitory mechanisms and the association between their structures and abilities are not comprehensively documented. This paper summarizes the mechanisms of antiphotoaging peptides derived from different food processing by‐products from the literature over the past 4 years, focusing on the structure–activity relationship based on the inhibitory mechanisms and amino acid compositions of BAP. In addition, the current challenges in obtaining and researching BAP are discussed, and future approaches are proposed. This review provides a theoretical basis for discovering more possible food‐borne antiphotoaging peptides and exploring the correlation between the structures and effects of antiphotoaging peptides.
Advancements in Spray‐Drying for the Microencapsulation of Fat‐Soluble Vitamins: Stability, Bioavailability, and Applications
Authors: Askari Vaselabadi Samira , Gharibzahedi Seyed Mohammad Taghi , Greiner Ralf , Vale Jim M. , Ovenseri Airemwen Collins , Rashidinejad Ali , Roohinejad Shahin
Published: February 2025

Background: Spray‐drying is a well‐established method for producing free‐flowing microencapsulated powders, especially for fat‐soluble vitamins (FSVs) like A, D, and E. This process enhances the stability and protection of FSVs against environmental degradation.

Scope and Approach: This review highlights the application of spray‐drying to encapsulate FSVs, focusing on their role in maintaining stability, controlled release, and protection under various conditions. Current challenges and future directions in spray‐drying‐assisted encapsulation of single and multiple FSVs (like vitamin K) are also discussed.

Key Findings and Conclusions: Optimizing the spray‐drying technique with efficient encapsulating agents can remarkably improve the release profiles and yields of vitamin A, emphasizing tailored formulations for stability and efficacy. For vitamin D, the choice of carrier oil and wall materials has a significant impact on bioavailability, particularly in food fortification. Although there are challenges due to heat sensitivity, spray‐drying is a versatile technique to encapsulate vitamin E with high efficiency rate, desirable particle characteristics, and effective release profiles. Comicroencapsulation with bioactive compounds further enhances the stability and bioavailability of vitamins, suggesting promising applications in food fortification and health supplementation. Comparative studies between microencapsulated FSVs and their free forms revealed improved physicochemical stability and extended‐release rates in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, as well as an enhancement in nutrient retention in food products.
Optimization of Drying Parameters for Pretreated Green Banana Slices Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Dhake Kushal P. , Jain Sanjay Kumar , Jagtap Sandeep , Pathare Pankaj B.
Published: February 2025

In this study, the influence of drying temperature and pretreatment on the drying kinetics and quality metrics of green banana slices was investigated. The present investigation included the drying of 4 ± 1 mm green banana slices with potassium metabisulfite (KMS) at levels of 0 (control), 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% in a tray dryer. A numerical optimization method was utilized to optimize the drying rate, color, water activity, rehydration ratio, and attractiveness of the banana slices, using a variety of input factors such as drying temperature and pretreatment. The results revealed that the untreated samples and those treated with 1.0% and 1.5% KMS required a longer drying time than the samples treated with 0.5% KMS. The process parameters were optimized using response surface methodology, adopting an I‐optimal design for this investigation. The best solution yielded a drying air temperature of 60.62°C and a pretreatment level of 0.786% KMS, resulting in a drying time of 346.28 min, a color (L∗) value of 76.23, a water activity (aw) of 0.299, and a rehydration ratio of 2.81. Similar outcomes were obtained when the optimized conditions were tested and compared with experimental data using an experimental validation process.
Impact of multi-component protease and papain on broiler growth, gut microbiota, and utilisation of unconventional protein sources
Authors: Venkatasubramanian K. , Manohar K. , Mani R. , Kaliaperumal T. , Vyas S.
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the impact of multi-component protease and papain on broiler performance and protein digestion. A total of 360, one-day-old chicks were reared for 42 days and fed a diet that included maize, soybean meal and alternative protein sources, such as meat and bone meal and mustard de-oiled cake. The trial involved five groups: a positive control, a negative control (reduced soybean meal and crude protein levels), and three treatment groups that received a negative control diet supplemented with either multi-component protease, papain or a combination of both. The results showed that birds fed the combination group had significant performance improvements, with six points improvement in feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) compared to the negative control group. Additionally, there were improvements in faecal nitrogen retention and reduced dysbacteriosis scores. The addition of proteases to the reformulated diet increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased harmful bacteria. The combination group had higher levels of Lactobacillus salivarius, which indicated improved gut health and performance. In conclusion, the combination of multi-component protease and papain improved protein digestibility and modified the intestinal microbiota, leading to better performance of broiler chickens fed unconventional protein sources.
The Cuban Hospital in Qatar: A Manifestation of the Spirit of Bandung in the 21st Century
Authors: Viramontes Erick
Published: February 2025

This article looks at a particular transnational project in the realm of health, the Cuban Hospital in Qatar, which connects, in the post-Cold War period, two processes of nation-building taking place in the Third World; namely, the agenda of Cuba’s post-revolutionary government since early-1990s and the development goals envisioned by the new leadership that came to power in Qatar by mid-1990s. The main objective of this article is to understand what the Cuban Hospital in Qatar is or, in other words, to conceptualize the hospital using the available language in the discipline of International Relations. To attain its objective, the article relies upon the concept of the Spirit of Bandung, which points towards a process of identification between political projects implemented by formerly colonized societies in the context of post-coloniality. Such an analysis is based on qualitative research from various Arabic, English, and Spanish sources. Finally, by showing the persistence of the Spirit of Bandung in the early decades of the 21st century, the article contributes to the advancement of postcolonial scholarship within the discipline of International Relations, as well as to the study of Latin America-Middle East relations and the field of Gulf studies.
Assessing Various Accessions of Napier (Pennisetum Purpureum) Grass in North Western Ethiopia
Authors: Shitaneh Esubalew , Arega Habtie , Fentahun Temesgen
Published: February 2025

One of Ethiopia's the chief uncertainties with the livestock industry is the year-round scarcity of optimum quality animal feed. To overcame the supply of quality feed cultivation of tropically adapted forage species, which gives a reasonable yield under rain deficit and unstable climatic conditions. Napier grass accessions were evaluated at Pawe and Jawi localtions for their adaptionn and yield performance. Ten Napier accessions with three replications were used in the randomized complete block design of the study. Mean comparisons between accessions were made using the least significant differences and the general linear model was used to analyze data for growth parameters and nutritional quality traits, such as tillering performance, plant height, forage dry matter, leaf and stem fractions, and nutritional quality. Sixty days following the establishment, in September, the first cut was made; forty days later, in October, the second cut was made. For most variables, there was a substantial (P<0.05) difference between accessions, locations, cuts, years, and the interaction impact of location by accessions. While the leaf-to-stem ratio is significant at p<0.05 and the combined mean square for the number of tillers per plant, fresh biomass yield t/ha, and nutritional quality parameters did indicate substantial (p<0.001) variation among Napier accessions, plant height is not significant (p>0.05). In terms of fresh and dry matter yield t/ha, accessions 14984, 15743, and 16791 perform better. Accessions 14984 and local responses (64.72 and 64.95) were the most significant (p<0.001) differences in in vitro dry matter digestibility, followed by 16813 and 15743 (63.5 and 63.3). According to the findings, the ILRI-14984, 15743, and 16791 accessions produced results that were comparable to the standard checks for superior yield and nutritional quality. So we recommended the demonstration of selected accessions for Metekel and Awi mid and low land areas and other comparable agro-ecologies in the country at farmer level was essintal.
New Six Formulas of Radical Roots Developed by Using an Engineering Methodology to Solve Sixth Degree Polynomial Equation in General Forms by Calculating All Solutions Nearly in Parallel
Authors: Larbaoui Yassine
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes new six formulas allowing to calculate all roots of sixth degree polynomial equation nearly in parallel while including the use of radical expressions, which is extending a new engineering methodology to solve polynomial equations of nth degree where the value of n can exceed five. This methodology is based on developing the roots of nth degree polynomial equation according to a distributed structure of radical terms, where each term is built by multiplying two radicals presenting the roots of polynomial equations with inferior degrees. This distributed structure of terms is allowing them to neutralize each other during multiplications, which forward calculations toward eliminating radicalities, suppressing complex terms and reducing degrees. As a result, this paper is proposing new two theorems solving sixth degree polynomial equation in complete forms while relying on two different approaches built on the same engineering methodology of roots architecting, which allow calculating solutions nearly in parallel. This engineering methodology is scalable to solve higher degrees of polynomial equations while extending the same distributed architecture of terms whereas re-engineering the expressions of included sub-terms in order to manifest the same outcomes of reciprocal neutralization, radicality suppression and degrees reduction during calculations. Therefore, this paper is also presenting the engineered requirements and techniques along with details in order to scale the used methodology by projecting it on nth degree polynomial equations where the possibility of calculating the values of all roots nearly in parallel whereas the polynomial degrees can exceed the quantic form. The new proposed engineering methodology in this paper is listing all necessary logic, techniques and formulas to solve nth degree polynomial equations in general forms stage-by-stage while relying on the use of radical expressions, which will scale the results of this paper toward solving highly complex equations.
Photosensitive Semiconductor GaAs Based High Sensitivity Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor for Multi-Virus Detection
Authors: Kumar Ashwani , Yadav Vikas
Published: February 2025

In the present paper, a study and design is presented of a High Sensitivity Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor for the detection of multiple viruses using the photosensitive semiconductor GaAs. The biosensor comprises a layered structure: a semiconductor GaAs layer at the top, a gold (Au) conductor layer in the middle, and a polyimide substrate at the base. Numerical experimentation in CST Microwave Studio validates the biosensor's efficacy against several dangerous viruses including Early Cancer, Malaria, Dengue, HIV, among others. It exhibits an average sensitivity of 1.673 THz/RIU, a quality factor of 510, and a high Figure of Merit (FOM) of 418.3 RIU-1. Notably, the biosensor demonstrates polarization insensitivity, accommodating both Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarization states. Moreover, its performance is tunable by varying the conductivity via photo-excitation-induced free carriers in GaAs. This versatile biosensor holds significant promise in terahertz technology, particularly within the medical field, for the sensitive detection of multiple viruses. Its unique design and high sensitivity make it a valuable tool for early disease detection and monitoring. Moving forward, further research and development could enhance its applicability and refine its performance characteristics, paving the way for advancements in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of various infectious diseases.
Black History Matters: Integrating Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome into SDOH Trainings to Enhance Health Equity
Authors: Presumey-Leblanc Garssandra , Sandel Megan
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to examine the integration of Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) into Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) trainings as a means to enhance the understanding and addressing of health disparities, particularly among Black populations. Given the growing emphasis on SDOH in health education, the study sought to explore how historical trauma, specifically PTSS, contributes to ongoing health inequities and to evaluate whether its inclusion in training could lead to more culturally informed approaches in health and human services (HHS). Through ethnographic interviews with six Black female professionals in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, who had participated in SDOH trainings organized by a medical-legal partnership (MLP), the research aimed to uncover the connections between historical trauma and health disparities in the context of contemporary healthcare. By highlighting the lived experiences of professionals and their perspectives on PTSS, the study also sought to propose methods for incorporating these historical dimensions into current SDOH frameworks to foster deeper, more systemic change. The findings suggest that integrating PTSS within SDOH education is essential for developing comprehensive strategies to promote health equity and advance social justice in medical-legal collaborations.
Achieving Universal Health Coverage Through Health Insurance: The Case of Readymade Garment Industry’s Employees in Bangladesh
Authors: Parnini Syeda , Hasan Md
Published: February 2025

Aim: this study aims at assessing the contribution of health insurance for the employees of selected garment factories in reducing OPP in terms of% of total costs of medical treatment, identifying the problems of health insurance and claim realisation and developing a model for the effective health insurance, which is expected to contribute in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Subject and Methods: The study has been conducted on the employees of selected garment factories which have introduced health insurance scheme for their employees and the garment factories which have not yet introduced health insurance for their employees. Both qualitative and quantitative approach has been applied to collect the data from employees, management officials of the readymade garment (RMGs) industries and concerned insurance companies to meet the objectives of the study. Questionnaire survey on the employees of the selected garment factories, in-depth interview, focus group discussions (FGDs) with the stakeholders has been conducted. Results: Health insurance of RMGs has not got momentum yet. It is at the initial stage only. At this stage, the study finds that health insurance can reduce OPP relating to benefit package, claim realization, follow up treatment etc. The employers and the employees face several problems. Moreover, monitoring and supervision need to be ensured. Conclusion: Most of the employees are not aware of their rights and terms and conditions of health insurance, despite of having such problems, health insurance can contribute to the reduction of OPP of the employees under HI. By reducing OPP, HI contributes to the expansion of health care coverage. By expanding the outreach, health insurance can contribute to achieving the goal of UHC, provided that the health insurance policies are well-designed.