bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring family reading practices in non-Kuwaiti nannies
Authors: Fenimore Linda
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore how home reading practices can impact what teachers assume to be the optimum practice in preparing students for school may not be supported by the local culture. In Kuwait, I have heard teachers repeatedly complain that students do not read at home or seem to value reading. Kuwaiti adults relate that they rarely engage in reading for pleasure. Students here are challenged with learning English, but also seem to take a greater amount of time to understand the use of reading in their lives and learning. These factors led me to consider that what teachers assume to be the optimum practice in preparing students for school may not be supported by the local culture.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this case study, five nannies were interviewed focusing on participants’ reading practices in their homes of origin and those practiced with Kuwaiti children. Observational notes were taken to record nonverbal communication. Data were analyzed to uncover references to home reading practices such as storytelling, recreational reading and verbal interaction based on the reading. References were color coded and a database was constructed of references the nannies made to reading practices both in their homes of origin and in the Kuwaiti homes in which they work. The references to reading practices were then categorized according to activities reported.

Findings

– As a result, it was found that the nannies perceived the purpose of reading to be for education only, storytelling is used for different purposes in different cultures, print material were rarely found in the homes of the nannies due to lack of economic means, and the fathers of most of the nannies were critical in their reading development.

Research limitations/implications

– Further exploration of the home reading practices of the Kuwaitis is needed to fully support the effective inclusion of their cultural reading traditions into school practice. Parent and student surveys, parent interviews and possibly home visits would assist researchers in more fully defining home reading practices. Partnering with Arabic-speaking or Kuwaiti teachers would benefit researchers in being able to efficiently translate for the interviews and then discuss their observations, giving the researchers a more nuanced perspective of the findings.

Originality/value

– This paper offers an original view on a particular aspect of international education, namely, reading habits, and discusses the promotion of multicultural reading instruction in a more culturally responsive manner.
A hierarchical model of social marketing
Authors: French Jeff , Russell-Bennett Rebekah
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to set out a new hierarchical and differentiated model of social marketing principles, concepts and techniques that builds on, but supersedes, the existing lists of non-equivalent and undifferentiated benchmark criteria.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a conceptual paper that proposes a hierarchical model of social marketing principles, concepts and techniques.

Findings

– This new delineation of the social marketing principle, its four core concepts and five techniques, represents a new way to conceptualize and recognize the different elements that constitute social marketing. This new model will help add to and further the development of the theoretical basis of social marketing, building on the definitional work led by the International Social Marketing Association (iSMA), Australian Association of Social Marketing (AASM) and European Social Marketing Association (ESMA).

Research limitations/implications

– This proposed model offers a foundation for future research to expand upon. Further research is recommended to empirically test the proposed model.

Originality/value

– This paper seeks to advance the theoretical base of social marketing by making a reasoned case for the need to differentiate between principles, concepts and techniques when seeking to describe social marketing.
A 13‐year retrospective study evaluating the efficacy of using air‐fluidised beds for toxic epidermal necrolysis patients
Authors: Xia Weidong , Mao Cong , Luo Xu , Xu Jianjun , Chen Xiaofeng , Lin Cai
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a potentially life‐threatening dermatological disease involving large areas of skin loss with systemic symptoms. This study evaluated the efficacy of air‐fluidised bed therapy for TEN patients.

Methods

Of 27 people with TEN, 11 used air‐fluidised beds (the air‐fluidised group) and 16 used standard beds (the control group). Days to complete re‐epithelialisation, re‐epithelialisation rate, incidence of complications, mortality, pain measured by visual analogue score and the incidence of cutaneous infection were compared in these groups.

Results

The mean body surface area of involvement was 77.0 ± 11.8% and baseline mean severity‐of‐illness score for TEN (SCORTEN) was 2.81 ± 1.08. The re‐epithelialisation rate in the air‐fluidised group was 100% but was only 56.3% in the control group (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the time taken to complete re‐epithelialisation between the air‐fluidised group (13 days [95% CI: 9.0–17.0]) and the control group (21 days [16.5–25.5], P < 0.05). Furthermore, the incidence of complications was 18% in the air‐fluidised group versus 75% in the control group, including fewer cutaneous infections (P < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in pain among the air‐fluidised group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). There were no deaths in the air‐fluidised group while 19% of the control group died.

Conclusion

Air‐fluidised beds can reduce the time to complete re‐epithelialisation, relieve pain and increase the re‐epithelialisation rate of TEN patients, but there was no significant difference between them in mortality rate in our study.
The applicability of the WHO classification in paediatric AML. A NOPHO‐AML study
Authors: Sandahl Julie D. , Kjeldsen Eigil , Abrahamsson Jonas , Ha Shau‐Yin , Heldrup Jesper , Jahnukainen Kirsi , Jónsson Ólafur G. , Lausen Birgitte , Palle Josefine , Zeller Bernward , Forestier Erik , Hasle Henrik
Published: March 2015

The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid leukaemia was revised in 2008. It incorporates newly recognized entities and emphasizes the pivotal role of cytogenetic abnormalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of the WHO classification when applied to a large population‐based paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cohort. We included children diagnosed with de novo AML, 0–18 years of age from the Nordic countries and Hong Kong from 1993 to 2012. Data were retrieved from the Nordic Society for Paediatric Haematology and Oncology AML database and patients classified according to the WHO 2008 classification. A successful karyotype was available in 97% of the cases. AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities were present in 262 (41%) and 94 (15%) were classified as AML with myelodysplasia‐related changes (AML‐MDS). WHO classifies patients with monosomy 7 and del(7q) into one group. We found that −7 (n = 14) had significantly poorer outcome than del(7q) (n = 11); 5‐year event‐free survival 26% vs. 67%, (P = 0·02), and 5‐year overall survival 51% vs. 90%, (P = 0·04). The largest group was the highly heterogeneous AML not otherwise specified (NOS) (n = 280) (44%). In conclusion, the WHO classification allocated 15% to AML‐MDS, 44% to NOS and grouped together entities with clearly different outcome, therefore limiting the applicability of the current WHO classification in children with AML.
The iron chelator deferasirox affects redox signalling in haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Tataranni Tiziana , Agriesti Francesca , Mazzoccoli Carmela , Ruggieri Vitalba , Scrima Rosella , Laurenzana Ilaria , D'Auria Fiorella , Falzetti Franca , Di Ianni Mauro , Musto Pellegrino , Capitanio Nazzareno , Piccoli Claudia
Published: March 2015

The iron chelator deferasirox (DFX) prevents complications related to transfusional iron overload in several haematological disorders characterized by marrow failure. It is also able to induce haematological responses in a percentage of treated patients, particularly in those affected by myelodysplastic syndromes. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this feature, however, are still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of DFX‐treatment in human haematopoietic/progenitor stem cells, focussing on its impact on the redox balance, which proved to control the interplay between stemness maintenance, self‐renewal and differentiation priming. Here we show, for the first time, that DFX treatment induces a significant diphenyleneiodonium‐sensitive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that leads to the activation of POU5F1 (OCT4), SOX2 and SOX17 gene expression, relevant in reprogramming processes, and the reduction of the haematopoietic regulatory proteins CTNNB1 (β‐Catenin) and BMI1. These DFX‐mediated events were accompanied by decreased CD34 expression, increased mitochondrial mass and up‐regulation of the erythropoietic marker CD71 (TFRC) and were compound‐specific, dissimilar to deferoxamine. Our findings would suggest a novel mechanism by which DFX, probably independently on its iron‐chelating property but through ROS signalling activation, may influence key factors involved in self‐renewal/differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells.
Response‐adapted therapy for aggressive non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas based on early [18F] FDG‐PET scanning: ECOG‐ACRIN Cancer Research Group study (E3404)
Authors: Swinnen Lode J. , Li Hailun , Quon Andrew , Gascoyne Randy , Hong Fangxin , Ranheim Erik A. , Habermann Thomas M. , Kahl Brad S. , Horning Sandra J. , Advani Ranjana H.
Published: March 2015

A persistently positive positron emission tomography (PET) scan during therapy for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is predictive of treatment failure. A response‐adapted strategy consisting of an early treatment change to four cycles of R‐ICE (rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide) was studied in the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group E3404 trial. Previously untreated patients with DLBCL stage III, IV, or bulky II, were eligible. PET scan was performed after three cycles of R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) and scored as positive or negative by central review during the fourth cycle. PET‐positive patients received four cycles of R‐ICE, PET‐negative patients received two more cycles of R‐CHOP. A ≥45% 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) for mid‐treatment PET‐positive patients was viewed as promising. Of 74 patients, 16% were PET positive, 79% negative. The PET positivity rate was much lower than the 33% expected. Two‐year PFS was 70%; 42% [90% confidence interval (CI), 19–63%] for PET‐positives and 76% (90% CI 65–84%) for PET‐negatives. Three‐year overall survival (OS) was 69% (90% CI 43–85%) and 93% (90% CI 86–97%) for PET‐positive and ‐negative cases, respectively. The 2‐year PFS for mid‐treatment PET‐positive patients intensified to R‐ICE was 42%, with a wide confidence interval due to the low proportion of positive mid‐treatment PET scans. Treatment modification based on early PET scanning should remain confined to clinical trials.
Combination of Pharmacophore Matching, 2D Similarity Search, and In Vitro Biological Assays in the Selection of Potential 5‐HT6 Antagonists from Large Commercial Repositories
Authors: Dobi Krisztina , Flachner Beáta , Pukáncsik Mária , Máthé Enikő , Bognár Melinda , Szaszkó Mária , Magyar Csaba , Hajdú István , Lőrincz Zsolt , Simon István , Fülöp Ferenc , Cseh Sándor , Dormán György
Published: March 2015

Rapid in silico selection of target‐focused libraries from commercial repositories is an attractive and cost‐effective approach. If structures of active compounds are available, rapid 2D similarity search can be performed on multimillion compound databases, but the generated library requires further focusing. We report here a combination of the 2D approach with pharmacophore matching which was used for selecting 5‐HT6 antagonists. In the first screening round, 12 compounds showed >85% antagonist efficacy of the 91 screened. For the second‐round (hit validation) screening phase, pharmacophore models were built, applied, and compared with the routine 2D similarity search. Three pharmacophore models were created based on the structure of the reference compounds and the first‐round hit compounds. The pharmacophore search resulted in a high hit rate (40%) and led to novel chemotypes, while 2D similarity search had slightly better hit rate (51%), but lacking the novelty. To demonstrate the power of the virtual screening cascade, ligand efficiency indices were also calculated and their steady improvement was confirmed.
Analysis of cytokine production by peanut‐reactive T cells identifies residual Th2 effectors in highly allergic children who received peanut oral immunotherapy
Authors: Wisniewski J. A. , Commins S. P. , Agrawal R. , Hulse K. E. , Yu M. D. , Cronin J. , Heymann P. W. , Pomes A. , Platts‐Mills T. A. , Workman L. , Woodfolk J. A.
Published: March 2015

Background

Only limited evidence is available regarding the cytokine repertoire of effector T cells associated with peanut allergy, and how these responses relate to IgE antibodies to peanut components.

Objective

To interrogate T cell effector cytokine populations induced by Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 among peanut allergic (PA) children in the context of IgE and to evaluate their modulation during oral immunotherapy (OIT).

Methods

Peanut‐reactive effector T cells were analysed in conjunction with specific IgE profiles in PA children using intracellular staining and multiplex assay. Cytokine‐expressing T cell subpopulations were visualized using SPICE.

Results

Ara h 2 dominated the antibody response to peanut as judged by prevalence and quantity among a cohort of children with IgE to peanut. High IgE (> 15 kUA/L) was almost exclusively associated with dual sensitization to Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 and was age independent. Among PA children, IL‐4‐biased responses to both major allergens were induced, regardless of whether IgE antibodies to Ara h 1 were present. Among subjects receiving OIT in whom high IgE was maintained, Th2 reactivity to peanut components persisted despite clinical desensitization and modulation of allergen‐specific immune parameters including augmented specific IgG4 antibodies, Th1 skewing and enhanced IL‐10. The complexity of cytokine‐positive subpopulations within peanut‐reactive IL‐4+ and IFN‐γ+ T cells was similar to that observed in those who received no OIT, but was modified with extended therapy. Nonetheless, high Foxp3 expression was a distinguishing feature of peanut‐reactive IL‐4+ T cells irrespective of OIT, and a correlate of their ability to secrete type 2 cytokines.

Conclusion

Although total numbers of peanut‐reactive IL‐4+ and IFN‐γ+ T cells are modulated by OIT in highly allergic children, complex T cell populations with pathogenic potential persist in the presence of recognized immune markers of successful immunotherapy.
Prognostic indicators for surgical peri‐implantitis treatment
Authors: de Waal Yvonne C. M. , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Meijer Henny J. A. , Winkel Edwin G. , van Winkelhoff Arie Jan
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Objective of this study was to identify prognostic indicators for the outcome of resective peri‐implantitis treatment, by an analysis of the pooled data of two previously conducted randomized controlled trials.

Material and methods

Data of 74 patients with peri‐implantitis (187 implants) who had received resective surgical treatment were available. Primary outcome variable was failure of peri‐implantitis treatment after 12 months. Multilevel univariable and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of various potentially prognostic indicators on the primary outcome.

Results

Peri‐implantitis treatment was unsuccessful in 106 implants (57%) and 48 patients (67%) after 12 months. In the multiple regression analysis, the variables “order of inclusion” (P = 0.016) and mean bone loss at baseline (P = 0.030) were significant prognostic indicators for treatment failure. To eliminate the effect of “order of inclusion,” post hoc analyses were carried out in a subgroup of patients. The univariable post hoc analysis showed a significant association for smoking (P = 0.015), maximum pocket depth at baseline (P = 0.073), mean bone loss at baseline (P = 0.003), and presence of plaque (P = 0.100). In the multiple regression post hoc analysis, only the variables smoking (P = 0.044) and mean bone loss (P = 0.043) remained statistically significant.

Conclusions

The outcome of surgical peri‐implantitis treatment is influenced by the experience of the surgical team with the surgical procedure. The observed learning effect has consequences for clinical practice and for conducting and interpreting clinical trials on peri‐implantitis treatment. Other prognostic indicators are amount of peri‐implant bone loss at baseline and smoking, and to a lesser extent, probing pocket depth at baseline and presence of plaque during follow‐up. Early diagnosis of peri‐implantitis and control of behavioral factors are crucial in achieving peri‐implantitis treatment success.
Identity From Variation: Representations of Faces Derived From Multiple Instances
Authors: Burton A. Mike , Kramer Robin S. S. , Ritchie Kay L. , Jenkins Rob
Published: March 2015

Research in face recognition has tended to focus on discriminating between individuals, or “telling people apart.” It has recently become clear that it is also necessary to understand how images of the same person can vary, or “telling people together.” Learning a new face, and tracking its representation as it changes from unfamiliar to familiar, involves an abstraction of the variability in different images of that person's face. Here, we present an application of principal components analysis computed across different photos of the same person. We demonstrate that people vary in systematic ways, and that this variability is idiosyncratic—the dimensions of variability in one face do not generalize well to another. Learning a new face therefore entails learning how that face varies. We present evidence for this proposal and suggest that it provides an explanation for various effects in face recognition. We conclude by making a number of testable predictions derived from this framework.
Ideal and Nonideal Reasoning in Educational Theory
Authors: Jaggar Alison M.
Published: March 2015

The terms “ideal theory” and “nonideal theory” are used in contemporary Anglophone political philosophy to identify alternative methodological approaches for justifying normative claims. Each term is used in multiple ways. In this article Alison M. Jaggar disentangles several versions of ideal and nonideal theory with a view to determining which elements may be helpful in designing models of real‐world justice that are contextually relevant, morally plausible, and practically feasible.
The Meritocratic Conception of Educational Equality: Ideal Theory Run Amuck
Authors: Howe Kenneth R.
Published: March 2015

The dominant conception of educational equality in the United States is meritocratic: an individual's chances of educational achievements should track only (natural) talent and effort, not social class or other morally irrelevant factors. The meritocratic conception must presuppose that natural talent and effort can be isolated from social class — and environmental factors in general — if it is to provide guidance in the world of educational policy and practice. In this article Kenneth R. Howe challenges that presupposition and related elements of the meritocratic conception having to do with the role of competition and education as a positional good. Howe argues that, in use, the meritocratic conception unavoidably distributes education based on developed talent and motivation that cannot be isolated from the effects of social class, thus masking the real basis of the distribution and contributing to the perpetuation of illicit group privilege. Howe then entertains and rejects several rejoinders to his critique, including that the meritocratic conception might eliminate the presupposition of isolatable natural talent. Finally, Howe sketches an alternative conception of educational equality based on Elizabeth Anderson's adaptation of Rawls's “democratic equality.”
Main stem movement of Atlantic salmon parr in response to high river temperature
Authors: Dugdale Stephen J. , Franssen Jan , Corey Emily , Bergeron Normand E. , Lapointe Michel , Cunjak Richard A.
Published: March 2015

Atlantic salmon become thermally stressed when water temperatures exceed 23 °C. To alleviate this stress, they behaviourally thermoregulate by moving to patches of cold water, often forming large aggregations. These patches are known as thermal refuges. Given the consensus that climate change will increase temperatures in Atlantic salmon catchments, thermal refuges will become increasingly important in minimising summer mortalities. While the behaviour of salmonids within thermal refuges is fairly well understood, less is known about their main stem movement in search of thermal refuges or its thermal and temporal cues. We detail the results of a PIT telemetry study to investigate the main stem movement behaviour of thermally stressed Atlantic salmon parr in a temperature‐impacted river. PIT antennas placed around two thermal refuges and at the upstream and downstream limits of their surrounding reach were used to record the movement of salmonids during a heatwave. We observed parr movement at the upstream and downstream antennas 135 min prior to the occurrence of the midpoint of aggregations in the thermal refuges, indicating that Atlantic salmon parr make reach‐scale movements in search of cool water prior to aggregating. Logistic regression showed that the number of degree hours >28 °C predicted the occurrence of main stem movement with a good degree of accuracy, indicating that this temperature represents a fundamental threshold causing Atlantic salmon parr to move towards cool water. Such data could be instrumental in allowing river managers to place limits on human activity within rivers, allowing salmon populations time to recover following heat stress events.
Breaking down the Species Boundaries: Selective Pressures behind Interspecific Communication in Vertebrates
Authors: Westrip James R. S. , Bell Matthew B. V.
Published: March 2015

Studying heterospecific communication provides an opportunity to examine the dynamics of cross‐species social behaviour. It allows us to ask questions about the extent to which the transfer of information is adaptive or accidental and provides an empirically tractable context for manipulating relationships. To date, most studies of heterospecific communication have focussed on receivers. However, the selective pressures on signallers can be as important in determining the dynamics of interspecific communication. Here, we propose a simple framework for thinking about cross‐species information transfer, which (i) considers whether information exchange is either accidental or adaptive and (ii) whether it is unidirectional or bidirectional. To clearly classify interactions, it is necessary to quantify all of the payoffs of interspecific communication to both signallers and receivers. This requires accurate characterisation of the currency influenced by cross‐species communication (e.g. weight gain, foraging success, survival). However, quantifying the payoffs may be difficult, because each side may be benefiting via different currencies. To date, studies on heterospecific communication have focussed on only one dimension of a niche (usually antipredator or foraging signals). However, because niches are multidimensional, investigations should incorporate multiple aspects of a species’ niche, to get a better perspective on why we see certain patterns of information use between species.
Bone marrow‐specific caspase‐1/11 deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis development in Ldlr−/− mice
Authors: Hendrikx Tim , Jeurissen Mike L. J. , van Gorp Patrick J. , Gijbels Marion J. , Walenbergh Sofie M. A. , Houben Tom , van Gorp Rick , Pöttgens Chantal C. , Stienstra Rinke , Netea Mihai G. , Hofker Marten H. , Donners Marjo M. P. C. , Shiri‐Sverdlov Ronit
Published: March 2015

Recent investigations have suggested that inflammasome activation plays an important role during atherosclerosis. Upon activation, the inflammasome induces processing and release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin 18 (IL‐18) via activation of caspase‐1/11. Previously, it was shown that complete caspase‐1 deficiency is protective against atherosclerosis development. However, while macrophages are the main inflammatory cells involved in atherosclerosis, the exact role of macrophage‐specific caspase‐1/11 activation during development of cardiovascular disease has never been investigated. We hypothesized that hematopoietic caspase‐1/11 deficiency leads to reduced atherosclerosis development. To investigate the specific contribution of hematopoietic caspase‐1/11 activation to atherosclerosis development, Ldlr−/− mice received a transplant (tp) of wild‐type (WT) or caspase‐1/11−/− bone marrow, to create WT‐tp mice and caspase‐1/11−/−‐tp mice, and fed a high‐fat, high‐cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. Our results showed an increase in anti‐inflammatory blood leukocytes in caspase‐1/11−/−‐tp mice compared with WT‐tp mice, as indicated by a decreased level of Ly6Chigh monocytes and an increased level of Ly6Clow monocytes. In line with our hypothesis, hematopoietic deletion of caspase‐1/11 resulted in a strong reduction in atherosclerotic plaque size. Furthermore, necrotic core content was dramatically decreased in caspase‐1/11−/−‐tp mice. Our data indicate that hematopoietic caspase‐1/11 activation is involved in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, and plays an important role in cardiovascular disease progression.
The three‐dimensional structure of VIM‐31 – a metallo‐β‐lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae in its native and oxidized form
Authors: Kupper Michaël B. , Herzog Konrad , Bennink Sandra , Schlömer Philipp , Bogaerts Pierre , Glupczynski Youri , Fischer Rainer , Bebrone Carine , Hoffmann Kurt M.
Published: March 2015

The metallo‐β‐lactamase VIM‐31 differs from VIM‐2 by only two Tyr224His and His252Arg substitutions. Located close to the active site, the Tyr224His substitution is also present in VIM‐1, VIM‐4, VIM‐7 and VIM‐12. The VIM‐31 variant was reported in 2012 from Enterobacter cloacae and kinetically characterized. It exhibits globally lower catalytic efficiencies than VIM‐2. In the present study, we report the three‐dimensional structures of VIM‐31 in its native (reduced) and oxidized forms. The so‐called ‘flapping‐loop’ (loop 1) and loop 3 of VIM‐31 were not positioned as in VIM‐2 but instead were closer to the active site as in VIM‐4, resulting in a narrower active site in VIM‐31. Also, the presence of His224 in VIM‐31 disrupts hydrogen‐bonding networks close to the active site. Moreover, a third zinc‐binding site, which also exists in VIM‐2 structures, could be identified as a structural explanation for the decreased activity of VIM‐MBLs at high zinc concentrations.
Integrating recreational fisheries data into stock assessment: implications for model performance and subsequent harvest strategies
Authors: Griffiths S. P. , Fay G.
Published: March 2015

Understanding the impacts of recreational fishing on commercially fished stocks is becoming increasingly relevant for fisheries managers. However, data from recreational fisheries are not commonly included in stock assessments of commercially fished stocks. Simulation models of two assessment methods employed in Australia's Commonwealth fisheries were used to explore how recreational fishery data can be included, and the likely consequences for management. In a data‐poor management strategy for blue eye trevalla, Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Carmichael), temporal trends in recreational catch most affected management outcomes. In a data‐rich age‐structured stock assessment for striped marlin, Kajikia audax (Philippi), estimates of stock status were biased when recreational catches were large or when the recreational fishery targeted different size classes than the commercial fishery and these data were not integrated into the assessment. Including data from recreational fishing can change perceptions of stock status and impact recommendations for harvest strategies and management action. An understanding of recreational fishery dynamics should be prioritised for some species.
SERT and uncertainty: serotonin transporter expression influences information processing biases for ambiguous aversive cues in mice
Authors: McHugh S. B. , Barkus C. , Lima J. , Glover L. R. , Sharp T. , Bannerman D. M.
Published: March 2015

The long allele variant of the serotonin transporter (SERT, 5‐HTT) gene‐linked polymorphic region (5‐HTTLPR) is associated with higher levels of 5‐HTT expression and reduced risk of developing affective disorders. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this protective effect. One hypothesis is that 5‐HTT expression influences aversive information processing, with reduced negative cognitive bias present in those with higher 5‐HTT expression. Here we investigated this hypothesis using genetically‐modified mice and a novel aversive learning paradigm. Mice with high levels of 5‐HTT expression (5‐HTT over‐expressing, 5‐HTTOE mice) and wild‐type mice were trained to discriminate between three distinct auditory cues: one cue predicted footshock on all trials (CS+); a second cue predicted the absence of footshock (CS−); and a third cue predicted footshock on 20% of trials (CS20%), and was therefore ambiguous. Wild‐type mice exhibited equivalently high levels of fear to the CS+ and CS20% and minimal fear to the CS−. In contrast, 5‐HTTOE mice exhibited high levels of fear to the CS+ but minimal fear to the CS− and the CS20%. This selective reduction in fear to ambiguous aversive cues suggests that increased 5‐HTT expression reduces negative cognitive bias for stimuli with uncertain outcomes.
Effect of movement kinematics on the cyclic fatigue resistance of nickel–titanium instruments
Authors: Karataş E. , Arslan H. , Büker M. , Seçkin F. , Çapar I. D.
Published: March 2015

Aim

To compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of new generation OneShape and WaveOne instruments when used with different kinematics.

Methodology

An artificial canal, made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, a 60° angle of curvature and a curvature radius of 3 mm, was used for cyclic fatigue test of new generation OneShape and WaveOne instruments. Groups were as follows (n = 20): 150°–30°, 210°–30°, 360°–30° and continuous rotation. The time to fracture was recorded in seconds, and the data were analysed statistically using a two‐way anova and LSD tests (P = 0.05).

Results

Cyclic fatigue resistance was significantly affected by the movement kinematics (P < 0.001). The cyclic fatigue resistance of the new generation OneShape instruments increased significantly when operated in various reciprocation motions (150° CW–30° CCW, 210° CW–30° CCW and 360° CW–30° CCW) compared with the continuous rotation mode. New generation OneShape instruments had significantly more resistance to fracture under cyclic loading than WaveOne instruments (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

When using new generation OneShape and WaveOne instruments, all the reciprocating motions (150° CW–30° CCW, 210° CW–30° CCW and 360° CW–30° CCW) resulted in extended fatigue life when compared with continuous rotation.
Pioneering Process Research: Andrew Pettigrew's Contribution to Management Scholarship, 1962–2014
Authors: Sminia Harry
Published: March 2015

This paper assesses Andrew Pettigrew's contribution to management scholarship. This review addresses the process, content, and context of his research career. Chronologically, the process will be subdivided into three distinct phases: the period leading up to the establishment of the Centre for Corporate Strategy and Change, Pettigrew's time with the Centre, and Pettigrew's research since leaving the Centre. The content of Pettigrew's research focussed on big problems and emerging phenomena such as decision‐making, organisational culture, organisation development, strategic change, human resource management, competitiveness, new public management, boards of directors, innovative forms of organising, high‐performing research teams, and business schools. His contextualist methodology for process research will be explicated. Pettigrew's contribution will be contextualised by comparing it with contemporary research. The paper concludes that there is still a need not only to examine big problems and emerging phenomena but also to provide a processual understanding of management reality. There is a need to further develop process research methodologies such as Pettigrew's contextualism, especially with respect to process research methods.
Optimization of Lithium Content and Sintering Aid for Maximized Li+ Conductivity and Density in Ta‐Doped Li7La3Zr2O12
Authors: Janani Narayanasamy , Ramakumar Sampathkumar , Kannan Subramanian , Murugan Ramaswamy
Published: March 2015

Ta‐doped cubic phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) lithium garnet received considerable attention in recent times as prospective electrolyte for all‐solid‐state lithium battery. Although the conductivity has been improved by stabilizing the cubic phase with the Ta5+ doping for Zr4+ in LLZ, the density of the pellet was found to be relatively poor with large amount of pores. In addition to the high Li+ conductivity, density is also an essential parameter for the successful application of LLZ as solid electrolyte membrane in all‐solid‐state lithium battery. Systematic investigations carried out through this work indicated that the optimal Li concentration of 6.4 (i.e., Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12) is required to obtain phase pure, relatively dense and high Li+ conductive cubic phase in Li7−xLa3Zr2−xTaxO12 solid solutions. Effort has been also made in this work to enhance the density and Li+ conductivity of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 further through the Li4SiO4 addition. A maximized room‐temperature (33°C) total (bulk + grain boundary) Li+ conductivity of 3.7 × 10−4 S/cm and maximized relative density of 94% was observed for Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 added with 1 wt% of Li4SiO4.
The Impact of the Birth of a Child with Intellectual Disabilities on Pre‐Existing Parental Christian Faith from the Perspective of Parents Who Have Parented Their Child to Adulthood
Authors: Baines Susannah , Hatton Chris
Published: March 2015

Background

Faith in the lives of UK families with an adult with intellectual disabilities is an under‐researched area with little existing literature. Research in the United States with Christian parents suggests that they draw on their faith for coping (Rogers‐Dulan 1998) and for understanding (Skinner et al. 1999).

Methods

In this study, grounded theory methodology has been used to examine the impact on pre‐existing parental faith of the birth of a child with intellectual disabilities from the perspective of parents who have parented their children to adulthood. Seventeen parents or couples took part in semistructured qualitative interviews about their faith.

Results

The majority of parents after their child were diagnosed with intellectual disabilities went through a period of flux when they questioned the role of God in the disability.

Conclusions

The positive or negative connotations of the attempts at meaning‐making did not impact on the eventual outcome for the parents. They eventually put such existential questions aside, accepted their child, and continued in their faith. The implications of the research for health professionals, church organizations and researchers are considered.
Circulating between Rural and Urban Communities: Multisited Dwellings in Amazonian Frontiers
Authors: Peluso Daniela M.
Published: March 2015

El presente articulo argumenta que los procesos de urbanización indígena en la Amazonía indígena difieren de otros procesos migratorios en la región. La migración indígena raramente implica una ausencia o dislocación total o permanente fuera de la comunidad de origen hacia la ciudad. La migración en estos contextos implica un posicionamiento flexible del individuo como posible agente urbano, lo cual a su vez permite la creación de una serie de vínculos activos entre ciudad y comunidad. El proceso de urbanización indígena implica una mayor presencia indígena en las ciudades así como al crecimiento de la ciudad debido a la presencia indígena. Dichos procesos de urbanización indígena requieren una atención más matizada. Luego de presentar una visión general sobre los tipos de relaciones y patrones de residencia entre las diferentes comunidades Ese Eja y los centros urbanos más próximos en Perú y Bolivia, dirijo mi atención hacia una sola comunidad y el nexo con una ciudad, brindando un análisis detallado y matizado sobre las interacciones, actitudes y dinámicas ligadas a lo que es una compleja existencia urbana‐rural. Adicionalmente, me focalizo en las formas a través de las cuales las personas combinan y integran elementos urbanos y rurales en la construcción de la persona y en las interacciones estratégicas que dichas tipos de posicionamiento implican en diferentes contextos comunitarios y urbanos, a partir de los cuales las personas se forman a la vez como sujetos ‘urbanos’ y seres alternos ‘indígenas’. El presente articulo contribuye a una serie de debates en torno a la relación entre los espacios urbanos y rurales dentro de la literatura emergente sobre el cosmopolitanismo indígena. Sugiero que las experiencias vivenciales asociadas a los paisajes urbanos merecen mayor atención en los trabajos etnográficos en la Amazonía.
Regulation of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation
Authors: Bäck M. , Weber C. , Lutgens E.
Published: March 2015

The immune reactions that regulate atherosclerotic plaque inflammation involve chemokines, lipid mediators and costimulatory molecules. Chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that mediate immune cell recruitment and control cell homeostasis and activation of different immune cell types and subsets. Chemokine production and activation of chemokine receptors form a positive feedback mechanism to recruit monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes into the atherosclerotic plaque. In addition, chemokine signalling affects immune cell mobilization from the bone marrow. Targeting several of the chemokines and/or chemokine receptors reduces experimental atherosclerosis, whereas specific chemokine pathways appear to be involved in plaque regression. Leukotrienes are lipid mediators that are formed locally in atherosclerotic lesions from arachidonic acid. Leukotrienes mediate immune cell recruitment and activation within the plaque as well as smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial dysfunction. Antileukotrienes decrease experimental atherosclerosis, and recent observational data suggest beneficial clinical effects of leukotriene receptor antagonism in cardiovascular disease prevention. By contrast, other lipid mediators, such as lipoxins and metabolites of omega‐3 fatty acids, have been associated with the resolution of inflammation. Costimulatory molecules play a central role in fine‐tuning immunological reactions and mediate crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis. Targeting these interactions is a promising approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but immunological side effects are still a concern. In summary, targeting chemokines, leukotriene receptors and costimulatory molecules could represent potential therapeutic strategies to control atherosclerotic plaque inflammation.
DEEP Study: does EQ‐5D‐5L measure the impacts of persistent oro‐facial pain?
Authors: Durham J. , Steele J.G. , Breckons M. , Story W. , Vale L.
Published: March 2015

The EQ‐5D‐5L is a generic quality of life (QOL) measure widely used throughout the world, which has the advantage that it allows health‐state preferences to be elicited. The aim of this study was to examine whether: a) variation in the standardised reference period for EQ‐5D‐5L from ‘today’ to ‘the last month’ had a minimal clinically meaningful difference; (b) EQ‐5D‐5L had convergent validity with a multidimensional pain measure in quantifying the impacts of pain. As part of a larger study into the effectiveness and efficiency of care pathways for persistent orofacial pain (POFP) (http://research.ncl.ac.uk/deepstudy), participants with POFP (n = 100) completed two versions of the EQ‐5D‐5L at the same time with different reference periods (‘today’ vs. ‘last month’). Participants also completed the first section of the West Haven–Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (v3) to assess convergent validity. Two‐tailed nonparametric inferential statistics, intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC), and within‐subject change scores were used to compare the two EQ‐5D‐5L versions. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman's rho correlation coefficients. Health‐state valuations were significantly different (P < 0·01), and there was good similarity between the two versions' ICC 0·86 (95% CI 0·79–0·91). The within‐subject mean change was 0·03 (95% CI 0·01–0·06). For convergent validity, all relationships were significant (P < 0·05) and in the expected directions. EQ‐5D‐5L demonstrates sufficient convergent validity to be used with POFP, and a change in the standard reference period may be unnecessary if a multidimensional pain measure is also used.
Neurodegenerative changes in patients with clinical history of bipolar disorders
Authors: Shioya Ayako , Saito Yuko , Arima Kunimasa , Kakuta Yukio , Yuzuriha Takefumi , Tanaka Noriko , Murayama Shigeo , Tamaoka Akira
Published: March 2015

Neurodegeneration in bipolar disorder (BPD) is poorly understood. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess the immunohistochemical changes in neurodegenerative markers in patients with BPD. Eleven consecutive autopsy cases diagnosed with BPD were analyzed. Sections were obtained from archival paraffin blocks of representative areas and stained using conventional methods, as well as immunostained with several antibodies to screen for neurodegenerative diseases. Age‐ and non‐argyrophilic grains (AGs) degeneration matched controls were selected for each case. Clinical information was retrospectively collected from medical charts. All patients were men, and the average age of death was 70 years. Neuropathological diagnoses included dementia with grains (2), argyrophilic grain disease (2), corticobasal degeneration (CBD, 1), Lewy body disease (1), hypoxic encephalopathy (1) and cerebral infarction (1). All cases showed AGs to various degrees. Three patients died in their 50s; one demonstrated dementia with Lewy bodies, while the other two showed abundant AGs in the thalamus and amygdala. Of the three patients who died in their 60s, one showed AGs preferentially in the thalamus and amygdala, while the others demonstrated limbic predominance. The patients who died in/after their 70s demonstrated AGs similar to controls, except for the patient with CBD. Our data provides potentiality that neurodegenerative diseases may be an underlying pathology in certain cases of BPD.
Effectiveness of a self‐management support program for Thais with type 2 diabetes: Evaluation according to the RE‐AIM framework
Authors: Jaipakdee Jamabhorn , Jiamjarasrangsi Wiroj , Lohsoonthorn Vitool , Lertmaharit Somrat
Published: March 2015

Delivering diabetes self‐management support is an enormous challenge for healthcare providers with limited human resources. We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a DSMS program incorporating the computer‐assisted instruction. The RE‐AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) framework was applied to evaluate the DSMS program. Ten Public Health Centers in Bangkok, Thailand were randomized into either DSMS program or usual care. Forty eligible patients with type 2 diabetes in each Public Health Center were randomly selected. Totally, 403 patients (200 controls and 203 interventions) participated. About 93.8% participants completed the six‐month follow‐up. Over six months, adjusted mean changes of hemoglobin A1c (−0.14%, 95% confidence interval = −0.02 to −0.26, fasting plasma glucose (−6.37 mg/dL, −1.95 to −10.78), health behaviors (3.31 score, 2.27 to 4.34), and quality of life (1.41 score, 0.69 to 2.12) were significantly improved in intervention compared to control group. In conclusion, the DSMS program facilitates Public Health Centers to accomplish their support for people with diabetes.
Use of jet ventilation in thoracoscopic tracheo‐esophageal fistula repair—can both surgeons and anesthesiologists be happy?
Authors: Ehlers Melissa , Pezzano Chad , Leduc Laura , Brooks John , Silva Plinio , Oechsner Helena , Crnkovic Anica , Galay Igor , Afroze Farzana
Published: March 2015

Laparoscopic and open thoracic surgery in the neonate typically results in hypercapnea and low cardiac output with often poor surgical visualization as the anesthesiologist attempts to correct the respiratory derangements usually seen. We describe three cases in which jet ventilation provided not only superior ventilation with a return to normocapnea but also ideal operating conditions. In addition, jet ventilation utilizes lower mean airway pressures which typically results in improved cardiac output.
Microscopic observation of chemical modification in sections using scanning acoustic microscopy
Authors: Miura Katsutoshi , Egawa Yuki , Moriki Toshiaki , Mineta Hiroyuki , Harada Hidekazu , Baba Satoshi , Yamamoto Seiji
Published: March 2015

A scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) calculates the speed of sound (SOS) through tissues and plots the data on the screen to form images. Hard tissues result in greater SOS; based on these differences in tissue properties regarding SOS, SAM can provide data on tissue elasticity. The present study evaluated whether tissue modifications, such as formalin fixation, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) reactions and protein degradation, changed the acoustic properties of the tissues and whether SAM could be a useful tool for following chemical changes in sections. The fixation process was observable by the increased SOS. During the PAS reaction, the glycosylation of tissues was characterized by an increased SOS. Mucous or glycogen distribution was visualized and was found to be statistically comparable among lesions and states. Protease digestion by pepsin led to a decreased SOS. Tissue sensitivity to proteases varied due to the stage, cause and duration of inflammation or ageing. Changes in acoustic properties were more sensitive than those in optical histology. SAM facilitates the visualisation of the time course or distribution of chemical modifications in tissue sections, thus aiding their comparison among tissues. SAM may be an effective tool for studying changes such as protein cross‐linkage, tissue repair and ageing.