bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional wind load effects and wind‐induced dynamic responses of a tall building with X‐shape
Authors: Lou Wenjuan , Huang Mingfeng , Jin Hu , Shen Guohui , Chan C. M.
Published: April 2009

Three‐dimensional wind load effects on a tall building with X‐shape are investigated based on measured synchronous surface pressures in a wind tunnel. The mean and root‐mean‐square storey force coefficients in the three primary directions, i.e. along‐wind, crosswind and torsional wind, of the building are presented. Wind‐induced response analysis has been carried out in time domain by using the step‐by‐step numerical integration method, and the occupant comfort performance of the practical 42‐storey building is checked against the Chinese tall building design code. In the dynamic analysis, the buildings are modelled by a lumped mass system having three degrees of freedom at each floor level, i.e. two orthogonal translations and one rotation about a vertical axis. A new resultant displacement projection method is proposed to calculate the gust response factors (GRFs) along two orthogonal coordinate directions for design purpose. Not only can the calculated GRFs ensure the synchronization among the maximum resultant displacement and the maximum component displacements along X‐ and Y‐axes, but also are capable of taking crosswind effects into account. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD modelling of laminar‐turbulent transition for airfoils and rotors using the γ − model
Authors: Sørensen Niels N.
Published: April 2009

When predicting the flow over airfoils and rotors, the laminar‐turbulent transition process can be important for the aerodynamic performance. Today, the most widespread approach is to use fully turbulent computations, where the transitional process is ignored and the entire boundary layer on the wings or airfoils is handled by the turbulence model. The correlation based transition model has lately shown promising results, and the present paper describes the effort of deriving the two non‐public empirical correlations of the model to make the model complete. To verify the model it is applied to flow over a flat plate, flow over the S809 and the NACA63‐415 airfoils, flow over a prolate spheroid at zero and thirty degrees angle of attack, and finally to the NREL Phase VI wind turbine rotor for the zero yaw upwind cases from the NREL/NASA Ames wind tunnel test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zinc Iodide Complexes of Propaneamide, Benzamide, Dimethylurea, and Thioacetamide: Syntheses and Structures
Authors: Savinkina Elena V. , Buravlev Evgeny A. , Zamilatskov Ilia A. , Albov Dmitry V. , Kravchenko Valery V. , Zaitseva Maria G. , Mavrin Boris N.
Published: April 2009

Complexes of zinc iodide with propaneamide EtCONH2, benzamide BzNH2, dimethylurea MeNHCONHMe, and thioacetamide MeCSNH2 have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, vibrational spectra and X‐ray diffraction. The vibrational spectra indicate coordination of amides through oxygen atoms. The elemental analyses have justified the complexes with the ZnI2/L ratio of 1:3 for propaneamide and 1:2 for other amides. The X‐ray study has shown that the complexes have different coordination modes. The complexes of benzamide, dimethylurea, and thioacetamide are molecular, [ZnL2I2], and the complex of propaneamide is ionic, [ZnL6][ZnI4]. Structures of zinc and cadmium complexes with various amides are compared.
(NH4)[GaCl4] and (NH4)[InCl4] Revisited
Authors: Timofte Tudor , Bremm Stephan , Mudring Anja‐Verena , Meyer Gerd
Published: April 2009

(NH4)[GaCl4] and (NH4)[InCl4] are obtained by reaction of equimolar amounts of NH4Cl and GaCl3 or InCl3, respectively, under dry inert gas conditions. (NH4)[GaCl4] crystallizes with the baryte (BaSO4) type of structure in the orthorhombic crystal system [Pnma, no. 62, a = 1098(3), b = 701(2), c = 931(2) pm, V = 717(3) 106 pm3, Z = 4]. (NH4)[InCl4] adopts the scheelite (CaWO4) type of structure crystallizing with the tetragonal crystal system [I41/a, no. 88, a = 699.0(1), c = 1569.5(4) pm, V = 766.8(3) 106 pm3, Z = 4]. The crystal structures are characterized by both tetrahedral (NH4)+ cations and [MCl4]− complex anions. Space and packing requirements of these ions appear to determine the respective structure type adopted.
Two New Lead(II) Coordination Polymers with (Substituted) Bipyridine and Auxiliary Nitrate Ligands
Authors: Marandi Farzin , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: April 2009

The reaction of lead(II) nitrate with 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bpy) and 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐dm‐2,2′‐bpy) or 5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (5,5′‐dm‐2,2′‐bpy) resulted in the fomation of single crystals of [Pb2(4,4′‐bpy)(5,5′‐dm‐2,2′‐bpy)2(NO3)4] (1) and [Pb3(4,4′‐bpy)2(4,4′‐dm‐2,2′‐bpy)2(NO3)6] (2). The new compounds have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction structure analysis as well as through elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and their stability has been studied by thermal analysis. In the crystal structure of (1) formula‐like dimers are further connected to a 2‐D network through the auxiliary nitrate ligands. The crystal structure of (2) exhibits two crystallographically independent PbII central atoms (in a ratio of 1:2). With the aid of the 4,4′‐bpy and the nitrate ions, a 3‐D polymeric structure is achieved.
{[Pb(PDT)4][PbBr3]2}n: Aggregation of Novel Discrete Cationic Lead(II) Complexes with an Anionic 1D Coordination Polymer
Authors: Taheri Syavash , Marandi Farzin , Fun Hoong‐Kun , Kia Reza
Published: April 2009

The compound {[Pb(PDT)4][PbBr3]2}n (1) (PDT = 3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis. The crystal structure of 1 showsthat the compound consists of a cationic lead(II) complex, [Pb(PDT)4]2+, and an anionic lead(II) 1D coordination polymer, [(PbBr3)–]n. The coordination numbers of PbII in cationic complexes and anionic polymers are eight for PbN8, and six for PbBr6, respectively, with “stereo‐chemically inactive” electron lone pairs, and the coordination spheres are holodirected. To the best of our knowledge, this compound is the first example of the aggregation of a discrete cationic lead(II) complex with an anionic 1D bromoplumbate coordination polymer that was characterized by X‐ray structural analysis.
Facile Synthesis of Pentacarbonyltungsten(0) Complexes with Oxaphosphirane Ligands
Authors: Streubel Rainer , Bode Maren , Marinas Pérez Janaina , Schnakenburg Gregor , Daniels Jörg , Nieger Martin , Jones Peter G.
Published: April 2009

Facile synthesis of tungsten(0) complexes of the type $\rm [\{(R^{1}\overline {PCH(R^{2})-O})\}W(CO)_{5}]$ 7a–g (R1 = C5Me5) and 8a–g (R1 = CH(SiMe3)2) using transient Li/Cl phosphanylidenoid tungsten(0) complexes 4, 5 and carbonyl derivatives 6a–g is reported; furthermore, for all complexes NMR, IR spectroscopic, mass spectrometric investigations and, in addition, single‐crystal X‐ray structures of complexes 7b,d–g and 8b,d are presented.
Fluorescence Properties of Penta‐ and Hexacoordinate Coumarin Silicates – Unusual Behavior of Sodium Tris(4‐methylcoumarin‐6,7‐diolato)silicate in Solvent Mixtures
Authors: Riedel Franziska , Oehlke Alexander , Spange Stefan
Published: April 2009

Fluorescent penta‐ and hexacoordinate silicates were synthesized from 6,7‐dihydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin (4‐methylesculetin, 4‐ME), tetramethyl orthosilicate and substituted aminopropylsilanes, respectively. Extinction coefficients, Stokes shifts, and quantum yields of fluorescence were determined and compared with 4‐ME. Optical properties of these compounds are sensitive to the polarity of solvents. The fluorescence quenching was investigated in methanol/water mixtures. The title compound sodium tris(4‐methylcoumarin‐6,7‐diolato)silicate (4) shows different behavior from all other compounds investigated.
Molecular Genetics of Parathyroid Disease
Authors: Westin Gunnar , Björklund Peyman , Åkerström Göran
Published: April 2009

Background

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is often caused by a benign parathyroid tumor, adenoma; less commonly by multiglandular parathyroid disease/hyperplasia; and rarely by parathyroid carcinoma. Patients with multiple tumors require wider exploration to avoid recurrence and have increased risk for hereditary disease. Secondary HPT is a common complication of renal failure. Improved knowledge of the molecular background of parathyroid tumor development may help select patients for appropriate surgical treatment and can eventually provide new means of treatment. The present contribution summarizes more recent knowledge of parathyroid molecular genetics.

Methods

A literature search and review was made to evaluate the level of evidence concerning molecular biology and genetics of primary, secondary, and familial HPT according to criteria proposed by Sackett, with recommendation grading by Heinrich et al.

Results

Most parathyroid adenomas and hyperplastic glands are monoclonal lesions. Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) translocation and oncogene action occur in 8% of adenomas; cyclin D1 overexpression is seen in 20% to 40% of parathyroid adenomas and in 31% of secondary hyperplastic glands. Somatic loss of one MEN1 allele is seen in 25% to 40% of sporadic parathyroid adenomas, half of which have inactivating mutation of the remaining allele. Inactivating somatic HRPT2 mutations are common in parathyroid carcinoma, often causing decreased expression of the protein parafibromin involved in cyclin D1 regulation. Aberrant regulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling may be important for parathyroid tumor development.

Conclusions

Molecular genetic studies of parathyroid tumors are well designed basic experimental studies providing strong level III evidence, with data frequently confirmed by subsequent studies.
IAH/ACS: The Rationale for Surveillance
Authors: Malbrain Manu L. N. G. , De laet Inneke E. , De Waele Jan J.
Published: April 2009

Surveillance for intra‐abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) should be implemented in every intensive care unit (ICU), because it has been demonstrated that surveillance is effective. Several criteria that have led to the conclusion that IAH/ACS monitoring is of value: First, IAH is a frequent problem in critically ill patients that directly affects function of all organ systems to some degree, and that is associated with considerable mortality. Furthermore, simple tools for intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) monitoring are available, and it can be safely applied without the need for advanced tools. Finally, both ACS and IAH can be treated with either medical or surgical interventions. Treatment for IAH/ACS should be selected on the basis of the severity of symptoms and the cause of IAH. IAP monitoring should also be incorporated in the daily ICU management of the patient.
StAR Overexpression Decreases Serum and Tissue Lipids in Apolipoprotein E‐deficient Mice
Authors: Ning Yanxia , Xu Leyuan , Ren Shunlin , Pandak William M. , Chen Sifeng , Yin Lianhua
Published: April 2009

Cholesterol metabolism as initiated by mitochondrial sterol 27‐hydroxylase (CYP27A1) is a ubiquitous pathway capable of synthesizing multiple key regulatory oxysterols involved in lipid homeostasis. Previously we have shown that the regulation of its activities within hepatocytes is highly controlled by the rate of mitochondrial cholesterol delivery. In the present study, we hypothesized that increasing expression of the mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), is able to lower lipid accumulation in liver, aortic wall, as well as in serum in a well‐documented animal model, apolipoprotein E‐deficient (apoE−/−) mice. ApoE−/− mice, characterized by increased serum, liver, and endothelial cholesterol and triglyceride levels by 3 months of age, were infected with recombinant cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐StAR adenovirus to increase StAR protein expression. Six days following infection, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides had decreased 19 and 30% (P < 0.01), respectively, with a compensatory 40% (P < 0.01) increase in serum HDL‐cholesterol in increased StAR expressing mice as compared to controls (no or control virus). Histologic and biochemical analysis of the liver demonstrated not only a dramatic decrease in cholesterol (↓25%; P < 0.01), but an even more marked decrease in triglyceride (↓56%; P < 0.01) content. En bloc Sudan IV staining of the aorta revealed a >80% (P < 0.01) decrease in neutral lipid staining. This study demonstrates for the first time a possible therapeutic role of the CYP27A1‐initiated pathway in the treatment of dyslipidemias.
Dilemmas in intimate partner violence
Authors: Cook Rebecca J. , Dickens Bernard M.
Published: April 2009

Intimate partner violence (IPV), usually men's violence against women, appears universal. It may be associated with pregnancy, but this may be because pregnant women receive more medical attention. Violence may cause bruises, abrasions, and cuts, but its extremes include hospitalization, death, and suicide. IPV is often disclosed when women are asked why they feel in poor health or depressed. A legal dilemma arises when healthcare providers consider that intervention such as law‐enforcement is appropriate, but patients refuse approval. Patients may fatalistically accept violence, or fear loss of support for their children and themselves if their partners are held in custody. Legal reforms, such as punishing spousal rape, may provide some protection of women's autonomy. Ethical dilemmas concern intervention without patients' approval, and whether treating violent injuries without taking preventive action breaches the principle to Do No Harm. Professional advocacy and social action have been urged to expose and reduce IPV.
Effects of prenatal micronutrient supplementation on complications of labor and delivery and puerperal morbidity in rural Nepal
Authors: Christian Parul , Khatry Subarna K. , LeClerq Steven C. , Dali Sanu Maiya
Published: April 2009

Objective

To examine the effect of supplemental prenatal folic acid, folic acid–iron, folic acid–iron–zinc, and multiple micronutrients on maternal morbidity in rural Nepal.

Methods

A cluster‐randomized double‐masked controlled trial of pregnant women who received daily supplements from early pregnancy through 3 months post partum as per the treatment allocation. Women were interviewed at birth about labor and delivery complications and for 9 days post partum to obtain 24‐hour histories of morbidity.

Results

A total of 3986 (97.3%) women completed an interview regarding labor and delivery; morbidity history was available for 3564 (87.0%) women. Folic acid–iron reduced the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (relative risk [RR] 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.98). Risk of dysfunctional labor increased with multiple micronutrient supplementation (RR 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01–1.60), although preterm premature rupture of membrane decreased (RR 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21–0.79). Puerperal sepsis was lower in those receiving folic acid–iron, folic acid–iron–zinc, and multiple micronutrients compared with controls (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Prenatal folic acid–iron supplementation reduced the risk of obstetric complications in this South Asian setting.
Regulatory fit from attribute‐based versus alternative‐based processing in decision making
Authors: Mourali Mehdi , Pons Frank
Published: April 2009

This paper discusses the fit between attribute‐based versus alternative‐based processing and regulatory focus, and its impact on decision outcome valuation. Attribute‐based processing was found to occur more frequently under prevention focus, whereas alternative‐based processing occurred more frequently under promotion focus. The fit between prevention/promotion focus and attribute‐based/alternative‐based processing was found to enhance satisfaction with choices and the perceived monetary value of chosen options. Moreover, the effect of fit on outcome valuation was found to be mediated by ease of processing. Finally, the effects of fit on ease of processing and outcome valuation disappeared when consumers first practiced to process information based on either attributes or alternatives.
Randomized study comparing two tongue base surgeries for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Fernández‐Julián Enrique , Muñoz Noelia , Achiques Maria Teresa , García‐Pérez Miguel A. , Orts Miguel , Marco Jaime
Published: April 2009

Objective

To compare the effectiveness and morbidity of the tongue base radiofrequency and tongue base suspension techniques combined with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Design and Setting

Prospective and randomized surgical trial at a university hospital.

Methods

In total, 57 patients received either tongue base radiofrequency reduction (n = 29) or tongue base suspension (n = 28). Apnea‐hypopnea index, lowest oxygen saturation (polysomnography), Epworth score, and side effects were assessed. Success was defined as a ≥50 percent reduction and final apneahypopnea index < 15/h, and an Epworth score < 11.

Results

The success rates of the two procedures were 57.1 percent and 51.7 percent, respectively (P = 0.79), but only 12.5 percent and 10 percent, respectively (P = 0.87), in obese patients. Body mass index (P = 0.0002) was the main predictor of success in a logistic regression analysis. Tongue base suspension demonstrated higher morbidity (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The effectiveness of tongue base suspension was similar to that of tongue base radiofrequency reduction, although with significantly higher morbidity, for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea. The effectiveness of both techniques was lower in obese patients.

Significance

Neither technique should be used in obese patients who have moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea.
The anterolateral thigh free flap for skull base reconstruction
Authors: Hanasono Matthew M. , Sacks Justin M. , Goel Neha , Ayad Martina , Skoracki Roman J.
Published: April 2009

Objective

To assess outcomes of patients undergoing reconstruction after resection of skull base tumors with the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Subjects and Methods

Thirty‐four consecutive patients with cancers involving the skull base that underwent reconstruction with the ALT free flap between 2005 and 2008 were reviewed.

Results

The ALT free flap was successfully used to reconstruct two, five, and 17 anterior, lateral, and posterior skull base defects, respectively. In addition, six and four combined anterior‐lateral and lateral‐posterior defects, respectively, were reconstructed. The overall complication rate was 29 percent. There were no flap losses. Nerve grafts (n = 6) and fascial slings (n = 14) for facial reanimation were performed using the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and fascia lata from the same donor site as the ALT free flap. By harvesting the flap and graft(s) simultaneously with the resection, an average of 3.0 hours per case was saved.

Conclusions

The ALT free flap is a versatile, reliable flap that should be considered a first‐line option for skull base reconstruction. Operative time is minimized by performing a simultaneous two‐team approach to resection and reconstruction, and by harvesting nerve, vein, and fascial grafts from the same donor site as the flap.
Interbasin correlation of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Angarida continental deposits
Authors: Akulov N.I. , Mashchuk I.M.
Published: April 2009

Devonian and Lower Carboniferous continental deposits in the south of the Siberian Platform formed in eight sedimentary basins localized within stable ancient land Angarida (Angaraland). Interbasin correlation of the stratigraphic units of these deposits was based mainly on analysis of paleontological data and marker horizons. It has been established that: (1) the Early and Middle Devonian flora of Angarida grew locally and only in its western part (Minusa and Rybinsk paleobasins); (2) in the Late Devonian, vegetation was dispersed over a vast area, as evidenced from the findings of its imprints in all existed sedimentary basins of continental lithogenesis; and (3) the Early Carboniferous in Angarida was the time of the flourishing of higher plants, which were abundant but poor in species. Lithologic benchmarks at different age levels of paleobasin sediments have been recognized. The most important marker horizons are composed of porcelain-like silicified tuffs, limestones with inclusions of brown chalcedony, calcilutites, salt rock, wax-like bentonitic mudstones, flint clays, tripolis, etc.
Thermochronological models for the evolution ofA-type leucogranites in the Neoproterozoic collisional orogen of the Yenisei Ridge
Authors: Vernikovskaya A.E. , Vernikovsky V.A. , Matushkin N.Yu. , Polyansky O.P. , Travin A.V.
Published: April 2009

Results of complex geological, petrological, geochemical, and isotope-geochronological studies of Neoproterozoic postcollisional A-type granites of the Glushikha complex, Yenisei Ridge, are presented, as well as results of mathematical modeling. The localization, sizes, and depths of formation of magmatic bodies and the physicochemical conditions of the formation of granite intrusions and their magmatic sources are considered. The research is focused on the modeling of the thermal history of the formation and subsequent cooling of granites in the collision orogen. The modeling of heat transfer during the acid-magma intrusion was performed by the example of the Lendakha and Glushikha leucogranite plutons. With the combined methods of the modeling of heat transfer and the behavior of K/Ar isotopic system, the models for leucogranite pluton cooling have been verified for the first time. The time of formation and cooling of granite bodies is estimated, and a generalized geodynamic model for the formation of the Glushikha postcollisional A-type leucogranites is proposed.
Dielectric spectroscopy of oil-bearing rocks at 0.05–16 GHz
Authors: Epov M.I. , Mironov V.L. , Bobrov P.P. , Savin I.V. , Repin A.V.
Published: April 2009

We have measured the dielectric spectra of sand and bentonite mixtures with oil and saline water (NaCl solution) in the frequency range from 50 MHz to 16 GHz at 22 °C. The measured spectra were compared with predictions in terms of the generalized refractive mixing dielectric model (GRMDM), and the respective error was estimated as a check of the model applicability to describe oil-bearing formations. The results may be useful in developing new methods of electromagnetic logging.
Porphyrian Universalism: A Tripartite Soteriology and Eusebius's Response
Authors: Simmons Michael Bland
Published: April 2009

In recent years scholars from a broad spectrum, including classicists, patristic and biblical scholars, ancient historians, and specialists in ancient Judaism,1 have demonstrated an increasing interest in universalism. There has been very little written, however, on Porphyry's search for universal salvation, and whether Eusebius of Caesarea's understanding of universalism2 —here defined as the universality of a particular cult's soteriology (or even more briefly stated, the belief in universal salvation)—was influenced polemically by Porphyry. Eusebius's great apologetic works, Praeparatio evangelica and Demonstratio evangelica (henceforth P.E. and D.E.), written ca. 313–318 and ca. 318–324 c.e., respectively,3 provide many passages in which he artistically weaves universalist themes into his overall theological argument: P.E. contains 187 such passages, while D.E. has 417, more than twice that number.4 While some of the sub-themes of each work are either identical to one another or very similar in scope and content, the different audiences addressed—P.E. is primarily written to pagans against the charge that Christianity is new and thus lacks the authenticity of an ancient tradition, while D.E. responds to Jewish criticisms and gives pastoral guidance for the bishop's flock—can account for differences in both rhetorical method and theological emphases.
Relationality and Difference in the Mysticism of Pierre de Bérulle
Authors: Howells Edward
Published: April 2009

The mysticism of the seventeenth-century French cardinal, Pierre de Bérulle (1575–1629), contains an extended treatment of the relationship of the human and the divine in mystical union. Bérulle explores the nature of mystical union in detail and gives attention to the combination of the apparently incompatible elements of the human and divine and the historical and eternal. He prefers not to begin with the opposition between these elements but instead, by exploring the relationship between them, to use relational language, which brings together unity and difference. For this task, he draws on the tools of late medieval mysticism, which entail especially the metaphors of interior poverty, nuptial mutuality, and neoplatonic emanation. At the same time, he applies the categories of Christology to the problem of mystical relationality and difference. Christology deepens the ways in which to assert and to combine unity and difference between the human and the divine in mystical union. For the reader today, this provides an intriguing perspective on the question of mystical relationality.1 I intend here to set out Bérulle's understanding of mystical relationality and to focus on his christological development of questions of unity and difference.
White Evangelical Protestant Responses to the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Evans Curtis J.
Published: April 2009

In his first book, Stride Toward Freedom (1958), Martin Luther King, Jr. reflected on the future struggle of African Americans after their successful Montgomery bus boycott. Among the “forces of good,” King saw the indispensable assistance of the federal government, cautioning critics and sympathizers that though government action was “not the whole answer,” it was an “important partial answer.”1 King was addressing one of the most common criticisms of black activism for civil rights. White conservative Protestants, in the South and North, insisted that race relations would worsen because agitation would only stoke the fears and hatreds of whites and that government action on behalf of blacks was only a form of coercion. King rejected this reasoning by noting that “morals cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated.” He argued that it was true, for example, that laws could never make employers love their black employees, but they could prevent them from refusing to hire blacks because of their skin color. King conceded that society ultimately must depend on “religion and education to alter the errors of the heart and mind,” but he emphatically argued that “it is an immoral act to compel a man to accept injustice until another man's heart is straight.”2 He added that the law was a form of education in that it instructed citizens about what society regarded as right and appropriate. King asserted that in any case the “habits if not the hearts of people have been and are being altered every day by federal action” and that it would be wrong to undervalue the efficacy and force of law in altering human behavior and social patterns.
A review on swimmer's itch and the occurrence of bird schistosomes in Iceland
Authors: Skírnisson K. , Aldhoun J.A. , Kolářová L.
Published: April 2009

In the past decade, swimmer's itch (SI) has repeatedly occurred in people who have been wading or bathing in ponds or lakes in Iceland where water birds and snails are abundant. Some of the affected sites were warmed by geothermal activity, and others were not. A search for the causative agent of SI, ocellate furcocercariae that have been found in Iceland only inRadix peregrasnails, revealed an average infection prevalence of 1.4% (n = 12,432). Locally, infection rates commonly exceeded 6%, the highest value observed being 24.5%. A search for adult schistosomes in visceral organs and the nasal cavities of 110 water birds belonging to the orders Gaviiformes, Podicipediformes and Anseriformes revealed eggs, miracidia or adult stages of at least seven previously identifiable schistosome species in four anseriform bird species. A previously unknown species of schistosome,Allobilharzia visceralis, was detected in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus), and classified in a new genus. In mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) a nasalTrichobilharziasp. and the visceral schistosomeT. frankiwere identified. In red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator), distinct egg types belonging to two species of the genusTrichobilharziahave been found. In grey-lag goose (Anser anser) two different egg types were also found – a largeTrichobilharziasp. and small eggs of aDendritobilharziasp. Additionally, unidentified cercariae, probably belonging to a previously undescribed genus were detected inR. peregrain Oslandsstjörn. Taken together, the data obtained by morphological examination of eggs and recent DNA sequencing results, indicate that at least eight species of bird schistosomes occur in Iceland.
Adult triclabendazole-resistantFasciola hepatica: morphological changes in the tegument and gut followingin vivotreatment with artemether in the rat model
Authors: O'Neill J.F. , Johnston R.C. , Halferty L. , Brennan G.P. , Keiser J. , Fairweather I.
Published: April 2009

A study has been carried out to determine the morphological changes to the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaafter treatmentin vivowith artemether. Rats were infected with the triclabendazole-resistant Sligo isolate ofF. hepatica, dosed orally with artemether at a concentration of 200 mg/kg and flukes recovered at 24, 48 and 72 h post-treatment (p.t.). Surface changes were monitored by scanning electron microscopy and fine structural changes to the tegument and gut by transmission electron microscopy. Twenty-four hours p.t., the external surface showed minor disruption, in the form of mild swelling of the tegument. The tegumental syncytium and sub-tegumental tissues appeared relatively normal. Forty-eight and seventy-two hours p.t., disruption to the tegumental system increased, with isolated patches of surface blebbing and reduced production of secretory bodies by the tegumental cells being the main changes seen. The gastrodermal cells showed a relatively normal morphology 24 h p.t. By 48 h, large numbers of autophagic vacuoles and lipid droplets were present. Autophagy increased in magnitude by 72 h p.t. and substantial disruption to the granular endoplasmic reticulum was observed. Results from this study show that flukes treatedin vivowith artemether display progressive and time-dependent alterations to the tegument and gut. Disruption to the gut was consistently and substantially more severe than that to the tegument, suggesting that an oral route of uptake for this compound predominates. This is the first study providing ultrastructural information on the effect of an artemisinin compound against liver fluke.
Visualization ofToxoplasma gondiistage conversion by expression of stage-specific dual fluorescent proteins
Authors: UNNO A. , SUZUKI K. , BATANOVA T. , CHA S.-Y. , JANG H.-K. , KITOH K. , TAKASHIMA Y.
Published: April 2009

To recognize the stage conversion ofToxoplasma gondiibetween tachyzoite and bradyzoite in live host cells, a transgenicT. gondiiline, which expressed stage-specific red and green fluorescence, was constructed.T. gondiiPLK strain tachyzoites were stably transformed with genes encoding red fluorescent protein (DsRed Express) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of tachyzoite-specific SAG1 and bradyzoite-specific BAG1 promoters, respectively. The resulting transgenic parasite was designated PLK/DUAL. When PLK/DUAL was cultured in pH 7·0 medium, the PLK/DUAL zoites expressed red fluorescence, but no detectable levels of green fluorescence were observed. The PLK/DUAL zoites reacted with anti-SAG1 antibody, but not anti-BAG1 antiserum. When PLK/DUAL was cultured under high pH conditions, or in the presence of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190, a small number of zoites expressed green fluorescence and were BAG1 positive. C57BL/6J mice were infected with PLK/DUAL tachyzoites. During the acute and reactivating phase, zoites expressed red fluorescence. However, green fluorescence was not detectable. By contrast, latent cysts expressed green fluorescence. The stage-specific dual fluorescence of PLK/DUAL facilitates identification of the parasitic stage in live cells, with the advantage that fixation or immunostaining is not required.
Characterization of Ca2+uptake in a subcellular membrane fraction ofHerpetomonassp. promastigotes
Authors: SODRÉ C. L. , MOREIRA B. L. M. , MEYER-FERNANDES J. R. , DUTRA P. M. L. , LOPES A. H. C. S. , SCOFANO H. M. , BARRABIN H.
Published: April 2009

ATP-dependent Ca2+uptake was studied in a subcellular fraction fromHerpetomonassp. prepared by mechanical disruption and using45Ca2+as a tracer. The uptake was stimulated by Ca2+with a K0·5of 0·1 μmand a Hill number (nH)=2·8±0·4. The Ca2+-dependent ATP hydrolysis was optimal at pH 7·0 and had a Ca2+dependence identical to uptake. The uptake was highly stimulated by oxalate whereas calmodulin had no activating effect. ATP stimulated Ca2+uptake with a biphasic pattern that resembled the curves described for the purified preparations of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. The ATP stimulation is described as the sum of two Michaelis-Menten curves with Km1=0·25±0·19 μmand Km2=29·6±6·8 μm. GTP or UTP could also promote Ca2+uptake, but with less efficiency than ATP. Vanadate inhibited the uptake with low apparent affinity. Thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid were almost ineffective. The Ca2+uptake was insensitive to H+ionophores and to bafilomycin suggesting no participation of acidocalcisomes. The results are comparable to those obtained using cells permeabilized with digitonin and using arsenaze III as Ca2+indicator. The Ca2+uptake activity described here seems to belong to the endoplasmic reticulum ofHerpetomonassp. and is suitable for further studies on the mechanisms of calcium homeostasis in parasites.
Thymidine kinase and uridine-cytidine kinase from Entamoeba histolytica: cloning, characterization, and search for specific inhibitors
Authors: LOSSANI A. , TORTI A. , GATTI S. , BRUNO A. , MASERATI R. , WRIGHT G. E. , FOCHER F.
Published: April 2009

Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite and the causative agent of amoebiasis, which is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Although anti-amoebic drugs such as metronidazole, emetine, chloroquine and nitazoxanide are generally effective, there is always potential for development of drug resistance. In order to find novel targets to control E. histolytica proliferation we cloned, expressed and purified thymidine kinase (Eh-TK) and uridine-cytidine kinase (Eh-UCK) from E. histolytica. Eh-TK phosphorylates thymidine with a Km of 0·27 μm, whereas Eh-UCK phosphorylates uridine and cytidine with Km of 0·74 and 0·22 mm, respectively. For both enzymes, ATP acts as specific phosphate donor. In order to find alternative treatments of E. histolytica infection we tested numerous nucleoside analogues and related compounds as inhibitors and/or substrates of Eh-TK and Eh-UCK, and active compounds against E. histolytica in cell culture. Our results indicate that inhibitors or alternative substrates of the enzymes, although partially reducing protozoan proliferation, are reversible and not likely to become drugs against E. histolytica infections.
Population dynamics ofTrichuris suisin trickle-infected pigs
Authors: NEJSUM P. , THAMSBORG S. M. , PETERSEN H. H. , KRINGEL H. , FREDHOLM M. , ROEPSTORFF A.
Published: April 2009

The population dynamics ofTrichuris suisin pigs was studied during long-term experimental infections. Twenty-three 10-week-old pigs were inoculated with 5T. suiseggs/kg/day. Seven, 8, and 8 pigs were necropsied at weeks 4, 8, and 14 post-start of infection (p.i.), respectively. The median numbers of worms in the colon were 538 (min–max: 277–618), 332 (14–1140) and 0 (0–4) at 4, 8, and 14 weeks p.i. respectively, suggesting an increased aggregation of the worms with time and acquisition of nearly sterile immunity. The serum levels ofT. suisspecific antibodies (IgG1, IgG2 and IgA) peaked at week 8 p.i. By week 14 p.i. the IgG2 and IgA antibody levels remained significantly elevated above the level of week 0. The population dynamics ofT. suistrickle infections in pigs is discussed with focus on interpretation of diagnostic and epidemiological data of pigs, the use of pigs as a model for humanTrichuris trichiurainfections and the novel approach of usingT. suiseggs in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Interaction ritual and not just artful performance in crossing and stylization
Authors: RAMPTON BEN
Published: April 2009

As Coupland and others show, Bauman’s account of “performance” provides a valuable perspective on speech stylization across a range of public contexts. This article explores the limitations of performance as a window on crossing and stylization in everyday practice, and although recognizing other frames as well, it dwells on Goffman’s interaction ritual, cross-referring to two studies of adolescents in England. In the first, race and ethnicity were controversial, and the performance of other-ethnic styles was risky. But interaction ritual constructed crossing and stylization as urgent responses to the exigencies of the moment, and this made them more acceptable. In the second, performance implies a reflexive composure that is hard to reconcile with informants’ experience of social class as an uncomfortable but only half-articulated issue, whereas interaction ritual provides a sharp lens on how youngsters used stylized “posh” and Cockney varieties to register their apprehension of ongoing stratification. (Interaction ritual, stylization, crossing, performance)1
Agency as an interactive achievement
Authors: AL ZIDJALY NAJMA
Published: April 2009

This study explores how agency emerges and is negotiated moment by moment in interaction by applying Erving Goffman’s notion of production format to an extended sequence of discourse that revolves around accomplishing a conjoint action: the rewriting of an official letter. Deconstructing the participants into the social roles they undertake in accomplishing this task illustrates what is involved in exercising agency: interactively negotiating production format roles and footing shifts through several linguistic strategies aimed at either claiming, ratifying, or rejecting the participants’ agency. These include providing options, negotiating production format roles, asking questions, speaking for another, questioning and asserting expertise, providing counter-arguments, and asserting past agentive selves. This study, thus, contributes to an understanding of agency as co-constructed, mediated, and continually negotiated, while also identifying specific linguistic strategies through which agency is negotiated in interaction. (Agency, disability, production format, social actor, conjoint action, linguistic strategies)*
The Tirolean Aristocracy in 1567
Authors: Chisholm M. A.
Published: April 2009

The reconstruction of social and political elitesis one of the most demanding tasks a historian will face. It requires the collection of a mass of data—such as dates of birth and death, place of origin, parentage, marriage and issue, wealth, career, social networks, intellectual life—and its analysis. Even then the findings are predetermined because they follow from the criteria applied; rather than absolute certainty, these findings commonly yield no more than probabilities. Only rarely will the sources obviate these difficulties by identifying the actors for us, as if ready-made. Happily those of the Tirol from 1567 do precisely that.
Controlling Time in the Habsburg Lands: The Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in Austria below the Enns
Authors: Gordon Rona Johnston
Published: April 2009

On6 January1584, the provost of Zwettl in the archduchy of Austria below the Enns recounted events two days earlier that had greatly alarmed him. Present in the town of Zwettl on administrative business, Ulrich Hackel had been very surprised to see the town church unlocked and packed with peasants and townspeople. An additional 600 peasants, according to his reckoning, were gathered outside the church. All were dressed in their best and all were celebrating Christmas. Yet, as far as Hackel had been concerned, Christmas had already been celebrated ten days earlier. He halted worship in the church, telling the congregation that Christmas was now past and had been duly marked. He then sought out the local magistrate to ensure that the church would be kept locked and that trade would be resumed in the town. His actions had, however, aroused very great opposition. An angry crowd surrounded Hackel, accusing him of being a papist and a rogue and demanding to know why he was depriving them of Christmas. He believed that had he uttered one more word in favor of the earlier celebration of Christmas, he would have been killed on the spot. Hackel had escaped their fury only by being escorted by the town magistrate out of the local parish house in which he had taken refuge and beyond the walls of the town.
Policing the Subject: Confessional Absolutism and Communal Autonomy in Eighteenth-Century Austria
Authors: Pörtner Regina
Published: April 2009

If proverbial wisdom predicts longevityto the falsely proclaimed dead, then the paradigm of absolutism and its confessional variant must surely be considered a prime example. Having drawn intense fire from scholars of Western Europe over the past two decades, the concept of absolutism has recently been given a fresh lease of life by research, exploring and, to some extent, vindicating its applicability in the context of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Central Europe. Given the evolutionary nature of the making of the early modern Austrian-Habsburg monarchy, the complexity of its constitutional, religious, and ethnic makeup, and the waywardness of some of its governing personnel, it seems doubtful if future research will ever be able to satisfactorily clarify the relationship between the political aspirations of individual Austrian rulers, among whom Ferdinand II arguably made the most serious bid for absolute rule, and the practice of negotiated power that characterized the normal state of relations between the Crown and the monarchy's estates.
Commentary: The Making of Five Images of the Habsburg Monarchy: Before Nation There Was Agglutination
Authors: Patrouch Joseph F.
Published: April 2009

Thirty years ago, R. J. W. Evans, in the preface to his influential work, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700, outlined what he saw as needed in the study of this complex subject. The three themes to which he pointed and then addressed in the 450 packed pages that followed were: “a consistent account of the Central European Counter Reformation,” “a balanced view of the Monarchy as a whole,” and “an understanding of intellectual evolution from the Renaissance to the Baroque.” Over the last three decades, numerous historians have taken Evans's lead and contributed to a deeper and more variegated image of the histories of the lands of the Central European Habsburgs. Pieces by five of these historians comprise the forum under discussion here.
1883 Vienna in the Turkish Mirror
Authors: Healy Maureen
Published: April 2009

In his 1883 playDie Türken vor Wien, Richard von Kralik, the Catholic writer and later doyen of Christian Socialism, recounts the story of the 1683 siege of Vienna. Habsburg military heroes, ordinary VienneseBürger, and the Ottoman grand vizier Kara Mustafa appear on stage in Kralik's retelling of what had become a foundational moment in Austrian historiography. The defeat of the Turks at Vienna in 1683 has been hailed as Austria's finest hour, the Habsburgs' greatest service to Europe, and as the moment when Austria defended all of Western civilization from, among other things, the East, Asian barbarism, and Muslim infidels. Kralik may be the playwright here; but in a preface to the play, he introduces the two figures who are the true sources for his tale of 1683: Lady History and Lady Legend. They work together, each playing her part. Lady History and Lady Legend, he explains, sing in beautiful duet, “both accurate and truthful, neither lying nor inventing.” Kralik's juxtaposition of history and legend was astute. Any historian looking back to the events of 1683 and the stories that have since accumulated about Austria's “saving the occident” encounters a multi-century work in progress, a story under revision, a tale in which “legends” about coffee (said to be introduced to Europe by Turks fleeing Vienna) and croissants (a bun shaped, suspiciously, like a crescent) persist alongside themes more properly in the domain of “history”: class tensions, national conflict, and church-state relations.
Commentary: Menace as Metaphor: The Traumatic Memory of Ottoman Encounters
Authors: Wolff Larry
Published: April 2009

JohannPezzl's account ofVienna in the 1780s was conceived from the perspective of an enlightened supporter of Joseph II. Pezzl divided this account into numerous small sections, including one on “The Twelfth of September,” the date of the defeat of the Turks outside Vienna in 1683. As Maureen Healy notes, the new austerity of Joseph II, who did not favor excessively ceremonial occasions, moderated the annual celebration of that date. However, for a whole century, the religious commemoration of the date 12 September (which was also the festival of the Holy Name of Mary) preserved the historical memory of the liberation of Vienna in a manner that is more often associated with modern (rather than early modern) commemorations.
The Pleasant and the Useful: Pilgrimage and Tourism in Habsburg Mariazell
Authors: Frank Alison
Published: April 2009

Theidea behind this articlecame from a riddle. A 1907 guidebook to the Austro-Hungarian pilgrimage site of Mariazell carried the following enigmatic line: “The traveler who, while visiting Mariazell, wishes to combine the pleasant and the useful—for whom the pilgrimage should be at the same time an excursion into the mountains—will find a series of pretty promenades that lead him only a short way out of town and require absolutely no exertion.” The author most likely thought the meaning of this somewhat banal passage was completely clear. But the historian must wonder what exactly was “pleasant” and what was “useful” for the traveler to Mariazell. Was it pleasant to contemplate the majesty of God and the clemency of the Virgin Mary and useful to exercise one's body in the fresh, mountain air—even without exertion? Or was it useful to demonstrate one's piety and devotion via pilgrimage and dutiful time spent in mass, but pleasant to stroll through the temple of nature, admiring local flora and fauna along the way? Both of these interpretations are as truthful as they are possible, and their coexistence exemplifies a quintessential duality of religious tourism in the nineteenth century. Mariazell was both a “place of mercy” (Gnadenort), and an “alpine pearl”; its attraction stemmed from a hybrid of sanctity and sanctuary that was exploited by the citizens and residents of Mariazell whose livelihood depended on attracting a constant flow of outsiders.
A Cozy Little World: Reflections on Context in Austrian Intellectual History
Authors: Gubser Michael
Published: April 2009

Whilecontextualization is basic to all historical analysis, modern Austrian intellectual history exhibits a particular preference for strong contextual accounts of cultural development. Since the 1970s, the literature on fin-de-siècle Vienna as a birthplace of modernism—associated with scholars such as Allan Janik and Stephen Toulmin, William Johnston, William McGrath, and above all Carl Schorske—has endorsed the view, famously expressed by the poet Friedrich Hebbel, that Austria was the “little world where the big world holds its tryouts.” Vienna's cultural efflorescence, it is argued, was exemplary not only for its magnitude and innovation, but also for the close affiliations of its participants. “No one who has studied the high culture of Vienna in the period of liberal ascendancy,” Carl Schorske remarked programmatically, “can fail to be impressed by the sturdy integration of its components.”