bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is there a choice to make? A pilot study investigating attitudes towards treatment in an Early Intervention for Psychosis service
Authors: Cowdrey Felicity Ann , Hogg Lorna , Chapman Kate
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate health care professionals’ (HCPs) and service-users’ (SUs) attitudes towards different treatment options in an Early Intervention for Psychosis (EIP) service as well as the topical issue of offering choice over treatment.

Design/methodology/approach

Seven SUs accessing an EIP service and nine HCPs completed qualitative surveys about treatment for psychosis. Data were analysed thematically.

Findings

Both HCPs and SUs appeared to have a generally positive attitude to the range of interventions offered by the EIP service and SUs talked about the importance of all treatment options being explored. There was variation in attitudes towards SUs having choice over their treatment and a number of factors were identified as crucial in influencing attitudes including mental capacity, risk and level of engagement.

Research limitations/implications

Small sample size, recruitment from only one EIP service and using a survey design limit generalisability and depth of analysis.

Practical implications

HCPs working in EIP services should explore different treatment options fully with SUs but be aware that they may feel unable to make the decision themselves. Such discussions should be revisited throughout an individual’s care as their ability and desire to make informed choices may change over time. Continuing Professional Development and clinical supervision should be used to help HCPs reflect on the choice agenda and the implications of this for clinical practice.

Originality/value

Few studies have examined attitudes towards treatments for psychosis. This is an evolving and important clinical area that remains under researched. Recommendations for service-development, future research and clinical practice are made.
Perceptions of success of women early career researchers
Authors: Reynolds Amy C. , O’Mullan Catherine , Pabel Anja , Martin-Sardesai Ann , Alley Stephanie , Richardson Susan , Colley Linda , Bousie Jacquelin , McCalman Janya
Published: May 2018

Purpose

In the highly gendered academic sector, womens’ high participation rates have not translated into equal career progression with men. Existing literature suggests that early career publication success is a good indicator of long-term publication success. This research is intended to provide a better understanding of whether the notions of success espoused by neo-liberal universities align with the subjective measures of what constitutes academic success for women ECRs (early career researchers).

Design/methodology/approach

The study examines the perceptions of nine successful women ECRs at an Australian university. It uses collaborative autoethnography with thematic analysis of participants’ self-reflective narratives on being a successful ECR.

Findings

Five themes were identified. One focussed on objective academic success, which included publications, grants and citations. The other four themes – living a balanced life, making a difference, labour of love and freedom and flexibility – offered more subjective views of success. These included: research making a contribution to society, undertaking research they are passionate about, having autonomy in their role and achieving work-life balance.

Practical implications

The findings demonstrate that women define success in broader terms than neo-liberal universities, and future studies should consider these divergent definitions. Universities committed to equality should understand differences in how women may approach career progress and incorporate this into support processes and in alignment of individual and university goals.

Originality/value

This research offers unique insights into the experience of post-doctoral employment for women in the academic environment and the factors influencing their success in this early career phase.
Supporting scientists from underrepresented minority backgrounds
Authors: Griffin Kimberly , Baker Vicki , O’Meara KerryAnn , Nyunt Gudrun , Robinson Tykeia , Staples Candice L.
Published: May 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the developmental networks of graduate students of color participating in PROMISE, Maryland’s Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate program, a National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded graduate retention and support program. The authors specifically examine how underrepresented minority students gain access to needed supports through building individual mentoring relationships and broader networks of support.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors rely on a case study approach to explore developmental networks and support accessed by students participating in the PROMISE program. A total of 16 students of color in STEM fields from three institutions in the University of Maryland System have participated.

Findings

Study findings reveal that scientists from underrepresented backgrounds construct and draw from diverse developmental networks that include individuals from within and outside of the academic community. Key relationships include advisors; faculty with whom they share identities, peers in and outside of their programs; and administrators. Developers play distinct roles within the networks including shaping students’ emerging professional identities as scientists and providing psychosocial support. Student agency and initiative as well as faculty engagement and programs like PROMISE further enhanced student access to mentorship.

Research limitations/implications

This study offers unique insights into the nature, cultivation and resources gained from the relationships that make up the developmental networks of science graduate students from underrepresented backgrounds.

Originality/value

Traditional notions of mentoring and support, particularly in graduate education, highlight the role and importance of the student’s advisor in their growth and development. This study is unique in its focus on the multiple relationships students of color in science form. This study offers specific insight into the nature, construction and resources gained from developmental networks formed by a group of underrepresented minority students in STEM graduate education.
Doctoral student funding portfolios across and within engineering, life sciences and physical sciences
Authors: Knight David , Kinoshita Timothy , Choe Nathan , Borrego Maura
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to determine the extent to which graduate student funding portfolios vary across and within engineering, life sciences and physical sciences academic fields for degree recipients. “Graduate student funding portfolios” refers to the percentages of students funded by fellowships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, personal means and other sources within an organizational unit.

Design/methodology/approach

Using data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates data set, the authors analyze doctoral students’ self-reported primary mechanisms of funding across and within academic fields varying along the Biglan taxonomy. The authors used cluster analyses and logistic regression to investigate within-field variation in funding portfolios.

Findings

The authors show significant differences in doctoral student funding portfolios across dimensions of the Biglan taxonomy characterizing academic fields. Within those fields, the authors demonstrate considerable variation in funding; institutions cluster into different “modes” of funding portfolios that do not necessarily map onto institutional type or control variables.

Originality/value

Despite tremendous investment in graduate students, there has been little research that can help characterize at the program-level how graduate students are funded, either by internal or external mechanisms. As programs continue to feel the pressures of more limited resources coupled with increasing graduate enrollment demands, investigating graduate student funding at a macro level is becoming increasingly important so programs may better understand constraints and predict shifts in resource availability.
Overtourism: residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity - case study of a Spanish heritage town
Authors: Muler Gonzalez Vanessa , Coromina Lluis , Galí Nuria
Published: May 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to assess the value of impact perceptions as an indicator of social carrying capacity in the heritage town of Besalú, Spain. Additionally, it assesses the impact tourism dependence and other socio-demographic variables have on this indicator.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review on social exchange theory (SET) and carrying capacity related to impact perceptions is presented. The method was a survey, with a questionnaire based on the literature review and in-depth interviews. The results have been analyzed statistically to determine the links between perceptions and socio-demographic variables. Using statistical tools, perceptions are compared to three indicators that have been used to determine capacity in literature: willingness to accept more tourism, tourism pressure and the tourist function index.

Findings

The willingness of residents to enter into, and remain, in an exchange relationship is affected primarily by tourism dependence, and to a lesser extent by gender and education. Additionally, impact perceptions do not correspond to a willingness to accept more tourists. The impacts of tourism on conservation show greater consensus, while impacts on the availability of space for residents show links to other capacity indicators.

Originality/value

This study enhances the body of knowledge on social carrying capacity in heritage towns, by focusing on a regionally prominent day-tripper heritage town facing high tourism pressure which is Besalú. From a theoretical perspective, this study attempts to merge carrying capacity and SET, thus linking sustainability to social exchange. It also highlights the importance of a gender-based perspective in sustainability.
Field validation of radar systems for monitoring bird migration
Authors: Nilsson Cecilia , Dokter Adriaan M. , Schmid Baptiste , Scacco Martina , Verlinden Liesbeth , Bäckman Johan , Haase Günther , Dell’Omo Giacomo , Chapman Jason W. , Leijnse Hidde , Liechti Felix
Published: May 2018

Advances in information technology are increasing the use of radar as a tool to investigate and monitor bird migration movements. We set up a field campaign to compare and validate outputs from different radar systems.

Here we compare the pattern of nocturnal bird migration movements recorded by four different radar systems at a site in southern Sweden. Within the range of the weather radar (WR) Ängelholm, we operated a “BirdScan” (BS) dedicated bird radar, a standard marine radar (MR), and a tracking radar (TR).

The measures of nightly migration intensities, provided by three of the radars (WR, BS, MR), corresponded well with respect to the relative seasonal course of migration, while absolute migration intensity agreed reasonably only between WR and BS. Flight directions derived from WR, BS and TR corresponded very well, despite very different sample sizes. Estimated mean ground speeds differed among all four systems. The correspondence among systems was highest under clear sky conditions and at high altitudes.

Synthesis and applications. While different radar systems can provide useful information on nocturnal bird migration, they have distinct strengths and weaknesses, and all require supporting data to allow for species level inference. Weather radars continuously detect avian biomass flows across a wide altitude band, making them a useful tool for monitoring and predictive applications at regional to continental scales that do not rely on resolving individuals. BirdScan and marine radar’s strengths are in local and low altitude applications, such as collision risks with man‐made structures and airport safety, although marine radars should not be trusted for absolute intensities of movement. In quantifying flight behaviour of individuals, tracking radars are the most informative.
Cost‐Effectiveness of a Community‐Based Diabetes Prevention Program with Participation Incentives for Medicaid Beneficiaries
Authors: Gilmer Todd , O'Connor Patrick J. , Schiff Jeffrey S. , Taylor Gretchen , Vazquez‐Benitez Gabriela , Garrett Joyce E. , Vue‐Her Houa , Rinn Sarah , Anderson Julie , Desai Jay
Published: May 2018

Objective

To examine the cost‐effectiveness of a community‐based Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) for Medicaid beneficiaries from the perspective of the health care sector.

Data Sources/Study Setting

A total of 847 Medicaid enrollees at high risk for type 2 diabetes participating in a community‐based DPP.

Study Design

Pre‐ and post clinical outcome and cost data were used as inputs into a validated diabetes simulation model. The model was used to evaluate quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and health care costs over a 40‐year time horizon from the perspective of the health care sector.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Clinical outcome and cost data were derived from a study examining the effect of financial incentives on weight loss.

Principal Findings

Study participants lost an average of 4.2 lb (p < .001) and increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol by 1.75 mg/dl (p = .002). Intervention costs, which included financial incentives for participation and weight loss, were $915 per participant. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio was estimated to be $14,011 per QALY but was sensitive to the time horizon studied.

Conclusions

Widespread adoption of community‐based DPP has the potential to reduce diabetes and cardiovascular‐related morbidity and mortality for low‐income persons at high risk for diabetes and may be a cost‐effective investment for Medicaid programs.
Silencing Whistleblowers by Contract
Authors: Pacella Jennifer M.
Published: May 2018

In 2015 the corporate world was jolted as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) commenced its first enforcement action against employer‐mandated confidentiality agreements to silence would‐be whistleblowers, imposing sanctions on KBR Inc. (KBR) for contractually restricting its employees from becoming whistleblowers. Lying dormant until this action, Dodd–Frank's Rule 21F‐17, which bars restrictions on SEC whistleblowing, now provides the SEC with an active enforcement mechanism through which the agency regularly penalizes noncompliant employers. Although it is now clear from a regulatory standpoint that such confidentiality agreements violate the law, Rule 21F‐17 is void of guidance or explanation as to a much thornier question—whether employers may restrict their employees from turning over to the SEC internal, confidential documents supporting their whistleblowing disclosures. While incorporating the results of a request by the author under the Freedom of Information Act pertaining to Dodd–Frank's whistleblower submission process, this article is the first scholarly attempt to fill this void in the law. By integrating law from related legal doctrines, including contract law, employment law, and precedent under the False Claims Act, this article proposes regulatory amendments to Rule 21F‐17 that balance the employer's concern of safeguarding confidential documents with the whistleblower's need for providing documentary support of his or her claims. Such clarifications to the law will not only provide the SEC and the courts a clear mechanism to determine the lawfulness of such transmissions, but will, most importantly, serve as advance guidance to whistleblowers as to the boundaries of relying on documentary support as they reveal wrongdoing.
Primary lumbar hernia: A rare case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Sarwal Ankush , Sharma Anil , Khullar Rajesh , Soni Vandana , Baijal Manish , Chowbey Pradeep
Published: May 2018

Primary lumbar hernia is a rarely encountered hernia. Surgical correction is the standard treatment for lumbar hernia, and either an open or laparoscopic procedure can be performed with equivalent success. However, open repairs are most commonly performed. Here, we present a case of a primary lumbar hernia that was successfully treated laparoscopically and discuss surgical modalities of treatment reported in the literature. There are two laparoscopic approaches: transabdominal and extraperitoneal. The main advantage of the laparoscopic approach is that it helps the surgeon to precisely locate and evaluate the characteristics of the defect. It also has a lower morbidity rate, shorter length of hospital stay, less postoperative pain, and an earlier return to daily routine activities than the open approach. In the present study, a patient with a superior lumbar hernia was treated laparoscopically by the transabdominal approach. Laparoscopic repair in such cases is feasible and achieves a good result when done by an experienced laparoscopic hernia surgeon.
Genome‐wide association studies identified variants for taurine concentration in Japanese Black beef
Authors: Sasago Nanae , Takeda Masayuki , Ohtake Tsuyoshi , Abe Tsuyoshi , Sakuma Hironori , Kojima Takatoshi , Sasaki Shinji , Uemoto Yoshinobu
Published: May 2018

We performed genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) using the BovineSNP50 array to detect significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may affect the concentration of 22 free amino acids and three peptides in Japanese Black beef cattle. A total of 574 Japanese Black cattle and 40,657 SNPs from the array were used for this study. Genome‐wide significant SNPs were detected for β‐alanine (three SNPs on chromosomes 22 and 29) and taurine (26 SNPs on chromosome 22). Importantly, the top two SNPs for taurine were highly significant (p = 6.2 × 10−21), and the frequency of the increase‐concentration allele (Q) for taurine was found to be 0.73. The Q allele frequency of this population was similar to that of the other unrelated Japanese Black cattle, but different from that of the other breeds. In addition, the significant SNPs were not associated with carcass traits or fatty acid compositions. Interestingly, the top three of the four most significant SNPs for taurine were located near solute carrier family 6, member 6 (SLC6A6), which is a membrane transporter for taurine. We also found two associated variants in the 5′‐upstream region of SLC6A6; however, they were less significantly associated than the SNPs from the BovineSNP50 array.
Dietary intake of iodine‐enriched eggs decreases the incidence of mouse mammary tumors caused by the activated ErbB2 oncogene
Authors: Oyama Kazunori , Shimoda Takahiro , Miyagawa Makoto , Sone Mizuki , Yokoyama Jiro , Nishimori Katsuhiko , Fukuda Tomokazu
Published: May 2018

Human epigenetic studies suggest that consumption of seaweed prevents mammary cancer, which possibly is explained by iodine daily intake. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of dietary intake of iodine‐enriched eggs on mammary tumor incidence caused by the expression of activated type ErbB2. Female transgenic mice were divided into three groups, and fed a basic diet, a diet supplemented with ordinary eggs, or with iodine‐enriched eggs. The number of mammary tumors greater than 5 mm in diameter was recorded in mice at 6 months of age. We report that the average number of mammary tumors per mouse was significantly lower in the iodine‐enriched egg‐added diet group than in either the basic diet or ordinary egg diet groups. These results indicate that iodine intake through livestock‐derived products can reduce the incidence of mammary cancers caused by the expression of activated type ErbB2.
New Robust Statistical Procedures for the Polytomous Logistic Regression Models
Authors: Castilla Elena , Ghosh Abhik , Martin Nirian , Pardo Leandro
Published: May 2018

This article derives a new family of estimators, namely the minimum density power divergence estimators, as a robust generalization of the maximum likelihood estimator for the polytomous logistic regression model. Based on these estimators, a family of Wald-type test statistics for linear hypotheses is introduced. Robustness properties of both the proposed estimators and the test statistics are theoretically studied through the classical influence function analysis. Appropriate real life examples are presented to justify the requirement of suitable robust statistical procedures in place of the likelihood based inference for the polytomous logistic regression model. The validity of the theoretical results established in the article are further confirmed empirically through suitable simulation studies. Finally, an approach for the data-driven selection of the robustness tuning parameter is proposed with empirical justifications.
Radical prostatectomy in T4 prostate cancer after inductive androgen deprivation: results of a single‐institution series with long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Hajili Turkan , Ohlmann Carsten H. , Linxweiler Johannes , Niklas Christina , Janssen Martin , Siemer Stefan , Stoeckle Michael , Saar Matthias
Published: May 2018

Objectives

To determine the outcomes of complete surgical resection of T4 prostate cancer after inductive androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT), as inductive ADT and subsequent radical prostatectomy (RP) is not recommended by any guideline yet.

Patients and Methods

A monocentric RP database was queried for patients initially diagnosed with T4 prostate cancer, considered primarily as inoperable because of a fixed mass defined by rectal examination in combination with high PSA level and/or large foci of biopsy confirmed undifferentiated prostate cancer. Treatment consisted of primary ADT until PSA nadir with consecutive RP. Patients underwent retropubic RP (RRP) or robot‐assisted laparoscopic RP (RALP) after inductive ADT until achievement of the PSA nadir, which is in general reached after 6–7 months. The intraoperative course and complications were analysed. Finally, Kaplan–Meier estimates were calculated for overall survival (OS) and prostate cancer‐specific survival (PCSS).

Results

We retrospectively identified 116 patients treated between 2000 and 2014. At diagnosis, the median (range) PSA level was 37.6 (2.44–284) ng/mL. The preoperative median (range) PSA after inductive ADT was 0.73 (0.01–34) ng/mL. Thereafter, patients underwent RRP or, since 2006, RALP. The median (95% confidence interval) OS was 156 (118.9–193.1) months. The PCSS at 150 months was 82%.

Conclusions

Surgical therapy of primarily inoperable prostate cancer is feasible and safe after inductive ADT. The OS of this cohort seems comparable with results described for patients with primary operable high‐risk prostate cancer.
Psychometric properties and factor structure of the adapted Self‐Regulation Questionnaire assessing autonomous and controlled motivation for healthful eating among youth with type 1 diabetes and their parents
Authors: Quick V. , Lipsky L. M. , Nansel T. R.
Published: May 2018

Background

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine the psychometric properties of 2 adapted Self‐Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) measures assessing youth with type 1 diabetes motivation internalization for healthful eating and their parents motivation internalization for providing healthy meals for the family.

Methods

External validity of the adapted SRQ was evaluated with respect to healthy eating attitudes (healthful eating self‐efficacy, barriers, and outcome expectations) assessed by questionnaire, diet quality (Healthy Eating Index‐2005 [HEI‐2005]; Nutrient‐Rich Foods Index 9.3 [NRF9.3]; Whole Plant Food Density [WPFD]) assessed by 3‐day food records, and body mass index assessed by measured height and weight in youth with type 1 diabetes (N = 136; age 12.3 ± 2.5 years) and their parents.

Results

Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded a 2‐factor structure with the expected autonomous and controlled motivation factors for both youth and parents. Internal consistencies of subscales were acceptable (α = .66–.84). Youth autonomous and controlled motivation were positively correlated overall (r = 0.30, p < .001); however, in analyses stratified by age (<13 vs. ≥13 years), the correlation was not significant for youth ≥13 years. Autonomous motivation was significantly associated (p < .001) with greater self‐efficacy (youth: r = 0.39, parent: r = 0.36), positive outcome expectations (youth: r = 0.30, parent: r = 0.35), and fewer barriers to healthful eating (youth: r = −0.36, parent: r = −0.32). Controlled motivation was positively correlated with negative outcome expectations for parents (r = 0.29, p < .01) and both positive (r = 0.28, p < .01) and negative (r = 0.34, p < .001) outcome expectations for youth. Autonomous motivation was positively associated (p < .05) with diet quality indicators for parents (NRF9.3 r = 0.22; WPFD r = 0.24; HEI‐2005 r = 0.22) and youth ≥13 years (NRF9.3 r = 0.26) but not youth < 13years. Among parents, but not youth, body mass index was associated negatively with autonomous motivation (r = −.33, p < .001) and positively with controlled motivation (r = .27, p < .01).

Conclusions

Findings provide initial support for the SRQ in this population and suggest potential developmental differences in the role of motivation on healthful eating among children, adolescents, and adults.
Insights in particulate matter‐induced allergic airway inflammation: Focus on the epithelium
Authors: De Grove K. C. , Provoost S. , Brusselle G. G. , Joos G. F. , Maes T.
Published: May 2018

Outdoor air pollution is a major environmental health problem throughout the world. In particular, exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with the development and exacerbation of several respiratory diseases, including asthma. Although the adverse health effects of PM have been demonstrated for many years, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully identified. In this review, we focus on the role of the lung epithelium and specifically highlight multiple cytokines in PM‐induced respiratory responses. We describe the available literature on the topic including in vitro studies, findings in humans (ie observations in human cohorts, human controlled exposure and ex vivo studies) and in vivo animal studies. In brief, it has been shown that exposure to PM modulates the airway epithelium and promotes the production of several cytokines, including IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐25, IL‐33, TNF‐α, TSLP and GM‐CSF. Further, we propose that PM‐induced type 2‐promoting cytokines are important mediators in the acute and aggravating effects of PM on airway inflammation. Targeting these cytokines could therefore be a new approach in the treatment of asthma.
HIGH SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS' INITIAL COLLEGES AND MAJORS
Authors: Darolia Rajeev , Koedel Cory
Published: May 2018

We use statewide administrative data from Missouri to examine the explanatory power of high schools over student sorting to colleges and majors at 4‐year public universities. We develop a “preparation and persistence index” (PPI) for each university‐by‐major cell in the Missouri system that captures dimensions of selectivity and rigor and allows for a detailed investigation of sorting. Our analysis shows that students' high schools predict the quality of the initial university, as measured by PPI, conditional on their own academic preparation, and that students from lower–socioeconomic status high schools systematically enroll at lower‐PPI universities. However, high schools offer little explanatory power over major placements within universities. (JEL I2, J1)
Semantic network management for next‐generation networks
Authors: Matheus Christopher J. , Boran Aidan , Carr Dominic , Collier Rem W. , Kroon Barnard , Murdoch Olga , Lillis David , O'Grady Michael J. , O'Hare Gregory M. P.
Published: May 2018

To accommodate the proliferation of heterogeneous network models and protocols, the use of semantic technologies to enable an abstract treatment of networks is proposed. Network adapters are employed to lift network specific data into a semantic representation. Semantic reasoning integrates the disparate network models and protocols into a common data model by making intelligent inferences from low‐level network and device details. Automatic discovery of new devices, monitoring of device state, and invocation of device actions in a generic fashion that is agnostic of network types is enabled. A prototype system called SNoMAC is described that employs the proposed approach operating over UPnP, TR‐069, and heterogeneous sensors. These sensors are integrated by means of a sensor middleware named SIXTH that augments the capabilities of SNoMAC to allow for intelligent management and configuration of a wide variety of sensor devices. A major benefit of this approach is that the addition of new models, protocols, or sensor types merely involves the development of a new network adapter based on an ontology. Additionally, the semantic representation of the network and associated data allows for a variety of client interfaces to facilitate human input to the management and monitoring of the system.
Ethical, legal and social implications of forensic molecular phenotyping in South Africa
Authors: Slabbert Nandi , Heathfield Laura Jane
Published: May 2018

Conventional forensic DNA analysis involves a matching principle, which compares DNA profiles from evidential samples to those from reference samples of known origin. In casework, however, the accessibility to a reference sample is not guaranteed which limits the use of DNA as an investigative tool. This has led to the development of phenotype prediction, which uses SNP analysis to estimate the physical appearance of the sample donor. Physical traits, such as eye, hair and skin colour, have been associated with certain alleles within specific genes involved in the melanogenesis pathways. These genetic markers are also associated with ancestry and their trait prediction ability has mainly been assessed in European and North American populations. This has prompted research investigating the discriminatory power of these markers in other populations, especially those exhibiting admixture. South Africa is well known for its diversity, and the viability of these particular SNPs still needs to be assessed within this population. South African law currently restricts the use of DNA for molecular phenotyping, and there are also numerous ethical and social considerations, all of which are discussed.
Cognitive safety of intracranial electrodes for epilepsy
Authors: Meador Kimford J. , Halpern Casey H. , Hermann Bruce P.
Published: May 2018

Two recent articles in Epilepsia have raised concerns about adverse cognitive effects associated with intracranial electrode implantation. However, both studies have important limitations, and their results contrast with studies that report no adverse cognitive effects of intracranial electrodes for diagnosis or neurostimulation in epilepsy. Furthermore, no data are provided on the relative safety of depth electrodes implanted along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus vs other electrode locations or types of electrodes. Instituting changes in the use of depth electrodes based solely on these 2 studies is not clinically indicated. Further research is needed.
Haemangiosarcoma in two full sibling American Quarter Horse geldings
Authors: Fontenot R. L. , Lack A. C. , Maslin W. R. , Bowser J. E.
Published: May 2018

This case report describes two full sibling gelding American Quarter Horses that presented separately for evaluation of an external mass (Case 1) and signs of colic and epistaxis (Case 2). The horses had the same owner and resided on the same property for the majority of their lives. Both horses were definitively or presumptively diagnosed antemortem with haemangiosarcoma, and on necropsy, multicentric (Case 1) and primary renal (Case 2) haemangiosarcoma were confirmed. A unique finding on necropsy was extensive bilateral renal involvement. Due to the low incidence of haemangiosarcoma in horses, the unique organ involvement and common ancestry of these two horses, a genetic cause is suspected.
Novel findings from a beta coronavirus outbreak on an American Miniature Horse breeding farm in upstate New York
Authors: Goodrich E. L. , Mittel L. D. , Glaser A. , Ness S. L. , Radcliffe R. M. , Divers T. J.
Published: May 2018

This case report describes an outbreak and novel findings associated with a beta coronavirus (BCoV) infection that occurred on an American Miniature Horse (AMH) breeding farm in upstate New York, in January and February of 2013. Twenty‐nine AMH and one donkey were present on the farm when the outbreak occurred. One 10‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare, stabled at a separate location and owned by an employee of the farm, also tested positive. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of BCoV was performed at the Animal Health Diagnostic Center (AHDC) at Cornell on all faecal samples. The PCR assay used detects multiple beta coronaviruses, including, but not limited to, equine enteric coronavirus (ECoV). Novel findings regarding this BCoV infection in horses were recognised in this outbreak study. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the largest outbreak of BCoV described thus far in a closed herd on a single premise. The case fatality rate was 0% unlike that described in a previous outbreak of ECoV involving miniature horses and a miniature donkey (Fielding et al. 2015). The morbidity rate was lower in this outbreak than in previously described studies (Oue et al. 2013; Pusterla et al. 2013). This outbreak also demonstrated the potential for BCoV transmission via farm personnel. The duration of shedding of virus in the faeces among some asymptomatic horses in this outbreak was longer than previously described clinical cases of ECoV (Pusterla et al. 2013; Nemoto et al. 2014). This study suggests that asymptomatic animals may play a role in the maintenance of BCoV during an outbreak; therefore, the need for diagnostic testing of both clinically affected and apparently clinically normal horses on a premises followed by appropriate biosecurity and control measures.
Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis, pH and storage temperature on the emulsifying properties of canola protein isolate and hydrolysates
Authors: Alashi Adeola M. , Blanchard Christopher L. , Mailer Rodney J. , Agboola Samson O. , Mawson John A. , Aluko Rotimi E.
Published: May 2018

The aim of this work was to enhance emulsification properties of canola proteins through enzymatic proteolysis and pH variaton. Canola protein isolate (CPI) and hydrolysates (CPHs) were used to form emulsions at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.0 followed by storage at 4 or 25 °C for 7 days. Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis led to increased peptide bond cleavage with time (0.23 g/100 g in CPI to 7.18 g/100 g after 24‐h Alcalase hydrolysis). Generally, oil droplet sizes were smaller for emulsions made at pH 9.0, which suggest better quality than those made at pH 4.0 and 7.0. Trypsin hydrolysate emulsions were the most physically stable at pH 7.0 and 9.0; in contrast, the pepsin hydrolysate emulsions were unstable at all conditions. The results suggest that selective enzymatic hydrolysis could play an important role in enhancing successful incorporation of canola proteins and peptides into food systems as protein emulsifiers.
Composition, structure and physicochemical properties of three coloured potato starches
Authors: Yang Liping , Xia Yuesheng , Junejo Shahid Ahmed , Zhou Yibin
Published: May 2018

Composition, structure and physicochemical properties of starch from red‐ and purple‐fleshed potatoes were investigated and compared to those of typical yellow‐fleshed potatoes. The starch from yellow has highest amylose (25.23%) content, following by purple (23.30%) and red (20.26%). The growth ring of the three starches differed, but granule morphology was largely similar. Each potato starch exhibited B‐type crystalline patterns, with crystallinity ranging from 20.33% to 22.25%. The molecular weights and z‐average radius of gyration exhibited significant difference among the three starch samples. The branch chain length distribution showed that purple potato starch had highest population of A chains and lowest population of B1 chains. Moreover, the pasting properties of the three samples differed remarkably. The purple (90.92%) and red (86.41%) potato starches presented extremely good light transmittance compared with the yellow potato starch (34.03%). Dynamic rheological analysis showed that all samples possessed a weak elastic gel‐like structure.
0.73ZrTi2O6–0.27MgNb2O6 microwave dielectric ceramics modified by Al2O3 addition
Authors: He Lei , Yu Hongtao , Zeng Mengshi , Luo Ting , Liu Jingsong
Published: May 2018

0.73ZrTi2O6–0.27MgNb2O6 ceramics with various Al2O3 contents (0‐2.0 wt%) were prepared by conventional ceramic route. The effects of Al2O3 on the phase composition, microstructure, conductivity, and microwave dielectric properties were systematically investigated. The coexistence of a disordered α–PbO2‐type phase and a rutile second phase was found in all compact ceramics with low Al2O3 contents (x = 0, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%), while a corundum phase was detected when Al2O3 additive increased to 1.5 and 2.0 wt% based on X‐ray diffraction results. With the addition of Al2O3, the decreased grain size of the matrix phase was observed using field‐emission scanning electron microscope, accompanied with increased resistivity and band‐gap energy. Additionally, Al2O3 additives efficiently improved the quality factor of the ceramics. After sintering at 1360°C for 3 hours, the ceramic with 1.0 wt% Al2O3 exhibited excellent microwave dielectric properties: a dielectric constant of 43.8, a quality factor of 33 900 GHz (at 6.6 GHz), and a near‐zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (3.1 ppm/°C).
Injection of synthetic mesenchymal stem cell mitigates osteoporosis in rats after ovariectomy
Authors: Shen Miaoda , Wu Ronghuan , Jin Rilong , Pan Jun , Guo Fang , Li Zhuoyang , Lin Xiangjin , Xu Sanzhong
Published: May 2018

Osteoporosis is a severe skeletal disorder. Patients have a low bone mineral density and bone structural deterioration. Mounting lines of evidence suggest that inappropriate apoptosis of osteoblasts/osteocytes leads to maladaptive bone remodelling in osteoporosis. It has been suggested that transplantation of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, may alter the trajectory of bone remoulding and mitigate osteoporosis in animal models. However, stem cells needed to be carefully stored and characterized before usage. In addition, there is great batch‐to‐batch variation in stem cell production. Here, we fabricated therapeutic polymer microparticles from the secretome and membranes of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These synthetic MSCs contain growth factors secreted by MSCs. In addition, these particles display MSC surface molecules. In vitro, co‐culture with synthetic MSCs increases the viability of osteoblast cells. In a rat model of ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis, injection of synthetic MSCs mitigated osteoporosis by reducing cell apoptosis and systemic inflammation, but increasing osteoblast numbers. Synthetic MSC offers a promising therapy to manage osteoporosis.
Normative Power Europe Caving In? EU under Pressure of Russian Information Warfare
Authors: Wagnsson Charlotte , Hellman Maria
Published: May 2018

Scholars have characterized the EU as a normative power whose greatest asset is to be able to shape conceptions of what is ‘normal’ in international affairs. Scholars have argued that a normative power has to meet certain discursive standards; representing others in a non‐antagonistic, humble way. We question whether the EU can live up to this ideal when defending itself against Russian strategic communication. The empirical enquiry establishes that while the EU High Commissioner communicates in line with the stipulated standards, the newly established East Stratcom Taskforce and its publication ‘Disinformation Digest’ diverges from this ideal. The establishment of the Taskforce has led to the EU losing reflexivity and normative power. The article concludes that while Diez’ and Manners’ standards are utopian in the contemporary communicative climate, they remain useful as guiding rules that can help normative powers ‘watch their language’ and avoid doing unnecessary harm.
Still the Century of Intergovernmentalism? Partisan Ideology, Two‐level Bargains and Technocratic Governance in the post‐Maastricht Era
Authors: König Thomas
Published: May 2018

This study compares the explanatory power of intergovernmentalism and national partyism for European integration in the post‐Maastricht era. Using data on the issue‐specific positions of all heads of state and government at the Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon conferences, I identify a common policy space with latent preferences and outcomes on two integration dimensions, the design of governance and the pooling of policy competences. The findings show that partisan ideology characterizes leaders’ preferences for the pooling of policy competences, which helps to find compromise among the leaders from large/rich and small/poor countries on governance design. Due to their credible referendum threat, leaders from smaller countries dominate interstate bargains in the post‐Maastricht era. This implies institutional choices for a separation of powers with a bicameral legislature, which promotes functionalist responsibility at the expense of responsiveness to the concerns of the voters.
Passifloraplastome sequencing reveals widespread genomic rearrangements
Authors: Rabah Samar O. , Shrestha Bikash , Hajrah Nahid H. , Sabir Mumdooh J. , Alharby Hesham F. , Sabir Mernan J. , Alhebshi Alawiah M. , Sabir Jamal S.M. , Gilbert Lawrence E. , Ruhlman Tracey A. , Jansen Robert K.
Published: May 2018

Although past studies have includedPassifloraamong angiosperm lineages with highly rearranged plastid genomes (plastomes), knowledge about plastome organization in the genus is limited. So far only one draft and one complete plastome have been published. Expanded sampling ofPassifloraplastomes is needed to understand the extent of the genomic rearrangement in the genus, which is also unusual in having biparental plastid inheritance and plastome‐genome incompatibility. We sequenced 15Passifloraplastomes using either Illumina paired‐end or shotgun cloning and Sanger sequencing approaches. Assembled plastomes were annotated using Dual Organellar GenoMe Annotator (DOGMA) and tRNAscan‐SE. ThePopulus trichocarpaplastome was used as a reference to estimate genomic rearrangements inPassifloraby performing whole genome alignment in progressiveMauve. The phylogenetic distribution of rearrangements was plotted on the maximum likelihood tree generated from 64 plastid encoded protein genes. Inverted repeat (IR) expansion/contraction and loss of the two largest hypothetical open reading frames,ycf1andycf2, account for most plastome size variation, which ranges from 139 262 base pairs (bp) inP. biflorato 161 494 bp inP. pittieri.Passifloraplastomes have experienced numerous inversions, gene and intron losses along with multiple independent IR expansions and contractions resulting in a distinct organization in each of the three subgenera examined. EachPassiflorasubgenus has a unique plastome structure in terms of gene content, order and size. The phylogenetic distribution of rearrangements shows thatPassiflorahas experienced widespread genomic changes, suggesting that such events may not be reliable phylogenetic markers.
Fractional excretion of electrolytes in volume‐responsive and intrinsic acute kidney injury in dogs: Diagnostic and prognostic implications
Authors: Troìa Roberta , Gruarin Marta , Grisetti Chiara , Serafini Federica , Magna Luca , Monari Erika , Giunti Massimo , Dondi Francesco
Published: May 2018

Background

The value of fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes to characterize and prognosticate acute kidney injury (AKI) is poorly documented in dogs.

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic roles of FE of electrolytes in dogs with AKI.

Animals

Dogs (n = 135) with AKI treated with standard care (February 2014‐December 2016).

Methods

Prospective study. Clinical and laboratory variables including FE of electrolytes, were measured upon admission. Dogs were graded according to the AKI‐IRIS guidelines and grouped according to AKI features (volume‐responsive, VR‐AKI; intrinsic, I‐AKI) and outcome (survivors/non‐survivors). Group comparison and regression analyses with hazard ratios (HR) evaluation for I‐AKI and mortality were performed.P < .05 was considered significant.

Results

Fifty‐two of 135 (39%) dogs had VR‐AKI, 69/135 (51%) I‐AKI and 14/135 (10%) were unclassified. I‐AKI dogs had significantly higher FE of electrolytes, for example, FE of sodium (FENa, %) 2.39 (range 0.04‐75.81) than VR‐AKI ones 0.24 (range 0.01‐2.21;P < .001). Overall, case fatality was 41% (55/135). Increased FE of electrolytes were detected in nonsurvivors, for example, FENa 1.60 (range 0.03‐75.81) compared with survivors 0.60 (range 0.01‐50.45;P = .004). Several risk factors for death were identified, including AKI‐IRIS grade (HR = 1.39,P = .002), FE of electrolytes, for example, FENa (HR = 1.03,P < .001), and urinary output (HR = 5.06,P < .001).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Fractional excretion of electrolytes performed well in the early differentiation between VR‐AKI and I‐AKI, were related to outcome, and could be useful tools to manage AKI dogs in clinical practice.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torsemide in healthy horses
Authors: Agne Gustavo F. , Jung Seung Woo , Wooldridge Anne A. , Duran Susan H. , Ravis William , Toribio Ramiro
Published: May 2018

Background

Diuretic treatment is the mainstay for management of congestive heart failure in horses, and its use has been restricted to injectable medications because no currently data supports the use of PO administered loop diuretics.

Objectives

To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of PO administered torsemide and, determine if PO administered torsemide, could be used as an alternative to injectable diuretics in the horse.

Animals

Six healthy adult mares.

Methods

A 2‐phase, prospective study, that consisted of pharmacokinetic profiling of a single dose (6 mg/kg PO) and pharmacodynamic effects of long‐term torsemide administration (2 mg/kg PO q12h) for 6 days in healthy horses.

Results

Pharmacokinetic analysis identified a peak concentration (Cmax) of 10.14 µg/mL (range, 6.79–14.69 µg/mL) and elimination half‐life (T1/2) 9.2 hours (range, 8.4–10.4 hours). The area under the plasma drug concentration over time curve (AUC) was 80.7 µg × h/mL (range, 56.5–117.2 µg × h/mL). A statistically significant increase in urine volume and decrease in urine specific gravity were found from day 0 (baseline) to day 6 (P < .0001). Significant alterations in biochemical variables included hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and increased serum creatinine concentration. Mean arterial blood pressure significantly decreased on day 6 (57.7 ± 8.8 mm Hg, P = .001) as compared with baseline (78 ± 6.1 mm Hg). Serum aldosterone concentrations significantly increased after 6 days of torsemide administration (P = .0006).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

PO administered torsemide (4 mg/kg/day) successfully reached therapeutic concentrations in blood, induced clinically relevant diuresis, and resulted in moderate pre‐renal azotemia and electrolyte disturbances.
The translator writes back
Authors: Mahdipour Alireza
Published: May 2018

The translation of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales into Persian poetry required many innovations. Because Chaucer used rhyme to rhetorically enhance meaning—what Shklovsky called the resurrection in words—the translation was a challenging recreation. However, translating Chaucer is aided by several commonalities between his medieval English culture and modern Iranian culture: formal similarities between Chaucer's narrative verse and the form of masnavi; common themes in their literatures; and important resonances between Christianity and Islam, especially contemporary Shi'ism and its emphasis on pilgrimages to sacred sites. For these reasons, the translated text appears so natural that despite translator's loyalty to his source text, the translation appears familiar to those otherwise unfamiliar with the Tales.