bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keck Foundation Grants $41.2 Million in 1993
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The W. M. Keck Foundation announced forty‐one grants totaling $22.6 million for the December cycle of its semiannual grant program. The awards, with prior commitments and $6.7 million in grants made in June 1993, bring the foundation's 1993 total grant payments to $41.2 million. The grants, to leading colleges and universities and research laboratories across the United States, primarily support excellence in science, engineering, and medical research, in addition to liberal arts and law.
Radio imaging of the magnetosphere
Authors: Reiff P. H. , Green J. L. , Benson R. F. , Fung S. F. , Smith M. F. , Carpenter D. L. , Calbert W. , Gallagher D. L. , Reinisch B. W. , Taylor W. W. L.
Published: October 2006

Radio sounding can be used to produce “images” of magnetospheric electron density distributions that could revolutionize research into the magnetosphere and its plasma content, especially when combined with other techniques. Based on more than a half‐century heritage of ionospheric sounding combined with digital techniques, the magnetospheric radio sounder is yielding measurements that were once impossible to obtain.

A magnetospheric radio sounder can provide unprecedented global magnetospheric information by providing quantitative electron density profiles simultaneously in different directions. From a sequence of these, a contour plot of the density structure in the orbital plane can be constructed, with some out of plane information as well.
Antarctic ice drill extracts new core for climate studies
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Drilling through the edge of the east Antarctic ice sheet, a National Science Foundation‐sponsored team has just extracted a 554‐m‐long ice core whose glittering crystals promise to help illuminate the recent history of climate in the Southern Hemisphere. The coring project through the windswept arch of ice called McMurdo Dome struck bedrock January 20. The work was supported by the U.S. Antarctic Program, which is run by NSF.

Studies of the ice concentration should help trace the history of Antarctica's climate over the past 200,000 years and even beyond, back into the last glacial period, shedding light on how the ice sheets responded to warming after the last glaciation.
Mission investigates radiation arriving at Earth
Authors: Baker Daniel N.
Published: October 2006

NASA's Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite, an international collaboration with Germany, is the first of a series of scientific research missions called “Small Explorers.” In 1989, NASA chose three initial missions to research energetic radiations observed near Earth and radio frequency emissions given off by stars in early development. In addition to the pursuit of scientific research, the Small Explorer program emphasizes small spacecraft and rapid development of each mission—in 3 years or less [Baker et al., 1991].

The SAMPEX mission yields new information on the high‐velocity radiations arriving at Earth from the Sun and interstellar space. SAMPEX is named after the primary sources of the radiations: [Solar] ions and electrons, which are swept up by huge explosions in the solar atmosphere, [Anomalous] cosmicrays, which are believed to be interstellar gas atoms accelerated at the edge of the solar system, and [Magnetospheric] electrons, which plunge into the upper atmosphere and may influence its chemistry.
Modeling of oceanic vortices
Authors: Cushman‐Roisin Benoit , Dritschel David G. , Van Heijst GertJan F. , Swaters Gordon E.
Published: October 2006

A colloquium was held in Amsterdam, from May 11 to 13, 1993, to discuss research on oceanic vortices and coherent structures in fluid dynamics.

The colloquium was organized under the auspices of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences with additional support from several Dutch educational institutions. The interest in vortices and coherent structures stems from their ubiquity in geophysical flows, their relative longevity, and their crucial role in turbulence.
Unmanned aerial sampling of a volcanic ash cloud
Authors: Riehle J. R. , Rose W. I. , Schneider D. J. , Casadevall T. J. , Langford J. S.
Published: October 2006

On September 17, 1992, Alaska's Mount Spurr erupted for the third time in 12 weeks. The eruption cloud drifted east and south across Canada and reentered U.S. airspace over the upper midwest (Figure 1). By the morning of September 20, the cloud had moved northeast out of U.S. domestic air corridors and had begun to disperse.

Canadian aviators were advised of thecloud position by Transport Canada, and no damaging encounters with ash occurred. But upon reentering U.S. airspace, the cloud had a major impact on air traffic despite the 4000‐km distance from the volcano.
AGU index set to be revised
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

In order to facilitate the revision of the AGU Index Set an e‐mail version is available on request from grassam@kosmos.agu.org.
Ocean shelf coupling and exchange
Authors: Kinder Tom , Dugan John
Published: October 2006

Processes at the edges of continental shelves are important in the dynamical coupling and exchange of water and its properties between the shelf and ocean. These processes affect circulation on the shelves, availability of nutrients, distribution of sediments, and transport of natural and anthropogenic products into the deep sea.

A workshop sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and the U.K. Natural Environment Research Council was held May 10–11, 1993, at the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory to improve physical understanding and modeling capability of shelfedge processes, their relationship to the ocean, and the exchange of water and its properties between the shelf edge and ocean. Emphasis was on understanding the processes.
History of the discovery of the solar wind
Authors: Cliver Ed , Siscoe George
Published: October 2006

AGU's History Committee sponsored a well‐attended session on the discovery of the solar wind at the 1993 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Speakers, three of whom are shown in Figure 1, included many of the key participants in early solar wind research.

In the introductory talk Karl Hufbauer, a science historian, whose book Exploring the Sun inspired this session, described the understanding of the Sun's corpuscular emissions, as they were then called, in the early 1950s. Hufbauer noted that Biermann's work on comet tails involved what at the time was thought to be the least interesting component of the corpuscular emission, namely the supposedly weak “background flux of evaporative particles” that gave rise to incessant minor geomagnetic fluctuations and to faint polar aurorae.
Northeast streams respond to rains and melting snow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

While some streams in the northeastern United States are flowing at normal or above normal rates, others have not felt the effects of snowmelt, according to hydrologists at the U.S. Geological Survey.

On March 11, flow of the Potomac River near Washington, D.C., was 0.29 billion m3 per day, nearly five times higher than the normal flow of 0.06 billion m3 per day for this time of year. Flows throughout Virginia have also been above normal in 1994.
Galileo spacecraft sights probable Moon of asteroid Ida
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Galileo spacecraft observed what is probably a natural satellite of the asteroid Ida—which would be the first moon of an asteroid ever sighted—during the spacecraft's flyby of Ida last August 28.

The object is revealed in data samples now being transmitted by the spacecraft and analyzed by scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.
Science education institute forming
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) plans to create an institute of distinguished scholars and practitioners to help evaluate its education activities and point to promising directions for the future.

The institute will consist of a small cadre of scholars representing all education levels and institution types who will serve on an annual basis and assess the effectiveness of science, mathematics, engineering, and technical education in such areas as teacher education, faculty reward systems, and education technologies. They will also recommend new activities that need to be established, which activities are no longer needed, and what new approaches will enhance science education.
Geological info just a touch away
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A new display will allow visitors to the U.S. Geological Survey National Center in Reston, Va., to view local weather conditions and the changing flow of the Potomac and other major rivers.

The earthquake exhibit includes a touch screen display to let the visitor pick the subject; it also can offer a readout of recent significant earthquakes around the world, a chart of the latest U.S. earthquakes, a quiz on California's earthquake faults, or a description of the big Loma Prieta‐San Francisco Bay earthquake of 1989.
Flight‐qualifying space technologies with the Clementine Mission
Authors: Rustan Pedro L.
Published: October 2006

The Clementine spacecraft (Figure 1) is the first Department of Defense (DOD) deep space mission. Celestial bodies such as the Moon and a near‐Earth‐asteroid (NEA) are ideal targets to flight‐qualify advanced light‐weight technologies developed by the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO). To demonstrate the performance of advanced lightweight systems, it is actually cheaper to fly the spacecraft using the Moon and an NEA as targets than to develop and deploy the targets required to test the payload in low‐Earth orbit.

Since Clementine is an engineering mission, extensive diagnostics have been used to test the advanced systems in the sensor suite and subsystems. Performing a joint mission with NASA and forming a NASA‐selected science team to enhance the scientific value of the mission is making it possible to transfer these technologies for future space exploration, bringing true meaning to the term “dual use.”
New ground station increases data collection
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

NASA has opened a new, remote ground station called the GRO Remote Terminal System in Tidbinbilla, Australia, to retrieve scientific data from the Compton Gamma‐Ray Observatory via a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) that is positioned over the Indian Ocean.

The $500 million Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was launched in 1991. The decision was made to build the ground station and devote a TDRS to the observatory after its tape recorders failed, restricting the transmission of scientific data to real time only.
Global positioning accuracy improves
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Racal Positioning Systems Ltd. is now incorporating Ashtech's newest and most accurate Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in its DeltaFix short‐range (SR) differential GPS systems.

The differential system offers users precise positioning—at ranges depending on local radio propagation conditions—up to 60 km from a shore‐based reference station. The system was developed for users needing high‐accuracy DGPS positioning over relatively small areas.
Paleoseismology workshop is accepting papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A workshop on paleoseismology will be held September 18–22, 1994, at the Marconi Conference Center at Marshall, Calif., on Tomales Bay north of San Francisco. The workshop is sponsored by Task Group II‐3 of the International Lithosphere Program and the U.S. Geological Survey. Topics to be discussed include recognition of paleoearthquakes in the geologic record; Quaternary dating techniques applicable to the precise dating of paleoearthquakes and estimates of fault slip rates; models of earthquake occurrence and fault behavior; and characteristic earthquakes, earthquake clustering, fault segmentation, and slip distribution. A 1‐day field trip to trench sites in the Bay Area is planned.
New atlas captures snapshots of European glaciers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Centuries of historical records on European glaciers are now united with satellite images of the continent to help global environmental change researchers track the Earth's changing regional climates.

As part of an international project coordinated by the U.S. Geological Survey, information from satellite images of Earth's glaciers is being pieced together to form a comprehensive picture of the areal extent of the planet's glaciers during the 1970s.
Latin American Conference on Space Geophysics held
Authors: Galicia José Valdés
Published: October 2006

The Third Latin American Conference on Space Geophysics was held in Havana, Cuba, November 1–5, 1993, to promote cooperation among Latin American scientists on topics of space geophysics and to foster their participation in international research projects.

The conference was sponsored by the Cuban Academy of Sciences and the Center for Pedagogical Conventions of the Ministry of Education with financial support from the Latin American Center of Physics; the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization; the International Centre for Theoretical Physics; and the Committee on Space Research of the International Council of Scientific Unions, Paris.
Magellan data catalog available on Internet
Authors: Slavney Susan , Arvidson Raymond E.
Published: October 2006

Version 2.0 of the Magellan Standard Products Catalog is now available on Internet. The catalog contains information about Magellan Venus radar and altimetry data products from mapping cycles 1, 2, and 3, and gravity data products from cycle 4.

NASA's Planetary Data System Geosciences Node, led by personnel at Washington University, designs, develops, and maintains the catalog. It can be used to search for data products by name, latitude‐longitude location, feature location, and orbit, or time based on the Magellan Experimenter's Notebook.
From the archives
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

This column, which celebrates AGUs 75th anniversary year, offers a look back at research published in previous years.

The following is excerpted from an abstract, “The New Global Tectonics” by Lynn R. Sykes, which appeared in Eos in April 1969. The research presented in the paper helped create the field of tectonophysics.
AGU honors Outstanding Geophysicists in 1994
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

This year's AGU medalists, selected by committees of peers for their outstanding research in geophysics, will be honored at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, on May 25 or at the Fall Meeting in San Francisco on December 7.

Receiving the William Bowie Medal, AGU's most prestigious honor, is Peter S. Eagleson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and AGU President from 1986 to 1988.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Seven presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Atmospheric Sciences Section at the 1993 Fall Meeting in San Francisco.

Thomas Kuhlbush, who presented “Black Carbon as a Product of Savanna Fires in Southern Africa: A Sink of Biospheric Carbon,” is a Ph.D. student at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz, Germany. He received his diploma in chemistry at the Westfalische Wilhelms University in Munster, Germany.
The gateway for terrestrial material entering the ocean
Authors:   The Joint Australian‐U.S. Group
Published: October 2006

The Earth's wet tropical regions form a band around the equator that comprises less than a quarter of the land surface but supplies more than half of the water, particulates, and solutes discharged to the marine environment. Processes operating in the drainage basins and near the mouths of tropical rivers control the quantity and quality of the water, particulates, and solutes that escape to the global ocean. These processes, which can also draw oceanic constituents to coastal areas and trap them, differ from those in temperate and polar settings.

The wet tropics extend about 15° on either side of the equator (Figure 1). Three areas comprise this region: northeastern South America, west‐central Africa, and the Indo‐Pacific archipelago, including parts of southeast Asia. Geographic differences of these areas influence local coastal processes, but they all experience constantly high precipitation greater than 1500 mm y‐1 and temperature above 20°C. The coastal oceans in these locations have other factors in common (Table 1), such as high solar radiation, large freshwater runoff, easterly trade winds, and weak Coriolis force. The enormous water, particulate, and solute discharges also lead to extensive buoyant plumes, large nutrient fluxes, high productivity, and rapid sediment accumulation (Table 1).
Environmental Technologies Bill passed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology passed H.R. 3870 on April 13, the Environmental Technologies Act, to promote the development and use of environmental technologies that will foster economic growth and environmental protection.

“We are moving ahead with legislation that proves you can do well while doing right and combine the goals of environmental sustainability and economic development. The bill signals a shift away from confrontations between government and industry over the environment, and a movement toward a partnership approach to environmental problems,” said Committee Chairman George E. Brown, Jr. (D‐Calif.).
Weather satellite successfully launched
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The first Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), one of a series of five advanced weather satellites, was launched on April 13 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Fla.

Named GOES 8 since achieving orbit, the satellite will provide more precise and timely weather observation and atmospheric measurement data. Its three‐axis stabilized design allows the satellite sensors to continuously stare at Earth for 24‐hour observation. Current spin‐stabilized satellites view the Earth only 5% of the time.
Postdoc fellows present research at global change workshop
Authors: Engle Joanna , Holmes Linda , Olsen Curtis
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) held its first global change postdoctoral fellowship workshop, “New Research in the Science of Global Change: A Multidisciplinary View,” from September 19–23, 1993, in Oakland, Calif. The workshop featured presentations by researchers in the DOE Global Change Distinguished Postdoctoral Fellowship Program and provided a forum for the interdisciplinary networking necessary for integrating and assessing global change research for policy decisions in times of scientific uncertainty.

Established in 1991 as a U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) effort to strengthen the human resource base in science and technology, the fellowship program is sponsored by the Environmental Sciences Division of DOE's Office of Health and Environmental Research and is administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.
From The archives
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

This column, which celebrates AGU's 75th anniversary year, offers a look back at research published in previous years.

The following is excerpted from “Formation of the Earth‐Moon System” by A. G. W. Cameron, which appeared in Eos in September 1970. The excerpt discounts several theories of the origin of the Earth‐Moon system and supports a newer one.
NOAA's fleet plan available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Limited copies of NOAA's Fleet Replacement and Modernization Plan are available from the Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20418.

The plan outlines NOAA's requirements for ships, ship design and acquisition, how to optimize investment for mission performance, and recommendations.
Remote sensing system to speed disaster relief
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

NASA and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are exploring a cooperative venture to test and implement a prototype remote sensing system that will acquire, process, and distribute photographic‐like digital images of disaster‐damaged areas to response and recovery officials in near‐real time.

“In past disasters, NASA's role has been to assist FEMA by providing aerial photographs to enhance their recovery operations and assessment of area damage. This joint venture will enhance the technology and process to enable FEMA, state, and local officials to obtain information more quickly to manage disaster recovery operations,” says Fred Gregory of NASA.
Shirley J. Dreiss (1949–1993)
Authors: Gorelick Steven M.
Published: October 2006

The hydroscience community recently lost one of its true leaders. In rainy weather on December 14, 1993, Shirley Dreiss lost her life in a collision with a cement truck while driving from Santa Cruz, Calif., to San Francisco Airport.

Shirley, 44, was professor and chair of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of California at Santa Cruz. A superior research scientist and educator, the breadth of her activities and interests were perhaps unnoticed by many because of her modesty and generosity. To those in the field she maintained an international reputation as a hydrogeologist with recognized expertise in diverse topics including arid basin hydrology, quantitative analysis of flow through karst aquifers, moisture and contaminant transport through unsaturated soils, and the hydrogeology of subduction zones.
NSF reauthorization bill sails through house
Authors: Jones Richard M.
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) Authorization Act of 1994, HR 3254, soared through the House in early May by a vote of 396‐22, but awaits further action by the House appropriators and the Senate.

For fiscal year 1995, the bill authorizes $3.15 billion or an overall funding hike of 5% for NSF, which is about $50 million less than President Clinton's request.
Geophysical images contest winning entries displayed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

If you're attending the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore being held May 23–27, stop by the Exhibit Hall to see the 1994 Geophysical Images Contest winning entries and contestants. Plus, take an opportunity to cast a vote for which images you think should have won.
Geologists offer new theory on origin of Abyssal Hills
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The mystery of how deep‐sea oceanic ridges—the Earth's most common geomorphic feature—are formed has remained unsolved since the ridges were first discovered more than 40 years ago. Some have argued that they orginate largely from volcanism; others mainly from faulting.

Now a team of geologists with the help of the ALVIN submersible offers a new explanation that may help to settle the debate—at least for fast‐spreading portions of the Earth's crust, which account for about one‐third to one‐half of the ocean floor.
U.S. carbon emissions hit all‐time high
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Carbon emissions related to energy use hit a record high in the United States in 1993, marking the first significant increase since 1990, according to an analysis of Department of Energy data by the American Council for an Energy‐Efficient Economy.

The findings are “troubling” in light of the 10‐year‐old international Climate Change Convention and the international commitment to return to 1990 emission levels by the year 2000, wrote ACEEE Director Howard Geller, a coauthor of the report.
Priorities of earthquake research may be on shaky ground
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Congressional checks on the effectiveness and direction of earthquake research and development in the United States may mean securing grants for basic research will be tougher in the future, some observers say, that is, unless scientists can do a better job of getting their message out.

The January Northridge earthquake has prompted awareness, as well as criticism of current federal efforts to reduce earthquake hazards. In addition to a study launched in February by the White House, the Office of Technology Assessment recently gave the thumbs up for a study, requested by the House Science, Space and Technology Committee, to evaluate federal efforts in reducing earthquake damage—how best to set research and development priorities and to ensure practical use of research findings.
Alfred O. C. Nier (1912–1994)
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Alfred O. C. Nier, a well‐known geophysicist who is considered one of the founders of isotope geology, geochronology, and isotope geochemistry, died on May 16 after a car accident.

In 1938, Nier, working with a mass spectrometer, measured the isotopes of lead. His results allowed determination of the Earth's age at 5 b.y. In 1940 he used a mass spectrometer in his basement workshop at the University of Minnesota to identify uranium 235, a major step in the evolution of the atomic bomb. In 1943, he went to work on the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, Tenn., to develop the first atomic bomb.
Geophysical Society Presidents meet at AGU
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU's new headquarters and the 75th Anniversary celebration had a major boost from a unique gathering of presidents of geophysical societies outside the United States on May 20–22 in Washington, D.C. AGU president‐elect Marcia Neugebauer welcomed the group by pointing out that they were the first to use the facility, which was available by virtue of a special use permit prior to the final completion of the construction. Several of the presidents who had stopped by the new headquarters earlier in the day shared in the amazing transformation that a few hours had made.

Representatives from twenty‐seven national and regional geophysical societies and five international organizations gathered to gain a better understanding of the needs and expectations of geophysical scientists around the world and to explore ways to extend the limited resources of the societies through worldwide collaboration. They had come from all continents and represented all the scientific areas embraced by AGU.
Gamma ray flashes add to mystery of upper atmosphere
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Atmospheric electricity research has come a long way since Benjamin Franklin's kite‐flying days. But what researchers have been learning lately about above‐thunderstorm electricity has wrought a whole new era of mysteries.

For a start, last summer a Colorado meteorologist sparked interest in a terrestrial phenomenon that the community first observed more than 100 years ago: optical flashes that occur above thunderstorms—at least 30 km above Earth. Walter Lyons with the Ft. Collins‐based Mission Research Corporation, demonstrated that such flashes are not anomalies, as conventional scientific wisdom had held. He filmed hundreds of flashes during a 2‐week period.
Parallel electric fields in lab and space plasmas reviewed
Authors: Whipple E. C. , Lemaire J. F.
Published: October 2006

A symposium was held at the Union Radio Scientifique Internationale (URSI) General Assembly in Kyoto in 1993 to review research concerning electric fields that have a component parallel to magnetic field lines; that is, when E.B is not equal to zero. Under these conditions the frozen‐in‐theorem of ideal magnetohydrodynamics is not applicable. Indeed, E.B = 0 is one of the cornerstone conditions on which the demonstration of this well‐known theorem is founded.

The similarity between laboratory double layers and those observed in the magnetosphere is not always obvious. However, the symposium, Parallel Electric Fields in Laboratory and Space Plasmas, showed that cross fertilization of laboratory plasma physics and space plasma physics can be achieved.
Calendar's O.K.; get rid of B.P.
Authors: Schaffer Jeffrey P.
Published: October 2006

In the May 10, 1994, issue of Eos, Cesare Emiliani suggested a new calendar, since the current one “singles out an event—the birth of Christ—which has no significance in non‐Christian civilizations.” I am neither Christian nor religious, yet I have no problem with the current calendar.

However, I do have problems with Emiliani's proposed calendar. First, set at exactly 10,000 B.C., it is tied directly to the birth of Christ, so if Emiliani has tried to select an arbitrary, non‐Christian date, he has failed. Perhaps he ought to try 10,000 years before the first year of the Chinese calendar (if that could be precisely established.) After all, there are more Chinese on this planet than Europeans, their civilization and calendar preceded those of the Europeans, and they stand to be the superpower of the next century.
Treaty feasibility
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Current efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions may be in vain unless there is wider and more committed participation in a stronger international climate change treaty than the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, according to a new Office of Technology Assessment report, the last of a three‐part series on the subject. In particular, the participation of China is crucial because of the amount of coal and oil the nation consumes and supplies, OTA reports.
Watching for fireballs on Jupiter
Authors: Boslough Mark B. , Crawford David A. , Robinson Allen C. , Trucano Timothy G.
Published: October 2006

Over a period spanning six nights starting July 16, a series of hypervelocity impacts will take place on a scale never before witnessed. Comet fragments of sizes possibly measured in kilometers will collide with Jupiter at 60 km/s.

This event has captured the imaginations of planetary scientists, professional and amateur astronomers, physicists, seismologists, atmospheric scientists, theoretical astrophysicists, and computational mathematicians. Current expectations are that the fragments of Comet Shoemaker‐Levy 9 will be too small to generate impacts that will be visible to Earth‐based observers.
Sound's effects on marine mammals need investigation
Authors: Green David M.
Published: October 2006

Protecting marine mammals and conducting certain types of marine research, in particular, those that use sound in the ocean, have categorically come into conflict because of our lack of knowledge of the effects of low‐frequency sound on marine mammals. Despite its intentions to improve Earth's overall environment, the proposed Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC) project, and by implication, other uses of sound in the ocean by oceanographers, are now under fire because of the dearth of data on this very issue.

By passing the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act, the United States acknowledged that marine mammals are indeed a valuable national resource. Since World War II, the United States has developed and maintained a high‐quality marine science research effort.
Team investigates activity at Mt. Semeru, Java, volcano
Authors: Hellweg Peggy , Seidl Dieter , Brotopuspito Kirbani Sri , Brüstle Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

In February 1994 a large eruption continued a pattern of activity that Mt. Semeru volcano—the highest mountain in Java, Indonesia—has exhibited since 1967. Mt. Semeru lies south of the Tengger Caldera, which encloses the volcano Mt. Bromo. Together, they form one of the largest volcanic complexes in the province of East Java.

Although Mt. Semeru is one of the most continuously active volcanos in Indonesia, it has been the subject of few scientific investigations. Observations of the volcano's activity are made from a distance and compiled in monthly and annual reports by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), but the most recent detailed map of the summit region was published in 1938 in the Atlas of the Dutch Colonies.
NSF's South Pole station plan clears technical hurdles
Authors: Wakefield J.
Published: October 2006

A National Science Foundation review panel has given the thumbs up for the proposed South Pole Redevelopment Plan, which would take about 8 years to complete and cost more than $171 million (Table 1).

If not rebuilt, the already overburdened Amundsen‐Scott Station will be rendered useless within the decade, according to NSF officials. Present conditions at the nearly 20‐year‐old station are already hurting the efficiency of environmental and global change research conducted there, as well as the morale of scientists who not only work and live in isolation from the rest of the world for months at a time, but endure many hardships, such as the subzero temperatures that reach −85°C in winter.
Exploration of global oceanic ridge system unfolds
Authors: Detrick Robert S. , Humphris Susan E.
Published: October 2006

Less than 10% of the global mid‐ocean ridge system has been studied in detail. To remedy this problem, a program called Ridge Interdisciplinary Global Experiments (RIDGE) is integrating observational, experimental, and theoretical studies into a decade‐long effort to understand the geological, geochemical, and biological processes responsible for creating new oceanic crust along this system of ridges on the ocean floor.

RIDGE tackles many scientific fronts simultaneously—since the first field program went to sea in 1991, more than 60 field programs, experimental and laboratory investigations, and theoretical studies involving over 70 investigators have been supported.
“Daunting” task of assembling data for a geospace global circulation model begins
Authors: Siscoe George , Fedder Joel
Published: October 2006

This is the second article in a series of three on the Geospace Environment Modeling program. The first article, “Milestones in Geospace Environment Modeling,” appeared in the December 28, 1993, issue of Eos.

The Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Program is quickly moving toward a general circulation model (GCM) for geospace similar to the powerful GCMs that now support troposphere‐stratosphere and thermosphere‐ionosphere research. Since, according to Richard Feynman, “the test of a science is its ability to predict,” the geospace GCM (GGCM) holds the key to validating magnetospheric science, unifying its researchers, and demonstrating the mastery of the field to other geophysicists.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Two presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section at the 1994 Spring Meeting.

Stuart Gilder, who presented “Constraints on the Tectonic Evolution of South China From Isotopic Mapping of the Nanling Granite Field,” recently received his Ph.D. in Earth Sciences from the University of California at Santa Cruz. He holds a B.A. in geology from San Francisco State University and an M.S. in geology from the University of Texas at El Paso. Since studying at Fudan University in Shanghai in 1985, his research has focused on the tectonics of Asia. He often incorporates paleomagnetism, isotope geochemistry, and field‐based structural work, and he is currently using the diamond anvil cell to determine the magnetic character of the high‐pressure phases of iron.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Seven presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers at the 1994 Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego, Calif.

Tammi Richardson was honored for her presentation “Buoyancy Regulation and Vertical Movements of a Coastal Marine Diatom in a Laboratory Water Column.” Tammi is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Oceanography at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. She holds a B.S. with honors in biology (1986) and an M.S. in invertebrate zoology and biochemistry (1988) from the University of New Brunswick, Canada. Her research interests include buoyancy regulation by diatoms, physiology and biochemistry of marine algae in an ecological context, and molecular and biochemical aspects of marine photosynthesis.
Microwave measurements produce global climatic, hydrologic data
Authors: Ferraro Ralph , Grody Norman , Forsyth David , Carey Robert , Basist Alan , Janowiak John , Weng Fuzhong , Marks Gerard F. , Yanamandra Radha
Published: October 2006

Accurate measurements of rainfall, water vapor, and snow cover are necessary for monitoring the short‐term fluctuations in Earth's atmosphere and surface that impact the hydrological cycle. Such measurements are used to observe and predict climate variations caused by phenomena such as El Niño and major volcanic eruptions. Until recently, the measurements of rainfall, water vapor, and snow cover that could be obtained from space were limited in range and accuracy.

A seven‐channel radiometer that measures Earth‐emitted radiation at four frequencies—the Defense Satellite Meteorological Program (DMSP) Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)—is now operational and is generating data products that improve the accuracy, range, and availability of atmospheric and hydrologic data.
Richard J. Anderle (1926–1994)
Authors: Rapp Richard H. , Chovitz Bernard , Douglas Bruce , Fell Patrick
Published: October 2006

Richard J. Anderle died on January 28, 1994, at age 68, while hospitalized near his home in Valley Forge, Penn. Anderle became an AGU member in 1965, was elected a Fellow in 1981, served as President of the Geodesy Section from 1980 to 1982, and was a Life Supporting Member. He also devoted much of his personal time to supporting the International Association of Geodesy, where he served on many scientific advisory committees and held several offices. He served as secretary of IAG's space techniques section from 1979 to 1983 and as president of the Section on Advanced Space Technology from 1983 to 1987. Dick was also active within the International Astronomical Union and the Committee on Space Research.
Research at Decade Volcanos aimed at disaster prevention
Authors:   IAVCEI Subcommission on Decade Volcanoes
Published: October 2006

About 100,000 people have died from volcanic eruptions in the past 100 years, including about 30,000 in the past 50 years. Many of these deaths could have been prevented through timely warnings of ensuing volanic activity.

Within the past decade, timely warnings have allowed at least as many lives to be saved as lost and possibly 2 or 3 times more, we estimate. During the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, only 57 lives were lost and several thousand were protected. During the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, between 200 and 300 lives were lost, while at least 10,000 and perhaps as many as 25,000 were saved.
Fraser brings the south Pacific to GRL
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Earlier this year, Brian J. Fraser of the University of Newcastle, Australia, began a 3‐year term as a Geophysical Research Letters editor, AGU's interdisciplinary rapid‐publication journal. Fraser's scientific interest is magnetospheric physics and waves in space plasmas.

In his role as regional editor, Fraser, now a personal chair at the University of New‐castle, hopes to encourage publication of new and important South Pacific contributions, primarily from universities and government research laboratories in Australia and New Zealand.
Planned reductions threaten EOS data studies
Authors: Steffen Konrad , Emery William , Welch Ron , Emmitt David
Published: October 2006

The Earth Observatory System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) will provide a structure for data management and derived products from EOS satellite instruments slated for launch over the next 2 decades. Within the EOSDIS framework, the EOSDIS Distributed Active Archive Centers (DAACs) are responsible for providing data, information services, and support to the global change research community. Although much of the development has been in anticipation of the future launch of the EOS instruments, each of the DAACs now has significant geophysical data holdings, which will soon be available through the prototype Version 0 Information Management System.

The EOS budget is facing a 9% reduction in total budget from $8 billion to $7.25 billion through FY2000. Instruments and flight operations have been cut previously, but now EOSDIS—currently at $2.5 billion—must bear a portion of the cuts of the order of $375 million. Among possible candidates for cost savings, serious consideration is being given to closure of up to three DAACs, including those at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The $30–40 million savings that this produces is considerably reduced, however, by the need to consolidate their functions elsewhere, and perhaps with more complex management, higher labor, and other costs.
Anderson receives 1994 Ocean Sciences Award
Authors: Farrington John W.
Published: October 2006

The 1994 Ocean Sciences Award, given by AGU for outstanding and longstanding service to the ocean sciences, was presented to Neil R. Andersen at the AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, February 21–25, 1994, in San Diego, Calif. The award citation and Anderson's response are given here.
Bering Sea circulation explored
Authors: Reed R. K. , Schumacher J. D. , Pease C. H. , Stabeno P. J. , Kendall A. W. , Dell'Arciprete P.
Published: October 2006

A recent survey conducted by NOAA's Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) has revealed a well‐developed northward flow into the central Bering Sea through two major passes. This survey is the first to depict continuity of inflow through the southern Bering Sea and northward along much of the continental slope of the central deep basin.
No easy answers for global climate change research
Authors: Wakefield J.
Published: October 2006

First the word was that not only car emissions but cow burps may play a significant role in global warming. Then, the story turned to rice paddies and cockroaches as likely sources of greenhouse gases. Sound confusing? It should.

Now even experts readily admit global warming research is chock‐full of uncertainties. And these issues offer only a freeze‐frame of the broader climate change motion picture. Everything from whether sea levels will rise to whether hurricanes will be come more frequent to whether solar forcing plays a role in all of this is now in question. This means that making and implementing effective international climate change policies remains a tenuous process—even at a time when the overall funding for global change research is at an all‐time high in the United States.
Cold trail
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Monolithic icebergs—with keels larger than those previously recorded—once drifted through the Fram Strait in transit to the North Atlantic from the Arctic Ocean, new evidence uncovered by an international team led by Naval marine geophysicists reveals. Acoustic images of Arctic iceberg scars left behind when the icebergs drifted into shallower waters perhaps about 20,000 years ago indicate the keels were 500‐700 m or more deep, they report. The finding flies in the face of many scientists long‐standing belief that such thick glaciers never flowed into the Arctic Ocean.
An appreciation of Paul A. Siple
Authors: Benson Robert F.
Published: October 2006

A major inspiration for writing this long overdue appreciation of Paul A. Siple was a wind chill temperature in Washington D.C. of −39°F.

Other inspirations have come over the years from colleagues who either know about Paul Siple or Siple Station but not both. In 19571 had the unique fortune to spend a year with Paul Siple as a scientific member of the first wintering‐over party at the U.S. Amundsen‐Scott South Pole Station at 90°S. He was the leader of the station during the first winter of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1956–1957.
The “precision” parameter in paleomagnetism
Authors: Tarling Don
Published: October 2006

Stephen Gillett [Eos, December 7,1993] proposes that the term “precision” is inappropriate for K, the estimate of this, k, and its derivative, α95, and that these Fisherian parameters [Fisher, 1953] should be renamed as measures of “concentration.” Stephen is certainly correct in saying that these terms are commonly confused and need clarification.

Certainly, one of the most common errors in the structural interpretation of paleomagnetic analyses is failure to distinguish between α95 and the standard deviation Θ63. Assuming a Fisherian distribution for paleomagnetic data, which we know is not strictly valid but adequate for either directions or poles, then k and α95 are measures of how close the mean direction obtained from the examples is to the true mean direction within the formation sampled. It thus reflects how reliably the mean direction actually obtained reflects the true mean direction.
U.N. climate convention goals may be out of reach
Authors: Wakefield J.
Published: October 2006

The chief goal of the 1992 Rio climate convention may be unobtainable, recent reports indicate, as nations are gearing up for the first conference on the U.N. framework in Geneva, August 22—September 2. And even if the convention goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000 is reached, some experts say, little would actually be accomplished to stabilize global climate change.

For starters, reports earlier this month revealed that Japan and Australia, to name a couple, may be off the target. On a national level, Japan is projected to come in about 3% above the mark. Australia may even withdraw from the convention for economic reasons, according to Australian Foreign Minister Gareth Evans.
Internet intrigue
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The latest tally of Internet users shows interest has skyrocketed 81% in the past year. Worldwide, there are now more than 3.2 million reachable “host” machines on the network, according to a recent Internet Domain Survey by Mark Lottor of Network Wizards of Menlo Park, Calif. Much of the growth occurred outside the United States in more than 80 countries, Lottor reports. The survey is considered to be the baseline number of users because it counts the actual number of computers capable of directly communicating on the Internet. However, the interpretation of these data is now in dispute. The Network Wizards estimate that there are in reality about 30 million users or about 10 people who can access the Internet through each host computer. Meanwhile, other experts have commonly cited figures in the same ballpark, and some even purport even these figures are too low. Skeptics say the real numbers are closer to the actual number of host machines.
Microbiologists meet geologists in Bath
Authors: Onstott T. C.
Published: October 2006

A diverse group of microbiologists, molecular biologists, chemical engineers, and geologists met in Bath, United Kingdom, in September 1993 to reach across the barriers separating their disciplines and report new findings in the expanding field of geomicrobiology. The occasion was the second International Symposium on Subsurface Microbiology, cosponsored by the Subsurface Science Program of the U.S. Department of Energy. Historically, Bath was a resort centered around the emission of thermal waters credited with the potential to cure numerous ills. The location was appropriate given that biotechnology appears to have considerable potential to cure some challenging environmental ailments.
Blast off
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Office of Technology Assessment has given the green light to study the health and future prospects of the U.S. space launch vehicle industry, as requested by the House Science, Space and Technology Committee. Although in the past, the industry was the bedrock of U.S. high technology strategy, “its future is now very unclear,” according to the committee. Faced with political and economic realignments, the U.S. industry now holds only about 30% of the share of the market, which it once monopolized.
Ph.D.: Asset or liability?
Authors: Snow Jonathan E.
Published: October 2006

I am a young scientist on the verge of leaving science due to lack of opportunity, and I know many others in my situation. Times are rapidly getting harder for us. A degree from a “name” university, publications, and energy are not enough to get and hold a place in the academic world.

The great myth of the “Ph.D. shortage” inflicted on us by former NSF Director Erich Bloch has now been exploded, I hope. Another myth that needs exploding is that a Ph.D. is a good preparation for work outside of academia. Unless it is in an applied field (for example, hydrogeology), the Ph.D. is more of a liability than an asset in a job search.