bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industry-Led Standardization as Private Governance?
Authors: Meyer Niclas
Published: September 2014

Industry-led technical standardization is often cited as an example for private governance. And the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Project is often presented as a particularly successful case of such governance without government. The successes of the industry-led DVB Project have often been cited as evidence for the superior governance capacity of private industry. While the commercial and engineering success of the DVB Project is unequivocal, this chapter raises the question whether it has been equally successful in governing a complex sector that is confronted by a range of market failures, with direct implications for important public policy objectives such as media pluralism and diversity.
Development of a Specification for Data Interchange between Information Systems in Public Hazard Prevention
Authors: Wurster Simone
Published: September 2014

Standards and specifications for public security are missing in many technical aspects as well as the areas of communication protocols and security management. Several technology management research gaps related to this field exist, particularly regarding R&D stage standardisation. This chapter gives insight into the development of a specification (DIN SPEC) for the protection of transportation infrastructure based on civil security research results. Besides providing practical examples for activities related to the popular standardization strategy framework of Sherif, Jakobs, and Egyedi (2007), the chapter suggests its extension. Standardisation challenges and solutions are also unveiled. The chapter finishes by outlining key aspects that may influence the adoption of the specification. Fields of application of the findings include, in particular, fast track standardisation procedures with voluntary implementation of the results, the standardisation of R&D results, and standardisation projects among small groups.
Supporting Collaboration between Customers and Developers
Authors: Bergadano Francesco , Bosio Gianni , Spagnolo Stefano
Published: September 2014

The traditional, in-house software development process is progressively losing its appeal in favor of distributed, multi-site development: this is mainly due to the well-known advantages of the latter, such as higher productivity and lower costs. However, this practice has also some documented disadvantages that are inherent to distance: geographical, temporal and socio-cultural distances between stakeholders can affect communication, coordination and control activities, thus making collaboration very difficult. This would not immediately look as the ideal scenario for applying Agile methodologies, which definitely rely on continuous collaboration between all stakeholders, including (with a very important role) the customers. This paper analyzes issues related to collaboration between customers and developers in a distributed, Agile setting and proposes a framework that defines practices and tools for handling project information and communication activities.
Semantic-Based Access Control for Data Resources in Open Grid Services Architecture
Authors: Muppavarapu Vineela , Chung Soon M.
Published: September 2014

This paper proposes a semantic-based access control system for the data resources in the Open Grid Services Architecture - Data Access and Integration (OGSA-DAI). OGSA-DAI is a widely used middleware for integrating data resources in Grids. However, the identity-based access control in OGSA-DAI causes substantial overhead for the resource providers in virtual organizations (VOs), because the access control information of individual users has to be maintained by each resource provider. To solve these problems, the authors propose a semantic-based access control system using Shibboleth and ontology. Shibboleth, an attribute authorization service, is used to manage the user attributes, and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) is used to represent the ontology of the data resources and users. By using ontology, VOs can resolve the differences in their terminologies and specify access control policies based on concepts and user roles, instead of individual resources and user identities. As a result, the administration overhead of the resource providers is reduced considerably. In addition, the eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) is used to specify the access control policies uniformly across multiple VOs. The authors also developed an XACML policy administration tool that allows the administrators to create, update, and manage XACML policies. The performance analysis shows that our proposed system adds only a small overhead to the existing security mechanism of OGSA-DAI.
Giant Cardiac Hydatid Cyst in Children: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Fiengo Leslie , Bucci Federico , Giannotti Domenico , Patrizi Gregorio , Redler Adriano , Kucukaksu Denis Suha
Published: September 2014

Cardiac echinococcus is a rare affliction of the heart caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Primary echinococcosis of the heart represents 0.5–2% of all hydatid disease cases in endemic regions. It evolves slowly, explaining its rarity in children. We report the case of a 11-year-old child affected by a giant cardiac cyst of the left ventricle (LV). The patient underwent cardiac surgery and medical treatment. A retrospective review of the current literature was realized. We found 18 cases: the mean age was 11-years old. Nine cysts were localized in the LV, four in the interventricular septum, three in the right ventricle, and two in the right atrium. All underwent surgery except six patients. Routine echocardiographic screening may be useful in endemic regions where infestation is common. Cardiac echinococcus should be diagnosed in the early and uncomplicated stages and be removed surgically even in asymptomatic patients.
Adherence to Therapeutic Guidelines for Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Australian Hospitals
Authors: Adler N.R. , Weber H.M. , Gunadasa I. , Hughes A.J. , Friedman N.D.
Published: September 2014

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in elderly patients, and is associated with a considerable economic burden on the healthcare system. The combination of high incidence and substantial financial costs necessitate accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of patients admitted with CAP. This article will discuss the rates of adherence to clinical guidelines, the use of severity scoring tools and the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing for patients diagnosed with CAP. The authors maintain that awareness of national and hospital guidelines is imperative to complement the physicians’ clinical judgment with evidence-based recommendations. Increased use of pneumonia severity assessment tools and greater adherence to therapeutic guidelines will enhance concordant antimicrobial prescribing for patients with CAP. A robust and multifaceted educational intervention, in combination with antimicrobial stewardship programs, may enhance compliance of CAP guidelines in clinical practice in Australia.
Implementation of Ultraportable Echocardiography in an Adolescent Sudden Cardiac Arrest Screening Program
Authors: Vanhecke Thomas E. , Weber James E. , Ebinger Matthew , Bonzheim Kimberly , Tilli Frank , Rao Sunilkumar , Osman Abdulfatah , Silver Marc , Fliegner Karsten , Almany Steve , Haines David
Published: September 2014

Background

Over a 12-month period, adolescent heart-screening programs were performed for identifying at-risk adolescents for sudden cardiac death (SCD) in our community. Novel to our study, all adolescents received an abbreviated, ultraportable echocardiography (UPE). In this report, we describe the use of UPE in this screening program.

Methods and Results

Four hundred thirty-two adolescents underwent cardiac screening with medical history questionnaire, physical examination, 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), and an abbreviated transthoracic echocardiographic examination. There were 11 abnormalities identified with uncertain/varying clinical risk significance. In this population, 75 adolescents had a murmur or high ECG voltage, of which only three had subsequent structural abnormalities on echocardiography that may pose risk. Conversely, UPE discovered four adolescents who had a cardiovascular structural abnormality that was not signaled by the 12-lead ECG, medical history questionnaire, and/or physical examination.

Conclusions

The utilization of ultraportable, handheld echocardiography is feasible in large-scale adolescent cardiovascular screening programs. UPE appears to be useful for finding additional structural abnormalities and for risk-stratifying abnormalities of uncertain potential of adolescents’ sudden death.
Maternal Stress, Preterm Birth, and DNA Methylation at Imprint Regulatory Sequences in Humans
Authors: Vidal Adriana C. , Neelon Sara E. Benjamin , Liu Ying , Tuli Abbas M. , Fuemmeler Bernard F. , Hoyo Cathrine , Murtha Amy p. , Huang Zhiqing , Schildkraut Joellen , Overcash Francine , Kurtzberg Joanne , Jirtle Randy L. , Iversen Edwin s. , Murphy Susan K.
Published: September 2014

In infants exposed to maternal stress in utero, phenotypic plasticity through epigenetic events may mechanistically explain increased risk of preterm birth (PTB), which confers increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancers in adulthood. We examined associations between prenatal maternal stress and PTB, evaluating the role of DNA methylation at imprint regulatory regions. We enrolled women from prenatal clinics in Durham, NC. Stress was measured in 537 women at 12 weeks of gestation using the Perceived Stress Scale. DNA methylation at differentially methylated regions (DMRs) associated with H19, IGF2, MEG3, MEST, SGCE/PEG10, PEG3, NNAT, and PLAGL1 was measured from peripheral and cord blood using bisulfite pyrosequencing in a sub-sample of 79 mother–-infant pairs. We examined associations between PTB and stress and evaluated differences in DNA methylation at each DMR by stress. Maternal stress was not associated with PTB (OR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.40–-2.40; P = 0.96), after adjustment for maternal body mass index (BMI), income, and raised blood pressure. However, elevated stress was associated with higher infant DNA methylation at the MEST DMR (2.8% difference, P < 0.01) after adjusting for PTB. Maternal stress may be associated with epigenetic changes at MEST, a gene relevant to maternal care and obesity. Reduced prenatal stress may support the epigenomic profile of a healthy infant.
Locuciones verbales con clítico en español del tipo dársela
Authors: García-Page Mario
Published: September 2014

Locuciones verbales con clítico en español del tipo dársela
De la gramática cognitiva a la gramática pedagógica : hacia un modelo operativo del artículo español
Authors: Santiago Alonso Gemma
Published: September 2014

De la gramática cognitiva a la gramática pedagógica : hacia un modelo operativo del artículo español
El fatalismo y la fatalidad a través de la técnica narrativa en la Crónica de una muerte anunciada de Gabriel García Márquez
Authors: Fock Ignac
Published: September 2014

El fatalismo y la fatalidad a través de la técnica narrativa en la Crónica de una muerte anunciada de Gabriel García Márquez
Análisis pragmático de tacos españoles de la película "Kika" de Pedro Almodóvar
Authors: Krek Neža
Published: September 2014

Análisis pragmático de tacos españoles de la película "Kika" de Pedro Almodóvar
El 98 que plantea Ortega : bisagra de sensibilidades en el tanteo de generaciones
Authors: Ferrari Nieto Enrique
Published: September 2014

El 98 que plantea Ortega : bisagra de sensibilidades en el tanteo de generaciones
Borut Pahor: Nekrópolis
Authors: Pahor Boris , Santiago Alonso Gemma
Published: September 2014

Borut Pahor: Nekrópolis
Paradigma locativo español en el marco generativo
Authors: Jenko Mateja
Published: September 2014

Paradigma locativo español en el marco generativo
Noh japonés moderno de temática cristiana: ¿un guiño al teatro medieval ibérico?
Authors: Cid Lucas Fernando
Published: September 2014

En el presente trabajo se analizará la obra de Noh titulada Fukkatsu no Kirisuto, cuya temática está tomada directamente de la tradición cristiana. Del mismo modo, se pondrá en relación con otras piezas de Noh con idéntico argumento y se tratará de elucidar ciertas semejanzas entre esta forma del teatro clásico nipón y el teatro religioso ibérico desarrollado durante la Edad Media (los denominados misterios).
GONZÁLEZ CALVO, José Manuel (2011): Escollos de sintaxis española. Cáceres: Universidad de Extremadura; 210 pp.
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: September 2014

GONZÁLEZ CALVO, José Manuel (2011): Escollos de sintaxis española. Cáceres: Universidadde Extremadura; 210 pp.
Las divisiones menores del tiempo: aspectos terminológicos y lexicográficos
Authors: Sánchez Martín Francisco Javier
Published: September 2014

El estudio de las unidades divisoras de las horas del día se realiza a partir de las principales fuentes de estudio medievales, las Etimologías de San Isidoro y el Libro de las propiedades de las cosas de Bartolomé Ánglico, y renacentistas: un conjunto de tratados (Chronographía o Reportorio de los tiempos (1545) de Jerónimo de Chaves, el anónimo Repertorio de los tiempos (1554) y la Chronographía y Repertorio de los tiempos (1585) de Francisco Vicente de Tornamira) que recoge los conocimientos plasmados en las enciclopedias medievales citadas y que permiten constatar la transmisión de este léxico, en una etapa caracterizada por el creciente interés hacia las cuestiones metrológicas. El análisis de esta terminología refleja tanto las conexiones semánticas establecidas entre las distintas magnitudes (peso, espacio y tiempo), como su evolución semántica que va desde el dominio espacial a la expresión de la temporalidad, relaciones atestiguadas en los primeros diccionarios del español.
El tiempo y el espacio: análisis del aspecto de unos verbos de movimiento españoles y polacos escogidos
Authors: Tatoj Cecylia
Published: September 2014

El objetivo del trabajo es presentar la manera de expresar el tiempo y el espacio a base del análisis del aspecto en la lengua española y polaca. Como el tema es muy complejo, la autora se limita a describir los verbos de movimiento escogidos, en espaňol son los verbos ir, venir y llegar; en polaco, iść, jechać y sus derivados. En los primeros pasos habla de las diferencias más generales entre la conceptualización del movimiento en ambas lenguas, después comenta el concepto de aspecto apoyándose en la gramática semántica propuesta por S. Karolak (1984 y siguientes), desarrollada y adaptada a la lengua española por J. Wilk-Racięska (1995 y siguientes) y acaba con una presentación del aspecto de los verbos de moviemiento. Vale subrayar que el tema del aspecto es muy importante a la hora de expresar el tiempo en la lengua polaca, por lo tanto la gran parte del análisis la forma la descripción de la prefijación de los verbos de movimiento polacos y cambios semánticos que provoca. La autora presenta 15 prefijos con los que se unen los verbos polacos iść, jechać y sus derivados, los ordena en tres grupos generales (de prefijos que indican acercamiento, alejamiento y prefijos que incluyen otras informaciones en cuanto a la direccionalidad) y, dando ejemplos, describe el movimiento que indican.
Memoria individual y nostalgia colectiva en Uruguay: la fragmentación del tiempo en los relatos enmarcados de Tijeras de Plata de Hugo Burel
Authors: Gatti Giuseppe
Published: September 2014

Dentro de la narrativa hispanoamericana del siglo XX, el presente estudio analiza el papel desempeñado por los procesos de rememoración en el espacio literario uruguayo contemporáneo. El trabajo se propone concentrar la atención en las dinámicas de recuperación del tiempo pasado en la obra del montevideano Hugo Burel (1951), y en particular en su novela Tijeras de Plata (2003).La primera parte de nuestro estudio se centrará en el impacto sobre una novela de ambientación típicamente montevideana que plasma a nivel simbólico los cambios geo-sociales que han caracterizado el espacio uruguayo a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XX (descentralización poblacional urbana; paulatino quiebre en el tejido social, cultural y económico de barrios enteros; desaparición de vestigios materiales e inmateriales del pasado arcádico). Se pondrán en relación estos fenómenos con las formas narrativas utilizadas (relatos enmarcados), lo cual nos ofrecerá la oportunidad de reflexionar sobre otro tipo de fragmentación, de naturaleza extra-literaria. El objetivo consistirá en identificar una relación de causa/efecto entre la literatura y un determinado espacio social: en el caso de Uruguay, nos referimos a esa sensación de «fractura» con el pasado que experimentó, a todo nivel, la sociedad uruguaya.En la segunda parte, se evidenciará cómo Tijeras de Plata es una novela de reivindicación de un pasado desaparecido, que construye gran parte de su esencia como «narración de la memoria» sobre la evidencia –y no la condena– del proceso de pauperización experimentado por amplias zonas urbanas de la ciudad. Se centrará la atención en la manera en que la novela bureliana recupera el espacio del recuerdo, no en términos melancólicos ni de exaltación nostálgica de un pasado nunca olvidado.Se intenta, por el contrario, demostrar cómo la doble operación de rescate (por un lado, de las memorias individuales relacionadas con el barrio; por el otro, de la desvanecida prosperidad de la ciudad) se funda en la evocación de un pasado de dicha cuyo principal objetivo es combatir el olvido. En conclusión, la novela no representa sólo una frágil herramienta defensiva contra el natural transcurrir del tiempo, sino que se puede leer como una reflexión metafórica sobre el declive de un «país perdido».
Corrientes circulares: la experiencia del tiempo en las canciones de Los Planetas
Authors: Peris Llorca Jesús
Published: September 2014

Un aspecto de la literatura entendida como producto cultural de masas que me parece especialmente interesante es el modo en que se configura un lugar de enunciación fronterizo en torno a la figura del «grupo pop independiente», que incluye desde luego una explícita voluntad autorial. Estos textos, sin duda, pueden ser leídos de manera contigua a las poéticas contemporáneas, pero además son un lugar de cruce, un espacio de condensación de los imaginarios sociales y sensibilidades contemporáneas.En este articulo me propongo abordar cómo la experiencia de la temporalidad aparece en una serie de letras de canciones de algunos de estos grupos: Los Planetas, a la que pertenece la que me sirve de título, pero también La Habitación Roja, The New Raemon o solistas como José Ignacio Lapido. Esta vivencia oscilará desde un cierto remansamiento del presente, en una renovación del motivo del eterno retorno, a una actualización postmoderna del Tempus fugit, o a una creciente aparición de la memoria individual como tema y disparador de canciones, paradójica fijación del sujeto en el seno mismo del flujo de los discursos masivos.
El tiempo cíclico en la novela Instinto de Inez de Carlos Fuentes
Authors: Sekulić Mirjana
Published: September 2014

En el presente trabajo se cuestiona la concepción del tiempo en la novela Instinto de Inez de Carlos Fuentes, escritor mexicano. En el trabajo se analiza una de las técnicas del autor, la superposición temporal, que genera una indeterminación cronológica y cuyo aspecto es el tema de la reencarnación, para crear la sensación de tiempo detenido. Esta técnica puede consistir en la presentación simultánea de distintos momentos históricos, es decir, los históricos y los prehistóricos en el presente caso. También se hace reflexión sobre los rasgos semánticos de los tiempos verbales utilizados en la obra, especialmente el uso de la fórmula tú con futuro.El trabajo se propone cuestionar cómo se utiliza el tiempo cíclico en esta novela como técnica narrativa para negar la idea optimista del «progreso» y dar cuenta de una realidad donde sólo cambia lo aparente mientras que el fondo permanece inmutable. El trabajo reflexiona sobre el problema del tiempo, historia, memoria, destino y muerte.
Antes de la manzana: el concepto del tiempo en Voces de mujer de Lourdez Ortiz
Authors: Zovko Maja
Published: September 2014

La colección de relatos de Lourdes Ortiz, Voces de mujer, publicada por primera vez en 1991 bajo el título Los motivos de Circe y reeditada en 2007, está dedicada a los grandes personajes femeninos de la mitología griega, así como de la tradición judeocristiana. Mediante un lenguaje teñido de lirismo y cuidadosamente premeditado, la autora logra transmitir los procedimientos psicológicos de sus personajes a partir de un breve argumento, enriquecido y cargado de intensidad gracias a una serie de bellas imágenes sugestivas, al complejo uso de la metáfora y a los tiempos verbales intencionalmente elegidos.Este trabajo se propone investigar el concepto del tiempo en los cuentos de Lourdes Ortiz (ruptura con la linealidad del relato, construcciones paralelas y cíclicas, la distribución de los tiempos verbales y referencias temporales) elaborado en función del objetivo principal de la autora: desentrañar el interior de estas complejas figuras ancestrales y trasmitir de este modo una visión humanizada de los grandes relatos de nuestra memoria colectiva.
Los tres tiempos de Miguel Hernández: escritura e ideología
Authors: Escalera Cordero Matías
Published: September 2014

Este estudio pretende mostrar, aplicada a la obra de Miguel Hernández, la relación entre tiempo histórico, escritura e ideología: cómo la ideología de un escritor, o de un artista, entendida ésta como el conjunto de sus respuestas prácticas a los sucesos del tiempo material histórico en que vive, condiciona inevitablemente el desarrollo, el alcance y la naturaleza de su escritura –o de su obra– de un modo práctico, material y comprobable en términos críticos. Esto es –para entendernos–, que incluso el «valor estético» –formal o estrictamente literario–, entendido éste en su significación más clásica, se vincula y viene a estar condicionado –positiva o negativamente– por la ideología de los autores; pues son las ideologías finalmente las que escriben y crean los textos y los objetos artísticos.
Cremonte, Néstor (2010): La Gazeta de Buenos Ayres de 1810. Luces y sombras de la ilustración revolucionaria. La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 302 pp.
Authors: F. Hudson Carlos
Published: September 2014

Cremonte, Néstor (2010): La Gazeta de Buenos Ayres de 1810. Luces y sombras de la ilustración revolucionaria. La Plata: Universidad Nacional de La Plata. 302 pp.
Turbulent structure and scaling of the inertial subrange in a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer observed by a Doppler lidar
Authors: Tonttila J. , O'Connor E. J. , Hellsten A. , Hirsikko A. , O'Dowd C. , Järvinen H. , Räisänen P.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The turbulent structure of a stratocumulus-topped marine boundary layer over a two-day period is observed with a Doppler lidar at Mace Head in Ireland. Using profiles of vertical velocity statistics, the bulk of the mixing is identified as cloud-driven. This is supported by the pertinent feature of negative vertical velocity skewness in the sub-cloud layer which extends, on occasion, almost to the surface. Both coupled and decoupled turbulence characteristics are observed. The length and time scales related to the cloud driven mixing are investigated, which are shown to provide additional information about the structure and the source of the mixing inside the boundary layer. They are also shown to place constraints on the length of the sampling periods used to derive products, such as the turbulent dissipation rate, from lidar measurements. For this, the upper cut-off wavelength of the inertial subrange is studied through spectral analysis of the vertical velocity. The bulk statistical profiles and the scaling of the inertial subrange show consistent behaviour as the boundary layer undergoes transitions between a coupled and decoupled stratocumulus layer. The cut-off wavelength of the inertial subrange does not appear to scale robustly with the relative depth of the local mixing regime at different altitudes during decoupled periods. Rather, the competition between surface-based and cloud-driven mixed layers suppresses the range of eddy sizes at all heights inside the boundary layer.
Smoothing error pitfalls
Authors: von Clarmann T.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The difference due to the content of a priori information between a constrained retrieval and the true atmospheric state is usually represented by a diagnostic quantity called smoothing error. In this paper it is shown that, regardless of the usefulness of the smoothing error as a diagnostic tool in its own right, the concept of the smoothing error as a component of the retrieval error budget is questionable because it is not compliant with Gaussian error propagation. The reason for this is that the smoothing error does not represent the expected deviation of the retrieval from the true state but the expected deviation of the retrieval from the atmospheric state sampled on an arbitrary grid, which is itself a smoothed representation of the true state; in other words, to characterize the full loss of information with respect to the true atmosphere, the effect of the representation of the atmospheric state on a finite grid also needs to be considered. The idea of a sufficiently fine sampling of this reference atmospheric state is problematic because atmospheric variability occurs on all scales, implying that there is no limit beyond which the sampling is fine enough. Even the idealization of infinitesimally fine sampling of the reference state does not help, because the smoothing error is applied to quantities which are only defined in a statistical sense, which implies that a finite volume of sufficient spatial extent is needed to meaningfully discuss temperature or concentration. Smoothing differences, however, which play a role when measurements are compared, are still a useful quantity if the covariance matrix involved has been evaluated on the comparison grid rather than resulting from interpolation and if the averaging kernel matrices have been evaluated on a grid fine enough to capture all atmospheric variations that the instruments are sensitive to. This is, under the assumptions stated, because the undefined component of the smoothing error, which is the effect of smoothing implied by the finite grid on which the measurements are compared, cancels out when the difference is calculated. If the effect of a retrieval constraint is to be diagnosed on a grid finer than the native grid of the retrieval by means of the smoothing error, the latter must be evaluated directly on the fine grid, using an ensemble covariance matrix which includes all variability on the fine grid. Ideally, the averaging kernels needed should be calculated directly on the finer grid, but if the grid of the original averaging kernels allows for representation of all the structures the instrument is sensitive to, then their interpolation can be an adequate approximation.
The influence of ocean acidification on nitrogen regeneration and nitrous oxide production in the northwest European shelf sea
Authors: Clark D. R. , Brown I. J. , Rees A. P. , Somerfield P. J. , Miller P. I.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The assimilation and regeneration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and the concentration of N2O, was investigated at stations located in the NW European shelf sea during June/July 2011. These observational measurements within the photic zone demonstrated the simultaneous regeneration and assimilation of NH4+, NO2− and NO3−. NH4+ was assimilated at 1.82–49.12 nmol N L−1 h−1 and regenerated at 3.46–14.60 nmol N L−1 h−1; NO2- was assimilated at 0–2.08 nmol N L−1 h−1 and regenerated at 0.01–1.85 nmol N L−1 h−1; NO3− was assimilated at 0.67–18.75 nmol N L−1 h−1 and regenerated at 0.05–28.97 nmol N L−1 h−1. Observations implied that these processes were closely coupled at the regional scale and that nitrogen recycling played an important role in sustaining phytoplankton growth during the summer. The [N2O], measured in water column profiles, was 10.13 ± 1.11 nmol L−1 and did not strongly diverge from atmospheric equilibrium indicating that sampled marine regions were neither a strong source nor sink of N2O to the atmosphere. Multivariate analysis of data describing water column biogeochemistry and its links to N-cycling activity failed to explain the observed variance in rates of N-regeneration and N-assimilation, possibly due to the limited number of process rate observations. In the surface waters of five further stations, ocean acidification (OA) bioassay experiments were conducted to investigate the response of NH4+ oxidising and regenerating organisms to simulated OA conditions, including the implications for [N2O]. Multivariate analysis was undertaken which considered the complete bioassay data set of measured variables describing changes in N-regeneration rate, [N2O] and the biogeochemical composition of seawater. While anticipating biogeochemical differences between locations, we aimed to test the hypothesis that the underlying mechanism through which pelagic N-regeneration responded to simulated OA conditions was independent of location. Our objective was to develop a mechanistic understanding of how NH4+ regeneration, NH4+ oxidation and N2O production responded to OA. Results indicated that N-regeneration process responses to OA treatments were location specific; no mechanistic understanding of how N-regeneration processes respond to OA in the surface ocean of the NW European shelf sea could be developed.
A 22 570 yr record of vegetational and climatic change from Wenhai Lake in the Hengduan Mountains biodiversity hotspot, Yunnan, Southwest China
Authors: Yao Y. F. , Song X. Y. , Wortley A. H. , Blackmore S. , Li C. S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The Hengduan Mountains, with their strong altitudinal vegetation zonation, form a biodiversity hotspot which offers the potential for comparison between sites in order to understand how this zonation arose and how it has responded to climate change and human impacts through time. This paper is one of the studies covering a range of altitudes within this hotspot, and presents a 22 570 yr pollen record of vegetational and climatic change based on a core 320 cm in depth collected from Wenhai Lake on the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, one of the highest peaks in the Hengduan Mountains region of Yunnan, Southwest China. From 22 570 to 21 140 cal. yr BP, the vegetation was dominated by broad-leaved forest (comprising mainly Quercus, Betula and Castanopsis), accompanied by coniferous Pinus and Abies and the drought-tolerant herb Artemisia, indicating a cool and dry climate. In the period between 21 140 and 19 350 cal. yr BP, the vegetation was still dominated by broad-leaved forest but with a notable increase in pollen of aquatic plants, implying a relatively warm and moderately humid climate. The period 19 350 to 17 930 cal. yr BP was a transition stage from broad-leaved forest to needle-leaved forest, reflecting a warm-humid climate at the beginning and a cold-dry one at the end. Between 17 930 and 9250 cal. yr BP, needle-leaved forest and broad-leaved forest alternated in dominance in the early stages, with the former taking the predominant position by the end of the period, suggesting a climate fluctuating between warm-humid and cold-dry. From 9250 cal. yr BP to present, the vegetation has been dominated by needle-leaved forest (comprising mainly Pinus and Abies), coupled with broad-leaved forest (mainly Quercus and Betula), reflecting a transition in climatic conditions from warm-humid to cold-humid. During this period, human activity increased in this region, with impacts on the vegetation which may be evidenced by the distinct decrease in Pinus and Quercus pollen and an increase in Polygonaceae pollen in the upper 30 cm of the core. The marked decline in Quercus pollen, in particular, in the Wenhai core can be correlated with that observed in the Haligu core (situated about 2 km away) between 2400 cal. yr BP and the present.
‘MySpace bands’ and ‘tagging wars’: Conflicts of genre, work ethic and media platforms in an extreme music scene
Authors: Tofalvy Tamas
Published: September 2014

In this paper I interpret the transformations that took place in an extreme metal scene due to online fan interactions during the first wave of music–related online social media between 2004 and 2008. I show how the online success of a band on MySpace led to the devaluation of a whole genre, and also to the decreased reputation of MySpace as a medium among fans, coining the term ‘MySpace band.’ I describe how this judgment was strongly interrelated with the common conviction among fans that the activity of a band on a social platform should not be considered as ‘work’ as opposed to ‘working hard’, playing shows and touring ‘in real life’. In another case study I examine how the use of the tagging function on Last.fm lead to conflicts regarding the categorization of the genre and ignited vivid debates in the scene. The boundaries of the scene became uncontrollable in the open online social sphere, with newcomers transforming the representation of the scene in real time. Through those case studies, on the one hand, my aim is to show the interrelation of culture and technology: how value judgments on social boundaries, genres and work ethics are closely bound up with the uses and interpretations of media platforms. On the other hand, as subcultural and post–subcultural explanation schemes too could be applied to those scenic practices, I suggest that instead of concentrating on the presumed structural nature of scenes, focusing on the discursive constructions of genre may offer a fruitful avenue for understanding collectivities of musical taste.
The social goods of information networks: Complex equality and Wu's separation principles
Authors: Douglas David Michael
Published: September 2014

In his book The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires, Tim Wu proposes a ‘Separation Principle’ that the control of communication infrastructure should be separated from control over the information transmitted across it. I suggest that the Separation Principle can be further justified by appealing to Michael Walzer’s concept of complex equality. In this analysis, the integrated control of communication infrastructure and control over who can use it is unjust as the influence of the infrastructure sphere is influencing the sphere of expression. This gives a further theoretical justification for Wu’s Separation Principle and for resisting the monopolisation of information networks.
Critical analysis of interactive media with software affordances
Authors: Curinga Matthew X.
Published: September 2014

There is a long standing, and unsettled debate surrounding the ways that technology influences society. There is strong scholarship supporting the social construction perspective, arguing that the effects of technology are wholly socially and politically determined. This paper argues that the social constructivist position needs to be expanded if it can be useful for more than observing the ways technologies are designed and used. We need to develop better ways to talk about software, computer hardware, and networks, so that we can describe the social interpretations of these systems while accounting for their unique characteristics. We suggest using software affordances as a way to understand the semantics of software as interactive systems. Using Facebook privacy concerns as a case study, we argue that software affordances offer a useful lens for considering the social and political implications of interactive software systems, providing us more analytical tools to interpret, and not just describe, new technologies.
A robust gender inference model for online social networks and its application to LinkedIn and Twitter
Authors: Kokkos Athanasios , Tzouramanis Theodoros
Published: September 2014

Online social networking services have come to dominate the dot com world: Countless online communities coexist on the social Web. Some typically characteristic user attributes, such as gender, age group, sexual orientation, are not automatically part of the profile information. In some cases user attributes can even be deliberately and maliciously falsified. This paper examines automated inference of gender on online social networks by analyzing written text with a combination of natural language processing and classification techniques. Extensive experimentation on LinkedIn and Twitter has yielded accuracy of this gender identification technique of up to 98.4 percent.
Putting open science into practice: A social dilemma?
Authors: Scheliga Kaja , Friesike Sascha
Published: September 2014

Digital technologies carry the promise of transforming science and opening up the research process. We interviewed researchers from a variety of backgrounds about their attitudes towards and experiences with openness in their research practices. We observe a considerable discrepancy between the concept of open science and scholarly reality. While many researchers support open science in theory, the individual researcher is confronted with various difficulties when putting open science into practice. We analyse the major obstacles to open science and group them into two main categories: individual obstacles and systemic obstacles. We argue that the phenomenon of open science can be seen through the prism of a social dilemma: what is in the collective best interest of the scientific community is not necessarily in the best interest of the individual scientist. We discuss the possibilities of transferring theoretical solutions to social dilemma problems to the realm of open science.
Factors influencing adoption of Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and mobile technologies by the growth engine of the U.S. economy
Authors: Potnis Devendra , Deosthali Kanchan
Published: September 2014

Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and mobile technologies help small businesses to serve as the growth engine of the U.S. economy. We propose and test a model to compare the influence of organizational, environmental, and technological factors on the decision of small businesses owners, CIOs, and CEOs to select one set of technologies over the other. Results from structural equations modeling indicate that organizational (top management support, IT staff size, and IT budget), environmental (external support for IT adoption), and technological (perceived benefits of IT and perceived barriers to adopting IT) factors significantly influence the adoption of Web 2.0 by small businesses. All of the above factors except IT budget and perceived benefits fuel the adoption of Web 1.0 technologies. Despite perceiving barriers to adopting IT, small businesses owners, CIOs, and CEOs invest in mobile technologies. Top–management support and external support for IT adoption are the only factors positively affecting the adoption of all of the three sets of technologies considered in this study. We offer strategic suggestions to small businesses for selecting Internet and mobile technology–based solutions and services.
Understanding the Yelp review filter: An exploratory study
Authors: Kamerer David
Published: September 2014

Reviews on Yelp.com can be an important factor in driving customers to a business. However, many business owners have expressed concern with Yelp’s review filtering system, which was created to flag low–quality or fake reviews. This study performs a content analysis of a subset of Yelp restaurant and religious organization reviews, visible and filtered, exploring signals from the reviews or the reviewers that might explain the filtering process. The study finds that factors intrinsic to the review itself are not related to filtering, but factors related to the reviewer are strong predictors. The Yelp system is much more likely to filter reviews from occasional, isolated reviewers than from prolific, socially connected reviewers.
Towards a relational theory of IS/IT adoption and usage: Metaphor and lessons from interpersonal relationship literature
Authors: Simpson Jason
Published: September 2014

Extant literature has indicated the need to view information systems (IS) and information technologies (IT) as interaction–centric, as well as to understand individuals’ relationships with IS/IT, to fully understand and more accurately predict various IS phenomena. This paper aims to create further discussion around this topic by applying metaphor to IS adoption, rejection, and usage via an examination of the interpersonal relationship literature. Through a hermeneutic review, I interpret interpersonal relationships in terms of beginning and ending point for action (identity), mechanism (control), and strength multiplier (closeness). Parallels are then drawn to the IS literature, illustrating that individuals may interact with IS/IT as if they were human. This metaphorical approach may allow practitioners to transcend much of the anxiety associated with adoption across situations and contexts rather than attempting to further control them.
Morfodinâmica da Praia do Futuro, Fortaleza-CE: uma sintese de dois anos de estudo
Authors: Albuquerque Miguel Da Guia , Calliari Lauro Júlio , Corrêa Iran Carlos Stallivieri , Pinheiro Lidriana De Souza
Published: September 2014

O entendimento dos processos responsáveis pela morfodinâmica dos ambientes costeiros, e pela formação e migração dos bancos arenosos, é necessário tendo em vista que tais processos assumem um importante papel na conformação, estabilização do ambiente praial e identificação de riscos costeiros. No que diz respeito à morfodinâmica de praias, diferentes modelos conceituais, abordando variações nos estágios morfodinâmicos, têm sido aplicados com o intuito de estabelecer uma classificação universal para praias submetidas a diferentes regimes de marés. O presente estudo foi conduzido na praia do Futuro, Fortaleza-CE. Por meio de dados morfológicos, hidrodinâmicos e de sedimentologia, sazonais, pôde-se acompanhar a evolução dos ciclos de acresção e erosão na localidade em função da variação de energia na zona de arrebentação. A área foi dividida em três setores de monitoramento e classificada de acordo com o Parâmetro Relativo da Maré (RTR), modelo de estágios morfodinâmicos característico de ambientes de mesomaré. Os dois primeiros setores, caracterizados por granulometria predominantemente grossa e média, foram enquadrados nos estágios morfodinâmicos intermediários. O setor 02 (P03) apresentou os maiores valores para o índice de mobilidade da praia (σYb=34,65m), durante os monitoramentos sazonais. As variações do pacote sedimentar nos dois primeiros setores são mais acentuadas na região do estirâncio médio e inferior. No setor 03, caracterizado por sedimentos finos, predominou o estágio ultradissipativo.
Gênese dos arenitos de praia no litoral de Pernambuco interpretada através de estudos isotópicos
Authors: Ferreira Jr Antonio Vicente , Araújo Tereza Cristina Medeiros de , Sial Alcides Nóbrega
Published: September 2014

Este estudo fez uma análise paleoambiental e paleoclimática por meio de isótopos de oxigênio e carbono do cimento dos arenitos de praia no litoral de Pernambuco. O arenito de praia apresenta valores de 60% a 85% do arcabouço composto por grãos detríticos de quartzo. O cimento carbonático é constituído de calcita rica em Mg. Foram obtidos valores de -1,1‰ a 3,5‰ para d13C e de -0,9‰ a 0,5‰ para d18OVPDB. Estes valores isotópicos são típicos de cimento carbonático marinho, depositados em ambiente marinho raso, sob influência de água doce (ambiente meteórico vadoso) implicando em cimentação na zona de estirâncio. Paleotemperaturas dos cimentos de arenitos de praia variaram de 22,8°C a 28,2°C. Essa variação está relacionada ao aumento da profundidade de precipitação do cimento e indica que a temperatura da água se manteve relativamente constante durante o processo de deposição do cimento carbonático.
What’s Cruel About Cruelty Free: An Exploration of Consumers, Moral Heuristics, and Public Policy
Authors: Sheehan Kim Bartel , Lee Joonghwa
Published: September 2014

In his book Reveille for Radicals, Saul Alinsky writes, "Most people are eagerly groping for . . . some way in which they can bridge the gap between their morals and their practices" (p. 94). Today, many consumers try to bridge that gap by participating in what has been termed ethical consumption: the intentional purchase of products and services that the customer considers to be ethically produced. But what happens if consumer perceptions do not match reality? This study investigates one aspect of ethical consumption by examining consumer perceptions of the term cruelty free. Various definitions of this term exist, and companies can (and do) use the term when the product or its ingredients were indeed tested on animals. This exploratory study suggests that many consumers use this term as a moral heuristic in decision-making. As a result, the use of the term creates a halo effect that elevates brand perceptions. When provided with information suggesting the heuristic is flawed, consumers slightly alter perceptions but attitudes remain relatively strong. While some countries have implemented regulation regarding the use of the phrase in some contexts, results suggest that a broader policy is necessary to correct misperceptions and avoid misleading consumers.
Red Apple
Authors: Deery Phillip
Published: September 2014

Set against a backdrop of mounting anticommunism, Red Apple documents the personal, physical, and psychological effects of McCarthyism on six political activists with ties to New York City. From the late 1940s through the 1950s, McCarthyism disfigured the American political landscape. Under the altar of anticommunism, domestic Cold War crusaders undermined civil liberties, curtailed equality before the law, and tarnished the ideals of American democracy. In order to preserve freedom, they jettisoned some of its tenets. Congressional committees worked in tandem, although not necessarily in collusion, with the FBI, law firms, university administrations, publishing houses, television networks, movie studios, and a legion of government agencies at the federal, state, and local levels to target “subversive” individuals. By examining real-life experiences at the “ground level,” Red Apple illuminates the human consequences of the widespread paranoia that gripped a nation. It explores how these six activists experienced, responded to, and suffered from one of the most savage assaults on civil liberties in American history. Their collective stories reveal the personal costs of holding dissident political beliefs in the face of intolerance and moral panic that is as relevant today as it was seventy years ago.