bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Differential Rotation and Overshooting in Solar-like Stars
Authors: Brun Allan Sacha , Strugarek Antoine , Varela Jacobo , Matt Sean P. , Augustson Kyle C. , Emeriau Constance , DoCao Olivier Long , Brown Benjamin , Toomre Juri
Published: February 2017

We seek to characterize how the change of global rotation rate influences the overall dynamics and large-scale flows arising in the convective envelopes of stars covering stellar spectral types from early G to late K. We do so through numerical simulations with the ASH code, where we consider stellar convective envelopes coupled to a radiative interior with various global properties. As solar-like stars spin down over the course of their main sequence evolution, such a change must have a direct impact on their dynamics and rotation state. We indeed find that three main states of rotation may exist for a given star: anti-solar-like (fast poles, slow equator), solar-like (fast equator, slow poles), or a cylindrical rotation profile. Under increasingly strict rotational constraints, the last profile can further evolve into a Jupiter-like profile, with alternating prograde and retrograde zonal jets. We have further assessed how far the convection and meridional flows overshoot into the radiative zone and investigated the morphology of the established tachocline. Using simple mixing length arguments, we are able to construct a scaling of the fluid Rossby number

, which we calibrate based on our 3D ASH simulations. We can use this scaling to map the behavior of differential rotation versus the global parameters of stellar mass and rotation rate. Finally, we isolate a region on this map (R

of
 ≳ 1.5–2) where we posit that stars with an anti-solar differential rotation may exist in order to encourage observers to hunt for such targets.
A Semi-analytic Criterion for the Spontaneous Initiation of Carbon Detonations in White Dwarfs
Authors: Garg Uma , Chang Philip
Published: February 2017

Despite over 40 years of active research, the nature of the white dwarf progenitors of SNe Ia remains unclear. However, in the last decade, various progenitor scenarios have highlighted the need for detonations to be the primary mechanism by which these white dwarfs are consumed, but it is unclear how these detonations are triggered. In this paper we study how detonations are spontaneously initiated due to temperature inhomogeneities, e.g., hotspots, in burning nuclear fuel in a simplified physical scenario. Following the earlier work by Zel’Dovich, we describe the physics of detonation initiation in terms of the comparison between the spontaneous wave speed and the Chapman–Jouguet speed. We develop an analytic expression for the spontaneous wave speed and utilize it to determine a semi-analytic criterion for the minimum size of a hotspot with a linear temperature gradient between a peak and base temperature for which detonations in burning carbon–oxygen material can occur. Our results suggest that spontaneous detonations may easily form under a diverse range of conditions, likely allowing a number of progenitor scenarios to initiate detonations that burn up the star.
Korean VLBI Network Calibrator Survey (KVNCS). 1. Source Catalog of KVN Single-dish Flux Density Measurement in the K and Q Bands
Authors: Lee Jeong Ae , Sohn Bong Won , Jung Taehyun , Byun Do-Young , Lee Jee Won
Published: February 2017

We present the catalog of the KVN Calibrator Survey (KVNCS). This first part of the KVNCS is a single-dish radio survey simultaneously conducted at 22 (K band) and 43 GHz (Q band) using the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) from 2009 to 2011. A total of 2045 sources are selected from the VLBA Calibrator Survey with an extrapolated flux density limit of 100 mJy at the K band. The KVNCS contains 1533 sources in the K band with a flux density limit of 70 mJy and 553 sources in the Q band with a flux density limit of 120 mJy; it covers the whole sky down to −32.°5 in decl. We detected 513 sources simultaneously in the K and Q bands; ∼76% of them are flat-spectrum sources (−0.5 ≤ α ≤ 0.5). From the flux–flux relationship, we anticipated that most of the radiation of many of the sources comes from the compact components. The sources listed in the KVNCS therefore are strong candidates for high-frequency VLBI calibrators.
A “Cosmic Comb” Model of Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Zhang Bing
Published: February 2017

Recent observations of fast radio bursts (FRBs) indicate a perplexing, inconsistent picture. We propose a unified scenario to interpret diverse FRBs observed. A regular pulsar, otherwise unnoticeable at a cosmological distance, may produce a bright FRB if its magnetosphere is suddenly “combed” by a nearby, strong plasma stream toward the anti-stream direction. If the Earth is to the night side of the stream, the combed magnetic sheath would sweep across the direction of Earth and make a detectable FRB. The stream could be an AGN flare, a GRB or supernova blastwave, a tidal disruption event, or even a stellar flare. Since it is the energy flux received by the pulsar rather than the luminosity of the stream origin that defines the properties of the FRB, this model predicts a variety of counterparts of FRBs, including a possible connection between FRB 150418 and an AGN flare, a possible connection between FRB 131104 and a weak GRB, a steady radio nebula associated with the repeating FRB 121102, and probably no bright counterparts for some FRBs.
Probabilistic Constraints on the Mass and Composition of Proxima b
Authors: Bixel Alex , Apai Dániel
Published: February 2017

Recent studies regarding the habitability, observability, and possible orbital evolution of the indirectly detected exoplanet Proxima b have mostly assumed a planet with M ∼ 1.3 M
⊕, a rocky composition, and an Earth-like atmosphere or none at all. In order to assess these assumptions, we use previous studies of the radii, masses, and compositions of super-Earth exoplanets to probabilistically constrain the mass and radius of Proxima b, assuming an isotropic inclination probability distribution. We find it is ∼90% likely that the planet’s density is consistent with a rocky composition; conversely, it is at least 10% likely that the planet has a significant amount of ice or an H/He envelope. If the planet does have a rocky composition, then we find expectation values and 95% confidence intervals of

M
⊕ for its mass and

R
⊕ for its radius.
154 MHz Detection of Faint, Polarized Flares from UV Ceti
Authors: Lynch C. R. , Lenc E. , Kaplan D. L. , Murphy Tara , Anderson G. E.
Published: February 2017

We have detected four flares from UV Ceti at 154 MHz using the Murchison Widefield Array. The flares have flux densities between 10 and 65 mJy—a factor of 100 fainter than most flares in the literature at these frequencies—and are only detected in polarization. The circular polarized fractions are limited to

% at 3σ confidence and two of the flares exhibit polarity reversal. We suggest that these flares occur periodically on a timescale consistent with the rotational period of UV Ceti. During the brightest observed flare, we also detect significant linear polarization with a polarization fraction

%. Averaging the data in 6 minute, 10 MHz frequency bins we find that the flux density of these flares does not vary over the 30 MHz bandwidth of the Murchison Widefield Array; however, we cannot rule out finer time-frequency structure. Using the measured flux densities for the flares, we estimate brightness temperatures between

K, indicative of a coherent emission mechanism. The brightness temperature and polarization characteristics point to the electron cyclotron maser mechanism. We also calculate the flare rates given our four observed flares and compare them to flare rates for the set of M dwarf stars with known 100–200 MHz flares. Our measurement is the first for flares with intensities

mJy at 100–200 MHz.
Tracking data from nine free-roaming Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) collared in the Thabazimbi area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Marnewick Kelly , Page-Nicholson Samantha , Roxburgh Lizanne , Somers Michael
Published: February 2017

In partnership with the University of Pretoria, the Endangered Wildlife Trust’s Carnivore Conservation Programme collared six male and three female free-roaming Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Thabazimbi area in Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study was undertaken to determine the spatial ecology of free-roaming Cheetahs that occur outside of formal protected areas on private ranchland, where they frequently come into conflict with, and are sometimes killed by, private landowners. The data were collected between September 2003 and November 2008, resulting in a total of 3165 location points (65 points from VHF collars and 3100 from GPS collars) for nine individual Cheetahs.

This dataset provides distribution information about this Vulnerable species occurring outside of protected areas within South Africa. The dataset has been published to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (www.GBIF.org) and provides the largest dataset on Cheetahs thus far, and, although it is spatially limited to a relatively small region on the African continent, it is the first study of its kind within South Africa. Also of significance is that the fate of 6 of the 9 collared Cheetahs is known, all except one of which died of anthropogenic causes.
La naturaleza no existe: conservacionismos y relaciones internacionales en Doñana
Authors: Camprubí Lino
Published: February 2017

Tras descartar el acercamiento metodológico a la historia de Doñana como un paso hacia la “conservación de la Naturaleza” con mayúscula, este artículo sitúa la historia del Parque en los contextos políticos, personales y científicos que lo hicieron posible. Estos contextos nos colocan en la escala internacional del desmantelamiento del imperio británico y de la transformación de la ornitología y la ecología como disciplinas. Las rutas migratorias de las aves de Doñana contribuyeron a la dimensión internacional en la que se fraguó el acuerdo entre el World Wildlife Fund (WWF) y el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) que llevó a la inauguración de la Reserva Biológica de Doñana en 1965. La posterior creación del Parque abrió la puerta a nuevos desencuentros entre diversos modos de entender el conservacionismo y entre diferentes categorizaciones científicas del territorio de Doñana. La resolución de estos conflictos dependió de fuerzas y alianzas, lo que permite concluir afinando el argumento metodológico de partida.
Re-conceptualización del constructo de imagen corporal desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar
Authors: Castro-Lemus Nuria
Published: February 2017

El presente artículo realiza de manera sistemática un repaso de las principales conceptualizaciones que existen del constructo de imagen corporal desde diferentes disciplinas como la filosófica, psicológica, sociológica e incluso la Educación Física. Dicho análisis argumenta la unificación terminológica de términos como cuerpo, corporeidad, corporalidad, identidad corporal, autoconcepto, capital corporal y esquema corporal. Y ofrece una re-conceptualización propia del constructo.
Feminists and their perspectives on the church fathers' beliefs regarding women: An inquiry
Authors: Wood Hannelie
Published: February 2017

The church fathers and their views on women were influenced substantially and significantly by philosophical voices, such as that of Aristotle and Plato, amongst others. A brief account on Aristotle�s and Plato�s ideas about women, from feminist perspectives, will be touched upon. The article furthermore explores feminist voices, regarding the church fathers� thinking about women, and how these views contributed to women�s subordination and domination. The research will focus on the many varied views on women held by Latin church fathers, such as Tertullian (c. 155�255), Cyprian (c. 200�258 AD), Jerome (c. 347�419), Ambrose (c. 339�397) and Augustine (354�430), and the Greek church fathers, such as Clement of Alexander (c. 150�215), Origen (c. 185�254) and Chrysostom (c. 347�407), from the perspective of feminists. It will be contended that an insensitive and too early denunciation of the early church fathers as misogynists often occurs in women�s history without taking into consideration the church fathers� philosophical and social contexts and, hence, the opinions that formed their views. One such theory that helped to shape the church fathers� views about women is the classic medical theory, and this therefore merits a brief discussion. Another important point one has to take into account is the church fathers� perceptions of the carnal (sexual) and the spiritual world that shaped their views about women.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: History teaches us what people before us did, what their intentions were and where they failed or went wrong. If historical viewpoints about women reflect women�s subordination and oppression, they force women to discover their roots and their past. The church fathers, however, inherited a long tradition of debates, beliefs, and arguments regarding women�s moral, intellectual, and natural capacities. Therefore, generalised, simplified, and unsympathetic views about the ancient philosophers and the church fathers� views on women often leads to the ineffective understanding of these men and their context.
On Subcritically Stein Fillable 5-manifolds
Authors: Ding Fan , Geiges Hansjörg , Zhang Guangjian
Published: February 2017

We make some elementary observations concerning subcritically Stein fillable contact structures on 5-manifolds. Specifically, we determine the diffeomorphism type of such contact manifolds in the case where the fundamental group is finite cyclic, and we show that on the 5-sphere, the standard contact structure is the unique subcritically ?llable one. More generally, it is shown that subcritically fillable contact structures on simply connected 5-manifolds are determined by their underlying almost contact structure. Along the way, we discuss the homotopy classification of almost contact structures.
Kato's Inequality for Magnetic Relativistic Schrödinger Operators
Authors: Hiroshima Fumio , Ichinose Takashi , Lőrinczi József
Published: February 2017

Kato's inequality is shown for the magnetic relativistic Schrödinger operator

H_{A,m}

defined as the operator theoretical
square root
of the selfadjoint, magnetic nonrelativistic Schrödinger operator

(-i\nabla-A(x))^2+m^2

with an

L^{2}_{\mathrm {loc}}

vector potential

A(x)

.
On Calderón’s Problem for a System of Elliptic Equations
Authors: Imanuvilov Oleg Yu. , Yamamoto Masahiro
Published: February 2017

We consider Calderón's problem in the case of a partial Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for systems of elliptic equations in a bounded two-dimensional domain. The main result of the paper is as follows: If two systems of elliptic equations generate the same partial Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on some subboundary, then the coefficients can be uniquely determined up to gauge equivalence.
Infinite-Dimensional Manifolds as Ringed Spaces
Authors: Egeileh Michel , Wurzbacher Tilman
Published: February 2017

We analyze the possibility of defining infinite-dimensional manifolds as ringed spaces. More precisely, we consider three definitions of manifolds modeled on locally convex spaces: in terms of charts and atlases, in terms of ringed spaces and in terms of functored spaces, as introduced by Douady in his thesis. It is shown that for large classes of locally convex model spaces (containing Frechet spaces and duals of Frechet–Schwartz spaces), the three definitions are actually equivalent. The equivalence of the definition via charts with the definition via ringed spaces is based on the fact that for the classes of model spaces under consideration, smoothness of maps turns out to be equivalent to their
scalarwise smoothness
(i.e., the smoothness of their composition with smooth real-valued functions).
Comment la souris est devenue, timidement, une espèce modèle pour la recherche en génétique animale et humaine
Authors: Panthier Jean-Jacques , Guénet Jean-Louis
Published: February 2017

How the mouse has become, timidly, a model for animal and human genetic research.

From the early twentieth century onwards, the mouse is one the most popular model amongst geneticists. This article dedicates the origins of scientific work on mouse genetics and reports their links with current research in experimental biology. Following the first formal analyses by Lucien Cuénot, William E. Castle, Clarence C. Little, and John B. S. Haldane, geneticists plunged into the production of inbred strains. This history continues today with the development of new resource populations with high levels of genetic diversity : the Collaborative Cross, and the Diversity Outbred. At the same time, Leroy Stevens, Martin Evans, Gail Martin, and Barry Pierce performed a series of crucial experiments on a rare tumour : testicular teratocarcinoma. These tumours became the focus of a great deal of research that continues today through the works aimed at understanding the mechanisms of somatic adult cell reprogramming into pluripotent cells.
Impacts on Global Health from Nursing Research
Authors: Baltzell Kimberly , McLemore Monica , Shattell Mona , Rankin Sally
Published: February 2017

Infectious disease continues to adversely affect populations in low- and middle-income countries. Investments in solutions often focus on technology, yet health-care workers remain in short supply. Nurses are the largest cadre of health-care workers and are largely responsible for patient care around the world. In fact, it is estimated that nurses care for nine out of every 10 patients seen. Importantly, sound nursing science contributes to solutions that directly impact patient care, especially those that pertain to infectious disease. Here we share several examples of nursing science that are improving care delivery in three global health areas: human immunodeficiency virus testing and prevention strategies in Malawi, family planning in Kenya, and response to Ebola virus disease.
Validation Methods For MIL-STD-1760D Mission Stores
Authors:   AS-1B Aircraft Store Integration Committee
Published: February 2017

This document establishes techniques for validating that a mission store complies with the interface requirements contained in MIL-STD-1760 Revision D.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components—Part 22—Immunity to Radiated Magnetic Fields
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods and procedures for vehicle components to determine the components immunity to radiated magnetic fields.
Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields; 10 kHz to 200 MHz - Crawford TEM Cell and 10 kHz to 5 GHz - Wideband TEM Cell
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This part of SAE J1113 specifies TEM cell test methods and procedures for testing the electromagnetic immunity of electronic components (DUTs) for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and similar applications. Methods using the constant cross-section TEM cell (Crawford TEM) and the flared cross-section TEM cell (wideband TEM) are discussed in the document. The electromagnetic disturbance considered in this part of SAE J1113 will be limited to continuous narrowband electromagnetic fields. TEM cells produce both electric and magnetic fields simultaneously. The test is directly applicable to DUTs whose height is less than 1/3 the septum height; somewhat larger modules can be tested with conditions applied. The Crawford TEM and wideband TEM cell may be used for testing within the 1/3 height condition without demonstrating field uniformity within the cell, if the test set-up complies with the other provisions of this standard.

This test can be used for two purposes:

a. Testing the immunity of DUTs with major field coupling to the DUT and wiring harness;
b. Testing the immunity of DUTs with major field coupling to the DUT.

The methods defined in this document have some significant differences from ISO 11452-3. Careful deliberation has been given to the need to diverge from the international standard. The primary differences are the method of bringing leads from the DUT out of the TEM cell and the inclusion of the wideband TEM cell.

Immunity measurements of complete vehicles are generally only possible by the vehicle manufacturer. The reasons, for example, are the high costs of a vehicle sized absorber lined chamber, preserving the secrecy of prototypes or the large number of different vehicle models. Therefore, for research, development and quality control a laboratory measuring method shall be applied by the component manufacturer.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurements Procedure for Vehicle Components--Part 28--Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields--Reverberation Method (Mode Tuning)
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

Vehicle electrical/electronic systems may be affected when immersed in an electromagnetic field generated by sources such as radio and TV broadcast stations, radar and communication sites, mobile transmitters, cellular phones, etc. Reverberation method is used to evaluate the immunity of electronic devices in the frequency range of 400 MHz - 18GHz. Pulse modulation is used for testing above 800 MHz.

This document provides the component design and test engineers with a test procedure and the performance requirements necessary to evaluate the immunity of electronic devices to radiated electromagnetic fields early in the design stage as well as pilot and production stages. Ensuring electromagnetic compatibility early in the development stage will minimize costly changes later in the program and will prevent excessive component level hardening during full-vehicle level testing.

The reverberation test method performs a dual function:
The primary function of the method is to provide a bench test procedure correlatable to vehicle-level radiated immunity testing in the anechoic chamber and at mobile transmitter sites.
The method can be used to evaluate the relative performance of different designs of the same device.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures and Limits for Vehicle Components (Except Aircraft)—Conducted Immunity, 15 Hz to 250 kHz—All Leads
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This document is an SAE Standard and covers the requirements for determining the immunity characteristics of automotive electronic equipment, subsystems, and systems to EM energy injected individually onto each lead. This test may be used over the frequency range of 15 Hz to 250 kHz. The method is applicable to all input, output, and power leads. The method is particularly useful in evaluating DUTs with acoustic or visible display functions.
Conducted Immunity, 250 kHz to 400 MHz, Direct Injection of Radio Frequency (RF) Power
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This part of SAE J1113 specifies the direct RF power injection test method and procedure for testing electromagnetic immunity of electronic components for passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The electromagnetic disturbances considered in this part of SAE J1113 are limited to continuous, narrowband conducted RF energy.

This test method is applicable to all DUT leads except the RF reference ground. The test provides differential mode excitation to the DUT.

Immunity measurements of complete vehicles are generally only possible by the vehicle manufacturer. The reasons, for example, are high costs of a large absorber-lined chamber, preserving the secrecy of prototypes or the large number of different vehicle models. Therefore, for research, development, and quality control, a laboratory measuring method for components shall be applied by the manufacturer. This method is suitable over the frequency range of 250 kHz to 400 MHz.

This direct RF power injection test is particularly effective when used as part of the engineering development of the electronic component (at the prototype PCB level) where the line by line diagnostic capabilities of this test facilitate cost-effective circuit board level improvements in the RF immunity performance of the module or component
Performance of Audible Warning Devices for Motorcycles
Authors:   Motorcycle Technical Steering Committee
Published: February 2017

The requirements of this document apply to all classes of motorcycles as defined in SAE J213.
Accommodation Tool Reference Point
Authors:   Truck and Bus Human Factors Committee
Published: February 2017

Reference lines have been developed to which driver workspace accomodation tools can be located in vehicle space. The lines describe horizontal reference point locations as a function of vehicle H-point height (H30). One reference line has been established for use in vehicles with H-point heights (H30) and steering wheel diameters (W9) less than 405 and 450 mm, respectively. (Class A Vehicles) This point can be used to reference appropriate workspace tools to accommodate a driver population with a male-to-female ratio of one-to-one. Separate reference lines have been established for use in vehicles with H-point heights (H30) between 405 and 530 mm and steering wheel diameters (W9) between 450 and 560 mm with treadle type pedals. (Class B Vehicles) See Figure 1. Three lines are available for use in Class B vehicles depending on the percentages of males and females in the population the designer wishes to accommodate. Separate points can be used to reference appropriate workspace tools to accommodate driver populations with male-to-female ratios of 50:50, 75:25, and 90:10 to 95:5. Different procedures for locating Class A and Class B accommodation tool reference lines in vehicle space have been established based on unique packaging considerations of the two categories of vehicles.
Cab Heating Systems Test Procedure and Performance Requirements—Trucks, and Multipurpose Vehicles
Authors:   Truck and Bus Windshield Wipers and Climate Control Comm
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform test procedures and performance requirements for engine coolant type heating systems of enclosed truck cabs. The intent is to provide a test that will ensure acceptable comfort for cab occupants. It is limited to a test that can be conducted on uniform test equipment in commercially available laboratory facilities.

There are two options for producing hot coolant in this document. Testing using these two approaches on the same vehicle will not necessarily provide identical results. Many vehicle models are offered with optional engines, and each engine has varying coolant temperatures and flow rates. If the test is being conducted to compare the performance of one heater design to another heater design, then the external coolant source approach (Test A) will yield the most comparable results. If the test is being conducted to validate the heater installation on a specific vehicle model with a specific engine, then using the engine to heat the coolant (Test B) will be more appropriate.

This document will be reviewed and revised as required with advancements in technology and changes in environmental laws.
Hose Assemblies, Hydraulic, J517 100R Series Hose - Part 3: Procurement and Ordering Information
Authors:   Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard covers ordering information for J517 100R Series hose materials for hydraulic hose assemblies using connectors specified in SAE Standard J516 or all parts of ISO 12151 for use in hydraulic systems using petroleum based hydraulic fluids.
Connector for Fluid Power and General Use—Ports and Stud End with ASME B1.1 Threads and O-Ring Seal—Part 4: External Hex and Internal Hex Inch Port Plugs—Dimensions, Design, Test Methods and Requirements
Authors:   Hydraulic Tube Fittings Committee
Published: February 2017

This part defines performance requirements, dimensions, and designs for −2 through −32 internal and external hex port plugs for use in SAE J1926-1 ports. Testing and usage through many years confirm the performance requirements of port plugs made from carbon steel. The port plugs were specified in SAE J514 without any performance requirements. They have been developed and tested to gain a 4:1 working pressure rating for industrial applications.

In fluid power systems, power is transmitted and controlled through a fluid (liquid or gas) under pressure within an enclosed circuit. In general applications, a fluid may be conveyed under pressure. Components are connected through their threaded ports by stud ends on fluid conductor fittings to tubes and pipes or to hose fittings and hoses.

For threaded ports and stud ends specified in new designs in hydraulic fluid power applications, only ISO 6149 shall be used. Threaded ports and stud ends in accordance with ISO 1179, ISO 9974, and ISO 11926 are not to be used in new designs in hydraulic fluid power applications.

Conformance to the dimensional information in this part of SAE J1926 does not guarantee rated performance. Each manufacturer should perform testing according to the specification contained in this part of SAE J1926 to assure that components comply with the performance ratings.
Data Link Layer
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

The SAE J1939 documents are intended for light, medium, and heavy-duty vehicles used on or off road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g. generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements.

The purpose of these documents is to provide an open interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of these documents to allow Electronic Control Units to communicate with each other by providing a standard architecture.

This particular document, SAE J1939-21, describes the data link layer using the CAN protocol with 29-bit Identifiers. For SAE J1939 no alternative data link layers are permitted.
Network Layer
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

The Network Layer document describes the requirements and services for Network Interconnection ECUs (NIECU) that enable electronic control units (ECUs) on a network segment to intercommunicate with other ECUs on different network segments of the vehicle network. This document defines various types of NIECUs. The information in this document applies only to ECUs that are intended to provide networking services. It is not necessary for an ECU to provide any of these services in order to be compliant with the SAE J1939 protocol.
Application—Configurable Messaging
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

The SAE J1939 documents are intended for light, medium, and heavy-duty vehicles used on or off road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g. generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements.

The purpose of these documents is to provide an open interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of these documents to allow Electronic Control Units to communicate with each other by providing a standard architecture.

This particular document, SAE J1939-74, describes the message structure for a set of messages which enable the user to determine and announce to others on the network, the parameter placement within a particular message from the special set of messages defined within this document.
Computer Generated Shot Peening Saturation Curves
Authors:   Surface Enhancement Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice defines a procedure for the use of computer generated saturation curves to determine peening intensity. Calculation of intensity within a tolerance band for each data set in Table 1 one is required for compliance with this practice.
File Structures for a Node Capability File (NCF)
Authors:   Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Published: February 2017

This document covers the requirements for SAE implementations based on LIN 2.0. Requirements stated in this document will provide a minimum standard level of performance to which all compatible systems, design and development tools, software, ECUs and media shall be designed. This will assure consistent and unambiguous serial data communication among all connected devices regardless of supplier.

This document may be referenced by any vehicle OEM component technical specification that describes any given ECU in which the single wire data link controller and physical layer interface is located.

The intended audience includes, but is not limited to, ECU suppliers, LIN controller suppliers, LIN transceiver suppliers, component release engineers and vehicle system engineers.
Off-Road Tire Replacement Guidelines
Authors:   MTC8, Tire and Rim
Published: February 2017

This SAE information report covers the basic guidelines concerning off-road tire conditions that warrant replacement, removal, or repair. This material can assist the tire user in establishing specific written procedures for each job site.
Anti-Noise Brake Pads Shims: T-pull Test
Authors:   Brake Linings Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This recommended practice covers the attachment of bonded anti-noise brake pad shims only. Mechanically attached shims (those without bonding) are not covered by this procedure.
Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorder (HVEDR) Standard - Tier 1
Authors:   Truck and Bus Event Data Recorder Committee
Published: February 2017

This Recommended Practice (RP) document applies to Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorders (HVEDR) for heavy-duty (HD) ground wheeled vehicles over 4545 kg (10 000 US pounds), commonly referred to as Class 3–8, which are intended to be compliant with current Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) and/or Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (FMCSR). In the context of the J2728 RP, the term heavy vehicle refers to motor vehicles equipped with one or both of the following vehicle communication networks: SAE J1708/J1587 or SAE J1939. This document is focused primarily on wheeled vehicles with standard on-board power supplies (e.g., batteries). It is intended to address the needs of OEM original, OEM modified/additive, and aftermarket systems. It does not specifically exclude trailers and similar non-engine powered vehicles, even though the current lack of standardized methodologies and processes for inter-vehicular communication and power supply interconnections remain unresolved.
Software Assessment Repository
Authors:   Embedded Software Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This standard is intended to provide corporations that develop embedded software for the automotive industry direction on how to effectively publish and promote their organization’s development capabilities. The organization’s maturity may be measured through several capability assessment methods; this document addresses how the results of those assessments are shared within the SAE J2746 Software Assessment Repository. The repository is the online database system utilized by the SAE to facilitate accurate and secure sharing of corporations’ software development capabilities.

The SAE Software Assessment Repository is a web-based repository that allows organizations that develop embedded software to post and share their assessments in a uniform, disciplined manner. The repository does not mandate the use of one assessment method over another; rather, it reports the salient results from industry accepted assessment methods. It is important to recognize that both OEM’s and suppliers developing software which goes into vehicles should participate in the SAE J2746 Repository and follow improved practices of software engineering. Since car manufacturers OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturer) also develop embedded software, they should participate in the Software Assessment Repository in addition to the supply base.

In order to better focus software improvements in the industry, the intent of Software Process Improvement (SPI) and related assessments must be focused upon industry specific technologies. When a customer is interested in the capabilities of a supplier, the relevance of those capabilities to the customer’s need is critical. SAE J2746 proposes to utilize the Functional Domains of the automotive electronics systems as defined by AutoSAR to partition suppliers’ capabilities. The six functional domains as defined by AutoSAR are Chassis, Powertrain, Safety, Multimedia/Telematics, Body/Comfort and Human Machine Interface.

These functional domains provide the repository the ability to better define the capabilities of OEMs and Suppliers for creating specific types of product software. Furthermore, by also understanding the geographic locations of OEM’s and Supplier’s engineering facilities, it is possible to understand the capability of a specific team, in a specific location to create a product of a specific Functional Domain. Instead of a blanket statement that Company Y is Level 3, a more precise statement of; “Company Y’s engineering team located in Facility X and engineering products of Functional Domain Z is Level 3” would be found within the SAE J2746 Software Assessment Repository (SAR), and offer a higher fidelity of insight into a company’s capabilities.
Life Cycle Analysis to Estimate the CO2-Equivalent Emissions from MAC Operation
Authors:   Interior Climate Control Vehicle OEM Committee
Published: February 2017

This recommended best practice outlines a method for estimating CO2-Equivalent emissions using the GREEN-MAC-LCCP© (Global Refrigerants Energy and ENvironmental – Mobile Air Conditioning – Life Cycle Climate Performance) model (also referred to as “the model” in this standard).
Performance Specifications for a Midsize Male Pedestrian Research Dummy
Authors:   Human Biomechanics and Simulations Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

While it is recognized that collisions involve pedestrians of all sizes, this Information Report addresses performance specifications for a midsize adult male research dummy. This approach stems from the greater knowledge of biomechanics and existing dummy technologies for the midsize male relative to other adult sizes and children. While not the initial objective, it is envisioned that additional performance specifications for other sizes of pedestrian research dummies will be developed in the future based on accepted scaling procedures.

The specific requirements for the pedestrian dummy have been based on a collective assessment of pedestrian injury, response, and anthropometry priorities from the experimental, epidemiologic, and computational literature. In general, the objective was to specify performance specifications based on human characteristics and the impact response of post-mortem human subjects rather than to specify the design of a particular physical device.

Based on the perceived applications for a research pedestrian dummy, the primary focus of this document centered on biofidelic whole-body kinematics during a vehicle-pedestrian impact. Specific body regions were prioritized (see A.1.5) based on a combination of pedestrian injury, including both severity and frequency. Based on the priorities established by a review committee, the specifications provided in this document include both mandatory and recommended requirements as indicated by the terms “shall” and “should,” respectively. As pedestrian injury trends and dummy hardware continue to evolve in the future, it is anticipated that this document will expand to include more mandatory requirements in more body regions.

Finally, it should be noted that the test procedures described in this document only apply to the specific tests required to assess pedestrian dummy biofidelity. It is anticipated that pedestrian dummies meeting the performance criteria of this document will be used in a wide variety of tests, requiring specialized test and data procedures.
Automotive Brake Noise and Vibration Standard Nomenclature
Authors:   Brake NVH Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This document defines various vehicular noises and vibrations that are attributed to being created by the foundation brake components of the vehicle, particularly on passenger cars and light trucks. These definitions cover both disc and drum brakes. The frequency ranges from near zero Hz (tactile sensations) all the way up to 17 kHz, or the upper limit of normal hearing. These noises and vibrations may either directly radiate off the brake system or provide the excitation energy that causes other vehicle components to react.
Blind Spot Monitoring System (BSMS): Operating Characteristics and User Interface
Authors:   Safety and Human Factors Standards Steering Committee
Published: February 2017

This document specifies the minimum recommendations for Blind Spot Monitoring System (BSMS) operational characteristics and elements of the user interface. A visual BSMS indicator is recommended.

BSMS detects and conveys to the driver via a visual indicator the presence of a target (e.g., a vehicle), adjacent to the subject vehicle in the “traditional” Adjacent Blind Spot Zone (ABSZ). The BSMS is not intended to replace the need for interior and exterior rear-view mirrors or to reduce mirror size. BSMS is only intended as a supplement to these mirrors and will not take any automatic vehicle control action to prevent possible collisions. While the BSMS will assist drivers in detecting the presence of vehicles in their ABSZ, the absence of a visual indicator will not guarantee that the driver can safely make a lane change maneuver (e.g., vehicles may be approaching rapidly outside the ABSZ area).

This document applies to original equipment and aftermarket BSMS systems for passenger vehicles. This document does not apply to installing a BSMS on either motorcycles or commercial vehicles. Finally, this document does not address Lane Change Warning systems, which monitor areas substantially farther back than the side blind spot areas monitored by the BSMS (See ISO FDIS 17387).
Welded Flash Controlled, High Strength (690 MPa Tensile Strength) Low Alloy Steel Hydraulic Tubing, Stress Relieved Annealed for Bending and Double Flaring
Authors:   Metallic Tubing Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard covers stress relieved electric resistance welded flash controlled single wall high strength low alloy steel tubing intended for use in high pressure hydraulic lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, double flaring and cold forming. Material produced to this specification is not intended to be used for single flare applications due to the potential leak path that would be caused by the ID weld bead.

The grade of material produced to this specification is of micro-alloy content and is considerably stronger and intended to service higher pressure applications using thinner walls than like sizes of the grades of material specified in SAE J356, SAE J2435 and SAE J2613. Due to the alloy content of the material, the forming characteristics of the finished tube are equal to or better, when compared to SAE J356, SAE J2435 and SAE J2613. Nominal reference working pressures for this tubing are listed in ISO 10763 and SAE J1065.

Brazed and/or welded tube assembly configurations made to specific geometry and components bill of material in association with this material, may require qualification testing in accordance with ISO 19879 Test Methods for Hydraulic Fluid Power Connections. Cold forming the tube end configurations avoids this systemic testing by not compromising the tube material structural integrity.
Welded and Cold-Drawn, High Strength (690 MPa Tensile Strength) Low Alloy Steel Hydraulic Tubing, Stress Relieved Annealed for Bending and Flaring
Authors:   Metallic Tubing Committee
Published: February 2017

This specification covers sub-critically annealed electric resistance welded and cold-drawn single-wall high strength low alloy steel tubing intended for use in hydraulic pressure lines and in other applications requiring tubing of a quality suitable for bending, flaring, cold forming, welding and brazing.

The grade of material produced to this specification is of micro-alloy content and is considerably stronger and intended to service higher pressure applications using thinner walls than like sizes of the grades of material specified in SAE J525, SAE J2467 and SAE J2614. Due to the alloy content of the material, the forming characteristics of the finished tube are equal to or better, when compared to SAE J525, SAE J2467 and SAE J2614. Nominal reference working pressures for this tubing are listed in ISO 10763 and SAE J1065.

Caution: When brazing or welding is used as a tube end joining method, the structural integrity of the tube material can potentially be compromised due to the degradation of the areas affected by the thermal effect applied to the tubing; therefore, the ISO 10763 and SAE J1065 nominal reference working pressures may not be applicable.

Brazed and/or welded tube assembly configurations made to specific geometry and components bill of material in association with this material, may require qualification testing in accordance with ISO 19879 Test Methods for Hydraulic Fluid Power Connections. Cold forming the tube end configurations avoids this systemic testing by not compromising the tube material structural integrity.
Electric Drive Cooling Fan Motor Mounting
Authors:   Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice is applicable to Electric Drive Cooling Fan Assemblies used in Light Duty vehicle cooling systems (typically, passenger cars and light duty trucks). This document outlines the Electric Drive Cooling Fan Motor Mounting interface characteristics such that a common standard is possible.
Hydraulic Fluid Power - Accelerated Method for Determining the Wear Characteristics of a Hydraulic Component Due to Contaminants
Authors:   Ship Fluid Systems Committee
Published: February 2017

This Recommended Practice defines a procedure, which will aid in assessing the contaminant wear characteristics of hydraulic components. This procedure utilizes a very high level of contaminant that permits an accelerated test to determine the wear effects of contamination in a relatively short period. This recommended practice utilizes the contamination sensitivity test circuit identified in SAE J2470.
Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity--On-Board Transmitter Simulation
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This part of SAE J551 specifies on-board transmitter simulation test methods and procedures for testing passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The electromagnetic disturbances considered in this part of SAE J551 are limited to continuous narrow band electromagnetic fields. SAE J551/1 specifies general, definitions, practical use, and basic principles of the test procedure.
Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity—Power Line Magnetic Fields
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods and procedures for testing passenger cars and commercial vehicles to magnetic fields generated by power transmission lines and generating stations.

SAE J551-1 specifies general information, definitions, practical use, and basic principles of the test procedure.