bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Characteristics of Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

The task of describing the characteristics of children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is in some ways a difficult one. The attributes are not unusual, but many of the symptoms are present in all children and adults to some degree at some particular time. Consequently, the parents reading this chapter are apt to conclude that all their children have ADHD. Before beginning, therefore, let me emphasize that the characteristics listed are not abnormal in themselves; they are only abnormal when they are excessive. What characterizes ADHD children is the intensity, the per¬sistence, and the patterning of these symptoms. In this chapter I will also discuss other disorders that often occur in children with ADHD. This is important because they require different therapeutic approaches. Among the learning disorders are those associated with the areas of reading, spelling, or math. Studies have shown that somewhere between 20 to 30 present of ADHD children have learning disorders. Among the psychological disorders are those classified as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD). Studies performed in clinics !where children are often referred by schools and social agencies) indicate that about 35 present of ADHD children have ODD, and more than 25 present have CD.
Treatment of the Child with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Wender Paul H
Published: November 2023

The treatment of the ADHD child can often be relatively straightforward. Because medication is of the greatest importance, treatment almost always requires the services of a physician. Nonmedical specialists, such as psychologists, educators, and social workers, may provide useful and sometimes absolutely necessary assistance, but they cannot assume primary responsibility for treatment. Since they are not trained to use and cannot prescribe medications, they are unable to supply the treatment that is both the best and sometimes the only one required. This must be emphasized because too often the ADHD child or his family is referred to a psychologist, social worker, or school guidance counsellor. Such referrals are made because of psychological maladjustment in the child, problems in the family, or failure in school. These problems, as I have said, may be a result of ADHD in the child, and they may also worsen ADHD in the child. Family problems, which may prompt the family to seek help, may actually be the result of the ADHD child and may resolve themselves once treatment begins.
Introduction
Authors: Knapp Alan K , Seastedt Timothy R
Published: November 2023

Grasslands are complex yet underappreciated ecosystems. Even though they occupy, or occupied, large areas of all continents except Antarctica (Walter 1985), the development of the science of terrestrial and ecosystem ecology was biased toward forests, with grasslands often considered less stable than forested communities (Clements 1936; Odum 1969; Vogl 1974). Grasslands ecosystems are notable for two characteristics: they have properties that readily allow for agricultural exploitation through the management of domesticated plants or herbivores and a climate that is quite variable both spatially and temporally (Borchert 1950; Frank and Inouye 1994; Chapter 2, this volume). Grassland climates can be described as wet or dry, hot or cold (typic:’ Uy in the same season) but on average are intermediate between the climates of deserts and forests. To the frustration of those dependent on (former) grassland sites for agricultural production, interannual climatic variability is extreme.
The Flora of Konza Prairie A Historical Review and Contemporary Patterns
Authors: Freeman Craig C
Published: November 2023

The contemporary flora of Konza Prairie reflects the spatial and temporal dynamics of its vegetation as affected by a host of complex and interacting factors, including geology, climate, fire, grazing, and human activities (Chapter 6, this volume). Located near the western edge of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem, Konza Prairie is dominated by grassland vegetation characterized by a few native, dominant, perennial, warm-season grasses and an assortment of other species with decreasing abundance and influence in the prairie. The flora is decidedly calciphilous and has a preponderance of wide-spread species. Forest and wetland natural communities typical of eastern Kansas are limited in area, but they contribute significantly to the site’s total species richness.
Diversity of Terrestrial Macrofauna
Authors: Kaufman Donald W , Fay Philip A , Kaufman Glennis A , Zimmerman John L
Published: November 2023

Thousands of vertebrate and invertebrate species occur in grassland and forest habitats on Konza Prairie. However, LTER population and community studies have focused only on selected groups of ecologically important species, including small mammals, large mammalian grazers (bison and cattle), insectivorous birds, and grasshoppers. We also have gathered general information on several less studied groups, such as large mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and several orders of insects. In this chapter, we present background information on the diversity of terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates studied to date on Konza Prairie.
Hydrology and Aquatic Chemistry
Authors: Gray Lawrence J , Macpherson Gwendolyn L , Koelliker James K , Dodds Walter K
Published: November 2023

Konza Prairie includes parts of several stream drainages (Chapter 3, this volume), but the Kings Creek drainage basin lies entirely within the boundaries of the site and has been the focus of aquatic research efforts. The Kings Creek basin encompasses 1,059 ha, with 660 ha in the South Branch, the most intensively studied portion. Since 1979, Kings Creek has been included in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Benchmark Network (station number 06879650) and is the only basin within the network that exclusively drains pristine tallgrass prairie. The key features of the aquatic systems are highly variable surface flow and complex subsurface flow patterns. These features constrain biotic parts of the systems. Little research on the hydrology and aquatic chemistry of Kings Creek was conducted before the inclusion of Konza Prairie in the LTER Program. Since then, research has focused on temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient concentrations and transport in both surface flows and groundwater (Dodds et al. 1996b; Fornes and Thurman 1991; Tate 1985, 1990) and characterization of groundwater-surface water interactions (Macpherson 1992a; 1996; Macpherson and Schulmeister 1994). The goals of this chapter are to review and synthesize information from studies of surface water and groundwater hydrology, and water chemistry in tallgrass prairie.
Patterns and Controls of Aboveground Net Primary Production in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Knapp Alan K , Briggs John M , Blair John M , Turner Clarence L
Published: November 2023

An analysis of the patterns and control of energy input into tallgrass prairie through primary producers can provide a basis for more comprehensive assessments of the causes and consequences of dynamics in populations, communities, and ecosystem-level components of this grassland. In this chapter, we focus on aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Below-ground productivity is less well studied, but what is known is covered in a later chapter (Chapter 14, this volume). Our objectives are to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of ANPP documented at Konza Prairie; to assess the effect that fire has on ANPP from the ecophysiological to the ecosystem level; to evaluate climatic controls of ANPP; and to present a conceptual model (based on a non-equilibrium paradigm; Chapter 1, this volume) that incorporates multiple limiting resources (light, water, and N) of productivity and can account for the dynamics of ANPP in tallgrass prairie.
Exploratory Data Analysis
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre
Published: November 2023

The objective of this chapter is to introduce the Jura prediction data set through its most salient features. This purely descriptive part is a preliminary step toward building a numerical and probabilistic model for uncertainty in spatial prediction. Although the ultimate goal of the study is characterization of the whole area, the set of measurements at all 359 sites is, at this time, considered to be an exhaustive population. Thus, all statistics computed from these data are considered to be exhaustive statistics or sample parameters; hence the traditional ^ superscript (for estimation) is intentionally not used. In Chapter 4, the population is expanded to the entire study area, and the issue of inferring unknown population parameters from sample statistics is addressed.
What Does It Mean That the Motor Component Is Not Crucial? Comments on Kormi-Nouri and Nilsson
Authors: Engelkamp Johannes
Published: November 2023

The goal of Kormi-Nouri and Nilsson is to argue “that there is no need to distinguish between motor and verbal information with respect to modalityspecific information accounting for the enactment effects.” In order to support this argument, they demonstrate: (a) lack of retrieval enactment effects, (b) effects of verbal and visual secondary tasks on motor memory, and (c) episodic integration by means of motor encoding.
The Powers of Genre
Authors: Seitel Peter
Published: November 2023

The Powers of Genre describes a method for interpreting oral literature that depends upon and facilitates dialogue between insiders and outsiders to a tradition. Seitel illustrates this method with lively examples from Haya proverbs, folktales, and heroic verse. He then focuses on a single epic ballad to demonstrate, among other things, why stanzas need not rhyme, and how significance needs time in oral poetry and narrative. Making a controversial claim that an heroic age, similar to that of Ancient Greece, existed in Sub-Saharan Africa, this work will intrigue anyone who works in oral literature and narrative.
The Enigma of the Amygdala: On Its Contribution to Human Emotion
Authors: Aggleton John P , Young Andrew W
Published: November 2023

Although it is widely assumed that the amygdala has an important role in human emotion, the nature of that role has remained elusive. It is also assumed that this structure has an associated contribution to cognition, but, again, this has remained difficult to define (Aggleton, 1992; Anderson, 1978). These failures seem all the more surprising when it is appreciated that there is considerable evidence from studies of other primate species and from rats showing how the amygdala plays a critical role in particular aspects of emotion and cognition (Davis, 1992; Gaffan, 1992; LeDoux, 1995; McGaugh et al., 1992). The principal problem has been transferring these findings to the human amygdala. A clear example of this problem comes from descriptions of the effects of amygdala damage in humans and in other primates. While amygdala damage in monkeys produces a pronounced loss of affective behavior and a catastrophic breakdown in social interactions, comparable changes in humans are almost never reported (Aggleton, 1992). Indeed, the effects of human amygdala damage often appear unremarkable.
Blindsight: Implications for the Conscious Experience of Emotion
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Blindsight refers to residual visual function in the field defects caused by damage to striate cortex in primates, including both monkeys and humans. That there should be a remaining visual capacity is not, in itself, surprising because there are nine targets in the brain other than the striate cortex receiving inputs from the retina—admittedly, over much smaller pathways than the geniculo-striate pathway, but by no means trivial. Together, in fact, these pathways constitute five times as many fibers as the intact auditory nerve. It is not surprising, therefore, that animals in which the striate cortex has been removed can still carry out a range of visual discriminations. The capacity is altered both quantitatively and qualitatively, but still can be quite impressive. What is surprising is that humans with such damage say they do not see in their field defects. But using tests formally akin to those we must use with animals, good discriminative function can be demonstrated (Miller et al., 1980; Schilder et al., 1972; see also reviews by Weiskrantz, 1986, 1996). These tests involve routines such as forced-choice guessing between alternative unseen stimuli (e.g., their orientation, color, form, movement, presence or absence of bars on a grating used to measure acuity) or manually reaching for the unseen target, or saccading to it (Barbur et al., 1980, 1988; Blythe et al., 1986, 1987; Poppel et al., 1973; Stoerig & Cowey, 1992; Weiskrantz, 1986; Weiskrantz et al., 1974).
The Semantics of Classification in Koyukon Athabaskan
Authors: Axelrod Melissa
Published: November 2023

The aspectual system of Koyukon' is perhaps the most elaborate of the Atha- baskan languages. It has a complex network of four modes, 15 aspects, four superaspects, four postaspectual derivations, and some 300 aspect-dependent derivational prefix strings, allowing thousands of distinct and very precise characterizations regarding the time frame and type of verbal notion expressed.
Many Voices, Many Claims: 1950–1965
Authors: Opdycke Sandra
Published: November 2023

Throughout Bellevue Hospital’s history, its status as a public institution had required it to respond, not only to the needs of its patients, but also to the needs and demands of the surrounding city. Fulfilling this broader obligation had inspired a variety of policies in different eras, ranging from the training of midwives in 1910 to negotiating with labor unions in the 1930s. But perhaps no time period illustrated more vividly than the 1950s and 1960s the diversity of the demands on Bellevue and the practical implications of the hospital’s responsiveness to those demands. One incident sets the tone for the era.
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Memory Training
Authors: Hill Robert , Bäckman Lars
Published: November 2023

A difficult issue that adults typically face as they as they grow older, and especially as they move into very late life, is declining memory function. However, the magnitude of age-related memory deficits varies across different forms of memory. Specifically, whereas performance in tasks assessing semantic memory, primary memory, procedural memory, and various forms of priming tends to be relatively little affected by the normal aging process, age-related impairments are legion in tasks assessing episodic memory (see Bäckman, Small, &Larsson, in press; Craik & Jennings, 1992, for reviews). Specific examples of this kind of memory loss include forgetting names and faces, misplacing important objects (e.g., house keys), forgetting telephone numbers, missing appointments, and even losing the train of a conversation in a social setting (e.g., Bolla, Lindgren, Bonaccorsy, & Bleecker, 1991).
Innovative Approaches to Memory Training for Older Adults
Authors: West Robin L , Welch Duana C , Yassuda Monica S
Published: November 2023

Memory training programs designed to enhance the memory abilities of older adults have been part of the experimental aging literature for decades. The earliest known publication involved the training of mediational strategies for paired-associate learning (Hulicka & Grossman, 1967). Probably long before that, individual clinicians or nurses were offering information about memory to their patients and clients. The purpose of this chapter is not to review the training programs that have been tested over the last three decades, but to focus on recent innovations in the programming of memory interventions for older adults. For the most part, these innovations have been tried but not yet proven, having been applied only in a handful of studies. Our purpose here is to spark the interest of scholars of the aging process, encouraging the pursuit of new directions in cognitive rehabilitation for older adults.
Executive Function and Cognitive Rehabilitation
Authors: Elias Jeffrey W , Treland Julia E
Published: November 2023

Researchers and practitioners have become increasingly aware that executive cognitive functions (ECFs) appear to choreograph abilities such as insight, planning, problem solving, and motivation into the goal-directed behavior required for daily living. Deficits in ECFs are common and result in specific behavioral and affective impairments that impact an individual’s cognition and ability to participate in rehabilitation. Irritability, mood swings, disorganization, apathy, indifference, and inattention are some of the manifestations of ECF deficits. Impaired ECFs due to head injury, stroke, disease process, or normal aging challenges both physical and cognitive rehabilitation. For effective rehabilitation treatment and discharge planning, it is essential for the practitioner to anticipate and recognize impaired ECFs in the client. In this chapter, we will discuss definitions of ECF, its anatomical correlates, the assessment of ECF, behavior associated with ECF impairment, and issues related to cognitive rehabilitation.
The Influence of Depression on Cognitive Rehabilitation in Older Adults
Authors: Pachana Nancy A , Marcopulos Bernice A , Takagi Kellie A
Published: November 2023

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders experienced by older adults (Alexopoulos, Young, Meyers, Abrams, & Shamoian, 1988) and remains a major health concern (National Institute of Health [NIH], 1992). Depressive symptoms have been estimated to occur in 10–25% of community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and over, and in 30% of older adults in residential care settings (Blazer, 1993). Depression and its symptoms are frequently underreported in the elderly (Ly ness et al., 1995), and depression remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in this population (NIH, 1992). The distinctions between forms of depression in the elderly (early- vs. late-onset; clinical vs. subclinical manifestations of symptoms) is a focus of ongoing research. What has emerged from the research literature is a profile of depressive symptomatology among older adults that often includes complaints of cognitive dysfunction.
Historical Notes on Reorganization of Function and Neuroplasticity
Authors: Benton Arthur , Tranel Daniel
Published: November 2023

Spontaneous recovery of function after a disabling injury or illness must have been quite evident to observers since time immemorial. Early physicians and natural scientists had no great difficulty accounting for the phenomenon. Both natural and supernatural forces were considered to be quite capable of determining the course of disease, for better or for worse. Thus Hippocratic medicine generally ascribed unexpected recovery to the “healing power of nature” (vis naturae medicatrix in the Latin terminology). “Nature is the healer of disease… It is nature itself that finds the way; though untaught and uninstructed, it does what is proper” (Epidemics VI, 5; cited by Neuburger, 1926, and Castiglione, 1958). Through the ages, the large element of truth in this doctrine has been amply confirmed. Neuburger (1926) provided a detailed account of its promulgation and interpretation by leading figures in medicine from antiquity to the middle of the 19th century. The recent rise of alternative medicine, which is striving in some cases for more or less equal footing with conventional medicine, is another testimonial to the power of this position.
Cognitive Recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury: Results of Posttraumatic Experimental Interventions
Authors: Hamm Robert J , Temple Meredith D , Buck Aeanne L , Deford S Michelle , Floyd Candace L
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews experimental work on posttraumatic interventions aimed at improving cognitive recovery.* Its scope is limited to animate models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which injury is mechanically induced to the whole brain and is non penetrating. Also, the interventions tested must have been initiated after the injury and continued for a period of time following the injury (usually several days). To provide a context for these experimental studies, we give a brief summary of some the features of human head injury.
Motor Rehabilitation, Use-Related Neural Events, and Reorganization of the Brain After Injury
Authors: Schallert Timothy , Bland Sondra T , Leasure J Leigh , Tillerson Jennifer , Gonzales Rueben , Williams Lawrence , Aronowski Jaroslaw , Grotta James
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, investigations of functional recovery following brain injury have focused on treatments that can prevent tissue loss by arresting or reversing early events. This view is driven by the assumption that neural changes permit or mediate behavioral outcomes. However, recent research suggests that neural and behavioral events may interact reciprocally to affect recovery of function following some types of brain damage. In designing experimental investigations of potentially useful treatments for brain injury, it is becoming increasingly important to acknowledge this reciprocal brain-behavior relationship.
Spatial Cognitive Development Following Prenatal or Perinatal Focal Brain Injury
Authors: Stiles Joan
Published: November 2023

A long-standing question in the study of development following early focal brain injury is whether it is possible to document specific disorders associated with early localized brain injury. Early studies indicated that the consequences of early focal brain injury are minimal. From these data it appeared that children are quite resilient, in comparison with adults, in that they recover, or more precisely acquire, cognitive functioning following injury to the brain that would leave adults permanently impaired (Alajouanine & Lhermitte, 1965; Brown & Jaffe, 1975; Carlson et al., 1968; Gott, 1973; Hammill & Irwin, 1966; Krashen, 1973; Lenneberg, 1967; McFie, 1961; Reed & Reitan, 1971).
Cerebral Reorganization in Children with Congenital Hemiplegia: Evidence from the Dichotic Listening Test
Authors: Carlsson Göran , Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The best evidence of cerebral reorganization in humans includes the amazingly well-spared language functions after early left-sided brain lesions. Although clinical and experimental studies have revealed that language functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere and nonverbal, visuospatial functions are controlled by the right hemisphere (Bogen, 1969, 1985; Rasmussen & Milner, 1977; Sperry, 1974), language functions may shift to the right intact hemisphere after an early left-sided brain lesion (e.g., Milner, 1974). It has been confirmed that language functions are generally spared in cases of early unilateral brain lesions regardless of the cause or location of the lesion (Aram & Eisele, 1992; Dennis & Whitaker, 1977). However, nonverbal functions are generally impaired regardless of the location of the lesion (LeVere et al., 1988; Nass et al., 1989).
Tronscroniol Magnetic Stimulation as a Tool for Detecting Changes in the Organization of the Human Motor System After Central and Peripheral Lesions
Authors: Wassermann Eric M , Cohen Leonardo G , Hallett Mark
Published: November 2023

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was introduced by Barker and colleagues in 1985 (1985a, 1985b, 1985c) and rapidly gained popularity as a painless and non-invasive means of brain stimulation, largely replacing transcranial electrical stimulation, which had been developed a few years earlier (Merton et al., 1980) and which, while effective, was painful. Over the years, TMS has gained a place in the armamentarium of electrodiagnostic medicine. However, its chief contribution has been as a tool for clinical and basic neurophysiologists investigating the human motor system in health and disease.
Whitman and the Visual Arts
Authors: Tarbell Roberta K
Published: November 2023

Walt Whitman and his writings were shaped by the architecture, art, and artists of his time. Some of the most exciting insights into Whitman have arisen from recent analyses his connectedness to international perspectives in the fine arts. During the 1990s, scholars have discerned and published far more about the interrelationships between Whitman and the visual arts than they had in the first hundred years after his death. During his years as a journalist in New York City, Whitman was directly involved in the arts: he attended countless operatic, the atrical, and musical performances, frequented art galleries, befriended many artists, understood the global perspectives they represented, and critiqued them in his newspaper columns. During those years, Whitman was immersed in the form and content of colloquialisms, popular fiction, and mass media used in the service of democracy. During his late years, artists came to Camden, New Jersey, to pay homage to the aging bard and often returned to create a portrait of him. Whitman’s writings continue to authenticate creative urges upwelling in writers and artists and to give them courage to break free from whatever fetters bind their originality. His faith in America and American art is as important today as when he first expressed it.
Whitman the Democrat
Authors: Cmiel Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Walt Whitman is America’s democrat. For the last 150 years, “ters have pointed to the poet, quoted from Leaves of d announced, “This is the best America can do!” Proessive reformers early in the century, New Dealers and communists in the 1930s, and gay rights’ activists in our own day have all found Whitman friendly to their cause. Yet turning the poet into an icon can create its own problems. What sort of democrat was Whitman? What did he believe in? The poet has been tagged in many ways: radical democrat, socialist, liberal democrat, plebeian democrat, Jacobin, republican, artisanal republican. Which are accurate? What were Whitman’s politics?
Emerson, Nature, and Natural Science
Authors: Rossi William
Published: November 2023

Ralph Waldo Emerson lived through a time when the physical environment was extraordinarily transformed, no less than the broadly cultural forms through which his contemporaries conceived experienced nature. The emergence of agricultural and industrial capitalism, and the rapid population growth they stimulated, dramatically changed both urban Boston and, eventually, rural Concord landscapes.1 While these transformations are registered only obliquely in Emerson’s writing about nature, their effect, if only in affording him a measure of physical comfort and reflective detachment, can hardly be overestimated.
Edgar Allan Poe, 1809–1849
Authors: Kennedy J Gerald
Published: November 2023

While the nation’s capital awaited the inauguration of James Madison as fourth president of the United States, Edgar e was born in Boston, on January 19, 1809, the second son of actor David Poe Jr. and actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe. David Poe Sr., Edgar’s paternal grandfather, was of Irish American stock and had been a major in the American Revolution, serving as assistant deputy-quartermaster general for Balti more. Of English origin, Eliza came to America in 1796 with her mother, also an actress. Nine months after Edgar’s birth, hard drinking David Poe made his last theatrical performance, and he apparently abandoned his family soon after the birth of daughter Rosalie in December 18IO. Presumably he died of consumption (tuberculosis) a year later. Entrusting her elder son, Henry (b. 1807), to the care of relatives in Baltimore, Eliza Poe—a favorite with audiences—struggled valiantly to sustain her theatrical career in Charleston, Norfolk, and Richmond with two small children in tow. In failing health she made her final stage appearance in Richmond on October u, 18u; she died there of consumption on December 8. Orphaned by two itinerant stage per formers, Poe in later life sometimes tried to obscure his humble origins, although he faithfully preserved a locket containing a miniature painting of his mother.
Functional Consequences of Congenital Cerebellar Dysmorphologies and Acquired Cerebellar Lesions of Childhood
Authors: Dennis Maureen , Hetherington C Ross , Spiegler Brenda J , Barnes Marcia A
Published: November 2023

Plasticity is a general property of the central nervous system. It is the brain’s response to solving functional problems as they arise in both damaged and un damaged neural substrates. In the normally and abnormally developing brain, plas ticity is the neurodevelopmental manifestation of the interaction between maturational and environmental forces. Plasticity may be analyzed at the level of brain microstructure (axonal regrowth, axonal rerouting) or brain macrostructure in immature or mature organisms and at the level of brain function or behavior. At the level of brain microstructure, synaptic plasticity within a neural network is re sponsible for the alterations in brain function responsible for learning and memory (Teyler et al., 1995). At a behavioral level, plasticity is the putative mechanism for emerging competencies and skill acquisition (Greenough et al., 1993).
Biological and Behavioral Heterogeneity in Autism: Roles of Pleiotropy and Epigenesis
Authors: Courchesne Eric , Yeung-Courchesne Rachel , Pierce Karen
Published: November 2023

Infantile autism stands as one of the most common neurobiological disorders of infancy and early childhood, occurring in 1 of 1,000 individuals (Bresnahan et al., 1998). Among the different developmental disorders, autism is one of the most severe, involving abnormalities in sensory, motor, attention, memory, speech, language, social, and affective functions (Table 13-1).
A Global Ethic for Global Politics and Econotnics
Authors: Küng Hans
Published: November 2023

As the twentieth century draws to a close and the rush to globalization gathers momentum, political and economic considerations are crowding out vital ethical questions about the shape of our future. Now, Hans Küng, one of the world's preeminent Christian theologians, explores these issues in a visionary and cautionary look at the coming global society. How can the new world order of the twenty first century avoid the horrors of the twentieth? Will nations form a real community or continue to aggressively pursue their own interests? Will the Machiavellian approaches of the past prevail over idealism and a more humanitarian politics? What role can religion play in a world increasingly dominated by transnational corporations? Küng tackles these and many other questions with the insight and moral authority that comes from a lifetime's devotion to the search for justice and human dignity. Arguing against both an amoral realpolitik and an immoral resurgence of laissez faire economics, Küng defines a comprehensive ethic founded on the bedrock of mutual respect and humane treatment of all beings that would encompass the ecological, legal, technological, and social patterns that are reshaping civilization. If we are going to have a global economy, a global technology, a global media, Küng argues, we must also have a global ethic to which all nations, and peoples of the most varied backgrounds and beliefs, can commit themselves. "The world," he says, "is not going to be held together by the Internet." For anyone concerned about the world we are creating, A Global Ethic for Global Politics and Economics offers equal measures of informed analysis, compassionate foresight, and wise counsel.
American Domesticity
Authors: McHugh Kathleen Anne
Published: November 2023

From the cult of domesticity to the Semiotics of the Kitchen, housekeeping has been central to both constructing and critiquing the role of women in American society. Frequently domesticity's style has been to make invisible the labor that produces it, allowing woman to be asserted or argued about in universal terms that downplay race, class, and material relations. American Domesticity considers this relationship in representations of domesticity and domestic labor over the last two centuries in didactic, cinematic, and feminist texts. While the domestic is usually conceived of as the antithesis of the public, economical, and political, Kathleen McHugh demonstrates how domestic discourse established the terms within which the most crucial national issues--the market economy, universal white male suffrage, slavery, the construction of racial difference, consumerism, spectatorship, desire, and even feminism--were conceived, assimilated, and understood. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the book investigates the historical roots of domestic labors invisibility in widely circulated didactic housekeeping manuals written by Lydia Child, Catherine Beecher, Mary Pattison, and Christine Frederick. It then considers how pedagogical discourses became entertainment discourses, their focus shifting from the silent era of film to the twilight of the classical period. The book concludes with an examination of the return of a pedagogical impulse within feminist film production concerning domesticity, comparing it to the concurrent rise of feminist film theory in the academy. Looking at this wide range of print and film texts, McHugh traces the outlines of a discourse of domesticity that claims to be private and universal but instead brokers difference within the public sphere.
Jackson’s Final Writings on Aphasiology
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

The first issue of the journal Brain, under the editorship of Sir James Crichton-Browne, was dated 1878–1879 (see Chapter 18). Jackson was a member of the Board of Editorial Assistants, and he contributed a lengthy, somewhat diffuse and obscure paper entitled “Affections of Speech from Disease of the Brain.” With characteristic modesty, Jackson acknowledged the work of various British neurologists who had written about disordered speech. These included Broadbent, Wilks, Gairdner, Moxon and Ferrier. Others mentioned were Bastian, William Ogle, John W. Ogle, Watson, Ireland, Robertson and Bristowe.
Maternal Ancestry—the Hughlings
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

“Dr. Jackson was, on his mother’s side, of Welsh descent; he mentioned it with pleasure, which was, I believe, increased when I reminded him that the same was the case with Milton.” The simple statement that Sarah Jackson (née Hughlings) was of Welsh origin has been repeated by many authors, but none has added anything to those words nor provided any other information about John Hughlings Jackson’s maternal line. In fact, Sarah Hughlings’s ancestors came from the county of Radnorshire (now called Powys) in Wales. Both her paternal and her maternal forebears lived in tiny neighbouring villages which lie close to the Radnor Forest and near to the small towns of Llandrindod Wells and Knighton.
First Neurological Papers
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

Hughlings Jackson’s role as an important and prolific medical writer began in 1861 when he reported some cases of brain abscess in The Medical Times and Gazette. His contributions to the medical literature continued until 1907, four years before his death. Most of his papers appeared in The Medical Times and Gazette, but many others were published in such journals as The Lancet, The British Medical Journal, The Rayal London Ophthalmic Hospital Reports and The Medical Press and Circular.
Herbert Spencer, Evolution and Dissolution, and the Hierarchy of the Nervous System
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

In the 1860s Jackson published many detailed case reports. In the 1870s he marshalled his ideas with increasing precision. His views came to a full flowering in the 1880s. Such was the assessment made by Dr. R.G. Mitchell in 1960.1 It is commonly considered that Jackson wrote principally on three topics, namely, Spencerian ideas as applied to neuropathophysiology; epilepsy, especially focal seizures; and aphasia. Important as these subjects were, to limit one’s attention to them would be to ignore his other widespread contributions to neurology.
The Cerebellum
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

It is sometimes forgotten that Hughlings Jackson held original views on the role and function of the cerebellum in certain neurological disorders. As early as 1863, in the course of discussing Owen’s vertebral theory, Jackson referred briefly to the function of the cerebellum, saying that instinctive actions were well illustrated by the winding-up of a watch at night. In 1869 he reported a case of a patient with disease of one cerebral hemisphere and of both lobes of the cerebellum. An important case-report followed in 18712 of a five-year-old male patient with a cerebellar tumour. During life he had shown rigidity and periodic tetanus-like seizures, and enlargement of the head had been noted four months prior to admission to hospital. The child started to cry a great deal, complaining of headache, and he began to lose weight. Two months later, the family were regarding him as stupid. Two weeks before entering hospital the hoy’s walking became difficult, and two or three days prior to admission he was doubly incontinent.
Foundation of Brain and the Hughlings Jackson Lectures
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A
Published: November 2023

James Crichton-Browne retired from the post of Superintendent of the Wakefield Asylum in 1875, and he was then appointed the Lord Chancellor’s Visitor in Lunacy. His successor was not willing to continue publishing the West Riding Asylum Reports, and there was no obvious medium in Great Britain suitable for representing neurological opinions. In 1878, under the joint editorship of J.C. Bucknill, James Crichton-Browne, David Ferrier and John Hughlings Jackson, the prestigious quarterly journal Brain was founded. The first number appeared in April 1878. To begin with, Crichton-Browne did most of the editorial work. Dr. A. de Watteville came to assist the harassed Editors in 1880; in 1883, he joined the Editorial Board and was appointed Acting Editor in 1885.
Autobiographical Inscriptions
Authors: Rodríguez Barbara
Published: November 2023

By engaging current approaches to the genre, Autobiographical Inscriptions breaks new ground in the field of autobiography studies. The book is centered in a discussion of the ways that innovations of form and structure contain and bolster arguments for personhood articulated by Harriet Jacobs, Zora Neale Hurston, Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Leslie Marmon Silko, Adrienne Kennedy, and Cecile Pineda. Organized thematically, with each chapter focusing on central questions of form, this work pairs canonized texts with less well-known works, reading autobiographical works across cultural contexts, historical periods, and artistic media, and illustrating the stunning range of formal strategies available to and adopted by the American woman writer of color.
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

It is increasingly imperative that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) be detected as early in its clinical course as possible. The goals of treatment of AD are to slow the progress and control the symptoms, thus increasing the period of relatively preserved function while decreasing the period of disability. Treatments are most likely to be successful if they are begun while patients are in the mildest phase of the disease.
Spectrum of Pathology
Authors: Braak Heiko , Tredici Kelly Del , Braak Eva
Published: November 2023

In recent decades, the population of developed industrial countries has experienced a marked prolongation of life expectancy. The distressing aspect of this advance is an alarming increase in the prevalence of age-associated degenerative brain diseases. The etiologies of many of these illnesses are still unknown. Study of these diseases requires detailed knowledge of age-related brain alterations in order to permit a clear differentiation of the lesions related to disease.
Vocal Expression Of Emotion
Authors: Scherer Klaus R , Johnstone, Tom , Klasmeyer Gundrun
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews theoretical models and empirical evidence on the effects of emotion on vocalization, in particular on human speech. Of all expressive manifestations of emotional arousal, vocalization represents the most phylogenetically continuous modality. The neural control structures, the voice production mechanisms, and the characteristics of vocal emotion signals are comparable across many species of mammals, including humans (Hauser, 1996; Marler & Tenaza, 1977; Morton, 1977; Scherer, 1985; see chapter 24, this volume). In consequence, the study of emotional vocalization constitutes a prime tool to investigate the relationships between the physiological production of affect vocalization and its use as a signal in social interaction and communication. The basis for the following discussion is a modified version of the Brunswikian lens model (Figure 23.1; see also Kappas, Hess, & Scherer, 1991; Scherer, 1978, 1982). This model allows one to clearly distinguish between the expression (or encoding) of emotion on the sender side, the transmission of the sound, and the impression (or decoding) on the receiver side, resulting in emotion inference or attribution. Consequently, the model encourages research on the complete process of emotion communication by (1) determining which distal characteristics of the sound wave emerging from the mouth of an affectively aroused speaker (i.e., the acoustic parameters) are produced by the underlying emotion, (2) determining how these cues are transmitted from sender to receiver through the vocal-acousticauditory channel, and (3) determining how these proximal cues (the representation of the distal voice characteristics in the sensorium and the central nervous system) are used by the receiver to infer the emotion of the sender. As will be shown, most research in this area has focused either on encoding or decoding. Our aim in organizing the chapter by a model that charts the entire process is to encourage future research to attend to all of these aspects and their interrelationships.
Expression Of Emotion In Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Snowdon Charles T
Published: November 2023

Darwin’s The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872/1998) was the first book to provide explicit links between how human and nonhuman animals express emotions, and it serves as a model for the study of emotional expression today. Darwin’s main focus was with the visual display of emotion. Although Darwin wrote briefly about vocalizations in nonhuman animals, it was much easier in his time to record and analyze facial expressions through drawings and the emerging new medium of photography. In the middle of the 20th century, the development of tape-recording equipment, coupled with technology originally developed for speech recognition, provided a means for accurate recording, description, and analysis of vocalizations. The last 50 years of experimental research on animal communication have been dominated by studies on vocal communication. With the recent advent of digital photography and editing systems, there has been an increased interest in the experimental study of visual signals. Darwin introduced his volume with three general principles of emotional expression that have formed the theoretical basis of current research. The first principle of “serviceable associated habits” provides that under certain mental (emotional) states various complex actions relieve or gratify sensations and desires, and that through repeated association, these actions might be found in circumstances where they might not be directly useful or they might be brought under voluntary control. Several suggestions follow from this principle. First, emotional expressions might be developed from normal physiological reactions to various internal or external stimuli. Thus the rapid expulsion of air and vocalization (“ooof”) that automatically results when we are hit in the stomach might become associated with other painful stimuli that do not result in a rapid expulsion of air. The resulting vocalization becomes an expression of pain experienced anywhere, and might even be used in anticipation of a painful stimulus to inhibit the infliction of pain by someone else. The conversion of an initial physiological reaction into a signal that represents an emotional state more directly is called ritualization by ethologists (Smith, 1977). Through progressive association, the physiological signal becomes more stereotyped in form, generalized to a broader array of contexts and universally used within a species. The fact that many signals are thought to have developed through ritualization of initial physiological reactions should not lead us to conclude that all apparent signals have been adapted for communication. Recently, Blumberg and Alberts (1997) have pointed out several examples of apparent signals that probably do not serve a communicative function to the producer of the signal.
Introduction: Cognitive Components Of Emotion
Authors: Scherer Klaus R
Published: November 2023

Cognition is often seen as an antagonist to emotion, as emotion is seen as an impediment to the proper functioning of the pinnacle of cognition—rational thought. This widely shared assumption is the result of a philosophical debate about the roles of passion and reason in human nature that goes back to Plato. In arguing for a tripartite structure of the soul, Plato created the concepts of “cognition,” “emotion,” and “conation” (motivation), and placed them in partial opposition to each other. While this doctrine has had many critics, including Plato’s own pupil Aristotle, it has, reinforced by the philosophical notion of indivisible human faculties (Mendelsohn, Kant; see Hilgard, 1980), profoundly affected modern psychology. The latest consequence of Plato’s doctrine has been a debate on how much cognition is required for emotion, if any (see final statements of the two major protagonists in this debate; Lazarus, 1999b; Zajonc, 2000). While there are good reasons to believe that this particular issue is largely used based on semantic quibbles concerning the definition of cognition (Leventhal & Scherer, 1987), the impact it has had is indicative of the difficulties scientists face in coming to grips with the interaction between these two fundamental aspects of human functioning. Therefore, this section of the Handbook, presenting current views as well as empirical evidence on the role of cognition in affective science (and the role of emotion in cognitive science) takes on special significance. As the contributions in this section illustrate, the Zeitgeist seems to be dominated by efforts to integrate rather than oppose cognition and emotion. As shown by the research efforts reported in these chapters, there is an increasing tendency to study the interaction between cognition and emotion in trying to understand fundamental aspects of memory, inference, judgment, decision making, and problem solving, on the one hand, and social and emotional behavior, on the other. In this introduction, the following issues, running through much of the discussions in the chapters of this section, will be reviewed briefly: (1) the cognitive factors eliciting and differentiating emotions, (2) the effects of affective states and traits on cognitive processes, (3) the perception and cognition of affect, (4) the recursive processes between cognition and emotion, and (5) affective components in “frozen” cognitive structures such as language.