bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of fatty acid methyl esters in cosmetic castor oils by flow injection–electrospray ionization–high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Arroyo Negrete M. A. , Wrobel K. , Acevedo Aguilar F. J. , Yanez Barrientos E. , Corrales Escobosa A. R. , Wrobel K.
Published: May 2018

Objective

The goal of this work was to set up a high throughput procedure for the determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) in cosmetic castor oils using flow injection–electrospray ionization–high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and to demonstrate the need of such analysis for the quality control purposes.

Methods

The sample aliquot was mixed with isooctane:chloroform (1:1) and submitted to transesterification; the obtained FAMEs were appropriately diluted using water:isopropanol:acetonitrile (20:50:30) with addition of sodium formate which served as an internal standard, lock mass calibrant and promoted the formation of sodium adducts during electrospray ionization (ESI). The principle of flow injection analysis (FIA) was applied for sample introduction to an ESI–quadrupole–time of flight mass spectrometer (ESI‐QTOFMS). The carrier solution was composed of water:isopropanol:acetonitrile (20:50:30). From the acquired MS data, flowgrams of the extracted [M+Na]+ ions were obtained using the following m/z values for individual FAMEs: 293.2451 (C16:0); 315.2295 (C18:3); 317.2451 (C18:2); 319.2608 (C18:1); 321.2764 (C18:0); 335.2557 (C18:1,OH); 349.3077 (C20:0); 377.3390 (C22:0) and m/z 226.9515 for IS. Baseline‐subtracted and filtered signals were integrated, and the list of peaks intensities was exported to Excel, where calibration functions were obtained and quantification carried out. Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) was used as an alternative analytical tool.

Results

The calibration detection limits for FAMEs of unsaturated fatty acids were in the range 3.61–8.62 μg L−1 and for saturated compounds in the range 8.51–82.4 μg L−1. The results obtained for commercial oils were in good agreement with GC‐FID data; among nine cosmetic oils analysed, three contained low concentrations of ricinoleic acid (C18:1, OH), indicating adulteration of castor bean oil with other vegetable oils.

Conclusion

Application of FIA for the sample introduction to ESI‐QTOFMS enabled for reliable determination of FAMEs in cosmetic oils with sampling frequency of thirty per hour as compared to two samples per hour achievable using GC‐FID. The proposed procedure is especially well suited for FAMEs of unsaturated fatty acids that are primary components of castor triacylglycerides and contribute to desirable properties of any cosmetic oil.
Gender effects on consumers’ symbolic and hedonic preferences and actual clothing consumption in the Czech Republic
Authors: Millan Elena , Wright Len Tiu
Published: May 2018

During the last decade or so consumer products have become more divided by gender than ever before. These changes in marketing practices are likely to introduce, alter or increase any existing gender differences regarding consumers’ product preferences and actual consumption. This is a very timely study examining how gender relates to consumers’ interest in clothing artefacts and their preferences for the self‐ and social‐symbolic and hedonic meanings of clothing. The influence of gender on actual purchase behaviour towards clothing is also explored. The proposed hypotheses are tested on a large‐scale sample of some 1,000+ respondents drawn in the Czech Republic. Using analysis of variance tests, gender differences were found with regard to all but one consumer behaviour phenomenon. No gender effect was found only regarding consumer preference for clothing affiliation symbolism. The study contributes to the theoretical development and empirical evidence in the field of gendered symbolic and hedonic consumption of clothing artefacts. Its findings also suggest possible actions by fashion marketers, as well as some interesting venues for future research.
Porous‐structured extruded instant noodles induced by the medium temperature α‐amylase and its effect on selected cooking properties and sensory characteristics
Authors: Li Jingpeng , Jiao Aiquan , Deng Li , Rashed Marwan M. A. , Jin Zhengyu
Published: May 2018

To enhance the rehydration and palatability characteristics of extruded noodles, a new type of instant noodles with a well‐developed porous structure was successfully created by cooperating medium temperature α‐amylase (MTA) with extrusion technique. To explain the formation reason of the porous structure, a detailed mechanism analysis was firstly carried out. It turned out that a portion of starch was degraded into water‐soluble dextrin during the enzymatic extrusion treatment. Besides, a slight restriction of the excessive MTA on the starch gelatinisation was demonstrated. The appearance of the well‐developed porous structure was attributed to the leaching of dextrin and loosely bound starch fragments. Therefore, the extruded noodles with 0.40‰ MTA concentration were recommended based on the results of cooking quality, textural characteristics and sensory evaluation.
Measuring the effect of matching problems on unemployment
Authors: FARM Ante
Published: May 2018

This article shows how matching problems reduce employment figures – and hence also raise those for unemployment – by creating a gap between labour demand and employment. It also shows how this gap can be measured by unfilled jobs (unmet demand) as distinct from job vacancies (recruitment processes) and reports results from the Swedish vacancy survey which measures both. In fact, while a shift of the matching function indicating longer recruitment times suggests increasing matching problems, this can only be verified by measuring unfilled jobs, which also quantifies the effect on unemployment.
Fair Microfinance Loan Rates
Authors: Jarrow Robert , Protter Philip
Published: May 2018

This paper uses a reduced form credit risk model to determine fair lending rates for microfinance loans. A fair lending rate is defined to be that rate which makes the loan have a net present value of zero to the lender, after the inclusion of the lender's costs of issuing and monitoring the loan.
Systematic review of the efficacy of fat grafting and platelet‐rich plasma for wound healing
Authors: Smith Oliver J , Kanapathy Muholan , Khajuria Ankur , Prokopenko Max , Hachach‐Haram Nadine , Mann Haroon , Mosahebi Ash
Published: May 2018

Adipose‐derived stem cells found in fat grafts may have significant healing properties. When fat is combined with autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), there may be enhanced healing effects due to the pro‐angiogenic and anti‐inflammatory effects of PRP. This study aimed to evaluate the current evidence on fat grafting in combination with PRP for wound healing to establish the efficacy of this technique. A comprehensive search in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Science Citation Index, and Google Scholar databases (to March 2017) was conducted to identify studies on fat grafting and PRP for wound healing. Case series of less than 3 cases and studies only describing harvest technique were excluded. The database identified 571 articles, of which 3 articles that used a combination of fat and PRP for wound healing (1 RCT and 2 case series) were included in this review. A total of 69 wounds in 64 patients were treated with an average wound size of 36.32cm2. Of these, 67% of wounds achieved complete healing. When reported, the mean time to healing was 7.5 weeks for those who underwent a single treatment. There were no significant complications in any patients. The combination of fat grafting and PRP may achieve adequate wound healing with relatively quick wound healing time compared with standard wound management options. However, evidence is extremely limited, and further studies are required to evaluate its efficacy for wound healing.
Retracted: The evolutionary history of colour polymorphism in Ischnura damselflies
Authors: Sánchez-Guillén Rosa A. , Cordero-Rivera Adolfo , Rivas-Torres Anais , Wellenreuther Maren , Bybee Seth , Hansson Bengt , Velasquez-Vélez María I. , Realpe Emilio , Chávez-Ríos Jesús R. , Villalobos Fabricio , Dumont Henri
Published: May 2018

The above article from Journal of Evolutionary Biology, published online on 24 May 2018 in Wiley Online Library (http://wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted on the request of the authors and with the agreement of the Journal’s Editor in Chief Wolf Blanckenhorn and John Wiley & Sons, following disagreement on potential corrections to the article after publication. The decision to retract followed significant issues with the methods and analyses of the manuscript that were originally not uncovered during peer‐review, but which were subsequently brought to the Journal’s attention following publication of the Article on Early View. [Correction added on 2 July 2021, after first online publication: retraction statement has been modified.]
Subcritical butane extraction of oil and minor bioactive components from soybean germ: Determination of migration patterns and a kinetic model
Authors: Sun Jun , Shi Jiachen , Mu Yaoyao , Zhou Shilong , Chen Zhongwei , Xu Bin
Published: May 2018

For the aim of determining the migration patterns and extraction kinetics of the oil and minor bioactive components during subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) process from soybean germ, the extraction efficiency was investigated at different temperature and time with butane as solvent. The results indicate that flaking treatment is beneficial to the release of soybean germ oil (SGO) and bioactive components. The chosen models (So and Macdonald's model for SGO, Baümler's model for bioactive components) were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data and could be used to explain the SGO and bioactive components migration during SFE process. Furthermore, the activation energy of phytosterols, tocopherols, and phospholipids were 13.42, 12.23, and 22.72 kJ/mol, respectively. In conclusion, high‐quality SGO that contain high levels of phytosterols (26.51 mg/g) and tocopherols (2.29 mg/g) and a lower content of phospholipids (26.68 mg/g) can be obtained with an extraction at 60 °C for 45 min.

Practical applications

In this study the effects of pretreatment of SG, solid/liquid ratio, extraction temperature and time on the yields of SGO and minor bioactive components were investigated. Simultaneously, the migration patterns and kinetic models of SGO and minor bioactive components described the subcritical butane extraction process accurately. Therefore, the research provided a theoretical support for the pretreatment of raw materials and the parameters control of subcritical extraction of soybean germ oil. The study can guide the popularization and application of subcritical fluid extraction for soybean germ oil extraction effectively. At present, the technology is ready for technical transformation in Henan subcritical fluid extraction company.
Parasutterella, in association with irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal chronic inflammation
Authors: Chen Yan‐Jie , Wu Hao , Wu Sheng‐Di , Lu Nan , Wang Yi‐Ting , Liu Hai‐Ning , Dong Ling , Liu Tao‐Tao , Shen Xi‐Zhong
Published: May 2018

Background and Aim

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder. Recent studies have showed increasing important role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiological changes of IBS. Our study aims to elaborate the association between intestinal flora with the genesis and the development of IBS.

Methods

Illumina high‐throughput sequencing technology was applied to investigate microbial communities of IBS patients and healthy donors. Stool specimens from the IBS‐D patients were equally premixed and implanted into germ free C57B/6 mice to construct IBS animal model, and the normal group was also transplanted with normal premixed feces. The post‐transplant defecation and intra‐epithelial lymphocyte counts were evaluated. Microbial communities were also checked by the illumina high‐throughput sequencing technology.

Results

Fifteen genuses significantly different were found expressed in the gut flora of IBS patients, and six genuses showed significantly different abundances between the stool specimens of mice of IBS group and normal group. Among these differences, Parasutterella expression was remarkably different in both screening and validation experiments and also related to chronic intestinal inflammation; therefore, Parasutterella expression is considered in association with the development and progression of IBS.

Conclusion

Parasutterella may be related with the genesis and development of IBS and also associated with chronic intestinal inflammation in IBS patients.
How Much of Bank Credit Risk Is Sovereign Risk? Evidence from Europe
Authors: LI JUNYE , ZINNA GABRIELE
Published: May 2018

We examine European banks' exposures to systematic and country‐specific sovereign risk. We organize our investigation around a multifactor affine credit risk model estimated on credit default swap data of different maturities. During the 2008–15 period, about one third of banks' credit risk is sovereign. However, banks strongly differ both in the magnitude and type of their sovereign exposures. Measures of indirect exposures, such as bank size and return on equity, capture these cross‐sectional differences better than measures of direct exposures. Furthermore, the properties of the distress risk premiums turn out to be important to understand the effect of sovereign risk on bank funding costs.
Balance of Go1α and Go2α expression regulates motor function via the striatal dopaminergic system
Authors: Baron Jens , Bilbao Ainhoa , Hörtnagl Heide , Birnbaumer Lutz , Leixner Sarah , Spanagel Rainer , Ahnert‐Hilger Gudrun , Brunk Irene
Published: May 2018

The heterotrimeric G‐protein Go with its splice variants, Go1α and Go2α, seems to be involved in the regulation of motor function but isoform‐specific effects are still unclear. We found that Go1α‐/‐ knockouts performed worse on the rota‐rod than Go2α‐/‐ and wild‐type (WT) mice. In Go1+2α‐/‐ mice motor function was partially recovered. Furthermore, Go1+2α‐/‐ mice showed an increased spontaneous motor activity. Compared to wild types or Go2α‐/‐ mice, Go1+2α‐/‐ mice developed increased behavioural sensitization following repetitive cocaine treatment, but failed to develop conditioned place preference. Analysis of dopamine concentration and expression of D1 and D2 receptors unravelled splice‐variant‐specific imbalances in the striatal dopaminergic system: In Go1α‐/‐ mice dopamine concentration and vesicular monoamine uptake were increased compared to wild types. The expression of the D2 receptor was higher in Go1α‐/‐ compared to wild type littermates, but unchanged in Go2α‐/‐ mice. Deletion of both Go1α and Go2α re‐established both dopamine and D2 receptor levels comparable to those in the wild‐type. Cocaine treatment had no effect on the ratio of D1 receptor to D2 receptor in Go1+2α‐/‐ mutants, but decreased this ratio in Go2α‐/‐ mice. Finally, we observed that the deletion of Go1α led to a threefold higher striatal expression of Go2α. Taken together our data suggest that a balance in the expression of Go1α and Go2α sustains normal motor function. Deletion of either splice variant results in divergent behavioural and molecular alterations in the striatal dopaminergic system. Deletion of both splice variants partially restores the behavioural and molecular changes.

Open Practices

Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge.

For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/

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Postincident Support for Healthcare Workers Experiencing Occupational Violence and Aggression
Authors: Shea Tracey , Cooper Brian , De Cieri Helen , Sheehan Cathy , Donohue Ross , Lindsay Sarah
Published: May 2018

Purpose

To investigate the relative contributions of workplace type, occupational violence and aggression (OVA) strategies and interventions along with perceptions of the occupational health and safety (OHS) environment on the likelihood of receiving postincident support following the experience of OVA.

Design

We used a cross‐sectional study design with an online survey to collect data from employees in nursing and midwifery in Victoria, Australia.

Methods

Survey data collected from 3,072 members of the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (Victorian branch) were analyzed using logistic regression.

Findings

Of the 3,072 respondents who had experienced OVA in the preceding 12 months, 1,287 (42%) reported that they had received postincident support. Hierarchical logistic regression revealed that the OHS environment was the dominant factor that predicted the likelihood of workers receiving postincident support. Working in a positive OHS environment characterized by higher levels of leading indicators of OHS, prioritization of OHS, supervisor support for safety, and team psychological safety was the stronger predictor of postincident support. Being employed in a workplace that offered training in the management and prevention of OVA also increased the likelihood of receiving postincident support.

Conclusions

While training in the management and prevention of OVA contributed to the likelihood of receiving postincident support, a greater emphasis on the OHS environment was more important in predicting the likelihood that workers received support.

Clinical Relevance

This study identifies workplace practices that facilitate the provision of postincident support for healthcare workers. Facilitating effective postincident support could improve outcomes for workers, their patients and workplaces, and society in general.
Ring compression suture for controlling post‐partum hemorrhage during cesarean section
Authors: Li Guang‐Tai , Li Xiao‐Fan , Zhang Yun‐He , Si Yue , Li Guang‐Rui , Xu Hong‐Mei
Published: May 2018

Aim

To avoid complications associated with uterine compression sutures, we devised a ring compression suture (RCS).

Methods

The RCS was performed on 12 patients with post‐partum hemorrhage (PPH) during cesarean section. The suture was inserted 0.5 cm below the attachment point of the uterosacral ligament into the uterine cavity and pushed downward through the cervical canal into the vagina. The other end of the stitch was threaded through the lower abdominal wall, from the inside of the abdomen cavity to the outside of the abdominal wall, emerging at the external surface of the lower abdomen 2 cm lateral to the ventral median line and 1 cm above the symphysis pubis. Then, the two ends of the suture (the end in the vagina had been pulled out in advance) were tied tightly on the pudendum. The same stitch was repeated on the contralateral side. After 48 h postoperatively, the suture was removed through the vagina under sterilization.

Results

All 12 women with PPH who underwent RCS achieved hemostasis, and complications related to RCS were not seen. Two of them had successful pregnancies postoperatively. The remaining women had no desire for a further pregnancy.

Conclusion

The procedure can be used as an alternative to peripartum hysterectomy and also as a prophylactic application in PPH.
Muscle hardness and masticatory myofascial pain: Assessment and clinical relevance
Authors: Costa Y. M. , Ariji Y. , Ferreira D. M. A. O. , Bonjardim L. R. , Conti P. C. R. , Ariji E. , Svensson P.
Published: May 2018

The impression of increased muscle hardness in painful muscles is commonly reported in the clinical practice but may be difficult to assess. Therefore, the aim of this review was to present and discuss relevant aspects regarding the assessment of muscle hardness and its association with myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain. A non‐systematic search for studies of muscle hardness assessment in patients with pain‐related TMDs was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Google Scholar. Mechanical devices and ultrasound imaging (strain and shear wave elastography) have been consistently used to measure masticatory muscle hardness, although an undisputable reference standard is yet to be determined. Strain elastography has identified greater masseter hardness of the symptomatic side in patients with unilateral myofascial TMD pain when compared to the contralateral side and healthy controls (HC). Likewise, shear wave elastography has shown greater masseter elasticity modulus in patients with myofascial TMD pain when compared to HC, which may be an indication of muscle hardness. Although assessment bias could partly explain these preliminary findings, future randomised controlled trials are encouraged to investigate this relationship. This qualitative review indicates that the muscle hardness of masticatory muscles is still a rather unexplored field of investigation with a good potential to improve the assessment and potentially also the management of myofascial TMD pain. Nonetheless, the current evidence in favour of increased hardness in masticatory muscles in patients with myofascial TMD pain is weak, and the pathophysiological importance and clinical usefulness of such information remain unclear.
Christian Identification and Self‐Reported Depression: Evidence from China
Authors: Hu Anning , Yang Xiaozhao Yousef , Luo Weixiang
Published: May 2018

The nexus between religion and mental health in the East has been understudied, where the coexistence of multiple religions calls for scholarly attention to religious identification. This article investigates the impact on self‐reported depression of an individual's identification with Christianity in a non‐Judeo‐Christian and religion‐regulating social setting. Taking advantage of the Chinese General Social Survey 2010, our empirical analyses suggest that people who explicitly identify with Christianity report a significantly higher level of depression compared with both religious nones and self‐claimed Buddhists. In contrast, there is no significant difference in self‐reported depression between religious nones and self‐identified Buddhists. This study supplements current literature on the connection between religious affiliation and mental health with a particular interest in East Asia, suggesting that the consequence on mental health of religious identification is contingent on a religion's social status, and a religion's marginal position may turn religious identification into a detrimental psychological burden.
Religion and Infant Mortality in the United States: A Community‐Level Investigation of Denominational Variations in Postneonatal Deaths
Authors: Garcia Ginny E. , Bartkowski John P. , Xu Xiaohe
Published: May 2018

Although a growing body of research has detected the effects of community‐level religiosity on various health outcomes, very little scholarship has examined the influence of religious ecology on infant mortality rates (IMRs). We conduct ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses on postneonatal IMRs (PNIMRs) using county‐level data from the National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth and Infant Death Data (1990, 2000, and 2006–2010), churches and church membership data, and the Area Health Resource File. We find that while overall rates of postneonatal deaths have decreased over time, the effects of religion on this outcome have become more pronounced. Specifically, we find that counties with greater proportions of mainline Protestant and Catholic adherents exhibit significantly lower PNIMRs. We further find that a greater proportion of conservative Protestants, and especially fundamentalists, increases postneonatal infant mortality. Our findings lend additional support to cultural explanations of U.S. infant mortality.
Vulnerability Mitigation of Multiple Spatially Localized Attacks on Critical Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Ouyang Min , Tao Feipeng , Huang Shitong , Xu Min , Zhang Chi
Published: May 2018

Recently, many studies have analyzed critical infrastructure vulnerability under spatially localized attack (SLA), which is modeled as the failure of a set of infrastructure components, distributed in a spatially localized area, due to malicious attacks, while other components outside of the area do not directly fail. However, existing studies have only considered one single attack area, and multiple SLAs (MSLAs) with more than one attack area have been seldom investigated. This article addresses this issue and studies vulnerability mitigation of critical infrastructure systems (CISs) against the worst‐case MSLAs. The problem is mathematically formulated as a tri‐level defender‐attacker‐defender model, the exact solution of which is solved by a proposed decomposition algorithm. Case studies on the adapted IEEE 24 bus system and the power transmission systems in Shelby County and Harris County, U.S., indicate that (1) system vulnerability under 2*M localized attack areas might be much larger than two times of the vulnerability under M localized attack areas; (2) small preevent defense investment might mitigate the worst‐case vulnerability by more than 40%; and (3) MSLAs might cause larger vulnerability than nonproximity‐based malicious attacks.
Musical and verbal short‐term memory: insights from neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders
Authors: Caclin Anne , Tillmann Barbara
Published: May 2018

Auditory short‐term memory (STM) is a fundamental ability to make sense of auditory information as it unfolds over time. Whether separate STM systems exist for different types of auditory information (music and speech, in particular) is a matter of debate. The present paper reviews studies that have investigated both musical and verbal STM in healthy individuals and in participants with neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. Overall, the results are in favor of only partly shared networks for musical and verbal STM. Evidence for a distinction in STM for the two materials stems from (1) behavioral studies in healthy participants, in particular from the comparison between nonmusicians and musicians; (2) behavioral studies in congenital amusia, where a selective pitch STM deficit is observed; and (3) studies in brain‐damaged patients with cases of double dissociation. In this review we highlight the need for future studies comparing STM for the same perceptual dimension (e.g., pitch) in different materials (e.g., music and speech), as well as for studies aiming at a more insightful characterization of shared and distinct mechanisms for speech and music in the different components of STM, namely encoding, retention, and retrieval.
Left atrial thrombus two years after placement of a left atrial appendage closure device: Unexplored area of the Watchman
Authors: Yoo David H , Clark Brian , Nguyen Daniel , Dickfeld Timm‐Michael , Zohlman Andrew S , Wang Libin , See Vincent Y
Published: May 2018

A 72‐year‐old man who underwent a left atrial appendage (LAA) closure device 2 years ago presented with atrial flutter with rapid ventricular rate and was referred for cardioversion. Precardioversion transesophageal echocardiogram showed left atrial thrombus and therefore the procedure was aborted. Currently, there is no guideline on imaging surveillance or anticoagulation in patients with LAA closure device who develop intracardiac thrombus after the initial 6‐month surveillance period.
How limited representativeness weakens throughput legitimacy in the EU: The example of interest groups
Authors: Kröger Sandra
Published: May 2018

Are the interest groups (IGs) that constitute European umbrella organizations capable of cooperating in a way that contributes to the throughput legitimacy of the EU? To answer this question, the representativeness of supranational actors is developed as the central criteria of throughput legitimacy, thereby reconfiguring throughput legitimacy as a two‐level concept. Representativeness is operationalized as consisting of regular contacts between the constituent and the umbrella organization as well as the satisfaction of the former with the representation by the latter. The article looks empirically at agricultural, environmental and anti‐poverty groups. Whereas there are different degrees of contact depending on the policy area, the satisfaction with the representation by the umbrella is compromised for all three IGs. This is closely linked to lowest common denominator policies which reduce the representativeness of the umbrellas and therefore the throughput legitimacy of the EU, a problem that also exists for other actors of supranational governance.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics, genomics and breeding
Authors: Boukar Ousmane , Belko Nouhoun , Chamarthi Siva , Togola Abou , Batieno Joseph , Owusu Emmanuel , Haruna Mohammed , Diallo Sory , Umar Muhammed Lawan , Olufajo Olusoji , Fatokun Christian
Published: May 2018

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.
Participatory farmers’ selection of common bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under different production constraints
Authors: Bruno Awio , Katungi Enid , Stanley Nkalubo T. , Clare Mukankusi , Maxwell Malinga G. , Paul Gibson , Patrick Rubaihayo , Richard Edema
Published: May 2018

On‐farm evaluation of 15 common bean varieties was undertaken with nine farmer groups under two fertilizer applications levels in four subcounties of Hoima and Rakai districts for two seasons to select farmers’ desired and undesired varieties. Farmers’ votes for acceptance and rejection of varieties at podding stage were converted to a preference index, and analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in farmers’ preference indices among subcounties and combined across subcounties, seasons, management and gender. Management had no‐significant influence on the way farmers selected varieties in the subcounties. Choice of varieties varied significantly (p ≤ .001) between seasons and gender in the different subcounties. Variety Masindi Yellow Long and Farmers’ seed (Kaduli), and the introduced KATB1 were accepted by farmers due to their medium seed size, desired seed colour and potential of varietal adaptability to their farm conditions. Varieties NABE2, ROBA1 and RWR719 were deselected due to possession of traits less desired in the market. These results demonstrate the need for breeding programmes to involve diverse stakeholders in capturing the diverse traits preferences in varietal development process.
The interplay between cytokinins and light during senescence in detached Arabidopsis leaves
Authors: Janečková Helena , Husičková Alexandra , Ferretti Ursula , Prčina Maroš , Pilařová Eva , Plačková Lenka , Pospíšil Pavel , Doležal Karel , Špundová Martina
Published: May 2018

Light and cytokinins are known to be the key players in the regulation of plant senescence. In detached leaves, the retarding effect of light on senescence is well described; however, it is not clear to what extent is this effect connected with changes in endogenous cytokinin levels. We have performed a detailed analysis of changes in endogenous content of 29 cytokinin forms in detached leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (wild‐type and 3 cytokinin receptor double mutants). Leaves were kept under different light conditions, and changes in cytokinin content were correlated with changes in chlorophyll content, efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry, and lipid peroxidation. In leaves kept in darkness, we have observed decreased content of the most abundant cytokinin free bases and ribosides, but the content of cis‐zeatin increased, which indicates the role of this cytokinin in the maintenance of basal leaf viability. Our findings underscore the importance of light conditions on the content of specific cytokinins, especially N6‐(Δ2‐isopentenyl)adenine. On the basis of our results, we present a scheme summarizing the contribution of the main active forms of cytokinins, cytokinin receptors, and light to senescence regulation. We conclude that light can compensate the disrupted cytokinin signalling in detached leaves.
Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric intestinal transplant recipients: A literature review
Authors: Stanley Kaitlin , Friehling Erika , Ranganathan Sarangarajan , Mazariegos George , McAllister‐Lucas Linda M. , Sindhi Rakesh
Published: May 2018

Intestinal transplantation is a successful treatment for children with intestinal failure, but has many potential complications. PTLD, a clinically and histologically diverse malignancy, occurs frequently after intestinal transplantation and can be fatal. The management of this disease is particularly challenging. The rejection‐prone intestinal allograft requires high levels of immunosuppression, a precondition for PTLD. While EBV infection clearly plays a role in disease pathogenesis, the relatively naïve immune system of children is another likely contributor. As a result, pediatric intestine recipients have a higher risk of developing PTLD than other solid organ recipients. Other risk factors for disease development such as molecular and genomic changes that precipitate malignant transformation are not fully understood, especially among children. Studies on adults have started to describe the molecular pathogenesis of PTLD, but the genomic landscape of the malignancy remains largely undefined in pediatric intestinal transplant patients. In this review, we describe what is known about PTLD in pediatric patients after intestinal transplant and highlight current knowledge gaps to better direct future investigations in the pediatric population.
Extracellular vesicles induce protective immunity against Trichuris muris
Authors: Shears R. K. , Bancroft A. J. , Hughes G. W. , Grencis R. K. , Thornton D. J.
Published: May 2018

Gastrointestinal nematodes, such as Trichuris trichiura (human whipworm), are a major source of morbidity in humans and their livestock. There is a paucity of commercially available vaccines against these parasites, and vaccine development for T. trichiura has been impeded by a lack of known host protective antigens. Experimental vaccinations with T. muris (murine whipworm) soluble Excretory/Secretory (ES) material have demonstrated that it is possible to induce protective immunity in mice; however, the potential for extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a source of antigenic material has remained relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that EVs isolated from T. muris ES can induce protective immunity in mice when administered as a vaccine without adjuvant and show that the protective properties of these EVs are dependent on intact vesicles. We also identified several proteins within EV preparations that are targeted by the host antibodies following vaccination and subsequent infection with T. muris. Many of these proteins, including VWD and vitellogenin N and DUF1943‐domain‐containing protein, vacuolar protein sorting‐associated protein 52 and TSP‐1 domain‐containing protein, were detected in both soluble ES and EV samples and have homologues in other parasites of medical and veterinary importance, and as such are possible protective antigens.
Estimating the variance in a pseudo‐observation scheme with competing risks
Authors: Overgaard Morten , Parner Erik Thorlund , Pedersen Jan
Published: May 2018

The Huber–White sandwich variance estimator of the variance of estimates from a regression using jack‐knife pseudo‐observations from the Aalen–Johansen estimator in a competing risks situation is known to be biased. In this paper, an expression of the asymptotic bias of the Huber–White variance estimator is found, and the Huber–White variance estimator is seen to be biased upwards. An alternative variance estimator, obtained by plugging in empirical values in the true variance expression, is studied by simulation, and its performance is compared with the performance of the biased Huber–White variance estimator. On the basis of the simulation study, recommendations of its use are given. The alternative variance estimator works well in large samples but, because it estimates the asymptotic variance, may be less useful on small samples.
Nonparametric inference for functional‐on‐scalar linear models applied to knee kinematic hop data after injury of the anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Abramowicz Konrad , Häger Charlotte K. , Pini Alessia , Schelin Lina , Sjöstedt de Luna Sara , Vantini Simone
Published: May 2018

Motivated by the analysis of the dependence of knee movement patterns during functional tasks on subject‐specific covariates, we introduce a distribution‐free procedure for testing a functional‐on‐scalar linear model with fixed effects. The procedure does not only test the global hypothesis on the entire domain but also selects the intervals where statistically significant effects are detected. We prove that the proposed tests are provided with an asymptotic control of the intervalwise error rate, that is, the probability of falsely rejecting any interval of true null hypotheses. The procedure is applied to one‐leg hop data from a study on anterior cruciate ligament injury. We compare knee kinematics of three groups of individuals (two injured groups with different treatments and one group of healthy controls), taking individual‐specific covariates into account.
A Theory‐Driven Investigation of the Association Between Emotion Dysregulation and Suicide Risk in a Clinical Adolescent Sample
Authors: Eaddy Michael , Zullo Lucas , Horton Sarah E. , Hughes Jennifer L. , Kennard Betsy , Diederich Andrew , Emslie Graham J. , Schuster Lisa , Stewart Sunita M.
Published: May 2018

Objective

Emotion dysregulation has been consistently linked to suicide ideation and attempt, but an explanatory model for this relationship has not been adequately investigated in adolescents. This study examined the concurrent relationship among emotion dysregulation, variables from the Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide (IPTS), and suicide risk (operationalized as a continuous variable that increases in intensity from nonspecific to active suicide ideation to suicide ideation with a plan) in a clinical adolescent sample.

Method

A total of 151 adolescents (aged 12–17) were recruited from an inpatient psychiatry unit. Cross‐sectional analyses were conducted to determine whether the relationship between emotion dysregulation and suicide risk was explained by the variables of perceived burdensomeness (PB), thwarted belongingness, and capability for suicide, as proposed by the IPTS.

Results

As hypothesized, the relationship between emotion dysregulation and suicide risk was explained by PB and capability for suicide. Depressive symptoms had an independent relationship with suicide risk after controlling for IPTS variables.

Conclusions

The results from this study suggest that effective treatment strategies that reduce negative cognition tied to PB and depressive symptoms would address the most proximal variables related to suicide risk in adolescents. Enhancing emotion management would serve to maintain low levels of proximal influences on risk.
The management of anaemia and haematinic deficiencies in pregnancy and post‐partum
Authors: Roy N. B. A. , Pavord S.
Published: May 2018

Anaemia is one of the most common disorders in the world (24·8% of the world population) (de Benoist 2008) and affects patients of all ages and ethnic origins. Underlying causes and prevalences vary by age group and socioeconomic background, but pregnant women everywhere are at high risk of anaemia, the vast majority of cases being due to iron deficiency. One in four pregnant women in Europe are thought to have iron deficiency anaemia (Daru et al., March 2016), whereas in parts of Africa, where hookworm infestation is common, this has been estimated to be as high as 38% (Stevens et al., 2013) to 50% (Bah et al., June 2017). Women of menstruating age are rarely iron replete (Low et al., 18 April 2016) and then enter pregnancy, which carries a major negative iron balance (Bentley, October 1985). Despite a good understanding of the causes of anaemia in pregnancy, there is still uncertainty about how best this should be investigated, prevented and managed. This reflects the limitations of laboratory tests, as well as the poor understanding of how best to replace iron, given the complex physiological mechanisms of iron absorption and distribution. A strategy for iron replacement in a population of anaemic pregnant women needs to be developed not only based on what is biologically and clinically most appropriate but also in the context of each organisation's delivery of care structure, taking into consideration aspects of cost effectiveness. For this reason, management algorithms must be adapted locally, ensuring they meet basic clinical imperatives.
Bahasa gado‐gado: English in Indonesian popular texts
Authors: Martin‐Anatias Nelly
Published: May 2018

This study explores the relationship between language selection and identity construction in contemporary Indonesia via an examination of Indonesian popular texts published after 1998. Utilizing an interpretive textual analysis, I examine how the socio‐political situation has influenced language selection in the period following Suharto's rule (1966–1998), popularly known as theReformasiera. Whereas national identity has been heavily government‐imposed and homogenous, in large part due to governmental regulation of language use, popular texts demonstrate that Indonesian identities are in fact multi‐faceted. I shed light on language selection (bahasa gado‐gado) as a strategic mechanism of resistance toward policies and social norms that privilege monolingualism.
Measurement and simulation of rarefied Couette Poiseuille flow with variable cross section
Authors: Huck Christopher , Pleskun Heiko , Brümmer Andreas
Published: May 2018

Clearance flows are the main loss mechanism in dry running positive displacement vacuum pumps. In order to calculate the operation of those pumps, a detailed knowledge of the clearance mass flow rates is crucial. The dimensions of such pumps and the large pressure range of the operating points require a wide range of gas rarefaction to be taken into account. The clearance flow can be described by a combined Couette Poiseuille flow due to the pressure gradient between two chambers and the rotation of the rotary pistons. These clearance flows are studied experimentally and theoretically in the present work. Therefore, a suitable experimental setup is described together with the requirements of sensors and the necessity of a low leakage. A theoretical approach is presented, and the results are compared to experimental investigations varying the pressure ratio and the circumferential speed of a clearance boundary in a wide range of the gas rarefaction.
Time-Trial Performance in World-Class Speed Skaters After Chronic Nitrate Ingestion
Authors: Richard Philippe , Koziris Lymperis P. , Charbonneau Mathieu , Naulleau Catherine , Tremblay Jonathan , Billaut François
Published: May 2018

Purpose: Nitrate supplementation can increase tolerance to high-intensity work rates; however, limited data exist on the recovery of performance. The authors tested whether 5 d of nitrate supplementation could improve repeated time-trial performance in speed skating. Methods: Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 9 international-level short-track speed skaters ingested 1 high (juice blend, ∼6.5 mmol nitrate; HI) or low dose (juice blend, ∼1 mmol nitrate; LO) per day on days 1–4. After a double dose of either HI or LO on day 5, athletes performed 2 on-ice 1000-m time trials, separated by 35 min, to simulate competition races. Differences between HI and LO were compared with the smallest practically important difference. Results: Salivary [nitrate] and [nitrite] were higher in HI than LO before the first (nitrate: 81%, effect size [ES]: 1.76; nitrite: 72%, ES: 1.73) and second pursuits (nitrate: 81%, ES: 1.92; nitrite: 71%, ES: 1.78). However, there was no difference in performance in the first (LO: 90.92 [4.08] s; HI: 90.95 [4.06] s, ES: 0.01) or the second time trial (LO: 91.16 [4.06] s; HI: 91.55 [4.40] s, ES: 0.09). Plasma [lactate] measured after the trials (LO: 14.8 [1.1] mM; HI: 14.8 [1.2] mM, ES: 0.01) and at the end of the recovery period (LO: 9.8 [2.1] mM; HI: 10.2 [1.9] mM, ES: 0.05) was not different between treatments. Conclusion: Five days of high-dose nitrate supplementation did not change physiological responses and failed to improve single and repeated time-trial performances in world-class short-track speed skaters. These data suggest that nitrate ingestion up to 6.5 mmol does not enhance recovery from supramaximal exercise in world-class athletes.
3×3 Basketball: Performance Characteristics and Changes During Elite Tournament Competition
Authors: Montgomery Paul G. , Maloney Brendan D.
Published: May 2018

Purpose: To determine the changes in game performance during tournament play of elite 3×3 basketball. Methods: A total of 361 men and 208 women competing in selected international tournaments had game demands assessed by wearable technology (global positioning system, inertial sensor, and heart rate) along with postgame blood lactate and perceived responses. Differences in the means for selected variables between games were compared using magnitude-based inferences and reported with effect size and associated confidence limits (CL), along with the percentage difference (ES; ±90% CL, %difference) of log-transformed data. Results: No clear differences were seen over a tournament period in PlayerLoad™ or PlayerLoad·minute−1. Tournament competition elicits variable changes between games for all inertial measures. Average peak heart rate was 198 (10) and 198 (9) beats·min−1, and average game heart rate was 164 (12) and 165 (18) beats·min−1 for men and women, respectively, with no change between games. Average game lactate was 6.3 (2.4) and 6.1 (2.2) mmol·L−1 for men and women, respectively. Average game ratings of perceived exertion were 5.7 (2.1) and 5.4 (2.0) AU for men and women, respectively. Although lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were variable between games, there was no difference over a tournament. Conclusions: The physical and physiological demands of elite 3×3 games over the duration of a tournament are similar regardless of pool or championship rounds. This may imply that maintaining technical and strategic aspects leads to success rather than minimizing fatigue through superior physical preparation. However, the physiological responses are high; caution is warranted in being underprepared for these demands in tournament play.