bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the impedance coverage limitation at current generate plane of transistors up to millimeter‐wave band based on comprehensive large signal model
Authors: Chen Yang , Xu Yuehang , Xu Ruimin
Published: July 2019

The harmonic power amplifiers (PAs) have potential to be used in the millimeter‐wave band, but the sophisticate parasitic network effects on the projection of reflection coefficient coverage from transistor package (TP) plane to current generator (CG) plane is an important challenge. In this work, every typical parasitic element with unique effect is derived theoretically. Thus, in the millimeter‐wave band, the reduced and rotated projection of parasitic network between the two planes becomes clear. The fundamental frequency (20 GHz), second harmonics (40 GHz), and third harmonics (60 GHz) load‐pull simulations using the commercial standard nonlinear transistor modeling are simulated. The simulation and derivation are consistent and show that output power and efficiency become less sensitive to harmonic tuning due to the lossy parasitic network. This work will be helpful for harmonic tuned transistor and PA design in the millimeter‐wave band, in the future.
Repair of Critical‐Sized Long Bone Defects Using Dipyridamole‐Augmented 3D‐Printed Bioactive Ceramic Scaffolds
Authors: Witek Lukasz , Alifarag Adham M. , Tovar Nick , Lopez Christopher D. , Cronstein Bruce N. , Rodriguez Eduardo D. , Coelho Paulo G.
Published: July 2019

There are over two million long bone defects treated in the United States annually, of which ~5% will not heal without significant surgical intervention. While autogenous grafting is the standard of care in simple defects, a customized scaffold for large defects in unlimited quantities is not available. Recently, a three‐dimensionally (3D)‐printed bioactive ceramic (3DPBC) scaffold has been successfully utilized in the of repair critical‐sized (CSD) long bone defects in vivo. In this study, 3DPBC scaffolds were augmented with dipyridamole (DIPY), an adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) indirect agonist, because of its known effect to enhance bone formation. CSD full thickness segmental defects (~11 mm × full thickness) defects were created in the radial diaphysis in New Zealand white rabbits (n = 24). A customized 3DPBC scaffold composed of β‐tricalcium phosphate was placed into the defect site. Groups included scaffolds that were collagen‐coated (COLL), or immersed in 10, 100, or 1,000 μM DIPY solution. Animals were euthanized 8 weeks post‐operatively and the radii/ulna‐scaffold complex retrieved en bloc, for micro‐CT, histological, and mechanical analysis. Bone growth was assessed exclusively within scaffold pores and evaluated by microCT and advanced reconstruction software. Biomechanical properties were evaluated utilizing nanoindentation to assess the newly regenerated bone for elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H). MicroCT reconstructions illustrated bone in‐growth throughout the scaffold, with an increase in bone volume dependent on the DIPY dosage. The histological evaluation did not indicate any adverse immune response while revealing progressive remodeling of bone. These customized biologic 3DPBC scaffolds have the potential of repairing and regenerating bone. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2499–2507, 2019
MIR, VNIR, NIR, and Raman spectra of magnesium chlorides with six hydration degrees: Implication for Mars and Europa
Authors: Shi Erbin , Wang Alian , Ling Zongcheng
Published: July 2019

Chloride salts have been identified on the surface of Mars and Europa based on the results from the two soil samples analyzed by Phoenix's wet chemistry laboratory for Mars, as well as some interpretations of the data from the remote sensing for Mars and Europa. To help elucidate our understanding of Mars' and Europa's surface mineral composition and relevant environmental conditions, we studied a series of magnesium chlorides with all six hydration degrees that were synthesized using various laboratory conditions. The identifications of synthesized magnesium chloride hydrates were confirmed using X‐ray diffraction. We took a systematic study of the Raman, mid‐infrared (MIR), visible near‐infrared (VNIR), and near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopies. We found various spectral features that can be linked to the structural characters of H2O molecules in the six crystal structures. On the basis of those knowledge, we found several trends of spectral feature variations that follow the increase of hydration degree of these magnesium chlorides, which can be used to distinguish them during the planetary exploration missions using the Raman, MIR, NIR, and VNIR spectroscopic techniques. Our data will not only fill the gap in the libraries of planetary spectroscopy but also contribute to the interpretation of Mars' and Europa's current and future exploration data. Specifically, identifying the types of Cl salts (hydrous or anhydrous) within geological context at the surface of Mars and Europa will constrain the current and past processes that they experienced, which can help in understanding the evolutions of these planetary bodies.
Polymerization of Substituted Acetylenes Using Well‐Defined Rhodium Complex Catalyst. Chirality Transfer and Amplification in Chiral‐Chiral Block and Random Copolymers
Authors: Goto Masahide , Nito Ayaka , Miyagi Yu , Sanda Fumio
Published: July 2019

Block and random copolymers are synthesized by the copolymerization of N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐ʟ‐valine 4‐ethynylanilide (1L) and N‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐d‐valine 4‐ethynylanilide (1D) using [(nbd)Rh{C(Ph) = CPh2}(PPh3)]/PPh3 as a catalyst. The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) peaks show narrow polydispersities from the first stage polymerization to the second one in the block copolymerization. Poly(1L25‐ran‐1D25) exhibits no circular dichroism (CD) signal, while poly(1L25)‐block‐poly(1D25) exhibits weak CD signals with the same sign as those of poly(1L50), suggesting the occurrence of chirality transfer from the poly(1L) block to poly(1D) block. The relationship between the |g| values and 1L/1D contents of the block copolymers becomes almost linear at the region of each unit larger than 60%. On the other hand, the relationship between these two factors of the random copolymers is convex upward.
Stereoelectronically Directed Photodegradation of Poly(adamantyl Vinyl Ketone)
Authors: Sultane Prakash R. , Bielawski Christopher W.
Published: July 2019

Adamantyl vinyl ketone (AVK) and its copolymers are synthesized using reversible addition fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) methodology and then degraded using UV light. The polymerization of AVK is found to be controlled as indicated by a linear correlation between the molecular weights of the polymers produced and monomer conversion as well as a series of chain extensions. The RAFT method is also used to synthesize random and block copolymers of AVK and methyl methacrylate. Irradiating poly(adamantyl vinyl ketone) (PAVK) with UV light affords a polyolefin and adamantane as the major products. Similar products are obtained, along with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), when the block copolymer is subjected to UV light. The random copolymer undergoes complete degradation under similar conditions. A mechanism wherein stereoelectronic effects channel photodegradation through Norrish I Type pathways in a manner that preserves the main chain of the polymer during the decomposition process is proposed.
Joining of dissimilar materials by laser induced shock waves
Authors: Veenaas S. , Vollertsen F.
Published: July 2019

The demand to implement more functionality on limited amount of space promotes miniaturization. This makes hybrid joints under various conditions and also in the micro range necessary. Existing solutions often have restrictions due to the principle of joining. A plastic forming process based on laser induced shockwaves is used to realize sheet‐sheet connections. The knowledge of joining of metallic sheets by laser‐induced shock waves should be used to enable the joining of aluminum with dissimilar materials such as glass and plastics. For industrial applications the dimensioning is important in matters of strength and feasibility of a joint. Therefore an upper bond estimation for the joining strength is developed. The design of the joint can be described on the basis of material properties. Moreover, the stiffness of the joining partners can be used as the decisive criterion for the joining possibility in the joining area. The advantages of this process are applied to different material combinations.
The Hardy space decomposition on multiangular domain
Authors: Wen Zhihong , Deng Guantie
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we consider the problem of Hardy space decomposition on multiangular domain. By using rational approximation, we achieve that a function f in
can be decomposed into a sum
in the sense of
, where
are the boundary limits of functions in
.
Low‐order, P‐stable, two‐step methods for use with lax accuracies
Authors: Medvedev Maxim A. , Simos Theodore E. , Tsitouras Charalampos
Published: July 2019

A semi‐implicit family of two‐step methods is considered for the numerical solution of
. These methods are hybrid and waste two stages (function evaluations) per step in order to attain fourth algebraic order while other methods of this type need three stages per step. Exploiting this improvement, we derive a particular method and conclude with a series of numerical tests on stiff periodic problems that illustrate its efficiency.
MR‐based CT metal artifact reduction for head‐and‐neck photon, electron, and proton radiotherapy
Authors: Nielsen Jonathan Scharff , Van Leemput Koen , Edmund Jens Morgenthaler
Published: July 2019

Purpose

We investigated the impact on computed tomography (CT) image quality and photon, electron, and proton head‐and‐neck (H&N) radiotherapy (RT) dose calculations of three CT metal artifact reduction (MAR) approaches: A CT‐based algorithm (oMAR Philips Healthcare), manual water override, and our recently presented, Magnetic Resonance (MR)‐based kerMAR algorithm. We considered the following three hypotheses: I: Manual water override improves MAR over the CT‐ and MR‐based alternatives; II: The automatic algorithms (oMAR and kerMAR) improve MAR over the uncorrected CT; III: kerMAR improves MAR over oMAR.

Methods

We included a veal shank phantom with/without six metal inserts and nine H&N RT patients with dental implants. We quantified the MAR capabilities by the reduction of outliers in the CT value distribution in regions of interest, and the change in particle range and photon depth at maximum dose.

Results

Water override provided apparent image improvements in the soft tissue region but insignificantly or negatively influenced the dose calculations. We however found significant improvements in image quality and particle range impact, compared to the uncorrected CT, when using oMAR and kerMAR. kerMAR in turn provided superior improvements in terms of high intensity streak suppression compared to oMAR, again with associated impacts on the particle range estimates.

Conclusion

We found no benefits of the water override compared to the rest, and tentatively reject hypothesis I. We however found improvements in the automatic algorithms, and thus support for hypothesis II, and found the MR‐based kerMAR to improve upon oMAR, supporting hypothesis III.
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Ticagrelor versus Prasugrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Dawwas Ghadeer K. , Dietrich Erich , Winchester David E. , Winterstein Almut G. , Segal Richard , Park Haesuk
Published: July 2019

Study Objective

To compare the effectiveness and safety of ticagrelor versus prasugrel in preventing recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and major bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Design

Retrospective cohort analysis.

Data Source

Truven Commercial and Medicare Supplemental claims database (2011–2016).

Patients

Study consisted of adults with ACS who newly initiated ticagrelor or prasugrel within 7 days of their first ACS diagnosis and had no prior use for at least 12 months; after propensity score matching, 10,073 patients were in each group.

Methods

The primary study outcomes, first occurrence of a recurrent nonfatal CVD event (composite of myocardial infarction and stroke) and occurrence of a major bleeding event, were compared between the ticagrelor and prasugrel groups. Secondary outcomes included occurrence of minor bleeding events, defined based on the presence of bleeding events in outpatient claims. Cox proportional hazards models after propensity score matching were used to obtain the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). In the Cox proportional hazards model, the use of ticagrelor was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent nonfatal CVD events (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70–0.92) and major bleeding events (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41–0.70) compared with prasugrel. Additionally, the use of ticagrelor was associated with a lower risk of minor bleeding events compared with prasugrel (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.65–0.78).

Conclusion

In this population‐based cohort of incident ACS patients, ticagrelor was associated with a reduced rate of recurrent nonfatal CVD events, major and minor bleeding events compared with prasugrel.
Mechanical Properties and Failure Behavior of Physically Assembled Triblock Copolymer Gels with Varying Midblock Length
Authors: Mishra Satish , Badani Prado Rosa M. , Zhang Song , Lacy Thomas E. , Gu Xiaodan , Kundu Santanu
Published: July 2019

Mechanical properties including the failure behavior of physically assembled gels or physical gels are governed by their network structure. To investigate such behavior, we consider a physical gel system consisting of poly(styrene)‐poly(isoprene)‐poly(styrene)[PS‐PI‐PS] in mineral oil. In these gels, the endblock (PS) molecular weights are not significantly different, whereas, the midblock (PI) molecular weight has been varied such that we can access gels with and without midblock entanglement. Small angle X‐ray scattering data reveals that the gels are composed of collapsed PS aggregates connected by PI chains. The gelation temperature has been found to be a function of the endblock concentration. Tensile tests display stretch‐rate dependent modulus at high strain for the gels with midblock entanglement. Creep failure behavior has also been found to be influenced by the entanglement. Fracture experiments with predefined cracks show that the energy release rate scales linearly with the crack‐tip velocity for all gels considered here. In addition, increase of midblock chain length resulted in higher viscous dissipation leading to a higher energy release rate. The results provide an insight into how midblock entanglement can possibly affect the mechanical properties of physically assembled triblock copolymer gels in a midblock selective solvent. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2019,57, 1014–1026
The 25th Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation Scientific Retreat Report
Authors: Miyahira Andrea K. , Soule Howard R.
Published: July 2019

Background

The 25th Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Scientific Retreat was held in Carlsbad, CA, from 26 to 28 October 2018.

Methods

The PCF Scientific Retreat is the foremost scientific research conference in the world that focuses on the most significant and promising recent advancements in basic, translational, and clinical prostate cancer research, as well as research from other fields that has substantial potential to advance prostate cancer research.

Results

The major topic areas discussed at this year's meeting included (a) new insights into prostate cancer biology and treatment; (b) approaches for accelerating precision medicine for prostate cancer; (c) prostate‐specific membrane antigen‐targeted therapy and imaging for prostate cancer; (d) updates on Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP)‐inhibitor clinical trial results; (e) the biology and role of prostate cancer stem cells; (f) new approaches for targeting the androgen receptor and other steroid hormone receptor pathways; (g) racial disparities in prostate cancer treatment and outcomes; (h) the role of the nervous system in prostate cancer development and progression; (i) the role of the WNT signaling pathway in normal prostate and prostate cancer biology; (j) novel immunotherapy approaches; and (k) the ecology of prostate cancer.

Conclusions

This article reviews the research presented by the speakers at the 2018 PCF Scientific Retreat for the purpose of disseminating this knowledge to the global research community and ultimately accelerating new understandings and treatment strategies for prostate cancer.
Linking Tumor Growth Dynamics to Survival in Ipilimumab‐Treated Patients With Advanced Melanoma Using Mixture Tumor Growth Dynamic Modeling
Authors: Feng Yan , Wang Xiaoning , Suryawanshi Satyendra , Bello Akintunde , Roy Amit
Published: July 2019

Early tumor assessments have been widely used to predict overall survival (OS), with potential application to dose selection and early go/no‐go decisions. Most published tumor dynamic models assume a uniform pattern of tumor growth dynamics (TGDs). We developed a mixture TGD model to characterize different patterns of longitudinal tumor sizes. Data from 688 patients with advanced melanoma who received ipilimumab 3 or 10 mg/kg every 3 weeks in a phase III study (NCT01515189) were used in a TGD‐OS analysis. The mixture model described TGD profiles using three subpopulations (no‐growth, intermediate, and fast). The TGD model showed a positive exposure/dose‐response (i.e., a higher proportion of patients in no/intermediate growth subpopulations and a lower tumor growth rate with ipilimumab 10 mg/kg relative to the 3 mg/kg dose). Finally, the mixture TGD model‐based measures of tumor response provided better predictions of OS compared with the nonmixture model.
A note on the Bayesian analysis of experiments with correlated multiple responses using a matrix‐logarithmic covariance model
Authors: Hamada Michael S. , Jaramillo Brandon M. , Chiao Chih‐Hua
Published: July 2019

In the literature, analysis of multiple responses from experiments with replicates has modeled the covariance matrix directly as linear models of the transformed variances and correlations, ie, covariance modeling. This article considers models based on the matrix‐logarithm of the covariance matrix. This so‐called log‐covariance modeling is illustrated with data from actual experiments and compared with the traditional covariance modeling.
Inactivation methods for whole influenza vaccine production
Authors: Sabbaghi Ailar , Miri Seyed Mohammad , Keshavarz Mohsen , Zargar Mohsen , Ghaemi Amir
Published: July 2019

Despite tremendous efforts toward vaccination, influenza remains an ongoing global threat. The induction of strain‐specific neutralizing antibody responses is a common phenomenon during vaccination with the current inactivated influenza vaccines, so the protective effect of these vaccines is mostly strain‐specific. There is an essential need for the development of next‐generation vaccines, with a broad range of immunogenicity against antigenically drifted or shifted influenza viruses. Here, we evaluate the potential of whole inactivated vaccines, based on chemical and physical methods, as well as new approaches to generate cross‐protective immune responses. We also consider the mechanisms by which some of these vaccines may induce CD8+ T‐cells cross‐reactivity with different strains of influenza.

In this review, we have focused on conventional and novel methods for production of whole inactivated influenza vaccine. As well as chemical modification, using formaldehyde or β‐propiolactone and physical manipulation by ultraviolet radiation or gamma‐irradiation, novel approaches, including visible ultrashort pulsed laser, and low‐energy electron irradiation are discussed. These two latter methods are considered to be attractive approaches to design more sophisticated vaccines, due to their ability to maintain most of the viral antigenic properties during inactivation and potential to produce cross‐protective immunity. However, further studies are needed to validate them before they can replace traditional methods for vaccine manufacturing.
An automated model‐based approach for unit‐level performance test generation of mobile applications
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Iqbal Muhammad Zohaib , Khan Muhammad Uzair
Published: July 2019

Mobile devices have limited resources, including memory and processing speed. The performance of mobile applications is an important concern. There are a large number of mobile platforms available with varying operating systems and hardware. Native applications are usually developed and maintained separately for these platforms. The overall performance of native applications may significantly vary across platforms. The current industrial practice is to manually test the performance for each variant, which is not a scalable or efficient approach. We tackled the problem of generating native application variants in our previous work. This paper proposes an automated model‐based approach for performance test generation for native application variants at unit level. We propose a performance profile that allows modeling of domain‐specific performance parameters on UML models, which are used for automated performance test generation for each native variant. The results of applying the approach on two real‐world applications show that the approach evaluates the performance of application variants for two different versions of Android successfully and have potential to reduce the effort and time. A questionnaire‐based study is conducted to evaluate the usefulness of the approach.
2D Dielectrophoresis using an active matrix array made by thin‐film‐transistor technology
Authors: Tixier‐Mita Agnès , Ihida Satoshi , Blanchard Damien , Shinohara Marie , Eiler Anne‐Claire , Cathcart Grant Alexander , Faure Pierre‐Marie , Kohno Takashi , Sakai Yasuyuki , Lévi Timothée , Toshiyoshi Hiroshi
Published: July 2019

New types of devices made using thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) technology were used in this article for dielectrophoresis purpose with microbeads, yeast cells, and HepG2 cells. That technology allows obtaining centimeter size transparent substrates covered with a large and dense array of 100 µm microelectrodes individually controllable. The purpose of these devices is the development of platforms for various applications on cells and cells culture, like manipulation, sensing, monitoring, or stimulation on the same device. Dielectrophoresis is one of the applications and is a key target for precise patterning and 2D displacement of cells on the device. In this article, 2D results of dielectrophoresis with microbeads and yeast cells and device programming are described. Then, application to mammal HepG2 liver cells shows the possibility of cells patterning with such devices. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Boundary dynamics in gravitational theories
Authors: Park I. Y.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We present a foliation-focused critical review of the boundary conditions and dynamics of 4D gravitational theories. A general coordinate transformation introduces a new foliation and changes the hypersurface on which a natural boundary condition is imposed; in this sense gauge transformations must be viewed as changing the boundary conditions. The issue of a gauge invariant boundary condition is nontrivial and has been extensively studied in the literature. We turn around the difficulty in obtaining such a boundary condition (and subtleties observed in the main body) and take it as one of the indications of an enlarged Hilbert space so as to include the states satisfying different boundary conditions. Through the systematical reduction procedure we obtain, up to some peculiarities, the explicit form of the reduced Lagrangian that describes the dynamics of the physical states. We examine the new insights offered by the 3D Lagrangian on BMS-type symmetry and black hole information. In particular we confirm that the boundary dynamics is an indispensable part of the system information.
Modelling and forecasting the kurtosis and returns distributions of financial markets: irrational fractional Brownian motion model approach
Authors: Dhesi Gurjeet , Shakeel Bilal , Ausloos Marcel
Published: July 2019

This paper reports a new methodology and results on the forecast of the numerical value of the fat tail(s) in asset returns distributions using the irrational fractional Brownian motion model. Optimal model parameter values are obtained from fits to consecutive daily 2-year period returns of S&P500 index over [1950–2016], generating 33-time series estimations. Through an econometric model, the kurtosis of returns distributions is modelled as a function of these parameters. Subsequently an auto-regressive analysis on these parameters advances the modelling and forecasting of kurtosis and returns distributions, providing the accurate shape of returns distributions and measurement of Value at Risk.
Internal hernia through mesocolon defect after left laparoscopic colectomy
Authors: Martinez Carlos Augusto Real , Camargo Michel Gardere , Cervantes Jaissy Jerubi , Ayrizono Maria de Lourdes Setsuko , Mukai Natalia Sayuri , Braga João Gabriel Romero , Martins Daniel Lahan , Coy Cláudio Saddy Rodrigues
Published: July 2019

Introduction The development of internal hernias due to the mesocolon defect after laparoscopic colectomy is a rare complication with only 39 cases described. There are controversies whether the closure of the defect of the mesocolon after resection of the colon could prevent the development of this complication.

Objective To describe a case of intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia through the mesocolon defect after laparoscopic rectosigmoidectomy and to perform a literature review.

Case report A 59-year-old woman was hospitalized for laparoscopic rectosigmoidectomy due to an adenocarcinoma located in the rectosigmoid junction. She underwent a rectosigmoidectomy by laparoscopy, with an extracorporeal mechanical anastomosis, without closure of the mesocolon defect. In the fifth postoperative day the patient presented an intestinal obstruction due to an internal hernia through the mesocolon defect confirmed by computerized tomography. During the exploratory laparotomy approximately 120 cm jejunum was identified through the mesocolon defect. The reduction of herniated small bowel was done without the need of intestinal resection. The mesocolon defect was corrected by continuous suture. After the reoperation, the patient presented a favorable recovery being discharged on the fifth day.

Conclusion Intestinal obstruction due to internal hernia after laparoscopic rectosigmoidectomy is a rare postoperative complication that can be avoided by the adequate closure of the mesocolon defect.
The FHD/εppsilon Epoch of Reionisation power spectrum pipeline
Authors: Barry N. , Beardsley A. P. , Byrne R. , Hazelton B. , Morales M. F. , Pober J. C. , Sullivan I.
Published: July 2019

Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) data analysis requires unprecedented levels of accuracy in radio interferometer pipelines. We have developed an imaging power spectrum analysis to meet these requirements and generate robust 21 cm EoR measurements. In this work, we build a signal path framework to mathematically describe each step in the analysis, from data reduction in the Fast Holographic Deconvolution (FHD) package to power spectrum generation in theεppsilon package. In particular, we focus on the distinguishing characteristics of FHD/εppsilon: highly accurate spectral calibration, extensive data verification products, and end-to-end error propagation. We present our key data analysis products in detail to facilitate understanding of the prominent systematics in image-based power spectrum analyses. As a verification to our analysis, we also highlight a full-pipeline analysis simulation to demonstrate signal preservation and lack of signal loss. This careful treatment ensures that the FHD/εppsilon power spectrum pipeline can reduce radio interferometric data to produce credible 21 cm EoR measurements.
Why Do Immigrants Participate in Politics Less Than Native-Born Citizens? A Formative Years Explanation
Authors: Li Ruoxi , Jones Bradley M.
Published: July 2019

One of the long-standing puzzles in the political behavior literature is about immigrants' low level of political participation: after achieving comparable and sometimes even higher levels of socioeconomic status relative to the native-born citizens, why do immigrants still participate less in politics? We argue that the different formative years experiences associated with immigrants who moved to the United States at an older age is the key that explains the participation gap between immigrants and the native-born population. Using the 1994–2016 Current Population Survey and their Voting and Civic Engagement Supplements as data sources, we develop a hierarchical model that simultaneously accounts for region-, country-, and individual-level variables. The results are striking. We show that immigrants who move to the United States at a young age participate in politics at a rate that is indistinguishable from the native-born population; those who migrated at an older age participate less. The fact that over 60% of the immigrant population moved to the United States as adults is a main factor that contributes to the political participation gap between immigrants and the native-born population.
Adaptive behaviour and predictive processing accounts of autism
Authors: Perrykkad Kelsey
Published: July 2019

Many autistic behaviours can rightly be classified as adaptive, but why these behaviours differ from adaptive neurotypical behaviours in the same environment requires explanation. I argue that predictive processing accounts best explain why autistic people engage different adaptive responses to the environment and, further, account for evidence left unexplained by the social motivation theory.
Knowing autism: The place of experiential expertise
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth , den Houting Jacquiline , du Plooy Lee , Lilley Rozanna
Published: July 2019

Jaswal & Akhtar challenge the notion that autistic people have diminished social motivation, prompted in part by a desire to take autistic testimony seriously. We applaud their analysis and go further to suggest that future research could be enhanced by involving autistic people directly in the research process.
Autistic people may lack social motivation, without being any less human
Authors: Fletcher-Watson Sue , Crompton Catherine J.
Published: July 2019

In arguing that autistic people are socially motivated, Jaswal & Akhtar miss the opportunity to puncture the notion that social motivation is a prerequisite for humanity. Instead, we contend that some autistic people may indeed find social interactions to be unmotivating and that this doesn't have to be seen as a problem.
What do autistic people want from autism research?
Authors: Silverman Chloe
Published: July 2019

Research that engages the experiences and insights of autistics and their caregivers can be more ethical, less stigmatizing, and innovative. To avoid reproducing established assumptions, researchers should learn how autistics and their caregivers understand behavioral and communicative differences, and how they prioritize interventions and accommodations. Fostering “autistic flourishing” requires that researchers focus on similarities between autistics and neurotypical people while allowing for autistic differences. Consulting autistics helps ensure that their personhood is acknowledged.
Multilingualism and Technology: A Review of Developments in Digital Communication from Monolingualism to Idiolingualism
Authors: Kelly-Holmes Helen
Published: July 2019

The focus in this article is on the evolution of language and technology in relation to multilingualism, in particular on how multilingual provision has developed in tandem with the development of the internet and the World Wide Web (WWW). In trying to understand how multilingualism has evolved, it is also necessary to understand how the technical aspects of digital technology as well as the politico-economic dimensions to that technology have changed. Four distinct periods emerge in the development: monolingualism, multilingualism, hyperlingualism, and idiolingualism. Monolingualism covers the origins of the internet and later the WWW as monolingual spaces. This was followed by a long period that charts the slow but gradual development of increased language provision and what I am terming “partial multilingualism.” Multilingualism expanded substantially, potentially limitlessly, with the development of Web 2.0. This has involved the diversification of online spaces to the point of “hyperlingualism.” I argue that we are still in this hyperlingual phase, but alongside it, a new phase is developing, that of “idiolingualism” as a result of mass linguistic customization. In this article, I discuss these phases, paying attention to both their technical and economic contexts, as well as their implications for linguistic diversity online and in wider society.
Scaling Up Intervention Studies to Investigate Real-Life Foreign Language Learning in School
Authors: Meurers Detmar , De Kuthy Kordula , Nuxoll Florian , Rudzewitz Björn , Ziai Ramon
Published: July 2019

Intervention studies typically target a focused aspect of language learning that is studied over a relatively short time frame for a relatively small number of participants in a controlled setting. While for many research questions, this is effective, it can also limit the ecological validity and relevance of the results for real-life language learning. In educational science, large-scale randomized controlled field trials (RCTs) are seen as the gold standard method for addressing this challenge—yet they require intervention to scale to hundreds of learners in their varied, authentic contexts.

We discuss the use of technology in support of large-scale interventions that are fully integrated in regular classes in secondary school. As an experimentation platform, we developed a web-based workbook to replace a printed workbook widely used in German schools. The web-based FeedBook provides immediate scaffolded feedback to students on form and meaning for various exercise types, covering the full range of constructions in the seventh-grade English curriculum.

Following the conceptual discussion, we report on the first results of an ongoing, yearlong RCT. The results confirm the effectiveness of the scaffolded feedback, and the approach makes students and learning process variables accessible for the analysis of learning in a real-world context.
Gradient over Melody valve in left AV valve position reduces with beta blockade
Authors: Krasemann T. , van de Woestijne P. , van den Berg G.
Published: July 2019

The Melody valve, designed for implantation into the pulmonary outflow tract, can also be used to treat the pathology of atrioventricular (AV) valves. Increasing gradients are seen as an indication for re-dilating the valve. Our case demonstrates the heart rate dependency of the gradient across a Melody implanted in the left AV valve position in an infant. Beta blockers were used to lower both heart rate and gradient.
Evaluation of three behavioural economics ‘nudges’ on grocery and convenience store sales of promoted nutritious foods
Authors: Chapman Leah Elizabeth , Sadeghzadeh Claire , Koutlas Maria , Zimmer Catherine , De Marco Molly
Published: July 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the association between three behavioural economics ‘nudges’ and store sales of promoted healthier foods.

Design:

Multiple interrupted time series.

Setting:

Two predominantly rural counties in central North Carolina, USA.

Participants:

Aggregated store transaction data from two grocery stores (one intervention, one control) and two convenience stores (one intervention, one control) were analysed using ANOVA to examine the association between three ‘nudges’ and store sales of promoted items. The nudges included: a ‘cognitive fatigue’ experiment, in which floor arrows guided customers to the produce sections; a ‘scarcity’ experiment, in which one sign in one area of the produce section portrayed a ‘limited amount’ message; and a ‘product placement’ experiment, where granola bars were moved into the candy bar aisle.

Results:

In convenience stores, there were no significant differences between sales of the promoted items during the intervention period for any of the nudges when implemented individually. However, compared with baseline sales, implementation of all three nudges simultaneously was associated with an increase in sales during the intervention period based on proportional computations (P = 0·001), whereas no significant changes in sales were observed in the control convenience store. Among the grocery stores, there were no significant differences in sales during the intervention period for any of the nudges or the combined intervention compared with baseline sales.

Conclusions:

Implementing three nudges concurrently in a convenience store setting may increase sales of promoted items. However, before stores consider implementing these nudges to increase sales of nutritious foods, additional research is warranted.
Overview of patient preparation strategies to manage internal organ motion during radiotherapy in the pelvis
Authors: Slevin F. , Beasley M. , Speight R. , Lilley J. , Murray L. , Henry A.
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

Pelvic internal organs change in volume and position during radiotherapy. This may compromise the efficacy of treatment or worsen its toxicity. There may be limitations to fully correcting these changes using online image guidance; therefore, effective and consistent patient preparation and positioning remain important. This review aims to provide an overview of the extent of pelvic organ motion and strategies to manage this motion.

Methods and Materials:

Given the breadth of this topic, a systematic review was not undertaken. Instead, existing systematic reviews and individual high-quality studies addressing strategies to manage pelvic organ motion have been discussed. Suggested levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for each strategy have been applied.

Results:

Various strategies to manage rectal changes have been investigated including diet and laxatives, enemas and rectal emptying tubes and rectal displacement with endorectal balloons (ERBs) and rectal spacers. Bladder-filling protocols and bladder ultrasound have been used to try to standardise bladder volume. Positioning the patient supine, using a full bladder and positioning prone with or without a belly board, has been examined in an attempt to reduce the volume of irradiated small bowel. Some randomised trials have been performed, with evidence to support the use of ERBs, rectal spacers, bladder-filling protocols and the supine over prone position in prostate radiotherapy. However, there was a lack of consistent high-quality evidence that would be applicable to different disease sites within the pelvis. Many studies included small numbers of patients were non-randomised, used less conformal radiotherapy techniques or did not report clinical outcomes such as toxicity.

Conclusions:

There is uncertainty as to the clinical benefit of many of the commonly adopted interventions to minimise pelvic organ motion. Given this and the limitations in online image guidance compensation, further investigation of adaptive radiotherapy strategies is required.
Policies and Counterstrategies: State-Sponsored Filiality and False Accusation in Qing China
Authors: Du Yue
Published: July 2019

Using court cases culled from various national and local archives in China, this article examines two strategies widely employed by Qing litigants to manipulate state-sponsored filiality to advance their perceived interests in court: “instrumental filicide to lodge a false accusation” and “false accusation of unfiliality.” While Qing subjects were willing and able to exploit the legalized inequality between parent and child for profit-seeking purposes, the Qing imperial state tolerated such maneuvering so as to co-opt local negotiations to reinforce orthodox notions of the parent–child hierarchy in its subjects’ everyday lives. Local actors, who appealed to the Qing legal promotion of parental dominance and filial obedience to empower themselves, were recruited into the Qing state's project of moral penetration and social control, with law functioning as a conduit and instrument that gave the design of “ruling the empire through the principle of filial piety” a concrete legal form in imperial governance.
Investigation of Two Optical Methods for Aerosol‐Type Classification Extended to a Northern Indian Ocean Site
Authors: Höpner F. , Bender F. A.‐M. , Ekman A. M. L. , Andersson A. , Gustafsson Ö. , Leck C.
Published: July 2019

Methods for determining aerosol types in cases where chemical composition measurements are not available are useful for improved aerosol radiative forcing estimates. In this study, two aerosol characterization methods by Cazorla et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9337-2013; CA13) and Costabile et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2455-2013; CO13) using wavelength‐dependent particle absorption and scattering are used, to assess their applicability and examine their limitations. Long‐term ambient particle optical property and chemical composition (major inorganic ions and bulk carbon) measurements from the Maldives Climate Observatory Hanimaadhoo as well as concurrent air mass trajectories are utilized to test the classifications based on the determined absorption Ångström exponent, scattering Ångström exponent, and single scattering albedo. The resulting aerosol types from the CA13 method show a good qualitative agreement with the particle chemical composition and air mass origin. In general, the size differentiation using the scattering Ångström exponent works very well for both methods, while the composition identification depending mainly on the absorption Ångström exponent can result in aerosol misclassifications at Maldives Climate Observatory Hanimaadhoo. To broaden the applicability of the CA13 method, we suggest to include an underlying marine aerosol group in the classification scheme. The classification of the CO13 method is less clear, and its applicability is limited when it is extended to aerosols in this environment at ambient humidity.
Evaluating How Landform Design and Soil Covers Influence Groundwater Recharge in a Reclaimed Watershed
Authors: Lukenbach M. C. , Spencer C. J. , Mendoza C. A. , Devito K. J. , Landhäusser S. M. , Carey S. K.
Published: July 2019

Landscape‐scale reconstruction and prescription of soil cover systems following oil sands mining is challenging due to the quality of available reclamation materials and the subhumid climate of the Boreal Plains of Canada. In an experimental reclaimed watershed (Sandhill Fen Watershed), basin‐scale upland landforms (i.e., hummocks) were designed to provide groundwater to adjacent lowlands, necessitating adequate recharge following establishment of forest vegetation. Volumetric water contents, soil water pressure heads, and groundwater levels were monitored for four years throughout the watershed and used to calibrate and verify numerical models in HYDRUS. Using a variably saturated two‐dimensional domain, we identified a threshold‐like relationship between recharge (or upflux) and upland hummock height, where upland hummocks not tall enough to limit root water uptake from the saturated zone decreased recharge or resulted in net upflux. Recharge varied with soil cover texture (higher in coarser‐textured) and associated soil hydraulic parameters. Furthermore, scenario tests indicated the importance and relative influence that maximum rooting depths, forest floor placement thicknesses, and leaf area indices (all associated with forest development) had on recharge. Simulations utilizing a historical climate record indicated that interannual climatic variability was as influential as variation in soil cover texture in determining recharge. Reclamation practitioners should recognize that the water balances of reconstructed landscapes are largely influenced by the trade‐off between optimizing forest productivity and sourcing water to downgradient landscape positions.
Restoring Natural Fire Regimes Can Yield More Water Downstream
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: July 2019

Research in Yosemite National Park offers a new benchmark for understanding water balance changes in a mountainous basin 4 decades after its natural wildfire regime was reestablished.
Understanding Electron Dropout Echoes Induced by Interplanetary Shocks: Test Particle Simulations
Authors: Liu Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Hao Y.‐X. , Liu Z.‐Y.
Published: July 2019

Recently, interplanetary shocks have been reported to cause “electron dropout echoes” in the outer radiation belt, which is manifested as repeated dropout and recovery signals in electron fluxes. Both previous case and statistical studies have shown that electron dropout echoes are mostly found for high‐energy (>300 keV) electrons, and the initial dropout region is mainly located at the dusk magnetosphere, regardless of shock parameters such as shock normal. To understand these properties, we model the electron dropout echoes at geosynchronous orbit by tracing electrons in the analytic field model of the shock‐induced propagating pulse. It is shown that the characteristics of shock‐induced electron dropout echo events including energy dependence and localization are well reproduced by our model. By analyzing the trajectories of typical electrons, we find that electrons are inward transported and accelerated through “drift‐resonance‐like” interactions with the magnetosonic pulse. Two causes of the dawn‐dusk asymmetric response are presented: (1) the difference between the interaction time of electrons with the magnetosonic pulse and (2) the opposite radial ∇B drift of the electrons at dawnside and duskside. Further, we calculate the contributions to electron dynamics and phase space density variations from three terms: E×B drift, radial ∇B drift, and gyrobetatron acceleration. The details of electron flux variations could vary with the form of the shock‐induced pulse and the initial electron distribution, thus be different from our results; however, the basic ingredients of the electron interaction with the pulse could provide a general frame for understanding and evaluating electron flux responses.
Effects of Oceanic Mesoscale and Submesoscale Frontal Processes on the Vertical Transport of Phytoplankton
Authors: Ruiz Simón , Claret Mariona , Pascual Ananda , Olita Antonio , Troupin Charles , Capet Arthur , Tovar‐Sánchez Antonio , Allen John , Poulain Pierre‐Marie , Tintoré Joaquín , Mahadevan Amala
Published: July 2019

Oceanic fronts are dynamically active regions of the global ocean that support upwelling and downwelling with significant implications for phytoplankton production and export. However (on time scales 
 the inertial time scale), the vertical velocity is 103–104 times weaker than the horizontal velocity and is difficult to observe directly. Using intensive field observations in conjunction with a process study ocean model, we examine vertical motion and its effect on phytoplankton fluxes at multiple spatial horizontal scales in an oligotrophic region in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The mesoscale ageostrophic vertical velocity (∼10 m/day) inferred from our observations shapes the large‐scale phytoplankton distribution but does not explain the narrow (1–10 km wide) features of high chlorophyll content extending 40–60 m downward from the deep chlorophyll maximum. Using modeling, we show that downwelling submesoscale features concentrate 80% of the downward vertical flux of phytoplankton within just 15% of the horizontal area. These submesoscale spatial structures serve as conduits between the surface mixed layer and pycnocline and can contribute to exporting carbon from the sunlit surface layers to the ocean interior.