bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Audio-Visual Entrainment: A Novel Way of Boosting Grades and Socialization While Reducing Stress in the Typical College Student
Authors: Siever Dave
Published: October 2012

Attention, concentration, memory, grade-point average, and stress/worry are all primary concerns of the modern university and college student. Also, young adults are concerned about having a somewhat active social life in between exams, essays, and deadlines. The stress of school shunts cerebral blood flow away from the cortex (during stress the brain assumes the body needs blood in the core to prepare for flight or battle, which is just the opposite of what the present day student needs). This slows dominant cortical activity down into greater alpha and theta brain wave frequencies, similar to what is seen in those with ADD and ADHD, leaving the student more distractible, impulsive, and hyperactive. This behavior in turn impairs the student's ability to study and write exams, thus increasing stress, and using valuable social time needed to shake off stress and the potential of falling into depression. Audio-visual entrainment (AVE) has been shown to produce dramatic increases in cerebral blood flow, efficient brain activity, and sound mental health. Several studies involving the use of AVE for enhancing academic performance have been completed. AVE has proven to be an effective and affordable aid to better grades and improve socialization.
QEEG-Guided Neurofeedback for Remediation of Dysgraphia
Authors: Walker Jonathan E.
Published: October 2012

Twenty-four individuals with refractory dysgraphia underwent a quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) to determine abnormalities of critical writing areas (left frontal and central). These abnormalities were trained with 5–10 sessions of neurofeedback to decrease excessive slow or fast activity in those areas. All 24 experienced significant improvement in handwriting. Two individuals who declined neurofeedback training did not improve over a similar time period. This approach appears to consistently improve handwriting in subjects with refractory dysgraphia.
Remediation of Enuresis Using QEEG-Guided Neurofeedback Training
Authors: Walker Jonathan E.
Published: October 2012

Current treatments for bedwetting (enuresis) include alarm therapy, desmopressin acetate therapy, anticholinergic therapy, and imipramine therapy. These treatments do not always eliminate the problem, and the patient often relapses when the treatment is discontinued. Surgery may be indicated for patients with anatomical abnormalities, but the vast majority of patients have normal urinary anatomy. We have found that it is usually possible to eliminate the problem using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG)-guided neurofeedback. We report here the successful elimination of enuresis in 11 consecutive patients using this approach. Thus far, there have been no failures with this approach.
Preludes to the Lattice Compatibility Theory LCT: Urbach Tailing Controversial Behavior in Some Nanocompounds
Authors: Boubaker K.
Published: October 2012

We try to give an explanation to the unexpected Urbach tailing associated to some phenomena which occur in some nano-compounds lattices. The provided discussion and notes are detailed here as a prelude to the lattice compatibility theory (LCT), a guide to a plausible understanding of this unsolved intrigue.
Effect of Radiative Heat-Loss Function and Finite Larmor Radius Corrections on Jeans Instability of Viscous Thermally Conducting Self-Gravitating Astrophysical Plasma
Authors: Kaothekar Sachin , Chhajlani R. K.
Published: October 2012

The effect of radiative heat-loss function and finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) corrections on the self-gravitational instability of infinite homogeneous viscous plasma has been investigated incorporating the effects of thermal conductivity and finite electrical resistivity for the formation of a star in astrophysical plasma. The general dispersion relation is derived using the normal mode analysis method with the help of relevant linearized perturbation equations of the problem. Furthermore the wave propagation along and perpendicular to the direction of external magnetic field has been discussed. Stability of the medium is discussed by applying Routh Hurwitz’s criterion. We find that the presence of radiative heat-loss function and thermal conductivity modify the fundamental Jeans criterion of gravitational instability into radiative instability criterion. From the curves we see that temperature dependent heat-loss function, FLR corrections and viscosity have stabilizing effect, while density dependent heat-loss function has destabilizing effect on the growth rate of self-gravitational instability. Our result shows that the FLR corrections and radiative heat-loss functions affect the star formation.
Candida albicans: A Model Organism for Studying Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Kabir M. Anaul , Hussain Mohammad Asif , Ahmad Zulfiqar
Published: October 2012

Candida albicansis an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that causes candidiasis. As healthcare has been improved worldwide, the number of immunocompromised patients has been increased to a greater extent and they are highly susceptible to various pathogenic microbes andC. albicanshas been prominent among the fungal pathogens. The complete genome sequence of this pathogen is now available and has been extremely useful for the identification of repertoire of genes present in this pathogen. The major challenge is now to assign the functions to these genes of which 13% are specific toC. albicans. Due to its close relationship with yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, an edge over other fungal pathogens because most of the technologies can be directly transferred toC. albicansfromS. cerevisiaeand it is amenable to mutation, gene disruption, and transformation. The last two decades have witnessed enormous amount of research activities on this pathogen that leads to the understanding of host-parasite interaction, infections, and disease propagation. Clearly,C. albicanshas emerged as a model organism for studying fungal pathogens along with other two fungiAspergillus fumigatusandCryptococcus neoformans. Understanding its complete life style ofC. albicanswill undoubtedly be useful for developing potential antifungal drugs and tacklingCandidainfections. This will also shed light on the functioning of other fungal pathogens.
Assessment of Myocardial Contractile Function Using Global and Segmental Circumferential Strain following Intracoronary Stem Cell Infusion after Myocardial Infarction: MRI Feature Tracking Feasibility Study
Authors: Bhatti Sabha , Al-Khalidi Hussein , Hor Kan , Hakeem Abdul , Taylor Michael , Quyyumi Arshed A. , Oshinski John , Pecora Andrew L. , Kereiakes Dean , Chung Eugene , Pedrizzetti Gianni , Miszalski-Jamka Tomasz , Mazur Wojciech
Published: October 2012

Background. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) strain analysis is a sensitive method to assess myocardial function. Our objective was to define the feasibility of MRI circumferential strain (εcc) analysis in assessing subtle changes in myocardial function following stem cell therapy. Methods and Results. Patients in the Amorcyte Phase I trial were randomly assigned to treatment with either autologous bone-marrow-derived stem cells infused into the infarct-related artery 5 to 11 days following primary PCI or control. MRI studies were obtained at baseline, 3, and 6 months. εcc was measured in the short axis views at the base, mid and apical slices of the left ventricle (LV) for each patient (13 treatments and 10 controls). Mid-anterior LV εcc improved between baseline −18.5±8.6 and 3 months −22.6±7.0, P=0.03. There were no significant changes in εcc at 3 months and 6 months compared to baseline for other segments. There was excellent intraobserver and interobserver agreement for basal and mid circumferential strain. Conclusion. MRI segmental strain analysis is feasible in assessment of regional myocardial function following cell therapy with excellent intra- and inter-observer variability's. Using this method, a modest interval change in segmental εcc was detected in treatment group.
Rethinking Art and Philosophy of Art
Authors: Seel Gerhard ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

As an introduction to the plenary session “Metaphysics and Aesthetics” in my article I try to describe the state of philosophy of art today and give an outlook to its future development. In the last century analytical philosophy of art has been occupied with the following four questions: What is the essence of art? What is the ontological status of works of art? What are aesthetic qualities and how do we come to know them? Have aesthetic value judgments objective validity? In the first step I explain why analytical philosophy of art failed to answer these questions and what this failure has to do with the end of art. In the second step I attempt to give a definition of art myself which allows to show that this failure and the end of art were inevitable. Finally I try—as a consequence—to define the general features of the art of the future.
Rethinking Philosophy of Science Today
Authors: Agazzi Evandro ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

Modern philosophy of science was, initially, an epistemology of science based on the logical analysis of the language of science. It was superseded by a “sociological epistemology,” according to which the acceptance of scientific statements and theories depends on conditioningscoming from the social context and powers, and this view has fueled anti-scientific attitudes.This happened because the sociological turn still expressed an epistemology of science. Science, however, is not only a system of knowledge, but also a complex human activity. Hence, ethical, political, social, religious issues appear legitimate if they concern “doing science.”Therefore, we must “rethink” philosophy of science, accepting in it also an axiology of science that could enable us to retain the cognitive value of science and at the same time to make techno-scientific activity compatible with the satisfaction of a great variety of values that inspire our societies.
Against Laws in the Special Sciences
Authors: Kim Jaegwon ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

The traditional view of science holds that science is essentially nomothetic—that is, the defining characteristic of science is that it seeks to discover and formulate laws for the phenomena in its domain, and that laws are required for explanation and prediction. This paper advances the thesis that there are no laws in the special sciences, sciences other than fundamental physics, and that this does not impugn their status as sciences. Toward this end, two arguments are presented. The first begins with Donald Davidson’s argument against psychophysical laws and develops a more perspicacious general argument against special science laws. The second is a generalized and more explicitly motivated argument based on J. J. C. Smart’s claim that biology, unlike physics, has no laws.
Conflicted Modernity
Authors: Rasmussen David M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

This paper will begin by clarifying the kind of context, which requires toleration. My point of departure is a characterization of modernity that both departs from the classical modern theory of secularization and draws from the current research on multiple modernities. Because of the more or less recent resurgence of religion we can no longer characterize toleration on the basis of a theory of secularization. This will lead to the definition of conflict and tolerance within the confines of a post-secular society. The philosophical component of the concept of toleration will be taken from both Aristotle and Kant in the sense that toleration is not only a necessary virtue in modern society, it is also a normative notion based on respect for the law. Finally, the paper concludes that toleration must be conceived of as a principle of justice in a society that requires respect not only for the rights of others but for their cultures as well.
Globalization and Cosmopolitanism in the Context of Modernity
Authors: Chumakov Alexander N. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

Globalization and cosmopolitanism, on the one hand, and autarchy and nationalism, on the other, are two extremes between which humankind is destined to balance constantly, due to diversity and the natural confrontation of various cultural and civilizational systems by which it is represented. At the same time, globalization and cosmopolitanism are natural phenomena and are the most important characteristics of social development. That is why we should not put obstacles in the way of their dissemination and rooting in social life, but to aim at deeper understanding of their essence and what is hidden behind them in order, preventing ourselves from rash evaluations and one-sided conclusions, to contribute to the formation of a stable and just global world.
Mondialisation et cosmopolitisme
Authors: Koné Cyrille B. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

Rather than unifying the peoples in the world, globalization divides them into zones: either developed and prosperous, or underdeveloped and ravaged by poverty. How, then, can one imagine economic and financial globalization as a current implementation of cosmopolitanism, which abolishes the old fratricidal strife and seals the reunion between men across national borders? And how can we not doubt the cosmopolitan order facing the proliferation of identity claims, the rise of competitors due to globalization? Are we condemned to live in a world ever more unequal, more “hard” for the losers, the weak? What space is there in philosophy to think the new solidarity? This paper sketches some answers to these questions.
Globalization and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: McCormick Peter ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

This paper focuses on four brief points only: first, the general character of today’s understandings of globalization; then, one substantive danger that arises from this general understanding of globalization; third, by contrast, the universal character of just one of the most important traditional understandings of cosmopolitanism; and, finally, on what might bring together a certain globalization and a certain cosmopolitanism into something more than either just a so-called European or African “anthropocentric ethics.” The key conceptual resource highlighted is that of friendship.
La communauté morale et son extension
Authors: Goffi Jean-Yves ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

On se propose de fédérer les questions relevant de la bioéthique, des générations futures et de l’éthique environnementale autour du thème de la communauté morale. On examinera certains problèmes théoriques posés par l’élargissement de celle-ci. On soutiendra qu’il n’est possible d’y faire face qu’en se ralliant à une forme d’anthropocentrisme. Toutefois, il s’agit d’un anthropocentrisme méta-axiologique, pas d’un anthropocentrisme normatif: il ne saurait être question de soutenir que les intérêts des être humains ont, toujours et partout, priorité sur les intérêts des autres créatures.
Modernization, Counter-Modernization, and Philosophy
Authors: Cha In-Suk ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2012

The ennobling vision of modernity asserts that the benefits of identifying individual citizens as subjectivity are realized only when each subject is aware of the self as free in decisions and actions. Modernization through industrialization and urbanization has been seen as a means by which society can, through market contractual relationships, allow each citizen to become a self-determining subject. In Korean society this self-awakening has already set in and ought to deepen through dynamic economic growth. However, the authoritarian political power combined by technocracy obstructs the emergence of mature subjectivity. This is what can be called a phenomenon of counter-modernization. Citizenship training through philosophical dialogue may find ways to resolve this impasse by reconceptualizing modernity’s goals and means in terms of enabling the potentiality inherent in subjectivity.
Encapsulated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Producing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Have a Beneficial Effect on Failing Pig Hearts
Authors: Wright Elizabeth J. , Farrell Kelly A. , Malik Nadim , Kassem Moustapha , Lewis Andrew L. , Wallrapp Christine , Holt Cathy M.
Published: October 2012

Stem cell therapy is an exciting and emerging treatment option to promote post-myocardial infarction (post-MI) healing; however, cell retention and efficacy in the heart remain problematic. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone with cardioprotective properties but a short half-life in vivo. The effects of prolonged GLP-1 delivery from stromal cells post-MI were evaluated in a porcine model. Human mesenchymal stem cells immortalized and engineered to produce a GLP-1 fusion protein were encapsulated in alginate (bead-GLP-1 MSC) and delivered to coronary artery branches. Control groups were cell-free beads and beads containing unmodified MSCs (bead-MSC), n = 4–5 per group. Echocardiography confirmed left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at time of delivery in all groups. Four weeks after intervention, only the bead-GLP-1 MSC group demonstrated LV function improvement toward baseline and showed decreased infarction area compared with controls. Histological analysis showed reduced inflammation and a trend toward reduced apoptosis in the infarct zone. Increased collagen but fewer myofibroblasts were observed in infarcts of the bead-GLP-1 MSC and bead-MSC groups, and significantly more vessels per mm2 were noted in the infarct of the bead-GLP-1 MSC group. No differences were observed in myocyte cross-sectional area between groups. Post-MI delivery of GLP-1 encapsulated genetically modified MSCs provided a prolonged supply of GLP-1 and paracrine stem cell factors, which improved LV function and reduced epicardial infarct size. This was associated with increased angiogenesis and an altered remodeling response. Combined benefits of paracrine stem cell factors and GLP-1 were superior to those of stem cells alone. These results suggest that encapsulated genetically modified MSCs would be beneficial for recovery following MI.
Relationship Between Education and Hospital Visit
Authors: Kung Chih-Chun
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper is going to examine how the level of education affects their willingness to see a doctor and find whether the education is positive or negative correlated with the number of visiting a doctor based on 2 alternative hypotheses: (1) People have more years of education are more concerned about their health condition when they are ill, so the number of visiting a doctor should be positive correlated with their level of education, and (2) People with higher level of education pay more attention on their health condition by spending more time in exercise and therefore, this effort reflects that the number of visiting a doctor is negative correlated to their education level. The result shows if a person has more year of education, he is going to the hospital less frequently than the person with less education. One interesting finding is that the more exercise a person has, the more frequently he is going to the hospital because the risk of getting hurt by some equipment and joint problem may have significant contribution to the exercise. Some pitfalls of this study is we did not provide the alternative model for comparison such as binomial distribution model, and there is no marginal effect of each variable.
Nonparametric and Semiparametric Regression Analysis of Group Testing Samples
Authors: Li Mingyu , Xie Minge
Published: October 2012

This paper develops a general methodology of nonparametric and semiparametric regression for group testing data, relating group testing responses to covariates at individual level. We fit nonparametric and semiparametric models and obtain estimators of the parameters and the nonparametric regression function by maximizing penalized likelihood function. For implementation, we develop a modified EM algorithm with individual responses as complete data and observed group testing responses as observed data. Numerical results based on simulations and chlamydia data collected in a Nebraska study show that our estimation methods perform well for estimating both the individual probability of positive outcome and the prevalence rate in the population
Modified McNemar Test
Authors: Oyeka I. C.
Published: October 2012

This paper proposes and presents a test statistic that intrinsically and structurally adjusts the usual McNemar test statistic for the possible presence of tied responses between the paired populations of cases and control subjects that may be measurements on any scale. The method also enables the researcher readily estimates not only the chances that among a random selected pair of case and control subjects the case responds positive and the control responds negative, or the case responds negative and the control responds positive, but also even when both case and control subjects have similar responses, it enables one easily estimate the probability that both respond positive or both respond negative. The proposed method, which is shown to be relatively more efficient and hence likely to be more powerful than the usual McNemar test statistic is illustrated with some data
TRPM7 and TRPM8 Ion Channels in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Potential Roles as Cancer Biomarkers and Targets
Authors: Yee Nelson S. , Chan Ada S. , Yee Julian D. , Yee Rosemary K.
Published: October 2012

Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are essential for normal functions and health by acting as molecular sensors and transducing various stimuli into cellular and physiological responses. Growing evidence has revealed that TRP ion channels play important roles in a wide range of human diseases, including malignancies. In light of recent discoveries, it has been found that TRP melastatin-subfamily members, TRPM7 and TRPM8, are required for normal and cancerous development of exocrine pancreas. We are currently investigating the mechanisms which mediate the functional roles of TRPM7 and TRPM8 and attempting to develop these ion channels as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets for achieving the goal of personalized therapy in pancreatic cancer.
Contribution ofα- andβ-Adrenergic Mechanisms to the Development of Pulmonary Edema
Authors: Rassler Beate
Published: October 2012

Endogenous or exogenous catecholamines can induce pulmonary edema (PE). This may occur in human pathologic conditions such as in pheochromocytoma or in neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) but can also be provoked after experimental administration of adrenergic agonists. PE can result from stimulation with different types of adrenergic stimulation. With -adrenergic treatment, it develops more rapidly, is more severe with abundant protein-rich fluid in the alveolar space, and is accompanied by strong generalized inflammation in the lung. Similar detrimental effects of -adrenergic stimulation have repeatedly been described and are considered to play a pivotal role in NPE or in PE in patients with pheochromocytoma. Although -adrenergic agonists have often been reported to prevent or attenuate PE by enhancing alveolar fluid clearance, PE may also be induced by -adrenergic treatment as can be observed in tocolysis. In experimental models, infusion of -adrenergic agonists induces less severe PE than -adrenergic stimulation. The present paper addresses the current understanding of the possible contribution of - and -adrenergic pathways to the development of PE.
Roughness effect on the efficiency of dimer antenna based biosensor
Authors: Barchiesi D. , Kessentini S.
Published: October 2012

The fabrication process of nanodevices is continually improved. However, most of the nanodevices, such as biosensors present rough surfaces with mean roughness of some nanometers even if the deposition rate of material is more controlled. The effect of roughness on performance of biosensors was fully addressed for plane biosensors and gratings, but rarely addressed for biosensors based on Local Plasmon Resonance. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate numerically the influence of nanometric roughness on the efficiency of a dimer nano-biosensor (two levels of roughness are considered). Therefore, we propose a general numerical method, that can be applied to any other nanometric shape, to take into account the roughness in a three dimensional model. The study focuses on both the far-field, which corresponds to the experimental detected data, and the near-field, responsible for exciting and then detecting biological molecules. The results suggest that the biosensor efficiency is highly sensitive to the surface roughness. The roughness can produce important shifts of the extinction efficiency peak and a decrease of its amplitude resulting from changes in the distribution of near-field and absorbed electric field intensities.
Synthesis of polymers from chiral monomers in chiral liquid crystals
Authors: Ohkawa Satoshi , Yang Fan , Kawabata Kohsuke , Goto Hiromasa
Published: October 2012

Polymer prepared from a monomer ((S)‐configuration at stereogenic center) in a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) medium consisting of chiral molecules in (R)‐configuration, a three‐dimensional (3D) chiral continuum, exhibits intense Cotton effect compared to polymer prepared in the CLC with (S)‐configuration. This result can be explained by intermolecular interaction between the monomer and the CLC medium in the polymerization process. The intramolecular twisted structure along the polymer chain (secondary structure) and the helical aggregation between the polymer chains (intermolecular structure and tertiary structure) induced by the liquid crystal medium as 3D chiral continuum are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Gene‐carried chitosan‐linked polyethylenimine induced high gene transfection efficiency on dendritic cells
Authors: Chen Yu‐Zhe , Yao Xing‐Lei , Ruan Gui‐Xin , Zhao Qing‐Qing , Tang Gu‐Ping , Tabata Yasuhiko , Gao Jian‐Qing
Published: October 2012

A dendritic cell (DC) networking system has become an attractive approach in cancer immunotherapy. Successful DC gene engineering depends on the development of transgene vectors. A cationic polymer, chitosan‐linked polyethylenimine (PEI) (CP), possessing the advantages of both PEI and chitosan, has been applied in nonviral transfection of DCs. Physicochemical evaluation showed that CP/DNA complexes could form cationic nanoparticles. Compared with DCs transfected with commercial reagent, Lipofectamine2000, it showed higher transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity when DCs were transfected with CP/DNA complexes. A nuclear trafficking observation of CP/DNA complexes by a confocal laser scanning microscope further revealed that the CP could help DNA enter into the cytoplasm and finally into the nucleus of a DC. Finally, vaccination of DCs transfected with CP/DNA encoding gp100 slightly improved resistance to the B16BL6 melanoma challenge. This is the first report that CP polymer is used as a nonviral vector for DC gene delivery and DC vaccine. Essentially, these results might be helpful to design a promising nonviral vector for DC gene delivery.
Comparison of 30-day, 90-day and in-hospital postoperative mortality for eight different cancer types (Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1149–1154)
Authors: Ganti S , Hadad S
Published: October 2012

No
Modulation of Golgi‐associated microtubule nucleation throughout the cell cycle
Authors: Maia Ana Rita Ramada , Zhu Xiaodong , Miller Paul , Gu Guoqiang , Maiato Helder , Kaverina Irina
Published: October 2012

A microtubule (MT) subpopulation that emanates from Golgi membrane has been recently shown to comprise a significant part of MT network in interphase cells. In this study, we address whether Golgi membrane, which is being extensively remodeled throughout the cell cycle, retains its ability to nucleate MTs at diverse cell cycle stages. Live cell imaging and immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that Golgi‐derived MTs form at multiple stages of the cell cycle, including G1, G2, and distinct phases of mitosis. However, the capacity of Golgi to nucleate MTs in mitosis is strongly down‐regulated as compared with interphase, indicating that this property is cell cycle regulated. We demonstrate that Golgi‐derived MTs are indispensable for efficient Golgi assembly in telophase, and speculate that these noncentrosomal MTs may hold specific functions at other cell cycle stages. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Comparing contractile apparatus‐driven cytokinesis mechanisms across kingdoms
Authors: Balasubramanian Mohan K. , Srinivasan Ramanujam , Huang Yinyi , Ng Kian‐Hong
Published: October 2012

Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle during which a cell physically divides into two daughters through the assembly of new membranes (and cell wall in some cases) between the forming daughters. New membrane assembly can either proceed centripetally behind a contractile apparatus, as in the case of prokaryotes, archaea, fungi, and animals or expand centrifugally, as in the case of higher plants. In this article, we compare the mechanisms of cytokinesis in diverse organisms dividing through the use of a contractile apparatus. While an actomyosin ring participates in cytokinesis in almost all centripetally dividing eukaryotes, the majority of bacteria and archaea (except Crenarchaea) divide using a ring composed of the tubulin‐related protein FtsZ. Curiously, despite molecular conservation of the division machinery components, division site placement and its cell cycle regulation occur by a variety of unrelated mechanisms even among organisms from the same kingdom. While molecular motors and cytoskeletal polymer dynamics contribute to force generation during eukaryotic cytokinesis, cytoskeletal polymer dynamics alone appears to be sufficient for force generation during prokaryotic cytokinesis. Intriguingly, there are life forms on this planet that appear to lack molecules currently known to participate in cytokinesis and how these cells perform cytokinesis remains a mystery waiting to be unravelled. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Motifs insights from engineering systems architectures
Authors: Shaja A. S. , Sudhakar K.
Published: October 2012

“Network Motifs” is a research area in “Network Science” which has captured the attention of many researchers. Complex biological and social networks have displayed presence of some triad motifs far in excess (or short) of their expected values. Some of these over(under)‐represented motifs have explained the basic functionality of systems, for example, in the sensory transcription networks of biology, over‐represented motifs are shown to perform signal processing tasks. This suggests purposeful, selective retention of these motifs in the studied biological systems. Another interesting feature is the high correlation of triad motif significance profiles (MSPs) of all systems that belong to a family of naturally grouped systems, thereby suggesting that all the systems in a family have the same function to perform and hence the correlation. Engineering systems also display over(under)‐represented motifs. The MSPs of a family of naturally grouped engineering systems show high correlation. Unlike biological and social networks, engineering systems are designed by humans and offer an opportunity for investigation based on known design rules. We show that over(under)‐represented motifs in engineering systems are not purposefully retained/avoided to perform functions but are a natural consequence of design by decomposition. We also discover that naturally grouped systems have remarkably correlated in(out) degree distribution across nodes resulting in a high correlation in MSP. Therefore, we argue that the idea of network motifs has no significance in engineering systems (unlike biological and other evolutionary systems), and we caution the engineering research community to be careful while drawing conclusions based on network motifs. We report a remarkable correlation of in(out) degree distribution of systems within a family of engineering systems. We further show that biological and social networks also display signs of decomposition. They also show a high correlation of in–out degree distribution of nodes for systems within a family. This opens up an interesting opportunity to investigate these systems through their observed decomposition. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012
Human mesenchymal stem cells: From immunophenotyping by flow cytometry to clinical applications
Authors: Nery Arthur A. , Nascimento Isis C. , Glaser Talita , Bassaneze Vinicius , Krieger José E. , Ulrich Henning
Published: October 2012

Modern medicine will unequivocally include regenerative medicine as a major breakthrough in the re‐establishment of damaged or lost tissues due to degenerative diseases or injury. In this scenario, millions of patients worldwide can have their quality of life improved by stem cell implantation coupled with endogenous secretion or administration of survival and differentiation promoting factors. Large efforts, relying mostly on flow cytometry and imaging techniques, have been put into cell isolation, immunophenotyping, and studies of differentiation properties of stem cells of diverse origins. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are particularly relevant for therapy due to their simplicity of isolation. A minimal phenotypic pattern for the identification of MSCs cells requires them to be immunopositive for CD73, CD90, and CD105 expression, while being negative for CD34, CD45, and HLA‐DR and other surface markers. MSCs identified by their cell surface marker expression pattern can be readily purified from patient's bone marrow and adipose tissues. Following expansion and/or predifferentiation into a desired tissue type, stem cells can be reimplanted for tissue repair in the same patient, virtually eliminating rejection problems. Transplantation of MSCs is subject of almost 200 clinical trials to cure and treat a very broad range of conditions, including bone, heart, and neurodegenerative diseases. Immediate or medium term improvements of clinical symptoms have been reported as results of many clinical studies. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Expression of immune inhibitory receptor ILT3 in acute myeloid leukemia with monocytic differentiation
Authors: Dobrowolska Hanna , Gill Kamraan Z. , Serban Geo , Ivan Elena , Li Qing , Qiao Pengyuan , Suciu‐Foca Nicole , Savage David , Alobeid Bachir , Bhagat Govind , Colovai Adriana I.
Published: October 2012

Background:

The diagnosis of AML with monocytic differentiation is limited by the lack of highly sensitive and specific monocytic markers. Immunoglobulin‐like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an immune inhibitory receptor expressed by myelomonocytic cells and at high levels by tolerogenic dendritic cells.

Methods:

Using flow cytometry, we analyzed the expression of ILT3 in 37 patients with AML and 20 patients with no detectable disease.

Results:

We showed that ILT3 was expressed in all cases of AML displaying monocytic differentiation (FAB M4/M5; N = 18), but not in AML M1/M2 and M3 (N = 19; P < 0.0001). Co‐expression of ILT3 and immature cell markers, such as CD34 and CD117, was observed in monoblastic leukemia. ILT3 expression was preserved after treatment in M4/M5 patients with refractory or relapsed disease. ILT3 expression was associated with the presence of cytogenetic abnormalities linked to an intermediate prognosis (P = 0.001). Rare CD45dimCD34+CD117+ILT3+ cells were identified in noninvolved bone marrow, suggesting that ILT3 expression is acquired at an early stage by normal myelomonocytic precursors.

Conclusions:

ILT3 is a highly sensitive and specific marker which distinguishes AML with monocytic differentiation from other types of AML. Testing of ILT3 expression should be incorporated into the initial diagnostic work‐up and monitoring of patients with AML. © 2012 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Structural disorganization of pronephric glomerulus in Zebrafish mpp5a/nagie oko mutant
Authors: Ichimura Koichiro , Fukuyo Yayoi , Nakamura Tomomi , Powell Rebecca , Sakai Tatsuo , Obara Tomoko
Published: October 2012

Background: The podocyte slit diaphragm (SD) is an essential component of the selective filtration barrier in the glomerulus. Several structural proteins required for formation and maintenance of SD have been identified; however, molecular mechanisms regulating these proteins are still limited. Results: Here, we demonstrate that MAGUK p55 subfamily member 5a (Mpp5a)/Nagie oko, a component of the Crb multi‐protein complex, was colocalized with an SD‐associated protein ZO‐1 in the zebrafish pronephric glomerulus. To characterize the function of Mpp5a, zebrafish mpp5am520 mutant embryos, which are known to have defects in cardiac and neuronal morphogenesis, were analyzed. These mutants failed to merge the bilateral glomerular primordia and to form the glomerular capillary and mesangium, but the foot processes and SD showed normal appearance. The structural disorganization in the mpp5am520 mutant glomerulus was quite similar to that of a cardiac troponin T2a/tnnt2a/silent heart knockdown zebrafish, which exhibited circulatory failure due to lack of heart beating. Conclusions: Mpp5a is not prerequisite to form podocyte slit diaphragm in the pronephric glomerular development in zebrafish. The structural disorganization of the pronephric glomerulus in the mpp5am520 mutant is likely to result from circulatory failure, rather than the anomaly of Mpp5a protein in the glomerulus. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interactions between Drosophila IgCAM adhesion receptors and cindr, the Cd2ap/Cin85 ortholog
Authors: Johnson Ruth I. , Bao Sujin , Cagan Ross L.
Published: October 2012

Background: Morphogenetic modeling of tissues requires coordinated regulation of adhesion. For its correct patterning, the Drosophila pupal eye requires several Immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) and the adaptor protein Cindr. Orthologs of these proteins are essential components of specialized junctions of the vertebrate kidney; the Cindr ortholog Cd2ap is essential for the integrity of this structure. Results: Reducing Cindr during fly eye development led to incorrect distribution of the IgCAMs Roughest (Rst) and Hibris (Hbs). Both bound Cindr. Disrupting endocytosis similarly led to Rst and Hbs mis‐localization; our data suggests an additional early requirement for endocytosis in regulating Hbs localization or stability. Finally, Rst and Hbs localized correctly only when in stable membrane complexes and we propose that Cindr anchors these to the cytoskeleton. This regulation likely does not extend to IgCAMs Kin of irre (Kirre) and Sticks and stones (Sns) in the pupal eye; neither interacted with Cindr in in vitro assays. Nonetheless, Kirre and Sns partially mis‐localized when Cindr was reduced, possibly due to interactions with Rst/Hbs. Conclusions: Our data suggests Cindr recapitulates both proposed functions of its mammalian orthologs Cd2ap and Cin85: targeting the IgCAMs Rst and Hbs for endocytosis and stabilizing these heterophilic IgCAM complexes. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) genotypes associated with cassava in East Africa
Authors: Mugerwa Habibu , Rey Marie E. C. , Alicai Titus , Ateka Elijah , Atuncha Hellen , Ndunguru Joseph , Sseruwagi Peter
Published: October 2012

The genetic variability of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) species, the vectors of cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) in cassava growing areas of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, was investigated through comparison of partial sequences of the mitochondria cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) DNA in 2010/11. Two distinct species were obtained including sub‐Saharan Africa 1 (SSA1), comprising of two sub‐clades (I and II), and a South West Indian Ocean Islands (SWIO) species. Among the SSA1, sub‐clade I sequences shared a similarity of 97.8–99.7% with the published Uganda 1 genotypes, and diverged by 0.3–2.2%. A pairwise comparison of SSA1 sub‐clade II sequences revealed a similarity of 97.2–99.5% with reference southern Africa genotypes, and diverged by 0.5–2.8%. The SSA1 sub‐clade I whiteflies were widely distributed in East Africa (EA). In comparison, the SSA1 sub‐clade II whiteflies were detected for the first time in the EA region, and occurred predominantly in the coast regions of Kenya, southern and coast Tanzania. They occurred in low abundance in the Lake Victoria Basin of Tanzania and were widespread in all four regions in Uganda. The SWIO species had a sequence similarity of 97.2–97.7% with the published Reunion sequence and diverged by 2.3–2.8%. The SWIO whiteflies occurred in coast Kenya only. The sub‐Saharan Africa 2 whitefly species (Ug2) that was associated with the severe CMD pandemic in Uganda was not detected in our study.
Sulfate supplements enhance the decolorization of an azo dye acid red 18 in anaerobic baffled reactors
Authors: Boonchayaanant Benjaporn , Wangsaviboon Suppakit , Pungrasmi Wiboonluk , Khaodhiar Sutha
Published: October 2012

This study investigates the effects of sulfate on biological azo dye decolorization in anaerobic baffled reactors (ABRs) using Acid Red 18 as a model azo dye. The ABRs supplemented with sulfate at chemical oxygen demand (COD):sulfate ratios of 2.5 and 0.6 had the decolorization efficiencies of (89.4 ± 3.62)% and (89.9 ± 5.50)%, respectively. These were significantly greater than the decolorization efficiency of the ABR without sulfate supplements that had the decolorization efficiency of (76.7 ± 5.14)%. The primary decolorization mechanisms in the ABR with no sulfate added and the ABR with the COD:sulfate ratio of 2.5 were biological and required the presence of cells. By contrast, the azo dye decolorization in the ABR with the COD:sulfate ratio of 0.6 can occur to a great extent in the absence of cells, suggesting the role of extracellular mechanisms on azo dye decolorization under this condition. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1045–1054, 2013
Co‐development of alluvial fan surfaces and arid botanical communities, Stonewall Flat, Nevada, USA
Authors: Dickerson Robert Paul , Forman Amy , Liu Tanzhuo
Published: October 2012

Arid alluvial fan and fluvial dry wash surfaces in Stonewall Flat, Nevada, USA, are characterized using surface geomorphic surveys, soil pits, botanical line surveys, and varnish microlamination dating techniques. Active and abandoned washes, and active fan surfaces are dominated by primary geomorphic processes of high‐energy sedimentation from flash floods. These surfaces are characterized by bar and swale topography, a lack of stone pavements, soil horizons, and rock varnish. Younger terraces and slightly older intermediate fan surfaces are in transition from primary sedimentation processes to lower energy secondary surface‐modifying processes of sheet wash and eolian transport and deposition. These surfaces are characterized by faint to no bar and swale topography, incipient to moderately well‐developed pavements and soil horizons, and abundant coppices. Old and stable fan surfaces are dominated by lower energy secondary processes and manifest well‐developed pavements, soils, and sparse coppices around widely distributed shrubs. Varnish microlamination dating yields ages of 13·15 ka for intermediate fan surfaces and 25·55 to 86·75 ka for stable fan surfaces. Plant communities co‐developing with these surfaces affect and are affected by both primary and secondary geomorphic fan processes. Relatively active surfaces contain few woody species. Co‐dominance of shrubs and annuals with abundant annuals between the shrubs is characteristic of surfaces transitional from primary processes to secondary processes. Stable surfaces dominated by secondary processes are characterized by woody perennials, with long‐lived woody species inhabiting the oldest surfaces. Feedback mechanisms between early botanical communities and eolian deposition affect coppice and pavement development. In turn, these surface features control both the composition and distribution of botanical communities on older, more stable surfaces. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A ‘well‐balanced’ finite volume scheme for blood flow simulation
Authors: Delestre O. , Lagrée P.‐Y.
Published: October 2012

We are interested in simulating blood flow in arteries with a one‐dimensional model. Thanks to recent developments in the analysis of hyperbolic system of conservation laws (in the Saint‐Venant shallow water equations context) we will perform a simple finite volume scheme. We focus on conservation properties of this scheme, which were not previously considered. To emphasize the necessity of this scheme, we present how a too simple numerical scheme may induce spurious flows when the basic static shape of the radius changes. On the contrary, the proposed scheme is ‘well‐balanced’: it preserves equilibria of Q = 0. Then examples of analytical or linearized solutions with and without viscous damping are presented to validate the calculations. The influence of abrupt change of basic radius is emphasized in the case of an aneurism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
30.2: UD Resolution 240Hz LCD TV Display System with High Speed Driving
Authors: You Bong Hyun , Bae Jae Sung , Park Dong Won , Hong Seok Ha , Saito Satoru , Moon Ju Tae
Published: October 2012

The Ultra high Definition (3840times2160) resolution, 70″ LCD TV with 240Hz frame rate has been developed. A cost effective single bank driving architecture with multi‐chip structure is realized by adopting a vertical quarter partitioned (VQP) and overlap data exchange (ODX) driving scheme. Even though half‐gate two‐data line design (hG‐2D) is adopted to overcome the charging time limitation, scan line overlapping driving scheme has also been implemented to enhance the actual pixel charging performance. The 240Hz frame rate driving technology makes 3‐dimensional display through temporal division such as 3D display of active shutter glass possible. Furthermore, a novel up‐scaling algorithm with inventive single‐frame super‐resolution methodologies has been invented to cope with input display data of FHD resolution.
54.4: Binocular Color‐rivalry Thresholds of Complex Images
Authors: Sun Pei‐Li , Chang Ting‐Yuan , Luo Ronnier M.
Published: October 2012

Binocular color‐rivalry thresholds of 7 types of tone variations are estimated. The results show that the thresholds for luminance differences are much larger than that of contrast and hue. To have a better 3D quality assessment, not only color differences but also between‐eye tone differences must be taken into account.
58.2: Distinguished Paper: Implementation of 240Hz 55‐inch Ultra Definition LCD Driven by a‐IGZO Semiconductor TFT with Copper Signal Lines
Authors: Gong Namyong , Park Chonghun , Lee Junho , Jeong Ilgi , Han Hwadong , Hwang Jeongtae , Park Joonmin , Park Kwonshik , Jeong Hoon , Ha Yongmin , Hwang Yongkee
Published: October 2012

We have implemented a 240Hz 55‐inch ultra definition (UD, or 3840times2160) resolution TV panel using amorphous IGZO TFT. As the resolution and the frame rate of a panel increase, pixel charging time and panel transmittance ratio decrease. Among various data driving architectures, the data single 1G1D driving renders cost benefit, process competitiveness and design flexibility. To apply this driving architecture to a high resolution, high mobility of TFT and low RC delay are required. We suggest a‐IGZO TFT and copper metallization technology as a solution.
65.1: Effective Spatial Resolution of Temporally and Spatially Interlaced Stereo 3D Televisions
Authors: Kim Joohwan S. , Banks Martin S.
Published: October 2012

We measured the effective spatial resolution of temporally and spatially interlacing of stereo three‐dimensional (S3D) televisions at three different viewing distances: 1.5, 3 and 6 times picture height. Temporally interlacing S3D television has significantly better effective resolution at viewing distances of 1.5 and 3 times picture height.