bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer Skills and Prior Experience with E-Learning Courses as Factors that Affect Development of Intellectual Thinking Dispositions in Online Learning
Authors: Bouhnik Dan , Carmi Golan
Published: March 2014

This chapter examines the effect of three preliminary factors among students who participate in online courses: previous knowledge and experience with computers, Internet skills, and accumulated experience from previous participation in online courses, on improvement of thought tendencies according to Perkins', Jays', and Tishmans' tendency theory (1993, 1995). The study includes 285 bachelor and masters students from Bar Ilan University, who participated in asynchronic and synchronic courses broadcasted in the Fully Web system. The results of the study show that two out of the three examined variables presented statistical significance. The study shows that personal knowledge and previous computer experience and Internet skills affect most thought tendencies in various positive degrees. Nonetheless, the variable that relates to previous experience in online courses was not found to affect thought tendencies. The study's conclusion shows that personal knowledge and previous computer experience and Internet skills contribute to the improvement of thinking tendencies, which include intellectual thinking patterns and are significant factors for the students' success in a computerized environment.
Motion Performance Measurement using the Microsoft Kinect Sensor
Authors: Fakhar Maliheh , Behzadipour Saeed , Mobini Amir
Published: March 2014

In this study, motion performance indices based on the kinematics of upper body have been presented and compared to be used in a home-based rehabilitation device. Microsoft Kinect sensor is used to extract and calculate such indices. A set of experiments has been designed and carried out in which, kinematic data of three patients has been recorded. Finally, the selected indices have been calculated, and the results were compared with those of a healthy subject.
Políticas de Estado en democracia: la relación Estado/sociedad como ámbito de construcción de la política
Authors: Guardamagna Melina , Cueto Walter José
Published: March 2014

Partiendo de la afirmación que gobernar es generar políticas, iniciamos hace un año, una tarea de aproximación y discusión sobre el concepto de política de Estado, con el objeto de indagar sobre los límites de esta noción, su sentido y alcance, y la posibilidad de encontrar sus atributos específicos en un contexto democrático. En este segundo trabajo, en la búsqueda por continuar dando mayor precisión al concepto, y partiendo de estas primeras precisiones, nos interesa avanzar específicamente en el análisis del proceso de construcción de una política de Estado en democracia y, en este sentido, dar respuesta a los siguientes interrogantes: ¿cuáles son las características de dicho proceso? ¿dónde seubica el Estado? y ¿cuál es la dinámica de los viejos y nuevos actores que forman parte del mismo y emergen bajo las actuales condiciones sociales? Para ello será necesario discutir la visión estatista e institucionalista tradicional del concepto, y continuar avanzando en la búsqueda de atributos específicos de este tipo de políticas, entendiendo que constituyen objetivos estratégicos en el ámbito de la relación Estado/sociedad.
Arauco, matriz retórica de Chile: símbolos, etnia y nación
Authors: Cartes Montory Armando
Published: March 2014

Durante los años de las independencias americanas, los nuevos republicanos debieron buscar elementos que les diferenciaran de Europa, confiriéndoles, al mismo tiempo, una identidad propia. La religión católica o el rechazo al legado hispano, que eran comunes a todos, no bastaban a este propósito. Se recurrió al pasado “heroico” de los habitantes nativos de los territorios y su resistencia a la conquista como fuente de legitimación, en discursos, símbolos y emblemas. A la vuelta de pocos años, en virtud de varios procesos, se abandona el recurso al pasado indígena. Los elementos étnicos permanecen, sin embargo, subyacentes a los símbolos nacionales actuales. Recuperar su sentido y significado permite poner en valor su importancia en la conformación original de la nación chilena y contribuye a los debates actuales sobre la configuración de un Estado plurinacional en Chile
Stratigraphic and structural setting of mineral deposits in the Brucejack Lake area, northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Davies A G S , Lewis P D , Macdonald A J
Published: March 2014

Upper Triassic to Lower Jurassic Stuhini and Hazelton groups in the Brucejack Lake area, northwestern British Columbia (104B/8) host several precious metal vein deposits and showings. Oldest strata in the map area are Upper Triassic(?) heterolithic volcaniclastic
conglomerate-breccia and sedimentary rocks, overlain by Lower Jurassic(?) sedimentary rocks. This sedimentary succession is overlain by intermediate volcaniclastic rocks dominated by feldspar-amphibole-bearing volcanic breccia. Uppermost rocks are dacitic and include both flows and volcaniclastic
rocks. The stratigraphic succession is intruded successively by (1) plagioclase-hornblende diorite porphyry, (2) plagioclase-hornblende-phyric, potassium feldspar megacrystic porphyry, (3) flow-layered plagioclase porphyry. Field relationships suggest that precious metal mineralization may be
associated with the second of these intrusive suites. Principal folds and associated cleavage overprint precious metal-bearing veins and associated alteration, and likely formed during Cretaceous contractional deformation.
Geology of the Cambria Icefield: regional setting for Red Mountain gold deposit, northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Greig C J , Anderson R G , Daubeny P H , Bull K F , Hinderman T K
Published: March 2014

Lower Jurassic (LJr) Hazelton Group (HG) volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks underlie much of the Cambria Icefield area and host LAC Minerals' Red Mountain Au deposit. They occur with similar Upper Triassic and older rocks in a structural culmination outlined by
the contact between competent felsic and mafic volcanic rocks of uppermost Hazelton Group and overlying, relatively incompetent late Lower Jurassic and younger, westerly-derived clastic rocks. Stratigraphy of Hazelton Group is complex, but locally traceable units show that Lower Jurassic
stratigraphy helped localize mid-Cretaceous(?) structure. The newly-recognized mafic-felsic association in upper Hazelton Group has significant exploration and tectonic implications. Plutonic styles suggest the age and exploration potential of plutons be reconsidered. Genesis of the Red Mountain
deposit has yet to be firmly established, but the main mineralizing event predated regional deformational events, implying significant stratigraphic control and potential in the area mapped, and areas nearby, for similar deposits.
Recent basaltic volcanism in the Iskut-Unuk rivers area, northwestern British Columbia
Authors: Hauksdóttir S , Enegren E G , Russell J K
Published: March 2014

The Iskut-Unuk rivers area contains eight Recent volcanic centres comprising alkali-basalt lava flows, pillow lava, hyaloclastite and cinder cones, including: the Iskut River, Tom MacKay Creek, Snippaker Creek, Cone Glacier, Cinder Mountain, King Creek, Second
Canyon and Lava Fork centres. Lava flows range from 70 000 to ~150 years. The oldest volcanic rocks underlie the Iskut River Lava Flats and the youngest occur at the Lava Fork centre. The lavas erupted from each centre are similar in mineralogy. Most contain plagioclase and olivine
phenocrysts and clinopyroxene occurs as a groundmass phase. Plagioclase megacrysts characterize lavas from a number of volcanic centres, but are particularly abundant in lavas from Snippaker Creek and Cone Glacier. Crustal xenoliths are abundant in Lava Fork and Cone Glacier lavas but less common
elsewhere. Many of the volcanological features are attributable to volcanic eruptions occurring near and beneath glaciers.
Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Tatla Lake-Bussel Creek map area, west-central British Columbia
Authors: Mustard P S , van der Heyden P
Published: March 2014

In Bussel Creek and Tatla Lake map areas, geology southwest of Yalakom Fault reflects northern continuation of the east Waddington thrust belt, with northwest- to west-trending thrust panels thrust northeast during the late Cretaceous. The highest, most
southwest thrust sheets contain Triassic and rare Lower Cretaceous strata. Triassic strata include the Carnian to lower Norian, volcanogenic Mt. Moore formation, and the Norian Mosley formation, a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate nonmarine and shallow marine succession. Central thrust sheets comprise
two Early Cretaceous units: the volcanogenic Ottarasko formation and gradationally overlying Cloud Drifter formation, a succession of shelf clastics containing Hauterivian fossils. The northeasterly structural panels contain the youngest units: a single slice of Albian to Cenomanian marine
turbidites correlated with the Taylor Creek Group; a nonmarine immature sandstone and conglomerate unit correlated with the Silverquick conglomerate; and a volcanic breccia/conglomerate unit correlated with the Powell Creek volcanics.
Field evidence for Early Proterozoic tectonism in core gneisses of Frenchman Cap dome, Monashee complex, southern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Crowley J L , Schaubs P M
Published: March 2014

Early Proterozoic migmatization and deformation were identified in core gneisses of Frenchman Cap dome during recent fieldwork. The principle evidence is that granite dykes which were previously estimated as Early Proterozoic age postdate the oldest migmatitic
and gneissic fabric (S1) in the core gneisses. The dykes and S1 are interpreted as predating the overlying cover gneisses because the dykes, which occur throughout the core, do not intrude the cover. The dykes are deformed by F2 folds, yet they are not transposed into the dominant S2 fabric and are
neither migmatitic nor gneissic. Recognition of S1 and the deformation state of the dykes suggest that core gneisses were less affected by Phanerozoic tectonism than cover gneisses at higher levels. These field interpretations corroborate previously obtained isotopic data. Various rock types from
all levels were sampled for a U-Pb geochronological study that attempts to refine ages of protolith and tectonism.
Geology of Big Bar map area, British Columbia: facies distribution in the Jackass Mountain Group
Authors: Hickson C J , Mahoney J B , Read P
Published: March 2014

The Big Bar map area (92O/1) is situated between the Fraser fault system on the east and the Yalakom fault system on the southwest, and is underlain mainly by clastic sedimentary rocks of the Lower Cretaceous Jackass Mountain Group, as well as extensive exposures
of Miocene-Pliocene Chilcotin Group basalt, Eocene volcanic rocks, Lower Cretaceous Spences Bridge Group volcanic rocks, Middle Jurassic Dewdney Creek Formation sedimentary rocks, Permian to Lower Jurassic(?) Cache Creek Complex, and Permian(?) Shulaps Complex mélange. Geological mapping of
the area has resulted in a more complete understanding of the facies distribution of the Lower Cretaceous Jackass Mountain Group, which here is subdivided into four informal members, including: 1) green feldspathic litharenite facies; 2) polymictic conglomerate facies; 3) massive litharenite
facies; and 4) bedded sandstone and siltstone facies. These facies are laterally and vertically gradational and the group generally fines both upsection and to the west.
The Ice River Complex, British Columbia
Authors: Peterson T D , Currie K L
Published: March 2014

The Devonian (~360 Ma) Ice River Complex, a large, well-exposed ijolite-carbonatite-syenite intrusion in southeastern British Columbia, consists of a feldspar-poor series (ijolite-carbonatite) and a slightly younger feldspar-rich series (melanocratic to
leucocratic nepheline syenite). Melanocratic rocks of the feldspar-poor series contain perovskite, while those with higher silica activity (feldspar-rich series) do not. The feldspar-poor series at Aquila Ridge forms a swarm of northwest-trending dykes with many screens of fenitized limestone. Some
of these dykes contain macrocrysts (6 cm) of olivine, clinopyroxene zoned from chrome diopside cores to titanaugite rims, and phlogopite, consistent with an alkaline ultramafic parental magma. The excellent exposure, favourable mineralogy, and unusual tectonic setting (passive margin) make the Ice
River Complex a prime site for research on the generation, differentiation, and emplacement of alkaline mafic intrusions.
Ground-penetrating radar survey of the Brookswood aquifer, Fraser Valley, British Columbia
Authors: Rea J , Knight R , Ricketts B
D
Published: March 2014

A ground penetrating radar (GPR) study has been conducted over the Brookswood aquifer in the Fraser Valley, southwestern British Columbia. Twelve kilometres of data were collected to assess the usefulness of GPR as a means of characterizing the stratigraphic
architecture of the Brookswood aquifer. Existing well data in the area are compared with the GPR results. Over most of the study area, the signal penetration depth was 10 to 20 m. Strong reflections are visible from the water table and from lithological contacts identified from well data. Smaller
scale reflections provide information about the spatial heterogeneity within stratigraphic units (e.g., large scale crossbedding). One three-dimensional survey (50 m x 25 m) was conducted and the data displayed using 3-D visualization techniques. The 3-D data set is a useful means of illustrating
the geometry of sedimentary structures and potential anisotropy in aquifers.
Two centimetre-level Global Positioning System surveys of intertidal habitat, Fraser River delta, British Columbia
Authors: Aitken J A , Feeney T D
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this study was to establish a highly accurate surveying method suited to delta habitats. A four day survey in the lower Fraser River delta employed Global Positioning System (GPS) survey techniques and Canadian Coast Guard Search and Rescue
hovercraft. The survey was conducted in two parts: elevation data were obtained in twelve transects between Iona and Steveston jetties and a survey in Ladner Marsh used GPS positions to reference vegetation samples. The post processed GPS positions are accurate to 10 cm or less in three
dimensions. This approach is suited for surveying intertidal areas which are difficult to access and are not represented on bathymetric and topographic maps in detail.
Regional geology of the Cardston map area, Alberta
Authors: Lebel D
Published: March 2014

Regional mapping of the Cardston area has recognized the southern extension of several new Upper Cretaceous stratigraphic units recently defined in the Crowsnest Pass area. They comprise the Lees Lake, Burmis and Pakowki formations (Alberta Group) and the
Connelly Creek, Lundbreck and Drywood Creek formations (Belly River Group). The eastern edge of the Rocky Mountain Foothills underlies the Cardston area. The Foothills in this area consist of a series of southwest-dipping, northeast-verging thrust faults deforming Upper Cretaceous strata. Although
no major southwest-verging thrust fault was mapped near the edge of the Foothills belt, structural relationships observed on some outcrops and at the regional scale suggest the presence of a triangle zone with a complex kinematic history.
Nadsat: The oscillation between reader immersion and repulsion
Authors: Ravyse Natasha E.
Published: March 2014

This article explores the oscillation between immersion and repulsion amongst readers of A clockwork orange by Anthony Burgess. I argue that nadsat, as an invented language, introduces the state of ‘reader immersion’ resulting in ‘flow’ by means of a ‘ludic reading’ motivational structure. Reader curiosity acts as a ‘positive reinforcer’ through the sense of accomplishment felt by mastering nadsat. Reader repulsion occurs once nadsat is understood. Repulsion is induced as a result of the brutality the nadsat narrative communicates. However, repulsion does not necessarily cause the reader to stop reading, but rather acts as a sensationally derived motivation to continue reading. This type of motivation is identified as a ‘negative reinforcer’. Both motivational structures (positive and negative reinforcers) develop the oscillation between reader immersion and repulsion as part of the reading experience A clockwork orange offers. The aim of this article is to discuss the oscillation between immersion and repulsion experienced by readers of A clockwork orange according to the theoretical frameworks indicated above.
A Rare Case of Oropharyngeal Teratoma Diagnosed Antenatally with MRI
Authors: Manchali Murali Mohan , Sharabu Chandrahasa , Latha Meher , Kumar Leela
Published: March 2014

Oropharyngeal teratomas are extremely rare congenital tumors and have an incidence rate of one in 35,000-200,000 newborn babies/neonates. Oropharyngeal teratomas may cause life threatening airway obstruction to a newborn. Early diagnosis with ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is essential to plan management. Here, we present a rare case of oropharyngeal true teratoma diagnosed with MRI antenatally in a fetus at 34 weeks of gestation in a 25-year-old female who was being evaluated for polyhydraminos. We found MRI to be more helpful for antenatal diagnosis, counseling, and management than ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT).
15 Aniversario Scielo
Authors: Crespo Montero Rodolfo
Published: March 2014

El pasado mes de Octubre se celebró en Sao Paulo (Brasil) el 15º aniversario de la Red Scielo (Scientifi c Electronic Library Online) y como plato fuerte de esta reunión, se consumó el acuerdo entre FAPESP Fundación Científi ca Brasileña promotora de la Red SciELO y Thomson Reuters, con la inclusión de la colección SciELO en la plataforma Web of Knowledge (WoK), creándose el llamado Scielo Citation Index, que va a operar como base de datos separado en la plataforma WoK, pero alojado en ella. Tal como ya adelantamos el año pasado, en esta misma sección, este acuerdo abre nuevos horizontes en la misión de SciELO por mejorar la visibilidad de la ciencia hecha en Latinoamérica, España y Portugal. La importancia de este acuerdo viene determinada porque Thomson Reuters facilita el acceso a las revistas más importantes e infl uyentes del mundo, independientemente del formato en el que se publican y elabora el ISI Journal Citation Reports on the Web (JCR® Web) que proporciona un método sistemático y objetivo de evaluar críticamente las revistas de investigación más importantes del mundo. Ofrece una perspectiva única para la evaluación y comparación, ya que acumula y tabula el número de citas y artículos de prácticamente todas las especialidades de las ciencias, tecnología y ciencias sociales, elaborando el famoso Factor de Impacto. Actualmente, no hay ninguna revista española de enfermería, ni revistas internacionales de enfermería relacionadas con el cuidado renal (Renal Care, Nephrology Nursing Journal) incluidas en el JCR.
Huishoudens en persoonlijke netwerken
Authors: Westphal Sarah , Mollenhorst Gerald , Völker Beate
Published: March 2014

Households and personal networks We investigate the association between household arrangements and social network characteristics by using three structural perspectives: social context, time demands, and social support. Evidence from the Survey on the Social Networks of the
Dutch 2007/2008 (SSND; N = 950) best supports the social support and time demands perspectives. While persons living in households with a partner and/or with children generally hold fewer and less diverse ties to household externals with whom they discuss important personal matters; those
living alone have larger core discussion networks with more different contacts. This suggests that those living alone are not less socially integrated than people who share a household with others.
3D GRAY-LEVEL HISTOMORPHOMETRY OF TRABECULAR BONE - A METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW
Authors: Tabor Zbisław , Latała Zbigniew
Published: March 2014

The goal of standard histomorphometry is to provide methods of qualitative description of tissue structure based on image data. Typical measurements include geometric areas, perimeters, length, angle of orientation, form factors, center of gravity coordinates etc. There are well-established procedures for deriving the aforementioned quantities from binary images. However, segmentation of in vivo images of trabecular bone poses a problem which has not been solved yet. Recent years have brought significant developments within an emerging field of “gray-level histomorphometry”. The general goal of gray-level histomorphometry is to provide procedures for measuring geometric areas, perimeters, length, angle of orientation, form factors, center of gravity coordinates etc. without the need for image segmentation. Although the field is not very mature yet, the collected results suggest that this approach opens new perspectives which should not be overlooked by the scientific community. In the present review we summarize the state-of-the-art within the 3D gray-level histomorphometry.
PLANAR SECTIONS THROUGH THREE-DIMENSIONAL LINE-SEGMENT PROCESSES
Authors: Matthes Sascha Djamal , Stoyan Dietrich
Published: March 2014

This paper studies three-dimensional segment processes in the framework of stochastic geometry. The main objective is to find relations between the characteristics of segment processes such as orientation- and length-distribution, and characteristics of their sections with planes. Formulae are derived for the distribution of segment lengths on both sides of the section plane and corresponding orientations, where it is permitted that there are correlations between the angles and lengths of the line-segments.
Mathematical Lens: Math of Steel for Supermath
Authors: Wilcock Douglas
Published: March 2014

The sculpture Synergism, by William Severson and Saunders Schultz, is a stainless-steel structure exhibited in St. Louis (see photographs 1, 2, and 3). It is a series of three nested cubes in which the corresponding faces are parallel. The outer cube is punctured by three overlapping square-based prisms. The vertices of the square base of each prism are located at midpoints of the edges of the outer cube. A second cube attaches within the remaining structure and is similarly punctured, and a third cube attaches within the second and is punctured in the same manner. The outer cube measures approximately 4 meters on each edge. For the purposes of the following problems, we will use 4 m as the edge of the cube.
Calculator Programming Engages Visual and Kinesthetic Learners
Authors: Tabor Catherine
Published: March 2014

A programming activity helps students give meaning to the abstract concept of slope.
Étude corrélationnelle de la production narrative chez des enfants du primaire pour mieux intervenir au préscolaire
Authors: Gagné Andréanne , Crago Martha
Published: March 2014

La production narrative est une variable prédictive de la réussite scolaire et un bon indice du développement langagier et cognitif. Cette étude identifie les corrélats de la performance narrative à l’âge scolaire. Trente-six enfants âgés entre 7 et 9 ans ont effectué des tâches de fonctions exécutives, d’habiletés linguistiques et de narration. Les résultats des analyses corrélationnelles et des régressions multiples montrent que les fonctions exécutives de planification et les expressions déictiques sont des variables prédictives significatives en macrostructure de narration, et que les fonctions exécutives sont reliées à l’utilisation de structures de phrases complexes sur le plan de la microstructure.
L’innovation en milieu hypernormalisé. Le cas des préposés aux bénéficiaires dans les organisations gériatriques au Québec
Authors: Aubry François
Published: March 2014

L’objectif général de cet article est de questionner les modalités d’appropriation par les préposés aux bénéficiaires de programmes innovants portant sur la bonification de leurs pratiques dans le contexte gériatrique québécois. À partir de l’exemple de la formation continue en emploi AGIR, qui promeut de nouvelles compétences en termes d’assistance aux résidents, et après avoir questionné trente préposés aux bénéficiaires à ce sujet, nous montrons que la diffusion d’innovations formatives ciblant les préposés individuellement n’occasionne pas nécessairement, selon ces derniers, une véritable amélioration des pratiques. Nous montrons que la raison de cet échec relatif tient à la non-prise en compte de la dimension collective de la pratique des préposés dans le cadre de la construction et de la diffusion de l’innovation. Nous postulons qu’un tel programme connaîtrait de meilleurs résultats si cette dimension était prise en compte dans la phase d’invention puis de diffusion de l’innovation.
Quel rôle pour les sciences sociales face à l’emprise grandissante du régime de l’innovation intensive ?
Authors: Callon Michel
Published: March 2014

En quelques décennies, l’innovation est devenue un mot d’ordre omniprésent aussi bien dans la sphère marchande que dans la sphère non marchande. Dans le même temps, un régime d’innovation intensive s’est progressivement mis en place et est maintenant dominant. L’objectif de cet article est de montrer les conditions de développement d’un tel régime, les limites qu’il rencontre et les résistances qu’il suscite, pour ensuite considérer le rôle possible des sciences sociales. Dans un premier temps, on montre que l’innovation intensive passe par la singularisation toujours recommencée des êtres et qu’elle entraîne, voire exige, la mobilisation et la participation de ceux à qui elle est destinée. On parle parfois de démocratisation de l’innovation pour décrire ce mouvement. Dans un deuxième temps, après avoir introduit la notion de site de problématisation et analysé la diversité des stratégies qui se déploient dans ces sites, l’article met en évidence que le régime de la singularisation intensive n’est qu’une possibilité parmi d’autres. Il suggère que la recherche en sciences sociales, en choisissant convenablement les sites avec lesquels elle entend interférer, pourrait contribuer à l’émergence et au développement d’autres régimes d’innovation.
La sociologie de l’innovation au service d’une recherche-action. L’exemple des clubs sportifs dans les quartiers populaires français
Authors: Vieille Marchiset Gilles , Coignet Benjamin
Published: March 2014

L’article s’appuie sur une recherche-action engagée avec des clubs sportifs dans les zones urbaines sensibles en France pour questionner l’utilisation de la notion d’innovation sociale par les scientifiques et les responsables associatifs. Une approche systémique de l’innovation sociale est présentée, ainsi que sa pertinence pour comprendre les réalités observées. L’article insiste sur la dynamique relationnelle de l’innovation sociale dans les clubs sportifs, notamment par l’analyse des liens entre sociologues et porteurs de l’innovation. L’appropriation ambiguë par les acteurs de l’innovation, des notions produites par les sociologues est mise en exergue. Dès lors se pose le problème de l’engagement du chercheur et de son intégration progressive dans le processus d’innovation.
A multi-criteria call center site selection by hierarchy grey relational analysis
Authors: Birgün Semra , Güngör Cengiz
Published: March 2014

Facility location selection is a decision problem that takes into consideration both qualitative and quantitative factors and also is one of the most important strategic decisions affecting organizations in terms of business success. Fundamentally, it comprises evaluating a group of alternative sites on the basis of multiple criteria. In this context when alternatives and factors are multitudinous, multi-criteria decision making methods are being used for successful decisions. In this paper the decision problem is exemplified by applying on a part of a project for a call center site selection by using one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, namely hierarchy grey relational analysis, based on application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and grey relational analysis (GRA) methods. The goal of the selection is to determine the most appropriate location among the alternatives. Nine cities given as alternatives are evaluated and compared against human resources, economic and regional conditions including fourteen sub-criteria.
Solving math and science problems in the real world with a computational mind
Authors: Olabe Juan Carlos , Basogain Xabier , Olabe Miguel Ángel , Maíz Inmaculada , Castaño Carlos
Published: March 2014

This article presents a new paradigm for the study of Math and Sciences curriculum during primary and secondary education. A workshop for Education undergraduates at four different campuses (n=242) was designed to introduce participants to the new paradigm. In order to make a qualitative analysis of the current school methodologies in mathematics, participants were introduced to a taxonomic tool for the description of K-12 Math problems. The tool allows the identification, decomposition and description of Type-A problems, the characteristic ones in the traditional curriculum, and of Type-B problems in the new paradigm. The workshops culminated with a set of surveys where participants were asked to assess both the current and the new proposed paradigms. The surveys in this study revealed that according to the majority of participants: (i) The K-12 Mathematics curricula are designed to teach students exclusively the resolution of Type-A problems; (ii) real life Math problems respond to a paradigm of Type-B problems; and (iii) the current Math curriculum should be modified to include this new paradigm.
Advantage of wavelet technique to highlight the observed geomagnetic perturbations linked to the Chilean tsunami (2010)
Authors: Klausner V. , Mendes Odim , Domingues Margarete O. , Papa Andres R. R. , Tyler Robert H. , Frick Peter , Kherani Esfhan A.
Published: March 2014

The vertical component (Z) of the geomagnetic field observed by ground‐based observatories of the International Real‐Time Magnetic Observatory Network has been used to analyze the induced magnetic fields produced by the movement of a tsunami, electrically conducting sea water through the geomagnetic field. We focus on the survey of minutely sampled geomagnetic variations induced by the tsunami of 27 February 2010 at Easter Island (IPM) and Papeete (PPT) observatories. In order to detect the tsunami disturbances in the geomagnetic data, we used wavelet techniques. We have observed an 85% correlation between the Z component variation and the tide gauge measurements in period range of 10 to 30 min which may be due to two physical mechanisms: gravity waves and the electric currents in the sea. As an auxiliary tool to verify the disturbed magnetic fields, we used the maximum variance analysis (MVA). At PPT, the analyses show local magnetic variations associated with the tsunami arriving in advance of sea surface fluctuations by about 2 h. The first interpretation of the results suggests that wavelet techniques and MVA can be effectively used to characterize the tsunami contributions to the geomagnetic field and further used to calibrate tsunami models and implemented to real‐time analysis for forecast tsunami scenarios.
On the relationship of electrostatic cyclotron harmonic emissions with electron injections and dipolarization fronts
Authors: Zhang Xiaojia , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: March 2014

Electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves in Earth's magnetotail have long been considered a potential driver of diffuse aurora. Because of observational constraints prohibiting theoretical progress, however, no consensus on the plasma conditions that enable excitation and observation of these waves has emerged, especially in the outer magnetosphere. Intense ECH waves are often observed upon arrival of fast earthward flows, which in turn are correlated with particle injections, and dipolarization fronts (DFs) in the plasma sheet. Using THEMIS observations, we investigate the relationship between such waves and electron injections, relevant for linear growth rates, and DFs, relevant for wave propagation. We find that >70% of ECH waves are correlated with injections and >50% of the waves are correlated with DFs. The median time lag for ECH wave onsets relative to local particle injection and DF onset is ~500 s and ~60 s, respectively. When ECH waves are correlated with both DFs and injections, injections are observed to occur first, then DFs, shortly followed by ECH waves. We discuss possible mechanisms leading to the intensification of ECH waves under different dynamic conditions, which helps to elucidate excitation of these waves in the outer magnetosphere.
Variability of Titan's induced magnetotail: Cassini magnetometer observations
Authors: Simon Sven , Neubauer Fritz M. , Wennmacher Alexandre , Dougherty Michele K.
Published: March 2014

We study the structure and variability of Titan's magnetotail by analyzing Cassini magnetic field observations from all tail crossings between 2005 and 2013. Titan's magnetotail is strongly affected by fluctuations in the ambient magnetospheric field conditions. Therefore, even Titan flybys with nearly identical trajectories may reveal a completely different location and strength of the perturbations in the moon's tail. Short‐scale variations of the ambient magnetospheric field may cause a “fragmentation” of Titan's magnetic lobes, as also seen in Cassini Plasma Spectrometer ion data. By transforming the magnetic field perturbations detected during all available tail crossings to the Draping Coordinate System, we identified the following general characteristics of Titan's plasma interaction: (1) Perpendicular to the background magnetic field and the corotation direction, Titan's magnetotail is confined to a narrow region with a diameter of about 5 Titan radii. Thus, Titan's tail exhibits a rather “flat” structure reminiscent of a delta wing. (2) The plasma incident upon Titan does not possess a significant velocity component along the Saturn‐Titan line. (3) The nonzero component of the background field along the corotation direction generates an asymmetry of Titan's magnetotail which clearly manifests in Cassini magnetometer data.
A unified theory of microseisms and hum
Authors: Traer James , Gerstoft Peter
Published: March 2014

Interacting ocean surface waves force water column pressure fluctuations with spectral peaks at the same frequencies of primary microseisms (PM), double‐frequency microseisms (DF), and seismic hum. Prior treatment of nonlinear ocean wave interactions has focused on the DF pressure fluctuations which, in the presence of opposing waves, do not decay with depth and hence are dominant in deep waters. For an arbitrary 2‐D surface wave spectrum we integrate over all pairings of wave vectors, directions, and frequencies to obtain a full‐spectrum perturbation expansion including the first‐ and second‐order pressure waves. First‐order pressure waves generate a peak at PM frequencies and second‐order pressure waves generated by obliquely interacting surface waves generate pressure fluctuations at DF and hum frequencies. These pressure fluctuations decay with depth but interact with the seabed in shallow water. As their generation does not require precise wave states, they are likely ubiquitous in shallow water.
Upper mantle Q structure beneath old seafloor in the western Pacific
Authors: Booth Catherine M. , Forsyth Donald W. , Weeraratne Dayanthie S.
Published: March 2014

The Pacific Lithosphere Anisotropy and Thickness Experiment ocean bottom seismometer array south of the Shatsky Rise allows imaging the attenuation structure of the upper mantle in the oldest parts of the Pacific Ocean. The array consisted of eight seismometers with a lateral extent of 200 km by 600 km. Intermediate‐ and deep‐focus earthquake sources in the Mariana and Izu‐Bonin subduction zones provide paths that probe different depths beneath the seafloor. Acceleration spectra from the vertical component of P waves are inverted for the attenuation operator and corner frequency. Pn propagation indicates very high Qp values in the lithosphere, of order 1000, while path‐average Qp values in the upper mantle are on the order of 400. The variety of source epicentral distances and depths enables us to deduce the vertical Qp−1 structure of the upper mantle. Using the amplitude spectra directly in a weighted least squares problem that accounts for the effects of triplications in the traveltime curves, we invert for Qp−1 as a function of depth. We demonstrate that Qp is frequency dependent and adopt a power law dependence with coefficient α = 0.27. We resolve three distinct layers using a reference frequency of 1 Hz with Qp on the order of 145 at depths 100–250 km, Qp on the order of 350 at depths 250–410 km, and very high Qp with attenuation indistinguishable from zero for depths below 410 km. The P waves have a component of scattering, and thus, Qp−1 represents the maximum intrinsic attenuation beneath normal undisturbed oceanic lithosphere.
40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the North China and Yangtze Cratons: New constraints on Mesozoic cooling and cratonic destruction under East Asia
Authors: Wang Fei , Wang Qinchen , Lin Wei , Wu Lin , Shi Wenbei , Feng Huile , Zhu Rixiang
Published: March 2014

Lithospheric destruction of the North China Craton (NCC) is a prominent phenomenon during the Mesozoic, but the timing and process are still in dispute. Furthermore, whether the Yangtze Craton (YTC) was also destructed is controversial. Twenty samples collected from the NCC and YTC were subjected to high‐resolution40Ar/39Ar geochronological and thermochronological studies. Average cooling rates of 450–150°C were estimated, showing that a rapid cooling event (~12°C/Ma) occurred on the NCC but not on the YTC during the Late Mesozoic. Crustal thickness can be roughly estimated by using pure conductive cooling showing that the crust of the NCC in the Jurassic was thicker than in the Cretaceous. Nonlinear cooling histories and cooling rates obtained by using multidomain diffusion theory show that the upper crusts of NCC and YTC had different cooling patterns during the Mesozoic. Combined with the sedimentation rates on the NCC, we argue that lithospheric thinning of the NCC began in the northern portion at ~140–135 Ma and peaked in the central and eastern portions at ~125–100 Ma, at a cooling rate of ~9.6°C/Ma. In contrast, the YTC cooled gently during 200–75 Ma at a rate of ~1.2°C/Ma, implying that the lithospheric thinning did not happen there during this time. Pure conductive cooling suggests that the crust of the YTC in the Late Triassic was thicker than the NCC in the Cretaceous; therefore, we argue that the lithospheric destruction in the YTC might have occurred after ~75 Ma.
Band‐limited topographic mass distribution generates full‐spectrum gravity field: Gravity forward modeling in the spectral and spatial domains revisited
Authors: Hirt Christian , Kuhn Michael
Published: March 2014

Most studies on gravity forward modeling in the spectral domain truncate the gravitational potential spectra at a resolution commensurate with the input topographic mass model. This implicitly assumes spectral consistency between topography and implied topographic potential. Here we demonstrate that a band‐limited topographic mass distribution generates gravity signals with spectral energy at spatial scales far beyond the input topography's resolution. The spectral energy at scales shorter than the resolution of the input topography is associated with the contributions made by higher‐order integer powers of the topography to the topographic potential. The pth integer power of a topography expanded to spherical harmonic degree n is found to make contributions to the topographic potential up to harmonic degree p times n. New numerical comparisons between Newton's integral evaluated in the spatial and spectral domain show that this previously little addressed truncation effect reaches amplitudes of several mGal for topography‐implied gravity signals. Modeling the short‐scale gravity signal in the spectral domain improves the agreement between spatial and spectral domain techniques to the μGal level, or below 10−5 in terms of relative errors. Our findings have important implications for the use of gravity forward modeling in geophysics and geodesy: The topographic potential in spherical harmonics must be calculated to a much higher harmonic degree than resolved by the input topography if consistency between topography and implied potential is sought. With the improved understanding of the spectral modeling technique in this paper, theories, and computer implementations for both techniques can now be significantly better mutually validated.
Evaluating the impact of multisensor data assimilation on a global aerosol particle transport model
Authors: Zhang Jianglong , Campbell James R. , Hyer Edward J. , Reid Jeffrey S. , Westphal Douglas L. , Johnson Randall S.
Published: March 2014

By evaluating quality‐assured Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dark Target (DT), MODIS Deep Blue (DB), Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) aerosol products assimilated into the U. S. Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS), the impact of single‐sensor and multisensor data assimilation on aerosol optical depth (AOD) analysis and forecast skill is characterized using ground‐based Level 2 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data sets during the 2007 boreal summer (June–August 2007). The single‐sensor assimilation experiment suggests that all products tested can improve NAAPS performance on a regional or a global scale. The multisensor assimilation experiment suggests that model improvement is greatest with the combined use of Terra and Aqua MODIS DT products, largely due to data density. Incremental improvements are identified, as a function of data density, over regions such as the Saharan desert when adding MISR and MODIS DB products. The inclusion of CALIOP data is mass‐neutral by definition and has an insignificant impact on the NAAPS 00 h analysis. CALIOP assimilation does improve the 48 h forecast from NAAPS due to more accurate 00 h vertical distribution and hence forecasted advection. Root‐mean‐square errors exceeding 0.1 are found over East Asia and North Africa for both the NAAPS analysis and satellite AOD data, indicating that satellite aerosol products in these two regions need improvement. Similarly, low correlation is found between NAAPS and AERONET over Australia, even with the use of all available satellite aerosol products, suggesting that more detailed examination of some critical regions is necessary.
Adapting to Global Change: Ageing, Urbanisation and Resilience
Authors: Birks Francesca , Prater Katherine
Published: March 2014

With climate change, natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and tsunamis are occurring worldwide with greater frequency. This is at a time when an expanding older population is living in cities, where it is proving one of the most vulnerable groups when a crisis hits, from evacuation to recovery. Here, Francesca Birks and Katherine Prater of ArupForesight + Research + Innovation consider design solutions that enable the liveability of cities for ageing residents in periods of disaster, as well as stability.
Biocompatible Electromechanical Actuators Composed of Silk‐Conducting Polymer Composites
Authors: Romero Isabella S. , Bradshaw Nathan P. , Larson Jesse D. , Severt Sean Y. , Roberts Sandra J. , Schiller Morgan L. , Leger Janelle M. , Murphy Amanda R.
Published: March 2014

Single‐component, metal‐free, biocompatible, electromechanical actuator devices are fabricated using a composite material composed of silk fibroin and poly(pyrrole) (PPy). Chemical modification techniques are developed to produce free‐standing films with a bilayer‐type structure, with unmodified silk on one side and an interpenetrating network (IPN) of silk and PPy on the other. The IPN formed between the silk and PPy prohibits delamination, resulting in a durable and fully biocompatible device. The electrochemical stability of these materials is investigated through cyclic voltammetry, and redox sensitivity to the presence of different anions is noted. Free‐end bending actuation performance and force generation within silk‐PPy composite films during oxidation and reduction in a biologically relevant environment are investigated in detail. These silk–PPy composites are stable to repeated actuation, and are able to generate forces comparable with natural muscle (>0.1 MPa), making them ideal candidates for interfacing with biological tissues.
Particle‐Stabilized Emulsion Droplets for Gravity‐Mediated Targeting in the Posterior Segment of the Eye
Authors: Kim Yoo C. , Edelhauser Henry F. , Prausnitz Mark R.
Published: March 2014

This study tests the hypothesis that high‐density particle‐stabilized emulsion droplets (PEDs) can be designed to use gravity to target specific locations in the eye via suprachoroidal space injection. PEDs contain a core of high‐density perfluorodecalin measuring ≤35 μm in diameter surrounded and stabilized by fluorescein‐tagged, polystyrene nanoparticles that simulate polymeric drug carriers. A hollow microneedle infuses PEDs into the suprachoroidal space of rabbit eyes in vivo, which are later dissected and imaged to quantify distribution of fluorescent nanoparticles within the suprachoroidal space. With cornea oriented upward, such that gravity should move PEDs toward the back of the eye, up to 50% of nanoparticles are in the most posterior quadrant near the macula immediately after injection and 5 d later. With cornea oriented downward, to promote PED movement toward the front of the eye, approximately 60% of injected nanoparticles are targeted to the most anterior quadrant of the posterior segment near ciliary body. Injection of approximately neutral‐density particles of the same size shows approximately equal distribution throughout the posterior segment. This study demonstrates for the first time that high‐density PEDs can be used to deliver nanoparticles to specific locations in the back of the eye, including targeted delivery to the macula.
Fractal Holey Metal Microlenses with Significantly Suppressed Side Lobes and High‐Order Diffractions in Focusing
Authors: Liu Yan Jun , Liu Hong , Leong Eunice Sok Ping , Chum Chan Choy , Teng Jing Hua
Published: March 2014

A fractal holey metal microlens based on finite areas of two‐dimensional arrays of circular nanoholes is reported. Both experimental and simulation results confirm that the fractal holey metal microlens can significantly suppress both the side lobes and high‐order diffractions. The ultra‐thin, planar, and compact design of the fractal holey metal microlenses with excellent focusing performance will benefit many applications such as bioimaging, optical trapping, and integrated optics.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Triazoloquinazolinones via Copper‐ Catalyzed Tandem Click and Intramolecular CH Amidation
Authors: Selvaraju Manikandan , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: March 2014

A novel and highly efficient copper‐catalyzed tandem synthesis of triazoloquinazolinones is explored. The synthetic strategy involves a sequential one‐pot click reaction followed by aerobic intramolecular CH amidation. Two distinct and important transformations were carried out in one‐pot by employing a single cost‐effective copper catalyst. The milder, rapid and ligand‐free reaction conditions as well as a broader substrate scope are the salient features of this novel protocol.

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An Intramolecular Pyranone Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Approach to Cannabinol
Authors: Fan Fangfang , Dong Jingjing , Wang Jinqian , Song Lina , Song Chuanjun , Chang Junbiao
Published: March 2014

The natural product cannabinol was synthesized using an intramolecular pyranone Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction as the key step. This strategy is well adapted to access cannabinol analogues.

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