bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size control of the inner ear via hydraulic feedback
Authors: Mosaliganti Kishore R , Swinburne Ian A , Chan Chon U , Obholzer Nikolaus D , Green Amelia A , Tanksale Shreyas , Mahadevan L , Megason Sean G
Published: October 2019

Animals make organs of precise size, shape, and symmetry but how developing embryos do this is largely unknown. Here, we combine quantitative imaging, physical theory, and physiological measurement of hydrostatic pressure and fluid transport in zebrafish to study size control of the developing inner ear. We find that fluid accumulation creates hydrostatic pressure in the lumen leading to stress in the epithelium and expansion of the otic vesicle. Pressure, in turn, inhibits fluid transport into the lumen. This negative feedback loop between pressure and transport allows the otic vesicle to change growth rate to control natural or experimentally-induced size variation. Spatiotemporal patterning of contractility modulates pressure-driven strain for regional tissue thinning. Our work connects molecular-driven mechanisms, such as osmotic pressure driven strain and actomyosin tension, to the regulation of tissue morphogenesis via hydraulic feedback to ensure robust control of organ size.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
High-endothelial cell-derived S1P regulates dendritic cell localization and vascular integrity in the lymph node
Authors: Simmons Szandor , Sasaki Naoko , Umemoto Eiji , Uchida Yutaka , Fukuhara Shigetomo , Kitazawa Yusuke , Okudaira Michiyo , Inoue Asuka , Tohya Kazuo , Aoi Keita , Aoki Junken , Mochizuki Naoki , Matsuno Kenjiro , Takeda Kiyoshi , Miyasaka Masayuki , Ishii Masaru
Published: October 2019

While the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)/sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) axis is critically important for lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs, S1PR1-activation also occurs in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), including those of the high-endothelial venules (HEVs) that mediate lymphocyte immigration into lymph nodes (LNs). To understand the functional significance of the S1P/S1PR1-Gi axis in HEVs, we generated Lyve1;Spns2Δ/Δ conditional knockout mice for the S1P-transporter Spinster-homologue-2 (SPNS2), as HEVs express LYVE1 during development. In these mice HEVs appeared apoptotic and were severely impaired in function, morphology and size; leading to markedly hypotrophic peripheral LNs. Dendritic cells (DCs) were unable to interact with HEVs, which was also observed in Cdh5CRE-ERT2;S1pr1Δ/Δ mice and wildtype mice treated with S1PR1-antagonists. Wildtype HEVs treated with S1PR1-antagonists in vitro and Lyve1-deficient HEVs show severely reduced release of the DC-chemoattractant CCL21 in vivo. Together, our results reveal that EC-derived S1P warrants HEV-integrity through autocrine control of S1PR1-Gi signaling, and facilitates concomitant HEV-DC interactions.
Diverse deep-sea anglerfishes share a genetically reduced luminous symbiont that is acquired from the environment
Authors: Baker Lydia J , Freed Lindsay L , Easson Cole G , Lopez Jose V , Fenolio Danté , Sutton Tracey T , Nyholm Spencer V , Hendry Tory A
Published: October 2019

Deep-sea anglerfishes are relatively abundant and diverse, but their luminescent bacterial symbionts remain enigmatic. The genomes of two symbiont species have qualities common to vertically transmitted, host-dependent bacteria. However, a number of traits suggest that these symbionts may be environmentally acquired. To determine how anglerfish symbionts are transmitted, we analyzed bacteria-host codivergence across six diverse anglerfish genera. Most of the anglerfish species surveyed shared a common species of symbiont. Only one other symbiont species was found, which had a specific relationship with one anglerfish species, Cryptopsaras couesii. Host and symbiont phylogenies lacked congruence, and there was no statistical support for codivergence broadly. We also recovered symbiont-specific gene sequences from water collected near hosts, suggesting environmental persistence of symbionts. Based on these results we conclude that diverse anglerfishes share symbionts that are acquired from the environment, and that these bacteria have undergone extreme genome reduction although they are not vertically transmitted.
The regulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation in the closest sister group of vertebrates
Authors: Matsubara Shin , Shiraishi Akira , Osugi Tomohiro , Kawada Tsuyoshi , Satake Honoo
Published: October 2019

Ascidians are the closest living relatives of vertebrates, and their study is important for understanding the evolutionary processes of oocyte maturation and ovulation. In this study, we first examined the ovulation of Ciona intestinalis Type A by monitoring follicle rupture in vitro, identifying a novel mechanism of neuropeptidergic regulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation. Ciona vasopressin family peptide (CiVP) directly upregulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (CiErk1/2) via its receptor. CiVP ultimately activated a maturation-promoting factor, leading to oocyte maturation via germinal vesicle breakdown. CiErk1/2 also induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (CiMMP2/9/13) in the oocyte, resulting in collagen degradation in the outer follicular cell layer and liberation of fertile oocytes from the ovary. This is the first demonstration of essential pathways regulating oocyte maturation and ovulation in ascidians and will facilitate investigations of the evolutionary process of peptidergic regulation of oocyte maturation and ovulation throughout the phylum Chordata.
Taste bud formation depends on taste nerves
Authors: Fan Di , Chettouh Zoubida , Consalez G Giacomo , Brunet Jean-François
Published: October 2019

It has been known for more than a century that, in adult vertebrates, the maintenance of taste buds depends on their afferent nerves. However, the initial formation of taste buds is proposed to be nerve-independent in amphibians, and evidence to the contrary in mammals has been endlessly debated, mostly due to indirect and incomplete means to impede innervation during the protracted perinatal period of taste bud differentiation. Here, by genetically ablating, in mice, all somatic (i.e. touch) or visceral (i.e. taste) neurons for the oral cavity, we show that the latter but not the former are absolutely required for the proper formation of their target organs, the taste buds.
Controlling Li Ion Flux through Materials Innovation for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Wang Chengzhi , Wang Aoxuan , Ren Lingxiao , Guan Xuze , Wang Donghong , Dong Anping , Zhang Chanyuan , Li Guojie , Luo Jiayan
Published: October 2019

Lithium (Li) metal with high theoretical capacity and the lowest electrochemical potential has been proposed as the ideal anode for high‐energy‐density rechargeable battery systems. However, the practical commercialization of Li metal anodes is precluded by a short lifespan and safety problems caused by their intrinsically high reductivity, infinite volume change, and uncontrollable dendrite growth during deposition and dissolution processes. Plenty of strategies have been introduced to solve the above‐mentioned problems. Among these, controlling Li+ flux plays a vital role to directly influence the plating and stripping process. In this work, the fundamental effect of Li+ flux distribution on Li nucleation and early dendrite growth is discussed. Then, recent strategies of controlling Li+ flux to suppress dendrite formation and growth through materials design are summarized, including homogenizing Li+ flux, localizing Li+ flux, and guiding gradient Li+ distribution. Finally, underexplored materials are proposed and explored to control Li+ flux and further directions for dendrite‐free Li anodes. It is expected that this progress report will help to deepen the understanding of Li+ flow tuning and morphology control of Li anodes and eventually facilitate the practical application of Li metal batteries.
Nanostructured Substrates for Detection and Characterization of Circulating Rare Cells: From Materials Research to Clinical Applications
Authors: Dong Jiantong , Chen Jie‐Fu , Smalley Matthew , Zhao Meiping , Ke Zunfu , Zhu Yazhen , Tseng Hsian‐Rong
Published: October 2019

Circulating rare cells in the blood are of great significance for both materials research and clinical applications. For example, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been demonstrated as useful biomarkers for “liquid biopsy” of the tumor. Circulating fetal nucleated cells (CFNCs) have shown potential in noninvasive prenatal diagnostics. However, it is technically challenging to detect and isolate circulating rare cells due to their extremely low abundance compared to hematologic cells. Nanostructured substrates offer a unique solution to address these challenges by providing local topographic interactions to strengthen cell adhesion and large surface areas for grafting capture agents, resulting in improved cell capture efficiency, purity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. In addition, rare‐cell retrieval strategies, including stimulus‐responsiveness and additive reagent‐triggered release on different nanostructured substrates, allow for on‐demand retrieval of the captured CTCs/CFNCs with high cell viability and molecular integrity. Several nanostructured substrate‐enabled CTC/CFNC assays are observed maturing from enumeration and subclassification to molecular analyses. These can one day become powerful tools in disease diagnosis, prognostic prediction, and dynamic monitoring of therapeutic response—paving the way for personalized medical care.
Liquid‐Crystal‐Mediated Geometric Phase: From Transmissive to Broadband Reflective Planar Optics
Authors: Chen Peng , Wei Bing‐Yan , Hu Wei , Lu Yan‐Qing
Published: October 2019

Planar optical elements that can manipulate the multidimensional physical parameters of light efficiently and compactly are highly sought after in modern optics and nanophotonics. In recent years, the geometric phase, induced by the photonic spin–orbit interaction, has attracted extensive attention for planar optics due to its powerful beam shaping capability. The geometric phase can usually be generated via inhomogeneous anisotropic materials, among which liquid crystals (LCs) have been a focus. Their pronounced optical properties and controllable and stimuli‐responsive self‐assembly behavior introduce new possibilities for LCs beyond traditional panel displays. Recent advances in LC‐mediated geometric phase planar optics are briefly reviewed. First, several recently developed photopatterning techniques are presented, enabling the accurate fabrication of complicated LC microstructures. Subsequently, nematic LC‐based transmissive planar optical elements and chiral LC‐based broadband reflective elements are reviewed systematically. Versatile functionalities are revealed, from conventional beam steering and focusing, to advanced structuring. Combining the geometric phase with structured LC materials offers a satisfactory platform for planar optics with desired functionalities and drastically extends exceptional applications of ordered soft matter. Some prospects on this rapidly advancing field are also provided.
Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide‐Based Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Yun Qinbai , Li Liuxiao , Hu Zhaoning , Lu Qipeng , Chen Bo , Zhang Hua
Published: October 2019

The rapid development of electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems requires novel electrode materials with high performance. A typical 2D nanomaterial, layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are regarded as promising materials used for EES systems due to their large specific surface areas and layer structures benefiting fast ion transport. The typical methods for the preparation of TMDs and TMD‐based nanohybrids are first summarized. Then, in order to improve the electrochemical performance of various kinds of rechargeable batteries, such as lithium‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, and other types of emerging batteries, the strategies for the design and fabrication of layered TMD‐based electrode materials are discussed. Furthermore, the applications of layered TMD‐based nanomaterials in supercapacitors, especially in untraditional supercapacitors, are presented. Finally, the existing challenges and promising future research directions in this field are proposed.
Vinylogous Annulation Cascade Toward Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Indanone Derivatives
Authors: Bhajammanavar Vinod , Mallik Sumitava , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: October 2019

A base promoted vinylogous annulation cascade of alkylidene malononitriles with cyclopentene‐1,3‐diones with a subsequent reduction sequence has been devised to furnish densely functionalized 3‐hydroxyindanone scaffolds in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivity. Unlike preceding approaches that account for the formation of the pentanoid ring, this strategy features construction of the aromatic ring. The protocol is scalable, displays very broad substrates scope including late‐stage functionalization of bioactive estrone, applicable to activated coumarin system, and is suitable to access an indenoquinoline derivative.

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Biocatalytic Enantioselective Oxidation of Sec‐Allylic Alcohols with Flavin‐Dependent Oxidases
Authors: Gandomkar Somayyeh , Jost Etta , Loidolt Doris , Swoboda Alexander , Pickl Mathias , Elaily Wael , Daniel Bastian , Fraaije Marco W. , Macheroux Peter , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: October 2019

The oxidation of allylic alcohols is challenging to perform in a chemo‐ as well as stereo‐selective fashion at the expense of molecular oxygen using conventional chemical protocols. Here, we report the identification of a library of flavin‐dependent oxidases including variants of the berberine bridge enzyme (BBE) analogue from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtBBE15) and the 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural oxidase (HMFO) and its variants (V465T, V465S, V465T/W466H and V367R/W466F) for the enantioselective oxidation of sec‐allylic alcohols. While primary and benzylic alcohols as well as certain sugars are well known to be transformed by flavin‐dependent oxidases, sec‐allylic alcohols have not been studied yet except in a single report. The model substrates investigated were oxidized enantioselectively in a kinetic resolution with an E‐value of up to >200. For instance HMFO V465S/T oxidized the (S)‐enantiomer of (E)‐oct‐3‐en‐2‐ol (1 a) and (E)‐4‐phenylbut‐3‐en‐2‐ol with E>200 giving the remaining (R)‐alcohol with ee>99% at 50% conversion. The enantioselectivity could be decreased if required by medium engineering by the addition of cosolvents (e. g. dimethyl sulfoxide).

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Transfection with Nanostructure Electro‐Injection is Minimally Perturbative
Authors: Tay Andy , Melosh Nicholas
Published: October 2019

Transfection is a critical step for gene editing and cell‐based therapies. Nanoscale technologies have shown great promise in providing higher transfection efficiency and lower cell perturbation than conventional viral, biochemical, and electroporation techniques due to their small size and localized effects. Although this has significant implications for using cells post‐transfection, it has not been thoroughly studied. Here, the nano‐electro‐injection (NEI) platform is developed, which makes use of localized electric fields to transiently open pores on cell membranes followed by electrophoretic delivery of DNA into cells. NEI provides twofold higher net transfection efficiency than biochemicals and electroporation in Jurkat cells. Analysis of cell doubling time, intracellular calcium levels, and messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNA) expression changes after these gene delivery methods reveals that viruses and electroporation adversely affected cell behavior. Cell doubling times increase by more than 40% using virus and electroporation methods indicative of higher levels of cell stress, unlike NEI which only minimally affects cell division. Finally, electroporation, but not NEI, greatly alters the expression of immune‐associated genes related to immune cell activation and trafficking. These results highlight that nanoscale delivery tools can have significant advantages from a cell health perspective for cell‐based research and therapeutic applications.
Two Photon–Pumped Whispering‐Gallery Mode Lasing and Dynamic Regulation
Authors: Lu Junfeng , Li Fangtao , Ma Wenda , Hu Jufang , Peng Yiyao , Yang Zheng , Chen Qiushuo , Xu Chunxiang , Pan Caofeng , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: October 2019

Realizing the dynamic regulation of nonlinear optical signals has a great scientific significance for the development of new‐type nonlinear optoelectronic devices and expands its application in the field of laser technology, spectroscopy, material structure analysis, etc. Here, two photon absorption–induced whispering‐gallery mode lasing from a single ZnO microresonator with a relatively low lasing threshold (15 µW) and high quality factor (Q ≈ 3200) under ambient conditions is demonstrated. Furthermore, success is achieved in obtaining the dynamic regulation of two photon–pumped lasing mode in the UV gain region. The corresponding resonant wavelength can be tuned dynamically from 388.99 and 391.12 to 390.01 and 392.12 nm for TE33 and TE32 modes, respectively. This work provides a new strategy for building high‐performance mode‐adjustable frequency upconversion lasers.
Circular Trajectory Reconstruction Uncovers Cell‐Cycle Progression and Regulatory Dynamics from Single‐Cell Hi‐C Maps
Authors: Ye Yusen , Gao Lin , Zhang Shihua
Published: October 2019

Single‐cell Hi‐C technology is emerging and will provide unprecedented opportunities to elucidate chromosomal dynamics with high resolution. How to characterize pseudo time‐series of single cells using single‐cell Hi‐C maps is an essential and challenging topic. To this end, a powerful circular trajectory reconstruction tool CIRCLET is developed to resolve cell cycle phases of single cells by considering multiscale features of chromosomal architectures without specifying a starting cell. CIRCLET reveals its best superiority based on the combination of one feature set about global information and another two feature sets about local interactional information in terms of designed evaluation indexes and verification strategies from a collection of cell‐cycle Hi‐C maps of 1171 single cells. Further division of the reconstructed trajectory into 12 stages helps to accurately characterize the dynamics of chromosomal structures and explain the special regulatory events along cell‐cycle progression. Last but not the least, the reconstructed trajectory helps to uncover important regulatory genes related with dynamic substructures, providing a novel framework for discovering regulatory regions even cancer markers at single‐cell resolution.
Superior Lithium Storage Capacity of α‐MnS Nanoparticles Embedded in S‐Doped Carbonaceous Mesoporous Frameworks
Authors: Ma Yuan , Ma Yanjiao , Kim Guk‐Tae , Diemant Thomas , Behm Rolf Jürgen , Geiger Dorin , Kaiser Ute , Varzi Alberto , Passerini Stefano
Published: October 2019

Herein, a Mn‐based metal–organic framework is used as a precursor to obtain well‐defined α‐MnS/S‐doped C microrod composites. Ultrasmall α‐MnS nanoparticles (3–5 nm) uniformly embedded in S‐doped carbonaceous mesoporous frameworks (α‐MnS/SCMFs) are obtained in a simple sulfidation reaction. As‐obtained α‐MnS/SCMFs shows outstanding lithium storage performance, with a specific capacity of 1383 mAh g−1 in the 300th cycle or 1500 mAh g−1 in the 120th cycle (at 200 mA g−1) using copper or nickel foil as the current collector, respectively. The significant (pseudo)capacitive contribution and the stable composite structure of the electrodes result in impressive rate capabilities and outstanding long‐term cycling stability. Importantly, in situ X‐ray diffraction measurements studies on electrodes employing various metal foils/disks as current collector reveal the occurrence of the conversion reaction of CuS at (de)lithiation process when using copper foil as the current collector. This constitutes the first report of the reaction mechanism for α‐MnS, eventually forming metallic Mn and Li2S. In situ dilatometry measurements demonstrate that the peculiar structure of α‐MnS/SCMFs effectively restrains the electrode volume variation upon repeated (dis)charge processes. Finally, α‐MnS/SCMFs electrodes present an impressive performance when coupled in a full cell with commercial LiMn1/3Co1/3Ni1/3O2 cathodes.
Operando Oxygen Vacancies for Enhanced Activity and Stability toward Nitrogen Photofixation
Authors: Hou Tingting , Xiao Yu , Cui Peixin , Huang Yining , Tan Xiaoping , Zheng Xusheng , Zou Ying , Liu Changxi , Zhu Wenkun , Liang Shuquan , Wang Liangbing
Published: October 2019

Photocatalysts with oxygen vacancies (OVs) have exhibited exciting activity in N2 photofixation due to their superiority in capture and activation of N2. However, the surface OVs are easily oxidized by seizing the oxygen atoms from water or oxygen during the catalytic reaction. Here, it is reported that the grain boundaries (GBs) in nanoporous WO3 induce plenty of operando OVs under light irradiation to significantly boost catalytic activity toward N2 photofixation. Impressively, nanoporous WO3 with abundant GBs (WO3‐600) exhibit an ammonia production rate of 230 µmol gcat.−1 h−1 without any sacrificial agents at room temperature, 17 times higher than that for WO3 nanoparticles without GBs. Moreover, WO3‐600 also manifests remarkable stability by maintaining nearly ≈100% catalytic activity after ten successive reaction rounds. Further mechanistic studies reveal that both OVs and GBs regulate the band structures of WO3 nanocrystals, as well as favor the delivery of photogenerated electrons to adsorbed N2 by enhancing W–O covalency. More importantly, plenty of operando OVs induced by GBs generate during catalytic reaction, directly contributing to the excellent catalytic performance for WO3‐600. This work opens a novel avenue to developing efficient photocatalysts by construction of operando OVs.
Making by Grinding: Mechanochemistry Boosts the Development of Halide Perovskites and Other Multinary Metal Halides
Authors: Palazon Francisco , El Ajjouri Yousra , Bolink Henk J.
Published: October 2019

Mechanochemical synthesis has recently emerged as a promising route for the synthesis of functional lead halide perovskites as well as other (lead‐free) metal halides. Mechanochemical synthesis presents several advantages with regards to more commonly used solution‐based processes such as an inherent lower toxicity by avoiding organic solvents and a finer control over stoichiometry of the final products. The ease of implementation, either through the use of a simple mortar and pestle or with an electrically powered ball‐mill, and low amount of side products make mechanochemical synthesis appealing for upscaling the production of halide perovskites. Due to the defect tolerance of lead halide perovskites, they are ideally suited to be prepared by this solvent‐free method. However, the implementation of these semiconductors in high‐efficiency optoelectronic devices requires the transformation of synthesized powder into smooth thin films where still some hurdles remain to be cleared.
Biogas production and microbial community structure in a stable‐stage of a two‐stage anaerobic digester
Authors: García‐Ruíz María J. , Castellano‐Hinojosa Antonio , Armato Caterina , González‐Martínez Alejandro , González‐López Jesús , Osorio Francisco
Published: October 2019

In a pilot plant under the stable‐stage of the two‐stage anaerobic digester, the dynamic of the archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryal community structure was studied as well as their link to performance and biogas production. An effective synergic action between microorganisms was reached since biogas production and particularly methane (CH4) generation, were more than two‐times higher in the methanogenic respect to the acidogenic bioreactor. The α‐ and β‐diversity analyses showed that dominant and rare operational taxonomic units of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms were critical in developing a functional successful anaerobic digestion process. A canonical correspondence analysis showed that acid/alkalinity ratio, volatile fatty acid, and pH parameters mainly affected prokaryotic and eukaryotic phylotypes and a clear positive relationship was found between several phylotypes, such as Methanobacteriaceae, Unknown Thaumarchaeota, Intestinibacter, Coprothermobacter, and Magnoliophyta, with biogas and CH4 production and performance parameters.
There is a Road, No Simple Highway: Musings on Rural Community Practice
Authors: Mohatt Dennis F.
Published: October 2019

The article was delivered as an invited address to the 2019 SCRA Biennial. The author, the 2019 recipient of the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Practice in Community Psychology, discusses the application of community psychology practice competencies to rural mental health practice and reviews the challenges faced by rural and remote residents, and the rural idyllic myth. The author shares musings and observations of key lessons learned from mentors and practice across over three decades.
Stability and uniqueness of clonal immunoglobulin CDR3 sequences for MRD tracking in multiple myeloma
Authors: Rustad Even H. , Misund Kristine , Bernard Elsa , Coward Eivind , Yellapantula Venkata D. , Hultcrantz Malin , Ho Caleb , Kazandjian Dickran , Korde Neha , Mailankody Sham , Keats Jonathan J. , Akhlaghi Theresia , Viny Aaron D. , Mayman David J. , Carroll Kaitlin , Patel Minal , Famulare Christopher A. , op Bruinink Davine Hofste , Hutt Kasey , Jacobsen Austin , Huang Ying , Miller Jeffrey E. , Maura Francesco , Papaemmanuil Elli , Waage Anders , Arcila Maria E. , Landgren Ola
Published: October 2019

Minimal residual disease (MRD) tracking, by next generation sequencing of immunoglobulin sequences, is moving towards clinical implementation in multiple myeloma. However, there is only sparse information available to address whether clonal sequences remain stable for tracking over time, and to what extent light chain sequences are sufficiently unique for tracking. Here, we analyzed immunoglobulin repertoires from 905 plasma cell myeloma and healthy control samples, focusing on the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). Clonal heavy and/or light chain expression was identified in all patients at baseline, with one or more subclones related to the main clone in 3.2%. In 45 patients with 101 sequential samples, the dominant clonal CDR3 sequences remained identical over time, despite differential clonal evolution by whole exome sequencing in 49% of patients. The low frequency of subclonal CDR3 variants, and absence of evolution over time in active multiple myeloma, indicates that tumor cells at this stage are not under selective pressure to undergo antibody affinity maturation. Next, we establish somatic hypermutation and non‐templated insertions as the most important determinants of light chain clonal uniqueness, identifying a potentially trackable sequence in the majority of patients. Taken together, we show that dominant clonal sequences identified at baseline are reliable biomarkers for long‐term tracking of the malignant clone, including both IGH and the majority of light chain clones.
Compulsory income management: Combatting or compounding the underlying causes of homelessness?
Authors: Peterie Michelle , Bielefeld Shelley , Marston Greg , Mendes Philip , Humpage Louise
Published: October 2019

Compulsory Income Management (CIM) is a form of conditional welfare that involves the mandatory quarantining of a portion of welfare recipients’ social security payments. Quarantined funds are accessible via a government‐issued debit card, with restrictions surrounding where and on what funds can be spent. Official justifications of CIM have framed these policies as attempts to combat substance abuse and gambling problems, and to thus secure better outcomes for welfare recipients and their families. Central to this narrative has been the argument that welfare quarantining will ensure more money is spent on ‘essentials’, including accommodation. No existing studies, however, have specifically interrogated the impacts of CIM on housing security. This article responds to this gap in the literature by reviewing existing research concerning CIM's impacts and locating this research within broader debates regarding the causes of homelessness and the efficacy of individualised policy interventions. In doing so, it highlights CIM's potential to exacerbate housing insecurity not only through technical issues such as rental transfer failures, but also by contributing to underlying stressors such as economic disadvantage; relationship difficulties, poor health and addiction; and social stigma. The article concludes that – far from addressing the structural causes of homelessness – CIM has enflamed them.
Calmodulin and protein kinases A/G mediate ciliary beat response in the human nasal epithelium
Authors: Do Ba Hung , Nguyen Thi Nga , Baba Ryoko , Ohbuchi Toyoaki , Ohkubo Jun‐ichi , Kitamura Takuro , Wakasugi Tetsuro , Morimoto Hiroyuki , Suzuki Hideaki
Published: October 2019

Background

Mucociliary clearance of the airway epithelium is an essential function for mucosal defense. We recently proposed a hypothetical mechanism of ciliary beat regulation, in which the pannexin‐1 (Panx1)‐P2X7 unit serves as an oscillator generating a periodic increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). In the present study, we examined the localization of Panx1 and P2X7 at the ultrastructural level, and investigated the regulatory pathway subsequent to [Ca2+]i increase.

Methods

The inferior turbinate mucosa was collected from patients with chronic hypertrophic rhinitis during endoscopic sinonasal surgery. The mucosa was examined by transmission immunoelectron microscopy for Panx1 and P2X7. Alternatively, the mucosa was cut into thin strips, and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured under a phase‐contrast light microscope with a high‐speed digital video camera.

Results

In immunoelectron microscopy, immunoreactivities for Panx1 and P2X7 were localized along the plasma membrane of the entire length of the cilia. CBF was significantly increased by stimulation with 100 µM acetylcholine (Ach). The Ach‐induced CBF increase was significantly inhibited by calmidazolium (calmodulin antagonist), SQ22536 (adenylate cyclase inhibitor), ODQ (guanylate cyclase inhibitor), KT5720 (protein kinase A inhibitor), and KT5823 (protein kinase G inhibitor). Fluorodinitrobenzene (creatine kinase inhibitor) completely inhibited the ciliary beat in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusion

These results indicate that Panx1 and P2X7 coexist at the cilia of the human nasal epithelial cells and that the ciliary beat is regulated by calmodulin, adenylate/guanylate cyclases and protein kinases A/G, and crucially depends on creatine kinase.
Amphoteric superabsorbent polymer based on waste collagen as loading media and safer release systems for herbicide 2, 4‐D
Authors: Xu Shuangfeng , Yin Yanyu , Wang Yaling , Li Xin , Hu Zaiyin , Wang Ru
Published: October 2019

As release formulations, superabsorbent polymers have attracted considerable attentions to reduce herbicide leaching and mitigate contamination. For this purpose, this study dealt with preparation, characterization, and performance test of a novel amphoteric superabsorbent polymer in adsorption and release of 2, 4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4‐D) herbicide. LW‐g‐p(AA‐co‐DMDAAC) was successfully synthesized by using leather waste (LW) as raw material and acrylic acid (AA), and dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as monomers. Then, the resulting LW‐g‐p(AA‐co‐DMDAAC) was characterized before and after 2, 4‐D sorption by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, LW‐g‐p(AA‐co‐DMDAAC) with great equilibrium swelling capacity of 3203 g/g in distilled water, 181 g/g in 0.9 wt % NaCl exhibited excellent performance of swelling. Two absorption peaks appeared at pH = 4 and 7 solely when swelling occurred, and the swelling behavior in pH = 7 satisfied the pseudo first‐order kinetic equation. Moreover, the sorbed 2, 4‐D reached at 68 mg/g and showed sustained release cycle of 45 days under acidic or alkaline conditions. Therefore, the sustained release pattern of 2, 4‐D as well as water absorbency made LW‐g‐p(AA‐co‐DMDAAC) suitable and potential candidate for controlling the release of herbicides to improve utilization and reduce environmental pollution. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48480.
Saccharomyces cerevisae microfiltration performance of polycarbonate membranes containing chitosan‐based polyelectrolyte complexes
Authors: Vale Rayane S. , Paranhos Caio M.
Published: October 2019

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were prepared using chitosan and sulfonated poly(ethylene terephthalate) by the mixture method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the chemical structure, surface charge, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the PECs. To evaluate how PECs affect the water vapor flux and the microfiltration performance, PECs solutions were spread via casting on polycarbonate microporous membranes. The increase in water vapor flux and in the Saccharomyces cerevisae microfiltration performance indicated that the presence of the PECs acts as fixed charges, changing significantly the transport properties of the polycarbonate matrix. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48483.
Influence of modified fiber–MHSH hybrids on fire hazards, combustion dynamics, and mechanical properties of flame‐retarded poly(butylene succinate) composites
Authors: Liu Pengjie , Yue Xiaopeng , He Guangjian , Zhang Xinlei , Sun Yifeng
Published: October 2019

Environmental problems caused by polymers and polymers have historically dominated both academic and industrial attention. Sustainable biodegradable wood‐plastic composites (WPCs) as an optimum can solve the environmentally critical problems caused by petroleum‐based polymers. However, they are flammable, prone to fire accidents, and often have a contradiction between mechanical performance and flame‐retardant properties, which limits their range of applications. Here, we reported a flame‐retarded poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) WPC prepared with modified natural fiber‐magnesium hydroxide sulfate whisker (MHSH) hybrids and intumescent flame retardants (IFRs). The mechanical performance, flame‐retardant properties, thermal stability, and actual fire simulation parameters of composites were investigated. Owing to the unique composition characteristics of modified cassava dregs‐MHSH hybrids, the mechanical properties (70P/23I/5C/2M, flexural strength was 39.2 ± 1.960/MPa, impact strength was 7.95 ± 0.3975/ [KJ/m2]), flame retardant properties (70P/23I/5C/2M, the limiting oxygen index value was 39.6%, UL‐94 was V0) and thermal stability of WPC have been improved. Thereby, the balance between mechanical performance and flame retardant properties of biocomposites has been achieved in the practical engineering requirements. Furthermore, cone calorimeter data indicated that modified cassava dregs–MHSH hybrids played a role in improving the fire safety of composites. The total heat release, total smoke produce, toxic gas release, and total oxygen consumed of 70P/23I/5C/2M were lowered compared with those of 70P/25I/5C. Dynamics analysis indicated that the addition of modified cassava dregs–MHSH hybrids increased the activation energy of composites. Based on the experimental and analyses data, especially the morphological characterization of char residue analysis, it illustrated that modified cassava dregs–MHSH hybrids have a reinforcement and flame‐retardant effect. The combusted residue of the incorporated modified cassava dregs–MHSH hybrids could support the three‐dimensional charred layer formed by the combustion products of the IFR and the PBS. Thus, the more stable three‐dimensional charred layer could not only effectively reduce thermal conductivity of composites but also hinder the propagation of heat into the interior substrate, thereby improving the flame‐retardant properties of the WPC. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48490.
Tough thermosetting polyurethanes and adhesives from rubber seed oil by hydroformylation
Authors: Hong Jian , Radojčić Dragana , Yang Xiao‐Qin , Wan Xianmei , Petrović Zoran S.
Published: October 2019

Rubber seed oil (RSO), extracted from the seeds of rubber trees, is inedible oil with high free fatty acid content. In order to add value to RSO, we prepared a polyol with primary OH groups via hydroformylation/hydrogenation. Free hydroxy fatty acids formed in the process were utilized as reactive diluents, viscosity reducers, and adhesion promoters through hydrogen bonding with the substrate. The structures of the oil and polyol were analyzed using a range of analytical methods. The polyol had a hydroxyl number of 244 mg KOH g−1 and an acid number of 21 mg KOH g−1. The polyurethane prepared from this polyol and diphenylmethane diisocyanate was a highly crosslinked, tough material with a glass transition at 44 °C, high tensile strength and elongation, and attractive electrical properties. When used as a wood adhesive, it displayed extraordinary shear strength characterized by substrate wood failure rather than cohesive failure of the polymer. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48509.
High‐performance thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites induced by hybrid application of functionalized graphene and carbon nanotubes
Authors: Rostami Amir , Moosavi Mehdi I.
Published: October 2019

A hybrid polymeric system containing carbon nanofillers with different geometrical dimensions is proposed for strategic applications, particularly for electrical properties. Two different carbon nanofillers including functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (fCNTs) and functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (fGnPs) were added to thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to prepare single and hybrid nanofiller filled TPU through solution mixing. Sufficient exfoliation of the fGNPs in the single nanocomposites was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, while single filler and hybrid TPU nanocomposites containing fCNTs showed some re‐aggregation of these nanofillers. Linear rheology together with scanning electron microscopy revealed a proper exfoliation and dispersion degree for fGnPs and fCNTs, respectively. We have shown that simultaneous addition of fCNTs–fGnPs in the form of a hybrid system into the TPU made a large surface area available and strong interfacial interactions were formed between the hybrid network and the TPU matrix. This in turn led to electrical, thermal and mechanical properties, which were superior to those predicted by the mixture law. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48520.
Plasticity‐controlled failure of sintered and molded polyamide 12: Influence of temperature and water absorption
Authors: Paolucci Fabio , Peters Gerrit W. M. , Govaert Leon E.
Published: October 2019

The influence of stress, temperature, and relative humidity on plasticity‐controlled failure of molded and laser‐sintered polyamide 12 (PA12) has been investigated. Ree–Eyring's flow theory is employed and modified to take into account the effect of relative humidity on the deformation kinetics. By introducing the concept of critical strain, time to failure in plasticity‐controlled regime is predicted starting from the yield kinetics. Creep test is performed to estimate the critical strain and to validate model predictions. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results, showing that the model is a suitable and reliable tool to evaluate mechanical response as function of temperature and relative humidity. We demonstrate that, while, at high applied strain rates, a significant difference is found, the mechanical response under constant strain rate as well as the failure kinetics in plasticity‐controlled regime of the sintered PA12 are comparable with those of the molded material. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48525.
Updatable colorful display of vector hologram in azo–poly(9‐vinylcarbazole)–TiO2 nanocomposite films
Authors: Kang Lihong , Liu Hongfang , Fu Shencheng , Li Xin , Li Ning , Wu Jiarui , Wang Xinnong , Zhang Xintong , Li Jinhuan
Published: October 2019

Reversible photoconversion can realize multiple utilizations of optical materials, which is essential for updatable display. Azopolymer has the ability of reversible photoconversion benefiting from its recycled trans–cis isomerization. Commonly, introduction of inorganic nanoparticles can improve the optical response rate and holographic reconstruction efficiency of azopolymer. However, aggregation of inorganic nanoparticles in azopolymers is unavoidable, not only aggravating light scattering but also reducing film homogeneity and chemical activity. It is difficult to realize reversible optical conversion in the photochromic material. Here, we use poly(9‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and porous TiO2 to improve optical properties of azopolymer. The spatial dispersion ability of the photosensitive units is increased greatly. Diffraction efficiency of vector‐holographic gratings in the organic–inorganic comodulated film is eight times higher than that without PVK. Erasing ratio of the stored hologram reaches 97.8%. Based on such property, updatable vector hologram reconstruction with different colors lights is realized. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48537.
Redox Non‐Innocence and Isomer‐Specific Oxidative Functionalization of Ruthenium‐Coordinated β‐Ketoiminate
Authors: Kumar Bera Sudip , Panda Sanjib , Baksi Sourajit Dey , Kumar Lahiri Goutam
Published: October 2019

This article deals with isomeric ruthenium complexes [RuIII(LR)2(acac)] (S=1/2) involving unsymmetric β‐ketoiminates (AcNac) (LR=R‐AcNac, R=H (1), Cl (2), OMe (3); acac=acetylacetonate) [R=para‐substituents (H, Cl, OMe) of N‐bearing aryl group]. The isomeric identities of the complexes, cct (cis‐cis‐trans, blue, a), ctc (cis‐trans‐cis, green, b) and ccc (cis‐cis‐cis, pink, c) with respect to oxygen (acac), oxygen (L) and nitrogen (L) donors, respectively, were authenticated by their single‐crystal X‐ray structures and spectroscopic/electrochemical features. One‐electron reversible oxidation and reduction processes of 1–3 led to the electronic formulations of [RuIII(L)(L⋅)(acac)]+ and [RuII(L)2(acac)]− for 1+‐3+ (S=1) and 1−–3− (S=0), respectively. The triplet state of 1+‐3+ was corroborated by its forbidden weak half‐field signal near g≈4.0 at 4 K, revealing the non‐innocent feature of L. Interestingly, among the three isomeric forms (a–c in 1–3), the ctc (b in 2 b or 3 b) isomer selectively underwent oxidative functionalization at the central β‐carbon (C−H→C=O) of one of the L ligands in air, leading to the formation of diamagnetic [RuII(L)(L′)(acac)] (L′=diketoimine) in 4/4′. Mechanistic aspects of the oxygenation process of AcNac in 2 b were also explored via kinetic and theoretical studies.
Cognitive processes predicting advanced theory of mind in the broader autism phenotype
Authors: Green Cherie C. , Brown Natasha J. , Yap Valerie M.Z. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Wilson Sarah J.
Published: October 2019

Little is known about executive functions (EFs) associated with advanced theory of mind (ToM) abilities. We aimed to determine if advanced ToM abilities were reduced in individuals with subclinical traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), known as the “Broader Autism Phenotype” (BAP), and identify the EFs that predicted unimpaired performance on an advanced ToM task, the faux pas test. We assessed 29 participants (13 males) with the BAP who were relatives of children with ASD. Thirteen participants showed reduced ability to understand a faux pas. A discriminant function analysis correctly classified 79% of cases as impaired or unimpaired, with high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (77%), which was best predicted by language‐mediated EFs, including verbal generativity, working memory, cognitive inhibition, and flexibility. Autism Res 2020, 13: 921‐934. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Little is known about the complex cognitive processes that enable accurate interpretation of another person's thoughts and emotions, known as “theory of mind.” In relatives of individuals with autism, who had mild traits of autism themselves, approximately half had difficulty interpreting situations involving a social faux pas. Cognitive inhibition and flexibility, working memory, and verbal generativity were related to, and appeared to be protective for, unimpaired understanding of a faux pas.
Ketone Body Metabolism: Love and Survival
Authors: Bravo Mónica E. P. , Patiño Ricardo S. P. , Almeida José R.
Published: October 2019

The following story tells the details of the ketone body metabolism, focusing on the needs of the brain in prolonged fasting conditions. This literary composition highlights the use of ketone bodies as an important metabolic adaptation that avoids excessive protein degradation and allows for greater survival. The liver produces ketone bodies that are released into the bloodstream and exported to the brain, which then absorbs and transforms them into acetyl‐CoA. These molecules with central role in metabolism generate energy through the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation. This tale is a valuable tool for biochemistry teachers and students because it can help with a deeper understanding of the physiological roles of ketone bodies and their metabolism. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 48(1):82–83, 2020.
The Multilevel Inquiry Approach to Achieving Meaningful Learning in Biochemistry Course
Authors: Anwar Yunita Arian Sani
Published: October 2019

Biochemistry learning in higher education not only aims to allow students to remember the concepts learned, but also to achieve meaningful learning. This study examines the implementation of the multilevel inquiry approach in order to achieve meaningful biochemistry learning. Such as approach begins with a structured inquiry, leading to a guided inquiry, and ending with an open inquiry on topics that are connected to each other. A posttest‐only control group design was employed, with a total sample of 87 students taking biochemistry courses. The control class consisted of 43 students, with 44 students in the experimental class. The variables tested were learning outcomes, practical skills, and attitudes toward biochemistry, while the effect of the implementation of multilevel inquiry on these three variables was analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results show that the class that applied the multilevel inquiry approach achieved higher scores in all three variables than the control class. The MANOVA test shows that the implementation of this approach has a positive effect on the three variables, which represent the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains, and that multilevel inquiry was able to foster meaningful learning in biochemistry courses. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 48(1):28–37, 2020.