bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlling amorphous silicon in scratching for fabricating high-performance micromixers
Authors: Chen Tingting , Cui Licong , He Wang , Liu Renxing , Feng Chengqiang , Wu Lei , Wang Yang , Liu Huiyun , Qian Linmao , Yu Bingjun
Published: July 2023

By controlling scratching with phase differences and post-selective etching, a misaligned sine micromixer was achieved with higher mixing efficiency.
MoS2 and MoSe2 2D nanosheets-based supramolecular nanostructure scaffold-capped Ag-NPs: exploring their morphological, anti-bacterial, and anticancer properties
Authors: Lepcha Gerald , Sahu Rajib , Majumdar Santanu , Banerjee Saikat , Bhowmick Arpita , Sen Samya , Panda Bholanath , Dhak Debasis , Sarkar Keka , Dey Biswajit
Published: July 2023

MoS2 and MoSe2 2D nanosheets-based supramolecular hybrid nanostructural materials were exploited to obtain sunlight-directed silver nanoparticles with antibacterial and anticancer activities.
Preliteracy Skills Mediate the Relation Between Early Speech Sound Production and Subsequent Reading Outcomes
Authors: Mues Marjolein , Zuk Jennifer , Norton Elizabeth S. , Gabrieli John D. E. , Hogan Tiffany P. , Gaab Nadine
Published: July 2023

Purpose:

Learning to read is a complex, multifaceted process that relies on several speech and language–related subskills. Individual differences in word reading outcomes are indicated among children with inaccurate speech sound productions, with some of these children developing later reading difficulties. There are inconsistent reports as to whether phonological deficits and/or weaknesses in oral language explain these subsequent reading difficulties. Thus, it remains unclear how variability in speech production accuracy in early childhood may impact reading development. Therefore, the present longitudinal study seeks to clarify the relation between speech sound production accuracy in kindergarten and subsequent reading outcomes with a focus on additional potential mediating factors.

Method:

Speech accuracy, core preliteracy skills (phonological awareness, rapid naming, and letter–name knowledge), and additional potential mediators (phonological memory and oral language abilities) were characterized at the start of formal reading instruction. Word reading, decoding, reading fluency, and comprehension were assessed at the end of second grade. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine factors that mediate the relation between speech accuracy in kindergarten and subsequent reading outcomes.

Results:

Initial associations between early speech sound production accuracy and subsequent reading outcomes were indicated; however, mediation effects of preliteracy skills (phonological awareness and letter–name knowledge) were identified for word reading, decoding, and reading fluency outcomes. For reading comprehension, mediation effects of preliteracy and vocabulary skills were observed.

Conclusions:

The relation between speech sound production accuracy and subsequent word reading, decoding, reading fluency, and comprehension was observed to be mediated by preliteracy skills, specifically phonological awareness and letter–name knowledge. For reading comprehension only, vocabulary knowledge were of additional importance.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23671491
Carbon–Carbon Bond Forming Reactions in Diazines via Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Bond Activation
Authors: Gramage-Doria Rafael , Bruneau Christian
Published: July 2023

An overview of the key achievements concerning C–C bond-forming processes with diazines (pyridazines, pyrimidines, and pyrazines) and benzodiazines (cinnolines, phthalazines, quinazolines, and quinoxalines) under transition-metal-catalyzed C–H activation is presented. The focus is on examples in which C–H functionalization takes place in the diazine or benzodiazine core because of the relevance of these compounds in material science and as active pharmaceutical ingredients. These metal-catalyzed protocols benefit from the biased reactivity of the C–H bonds targeted or from the presence of a rationally designed directing group proximate to the C–H bond to be functionalized. As such, innovative alkylations, alkenylations, alkynylations, arylations, and carboxylations are accomplished within such skeletons in a step- and atom-economy fashion.

1 Introduction

2 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Alkylation of Diazines

3 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Alkynylation of Diazines

4 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Alkenylation of Diazines

5 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Arylation of Diazines

6 Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Carboxylation of Diazines

7 Conclusion
Subspace recursive Fermi-operator expansion strategies for large-scale DFT eigenvalue problems on HPC architectures
Authors: Khadatkar Sameer , Motamarri Phani
Published: July 2023

Quantum mechanical calculations for material modeling using Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT) involve the solution of a nonlinear eigenvalue problem for N smallest eigenvector-eigenvalue pairs, with N proportional to the number of electrons in the material system. These calculations are computationally demanding and have asymptotic cubic scaling complexity with the number of electrons. Large-scale matrix eigenvalue problems arising from the discretization of the Kohn–Sham DFT equations employing a systematically convergent basis traditionally rely on iterative orthogonal projection methods, which are shown to be computationally efficient and scalable on massively parallel computing architectures. However, as the size of the material system increases, these methods are known to incur dominant computational costs through the Rayleigh–Ritz projection step of the discretized Kohn–Sham Hamiltonian matrix and the subsequent subspace diagonalization of the projected matrix. This work explores the potential of polynomial expansion approaches based on recursive Fermi-operator expansion as an alternative to the subspace diagonalization of the projected Hamiltonian matrix to reduce the computational cost. Subsequently, we perform a detailed comparison of various recursive polynomial expansion approaches to the traditional approach of explicit diagonalization on both multi-node central processing unit and graphics processing unit architectures and assess their relative performance in terms of accuracy, computational efficiency, scaling behavior, and energy efficiency.
Transition from retrograde to prograde drift instabilities in a magnetron microdischarge
Authors: Marcovati A. , Cappelli M. A.
Published: July 2023

Rotating plasma structures, or “spokes,” in magnetized discharges characterized by perpendicular electric and magnetic fields have been seen in a growing number of studies and are believed to be the result of gradient-driven drift instabilities. Under certain conditions, we have shown [Ito and Cappelli, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 211501 (2009)] the spoke’s rotation to be opposite to the E × B direction, i.e., retrograde in its expected direction. Recently [Marcovati et al., J. Appl. Phys. 127, 223301 (2020)], we have linked such counter-intuitive rotation to a local inversion of the electric field. Here, we give further experimental evidence for this inversion and attempt to provide an explanation for a relatively distinct transition seen between retrograde and positive (prograde) drift. In the experiments, a partially magnetized plasma forms inside a magnetron device of ≈10 mm radius operated with argon. Discharge current–voltage measurements are acquired for a range of argon fill pressure and inter-electrode spacing. We find two branches of operation—a low current branch of negative resistance, coinciding with the retrograde spoke rotation, and a higher current branch of positive resistance, coincident with prograde spoke rotation. We postulate that at low discharge currents, high magnetic field confinement leads to a large density gradient, causing more electron transport to the anode than that demanded by the external circuit. At higher currents, anomalous axial electron transport (across the magnetic field lines) becomes dominant, eliminating the conditions for field inversion. The current thresholds for the field inversion are found to be sensitive to the argon pressure and inter-electrode spacing.
Messy assemblages
Authors: Kharbanda Shubhneet Kaur
Published: July 2023

Children’s books often feature toys coming to life and present an exciting interplay between the organic and the inorganic. Relying on the theoretical framework of posthumanism and vital materialism, this chapter explores how the material body of the toy is simultaneously real and artificial, tugging at the binaries by which humanity is circumscribed. My readings of The Velveteen Rabbit, The Indian in the Cupboard and The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane describe the toy stage in the life course of objects. Toys in these narratives upset the boundaries of real/unreal, organic/inorganic, human/nonhuman that were drawn between these categories to validate the supremacy of human subjects.
Exploring animality and childhood in stop-motion animation Prokofiev’s Peter & the Wolf
Authors: Ghosh Kerenza
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents animality as a way to illuminate interconnected relations between children and animals in film through an analysis of stop-motion animation Prokofiev’s Peter & the Wolf (Templeton 2006), adapted from a symphonic fairy tale by Sergei Prokofiev (1936). It argues for animality as a core concept in preserving animal essence and credibility while exploring how animal characters integrate the human and nonhuman. Interdependence between animals and children is considered through notions of “significant otherness” (Haraway 2003) and “childhoodnature” (Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, Malone, and Barratt Hacking 2020). The chapter also examines how the film’s material qualities accentuate its production of animality.
Literature and culture studies in classrooms
Authors: Newfield Denise
Published: July 2023

This chapter is about pedagogy and research. It does two things: firstly, it tells an inspiring story of poetry and culture in a secondary school classroom in South Africa, depicting how the English Second Language classroom was sparked into life by the teacher’s challenge to official pedagogy. Secondly, the chapter analyses the story from postphilosophical and postqualitive perspectives. These enable central features of the pedagogy to be noticed and articulated in ways that are helpful for students, teachers, and researchers. The structure of the chapter follows, to some extent, the experimental approach encouraged by postqualitative inquiry, including a poem as the theory section.
The Phonologie du français contemporain project
in Quebec
Authors: Côté Marie-Hélène , Lamy Hugo Saint-Amant
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents the PFC-Quebec corpus (440
speakers, 400+ hours of recordings) of French spoken in Quebec,
especially its Laurentian variety. After a brief overview of
Quebec’s geolinguistic research, it discusses the methodological
adjustments adopted in the application of the general PFC
(Phonologie du français contemporain) protocol
to a specific variety that diverges in many respects from the French
spoken in other areas. The relevance and potential of this corpus is
illustrated by a dialectometric analysis of a small number of words
whose pronunciation is subject to geolinguistic variation within
Quebec. The data reveal quite complex geophonological structures and
largely, but not completely, converge with the self-representation
data from Avanzi and Thibault
(2020).
Systematic review of health literacy champions: who, what and how?
Authors: Ayre Julie , Zhang Michael , Mouwad Dana , Zachariah Dipti , McCaffery Kirsten J , Muscat Danielle M
Published: July 2023

Health literacy is an important aspect of equitable, safe, and high-quality care. For organizations implementing health literacy initiatives, using ‘change champions’ appears to be a promising strategy. This systematic review aimed to identify the empirical and conceptual research that exists about health literacy champions. We conducted the systematic literature search using MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and PubMed, with additional studies identified by searching references and citations of included studies and reviews of organizational health literacy. Seventeen articles were included in the final review (case studies, n = 9; qualitative research, n = 4; quasi-experimental, n = 2; opinion articles without case studies, n = 2). Using JBI critical appraisal tools, most articles had a high risk of bias. Often champions were not the focus of the article. Champions included staff across frontline, management, and executive levels. Only five studies described training for champions. Key champion activities related to either (i) increasing organizational awareness and commitment to health literacy, or (ii) influencing organizational strategic and operational planning. The most common output was ensuring that the organization’s health information materials met health literacy guidelines. Articles recommended engaging multiple champions at varying levels within the organization, including the executive level. Limited funding and resources were key barriers. Two of four articles reported positive impacts of champions on implementation of health literacy initiatives. Overall, few of the articles described health literacy champions in adequate detail. More comprehensive reporting on this implementation strategy and further experimental and process evaluation research are needed to progress this area of research. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022348816).
Candidate pathway analysis of surfactant proteins identifiesCTSHandSFTA2that influences lung cancer risk
Authors: Luyapan Jennifer , Bossé Yohan , Li Zhonglin , Xiao Xiangjun , Rosenberger Albert , Hung Rayjean J , Lam Stephen , Zienolddiny Shanbeh , Liu Geoffrey , Kiemeney Lambertus A , Chen Chu , McKay James , Johansson Mattias , Johansson Mikael , Tardon Adonina , Fernandez-Tardon Guillermo , Brennan Paul , Field John K , Davies Michael P , Woll Penella J , Cox Angela , Taylor Fiona , Arnold Susanne M , Lazarus Philip , Grankvist Kjell , Landi Maria T , Christiani David C , MacKenzie Todd A , Amos Christopher I
Published: July 2023

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II cells in lung. We evaluated the associations between 200,139 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 40 surfactant-related genes and lung cancer risk using genotyped data from two independent lung cancer genome-wide association studies. Discovery data included 18,082 cases and 13,780 controls of European ancestry. Replication data included 1,914 cases and 3,065 controls of European descent. Using multivariate logistic regression, we found novel SNPs in surfactant-related genes CTSH [rs34577742 C > T, odds ratio (OR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.89–0.93, P = 7.64 × 10−9] and SFTA2 (rs3095153 G > A, OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.10–1.21, P = 1.27 × 10−9) associated with overall lung cancer in the discovery data and validated in an independent replication data—CTSH (rs34577742 C > T, OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80–0.96, P = 5.76 × 10−3) and SFTA2 (rs3095153 G > A, OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01–1.28, P = 3.25 × 10−2). Among ever smokers, we found SNPs in CTSH (rs34577742 C > T, OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.85–0.92, P = 1.94 × 10−7) and SFTA2 (rs3095152 G > A, OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.14–1.27, P = 4.25 × 10−11) associated with overall lung cancer in the discovery data and validated in the replication data—CTSH (rs34577742 C > T, OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79–0.97, P = 1.64 × 10−2) and SFTA2 (rs3095152 G > A, OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01–1.30, P = 3.81 × 10−2). Subsequent transcriptome-wide association study using expression weights from a lung expression quantitative trait loci study revealed genes most strongly associated with lung cancer are CTSH (PTWAS = 2.44 × 10−4) and SFTA2 (PTWAS = 2.32 × 10−6).
The MillenniumTNG Project: the hydrodynamical full physics simulation and a first look at its galaxy clusters
Authors: Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker , Coles Jonathan P , Guillet Thomas , Pfrommer Christoph , Bose Sownak , Barrera Monica , Delgado Ana Maria , Ferlito Fulvio , Frenk Carlos , Hadzhiyska Boryana , Hernández-Aguayo César , Hernquist Lars , Kannan Rahul , White Simon D M
Published: July 2023

Cosmological simulations are an important theoretical pillar for understanding non-linear structure formation in our Universe and for relating it to observations on large scales. In several papers, we introduce our MillenniumTNG (MTNG) project that provides a comprehensive set of high-resolution, large-volume simulations of cosmic structure formation aiming to better understand physical processes on large scales and to help interpret upcoming large-scale galaxy surveys. We here focus on the full physics box MTNG740 that computes a volume of $740\, \mathrm{Mpc}^3$ with a baryonic mass resolution of $3.1\times ~10^7\, \mathrm{M_\odot }$ using arepo with 80.6 billion cells and the IllustrisTNG galaxy formation model. We verify that the galaxy properties produced by MTNG740 are consistent with the TNG simulations, including more recent observations. We focus on galaxy clusters and analyse cluster scaling relations and radial profiles. We show that both are broadly consistent with various observational constraints. We demonstrate that the SZ-signal on a deep light-cone is consistent with Planck limits. Finally, we compare MTNG740 clusters with galaxy clusters found in Planck and the SDSS-8 RedMaPPer richness catalogue in observational space, finding very good agreement as well. However, simultaneously matching cluster masses, richness, and Compton-y requires us to assume that the SZ mass estimates for Planck clusters are underestimated by 0.2 dex on average. Due to its unprecedented volume for a high-resolution hydrodynamical calculation, the MTNG740 simulation offers rich possibilities to study baryons in galaxies, galaxy clusters, and in large-scale structure, and in particular their impact on upcoming large cosmological surveys.
The MillenniumTNG Project: high-precision predictions for matter clustering and halo statistics
Authors: Hernández-Aguayo César , Springel Volker , Pakmor Rüdiger , Barrera Monica , Ferlito Fulvio , White Simon D M , Hernquist Lars , Hadzhiyska Boryana , Delgado Ana Maria , Kannan Rahul , Bose Sownak , Frenk Carlos
Published: July 2023

Cosmological inference with large galaxy surveys requires theoretical models that combine precise predictions for large-scale structure with robust and flexible galaxy formation modelling throughout a sufficiently large cosmic volume. Here, we introduce the millenniumTNG (MTNG) project which combines the hydrodynamical galaxy formation model of illustrisTNG with the large volume of the millennium simulation. Our largest hydrodynamic simulation, covering $(500 \, h^{-1}{\rm Mpc})^3 \simeq (740\, {\rm Mpc})^3$, is complemented by a suite of dark-matter-only simulations with up to 43203 dark matter particles (a mass resolution of $1.32\times 10^8 \, h^{-1}{\rm M}_\odot$) using the fixed-and-paired technique to reduce large-scale cosmic variance. The hydro simulation adds 43203 gas cells, achieving a baryonic mass resolution of $2\times 10^7 \, h^{-1}{\rm M}_\odot$. High time-resolution merger trees and direct light-cone outputs facilitate the construction of a new generation of semi-analytic galaxy formation models that can be calibrated against both the hydro simulation and observation, and then applied to even larger volumes – MTNG includes a flagship simulation with 1.1 trillion dark matter particles and massive neutrinos in a volume of $(3000\, {\rm Mpc})^3$. In this introductory analysis we carry out convergence tests on basic measures of non-linear clustering such as the matter power spectrum, the halo mass function and halo clustering, and we compare simulation predictions to those from current cosmological emulators. We also use our simulations to study matter and halo statistics, such as halo bias and clustering at the baryonic acoustic oscillation scale. Finally we measure the impact of baryonic physics on the matter and halo distributions.
Speckle observations of the binary asteroid (22) Kalliope with C2PU/PISCO
Authors: Aristidi E , Carry B , Minker K , Prieur J-L , Scardia M , Rivet J-P , Bendjoya P , Abe L , Argyle R-W , Koechlin L , Ling J F , Maccarini L , Pansecchi L , Piccotti L , Sérot J , Vernet D
Published: July 2023

We present new speckle measurements of the position of Linus, the satellite of the asteroid (22) Kalliope, obtained at the 1 m Centre Pédagogique Planètes et Univers-Epsilon telescope on the Plateau de Calern, France. Observations were made in the visible domain with the speckle camera Pupil Interferometry Speckle camera and COronagraph. We obtained 122 measurements in February–March 2022 and April 2023, with a mean uncertainty close to 10 milliarcsec on the angular separation.
Spectral and polarization properties of reflected X-ray emission from black-hole accretion discs for a distant observer: the lamp-post model
Authors: Podgorný J , Dovčiak M , Goosmann R , Marin F , Matt G , Różańska A , Karas V
Published: July 2023

Rebirth of X-ray polarimetric instruments will have a significant impact on our knowledge of compact accreting sources. The properties of inner-accreting regions of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) or X-ray binary systems, such as black-hole spin, their disc inclination and orientation, shape, and size of their corona, can be polarimetrically studied, parallelly to the well-known X-ray spectroscopic and timing techniques. In this work, we provide a new spectropolarimetric numerical estimate of X-rays in the lamp-post coronal model for a distant observer, including a polarized reflected radiation from the accretion disc. The local disc reflection was simulated using the codes titan and stokes and includes variable disc ionization as well as Monte Carlo treatment of Compton multiple scatterings. We introduce a relativistic code kynstokes based on our well-tested KY package that accounts for all relativistic effects on radiation near a black hole, apart from the returning radiation, and adds a possibility of polarized coronal emission. We study the spectrum, polarization degree and polarization angle at spatial infinity for various global system parameters and we demonstrate the difference at infinity, if analytical local reflection computations are used. We newly predict that in the hard X-rays the reflected component can be 25 per cent polarized and the total emission can be 9 per cent polarized in the most favourable, yet realistic configurations of radio-quiet AGNs. Thus, the relativistic disc reflection remains important for the interpretation of X-ray polarimetric observations.
Transcriptome-wide profiling of A-to-I RNA editing by Slic-seq
Authors: Wei Qi , Han Shaoqing , Yuan Kexin , He Zhiyong , Chen Yuqi , Xi Xin , Han Jingyu , Yan Shen , Chen Yingying , Yuan Bifeng , Weng Xiaocheng , Zhou Xiang
Published: July 2023

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a post-transcriptional processing event involved in diversifying the transcriptome and is responsible for various biological processes. In this context, we developed a new method based on the highly selective cleavage activity of Endonuclease V against Inosine and the universal activity of sodium periodate against all RNAs to enrich the inosine-containing RNA and accurately identify the editing sites. We validated the reliability of our method in human brain in both Alu and non-Alu elements. The conserved sites of A-to-I editing in human cells (HEK293T, HeLa, HepG2, K562 and MCF-7) primarily occurs in the 3′UTR of the RNA, which are highly correlated with RNA binding and protein binding. Analysis of the editing sites between the human brain and mouse brain revealed that the editing of exons is more conserved than that in other regions. This method was applied to three neurological diseases (Alzheimer's, epilepsy and ageing) of mouse brain, reflecting that A-to-I editing sites significantly decreased in neuronal activity genes.
‘I’m Not a Real Freeter’
Authors: Cook Emma E.
Published: July 2023

In Japanese social discourse, male freeters have variously been understood as lazy and uninterested in working ‘properly’ or victims of a changing employment landscape. This chapter argues that male freeters attempted to distance themselves from the 'freeter' category primarily because of the social ramifications and character critiques that male non-regular employment engenders. In their attempts to prove themselves as responsible men, most drew on alternative labour aspirations and framed freeterhood as just one step on their journey to achieving their labour or lifestyle goals. By mobilising narratives of ganbaru (trying one’s best) and gaman (endurance) these men sought to locate themselves within acceptable discourses of hard work, sacrifice and striving that are also present in the social imagination of full-time labour and which bridge older Fordist ideas of labour and current neoliberal discourses.
Shattered Craft
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

Early photographic processes relied on glass plate negatives, which, when studied closely, reveal cracks and surface fractures in visual images. This chapter studies Julia Margaret Cameron’s photographs alongside the work of Virginia Woolf (who was also Cameron’s grand-niece). In repositioning Woolf as a crafter in her own right, this section highlights her attention to medium and process in letterpress work, knitting and sewing, scrapbooking, and film photography as a continuation of Cameron’s disruptive, fragmentary photographs. In theorizing early wet-collodion plate photography as a glass-based craft, Cameron’s broken glass plate negatives form part of a conversation with Woolf’s antiwar resistance writing. How do images of broken and distorted glass materialize the trauma of war and disrupt linear time? How does looking not just at the images but also at the treatment of the negative surfaces themselves foreground Woolf’s later preoccupation with broken glass as she fights against erasure in feminist and artistic contexts? Through an intergenerational aesthetic collaboration with Cameron, whose archive similarly demands a closer, feminist rereading, Woolf carries forward Cameron’s broken, shattered photographic glass plates as the material basis of her rewriting of linear time in the era of world war.
The Poetics of Pigment
Authors: Elkins Amy E.
Published: July 2023

This chapter turns from textile crafts to painting. Lorna Goodison’s use of pigments and fifteenth-century ink recipes (such as yellow ochre and “Scorched Stone of Peach” black) in her writing and paintings reveals a fascinating art-historical timeline running between the most elemental properties of paint and her feminist, antiracist writing. Goodison studied at the Art Students League of New York in the late 1960s, and her understudied artwork intertwines narrative, place, and complex perspectives on womanhood. Color’s fundamental properties destabilize fixed conceptions of feminist identity even as pigment—sourced from the earth or synthesized from organic materials—situates color in a materially specific, politically deterritorialized history of the land. Goodison and her interlocutors activate painting and its pigments in a manner that gives shape to a range of issues that extends from the political aesthetics of contemporary Jamaican nationhood to the history of artists in the Caribbean—and that gives new power to ideas of deep time in literary studies.
The New ‘Pen’
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

After moving to London in 1875, Lang showed extraordinary industry, turning out leaders for the press, book reviews, poems for periodicals, and stories combining fantasy and science. Lang completed his essays on Aristotle and the translation of Homer’s Odyssey, and became a founding member of the Folklore Society, while planning a major study of the primitive origins of myth. He made many new friends, among them Henry James and William Henley, as well as Edmund Gosse and Austin Dobson, who both shared his attraction to the old French fixed forms of the ballade and rondeau for their verse. Lang’s collection of society verse, XXII Ballades in Blue China, published in 1880, gave him his first taste of celebrity and gained him admirers in America.
A Double Existence
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

The period from 1889 to 1894 brought significant change to Lang’s life. His Gifford lectures broke with the theories of Tylor, Spencer, and Darwin that the idea of God and the ‘soul’ evolved from primitive ancestor-worship, or fear of ghosts, and claimed evidence of belief in a high god, an ‘All Father’ even among the lowest savages. The success of Lang’s Blue Fairy Book, compiled with Nora’s help, led to a series that ran for over twenty years. The Blue Fairy Book appeared simultaneously with Prince Prigio, his own homage to the genre. He and Nora made St Andrews their home each winter, and for the rest of his life Lang lived a double existence, half the year in a small university town, the other half in London. Elected President of the Folklore Society in 1891–2, he sought an alliance between traditional folklore and contemporary investigations of abnormal occurrences by the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) - the starting-point for his own venture into the field of ‘psycho-folklore’. He also went to war with the German analytic critics of Homer by demonstrating that Homer’s epics were single-author compositions, a subject that had preoccupied him since his Oxford days. While preparing an edition of Walter Scott’s Waverley novels, he discovered astonishing facts about Jacobite history and sent transcripts of the material to Stevenson in Samoa to use in a story. Stevenson’s untimely death in December 1894 decided Lang to turn historian.
Unexpected Honours
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

With the new century, Lang’s damaging criticisms of J. G. Frazer’s The Golden Bough, and challenge to Frazer’s theory that totemism had its origins in magic and superstition, made him the target of orchestrated attacks by Frazer’s allies in anthropological circles. Simultaneously, Lang found himself under fierce fire from Presbyterian historians for his criticism of the inaccuracies of Knox’s History and of the darker, violent aspects of the Scottish Reformation. Lang continued to come up with new ideas, pioneering the modern ‘cold case’ or ‘true crime’ genre with his historical mysteries, beginning with an investigation into the guilt or innocence of Mary Stuart in her husband Lord Darnley’s murder. Lang was shocked by Henley’s bitter attack on Stevenson’s character and regretted the growth of press intrusion into private life. He was heartbroken by the death of a younger brother in 1902. Honours came to Lang in 1904. He was made honorary Doctor of Letters of Oxford and elected Ford Lecturer in English History for 1904–5, choosing for his subject ‘Anglo-Scottish Relations’. Faced with competition, Longman’s Magazine ceased publication in October 1905, ending after nineteen years Lang’s ‘At the Sign of the Ship’.
What Is International Relations?
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight pointed out that International Relations was “a new and transient subject” generated by the First World War. It began with a “pragmatic” objective, “almost to be the science of peace” based on the League of Nations. Since the Second World War and the outbreak of the Cold War, Wight observed, “We no longer believe that we are building peace, that we can abolish war, that international problems have solutions, that we can shape events, and that our subject contributes to these illusory ends.… All we aim at is understanding.” This means that International Relations falls short of being a social science but earns the stature of the liberal arts that pursue knowledge for its own sake. In practice the study of International Relations involves a tension between sociological and historical poles, with “no human activity” (including domestic politics) disregarded. International Relations “deals with the lower ultimate of human experience—passion and unreason, violence and deceit”; but its “vision is sometimes extended towards the higher ultimate of human experience; its sky is traversed by a comet like Gandhi.” Wight concluded that “International Relations, more than any other study, is the point at which History and the Social Sciences converge.” However, at critical and unique times in a country’s history “what Kierkegaard called the ‘hic et nunc,’ the existential moment—History is the proper guardian.”
History and the Study of International Relations
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

The knowledge that is of decisive importance for the study of international relations derives from history rather than from the social sciences. To understand Australian foreign policy, for example, “the history of power relationships in the Pacific” is more illuminating than analyses of the country’s sociology, economics, or internal politics. Compared to the contributions of the social sciences, “historical explanation is always a large part of our total attempt” to comprehend international events. Differences in “the numbers and the non-comparability in size of the units of studies” show how history-based analyses of international relations stand apart from studies relying on the social sciences. Procrustean historical comparisons, however, raise questions about “devising any sort of generalization from history.” The “process of generalization” may be “circular”—that is, “we reconstruct past events so that they conform to a pattern derived from other past events: then read off a generalization from this very conformity.” The convictions of Marxists and others who claim to know “where history is going” are “inimical to the study of international relations: there is not much point in constructing a map of the country by painstaking effort, if you believe that you have one already.”
British Policy in the Middle East
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

After the Second World War, Britain withdrew from many overseas possessions and spheres of influence. “No Great Power in history has ever given up so much, in so short a time, so gracefully.” However, Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956 evoked “profound emotion” in Britain. The Suez crisis brought the British back to their foreign policy debate of the 1870s, including the principled protests against Disraeli’s policy. Britain’s greatest material interests in the Middle East were control of the Suez Canal (shares purchased by Disraeli in 1875) and the Anglo Persian Oil Company (shares purchased by Asquith in 1914), both regarded as essential elements of continuing British command of the seas. The settlement in the Middle East after the First World War left London with various responsibilities, including “a general tutelage of the Arab world, and a Jewish National Home.” Both represented a “move out of the field of concrete interests into the more dangerous and uncertain realm of emotions and loyalties.” Britain’s “long balancing act between Arabs and Jews went through three phases”: believing it possible to satisfy both Zionist and Arab aspirations, making concessions to the Arabs, and pursuing incoherent policies regarding Palestine and the establishment of Israel. The pro-Arab biases of the Foreign Office may be attributed to oil interests and anti-Semitic attitudes, among other factors. The Suez crisis is “singularly rich” in irony, including Britain’s undermining its Commonwealth ties and its role as a champion of international law.
Spain and Portugal in The World in March 1939
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

The Nationalists led by Franco won the 1936–1939 civil war in Spain. “With the victory of the Nationalist Government, Spain’s will to empire, her imperial and Catholic mission, became the constant theme of propaganda.” However, Wight pointed out, “the foreign ambitions of the Nationalist Government, when its authority was at last established throughout the territory of Spain, were limited by physical exhaustion and political instability.” Franco estimated in 1939 that “at least five years’ peace were necessary” before Spain could be ready to enter a war supporting the Axis. In contrast with Franco’s alignment with the Axis, Portuguese policy had been based on alliance with Britain since the fourteenth century. “Even after Spain had ceased to be a Great Power, Britain considered it necessary for her control of the Atlantic that Portuguese independence should be maintained under British protection.… Salazar’s policy towards the Spanish Civil War and the Non-Intervention Agreement, approximating to that of Germany and Italy, was in some degree a declaration of independence from Britain. Nevertheless Portugal had no common interest with the Axis. If as a Catholic and authoritarian Power she supported Franco, equally as a Catholic and a weak colonial Power she must fear the rise of Nazi Germany.… Therefore, while signing the treaty of friendship with the victorious Franco, Portugal was concerned to emphasize discreetly her former ties” with England.
Arnold Toynbee: An Appreciation
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Arnold Toynbee’s childhood “fascination of the exotic and the Oriental… determined his interests” and led him to become “the historian who was to teach the English-speaking world that there are other civilisations besides Western… His whole system of history was a fugue upon his classical education at Winchester and Balliol, discovering the pattern of Graeco-Roman history in all other cultures.… His postwar role of prophet was based on a popular impression that he was a sage saying something important about the prospects of Western civilisation. It rested more securely on his remarkable power of foresight. As early as 1915, in his first book, he predicted that if Germany were deprived of the Polish Corridor it would occasion another war. In 1931 he prophesied that the solution of the Palestine question would be partition. In 1934 he foresaw America bestriding a prostrate Japan. Perhaps he never adapted himself to the circumstances of the cold war, and allowed his intuitive grasp of the logic of historical situations to be weakened by his natural optimism. For he combined political insight with political unsophistication. There was a moral directness about his approach to politics. Occasionally it produced political judgments of the highest order, like the splendid philippic against British policy in the volume of the Chatham House Survey on the Abyssinian War.”
Review of Arnold J. Toynbee, Civilisation on Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 1948)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

In Wight’s view, despite Toynbee’s “unqualified appeal to scientific method,” “history ultimately is less akin to science than to the activity of the trained judgment whereby the critic establishes canons in art or literature; and Toynbee’s achievement illustrates this. He always sees man as a free and tragic being, whose destiny eludes the prosaic techniques of the social scientist.… His philosophy shows unresolved tensions between liberalism and Christianity. His profound Biblical culture is literary, not theological.… He thinks geopolitically in historical terms. In a brilliant chapter … he contrasts the Mogul Emperor Babur’s overland world, controlled by the Turkish peoples, with the new maritime world opened up by Vasco da Gama.” In Toynbee’s words, “The revolutionary Western invention was the substitution of the Ocean for the Steppe as the principal medium of world communication.” Wight pointed out that Toynbee “never adequately defines the unit of his historical system—a civilisation. But civilisations, like nations, are facts of experience. Toynbee’s categories … have already become part of the historian’s permanent equipment.… He has insisted, against the established tradition of academic specialisation, that a historian is implicitly concerned with the entirety of human history; and that the standpoints of other civilisations are as valid, and their influence in the long run as powerful, as those of our own. He has effected a revolution in historical perspective like the revolution the aeroplane has made in the map of the world.”
Review of A. L. Rowse, The Use of History (London: Hodder and Stoughton for the English Universities Press, 1946), and R. G. Collingwood, The Idea of History, edited by T. M. Knox (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight found much to praise in Rowse’s study. “He writes sensibly on the utilitarian value of history, whether it is an art or a science, the Marxist interpretation, and historical relativism. His argument is warmed and quickened by a passionate devotion to the embodiment of England’s history in her landscape, monuments and buildings, and to the great masters of English historical literature.” Wight regretted to report that Rowse was “an ill-mannered writer” who “constantly comes between the reader and the book with the assertion of personal grievances, vulgar prejudices, and opinionated irrelevancies about politics and religion.” In contrast, Collingwood’s book offers “a brilliant and penetrating philosophical survey of historiography, from Sumerian chronicle and myth down to Bergson and Croce, Spengler and Toynbee.… The central theme is the struggle which began with Vico and triumphed with Croce, the liberation of history from the bonds of natural science, the assertion of its autonomy as a form of thought with its own principles and its own methods. But Collingwood carried the argument too far, and developed on the philosophical level those extreme claims for history which are offered more prosaically by Mr. Rowse. Working historians themselves are perhaps least likely to accept the final Croce-Collingwood position, that ‘all reality is history and all knowledge is historical knowledge,’ with the relativism and scepticism to which it leads.”
Review of Homer Carey Hockett, The Critical Method in Historical Research and Writing (New York and London: Macmillan Company, 1955), and Geoffrey Barraclough, History in a Changing World (Oxford: Blackwell, 1955)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Hockett’s book, Wight observes, is a valuable guide to scholarly methods in historical research, while Barraclough’s book raises “the big questions” concerning the interpretation of history, such as “what is the observable rhythm of civilization—progressive and unilinear, or discontinuous and cyclic?” Barraclough supports “the cyclic view” and, in Wight’s words, “aptly observes that the transient fashionable novelty is not this theory, today wrongly attributed to Spengler and Toynbee, but the belief in progress which it is superseding.” In Wight’s view, “Barraclough is the first British historian to prove himself capable of rising to Mr Toynbee’s own level and discussing Mr Toynbee’s own theme.” Barraclough underscores “the irrelevance of the word ‘pessimism’ to the cyclic view of history.” Wight takes issue with Barraclough’s judgment on the prominence of the balance of power in international history. “His provocative thesis that the European balance of power was never transferred outside Europe, where the contrary principle of preponderance established itself, misconceives the system of the balance, which is no less apparent in Western dealings with Islam, China and Africa than in Europe itself.” Wight warns that to “alter our historical framework in accordance with political events, as continental peoples rename their streets,” could lead us to “chain ourselves more securely to the tyranny of relativism. The deepest impulse of the historical vocation is the desire to escape from the Zeitgeist, to give a picture of the past that will be more true, in colour, perspective and detail, than any that has been offered before.”
Review of Sir Lewis Namier, In the Nazi Era (London: Macmillan, 1952)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

This book critically examines German memoirs of defeat in the Second World War. In Wight’s judgment, “The collective mental isolation of German political writers, their egotism, their subjectivity in thought, willfulness in morals and incapacity for self-condemnation, has never been more scathingly exhibited than here.… These writers, building a new legend upon long-discredited but unrepudiated German falsehoods about the treatment of Germany in 1919 and the policy of the entente before 1914, are concerned to make out that while they served Hitler they opposed him in their hearts, and that the democracies are more to blame than the German people for Hitler’s coming to power and remaining there. Sir Lewis analyses their inconsistencies and dishonesties with relentless severity and a rabbinical minuteness, and he shows how neither the civilians nor the army disagreed with the ultimate aims of Hitler’s foreign policy. The second part of the book contains essays on the German and British documents for 1937–8, with a review of Coulondre, one of the few actors in the drama of the Nazi Era who earns respect, and a final annihilating attack on Bonnet “as statesman and historian.” … The doctrine that the historian has no concern with moral judgments, and ought not to feel as intensely as Sir Lewis feels against the Germans and their appeasers, is something of an intellectual counterpart to the abdication of political responsibility which was the democracies’ guilt for the war.”
Introduction
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

This chapter sets up the project, the first book-length study of immersion and identification and the Iliad. It begins by providing definitions of narrative, storyworld, and recipient as well as working definitions of immersion and identification, two components of an intense engagement with a narrative. It then reviews the most relevant prior scholarship, and the most important precedents, in Homeric studies and classical studies more broadly: a growing movement highlights affective responses to the epics; this move contrasts with earlier investigations that tended to downplay, not to say ignore, such reactions. A summary of the book’s two parts, divided into eight chapters, follows.
Desire by Proxy
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

Chapter 3 discusses the stereotype of the Jew as rootless, cosmopolitan internationalist. This character appeared in the US with increasing frequency in the late 1850s and 1860s, in story paper narratives, Walt Whitman’s Life and Adventures of Jack Engle (1852), and elsewhere. But the cosmopolitan Jew is displayed with particular force and complexity in Theodore Winthrop’s 1861 novel Cecil Dreeme. The novel features as its villain a worldly, erudite Jew named Densdeth, who is a threatening, malevolent force in the life of the narrator, Robert Byng. But Byng is also inexplicably and fearfully drawn to this same character. The narrative thus takes the form of the “paranoid gothic,” a literary form in which a male protagonist is pursued by a male for whom he has a repressed desire. For Byng, this desire is rooted in Densdeth’s status as exotic cosmopolitan Jew who comes to represent both capitalist rootlessness and, paradoxically, a freeing, even empowering boundarylessness.