bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cutoff points of adiposity anthropometric indices for low muscle mass screening in middle-aged and older healthy women
Authors: do Nascimento Rafaela Andrade , Vieira Mariana Carmem Apolinário , dos Santos Aguiar Gonçalves Rafaella Silva , Moreira Mayle Andrade , de Morais Maria Socorro Medeiros , da Câmara Saionara Maria Aires , Maciel Álvaro Campos Cavalcanti
Published: August 2021

Background

The reduction of female sex hormones causes changes in the contractile properties of muscles as well as infiltration of fat in the muscle tissue. This results in a consequent decline in muscle strength. These changes are related to higher levels of functional impairment and physical disability. In this sense, several anthropometric indices have been used to quantify body and visceral fat. Thus, the objective of this paper is to propose cutoff points for adiposity anthropometric indices in order to identify low muscle mass, as well as to analyze the relationship between these indices and low muscle mass in middle-aged and older women.

Methods

Cross-sectional analytical study carried out in the Northeast of Brazil. The sample was formed by 593 women between 40—80 years old. Data collection included anthropometric assessment (BMI: Body Mass Index – WC: Waist Circumference – WHR: Waist-to-hip Ratio – WHtR: Waist-to-height Ratio – CI: Conicity Index – BAI: Body Adiposity Index – VAI: Visceral Adiposity Index – LAP: Lipid Accumulation Product), bioimpedance test and biochemical dosage. Moreover, sociodemographic data and practice of physical activity were collected. Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, ROC curves, chi-squared and logistic regression were performed.

Results

The participants had a mean age of 53.11 (8.89) years, BMI of 28.49 (5.17) kg/m2 and WC of 95.35 (10.39). The prevalence of low muscle mass was 19.4%. Based on sensitivity and specificity of adiposity anthropometric indices, cutoff points were developed to identify the presence of low muscle mass (p < 0.05), except for VAI. After logistic regression, WC (OR = 6.2; CI 95%: 1.4—28.1), WHR (OR = 1.8; CI: 1.0—3.4), WHtR (OR = 5.0; CI 95%: 1.0—23.7) and BAI (OR = 14.5; CI 95%: 6.6—31.7) were associated with low muscle mass.

Conclusions

All anthropometric indices, except VAI, showed adequate accuracy in identifying low muscle mass in women, especially those that took into account WC. This suggests that they can become accessible and also be cost-effective strategies for assessing and managing health outcomes related to muscle mass analysis.
Biocompatible orthodontic cement with antibacterial capability and protein repellency
Authors: Chen Miao , Yi Jianru , Zhao Zhihe
Published: August 2021

Background

White spot lesions (WSLs) often occur in orthodontic treatments. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel orthodontic cement using particles of nano silver (NAg), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), and to investigate the effects on bonding strength, biofilms and biocompatibility.

Methods

A commercial resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was modified by adding NAg, NAC and MPC. The unmodified RMGIC served as the control. Enamel bond strength and cytotoxicity of the cements were investigated. The protein repellent behavior of cements was also evaluated. The metabolic assay, lactic acid production assay and colony-forming unit assay of biofilms were used to determine the antibacterial capability of cements.

Results

The new bioactive cement with NAg, NAC and MPC had clinically acceptable bond strength and biocompatibility. Compared to commercial control, the new cement suppressed metabolic activity and lactic acid production of biofilms by 59.03% and 70.02% respectively (p < 0.05), reduced biofilm CFU by 2 logs (p < 0.05) and reduced protein adsorption by 76.87% (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The new cement with NAg, NAC and MPC had strong antibacterial capability, protein-repellent ability and acceptable biocompatibility. The new cement is promising to protect enamel from demineralization during orthodontic treatments.
Designing an SMS reminder intervention to improve vaccination uptake in Northern Nigeria: a qualitative study
Authors: Obi-Jeff Chisom , Garcia Cristina , Onuoha Obinna , Adewumi Funmi , David Winnie , Bamiduro Tobi , Aliyu Abdulrasheed Bello , Labrique Alain , Wonodi Chizoba
Published: August 2021

Background

Penta3 coverage in Nigeria was low at 33 % in 2017. The most reported reason for non-vaccination was lack of knowledge about the immunization place, time, and need. To address knowledge gaps and improve vaccination uptake, we designed an Immunization Reminder and Information SMS System (IRISS) to educate and remind parents/caregivers about immunization using SMS. A formative study was conducted to understand the contextual and behavioural factors that would inform the IRISS intervention design and implementation.

Methods

We conducted the study in four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Kebbi State Nigeria in October 2018, amongst a diverse selection of participants. Data on social norms about vaccinations, barriers to immunization uptake, mobile phone use, SMS message testing, and willingness to accept SMS reminders were collected from focus group discussions (N = 11), in-depth interviews (N = 12), and key informant interviews (N = 13). In addition, we assessed 33 messages covering schedule reminders, normative, motivational, educational, and informative contents for clarity, comprehensibility, relevance, cultural appropriateness, and ability to motivate action among community members from Argungu and Fakai LGAs. All interviews were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach.

Results

We interviewed 135 people, and 90 % were community members. While we found positive perceptions about immunizations among those interviewed, pockets of misconceptions existed among community members. Lack of awareness on the importance of vaccination was a consistent reason for under-vaccination across the LGAs. In addition, most community members do not own phones, could not read SMS messages, and were unaware of how to check/open text messages received. Despite concerns about low literacy levels and phone ownership, community members still saw a role in SMS reminders when phone owners receive messages. For instance, community leaders can disseminate said messages to community members through existing channels such as town announcers and religious gatherings. Therefore, the SMS becomes a source of information, with phone owners acting as a conduit to community dissemination mechanisms. We generally found the tested messages to be relevant, motivating, and culturally acceptable.

Conclusions

SMS reminders have the potential to bridge the information gap in community awareness for vaccination, which can translate to improved immunization uptake. In rural communities with low literacy levels and phone ownership, immunization information can be disseminated when existing community leadership structures are engaged.
N6-methyladenosine-modified circIGF2BP3 inhibits CD8+ T-cell responses to facilitate tumor immune evasion by promoting the deubiquitination of PD-L1 in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Liu Zhenchuan , Wang Tingting , She Yunlang , Wu Kaiqing , Gu Shaorui , Li Lei , Dong Chenglai , Chen Chang , Zhou Yongxin
Published: August 2021

Background

An in-depth understanding of immune evasion mechanisms in tumors is crucial to overcome resistance and enable innovative advances in immunotherapy. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been implicated in cancer progression. However, much remains unknown regarding whether circRNAs impact immune escape in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

Methods

We performed bioinformatics analysis to profile and identify the circRNAs mediating immune evasion in NSCLC. A luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), RNA pulldown assays and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to identify the interactions among circIGF2BP3, miR-328-3p, miR-3173-5p and plakophilin 3 (PKP3). In vitro T cell-mediated killing assays and in vivo syngeneic mouse models were used to investigate the functional roles of circIGF2BP3 and its downstream target PKP3 in antitumor immunity in NSCLC. The molecular mechanism of PKP3-induced PD-L1 upregulation was explored by immunoprecipitation, RIP, and ubiquitination assays.

Results

We demonstrated that circIGF2BP3 (hsa_circ_0079587) expression was increased in NSCLC and negatively correlated with CD8+ T cell infiltration. Functionally, elevated circIGF2BP3 inactivated cocultured T cells in vitro and compromised antitumor immunity in an immunocompetent mouse model, and this effect was dependent on CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, METTL3 mediates the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of circIGF2BP3 and promotes its circularization in a manner dependent on the m6A reader protein YTHDC1. circIGF2BP3 competitively upregulates PKP3 expression by sponging miR-328-3p and miR-3173-5p to compromise the cancer immune response. Furthermore, PKP3 engages with the RNA-binding protein FXR1 to stabilize OTUB1 mRNA, and OTUB1 elevates PD-L1 abundance by facilitating its deubiquitination. Tumor PD-L1 deletion completely blocked the impact of the circIGF2BP3/PKP3 axis on the CD8+ T cell response. The inhibition of circIGF2BP3/PKP3 enhanced the treatment efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in a Lewis lung carcinoma mouse model. Collectively, the PKP3/PD-L1 signature and the infiltrating CD8+ T cell status stratified NSCLC patients into different risk groups.

Conclusion

Our results reveal the function of circIGF2BP3 in causing immune escape from CD8+ T cell-mediated killing through a decrease in PD-L1 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation by stabilizing OTUB1 mRNA in a PKP3-dependent manner. This work sheds light on a novel mechanism of PD-L1 regulation in NSCLC and provides a rationale to enhance the efficacy of anti-PD-1 treatment in NSCLC.
Artificial intelligence in echocardiography: detection, functional evaluation, and disease diagnosis
Authors: Zhou Jia , Du Meng , Chang Shuai , Chen Zhiyi
Published: August 2021

Ultrasound is one of the most important examinations for clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. The speed of image movements driven by the frequency of the beating heart is faster than that of other organs. This particularity of echocardiography poses a challenge for sonographers to diagnose accurately. However, artificial intelligence for detection, functional evaluation, and disease diagnosis has gradually become an alternative for accurate diagnosis and treatment using echocardiography. This work discusses the current application of artificial intelligence in echocardiography technology, its limitations, and future development directions.
Anticentromere antibody induced by immunization with centromere protein and Freund’s complete adjuvant may interfere with mouse early-stage embryo
Authors: Liu Hanyan , Zhang Yufen , Liu Haiying , Huang Qing , Ying Ying
Published: August 2021

Background

Anticentromere antibody (ACA) is a member of the antinuclear antibody spectrum (ANAs) which has been speculated to be associated with subfertility. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the induction of ACA production and its potential interference with early-stage embryos.

Methods

Recombinant centromere protein-A (CENP-A) or centromere protein-B (CENP-B) and complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) were used to immunize mice. Serum ACA level was then evaluated by using an indirect immunofluorescence test. Immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect IgG in follicles in ovarian tissues and early-stage embryos.

Results

Following treatment, serum positive ACA was observed in mice treated with CENP and CFA. Furthermore, IgG were detected in follicular fluid and early-stage embryos from mice treated with CENP and CFA.

Conclusions

This study preliminarily indicated that ACA induced by CENP and CFA may penetrate into the living embryos of early-stage in mice.
Cooperation between liver-specific mutations of pten and tp53 genetically induces hepatocarcinogenesis in zebrafish
Authors: Luo Juanjuan , Lu Chunjiao , Feng Meilan , Dai Lu , Wang Maya , Qiu Yang , Zheng Huilu , Liu Yao , Li Li , Tang Bo , Xu Chuan , Wang Yajun , Yang Xiaojun
Published: August 2021

Background

Liver cancer, mainly hepatocellular carcinoma, is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide and has a poor prognosis due to insufficient understanding of hepatocarcinogenesis. Previous studies have revealed that the mutations in PTEN and TP53 are the two most common genetic events in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we illustrated the crosstalk between aberrant Pten and Tp53 pathways during hepatocarcinogenesis in zebrafish.

Methods

We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to establish several transgenic zebrafish lines with single or double tissue-specific mutations of pten and tp53 to genetically induce liver tumorigenesis. Next, the morphological and histological determination were performed to investigate the roles of Pten and Tp53 signalling pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis in zebrafish.

Results

We demonstrated that Pten loss alone induces hepatocarcinogenesis with only low efficiency, whereas single mutation of tp53 failed to induce tumour formation in liver tissue in zebrafish. Moreover, zebrafish with double mutations of pten and tp53 exhibits a much higher tumour incidence, higher-grade histology, and a shorter survival time than single-mutant zebrafish, indicating that these two signalling pathways play important roles in dynamic biological events critical for the initiation and progression of hepatocarcinogenesis in zebrafish. Further histological and pathological analyses showed significant similarity between the tumours generated from liver tissues of zebrafish and humans. Furthermore, the treatment with MK-2206, a specific Akt inhibitor, effectively suppressed hepatocarcinogenesis in zebrafish.

Conclusion

Our findings will offer a preclinical animal model for genetically investigating hepatocarcinogenesis and provide a useful platform for high-throughput anticancer drug screening.
FUS-induced circRHOBTB3 facilitates cell proliferation via miR-600/NACC1 mediated autophagy response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yang Taoyue , Shen Peng , Chen Qun , Wu Pengfei , Yuan Hao , Ge Wanli , Meng Lingdong , Huang Xumin , Fu Yuzhe , Zhang Yihan , Hu Weikang , Miao Yi , Lu Zipeng , Jiang Kuirong
Published: August 2021

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are becoming a unique member of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with emerging evidence of their regulatory roles in various cancers. However, with regards to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), circRNAs biological functions remain largely unknown and worth investigation for potential therapeutic innovation.

Methods

In our previous study, next-generation sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed circRNAs in 3 pairs of PDAC and adjacent normal tissues. Further validation of circRHOBTB3 expression in PDAC tissues and cell lines and gain-and-loss function experiments verified the oncogenic role of circRHOBTB3. The mechanism of circRHOBTB3 regulatory role was validated by pull-down assays, RIP, luciferase reporter assays. The autophagy response of PANC-1 and MiaPaca-2 cells were detected by mCherry-GFP-LC3B labeling and confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and protein levels of LC3B or p62 via Western blot.

Results

circRHOBTB3 is highly expressed in PDAC cell lines and tissues, which also promotes PDAC autophagy and then progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circRHOBTB3 directly binds to miR-600 and subsequently acts as a miRNA-sponge to maintain the expression level of miR-600-targeted gene NACC1, which facilitates the autophagy response of PDAC cells for adaptation of proliferation via Akt/mTOR pathway. Moreover, the RNA-binding protein FUS (FUS) directly binds to pre-RHOBTB3 mRNA to mediate the biogenesis of circRHOBTB3. Clinically, circRHOBTB3, miR-600 and NACC1 expression levels are correlated with the prognosis of PDAC patients and serve as independent risk factors for PDAC patients.

Conclusions

FUS-mediated circRHOBTB3 functions as a tumor activator to promote PDAC cell proliferation by modulating miR-600/NACC1/Akt/mTOR axis regulated autophagy.
ExOrthist: a tool to infer exon orthologies at any evolutionary distance
Authors: Márquez Yamile , Mantica Federica , Cozzuto Luca , Burguera Demian , Hermoso-Pulido Antonio , Ponomarenko Julia , Roy Scott W. , Irimia Manuel
Published: August 2021

Several bioinformatic tools have been developed for genome-wide identification of orthologous and paralogous genes. However, no corresponding tool allows the detection of exon homology relationships. Here, we present ExOrthist, a fully reproducible Nextflow-based software enabling inference of exon homologs and orthogroups, visualization of evolution of exon-intron structures, and assessment of conservation of alternative splicing patterns. ExOrthist evaluates exon sequence conservation and considers the surrounding exon-intron context to derive genome-wide multi-species exon homologies at any evolutionary distance. We demonstrate its use in different evolutionary scenarios: whole genome duplication in frogs and convergence of Nova-regulated splicing networks (https://github.com/biocorecrg/ExOrthist).
Hyaluronic acid synthesis, degradation, and crosslinking in equine osteoarthritis: TNF-α-TSG-6-mediated HC-HA formation
Authors: Fasanello Diana C. , Su Jin , Deng Siyu , Yin Rose , Colville Marshall J. , Berenson Joshua M. , Kelly Carolyn M. , Freer Heather , Rollins Alicia , Wagner Bettina , Rivas Felipe , Hall Adam R. , Rahbar Elaheh , DeAngelis Paul L. , Paszek Matthew J. , Reesink Heidi L.
Published: August 2021

Background

TNF-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) protein, a TNF-α-responsive hyaladherin, possesses enzymatic activity that can catalyze covalent crosslinks of the polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) to another protein to form heavy chain-hyaluronic acid (HC-HA) complexes in pathological conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we examined HA synthase and inflammatory gene expression; synovial fluid HA, TNF-α, and viscosity; and TSG-6-mediated HC-HA complex formation in an equine OA model. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the TNF-α-TSG-6-HC-HA signaling pathway across multiple joint tissues, including synovial membrane, cartilage, and synovial fluid, and (2) determine the impact of OA on synovial fluid composition and biophysical properties.

Methods

HA and inflammatory cytokine concentrations (TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2, 3, 5, and 11) were analyzed in synovial fluid from 63 OA and 25 control joints, and HA synthase (HAS1-3),TSG-6, and hyaluronan-degrading enzyme (HYAL2,HEXA) gene expression was measured in synovial membrane and cartilage. HA molecular weight (MW) distributions were determined using agarose gel electrophoresis and solid-state nanopore measurements, and HC-HA complex formation was detected via immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. SEC-MALS was used to evaluate TSG-6-mediated HA crosslinking, and synovial fluid and HA solution viscosities were analyzed using multiple particle-tracking microrheology and microfluidic measurements, respectively.

Results

TNF-α concentrations were greater in OA synovial fluid, andTSG6expression was upregulated in OA synovial membrane and cartilage. TSG-6-mediated HC-HA complex formation was greater in OA synovial fluid and tissues than controls, and HC-HA was localized to both synovial membrane and superficial zone chondrocytes in OA joints. SEC-MALS demonstrated macromolecular aggregation of low MW HA in the presence of TSG-6 and inter-α-inhibitor with concurrent increases in viscosity.

Conclusions

Synovial fluid TNF-α concentrations, synovial membrane and cartilageTSG6gene expression, and HC-HA complex formation were increased in equine OA. Despite the ability of TSG-6 to induce macromolecular aggregation of low MW HA with resultant increases in the viscosity of low MW HA solutions in vitro, HA concentration was the primary determinant of synovial fluid viscosity rather than HA MW or HC-HA crosslinking. The TNF-α-TSG-6-HC-HA pathway may represent a potential therapeutic target in OA.
Effects of an overnight high-carbohydrate meal on muscle glycogen after rapid weight loss in male collegiate wrestlers
Authors: Kondo Emi , Shiose Keisuke , Osawa Takuya , Motonaga Keiko , Kamei Akiko , Nakajima Kohei , Sagayama Hiroyuki , Wada Takahiro , Nishiguchi Shigeki , Takahashi Hideyuki
Published: August 2021

Background

Severe rapid weight loss (RWL) induces a decrease in muscle glycogen (mGly). Nevertheless, adequate carbohydrate intake after RWL has not been reported to optimize muscle glycogen following a weigh-in the evening until a wrestling tournament morning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an overnight high-carbohydrate recovery meal of 7.1 g kg−1 following RWL on mGly concentration.

Methods

Ten male elite wrestlers lost 6% of their body mass within 53 h and then subsequently ate three meals, within 5 h, containing total of 7.1 g kg−1 of carbohydrates. mGly was measured by 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy before (BL) and after RWL (R0) at 2 h (R2), 4 h (R4), and 13 h (R13) after initiating the meal. Body composition, muscle cross-sectional area, and blood and urine samples were collected at BL, R0, and R13.

Results

Body mass decreased by 4.6 ± 0.6 kg (p < 0.05) and did not recover to BL levels in R13 (− 1.7 ± 0.6 kg, p < 0.05). Likewise, mGly by 36.5% ± 10.0% (p < 0.05) and then did not reach BL levels by R13 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

A high-carbohydrate meal of 7.1 g kg−1 after 6% RWL was not sufficient to recover mGly during a 13 h recovery phase. Participating in high-intensity wrestling matches with an mGly concentration below normal levels is maybe undesirable.
Disability and COVID-19: ensuring no one is left behind
Authors:   Consortium “United Nations workstream on COVID-19 disability inclusive health response and recovery”, Cieza Alarcos , Kamenov Kaloyan , Al Ghaib Ola Abu , Aresu Alessandra , Chatterji Somnath , Chavez Facundo , Clyne Jarrod , Drew Nathalie , Funk Michelle , Guzman Andrea , Guzzi Eleonora , Khasnabis Chapal , Mikkelsen Bente , Minghui Ren , Mitra Gopal , Narahari Priyanka , Nauk Gisela , Priddy Alice , Sabeh Alaa , Reyes Maria Soledad Cisternas , Vasquez Javier , Widmer-Iliescu Roxana
Published: August 2021

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Agenda calls for targeted attention to the needs and rights of the most vulnerable populations to ensure a life of dignity and human security for all. In this paper, we argue that persons with disabilities are in a disproportionately vulnerable situation in public health emergencies. By using the example of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), we explain why that is and call for the systematic consideration of the needs and rights of persons with disabilities during the response to the outbreak and during the recovery phase. Otherwise, equity will continue to be merely an aspiration during this COVID-19 emergency - as it will in future health emergencies.
Recommendations to improve pharmacy practice research in the Middle Eastern Arab countries
Authors: Obaid Daneh , El-Dahiyat Faris , Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din
Published: August 2021

The expansion of the pharmacist-led services has resulted in increased demand to have evidence in terms of necessity, efficacy, and cost. Evidence-based practice is crucial to provide the best patient health outcomes and pharmacy practice research can play a key role in this regard. This commentary provides a background of pharmacy practice research, and then, it highlights three key recommendations based on a systematic review of the literature. The systematic review of the literature on pharmacy practice research has been conducted in 12 Middle Eastern Arab Countries. The three key recommendations include (a) identification of research priorities by health authorities in each country; (b) pharmacy practice research culture to be nurtured and promoted with academic researchers and practitioners; and (c) shifting pharmacy practice research towards applied, interventional, and implementation studies
Engagement of hospital pharmacists and technicians to optimize staffing schedules
Authors: Wright Jessica , Arndt Richard , Christensen Jason , Kooda Kirstin , Cunningham Julie
Published: August 2021

Challenges exist in developing work schedules for hospital pharmacy staff due to the need to meet around the clock patient care requirements. Work–life integration and reduced burnout are increasingly important considerations in staff schedules. However, information regarding methods to systematically improve scheduling satisfaction is currently lacking. Hospital pharmacist scheduling surveys were reviewed for solutions in a retreat setting to address growing concerns at our institution. All hospital pharmacists and technicians were surveyed to understand opportunities to improve their schedules. Subsequently, pharmacists participated in a retreat to identify opportunities to share work, prioritize for scheduling improvements, and develop a staffing restructure proposal. Out of 172 pharmacists, 84% completed surveys, whereas 55% of 196 technicians responded. The highest ranked scheduling improvement was a more consistent schedule for both pharmacists and technicians. Several solutions identified during the pharmacist retreat were incorporated into a proposal including decreased weekend staffing frequency (every 3rd to a mix of every 3rd and every 4th), improved scheduling consistency and reduced evenings. Negotiation was among the methods used to identify scheduling solutions. Engagement of frontline staff to lead staffing restructure is expected to ensure success of scheduling changes. Future directions include measuring pharmacist burnout and staff satisfaction before and after change implementation. If successful, the retreat and technician-developed proposal can be used for implementing technician schedule improvements.
Findings from the patch augmented rotator cuff surgery (PARCS) feasibility study
Authors: Cook Jonathan A. , Baldwin Mathew , Cooper Cushla , Nagra Navraj S. , Crocker Joanna C. , Glaze Molly , Greenall Gemma , Rangan Amar , Kottam Lucksy , Rees Jonathan L. , Farrar-Hockley Dair , Merritt Naomi , Hopewell Sally , Beard David , Thomas Michael , Dritsaki Melina , Carr Andrew J.
Published: August 2021

Background

A rotator cuff tear is a common disabling shoulder problem. Symptoms include pain, weakness, lack of mobility and sleep disturbance. Many patients require surgery to repair the tear; however, there is a high failure rate. There is a pressing need to improve the outcome of rotator cuff surgery. The use of patch augmentation to provide support to the healing process and improve patient outcomes holds new promise. Different materials (e.g. human/animal skin or intestine tissue, and completely synthetic materials) and processes (e.g. woven or a mesh) have been used to produce patches. However, clinical evidence on their use is limited. The patch augmented rotator cuff surgery (PARCS) feasibility study aimed to determine the design of a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) assessing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a patch to augment surgical repair of the rotator cuff that is both acceptable to stakeholders and feasible.

Methods

A mixed methods feasibility study of conducing a subsequent RCT. The project involved six stages: a systematic review of clinical evidence; a survey of the British Elbow and Shoulder Society’s (BESS) surgical membership; a survey of surgeon trialists; focus groups and interviews with stakeholders; a two-round Delphi study administered via online questionnaires and a 2-day consensus meeting.

Results

The BESS surgeons’ survey identified a variety of patches in use (105 (21%) responses received). Twenty-four surgeons (77%) completed the trialist survey relating to trial design. Four focus groups were conducted involving 24 stakeholders. Twenty-nine (67% of invited) individuals took part in the Delphi. Differing views were held on a number of aspects including the appropriate patient population for trial participation. Agreement on the key research questions and the outline of two potential RCTs were achieved through the Delphi study and the consensus meeting.

Conclusions

Randomised comparisons of on-lay patch use for completed rotator cuff repairs, and bridging patch use for partial rotator cuff repairs were identified as areas for further research. The value of an observational study to assess safety concerns of patch use was also highlighted. The main limitation was that the findings were influenced by the participants, who might not necessarily reflect all stakeholders.
Detecting residual stress on toughened glass surface by two complementary interferometers
Authors: Jia Kangning , Liu Shiyuan , Wan Haopeng , Mao Huade , Xu Xiaodong , Zhou Huijun , Gao Wenli , Cheng Liping , Yan Xuejun , Zhang Shuyi , Zhang Xichen , Zheng Heng , Li Fenghui , Wang Bo , Zhou Xu , Zhao Haonan , Hu Hanzhe
Published: August 2021

Taking advantage of the birefringence of crystal, this paper proposes an effective optical system to detect the residual stress at the surface of toughened glass. A theoretical model based on matrix optics is built to describe the optical distribution of a probe light in the system, and the simulation outputs two complementary images whose mode patterns are determined by the phase delay arising from the surface-stress–induced birefringence. The experimental results confirm the simulation results that the mode pattern varies accordingly while the phase delay varies in 2

period. Features of interference fringes are extracted by dedicated image recognition algorithm and form their own feature data sets. Comparing the experimental data sets with the simulation ones, the phase delay of each experimental pattern can be deduced, so the stress of the sample point can be calculated. Our device's surface stress scanning results of toughened glass are very close to the commercial instrument SCALP-04's ones, with the relative deviation between them below 6%. Our system provides an efficient and simple way to measure present stress distribution on the surface of transparent materials, and owing to its fewer instruments involvement, broad detecting distance, and high signal-to-noise ratio, our system can be developed into integrated products. This method can also be applied in different materials such as high polymer, silicide, etc., where only the wavelength of the laser needs to be modified.
Change in Visceral Fat and Total Body Fat and the Effect on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors During Transgender Hormone Therapy
Authors: Klaver Maartje , van Velzen Daan , de Blok Christel , Nota Nienke , Wiepjes Chantal , Defreyne Justine , Schreiner Thomas , Fisher Alessandra , Twisk Jos , Seidell Jaap , T’Sjoen Guy , den Heijer Martin , de Mutsert Renée
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Excess visceral fat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and is influenced by sex hormones. Our aim was to investigate changes in visceral fat and the ratio of visceral fat to total body fat (VAT/TBF) and their associations with changes in lipids and insulin resistance after 1 year of hormone therapy in trans persons.

Methods

In 179 trans women and 162 trans men, changes in total body and visceral fat estimated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry before and after 1 year of hormone therapy were related to lipids and insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] with linear regression analysis.

Results

In trans women, total body fat increased by 4.0 kg (95% CI 3.4, 4.7), while the amount of visceral fat did not change (−2 grams; 95% CI −15, 11), albeit with a large range from −318 to 281, resulting in a decrease in the VAT/TBF ratio of 17% (95% CI 15, 19). In trans men, total body fat decreased with 2.8 kg (95% CI 2.2, 3.5), while the amount of visceral fat did not change (3 g; 95% CI −10, 16; range −372, 311), increasing the VAT/TBF ratio by 14% (95% CI 10, 17). In both groups, VAT/TBF was not associated with changes in blood lipids or HOMA-IR.

Conclusions

Hormone therapy in trans women and trans men resulted in changes in VAT/TBF, mainly due to changes in total body fat and were unrelated to changes in cardiometabolic risk factors, which suggests that any unfavorable cardiometabolic effects of hormone therapy are not mediated by changes in visceral fat or VAT/TBF.
Hsa_circ_0023990 Promotes Tumor Growth and Glycolysis in Dedifferentiated TC via Targeting miR-485-5p/FOXM1 Axis
Authors: Zhang Qing , Wu Lian , Liu Shao-Zheng , Chen Qing-Jie , Zeng Ling-Peng , Chen Xue-Zhong , Zhang Qing
Published: August 2021

Background

During the transformation to dedifferentiated thyroid cancer (TC) types, the ability of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) to concentrate radioactive iodine might be lost, raising difficulty for the current therapy. circRNAs were proved to be implicated in the progression of various cancers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the functional role and mechanism of hsa_circ_0023990 in dedifferentiated TC.

Methods

The expression pattern of genes were detected using quantitative PCR or western blot assays. Cell proliferation was determined by CCK8, colony formation, EdU, and cell-cycle assays. Glycolysis was assessed using glucose uptake and lactate production assays. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to examine the interactions between miR-485-5p and hsa_circ_0023990 or FOXM1. Xenograft assay was allowed for observation of tumor growth in vivo.

Results

Hsa_circ_0023990 and FOXM1 were upregulated in dedifferentiated TC tissues and cell lines. The higher level of hsa_circ_0023900 could stimulate the proliferation and glycolysis of dedifferentiated TC cells via positively regulating FOXM1. Mechanistically, miR-485-5p was demonstrated to interact with hsa_circ_0023990 and FOXM1 and involved in the regulation of has_circ_0023990 and FOXM1 in TC biological processes.

Conclusion

Our results discovered the functional network of hsa_circ_0023990 in dedifferentiated TC development by facilitating cell proliferation and glycolysis via miR-485-5p/FOXM1 axis, implying that hsa_circ_0023990 might be a potential therapeutic target for the dedifferentiated TC treatment.
Survey of Practice Pattern in Patients With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Wanat-Hawthorne Alycia , Tanaka Kenichi , Angona Ronald , Feng Changyong , Eaton Michael
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND:

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated adverse reaction to heparin. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are routinely anticoagulated with heparin before the initiation of bypass. Heparin is contraindicated, however, in patients with acute HIT, and alternatives to routine practice are often used. While guidelines have recently been published addressing this topic 10, there remains variance between institutions in how these cases are treated. Our goal was to better delineate practice trends in the diagnosis and management of HIT patients requiring CPB.

METHODS:

We surveyed members of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) and the American Society for Extracorporeal Technology (AmSECT) using an online survey tool.

RESULTS:

We received 304 completed surveys (5.8% response rate), 75% completed by an anesthesiologist, and 24% by a perfusionist. The majority of respondents used clinical history and/or antibody testing (71% and 63%, respectively) to diagnose HIT. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported using an institutional protocol for HIT-CPB cases. Most respondents (89%) reported having at least 1 case in the last 3 years, with a total case experience of at least 785 cases (785 = the minimum number of cases in each case volume category × the number of respondents choosing that category). The strategy recommended in published guidelines, bivalirudin, was the most commonly reported alternative anticoagulation strategy (75%) used by respondents in HIT cases, with most (83%) using the activated clotting time (ACT) to monitor anticoagulation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Most responding SCA and AmSECT members reported that their institution used a protocol or guideline for HIT/CPB cases, and most guidelines directed the use of bivalirudin as an alternative anticoagulant. Various other methods such as plasmapheresis are also being used with success in this patient population. Further research, including comparison studies of alternative anticoagulant strategies, is required to elucidate the best approach to these difficult cases.
Motion: enhancing signals and concealing cues
Authors: Tan Eunice J. , Elgar Mark A.
Published: August 2021

Animal colour patterns remain a lively focus of evolutionary and behavioural ecology, despite the considerable conceptual and technical developments over the last four decades. Nevertheless, our current understanding of the function and efficacy of animal colour patterns remains largely shaped by a focus on stationary animals, typically in a static background. Yet, this rarely reflects the natural world: most animals are mobile in their search for food and mates, and their surrounding environment is usually dynamic. Thus, visual signalling involves not only animal colour patterns, but also the patterns of animal motion and behaviour, often in the context of a potentially dynamic background. While motion can reveal information about the signaller by attracting attention or revealing signaller attributes, motion can also be a means of concealing cues, by reducing the likelihood of detection (motion camouflage, motion masquerade and flicker-fusion effect) or the likelihood of capture following detection (motion dazzle and confusion effect). The interaction between the colour patterns of the animal and its local environment is further affected by the behaviour of the individual. Our review details how motion is intricately linked to signalling and suggests some avenues for future research.

This Review has an associated Future Leader to Watch interview with the first author.
Visualizing the organization and differentiation of the male-specific nervous system of C. elegans
Authors: Tekieli Tessa , Yemini Eviatar , Nejatbakhsh Amin , Wang Chen , Varol Erdem , Fernandez Robert W. , Masoudi Neda , Paninski Liam , Hobert Oliver
Published: August 2021

Sex differences in the brain are prevalent throughout the animal kingdom and particularly well appreciated in the nematode C. elegans, where male animals contain a little studied set of 93 male-specific neurons. To make these neurons amenable for future study, we describe here how a multicolor reporter transgene, NeuroPAL, is capable of visualizing the distinct identities of all male specific neurons. We used NeuroPAL to visualize and characterize a number of features of the male-specific nervous system. We provide several proofs of concept for using NeuroPAL to identify the sites of expression of gfp-tagged reporter genes and for cellular fate analysis by analyzing the effect of removal of several developmental patterning genes on neuronal identity acquisition. We use NeuroPAL and its intrinsic cohort of more than 40 distinct differentiation markers to show that, even though male-specific neurons are generated throughout all four larval stages, they execute their terminal differentiation program in a coordinated manner in the fourth larval stage. This coordinated wave of differentiation, which we call “just-in-time" differentiation, couples neuronal maturation programs with the appearance of sexual organs.
HIIT as a Tool for Improving Mental Health and Cognition
Authors: Heisz Jennifer J. , Marashi Maryam , Nicholson Emma , Ogrodnik Michelle
Published: August 2021

Apply it!

By reading this article, the following key points will be reinforced:

• Work with individuals exhibiting depressive symptoms in a group environment to avoid dropout.

• Use sufficient rest and recovery between intense sessions for anxious clients to avoid exacerbating symptoms.

• For beginner exercisers with mental health issues, start programming at lower intensity and slowly increase the intensity over time.

• For executive functions, the effects of high-intensity interval training are strongest for inhibitory control, which will help clients stick with the program over the long term.
High-Intensity Interval Training in Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Batrakoulis Alexios , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Fatouros Ioannis G.
Published: August 2021

Apply It!

From this article, the reader should understand the following concepts:

• The impact of high-intensity interval training on physiological and psychological responses among individuals with metabolic diseases.

• A strategy for prescribing high-intensity interval training protocols in adults with obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome.
High-Intensity Interval Training for Hypertension
Authors: Uken Brent , Lee Matthew , Wright Gage , Feito Yuri
Published: August 2021

Apply It!

This article explores the frequency, intensity, time, and type framework within the context of HIIT, the unique elements of HIIT (e.g., intensity and work-to-recovery ratio), and concludes with examples of HIIT exercise regimens. By reading this article, health and fitness professionals will be reminded of the following takeaways:

• HTN develops gradually and is generally the product of lifestyle choices concerning diet and exercise.

• Although HTN is routinely treated with pharmacological intervention, lifestyle intervention is a primary therapeutic option for those newly diagnosed with hypertension.

• Research supports the implementation of aerobically based HIIT and MICT for inducing similar reductions in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in adults with pre-HTN and/or HTN.

• HIIT for any client must be introduced gradually — and deliberately — over time. The introduction of HIIT should start with a single, brief set of HIIT (e.g., a few minutes of HIIT) to evaluate the client’s readiness and receptivity to the approach.
Lung perfusion changes in COVID-19 pneumonia: a dual energy computerized tomography study
Authors: Aydin Sonay , Kantarci Mecit , Karavas Erdal , Unver Edhem , Yalcin Seven , Aydin Fahri
Published: August 2021

Objective:

There is limited and contradictory information about pulmonary perfusion changes detected with dual energy computed tomography (DECT) in COVID-19 cases. The purpose of this study was to define lung perfusion changes in COVID-19 cases with DECT, as well as to reveal any possible links between perfusion changes and laboratory findings.

Methods:

Patients who had a positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and a contrast-enhanced chest DECT examination were included in the study. The pattern and severity of perfusion deficits were evaluated, as well as the relationships between perfusion deficit severity and laboratory results and CT severity ratings. The paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Student’s t-test were used to examine the changes in variables and perfusion deficits. p < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.

Results:

Study population consisted of 40 patients. Mean age was 60.73 ± 14.73 years. All of the patients had perfusion deficits at DECT images. Mean perfusion deficit severity score of the population was 8.45 ± 4.66 (min.-max, 1–19). In 24 patients (60%), perfusion deficits and parenchymal lesions matched completely. In 15 patients (37.5%), there was partial match. D dimer, CRP levels, CT severity score, and perfusion deficit severity score all had a positive correlation

Conclusions:

Perfusion deficits are seen not only in opacification areas but also in parenchyma of normal appearance. The CT severity score, CRP, D-dimer, and SpO2 levels of the patients were determined to be related with perfusion deficit severity.

Advances in knowledge:

Findings of the current study may confirm the presence of micro-thrombosis in COVID-19 pneumonia.
Magnetic resonance fingerprinting in prostate cancer before and after contrast enhancement
Authors: Lee Young Sub , Choi Moon Hyung , Lee Young Joon , Han Dongyeob , Kim Dong-Hyun
Published: August 2021

Objectives:

To assess the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and the T1 and T2 values derived from nonenhanced (NE) and contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) in the prostate gland and to evaluate differences in values among prostate cancer, the normal peripheral zone (PZ) and the normal transition zone (TZ).

Methods:

Fifty-seven patients (median age, 73 years; range, 48–86) with prostate cancer who underwent multiparametric MRI including NE and CE MRF were included in this study. T1 and T2 values were extracted from NE and CE MRF, respectively. Five quantitative values (the ADC, NE T1, NE T2, CE T1 and CE T2 values) were measured in three areas: prostate cancer, PZ and TZ. We compared the values among the three areas and evaluated the differences between NE MRF and CE MRF values.

Results:

ADC values and MRF-derived values were significantly higher in PZ than prostate cancer or TZ (p < 0.001). TZ had a significantly lower CE T1 but significantly higher values of the other variables than prostate cancer (p < 0.001). The T1 values in all three areas and the T2 values in prostate cancer and TZ were significantly lower on CE MRF than on NE MRF (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Quantitative analysis of NE and CE MRI can be conducted by using the MRF technique. The ADC value and the T1 and T2 values from CE MRF and NE MRF were found to be significantly different between prostate cancer and normal prostate tissue.

Advances in knowledge

The T1 and T2 values from contrast-enhanced MR fingerprinting are significantly different between prostate cancer and normal prostate tissue.
Effect of tuberculosis training on community health workers’ knowledge: a cluster randomized control trial in South Nigeria
Authors: Akwaowo Christie , Umoh Idongesit , Motilewa Oluseyi , Umoh Victor , Usoroh Eno , Adeboye Stella , Idiong Uduak , Antia Etop
Published: August 2021

Background:Intensified efforts to improve tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis, treatment, and prevention are needed to meet global EndTB targets. Community health workers’ (CHWs) knowledge with respect to case finding is vital in tuberculosis elimination. This study aimed to determine the effect of tuberculosis training on the knowledge of community health workers in Nigeria.

Methods:As part of a larger multicomponent intervention study, a randomised control trial was conducted with CHWs in 18 primary health care (PHC) clusters in Nigeria. The clusters were allocated to three arms: training and cash incentive (A), training only (B), and control (C) arms. Arms (A) and (B) received training on tuberculosis symptoms, prevention, diagnosis and treatment while the control arm (C) did not receive training. Participants’ knowledge on tuberculosis was assessed using questionnaires administered pre- and post-intervention. Data was analyzed using GraphPad Prism. Descriptive data was presented in tables and bivariate data was analyzed using chi square. Statistical significance was set as P<0.05.

Results:There was a significant increase in the total knowledge score (25.4%), knowledge of general symptoms (24.4%), prevention (22.6%) and diagnosis and treatment (30.0%) across all study arms post-intervention (p<0.0001). Compared with the control arm, the training arm (A) had a higher proportion of good total knowledge score (94.4%) and arm (B) had a lower proportion of good total knowledge score (83.1%) when compared to the control group (93.1%). These were, however, not statistically significant.

Conclusions:An improvement in the CHWs’ knowledge of symptoms, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis was observed after a training intervention was done. Integration of routine tuberculosis training is recommended to improve tuberculosis case finding in high burden communities.

Pan African Clinical Trial Registry registration:PACTR202010691865364 (14/01/2020)