bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chlorine oxidation of VOCs at a semi-rural site in Beijing: significant chlorine liberation from ClNO2 and subsequent gas- and particle-phase Cl–VOC production
Authors: Le Breton Michael , Hallquist Åsa M. , Pathak Ravi Kant , Simpson David , Wang Yujue , Johansson John , Zheng Jing , Yang Yudong , Shang Dongjie , Wang Haichao , Liu Qianyun , Chan Chak , Wang Tao , Bannan Thomas J. , Priestley Michael , Percival Carl J. , Shallcross Dudley E. , Lu Keding , Guo Song , Hu Min , Hallquist Mattias
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Nitryl chloride (ClNO2) accumulation at night acts as a significant reservoir for active chlorine and impacts the following day's photochemistry when the chlorine atom is liberated at sunrise. Here, we report simultaneous measurements of N2O5 and a suite of inorganic halogens including ClNO2 and reactions of chloride with volatile organic compounds (Cl–VOCs) in the gas and particle phases utilising the Filter Inlet for Gas and AEROsols time-of-flight chemical ionisation mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-ToF-CIMS) during an intensive measurement campaign 40 km northwest of Beijing in May and June 2016. A maximum mixing ratio of 2900 ppt of ClNO2 was observed with a mean campaign nighttime mixing ratio of 487 ppt, appearing to have an anthropogenic source supported by correlation with SO2, CO and benzene, which often persisted at high levels after sunrise until midday. This was attributed to such high mixing ratios persisting after numerous e-folding times of the photolytic lifetime enabling the chlorine atom production to reach 2.3  ×  105 molecules cm−3 from ClNO2 alone, peaking at 09:30 LT and up to 8.4  ×  105 molecules cm−3 when including the supporting inorganic halogen measurements.Cl–VOCs were observed in the particle and gas phases for the first time at high time resolution and illustrate how the iodide ToF-CIMS can detect unique markers of chlorine atom chemistry in ambient air from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. Their presence and abundance can be explained via time series of their measured and steady-state calculated precursors, enabling the assessment of competing OH and chlorine atom oxidation via measurements of products from both of these mechanisms and their relative contribution to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation.
Springtime aerosol load as observed from ground-based and airborne lidars over northern Norway
Authors: Chazette Patrick , Raut Jean-Christophe , Totems Julien
Published: September 2018

Abstract. To investigate the origin of springtime aerosols in the Arctic region we
performed ground-based and airborne 355 nm Raman lidar observations in the
north of Norway (Hammerfest). Two lidars were embedded (i) on an ultralight
aircraft for vertical (nadir) or horizontal line-of-sight measurements and
(ii) in an air-conditioned van on the ground for vertical (zenith)
measurements. This field experiment was designed as part of the Pollution in
the ARCtic System (PARCS) project of the French Arctic Initiative and took
place from 13 to 26 May 2016. The consistency among lidar measurements is
verified by comparing nadir, horizontal line of sight, and ground-based Raman
lidar profiles. Dispersion of the order of 0.01 km−1 is obtained among
lidar-derived aerosol extinction coefficients at 355 nm. The aerosol load
measured in the first 3 km of the troposphere remains low throughout the
campaign, with aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of 0.1 at 355 nm (∼0.05
at 550 nm). The main contributors to the evolution of the aerosol load at
low altitude prove to be one of the flares of the nearby Melkøya gas
processing facility, the oceanic source, and the transport of aerosols from
industrial sites in Russia. Moreover, ground-based lidar measurements allowed
us to identify three cases of long-range aerosol transport (between 3 and
8 km above the mean sea level). Using back trajectories computed with the
Lagrangian model FLEXPART-WRF, these aerosol plumes are shown to be the
result of the strong forest fires that occurred in the area of Fort McMurray,
in Canada. They can at most double the AOT value over the Arctic area, with
an anomaly of 0.1 on the AOT at 355 nm.
Evidence for a major missing source in the global chloromethane budget from stable carbon isotopes
Authors: Bahlmann Enno , Keppler Frank , Wittmer Julian , Greule Markus , Schöler Heinz Friedrich , Seifert Richard , Zetzsch Cornelius
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Chloromethane (CH3Cl) is the most important natural input of reactive chlorine to the stratosphere, contributing about 16 % to stratospheric ozone depletion. Due to the phase out of anthropogenic emissions of chlorofluorocarbons, CH3Cl will largely control future levels of stratospheric chlorine. The tropical rainforest is commonly assumed to be the strongest single CH3Cl source, contributing over half of the global annual emissions of about 4000 to 5000 Gg (1 Gg = 109 g). This source shows a characteristic carbon isotope fingerprint, making isotopic investigations a promising tool for improving its atmospheric budget. Applying carbon isotopes to better constrain the atmospheric budget of CH3Cl requires sound information on the kinetic isotope effects for the main sink processes e.g. the reaction with OH and Cl in the troposphere. We conducted photochemical CH3Cl degradation experiments in a 3500 L smog chamber to determine the carbon isotope fractionation (ε) for the reaction of CH3Cl with OH and Cl. For the reaction of CH3Cl with OH, we determined a ε of (−11.2 ± 0.8) ‰ (n = 3) and for the reaction with Cl we found a ε of (−10.2 ± 0.5) ‰ (n = 1) being five to six times smaller than previously reported. Our smaller isotope effects are strongly supported by the lack of any significant seasonal covariation in previously reported tropospheric δ13C(CH3Cl) values with the OH driven seasonal cycle in tropospheric mixing ratios. Applying these new fractionation factors to the global CH3Cl budget using a simple two hemispheric box model, we derive a tropical rainforest CH3Cl source of (670 ± 200) Gg a−1, which is considerably smaller than previous estimates. A revision of previous bottom up estimates, using above ground biomass instead of rainforest area, strongly supports this lower estimate. Finally, our results suggest a large unknown tropical CH3Cl source of (1230 ± 200) Gg a−1.
Sensitivity of Arctic sulfate aerosol and clouds to changes in future
surface seawater dimethylsulfide concentrations
Authors: Mahmood Rashed , von Salzen Knut , Norman Ann-Lise , Galí Martí , Levasseur Maurice
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS), outgassed from ocean waters, plays an important role in the climate system, as it oxidizes to methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), which can lead to the formation of sulfate aerosol. Newly formed sulfate aerosol resulting from DMS oxidation may grow by condensation of gases, in-cloud oxidation, and coagulation to sizes where they may act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and influence cloud properties. Under future global warming conditions, sea-ice in the Arctic region is expected to decline significantly, which may lead to increased emissions of DMS from the open ocean and changes in cloud regimes. In this study we evaluate impacts of DMS on Arctic sulfate aerosol budget, changes in cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and cloud radiative forcing in the Arctic region under current and future sea ice conditions using an atmospheric global climate model. Given that future DMS concentrations are highly uncertain, several simulations with different surface seawater DMS concentrations and spatial distributions in the Arctic were performed in order to determine the sensitivity of sulfate aerosol budgets, CDNC, and cloud radiative forcing to Arctic surface seawater DMS concentrations. For any given amount and distribution of Arctic surface seawater DMS, similar amounts of sulfate are produced by oxidation of DMS in 2000 and 2050 despite large increases in DMS emission in the latter period due to sea ice retreat in the simulations. This relatively low sensitivity of sulfate burden is related to enhanced sulfate wet removal by precipitation in 2050. However simulated aerosol nucleation rates are higher in 2050, which results in an overall increase in CDNC and substantially more negative cloud radiative forcing. Thus potential future reductions in sea ice extent may cause cloud albedos to increase, resulting in a negative climate feedback on radiative forcing in the Arctic associated with ocean DMS emissions.
Variability, timescales, and non-linearity in climate responses to
black carbon emissions
Authors: Yang Yang , Smith Steven J. , Wang Hailong , Mills Catrin M. , Rasch Philip J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) particles exert a potentially large warming influence on the Earth system. Reductions in BC emissions have attracted attention as a possible means to moderate near-term temperature changes. For the first time, we evaluate regional climate responses, non-linearity, and short-term transient responses to BC emission perturbations in the Arctic, mid-latitudes, and globally based on a comprehensive set of emission-driven experiments using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Surface temperature responses to BC emissions are complex, with surface warming over land from mid-latitude BC perturbations partially offset by ocean cooling. Climate responses do not scale linearity with emissions. While stronger BC emission perturbations have a higher burden efficiency, their temperature sensitivity is lower. BC impacts temperature much faster than greenhouse gas forcing, with transient temperature responses in the Arctic and mid-latitudes approaching a quasi-equilibrium state with a timescale of 2–3 years. We find large variability in BC-induced climate changes due to background model noise. As a result, perturbing present-day BC emission levels results in no discernible net global-average surface temperature signal. In order to better understand the climatic impacts of BC emissions, both the drivers of non-linear responses and response variability need to be assessed across climate models.
The role of moisture transport for precipitation on
the interannual and inter-daily fluctuations of the
arctic sea ice extension
Authors: Gimeno-Sotelo Luis , Nieto Raquel , Vázquez Marta , Gimeno Luis
Published: September 2018

Abstract. By considering the moisture transport for precipitation (MTP) for a target region to be the moisture that arrives in this region from its major moisture sources and which then results in precipitation in that region, we explore i) whether the MTP from the main moisture sources for the Arctic region is linked with interannual fluctuations in the extent of Arctic Sea ice superimposed on its decline and ii) the role of extreme MTP events in the inter-daily change of the Arctic Sea Ice Extent (SIE) when extreme MTP simultaneously arrives from the four main moisture regions that supply it. The results suggest 1) that ice-melting at the scale of interannual fluctuations against the trend is favoured by an increase in moisture transport in summer, autumn, and winter, and a decrease in spring and, 2) on a daily basis, extreme humidity transport increases the formation of ice in winter and decreases it in spring, summer and autumn; in these 3 seasons it therefore contributes to Arctic Sea Ice Melting. These patterns differ sharply from that linked to the decline, especially in summer when the opposite trend applies.
Estimating lateral moraine sediment supply to a debris-covered glacier in the Himalaya
Authors: van Woerkom Teun , Steiner Jakob F. , Kraaijenbrink Philip D. A. , Miles Evan S. , Immerzeel Walter W.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Debris-covered glacier tongues in the Himalaya play an important role in the high-altitude water cycle. The thickness of the debris layer is a key control of the melt rate of those tongues, yet little is known about the relative importance of the three potential sources of debris supply to those glaciers: the headwalls, the glacier bed or the lateral moraines. In this study we hypothesize that erosion from the lateral moraines is a significant debris supply to the debris-covered tongues, in particular when the tongue is disconnected from the headwall due to glacier downwasting. To test this hypothesis eight high-resolution and highly accurate digital elevation models for the lateral moraines of the debris-covered Lirung glacier in Nepal derived from an unmanned aerial vehicle between May 2013 and April 2018 are used. The analysis shows that the lateral moraines erode at an average rate of 0.31 ± 0.26 m yr−1 during this period driven by different erosion processes. There is also a higher erosion rate observed in the monsoon season (0.42 m yr−1) than in the dry season (0.25 m yr−1). In addition the loose lower parts of the lateral moraines erode at a faster rate during both seasons. These erosion rates translate into an annual increase in debris thickness ranging from 0.17 m yr−1 when the eroded material is distributed over the entire glacier to 0.29 m yr−1 in case the material is deposited in a narrow runout zone. It is concluded that the lateral moraines provide an important source of surface debris for glaciers in an advanced state of mass loss, and the source needs to be incorporated into models of glacier evolution. Further research should focus on how large this negative feedback is in controlling the melt of the tongues and a better understanding of the redistribution of debris on the tongue is therefore required.
Quantitative analysis of suture lines in Carboniferous ammonoids
Authors: Wegerer Michael , De Baets Kenneth , Korn Dieter
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Two morphometric
methods are applied and compared for the analysis of suture lines in Early
Carboniferous ammonoids of the superfamilies Pericycloidea, Girtyoceratoidea
and Goniatitoidea. We analysed (1) classic metric data (proportions of the
width and depths or heights of lobes and saddles) using multivariate
statistic methods and (2) outline data of the external lobe and the
ventrolateral saddle of the same ammonoid taxa using the elliptic Fourier
analysis. Both methods lead to similar results and simultaneously demonstrate
ontogenetic and phylogenetic trends of these ammonoids. Our results are
consistent with three previously suggested evolutionary patterns: (1) a
general decrease of the amplitude of lobes and saddles, (2) a proportional
widening of the external lobe and (3) a heightening of the median saddle.
STORM 1.0: a simple, flexible, and parsimonious stochastic rainfall generator for simulating climate and climate change
Authors: Singer Michael Bliss , Michaelides Katerina , Hobley Daniel E. J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Assessments of water balance changes, watershed response, and landscape
evolution to climate change require representation of spatially and
temporally varying rainfall fields over a drainage basin, as well as the
flexibility to simply modify key driving climate variables (evaporative
demand, overall wetness, storminess). An empirical–stochastic approach to the
problem of rainstorm simulation enables statistical realism and the creation
of multiple ensembles that allow for statistical characterization and/or time
series of the driving rainfall over a fine grid for any climate scenario.
Here, we provide details on the STOchastic Rainfall Model (STORM), which uses
this approach to simulate drainage basin rainfall. STORM simulates individual
storms based on Monte Carlo selection from probability density functions
(PDFs) of storm area, storm duration, storm intensity at the core, and storm
center location. The model accounts for seasonality, orography, and the
probability of storm intensity for a given storm duration. STORM also
generates time series of potential evapotranspiration (PET), which are
required for most physically based applications. We explain how the model
works and demonstrate its ability to simulate observed historical rainfall
characteristics for a small watershed in southeast Arizona. We explain the data
requirements for STORM and its flexibility for simulating rainfall for
various classes of climate change. Finally, we discuss several potential
applications of STORM.
Including effects of watershed heterogeneity in the curve number method using variable initial abstraction
Authors: Santikari Vijay P. , Murdoch Lawrence C.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The curve number (CN) method was developed more than half a century ago and is still used in many watershed and water-quality models to estimate direct runoff from a rainfall event. Despite its popularity, the method is plagued by a conceptual problem where CN is assumed to be constant for a given set of watershed conditions, but many field observations show that CN decreases with event rainfall (P). Recent studies indicate that heterogeneity within the watershed is the cause of this behavior, but the governing mechanism remains poorly understood. This study shows that heterogeneity in initial abstraction, Ia, can be used to explain how CN varies with P. By conventional definition, Ia is equal to the cumulative rainfall before the onset of runoff and is assumed to be constant for a given set of watershed conditions. Our analysis shows that the total storage in Ia (IaT) is constant, but the effective Ia varies with P, and is equal to the filled portion ofIaT, which we call IaF. CN calculated using IaF varies with P similar to published field observations. This motivated modifications to the CN method, called variable Ia models (VIMs), which replace Ia with IaF. VIMs were evaluated against conventional models CM0.2 (λ  =  0.2) and CMλ (calibrated λ) in their ability to predict runoff data generated using a distributed parameter CN model. The performance of CM0.2 was the poorest, whereas those of the VIMs were the best in predicting overall runoff and watershed heterogeneity. VIMs also predicted the runoff from smaller events better than the CMs and eliminated the false prediction of zero-runoffs, which is a common shortcoming of the CMs. We conclude that including variable Ia accounts for heterogeneity and improves the performance of the CN method while retaining its simplicity.
FLOOR PLANS IN CITYGML
Authors: Konde A. , Tauscher H. , Biljecki F. , Crawford J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This paper (1) discusses the modelling of floor plans in CityGML; (2) proposes a delineation of multiple variants of indoor LoD0 in line with the current proposal for CityGML 3.0; (3) demonstrates a method to generate CityGML datasets with included floor plans; and (4) explores their usability. The use of an Application Domain Extension (ADE) is being proposed in order to preserve potentially useful information found within detailed building information models (BIM), specifically Industry Foundation Class (IFC), that cannot be stored in CityGML natively. Our work follows the current developments of CityGML 3.0, and based on the discussions in the CityGML Standards Working Group (SWG) it showcases one of the first datasets consistent with the ongoing development of CityGML 3.0 and one that follows the proposals for a new LOD concept and new interior features.
COMMUNICATING MULTILEVEL EVACUATION CONTEXT USING SITUATED AUGMENTED REALITY
Authors: Lochhead I. , Hedley N.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Emergency preparedness is a fundamental component of a successful emergency management strategy. This includes a proactive communication strategy that informs all stakeholders of the emergency plan and helps translate that knowledge to real spaces. Communicating multilevel built environments can be difficult, as the architectural complexity creates problems for both visual and mental representations of networks in 3D space. Modern mobile technology offers emerging opportunities for emergency managers to develop and deploy 3D visualizations of multilevel spaces that preserve the topology of those spaces while adding the spatial context that allows the individual to better understand their position within it. In this paper, we present a collection of mixed reality (specifically augmented reality) geovisualizations that overcome the visual limitations associated with the traditional static 2D methods of communicating the evacuation plans of multilevel structures. We demonstrate how this technology can provide spatially contextualized 3D geovisualizations that promote spatial knowledge acquisition and support cognitive mapping. These geovisualizations are designed as a proactive emergency management tool to educate and prepare at risk populations prior to the occurrence of a hazardous event.
CITYGML RESTFUL WEB SERVICE: AUTOMATIC RETRIEVAL OF CITYGML DATA BASED ON THEIR SEMANTICS. PRINCIPLES, GUIDELINES AND BLDG CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
Authors: Pispidikis I. , Dimopoulou E.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. CityGML is considered an optimal standard for the representation of 3D city models. However, due to its complex structure, easy-to–use data retrieval is important, in terms of interoperability. This implies choosing the implementation of Web Service Technologies and in particular the WFS, as the most suitable OGC standard for retrieving the real geometry data. Nevertheless, this standard serves data mainly based on their geometry, while CityGML also covers topology and more importantly semantic aspects of 3D city models. Therefore, this paper examines and presents the new CityGML RESTful Web service, instead of the OGC WFS. This Web Service is conceptually designed to achieve CityGML data retrieval based on their semantics characteristics. In this context, several principles and guidelines of the new CityGML RESTful Web service are described and the “CityModels” resource is presented. Additionally, the conceptual design of the bldg resource and its child resources based on the level of details is also presented.
URBANCO2FAB: COMPREHENSION OF CONCURRENT VIEWPOINTS OF URBAN FABRIC BASED ON GIT
Authors: Samuel J. , Servigne S. , Gesquière G.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The study of urban evolution requires representation and management of concurrent points of view using interoperable standards. An extension to CityGML has been recently proposed (Chaturvedi et al., 2017) to represent urban evolution. In this article, we further extend this work to represent different possible scenarios . The key characteristic of our approach is that it makes the most of existing technologies like version control system so that users can easily work with our proposed extension. Our approach also lets the users add and even modify information to versions and version transitions of scenarios in a given workspace.
TESTING THE IMPACT OF 2D GENERALISATION ON 3D MODELS – EXPLORING ANALYSIS OPTIONS WITH AN OFF-THE-SHELF SOFTWARE PACKAGE
Authors: Muñumer Herrero E. , Ellul C. , Morley J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Popularity and diverse use of 3D city models has increased exponentially in the past few years, providing a more realistic impression and understanding of cities. Often, 3D city models are created by elevating the buildings from a detailed 2D topographic base map and subsequently used in studies such as solar panel allocation, infrastructure remodelling, antenna installations or even tourist guide applications. However, the large amount of resulting data slows down rendering and visualisation of the 3D models, and can also impact the performance of any analysis. Generalisation enables a reduction in the amount of data – however the addition of the third dimension makes this process more complex, and the loss of detail resulting from the process will inevitably have an impact on the result of any subsequent analysis.While a few 3D generalization algorithms do exist in a research context, these are not available commercially. However, GIS users can create the generalised 3D models by simplifying and aggregating the 2D dataset first and then extruding it to the third dimension. This approach offers a rapid generalization process to create a dataset to underpin the impact of using generalised data for analysis. Specifically, in this study, the line of sight from a tall building and the sun shadow that it creates are calculated and compared, in both original and generalised datasets. The results obtained after the generalisation process are significant: both the number of polygons and the number of nodes are minimized by around 83 % and the volume of 3D buildings is reduced by 14.87 %. As expected, the spatial analyses processing times are also reduced. The study demonstrates the impact of generalisation on analytical results – which is particularly relevant in situations where detailed data is not available and will help to guide the development of future 3D generalisation algorithms. It also highlights some issues with the overall maturity of 3D analysis tools, which could be one factor limiting uptake of 3D GIS.
EXPLORING SCHEMA MATCHING TO COMPARE GEOSPATIAL STANDARDS: APPLICATION TO UNDERGROUND UTILITY NETWORKS
Authors: Pouliot J. , Larrivée S. , Ellul C. , Boudhaim A.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This paper proposes a preliminary analysis of whether a schema matching approach can be applied for the comparison and possible the selection of geospatial standards. Schema matching is tested in the context of underground utility network modelling and, as an initial experiment, three geospatial standards are compared with user requirements: CityGML UtilityNetwork ADE, infraGML and IFC. The schema comparison is enabled by XSD files, and carried out from syntactic, structural and semantic points of view, making use of existing software. The findings of this preliminary investigation show that schema matching is applicable for the comparison of user needs and existing geospatial standards, and does show some potential, but the matching results are varied and not easy to interpret. In particular, the similarity scores between user needs and standards are very low and the comparison and the selection is not straightforward. Having a strategy - an iterative process - is required. While for this preliminary examination, the focus of this paper is on assessing the schema matching approach (which parameters to take into consideration, how to proceed, tools available, automation aspect), further work will include examining software options and performance, as well as exploring how to take the relatively complex preliminary results obtained here and use them to assist the selection of a specific standard.
CELL COMPLEXES TOPOLOGICAL LINKS FOR BUILDINGS IN CITYGML
Authors: Salleh S. , Ujang U. , Azri S. , Choon T. L.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Topology has served as the foundation for analysis in modelling cities and buildings. CityGML as an international standard for 3D city modelling utilises a simple ‘topology-incidence’ which links connected geometries by reference without the presence of a complete topological model to explicitly preserve the topological properties. This paper explains the use of cell complexes topological links for buildings in CityGML. Two datasets were used in this study which consisted of two connected buildings and two disjointed buildings. The geometries which make up the buildings were extracted as 0D nodes, 1D lines, 2D surfaces and 3D buildings. The resulting topological links generated are from a-0 links to a-3 links where a-0 links are lines that connect nodes (1D), a-1 links are connected lines that form surfaces (2D), a-2 links are connected surfaces that makes up a building (3D) and a-3 links represents connections between 3D buildings. The connected buildings started with a generated total of 57 a-0 links which decreased to 2 a-2 links where each building is represented by 1 a-2 link. A similar result was obtained for the disjointed buildings where ultimately the buildings were individually represented by an a-2 link. Besides that, a-3 links could be generated for the connected buildings which described that building 0 was connected to building 1 and vice versa. This shows that the cell complexes topological links is a simple yet compact way of preserving topological properties and facilitating navigation through the connected objects.
PREDICTION BASED WORKLOAD PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT SPATIAL DATABASE
Authors: Suryana N. , Rohman M. S. , Utomo F. S.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This paper discusses a prediction based workload performance evaluation implementation during Disaster Management, especially at the response phase, to handle large spatial data in the event of an eruption of the Merapi volcano in Indonesia. Complexity associated with a large spatial database are not the same with the conventional database. This implies that in coming complex work loads are difficult to be handled by human from which needs longer processing time and may lead to failure and undernourishment. Based on incoming workload, this study is intended to predict the associated workload into OLTP and DSS workload performance types. From the SQL statements, it is clear that the DBMS can obtain and record the process, measure the analysed performances and the workload classifier in the form of DBMS snapshots. The Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) optimised with Hash Search Technique has been adopted in this study to evaluate and predict the workload performance of PostgreSQL. It has been proven that the proposed CBR using Hash Search technique has resulted in acceptable prediction of the accuracy measurement than other machine learning algorithm like Neural Network and Support Vector Machine. Besides, the results of the evaluation using confusion matrix has resulted in very good accuracy as well as improvement in execution time. Additionally, the results of the study indicated that the prediction model for workload performance evaluation using CBR which is optimised by Hash Search technique for determining workload data on shortest path analysis via the employment of Dijkstra algorithm. It could be useful for the prediction of the incoming workload based on the status of the predetermined DBMS parameters. In this way, information is delivered to DBMS hence ensuring incoming workload information that is very crucial to determine the smooth works of PostgreSQL.
INVESTIGATING THE STATE OF PLAY OF GEOBIM ACROSS EUROPE
Authors: Ellul C. , Stoter J. , Harrie L. , Shariat M. , Behan A. , Pla M.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In both the Geographic Information (Geo) and Building Information Modelling (BIM) domains, it is widely acknowledged that the integration of data from both domains is beneficial and a crucial step in facing the multi-disciplinary challenges of our built environment. The result of this integration – which can broadly be termed GeoBIM – could answer questions such as identifying an appropriate Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning system for a building based on room usage, outside air temperature, solar exposure and traffic pollution or validating whether a proposed built asset meets relevant planning constraints. Developing a coherent approach to GeoBIM integration requires consensus between multiple stakeholders from both the Geo and the BIM side and at an international level. This multi-country and multi-stakeholder approach is the topic of a 2-year EuroSDR project on GeoBIM integration that started in November 2017. The general aim of the project is to detail both the needs and the issues of GeoBIM integration, studied from use cases as well as from existing experiences in the participating countries and to develop initial solutions accordingly. This paper reports initial results – it identifies strong potential for GeoBIM but also rather fragmented activity, with no national level focus. It also notes that research (both in industry and academia) primarily focuses on standards, interoperability and data integration or exchange. Based on these findings – and with a focus on existing work and topics of interest to NMCAs – the next phase of the work will develop more detailed case studies for Asset Management and Urban Planning.
A FRAMEWORK FOR RELIABLE THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNDERGROUND UTILITY MAPPING FOR URBAN PLANNING
Authors: van Son R. , Jaw S. W. , Yan J. , Khoo V. , Loo R. , Teo S. , Schrotter G.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. To optimise the use of limited available land, land-scarce cities such as Singapore are increasingly looking towards the underground in search of more space. A good understanding of what already exists underground is essential for the planning of underground spaces. In particular, utility services make up a significant part of what exists underground. To meet planning needs, the Singapore government has initiated efforts towards bringing records of existing utility networks together in a single database and share its contents to support planning, design, and construction of underground developments. However, these records can not be relied on to support these critical processes: They are not guaranteed to represent today’s state of the underground, are not accurate or of unknown accuracy, are inconsistently modelled, and may indicate as-design information instead of as-built information. This lack of reliability leads to an increase in cost and a loss in efficiency caused by the need to repeatedly survey to locate existing utility services on-site, and can have potentially disastrous outcomes when an excavation would damage existing services. Technological advances in utility surveying and mapping devices such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and gyroscopic pipeline mapping devices offer the potential of accurately mapping utilities in three dimensions (3D) at a large scale and high speed. However, a better understanding of the benefits and limitations of these technologies in a practical context is needed, as well as their suitability for mapping to support applications such as urban planning and land administration. The Digital Underground project is a collaboration between Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore Land Authority and the City of Zürich that aims to develop a roadmap towards a reliable 3D utility map of Singapore. To enable the development of utility mapping standards and guidelines, the 3D mapping workflow for underground utilities is studied extensively based on market research, literature study, and case studies. This work presents the beginnings of a framework for 3D mapping of underground utilities as one of the initial results of the Digital Underground project as it is in progress. From these experiences, it can be concluded that, together with existing data, data captured using various surveying methods can indeed contribute to the establishment and maintenance of a consolidated and reliable utility map. To this end, a multi-sensor, multi-data 3D mapping workflow is proposed to integrate data captured using different surveying techniques during different moments in the development lifecycle of utilities. Based on this framework, this work also identifies areas for improvement and critical gaps to be bridged that will ultimately form part of the roadmap.
INCREASING AWARENESS FOR URBAN CULTURAL HERITAGE BASED ON 3D NARRATIVE SYSTEM
Authors: Wang B. , Dane G. Z. , de Vries B.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. As UNESCO World Heritage Center defined, cultural heritage is legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. Recently, many advanced technologies such as virtual environment and narrative platform, have been applied in improving public awareness for cultural heritage to preserve historical sites. However, these tools have their own limitations. In order to have a powerful system, these technologies should be integrated. Therefore, this study describes the need and possible methodology for a new 3D narrative system. This system contains 2D maps, 3D city models and narrative format. Tourists and locals can use it as a guide to view the cultural heritages and view and insert their narratives during their visits. Another usage can be before going there and after visiting they can share their own experience and stories to others. On one hand, they can have a deeper understanding of cultural heritages, on the other hand, they can incorporate their cultural heritage narratives for others to explore these historical sites. In this way, more people will have an interest in these heritages, and the awareness for preserving them will be improved.
WHAT IS THE NEED FOR BUILDING PARTS? – A COMPARISON OF CITYGML, INSPIRE BUILDING AND A SWEDISH BUILDING STANDARD
Authors: Eriksson H. , Harrie L. , Paasch J. M.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The need for digital building information is increasing, both in the form of 3D city models (as geodata) and of more detailed building information models (BIM). BIM models are mainly used in the architecture, engineering and construction industry, but have recently become interesting also for municipalities. The overall aim of this paper is to study one way of dividing a building, namely the division of a building into building parts in both 3D city models and in BIM models. The study starts by an inventory of how building parts are defined in 3D city model standards (CityGML, the INSPIRE building specification and a Swedish national specification for buildings) and in BIM models (Industry Foundation Classes, IFC). The definition of building parts in these specifications are compared and evaluated. The paper also describes potential applications for the use of building parts, on what grounds a building could be divided into building parts, advantages and disadvantages of having building parts and what consequences it can have on the usage of the building information. One finding is that building parts is defined similar, but not identical in the studied geodata specifications and there are no requirements, only recommendations on how buildings should be divided into building parts. This can complicate the modelling, exchange and reuse of building information, and in a longer perspective, it would be desirable to have recommendations of how to define and use building parts in for example a national context.
INVESTIGATING INTEROPERABILITY CAPABILITIES BETWEEN IFC AND CITYGML LOD 4 – RETAINING SEMANTIC INFORMATION
Authors: Floros G. S. , Ellul C. , Dimopoulou E.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Applications of 3D City Models range from assessing the potential output of solar panels across a city to determining the best location for 5G mobile phone masts. While in the past these models were not readily available, the rapid increase of available data from sources such as Open Data (e.g. OpenStreetMap), National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies and increasingly Building Information Models facilitates the implementation of increasingly detailed 3D Models. However, these sources also generate integration challenges relating to heterogeneity, storage and efficient management and visualization. CityGML and IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) are two standards that serve different application domains (GIS and BIM) and are commonly used to store and share 3D information. The ability to convert data from IFC to CityGML in a consistent manner could generate 3D City Models able to represent an entire city, but that also include detailed geometric and semantic information regarding its elements. However, CityGML and IFC present major differences in their schemas, rendering interoperability a challenging task, particularly when details of a building’s internal structure are considered (Level of Detail 4 in CityGML). The aim of this paper is to investigate interoperability options between the aforementioned standards, by converting IFC models to CityGML LoD 4 Models. The CityGML Models are then semantically enriched and the proposed methodology is assessed in terms of model’s geometric validity and capability to preserve semantics.
BIM-GIS ORIENTED INTELLIGENT KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY
Authors: Kiavarz H. , Jadidi M. , Rajabifard A. , Sohn G.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Urban and population growth results in increasing pressure on the public utilities like transport, energy, healthcare services, crime management and emergency services in the realm of smart city management. Smart management of these services increases the necessity of dealing with big data which is come from different sources with various types and formats like 3D city information, GPS, traffic, mobile, Building Information Model (BIM), environmental, social activities and IoT stream data. Therefore, an approach to mine/analysis/interpret these data and extract useful knowledge from this diverse big data sources emerges in order to extract the hidden pattern of data using computational algorithms from statistics, machine learning and information theory. However, inconsistency, duplication and repetition and misconducting with the different type of discrete and continuous data can cause erroneous decision-making. This paper focuses on providing a rules extraction and supervised-decision making methods for facilitating the fusion of BIM and 2D and 3D GIS-based information coupling with IoT stream data residing in a spatial database and 3D BIM data. The proposed methods can be used in those applications like Emergency Response, Evacuation Planning, Occupancy Mapping, and Urban Monitoring to Smart Multi-Buildings so that their input data mostly come from 2D and 3D GIS, BIM and IoT stream. This research focus on proposing the unified rules extraction and decision engine to help smart citizens and managers using BIM and GIS data to make smart decision rather than focus on applications in certain field of BIM and GIS.
Reconstruction of sea level around the Korean Peninsula using cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions
Authors: Cheon Se-Hyeon , Hamlington Benjamin D. , Suh Kyung-Duck
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Since the advent of the modern satellite altimeter era, the
understanding of the sea level has increased dramatically. The satellite
altimeter record, however, dates back only to the 1990s. The tide gauge
record, on the other hand, extends through the 20th century but with poor
spatial coverage when compared to the satellites. Many studies have been
conducted to create a dataset with the spatial coverage of the satellite
datasets and the temporal length of the tide gauge records by finding novel
ways to combine the satellite data and tide gauge data in what is known as
sea level reconstruction. However, most of the reconstructions of sea level
were conducted on a global scale, leading to reduced accuracy on regional
levels, especially when there are relatively few tide gauges. The seas around
the Korean Peninsula are one such area with few tide gauges before 1960. In
this study, new methods are proposed to reconstruct past sea level around the
Korean Peninsula. Using spatial patterns obtained from a cyclostationary
empirical orthogonal function decomposition of satellite data, we reconstruct
sea level over the period from 1900 to 2014. Sea surface temperature data and
altimeter data are used simultaneously in the reconstruction process, leading
to an elimination of reliance on tide gauge data. Although we did not use the
tide gauge data in the reconstruction process, the reconstructed sea level
has a better agreement with the tide gauge observations in the region than
previous studies that incorporated the tide gauge data. This study
demonstrates a reconstruction technique that can potentially be used at
regional levels, with particular emphasis on areas with poor tide gauge
coverage.
Assessment of altimetry using ground-based GPS data from the 88S Traverse, Antarctica, in support of ICESat-2
Authors: Brunt Kelly M. , Neumann Thomas A. , Larsen Christopher F.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. We conducted a 750 km kinematic GPS survey, referred to as the 88S Traverse, based out of South Pole Station, Antarctica between December 2017 and January 2018. This ground-based survey was designed to validate spaceborne altimetry and airborne altimetry developed at NASA. The 88S Traverse intersects 20 % of the ICESat-2 satellite orbits on a route that has been flown by 2 different Operation IceBridge airborne laser altimeters: the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM; 26 October 2014) and the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (UAF) Lidar (30 November and 3 December, 2017). Here we present an overview of the ground-based GPS data quality and a quantitative assessment of the airborne laser altimetry over a flat section of the ice-sheet interior. Results indicate that the GPS data are internally consistent (1.1 ± 4.1 cm). Relative to the ground-based 88S Traverse data, the elevation biases for ATM and the UAF Lidar range from −9.5 to 3.6 cm, while surface measurement precisions are equal to or better than 14.1 cm. These results suggest that the ground-based GPS data and airborne altimetry data are appropriate for the validation of ICESat-2 surface elevation data.
Nível de Conformidade da Aplicação do CPC 05 (R1) nas Cooperativas de Crédito.
Authors: Souza Francisca Aparecida , Tomio Aline Macedo , Rodrigues Jomar Miranda
Published: September 2018

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar o nível de conformidade das cooperativas de crédito de acordo com o CPC 05 (R1). Para tanto, chegou-se a uma amostra de 88 cooperativas de crédito classificadas de acordo com o tamanho do ativo em 31/12/2016. Os dados foram coletados nas demonstrações contábeis dos períodos de 2014 a 2016. Foram identificados 17 itens no normativo técnico que as cooperativas devem observar para a divulgação de informações de transações com partes relacionadas. Os principais resultados evidenciam que o maior índice de divulgação que uma cooperativa alcançou foi 82%, enquanto o menor foi de 12%. A regressão com dados em painel não evidenciou significância em nenhum dos coeficientes. A pesquisa mostra que as informações estão sendo aprimoradas no decorrer dos anos, mas ainda é necessário aumentar a extensão das informações divulgadas para melhorar a transparência nas transações com partes relacionadas. O estudo contribui com o conhecimento sobre o disclosure das cooperativas de crédito.
Informações
Authors: Costa Flaviano
Published: September 2018

Informações
Editorial
Authors: Costa Flaviano
Published: September 2018

Editorial
Formulário de Avaliação
Authors: Costa Flaviano
Published: September 2018

Formulário de Avaliação
English Language and Literature Students’ Perceptions of Critical Thinking
Authors: Tosuncuoglu Irfan
Published: September 2018

The fundamental purpose of the function of thinking is to attribute meaning to events in our lives, classify these events into categories and identify them subjectively. As an important dimension of education on thinking, the teaching of critical thinking since the 1950s has attained a wide conceptual framework. Accepted as a factor that facilitates the aquisition and comprehension of information, critical thinking is a desirable learning outcome of education.  Some of the characteristics and properties of critical thinking are being aware, systematic, flexible and patient, encompassing open-meaning, metacognition, reconstruction, motivation and discussion.  From this point, the perceptions of the students of Karabuk University, English Language and Literature Department, regarding critical thinking, were investigated in detail, in the Spring semester of the academic year 2017-2018. This study is a descriptive one and utilises the survey model to determine the levels of critical thinking in 222 teacher candidates, comprised of students ranging from freshmen to seniors and from both daytime and evening education. The findings have been evaluated and a set of conclusions have been drawn. While a statistical difference according to classes was not found when Anova results were analysed on the sub-dimensions of metacognition, flexibility, systematicity, open-mindedness, a difference was found between the sophomore and senior students on the sub-dimension of perseverance-patience.