bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SGR A* AND ITS ENVIRONMENT: LOW-MASS STAR FORMATION, THE ORIGIN OF X-RAY GAS AND COLLIMATED OUTFLOW
Authors: Yusef-Zadeh F. , Wardle M. , Schödel R. , Roberts D. A. , Cotton W. , Bushouse H. , Arendt R. , Royster M.
Published: February 2016

We present high-resolution multiwavelength radio continuum images of the region within 150″ of Sgr A*, revealing a number of new extended features and stellar sources in this region. First, we detect a continuous 2″ east–west ridge of radio emission, linking Sgr A* and a cluster of stars associated with IRS 13 N and IRS 13E. The ridge suggests that an outflow of east–west blob-like structures is emerging from Sgr A*. In particular, we find arc-like radio structures within the ridge with morphologies suggestive of photoevaporative protoplanetary disks. We use infrared K
s
and L′ fluxes to show that the emission has similar characteristics to those of a protoplanetary disk irradiated by the intense radiation field at the Galactic center. This suggests that star formation has taken place within the S-cluster 2″ from Sgr A*. We suggest that the diffuse X-ray emission associated with Sgr A* is due to an expanding hot wind produced by the mass loss from B-type main sequence stars, and/or the disks of photoevaporation of low mass young stellar objects (YSOs) at a rate of ∼10−6

yr−1. The proposed model naturally reduces the inferred accretion rate and is an alternative to the inflow–outflow style models to explain the underluminous nature of Sgr A*. Second, on a scale of 5″ from Sgr A*, we detect new cometary radio and infrared sources at a position angle PA ∼ 50° which is similar to that of two other cometary sources X3 and X7, all of which face Sgr A*. In addition, we detect a striking tower of radio emission at a PA ∼ 50°–60° along the major axis of the Sgr A East supernova remnant shell on a scale of 150″ from Sgr A*. We suggest that the cometary sources and the tower feature are tracing interaction sites of a mildly relativistic jet from Sgr A* with the atmosphere of stars and the nonthermal Sgr A East shell at a PA ∼ 50°–60° with

, and opening angle 10°. Lastly, we suggest that the east–west ridge of radio emission traces an outflow that is potentially associated with past flaring activity from Sgr A*. The position angle of the outflow driven by flaring activity is close to −90°.
HeCS-SZ: THE HECTOSPEC SURVEY OF SUNYAEV–ZELDOVICH-SELECTED CLUSTERS
Authors: Rines Kenneth J. , Geller Margaret J. , Diaferio Antonaldo , Hwang Ho Seong
Published: February 2016

We estimate cluster masses and velocity dispersions for 123 clusters from optical spectroscopy to compare the Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) mass proxy and dynamical masses. Our new survey, HeCS-SZ (Hectospec Cluster Survey of SZ-selected clusters), includes 7721 new or remeasured redshifts from MMT/Hectospec observations of 21 SZ-selected clusters at redshifts z = 0.05–0.20. We supplement the Hectospec data with spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and cluster data from the Cluster Infall Regions in SDSS project and the Hectospec Cluster Survey, our Hectospec survey of clusters selected by X-ray flux. We measure the scaling relation between velocity dispersion and SZ mass estimates from the integrated Compton parameter for an SZ-complete sample of 83 clusters. The observed relation agrees very well with a simple virial scaling from mass (based on SZ) to velocity dispersion. The SZ mass estimates (calibrated with hydrostatic X-ray mass estimates) are not significantly biased compared to dynamical mass estimates under the assumption of small velocity bias of galaxies compared to dark matter particles. Significant mass bias in SZ mass estimates could relieve tension between cosmological results from Planck SZ cluster counts and Planck CMB data. In principle, SZ mass bias and velocity bias of galaxies could conspire to yield good agreement, but the required velocity bias is

, outside the range of recent models of velocity bias in the literature. More likely, SZ mass bias and velocity bias are both small, and the tension between SZ cluster counts and CMB data requires another explanation.
PRESSURE EFFECTS IN POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC NITROGENATED HETEROCYCLES (PANHs): DIAGNOSTIC QUALITIES AND COSMOBAROMETRY POTENTIAL
Authors: Montgomery Wren , Sephton Mark A.
Published: February 2016

The influence of polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs), which have been suggested as contributors to the interstellar IR emission bands, on interstellar emission features is difficult to constrain because their infrared characteristics are strongly similar to those for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). One possible solution is to seek a means of visualizing the presence of PANHs that provides information that is distinct from that for PAHs. Although PANHs and PAHs have similar infrared characteristics in many settings, this relationship may not be universally maintained. We have used in situ high-pressure synchrotron-source Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine that the responses of two representative molecules, acridine and anthracene, differ at high pressures (>ca. 1 GPa). Because there are a number of high-pressure environments that can be remotely observed by infrared spectroscopy, they represent a potential to glimpse the distribution of PANHs across the cosmos.
THE CLOSE STELLAR COMPANIONS TO INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLES
Authors: MacLeod Morgan , Trenti Michele , Ramirez-Ruiz Enrico
Published: February 2016

When embedded in dense cluster cores, intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) acquire close stellar or stellar-remnant companions. These companions are not only gravitationally bound, but also tend to hierarchically isolate from other cluster stars through series of multibody encounters. In this paper we study the demographics of IMBH companions in compact star clusters through direct N-body simulations. We study clusters initially composed of 105 or 2 × 105 stars with IMBHs of 75 and 150 solar masses, and we follow their evolution for 6–10 Gyr. A tight, innermost binary pair of IMBH and stellar object rapidly forms. The IMBH has a companion with an orbital semimajor axis at least three times tighter than the second-most-bound object over 90% of the time. These companionships have typical periods on the order of years and are subject to cycles of exchange and destruction. The most frequently observed, long-lived pairings persist for ∼107 years. The demographics of IMBH companions in clusters are diverse: they include both main-sequence, giant stars and stellar remnants. Companion objects may reveal the presence of an IMBH in a cluster in one of several ways. The most-bound companion stars routinely suffer grazing tidal interactions with the IMBH, offering a dynamical mechanism to produce repeated flaring episodes like those seen in the IMBH candidate HLX-1. The stellar winds of companion stars provide a minimum quiescent accretion rate for IMBHs, with implications for radio searches for IMBH accretion in globular clusters. Finally, gravitational wave inspirals of compact objects occur with promising frequency.
LONGITUDINAL PROPERTIES OF A WIDESPREAD SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENT ON 2014 FEBRUARY 25: EVOLUTION OF THE ASSOCIATED CME SHOCK
Authors: Lario D. , Kwon R.-Y. , Vourlidas A. , Raouafi N. E. , Haggerty D. K. , Ho G. C. , Anderson B. J. , Papaioannou A. , Gómez-Herrero R. , Dresing N. , Riley P.
Published: February 2016

We investigate the solar phenomena associated with the origin of the solar energetic particle (SEP) event observed on 2014 February 25 by a number of spacecraft distributed in the inner heliosphere over a broad range of heliolongitudes. These include spacecraft located near Earth; the twin Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory spacecraft, STEREO-A and STEREO-B, located at ∼1 au from the Sun 153° west and 160° east of Earth, respectively; the MErcury Surface Space ENvironment GEochemistry and Ranging mission (at 0.40 au and 31° west of Earth); and the Juno spacecraft (at 2.11 au and 48° east of Earth). Although the footpoints of the field lines nominally connecting the Sun with STEREO-A, STEREO-B and near-Earth spacecraft were quite distant from each other, an intense high-energy SEP event with Fe-rich prompt components was observed at these three locations. The extent of the extreme-ultraviolet wave associated with the solar eruption generating the SEP event was very limited in longitude. However, the white-light shock accompanying the associated coronal mass ejection extended over a broad range of longitudes. As the shock propagated into interplanetary space it extended over at least ∼190° in longitude. The release of the SEPs observed at different longitudes occurred when the portion of the shock magnetically connected to each spacecraft was already at relatively high altitudes (≳2 R
⊙ above the solar surface). The expansion of the shock in the extended corona, as opposite to near the solar surface, determined the SEP injection and SEP intensity-time profiles at different longitudes.
THE METALLICITY EVOLUTION OF BLUE COMPACT DWARF GALAXIES FROM THE INTERMEDIATE REDSHIFT TO THE LOCAL UNIVERSE
Authors: Lian Jianhui , Hu Ning , Fang Guanwen , Ye Chengyun , Kong Xu
Published: February 2016

We present oxygen abundance measurements for 74 blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies in the redshift range of [0.2, 0.5] using the strong-line method. The spectra of these objects are taken using Hectospec on the Multiple Mirror Telescope. More than half of these BCDs had dust attenuation corrected using the Balmer decrement method. For comparison, we also selected a sample of 2023 local BCDs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) database. Based on the local and intermediate-z BCD samples, we investigated the cosmic evolution of the metallicity, star formation rate (SFR), and D
n(4000) index. Compared with local BCDs, the intermediate-z BCDs had a systematically higher R23 ratio but a similar O32 ratio. Interestingly, no significant deviation in the mass–metallicity (MZ) relation was found between the intermediate-z and local BCDs. Besides the metallicity, the intermediate-z BCDs also exhibited an SFR distribution that was consistent with local BCDs, suggesting a weak dependence on redshift. The intermediate-z BCDs seemed to be younger than the local BCDs with lower D
n(4000) index values. The insignificant deviation in the mass–metallicity and mass–SFR relations between intermediate-z and local BCDs indicates that the relations between the global parameters of low-mass compact galaxies may be universal. These results from low-mass compact galaxies could be used to place important observational constraints on galaxy formation and evolution models.
A STELLAR VELOCITY DISPERSION FOR A STRONGLY LENSED, INTERMEDIATE-MASS QUIESCENT GALAXY AT z = 2.8
Authors: Hill Allison. R. , Muzzin Adam , Franx Marijn , van de Sande Jesse
Published: February 2016

Measuring stellar velocity dispersions of quiescent galaxies beyond

is observationally challenging. Such measurements require near-infrared spectra with a continuum detection of at least moderate signal to noise, often necessitating long integrations. In this paper, we present deep X-Shooter spectroscopy of one of only two known gravitationally lensed massive quiescent galaxies at

. This galaxy is quadruply imaged, with the brightest images magnified by a factor of ∼5. The total exposure time of our data is 9.8 hr on-source; however, the magnification, and the slit placement encompassing two images, provides a total equivalent exposure time of 215 hr. From this deep spectrum we measure a redshift of (

), making this one of the highest redshift quiescent galaxies that is spectroscopically confirmed. We simultaneously fit both the spectroscopic and photometric data to determine stellar population parameters and conclude that this galaxy is relatively young (

), of intermediate mass (

), consistent with low dust content (

), and has quenched only relatively recently. This recent quenching is confirmed by strong Balmer absorption, particularly

(

). Remarkably, this proves that at least some intermediate-mass galaxies have already quenched as early as

. Additionally, we have measured a velocity dispersion of (

), making this the highest-redshift quiescent galaxy with a dispersion measurement. We confirm that this galaxy falls on the same mass fundamental plane (MFP) as galaxies at z = 2.2, consistent with little to no evolution in the MFP up to z = 2.8. Overall this galaxy is proof of the existence of intermediate-mass quenched galaxies in the distant universe, and that lensing is a powerful tool for determining their properties with improved accuracy.
LONG-ORBITAL-PERIOD PREPOLARS CONTAINING EARLY K-TYPE DONOR STARS. BOTTLENECK ACCRETION MECHANISM IN ACTION
Authors: Tovmassian G. , González–Buitrago D. , Zharikov S. , Reichart D. E. , Haislip J. B. , Ivarsen K. M. , LaCluyze A. P. , Moore J. P. , Miroshnichenko A. S.
Published: February 2016

We studied two objects identified as cataclysmic variables (CVs) with periods exceeding the natural boundary for Roche-lobe-filling zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) secondary stars. We present observational results for V1082 Sgr with a 20.82 hr orbital period, an object that shows a low luminosity state when its flux is totally dominated by a chromospherically active K star with no signs of ongoing accretion. Frequent accretion shutoffs, together with characteristics of emission lines in a high state, indicate that this binary system is probably detached, and the accretion of matter on the magnetic white dwarf takes place through stellar wind from the active donor star via coupled magnetic fields. Its observational characteristics are surprisingly similar to V479 And, a 14.5 hr binary system. They both have early K-type stars as donor stars. We argue that, similar to the shorter-period prepolars containing M dwarfs, these are detached binaries with strong magnetic components. Their magnetic fields are coupled, allowing enhanced stellar wind from the K star to be captured and channeled through the bottleneck connecting the two stars onto the white dwarf’s magnetic pole, mimicking a magnetic CV. Hence, they become interactive binaries before they reach contact. This will help to explain an unexpected lack of systems possessing white dwarfs with strong magnetic fields among detached white+red dwarf systems.
Scenarios in Capabilities Planning Process
Authors: Procházka Josef , Mičánek František , Jozef Šmondrk , Josef Melichar
Published: February 2016

The aim of the article is to bring inspiration and offer needed recommendations for implementing the scenarios in the defence planning process. The article addresses purpose, development and practical application of scenarios in a national defence planning process, utilizing capability based planning (National Capability Based Defence Planning - NCBDP). During the planning scenarios are used for identification and verification of capability requirements. Scenarios depict main features of the environment in which the armed forces will be employed to execute military missions. Scenarios reflect as well operational concepts in a sense of doctrinal use of armed forces. Furthermore, they offer a possibility to identify and quantify required capabilities in a volatile, difficult to predict, complex, permanently and dynamically changing environment, and reduce level of uncertainty and associated risks. In this regard, scenarios are significant analytical and supporting tool of defence planning with high value added. Correct application of scenarios allows defining a set of required capabilities necessary for success in potential future conflicts. Scenarios enable long-term planning of capabilities development and optimisation as a platform for qualified and well informed decisions at the MoD level on the armed forces character, structure and size with regard to the ambitions and international commitments of the country. In the conclusion the article brings recommendations for the defence planning process improvement by exploiting capability based planning and scenarios. Recommendations provided in the article include doctrinal changes, organizational changes within MoD and General staff, recommendations for updating the education plans for military personnel, recommendations for optimization of the defence planning process as well as for necessary changes in the approach of the defence managers and military leaders to the described method.
Optimization Dislocation of Accoutrements Military Distribution Points in the Czech Armed Forces
Authors: Machačová Tatiana , Zelenák Michal
Published: February 2016

The article presents four possible dislocation options of military distribution points of accoutrements in the sector of Czech Armed Forces. The article assesses the impact of those options on the driving distance, total operation costs and the value of the stocks staff uniform shirts for men. There is defined simplified model and the calculation is used localization task on the base of these parameters. Analysis of the various options and their subsequent comparison is proposed optimal dislocation distribution points. In calculation the distance value will be determined based on knowledge of the coordinates of the localized objects. The final section is using a multi-criteria evaluation of alternatives selected the most appropriate option for distribution point of military accoutrements.
An Integrative Review of Peer Mentorship Programs for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Authors: Wong Carissa , Stake-Doucet Natalie , Lombardo Celia , Sanzone Lia , Tsimicalis Argerie
Published: February 2016

Background:

The purpose of this integrative review was to appraise and synthesize the evidence for the design, implementation, and evaluation of peer mentorship programs for undergraduate nursing students and to provide recommendations for future undergraduate nursing peer mentorship programs.

Method:

Using an integrative review methodology, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies were searched using six electronic databases. Studies were screened, assessed for eligibility, and appraised with critical appraisal tools. Data were extracted and synthesized using thematic analysis. Eleven studies were included in the integrative review.

Results:

Appraisal demonstrated overall poor methodology. All programs were designed based on a perceived need expressed by faculty and students and involved a multistep process of implementation. Positive outcomes for nursing students were found through the use of peer mentorship programs; however, various challenges to program success were identified.

Conclusion:

This review provides evidence that can be used to inform the design, implementation, and evaluation of future peer mentorship programs. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(3):141–149.]
Preceptors' Experience of Nursing Service-Learning Projects
Authors: Voss Heather C.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Service-learning is a teaching–learning strategy in higher education that provides hands-on experiences in authentic clinical environments. Mutual decision making, shared goals, reciprocity, and tangible benefits to organizations and the people they serve are hallmarks of service-learning. However, the literature is sparse pertaining to preceptor experiences with service-learning projects, the extent of reciprocity, or the projects' impact on those who received the service.

Method:

A small phenomenological study was conducted to better understand the experiences of four community-based health professionals who worked with nursing students on service-learning projects.

Results:

Four themes emerged from face-to-face interviews and written reflections: (a) reciprocity among preceptor, clinical faculty, and student, (b) intentional planning and project clarity, (c) meaningful and authentic experience, and (d) valued and beneficial contributions that addressed a need.

Conclusion:

Insight gained from the experiences of the four preceptors in this study suggest that through careful planning and reciprocity, service-learning can have a positive impact on community-based organizations and the people they serve. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(3):150–154.]
Fuzzy Classification using Self-Adaptive Algorithm to Generate Membership Function
Authors: Jalota Hemant , Thakur Manoj
Published: February 2016

In Fuzzy classification, assigning (or constructing) membership function to sample data on the basis of their attributes is a vital task. In this paper an algorithm is proposed to generate membership function using genetic algorithm (GA). Correlation coefficient is used to select the attributes for generating membership function w.r.t. the class and to classify the data without any human expert's instructions. Membership function is initially assigned using historical data and then the shape and size is updated using BEX-PM (Thakur, 2014) genetic algorithm to classify the data. Proposed methodology tries to make use of lesser fuzzy rule. The performance of the method is compared with other existing methodology on the basis of accuracy rate to classify Iris, Wine and Pima data set.
A Possibility Approach for the Single Item Lot Sizing Problem with Fuzzy Parameters
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Raman Jyoti , Singh Priya
Published: February 2016

The main objective of this chapter is to deal with a single item lot sizing problem with fuzzy parameters, which is called the fuzzy single item lot sizing problem (F-SILSP). Since F-SILSP does not meet the crisp deterministic assumption, it cannot be solved by traditional mathematical programming. In this chapter, the possibility approach is chosen to convert the fuzzy model to be an equivalent crisp single item lot sizing problem (EC-SILSP). The equivalent crisp model from this transformation procedure is in the form of mixed integer linear programming (MILP). It can be solved by traditional solver to find an optimal solution for each pre-specified possibility level. A numerical example with both trapezoidal and triangular fuzzy parameters is illustrated to demonstrate that an equivalent crisp model can be used. In addition, the equivalent crisp model is employed in inventory planning in a case study of inventory planning for bituminous coal with trapezoidal fuzzy demand and triangular fuzzy unit price in a power plant of an example petrochemical company (Supreme Petro, India).
A Gentle Introduction to the Bayesian Paradigm for Some Inventory Models
Authors: Dhaka Vinti , Jaggi Chandra K. , Pareek Sarla , Rai Piyush Kant
Published: February 2016

The recent era describes the demand of inventory systems which are governed through random cause effect phenomenon prevailing the strongest use of random models in the concerned area. Bayesian probability model serve the demands of present need in such inventory systems. The present study deals the use of basic Bayesian theory in the development of some of the inventory models, for e.g.: The inventory model for deteriorating items; Designing of the classical (s, Q) models, etc. Here the motivation of use of Bayes theory is to test the efficacy of optimal design of above said models when demand is supposed to be random having some basic probability distributions. In this regard we discuss the inventory model for deteriorating items and the (s, Q) model and their mathematical solution under Bayesian approach.
Improving the Educational Effectiveness of MOOCs by Using Web-Based Information and Communication Technology
Authors: Pathak Bhavik
Published: February 2016

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have proved their cost effectiveness in extending the reach of the traditional classroom education to thousands of learners across the globe. However, many questions have been raised regarding the educational effectiveness of these MOOC models. In particular, the lack of personalization, social interactions, and credibility have been cited as some of the most important factors that create uncertainties regarding the viability of the MOOC based educational models. In the last couple of decades, Web-based businesses including online retailers, electronic marketplaces and online portals have successfully integrated information and communication technology (ICT) led initiatives and evolved to become viable business models. The focus of this chapter is to analyze the challenges of the current MOOC based educational models and suggest how they can adopt ICT tools to transform into MOOC 2.0 - the next generation of MOOCs.
Pentexonomy
Authors: Tuapawa Kimberley , Sher William David , Gu Ning
Published: February 2016

Educational online technologies (EOTs) have revolutionised the delivery of online education, making a large contribution towards the global increase in demand for higher learning. Educationalists have striven to adapt through knowledge development and application of online tools, but making educationally sound choices about technology has proved challenging, amidst the extensive and largely unclassified range of tools. The absence of a taxonomy comprehensive enough to guide EOT choice is a concern, given the current global extent of online activity. This chapter addresses this issue by proposing a new taxonomic framework of EOTs called the Pentexonomy. Developed by augmenting five existing taxonomies, all of which include current EOT insights gathered during 2014-15 interviews with blended learning experts, the Pentexonomy synergises a range of perspectives to produce a robust, contextualised, and multi-dimensional classification which facilitates effective decision-making on EOT activity.
An Emerging Model of Pregnancy Care
Authors: Carissoli Claudia , Villani Daniela , Riva Giuseppe
Published: February 2016

Pregnancy is a very special time in a woman's life, a time of important and complex step that can lead to the fall the previous personal balances and looking for new. This phase potentially critical, is often accompanied by anxiety, negative emotions, worries and stress about themselves, the couple's life, the baby. Among the many interventions available for the welfare of pregnant women, new technologies are playing an increasingly important role, thanks to its spread, the lower costs and its peculiar characteristics (interactivity, sociality, customizability, ubiquity, multimediality, velocity, etc). Smartphones and tablets in particular are proving excellent tools to accompany women on this journey toward a healthy motherhood.
Hacking Well-Being
Authors: Argenton Luca , Pallavicini Federica , Barone Gabriele , Zini Andrea , Garcea Giacomo , Zanacchi Andrea , Mantovani Fabrizia
Published: February 2016

Serious Games (SGs) have been able to shape new opportunities for human training and empowerment, imparting knowledge or skills in an engaging and motivating way to a new generation of learners. Further, they can be used to improve the quality of both individual and collective experience. In particular, SGs can nurture positive emotions promote engagement, as well as enhance social integration and connectedness. An in-depth analysis of each of these aspects will be presented in the chapter, with the support of concrete examples and case-analysis. Eventually, a game design practice will be discussed. Knowledge and awareness of hedonic, eudaimonic and social principles improve user-centered design models can be both fundamental to enhance learning effectiveness and retention and to improve players' well-being, contributing to the development of sustainable communities of practices.
Examining Graphing Calculator Affordances in Learning Pre-Calculus among Undergraduate Students
Authors: Nzuki Francis
Published: February 2016

This study examines graphing calculator affordances in learning mathematics among college precalculus students. The study draws from the Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) and the “Intelligent Technology” theoretical framework proposed by Salomon, Perkins, and Globerson (1991). From these perspectives the effects “with” the graphing calculator technology include the potential for this technology to offload students' extraneous cognitive load (e.g., the presence of unwieldy numbers), and in turn optimize their germane cognitive load (e.g., freeing students to focus on the key mathematical ideas). To examine students' perceptions on the adoption of the graphing calculator instructional approach a questionnaire was administered towards the end of the semester. The findings showed that the graphing calculator afforded students' learning in a variety of ways. Also considered is the challenge for educators to develop strategies that encourage appropriate use of graphing calculators in mathematics classroom in order to ensure that their integration is effective in instruction.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis on Thermal Deformation of Thin Stainless Steel in Laser Micro-Welding
Authors: Ismail Mohd Idris Shah , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Okada Akira
Published: February 2016

In the present study, a three-dimensional finite element model has been developed to simulate the temperature, stress and deformation fields in continuous wave (CW) laser micro-welding of thin stainless steel sheet. The welding deformation was experimentally evaluated using a single-mode fiber laser with a high-speed scanning system. Application of developed thermal model demonstrated that the laser parameters, such as laser power, scanning velocity and spot diameter have a significant effect on temperature field and the weld pool. In the case of welding deformation, numerical simulation was carried out by an uncoupled thermo-mechanical model. The welding stress and deformation are generated by plastic deformation during the heating and cooling periods. It was confirmed that the residual stress is higher than yield strength and has strongest effect upon the welding deformation. The numerical simulated results have proved that the developed finite element model is effective to predict thermal histories, thermally induced stresses and welding deformations in the thin material.
Multi-Objective Higher Order Polynomial Networks to Model Insertion Force of Bevel-Tip Needles
Authors: Yousefi Hashem , Fallahnezhad Mehdi
Published: February 2016

Needle insertion has been a very popular minimal invasive surgery method in cancer detection, soft tissue properties recognition and many other surgical operations. Its applications were observed in brain biopsy, prostate brachytherapy and many percutaneous therapies. In this study the authors would like to provide a model of needle force in soft tissue insertion. This model has been developed using higher order polynomial networks. In order to provide a predictive model one-dimensional force sensed on enacting end of bevel-tip needles. The speeds of penetration for quasi-static processes have chosen to be in the range of between 5 mm/min and 300 mm/min. Second and third orders of polynomials employed in the network which contains displacement and speed as their main affecting parameters in the simplified model. Results of fitting functions showed a reliable accuracy in force-displacement graph.
Pathology of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Authors: Hashisako Mikiko , Fukuoka Junya
Published: February 2016

The updated classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) in 2013 by American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society included several important revisions to the categories described in the 2002 classification. In the updated classification, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) was moved from major to rare IIPs, pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) was newly included in the rare IIPs, acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) and interstitial pneumonias with a bronchiolocentric distribution are recognized as rare histologic patterns, and unclassifiable IIP (UCIP) was classified as an IIP. However, recent reports indicate the areas of concern that may require further evaluation. Here, we describe the histopathologic features of the updated IIPs and their rare histologic patterns and also point out some of the issues to be considered in this context.
A note on global regularity for the weak solutions of fractional $p$-Laplacian equations
Authors: Iannizzotto Antonio , Mosconi Sunra J.N. , Squassina Marco
Published: February 2016

We consider a boundary value problem driven by the fractional

p

-Laplacian operator with a bounded reaction term. By means of barrier arguments, we prove Hölder regularity up to the boundary for the weak solutions, both in the singular (

1 < p < 2

) and the degenerate (

p > 2

) case.
Non-critical dimensions for critical problems involving fractional Laplacians
Authors: Musina Roberta , Nazarov Alexander I.
Published: February 2016

We study the Brezis–Nirenberg effect in two families of non-compact boundary value problems involving Dirichlet–Laplacian of arbitrary real order

m \in (0, n/2)

.
Fitting a Sobolev function to data I
Authors: Fefferman Charles , Israel Arie , Luli Garving K.
Published: February 2016

In this paper and two companion papers, we produce efficient algorithms to solve the following interpolation problem: Let

m \geq 1

and

p > n \geq 1

. Given a finite set

E \subset \mathbb{R}^n

and a function

f: E \rightarrow \mathbb{R}

, compute an extension

F

of

f

belonging to the Sobolev space

W^{m,p}(\mathbb{R}^n)

with norm having the smallest possible order of magnitude; secondly, compute the order of magnitude of the norm of

F

. The combined running time of our algorithms is at most

C N \mathrm{log} N

, where

N

denotes the cardinality of

E

, and

C

depends only on

m

,

n

, and

p

.
Gender, Occupation and First Birth: Do ‘Career Men’ Delay First Birth Too?
Authors: Ralston Kevin , Gayle Vernon , Lambert Paul
Published: February 2016

In the period following the turn of the Century European total fertility rates (TFR) dropped to well below replacement. Work examining this highlights that cohort postponement in births contributes to low TFRs. It is generally recognised that women in more advantaged occupations often postpone childbearing in contrast to those in less advantaged occupational groups. However, relatively little research has been conducted on men in similar terms. This paper contrasts the timing of first birth by occupational class between men and women using individual level data in a case study of Scotland. The data are an extract from the Scottish Longitudinal Study (SLS). This provides a 5.3% sample of the population of Scotland from the 1991 Census. The research applies the Cox proportional hazard model to estimate the speed to first birth during a period of observation between 1991 and 2006. Class is measured using NS-SEC 8 class analytic version. The model controls marital status, educational attainment, raised religion and urban-rural geography. It is found that ‘career men’ who occupy more advantaged occupational positions do not delay first birth in contrast to men in other occupational categories. This is in contrast to the well-known phenomenon of career women who have later childbearing. Our analysis shows that gender inequalities in how the social structure influences childbearing offer an avenue of explanation for wider patterns of social inequality.
Land cover change impacts on atmospheric chemistry: simulating projected large-scale tree mortality in the United States
Authors: Geddes Jeffrey A. , Heald Colette L. , Silva Sam J. , Martin Randall V.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Land use and land cover changes impact climate and air quality by altering the exchange of trace gases between the Earth's surface and atmosphere. Large-scale tree mortality that is projected to occur across the United States as a result of insect and disease may therefore have unexplored consequences for tropospheric chemistry. We develop a land use module for the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to facilitate simulations involving changes to the land surface, and to improve consistency across land–atmosphere exchange processes. The model is used to test the impact of projected national-scale tree mortality risk through 2027 estimated by the 2012 USDA Forest Service National Insect and Disease Risk Assessment. Changes in biogenic emissions alone decrease monthly mean O3 by up to 0.4 ppb, but reductions in deposition velocity compensate or exceed the effects of emissions yielding a net increase in O3 of more than 1 ppb in some areas. The O3 response to the projected change in emissions is affected by the ratio of baseline NOx : VOC concentrations, suggesting that in addition to the degree of land cover change, tree mortality impacts depend on whether a region is NOx-limited or NOx-saturated. Consequently, air quality (as diagnosed by the number of days that 8 h average O3 exceeds 70 ppb) improves in polluted environments where changes in emissions are more important than changes to dry deposition, but worsens in clean environments where changes to dry deposition are the more important term. The influence of changes in dry deposition demonstrated here underscores the need to evaluate treatments of this physical process in models. Biogenic secondary organic aerosol loadings are significantly affected across the US, decreasing by 5–10 % across many regions, and by more than 25 % locally. Tree mortality could therefore impact background aerosol loadings by between 0.5 and 2 µg m−3. Changes to reactive nitrogen oxide abundance and partitioning are also locally important. The regional effects simulated here are similar in magnitude to other scenarios that consider future biofuel cropping or natural succession, further demonstrating that biosphere–atmosphere exchange should be considered when predicting future air quality and climate. We point to important uncertainties and further development that should be addressed for a more robust understanding of land cover change feedbacks.
CALIPSO climatological products: evaluation and suggestions from EARLINET
Authors: Papagiannopoulos Nikolaos , Mona Lucia , Alados-Arboledas Lucas , Amiridis Vassilis , Baars Holger , Binietoglou Ioannis , Bortoli Daniele , D'Amico Giuseppe , Giunta Aldo , Guerrero-Rascado Juan Luis , Schwarz Anja , Pereira Sergio , Spinelli Nicola , Wandinger Ulla , Wang Xuan , Pappalardo Gelsomina
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The CALIPSO Level 3 (CL3) product is the most recent data set produced by the observations of the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument onboard the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) space platform. The European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET), based mainly on multi-wavelength Raman lidar systems, is the most appropriate ground-based reference for CALIPSO calibration/validation studies on a continental scale. In this work, CALIPSO data are compared against EARLINET monthly averaged profiles obtained by measurements performed during CALIPSO overpasses. In order to mitigate uncertainties due to spatial and temporal differences, we reproduce a modified version of CL3 data starting from CALIPSO Level 2 (CL2) data. The spatial resolution is finer and nearly 2°  ×  2° (latitude  ×  longitude) and only simultaneous measurements are used for ease of comparison. The CALIPSO monthly mean profiles following this approach are called CALIPSO Level 3*, CL3*. We find good agreement on the aerosol extinction coefficient, yet in most of the cases a small CALIPSO underestimation is observed with an average bias of 0.02 km−1 up to 4 km and 0.003 km−1 higher above. In contrast to CL3 standard product, the CL3* data set offers the possibility to assess the CALIPSO performance also in terms of the particle backscatter coefficient keeping the same quality assurance criteria applied to extinction profiles. The mean relative difference in the comparison improved from 25 % for extinction to 18 % for backscatter, showing better performances of CALIPSO backscatter retrievals. Additionally, the aerosol typing comparison yielded a robust identification of dust and polluted dust. Moreover, the CALIPSO aerosol-type-dependent lidar ratio selection is assessed by means of EARLINET observations, so as to investigate the performance of the extinction retrievals. The aerosol types of dust, polluted dust, and clean continental showed noticeable discrepancy. Finally, the potential improvements of the lidar ratio assignment have been examined by adjusting it according to EARLINET-derived values.
Mercury transformation and speciation in flue gases from anthropogenic emission sources: a critical review
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Shuxiao , Wu Qingru , Wang Fengyang , Lin Che-Jen , Zhang Leiming , Hui Mulin , Yang Mei , Su Haitao , Hao Jiming
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Mercury transformation mechanisms and speciation profiles are reviewed for mercury formed in and released from flue gases of coal-fired boilers, non-ferrous metal smelters, cement plants, iron and steel plants, waste incinerators, biomass burning and so on. Mercury in coal, ores, and other raw materials is released to flue gases in the form of Hg0 during combustion or smelting in boilers, kilns or furnaces. Decreasing temperature from over 800 °C to below 300 °C in flue gases leaving boilers, kilns or furnaces promotes homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of Hg0 to gaseous divalent mercury (Hg2+), with a portion of Hg2+ adsorbed onto fly ash to form particulate-bound mercury (Hgp). Halogen is the primary oxidizer for Hg0 in flue gases, and active components (e.g., TiO2, Fe2O3, etc.) on fly ash promote heterogeneous oxidation and adsorption processes. In addition to mercury removal, mercury transformation also occurs when passing through air pollution control devices (APCDs), affecting the mercury speciation in flue gases. In coal-fired power plants, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system promotes mercury oxidation by 34–85 %, electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and fabric filter (FF) remove over 99 % of Hgp, and wet flue gas desulfurization system (WFGD) captures 60–95 % of Hg2+. In non-ferrous metal smelters, most Hg0 is converted to Hg2+ and removed in acid plants (APs). For cement clinker production, mercury cycling and operational conditions promote heterogeneous mercury oxidation and adsorption. The mercury speciation profiles in flue gases emitted to the atmosphere are determined by transformation mechanisms and mercury removal efficiencies by various APCDs. For all the sectors reviewed in this study, Hgp accounts for less than 5 % in flue gases. In China, mercury emission has a higher Hg0 fraction (66–82 % of total mercury) in flue gases from coal combustion, in contrast to a greater Hg2+ fraction (29–90 %) from non-ferrous metal smelting, cement and iron and/or steel production. The higher Hg2+ fractions shown here than previous estimates may imply stronger local environmental impacts than previously thought, caused by mercury emissions in East Asia. Future research should focus on determining mercury speciation in flue gases from iron and steel plants, waste incineration and biomass burning, and on elucidating the mechanisms of mercury oxidation and adsorption in flue gases.
Detection and quantification of gas-phase oxidized mercury compounds by GC/MS
Authors: Jones C. P. , Lyman S. N. , Jaffe D. A. , Allen T. , O'Neil T. L.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Most mercury pollution is emitted to the atmosphere, and the location and bioavailability of deposited mercury largely depends on poorly understood atmospheric chemical reactions that convert elemental mercury into oxidized mercury compounds. Current measurement methods do not speciate oxidized mercury, leading to uncertainty about which mercury compounds exist in the atmosphere and how oxidized mercury is formed. We have developed a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based system for identification and quantification of atmospheric oxidized mercury compounds. The system consists of an ambient air collection device, a thermal desorption module, a cryofocusing system, a gas chromatograph, and an ultra-sensitive mass spectrometer. It was able to separate and identify mercury halides with detection limits low enough for ambient air collection (90 pg), but an improved ambient air collection device is needed. The GC/MS system was unable to quantify HgO or Hg(NO3)2, and data collected cast doubt upon the existence of HgO in the gas phase.
Measurement of OH reactivity by laser flash photolysis coupled with laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Stone Daniel , Whalley Lisa K. , Ingham Trevor , Edwards Peter M. , Cryer Daniel R. , Brumby Charlotte A. , Seakins Paul W. , Heard Dwayne E.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. OH reactivity (k'OH) is the total pseudo-first-order loss rate coefficient describing the removal of OH radicals to all sinks in the atmosphere, and is the inverse of the chemical lifetime of OH. Measurements of ambient OH reactivity can be used to discover the extent to which measured OH sinks contribute to the total OH loss rate. Thus, OH reactivity measurements enable determination of the comprehensiveness of measurements used to predict air quality and ozone production, and, in conjunction with measurements of OH radical concentrations, to assess our understanding of OH production rates. In this work, we describe the design and characterisation of an instrument to measure OH reactivity using laser flash photolysis coupled to laser-induced fluorescence (LFP-LIF) spectroscopy. The LFP-LIF technique produces OH radicals in isolation, and thus minimises potential interferences in OH reactivity measurements owing to the reaction of HO2 with NO which can occur if HO2 is co-produced with OH in the instrument. Capabilities of the instrument for ambient OH reactivity measurements are illustrated by data collected during field campaigns in London, UK, and York, UK. We also present the coupling and characterisation of the LFP-LIF instrument to an atmospheric chamber for measurements of OH reactivity during simulated experiments, and provide suggestions for future improvements to OH reactivity LFP-LIF instruments.
Retrieval of near-surface sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations at a global scale using IASI satellite observations
Authors: Bauduin Sophie , Clarisse Lieven , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , Theys Nicolas , Clerbaux Cathy , Coheur Pierre-François
Published: February 2016

Abstract. SO2 from volcanic eruptions is now operationally monitored from space in both the ultraviolet (UV) and thermal infrared (TIR) spectral range, but anthropogenic SO2 has almost solely been measured from UV sounders. Indeed, TIR instruments are well known to have a poor sensitivity to the planetary boundary layer (PBL), due to generally low thermal contrast (TC) between the ground and the air above it. Recent studies have demonstrated the capability of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) to measure near-surface SO2 locally, for specific atmospheric conditions. In this work, we develop a retrieval method allowing the inference of SO2 near-surface concentrations from IASI measurements at a global scale. This method consists of two steps. Both are based on the computation of radiance indexes representing the strength of the SO2 ν3 band in IASI spectra. The first step allows the peak altitude of SO2 to be retrieved and near-surface SO2 to be selected. In the second step, 0–4 km columns of SO2 are inferred using a look-up table (LUT) approach. Using this new retrieval method, we obtain the first global distribution of near-surface SO2 from IASI-A, and identify the dominant anthropogenic hotspot sources and volcanic degassing. The 7-year daily time evolution of SO2 columns above two industrial source areas (Beijing in China and Sar Cheshmeh in Iran) is investigated and correlated to the seasonal variations of the parameters that drive the IASI sensitivity to the PBL composition. Apart from TC, we show that humidity is the most important parameter which determines IR sensitivity to near-surface SO2 in the ν3 band. As IASI provides global measurements twice daily, the differences between the retrieved columns for the morning and evening orbits are investigated. This paper finally presents a first intercomparison of the measured 0–4 km columns with an independent iterative retrieval method and with observations of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI).