bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulated forward Raman scattering in density rippled magnetized plasma
Authors: Kamboj O , Yadav A , Kant N
Published: June 2022

In inertial confinement fusion, the development of stimulated Raman scattering is observed in the presence of an azimuthal magnetic field and a density rippled plasma. The Gaussian laser beam propagating through a density rippled plasma is amplified by forward Raman scattering in the presence of an azimuthal magnetic field, resulting in two radially localised electromagnetic sideband waves and a lower hybrid wave. It is observed that as the laser power is increased, the growth rate in the presence of density rippled plasma reduces the probability of plasma pre-heating in ICF.
Impact of delay parameter on plant-herbivore dynamics under allee effect
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Verma Rupali
Published: June 2022

In this paper, plant-herbivore dynamics have been studied under the Allee effect using delay differential equations. The state variables considered are: plant population and herbivores. The boundedness and positivity of solutions are established. The interior equilibrium point is calculated for both, strong and weak Allee effect. It is shown that both the populations-plant and herbivores perish under the strong Allee effect. The stability of the system around the interior equilibrium under weak Allee effect is checked. Hopf-Bifurcation occurred at the critical value of the delay parameter. Numerical results have been supported graphically using MATLAB.
Effect of time-lag on two mutually competing plant populations under allelochemicals
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Dipesh
Published: June 2022

This paper examines a bionomic model of competing organisms in the presence of allelochemicals with differing time-dependent densities. A competition mathematical model is proposed in this paper. It is shown that when one plant produces an allelochemical, it gives stimulatory effect to itself and inhibitory effect to the other plant. Equilibrium points are calculated and stability analysis is performed about non-zero equilibrium point. Hopf-bifuraction is observed with the help of delay parameter introducing in term of allelochemicals. Model is verified with already existing data for the effect of allelochemical on plant growth by Zahid et.al (2016). The numerical results are substantiated using MATLAB.
Characterization of Pennisetum Glaucum (Pearl Millet)
Authors: Pavas  , Suman  , Majumdar A D , Munjal N , Kamboj U
Published: June 2022

Pearl millet grains were characterized in terms of moisture, viscosity, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. The moisture content was determined using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard method, viscosity of grains was determined via Labman 200 rotational viscometer. In this study, the data was collected for the pearl millet grains and analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). The average value of moisture and viscosity was 16.26% and 1769.22 mPaSec, respectively. The fourier transform infrared analysis showed the presence of N-H and O-H compounds from pearl millet. The analysis from near infrared spectra of the pearl millet grains showed the N-H stretching, O-H stretching and C-H stretching first-overtone and combinational bands.
Characterization of ground water using spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Rani Reena , Kumar Sunil , Munjal Neha , Kamboj Uma
Published: June 2022

Water is most essential natural resource on earth and we cannot live without it. Contamination of water is increasing day by day. In Punjab, India water is not safe for drinking, it can be cause of many harmful diseases. It mainly affect human kidney. In present research, work is done to find the characteristics of the ground water collected from Phagwara Region, Punjab. Analysis was done using different spectroscopic techniques, mainly - Fourier Transform Infra-Red and Fluorescence spectroscopy. It was observed that the sample contained strong narrow C-C triple bond, N-H bond is also present. The two spectroscopic techniques were successful in characterizing the bonds present in the sample under research.
Yttrium doped strontium nano hexaferrites: Influence of yttrium on the structural and magnetic properties of sol-gel synthesized nanocrystalline strontium hexaferrite
Authors: Sharma Mritunjay , Kumar Deepak , Gewali Jeeban P. , Thakur Ankush
Published: June 2022

Yttrium (Y3+)-substituted strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles with composition SrFe12-x
Y
x
O19 have been synthesized using the sol-gel method. Diverse analytical tools have been applied to characterize the prepared strontium hexaferrite nanoparticles and to analyse the influence of yttrium (Y3+) substitution on the structural and magnetic properties. X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the presence of single phase M-type hexagonal crystalline structure. In fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the absorption bands at low wavenumber confirmed the formation of hexagonal ferrites. The vibrating sample magnetometer has been employed to study the magnetic behavior of Y3+ ions substituted strontium hexaferrite. The decrease in saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) value has been explained on the basis of alteration in magnetic interactions due to the replacement of both Fe3+ ions by the non-magnetic Y3+ ions.
The Prerequisite of E-Waste Recycling-A Review Study
Authors: Ganesh S , Sharma P
Published: June 2022

The growth rate of technology has brought the swift in all the electronic goods, by the innovation of smart device and gadgets. The incredible change which brought the compact device like ultra-slim smart television, light weight laptops, compact mobile phones, Bluetooth speakers, Tablets and various numbers of wireless gadgets all these fascinated the people to purchase and made the comfort zone of life. On-other hand looking towards the dumping of old and repaired device have been increased in the alarming manner to go for the recycle and re-fabricated products. It has been observed the trending fashion of festival offers on the electronic goods in India and as well as in other part of the countries makes the human psychological effects to go for the exchange of the products before the end of life of the electronic products which is already existing. New devices and features of mobiles attract the human to dump the old devices and purchase the new one without any proper guidance and awareness about the E-waste generation in the countries. E-waste is one of the massive and large-scale environmental issue to segregate and recycle the products to reduce the various impacts and causes for the environmental pollution. As the physical dimensions of the electronic devices and gadgets are getting compact in size, the dimension of dumping rate on ground is increasing day to day by the number of consumers and these leads to increase all the root causes for the environmental issues which has been studied and stated in the recent research.
Charge transfer of potassium by the impact of proton particle
Authors: Gewali J P , Paudel S
Published: June 2022

The total cross section for electron capture is being calculated in this paper for 2s state of hydrogen atom in proton-potassium collision. The energy range chosen for the calculation is 50 keV to 10,000 keV and we have used Coulomb projected Born (CPB) approximation method. Also the differential cross section at different scattering angle has been calculated. The result obtained are compared with available theoretical data and found it to be in good agreement.
A Comprehensive Analysis on Controlling and Hybrid Synchronization in Identical Chaotic Systems via Active Control Method
Authors: Khan A , Chaudhary H
Published: June 2022

The current research provides the potential role of active nonlinear control functions in the asymptotic convergence of the synchronized errors in a comprehensive manner. Firstly, we design a systematic procedure to investigate hybrid synchronization in identical chaotic chemical reactor systems via active control method (ACM). In view of master-slave configuration and Lyapunov’s theory of stability, the considered methodology determines the global asymptotic stability of the error dynamics of the given system. Finally, numerical simulations using MATLAB toolbox are implemented for illustrating the efficacy and feasibility of the discussed strategy.
Some fixed point results using F-weak expansive mapping in relation theoretic metric space
Authors: Malhotra Astha , Kumar Deepak
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we put forward the notion of F-weak expansive mapping and simultaneously prove some fixed point result specifically in relation theoretic metric space. In addition, our result generalizes one of the results obtained by [Jaroslaw Górnicki (2016). Fixed point theorems for F-expanding mappings, Fixed Point Theory and Applications, 2017(1)]. Also, some illustration is provided which further substantiates the result proved herein.
Influence on the Optical properties of Green and Chemically Synthesized ZnO
Authors: Afzal Mir Salman , Kaur Jasmeen
Published: June 2022

The Orange is the most widely grown fruit on the planet and in the production of juice and marmalades in large quantities. During industrial production, the liquid and solid waste mass produced accounts for roughly half of the orange weight. Environmental, economic, and social, sectors are all impacted by-products and waste generation. The work is aimed to produce white light material from chemically and the orange peel waste synthesized ZnO. Influence of synthesised ZnO was studied by characterizing the sample using UV absorption, XRD, SEM and Fluorescence spectrometer. It had been found the ZnO prepared from the orange peel waste has better optical and crystallinity as compared to chemically synthesized ZnO. Green synthesized ZnO has CIE coordinates (0.32,0.31) which are very close to the ideal value (0.33,0.33).
Advancement in field of Energy storage applications by using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Nidhi  , Kaur Harpreet
Published: June 2022

Now-a-days the storage and power demands are increasing at a very rapid speed and system has evolved in the form of batteries and other storage devices which lacks some safety measures as well as electrochemical stability factors. As a class of novel media, Ionic liquids pursuing a specific set of properties had made them suitable for a number of energy related applications and modifications in their properties. So to overcome the challenges faced by the storage device, substitution of electrolytes of these devices by Ionic liquid mainly known as green solvents, has proven out to be a promising field by enhancing their properties.

This article throws a light on the advancement and development of energy storage applications by the material used i.e., Ionic liquids providing a stable and friendly electrolyte system along with the modified storage system with increased thermochemical and other stability factors.
A Systematic Review on the Dielectric Response of Polyvinyl alcohol - Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites Films
Authors: Choudhary Devendra , Sinha Subhojyoti
Published: June 2022

This review article mainly discusses about the dielectric properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposites films. Nanostructured ZnO is a semiconducting functional material. It has received a significant amount of attention due to its potential applications in various areas like antimicrobial, optoelectronic and sensor devices. Polyvinyl alcohol on the other hand offers an insulting polymer matrix with good dielectric breakdown strength and film forming properties. Incorporating semiconducting ZnO nanostructures into the insulating PVA matrix is of contemporary interest due to the intriguing dielectric response of the resulting nanocomposite films. Literature reports on the variations of several electrical parameters such as real and imaginary part of the complex permittivity, AC conductivity and complex impedance have been analysed here systematically. The effect of different ZnO nanostructure loading weight percentages, measurement temperature and frequency variations have been correlated with the corresponding changes in the dielectric constant, loss tangent values, dc conductivity contribution regime, hopping frequency, relaxation time and prevailing ac conduction mechanism of the nanocomposite films. Thus, this systematic review aims to provide a roadmap for the scientific community to optimize different parameters and enhance the functional properties of the PVA-ZnO nanocomposite films.
A convenient approach towards biomimetic synthesis of zonarol and its related analogs
Authors: Talniya Naveen Chandra , Chauhan Amit , Pandit Pooja
Published: June 2022

Labdane is a naturally occurring bicyclic diterpene. It forms the skeleton core for a large number of natural products. Several naturally occurring diterpenoids having decalin skeleton i.e, zonarol 1, warburgunal 2, and forskolin 3 show interesting biological activities such as anti-inflammatory properties and antioxidant effects. In view of their biological activities herein we are reporting our approach towards synthesis of the zonarol and its mimic derivatives by using commercially available α-ionone as starting material.
Influence of Polypyrrole Morphology on Gas Sensing
Authors: Sood Y , Pawar V S , Mudila H , kumar A
Published: June 2022

Polypyrrole with different morphologies has great impact over its properties such as concentration, time, high surface to volume ratio, dopants etc based on morphology has been discussed in this review. These Polypyrrole are potentially used for the sensing of various gases such as NO2, NH3, CO, H2 and CH4 gases. The influence of surface morphology, and doping of various PPy structures on gas sensing performance are extensively explained in this article such as roughness of films of PPy due to nature of counter ions influence the response of PPy films when used as sensitive layer, nanosheet structures has lowest LOD and improved response/recovery times. Furthermore, article focused upon various morphologies of PPy obtained with different methods and its influence in sensitivity is explained in this article. The sensitivity and response of PPy to various gases are also reviewed.
Structure and kinematics of the Milky Way galaxy using atomic hydrogen
Authors: Batra V , Maharana P R
Published: June 2022

The present study uses the hyper-fine transition of atomic hydrogen, HI (1420 MHz) to map the structure and kinematics of the Milky Way galaxy. The observation was carried out for galactic longitude 20° ≤ ℓ ≤ 220° and galactic latitude −20° ≤ b ≤ 20° each in 5° steps using the SALSA 2.3m Radio Telescope located at Onsala Space Observatory, Sweden. The velocity components of HI clouds were determined using Gaussian decomposition of the observed spectrum and these values were projected onto the Galactic plane for the identification of spiral structure of the galaxy. The Perseus, Local and Outer arms were identified using the Longitude velocity plots and x-y plots (face-on maps). The rotational velocities of the HI clouds were determined using the tangent-point method and the resulting rotation curve comes out to be consistent with the literature in the range 4 ≤ R ≤ 8 kpc.
A study on exact solutions of einstein’s field equations in different cosmological models
Authors: Brock Vaibhav , Tandon Reena
Published: June 2022

The paper deals with the exact solutions of the Einstein’s field equations in various cosmo-logical models based on Lyra’s geometry: (i) Bianchi type III cosmological model in a perfect fluid by considering the Equation of State (EoS) of the type p = αρ
2 − ρ, where α > 0 is constant (ii) Spatially flat FRW model with constant deceleration parameter q and time dependent displacement field vector β for the specific choice of particle creation function (iii) FRW model with variable β and time dependent q. The conditions for attaining an accelerated power-law expansion of the universe in the matter dominated era have also been discussed.
Optical investigation on pure and Fe, Mn doped lanthanum cobalt oxide (LaCoO3) nanoparticle
Authors: Harshapriya P , Sharmila S , Sahana Fathima A
Published: June 2022

The Absorption of incident wave can induce a variety of transitions amongst bands and sub bands that leads to the appearance of absorption peaks in the absorption spectra. UV absorption spectroscopy helps to investigate the optical properties of Nano sized particles such as LaCoO3, Fe doped LaCoO3and Mn doped LaCoO3. For pure LaCoO3nanoparticle, 207.49nm was the highest absorbance and there is a sudden decrease in absorbance at 245.67nm. While adding the Fe and Mn dopant into LaCoO3, the absorbance increases. For Fe doped LaCoO3the highest absorbance is at 345.88nm and for Mn doped LaCoO3has absorbance at 209.68nm. For pure LaCoO3the band gap is 2.582. By adding dopant Fe into LaCoO3, the band gap decreases into 1.755 and for Mn doped LaCoO3, the band gap is 1.904. Band gap decreases due to the increase in the particle size. Hence, it is useful material for solar cell applications.
Computer aided diagnosis of liver ultrasound images using K-nearest neighbour approach
Authors: Sharma V , Sharma V
Published: June 2022

Fatty liver disease has become a major public health concern due to its high prevalence. In order to diagnose fatty liver diseases, Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems have been proposed by various researchers in the recent past. Despite the fact that much work has been done in the domain of CAD of liver ultrasound images, it remains a topic of considerable importance due to the rising prevalence of fatty liver around the world. As a result, in biomedical imaging, a quantitative method with higher accuracy is still needed to assist radiologists in making better diagnoses. In this paper, a CAD method for the classification of liver ultrasound images is proposed. Texture features using seven different texture models have been extracted from region of interest. The extracted forty-five texture features are passed to K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN) classifier for the classification purpose. Further, in this work, 10 different distance metrics have been evaluated to obtain the maximum accuracy. Additional experiments were also conducted to find the best value of K which reduces the number of errors we encounter. It has been found from the experimental results that the proposed method using K-NN classifier yielded best results with City Block distance metric and a value of k as 7. The overall accuracy obtained with these parameter settings is 96.7% with area under ROC curve as 0.99. The experiments demonstrated that the proposed method gave better results for the classification of liver ultrasound images into two categories.
Effects of Modifiers on the Properties of Asphalt for Sustainable and Improved construction of Flexible Pavements
Authors: Bansal V , Shukla B K
Published: June 2022

The need to modify the conventional type flexible pavement came up because of the rising advancement in the commercial heavy vehicles and day by day increasing vehicle density in the roads. This has led to increase in frequent monitoring and regular maintenance work of the flexible pavements. Present paper primarily focuses on two aspects, firstly to increase the life expectancy of the roads and second to build flexible pavement roads sustainably. The use of various modifiers such as plastic, glass, rubber, waste oil and fly ash in conventional pavements were studied and found to provide a way to reduce the use of asphalt and get desired strength of the pavement as per the design requirements in the present study.
A scaled three-term conjugate gradient method for convex-constrained monotone nonlinear equations and application
Authors: Abdullahi H , Awasthi A K , Waziri M Y , Halilu A S
Published: June 2022

One of the fastest, old, and most adopted method for solving unconstrained optimization problems is the conjugate gradient method (cg). Over the decades, several types of research have been put in place to extend the methods (cg) to solving constrained monotone nonlinear equations. This paper presents a scaled three-term cg for convex-constrained monotone nonlinear equations. The proposed method fulfills descent (sufficient) property as well as trust-region feature. Two sets of numerical experiments were carried off and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparison with existing methods in the literature. In the first experiment, the proposed method was applied and solved some convex-constrained monotone nonlinear equations using some benchmark test functions. For the second experiment, a signal problem; that arose from compressed sensing was restored by applying the proposed method.
Onset of double-diffusive convection in water and ester based magnetic nanofluids
Authors: Arora Monika , Danesh Mustafa
Published: June 2022

The present paper studies the onset of double diffusive convection in water based magentic nanofluids (WMNF) and ester based magnetic nanofluids (EMNF) for a thin horizontal layer. The fluid is heated and salted from below. The effect of three important slip mechanisms viz., Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis and magnetophoresis has been incorporated. The Eigen value problem is solved by the numerical method. The results are presented for rigid-rigid boundaries in the gravity environment. Critical Rayleigh number is determined in terms of the governing non-dimensional parameters like solutal Rayleigh number, solutal Lewis number and nanoparticle concentration Rayleigh number.
Retrospective study of random and systematic errors in Head and Neck cancer Patients with Image guided Helical Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy
Authors: Devi Rama , Basandrai Deepak , Passi Kamlesh , Kaur Navneet , Kanda Naveen , Sharma Ishu , Anand Mridul , Singh Vikram , Kumar Munish
Published: June 2022

The Precision of radiotherapy is checked based on the matching of pre-treatment 2D portal imaging/CBCT to the reference image. The objective of this study is to find inter-fractional systematic and random setup errors (mm) for head and Neck cancer patients and also find setup margin for Planning Target Volume (PTV) at Mohan Dai Oswal Cancer Hospital Ludhiana Punjab. Inter-fractional motion errors were quantified for 10 Head and neck cancer patients who underwent image guided helical intensity modulated radiation therapy with Radixact X9 machine. One hundred fan beam computed tomography scans of 2mm slice thickness, 3.5 MV average energy and flattening filter free beam has been used to collect the data for the calculation of systematic and random errors. After patient immobilization, patient accuracy is checked with registration of pre-treatment image with reference planning image with the help of Accuray Precision image guidance protocol. For every patient 10 fan beam computed tomography images has been taken. Translational errors have been calculated in X, Y and Z direction to find systematic error (∑) and random error (σ). The final PTV margin is calculated by van Herk’s equation (2.5∑ + 0.7σ). The results of this study shows that mean translational errors varies from -2.3 mm to 3.3 mm in lateral direction (X), -3.6 mm to 1.7 mm in longitudinal direction (Y), -2.7 mm to 1.5 mm in vertical direction (Z). The mean and standard deviation (SD) for systematic errors are 1.467, 0.8, 0.923 and random error 0.0595, 0.02266, 0.03824 in X, Y and Z direction has been calculated. The Total Margin for CTV to PTV which include setup margin (mm) in X, Y and Z direction are 3.7 mm, 2.02 mm and 2.33 mm. In addition to that, a PTV margin of 5.00 mm is the appropriate margin for Mohan Dai Oswal Cancer Hospital’s patients. This work conclude that CTV to PTV margin of 5.00 mm is suitable for image guided helical intensity modulated radiation therapy for Head and neck patients to ensure the minimum 95% coverage of dose to target
Geodesic Lightlike Submanifolds of Lorentzian Para-Sasakian Manifolds
Authors: Lone Ejaz Sabir , Pandey Pankaj
Published: June 2022

In this paper we study invariant lightlike submanifolds of Lorentzian para-sasakian manifolds. We investigate geodesic CR-lightlike submanifolds of Lorentzian para-sasakian manifolds. We study screen CR-lightlike submanifolds of Lorentzian para-sasakian manifolds. Some necessary and sufficient conditions for mixed geodesic, totally geodesic,

D
¯

-geodesic and

D
ˊ

-geodesic contact CR-lightlike submanifolds and SCR-lightlike submanifolds are obtained.
Construction of three-associate class PBIB designs by generating a set of square matrices
Authors: Sharma Kush , Garg Davinder Kumar
Published: June 2022

The present paper deals with the construction of three-associate class PBIB designs. For this, we have first discussed a procedure to generate a set of square matrices. The construction of this set of matrices has been completely generalized. Then using this set of matrices, we have proposed a new three-associate class association scheme based on which we have constructed some series of PBIB designs. The complementary designs of the proposed PBIB designs have also been discussed. At the end of the paper, a table has been given which enlists some of the PBIB designs constructed in this paper.
A Comparative study and efficiency analysis between Sanchez and Fuzzy TOPSIS methods in a multi-criteria decision-making problem for energy plant instalment
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Majumder Arunava
Published: June 2022

Energy power is highly needed to deal with modern human lifestyle. Therefore, choosing a proper energy resource is a vital activity to satisfy the regular demand of energy along with the consideration of environmental and social impact of it. This paper proposed a methodological analysis for the determination and installation of energy plant in a particular location under the conditions to fulfill the demand and to maintain socio-economic sustainability. Since, there are several energy resources available, including renewable and non-renewable resources, it is very necessary to choose appropriate resource to be used for energy plant installation for a particular location. The choice of location depends on many factors like price, availability of resources etc. This study examines the priority of factors for a specified area and develops a process to select the most suitable energy resources. Multiple locations are considered for the study. For each location, the most appropriate energy production plant is determined under intuitionistic fuzzy environment. Moreover, this paper applies two different approaches for location selection as Sanchez approach and fuzzy TOPSIS. The methods are described with numerical data. The results are graphically analyzed and are compared between the two approaches. The study concluded that the TOPSIS is useful to obtain more accurate approximation than the Sanchez approach but with long computational approach. On the other hand, Sanchez can obtain results with lower computational steps.
MXene nanocomposites for microwave absorption
Authors: Garg Anuj , Goel Anshika , Prasher Sangeeta , Kumar Rajesh , Moulick Rakesh
Published: June 2022

The present era of technology and development, more and more electronic devices are used in various feild releasing microwave radiation in environment. These microwave waves can interfere in high precise communication and medical equipments affecting their performance. Although, they ought to be more precise and faster than before, hence microwave absorption in devices is becoming important. Therefore, sheilding and attenuation of microwave has attracted many researchers. Recently, 2D materials such as black phosphorus and graphene coated with transition metal are given a lot of attention in this matter. MXene, a recently discovered material in 2011 is becoming more popular because of its amazing properties such as physical strength, chemical activity, relatively high active surface area and good conductivity. They are proving to be very promising material in microwave absorption and shielding material. Various aspects of MXene nanocomposites for absorption of microwave has been highlighted. Finally, some drawbacks and future prospects related to this promising feild have been outlined.
UV-Vis adsorption studies of Nickel-Cobalt ferrite developed by combustion method
Authors: Kant Surya , Dosanjh H S
Published: June 2022

Present work deals with the synthesis of magnetic Nickel-Cobalt spinel ferrite [Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2O4] nanoparticles using combustion method, and adsorption of different dyes using synthesized ferrite material. Synthesized ferrite material has been characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy. Nickel-Cobalt ferrite material has worked very efficiently as an adsorbent and can absorb different dyes from their aqueous solutions. Its magnetic nature gives a fair chance to extract it back from the solutions, by applying magnetic field. Extracted ferrite materials don’t lose its potency to adsorb. Hence, it can be used in number of wastewater treatment cycles. Adsorption capacity and reusability of these ferrite materials make them suitable for future alternate adsorbents in the field of wastewater treatment.
Sensitivity calculation for different prism material based surface plasmon resonance sensor: a comparative study
Authors: Ashrafi T M S , Mohanty G
Published: June 2022

In this theoretical work, the sensitivity of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is studied in the presence alcoholic sensing medium. Here sensing medium is taken as alcohol at different concentrations i.e. 0%, 20%, 50%, 80% and 100%. The sensitivity is computed for the different SPR configurations in which five prism materials and three noble metals are considered. The performance of each configuration is comparatively analysed in terms of sensitivity. It is found that the BK7 material-based SPR sensor shows a high sensitivity value in comparison to other prism materials for all active noble metals (Au, Ag, and Cu). In addition to that sensitivity increases with respect to the alcohol concentration but its value decreases when concentration is more than 80%. This study may drive the new researchers to develop high sensitive SPR sensors for diverse applications.
Fusion Dynamics of 16O + 72,76Ge →88,92Zr Reactions using Skyrme Energy Density Formalism
Authors: Nagpal Anu , Sharma Ishita , Sharma Manoj K
Published: June 2022

In the fusion of 16O+72,76Ge→ 88,92Zr reactions the significance of structural and bulk properties of projectile-target combination is investigated at energies across the Coulomb barrier. For the purpose, the role of distinct Skyrme interactions (SIII, SKM*, SGII, RATP, T6, SkP), in conjunction with different surface diffuseness parameter (a=0.45-0.99) and nuclear charge radii i.e. iso-spin dependent and iso-spin independent are examined for the studied reaction. These geometrical parameters have their straight effect on the interaction barrier and the fusion excitation function. Thus, the sensitivity of fusion barrier and the cross sections in the sub barrier region of 88,92Zr Compound systems is carefully explored. The estimations of fusion cross sections are done in the framework of Wong formula and are compared with the respective experimental data. The observations implies that SKM* Skyrme interaction in which nuclear radius derived from polynomial fit gives relatively better result than the considered iso-spin dependent and independent nuclear charge radii. Further, the behaviour in the cross sections of Zr isotopes is investigated in terms of surface diffuseness parameter, which depicts that surface width is higher for neutron rich nucleus and lower for the neutron deficient one.
Radiation Shielding Parameters for Zinc Borate and Zinc Silicate Glasses Doped with Oxides of Bismuth -A Comparative Study
Authors: Kaundal R.S. , Bharol R.
Published: June 2022

In the present work borate and silicate glass systems containing oxides of zinc and bismuth are explored as potential candidates for the radiation shielding applications. NIST XCOM computer program is employed for the estimations of mass attenuation and half value layer at different photon energy values ranging from 10-3MeV to 105 MeV. To get the idea regarding thickness of the glass material required to decrease the intensity of gamma ray photons to 50% of its starting value, the values of half value layer are analysed. Physical parameters like molar volume and density measurements are conducted to get insight of glass structure. The results obtained are compared with conventional shielding materials like concretes. The present work shows that the reports glasses in the present study are quite useful for radiation shielding purpose.
Determination of ages of star clusters
Authors: Mondal A
Published: June 2022

Our Universe is estimated to be 13.5 ± 2 billion light years old and the observable universe is over 90 billion light years wide. Over 100 billion stars are born and die each passing day. Since the very dawn of creation, the cycle of life and death is constant at every part of the universe. But we are too tiny to comprehend such measures. Our earth where we reside in is too small and the cosmos is too vast. For anyone to measure anything from outer space is nigh impossible, or so we thought until the early 1900s. In this article, star clusters namely NGC 188 and M41 was used to show one of many convenient methods on how to find the age of a cluster or rather an individual star in that cluster using the help of the color magnitude diagram (CMD). It was observed that the ages of NGC 188 were found to be 4 ± 0.5 billion years and M41 to be around 220±30 million years.
Ultrasonic and thermodynamic investigation of reduced graphene oxide-n methyl-2-pyrrolidone nanosuspension
Authors: Jain Alok
Published: June 2022

Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) reveals several remarkable properties resembling excessive electron mobility, superb thermal conductivity, and very strong material, etc. All these properties make up the rGO an outstanding material. GO was made in this research with the support of Hummer’s method and additional reduction is done with the help of Hydrazine Monohydrate. This prepared rGO was utilized to produce a nanosuspension along with N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP). NMP is an admirable solvent which widely utilized in production to dissipate many polymers. Additional use of the NMP is in the paint manufacturing; pharmacy productions which uses NMP in both oral and transdermic delivery methods. In this report, we use NMP as a foundation fluid for the suspension of rGO nanoparticles with the support of a superb ultrasonication method. DLS verifies the stability of the nanosuspension. In this paper prepared nanosuspension is used to study the various thermal and acoustical properties. Velocity, density and viscosity of the nanosuspension has been calculated experimentally and experimental values used to calculate the derived parameters like adiabatic compressibility, attenuation, relaxation time, Bulk modulus, etc.
Lagenaria siceraria peel waste aqueous extract mediated silver nanoparticles for degradation of Congo red dye
Authors: Sowmyya T
Published: June 2022

Green chemistry involves design, manufacture, use and disposal of chemical products with minimal or no use or generation of hazardous products. With a growing outlook towards environmental sustainability, people are currently looking at conservation and protection of natural resources for the wellbeing and health of present and future generations. The use of biodegradable kitchen waste for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles is a method which adheres to the principles of green chemistry and environmental sustainability. In the present study, aqueous extract of biodegradable peel waste of Lagenaria siceraria has been used for the synthesis of environment friendly silver nanoparticles. The method reduces the cost involved, makes use of aqueous medium and non-toxic biodegradable ingredients for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Characterization of silver nanoparticles was carried out. Reaction parameters like concentrations of reacting species, ratio of reactants, temperature and reaction time were optimized using UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. The SPR band was found at 420 nm indicating the formation of spherical isotropic small sized silver nanoparticles in the size range of 10 to 50 nm. The characterization of the silver nanoparticles with XRD and TEM revealed the crystalline nature of the particles and their morphology. The silver nanoparticles have been employed in the degradation of water soluble benzidine based anionic diazo dye, Congo red dye, which is employed in textile dyeing. The silver nanoparticles acted as nano catalyst in the dye degradation process. The method can be further scaled up and employed for the treatment of industrial waste waters coming from textile industry.
Swift heavy ions modification with polymer composites: A Review
Authors: Kaur Kiranjot
Published: June 2022

In this review paper the focus is to summarize the study of variation in optical, electrical, structural and morphology properties of swift heavy ions of polymer composite. Polyaniline is mainly used in the electrical and electrochemical properties. The synthesis techniques such as chemical oxidative method, electrochemical method, sol-gel method, doping method and many other techniques were used to prepare polyaniline composites. The variation in optical properties can be analysed with the help of UV-Vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The structural and morphology can be analysed with the help of FTIR and SEM (scanning electron microscope). The crystal structure, lattice constant and d-spacing can be analysed with the help of XRD.
Nanotechnology: its scope in agriculture
Authors: Reddy SS , Chhabra V
Published: June 2022

The growth in human population is estimated to reach 9.8 billion by mid-2050. To meet the food requirements, reducing the judicious use of fertilizers, agrochemicals and their impact on environment, soil, water, humans and the surrounding biodiversity we have to shift towards sustainable methods. Nanotechnology is one such technology that will help in crop production by improving the input use efficiency by minimizing their losses, site-specific, controlled delivery of fertilizers or agrochemical as per the requirement, increases shelf life, efficiency of the agrochemicals and reduces their recommended dosage. Nanoparticles are organic, inorganic or hybrid materials whose dimensions may range from 1 to 100 nm. Nanosensors can detect environmental stress and enhance the plant’s ability to combat diseases, used in automation of irrigation; it is a rapid and accurate tool to detect insect and pest, which helps in timely application of agrochemicals. Nano-iron fertilizer was found to improve essential oil content, nano-zinc and boron fertilizers improved fruit yield and quality, nano zeolite can sustain the nutrients in the soil for long term and it enhance germination and plant growth. As nanoparticles enhances growth, they aid in early maturity of the crop, improves the plant’s ability to tolerate stresses, hence they are effective tools in drought and flood-prone areas, they detoxify harmful pollutants especially heavy metals, pesticide residues. As nanoparticles have greater persistence, they may have long-term effect on plants, humans and also environment, but it has less impact than that of the normal agrochemicals. Advanced research is required to conclude in this aspect.
A Study of Bicomplex Gamma and Riemann Zeta Functions and their Conjugations
Authors: Kashyap Muskan , Singh Sukhdev
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we have studied the bicomplex gamma and Riemann zeta functions. The relation between bicomplex gamma function and bicomplex Riemann zeta function has been established. Their properties under different conjugations and moduli in the bicomplex space are also studied in details.
The influence of production rate on “out-of-control” probability and system reliability in a decentralized supply chain model
Authors: Nandra Richa , Majumder Arunava
Published: June 2022

Improving product quality is one of the most salient features in modern business to reach numerous numbers of customers. Thus, every company is working to improve customer satisfaction level by increasing product quality. But, to satisfy customer’s demand, companies may, sometimes increase the rate of production which affects the production system. This paper develops a supply chain system with one manufacturer and one retailer. In manufacturer’s end, an investment is considered to improve the system performance which is measured through a probabilistic value (“out-of-control” probability). A model is discussed in this paper regarding the dependency of production with the “out-of-control” probability with a negative exponential function of production rate. Besides that, the retailer also incurs an investment to reduce its setup cost. This paper develops a decentralized supply chain model and is analysed mathematically and validated with numerical and graphical analysis.
The Stability Analysis of Coupled Differential Equations in Stellar Structure
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev
Published: June 2022

Astrophysical and Mathematical Models usually describes the evolutionary processes of life cycle of stellar structure. The process of star formation undergoes various stages during its life cycle. In human time scale it is not possible to observe whole of the evolution of stellar structure. From the birth of star to the death of star, different complex cosmological phenomenon occurs in the galactic region. In general theory of astrophysics stars are assumed to be static and spherical in nature. This nature results from hydrostatic and thermostatic equilibrium. Self-gravitating forces makes the star to collapse gradually and intermittently. At the same time thermal nature of chemical composition inside the star develops the pressure and hinders the sudden collapse. As a result, there is change in physical quantities like temperature, density, mass, radius, luminosity opacity and many more structural behaviours of star. These quantities are taken as variable in differential equation which are evolved in due process of star evolution. During the evolution of star, hydrostatic equilibrium and thermal equilibrium remains the major areas of study, therefore emphasis is laid on the stability of stellar structure with main focus on the hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium.
Cupric Oxide based Supercapacitors: A Review
Authors: Jithul K P , Samra Kawaljeet Singh
Published: June 2022

Energy storage materials are critical for reliable, safe, and flexible energy usage, as well as for using renewable energy sources. As a result, the materials that used to store energy encompass a huge range of materials that are attracting a lot of attention from research and development to industry. Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted considerable interest as high-power storage device, with the potential to make a contribution to the speedy increase of low-energy electronics (e.g., transportable electronic home equipment, wearable) and military packages. The selection of electrode materials may also have a big impact on the storage capacity of supercapacitors. The review paper discusses the energy storage devices, types of supercapacitors, preparation methods of CuO and advantage of CuO/RGO hybrid nano composite electrode supercapacitors.
Water Pipeline Leakage Detection and Monitoring System Using Smart Sensor with IoT
Authors: Mahesh Kumar D , Jagadeep T
Published: June 2022

This paper presents a smart water pipeline monitoring system to control the water leakages occurring in it. In day by day life, usage of water is increasing with proportional to increase in wastage of water. So, to overcome from this, a smart monitoring system with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) is designed and proposed. In this modern era, usages and advantages of IoT are immeasurable. There are a lot of sensors are available in the market to measure the water flow [2]. In this system, to monitor the flow of water, the water flow sensor is used in the pipeline and also to measure the contamination of water a turbidity sensor has been used. Flow sensor works on the principle of a hall effect [5]. Nodemcu microcontroller, is one of the most common microcontrollers used for IoT purposes has been used in this system [8]. Main purpose of this microcontroller used is because of its interrupt pins. The values measured by the water flow sensor and turbidity sensor are uploaded to the cloud server. For storing the data in the cloud, the ThingSpeak cloud server has been used for this system, because ThingSpeak cloud server is open and free to use. With the values measured by the water flow sensor the data is displayed in the ThingSpeak cloud webserver. So, monitoring of the water flow in the pipeline will be done very easily.
Physicochemical studies of polyethylene glycols in aqueous biotin solutions at different temperatures and constant pressure
Authors: Chakraborty Nabaparna , Bhakri Kanika , Juglan K.C. , Kumar Harsh
Published: June 2022

Density and speed of sound of polyethylene glycols (polyethylene glycol 200; polyethylene glycol 400) in (0.000, 0.0024, 0.0032, and 0.0040) mol·Kg-1aqueous solutions of biotin at constant experimental pressure 0.1 MPa and temperature range (288.15 K, 298.15 K, 308.15 K and 318.15 K) have been obtained using Anton-Paar DSA 5000 M. These experimental data were used to calculate various acoustic and thermodynamic parameters such as intermolecular free length, acoustic impedance, adiabatic compressibility, Wada’s constant, Rao’s Constant and Vander Waal’s constant which gave the insight of the intermolecular reactions inside the ternary mixture of vitamin B7(Biotin) and polyethylene glycols (PEG 200/PEG 400).
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Structural and Magnetic properties of Sr1-x Fe12-y Cox Aly O19
Authors: Shezan  , Sharma Shaweta , Srivastava A.K.
Published: June 2022

Hexaferrites have recently fascinated researcher’s interest due to their broad range of uses, including permanent magnets, magnetic storage media, wireless telecommunication and microwave application. In this work Sr1-x Fe12-y Cox Aly O19(x=0.2, y=0.2) was synthesized by using the sol gel auto combustion method and sintered for 5 hours at different temperatures ranging from 800°C to 1100°C. The formation of M-type hexaferrites has been confirmed by XRD analysis. The appearance of three major peaks i.e., 432cm-1,547cm-1,594-1 in the FTIR spectra between 400 cm-1 and 600 cm-1 indicates the existence of M-type hexagonal ferrites. FESEM shows plate like hexagonal shaped grains. The temperature at which hexaferrite was obtained determined by TGA analysis. The M-H loop derived from the vibrating sample magnetometer was used to compute magnetic parameter.
Temperature-dependent thermodynamic studies of glycols in aqueous solutions of vitamin B3
Authors: Chakraborty Nabaparna , Lamba Manisha , Juglan K C , Kumar Harsh
Published: June 2022

At the variation of temperatures from (293.15 to 308.15) K, the densities and speed of sound for liquid mixtures containing propylene glycol and hexylene glycol in aqueous vitamin B3 (niacin) at (0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) mol·kg-1 concentration has been measured with Anton Paar DSA 5000 M. These experimental data were used to calculate various acoustic and thermodynamic parameters such as intermolecular free length, acoustic impedance, adiabatic compressibility, Wada’s constant, Rao’s Constant and Vander Waal’s constant which gave the insight of the intermolecular reactions inside the ternary mixture of vitamin B3(Niacin) and glycols (PG/HG).