bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epstein‐barr virus (EBV) in healthy carriers: Distribution of genotypes and 30 bp deletion in latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) oncogene
Authors: Correa Rita Mariel , Fellner María Dolores , Alonio Lidia Virginia , Durand Karina , Teyssié Angélica R. , Picconi María Alejandra
Published: June 2004

There are two types of Epstein Barr virus (EBV): EBV‐1 and EBV‐2, distinguished by genomic polymorphism in the genes encoding the nuclear antigens (EBNA‐2, ‐3A, ‐3B, ‐3C). Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP‐1) is an EBV protein with known oncogenic properties. Different variants had been described; among them, a 30 base pair (bp) deletion (del‐LMP‐1) had been reported in benign and malignant pathologies, but there is little information about its frequency in healthy populations. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of the EBV genotypes and the 30 bp deletion frequency, in EBV healthy carriers from Argentina. Analysis of EBNA‐3C and LMP‐1 genes were done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Southern blot hybridization on DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from blood bank donors. EBV‐1 was present in 75.9% of samples, EBV‐2 in 14.6%, and co‐infections with both types in 6.5%. The deleted LMP‐1 variant was found in 7.4% of analyzed samples, corresponding 3.2% to deleted variant alone and 4.2% to co‐infections with non‐deleted form. The non‐deleted variant was found in 64.6% whereas in the remaining 28%, no PCR product was detected. These results showed that EBV‐1 was the more prevalent type in healthy carriers of Argentina, similar to reports from others countries. A predominance of the non‐deleted LMP‐1 variant was observed. The presence of co‐infections with both types and variants demonstrated that healthy individuals may also harbor multiple EBV infections. J. Med. Virol. 73:583–588, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism for induction of hydroxyurea resistance and loss of latent EBV genome in hydroxyurea‐treated Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Raji
Authors: Jiang Ru , Zhang Jian‐Ling , Satoh Yukio , Sairenji Takeshi
Published: June 2004

Hydroxyurea (HU), as an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) through interaction with the R2 component, has been used in the treatment of malignancies. Recently, therapeutic strategies in Epstein‐Barr Virus (EBV)‐targeted lymphoma have been reported. In order to study the effect of HU on EBV, infected Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) Raji cells were passaged in medium containing 50 μM HU for more than 2 months. EBV DNA was eliminated in about 40% of the cells in the HU‐treated cultures. The cells were cloned from such cultures, and only EBV‐positive clones could be isolated in 102 examined clones. No differences were observed in the EBV‐latent state, EBV‐gene expression, or cell growth between HU‐untreated Raji cells and HU‐treated clones. However, relative to parental Raji cells, the HU‐treated Raji clones were almost eight times resistant to growth inhibition by HU according to the ID50 value, and the expression of the R2 component of RR increased more than two to three times. These results indicate that HU not only efficiently eliminates the EBV genome from Raji cells but also induces HU resistance. HU resistance was accompanied by over‐expression of the R2 component of RR. However, the HU‐resistant clones were sensitive to gemcitabine, another inhibitor of RR, and this seems highly relevant to chemotherapeutic combination in the use of these drugs. J. Med. Virol. 73:589–595, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactivation of HSV‐1 in the brain of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mori Isamu , Kimura Yoshinobu , Naiki Hironobu , Matsubara Rokuro , Takeuchi Tohru , Yokochi Takashi , Nishiyama Yukihiro
Published: June 2004

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) has been proposed as an environmental risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, although this issue is still in dispute. The involvement of HSV‐1 in the pathogenesis of familial Alzheimer's disease, the uncommon type of Alzheimer's disease, has not been addressed yet. We investigated formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded, postmortem brain tissue sections of three patients with familial Alzheimer's disease for the presence of HSV‐1 DNA. The nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the HSV‐1 glycoprotein D gene in the brain of all three patients with familial Alzheimer's disease preferentially in the frontal and temporal cortices, whereas only one case out of six age‐matched, non‐Alzheimer's disease individuals could disclose the presence of HSV‐1 gene. The PCR detected HSV‐1 DNA in the frontal cortex of the two patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The presence of HSV‐1 was associated with β‐amyloid deposition in the cerebral cortex. To clarify the localization of HSV‐1 in the brain tissue of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, the in situ hybridization of the tyramide signal amplification system was used. It detected the HSV‐1‐specific signals predominantly in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons in a dot‐like staining fashion. In addition, high‐sensitivity immunohistochemistry revealed the existence of HSV‐1 antigens in the cytoplasm of cortical neurons. This report provides the first evidence of reactivation of HSV‐1 in the brain of patients with familial Alzheimer's disease, associated with β‐amyloid deposition, and suggests the possible involvement of HSV‐1 together with genetic factors in the pathogenesis of familial Alzheimer's disease. J. Med. Virol. 73:605–611, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of human rotavirus strains with G12 and P[9] detected in Japan
Authors: Shinozaki Kuniko , Okada Mineyuki , Nagashima Shigeo , Kaiho Ikuo , Taniguchi Koki
Published: June 2004

Two G12 human rotavirus strains, CP727 and CP1030, were isolated from the respective diarrheic stools of an infant and an adult in Japan. VP7 gene sequences of strains CP727 and CP1030 showed high identity with that of the G12 prototype strain L26, and with those of G12 strains reported recently from Thailand, the United States, and India. VP4 gene sequences of strains CP727 and CP1030 showed the highest identity with those of P[9] rotaviruses. In Northern blot hybridization, strains CP727 and CP1030 were found to be closely related to strain AU‐1 (G3P[9]); nine RNA segments hybridized to each other. Moreover, all segments each of the two Japanese G12 strains hybridized to those of the Thai G12 strain T152. These results suggest that Japanese G12 strains detected in this study are reassortants between a L26‐like strain and a strain in the AU‐1 genogroup. A similar reassortant was found in the Thai G12 strain T152. J. Med. Virol. 73:612–616, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein quality of drum‐processed cereal–bean–sardine composite supplementary foods for preschool‐age children
Authors: Mosha Theobald CE , Bennink Maurice R
Published: June 2004

Acute, severe undernutrition during childhood remains a common health problem in many parts of the world and makes a significant contribution to childhood mortality. This study was conducted to evaluate the protein quality and growth/rehabilitation potential of supplementary foods developed from locally produced materials in Tanzania. Six diets, namely rice meal (RM), bean meal (BM), rice–bean meal (RBM), rice–bean–sardines meal (RBSM), corn–bean–sardines meal (CBSM) and corn–bean meal (CBM), were formulated to maximise the amino acid score as recommended by FAO/WHO/UNU for preschool children. Biological qualities of the diets, including apparent and true protein digestibility, net protein retention ratio, food efficiency ratio, protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score and rehabilitation potential, were evaluated using Sprague Dawley weanling rats. Net protein retention ratio varied significantly (p < 0.05) among control diet (0.93), RBSM (0.92), CBSM (0.86), RM (0.66), RBM (0.44), CBM (0.28), BM (0.12) and corn meal (CM) diet (−0.40). True protein digestibility ranged between 82 and 99%, with BM showing the lowest digestibility. The protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid scores were 100% (control diet), 77% (CBSM), 89% (RBSM), 58% (RM), 90% (RBM), 47% (CBM), 85% (BM) and 48% (CM). Two test diets, CBSM and RBSM, showed the greatest potential to support growth and rehabilitation of undernourished rats, while CBM, RBM, BM and CM did not display acceptable growth. These results suggest that cereal–bean–sardine composites are of high quality and have potential for use as supplementary/rehabilitation foods for preschool‐ and school‐age children as well as adults. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficacy of propionates and benzoates on the control of growth of Eurotium species in bakery products with near neutral pH
Authors: Marín Sonia , Abellana Meritxell , Rull Francesc , Sanchis Vicente , Ramos Antonio J
Published: June 2004

The effects of propionic acid, sodium propionate and benzoic acid on growth of various Eurotium isolates when added to a bakery product analogue were tested under various environmental conditions. The water activity of the products was adjusted to values in the range of 0.75–0.90 aw, and storage temperatures were in the range of 15–30 °C. Propionates were added in concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 g kg−1, while benzoic acid was added in the range of 0.25–1 g kg−1. It was observed that 0.25 and 0.5 g kg−1 concentrations sometimes enhanced isolate growth. When using sodium propionate, the highest concentration, 5 g kg−1, completely inhibited growth under all conditions except for 0.85–0.90 aw at 25–30 °C, while propionic acid completely prevented fungal spoilage regardless of the abiotic conditions assayed. On the other hand, benzoic acid at a given concentration had a wider effectiveness, thus used at 1 g kg−1 concentration prevented growth under all conditions except for 0.90 aw and 25–30 °C. It was concluded that trying to reduce the applied concentrations of these weak acid preservatives would be counterproductive and that, except for propionic acid, even at the higher permitted concentrations their use is not suitable for these near neutral pH products when their water activity is high (0.90 aw). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Isolation, structural features and rheological properties of water‐extractable β‐glucans from different Greek barley cultivars
Authors: Irakli Maria , Biliaderis Costas G , Izydorczyk Marta S , Papadoyannis Ioannis N
Published: June 2004

β‐Glucans were isolated from six Greek barley cultivars (Persefoni, Kos, Thessaloniki, Athinaida, Dimitra and Triptolemos) by water extraction at 47 °C, enzymatic removal of starch and protein and subsequent precipitation of the water‐soluble β‐glucans with 37% (w/v) ammonium sulfate saturation. The purity of barley β‐glucans was high (>93% dry basis) with some small contamination by protein (<3.84%). The molecular size of the β‐glucan isolates was determined by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC); the weight‐average molecular weights and the intrinsic viscosities ranged between 0.45 × 106 and 1.32 × 106 and 2.77 and 4.11 dl g−1, respectively. Structural features of barley β‐glucans were revealed by 13C NMR spectroscopy and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography (HPAEC) of the oligomers released by the hydrolytic action of lichenase. Lichenase degradation showed that β‐glucans from all barley cultivars consisted of blocks of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units, accounting for 90.6–92.3% of the total oligomers released, with a molar proportion of these units between 2.31 and 2.77. Rheological measurements of aqueous solutions/dispersions of β‐glucans showed the behaviour of non‐interacting polysaccharides and a transition from the typical viscoelastic response to gel‐like properties after a time period that depended on the molecular size of the polysaccharide. The lowest molecular size β‐glucans from the Triptolemos cultivar showed shorter gelation times than their higher molecular weight counterparts. The effect of sugar incorporation (glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose and ribose), at a concentration of 30% (w/v), to the β‐glucans gels (6% w/v) on compression parameters seemed to be related to the type of sugar used; the pentose sugars substantially reduced gel firming. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of refined barley β‐glucan on the physico‐structural properties of low‐fat dairy products: curd yield, microstructure, texture and rheology
Authors: Tudorica Carmen M , Jones T Eirian R , Kuri Victor , Brennan Charles S
Published: June 2004

The beneficial role of dietary fibre in human nutrition has lead to a growing demand for incorporation of novel fibres, particularly barley β‐glucans, into foods. Barley β‐glucans are regarded as dietary fibre ingredients that are partially soluble in water. The aim of the present work was to investigate the possibility of using barley β‐glucan in milk systems in relation to the coagulation properties of milk containing β‐glucan, and to the rheology, texture and microstructure of fresh curds. The rate of coagulation and optimum coagulum cutting time were evaluated using rheological measurements. Results show that coagulation/gelation time of the milk can be reduced significantly with the incorporation of β‐glucan; curd yield increased and the viscoelastic properties of the curd were altered with β‐glucan additions. The relationships between curd rheological behaviour and its microstructure are discussed in relation to use of novel hydrocolloids in dairy processing. The results suggest that barley β‐glucan has the potential to be used as a fat replacer in low‐fat dairy systems. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Wet‐fractionation of Phaseolus lunatus seeds: partial characterization of starch and protein
Authors: Betancur‐Ancona David , Gallegos‐Tintoré Santiago , Chel‐Guerrero Luis
Published: June 2004

The optimum extraction conditions for integral use of Phaseolus lunatus seed, in alkaline medium, are 1:6 (w/v) flour:water ratio, pH 11 and a 1 h extraction time. Three main fractions were produced under these conditions: starch; protein isolate and fibrous residue by‐product. The yield is 288.4 g kg−1 starch, 188.2 g kg−1 protein isolate and the remaining quantity, fibrous residue. The starch has 98.4% purity, a 75 °C gelatinization temperature and high syneresis even at high concentrations. It also has high viscosity, good stability and middle retrogradation during the heating–cooling cycle. The protein isolate contains 711.3 g kg−1 protein as well as 75.5 g lysine kg−1 protein, 10.1 g methionine kg−1 protein and 12.2 g tryptophan kg−1 protein. Its in vitro digestibility is 79% with a 2.5 c‐PER. The fibrous residue contains 63 g kg−1 of protein, 328.4 g kg−1 of crude fiber and 567.3 g kg−1 of NFE. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of biodegradable coatings for covered horizontal bunker‐stored silage
Authors: Denoncourt Patrick , Ouattara Blaise , Lacroix Monique
Published: June 2004

The addition of different plasticizers, thickeners and hydrophobic compounds such as fatty acids in biodegradable coatings has been evaluated using pH values and dry matter content as criteria in silage during one month of storage at room temperature under laboratory conditions. A base coating solution was prepared with whey protein concentrate, calcium caseinate and carboxymethylcellulose. From the base coating solution, derivative coating solutions were developed to evaluate the effect of plasticizers by incorporating glycerol at different concentrations and different ratios of sorbitol and glycerol. Thickening agents were also evaluated by adding fine silage powder, coarse silage powder, hay powder, or cornstarch. Derivative coating solutions were studied to evaluate the effect of fat constituents. Canola oil, beef fat, shortening, bees wax or candellila wax were added to the base solution following various procedures. Results showed that the addition of glycerol (320 g kg−1) in the coating formulation resulted in a pH value of 5.21 after 31 days of storage without visible spoilage under the coating. The presence of plasticizer compounds avoids the appearance of cracking in the coating during the early stage of conservation. The pH of silage coated with formulations containing coarse or fine silage powder was preserved below 5 until day 17 as compared to the other formulations where the pH was preserved below 5 only for 10 days. The incorporation of beef fat in the coating formulation resulted in the lowest pH as compared to all the other fat compounds evaluated, showing a value of 4.61 at the end of storage. The addition of glycerol, coarse silage and beef fat in the same coating formulation recovered by a hydrophobic layer of zein stabilized the pH to 4.47 for 28 days of storage with a final dry matter content at 344.3 g kg−1 without visible spoilage under the coating during all of the storage at room temperature. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheological and differential scanning calorimetry studies on structural and textural changes in frozen Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: Saeed Suhur , Howell Nazlin K
Published: June 2004

The viscoelastic behaviour and thermal stability of Atlantic mackerel fillets stored at −20 and −30 °C for up to 2 years were investigated. An increase in elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) modulus values, reflecting protein aggregation, was observed in samples stored at −20 °C compared with those stored at −30 °C, as well as with storage time. The results indicate that toughening on frozen storage is not just limited to lean gadoid fish but also occurs in fatty fish, leading to texture deterioration. Differential scanning calorimetry of fillets stored at −20 °C showed a shift to a lower transition temperature (Tm) and a decrease in enthalpy (ΔH) compared with control fillets stored at −30 °C; this change was enhanced when fillets were stored for a longer period of time, confirming protein denaturation and the formation of aggregates reported previously by the authors (J Sci Food Agric 82: 579–586 (2002)). The contribution of lipid oxidation to protein aggregation was shown by storing minced mackerel with or without the antioxidant vitamin E at −10 °C. The G′ and G″ values were higher in samples stored without vitamin E than in samples stored with vitamin E; thus antioxidants may be used to minimise protein aggregation in fatty fish. The role of lipid oxidation in promoting protein aggregation and deterioration in the texture of fatty fish has not been reported hitherto. Antioxidants such as vitamin E may be used not only to prevent lipid oxidation but also to minimise protein damage in order to prolong the shelf‐life of fatty fish. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Strategies for the reduction of cerebral microembolism during transmyocardial laser revascularization
Authors: Gerriets Tibo , Grossherr Martin , Misfeld Martin , Nees Urs , Reusche Ernst , Stolz Erwin , Sievers Hans H. , Kaps Manfred , Kraatz Ernst G.
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

During transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMLR), multiple microembolic signals (MES) can be detected in cerebral arteries. We sought to characterize composition and clinical relevance of these MES and to evaluate strategies to reduce cerebral microembolization during TMLR.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

TMLR was performed in pigs. Laser energy was set to 4–10 J (group A) or 80 J (group B). Oxygen concentration was varied between 21 and 100%. MES were recorded in the ophthalmic artery. Brain and spinal cord were investigated histologically after 10 days.

Results

More MES could be detected during high‐ compared to low‐energy laser procedures. Ventilation with 100% oxygen reduced the number of MES. No lesions were found on histology.

Conclusions

The number of MES depends on the laser energy. Laser‐induces cavitation‐effects lead to an additional release of nitrogen bubbles. Thus, the microembolic load can be reduced by ventilation with 100% oxygen and by decreasing the laser energy. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:379–384, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodynamic effects of anthracyclin derivatives on squamous cell carcinoma cell lines of the head and neck
Authors: Lippert B.M. , Teymoortash A. , Külkens C. , Folz B.J. , Werner J.A.
Published: June 2004

Background and Objective

In the last years, photodynamic therapy, performed with hematoporphyrin derivatives, gained in importance for the treatment of superficially situated malignomas. The use of hematoporphyrin as photosensitizer is limited especially by the low depth of penetration and its side effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy with anthracyclin derivates in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The photodynamic effects of the anthracyclin derivates adriamycin and epirubicin as well as the effects of the hematoporphyrin derivatives photofrin‐II and photosan‐3 were examined and compared in 10 squamous cell carcinoma cell lines derived from head and neck tumors.

Results

Beside their cytostatic effect, the applied cytostatics revealed a marked photodynamic effect. A statistically significant difference for photodynamic effects of both cytostatic agents and the hematoporphyrin derivates could not be shown.

Conclusions

These results revealed that the above mentioned cytostatics could be considered as possible alternative photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:391–397, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined photodynamic and photothermal induced injury enhances damage to in vivo model blood vessels
Authors: Kelly Kristen M. , Kimel Sol , Smith Tia , Stacy Amy , Hammer‐Wilson Marie J. , Svaasand Lars O. , Nelson J. Stuart
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

The degree of port wine stain (PWS) blanching following pulsed dye laser (PDL) therapy remains variable and unpredictable. Because of the limitations of current PDL therapy, alternative treatment approaches should be explored. The objective was to evaluate a novel methodology for selective vascular damage, combined photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PDL) treatment, using the in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Thirty microliters of benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A (BPD) solution was administered intraperitoneally into chick embryos at day 12 of development. Study groups were: (1) control (no BPD, no light); (2) BPD alone; (3) continuous wave irradiation (CW) alone (576 nm, 60 mW/cm2, 125 seconds); (4) CW + PDL; (5) BPD+PDL; (6) PDT (BPD+CW); (7) PDL alone (585 nm, 4 J/cm2); and (8) PDT+PDL (BPD + CW followed immediately by PDL). Vessels were videotaped prior to, and at 1 hour post‐intervention and then assessed for damage based on the following scale: 0, no damage; 1, coagulation; 1.5, vasoconstriction; 2.0, coagulation+vasoconstriction; 2.5, angiostasis; 3.0, hemorrhage. Damage scores were weighted by vessel “order.”

Results

PDT + PDL resulted in significantly (P < 0.01) more severe vascular damage than was observed in any other study group: 127% more than PDT, 47% more than PDL alone.

Conclusions

PDT + PDL is a novel and promising approach for selective vascular damage and may offer a more effective method for treatment of PWS and other vascular skin lesions. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:407–413, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
60‐minute application of S‐Caine Peel prior to 1,064 nm long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser treatment of leg veins
Authors: Jih Ming H. , Friedman Paul M. , Sadick Neil , Marquez Denise K. , Kimyai‐Asadi Arash , Goldberg Leonard H.
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

Advancements in laser treatment of leg veins necessitate concurrent investigations in topical anesthesia to minimize treatment‐related pain. To evaluate the efficacy of the S‐Caine Peel for providing topical anesthesia after a 60‐minute application.

Study Design/Patients and Methods

A randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial was performed in two centers. Sixty patients received S‐Caine Peel and placebo vehicle on different treatment sites for 60 minutes prior to laser treatment of leg veins using a 1,064 nm long‐pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Patients rated their level of pain using a visual analog scale. Adequacy of anesthesia and expressed pain at each site were rated by the investigator.

Results

The mean visual analog scale (VAS) was 27 mm for active sites compared to 43 mm for placebo (P < 0.001). Improved pain relief was noted for 67% of active versus 30% of placebo sites (P < 0.001). Anesthesia was judged adequate by the investigator for 55% of active compared with 12% of placebo sites (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The S‐Caine Peel is safe and effective when applied for 60 minutes prior to laser therapy of leg veins. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:446–450, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A useful algorithm for determining fluence and pulse width for vascular targets using 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser in an animal model
Authors: Ozturk Serdar , Hoopman John , Brown Spencer A. , Nojima Kimihiro , Saboorian Hossein , Acikel Cengiz , Kenkel Jeffrey
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

Many current parameters to ablate vascular beds using 1,064 nm lasers are based on high‐energy settings and often fail to consider vessel diameter and/or pulse width. This study attempts to define the minimal effective dosage (MED) of energy and pulse width for specific vessel diameters in an animal model.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

1,064 nm Nd: YAG was used in 15 Sprague–Dawley rats. Bilateral extended dorsolateral skin flaps were elevated and vessel diameters from 0.1 to 1 mm were identified. Pulse widths (PW) in a range of 15–60 milliseconds and fluences between 70–110 J/cm2 with contact cooling at 5°C (Celsius) were utilized. Results were determined clinically and histologically.

Results

Ideal pulse width and MED for each vessel diameter were determined using a 6 mm spot size. Histology showed early hemostasis and subsequent thrombosis, which are consistent with clinical findings.

Conclusions

This model allows in vivo monitoring of vessel ablation.Optimal pulse width and MED levels versus vessel diameter determined in this animal model provide a useful algorithm that may allow for more effective treatment of vascular targets utilizing the 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:420–425, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the use of low level laser and photosensitizer drugs in healing
Authors: Silva Janine Cuzzolin E. , Lacava Zulmira Guerrero Marques , Kuckelhaus Selma , Silva Luciano Paulino , Neto Luis Ferreira Monteiro , Sauro Evandro Emanoel , Tedesco Antonio Cláudio
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

In the last decade, many different kinds of therapies have emerged as a consequence of advances in the field of applied technology. It is known that low level laser therapy contributes to tissue healing; however, the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in healing and the scar formation processes has not been fully explored. The present study analyses the effect of low level laser InGaAIP (685 nm), radiation, either alone or combined with a phthalocyanine‐derived photosensitizer (PS) in a gel base delivery (GB) system, on the healing process of cutaneous wounds in rats.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The rats were divided into six groups: control (untreated) (CG), gel base (GB), photosensitizer (PS), laser (LG), laser+photosensitizer (LPS), and laser+photosensitizer in a GB (LPSG). Standardized circular wounds were made on the dorsum of each rat with a skin punch biopsy instrument. After wounding, treatment was performed once daily and the animals were killed at day 8. Tissue specimens containing the whole wound area were removed and processed for histological analysis using conventional techniques. Serial cross‐sections were analyzed to evaluate the organization of the dermis and epidermis as well as collagen deposition.

Results

The animals of groups LG, PS, LPS, and LPSG presented higher collagen content and enhanced re‐epithelialization as compared to CG (control) and GB rats. Connective tissue remodeling was more evident in groups LPS and LPSG.

Conclusions

The results clearly indicated a synergetic effect of light+photosensitizer+delivery drug on tissue healing. PDT did not cause any healing inhibition or tissue damage during the healing process. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:451–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of the dentin/adhesive systems interface after treatment with Er:YAG laser and acid etching using scanning electron microscope
Authors: Sassi Juliano F. , Chimello Daniela T. , Borsatto Maria C. , Corona Silmara A.M. , Pecora Jesus D. , Palma‐Dibb Regina Guenka
Published: June 2004

Background and Objectives

To assess dentin/adhesive systems interface after dentin conditioning with Er:YAG laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Twenty‐four dentin half‐disks were assigned to 3 groups: All Bond 2 (AB); Optibond Solo Plus (OP); and Clearfil Liner Bond 2V (CL), which were divided into three sub‐groups, according to dentin surface treatment: Er:YAG laser; Er:YAG laser plus acid; acid solely. After the adhesive protocol, specimens were embedded in resin, sectioned, and prepared for SEM analysis. Each area was examined under 1,500× magnification to assess the hybrid layer.

Results

Acid conditioning provided to AB and OP thick and homogeneous hybrid layer, as well as conical and uniform tags. The same pattern was observed for CL. In general, dentin treatment with laser, even when associated to acid, promoted irregular and thin hybrid layer, as well as scarce and thin tags.

Conclusions

Er:YAG laser influenced the adhesive systems interface, hampering hybrid layer formation. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:385–390, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microdensitometry of T2‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images from patients with advanced neoplasias in a phase I clinical trial of an infrared pulsed laser device (IPLD)
Authors: Santana‐Blank Luis A. , Reyes Heberto , Rodríguez‐Santana Elizabeth , Santana‐Rodríguez Karin E.
Published: June 2004

Background and Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether an infrared pulsed laser device (IPLD)‐induced pathophysiologic changes could be identified before measurable modifications in tumor volume.

Study Design/Patients and Methods

Pre‐and post‐IPLD treatment magnetic resonance (MR) images of tumor heterogeneities and peritumoral tissues were digitized and a linear transformation was performed to convert images to 256 intensity levels. Data were analyzed by using the Student's t‐test and the Kolmogorov–Sminov test (α = 0.05).

Results

The post‐treatment mean intensity values of tumor heterogeneities increased significantly (P<0.001) for all of the seven patients (n = 7) evaluated. For peritumoral tissues, a significant increase (P<0.001) was measured in four patients (n = 4). The Kolmogorov–Sminov test showed significant values for the tumor tissue of six (n = 6) patients.

Conclusion

This is the first study of early evidence of anti‐cancer activity of a novel IPLD showing a significant increase in the water content of tumor heterogeneities before measurable changes in tumor volume. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:398–406, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation of Inorganic/Organic Nanocomposites by Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization in Bulk Using a Bimolecular System
Authors: Parvole Julien , Montfort Jean‐Pierre , Billon Laurent
Published: June 2004

Summary: A series of organic‐inorganic nanoparticles were synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) of butyl acrylate initiated by a self‐assembled monolayer of an azo initiator. The azo initiator was immobilized on silica particles in the presence of a stable nitroxide radical, SG1 (an acyclic β‐phosphonylated nitroxide, N‐tert‐butyl‐N‐(1‐diethylphosphono‐2,2‐dimethyl)propyl nitroxide). After preliminary qualitative characterization by X‐ray spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) measurements, the nanoparticles were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the polymer grafting density and to permit a comparison with corresponding values of the initiator monolayer.

It was demonstrated that the grafting from polymerization exhibits a controlled character with a low polydispersity ($\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ < 1.2) in a large range of molecular weights of the grafted chains (from 4 000 up to 145 000 g · mol−1) under the conditions when the stable radical SG1, acting as chain growth moderator tethered to the inorganic core, was used.

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Two‐Dimensional ATR FT‐IR Spectroscopic Study on Glycol Diffusion in a Cured Epoxy Membrane
Authors: Li Weizhen , Wu Peiyi
Published: June 2004

Summary: A novel experimental approach, that is, two‐dimensional (2D) correlation analysis based on time‐resolved attenuated total reflection (ATR) FT‐IR spectroscopy, has been used to study the diffusion behavior of ethylene glycol molecules into EP and EPB (novolac epoxy resins cured with novolac resin or novolac butyrate resin, respectively). The diffusion behavior of ethylene glycol into these systems is discussed and compared with that of water. Ethylene glycol absorbed in EP can be classified into two types (free and bound types), while in EPB a third type (referred to as “specific” type) is also observed, which differs from water sorption behavior. In particular, it is interesting to find that the hydrogen bonding of specific ethylene glycol involves two hydroxyl groups rather than one hydroxyl group and polar group in epoxy networks (carbonyl group), a similar example of which has not been previously observed. In addition, in both EP and EPB, bound ethylene glycol molecules diffuse faster than any other types.

Asynchronous 2D correlation spectra of ethylene glycol in the two resins studied here. Positive peaks are unshaded, whereas negative peaks are shaded.

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Asynchronous 2D correlation spectra of ethylene glycol in the two resins studied here. Positive peaks are unshaded, whereas negative peaks are shaded.
Selective Dimerization of γ‐Branched α‐Olefins in the Presence of C2v Group‐4 Metallocene‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Boccia Antonella C. , Costabile Chiara , Pragliola Stefania , Longo Pasquale
Published: June 2004

Summary: The oligomerization of γ‐branched α‐olefins in the presence of catalytic systems based on group‐4 metallocenes with C2v symmetry has been investigated. The highest reactivity was obtained by using dimethylsilyl‐bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium‐dichloride activated by methylaluminoxane. Highly regioregular dimers were selectively obtained for hindered γ‐branched monomers, while the less hindered ones produced higher molecular weight oligomers. A molecular modeling approach was used to rationalize the experimental results. In fact, a decrease in the β‐hydrogen elimination barrier and an increase in the insertion barrier with the monomer bulkiness were calculated.

General structure of the obtained dimers.

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General structure of the obtained dimers.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Polypeptide Initiators: A General Approach to Block Copolymers of Sequence‐Defined Polypeptides and Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Rettig Hartmut , Krause Eberhard , Börner Hans G.
Published: June 2004

Summary: A novel two‐step polymerization strategy allowing the integration of sequence‐defined oligopeptides into synthetic polymers has been demonstrated by the successful synthesis of an oligopeptide‐block‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate) copolymer. The approach utilizes a solid‐phase supported synthesis of an oligopeptide macroinitiator (SPPS) followed by solution‐phase atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated by the oligopeptide macroinitiator. The resulting block copolymer exhibited a low $\overline M _{\rm w} /\overline M _{\rm n}$ (1.19) and a controllable $\overline M _{\rm n}$.

Poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐oligopeptide.

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Poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐oligopeptide.
Aliphatic Ketones as Photoinitiators for Photografting
Authors: Wang Huiliang , Brown Hugh R.
Published: June 2004

Summary: The photografting of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) initiated by butanone, pentan‐3‐one, and heptan‐3‐one is presented. These aliphatic ketones can act as photoinitiators for photografting when they are a component of a suitable solvent mixture with water and ethanol. It is possible that the photoinitiation effect of the aliphatic ketone is induced by the hydrogen bond formed between it and water.

The grafting of 2 M MAA in different ketone/water/ethanol (30/30/40) solvents.

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The grafting of 2 M MAA in different ketone/water/ethanol (30/30/40) solvents.
Shotgun lipidomics: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis and quantitation of cellular lipidomes directly from crude extracts of biological samples
Authors: Han Xianlin , Gross Richard W.
Published: June 2004

Lipidomics, after genomics and proteomics, is a newly and rapidly expanding research field that studies cellular lipidomes and the organizational hierarchy of lipid and protein constituents mediating life processes. Lipidomics is greatly facilitated by recent advances in, and novel applications of, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS). In this review, we will focus on the advances in ESI/MS, which have facilitated the development of shotgun lipidomics and the utility of intrasource separation as an enabling strategy for utilization of 2D mass spectrometry in shotgun lipidomics of biological samples. The principles and experimental details of the intrasource separation approach will be extensively discussed. Other ESI/MS approaches towards the quantitative analyses of global cellular lipidomes directly from crude lipid extracts of biological samples will also be reviewed and compared. Multiple examples of lipidomic analyses from crude lipid extracts employing these approaches will be given to show the power of ESI/MS techniques in lipidomics. Currently, modern society is plagued by the sequelae of lipid‐related diseases. It is our hope that the integration of these advances in multiple disciplines will catalyze the development of lipidomics, and such development will lead to improvements in diagnostics and therapeutics, which will ultimately result in the extended longevity and an improved quality of life for humankind. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:367–412, 2005
Free microvascular transfer of coccygeofemoral muscle in rabbits
Authors: Karamürsel Sebat , Gündeşli̇oğlu A. Özlem , Öztürk M. Hali̇l , Çelebi̇oğlu Seli̇m
Published: June 2004

A new experimental free flap model, the cocygeofemoral muscle flap of the rabbit, is introduced in this study. The coccygeofemoral muscle is a superficially located triangular muscle originating from the sacrum and inserting into the lateral condyle of the tibia, and it abducts the thigh. Anatomical dissection and microangiographic studies revealed that it has a major and a minor pedicle, the former originating from the caudal gluteal artery, and the latter originating from the caudal femoral artery. Its major pedicle contains the 0.7‐mm artery, 1‐mm vein, and the single nerve originating from the inferior gluteal nerve. In flap studies in 10 animals, the distal minor pedicle was ligated, and muscle was dissected up to its major pedicle and denervated, and the free muscle was transferred to the contralateral inguinal region via end‐to‐end anastomosis to the recipient vessels (i.e., the femoral artery and vein). At postoperative day 7, the transferred muscles were harvested and histologically examined. Nine of 10 muscles were viable; the coccygeofemoral muscle free flap is believed to be an easy‐to‐dissect and bulky flap model, having a relatively thick pedicle. It may serve as a good model in free muscle flap studies. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure of positive solutions for quasilinear elliptic systems—degenerate ecological models
Authors: Guo Zongming , Yang Huisheng
Published: June 2004

We study the degenerate ecological models

where ${p,q>1, {\Delta_pu}={{\rm div}(\vert Du\vert^{p-2}Du)},{{\Delta_q}v={{\rm div}(\vert Dv\vert^{q-2}Dv)}}}, a,b,c,d,\alpha, \beta$ are positive numbers. The structure of positive solutions of the models is discussed via bifurcation theory and monotone techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An eddy‐current and micromagnetism model with applicationsto disk write heads
Authors: Sun J. , Collino F. , Monk P. B. , Wang L.
Published: June 2004

As data rates increase and the size of the disk write head decreases it is likely that a standard non‐linear eddy‐current simulation of a disk write head will not fully capture dynamic effects. In this paper we propose a coupled eddy‐current and micromagnetics model for the disk write head. We present a simple finite difference formulation derived from a mass‐lumped finite element method. This derivation allows us to verify that, before time discretization, the semi‐discrete scheme obeys the same energy decay equality as the partial differential equation model. We show some numerical results for an ‘academic’ disk writer model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new unified theory underlying time dependent linear first‐order systems: a prelude to algorithms by design
Authors: Zhou X. , Tamma K. K.
Published: June 2004

A new unified theory underlying the theoretical design of linear computational algorithms in the context of time dependent first‐order systems is presented. Providing for the first time new perspectives and fresh ideas, and unlike various formulations existing in the literature, the present unified theory involves the following considerations: (i) it leads to new avenues for designing new computational algorithms to foster the notion of algorithms by design and recovering existing algorithms in the literature, (ii) describes a theory for the evolution of time operators via a unified mathematical framework, and (iii) places into context and explains/contrasts future new developments including existing designs and the various relationships among the different classes of algorithms in the literature such as linear multi‐step methods, sub‐stepping methods, Runge–Kutta type methods, higher‐order time accurate methods, etc. Subsequently, it provides design criteria and guidelines for contrasting and evaluating time dependent computational algorithms. The linear computational algorithms in the context of first‐order systems are classified as distinctly pertaining to Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 classifications of time discretized operators. Such a distinct classification, provides for the first time, new avenues for designing new computational algorithms not existing in the literature and recovering existing algorithms of arbitrary order of time accuracy including an overall assessment of their stability and other algorithmic attributes. Consequently, it enables the evaluation and provides the relationships of computational algorithms for time dependent problems via a standardized measure based on computational effort and memory usage in terms of the resulting number of equation systems and the corresponding number of system solves. A generalized stability and accuracy limitation barrier theorem underlies the generic designs of computational algorithms with arbitrary order of accuracy and establishes guidelines which cannot be circumvented. In summary, unlike the traditional approaches and classical school of thought customarily employed in the theoretical development of computational algorithms, the unified theory underlying time dependent first‐order systems serves as a viable avenue to foster the notion of algorithms by design. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex three‐dimensional microstructural permeability prediction of porous fibrous media with and without compaction
Authors: Ngo N. D. , Tamma K. K.
Published: June 2004

Much of the work in permeability prediction has so far been done with respect to the in‐plane properties. Guided by Darcy's law, the in‐plane permeabilities (i.e. Kxx and Kyy) have been well characterized by researchers both experimentally and, to some extent, analytically and numerically. Work on transverse or through thickness permeability, however, has been sparse. Owing to the fact that the limited length scale in the through thickness direction of most fibre preforms makes transverse permeability a difficult value to measure experimentally, the objective of the present development is to study the feasibility of applying the methodology proposed by the authors in a previous work for in‐plane permeability prediction to the estimation of transverse, as well as the in‐plane, permeability of a typical 3D woven fibre preform. The additional objective of this work is to present a preliminary study on the effects of fibre mat compression on the fibre preform permeability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element method for mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication of journal‐bearing systems
Authors: Liu Wing Kam , Xiong Shangwu , Guo Yong , Wang Q. Jane , Wang Yansong , Yang Qingmin , Vaidyanathan Kumar
Published: June 2004

A finite element model is presented for mixed lubrication of journal‐bearing systems operating in adverse conditions. The asperity effects on contact and lubrication at large eccentricity ratios are modelled. The elastic deformation due to both hydrodynamic and contact pressure, and the cavitation of the lubricant film are considered in the model system. Two verification problems with both theoretical and experimental comparisons are given to show the effectiveness of this model. Finally, a new example is presented which discusses the influence of waviness depth, secondary roughness, external force and shaft speed on the mixed lubrication. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization method for continuous approximation of transient convection problem
Authors: Bensaada Mohamed , Esselaoui Driss , Sandri Dominique
Published: June 2004

The aim of this work is to study a new finite element (FE) formulation for the approximation of nonsteady convection equation. Our approximation scheme is based on the Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin (SUPG) method for space variable, x, and a modified of the Euler implicit method for time variable, t. The most interest for this scheme lies in its application to resolve by continuous (FE) method the complex of viscoelastic fluid flow obeying an Oldroyd‐B differential model; this constituted our aim motivation and allows us to treat the constitutive law equation, which expresses the relation between the stress tensor and the velocity gradient and includes tensorial transport term. To make the analysis of the method more clear, we first study, in this article this modified method for the advection equation. We point out the stability of this new method and the error estimate of the approximation solution is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Approximation of a nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation via a linear relaxation scheme
Authors: Slodička Marián
Published: June 2004

We study a nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation of the type

accompanied by an initial datum and mixed boundary conditions. The symbol [ · ]+ denotes the usual cutoff function. The problem represents a model of a reactive solute transport in porous media. The exponent p fulfills p ∈ (0, 1). This limits the regularity of a solution and leads to inconveniences in the error analysis. We design a new robust linear numerical scheme for the time discretization. This is based on a suitable combination of the backward Euler method and a linear relaxation scheme. We prove the convergence of relaxation iterations on each time point ti. We derive the error estimates in suitable function spaces for all values of p ∈ (0, 1). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005.