bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Randomized Trial of the Effect of Pharmacist Prescribing on Improving Blood Pressure in the Community
Authors: Tsuyuki Ross T. , Houle Sherilyn K.D. , Charrois Theresa L. , Kolber Michael R. , Rosenthal Meagen M. , Lewanczuk Richard , Campbell Norm R.C. , Cooney Dale , McAlister Finlay A.
Published: June 2015

Background—

Hypertension control rates remain suboptimal. Pharmacists’ scope of practice is evolving, and their position in the community may be ideal for improving hypertension care. We aimed to study the impact of pharmacist prescribing on blood pressure (BP) control in community-dwelling patients.

Methods and Results—

We designed a patient-level, randomized, controlled trial, enrolling adults with above-target BP (as defined by Canadian guidelines) through
c
ommunity pharmacies, hospitals, or primary care teams in 23 communities in Alberta. Intervention group patients received an assessment of BP and cardiovascular risk, education on hypertension, prescribing of antihypertensive medications, laboratory monitoring, and monthly follow-up visits for 6 months (all by their pharmacist). Control group patients received a wallet card for BP recording, written hypertension information, and usual care from their pharmacist and physician. Primary outcome was the change in systolic BP at 6 months. A total of 248 patients (mean age, 64 years; 49% male) were enrolled. Baseline mean±SD systolic/diastolic BP was 150±14/84±11 mm Hg. The intervention group had a mean±SE reduction in systolic BP at 6 months of 18.3±1.2 compared with 11.8±1.9 mm Hg in the control group, an adjusted difference of 6.6±1.9 mm Hg (
P
=0.0006). The adjusted odds of patients achieving BP targets was 2.32 (95% confidence interval, 1.17–4.15 in favor of the intervention).

Conclusions—

Pharmacist prescribing for patients with hypertension resulted in a clinically important and statistically significant reduction in BP. Policy makers should consider an expanded role for pharmacists, including prescribing, to address the burden of hypertension.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00878566.
Two new species of Schistidium (Grimmiaceae, Bryophyta) from western North America
Authors: McIntosh Terry , BLOM HANS H. , Toren David R. , Shevock James R.
Published: June 2015

Schistidium splendens and Schistidium squarrosum are described as new species from western North America. Schistidium splendens is characterized mainly by 2-stratose striae in the distal leaf laminae, thick and strongly recurved leaf margins, relatively short awns, and more or less isodiametric or short-elongate, irregularly shaped exothecial cells. Schistidium squarrosum is characterized by often abruptly narrowed, ovate-lanceolate, usually curved or falcate leaves that often lack awns, 2(–3) stratose upper leaf laminae, and large, broadly ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate perichaetial leaves that tightly surround the capsule.
Patterns of Recovery Following Sport-Related Concussion in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Purcell Laura , Harvey Janice , Seabrook Jamie A.
Published: June 2015

Time to symptom resolution, return to school, and return to play after a sport-related concussion in children and adolescents (8-17 years of age) was examined using a retrospective cohort design. A total of 198 patients aged 8 to 17 years were included, with a mean age of 13.5 years (SD = 2.2). Patients aged 8 to 12 years were symptom-free in a median of 12.0 (range 1-60) days whereas 13- to 17-year olds were symptom-free in a median of 14.0 (range 1-300) days ( P = .04). Patients aged 8 to 12 years returned to learn in a median of 4.0 (range 0-30) days compared with 2.5 (range 0-55.0) days in 13- to 17-year-olds ( P = .86). Patients aged 8 to 12 years returned to play in a median of 14.0 (range 4-75) days compared with a median of 19.5 (range 5-75) days in 13- to 17-year-olds ( P = .06). These results indicate that children and adolescents generally take 2 to 4 weeks to recover from a sport-related concussion.
The Association Between Relationship Quality and Physical Health Across Racial and Ethnic Groups
Authors: McShall Jared R. , Johnson Matthew D.
Published: June 2015

The association between relationship quality and physical health is well established. We examined whether this association was similar across different races and ethnicities. Relationship quality and health were assessed in three national samples from the United States: the National Survey of American Life, the National Latino and Asian American Study, and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication ( N = 9,020). Relationship quality was positively correlated with overall health across races and ethnicities; however, the association between relationship quality and specific health problems was inconsistent. Finally, there were no reliable differences between racial or ethnic groups in the magnitude of the relationship quality and physical health association.
Associations between comorbid anxiety, diabetes control, and overall medical burden in patients with serious mental illness and diabetes
Authors: Bajor Laura A , Gunzler Douglas , Einstadter Douglas , Thomas Charles , McCormick Richard , Perzynski Adam T , Kanuch Stephanie W , Cassidy Kristin A , Dawson Neal V , Sajatovic Martha
Published: June 2015

Objective

While previous work has demonstrated elevation of both comorbid anxiety disorders and diabetes mellitus type II in individuals with serious mental illness, little is known regarding the impact of comorbid anxiety on diabetes mellitus type II outcomes in serious mental illness populations. We analyzed baseline data from patients with serious mental illness and diabetes mellitus type II to examine relationships between comorbid anxiety, glucose control as measured by hemoglobin A1c score, and overall illness burden.

Methods

Using baseline data from an ongoing prospective treatment study involving 157 individuals with serious mental illness and diabetes mellitus type II, we compared individuals with and without a comorbid anxiety disorder and compared hemoglobin A1c levels between these groups to assess the relationship between anxiety and management of diabetes mellitus type II. We conducted a similar analysis using cumulative number of anxiety diagnoses as a proxy for anxiety load. Finally, we searched for associations between anxiety and overall medical illness burden as measured by Charlson score.

Results

Anxiety disorders were seen in 33.1% ( N = 52) of individuals with serious mental illness and diabetes mellitus type II and were associated with increased severity of depressive symptoms and decreased function. Hemoglobin A1c levels were not significantly different in those with or without anxiety, and having multiple anxiety disorders was not associated with differences in diabetes mellitus type II control. However, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with higher hemoglobin A1c levels. Neither comorbid anxiety nor anxiety load was significantly associated with overall medical burden.

Conclusion

One in three people with serious mental illness and diabetes mellitus type II had anxiety. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with Hb1Ac levels while anxiety symptoms had no relation to hemoglobin A1c; this is consistent with previously published work. More studies are needed to better understand the relationship between depression, anxiety, and health management in people with serious mental illness and diabetes mellitus type II.
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Hemophilic Children
Authors: Pettersson H. , McClure P. , Fitz C.
Published: June 2015

In a follow-up examination of intracranial hemorrhage in hemophilic children, 9 patients were examined clinically and with CT. The results stress the value of CT in the evaluation of hemophilic children with possible head trauma. The extent of the structural brain damage after intracranial hemorrhage in most cases is more marked than clinically expected, and such damage may also be present in patients who clinically have no neurologic sequelae.
Radiography of the Temporomandibular Joint in Female Patients with TMJ Pain or Dysfunction
Authors: Mejersjö C. , Hollender L.
Published: June 2015

One hundred and twenty-four patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain/dysfunction were examined radiographically and 54 of these patients were reexamined at a follow-up approximately after 7 years. The radiographic examination included submentovertical, oblique lateral transcranial and transmaxillary projections. Abnormalities of structure and shape of the bony components were found in 50% of the joints; cortical/subcortical erosion was recorded in 15%, sclerosis in 33% and deviation in shape in 48%. Abnormal condylar position was observed in 46% of the joints. The 20 patients examined only at the follow-up demonstrated a frequency of these findings similar to those observed in patients selected for examination during the treatment period. At the 7-year follow-up, a slight increase in number of all types of abnormalities was found as well as a slight progression of abnormalities present at the first examination.
Psychologic Tests in the Evaluation of Psychic Changes after Myelography with Metrizamide
Authors: Cronqvist S. E. , Holtås S. L. , Laike T. , Ozolins A.
Published: June 2015

The possibility of using psychologic tests to demonstrate psychic changes following myelography with metrizamide was investigated in 15 patients. The tests were made before and after the examination. The results revealed psychic changes of cognitive nature to occur both at 6 and at 24 hours after myelography. Of the tests used determination of the reaction time gave most significant results. Subjectively the patients considered themselves better 24 hours after the examination than after 6 hours. This was not confirmed from the test results—an observation indicating the sensitivity of the test instruments used. Thus, these appear to be well suited to study cognitive changes caused by the contrast media used in this particular type of examination. Since the tests are repeatedly performed, the effect of habituation and of learning cannot be avoided. However, when applied in groups of patients, in whom the effects of different contrast media are compared, the disadvantages of these specific effects can be neglected.
Hydrostatic Reduction of Childhood Intussusception
Authors: Mortensson W. , Eklöfn O. , Laurin S.
Published: June 2015

The value of glucagon to facilitate hydrostatic reduction of childhood ileo-colic intussusception was tested in a series of 188 consecutive cases. Sixty-nine patients selected at random received 0.05 mg glucagon/kg body weight intramuscularly before attempts at reduction were started. The rate of successfully accomplished reductions was 84 per cent in the test group and 76 per cent in the control group (not significant). The time for accomplished reduction was approximately equal in the two groups. After 3 unsuccessful attempts at hydrostatic reduction patients in the control group received glucagon. The subsequent attempt at reduction proved successful in slightly more than every second case. No complications occurred. In general, glucagon was not found to improve the rate of employed reductions nor on the time necessary for reduction to take place. The investigation indicated, however, that there may be a limited benefit of adjuvant medication of glucagon. After two unsuccessful barium enemas glucagon administration is therefore recommended before a third attempt at reduction is performed.
Lumbar Myelography with Iohexol and Metrizamide
Authors: Hindmarsh T. , Ekholm S. E. , Kido D. K. , Sahler L. , Sands M.
Published: June 2015

Two non-ionic contrast media, iohexol and metrizamide, were compared in a double-blind clinical trial which included 50 patients who underwent lumbar myelography for disc herniation or spinal stenosis. The frequency of adverse reactions was lower for iohexol which is recommended for extended trials and for examination of other compartments of the subarachnoid space.
Visual Detection and Physical Characteristics of Roentgenographic Systems
Authors: Manninen H. , Pitkänen M. , Wiljasalo M. , Wiljasalo S. , Soimakallio S.
Published: June 2015

The relationship between physical characteristics (physical resolution, large object contrast and radiographic mottle) and visual detection parameters was evaluated in a water phantom. To measure visual observer performance a minified Snellen E-plate made of gold (three contrast zones) and a high contrast lead bar test pattern were investigated. A trial to test four types of equipment chains for chest radiography was further done with the E-plate technique by simulating a clinical radiography with an Alderson thorax phantom. The observer performance of the high contrast lead bar test pattern showed a good linear correlation to the physical parameters. However, none of the physical system-related parameters fully predicted the visual detectability when the equipment chains were investigated with the E-plate technique. In Alderson phantom studies the rare-earth screens and the air gap technique considerably reduced the radiation dose compared with that of the ordinary grid technique chest radiography, without impairing visual detectability significantly. The RP- and spotfilm techniques showed relatively poor properties of visual detectability.
Imaging of Unilateral Hydronephrosis in an Experimental Animal Model
Authors: Kaude J. V. , Kekomäki M. , Walker D. , Fitzsimmons J. R.
Published: June 2015

In an experimental animal model of partial ureteral obstruction, three different modalities— Excretory urography, real-time ultrasound and magnetic resonance—were used for imaging of the unilateral hydronephrotic rabbit kidney. Urography demonstrated well the anatomy of the renal pelvis, the site and the degree of obstruction. Real-time ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging were both capable of demonstrating compartments of renal parenchyma in addition to the pelveocaliceal dilatation. With magnetic resonance, the renal vessels could be demonstrated. Blood flow velocity in renal arteries and veins was determined with the Doppler technique.
Lateral and Anterior Instability in Acute Ankle Distortion
Authors: Vuust M. , Andersen A. , Andersen S. B. , Funder V. , Jørgensen J. P. , Niedermann B. , Lindholmer E.
Published: June 2015

In a prospective consecutive investigation radiologic tests for lateral and anterior instability in acute ankle distortion were found to be reliable indications of lateral ligament ruptures. Arthrography of the ankle joint was used as reference. Absence of instability, however, gives little information as to the ligamental status. The size of this group constitutes a clinical problem. Better results are achieved by combining lateral and anterior instability tests. If only one test is used, the anterior instability test should be preferred. The results of the two tests bare no relation to the degree of ligament ruptures found at operation.
Ultrasonographic Examinations of Muscle Hematomas in Hemophiliacs
Authors: Aspelin P. , Pettersson H. , Sigurjónsson S. , Nilsson I. M.
Published: June 2015

Twenty-one ultrasonographic examinations were performed in 14 hemophiliacs with suspected intramuscular bleeding. In all patients who had an ultrasonographic examination within the first days after the onset of the symptoms, a hematoma was identified, and its resolution during transfusion therapy was possible to follow. In patients who had their first examination 3 to 5 weeks after the onset of symptoms and who had received transfusion therapy during this period, no hematoma was detectable. It is concluded that ultrasonography provides all necessary information needed for diagnosis and follow-up of treatment. Being a safe method, and giving no radiation, it should be the method of choice in the evaluation and follow-up of muscle hematomas in this patient group.
Acceleration Ratio Measurements with Ultrasound Doppler in Patients with Occlusive Arterial Disease
Authors: Forsberg L. , Norgren L. , Sjöberg T.
Published: June 2015

A prospective investigation was performed concerning the clinical value of Doppler examination with a flow velocity profile analysis using the quotient (AR) between the acceleration of velocity in a supposed diseased artery as compared with the acceleration of flow velocity in a healthy artery. Seventy-nine patients with peripheral arterial disease were followed at least one year after angiography which was performed as a preoperative examination. Comparing AR with angiography and blood pressure measurements it was found that AR values were affected favourably by development of good collaterals. AR≤0.25 (Doppler frequency 5 MHz) in the best artery of the foot was found in all patients where amputation had to be performed, and in 36 of 44 legs treated with vascular reconstruction.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Sacrococcygeal Tumors
Authors: Pettersson H. , Hudson T. , Hamlin D. , Scott K. , Springfield D. , Enneking W. , Spanier S.
Published: June 2015

Five sacral tumors, 2 chordomas, 2 chondro- and/or osteosarcomas and one metastasis were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The tumor delineation was excellent in all cases, and in several respects superior to CT. The signal pattern from the chordoma differed considerably from the other tumors suggesting a potential for tumor differentiation with MRI.
Unilateral Demonstration of the Atlas in Ipsilateral Maxillary Alveolar Bone Destruction
Authors: Kolbenstvedt A. , Wang Y. , Larheim T. A.
Published: June 2015

In conventional sinus films in occipitofrontal projection, the atlas is superimposed on the maxillary alveolar processes. If destruction of the alveolar process is present, the atlas-half on the affected side may be unusually clearly demonstrated. The value of this ‘unilateral demonstration of the atlas’ was confirmed by comparing a group of 20 patients with alveolar process destruction with two groups of 50 patients, one reported as normal and another with mucosal thickening, fluid levels or entirely dense sinuses.
Pleurography in Encapsulated Effusion
Authors: Möller A. , Widström O.
Published: June 2015

Encapsulated pleural effusion was investigated radiographically in 4 patients by injection of a non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium (Amipaque) into the encapsulated site. Demonstration of the presence and extent of the cavities and their size and form was thereby achieved.

Encapsulated pleural effusion may be suspected when chest radiography demonstrates a pleural abnormality that fluctuates in shape with respiration but retains its dorsal position in projections with the patient leaning forward (4, 5). The present report concerns the value of introduction of a non-ionic water-soluble contrast medium (Amipaque, Nyegaard) into the pleura for direct assessment of the extent of encapsulated pleural effusion. This simple procedure has not been described in the available literature, although it has been applied similarly in single isolated cases for other purposes (1–3).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Renal Abscess in an Experimental Animal Model
Authors: Hamlin D. J. , Ackerman N. , Kaude J. V. , Fitzsimmons J. R. , Gaskin J. M.
Published: June 2015

The value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of renal abscess was investigated in an experimental animal model. MRI is capable of depicting the location and extent of the inflammatory process using T1 weighted scans because of relatively long T1 relaxation values which were significantly longer than T1 relaxation times of adjacent normal renal parenchyma.
Radiographic Demonstration of a Liquid Surface Bounded by a Wet Solid Surface
Authors: Nilson A. E.
Published: June 2015

At the line of contact between a liquid surface and a bounding wet solid wall deformation of the surface is produced by surface tension, and this deformation gives rise to various features in the radiograph. For the interpretation of these image features a detailed analysis was performed by means of model experiments. Tubes and rods of methyl acrylate with different diameters and covered with wet sheets of porous paper were used. The tubes were partly filled with water. In some cases a rod was placed concentrically or eccentrically inside the tube. The shape of the image of the liquid surface in vertical and inclined models was examined by conventional radiographic technique and computed tomography. At the walls the surface tension resulted in formation of meniscoids. When the distance between solid walls was short enough adjacent meniscoids joined to form a discoid. The shape of the meniscoid and discoid varied with the shape and inclination of the walls. Distinct boundaries representative of the shape and position of the surface were produced only from those places where the beam was tangential to the surface. When the surface was concave towards the gas in the direction of the beam an internal boundary with a light Mach line was produced. When the surface was convex towards the gas in the direction of the beam an external boundary with a dark Mach line was produced. A boundary was straight when the surface was plane or was part of a cylindric surface. The seemingly simple form of the liquid surface gave rise to surprisingly complex boundary formations, which are analyzed in detail. The findings reported may have a variety of implications for the interpretation of clinical radiographs and may act as a key for the reconstruction of the structures reproduced.
Isotope Scanning with 99Tcm-MDP of the Spine and the Costosternal Junctions of Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Normelli H. , Lewander R.
Published: June 2015

Bone scanning of the thoracolumbar spine and the anterior thorax was performed in 7 girls with recently diagnosed progressive thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. A reference group consisted of a group of 8 patients submitted to bone scanning for other reasons. In all 7 girls composing the scoliosis group the isotope uptake by the vertex vertebra, the 2 vertebrae above and the 2 below was homogeneous, with no areas of abnormally increased uptake. In 5 of these patients where quantitative studies were performed there was no significant difference in uptake between the vertex and the other 4 vertebrae. Nor did the 2 groups differ significantly as regards the left—right difference in uptake by the costosternal junctions. The results of this investigation confirm the observation in a preliminary study that there was no disturbance of spinal growth during the early stage of development of idiopathic thoracic scoliosis. However, the results do not support a tentative conclusion drawn on the basis of the preliminary study—namely, that the development of spinal deformity in idiopathic scoliosis might be ascribed to asymmetric longitudinal rib growth, reflected in asymmetric isotope uptake by the paired costosternal junctions. It is questionable however, whether scintigraphic scanning can provide an accurate procedure for quantitative measurement of skeletal growth of the ribs, especially in scoliotic patients.
Canine Model of Contrast Medium Induced Fibrillation
Authors: Morris T. W. , Sahler L. G. , Harnish P. P. , Violante M. R.
Published: June 2015

The injection of radiocontrast media into coronary arteries will produce a low incidence of ventricular fibrillation. This study establishes the injection duration (or contact time) required to produce fibrillation during right coronary angiography in dogs using a 370 mg I/ml, meglumine/sodium diatrizoate formulation (Renografin 76, Squibb). The mean contact time required to induce fibrillation was 18.8±5.8 seconds for 66 injections in 47 dogs. Prolonged ischemia of greater than 170 s did not produce either fibrillation or arrhythmias, therefore fibrillation is caused by properties of the media. The contact time was not significantly influenced by test injections and was not significantly different in repeated experiments. The canine contact time model of contrast media induced ventricular fibrillation is reproducible and will facilitate the study of risk factors that increase the possibility of fibrillation.
The Current Status of Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Cumberland D. C.
Published: June 2015

The present status of percutaneous coronary angioplasty is presented, with a brief outline of current technique, the technical and clinical indications for the method, and the results being obtained. Coronary angioplasty is only applicable in a minority of patients currently undergoing coronary angiography for ischaemic heart disease, but even with its present technical limitations, the results being obtained and its obvious advantages in selected cases have assured its status as a significant advance in the treatment of coronary disease.
Electrolytic Tissue Destruction and External Beam Irradiation of the Lung
Authors: Samuelsson L. , Lamm I.-L. , Mercke C. E. , Ståhl E. , Jönsson L.
Published: June 2015

In order to evaluate possible benefits of local therapy of lung tumors—electrolysis at Pt-electrodes percutaneously inserted in the tumor, followed by radiation therapy—6 pigs were used as test objects. Two died of lung hemorrhage due to too fast electrolysis causing lung rupture but the other 4 survived when electrolysis was performed at a lower speed. No complication was observed of the combination of electrolysis and external beam irradiation. One human primary lung tumor was treated and probably destroyed by two electrolytic procedures and irradiation to 64 Gy. The evidence of the limited series of animal experiments and of single human tumor case would indicate that further investigations seem worthwhile.
Breast Carcinoma and Benign Breast Lesions
Authors: Wallberg H. , Alveryd A. , Carlsson K.
Published: June 2015

A total of 110 diaphanograms from women with breast carcinoma and 154 diaphanograms from women with benign breast disorders were quantitatively evaluated using the OSIRIS image scanner. Optical density values in the green and red spectral bands were recorded. The malignant and the benign groups, were statistically evaluated using linear discriminant analysis. Correct classification was obtained in 73.5 per cent of women with breast carcinoma and in 84.6 per cent of women with benign breast disorders. Visual interpretation of the findings alone classified 84.5 per cent of the malignant lesions correctly and 90.8 per cent of the benign lesions correctly. Quantitative evaluation combined with visual interpretation improved the accuracy of classification of breast carcinoma (91.8%), but not of benign breast disorders, which was about the same (83.8%).
Chalasia of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter
Authors: Ekberg O. , Lindgren S. , Nylander G.
Published: June 2015

Four patients with absence of stable tonus (chalasia) of the pharyngo-esophageal segment, i.e., the cricopharyngeal muscle and the adjacent cervical esophagus, are reported. The tonus between swallows was completely absent in 2 patients and was seriously impaired in 2. All patients had normal peristalsis in the cricopharyngeal muscle but delayed or absent peristalsis in the cervical esophagus. In one patient the relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle during the passage of the bolus was incomplete. Various other functional abnormalities in the pharynx were present as well. The observed abnormalities are interpreted in relation to current understanding of motor mechanisms in the area of the pharyngo-esophageal segment.
The Upper Esophageal Sphincter during Normal Deglutition
Authors: Isberg A. , Nilsson M. E. , Schiratzki H.
Published: June 2015

The upper esophageal sphincter was studied during deglutition in 7 healthy subjects using simultaneous cineradiography and manometry. The presssure measuring device consisted of 3 sensors distally placed, and separated by 10 mm. They recorded pressure obliquely to the right at an angle of 15 to 45 degrees anteriorly. During the swallowing sequence a pressure sensor initially placed in the high pressure zone of the sphincter easily slid out of position due to asynchronous movements of the sphincter and the pressure measuring device. These movements can result in erroneous interpretation of pressure recordings. Continuous radiologic monitoring during the entire swallowing sequence thus seems to be mandatory. Immediately before the bolus entered the upper esophageal sphincter, the sphincter relaxed and low or even negative pressures were registered. When the bolus had passed onwards the sphincter contracted gradually, to resume its pre-swallow pressure.
Veno-Occlusive Disease and Peliosis of the Liver Complicating the Course of Wilms' Tumour
Authors: Björk O. , Eklöf O. , Willi U. , Åhström L.
Published: June 2015

Veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver was diagnosed in 8 patients with Wilms' tumour and peliosis hepatis (PH) in one. Fever of obscure origin, vague abdominal pain, hepatomegaly or hepatosplenomegaly, severe anaemia or sudden, unexplained drop in haemoglobin, thrombocytopenia, increasing serum transaminase levels, jaundice and ascites recorded within the first weeks or months of tumour diagnosis should arise suspicion of non-metastatic vascular hepatopathy. General or focal decreased accumulation of isotope at liver scintigraphy belong to the early radiologic findings. Sonography and CT may show a generalized irregular echogenicity or attenuation but no unequivocal metastases. One patient with PH had multiple low attenuating foci in both liver lobes and angiographically abnormal pooling of contrast medium in the liver. It is important to recognize these conditions as alternatives to suspected liver metastases, which as a rule develop much later yet on occasions may have very similar radiologic appearances. Therefore the relation in time between tumour diagnosis, initial operation and development of obscure hepatic manifestations is of critical significance for the recognition of VOD or PH. In these patients chemotherapy and irradiation must be discontinued without delay. If the disorders are adequately treated the prognosis may be considered fair.
Predictive Value of Interpeduncular Distance Measurement in Children
Authors: Marklund T.
Published: June 2015

The value of measurement of the interpeduncular distance (IPD) in the investigation of a suspected pathologic intraspinal lesion was assessed in a series of 55 children referred for myelography from a university department of paediatrics. An IPD exceeding +2 SD was almost always associated with skeletal abnormality. Myelography disclosed pathologic lesions in two-thirds of 14 such patients. When no skeletal malformation was present, a large IPD (i.e. exceeding +2 SD) was found as expected. Myelography disclosed pathologic lesions in 2 of 6 such patients. Among 31 patients with normal IPD measurements 8 had pathologic lesions. Measurement of IPD may be of little value in the investigation of intraspinal changes in the lumbar region in children.
Transcatheter Embolization of Angiodysplasia of the Rectum
Authors: Tisnado J. , Cho S.-R. , Beachley M. C. , Margolius D. A.
Published: June 2015

A 51-year-old man with repeated and massive rectal bleeding was found to have a large angiodysplasia of the rectum. A superselective embolization of the distal part of the superior rectal artery with Ivalon controlled the rectal bleeding for 4 months. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding recurred and a recurrent lesion was re-embolized with Ivalon with excellent control of bleeding in a follow-up of 8 months. Embolization is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of rectal angiodysplasia and hopefully may result in a long-term cure.
Aortocervical Angiography with High and Low Osmolality Ionic Contrast Media
Authors: Nilsson P. E. , Aspelin P. , Elmquist D.
Published: June 2015

The influence of aortic arch injection of metrizoate 280 and 370 mg I/ml and ioxaglate 280 and 320 mg I/ml on EEG, heart rate, blood pressure, subjective responses, occurrence of involuntary movements and resulting image quality was investigated in 31 patients. Ioxaglate 320 produced less haemodynamic changes and subjective responses and as good image quality as the hyperosmolar contrast medium metrizoate 370 if subtraction procedure was used. Small and brief EEG changes were recorded in 9 of 14 patients. Only metrizoate 280 induced significant bradycardia. Involuntary movements on the film with the best demonstration of the vessels occurred with no differences between the contrast media. There was no correlation between involuntary movements and image quality. Our investigation indicates that an ionic contrast medium which is intended for aortocervical angiography should have a concentration of at least 320 mg I/ml, high viscosity, low osmolality and be no pure meglumine salt.
Effect of Contrast Media on the Formation of Prostacyclin in Isolated Rat Lungs
Authors: Paajanen H. , Uotila P.
Published: June 2015

The synthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2) was studied in isolated perfused rat lungs during the infusion of radiographic contrast media into the pulmonary circulation. At the same molar concentration, diatrizoate, iopamidol, and NaCl fairly equally stimulated the generation of PGI2. A bolus injection of histamine also enhanced the formation of PGI2. A high dose of ionic diatrizoate and hypertonic saline (0.4 mol/l) caused considerable pulmonary edema, which was less marked with non-ionic iopamidol. Experiments with 125I-labeled contrast media indicated rapid efflux of contrast media from the lungs. The present investigation indicates that different contrast media stimulate the synthesis of prostacyclin mainly because of chemical irritation of the pulmonary endothelium. The enhanced formation of endothelium-derived prostacyclin may mediate some systemic and local side effects seen temporarily during intravascular contrast medium examinations.
Anatomic Variations of the Human Cochlear Aqueduct
Authors: Muren C. , Wilbrand H.
Published: June 2015

The cochlear aqueduct follows a course through the petrous pyramid that varies from straight and steeply vertical to a curvilinear and horizontal. Its course and length are correlated to the pneumatization of the pyramid and also to the volume of the jugular fossa. These two factors influence the radiographic reproduction of the cochlear aqueduct, especially in computed tomography in the axial transverse projection but to a far lesser degree in multidirectional tomography.
A Simulator Model of a Department of Diagnostic Radiology
Authors: Kaukiainen M. , Spring E. , Wåg E.
Published: June 2015

A computer simulation of a department of diagnostic radiology was performed to find out the most important factors that influence the transit time of the patients. Furthermore the general applicability of simulation models to this type of system was also analysed. The transit times were mainly dependent on staff number and the arrangement of radiographic devices. The model worked satisfactorily in normal conditions but improvements can be made as to the routines for exceptional situations like the treatment of emergency patients.
Morphologic Changes following Nephrostomy Track Dilatation
Authors: Ivancev K. , Ekelund L. , Jonsson N.
Published: June 2015

The effect on the renal parenchyma caused by rapid dilatation of a nephrostomy track to 24 F to 30 F was studied on 9 kidneys in 5 pigs. Angiography at different intervals up to 5 weeks was used in combination with histology. Moderate bleeding and short lacerations were observed around the puncture site in all kidneys. Complications included one transient pyelovenous reflux, one organized abscess following perforation of the upper pole, and two cases of hydronephrosis caused by abscess and inflammation. These infections were probably due to the prevailing sanitary conditions. No arteriovenous fistula formation was seen. Minimal scars were encountered after 4 to 5 weeks follow-up. Transparenchymal access to the pelvocaliceal system through percutaneously established large tracks seems to cause limited damage which resolves in minor scars provided perforations are avoided by an optimum technique and infections are prevented or treated appropriately.
Sex-Linked Pattern of Collaterals in Iliac Artery Occlusive Disease
Authors: Conrad C. , Corfitsen M. T. , Fries J.
Published: June 2015

Aorto-femoral angiography carried out in 839 patients revealed that 139 males and females had uni- or bilateral occlusion of the common or external iliac arteries. Pelvic or lumbar/intercostal arteries served as collaterals in 786 patients. In the remaining 53 patients the collateral blood supply originated from the thoracic arteries. Among the 53 patients, only 7 were females. A χ2-test revealed the difference to be significant (p<0.0005), indicating a sex-linked difference, a male preponderance, in the development of collateral circulation of thoracic origin.
The Width of the Pharyngo-Esophageal Junction Area
Authors: Ekberg O.
Published: June 2015

In order to elucidate the pharyngo-esophageal segment in normal and abnormal conditions the width of the pharyngo-esophageal junction area on three different levels: hypopharynx, infracricoid segment of the cervical esophagus (ICCO) and cervical esophagus was measured in 150 non-dysphagial volunteers and in 252 dysphagial patients examined with cineradiography during barium swallowing. The result indicates that a narrow ICCO in absolute figures reflects the size of the swallowed bolus and is not a predictor of pharyngeal abnormality, per se. However, when the width of the ICCO in a.p. projection is less than 3/4 of the width in lateral projection this can indicate a narrow ICCO and should lead to endoscopy for further evaluation.
Routes of Infection of Acute Suppurative Thyroiditis Diagnosed by Barium Examination
Authors: Ueda J. , Kobayashi Y. , Hara K. , Kishino B. , Fushimi H. , Sawada S.
Published: June 2015

A fistula between the left pyriform sinus and the left thyroid gland region has been reported to be the route of infection in several cases of acute suppurative thyroiditis. Another four patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis have been encountered in whom a fistula from the hypopharynx was demonstrated radiographically. In three patients the fistulous tract was situated on the right side, and in one of these cases the fistula originated from the epiglottic vallecula rather than the pyriform sinus. These locations have not been reported earlier. Endoscopic examination was valuable for confirming the diagnosis.
Narcotic Smuggling and Radiography of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Pamilo M. , Suoranta H. , Suramo I.
Published: June 2015

The gastrointestinal tract is being used to an increasing extent as a route for smuggling narcotics. Small, swallowed packages overwrapped with condoms or other materials are usually not detected by the customs authorities. Conventional abdominal radiography may indicate foreign bodies surrounded by a characteristic thin layer of gas and located in the gastrointestinal tract. Some short case histories, and the radiologic findings in four heroin ‘body packers’ are presented.
Effect of Hemolysis and Clotting on Proton Relaxation Times of Blood
Authors: Nummi P. , Alanen A. , Näntö V. , Kormano M.
Published: June 2015

The proton relaxation times T1 and T2 of plasma and clotted blood stored in test tubes were studied at a magnetic field of 0.225 T as a function of time. A satisfactory description of both relaxation processes could be made by two exponential components for the plasma and three components for the clot. The major relaxation component in plasma was the slower one, the T1 of which shortened from about 1 300 ms to about 400 ms between the second and sixth day of storage. The plasma T2 behaved similarly, but shortened less. The shortening of the relaxation time in plasma surrounding the experimental thrombus was concluded to be due to a number of factors, including the release of hemoglobin into plasma, the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, a concomitant change in the configuration of hemoglobin molecules, and an increased concentration of iron in plasma. The shortening of the relaxation time may also occur in an in vivo hematoma and change the magnetic resonance appearance of a hematoma with time.
Adverse Reactions to Intravascularly Administered Contrast Media
Authors: Olin T.
Published: June 2015

A hypothesis is formulated about the mechanisms causing adverse reactions to contrast media. Contrast media act in two ways. They stimulate the mast cells to release histamine and leukotrienes, and they inhibit the enzymes which otherwise degrade leukotrienes. Thus individuals, especially those with a history of allergy, are easily exposed to undue amounts of leukotrienes and these are responsible for the adverse reactions.

References
Iohexol and Metrizoate in Urography of Insulin Dependent Patients
Authors: Edgren J. , Laasonen L. , Groop P.-H. , Groop L.
Published: June 2015

A double blind urographic study with the ionic contrast medium metrizoate or the non-ionic medium iohexol was perfomed on 69 insulin dependent diabetic patients. Metrizoate caused 24 per cent and iohexol 11 per cent mild adverse reactions and metrizoate a significant decrease in creatinine clearance values. Thus iohexol turned out to be better tolerated by these diabetic patients than metrizoate.

References
Detection of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Christiansen Th. , Ravnsbæk J. , Tøttrup A. , Funch-Jensen P. , Thommesen P.
Published: June 2015

In a prospective study a barium examination combined with food stimulation was compared with the acid reflux test in 30 consecutive patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Both methods were further compared with endoscopy and histology. Gastro-oesophageal reflux could be demonstrated by the radiologic examination in 22 patients and by the acid reflux test in 23 patients. By combining the two methods gastro-oesophageal reflux could be demonstrated in 27 patients. Comparing the two methods with symptoms, endoscopy, and histology they seemed to be of equal value. Accordingly, a food-stimulated barium examination is recommended as the first method for demonstrating gastro-oesophageal reflux because it is simple and well-tolerated by the patient.

References
Computed Tomography of Pelvic Lipomatosis
Authors: Bååth L. , Nyman U. , Aspelin P. , Wadström L.
Published: June 2015

Pelvic lipomatosis is a non-malignant condition of unknown etiology characterized by an overgrowth of non-encapsulated fatty tissue in the perirectal and perivesical spaces of the pelvis. The symptoms are generally vague and the condition is often diagnosed accidentally. It may cause obstruction of the ureters, inferior vena cava and pelvic veins and may be associated with cystitis glandularis. The typical conventional radiographic findings, though not pathognomonic, are a high-positioned and pear-shaped bladder, tubular narrowing of the rectum and distal sigmoid colon and reduced attenuation of the pelvic soft tissues. Computed tomography demonstrates a non-encapsulated fatty mass surrounding the pelvic organs symmetrically and with an attenuation similar to that of subcutaneous fat. The fatty tissue may contain strands with a higher attenuation than that of fat. The findings at computed tomography seem to be pathognomonic for this condition and eliminate the need for routine surgical biopsies.

References
The Topographic Relations of the High Jugular Fossa to the Inner Ear
Authors: Wadin K. , Wilbrand H.
Published: June 2015

The radioanatomy of high jugular fossae and their topographic relations to the inner ear structures were investigated in 245 unselected temporal bones. One hundred and fifty specimens were submitted to multidirectional and 10 to computed tomography. After careful chemical and fermentative maceration plastic casts were made, using polyester resin and silicone rubber. With the use of vacuum, even minute structures became filled with the casting material. The specimens offered a three-dimensional view of the jugular fossae and surrounding structures. Fifty-eight (24%) of the total 245 specimens had high jugular fossae at a level above the lower border of the round window. Five casts showed a dehiscence of the peripheral portion of the vestibular aqueduct caused by the high jugular fossa. In 2 casts the proximal portion of the cochlear aqueduct was affected. In some casts the posterior semicircular canal, the facial canal, the stapedial muscle and the round window lay so close to the fossa that a dehiscence could not be excluded. In a clinical material of 102 high fossae the radiographic findings were in accordance with the experimental results. High jugular fossae were predominantly found in pyramids with low-grade mastoid bone pneumatization and sparse or no perilabyrinthine air cells.

References
Investigation of Temporal Bone Anatomy by Plastic Moulding and Cryomicrotomy
Authors: Wilbrand H. , Rauschning W.
Published: June 2015

To increase our understanding of the complex topographic relations between temporal bone structures and to facilitate the interpretation of their radiographic images, two techniques were developed. 1) Plastic moulding of temporal bone specimens using polyester resin and silicone rubber substances providing detailed information and a three-dimensional survey of the structures. Carefully macerated temporal bone specimens are filled with plastic material under vacuum and the bone is then dissolved. The preparations, freed from irrelevant structures and embellished, allow metric evaluation of the different structures and their topographic relations. 2) Automatic serial cryomicrotomy of fresh, deep-frozen temporal bones, using a commercial sledge-cryomicrotome. Photography of the cut surfaces of the specimen, usually at distances of 0.25 to 0.50 mm, allows natural-colour reproduction of minute detail, e.g. the melanin cell area in the cochlea, the smallest vessels on the ossicular surfaces, and the origin of the cochlear aqueduct at the basal turn of the cochlea. By correlating the photographs with images from the corresponding tomographic planes accurate information is obtained for interpretation of the radiographic images. A combination of the two techniques facilitates a detailed study and is a valuable aid in the teaching of temporal bone anatomy.
Relationships between Coronary Artery Obstruction, Asynergy, Presence of Collaterals and the Ejection Fraction of the Left Ventricle in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Backman C. , Billström Å. , Ericsson M. , Jacobsson K.-A. , Johnson O. , Linderholm H. , Osterman G.
Published: June 2015

Cardioangiographic scores of coronary artery obstructions and corresponding myocardial involvement (MCOS), presence of collaterals (CollS), and asynergy of the left ventricular wall (LVMS) as well as the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) were examined in 67 patients with coronary heart disease. A covariation was found between LVMS, EF, ECG changes, and a history indicating a previous myocardial infarction (MI). In a multiple regression analysis the EF covariated with LVMS but not with MCOS and CollS. LVMS indicated a previous MI with at least the same sensitivity and specificity as EF. MCOS and CollS give additional information. Collaterals as well as a high MCOS in relation to the LVMS indicate obstruction of coronary arteries which subserve ‘non-fibrotic’ myocardium. A patient with a high MCOS and CollS and a low LVMS should be expected to gain most functional improvement from coronary bypass surgery. The scores MCOS, CollS and LVMS are comparatively easy to determine and give a more diversified picture of the state of the myocardium than the EF alone.