bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival Benefit of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administration prior to Onset of End-Stage Renal Disease: Variations across Surrogates for Quality of Care and Time
Authors: Lu Wei X. , Jones-Burton Charlotte , Zhan Min , Salzberg Daniel J. , Moore Jr. Jack , Fink Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2005

Background: Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is recommended pre-dialysis to correct the anemia of chronic kidney disease. This study evaluated the impact of pre-dialysis rHuEPO on mortality in incident end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with varying levels of pre-ESRD care. Methods: The study included 15,807 individuals whose exposure to rHuEPO was determined from HCFA 2728 forms. Results: Median follow-up after starting dialysis was 32.8 months. Pre-ESRD rHuEPO use occurred in only 3,994 (25.3%) subjects and was more common in individuals with insurance, currently employed, started on outpatient dialysis, and initiated on peritoneal dialysis. During the study, 8,608 (54.5%) patients died. The risk of death was lower for rHuEPO-treated patients versus non-treated (relative risk 0.87, 95% CI 0.82–0.92). The survival benefit with rHuEPO was greatest early after dialysis initiation (relative risk at 1 vs. 7 years post-dialysis 0.73, 95% CI 0.66–0.80 vs. 0.87, 95% CI 0.82–0.92, respectively), did not vary across several surrogates for quality of care, and was greatest in those with the highest achieved hematocrit pre-ESRD. Conclusion: Pre-dialysis rHuEPO confers a survival benefit that depends on achieved hematocrit and diminishes post-dialysis, but is independent of several surrogates for quality of care except for insurance status pre-ESRD.
Renal Damage Susceptibility and Autoregulation in Rf-1 and Rf-5 Congenic Rats
Authors: van Dijk Sabine J. , Specht Patricia A.C. , Lazar Jozef , Jacob Howard J. , Provoost Abraham P.
Published: June 2005

Background:Linkage analyses of crosses of rats susceptible to renal damage, fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH), and those resistant to kidney damage, August × Copenhagen Irish (ACI), indicated that five quantitative trait loci (QTLs), Rf-1 to Rf-5, influence proteinuria (UPV), albuminuria (UAV) and focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS). Here we present data obtained in congenic rats to directly assess the role of the Rf-1 and Rf-5 QTLs. Methods:Renal damage (UPV, UAV, and FGS) was assessed in ACI, ACI.FHH-(D1Rat324-D1Rat156)(Rf-1B), and ACI.FHH-(D17Rat117-D17Arb5)(D17Rat180-D17Rat51) (Rf-5) congenic rats in the two-kidney (2K) control situation, and following L-NAME-induced hypertension, unilateral nephrectomy (UNX), and UNX combined with L-NAME. In addition we investigated renal blood flow (RBF) autoregulation in 2K congenic and parental ACI and FHH rats. Results:Compared to ACI, Rf-1B congenic rats showed a significant increase in susceptibility to renal damage after all three treatments. The increase was most pronounced after UNX with L-NAME. In contrast, the degree of renal damage in Rf-5 congenic rats was not different from the ACI. Like FHH, Rf-1B rats had impaired renal autoregulation. In contrast, RBF autoregulation of Rf-5 rats does not differ from ACI. Conclusion:The Rf-5 QTL does not show any direct effect. The Rf-1 QTL carries one or more genes impairing renal autoregulation and influencing renal damage susceptibility. Whether these are the same genes remains to be established.
Pharmacological and Functional Characterization of Endothelin Receptors in Bovine Trabecular Meshwork and Ciliary Muscle
Authors: Choritz Lars , Rosenthal Rita , Fromm Michael , Foerster Michael H. , Thieme Hagen
Published: June 2005

To clarify the potential role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, the endothelin receptors expressed in bovine trabecular meshwork (TM) and ciliary muscle (CM) were identified. TM and CM strips were subjected to ET-1 as well as to specific endothelin receptor antagonists. In both tissues BQ123, a specific ET-A receptor antagonist, substantially inhibited ET-1-induced contraction. BQ788, a specific ET-B receptor antagonist, showed only moderate effects. Both ET receptor types were detected in bovine TM and CM using Western blot analysis. ET-1 produced an increase in intracellular calcium in cultured TM cells. This effect was inhibited by BQ123, but not by BQ788. Thus, although both receptors are present, the ET-A receptor appears to play the predominant role in mediating contraction in both the TM and CM, while the ET-B receptor seems to contribute little to the overall ET-1 effect.
Side Effects of Combined Therapy of Methylprednisolone and Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Authors: Odaka M. , Tatsumoto M. , Hoshiyama E. , Hirata K. , Yuki N.
Published: June 2005

Side effects were compared in 9 patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome treated with standard intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) only and in 9 treated with combined methylprednisolone and IVIg therapy. Headache occurred in 2 in both groups, indicative that pre-infusion with steroids does not prevent headache. Transient liver function disturbances were present in 2 patients of the former group and in 6 of the latter.
Oxidative Stress Decreases Klotho Expression in a Mouse Kidney Cell Line
Authors: Mitobe Michihiro , Yoshida Takumi , Sugiura Hidekazu , Shirota Satsuki , Tsuchiya Ken , Nihei Hiroshi
Published: June 2005

Background/Aims: Defects in klotho gene expression in the mouse result in a syndrome that resembles human aging. We recently identified expression of klotho in a mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cell line for the first time, and in the present study we explored the physiological relevance of the regulation of klotho expression in the presence of oxidant stress injury. Methods: Klotho expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immuocytochemical staining during exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Overexpression of the klotho gene was induced by klotho adenoviruses, and the number of apoptotic cells was counted by flowcytometry. Results: Oxidant stress injury by H2O2 dose-dependently reduced klotho expression and diminished klotho staining. There were fewer apoptotic cells among the klotho-transfected cells than among the control cells. Conclusion: Klotho is expressed in cell line mIMCD3, and the klotho gene may be involved in the process of oxidative stress injury and apoptosis in this cell line.
A Systematic Review of the Associations between Age and Sex and the Operative Risks of Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Bond R. , Rerkasem K. , Cuffe R. , Rothwell P.M.
Published: June 2005

Background: Randomized trials of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis have demonstrated that benefit is decreased in women, due partly to a high operative risk, which is independent of age. However, it is uncertain whether these trial-based observations are generalisable to routine clinical practice. Methods: We performed a systematic review of all publications reporting data on the association between age and/or sex and procedural risk of stroke and/or death following CEA from 1980 to 2004. Results: 62 eligible papers reported relevant data. Females had a higher rate of operative stroke and death (25 studies, OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.17–1.47, p < 0.001) than males, but no increase in operative mortality (15 studies, OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.81–0.86, p = 0.78). Compared with younger patients, operative mortality was increased at ≧75 years (20 studies, OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.07–1.68, p = 0.02), at age ≧80 years (15 studies, OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.26–2.45, p < 0.001) and in older patients overall (35 studies, OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.26–1.78, p < 0.001). In contrast, risk of non-fatal stroke did not increase with age and so the combined perioperative risk was only slightly increased at age ≧75 years (21 studies, OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.94–1.44, p = 0.06), at age ≧80 years (10 studies, OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.92–1.36, p = 0.34) and in older patients overall (36 studies, OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.04–1.31, p = 0.01). Conclusions: The effects of age and sex on the operative risk of CEA in published case series are consistent with those observed in the trials. Operative risk of stroke is increased in women and operative mortality is increased in patients aged ≧75 years.
Neurotransplantation of Fetal Porcine Cells in Patients with Basal Ganglia Infarcts: A Preliminary Safety and Feasibility Study
Authors: Savitz Sean I. , Dinsmore Jonathan , Wu Julian , Henderson Galen V. , Stieg Philip , Caplan Louis R.
Published: June 2005

Background: Cell transplantation is safe in animal models and enhances recovery from stroke in rats. Methods: We studied the safety and feasibility of fetal porcine transplantation in 5 patients with basal ganglia infarcts and stable neurological deficits. To prevent rejection, cells were pretreated with an anti-MHC1 antibody and no immunosuppressive drugs were given to the patients. Results: The first 3 patients had no adverse cell, procedure, or imaging-defined effects. The fourth patient had temporary worsening of motor deficits 3 weeks after transplantation, and the fifth patient developed seizures 1 week after transplantation. MRI in both patients demonstrated areas of enhancement remote from the transplant site, which resolved on subsequent imaging. Two patients showed improvement in speech, language, and/or motor impairments over several months and persisted at 4 years. The study was terminated by the FDA after the inclusion of 5 patients. Conclusion: This is the first report on the transplantation of nontumor cells in ischemic stroke patients.
Tacrolimus and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: An Association to Be Avoided
Authors: Soubhia Rosa Maria C. , Mendes Glória Elisa F. , Zocoler Mendonça Francine , Baptista Maria Alice S. , Cipullo José Paulo , Burdmann Emmanuel A.
Published: June 2005

Background: Tacrolimus (FK) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause acute nephrotoxicity. The expanding use of tacrolimus and the intense consumption of NSAIDS increase the chances of their simultaneous use. Methods: Rats receiving a nonselective COX inhibitor (diclofenac, D) and FK or a selective COX-2 inhibitor (rofecoxib, RO) and FK were treated with FK (2 mg/kg/day), D (10 mg/kg/day), RO (3 mg/kg/day), FK+D, FK+RO and vehicle for 7 days on low-salt diet. Results: Both associations significantly impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR; 0.63 ± 0.06 ml/min/100 g in FK+D, 0.83 ± 0.06 ml/min/100 g in FK+RO) which did not occur with single drug therapy (0.98 ± 0.03 ml/min/100 g in D, 1.06 ± 0.04 ml/min/100 g in RO, 0.99 ± 0.05 ml/min/ 100 g in FK) or vehicle (1.10 ± 0.05 ml/min/100 g). GFR decrease was significantly higher with FK+D. GFR impairment occurred without RBF or RVR major changes. Mild tubular vacuolization and dilatation and acute degenerative changes were observed in tubular cells. FK+D animals showed a marked weight loss, not observed in the other groups. FK+NSAIDs association decreased FK blood levels (1.73 ± 0.3 ng/ml in FK+D, 1.8 ± 0.3 ng/ml in FK+RO, 3.2 ± 0.4 ng/ml in FK, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The association of FK and nonselective or COX-2 selective NSAIDs in salt-depleted animals caused a significant GFR impairment and decreased FK blood levels.
Divergent Regulation of Circulating and Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin Systems in Response to Long-Term Blockade
Authors: Kasper Sherry O. , Basso Nidia , Kurnjek María Luisa , Paglia Nora , Ferrario Carlos M. , Ferder Leon F. , Diz Debra I.
Published: June 2005

Background/Aims: Long-term treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin (Ang) II type I (AT1) receptor blockers can improve kidney function and attenuate the progressive decline in kidney function associated with age. In this study in Wistar rats medicated for 22 months, we determined the effects of enalapril (10 mg/kg/day) and losartan (30 mg/kg/day) treatment, in comparison with vehicle (tap water), on renal AngII receptor density and circulating and urinary components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Methods: Kidney sections were incubated with [125I-sarcosine1-threonine8]AngII (0.6 nM) for Ang receptor density, and Ang peptides were determined using radioimmunoassays. Results: Receptor density was ∼50% higher in vasa recta, glomeruli, and tubulointerstitium in enalapril-treated rats and lower in vasa recta and glomeruli in losartan-treated relative to vehicle-treated rats. Losartan and enalapril treatment elevated plasma levels of AngI and Ang-(1–7) while AngII increased only in losartan-treated rats. In contrast, both treatments were associated with a reduction in urinary excretion of all three Ang peptides as compared with control rats. Conclusion: The reduction in urinary Ang peptides with losartan and enalapril treatment suggests that blockade of intrarenal AngII may be an important mechanism underlying the renoprotection seen with such treatments.
Warm Season Rainfall Variability over the U.S. Great Plains in Observations, NCEP and ERA-40 Reanalyses, and NCAR and NASA Atmospheric Model Simulations
Authors: Ruiz-Barradas Alfredo , Nigam Sumant
Published: June 2005

Interannual variability of Great Plains precipitation in the warm season months is analyzed using gridded observations, satellite-based precipitation estimates, NCEP reanalysis data and the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data, and the half-century-long NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3.0, version 3.0) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Seasonal-to-Intraseasonal Prediction Project (NSIPP) atmospheric model simulations. Regional hydroclimate is the focus because of its immense societal impact and because the involved variability mechanisms are not well understood.

The Great Plains precipitation variability is represented rather differently, and only quasi realistically, in the reanalyses. NCEP has larger amplitude but less traction with observations in comparison with ERA-40. Model simulations exhibit more realistic amplitudes, which are between those of NCEP and ERA-40. The simulated variability is however uncorrelated with observations in both models, with monthly correlations smaller than 0.10 in all cases. An assessment of the regional atmosphere water balance is revealing: Stationary moisture flux convergence accounts for most of the Great Plains variability in ERA-40, but not in the NCEP reanalysis and model simulations; convergent fluxes generate less than half of the precipitation in the latter, while local evaporation does the rest in models.

Phenomenal evaporation in the models—up to 4 times larger than the highest observationally constrained estimate (NCEP’s)—provides the bulk of the moisture for Great Plains precipitation variability; thus, precipitation recycling is very efficient in both models, perhaps too efficient.

Remote water sources contribute substantially to Great Plains hydroclimate variability in nature via fluxes. Getting the interaction pathways right is presently challenging for the models.
Dominant Modes of Variability in the South Atlantic: A Study with a Hierarchy of Ocean–Atmosphere Models
Authors: Haarsma Reindert J. , Campos Edmo J. D. , Hazeleger Wilco , Severijns Camiel , Piola Alberto R. , Molteni Franco
Published: June 2005

Using an atmosphere model of intermediate complexity and a hierarchy of ocean models, the dominant modes of interannual and decadal variability in the South Atlantic Ocean are studied. The atmosphere Simplified Parameterizations Primitive Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY) model has T30L7 resolution. The physical package consists of a set of simplified physical parameterization schemes, based on the same principles adopted in the schemes of state-of-the-art AGCMs. It is at least an order of magnitude faster, whereas the quality of the simulated climate compares well with those models. The hierarchy of ocean models consists of simple mixed layer models with an increasing number of physical processes involved such as Ekman transport, wind-induced mixing, and wind-driven barotropic transport. Finally, the atmosphere model is coupled to a regional version of the Miami Isopycnal Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) covering the South Atlantic with a horizontal resolution of 1° and 16 vertical layers.

The coupled modes of mean sea level pressure and sea surface temperature simulated by SPEEDY–MICOM strongly resemble the modes as analyzed from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis, indicating that this model configuration possesses the required physical mechanisms for generating these modes of variability. Using the ocean model hierarchy the authors were able to show that turbulent heat fluxes, Ekman transport, and wind-induced mixing contribute to the generation of the dominant modes of coupled SST variability. The different roles of these terms in generating these modes are analyzed. Variations in the wind-driven barotropic transport mainly seem to affect the SST variability in the Brazil–Malvinas confluence zone.

The spectra of the mixed layer models appeared to be too red in comparison with the fully coupled SPEEDY–MICOM model due to the too strong coupling between SST and surface air temperatures (SATs), resulting from the inability to advect and subduct SST anomalies by the mixed layer models. In SPEEDY–MICOM anomalies in the southeastern corner of the South Atlantic are subducted and advected toward the north Brazilian coast on a time scale of about 6 yr.
Statistical–Dynamical Seasonal Forecasts of Central-Southwest Asian Winter Precipitation
Authors: Tippett Michael K. , Goddard Lisa , Barnston Anthony G.
Published: June 2005

Interannual precipitation variability in central-southwest (CSW) Asia has been associated with East Asian jet stream variability and western Pacific tropical convection. However, atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) poorly simulate the region’s interannual precipitation variability. The statistical–dynamical approach uses statistical methods to correct systematic deficiencies in the response of AGCMs to SST forcing. Statistical correction methods linking model-simulated Indo–west Pacific precipitation and observed CSW Asia precipitation result in modest, but statistically significant, cross-validated simulation skill in the northeast part of the domain for the period from 1951 to 1998. The statistical–dynamical method is also applied to recent (winter 1998/99 to 2002/03) multimodel, two-tier December–March precipitation forecasts initiated in October. This period includes 4 yr (winter of 1998/99 to 2001/02) of severe drought. Tercile probability forecasts are produced using ensemble-mean forecasts and forecast error estimates. The statistical–dynamical forecasts show enhanced probability of below-normal precipitation for the four drought years and capture the return to normal conditions in part of the region during the winter of 2002/03.

May Kabul be without gold, but not without snow.

—Traditional Afghan proverb
The British Sociological Association—The First Fifteen Years
Authors: Banks J. A.
Published: June 2005

Founded in 1951, largely on the initiative of a number of University professors from a variety of social sciences, the B.S.A. was conceived at the outset as a meeting place of the disciplines. Although a minority view in favour of sociology as a specialism and a profession was expressed at the very first Annual General Meeting, the original conception has prevailed for the greater part of the association's history hitherto. Only with the great expansion of University teaching in sociology in the 1960s and the general recognition of the subject generally has the alternative view obtained greater support. The Teacher's section is now a most effective pressure group within the association for the professional point of view, even though heterogeneity of outlook still characterizes the association.
Patterns of Occupational Recruitment: The Anglican Ministry
Authors: Coxon Anthony P. M.
Published: June 2005

Recruitment can be viewed as a process of withdrawal of an increasingly homogeneous group from the population, affected by a complex of sociological variables. The Anglican ministry shows this same process both historically and today, but demonstrates interesting divergences. It is argued that although the pattern of recruitment has changed markedly between the 1870s and the 1960s the present recruitment pattern is an amalgam of two distinct groups and processes—a shrinking, `normal', first-choice group (stable in characteristics throughout the period) and a `late', second-choice group that displays somewhat different characteristics, and that has grown markedly since 1945. There is evidence that the same phenomenon is to be seen in other ministries, and it is postulated that this is linked to decreasing prestige, and the logic of selection procedures.
Retrospective `Bridging' of Three Occupational Groups
Authors: Parker S. R.
Published: June 2005

The concept of `retrospective bridging' is suggested to describe those occupations in which experience of other kinds of work is relatively frequent. This is complementary to `prospective bridging', indicating the potentialities which one occupation holds for movement to another. Bank workers are shown to have little retrospective mobility by comparison with youth employment and child care officers. Occupation, not sex, is the major factor in determining the number of previous jobs. The past occupations of youth employment and child care officers were mainly those involving contact with clients or customers; banking requires fewer social or personal skills and a varied occupational history is no advantage. The occupationally mobile were more likely to use `most' or `only a few' of their abilities in their work, and the non-mobile to use `some'. Variations in the use of abilities were related to training and scope of present job.
The Social Differentiation of Ability
Authors: Horobin Gordon , Oldman David , Bytheway Bill
Published: June 2005

The extent to which social class differences in the measured ability of children change as the children get older is an important educational, sociological and even political question. Using the results of tests taken by Aberdeen school children at ages 7, 9, and 12, it was found that there was no significant increase in the `class gap in ability' with age, but that there was significant variation in the `class differentiating power' of the tests used. One of the methods used by Douglas, in The Home and the School, to demonstrate an increasing gap between both social classes and ability streams is shown to be unsound. It is also suggested that the regression effects which invalidate the method may affect differentially the accuracy with which we can predict the later performance of children belonging to the several social classes front their success at a selection examination.
The Cohesion of a Trade Union Workshop Organization
Authors: Sykes A. J. M.
Published: June 2005

Four factors jointly responsible for the printing Chapel's cohesion are examined: conflict with the employer, custom, sanctions and the social structure of the group. Cohesion is maintained by practices and principles that are taught by custom and enforced, when necessary, by social sanctions. However, it was found that in practice the strictness with which these principles and practices are kept depends upon feelings of moral obligation. Such feelings are developed most strongly within primary groups. The Chapel is based upon primary relations of this kind. The feelings of moral obligation found within it are particularly strong because (a) the Chapel is a multi-purpose group, and (b) it is group-centered and not leader-centered.
Local Elections and the Labour Vote in Liverpool
Authors: Hindess Barry
Published: June 2005

It is sometimes possible, using census data and overall voting figures, to estimate the voting behaviour of various socio-economic groups. In particular this involves, under certain assumptions, the use of least square regression analysis. The results themselves provide a partial check on the validity of these assumptions. This study shows, taking the city of Liverpool as a whole, that there is no consistent relationship between socio-economic group and voting behaviour. But more consistent patterns are revealed if the city is divided into a number of areas according to their social composition.
Variations in Mothers' Answers to Children's Questions, as a Function of Social Class, Verbal Intelligence Test Scores and Sex
Authors: Robinson W. P. , Rackstraw Miss S. J.
Published: June 2005

Mothers of five year old children were asked to say how they would reply to two `Where from' and four `Why' questions supposedly posed by their children. Answers were classified in terms of the amount, accuracy, context and type of information made available. Subjects were grouped by sex, verbal IQ, social class and an index of mother-child interaction. Although IQ and sex had some relevance to the variety of answers, social class was the major differentiating variable. Relative to the working class, the middle class mothers were more likely to answer the questions, the information given was more accurate and there was more of it; the information was embedded in a less `noisy' linguistic context and when the modes of answers to the `Why' questions were categorized, the middle class mothers were found more likely to use compound arguments, analogies, to give a greater variety of purposive answers, and were less likely to repeat the question as an answer. These differences are consistent with Bernstein's distinction between `elaborated' and `restricted' codes and with an operationalization of this applied to the linguistic form and content of answers to questions.
A Typology for the Classification of Educational Systems
Authors: Hopper Earl I.
Published: June 2005

This article presents a preliminary version of a typology for the classification of educational systems. On the basis of a brief review of the literature, the educational systems of various societies are approximately and tentatively classified within the typology. A few applications of the typology for further research are suggested.
Union Democracy: An Explanatory Framework
Authors: Martin Roderick
Published: June 2005

Two main definitions of democracy have been used in the analysis of union politics; either as leadership responsiveness to membership opinion, or as the institutionalization of opposition. This paper rejects both definitions, instead defining democracy as the survival of faction. The survival of faction is explained by the pressures which prevent union Executives from destroying it. These pressures fall into twelve categories: political culture; government attitudes and behaviour; membership distribution; industrial setting; economic environment; technology; source of union bargaining power; membership characteristics; membership beliefs; opposition expertise and resources; leadership beliefs; and union structure. The contrasting political histories of the A.E.U. and the N.U.R. are explained by contrasting patterns of constraints. The paper concludes with a formal statement of the characteristics associated with union democracy.
`Power' in the Recent Writings of Talcott Parsons
Authors: Giddens Anthony
Published: June 2005

This article gives a brief description and critique of the analysis of power developed by Talcott Parsons in some of his recent works. Parsons's discussion of power is largely directed towards meeting what he sees as major flaws in the `traditional' view of power as embodied in `coercion theory' (or `zero-sum' theory). But his treatment of power is at least as partisan as the view which he wishes to replace. Parsons deals with the main points at issue between integration and coercion theory simply by setting most of them aside as of little importance, or by ignoring them altogether. While his new conceptualization of power makes his treatment of the subject more consistent with his general social theory, it draws his position even further away from coercion theory. In conclusion, I try to show that both Parsons and Dahrendorf wrongly imply that the main focus of the division between integration and coercion theory centres around the integrative function of `common value-systems'. The main issues which separate the two perspectives in fact concern the social processes whereby such value-systems are formed, and how value-consensus is maintained in societies.
Class Differentials in Educational Opportunity and Promotions from the Ranks
Authors: Lee D. J.
Published: June 2005

A re-examination is made of the argument that slightly improved class differentials in full-time education have been offset by a decline in chances of promotion during a career. Past support for this idea has been drawn from age group comparisons usually in the context of surveys of managers. Census data giving the distribution of terminal education ages in the population are used to show that there are in fact important educational differences between separate generations in middle and higher occupations. It is also argued that the comparison of age groups is an unreliable method of studying occupational recruitment and that; in addition, the educational composition of so-called middle-class occupations is very diverse. In terms of their impact on the proportion of early leavers found in middle-class occupations, the apparent changes between generations appear, contrary to expectation, to be rather insignificant. It is inferred that constant social mobility rates cannot be explained by trends in promotions from the ranks on the strength of present evidence.
The Application of Optical Coincidence Cards to the Matrices of Digraphs of Social Networks
Authors: Garbett G. Kingsley
Published: June 2005

Interest has centred recently on the application of the theory of directed graphs to social networks. Graph theory provides a vocabulary and a set of measures which enable the formal properties of a social network to be expressed. A social network may be represented by a number of directed graphs each of which depicts some institutional or interactional aspect of the relationships among individuals involved in it. Such directed graphs may be so complex that their properties are not easily ascertained by visual inspection. However, all the properties of a directed graph may be obtained by performing certain operations on its adjacency matrix.)Whilst a computer may be programmed to perform these operations, optical coincidence cards may be adapted to provide a novel and simple alternative method of manipulating boolean matrices up to 50 × 50 in size which is of low cost and does not require special skills or access to special equipment.
Structural Balance in Dynamic Structures
Authors: Abell Peter
Published: June 2005

A dynamic structure is defined as one where the number of relations in the structure is changing over time. The theory of structural balance is outlined in the context of incomplete structures, as dynamic structures are necessarily incomplete at some instant. Theorems concerning the partitioning properties of incomplete symmetric and non-symmetric structures are considered. Finally, the theory of balance is placed on a probabilistic footing.
Social Class Differences in the Relevance of Language to Socialization
Authors: Bernstein Basil , Henderson Dorothy
Published: June 2005

This paper reports social class differences in the emphasis placed upon the use of language in two areas of the socialization of the child: inter-person relationships and the acquisition of basic skills. The sample of 100 mothers is a sub-sample of 120 mothers who live in a middle class area and 192 mothers who live in a working class area. (The correlation between area and the social class position of the family is 0.74.) The results obtained from the use of a closed schedule show that the middle class mothers, relative to the working class mothers, place a much greater emphasis upon the use of language in the person area; whereas the working class mothers, relative to the middle class mothers, place a greater emphasis upon the use of language in the transmission of basic skills. The results are consonant with the prediction derived from the theory of restricted and elaborated linguistic codes which has also been used to generate a model for the understanding of social learning and forms of cultural discontinuity between the home and the school.
University Chancellors, Vice-Chancellors and College Principals: A Social Profile
Authors: Collison Peter , Millen James
Published: June 2005

The careers of chancellors and vice-chancellors of British universities and of the principals of colleges at Oxbridge, London and Wales, are analysed by the use of data drawn mainly from Who's Who. Those who hold these posts play an important part in the relationship of universities with the government and other sections of society; moreover the administrative responsibilities of vice-chancellors have grown rapidly in recent years. Changes over the past thirty years in the composition of these groups are examined. The growth in the number of universities has led to wider recruitment of chancellors, notably, however, by the appointment of more members of the royal family. Among vice-chancellors and principals there has been a shift towards recruiting scientists; only Oxford colleges hold out against this change. There is still a very high level of internal recruitment of Oxford and Cambridge college principals, and Oxbridge still prepares, as undergraduates or teachers, a large proportion of those appointed at other universities. However the upgrading of Colleges of Advanced Technology has created a group of vice-chancellors with quite different career patterns. The activities of vice-chancellors outside their main careers, the honours and titles they hold, and their club memberships are analysed for the period since 1935. Changes in marital status and fertility are also examined.
Spencer and the Neo-Evolutionists
Authors: Peel J. D. Y.
Published: June 2005

Attempts are being made by Parsons and others to revive a theory of social evolution, stressing the continuity of sociology with biology, in the manner of Spencer; this is related to the current concern with the problems of developing countries. Spencer's theory is analysed. His main insight was into the process of evolution-differentiationl- and his explanation of the mechanism-adaptation to the environment-tended to circtularity. His theory was, moreover, highly anti-historical, for he sought a universal mechanism. Parsons, though aspiring to be more Darwinian, repeats these errors, even when, as in his complaint of the unilinearity of Spencer's system, claiming to correct them. The necessitarian optimism of Spencer fulfilled a function in European societies already undergoing industrialization; it created order and confidence by suggesting that the ends to which society was moving were scientifically grounded. Today we use sociology to help provide means to industrialization in the developing countries. Consequently we need to analyse unique historical situations, not provide a universal mechanism; that, which social evolution promises, is both impossible and useless.
Some Problems in Measuring the Jointness of Conjugal Role-Relationships
Authors: Platt Jennifer
Published: June 2005

In a sample of affluent manual and routine white-collar workers it was found that the answers to a series of questions on conjugal roles were not related in such a way as to suggest the presence of an underlying dimension of jointness/segregation. This could be accounted for in various ways: the special characteristics of the sample, discrepancies between norms and reported behaviour, or inadequacies in the questions asked. It is concluded that further research is needed, but that until this has been done the universal existence of jointness/segregation of conjugal roles as a general dimension summarizing discrete items of behaviour must be doubted. Some conclusions on method are drawn.
The `Alternative Route'—Social Change and Opportunity in Technical Education
Authors: Hordley Irene , Lee D. J.
Published: June 2005

Two views about the amount of opportunity available through technical education are contrasted. In popular discussions the system figures as an `alternative route' to middle class occupations. In sociological literature, however, it is dismissed as a significant source of opportunity. A review is presented of important but neglected changes in the organization of courses and the recruitment of young men to them. It is shown that both class and educational differentials do reduce the proportion of places on advanced and full time courses which are available for early leavers and for boys of working class origin. On the other hand an analysis of long run trends in terms of (i) the participation of each social class in technical education, (ii) transition rates between different levels of study, (iii) the link between qualification and occupational rewards, suggests that attempts to discount technical colleges as a source of opportunity may be premature. It is concluded that any discussion of the effect of increasing educational opportunity upon social mobility entails the examination of the institutional mechanisms through which individuals are prepared and trained for occupational roles.
On Replication: Notes on the Notions of a Replicability Quotient and a Generalizability Quotient
Authors: Fletcher Colin
Published: June 2005

Replication is not an automatic activity. Any replication involves decisions on the concepts, relationships, and contexts of the original and its re-examination. Two quotients can relate the two researches: a replicability quotient which considers the quality of the original and a generalizability quotient which focuses upon the replication. An account is given of a replication of Gouldner's cosmopolitanism thesis that illustrates the decisions entailed and suggests the important features of the two quotients.
Strictly Stratified Systems
Authors: Fararo T. J.
Published: June 2005

This paper is intended as a contribution to the formal theory of stratification systems. The paper has five sections. In Section 1, a method for analytically inducing an order over a multi-dimensional status is discussed. It is believed that such a technique can aid in the specification of conceptual tasks within stratification theory, as well as serve as a baseline in actual measurements. It is subsequently employed in the axiomatic work of Sections 3 and 4. In Section 2, there is a brief discussion of the axiomatic method as a prelude to the system developed in the following two sections. In Section 3, the axioms are stated. In Section 4, various elementary consequences of the axioms are shown; most importantly, various concepts which are intuitively important in stratification theory are shown to be definable (e.g., a class system with a determinate number of classes). Finally, in Section 5, there is a concluding discussion of the picture of stratification which emerges within this work.
Some Economic Aspects of Embourgeoisement in Australia
Authors: Parsler R.
Published: June 2005

This paper presents the first findings of a survey carried out in Melbourne, Australia. It attempts to test hypotheses based on the embourgeoisement thesis, and its variations, in a social system with a strong equalitarian ideology and compulsory arbitration for all sections of the work force. It assesses the economic differences between white collar and blue collar workers and also the difference between these groups and a middle class group. It also compares the Australian situation with America and Britain. It finds a significant difference between blue collar and white collar income rates, total income medians and career income medians, as against the apparent near parity of the situation in Britain and America. These differences are not mitigated by wives' earnings or income from other sources. There is an almost complete dichotomy between these groups and the middle class group.
Inmate Adaptations and Socialization in the Prison
Authors: Edwards Anne R.
Published: June 2005

The sociological literature on prisons contains some confusion and disagreement on at least three interrelated issues: the character of inmate society, the forms of inmate adaptive behaviour and the nature and extent of prison socialization. This paper suggests a new inmate typology (based on a differentiation between interaction with various membership groups and identification with different reference groups) and describes for each type the degree and kind of socialization (and prisonization) likely to be experienced. Finally some of the theoretical and practical implications for prisons and for the individual prisoner of such a typology are discussed.
Marx, Weber, and the Development of Capitalism
Authors: Giddens Anthony
Published: June 2005

The main object of this paper is to separate several strands in the relationship between the works of Marx and Max Weber. Max Weber has rightly been regarded as Marx's most profound intellectual critic. But there has been much confusion in subsequent literature over the nature and validity of Weber's critique of Marx. This perhaps stems, in part at least, from a failure to distinguish a number of different, although interrelated, themes in Weber's writings. Weber wrote not simply as a critic of Marx, but also in response to the writings and political involvements of the prominent Marxists of his day. Three partially separable aspects of Weber's views thus may be isolated: (a) His attitude towards Marxism in the shape of the main Marxist political agency in Germany, the Social Democratic Party. (b) His views upon the academic contributions of Marxist authors to history and sociology. (c) His views upon what he considered to be Marx's own original ideas. These three aspects of Weber's thought may in turn be distinguished from the analytic problem of how far Weber's own understanding of Marx's theory of historical materialism was in fact a valid one. Some of Marx's posthumously published writings, unavailable to Weber, allow us to form a clear judgement on this question. The historical changes in the social and political structure of Germany from the middle to the latter part of the nineteenth century form an essential background to the whole of the paper: Weber's attitudes toward Marx and Marxism cannot be understood out of this context. Weber's work was written not solely in response to a wraith-like "ghost of Marx", but also in response to a force—Marxism—which played a vital political and intellectual role in Imperial Germany.
Contextual Specificity, Discretion, and Cognitive Socialization: With Special Reference to Language
Authors: Henderson Dorothy
Published: June 2005

The Sociological Research Unit of the Department of Sociology of Education has been engaged for the past five years upon a study of variations between and within social class in familial patterns of communication and control. This paper examines social class differences in maternal reports of various contextual usages of language. The findings, obtained from a sample of 100 mothers, indicate social class differences in adult-adult and mother-child communication.
Selectivity and Ability
Authors: Maddock John
Published: June 2005

This paper reports an attempt to explore the relationship between the abilities of some ex-Secondary Modern boys and the degree of selectivity to which each had been subjected in being allocated to a non-selective school. It was found that the correlation with arithmetical ability was positive (0.521) whilst the correlation with verbal ability was negative (-0.382). Two possible reasons behind the discrepancy between the correlations are discussed: the pattern of ability found in the sample studied and differential experience of secondary education according to selectivity conditions. It is tentatively suggested that the findings indicate a wastage of arithmetical ability.
Role Relations and Value Adaptation: A Study of the Professional Accountant in Industry
Authors: Hastings A. , Hinings C. R.
Published: June 2005

The idea of a general professional/bureaucrat conflict has a very narrow empirical base. It is suggested that such conflict may be `value specific' or `role specific'. To test this, a sample of members of the Institute of Chartered Accountants was drawn as a criterion professional group, because of the equal distribution of its members between private practice and industry. The profession's values were operationalized in specific terms as being concerned with `caution', `exactitude', `anti-theoretical pragmatism', `professional exclusiveness', `quantification' and `rationality'. Differences between members of the profession in private practice and in industry were shown on the first four of these values. A further sample of Accountants in industry showed that the values of `quantification' and `rationality' did not differ between holders of different roles in industry, which accorded with the hypothesized functionality of these values. The extent to which the other values were held was shown to vary with aspects of the role relationships in which the Accountant finds himself in industry.
Sample Size: An Innovatory Procedure in Survey Analysis
Authors: Peel John , Skipworth Gordon
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the range of samples used in recent English and American surveys and proposes an alternative to traditional techniques of sampling and significance testing which, it is suggested, may result in substantial savings in time and research resources. Three distinct applications of sequential sampling tests are illustrated by data derived from the Hull Family Survey.
Dependence Analysis
Authors: Mapes Roy
Published: June 2005

Certain computational pit-falls are pointed out in the estimation of dependence coefficients. In the light of these difficulties it is suggested that the early Simon-Blalock method still has something to commend it in the speedy evaluation of possible causal models.
Over-Production of Personnel and Innovation in Three Social Settings
Authors: Mulkay M. J. , Turner B. S.
Published: June 2005

This paper attempts to establish that three distinct types of intellectual innovation have been accompanied by, and partly produced by, social processes set in motion by over-production of personnel. Over-production occurs when there is a rapid growth in the number of persons qualified to occupy positions involving expertise, without a corresponding increase in the number of positions available. It generates competition among eligible persons for scarce rewards, which, in turn leads them to seek new audiences for their special services and new sources of economic support. Those experts engaged in competition tend to select and emphasize ideas and techniques which improve their own career opportunities. As a result, competition promotes intellectual innovation. It is argued that over-production, accompanied by competition for scarce rewards, has been partly responsible for religious innovation in North African Islam, artistic change in nineteenth century French painting, and intellectual development in modern science.
Dimensions of Organization Structure and their Context: A Replication
Authors: Hinings C. R. , Lee Gloria L.
Published: June 2005

This study presents a replication of the work of Pugh et al. on aspects of organization structure. On a sample of nine manufacturing organizations it is found that the structural dimensions of specialization, formalization and standardization form one related group, and centralization and lack of autonomy form another. The first group of `structuring' variables are related to the size of the organization. The second group of `authority' variables are related to dependence on other organizations. These findings closely parallel those of Pugh et al. and because of the nature of the sample extend them somewhat.