bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bacterial community response to a preindustrial‐to‐future CO2 gradient is limited and soil specific in Texas Prairie grassland
Authors: Raut Swastika , Polley Herbert W. , Fay Philip A. , Kang Sanghoon
Published: September 2018

Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration directly stimulates plant productivity and affects nutrient dynamics in the soil. However, the influence of CO2 enrichment on soil bacterial communities remains elusive, likely due to their complex interactions with a wide range of plant and soil properties. Here, we investigated the bacterial community response to a decade long preindustrial‐to‐future CO2 gradient (250–500 ppm) among three contrasting soil types using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In addition, we examined the effect of seasonal variation and plant species composition on bacterial communities. We found that Shannon index (H’) and Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD) did not change in response to the CO2 gradient (R2 = 0.01, p > 0.05). CO2 gradient and season also had a negligible effect on overall community structure, although silty clay soil communities were better structured on a CO2 gradient (p < 0.001) among three soils. Similarly, CO2 gradient had no significant effect on the relative abundance of different phyla. However, we observed soil‐specific variation of CO2 effects in a few individual families. For example, the abundance of Pirellulaceae family decreased linearly with CO2 gradient, but only in sandy loam soils. Conversely, the abundance of Micromonosporaceae and Gaillaceae families increased with CO2 gradient in clay soils. Soil water content (SWC) and nutrient properties were the key environmental constraints shaping bacterial community structure, one manifestation of which was a decline in bacterial diversity with increasing SWC. Furthermore, the impact of plant species composition on community structure was secondary to the strong influence of soil properties. Taken together, our findings indicate that bacterial communities may be largely unresponsive to indirect effects of CO2 enrichment through plants. Instead, bacterial communities are strongly regulated by edaphic conditions, presumably because soil differences create distinct environmental niches for bacteria.
Information processing as gendered knowledge work: A historical case study
Authors: Huebner Daniel R.
Published: September 2018

Recent scholarship on gender and organizations has developed an analytical conception of knowledge work attentive to embodied knowledge, tasks stratified by gender and ideological definitions of skill. This article applies such an approach to a historical case study in which women were quite literally information processors. In press clipping bureaus young women manually read and sorted thousands of newspaper articles into parcels of keyword‐indexed information for the use of paid subscribers. Using newspaper accounts of this work in the United States from 1884 to 1940, the article shows how gendered definitions of working tasks and bodily abilities were crucial to the organization of this early form of industrial‐scale, commodified information processing. Separating the concept of knowledge work from dependence on contemporary technologies and labour conditions suggests new possibilities for reappraising other forms of labour as gendered knowledge work.
The Hidden Labors of Mary Mottley, Madame de Tocqueville
Authors: Carroll Ross
Published: September 2018

InDemocracy in America, Tocqueville described the ideal wife of a democratic citizen as a capable domestic helpmeet who enables the citizen‐husband to endure the daily trials of political activity. Tocqueville's biographers have presented Tocqueville's own wife Mary Mottley as having approximated this ideal. Mottley's importance, it is claimed, lay in providing the domestic calm and psychological support that Tocqueville needed to think, act, and write as he did. My aim in this article is to challenge this interpretation by offering an overdue reassessment of Mottley's life and work, uncovering the hidden labors she performed in Tocqueville's circle and giving scope, where possible, to her own political views and activities. Mottley, I argue, refused to confine herself to the domestic‐management and emotional‐support roles typical of a Tocquevillian citizen‐wife. Instead, she carved out a role for herself (albeit limited) as Tocqueville's political and intellectual interlocutor.
Aversion caused by skin diseases – a crowdsourcing study
Authors: Pereira Priscilla A. , Miot Helio A. , Coutinho Thales V. , Schmitt Juliano Vilaverde
Published: September 2018

Background

Disgust is a universal emotion that plays a role in reducing people's exposure to situations with risks of contamination. By the same token, skin diseases could generate aversion in observers. The present study aimed to assess the aversion triggered when viewing skin disease lesions on the face and hands.

Methods

A questionnaire was applied over the Internet containing demographic questions, assessment of personal sensitivity to disgust – by the Disgust Scale‐Revised (DS‐R) ‐, and the aversion triggered when viewing eight images of skin diseases using an image aversion score (IAS) ranging from 0 to 10.

Results

Six‐hundred forty‐nine people responded, 49% female, with a median age of 26 (p25–p75: 22–34). A total of 2596 evaluations of images were collected. The overall IAS median was 2 (0–4), and Cronbach's alpha resulted 0.87. There was a significant correlation between DS‐R and IAS (Spearman's rho = 0.42; P < 0.01). Seven‐hundred twenty‐four (28%) evaluations were considered as contagious diseases and received higher IAS: 5 (2–7) × 1 (0–3); P < 0.01. In multivariate analysis, the higher IAS was independently associated with male gender, with no children, not working as a health professional or caregiver, and presenting higher DS‐R (P < 0.01). By analyzing the IAS according to morphological characteristics, we identified lower scores for macular dyschromic lesions (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The aversion triggered by skin lesions varies according to the personal characteristics of the observer and the morphology of the lesion, being lower for macular dyschromic lesions, and associated with disgust sensitivity and the assignment of contagiousness to the lesion.
A novel cognitive stress management technique for acne vulgaris: a short report of a pilot experimental study
Authors: Chatzikonstantinou Foteini , Miskedaki Anastasia , Antoniou Christina , Chatzikonstantinou Michael , Chrousos George , Darviri Christina
Published: September 2018

Background

Acne vulgaris (AV) is one of the most common disorders treated by dermatologists and other healthcare providers. Stress is a well‐attested contributor to AV pathogenesis. However, to our knowledge, stress management has not yet been performed in AV patients. In this 8‐week experimental study, we primarily examined the effectiveness of a novel method, dubbed Pythagorean Self‐Awareness Intervention (PSAI) in AV.

Methods

This is a two‐armed 1 : 1 randomized non‐blind experimental study. The total sample was comprised of 15 female patients in the intervention group (mean age 27.2 ± 6.6) and 15 female patients in the control group (mean age 29.1 ± 6.9), all women. Measurements included clinical stage of AV, acne‐related quality of life, perceived stress, and positive and negative affect assessed by validated self‐administered tools.

Results

Fourteen (93.3%) patients in the intervention group and four (26.7%) patients in the control group showed improvement of the acne stage (relative risk: 3.5, 95% CI 1.5–8.2, P = 0.001). Significant improvements remained after adjusting for age and baseline acne stage. Large to moderate significant effects were observed for perceived stress and negative affect. There were no dropouts and side effects in the PSAI group, whereas compliance reached 100%.

Conclusions

Pythagorean Self‐Awareness Intervention is a feasible and possibly effective stress management method for AV. Future larger and longer randomized controlled studies are strongly encouraged.
Cutaneous effects associated with fluconazole in patients treated for coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Brewer Ann C. , Huber Jordan T. , Girardo Marlene E. , Kosiorek Heidi E. , Burns Mark W. , Stewart Terry D. , Blair Janis E.
Published: September 2018

Background

Fluconazole is the most commonly used antifungal treatment for various forms of coccidioidomycosis. Although we had anecdotally observed a high proportion of patients reporting cutaneous adverse effects associated with fluconazole treatment, this observation was not well described in the medical literature, and we were unsure of the additional effect of the arid desert environment of Arizona.

Methods

We performed a one‐time, voluntary survey of patients with coccidioidomycosis and compared the responses of patients treated with fluconazole with those of untreated patients.

Results

From January 1, 2015, to August 22, 2017, 62 fluconazole‐treated and 35 untreated patients with coccidioidomycosis provided consent and were enrolled in the study; demographics were similar between the two groups. Among the 62 fluconazole‐treated patients, daily dosages ranged from 200 mg to 800 mg. However, most (44/62, 71%) took 400 mg daily, the typical dose for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. The median fluconazole treatment duration at the time of study participation was 6 months. When compared with untreated patients, those taking fluconazole had more moderate to severe dry lips (74.2% [46/62] vs. 23.5% [8/34]; P < 0.001), dry skin (45.8% [27/59] vs. 22.9% [8/35]; P = 0.03), and alopecia (31.1% [19/61] vs. 11.4% [4/35]; P = 0.004).

Conclusions

For the treatment of coccidioidomycosis, patients receiving fluconazole reported significantly more severe cutaneous effects, including dry lips, dry skin, and alopecia, than untreated patients. Our findings identify an association but do not prove causality.
The function of spineless in antenna and wing development of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Li X. , Liu F.‐Z. , Cai W.‐L. , Zhao J. , Hua H.‐X. , Zou Y.‐L.
Published: September 2018

A wide array of sensilla are distributed on insect antennae, and they play a variety of important roles. Rice planthoppers, destructive pests on rice, have a unique antenna sensilla structure called the ‘sensory plaque organ’. The spineless (ss) gene encodes a bHLH‐PAS transcription factor and plays a key role in antenna development. In the current study, a 3029 bp full‐length cDNA of the Nilaparvata lugens ss gene (Nlss) was cloned, and it encodes 654 amino acid residues. The highest level of Nlss expression was detected in the thorax of fourth‐instar nymphs. Knockdown of Nlss in nymphs led to a decrease in the number and size of plaque organs. Moreover, the flagella of the treated insects were poorly developed, wilted, and even dropped off from the pedicel. Nlss‐knockdown also resulted in twisted wings in both long‐winged and short‐winged brown planthoppers. Y‐type olfactometer analyses indicated that antenna defects originating from Nlss depletion resulted in less sensitivity to host volatiles. This study represents the first report of the characteristics and functions of Nlss in N. lugens antenna and wing development and illuminates the function of the plaque organ of N. lugens in host volatile perception.
Multiple functions of miR‐8‐3p in the development and metamorphosis of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Wu W. , Zhai M. , Li C. , Yu X. , Song X. , Gao S. , Li B.
Published: September 2018

The microRNA miR‐8‐3p is conserved among insects and closely involved in development and immunity, but its functions in vivo are unexplored in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Here, we show that miR‐8‐3p was highly expressed in late larva and early adult stages, as determined by quantitative real‐time PCR. It was enriched in the fat body and cuticle in late larval tissues and abundant in the head and cuticle in early adult tissues, indicating this microRNA plays important roles during T. castaneum development. Specific inhibition of miR‐8‐3p in late larvae led to metamorphosis defects in the development of wings, eyes, legs and embryo. Moreover, a series of genes related to organism development were identified as miR‐8‐3p targets by computational prediction and microRNA–messenger RNA interaction validation, including Wingless, Eyg, Fpps and Sema‐1a. These genes were critical for the regulation of the larva‐to‐adult transition. Eyg, as a functional target of miR‐8‐3p, participates in eye development, which was further confirmed by luciferase assay and loss‐of‐function analyses. In brief, miR‐8‐3p is broadly involved in the development of wings, eyes and legs through its target genes and has extensive regulatory roles during T. castaneum development.
Endovascular clot retrieval in acute stroke with large ischaemic core is not always associated with poor outcomes
Authors: Sim Kenneth , Yan Bernard , Dowling Richard , Bush Steven , Mitchell Peter
Published: September 2018

Background

The benefits of endovascular clot retrieval (ECR) for anterior circulation stroke with large ischaemic cores remain uncertain. In spite of recent pooled analysis of randomised controlled studies, conclusions regarding the fate of large ischaemic cores cannot be reached given the small number of included patients.

Aim

To evaluate outcomes of ECR in acute stroke with large ischaemic core.

Methods

This was a single centre retrospective study of patients treated with ECR in the period 2012–2017. The inclusion criteria were anterior circulation stroke with symptom onset less than 6 h, baseline computed tomography perfusion and a 90‐day clinical follow up defined by the modified Rankin score.

Results

Two hundred and sixty‐one patients were included. Median age of 72 (interquartile range: 61–78) and 59% were male. The mean ischaemic core volume was 27.6 mL (SD: 34.9 mL). There were 235 patients with an ischaemic core volume of <70 mL and 26 patients with an ischaemic core volume of ≥70 mL. There was no statistically significant difference; however, in a 90‐day functional independence with 66% (154/235) in the <70 mL core group and 54% (14/26) in the ≥70 mL core group reaching a 90‐day modified Rankin score ≤2.

Conclusions

We found that patients selected for ECR with ischaemic core size ≥70 mL had clinical outcomes not significantly different compared with those with smaller ischaemic cores. We recommend that large ischaemic core size alone does not necessarily constitute an absolute contraindication for ECR. Randomised controlled studies are needed to define better the benefits for this group of patients.
Properties and functions of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity
Authors: Russo Lucia , Lumeng Carey N.
Published: September 2018

The expansion of adipose tissue (AT) in obesity is accompanied by the accumulation of immune cells that contribute to a state of low‐grade, chronic inflammation and dysregulated metabolism. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) represent the most abundant class of leukocytes in AT and are involved in the regulation of several regulatory physiological processes, such as tissue remodeling and insulin sensitivity. With progressive obesity, ATMs are key mediators of meta‐inflammation, insulin resistance and impairment of adipocyte function. While macrophage recruitment from blood monocytes is a critical component of the generation of AT inflammation, new studies have revealed a role for ATM proliferation in the early stages of obesity and in sustaining AT inflammation. In addition, studies have revealed a more complex range of macrophage activation states than the previous M1/M2 model, and the existence of different macrophage profiles between human and animal models. This review will summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of ATM function in relation to obesity, type 2 diabetes, depot of origin, and to other leukocytes such as AT dendritic cells, with hopes of emphasizing the regulatory nodes that can potentially be targeted to prevent and treat obesity‐related metabolic disorders.
Analysis of Categorical Data for Complex Surveys
Authors: Skinner Chris
Published: September 2018

This paper reviews methods for handling complex sampling schemes when analysing categorical survey data. It is generally assumed that the complex sampling scheme does not affect the specification of the parameters of interest, only the methodology for making inference about these parameters. The organisation of the paper is loosely chronological. Contingency table data are emphasised first before moving on to the analysis of unit‐level data. Weighted least squares methods, introduced in the mid 1970s along with methods for two‐way tables, receive early attention. They are followed by more general methods based on maximum likelihood, particularly pseudo maximum likelihood estimation. Point estimation methods typically involve the use of survey weights in some way. Variance estimation methods are described in broad terms. There is a particular emphasis on methods of testing. The main modelling methods considered are log‐linear models, logit models, generalised linear models and latent variable models. There is no coverage of multilevel models.
Engaging Stakeholders in Planning for Sea Level Rise and Resilience
Authors: Yusuf Juita‐Elena (Wie) , St. John Burton , Covi Michelle , Nicula J. Gail
Published: September 2018

This case study describes a region‐wide, multi‐sectoral, and whole‐of‐community stakeholder engagement approach for addressing sea level rise (SLR) and flooding. This approach was implemented through a university‐led community engagement event, the Hampton Roads Resilient Region Reality Check (H4RC), which allowed an examination of its effectiveness as a mechanism for capturing community‐wide perceptions regarding SLR, flooding, and associated risks; engaging stakeholders in discussion within and across different groups; and assessing community willingness to address flooding and SLR. The results show that the event helped participants broaden their perspectives and understanding of flooding and SLR. In an approach that called for participants to engage in social learning across social networks, the event had some effect on individual efficacy. However, there was little impact on participants' already‐established perception that the region does not possess significant willingness to take action.
Luminomagnetic Nd3+ doped fluorapatite coated Fe3O4 nanostructures for biomedical applications
Authors: Karthi Sekar , Govindan Raji , Gangadharan Ajithkumar , Dannangoda Gamage Chamath , Martirosyan Karen S. , Sardar Dhiraj K. , Chidangil Santhosh , Girija Easwaradas Kreedapathy
Published: September 2018

Luminomagnetic nanostructured Nd3+ doped fluorapatite (FAP) coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were produced by hydrothermal method. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicates that the prepared nanoparticles contain both FAP and Fe3O4 phases. Electron microscope analysis shows the formation of nanoparticles of Fe3O4 encased in rod shaped FAP nanoparticles of average length 40 nm. Magnetic measurements confirm the room temperature superparamagnetic nature of the nanoparticles with saturation magnetization value up to 7.8 emu/g. The prepared nanoparticles display strong near infrared (NIR) emission at 1060 nm under 800 nm excitation. Cell viability studies for 72 hour demonstrate the survival rate of over 84% with 500 μg/mL concentration indicating the good cytocompatibility of the prepared materials. The present Nd3+ doped FAP coated Fe3O4 nanostructure provides an excellent multifunctional platform for diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
Robocasting: Prediction of ink printability in solgel bioactive glass
Authors: Ben‐Arfa Basam A. E. , Neto Ana S. , Miranda Salvado Isabel M. , Pullar Robert C. , Ferreira José M. F.
Published: September 2018

Bioactive glass powders synthesized by solgel are usually porous and exhibit high specific surface areas, conferring them poor ability for scaffolds fabrication using colloidal processing approaches. The difficulties associated with colloidal processing of solgel glass have hindered so far the processing of 3‐D scaffolds by robocasting. This research paper investigates the importance of calcination temperature (CT) and balls to powder ratio (BPR) used upon wet milling on the maximum achievable solid loading in aqueous media. The effects of CT, BPR, and solid loading on the flow behavior and viscoelastic properties of the suspensions/pastes were evaluated in this preliminary work. The aim is to disclose the sets of experimental variables that are most promising for the formulation of printable inks, and open the way for the future fabrication of porous scaffolds by robocasting and other 3‐D additive manufacturing techniques.
“Nurses’ use of visual management in hospitals—A longitudinal, quantitative study on its implications on systems performance and working conditions”
Authors: Williamsson Anna , Dellve Lotta , Karltun Anette
Published: September 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine potential benefits provided by daily visual management tool use and explore its association with systems performance and working conditions among hospital nurses.

Background

Visual management tools used in everyday work and improvement work in health care theoretically contribute to shared understanding of complex work systems and provide certain user benefits. Cognitive load, miscommunication within and between professional groups, and pressure to engage in care process redesign add to nurses’ strained working conditions.

Design

Quantitative longitudinal.

Methods

Questionnaires were distributed at T0, (N = 948, 66% response rate), T1 (N = 900, 70% response rate), and T2 (N = 621, 72% response rate) to nurses at five hospitals. Three groups of users (daily users, start users, and non‐daily users) were compared by means T1–T2 (significance tested with Wilcoxon signed rank test) and by mixed model repeated measures T0, T1, T2.

Results

Daily use associated to better overview of work, collaboration, social capital, and clinical engagement. Job resources were rated higher by daily users. Mental stress increased and development opportunities decreased over time among non‐daily users. There were associations between use and perceptions of systems performance, though the differences between groups were small.

Conclusion

This study specifically explores visual management tool use in the hospital setting, which contributes to research by broadening the understanding of cognitive, social, and emotional benefits provided by visual management tool use. Daily use was associated to positive working conditions, small but positive differences in systems performance, and indicated a buffering effect on nurses’ mental stress.
A systematic review of the use of music interventions to improve outcomes for patients undergoing hip or knee surgery
Authors: Sibanda Annah , Carnes Debra , Visentin Denis , Cleary Michelle
Published: September 2018

Aim

To examine the effectiveness of music as an adjunct treatment for pain, anxiety, and/or postoperative delirium, for patients undergoing hip or knee surgery.

Background

Patients undergoing hip or knee surgery are known to experience pain and anxiety before and after surgery and be prone to postoperative delirium.

Design

Quantitative systematic review.

Data Sources

CENTRAL, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases were systematically searched without time limits (to June 2018).

Review Methods

A systematic search yielded 10 randomized controlled trials and quasi‐experimental designs. Studies were appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data were extracted using the Effective Practice and Organization of Care data extraction tool.

Results

Mixed results were found for the effect of music on anxiety, pain, and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing hip or knee surgery. Six of 10 included studies provided evidence that music can improve anxiety, pain, or postoperative delirium outcomes for patients undergoing hip or knee surgery. Music effectively reduced anxiety in one of three studies. Three of seven studies reported benefits of music for reducing postoperative pain. Positive effects of music on postoperative delirium were reported in all three studies that evaluated this outcome. Within group improvements were observed in many of the studies.

Conclusion

Music has the potential to improve outcomes of anxiety, pain, and postoperative delirium, for patients undergoing hip or knee surgery. The low number of studies found indicates results should be treated with caution. Further studies are required to provide strong evidence generalizable to a broader population.
Five‐year experience with pulmonary vein isolation using the second‐generation cryoballoon for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Akkaya Ersan , Berkowitsch Alexander , Zaltsberg Sergej , Greiss Harald , Hamm Christian W. , Sperzel Johannes , Neumann Thomas , Kuniss Malte
Published: September 2018

Introduction

We analyzed the procedural experience and clinical outcome after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) gained over 5 years using the second‐generation cryoballoon (CB‐Adv).

Methods and Results

For this retrospective study, we enrolled 281 patients undergoing PVI at our institution between 2012 and 2016. The analyzed period was divided into 5 calendar years. Follow‐up data, including Holter electrocardiography recordings, were collected during outpatient clinic visits. The impact of several variables on outcome was evaluated by means of univariate and multivariate analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression models. The median procedure and fluoroscopy times over the years were 90 (72 of 114) and 15 (11 of 21) minutes, respectively. A continuous decline in complication rates and fluoroscopy and procedure times was observed in each subsequent year. During mid‐term follow‐up (33 [25 of 48] months), 178 (63.3%) patients were AF, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia free. Multivariate analysis revealed left atrial area (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.05; P < 0.001), female sex (HR = 2.53;
P < 0.001), and common ostium (HR = 1.93;
P < 0.001) as significant predictors of outcome. The overall 1‐year success rate was 76.2%. A gradual decrease in the 1‐year success rate (from 90.5% in 2012 to 67.9% in 2016) was mainly related to a steady increase of left atrial area in the entire cohort with successive years of the study.

Conclusions

PVI using CB‐Adv in patients with persistent AF is accompanied by a learning curve and facilitates a satisfactory outcome, followed by the proper selection of patients.
Demonstration of pulmonary vein exit block following pulmonary vein isolation: A novel use for adenosine
Authors: Wynn Gareth , Gupta Dhiraj , Maille Baptiste , Snowdon Richard , Waktare Johan , Todd Derick , Hall Mark , Mahida Saagar , Modi Simon
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Demonstration of exit block after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). It requires the demonstration of local pulmonary vein (PV) capture and absence of conduction to the atrium but is often challenging due to the inability to see local paced PV‐evoked potentials. We retrospectively examined the ability of adenosine to augment this technique during CARTO‐based radiofrequency ablation procedures.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of evoked PV potentials during adenosine administration while testing for PV exit block at a single UK center.

Results

One hundred and twenty‐nine PVs in 33 patients were isolated using radiofrequency energy to demonstrate entry block. Of those, the pacing of 24 veins under baseline conditions did not clearly demonstrate local PV‐evoked potentials sufficient to be sure that the local vein was truly captured and dissociated from the atrium. Adenosine was administered in 19 of these, with 10 of 19 (52.6%) veins then demonstrating clear local PV‐evoked potentials transiently during adenosine administration, sufficient to allow assessment of definite exit block.

Conclusion

Adenosine administered during PV pacing allows transient visualization of local PV‐evoked potentials after PVI facilitating the clearer demonstration of PV exit block in over 50% veins.
PKCα replaces AMPK to regulate mitophagy: Another PEDF role on ischaemic cardioprotection
Authors: Miao Haoran , Qiu Fan , Huang Bing , Liu Xiucheng , Zhang Hao , Liu Zhiwei , Yuan Yanliang , Zhao Qixiang , Zhang Hu , Dong Hongyan , Zhang Zhongming
Published: September 2018

Both decreased autophagy positive regulator AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) level and promoted mitophagy are observed in oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) cardiomyocytes treated with pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF). This contradictory phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly elucidated. Our previous study reveals that PEDF increases the protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and phospho‐PKCα (p‐PKCα) contents to promote mitophagy. Thus, we investigated the association between PKCα and mitophagy. Here we identify an interaction between PKCα and Unc‐51‐like kinase 1 (ULK1), essential component of mitophagy. Further analyses show this is a direct interaction within a domain of ULK1 that termed the serine/threonine‐rich domain (S/T domain). Notably, a deletion mutant ULK1 that lacks the binding domain is defective in mediating PEDF‐induced mitophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ULK1 is phosphorylated at Ser317/555/777 and Raptor is also phosphorylated by phospho‐PKCα. Phospho‐ULK1 (p‐ULK1) at these sites are all essential for PEDF‐induced mitophagy and reduce the release of mitochondrial ROS and DNA. This study therefore identifies a previously uncharacterized interaction between the ULK1 and PKCα that can replace the AMPK‐dependent mitophagy processes.
Determination of the protective effects of olive leaf extracts on microbiological and physicochemical properties of pepper paste using the image processing methods
Authors: Gamli Ömer Faruk , Eraslan Zeliha , Akben Selahaddin Batuhan
Published: September 2018

Deterioration due to chemical and microbiological changes is the most important problem encountered in the production and consuming period of the traditional and modern red pepper paste. On the other side, it is stated in the literature that the olive leaf is an effective natural preservative for similar deteriorations. However, a research related to the preservative effect of olive leaf on pepper paste has not yet been presented in the literature. In the study, olive leaf extract (OLE) was added at different concentrations to the industrial sweet pepper paste and preservative effect of OLE was measured to complete the mentioned deficiency in the literature. However, the experimental results were not suitable for modeling since it contained too much local optimum. Therefore, the experimental results corresponding to not tested independent variable combinations were predicted by bicubic interpolation method. Then, the predicted values were transformed into images to visual determination of significant changes associated with OLE concentrations and storage days. According to the findings, the OLE supplementation between 2.5 and 3.5 g/kg provides optimum microbiological preservation along 15 days for the pepper paste stored as cover‐open. However, OLE supplementation did not cause any physicochemical or color changes for pepper paste stored as cover‐open. Also, there was no significant microbiological, physicochemical or color changes determined for the pepper paste stored as cover‐closed. As a result, OLE supplementation between 2.5 and 3.5 g/kg suggested to preserve the canned pepper paste microbiologically after the consumption has started. Thus, the effect of the OLE on pepper paste was determined and presented to the literature.

Practical application

OLE supplementation between 2.5 and 3.5 g/kg inhibits the microbiological growth in pepper paste stored as cover‐open. Thus, the canned pepper paste supplemented with OLE can be protected microbiologically after start of consumption. Olive leaf that is originally wasted also can be evaluated.
Determination of baseline values for routine ophthalmic tests in bearded capuchin (Sapajus libidinosus)
Authors: Bezerra Karla Priscila Garrido , de Lucena Ricardo Barbosa , Stipp Danilo Tancler , Costa Fabiano Séllos , Reis Vânia Vieira , Borges Péricles Farias , Bopp Simone , Campos Danila Barreiro , Talieri Ivia Carmem
Published: September 2018

Background

Establish baseline values for ophthalmic diagnostic tests in Sapajus libidinosus.

Methods

Ophthalmic diagnostic tests, namely Schirmer tear test 1 (STT‐1), intraocular pressure (IOP), B‐mode ultrasound, culture of the bacterial conjunctival microbiota, and conjunctival exfoliative cytology, were performed in 15 S. libidinosus.

Results

Mean values found were as follows: 2.50 ± 2.94 mm/min for the STT‐1; 13.3 ± 3.32 mm Hg for the IOP; 2.47 ± 0.41 mm for the depth of the anterior chamber; 2.86 ± 0.96 mm for the axial length of the lens; 10.97 ± 0.48 mm for the depth of the vitreous chamber; and 16.32 ± 1.24 mm for the axial length of the eyeball. The bacterial genus most frequently found was Staphylococcus spp. Conjunctival cytology showed intermediate epithelial, squamous superficial epithelial, and keratinized cells.

Conclusions

Determination of baseline values for eye measurements and ophthalmic tests will assist in the diagnosis of eye diseases in S. libidinosus monkeys.
Feasibility of DAIly NURSE: A nursing intervention to change nursing staff behaviour towards encouraging residents’ daily activities and independence in the nursing home
Authors: den Ouden Mirre , Zwakhalen Sandra M. G. , Meijers Judith M. M. , Bleijlevens Michel H. C. , Hamers Jan P. H.
Published: September 2018

Aims and objectives

To examine the feasibility of DAIly NURSE and a nursing intervention to encourage nursing home residents’ daily activities and independence.

Background

Nursing home residents are mainly inactive during the day. DAIly NURSE was developed to change nursing behaviour towards encouraging nursing home residents’ activities and independence by creating awareness. It consists of three components: education, coaching‐on‐the‐job and policy.

Design

A mixed‐method study.

Methods

The feasibility of DAIly NURSE in practice was tested in six psychogeriatric nursing home wards, using attendance lists (reach), evaluation questionnaires (fidelity, dose received and barriers), notes made by the researcher (dose delivered and fidelity) and a focus group interview (dose received and barriers) with nursing home staff (n = 8) at the end of the study.

Results

The feasibility study showed that all three components (education, coaching‐on‐the‐job and policy) were implemented in practice. The attendance rate in the workshops was high (average: 82%). Nursing home staff were satisfied with the workshops (mean score 9 out of 10 points) and agreed that DAIly NURSE was feasible in daily nursing care practice. Recommendations to optimise the feasibility of DAIly NURSE included the following: Add video observations of a specific moment of the day to create awareness of nursing behaviour; educate all nursing staff of the ward during the workshops; and organise information meetings for family members before the start of the intervention. Nursing staff were satisfied with the intervention and provided recommendations for adjustments to the content of the three components. The most important adjustment is the use of video observations to create awareness of nursing staff behaviour.

Conclusions

DAIly NURSE, consisting of education, coaching‐on‐the‐job and policy, is feasible in nursing home practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

DAIly NURSE might help to change nursing behaviour towards encouraging residents’ daily activities and independence.
High‐dose vitamin D: Without benefit but not without risk
Authors: Reid I. R.
Published: September 2018

Click here to view the Original article by Dr. L. M. Smith et al.
CT Reconstruction Levels Affect Automated and Reader‐Based ASPECTS Ratings in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Seker Fatih , Pfaff Johannes , Nagel Simon , Vollherbst Dominik , Gerry Stephen , Möhlenbruch Markus A. , Bendszus Martin , Herweh Christian
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We investigated whether automated and reader‐based ASPECTS in acute stroke patients are affected by different CT image reconstruction algorithms.

METHODS

ASPECTS were assessed by commercial software and four independent blinded readers (two residents and two consultants) from different CT reconstructions (filtered back projection and two different iterative reconstruction [IR] levels) in 43 acute stroke patients with proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Ground truth was provided by an expert with unrestricted data access.

RESULTS

The residents showed significant variations between IR levels and had a significantly lower internal consistency across different reconstructions compared to the software, which performed similarly to the consultants. The consultant as well as the software also showed different deviations from ground truth with different IR levels, which were least at IR strength level 2.

CONCLUSIONS

CT image postprocessing affects either automated or human ASPECTS in acute stroke patients. This effect was most pronounced in the less experienced readers, while the software had the most robust performance.
Termites confer resistance to changes in tree composition following reduced browsing in an African savanna
Authors: Acanakwo Erik F. , Okullo Paul , Sheil Douglas , Moe Stein R.
Published: September 2018

Questions

Ungulates affect plant community structure and composition. Vegetation response to these effects are variable. Wild large herbivore populations are declining globally, but how tree communities respond to this change is not clear. We experimentally examined how tree communities respond to changes in ungulate abundance in a heterogeneous landscape.

Location

Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda.

Methods

We recorded tree species in nine replicate sites each with four treatment plots: fenced off‐mound (excluding ungulates), unfenced off‐mound, fenced and unfenced on‐mound. Each species was assessed for fruit type, leafing strategy, spinescence and bark thickness. We compared tree communities on‐ and off‐mound, with and without ungulates using PERMANOVA, and the effects of habitat, fencing and time on stem density and traits using generalized linear mixed effects model.

Results

Stem density increased by 88% off‐mound and 138% on‐mound (p = 0.005) with fencing, between 2006 and 2015. Whether tree communities occurred on‐ or off‐mound determined species composition, but fencing had little effect. Tree traits were not markedly altered by fencing on‐mound. Off‐mound, fencing was associated with a 38% increase in the proportion of fleshy‐fruited tree stems (p < 0.001), 18% decline in armed tree stems (p = 0.035) and a 44% reduction in mean bark thickness (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Our study highlights the important role mounds play in maintaining tree community composition with declining ungulate abundance. While ungulates influence tree communities off‐mounds they have little effect on tree composition and traits of mound‐borne trees. Thus, Macrotermes mounds support distinct tree communities that are robust to exclusion of ungulates.
Whole‐exome sequencing identifies novel pathogenic variants across the ATP7B gene and some modifiers of Wilson's disease phenotype
Authors: Kluska Anna , Kulecka Maria , Litwin Tomasz , Dziezyc Karolina , Balabas Aneta , Piatkowska Magdalena , Paziewska Agnieszka , Dabrowska Michalina , Mikula Michal , Kaminska Diana , Wiernicka Anna , Socha Piotr , Czlonkowska Anna , Ostrowski Jerzy
Published: September 2018

Background & Aims

Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with disease‐causing alterations across the ATP7B gene, with highly variable symptoms and age of onset. We aimed to assess whether the clinical variability of WD relates to modifier genes.

Methods

A total of 248 WD patients were included, of whom 148 were diagnosed after age of 17. Human exome libraries were constructed using AmpliSeq technology and sequenced using the IonProton platform.

Results

ATP7B p.His1069Gln mutation was present in 215 patients, with 112 homozygotes and 103 heterozygotes. Three other mutations: p.Gln1351Ter, p.Trp779Ter and c.3402delC were identified in >10 patients. Among patients, 117 had a homozygous mutation, 101 were compound heterozygotes, 27 had one heterozygous mutation, and 3 other patients had no identifiable pathogenic variant of ATP7B. Sixteen mutations were novel, found as part of a compound mutation or as a sole, homozygous mutation. For disease phenotype prediction, age at diagnosis was a deciding factor, while frameshift allelic variants of ATP7B and being male increased the odds of developing a neurological phenotype. Rare allelic variants in ESD and INO80 increased and decreased chances for the neurological phenotype, respectively, while rare variants in APOE and MBD6 decreased the chances of WD early manifestation. Compound mutations contributed to earlier age of onset.

Conclusions

In a Polish population, genetic screening for WD may help genotype for four variants (p.His1069Gln, p.Gln1351Ter, p.Trp779Ter and c.3402delC), with direct sequencing of all ATP7B amplicons as a second diagnostic step. We also identified some allelic variants that may modify a WD phenotype.
The adaptive significance of chromosomal inversion polymorphisms inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kapun Martin , Flatt Thomas
Published: September 2018

Chromosomal inversions, structural mutations that reverse a segment of a chromosome, cause suppression of recombination in the heterozygous state. Several studies have shown that inversion polymorphisms can form clines or fluctuate predictably in frequency over seasonal time spans. These observations prompted the hypothesis that chromosomal rearrangements might be subject to spatially and/or temporally varying selection. Here, we review what has been learned about the adaptive significance of inversion polymorphisms in the vinegar flyDrosophila melanogaster, the species in which they were first discovered by Sturtevant in 1917. A large body of work provides compelling evidence that several inversions in this system are adaptive; however, the precise selective mechanisms that maintain them polymorphic in natural populations remain poorly understood. Recent advances in population genomics, modelling and functional genetics promise to greatly improve our understanding of this long‐standing and fundamental problem in the near future.
Genomic features of the Helicobacter pylori strain PMSS1 and its virulence attributes as deduced from its in vivo colonisation patterns
Authors: Dyer Victoria , Brüggemann Holger , Sörensen Meike , Kühl Anja A. , Hoffman Kirstin , Brinkmann Volker , Reines Maria del Mar , Zimmerman Stephanie , Meyer Thomas F. , Koch Manuel
Published: September 2018

The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori occurs in two basic variants, either exhibiting a functional cagPAI‐encoded type‐4‐secretion‐system (T4SS) or not. Only a few cagPAI‐positive strains have been successfully adapted for long‐term infection of mice, including the pre‐mouse Sydney strain 1 (PMSS1). Here we confirm that PMSS1 induces gastric inflammation and neutrophil infiltration in mice, progressing to intestinal metaplasia. Complete genome analysis of PMSS1 revealed 1,423 coding sequences, encompassing the cagPAI gene cluster and, unusually, the location of the cytotoxin‐associated gene A (cagA) approximately 15 kb downstream of the island. PMSS1 harbours three genetically exchangeable loci that are occupied by the hopQ coding sequences. HopQ represents a critical co‐factor required for the translocation of CagA into the host cell and activation of NF‐κB via the T4SS. Long‐term colonisation of mice led to an impairment of cagPAI functionality. One of the bacterial clones re‐isolated at four months post‐infection revealed a mutation in the cagPAI gene cagW, resulting in a frame shift mutation, which prevented CagA translocation, possibly due to an impairment of T4SS function. Rescue of the mutant cagW re‐established CagA translocation. Our data reveal intriguing insights into the adaptive abilities of PMSS1, suggesting functional modulation of the H. pylori cagPAI virulence attribute.
Inorganic polyphosphate interacts with nucleolar and glycosomal proteins in trypanosomatids
Authors: Negreiros Raquel S. , Lander Noelia , Huang Guozhong , Cordeiro Ciro D. , Smith Stephanie A. , Morrissey James H. , Docampo Roberto
Published: September 2018

Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a polymer of three to hundreds of phosphate units bound by high‐energy phosphoanhydride bonds and present from bacteria to humans. Most polyP in trypanosomatids is concentrated in acidocalcisomes, acidic calcium stores that possess a number of pumps, exchangers, and channels, and are important for their survival. In this work, using polyP as bait we identified > 25 putative protein targets in cell lysates of both Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei. Gene ontology analysis of the binding partners found a significant over‐representation of nucleolar and glycosomal proteins. Using the polyphosphate‐binding domain (PPBD) of Escherichia coli exopolyphosphatase (PPX), we localized long‐chain polyP to the nucleoli and glycosomes of trypanosomes. A competitive assay based on the pre‐incubation of PPBD with exogenous polyP and subsequent immunofluorescence assay of procyclic forms (PCF) of T. brucei showed polyP concentration‐dependent and chain length‐dependent decrease in the fluorescence signal. Subcellular fractionation experiments confirmed the presence of polyP in glycosomes of T. brucei PCF. Targeting of yeast PPX to the glycosomes of PCF resulted in polyP hydrolysis, alteration in their glycolytic flux and increase in their susceptibility to oxidative stress.
Catalytic diversity and cell wall binding repeats in the phage‐encoded endolysins
Authors: Broendum Sebastian S. , Buckle Ashley M. , McGowan Sheena
Published: September 2018

Bacteriophage‐encoded endolysins can recognize and bind specific bacteria, and act to cleave the glycosidic and/or amide bonds in the peptidoglycan (PG) bacterial cell wall. Cleavage of the cell wall generally results in the death of the bacteria. Their utility as bacteriolytic agents could be exploited for human and veterinary medicines as well as various biotechnological applications. As interest grows in the commercial uses of these proteins, there has been much effort to successfully employ rational design and engineering to produce endolysins with bespoke properties. In this review, we interrogate the current structural data and identify structural features that would be of benefit to engineering the activity and specificity of phage endolysins. We show that the growing body of structural data can be used to predict catalytic residues and mechanism of action from sequences of hypothetical endolysins, and probe the importance of secondary structure repeats in bacterial cell wall‐binding domains.