bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first complete plastid genomes of Melastomataceae are highly structurally conserved
Authors: Reginato Marcelo , Neubig Kurt M. , Majure Lucas C. , Michelangeli Fabian A.
Published: November 2016

Background

In the past three decades, several studies have predominantly relied on a small sample of the plastome to infer deep phylogenetic relationships in the species-rich Melastomataceae. Here, we report the first full plastid sequences of this family, compare general features of the sampled plastomes to other sequenced Myrtales, and survey the plastomes for highly informative regions for phylogenetics.

Methods

Genome skimming was performed for 16 species spread across the Melastomataceae. Plastomes were assembled, annotated and compared to eight sequenced plastids in the Myrtales. Phylogenetic inference was performed using Maximum Likelihood on six different data sets, where putative biases were taken into account. Summary statistics were generated for all introns and intergenic spacers with suitable size for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and used to rank the markers by phylogenetic information.

Results

The majority of the plastomes sampled are conserved in gene content and order, as well as in sequence length and GC content within plastid regions and sequence classes. Departures include the putative presence ofrps16andrpl2pseudogenes in some plastomes. Phylogenetic analyses of the majority of the schemes analyzed resulted in the same topology with high values of bootstrap support. Although there is still uncertainty in some relationships, in the highest supported topologies only two nodes received bootstrap values lower than 95%.

Discussion

Melastomataceae plastomes are no exception for the general patterns observed in the genomic structure of land plant chloroplasts, being highly conserved and structurally similar to most other Myrtales. Despite the fact that the full plastome phylogeny shares most of the clades with the previously widely used and reduced data set, some changes are still observed and bootstrap support is higher. The plastome data set presented here is a step towards phylogenomic analyses in the Melastomataceae and will be a useful resource for future studies.
Disentangling urban habitat and matrix effects on wild bee species
Authors: Fischer Leonie K. , Eichfeld Julia , Kowarik Ingo , Buchholz Sascha
Published: November 2016

In face of a dramatic decline of wild bee species in many rural landscapes, potential conservation functions of urban areas gain importance. Yet effects of urbanization on pollinators, and in particular on wild bees, remain ambiguous and not comprehensively understood. This is especially true for amenity grassland and extensively managed wastelands within large-scale residential housing areas. Using Berlin as a study region, we aimed to investigate (a) if these greenspaces are accepted by wild bee assemblages as foraging habitats; (b) how assemblage structure of bees and individual bee species are affected by different habitat (e.g., management, flower density) and urban matrix variables (e.g., isolation, urbanization); and (c) to what extent grassland restoration can promote bees in urban environments. In summer 2012, we collected 62 bee species belonging to more than 20% of the taxa known for Berlin. Urbanization significantly affected species composition of bees; 18 species were affiliated to different levels of urbanization. Most bee species were not affected by any of the environmental variables tested, and urbanization had a negative effect only for one bee species. Further, we determined that restoration of diverse grasslands positively affected bee species richnesss in urban environments. We conclude that differently structured and managed greenspaces in large-scale housing areas can provide additional foraging habitats and refuges for pollinators. This supports approaches towards a biodiversity friendly management within urban regions and may be of particular importance given that anthropogenic pressure is increasing in many rural landscapes.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence ofHelwingia himalaica(Helwingiaceae, Aquifoliales) and a chloroplast phylogenomic analysis of the Campanulidae
Authors: Yao Xin , Liu Ying-Ying , Tan Yun-Hong , Song Yu , Corlett Richard T.
Published: November 2016

Complete chloroplast genome sequences have been very useful for understanding phylogenetic relationships in angiosperms at the family level and above, but there are currently large gaps in coverage. We report the chloroplast genome forHelwingia himalaica, the first in the distinctive family Helwingiaceae and only the second genus to be sequenced in the order Aquifoliales. We then combine this with 36 published sequences in the large (c. 35,000 species) subclass Campanulidae in order to investigate relationships at the order and family levels. TheHelwingiagenome consists of 158,362 bp containing a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,996 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region and a small single-copy (SSC) region which are 87,810 and 18,560 bp, respectively. There are 142 known genes, including 94 protein-coding genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes, and 40 tRNA genes. The topology of the phylogenetic relationships between Apiales, Asterales, and Dipsacales differed between analyses based on complete genome sequences and on 36 shared protein-coding genes, showing that further studies of campanulid phylogeny are needed.
The tectonics of the western Ordos Plateau, Ningxia, China: Slip rates on the Luoshan and East Helanshan Faults
Authors: Middleton Timothy A. , Walker Richard T. , Rood Dylan H. , Rhodes Edward J. , Parsons Barry , Lei Qiyun , Elliott John R. , Ren Zhikun , Zhou Yu
Published: November 2016

Analysis of the locus, style, and rate of faulting is fundamental to understanding the kinematics of continental deformation. The Ordos Plateau lies to the northeast of Tibet, within the India‐Eurasia collision zone. Previous studies have suggested that it behaves rigidly and rotates anticlockwise within a large‐scale zone of ENE‐WSW left‐lateral shearing. For this rotation to be accommodated, the eastern and western margins of the Ordos Plateau should be undergoing right‐lateral shearing and yet the dominant faulting style appears to be extensional. We focus specifically on the kinematics of the faults bounding the western margin of the Ordos Plateau and make new slip rate estimates for two of the major faults in the region: the right‐lateral strike‐slip Luoshan Fault and the normal‐slip East Helanshan Fault. We use a combination of infrared stimulated luminescence dating of offset landforms with high‐resolution imagery and topography from the Pleiades satellites to determine an average right‐lateral slip rate of 4.3 ± 0.4 mm/a (1σ uncertainty) on the Luoshan Fault. Similarly, we use 10Be exposure dating to determine a vertical throw rate on the East Helanshan Fault of <0.6 ± 0.1 mm/a, corresponding to an extension rate of <0.7 ± 0.1 mm/a (1σ uncertainty). Both of these results agree well with slip rates determined from the latest campaign GPS data. We therefore conclude that right‐lateral shearing is the dominant motion occurring in the western Ordos region, supporting a kinematic model of large‐scale anticlockwise rotation of the whole Ordos Plateau.
Dietary Fiber Intake in Relation to Knee Pain Trajectory
Authors: Dai Zhaoli , Lu Na , Niu Jingbo , Felson David T. , Zhang Yuqing
Published: November 2016

Objective

Dietary fiber may reduce knee pain, in part by lowering body weight and reducing inflammation. In this study, we assessed whether fiber intake was associated with patterns of knee pain development.

Methods

In a prospective, multicenter cohort of 4,796 men and women ages 45–79 years with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis, participants underwent annual followups for 8 years. Dietary fiber intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Group‐based trajectory modeling was used to identify Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain trajectories, which were assessed for associations with dietary fiber intake using polytomous regression models.

Results

Of the eligible participants (4,470 persons and 8,940 knees, mean ± SD age 61.3 ± 9.1 years, 58% women), 4.9% underwent knee replacement and were censored at the time of surgery. Four distinct knee pain patterns were identified: no pain (34.5%), mild pain (38.1%), moderate pain (21.2%), and severe pain (6.2%). Dietary total fiber was inversely related to membership in the moderate or severe pain groups (P ≤ 0.006 for trend for both). Subjects in the highest versus those in the lowest quartile of total fiber intake had a lower risk of belonging to the moderate pain pattern group (odds ratio [OR] 0.76 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.61–0.93]) and severe pain pattern group (OR 0.56 [95% CI 0.41–0.78]). Similar results were found with grain fiber and these 2 pain pattern groups.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that a high intake of dietary total or grain fiber, particularly the recommended daily fiber average intake of 25 gm per day, is associated with a lower risk of developing moderate or severe knee pain over time.
Structuring Solid Surfaces with Bubble Coatings
Authors: Poulard Christophe , Levannier Steven , Gryson Alexander , Ranft Meik , Drenckhan Wiebke
Published: November 2016

Providing solid surfaces with a surface roughness or a porosity can improve drastically their properties. A main challenge remains in finding techniques, which establish well‐controlled surface modifications over large areas at low cost. Here, we show that this may be achieved by coating surfaces with initially liquid foams, which are then solidified. To obtain insight into the main mechanisms, we use microfluidics to generate latex foams with equal volume bubbles, which self‐order into periodic structures due to strong capillary forces. During the drying process, the bubble caps rupture in a well‐controlled manner, giving rise to a final surface modification with regularly‐spaced holes.
Preparation of Nano to Submicro‐Porous TiMo Foams by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Zhang Faming , Wang Lili , Li Ping , Liu Suli , Zhao Peipei , Dai Ge , He Siyuan
Published: November 2016

The nano to submicro‐porous β‐titanium molybdenum (TiMo) foams are prepared by dealloying of (TiMo)1–xCux master alloys using a solid state dealloying method. The dealloying is performed within Mg powders by a pressureless spark plasma sintering (SPS). Experimental results show that Cu atoms in the master alloy are selectively dissolved into Mg powders during heating, the Ti and Mo atoms are spontaneously organized into homogeneous open‐cell β‐TiMo foams. The foams from (Ti15Mo)40Cu60 alloy have BET surface area of 28.96 m2 g–1 and pore sizes mostly in the range of 3.42 to 50 nm. The hardness and elastic modulus of the foams decrease dramatically with nanoporosities from 55.1 to 74.2%. Solid state dealloying by using pressureless SPS is promising for developing functional nanoporous (NP) Ti alloy foams.
Small Subcompartmentalized Microreactors as Support for Hepatocytes
Authors: Zhang Yan , Baekgaard‐Laursen Marie , Städler Brigitte
Published: November 2016

Mimicking specific structural or functional aspects of cells is considered a promising approach to substitute for missing or lost cellular functions. However, the interaction of such artificial assemblies with their biological counterparts including the exploitation of the activity of the synthetic partner remains thus‐far a rather unexplored avenue. Herein, the assembly of active microreactors with similar size to hepatocytes is reported. These microreactors are successfully cocultured with hepatocytes into bionic tissue for up to 10 d. Further, microreactors loaded with the liver enzyme catalase are effective in alleviating external pressure, induced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide, from such bionic tissue in an attempt to mimic the detoxification ability of hepatocytes. Taken together, the findings open up a different route in combining synthetic and biological entities for tissue engineering by using the former partner not only as structural support, but also to induce beneficial activity.
Squaramide‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Cascade Approach to Bispirooxindoles with Multiple Stereocenters
Authors: Zhao Bo‐Liang , Du Da‐Ming
Published: November 2016

A bifunctional squaramide‐catalyzed Michael/Michael cascade reaction for the construction of spirotetrahydrofuran bispirooxindoles was developed. The products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to >20:1 dr, >99% ee). This straightforward process serves as a powerful method for the enantioselective construction of potentially bioactive bispirooxindoles in which two of the four contiguous chiral centers are spiro all‐carbon quaternary centers on a single tetrahydrofuran ring. Meanwhile, the synthetic practicality of this methodology was illustrated by performing the reaction on a gram‐scale with the same efficiency and stereoselectivity.

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Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Stereospecific Deoxygenation of Epoxides to Alkenes
Authors: Asako Sobi , Sakae Takahisa , Murai Masahito , Takai Kazuhiko
Published: November 2016

Mild and simple catalytic systems consisting of molybdenum(VI) dichloride dioxide [MoO2Cl2] as a catalyst and a phosphine as reductant have been developed for the stereospecific deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes. The reactions using 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) and triphenylphosphine (PPh3) proceed with retention and inversion of stereochemistry, respectively. The mild reaction tolerates the presence of various functional groups and affords stereodefined substituted olefins in good yields.

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Regioselective Synthesis of Pyrroles from Alkyne‐Isocyanide Click Reactions: An Angle Strain‐Induced Bond Migration Approach
Authors: George Jimil , Kim Hun Young , Oh Kyungsoo
Published: November 2016

The direct regioselective synthesis of highly functionalized pyrroles with two different electron‐withdrawing groups has been developed using an angle strain‐induced 1,2‐shift of an electron‐withdrawing group in 2H‐pyrroles. The preferential migration aptitude of an electron‐withdrawing group over alkyl and aryl groups is believed to be the result of the orbital overlap between the internal alkene and the electron‐withdrawing group. The newly developed regioselective synthesis of pyrroles features a wide substrate scope, simple reaction set‐up, and high yields (60–82%), capturing the essence of alkyne‐isocyanide “click” reactions.

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Poly(3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene): Methylnaphthalene Sulfonate Formaldehyde Condensate: The Effect of Work Function and Structural Homogeneity on Hole Injection/Extraction Properties
Authors: Li Yuda , Liu Meiyue , Li Yuan , Yuan Kai , Xu Lijia , Yu Wei , Chen Runfeng , Qiu Xueqing , Yip Hin‐Lap
Published: November 2016

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used as hole injection/extraction material in organic optoelectronics. However, there still exist drawbacks for PEDOT:PSS such as low work function (WF), poor structural and electrical homogeneity. To solve these problems, methylnaphthalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate (MNSF) is applied, which has excellent dispersion property, branched chemical structure, and low cost, as dispersant and dopant instead of linear PSS to prepare PEDOT:MNSF. The hole injection/extraction capability of PEDOT:MNSF is systematically studied in organic optoelectronic devices. PEDOT:MNSF‐1:6 exhibits unexpected high device performance with a maxima current efficiency of 33.4 cd A−1 in blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diode and a power conversion efficiency of 13.1% in CH3NH3PbIxCl3−x‐based inverted perovskite solar cell, respectively. Compared with PEDOT:PSS, the relatively higher efficiency of PEDOT:MNSF‐1:6 is attributed mainly to its higher WF of 5.29 eV, structural and electrical homogeneity. Our research displays a promising future of MNSF as a cheap and widely available alternative of PSS. Moreover, a clear map is provided for the design of dopant for PEDOT considering the structure of dopant.
Early life trauma, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and allostatic load in a sample of American Indian adults
Authors: Thayer Zaneta , Barbosa‐Leiker Celestina , McDonell Michael , Nelson Lonnie , Buchwald Dedra , Manson Spero
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Among American Indians, prior research has found associations between early life trauma and the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. Given the physiological changes associated with PTSD, early life trauma could indirectly contribute to chronic disease risk. However, the impact of early life trauma on adult physical health in this population has not been previously investigated.

Methods

We evaluated associations among early life trauma, PTSD, and 13 physiological biomarkers that index cardiovascular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, anthropometric, and immune function in adulthood by conducting correlation and structural equation modeling path analyses (N = 197). Physiological systems were analyzed individually as well as in a composite measure of allostatic load.

Results

We found early life trauma was related to PTSD, which in turn was related to elevated allostatic load in adulthood. Among the various components of allostatic load, the neuroendocrine system was the only one significantly related to early life stress and subsequent PTSD development.

Conclusions

Changes in allostatic load might reflect adaptive adjustments that maximize short‐term survival by enhancing stress reactivity, but at a cost to later health. Interventions should focus on improving access to resources for children who experience early life trauma in order to avoid PTSD and other harmful sequelae.
Hyperostosis frontalis interna in female historic skeletal populations: Age, sex hormones and the impact of industrialization
Authors: Western A. G. , Bekvalac J. J.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

This analysis aims to investigate the impact of industrialization on the prevalence of Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna (HFI), focusing on the roles of age and parity to examine the claim that longevity and changing reproductive patterns have led to increased rates in modern populations.

Materials and methods

A total of 138 individuals from two documented London skeletal assemblages of the Industrial period were analyzed employing macroscopic observation, digital radiography and MicroCT scanning to establish the prevalence rates of HFI according to modern clinical standards. Statistical analysis was also undertaken on a sub‐sample of 51 females of post‐menopausal age to identify any relationship between parity and HFI.

Results

The majority of cases of HFI were found in older females, reflecting clinical observations. The prevalence rates of HFI corresponded well to those predicted from the proportion of old age females present within populations. Age was therefore shown to be a predominant factor in HFI presence. A plateau in HFI prevalence was noted from the age of 50–59 years onwards. No statistically significant relationship was found between parity and HFI.

Discussion

When recorded consistently, HFI was positively correlated with age and longevity but had also increased among old age females over time. Our results suggest that nulliparity co‐occurs with HFI but is not a primary factor in its pathogenesis. Key factors in HFI presence in females are likely to be increased androgens and the dysregulation of insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1.
Backbone‐Degradable Polymers Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Xie Fan , Deng Xiaopei , Kratzer Domenic , Cheng Kenneth C. K. , Friedmann Christian , Qi Shuhua , Solorio Luis , Lahann Joerg
Published: November 2016

Polymers prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization have found broad acceptance in research and industrial applications. However, their intrinsic lack of degradability has limited wider applicability in many areas, such as biomedical devices or regenerative medicine. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, a backbone‐degradable polymer directly synthesized via CVD. The CVD co‐polymerization of [2.2]para‐cyclophanes with cyclic ketene acetals, specifically 5,6‐benzo‐2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (BMDO), results in well‐defined, hydrolytically degradable polymers, as confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and ellipsometry. The degradation kinetics are dependent on the ratio of ketene acetals to [2.2]para‐cyclophanes as well as the hydrophobicity of the films. These coatings address an unmet need in the biomedical polymer field, as they provide access to a wide range of reactive polymer coatings that combine interfacial multifunctionality with degradability.
The Role of the Prod1 Membrane Anchor in Newt Limb Regeneration
Authors: Nomura Kaoru , Tanimoto Yasushi , Hayashi Fumio , Harada Erisa , Shan Xiao‐Yuan , Shionyu Masafumi , Hijikata Atsushi , Shirai Tsuyoshi , Morigaki Kenichi , Shimamoto Keiko
Published: November 2016

Prod1 is a protein that regulates limb regeneration in salamanders by determining the direction of limb growth. Prod1 is attached to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, but the role of membrane anchoring in the limb regeneration process is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the functional role of the anchoring of Prod1 to the membrane by using its synthetic mimics in combination with solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and fluorescent microscopy techniques. Anchoring did not affect the three‐dimensional structure of Prod1 but did induce aggregation by aligning the molecules and drastically reducing the molecular motion on the two‐dimensional membrane surface. Interestingly, aggregated Prod1 interacted with Prod1 molecules tethered on the surface of opposing membranes, inducing membrane adhesion. Our results strongly suggest that anchoring of the salamander‐specific protein Prod1 assists cell adhesion in the limb regeneration process.
Forward‐osmosis‐aided concentration of fructose sugar through hydrophilized polyamide membrane: Molecular modeling and economic estimation
Authors: Madhumala M. , Moulik S. , Sankarshana T. , Sridhar S.
Published: November 2016

In this study, a thin‐film composite membrane based on hydrophilized polyamide was synthesized for the concentration of an aqueous fructose solution using a forward‐osmosis (FO) technique. The membrane was prepared by the addition of excess m‐phenylenediamine along with a small quantity of dipolar aprotic dimethyl sulfoxide solvent in the aqueous reaction bath followed by excess trimesoyl chloride in an organic bath with a longer time provided for interfacial polymerization to minimize fructose losses. The effect of operating parameters such as draw NaCl concentration, cross‐flow velocity, and temperature on FO performance was evaluated. Membrane characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction to study the physicochemical properties. A coupled model based on molecular modeling and computational fluid dynamics was developed to study the diffusion behavior and concentration profiles of the two solutions within the process. A detailed economic estimation for the production of crystalline fructose sugar is presented. The study reveals the significant potential of FO as an economical process for concentration of sugar solutions using brine as the draw solution. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44649.
Prenylated Xanthones from the Roots of Cudrania tricuspidata as Inhibitors of Lipopolysaccharide‐Stimulated Nitric Oxide Production
Authors: Jo Yang Hee , Kim Seon Beom , Liu Qing , Hwang Bang Yeon , Lee Mi Kyeong
Published: November 2016

Investigation of the CH2Cl2 and EtOAc‐soluble fractions of the roots of Cudrania tricuspidata afforded 31 compounds. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation such as 1D and 2D NMR analysis and elucidated as xanthones with prenyl moieties including four simple xanthones (1–4), five prenylated xanthones with one prenyl moiety (5–7, 20, and 21), and 22 prenylated xanthones with two prenyl moieties (8–19 and 22–31). Among them, three diprenylated xanthones named cudracuspixanthones E–G (16, 29, and 31) were first isolated in nature. Xanthones 2, 5, 6, 12, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27, and 28 showed moderate inhibition of lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells, with IC50 values ranging from 16.1 to 24.8 µM.
Magnetic field reconstruction based on sunspot oscillations
Authors: Löhner‐Böttcher J. , Bello González N. , Schmidt W.
Published: November 2016

The magnetic field of a sunspot guides magnetohydrodynamic waves toward higher atmospheric layers. In the upper photosphere and lower chromosphere, wave modes with periods longer than the acoustic cut‐off period become evanescent. The cut‐off period essentially changes due to the atmospheric properties, e.g., increases for larger zenith inclinations of the magnetic field. In this work, we aim at introducing a novel technique of reconstructing the magnetic field inclination on the basis of the dominating wave periods in the sunspot chromosphere and upper photosphere. On 2013 August 21, we observed an isolated, circular sunspot (NOAA11823) for 58 min in a purely spectroscopic multi‐wavelength mode with the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectro‐polarimeter (IBIS) at the Dunn Solar Telescope. By means of a wavelet power analysis, we retrieved the dominating wave periods and reconstructed the zenith inclinations in the chromosphere and upper photosphere. The results are in good agreement with the lower photospheric HMI magnetograms. The sunspot's magnetic field in the chromosphere inclines from almost vertical (0°) in the umbra to around 60° in the outer penumbra. With increasing altitude in the sunspot atmosphere, the magnetic field of the penumbra becomes less inclined. We conclude that the reconstruction of the magnetic field topology on the basis of sunspot oscillations yields consistent and conclusive results. The technique opens up a new possibility to infer the magnetic field inclination in the solar chromosphere. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Negative-pressure wound therapy for prevention and treatment of surgical-site infections after vascular surgery
Authors: Acosta S , Björck M , Wanhainen A
Published: November 2016

Background

Indications for negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in vascular surgical patients are expanding. The aim of this review was to outline the evidence for NPWT on open and closed wounds.

Methods

A PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library search from 2007 to June 2016 was performed combining the medical subject headings terms ‘wound infection’, ‘abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)’, ‘fasciotomy’, ‘vascular surgery’ and ‘NPWT’ or ‘VAC’.

Results

NPWT of open infected groin wounds was associated with shorter duration of wound healing by 47 days, and was more cost-effective than alginate dressings in one RCT. In one RCT and six observational studies, NPWT-related major bleeding and graft preservation rates were 0–10 and 83–100 per cent respectively. One retrospective comparative study showed greater wound size reduction per day, fewer dressing changes, quicker wound closure and shorter hospital stay with NPWT compared with gauze dressings for lower leg fasciotomy. NPWT and mesh-mediated fascial traction after AAA repair and open abdomen was associated with high primary fascial closure rates (96–100 per cent) and low risk of graft infection (0–7 per cent). One retrospective comparative study showed a significant reduction in surgical-site infection, from 30 per cent with standard wound care to 6 per cent with closed incisional NPWT.

Conclusion

NPWT has a central role in open and infected wounds after vascular surgery; the results of prophylactic care of closed incisions are promising.
SHIP2: Structure, Function and Inhibition
Authors: Thomas Mark P. , Erneux Christophe , Potter Barry V. L.
Published: November 2016

SHIP2 is a phosphatase that acts at the 5‐position of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐trisphosphate. It is one of several enzymes that catalyse dephosphorylation at the 5‐position of phosphoinositides or inositol phosphates. SHIP2 has a confirmed role in opsismodysplasia, a disease of bone development, but also interacts with proteins involved in insulin signalling, cytoskeletal function (thus having an impact on endocytosis, adhesion, proliferation and apoptosis) and immune system function. The structure of three domains (constituting about 38 % of the protein) is known. Inhibitors of SHIP2 activity have been designed to interact with the catalytic domain with sub‐micromolar IC50 values: these come from a range of structural classes and have been shown to have in vivo effects consistent with SHIP2 inhibition. Much remains unknown about the roles of SHIP2, and possible future directions for research are indicated.
Expanded clinical use of everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds for treatment of coronary artery disease
Authors: Diletti Roberto , Ishibashi Yuki , Felix Cordula , Onuma Yoshinobu , Nakatani Shimpei , van Mieghem Nicolas M. , Regar Eveliyn , Valgimigli Marco , de Jaegere Peter P. , van Ditzhuijzen Nienke , Fam Jiang Ming , Ligthart Jurgen M.R. , Lenzen Mattie J. , Serruys Patrick W. , Zijlstra Felix , Jan van Geuns Robert
Published: November 2016

Background

Limited data are currently available on the performance of everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) for treatment of complex coronary lesions representative of daily practice.

Methods

This is a prospective, mono‐center, single‐arm study, reporting data after BVS implantation in patients presenting with stable, unstable angina, or non‐ST segment elevation myocardial infarction caused by de novo stenotic lesions in native coronary arteries. No restrictions were applied to lesion complexity. Procedural results and 12‐month clinical outcomes were reported.

Results

A total of 180 patients have been evaluated in the present study, with 249 treated coronary lesions. Device Success per lesion was 99.2%. A total of 119 calcified lesions were treated. Comparable results were observed among severe, moderate and noncalcified lesions in term of %diameter stenosis (%DS) (20.3 ± 10.5%, 17.8 ± 7.7%, 16.8 ± 8.6%; P = 0.112) and acute gain (1.36 ± 0.41 mm, 1.48 ± 0.44 mm, 1.56 ± 0.54 mm; P = 0.109). In bifurcations (54 lesions), side‐branch ballooning after main vessel treatment was often performed (33.3%) with low rate of side‐branch impairment (9.3%). A total of 29 cases with coronary total occlusions were treated. After BVS implantation %DS was not different from other lesion types (17.2 ± 9.4%, vs. 17.7 ± 8.6%; P = 0.780). At one year, all‐cause mortality was reported in three cases. The rate of target lesion revascularization and target vessel revascularization was 3.3%. The rate of definite scaffold thrombosis was 2.6%.

Conclusions

The implantation of the everolimus eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold in an expanded range of coronary lesion types and clinical presentations was observed to be feasible with promising angiographic results and mid‐term clinical outcomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identifying patients for safe early hospital discharge following st elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Sharkawi Musa A. , Filippaios Andreas , Dani Saurabh S. , Shah Sachin P. , Riskalla Nabila , Venesy David M. , Labib Sherif B. , Resnic Frederic S.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To examine whether the CADILLAC risk score is an effective method of patient stratification for early discharge following ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Background

Patients with STEMI are typically hospitalized to monitor for serious complications such as arrhythmias, heart failure, and reinfarction. Optimal length of stay is unclear. Whether low risk patients can be safely discharged before 72 hr of hospitalization is unclear.

Methods

Patients with STEMI who underwent successful PCI were retrospectively stratified using CADILLAC risk score to low risk (n = 123) and intermediate to high risk (n = 105). The primary outcome was adverse clinical events at day 3 or later. Secondary outcomes were adverse clinical events on day 1 and mortality rates at 30 days and 31 to 365 days.

Results

Low risk patients had lower major adverse clinical events at day 3 or later (0 vs. 11.4%, P = 0.0002) and lower total mortality at 1 year (0 vs. 4.8%, P = 0.02) than patients with intermediate to high risk. Low risk patients were also less likely to have a cardiovascular event during the first 24 hr when compared to those with an intermediate to high risk score (3.3% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.006).

Conclusion

Low risk patients identified using CADILLAC risk score with STEMI treated successfully with primary PCI have a low adverse event rate on the third day or later of hospitalization suggesting that an earlier discharge is safe in properly selected patients. Monitoring in a noncritical care setting following primary PCI for STEMI may be feasible for selected patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copper‐Catalyzed Isomerization and Cyclization of E/Z‐o‐Haloaryl N‐Sulfonylhydrazones: Convenient Access to 1H‐Indazoles
Authors: Zhu Xue‐Qing , Mao Shuai , Guo Dong‐Dong , Li Bin , Guo Shi‐Huan , Gao Ya‐Ru , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: November 2016

The isomerization of the C=N double bond in hydrazones has drawn considerable attention because of its potential for application in a broad range of chemical transformations. Generally, this isomerization can be realized either photochemically or thermally. A new isomerization approach is presented, namely a copper‐catalyzed C=N double bond isomerization of hydrazones, which is followed by an efficient intramolecular C−N coupling reaction, providing an unprecedented catalytic approach for the synthesis of 1H‐indazoles from readily accessible Z/E mixture of o‐haloaryl N‐sulfonylhydrazones.
Collective Syntheses of Icetexane Natural Products Based on Biogenetic Hypotheses
Authors: Thommen Christophe , Neuburger Markus , Gademann Karl
Published: November 2016

A divergent synthesis of 10 icetexane natural products based on a proposed biogenetic cationic ring expansion of a reduced carnosic acid derivative is described. Of these icetexanes, (+)‐salvicanol, (−)‐cyclocoulterone, (−)‐coulterone, (−)‐obtusinone D, and (−)‐obtusinone E have been synthesized for the first time. In addition, the hypothesis for the non‐enzymatic biogenesis of benzo[1,3]dioxole natural products has been experimentally investigated. Additional experimental evidence for the abiotic formation of the methylenedioxy unit is provided, as photolysis of the quinone (+)‐komaroviquinone resulted in the formation of the [1,3]dioxole‐containing natural product (−)‐cyclocoulterone and (+)‐komarovispirone.
A Tryptoline Ring‐Distortion Strategy Leads to Complex and Diverse Biologically Active Molecules from the Indole Alkaloid Yohimbine
Authors: Paciaroni Nicholas G. , Ratnayake Ranjala , Matthews James H. , Norwood Verrill M. , Arnold Austin C. , Dang Long H. , Luesch Hendrik , Huigens Robert W.
Published: November 2016

High‐throughput screening (HTS) is the primary driver to current drug‐discovery efforts. New therapeutic agents that enter the market are a direct reflection of the structurally simple compounds that make up screening libraries. Unlike medically relevant natural products (e.g., morphine), small molecules currently being screened have a low fraction of sp3 character and few, if any, stereogenic centers. Although simple compounds have been useful in drugging certain biological targets (e.g., protein kinases), more sophisticated targets (e.g., transcription factors) have largely evaded the discovery of new clinical agents from screening collections. Herein, a tryptoline ring‐distortion strategy is described that enables the rapid synthesis of 70 complex and diverse compounds from yohimbine (1); an indole alkaloid. The compounds that were synthesized had architecturally complex and unique scaffolds, unlike 1 and other scaffolds. These compounds were subjected to phenotypic screens and reporter gene assays, leading to the identification of new compounds that possessed various biological activities, including antiproliferative activities against cancer cells with functional hypoxia‐inducible factors, nitric oxide inhibition, and inhibition and activation of the antioxidant response element. This tryptoline ring‐distortion strategy can begin to address diversity problems in screening libraries, while occupying biologically relevant chemical space in areas critical to human health.
Relative Strand Orientation in a DNA Duplex Controls the Nuclearity of a Metal‐Mediated Base Pair
Authors: Mandal Soham , Hebenbrock Marian , Müller Jens
Published: November 2016

1,N6‐Ethenoadenine (ϵA) and cytosine (C) are able to form two different metal‐mediated base pairs. When the glycosidic bonds are arranged in a cisoid manner (i.e., in antiparallel‐stranded DNA), the ϵA:C mispair binds one AgI ion, leading to a mononuclear ϵA‐AgI‐C base pair that contains a synergistic hydrogen bond. In contrast, a transoid orientation of the glycosidic bonds (as found in parallel‐stranded DNA) results in the formation of a dinuclear metal‐mediated base pair ϵA‐AgI2‐C.
Catalytic sp3–sp3 Functionalisation of Sulfonamides: Late‐Stage Modification of Drug‐Like Molecules
Authors: Abdulla Othman , Clayton Adam D. , Faulkner Robert A. , Gill Duncan M. , Rice Craig R. , Walton Scarlett M. , Sweeney Joseph B.
Published: November 2016

A new application of Pd‐catalysed allylation is reported that enables the synthesis of a range of branched sp3‐functionalised sulfonamides, a compound class for which few reported methods exist. By reacting benzyl sulfonamides with allylic acetates in the presence of Pd0 catalysts and base at room temperature, direct allylation was efficiently performed, yielding products that are analogues of structural motifs seen in biologically active small molecules. The reaction was performed under mild conditions and could be applied to nanomolar sigma‐receptor binders, thus enabling a late‐stage functionalisation and efficient expansion of drug‐like chemical space.
Copper‐Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Alkanes with Alcohols
Authors: Li Yahui , Wang Changsheng , Zhu Fengxiang , Wang Zechao , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: November 2016

Esters are important chemicals widely used in various areas, and alkoxycarbonylation represents one of the most powerful tools for their synthesis. In this communication, a new copper‐catalyzed carbonylative procedure for the synthesis of aliphatic esters from cycloalkanes and alcohols was developed. Through direct activation of the C
−H bond of alkanes and with alcohols as the nucleophiles, the desired esters were prepared in moderate‐to‐good yields. Paraformaldehyde could also be applied for in situ alcohol generation by radical trapping, and moderate yields of the corresponding esters could be produced. Notably, this is the first report on copper‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of alkanes.
Imprint cytologic and immunocytochemical findings of sclerosing pneumocytoma
Authors: Kuroda Naoto , Ohara Masahiko , Mizuno Keiko , Yorita Kenji
Published: November 2016

To the best of our knowledge, there is no description on immunocytochemical study of sclerosing pneumocytoma (SP) using a cell transfer method. In this article, we report imprint cytological and immunocytochemical findings of SP. Three cases of SP possessing both imprint cytological and histological materials were examined. All tumors showed well‐defined margin grossly. On microscopic examination, the tumor consisted of surface and stromal round cells. Cytologically, surface and stromal round cells showed fragments or clusters of papillary configuration with low N/C ratio and cell clusters of small to medium‐sized cells with high N/C ration. Immunocytochemically, surface cells showed the positive reaction for surfactant apoprotein A (SPA), but stromal round cell exhibited the negative reaction for SPA. Cytologists and pathologists should steadily recognize cytological findings of surface and stromal round cells of SP. Immunocytochemistry of SPA may be useful in the discrimination of both cells. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:274–278. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Describing and understanding behavioral responses to multiple stressors and multiple stimuli
Authors: Hale Robin , Piggott Jeremy J. , Swearer Stephen E.
Published: November 2016

Understanding the effects of environmental change on natural ecosystems is a major challenge, particularly when multiple stressors interact to produce unexpected “ecological surprises” in the form of complex, nonadditive effects that can amplify or reduce their individual effects. Animals often respond behaviorally to environmental change, and multiple stressors can have both population‐level and community‐level effects. However, the individual, not combined, effects of stressors on animal behavior are commonly studied. There is a need to understand how animals respond to the more complex combinations of stressors that occur in nature, which requires a systematic and rigorous approach to quantify the various potential behavioral responses to the independent and interactive effects of stressors. We illustrate a robust, systematic approach for understanding behavioral responses to multiple stressors based on integrating schemes used to quantitatively classify interactions in multiple‐stressor research and to qualitatively view interactions between multiple stimuli in behavioral experiments. We introduce and unify the two frameworks, highlighting their conceptual and methodological similarities, and use four case studies to demonstrate how this unification could improve our interpretation of interactions in behavioral experiments and guide efforts to manage the effects of multiple stressors. Our unified approach: (1) provides behavioral ecologists with a more rigorous and systematic way to quantify how animals respond to interactions between multiple stimuli, an important theoretical advance, (2) helps us better understand how animals behave when they encounter multiple, potentially interacting stressors, and (3) contributes more generally to the understanding of “ecological surprises” in multiple stressors research.
Retraction Statement: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Isoindolo[2,1‐a]quinoxalines and Isoindolo[2,1‐a]quinoxalin‐6(5H)‐ones
Authors: Biswas Subhasish , Batra Sanjay
Published: November 2016

The following article from the European Journal of Organic Chemistry, published online on June 17, 2013 in Wiley Online Library (onlinelibrary.wiley.com, doi: 10.1002/ejoc.201300466) and in print (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2013, 4895–4902), has been retracted by agreement between the corresponding author, the journal Editor, Dr. Haymo Ross, and Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. The retraction has been agreed to for the following reasons.

The synthesis described in this manuscript uses the products from a previous Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis article (Adv. Synth. Catal. 2011, 353, 3330−3334) as precursors. As discovered by Professor Jérôme Thibonnet and co‐workers, Université François Rabelais, Tours, the products of this previous paper are not isoindoles but the corresponding indoles. Therefore, the structures of the newly synthesized derivatives are also incorrect.
Synthesis and Transformations of Functionalized Benzosiloxaboroles
Authors: Czub Maja , Durka Krzysztof , Luliński Sergiusz , Łosiewicz Justyna , Serwatowski Janusz , Urban Mateusz , Woźniak Krzysztof
Published: November 2016

The synthesis and characterization of a series of fluorinated benzosiloxaboroles bearing synthetically useful formyl and cyano groups is reported. These compounds have been obtained by multistep syntheses starting with simple halogenated benzenes. The general synthetic protocol was based on the generation of ortho‐boronated aryldimethylsilanes which undergo dehydrogenative cyclization upon hydrolytic workup due to activation of the Si–H bond by the adjacent boronic group. In some cases the synergy of adjacent boron‐ and silicon‐based functionalities resulted in an unexpected hydrosilylation of the CHO group under mild aqueous conditions. The reduction of a benzosiloxaborole derivative bearing the formyl group at the ortho position with respect to the boron atom resulted in a structural transformation reflecting the higher stability of the carboxaborole heterocycle with respect to its silicon counterpart. Thus, a unique heterocyclic system featuring a central 10‐membered ring comprising two borasiloxane linkages was isolated.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Alkylpyridine Derivatives through a Michael/Michael/Aldol Cascade Reaction
Authors: Meazza Marta , Potter Michael , Pitak Mateusz B. , Coles Simon J. , Mazzanti Andrea , Rios Ramon
Published: November 2016

A method for the synthesis of pyridine derivatives based on a triple cascade reaction catalyzed by chiral secondary amines was developed. The resulting cyclohexenes (three C–C bonds were formed) were obtained in good yields with good diastereoselectivities and excellent enantioselectivities.
Selective Photoconversion of Carbon Dioxide into Methanol Using Layered Double Hydroxides at 0.40 MPa
Authors: Miyano Masaya , Zhang Hongwei , Yoshiba Mao , Izumi Yasuo
Published: November 2016

CO2 photoconversion is a promising method to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations and mitigate energy problems simultaneously. Among the various efficient and stable semiconductor photocatalysts used for this purpose, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted attention as catalysts for CO2 photoconversion into CO and/or methanol. In this study, various LDHs of the formula [MII3GaIII(OH)8]2A⋅m H2O (MII=ZnII, CuII; A2−=CO32−, [Cu(OH)4]2−) were synthesized and used for CO2 photoconversion at a reaction pressure of 0.40 MPa in the presence of H2 to result in the exclusive production of methanol. Furthermore, the pretreatment of carbonate‐type LDHs at 423 K boosted the reaction rates by a factor of 7.5–20. Interestingly, [Zn3Ga(OH)8]2CO3⋅m H2O was the only LDH that produced methane primarily by an eight‐electron reduction (rather than the production of methanol by a six‐electron reduction) at a total formation rate of 2.7 μmol h−1 gcat−1 after it was preheated at 423 K and protected by an Ar atmosphere. Conversely, the methanol photogeneration rates of tetrahydroxycuprate‐type LDHs were suppressed to less than 0.1 μmol h−1 gcat−1 at 0.40 MPa. In summary, the contribution of the interlayer reaction space created by the partial removal of water molecules and/or carbonate ions of LDHs was suggested.
AHNS Series – Do you know your guidelines? Principles of treatment for nasopharyngeal cancer: A review of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines
Authors: Gooi Zhen , Richmon Jeremy , Agrawal Nishant , Blair Elizabeth , Portugal Louis , Vokes Everett , Seiwert Tanguy , de Souza Jonas , Saloura Vassiliki , Haraf Daniel , Goldenberg David , Chan Jason
Published: November 2016

This article is a continuation of the “Do You Know Your Guidelines” series, an initiative of the American Head and Neck Society's Education Committee to increase awareness of current best practices pertaining to head and neck cancer. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for the management of nasopharyngeal cancer are reviewed here in a systematic fashion. These guidelines outline the workup, treatment and surveillance of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 201–205, 2017