bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endurance swimming performance and physiology of juvenile Green Sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) at different temperatures
Authors: Hannan Kelly D , Steel Anna E , Debarros Mikayla R , Cocherell Dennis E , Baird Sarah E , Fangue Nann A
Published: January 2025

Sturgeon are threatened by anthropogenic changes to river systems, including entrainment or impingement at water diversions (i.e. the unwanted passage of fish through a water intake or physical contact with a barrier screen, likely caused by high intake velocities). Though there are no universally accepted protocols to determine water diversion risk, previous studies on sturgeon suggest that laboratory evaluations of swimming performance are an effective way to describe susceptibility to entrainment or impingement. The swimming performance of juvenile Green Sturgeon (~5 cm fork length), Acipenser medirostris, was quantified for fish acclimated to 13 and 18°C for 2 weeks using fixed water velocity endurance tests. Water velocities ranged from 25 to 55 cm s−1, and time-to-fatigue was measured at 5 cm s−1 increments. Green Sturgeon were quicker to exhaust at the lower acclimation temperature (13°C) compared to fish acclimated to 18°C, for example at 40 cm s−1 13°C acclimated fish impinged ~7.7 times faster than 18°C acclimated fish and ~41.3 times quicker at water velocities of 45 cm s−1. Whole-body cortisol grouped by time-to-fatigue (i.e. sustained swimming: time-to-fatigue >200 min, prolonged swimming: time-to-fatigue between 5 and 200 min, rapid swimming: time-to-fatigue <5 min, and non-swimming: control fish) was highest following the swimming experiment for fish utilizing prolonged swimming strategies regardless of temperature exposure. Furthermore, whole body lactate was elevated in fish utilizing prolonged and rapid swimming strategies compared to sustained and control non-swimming fish. Taken together, when swimming to exhaustion, these results suggest that Green Sturgeon were upregulating stress markers and relying on anaerobic metabolism, although both the above trends were driven by 18°C acclimated fish. The time-to-fatigue data suggest that the risk of entrainment was reduced to zero at water speeds ≤ 29.4 cm s−1 for 18°C and ≤ 22.6 cm s−1 for 13°C acclimated fish.
Evaluation of the effects of carbamazepine-loaded chitosan-coated PLGA-Zein nanoparticles on pilocarpine-induced seizure model in zebrafish larvae: developmental toxicity and behavioral assays
Authors: Alak Gonca , Yıldırım Serkan , Ugur Kaplan Afife Busra , Köktürk Mine , Nazli Dilek , Gözegir Berrah , Ozhan Gunes , Cetin Meltem
Published: January 2025

Epilepsy, the most common neurological disorder worldwide, is characterized by sudden paroxysmal brain activity, which can be generalized or focal. Extensive research has explored various treatment strategies for this condition. Our study used a pilocarpine (PL)-induced seizure model in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae to assess the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ)-loaded chitosan-coated PLGA-Zein nanoparticles (NPs) over 96 hr. We evaluated the developmental toxicity (mortality, malformation, and larval hatching), behavioral changes (sensorimotor reflexes), and histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations in brain tissue, focusing on 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5HT4), and brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) expressions. Our findings revealed high mortality and malformation rates in groups treated with pure CBZ (PL + CBZ 50 and PL + CBZ 100). These groups also exhibited delayed hatching and impaired sensorimotor reflexes. In contrast, the CBZ-NP-treated groups (PL + CBZ NP 50 and PL + CBZ NP 100) showed hatching rates comparable with the control group, with significantly lower mortality and malformation rates compared with pure CBZ-treated groups. Moreover, intense cytoplasmic expression of 5HT4 and BMAL1 was observed in neuropils of the PL + CBZ 100 group. This study highlights the potential of CBZ-loaded NPs in reducing developmental toxicity and adverse neurological effects associated with pure CBZ treatment in seizure models.
Latent Class Analysis Identifies Four Distinct Patient Deprescribing Typologies Among Older Adults in Four Countries
Authors: Weir Kristie Rebecca , Marshall Vincent D , Vordenberg Sarah E
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives

Polypharmacy, the concurrent use of multiple medicines, is a growing concern among older adults and those with chronic conditions. Deprescribing through dose reduction or discontinuing selected medicines is a strategy for reducing medicine-related harm. The Patient Deprescribing Typology was developed using qualitative methods to describe the varying factors that are important to older adults when they consider deprescribing. The objective of this study was to use quantitative methods to define distinct classes of older adults via the Patient Deprescribing Typology.

Research Design and Methods

This study used a cross-sectional experimental design in which data was collected via an online survey from participants 65 years and older in Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. A latent class analysis was performed using the 4-item Patient Deprescribing Typology that collected data about the beliefs about the importance of medicines, how older adults learn about medicines, medicine decision-making preferences, and attitudes towards stopping medicines.

Results

Older adults (n = 2,250) were a median of 70 years and 2-thirds reported that their highest level of education was an associate’s degree or trade school or less. We identified 4 distinct Patient Deprescribing Typology classes: Class 1 “Trusts their doctor” (41.6%), Class 2 “Makes own decisions” (30.2%), Class 3 “Avoids deprescribing” (15.5%), and Class 4 ‘Medicines not important’ (12.7%).

Discussion and Implications

Older adults report diverse perspectives about deprescribing, emphasizing the need for tailored communication strategies in clinical settings. Additional research is needed to examine older adults’ preferences in real-world contexts to refine and improve deprescribing interventions.

Clinical Trial Registration

NCT04676282
Shortened SARS-CoV-2 Viral RNA Shedding in Saliva During Early Omicron Compared to Wild-Type Pandemic Phase
Authors: Kozanli Eva , Winkel Angelique M A M , Han Alvin X , van den Brink Sharon , van den Brandt Annemarie , Haverkort Mildred E , Euser Sjoerd M , Russell Colin A , de Jong Menno D , van Houten Marlies A , van Lelyveld Steven F L , Eggink Dirk
Published: January 2025

This study compared the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding in saliva between wild-type virus–infected and Omicron-infected household cohorts. Preexisting immunity in participants likely shortens the viral RNA shedding duration and lowers viral load peaks. Frequent saliva sampling can be a convenient tool to study viral load dynamics.
Walking or hanging: the role of habitat use for body shape evolution in lacertid lizards
Authors: Vicent-Castelló Pablo , Herrel Anthony , Harris D James , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni
Published: January 2025

Differences in habitat use impose ecological constraints which in turn lead to functional and morphological differences through adaptation. In fact, a convergent evolutionary pattern is evident when species exhibit similar responses to similar environments. In this study, we examine how habitat use influences the evolution of body shape in lizards from the family Lacertidae. We divided our species into two categories: ground-dwellers and climbers, which encompasses the verticality and horizontality aspects of the habitat. We performed phylogenetic comparative analyses employing 186 species and seven linear morphological traits. Our results show contrasting patterns between head and limb shapes, which are considered distinct functional blocks. We observed differences in forelimb proportions, but not in hindlimb length, contrary to what was documented in other lizard groups, demonstrating a novel axis in the limb–locomotion–habitat relationship in this family. In addition, a clear effect of habitat use on head shape was detected. We observed that climbing species present on average flatter heads than ground-dwelling species, as well as different evolutionary trajectories. These findings suggest the complex interplay between habitat use and morphological evolution in lizards, highlighting how distinct selective pressures drive divergent adaptations in different functional traits.
Range expansion by avocado lace bug, Pseudacysta perseae (Hemiptera: Tingidae): a reassessment of population genetic structure reveals evidence for a second invasion into California
Authors: Dadlani Lakshmi Paloma , Gebiola Marco , Rugman-Jones Paul , Mauck Kerry E , Hoddle Mark S
Published: January 2025

Pseudacysta perseae (Heidemann 1908) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), a foliar pest of avocados, was first discovered in urban San Diego County, California U.S. in 2004. In 2017, damaging populations of P. perseae were discovered in commercial Hass avocado groves in San Diego and Riverside Counties. The unexpected and rapid spread of P. perseae raised the question of whether this range expansion was an extension of the original incursion or the result of a second invasion event. Using sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene, we found strong evidence that P. perseae populations in southern San Diego County are comprised almost entirely of the single haplotype (A) that was detected in 2004. In contrast, newly established (2017 onwards) populations of P. perseae infesting commercial orchards consisted exclusively of a second mitochondrial haplotype (G). This haplotype is found in Florida and the Caribbean and is conclusive evidence that California has been invaded a second time. Molecular analyses also confirmed that invasive P. perseae populations in Hawaiʻi are haplotype G, indicating that California and Hawaiʻi populations may have originated from the same source area (possibly Florida), or that California may have acted as an invasion bridgehead for the invasion of Hawaiʻi. Reproductive compatibility of the primary (haplotype A) and secondary (haplotype G) invasive populations in California was confirmed via a series of reciprocal laboratory crosses and results suggest that fertility of hybrid eggs is increased. The potential consequences of this second invasion into California by P. perseae are discussed.
The Elastic Wave Propagation in Lo's Three-Phase Porous Media Theory - Based Time-splitting Staggered-grid Finite-difference Method
Authors: Qi Yujuan , Zhang Xiumei , Liu Lin
Published: January 2025

Unsaturated porous media constitutes a prevalent scenario in underground formations, such as oil and gas reservoirs and CO2 geological storage. The two-fluids saturated porous media is a typical manifestation of unsaturated porous media. Understanding how the elastic waves propagate in such media is fundamental for geophysical detection and security monitoring. In this work, leveraging Lo's three-phase porous media theory, a numerical simulation algorithm is introduced to analyze the propagation characteristics through such media in the time-space domain. For this purpose, the constitutive equations and the equations of motion are reformulated into velocity-stress format. By merging the time-splitting scheme with the staggered-grid finite-difference algorithm, the acoustic responses within these porous media are efficiently simulated. Moreover, reference solutions for purely dilatational point and line sources are derived to corroborate the numerical simulation results. Based on these procedures, generation mechanisms of slow compressional waves, influencing factors, and wave conversion phenomena within the interface of porous media are analyzed in focus. The study identifies four distinct waves in two-fluids saturated porous media, encompassing three types of compressional waves (P1, P2, P3) and one type of shear wave (S). Slow compressional waves (P2, P3), attributed to the relative motion in solid-fluid and fluid-fluid, respectively, are significantly affected by the fluid viscosity and frequency. Although slow waves may not be directly observed in seismic frequencies, their energy distribution needs to be emphasized, especially considering the conversion of slow waves into normally propagating P1 and S waves at interfaces.
Randomized empirical likelihood test for ultra-high dimensional means under general covariances
Authors: Chen Yuexin , Zhu Lixing , Xu Wangli
Published: January 2025

This article proposes a calibrated empirical likelihood test for ultra-high dimensional means that incorporates multiple projections. Under weak moment conditions on the distributions of data, we analyse all possible asymptotic distributions of the proposed test statistic in different scenarios. To determine the critical value and enhance test power, we employ the random symmetrization method based on the group of sign flips and use multiple selected projections. The test can still maintain the significance level asymptotically, even in the presence of heterogeneity in the data distribution. Moreover, the proposed test procedure allows for general covariance structures and ultra-high dimensional regimes. Further, the power function reveals the relation with the projection term in an asymptotic sense such that we can select suitable projections to achieve good power in various scenarios. A quasi-Newton algorithm is introduced to reduce the computational cost arising from the intensive optimizations required for computing empirical likelihood. Numerical studies evidence the promising performance of the proposed test compared with existing tests.
Rapid Radiation of a Plant Lineage Sheds Light on the Assembly of Dry Valley Biomes
Authors: Chen Ya-Ping , Sunojkumar Purayidathkandy , Spicer Robert A , Hodel Richard G J , Soltis Douglas E , Soltis Pamela S , Paton Alan J , Sun Miao , Drew Bryan T , Xiang Chun-Lei
Published: January 2025

Southwest China is characterized by high plateaus, large mountain systems, and deeply incised dry valleys formed by major rivers and their tributaries. Despite the considerable attention given to alpine plant radiations in this region, the timing and mode of diversification of the numerous dry valley plant lineages remain unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the macroevolution of Isodon (Lamiaceae), a lineage commonly distributed in the dry valleys in southwest China and wetter areas of Asia and Africa. We reconstructed a robust phylogeny encompassing nearly 90% of the approximately 140 extant Isodon species using transcriptome and genome-resequencing data. Our results suggest a rapid radiation of Isodon during the Pliocene that coincided with a habit shift from herbs to shrubs and a habitat shift from humid areas to dry valleys. The shrubby growth form likely acted as a preadaptation allowing for the movement of Isodon species into these dry valleys. Ecological analyses highlight drought-related factors as key drivers influencing the niche preferences of different growth forms and species richness of Isodon. The interplay between topography and the development of the East Asian monsoon since the middle Miocene likely contributed to the formation of the dry valley biome in southwest China. This study enhances our understanding of evolutionary dynamics and ecological drivers shaping the distinctive flora of southwest China and reveals the strategies employed by montane plants in response to climate change and dryland expansion, thus facilitating conservation efforts globally.
2024 Update of the Japan College of Rheumatology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Secondary publication
Authors: Harigai Masayoshi , Kaneko Yuko , Tanaka Eiichi , Hirata Shintaro , Kameda Hideto , Kaneko Kayoko , Kishimoto Mitsumasa , Kohno Masataka , Kojima Masayo , Kojima Toshihisa , Morinobu Akio , Nakajima Ayako , Sugihara Takahiko , Fusama Mie , Yajima Nobuyuki , Yanai Ryo , Kawahito Yutaka
Published: January 2025

Objectives

The aim of this study is to update the Japan College of Rheumatology Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis (CPG for RA).

Methods

The recommendations were developed based on the evidence published until the end of June 2022 using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. The steering committee, CPG panel, systematic review (SR) group, and SR support team were organised.

Results

The treatment goal and drug treatment algorithm required no modifications; however, the footnotes of the drug treatment algorithm were modified. SR of 21 new or updated recommendations for subcutaneous methotrexate (n = 1), biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (n = 1), rituximab (n = 5), Janus kinase inhibitors (n = 6), biosimilars (n = 2), older patients (n = 4), and pregnancy and lactation (n = 2) was conducted. The recommendations for comorbidities and surgery and rehabilitation remained unchanged from the 2020 CPG for RA.

Conclusions

The 2024 CPG for RA, which provide recommendations that reflect the current healthcare environment for rheumatoid arthritis in Japan, can be used effectively as a tool for shared decision-making between rheumatologists and patients in the treatment of RA.
Prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis C Viremia Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the Direct-Acting Antiviral Era
Authors: Ma Jimmy , Nance Robin M , Cachay Edward , Ruderman Stephanie A , Kitahata Mari , Falade-Nwulia Oluwaseun , Chander Geetanjali , Drumright Lydia N , Hurt Christopher B , Yendewa George A , Pettit April , Moore Richard D , Fredericksen Rob J , Lloyd Audrey , Bamford Laura , Napravnik Sonia , Fleming Julia , Christopoulos Katerina , Burkholder Greer , Keruly Jeanne , Delaney Joseph A C , Crane Heidi , Kim H Nina
Published: January 2025

Background

National US data on the burden and risks for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) era are limited. These data are important to understand current progress and guide future efforts toward HCV microelimination.

Methods

We evaluated (1) HCV prevalence (2011–2013, 2014–2017, 2018–2022) using a serial cross-sectional design and (2) correlates for HCV viremia (2018–2022) in adult people with HIV (PWH) within the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinic Systems (CNICS) cohort using multivariable adjusted relative risk regression. The most recent data from each time period were used for calculations and models.

Results

In the CNICS cohort, HCV viremia prevalence was 8.7% in 2011–2013, 10.5% in 2014–2017, and 4.8% in 2018–2022. Disparities in prevalence across demographic groups defined by age, gender, and race/ethnicity were smaller in 2018–2022 than earlier time periods. In relative risk regression, female gender, detectable HIV RNA, higher proportion of missed visits (last 18 months), higher FIB-4 score, higher depressive symptom severity, and current use of methamphetamine and illicit opioids were associated with HCV viremia in 2018–2022.

Conclusions

The prevalence of HCV viremia during the DAA era in this US-based national cohort of PWH improved over time and across demographic subgroups but remains higher than those without HIV. Our findings highlight the continued importance of prioritizing HCV care in all PWH, especially in certain key, less-reached groups. Proactive, comprehensive efforts to care engagement, substance use, mental health, and other social determinants will be crucial to improve reach, prevention, and treatment to achieve HCV elimination goals.
Predictors of Clinical Outcomes Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Tuberculosis Symptoms After Rapid Treatment Initiation in Haiti
Authors: Richterman Aaron , Dorvil Nancy , Rivera Vanessa , Bang Heejung , Severe Patrice , Lavoile Kerylyne , Pierre Samuel , Apollon Alexandra , Dumond Emelyne , Pierre Louis Forestal Guyrlaine , Rouzier Vanessa , Joseph Patrice , Cremieux Pierre-Yves , Pape Jean W , Koenig Serena P
Published: January 2025

Background

Few studies have evaluated baseline predictors of clinical outcomes among people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the modern era of rapid ART initiation.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of a previously reported open-label randomized controlled trial of 2 rapid treatment initiation strategies for people with treatment-naive HIV and tuberculosis symptoms at a large urban clinic in Haiti. We used logistic regression models to assess associations between baseline characteristics and (1) retention in care at 48 weeks, (2) HIV viral load suppression at 48 weeks (among participants who underwent viral load testing), and (3) all-cause mortality. For the viral load suppression outcome, we used inverse probability weighting to account for potential selection bias resulting from exclusion of participants who did not undergo viral load testing.

Results

A total of 500 participants were enrolled in the study from November 2017 to January 2020. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 88 participants (18%), and ART was started in 494 (99%). After multivariable adjustment, less than secondary school education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.21 [95% confidence interval (CI), .10–.46]) was significantly associated with a reduced odds of retention in care. Dolutegravir initiation (AOR, 2.57 [95% CI, 1.22–5.43]), age (1.42 per 10-year increase [1.01–1.99]), and tuberculosis diagnosis (3.92 [1.36–11.28]) were significantly associated with increased odds of retention. Age (AOR, 1.36 [95% CI, 1.05–1.75]) and dolutegravir initiation (1.75 [1.07–2.85]) were positively associated with viral suppression, and tuberculosis diagnosis (0.50 [.28–.89) was negatively associated with viral suppression, with similar findings after incorporation of inverse probability weights. Higher CD4 cell count at enrollment was significantly associated with a lower odds of mortality (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.69 [95% CI, .55–.87]), and anemia was associated with a significantly greater odds of mortality (4.86 [1.71–13.81]).

Conclusions

We identified sociodemographic, treatment-related, clinical, and laboratory-based predictors of clinical outcomes. These characteristics may serve as markers of subpopulations that could benefit from additional interventions to support treatment success after rapid treatment initiation.
SmERF6 promotes the expression of terpenoid pathway in Salvia officinalis and improves the production of high-value abietane diterpenes, carnosol and carnosic acid
Authors: Revuru Bharadwaj , Thashanamoorthi Gayathri , Demiwal Prathiba , Sircar Debabrata , Ramalingam Sathishkumar
Published: January 2025

Carnosol (CO) and carnosic acid (CA) are pharmaceutically important diterpenes predominantly produced in members of Lamiaceae, Salvia officinalis (garden sage), Salvia fruticosa, and Rosmarinus officinalis. Nevertheless, the availability of these compounds in plant systems is very low. In an effort to improve the in planta content of these diterpenes in garden sage, SmERF6 (Salvia miltiorrhiza Ethylene Responsive Factor 6) transcription factor was expressed heterologously. Bai et al. (The ethylene response factor SmERF6 co-regulates the transcription of SmCPS1 and SmKSL1 and is involved in tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Planta 2018; 248:243–55.) proved that SmERF6 binds to the promoter regions of Copalyl pyrophosphate synthase and Kaurene synthase-like genes and improves transcription, thereby augmenting ferruginol levels, a common precursor for abietane diterpenes in Salvia genus; moreover, transgenic hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza displayed 4-fold improved tanshinone content. In our study, heterologous transient expression of SmERF6 in S. officinalis exhibited inter-specific activity in promoting differential accumulation of diterpenes. Overexpression studies showed elevation in the levels of CO (2-fold) and CA (5-fold). Furthermore, in infiltrated leaves levels of ferruginol (50%) and CA derivatives (rosmanol, epirosmanol, and methyl CA) were significantly upregulated along with the other signature terpenes. Finally, stable transgenic lines of S. officinalis developed through Agrobacterium-mediated in planta genetic transformation accumulated significant amounts of CO (4-folds) and CA (3-folds), as compared to wild plants. Overall, the present study is the first report on improving the content of pharmaceutically important diterpenes in S. officinalis by overexpressing pathway-specific transcription factors. The current findings showed convincing evidence for the concept of improving specialized metabolite(s) content in medicinal plants by manipulating the expression of transcriptional regulators.
An epiallele of a gene encoding a PfkB-type carbohydrate kinase affects plant architecture in maize
Authors: Li Ruonan , Xu Yue , Xu Qiang , Tang Jing , Chen Wenqing , Luo Zhixiang , Liu Hongbo , Li Wenqiang , Yan Jianbing , Springer Nathan M , Li Lin , Li Qing
Published: January 2025

Plant architecture greatly contributes to grain yield, but the epigenetic regulation of plant architecture remains elusive. Here, we identified the maize (Zea mays L.) mutant plant architecture 1 (par1), which shows reduced plant height, shorter and narrower leaves, and larger leaf angles than the wild type. Interestingly, par1 is an epiallele harbouring a de novo CACTA insertion in the intron of the Par1 gene. High DNA methylation levels of the CACTA insertion are associated with strong Par1 expression and normal phenotypes. In contrast, low DNA methylation levels of this insertion are associated with weak Par1 expression and a mutant-like phenotype. The Par1 gene encodes a PfkB-type carbohydrate kinase that converts nucleosides to nucleoside monophosphates both in vitro and in vivo. Additional analyses showed that genes differentially expressed in the par1 mutant are enriched in jasmonic acid (JA) metabolism, and levels of JA metabolites were significantly higher in the mutant than in the wild type. Treatment with either nucleoside monophosphates or a synthetic inhibitor of JA biosynthesis reduced JA levels and partially rescued the mutant phenotype. In summary, we identified an epiallele of a gene encoding a PfkB-type carbohydrate kinase that might affect nucleoside monophosphate and JA levels, thus affecting maize growth.
The vacuolar phosphatases purple acid phosphatase 26 and haloacid dehalogenase IIA2.1 hydrolyze 5′-, 3′-, and 2′-nucleotides derived from RNA degradation
Authors: Firdoos Nabila , Krumwiede Lukas , Medina-Escobar Nieves , Treichel Leonie , Fischer Lisa , Herde Marco , Witte Claus-Peter
Published: January 2025

The vacuole is an important site for RNA degradation. Autophagy delivers RNA to the vacuole, where the vacuolar T2 RNase ribonuclease 2 (RNS2) plays a major role in RNA catabolism. The presumed products of RNS2 activity are 3′-nucleoside monophosphates (3′-NMPs). Vacuolar phosphatases that carry out 3′-NMP hydrolysis are required to metabolize 3′-NMPs, but the specific players remain unknown. Using a mutant of RNS2 and mutants of the autophagy-related genes 5 and 9 (atg5 and atg9), we confirmed that 3′-NMPs are products of vacuolar RNS2-mediated RNA degradation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Moreover, we identified purple acid phosphatase 26 (PAP26) and haloacid dehalogenase IIA2.1 (HIIA2.1) as vacuolar 3′-NMP phosphatases. Based on phylogenetic analysis, we propose systematic nomenclature for HADIIA enzymes, some of which were previously named vegetative storage proteins, which we critically discuss. PAP26 and HIIA2.1 differ in their NMP specificity and activity in vitro. However, hiia2.1 pap26 double mutant plants, but generally not the respective single mutants, accumulate 3′-NMPs in addition to 5′-NMPs and, surprisingly, also 2′-NMPs. These findings suggest that PAP26 and HIIA2.1 have overlapping NMP substrate spectra in vivo. Excess 3′- and 2′-NMPs accumulate in plants exposed to a prolonged night, presumably because carbon limitation enhances autophagy-mediated vacuolar RNA degradation. We conclude that vacuolar RNA catabolism releases 3′-NMPs and 2′-NMPs through RNS2 and other RNases that also generate 5′-NMPs. PAP26 and HIIA2.1 are required to dephosphorylate these NMPs, so that they can enter general nucleotide metabolism outside the vacuole.
From relief to resistance: implications of self-medication practice for malaria elimination in India
Authors: Verma Kanika , Nitika Nitika , Bharti Praveen Kumar
Published: January 2025

The self-medication practices in India may pose challenges to malaria elimination efforts. While individuals often seek immediate relief from symptoms, the indiscriminate use of antimalarial medications can lead to increased resistance among malaria parasites. This study highlights the implications of self-medication on public health, exploring their impact on malaria elimination. Public awareness campaigns highlighting the risks of self-treatment, necessity of professional medical consultation and the need for malaria diagnosis prior to initiating treatment should be carried out. Addressing self-treatment practices will improve patient outcomes, mitigate the development of drug resistance in parasites and contribute to the goal of a malaria-free India.
The Lipo-DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction: A Valuable Innovation for Maximizing Abdominal Tissue Volume
Authors: Longo Benedetto , D’Orsi Gennaro , Farcomeni Alessio , Giacalone Martina , Gagliano Elettra , Vannucchi Lisa , Catenacci Maximilian , Vanni Gianluca , Buonomo Claudio Oreste , Cervelli Valerio
Published: January 2025

Background:

The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is universally considered the gold standard technique for breast reconstruction (BR), though it cannot always be proposed to patients with insufficient donor-site volume. We explore the efficacy of autologous fat transfer (AFT) of the Holm abdomen zone IV in the retropectoral plane during DIEP flap reconstruction (lipo-DIEP flap), to enhance the volume provided by the abdominal donor site in patients with low body mass index (BMI).

Methods:

We prospectively enrolled patients with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 and candidates for lipo-DIEP flap BR (group A) comparing them with a control group (group B) undergoing traditional DIEP flap BR with the same characteristics of the first group (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Patients belonging to group A underwent magnetic resonance imaging preoperatively and 6 months after the BR, evaluating the adipose tissue volume retained in the retropectoral space.

Results:

A total of 40 breasts were included in the study. The 2 groups were homogeneous regarding the collected variables, except for mean delayed AFT sessions (0.25 versus 0.95; P= 0.00094). The average volume of retropectoral AFT was 116.25 mL (SD 31.36). Six months after the procedure, the mean retropectoral fat volume calculated through magnetic resonance imaging was 48.64 mL (SD 14.15), whereas the mean graft integration rate was 45.98% (range, 30.7%–64.2%).

Conclusions:

The lipo-DIEP flap is a valuable technique for patients with insufficient donor-site volume. Immediate retropectoral fat grafting from the Holm zone IV has proven to be safe in terms of complications, reducing the need for further AFT sessions.
Infective Endocarditis Due to Group B Streptococcus in a Neonate: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Camilleri Amitie , Pulido Hannah , Restrepo Miguel , Vijayan Vini
Published: January 2025

Background:

Bacterial endocarditis is a highly uncommon but life-threatening complication of group B streptococcus in neonates.

Methods:

We describe a case of endocarditis due to group B streptococcus in a premature infant. In addition, we performed a literature review and identified 8 case reports of infants with group B streptococcus endocarditis over 49 years. These cases were analyzed together with our patients.

Results:

Eighty-nine percent (8/9) of the infants were born at term, and 67% (6/9) were male. The median age at presentation was 27 days. Eighty-nine percent (8/9) presented with late-onset disease. Twenty-two percent (2/9) of infants had recurrent group B streptococcus disease, 44% (4/9) had meningitis, 1 infant had septic arthritis and 22% (2/9) had congestive heart failure. All patients were treated with parenteral antibiotics, and these were administered for a mean of 40.8 days (median, 42 days; range 35–42 days). Congenital heart defects were noted in 33% (3/9) of the neonates. The mitral valve was affected in 67% (6/9). Forty-four percent (4/9) of cases who had valvular involvement underwent cardiac surgery. All 4 infants who underwent cardiac surgery survived. Mortality was 22% (2/9).

Conclusions:

Group B streptococcus endocarditis often runs a fulminant course and can be associated with devastating consequences such as valvular destruction, systemic embolization and mycotic aneurysms. Physicians should have a high index of suspicion for endocarditis when evaluating neonates with invasive Group B streptococcus disease, particularly meningitis. Early recognition can allow prompt treatment, including a thorough evaluation to determine whether surgical interventions are warranted, given that combined medical and surgical approaches are associated with better outcomes.
SEVERE MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE INFECTIONS DURING THE 2023–2024 OUTBREAK: A SINGLE-CENTER DESCRIPTIVE STUDY IN A PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE
Authors: Espeleta-Fox Ana , García-Salido Alberto , De Unzueta-Roch José Luis , De Lama Caro-Patón Gema , Moral-Larraz Ana , Toledano-Revenga Javier , Leoz-Gordillo Inés , Martínez de Azagra-Garde Amelia
Published: January 2025

In this brief report, we describe Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit during 2023–2024. We compare with the previous 6 years and analyze their treatments and outcomes. We observe an increase of cases, half of them with underlying conditions. Hypoxemia was their main severity sign. Viral coinfections were common. Bacterial coinfections appeared to worsen outcomes.
Differential aging trends among candidates for liver transplant with and without HCC
Authors: Jutras Gabrielle , Mehta Neil , Lai Jennifer C.
Published: January 2025

HCC has become a leading indication for liver transplant (LT), with HCC registrants increasing more than 6-fold in the past 2 decades, accompanied by a significant rise in older candidates. Given this trend and the influence of hepatitis C (HCV) treatments, updated data on aging and changing etiologies in older patients with HCC are needed. This study examines age trends, clinical characteristics, and transplant outcomes by comparing older (70+), younger patients with HCC, and patients without HCC. All adult candidates for LT (18+) in the UNOS/OPTN registry (2012–2022) were analyzed and categorized by HCC status and age (<70 or 70+). Regression coefficients compared HCC and non-HCC registrants and recipients by age group. The aging trend among LT registrants was more pronounced in patients with HCC. From 2012 to 2022, the mean age of HCC registrants rose from 58.7 to 62.9, with those aged 70+ increasing from 4.2% to 15.0%. Non-HCC registrants saw minimal change, with a stable mean age of 53 years and a modest rise in those 70+ from 2.1% to 4.7%. HCV prevalence among patients with HCC decreased from 37.5% to 27.4%, while patients without HCC dropped from 14.8% to 5%. Posttransplant outcomes for older HCC recipients remained favorable, with 1-year and 5-year survival rates of 91% and 71%, respectively, comparable to older patients without HCC (87% and 69%). Among over 132,000 LT registrants from 2012 to 2022, the age of HCC candidates increased, with a growing proportion aged 70 and older, while the age and proportion of older adults among non-HCC registrants remained stable. This demographic shift underscores the importance of enhanced frailty assessments to improve outcomes for older patients with HCC.
Outcomes of pediatric candidates for liver retransplantation in the modern era: Strategies are needed to avoid waitlist mortality in the United States
Authors: Valentino Pamela L. , Blondet Niviann M. , Perkins James D. , Hsu Evelyn K. , Saarela Katelyn M. , Wendel Danielle , Dick André A.S. , Healey Patrick J. , Reyes Jorge D. , Sturdevant Mark L. , Kwon Yong K.
Published: January 2025

Pediatric liver retransplantation (rLT) has historically shown poorer outcomes compared to primary liver transplantation (pLT). Comprehensive studies assessing outcomes for pediatric candidates for rLT under the modern allocation policy are lacking. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2022, were obtained; exclusion criteria included candidates ≥18 years of age and those listed or transplanted for multiple organs. A total of 7645 children met the inclusion criteria, including 7162 candidates for pLT and 483 candidates for rLT. The candidates for rLT, despite a shorter median waitlist time to transplant (6.5 vs. 54 d for pLT), had significantly higher waitlist dropout rates and worse posttransplant outcomes. Vascular complications were the most common reason for primary graft failure. The small size of the recipient was a significant risk factor. Among those retransplanted, the timing of relisting was significantly associated with outcomes, with those relisted within 30 days from the pLT demonstrating considerably worse outcomes. Our findings emphasize the importance of a center’s surgical expertise in performing transplants on small recipients to minimize postoperative complications leading to primary graft failure. Once relisted, the timing of suitable organ availability was vital. The opportunity for technical variant grafts is crucial to capture every potential transplant opportunity that could ultimately decide between life and death.
Precision in Stroke Care: A Novel Model for Predicting Functional Independence in Urgent Carotid Intervention Patients
Authors: Bazan Hernan A , Fort Daniel , Snyder Larry , Opelka Frank G , Money Samuel R , Sternbergh WC , Burton Jeffrey
Published: January 2025

Background:

Stroke requires timely intervention, with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) increasingly used in select acute carotid-related stroke patients. We aimed to build a model to predict neurologic functional independence (modified Rankin scale, mRS ≤ 2) in this high-risk group.

Study Design:

We analyzed data from 302 stroke patients undergoing urgent CEA or CAS between 2015 and 2023 at a tertiary Comprehensive Stroke Center. Predictors included: (1) stroke severity (NIH Stroke Scale, NIHSS), (2) time to intervention (≤48 hours), (3) thrombolysis use, and (4) frailty risk score. Two-way interactions were included to enhance generalizability without overfitting. Multiple models were constructed and selected based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The primary endpoint was discharge neurological functional independence (mRS ≤2).

Results:

Presenting clinical factors and neurological outcomes data from 302 patients undergoing urgent CEA and CAS during the index hospitalization from 2015 to 2023 at a tertiary Comprehensive Stroke Center formed the model’s foundation. Most patients (72.8%, 220/302) were discharged functionally independent (mRS ≤ 2). The combined 30-day rate of stroke, death, and MI was 8.3% (25/302); 6.5% (14/214) for CEA alone, and 12.5% (11/88) for CAS. The model, incorporating thrombolysis, time to intervention, stroke severity (NIHSS), and frailty risk, correctly predicted 93% of functional independence outcomes (AUC 0.808).

Conclusion:

We present a novel model using four clinical factors—stroke severity, time to intervention, thrombolysis use, and frailty risk—to predict functional neurologic independence with 93% accuracy in patients undergoing urgent carotid interventions for acute stroke. This high predictive capability can enhance clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes by identifying those most likely to benefit from timely carotid revascularization.
Predator-Induced Tail Coloration Toward Diverse Dragonfly Nymphs in Tadpoles of the Japanese Tree Frog (Dryophytes japonicus)
Authors: Noda Akihiro , Watanabe Katsutoshi
Published: January 2025

Anuran larvae can change their coloration and morphology to avoid predation. Particularly, some tadpoles in the genusDryophytesin the Americas develop deep tail fins and bright orange tail coloration in response to predators such as dragonfly nymphs. These conspicuous tails are hypothesized to attract predator attacks, protecting vital body parts from fatal injuries. However, it remains unclear whether the extent of the induced phenotypic changes differs between various predators with distinct feeding patterns and habitats. To explore this, we reared tadpoles of the Japanese tree frog,Dryophytes japonicus, with four dragonfly species, water bug, water scorpion, or newt, and measured phenotypic changes, especially focusing on tail coloration. We found that the aeshnidAnax nigrofasciatus, a sit- and-wait predator that climbs on aquatic vegetation, induced bright orange and broad tails of tadpoles. Other odonate species that forage in and on the substrate also elicited tail coloration or deeper larval tails, but it took more time to induce the tadpoles’ response compared toA. nigrofasciatus. In contrast, non-odonate predators did not induce color and morphological changes. This study provides the first evidence of predator-induced tail coloration in an Asian species ofDryophytes, which appears to be a defensive response specifically to dragonfly nymphs, as visually adept predators. Moreover, the differences in the extent and timing of the phenotypic changes among odonate species suggest that anti-predator phenotypes are modulated based on relative predation risks, considering the predators’ foraging patterns and visual capabilities, thereby allowing tadpoles to minimize physiological costs and unintended risks associated with the induced traits.
Three species, three labs, three experiments: testing the reproducibility of ecological studies on insect behaviour in a multi-laboratory setting
Authors: Mundinger Carolin , Schulz Nora K. E. , Singh Pragya , Janz Steven , Schurig Maximilian , Seidemann Jacob , Kurtz Joachim , Muller Caroline , Schielzeth Holger , von Kortzfleisch Vanessa T. , Richter S. Helene
Published: January 2025

The reproducibility of studies involving insect species is an underexplored area in the broader discussion about poor reproducibility in science. Our study addresses this gap by conducting a systematic multi-laboratory investigation into the reproducibility of ecological studies on insect behaviour. We implemented a 3x3 experimental design, incorporating three study sites and three independent experiments on three insect species from different orders: the turnip sawfly (Athalia rosae, Hymenoptera), the meadow grasshopper (Pseudochorthippus parallelus, Orthoptera) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum, Coleoptera). Using random-effect meta-analysis, we compared the consistency and accuracy of treatment effects on insect behavioural traits across replicate experiments. We successfully reproduced the overall statistical treatment effect in 83% of the replicate experiments, but overall effect size replication was achieved in only 66% of the replicates. Thus, though demonstrating sufficient reproducibility in some measures, this study also provides first experimental evidence for cases of poor reproducibility in insect experiments. Our findings further show that reasons causing poor reproducibility established in rodent research also hold for other study organisms and research questions. We believe that a rethinking of current best practices is required to face reproducibility issues in insect studies, but also across disciplines. Specifically, we advocate for adopting open research practices and the implementation of methodological strategies that reduce bias and problems arising from over-standardization. With respect to the latter, the introduction of systematic variation through multi-laboratory or heterogenized designs may contribute to improved reproducibility in studies involving any living organisms.
Rhizosphere-colonizing bacteria persist in the protist microbiome
Authors: Taerum Stephen. J , Patel Ravikumar R. , Alamo Justin E. , Gage Daniel , Steven Blaire , Triplett Lindsay R.
Published: January 2025

Soils contain diverse predatory protists that affect the abundance and behavior of rhizosphere bacteria, including bacteria that may benefit plant health. Protists also harbor their own bacterial microbiomes, including transient and extracellular associates, but it is not known whether the protist microbiome affects the plant rhizosphere. To address this question, we profiled the bacterial microbiomes of eight evolutionarily diverse rhizosphere protist isolates after two years of continuous laboratory culture. We then compared the protist culture microbiomes to maize rhizosphere communities six weeks after protist inoculation. Introduction of protists enriched 13 protist-associated bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in the rhizosphere, which comprised ∼10% of the rhizosphere bacterial community. Additional bacterial ASVs ranked highly in abundance in both rhizosphere and protist microbiomes; together, a median 47% of the protist microbiome was enriched or abundant in the rhizosphere. Inoculation with some of the protist cultures positively affected root biomass traits, but a protist mixture had no effect, indicating that the impact of protist holobionts on plant growth is context-dependent. Isolates of protist-associated bacteria had both positive and negative effects on protist growth in culture, suggesting that the bacteria use multiple strategies to survive in proximity to predators. This study demonstrates that even after prolonged laboratory culture, evolutionarily diverse rhizosphere protists host bacterial microbiomes dominated by plant-colonizing bacteria that impact the rhizosphere microbiome after inoculation. The findings suggest that protists may contribute to the rhizosphere as part of the soil microbial seedbank, and identify bacterial groups that may be important to the plant-protist interaction.

Importance

Understanding the impact of predatory protists on the plant microbiome will be essential to deploy protists in sustainable agriculture. This study shows that eight rhizosphere protist isolates hosted diverse and distinct bacterial communities, and that a large proportion of these bacteria could be found colonizing the maize root environment long after protists were introduced. This study demonstrates that maize rhizosphere bacteria can persist for years in the protist microbiome, indicating that extremely diverse eukaryotes could help select and maintain rhizosphere bacteria in the absence of the plant.
A configuration maintenance and cooperative navigation method for UAV swarms under intermittent GNSS conditions
Authors: Lin Siying , Yu Feng , Zhou Zijun
Published: January 2025

Purpose

In response to the challenges of maintaining the configuration and navigation stability of low-cost unmanned aerial vehicle swarms under intermittent global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal conditions, this study aims to introduce a fast network topology generation algorithm and a hybrid covariance filter.

Design/methodology/approach

First, using spatially stable structures and the principle of three-sphere intersection, connectivity between nodes is rapidly generated, ultimately forming a network topology with tetrahedrons as the basic unit. This ensures the stability of the configuration. Subsequently, a problem arises from the improper distribution of internal confidence within the system when some nodes are connected to GNSS, whereas others rely solely on ranging. In response, a hybrid covariance method with independent relative and absolute covariance matrices is proposed, which can improve the overall navigation precision of the swarm.

Findings

Simulation results show that the approach achieves rapid convergence of relative positioning errors to less than 0.5 m for internode distances over 100 m. When one, two and three anchor nodes are accessed, the positioning accuracy of the proposed method is improved by 31.59 %, 64.53 % and 64.48 %, respectively, compared with the existing methods.

Originality/value

The proposed method can stabilize configurations and improve overall positioning accuracy, providing support for addressing distributed navigation issues in intermittent GNSS signals.