bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gregory Jeremy
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the two ‘E-word’ coordinates of the volume—‘Establishment’ and ‘Empire’—which were arguably the most significant factors affecting the Anglican Church between 1662 and 1829 and asks what the consequences were for the Church of its establishment status and how it was affected by being the established Church of an emerging global power. The chapter surveys the historiography and argues that the Church was far more vital to the period than is often maintained. The chapter also explores the relationship between Anglicanism and two other ‘E-words’—‘Enlightenment’ and ‘Evangelicalism’—which have often been seen as critical reactions against the Church. While the themes of ‘Establishment’, ‘Empire’, ‘Enlightenment’, and ‘Evangelicalism’ had separate, and sometimes competing, trajectories, as this volume indicates, Anglicanism during the long eighteenth century could also hold them together in distinctive ways.
The Church of England, 1662–1714
Authors: Tapsell Grant
Published: September 2017

Although the Church of England was formally re-established by the Act of Uniformity (1662), the narrow terms of the religious ‘settlement’ dismayed many and prompted a very significant schism in English Protestantism. The Revolution of 1688/9 prompted a further parting of the ways, with many refusing to recognize William and Mary as sovereigns and thus becoming ‘non-jurors’. Nevertheless, if the later Stuart Church was often buffeted by external threats, and locked in internecine polemical warfare, it was also boosted by phases of renewal that found expression in both physical fabric and devotional activity. In this chapter two approaches to the later Stuart Church are adopted in successive sections: a descriptive account of events and issues, and a definitional analysis of what, ultimately, ‘the Church of England’—its character and compass—meant in this period.
The Anglican Churches, 1783–1829
Authors: Smith Mark
Published: September 2017

The period between 1783 and 1829 was one of significant change for the Anglican Churches. It saw the creation of an episcopate for the colonies and the foundation of the first Anglican province beyond the jurisdiction of the crown, in the newly independent United States. In the United Kingdom, constitutional changes eroded the Anglican monopoly in Parliament. The Church continued to grapple with a mix of problems which hampered its parochial ministry, and new challenges from Evangelicalism within and increasingly numerous Nonconformists without. Anglicans in Parliament sought to legislate to control abuses and to finance expansion of the Church’s ministry. Beyond the sphere of parliamentary activity, Anglicans (especially but not exclusively Evangelicals) proved particularly willing to experiment with new forms such as lay-led voluntary societies as a means of reinvigorating the Church. The Anglican Churches emerged from these changes as much more diverse institutions than in the previous century.
Wales
Authors: Yates Paula
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that the chief features which distinguished Welsh Anglicanism from English in this period were its poverty, its remote position, and its almost entirely rural nature, at least until the rapid expansion of population associated with the Industrial Revolution. It argues that Anglican clergy in Wales in this period were generally Welsh and Welsh-speaking, and that they enjoyed good relations with their Dissenting neighbours until the last decades of the eighteenth century. It compares and contrasts the effects of the two eighteenth-century Evangelical revivals and describes the attempts to educate the poor, especially through circulating schools. Finally, it discusses the leading role played by Anglicans in the romantic revival of Wales’s Celtic culture and traces the hardening of relations with Dissenters, especially in the somewhat wealthier north, from about the 1790s.
Scotland
Authors: Raffe Alasdair
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the transformations in the status and character of Scottish Episcopalianism from 1662 to 1829. Despite being re-established in the Church of Scotland in 1661–2, episcopacy was abolished in 1689. Thereafter Episcopalians were a Nonconformist group, and only the minority of congregations whose clergy were loyal to Queen Anne and her Hanoverian successors enjoyed legal protection. But while the intermittent prosecution of the Jacobite clergy contributed to a steep decline in the number of Scottish Episcopalians, disestablishment allowed the clergy to reassess episcopal authority, and to experiment with liturgical reforms. After transferring their allegiance to the Hanoverians in 1788, the Episcopalians drew closer to the Church of England, formally adopting the Thirty-Nine Articles in 1804. By the end of the period, the Episcopalians saw themselves as an independent, non-established Church, one of the branches of international Anglicanism.
The Caribbean and West Indies
Authors: Zacek Natalie A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the development of the Church of England in the West Indian colonies, notably Barbados, Jamaica, and the Leeward Islands of Antigua, Montserrat, Nevis, and St Kitts, in the era of ‘sugar and slavery’ (the mid-seventeenth through to late eighteenth centuries). In many instances, the Church’s mission was undermined by a critical lack of clergy, churches, and funds, and by an apparent lack of interest on the part of the planter elite in either attending or financially supporting religious activities. But it would be inaccurate to consider the Church to have played an insignificant role in these colonial societies; in reality, Anglicanism was a crucial element in the political and social, if not always the spiritual, identity of the islands’ white inhabitants, as it was an integral part of their individual and communal self-image as ‘Englishmen transplanted’.
India
Authors: O’Connor Daniel
Published: September 2017

The East India Company was the exclusive vehicle for bringing Anglicanism to India until the nineteenth century. The company appointed some 500–600 chaplains in this period, ministering initially only to British employees on its voyages and in its factories, though some chaplains and company officials were mission-minded. In the eighteenth century, some Indian and mixed-race employees joined the Church. Militarization of the company at this time considerably increased these numbers, in the form of the children of British soldiers and Indian and mixed-race women. In 1813, the episcopate and an Indian ecclesiastical establishment were introduced, while, chiefly under the influence of the Evangelical movement, missionaries began to be admitted and to evangelize Indian people. In South India, congregations of Lutheran converts were transferred to the Anglican community.
Africa
Authors: Elbourne Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

Anglicanism had a limited institutional presence in Africa in the long eighteenth century, not least because the British were largely confined to slave forts before the acquisition of the Cape Colony and Sierra Leone at the end of the period. The relationship between Anglicanism and certain regions of Africa was shaped from the outset by slavery and the slave trade. This chapter focuses on the coastal regions of West Africa and to a more limited extent southern Africa, and includes discussion of African–British educational networks, the growing British abolitionist movement, and the foundation of Sierra Leone as an abolitionist and putatively Anglican colony beset by contradictions. Where Anglicanism did spread it was done by Africans, foreshadowing later developments, ironically often through networks created by colonialism and the slave trade.
Sermons
Authors: Gibson William
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines Anglican preaching and published sermons in the period which can be seen as the golden age of the pulpit. It was a period in which sermons were published and read in huge quantities and had a powerful impact on public life as well as on individual spiritual lives. Sermons were the mainstay of parish worship and were also at the core of the development of the Evangelical movement in the eighteenth century. As the Sacheverell and Bangorian sermons demonstrated, preaching addressed controversial issues of politics and theology. Sermons also contributed to a sense of nationhood, and were a means by which colonial Anglicanism developed so rapidly in the period. They could be dramatic, and demonstrate the degree to which Anglican life was linked to performance and to wider material culture.
Anglicanism and Music
Authors: Temperley Nicholas
Published: September 2017

The Restoration brought a determination to revive the Elizabethan choral tradition of the cathedrals. There followed a second ‘golden age’ culminating in the work of Henry Purcell. The characteristic forms of anthem, service, responses, and chants were maintained, but the Hanoverian succession led to a decline in choral standards and a relatively undistinguished period of cathedral music. Meanwhile, parish churches relied chiefly on metrical psalms, sung in town churches by schoolchildren with organ accompaniment, and in country parishes by voluntary choirs and bands, often located in the west gallery. Anglican music was a powerful magnet for missions abroad. It also assisted many charities at home, such as the Foundling and Lock Hospitals. The growing number of choral festivals was a crowning expression of Anglican culture. They were also the seedbed for Handel’s oratorios. His many anthems and Te Deums celebrating special events set a new standard for Anglican ceremonial music.
Anglicanism and Art
Authors: Haynes Clare
Published: September 2017

The relationship between art and Anglicanism had many aspects. The chapter begins with a very brief exploration of clerical portraiture, religious satire, Bible illustration, and topographical prints. The rest is dedicated to the visual culture of the church interior. It surveys the use of ornament on fittings, including fonts and pulpits, before exploring the expanding repertoire for painting at the altar. The extent to which paintings of Moses and Aaron, the apostles, and subjects narrating the life of Christ were admitted to Anglican churches during the period may surprise. Over a thousand examples have been identified. Although many of them were lost during nineteenth-century campaigns of ‘restoration’, sufficient were recorded or survive to recover a just sense of the vivid visual culture of eighteenth-century Anglicanism. The chapter also offers some observations about the largely tacit system of visual decorum that operated to guard the Church from the dangers of idolatry.
Theology in the Church of England
Authors: Young B. W.
Published: September 2017

The dismissive characterization of Anglican divinity between 1688 and 1800 as defensive and rationalistic, made by Mark Pattison and Leslie Stephen, has proved more enduring than most other aspects of a Victorian critique of the eighteenth-century Church of England. By directly addressing the analytical narratives offered by Pattison and Stephen, this chapter offers a comprehensive re-evaluation of this neglected period in the history of English theology. The chapter explores the many contributions to patristic study, ecclesiastical history, and doctrinal controversy made by theologians with a once deservedly international reputation: William Cave, Richard Bentley, William Law, William Warburton, Joseph Butler, George Berkeley, and William Paley were vitalizing influences on Anglican theology, all of whom were systematically depreciated by their agnostic Victorian successors. This chapter offers a revisionist account of the many achievements in eighteenth-century Anglican divinity.
A Moral Map of Constitutional Polyphony
Authors: Kyritsis Dimitrios
Published: September 2017

This chapter articulates the conception of separation of powers that underpins the account of constitutional review advanced in this book. Like all constitutional law, separation of powers must be understood as a legitimacy enhancer: political regimes that conform to it make a stronger moral claim to the allegiance of their citizens. Separation of powers achieves this by structuring cooperation among state institutions in accordance with two imperatives—division of labour and checks and balances. The first imperative dictates (a) that government tasks be assigned to those bodies that can carry them out efficiently or in a way that instantiates relevant intrinsic values such as fairness, and (b) that other bodies respect each other’s contribution. The second imperative dictates that mechanisms be put in place for effectively monitoring government power and averting its misuse.
Constitutional Review in Representative Democracy
Authors: Kyritsis Dimitrios
Published: September 2017

The legitimacy of constitutional review of legislation depends on a proper appreciation of the contributions of courts and the legislature in the project of governing. This chapter argues that legislatures rightly have the initiative in this project, because the role of legislators is structured so as to enable them to combine the demands of popular support and moral innovation. This, and not political equality, is the value of democratic representation. Giving legislatures the initiative, however, does not mean giving them the last word. In addition, legislative initiative comes with grave risks, which institutional design must try to avert. By virtue of their independence, courts are well-equipped to check those risks. At the same time, judicial supervision is compatible with the legislature’s valuable contribution. Whether under a system of strong or weak constitutional review, courts can remain subsidiary to the legislature.
Moral and Constitutional Rights
Authors: Kyritsis Dimitrios
Published: September 2017

Some theorists oppose deference not because it is haphazard but because it is incompatible with respect for fundamental rights. They argue that compromising human rights is a price a legitimate state should never have to pay, and constitutional review is there to ensure that this does not happen. Against this line of argument the chapter argues that there is nothing in the logic of constitutional rights that precludes deference. To this effect, it defends a distinction between moral and constitutional rights. Drawing on TM Scanlon’s controversial theory of rights it maintains that constitutional rights are clusters of principles of political morality, not all of which correspond to deontological constraints about what under no conditions we may do to the right holder. Importantly, some of these principles also reflect the importance of sharing fundamental rights protection amongst state institutions. The chapter then connects this understanding of constitutional rights and political legitimacy.
Dynamic Separation of Powers
Authors: Kyritsis Dimitrios
Published: September 2017

This book argues that constitutional review is an aspect of the separation of powers. In determining its scope, though, we do not only look to history. We look ahead as well, to the challenges our political order faces now and in the future. These challenges sometimes expose the deficiencies in the extant separation of powers and the need to update it so that it can sustain its legitimacy. Updating the constitution is a matter of a higher-order separation of powers and thus also governed by political morality. Political morality assigns constitutional authorship more liberally than we tend to think. Sometimes, it assigns constitutional authorship to actors and procedures beyond those specified in the amendment provisions of the original constitution, including courts themselves.
Brentano's Mind
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: September 2017

Brentano is one of the ‘grandfathers’ of philosophy of mind. His work influenced analytic philosophers like Russell and Chisholm as well as phenomenologists like Husserl and Sartre and continues to shape debates in the philosophy of mind. Brentano made intentionality a central topic in the philosophy of mind by proposing that ‘directedness’ is the mark of the mental. The book’s first part investigates Brentano’s intentionalism and attempts to improve or develop it. I argue that there is no plausible version of this doctrine and reject it in favour of a mark of the mental proposed by Brentano’s student Husserl: mental phenomena have no appearances. The book’s second part develops and defends Brentano’s metaphysics of awareness. Awareness of a mental activity and this mental activity are not distinct mental acts, the first representing the second. They are one and the same activity directed on several objects. Brentano’s basic insight is that intentionality is plural: directedness is always directedness on some objects. I will assess Brentano’s arguments for this view and argue that the plural conception of intentionality solves thorny problems about perceptual consciousness (II.1). I will go on to articulate Brentano’s distinction between awareness and observation in the proposed framework (II.2). In the next part (II.3) I use enjoying an activity as a model for awareness of it and explore the intentionality and nature of pleasure. The book’s final part (II.4) extends the plural view to the conscious mental life of a thinker at a time (the unity of synchronic consciousness): it is one mental act with many objects.
Introduction
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: September 2017

The introduction outlines and motivates the main questions of the book. I will engage with two philosophical questions—‘What is the nature of mind?’ and ‘What is the structure of consciousness’—through Brentano’s work. My interest is not so much to find a plausible reading of Brentano’s often dense and difficult texts, but to evaluate the arguments and views that can be distilled from them for truth. I will argue that Brentano’s answer to the first question is in interesting ways wrong. Intentionality is not the mark of the mental. I will argue that Brentano’s student Husserl succeeded where Brentano failed: he developed a mark of the mental. Brentano’s answer to the second question is defensible and illuminating. The relation between a mental act and awareness of the mental act is identity. There is one metaphysically simple event or process that can be brought under different partial concepts because it is directed on several objects, among them itself.
A Brief Conclusion
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: September 2017

I would like the reader to take away from this book the following morals.

First, Brentano was wrong to say that intentionality is the most distinctive mark of mental phenomena (see PES, 75 [I, 137]). Our conception of mental phenomena in not unified by the thesis that all and only mental acts have an object. It cannot be so unified because the notion of direction or of-ness itself is neither unified nor generally applicable to mental phenomena. Even if intentionality is a first-person concept that one can only come to grasp if one can instantiate and introspectively access mental acts, propositional and interrogative attitudes pose insuperable problems for Brentano’s Thesis....
Decolonizing Moves
Authors: Bhatia Sunil
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses how globalization through the mechanism of neoliberalization shapes spaces, places, and identities. It is argued that a “decolonial perspective” on Euro-American psychology provides specific conceptual frameworks to excavate its cultural origins; allows the colonial and postcolonial structure of the discipline to be analyzed through the lens of history, identity, power, and culture; and highlights the ways in which the Euro-American version of psychology is exported, reiterated, and reproduced in the era of neoliberal and global capitalism. The chapter contextualizes and clarifies the larger aims of the book by embedding them within the interrelated theoretical frameworks of culture, narrative, and identity. It explains in detail how globalization as a discourse creates asymmetrical and hybrid narratives among urban Indian youth culture.
Outsourcing the Self
Authors: Bhatia Sunil
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyzes how call center workers, who are mostly middle- and working-class youth, create narratives that are described as expressing modern forms of “individualized Indianness.” The chapter demonstrates how call center workers produce narratives of individualized Indianness by engaging in practices of mimicry, accent training, and consumption; by going to public spaces such as bars and pubs; and by having romantic relationships that are largely hidden from their families. The narratives examined in this chapter are created out of an asymmetrical context of power as young Indians work as “subjects” of a global economy who primarily serve “First World” customers. The interviews with Indian youth reflect how tradition and modernity, mimicry and authenticity, collude with each other to dialogically create new middle-class subjectivities.
Identities Left Behind
Authors: Bhatia Sunil
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, stories of young men and women who live in basti (slum settlements) near one of the most affluent neighborhoods in Pune, India, are analyzed. It is argued that the basti youth’s “capacity to aspire” is not just an individual trait or a psychological ability. Rather, their aspirations are shaped by their caste identities, structural conditions of poverty, their narrative capacity, their schooling in vernacular language, and the prestige accorded to speakers of English language in urban India. The stories of the basti youth are characterized as dispossessed because they are shaped by and connected to the possessions of the dominant class who live nearby and the unequal structural conditions of their basti. These stories reveal that globalization, by and large, has exacerbated the structural inequality in the slum settlements in Pune. Structural inequality refers to a system that creates and perpetuates an unequal distribution of material and psychological privileges .
Toward a Transnational Cultural Psychology
Authors: Bhatia Sunil
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, a decolonizing perspective is used to show how urban Indian youth identities across the different classes unsettle long-held beliefs about Eurocentric understandings of youth culture, identity, and subjectivities. It also shows how narrative psychology can be useful in providing a counterpoint to the depoliticized, individualistic, and universal views of culture. A vision of psychology is articulated that locates the psychological understanding of identity, cultural difference, power, and practices in neoliberal transnational contexts and reimagines the discipline of psychology in which concepts of narrative and indigenous psychology, social justice, and equity are central. It is argued that psychology has not developed a meaningful theoretical vocabulary or a willingness to explore questions of social justice that are wrapped around qualitative methods and community-based practices because these are usually conducted in faraway places with marginalized populations that have no history or recognition in American psychology or in the United States.
The Puzzle and the Project
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter outlines the motivation for undertaking the research presented here, and offers an account of the contexts for the peacebuilding-related activities in which the United Nations is involved: Burundi; Central African Republic; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Liberia; and Sierra Leone. The research design is explained, with an overview provided of both the theoretical framework supporting the research and the methodological approach taken. The methodology is a form of discourse analysis engaging both documentary and transcribed interview texts, and this chapter explains how the author uses the concepts of gender and space to structure the analysis in the rest of the book. The chapter also presents an analysis of the literature on peacebuilding to which the author seeks to make a contribution with this research.
The Concept and Practice of Peacebuilding at the UN and Beyond
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter outlines what the author thinks the United Nations thinks it thinks about peacebuilding, investigating the different ways in which peacebuilding is represented as both concept and practice in the corpus of data. The author argues that UN peacebuilding discourse functions to (re)produce a narrow construction of peacebuilding as statebuilding, which is bound by constrictive logics of both gender and space that ascribe to the (notionally sovereign) state a degree of power, authority, and legitimacy, but ultimately leave undisturbed the hierarchies operative in the international system that afford legitimacy to the “international,” as a spatial and conceptual domain.
Gender in UN Peacebuilding Discourse
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the representation of gender in UN peacebuilding discourse, developing the argument that the discourse says “gender” but means “women,” meaning that the concept of gender becomes associated with women in not entirely positive and productive ways. The function of these discursive practices is precisely to circumscribe the agency of women and to position the subject of “women” as subordinate to “men” in a hierarchy of gendered power. This construction in turns leads to diminish resource flows to programs and services that cater to women, the exclusion of women from formal and informal political spaces, and the perpetuation of economic, cultural, and political discrimination and violence against women. In these ways, the United Nations is creating not so much “conditions of possibility,” per Foucault, but “conditions of impossibility” structuring gender-responsive peacebuilding at the UN.
Why UN Peacebuilding Discourse Matters
Authors: Shepherd Laura J.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 reflects on the dominant configurations of civil society, women, gender, and peacebuilding in UN peacebuilding discourse and why the author thinks these arguments are significant. It is notable that the foundational resolution that brought forth the UN PBC specifically identifies “women’s organizations”—and only women’s organizations—as a part of “civil society” with which the Commission is encouraged to consult, as noted earlier. This articulation, as discussed earlier, not only feminizes civil society organizations but also reproduces the association between women and civil society. Further, the discursive construction of civil society as a feminized subject in peacebuilding discourse relies on assumptions about women’s capacity to engage meaningfully in peacebuilding-related activities by virtue of their femininity and the concomitant assumption of pacifism and peacebuilding potential. Both of these constructions are problematic in the ways in which they make sense of women’s lived experiences in conflict and post-conflict situations.
Updates on the diagnostic tools for evaluation of pelvic floor disorders
Authors: Aguilar Vivian C. , White Amanda B. , Rogers Rebecca G.
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

Pelvic floor disorders are common and cause significant morbidity for women. Recent advances in the evaluation of women with pelvic floor dysfunction have improved diagnostic accuracy and, with the development and use of validated patient-reported outcomes, has improved measurement of outcomes important to patients. We describe recent advances in the evaluation and measurement of pelvic floor disorders (PFDs).

Recent findings

We describe recent developments in pelvic floor assessment of women with pelvic floor dysfunction.

Complex integration of multiple anatomic structures and their function are necessary for pelvic floor function. Although the pillars of a complete assessment are a thorough history and physical exam, diagnostic tools can aid in fleshing out the correct and complete analysis of the patient suffering from PFDs.
Difficult implant removals
Authors: Voedisch Amy , Hugin Michele
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

Subdermal contraceptive implant insertions have rapidly increased worldwide. These devices are usually removed 3–5 years after insertion. Although removals are generally straightforward, difficult removals can occur. This review discusses the overall approach to potentially problematic removals and the appropriate steps to avoid complications and safely remove implants.

Recent findings

Given the rapid uptake of contraceptive implants and subsequent need for removals, an Implants Removal Task Force was formed to create standard protocols for difficult implant removals worldwide. These protocols detail how to identify a nonpalpable implant and the subsequent steps needed for safe removals that avoid vascular or neurological complications.

Rapid uptake of subdermal implants has created a need for a comprehensive approach in the unlikely setting of a difficult implant removal. Standard protocols now exist to aid clinicians in the safe removal of these implants.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS ASSOCIATED WITH OCCLUSIVE VASCULOPATHY IN AN ELDERLY, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS–NEGATIVE MAN
Authors: Moussa Kareem , Doan Thuy , Stewart Jay M. , Shantha Jessica , Gonzales John , Acharya Nisha , Cunningham Emmett T.
Published: September 2017

Purpose:

To present a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis associated with occlusive vasculopathy presenting as sudden unilateral loss of vision in a human immunodeficiency virus–negative elderly man.

Methods:

Clinical case report and literature review.

Results:

An 84-year-old Chinese man with diabetes mellitus and primary open-angle glaucoma was seen in consultation by our uveitis service for evaluation of sudden vision loss in the right eye. Examination revealed an occlusive retinal vasculopathy. An extensive diagnostic workup was performed, including fluorescein angiography, serologic testing for infectious etiologies including syphilis and tuberculosis and a temporal artery biopsy. The patient was treated with high-dose oral prednisone, after which the biopsy returned negative for giant-cell arteritis. Three weeks after initial presentation, the patient was noted to have a new area of retinitis in the temporal periphery. An anterior chamber paracentesis was performed, and the fluid was sent for directed polymerase chain reaction testing, which returned positive for CMV. Human immunodeficiency virus testing was negative. He was treated with oral valganciclovir and intravitreal foscarnet injections and the infection subsequently resolved.

Conclusion:

Cytomegalovirus infection can be associated with occlusive vasculopathy in human immunodeficiency virus–negative individuals. The diagnosis of CMV retinitis should be considered in patients with human immunodeficiency virus–negative who have other conditions that may compromise immune function, particularly advanced age, diabetes mellitus, malignancy, or use of immunosuppressive agents.
Pneumococcal Vaccination and Pneumonia Associated With Pleural Effusion in a Pediatric Population
Authors: Bernaola Enrique , Gil Francisco , Herranz Mercedes , Gil-Setas Alberto , Guevara Marcela , Castilla Jesus
Published: September 2017

Objective:

The aim was to assess the effect of the nonsystematic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on incidence of pneumonia associated with parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE) in vaccinated and unvaccinated children.

Methods:

Cases were patients <15 years of age who had been diagnosed with pneumonia associated with PPE in a tertiary hospital in Navarra (Spain) between 1995 and 2014. The population <15 years of age and covered by the public health service was used as reference. The vaccination status of the cases and population was obtained from computerized medical records. Logistic regression analyses included vaccination status, age group and time periods: prevaccine (1995–2001) and vaccination with PCV7 (2002–2010) and PCV13 (2011–2014).

Results:

A total of 321 cases of PPE were included. The risk of PPE increased between the prevaccine and PCV7 period (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.37–4.71), while vaccination with PCV7 was found to be an independent risk factor (OR, 1.44; 95% CI: 1.09–1.89) in the same analysis. In the PCV13 period, the risk of PPE returned to the prevaccination incidence level among children vaccinated with PCV13 (OR, 1.07; 95% CI: 0.56–2.04), while unvaccinated children (OR, 1.69; 95% CI: 0.96–2.98) and overall those vaccinated with PCV7 (OR, 3.64; 95% CI: 2.15–6.17) maintained an increased risk of PPE.

Conclusion:

The nonsystematic introduction of PCV7 was followed by an increased incidence of PPE. The subsequent introduction of PCV13 was associated with a return to the incidence level in the prevaccine period, mainly in children vaccinated with PCV13.
Pain Free 3 T MRI Scans in Cochlear Implantees
Authors: Todt Ingo , Tittel Anja , Ernst Arne , Mittmann Philipp , Mutze Sven
Published: September 2017

Objective:

For cochlear implant recipients, undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is associated with safety risks and potential side effects. Even following safety guidelines, potential complications (e.g., pain, magnet dislocation, image artifacts) are possible during 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI scans. The stronger static magnetic field of a 3.0 T scanner is associated with further risks of complication, including implant demagnetization. These complications led to the recent development of rotatable internal receiver magnets with a diametrical magnetization.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential occurrence of pain during 3.0 T MRI scans for cochlear implant recipients with a rotatable, diametrically magnetized implant magnet.

Patients:

Five patients implanted with a cochlear implant diametrically magnetized magnet.

Intervention:

MRI scanning at 3 T.

Main Outcome Measure:

In the prospective patient study an MRI scan was performed on five implantees and the degree of pain was evaluated by a visual analog scale. Scans were performed initially with a magnet-supporting headband, and depending on the degree of discomfort/pain, repeated without the headband.

Results:

In all the patients, all the MRI scans were performed without any pain, even without the use of the supportive headband. Demagnetization was clinically not observed.

Conclusion:

3.0 T MRI scanning can be performed on cochlear implant recipients with a rotatable diametrically magnetized internal magnet without risk of the most frequent cochlear-implant-related MRI complication: pain. This finding enables the expansion of MRI scanning indications up to 3.0 T without complication. Limitations in terms of MRI artifact still persist.
In-vitro comparison of tigecycline as an alternative to the classical therapy in brucellosis treatment
Authors: Akgun Sadik , Tarhan Gulnur , Sayiner Hakan S.
Published: September 2017

Brucellosis is an important zoonosis because of its difficult and prolonged treatment regimen; at the same time, it sometimes involves serious complications. The aim of the study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tigecycline using the E-test method on brucellosis, and the distribution of Brucella species. Forty-four patients (24 men, 20 women) who were admitted to our laboratory between 2014 and 2016 and for whom Brucella bacteria were found to be grown in their blood cultures were included in the study. Blood samples from patients were incubated on BD Bactec Fx. Positive signaling samples were plated on sheep blood agar and eosin methylene blue agar media. The bacteria were then allowed to grow for 48 h in an incubator at 37 °C. Gram-negative cocobacillus as a result of Gram staining was identified with the Vitek 2 Compact instrument and the gram negative identification kit. Antibiotic susceptibility tests against ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tigecycline were also evaluated. Twenty four (54.5%) of 44 patients were men, 20 (45.5%) were women and the mean age was 42.5. The youngest patient was 14 and the oldest patient was 86 years old. All of the isolated bacteria (100%) were detected as Brucella melitensis with the fully automated culture antibiogram device (Vitek 2 Compact, Biomerieux). In the evaluation realized by E-test method, the minimum and maximum minimum inhibitory concentration values for each antibiotic taken for study were obtained as follows: for ciprofloxacin, 0.125–0.50 μg/ml; for clarithromycin, 0.32–1 μg/ml; for doxycycline, 0.032–0.64 μg/ml; for rifampicin, 0.016–0.32 μg/ml; for streptomycin, 0.10–0.25 μg/ml; and for tigecycline, 0.125–0.38 μg/ml. B. melitensis was detected as the causative factor in the majority of cases of brucellosis in the world. Furthermore, according to the E-test method, lower minimum inhibitory concentration values for doxycycline, rifampicin, streptomycin, and tigecycline indicate that they are important antimicrobials in the treatment.
An Illustration of the Potential Health and Economic Benefits of Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Gonorrhea
Authors: Chesson Harrell W. , Kirkcaldy Robert D. , Gift Thomas L. , Owusu-Edusei Kwame , Weinstock Hillard S.
Published: September 2017

Preventing the emergence of ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae can potentially avert hundreds of millions of dollars in direct medical costs of gonorrhea and gonorrhea-attributable HIV infections. In the illustrative scenario we examined, emerging ceftriaxone resistance could lead to 1.2 million additional N. gonorrhoeae infections within 10 years, costing $378.2 million.
Feasibility and Safety of Controlled Active Hypothermia Treatment During Transport in Neonates With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Szakmar Eniko , Kovacs Kata , Meder Unoke , Nagy Agnes , Szell Andras , Bundzsity Bojan , Somogyvari Zsolt , Szabo Attila J. , Szabo Miklos , Jermendy Agnes
Published: September 2017

Objectives:

To evaluate the feasibility and safety of controlled active hypothermia versus standard intensive care during neonatal transport in patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Design:

Cohort study with a historic control group.

Setting:

All infants were transported by Neonatal Emergency & Transport Services to a Level-III neonatal ICU.

Patients:

Two hundred fourteen term newborns with moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. An actively cooled group of 136 newborns were compared with a control group of 78 newborns.

Interventions:

Controlled active hypothermia during neonatal transport.

Measurements and Main Results:

Key measured variables were timing of hypothermia initiation, temperature profiles, and vital signs during neonatal transport. Hypothermia was initiated a median 2.58 hours earlier in the actively cooled group compared with the control group (median 1.42 [interquartile range, 0.83–2.07] vs 4.0 [interquartile range, 2.08–5.79] hours after birth, respectively; p < 0.0001), and target temperature was also achieved a median 1.83 hours earlier (median 2.42 [1.58–3.63] vs 4.25 [2.42–6.08] hours after birth, respectively; p < 0.0001). Blood gas values and vital signs were comparable between the two groups with the exception of heart rate, which was significantly lower in the actively cooled group. The number of infants in the target temperature range (33–34°C) on arrival was 79/136 (58.1%) and the rate of overcooling was 16/136 (11.8%) in the actively cooled group. In the overcooled infants, Apgar scores, pH, base deficit, and eventual death rate (7/16; 43.8%) indicated more severe asphyxia suggesting poor temperature control in this subgroup of patients. Adverse events leading to pulmonary or circulatory failure were not observed in either groups during the transport period.

Conclusions:

Therapeutic hypothermia during transport is feasible and safe, allowing for significantly earlier initiation and achievement of target temperature, possibly providing further benefit for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
The evolving landscape of new diagnostic tests for invasive aspergillosis in hematology patients: strengths and weaknesses
Authors: Buchheidt Dieter , Reinwald Mark , Hoenigl Martin , Hofmann Wolf-Karsten , Spiess Birgit , Boch Tobias
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review

The diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic patients is a complex composite of clinical preconditions and features, imaging findings, biomarker combinations from appropriate clinical samples and microbiological and/or histological findings.

Recent findings

Recent developments in the evolving landscape of diagnostic tests for invasive aspergillosis in adult hematology patients are highlighted.

Novel approaches and tools are currently under development. Focusing optimized diagnostic performance, in particular the combination of biomarkers from appropriate clinical samples, improved diagnostic performance distinctly.
Giant Peripheral Temporomandibular Osteoma With Immediate Reconstruction of Mandible
Authors: Heitz Cláiton , Conci Ricardo Augusto , Tomazi Flávio Henrique Silveira , Louzada Guilherme Pivatto , Guarenti Michel Martins , Fritscher Guilherme Genehr
Published: September 2017

Osteoma is a benign osteogenic tumor, which is characterized the slow-growing proliferation of compact or cancellous bone. The etiology of the lesion is not well established. Among the hypotheses, the following are related: a traumatic factor, infectious processes, or true neoplasm due to the origin of cartilaginous cells. It can present at any age, usually in young adult individuals, with equal prevalence in both sexes. The clinical characteristics of the peripheral osteoma are represented by slow asymptomatic growth, which leads to swelling and, thus, facial asymmetry. When it is related to the mandibular condyle, this growth can cause functional impairment, such as malocclusion, temporomandibular joint dysfunction, and even limited mouth-opening owing to ankylosis.
Bilateral Subperiosteal Hematoma and Orbital Compression Syndrome in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Sundu Cem , Dinç Erdem , Sari Ayça , Ünal Selma , Dursun Özer
Published: September 2017

A 14-year-old boy with sickle cell disease presented with preseptal cellulitis findings as proptosis, eyelid edema, and hyperemia. His best corrected visual acuity in the right eye was 20/20 and 16/20 in the left eye. He had limited ductions in vertical and lateral gazes in both eyes. Bilateral venous tortuosity was observed in posterior segment examination. Orbital bone infarction and subperiosteal hematoma were seen in magnetic resonance imaging. He was diagnosed as having orbital compression syndrome secondary to vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease and was treated with intravenous ampicilin-sulbactam and methylprednisolone.
The Relationship of the Temporal Branch of the Facial Nerve to the Fascial Planes of Temporal Region in Human Fetuses
Authors: Elvan Özlem , Kara Alev Bobuş , Tezer Mesut Sabri , Aktekin Mustafa
Published: September 2017

The aim of this study was to obtain information by assessing the relationship between temporal region fascial structures, fat pads, and temporal branches of facial nerve in human fetuses to use the knowledge on treatment of early childhood period surgeries. This anatomic dissection study was conducted on 40 hemifaces with no visible external abnormalities on their faces. Fascial layers and related fat pads of temporal region were dissected layer by layer beginning from superficial to deep. The relations of temporal branches of facial nerve and temporoparietal fascia and the structures of these fascial layers were evaluated. Temporoparietal fascia showed continuity below zygomatic arc with superficial musculoaponeurotic system. Temporal branches of facial nerve showed a multiple branching. Parotid-masseteric fascia became very thin on the superficial of zygomatic arch and ran with superficial layer of temporal fascia above without attaching to periosteum. Temporal branches of facial nerve entered between multilayered layers of temporoparietal fascia. Temporoparietal fascia became thicker on anterior and middle parts because of the localization of superficial temporal fat pad. Temporal fascia was a 2-layered thick and fibrous tissue enveloping intermediate fat pad. Deep layer connected to periosteum of zygomatic arch and superficial layer continued passing superficial of zygomatic arch and connected to the parotid-masseteric fascia. Deep temporal fat pad was found on the deep to deep layer of temporal fascia and surface of temporal muscle. The findings of this study may contribute to the knowledge of the topographical localization of temporal branches of facial nerve with temporal region fascial structures and fat pads in fetuses.
Pediatric Glial Heterotopia in the Medial Canthus
Authors: Kim Soung Min , Amponsah Emmanuel Kofi , Eo Mi Young , Cho Yun Ju , Lee Suk Keun
Published: September 2017

Glial heterotopias are rare, benign, congenital, midline, and nonteratomatous extracranial glial tissue. They may be confused as encephalocele or dermoid cysts and are mostly present in the nose.

An 8-month-old African female child presented with a slow growing paranasal mass. The mass had been present at the left upper medial canthus since birth and had slowly and progressively enlarged. There was no communication between the mass and the cranial cavity during the operational procedure. The mass was immunohistochemically positive for S-100 protein as well as for glial fibrillary acidic protein, but negative for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. This suggested that the mass was composed of benign glial tissues with many astrocytes.

The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the first patient with pediatric glial heterotopic tissue in the medial canthus and to report the clinical importance of its immunohistochemical findings.
Temporal Scalp Thickness, Body Mass Index, and Suprafascial Placement of Receiver Coil of the Cochlear Implant
Authors: Ozturan Orhan , Yenigun Alper , Senturk Erol , Calim Omer Faruk , Aksoy Fadlullah , Eren Sabri Baki
Published: September 2017

Objective:

The objectives of this study are to demonstrate the relationship between the thickness of the temporal scalp and body mass index (BMI), age, and sex, and to present the surgical technique which we perform in patients with a thick scalp.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study. This study was performed in a tertiary referral center. Cranial computed tomography images of 469 subjects were included in the study. These subjects were evaluated according to BMI, age, and sex. These individuals were divided into 6 groups based on the BMI levels. Differences between the groups were compared in terms of temporal scalp thickness. In 5 patients with a mean scalp thickness of 9.7 mm, the receiver coil was placed over the temporal muscle fascia through a transmuscular incision without surgical thinning of the skin flap.

Results:

Average scalp thickness was measured as significantly higher in males than in females, with advancing age, and increasing levels of BMI. In 5 adult patients with a scalp thickness measured as ≥7 mm who underwent cochlear implantation, suprafacial placement of the receiver coil achieved successful surgical and audiological results.

Conclusion:

Thinning of the skin flap is recommended in patients with a scalp thickness ≥ 7 mm to provide effective transmission, minimalized power requirement, and magnet retention. Suprafascial placement of the receiver coil can be recommended in patients with a thick scalp without any excisional thinning impairing integrity and vascularity of the skin.