bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locoregional relapse after gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Chang J S , Kim K H , Yoon H I , Hyung W J , Rha S Y , Kim H S , Lee Y C , Lim J S , Noh S H , Koom W S
Published: February 2017

Background

Risk for and site of locoregional relapse have not been well studied in patients undergoing gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer.

Methods

Patients who had undergone gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer between 2004 and 2007 were identified from an institutional database. The locoregional relapse rate was estimated by competing risk analysis, and risk groups were derived according to locoregional relapse risk using recursive partitioning analysis (RPA). The locations of nodal relapses were evaluated according to Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma criteria.

Results

Some 2618 patients were included. With a median follow-up of 78·0 (range 28·5–122·6) months, relapse was diagnosed in 471 of 2618 patients (18·0 per cent). The cumulative incidence of locoregional relapse at 5 years was 8·5 (95 per cent c.i. 7·4 to 9·6) per cent. The 5-year locoregional recurrence rates for high-risk (N3), intermediate-risk (N1–2) and low-risk (N0) groups were 32·4, 12·3 and 1·7 per cent respectively (P < 0·001). Among patients with regional relapse, 90·4 per cent had involvement outside the D2 dissected area, and the most commonly involved site was station 16b1. This pattern was maintained in the RPA risk groups (P = 0·329).

Conclusion

Locoregional relapse at 5 years after gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was 8·5 per cent, and was most often seen outside the D2 dissected area.
Tandem Diels–Alder Reaction of Dimethylfuran and Ethylene and Dehydration to para‐Xylene Catalyzed by Zeotypic Lewis Acids
Authors: Patet Ryan E. , Fan Wei , Vlachos Dionisios G. , Caratzoulas Stavros
Published: February 2017

The zeotypic Lewis acids Sn‐BEA, Zr‐BEA, and Ti‐BEA have recently been reported to catalyze the synthesis of p‐xylene by dehydrative aromatization of the Diels–Alder product between 2,5‐dimethylfuran and ethylene. Although it has been shown that these Lewis acids can catalyze the dehydration of the Diels–Alder cycloadduct, the tandem scheme precludes decoupling of the two steps needed to infer whether these same catalysts can catalyze the Diels–Alder step. We have employed electronic structure calculations and microkinetic modelling to investigate the Diels–Alder aromatization of 2,5‐dimethylfuran and ethylene to p‐xylene over the Lewis‐acidic zeotypes Sn‐, Zr‐, and Ti‐BEA. We show that there is only minor catalysis of the Diels–Alder reaction, solely attributable to confinement phenomena varying with the translational freedom allowed to the species inside the zeolite. Microkinetic modelling and sensitivity analysis of the computed rates show that the heterogeneous Diels–Alder pathway does not contribute to the overall rate, and that the homogeneous cycloaddition is rate‐limiting at high acid site concentrations. Only the partially hydrolyzed (“open”) Lewis acid sites are found to be catalytically active, with moderately Brønsted‐acidic silanol groups formed, which catalyze 2,5‐dimethylfuran hydrolysis. Of the Lewis acids tested in this work, Zr‐BEA and Sn‐BEA have similar activities, in agreement with experiment, whereas Ti‐BEA is found to be inactive, suggesting that the recently reported Ti‐BEA activity was likely a result of Brønsted‐acidic defect sites.
Electrochemical Performance and Storage Mechanism of Ag2Mo2O7 Micro‐rods as the Anode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Meina , Gao Yu , Chen Nan , Ge Xin , Chen Hong , Wei Yingjin , Du Fei , Chen Gang , Wang Chunzhong
Published: February 2017

Ag2Mo2O7 micro‐rods are prepared by one‐step hydrothermal method and their lithium electrochemical properties, as the anode for lithium‐ion batteries, are comprehensively studied in terms of galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and rate performance measurements. The electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 825 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and a superior rate capability with a discharge capacity of 263 mAh g−1 under the high current density of 2 Ag−1. The structural transition and phase evolution of Ag2Mo2O7 were investigated by using ex situ XRD and TEM. The Ag2Mo2O7 electrode is likely to be decomposed into amorphous molybdenum, Li2O, and metallic silver based on the conversion reaction. Silver nanoparticles are not involved in the subsequent electrochemical cycles to form a homogeneous conducting network. Such in situ decomposition behavior provides an insight into the mechanism of the electrochemical reaction for the anode materials and would contribute to the design of new electrode materials in future.
Remote Terpyridine Integrated NHC–IrIII Luminophores as Potential Dual‐Emissive Ratiometric O2 Probes
Authors: Gupta Suraj K. , Haridas Anagha , Choudhury Joyanta
Published: February 2017

A new class of bi‐luminophoric dyad has been designed, consisting of an oxygen‐sensitive phosphorescent NHC–IrIII center with a remotely integrated oxygen‐insensitive fluorescent terpyridine unit. The new terpyridine flurophore‐integrated NHC–IrIII molecule was demonstrated as a potential ratiometric O2 probe with built‐in internal reference, exhibiting tunable dual‐emissive features, as well as highly linear and reversible O2‐response behavior.
Sustainable Hypersaline Microbial Fuel Cells: Inexpensive Recyclable Polymer Supports for Carbon Nanotube Conductive Paint Anodes
Authors: Grattieri Matteo , Shivel Nelson D. , Sifat Iram , Bestetti Massimiliano , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: February 2017

Microbial fuel cells are an emerging technology for wastewater treatment, but to be commercially viable and sustainable, the electrode materials must be inexpensive, recyclable, and reliable. In this study, recyclable polymeric supports were explored for the development of anode electrodes to be applied in single‐chamber microbial fuel cells operated in field under hypersaline conditions. The support was covered with a carbon nanotube (CNT) based conductive paint, and biofilms were able to colonize the electrodes. The single‐chamber microbial fuel cells with Pt‐free cathodes delivered a reproducible power output after 15 days of operation to achieve 12±1 mW m−2 at a current density of 69±7 mA m−2. The decrease of the performance in long‐term experiments was mostly related to inorganic precipitates on the cathode electrode and did not affect the performance of the anode, as shown by experiments in which the cathode was replaced and the fuel cell performance was regenerated. The results of these studies show the feasibility of polymeric supports coated with CNT‐based paint for microbial fuel cell applications.
A high‐performance belief propagation decoding algorithm for codes with short cycles
Authors: Karimi‐Lenji Ali , Houshmand Monireh , Zarmehi Fahimeh
Published: February 2017

The simplicity of decoding is one of the most important characteristics of the low density parity check (LDPC) codes. Belief propagation (BP) decoding algorithm is a well‐known decoding algorithm for LDPC codes. Most LDPC codes with long lengths have short cycles in their Tanner graphs, which reduce the performance of the BP algorithm. In this paper, we present 2 methods to improve the BP decoding algorithm for LDPC codes. In these methods, the calculation of the variable nodes is controlled by using “multiplicative correction factor” and “additive correction factor.” These factors are obtained for 2 separate channels, namely additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and binary symmetric channel (BSC), as 2 functions of code and channel parameters. Moreover, we use the BP‐based method in the calculation of the check nodes, which reduces the required resources. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm has better performance and lower decoding error as compared to BP and similar methods like normalized‐BP and offset‐BP algorithms.
Riparian plant species preferences indicate diversification of site conditions after river restoration
Authors: Modrak Patrick , Brunzel Stefan , Lorenz Armin W.
Published: February 2017

Numerous river restoration projects have been undertaken to improve the hydromorphology of rivers and their floodplains. Subsequent ecological monitoring is usually restricted to instream quality assessment, but riparian areas and floodplains are rarely assessed. A good indicator for riparian assessment could be vegetation as its diversity is dependent on functioning hydromorphological processes. We used a comparative survey to test the effect of newly created river morphological features on riparian plant composition at restored reaches relative to nonrestored reaches. We investigated 43 larger river restoration projects in Western Germany, realized between 1987 and 2008. The vegetation surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2013. We hypothesized that (a) morphological river restoration leads to the diversification of riparian vegetation, higher reach‐scale habitat heterogeneity, and optimized habitats. These changes will (b) be reflected by ecological preferences indicating hydromorphological functioning. We detected significantly higher species diversity in restored reaches. New habitats and hydrological interactions in the active channel and with the floodplains were fundamental, with the latter indicated by species preferences. In restored reaches, we observed higher percentages of plants indicating regular flooding, significantly higher mean moisture tolerances, and an extended range of moisture preferences. Morphological river restoration can diversify and fundamentally influence riparian vegetation. Ecologically meaningful projects should address the rehabilitation of abiotic processes, focusing on a functioning flooding regime and near‐natural riparian habitats. Riparian vegetation will reflect the improvements and consequently could be used as an indicator for restoration efforts. Thus, riparian vegetation assessment is worthy of consideration through legal obligations.
Disposal of bottom ash from the incineration of hazardous waste in two different mineral matrixes
Authors: Rożek P. , Król M. , Knapik A. , Mozgawa W.
Published: February 2017

In this study four incineration residues (bottom ash), classified as hazardous wastes on the basis of a leaching test, have been investigated. Analysis of the chemical composition proved to have high contents of heavy metals that during storage could potentially be released into the environment. Therefore, the waste has been subjected to solidification/stabilization (i.e., one of the methods of immobilization of heavy metals) in two ways: with Portland cement and alkali‐activated granulated blast furnace slag. It was assumed that bottom ashes will constitute 30% by weight of the dry ingredients. It has been found that although the amount of heavy metals introduced into a matrix along with the mineral waste is significant, the increase in elution of heavy metal ions in the environment is not a consequence. The use of bottom ash from the incineration of hazardous waste may even limit the release of heavy metal ions from cementitious materials. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1074–1082, 2017
Transcortical or intracondylar? Which model is accurate for predicting biomaterial attachment in total joint replacement?
Authors: Bloebaum Roy D. , Abdo Nicole T. , Hofmann Aaron A. , Epperson Richard T. , Olsen Raymond E. , Chalayon Ornusa
Published: February 2017

Despite four decades of research on material and porous coatings intended for cementless fixation in total joint replacement (TJR), aseptic mechanical loosening unrelated to particulate disease remains a concern. One main question asked is how translational are the animal models used to screen material and porous coatings intended for TJR fixation? Another question is how specific are the translational models at targeting the cementless TJR components that have the highest loosening rates? The hypothesis tested was that the bone response would be different between the two bone types—cortical and cancellous—used in translational animal modeling. The osteoblastic jumping distance (OJD), percent ingrowth, and appositional bone response were measured to assess the response between cancellous and cortical bone at two different anatomical locations, within the same limb. With 500 µm inset, titanium porous coated implants and negative control dinosaur (coprolite) implants were investigated. The data demonstrated that cortical bone had 7 times OJD than cancellous bone. The bone ingrowth data demonstrated 16 times higher bone ingrowth than the cancellous bone. Light microscopy showed predominately fibrous tissue attachment (98%) in cancellous bone. Screening of materials intended for TJR require a translational model predictive of the clinical condition. The results demonstrated that the transcortical model rendered false‐positive data. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 578–588, 2018.
Hemorrhagic metalloproteinase, Cc HSM‐III, isolated from Cerastes cerastes venom: Purification and biochemical characterization
Authors: Tachoua Wafa , Boukhalfa‐Abib Hinda , Laraba‐Djebari Fatima
Published: February 2017

Snake venom metalloproteinases are the most abundant toxins in Viperidae venoms. In this study, a new hemorrhagin, Cc HSM‐III (66 kDa), was purified from Cerastes cerastes venom by gel filtration, ion exchange, and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographies. The analysis of Cc HSM‐III by liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometry revealed 32 peptides sharing a homology with P‐III metalloproteinases from Echis ocellatus snake venom. Cc HSM‐III displays hemorrhagic activity with a minimal hemorrhagic dose of 5 μg, which is abolished by ethylene diamine tetracetic acid but not by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The mechanism underlying Cc HSM‐III hemorrhagic activity is probably due to its extensive proteolytic activity against type IV collagen. Cc HSM‐III induces local tissue damage and an inflammatory response by upregulating both matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in skin of mice. Thus, Cc HSM‐III may play a key role in the pathogenesis of C. cerastes envenomation.
Ab initio potential energy surface and vibration‐rotation energy levels of sulfur dioxide
Authors: Koput Jacek
Published: February 2017

An accurate potential energy surface of sulfur dioxide, SO2, in its ground electronic state
has been determined from ab initio calculations using the coupled‐cluster approach in conjunction with the correlation‐consistent basis sets up to septuple‐zeta quality. The results obtained with the conventional and explicitly correlated coupled‐cluster methods are compared. The role of the core–electron correlation, higher‐order valence–electron correlation, scalar relativistic, and adiabatic effects in determining the structure and dynamics of the SO2 molecule is discussed. The vibration‐rotation energy levels of the 32SO2 and 34SO2 isotopologues were predicted using a variational approach. It was shown that the inclusion of the aforementioned effects was mandatory to attain the “spectroscopic” accuracy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis and Investigation of Electronic Transport Coulomb Blockade in Al68 Based on DFT
Authors: Zhai Xiao‐Yu , Pan Liang‐Liang , Li Si‐Qi , Ding Yu‐Feng , Yang He‐Jia , Xiong Qing‐Yun , Yin Zi‐Wen , Duan Cheng‐Hong , Xiong Jin‐Ping , Jiang Xin‐Hua , Meng Qing‐Yun
Published: February 2017

Electronic transport properties in an Al cluster are investigated theoretically in this paper. We propose a possible illustration of Coulomb blockade based on variable electrostatic potential (ESP). Density functional theory (DFT) was used to achieve the global minimum structure and wave function for analyzing the ESP and density of states (DOS) of Al68 in different charged states. Al68 is able to contain multiple electrons. According to the calculation of systematic energy and surface ESP, respectively, the surface of Al68 presents a 0–6.33 eV ESP barrier after electron injection, which is 0 eV at first. The probability density of flow of electrons was calculated under one‐dimensional model with double barriers. Expected results were obtained, containing a nonlinear relationship between J and V and flow density steps. Moreover, an assumption is proposed associated with nonlinear conductance phenomenon of zero‐dimensional nanomaterials. Significantly, Al films with different thicknesses were prepared by the low vacuum physical vapor deposition (LVPVD) method, exhibiting novel fluorescent behaviors. In addition, the I–V curve of a 25‐nm Al film exhibited two steps at 7 and 27 V, respectively, which meant that the step effect was caused by Coulomb blockade, in accordance with the theoretical calculation.
Iron deficiency anemia interfering the diagnosis of compound heterozygosity for Hb constant spring and Hb Paksé: The first case report
Authors: Chiasakul Thita , Uaprasert Noppacharn
Published: February 2017

Background

Diagnosis of thalassemia or hemoglobinopathy concomitant with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is challenging.

Method

We report a case of 43‐year‐old female whose diagnosis of compound heterozygosity for hemoglobin Constant Spring (HbCS) and Hb Paksé became apparent after the treatment of IDA.

Results

Prior to treatment, Hb analysis using isoelectric focusing (IEF) showed HbA 95.6%, HbA2 2.7%, and HbCS 1.7% compatible with heterozygous HbCS. After 4 months of oral iron therapy resulting in an improved Hb level, her HbCS level was substantially increased to 8.7% on IEF suggesting homozygous HbCS. Subsequent DNA analysis using multiplex amplification refractory mutation system analysis revealed compound heterozygosity for HbCS and Hb Paksé.

Conclusion

This case demonstrated that IDA can significantly reduce HbCS/Hb Paksé levels and probably mask the diagnosis of homozygous HbCS, homozygous Hb Paksé or the compound heterozygosity for both hemoglobinopathies by hemoblogin analysis. The test should be repeated after resolution of IDA, or molecular testing should be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Electrocatalysis enhancement of a screen‐printed carbon electrode by modification with trisoctahedral gold nanocrystals for H2O2 and NADH sensing application
Authors: Liu Yu‐Cheng , Su Yu‐Ming , Chen Kuan‐Jung , Huang Wei‐Chen , Kuo Yu‐Lin , Lin Shawn D
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Noblemetal nanocrystals with high index facets have received much attention because of their enhanced catalytic performance. This paper describes the trisoctahedral gold nanocrystals (TOH Au NCs) with {441} high‐index facets for the modification of a screen printed carbon electrode.

RESULTS

TOH Au NCs enclosed high index facets provided high sensitivity as well as detecting H2O2 and NADH with a lower detection limit of 0.05 mmol L−1 at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. The values of sensitivity for the disposable electrochemical sensors to H2O2 and NADH were calculated to be 11.1 and 0.74 μA mmol L−1 cm2 at the working potentials of −0.2 and 0.2 V, respectively. In particular, the extremely small loading amount of TOH Au NCs (5.12 × 10−5 g cm−2) shows unusually high sensing performance for the electrochemical reactions of H2O2 and NADH.

CONCLUSIONS

Our discovery of the reaction mechanism in TOH Au NCs provides a new understanding of the interaction in Au‐modified disposable electrochemical sensors, and gives a new way to control the interaction between gold and the support as well as electrocatalytic activities. Thus, TOH Au NCs as electrocatalyst can offer quite promising signal transduction in the disposable electrochemical sensors for biological and environmental application. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphology and nanoindentation properties of mouthparts in Cyrtotrachelus longimanus (Coleoptera: curculionidae)
Authors: Li Longhai , Guo Ce , Xu Shun , Li Xin , Han Cheng
Published: February 2017

Microstructure and nanoindentation properties of the mouthparts for the skillful driller Cyrtotrachelus longimanus are presented. The composition and morphological examinations are made using light, fluorescent, scanning electron microscopy, and Energy Disperse Spectroscopy, respectively. Nanoindentation was carried out to measure the elastic modulus and the hardness of mouthparts. The hardness and modulus for “dry” samples is 0.202 ± 0.065 and 8.604 ± 0.838 GPa, respectively, and the values of “fresh” ones is 0.126 ± 0.0196 and 6.951 ± 0.065 GPa, respectively. These results are critical for analyze the drilling mechanism of the weevil and provide a biological template to inspire the biomimetic design.
Light manipulation in organic light‐emitting devices by integrating micro/nano patterns
Authors: Feng Jing , Liu Yue‐Feng , Bi Yan‐Gang , Sun Hong‐Bo
Published: February 2017

The demonstration of high efficiency and color tunability has brought organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) into the lighting and display market. High efficiency is one of the key issues for their commercial applications, for which much effort has been devoted to developing novel materials and device structures. It is well known that around 80% of the generated photons are trapped in OLED structure, so that there is still the greatest scope for significant improvements in its efficiency. This has driven the research towards the integration of micro/nano patterns into device structures that benefit from their abilities in manipulating the generation and propagation of photons. Micro/nano patterns with random or periodic morphologies have demonstrated their effect on the outcoupling of the trapped photons within the device. Moreover, the emitting properties other than the light extraction could be manipulated by introducing the micro/nano patterns. This article reviews the recent progresses in improving the light extraction and manipulating the emission properties of the OLEDs through the introduction of the micro/nano patterns by various fabrication strategies. The light manipulation of the micro/nano patterns in organic photovoltaics is briefly discussed considering its similar working principle and fabrication strategies to that of the OLEDs.

image
On analyticity of the ‐Stokes semigroup for some non‐Helmholtz domains
Authors: Bolkart Martin , Giga Yoshikazu , Miura Tatsu‐Hiko , Suzuki Takuya , Tsutsui Yohei
Published: February 2017

Consider the Stokes equations in a sector‐like C3 domain . It is shown that the Stokes operator generates an analytic semigroup in for . This includes domains where the ‐Helmholtz decomposition fails to hold. To show our result we interpolate results of the Stokes semigroup in and L2 by constructing a suitable non‐Helmholtz projection to solenoidal spaces.
Confocal laser scanning, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy investigation of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm degradation using passive and active sodium hypochlorite irrigation within a simulated root canal model
Authors: Mohmmed Saifalarab A. , Vianna Morgana E. , Penny Matthew R. , Hilton Stephen T. , Mordan Nicola , Knowles Jonathan C.
Published: February 2017

Root canal irrigation is an important adjunct to control microbial infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 2.5% (wt/vol) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) agitation on the removal, killing, and degradation of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. A total of 45 root canal models were manufactured using 3D printing with each model comprising an 18 mm length simulated root canal of apical size 30 and taper 0.06. E. faecalis biofilms were grown on the apical 3 mm of the models for 10 days. A total of 60 s of 9 ml of 2.5% NaOCl irrigation using syringe and needle was performed, the irrigant was either left stagnant in the canal or agitated using manual (Gutta‐percha), sonic, and ultrasonic methods for 30 s. Following irrigation, the residual biofilms were observed using confocal laser scanning, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. The data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA with Dunnett post hoc tests at a level of significance p ≤ .05. Consequence of root canal irrigation indicate that the reduction in the amount of biofilm achieved with the active irrigation groups (manual, sonic, and ultrasonic) was significantly greater when compared with the passive and untreated groups (p < .05). Collectively, finding indicate that passive irrigation exhibited more residual biofilm on the model surface than irrigant agitated by manual or automated (sonic, ultrasonic) methods. Total biofilm degradation and nonviable cells were associated with the ultrasonic group.
Quota Bonuses as Localized Sales Bonuses
Authors: Bakó Barna , Kálecz‐Simon András
Published: February 2017

In this article, we compare quota bonuses to profit‐based evaluation and sales (quantity) bonuses in a duopoly setting with independent demand shocks. Contrary to the previous findings, we find that under certain circumstances, either quota bonuses or sales bonuses may be optimal compensation plans. This may explain the coexistence of different bonus schemes in situations where the strategic aspect of the incentive problems is relevant. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model‐based denoising in diffusion‐weighted imaging using generalized spherical deconvolution
Authors: Sperl Jonathan I. , Sprenger Tim , Tan Ek T. , Menzel Marion I. , Hardy Christopher J. , Marinelli Luca
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Diffusion MRI often suffers from low signal‐to‐noise ratio, especially for high b‐values. This work proposes a model‐based denoising technique to address this limitation.

Methods

A generalization of the multi‐shell spherical deconvolution model using a Richardson‐Lucy algorithm is applied to noisy data. The reconstructed coefficients are then used in the forward model to compute denoised diffusion‐weighted images (DWIs). The proposed method operates in the diffusion space and thus is complementary to image‐based denoising methods.

Results

We demonstrate improved image quality on the DWIs themselves, maps of neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, and diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI), as well as reduced spurious peaks in deterministic tractography. For DKI in particular, we observe up to 50% error reduction and demonstrate high image quality using just 30 DWIs. This corresponds to greater than fourfold reduction in scan time if compared to the widely used 140‐DWI acquisitions. We also confirm consistent performance in pathological data sets, namely in white matter lesions of a multiple sclerosis patient.

Conclusion

The proposed denoising technique termed generalized spherical deconvolution has the potential of significantly improving image quality in diffusion MRI. Magn Reson Med 78:2428–2438, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Phosphodiester content measured in human liver by in vivo 31P MR spectroscopy at 7 tesla
Authors: Purvis Lucian A.B. , Clarke William T. , Valkovič Ladislav , Levick Christina , Pavlides Michael , Barnes Eleanor , Cobbold Jeremy F. , Robson Matthew D. , Rodgers Christopher T.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Phosphorus (31P) metabolites are emerging liver disease biomarkers. Of particular interest are phosphomonoester and phosphodiester (PDE) “peaks” that comprise multiple overlapping resonances in 31P spectra. This study investigates the effect of improved spectral resolution at 7 Tesla (T) on quantifying hepatic metabolites in cirrhosis.

Methods

Five volunteers were scanned to determine metabolite T1s. Ten volunteers and 11 patients with liver cirrhosis were scanned at 7T. Liver spectra were acquired in 28 min using a 16‐channel 31P array and 3D chemical shift imaging. Concentrations were calculated using γ‐adenosine‐triphosphate (γ‐ATP) = 2.65 mmol/L wet tissue.

Results

T1 means ± standard deviations: phosphatidylcholine 1.05 ± 0.28 s, nicotinamide‐adenine‐dinucleotide (NAD+) 2.0 ± 1.0 s, uridine‐diphosphoglucose (UDPG) 3.3 ± 1.4 s. Concentrations in healthy volunteers: α‐ATP 2.74 ± 0.11 mmol/L wet tissue, inorganic phosphate 2.23 ± 0.20 mmol/L wet tissue, glycerophosphocholine 2.34 ± 0.46 mmol/L wet tissue, glycerophosphoethanolamine 1.50 ± 0.28 mmol/L wet tissue, phosphocholine 1.06 ± 0.16 mmol/L wet tissue, phosphoethanolamine 0.77 ± 0.14 mmol/L wet tissue, NAD+ 2.37 ± 0.14 mmol/L wet tissue, UDPG 2.00 ± 0.22 mmol/L wet tissue, phosphatidylcholine 1.38 ± 0.31 mmol/L wet tissue. Inorganic phosphate and phosphatidylcholine concentrations were significantly lower in patients; glycerophosphoethanolamine concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

We report human in vivo hepatic T1s for phosphatidylcholine, NAD+, and UDPG for the first time at 7T. Our protocol allows high signal‐to‐noise, repeatable measurement of metabolite concentrations in human liver. The splitting of PDE into its constituent peaks at 7T may allow more insight into changes in metabolism. Magn Reson Med 78:2095–2105, 2017. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
3D phase contrast MRI: Partial volume correction for robust blood flow quantification in small intracranial vessels
Authors: Bouillot Pierre , Delattre Bénédicte M. A. , Brina Olivier , Ouared Rafik , Farhat Mohamed , Chnafa Christophe , Steinman David A. , Lovblad Karl‐Olof , Pereira Vitor M. , Vargas Maria I.
Published: February 2017

Purpose

Recent advances in 3D‐PCMRI (phase contrast MRI) sequences allow for measuring the complex hemodynamics in cerebral arteries. However, the small size of these vessels vs spatial resolution can lead to non‐negligible partial volume artifacts, which must be taken into account when computing blood flow rates. For this purpose, we combined the velocity information provided by 3D‐PCMRI with vessel geometry measured with 3DTOF (time of flight MRI) or 3DRA (3D rotational angiography) to correct the partial volume effects in flow rate assessments.

Methods

The proposed methodology was first tested in vitro on cylindrical and patient specific vessels subject to fully controlled pulsatile flows. Both 2D‐ and 3D‐PCMRI measurements using various spatial resolutions ranging from 20 to 1.3 voxels per vessel diameter were analyzed and compared with flowmeter baseline. Second, 3DTOF, 2D‐ and 3D‐PCMRI measurements were performed in vivo on 35 patients harboring internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms indicated for endovascular treatments requiring 3DRA imaging.

Results

The in vitro 2D‐ and 3D‐PCMRI mean flow rates assessed with partial volume correction showed very low sensitivity to the acquisition resolution above
voxels per vessel diameter while uncorrected flow rates deviated critically when decreasing the spatial resolution. 3D‐PCMRI flow rates measured in vivo in ICA agreed very well with 2D‐PCMRI data and a good flow conservation was observed at the C7 bifurcation. Globally, partial volume correction led to 10–15% lower flow rates than uncorrected values as those reported in most of the published studies on intracranial flows.

Conclusion

Partial volume correction may improve the accuracy of PCMRI flow rate measurements especially in small vessels such as intracranial arteries. Magn Reson Med 79:129–140, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Influence of genetic variants associated with body mass index on eating behavior in childhood
Authors: Monnereau Claire , Jansen Pauline W. , Tiemeier Henning , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Felix Janine F.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Childhood eating behaviors are associated with body mass index (BMI). Recent genome‐wide association studies have identified many single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with adult and childhood BMI. This study hypothesized that these SNPs also influence eating behavior.

Methods

In a population‐based prospective cohort study among 3,031 children (mean age [standard deviation]: 4.0 [0.1] years), two weighted genetic risk scores, based on 15 childhood and 97 adult BMI SNPs, and ten individual appetite‐ and/or satiety‐related SNPs were tested for association with food fussiness, food responsiveness, enjoyment of food, satiety responsiveness, and slowness in eating.

Results

The 15 SNP‐based childhood BMI genetic risk score was not associated with the eating behavior subscales. The 97 SNP‐based adult BMI genetic risk score was nominally associated with satiety responsiveness (β: −0.007 standard deviation, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.013, 0.000). Of the 10 individual SNPs, rs11030104 in BDNF and rs10733682 in LMX1B were nominally associated with satiety responsiveness (β: −0.057 standard deviation, 95% CI −0.112, −0.002).

Conclusions

These findings do not strongly support the hypothesis that BMI‐associated SNPs also influence eating behavior at this age. A potential role for BMI SNPs in satiety responsiveness during childhood was observed; however, no associations with the other eating behavior subscales were found.
Plasma asparaginase activity, asparagine concentration, and toxicity after administration of Erwinia asparaginase in children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Phase I/II clinical trial in Japan
Authors: Ogawa Chitose , Taguchi Fumi , Goto Hiroaki , Koh Katsuyoshi , Tomizawa Daisuke , Ohara Akira , Manabe Atsushi
Published: February 2017

Background

A phase I/II study of Erwinia asparaginase in Japanese children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was performed to investigate its activity and toxicity.

Procedure

Eligible patients were in remission and had developed allergy to Escherichia coli asparaginase. Erwina asparaginase was intramuscularly administrated on days 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. To measure the plasma l‐asparagine concentration (PAC), amino acids were derivatized with Nα‐(5‐fluoro‐2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐l‐leucinamide.

Results

Six consecutive patients completed the phase I study with 25,000 IU/m2 per dose without dose‐limiting toxicity and 18 patients completed the phase II study with 25,000 IU/m2 per dose. Median age of 24 patients was 7.5 (range 2–16) years. The half‐life of plasma asparaginase activity (PAA) was 16.9 ± 7.5 hr and the maximum PAA was 3.10 ± 1.47 IU/ml (n = 23, noncompartment model). PAA of 0.1 IU/ml or more was achieved in all 23 patients (100%) 48 hr and in 18 of 23 patients (78.3%) 72 hr after the first administration. During the 2‐week study, 94.2% (65 of 69) of the 48‐hr samples and 80.4% (37 of 46) of the 72‐hr samples had PAA of 0.1 IU/ml or more. PAC less than 1.0 μM was achieved in 95.7% patients 48 and 72 hr after administration. PAC values in all the samples were greater than the limit of quantitation (0.0625 μM). Karnofsky performance status of all patients was good during the 2‐week study.

Conclusions

Erwinia asparaginase 25,000 IU/m2 per dose × six intramuscular administrations in 2 weeks was well tolerated, pharmacologically efficacious, and safe in Japanese patients with ALL/lymphoblastic lymphoma.
Poly(lactic acid) plasticized with low‐molecular‐weight polyesters: structural, thermal and biodegradability features
Authors: Cicogna Francesca , Coiai Serena , De Monte Cristina , Spiniello Roberto , Fiori Stefano , Franceschi Massimiliano , Braca Francesca , Cinelli Patrizia , Fehri Seyed Mohammad Kazem , Lazzeri Andrea , Oberhauser Werner , Passaglia Elisa
Published: February 2017

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was plasticized with ester oligomers having different structure, molecular weight and carboxylic acid content as end‐functionalities. In particular PLA oligomers and a low‐molecular‐weight polyester of adipic acid and 1,2‐propanediol (an adipate‐based derivative) were used and compared. The plasticizing capability was tested and the final structural and thermal properties of PLA matrix were evaluated by correlating the various features to the chemical and physical characteristics of these additives. SEC, DSC, TGA, tensile tests, XRD and SEM results, even after annealing, were collected, and the related data analysed and evaluated with reference to additive starting properties. All the oligoesters were able to generate flexible compounds, but PLA oligomers provided mixtures with reduced structural and thermal stability. Finally, the best performing blend was tested for biodegradability to definitely assess the material suitability for the final application (sustainable packaging). © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrophilization of outer and inner surfaces of Poly(vinyl chloride) tubes using surface dielectric barrier discharges generated in ambient air plasma
Authors: Galmiz Oleksandr , Pavliňák David , Zemánek Miroslav , Brablec Antonin , Černák Mirko
Published: February 2017

An atmospheric pressure ambient air plasma technique is developed for technically simple treatment of inner and/or outer surfaces of plastic tubes and other hollow dielectric bodies. It is based on a specific type of surface dielectric barrier discharge generating visually diffuse plasma layers along the treated dielectric surfaces using water‐solution electrodes. In the present study, the technique is used for surface activation of PVC tubes. XPS analyses of treated surfaces are performed and the aging effect on the treated PVC surface is studied.
Continuous output‐feedback control for a class of switched high‐order planar systems and its application
Authors: Liu Liang , Xie Xue‐Jun
Published: February 2017

This paper deals with the problem of continuous output‐feedback stabilization for a class of switched high‐order planar systems under arbitrary switchings. Based on the common Lyapunov function design method, by using the adding a power integrator technique and designing an implementable observer, a continuous output‐feedback controller is constructed such that the closed‐loop system is global stabilization and the output can be regulated to the origin. As an application, the developed strategy is utilized to the control design for the continuous stirred tank reactor with two modes feed stream. The simulation results verify the efficiency of the proposed design scheme. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiotensin II Causes Apoptosis of Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells and Memory Impairment Through the Action on AMPK-PGC1α Signaling in Heart Failure
Authors: Kim Min-Seok , Lee Geun-Hee , Kim Yong-Min , Lee Byoung-Wook , Nam Hae Yun , Sim U-Cheol , Choo Suk-Jung , Yu Seong-Woon , Kim Jae-Joong , Kim Kwon Yunhee , Who Kim Seong
Published: February 2017

Data are limited on the mechanisms underlying memory impairment in heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that angiotensin II (Ang II) may determine the fate of adult hippocampal neural stem cells (HCNs), a cause of memory impairment in HF. HCNs with neurogenesis potential were isolated and cultured from adult rat hippocampi. Ang II decreased HCN proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manners. Moreover, Ang II treatment (1 µM) for 48 hours induced apoptotic death, which was attenuated by pretreatment with Ang II receptor blockers (ARBs). Ang II increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which was related to mitochondrial morphological changes and functional impairment. Moreover, ROS activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and consequent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) expression, causing cell apoptosis. In the HF rat model induced by left anterior descending artery ligation, ARB ameliorated the spatial memory ability which decreased 10 weeks after ischemia. In addition, neuronal cell death, especially of newly born mature neurons, was observed in HF rat hippocampi. ARB decreased cell death and promoted the survival of newly born neural precursor cells and mature neurons. In conclusion, Ang II caused HCN apoptosis through mitochondrial ROS formation and subsequent AMPK-PGC1α signaling. ARB improved learning and memory behaviors impaired by neuronal cell death in the HF animal model. These findings suggest that HCN is one treatment target for memory impairment in HF and that ARBs have additional benefits in HF combined with memory impairment.
Very long‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD‐) deficiency–studies on treatment effects and long‐term outcomes in mouse models
Authors: Tucci Sara
Published: February 2017

Very‐long‐chain‐acyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common disorder of mitochondrial long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation, with an incidence of 1:50,000‐1:100,000 in newborns. Catabolic situations contribute to the aggravation of symptoms and induce severe metabolic derangement. Treatment for VLCAD‐deficiency includes avoidance of fasting and a long‐chain fat‐restricted and fat‐modified diet in which LCFAs are fully or partially replaced by medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT). The aim of this work was to investigate the outcome and the effects of long‐term treatment in a mouse model of VLCAD‐deficiency. The application of a single MCT bolus in a mouse model of VLCAD‐deficiency (VLCAD−/− mice) immediately prior to exercise protected the muscles from the accumulation of acylcarnitines providing the required energy and it did not affect hepatic lipid metabolism. However, when MCT was applied over the course of a year as a regular part of the diet, female VLCAD−/− mice developed a severe clinical phenotype comparable to the human metabolic syndrome. Indeed, they were characterized by massive visceral fat infiltration, hepatosteatosis, disturbed fatty acid composition, hyperlipidemia, and systemic oxidative stress. In contrast, male VLCAD−/− mice seemed to be protected and displayed only signs of insulin resistance. Besides the sex‐specific response to MCT supplementation with regard to the lipid metabolism, all VLCAD−/− mice developed progressive cardiac dysfunction over time which worsened when they were treated with regular MCT resulting in severe dilated cardiomyopathy. While long term use of MCT oil in mice has adverse effects, no such effects have been demonstrated in humans, likely reflecting the differences in long chain fatty acid oxidation between the two species.
Unmasking identity dissonance: exploring medical students’ professional identity formation through mask making
Authors: Joseph Kimera , Bader Karlen , Wilson Sara , Walker Melissa , Stephens Mark , Varpio Lara
Published: February 2017

Purpose Professional identity formation is an on-going, integrative process underlying trainees’ experiences of medical education. Since each medical student’s professional identity formation process is an individual, internal, and often times emotionally charged unconscious experience, it can be difficult for educators to understand each student’s unique experience. We investigate if mask making can provide learners and educators the opportunity to explore medical students’ professional identity formation experiences.

Methods In 2014 and 2015, 30 third year medical students created masks, with a brief accompanying written narrative, to creatively express their medical education experiences. Using a paradigmatic case selection approach, four masks were analyzed using techniques from visual rhetoric and the Listening Guide.

Results The research team clearly detected identity dissonance in each case. Each case provided insights into the unique personal experiences of the dissonance process for each trainee at a particular point in their medical school training.

Conclusions We propose that mask making accompanied by a brief narrative reflection can help educators identify students experiencing identity dissonance, and explore each student’s unique experience of that dissonance. The process of making these artistic expressions may also provide a form of intervention that can enable educators to help students navigate professional identity formation and identity dissonance experiences.
Facilitating admissions of diverse students: A six-point, evidence-informed framework for pipeline and program development
Authors: Young Meredith E. , Thomas Aliki , Varpio Lara , Razack Saleem I. , Hanson Mark D. , Slade Steve , Dayem Katharine L. , McKnight David J.
Published: February 2017

Introduction Several national level calls have encouraged reconsideration of diversity issues in medical education. Particular interest has been placed on admissions, as decisions made here shape the nature of the future physician workforce. Critical analysis of current practices paired with evidence-informed policies may counter some of the barriers impeding access for underrepresented groups. Methods We present a framework for diversity-related program development and evaluation grounded within a knowledge translation framework, and supported by the initiation of longitudinal collection of diversity-related data. We provide an illustrative case study for each component of the framework. Descriptive analyses are presented of pre/post intervention diversity metrics if applicable and available. Results The framework’s focal points are: 1) data-driven identification of underrepresented groups, 2) pipeline development and targeted recruitment, 3) ensuring an inclusive process, 4) ensuring inclusive assessment, 5) ensuring inclusive selection, and 6) iterative use of diversity-related data. Case studies ranged from wording changes on admissions websites to the establishment of educational and administrative offices addressing needs of underrepresented populations. Conclusions We propose that diversity-related data must be collected on a variety of markers, developed in partnership with stakeholders who are most likely to facilitate implementation of best practices and new policies.
What it feels like to be me: Linking emotional intelligence, identity, and intimacy☆
Authors: Maher Hemali , Winston Christine N. , S. Usha Rani
Published: February 2017

The search for the self and for an intimate other are the normative tasks of adolescence and early adulthood. The role of emotions in the resolution of these developmental tasks, however, remains largely under‐studied, especially in non‐western cultures. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to examine the relationships between emotional intelligence, identity, and intimacy, among Indian adolescents. Differences across genders (boys vs. girls) and types of school (gender segregated vs. integrated) were also explored. A sample of 486 adolescents completed measures of emotional intelligence, identity, and intimacy. Girls scored higher than boys on intimacy, and those from segregated schools scored higher, than those from integrated schools, on emotional intelligence. Significant relationships emerged between emotional intelligence, and identity and intimacy, and were invariant across the groups. These findings underscore the pivotal role that emotional intelligence plays in healthy adolescent development, irrespective of personal and environmental variables.
Droplets in turbulence: a new perspective
Authors: Maxey Martin R.
Published: February 2017

Stirring olive oil and vinegar to make salad dressing creates an emulsion of vinegar droplets in oil. More vigorous stirring gives smaller droplets, while if left to sit the droplets will begin to coalesce and the two fluids will separate. In this vein, Dodd & Ferrante (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 806, 2016, pp. 356–412) present a new analysis of how homogeneous turbulence in a carrier fluid interacts with a suspension of droplets of an immiscible liquid. Based on a set of direct numerical simulations, the authors provide new insights on how turbulence affects the motion of the droplets, their shape and size; then in turn how the droplets alter the flow including effects of interfacial surface energy on the kinetic energy of the flow.