bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies in frozen section mucosal margin tissue in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Cooley Michele L. , Hoffman Henry T. , Robinson Robert A.
Published: August 2002

Background

Head and neck surgeons commonly request frozen sections. Practice patterns vary from laboratory to laboratory on how the tissue is used in performing the frozen section. Some pathologists wish to see all the material submitted by consuming it completely during frozen section, whereas others reserve some for permanent section. We wished to determine whether knowledge of margin status was initially inaccurate because of reserving tissue for permanent section.

Methods

Sixty‐five laryngectomies (total and partial) with margin assessment enhanced by frozen section evaluation were studied. Forty‐five laryngectomy specimens, generating 249 frozen sections in which a permanent section was prepared from tissue remaining from frozen section examination, were studied.

Results

Five of the 249 frozen sections contained a discrepancy between the frozen section and permanent section because of insufficient leveling of the frozen section block. These five discrepancies were called negative on frozen section, but permanent section revealed dysplasia (two cases of mild dysplasia, one case with moderate dysplasia, and one case with severe dysplasia) or carcinoma in situ (one case). Twenty laryngectomies in which the frozen section tissue was consumed at the time of frozen section generated 103 frozen sections. In eight of the frozen sections involving six cases, the diagnostic tissue was not present on one or two of the frozen section levels examined.

Conclusions

We conclude that in examining margins for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma the frozen section tissue should be completely sampled by examining several levels at the time of frozen section. This requires consuming or exhausting the frozen section tissue rather than reserving any remaining frozen tissue for a paraffin‐embedded permanent section. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 262–267, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10024
Pain as sign of recurrent disease in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Smit Miriam , Balm Alfonsus J. M. , Hilgers Frans J. M. , Tan I. Bing
Published: August 2002

Background

The role of pain in head and neck cancer is seldom addressed. This retrospective study examined in a group of 190 curatively treated patients to what extent pain complaints should be considered to be the first sign of recurrent disease.

Methods

The research population exists of 95 patients with a recurrent head and neck carcinoma and control group matched for age, gender, primary tumor, and duration of follow‐up.

Results

Of the patients with proven recurrent disease, 70% reported pain complaints as the first symptom. In 35% of these cases, the complaints concerned referred pain, whereas in 65% localized pain complaints in the head and neck were registered. The median interval between reporting localized pain complaints and histologic confirmation of recurrence was 4 months. In the case of referred pain, this delay was 2.5 months. No statistically significant correlation between pain complaints and site of recurrence could be demonstrated. Only 2% of the control group reported pain complaints.

Conclusions

This study confirms that each pain complaint after intentional curative treatment should be regarded as a warning sign. Recurrence of disease without preceding pain complaints (30%) emphasizes the importance of a thorough follow‐up. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 372–375, 2001.
A case of primitive floor of the mouth paraganglioma in a child: An embryological theory unifying viscerocranium appended paragangliomas
Authors: Charrier Jean‐Baptiste , Bertolus Chloé , Buisson Thierry , Couly Gérard , Bennaceur Sélim
Published: August 2002

Background

Paragangliomas are unusual tumors in the head and neck originating from the paraganglia or glomus cells of neural crest origin.

Methods

We describe the first case of a primitive paraganglioma of the floor of the mouth presenting in childhood.

Results

Complete surgical removal was performed after embolization of the left lingual artery. There was no evidence of either persistent or recurrent disease 5 years after surgery. The embryologic and anatomic origins of head and neck paragangliomas are reviewed.

Conclusions

An embryologic theory based on the common neural crest origin and migration pathways of both autonomic viscerocranium appended ganglias and paragangliomas is proposed that unifies the topographically heterogeneous group of viscerocranium‐appended paragangliomas. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 510–513, 2001.
Radioimmunotherapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Initial experience
Authors: Colnot David R. , Quak Jasper J. , Roos Jan C. , de Bree Remco , Wilhelm Abraham J. , Snow Gordon B. , van Dongen Guus A. M. S.
Published: August 2002

Background

Despite improvements in locoregional treatment of stages III/IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC), local and distant failure rates remain high. An effective adjuvant therapy is required for these patients. Among novel approaches is radioimmunotherapy, in which monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are used for selective delivery of radiation to tumor cells.

Methods

The suitability of 186Re‐labeled chimeric MAb U36 (186Re‐cMAb U36) for radioimmunotherapy was evaluated in a phase I study, with radiation dose escalating steps of 11, 27, and 41 mCi/m2. Tumor targeting was monitored with a gamma camera, and the maximum tolerated dose was established in 13 patients with recurrent or metastatic disease.

Results

Administrations were well tolerated, and excellent targeting of tumor lesions was seen. Myelotoxicity was the only toxicity observed, resulting in dose‐limiting toxicity in two patients treated with 41 mCi/m2. The MTD was established at 27 mCi/m2. A marked reduction in tumor size was observed in two patients, another showed stable disease for 6 months.

Conclusions

Radioimmunotherapy with 186Re‐cMAb U36 seems to be well tolerated, with bone marrow being the dose‐limiting organ. The observation of antitumor effects is encouraging for further development of radioimmunotherapy for HNSCC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 559–565, 2001.
The developmental work
Authors: Hvid Helge , Møller Niels
Published: August 2002

In the 1990s, the concept of Developmental Work (DW) has shifted the focus of Danish labor market attention from wages and working time toward work and production. For employees, DW promises a range of possibilities both for improving the working environment and for their involvement in strategic decisions, as well as aspects associated with the social responsibility of the firm. For firms, DW promises increased competitiveness and improved products. In this article we present the concept of DW as one that encourages the development of flexible production and furthers democracy at work. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The action plan against repetitive work— An industrial relation strategy for improving the working environment
Authors: Hasle Peter , Møller Niels
Published: August 2002

The Danish Action Plan against Repetitive Work is presented and discussed as a possible new strategy for regulating repetitive work as well as other complicated working environment problems. The article is based on an empirical evaluation of the Action Plan. The assessment of the Action Plan indicates that a measurable reduction of repetitive work has been achieved, while recognizing that new management strategies focusing on human resource development have also played an important role. These results are used to suggest that—under certain conditions—a combination of state regulation and industrial relation agreements can be used to regulate other working environment problems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental expression of potassium‐channel subunit Kv3.2 within subpopulations of mouse hippocampal inhibitory interneurons
Authors: Tansey Emily Phillips , Chow Alan , Rudy Bernardo , McBain Chris J.
Published: August 2002

The developmental expression of the voltage‐gated potassium channel subunit, Kv3.2, and its localization within specific mouse hippocampal inhibitory interneuron populations were determined using immunoblotting and immunohistochemical techniques. Using immunoblotting techniques, the Kv3.2 protein was weakly detected at postnatal age day 7 (P7), and full expression was attained at P21 in tissue extracts from homogenized hippocampal preparations. A similar developmental profile was observed using immunohistochemical techniques in hippocampal tissue sections. Kv3.2 protein expression was clustered on the somata and proximal dendrites of presumed inhibitory interneurons. Using double immunofluorescence, Kv3.2 subunit expression was detected on subpopulations of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. Kv3.2 was detected in ∼100% of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons, 86% of interneurons expressing nitric oxide synthase, and ∼50% of somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells. Kv3.2 expression was absent from both calbindin‐ and calretinin‐containing interneurons. Using immunoprecipitation, we further demonstrate that Kv3.2 and its related subunit Kv3.1b are coexpressed within the same protein complexes in the hippocampus. These data demonstrate that potassium channel subunit Kv3.2 expression is developmentally regulated in a specific set of interneurons. The vast majority of these interneuron subpopulations possess a “fast‐spiking” phenotype, consistent with a role for currents through Kv3.2 containing channels in determining action potential kinetics in these cells. Hippocampus 2002;12:137–148. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative sparing of item recognition memory in a patient with adult‐onset damage limited to the hippocampus
Authors: Mayes A.R. , Holdstock J.S. , Isaac C.L. , Hunkin N.M. , Roberts N.
Published: August 2002

There is disagreement about whether selective hippocampal lesions in humans cause clear item recognition as well as recall deficits. Whereas Reed and Squire (Behav Neurosci 1997;111:667–775) found that patients with adult‐onset relatively selective hippocampal lesions showed clear item recognition deficits, Vargha‐Khadem et al. (Science 1997;277:376–380, Soc Neurosci Abstr 1998;24:1523) found that 3 patients who suffered selective hippocampal damage in early childhood showed clear recall deficits, but had relatively normal item recognition. Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495–499) argued, however, that item recognition may have been spared in these patients because the early onset of their pathology allowed compensatory mechanisms to develop. Therefore, to determine whether early lesion onset is critical for the relative sparing of item recognition and to determine whether its occurrence is influenced by task factors, we extensively examined item recognition in patient Y.R., who has pathology of adult‐onset restricted to the hippocampus. Like the developmental cases, she showed clear free recall deficits on 34 tests, but her item recognition on 43 tests was relatively spared, and markedly less disrupted than her recall. Her item recognition performance relative to that of her controls was not significantly influenced by whether tests tapped visual or verbal materials, had a yes/no or forced‐choice format, contained few or many items, had one or several foils per target item, used short or very long delays, or were difficult or easy for normal subjects. Interestingly, YR's bilateral hippocampal destruction was greater than at least 2 of the 3 patients of Manns and Squire (Hippocampus 1999;9:495–499). The possible reasons why item recognition differs across patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage of adult‐onset and how the reasons that are truly critical can be best identified are discussed. Hippocampus 2002;12:325–340. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The equity impacts of community financing activities in three African countries
Authors: Gilson Lucy , Kalyalya Denny , Kuchler Felix , Lake Sally , Oranga Hezron , Ouendo Marius
Published: August 2002

Although the Bamako Initiative from its very beginning was caught up in wider debates about the potential equity impact of any form of user financing, to date there has been little empirical investigation of this impact. This three‐country study, undertaken in Benin, Kenya and Zambia in 1994/95, was initiated to add to the body of relevant evidence. It sought to understand not only what had been the equity impacts of community financing activities in these countries but also how they had been brought about. As a result, it investigated equity primarily through consideration of the design of these financing activities and through the perceptions of different actors, within a limited number of purposively selected geographical areas in each country, about their strengths and weaknesses. Additional data on utilization were either collected during the course of the study (Kenya) or drawn from other available studies (Benin and Zambia). Key issues considered in the studies' assessment of equity were the extent to which both relative and absolute affordability gains were achieved, as well as as an influence over both the distributional and procedural justice of the financing activities, the pattern of decision‐making. Across countries there was evidence of relative affordability gains in Benin and Kenya, but Kenyan gains were not sustained over time and no such gains were identified in Zambia. In addition, no country had given attention either to the issue of absolute affordability, through the implementation of effective exemption mechanisms to protect the poorest from the burden of payment, or to the establishment of community decision‐making bodies that effectively represented the interests of all groups including the poorest. Overall, therefore, although the Benin Bamako Initiative programme might be judged as successful in terms of what appear to be its own equity objectives, the other two countries' schemes had clear equity problems even in these terms. The experience across countries also highlights the unresolved question of whether equity is concerned with the greatest good for the greatest number or with promoting the interests of the most disadvantaged. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing Individual Performance in Work Groups
Authors: Liden Robert C. , Wayne Sandy J. , Kraimer Maria L.
Published: August 2002

This research was driven by the question, “In empowered work groups, who should be responsible for determining disciplinary actions in response to group member poor performance: the formal manager, a single group member, or the group as a whole?” Results in a study of 231 group members representing 41 groups from four diverse organizations showed that the severity of disciplinary actions made by formal managers is equivalent to actions taken by groups through consensus decision‐making. Selecting one member of the group, however, to handle a poorly performing member resulted in relatively lenient disciplinary actions. Consistent with this finding, the attitude survey results revealed that individual group members are reluctant to assume responsibility for disciplining a poorly performing group member. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heat transfer characteristics in a condenser of closed two‐phase thermosyphon: Effect of entrainment on heat transfer deterioration
Authors: Hashimoto Hiroyuki , Kaminaga Fumito
Published: August 2002

Condensation heat transfer in a closed two‐phase thermosyphon is experimentally examined using two different types of test section. Test Section 1 is a straight‐pipe‐type thermosyphon, whereas Test Section 2 has a large‐diameter evaporator compared with a condenser to minimize entrainment at the evaporator. Condensation heat transfer in Test Section 1 shows much lower heat transfer coefficients than those estimated by a Nusselt theory. This low condensation heat transfer occurs due to a working fluid entrainment. It is confirmed from a result of Test Section 2 that the condensation heat transfer is similar to the values predicted by the Nusselt theory as far as the effect of the working fluid entrainment is negligible and flooding does not occur. A new correlation for the heat transfer coefficient considering the effect of entrainment is proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(3): 212–225, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10030
Stress‐induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: August 2002

Kava and valerian are herbal remedies that are claimed to have anxiolytic and sedative properties respectively, without dependence potential or any appreciable side effects. In this pilot study, 24 patients suffering from stress‐induced insomnia were treated for 6 weeks with kava (LI‐150), 120 mg daily. This was followed by a 2‐week ‘wash‐out’ period off treatment, and then, five patients having dropped out, 19 received valerian (LI‐156), 600 mg daily, for another 6 weeks. Then there was a further 2‐week period off treatment, and a final 6 weeks of treatment of these 19 patients with the two compounds combined (kava + valerian). Stress was measured in three areas: social, personal and life events; insomnia in three areas also: time to fall asleep, hours slept and waking mood. Total stress severity was significantly relieved by both compounds individually (p < 0.01), with no significant differences between them; and there was also improvement with the combination, significant in the case of insomnia (p < 0.05). On direct questioning, 16 patients (67%) reported no side effects on kava, 10 (53%) on valerian and 10 (53%) on the combination. The ‘commonest’ effect was vivid dreams with kava + valerian (4 cases (21%)) and with valerian alone (3 cases (16%)), followed by gastric discomfort and dizziness with kava (3 cases each (3 %)). These results are considered to be extremely promising but further studies may be required to determine the relative roles of the two compounds for such indications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variation in the energy and water exchanges above and below a larch forest in eastern Siberia
Authors: Ohta Takeshi , Hiyama Tetsuya , Tanaka Hiroki , Kuwada Takashi , Maximov Trofim C. , Ohata Tetsuo , Fukushima Yoshihiro
Published: August 2002

The water and energy exchanges in forests form one of the most important hydro‐meteorological systems. There have been far fewer investigations of the water and heat exchange in high latitude forests than of those in warm, humid regions. There have been few observations of this system in Siberia for an entire growing season, including the snowmelt and leaf‐fall seasons. In this study, the characteristics of the energy and water budgets in an eastern Siberian larch forest were investigated from the snowmelt season to the leaf‐fall season. The latent heat flux was strongly affected by the transpiration activity of the larch trees and increased quickly as the larch stand began to foliate. The sensible heat dropped at that time, although the net all‐wave radiation increased. Consequently, the seasonal variation in the Bowen ratio was clearly ‘U’‐shaped, and the minimum value (1·0) occurred in June and July. The Bowen ratio was very high (10–25) in early spring, just before leaf opening. The canopy resistance for a big leaf model far exceeded the aerodynamic resistance and fluctuated over a much wider range. The canopy resistance was strongly restricted by the saturation deficit, and its minimum value was 100 s m−1 (10 mm s−1 in conductance). This minimum canopy resistance is higher than values obtained for forests in warm, humid regions, but is similar to those measured in other boreal conifer forests. It has been suggested that the senescence of leaves also affects the canopy resistance, which was higher in the leaf‐fall season than in the foliated season. The mean evapotranspiration rate from 21 April 1998 to 7 September 1998 was 1·16 mm day−1, and the maximum rate, 2·9 mm day−1, occurred at the beginning of July. For the growing season from 1 June to 31 August, this rate was 1·5 mm day−1. The total evapotranspiration from the forest (151 mm) exceeded the amount of precipitation (106 mm) and was equal to 73% of the total water input (211 mm), including the snow water equivalent. The understory evapotranspiration reached 35% of the total evapotranspiration, and the interception evaporation was 15% of the gross precipitation. The understory evapotranspiration was high and the interception evaporation was low because the canopy was sparse and the leaf area index was low. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a data‐based mechanistic modelling (DBM) approach for predicting runoff generation in semi‐arid regions
Authors: Mwakalila S. , Campling P. , Feyen J. , Wyseure G. , Beven K.
Published: August 2002

This paper addresses the application of a data‐based mechanistic (DBM) modelling approach using transfer function models (TFMs) with non‐linear rainfall filtering to predict runoff generation from a semi‐arid catchment (795 km2) in Tanzania. With DBM modelling, time series of rainfall and streamflow were allowed to suggest an appropriate model structure compatible with the data available. The model structures were evaluated by looking at how well the model fitted the data, and how well the parameters of the model were estimated. The results indicated that a parallel model structure is appropriate with a proportion of the runoff being routed through a fast flow pathway and the remainder through a slow flow pathway. Finally, the study employed a Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology to evaluate the parameter sensitivity and predictive uncertainty based on the feasible parameter ranges chosen from the initial analysis of recession curves and calibration of the TFM. Results showed that parameters that control the slow flow pathway are relatively more sensitive than those that control the fast flow pathway of the hydrograph. Within the GLUE framework, it was found that multiple acceptable parameter sets give a range of predictions. This was found to be an advantage, since it allows the possibility of assessing the uncertainty in predictions as conditioned on the calibration data and then using that uncertainty as part of the decision‐making process arising from any rainfall‐runoff modelling project. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Representing elevation uncertainty in runoff modelling and flowpath mapping
Authors: Endreny Theodore A. , Wood Eric F.
Published: August 2002

Vertical inaccuracies in terrain data propagate through dispersal area subroutines to create uncertainties in runoff flowpath predictions. This study documented how terrain error sensitivities in the D8, Multiple Flow (MF), DEMON, D‐Infinity and two hybrid dispersal area algorithms, responded to changes in terrain slope and error magnitude. Runoff dispersal areas were generated from convergent and divergent sections of low, medium, and high gradient 64‐ha parcels using a 30 m pixel scale control digital elevation model (DEM) and an ensemble of alternative realizations of the control DEM. The ensemble of alternative DEM realizations was generated randomly to represent root mean square error (RMSE) values ranging from 0·5 to 6 m and spatial correlations of 0 to 0·999 across 180 m lag distances. Dispersal area residuals, derived by differencing output from control and ensemble simulations, were used to quantify the spatial consistency of algorithm dispersal area predictions. A maximum average algorithm consistency of 85% was obtained in steep sloping convergent terrain, and two map analysis techniques are recommended in maintaining high spatial consistencies under less optimum terrain conditions. A stochastic procedure was developed to translate DEM error into dispersal area probability maps, and thereby better represent uncertainties in runoff modelling and management. Two uses for these runoff probability maps include watershed management indices that identify the optimal areas for intercepting polluted runoff as well as Monte‐Carlo‐ready probability distributions that report the cumulative pollution impact of each pixel's downslope dispersal area. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of Fick's First Law for predicting porewater nutrient fluxes under diffusive conditions
Authors: Lavery Paul S. , Oldham Carolyn E. , Ghisalberti Marco
Published: August 2002

Porewater fluxes into or out of the sediments in aquatic systems are frequently estimated using Fick's First Law. This assumes that diffusive processes control the transport of nutrients. As a corollary, advection, bioturbation and chemical processes are assumed not to be significant. Through a series of sediment core incubations, this paper seeks to quantify the uncertainties involved in such assumptions. Duplicate sediment cores were collected from 28 sites along the Swan–Canning Estuary, returned to the laboratory and incubated under oxic or anoxic conditions. Porewater nutrient concentrations, sediment porosity and initial nutrient concentrations in the overlying water were measured. These parameters were used to estimate the expected nutrient fluxes via Fick's First Law. The estimated fluxes were then compared with measured fluxes of nutrients out of the sediments over the incubation period. Severe bioturbation occurred in several of the anoxic treatments, resulting in large releases of nutrients into the overlying water. Aside from these bioturbated cores, phosphate and ammonium fluxes under anoxic conditions are well predicted by Fick's First Law. Nitrate fluxes are predicted well under oxic conditions. For coarse sediments (D10 averaging 0·3 mm) and under redox conditions favourable for nutrient release, Fick's First Law predicted close to 100% of the observed fluxes. For finer grain sediments (D10 < 0·01 mm), Fick's First Law overestimated the observed flux by up to 40%. Under unfavourable oxygen conditions, chemical retardation processes are likely to dominate fluxes, and the error associated with using Fick's First Law is increased. These results confirm the usefulness of using Fick's First Law for a baseline estimate of nutrient fluxes under favourable redox conditions. Much greater care must be taken when using Fick's First Law to estimate nutrient fluxes under unfavourable redox conditions, or under conditions when bioturbation is likely to be severe. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an alternative blueprint for a physically based digitally simulated hydrologic response modelling system
Authors: Beven Keith
Published: August 2002

A critique of the Freeze and Harlan blueprint for a distributed physically based hydrological model leads to the conclusion that it will be abandoned. An alternative blueprint as a modelling methodology is proposed that explicitly recognises the potential for equifinality in scale‐dependent model representations. An inductive rather than deductive definition of physically‐based is proposed that reflects the important role of observables in constraining the feasible models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion model validation and interpretation of stable isotopes in river and lake ice
Authors: Ferrick M. G. , Calkins D. J. , Perron N. M. , Cragin J. H. , Kendall C.
Published: August 2002

The stable isotope stratigraphy of river‐ and lake‐ice archives winter hydroclimatic conditions, and can potentially be used to identify changing water sources or to provide important insights into ice formation processes and growth rates. However, accurate interpretations rely on known isotopic fractionation during ice growth. A one‐dimensional diffusion model of the liquid boundary layer adjacent to an advancing solid interface, originally developed to simulate solute rejection by growing crystals, has been used without verification to describe non‐equilibrium fractionation during congelation ice growth. Results are not in agreement, suggesting the presence of important uncertainties. In this paper we seek validation of the diffusion model for this application using large‐scale laboratory experiments with controlled freezing rates and frequent sampling. We obtained consistent, almost constant, isotopic boundary layer thicknesses over a representative range of ice growth rates on both quiescent and well‐mixed water. With the 18O boundary layer thickness from the laboratory, the model successfully quantified reduced river‐ice growth rates relative to those of a nearby lake. These results were more representative and easier to obtain than those of a conventional thermal ice‐growth model. This diffusion model validation and boundary layer thickness determination provide a powerful tool for interpreting the stable isotope stratigraphy of floating ice. The laboratory experiment also replicated successive fractionation events in response to a freeze–thaw–refreeze cycle, providing a mechanism for apparent ice fractionation that exceeds equilibrium. Analysis of the composition of snow ice and frazil ice in river and lake cores indicated surprising similarities between these ice forms. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a post‐fire flood chronology and recurrence probability from alluvial stratigraphy in the Buffalo Creek watershed, Colorado, USA
Authors: Elliott John G. , Parker R. S.
Published: August 2002

Stratigraphic and geomorphic evidence indicate floods that occur soon after forest fires have been intermittent but common events in many mountainous areas during the past several thousand years. The magnitude and recurrence of these post‐fire flood events reflects the joint probability between the recurrence of fires and the recurrence of subsequent rainfall events of varying magnitude and intensity. Following the May 1996 Buffalo Creek, Colorado, forest fire, precipitation amounts and intensities that generated very little surface runoff outside of the burned area resulted in severe hillslope erosion, floods, and streambed sediment entrainment in the rugged, severely burned, 48 km2 area. These floods added sediment to many existing alluvial fans, while simultaneously incising other fans and alluvial deposits. Incision of older fans revealed multiple sequences of fluvially transported sandy gravel that grade upward into charcoal‐rich, loamy horizons. We interpret these sequences to represent periods of high sediment transport and aggradation during floods, followed by intervals of quiescence and relative stability in the watershed until a subsequent fire occurred.

An alluvial sequence near the mouth of a tributary draining a 0·82 km2 area indicated several previous post‐fire flood cycles in the watershed. Dendrochronologic and radiocarbon ages of material in this deposit span approximately 2900 years, and define three aggradational periods. The three general aggradational periods are separated by intervals of approximately nine to ten centuries and reflect a ‘millennium‐scale’ geomorphic response to a closely timed sequence of events: severe and intense, watershed‐scale, stand‐replacing fires and subsequent rainstorms and flooding. Millennium‐scale aggradational units at the study site may have resulted from a scenario in which the initial runoff from the burned watershed transported and deposited large volumes of sediment on downstream alluvial surfaces and tributary fans. Subsequent storm runoff may have produced localized incision and channelization, preventing additional vertical aggradation on the sampled alluvial deposit for several centuries. Two of the millennium‐scale aggradational periods at the study site consist of multiple gravel and loam sequences with similar radiocarbon ages. These closely dated sequences may reflect a ‘multidecade‐scale’ geomorphic response to more frequent, but aerially limited and less severe fires, followed by rainstorms of relatively common recurrence. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portable irrigation system for studying hillslope and wetland runoff generation processes
Authors: Waddington J. M. , Devito K. J.
Published: August 2002

The advantage of an irrigation system is that experiments of varying precipitation duration and intensity can be performed in a controlled situation. An effective portable irrigation system is described for use in experimental plot hillslope and wetland runoff studies. The system consists of four parts:(1) a water pump; (2) a tracer reservoir; (3) a chemical feed pump; and (4) distribution hoses. Relatively uniform water application is achieved by a series of manual valves controlling water flow from the main carrier hose to the distribution hoses. The irrigation system materials are inexpensive and installation and operation costs are minor. The system was used to study runoff generation from a small‐saturated area in a spring‐fed swamp for a range of precipitation intensities and durations. The irrigation system applied a maximum intensity of 14·0mm h−1, for a maximum duration of 180 min, to a 190m2 area. This range of application incorporated all storms up to a one in three year event. The variance of the tracer load was almost three times greater for natural (60%) than with the irrigation system (22%). The irrigation system reduced the uncertainty in the pre‐event water fraction (using a two‐component hydrograph separation) from 3·4% in natural events to only 0·7%. The irrigation system design, operation, calibration and cost are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early tactile experience of low birth weight children: links to later mental health and social adaptation
Authors: Weiss Sandra J. , Wilson Peggy , Seed Mary St. Jonn , Paul Steven M.
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was twofold: to determine (1) the degree to which specific qualities of maternal touch may contribute to the low birth weight infant's emotional and behavioural problems as well as social adaptation, and (2) the relationship between maternal touch and a mother's other caregiving behaviour. The sample included 114 socioculturally diverse infants and their mothers who were videotaped during an infant feeding when the baby was 3 months old. This videotape was analysed to assess dimensions of mother–infant interaction, including maternal touch. Data on perinatal risk and the mother's acceptance versus rejection of the infant were also acquired. Social adaptation and emotional/behavioural problems were measured when the child was 2 years of age.

Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that maternal touch accounted for 15% of the variance in the likelihood of a child having emotional/behavioural problems at age 2. Children who received more nurturing touch had significantly fewer internalizing problems (such as depression) while children receiving both more frequent touch and harsh touch had more externalizing problems (such as aggressive behaviour). Infants who were less responsive to their caregivers were especially at risk of developing aggressive/destructive behaviour as a result of frequent touch. But less responsive infants also appeared to benefit most from greater use of diverse types of maternal touch, accounting for 6% of the variance in superior adaptive behaviour at age 2. Nurturing touch was the only quality that showed even a modest relationship to other caregiving behaviour, suggesting that touch may play a distinct role in the infant's psychosocial development. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Language development of pre‐school children born to teenage mothers
Authors: Keown Louise J. , Woodward Lianne J. , Field Jeff
Published: August 2002

An Erratum has been published for this article in
Infant and Child Development 10(4) 2001, 241.

This paper compares the language development of pre‐school children born to teenage (n=22) and comparison mothers (n=20) and examines the extent to which differences in language development can be explained by social background, child and parenting factors. Mothers and children were assessed at home using a range of measures, including a structured interview, the language scales of the Child Development Inventory, the HOME Inventory, and videotaped mother‐child interaction. Results showed that children of teenage mothers perform significantly poorer than children of comparison mothers on measures of expressive language and language comprehension. Subsequent analyses showed that these differences are largely explained by differences in the parenting behaviour of teenage and comparison mothers. Specifically, maternal verbal stimulation and intrusiveness accounted for the relationship between teenage motherhood and children's poorer language comprehension, while maternal intrusiveness and involvement with the child account for the relationship between teenage motherhood and children's poorer expressive language development. These findings highlight the importance of early mother–child interaction for children's language development. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistance of colon cancer cells to long‐term 5‐fluorouracil exposure is correlated to the relative level of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL in addition to Bax and p53 status
Authors: Violette Sabine , Poulain Laurent , Dussaulx Elisabeth , Pepin Dominique , Faussat Anne‐Marie , Chambaz Jean , Lacorte Jean‐Marc , Staedel Cathy , Lesuffleur Thécla
Published: August 2002

Defects in apoptosis have been implicated in chemoresistance of colon cancer cells. We report here the ability to resist to 5‐fluorouracil‐induced apoptosis of 8 colon cancer cell lines differing in p53 and bax status: p53−/0bax+/+ for TC7, SW480, HT‐29; p53+/+bax−/− for LS174T, LoVo; p53+/+ bax+/− for HCT116; p53+/+ or p53+/0bax+/+ for LS513 or HCT‐EB, respectively. To approximate to the in vivo therapy, the cell lines were exposed to a long‐term treatment of 5‐FU. The analysis of proteins implicated in the apoptotic pathway has shown that the independent analysis of p53 or bax status was not sufficient to predict the extent of drug‐resistance of all cell lines. In p53+/+ cell lines but not in p53−/0 cell lines, a low level of the pro‐apoptotic Bax protein was correlated with a greater resistance of cells to 5‐FU. In addition, we found that high levels of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL proteins combined with a low level of Bax were correlated to high 5‐FU resistance of wild‐type p53 cell lines. The same correlation was obtained for 2 out of 3 mutated p53 cell lines. In conclusion, the relative levels of Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL and Bax may altogether contribute to determine the resistance of a majority of colon tumor cells to long‐term 5‐FU treatment, whatever their p53 status. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic protection of repopulating hematopoietic cells with an improved MDR1‐retrovirus allows administration of intensified chemotherapy following stem cell transplantation in mice
Authors: Carpinteiro Alexander , Peinert Stefan , Ostertag Wolfram , Zander Axel R. , Hossfeld Dieter K. , Kühlcke Klaus , Eckert Hans‐Georg , Baum Christopher , Hegewisch‐Becker Susanna
Published: August 2002

This study was undertaken to analyze the hematotoxicity of paclitaxel (Taxol®) and to test whether transduction of repopulating hematopoietic cells with a retroviral vector (SF1m) expressing the human multidrug resistance 1 gene (MDR1) would permit dose intensification following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). While the regimen chosen (8×20 mg/kg i.p. within 12 days) produced a non‐lethal, reversible hematotoxicity in mice with steady‐state hematopoiesis, only 35.3% (6/17) of control mice survived when treated starting 14 days post BMT. In contrast, 83.3% (15/18) of mice transplanted with SF1m‐transduced cells survived, owing to a significant protection against severe acute myelotoxicity (as determined by neutrophil counts, white and red blood cell counts and values for hemoglobin and hematocrit). After recovery from chemotherapy, an increase of myeloid cells that were resistant to colchicine and effluxed the fluorochrome Rhodamine 123 was observed in SF1m‐mice, but not in controls. These results reveal that the lethal, dose‐limiting hematotoxicity of an intensified post‐transplantation chemotherapy with paclitaxel can be prevented by retroviral transfer of the MDR1 gene to a minor proportion of repopulating cells. Our mouse model, mimicking clinically achievable gene transfer rates, thus suggests that bone marrow chemoprotection may widen the therapeutic window and permit an earlier onset of post‐transplantation chemotherapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cyclin D1 amplification in chromosomal band 11q13 is associated with overrepresentation of 3q21–q29 in head and neck carcinomas
Authors: Jin Yuesheng , Jin Charlotte , Wennerberg Johan , Höglund Mattias , Mertens Fredrik
Published: August 2002

Eight cytogenetically characterized head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) with CCND1 amplification in the form of a homogeneously staining region (hsr) in 11q13 were studied by COBRA FISH and FISH with specific probes to identify and characterize chromosomal segments added to the derivative chromosomes 11. In 4 of the tumors, it could be recognized that the material added was derived from the long arm of chromosome 3. The rearrangements were interpreted as der(11)hsr(11)(q13)t(3;11)(q21;q13) in 3 cases and as der(11)hsr(11)(q13)t(3;11)(q14;q13) in 1 case. In the other 4 cases, material from chromosomes 1, 16, or 19 was added to the derivative chromosomes 11. By further FISH analysis with 14 YAC clones spanning 3q13–q21 in the 4 tumors with der(11)hsr(11)t(3;11), it could be shown that they had different breakpoints at the molecular level, excluding the possibility that a particular gene was rearranged by the translocations. More surprisingly, gain of the 3q21–q29 segment was found in all 8 tumors with hsr in 11q13 and loss of 3p was seen in 7 of the tumors. These findings strongly indicate a synergistic effect of CCND1 amplification, loss of distal 11q, 3q gain and 3p deletion in HNSCC development and also suggests a mechanistic link between intrachromosomal amplification at 11q13 and recombination with distal 3q. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoter hypermethylation of the EDNRB gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Lo Kwok‐Wai , Tsang Yuen‐Shan , Kwong Joseph , To Ka‐Fai , Teo Peter M.L. , Huang Dolly P.
Published: August 2002

To identify the epigenetic changes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), we performed methylation‐sensitive restriction fingerprinting (MSRF) analysis on NPC cell lines and xenografts. A 190 bp sequence methylated in NPC tumors was isolated and showed high homology to the 5′ CpG island of the endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) gene. Since the EDNRB gene is commonly inactivated in prostate and bladder cancers, it may be a candidate target gene involved in NPC tumorigenesis. By bisulfite sequencing, we have confirmed that hypermethylation of the 5′ CpG island of EDNRB occurred in both xenografts and all 4 cell lines but not in 2 normal nasopharyngeal outgrowths. RT‐PCR demonstrated that only original EDNRB transcripts, but not the splicing transcripts, were expressed in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Loss of the original EDNRB expression was consistently found in 2 xenografts and 3 cell lines with dense methylation patterns. Treatment of these 3 cell lines with 5′‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine led to re‐expression of the EDNRB transcript and demethylation of its promoter regions. Our results demonstrate that silencing of EDNRB gene expression in NPC is associated with promoter hypermethylation. Using methylation‐specific PCR, we also detected methylation of the 5′ CpG island of EDNRB in 19/21 (90.5%) primary tumors, while no methylation was found in all 6 normal nasopharyngeal epithelia. The high frequencies of promoter hypermethylation suggest that repression of the EDNRB gene may play a role in the development of NPC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer risks in first‐generation immigrants to Sweden
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Li Xinjun , Czene Kamila
Published: August 2002

We used the nationwide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database to analyse cancer risks in 613,000 adult immigrants to Sweden. All the immigrants had become parents in Sweden and their median age at immigration was 24 years for men and 22 years for women. We calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for 18 cancer sites using native Swedes as a reference. Data were also available from compatriot marriages. All cancer was decreased by 5% and 8% for immigrant men and women, respectively. However, most of the male increase was due to lung cancer for which male immigrants showed a 41% excess. Among individual cancer sites and immigrant countries, 110 comparisons were significant, 62 showing protection and 48 an increased risk. Most of the differences between the rates in immigrants and Swedes could be ascribed to the variation of cancer incidence in the indigenous populations. Some high immigrant SIRs were 5.05 (n = 6, 95% CI 1.82–11.06) for stomach cancer in Rumanian women and 2.41 (41, 1.73–3.27) for lung cancer in Dutch men. At some sites, such as testis, prostate, skin (melanoma), kidney, cervix and nervous system, the SIRs for immigrants were decreased; in some groups of immigrants SIRs were about 0.20. The highest rates for testicular cancer were noted for Danes and Chileans. Women from Yugoslavia and Turkey had an excess of thyroid tumours. All immigrant groups showed breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers at or below the Swedish level but the differences were no more than 2‐fold. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flavopiridol inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor production induced by hypoxia or picolinic acid in human neuroblastoma
Authors: Rapella Annamaria , Negrioli Anna , Melillo Giovanni , Pastorino Sandra , Varesio Luigi , Bosco Maria Carla
Published: August 2002

Human neuroblastoma (NB) tumors elaborate angiogenic peptides, and enhanced angiogenesis correlates with their aggressive behavior, metastatic spread and poor clinical outcome. Hence, inhibition of angiogenic factor production may represent a potential therapeutic target for NB treatment. There is currently little information regarding the stimuli that control NB production of angiogenic mediators. In this study, we analyzed the effects of hypoxia, a common feature of solid tumors and a major drive to tumor angiogenesis, and of PA, a tryptophan catabolite produced under inflammatory conditions and endowed with several biologic properties, on the production of the angiogenic activator VEGF by advanced‐stage human NB cell lines. We demonstrate that both stimuli are potent inducers of VEGF expression and secretion. VEGF upregulation by PA involved iron chelation because iron sulfate prevented this effect whereas the iron‐chelating agent DFX induced VEGF production. Conversely, the CDK inhibitor Flp completely blocked VEGF induction by hypoxia. This effect occurred as early as 3 hr after stimulation and did not require de novo protein synthesis. Moreover, Flp exerted similar inhibitory activity on VEGF induction by PA or DFX, suggesting that this compound targets an essential step in the signaling pathway that leads to VEGF expression. Our findings demonstrate that PA can modulate angiogenic factor production by tumor cells and establish the importance of Flp as an inhibitor of VEGF production by human NB. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.