bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality Changes During Refrigerated Storage of Packaged Shrimp and Catfish Fillets Treated with Sodium Acetate, Sodium Lactate or Propyl Gallate
Authors: ZHUANG RONG‐YU , HUANG YAO‐WEN , BEUCHAT LARRY R.
Published: August 2006

The effects of sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and propyl gallate were determined on microbial populations, pH, ammonia content and color of film‐overwrapped or vacuum‐skin packaged fresh shrimp and catfish fillets. Products were stored at 4°C up to 12 days. Vacuum‐skin packaged shrimp or catfish fillets contained lower (P < 0.05) ammonia compared to film‐overwrapped products. Catfish fillets treated with 2% sodium acetate had lower populations of psychrotrophic and anaerobic bacteria compared with untreated catfish, regardless of packaging. Treatment with 2% NaAc has potential for extending shelf life of refrigerated catfish fillets.
Experimental evaluation of ophthalmic devices and solutions using rabbit models
Authors: Werner Liliana , Chew Jesse , Mamalis Nick
Published: August 2006

Objective  To analyze and compare the geometry of the anterior segment of rabbit and human eyes, with relevance for the evaluation of intraocular lenses, and to review rabbit models used in our laboratory for the evaluation of different ophthalmic devices and solutions.

Procedures  Fifteen rabbit and 15 human eyes (10 phakic and 5 pseudophakic/group) obtained postmortem were used. Anterior‐posterior length, equatorial diameter, and white‐to‐white (corneal diameter) were measured with calipers. The eyes were then analyzed with a very high‐frequency ultrasound (Artemis, Ultralink) for measurements of the anterior chamber depth, and anterior chamber and ciliary sulcus diameters. The capsular bag diameter was measured with calipers from a posterior view, and the diameter and thickness of the crystalline lenses were measured after their excision from the phakic eyes.

Results  Although the size of the rabbit eye is overall smaller than the size of the human eye, the dimensions of the anterior segment of rabbit eyes are generally larger. The differences between rabbit and human eyes were statistically significant (Wilcoxon rank sum test) in terms of anterior‐posterior length, equatorial diameter, white‐to‐white measurements (P < 0.0001), anterior chamber diameter (P = 0.0004), ciliary sulcus diameter (P = 0.0012), and crystalline lens diameter and thickness (P = 0.0003).

Conclusions  Experimental evaluation of design features of new phakic intraocular lenses in rabbit eyes may be inconclusive without adaptation of their size/design, contrary to the evaluation of new pseudophakic lenses by implantation in the capsular bag. The rabbit is a very valuable model for the experimental evaluation of different ophthalmic devices and solutions.
The CERES Principles: Model for Public Environmental Accountability
Authors: Smith J. Andy
Published: August 2006

In September, 1989, the Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies (CERES) announced the Valdez Principles (later changed to the CERES Principles), a code of environmental conduct for corporations. The Principles address all major environmental areas, call on corporations of all types and sizes to endorse and submit an annual report on progress, and have been endorsed by major corporate interests in the United States (US). Endorsing the principles means making a commitment to continual environmental performance improvement within the framework of the principles and entering into a partnership with CERES. CERES is a broadly based coalition of environmental groups, labour, public interest groups, public pension funds, social investors, and religious groups based in the United States. The CERES Principles are the only environmental code developed by a group outside of industry that has corporate endorsers. The ongoing relationship of accountability to a group outside of industry provides CERES companies with a unique model of public environmental accountability.
PATTERNS AND PROBLEMS OF COMMUTING TO PERIPHERAL URBAN WORKPLACES IN SINGAPORE: CASE STUDY OF SINGAPORE AIRLINES’ EMPLOYEES
Authors: Raguraman K. , Mei‐Lin Kwek
Published: August 2006

This paper addresses the issue of commuting patterns and problems to workplaces in the urban periphery of Singapore. It is based on a case study of journey‐to‐work patterns of employees of Singapore Airlines Limited (SIA). The company's headquarters is in Airline House which is situated in the eastern comer of Singapore, a location which suffers from accessibility problems. The paper focuses on mode choice in the journey‐to‐work and, by means of a questionnaire survey, examines commuting patterns of a sample of Airline House workers in terms of first, the characteristics of the different modes of transportation used; and second, the socio‐economic characteristics of workers including factors such as income, gender, occupational status and age. This is followed by a discussion of the problems faced in the daily commutes of workers. Many of these problems such as inconvenient public transport services, traffic congestion and long transit times are representative of those of other peripheral workplaces in Singapore. Based on the findings of the case study, the paper discusses some policy implications of the government's planning efforts to decentralise office activities from the CBD to suburban regions.
NEW CORPORATE STRUCTURES, REGIONAL OFFICES AND SINGAPORE'S NEW ECONOMIC DIRECTIONS
Authors: Perry Martin
Published: August 2006

The adoption of new organisational structures and methods for controlling subsidiaries is affecting the role and characteristics of regional offices. Since 1986 Singapore's economic strategy has given priority to the attraction of regional offices as part of a wider search for new economic directions. This shift coincided with the emergence of a new Southeast Asian division of labour associated with the adoption of a regional focus in multinational investment and the integration of subsidiary investment. A survey of regional offices awarded “operational headquarters” (OHQ) status by the government shows how changes in corporate structures and the formation of the regional division of labour are influencing regional office activity and organisation. This analysis identifies four types of regional office, of which the largest function as centres of logistics and service support, Barriers to the adoption of corporate control functions amongst Singapore OHQs are explained.
PORTRAITS OF PLACELESSNESS: BRITISH NINETEENTH‐CENTURY IMAGES OF THE AFRICAN LANDSCAPE
Authors: Lammas Rebecca Caroline
Published: August 2006

Landscape art provides a window on the world of subjective interpretation and shared perceptions of place. Portraits of places are therefore simultaneously portraits of a society, its preferences and prejudices, and the meaning it imparts to the world. In the nineteenth century, settlers in Africa felt alienated, uncomfortable, abandoned and detached, and their landscape art—both paintings and poetry—was testimony to their emotional and psychological responses to the foreign environment. Both the imported artistic techniques for portraying nat?re and the symbols populating the landscape images revealed the temperament of the pioneers’ attitudes to place.
DEVELOPMENT OF A BIMODAL HEART RATE PATTERN IN UNDISTURBED FETAL HARBOR SEALS
Authors: Bacon Jamie P. , Mackay R. Stuart , Cohn Herbert E. , Lee Austin F. S.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Fetal and maternal heart rates were studied in unrestrained, pregnant harbor seals during the last third of gestation. Heart rates were recorded while the mothers were resting on land or performing trained simulated dives of up to 2.25 min. Data from resting mothers showed the development of a bimodal or two‐speed fetal heart rate pattern during late gestation. The mean faster and slower fetal heart rates at term were 125 ± 3.7 and 79 ± 3.1 (mean + SEM) respectively. The amount of fetal bradycardia observed increased steadily towards term, and fetal heart rate changes were not correlated with changes in maternal heart rate or maternal respiration. The bimodal fetal heart rate was also seen during the simulated dives, and no decrease in either the faster or slower heart rate was found. Heart rates from resting, unrestrained harbor seal pups were also studied. The pups displayed a bimodal heart rate similar to the fetuses' with the slower rate occurring during breath‐holds. The bradycardia in the pups was equivalent to the slower fetal heart rate. These findings suggest that the regulatory mechanism that determines the apneic bradycardia in young harbor seals during non‐stressful conditions develops in the last quarter of gestation.
SPATIAL AND SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE HUMPBACK WHALE, MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE, IN THE MEXICAN PACIFIC
Authors: Jorge Urbán R. , Anelio Aguayo L.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

From observations of the spatial distribution of humpback whales in the Mexican Pacific between 1981 and 1986, it is possible to recognize four subregions: 1) the southern coast of Baja California; 2) the northern Gulf of California, including the Midriff Islands; 3) the mainland coast of Mexico, including the Isla Isabel and Islas Tres Marias and 4) the Revillagigedo Archipelago. The seasonal distribution of whales near the Mexican mainland and the Revillagigedo Archipelago extends from November to May and is similar to that of other winter breeding grounds, including the Hawaiian Islands. Along the southern coast of Baja California, whales have been observed from September to April, possibly indicating a shorter migratory route. In the northern Gulf of California, however, humpback whales have been reported throughout the year and are occasionally observed feeding during both summer and winter months. The degree of individual movement between the four subregions is still unknown. The number of individual humpback whales identified photographically in recent years suggests that there ate more whales in the Mexican Pacific than previously reported.
OBSERVATIONS OF AN UNIDENTIFIED BEAKED WHALE (MESOPLODON SP.) IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC
Authors: Pitman Robert L. , Aguayo L. Anelio , Urbán R. Jorge
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Multiple sightings of a distinctive but unidentified species of beaked whale have been made in the eastern tropical Pacific. The unidentified whale has two color morphs: a conspicuously marked black and white form (judged to be larger), and a uniformly gray‐brown form. Maximum length estimates have been 5–5.5 m. Other features include a relatively flat head, with a small, distinct melon; a moderately long beak; and a low, wide‐based, triangular dorsal fin. On most animals the trailing edge of the dorsal fin is only slightly falcate and often appears straight. On the black and white morph, a broad white or cream‐colored swathe originates immediately posterior to the dorsal surface of the head and runs posterio‐ventrally on either side of the animal. The prevalence of scarring on the black and white animals suggests sexual dimorphism and that these larger, more conspicuously marked animals are adult males, while the smaller, browner, unscarred animals are females and young. Possibilities for identification include: 1) a well‐marked race of a known Mesoplodon sp., 2) Mesoplodon (Indopacetus) pacificus or 3) an undescribed species.
A DESCRIPTION OF COMMON SEALS, PHOCA VITULINA L. 1758, FROM SVALBARD
Authors: Wiig ØYstein
Published: August 2006

Abstract

The present analysis confirms that the northernmost record of common seals (Phoca vitulina) in the world is at Svalbard nearly at 81°N. The population at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard, is about 900 km away from any other population of common seals and may be termed insular. External and cranial characters of three common seals caught at Prins Karls Forland, and one common seal caught at Rossøya, all at Svalbard, are described. The only three available skins from Svalbard common seals are of a light phase color type. The skulls are characterized by a narrow interorbital width and a posterior extent of the palato‐vomerine septum which is greater than that described for Atlantic common seals. A detailed description of the morphology of Atlantic common seals is highly needed.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF GROUP TYPES IN SOUTHERN RIGHT WHALE (EUBALAENA AUSTRALIS)
Authors: Cassini Marcelo H. , Vila Bibiana L.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Groups of Eubalaena australis in the Gulf of San Jose, Argentina were characterized and classified. A one‐zero sampling method was used for collecting data. A distance matrix was calculated with the 124 groups recorded and 10 characters including composition, size, activities, belly‐up and tail‐up positions, flipper and tail slaps, and breaching. Cluster analysis separated groups into 12 types. Six low‐interaction group types were differentiated primarily by their composition, and extent of swimming and resting behaviors. Six interaction group types were characterized by the presence of whales in the belly‐up position, by group size, by the absence of females with calves, and by sexual activity. Some interpretations of the possible functional meaning of the observed group types are discussed.
RESPONSE OF ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS TO IMMOBILIZATION WITH KETAMINE, A KETAMINE‐DIAZEPAM OR KETAMINE‐XYLAZINE MIXTURE, AND ZOLETIL®
Authors: Boyd I. L. , Lunn N. J. , Duck C. D. , Barton T.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Adult Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) were immobilized with Zoletil® (n= 172), ketamine (n= 30), ketamine mixed with diazepam (n= 23) and with ketamine mixed with xylazine (n= 45). Response to all drugs was highly variable. There was a relationship between dose rate and level of immobilization in females given Zoletil®. Males were slightly more sensitive to Zoletil® than females but this could have been due to the greater body mass and lower mass‐specific metabolic rate of males. The dose required to achieve a level of immobilization declined with greater body mass for Zoletil® and ketamine but not for ketamine‐diatepam. Ketamine and ketamine‐sedative mixtures commonly caused mild tremoring and occasionally caused convulsions. Neither reaction was seen with Zoletil®. Mean doses were, Zoletil® 1.5 mg/ kg, ketamine 6.9 mg/kg, ketamine‐diazepam 6.3 mg/kg ketamine and 6.3 μg/kg diazepam, and ketamine‐xylazine 7.3 mg/kg ketamine and 0.62 mg/ kg xylazine. Zoletil® performs at least as well on Antarctic fur seals as ketamine but it may cause respiratory depression. The dose of ketamine required for Antarctic fur seals was greater than for most other species of seals.
PUPPING IN THE MOST NORTHERLY HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA)
Authors: Gjertz Ian , Børset Asbjørn
Published: August 2006

The Norwegian high arctic archipelago Svalbard is the home of the world's northernmost population of harbor seals. Due to their limited distribution in isolated areas of the archipelago, little is known about their biology. Until now no information has been published on their pupping or whether it differs from that of harbor seals in other regions. This paper shows that the peak pupping period for harbor seals in Svalbard coincides with that in Europe, i.e., the second half of June. The pups are born with an adult‐like pelt and not with a white coat.
ESTIMATED POPULATION SIZE OF THE CALIFORNIA GRAY WHALE
Authors: Buckland S. T. , Breiwick J. M. , Cattanach K. L. , Laake J. L.
Published: August 2006

Abstract: The 1987‐1988 counts of gray whales passing Monterey are reanalyzed to provide a revised population size estimate. The double count data are modeled using iterative logistic regression to allow for the effects of various covariates on probability of detection, and a correction factor is introduced for night rate of travel. The revised absolute population size estimate is 20,869 animals, with CV = 4.37% and 95% confidence interval (19,200, 22,700). In addition the series of relative population size estimates from 1967‐1968 to 1987‐1988 is scaled to pass through this estimate and modeled to provide variance estimates from interannual variation in population size estimates. This method yields an alternative population size estimate for 1987‐1988 of 21,296 animals, with CV = 6.05% and 95% confidence interval (18,900, 24,000). The average annual rate of increase between 1967‐1968 and 1987‐1988 was estimated to be 3.29% with standard error 0.44%.
DESCRIPTION OF AN ANOMALOUS MONODONTID SKULL FROM WEST GREENLAND: A POSSIBLE HYBRID?
Authors: Heide‐Jørgensen Mads P. , Reeves Randall R.
Published: August 2006

Abstract: The complete skull of an anomalous odontocete cetacean from outer Disko Bay, West Greenland, is described and compared with the skulls of adult narwhals, Monodon monoceros, and belugas, Delphinapterus leucas. The anomalous whale's skull is much larger than those of normal narwhals and belugas. In particular, the rostrum and mandibles are relatively long and massive. The dentition is unlike that of any known cetacean, but some features of the teeth are considered analogous to those of both narwhals and belugas. The intermediate characteristics of the skull and dentition are consistent with the hypothesis that the anomalous whale was a narwhal‐beluga hybrid.
SEXUAL COMPOSITION and ANALYSIS OF REPRODUCTIVE FEMALES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALE, EUBALAENA GLACIALIS, POPULATION
Authors: Brown Moira W. , Kraus Scorr D. , Gaskin David E. , White Bradley N.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

To test hypotheses involving reproduction and demographics, the sex of individuals must be established, but many species of Cetacea are not obviously dimorphic. In the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, population, the sex of 61 males and 55 females had been determined previously by observation of the urogenital region, and the sex of 43 more females had been inferred from repeated sightings with a calf. To confirm the sex of some of these animals and to identify the sex of mote animals, genomic DNA was isolated from skin samples of 95 individual right whales (54 from among those described above and 41 additional recognizable individuals). The DNA was surveyed using the human Y‐chromosome probe pDP1007. With EcoRI‐digested DNA, a clear, sex‐discriminating banding pattern was apparent. This method verified the sex of all 54 animals whose sex was previously known or inferred and identified the sex of an additional 41 recognizable individuals. A total of 89 male and 111 female right whales was identified in the population. The most unbiased estimate of sex ratio available is the 36 male and 34 female calves identified by genital morphology and DNA techniques. The sex ratio of this sample does not differ significantly from unity (P = 0.811). Only 38% (58/152) of the females in the North Atlantic population are known to have been reproductively successful compared with 54% in the population of right whales in the western South Atlantic. The population growth rate reported for the North Atlantic population is only 33% of that reported for right whales in the South Atlantic. Thirteen adult North Atlantic females have been identified that have not been known to calve during the past 11 yr. These data suggest that the absence of measurable recovery may be due to a combination of fewer actively reproducing females and lower reproductive rates of some females.
ORPHAN‐INDUCED LACTATION IN TURSIOPS AND ANALYSIS OF COLLECTED MILK
Authors: Ridgway Sam , Kamolnick Tricia , Reddy Michelle , Curry Christine , Tarpley Raymond J.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Two non‐lactating, non‐gravid female bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, (SLA, age 32 yr and TOD, age 34 yr) began lactating within one week after being housed with a 6.5‐ and 6.75‐month‐old orphaned calf, respectively. Cooperative swimming and nursing behaviors were quickly evident in both cow/ calf pairs. During the first 2.5 mo a milk substitute, eventually in combination with some whole fish, was used to supplement nursing in both calves. After this initial period, supplemental feeding was discontinued. SLA then became her adopted calf s sole source of nutrition for the next 5 mo, followed by another 6 mo during which the calf shifted to a predominantly fish diet with occasional nursing. TOD's orphan also continued to nurse beyond the 2.5‐mo supplementation period and began voluntarily accepting small quantities of fish, suckling continued over the next year while fish consumption increased. Using a modified human breast pump, trainers collected milk at intervals from the adult dolphins throughout the lactation period. The first milk collected from TOD (day 8 after housing with calf) and SLA (day 12 with her calf) contained 6.0% and 10.3% fat, respectively. On day 68 TOD's milk fat had increased to 23.5%, and on day 37 that of SLA measured 22.5%. These later values are similar to those reported for normally lactating bottlenose dolphins.
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON CALIFORNIA SEA OTTERS: IMPLICATIONS OF THE EXXON VALDEZ SPILL IN ALASKA
Authors: Brody Allan J. , Raus Katherine , Siniff Donald B.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Based on the survival of sea otters held at rehabilitation centers during the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, we built two models of otter mortality. One was based on the relationship between mortality and distance from spill origin, the other was based on the relationship between mortality and time from the spill origin. These models are simplistic and are meant as first steps in arriving at realistic risk estimates and in providing a conceptual framework for relating oil spills and sea otter mortality. Using the distance model, we simulated the impact of an Exxon Valdez event occurring at different locations along the California coast. A spill at the Monterey Peninsula had the greatest impact, exposing 90% of the California sea otter population to oil and killing at least 50% of the individuals. The time model was used to predict the mortality of otters exposed to oil of various ages and for various periods of time. It suggested that efforts to rehabilitate otters should be discontinued 20‐30 d after a spill. The limitations of the data available from the Exxon Valdez spill emphasize the importance of being prepared to conduct appropriate research during the next oil spill in sea otter habitat.
COMPARATIVE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF FUR SEALS
Authors: WICKENS PATTI , YORK ANNE E.
Published: August 2006

The population sizes, trends, exploitation, and life history parameters for the ten fur seal species and subspecies are summarized. The largest population is that ofArctocephalus pusillus pusilluswith approximately two million seals, and the smallest is A.townsendiwith approximately 7,000 individuals. Most populations are legally protected, although controlled harvesting may occur. None of the fur seal populations is currently known to be decreasing. Data are presented for parameters related to the survival of pups, juveniles, adults, and territorial males, and to reproduction, including the age of attainment of territorial status, aggregation sizes, age of first parturition, pregnancy rates, sex ratios of young animals, and information on the birth seasons of the different species. Since pinnipeds are often of concern in fisheries management, their daily consumption rates are of importance, and consequently data on body masses are summarized and the paucity of data on consumption rates as a function of body mass noted. A simplified age‐structured model is developed, and the results of this model are compared with results from more detailed models based on two published life tables forCallorhinus ursinus.This comparison shows that the use of the simplified age‐structured model is justified to explore changes in population growth rate. However, the simplified model does show exaggerated age structure effects compared to the more detailed models. This model is used to compare the population dynamics of those species for which sufficient data are available. Areas in which limited, or no, data are available for the different fur seal species are highlighted.
MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE FACIAL MUSCLES IN THE BAIKAL SEAL (PHOCA SIBIRICA)
Authors: Endo Hideki , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Petrov Evageny A. , Amano Masao , Miyazaki Nobuyuki
Published: August 2006

Abstract

This study was performed to determine if, as expected, the enlarged eye of the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica) has an influence on the form and function of the skull and facial muscles. Macroscopic observation of these muscles demonstrated that the M. orbicularis oculi expands around the palpebral fissure and that some facial muscles attach and insert in the M. orbicularis oculi, possibly supporting M. orbicularis oculi function. We suggest that these muscles move the eye and palpebral area and constitute a morphological and synergistic facial muscle complex system. Further, the development of the M. rectus lateralis around the sclera of the eye indicates that this muscle is also involved in eye movement.
EFFECTS OF MEAL SIZE ON OTOLITH RECOVERY FROM FECAL SAMPLES OF GRAY AND HARBOR SEAL PUPS
Authors: Marcus J. , Bowen W. Don , Eddington J. D.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Recovered otoliths from pinniped feces provide valuable information on diet composition and prey size. We studied the effect of meal size on otolith recovery from the feces of one harbor and eight gray seal pups. Each of 11 experiments comprised a half‐ration meal, a period of fecal collection, a 1.5‐or double‐ration meal again followed by a period of fecal collection. A significantly lower percentage of Atlantic herring otoliths were recovered from half‐ration meals (25%± 12.5% in the harbor seal, 8.6%± 6.9% in eight gray seals) than from 1.5‐ or double‐ration meals (62.5%± 3.1 % in the harbor seal, 32.8%± 23.5% in gray seals). Meal size also significantly affected the percentage of Atlantic cod otoliths recovered from gray seal feces (65.0%± 26.3% from half ration, 98.3%± 2.9% from 1.5 ration). For both size meals, recovered cod otoliths were more significantly eroded than herring otoliths. The development of correction factors to account for the effects of digestion will need to consider the distribution of meal sizes of free‐ranging pinnipeds.
AN OCEAN‐BASIN‐WIDE MARK‐RECAPTURE STUDY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC HUMPBACK WHALE (MEGAPTERA NOVAEANGLIAE)
Authors: Smith T. D. , Allen J. , Clapham P. J. , Hammond P. S. , Katona S. , Larsen F. , Lien J. , Mattila D. , Palsbøll P. J. , Sigurjónsson J. , Stevick P. T. , ØIen N.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Although much is known about the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, regional studies have been unable to answer several questions that are central to the conservation and management of this endangered species. To resolve uncertainties about population size, as well as the spatial and genetic structure of the humpback whale population in the North Atlantic, we conducted a two‐year ocean‐basin‐wide photographic and biopsy study in 1992‐1993. Photographic and skin‐biopsy sampling was conducted of animals in feeding and breeding areas throughout most of the range of this species in the North Atlantic, from the West Indies breeding grounds through all known feeding areas as far north as arctic Norway. A standardized sampling protocol was designed to maximize sample sizes while attempting to ensure equal probability of sampling, so that estimates of abundance would be as accurate and as precise as possible. During 666 d at sea aboard 28 vessels, 4,207 tail fluke photographs and 2,326 skin biopsies were collected. Molecular analyses of all biopsies included determination of sex, genotype using six microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial control region sequence. The photographs and microsatellite loci were used to identify 2,998 and 2,015 individual whales, respectively.

Previously published results from this study have addressed spatial distribution, migration, and genetic relationships. Here, we present new estimates of total abundance in this ocean using photographic data, as well as overall and sex‐specific estimates using biopsy data. We identify several potential sampling biases using only breeding‐area samples and report a consistent mark‐recapture estimate of oceanwide abundance derived from photographic identification, using both breeding and feeding‐area data, of 10,600 (95% confidence interval 9,300‐12,100). We also report a comparable, but less precise, biopsy‐based estimate of 10,400 (95% confidence interval of 8,000‐13,600). These estimates are significantly larger and more precise than estimates made for the 1980s, potentially reflecting population growth. In contrast, significantly lower and less consistent estimates were obtained using between‐feeding‐area or between‐breeding‐area sampling. Reasons for the lower estimates using the results of sampling in the same areas in subsequent years are discussed. Overall, the results of this ocean‐basin‐wide study demonstrate that an oceanwide approach to population assessment of baleen whales is practicable and results in a more comprehensive understanding of population abundance and biology than can be gained from smaller‐scale efforts.
A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE EFFECT OF A DIE‐OFF FROM STRANDING DATA
Authors: Eguchi Tomoharu
Published: August 2006

Abstract

A method was developed for estimating the mortality during a die‐off of marine mammal species from longitudinal stranding data. A deterministic mathematical model of the stranding process was used to calculate the mortality during a die‐off. The model incorporated natural and anthropogenic mortality rates, the number of stranded carcasses before, during, and after the die‐off, the duration of the die‐off, and detection probability of a stranded carcass. The model was applied to data for the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) along the Atlantic coast of the United States. The mortality rate during the epizootic of 1987 and 1988 was calculated using the model. Sensitivity analyses indicated that precise estimates of natural and anthropogenic mortality rates were important for obtaining precise additional mortality rates during the die‐off. For stranding data to be useful in this model, data should be collected in a consistent manner and effort within a defined area prior to, throughout, and after a die‐off. Survey effort also should be measured.
DIET OF HARBOR PORPOISES IN THE KATTEGAT AND SKAGERRAK SEAS: ACCOUNTING FOR INDIVIDUAL VARIATION AND SAMPLE SIZE
Authors: Börjesson Patrik , Berggren Per , Ganning Björn
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Stomach contents of 112 bycaught harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) collected between 1989 and 1996 in the Kattegat and Skagerrak seas were analyzed to describe diet composition and estimate prey size, to examine sample size requirements, and to compare juvenile and adult diets. Although porpoises preyed on a variety of species, only a few contributed substantially to the diet. Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) was the dominating prey species for both juveniles and adults. Our results, in combination with those from previous studies, suggest that where herring is a dominant food source, porpoises prey primarily on size classes containing mature or maturing individuals. Further, we also show that Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) may be an important food resource, at least for adult porpoises. Examination of sample size requirement showed that, depending on the taxonomic level used to describe the diet, a minimum of 35–71 stomachs are needed to be confident that all common prey species will be found.
USE OF A PETHIDINE AND MIDAZOLAM COMBINATION FOR THE REVERSIBLE SEDATION OF CRABEATER SEALS (LOBODON CARCINOPHAGUS)
Authors: Tahmindjis Mark A. , Higgins Damien P. , Lynch Michael J. , Barnes Julie A. , Southwell Colin J.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Between October and December of 1996–1999, off eastern Antarctica (60°‐150°E), we darted 31 crabeater seals with midazolam and pethidine at estimated dose rates of 0.15–0.4 mg/kg and 1–3 mg/kg, respectively. Maximum sedation was reached at 23 ± 9 min (n = 18) and first signs of recovery were noted at 54 ± 24 min (n = 4). Seals greater than 250 kg body‐mass were sedated by administration of approximately 90–100 mg midazolam and 600 mg pethidine, but the degree of sedation was unpredictable and did not permit invasive procedures in some cases. Behavior of the seal and adjacent conspecifics affected the success of procedures and our ability to monitor vital signs. Naloxone and flumazenil reversed sedation, making this combination attractive for use in animals adjacent to water. Additional ketamine was administered to two seals, resulting in improved restraint.
AGE AND LENGTH AT WEANING AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIET OF PANTROPICAL SPOTTED DOLPHINS, STENELLA ATTENUATA, FROM THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC
Authors: Archer Frederick I. , Robertson Kelly M.
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Using stomach contents from 203 spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) killed in the yellowfin tuna fishery, we modeled the weaning process of calves. Spotted dolphins began to take solid food at approximately 6 mo of age, or 115 cm, but continued to suckle until they were nearly 2 yr old. Calves tended to feed more frequently on squid as they got older, which suggested there was a shift in diet during weaning. The average age and total body length at weaning was estimated to be 0.8 yr (approximately 9 mo) and 122 cm. The oldest suckling calf was almost 2 yr old, which suggests that some calves continued to suckle for more than a year after they could have been weaned. A better understanding of the weaning process, especially quantifying the period of time when calves are nutritionally dependent on their mothers may lead to a better evaluation of their potential vulnerability to the disturbance caused by the yellowfin tuna purse‐seine fishery.
EVIDENCE FOR INCREASES IN ANTARCTIC BLUE WHALES BASED ON BAYESIAN MODELLING
Authors: Branch Trevor A. , Matsuoka Koji , Miyashita Tomio
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Antarctic blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia) are the largest and formerly most abundant blue whale subspecies, but were hunted to near extinction last century. Estimated whaling mortality was unsustainable from 1928 to 1972 (except during 1942–1944), depleting them from 239,000 (95% interval 202,000–311,000) to a low of 360 (150–840) in 1973. Obtaining statistical evidence for subsequent increases has proved difficult due to their scarcity. We fitted Bayesian models to three sighting series (1968–2001), constraining maximum rates of increase to 12% per annum. These models indicated that Antarctic blue whales are increasing at a mean rate of 7.3% per annum (1.4%–11.6%). Informative priors based on blue whale biology (4.3%, SD = 1.9%) and a Bayesian hierarchical meta‐analysis of increase rates in other blue whale populations (−3%, SD = 11.6%), suggest plausible increase rates are lower (although the latter has wide intervals), but a meta‐analysis of other mysticetes obtains similar rates of increase (6.7%, SD = 4.0%). Possible biases affecting the input abundance estimates are discussed. Although Antarctic blue whales appear to have been increasing since Sovier illegal whaling ended in 1972, they still need to be protected‐their estimated 1996 population size, 1,700 (860–2,900), was just 0.7% (0.3%–1.3%) of the pre‐exploitation level.
PATTERNS OF SOUND PRODUCTION IN DIVING SPERM WHALES IN THE NORTHWESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: Teloni Valeria
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Passive acoustic tracking of sperm whales was conducted during three cruises (2001, 2002, and 2003) in the northwestern part of the Mediterranean Sea using a 128‐element towed linear array with real‐time beamforming capabilities. This allowed angular separation of sperm whales clicking from different horizontal directions, as well as an enhanced signal‐to‐noise ratio. Thus, when several diving animals were present, the description of individual click series was possible. Over a total of 279 complete dives, sperm whales were recorded clicking an average of 35 min per dive. The acoustic repertoire heard from diving sperm whales consisted of usual clicks, creaks, codas, and ttumpets. Trumpets occurred at the beginning of 45 dives. One hundred and thirty‐one codas, 98% belonging to the Mediterranean pattern 3+1, were recorded, usually at the end of the dive.
Teaching landing skills in elite junior Australian football: evaluation of an injury prevention strategy
Authors: Scase E , Cook J , Makdissi M , Gabbe B , Shuck L
Published: August 2006

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of a preseason physical training programme that taught landing and falling skills in improving landing skills technique and preventing injury in junior elite Australian football players.

Methods:723 male players who participated in an under 18 elite competition were studied prospectively in a non-randomised controlled trial over two consecutive football seasons. There were 114 players in the intervention group and 609 control players. The eight session intervention programme taught players six landing, falling, and recovery skills, which were considered fundamental for safe landing in Australian football. Landing skills taught in these sessions were rated for competence by independent and blinded assessors at baseline and mid-season.

Results:Evaluation of landing skills found no significant differences between the groups at baseline. Evaluation after the intervention revealed overall improvement in landing skills, but significantly greater improvement in the intervention group (z  =  −7.92, p  =  0.001). Players in the intervention group were significantly less likely (relative rate 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.52 to 0.98) to sustain an injury during the season than the control group. In particular, the time to sustaining a landing injury was significantly less for the intervention group (relative rate 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.92) compared with the control group.

Conclusions:Landing and falling ability can be taught to junior elite Australian football players. Players in the intervention group were protected against injury, particularly injuries related to landing and falls.
Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament versus lateral ankle ligament repair: a case-control study
Authors: Lohrer H , Nauck T , Arentz S , Vogl T J
Published: August 2006

Objective:Anatomic reconstruction is the treatment of choice for lateral ankle ligament instability. A similar technique has recently been described for stabilisation of a chronic unstable calcaneocuboid joint as an alternative to the previously proposed tenodesis and arthrodesis procedures.

Methods:Five consecutive young females experiencing recurrent giving way of six calcaneocuboid joints were treated operatively during a 4 year period using anatomic ligament repair reinforced by a periosteal flap. Results were compared to five patients who underwent anatomic lateral ankle ligament repair in a case-control design. Outcome was measured using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, physical examination, and stress radiographic and MRI (calcaneocuboid group) investigation. Functional neuromuscular performance was evaluated by isokinetic torque measurements, posturometry, single-leg drop jumps, and single-leg long jumps.

Results:Outcome scores at follow up (5–61 months after surgery) revealed excellent results for both groups. No relevant difference was found between the affected legs and the non-affected legs or between groups with respect to the outcome measures. MRI exhibited ligament-like structures at the repaired dorsal calcaneocuboid joints in five out of six joints.

Conclusions:Results of anatomic repair of unstable lateral ankle and isolated calcaneocuboid joint instability equally lead to excellent results.
Immunoglobulin responses to a repeated bout of downhill running
Authors: McKune A J , Smith L L , Semple S J , Mokethwa B , Wadee A A
Published: August 2006

Objective:To examine the effect of downhill running on immunoglobulin responses.

Method:Eleven untrained men performed 2 × 60 minute bouts of downhill running (−13.5% gradient), at a speed eliciting 75% of their V̇o2peakon a level grade. Two runs were spaced 14 days apart. Serum samples were collected before, after, and every hour for 12 hours and every 24 hours for six days. Serum total creatine kinase and immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses were measured, and results were analysed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (12 hour period, 2 × 14; 24 hour intervals, 2 × 6, p⩽0.05).

Results:There was a significant interaction effect for creatine kinase (activity lower after run 2 than after run 1, 6–24 h) and exercise effect, with the serum concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgE lower, and IgM higher, after run 2.

Conclusion:Lower concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and IgE after run 2 may reflect a dampened autoimmune inflammatory response to autoantigens and enhanced autoantigen clearance mediated by the upregulation of IgM.
Six minute walk distance is greater when performed in a group than alone
Authors: Grindrod D , Paton C D , Knez W L , O’Brien B J
Published: August 2006

Objective:To investigate whether the distance covered in the six minute walk test was affected by walking with a group of others in comparison with performing the test alone.

Methods:Eight healthy men (mean (SD) age 21.0 (0.9) years) and eight healthy women (mean (SD) age 20.8 (2.0) years) performed in random order two six minute walk tests either alone or in a group of four on two separate occasions one week apart.

Results:Distance covered increased significantly from a mean of 653 (61) m in the individual male tests to 735 (79) m in the male group tests (p<0.05), and 616 (75) m in the individual female tests to 701 (54) m in the female group tests (p<0.01). The men increased the distance walked in six minutes by 12.5% and the women by 13.7% when they performed the test as a group.

Conclusion:Performing the six minute walk test in a group facilitates its execution.
Classification of functional recovery of anterior cruciate ligament copers, non-copers, and adapters
Authors: Button K , van Deursen R , Price P
Published: August 2006

Objectives:(a) To identify whether differences exist in the pattern of recovery with respect to functional outcomes for acutely ruptured anterior cruciate ligament deficient (ACLD) copers, adapters, and non-copers. (b) To identify clinically relevant outcomes that could distinguish between three functional subgroups.

Methods:A longitudinal study was used to measure gait variables and distance hop at regular intervals after injury using a digital camcorder and computer for quantitative analysis. A sample of 63 ACLD subjects entered the study; 42 subjects were measured at least three times. At 12–36 months after injury, subjects were classified as functional copers, adapters, or non-copers on the basis of which of their preinjury activities they had resumed. To determine the pattern of recovery, repeated measurements were analysed using a least squares fit of the data.

Results:17% of ACLD subjects were classified as functional copers, 45% as adapters, and 38% as non-copers. Only 5% of those who participated in high demand activities before injury returned to them. ACLD copers had recovered above the control mean for all gait variables by 40 days after the injury. Hopping distance did not recover to the control mean. Non-copers struggled to recover to control limits and remained borderline for all the gait variables.

Conclusions:Distinctive patterns of functional recovery for three subgroups of ACLD subjects have been identified. Gait variables and activity level before injury were the most useful variables for distinguishing between the subgroups. If potential for recovery is identified early after injury, then appropriate treatment can be given.
Osteogenic index of step exercise depending on choreographic movements, session duration, and stepping rate
Authors: Santos-Rocha R A , Oliveira C S , Veloso A P
Published: August 2006

Background:Step exercise has been promoted as a low impact physical activity recommended for the improvement of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. This recreational activity might also be recommended to improve bone health since mechanical load plays an important role in the normal development of the skeleton.

Methods:Our main purpose was to characterised 100 step sessions and to calculated osteogenic index (OI) according to Turner and Robling: OI (one session) = peak ground reaction force(BW)*ln(number of loading cycles+1).

Results:Main results (mean±SD) were as follows: OI was 12.0±0.8; peak ground reaction force (GRF) was 1.40±0.10 times body weight (BW); session duration was 38.6±8.3 min; stepping rate was 134.6±4.7 beats per minute (bpm); the movements performed most often were marching, knee hop, side leg, L step, and over the top; and the number of loading cycles was 4194.1±1055.2. OI and GRF increased significantly when stepping rate was higher than 135 bpm. This stepping rate might be used as a reference for higher intensity classes. A frequency of two to three sessions per week of step exercise is recommended.

Conclusions:Despite the benefits that have been stated when step classes are structured correctly and adapted to the participants, further research is needed concerning biomechanical load, exercise prescription, and injury prevention.
Effects of leg resistance training on arterial function in older men
Authors: Maeda S , Otsuki T , Iemitsu M , Kamioka M , Sugawara J , Kuno S , Ajisaka R , Tanaka H
Published: August 2006

Background:Little information is available on the effect of strength training on vascular function, particularly in older people.

Objective:To determine the effect of resistance training on arterial stiffness and endothelial function in older adults.

Method:Eleven healthy men (mean (SEM) age 64 (1) years) performed 12 weeks of resistance training involving knee flexion and extension (three sets a day, two days a week).

Results:Resistance training increased maximal muscle power by 16% (p<0.0001). Arterial stiffness as assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity did not change with resistance training. Plasma concentration of nitric oxide (NO), measured as its stable end product (nitrite/nitrate), had increased (p<0.05) after resistance training (61.2 (10.4)v39.6 (3.2) μmol/l). There was no change in plasma concentration of endothelin-1.

Conclusion:The results suggest that short term resistance training may increase NO production without stiffening central arteries in healthy older men.
Do voluntary strength, proprioception, range of motion, or postural sway predict occurrence of lateral ankle sprain?
Authors: de Noronha M , Refshauge K M , Herbert R D , Kilbreath S L
Published: August 2006

Prevention of ankle sprain, the most common sporting injury, is only possible once risk factors have been identified. Voluntary strength, proprioception, postural sway, and range of motion are possible risk factors. A systematic review was carried out to investigate these possiblities. Eligible studies were those with longitudinal design investigating ankle sprain in subjects aged ⩾15 years. The studies had to have measured range of motion, voluntary strength, proprioception, or postural sway before monitoring incidence of lateral ankle sprain. Dorsiflexion range strongly predicted risk of ankle sprain. Postural sway and possibly proprioception were also predictors. Therefore the preliminary evidence suggests that people with reduced ankle dorsiflexion range may be at increased risk of ankle sprain.