bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KINETICS OF DICHLOBENIL DEGRADATION IN SOIL
Authors: MONTGOMERY M. , YU TE C. , FREED V. H.
Published: July 2006

Summary. The rates of degradation of dichlobenil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile) in soil were determined at 67 and 267°C. The degradation followed first‐order kinetics but at 67°C this occurred after an initial lag period of 10 weeks. The half‐lives were 28 weeks (+ 10 weeks lag) at 6.7°C and 19 weeks at 26.7°C. The activation energy for the decomposition was the relatively low value of 3.57 kcal/mole, indicating that the degradation of dichlobenil is not as markedly affected by temperature as that of many other herbicides. The only detectable metabolite was 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide, a compound that should have a substantially lower vapour pressure and a higher affinity for surfaces than the parent compound.

Cinétique de la dégradation du dichlobénil dans le sol

Résumé. Les taux de dégradation du dichlobénil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile) dans le sol ont été détermines à 6,7 et 26,7°C. La déSgradation suivit une loi cinétique du premier ordre, mais à 6,7°C ceci se produisit aprés une période initiate de latence de 10 semaines. Les demi‐vies furent de 28 semaines (plus 10 semaines de latence) a 6,7°C et 19 semaines à. 26,7°C. L'énergie d'activation pour la décomposition s'établit à la valeur relativement faible de 3,57 kcal/mole; ceci indique que la dégradation du dichlobénil n'est pas aussi profondément affcctée par la température quc celle de beaucoup d'autres herbicides. Le seul métabolite detectable fut le 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide, composé qui devrait avoir une pression de vapeur notablement plus faible et une affinité plus grande pour les surfaces que le composé apparenté.

Kinetik des Dichlohenil‐Abbaus im Boden

Zusammenfassung. Es wurde die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von Dichlobenil (2,6‐Dichlorbenzonitril) im Boden bei 6,7°C und 26,7°C bestinimt. Der Abbau entsprach einer Reaktion erster Ordnung. Bei 6,7°G setzte der Abbau nach einer lag‐Phase von 10 Wochen ein. Die Halbwertzeiten betrugen 28 Wochen (+10 Wochen lag‐Phase) bei 6,7°C und 19 Wochen bei 26,7°C. Die Aktivierungsenergie war verhältnisniässig niedrig und betrug 3,57 Kcal/Mol und zeigt, dass der Abbau von Dichlobenil durch Temperatur nicht so stark beeinflusst wird wie bei vielen anderen Herbiziden. Der einzige nachweisbare Metabolit war 2,6‐Dichlorbenzamid, der einen wcsentlich nieddgeren Dampfdruck und eine grössere Affinität gegenüber Oberfiächen haben dürfte als die ursprüngliche Verbindung.
PHOTOLYSIS OF FLUORODIFEN
Authors: EASTIN E. F.
Published: July 2006

Summary. A dry film or p.‐nitrophenyl‐α,α,α:‐trifluoro‐2‐nitro‐2‐tolyl ether (fluorodifen) decomposed rapidly under ultraviolet (2537 run) irradiation in the laboratory. Photolysis under growth chamber lights was slower. One major photolysis product (probably a polymer of fluorodifen) and several minor products were detected.

Photolyse du flurodifene

Résumé. Un film sec de p‐nitrophényl‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2‐nitro‐p‐tolyl äther (fluorodifènc) a été rapidement décomposé sous une irradiation dans l'ultra‐violet (253,7 nm) au laboratoire. La photolyse sous l'éclairage des chambres elimatisées fut plus lente. Un produit important de la photolyse (probablement un polyméie du fluorodiféne) et plusieurs produits secondaires ont été détectés.

Photolyse von Fluorodifen

Zusammenfassung. Ein trockener Film von p‐Nitrophenyl‐α,α,α‐trifiuor‐2‐nitro‐p‐tolyläther (Fluorodifen) zersetzte sich im Laboratorium schnell bei Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht (253,7 nm). Unter Klimakammerlampen war die Photolyse lang‐samer. Es konnten ein Hauptprodukt der Photolyse (wahrscheinlich ein Polymer von Fluorodifen) sowie mehrere Nebenprodukte festgestellt werden.
ZUM METABOLISMUS VON FLURENOL‐n‐BUTYLESTER IN HÖHEREN PFLANZEN*
Authors: WOTSCHOKOWSKY M.
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Durch Blattapplikation des 14C‐markierten Flurenol‐n‐butylesters an Phaseolus vulgaris wurde die Metabolisiening dieses systemischen Wirkstoffs unter‐sucht. Die Struktur zweier isomerer β‐Glucoside wurde aufgeklärt, und vier weitere polare Metaboliten wurden isoliert und charakterisiert.

Metabolism of flurenol‐n‐butyl ester in higher plants
GRASS CONTROL IN NEWLY‐SOWN LEGUMES WITH TRIFLURALIN AND CARBETAMIDE
Authors: BROCK J. L.
Published: July 2006

Summary. Two trials comparing grass control by trifluralin and carbetamide in autumn‐sown legumes (Trifolium subterraneum L., T. pratense L., T. repens L., T. dubium L. and Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) were conducted. Trifluralin was used pre‐sowing and carbetamide both pre‐sowing and post‐emergence.

Both herbicides gave good control of Lolium perenne L. and Poa annuaL. at rates of 0·5 and 1·0 kg/ha a.i. for trifluralin and carbetamide respectively. Carbetamide showed no toxicity to any of the legumes up to 2·0 kg/ha except for Lotus pedunculatus at that rate, whereas trifluralin was toxic to all species at 2·0 kg/ha. Neither herbicide controlled broad‐leaved weeds.

The results are discussed in terms of the effects of soil fertility, plant age and maturity on the activity of these herbicides.

La lutte contre les graminées adventices avec la trifluraline et le carbétamide dans les légumineuses récemment semées
EFFECT OF CHLORTHAL DIMETHYL ON OAT AND FOXTAIL SEEDLING ANATOMY*
Authors: SHAYBANY BIJAN , ANDERSON J. L.
Published: July 2006

Summary. The root and shoot growth of oat (Avena sativa L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) were generally reduced proportionately to the concentration of chlorthal dimethyl applied. Foxtail shoot growth was stimulated by a concentration of 2 ppm. Cells in the shoot and root meristems of treated plants were completely disarranged and considerably hypertrophied. Differentiation was irregular and extended nearer the apices in tissue of treated seedlings than in normal tissue. Histochemical tests showed that the amount of starch, proteins and nucleic acids in seedling tissue decreased with an increase of chlorthal dimethyl concentration, whereas the endosperm of the seeds retained more starch and protein than the controls. The walls of shoot nieristem and root epidermal cells were thickened or altered so as to stain more intensely than corresponding cells in untreated tissue.

Effet du diméthyle chlorthal sur l'anatomie des plantules d'avoine et de séaire
NUTRIENT FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF ARGEMONE
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN P. S. , GUPTA USHA
Published: July 2006

Summary. Argemone mexicana L. and A. ochroleuca Sweet., two closely related species that often co‐exist in the same habitat, showed different responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Total yield, shoot: root ratios and nutrient uptake all differed. The significance of these results is discussed and it is concluded that the differences not only permit the species to exist in ecologically distinct habitats but also allow them both to survive in apparent co‐existence.

Facteurs de la nutrition influençant la distribution de deux espéces très voisines d'Argemone
THE CONTROL OF BROAD‐LEAVED DOCK (RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L.) IN NEWLY‐SOWN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.) WITH TRIFLURALIN, CARBETAMIDE AND ASULAM
Authors: BROCK J. L.
Published: July 2006

Summary. Trifluralin (2,6‐dinitro‐NN‐dipropyl‐4‐trifluoromethylaniline) pre‐sowing, and carbetamide (d‐N‐ethyl‐2‐(phenylcarbamoyloxy)propionamide) and asulam (N‐(4‐aminobenzenesulphonyl)methylcarbamate) pre‐sowing or post‐emergence were evaluated for the control of Rumex obtusifolius L. in autumn‐sown red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). All herbicides gave good control of if. obtusifolius from seed. Asulam at 2 or 4 kg/ha gave the best control of R. obtusifolius from rootstocks, followed by trifluralin at 1 kg/ha and carbetamide at 2 kg/ha. Poa annua L. was controlled by trifluralin and carbetamide but not by asulam. The results are interpreted in terms of the mode of action and method of application of the herbicides.

La lutte contre la Patience sauvage (Rumex obtusifolius L.) dans un semis récent de trèfle rouge (Trifolium pratense L.) avec la trifluraline, le carbétamide et l'asulame
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE SELECTIVE HERBICIDE CHLORFENPROP‐METHYL
Authors: FEDTKE CARL
Published: July 2006

Summary. Chlorfenprop‐methyl, the active ingredient of the selective herbicide BIDISIN®, induces autolysis in the leaves of Avena fatua L. During this process the cellular hydrolytic enzynnes, normally inactive, degrade the polymeric proteins, starch and nucleic acids, leading to breakdown of the plant. The basic metabolic processes of respiration, photosynthesis, protein synthesis and RNA synthesis are not inhibited by chlorfenprop‐methyl but become inactivated during autolysis.

Méemisme d'action de l'herbicide sélectif chlorfenprop‐méthyle
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TOLERANCE OF BLACKCURRANTS TO SIMAZINE
Authors: SHONE M. G. T. , WOOD ANN V.
Published: July 2006

Summary. Evidence is presented that blackcurrants show a considerable tolerance to simazine when the entire root system is exposed to a uniform concentration of the herbicide in sand and water culture. The tolerance of this species under field conditions does not therefore seem to be primarily due to root development being limited in the surface soil to which simazine is applied. Accordingly, experiments were carried out using simazine, labelled in the ring with 14C, to determine whether there were restrictions to the uptake of the herbicide by the roots and its translocation to the xylem sap and leaves, and whether there was extensive breakdown of simazine in the plant. The results of these experiments are compared with those on two susceptible species, barley and marrow.

Although simazine appeared to be metabolized to a greater extent in blackcurrants, and was less readily translocated from the roots, than in the susceptible species, a substantial proportion of the labelled material in the leaves was present as unchanged simazine. Studies on the effects of simazine on the rate of transpiration of detached leaves of the three species suggested that in blackcurrants there was a restriction to movement of the herbicide from the conducting tissue in the leaves to the mesophyll; this was confirmed by autoradiographs. It is suggested that this restriction, combined with partial breakdown of the herbicide in the leaves, may be responsible for the tolerance of blackcurrants to simazine.

Résistance du cassissier à la simazine
METABOLISM OF MONURON IN EXCISED LEAVES OF CORN AND BEAN PLANTS*
Authors: LEE SHAW S. , FANG S. C.
Published: July 2006

Summary. The metabolism of monuron in excised leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Black Valentine) and corn (Zea mays L., var. Batam Cross) were studied with carbonyl‐14C‐labelled monuron. The metabolic conversions of monuron in both plant species were exponential and followed first order reaction kinetics. The metabolism of monuron can be divided into two major pathways: demethylation and hydroxylation. At a monuron concentration of 16 ppm the hydroxylation was dominant in the bean leaves. As the concentration of monuron was increased the participation of the hydroxylation pathway became less probably due to the inhibition of enzymes involved by monuron. The demethylation pathway was not affected by higher monuron concentration. In the corn leaf, however, sequential demethylation was always the major pathway of monuron transformation and there was no inhibitory effect observed on either pathways as the concentration of monuron increased. The following radioactive metabolites were found in the alcohol extract of bean and com leaves receiving carbonyl‐14C‐labelled monuron: N′‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methylurea, p‐chlorophenylurea, two polypeptide complexes of monuron, one polypeptide complex of N′‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methylurea and β‐D‐glucosides of N‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐chlorophenyl) urea, N′‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐chlorophenyl) N‐methylurea, and N′‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐chlorophenyl)‐N,N‐dimethylurea. In addition, one minor radioactive peak was found only in the alcohol extract of corn leaves, which yielded four unidentified radioactive metabolites after acid or enzyme hydrolysis with β‐glucosidase.

Métabolisme du monuron dans des feuilles excisés de maïs et de haricot
A STUDY OF THE GROWTH OF AGROPYRON REPENS (L) BEAUV. IN A RYEGRASS LEY
Authors: CUSSANS G. W.
Published: July 2006

Summary. In March 1969 Agropyron repens was planted into the seebded of a spring barley crop undersown with perennial ryegrass cv. S.24. Different fertilizer and cutting treatments were imposed throughout 1970 and 1971 and plots were assessed for A. repens growth at regular intervals up to September 1971. Until the end of June 1971 there was little difference in growth of A. repens under the different treatments, although there was so little growth during much of this period that a high proportion of the rhizome recovered was that produced in the late summer and autumn of 1969, before the ley had fully established.

Between early July and mid September 1971 there was considerable rhizome growth on the plots receiving the least intensive cutting treatments, this being most marked at the high nitrogen level.

The practical implications of these results for the arable part of a rotation are discussed and three main conclusions are suggested: (1) Regardless of management, a ley is not an effective means of reducing an infestation of A. repens; (2) the sowing of a ley should be preceded by measures to reduce A. repens infestation. Growth of A. repens in the establishment year may be minimised by direct sowing of ryegrass, rather than undersowing; (3) the shallow growth habit of A. repens in a ley points to the need for cultivations as a complement, or as an alternative, to mouldboard ploughing, when the ley is broken.

Elude de la croissance d'Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. dans une culture de ray‐grass
NITRALIN AND TRIFLURALIN INCORPORATION BY RAINFALL AND IRRIGATION
Authors: SMITH D. T. , BERNER R. C. , WALTER J. P.
Published: July 2006

Summary. Pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) control was not satisfactory where furrow irrigation was substituted for mechanical incorporation of nitralin or trifluralin on loam. Trifluralin concentrations in soil were twice as high after mechanical incorporation compared to furrow irrigation alone. In some instances, nitralin gave excellent pigweed control when rainfall occurred within 1 day after application. However, weed control was not consistent over a 3‐year period. When herbicides were applied through a sprinkler irrigation system, chemicals were retained in the upper 5 cm of loamy sand and did not leach. However, herbicide distribution was not uniform due to irregular water movement by wind during application. Trifluralin did not control pigweed when applied and incorporated by sprinkler irrigation. Under the same conditions, nitralin gave good to excellent control.

Incorporation de la nitraline et de la trifluraline par la pluie et par I'irrigation
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HERBICIDES IN SOIL AND THEIR AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS: TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF THE TOTAL ROOT SYSTEM
Authors: WALKER A.
Published: July 2006

Summary. Uptake of atrazine and linuron by wheat seedlings was measured from different initial distributions of herbicide in the soil. Uptake of both compounds was proportional to the fraction of the total root system exposed to herbicide‐treated soil. It was calculated that under the conditions of the experiments, this factor would offset the reduction in concentration of herbicide in the soil following incorporation of 1 kg/ha to 3, 6 or 9 cm, so that after the same time, the concentrations of herbicide in the plants in the different treatments would be similar.

La distribution verticale des herbicides dans le sol et leur disponibilité pour tes plantes: traitement de différentes fractions de l'ensemble du système racinaire total
Some effects of manual and chemical defoliation on the growth and carbohydrate reserves of Panicum repens (L.) Beauv.
Authors: MANIPURA W. B. , SOMARATNE A.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

In pot experiments on Panicum repens manual and chemical defoliation at intervals of 2–6 weeks decreased the growth of shoots, roots and new rhizomes and reduced the carbohydrate reserves. The most frequent manual defoliation did not completely suppress growth even when continued for 9 months. The plants were killed, however, by application of paraquat at doses of 0–14‐0′56 kg/ha every 2 weeks for a period of 3 months. It is suggested that repeated mechanical defoliation may help to reduce plant vigour and limit the rate of spread in the field and that it may be possible to develop a method of more permanent control based on repeated application of paraquat.

Quelques effets de la ddfoliation manuelle et chimique sur la croissance el les reserves en hydrates de carbone de Panicum repens (L.) Beauv.

Dans des expériences en pots sur Panicum repens, des défoliations manuelles et chimiques effectuées à des inter‐valles de 2 à 6 semaines ont diminué la croissance de la partie aérienne, des racines, et des nouveaux rhizomes et ont réduit les réserves en hydrates de carbone. Dans la plupart des cas, Ia défoliation manuelle n'a pas complétement supprimé la croissance, mêmc lorsquété a ete poursuivie pendant 9 mois. Toutefois, les plantes ont été tuées par une application de paraquat à des doses de 0,14 à 0,56 kg/ha, toutes les deux semaines pendant une pédode de 3 mois. Ceci suggére que les défoliations mécaniques répétées peuvent contribuer à la réduction de la vigueur de la plante et à la limitation du taux d'infestation au champ, ce qui rendrait possible l'établissement d'une méthode de lutte plus définitive, basée sur des applications répétées de araquat.

Einige Auswirkungen von mechanischer und chemischer Blattabtötung auf das Wachstum und die Kohlehydratreserven von Panicum repens (L.) Beauv.

Bei Topfversuchen mit Panicum repens verminderte mechanische und chemische Blattabtötung in AbstSaUden von 2–6 Wochen das Wachstum von Spross, Wurzel und neuen Rhizomen. Ebenso wurden die Kohlehydratreserven herabgesetzt. Die in Abstönden von zwei Wochen durchgeführte mechanische Blattabtötung führte auch nach neun Monaten nicht zu einer vollständigen Unterdrückung des Wachstums. Jedoch wurden die Pftanzen durch Paraquat abgetötet wenn dieses in zweiwöchigem Abstand drei Monate hin‐durch in Aufwandmengen von 0.14–0.56 kg/ha angewandt wurde. Es wird angenommen, dass wiederholte mechanische Blattabtötung dazu beilrägt, die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Pflanzen zu vermindern und die Ausbreitung im Feld zu begrenzen, Es wird der Hoffnung Ausdruck gegeben, dass es möglich sein wird, eine Methode fur länger anhaltende Bekämpfung auf der Grundlage von wiederholt ausge‐brachtem Paiaquat zu entwickeln.
Bud inhibition of Cyperus rotundus L. tubers by inhibitor β or abscisic acid and the reversal of these effects by N‐6‐benzyl adenine*
Authors: TEO CHRIS K. H. , NISHIMOTO ROY K. , TANG C. S.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

The acidic ether fraction of methanol extracts from Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) tubers contained inhibitory substances described hereafter as inhibitor β. Inhibitor β inhibited sprouting of excised C. rotundus buds and also the elongation of wheat coleoptiles. The inhibition of bud sprouting by inhibitor β was reversed by the application of N‐6‐benzyl adenine (BA). Applications of abscisic acid (ABA) also inhibited sprouting of the excised buds and this was similarly reversed by BA applications. Chromatographic evidence suggested that inhibitor β mainly consisted of phenolic materials and possibly ABA as a minor component. The role of BA in enhancing sprouting of C rotundus tubers is discussed.

Inhibition des bourgeons de bulbes de Cyperus rotundus L. par I'inhibiteur β ou l'acide abscissique et réversion de ces effects par la N‐6‐benzyl adénine

La fraction éther acide d'extraits, par le méthanol. de bulbes de Cyperus rotundus L. contient des substances inhibitrices decrites ci‐après comme I'inhibiteur β. Cet inhibiteur β a inhibé la germination de bulbes isolés de C. rotundus ainsi que l'élongation de coléoptiles de blé. L'inhibition de la germination des bourgeons par I'inhibiteur βété renversée par l'application de la N‐6‐benzyl adénine (B.A.). Des applications d'acide abscissique (ABA) ont également inhibé la germination de bourgeons isolés et cet effet a été lui aussi renversé par des applications de B.A. Les chromatogrammes suggèrent que l'inhibiteur β est principalement constitué par des composés phénoliques et peut‐être par I'ABA comme composant mineur. Le rôle de la B.A. dans l'inhibition de la germination des bulbes de C. rotundus est discuté.

Knospenhemmung der Knollen von Cyperus rotundus L. durch Hemmstoff β oder Abscisinsäure und die Umkehrung dieser Effekte durch N‐6‐Benzylmlenin

Die saure Fraktion aus methanolischen Extrakten von Cyperus rotundus L.‐Knollen enthielten Hemmstoffe, die im folgenden als Hemmstoff β bezeichnet werden. Hemmstoff β hemmte das Sprossen isolierter C. rotundus‐Knospen und die Streckung von Weizenkoleoptilen. Die Hemmung der Knospensprossung durch Hemmstoff β wurde durch An‐wendung von N‐6‐Benzyladenin (BA) aufgehoben. Abscisinsäure (ABA) hemmte auch das Sprossen isolierter Knospen; durch BA wurde es auf ähnliche Weise aufgehoben. Der chromatographische Befund deutet darauf hin. Daß Hemmstoff β sich hauptsächlich aus phenolischen Verbindungen zusammensetzt und möglicherweise in gering‐em Unfang ABA enthält. Die Rolle von BA auf die Förderung der Keimung von C. rotundus‐Knollen wird diskutiert.
Molinate for the control of Echinochloa spp. in rice in New South Wales
Authors: SWAIN D. J.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

In a series of experiments carried out in the Leeton‐Yanco area of southern New South Wales, molinate was applied to drill‐sown rice at rates ranging from 2.24 to 6.73 kg/ha, and at times ranging from pre‐sowing to 36 days after sowing‐Applications were made to dry soil, and pre‐sowing applications were shallowly incorporated. All other treatments were followed within 24 h by either a flushing irrigation, or by permanent flooding

All molinate applications reduced Echinochloa spp. populations but best results were obtained with early post‐emergence applications. At this time of application 3.36 kg/ha was usually as effective as higher rates.

Molinate caused no damage to the rice crop, and herbicide application resulted in yield responses where significant Echinochloa spp. infestations were present.

Le molinate pour la lutte contre les Echinochloa spp. dans les cultures de riz en Nouvelle Galles du Sud

Dans une série d'essais réalisés dans la région du Leeton‐Yanco, dans la Nouvelle Galles du Sud, le molinate a été appliqué sur du riz semé en lignes à des doses allant de 2,24 à 6,73 kg/ha et à des époques se situant depuis le présemis jusquà 36 jours après le semis. Les traitements ont été effectués sur sol sec et les applications en présemis ont été suivies d'une incorporation superficielle. Tous les autres traitements ont été suivies dans les 24 heures soit par une irrigation temporaire soit par une submersion permanente.

Toutes les applications de molinate ont réduit les populations d'Echinochloa spp. mais les meilleurs rédultats ont été obtenus avec les traitements en post levée précoce. A cette époque d'application, la dose de 3,36 kg/ha a été habituelle‐ment aussi efficace que les doses supérieures.

Le molinate n'a pas causé de dégâts sur le riz et les traitements n'ont provoqué des fluctuations du rendement que là où des infestations significatives d'Echinochloa spp étaient présentes.

Bekämpfung von Echinochloa spp. in Reis mit Molinate in Neusüdwales

In der Gegend von Leeton‐Yanco im südlichen Neusüd‐wales wurde in einer Reihe von Versuchen Molinate in ge‐drilltem Reis in Aufwandmengen von 2,24 bis 6,73 kg/ha eingesetzt. Behandelt wurde im Zeitraum von vor der Saat bis 36 Tage nach der Saat. Es wurde auf trockenen Boden gespritzt und die s Vorsaatbehandlungen wurden flach ein‐gearbeitet. Bei allen anderen Behandlungen folgte inner‐halb von 24 Stunden entweder ein Überfluten oder ein ständiges Überstauen.

Sämtliche Behandlungen mit Molinate verminderten den Besatz an Echinochloa spp., die besten Bekämpfungserfolge wurden jedoch mit früher Vorauflaufspritzung erzielt. Zu diesem Behandlungszeitpunkt waren im Normalfall 3,36 kg/ha genau so wirksam wie höhere Aufwandmengen. Molinate verursachte keine Schäden beim Reis. Die Herbizi‐danwendung wirkte sich auf die Erträge aus, wenn starke Verunkrautung mit Echinochloa spp. vorhanden war.
Control of Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. and O, pes‐caprae L. by defoliation
Authors: CHAWDHRY M. A. , SAGAR G. R.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

The effects of repeated defoliation of Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. and O. pes‐caprae L. were studied under glasshouse conditions and the influence of different frequencies of defoliation by paraquat on O. latifolia was studied in the field. It is suggested that a useful degree of control can be achieved by regular and relentless defoliation of O. latifolia and O. pes‐caprae before the 20‐ and 30‐leaf stage, respectively.

La lutte contre Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. et O. pes‐caprae L. par défoliation.

Les effets de défoliations répétées sur Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. et O. pes‐caprae L. ont étéétudiés en serre et l'influence de différentes fréquences de defoliation par le paraquat sur O. latifolia a étéétudiée au champ. Il est suggéré qu'une limitation effcacc de O. latifolia et de O. pes‐caprae peut être obtenue par une défoliation régulèdre et sans rémission avant les stades 20 et 30 feuilles respectivement.

Bekämpfung von Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. und O. pes‐caprae L. durch Entlaubung

Die Wirkung wiederholter Entlaubung von Oxalis latifolia H.B.K. und O. pes‐caprae L. wurden im Gewächshaus und die Wirkung verschieden häufiger Entlaubung mit Paraquat auf O. latifolia im Freiland untersucht. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daβ eine brauchbare Bekämpfung von O. latifolia und O. pes‐caprae durch eine regelmässige und unbarmherzige Entlaubung erreicht werden kann, bevor sie das 20‐ bzw. das 30‐Blattstadium erreicht haben.
Lateral loss of picloram and 2,4‐D from a forest podsol during rainstorms
Authors: SUFFLTNG ROGER , SMITH DAVID W. , SIRONS G.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

Losses of picloram (4‐aniino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid as the triisopropanolamine salt) and 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichloropheno‐xyacetic acid as the triisopropanolamine salt) from a Tordon 101‐sprayed podsol in a Great Lakes forest clearcut were measured for one year following spraying. Less than 1.0 % of the picloram and much less than 0.1% of the 2,4‐D applied was lost during seven runoff events. Even an event less than 24 h after spraying failed to release significant quantities of either herbicide.

Pertes simultanées de piclorame et de 2,4‐ D à partir d'un podzol forestier, pendant les tempêtes de pluie

Les pertes de piclorame (acide 4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicoli‐nique sous forme de sel de triisopropanolamine) et de 2,4‐D (acide 2,4‐dichlorophénoxyacétique sous forme de sel de triiosopropanolamine) à partir d'un podzol traité au Tordon 101 dans une coupe à bianc de la forêt des Grands Lacs, ont été mesurées cours de I'année qui a suivi le traitement. Dans sept cas oú il y a eu ruissellement, la perte de piclorame a été inférieure à 1% et celle de 2,4‐D très inférieure à 0,1 %, et même dans un cas qui s'est produit mo ins de 24 heures aprés le traitement, it n'a pas pu être trouvé des quantités significatives de pertes pour aucun des deux herbicides.

Die laterate Verlagerung von Picloram und 2,4‐D in einem Waldpodsol während Regenfätlen

Nach der Anwendung von Tordon 101 in einem Kahlschlag (Podsolboden) des Forstgebietes der Grossen Seen, wurde eIn Jahr lang das Verschwinden von Picloram (4‐Amino‐3,5,6‐trichlorpicolinsSure als Triisopropanolaminsalz) und 2,4‐D (2,4‐Dichlorphenoxyessigsaure als Triisopropanoiaminsalz) gemessen. Weniger als 1% des Piclorams und wesentlich weniger als 0,1% der ausgebrachten 2,4‐D‐Menge, waren infolge von sieben Regenfällen und dem damit verbundenen abfliessenden Oberflächenwassers verloren gegangen. Sogar ein Regen der weniger als 24 Stunden nach der Spritzung fiel, vermochte keine nennenswerten Mengen von beiden Herbiziden aus dem Boden zu lösen.
A spraying rig for the experimental application of herbicides to the floating leaves of water plants
Authors: BARRETT PHILIP R. F.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

A spraying rig is described for the accurate application of herbicides to the floating leaves of water plants in experimental plots which may be inaccessible to land‐based machinery. The rig, constructed of aluminium angle and supported by polystyrene floats, carries one operator who controls the sprayer. Apparatus for priming and washing out the sprayer is incorporated into the rig to prevent contamination of the water.

The rig is towed along a guide rope from one bank to the other and sprays a swath up to 4 m wide at a speed of 0–5 m/sec and has been used to spray plots up lo 100 m in length. A total number of four persons is required to operate the rig.

Un équipement de pulvérisation pour I'application expérimentale d'herbicides aux feuilles flottantes des plantes aquatiques

Un équipement de pulvarisation est décrit pour I'application precise d'herbicides aux feuilles flottantes des plantes aquatiques, dans des parcelles experimentales qui peuvent etre inaccessible A des appareils opérant depuis la terre. Cet équipement construct en corniére d'aluminium et supporté par des flotteurs en polystiréne transporte un opérateur qui fait fonctionner le pulvérisateur. Un appareil permettant le remplissage et le nettoyage du pulvérisateur est incorporé a l'équipement dans le but de prévenir toute contamination de I'eau.

L'équipement est propulso par touage sur un cable de guidage tendu d'une rive a l'autre; il traite une bande jusqu'a 4 métres de large a une vitesse de 0,5 m/sec; il a été utilisé pour traiter des parcelles allant jusquà 100 m de long. Un nombre total de 4 personnes est nécessaire pour manoeuvrer Iéquipement.

Ein Sprilzgeriit zur Durckfiihrung von Herbizidversucben hei Wasserpfianzen

Es wird ein Spritzgeriit fiir die genaue Ausbringung von Herbiziden auf die Schwimmblatter von Wasserpflanzen in Versuchsparzellen beschrieben die mit vom Land aus betriebenen Geräten nicht erreichbar sind. Das Gerät. eine Altiminiumkonstruktion mit Polyslyrol‐Schwimmkörpern. Trägt eine Person, die die Spritze bedient. Um eine Verun‐reinigungdes Wassers zu vermeiden. sind GerSte zum Fiillen und zum Reinigen der Sprilze in das Spritzgerfll eingebaut.

Das Gerät ist an ein Führungsseil von Ufer zu Ufer befestigt und hat cine Spritzbreite bis zu 4 m, bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 0,5 m/sec. Es wurde zur Behandlung von Parzellen bis zu 100 m Lännge eingesetzt. Um das Gerilt zu bedienen, werden insgesamt 4 Personen benötigt.
Increased metabolism of a pyrrolidine urea herbicide in corn by a herbicide antidote
Authors: HOLM ROBERT E. , SZABO STEVE S.
Published: July 2006

Corn, cotton, and sorghum plants were injured by high rates of 5328 (cis‐2,5‐dimeihyl‐1‐pyrrolidinecarboxanilide) when it was applied to the soil surface al planting time. The injury was severe al 35·84 kg/ha (eight times recommended dosage) and in corn resulted in complete inhibition of adventitious root development and reduced shoot and primary and secondary root growth. Treatment of the seeds with 0·5% Protect (1,8‐naphthalic anhydride) prior to planting dramatically decreased the injurious effect of 5328 on corn, sorghum, and cotton. Using 14C‐5328 in corn, it was shown that Protect did not alter herbicide uptake. However, the rate of conversion of the herbicide molecule in corn tissue lo water soluble, nonherbicidal metabolites was markedly enhanced in plants grown from Protect‐treated seeds.
Sexual reproduction of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in the Nile
Authors: EL SEED M. TAG , OBEID M.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

In a study of some of the factors that are believed to affect fruit‐setting in Eichhornia crassipes under Sudan conditions, the average number of flowers per inflorescence was twelve (range 4–26) while the average number of capsules per inflorescence was 1·5 (range 0–16). The problem of low fruit‐setting was suggested to be basically due to the ecological factor of high temperature and low relative humidity.

The flowers were preponderantly meso‐stylic with the long and short‐stylic ‘races’ absent or very rare.

Recherches stir la biologic d'Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms dans le Nil

Dans une étude sur quelques‐uns des facteurs que l'on suppose actifs sur la mise à fruits de l’Eichhornia crassipes. dans les conditions du Soudan le nombre moyen de fleurs par inflorescence fut de 12 (s'étendent de 4 à 26), cependant que le nombre moyen de capsules par inflorescence fut de 1,5 (s'étendant de 0 à 16). Le probléme de la faible mise à fruit suggere qu'elle pourrait etre due a des facteurs écologiques: température élevée et faible humidity relative.

Les fleurs étaient en majorité meso‐stylées, les races à long style ou à style court étaient absentes ou tres rares.

Generative Vermehrung von Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. im Nil

In einer Untersuchung über einige Faktoren, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie die Fruchtbildung von Eichhornia crassipes unter sudanesischen Bedingungen beeinflussen, war die durchschnittliche Anzahl von Blüten, 12 Blüten pro Inflorescenz (4–26), wáhrend die durchschnittliche Anzahl von Kapseln nur 1.5 Kapseln pro Inflorescenz war (0–16), Das Problem der geringen Fruchtausbildung wurde folgenden okologischen Faktoren zugeschrieben; hohe Temperatur und niedrige Luftfeuchtigkeit.

Bei den Blüten wurden überwiegend Stempel miltlerer Länge gefunden, während die ‘Rassen’ kurzer und langer Stempel nicht oder nur sehr selten anzutreficn waren.
Foliar penetration and translocation of 2,4,5‐T in blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell.)
Authors: RICHARDSON R. G.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung

Factors affecting the foliar penetration of 2,4,5‐T and the translocation of this herbicide in blackberry (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell). are described. Foliar penetration studies showed that from 38% to 59% of the applied herbicide penetrated into leaves picked respectively in summer and autumn. Leaf uptake of 2,4,5‐T was found to be temperature independent in young leaves (Q10, = 1·3) and temperature dependent in older leaves (Q10= 3·5). Some evidence is presented which suggests that this may be caused by the wax content of the cuticle. The herbicide translocated well into the root system of small plants, but probably in sublethal amounts.

Penetration foliaire et migration du 2,4,5‐T chez la mûre (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.)

L'auteur décrit les facteurs affectant la pénétration du 2,4,5‐T et la migration de cet herbicide chez la mûre (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell.). Les recherches sur la pénétration foliaire ont montré que 38%à 59% de l'herbicide appliqué pénétrait dans les feuilles récoltées respectivement enete et en automne. II a été constaté que l'absorption foliaire du 2,4,5‐T est indépendante de la température chez les jeunes feuilles (Q10= 1,3) et dépendanle de la température dans les feuilles plus ãgées (Q10= 3,5). Certains faits sont présentés qui suggérent que ce phénoméne peut être cause par la teneur en cire de la cuticule. l'herbicide migre aisément dans le systéme radiculaire des petites plantes, mais probable‐ment en quantités sublétales.

Blatlpenetration und Translokation von 2,4,5‐T in der Brombeere (Rubus procerus P.J. Muell.)

Es werden Faktoren beschrieben, die die Blattpenetration von 2,4,5‐T und die Translokation dieses Herbizids in der Brombeere (Ruhus procerus P.J. Muell.) beeinflussen. Untersuchungen zur Blattpenetration ergaben, dass 38 bis 59% der angewandten Herbizidmenge in Blätter eindrangen die im Sommer bzw. im Herbst gepflückt wurden. Die Aufnahme von 2,4,5‐T über das Blatt war bei jungen Blättern unabhängig von der Temperatur (Q10= 1.3); bei älteren Blättern war sie temperaturabhängig (Q10= 3.5). Es werden einige Befunde dargestellt, die darauf hinweisen, dass dies durch den Wachsgehalt der Kutikula verursacht sein könnte. Das Herbizid wurde gut in das Wurzelsystem kleiner Pflanzen transloziert, wahrscheinlich aber in sublethalen Mengen.
Etude de l'adsorption et de la désorption de la pyrazone (amino‐5 chloro‐4 phényl‐2 2H pyridazinone‐3) par différents types de sols
Authors: JAMET P. , PIEDALLU MARIE‐ANDRIE
Published: July 2006

Résumé: Summary: Zusammenfassung

L'étude de l'adsorption et dc la désorption de la pyrazone sur divers types dc sols a été effcctuée à l'aide d'une molécule marquée‐ (amino‐5 chloro‐4 14C‐1′ phényl‐2 2H pyridazinone ‐3) et réalisée selon une méthode du type agitation. Les isothermes d'adsorplion et de désorption répondant à l'équation de Frcundlich x/m = K.C. 1/n ont été déterminés; leur analyse a montré que l'adsorption de la pyrazone est un phénomène réversible; cependant la vitesse de désorption est plus lente que la vitesse d'adsorption. L'analyse statistique des résultat obtenus a montré qu'il existait une correlation positive hautement significative (r > 0,90) entre la quantity dc pyrazone adsorbée et le taux de matiére organique des sols.

Study of the adsorption and desorption of pyrasone (5‐amino‐4‐chtlro‐2‐pbenylpyridazin‐3(2H)‐one) by different types of soil

The study of the adsorption and desorption of pyrazone on various types of soil was carried out by means of a labelled molecule (5‐amino‐4‐chloro14C‐l′ 2‐phenylpyridazin 3(2H)‐one) using an agitation method. The adsorption and desorption isotherms corresponding to Freundlich's equation x/m = K.C. 1/n were determined; analysis of these showed that adsorption of pyrazone is a reversible phenomenon; however desorption takes place more slowly than adsorption. Statistical analysis of the results obtained showed that a positive and highly significant correlation (r→0·90) existed between the quantity of pyrazone adsorbed and the amount of organic matter in the soils.

Untersuchung zur Adsorption und Desorption von Pyrazon (5‐Amino‐4‐chlor‐2‐phenytpyridazin‐3(2Hyone) bei verschiedenen‐Bodenarten

Die Untersuchung der Adsorption und Desorption von Pyrazon an verschiedenen Bodenarten wurde mit markierter Substunz mittels einer Schüttelmethode durchgcührt. Die Adsorptions‐ und Desorptionsisothermen wurden entsprechend der Freundlich‐Gleichung bestimmt. Aus ihnen gent hervor, dass die Adsorption von Pyrazon ein reversibler Prozess ist; die Desorplion geht jedoch langsamer vor sich als die Adsorption. Die statistische Analyse der Ergebnisse zeigte, dass eine positive und hoch signifikante Korrelation (r>0.90) zwischen der sorbierten Merge an Pyrazon und dem Gehalt des Bodens an organischer Substanz bestand.
Detection of triazine and urea herbicide residues by various characteristics of oat seedlings in bioassays
Authors: MARRIAGE P. B.
Published: July 2006

Atrazine, simazine, diuron, and linuron applied to soil increased the percentage moisture of oat (Avena sativa L.) shoots in bioassays at the lowest dose tested of 0·25 ppm. Further increases occurred up to 2 ppm but at higher concentrations the percentage moisture decreased. At all doses of each herbicide, shoot dry weight was decreased. In oats grown on soil collected from a peach orchard which had received repeated annual applications of these herbicides, the percentage moisture of the oat shoots was higher than the control value whenever the oat dry weight was decreased and provided a method of residue detection as sensitive as dry weight measurements. Treatment of oats by soil application of the above herbicides in bioassays also caused increases in the electrical conductivity of an aqueous extract of the oat shoots per mg of dry weight and this characteristic was slightly more sensitive than dry weight in detecting herbicides in orchard soil. The conductivity of the extract per mg of water in the shoots, however, only increased as percentage moisture decreased. The weight of neutral water‐soluble material in oat shoots decreased much more rapidly than dry weight in bioassays with standard herbicide concentrations. Determination of the weight of neutral water‐soluble material in oat plants grown on orchard soil samples indicated the presence of herbicide residues in 50% of the cases in which residues were not detectable by dry weight. The weight of neutral material as a percentage of dry weight was almost as sensitive. Chemical analysis of soil in which oat plants had a decreased level of neutral water‐soluble compounds indicated that this characteristic had a lower limit of detection for herbicide residues of approximately 0.10 ppm.
Effect of soil placement and shoot uptake of prometryne and terbutryne on peas
Authors: ESHEL Y. , KOVACS M. , RUBIN B.
Published: July 2006

The effect of placing terbutryne in different soil layers with reference to different depths of sowing of peas was studied by measuring plant top growth. Increasing the depth of sowing resulted in greater plant injury by the same layer of herbicide‐treated soil. Exposing the upper part of the emerging epicotyl (nearest the soil surface) to soil treated with terbutryne was more injurious than exposing the lower part of the epicotyl (nearest the seed).

Uptake of 14C‐labelled prometryne and terbutryne by pea seedlings during emergence and early growth was measured according to different soil‐zone treatments. The absorbed amount of each herbicide decreased in the order: root system, lower epicotyl, upper epicotyl. Translocation of the herbicides to the foliage was higher from the upper than from the lower part of the epicotyl. Shoot and root uptake and translocation of prometryne were higher than of terbutryne.
Seedling establishment and vegetative spread of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop, in Victoria, Australia
Authors: AMOR R. L. , HARRIS R. V.
Published: July 2006

Although large numbers or viable seeds of C. arvense arc formed in some districts of Victoria, the germination percentage declines rapidly in the first 2 years. No seedlings were established from seed artificially spread on pastures, although at two sites 6–8% and 12–6% of seed sown 0–5–1′0 cm deep into bare soil gave emerged seedlings, and 78% and 93% respectively of the seedlings survived. It is unlikely that C arvense is spreading rapidly by seed under the present management of permanent grassland.

Patches of C. arvense were shown to have a pattern of development similar to plants such as Pteridium and Calluna that degenerate behind an advancing front. The annual rate of vegetative spread in pastures was about 150 cm and extremely variable (range 4–341 cm).
Shoot zone uptake of soil‐applied herbicides in some legume species
Authors: O'DONOVANANDG J.T. , PRENDEVILLE N.
Published: July 2006

Localized placement of prometryne, linuron and diuron in the soil at the first or second shoot internodes of dwarf broad bean (Vicia faba L.) equally reduced aerial plant growth, whereas simazine and atrazine had no effect. Growth reduction also occurred when the first shoot internode of scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus multiflorus L.) in the soil was treated with all five herbicides, especially with diuron. Localized placement of these herbicides at the first or second shoot internodes of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in the soil equally reduced aerial plant growth.

Foliar injury to vetch due to placement of these herbicides in the shoot zone of the soil was markedly reduced by simultaneous treatment with trifluraiin or nitralin which prevented adventitious root development on the shoot without otherwise affecting plant growth. This lack of root development on the shoots treated with trifluraiin was associated with a marked decrease in 14C‐labelled atrazine uptake, which probably accounted for the reduction in atrazine phytotoxicity. A similar explanation may account for the reduced phytotoxicity of the other herbicides in the presence of trifluraiin or nitralin.
Chemical control of perennial nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in tropical upland rice
Authors: OKAFOR L. I. , DE DATTA S. K.
Published: July 2006

Five herbicides were tested in the dry and in the wet season for their effectiveness in conlrolling perennial nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in direct‐seeded upland rice in the tropics. K‐223 [N‐(α,α‐dimethylbenzyl)‐N'‐P‐tolyl urea] gave the best results. When broadcast sprayed at 8.0 kg a.i./ha in the dry season and 10 kg a.i./ha in the wet season and immediately mixed into the soit just before drilling, K‐223 gave excellent perennial nutsedge control with no visible crop damage and increased the grain yield. Bentazone at 2.0 kg a.i./ha applied 7 days after crop emergence was highly selective and gave fair control of nutsedge without being toxic to the crop.

MBR 8251 [1.1,1‐trifluoro‐4′‐(phenylsulfonyl) methane‐sulfono‐o‐toluidide] at 2.0 kg a.i./ha, mecoprop (MCPP) at 1.5 kg a.c./ha and fenoprop (silvex) at 1.0 kg a.e./ha applied 7, 14 and 7 days, respectively after crop emergence provided a fair degree of nutsedge control. Fenoprop and MBR 8251 caused slight and mecoprop moderate initial toxicity, but the injury sustained did not significantly affect crop yield.
The effect of asulam on two Lolium perenne swards containing Rumex obtusifolius
Authors: OSWALD A. K. , HAGGAR R. J.
Published: July 2006

The effects of asulam applied in September 1970 at 0.55, 1.12 and 2.24 kg a.i./ha on Rumex obtusifolius (L.), Lolium perenne (L.), Other grasses and Trifolium repens (L.) growing in two swards in Wales were investigated. Good short‐term control of Rumex was achieved by all rates of asulum although regeneration was occurring by the spring following treatment. Dry matter yields of L. perenne were slightly lowered by 2.24 kg a.i./ha 6 weeks after spraying but production in the spring following treatment was substantially greater than on untreated plots. Poa trivialis (L.) and Agrostis stolonifera (L.) were substantially reduced but invasion of the bare spaces by P. trivialis and P. annua (L.) seedlings tended to mask the success of this control. No harmful effects on T. repens were recorded.
Effects of some phenylurea herbicides on photosynthesis of two wheat varieties
Authors: Van LEEUWEN P. H. , Van OORSCHOT J. L. P.
Published: July 2006

Photosynthesis in the shoots of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was inhibited by certain phenylurea herbicides applied via the nutrient solution. Recovery from this inhibition after short treatments was used as a measure of the rate of inactivation of these herbicides in the leaf tissue of a variety tolerant to metoxuron (Caribo) and of a less tolerant variety (Manella). The introduction of chlorine atoms into fenuron greatly reduced the rate of inactivation in both varieties, whereas that of a methyl or butoxy group had little or no effect. Metoxuron was inactivated more readily than chlortoluron and both compounds were inactivated more rapidly in Caribo than in Manella.
Problems of herbicide assessment in peanuts in Jamaica
Authors: HAMMERTON JOHN L.
Published: July 2006

Delays of 40 or 60 days in weeding peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) gave lower yields and fewer pods per plant but did not affect seed number per pod. Yield, pod number per plant, seeds per pod and mean weight per seed were all less in unweeded plots.

In three herbicide trials crop yields were not closely correlated with crop vigour scores made several weeks before crop maturity, or with weediness scores. Correlations between yields and weed dry weights were better, but certain high‐yielding herbicide treatments gave poor weed control and in some cases had low crop vigour scores. Most yield differences reflected differences in pod number per plant, with additional smaller compensating or additive effects on the other components. Certain herbicides apparently gave high mean seed weights without diminishing seed numbers per pod. Pre‐emergence alachlor was the most promising herbicide, combined with preplant incorporated vernolate if nutgrass was serious. Napropamide and metobromuron merit further testing.