bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Distribution of Cranial Fractures by Mechanism of Formation
Authors: Atherton Daniel S. , McGwin Gerald , Davis Gregory G.
Published: April 2017

Different mechanisms can cause bone fractures. This retrospective study considers whether the distribution of cranial fractures can help distinguish the mechanism by which fractures formed. Data are from two sources: cases of motor vehicle collision (MVC) and fire-related deaths obtained from the Jefferson County Coroner/Medical Examiner (JCC/MEO) archives and information on fatal MVCs from the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS). In review of the JCC/MEO archives, cranial fractures were documented in 30% of MVC deaths. Fractures were restricted to the base of the skull in 45% of those cases, involved both base and cranial vault in 53%, and was confined to the cranial vault in 2.6%. Cranial fractures were documented in only 4% of deaths involving fire. The NASS/CDS data (n=31 911) are similar, with fracture involving only the base of the skull in 40.9% of cases, both base and vault in 42.3% of cases, and vault only in 16.8% of cases. Cranial fractures in fire-related MVCs vs. non-fire MVCs were more likely to involve the vault only (31.5% vs. 16.9%) and less likely to involve the base and vault (36.4% vs. 45.0%) or base only (32.1% vs. 38.1%). In conclusion, most (>90%) cranial fractures related to MVCs involved the base of the skull. Few deaths only associated with fire were associated with cranial fracture (4%). In circumstances where alternate mechanisms for fracture exist, such as a vehicle catching fire after a collision, fracture of the base of the skull supports the collision as the likely mechanism of fracture.
Mind Your Manners: 20 Years Later
Authors: Hanzlick Randy L. , Goodin Julia , Haden-Pinneri Kathryn
Published: April 2017

The authors of a 1995 manner of death survey were asked to revisit it 20 years later. A new survey conducted in May 2015 included 11 scenarios from the 1995 survey for which agreement about manner was less than 70%, as well as 19 new scenarios. One-hundred-fifty-two people responded. None of the 30 case scenarios had 100% agreement concerning manner of death classification. Four (13%) had 90% or higher agreement, nine (30%) had 70 to 89% agreement, 11 (37%) had 50 to 69% agreement, and six (20%) had less than a majority of responders agreeing. The scenarios were written to address known controversies about manner of death, so the lack of agreement in many scenarios is not surprising. For the great majority of deaths certified by medical examiners and coroners, manner of death is fairly straightforward, so it is unlikely that variations observed in our 30 scenarios would have a major impact on vital statistics summaries. The major issues that arise in the scenarios of this survey necessitate consideration of the following controversial topics in manner of death classification: intent, legal definitions, consent of deceased, the role of a hostile environment, perpetrator age, allergic reactions, excited delirium, possible asphyxia in infant deaths. We discuss shifts in opinion, reasoning given by responders for their manner of death classification, the role of training in long-term manner of death classification, and other items pertinent to differences of opinion. These concerns have been debated for decades, and it is obvious that agreement is still lacking. Perhaps consensus guidelines could be developed with recommendations for managing and certifying such cases.
Forensic Pathology in Israel
Authors: Gips Hadas
Published: April 2017

Forensic medicine is a constantly evolving field. From its early days during the British Mandate, through the founding of a National Center of Forensic Medicine until today, forensic medicine in Israel has been affected both by worldwide trends in postmortem investigation, technological advancements, and the unique religious makeup of the population. Relatively low autopsy rates and incomplete data flow between the agencies, negatively influenced the accuracy of mortality statistics in the country and completely negated the possibility to determine manner of death. Lack of proper legislation and guidelines for autopsy practice, as well as outdated and paternalistic conduct, resulted in damage to the public image of the Center and loss of the public's trust in the system. Recently implemented working protocols, transparency, and a better dialogue with the community and government agencies will promote a more comprehensive, effective death investigation system.
Cognitive Bias in Medicolegal Death Investigation
Authors: Oliver William R. , Fudenberg John , Howe Julie A. , Thomas Lindsey C.
Published: April 2017

Cognitive bias is a popular criticism of medicolegal death investigation. However, many of these criticisms are misplaced. Some have criticized the use of history into medical diagnosis. However, this criticism ignores the fact that the practice of forensic pathology is a medical discipline; it is not a simple mechanical test. History is an integral and necessary part of medical practice, and the lack of history is more dangerous than its use. Criticisms of manner determination often reflect an incorrect understanding of what manner is and what it is properly used for. Many criticisms wrapped in the flag of cognitive bias are in fact errors in scientific orthodoxy, real scientific disagreements, issues of ignorance, and lack of competence or certification, ethical lapses, and political pressure. Solutions that address cognitive bias do not address these issues. Many of the proposed solutions have not themselves been proven to be effective. Alternatives, such as intensive peer review, might address both cognitive bias and these other issues. Any proposed interventions should themselves be able to demonstrate a sound empirical basis.
Utilitarian Aspects of Postmortem Computed Tomography
Authors: Matshes Evan W. , Snyder Vivian S. , Andrews Sam W.
Published: April 2017

Computed tomography has been used in clinical medicine for decades, but only recently introduced into the forensic pathology setting. The reasons for the slow adoption of this technology into the autopsy suite are various, including concerns about funding, infrastructural maintenance, training, competency, and scope of utilization. Practical experience in a busy statewide medical examiner department confirmed the utility of this technology as a part of daily practice. The impact of postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) on casework can be stratified into three broad groups: where PMCT 1) supplants invasive autopsy, 2) supplements invasive autopsy, or 3) has limited or no potential for impact on practice. A detailed understanding of the practical uses of this science is important for the practicing forensic pathologist so as to guide decisions about the ways in which PMCT can be implemented within their own institutions and utilized on a daily basis. Dramatic changes in personal and institutional practice trends can be observed once forensic pathologists are comfortable with the evaluation, documentation, and interpretation of PMCT data. Examples of potential paradigm shifts include the performance of only external examination and PMCT instead of invasive autopsy in many cases of motor vehicle fatalities, suicide with violence, and broad categories of death due to natural disease. Over time, the authors believe that the PMCT will become one of the fundamental tools in the forensic pathologist's toolkit.
Model Medical Examiner Legislation
Authors: Weedn Victor W.
Published: April 2017

Medicolegal death investigation laws throughout the United States are a hodgepodge. They reflect different systems and different evolutions and are generally incoherent and not up to date. A thoughtful review of existing statutes and a thoughtful analysis could produce model legislation that could be brought to the legislatures of all states and territories for consideration in whole or in part. This article discusses various issues and thoughts that should be deliberated during the formulation and crafting of such model legislation.
Two Legal Movements Shaping Future Forensic Pathology Practice
Authors: Weedn Victor W. , Hunsaker John C.
Published: April 2017

The authors opine that forensic pathology practice will be impacted by large legal forces proceeding into the future: 1) increased judicial scrutiny and 2) the development of a regulatory environment. Forensic science has been increasingly challenged outside of forensic pathology and there is reason to believe that it will spill over into forensic pathology. Recent Supreme Court rulings appear to provide defendants with greater opportunity to challenge forensic pathologists in court. Calls for mandatory accreditation and certification are increasing and legislation will likely be promulgated to enforce it. Standard protocols may well become mandatory and a basis for defense challenges. As forensic pathologists are being recognized as increasingly important to the criminal justice system, their responsibility and accountability are correspondingly increasing.
Review of Postmortem Interval Estimation Using Vitreous Humor: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: McCleskey Brandi C. , Dye Daniel W. , Davis Gregory G.
Published: April 2017

For decades, forensic scientists have sought a means of estimating the postmortem interval using laboratory analyses. The best known of these attempts uses a linear regression formula based on the increasing concentration of potassium ions in vitreous humor following death. Like all laboratory analyses, the determination of a potassium concentration is subject to pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical errors. Any error is magnified when entered into a regression formula that itself is subject to statistical variation, typically with a 95% confidence interval. Estimating the postmortem interval based solely on the concentration of potassium in vitreous humor proved too simplistic for accurate modeling of the myriad factors that influence postmortem changes. Research continues, using more complicated algorithms involving multivariate ion and chemical analyses and genomic sequencing of the postmortem biome. However refined estimates of the postmortem interval based on laboratory analysis become, sound medical practice will still require the integration of scene findings and information concerning the last time that a given decedent was known to be alive with the results of postmortem examination and laboratory analyses into a medical opinion concerning the postmortem interval.
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: A Forensic Perspective
Authors: McGuire Angela R. , Gill James R.
Published: April 2017

Diabetes mellitus is a common condition affecting both adults and children. Long-standing diabetes is associated with cardiovascular abnormalities such as coronary artery atherosclerosis, microvascular changes, hypertension, kidney disease, and heart failure. Its association with heart failure in the absence of coronary artery disease and hypertension was termed diabetic cardiomyopathy in the 1970s and is believed to account for some of the cardiac mortality in diabetic patients. This entity may be implicated as the cause of sudden cardiac death in the small percentage of diabetic patients in which the autopsy fails to demonstrate evidence of nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, diabetic ketoacidosis, or atherosclerotic and hypertensive cardiovascular disease. Molecular and metabolic alterations have been studied to explain the pathophysiology of this disease.
Liver Pathology in First Presentation Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Autopsy
Authors: Lal Anita , Parai Jacqueline L. , Milroy Christopher M.
Published: April 2017

Diabetes mellitus is an enormous health burden on developed and developing nations. Eight percent of people in the United States are stated to have diabetes mellitus and 79 million people have impaired glucose tolerance. Sudden death from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is common and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a frequent finding in patients with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic ketoacidosis accounts for around 1% of autopsy cases in our units and 25% of these cases did not have a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. We have analyzed for the presence of NAFLD in 16 patients dying on first presentation of DKA. Some degree of NAFLD was present in all cases, with all but one case having some degree of steatosis and some degree of fibrosis was present in 14 out of 16 cases, though none where cirrhotic. Inflammation was present in nine of 13 cases and glyogenated nuclei in five of 13 cases. NAFLD can be well established in patients dying of DKA who were not known to be diabetic before death. The pathology shares features with alcoholic liver disease. They should not be mistakenly diagnosed as dying of other causes of ketoacidosis based upon the liver pathology present.
Epidemic Fentanyl Deaths in Maryland: A Public Health Intervention Involving Geographic Information Systems and Collaboration with the Drug Enforcement Administration
Authors: Alexander Russell T. , Hedrick Charles W. , Alexander Sydney D. , Jufer-Phipps Rebecca , Fowler David R.
Published: April 2017

An ongoing epidemic of illicit fentanyl overdose deaths started in Maryland in July 2013. The records of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner for the state of Maryland were searched to identify these deaths from July 2013 to February 2015. A geographic information system was used to map and analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of the deaths in Maryland. A total of 266 fentanyl-related deaths were identified. The number of deaths per month generally increased from July 2013 to June 2014, decreased precipitously in August 2014, and rose steadily until the end of the study in February 2015. Deaths began in Baltimore City and then spread throughout the state. A statistically significant cluster (“hot spot”) of deaths was centered in Baltimore City. Greater death densities were also centered on other cities. A high-density band of deaths extended from Baltimore City towards Annapolis. Deaths extended past cities and into the surrounding suburbs; this effect was most pronounced around Baltimore City. Deaths in Baltimore City appeared concentrated in certain neighborhoods. However, the activity moved between various neighborhoods over the course of the study. Review of the above data with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration's Baltimore Office (DEA) allowed some of the above trends to be explained in terms of illicit drug production, transportation and distribution. The DEA is implementing a new strategy to combat illicit narcotic distribution and use in Maryland.
A 27-Year Retrospective Study of Pediatric Suicide Cases Referred to the Medical University of South Carolina (1988-2014)
Authors: Singh Balvir , Schandl Cynthia A. , Tormos Lee M.
Published: April 2017

Suicide by individuals under 18 years of age is a tragic reality of society. To assess local trends and demographics, we retrospectively reviewed all pediatric cases referred to our institution from 1988-2014 (27 years). Pediatric cases were defined as individuals younger than 18 years of age. The incidence of reported suicides declined from 3.8 cases per year to 2.4 cases per year as compared to observations at our institution over a previous ten-year period (1988-1998). In concert with the overall decrease in cases were increases in the proportion of adolescents younger than 15 and the female demographic. Furthermore, a shift in suicidal methodology was noted, with an increase in suicide by hanging. Indeed, for females, hanging became the most common suicide modality, replacing firearms. Our findings are congruent with national trends and underline the need for global suicide preventive interventions targeted toward increasingly younger adolescents and females.
Demystifying the Medical Literature
Authors: Greeley Christopher
Published: April 2017

The published literature is not just the ongoing record of current medical and scientific knowledge; it is a record of the past and can give an eye toward future knowledge. Reading the published literature can give a view of the evolution of knowledge on a particular question, the growth of a discipline, the identification of new diseases, and the refinement of diagnostic tests. The reality is that most busy physicians read only the abstract of an article. The purpose of this article is to place published medical literature into a context and to provide some considerations for critically evaluating articles. This paper will provide historic background of evidence-based medicine and medical publications. Specific strategies for critical literature appraisal are highlights and pitfalls to avoid are outlined.
Fatal Dragging Deaths with Soft Tissue and Bone Grinding Injuries
Authors: Prahlow Samuel P. , Prahlow Joseph A.
Published: April 2017

The classic grinding/dragging cutaneous injury has a target-like appearance, often with postmortem features and possible associated underlying bone grinding trauma. It is important that forensic pathologists be able to recognize and identify such injuries. In this report, we present two cases of classic grinding/dragging injuries that resulted in death.
Interventions interactives dans les médias sociaux visant à promouvoir l’équité en matière de santé : vue d’ensemble des examens
Authors: Welch V. , Petkovic J. , Pardo Pardo J. , Rader T. , Tugwell P.
Published: April 2017

Introduction

L’utilisation des médias sociaux en matière de santé publique et de promotion de la santé est en croissance, car ces outils permettent d’éliminer les barrières
géographiques et physiques à l’accès aux services et aux soins de santé. Cependant, ils sont une source potentielle d’inégalité en matière de santé car une partie de la population
n’y a pas accès ou ne les utilise pas. Cet article a comme objectif d’évaluer les effets des interventions interactives dans les médias sociaux sur les résultats sanitaires,
les changements de comportement et l’équité en matière de santé.

Méthodologie

Nous avons réalisé une synthèse rapide d’examens systématiques axés sur des interventions favorables aux interactions réciproques, que ce soit les forums de
discussion, les réseaux sociaux (comme Facebook et Twitter), les blogues, les applications liées aux communautés électroniques ou le partage de contenu multimédia.
Nous avons eu recours à une stratégie de recherche fine pour sélectionner les examens systématiques.

Résultats

Onze examens systématiques ont répondu à nos critères d’inclusion. La plupart des interventions visées par ces examens visaient des groupes de discussion en ligne
ou des outils similaires. Ces interventions étaient isolées ou conjointes à d’autres. Sept examens ont fait état d’effets mixtes sur les résultats sanitaires et les
comportements sains. On n’a constaté aucune analyse détaillée des caractéristiques liées aux inconvénients, notamment un statut socioéconomique plus faible ou l’âge.
Par contre, certaines études ciblées ont montré que les interventions dans les médias sociaux étaient efficaces pour certaines populations précises sur le plan de l’âge, du statut
socioéconomique, de l’ethnicité et du lieu de résidence. Quatre examens ont fait état d’avantages qualitatifs, comme la satisfaction, le recueil d’information et l’amélioration du
soutien social.

Conclusion

Les interventions dans les médias sociaux se sont avérées efficaces pour certaines populations susceptibles d’être désavantagées (jeunes, aînés, personnes à faible
statut socioéconomique et population rurale), ce qui prouve leur efficacité potentielle pour l’avancement de l’équité en matière de santé. La confirmation de cette efficacité
nécessiterait toutefois une étude approfondie. Plusieurs examens ont soulevé la question de l’acceptabilité des interventions dans les médias sociaux. Seulement quatre études se
sont penchées sur le niveau d’utilisation de l’intervention et elles ont toutes dévoilé un faible niveau d’utilisation. Il faudra réaliser d’autres travaux de recherche sur les
plateformes des principaux médias sociaux actuels, particulièrement auprès des populations risquant d’être désavantagées, afin d’évaluer leurs effets sur les résultats sanitaires
et l’équité en matière de santé.
MODEL PENENTUAN MAHASISWA BERPRESTASI DENGAN PENDEKATAN LOGIKA FUZZY
Authors: Jazuli Ahmad
Published: April 2017

ABSTRAK STMIK Cikarang adalah suatu lembaga pendidikan yang bukan hanya mengajarkan ilmu pengetahuan atau tempat menuntut ilmu tetapi yang sangat penting adalah mendidik mahasiswa/mahasiswi, dalam mendidik tentunya akan mempengaruhi atau dapat merubah tingkah laku, akhlak, kepribadian dan cara berfikir. Dengan pendidikan seharusnya mahasiswa/mahasiswi sebagai peserta didik bukan hanya memahami atau menguasai ilmu Pengetahuan dan teknologi tetapi juga mempunyai akhlak dan kepribadian yang mulia. Untuk mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan nasional, yang sejalan dengan visi dan misi STMIK CIKARANG maka perlu memilih seorang mahasiswa yang berprestasi yang akan dijadikan sebagai contoh bagi mahasiswa lainnya dalam proses belajar, tingkah laku, sikap, dan bersosialisasi dalam lingkungan kampus atau luar kampus. Untuk mewujudkan mahasiswa berprestasi tersebut maka unsur pimpinan dan seluruh civitas akademika serta dosen mengadakan rapat untuk membuat kriteria/persyaratan menentukan mahasiswa yang dianggap mampu dan berprestasi. Untuk menentukan mahasiswa berprestasi diperlukan pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan adalah menggunakan logika fuzzy. Dengan pendekatan tersebut diharapkan mampu memilih mahasiswa berprestasi dengan objektif. Dari kriteria tersebut maka dibuatlah suatu model pendekatan yang digunakan sebagai pendukung keputusan untuk menentukan mahasiswa berprestasi. Key words : Model Pendekatan, Mahasiswa berprestasi, Logika Fuzzy.
Aplikasi Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Omron CPM2A Sebagai Komponen Utama Sistem Pengukur Kecepatan Putar (RPM) Motor DC
Authors: Gunawan Budi , Prawoto Yelly
Published: April 2017

Abstrak PLC (Programmable Logic Control) banyak dipakai dalam dunia industri sebagai unit kontrol utama pada mesin-mesin produksi. PLC merupakan sekumpulan saklar elektronik yang dapat diatur kapan harus ON dan kapan harus OFF sesuai dengan hukum-hukum kontrol logic yang telah diprogram. Salah satu keunggulan dari PLC adalah dapat digunakan menjadi Alat Pengatur mesin yang berlainan hanya dengan mengubah program yang ada dalam PLC tanpa harus mengubah perangkat kerasnya. Pada penelitian ini akan dirancang bangun penggunaan PLC untuk menggerakkan motor DC 12 Volt Sekaligus membaca kecepatan putarnya (RPM) dengan menggunakan sebuah piringan yang berlubang yang akan dibaca oleh sensor LDR. Kata kunci : PLC, motor, control, RPM, sensor
PENGUJIAN KEKUATAN TARIK, KEKERASAN, DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO PRODUK COR PROPELER KUNINGAN
Authors: Setiawan Hera
Published: April 2017

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kekuatan tarik, kekerasan, dan struktur mikro propeler kapal nelayan tiga sudu dengan material kuningan (brass) produk dari UKM logam di Juana Pati. Proses peleburan logam kuningan dengan dapur crucible menggunakan bahan bakar minyak dan pengecoran dilakukan dengan teknik pasir cetak (sand casting). Pengujian spectrometer digunakan untuk mengetahui komposisi kimia material kuningan. Untuk melihat struktur mikro digunakan mikroskop optik logam dengan perbesaran 200 kali. Pengujian kekerasan digunakan metode Rockwell dengan indentor bola baja diameter 1/16 inchi dengan beban mayor 100 kg (HRB). Mesin servopulser digunakan untuk pengujian kekuatan tarik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa material merupakan kuningan atau paduan Cu-Zn tipe ?+? dengan kandungan Zn sebesar 46,95% dan titik cair (melting point) sekitar 900o C. Kekerasan material adalah 35,4 HRB dengan tegangan tarik maksimum smax=342 MPa dan regangan e =4,8%. Bentuk dari struktur mikro belum menunjukkan struktur columnar dendrite. Kata kunci: kuningan, propeler, pasir cetak, struktur mikro, kekerasan, tarik.
ANALISIS EFISIENSI UNIT PENANGKAPAN PUKAT CINCIN DI PELABUHAN PERIKANAN PANTAI LAMPULO BANDA ACEH
Authors: Aprilia Ratna Mutia , Mustaruddin Mustaruddin , Wiyono Eko Sri , Zulbainarni Nimmi
Published: April 2017

Pengukuran produktivitas, efisiensi secara teknis dan ekonomi merupakan indikator utama dalam menilai kemampuan usaha dari unit penangkapan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghitung produktivitas unit penangkapan pukat cincin, memformulasikan faktor-faktor produksi yang berperan terhadap hasil tangkapan dan hubungannya terhadap hasil tangkapan unit penangkapan pukat cincin, serta menghitung efisiensi dari penggunaan faktor produksi unit penangkapan pukat cincin yang berbasis di Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai (PPP) Lampulo. Faktor produksi yang menunjang hasil tangkapan unit penangkapan pukat cincin seperti ukuran kapal, daya mesin kapal, panjang jaring, tinggi jaring, jumlah awak kapal, BBM, jumlah lampu, jumlah es, jumlah air tawar dan biaya perbekalan dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan Cobb-Douglas. Perhitungan produktivitas dilakukan dengan pendekatan rata-rata hasil tangkapan pukat cincin selama setahun dibagi dengan besarnya Gross Tonage dan trip penangkapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produktivitas per trip tertinggi yaitu 1.86 ton/trip pada tahun 2012 dan produktivitas per GT tertinggi yaitu 9.97 ton/GT pada tahun 2011. Persamaan fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas unit penangkapan pukat cincin di PPP Lampulo yaitu LnY = -18.875 - 0.432 LnX2 + 0.467 LnX4 - 1.116 LnX5 - 0.184 LnX7 + 2.181 LnX10, dengan nilai R2 = 0.727. Analisis efisiensi teknis pada 54 kapal menunjukkan penggunaan faktor produksi daya mesin kapal (-0.432), jumlah awak kapal (-1.116), dan jumlah lampu (-0.184) nilai elastisitas produksinya sudah negatif (Ep<0) yang menunjukkan penggunaan faktor produksi sudah tidak efisien, sedangkan faktor produksi  dari tinggi jaring (0.467) berada pada tahap produksi rasional karena berada antara 0<Ep<1 dan faktor produksi biaya perbekalan (2.181)  nilai Ep>1 yang artinya penggunaan faktor produksi belum efisien. Efisiensi ekonomis penggunaan variabel faktor produksi tersebut tidak efisien karena nilai NPMxi/BKMxi<1.
Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in cattle, sheep, goat, and pig rearing in the Czech Republic
Authors: Klimešová Marcela , Manga Ivan , Nejeschlebová Ludmila , Horáček Jiří , Ponížil Antonín , Vondrušková Eva
Published: April 2017

The study focused on the prevalence ofStaphylococcus aureusand resistant strains in livestock. In this study, 114 different samples from three cattle farms (84 from two farms of dairy cows and 30 from one farm of suckler cows), 132 samples from one sheep farm, 120 samples from one goat farm, and 82 samples from three pig farms were examined. Strains identified asStaphylococcus aureuswere further analysed by the polymerase chain reaction method for detection of themecA gene and for confirmation of the sequence type 398. Positive incidence ofStaphylococcus aureuswas confirmed in farms of suckler cows, sheep, goats and pigs. The incidence of methicilin-resistantStaphylococcus aureuswas confirmed at a goat farm, with all strains belonging to the sequence type 398. Repetitive element palindromic-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to compare the relatedness of selected human and animalS. aureusstrains at the goat and sheep farms. The obtained data from repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed significant clonal similarity among the tested isolates and indicated the possibility of mutual transmission between animals or animal and human and possible transfer in the food chain.
Changes of haematological and biochemical indices with age in rabbits with ad libitum and limited feed intake
Authors: Chodová Darina , Tůmová Eva , Härtlová Helena , Fučíková Alena , Volek Zdeněk , Vlčková Jana
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a one-week feed restriction of different intensities on haematological and biochemical blood indices at the end of the feed restriction and during the realimentation period in growing rabbits. Hyplus rabbits weaned at 35 days of age (n = 195) were divided into three groups: rabbits fedad libitum(AL) and groups with reduced feed of 50 g (R50) or 65 g (R65) per rabbit per day from 42 to 49 days of age. At the end of the feed restriction and in the following period, haematological and biochemical blood indices were measured at weekly intervals. The live weight at 70 days of age was lower (P≤ 0.001) in restricted rabbits (–14.5% and –15.5% for group R50 and R65, respectively, compared to AL). Feed restriction significantly (P≤ 0.011) decreased the number of erythrocytes (–6.2% and –7.4% for group R50 and R65, respectively, compared to AL) and haemoglobin content (P≤ 0.008). The mean corpuscular volume increased (P≤ 0.033) in restricted rabbits. Interaction of the feeding regime and age (P≤ 0.007) was observed in cholesterol with the highest concentration in R50 at 56 days (4.41 mmol/l) and the lowest in R65 at 70 days and in AL at 63 days of age (1.30 mmol/l). The concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (P≤ 0.003) and triacylglycerides (P≤ 0.048) were significantly lower in restricted rabbits. It could be concluded that feed restriction influenced mainly erythrocytes and haemoglobin. The changes in biochemical blood characteristics suggest the restriction did not affect protein metabolism, however, results indicate lipid depletion in restricted rabbits.
The use of laser biostimulation in human and animal physiotherapy – a review
Authors: Zielińska Paulina , Soroko Maria , Zwyrzykowska Anna , Kiełbowicz Zdzisław
Published: April 2017

Laser biostimulation involves applying a laser beam to the tissue to facilitate healing and regenerative processes. Laser therapy is one of the most important physical methods used in human physiotherapy. In veterinary medicine, laser therapy is a new and so far poorly examined method. The results of studies conducted so far are very promising, yet the positive effect of laser light, especially that of class IV, has yet to be confirmed. This article presents an overview of the available literature on the effect of laser treatment on the human and animal organism.
Rates of death and euthanasia for cats in no-kill shelters in the Czech Republic
Authors: Večerek Vladimír , Kubesová Kateřina , Voslářová Eva , Bedáňová Iveta
Published: April 2017

Successful reduction of death and euthanasia rates requires the determination of factors related to death and euthanasia of cats in shelters. In the period from 2011 to 2015, 474 cats died and 240 had to be euthanized for health reasons in the three cat shelters monitored in our study. Altogether, death was the ultimate outcome for 33% of the cats admitted in the shelters. Out of the cats that died, 67.3% cats died within the first month and 95.4% within 6 months of admission to the shelter. Similarly, 65.0% of all euthanized cats were euthanized within the first month and 88.3% were euthanized within 6 months of admission. Since the majority of mortalities occurred shortly after admission, they more probably resulted from the cats’ poor condition at the time of admission rather than from the shelter’s environment. Females and cats younger than 6 months were at an increased risk of mortality. Autumn and summer were the seasons with the majority of fatalities. In general, the number of cats that died was almost double the number of cats that were euthanized; this suggests that attempts to cure cats were favoured over euthanasia, even in cases of serious health problems. In the fields of cat welfare and veterinary healthcare, the results enable increased attention to be focused on the determined risk factors and thus are an important prerequisite for a successful solution to the problem of the high number of deaths and instances of euthanasia of cats in shelters.
Quand les entreprises s’emparent de la mort numérique, qui sont les consommateurs potentiels ?
Authors: Guillemot Samuel , Gourmelen Andréa
Published: April 2017

Le flou juridique autour de la gestion des traces numériques des défunts (profils de réseaux sociaux, documents ou photos déposés sur des clouds) amène des entreprises à inciter les internautes à anticiper leur mort numérique. Cependant, la pratique se développe difficilement. Cet article1 identifie cinq profils d’internautes qui se distinguent vis-à-vis de leur intention de préparer leur mort numérique sur la base de trois variables : l’orientation temporelle, l’attachement aux contenus numériques et les motivations à transmettre la mémoire. Des pistes d’actions marketing sont suggérées afin de développer ces pratiques.
Wavefront Shaping by a Small-Aperture Deformable Mirror in the Front Stage for High-Power Laser Systems
Authors: Li Sensen , Zhou Luoxian , Cui Can , Wang Kai , Yan Xiusheng , Wang Yirui , Ding Lei , Wang Yulei , Lu Zhiwei
Published: April 2017

We demonstrate a method for wavefront distribution compensation with a low-cost small-aperture deformable mirror in the front stage of a complex high-power solid-state laser system. Meanwhile, an iterative algorithm for improving wavefront quality is indicated. Using this method, the wavefront compensation was studied in our single-shot high-power laser system that operated with and without the main amplifiers, respectively. The wavefront was compensated effectively, showing the near-flopped-shape output with the peak-to-valley value of 0.29 λ and root meam square (RMS) of 0.06 λ at 1053 nm.
Performance of Nanostructures within InGaN-Based Multiquantum-Well Light-Emitting Devices
Authors: Wu Ya-Fen , Lee Jiunn-Chyi
Published: April 2017

We introduced multiquantum-barrier (MQB) nanostructures into the barrier layers of InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well (MQW) heterostructures to improve the operation characteristics of the light-emitting devices. The electroluminescence (EL) spectra were examined over a broad range of temperatures for the samples. We observed inhibited carrier leakage for the sample with the MQB nanostructures. Greater inhomogeneity of nanocrystallite size and a stronger localization effect were also observed for the sample. To interpret this phenomenon, high-resolution X-ray diffraction curves were measured and analyzed using the Warren–Averbach model. External quantum efficiency as a function of temperature was also evaluated. The calculation results correspond with the inference the EL measurements provided. We determined that the performance of the light-emitting devices is enhanced by the MQB nanostructures within InGaN/GaN MQWs.
Application of Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimates to Rainfall-Runoff Modelling in a Data-Scarce Semi-Arid Catchment
Authors: Najmaddin Peshawa M. , Whelan Mick J. , Balzter Heiko
Published: April 2017

Rainfall-runoff modelling is a useful tool for water resources management. This study presents a simple daily rainfall-runoff model, based on the water balance equation, which we apply to the 11,630 km2 Lesser Zab catchment in northeast Iraq. The model was forced by either observed daily rain gauge data from four stations in the catchment or satellite-derived rainfall estimates from two TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) data products (TMPA-3B42 and 3B42RT) based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) from 2003 to 2014. As well as using raw TMPA data, we used a bias-correction method to adjust TMPA values based on rain gauge data. The uncorrected TMPA data products underestimated observed mean catchment rainfall by −10.1% and −10.7%. Corrected data also slightly underestimated gauged rainfall by −0.7% and −1.6%, respectively. Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r) for the model fit with the observed hydrograph were 0.75 and 0.87, respectively, for a calibration period (2010–2011) using gauged rainfall data. Model validation performance (2012–2014) was best (highest NSE and r; lowest RMSE and bias) using the corrected 3B42 data product and poorest when driven by uncorrected 3B42RT data. Uncertainty and equifinality were also explored. Our results suggest that TRMM data can be used to drive rainfall-runoff modelling in semi-arid catchments, particularly when corrected using rain gauge data.
An Internet-Based Medicine Education Intervention: Fourth Graders’ Perspectives
Authors: Kärkkäinen Sirpa , Keinonen Tuula , Hartikainen-Ahia Anu , Vainio Kirsti , Hämeen-Anttila Katri
Published: April 2017

Health education, which also includes medicine education, promotes social sustainability in society. Through the context of Internet-based intervention, this study reports on fourth graders’ (N = 51, aged 10–11 years) perspectives on medicines, their use with common diseases and medicine-related information sources. The study was qualitative by nature. Data was collected in spring 2010, by audio recording students’ group discussions during the study process and group interviews. After intervention, students were well aware of the proper use of medicines and how to find information both on medicines and health issues. The main challenge was finding websites that provide reliable and confidential information. The results of this study raise awareness of a concrete pedagogical approach to health education. The pedagogical approach conducted in the intervention could, to some extent, be transferred to any school setting. This study underlies the promotion of Internet-based health literacy and criteria, for evaluating online health information in the primary school context.
Feedback by Massive Black Holes in Gas-rich Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Silk Joseph
Published: April 2017

Could there be intermediate-mass black holes in essentially all old dwarf galaxies? I argue that current observations of active galactic nuclei in dwarfs allow such a radical hypothesis that provides early feedback during the epoch of galaxy formation and potentially provides a unifying explanation for many, if not all, of the dwarf galaxy anomalies, such as the abundance, core-cusp, “too-big-to-fail,” ultra-faint, and baryon-fraction issues. I describe the supporting arguments, which are largely circumstantial, and discuss a number of tests. There is no strong motivation for modifying the nature of cold dark matter in order to explain any of the dwarf galaxy “problems.”
The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis among a Saudi Female Diabetic Population
Authors: AL-Homood Ibrahim Abdulrazag , Sheshah Iman , Mohammed Abdel Gaffar A. , Gasim Gasim I.
Published: April 2017

Â AIM: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of osteoporosis [lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN)] among patients with type 2 diabetes at King Salman Hospital.MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred seventy patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this cross-sectional study in the period from the 1st of January until the 1st of July 2015. Patient selection was based on self-report of the previous diagnosis by a physician, being on an antidiabetic agent, or a fasting glucose of 126 mg/dl as per the American Diabetes Association criteria. A dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan with the bone mineral density (BMD) categorization based on the WHO cut of levels of T-scores and determination of vitamin D levels were performed. A detailed questionnaire was used to collect demographic data.RESULTS: Out of 170 participants, 50 (29.4%) were diagnosed as having osteoporosis, while 68 (40%) were diagnosed with osteopenia. Age was determined as a risk factor for a decreased BMD in patients with osteopenia (odds ratio (OR) = 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.0-1.1), p = 0.039) and osteoporosis (OR = 1.1, CI = 1.0-1.2, p < 0.001). Similarly, oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) increased the risk of decreased BMD in osteopenia (OR = 2.6; CI = 1.0-6.7; p = 0.023) as well as osteoporosis, (OR = 3.8; CI = 1.3-10.9; p = 0.013), while vitamin D deficiency increased the risk of osteopenia OR = 3.0; CI = 1.2-7.2; p = 0.012). Increased BMI decreased the risk of both osteopenia and osteoporosis (OR = 0.9; CI = 0.9-0.99; p = 0.031 vs. OR = 0.9; CI = 0.80-0.95; p = 0.003).CONCLUSION: Advanced age, OHA and vitamin D deficiency are determinants of decreased BMD in Saudi women with type 2 diabetes, while an increased BMI protects against low BMD.
Improving Patient Safety in Hospitals through Usage of Cloud Supported Video Surveillance
Authors: DaÅ¡iÄ‡ Predrag , DaÅ¡iÄ‡ Jovan , CrvenkoviÄ‡ Bojan
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Patient safety in hospitals is of equal importance as providing treatments and urgent healthcare. With the development of Cloud technologies and Big Data analytics, it is possible to employ VSaaS technology virtually anywhere, for any given security purpose.AIM: For the listed benefits, in this paper, we give an overview of the existing cloud surveillance technologies which can be implemented for improving patient safety.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Modern VSaaS systems provide higher elasticity and project scalability in dealing with real-time information processing. Modern surveillance technologies can prove to be an effective tool for prevention of patient falls, undesired movement and tempering with attached life supporting devices. Given a large number of patients who require constant supervision, a cloud-based monitoring system can dramatically reduce the occurring costs. It provides continuous real-time monitoring, increased overall security and safety, improved staff productivity, prevention of dishonest claims and long-term digital archiving.CONCLUSION: Patient safety is a growing issue which can be improved with the usage of high-end centralised surveillance systems allowing the staff to focus more on treating health issues rather that keeping a watchful eye on potential incidents.
Histopathological Features of Methotrexate Induced Pulmonary Lesions in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Systematic Review of Case Reports
Authors: Thaniyan Anthony , Ayman Foad F. A. , Mirghani Hyder O. , Al-Sayed Badr A. , Merghani Tarig H.
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) is the most commonly used disease-modifying drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, it causes many side effects, including pulmonary lesions. In this review, we characterised the histopathological features of MTX-induced pulmonary lesions in RA patients.AIM: We carried out an electronic search of the relevant literature published during the period from 1990 to 2016. We included only the cases with definitive histo-pathological findings caused by MTX therapy.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The total number of cases is 27. Male: female ratio was 1:3, and ages ranged from 48 to 87 years old, with a mean (SD) = 65.7 (1.0). The cases were originally from Asia (55%), Europe (41%), and America (4%). The major complications of methotrexate therapy were lymphoproliferative disorders (42%) followed by interstitial fibrosis (33), and infections (25%). The incidence of these complications significantly increases with the duration of MTX treatment (p = 0.044). Among the infections, the most common causative organism was pneumocystis jiroveci. The majority of patients who developed infections following methotrexate therapy were from Europe whereas the majority of those who developed lymphoproliferative disorders were from Asia (p = 0.003).CONCLUSION: In conclusion, methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients causes different types pulmonary complications.
Comparative Assessment of Women's Reproductive Health in the Areas Bordering With the Aral Sea Region
Authors: Turdybekova Yasminur G. , Kopobayeva Irina L. , Kultanov Berikbay Zh
Published: April 2017

AIM: We examined 435 women of Aktobe region and 328 women of South Kazakhstan region, living in areas bordering the Aral Sea region during the study and comparative assessment of the impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors of Aral region on the reproductive health of the female population.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The survey based on the comprehensive clinical-functional and laboratory studies accounting the regional and environmental ecological factors. Survey subject was the area of 2 settlements of Aktobe region and 1 settlement of South Kazakhstan region.RESULTS: In all three areas it was revealed that the examined women had the later menarche. There is a trend towards younger age for menopause. The women of South Kazakhstan region often suffer from the pelvic inflammatory disease.CONCLUSION: Perinatal losses, the case of spontaneous interruption and stagnant pregnancy in history, which can be repeated, one in three women has in the zone of ecological disaster.
Efecto de la composición iónica sobre el crecimiento y la supervivencia de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei cultivado en agua de pozo de baja salinidad
Authors: Valenzuela Madrigal Ismael E. , Valenzuela Quiñónez Wenceslao , Esparza Leal Héctor M. , Rodríguez Quiroz Gerardo , Aragón Noriega E. Alberto
Published: April 2017

El cultivo de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei en agua con baja salinidad (1,2 ± 0,5 g L-1) y con diferente composición iónica afecta el desempeño de los organismos en cultivo. El efecto de cultivar en agua de baja salinidad con diferente contenido de iones fue evaluado en crecimiento y supervivencia del camarón. Cuatro pozos de diferente composición iónica del agua fueron seleccionados en el Río Sinaloa, Guasave, México, localizados en: (T1) 25,43°N, 108,44°W; (T2) 25,48°N, 108,37°W; (T3) 25,60°N, 108,40°W y (T4) 25,64°N, 108,51°W. El diseño experimental fueron 4 tratamientos con 3 réplicas. También se cultivó camarón en agua de mar (Tm= 34 ± 1,4 g L-1) como control. El camarón cultivado en Tm y T1 alcanzaron peso promedio superior a 12 g y tasa de supervivencia del 78%, con diferencias significativas a los demás tratamientos de agua de baja salinidad. El factor de condición obtenida con agua de baja salinidad (T1= 0,654) fue similar al registrado para Tm (0,670), donde las proporciones iónicas (Na/K y Mg/K) fueron similares en ambos. Esta última observación sugiere que las proporciones de los principales iones (Na+, K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+) juegan un papel relevante para el desarrollo de los organismos bajo cultivo. Cuando la relación iónica fue similar a la del agua de mar, se obtuvieron organismos con el mejor desarrollo, indicando que la proporción de iones mayores fueron importantes para el crecimiento y desempeño del camarón en cultivo.
A comparison of leadership styles with respect to biographical characteristics
Authors: Afshari Javad , Moein Zahra , Afshari Farzad , Sharifi-Rad Javad , Balouchi Abbas , Afshari Azam
Published: April 2017

Research purpose: Managers, when applying their leadership styles, are affected by some of their own traits. This article intends to compare the leadership styles of the managers of Zabol University of Medical Sciences with respect to Hersey and Blanchard model that was based on their biographical characteristics.Research design, approach and method: The research methodology is descriptive-causal and comparative. The data were collected from 300 individuals (124 female and 176 male participants).Main findings: No significant difference was observed between the directive, persuasive, participative and delegative leadership styles of male and female managers. However, there was a significant difference between the mean of the directive, persuasive, participative and delegative leadership styles of managers, considering their work experience, education level and field of study.Research limitations: The conservative atmosphere in university environments may affect the manager’s responses to the questionnaire; therefore, in the generalisation of the results, this issue should be taken into account.Practical implications: It is recommended to hold in-service courses for managers who have a lower education level or less work experience or have been graduated from the fields of study other than the Management major. It is also suggested to pay attention to the managers’ fields of study and managerial experiences at the time of employment.Contribution: This study enhances the quality of managers’ leadership style and consequently increases the productivity in university environments.