bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Columns of Ordeal
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

No self-respecting Cairene dragoman omits to point out to his clients among the curiosities of the mosque of Amr at Fostat two columns near the South door, which are endowed, according to popular superstition, with the miraculous power of discriminating between true Moslems and Unbelievers. Placed at such a short distance apart (some ten inches) that the passage between them can with difficulty be negotiated by a man of average build, the columns none the less allow a true Moslem, however stout, to pass between them, while an Unbeliever, however slim, finds passage impossible. In other words, the space is supernaturally widened if necessary to accommodate the former and contracted to exclude the latter class.

The columns actually used for this purpose at Cairo do not seem long to have been associated with the superstition. Visitors to the mosque in the sixties do not mention it, though they refer to the companion marvel of the column miraculously transported from Mecca. The superstition itself, however, is of great antiquity and relatively well documented. The purpose of the rite, a spiritual test, distinguishes it sharply from the many similar ‘passing through’ rituals universally current and generally considered ‘lucky’ acts practised with a view to the healing of disease, etc. Its symbolism, as we shall see, suggests a Christian origin.
Mycenaean Megara and Nordic Houses
Authors: Boëthius C. A.
Published: October 2013

The results of recent prehistoric excavations in Greece show that there is no evidence to support, still less to prove, the widespread assumption that the round hoop-roofed house is the original type from which all forms of human houses have been evolved. The truth is that there is a greater variety of primitive house types than is usually supposed, and allowance must be made for the possibility that in course of development these exercise reciprocal influence on one another.

Dr. Bulle has pointed out that from the earliest times both rectangular and round huts and houses occur contemporaneously and that both forms are to be found to-day in use among primitive peoples. This is exactly what the archaeological evidence shows for Greece. Neither by stratification, nor by transitional forms does the Greek evidence support the view that in Greece the rectangular house developed from a round hut like those of Orchomenos I. Dr. Mackenzie, to whose paper I would refer, has collected most of the material for this question, and the case has also been clearly stated by Fimmen.
§ III.—Frescoes from the Ramp House
Authors: Lamb Winifred
Published: October 2013

The pieces of fresco here described come from the so-called ‘Ramp House,’ the excavation of which was begun by Schliemann in 1876, and finished by ourselves in 1921. It lies south-east of the Grave Circle, immediately west of the Little Ramp, and east of the House of the Warrior Vase. In date it belongs to the Third Late Helladic period. Of the frescoes, many came from the ‘Megaron,’ where they were found below a floor level in a deposit dating from Late Helladic II. or earlier times; the details of the stratification will be given in a later section. Some fine fragments came from the narrow passage between the ‘Megaron’ and the Little Ramp, where they were found at approximately the same level and in a deposit of the same date and character; indeed, one or two pieces of pottery found there join pieces from the ‘Megaron.’The deposit seems to have extended to the north of the Ramp House, for it was found immediately outside the north wall, and also at the foot of the Little Ramp: both places produced fresco. That such variety and quantity of fresco should have decorated any of the buildings that preceded the Ramp House on this site seems improbable.
§ IV.—The Rhyton Well
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

During the campaign of 1920 we sank a few trial pits within the acropolis walls to test the stratification and to try to find, if possible, earlier remains, after it had become clear to us that the buildings immediately round the Grave Circle were not earlier in date than Late Helladic III. Two such pits were made on the slope about fifty metres south-east of the top of the Ramp. Near by we noticed what was at first taken to be a rectangular pit enclosed by a rough stone wall measuring 1·00 by 1·00 m. and ·45 m. thick. The interior of this was cleared out, and then we found the walling was merely the coping (about 2·22 m. high at the point where it is best preserved) to a circular well-shaft about 1·15 m. in diameter, driven down through the hard limestone rock.

As we excavated the well-shaft nothing worth noting, except some miscellaneous potsherds and the remains of a crushed leaden vessel, came to light till a depth of about six metres below the highest point of the coping, when some fragments of a funnel-shaped rhyton in Lapis Lacedaemonius (A, below) were found. From this down to a depth of 7·75 m. the other objects here described were recovered.
§ VI.—The Campaign of 1923
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

In view of the decision to abandon the excavation of Mycenae, special efforts were made to get all museum work done at Nauplia and Athens, and all plans and drawings completed for the contemplated publications. In Athens Mr. P. de Jong was busy with the plans from his return in February till May 12th, when he went to Knossos. Monsieur E. Gillièron fils was also occupied in Athens from the end of January in preserving, restoring and drawing the frescoes and small objects. The Director was employed in writing the report, which involved several flying visits to Nauplia and Mycenae, and in superintending the work generally till October 8th. In Athens help was given by Miss Lamb, Miss Eldridge and Miss Pybus. In March and June over six weeks were spent at Nauplia in museum work, in sorting, cleaning, mending and studying the pottery and other finds. Two basement rooms of the museum were floored with cement and whitewashed to serve as store-rooms, and additional shelves were erected in the museum itself to display some of the finds.
§ VIII.—The Palace
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Lamb Winifred , Holland Leicester B.
Published: October 2013

The Palace at Mycenae was first found and excavated by Tsountas in 1886, although Schliemann had previously in 1874 dug one or two trial pits on the summit of the Acropolis here. His shafts are shewn on Steffen's excellent plan. Tsountas published a full report of his excavations in the Πρακτικά, and in succeeding campaigns cleared more of the ruins of the Palace, and also laid bare the foundations of the Doric temple which was built over the ruins of the Palace in later times. Unfortunately, no full account or plan of these supplementary excavations has ever been published, so that our knowledge of the Palace at Mycenae was incomplete. In 1914 Dr. Rodenwaldt re-examined the painted stucco floors in the Court and in the Megaron, and at the same time republished, together with important new fragments which he was lucky enough to find, all the known pieces of wall-painting from the Megaron. We began work on the Palace in 1920, and continued our re-investigation of the ruins during the three following campaigns, of which that of 1923 was very short. The results of our observations and the few new points discovered by us are here set out. We have to thank Dr. Leicester Holland for the splendid plan published here (Plate II.). In it all the foundation walls of the Doric temple are omitted and most of the Hellenistic and other late walls, so as not to confuse the plan of the Mycenaean Palace.
Excavations in Macedonia—II
Authors: Casson S.
Published: October 2013

The excavations of 1921 in Macedonia recorded in Vol. XXIV. of the Annual (p. 1 ff.) were completed in 1922. The site known as Chauchitsa was completely examined and the cemetery on the two rocky mounds was sufficiently excavated to make it possible to establish the main features of the burial methods and equipment. The high mound at the back of the cemetery on the edge of the plateau was also excavated and found to be an undisturbed stratified site. The strata revealed were of the fourth century B.C., of the Early Iron Age, and below that of the Bronze Age. The objects found in the Bronze Age strata and the nature of these strata have been fully dealt with elsewhere: the purpose of this report is to describe the cemetery, the Iron Age deposit which overlay the Bronze Age settlement, the Historic strata which overlay the Iron Age settlement, and, finally, to shew the connection between the Iron Age settlement and the cemetery at the foot of the plateau.

The East Mound (Figs. 1 and 2).—Fourteen graves in all were opened in the first season and have been duly recorded. In the second season a further twenty-two graves were opened, and all alike shewed the same general character as the first fourteen.
Stamped Pithos Fragments in the Collection of the British School
Authors: Lamb Winifred
Published: October 2013

In Volume XII of the Annual of the British School were published two fragments of stamped pithoi (Nos. I. and II.) from Kameiros, part of a series of such fragments in the collection of the School. The remaining examples, mainly from Melos, are described below, the drawings having been made at the same time as those published in 1906.

No. III. (Pl. XI. A) ·105 × ·12 × ·02 — ·03 m. From Melos.

Coarse reddish clay.

Decoration : border of arches; border of double plait with three strands in each twist and bosses between; frieze projecting ·004 m. with lion and Centaur. The lion's mouth is open, shewing the tongue, his left forepaw is raised. The motive of the paw is a common one: cf. the lion on the Ionic B.F. bowl, Pfuhl, Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen, iii. Pl. XXVIII. No. 128, and the kylix, Louvre, A. 478. The Centaur, likewise, is a common type. He is the vanquished Centaur begging for mercy, made popular through illustrations like those of Herakles and Nessos, and used here because he was a familiar figure which fitted the space. An excellent parallel is on a steatite lentoid intaglio from Melos. The Centaur has equine, not human fore-legs, as on other pithos fragments from Melos: contrast the type with human fore-legs from Kameiros and Asia Minor, where it seems never to have been superseded.
Some new Specimens of Byzantine Music
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

As an illustration from a good manuscript in the Round Notation I have chosen a Canon of which I can present a reproduction from my own photographs. It is in the First Authentic Mode, and belongs to the Sunday before Christmas (fourth in Advent). This Canon does not find a place in the service-books now in use, but the words are in the printed Hirmologus. As poetry they are neither better nor worse than the ordinary run of Byzantine Canons.

Our text is from the Hirmologus, Cryptoferratensis E. γ. II, date about 1280. Our facsimiles contain another Hirmus coming before the Advent Canon, namely, the last ode of the Canon, ω̨̕δὴν ἐπινίκιον ἄ̣σωμεν πάντεσ,2 likewise in the First Authentic Mode.

Translations. Canon ᾠδὴν ἐπινίϰιον
last ode: ‘Let us all magnify the light-bringing Cloud, by whom the Lord of all, like rain from heaven upon a fleece of wool, came down; and for our sake was made flesh and became man, though He was from everlasting—let us magnify her, the Holy Mother of our God.’
Excavations at Sparta, 1927: § 3.—The Acropolis, 1926–27
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

The principal results of the work of the first two seasons on the Acropolis were described in the Annual two years ago (xxvi. pp. 240–76), and it remains to complete the account for the two following years (1926–27). The task is fairly simple, since the main features of the stratification of the area which yielded finds of predominantly Hellenic date have been already described, and the results obtained from the other parts of the Acropolis which we explored are of much less interest and importance, and can be dismissed briefly. The Byzantine church on the eastern spur of the main summit must be reserved for a separate report.
Two Prehistoric Sites in Chalcidice
Authors: Heurtley W. A. , Radford C. A. R.
Published: October 2013

The excavations described in the following report took place in the spring of 1928. Two weeks were spent at each site. The party consisted of the Assistant-Director, Mr. J. D. S. Pendlebury, Mr. C. A. Ralegh Radford, and Miss S. Benton, students of the School. Mrs. Heurtley again very kindly undertook the duties of caterer and cook. At Molyvópyrgo we lived in tents on the sea-shore; at Hágios Mámas we took the upper floor of a house in the village of Myrióphyto, where we had as neighbours the American expedition under Dr. D. M. Robinson, which was excavating Olynthus. Mr. and Mrs. J. D. S. Pendlebury, Mr. R. W. Hutchinson and Mr. O. Davies gave invaluable assistance in the work of marking, studying and drawing the sherds in Salonika during the first three weeks of October. Generous grants towards the excavations were received from the British Association, from the Trustees of the Craven Fund, Cambridge, from the Classical Society, Cambridge, and from friends, to all of whom we wish to express our profound gratitude.
Excavations at Sparta, 1924–1928: II.—Votive Inscriptions from the Acropolis
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

Among the votive inscriptions discovered during the excavations of 1924–27 by far the most numerous are those on vase-fragments, which number upwards of one hundred and twenty, in contrast to the modest total of thirty-four yielded by the previous campaigns on the Acropolis in 1907–08. The latter have been already published, and no further reference need be made to them here, except occasionally for purposes of comparison. As the illustrations shew, as far as possible, the form of the sherd as well as the exact nature of the lettering, detailed descriptions are superfluous, and brief comments will suffice. The items are arranged to some extent according to the types of vases dedicated, but no chronological order is attempted; where, however, a group of vases of more than one shape is found to bear the same dedicator's name, they have been placed together, as on Fig. 2, 1–7.
The Tholos Tombs of Marmáriane
Authors: Heurtley W. A. , Skeat T. C.
Published: October 2013

The Pelasgian plain is bounded on the east by the foothills of Pelion and Ossa, which rise abruptly from the marshy flats. Among these hills, at the head of a secluded valley some twenty km. from Larisa, lies the modern village of Marmáriane. On the northern side of this valley, at a point about twenty minutes' walk below the village, rises a conspicuous table-topped mound, surmounted by a cornfield from which the grassy slopes fall steeply away.
The Ithaca of the Odyssey
Authors: Rennell Lord
Published: October 2013

The identity of the Ithaca of the Odyssey with the island which has borne that name since remote antiquity had never been disputed until recent times. When, therefore, the tradition of centuries was called in question by so eminent an authority as Dr. Dörpfeld it was inevitable that zealous defenders would come forward to contest his arguments. The exploration of the traditional Ithaca (or Thiáki as the name has become by the metathesis not unusual in medieval Greek) by a group of British archaeologists and scholars, together with the excavations carried out there over some four years under the direction of Mr. W. A. Heurtley, who was able to devote the summers to this work, have established important conclusions for the solution of a controversy which has divided Homeric students. Investigation on the spot has revealed how closely the narrative of the epic, rationally interpreted, conforms to geographical conditions. Its episodes take place in scenes readily recognisable to-day and evidently drawn from personal observation. Even calculations of distance to be traversed incidentally to the story by land or sea are correctly estimated. The excavations confirm the evidence derived from a text in which amplitude of local detail, so unusual in early literature, tends to confirm another tradition accepted in ancient times, namely, that the poet was personally familiar with Ithaca.
Byzantine Architecture in Mani
Authors: Megaw H.
Published: October 2013

It is a little surprising that practically nothing has been done to supplement Traquair's valuable pioneer work on the churches of Mani. The field is richer even than his article suggests. The buildings are in a state of preservation unique for Greece, they cover a long period and their study may be expected to elucidate the history of the peninsula in the Middle Ages.

In July 1933 I spent four days in the villages between Pyrgos and Gerolimena, a journey of which the principal objective was the church of H. Theodoros at Vamvaka. This, the only dated church reported in Mani, is somewhat summarily dealt with in Traquair's survey. Though small in size and simply decorated it gives the key to the chronology of the whole Mani group and seemed on this account to deserve a special examination. A short account of this church constitutes the core of the present article (pp. 139–145).
III. The Surroundings of the Cave of Trapeza
Authors: Pendlebury J. D. S.
Published: October 2013

A. Some 70 metres east of the cave, close to the south-east corner of the hill, a few fragments of an undecorated Middle Minoan I pithos and a fragment of a stone axe too small to give any idea of its type were found in a shallow deposit on a small terrace.

B. In a cleft in the rock 40 metres east of the cave, dignified by the name of Τοῦ Γρυμάνη τὸ σπήλαιο, were found most of the pieces of a Neolithic vase (see below p. 16 and Plate V, 1), a handle of a fabric similar to ‘Trapeza Ware’, and a number of sherds, including the base of a tripod which could not be dated more closely than to the Early Minoan Period generally. A few Byzantine sherds also occurred.
Unpublished Inscriptions from Beroea
Authors: Cormack J. M. R.
Published: October 2013

1. Beroea. In the Old Metropolis, headquarters of the local Boy Scouts, in a collection of miscellaneous marbles, a Hellenistic marble stele, broken at the bottom, damaged along the lower two-thirds of the left edge. H. 0·475 m.; w. (between preserved sides) 0·392 m.; th. ca. 0·10 m. Letters, ll. 1–2, 0·02 m. (0, 0·015 m.), l. 3, 0·015 m.; interspace, ll. 1–2, 0–005 m., ll. 2–3, 0.001 m.

Relief: r., tree along trunk and branch of which a serpent coils. In front of tree at foot, small boy with arms folded, head facing his r. Second from r., man clad in cloak, turned to his r. and shaking hands with similarly clad man in l. of relief area. Between the two men, another small boy facing his r. (Pl. 30, no. 1).
The Heraeum at Perachora and Corinthian Encroachment
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: October 2013

In this paper I wish to question the views of the early relations between Corinth and Megara which were expressed in Perachora I (1940) and reinforced in JHS 1948, 59 ff. It was there maintained that the Heraeum was founded by Corinth on Corinthian soil c. 850 B.C., and this was put in the following general setting (JHS LXVIII 64). ‘The foundation of the Heraion at Perachora will have been part of the same movement of Argive expansion which dorised Megara and lopped off her southern territories.’ On this hypothesis the Dorian occupation of the Megarid occurred not before the Ionian migration, as all the literary tradition states, but after the Ionian migration; for on archaeological grounds alone the Ionian migration must have commenced during the tenth century at the latest. When Dunbabin wrote in JHS, the results of excavation at Smyrna were not known; these results, inter alia, prompt this paper.
Excavation on the Kofinà Ridge, Chios
Authors: Anderson J. K. , Hood M. S. F. , Boardman John
Published: October 2013

The School's decision to undertake work in the island of Chios was made possible by the generosity of an anonymous donor. The work was placed under my direction, and in the first year (1952) excavations were carried out on a limited scale during three weeks of June on the Kofinà ridge in Chios town, while soundings were made on an Early Bronze Age site at Emporio near Pyrgi on the south coast of the island, where work has since continued.

The site of Kofinà was chosen because Archaic sherds on the surface raised a hope that it might be possible to uncover something of the Archaic city there. As it turned out, the Kofinà area was on the very edge of the ancient city, as of the modern town. The excavations at Kofinà were begun by myself, assisted by Mr. J. K. Anderson, and after the first ten days they were continued and completed by Mr. Anderson and Mr. R. V. Nicholls. The results of the excavations are here published in full by Mr. Anderson.
Three Laconian Vase-Painters
Authors: Shefton B. B.
Published: October 2013

The last comprehensive study of Laconian, by E. A. Lane, was published in 1936, and to this all subsequent work in the field, including the present article, is greatly indebted. What follows is intended to develop one particular aspect of Lane's study, the identification of individual painters and their work. The need for exploration along such lines will hardly be disputed nowadays. Nevertheless, it may be worth referring to the succinct appraisal of such investigation by Dunbabin and Robertson.

The attributions here published comprise almost all Laconian vases with figure decoration found outside Laconia, in so far as they have been made known, and a number of the pieces discovered at Sparta itself. They show that a total of three painters, two of them pupils of one, were with their workshop followers responsible for the output of practically all the more ambitious Laconian vases. It remains to be seen how far this conclusion is borne out by the finds from Samos, the one considerable body of Laconian material still unpublished.
Introduction; and Addendum
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

In 1956 the Greek Archaeological Council decided that there should be no excavations at Mycenae. The Anastelosis Department was still busy with the rebuilding of the Cyclopean walls of the Citadel along the western side and along the stretch of ashlar work in conglomerate from the Lion Gate to the north-western angle. At the actual north-western angle the Cyclopean work of the northern wall of the acropolis had originally met the conglomerate work in ashlar with a straight vertical joint. This has now been obscured in the rebuilding. The Archaeological Service was also planning and preparing to put into effect various measures to protect the site from damage by the large numbers of tourists who visit it every year.

Since we were thus not able to excavate, we devoted ourselves to studying and preparing for publication the finds from the excavations of previous years in the museums at Athens and Nauplia. In Athens the Director of the National Museum, Dr. Karouzos, and his wife, Mrs. Semne Karouzou, made us very welcome and afforded us every possible facility. Mrs. Sakellariou and Mr. Papathanasopoulos, assistant curators in the museum, also gave us much friendly help. At Nauplia Mr. N. Verdeles, the Inspector of Antiquities, and Miss Protonotariou, the Epimeletes, made special arrangements for our work and gave us every support.
Minoika in Cyprus
Authors: Catling H. W. , Karageorghis V.
Published: October 2013

This brief study of objects of Minoan origin found in Cyprus seeks to draw attention to a branch of Cypriot studies which for many years has remained neglected. Since the time of Forsdyke's often criticized pioneer study, no attempt has been made to collect the material under a single heading, or to comment upon its significance. Instead, in not a few cases the Minoan origin of these objects has been overlooked, and they are classified as Mycenaean or Levanto-Helladic.

Fashions in archaeology are well known to be arbitrary. General interest in Minoan studies has been on the wane in recent years, to the considerable advantage of the prehistory of Mainland Greece. This merely reversed a state of affairs which obtained in the years that saw the publication ofThe Palace of Minos. Now, however, there seems good reason to hope that a more balanced outlook on both Crete and Greece is coming into being. The moment is opportune, so the writers believe, for a contribution towards a fuller understanding of Minoan overseas relations.

After this brief introduction, there follows a catalogue of the objects found in Cyprus which are considered by the writers to be of Minoan fabric and origin. The catalogue is divided very broadly into (1) Middle Minoan and (2) Late Minoan objects. Amongst the former will be found one vase and several bronzes, while the latter lists only vases and fragments. The writers are very grateful to the Rev. V. E. G. Kenna for contributing a note on the seal impressions on35.
The cretulae and the Linear A accounting system
Authors: Pope Maurice
Published: October 2013

Cretulae is the name given in this article to the small clay nodules, stamped with one or more seal impressions, that have been found in quantity at most Bronze Age sites in the Near East. The Minoan examples are generally smaller than those found at other sites, and the great majority of them have a hole through which string once passed. That is to say, they are lumps of clay squeezed round string and then sealed. At most of the sites in Crete where they are known, they have been found in conjunction with inscribed clay tablets and clay disks. At Hagia Triada they are unique in being for the most part countermarked with a sign of the Linear A script. The interrelationships of the countermarks and sealings have not previously been recorded, and it is the primary purpose of this article to publish them. The catalogue will be found in Appendix A. Proper analysis of it should shed light on Minoan methods of administration, and perhaps too on the purpose of the Linear A tablets. That the tablets, or some of them, belong to a coherent system of administration, and are not all mere inventory lists of what happened to be coming into or going out of store at a particular moment, seems guaranteed by the fact, to which I shall revert later, that totals in the same numerical proportion are found at widely distant sites.
Prehistoric Laconia: Part II
Authors: Waterhouse Helen , Simpson R. Hope
Published: October 2013

This paper covers the remaining districts of Laconia which have not been described in the last Annual, as well as the islands of Kythera and Antikythera. We include a Chronological Table, Distribution Maps, and a short summary. Abbreviations used are the same as for Part I.

Gythion and Cranae:

So far no prehistoric remains have been discovered on the acropolis at Gythion, although the south and east terraces are covered with classical and Roman pottery. On the island of Cranae, however (Plate 18a), obsidian is plentiful, and recently a considerable quantity of L.H. III sherds (of rather poor quality) has been found. The island measures about 300 metres east to west and 100 metres north to south, and the prehistoric settlement seems to have occupied about half of this area. There is now very little depth of soil, except in the vicinity of the small Turkish fort in the centre (Plate 18a). The amount of Mycenaean pottery indicates a fairly important site, such as the Homeric story of the flight of Paris and Helen from here might lead us to expect (Il. iii. 443–6). It is likely that there was also some E.H. occupation, since some of the coarse ware appears to be handmade.
The Dema house in Attica
Authors: Jones J. E. , Sackett L. H. , Graham A. J.
Published: October 2013

In the course of a survey of the Dema Wall in Attica, an isolated house of classical date was found situated immediately in front of a vulnerable section of the fortification. The question of the relation of this site to the wall and the interest of the building itself as a fifth-century B.C. house type demanded closer examination of it. This article sets out the results of its preliminary cleaning in 1958 and its complete excavation in 1960. For convenience the site is referred to as the Dema house.
The Byzantine basilica church at Knossos
Authors: Frend W. H. C. , Johnston David E.
Published: October 2013

The Hellenistic and Roman city of Knossos occupied a broad plateau extending northward of the Minoan Palace towards the sea. For nearly a mile from the Palace the fields are studded with the debris of occupation. One of the great Roman town houses was partly excavated before the War by Mr. R. W. Hutchinson and the work has been continued by Mr. and Mrs. Michael Gough, now of the British Institute in Ankara. A splendid series of second- to third-century mosaics has been discovered depicting the Dionysiac cult. The city, however, had a Christian community at least as early as about A.D. 170, for in that period Eusebius records the name of a Bishop Pinytus, who earned a reputation for being a zealous moral reformer, and was regarded as an influential figure among correspondents of Bishop Dionysius of Corinth. In the Patristic period Knossos continued to be an important Christian centre, its bishop being present at the Councils of Ephesus, 431, Chalcedon, 451, and Nicaea, 787. The see of Knossos is also mentioned in lists of sees drawn up in the reign of Justinian, and in the eighth century. Between 731 and 787 it seems to have ranked as Protothronos, or second senior bishop. On the Bulgarian episcopal list of 980 Knossos is still recorded among the Cretan bishoprics.

To judge from examples known from North Africa, such as Timgad, Djemila, and Tipasa, the main early Christian centre was likely to be outside the city walls where the cemeteries were located. There would be found the Christian area, and there, too, the earliest centre of worship. At Knossos it seems that a small stream which used to run in an east-westerly direction from the area of Fortetsa, until its course was altered to one slightly farther south when the new hospital was built, marked the boundary between the city and cemetery area.
Five tombs at Knossos
Authors: Coldstream J. N.
Published: October 2013

On the east slope of Lower Gypsades hill, about 100 metres west of the Temple Tomb, a chamber tomb came to light in August 1958, when a cutting for a new water pipe was driven through the area (A in Plate 9 a). In the course of this operation, part of a plain larnax (iii) was sliced off, and much earth removed from the west end of the collapsed chamber: at no point, however, had the municipal workmen penetrated to the tomb floor.

The chamber was approached by a sloping dromos (Plate 9 a: length 2·80 metres; max. width 1 metre), roughly cut into the natural kouskouras rock: its walls were approximately perpendicular. Although the gradient varied a good deal, there was no suggestion of a stairway.

The blocking wall was found in good condition. Of especial interest were the numerous fragments of larnakes that had been built into its fabric: some of them could be recognized as belonging to each of the three fragmentary larnakes (i, ii, v) whose scattered pieces were found below and around the two undisturbed burials in the chamber (iii, iv). We may thus distinguish two periods in the history of the tomb: larnakes i, ii, and v were evidently smashed up in order to make room for iv and iii, which must have been deposited in that order. The debris of v was found under iv, with a few adult bones in its wreckage. Part of i lay on the floor near the south-west corner, where two plain vases (2, 3) were found in situ, hence, also, came most of the fragments of the fine L.M. IIIA 2 stirrup vase (1), although its other pieces were scattered all over the floor of the tomb. This small group of offerings may belong to the disturbed adult skeleton, whose skull lay up against the lower edge of iii. Curiously, some fragments of i and ii were also found above the broken lid of iv (Plate 9 b): perhaps the lid of the later larnax was accidentally smashed at the time of the funeral, in which case the debris from earlier burials could have been piled up above it, as a rough and ready means of protection.
A Carved Block from the Megaron of Mycenae
Authors: Plommer Hugh
Published: October 2013

The piece that I am publishing was first noticed by the late Dr. Ioannis Papadimitriou, then Ephor of Antiquities for the Argolid, early in 1948. I measured and photographed it in situ before he removed it to the Nauplia Museum, and a few days later I drew it as assembled on the floor of the Museum. For various reasons, I had to do this rather hastily; and I give the fragments the numbers used by Papadimitriou.

Fourteen years ago I had just drawn out the block and was ready to publish it when, hearing that Papadimitriou was in London for a few days, I was persuaded to send him my work for corrections and comments. I never saw it again. Some years later, not long before his death, he published the block in Πρακτικά for 1955, illustrating it with no drawings and with only one photograph (Plate 79a), of one face only. At that time the block, remaining in the Nauplia Museum, was already set in plaster, as it still was in March 1964. The place at Mycenae where it turned up, in the prodomos of the Megaron, is now covered with the unattractive chippings of an artificial floor in gypsum. As the block was of some interest and beauty, I set down what I learnt about about it soon after its discovery.
Mycenaean Pottery in the Middle East: Notes on Finds since 1951
Authors: Hankey V.
Published: October 2013

In his basic and indispensable study Mycenaean Pottery from the Levant, published in 1951, Stubbings pointed out that it is only by cross-contacts with the civilizations of the Middle East that any absolute dating for the Aegean Bronze Age can be reached. It is, therefore, rather startling to find that since the diffusion of the Furumark concept and his monumental typology, Mycenaean pottery is itself often used as the cultural cross-contact to date levels at sites in the Middle East where the local pottery has, as yet, a less accessible typology, and where Egyptian dated finds or seals from Syria and Mesopotamia, however abundant, often have to be mistrusted for dating, as they provide too wide a margin in time.

The present attempt to locate and assess some of the recent Mycenaean contacts is unevenly representative, since much of the material from new excavations was not available for study, and I had to leave the Middle East before I had finished my notes. These were made at intervals between June 1962 and April 1966, when I visited most of the Late Bronze Age sites in the Antioch district of Turkey, in Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan and saw the Mycenaean pottery in the museums. I did not see recent finds from Egypt or Israel.
Set in stone: the role of relief-carved stone vessels in Neopalatial Minoan elite propaganda
Authors: Logue Wendy
Published: October 2013

Two major works have been published that consider in detail Minoan relief-carved stone vessels, Peter Warren'sMinoan Stone Vases(1969) and Bernd Kaiser'sUntersuchungen zum minoischen Relief(1976). However, while both these texts provide useful catalogues of the vessels that had been discovered up to the time of their writing, neither provides an analysis of these vessels that considers the body of artefacts as a whole, rather than as a series of individual pieces. This trend has continued until the present day, with numerous articles appearing on the more famous pieces, such as the Harvester Vase and the Boxer Rhyton, but nothing examining the entire corpus of material. In this paper it is argued that when these vessels are considered together they produce an important indication of the sources of power that were used by the elite of Minoan society, specifically the male members of the elite, to justify and reinforce their elevated position in society, and furthermore, that the message of these vessels was aimed at other members of elite society as well as the non-elite.
The Antiphons of the Byzantine Octoechus
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, a series founded by the Danish Academy, are now fairly under way. The first facsimile, that of the Vienna Sticherarium, together with handbooks on the Ecphonetic and the Middle Byzantine Notations, have already appeared. The first volume of Transcripta, the Proper Hymns for September, by Prof. Wellesz, has been published, while the November volume has now also come out. The next publication gives the facsimile of the archaic Hirmologus at the Monastery of the Iberians on Mt Athos (under the title Hirmologium Athoum). This series has the support of the International Union of Academies; and the British Academy has given practical help. Fr. J. D. Petresco, a pupil of Prof. Gastoué at Paris, has brought out a musical edition of the chief Byzantine Hymns for Christmas from several good mediaeval MSS. The present writer has shewn in two articles a new principle of decipherment for the Early Byzantine Neumes.
An Unfinished Colossal Statue at Naxos
Authors: Casson Stanley
Published: October 2013

At the north-west corner of the island of Naxos is a very small hamlet on the shore, which is called Apollonia. It consists of a score of poverty-stricken houses and a small quay, and is inhabited mainly by fishermen. It is a difficult landing in rough weather, and the small bay on which the hamlet stands affords little shelter.

On a slight rise about 100 feet above the hamlet, but near to it, is a small marble quarry which is ancient. Not far off on the same rise is a small modern marble quarry, no longer in use, but quite recently worked. At the small quayside are jetties specially made for the use of the quarry-workers and for the export of marble from the quarry. The ancient quarry-workers probably used the same small bay for the export of their marble.
Notes on the Cretan Griffin
Authors: Frankfort H.
Published: October 2013

In the No-man's land between Aegean and Euphrates we find in the second millennium B.C. a monster unknown in earlier times. Without antecedents it succeeded in penetrating the homeland of monsters, Mesopotamia, where it became so thoroughly acclimatised as to outnumber within a few centuries all but the most vigorous native breeds. It also played an important part in the religious imagery of Minoan Crete and in the decorative art of Mycene, whilst occasionally penetrating Egypt and Anatolia. Its appearance suggests an aptitude to insinuate itself: the leonine body ends, not in the blunt head of the great cat, but in a tapering bird's head; and the threat of the formidable beak is masked by a graceful crest.
The Campaigns in Amphilochia during the Archidamian War
Authors: Hammond N. G. L.
Published: October 2013

In an article entitled ‘A contribution to the Topography of northwestern Greece’ Professor J. L. Myres and Canon C. M. Church published the papers of General Sir R. Church and the sketch-maps of his aide-decamp, Colonel Jochmus, which related to the 1828–9 campaigns in the Greco-Turkish War. In elucidating these campaigns they were able to define the salient features of an area, in which no topographer had travelled since Colonel Leake in 1809; and they laid the basis for a further study of Demosthenes' campaigns in Amphilochia in 426 B.C. During my travels in Amphilochia I was much indebted to the work of Professor Myres and Canon Church; it is therefore an honour and a pleasure to publish my results in a volume dedicated to Professor Myres.
Some West Anatolian Vases at Cambridge
Authors: Lamb W.
Published: October 2013

Unstratified finds from prehistoric sites are not without value, provided that something is known of their place of origin. Lacking a pedigree, they still have, as it were, a passport; and any of them that belongs to a civilisation inadequately represented in this country deserves a welcome. I have, therefore, taken this opportunity of introducing a group of early West Anatolian vases which has for many years been in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge; the moment is appropriate, for, had they been published sooner, when their home was more unfamiliar to us than it is now, they would have been less informing; while to delay their presentation might involve their eclipse by rivals with fuller credentials.
Sur un Cratère Mycénien de Ras Shamra
Authors: Schaeffer Claude F. A.
Published: October 2013

Lieu de trouvaille et date. Le cratère à représentation de char qui fait l'objet de cette étude a été trouvé au cours de notre huitième campagne de fouilles parmi les ruines d'une habitation, au pied de l'acropole nord-est du tell. Il y a là dans les couches du Ier niveau les vestiges d'un quartier datant des XVe–XIIIe siècles. L'une des maisons était habitée par un artisan qui semble avoir pratiqué le métier d'orfèvre, à en juger par la balance de précision, le jeu de poids et le moule que nous avons retrouvé dans son habitation. C'est à lui aussi qu'appartenait peut-être le cratère dont les fragments ont été recueillis au même endroit. La profondeur à laquelle ils furent rencontrés et le contexte archéologique permettent d'attribuer ce vase au XIVe siècle avant notre ère. Sa hauteur est de 46cm, le plus grand diamètre de la panse est de 37cm. 5, fig. 1.
Further Evidence regarding the Bronze Athena at Byzantium
Authors: Jenkins R. J. H.
Published: October 2013

Professor Wace's brilliant services to archaeology have been diffused over so wide a field that it is not difficult to cite some notable work of his in connexion with almost anything that one may oneself offer to his Festschrift. As I wish to write of a famous fifth-century bronze statue, I may gratefully remember his illuminating article on the Chatsworth head, printed in JHS LVIII (1938), 90–95.
Megaron Und Hofhaus in Der Ägäis des 3–2. Jahrtausends V. Chr.
Authors: Schweitzer Bernhard
Published: October 2013

Mitten auf dem von einem starken Mauerring umgebenen Hügel der zweiten Stadt von Troja liegen die vier Herrenhäuser, Megara langgestreckter Form mit tiefer und offener, nach Südosten gerichteter Vorhalle. Es sind einzellige Hallenbauten, die eine Unterteilung in zwei oder mehrere Innenräume nur beschränkt zulassen. Wo größere Raumbedürfnisse auftreten, müssen wie in Troja mehrere solcher Hallenbauten nebeneinander hingestellt werden. Ihre Bauweise nutzt zweifellos die Erfahrungen Alt-Anatoliens und des gleichzeitigen Vorderasiens. Ihre Bauästhetik dagegen—streng richtungsgebundene Achse durch Vorhalle, Tor bis zum Herd im Innern, anthropoide Proportion, unmittelbare Zugänglichkeit—findet nichts Entsprechendes im vorderen Orient oder in Ägypten, ja widerstreitet allen dort verbreiteten Wohnformen und Baugewohnheiten.
Notes on attic Inscriptions (II): XXIII. Who Was Lysistrata?
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: October 2013

Papademetriou, in publishing a new grave-inscription from Zographo, has propounded a theory which, if true, has important consequences for our understanding of Attic comedy in general and of the Lysistrata of Aristophanes in particular. For convenience I reprint the text with two slight modifications.

In l. 4 the stone has ΜΥΡΡΙΝΕΗΚΛΗΘΗ I prefer to assume that the stone-cutter, uncertain of the correct use of eta (cf. πρώτε and Νίκες in l. 5), has transposed the letters, rather than assume with Papademetriou an unnecessary and unparalleled lengthened form and an omitted augment. After ἐτύμως the three dots of punctuation are clear. Even if they were not, metre and sense would suggest that ἐτύμως went with the previous sentence. ἐτύμως has nearly all its later meaning here. Papademetriou has illustrated the cult-significance of the name Μυρρίνη.

His thesis is this. We know the first priestess of Athena Nike was appointed round about 450, perhaps after the Peace of Kallias. Here is her gravestone, which, from the style of its lettering and the transition to Ionic which it illustrates, ought to be close to 400.
Part III. Notes on the Construction of the ‘Tomb of Clytemnestra’
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

In 1950 the Anastelosis Section of the Greek Archaeological Service began the restoration of the ‘Tomb of Clytemnestra’, Fig., Plate 35. In view of our previous researches on the tomb, Dr. Papademetriou and the Anastelosis Section invited us to observe the work and to collaborate by a careful examination of the threshold and other points. Dr. Papademetriou has already published an account of the work himself, and the following notes with the plan and photographs are offered as a supplement to what he has written. We are much indebted to him for his friendly help.
The Cyclades in the Later Bronze Age: A Synopsis
Authors: Scholes K.
Published: October 2013

The present survey, based upon work carried out in the Cyclades in 1952 and 1953 and in museums in Greece and elsewhere, is intended to offer a more comprehensive view of Cycladic archaeology than has hitherto appeared. An attempt has been made to gather together both published and unpublished material from sites which flourished during this period; interpretations of the former have been revised in the light of recent knowledge of contemporary cultures in Greece and Crete. Unpublished pottery in museums has been studied, new sites recorded, and fresh evidence collected from the sites themselves.
Chian and Naucratite
Authors: Boardman John
Published: October 2013

The fine white-slipped pottery decorated in a lively East Greek style which was first found in quantity at Naucratis in Egypt was soon dubbed ‘Naucratite’ and considered the local product of Greek craftsmen. Subsequent excavations on the island of Chios showed that the same pottery and the same techniques were known there from Late Geometric times, long before the Greek settlement at Naucratis, and more recent excavations there have made the Chian character of the pottery even clearer, and have carried the story on into Hellenistic times. The pottery was promptly therefore rechristened ‘Chian’. Dissenting voices have, however, been raised in support of the theory that Chian daughter-factories in Naucratis produced fine pottery for dedication there, particularly those vases embellished with inscriptions which had been painted before their firing and which named both dedicator and deity. This factor has complicated the issue far more than the Arkesilas Vase did the similar problem of ‘Cyrenaic’ and Laconian vases, which was neatly solved by the British excavations at Sparta. But there are also other complicating factors, some of which have not been openly discussed as yet, which it is my purpose to record here.
Part IV. ‘Egyptian’ Amphorae, Correction
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

Pendlebury's account (Aegyptiaca 56, nos. 92–94) of the three so-called Egyptian amphorae from chamber tombs at Mycenae in the National Museum at Athens contains a misprint. His number 4695 should read 4569. We may add that according to the inventory this vase is from Chamber Tomb 93. The other two, nos. 2924, 2925, one of which is inscribed, are from Chamber Tomb 58.
Evidence for the Dating of Greek Settlements in Cyrenaica
Authors: Boardman John
Published: October 2013

The British School's excavations in collaboration with the Libyan Department of Antiquities at Tocra (ancient Taucheira) have demonstrated that this colony was founded very soon after the traditional date for the foundation of Cyrene itself (631 B.C.). In connexion with the excavations the present writer and Mr. John Hayes, who is publishing the pottery from Tocra, took the opportunity to collect evidence of the earliest Greek finds on other sites in Cyrenaica to see whether earlier foundation dates than those generally proposed were possible for these also.