bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Women: Preliminary Study of Quantitative EEG Activity and Performance on a Continuous Performance Test
Authors: Costa Laura , Arruda James E. , Stern Robert A. , Somerville Jessica A. , Valentino Dominic
Published: August 2011

Several studies have examined the electrophysiological correlates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in medically asymptomatic men. Although the rates of HIV infection are increasing at a greater rate in women than men, there have been no publications to date of electrophysiological functioning in HIV-infected women. In the present study, quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) activity was measured in 22 women (11 asymptomatic HIV-seropositive and 11 HIV-seronegative) utilizing a procedure comprised of three auditory continuous performance tests and a set of qEEG components derived from principal components analysis. No significant group differences were found in qEEG or in performance on the continuous performance tests; however, task-related differences were detected across groups between simple and complex language tasks in EEG fast beta power, delta power, and a left-hemisphere principal components analysis-derived EEG component. In examining the electrophysiological correlates of HIV infection, researchers might employ a similar methodology while increasing the sample size and varying the task modality or difficulty.
Withdrawal of Presession Saccharin Suppresses Food-Maintained Responding in Rats
Authors: Rudski Jeffrey , Gurmankin Caren
Published: August 2011

Decreased motivation following drug withdrawal is often characterized as indicative of addiction. Similar behavioral disruptions are seen in negative contrast paradigms. In the current study, 7 rats with a history of access to a palatable 0.15% saccharine solution before operant sessions were conditioned. Rats responded for food under a multiple FR 5 FR 40 reinforcement schedule. When presession saccharin was removed and replaced with water, responding maintained by food was significantly decreased, with greater effects observed under the FR 40 schedule. These results support the assertion that behavioral disruptions accompanying withdrawal syndromes include a negative contrast component.
Spacing Effects on Implicit Picture Memory
Authors: Kitao Norihiko
Published: August 2011

25 undergraduates studied the stimulus pictures of common objects successively presented as spaced or massed repetitions, or one at a time. Immediately after a study period, they were given a free-recall test followed by a perceptual identification test. Analysis indicated that spacing effects were observed on the free-recall test but not in perceptual identification. On the later test, each stimulus picture was exposed for a short period and subjects were more likely to use perceptual cues than on first the test. Thus, the spacing effects on memory may be eliminated at test as there is no benefit of conceptual cues.
Poetic Vividness and Aesthetic Preference: Individual Differences in Poetry Writing Styles
Authors: Gende Mary , King Roy
Published: August 2011

Preference for visual complexity is shown to be correlated with an imagistic and metaphoric style of writing poetry for individuals participating in a poetry therapy group.
Identification of a Speaker's Sex: A Study of Vowels
Authors: Whiteside S. P.
Published: August 2011

An experiment was carried out to test whether three phonetically naive listeners were able to identify a speaker's sex from brief natural vowel segments. All speech segments presented to the listeners were extracted from sentences spoken by members of a group of three women and three men with a British General Northern accent. Analysis showed that listeners were able to identify the speaker's sex from the vowel segments with high accuracy (a mean score of 98.9%, P <.001). Acoustic analyses were subsequently carried out to quantify the acoustic and phonetic differences related to the sex of the speakers. Fundamental frequencies and format frequencies of the vowel stimuli were investigated. The men generally had lower values of both than the women.
A Parsimonious Technique for the Analysis of Word-Use Patterns in English Texts and Transcripts
Authors: Whissell Cynthia
Published: August 2011

This article describes a new data base for English word-usage patterns. It improves on older efforts by including television and personal commentaries as sources for the main corpus studied. More than a third of a million words were sampled from media and nonmedia sources and analyzed to produce a parsimonious listing of 6505 words (types) and their frequencies. The reliability and validity of this list were established in a variety of ways, and a computer program based on the list was used to analyze two different sets of data (an exploratory set and one representing an a priori hypothesis about word usage). A mere 206 different words were seen to account for 57% of all the words in the corpus, and 95% of this small set had its roots in Middle English or some older form of English.
On the Validity of the OOST Interest Inventory
Authors: Oosthuizen Stanley
Published: August 2011

The Oost Interest Inventory was administered to 69 English, 126 Economy and 110 Chemistry students during 1993, to obtain information on construct validity. Except for the area Physical Activities all the differences between the means were significant. Product-moment correlations for related areas across instruments ranged from .15 to .66 and for unrelated areas from .03 to .14. Principal factor analysis with varimax rotation yielded three factors, namely, Arts, Science and Economy–Numbers.
Analysis of Sport Orientation of Female Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Moode F. Michael , DrNucci James M.
Published: August 2011

Scores on three subscales of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire were analyzed to assess whether competitive orientation of 40 female athletes differed from that of 36 nonparticipants and whether competitive orientation differentiated among athletes participating in different sports. Intercollegiate women athletes from three sports (basketball = 12; Softball = 16; and volleyball = 12) and a control group of 36 women who did not participate in athletics were respondents. Scores on Win and Competition significantly discriminated among groups. Scores of the control group were significantly lower than those of each group of athletes. No other comparisons were significant.
Awareness of Learning: A Study of Elementary Students
Authors: Kumar Surender , Harizuka Susumu
Published: August 2011

Awareness of a learning process, choosing strategies for a problem, and awareness of semantic content, response strategy, processing strategy, summarization, and memory were amongst the metacognitive factors studied. Boys and girls in four different grades (Grades III, IV, V, VI; N = 252) from urban elementary schools in Japan were administered the Learning Awareness Questionnaire. Older students scored higher on learning awareness than younger students. Girls scored higher on the Learning Awareness Questionnaire than boys, and these students in 2 Japanese elementary schools, in general, had shown improved awareness of their learning.
Correlations between Hand Preference and Durations of Hearing for Right and Left Ears in Young Healthy Subjects
Authors: Dane Şenol , Bayirli Mehmet
Published: August 2011

In this study, to test an inference from the 1991 Previc hypothesis that right-handers have a right-ear advantage, the durations of hearing for the right and left ears were compared for 81 right- and 45 left-handed high school students. In the present study, right-handedness was associated with a right-ear advantage and left-handedness was associated with a left-ear advantage. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between the durations of hearing for the right and left ears and the scores for right-handedness for right-handed subjects. The durations of hearing for the right and left ears were negatively correlated with the left-handedness for left-handed subjects. These results suggest hand preference may be related to asymmetry of aural sensitivity.
Education Students' Description of Learning ‘Disabilities’
Authors: Flynn Mark , Kelly I. W. , Soini Hannu
Published: August 2011

295 first-and fourth-year students in the College of Education at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada were asked to describe learning disabilities. When the descriptors they used were categorized, nonparticipation in the classroom formed the largest single category.
Replicated Factor Analysis of the Italian Version of the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire
Authors: Riva Giuseppe , Molinari Enrico
Published: August 2011

A multisample factor analysis identified two different solutions, a 3-factor solution from the high school sample of 439 subjects and a 4-factor solution from both the university sample of 200 subjects and an obese sample of 142 subjects. However, in the first sample Factor 1 included the same items which formed Factor 2 and Factor 4 in both the second and the third samples. This suggests that the structure of the questionnaire can be adequately described by four different factors. The analysis of the factor loadings also indicated that six items should be removed (Items 2, 3, 10, 11, 17, 19) from the Italian version.
Multiple Streams of Time Consciousness: A New Model of Retrospective Timing
Authors: Kawamura Satoru
Published: August 2011

This note suggests a new hypothesis for retrospective timing, that, when one experiences a period of time in which plural contexts progress simultaneously, a stream of time consciousness is formed for each context and a temporal judgment to the period is made for each of the streams. In the experiment, 17 subjects observed an event in which plural contexts progressed simultaneously and estimated the time a certain thing occurred during the event. Subjects' estimated times varied with the number of changes in the context which the subjects were required to judge. The hypothesis was supported.
Effects of the Five-Step Strategy with Videotape Modeling on Performance of the Tennis Serve
Authors: Bouchard Lester J. , Singer Robert N.
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to compare two methods of instructing Singer's Five-step Strategy and their effect on the learning and performance of a tennis serve. 63 university students classified as recreational tennis players were stratified by sex and then randomly assigned to one of three groups: Five-step Strategy with videotaped modeling, audiotape Five-step Strategy plus written transcript, or no strategy. Players performed seven blocks of 10 service attempts per block of serves. Points accumulated with each service attempt as well as the number of errors were the dependent measures. Separate 2-way analyses of variance were conducted for each phase of the study. No significant pretreatment differences were noted among groups. Further, all groups improved significantly across time on both dependent measures and maintained this improved performance on a subsequent retention test.
Relation between Electrodermal- and Visual-Orienting Responses and Processing Resource Allocation
Authors: Imai Akira
Published: August 2011

Orienting responses, measured by electrodermal response and fixation time to a visual stimulus, are believed to occur in parallel with the processing resource allocation probed by reaction time.
Internal Consistency of Scores on Matching Familiar Figures Test-20 and Correlation of Scores with Age
Authors: Kirchner-Nebot Teresa , Amador-Campos Juan Antonio
Published: August 2011

Internal consistency of scores on the Matching Familiar Figures Test-20 and patterns of latencies and errors were estimated for 337 boys and 287 girls between the ages of 6 and 11 years, in the first five grades of primary school. The Matching Familiar Figures Test-20 presented moderate coefficients of internal consistency (.77) for errors and high coefficients (.94) for latencies. The correlation between latencies and errors was moderate and significant (−.50).
Body-Type Stereotyping in Therapeutic Judgments
Authors: Fletcher Chris , Diekhoff George M.
Published: August 2011

23 professional psychotherapists and 25 graduate student trainees rated line drawings of three clients' body types on 21 clinically relevant personal characteristics. Professionals and students alike rated ectomorphic and endomorphic clients less favorably than mesomorphic clients.
Stimulus-Response Compatibility and Position of the Hands: Nonadditive Effects
Authors: Ghozlan Aline
Published: August 2011

An experiment was conducted using a two-choice stimulus-response compatibility task factorially combined with position of the hands. Subjects responded to a visual target word ( Left or Right) by pressing on the left or the right key depending on the compatible or incompatible assignment and performed the task with the hands uncrossed or crossed. The effects of Stimulus-response compatibility and Position of hands were not additive. Moreover, no effect of compatibility occurred in the crossed-band condition. These findings are consistent with the predictions derived from a recent hypothesis assuming that in some particular experimental conditions the presentation of the stimulus will activate two automatic responses. The two stimulus-response compatibility mappings related to these two automatic responses have been shown to be positively or negatively correlated depending on the factorial combination of Stimulus-Response Compatibility and Position of Hands. As a consequence the effects of the two factors theoretically cannot be additive. This assumption accounts for the present results.
Effect Sizes of Mountains and Molehills
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

Decisions about environmental aesthetics require valid, understandable measurements of visual impacts. This study reports well known scientific measurements (standardized mean contrasts) for well known images (mountains and molehills). The scientific measurements of visual preferences for mountains and molehills were 1.17 and −0.05, respectively.
Fractionated Premotor, Motor, and Ankle Dorsiflexion Reaction Times in Hemiplegia
Authors: Smith Leon E. , Besio Walter G. , Tarjan Peter P. , Asfour Shihab S.
Published: August 2011

Ten hemiplegic subjects completed 20 rapid dorsiflexions of their afflicted and nonafflicted limbs. Electrodes were attached to the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles and electromyograms were recorded for their premotor time, motor time, and simple reaction time during ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of their lower limbs. The fractionated components of reaction time, namely, premotor time and motor time, of both legs were statistically compared. It was found that the premotor time of the subject's stroke-affected limb was significantly slower than the premotor time of the nonaffected limb (control), with no differences between their associated mean motor times. These results supported the hypothesis that a stroke has a deleterious affect upon the central, premotor time processing centers and has no disruptive influence upon the peripheral motor time. Comparing the fractionated components of reaction time (premotor time and motor time), with simple reaction time, the former provided a more sensitive and valid method to detect possible injurious side effects of a stroke upon the brain's neuromotor transmission centers and subcenters, and their peripheral, stimulus, response network.
Body Mass Indexes and Historical Ratings of U.S. Presidents: 1948–1984
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence A.
Published: August 2011

U.S. Presidents from 1948–1984 whose body mass indexes were greater than 25 received higher ratings from historians in the Murray-Blessing Poll than their smaller peers as is consistent with previous research on size and perceived leadership.
Research Incorporating Hand-Held Dynamometry: Publication Trends since 1948
Authors: Bohannon Richard W.
Published: August 2011

Hand-held dynamometry is a convenient and portable procedure for monitoring muscle performance. A tally of research articles published since 1948 shows that journal publications noting the use of hand-held dynamometry have increased curvilinearly through 1997. The increase in number of publications is consistent with descriptions of the adoption of innovations.
Measures of Aggression in Questionnaire Ratings and Stories from the Apperceptive Personality Test
Authors: Condrell Constance , Karp Stephen A. , Holmstrom Robert W. , Silber David E.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated relationships between judges' ratings of hostility from the content of eight TAT-like stories and scores on Hostile Feelings and Hostile Actions scales of the Apperceptive Personality Test. This test was administered to 104 college student volunteers (53 women, 51 men), who received extra credit on examination scores for their participation. Each subject made up 8 stories to stimulus pictures and then filled out 8 objectively scorable questionnaires about their stories from the Apperceptive Personality Test. The stories were rated by two “blind” judges for hostile feelings and hostile activities using Fine's 1955 scoring criteria. Agreement of judges ranged from .47 to .80. Correlations of judge's ratings with Apperceptive Personality Test scores were .13 for Hostile Feelings and .41 ( df=102, p< .01) for Hostile Actions. Thus questionnaire scores for Hostile Feelings are unrelated and scores for Hostile Actions only moderately related to judges' ratings of story content.
Preservation of Cognitive Procedural Memory in a Case of Korsakoff's Syndrome: Methodological and Theoretical Insights
Authors: Beaunieux Hélène , Desgranges Béatrice , Lalevée Catherine , De La Sayette Vincent , Lechevalier Bernard , Eustache Francis
Published: August 2011

Using the Tower of Hanoï puzzle, Butters, et al. in 1985 illustrated the difficulties in learning the procedure and questioned the suitability of this task for the assessment of the cognitive procedural memory in Korsakoff's syndrome. Our objective, in the light of these criticisms, was to show preservation of cognitive procedural capacities with the Tower of Hanoï for a man (P.F.) who was suffering from alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. For this procedural task, some aids helped to compensate in part for the difficulties with declarative memory and with working memory. In this condition, P.F. was able to learn the cognitive procedure. This study suggests that cognitive procedural memory may be preserved in some patients suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome and that this may be shown when a suitable task is used The result makes it possible to discuss the interaction between declarative and procedural knowledge in the solving of the Tower of Hanoï.
Family Status, Preference for Sport Aggressiveness, and Sport Fan Motivation
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Lane Tina M. , Duncan Lisa E. , Goodson Stephanie L.
Published: August 2011

This study tested two hypotheses involving the use of sport spectating as an opportunity to spend time with one's family. First, it was hypothesized that scores on Family Motivation would be higher for fans who were married or had children than for unmarried fans without children. Second, it was predicted that among sport fans who were married or had children, those preferring a Nonaggressive sport would report higher scores on Family Motivation than those preferring an Aggressive sport. Analysis confirmed the first hypothesis while refuting the second.
Effect of Warning on Feigned Malingering on the Wais—R in College Samples
Authors: Johnson Judith L. , Bellah C. Garth , Dodge Tim , Kelley William , Livingston Mary Margaret
Published: August 2011

Research indicates claimant malingering of cognitive deficits to be common in personal injury litigation. Efforts have been made to either detect such tendencies or deter efforts at malingering. The present study examined whether warning people that feigned malingering efforts would be detected results in more valid profiles on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised. Undergraduates ( N = 48) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: feigned malingerers without warning, feigned malingerers with warning, and controls. Analysis indicated both feigned malingerer groups performed significantly worse than the control group; however, feigned malingerers with warning did not perform significantly better than those without warning. Unlike previous research using the Wechsler Memory Scale–Revised, results did not support effectiveness of warning in reducing feigned malingering scores.
Visuoperceptual Speed of Karate Practitioners at Three Levels of Skill
Authors: Kim Hyung Soek , Petrakis Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

The Identical Pictures Test was administered to 50 male and 45 female volunteer karateka who were classified by Fitts' level of learning and karate beltrank color system (kyu-dan) into three groups. A 2 (sex) x3 (skill) analysis of variance gave a significant difference for skill and sex. Over-all, the practitioners in the autonomous stage (black belts) and the women had faster visuoperceptual speed.
Personal Nostalgia, World View, Memory, and Emotionality
Authors: Batcho Krystine Irene
Published: August 2011

Batcho's 1995 Nostalgia Inventory was completed by 210 respondents, 88 males and 122 females, ranging in age from 5 to 79 years old. Subjects scoring high on the Nostalgia Inventory rated the past more favorably than did subjects scoring low on the inventory but did not differ in ratings of the present or future. High-scoring individuals rated themselves more emotional, with stronger memories, need for achievement, and preference for activities with other people, but not as less happy, risk or thrill seeking, religious, logical, easily bored, or expecting to succeed. In a second study, 113 undergraduates, 32 men and 81 women, completed measures of nostalgia, memory, and personality. High-scoring subjects showed no advantage in free recall over low-scoring subjects but recalled more people-oriented autobiographical memories. Individuals scoring high on nostalgia were no more optimistic, pessimistic, or negatively emotional but scored higher on a measure of emotional intensity. Personal nostalgia was distinguished from social-historical nostalgia and world view. Results were discussed with respect to major theoretical approaches.
Manual Response Set in a Stroop-like Task Involving Categorization of English and Japanese Words Indicates a Common Semantic Representation
Authors: Ikeda Satoko
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the semantic representation for English and Japanese words. A previous study using the interlingual word categorization showed Japanese words affected the semantic processing of English words, but English words did not affect the semantic processing of Japanese words. The present study tested the interlingual word categorization by a manual response instead of the vocal response. Analysis showed English words also affected the semantic processing of Japanese words. The common semantic representation for English and Japanese words was discussed.
Processing and Recognition of Facial Affect in Schizophrenia
Authors: Federman Edward J. , Drebing Charles E. , Zaref Jeffrey I. , Oepen Godehard
Published: August 2011

A deficit in the recognition of facial affect has been well documented in people with schizophrenia. Our 1995 research with normal subjects showed that hemispheric bias for processing facial affect is related to accuracy of recognition of facial affect. We tested whether this relationship holds in a sample of 25 people with schizophrenia who completed tasks of identification of facial affect and chimeric facial affect. Subjects with a left visual-field bias were significantly more accurate in identifying one facial emotion (sad) than were other subjects. Individual differences in hemispheric advantage for processing affect appears to be an important variable related to functional br capacity within different populations.
The Müller-Lyer Illusion in Interpolated Figures
Authors: Di Maio Vito , Lánsky Petr
Published: August 2011

The Müller-Lyer patterns formed by separate dots have been used as stimuli in an experiment on visual perception to assess the influence of the number of dots composing the figures on the magnitude of the illusion. As predicted by our model, based on the Image Function theory, an increase was noted in the magnitude of illusion when the number of dots composing the arrowheads was increased. It follows from the model that filtering of the input image plays a central role in the formation of the illusion.
Mood States and Sleepiness in College Students: Influences of Age, Sex, Habitual Sleep, and Substance Use
Authors: Jean-Louis Girardin , Von Gizycki Hans , Zizi Ferdinand , Nunes Joao
Published: August 2011

Survey and laboratory evidence suggests several factors affecting sleep-wake patterns of college students. These factors include social and academic demands, diminution of parental guidance, reduction of total sleep time, delayed bedtime, and increased nap episodes. In this study, we examined the problem of falling asleep in school as a correlate of negative moods in this population ( N = 294). A multivariate analysis showed significant main effects of sleepiness on mood states based on the Profile of Mood States. Students who fell asleep in school reported higher negative mood states. Significant interactions were observed among sleepiness and age, sex, race, and duration of sleep. Specifically, younger men reported higher negative moods. No interactions were noted for alcohol and marijuana consumption; however, students who fell asleep in school consumed more alcoholic beverages and smoked more than those who did not. Perhaps falling asleep in school could be used as an index that characterizes students who manifest adaptive or psychological difficulty.
Comparison of Attitudes about Communication in Children and Adolescents with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Fuller Jason , Davis Priscilla , Dancer Jess , Gentry Betholyn , Montague Jim , Jackson Jacquelyn , Saccente Suzanne
Published: August 2011

Survey responses of 24 African-American children and adolescents with sickle cell disease suggest similar, generally positive communication attitudes.
Patterns of Sustained Attentional Demands in Elementary Classrooms: An Observational Study
Authors: Hooper Mary-Louise , Chang Pengkwei
Published: August 2011

This study investigates the patterns of sustained attentional demands of events in Kindergarten through Grade 5. The durations and variability of sustained attention for events occurring in 12 elementary classrooms were observed. The data show a progression of sustained attentional demands across the grades; however, a substantial increase in students' sustained attention is required between Kindergarten and Grade 1. The implications of these findings on curriculum development are discussed.
A Measure of Visual Imaging Capacity: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Campos Alfredo
Published: August 2011

The capacity to form images is generally measured by means of questionnaires based on self-evaluation, despite the limitations of this approach. Here we describe a new performance-based test, the Vividness of Visual Imagery Test, designed for assessing imaging capacity of adults. There are 21 items, each of which requires the subject first to visualize a certain object, then to choose between a correct and an incorrect description of that object. For 351 university students Cronbach α was .58 and validity of the test also requires further work.
Changes in Sleep Patterns of Young Women from Late Pregnancy to Postpartum: Relationships to Their Infants' Movements
Authors: Nishihara Kyoko , Horiuchi Shigeko
Published: August 2011

We studied changes in the sleep patterns of ten young women from late pregnancy (36 weeks) to the sixth postpartum week, focusing on the relationship between the women's sleep patterns and their infants' movements. The mothers' polysomnograms and their infants' ankle actigrams were simultaneously recorded using a Medilog 9000 at home in three sessions, during the first, third, and sixth postpartum weeks. The mother-infant pairs slept in close proximity. Two subjects had difficulty with their infants and were dealt with as a separate group. Analysis for the eight subjects who adapted well to the postpartum period showed that wake time after sleep onset increased significantly during the postpartum period compared with late pregnancy given responsibility for feeding. Stage 3+4 and Stage REM did not change across the four sessions (pregnancy, first, third, and sixth postpartum weeks), but Stage 2 decreased significantly from pregnancy to postpartum. There was a high synchronization between infants' movements and mothers' wakefulness. Eight mothers did not complain of sleep disturbance, while the two mothers who had difficulty with their infants did. We suggest that mothers who tolerate well sleep interruption arising from feeding and maintain their Stages 3+4 and REM should not be considered as suffering from sleep disturbance. Mothers who have difficulty with their infants and complain of sleep disturbance should be considered as suffering from sleep disturbance.
Incidence of Injuries Due to Accidental Fall: A Life Span Study for the Period 1971–1995
Authors: Kingma Johannes
Published: August 2011

The incidence of accidental fall in 67,436 trauma patients was investigated for the period 1971–1995. Over-all a decrease in incidence was found from 1976 through 1995; however, notwithstanding the over-all picture a strong age-specific increase in the incidence was observed in persons of 80 years and over from 1981–1985 through 1991–1995.
Public Perceptions and Police Policy: Applying Perceptual Research in the Development of Community-Policing Programs
Authors: Brown Ben , Benedict WM. Reed , Bower Douglas J.
Published: August 2011

To assist the Charleston, Illinois, Police Department attain a better understanding of the community it serves, a survey of 205 residents' perceptions of crime and law enforcement was conducted, Analysis indicated that the majority of people were most concerned with having their homes broken into at night, juvenile delinquency, and speeding vehicles. Minor concerns about personal safety and large parties were also noted. Respondents, however, also indicated an opposition to stationary patrol and to the formal handling of juveniles by the police. It was recommended that the police develop a publicity campaign to inform the public of existing police programs designed to reduce speeding, juvenile delinquency, and large parties, which the Charleston Police Department is currently doing.
Grelling's Paradox and the Stroop Effect
Authors: Cabe Patrick A.
Published: August 2011

The verbal paradox attributed to Grelling offers an insight into the construction and possible interpretation of the classic Stroop effect and related phenomena. Heterological and autological relationships, as Grelling used those terms, suggest stimulus display pairings that are likely to show Stroop-like interference.
Self-Concept and Motor Performance of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Hosley Mary G. , Hopper Chris , Gruber Mary B.
Published: August 2011

Students with learning disabilities (11 girls and 16 boys ranging from 11 to 14 years of age) tested with Harter's Self-perception Profile scored relatively high on Global Self-worth but scored significantly lower than the standardization group on the Scholastic Competence and Behavioral Conduct subscales. Boys scored significantly higher than girls on the motor proficiency test and on the Athletic Competence subscale of the Self-perception Profile.
Cigarette Smoking and Bruxism
Authors: Madrid Gilbert , Madrid Samara , Vranesh Jon G. , Hicks Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Responses of 18 smokers and 165 nonsmokers to two items which assessed experience with symptoms of bruxism were compared. Smokers were about three times more likely to experience symptoms of bruxism but not over-all stressful experience.
Semantic Priming of Kanji Words in the Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Kawakami Ayako , Hatta Takeshi
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate how the spreading activation arose in hemispheres using single and 2-letter Kanji words. Results suggested that single- and 2-letter Kanji words were processed differentially and the semantic activation mechanisms seemed to be different from that of English words.
An Exploratory Study of Effects of Smoking on Mental Rotation and Mental Paper-Folding Task
Authors: Iwaki Tatsuya , Tamaki Munehisa , Hayashi Mitsuo , Hori Tadao
Published: August 2011

To demonstrate the positive effects of smoking on spatial-imagery processing, behavioral (hit ratio and reaction time) and physiological indices (EEGs and HR) were examined in 12 student volunteers. Subjects performed two spatial-imagery tasks, one mental rotation and the other mental paper-folding. The two tasks were performed before and after smoking and the results compared. Subjects participated in both control and smoking sessions. Reaction time decreased after smoking, while the hit ratio did not change. EEG contour maps derived from 12-channel records of the beta band showed activation of the frontal area during the spatial-imagery processing. After smoking, EEG laterality showed increased right-hemisphere dominance. These findings implied that smoking facilitated selective activation of the hemisphere and did not support Gilbert and Wesler's hypothesis of left-hemisphere priming. Psychophysiological mechanisms of the effects of smoking were discussed.
E-Mail Influence Messages of Type-A Scoring Managers
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Larsen Robin
Published: August 2011

In a study of 158 managers' e-mail influence messages to subordinates, managers' self-reported Type-A scores were positively associated with personal responsibility, legitimate supervisors' authority, and pressure tactics, and negatively correlated with reward from supervisor tactics.
Profiles of Immigrant Students' Cognitive Performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices
Authors: Kozulin Alex
Published: August 2011

Four groups of new immigrant students from Ethiopia in Israel ( N = 46) participated. They were tested using the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and received cognitive intervention in the form of the Learning Potential Assessment Device procedure. The intervention included teaching problem-solving strategies using material similar but not identical to Raven's Matrices. A profile of students' responses was estimated. The results suggest that the new immigrant students initially had a cognitive profile different from that of native Israeli students. The intervention appeared to be effective not only in improving the absolute score on the Matrices but also in changing the students' cognitive profile.
African-American Perceptions of Leisure, Racial Discrimination, and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Philipp Steven F.
Published: August 2011

Personal interviews from 125 respondents representing 14 different leisure locations indicated that in the southern USA African-American adults are generally satisfied with their lives and find their leisure to be an important part of a successful life. Yet, 46% also noted recent incidents of racial discrimination which influenced the quality of their leisure experiences.
No Transfer of Visuomotor Learning of Button-Pressing from Right to Left Hands in Right-Handed Four-Year-Olds
Authors: Uehara Izumi
Published: August 2011

To assess the underlying mechanism of visuomotor learning in children and its relation to the cerebral lateralization, intermanual transfer of learning was examined on a button-press task. The main experiment examined transfer of learning from one hand to the other for 36 right-handed 4-yr.-olds, 19 5-yt.-olds, and 8 adults. The experiment consisted of three phases. In the first and second of three phases, the subject performed the task with the right [(or left) hand, then with the left (or right)]. All age groups exhibited transfer from the left to the right hands; however, the 4-yr.-olds showed no transfer from the right to the left, whereas the other age groups showed transfer from the right to the left as well as left to right. Results were discussed in relation to the underlying mechanism of learning and hemispheric organization, and a new interpretation was proposed.
Realistic Expectations on the Putting Green: Within and between Days Trueness of Roll
Authors: Koslow Robert , Wenos David
Published: August 2011

To improve putting performance, golfers have often used goal-setting techniques which require realistic performance expectations. Thus, examining whether external factors such as putting green irregularities affect putting performance is crucial to goal setting. The purpose of the study was to examine fluctuations in the trueness of roll of a golf ball across a green. A ball was mechanically rolled across a green in the morning and afternoon on a day when there was normal play and on a day when the course was closed to play. Analysis indicated that significant fluctuations in distance and dispersion were present throughout these time frames, i.e., the greatest distance of roll and the least amount of dispersion were present in the morning and on the day closed to play. Golfers should take into account these external fluctuations in trueness of roll when establishing goal-setting procedures involving putting skills.
Perceptions of Job Description: Interior Decorator, Interior Designer, and Architect
Authors: Wright Jelaine , Wood Jeanneane , Lee Carl
Published: August 2011

392 university students were asked to rank their perceptions of interior decorators, interior designers, and architects based upon a brief job description. This study showed that interior designers were ranked as more similar to architects than interior decorators which is contrary to previous findings that interior decorators and interior designers were ranked as more similar to each other than to architects during an evaluation of each professional's education and job tide.
Background Spatial Frequency Influences Perception of Luminance-Based Apparent Movement
Authors: Petersik J. Timothy
Published: August 2011

Apparent movement occurs when stimulus figures are presented at different spatial locations at different times. In the present studies, the periodicity of the background upon which stimuli were presented was manipulated. Subjects viewed a bistable movement display presented on a background consisting of a variable-frequency grating. The type of movement perceived varied systematically with the spatial frequency of the background, suggesting that more than the target stimuli are processed in the generation of apparent movement.
Effects of Sex, Gender Schema, and Gender-Related Activities on Mental Rotation
Authors: Ginn Sheryl R. , Stiehl S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine how sex, gender schema, and gender-related spatial activities affect performance on a mental rotation task. Undergraduate students (53 men and 122 women) completed the Mental Rotations Test, the Bern Sex Role Inventory, and a demographics survey. Some students (17 men and 25 women) also completed the short version of the Spacial Activity Questionnaire. The hypothesis that men would perform significantly better on the Mental Rotations Test than women was supported. Men, classified both as Aschematic and Schematic, performed significantly better on the Mental Rotations Test than women classified as Schematic and Aschematic. Gender schema, however, did not have a significant effect on performance on the mental rotation task within each sex. The hypothesis that persons participating in Masculine space-related activities would perform better in the Mental Rotations Test than persons participating in Feminine or Neutral space-related activities was not supported primarily because none of the participants scored as participating in Feminine activities. Such results suggest the need for further research to assess what effects, if any, participation in gender-stereotyped activities has on performance of the mental rotation task.
Relation of Hope to Self-Perception
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Daley Christine E.
Published: August 2011

Hope has been defined as a multidimensional construct, comprising a cognitive determination to accomplish personal goals (agency) and the propensity to plan methods of achieving goals (pathways). This study investigated whether these dimensions of hope were related to dimensions of self-perception Participants were 96 graduate students from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds enrolled in educational statistics and research methods courses. Correlations indicated that scores on Agency were significantly and positively related to scores on Perceived Self-worth ( r = .34), Perceived Job Competence ( r = .39), Perceived Scholastic Competence ( r = .47), Perceived Social Acceptance ( r = .33), and Perceived Creativity (r = .34). In addition, scores on Pathways were significantly related to scores on Perceived Job Competence (r = .34), Perceived Romantic Relationships (r = .33), and Perceived Creativity ( r = A2). A setwise multiple regression indicated that scores on Perceived Scholastic Competence and Perceived Job Competence accounted for 21.5% of the variance in Agency. Also, scores on Perceived Creativity and Perceived Romantic Relationships explained 21.8% of the variance in Pathways. It is recommended that researchers explore the causal basis for relations between hope and self-perception.
Magnitude Estimation Scaling Judgments of Speech Intelligibility and Speech Acceptability
Authors: Ellis Lee W.
Published: August 2011

20 female students in speech-language pathology provided magnitude estimation scaling responses for the speech intelligibility and acceptability of audio-taped speech samples varying systematically the number of consonant sounds produced correctly. Analysis indicated no significant over-all differences between listeners' judgments of intelligibility and acceptability; however, listeners tended to judge samples with fewer than 50% of the consonants correct as more acceptable than intelligible, and they judged samples with more than 50% consonants correct as less acceptable than intelligible.
Hypnagogic Imagery and Eeg Activity
Authors: Hayashi Mitsuo , Katoh Kohich , Hori Tadao
Published: August 2011

The relationships between hypnagogic imagery and EEG activity were studied. 7 subjects (4 women and 3 men) teported the content of hypnagogic imagety every minute and the hypnagogic EEGs were classified into 5 stages according to Hori's modified criteria. The content of the hypnagogic imagery changed as a function of the hypnagogic EEG stages.
Effect of Retrieval Instructions on False Recall
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

In two experiments ( ns = 26, 43), undergraduates heard four lists of words that were associated with a central concept not on the lists. Instructions were to recall as many words as possible (Free) or to fill all available spaces (Forced). False recall of the central concept was higher with Forced than with Free instructions in Exp. 2. Confidence was higher for correct than for false recall and lowest for other intrusions or was similar for false recall and intrusions (Exp. 2, Free). Results are related to the “false memory” debate.
Emotionality of Words as Related to Vividness of Imagery and Concreteness
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Marcos José Luis , González María ÁNgeles
Published: August 2011

We investigated the association of the imagery and concreteness of words on their emotionality. Emotionality was evaluated on the basis of skin conductance. A total of 61 subjects (all university students) rated the vividness of imagery and concreteness of the words in a list of 25 word pairs. Each pair was comprised of one abstract word and one concrete word with a related meaning, e.g., “friendship” and “friend,” thereby controlling meaning. The skin-conductance response of each word was measured subsequently from these same subjects. Our results show that both imagery and concreteness were significantly related to emotionality.
Emergence of Handedness in Bonnet Macaques (Macaca Radiata) on a Task They Were Equally Capable of Performing with the Left or Right Hand
Authors: Andrews Michael W.
Published: August 2011

Seven bonnet macaques that exhibited no asymmetry in the accuracy or latency with which the right and left hands used a joystick to direct a cursor to a moving target nevertheless came to exhibit a strong hand preference in performing the task when allowed to use either hand.
Consistency of Hand Use, Exercise, and Sports-Related Injuries
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Inman Genevieve , Deharo Dolores , Hicks Gregory J.
Published: August 2011

In this study, we examined the relationships between the consistency of hand use, exercise, and sports-related injuries as an indirect test of the hypothesis that the consistency of hand use is a reflection of general motor coordination. As we predicted, the consistent hand-use group ( n = 23) exercised more, were more likely to follow a regular exercise schedule, and reported having experienced more sports-related accidents than their inconsistent hand-use peers ( n = 23).
Assimilation and Contrast in Geometrical Illusions: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Jaeger Theodore B.
Published: August 2011

It is argued that an unwarranted dichotomization of geometrical illusions has produced theories whose explanatory scope is limited to either assimilation or contrast. Since recent attempts at integration lack precision, a 1977 unified model of the perception of extern by Brigner was revised to predict accurately both assimilative and contrastive phases of the parallel lines illusion. Application of the revised model to other geometrical illusions was discussed and a means of parsimoniously accounting for variations in assimilative illusions occurring with age and with lightness of the stimulus figure was suggested.
Hand Preference as Related to Development and Behavior in Infancy
Authors: Tirosh Emanuel , Stein Mordehai , Harel Judith , Scher Anat
Published: August 2011

55 healthy infants were assessed for their developmental and behavioral patterns at the age of 9 mo. Hand preference was assessed at 20 mo. of age. The distribution of hand preference showed 12 were right-handed, 11 left-handed and 23 ambidextrous. This distribution appears shifted more to the left than that reported for older children. Although their data were based on different tests not appropriate for 9-mo.-old infants ambidexterity appeared to reflect part of the hand-preference continuum. No significant relationship between hand preference and developmental attainments was noted. Perhaps a larger sample would provide a clear developmental behavioral pattern and hand preference in infancy.
Neuropsychological Correlates of Violence and Aggression: An Extension to Suicidal Behavior
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

This paper presents evidence that neuropsychological syndromes which characterize some externally violent people may also explain some suicidal behavior, particularly in adolescents and those who repeat their suicidal behavior.
Training in Phonemic Awareness: Greater on Tests of Phonemic Awareness
Authors: Krashen Stephen
Published: August 2011

A review of 15 studies confirms that training in phonemic awareness has a larger effect on tests of phonemic awareness than on tests of real word reading and reading comprehension.
Variables Associated with Sport Fans' Enjoyment of Athletic Events
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Wilson Anthony M.
Published: August 2011

The current study examined sport spectators' perceptions of the enjoyment of a spectating environment. Spectators ( N=177) attending a college men's basketball game in either an old or a new arena were asked to list the variables related to their enjoyment of attending the sporting event. Analysis indicated that the game-competition, social nature of the event, and exciting plays were the most frequently listed reasons. Fans attending games at the two arenas were not differentially likely to report the arena or atmosphere as contributing to their enjoyment.