bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Identification of Ichthyoplankton in the Black Sea and Their Abundance and Community Assemblages
Authors: Ozturk Rafet Cagri
Published: May 2023

Accurate identification of fish species during the planktonic stages is vital for detecting spawning, foraging, and growth sites of fish species to provide data for stock assessment, environmental impact assessment, and ecological monitoring. In this study, seasonal ichthyoplankton abundance, community composition, and main possible environmental drivers that influence their community composition were investigated in the Southeastern Black Sea. Ichthyoplankton samples were seasonally collected for a year from four stations, two coastal and two offshore sites. DNA barcoding method was applied to identify ichthyoplankton specimens. Of 33 ichthyoplankton taxa identified using DNA barcoding, 31 taxa were identified at species level and 2 taxa were identified at genus level due to unavailability of reference sequences from the Black Sea in public databases. Engraulis encrasicolus, Sprattus sprattus, Mullus barbatus, and Trachurus mediterraneus were identified as the most abundant species. Engraulis encrasicolus alone accounted for nearly 91.5% of the total catch. Seasonality had a strong influence on the ichthyoplankton assemblages. The highest ichthyoplankton abundance was found in summer, followed by winter, autumn, and spring. While 30 fish taxa were identified in summer, 10 taxa were identified in spring, 3 taxa were identified in both autumn and winter. Ichthyoplankton communities were dominated by E. encrasicolus, M. barbatus, and T. mediterraneus specimens in summer, S. sprattus, and M. merlangus specimens in winter, S. sprattus and G. mediterraneus specimens in autumn, Alosa immaculata and Merlangius merlangus in spring. The ichthyoplankton abundance and richness was generally higher in coastal stations in each season. Engraulis encrasicolus, S. sprattus, M. merlangus, P. incognitus were the only species that detected in more than 4 hauls. On the other hand, M. batrachocephalus, P. flesus, S. abester, T. draco, U. cirrosa, and C. lucerna were only detected in a single haul. Overall, the dominant environmental variable affecting abundance of ichthyoplankton was temperature. The relationship between community composition and environmental variable based on nMDS analysis indicated that ichthyoplankton assemblage structure is also influenced by salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a, NO2, and NO3.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Accidental Damage to Civil Aircraft
Composite Structures
Authors: Jia Baohui , Fang Jiachen , Lu Xiang , Xiong Yijie
Published: May 2023

In view of the structural accidental events in the ongoing airworthiness stage of
civil aircraft, it is necessary to conduct a risk assessment to ensure that the
risk level is within an acceptable range. However, the existing models of risk
assessment have not effectively dealt with the risk of accidental structural
damage due to random failure. This article focuses on probabilistic risk
assessment using the Transport Airplane Risk Assessment Methodology (TARAM) of
accidental structural damage of civil aircraft. Based on the TARAM and
probability reliability integral, a refined failure frequency probability
calculation model is established to elaborate on composite structure failure
frequency. A case study is analyzed for the outer wing plane of an aircraft
having impact damage of composite materials. Finally, results of the risk
assessment without correction and risk assessment with correction are presented
for detailed visual inspection and general visual inspection.
Experimentally Based Methodology to Evaluate Fuel Saving and
CO
2
Reduction of Electrical Engine Cooling Pump during Real
Driving
Authors: Di Bartolomeo Marco , Di Battista Davide , Cipollone Roberto
Published: May 2023

Engine thermal management (ETM) is a promising technology that allows the
reduction of harmful emissions and fuel consumption when the internal combustion
engine (ICE) is started from a cold state. The key technology for ETM is the
decoupling of the cooling pump from the crankshaft and the actuation of the pump
independently. In this article, an electric engine cooling pump has been
designed through a novel experimentally based procedure and operated on a
vehicle equipped with an advanced turbocharged gasoline engine, particularly
interesting for its hybridization potential. In the first phase, a dedicated
experimental campaign was conducted off board on an engine identical to the one
equipped in the vehicle to assess the characteristics of the cooling circuit and
the reference pump performances. The experimental data have been used to design
an electric pump with a best efficiency point (BEP) located in a region more
representative of the real operating conditions faced by the vehicle during real
driving. Once prototyped, the electric pump has been compared to the reference
mechanical one on a real driving mission profile whose parameters have been
experimentally evaluated. The comparison was made in the same operating
conditions of flow rate and the pressure head acting on the revolution speed of
the prototype to focus the attention on the effect of the different design
choices made possible by the electric actuation. The procedure can evaluate the
pump-related fuel consumption, whatever the real vehicle speed profile and the
actuation of the pump. The results show that in a driving cycle with urban,
extra-urban, and highway phases, the electric pump absorbs 66% less power
compared to the mechanical one, which translates into a 0.55 gCO2/km
specific emission reduction. This demonstrates the validity of the novel design
procedure together with the benefits of the electric actuation.
Piston Slap Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis Using Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Kochukrishnan Praveen , Rameshkumar K. , Srihari S.
Published: May 2023

Various internal combustion (IC) engine condition monitoring techniques exist for early fault detection and diagnosis to ensure smooth operation, increased durability, low emissions, and prevent breakdowns. A fault, such as piston slap, can damage critical components like the piston, piston rings, and cylinder liner and is among those faults that may lead to such consequences. This research has been conducted to monitor piston slap conditions by analyzing the engine vibration and acoustic emission (AE) signals. An experimental setup has been established for acquiring vibration and AE sensor signatures for various piston slap severity conditions. Time-domain features are extracted from vibration and AE sensor signatures, and among them, the best features are selected using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to create machine learning (ML) models. Apart from individual sensor feature classification, the feature fusion method increases the prediction accuracy. ML algorithms used in this study for building the prediction models are classification and regression trees (CART), random forest, and support vector machine (SVM). Performance comparisons of these trained models are made using different performance measures. It is observed that about 94.95% of maximum classification accuracy is obtained in predicting the piston slap severity at different speeds and load conditions.
Prediction of Surface Finish on Hardened Bearing Steel Machined by
Ceramic Cutting Tool
Authors: Şahin Yusuf
Published: May 2023

Prediction of the surface finish of hardened bearing steels was estimated in
machining with ceramic uncoated cutting tools under various process parameters
using two statistical approaches. A second-order (quadratic) regression model
(MQR, multiple quantile regression) for the surface finish was developed and
then compared with the artificial neural network (ANN) method based on the
coefficient determination (R
2), root mean square error (RMSE), and percentage error (PE). The
experimental results exhibited that cutting speed was the dominant parameter,
but feed rate and depth of cut were insignificant in terms of the Pareto chart
and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum surface finish in machining
bearing steel was achieved at 100 m/min speed, 0.1 mm/revolution (rev) feed
rate, and 0.6 mm depth of cut. In addition, the ANN model revealed a better
performance than that of MQR for predicting the surface finish when machining
the hardened bearing steels because R
2 was about 0.787 and 0.903 for MQR and ANN, respectively. Besides,
these were associated with RMSE of 0.302 and 0.1071 for MQR and ANN. Further, PE
estimated from randomly selected data were about 25.56% and 10.86% for MQR and
ANN, respectively. However, MQR presented the lowest error of 2.86%, but the
highest error of 40.3%, while ANN indicated the lowest error of 0.11%, but the
highest error of 37.0%, respectively.
Numerical Evaluation of Fuel Consumption and Transient Emissions of
Different Hybrid Topologies for Two-Wheeler Application
Authors: Elango Pradeev , Mathivanan Arulkumaran , Kakani Raghav , Das Himadri B. , Asvathanarayanan Ramesh
Published: May 2023

In Asian countries, small two-wheelers form a major share of the automobile
segment and contribute significantly to carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions. Hybrid drives, though not widely applied in two-wheelers, can reduce
fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. In this work three hybrid
topologies, viz., P2 (electric motor placed between engine and transmission), P3
(electric motor placed between transmission and final drive), and power-split
concepts (with planetary gear-train) have been modeled in Simulink, and their
fuel consumption and emissions under the World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC) have
been evaluated. A physics-based model for the Continuously Variable Transmission
(CVT) was used which is capable of predicting its transient characteristics. A
map-based fuel consumption model and a Neural Network (NN)-based transient
emission model were used for the engine. The NN-based transient emission model
avoids the need to model the air path and fuel path in transient conditions,
which is time consuming. The fueling characteristics of the Engine Control Unit
(ECU) in transients need not be known if an NN model is built and tuned with
sufficient experimental data. Several transient experiments were performed with
speed-load profiles similar to the WMTC for tuning the NN emission models.
Simulation results show that the P2 hybrid, P3 hybrid, and power-split drives
have fuel economy benefits of about 27%, 37%, and 49%, respectively, compared to
the conventional powertrain. However, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are much
higher for the hybrid powertrains due to the operation of the engine at higher
load ranges for efficiency but are still within the prevailing BS6 Indian
emission limits. A significant portion of the wheel energy input can be
recovered through efficient regenerative braking in the WMTC. This will be even
more significant under peak traffic city driving conditions. The belt losses in
the CVT significantly reduce the potential benefits of the hybrid powertrain,
and hence, an efficient transmission to replace it will be beneficial.
Adaptive Cruise Control Based on a Model Predictive Controller Considering the Driving Behavior of the Front and Rear Vehicles
Authors: Umar Yakubu Al-amin , Guoqing Geng , Qingyuan Shen
Published: May 2023

Aiming to improve the lateral instability of adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems, both the front and rear vehicles are considered the centers of two control strategies. A vehicle control system is designed to enable the vehicle to automatically find the best following distance based on the displacement and speeds of the front and rear vehicles, hence enhancing driver assistance, traffic efficiency, and road utilization ratio. A practical model predictive control is designed to improve performance, responsiveness, and minor discomfort. A quadratic programming (QP) solver is used to construct an error preview-based mathematical model for the vehicle control, which is then applied to improve the control performance of the system to achieve relative intervehicle distance control. The time sampling of the parameters and the prediction horizon are obtained by numerical simulation, verifying the effectiveness of the ACC system proposed.
Numerical Analysis of Lightweight Materials and their Combinations to Understand their Behaviour against High Pressure Shock Loading
Authors: Singh Swati , Chauhan PhD R. S. , Sandhu PhD Inderpal Singh , Sharma PhD Prince
Published: May 2023

Materials play a key role in our day to day life and have shaped the industrial revolution to a great extent. Right selection of material for meeting a particular objective is the key to success in today’s world where the cost as well as sustainability of any equipment or a system have assumed greater significance than ever before. In automotive industry, materials have a definitive role as far as the mobility and safety is concerned. Materials that can absorb the required energy or impact can be manufactured through different manufacturing as well as metallurgical processes which involves appropriate heat treatment and bringing correct chemical compositions etc. However, they can also be formed by simpler methods such as combining certain materials together in the form of layered combinations to form light weight composites. Analyzing the response of different materials during incidents such as high-speed impact or transmission of shock waves as a result of earthquakes, tsunami or manmade disasters like explosion, is of great importance. Those materials which can respond in a desirable manner to meet a particular requirement during the most undesirable conditions such as high energy impacts can be termed as high energy absorbing materials and they play a crucial role in designing important structures, frames, protective vehicles and equipments, sacrificial components and claddings etc. These materials and structures need to be tested for their strength and design against adverse loading conditions. In this paper, different materials like steel, aluminum and aluminum-rubber combination are analyzed to understand their response during high pressure loading incidences. Judicious and scientific application of these materials can ensure a much better protection to different structures of importance, buildings as well as in defence, aerospace and automotive related applications. There are different methods of analyzing the strength and capabilities of materials or their combinations such as experimental, lab and simulation method. Out of these, the simulation (numerical analysis) method is one of the most appropriate methods which give very accurate results as compared to other methods. Here, Ansys- Autodyn simulation is used to draw the analysis of the materials and their combinations under high pressure shock loadings, resulting due to explosion or blast, and the total energy, pressure, displacement and velocity parameters are studied and compared.
Design of Dump Truck Body Oscillation Arresting Structure and Material Selection for Sub-Zero Application
Authors: SELVARAJ SUTHAKAR , Jamadagni Vishak N.
Published: May 2023

The dump body of the off-highway dump truck is the large, prime structure, used to carry overburden and coal in mines. The body structure is subject to severe vibration, impact load, and oscillation events due to rough terrain conditions in the mines and the loading of rocks from a certain height from the shovel. Presently, the body mounting design is chassis pivot pin mounted, rubber rail seated, and has guide plates to lock transverse movements. Despite all these mounting arrangements, the body structure oscillates (or rattles) due to multiple field factors. The most effective solution to the problem is to provide an additional oscillation-arresting structure so that body stability is achieved and undesirable body-frame impact is avoided. The prime objectives of this study are to design an additional oscillation-arresting structure and to select an appropriate material to work at an ambient temperature of -50°C (sub-zero temperature); to carry out the structural behaviour of the existing material (works in normal temperature). The structural design is validated through classical hand calculations and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), qualifying it by Von Misses stress, shear stress, and displacement criteria. Recommending the most suitable material for sub-zero temperature (-50°C) application.
Engineering Failure Analysis Methodology & Influence of Spline Cutting Method in Torsional Life Improvement in Tractor Axle Application
Authors: Gunalan Magendran
Published: May 2023

The Tractors are inevitable in the world due to its remarkable contribution majorly in farming process and other applications. the farming equipment needs to perform multiple applications to enhance the productivity and increased horsepower demands all-wheel drive (Refer fig. 1) or four-wheel drive option in the tractor. So, it is becoming a mandatory feature. The main objective of this study is, improving the torsional fatigue life in front axle spindle shaft by modifying the spline design and optimizing induction hardening heat treatment process in such a way that the other part of the system will have a minor or no design change. It helps us to reduce the part count variability, lower manufacturing cost and development time.

The spindle shaft with undercut design and profile modified design were subjected to tortional fatigue test with same loading conditions to understand the fatigue life cycle difference between two designs at the load of 700kgm as per DVP, the current spline design covered 2.51L, 2.05L cycles whereas modified spline design samples withstood 5.58L, 3.70L cycles. A remarkable improvement in fatigue life cycles were noticed. As a result, it is evident that the under-cut in spline design acts as a low strength member in the whole shaft which initiated crack and subsequently failed. On the other hand, modified spline end allows the carrying higher load and smooth load transfer which helps to withstand comparatively a greater number of cycles. This paper is having detailed information about the failure history, metallurgical failure analysis, manufacturing limitations, design modifications, heat treatment and validation.
Effect of Rolling Direction and Gauge Length on the Mechanical Properties of S460MC High Strength Low Alloy Steel
Authors: Vegi Nischay , Ragothaman Balakrishnan
Published: May 2023

Tensile Testing is one of the most used and highly reliable method of mechanical testing to evaluate the tensile properties of the material. However, there is a large scope for discussing the behavior of the metals based on the direction of rolling and the tensile specimen size used for testing. This paper discusses the variation observed in the tensile values along the direction of rolling and traverse to the direction of rolling for S460MC. It also evaluates the variation observed in the values based on the various gauge lengths (GL) commonly used in testing as per international standards (80mm, 50mm and 25mm GL).

It is observed that perpendicular to the direction of rolling, the Yield and Tensile strength of the material increase marginally while the Elongation percentage (%E) decreases by a small margin irrespective of the gauge length taken into consideration. With respect to Gauge Length, it is observed that as the gauge length decreases, in general there is a decrease in strength but increase in elongation irrespective of the direction of rolling.
Evaluation and Prediction of Fatigue Behavior of Carburized Steel under Uniaxial and Torsional Cyclic Loading
Authors: Bhadak Bhalchandra , Roy Trishita , Wink Carlos , Carroll Jason
Published: May 2023

Improving fatigue resistance is a key factor to design components for advanced vehicle transmissions. The selection of materials and heat treatment plays a crucial role in controlling fatigue performance of power transmission components such as gears and shafts. Traditional, low frequency fatigue testing, used for identifying fatigue limit or generating S-N curve for multiple sets of material parameters is highly time consuming and expensive. Hence, it is necessary to develop the capability to predict fatigue performance of materials at different loading conditions with limited amount of data for instance the hardness and inclusion size. In the present work, we have evaluated behavior of the carburized steel subjected to axial and torsional cyclic loading conditions at low frequencies. The effect of different loading conditions is reflected in fatigue life curves (S-N curves), which provides correlation factor given as τ/σ = 0.841 ± 6%, between cyclic torsional stress and axial stress amplitude. Further, using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fracture morphologies were analyzed. It was revealed that, during axial fatigue testing two types of failure modes were obtained i.e., sub-surface and surface failures; while in torsional fatigue testing, failures initiated at the sample surface and exhibited a spiral fractured morphology. Model of Liu is utilized to predict the S-N curve during axial cyclic loading where size of sub-surface defect i.e., inclusion and material hardness were provided as input variables. Moreover, with the help of derived correlation factor, the S-N curve during torsional cyclic loading was derived. It is found that the predicted S-N curve, and experimental results are in good agreement. Altogether, this work provides an approach to derive S-N curves using metallurgical properties during two different loading conditions for carburized steel.
Effect of Varying Levels of Work Hardening and Bake Hardening on the Mechanical Properties of Dual Phase Steels
Authors: Vegi Nischay , Ragothaman Balakrishnan
Published: May 2023

In most cases, the properties of a metal are evaluated in their as rolled condition, prior to any work hardening or bake hardening. But in the Automotive World, these steels get work hardened during the forming process and bake hardened in the paint shop. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the variations in the performance of Dual Phase (DP) steels and understand the most optimized method of testing and property generation. This method can then be used to extrapolate to real automotive components. Dual Phase Steels or DP Steels contain a mixture of Ferrite & Martensite from which they derive their name. They are a part of the advanced high strength and ultra-high strength steels steel family according to World Auto Steels. The Ferrite phase, with its iron content contributes to the material displaying an increased level of ductility whilst, the martensitic phase provides the steel with increased mechanical strength. These two properties together enable the steel to be highly desirable in the automotive industry with varying uses from being used as Body Panels to Crash critical components. These two critical part sets of the vehicle are often heavily simulated and tested. Over the course of this paper, we will try to understand the effects of work hardening, also referred to as Pre-Straining and bake hardening on two popularly used DP Steels. DP grade steels, ISC590Y and ISC780Y were used for the study. The aim of the study is to understand the effect of bake hardening, effect varying levels of work hardening and bake hardening on these steels and correlate it to the base data which is used in simulations. It is also important to try and understand the optimum degree of work hardening that might be required to gain the most out of these steels.
Experimental and Numerical Study on Silencer with Perforated Inner Pipe and Nozzles
Authors: N Vasiraja , Prabhahar R Saravana Sathiya
Published: May 2023

The primary objective of this work is to design new type of silencer with perforated inner pipe and nozzles for reducing the sound pressure level in automobile engine. Initialy, the proposed silencer with perforated inner pipe and nozzles was designed and analyzed by using ANSYS-Fluent (Workbench). In this analysis the effect of number of nozzle, convergence angle and position of nozzles were investigated. Based on the simulation results the proposed silencer with perforated inner pipe and nozzles was fabricated. Meanwhile conventional type silencer (with perforated inner pipe and without nozzle) was also fabricated. Both type of silencer were tested in a Kirloskar single-cylinder water-cooled 10hp diesel engine. The sound produced through the outlet of the silencer was measured using the SPL application on the mobile device. The experimental results shows that the silencer with perforated inner pipe and nozzles was having lower sound level and lower engine's backpressure.
Core Deflection for Pre-mold with Over-mold Injection Molding in Moldex-3D
Authors: LONKAR VISHWAVINUTANA , C Rupesh Kumar , Manjunath Arun , Kumar Naveen
Published: May 2023

Side door latches in an automotive play a major role in occupants’ safety. The latches consist of both retention assembly and actuator assembly. The actuator assembly majorly consists of motor, gear & other components and these are protected through a Plastic Lower case and Housing. The Lower case (over-mold) with the Electrical Component Carrier - ECC (pre-mold) plays an important role in providing electrical power supply to the latch system. Since these parts are manufactured with terminal traces & plastics, upfront mold flow simulations help the product teams to evaluate the short fills, warpage, and other quality aspects in the critical areas of these components.

In the part assembly station, the ECC (pre-mold) and the Lower case (over-mold) are connected to the Motor on one side and the Connector on the other. The proper alignment of the pre-mold pins is of great importance and the pre-mold must not be externally visible once the molding is complete. During the prototype build, the pins were offset/dislocated due to pre-mold shift. This in turn caused deformation of the Over-mold resulting in dimensional inconsistency leading to assembly & functional issues.

This issue was complex since the part couldn’t be modified structurally because of the constraints in packaging as these interfaces with the backplate & the child feature would affect its integrity. Here, overcoming the ‘pre-mold’ shift was an important aspect to keep the Lower-case pins within the location limits ensuring a proper part assembly. However, it was challenging to control the ‘pre-mold’ shift defect merely based upon the molding manufacturing knowledge. Hence, we had to utilize ‘core-deflection analysis’ method in Moldex-3D, an injection molding specialized software, to verify the cause of ‘pre-mold’ shift and correct the problem. Virtual simulation technique has helped to resolve the issue and same technic was used in production tool. This paper will provide an insight to both the methodologies used and the tooling changes required to achieve the product assembly requirements.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures and Limits for Components of Vehicles, Boats (up to 15 m), and Machines (Except Aircraft) (16.6 Hz to 18 GHz)
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: May 2023

This SAE Standard covers the measurement of voltage transient immunity and within the applicable frequency ranges, audio (AF) and radio frequency (RF) immunity, and conducted and radiated emissions.

By reference, ISO 11452-3, ISO 11452-7, ISO 11452-8, ISO 11452-10, ISO 11452-11, ISO 11452-2, and the emissions portion of ISO 7637-2 are adopted in place of SAE J1113-24, SAE J1113-3, SAE J1113-22, SAE J1113-2, SAE J1113-28, SAE J1113-21, and SAE J1113-42, respectively. In the event that an amendment is made, or a new edition is published, the new ISO document shall become part of this standard 6 months after the publication of the ISO document. SAE reserves the right to identify exceptions to the published ISO document with the exceptions to be documented in SAE J1113-24, SAE J1113-3, SAE J1113-22, SAE J1113-2, SAE J1113-28, SAE J1113-21, and SAE J1113-42, respectively.

By reference, IEC CISPR 25 is adopted as the standard for the measurement of component emissions. In the event that an amendment is made, or a new edition is published, the new IEC document shall become part of this standard 6 months after the publication of the IEC document. SAE reserves the right to identify exceptions to the published IEC document with the exceptions to be documented in SAE J1113-41.

Emissions from intentional radiators are not controlled by this document. (See applicable appropriate regulatory documents.) The immunity of commercial mains powered equipment to over voltages and line transients is not covered by this document.
Optional Test Procedures for Hydraulic Hose Assemblies
Authors:   Hydraulic Hose and Hose Fittings Committee
Published: May 2023

The procedures contained in this SAE Recommended Practice have been developed to establish uniform methods for impulse and high temperature circulation testing of hydraulic hose assemblies under special conditions not specified in SAE J343 for SAE J517 hoses. Basic test procedures shall be in accordance with SAE J343 except as modified in this document.
Nomenclature - Wheels for Passenger Cars, Light Trucks, and Multipurpose Vehicles
Authors:   Wheel Standards Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform engineering nomenclature for the most common wheel constructions, and their components used on passenger cars, light trucks, and multipurpose vehicles. These wheel constructions are welded disc wheels, cast wheels, forged wheels, composite wheels and hybrid wheels. This nomenclature and the accompanying drawings are intended to define fundamental wheel terms rather than to provide a comprehensive tabulation of all wheel design types.
High-Speed CAN (HSC) for Vehicle Applications at 125 kbps
Authors:   Vehicle Architecture For Data Communications Standards
Published: May 2023

This SAE Recommended Practice will define the Physical Layer and portions of the Data Link Layer of the Open Systems Interconnection model (ISO 7498) for a 125 kbps High Speed CAN (HSC) protocol implementation. Both ECU and media design requirements for networks will be specified. Requirements will primarily address the CAN physical layer implementation.

Requirements will focus on a minimum standard level of performance from the High Speed CAN (HSC) implementation. All ECUs and media shall be designed to meet certain component level requirements in order to ensure the HSC implementation system level performance at 125 kbps. The minimum performance level shall be specified by system level performance requirements or characteristics described in detail in Section 5 of this document.

This document is designed such that if the Electronic Control Unit requirements defined in Section 6 are met, then the system level attributes should be obtainable.

This document will address only requirements which may be tested at the ECU and media level. No requirements which apply to the testing of the HSC implementation as integrated into a vehicle are contained in this document. However, compliance with all ECU and media requirements will increase the possibility of communication compatibility between separately procured components and will greatly simplify the task of successfully integrating a HSC communication system in a vehicle.
Air Dryer Installation Procedure
Authors:   Truck and Bus Brake Supply and Control Components Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform Installation Parameters for desiccant Air Dryers for vehicles with compressed air systems.
Improved Roadway Illumination: Information Resource
Authors:   Road Illumination Devices Standards Committee
Published: May 2023

Headlamps should illuminate the traffic scene ahead of the vehicle in such a way that the driver can operate the vehicle safely and in a relaxed manner. At the same time, negative effects on drivers of other vehicles, pedestrians and other people should be minimized. Various technical parameters such as beam pattern, mounting height, headlamp aiming, and source spectrum can be tuned to find the necessary compromise. The physiology of the vision system under specific nighttime conditions strongly influences these factors and how headlamps can be best optimized for visibility and comfort. The SAE Improved Roadway Illumination task force collected and reviewed relevant research on these topics. This document is a comprehensive summary of this information. The goal is to enable lighting experts, advocacy groups, and non-experts (journalists, consumer organizations, car drivers) to better understand the benefits and tradeoffs of improved roadway lighting with modern headlamp technology. It should be noted that all studies cannot be included in this report, but the intent of this document is to provide the reader with a representative sample of the existing research as a starting point. Further, this document can be updated in the future to reflect new research findings.
Inertia Calculation for Single-Ended Inertia-Dynamometer Testing
Authors:   Brake Dynamometer Standards Committee
Published: May 2023

This procedure provides methods to determine the appropriate inertia values for all passenger cars and light trucks up to 4540 kg of GVWR. For the same vehicle application and axle (front or rear), different tests sections or brake applications may use different inertia values to reflect the duty-cycle and loading conditions indicated on the specific test.
Hybrid III Ten-Year Old Child Dummy User’s Manual
Authors:   Dummy Testing and  Equipment Committee
Published: May 2023

This user's manual covers the Hybrid III 10-year old child test dummy. The manual is intended for use by technicians who work with this test device. It covers the construction and clothing, assembly and disassembly, available instrumentation, external dimensions and segment masses, as well as certification and inspection test procedures. It includes guidelines for handling accelerometers, guidelines for flesh repair, and joint adjustment procedures. Finally, it includes drawings for some of the test equipment that is unique to this dummy.
Road Safety Applications
Authors:   Infrastructure Applications Technical Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Standard specifies message set requirements for roadside safety applications, including detailed systems engineering documentation (needs and requirements mapped to appropriate data exchanges). The applications include:

Curve speed warning (CSW)

Reduced speed zone warning (RSZW)

Lane closure warning (LCW)

Dynamic traveler information (DTI)

Incident information (INC)

This document defines a new road safety message (RSM) and the use of infrastructure-to-vehicle communications capabilities defined in other standards, including SAE Standards, and the National ITS Architecture. This does not define a single, generic, broadcast application for infrastructure systems, but a message set and structures to support the above listed applications.

The new message and its structure enable additional applications to add new material to the common framework that is defined herein. This allows further development and deployment of new applications with new message content in the future.

The purpose of this document is to enable roadside safety application interoperability using I2V communications, although its use with V2V and V2X is anticipated and not precluded.
Linear Impactor Calibration Procedure
Authors:   Impact and Rollover Test Procedures Standards Committee
Published: May 2023

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a procedure for measuring quantitatively the physical characteristics of linear impactors that are believed to effect impact test accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility. Suggested values and tolerance are also provided for specific applications of linear impactor testing (i.e., ejection mitigation tests, head form impact tests, body block tests). Two functional groups of linear impactors are considered: those whose function is related primarily to displacement, and those related to measuring acceleration or force.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE WIRE HARNESS RETAINER CLIPS
Authors:   USCAR
Published: May 2023

This specification describes a method and acceptance criteria for testing automotive wire harness retainer clips. Retainer clips are plastic parts that hold a wire harness or electrical connector in a specific position. Typical plastic retainers work by having a set of “branches” that can be inserted into a hole sized to be easy to install but provide acceptable retention. This specification tests retainer clips for mechanical retention when exposed to the mechanical and environmental stresses typically found in automotive applications over a 15-year service life. This specification has several test options to allow the test to match to the expected service conditions. The variability of applications typically arises from different ambient temperatures near the clip, different proximity to automotive fluids, different exposure to standing water or water spray, and different thicknesses of the holes that the clip is inserted into. Clips are typically inserted into sheet or rolled metal from 0.6 to 8 mm thick, so this specification focuses on that range. Outside of this range requires a custom test.

The procedures described in this document have been evaluated for the design types shown in Table 2. Use of USCAR-44 for other than a design shown in Table 2 may or may not produce acceptable test correlation to actual experience, but USCAR has not reviewed any data. USCAR-44 can be used at all phases of development, production, and field analysis since it is a performance test and not a process validation or quality assessment.

No retainer may be represented as having met USCAR/EWCAP specifications unless conformance to all applicable requirements of this specification have been verified and documented. All required verification and documentation must be provided by the supplier of the part. If testing is performed by another source, it does not relieve the primary supplier of responsibility for documentation (DVP&R) of all test results and for verification that all samples tested met all applicable acceptance criteria.
The Public’s Perception of the Operating Standards of the Jamaica Defence Force (JDF): A Quantitative Inquiry
Authors: Bourne Paul Andrew , McLean Caroline , Peterkin Vincent M.S. , Fallah James , Foster Clifton
Published: May 2023

Introduction: The Jamaica Defence Force (JDF), a military organization, collaborates with the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) to police society. The widespread and frequent engagement of the JDF in a paramilitary role results in regular interaction with the public. No existing studies in the current literature have examined the public’s perception of the operating standards of the JDF. Objective: This study seeks to evaluate and explore the JDF from an operational standpoint. The Operations Management Theory (OMT) is used to examine whether the public’s perception of the operating standards of the JDF has changed in the last decade (2012 -2022). Methods and materials: This research employed a national cross-sectional web-based descriptive research design. Data collection occurred from July 13, 2022, to August 11, 2022. Using the 2019 population of Jamaica obtained from the Statistical Institute of Jamaica, with a 3.4% margin of error and 95% confidence interval, the calculated sample size is 831 resident Jamaicans. The response rate was 82.1% (n=762). Findings: The majority of the sampled respondents were Jamaicans (97.1%, n=766), resided in Jamaica (88.9%, n=700), females (59.6%, n=472), and resided in Manchester (19.2%, 150). Of the Jamaicans (n=764), 89.3% (n=682) of them reside in Jamaica compared to 10.7% (n=82) reside outside. Furthermore, 89.3% of Jamaicans resided in Jamaica compared to 77.3% of non-Jamaicans (?2 (1) = 3.125, P = 0.077). The findings indicate that people have lost respect for the JDF in the last 6 months. Discussion: The people’s perception of the operating standards of the JDF will provide an understanding of crime management challenges in Jamaica. Combined with effective management and implementation of strategies to meet the intended mission and vision, the JDF should consider image rebranding to address the decline in public perception and trust. Conclusion: Despite the traditional military structure of the Jamaica Defence Force, the organization has been deployed on the streets of Jamaica by political administrations to curb and remedy the difficulty of policing society, and this explains a justification for a public assessment of this organization. The public is indecisive on whether the Jamaica Defence Force is too frequently used jointly with the Police Constabulary Force to police the streets of Jamaica as well as being neutral on the overall operating standards of the organization.
The Role of Food Quality and Halal Certificate to Improve Consumer Satisfaction and Loyalty
Authors: Tabelessy Walter
Published: May 2023

This study aims to analyze the role of food quality and halal certificates in increasing consumer satisfaction and loyalty. This research is a type of survey research using questionnaires as the main data collection tool using the 5 Likert Scale Points. The population in this study is Bidadari's Catering consumers. The sample in this study was determined based on the inverse square root method so that a total of 99 respondents were obtained. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The data in this study were analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with WarpPLS 8.0 application. The results of the data analysis show that all hypotheses proposed are accepted, namely food quality plays a positive role in increasing consumer satisfaction, food quality plays a positive role in increasing consumer loyalty, halal certificates play a positive role in increasing consumer satisfaction, and halal certificates play a positive role in increasing consumer loyalty, and consumer satisfaction plays a positive role in increasing consumer loyalty. Thus, Bidadari Catering must focus more on optimizing the quality of food provided in addition to the role of halal certificates to increase consumer satisfaction and loyalty.
Juridical Review of Money Laundering with Terrorism
Authors: Saputri Adhalia Septia
Published: May 2023

Money laundering and terrorism are often related to each other because money from crime can be used to finance terrorist activities and money laundering can be used to disguise the origin of the money. In order to overcome these two crimes, cooperation between law enforcement agencies and good international coordination is needed. In Indonesia, money laundering is regulated in Law Number 8 of 2010, while terrorism is regulated in Law Number 15 of 2003. Some of the legal issues that are still current in the effort to combat money laundering and terrorism include the implementation of the Financial Transaction Reporting System, the designation of terrorist crime organizations, the exchange of information between law enforcement agencies, the protection of informants and witnesses, and the implementation of new laws on money laundering. International cooperation is essential in efforts to overcome this problem. Strong cooperation is expected to cut off the flow of terrorism funds and reduce the risk of criminal acts entering the financial system and help combat terrorism cases that can harm national security.
Ideal Traffic Accident Crime Case Resolution based on Restorative Justice
Authors: Setiadi Adi Kurnia , Hasibuan Fauzie Yusuf , Maryano Maryano
Published: May 2023

·       This study focuses on the first problem of solving traffic accident criminal cases that have been applied in law enforcement and how to reconstruct the ideal traffic accident crime resolution based on a restorative justice approach. The method used in this study is normative juridical research with a research approach in the form of a normative approach. The result of this study is that the settlement of criminal cases of traffic violations in Indonesia to date (ius constitutum), basically still prioritizes conventional legal approaches and criminal sanctions. Cases of traffic accident violations are processed and resolved within the framework of the criminal justice system normally, starting from the police, prosecutor's office, and court levels, according to the criminal procedure law, (2) Reconstruction of the settlement of traffic accident violations is very likely to be applied in Indonesia with several non-litigation models (mediation), namely the independent perpetrator-victim mediation approach and perpetrator-victim mediation  involving law enforcement (restorative justice agencies). Settlement efforts through the courts can only be pursued if restorative efforts fail to reach an agreement. With these results, it is suggested: (1) The police, prosecutors, and courts should be more intensive to socialize and provide education related to the application of restorative justice, especially for traffic accident crimes, (2) The principle of restorative justice needs to be realized in the main legal form, namely a law that comprehensively and integratively covers the regulation of all components of the criminal justice system.
The Happiness in a Digital World – The Associations of Health, Family Life, and Digitalization Perceived Challenges - Path Model for Abu Dhabi
Authors: Badri Masood , Alkhaili Mugheer , Aldhaheri Hamad , Yang Guang , Albahar Muna , Alrashdi Asma
Published: May 2023

The digital revolution influenced all levels and spheres of human social activities covering personal communications and relationships, health and mental health, and hours spent online. However, the widespread implementation and effects of digital technologies amongst all segments of society have not been understandable. The effects touch all aspects of life, be it personal, social, or economic, touching people's happiness positively or negatively. This research is the first attempt in Abu Dhabi to look at the impact of digital transformation and the associations of other aspects of people's life. The objective of this study is to propose a path model for better understanding the degree of association of related behaviors related to digital transformation and people's happiness. An extensive literature search identified several related wellbeing dimensions for this study. We used the Abu Dhabi Quality of Life data for this purpose. Pre-analysis included correlation analysis, simple and multiple regression, factor analysis, and reliability analysis to test the appropriate variables. The final path model portrays the functional relationship between significant factors, with happiness being the ultimate variable. The dimensions of influence covered satisfaction with family life, subjective health, mental and related feelings, number of hours online, the perception of the positive impact of digitalization on society, and the perceived negative influence of digitization. Using LISREL, we designed and analyzed a reflective path model that produced significant fit statistics. Results show that we should not ignore the significant positive association between the digital resources/means in society and our happiness or health. However, results also point to the perception of the negative impact of digital transformation on how we feel and behave daily. The hours we spend online also add to our negative daily feelings. The nature of our satisfaction with our family life seems to influence our negative mixed feelings about digital practices and habits. The strong association between our overall happiness and subjective health produced the most significant association. Limitations and policy implications are discussed.