bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using coligands to gain mechanistic insight into iridium complexes hyperpolarized with para-hydrogen
Authors: Tickner Ben. J. , John Richard O. , Roy Soumya S. , Hart Sam J. , Whitwood Adrian C. , Duckett Simon B.
Published: March 2019

Hyperpolarised iridium carboxyimine complexes yield diagnostic signals whilst undergoing ligand exchange processes rationalised by NMR and DFT.
Pentanuclear iron catalysts for water oxidation: substituents provide two routes to control onset potentials
Authors: Praneeth Vijayendran K. K. , Kondo Mio , Okamura Masaya , Akai Takuya , Izu Hitoshi , Masaoka Shigeyuki
Published: March 2019

Two distinct routes to decrease the onset potential for water oxidation were provided by either control of redox potentials of the complex or change of the reaction mechanism in the pentairon catalysts. The results offer a novel strategy to design efficient molecule-based catalysts for water oxidation.
Tailoring 2D MoS2 heterointerfaces for promising oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis
Authors: Mao Jianxin , Liu Peng , Du Cuicui , Liang Dongxue , Yan Jianyue , Song Wenbo
Published: March 2019

A schematic representation of the ORR on Ni3S2/MoS2 nanosheets and HRTEM image of their heterointerfaces.
Multifunctional fabrics of carbon nanotube fibers
Authors: Luo Xiaogang , Weng Wei , Liang Yunxia , Hu Zexu , Zhang Yang , Yang Junjie , Yang Lijun , Yang Shengyuan , Zhu Meifang , Cheng Hui-Ming
Published: March 2019

Multifunctional fabrics made solely of CNT fibers have been automatically prepared through mature textile technologies. They are excellent for wearable heaters and electrodes in flexible supercapacitors.
Association between interleukin-10 gene rs1800896 polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Liu Lun , Zheng Jie , Xu Yajing , Gao Jian , Fan Lingling , Xu Dong
Published: March 2019

The levels of cytokines, inflammatory cells, and angiogenic factors increase following diabetic retinopathy (DR), and the association between interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene rs1800896 polymorphism (IL-10 -1082G/A polymorphism) and DR in different populations has been extensively studied. However, the findings are conflicting, and there is no relevant research in Chinese subjects. Therefore, this case–control study involving 327 cases (type 2 diabetes patients with proliferative DR (PDR)) and 461 controls (type 2 diabetes patients without DR) was conducted to address the relationship between IL-10 gene rs1800896 polymorphism and risk of PDR in Chinese population. Genotyping was performed using PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. It was found that GG genotype or G allele of the IL-10 gene rs1800896 polymorphism was associated with decreased risk for PDR. In conclusion, IL-10 gene rs1800896 polymorphism decreases the risk of PDR.
SOGN: novel generative model using SOM
Authors: Kim HoJoong , Jung Sung Hoon
Published: March 2019

Generative models such as variational autoencoder (VAE) and generative adversarial network (GAN) have been widely applied to many areas including image synthesis and voice generation. However, they have some problems that VAE makes blur images and GAN is difficult to learn due to mode collapsing. A novel generative model is proposed using a self‐organising map (SOM) termed a self‐organising generative network (SOGN). In the SOGN, training images are first mapped to SOM and then the output space of SOM is transformed into 2D vector spaces. These vector values are used as latent vectors to train the generative network such as artificial neural networks or convolutional neural networks. Experimental results with MNIST and CIFAR‐10 datasets showed that their generative model was easy to train without mode collapsing and made more clean images than VAE. It was also confirmed that the manifold is well‐observed without generating by the average effect of multiple images.
What contextual and demographic factors predict drivers’ decision to engage in secondary tasks?
Authors: Young Kristie L. , Osborne Rachel , Koppel Sjaan , Charlton Judith L. , Grzebieta Raphael , Williamson Ann , Haworth Narelle , Woolley Jeremy , Senserrick Teresa
Published: March 2019

This study used data from the Australian Naturalistic Driving Study to study driver engagement in secondary tasks during every day driving and examine the role that various driver characteristics and driving context variables play in influencing the initiation of secondary tasks. Video from 186 randomly selected trips were viewed to identify a range of secondary tasks and to classify contextual variables at the point of task initiation (e.g. vehicle motion, weather, and light conditions). Results revealed that secondary task engagement when driving is highly prevalent, with drivers spending ∼45% of their driving time engaging in potentially distracting tasks. The results also showed that drivers make a number of strategic decisions regarding when to engage, such as waiting until the vehicle is stationary; however, they do not appear to consider some contextual factors that may impact risks, such as weather and light conditions. The findings will be useful in targeting distraction countermeasures and policies and determining the effectiveness of these in reducing driver distraction.
Simplified model predictive control of a three‐phase T‐type NPC inverter
Authors: Aswani Kumar Eedara , Srinivasa Rao Rayapudi , Chandra Sekhar Koritala
Published: March 2019

This study presents a simplified model predictive control (SMPC) strategy for three‐phase T‐type neutral‐point‐clamped (NPC) inverters to reduce the computational effort while achieving the current control, capacitor voltage equalisation and common‐mode voltage (CMV) minimisation targets. The approach involves three stages. In the first stage, the number of switching states is reduced from 27 to 19 for reducing the peak CMV. In the second stage, a graphical approach is proposed to identify candidate control set (CCS) based on the present switching state, which helps in reducing the number of computations further. The number of elements in CCS may be 7, 10, 13 or 19. A look‐up table with present applied state and its corresponding CCS is formed based on this graphical approach for all the 19 switching states. The third stage involves modifications to the MPC algorithm. Two versions of SMPC schemes (SMPC‐I and SMPC‐II) are proposed. SMPC‐I can restrict the CMV to one‐sixth of DC input voltage. SMPC‐II can achieve near zero CMV. The performance of the SMPC strategy is analysed with parameter uncertainty. Computational effort of SMPC schemes is compared with other MPC methods. The feasibility of SMPC algorithm is verified experimentally on T‐type NPC inverter prototype.
Real‐valued off‐grid DOA estimation via iterative optimisation based on covariance differencing method with spatial coloured noise
Authors: Pan Meihong , Zhang Gong , Hu Zhentao , Zheng Qin
Published: March 2019

In this study, a real‐valued off‐grid direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm is presented based on covariance differencing technique in the presence of unknown spatial coloured noise. The noise component is eliminated by forming the difference between the original and the transformed covariance matrices. A new observation model is constructed based on the eigenvectors corresponding to the positive eigenvalues of the difference matrix, which can solve the pseudo peaks problem caused by the covariance differencing process. To reduce the computational cost and improve the estimation accuracy, the observation model is transformed into a real‐valued one via a unitary transformation. Then, a real‐valued off‐grid DOA estimation model is established by incorporating the bias parameter into the observation model. The off‐grid DOA estimation problem is solved via iterative optimisation. Numerical simulations verify the superiority of the authors’ scheme including increased accuracy, reduced complexity and improved robustness to coloured noise.
Linear‐FM random radar waveform compressed by dechirping method
Authors: Liu Jiafang , Zhang Yunhua , Dong Xiao
Published: March 2019

This research proposes a novel linear frequency modulation (Linear‐FM) random radar waveform and introduces a dechirping compression method. The proposed linear‐FM random waveforms possess a thumbtack ambiguity function and low cross‐correlation properties which are good for fighting against digital radio frequency memory repeat jammer similar to random noise waveforms. The dechirping compression method for the proposed linear‐FM random radar waveform works by mixing the random radar echo signal with a local reference linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal to reduce the echo bandwidth and thus allows to use low‐speed analogue‐to‐digital converter similar to the dechirping method for LFM waveform compression. Both numerical simulation and high‐resolution circular synthetic aperture radar imaging experiment are conducted to demonstrate the good performance of the proposed waveform and the proposed dechirping compression method.
Three-dimensional mixing and light curves: constraints on the progenitor of supernova 1987A
Authors: Utrobin V. P. , Wongwathanarat A. , Janka H.-Th. , Müller E. , Ertl T. , Woosley S. E.
Published: March 2019

With the same method as used previously, we investigate neutrino-driven explosions of a larger sample of blue supergiant models. The blue supergiants were evolved as single-star progenitors. The larger sample includes three new presupernova stars. The results are compared with light-curve observations of the peculiar type IIP supernova 1987A (SN 1987A). The explosions were modeled in 3D with the neutrino-hydrodynamics code PROMETHEUS-HOTB, and light-curve calculations were performed in spherical symmetry with the radiation-hydrodynamics code CRAB, starting at a stage of nearly homologous expansion. Our results confirm the basic findings of the previous work: 3D neutrino-driven explosions with SN 1987A-like energies synthesize an amount of 56Ni that is consistent with the radioactive tail of the light curve. Moreover, the models mix hydrogen inward to minimum velocities below 400 km s−1 as required by spectral observations and a 3D analysis of molecular hydrogen in SN 1987A. Hydrodynamic simulations with the new progenitor models, which possess smaller radii than the older ones, show much better agreement between calculated and observed light curves in the initial luminosity peak and during the first 20 days. A set of explosions with similar energies demonstrated that a high growth factor of Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities at the (C+O)/He composition interface combined with a weak interaction of fast Rayleigh–Taylor plumes, where the reverse shock occurs below the He/H interface, provides a sufficient condition for efficient outward mixing of 56Ni into the hydrogen envelope. This condition is realized to the required extent only in one of the older stellar models, which yielded a maximum velocity of around 3000 km s−1 for the bulk of ejected 56Ni, but failed to reproduce the helium-core mass of 6 M⊙ inferred from the absolute luminosity of the presupernova star. We conclude that none of the single-star progenitor models proposed for SN 1987A to date satisfies all constraints set by observations.
Editorial
Authors: Jung Britta
Published: March 2019

Sehr geehrte Kolleginnen und Kollegen!

Eine gesunde Ernährung, Bewegung und Sport spielen eine entscheidende Rolle, wenn es um Fitness, Reduktion des Kariesrisikos und damit insgesamt um die Gesundheit unserer Kinder geht. Doch aktuelle Daten zeigen, dass 15,4% der Kinder in Deutschland zwischen 3 und 17 Jahren übergewichtig sind und weitere 5,9% der Kinder an Adipositas leiden. Die Ursachen liegen vielfach in dem übermäßigen Zuckerkonsum bzw. übermäßigem Verzehr von Kohlenhydraten und damit an der nicht ausgewogenen Ernährungsweise.
Schlafmedizin in Deutschland
Authors: Young Peter , Penzel Thomas
Published: March 2019

Die Schlafmedizin ist ein Querschnittsfach. Die schlafmedizinischen Erkrankungen werden als Schlafstörungen bezeichnet und sind durch die International Classification of Sleep Disorders 3rd Edition (ICDS-3) definiert. Das obstruktive Schlafapnoe Syndrom (OSAS) und die Ein- und Durchschlafstörungen (Insomnien) stellen die Gruppen der häufigsten Schlafstörungen dar. Zu den Schlafstörungen im engeren neurologischen Sinn zählen die Gruppe der Hypersomnolenz zentralen Ursprungs, die motorischen Störungen und die Parasomnien. Schlafmedizinische Diagnostik schließt immer eine schlafbezogene Anamnese, eine körperliche Untersuchung und häufig auch technische Untersuchungsmethoden wie die Aktimetrie, die Polygrafie und/oder die Polysomnografie mit ein. Die Polysomnografie ist die im Schlaflabor stattfindende Untersuchung.

Durch die zunehmende Ökonomisierung der Medizin steht die Schlafmedizin vor dem Problem, dass die gemäß Akkreditierungsrichtlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin (DGSM) personalintensive Diagnostik im DRG-System unterfinanziert ist. Es findet deswegen eine zunehmende Verlagerung von stationärer schlafmedizinsicher Versorgung in Richtung ambulanter Versorgungsstrukturen statt. Besonders die neurologischen Schlafstörungen aus der Gruppe der Hypersomnolenz zentralen Ursprungs (z. B. die Narkolepsie) sind in der ambulanten Versorgung nicht ausreichend diagnostizierbar und behandelbar. Vor dem Hintergrund könnte in Zukunft ein abgestuftes System der Versorgung je nach Schwere und Art der Schlafstörung sinnvoll sein.
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease and Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy, Similarities and Differences: A Glimpse into the Clinicopathology of Stromal Choroiditis, a Perspective and a Review
Authors: Elahi Sina , Herbort Carl
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this work was to give a comprehensive and updated review on two primary stromal choroiditis entities, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) and birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC). Their appraisal has become much more precise thanks to new investigational methods, such as indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT), which give substantially improved imaging access to the choroid. In this review, we focus on the crucial changes brought by this progress in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of these disorders. Application of these methods makes it possible to reach an early diagnosis, therefore allowing early treatment, which has led to a profound improvement in outcomes when compared to previous management.
Fernbehandlung aus psychotherapeutischer Sicht
Authors: Munz Dietrich , Jansen Alessa , Böhmig Carolin
Published: March 2019

Es steht mittlerweile eine Vielzahl von digitalen Anwendungen zur Verfügung, die die psychotherapeutische Behandlung ergänzen und die Versorgung psychisch kranker Menschen verbessern können, sie können sie jedoch nicht ersetzen. Dazu gehören beispielsweise digitale Anwendungen zur Videokommunikation, die Psychotherapeuten und Patienten die Möglichkeit bieten, auch über Entfernung miteinander zu kommunizieren. Zudem stehen internetbasierte Interventionen wie Internet(behandlungs-)programme und Gesundheits-Apps für die Prävention und Behandlung psychischer Erkrankungen zur Verfügung. Aufgezeigt wird im Folgenden, welche Chancen und Risiken mit dem Einsatz digitaler Anwendungen bei psychischen Erkrankungen verbunden sein können. Damit digitale Anwendungen zu einer Verbesserung der psychotherapeutischen Versorgung beitragen können, müssen sie genauso sorgfältig durchgeführt werden wie eine Behandlung im unmittelbaren Kontakt. Dazu gehört, dass Diagnose, Indikationsstellung und Aufklärung grundsätzlich in unmittelbarem Kontakt zwischen Psychotherapeut und Patient erfolgen müssen. Dargestellt ist außerdem, welche gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen aktuell den Einsatz digitaler Anwendungen in der psychotherapeutischen Versorgung regeln.
Potenziale und Herausforderungen von E-Mental-Health-Interventionen in der Versorgung psychischer Störungen
Authors: Köhnen Moritz , Dirmaier Jörg , Härter Martin
Published: March 2019

Psychische Störungen sind weit verbreitet und führen zu bedeutenden Beeinträchtigungen auf individueller und gesellschaftlicher Ebene. Trotz der starken Krankheitslast und des vergleichsweisen gut ausgebauten Versorgungssystems in Deutschland werden psychische Störungen nur unzureichend versorgt. Auch tragen Zugangsbarrieren wie etwa lange Wartezeiten auf ambulante Behandlungsplätze dazu bei, dass Gesundheitsdienstleistungen nur verzögert oder gar nicht durch Betroffene in Anspruch genommen werden. E-Mental-Health-Interventionen gelten als vielversprechende Optionen, um Zugangsbarrieren abzubauen und Versorgungslücken, z. B. durch eine Unterversorgung im ländlichen Raum, zu schließen. Sie können zeit- und ortsunabhängig angeboten werden und auch Menschen in Regionen mit geringer Versorgungsdichte oder Menschen mit körperlichen Beeinträchtigungen, die in ihrer Mobilität eingeschränkt sind, erreichen. Trotz des großen Potenzials von E-Mental-Health-Interventionen bestehen zahlreiche Herausforderungen, z. B. in Bezug auf den Datenschutz und die Präzisierung hinsichtlich begrifflicher, konzeptioneller und evaluativer Aspekte des sehr breiten E-(Mental)-Health-Sektors. Diese können zum einen hinderlich für die Implementierung in der Routineversorgung sein und zum anderen die Akzeptanz der Interventionen bei Behandlern und Nutzern beeinflussen. Der Überblicksbeitrag beschreibt und diskutiert Potenziale, Herausforderungen und den Präzisierungsbedarf von E-Mental-Health-Interventionen im Kontext der Versorgung psychischer Störungen.
A Case of Massive Hepatic Infarction in a Patient with HELLP Syndrome
Authors: Morgan Jessica , Della Torre Micaela , Whelan Anna , Rodriguez Sophia , DiGiovanni Laura
Published: March 2019

Background Hepatic infarction is an exceedingly rare complication of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Few cases have been described in the medical literature and the true incidence remains unknown. It can lead to fulminant liver failure, liver transplant, or death if not promptly addressed.

Case Report A 22-year-old primigravida presented with right upper quadrant and epigastric pain at 28 weeks' gestation. She had severely elevated blood pressures requiring intravenous antihypertensives as well as proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, and mild transaminitis. Within 6 hours of admission, her rapidly rising liver function tests (LFTs) necessitated urgent delivery by primary cesarean section. Her liver enzymes continued to rapidly worsen postoperatively and immediate postpartum computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis revealed massive hepatic infarction, 11 × 10 × 15 cm, of the right lobe of the liver. Her transaminases peaked at alanine transferase of 2,863 IU/L and aspartate transferase of 2,732 IU/L. She received supportive multidisciplinary intensive care, and LFTs returned to normal by postoperative day 20.

Conclusion Hepatic infarction is an extraordinarily rare complication of pre-eclampsia. Early recognition and prompt multidisciplinary management are vital to prevent catastrophic bleeding, hepatic failure, and death.
Management of Helicobacter pylori in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Vanegas Yenny Alejandra Moreno , Vishnu Prakash
Published: March 2019

There is an association between Helicobacter pylori infection and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and few studies have suggested that eradicative treatment of H. pylori infection may improve platelet counts in patients with ITP. Conventional treatments for ITP include immunosuppressive agents, and more recently thrombopoietic agents. However, based on clinical reports of association between H. pylori and ITP, several medical societies increasingly suggest detection and eradication of H. pylori as a treatment for ITP. In this article, we reappraise recent medical literature to determine the effectiveness of platelet response after treatment of H. pylori infection in patients with ITP. We searched two online databases (MEDLINE and Google Scholar) for full articles published between January 2008 and May 2018, and found a total of 11 studies that presented data and outcomes of treatment of H. pylori infection in ITP patients. All the studies administered triple therapy (amoxicillin 500 mg, clarithromycin 250 mg and a proton-pump inhibitor each given twice daily for either 7- or 14-day course) for eradication of H. pylori. Median overall platelet response ranged from 27 to 69.2% with a complete response rate ranging from 0 to 65.4% and a partial response rate ranging from 0 to 29.4%. Although there is variability in the effectiveness between different populations, it appears to be of benefit to ITP patients with concomitant H. pylori infection when treated with triple therapy. However, further studies to understand the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated ITP is necessary for the development of new therapeutic approaches for ITP.
A hybrid Jiles-Atherton/Armstrong magnetization model considering uniaxial anisotropy for magnetostrictive alloy rods
Authors: Li Yafang , Wang Bowen , Huang Wenmei , Weng Ling , Li Yongjian
Published: March 2019

A magnetization model for magnetostrictive alloy (Galfenol) rods with uniaxial anisotropy is established, based on the theory of the Jiles-Atherton model and the Armstrong model. The magnetization under different magnetic fields and applied stresses at different directions has been calculated by the constitutive model. The magnetic properties of a Galfenol rod were made and are consistent with the calculated results. The proposed model accurately describes the relationship between the magnetization and applied magnetic field under different stresses for Galfenol rods, in particular, and can be applied to general ferromagnetic materials with uniaxial anisotropy due to crystallography or shape.
The thickness and growth temperature dependences of soft magnetic properties and an effective damping parameter of (FeCo)-Si alloy thin films
Authors: Abe Kyotaro , Wu Shuang , Tanaka Yoshitomo , Ariake Yusuke , Kanada Isao , Mewes Tim , Mankey Gary , Mewes Claudia , Suzuki Takao
Published: March 2019

The dependences of magnetic properties and effective damping parameter (αeff) on film-thickness (d) and growth temperature (Ts) for Fe69Co26Si5 alloy films are investigated. The saturation magnetization (Ms) are found to decrease from approximately 1,700 to 1,500 emu/cm3 with d for Ts = 230 °C. For 40 nm films, the magnetization remains constant over the entire range of Ts from 35 to 360 °C. The coercivity (Hc) values for Ts above 120 °C are approximately 20 Oe. Those films deposited at Ts =120 °C or higher are epitaxial with the relation of <100>FeCoSi//<110>MgO in the film plane. For the films deposited at Ts =230 °C, the αeff rapidly decreases, and then slightly increases with d. The minimum αeff value of 0.002 is obtained at Ts = 230 °C.
High write endurance up to 1012 cycles in a spin current-type magnetic memory array
Authors: Shiokawa Yohei , Komura Eiji , Ishitani Yugo , Tsumita Atsushi , Suda Keita , Kakinuma Yuji , Sasaki Tomoyuki
Published: March 2019

We demonstrated high write endurance of up to 1012 cycles with a pulse write current of 10 ns in a spin current-type (SC) single magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) element and 8×8 memory array. Furthermore, we demonstrated an accelerated test of failure elements by increasing the write current density. According to cross-sectional TEM images of the failure MTJ elements, one of the failure models is caused only on the spin orbit torque (SOT) line by electrical-open and electrical-short conditions. We concluded that SC-MTJ will have strong write endurance against a high write current if the SOT-line is improved. SC-MTJ offers an alternative to spin transfer torque (STT)–MTJ as a high write endurance magnetic memory.
Challenge to the synthesis of α′′-(Fe, Co)16N2 nanoparticles obtained by hydrogen reduction and subsequent nitrogenation starting from α-(Fe, Co)OOH
Authors: Tobise Masahiro , Saito Shin , Doi Masaaki
Published: March 2019

The α′′-Fe16N2 has attracted much interest as a candidate for semi-hard magnetic materials. As reported coercivity of α′′-Fe16N2 nanoparticles so far were not high, it is necessary to improve magnetocrystalline anisotropy of α′′-phase to be used practically. Since theoretical calculation suggests a possibility of the improvement of magnetocrystalline anisotropy by substituting of Fe with Co, we challenged to make α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 nanoparticles by hydrogen reduction of α-(Fe1-xCox)OOH as a starting material changing X from 0 to 0.1. We were able to produce α-(Fe1-xCox) nanoparticles through (Fe0.98Co0.02)OOH, and (Fe0.95Co0.05)OOH and (Fe0.95Co0.05)2O3. Sintering occurred during reduction and crystallite diameter D increased with increasing reduction temperature. α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 phase containing α-(Fe,Co) nanoparticles were obtained only at reduction of 340 °C for 4 h and nitridation of 170 °C for 5 h for X = 0.02. It has been revealed that α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 or α′′-Fe16N2 could be formed below D = 50 nm of α-(Fe,Co) or α-Fe. And containing Co make it more difficult to produce α′′-phase. It can be said that the formation of α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N2 is subject to a limit of D and Co content. Long time nitridation is only way to increase the formation yield of α′′-(Fe1-xCox)16N. High Hc = 2000 Oe was obtained for α′′-(Fe0.98Co0.02)16N2 by changing nitridation time 10 hours from 5 hours. Further long nitradation is expected to increase in Hc of α′′-(Fe0.98Co0.02)16N2.
In-plane electrical impedance as a probe for the electron nematicity of BaFe2As2
Authors: Wu Fan , Li Yongqiang , Gong Dongliang , Zhang Wenliang , Xie Tao , Yuan Jun , Yang Qirui , Chen Kai , Luo Huiqian , Liu Junming , Zhu Jinsong
Published: March 2019

In-plane electrical impedance has been examined in as-grown single crystals of BaFe2As2, one of the parent compounds of iron-based superconductors. From the results, it is found that the real part of the impeditivity, namely the AC resistivity, reveals the in-plane anisotropy of the material without any applied uniaxial strain. The imaginary part, i.e., the reactivity, also indicates strong in-plane anisotropy and is linearly dependent on the electrical frequency. Our study demonstrates that electrical impedance is a new and effective method of probing the electron nematicity of iron-based superconductors.
Spontaneous magnetic field in the interactions of transverse plasmons with electron-positron-ion plasma
Authors: Zhou A. P. , Liu Y. , Sun Y. P.
Published: March 2019

The magnetic field generated by transverse plasmons in three-component electron-positron-ion plasma is investigated based on a kinetic model. Nonlinear coupling equations, self-consistently describing the nonlinear behavior of high-frequency transverse plasmons, low-frequency density perturbation, and quasistatic self-generated magnetic fields, are derived considering the nonlinear wave-wave and wave-particle interactions. The governing equations can be easily reduced to the ones obtained in conventional electron-ion and electron-positron plasmas. There will be no spontaneous magnetic field in the pure electron-positron plasma due to the same mass of the electron and the positron. It is shown that the self-generated magnetic field is relevant to the mass difference of plasma particles, which is modulationally unstable. The increase in the amplitude of the pump wave field or the decrease in the ion concentration will lead to a faster growth of the self-generated magnetic field and higher intermittent magnetic flux.
Computational analyses of fully nonlinear interaction of an internal solitary wave and a free surface wave
Authors: Zou Li , Hu Yingjie , Wang Zhen , Pei Yuguo , Yu Zongbing
Published: March 2019

This paper is concerned with the interaction of an internal solitary wave (ISW) at the interface of two-layer fluid and the free surface wave on top of the upper layer. It is based on the potential flow theory since internal waves are associated with large Reynolds numbers. The potential flows in the upper layer and lower layer are modeled using a multi-domain boundary element method (MDBEM). The computational model is validated with the experimental results for the profile and speed of the internal wave. The MDBEM is suitable for the simulation of ISW in both small and large density jump stratified fluid system. The wave velocity is compared with the approximate analytical theory for various ratios of the fluid densities of the two layers. In addition, the amplitude, velocity and profile of the surface wave induced by ISWs are investigated. The free surface displacement is opposite to that of the interface, and the amplitude of the surface wave increases with the amplitude and density jump. The surface wave induced by an ISW can be soliton-like wave, propagating with the constant speed of the ISW and maintaining its profile.
Linear scaling algorithm for tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: He Z. H. , Ye X. B. , Pan B. C.
Published: March 2019

The linear scaling or O(N) methods, which exhibit linear scaling with respect to the size of system, are a powerful tool for theoretically treating a huge system containing many atoms. We present a new linear scaling algorithm for large-scale tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations based on the divide-and-conquer approach, in which a system is divided into subsystems and each subsystem is calculated separately. Different from the common realization of the divide-and-conquer approach, our proposed method avoids building the density matrix or electronic density and gives a new strategy to access the physical properties of a large system. We apply this method to the tungsten metallic system and show that this method very effectively yields the same results including the atomic structures, the melting point, the formation energy of defects, and the electronic properties as those obtained from the exact diagonalization of tight-binding Hamiltonian matrix of a whole system. This method has the advantages of linear scaling complexity, less memory consumption, and high parallel efficiency, which make it to be used for the large-scale simulations.
Review of Scientific Instruments New Products
Authors: Mandelis Andreas
Published: March 2019

In order to supplement manufacturers’ information, this department will welcome the submission by our readers of brief communications reporting measurements on the physical properties of materials which supersede earlier data or suggest new research applications.
Solvent-induced symmetry-breaking charge transfer in an octupolar triphenylamine derivative resolved with transient fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Kuang Zhuoran , Song Hongwei , Guo Yuanyuan , Guo Qianjin , Xia Andong
Published: March 2019

The excited-state symmetry-breaking charge transfer (SBCT) dynamics in quadrupolar or octupolar molecules without clear infrared markers is usually hard to be tracked directly. In this work, on the basis of the evolution of instantaneous emission dipole moment obtained by femtosecond transient fluorescence spectroscopy, we presented a real-time characterization of the solvent-induced SBCT dynamics in an octupolar triphenylamine derivative. While the emission dipole moment of the octupolar trimer in weakly polar toluene changes little during the excited-state relaxation, it exhibits a fast reduction in a few picoseconds in strongly polar tetrahydrofuran. In comparison with the fluorescence dynamics of dipolar monomer, we deduced that the emitting state of the octupolar trimer in strongly polar solvent, which undergoes solvent-induced structural fluctuation, changes from exciton-coupled octupolar to excitation localized dipolar symmetry. In weakly polar solvent, the octupolar symmetry of the trimer is largely preserved during the solvation stabilization.
Ion-pair dissociations of BrCN by electron impacts
Authors: Gao Xiao-fei , Li Hao , Meng Xin , Tian Shan-xi
Published: March 2019

Ion-pair dissociation is an important molecular process and frequently happens when the target molecule is pumped to its electronically superexcited states. In contrast to the experimental studies of photoexcitation ion-pair dissociation, there are some experimental challenges in the electron-impact ion-pair dissociation study, in particular, on determination of the energetic threshold. Here we report an experimental development for the ion-pair dissociation study by using the monochromized electron impacts. As an example, the threshold of BrCN→Br−+CN+ is determined as 13.78 eV according to the appearance energy of CN+ signals, meanwhile, the time-sliced ion velocity image of CN+ is recorded at 16.09 eV and indicates an anisotropic distribution of the CN+ momentum.
Benchmarking the polyatomic reaction dynamics of X+methane
Authors: Liu Kopin
Published: March 2019

With recent developments of sophisticated experimental techniques and advanced theoretical methods/computations, the field of chemical dynamics has reached the point that theory-experiment comparisons can be made at a quantitative level in very fine details for a prototypical A+BC system. As the system becomes larger, more degrees of freedom are involved and the complexity increases exponentially. At the same time, the multifaceted nature of polyatomic systems also opens up the possibilities for observing many new chemistry and novel phenomena—a land of opportunities. For the past 15 years or so my laboratory has delved into the reaction dynamics of methane+X (X: F, Cl, O(3P), and OH). This effort shifts the paradigm in the field of reaction dynamics by making the title reaction a benchmark polyatomic system. In this account, I shall disclose my thinking behind some of the key concepts and methods we introduced and how the unexpectedly discovered phenomena led to other uncharted territories. Those findings not only enrich our understanding of the specific reactions we studied at the most fundamental level and inspire the theoretical developments, but also shape our thinking and lay the foundation for future explorations of different aspects of the multifaceted nature of polyatomic reactivity.
Reaction kinetics between thiobases and singlet oxygen studied by direct detection of the 1O2 luminescence decay
Authors: Xia Ye , Wang Fei , Wang Ren-nian , Liu Kun-hui , Su Hong-mei
Published: March 2019

Thiobase derivatives have received important investigations due to their wide usage as phototherapeutic agents and their potential carcinogenic side effects as immunosuppressants. The substitution of oxygen atom by the sulfur atom makes the ultraviolet absorption of thiobases redshifted and absorbs UVA light (>300 nm), resulting in unusual high quantum yield of triplet state to generate the singlet oxygen (1O2) through photosensitization. As a type of reactive oxygen species, 1O2 is highly reactive toward thiobases. Herein, we report the measurements of reaction rate constants between different thiobases and 1O2 in different solvents through the direct detection of 1O2 luminescence decay kinetics at 1270 nm. The rate constants of thiouracils with 1O2 are five times smaller than that of thioguanine with 1O2, which suggests that thiopurines are more reactive than thiopyrimidines and thus less suitable to be a photosensitive drug on the application of photodynamic therapy. Additionally, the rate constants of thiobases and 1O2 were found to be obviously influenced by the solvent polarity. With the increase of solvent polarity, the rate constants of thiobases and 1O2 decrease.
Pyrite formation from FeS and H
2
S is mediated through microbial redox activity
Authors: Thiel Joana , Byrne James M. , Kappler Andreas , Schink Bernhard , Pester Michael
Published: March 2019

The exergonic reaction of FeS with H
2
S to form FeS
2
(pyrite) and H
2
was postulated to have operated as an early form of energy metabolism on primordial Earth. Since the Archean, sedimentary pyrite formation has played a major role in the global iron and sulfur cycles, with direct impact on the redox chemistry of the atmosphere. However, the mechanism of sedimentary pyrite formation is still being debated. We present microbial enrichment cultures which grew with FeS, H
2
S, and CO
2
as their sole substrates to produce FeS
2
and CH
4
. Cultures grew over periods of 3 to 8 mo to cell densities of up to 2 to 9 × 10
6
cells per mL
−1
. Transformation of FeS with H
2
S to FeS
2
was followed by
57
Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and showed a clear biological temperature profile with maximum activity at 28 °C and decreasing activities toward 4 °C and 60 °C. CH
4
was formed concomitantly with FeS
2
and exhibited the same temperature dependence. Addition of either penicillin or 2-bromoethanesulfonate inhibited both FeS
2
and CH
4
production, indicating a coupling of overall pyrite formation to methanogenesis. This hypothesis was supported by a 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis, which identified at least one archaeal and five bacterial species. The archaeon was closely related to the hydrogenotrophic methanogen
Methanospirillum stamsii
, while the bacteria were most closely related to sulfate-reducing Deltaproteobacteria, as well as uncultured Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Our results show that pyrite formation can be mediated at ambient temperature through a microbially catalyzed redox process, which may serve as a model for a postulated primordial iron−sulfur world.
The effect of size on structure and stress in grained films
Authors: Chocyk Dariusz , Zientarski Tomasz
Published: March 2019

Molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study the evolution of stress during deposition of atoms on the (001) plane of an FCC crystal, using rectangular simulation box with x– y periodic boundary conditions. The system consists of grains and boundaries. In the current study, we consider different values of the grain-to-grain distances and different relative sizes of deposited atoms. The structure was determined by the kinematical scattering theory. The main factors influencing the stress in thin film systems are creating of dislocation and changing the crystalline structure in grains. The deposited atoms can significantly contribute to the total stress. Depending on their size, atoms contribute compressive or tensile stresses to the total stress.

This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on The Crystallographic Aspects of Metallic Alloys.
Formation of austenite in steels during heating: Analysis of dilatation data
Authors: Ranjan Ravi , Singh Shiv Brat
Published: March 2019

A novel method has been presented to estimate the volume fraction of the phases along with their linear thermal expansion coefficients and carbon concentration of austenite directly from the experimental dilatation data of a low alloy (LA) steel. The unusual expansion associated with austenite formation in the LA steel has been investigated. It has been shown that the relative contribution of (i) the variation of the amount and composition of phases with temperatures and (ii) thermal expansion coefficient of the phases have significant effect on the dilatation behaviour. It is also shown that the present method, rather than the ‘lever rule’ approach, is more appropriate for estimating the amount of austenite from the dilatation curve when it shows unusual expansion.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of a rapid solidified boron- modified duplex stainless steel
Authors: Soyama Juliano , Rios Carlos Triveño
Published: March 2019

Two duplex stainless steels 2205 and 2205 with 2.5 wt-% B addition prepared by a fast solidification technique were investigated. The samples were arc melted and cast in a cylindrical mould with varying diameters in a single cavity that provided different cooling rates. The hardness increased in both cases for smaller diameters, however, there was a different profile from the surface to the centre in case of 2205 with 2.5 wt-% B. The microstructural investigation indicated that boron addition led to the formation of hard borides and grain refinement. Different boride morphologies that varied with the cooling rates were identified. The compression strength at room temperature improved by a factor of 3.5 with boron addition without considerably decreasing the ductility.
Effect of additives on nanocrystalline bright Zn–Ni–Fe alloy electrodeposit properties
Authors: Nayana K. O. , Prashanth S. A. , Venkatesha T. V. , Pandurangappa M.
Published: March 2019

The nanocrystalline, bright, ternary Zn–Ni–Fe alloy electrodeposit has been developed using additives such as tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and thiosemicarbazide on mild steel. The microstructure, corrosion resistance, hardness and tribological behaviour of bright Zn–Ni–Fe alloy deposit were analysed. The study revealed that additives modify the morphology, orientation and composition of the Zn–Ni–Fe alloy deposit. The morphological, orientation and chemical composition changes play a significant role by improving corrosion resistance and reducing wear and friction of deposit. Simultaneously, the effect of iron and TSC in plating bath on the corrosion resistance and microhardness of electrodeposited Zn–Ni–Fe coating has been investigated.
Decentring the ‘places’ of citizens in national curriculum: the Australian history curriculum
Authors: Halbert Kelsey , Salter Peta
Published: March 2019

There is debate internationally about the production of curriculum texts and the epistemologies underpinning the knowledge legitimated in national curricula. National History curricula in particular are a source of contention bounded by calls for coherent and unifying national narratives that are inclusive and reflect the complexity of the discipline and historical consciousness of the nation to which they are bound. This paper uses critical spatial theory to highlight the ‘spaces’ and ‘places’ of the Australian Curriculum History (years 7–10) which organise and disorganise representations of identities in and out of the centre of the national narrative. Interrogating the impact of these representations within purported inclusive and cohesive national narratives draws attention to the notions of belonging presented to Australian citizens. We argue that resistance to normative national narratives and colonial legacies presented with place‐based identities can reinhabit the curriculum. This reinhabiting and decentring seeks to engage History students with alternative perspectives and articulations to the national narrative, and foster meaningful connections to place and citizenship. Finally, critical place‐based education approaches invite an embodied local/global citizen through local and marginalised knowledges.
Income security in Nordic welfare states for men and women who died when aged 55–69 years old
Authors: Elstad Jon Ivar , Hermansen Åsmund , Brønnum-Hansen Henrik , Martikainen Pekka , Östergren Olof , Tarkiainen Lasse
Published: March 2019

Income security when health impairment or other social risks occur is a major objective of welfare states. This comparative study uses register data from four Nordic welfare states for examining equivalized disposable income during the last 12 years alive among men and women who died when aged 55–69 years old. The analysed outcome indicates the aggregate result of a varied set of income maintenance mechanisms. Median income increased in the Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish samples, but decreased somewhat in Denmark, probably due to relatively frequent transitions to retirement and larger income drops after retirement than in the other Nordic countries. Analyses of comparison samples weighted by propensity scores indicated a better income development among those who lived beyond the observation period than among those who died. The higher educated had a more favourable income development during the years prior to death than those with low education.
WALLACE O. FENN 1893-1971
Authors: Carlson F.D. , Cennelly C.M. , Cranefield P.F. , Horowicz Paul , Mullins L.J.
Published: March 2019

Meeting Wallace Fenn for the first time could sometimes be an unsettling experience; he had little in the way of small talk and his reserve was formidable. Yet, after a few encounters one began to realize that here was a distinguished scientist, an inherently shy man but one who was strongly in favor of people.
Green bonds for the Paris agreement and sustainable development goals
Authors: Tolliver Clarence , Keeley Alexander Ryota , Managi Shunsuke
Published: March 2019

The Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations Development Programme both entail substantial global investments through cost-efficient, long-term financing. Noted for their risk-alleviating features and appeal to institutional and socially responsible investors, green bonds are gaining prominence in climate change and sustainable development finance frameworks. This study is the first to thoroughly examine publicly reported green bond proceeds allocations from 53 organizations to projects and assets throughout 96 countries from 2008 to 2017. Green bond markets are growing rapidly, and yearly proceeds allocation trends reveal increasing disbursements to renewable energy, clean water, low-carbon transportation, and other Paris Agreement and SDG-related investment categories. Circle plot analysis reveals unique allocation trends to specific green sectors at both regional and national levels. International finance institutions allocated the largest share of proceeds by both frequency and volume, and the projects and assets financed with green bonds in this study sample are associated with over 108 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in greenhouse gas emissions reductions and over 1500 gigawatts in renewable energy capacity. The study concludes with suggestions for improving green bond post-issuance reporting and provides insights for future green bond applications in expanding Paris and SDG agendas.
A case study on the re-establishment of the cyanolichen symbiosis: where do the compatible photobionts come from?
Authors: Cardós J L H , Prieto M , Jylhä M , Aragón G , Molina M C , Martínez I , Rikkinen J
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

In order to re-establish lichen symbiosis, fungal spores must first germinate and then associate with a compatible photobiont. To detect possible establishment limitations in a sexually reproducing cyanolichen species, we studied ascospore germination, photobiont growth and photobiont association patterns in Pectenia plumbea.

Methods

Germination tests were made with ascospores from 500 apothecia under different treatments, and photobiont growth was analysed in 192 isolates obtained from 24 thalli. We determined the genotype identity [tRNALeu (UAA) intron] of the Nostoc cyanobionts from 30 P. plumbea thalli from one population. We also sequenced cyanobionts of 41 specimens of other cyanolichen species and 58 Nostoc free-living colonies cultured from the bark substrate.

Key Results

Not a single fungal ascospore germinated and none of the photobiont isolates produced motile hormogonia. Genetic analyses revealed that P. plumbea shares Nostoc genotypes with two other cyanolichen species of the same habitat, but these photobionts were hardly present in the bark substrate.

Conclusions

Due to the inability of both symbionts to thrive independently, the establishment of P. plumbea seems to depend on Dendriscocaulon umhausense, the only cyanolichen species in the same habitat that reproduces asexually and acts as a source of appropriate cyanobionts. This provides support to the hypothesis about facilitation among lichens.