bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shifts in the genetic counseling workforce highlight a need for laboratory fieldwork experience for genetic counseling trainees
Authors: Hart Tara R. , Ahmed Sohnee , Byrne Robyn , Sulmonte Laura Anne Goodell , Williams Leah M. , McWalter Kirsty
Published: November 2023

As the genetic counseling workforce experiences an increase in genetic counselors (GCs) in non‐direct patient care roles, it is essential that genetic counseling students are trained in these settings. The Accreditation Council for Genetic Counseling (ACGC) standards regarding laboratory exposure have evolved over time, but laboratory fieldwork experience continues to remain a suggestion for a diversified setting. As more trainees seek laboratory exposure and an increasing number of new graduates opt for laboratory positions, learning firsthand from GCs employed in this setting is a valuable experience that should be available to all trainees. Historically, laboratory educational offerings consisted of onsite rotations for students from local training programs focused on understanding diagnostic testing methodologies and shadowing GCs. Through the years, multiple laboratories have expanded their curriculums to expose students to variant interpretation and report writing, research, client services, marketing, and product development. Alongside the growth of laboratory rotation curriculum grew opportunities for remote rotations. Prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic, GeneDx offered remote education options including both individualized rotations and a webinar series. These offerings expanded due to the pandemic coupled with increased demand and have positive implications for future trainees. The evolution of the rotation also included conscious efforts to incorporate diversity, equity, and inclusion into the curriculum, as well as to improved accessibility to laboratory rotations. Notably, there are inconsistencies in laboratory rotation curricula and requirements, and a standardized evaluation and definition of competencies are lacking. ACGC guidelines defining common core concepts required from laboratory rotations would help ensure students receive an equitable minimum skill set, regardless of training site. Stakeholders in GC education should collaborate to enhance the experiences of future trainees and provide the skills needed by a workforce shifting to remote work and increasing numbers of non‐direct patient‐facing laboratory roles. Drawing upon our years of experience, GeneDx aims to actively contribute to discussions around these questions. Alongside other laboratories and training programs, we hope to foster further innovation surrounding the training needs of our future GC colleagues. This educational innovation illustrates an approach to helping genetic counseling students achieve competencies related to lab‐based roles.
Does increased intellectual property rights protection foster innovation in developing countries? A literature review of innovation and catch‐up
Authors: Khouilla Heman , Bastidon Cécile
Published: November 2023

This paper contributes to the debate on the role of innovation and intellectual property rights (IPRs) in catch‐up policies in developing countries (DCs). We survey the literature on four key points. First, we review the neoclassical and evolutionary theoretical foundations of innovation and catch‐up. Second, we examine why some countries lag behind, in particular in terms of path dependency and multiplicity of convergence dynamics. From this follows the question of how to foster innovation in DCs. We examine the issues of IPRs protection in a third point and industrial policies in a fourth point. Strengthening IPRs protection is often recommended by international institutions. However, the related literature shows that their impact is strongly non‐linear, as the optimal level for DCs is initially low, then increases as the countries develop. This result is robust to a wide range of models and methods. Finally, the literature reveals that industrial policies can be crucial in fostering innovation in DCs, even though their implementation faces serious challenges, in particular the appropriate targeting of industrial policies, and rent‐seeking behaviours in a deteriorated institutional environment.
Time‐varying changes in median nerve deformation and position in response to quantified pinch and grip forces
Authors: Racine Gabrielle , Holmes Michael W. R. , Kociolek Aaron M.
Published: November 2023

The ability of the median nerve (MN) to adapt in response to altered carpal tunnel conditions is important to mitigate compressive stress on the nerve. We assessed changes in MN deformation and position throughout the entire time course of hand force exertions. Fourteen right‐handed participants ramped up force from 0% to 50% of maximal voluntary force (MVF) before ramping force back down in three different hand force exertion tasks (pulp pinch, chuck pinch, power grip). Pinch and grip forces were measured with a digital dynamometer, which were time synchronized with transverse carpal tunnel images obtained via ultrasound. Ultrasound images were extracted in 10% increments between 0% and 50% MVF while ramping force up (loading phase) and down (unloading phase). MN deformation and position relative to the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon of the long finger were assessed in concert. During loading, the nerve became more circular while displacing dorsally and ulnarly. These changes primarily occurred at the beginning of the hand force exertions while ramping force up from 0% to 20%, with very little change between 20% and 50% MVF. Interestingly, deformation and position changes during loading were not completely reversed during unloading while ramping force down. These findings indicate an initial reorganization of carpal tunnel structures. Mirrored changes in nerve deformation and position may also reflect strain‐related characteristics of adjoining subsynovial connective tissue. Regardless, time‐varying changes in nerve deformation and position appear to be an important accommodative mechanism in the healthy carpal tunnel in response to gripping and pinching tasks.
Collagen V haploinsufficiency in female murine patellar tendons results in altered matrix engagement and cellular density, demonstrating decreased healing
Authors: Carlson Jaclyn A. , Shetye Snehal S. , Sun Mei , Weiss Stephanie N. , Birk David E. , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: November 2023

Collagen V (Col5) is a quantitatively minor component of collagen fibrils comprising tendon, however, plays a crucial role in regulation of development and dynamic healing processes. Clinically, patients with COL5a1 haploinsufficiency, known as classic Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome (cEDS), present with hyperextensible skin, joint instability and laxity, with females more likely to be affected. Previous studies in Col5‐deficient mice indicated that reduced Col5a1 expression leads to a reduction in stiffness, fibril deposition, and altered fibril structure. Additionally, Col5‐deficient male tendons demonstrated altered healing compared to wild‐type tendons, however female mice have not yet been studied utilizing this model. Along with clinical differences between sexes in cEDS patient populations, differences in hormone physiology may be a factor influencing tendon health. Therefore, the objective of this study was to utilize a Col5a1+/− female mouse model, to determine the effect of Col5 on tendon cell morphology, cell density, tissue composition, and mechanical properties throughout healing. We hypothesized that reduction in Col5 expression would result in an abnormal wound matrix post‐injury, resulting in reduced mechanical properties compared to normal tendons. Following patellar tendon surgery, mice were euthanized at 1, 3, and 6‐week post‐injury. Col5‐deficient tendons demonstrated altered and decreased healing compared to WT tendons. The lack of resolution in cellularity by 6‐week post‐injury in Col5‐deficient tendons influenced the decreased mechanical properties. Stiffness did not increase post‐injury in Col5‐deficient mice, and collagen fiber realignment was delayed during mechanical loading. Therefore, increased Col5a1 expression post‐injury is necessary to re‐establish matrix engagement and cellularity throughout tendon healing.
Microfluidization improved hempseed yogurt's physicochemical and storage properties
Authors: Xu Jiaxin , Fan Xiangrong , Xu Xinyue , Deng Daozi , Yang Lina , Song Hong , Liu He
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND

Plant‐based yogurts are suffering from the common problems, such as an unattractive color, stratified texture state and rough taste. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a novel processing method to improve the quality and extend the storage life of hempseed yogurt. In the present study, hempseed yogurt was microfluidized prior to fermentation. The effects of microfluidization on microstructure, particle size, mechanical properties, sensory acceptability, variations in pH and titratable acidity, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, and stability of hempseed yogurt during 20 days of storage were investigated.

RESULTS

Microfluidization contributed to the production of hempseed yogurt as a result of the better physicochemical properties compared to normal homogenization. Specifically, microfluidization reduced the particle size of hempseed yogurt with a uniform particle distribution, increased water holding capacity, and improved texture and rheological properties. These advancements resulted in higher sensory scores for the yogurt. Furthermore, during storage, microfluidization effectively inhibited the post‐acidification process of hempseed yogurt, and increased LAB counts and storage stability.

CONCLUSION

Microfluidization improved the physicochemical properties and storage stability of hempseed yogurt. Our findings support the application of microfluidization in hempseed yogurt and provide a new approach for enhancing the quality of plant‐based alternatives that meet consumers’ demands for high‐quality food products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Classification of suspended particles in seawater using an in situ polarized light scattering prototype
Authors: Deng Hanbo , Wang Hongjian , Guo Zhiming , Li Jiajin , Liao Ran , Li Hening , Li Qiang , Ma Hui
Published: November 2023

Classification of suspended particles characterizes the composition of seawater, which helps the interpretation of remote sensing data and promotes the researches of the matter exchanges in ocean processes. In this article, an in situ prototype based on polarized light scattering is introduced, and its ability to classify the suspended particles is demonstrated. The experimental results show that the prototype can classify the sediments, microplastics, and phytoplankton in seawater with an accuracy larger than 85%, and further calculate their relative proportion in water. In the summer and winter of 2020, the prototype was deployed three times in Daya Bay and lasted for dozens of hours each time, along with the additional commercial sensors, that is, Environment X Observation (EXO) and Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). The chlorophyll content measured by EXO and the acoustic backscatter intensity measured by ADCP are respectively related to the number of algal cells and sediments in the water, which helps to interpret the data of the prototype. The results of field data show that the prototype can effectively classify phytoplankton and sediment particles in seawater and monitor their temporal variations. Besides, the retrieved information of the suspended particles is consistent with the analysis from the flow dynamics and season variations in Daya Bay. These results indicate the ability of this prototype to classify the suspended particles in seawater, which promises its potential contribution to particulate oceanography in the future.
A bold new purpose for an old method: Using invertebrate kick‐netting to improve monitoring of microplastic pollution in running waters
Authors: Mora‐Teddy Aidan , Closs Gerry P. , Matthaei Christoph D.
Published: November 2023

Freshwaters are impacted by many pollutants. Scientists and resource managers need to reliably detect and monitor these pollutants by employing appropriate sampling techniques to quantify and mitigate their impacts. Emerging freshwater contaminants such as microplastics are difficult to monitor as effective sampling techniques have not been fully developed and lack standardization. Here, we propose a novel method, adapted from stream invertebrate kick‐net sampling, which can be employed for long‐term, standardized microplastic monitoring. We hypothesized that invertebrate kick‐net sampling would be effective at collecting microplastics, capturing higher microplastic concentrations than standard microplastic sampling, due to collecting suspended and benthic microplastics simultaneously. We sampled 28 streams for microplastics using standard drift and sediment microplastic collection methods and invertebrate kick‐netting. As predicted, kick‐netting captured microplastics at higher concentrations than conventional sampling, regardless of whether values were expressed per volume of water (as in drift samples), per kg of sediment or per area sampled (as in benthic samples). Consequently, kick‐net sampling has the potential to be a time‐ and cost‐efficient tool for monitoring microplastic pollution. We recommend the employment of invertebrate kick‐netting as a new, standardized means to investigate and routinely monitor microplastic concentrations worldwide. This would generate a more robust dataset of global freshwater microplastic pollution, making it possible to answer unresolved questions pertaining to changes in microplastic pollution profiles. Standardized, long‐term records of microplastic concentrations in freshwaters would also allow a more accurate assessment of the ecological risks of microplastic pollution. Finally, long‐term microplastic data could be used to inform much‐needed regulatory decisions pertaining to microplastic pollution.
Diversification and company sales efficiency: Synergy influence on business valuation
Authors: Wang Jiaxuan , Abdullayeva Samira , Hoang Duc Sinh
Published: November 2023

The purpose is to show the main methods of calculation and analysis of various organizations' indicators to demonstrate, using a practical example, the synergistic effect's significance and role in the diversification and a rise in sales when making M&A (mergers and acquisitions) transactions. The methods applied are mathematical formulas and various empirical and statistical data from various literature sources. The study's findings underscore the importance of understanding the synergistic effect of M&A. The research results can be valuable for corporate executives, investors, and business consultants involved in M&A.
Deep learning in computed tomography super resolution using multi‐modality data training
Authors: Fok Wai Yan Ryana , Fieselmann Andreas , Herbst Magdalena , Ritschl Ludwig , Kappler Steffen , Saalfeld Sylvia
Published: November 2023

Background

One of the limitations in leveraging the potential of artificial intelligence in X‐ray imaging is the limited availability of annotated training data. As X‐ray and CT shares similar imaging physics, one could achieve cross‐domain data sharing, so to generate labeled synthetic X‐ray images from annotated CT volumes as digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). To account for the lower resolution of CT and the CT‐generated DRRs as compared to the real X‐ray images, we propose the use of super‐resolution (SR) techniques to enhance the CT resolution before DRR generation.

Purpose

As spatial resolution can be defined by the modulation transfer function kernel in CT physics, we propose to train a SR network using paired low‐resolution (LR) and high‐resolution (HR) images by varying the kernel's shape and cutoff frequency. This is different to previous deep learning‐based SR techniques on RGB and medical images which focused on refining the sampling grid. Instead of generating LR images by bicubic interpolation, we aim to create realistic multi‐detector CT (MDCT) like LR images from HR cone‐beam CT (CBCT) scans.

Methods

We propose and evaluate the use of a SR U‐Net for the mapping between LR and HR CBCT image slices. We reconstructed paired LR and HR training volumes from the same CT scans with small in‐plane sampling grid size of . We used the residual U‐Net architecture to train two models. SRUN: trained with kernel‐based LR images, and SRUN: trained with bicubic downsampled data as baseline. Both models are trained on one CBCT dataset (n = 13 391). The performance of both models was then evaluated on unseen kernel‐based and interpolation‐based LR CBCT images (n = 10 950), and also on MDCT images (n = 1392).

Results

Five‐fold cross validation and ablation study were performed to find the optimal hyperparameters. Both SRUN and SRUN models show significant improvements (p‐value 0.05) in mean absolute error (MAE), peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measures (SSIMs) on unseen CBCT images. Also, the improvement percentages in MAE, PSNR, and SSIM by SRUN is larger than SRUN. For SRUN, MAE is reduced by 14%, and PSNR and SSIMs increased by 6 and 8%, respectively. To conclude, SRUN outperforms SRUN, which the former generates sharper images when tested with kernel‐based LR CBCT images as well as cross‐modality LR MDCT data.

Conclusions

Our proposed method showed better performance than the baseline interpolation approach on unseen LR CBCT. We showed that the frequency behavior of the used data is important for learning the SR features. Additionally, we showed cross‐modality resolution improvements to LR MDCT images. Our approach is, therefore, a first and essential step in enabling realistic high spatial resolution CT‐generated DRRs for deep learning training.
Discrete element analysis and analytical method on failure mechanism of retaining structures with narrow granular backfill
Authors: Li Ming‐Guang , Chen Hao‐Biao , Chen Jin‐Jian , Lin Tong
Published: November 2023

Ascertaining failure mechanism is a prerequisite of the derivation for earth pressure against retaining structures. Retaining structures constructed adjacent to existing structures and excavation with narrow backfill have become common in practical engineering. The backfill width has a significant effect on the failure mechanism, requiring further study. In this study, a series of discrete element analyses are conducted to investigate the shear localization in soil mass behind retaining structures with narrow backfill in the active and passive limit states at the grain scale. Furthermore, the distribution characteristic of failure surfaces in soil mass is discussed from three aspects: the development of the failure surface, the state of soil mass behind retaining structures, and the shape of the failure surface. Based on the typical nonlinear failure mechanisms observed in particle rotation contours with various backfill widths and interface friction angles, the failure mechanisms behind retaining structures with narrow spacing are categorized into three types according to the backfill widths. According to the stress characteristics of interfaces under different failure mechanisms, the variational method and Mohr stress circle analysis are adapted to analytically obtain the failure surfaces behind the retaining structure with narrow backfill. Comparisons with results obtained by the discrete element simulation show a reasonable agreement. In addition, a series of parameter studies are conducted to investigate the effect of backfill widths and interface friction angles on the failure mechanism.
Drug‐induced orthostatic hypotension: Cluster analysis of co‐prescription patterns in older people in UK primary care
Authors: Bhanu Cini , Petersen Irene , Orlu Mine , Davis Daniel , Sofat Reecha , Bazo‐Alvarez Juan Carlos , Walters Kate
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Over 250 medications are reported to cause orthostatic hypotension, associated with serious adverse outcomes in older adults. Studies suggest a harmful cumulative risk of orthostatic hypotension with multiple medication use. However, there is limited evidence on the potential for harm in practice, particularly which drugs is co‐prescribed and may increase risk of orthostatic hypotension.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study and cluster analysis using general practice data from IQVIA Medical Research Data (IMRD) in patients aged ≥50 contributing data between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2018. Thirteen drug groups known to be associated with orthostatic hypotension by mechanism, were analyzed and clusters generated by sex and age‐band.

Results

A total of 602 713 individuals aged ≥50 with 283 912 (47%) men and 318 801 (53%) women were included. The most prevalent prescriptions that might contribute to orthostatic hypotension were ACE inhibitors, calcium‐channel blockers, beta‐blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and uroselective alpha‐blockers. We identified distinct clusters of cardiovascular system (cardiovascular system) drugs in men and women at all ages. cardiovascular system plus psychoactive drug clusters were common in women at all ages, and in men aged ≤70. cardiovascular system plus uroselective alpha‐blockers were identified in men aged ≥70.

Conclusions

Distinct clusters of drugs associated with orthostatic hypotension exist in practice, which change over the life course. Our findings highlight potentially harmful drug combinations that may cause cumulative risk of orthostatic hypotension in older people. This may guide clinicians about the potential of synergistic harm and to monitor for orthostatic hypotension if using combinations of cardiovascular system drugs, cardiovascular system plus psychoactive drugs and/or alpha‐blockers—particularly in patients aged ≥70 or at high‐risk due to comorbidity. Future research should consider quantifying the risk of drug‐induced orthostatic hypotension with such drug combinations.
Urinary biomarkers as indicators of acute kidney injury in critically ill children exposed to vancomycin
Authors: Spyhalsky Autumn M. , Kim Se Jin , Meaney Calvin J. , Smith Nicholas M. , Shah Dhaval K. , Hassinger Amanda B. , Fusco Nicholas M.
Published: November 2023

Study Objective

The standard of care for detecting acute kidney injury (AKI) is change in serum creatinine (SCr) and urine output, which are limited. This study aimed to compare urinary biomarkers neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (uNGAL) with kidney injury molecule‐1 (uKIM‐1) in critically ill children exposed to vancomycin who did and did not develop AKI as defined by changes in SCr.

Design

Single‐center, prospective, clinical, observational cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care children’s hospital in an urban setting.

Patients

Children aged 0 (corrected gestational age 42 weeks) to 18 years admitted to the intensive care unit who received vancomycin were included.

Intervention

None.

Measurements

The primary outcome was mean change in uNGAL and uKIM‐1 between AKI and no‐AKI groups. AKI was defined as a minimum 50% increase in SCr from baseline over a 48 h period, within 7 days of first vancomycin exposure. Three urine samples were collected: baseline (between 0 and 6 h of first vancomycin dose), second (18–24 h after the “baseline”), and third (18–24 h after the second sample). Concentrations of uKIM‐1 and uNGAL were measured in each sample.

Main Results

Forty‐eight children (52% male; median age 6 years) were included. Eight (16.7%) children developed AKI. Mean changes in uNGAL (713.196 ± 1,216,474 vs. 16.101 ± 37.812 pg/mL; p = 0.0004) and uKIM‐1 (6060 ± 11.165 vs. 340 ± 542 pg/mL; p = 0.0015) were greater in children with AKI versus no‐AKI, respectively.

Conclusions

uNGAL and uKIM‐1 concentrations increased significantly more in critically ill children with AKI compared with those with no‐AKI during the first 48–72 h of vancomycin exposure and may be useful as prospective biomarkers of AKI.
Effect of ethylene pretreatment on tomato plant responses to salt, drought, and waterlogging stress
Authors: Mohorović Petar , Geldhof Batist , Holsteens Kristof , Rinia Marilien , Ceusters Johan , Van de Poel Bram
Published: November 2023

Salinity, drought, and waterlogging are common environmental stresses that negatively impact plant growth, development, and productivity. One of the responses to abiotic stresses is the production of the phytohormone ethylene, which induces different coping mechanisms that help plants resist or tolerate stress. In this study, we investigated if an ethylene pretreatment can aid plants in activating stress‐coping responses prior to the onset of salt, drought, and waterlogging stress. Therefore, we measured real‐time transpiration and CO2 assimilation rates and the impact on biomass during and after 3 days of abiotic stress. Our results showed that an ethylene pretreatment of 1 ppm for 4 h did not significantly influence the negative effects of waterlogging stress, while plants were more sensitive to salt stress as reflected by enhanced water losses due to a higher transpiration rate. However, when exposed to drought stress, an ethylene pretreatment resulted in reduced transpiration rates, reducing water loss during drought stress. Overall, our findings indicate that pretreating tomato plants with ethylene can potentially regulate their responses during the forthcoming stress period, but optimization of the ethylene pre‐treatment duration, timing, and dose is needed. Furthermore, it remains tested if the effect is related to the stress duration and severity and whether an ethylene pretreatment has a net positive or negative effect on plant vigor during stress recovery. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the mode of action of how ethylene priming impacts subsequent stress responses.
Direct‐Laser‐Written Polymer Nanowire Waveguides for Broadband Single Photon Collection from Epitaxial Quantum Dots into a Gaussian‐like Mode
Authors: Perez Edgar F. , Haws Cori , Davanco Marcelo , Song Jindong , Sapienza Luca , Srinivasan Kartik
Published: November 2023

Single epitaxial quantum dots (QDs) embedded in nanophotonic geometries are a leading technology for quantum light generation. However, efficiently coupling their emission into a single mode fiber or Gaussian beam often remains challenging. Here, direct laser writing (DLW) is used to address this challenge by fabricating 1 µm diameter polymer nanowires (PNWs) in‐contact‐with and perpendicular‐to a QD‐containing GaAs layer. QD emission is coupled to the PNW's waveguide mode, enhancing collection efficiency into a single‐mode fiber. PNW fabrication does not alter the QD device layer, making PNWs well‐suited for augmenting pre‐existing in‐plane geometries. Standalone PNWs and PNWs in conjunction with metallic nanoring devices that have been previously established for increasing extraction of QD emission are studied. Methods that mitigate standing wave reflections and heat, caused by GaAs's absorption/reflection of the lithography beam, and which otherwise prevent PNW fabrication, are also reported. A maximum improvement of ( in a nanoring system with a PNW compared to the same system without a PNW is observed, in line with numerical results, and highlighting the PNW's ability to waveguide QD emission and increase collection efficiency simultaneously. These results demonstrate new DLW functionality in service of quantum emitter photonics that maintains compatibility with existing top‐down fabrication approaches.
Physiological Search for Quantum Biological Sensing Effects Based on the Wigner–Yanase Connection between Coherence and Uncertainty
Authors: Kominis Iannis K.
Published: November 2023

A fundamental concept of quantum physics, the Wigner–Yanase information, is used here as a measure of quantum coherence in spin‐dependent radical‐pair reactions pertaining to biological magnetic sensing. This measure is connected to the uncertainty of the reaction yields and, further, to the statistics of a cellular receptor‐ligand system used to biochemically convey magnetic‐field changes. Measurable physiological quantities, such as the number of receptors and fluctuations in ligand concentration, are shown to reflect the introduced Wigner–Yanase measure of singlet‐triplet coherence. A quantum‐biological uncertainty relation connecting the product of a biological resource and a biological figure of merit with the Wigner–Yanase coherence is arrived at. This approach can serve as a general search for quantum‐coherent effects within cellular environments.
Design of robust pre‐compensators for decoupling polytopic linear systems
Authors: Ângelo Caio G. M. , Tognetti Eduardo S.
Published: November 2023

This work proposes a new approach for designing dynamic pre‐compensators to reduce interactions of multivariable uncertain square systems. The proposed method is based on the minimization of the norm of the difference between the compensated system and a diagonal reference model. The main appeal of the technique is to propose a systematic procedure to obtain the reference model dynamics, in contrast to methods that use the identity matrix as a reference, and to obtain diagonal dominance in a frequency range of interest employing the generalized Kalman‐Yakubovich‐Popov (KYP) Lemma. The design conditions are expressed as linear matrix inequalities (LMI) thanks to a new general parametrization on the decision variables in bilinear products to reduce the conservatism of the solutions compared to standard approaches from the literature. Numerical examples verify the robustness of the proposed method, showing significant decoupling of the uncertain plant.
Hierarchical Porous Amidoximated Metal–Organic Framework for Highly Efficient Uranium Extraction
Authors: Li Jin , Tuo Kai , Fan Congbin , Liu Gang , Pu Shouzhi , Li Zhijian
Published: November 2023

With the rapid development of industry and technology, high‐efficiency extraction of uranium from seawater is a research hotspot from the aspect of nuclear energy development. Herein, a new amidoximated metal–organic framework (UiO‐66‐DAMN‐AO) constructed through a novel organic ligand of 2‐diaminomaleonitrile‐terephthalic acid (BDC‐DAMN) is designed via one‐step post‐synthetic methods (PSM), which possess the merit of abundant multiaffinity sites, large specific surface area, and unique porous structure for efficient uranium extraction. Adopting one‐step PSM can alleviate the destruction of structural stability and the reduction of the conversion rate of amidoxime groups. Meanwhile, introducing the BDC‐DAMN ligand with abundant multiaffinity sites endow UiO‐66‐DAMN‐AO with excellent adsorption ability (Qm = 426.3 mg g−1) and selectivity. Interestingly, the UiO‐66‐DAMN‐AO has both micropores and mesopores, which may be attributed to the partial etching of UiO‐66‐DAMN‐AO during the amidoximation. The presence of mesopores improves the mass transfer rate of UiO‐66‐DAMN‐AO and provides more exposed active sites, favoring the adsorption of uranium on UiO‐66‐DAMN‐AO. Thus, this study provides a feasible strategy for modifying metal–organic framework (MOFs) with plentiful amidoxime groups and the promising prospect for MOF‐based materials to adsorb uranium from ocean.
Enhanced Activity of Small Pt Nanoparticles Decorated with High‐Loading Single Fe─N4 for Methanol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction via the Assistive Active Sites Strategy
Authors: Yan Wei , Xing Qianli , Ren Jianwei , Feng Hao , Yu Jinshi , Liu Hao , Chen Wenmiao , Wang Kang , Chen Yanli
Published: November 2023

Decorating platinum (Pt) with a single atom offers a promising approach to tailoring their catalytic activity. In this study, for the first time, an innovative assistive active sites (AAS) strategy is proposed to construct high–loading (3.46wt.%) single Fe─N4 as AAS, which are further hybridized with small Pt nanoparticles to enhance both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) activities. For ORR, the target catalyst (Pt/HFeSA–HCS) exhibits a higher mass activity (MA) of 0.98 A mgPt−1 and specific activity (SA) of 1.39 mA cmPt−2 at 0.90 V versus RHE. As for MOR, Pt/HFeSA–HCS shows exceptional MA (3.21 A mgPt−1) and SA (4.27 mA cmPt−2) at peak values, surpassing commercial Pt/C by 15.3 and 11.5 times, respectively. The underlying mechanism behind this AAS strategy is to find that in MOR, Fe─N4 promotes water dissociation, generating more *OH to accelerate the conversion of *CO to CO2. Meanwhile, in ORR, Fe─N4 acts as a competitor to adsorb *OH, weakening Pt─OH bonding and facilitating desorption of *OH on the Pt surface. Constructing AAS that can enhance dual functionality simultaneously can be seen as a successful “kill two birds with one stone” strategy.
MT1G, an emerging ferroptosis‐related gene: A novel prognostic biomarker and indicator of immunotherapy sensitivity in prostate cancer
Authors: Cheng Bisheng , Lai Yiming , Huang Hao , Peng Shirong , Tang Chen , Chen Junxiu , Luo Tianlong , Wu Jilin , He Haixia , Wang Qiong , Huang Hai
Published: November 2023

Background

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in men worldwide. Despite advances in treatment strategies, there is still a need for novel therapeutic targets and approaches. Ferroptosis has emerged as a critical process in the development and progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCA). In this study, we investigate the role of MT1G, a gene implicated in immune responses and ferroptosis, in the pathogenesis of PCA. Our objective is to elucidate its prognostic significance and its impact on the tumor microenvironment, while exploring its potential in enhancing the sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.

Methods

We utilized a combination of in silico analysis and experimental techniques to investigate the role of MT1G in PCA. First, we analyzed large‐scale genomic datasets to assess the expression pattern and prognostic significance of MT1G in PCA patients. Subsequently, we performed functional assays to explore the impact of MT1G in PCA and its potential involvement in modulating immune responses. In addition, we conducted in vivo experiments to evaluate the effect of MT1G on tumor growth and response to ICI therapy.

Results

Our analysis revealed that MT1G expression is significantly downregulated in PCA tissues compared to normal prostate tissues and is associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, MT1G overexpression inhibited the growth of PCA cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we found that MT1G regulates the tumor microenvironment by modulating immune cell infiltration and inhibiting immunosuppressive factors. Furthermore, our study reveals a significant correlation between MT1G expression levels and the response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in prostate cancer (PCA) patients, as MT1G upregulation leads to an increase in PDL‐1 expression. These findings underscore the potential of MT1G as a promising predictive biomarker for ICI therapy response in PCA patients.

Conclusion

Our study elucidates the pivotal role played by MT1G in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCA) and its profound implications for prognosis. Moreover, it raises the intriguing possibility that MT1G could pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches in PCA treatment. This potential arises from its ability to orchestrate immune infiltration within the tumor microenvironment, consequently enhancing sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Therefore, our findings hold substantial promise for advancing our comprehension of PCA and exploring innovative therapeutic strategies.
Prognostic impact of lactylation‐associated gene modifications in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Insights into molecular landscape and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Liu Jinsha , Chen Pang , Zhou Jie , Li Haoguang , Pan Zifeng
Published: November 2023

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) stands as a challenging subtype of kidney cancer, frequently complicating patient prognosis due to factors like postsurgical recurrences or late‐stage diagnoses. In this study, we employed bioinformatics to investigate lactylation modifications in ccRCC, focusing on the TCGA‐KIRC cohort. Out of 328 lactylation‐associated genes, 31 emerged as differentially expressed, with 16 showing a marked correlation with overall survival. These genes exhibited strong protein–protein interactions and significant expression correlations. Intriguingly, a notable loss of gene copy numbers suggests potential implications in tumor progression. Utilizing unsupervised clustering, KIRC samples were grouped into two distinct subcategories, each showcasing different survival outcomes. While pathway enrichment highlighted an aggressive, inflammation‐driven profile for subgroup 2, subgroup 1 was characterized by metabolic prominence. Furthermore, subgroup 2 presented an intensified inflammatory response, hinting at potential immune exhaustion. Capitalizing on machine learning, we developed a risk model using the TCGA‐KIRC dataset, efficiently categorizing ccRCC patients into high‐ and low‐risk clusters. Notably, those in the low‐risk group indicated a more favorable survival trajectory. Clinical evaluations further corroborated these findings, linking better outcomes with reduced risk scores. Additionally, observed mutation patterns allude to a potential association between elevated risk scores and cytokine storms. TIDE analysis illuminated possible immunotherapeutic benefits for the low‐risk group, underscored by an evident rise in microsatellite instability. Finally, our drug sensitivity evaluations revealed distinct therapeutic responses between the groups. In summary, this research underscores the pivotal role of lactylation modifications in ccRCC and introduces a promising prognostic model. These revelations pave the way for enhanced prognostic precision, presenting a promising path toward personalized treatment strategies and enriching our comprehension of the multifaceted molecular landscape of the disease.
Genome scans capture key adaptation and historical hybridization signatures in tetraploid wheat
Authors: Sertse Demissew , Haile Jemanesh K. , Sari Ehsan , Klymiuk Valentyna , N'Diaye Amidou , Pozniak Curtis J. , Cloutier Sylvie , Kagale Sateesh
Published: November 2023

Tetraploid wheats (Triticum turgidum L.), including durum wheat (T. turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), are important crops with high nutritional and cultural values. However, their production is constrained by sensitivity to environmental conditions. In search of adaptive genetic signatures tracing historical selection and hybridization events, we performed genome scans on two datasets: (1) Durum Global Diversity Panel comprising a total of 442 tetraploid wheat and wild progenitor accessions including durum landraces (n = 286), domesticated emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum (Schrank) Thell.; n = 103) and wild emmer (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Korn. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Thell.; n = 53) wheats genotyped using the 90K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, and (2) a second dataset comprising a total 121 accessions of nine T. turgidum subspecies including wild emmer genotyped with >100 M SNPs from whole‐genome resequencing. The genome scan on the first dataset detected six outlier loci on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 3A (n = 2), 6A, and 7A. These loci harbored important genes for adaptation to abiotic stresses, phenological responses, such as seed dormancy, circadian clock, flowering time, and key yield‐related traits, including pleiotropic genes, such as HAT1, KUODA1, CBL1, and ZFN1. The scan on the second dataset captured a highly differentiated region on chromosome 2B that shows significant differentiation between two groups: one group consists of Georgian (T. turgidum ssp. paleocolchicum A. Love & D. Love) and Persian (T. turgidum ssp. carthlicum (Nevski) A. Love & D. Love) wheat accessions, while the other group comprises all the remaining tetraploids including wild emmer. This is consistent with a previously reported introgression in this genomic region from T. timopheevii Zhuk. which naturally cohabit in the Georgian and neighboring areas. This region harbored several adaptive genes, including the thermomorphogenesis gene PIF4, which confers temperature‐resilient disease resistance and regulates other biological processes. Genome scans can be used to fast‐track germplasm housed in gene banks and in situ; which helps to identify environmentally resilient accessions for breeding and/or to prioritize them for conservation.
Pioneering Pathways
Authors: Hornegger Joachim , Zipse Oliver
Published: November 2023

Successful sustainability transformation is a collective endeavour that demands innovative, science-based collaboration between academia and industry. Striving towards Net Zero, the mutual learning and integration of their strengths are imperative. This chapter features the introductory discussion between Joachim Hornegger, President of FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, and Oliver Zipse, Chairman of the Board of Management of BMW AG, exploring the why and how of collaborative efforts in Sect. 1.3. This chapter also serves as an introduction to the book, offering in Sect. 1.4 an overview of key topics on ‘The Road to Net Zero’. These range from science-based targets to integrated strategies, reporting, and the pivotal role of technological innovations. While not presenting a blueprint solution, the described transformation journey—‘Road to Net Zero’ in this book—outlines a roadmap and encourages robust university–industry collaboration.
Lightweight System Design with Integration of Active Functions
Authors: Wiedemann Martin
Published: November 2023

FC-compatible designs, structural bonding and the use of smart materials from adaptronics characterise the integration of active functions. In interaction with aerodynamics, lightweight system design can have a special effect by enabling hybrid laminar flow control. Furthermore, active reduction of sound transmission into the cabin or structural monitoring can be realised in an integrated way.
Grid Emergency Decision Technology
Authors: Yu Zhen , Feng Jie , Tang Shiyang , Liu Zeyu , Yan Yiran , Luo Na
Published: November 2023

From the perspective of system theory, the so-called mechanism refers to the operation mechanism and working principle of the system, and in fact, it is the operation mode of the internal components of the system and the operation rules and principles of the mutual connection and interaction between the elements.
Challenges of assessing the burden of sepsis
Authors: Fleischmann-Struzek Carolin , Rudd Kristina
Published: November 2023

Background

Sepsis is one of the most frequent causes of death worldwide, but the recording of population-based epidemiology is challenging, which is why reliable data on sepsis incidence and mortality are only available in a few, mostly highly-resourced countries.

Objective

The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of sepsis epidemiology worldwide and in Germany based on current literature, to identify challenges in this research area, and to give an outlook on future developments.

Materials and methods

Selective literature review. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for current literature. The results were processed narratively.

Results

Based on modeling studies or meta-analyses of prospective studies, global annual sepsis incidence was found to be 276–678/100,000 persons. Case fatality ranged from 22.5 to 26.7%. However, current data sources have several limitations, as administrative data of selected individual countries—mostly with high income—were used as their basis. In these administrative data, sepsis is captured with limited validity. Prospective studies using clinical data often have limited comparability or lack population reference.

Conclusion

There is a lack of reliable data sources and definitions to monitor the epidemiology of sepsis and collect reliable global estimates. Increased policy efforts and new scientific approaches are needed to improve our understanding of sepsis epidemiology, identify vulnerable populations, and develop and target effective interventions.
Two-Dimensional Ferronematics, Canonical Harmonic Maps and Minimal Connections
Authors: Canevari Giacomo , Majumdar Apala , Stroffolini Bianca , Wang Yiwei
Published: November 2023

We study a variational model for ferronematics in two-dimensional domains, in the “super-dilute” regime. The free energy functional consists of a reduced Landau-de Gennes energy for the nematic order parameter, a Ginzburg–Landau type energy for the spontaneous magnetisation, and a coupling term that favours the co-alignment of the nematic director and the magnetisation. In a suitable asymptotic regime, we prove that the nematic order parameter converges to a canonical harmonic map with non-orientable point defects, while the magnetisation converges to a singular vector field, with line defects that connect the non-orientable point defects in pairs, along a minimal connection.
Bayesian cost-effectiveness analysis of Whole genome sequencing versus Whole exome sequencing in a pediatric population with suspected genetic disorders
Authors: Nurchis Mario Cesare , Radio Francesca Clementina , Salmasi Luca , Heidar Alizadeh Aurora , Raspolini Gian Marco , Altamura Gerardo , Tartaglia Marco , Dallapiccola Bruno , Damiani Gianfranco
Published: November 2023

Genetic diseases are medical conditions caused by sequence or structural changes in an individual’s genome. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) are increasingly used for diagnosing suspected genetic conditions in children to reduce the diagnostic delay and accelerating the implementation of appropriate treatments. While more information is becoming available on clinical efficacy and economic sustainability of WES, the broad implementation of WGS is still hindered by higher complexity and economic issues. The aim of this study is to estimate the cost-effectiveness of WGS versus WES and standard testing for pediatric patients with suspected genetic disorders. A Bayesian decision tree model was set up. Model parameters were retrieved both from hospital administrative datasets and scientific literature. The analysis considered a lifetime time frame and adopted the perspective of the Italian National Health Service (NHS). Bayesian inference was performed using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation method. Uncertainty was explored through a probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) and a value of information analysis (VOI). The present analysis showed that implementing first-line WGS would be a cost-effective strategy, against the majority of the other tested alternatives at a threshold of €30,000–50,000, for diagnosing outpatient pediatric patients with suspected genetic disorders. According to the sensitivity analyses, the findings were robust to most assumption and parameter uncertainty. Lessons learnt from this modeling study reinforces the adoption of first-line WGS, as a cost-effective strategy, depending on actual difficulties for the NHS to properly allocate limited resources.