bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuning Sodium Occupancy Sites in P2‐Layered Cathode Material for Enhancing Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Wang Qin‐Chao , Shadike Zulipiya , Li Xun‐Lu , Bao Jian , Qiu Qi‐Qi , Hu Enyuan , Bak Seong‐Min , Xiao Xianghui , Ma Lu , Wu Xiao‐Jing , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Zhou Yong‐Ning
Published: February 2021

Different sodium occupancy sites in P2‐layered cathode materials can reorganize Na‐ion distribution and modify the Na+/vacancy superstructure, which have a vital impact on the Na‐ion transport and Na storage behavior during charge and discharge processes, but have not been investigated specifically and are not yet well understood. Herein, the occupancy ratio of two different Na sites (sites below transition metal ions and sites below oxygen ions along the c direction) in P2‐Na0.67[Mn0.66Ni0.33]O2 cathode is tuned successfully by inducing Sb5+ ions with strong repulsion toward Na sites right below transition metals. It is found that the decrease of Na occupancy right below transition metal ions is beneficial to the electrochemical performance of P2‐layered cathode materials, regarding cycle stability and rate capability. In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the reversible Mn3.3+/Mn4+ and Ni2+/Ni3+ redox couples provide charge compensation in different voltage regions of 1.8–2.3 and 2.3–4.2 V, respectively. The transmission X‐ray microscopy confirms the uniform redox reaction over the whole electrode particle. In addition, Sb substitution can suppress the “P2‐O2” phase transition in high voltage region by preventing oxygen gliding in a–b planes, thus ensuring robust structure stability during cycling.
Comparison of Perovskite Solar Cells with other Photovoltaics Technologies from the Point of View of Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Vidal Rosario , Alberola‐Borràs Jaume‐Adrià , Sánchez‐Pantoja Núria , Mora‐Seró Iván
Published: February 2021

A review of the life cycle sustainability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is presented, distinguishing results between simulated laboratory‐based and simulated industrial‐based PSCs, comparing this technology with the commercial photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Laboratory‐based perovskites are seriously affected by the unrealistic energy consumption of the deposition routes. Moreover, other hot spots such as lead and solvent toxicity are much less relevant. A cluster analysis of single‐junction PSCs allows us to differentiate two clusters, in one of them, the most numerous, environmental impacts are in a similar range to other thin film PVs. Despite more progress at the industrial scale being needed, the current studies point out the promising results in terms of energy payback time and the environmental impacts at the industrial‐scale, that are the lowest compared with commercial PVs, if 1 kWp is used as the functional unit. In addition, PSCs present less supply risk than other photovoltaic technologies. Only cesium, which is dispensable, can present a specific risk. Current production costs could be reduced if barrier foils and transparent conductive oxide coated plastics can be found. However, this cost could be competitive selling into niche markets. In addition, their lightness, flexibility and ease of integration give them very advantageous qualities for social acceptance.
A Review on Bioinspired Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Design and Materials
Authors: Pedram Sara , Batool Mariah , Yapp Kirsten , Bonville Leonard , Jankovic Jasna
Published: February 2021

With the climate crisis gathering recognition, there has been significant interest in clean energy. As a reliable and clean energy solution, markets transitioning toward sustainable energy have identified polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as a critical technology. The increasing interest in PEMFCs is primarily due to their high energy density, high efficiency and zero greenhouse gas emission. However, additional development is required to overcome the current barriers associated with fuel cell component design, high manufacturing cost, and insufficient stability. Bioinspired designs have the potential to provide new and valuable insights using novel techniques for extracting design inspirations from biological structures. Applying these design concepts to develop materials and structures for various fuel cell components can be transformative. The well‐adapted structures and functional features of biological systems have been proven to greatly enhance the performance of current designs through novel and optimized pathways. Bioinspired designs have indeed lived up to performance expectations and even exceed them. Herein, the potential and value of using these bioinspired designs are discussed. Recent studies and advancements based on nature‐inspired structures for components of PEMFCs and how these design considerations substantiate their claim as an attractive alternative to conventional designs are discussed.
Analysis and Perspective on Heat Pump for Industrial Steam Generation
Authors: Yan Hongzhi , Wang Ruzhu , Du Shuai , Hu Bin , Xu Zhenyuan
Published: February 2021

Steam generation process is closely related to energy conversion and cleaner energy utilization, and the industrial steam is even regarded as the currency of heat with significant social and economic value. Herein, the possible industrial steam generation paths are analyzed based upon thermodynamics analysis, in which fossil fuel, electric, and heat‐pump heating are considered. The large‐temperature‐lift heat‐pump heating for steam generation is proved to be a most reasonable way with high‐efficiency and wide adaptability. Furthermore, a possible system sketch is proposed, in which the heat pump is used for preheating for low‐temperature evaporation and the generated steam can be thus compressed with a steam compressor to the expected high‐temperature (pressure) steam. The key parameters of the heat pump for steam generation are ascertained and the subsequent optimization space is discussed. The results show that the proposed steam‐generation path has clear performance advantages and potential for industrial steam generation, which could be a sustainable heating system for industry.
Irrigation well water: Essential nutrient contents and other properties
Authors: Wortmann Charles S.
Published: February 2021

Water nutrient concentrations and other properties were surveyed by sampling water from 642 irrigation wells in Nebraska. The amount of Ca, Mg, S, and Cl applied in irrigation exceeds removal in 15 Mg ha−1 of corn (Zea mays L.) grain harvest for most wells. Irrigation supply exceeded corn grain harvest removal of K, B, Mn, and Mo for >20% of the wells. The supply of P, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mo was generally very low but sufficient with some wells to be considered in nutrient management plans. The median level of nitrate N was 4.4 mg kg–1 with 25% of the wells having >10 mg kg–1 NO3–N, which is above the suitability limit for human consumption. The agricultural lime equivalent applied with 1 or 2 Ml of irrigation was enough to neutralize the acidifying effect of 200 kg ha−1 of fertilizer N for 70 or 89% of the wells. Nutrient and lime supply was relatively low for Sandhills wells and relatively high for wells in river valleys of <30.5 m (100 ft) depth. No wells had excessive Na levels but 0.3% of the wells had high salinity levels. A grouping of wells into 11 aquifer–geology–depth categories accounted for >20% of the variation for most water properties but much variation occurred within categories. Sampling of the well water is needed for optimized nutrient and soil management. Information on nutrients supplied through irrigation should be complemented by regular soil testing and the use of recommended nutrient management guidelines.
Treatment of intrahepatic recurrence after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Matsumoto Michinori , Yanaga Katsuhiko , Shiba Hiroaki , Wakiyama Shigeki , Sakamoto Taro , Futagawa Yasuro , Gocho Takeshi , Ishida Yuichi , Ikegami Toru
Published: February 2021

Background

Prognostic factors after treatment for intrahepatic recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (RHCC) after hepatic resection (Hx) are controversial. The current study aimed to examine the impact of treatment modality on the prognosis of intrahepatic RHCC following Hx.

Methods

For control of variables, the subjects were 56 patients who underwent treatment for intrahepatic RHCC, three or fewer tumors, each measuring ≤3 cm in diameter without macroscopic vascular invasion (MVI), between 2000 and 2011. Retreatment consisted of repeat Hx (n = 23), local ablation therapy (n = 11) and transarterial chemoembolization or transcatheter arterial infusion (TACE/TAI) (n = 22). We retrospectively investigated the relation between type of treatment for RHCC and overall survival (OS) as well as disease‐free survival (DFS).

Results

In multivariate (MV) analysis, the poor prognostic factors in DFS after retreatment consisted of disease‐free interval (DFI) (≤1.5 y) (P = .011), type of retreatment (TACE/TAI) (P = .002), age (<65 y old) (P = .0022), perioperative RBC transfusion (P = .025), while those in OS after retreatment were DFI (≤1.5 y) (P < .0001). In evaluation of stratification for type of retreatment, DFS in the repeat Hx group was significantly better than those in the local ablation therapy group or the TACE/TAI group (P = .023 or P < .0001, respectively).

Conclusions

DFI (≤1.5 y) was an independent poor prognostic factor in both DFS and OS, and repeat Hx for intrahepatic RHCC, few in number and size without MVI, seems to achieve the most reliable local control.
Computer‐Free Autonomous Navigation and Power Generation Using Electro‐Chemotaxis
Authors: Wang Min , Gao Yue , Pikul James H.
Published: February 2021

Computer‐free autonomous decision making based on environmental cues provides exciting alternatives to classic control systems for robots and smart materials. Although this functionality has been studied in microswimmers and active colloids where energy in the surrounding liquid is prevalent, there are no devices that can provide sufficient power from environmental chemicals to move and steer larger scale robots and vehicles in dry environments. This work overcomes this limitation with an environmentally controlled voltage source (ECVS) that, when directly attached to electric motors on a vehicle, can increase the energy available to the vehicle and provide computer‐free autonomous navigation toward chemical fuels in the environment and away from hazards. The ECVS uses electrochemistry to extract power from the chemical fuels, and the vehicle avoids hazards that reduce the output voltage or electrochemical kinetics. Two ECVSs can also be arranged in series or parallel to perform logical functions based on the chemicals in contact with the ECVSs. This work presents a new method to simultaneously steer and power vehicles and robots without computers by directly responding to a wide variety of chemical fields in their environment using electrochemistry.
The transcriptome‐wide landscape of molecular subtype‐specific mRNA expression profiles in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mou Tian , Pawitan Yudi , Stahl Matthias , Vesterlund Mattias , Deng Wenjiang , Jafari Rozbeh , Bohlin Anna , Österroos Albin , Siavelis Loannis , Bäckvall Helena , Erkers Tom , Kiviluoto Santeri , Seashore‐Ludlow Brinton , Östling Päivi , Orre Lukas M. , Kallioniemi Olli , Lehmann Sören , Lehtiö Janne , Vu Trung Nghia
Published: February 2021

Molecular classification of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) aids prognostic stratification and clinical management. Our aim in this study is to identify transcriptome‐wide mRNAs that are specific to each of the molecular subtypes of AML. We analyzed RNA‐sequencing data of 955 AML samples from three cohorts, including the BeatAML project, the Cancer Genome Atlas, and a cohort of Swedish patients to provide a comprehensive transcriptome‐wide view of subtype‐specific mRNA expression. We identified 729 subtype‐specific mRNAs, discovered in the BeatAML project and validated in the other two cohorts. Using unique proteomics data, we also validated the presence of subtype‐specific mRNAs at the protein level, yielding a rich collection of potential protein‐based biomarkers for the AML community. To enable the exploration of subtype‐specific mRNA expression by the broader scientific community, we provide an interactive resource to the public.
Metallated Graphynes as a New Class of Photofunctional 2D Organometallic Nanosheets
Authors: Xu Linli , Sun Jibin , Tang Tianhong , Zhang Hongyang , Sun Mingzi , Zhang Jianqi , Li Jiahua , Huang Bolong , Wang Zhengping , Xie Zheng , Wong Wai‐Yeung
Published: February 2021

Two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are attracting much attention due to their excellent electronic and optical properties. Here, we report the first experimental preparation of two free‐standing mercurated graphyne nanosheets via the interface‐assisted bottom‐up method, which integrates both the advantages of metal center and graphyne. The continuous large‐area nanosheets derived from the chemical growth show the layered molecular structural arrangement, controllable thickness and enhanced π‐conjugation, which result in their stable and outstanding broadband nonlinear saturable absorption (SA) properties (at both 532 and 1064 nm). The passively Q‐switched (PQS) performances of these two nanosheets as the saturable absorbers are comparable to or higher than those of the state‐of‐the‐art 2D nanomaterials (such as graphene, black phosphorus, MoS2, γ‐graphyne, etc.). Our results illustrate that the two metallated graphynes could act not only as a new class of 2D carbon‐rich materials, but also as inexpensive and easily available optoelectronic materials for device fabrication.
Near‐Infrared Nanophosphor Embedded in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle with High Light‐Harvesting Efficiency for Dual Photosystem Enhancement
Authors: Huang Wen‐Tse , Su Ting‐Yi , Chan Ming‐Hsien , Tsai Jia‐You , Do Yi‐Yin , Huang Pung‐Ling , Hsiao Michael , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: February 2021

Light‐harvesting and conversion ability is important to promote plant growth, and especially when resources are limited. A near‐infrared (NIR) nanophosphor embedded with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), ZnGa2O4:Cr3+,Sn4+(ZGOCS), was developed and its optical properties were harnessed to enhance the photosynthetic ability ofBrassica rapa spp. chinensis. The broad excitation of ZGOCS from the ultraviolet to the visible region allowed the conversion of extra light into near‐infrared light (650–800 nm) and thus promoted the dual photosystem via the Emerson effect. ZGOCS@MSN was spherical with a size of 65±10 nm and good dispersion. A light conversion ability of up to 75 % under different wavelengths was achieved. Moreover, the electron transfer rate of photosynthesis increased by 100 % with a suitable ZGOCS@MSN concentration. Plant and animal models were used to explore the effects of the nanophosphor. ZGOCS@MSN distribution was tracked by monitoring its NIR emission in plant and animal tissues, demonstrating that this nanophosphor can be potentially utilized in plant growth.
Crystal Structures and Catalytic Mechanism of l‐erythro‐3,5‐Diaminohexanoate Dehydrogenase and Rational Engineering for Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids
Authors: Liu Na , Wu Lian , Feng Jinhui , Sheng Xiang , Li Jian , Chen Xi , Li Jianjiong , Liu Weidong , Zhou Jiahai , Wu Qiaqing , Zhu Dunming
Published: February 2021

Amino acid dehydrogenases (AADHs) have shown considerable potential as biocatalysts in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids. However, compared to the widely studied α‐AADHs, limited knowledge is available about β‐AADHs that enable the synthesis of β‐amino acids. Herein, we report the crystal structures of a l‐erythro‐3,5‐diaminohexanoate dehydrogenase and its variants, the only known member of β‐AADH family. Crystal structure analysis, site‐directed mutagenesis studies and quantum chemical calculations revealed the differences in the substrate binding and catalytic mechanism from α‐AADHs. A number of rationally engineered variants were then obtained with improved activity (by 110–800 times) toward various aliphatic β‐amino acids without an enantioselectivity trade‐off. Two β‐amino acids were prepared by using the outstanding variants with excellent enantioselectivity (>99 % ee) and high isolated yields (86–87 %). These results provide important insights into the molecular mechanism of 3,5‐DAHDH, and establish a solid foundation for further design of β‐AADHs for the asymmetric synthesis of β‐amino acids.
Spherulite‐Like Micelles
Authors: Song Shaofei , Zhou Hang , Ye Shuyang , Tam Jason , Howe Jane Y. , Manners Ian , Winnik Mitchell A.
Published: February 2021

One‐dimensional (1D) and 2D structures by crystallization‐driven self‐assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) can form fascinating hierarchical structures through secondary self‐assembly. But examples of 3D structures formed via hierarchical self‐assembly are rare. Here we report seeded growth experiments in decane of a poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) BCP with an amphiphilic corona forming block in which lenticular platelets grow into classic spherulite‐like uniform colloidally stable structures. These 3D objects are spherically symmetric on the exterior, but asymmetric near the core, where there is a more open structure consisting of sheaf‐like leaves. The most remarkable aspect of these experiments is that growth stops at different stages of growth process, depending upon how much unimer is added in the seeded growth step. The system provides a model for studying spherulitic growth where real‐time observations on their growth at different stages remains challenging.
Übergangsmetallfreie Synthese polyfunktioneller Triarylmethane und 1,1‐Diarylalkane durch sequentielle Kreuzkupplungen von Benzaldiacetaten mit Organozinkreagenzien
Authors: Wei Baosheng , Ren Qianyi , Bein Thomas , Knochel Paul
Published: February 2021

Eine Vielzahl funktionalisierter Triarylmethane und 1,1‐Diarylalkanderivate wurde mithilfe übergangsmetallfreier, Ein‐Topf‐ oder Zwei‐Schritt‐Verfahren durch Reaktionen verschiedener Benzaldiacetate mit Organozinkreagenzien hergestellt. Eine sequentielle Kreuzkupplung ist durch einen Wechsel des Lösungsmittels von THF auf Toluol möglich. Ein zweitstufiger SN1‐artiger Mechanismus wurde vorgeschlagen und mittels experimenteller Studien bewiesen. Die Möglichkeiten dieser Methodik wurde anhand der Synthese verschiedener biologisch relevanter Moleküle wie einem Anti‐Tuberkulose‐Wirkstoff, einem Anti‐Brustkrebs‐Wirkstoff, einer Vorstufe eines Sphingosin‐1‐phosphat (S1P)‐Rezeptor‐Modulators und eines FLAP‐Inhibitors aufgezeigt.
Dynamic characteristics of deposit fracture and impacts of operating pressure during sootblowing in the radiant syngas cooler
Authors: Shao Lintao , Bai Yunbo , Yang Weijuan , Zhang Jiashuo , Du Changzong , Zhou Zhijun , Zhou Junhu
Published: February 2021

During the operation of entrained‐flow gasifiers, the ash deposits located on the wall tubes in the radiant syngas coolers (RSC) reduce the heat transfer efficiency. Syngas sootblowing is an effective method to remove the slag deposits in the RSC. In this study, a 3D numerical model was developed by combining the cohesive zone method (CZM) and the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian analysis to investigate the deposit fracture process in RSC during sootblowing. The quasi‐static analysis using ABAQUS obtained the stress–strain curve of the slag sample, which agreed well with the experimental tests and provided the detailed mechanical parameters to the CZM model. The dynamic characteristics of deposit fracture were discovered. The main fracture occurred between 1.0 and 1.5 ms, and the shape of the fracture area was not round but elliptical. The RSC operating pressure (P) was also investigated. The study found that higher pressure led to lower fracture speed, longer sootblowing time, and more syngas consumption. Based on the same extent of deposit fracture, syngas consumption increased when P < 3.5 MPa, and the density of syngas (ρsyngas) has a more significant influence on the syngas consumption than the velocity of sootblowing syngas flow (vavg), especially when the sootblowing time is small.
Recent advances in membrane hydrophilic modification with plant polyphenol‐inspired coatings for enhanced oily emulsion separation
Authors: Huang Zhaohe , Yin Shumeng , Zhang Jianzhong , Zhang Na
Published: February 2021

Oily wastewater, especially the emulsified one, causes serious environment pollution and poses threats to the ecosystem and resource recycling. Among various filtration media, porous polymeric membranes have gained tremendous attention in dealing with oily emulsions due to their energy‐saving, cost‐effective, and highly efficient features. However, to alleviate membrane fouling by oil droplets and ensure high separation efficiency, endowing membrane with superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity via facile strategy is highly desired. Taking advantages of the mild forming conditions, universality and cost‐efficiency, more and more efforts have been devoted to membrane hydrophilic modification by plant polyphenol‐inspired coatings in recent years. In this review, we focus on recent advances in constructing plant polyphenol‐involved coatings on membrane surface for oil‐in‐water emulsion separation. The interactions between plant polyphenol and functional materials including amino‐functionalized materials, transition metal ions and oxidants via covalent chemistry, coordination chemistry, and rapid oxidation are highlighted. In addition, the impacts of the resultant coating on the wettability, oily emulsion separation performance, and anti‐oil fouling performance of the modified membrane are systematically summarized. Finally, future outlooks in membrane surface engineering with plant polyphenol‐involved coatings are discussed to further broaden the research related to high‐efficiency oil/water separation based on membrane technology.
Factors Influencing Scientific Achievements of Medical Students in the Anatomy Research Group: An Analysis From the Autonomous University of Nuevo León in Mexico
Authors: Muñoz‐Leija Milton Alberto , Barrera Francisco J. , Zárate‐Garza Pablo Patricio , Quiroga‐Garza Alejandro , Martínez‐Garza Javier Humberto , de la Fuente‐Villarreal David , Guzmán‐López Santos , Elizondo‐Omaña Rodrigo Enrique
Published: February 2021

Scientific research and student involvement are critical to the formation of physicians, yet the number of medical researchers has decreased over time. To implement corrective strategies, the variables associated with positive research attitudes and productivity among medical students must be identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variables associated with students interested or involved in research. A validated questionnaire was applied to the student members of an established anatomy research group in a Mexican medical school with a six‐year medical program. Data were collected and analyzed. A total of 85.5% (n = 77/90) students answered the survey with most respondents being second‐year medical students. The majority of respondents indicated that the important component of conducting research was a contribution to the new knowledge (45.5%) and to the scientific community (42.9%). More than half of respondents mentioned a professor or a peer as the initial motivation to become involved in research. Lack of time was the main limitation (59.7%) to research involvement. Perceived benefits were knowledge and team work skills. Of those involved, most (85.7%) wished to continue participating in research as a complement to their clinical work. Professors and student colleagues were found to play an important motivational and recruitment role for medical research. These efforts in turn have developed into long‐lasting mentor‐mentee relationships. Students also anticipated that early involvement in research will positively influence the likelihood of future physicians' contribution and collaboration in research.
Effects of low temperature on blood‐to‐plasma ratio measurement
Authors: Novak Jonathan J. , Burchett Woodrow , Di Li
Published: February 2021

The blood‐to‐plasma ratio (Rb) is an important property of drug candidates. Rb is applied widely in drug discovery to convert plasma pharmacokinetic parameters to the respective parameters in blood and to develop in vitro–in vivo correlations. Some compounds such as prodrugs, soft drugs, and peptide mimetics are unstable in blood, making accurate in vitro Rb measurement challenging, but necessary. Low temperature often reduces the rate of enzymatic and chemical reactions and increases the stability of labile compounds in biomatrices. In this study, the effects of 4°C on Rb measurement were evaluated using a set of structurally diverse compounds with various binding and red blood cell (RBC) transport mechanisms. The results indicate that a 4°C Rb method provides comparable Rb values to the 37°C method for most compounds and can therefore be applied to measure the Rb of unstable compounds in drug discovery. In some rare cases, when compounds have a high affinity to specific RBC components (e.g., carbonic anhydrase), the 4°C method may underestimate Rb. In these specific cases, the use of appropriate inhibitors to stabilize unstable compounds is recommended.
Transcription factors regulate early T cell development via redeployment of other factors
Authors: Hosokawa Hiroyuki , Masuhara Kaori , Koizumi Maria
Published: February 2021

Establishment of cell lineage identity from multipotent progenitors is controlled by cooperative actions of lineage‐specific and stably expressed transcription factors, combined with input from environmental signals. Lineage‐specific master transcription factors activate and repress gene expression by recruiting consistently expressed transcription factors and chromatin modifiers to their target loci. Recent technical advances in genome‐wide and multi‐omics analysis have shed light on unexpected mechanisms that underlie more complicated actions of transcription factors in cell fate decisions. In this review, we discuss functional dynamics of stably expressed and continuously required factors, Notch and Runx family members, throughout developmental stages of early T cell development in the thymus. Pre‐ and post‐commitment stage‐specific transcription factors induce dynamic redeployment of Notch and Runx binding genomic regions. Thus, together with stage‐specific transcription factors, shared transcription factors across distinct developmental stages regulate acquisition of T lineage identity.
High‐quality genome‐scale metabolic model of Aurantiochytrium sp. T66
Authors: Simensen Vetle , Voigt André , Almaas Eivind
Published: February 2021

The long‐chain, ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (e.g., eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), are essential for humans and animals, including marine fish species. Presently, the primary source of these PUFAs is fish oils. As the global production of fish oils appears to be reaching its limits, alternative sources of high‐quality ω‐3 PUFAs is paramount to support the growing aquaculture industry. Thraustochytrids are a group of heterotrophic protists with the capability to synthesize and accrue large amounts of DHA. Thus, the thraustochytrids are prime candidates to solve the increasing demand for ω‐3 PUFAs using microbial cell factories. However, a systems‐level understanding of their metabolic shift from cellular growth into lipid accumulation is, to a large extent, unclear. Here, we reconstructed a high‐quality genome‐scale metabolic model of the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 termed iVS1191. Through iterative rounds of model refinement and extensive manual curation, we significantly enhanced the metabolic scope and coverage of the reconstruction from that of previously published models, making considerable improvements with stoichiometric consistency, metabolic connectivity, and model annotations. We show that iVS1191 is highly consistent with experimental growth data, reproducing in vivo growth phenotypes as well as specific growth rates on minimal carbon media. The availability of iVS1191 provides a solid framework for further developing our understanding of T66's metabolic properties, as well as exploring metabolic engineering and process‐optimization strategies in silico for increased ω‐3 PUFA production.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of first‐line treatments for advanced epidermal growth factor receptor‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Li Wen‐Qian , Li Ling‐Yu , Chai Jin , Cui Jiu‐Wei
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Recent studies showed prolonged survival for advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with both monotherapies and combined therapies. However, high costs limit clinical applications. Thus, we conducted this cost‐effectiveness analysis to explore an optimal first‐line treatment for advanced EGFR‐mutant NSCLC patients.

Materials and Methods

Survival data were extracted from six clinical trials, including ARCHER1050 (dacomitinib vs. gefitinib); FLAURA (osimertinib vs. gefitinib/erlotinib); JO25567 and NEJ026 (bevacizumab +erlotinib vs. erlotinib); NEJ009 (gefitinib +chemotherapy vs. gefitinib); and NCT02148380 (gefitinib +chemotherapy vs. gefitinib vs. chemotherapy) trials. Cost‐related data were obtained from hospitals and published literature. The effect parameter (quality‐adjusted life year [QALY]) was the reflection of both survival and utility. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER), average cost‐effectiveness ratio (ACER), and net benefit were calculated, and the willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) threshold was set at $30828/QALY from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. Sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the stability of results.

Results

We compared treatment groups with control groups in each trial. ICERs were $1897750.74/QALY (ARCHER1050), $416560.02/QALY (FLAURA), ‐$477607.48/QALY (JO25567), ‐$464326.66/QALY (NEJ026), ‐$277121.22/QALY (NEJ009), ‐$399360.94/QALY (gefitinib as comparison, NCT02148380), and ‐$170733.05/QALY (chemotherapy as comparison, NCT02148380). Moreover, ACER and net benefit showed that the combination of EGFR‐TKI with chemotherapy and osimertinib was of more economic benefit following first‐generation EGFR‐TKIs. Sensitivity analyses showed that the impact of utilities and monotherapy could be cost‐effective with a 50% cost reduction.

Conclusion

First‐generation EGFR‐TKI therapy remained the most cost‐effective treatment option for advanced EGFR‐mutant NSCLC patients. Our results could serve as both a reference for both clinical practice and the formulation of medical insurance reimbursement.
Bladder cancer cell‐intrinsic PD‐L1 signals promote mTOR and autophagy activation that can be inhibited to improve cytotoxic chemotherapy
Authors: Zhang Deyi , Reyes Ryan M. , Osta Erica , Kari Suresh , Gupta Harshita B. , Padron Alvaro S. , Kornepati Anand V. R. , Kancharla Aravind , Sun Xiujie , Deng Yilun , Wu Bogang , Vadlamudi Ratna , Li Rong , Svatek Robert S. , Curiel Tyler J.
Published: February 2021

Tumor cell‐intrinsic programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) signals mediate immunopathologic effects in breast, colon, and ovarian cancers and in melanomas, but bladder cancer (BC) effects are unreported. We show here that BC cell‐intrinsic PD‐L1 signals in mouse MB49 and human RT4, UM‐UC3, and UM‐UC‐14 BC cells regulate important pathologic pathways and processes, including effects not reported in other cancers. α‐PD‐L1 antibodies reduced BC cell proliferation in vitro, demonstrating direct signaling effects. BC cell‐intrinsic PD‐L1 promoted mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signals in vitro and augmented in vivo immune‐independent cell growth and metastatic cancer spread, similar to effects we reported in melanoma and ovarian cancer. BC cell‐intrinsic PD‐L1 signals also promoted basal and stress‐induced autophagy, whereas these signals inhibited autophagy in melanoma and ovarian cancer cells. BC cell‐intrinsic PD‐L1 also mediated chemotherapy resistance to the commonly used BC chemotherapy agents cis‐platinum and gemcitabine and to the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin. Thus, BC cell‐intrinsic PD‐L1 signals regulate important virulence and treatment resistance pathways that suggest novel, actionable treatment targets meriting additional studies. As a proof‐of‐concept, we showed that the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine improved cis‐platinum treatment efficacy in vivo, with greater efficacy in PD‐L1 null versus PD‐L1‐replete BC.
MicroRNA‐340‐5p increases telomere length by targeting telomere protein POT1 to improve Alzheimer's disease in mice
Authors: Li Xin , Zhang Jiangkuan , Yang Yuhang , Wu Qi , Ning Hanbing
Published: February 2021

Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder which is the primary cause of dementia in the elderly. Telomere attrition has been proposed as a hallmark of aging. Our study aimed to explore the mechanism of the protection of telomere 1 (POT1) in regulating telomere length and affecting cellular senescence in AD. The AD mouse model was established by d‐galactose and aluminum chloride, and the water maze test and dark avoidance test were used to detect the behaviors of mice and confirm the success of AD mouse model. AD cell model was established with HT22 cells induced by Aβ42 oligomers. POT1 expression in the AD model was detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Cellular telomere length in hippocampal tissue was analyzed by telomere restriction fragment. Localization of intracellular POT1, telomerase, and telomeres was analyzed by immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Dual‐luciferase assay was used to validate the targeted binding relationship between microRNA‐340‐5p (miR‐340‐5p) and POT1. After inhibiting POT1 expression, the symptoms of AD in mice were improved. Aβ1–42 deposition was reduced, whereas telomere length and telomerase activity was increased. Dual‐luciferase assay verified the binding relationship between miR‐340‐5p and POT1. An increase in miR‐340‐5p expression could alleviate cellular senescence and AD symptoms. miR‐340‐5p increased cellular telomere length and delayed cell senescence by inhibiting POT1 expression to improve AD symptoms. This study made a conclusion that miR‐340‐5p increased cellular telomere length and delayed cell senescence by inhibiting POT1 expression to improve AD symptoms in mice.
Mid‐ventricular obstruction is associated with non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Authors: Nie Changrong , Zhu Changsheng , Xiao Minghu , Yang Qiulan , Meng Yanhai , Wu Rong , Wang Shuiyun
Published: February 2021

Background

Mid‐ventricular obstruction (MVO) is a rare subtype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) but it is associated with ventricular arrhythmia. The relationship between MVO and non‐sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) in HCM patients is unknown.

Hypothesis

The severity of MVO increases the incidence of NSVT in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM).

Methods

Five hundred and seventy‐two consecutive patients diagnosed with HOCM in Fuwai Hospital between January 2015 and December 2017 were enrolled in this study. Holter electrocardiographic and clinical parameters were compared between HOCM patients with and without MVO.

Results

Seventy‐six (13.3%) of 572 patients were diagnosed with MVO. Compared to patients without MVO, those with MVO were much younger, and had a higher incidence of syncope, greater left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness, a higher percentage of LV late gadolinium enhancement, and higher prevalence of NSVT. Furthermore, the prevalence of NSVT increased with the severity of MVO (without, mild, moderate or severe: 11.1%, 18.2%, 25.6%, respectively, p for trend < .01). Similarly, the prevalence of NSVT differed among patients with isolated LV outflow tract (LVOTO), both MVO and LVOTO, and isolated MVO (11.1%, 21.3%, 26.6%, respectively, p for trend = .018). In addition to age, diabetes, left atrial diameter, and maximal wall thickness, multivariate analysis revealed the presence of MVO as an independent risk factor for NSVT (Odds ratio 2.69; 95% confidence interval 1.41 to 5.13, p = .003).

Conclusions

The presence and severity of MVO was associated with higher incidence of NSVT in HOCM patients.
Columnar Mesomorphism of Board‐Shaped Perylene, Diketopyrrolopyrrole, Isoindigo, Indigo, and Quinoxalino‐Phenanthrophenazine Dyes
Authors: Eichhorn S. Holger , El‐Ballouli A. O. , Cassar Adam , Kaafarani Bilal R.
Published: February 2021

The properties of organic dyes depend as much on their intermolecular interactions as on their molecular structure. While it is generally predictable what supramolecular structure would be ideal for a specific application, the generation of specific supramolecular structures by molecular design and suitable processing methods remains to be a challenge. A versatile approach to different supramolecular structures has been the application of mesomorphism in conjunction with alignment techniques and self‐assembly at interfaces. Reviewed here is the columnar mesomorphism of board‐shaped dyes perylene, indigo, isoindigo, diketopyrrolopyrrole, and quinoxalinophenanthrophenazine. They generate a larger number of different supramolecular structures than conventional disc‐shaped (discotic) mesogens because of their non‐circular shape and directional intermolecular interactions. The mesomorphism of all but the perylene derivatives is systematically and comprehensively covered for the first time.
Impact of Multiple Prescriptions With Anticholinergic Properties on Adverse Clinical Outcomes in the Elderly: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Wen‐Han , Huang Shih‐Tsung , Lu Wan‐Hsuan , Wen Yu‐Wen , Chen Liang‐Kung , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan
Published: February 2021

The cumulative effect of multiple pharmaceutics with anticholinergic properties (i.e., anticholinergic burden), can serve as an indicator of suboptimal prescribing in the elderly. Yet, no research is available concerning the effect of different compositions of score on adverse outcomes under the same anticholinergic burden. This population‐based cohort study investigated whether different combinations of medications with anticholinergic properties have different impacts on adverse outcomes in the elderly using the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS) and Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale (ACB) scores. We included 116,043 people aged 65 years and older from Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database and measured their monthly anticholinergic burden over a 10‐year follow‐up period (from January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2011). We analyzed the association between different anticholinergic score compositions and adverse outcomes (emergency department visits, all‐cause hospitalizations, fracture‐specific hospitalizations, and incident dementia) via generalized estimating equations. Cumulative effects of multiple medications with low anticholinergic activity were associated with a greater risk for emergency department visits and all‐cause hospitalizations (emergency department visits for 65–74 year olds (y/o): ACB 1 + 1 + 1, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.05 (1.99–2.12); ACB 1 + 2, aOR 2.04 (1.91–2.17); and ACB 3, aOR 1.62 (1.57–1.66)). In contrast, using medications with greater potency had a greater impact on central adverse outcomes (incident dementia for 65–74 y/o: ACB 1 + 1 + 1, aOR 3.30 (2.84–3.84); ACB 1 + 2, aOR 5.84 (4.59–7.41); and ACB 3, aOR 9.15 (8.38–9.99)). The quantity of anticholinergics (even with low score) an older person used matters in risk of emergency department visit and all‐cause hospitalization but the potency of anticholinergics (i.e., those with high score) matters in risk of fracture‐specific hospitalization and incident dementia.
Evaluation of children's pain expression and behavior using audio visual distraction
Authors: Delgado Alicia , Ok Soo‐Min , Ho Donald , Lynd Tyler , Cheon Kyounga
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Dental anxiety distresses children and their families with consequent poor oral health and costly pediatric dental services. Children's behaviors could be modified using a distraction technique for improved dental treatment. The study evaluates the effects of an audio‐visual distraction on children's behaviors and pain expressions during dental treatment.

Material and Methods

One hundred healthy children, between 4 and 6 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of two groups: audio visual distraction (AVD, N = 61) group and control (CTR, N = 39) group. The pre and post pain expression was collected using a faces pain rating scale from the participated children. Children's behavior was evaluated using the Frankl behavior rating scale by the assigned dentist. Data was analyzed using chi‐squared tests and analysis of variance.

Results

The AVD group demonstrated more “definitely positive” behavior (91.8%) compared to the CTR group (35.9%) based on the Frankl scale evaluation from pre‐ and post‐treatment (p < 0.0001). The pain rating scale did not demonstrate a significant difference in post‐treatment pain scales (p = 0.2073) or changes in pain (p = 0.1532) between the AVD group and CTR group.

Conclusions

The AVD is an effective distraction tool for young children during dental treatment regardless of child's subjective pain expression.
Preliminary evaluation of wild bean (Phaseolus spp.) germplasm for resistance to Fusarium cuneirostrum and Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Haus Miranda J. , Pierz Logan D. , Jacobs Janette L. , Wiersma Andrew T. , Awale Halima E. , Chilvers Martin I. , Buell C. Robin , Cichy Karen E.
Published: February 2021

Fusarium root rot (Fusarium cuneirostrum; FRR) and Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum; FW) are major constraints on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production worldwide because limited genetic resistance is available in current cultivars. Wild accessions have greater genetic diversity than cultivated germplasm and could provide novel sources of resistance for these diseases. We screened 248 wild bean accessions in a greenhouse setting for responses to both FRR and FW and recorded disease severity; resistance was observed in 21 and 16 accessions, respectively. Accession PI417775 was the most resistant to FRR, exhibiting very few symptoms, whereas accessions PI661845 and PI535441 were the most resistant to FW. Only accessions MX‐GT‐1 and PI535445 were resistant to both FRR and FW. Overall, accessions collected from Andean regions had greater disease symptoms (5.4 ± 1.28 for FRR; 5.8 ± 1.12 for FW) than accessions collected from Middle America (4.7 ± 1.33 for FRR; 4.42 ± 1.04 for FW), though the highest and lowest disease scores for FRR were both found in the Middle American accessions. Introgression of Fusarium resistance from wild bean accessions into cultivated lines provides an avenue to improve disease resistance in elite cultivars.
Multiple applications of mepiquat chloride enhanced development of plant‐wide fruits from square initiation to boll opening in cotton
Authors: Liao Baopeng , Ren Xiaoming , Du Mingwei , Eneji A. Egrinya , Tian Xiaoli , Li Zhaohu
Published: February 2021

Mepiquat chloride (MC) has been widely used for the field management of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and could enhance yield and quality. However, it is not completely clear how MC influences cotton development. A field study was conducted during 2011∼2012 cotton growing seasons to determine the effects of multiple MC applications (from the late seedling stage to near cutout) on the development of each fruit by calendar days and thermal time. Two cotton cultivars (GX3 and XK4) were used for the study. The MC application significantly hastened the appearance of squares across fruiting positions by 0.4–2.9 d in 2011; and those on upper (from the 11th) fruiting branches and on inner (first two) fruiting nodes of middle (5th‐10th) fruiting branches under MC treatment formed 1.8–3.8 d earlier in 2012 compared with control. Also, MC decreased the duration from squaring to flowering by 0.1–0.3 d, and that from bloom to boll opening by 0.9–2.1 d. The MC application reduced the growing degree days (GDD) of most fruiting positions from planting to squaring owing to the early onset of squares. However, it increased the GDD of cotton bolls on the upper fruiting branches during maturation period, presumably due to their early set which exposed them to the higher temperatures during development. These results have improved our understanding of MC‐induced earliness in cotton and could help growers to optimize earliness management.
A Peanut‐Like Sb‐Embedded Polyoxoniobate Cage for Hydrolytic Decomposition of Chemical Warfare Agent
Authors: Wu Yan‐Lan , Zhong Zhuo‐Hao , Wu Ping‐Xin , Sun Yan‐Qiong , Li Xin‐Xiong , Zheng Shou‐Tian
Published: February 2021

A Sb‐embedded polyoxoniobate has been originally synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Particularly, the peanut‐like [Sb2Nb24O72]18− cluster cage in 1 with C2h symmetry is composed of two 9‐nuclear {SbNb9O33} motifs and one {Nb6O24} crown‐shaped ring. The compound 1 present the novel structure of Sb‐substituted sandwich‐type polyoxoniobate with antimoniobate cluster cage. Decomposition catalytic studies indicate that compound 1 exhibits good hydrolytic activity and stability on the degradation of nerve agent simulant dimethylphosphonate (DMMP).
Synthesis of Polycyclic Chromene Cores through Gold (I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation Reaction (IMHA)
Authors: Arcadi Antonio , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Fochetti Andrea , Franzini Roberta , Ghirga Francesca , Goggiamani Antonella , Iazzetti Antonia , Marrone Federico , Serraiocco Andrea
Published: February 2021

A regioselective gold (I)‐catalyzed approach for the construction of polycyclic chromene cores has been developed. The reaction proceeds in good to excellent yields under mild condition with a broad range of substrates providing a simple and efficient tool for the synthesis of pyranochromene derivatives. Moreover, the regiochemical control of the annulation of unsymmetrically substituted propargylic ethers has been investigated focusing on electronic/steric effects of the ligands of gold complexes as well as on the electronic effects of the groups on the aromatic rings.
Critical stable sectional area of downstream surge tank of hydropower plant with sloping ceiling tailrace tunnel
Authors: Guo Wencheng , Zhu Daoyi
Published: February 2021

This paper investigates the critical stable sectional area (CSSA) of downstream surge tank (DST) of hydropower plant with sloping ceiling tailrace tunnel (SCTT). Firstly, two types of nonlinear mathematical model of hydropower plant with SCTT during transient process are established. Then, the criterion of operation stability of hydropower plant is obtained based on nonlinear stability theory. Formulae for CSSAs of DST under two types of mathematical model are derived. Finally, the similarities, differences, and relationships of different CSSAs are clarified. The effect mechanisms of the assumption of steady power output of hydro‐turbine and the SCTT on CSSA of DST are revealed. The recommended use conditions of different CSSAs are explained. The results indicate that, under the assumption of steady power output of hydro‐turbine, the formula for CSSA of DST of hydropower plant with SCTT is analytical and has a simple expression. Under the complete model, the formula for CSSA of DST of hydropower plant with SCTT is not analytical and has a complicated expression. The former formula is suggested to be given the priority of use because of good precision and concise expression. SCTT can improve the stability of hydropower plant and decrease the CSSA of DST.