bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Jamesian State: The American Scene and "the Working of Democratic Institutions"
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi
Published: May 2009

This article claims that over the course of his career Henry James developed a coherent and well-considered theory of the state, which he articulates most directly in The American Scene (1907). It links James's remarkably subtle and nuanced registry of emotions and personal interactions–long taken to indicate an apolitical aestheticism–to his engagement with pressing political and social questions, such as the ongoing debate about "bigness" which preoccupied many of the leading intellectuals of his day. The American Scene , for all its many idiosyncrasies and its intensely personal aspect, provides an acute theoretical analysis of the limitations and rewards of "democratic institutions" and offers a vision of a democratic state linked through a wide range of collective forms to the daily lives of its citizenry.
An "unnatural alliance": Realism and Revolution in Henry James's The Princess Casamassima
Authors: Oltean Roxana
Published: May 2009

This article investigates Henry James's The Princess Casamassima to stress how realism emerges as a powerful personal and collective reparatory fantasy. By analyzing the "unnatural alliances" that mark Hyacinth's options throughout the novel, this article emphasizes how the personal narrative (Hyacinth's family history) is entangled in the collective narrative (the Revolution), and how the realist plot of personal drama echoes the revolutionary plot written out on the grand social scale. In fact, it is argued, both evolve as responses to a highly conflicted drama of filiation (akin to a Freudian family romance), in which deficient origins demand reenactment and supplementation.
Henry James's Memento
Authors: O'Donnell Patrick
Published: May 2009

This essay is part of a larger project that considers James's cinematic imagination and its resonances across modern and postmodern film. While it may seem odd to compare Henry James's story, "The Beast in the Jungle," with Christopher Nolan's film, Memento , both works consider the relation of memory to temporality and mortality in the construction of identity. The short-term memory loss portrayed in Memento is analogous to Marcher's "forgetting" of May as the embodiment of fate until it is too late, where she can only be recalled in retrospect, at the foot of her grave.
The Statistical Aesthetics of Henry James, or Jamesian Naturalism
Authors: Reid Colbey Emmerson
Published: May 2009

This essay contends that James's late fiction subscribed to notions of form and taste best described as statistical, and that statistics was in the first place modeled on eighteenth-and nineteenth-century aesthetics. James's "statistical aesthetics" refers to a form of premodernist impersonality, whereby the suppression of individuality is accomplished through the shaping of selves according to social ideals. Statisticians dubbed such a statistical character " l'homme moyen " ("average man"), indicating not mediocrity but exemplary sociability. James's interest in statistics suggests that we can understand him as a naturalist writer, but in doing so we must reevaluate the commonplace understanding of naturalism as the discourse of social determinism.
"Still and Still Moving": The House as Time Machine in Henry James's The Sense of the Past
Authors: Waters Isobel
Published: May 2009

In The Sense of the Past , Henry James employs a house as a time machine to explore the mind as it strives to define the interaction between the self and the Other through time. In contrast with the linear chronology employed by Wells in The Time Machine , James uses a "time-web": a superimposition of time-lines in which the mind, represented by the house, becomes the space where time unfolds simultaneously in differing timeframes. I consider the multiple dimensions of Ralph's experience in the house of time, arguing that his hyperactive imagination proves unable to cope with the vertiginous temporal doubling.
Henry James and Deep Intersubjectivity
Authors: Butte George
Published: May 2009

Despite the successes of earlier phenomenological studies of James, more remains to be said about James's constructions of human consciousness, especially human consciousnesses. This study of the narrative practice in James of deep intersubjectivity (orbits of perceptions of perceptions perceived) focuses on the textual knot of looking at looking observed, and explores some characteristic features, themes, and narratological implications for narrative authority and free indirect discourse. Paradigmatic scenes come from The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl . The essay's theoretical framework derives from the French phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Highly Subjective: The Librarianship of Winifred Sewell
Authors: Ruffner Malissa , Glenn Emily J.
Published: May 2009

This article traces the career of Winifred Sewell, noted medical information professional, from her early days in the pharmaceutical industry through her career at the National Library of Medicine and her later years of consultancy, research, and teaching. In addition to her known contributions to major bibliographic tools and publications, including Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), Sewell’s overarching vision of effective librarianship is highlighted. Her commitment to the importance of the subjective understanding of patron information needs is illustrated by examples from her life, her papers, and the perspectives of colleagues and students.
Women Professionals in Documentation in France during the 1930s
Authors: Fayet-Scribe Sylvie , Buckland Michael
Published: May 2009

This article describes the roles of five women activists who helped transform librarianship in France away from a profession of male archivists. Heirs to the nineteenth-century movement promoting education by encouraging the use of books, they were all activists within Catholic or secular traditions. They knew the ideas of Paul Otlet (1868–1944), and some of them were influenced by American library developments. Suzanne Briet (1894–1989) created reference service at the national library. Louise-Noëlle Malclès (1899–1977) pioneered reference and bibliography at the Sorbonne. Yvonne Oddon (1902–82) developed a major museum library. Myriem Foncin (1893–1976) advanced map librarianship. Georgette de Grolier pioneered public library outreach. They changed attitudes, wrote influentially, and advanced professional education.
The Eye Prophetic: Julia Pettee
Authors: Walker Christopher H. , Copeland Ann
Published: May 2009

Julia Pettee, best known for devising the Union Theological Seminary classification system while head cataloger for thirty years at that library, was a pioneer in the field of cataloging codes, classification, and subject theory. She was a strong advocate of specialized tools for special collections, and her writings encouraged other librarians to consider whether the large-scale systems then in the process of development (Cutter Expansive, Dewey, Bliss, and the Library of Congress system) really suited the needs of their patron communities. She recast the universe of knowledge from the point of view of the theologian for a classification system adopted by more than fifty libraries, and her extensive writings and publications contributed greatly to the formulation of the modern academic library catalog. The article examines Pettee’s most important writings and speeches, identifies the principles of cataloging and classification she championed, and surveys contemporary standards to trace her continuing influence in current practice and theory.
Margaret Cross Norton: Defining and Redefining Archives and the Archival Profession
Authors: Lawrimore Erin
Published: May 2009

Through her thirty-five years of service as head of the Illinois State Archives, her numerous writings in library and archival publications, and her involvement in the establishment and growth of the Society of American Archivists, Margaret Cross Norton helped establish the archival profession in America. Her emphasis on the legal and administrative functions of archives and on the use of archives by governmental officials instigated a shift in the American archival mindset and provided a basis for professional respect. She defined and redefined the nature of archives and archival work, providing an example for advocacy and education that resonates in the profession today.
Vivian Harsh, Adult Education, and the Library’s Role as Community Center
Authors: Burt Laura
Published: May 2009

Vivian Harsh, director of the Hall Library in Chicago from 1932 to 1958, took a pioneering approach toward adult education and the library’s role as community center. Harsh incorporated her active African American community into her library’s educational and social planning, taking advantage of the library’s location in Bronzeville, her extensive social ties, and the Chicago Black Renaissance to get her patrons involved. Harsh’s work is more remarkable because of the vivid contrasts between her successful approach to library science and that of other librarians of her time period.
María Moliner and Her Contribution to the History of Spain’s Public Libraries
Authors: Osuna Alarcón María R.
Published: May 2009

María Moliner (1900–1981) belonged to the generation of the first women university graduates in Spain who pursued a profession. Her work involved setting up rural libraries during the Second Republic in order to disseminate culture and literacy. In the aftermath of the Civil War the Moliner family suffered reprisals on the part of Franco’s regime. María dropped eighteen places on the promotion scale in the Faculty Corps of Archivists and Librarians. During this new stage of her life, Moliner found time for a fervent intellectual interest: her passion for words. Around 1950 she began to prepare the comprehensive Diccionario de uso del español (Dictionary of Spanish Usage).
From Preserving the Past to Preserving the Future: The Data-PASS Project and the Challenges of Preserving Digital Social Science Data
Authors: Gutmann Myron P. , Abrahamson Mark , Adams Margaret O. , Altman Micah , Arms Caroline , Bollen Kenneth , Carlson Michael , Crabtree Jonathan , Donakowski Darrell , King Gary , Lyle Jared , Maynard Marc , Pienta Amy , Rockwell Richard , Timms-Ferrara Lois , Young Copeland H.
Published: May 2009

Social science data are an unusual part of the past, present, and future of digital preservation. They are both an unqualified success, due to long-lived and sustainable archival organizations, and in need of further development because not all digital content is being preserved. This article is about the Data Preservation Alliance for the Social Sciences (Data-PASS), a project supported by the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP), which is a partnership of five major U.S. social science data archives. Broadly speaking, Data-PASS has the goal of ensuring that at-risk social science data are identified, acquired, and preserved, and that we have a future-oriented organization that could collaborate on those preservation tasks for the future. Throughout the life of the Data-PASS project we have worked to identify digital materials that have never been systematically archived, and to appraise and acquire them. As the project has progressed, however, it has increasingly turned its attention from identifying and acquiring legacy and at-risk social science data to identifying ongoing and future research projects that will produce data. This article is about the project's history, with an emphasis of the issues that underlay the transition from looking backward to looking forward.
Transformative Effects of NDIIPP, the Case of the Henry A. Murray Archive
Authors: Altman Micah
Published: May 2009

This article comprises reflections on the changes to the Henry A. Murray Research Archive, catalyzed by involvement with the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) partnership, and the accompanying introduction of next generation digital library software. Founded in 1976 at Radcliffe, the Henry A. Murray Research Archive is the endowed, permanent repository for quantitative and qualitative research data at the Institute for Quantitative Social Science, in Harvard University. The Murray preserves in perpetuity all types of data of interest to the research community, including numerical, video, audio, interview notes, and other types. The center is unique among data archives in the United States in the extent of its holdings in quantitative, qualitative, and mixed quantitative-qualitative research. The Murray took part in an NDIIPP-funded collaboration with four other archival partners, Data-PASS, for the purpose of the identification and acquisition of data at risk, and the joint development of best practices with respect to shared stewardship, preservation, and exchange of these data. During this time, the Dataverse Network (DVN) software was introduced, facilitating the creation of virtual archives. The combination of institutional collaboration and new technology lead the Murray to re-engineer its entire acquisition process; completely rewrite its ingest, dissemination, and other licensing agreements; and adopt a new model for ingest, discovery, access, and presentation of its collections. Through the Data-PASS project, the Murray has acquired a number of important data collections. The resulting changes within the Murray have been dramatic, including increasing its overall rate of acquisitions by fourfold; and disseminating acquisitions far more rapidly. Furthermore, the new licensing and processing procedures allow a previously undreamed of level of interoperability and collaboration with partner archives, facilitating integrated discovery and presentation services, and joint stewardship of collections.
The Record of Business and the Future of Business History: Establishing a Public Interest in Private Business Records
Authors: Kirsch David A.
Published: May 2009

Long-term preservation of and access to business records of the sort that business historians have relied upon for decades and that supported the development of applied fields, like business strategy, is increasingly threatened by their growing value. The expansion of entrepreneurial capitalism following the end of the Cold War has produced a new era of business ascendant across much of the globe. At home, we are reminded of President Calvin Coolidge's observation that "the chief business of the American people is business." Not since Coolidge first uttered these words more than eighty years ago have they rung more true. And if the business of America is business, then surely the history of America is the history of American business. Yet, if we have witnessed a new gilded age in American industry, the evidentiary record of these events may disappoint future scholars, policy makers, and the interested public.
The MetaArchive Cooperative: A Collaborative Approach to Distributed Digital Preservation
Authors: Skinner Katherine , Halbert Martin
Published: May 2009

As identified by the U.S. Congress, there is a national need for collaborative approaches to digital preservation services for cultural, historical, and political repositories. Responding to this need, the Library of Congress established the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) in 2003 to produce a "national network of partners collaborating on digital preservation" that would pioneer a variety of digital preservation services for cultural memory organizations. Among these collaborative ventures, the MetaArchive Initiative developed an organizational model and operated a technical infrastructure (building on the LOCKSS software developed at Stanford University) for preserving the digital assets of cultural memory organizations in a geographically distributed framework. Subsequently, MetaArchive transitioned from a project to a program with the founding of the MetaArchive Cooperative in 2007. This article focuses upon the relationship between MetaArchive and NDIIPP, highlighting MetaArchive's commitment to enable institutions to host their own preservation solutions rather than outsourcing this core mission. It details the strategies that the MetaArchive Cooperative has employed to support, sustain, and grow its cross-institutional collaboration; explores an array of logistical and organizational issues that have arisen; and discusses the strengths of particular organizational structures for fostering and sustaining collaborative work between peer institutions.
Preserving Digital Public Television: Not Just an Archive, but a New Attitude to Preserve Public Broadcasting
Authors: Rubin Nan
Published: May 2009

Television production has shifted rapidly from an analog process to one where virtually all programs are created and finalized as digital files. Such productions in public television are at great risk of being lost, because practices for long-term preservation of digital video are just now emerging, and because there is no mandate for preservation within the public broadcasting system. NDIIPP funded Preserving Digital Public Television, a partnership between WNET-TV in New York, WGBH-TV in Boston, PBS and New York University, to build a model preservation repository for digital video files and to examine the broader issues related to operating such a repository. In addition to designing the repository itself, the project became a lead advocate for adopting technical and metadata standards across the television field. The project also successfully challenged the public television system to recognize that preservation is necessary to keep digital productions alive. This resulted in public broadcasting allocating money for the first time to launch an initiative with a goal of properly managing its collective archival holdings.
NDIIPP Partner Perspectives on Economic Sustainability
Authors: LeFurgy William G.
Published: May 2009

This article presents results from the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) Digital Preservation Sustainability Working Group survey, conducted in 2007. The Library of Congress initiated the working group to gather information about significant issues relating to the economic sustainability of activities that support digital stewardship. The group decided the most useful method to collect information was through a series of structured telephone interviews involving several open-ended questions. Eleven NDIIPP partners were invited to participate. Interviews gathered qualitative information about a variety of economic sustainability issues, including developing business cases, implementing business models, measuring costs, and developing a stable economic basis for digital preservation programs. Survey results revealed a mix of consensus and division on various issues and shed interesting light upon the sustainability of preservation programs generally. The article provides an overview of the survey and its methodology, categorizes the responses, and draws some high-level conclusions. While the survey results should be viewed within the context of NDIIPP, they may be useful for archives, libraries, and other preservation institutions as they consider economic sustainability issues.
The Web-at-Risk at Three: Overview of an NDIIPP Web Archiving Initiative
Authors: Seneca Tracy
Published: May 2009

The Web-at-Risk project is a multi-year National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) funded effort to enable librarians and archivists to capture, curate, and preserve political and government information on the Web, and to make the resulting Web archives available to researchers. The Web-at-Risk project is a collaborative effort between the California Digital Library, New York University Libraries, the Stanford School of Computer Science, and the University of North Texas Libraries. Web-at-Risk is a multifaceted project that involves software development, integration of open-source solutions, and extensive needs assessment and collection planning work with the project's curatorial partners. A major outcome of this project is the Web Archiving Service (WAS), a Web archiving curatorial tool developed at the California Digital Library. This paper will examine both the Web-at-Risk project overall, how Web archiving fits into existing collection development practices, and the Web Archiving Service workflow, features, and technical approach. Issues addressed will include how the reliance on existing technologies both benefited and hindered the project, and how curator feedback shaped WAS design. Finally, the challenges faced and future directions for the project will be examined.
The Web Archives Workbench (WAW) Tool Suite: Taking an Archival Approach to the Preservation of Web Content
Authors: Hswe Patricia , Kaczmarek Joanne , Houser Leah , Eke Janet
Published: May 2009

The ECHO DEPository (also known as ECHO DEP, an abbreviation for Exploring Collaborations to Harvest Objects in a Digital Environment for Preservation) is an NDIIPP-partner project led by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in collaboration with OCLC and a consortium of partners, including five state libraries and archives. A core deliverable of the project's first phase was OCLC's development of the Web Archives Workbench (WAW), an open-source suite of Web archiving tools for identifying, describing, and harvesting Web-based content for ingestion into an external digital repository. Released in October 2007, the suite is designed to bridge the gap between manual selection and automated capture based on the "Arizona Model," which applies a traditional aggregate-based archival approach to Web archiving. Aggregate-based archiving refers to archiving items by group or in series, rather than individually. Core functionality of the suite includes the ability to identify Web content of potential interest through crawls of "seed" URLs and the domains they link to; tools for creating and managing metadata for association with harvested objects; website structural analysis and visualization to aid human content selection decisions; and packaging using a PREMIS-based METS profile developed by the ECHO DEPository to support easier ingestion into multiple repositories. This article provides background on the Arizona Model; an overview of how the tools work and their technical implementation; and a brief summary of user feedback from testing and implementing the tools.
Distributed Digital Preservation: Private LOCKSS Networks as Business, Social, and Technical Frameworks
Authors: Reich Victoria , Rosenthal David
Published: May 2009

The Library of Congress' National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) has helped underwrite the development of highly targeted collaborative preservation networks among content sites with common interests in specialized subject areas. Today, institutions worldwide have tapped the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) Program's innovative approach to distributed digital preservation to accomplish a variety of business, social, and technical pursuits. LOCKSS technology enables nontechnical administrators to create and manage their own preservation network via a "Private LOCKSS Network" (PLN). A PLN is a scaled down version of the public LOCKSS network, which comprises two hundred library members and preserves over a thousand titles from more than three hundred publishers. PLNs enable like-minded institutions to shoulder the responsibility of preserving in perpetuity scholarly e-content of importance to the group. More and more research organizations are discovering the benefits of PLNs to address their collection and preservation needs.
Expanding the Preservation Network: Lessons from Portico
Authors: Kirchhoff Amy J.
Published: May 2009

Portico, a digital preservation archive for the scholarly community and a National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) partner, has successfully extended the NDIIPP network to include a diverse and broad set of publishers and libraries through the development of a model that encourages institutions of all sizes to participate in digital preservation. Over the past two and a half years of archive operations, Portico has learned a number of lessons—most importantly that responsiveness to community needs is key to successful preservation.
The National Geospatial Digital Archives—Collection Development: Lessons Learned
Authors: Erwin Tracey , Sweetkind-Singer Julie , Larsgaard Mary Lynette
Published: May 2009

There are many similarities between building a geospatial digital archive and building a hard-copy map collection, and two major ones are the necessity to have a collection development policy and the amount of hard work required to seek out and acquire the resources. Two institutions, University of California at Santa Barbara and Stanford University, the initial partners in the National Geospatial Digital Archives (NGDA), chose to collect digital data that was in line with each library's standard collection strengths and responsibilities. Collection development policies were written for the project as a whole and for each partner institution. While based on traditional paper map policies, these geospatial collection development policies are tailored specifically for digital data by including sections on metadata, versioning, file formats, proprietary formats, data set size, and ownership/access considerations. During the acquisition phase of the contract a considerable amount has been learned about file formats, data acquisition of compressed vs. uncompressed files, short-term storage prior to repository ingest, and metadata creation. While metadata creation at the collection-level/series-level has been relatively easy the acquisition phase has underscored the challenges inherent in creating accurate item-level metadata. One of the central findings of the NGDA experience is that format information is vital for long-term preservation. Thus, the need to understand file formats and specifications has led to the creation of a format registry specifically for geospatial materials.
A Partnership Framework for Geospatial Data Preservation in North Carolina
Authors: Morris Steve , Tuttle James , Essic Jefferson
Published: May 2009

The North Carolina Geospatial Data Archiving Project (NCGDAP) is a joint project of the NC State University Libraries and the NC Center for Geographic Information and Analysis focusing on collection and preservation of state and local agency digital geospatial data resources. The project is being carried out in collaboration with the Library of Congress under the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) in a partnership with the NC OneMap initiative, a statewide framework for data coordination and distribution. A core project objective is the engagement of established spatial data infrastructure in the challenge of long-term preservation of digital geospatial data. Key issues related to engaging spatial data infrastructure include initiation of data inventories, development of content exchange networks, cultivation of metadata standards and practices, and leveraging the experience of agencies that are already making efforts to retain historical data. The NCGDAP work triggered the creation of new data preservation partnerships both within the state and across a set of states that are participating in a new NDIIPP Multistate initiative.
NDIIPP Models for Mass Data Transmission and Storage
Authors: Ashenfelder Mike , Boyko Andy , Mandelbaum Jane , Minor David , McDonald Robert , Moore Richard
Published: May 2009

Preservation of digital content into the future will rely on the ability of institutions to provide robust system infrastructures that leverage the use of distributed and shared services and tools. The academic, nonprofit, and government entities that make up the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) partner network have been working toward an architecture that can provide for reliable redundant geographically dispersed copies of their digital content. The NDIIPP program has conducted a set of initiatives that have enabled partners to better understand the requirements for effective collection interchange. The NDIIPP program partnered with the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) to determine the feasibility of data transmission and storage utilizing the best of breed technologies inherent to U.S. high-speed research networks and high-performance computing data storage infrastructures. The results of this partnership guided the development of the Library of Congress's cyberinfrastructure and its approach to network data transfer. Other NDIIPP partners, too, are researching a range of network architecture models for data exchange and storage. All of these explorations will build toward the development of best practices for sustainable interoperability and storage solutions.
Developments in Digital Preservation at the University of Illinois: The Hub and Spoke Architecture for Supporting Repository Interoperability and Emerging Preservation Standards
Authors: Habing Thomas , Eke Janet , Cordial Matthew A. , Ingram William , Manaster Robert
Published: May 2009

Funded by the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP), the ECHO DEPository Project supports the digital preservation efforts of the Library of Congress by contributing research and software to help society GET, SAVE, and KEEP its digital cultural heritage. Project activities include building Web archiving tools, evaluating existing repository software, developing architectures to enhance existing repositories' interoperability and preservation features, and modeling next-generation repositories for supporting long-term preservation. This article describes the development of the Hub and Spoke (HandS) Tool Suite, built to help curators of digital objects manage content in multiple repository systems while preserving valuable preservation metadata. Implementing METS and PREMIS, HandS provides a standards-based method for packaging content that allows digital objects to be moved between repositories more easily while supporting the collection of technical and provenance information crucial for long-term preservation. Related project work investigating the more fundamental semantic issues underlying the preservation of the meaning of digital objects over time is profiled separately in this issue (Dubin et al., 2009).
Robust Tools and Services for Long-Term Preservation of Digital Information
Authors: JaJa Joseph , Song Sangchul
Published: May 2009

An unprecedented amount of digital information, appearing on a daily basis, needs to be archived and preserved over long time periods. Such information covers major facets of human activities such as business exchanges and electronic commerce, cultural and social interactions, e-government and legal proceedings, scientific studies and data collections, and even personal data such as digital photos and videos. It has been widely recognized that digital preservation is in general a very challenging process that requires innovations in institutional and business models, technology infrastructure, and social and legal frameworks.
Preserving Meaning, Not Just Objects: Semantics and Digital Preservation
Authors: Dubin David , Futrelle Joe , Plutchak Joel , Eke Janet
Published: May 2009

The ECHO DEPository project is a digital preservation research and development project funded by the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) and administered by the Library of Congress. A key goal of this project is to investigate both practical solutions for supporting digital preservation activities today, and the more fundamental research questions underlying the development of the next generation of digital preservation systems. To support on-the-ground preservation efforts in existing technical and organizational environments, we have developed tools to help curators collect and manage Web-based digital resources, such as the Web Archives Workbench (Kaczmarek et al., 2008), and to enhance existing repositories' support for interoperability and emerging preservation standards, such as the Hub and Spoke Tool Suite (Habing et al., 2008). In the longer term, however, we recognize that successful digital preservation activities will require a more precise and complete account of the meaning of relationships within and among digital objects. This article describes project efforts to identify the core underlying semantic issues affecting long-term digital preservation, and to model how semantic inference may help next-generation archives head off long-term preservation risks.
Recent Studies in Tudor and Stuart Drama
Authors: White Paul Whitfield
Published: May 2009

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of Tudor and Stuart drama and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Making “Young Hamlet”
Authors: Harkins Matthew
Published: May 2009

While youth’s subordinate position in Hamlet has played a vital role within the play’s critical tradition, this tradition has not questioned the ideological processes that create “youth” as a social category—that define what youth means, whom it includes, and why. Rather than portray an archetypal contest between the young and the old or portray Hamlet’s developmental progression from youth to maturity, the play examines the production and application of these categories as political phenomena. By exposing the circumscribed logic that produces these categories, Hamlet fractures the ideological justifications for early modern constructions of youth and age.
Staging the Jesuitess in A Game at Chess
Authors: Bicks Caroline
Published: May 2009

This essay explores early modern reactions to the “Jesuitess” Mary Ward’s theatrical training of English girls in her Catholic schools on the Continent. I argue that the negative response to Ward’s work from her English countrymen sprang from their fears that she was teaching girls how to insinuate themselves back into English homes and enflame others to apostasy. This rubric opens up new possibilities for reading the Jesuitess Black Queen’s Pawn in Middleton’s A Game at Chess . Her relationship with the White Queen’s Pawn (an allegory for Devotion to the Anglican Church) plays out concerns about Ward’s corruption—through theatrical training—of English virgins, English homes, and the English Church.
Allusion and Sacrifice in Titus Andronicus
Authors: St. Hilaire Danielle A.
Published: May 2009

This essay defends Shakespeare’s character Titus Andronicus against recent criticism by arguing that the calamitous events in Titus Andronicus are not caused by Titus behaving badly but by the construction of the play around a textual tradition that offers only sacrifice as an alternative to war. By demonstrating how Titus’s actions might be read plausibly as the best possible reactions to an already bad situation, I argue that the greatest force of violence in the play is misreading and that the play’s ultimate question is how a peaceful future can grow out of a bloody past.
Dramatic Nostalgia and Spectacular Conversion in Dekker and Massinger’s The Virgin Martyr
Authors: Pickett Holly Crawford
Published: May 2009

Critical debates about Thomas Dekker and Philip Massinger’s The Virgin Martyr (1620) often center on the play’s Protestant or Catholic sympathies, but the play’s treatment of religious conversion complicates that debate. The play portrays serial or vacillating converts who not only defy easy doctrinal categorization, but also raise questions about the nature and verifiability of conversion. Namely, the play critiques early modern conversion culture by warning about the abuses of pseudoreasonable religious rhetoric and, finally, by embracing a nostalgically visionary paradigm of religious change.
Jacob and Esau and the Iconoclasm of Merit
Authors: Curran John E.
Published: May 2009

This article contends that the mid-Tudor interlude Jacob and Esau , long known to have a Protestant slant, promotes a Calvinistic doctrine of election consonant with Edwardian theology and that in doing so it also enacts a rare kind of iconoclastic drama. The play invalidates the very discriminations between the brothers it seems to encourage us to make. This building up only to break down the differences between the elect and the reprobate proves God’s judgments to be unresponsive to human merits and utterly inscrutable, even as it prompts the audience to beware of the limits of perception and the dangers of appearances.
Music and the Crisis of Meaning in Othello
Authors: Minear Erin
Published: May 2009

The Tragedy of Othello, The Moor of Venice has been called Shakespeare’s most musical tragedy, but critics examining the role of music in the play have tended to use the word in very different and even contradictory ways. This essay argues that the actual, verbal, and symbolic musics of the play cannot be kept separate—but nor should their conflation be taken for granted. In Othello , the confusion of literal and figurative music generates an interpretive crisis in which the play’s own language and the way it communicates meaning and events to an audience are implicated.
The Malignant Scapegoats of King Lear
Authors: Cohen Derek
Published: May 2009

There are ten recorded deaths in King Lear: those of Lear, Goneril, Regan, the Duke of Cornwall, Cordelia, the Earl of Gloucester, Edmund, Oswald, the unseen and unnamed man who kills Cordelia, and Cornwall’s Servant. Of these, the only deaths that take place onstage, in sight of the audience, are those of Lear, Oswald, and Cornwall’s Servant. Cornwall himself receives his death blow onstage, but he exits with Regan and dies offstage. Edmund is borne offstage to die, while Cordelia is killed offstage and her body is carried onstage in the last scene. The paradox of death’s unknowability, coupled with its promiscuous ubiquity in tragedy is enacted again and again in the play, stressing the paradox with each example and further complicating the mystery that arises out of the ubiquity of death in life and art. We, the living, know we must die but have no way of knowing what death is or means beyond the obvious-but-culturally-determined perception that death is or seems to be opposite to life.
Thomas Heywood in the House of the Wise-woman
Authors: Gibbons Daniel R.
Published: May 2009

In The Wise-woman of Hogsdon , Thomas Heywood deploys the bawdy space of the Wise-woman’s house not only to defend the stage by turning the puritanical association of theaters and brothels on its head, but also to envision an alternative communal authority uniquely suited to the spatial and semiotic instability of early modern urban life. Heywood’s play, while critical of both ecclesiastical and secular authorities, is ultimately traditionalist in its assertion that the kind of multivocal meaning making that is possible only in a dramatic, heterotopic space advances the cause of social stability when the normative authorities prove corrupt or impotent.
The Roaring Girl ’s London Spaces
Authors: Stage Kelly J.
Published: May 2009

This paper reframes the critical debate surrounding Moll Cutpurse in The Roaring Girl by examining her navigation of the play’s staged spaces. Critical attention has often fixated on Moll as either a subversive or a submissive figure. This article changes the focus of the debate by analyzing Moll’s interventions in social practices and social structures through three overlapping spatial analyses. Moll’s placelessness in her own world and her ability to manipulate the social show the play’s construction of urban space (London) as a network of disparate social structures.
Records of Rhodophyta new to the flora of the Iberian Atlantic coast
Authors: Berecibar Estibaliz , Wynne Michael J. , Bárbara Ignacio , Santos Rui
Published: May 2009

In this study, 10 new records of subtidal Rhodophyta are given for the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula. Most of these species of benthic marine algae are characteristic of temperate regions. Two were known previously only for the Mediterranean Sea (Gelidium bipectinatumandGloiocladia microspora), and their distribution into the Atlantic Ocean has been enlarged in this study. The northern distribution limits in the Atlantic Ocean of six other species (Nemastoma dichotomum,Predaea ollivieri,Predaea pusilla,Platoma cyclocolpa,Sebdenia dichotoma, andSebdenia rodrigueziana) and the southern distribution limit of another species (Schmitzia neapolitana) have been expanded. Description, habitats, and distributions of the species are also given.
Lomentaria benahoarensis (Lomentariaceae, Rhodophyta), a diminutive epiphytic new species from La Palma, Canary Islands (eastern Atlantic Ocean)
Authors: Afonso-Carrillo Julio , Sangil Carlos , Sansón Marta
Published: May 2009

The marine red alga Lomentaria benahoarensis sp. nov. from the Canary Islands is described. Plants grow epiphytically on Corallina elongata forming turfs of creeping axes attached by lateral discoid holdfasts and erect axes up to 12 mm high. Erect axes are terete to slightly compressed, 200–300(–1000) μm broad, radially branched up to three orders, with laterals progressively thinner, constricted only at the bases of terminal axes. The cortex is three-layered with the outermost cortical cells arranged in a near-continuous surface layer. Medullary filaments form a loose network of narrow elongate cells, which bear secretory cells. Gametophytes are dioecious with spermatangia formed in continuous spermatangial sori; cystocarps are urceolate and ostiolate. Tetrasporangia are subspherical and formed in depressed rounded sori in slightly swollen regions in the middle of fertile terminal axes. The new species has no single unique feature, but differs from the other Lomentaria species by a distinctive combination of attributes. Closest related species to Lomentaria benahoarensis appear to be L. corallicola, L. gracillima, L. monochlamydea, L. orcadensis, L. rawitscheri, and L. tenerrima. Although all these species have a diminutive, decumbent habit and lack regular constrictions in axes, the number of cortical cell layers and the arrangement of outer cortical cells distinguish them.
Morphology and anatomy of Halymenia actinophysa (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta) from the southwestern Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Hernández-Kantun Jazmín J. , Riosmena-Rodriguez Rafael , León-Cisneros Karla
Published: May 2009

The original description of Halymenia actinophysa was based on few thalli and limited characteristics. Moreover, later descriptions seem to have included more than one species; the confusion of identity was exacerbated by the lack of carposporangial material. From 1995 to 2006, extensive collections of this species were made at several locations (including the type locality) in the southwestern part of the Gulf of California. The study focused on gametangial material. Our aim was to analyze the morphology and anatomy of this species (based on vegetative and reproductive features) to better understand species discrimination. Halymenia actinophysa is a foliose alga with orbiculate to elliptical ruffled blades and a gelatinous, membranous, slippery frond texture. In transverse section, the blade has a thickness of 150–300 μm, a cortex with one or two rounded or elongated cells and an internal layer with elongated, stellate cells connected to the anticlinal filaments of the medulla. Reproductive anatomy is in agreement with the modern concept of the genus and supports the concept that earlier descriptions comprised a mixture of species. The present study strongly suggests the need for a formal review of the genus Halymenia in the Gulf of California to delimit the species and to relate them to other genera of the same family.
Baseball-Related Injuries to Children Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments in the United States, 1994–2006
Authors: Lawson Bradley R. , Comstock R. Dawn , Smith Gary A.
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE. To describe the epidemiology of baseball-related injuries among children in the United States.

METHODS. This was a retrospective analysis of data for children younger than 18 years of age from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) of the Consumer Product Safety Commission from 1994 through 2006. Sample weights provided by the NEISS were used to calculate national estimates of baseball-related injuries. Injury rates were calculated according to age group by using both population and baseball-participation data.

RESULTS. An estimated 1 596 000 (95% confidence interval: 1 330 100–1 861 800) children younger than 18 years were treated in US hospital emergency departments for baseball-related injuries during the 13-year period from 1994 through 2006. During the study period, the annual number of injuries declined by 24.9%, and the annual injury rate for children younger than 18 years decreased significantly (P < .000). The most commonly injured body parts were the face (33.5%) and the upper extremity (32.4%). The most common injury diagnoses were soft tissue injury (34.3%) and fracture (18.4%). The most common mechanism of injury was being hit by the baseball (46.0%). Children in the 9- to 12-year age group had the highest injury rate (2.4 per 1000 population). When injury rates were calculated by using baseball-participation data (2003), children in the 12- to 17-year age group had a higher injury rate (19.8 per 1000 participants) than those in the 6- to 11-year age group (12.1 per 1000 participants).

CONCLUSIONS. Youth baseball is a relatively safe sport for children. Although injury rates and the total number of injuries declined during the study period, our findings indicate that there are opportunities for making baseball an even safer sport for children. We recommend that all youth baseball players wear properly fitted mouth guards, that all leagues, schools, and parks install safety bases, that all batters use helmets with face shields, and that all players use safety baseballs.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of Different Methods Used to Estimate Weights in the Pediatric Population
Authors: So Tsz-Yin , Farrington Elizabeth , Absher Randall K.
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive accuracy of 3 methods (Broselow tape, Leffler formula, and Theron formula) for pediatric weight estimation to identify factors that can influence weight estimation, and to derive alternative models for such estimation if indicated.

METHODS. This was a prospective, nonblinded observational study. Every patient in the cohort was ≤10 years of age. The patients’ age and height were used to estimate their weight by using the 3 previously mentioned methods. These estimated weights were compared with the patients’ actual weight by using the modified Bland-Altman method.

RESULTS. One thousand eleven subjects were included. Percent differences between predicted and actual weight were significantly less using the Broselow tape compared with other methods for patients weighing <10 or 10 to 25 kg and for the Theron formula compared with other methods for patients weighing >40 kg. For patients weighing 25.1 to 40 kg, performance of the Broselow tape and Leffler method were similar, and both were superior to the Theron formula. Three weight predictors (age, gender, and ethnicity) were identified, and 2 new weight-estimation models were derived from the cohort.

CONCLUSIONS. The Broselow tape is accurate for weight estimation in children ≤25 kg, but the Theron formula performs better with patients weighing >40 kg. The Broselow tape was not statistically superior to the Leffler formula in subjects weighing 25.1 to 40 kg. A separate cohort is needed to evaluate the validity of the alternative predictive formulae.