bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ulnar and Median Nerve Abnormalities in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Georgiew Filip , Maciejczak Andrzej , Florek Jakub , Kotela Ireneusz
Published: November 2020

Background. Nerve compression underlying carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) results in an increase in the threshold of superficial sensation in the area supplied by the median nerve, which is a mixed nerve dominated by sensory fibres. The distribution of sensory symptoms is strongly dependent on the degree of electrophysiological dysfunction of the median nerve. The association between carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar nerve entrapment at wrist level is still unclear. Patho­logical processes leading to median neuropathy in CTS may affect ulnar nerve motor and sensory fibers in the Guyon canal. This may explain the extra-median spread of sensory symptoms in CTS patients.
Material and methods. The study involved 88 patients (104 hands), with 70 women (83 hands) and 18 men (21 hands) aged between 25 and 77 years. 50 age- and sex-matched subjects without carpal tunnel syndrome were used as a control group. The diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome was made according to the criteria of the American Academy of Neurology 1993 guidelines. Based on the results of an ENG trace evaluating the degree of conduction disturbances in the median nerve, the patients were classified to one of three severity subgroups. The threshold of sensory excitability to pulsed current was determined in a test with single 100 ms rectangular pulses.
Conclusions. 1. The threshold of sensation in the fingers innervated by the median and ulnar nerve is significantly lon­ger in patients with CTS than in controls. 2. Surgical treatment decreases the threshold of sensation in the fingers innervated by the median nerve. 3. Surgical treatment does not decrease the threshold of sensation in the fingers innervated by the ul­nar nerve. 4. The preoperative and postoperative threshold of sensation in the fingers innervated by the median and ulnar nerve is significantly longer in patients with severe carpal tunnel than in mild and moderate cases.
Współczesne procesy suburbanizacji w kontekście historycznych miast-ogrodów na przykładzie Szczecina
Authors: Gościniak Małgorzata
Published: November 2020

W oparciu o założenia Ebenezera Howarda dotyczące projektowania nowej wizji miast w formie miast-ogrodów w Szczecinie na początku XX wieku powstały kameralne osiedla mieszkaniowe na niegdysiejszych obrzeżach miasta. Dziś, po około 100 latach od ich utworzenia, dzielnice te są integralną częścią tkanki miejskiej. Ich willowy charakter, dojrzała zieleń i bliskość centrum miasta powodują, że są one najbardziej pożądanymi miejscami do zamieszkania. W zestawieniu z intensywnym rozwojem mieszkalnych suburbiów Szczecina obserwujemy liczne różnice, które pozwolą nam zrozumieć fenomen ponad stuletnich dzielnic, a zarazem będą stanowiły wytyczne do planowania i uniknięcia ponownych błędów w zagospodarowaniu przedmieść miasta.
Chemistry and Technology of Wine Aging with Oak Chips
Authors: Petrozziello Maurizio , Nardi Tiziana , Asproudi Andriani , Carla Cravero Maria , Bonello Federica
Published: November 2020

The use of wood chips is a common winemaking practice that has been permitted in Europe since the early 2000s. The use of oak chips, or other wood alternative products, has not always been favorably viewed by both producers and wine consumers. Beyond possible misuse, however, wood chips are a useful tool for the optimal achievement of numerous oenological objectives, including the extraction of certain volatile odor compounds from oak wood chips as well as compounds that will improve wine quality. This chapter deals with the main oenological uses of oak wood chips, the chemical transformations that underlie this practice and the effect of their utilization on wine quality. A final aspect concerns the main compositional and sensory differences between wines aged in barrel and those aged with alternative products, as well as the discriminative analytical methods used for this purpose.
Chapter Review on Computer Simulation of Melt Spinning: A System of Systems Perspective
Authors: Yilie Limeneh Derseh , Tiessasie Yilma Kelem
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses an approach for process simulation in the design of melt spinning process for finding optimal design parameters concerning spinneret, quench air unit and other technical parameters for maximum throughput and quality. The property of as-spun fiber is a function of structural parameters at a given condition and orientation of the structural parameter and it is highly governed by stress level at freeze line. Thus, to define structural property and associated relationship, it requires to identify the process to control the variables (or factors) that affect the structural parameter as well as final fiber property. In addition, this chapter also provides a System-of-Systems (SOS) perspective on melt spinning process and its computer modeling along with mathematical equations for estimating spinline stress with a change in process variables. The spinline stress will be used as an input for a computer simulation to have process optimization by changing the necessary variables until it optimized.
Existence, Uniqueness and Approximate Solutions of Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Harir Atimad , Melliani Said , Saadia Chadli Lalla
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the Cauchy problem of fuzzy fractional differential equations Tγut=Ftut, ut0=u0, with fuzzy conformable fractional derivative (γ-differentiability, where γ∈01) are introduced. We study the existence and uniqueness of solutions and approximate solutions for the fuzzy-valued mappings of a real variable, we prove some results by applying the embedding theorem, and the properties of the fuzzy solution are investigated and developed. Also, we show the relation between a solution and its approximate solutions to the fuzzy fractional differential equations of order γ.
Comparative Analysis Carried Out on Modern Indentation Techniques for the Measurement of Mechanical Properties: A Review
Authors: Rouf Saquib , Altaf Sobura , Malik Shezan , Ahmad Najar Kaleem , Shah M.A.
Published: November 2020

Nowadays many indentation techniques are being commonly employed for determining some mechanical properties (harness, elastic modulus, toughness, etc.) using simple method of measuring the indentation depth. On the basis of measurement of depth of penetration, indentation technique has be classified into major categories i.e. microindentation and nanoindentation. Nanoindentation technique uses indirect method of determining the contact area as the depth of penetration is measured in nanometers, while in conventional indentation the area in contact is measured by elementary measurement of the residual area after the indenter is removed from the specimen. Dynamic hardness is the best result of dynamic indentation which can be expressed as the ratio of energy consumed during a rapid indentation to the volume of indentation. The parameter which are taken into consideration are indentation depth, contact force, contact area, mean contact pressure.
A Routine Activity Analysis of Selected Rape Cases during COVID-19 Lockdown in Nigeria
Authors: Tade Oludayo
Published: November 2020

Using five popular rape victimisation cases which occurred during COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria, this paper shows how the mastery of routines of rape victims by sexual predators enhanced the success of rape victimisation. Elements of routine activity theory such as motivated offender, attractive targets and absence of capable guardianship is used to analyse each case to signpost and underscore the importance and centrality of active capable guardianship to dislodge and neutralise rape offenders’ routine mastery around attractive targets. The paper recommends mounting capable guardianship to checking growing menace of rape in Nigeria. Attractive target should eliminate risky routines and poisonous relationship which could enhance their chances of sexual violation.
Photo-Processes as Effective and Low-Cost Methods for Laundry Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Tri Wahyuni Endang
Published: November 2020

In this chapter, surfactants as cleansing agent in detergent used in laundry, are described. The negative effects of the laundry wastewater on the environment and human health are highlighted. Several methods examined for laundry wastewater treatment are also illustrated. Among the treatment methods, photo-process in the presence of TiO2 photocatalyst and Fenton reagents are described in more detail. Furthermore, the factors influencing the effectiveness of photo-process including reagent dose, reaction time, and pH are discussed. Additionally, modifications of the photo-process to improve its performance that is associated with effectiveness and operational cost are also demonstrated. The photo-methods discussed in this chapter offered low-cost due to simplicity and effective technique for treating the laundry wastewater.
How to Do CSR with Dialogic Meeting Talk: A Conceptual Framework for Managing Change in Cross-Sector Social Partnerships
Authors: Thomsen Christa
Published: November 2020

Within the theoretical framework of Cross-Sector Social Partnerships [CSSPs], strategic communication and dialogue and by use of an example drawn from a case study of a CSSP, this article argues that Corporate Social Responsibility [CSR] initiatives are best developed in partnership-wide meetings involving relevant stakeholders. Importantly, it proposes a framework for analysis. Following a theoretical discussion of the interconnectedness of CSSPs, strategic communication and dialogue, the article outlines a framework for analysis. It delineates the potential of the framework through an analysis of a partnership-wide dialogue conducted in a local CSSP at a seminar/meeting dealing with the creation of common understanding for a social inclusion project among internal and external stakeholders. The analytical findings support the main argument and the conceptual endeavor by illustrating how common understanding of the need for social inclusion is constructed through a partnership-wide meeting organized as dialogue.
Association of Personal Anxiety with Dopamine Receptor D4 (DRD4), DAT Genes Polymorphism
Authors: V. Gafarov Valery , A. Gromova Elena , N. Maksimov Vladimir , V. Gagulin Igor , V. Gafarova Almira
Published: November 2020

Modern studies in the world have attached high priority to the role of genetics in human psychosocial stress. People who have strong biochemical responses to stress are more inclined to develop acute and posttraumatic stress disorders. Why do such unusually strong biological reactions occur in certain people? Psychogenetics focuses on many aspects: personality traits that can affect human behavior directly. Their individual variability has been found to be a genetic trait. At present we already know a number of genes, certain allelic variants and genotypes associated with some neuropsychological characters. Among these are genes encoding intracellular and plasma protein neurotransmitter transporters and their receptors; to date, there are only several dozen genes. Of particular interest are dopaminergic system genes. However, information about the polymorphism of known genes associated with personality traits is quite limited and contradictory for open population. Under these circumstances, the chapter is devoted to the association of polymorphisms of candidate genes of the dopaminergic system with anxiety in the open population.
Alternative News and Misinterpretations: Fake News and Its Spread in Nigeria
Authors: Otulugbu Dumebi
Published: November 2020

Down the ages and across cultures, information has occupied a very crucial space in the life of any society. Today, our world with the speed in technological advancements is characterised with easy access to the collecting, refining and distribution of information. This has left media houses especially the large ones with the burden of competing with alternative media, as media producers abuse the privilege in liberal democracies that is granted citizens as regards human rights and freedom, as the rate of disseminating false information continues to grow. This piece attempts at stating clearly information on fake news, misinformation and hate speeches as disseminated globally in the guise of media scientists, showing the means through which this end is met, especially with the easy that comes with the use of social media and in the end, showing the challenges and risks that are resultant effects of this acts.
Magnetic Field Application to Increase Yield of Microalgal Biomass in Biofuel Production
Authors: Oliveira Santos Lucielen , Garcia Pereira Silva Pedro , Silva Costa Sharlene , Blumberg Machado Taiele
Published: November 2020

Use of fuels from non-renewable sources has currently been considered unsustainable due to the exhaustion of supplies and environmental impacts caused by them. Climate change has concerned and triggered environmental policies that favor research on clean and renewable energy sources. Thus, production of third generation biofuels is a promising path in the biofuel industry. To yield this type of biofuels, microalgae should be highlighted because this raw material contains important biomolecules, such as carbohydrates and lipids. Technological approaches have been developed to improve microalgal cultivation under ecological conditions, such as light intensity, temperature, pH and concentrations of micro and macronutrients. Thus, magnetic field application to microalgal cultivation has become a viable alternative to obtain high yields of biomass concentration and accumulation of carbohydrates and lipids.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Low-Dose Naloxone for the Prevention of Acute Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia for Laparotomy
Authors: Makarem Jalil , Majedi Hossein , Bahmaee Fateme , Mireskandari Seyed Mohammad , Amraei Fatemeh , Yousefshahi Fardin , Jafarzadeh Afshin , Karvandian Kasra , Samadi Shahram
Published: November 2020

Background: Hyperalgesia is a major complication of continuous or intermittent opioid administration. The evidence suggests that concomitant administration of low-dose naloxone could prevent the development of acute opioid-induced hyperalgesia, with no effect on pain control. Objectives: The current study aimed to assess the effects of intraoperative low-dose naloxone, adding to remifentanil infusion on preventing acute postoperative hyperalgesia in patients undergoing general anesthesia for laparotomy. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, patients undergoing general anesthesia for laparotomic hysterectomy in a tertiary referral teaching hospital from February to December 2019 were randomly assigned to one of three groups of remifentanil-naloxone (remifentanil 0.3 μg/ kg/min with low-dose naloxone 0.25μg/kg /h prepared in 50 mL of normal saline), remifentanil (0.3 μg/kg/min), and control (receiving 50 mL saline infusion), intraoperatively. Patients and researchers were blinded to the type of intervention. The severity of hyperalgesia, as the main outcome, was evaluated by the static Tactile test. The severity of pain was assessed by visual analogous scale 0.5, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery. Results: In total, 75 patients were evaluated. The results showed no difference concerning the independent variables (age, body mass index, hypertension, surgery duration, anesthesia duration, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class) between the three groups. Heart rate was significantly different in all study time points between the three groups (P < 0.001), but mean arterial pressure and systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) throughout the study. Assessment of hyperalgesia using the tactile test revealed a higher incidence of hyperalgesia in the remifentanil group in 0.5, 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery compared to the other two groups, which was statistically significant between the groups at 0.5, 2, and 6 hours after surgery (P < 0.05). Shivering incidence, Morphine dose in 24 hours post-surgery, morphine dose in the recovery room, and VAS for pain were significantly different during the study between the three groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the efficacy of intraoperative low-dose naloxone (0.25 μg/kg/h) added to remifentanil infusion on reducing the frequency and severity of acute postoperative hyperalgesia in patients undergoing general anesthesia for laparotomy hysterectomy.
Stop Telling Me What to Feel!
Authors: Pickard Hanna ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

“Don’t be jealous of your sister.” “Don’t be angry with your father.” “You should be more forgiving.” “You ought to feel terrible for what you’ve done.” “You ought to feel ashamed of yourself!” It is common practice within our society to morally reprimand people for their emotions, thereby expressing a kind of moralism: the idea that there are morally right and morally wrong ways to feel. Drawing on an alternative way of engaging with emotions derived from my experience working clinically with people with personality disorders, I argue against the value of this common practice and the moralization of emotions that underpins it. Stop telling people what to feel!
Metacognitive Skill and the Therapeutic Regulation of Emotion
Authors: Zawidzki Tad ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by problems with emotion regulation. Well-known therapeutic interventions include exclusively discursive therapies, like classical psychoanalysis, and exclusively noncognitive therapies, like psycho-pharmaceuticals. These forms of therapy are compatible with different theories of emotion: discursive therapy is a natural ally of cognitive theories, like Nussbaum’s (2009), according to which emotions are forms of judgment, while psycho-pharmacological intervention is a natural ally of noncognitive theories, like Prinz’s (2006), according to which emotions are forms of stimulus-dependent perception. I explore a third alternative: the therapeutic regulation of emotion as the development of metacognitive skills. This is a natural characterization of newer forms of therapy that are increasingly prescribed, like so-called Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and other mindfulness-inspired interventions. I argue that these newer forms of therapy make sense if we conceive of emotion as neither a form of judgment nor a form of perception, but, rather, as a variety of what Gendler calls “alief ” (2008). As Gendler notes, although aliefs do not succumb to direct rational regulation, they can be trained. Thus, if we conceive of emotions as aliefs, we can make sense of their therapeutic regulation through the development of metacognitive skills. Drawing on recent philosophical analyses of skill, as well as empirical paradigms in emotion regulation, and Buddhist characterizations of meditative practice, I sketch a characterization of metacognitive skill, and conclude with some reflections on the advantages of conceiving of psychotherapy as the development of metacognitive skills.
On the Affect of Security
Authors: Wonderly Monique ,   University of Arkansas Press
Published: November 2020

In the contemporary philosophical literature, the topic of security has been largely neglected, and this is especially true of the affect of security. In what follows, I aim to nudge the affect of security toward the philosophical foreground by offering a basic analysis of (one sense of ) this attitude. Specifically, I sketch an account on which the affect of security is helpfully construed as a feeling of confidence in one’s ability to competently and effectively exercise one’s agency. Security, so construed, is an affective attitude toward one’s agency that both admits of affect regulation and plays a crucial meta-affective regulatory role in facilitating and modulating other affective dispositions and occurrent emotions. Examining this attitude can help to illuminate both the phenomenology and motivational structure of agency and the nature of certain emotions.
Kathy Peiss. Information Hunters: When Librarians, Soldiers, and Spies Banded Together in World War II Europe.
Authors: Youngblood Joshua
Published: November 2020

Searching for vital intelligence behind enemy lines, inventing essential technology in the nick of time, and saving priceless relics from unknown and treacherous fates: librarians and other pioneers on the leading edge of information science take center stage in a global clash between democratic freedom and authoritarianism in Information Hunters. Eminent historian of American culture Kathy Peiss has provided a scholarly work to foreground the librarians, archivists, and intelligence officers sidelined during the recent popularity of the “Monuments Men,” showcasing the contributions of the men—and women—who helped save humanity’s written legacy and liberate information from its constraints. Beyond the individual stories, however, is the mixed, sometimes murky legacy of American collecting and how prestigious research libraries benefited from the fog of war.
The Past, Present, and Future of Special Collections Library Literature
Authors: Griffin Melanie
Published: November 2020

The field of bibliometrics provides a lens through which to explore how a journal’s environment is shaped by the professionals that contribute to its creation and maintenance. Despite a rich legacy of bibliometric studies in Library and Information Science scholarship more generally, to date no studies have explored bibliometrics related specifically to special collections library literature. This study considers the Rare Books and Manuscripts Section (RBMS) of the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) journals, RBML and RBM, to explore what it is possible to learn about late twentieth and early twenty-first century American special collections librarianship as a profession through an aggregate consideration of the professional literature. This study uses existing tools from author affiliation studies to explore the professional literature and available data about the perspectives that shaped the RBMS journals, RBML and RBM, to gain a better understanding of the particular ecosystem that informs research and publication in the field of American special collections librarianship.
An Initial Look at Federal Offices of Research and Technology
Applications
Authors: Gingrich Nicole , Hall Michael , Patterson Isaac
Published: November 2020

In Science—The Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush wrote that reaping the potential
benefits of science conducted at federal laboratories requires the discoveries made in
the laboratories be transferred to society. In federal laboratories, Offices of Research
and Technology Applications (ORTAs) are tasked with transferring laboratory-developed
technologies to the market, allowing society to reap the benefits provided by scientific
investments. In fiscal year 2016, the Technology Partnerships Office of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted a first-of-its-kind survey of the
ORTAs of more than 50 federal laboratories to obtain information on their organization
and operation. We present descriptive analyses of the responses to this survey in two
topical areas: organizational characteristics and technology transfer characteristics.
We disaggregated the data across the dimension of budget size to describe similarities
and differences in responses across the budget categories. Among the relationships we
observed, we found that ORTAs with larger technology transfer budgets report higher
frequencies of conducting internal technology transfer activities, such as patent
prosecution (e.g., drafting patents, filing patent applications, and responding to
actions from the patent office) and market analysis. Additionally, we provide context to
the data by summarizing the relevant research on ORTAs at universities, and we present
potential inferences that may be drawn from that body of research and applied to the
data on ORTAs at federal laboratories.
National Online Informative References(OLIR) program :
Authors: Keller Nicole , Quinn Stephen , Smith Matthew C , Scarfone Karen
Published: November 2020

The National Online Informative References (OLIR) Program is a NIST effort to facilitate subject matter experts in defining standardized Online Informative References (OLIRs), which are relationships between elements of their documents and elements of other documents like the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, NIST Privacy Framework, and Special Publication 800-53.This document assists Informative Reference Developers (Developers) in understanding the processes and requirements for participating in the Program. The primary focus of the document is to instruct Developers on how to complete the OLIR Template spreadsheet when submitting an Informative Reference to NIST for inclusion in the OLIR Catalog. This document replaces Interagency or Internal Report (IR) 8204, Cybersecurity Framework Online Informative References (OLIR) Submissions: Specification for Completing the OLIR Template.
LE CONFLIT DES CODES ET DES CLASSES DANS LA HÉRONNIÈRE ET LA SOEUR DE JUDITH DE LISE TREMBLAY
Authors: Lapointe Martine-Emmanuelle
Published: November 2020

Parus respectivement en 2003 et en 2007, La héronnière et La soeur de Judith de Lise Tremblay reposent sur la confrontation de langages, de visions du monde et d’esthétiques qui témoignent de l’écart entre la ville et la région, entre le propre et l’étranger, entre la culture populaire et la culture lettrée. En découle un conflit des codes et des classes qui, en dépit de la violence qu’il manifeste souvent de manière implicite, ne permet pas de faire triompher la morale de la ville, voire de la bourgeoisie cultivée, sur celle de la région, mais plutôt de mettre au jour leur caractère irréconciliable. L’analyse s’intéressera plus particulièrement aux effets pernicieux de la logique marchande et des « liens économiques » (La héronnière, 2003, p. 71) sur les relations sociales que présentent les deux textes. Il s’agira notamment de réfléchir à la manière dont se font et se défont les échanges affectifs dans des univers fictionnels où la réussite individuelle se mesure le plus souvent à l’aune de critères extérieurs, considérés comme superficiels par les différentes instances narratives.
Políticas públicas para a cultura e a gestão dos equipamentos teatrais: o Teatro Nacional D. Maria II em Lisboa
Authors: Borges Vera
Published: November 2020

Este artigo apresenta as linhas gerais dos paradigmas das políticas públicas europeias para a cultura, e discute quais são as novas missões e geografias dos equipamentos culturais. Um breve snapshot de trabalho sociológico recente contribui para ilustrar as relações microdinâmicas das trajetórias individuais de carreira e das organizações culturais. Mostra-se a cultura como ferramenta produtiva capaz de revelar não só as motivações intrínsecas e os recursos pessoais dos atores envolvidos, como também as implicações destes enquanto agentes produtores da visão do mundo inerente às políticas públicas.
La política entre nubes de incienso. La participación política de las asociaciones católicas laicas bogotanas (1863-1885)
Authors: Veloza Morales Sindy Paola
Published: November 2020

Este texto explora un campo de la historiografía colombiana poco atendido, buscando rescatar el papel de los laicos en la defensa de la fe y en la consolidación de un proyecto católico en un momento histórico de grandes tensiones entre el Estado liberal y la institución eclesiástica. Asimismo, pretende ser un aporte a la historia local, al enfocarse en la ciudad de Santafé de Bogotá, capital de los Estados Unidos de Colombia y centro de varias dinámicas nacionales. Esta investigación pretende articular modos de acción y organización, objetivos políticos y dinámicas coyunturales, para ofrecer una mirada completa de las sociedades católicas bogotanas, siendo conscientes, por supuesto, de las limitaciones temporales y regionales presente estudio.
NOAA Marine Geophysical Data and a GEBCO Grid for the Topographical Analysis of Japanese Archipelago by Means of GRASS GIS and GDAL Library
Authors: Lemenkova Polina
Published: November 2020

This article analyzes topographical and geological settings in the Japan Archipelago for comparative raster data processing using GRASS GIS. Data include bathymetric and geological grids in NetCDF format: GEBCO, EMAG2, GlobSed, marine free-air gravity anomaly and EGM96. Data were imported to GRASS by gdalwarp utility of GDAL and projected via PROJ library. Methodology includes data processing (projecting and import), mapping and spatial analysis. Visualization was done by shell scripting using a sequence of GRASS modules: ‘d.shade’ for relief mapping, ‘r.slope.aspect’; for modelling based on DEM, ‘r.contour’ for plotting isolines, ‘r.mapcalc’ for classification, ‘r.category’ for associating labels, and auxiliary modules (d.vect, d.rast, d.grid, d.legend).The results of the geophysical visualization show that marine free-air gravitational anomalies vary in the Sea of Japan (–30 to above 40 mGal) reflecting density inhomogeneities of the tectonic structure, and correlating with the geological structure of the seafloor. Dominating values of geoid model are 30–45 m reflecting West Pacific rise, determined by deep density inhomogeneities associated with the mantle convention. Sediment thickness varies across the sea reflecting its geological development with density of 2 km in its deepest part and thinner in central part (Yamato Rise). The aspect map and reclassified map express gradient of the steepest descent.
ON THE EQUILIBRIUM AND STABILITY OF ELASTIC THIN-WALLED CYLINDERS
Authors: HU HAI-CHANG  , SHI PO-MING  ,   (1)清华大学材料力学教研组; (2)中国科学院数学研究所
Published: November 2020

In this paper a theory of equilibrium and stability of elastic thin-walled cylinders is proposed. The theory is based on the following assumptions: 1) The cross section of the cylinder is uncleformable. 2) The cylinder is under a system of initial stresses σz0=- P0/F-My0/Ixx x + Mx0/Iyyy. This theory may be regarded as a generalization of V. Z. Vlasoff's theory of stability of thin-walled rods, and includes the theory of Karman-Chien and Adaduroff as a special case. For cases of simply supported cylinders and cantilever cylinders, a method of solution using trigonometric series is proposed which is much simpler than the methods used by Karman-Chien and Adaduroff.
INTERNAL FRICTION PEAKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TEMPERING OF MARTENSITE IN STEELS
Authors: KE TING-SUI  , MA YING-LIANG  ,   中国科学院金属研究所
Published: November 2020

Internal friction in hardened carbon steels was measured with a torsion pendulum and an internal friction peak was observed around 130℃ when measurements were taken from room temperature upwards. This peak disappeared completely after the temperature of the specimen reached 170℃. This phenomenon was observed in carbon steels containing carbon ranging from 0.29% to 1.4%, and also in an alloy steel. The appearance of this internal friction peak seems to indicate that the transformation product (ε-carbide) formed in the first-stage tempering of martensite is in coherence with its parent phase, and the origin of internal friction is the stress-induced movement of the plane of coherence.The above-mentioned internal friction peak was not observed in 0.25% carbon steel specimens having a martensite structure. However, after such a specimen has been tempered at a temperature around 300℃, an internal friction peak was observed around 150℃. This indicates that the transformation product formed in martensite containing 0.25% carbon in the third-stage tempering is in coherence with its parent phase. Since the internal friction peak associated with this transformation product behaves differently from that associated with this ε-carbide, so it may be concluded that this transformation product is not ε-carbide.
A STUDY ON THE ACOUSTIC INTERNAL FRICTION OF IRON VIBRATING TRANSVERSELY IN A STEADY MAGNETIC FIELD BY PIEZO-ELECTRIC CRYSTAL PLATES
Authors: KE TING-SUI  , CHOW PEN-LIEN  ,   中国科学院金属研究所
Published: November 2020

The acoustic internal friction of iron vibrating transversely in a steady magnetic held was measured by means of Rochelle salt (NaKC4H4O6·4H2O) crystal plates, the frequency of vibration used was 1633 cycles/sec. When the strength of the magnetizing field is lower than 40-50 oersteds, the curve showing the dependence of internal friction on magnetic field strength is almost flat, and becomes steeper for a higher field strength. However, as the field intensity exceeds 150 oersteds or so, the change of internal friction with field strength becomes slower again, and finally approaches to a maximum value. This maximum value of internal friction does not decrease under a saturation magnetic field. Such a phenomenon has not been observed before.According to a preliminary analysis, the observed internal friction may possibly be associated with the rotation of the magnetization vector of the magnetic domains in iron vibrating transversely in a steady magnetic field. The magnetization vector of the magnetic domains is turned because of the bending of the specimen. The action of the magnetizing field, however, tends, to turn the magnetization vector back so as to be parallel with the field direction. Through magnetostriction, the rotation of the magnetization vector induces an auxiliary strain in the specimen. A definite amount of time is required in the process of the coupling between the magnetic and elastic phenomena. This creats a condition for which the strain lags behind the stress, and gives rise to internal friction under periodic stress.
MODERN DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY OF TURBULENCE
Authors: CHOU PEI-YUAN  ,   北京大学数学力学系
Published: November 2020

This is a critical exposition and analysis of the modern developments in the theory of turbulent motion of an incompressible fluid. We begin with the review of the mixture length theories based upon Reynolds' equations of mean motion. Secondly, we analyze the principal contributions to the theory of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Thirdly, we discuss the treatment of the general turbulent shear flow by means of Reynolds' equations of mean motion and the dynamical equations of velocity correlations which are derived from the equations of turbulent velocity fluctuation. We also point out at the same time that although this method yields theoretical results which are in better agreement with experiment than the results of the mixture length theories and furthermore the theory also leads to the theoretical distributions ot the mean squares of velocity fluctuation, on account of the presence of the higher order velocity correlations in the equations, it continuously leads to unclosed systems of differential equations and hence meets difficulties which are difficult to overcome. Therefore, based upon the above retrospect of the developments of the theory of turbulence and the recent work on the vorticity structure of the homogeneous isotropic turbulence in its final period of decay, we finally propose a new approach to the turbulence problem: The basic component motion of turbulence is vortex motion due to the action of viscosity of the fluid. The dynamical equations which govern the vortex motion of turbulence are Reynolds' equations of mean motion and the equations of velocity fluctuation derived from the Navier-Stokes equations by the averaging process. We also emphasize the importance of Reynolds' recognition that the turbulent motion of a fluid can be separated into the mean motion and fluctuation. The future theoretical investigation is to look for the vortex motions which are solutions of these two sets of equations. In order to make the solutions of the problem unique and comparable with experimental measurements, they should also satisfy statistical conditions on the distribution of vortices analogous to Kol-mogoroffs condition in his statistical theory of locally isotropic turbulence at high Reynolds number turbulent flows.
ON THE LARGE DEFLECTION OF A CIRCULAR PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE AT THE CENTER UNDER UNIFORM LOAD
Authors: HUANG TSE-YEN  ,   北京地质勘探学院力学教研室
Published: November 2020

We consider a circular ring plate with inner edge fixed and outer edge fixed and supported under the action of uniformly distributed load over entire actual surface. We write down the boundary conditions and the von Karman equations for the large deflection of such a plate in a dimensionless form and then solve them by the perturbation method based upon the smallness of the maximum deflection at the inner edge. Design formulae for stress and maximum deflection, which are of practical importance, are given at the end of the paper.
PERIODIC FOCUSING OF HIGH CURRENT ELECTRON BEAMS
Authors: HO KUO-CHU  ,   南开大学
Published: November 2020

The focusing of high current electron beams by means of several different systems of periodic electric and magnetic fields has been studied theoretically. One of these periodic electron optical systems studied, i.e. a periodic electric field produced by a series of annular disks held at alternately higher and lower potentials, has also been investigated experimentally in an electrolytic tank.It is found that if the distance between the disks or half period of the field is long (i.e. two or three times longer than the diameter of the apertures at the center of the disks), the potential on the axis may be expressed by a saw-toothed function. Under this condition, the equation for describing the electron beam profile may be solved analytically. The conditions which must be satisfied to give periodic focusing have been obtained.However, if the distance between the disks is short and comparable with the diameter of the aperture, the potential on the axis should be expressed by a cosine function. Under such a condition, the equation for describing the electron beam profile becomes a complicated non-linear differential equation. This non-linear differential equation has been treated in earlier research and was able to obtain its first order approximate solution. In order to get higher order approximations, a perturbation method may be used.This perturbation method has also been applied to treat other periodic electric and magnetic fields, such as axially symmetric magnetic fields, quadrupole electric and magnetic fields. Higher order periodic approximate solutions, as well as the required conditions to give periodic focusing, have been obtained for these fields. It can be shown by numerical examples that for periodic focusing of high current electron beams higher order approximation should be included.
METHODS OF PREPARATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NUCLEAR EMULSIONS
Authors: LOU TSU-YING  , SUN HAN-TCHENG  , LEU WEI-TCHANG  , HO ZAH-WEI  ,   中国科学院原子能研究所
Published: November 2020

Details are given for some kinds of nuclear emulsions which can be prepared by simple laboratory methods. The characteristics of these emulsions have been compared with Ilford nuclear emulsions. The properties of proton sensitive nuclear emulsions N-2, N-3 are about the same as. those of "Ilford C2". Nuclear emulsions for detecting thermal neutrons "N-2 loaded with boron or lithium" seem better than "Ilford C2 loaded with boron or lithium". The sensitivity of electron sensitive emulsion N-4 is of the same order as that of emulsion "никфи P" and "Ilford G5". The hypersensitized electron sensitive emulsion N-5 is also discussed.
A STUDY ON THE TRANSPORT OF VAPOR STREAM AND ARC TEMPERATURE IN THE EXCITATION SOURCE OF THE CUP SOLUTION METHOD
Authors: LI SHIH-OHO  , HO I-DJEN  ,   中国科学院金属研究所
Published: November 2020

The cup electrode solution arc method is a new technique for spectrographic analysis. With this we analysed a variety of slags as well as some steel samples. Fractional distillation is found to be absent. In order to improve the sensitivity and precision of this method the authors studied the transport of the vapor stream and distribution of arc temperature in the light source.To begin with, we found that the arc column consists of two parts: (1) a very bright central column, (2) a moving arc flame around the central part, between the [upper electrodes and the surface of the cup electrode. Experimental results show that the area of contact between the surface of the sample solution and flame determines the intensities of spectral lines. According to the OH rotational band spectra the temperature of the central part of the arc is higher than that of the flame by about 1000°K. In the spectrogram of the flame we could not find any line of the metallic elements besides that of the alkali and alkali earths (Na, K, Ca, Mg). In contrary all the metal spectral lines appeared in the spectrogram of the central column. In the discharge column the intensity of spectral lines is not uniform which is closely related to the variation of arc temperature.It is also found, that the stabilization of the position of arc flame by anexternal magnetic field results more stable volatilization of the sample solutionthus increase of precision could be attained. By focusing the image of the part with maximum intensity on the slit of the spectrograph increases sensitivity in practice.
THE GROUP ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS BY THE INTEGRAL INTENSITIES OF INFRARED SPECTRA
Authors: HSU SHIH-CHIOU  ,   物理研究所
Published: November 2020

Group analysis of hydrocarbon compounds by integral intensities of infrared spectra was obtained. The results of determination of the number of atomic groups CH2 and CH3 were quite good. It seems justifiable that this method could be used to analyse other types of structural groups.
ON THE PROBLEMS OF STORAGE TIME OF DRIFT TRANSISTOR OPERATING IN SATURATION REGION
Authors: CHEN SHIN-BI  ,   成都电讯工程学院
Published: November 2020

An equivalent circuit of transistors operating in saturation region is suggested. This circuit contains a transistor operating in active region and a diode biased in forward direction. By using this equivalent circuit, the physical meaning of storage time of transistors may be explained more intuitively. With this, the storage time in drift transistor, Which is common base connected, has been investigated. By solving the continuity equation, the steady state and the transient components of the densities of minority carriers in diode near the p-n-junction is obtained. By setting these two components equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, we get a formula, from which the storage time may be determined. The storage time in some special cases has been calculated. The results show that the storage time depends upon the life time of minorities and the surface recombination velocities both in base region and in collector region. This may be a guide for design a transistor with more short storage time.
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0
Authors: Sharabov Maksim , Tsochev Georgi
Published: November 2020

This article presents a brief overview of the effect of new technologies, how they are changing the manufacturing process, and how the machines are starting to get a lot smarter thanks to the artificial intelligence. The focus is over the examination of Industry 4.0 and how it revolutionized the whole manufacturing segment and what promise of a better, more efficient future it brings. This analysis focuses primarily on how artificial intelligence is integrated, what benefits it brings, and how big of an improvement it is over basic programming. Part of the research is based on 771 publications tracked over the past three to five years. Publications are within some of the well-known databases Scopus, Web of Science, and IEEE. We will examine the basic use case scenarios where AI is crucially needed and how a new generation of the factory can look and feel like a living human being. Keywords: Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence, predictive analytics, predictive maintenance, industrial robotics, computer vision.
Analysis of the Contributions of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Development and Production of the Industrial Robots
Authors: Sgurev Vassil
Published: November 2020

The present work describes the significant achievements of this institute, and of BAS in general in research, development, testing, production, elaboration of operative documentation, and direct – without intermediaries – implementation of robots and control devices to them in serial production in two plants in Stara Zagora – the National and Industrial Stara Zagora Plant for Robotics “Beroe” and for Disk Storage Devices. These are the high-tech sophisticated welding robots RB-250, painting, and training robots, and point-to-point robots. These achievements enabled the Bulgarian machine-building industry to take a leading role in robotics in the then eastern block of countries and beyond. The significant role of the Institute of Technical Cybernetics and Robotics at BAS for the development of industrial controllers and controllers for robots that meet extremely difficult industrial conditions and requirements is emphasized. The special role of the Institute’s Experimental Base was emphasized, which became a kind of “technopark” for the rapid implementation of scientific achievements. The unified coordinated activity of the academic institute and the two economic organizations from the region of Stara Zagora is highlighted, which makes them a kind of cluster of robotics. It is emphasized that the positive experience described can also be used in today’s market economy. Keywords: Contributions, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Development and Implementation, Industrial Production of Robots.
Wing morphological responses to latitude and colonisation in a range expanding butterfly
Authors: Taylor-Cox Evelyn D. , Macgregor Callum J. , Corthine Amy , Hill Jane K. , Hodgson Jenny A. , Saccheri Ilik J.
Published: November 2020

Populations undergoing rapid climate-driven range expansion experience distinct selection regimes dominated both by increased dispersal at the leading edges and steep environmental gradients. Characterisation of traits associated with such expansions provides insight into the selection pressures and evolutionary constraints that shape demographic and evolutionary responses. Here we investigate patterns in three components of wing morphology (size, shape, colour) often linked to dispersal ability and thermoregulation, along latitudinal gradients of range expansion in the Speckled Wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria) in Britain (two regions of expansion in England and Scotland). We measured 774 males from 54 sites spanning 799 km with a 10-year mean average temperature gradient of 4 °C. A geometric morphometric method was used to investigate variation in size and shape of forewings and hindwings; colour, pattern, and contrast of the wings were examined using a measure of lightness (inverse degree of melanism). Overall, wing size increased with latitude by ∼2% per 100 km, consistent with Bergmann’s rule. Forewings became more rounded and hindwings more elongated with history of colonisation, possibly reflecting selection for increased dispersal ability. Contrary to thermal melanism expectations, wing colour was lighter where larvae developed at cooler temperatures and unrelated to long-term temperature. Changes in wing spot pattern were also detected. High heterogeneity in variance among sites for all of the traits studied may reflect evolutionary time-lags and genetic drift due to colonisation of new habitats. Our study suggests that temperature-sensitive plastic responses for size and colour interact with selection for dispersal traits (wing size and shape). Whilst the plastic and evolutionary responses may in some cases act antagonistically, the rapid expansion ofP. aegeriaimplies an overall reinforcing effect between these two mechanisms.