bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Biosynthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Filamentous Fungi
Authors: Răut Iuliana , Constantin Mariana , Șuică-Bunghez Raluca , Firincă Cristina , Alexandrescu Elvira , Gîfu Ioana Cătălina , Doni Mihaela , Zamfir Lucian-Gabriel , Gurban Ana-Maria , Jecu Luiza
Published: November 2024

The green synthesis of metal nanoparticles has received substantial attention due to their applications in various domains. The aim of the study was to obtain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by green synthesis with filamentous fungi, such as Cladosporium cladosporoides, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Purpureocillium lilacinum. Fungal species were grown on nutrient media and aqueous mycelium extracts were used to reduce Ag+ to Ag (0). The silver nanoparticles were analyzed by various techniques, such as UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Zeta potential. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the color change of the mixture containing metal precursor and aqueous mycelium extract. FTIR displayed different functional groups as capping and reducing agents for the biosynthesis of AgNPs. SEM and TEM provided information on the particles’ morphology. DLS diagrams indicated mean particle diameters in the 124–168 nm region. All biosynthesized AgNPs had negative zeta values, which is a sign of good stability. Silver nanoparticles were evaluated for antimicrobial activity, and the most active were those synthesized with metabolites from Cladosporium, leading to 93.75% inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, 67.20% of Escherichia coli, and 69.56% of Candida albicans. With the highest microbial inhibition percentage and a very good Poly Dispersion Index (Pd I), Cladosporium cladosporoides was selected as an environmentally friendly source of silver nanoparticles that could be used as a potential antimicrobial agent.
Determinants of Digital Payment Adoption Among Generation Z: An Empirical Study
Authors: Al-Qudah Anas Ali , Al-Okaily Manaf , Shiyyab Fadi Shehab , Taha Alaa A. D. , Almajali Dmaithan A. , Masa’deh Ra’ed , Warrad Lina H.
Published: November 2024

The main goal of the current paper is to investigate the factors that influence Millennials’ adoption of digital payments among Generation Z by analyzing the potential effects of perceived convenience, perceived cost, perceived security, perceived convenience, innovativeness, and social influence on the adoption of digital payments. A total of 258 individuals in Malaysia were asked to complete a questionnaire to gather statistics. To assess the research model and test the hypotheses, structural equation modeling with partial least squares (SEM-PLS) was utilized. Smart PLS path analysis results revealed that perceived convenience, perceived security, perceived cost social influence, and innovativeness were positively significant determinants of digital payment adoption. This study offers fresh theoretical perspectives for identifying potential adoption barriers that need to be addressed. Concerns about privacy and security, a lack of information or comprehension, and aversion to change are all prevalent challenges among Millennials. Recognizing these limitations allows service providers to incorporate measures such as better security features, educational campaigns, and user-friendly interfaces to alleviate these concerns and boost adoption.
Multi-Temporal Assessment of Soil Erosion After a Wildfire in Tuscany (Central Italy) Using Google Earth Engine
Authors: Barbadori Francesco , Confuorto Pierluigi , Chouksey Bhushan , Moretti Sandro , Raspini Federico
Published: November 2024

The Massarosa wildfire, which occurred in July 2022 in Northwestern Tuscany (Italy), burned over 800 hectares, leading to significant environmental and geomorphological issues, including an increase in soil erosion rates. This study applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to estimate soil erosion rates with a multi-temporal approach, investigating three main scenarios: before, immediately after, and one-year post-fire. All the analyses were carried out using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform with free-access geospatial data and satellite images in order to exploit the cloud computing potentialities. The results indicate a differentiated impact of the fire across the study area, whereby the central parts suffered the highest damages, both in terms of fire-related RUSLE factors and soil loss rates. A sharp increase in erosion rates immediately after the fire was detected, with an increase in maximum soil loss rate from 0.11 ton × ha−1 × yr−1 to 1.29 ton × ha−1 × yr−1, exceeding the precautionary threshold for sustainable soil erosion. In contrast, in the mid-term analysis, the maximum soil loss rate decreased to 0.74 ton × ha−1 × yr−1, although the behavior of the fire-related factors caused an increase in soil erosion variability. The results suggest the need to plan mitigation strategies towards reducing soil erodibility, directly and indirectly, with a continuous monitoring of erosion rates and the application of machine learning algorithms to thoroughly understand the relationships between variables.
Perioperative Anti-Fibrotic Treatment Prevents Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis After Lung Cancer Surgery
Authors: Bongiolatti Stefano , Salvicchi Alberto , Rosi Elisabetta , Bargagli Elena , Mugnaini Giovanni , Gonfiotti Alessandro , Lavorini Federico , Spagnolo Paolo , Dell’Amore Andrea , Rea Federico , Voltolini Luca
Published: November 2024

Background: The surgical treatment of concomitant lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is challenging due to the risk of life-threatening complications such as acute exacerbation development in the perioperative period. Few studies have investigated the role of anti-fibrotic drugs in this setting. The aim of this multicenter retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of acute exacerbation, according to Collard, after lung resection in patients affected by concomitant idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer who were or were not on antifibrotic treatment. Secondary outcomes included: 30 and 90-day mortality and an estimation of overall and disease-free survival. Material and Methods: The study population consisted of patients affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who received curative-intent lung surgery in three Italian academic centers between 2015 and 2022. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they were on perioperative treatment with anti-fibrotic drugs (chronical or prophylactic use) or not. To define predictors of acute exacerbation, univariate and multivariable exact logistic regression analysis were performed. The Kaplan–Meier method with log-rank test was used to estimate survival. Results: During the study period, n = 55 patients underwent lung resection for lung cancer, including 29 patients who were treated with antifibrotic agents. Although the sample size was small and few events were studied, the incidence of acute exacerbation was significantly lower among patient on anti-fibrotic therapy (3.4% vs. 23.1%, p = 0.044); in addition, anti-fibrotic treatment was the strong factor preventing acute exacerbation at the multivariable analysis (OR 0.089, p = 0.038). Post-operative 30- and 90-day mortality rates were not significantly lower in the anti-fibrotic treatment group (0% and 0% vs. 7.7% and 11.5%, p = 0.21 and p = 0.099, respectively). Overall and disease-free survival rates were similar. Conclusions: Considering the limitations of this retrospective study with a small sample size, anti-fibrotic perioperative treatment was associated with reduced incidence of acute exacerbation. Based on these real-world data, this pathway could be proposed as a prophylactic treatment in patients with concomitant idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer undergoing lung resection.
A Study on the Radiation Resistance Performance of an Al2O3 Composite Tritium Permeation Barrier and Zirconium-Based Tritium-Absorbing Materials
Authors: Li Changzheng , Shu Rui , Li Yinghong , Wang Long , Fang Runjie , Nie Lihong , Ren Qisen , Liu Xiang , Hu Jing , Zhang Shaohong
Published: November 2024

The permeation of tritium from secondary neutron source rods in nuclear power plants presents a significant and unavoidable safety concern both for internal equipment and the external environment. This study primarily explores two feasible strategies for tritium permeation barriers: coating stainless steel surfaces with tritium permeation barrier (TPB) materials and utilizing materials with excellent tritium absorption properties. Through external ion irradiation tests, a comparative analysis was conducted on the tritium permeation performance, morphology, and nanohardness changes in two tritium-resistant designs, specifically Cr2O3/Al2O3 composite coatings and a zirconium-based tritium-absorbing material under varying irradiation doses. The results indicate that both approaches exhibit exceptional radiation resistance, maintaining an effective tritium permeation reduction factor (PRF) even after irradiation.
Controlled Formation of Porous Cross-Bar Arrays Using Nano-Transfer Printing
Authors: Kim Yu Na , Kang Eun Bin , Park Tae Wan , Park Woon Ik
Published: November 2024

Nano-transfer printing (nTP) has emerged as an effective method for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) nanopatterns on both flat and non-planar substrates. However, most transfer-printed 3D patterns tend to exhibit non-discrete and/or non-porous structures, limiting their application in high-precision nanofabrication. In this study, we introduce a simple and versatile approach to produce highly ordered, porous 3D cross-bar arrays through precise control of the nTP process parameters. By selectively adjusting the polymer solution concentration and spin-coating conditions, we successfully generated discrete, periodic line patterns, which were then stacked at a 90-degree angle to form a porous 3D cross-bar structure. This technique enabled the direct transfer printing of PMMA line patterns with well-defined, square-arrayed holes, without requiring additional deposition of functional materials. This method was applied across diverse substrates, including planar Si wafers, flexible PET, metallic copper foil, and transparent glass, demonstrating its adaptability. These well-defined 3D cross-bar patterns enhance the versatility of nTP and are anticipated to find broad applicability in various nano-to-microscale electronic devices, offering high surface area and structural precision to support enhanced functionality and performance.
Compositional Design of New Environmentally Friendly Geopolymer Mortar Based on Kaolin and Granite Residues
Authors: de Brito Jeicy Ellen Alves , Rodrigues Alisson Mendes , Fernandes Jucielle Veras , Severo Cibelle Guimarães Silva , Cartaxo Juliana de Melo , Santana Lisiane Navarro de Lima , da Silva Mauro Francisco Pinheiro , Menezes Romualdo Rodrigues , Neves Gelmires de Araújo
Published: November 2024

The use of industrial residues in civil construction is an exciting alternative to mitigate environmental impacts and promote the circular economy. This work developed new compositions of geopolymer mortars activated by NaOH from fine kaolin residue (RCF), coarse kaolin residue (RCG) and granite (RG). All residues were benefited and characterized by chemical analysis (X-ray fluorescence), mineralogical phases (X-ray diffraction) and granulometry (laser granulometry). Additionally, the RCF was calcined at 650 °C for 2 h (RCFC) to produce metakaolin, which is the starting point for the geopolymer reaction. A mixture of experimental designs was accomplished to evaluate the water/binder factor (Wexp (%)) necessary for new geopolymer mortar compositions to reach the consistency index (260 mm, ASTM C1437-15) and the effect of different curing conditions on the simple compressive strength (SCS). The geopolymeric compositions with RCFCs, pre-cured at room temperature, exhibited the highest Wexp% values (>40%) and significant SCS, with curing conditions A and B reaching 6 MPa and 7 MPa, respectively. Such behavior can be explained by the fact that the pre-curing step at room temperature keeps the system humidity relatively high, favoring the dissolution of Si4+ and Al3+ ions and, therefore, increasing the Si/Al ratio, which positively influences the geopolymerization kinetics reaction.
Effect of δ-Ferrite Formation and Self-Tempering Behavior on Mechanical Properties of Type 410 Martensitic Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Shin Min-Chang , Chun Eun-Joon
Published: November 2024

This study explores the formation of δ-ferrite and its self-tempering behavior in the microstructure of Type 410 martensitic stainless steel produced via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). The study investigates the correlation between varying energy densities applied during the L-PBF process and the resultant mechanical properties of the as-built specimens. A microstructural analysis shows that with an increase in energy density, the δ-ferrite fraction decreases, while the martensite content increases, leading to changes in tensile strength and elongation. Higher energy densities reduce tensile strength but significantly enhance ductility. The self-tempering effect of martensite in reheated zones, caused by the complex thermal cycling during the L-PBF process, plays a critical role in determining mechanical behavior. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the additive manufacturing of martensitic stainless steels to achieve the desired mechanical properties.
Water Resistance of Compressed Earth Blocks Stabilised with Thermoactivated Recycled Cement
Authors: Cruz Ricardo , Bogas José Alexandre , Balboa Andrea , Faria Paulina
Published: November 2024

Low water resistance is the main shortcoming of unfired earth materials, requiring chemical stabilisation for some durable applications. Ordinary Portland cement (PC) is an efficient stabiliser, but it goes against the ecological and sustainable nature of earth construction. This study explores the use of low-carbon thermoactivated recycled cement (RC) obtained from old cement waste as a new eco-efficient alternative to PC in the stabilisation of compressed earth blocks (CEBs). The objective is to improve the durability of the CEB masonry even when applied in direct contact with water, without compromising its eco-efficiency. The water resistance of the CEBs with 0% (unstabilised) and 5% and 10% (wt. of earth) stabiliser and partial to total replacement of PC with RC (0, 20, 50, 100% wt.) was evaluated in terms of compressive strength under different moisture contents, immersion and capillary water absorption, low-pressure water absorption, water permeability and water erosion. Low absorption and high resistance to water erosion were achieved in stabilised CEBs, regardless of the type of cement used. The incorporation of RC increased the total porosity and water absorption of the CEBs compared to PC, but significantly improved the water resistance of the unstabilised blocks. The eco-friendlier RC proved to be a promising alternative to PC stabilisation.
On the Surface Hardening of Zinc Sulfide Windows by Gallium Sulfide
Authors: Soufiani Hayat , Kostogiannes Alexandros , Rivero-Baleine Clara , Richardson Kathleen A. , Gaume Romain
Published: November 2024

This study examines the effect of gallium doping on the phase transformation, transmission, and hardness of commercial multispectral-grade ZnS specimens exposed to Ga2S3 vapor. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry, we show that Ga diffusion extends into the subsurface down to several tens of microns. X-ray diffraction patterns reveal minimal to no precipitation of wurtzite, resulting in limited infrared transmission loss after treatment. We report a monotonic increase in Vickers surface microhardness with increasing Ga concentration, reaching values more than double those of untreated windows. Future work will focus on optimizing this process and evaluating its effectiveness in enhancing the durability of ZnS windows under harsh environmental conditions.
Incorporating Wastewater Sludge as a Cement Alternative in Repair Mortar: An Experimental Study of Material Properties
Authors: Lee Jeong-Bae
Published: November 2024

The global construction industry faces increasing pressure to adopt sustainable practices, particularly in reducing cement-related CO2 emissions. This study investigates the feasibility of using treated wastewater sludge (WWS) as a partial replacement for cement in repair mortars. Treated (A-WWS) and untreated (B-WWS) sludge were evaluated for their effects on workability, mechanical strength, durability, and environmental impact. Flow tests revealed that A-WWS maintained workability similar to the control mixture, while B-WWS reduced flow due to its coarser particles. Compressive strength tests showed that a 10% A-WWS substitution improved strength due to enhanced pozzolanic reactions, while untreated sludge reduced overall strength. Water absorption and bond strength tests confirmed the improved durability of A-WWS mortars. Chemical attack resistance testing demonstrated that A-WWS significantly reduced carbonation depth and chloride penetration, enhancing durability. Microstructural analysis supported these findings, showing denser hydration products in pretreated sludge mixtures. An environmental hazard analysis confirmed low heavy metal content, making sludge-based mortars environmentally safe. Although wastewater sludge shows promise as a partial cement replacement, the processing energy demand remains substantial, necessitating further investigation into energy-efficient treatment methods. This research highlights the potential of pretreated WWS as a sustainable alternative in construction, contributing to reduced cement consumption and environmental impact without compromising material performance. The findings support the viability of sludge-based repair mortars for practical applications in the construction industry.
Non-Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics and Properties of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS) Glass-Ceramics from Eggshell Waste, Zeolite, and Pumice
Authors: Aydın Bahadır , Toplan Hüseyin Özkan , Toplan Nil
Published: November 2024

In this study, the crystallization behavior, microstructure, and mechanical and physical properties of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CAS)-based glass-ceramics prepared from eggshell waste, zeolite, and pumice were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a nanoindentation tester, and the Archimedes method. XRD analysis revealed that anorthite and wollastonite crystalline phases precipitated in the glass-ceramic samples after sintering at temperatures of 1000 °C and 1100 °C. However, diffraction peaks belonging to the wollastonite phase disappeared after sintering at 1200 °C, while peaks representing the pseudowollastonite phase were detected together with anorthite in the samples. SEM images showed that the crystals become coarser as the sintering temperature increased, with the crystal morphology transitioning from needle-like to rod-like. The crystallization activation energy (Ea) and Avrami parameter (n), both kinetic parameters, were calculated from DTA curves plotted at different heating rates using the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Matusita approaches. The results indicated that the crystallization activation energy of the CASZ glass ranged from 406 to 428 kJ mol−1, while that of the CASP glass varied from 356 to 378 kJ mol−1, depending on the method used. Additionally, the Avrami constant (n) was calculated to be 3.33 for CASZ and 2.89 for CASP. The hardness and bulk density of the glass-ceramic samples were significantly affected by the porosity present in the structure, with the highest hardness and bulk density values achieved for the CASZ glass-ceramic sample at the initial sintering temperature of 1000 °C.
Cavitation and Solid-State Post-Condensation of Polyethylene Terephthalate: Literature Review
Authors: Wawrzyniak Paweł , Karaszewski Waldemar , Różański Artur
Published: November 2024

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in bottle production by stretch blow molding processes (SBM processes) due to its cost-effectiveness and low environmental impact. The presented literature review focuses on microcavitation and solid-state post-condensation effects that occur during the deformation of PET in the SBM process. The literature review describes cavitation and microcavitation effects in PET material and solid-state post-condensation of PET on the basis of a three-phase model of the PET microstructure. A three-phase model of PET microstructure (representing the amorphous phase in two ways, depending on the ratio of the trans-to-gauche conformation of the PET macromolecule and the amount of free volume) with a nucleation process, a crystallization process, and the use of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to analyze PET microstructure are discussed in detail. The conceptual model developed based on the literature combines solid-state post-condensation with microcavitation via the diffusion of the post-condensation product. This review identifies the shortcomings of the developed conceptual model and presents them with five hypotheses, which will be the basis for further research.
Exploring Light Stability and Trapping Mechanisms in Organic Thin-Film Transistors for High-Brightness MicroLED Integration
Authors: Tsai Chia-Hung , Wu Yang-En , Kuo Chuan-Wei , Chang Ting-Chang , Chen Li-Yin , Chen Fang-Chung , Kuo Hao-Chung
Published: November 2024

Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), benefiting from a low-temperature process (≤120 °C), offer a promising approach for the monolithic integration of MicroLED structures through organic-last integration. Previous research has demonstrated that small-molecule/polymer binder-based organic semiconductor deposition, utilizing the vertical phase separation mechanism, can achieve good device uniformity while preserving high field-effect carrier mobility. However, the stability of OTFTs under light exposure at the device level remains underexplored. This study investigates the effects of various light irradiation conditions on OTFTs and delves into the underlying mechanisms of the light-trapping effect. Based on these findings, we propose an optimal OTFT design tailored for driving MicroLED displays at high operational brightness, ensuring both performance and stability.
Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Mn- and Fe-Doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Suchanicz Jan , Wąs Marcin , Kluczewska-Chmielarz Kamila , Jagło Grzegorz , Brzezińska Dagmara , Rosiek Roman , Stachowski Grzegorz , Sokolowski Mariusz
Published: November 2024

The mechanical properties of Mn- and Fe-doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 ceramics in unpoled and poled states were examined and analyzed for the first time through measurements of Young’s modulus, the elastic modulus, Poisson’s number, compressibility modulus K, hardness, fracture toughness and bending strength on one hand and by stress–strain measurements on the other hand. It was found that both the introduction of Fe and Mn ions into Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 and E-poling lead to improvements in their mechanical properties. The additives also cause improvement of the piezoelectric properties. The stress–strain curves revealed a changing mechanical response with the Mn and Fe doping of the NBT. With the doping, there was a decrease in coercive stress, which enhanced the remnant strain. In contrast, the E-poling led to an increase in the coercive stress, which reduced the remnant strain. Induced internal stresses associated with non-180° domain switching were determined. It was found that the investigated materials displayed significant ferroelastic deformation and large remnant polarization even under external stress of 180–250 MPa. Modification of NBT by Mn and Fe ions and E-poling were found to be effective ways of improving actuator performance and controlling operating stresses in order to minimize irreversible fatigue damage. The results suggest that the investigated materials could replace PZT ceramics in actuator applications where high blocking stress is required.
Opportunities and Challenges for Predicting the Service Status of SLM Metal Parts Under Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Yan Xiaoling , Fu Huiwen
Published: November 2024

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is a high-end dual-use technology that is implemented in aerospace and medical equipment, as well as the automotive industry and other military and civilian industries, and is urgently needed for major equipment manufacturing and national defense industries. This paper examines the challenges of uncontrollable service states and the inability to ensure service safety of SLM metal parts under nonlinear and complex operating conditions. An overview of the prediction of the service status of SLM metal parts was introduced, and an effective approach solving the problem was provided in this paper. In this approach, the cross-scale coupling mechanism between mesoscopic damage evolution and macroscopic service state evolution is clarified by tracking the mesoscopic damage evolution process of SLM metal parts based on ultrasonic nonlinear responses. The failure mechanism is organically integrated with hidden information from monitoring big data, and a “chimeric” model to accurately evaluate the service status of SLM metal parts is constructed. Combining nonlinear ultrasound technology with big data and artificial intelligence to construct a “chimeric” model and consummate the corresponding methods and theories for evaluating the service status of SLM metal parts is an effective way to reveal the mesoscopic damage evolution and service status evolution mechanisms of SLM metal parts under complex factor coupling, and to accurately describe and characterize the service status of parts under complex operating conditions. The proposed approach will provide a theoretical basis and technical guarantee for the precise management of SLM parts’ service safety in key equipment fields such as aerospace, medical equipment, and the automotive industry.
Analysis of Influence of Coating Type on Friction Behaviour and Surface Topography of DC04/1.0338 Steel Sheet in Bending Under Tension Friction Test
Authors: Trzepieciński Tomasz , Szwajka Krzysztof , Szewczyk Marek , Zielińska-Szwajka Joanna , Barlak Marek , Nowakowska-Langier Katarzyna , Okrasa Sebastian
Published: November 2024

The working conditions of tools during plastic working operations are determined by, among other things, temperature, loads, loading method, and processing speed. In sheet metal forming processes, additionally, lubricant and tool surface roughness play a key role in changing the surface topography of the drawpieces. This article presents the results of friction analysis on the edge of the punch in a deep drawing process using the bending under tension test. A DC04 steel sheet was used as the test material. The influence of various types of titanium nitride and titanium coatings applied on the surface of countersamples made of 145Cr6 cold-work tool steel was tested by means of high-intensity plasma pulses, magnetron sputtering, and electron pulse irradiation. The influence of the type of tool coating on the evolution of the coefficient of friction, the change in the sheet surface topography, and the temperature in the contact zone is presented in this paper. An increase in the coefficient of friction with sample elongation was observed. Countersamples modified with protective coatings provided a more stable coefficient value during the entire friction test compared to dry friction conditions. The electron pulse irradiated countersample provided the highest stability of the coefficient of friction in the entire range of sample elongation until fracture. The skewness Ssk of the sheet metal tested against the coated countersamples was characterized by negative value, which indicates a plateau-like shape of their surface. The highest temperature in the contact zone during friction with all types of countersamples was observed for the uncoated countersample.
Research on Optimal Design of Ultra-High-Speed Motors Based on Multi-Physical Field Coupling Under Mechanical Boundary Constraints
Authors: Bu Jianguo , Lan Xudong , Zhang Weifeng , Yu Yan , Pang Hailong , Lei Wei
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the impact of rotor structure, material selection, and cooling methods on ultra-high-speed motor performance, revealing performance variation laws under multi-physical field coupling. Considering mechanical boundary constraints, we propose an optimization design method based on a multi-physical field coupling model. Using a MaxPro experimental design, initial samples are obtained and fitted using a Kriging surrogate model. The NSGA-2 algorithm is then applied for optimization, with Relative Maximum Absolute Error (RMAE) and Relative Average Absolute Error (RAAE) employed for accuracy evaluation. The Kriging model is iteratively updated based on evaluation results until the optimal design is achieved. This method enhances motor performance, ensures mechanical boundary conditions, and reduces computational load. Experimental results show significant improvements in efficiency and power density. This study provides theoretical support and technical guidance for ultra-high-speed motor design and offers new ideas for related motor research and development. Future work will explore more efficient and intelligent optimization algorithms to continuously advance ultra-high-speed motor technology.
A Numerical Method to Determine the Radial Electromagnetic Force of the Switched Reluctance Motor Under Air Gap Eccentricity
Authors: Ma Tianji , Deng Zhaoxue , Liu Wanli , Hou Mengmeng
Published: November 2024

This paper discusses a numerical model for determining the radial electromagnetic force of switched reluctance motors under air gap eccentricity (vertical and tilt eccentricities). The authors compare experimental and simulation results to demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately simulate the behavior of radial forces in switched reluctance motors under various types of air gap eccentricity. Moreover, the paper attempts to establish a dynamic model of the SRM and nalyze the performance of the radial electromagnetic force under air gap eccentricity in typical scenarios.
A New Paradigm in Torque Transfer: Rethinking Shaft Key Placement
Authors: Veres Matus , Brumercik Frantisek , Bastovansky Ronald , Kohar Robert
Published: November 2024

In this study, an innovative approach to torque transmission mechanisms within the context of hub–shaft connections is introduced by exploring the viability of a transverse key configuration. Unlike traditional longitudinal key placements, the proposed method positions the key perpendicularly to the rotational axis, resembling a pin joint at the interface of the shaft and the hub. This research primarily aims to elucidate the maximum torque capacity of such a connection, juxtaposed against conventional methodologies. Employing a rigorous analytical framework, equations originally designed for pin connections are adapted to suit the unique geometric and loading conditions presented by the transverse key. This adaptation is essential in quantifying the resultant torque that the connection could sustain without failure. The study meticulously accounts for the variations in key dimensions and the inherent limitations posed by the method’s reliance on the end-face connection strategy. Comparative analyses underscore the manufacturing advantages of the proposed method, notably its reduced machinery requirements, by leveraging standard milling processes over more complex machining operations that are traditionally associated with keyway or keyseat creation. However, the findings also highlight the compromised torque transmission capability due to the reduced contact area, a significant consideration for designers. This research contributes to the broader discourse on mechanical connection innovations, offering a novel perspective on torque transmission solutions. It provides a foundation for future exploration into alternative key configurations, potentially revolutionizing hub–shaft connection designs in applications constrained by manufacturing capabilities or cost considerations.
Recent Insights into Magneto-Structural Properties of Co(II) Dicyanamide Coordination Compounds
Authors: Świtlicka Anna
Published: November 2024

In recent decades, the chemistry of transition metal coordination compounds has undergone continuous development at both scientific and application levels. The diversity of metal(II) complexes, along with their structural features and physicochemical properties, makes them attractive for a wide range of applications. The dicyanamide ion (N(CN)2) has the ability to form various transition metal compounds characterized by different architectures and topologies. The interaction of π-electrons from the nitrile groups with the π-system of the central nitrogen may enable electron delocalization, potentially facilitating electron transfer between the metal centers through the bridging dicyanamide (dca) ligand. This review focuses on dca–Co(II) compounds and, after a brief introduction, the structural aspects and magnetic properties are analyzed in detail.
Distribution Concepts Under Duplicated Structure
Authors: Liao Yu-Hsien
Published: November 2024

In the context of standard states, contributors are typically either fully engaged or not engaged at all under interactions with other contributors. However, in real-world situations, contributors may exhibit varying degrees of involvement and operational capacities. Additionally, related influence may differ across various situations. Therefore, this paper introduces distribution concepts utilizing duplicated structures and weights to address these complexities. To examine the mathematical precision and practical applicability of these distribution concepts, we introduce a specific reduction and its analogues, which provide axiomatic characterizations and dynamic processes.
The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Scoping Review
Authors: Nagamine Takahiko
Published: November 2024

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) represents the most prevalent disorder of brain–gut interaction, affecting approximately 10% of the global population. The objective of this study was to examine the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota contributes to the development of IBS. To this end, a review of articles that examined the gut microbiota of IBS patients was conducted. A search was conducted using PubMed and J-STAGE for articles published over the past five years that relate to the gut microbiota in patients with IBS. Individuals diagnosed with IBS display a reduction in alpha diversity and a decline in butyrate-producing bacteria, which collectively indicate a state of dysbiosis within their gut microbiota. Butyrate plays a dual role in the body, acting as a source of nutrition for the intestinal epithelium while also regulating the expression of dopamine transporters and D2 receptors in the central nervous system through epigenetic mechanisms. These characteristics may be linked to dysfunction of the central dopamine D2 pathway and play a role in the formation of various symptoms in IBS.
Quantum Computing in Medicine
Authors: Chow James C. L.
Published: November 2024

Quantum computing (QC) represents a paradigm shift in computational power, offering unique capabilities for addressing complex problems that are infeasible for classical computers. This review paper provides a detailed account of the current state of QC, with a particular focus on its applications within medicine. It explores fundamental concepts such as qubits, superposition, and entanglement, as well as the evolution of QC from theoretical foundations to practical advancements. The paper covers significant milestones where QC has intersected with medical research, including breakthroughs in drug discovery, molecular modeling, genomics, and medical diagnostics. Additionally, key quantum techniques such as quantum algorithms, quantum machine learning (QML), and quantum-enhanced imaging are explained, highlighting their relevance in healthcare. The paper also addresses challenges in the field, including hardware limitations, scalability, and integration within clinical environments. Looking forward, the paper discusses the potential for quantum–classical hybrid systems and emerging innovations in quantum hardware, suggesting how these advancements may accelerate the adoption of QC in medical research and clinical practice. By synthesizing reliable knowledge and presenting it through a comprehensive lens, this paper serves as a valuable reference for researchers interested in the transformative potential of QC in medicine.
A Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) Score Greater than 1 and Shortened Ampicillin Use Predict Death and One-Year Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Non-Perinatal Invasive Listeriosis: A Retrospective Analysis of 118 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Liau Shuh-Kuan , Hung Cheng-Chieh , Chen Chao-Yu , Liu Yi-Chun , Lu Yueh-An , Lin Yu-Jr , Chen Yung-Chang , Tian Ya-Chung , Tseng Fan-Gang , Hsu Hsiang-Hao
Published: November 2024

Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a serious foodborne illness with a high mortality rate, especially in vulnerable populations. It accounts for 19% of foodborne deaths, with invasive cases having a mortality rate of up to 44%, leading to conditions like meningitis, bacteremia, and meningoencephalitis. However, the prognostic factors remain unclear. This study examines the hospital outcomes of invasive listeriosis and identifies risk factors for in-hospital and one-year mortality. We analyzed the electronic medical records of 118 hospitalized patients with non-perinatal, culture-proven invasive listeriosis collected over a 21-year period. The in-hospital mortality rate was 36.4%, with only 33.1% surviving one year and 22.0% surviving two years. The key findings indicate that a quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score of ≥2 (OR 106.59, p < 0.001), respiratory failure (OR 7.58, p = 0.031), and shorter ampicillin duration (OR 0.53, p = 0.012) independently predicted poorer in-hospital outcomes. Additionally, a qSOFA score of ≥2 (OR 8.46, p < 0.001) and shorter ampicillin duration (OR 0.65, p < 0.001) were linked to higher one-year mortality. This study is the first to identify a qSOFA score of ≥2 as a significant marker for high-risk invasive listeriosis patients, with poorer outcomes linked to a qSOFA score of ≥2, respiratory failure, and shorter ampicillin use.
Covalent vs. Dative Bonding in Carbon Monoxide and Other 10-Valence-Electron Diatomics
Authors: Rizwan Khadija , Galbraith John Morrison
Published: November 2024

Valence bond theory (VB) was used to determine the extent and driving forces for covalent vs. dative bonding in 10-valence-electron diatomic molecules N2, CO, NO+, CN−, P2, SiS, PS+, and SiP−. VBSCF calculations were performed at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVDZ optimized geometries. The full triply bonded system included 20 VB structures. A separation of the σ and π space allowed for a subdivision of the full 20 structure set into sets of 8 and 3 for the π and σ systems, respectively. The smaller structure sets allowed for a more focused look at each type of bond. In situ bond energies for σ bonds, individual π bonds, the π system, and triple bonds follow expected trends. Our data shows that N2 and P2 have three covalent bonds whereas CO and SiS contain two covalent and one dative bond, and charged species NO+, CN−, PS+, and SiP− are a mixture of N2 and CO type electronic arrangements, resulting in a nearly equal charge distribution. Dative bonds prefer to be in the π position due to enhanced σ covalency and π resonance. Both σ and π resonance energies depend on a balance of ionic strength, orbital compactness, σ constraints, and bond directionality. Resonance energy is a major contributor to bond strength, making up more than 50% of the π bonds in SiS and PS+ (charge-shift bonds), and is greater than charge transfer in dative bonds.
Insights into SARS-CoV-2: Small-Molecule Hybrids for COVID-19 Treatment
Authors: Navacchia Maria Luisa , Cinti Caterina , Marchesi Elena , Perrone Daniela
Published: November 2024

The advantages of a treatment modality that combines two or more therapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action encourage the study of hybrid functional compounds for pharmacological applications. Molecular hybridization, resulting from a covalent combination of two or more pharmacophore units, has emerged as a promising approach to overcome several issues and has also been explored for the design of new drugs for COVID-19 treatment. In this review, we presented an overview of small-molecule hybrids from both natural products and synthetic sources reported in the literature to date with potential antiviral anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.
The Potential of Natural Compounds in UV Protection Products
Authors: Milutinov Jovana , Pavlović Nebojša , Ćirin Dejan , Atanacković Krstonošić Milica , Krstonošić Veljko
Published: November 2024

Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation mainly leads to skin disorders (erythema, burns, immunosuppression), skin aging, and skin cancer as the most serious side effect. It has been widely accepted that using sunscreen products is an important way to protect against the harmful effects of UV rays. Although commercial sunscreens have constantly changed and improved over time, there are emerging concerns about the safety of conventional, organic, UV filters due to adverse effects on humans (such as photoallergic dermatitis, contact sensitivity, endocrine-disrupting effects, etc.) as well as accumulation in the environment and aquatic organisms. This is why natural compounds are increasingly being investigated and used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical sunscreens. Some of these compounds are widely available, non-toxic, safer for use, and have considerable UV protective properties and less side effects. Plant-based compounds such as flavonoids can absorb UVA and UVB rays and possess antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects that contribute to photoprotection. Apart from flavonoids, other natural products such as certain vegetable oils, carotenoids, stilbenes, and ferulic acid also have UV-absorbing properties. Some vitamins might also be beneficial for skin protection due to their antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to gain insight into the potential of natural compounds to replace or reduce the amount of conventional UV filters, based on recent research.
Functionalized Cyclodextrin/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Composite Hydrogel with Double Network Structure for Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions in Wastewater
Authors: Zhang Hong , Yang Xiaodong , Zhang Xin , Liu Wenbin , Fan Meiqing , Wang Lei
Published: November 2024

Heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater pose significant environmental and ecological threats. In this work, a hydrogel featuring a double network structure was synthesized via radical polymerization and cross-linking of β-cyclodextrin (CD) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with acrylic acid (AA). The hydrogel’s functional groups and microstructure were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical properties were evaluated through rheological and compression tests. The study examined the impact of initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent-ion contact time, and solution pH on adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacities of the functionalized CD/CMC-PAA-MBA hydrogel for Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ ions were 158.12, 393.56, and 290.12 mg/g, respectively. Notably, the hydrogel exhibited the highest selectivity for Pb2+ in mixed solutions. The adsorption kinetics of the metal ions were modeled using the pseudo-second-order rate equation and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Insight into the Local Surface Plasmon Resonance Effect of Pt-SnS2 Nanosheets in Tetracycline Photodegradation
Authors: Feng Mao , Zhou Tianhao , Li Jiaxin , Cao Mengqing , Cheng Jing , Li Danyang , Qi Jian , You Feifei
Published: November 2024

Constructing highly efficient catalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants driven by solar light in aquatic environments is a promising and green strategy. In this study, a novel hexagonal sheet-like Pt/SnS2 heterojunction photocatalyst is successfully designed and fabricated using a hydrothermal method and photodeposition process for photocatalytic tetracycline (TC) degradation. The optimal Pt/SnS2 hybrid behaves with excellent photocatalytic performance, with a degradation efficiency of 91.27% after 120 min, a reaction rate constant of 0.0187 min−1, and durability, which can be attributed to (i) the formation of a metal/semiconductor interface field caused by loading Pt nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of SnS2, facilitating the separation of photo-induced charge carriers; (ii) the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Pt NPs, extending the light absorption range; and (iii) the sheet-like structure of SnS2, which can shorten the transmission distance of charge carriers, thereby allowing more electrons (e−) and holes (h+) to transfer to the surface of the catalyst. This work provides new insights with the utilization of sheet-like structured materials for highly active photocatalytic TC degradation in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.
Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Piper crassinervium Essential Oil and Its Pure Compounds Against Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Shah Farhan Mahmood , Wang Mei , Zhao Jianping , Lee Joseph , Farago Paulo Vitor , Manfron Jane , Khan Ikhlas A. , Ali Abbas
Published: November 2024

Piper crassinervium Kunth (Piperaceae) essential oil (EO) was evaluated for its toxicity and repellency against red imported fire ants (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren, and a hybrid (HIFA) of red (S. invicta) and black (S. richteri Forel) imported fire ants. Through bioactivity-guided fractionation, two major components, elemicin and myristicin, were isolated from the EO. Removal of treated sand in a digging bioassay was used as the criterion for repellency. The EO showed significantly higher repellency at concentrations of 7.8 µg/g against RIFA and HIFA workers, as compared to the DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) or ethanol control. Elemicin exhibited repellency at 3.9 and 7.8 µg/g against RIFA and HIFA workers, respectively, whereas myristicin was active at 7.8 µg/g against both species. DEET failed at 31.25 µg/g against RIFA and 15.6 µg/g against HIFA. The EO showed LC50 values of 97.9 and 73.7 µg/g against RIFA and HIFA workers, respectively. Myristicin was more toxic against RIFA and HIFA with LC50 values of 54.3 and 35.3 µg/g, respectively. Elemicin showed 20–40% mortality at the highest screening dose of 125 µg/g. Fipronil exhibited the highest toxicity against RIFA and HIFA, with LC50 of 0.43 and 0.51 µg/g, respectively. Different formulations of these natural products should be evaluated to explore their use potential under natural field conditions.