bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance on a Fine Motor Planning Task By Older Normal Persons Using the Right and Left Hand
Authors: SHAH S. K. , COOPER B. I. , VANCLAY F. M.
Published: September 2010

The study reports the performance of 321 right handed older normal persons on a simple cost and time efficient test of manipulative ability designed by Ayres and trialled by Taylor. The mean times and the normative data for males and females for each hand in three older age groups is presented to facilitate objective evaluation of performance of older patients. No significant difference in performance between left and right hand was evident, and age and sex did not significantly affect performance for the whole group. These results are contrary to those expected on tests of manual dexterity and possible reasons for disparity are discussed.
Overseas Occupational Therapists in Australia: the Issue of Recognition
Authors: LEE PETER K. K.
Published: September 2010

The Australian government established the Council on Overseas Professional Qualifications (COPQ) in 1969. In response to approaches by the occupational therapy profession, an Expert Panel in Occupational Therapy was established in 1979 in order to develop a screening examination to be used in assessing the competency of overseas trained occupational therapists. This paper describes the development of the COPQ examination for all overseas qualified occupational therapists wishing to work in Australia; the experience of candidates since its inception in 1983; and the problems associated with achieving recognition of the COPQ examination throughout Australia given the lack of uniform recognition procedures in the various States and Territories. The need for a consistent national approach to the policy of recognition and employment of overseas trained occupational therapists is addressed, with stress placed on the need for all employer groups, in both the public and the private sectors, to cooperate with COPQ's assessment procedures.
The Role of Occupational Therapy in the Treatment of the Forensic Psychiatric Patient
Authors: LLOYD CHRIS
Published: September 2010

Forensic psychiatry provides a challenge to occupational therapists to define the way in which their contribution to the assessment and treatment of forensic psychiatric patients is unique. Occupational therapy facilitates the engagement of individual patients with their environment. An essential feature of treatment planning is the creation of an environmental setting which will enable the individual to develop and refine life tasks and skills, explore alternative roles and promote competency in areas of occupational performance.
Prison Based Occupational Therapy
Authors: FARNWORTH LOUISE , MORGAN SUE , FERNANDO BERNADETTE
Published: September 2010

Occupational therapy within a prison environment is a comparatively new area of practice. This paper draws on the experience of occupational therapists who have worked in “G” Division, Pentridge Prison, the only psychiatric facility of the Victorian penal system. It outlines the philosophical model used for their intervention and gives an example of its practical application. The authors hope that, through this paper, they will demystify some of the myths related to working in prisons, so as to encourage further participation of occupational therapists in this specialist field.
Chemotherapy, Cancer, and the Quality of Life: An Occupational Therapy Approach
Authors: CUSICK ANNE , LAWLER RUTH , SWAIN MARION
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of life of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in terms of changes in activity patterns and overall psychological status. Activity patterns are central to the occupational therapy perspective. Twenty two subjects participated. Data was collected on random days from inpatients and outpatients, using a three‐part questionnaire. A descriptive analysis was performed using frequency counts of the number of responses to questionnaire items. The results demonstrated that a majority of subjects had experienced a disruption in activity patterns since commencing chemotherapy treatment. Most subjects, however, expressed a positive outlook towards their life situations. These findings indicate that it is necessary to consider both extent of activity disruption and psychological well‐being when assessing quality of life of cancer patients, in order to gain a comprehensive lifestyle analysis as a basis for planning appropriate occupational therapy intervention.
Orthotic Management of the Flaccid Upper Limb in Hemiplegia: Two Case Studies
Authors: BOWEN MARION , GERMANOS LAUDY
Published: September 2010

There is little documented evidence pertaining to the effects of orthotic management of the flaccid upper limb in hemiplegia. Two adult hemiplegics with flaccid upper limbs post cerebrovascular accident volunteered to participate in an investigation examining the effects of a wrist hand orthosis of the resting type on variables such as sensation, passive range of motion, oedema, arm placement, hand function, muscle tone and cosmetic appearance. One subject was fitted with the orthosis, the other was not. All variables were measured over an eight week period. Results for the splinted subject indicated no negative effects for any of the measured variables whilst the limb was splinted. The unsplinted subject developed some oedema and range restrictions during the eight weeks. Due to the limited number of subjects and the length of the study, generalised conclusive and long‐term effects of orthotic management could not be stated. The short‐term results however, suggest possible benefits from the use of orthoses in flaccid hemiplegia and further emphasise the need for continued research in this field.
Professional Literature: One View of a National Perspective
Authors: MADILL HELEN , BRINTNELL SHARON , STEWIN LEONARD
Published: September 2010

Content, citation and theme analyses of articles and editorials published during two five year periods (1963‐67 and 1983‐87) in the Australian Occupational Therapy Journal are presented. A comparison of the two publication periods shows that: there has been no increase in the number of journal issues per year, nor in the total number of articles published since 1963. The number of articles in the research category has substantially increased; research appears to reflect the scope of practice. However, the need for a unifying conceptual framework that identifies Australian occupational therapy remains. A broader service network is evident; emphasis on promoting the profession in the wider community and a functional orientation are indicative of the shift that has taken place in marketing occupational therapy services. Recommendations are made regarding issues that relate to areas of professional concern and publication management.
Upper Limb Serial Casting of Individuals with Cerebral Palsy — A Preliminary Report
Authors: STEER VERONICA
Published: September 2010

The therapeutic management of contractures is a long term concern in severe cerebral palsy. Occupational therapists, experienced in orthotic management of upper limb contractures using thermoplastic splints, are now beginning to use plaster serial casts with these clients. This paper is a preliminary report on the results of six case studies, with fixed and unfixed contractures, where casting was effective in increasing passive range of movement. Recommendations for post‐casting management are made. The follow‐up of each child twelve months post‐casting should provide valuable information.
Status of Practice in Mental Health: Assessment and Frames of Reference
Authors: BARTLOW PHYLLIS , HARTWIG CATHERINE
Published: September 2010

Educational orientation and clinical practices for Australian mental health occupational therapists were surveyed to determine theoretical approaches and assessment procedures used. Questionnaires were sent to clinicians and educators to estimate current differences and similarities between educational content and clinical practice. Combined results indicate the need for increased effectiveness in teaching conceptual theories of occupational therapy, more structured classroom and fieldwork learning experiences, and improved instruction in and application of assessments by clinicians.
Professional Identity, Legitimacy and the Teaching of Treatment Media
Authors: de JONGE DESLEIGH , VANCLAY FRANK
Published: September 2010

With such a wide range of media being used by occupational therapists, concerns have arisen as to the identity of the profession, the legitimacy of the media being used, and which media should be taught by educational institutions. The use of treatment media by occupational therapists in the greater Brisbane region has been studied using a population survey. An inventory of the use of media with a factor analysis on the patterns of use of media is provided. Three district patterns of use of media were found corresponding to the major client group of the therapist. Only daily living tasks were used across all three groups. The major findings of this study are that: identity issues cannot be resolved by referring to media usage; legitimacy of media must be established in terms of its compatability with the philosophical basis and treatment goals of occupational therapy; media should be taught in the context in which the media is used in practice.
Applying the Taxonomy of Playfulness to a Day Care Centre Programme for the Disabled Elderly
Authors: PEACHEY KAREN
Published: September 2010

The taxonomy of playfulness provides a practical framework which occupational therapists can use to isolate programme elements which motivate clients. When applied to a day care centre programme for the disabled elderly, it was found to be valuable in isolating programme essentials that increased the person's motivation to play. Thus, the client's quality of life was increased. A further area of research is outlined.
Stroke Rehabilitation: Data Base Design and Population Characteristics
Authors: Shah Surya , Vanclay Frank , Cooper Betty
Published: September 2010

This study outlines the necessary features of a stroke rehabilitation data base by reference to a prospective population based study commenced in Brisbane in 1984. Characteristics of the stroke population are presented to enable discussion of the problems of conducting such studies. A large proportion of stroke sufferers, especially those in nursing homes, in private hospitals, those who remain at home and those who are discharged directly home, do not receive any form of occupational therapy. Many of these people may benefit from contact with occupational therapists. Occupational therapists need to take a more affirmative role in rehabilitation teams, particularly in contributing to the selection of patients for comprehensive rehabilitation, and to develop a comprehensive data base for the recording of medical, diagnostic, demographic and management data to assist in providing high quality care and research. Opportunities for contributing to primary and secondary prevention seem to have been missed.
Clinical Evaluation and Research in Occupational Therapy: Single System Designs
Authors: Cusick Anne , Ottenbacher Kenneth
Published: September 2010

In this paper the authors present single system designs as a framework for the collecting, organising and analysing of information to evaluate programme impact. The steps involved in evaluation and research using single system designs are discussed and advantages and disadvantages of the design for occupational therapists are briefly presented. The authors conclude that single system designs are suitable for occupational therapists to use in research and clinical evaluation because of their flexibility and their emphasis on clinical significance.
The Perceived Status of Occupational Therapy: Myth Versus Reality
Authors: Graham Jenny , Timewell Eric
Published: September 2010

A survey of 136 Australian occupational therapists explored their perception of their autonomy and status, through questions concerning role definition; peer network and peer review; professional association and industrial affiliation; skills and procedures characteristic of the profession; views on others' perception of their role; credentials to practise; salary and years of practice. The authors conclude that the profession has a high opinion of its status and autonomy, a belief that it has a unique set of skills (though not aims), and adequate credentials to practise. They also suggest, however, that there is reason to question the extent to which this professional self‐image is well founded.
Adapted Spoon for Developmentally Disabled Children
Authors: Yuen Keung
Published: September 2010

An L‐shaped adapted spoon was designed for a group of developmentally disabled children to prevent them placing their fingers in their food during self‐feeding and to assist them in bringing the spoon to the mouth. The simplicity of the spoon design requires minimal alteration of a conventional spoon, requires minimal training, and is relatively inexpensive to adapt.
Comparison of Mothers' and Child‐Minders' Ratings of Toddlers' Temperament: An Inter‐rater Reliability Study
Authors: Esdaile Susan , Greenwood Kenneth
Published: September 2010

This study reports on an assessment of temperament by mothers and child‐minders of twenty five 2–3‐year‐old children, using eight factors of the Short Temperament Scale for Toddlers (Prior, Sanson and Oberklaid, 1989). Issues highlighted are the function of temperament in behavioural adjustment and the problems associated with cross‐informant congruence in evaluating traits and behaviours. Both Pearson's product‐moment correlation coefficient and generalised kappa were used to assess the degree of inter‐rater reliability between child‐minders. High inter‐rater agreement was found on the “easy‐difficult” scale of temperament, r=.821 (mean of three raters) and moderately high agreement on the “approach/adaptability” factor, k = .638. Inter‐rater agreement was low for the other seven temperament factors. Agreement between mothers and child‐minders was low on the “easy‐difficult” scale, r = .262. These findings are discussed in the context of other studies. The relevance of inter‐rater reliability studies as an area of concern to health care delivery is also discussed.
Horticultural Occupations for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: DeHart‐Bennett Mary E. , Relf Diane
Published: September 2010

Horticultural occupations provide therapeutic, rewarding employment for persons with intellectual disabilities. There are jobs available in this growing industry for reliable employees, especially if they are trained. Persons with intellectual disabilities have proven themselves capable of skills sufficient for employment in the industry. Employers' ignorance of the abilities of the disabled in this field must be overcome so that persons with intellectual disabilities may fill an important need in the horticulture industry while gaining the benefits of occupational and horticultural therapy for themselves.
Long Term Vocational Adjustment After Spinal Cord Injury: Implications for Occupational Therapists
Authors: Crisp Ross
Published: September 2010

Sixty persons with spinal cord injury were interviewed an average of 11 years after the onset of disability. They answered questions concerning their sense of identity, knowledge of self and social environment, and ability to cope with vocational decision making and other problems. These questions were part of a standardised scale of Vocational Identity. The results of this study indicate that persons experiencing high levels of well‐being also reported high levels of Vocational Identity. Other variables, which were found to be important correlates of well‐being in a previous study by Decker and Schulz (1985), were also associated with Vocational Identity. Implications for occupational therapists are discussed.
Pain Intensity, Attitude and Function in Back Pain Patients
Authors: Strong Jenny , Ashton Roderick , Cramond Tess , Chant David
Published: September 2010

Treatment success when working with patients with pain has, very often, been considered in terms of decreases in pain intensity. Yet one of the major goals of intervention with patients with chronic, non‐cancer pain, is to effect an improvement in functional status. In the present study of 50 patients with chronic, low back pain, the relationships between pain intensity, functional status and attitudes and beliefs about pain were explored. No significant correlations were found between pain intensity and functional status, while significant correlations were found between functional status and attitudes towards and beliefs about pain. Patients attitudes and beliefs about pain were positively associated with their level of perceived function/dysfunction. On the basis of these findings, it is argued that assessment of patients' attitudes and beliefs be included as a part of assessment practices, and that treatment interventions, designed to improve function rather than merely reduce pain intensity, be developed in light of these assessment findings.
Cognition and Functional Performance of Adults in Short‐Stay Psychiatry Units
Authors: Ho Soo Fung , Sturgess Jennifer
Published: September 2010

The relationship between cognition (measured by the Revised Allen Cognitive Levels Test) and functional performance (measured by the Task Oriented Assessment of the Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation) was examined. Twenty‐eight adults with a diagnosis of either schizophrenia, depression or mania currently in short‐stay psychiatry units were the subjects. No correlation appeared between the two total test scores. However significant correlations were found between the Revised Allen Cognitive Levels Test and the Block Design and Sorting Shells tasks of the Task Oriented Assessment. The correlation with the Block Design suggested the Revised Allen Cognitive Levels Test may measure the fluid abilities component of cognition. Stringent subject selection criteria may have reduced the obtained correlation coefficient. Motivation, culture, length of hospitalisation and hospitalisation history may exercise a complex influence on the relationship between cognition and functional performance. Further Australian studies are indicated.
A Model for Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Barker Joanna
Published: September 2010

Clinical practice is an integral part of the training of health professionals, yet many evaluation tools presently used in the health sciences to measure clinical competency do not provide satisfactory validity, reliability, nor an appropriate level of standardisation. This study explored the development of a clinical evaluation model using the principles of measurement theory and psychometric methods. The following four step test construction was used: planning; construction; evaluation; standardisation — reliability, validity. This aimed to provide evaluation tools for a population of 827 occupational therapy students. Although this study had particular reference to occupational therapy, the model of clinical evaluation developed could be readily adapted for use with other clinically‐based health professional students. Results indicated that the tools developed had reliability, content and construct validity for the population under study.
Occupational Therapy Treatment Goals for Adults with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Llewellyn Gwynnyth
Published: September 2010

This study examined whether occupational therapists write treatment goals relevant to community integration for adults with developmental disabilities. One hundred and twenty one occupational therapy records from 23 NSW therapists were reviewed to ascertain the focus of their treatment goals. Results indicated that adaptive goals significantly outnumbered remedial goals. Within adaptive goals, community living skills significantly outnumbered basic self care goals. A number of therapists goals addressed equipment prescription and alternative environments or services. Implications of therapist goal preferences for adults with developmental disabilities are discussed.
Remediation of Unilateral Neglect: What Do We Know?
Authors: Cooke Deirdre
Published: September 2010

Various techniques are used by occupational therapists in the clinical setting for the remediation of unilateral neglect in patients following neurological injury. Empirical examination of the effectiveness of these techniques is hampered by numerous evaluation tools, treatment variables and functional outcome measures. This article reviews the research literature on remediation of unilateral neglect in adults following brain injury. Components of treatment regimens found to be most effective are highlighted, along with limitations of research in this area. The need for greater understanding of the neurological mechanisms underlying unilateral neglect, and for validation of occupational therapy intervention techniques is emphasised.
The Relationship Between Carkhuff's Helping Dimensions and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Lloyd Chris , Maas Frillie
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between Carkhuff's (1969) four core dimensions (empathy, respect, genuineness, concreteness) on the one hand, with the total mark on a modified American Fieldwork Performance Report (FWPR), total score on the communication section of the FWPR, score on a single item of “Communication with Clients” on the FWPR and Factor A (warmth) of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) on the other. Subjects were 42 female and 4 male final year occupational therapy students at an Australian university. Multiple regression analyses and bivariate correlation coefficients failed to reveal any significant relationships. Contrary to original expectations, it was hypothesised post hoc that a positive relationship exists between communication with clients on the modified FWPR and Factor E (assertiveness) of the 16PF. This post hoc hypothesis was confirmed for psychosocial settings (r (44) = .35, p < .05) but was not supported for physical settings. Whether emphasis on assertiveness rather than the helping dimensions is acceptable depends on one's professional and personal perspective. For those with a commitment to the wholeness and uniqueness of the individual, this emphasis is a matter of concern.
The Value of Hypermedia Based Computerised Educational Materials for Client Education: Occupational Therapists' Perceptions
Authors: Farrow Peggy , Adams Michelle , Bateman Angela , David Carolyn , Staude Tracy
Published: September 2010

This preliminary investigation explored occupational therapists' perceptions of the value of Hypermedia‐based computerised educational materials for client education. Occupational therapists employed in physical rehabilitation agencies in metropolitan Adelaide participated in the study. Client education was an important role for the therapists, taking up more than half client contact time. Therapists indicated that Hypermedia‐based computer education materials had a potential role in teaching clients joint protection principles and diagnostic and prognostic information about certain conditions but were unsure if such materials would be an efficient medium.
The Gardia Experience: Implications for Occupational Therapists Working with Australia's Indigenous People in the Kimberley Region
Authors: Haig Niki
Published: September 2010

Working with Australia's indigenous people as an occupational therapist requires an understanding of Aboriginal culture. Non‐Aboriginal (gardia) therapists, in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, have been challenged to revise their use of conventional therapy to work effectively with their traditional Aboriginal clients. Some of the cultural aspects which impact on the therapists' work include language differences, explanations of illness and death, complex laws governing family relationships, and attitudes to ageing and disabilities.
Performance on Perceptual Tasks by Neurologically Unimpaired Adults Using the Dominant Right Hand
Authors: Shah Surya , Cooper Betty , Maas Frikkie
Published: September 2010

This study presents age and gender specific normative data on timed two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional tasks from the Burke Perceptual Profile (BUPP) used to assess the impact of brain injury on older persons. Neurologically unimpaired persons (n = 321) of 60 and 74 years, and 75 years and over were assessed. Analysis of variance of performance times revealed that persons 75 years and over performed significantly more slowly on all tasks, with the exception of one subtest for visual spatial, block design and figure‐ground, and on the fine motor planning task. Age and gender generally had no influence on error rate, with the exception of older females on a picture sequence task. Clinically, this normative data will facilitate comparison between unimpaired and impaired persons over 60 years on performance of perceptual tasks, and is relevant to clinicians in setting performance expectations for neurologically unimpaired persons 60 years and over.
Definitions of research by occupational therapy clinicians: An exploratory study
Authors: Cusick Anne , Rotem Arie
Published: September 2010

The primary aim of this exploratory study was to explore how occupational therapy clinicians define ‘research’ in conceptual and operational terms. The secondary aim of this study was to identify observable and measurable indicators of research which could be used in structured instruments for further study of clinician research involvement. An opportunistic sample of 26 clinicians participated. A self report, open‐ended question survey was used to explore clinician perspectives. Content analysis of data revealed a wide range of categories describing and explaining definitions of research, the way in which these definitions were formulated, and other factors associated with the term research such as the role of researcher, issues personally affecting clinicians and aspects of the environment. Recommendations for further research are made.
Dynamic pronation splint in high level spinal cord injury: A case study
Authors: Lightbody Sue
Published: September 2010

Maintaining pronation of the forearm is difficult for patients with high level quadriplegia. Where partial innervation to, or weakness within, specific muscles of the upper limb occurs, the arm tends to be held in a flexed, supinated position. This position prevents the successful performance of many activities of daily living. The dynamic splint outlined in this paper is based on the Roylan Dynamic Pronation/Supination Kit with adaptions to enable elbow flexion. The application of this splint in a patient with incomplete quadriplegia below C5 cord segment has been described. This splint was introduced during the rehabilitation phase of treatment, and enabled the forearm to be positioned in pronation, so that the patient could perform functional activities such as feeding, typing, writing and using the telephone. Following discharge from hospital, the patient used the splint to help achieve goals such as returning to work and playing the piano.
Parents' experiences in assisting a person with an intellectual disability to achieve optimal dental health
Authors: Cullen‐Erickson Margaret
Published: September 2010

This qualitative study explored the experiences and perceptions of parents in relation to dental care for their son or daughter with an intellectual disability. Six parents were interviewed, each of whom had a school‐aged child with an intellectual disability. Themes which emerged include the use of coping strategies and adaptations by parents in assisting with dental care, the priority placed on dental care, trauma in dealing with dental issues, differences in expectations and outcomes for people with a disability compared with non‐disabled siblings, and parents' views on dental services. While parents reported satisfaction with current dental services, it was apparent that their expectations may not have been as high for their child with a disability as for their other children. Possible reasons for this are discussed. Areas for further research are suggested.
Behaviour modification in retraining showering and dressing skills for a person with severe memory loss
Authors: Donnelly Sharon
Published: September 2010

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is often associated with severe memory deficits and decreased independence in activities of daily living. This paper presents a case study of a person with memory problems following HSE. Occupational therapy intervention was aimed at increasing independence in showering and dressing. Data were collected on three criteria: independent showering and dressing; sequenced showering and dressing; and verbal mediation. The subject increased his independence in showering and dressing, but there was little change in the sequencing of these tasks or in verbal mediation. Future research into these techniques using a more sophisticated single‐subject design is recommended.
Construct validity of the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
Authors: Tabatabainia Mohammad Mehdi , Ziviani Jenny , Maas Frikkie
Published: September 2010

The construct validity of the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) were examined by administering both tests to 40 children (24 boys and 16 girls) aged between 4.5 and 5.5 years. Factor analysis of the BOTMP and the PDMS subsets failed to support the original subdivision of both tests into fine and gross motor composites. Factor analysis suggested the existence of one strong factor underlying the structure of both the BOTMP and the PDMS subsets. This factor could be labelled ‘general motor proficiency’ in each test. A second much weaker factor emerged for both tests; however, the nature of these second factors was less clear. The results suggest that claims of test subdivision into gross and fine motor composites for both the BOTMP and the PDMS are misleading.
Occupational therapy in an orthopaedic early discharge programme
Authors: Kirkland Sue , Mitchell Toni
Published: September 2010

This paper describes the occupational therapy service within the Fractured Hip Management Team at Westmead Hospital. A case study illustrates how this specialized approach differs from a traditional occupational therapy service in an orthopaedic ward. The occupational therapist can develop specialist skills and focus on patients' early community resettlement needs. This approach aims to reduce the cost of treatment and improve quality of life after hip fracture. It offers early referral, improved team communication, early discharge from hospital and continuity of care after discharge. Resource savings have been produced for the hospital without affecting outcome for patients.
Students' perspective of fieldwork: Process, purpose and relationship to coursework
Authors: Tompson Margaret , Ryan Alan G.
Published: September 2010

This article describes the results of a naturalistic study of four student occupational therapists' early fieldwork experiences. Data from interviews, participant‐observation and students' daily journals were used to identify students' perspectives on the process and purposes of fieldwork. In addition, the relationship of fieldwork to coursework was explored. Students viewed fieldwork as consisting of phases with certain constants that were present in every placement. The main purposes of fieldwork were seen as being related to application of theory to practice, providing learning opportunities, practising skills, the provision of reality, and personal and professional validation. Coursework and fieldwork were viewed as being closely linked but each involved different processes. From this study, it would seem desirable that initial fieldwork experiences occur early and then are interspersed throughout the curriculum. In addition, fieldwork educators could benefit from becoming more aware of students' perceptions of the wide range of purposes of fieldwork experiences.
Factors contributing to successful return to school for students with acquired brain injury: Parent perspectives
Authors: Parkin Ann E. , Maas Frikkie , Rodger Sylvia
Published: September 2010

Following an acquired brain injury, children may suffer a complex array of cognitive, physical, behavioural and emotional sequelae, all of which have an impact on their return to school. The aim of this study was, therefore, to determine the factors that contributed to the successful return to school of children with acquired brain injury. Fifty‐three of the 80 questionnaires sent to parents of children (5–18 years of age) with an acquired brain injury in Queensland were returned. Potential predictive factors included demographic/medical characteristics, school support, resources available, residual deficits and educational programme modifications. Multiple regression analyses were performed to determine whether the variables could predict the successful return to school of a child with acquired brain injury. The analyses yielded significant contributions from the school's attitude, reintegration aide, home medical aids, and the absence of a diagnosed medical or behavioural condition prior to the injury.
Coping strategies employed by occupationa therapy students anticipating fieldwork placement
Authors: Gilbert J. , Strong J.
Published: September 2010

This study examined coping strategies and their relationship to trait anxiety and self‐esteem in occupational therapy students preparing for their first fieldwork placement, which was to be in psychiatry. The attitudes of these students towards psychiatry were positive as measured by The Attitudes Towards Psychiatry Scale. Other instruments used in the study were The Ways of Coping Checklist (Revised), The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and The Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. The results showed that highly trait‐anxious students used the wishful thinking coping strategy, while being unable to use the coping strategy of positive thinking. Students with low self‐esteem also used the coping strategy of wishful thinking, while they reported being unable to use Problem Focused Thinking. Students identified as non‐trait anxious, as well as those students with high self‐esteem, used the coping strategies of problem focused thinking, positive thinking and seeking social supports. These findings suggest that coping strategies can identify both trait anxiety and low self‐esteem in students anticipating fieldwork placement.
Effective fieldwork supervision: Occupationa therapy student perspectives
Authors: Hummell Jill
Published: September 2010

Qualitative research methodology was used to explore occupational therapy student perceptions of the characteristics of effective fieldwork supervisors and the limitations on effective fieldwork supervision. In addition, the study investigated differences in perceptions between students in each of the 4 years of the undergraduate course. Forty‐eight students completed an open‐ended questionnaire. The two major characteristics of effective fieldwork supervisors identified by the students were well‐developed interpersonal skills and the use of collaborative and facilitatory teaching/learning strategies. The major environmental issue limiting the effectiveness of fieldwork supervisors was a lack of time for student supervision. Although students in all years of the occupational therapy course expressed similar viewpoints, variations were identified across the years, particularly with teaching/learning strategies used. Findings from the study need to be interpreted in light of its limitations, which include small student numbers.
Evaluation of a client‐centred paediatric rehabilitation programme using goal attainment scaling
Authors: Mitchel Toni , Cusick Anne
Published: September 2010

Goal attainment scaling is a method to evaluate services based on the attainment of individual client or programme goals. This method was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a client‐centred cognitive rehabilitation programme designed to teach compensatory strategies for planning daily activities. In this application, an 8‐year‐old boy long‐term after traumatic brain injury and his family participated. The evaluation results revealed an overall goal attainment T‐score of 68.70, indicating that the programme goal was attained above the expected level. The application of goal attainment scaling as an evaluation method for client‐centred paediatric programmes is discussed.
Assessment of upper limb sensation in patients with complete quadriplegia
Authors: Lightbody Sue
Published: September 2010

The assessment and monitoring of sensation in patients with complete quadriplegia is an essential part of occupational therapy rehabilitation. The primary aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of return of somatosensations below the level of the lesion and, specifically, in dermatomes T1 or T2, despite the diagnosis of level of lesion on admission. A retrospective study was conducted, analysing assessments made of 88 patients on discharge from rehabilitation. Eighty‐four per cent had sensation below the level of the lesion. An insignificant number of patients had sensation specifically in dermatomes T1 or T2. This study supports previous literature in finding it common for patients to have sensation below the level of the lesion. However, there was no significance in the frequency of return of somatosensations specifically in dermatomes T1 or T2.
Food skills assessment tools for people with a mental illness
Authors: Porter Judi , Watson Gary , Capra Sandra
Published: September 2010

The present review defines food skills assessment tools and explores reasons for assessing food skills. The purpose of the present review was to consider tools appropriate for assessing food skills in people with a mental illness. Six assessment tools met the selection criteria: (i) the Rabideau Kitchen Evaluation, Revised; (ii) the Moss Kitchen Assessment; (iii) the Kitchen Task Assessment; (iv) the Functional Needs Assessment Program for Chronic Psychiatric Patients (Nutritional Management Program); (v) the Routine Task Inventory; and (vi) Assessment of Motor and Process Skills, 2nd edition. Each assessment tool was reviewed for criteria including strengths and weaknesses, the original target population, psychometric properties, scoring system and training requirements for the interviewer. The review concluded that food skills in people with a mental illness can be measured in many different ways; therefore, the precise reason for making the assessment should be established prior to selection of the assessment tool to ensure the most suitable method of assessment is chosen.
Development of a distance education palliative care programme for allied health professionals in Australia
Authors: Dawson Sky , Walker Helen
Published: September 2010

A postal survey of allied health professionals working in hospice and palliative care in Australia was conducted in 1995. Its aims were to investigate the education presently provided for allied health professionals in this field and the interest of these workers in further education. A total of 223 questionnaires were returned. One hundred and sixty‐five respondents stated that no specific education for allied health professionals was provided in their workplace. Almost all considered that there was a need for more palliative care education for allied health professionals. Seventy‐five per cent said they were interested in distance education in palliative care. The implications of these findings for further training are discussed, as well as the development of a post‐graduate distance education package.
Experiencing one‐handedness as an occupational therapist
Authors: Cotton Susan M.
Published: September 2010

The author is an experienced occupational therapist who inadvertently became one handed for a 2 month period. In the present paper, the author explores her personal experience of one‐handedness, analyses the effectiveness of one‐handed techniques and gives some practical suggestions to occupational therapists working with clients who have the use of only one hand.
NEW INSIGHTS INTO β‐ADRENOCEPTORS IN SMOOTH MUSCLE: DISTRIBUTION OF RECEPTOR SUBTYPES and MOLECULAR MECHANISMS TRIGGERING MUSCLE RELAXATION
Authors: Tanaka Yoshio , Horinouchi Takahiro , Koike Katsuo
Published: September 2010

1. The β‐adrenoceptor is currently classified into β1, β2and β3subtypes and all three subtypes are expressed in smooth muscle. Each β‐adrenoceptor subtype exhibits tissue‐specific distribution patterns, which may be a determinant controlling the mechanical functions of corresponding smooth muscle. Airway and uterine smooth muscles abundantly express the β2‐adrenoceptor, the physiological significance of which is established as a fundamental regulator of the mechanical activities of these muscles. Recent pharmacomechanical and molecular approaches have revealed roles for the β3‐adrenoceptor in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary bladder smooth muscle.

2. The β‐adrenoceptor is a Gs‐protein‐coupled receptor and its activation elevates smooth muscle cAMP. A substantial role for a cAMP‐dependent mechanism(s) is generally believed to be the key trigger for eliciting β‐adrenoceptor‐mediated relaxation of smooth muscle. Downstream effectors activated via a cAMP‐dependent mechanism(s) include plasma membrane K+channels, such as the large‐conductance, Ca2+‐activated K+(MaxiK) channel.

3. β‐Adrenoceptor‐mediated relaxant mechanisms also include cAMP‐independent signalling pathways. This view is supported by numerous pharmacological and electrophysiological lines of evidence. In airway smooth muscle, direct activation of the MaxiK channel by Gsα is a mechanism by which stimulation of β2‐adrenoceptors elicits muscle relaxation independently of the elevation of cAMP.

4. The cAMP‐independent mechanism(s) is also substantial in β3‐adrenoceptor‐mediated relaxation of gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle. However, in the case of the β3‐adrenoceptor, a delayed rectified K+channel rather than the MaxiK channel seems to mediate, in part, cAMP‐independent relaxant mechanisms.

5. In the present article, we review the distribution of β‐adrenoceptor subtypes in smooth muscle tissues and discuss the molecular mechanisms by which each subtype elicits muscle relaxation, focusing on the roles of cAMP and plasma membrane K+channels.
CARDIOTOXIN III INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN K562 CELLS THROUGH A MITOCHONDRIAL‐MEDIATED PATHWAY
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Huei , Chien Ching‐Ming , Lu Mei‐Chin , Lu Yu‐Jhang , Wu Zchong‐Zcho , Lin Shinne‐Ren
Published: September 2010

1. Cardiotoxin (CTX) III is a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom. This is the first report on the mechanism of the anticancer effect of CTX III on human leukaemia K562 cells.

2. Cardiotoxin III was found to inhibit the growth of K562 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 1.7 μg/mL, and displayed several features of apoptosis, including apoptotic body formation, an increase in the sub‐G1 population, DNA fragmentation and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

3. Investigation of the mechanism of CTX III‐induced apoptosis revealed that treatment of K562 cells with CTX III resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol and activation of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 and the subsequent cleavage of the caspase‐3 substrate PARP; however, CTX III did not generate reactive oxygen species (ROS).

4. Taken together, the results indicate that CTX III induces apoptosis in K562 cells through an ROS‐independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
DETAILED EXAMINATION OF CARTILAGE FORMATION and ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION USING HUMAN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
Authors: Ichinose Shizuko , Yamagata Kazuo , Sekiya Ichiro , Muneta Takeshi , Tagami Motoki
Published: September 2010

1. Cartilage formation is one of the most complex processes in biology. The aim of the present study was to produce a simplified in vitro system to resolve its complexities.

2. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were maintained in alginate beads with a chondrogenesis‐induction medium containing 10 ng/mL transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β3.

3. At days 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 19 of culture, we examined the cells using a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope. We also evaluated the cells using immunocryo‐ultramicrotomy.

4. The present study demonstrated that hMSC produced numerous extracellular matrices containing abnormal collagen fibres following their exposure to a chondrogenesis‐induction medium in alginate beads. At this time, calcification was detected by alizarin red staining and electron‐dense particles, composed of hydroxyapatite, appeared in both the cytoplasm and the extracellular spaces.

5. In addition immunocryo‐ultramicrotomy revealed that collagen type II, type X and proteoglycan were prominent and that osteocalcin was detectable at day 2. During 8–16 days of culture, collagen type X maintained its strong expression and the expression of osteocalcin increased markedly. In contrast, the expression of collagen type II and proteoglycan decreased with time.

6. These findings demonstrate that hMSC rapidly differentiate into chondrocytes expressing collagen type II and proteoglycan.

7. The expression of collagen type II and proteoglycan then dropped and the activity of collagen type X was the same as before (4–8 days). As a result, the cells developed into the next cell type, so‐called hypertrophic chondrocytes. Finally, both osteocalcin activity and the calcification of cell bodies and extracellular matrices became evident, indicating endochondral ossification. Thus, we conclude that hMSC rapidly differentiate into chondrocytes, followed by the development of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification is the final form in this culture.

8. The findings of the present study indicate that our three‐dimensional culture is a convenient in vitro model for the investigation of the regulatory mechanisms of cartilage formation and endochondral ossification.
INVOLVEMENT OFN‐METHYL‐d‐ASPARTATE RECEPTORS and NITRIC OXIDE IN THE ROSTRAL VENTROMEDIAL MEDULLA IN MODULATING MORPHINE PAIN‐INHIBITORY SIGNALS FROM THE PERIAQUEDUCTAL GREY MATTER IN RATS
Authors: Javanmardi Kazem , Parviz Mohsen , Sadr Seyed shahabeddin , Keshavarz Mansoor , Minaii Bagher , Dehpour Ahmad Reza
Published: September 2010

1. Supraspinal opioid antinociception is mediated, in part, by connections between the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). Morphine antinociception from the PAG is decreased by serotonin,N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) and opioid receptor antagonists administered into the RVM. Because the brain isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is also prominent in the RVM, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of microinjection of the non‐selective NOS inhibitorNG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) and the non‐competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801 into the RVM on PAG morphine antinociception and their potential interactions, as measured by the tail‐flick test.

2. Rats were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and then special cannulas were inserted stereotaxically into the RVM and PAG. After 1 week recovery, the effects of microinjection of MK‐801 andl‐NAME into the RVM and their interactions in altering PAG morphine (2.5 µg) antinociception elicited from the PAG were assessed.

3. Mesencephalic morphine antinociception was significantly reduced after pretreatment withl‐NAME (0.6–1.3 µmol) or MK‐801 (0.8 nmol). The reduction in mesencephalic morphine antinociception when MK‐801 (0.8 nmol) andl‐NAME (1 µmol) were microinjected sequentially into the RVM was not significantly different from the effects of MK‐801 (0.8 nmol) orl‐NAME (1 µmol) administered alone.

4. These data imply that NMDA receptors and nitric oxide production in the RVM modulate the transmission of opioid pain‐inhibitory signals from the PAG.