bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the Basis of Enhanced Na+ Storage Induced by Halogen Doping in Na2VTi(PO4)3
Authors: Shao Jia Cheng , Meng Qing Yu , Chi Hong Zhong , Zhang Wen , Qin Haiying
Published: December 2024

Elemental doping is a widely adopted strategy to enhance the electrochemical performance of electrode materials, yet limited studies have explored the resulting variations in the bonding environments and the interactions between dopant atoms and their neighboring atoms. In this study, halogen‐doped (fluorine, chlorine, and bromine) polyanionic phosphates are synthesized to investigate the effects of halogen doping on the fine crystal structure, chemical micro‐environment, and electronic structure of Na2VTi(PO4)3 for Na ion storage. Density functional theory analysis reveals that halogen doping strengthens interactions at the Na sites while disrupting their symmetry, thereby promoting Na+ conductivity. Simultaneously, the increased electron density and expanded electron cloud potentially bridge the electron clouds previously isolated by [PO4] tetrahedra, facilitating electron transport. As a result, the doped samples demonstrate improved performance in rate capability, capacity, and cycling stability. This study provides deeper insights into the influence of elemental doping on electrode materials properties.
Investigation of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Regarding Extra Capacity in Fe‐Fe3C as a Superior Sodium‐Ion Anode Material
Authors: Maulana Achmad Yanuar , Kim Jongsik
Published: December 2024

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) offer promising advantages over lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to sodium's abundance and lower cost. However, challenges like thick solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers and the larger radius of sodium (1.02 Å vs. 0.76 Å for lithium) make graphite, the most common LIB anode, unsuitable for SIBs. To realize the maximum potential of carbon anode for SIBs, one of the main strategies is to fabricate carbon materials with tailored microstructures and to enhance redox reactivity by incorporating catalytic metals. In this work, the Fe‐Fe3C nanoparticles embedded in worm‐like graphitic carbon (Fe‐Fe3C@GC) were synthesized by a simple chemical vapor deposition. This hybrid structure promotes the catalytic activity to achieve additional capacities through the reversible SEI layer formation, in detail, by the reversible interconversion of ester and ether derivatives as well as conductivity enhancement. Furthermore, in situ formed Fe2O3 from Fe(0) contributed extra capacity. The Fe‐Fe3C@GC showed a large reversible discharge capacity of 376.2 mAh g−1 with a fading rate of 0.013% per cycle after 1000 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g−1. A full cell coupled with an FeOF cathode delivered a high energy density of 602.8 Wh kg−1.
Mechanistic Insights Into NIR‐II AIEgens Boosted Multimodal Phototheranostics
Authors: Zhu Jun , Tian Leyuan , Yan Dingyuan , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: December 2024

Exploiting single molecular species synchronously affording powerful second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) fluorescence, superior photoacoustic output, prominent reactive oxygen species generation, and satisfactory photothermal conversion is supremely appealing for phototheranostics, yet remains formidably challenging. In this work, electron donor/π‐bridge engineering is implemented on the basis of 6,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐g]quinoxaline moiety. The optimal molecule, namely TPATO‐TTQ, is demonstrates to exhibit those notable features requested by exceptional phototheranostics, which are systematically elucidated through the depictions of excited‐state energy dissipation pathways and the influence of intramolecular motion on the photophysical properties, with assistances of quantum chemical calculation and molecular dynamic simulation. By utilizing TPATO‐TTQ nanoparticles, unprecedented performance on NIR‐II fluorescence‐photoacoustic‐photothermal trimodal imaging‐navigated type I photodynamic‐photothermal synergistic therapy to orthotopic breast cancer is authenticates by the precise tumor diagnosis and complete tumor ablation.
Halogen‐Atom Engineering on Aromatic‐Core in Tethered Small Molecule Acceptors for High‐Performance Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Jian Shanshan , Zang Yu , Meng Shixin , Zhang Ming , Li Zhengkai , Chen Qi , Chen Hongru , Wang Qingyuan , Chen Shanshan , Xue Lingwei , Wang Xiuyu , Zhang Zhi‐Guo
Published: December 2024

Tethered small molecular acceptors (SMAs), where multiple SMA‐subunits are connected to the aromatic core via flexible chains, are proposed to suppress thermodynamic relaxation when blended with polymer donors to construct stable polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, optimizing their chemical structure to further enhance device performance remains a challenge, requiring careful fine‐tuning between molecular aggregation and photovoltaic efficiency. In this study, the photovoltaic properties of tethered dimers are effectively modulated simply through halogen‐atom engineering on the aromatic core. Specifically, DY‐Cl with a chlorine atom and DY‐Br with a bromine atom are designed. The study revealed the chloride acceptor enhances the intermolecular interaction, promotes charge transport, and optimizes the morphology of the active layer compared with its bromide counterpart. Notably, DY‐Cl based PSCs achieves   a power conversion efficiency of 18.72%, maintaining over 80% of initial PCE after operating for 1000 h. These findings underscore the potential advantages of halogen‐atom engineering on tethered acceptors as a straightforward yet effective method to achieve high efficiency and stable PSCs.
Spatially Confined Electrosynthesis of Halogen‐Poor and Carbonyl‐Rich Graphene for Boosting Water Desalination and Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Xiaotian , Yang Shuting , Huang Mingzheng , Devasenathipathy Rajkumar , Huang Qiulan , Huang Dujuan , Yang Zhongyun , Wang Limin , Chen Du‐Hong , Li Jian‐Feng , Fan Youjun , Chen Wei
Published: December 2024

Electrochemical in situ modification of graphene remains a challenge because of the pretty low concentration of radicals generated during the electroexfoliation process. The spatially confined electrosynthesis of halogen‐poor and carbonyl‐rich graphene (XCG, X═F, Cl, Br) is reported. It is found that the effective radical addition reaction between graphite/graphene and electro‐generated radicals (halogen radical and carboxylic radical) is promoted by using X− and HCOO− as both intercalation ions and co‐reactants, which assists the efficient formation of high crystalline XCG. The assembled XCG membrane exhibited high interception for NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and K2SO4 due to the narrow interlayer space. Theoretical calculations revealed favorable water migration on surface of F atoms, thus grasping the high water permeation. Furthermore, the halogen and carboxyl functional groups afforded XCG highly efficient water splitting. The current work highlights the in situ modification of graphene during the electroexfoliation process and the subsequent applications in membrane science, molecular engineering, and other energy‐related applications.
Iono‐Optic Impedance Spectroscopy (I‐OIS): A Model‐Less Technique for In Situ Electrochemical Characterization of Mixed Ionic Electronic Conductors
Authors: Nizet Paul , Chiabrera Francesco , Tang Yunqing , Alayo Nerea , Laurenti Beatrice , Baiutti Federico , Morata Alex , Tarancón Albert
Published: December 2024

Functional properties of mixed ionic electronic conductors (MIECs) can be radically modified by (de)insertion of mobile charged defects. A complete control of this dynamic behavior has multiple applications in a myriad of fields including advanced computing, data processing, sensing or energy conversion. However, the effect of different MIEC's state‐of‐charge is not fully understood yet and there is a lack of strategies for fully controlling the defect content in a material. In this work we present a model‐less technique to characterize ionic defect concentration and ionic insertion kinetics in MIEC materials: Iono‐Optic Impedance Spectroscopy (I‐OIS). The proof of concept and advantages of I‐OIS are demonstrated by studying the oxygen (de)insertion in thin films of hole‐doped perovskite oxides. Ion migration into/out of the studied materials is achieved by the application of an electrochemical potential, achieving stable and reversible modification of its optical properties. By tracking the dynamic variation of optical properties depending on the gating conditions, I‐OIS enables to extract electrochemical parameters involved in the electrochromic process. The results demonstrate the capability of the technique to effectively characterize the kinetics of single‐ and even multi‐layer systems. The technique can be employed for studying underlying mechanisms of the response characteristics of MIEC‐based devices.
Young children's translanguaging as emergent in and through open‐ended science pedagogies
Authors: Siry Christina , Wilmes Sara E. D. , Sportelli Doriana
Published: December 2024

Equity‐focused calls for elementary education reform recognize the importance of student and teacher translanguaging, yet nuances of how this process unfolds in early childhood science is an underexplored area. This study examines young plurilingual children's participation in science investigations, with a view toward understanding how open‐ended pedagogical structures supported their communication and engagement as related to science learning. We examine the work of 4‐ to 6‐year‐olds as they participated in a 3‐week unit exploring worms and draw upon translanguaging theoretical perspectives to interpretively analyze their interactions in science. Situated in the multilingual national context of Luxembourg, the study examines the interactions of these plurilingual children and their teacher as they investigated worms in varied open‐ended pedagogical structures. Schools are trilingual in Luxembourg, yet approximately half of the students in the country's elementary schools do not come to school with proficiency in any of the three languages of instruction. Issues of equity in schooling are thus heavily bound in languages. The robust dataset incorporating video data were examined using multimodal interaction analysis, and three vignettes zoom in on children's actions, utterances, and materials in open‐ended science learning spaces, providing rich examples of classroom structures that support meaningful translanguaging through students' agentic science communication. Young students' communication and science engagement are inseparable, and this study shows that these intertwine through translanguaging, in a process which is emergent when children are able to agentically draw upon diverse resources to make meanings.
Translingual negotiation in mixed‐gender communication: An analysis of the interactions in research group meetings in engineering
Authors: Sun Minghui , Canagarajah Suresh
Published: December 2024

As a practical theory of language, translanguaging refers not only to speakers' use of multiple languages, but also to the deployment of other semiotic resources and artifacts in communication. To examine the use of semiotic resources and translingual negotiation strategies in STEM communication, this study explores the intersectionality of translingual communication and gender in a research group consisting of international engineering scientists (including doctoral students, postdoc and faculty) at a public university in the Midwestern United States. Using a translingual approach, we analyze the semiotic resources and translingual negotiation strategies adopted by these engineering scientists to resolve trouble‐in‐interaction and claim agency in group interaction. Data include eight audiovisual recordings of research group meetings (RGMs), transcribed following the conventions in conversation analysis for verbal and nonverbal communication. A turn‐by‐turn analysis of the chosen excerpts reveals: (1) members of the group adopt negotiation strategies to collaboratively resolve trouble‐in‐interaction, including entextualization (visualization in particular), recontextualization, and various verbal and nonverbal interactional strategies. In employing these strategies, they also skillfully integrate various semiotic repertoires such as gestures, body movements, environmental artifacts, and board work to facilitate the resolution of trouble‐in‐interaction and (2) female scientists adopt envoicing and interactional strategies to regain the floor to speak and display resistance when interrupted or ignored by their male colleagues. These findings suggest that while we embrace the affordances of a translingual orientation to STEM communication as it values the entire linguistic and semiotic repertoires of international STEM scientists, we should also acknowledge the existence of microaggressive acts against female members in RGMs. A more equitable and inclusive environment for intellectual engagement and group communication in STEM fields can only be created through the collaborative efforts of individuals, groups, and institutions.
Toward pedagogías entrenzadas: Braiding critical and asset‐based pedagogies of sciences, languages, and cultural responsiveness
Authors: Bonilla Diana , Morales‐Doyle Daniel
Published: December 2024

Recent reforms in science education shift the focus of instruction to supporting students' sensemaking about phenomena. At the same time, discussions of equity in science education have become more common and more contested. For emergent bilingual (EB) learners, there is growing consensus that these trends together imply valuing diverse linguistic and cultural resources that students draw upon to make sense of the world. However, asset‐based pedagogies often do not attend to the role of oppression and the co‐construction of linguistic and racial marginalization. Furthermore, culturally responsive pedagogies push beyond valuing student assets to challenge the end goals of education, emphasizing the development of critical consciousness. Through this case study of one thematic unit within a transitional bilingual physical science class, this study puts forth pedagogías entrenzadas as a purposeful braiding of asset and critical pedagogies that attend to science, language, and cultural responsiveness. The study took place in a Title I school in the suburbs of a large midwestern city where the majority of students are from Latin American immigrant families. Pedagogías entrenzadas are articulated through the analysis of classroom episodes that attended to language, science, and cultural responsiveness in combination. By attending to these three facets in braided ways, the teacher created ruptures in systems that structurally exclude EB students. We present three classroom episodes in conjunction with additional evidence from a larger data set to demonstrate the ways pedagogías entrenzadas created spaces where (1) generative themes and words created opportunities for holistic sensemaking; (2) there were opportunities to consider and critique language and science; and (3) heterogeneity in linguistic, cultural, and academic resources was upheld and valued. The implications of this pedagogical work extended outside of the classroom, where the teacher successfully advocated with colleagues for the creation of an asset‐based bilingual science program.
Bilingual, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color teacher candidates' translanguaging selves: Working with their multilingual assets and identities as future elementary science teachers
Authors: Venegas‐Weber Patricia , Thompson Jessica
Published: December 2024

Understanding how racially and linguistically just teacher education programs (TEPs) support the identity(ies) and translanguaging stances taken up by bilingual Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) teacher candidates (TCs) in their professional lives is important both for their development as teachers and for teacher preparation more broadly. Drawing on assignments, classroom observations, interviews, and data from professional learning community (PLC) meetings for three BIPOC dual language bilingual education TCs, this qualitative case study sheds light on translanguaging stance development and the intersecting identities that emerge for these TCs as they learn to teach through the theoretical lenses of translanguaging and raciolinguicized subjectivity. Findings show how the TEP learning contexts supported the development of bilingual BIPOC TCs' translanguaging stances as a critical part of their professional identities as linguistically justice‐oriented science teachers. We argue that their translanguaging stance is a new way of being multilingual and is central to building an elementary science classroom culture with and for multilingual students. This study underscores how bilingual BIPOC TCs' prior knowledge and identities can be leveraged in teacher education and K‐12 classrooms to develop their translanguaging selves. It also supports robust pedagogical preparation and linguistic justice through multilingual transpositioning of science identities.
Secondary Prophylaxis of Cirrhotic Gastric Variceal Bleeding: Addition of Non‐Selective Beta‐Blockers to Endoscopic Combined Treatment
Authors: Wu Ling , Huang Xiaoquan , Li Feng , Jiang Siyu , Ni Liyuan , Ai Yingjie , Schuppan Detlef , Chen Shiyao
Published: December 2024

Background

It remains unclear whether the addition of non‐selective beta‐blockers (NSBB) provides further benefit after combined use of tissue adhesive and endoscopic variceal ligation for bleeding gastroesophageal varices.

Objective

This is the first cohort study comparing the secondary prophylactic efficacy of adding NSBB to combined endoscopic treatment in cirrhotic patients with gastric varices (without inclusion of isolated gastric varices [IGVs], which are rare in patients with cirrhosis without splanchnic thrombosis).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed two matched large cohorts of cirrhotic patients with gastric varices who received combined endoscopic treatment and were assigned to receive NSBB treatment or not as secondary prophylaxis. Further sub‐analyses were performed. The 5‐year overall survival and rebleeding rates were compared.

Results

A total of 490 patients were enrolled, 130 of whom took NSBB. After propensity score matching (PSM), both groups comprised 130 patients. No significant difference between the NSBB and non‐NSBB groups was observed regarding 5‐year survival (87.40% vs. 83.64%, HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.33–1.17), while NSBB decreased the 5‐year rebleeding rate from 45.7% to 30.64% (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39–0.82). The same was true when comparing the 2 groups after PSM. NSBB (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.37–0.79) and splenectomy (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.44–0.96) independently reduced rebleeding but did not affect survival. In patients without splenectomy, NSBB treatment improved survival (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21–0.89) and reduced rebleeding (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.34–0.78).

Conclusion

We show for the first time that adding NSBB to combined endoscopic therapy significantly reduced recurrent variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients but did not improve overall survival, except for patients without splenectomy. The addition of NSBB for patients receiving combined endoscopic treatment of gastroesophageal varices provides benefits but does not prolong overall survival.
Structure, Attachment and Transmembrane Internalisation of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus
Authors: Zou Hong , Niu Zheng , Cheng Peng , Wu Chunxia , Li Wenjie , Luo Gan , Huang Shilei
Published: December 2024

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), a single‐stranded negative‐sense RNA virus with an envelope, belongs to the Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family and is prevalent worldwide. PPRV infection causes fever, stomatitis, diarrhoea, pneumonia, abortion and other symptoms in small ruminants, with a high mortality rate that poses a significant threat to the sustainability and productivity of the small ruminant livestock sector. The PPRV virus particles have a diameter of approximately 400–500 nm and are composed of six structural proteins: nucleocapsid protein (N), phosphoprotein (P), envelope matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), haemagglutinin protein (H) and large protein (L). Each protein has a distinct role in the virus's life cycle. Although the life cycle activities of PPRV have been widely reported, they are still limited. Research has demonstrated that PPRV has distinct adhesion factors on various cell surfaces, such as the epithelial cell adhesion factor nectin‐4 or the lymphocyte adhesion factor SLAM. After attaching to the cell, the F and H proteins on the PPRV membrane interact with each other, resulting in a conformational change in the F protein. This change allows the F protein to enter the cell through direct fusion with the host cell membrane. The virus enters the host cell via the outer vesicle endocytosis strategy and replicates and proliferates through the role of caveolin, actin, dynein and cholesterol on the host cell membrane. This review summarises the viral structure, attachment mechanism and transmembrane internalisation mechanism of PPRV. The aim of this review is to provide theoretical support for the development of PPRV inhibitors and the prevention and control of PPR.
Prevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sheep and Goats of Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Fayisa Wakgari Oljira , Sarba Edilu Jorga , Borena Bizunesh Mideksa , Gebremedhin Endrias Zewdu , Tola Getachew Kebebew
Published: December 2024

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a cestode infection of significant public health and economic importance. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed to estimate the pooled prevalence of small ruminant CE and associated risk factors in Ethiopia. The published literature written in English from 01 January 2000 to 30 December 2019 was searched from electronic databases and eligible reports that fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 1140 records were identified, of which 23 reports met the eligibility criteria. A random‐effects meta‐analysis model was used to pool the prevalence estimations, and a subgroup meta‐analysis was utilized to compare the pooled prevalence of CE among the species, age group and sex of the studied animals. The pooled estimated small ruminant CE prevalence was 20.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.7, 22.3) in Ethiopia, and there was significant heterogeneity among the studies (p < 0.05). The pooled prevalence was higher for sheep, 24.3% (18.5, 30.1), compared to goats, 18.5% (14.5, 22.6), and in adults than young animals. The results of the present analysis suggested a high prevalence of CE at the national level. CE has a significant economic impact due to organ condemnation and production losses and poses a serious public health risk. Effective control requires public awareness, improved slaughterhouse practices, stray dog population management and integrated surveillance and control programmes involving veterinary, public health and environmental sectors. Such synthesis reports are believed to be useful in influencing policymakers towards designing effective prevention and control policies and strategies.
First in‐Vacuum In Situ X‐AFM/XRF/STXM Soft X‐Rays Combination Measurements and Characterization
Authors: Hafner Aljoša , Costa Luca , Kourousias George , Dobovičnik Edvard , Cautero Marco , Gregorat Leonardo , Žižić Milan , Bonanni Valentina , Cautero Giuseppe , Gianoncelli Alessandra
Published: December 2024

This manuscript details the advancements in developing a unique multimodal imaging setup, specifically the integration of X‐AFM on a synchrotron beamline that currently combines STXM and XRF. This triplet configuration operates within the soft x‐ray regime (< 2.5 keV) and necessitates high vacuum instrumentation, targeting sub‐micrometric applications with nanometric precision. Building on a previously successful prototype, the paper presents the current setup, the challenges encountered, and the solutions implemented. Additionally, it highlights significant custom developments in specialized electronics that enabled practical utilization of the new instrument. In particular, multiple samples, including asbestos fibers from a broader high‐impact research project, were measured and characterized in situ for the first time. The overall performance is critically evaluated through an ex‐situ comparison with a commercial single‐modality AFM system. Finally, the manuscript discusses the roadmap for future advancements in related instrumentation, methods, and applications.
Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen
Authors: Schlachter Sabrina
Published: December 2024

Für die theoretische und begriffliche Annäherung an den Untersuchungsgegenstand sind drei Teile nötig. Für die Auseinandersetzung mit medienbezogenen Bildungsprozessen in Paarbeziehungen muss erstens der bildungstheoretische Bezug dieser Arbeit erläutert werden. Hierzu wird die strukturale Bildungstheorie nach Marotzki vorgestellt. Zweitens findet eine Auseinandersetzung mit dem Ausdruck medienbezogene Bildungsprozesse statt. Dafür werden die Begriffe Medien und Medialität erläutert. Im Anschluss daran wird das Begriffsverständnis von medienbezogenen Bildungsprozessen in der Arbeit formuliert. Weiterhin wird das auf der strukturalen Bildungstheorie aufbauende Konzept strukturale Medienbildung skizziert. Drittens wird der Begriff Paarbeziehung betrachtet. Hierzu werden theoretische Rahmungen und begriffliche Definitionen erörtert.
Methodologischer Bezugsrahmen – Grounded Theory Methodologie
Authors: Schlachter Sabrina
Published: December 2024

In diesem Kapitel wird der methodologische und methodische Bezugsrahmen für die Empirie dieser Arbeit ausgearbeitet und begründet. Es werden die Grounded Theory Methodologie samt Varianten vorgestellt sowie ihre Auswahl und die Wahl der spezifischen Variante begründet. Anschließend werden zentrale Elemente der Methodologie vorgestellt. Für die Datenerhebung ist das Vorgehen des theoretical Samplings leitend und wird teilweise parallel zur Erhebung und zur Auswertung vollzogen. Bei der Auswertung werden die Kodierprozeduren zirkulär angewendet, um eine Grounded Theory aus dem Datenmaterial zu entwickeln und diese im Entwicklungsprozess kontinuierlich zu überprüfen und zu verfeinern. Als Heuristik zur Theorieentwicklung dient das Kodierparadigma. Bei der Auswertung werden Techniken zur Steigerung der theoretischen Sensibilität genutzt und der Einbezug theoretischen Vorwissens reflektiert. Über den gesamten Forschungsprozess hinweg werden Memos geschrieben, mithilfe derer die gegenstandsbezogene Theorie ausformuliert wird. Zuletzt werden die bei einer Grounded-Theory-Studie zu berücksichtigen Gütekriterien aufgeführt.
Characterization and optimization of cutting depth in passive-compliant robotic belt grinding
Authors: Torres-Izu Ramon , Aginaga Jokin , Mata Sara , Barrenetxea David , Inziarte Ibai
Published: December 2024

Robotic belt grinding offers numerous advantages, such as operational versatility and the ability to work in complex spaces. Its implementation in the modern industry aims to surpass manual grinding tasks and enhance overall productivity. Among these processes, compliant techniques offer adaptive solutions, where the tool can adapt to complex surfaces, besides providing more efficient grinding solutions for industrial applications. This paper focuses on an easy characterization of the cutting depth in a robotic belt grinding application using a portable passive-compliant tool. To this end, a cutting depth belt grinding model based on process parameters is presented. Experimental tests are conducted to correlate the depth of material removal with the belt wear behavior and analysis on Inconel 718 specimens. Then, the solution presented is validated through additional tests. Furthermore, the model is utilized for a productivity optimization that takes into account the belt wear, searching for optimal process variables that minimize cycle time.
Neurosonographie an der Stroke Unit – ein Update
Authors: Haidegger Melanie , Kneihsl Markus
Published: December 2024

Der Einsatz der Neurosonographie ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Routineabklärung nach ischämischem Schlaganfall. Als einfach anzuwendende Bedside-Untersuchung kann diese direkt in der Akutaufnahme/an der Stroke Unit durchgeführt werden, wobei drei Domänen zu nennen sind: 1) Okklusionsprozesse der hirnversorgenden Gefäße: Abgesehen von der Detektion hochgradiger Stenosen und von Verschlüssen eignet sich der Ultraschall hervorragend dazu, die Oberfläche und Echogenität atherosklerotischer Plaques der hirnversorgenden Gefäße zu beurteilen. So können Risikoplaques identifiziert werden, die unabhängig vom Stenosegrad mit dem Auftreten von Schlaganfällen assoziiert sind. 2) Zerebrale Hämodynamik nach Gefäßrekanalisation: Die mechanische Thrombektomie hat das Ergebnis von Schlaganfallpatient:innen mit Großgefäßverschluss maßgeblich verbessert. Etwa ein Drittel dieser Patient:innen weist Störungen der zerebralen Hämodynamik auf. Beispielhaft sei das Hyperperfusionssyndrom zu nennen, das mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Infarkteinblutungen verbunden ist. Der Einsatz des transkraniellen Ultraschalls ermöglicht es, derartige Veränderungen frühzeitig zu erkennen und im Rahmen einer individualisierten Behandlung zu berücksichtigen. 3) Rechts-Links-Shunt-Diagnostik: Bei Patient:innen unter 60 Jahren mit kortikalen Infarkten und unauffälliger Routineabklärung sollte nach einem Rechts-Links-Shunt in Form eines persistierenden Foramen ovale gesucht werden. Der transkranielle Ultraschall eignet sich durch seine hohe Sensitivität als hervorragendes Screening-Instrument zur Diagnostik des Rechts-Links-Shunts.
The Use of HIV Prevention Strategies and Services Reported by Black Women with a Risk for and with HIV in the United States
Authors: Reaves Toria , Lewis Rashunda , Dasgupta Sharoda , Lyons Shacara Johnson , Tie Yunfeng , Nair Priya , Carree Tamara , Hu Xiaohong , Raiford Jerris L. , Marcus Ruthanne
Published: December 2024

Black women are disproportionately affected by HIV. We analyzed data from two Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s HIV surveillance systems to better understand HIV prevention strategies used by Black women at risk for and with HIV to help inform efforts to end HIV. Among sexually active Black women, we analyzed 2019 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance data on women without HIV (n = 4,033) and 2018–2020 Medical Monitoring Project data on women with HIV (n = 967). We reported percentages of HIV prevention strategies and services used and assessed differences between groups using Rao-Scott chi-square tests. Among Black women without HIV, 39% were aware of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP); of these, 7% discussed PrEP with a healthcare provider, and 1% used PrEP in the past 12 months. Approximately 16% used a condom with their last sex partner; 36% reported that their last sex partner did not have HIV. Among Black women with HIV, 58% had condom-protected sex, 56% reported having sex while having sustained viral suppression, 3% had condomless sex with a partner on PrEP, and 24% had sex with a partner with HIV; 12% engaged in sex without using any HIV prevention strategy. HIV prevention strategies and services differed by selected demographic characteristics and social determinants of health. Although many sexually active Black women reported using HIV prevention strategies, there is room for improvement among those at risk for or with HIV. Tailoring prevention efforts based on individual needs and circumstances is essential for ending the HIV epidemic.
Personalized multifactorial risk assessment in neoadjuvant-treated breast carcinoma
Authors: Korpinen K. , Autere T. A. , Tuominen J. , Löyttyniemi E. , Eigeliene N. , Talvinen K. , Kronqvist P.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Due to biological heterogeneity of breast carcinoma, predicting the individual response to neoadjuvant treatment (NAT) is complex. Consequently, there are no comprehensive, generally accepted practices to guide post-treatment follow-up. We present clinical and histopathological criteria to advance the prediction of disease outcome in NA-treated breast cancer.

Methods

A retrospective consecutive cohort of 257 NA-treated Finnish breast cancer patients with up to 13-year follow-up and the corresponding tissue samples of pre- and post-NAT breast and metastatic specimen were evaluated for prognostic impacts. All relevant clinical and biomarker characteristics potentially correlated with tumor response to NAT, course of disease, or outcome of breast cancer were included in the statistical analyses.

Results

The results highlight the intensified characterization of distinguished prognostic factors and previously overlooked histological features, e.g., mitotic and apoptotic activity. Particularly, decreased PR indicated 3.8-fold (CI 1.9–7.4, p = 0.0001) mortality risk, and a > 10.5-year shorter survival for the majority, > 75% of patients (Q1). Clinically applicable prognostic factors both preceding and following NAT were identified and compiled into heat maps to quantify mortality and recurrence risks. Combinations of risk factors for aggressive disease were exemplified as an interactive tool (bcnatreccalc.utu.fi) to illustrate the spectrum of disease outcomes.

Conclusion

The results emphasize the value of comprehensive evaluation of conventional patient and biomarker characteristics, especially concerning re-assessment of biomarkers, risk-adapted surveillance, and personalized treatment strategies. Future personalized NA-treatment strategies might benefit from models combining risk-adapted surveillance data and post-NAT re-assessed biomarkers.
Control of Cardiac Output with Ivabradine or Beta-Blockers for Refractory Hypoxemia under Veno-Venous ECMO for Severe ARDS
Authors: Masi Paul , Tchatat Wangueu Lionel , Bagate François , Plesa Alexandra , Folliguet Thierry , Mekontso Dessap Armand
Published: December 2024

Purpose

Hypoxemia is a risk factor for mortality and long-term neuropsychological impairment during severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) is a potential treatment for such cases but may not suffice. We aimed to evaluate the effects of pharmacological interventions for cardiac output (CO) control using ivabradine or beta-blockers for refractory hypoxemia during VV-ECMO.

Methods

The study involved retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with severe ARDS who underwent VV-ECMO at a tertiary university hospital between March 2020 and May 2022. Patients with refractory hypoxemia under VV-ECMO were included. Pharmacological interventions included ivabradine and/or short half-life beta-blockers. The primary endpoint was the change in ECMO flow/CO ratio and secondary endpoints were changes in macrocirculation (mean arterial pressure), oxygenation [arterial saturation (SaO2) and oxygen transport (DO2)] and tissue hypoxia (lactate levels).

Results

Out of 70 patients on VV-ECMO, ten had refractory hypoxemia under VV-ECMO and received pharmacological interventions to control CO. The ECMO flow/CO ratio significantly increased with pharmacological intervention overall (from 60% [50–66] to 69% [61–81], p = 0.02), as well as with beta-blockers or ivabradine individually. However, DO2 decreased, especially with beta-blockers and to some extent with ivabradine. There were no reported immediate adverse events, and lactate levels remained below the anaerobic threshold.

Conclusion

Ivabradine and beta-blockers were clinically well-tolerated and improved the ECMO flow/CO ratio in patients with refractory hypoxemia during VV-ECMO. However, the improvement of arterial oxygenation was associated with decreased DO2.
Superhydrophilic self-cleaning cotton fabric with enhanced antibacterial and UV protection properties
Authors: Pakdel Esfandiar , Daoud Walid A. , Kashi Sima , Parvinzadeh Gashti Mazeyar , Wang Xungai
Published: December 2024

A multifunctional cotton fabric with superior photocatalytic self-cleaning, antibacterial activity and UV protection was prepared through treatment with TiO2/Pt/SiO2 colloid, clarifying the influence of coating formulation on these functionalities. The photocatalytic activity of coated fabrics under UV and white-fluorescent light was tested and synergistic effects of Pt and silica in enhancing the self-cleaning property of fabrics were demonstrated. Various molar ratios of Pt:Ti (0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) and Ti:Si (50/50 and 30/70) were utilised in synthesising the colloids. The self-cleaning performance of fabrics was assessed through monitoring coffee stain removal efficiency and methylene blue (MB) dye degradation kinetics. The results demonstrated an effective photocatalytic self-cleaning property on fabrics coated with TiO2/Pt/SiO2 colloids. Increasing the concentrations of Pt and silica both contributed to enhancing the self-cleaning property. The fabric coated with ternary TiO2/Pt/SiO2 30/1/70 colloid resulted in 43.5% higher MB dye removal compared with pure TiO2 after 3h irradiation under visible light. Moreover, the fabrics containing Pt 1% dopant possessed excellent bactericidal activity against both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, regardless of the presence of silica. While the addition of silica slightly reduced the UV protection of coated fabrics, increasing the concentration of Pt to 1% increased the protection level to 45 + . Various characterisation techniques including SEM, XPS, XRD, and TEM were employed to study the Pt-doping of TiO2 nanoparticles, as well as the effect of Pt concentration, superhydrophilicity of silica, and the chemical composition of coatings on the functionalities of fabrics.
A Structured L-BFGS Method with Diagonal Scaling and Its Application to Image Registration
Authors: Mannel Florian , Aggrawal Hari Om
Published: December 2024

We devise an L-BFGS method for optimization problems in which the objective is the sum of two functions, where the Hessian of the first function is computationally unavailable while the Hessian of the second function has a computationally available approximation that allows for cheap matrix–vector products. This is a prototypical setting for many inverse problems. The proposed L-BFGS method exploits the structure of the objective to construct a more accurate Hessian approximation than in standard L-BFGS. In contrast with existing works on structured L-BFGS, we choose the first part of the seed matrix, which approximates the Hessian of the first function, as a diagonal matrix rather than a multiple of the identity. We derive two suitable formulas for the coefficients of the diagonal matrix and show that this boosts performance on real-life image registration problems, which are highly non-convex inverse problems. The new method converges globally and linearly on non-convex problems under mild assumptions in a general Hilbert space setting, making it applicable to a broad class of inverse problems. An implementation of the method is freely available.
Establishment of regeneration, transformation, and genome editing procedures for a seed-propagated carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) variety
Authors: Li ZhongJian , Yagi Masafumi , Koyama Ryohei , Uno Yuichi
Published: December 2024

Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) are amongst the three most commercially valuable cut flowers worldwide. However, traditional breeding methods are often time-consuming and labor-intensive. Although genome editing is used as an alternative method for creating new varieties, the high heterozygosity of carnations inhibits the ability to maintain varietal characteristics in null segregants except for target-derived traits. The use of homozygous lines is a possible solution. Therefore, this study aimed to establish regeneration, transformation, and genome editing methods using seed-carnation varieties. The effects of four auxins (indole-3-butyric acid, IBA; a-naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D; and 3-indoleacetic acid, IAA) and five cytokinins (6-benzyladenine, BA; thidiazuron, TDZ; kinetin, KT; zeatin, ZT; and N6-2-isopentenyl adenine, 2IP) on callus and shoot induction were evaluated. The combination of 0.05 mg/l 2,4-D and 4 mg/l TDZ had the highest shoot formation rate at 28%. In addition, shoot hyperhydricity was reduced by increasing the size of culture vessels. Sucrose, agar, and AgNO3 concentrations, as well as pH, were optimized to facilitate regeneration. Hygromycin at 12.5 mg/l was subsequently used as the selection agent after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Finally, the phytoene desaturase gene was knocked out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The obtained albino shoot had a one-base deletion or two-base insertion in the genome sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first study to establish a system for genome editing of callus-derived shoots from a homozygous seed-propagated carnation, which may contribute to the rapid breeding of the new varieties.
Assessing the impact of safety interventions on open drug markets in a small Swedish municipality using synthetic control methods
Authors: Ceccato Vania , Jorge Marco Antonio , Gliori Gabriel
Published: December 2024

Objectives

We analyze the impact of the “Stoppa droghandeln” (“Stop the drug trade”) program, a set of safety interventions aimed at reducing crime, particularly drug-related crimes, in a small Swedish municipality (Österåker) from 2018 to 2023.

Methods

We use a count-based synthetic control approach to compare police crime data before and after beginning the safety interventions (“Stop the drug trade”). This quasi-experimental design was used to infer the causal effects of “Stop the drug trade” on crime, using an evaluation framework including several robustness tests with different crime types. Cluster detection analysis was also used to monitor potential changes in the geography of open drug markets.

Results

In 2023, Österåker performed better than 82% of all Swedish municipalities for drug-related offenses. Estimates indicate that 3221 crimes were prevented in Österåker, including 589 less drug-related offenses. However, the non-significant p-values suggest that Österåker’s crime reduction did not outperform most other municipalities. While this could be due to other municipalities implementing their own interventions, the magnitude and consistency of the treatment effects across crime types in Österåker make it unlikely that these results occurred by chance. In terms of geography, clusters of drug-related offenses were stable, and after the interventions, they became more concentrated in particular places.

Conclusions

This study’s findings underscore the potential impact of a blend of social and situational crime prevention interventions to reduce drug-related offenses and other crimes in a small municipality. The Österåker case demonstrates that strategies should target specific types of crime and monitor possible shifts in crime concentration across different parts of the study area over time. The synthetic control method helped isolate the impact of safety interventions on drug-related crime, demonstrating its value as a tool for policy evaluation.
Are metacognition interventions in young children effective? Evidence from a series of meta-analyses
Authors: Eberhart Janina , Ingendahl Franziska , Bryce Donna
Published: December 2024

A metacognitive learner acts in a planful way, monitors their progress, flexibly adapts their strategies, and reflects on their learning. Unsurprisingly, a metacognitive approach to learning is an important predictor of children’s academic performance and many attempts have been made to promote metacognition in young children. The current meta-analytic study evaluates the impact of such metacognition interventions on outcomes related to self-regulated learning and academic achievement in typically developing pre- and elementary school children. Structural, content-related, and methodological moderators were tested in this study including 349 effect sizes from 67 studies. An overall effectiveness of metacognition interventions was evidenced at immediate post-test g = 0.48 (95% CI [0.35, 0.61]), and at follow-up g = 0.29 (95% CI [0.17, 0.40]). Interestingly, metacognition interventions effectively enhanced children’s self-efficacy only at follow-up, suggesting that the positive impact of these interventions can unfold over a protracted period. For the first time, children’s executive functions were considered as outcome variables and results indicated a positive impact of metacognition interventions on these variables. One notable finding was that interventions that were delivered by teachers or task materials were more effective than interventions that were delivered by researchers for two outcomes related to self-regulated learning. This finding may reflect recent improvements in how teachers and researchers collaborate to develop intervention programs. The study supports and extends existing evidence that young learners benefit from metacognition interventions in myriad ways and provides novel insights relevant for pedagogical practice and theories of self-regulated learning.
State-of-the-Art Review: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Shah Tayyab , Fanaroff Alexander C.
Published: December 2024

Purpose of the Review

This summarizes the major trials from the past year examining percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) strategies and adjunct therapies in myocardial infarction.

Recent Findings

Significant progress has been made in four areas: (1) mechanical circulatory support in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock – trials demonstrate that a percutaneous left ventricular assist device provides a significant mortality benefit in select patients. (2) Timing and choice of complete revascularization in patients with MI without shock – trials support earlier complete revascularization during the index procedure or hospitalization. (3) Intravascular imaging – trials highlight that using optical coherence tomography or intravascular ultrasound yields superior outcomes compared to angiographic guidance alone. (4) Dual Antiplatelet Therapy (DAPT) timing – findings indicate that stopping DAPT earlier (within 1–3 months post-PCI) and transitioning to P2Y12 inhibitors is generally safe and effective.

Recent trials underscore the evolving role of advanced technologies and optimized timing in improving outcomes for MI patients, with a focus on individualized and evidence-based care strategies.
Mobility and community at Mesolithic Lake Onega, Karelia, north-west Russia: insights from strontium isotope analysis
Authors: Eckelmann Rebekka , Arppe Laura , Tarasov Alexey , Pospieszny Łukasz , Ackerman Lukáš , Heyd Volker , Gerasimov Dmitry , Moiseyev Vyacheslav , Fairbanks Vanessa , Hyland Corrie , Mannermaa Kristiina
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the underlying mechanisms driving the formation of the largest known burial site of the Northern European Mesolithic, Yuzhniy Oleniy Ostrov (YOO). Radiogenic strontium isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr) was used to identify group dynamics within the cemetery and examine the site’s place within local and supra-regional networks. The analysis of 57 humans and 31 animals was supported by the creation of an environmental baseline which identified four key geological zones and defines the strontium characteristics of Lake Onega. Only two individuals had strontium values indicating time spent outside of Lake Onega’s northern shores, where the majority of the burial population is likely to have resided. These results suggest that the YOO cemetery predominantly served as a burial place for those with semi-permanent residence in this area, with no significant evidence for gender-based relocation patterns indicative of patri- or matrilocal residency. However, materials seem to have travelled towards Lake Onega even over great distances and the presence of the two outlier individuals suggests these exchanges also involved long-distance travel of people. Our results align with an increasing number of studies that suggest a high degree of residential stability for Late Mesolithic foraging groups relying primarily on aquatic resources, yet simultaneously places the Lake Onega community within a wider Mesolithic communication network.