bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Images that Last? Iraq videos from YouTube to WikiLeaks
Authors: Christensen Christian
Published: May 2017

On April 3, 2010, WikiLeaks and the Sunshine Press released the Collateral Murder video: a 17-minute clip showing a US Apache attack helicopter firing upon individuals in a Baghdad suburb. Amongst those killed by the 30mm cannon fire were two Reuters journalists. Rooted in the author’s earlier work on the use of YouTube by US soldiers to record everything from the criminal to the light-hearted to the banal, the chapter addresses how this clip (viewed over 15 million times on YouTube, and with myriad copies throughout the Internet) has been used and re-used for a variety of activist purposes over the past 4 years, and how it has contributed to a temporal extension of ‘the battlefield.’ Rather than a somewhat static memorialisation or transcription of war, the Collateral Murder video has been more fluid: entering and re-entering public consciousness as it is linked to news events as they unfold. This chapter discusses the flow and distribution of activist imagery as it is connected to the flow of news and current events.
Introduction: power, luck and freedom
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the links between the concepts of power, luck and freedom that are elucidated in the subsequent chapters of the book. It argues that comparative static definitions of power are correct for understanding the power structure of society and for comparing power across societies, but will always be inherently disappointing as power in action is dynamic. It discusses the nature of dynamic power and relates that to individual freedom, control and responsibility, demonstrating how luck underpins our understanding of freedom and responsibility.
Rational choice and community power structures
Authors: Dowding Keith , Dunleavy Patrick , King Desmond , Margetts Helen
Published: May 2017

This chapter applies Dowding’s analysis of power to the community power debate. It demonstrates the importance of the collective action problem to our understanding of power in society, showing that both pluralists and their radical critics misinterpret power in society by ignoring collective action problems. It demonstrates the nature of luck and systematic luck in the power structure.
The construction of rights
Authors: Dowding Keith , van Hees Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the sense in which rights can be said to exist. It explores various approaches to the definition and analysis of rights, focusing in particular on the compossibility of rights. Concentrating on three existing approaches to rights – social choice-theoretic, game-theoretic and Steiner’s approach – we suggest that rights are noncompossible in any interesting sense: that is, that the rights people have are nonexistent or vanishingly small. We develop an alternative account of rights – which we claim is more in tune with moral intuitions – where compossibility is not important and rights cannot form the exclusive basis of morality or a theory of justice. Rights are constructed on the basis of more fundamental moral values. We demonstrate how they are constructed and the sense in which they exist, even though they might not always be exercised, while acknowledging that rights that may never be exercised are hardly worth the name.
(Re)politicising the dead in post-Holocaust Poland: the afterlives of human remains at the Bełżec extermination camp1
Authors: Dziuban Zuzanna
Published: May 2017

This chapter will focus on three extermination camps – Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka – to understand the cultural and social importance of burial for the processes of mourning performed in post-catastrophic contexts. Often referred to as the most deadly and, at the same time, most forgotten camps, these sites in many respects differ from the other National Socialist camps erected in Nazi-occupied Poland due to their ceasing to operate and being dismantled as early as autumn 1943. They thus left a relatively small number of camp survivors and the absence of any material traces, as well as a lack of press coverage at the time of liberation.
The chapter will analyse the transformation of former camp sites into landscapes of memory and focus on the ethical and political motivations for and implications of the archaeological research and its role for reshaping the commemorative activities at the camp locations. It will be argued that the new commemorative idioms developed at and for the sites of former extermination camps not only reflect important changes in the approach to the Holocaust in post-1989 Poland, but can also be interpreted in terms of ‘commemorative reburial’: a politically and ethically charged effort aimed at performing the ‘buriability’ of the victims of the camps.
Musicians’ organisations before 1893
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the history of musicians’ representative organisations before the formation of the Amalgamated Musicians’ Union in 1893. It traces developments from the fourteenth century to the late nineteenth, examining the various fraternities, brotherhood guilds and societies which were formed. Issues of protectionism, benevolence and organisation are raised. The moves towards a re trade unionism are outlined in the context of the growth of new unionism. The formation of the Amalgamated Musicians’ Union (AMU) and thee rival London Orchestral Association (LOA) are outlined.
The politics of dancing: 1934–1945
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the history of the MU from the mid 1930s to the end of the Second World War. It includes sections on the state of the music professions, the Union’s internal politics, the introduction of a “ban” on foreign musicians entering the UK to work, relations with the BBC and PPL and the effect of war in the music profession
Worlds of possibilities: 1946–1955
Authors: Williamson John , Cloonan Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the development of the music industries (including broadcasting) and the MU in the ten years post 1945. A 1946 survey of musicians is reported. The working practices of bandleaders, composers and semi-professional musicians is examined. The 1948 election of Hardie Ratcliffe
as General Secretary of the MU is reported and the role of the Communist Part of Great Britain within the Union discussed. A 1946 agreement between PPL and the MU is shown to be of particular importance. The end of the “ban” on alien musicians entering the UK to work is reported.
Continuing fault lines and new threats: European integration and the rise of UKIP
Authors: Lynch Philip , Whitaker Richard
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the difficulties that European integration has posed for the Conservatives under Cameron in the context of modernisation of the Conservative Party. It explores how two familiar problems, albeit in a new form, have reappeared and posed problems for Cameron’s modernisation project. First, the desire of EU Member States to pursue further integration has limited UK influence and second, Conservative divisions have returned with a vengeance, this time between soft Eurosceptics supporting membership of a reformed EU and hard Eurosceptics seeking fundamental renegotiation or withdrawal. The chapter also assesses an important new dimension to Conservative difficulties on the EU issue, namely the rise of UKIP. It looks at the challenge it poses and the Conservative response. The chapter concludes by considering how the EU issue may play out in the post-2015 general election period.
Bombs without bombsites: memory and security without visibility
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the relationship between visibility, memorialisation and security through case studies of the London bombing, the invasion of Afghanistan by coalition troops, and the situation of post-terrorist memorials in tourism economies. It analyses how some invisible (underground) bombsites are made visible during memorialisation to expunge their morbid resonance, whereas other invisible deaths (those of Afghanis) remain inconspicuous given their situation in political structures of grievability. Finally, the chapter explores the integration of post-terrorist memorials into tourist agendas and the function of the tourist gaze as a signifying tool which can reconstitute formerly traumatic sites.
Conclusion: good relations, free speech and political activism
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins by asking how sociology can respond to the abnormal and tragic transnational politics of Palestine-Israel. I discuss how my ethnographic approach challenges the violent abstractions of dominant political theories and offers a distinctive contribution to the field of the ‘anthropology of ethics’. I then address a series of questions arising from my research into campus struggles around Palestine-Israel. First, what social conditions enable ethical modes of relationality to develop between student activists? Second, how can a sense of ethical relations as responsive to the singularity and uncertainty of ‘the other’ come into tension with the political expression of moral commitment and coherent action? And how can more complex, localised ethico-political responses be scaled up to the level of more broadly mediated communications, in which reductionist, symbolic representations flourish? Grounding my responses to these questions in an ethnographic vignette, I show how an easily overlooked interpersonal encounter carries the potential to transfigure the seemingly intractable tensions between ‘free speech’, ‘good relations’ and ‘political activism’ within universities. In this way, this book concludes with an - at once - philosophical and ethnographic response to the continued presence of the Palestine-Israel conflict within British campuses.
Postscript: unfinished conversations
Authors: Sheldon Ruth
Published: May 2017

In the summer of 2013, after I had begun to draft this book, I started to reflect on the ethics of my writing process. How did my commitment to responsive ethnography relate to questions about the ethics of ethnographic representation? Was the process through which I produced these representations of students itself dialogical? How did the ways in which I imagined students’ responses shape what I had written about them? Were the people I was writing about invited to reflect on and respond to my representations of them?...
Bearers of tradition or oppressed minority?:1 women as citizens
Authors: Sharma Shailja
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the special position women hold in a discussion of minority rights. They are seen as victims who need rescuing or as sexual exotic beings. This was as true under colonialism as it is now, particularly with regard to Muslim women. The logic of “civilising” is inherent to this logic, particularly expressed around what is seen as an inferior culture. Feminists are not exempt from this attitude. I examine the politics around the veiling issue in France, and forced marriages in Britain,as examples of this trend.
(Re)making spaces and ‘working out ways’: women in the printing industry
Authors: Adams Stein Jesse
Published: May 2017

This chapter is about the experiences had by women in the printing industry in the second half of the twentieth century. Focusing on the stories of three women – a tablehand, a senior manager and a printing apprentice – the chapter explores how women in the printing industry coped with the shifting challenges of a patriarchal printing environment. One of the threads holding these three stories together is the presence of design and embodied experience; each of these narratives speaks of something made, designed or physically manipulated, be it spatial, environmental or technological. The active making and re-making of things and spaces, and the forming of embodied knowledge about machinery and industrial objects, were strategies that female workers mobilised in order to survive challenging and often discriminatory circumstances. The contentious politics lifting – and associated legal limitations – is evaluated, revealing a disjuncture between workplace rhetoric and actual embodied practice.
Invasions of privacy
Authors: Atkinson Rowland , Blandy Sarah
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the risks that are perceived to threaten the home. Not only do problems like burglary loom large in a fearful public imagination, contemporary life presents us with new problems and terrors which may invade the home, for example identity theft, predatory paedophiles, telesales and so on. The longstanding legal importance of boundaries indicates the difficulties of ensuring control over the undisturbed privacy of the home. The chapter discusses the extent to which homeownership can ensure absolute control, as against the powers of the state as well as against neighbours and varied invasions of privacy.
A widespread family of serine/threonine protein phosphatases shares a common regulatory switch with proteasomal proteases
Authors: Bradshaw Niels , Levdikov Vladimir M , Zimanyi Christina M , Gaudet Rachelle , Wilkinson Anthony J , Losick Richard
Published: May 2017

PP2C phosphatases control biological processes including stress responses, development, and cell division in all kingdoms of life. Diverse regulatory domains adapt PP2C phosphatases to specific functions, but how these domains control phosphatase activity was unknown. We present structures representing active and inactive states of the PP2C phosphatase SpoIIE from Bacillus subtilis. Based on structural analyses and genetic and biochemical experiments, we identify an α-helical switch that shifts a carbonyl oxygen into the active site to coordinate a metal cofactor. Our analysis indicates that this switch is widely conserved among PP2C family members, serving as a platform to control phosphatase activity in response to diverse inputs. Remarkably, the switch is shared with proteasomal proteases, which we identify as evolutionary and structural relatives of PP2C phosphatases. Although these proteases use an unrelated catalytic mechanism, rotation of equivalent helices controls protease activity by movement of the equivalent carbonyl oxygen into the active site.
The structure of a LAIR1-containing human antibody reveals a novel mechanism of antigen recognition
Authors: Hsieh Fu-Lien , Higgins Matthew K
Published: May 2017

Antibodies are critical components of the human adaptive immune system, providing versatile scaffolds to display diverse antigen-binding surfaces. Nevertheless, most antibodies have similar architectures, with the variable immunoglobulin domains of the heavy and light chain each providing three hypervariable loops, which are varied to generate diversity. The recent identification of a novel class of antibody in humans from malaria endemic regions of Africa was therefore surprising as one hypervariable loop contains the entire collagen-binding domain of human LAIR1. Here, we present the structure of the Fab fragment of such an antibody. We show that its antigen-binding site has adopted an architecture that positions LAIR1, while itself being occluded. This therefore represents a novel means of antigen recognition, in which the Fab fragment of an antibody acts as an adaptor, linking a human protein insert with antigen-binding potential to the constant antibody regions which mediate immune cell recruitment.
On the March
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the liturgy of crusade in an attempt to appreciate the devotional and religious texture that the rites of prayer and intercession brought to the crusading experience. Unlike most of the rest of this book, which is organized around the evidence found in the liturgical volumes themselves, the chapter draws primarily on narrative accounts of crusading, paying particular attention to the role of liturgy, prayer, and ecclesiastical ritual in underwriting the goals and sacrality of the First Crusade and crusading in general. It is clear from the sources themselves that liturgical rituals were more frequently performed in the First Crusade than in other campaigns in a way that suggests that the rites played a heightened role—that is, a more frequent or at least more meaningful role—on the campaign. However, their performances were also strategic, and the way in which the devotional and strategic aspects of liturgical intervention intertwined is central to the quality of crusade as holy war.
Clamoring to God: Liturgy as a Weapon of War
Authors: Gaposchkin M. Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This chapter is about the institutional organization of liturgical penitence and supplication in the call for victory and vengeance that began in the wake of the Battle of Hattin. Starting with Gregory, popes and other ecclesiastical authorities sought to mobilize the collective spiritual resources of Christendom to pray to God to beseech aid in prosecuting holy war. Every major crusading initiative after was supported by a program liturgical supplication. This was a devotional response. And it was part of a larger program of social reform and pastoral organization that sought to widen spiritual and material support for the crusades and for Christian virtue in general. And most consequentially, it was part of the way in which the crusades were iteratively sacralized and brought into the very heart of Christian identity. Over the course of the thirteenth century, the program to call on God to support the crusade was embedded into the cursus of liturgical life. It also embedded the aims of crusading into the defining rituals of Christianity.
Vulnerability and the Countersovereign Voice
Authors: Nazarian Cynthia N.
Published: May 2017

This book examines the imagery of violence in early modern European poetry. Petrarch's lyric collection, Canzoniere, has shaped the ways in which others wrote and thought about desire for three centuries and more. Among Petrarch's later imitators, love seemed to take on a curious destructiveness: early modern European poets described their feelings as torture, massacre, or wounding and their ladies as bloodthirsty tyrants or jailers. This book asks why their love poetry was more brutal than Petrarch's own work. It explores Petrarchism's emphasis on voice produced under conditions of duress as well as the ways it employs metaphors of violence, vulnerability, pain, wretchedness, and inarticulacy for political allegory and criticism. It also discusses Petrarch's use of parrhēsia in both his political and amorous writings and suggests that countersovereignty emerges among Petrarch's sixteenth-century imitators who amplified the abjection and vulnerability experienced by the poet-lover while also concentrating power and violence in the hands of a cruel Beloved to whom they ascribed the political attributes of sovereignty.
Dealing with Damage from Home Water Leaks
Authors: Hendley Kathryn
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Russians respond when water leaks into their apartments, a very common problem in Russia. At first glance, law would seem to have little to do with how problems among neighbors are resolved in Russia. Russians are slow to invoke formal law. Litigation or even threats of litigation are the exception, not the rule. The chapter begins with an overview of the role of law in problem solving among neighbors and a conceptual framework for the evolution of disputes between neighbors, including ceiling leaks. It then considers Russians' legal consciousness as well as the problem-solving strategies they employed to deal with damage from home water leaks. Based on the results of focus groups and follow-up interviews, three basic strategies are evident: avoidance strategy, self-help strategy, and third-party intervention.
Microwave microscopy applied to EMC problem: Visualisation of electromagnetic field in the vicinity of electronic circuit and effect of nanomaterial coating
Authors: Rossignol J. , Stuerga D. , Bailly G. , Harrabi A. , Girard S. , Lalléchère S.
Published: May 2017

This proposal is devoted to a collaborative approach dealing with microwave microscopy experiments. The application is dedicated to an electromagnetic field cartography above circuits and the influence of nanometric material layer deposition on the circuits. The first application is associated to a microstrip ring resonator. The results match with the simulated fields. The second application is focused on the effects of a dielectric layer deposited on the circuit and its impact in terms of electromagnetic propagation.
Efficient CAD Model to Analysis of High Tc Superconducting Circular Microstrip Antenna on Anisotropic Substrates
Authors: Bedra S. , Bedra R. , Benkouda S. , Fortaki T.
Published: May 2017

In this paper, an electromagnetic approach based on cavity model in conjunction with electromagnetic knowledge was developed. The cavity model combined with London’s equations and the Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model has been improved to investigate the resonant characteristics of high Tc superconducting circular microstrip patch in the case where the patch is printed on uniaxially anisotropic substrate materials.  Merits of our extended model include low computational cost and mathematical simplify. The numerical simulation of this modeling shows excellent agreement with experimental results available in the literature. Finally, numerical results for the dielectric anisotropic substrates effects on the operating frequencies for the case of superconducting circular patch are also presented.
Optimum Design of ThinWideband Multilayer Electromagnetic Shield Using Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Kola K. S. , Mandal D. , Tewary J. , Roy V. P. , Bhattacharjee A. K.
Published: May 2017

This paper describes the method of optimum design of multilayer perforated electromagnetic shield using Evolutionary algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Different parameters which are inherently conflicting in nature corresponds to the multilayer structure of the electromagnetic shields have been considered. The goal is to minimize the overall mass of the shield with respect to its shielding effectiveness and cost. Three different models are considered and synthesized using evolutionary algorithms. Numerical optimal results for each model using different algorithms are presented and compared with each other to establish the effectiveness of the proposed method of designing.
Sections and views: visual representation in
eighteenth-century earthquake studies
Authors: KELLER SUSANNE B.
Published: July 2002

The medium of visual representation played a crucial role in the

Enlightenment project of
taking intellectual possession of nature, and of dominating it. Pictures
helped to categorize
the various natural phenomena, to disseminate knowledge about their appearance
and, so
to speak, to capture them on paper or canvas. From the middle of the eighteenth
century
onwards, natural historians treating extreme and threatening natural phenomena,
such as
volcanoes, earthquakes, waterspouts or geysers, increasingly supplemented
their written
accounts with engraved illustrations. In this paper, I concentrate on the
visual treatment
of earthquakes in learned publications. I discuss two different types of
graphic
representation of this natural phenomenon, which had always been considered
as virtually
‘undepictable’.

After the great earthquake of Lisbon in 1755, research into the subject
was greatly
stimulated. Two scholars, the British natural philosopher John Michell
and the Dutchman
Johan Drijfhout, published earthquake treatises in learned journals, and
each
complemented his text with a diagrammatic illustration. By translating
their theoretical
considerations into the abstract form of geological sections, these natural
philosophers
moulded a new visual language for seismology and earth history. An entirely
different
example of visual representation as a tool in research into earthquakes
can be seen in the
approach to the earthquake in Calabria in 1783. The Neapolitan Academy
of Science and
Letters sent some of its members to investigate the devastating effects
of this earthquake
on the landscape and the nature of the country. The topographical changes
were recorded
on the spot by trained draughtsmen, with the aim of providing accurate
and comprehensive
visual documentation. The pictures are remarkable in the way they reveal
a conflict
between the new demands of modern empirical science and the established

‘picturesque’ conventions of landscape painting.
A metaphysical subject
Authors: Fleming Martha
Published: July 2002

A Metaphysical Subject © Martha Fleming
Translation studies in the history of science: the example of Vestiges
Authors: RUPKE NICOLAAS
Published: July 2002

The three translations of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation invested the text
with new meaning. None of the translations endorsed the book for the author's advocacy of
species transformation. The first translation, into German (1846), put forward the text as evincing
divine design in nature. The second, into Dutch (1849), also presented Vestiges as proof of divine
order in nature and, more specifically, as aiding the stabilization of society under God and king
in a process of recovery from the 1848 Revolution. By contrast, the third translation, into German
(1851), interpreted the book as furthering the very revolutionary, anti-ecclesiastical and anti-
monarchist ideals that the Dutch edition sought to counter.
A Philosophical Argument for a Bill of Rights
Authors: FABRE CÉCILE
Published: July 2002

This article seeks to show that the rights which protect people's autonomy should be entrenched in the constitution of a democratic state. It is firmly located in egalitarian liberal tradition, as it takes for valid the following claims: (1) people have a fundamental interest in autonomy; (2) people have rights that their interest in autonomy, and the interests to which it gives rise, be protected and promoted; (3) people's respective interests in autonomy must be protected equally. The argument for a bill of rights unfolds as follows: first, it is argued that we have autonomy-protecting rights not only against private individuals but also against the state, and the meaning of having such rights against the state is explained; then it is shown that it is legitimate to turn certain autonomy-protecting moral rights into legal rights, and that doing so in the case of the rights we have against the state amounts to turning them into constitutional rights; lastly, two objections to the argument deployed earlier are countered.
Campaigning and Advertising: An Evaluation of the Components of Constituency Activism at Recent British General Elections
Authors: JOHNSTON R. J. , PATTIE C. J.
Published: July 2002

It is becoming increasingly accepted among analysts of British voting behaviour that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, local campaigning matters. The widespread view, largely propagated by David Butler and his co-workers on the Nuffield election studies, has been that campaigning in the constituencies by party activists and their candidates has no influence on the outcome: the distribution of votes across the parties in each constituency is a function of the national campaign only. This view was initially challenged by studies of canvassing in the 1970s, and extended during the 1980s by studies of campaign spending in the constituencies; further support was provided by work in the late 1980s and early 1990s on party canvassing activity. This note takes the challenge forward with an analysis of the impact of different aspects of constituency campaigning.
Experts at Work: State Autonomy, Social Learning and Eugenic Sterilization in 1930s Britain
Authors: KING DESMOND , HANSEN RANDALL
Published: July 2002

One influential strand of public policy-making theory imputes considerable autonomy to civil servants (and politicians) from social pressures; and, in Heclo's variant, conceives of policy makers as engaging in a benign process of social learning, the results of which benefit society. In this article we use the campaign to enact legislation for voluntary sterilization as an example of such a process. The analysis is based on archival records of the deliberations of the Brock Committee (1932–34), established to investigate the desirability of sterilization; it demonstrates how the committee attempted to develop a stronger case for the measure than warranted by the scientific evidence. We argue that the content of the Brock Committee's deliberations conforms in broad terms to the predictions of social learning theory, but that the process was more complicated than this framework would suggest, involving a significant element of interest-group lobbying, thereby weakening the autonomy of state policy makers. Furthermore, the deliberations themselves give cause to revise the laudatory view, more or less explicit in social learning theory, of policy experts' machinations.
An Empirical Theory of Rational Nominating Behaviour Applied to Japanese District Elections
Authors: BROWNE ERIC C. , PATTERSON DENNIS
Published: July 2002

Plurality electoral systems with multi-member districts and single nontransferable votes (SNTV) allow parties to win multiple seats in district elections by nominating multiple candidates, but they also penalize a party's seat share if the number of candidates offered is ‘too many’ or ‘too few’. Given an institutional incentive to nominate the ‘correct’ number of candidates, we seek to establish empirically that the nominating behaviour of parties in such systems results from a rational calculus of strategic choice. So we develop and test an empirical theory of rational nominating behaviour applied to Japanese district elections before the 1994 electoral reform. We establish, for all possible nominating strategies, the conditions on voting outcomes required for actors to maximize benefits in the context. The efficiency of actual strategy choices for maximizing benefits is found by comparing an observed outcome from voting (the distributed benefit) with the benefit that would be expected had the party chosen its ‘best’ alternative nominating strategy instead. Empirical testing indicates that Japanese parties discriminated between available nominating strategies and made choices that maximized benefits in the context,

evidence that the nominating behaviour of parties in this test environment was based on rational calculation.
Ministerial Autonomy or Ministerial Accommodation? Contested Bases of Government Survival in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: WARWICK PAUL V.
Published: July 2002

In this article the ability of Laver and Shepsle's portfolio allocation (PA) theory to account for the survival records of coalition governments in twelve West European parliamentary democracies is examined. The initial test consists of determining whether governments that are in PA equilibrium survive longer than other governments. Simulation experiments are then used to estimate the robustness of these equilibria in order to assess whether robust equilibria have significant survival-enhancing properties. The foil in this investigation is the ideological diversity approach, which sees ministerial accommodation, not ministerial autonomy, as the key to decision making in coalition governments. The evidence favours the latter perspective.
Social Capital in Britain
Authors: HALL PETER A.
Published: July 2002

Recent findings show an apparent erosion in the United States over the post-war years of ‘social capital’ understood as the propensity of individuals to associate together on a regular basis, to trust one another, and to engage in community affairs. This article examines the British case for

similar trends, finding no equivalent erosion. It proposes explanations for the resilience of social capital in Britain, rooted in educational reform, the transformation of the class structure, and government policy. It concludes by drawing some general lessons from the British case that stress the importance of the distributive dimensions of social capital and the impact that governments

can have on it.
URS AND URSIMS FOR P-ADIC MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS INSIDE A DISC
Authors: Boutabaa Abdelbaki , Escassut Alain
Published: July 2002

Let $K$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, complete for an ultrametric absolute value. We show that the $p$-adic main Nevanlinna Theorem holds for meromorphic functions inside an ‘open’ disc in $K$. Let $P_{n,c}$ be the Frank–Reinders’s polynomial

$$ (n-1)(n-2)X^n-2n(n-2)X^{n-1}+ n(n-1)X^{n-2}-c\qq (c\neq0,\ c\neq1,\ c\neq2) $$

and let $S_{n,c}$ be the set of its $n$ distinct zeros. For every $n\geq 7$, we show that $S_{n,c}$ is an $n$-points unique range set (counting multiplicities) for unbounded analytic functions inside an ‘open disc’, and for every $n\geq10$, we show that $S_{n,c}$ is an $n$-points unique range set ignoring multiplicities for the same set of functions. Similar results are obtained for meromorphic functions whose characteristic function is unbounded: we obtain unique range sets ignoring multiplicities of $17$ points. A better result is obtained for an analytic or a meromorphic function $f$ when its derivative is ‘small’ comparatively to $f$. In particular, for every $n\geq5$ we show that $S_{n,c}$ is an $n$-points unique range set ignoring multiplicities for unbounded analytic functions with small derivative. Actually, in each case, results also apply to pairs of analytic functions when just one of them is supposed unbounded. The method we use is based upon the $p$-adic Nevanlinna Theory, and Frank–Reinders’s and Fujimoto’s methods used for meromorphic functions in $\mathbb{C}$. Among other results, we show that the set of functions having a bounded characteristic function is just the field of fractions of the ring of bounded analytic functions in the disc.

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 12H25. Secondary 12J25; 46S10
On-station farmer participatory varietal evaluation: a strategy for client-oriented breeding
Authors: Baidu-Forson J.
Published: July 2002

On-station participatory evaluation of varieties was used to identify the characteristics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. Br.) preferred by
farmers in western Niger. Large numbers of productive tillers, large grain size, plant height of about 250 cm and a crop cycle of 100 d or less were the main traits that
motivated farmers' preference for ICMV IS 92222. High grain yield was of less concern to farmers than these factors. Small grain size, short or thin panicles, short or thin stalks and a crop cycle of 110 d or more are traits likely to be rejected by farmers. Evidence of gender-based trait preferences was significant only for short or thin panicles and thin stalks. There was no evidence of location-driven trait preferences. Farmer participation in the on-station varietal evaluation provided a means of identifying a wide range of traits that were valued by farmers and could provide guidance on farmer demand for use in varietal evaluations.
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL AMELIORATION OF ALKALINE SOIL BY GROWING KARNAL GRASS AND GYPSUM APPLICATION
Authors: BATRA L. , KUMAR A. , MANNA M. C. , CHHABRA R.
Published: July 2002

In a field experiment, microbiological and chemical amelioration of a highly deteriorated alkaline soil (pH 10.6, exchangeable sodium percentage 95) was undertaken during 1989–92 using two reclamation technologies: namely, growing Karnal grass (Leptochloa fusca) as a first crop in the absence of any amendment (biological reclamation) or applying gypsum as a chemical amendment for different cropping sequences. After ten months average dehydrogenase activity, used as a measure of catabolic
activity of micro-organisms under anaerobic conditions, was 49.5 μg triphenylformazan (TPF) per g soil in treatments where the soil was reclaimed by growing Karnal grass, compared with 26.8 μg TPF by applying 50% of the estimated requirement of gypsum. After three years of reclamation, average dehydrogenase activity was 118.7 μg TPF per g soil with Karnal grass and 96.1 μg TPF with gypsum. After three years average microbial biomass carbon was 28% greater in the gypsum treatments (206.5 mg per kg soil) compared with Karnal grass treatments (161.7 mg). However, at this stage the ratio between average dehydrogenase activity and microbial biomass carbon was greater with Karnal grass (0.77) than in gypsum treatments (0.47). The
microbiological properties changed more than the chemical properties of alkali soil as the time period advanced. After three years of reclamation, the average pH of the alkali soil dropped from 10.6 to 9.45 and the average exchangeable sodium percentage was reduced from 95 to 47.5. The increase in total organic carbon was 64% and in available nitrogen about 38% compared with the original soil. Higher microbial biomass carbon in gypsum treatments corresponded with lower exchangeable sodium percentage, higher availability of nitrogen and potassium and greater total yield of sensitive winter clovers.
CASHEW FARM UPGRADING: AGRONOMIC OPTIONS FOR INCREASING CASHEW PRODUCTION BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN TANZANIA
Authors: MARTIN P. J. , KASUGA L. J. , BASHIRU R. A.
Published: July 2002

As a result of higher prices and improved marketing, cashew (Anacardium occidentale) farmers in Tanzania are trying to improve production through improved husbandry. The main production constraint is powdery mildew disease which causes large reductions in tree yields. Although fungicides can control this disease, the majority of farmers are unable to afford them. Recently, cashew material with some tolerance to the disease has been released to growers and use of this material will be one of the main ways for farmers to cope with the disease. Cashew is grown principally by smallholders in Tanzania and since 1993 ways for farmers to increase production by including improved material on their farms have been investigated in participatory trials. The most important initial step is to fell non-productive trees. Where there is sufficient space these can be replaced by improved material established either as grafted plants, polyclonal seed or by top-working. Improved material can also be planted in gaps amongst the trees.
The effect of cryopreservation on the lethal mutation rate in

Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: HOULE DAVID , KONDRASHOV ALEXEY S. , YAMPOLSKY LEV YU. , CALDWELL SHANNON , STEPONKUS PETER L.
Published: July 2002

Although cryopreservation is routinely used for the storage of
a

range of biological organisms, few

studies have been conducted to determine whether cryopreservation increases

the frequency of

mutation. A procedure for the cryopreservation of Drosophila melanogaster

embryos has recently

been developed. Cryopreservation of D. melanogaster is of special

interest to geneticists and

evolutionary biologists because it would make it possible to assay control

and experimental

populations simultaneously during long-term studies. Before cryopreserved

embryos can be used

for such studies, it is first necessary to show that cryopreservation

is not mutagenic. We tested for

mutagenic effects of cryopreservation in D. melanogaster

embryos with an X-linked, recessive lethal

assay. The mutation rates of cryopreserved and control flies were not

significantly different. We

can be 95% certain that cryopreservation does not increase mutation

by a factor greater than 2·39.

This is the first quantitative estimate of the mutagenic effect of

cryopreservation on the germ line

of a metazoan. The results are reassuring when considering the genetic

impact of cryopreservation on mammalian gametes and embryos.
The effects of local selection, balanced polymorphism and

background selection on equilibrium patterns of genetic

diversity in subdivided populations
Authors: CHARLESWORTH BRIAN , NORDBORG MAGNUS , CHARLESWORTH DEBORAH
Published: July 2002

Levels of neutral genetic diversity in populations subdivided into

two demes were studied by multi-locus stochastic simulations. The model

includes deleterious mutations at loci throughout the

genome, causing ‘background selection’, as well as a single

locus at which a polymorphism is

maintained, either by frequency-dependent selection or by local

selective differences. These

balanced polymorphisms induce long coalescence times at linked neutral

loci, so that sequence

diversity at these loci is enhanced at statistical equilibrium. We study
how

equilibrium neutral

diversity levels are affected by the degree of population subdivision,
the

presence or absence of

background selection, and the level of inbreeding of the population. The

simulation results are

compared with approximate analytical formulae, assuming the infinite

sites neutral model. We

discuss how balancing selection can be distinguished from local selection,

by determining whether

peaks of diversity in the region of the polymorphic locus are seen within

or between demes. The

width of such diversity peaks is shown to depend on the total species

population size, rather than

local deme sizes. We show that, with population subdivision, local

selection enhances between-deme diversity even at neutral sites distant
from

the polymorphic locus, producing higher FST

values than with no selection; very high values can be generated at sites

close to a selected locus.

Background selection also increases FST,

mainly because of decreased diversity within populations,

which implies that its effects may be distinguishable from those of local

selection. Both effects are

stronger in selfing than outcrossing populations. Linkage disequilibrium

between neutral sites is

generated by both balancing and local selection, especially in selfing

populations, because of

linkage disequilibrium between the neutral sites and the selectively

maintained alleles. We discuss

how these theoretical results can be related to data on genetic diversity

within and between local populations of a species.
Long-term restoration of gonadal activity with xenografts of
preoptic area tissue in hypogonadal (hpg) mice
Authors: WOOD M. J. A. , WOOD K. J. , CHARLTON H. M.
Published: July 2002

The identification of novel mutants and their genetic
and phenotypic characterization leads initially to
fairly well-defined areas of experimentation. However,
some mutant models lend themselves to investigations
in fields that at first glance may appear remote from
the original observation.

This has been true of the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse
first discovered by Bruce Cattanach (Cattanach et al.,
1977). In these mutant mice there is a failure of
postnatal gonadal development such that paired
testicular weight in 60-d-old hpg males is less than
10 mg whilst in normal littermates the testes weigh
nearly 200 mg. The seminal vesicles of the mutants are
extremely atrophic, indicating a failure of androgen
production by the testes. In female mutants ovarian
follicles rarely advance beyond the pre-antral stage
and the uterus is thin and thread-like.
First record of a large Callixylon trunk from the

late Devonian of Gondwana
Authors: MEYER-BERTHAUD B. , WENDT J. , GALTIER J.
Published: July 2002

A 5 m long permineralized trunk from the Upper Kellwasser member
of southern

Morocco represents

the first record of a large trunk of an identifiable species of

Callixylon, C. erianum, from Gondwana.

This occurrence constitutes the most reliable evidence based on plant megafossils

for a floral connection

between Laurussia and Gondwana in late Devonian times and for a proximity
of

these continents in Famennian times. The potential of this trunk for studies
of the

architecture and growth patterns of the earliest

trees with a gymnospermous type of arborescent habit is discussed.
First lambeosaurine hadrosaurid from Europe:
palaeobiogeographical implications
Authors: CASANOVAS M. L. , PEREDA SUBERBIOLA X. , SANTAFE J. V. , WEISHAMPEL D. B.
Published: July 2002

New dinosaur specimens from the uppermost Cretaceous of Spain represent
the first record
of a lambeosaurine hadrosaurid from Europe. This discovery, which consists
of skull, mandible, and
postcranial remains from the Tremp Basin (Lleida Province, Catalonia),
is particularly unexpected
because lambeosaurines are otherwise well known from western North America
and central and eastern
Asia. Originally named Pararhabdodon isonensis, a species previously
regarded as a basal iguanodontian
dinosaur, new material indicates that Pararhabdodon is in fact
a primitive member of the
lambeosaurine clade. The presence of lambeosaurines on the Iberian Peninsula
at the very end of the
Cretaceous period is likely due to vicariance rather than dispersal. The
distribution of hadrosaurids
suggests biogeographic differences across the European archipelago at the
end of the Cretaceous.
FRANCIS BACON, THE EARL OF NORTHAMPTON, AND THE JACOBEAN ANTI-DUELLING CAMPAIGN
Authors: PELTONEN MARKKU
Published: July 2002

The article examines the intellectual and ideological debate about the notions of duelling, courtesy, and honour in the Jacobean anti-duelling campaign. Particular attention is paid to the two most important contributions to this campaign – Francis Bacon's The charge touching duells (1614) and A pvblication of his matiesedict, and severe censvre against priuate combats and combatants (1614), written by Henry Howard, the earl of Northampton. By placing these two treatises into their intellectual context of courtesy and duelling manuals, the article seeks to demonstrate their sharply contrasting responses to the problem of duelling. Northampton accepted the notions of courtesy, honour, and insult underlying the duelling theory, but still wanted to abolish duelling. His solution was therefore a court of honour which would solve all the disputes of honour between noblemen and gentlemen. Bacon, on the other hand, argued that the only efficient way of getting rid of duelling was to question the entire intellectual framework on which duelling rested. To accept the notions of honour, courtesy, and insult inherent in the duelling theory and to set up a court of honour, he insisted, was tantamount to encouraging duelling itself. In The charge touching duells Bacon was thus arguing as much against Northampton's plans to suppress duelling as against the theory of duelling itself.
THE WEB OF HONOUR: SOLDIERS, CHRISTIANS, AND GENTLEMEN IN THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
Authors: DONAGAN BARBARA
Published: July 2002

Contrary to stereotypes that represent it primarily as an expression of machismo or romantic chivalry, military honour in early modern England was professional, moral, utilitarian, and a force for social stability. It was pragmatic as well as idealistic. It shared attributes of civilian honour but also comprehended rules and obligations specific to soldiers. Professional honour required that the soldier should know and observe the codes and practices of his métier. To do so satisfied his internal sense of personal integrity and brought external reputation. Honour also had a broader social value. Mutuality and utility marked its operation in the English civil war. This mutuality safeguarded practices both sides found useful, such as prisoner exchanges, for the honour of each side was engaged in observance of the relevant rules. The survival of a bipartisan soldiers' honour ameliorated relations between enemies. It helped to prevent irrevocable social divisions, to sustain social order, and to enable previously warring Englishmen to live together with tolerable equanimity.