bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection on morphological traits and fluctuating asymmetry by a fungal parasite in the yellow dung fly
Authors: Blanckenhorn Wolf U.
Published: May 2017

A Preprint reviewed and recommended byPeer Community Evolutionary Biology:http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100027

Evidence for selective disadvantages of large body size remains scarce in general. Previous phenomenological studies of the yellow dung flyScathophaga stercorariahave demonstrated strong positive sexual and fecundity selection on male and female size. Nevertheless, the body size of flies from a Swiss study population has declined by almost 10% from 1993 to 2009. Given substantial heritability of body size, this negative evolutionary response of an evidently positively selected trait suggests important selective factors being missed (e.g. size-selective predation or parasitism). A periodic epidemic outbreak of the fungusEntomophthora scatophagaeallowedassessment of selection exerted by this parasite fatal to adult flies. Fungal infection varied over the season from ca. 50% in the cooler and more humid spring and autumn to almost 0% in summer. The probability of dying from fungal infection increased with adult body size. All infected females died before laying eggs, so there was no fungus impact on female fecundity beyond its impact on mortality. Large males showed the typical mating advantage in the field, but this pattern of positive sexual selection was nullified by fungal infection. Mean fluctuating asymmetry of paired appendages (legs, wings) did not affect the viability, fecundity or mating success of yellow dung flies in the field. This study demonstrates rare parasite-mediated disadvantages of large adult body size in the field. Reduced ability to combat parasites such asEntomophthoramay be an immunity cost of large size in dung flies, although the hypothesized trade-off between fluctuating asymmetry, a presumed indicator of developmental instability and environmental stress, and immunocompetence was not found here.
Neurotrophin receptor Ntrk2b function in the maintenance of dopamine and serotonin neurons in zebrafish
Authors: Sahu Madhusmita Priyadarshini , Pajanoja Ceren , Rozov Stanislav , Panula Pertti , Castrén Eero
Published: May 2017

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), together with its cognate receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), plays an essential role in the development and plasticity of the brain and is widely implicated in psychiatric diseases (Autry and Monteggia, 2012). Due to the highly conserved evolutionary lineage of neurotrophins and their receptors in vertebrates, the zebrafish is a well-suited model for this study. The TrkB receptor, also known as NTRK2, has two forms in zebrafish, Ntrk2a and Ntrk2b. The spatio-temporal expression pattern ofbdnfandntrk2bin zebrafish was studied usingin situhybridization. The complementary expression pattern ofntrk2btobdnfsuggests thatntrk2bis the key receptor, unlike its duplicate isoformntrk2a. Two reverse genetics strategies, morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) and the TILLING mutant, were applied in this study. The loss or complete deletion ofntrk2bhad no major effect on the viability, gross phenotype, or swimming behavior of zebrafish. A specific subset of the dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal population was affected in the morphants and mutants. Downstream signaling transcripts such asbdnf, serta,th2, andtph2were downregulated and could be rescued by overexpression of the full-lengthntrk2bmRNA in the morphants. Pharmacological intervention with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, K252a, resulted in similar phenotypes. Overall, our results reveal a specific effect ofntrk2bon the two crucial aminergic systems involved in psychiatric disorders and provide an essential tool to study neurotrophin function in modulating neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system.

Significance Statement

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high-affinity receptor, tyrosine kinase (TrkB/NTRK2), play a major role in regulating the development and plasticity of neural circuits. Additionally, BDNF/TrkB signaling is involved in psychiatric disorders and antidepressant responses. This study presents the complementary gene expression pattern of TrkB and BDNF in zebrafish during the early larval stage and in the adult brain. Our results consistently indicate that BDNF/TrkB signaling has a significant role in the development and maintenance of dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal populations. Therefore, thentrk2b-deficient zebrafish model is well suited to studying psychiatric disorders attributed to a dysfunctional monoaminergic system, and could potentially be a valuable model for small molecule drug screening.
Evolutionary processes shaping diversity across theHomolineage
Authors: Schroeder Lauren , Ackermann Rebecca Rogers
Published: May 2017

Recent fossil finds have highlighted extensive morphological diversity within our genus,Homo, and the co-existence of a number of species. However, little is known about the evolutionary processes responsible for producing this diversity. Understanding the action of these processes can provide insight into how and why our lineage evolved and diversified. Here, we examine cranial and mandibular variation and diversification from the earliest emergence of our genus at 2.8 Ma until the Late Pleistocene (0.126-0.0117 Ma), using statistical tests developed from quantitative genetics theory to evaluate whether stochastic (genetic drift) versus non-stochastic (selection) processes were responsible for the observed variation. Results show that random processes can account for species diversification for most traits, including neurocranial diversification, and across all time periods. Where selection was found to shape diversification, we show that: 1) adaptation was important in the earliest migration ofHomoout of Africa; 2) selection played a role in shaping mandibular and maxillary diversity amongHomogroups, possibly due to dietary differences; and 3)Homo rudolfensisis adaptively different from other earlyHomotaxa, including the earliest knownHomospecimen. These results show that genetic drift, and likely small population sizes, were important factors shaping the evolution ofHomoand many of its novel traits, but that selection played an essential role in driving adaptation to new contexts.
Integrated time course omics analysis distinguishes immediate therapeutic response from acquired resistance
Authors: Stein-O’Brien Genevieve , Kagohara Luciane T , Li Sijia , Thakar Manjusha , Ranaweera Ruchira , Ozawa Hiroyuki , Cheng Haixia , Considine Michael , Schmitz Sandra , Favorov Alexander V , Danilova Ludmila V , Califano Joseph A , Izumchenko Evgeny , Gaykalova Daria A , Chung Christine H , Fertig Elana J
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Targeted therapies specifically act by blocking the activity of proteins that are encoded by genes critical for tumorigenesis. However, most cancers acquire resistance and long-term disease remission is rarely observed. Understanding the time course of molecular changes responsible for the development of acquired resistance could enable optimization of patients’ treatment options. Clinically, acquired therapeutic resistance can only be studied at a single time point in resistant tumors. To determine the dynamics of these molecular changes, we obtained high throughput omics data weekly during the development of cetuximab resistance in a head and neck cancerin vitromodel.

RESULTS

An unsupervised algorithm, CoGAPS, was used to quantify the evolving transcriptional and epigenetic changes. Applying a PatternMarker statistic to the results from CoGAPS enabled novel heatmap-based visualization of the dynamics in these time course omics data. We demonstrate that transcriptional changes result from immediate therapeutic response or resistance, whereas epigenetic alterations only occur with resistance. Integrated analysis demonstrates delayed onset of changes in DNA methylation relative to transcription, suggesting that resistance is stabilized epigenetically.

CONCLUSIONS

Genes with epigenetic alterations associated with resistance that have concordant expression changes are hypothesized to stabilize resistance. These genes includeFGFR1,which was associated with EGFR inhibitor resistance previously. Thus, integrated omics analysis distinguishes the timing of molecular drivers of resistance. Our findings provide a relevant towards better understanding of the time course progression of changes resulting in acquired resistance to targeted therapies. This is an important contribution to the development of alternative treatment strategies that would introduce new drugs before the resistant phenotype develops.
Crystal structures of human Fabs targeting the Bexsero meningococcal vaccine antigen NHBA
Authors: Maritan Martina , Cozzi Roberta , Lo Surdo Paola , Veggi Daniele , Bottomley Matthew James , Malito Enrico
Published: May 2017

Neisserial heparin-binding antigen (NHBA) is a surface-exposed lipoprotein fromNeisseria meningitidisand is a component of the meningococcus B vaccine Bexsero. As part of a study to characterize the three-dimensional structure of NHBA and the molecular basis of the human immune response to Bexsero, the crystal structures of two fragment antigen-binding domains (Fabs) isolated from human monoclonal antibodies targeting NHBA were determined. Through a high-resolution analysis of the organization and the amino-acid composition of the CDRs, these structures provide broad insights into the NHBA epitopes recognized by the human immune system. As expected, these Fabs also show remarkable structural conservation, as shown by a structural comparison of 15 structures of apo Fab 10C3 which were obtained from crystals grown in different crystallization conditions and were solved while searching for a complex with a bound NHBA fragment or epitope peptide. This study also provides indirect evidence for the intrinsically disordered nature of two N-terminal regions of NHBA.
The effects of perceived organisational support and affective commitment on turnover intention
Authors: Wong Yui-Woon , Wong Yui-tim
Published: May 2017

Purpose

China is experiencing a double-digit turnover rate and high turnover intention. This research aims to explore the relationships of turnover intention, perceived organisational support (POS) and affective commitment in China.

Design/methodology/approach

Turnover intention and its antecedents, including POS, affective commitment, distributive justice, trust in organisation and job security, were studied in this research with a case study of a foreign-invested enterprise (FIE) manufacturing company in Guangdong of China. Based on the literature, two competing models were developed and investigated by using the technique of structural equation modelling.

Findings

The results suggest that distributive justice, trust in organisation and job security have negative impacts on turnover intention. Moreover, affective commitment mediates the impact of job security on turnover intention. The results also indicate that POS has an impact on affective commitment instead of affecting turnover intention directly. In addition, POS and affective commitment mediate the impacts of both distributive justice and trust in organisation on turnover intention.

Research limitations/implications

The scale of turnover intention used in this study only shows the employee’s intention to quit an organisation. It does not reveal their subsequent actual turnover. This study has research implications. It enhances our understanding of the relationships among POS, affective commitment and turnover intention of Chinese employees in FIEs.

Practical implications

The findings of this study provide the management of organisations in China with a better understanding of how to facilitate human resources management so as to lower employee turnover intention.

Originality/value

Inconsistent research findings have been reported about the relationships among turnover intention, POS and affective commitment in previous studies. The results of this study clarify all these relationships in Chinese FIEs.
Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio, platelet–lymphocyte ratio and mean platelet volume in Japanese patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Response to therapy with biologics
Authors: Asahina Akihiko , Kubo Naoko , Umezawa Yoshinori , Honda Hiromi , Yanaba Koichi , Nakagawa Hidemi
Published: May 2017

Recent studies indicate the presence of systemic inflammation in psoriatic patients, and this inflammatory status is significantly associated with a range of comorbidities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of novel inflammatory biomarkers, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) in Japanese patients with plaque‐type psoriasis (PsV) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). One hundred and eighty‐six patients with PsV and 50 patients with PsA treated with biologics, including infliximab, adalimumab and ustekinumab, were retrospectively analyzed before and after treatment. At baseline, NLR and PLR, as well as C‐reactive protein (CRP), were significantly higher in PsA patients than those in PsV patients, and a significant correlation was found between NLR and PLR. In PsV patients, the NLR‐high and PLR‐high subgroups exhibited significantly higher Psoriasis Area and Severity Index scores compared with the NLR‐low and PLR‐low subgroups, respectively, and the NLR‐high subgroup also showed higher CRP levels. MPV value was negatively associated with the presence of arthritis, but its association with inflammation was less clear than that of NLR or PLR. After treatment of the patients with biologics for up to 12 months, NLR and PLR decreased promptly in parallel with a decrease of CRP, irrespective of the type of biologics used. Altogether, these results indicate that both NLR and PLR may be useful markers to evaluate systemic inflammation in psoriatic patients. They may serve as simple, convenient and cost‐effective biomarkers to monitor the disease course after systemic therapy.
Detecting underground cavities using microtremor data: physical modelling and field experiment
Authors: Kolesnikov Yu.I. , Fedin K.V.
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we study the possibilities of the use of microtremor records in the detection and delineation of near‐surface underground cavities. Three‐dimensional physical modelling data showed that the averaging amplitude spectra of a large number of microtremor records makes it possible to evaluate the frequencies and amplitudes of compressional standing waves generated by microtremor in the space between the ground surface and underground cavities. We illustrate how these parameters can be used to estimate the shape of the underground cavity horizontal projection. If the compressional wave velocity in the enclosing rock is known, it is possible to evaluate the depth to the cavity top using the frequencies of the standing waves. The results of the field experiment confirmed the possibility of underground cavities detection using microtremor data.
Being a parent's eyes and ears: emotional literacy and empathy of children whose parents have a sensory disability
Authors: Eden Sigal , Romi Shlomo , Braun Aviyashar Einat
Published: May 2017

Children of parents with sensory disability may feel that their experience helped nurture their sense of empathy. The study was designed to examine the connection between parents’ sensory disability (visual disability to blindness and hearing disability to deafness) and the empathy and emotional literacy of their non‐sensory‐disabled children. Participants were 77 children aged 7–17 – 37 children of parents with a sensory disability and 40 children of parents with no such disability. Questionnaires to check empathy and emotional literacy were accompanied by a demographic questionnaire. Findings revealed that levels of empathy and emotional awareness of others (a measure of emotional literacy) were higher among children of parents with a sensory disability than among children of parents without a disability. The results expand the literature on that subject and shed light on the important issues of empathy and emotional literacy in families with disability.
The influence of bacteria on multitrophic interactions among plants, psyllids, and pathogen
Authors: Tamborindeguy Cecilia , Huot Ordom Brian , Ibanez Freddy , Levy Julien
Published: May 2017

The recent emergence of several plant diseases caused by psyllid‐borne bacterial pathogens worldwide (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.) has created renewed interest on the interaction between psyllids and bacteria. In spite of these efforts to understand psyllid association with bacteria, many aspects of their interactions remain poorly understood. As more organisms are studied, subtleties on the molecular interactions as well as on the effects of the bacteria on the psyllid host are being uncovered. Additionally, psyllid‐borne bacterial phytopathogens can also affect the host plant, which in turn can impact psyllid physiology and behavior. Here, we review the current literature on different aspects of the influence of bacteria on multitrophic interactions among plants, psyllids, and pathogens. We then highlight gaps that need to be addressed to advance this field, which can have significant implications for controlling these newly emergent and other plant diseases.
Is it Possible to Utilise the Agricultural Potential of Ukraine under the Current Agrarian System?
Authors: Borodina Olena , Krupin Vitaliy
Published: May 2017

The government of Ukraine aims to transform the country into an ‘agricultural superpower at the international level’ with the hope that the sector will gain high foreign currency earnings and become ‘the engine of national economic development’. The large agribusiness corporations have willingly responded to these calls. However, placing hope solely in the corporate sector is inadequate as the key role of agriculture to create business diversity and achieve rural social and environmental objectives will remain unfulfilled. Many other national economies have experienced ‘the offensive’ of capital on agriculture during the twentieth century, with associated negative consequences, thus encouraging them to adopt more balanced agrarian policies which benefit the whole rural population. Utilisation of Ukrainian agricultural potential as an economic growth engine requires a fundamental change in the interpretation of its purpose, which is currently focused on profit‐making export‐oriented commercial activity. The multifunctional nature of the sector needs to be emphasised, the purpose of which is not only the production of agricultural and food products, but also the creation of public benefits, such as the development opportunities and means for existence for 14 million Ukrainian rural inhabitants, maintenance of ecological balance, regeneration of soil fertility and preservation of rural landscapes.
Meteorological driven factors of population growth in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), in rice paddies
Authors: Li Xiao‐Zhen , Zou Yi , Yang Hai‐Yan , Xiao Hai‐Jun , Wang Jian‐Guo
Published: May 2017

Growth of brown planthopper (BPH) (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) in rice paddies is mainly driven by meteorological factors under similar management practices. By analyzing field investigation and meteorological data collected from 2008 to 2013 in Nanchang, China, we show that BPH population densities and monthly growth rates (BGR) changed greatly from May to October, and these changes were closely associated with meteorological factors. Stepwise regression and path analysis indicated average speed of winds (AW) in June and lowest temperature (LT) in July were the first factors entering analysis, which interpreted 46.20% and 31.90% of their influences on BGR. While highest temperature (HT) in August and average temperature (AT) in September were the most important factors affecting BGR, but their direct path coefficients were all smaller than their corresponding indirect path coefficients. In October, relative humidity (RH), AW and number of raining days (RD) had significant effects on BGR. According to the sum of each meteorological factor entering stepwise regression analysis sequences, we found AW had the utmost effect on BPH growth, followed by AT and RH, but LT and RD least. The work demonstrate dynamic meteorological factors driving BPH growth and outbreak in rice paddies, which would facilitate the development of durable approaches for forecasting and controlling this destructive rice pest.
Study on the Removal of Cadmium in Rice Using Microbial Fermentation Method
Authors: Zhang Ling , Lei Qunying , Cheng Yuliang , Xie Yunfei , Qian He , Guo Yahui , Chen Yi , Yao Weirong
Published: May 2017

This work mainly examined how to remove cadmium in rice by fermentation, the removal mechanisms, and the quality of fermented rice in order to utilize cadmium‐contaminated rice. The fermentation time, temperature, liquid ratio, inoculant levels, and number of washes were varied to optimize the efficiency of cadmium removal. The optimum fermentation process, in which the rate of cadmium removal from the rice is 80.84%, required an inoculant amount of 0.1%, a liquid ratio of 1:1, a period of 60 h at 37 °C, and subsequently washed with water 4 times. The physicochemical properties of raw cadmium‐contaminated rice and fermented rice were studied. Results showed that the pasting temperature of the fermented rice became lower, and temperature at which pasting starts dropped but the endothermic enthalpy increased, implying that the protein content in the rice decreased during the fermentation. It suggested that the crystal structure of rice starch changed and fermentation did not result in the formation of new chemical bonds or functional groups in the rice. Microbial fermentation method can therefore effectively reduce cadmium level in contaminated rice.
Fermentation Characteristics and Aromatic Profile of Plum Wines Produced with Indigenous Microbiota and Pure Cultures of Selected Yeast
Authors: Miljić Uroš , Puškaš Vladimir , Vučurović Vesna , Muzalevski Ana
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to assess and compare fermentation characteristics and aromatic profile of plum wines produced with indigenous microbiota and pure cultures of different selected yeast. Experiments were carried out with plum (Prunus domestica L.) varieties of different fruit ripening times (Čačanska rana, Čačanska lepotica, and Požegača). Wine fermentations were conducted by the activity of indigenous microbiota, commercially available Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus yeast strains and joint activity of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and S. cerevisiae (sequential inoculation). Statistically significant differences in fermentative characteristics and the content of certain volatile compounds were observed as a result of metabolic activity of various indigenous and/or selected yeasts during fermentation of plum pomace. Minimal duration of fermentation (4 to 5 d) and fastest ethanol production rate (from 12.3 to 15.5 g/L/d) were the characteristics of the studied S. cerevisiae strains. Isobutanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 1‐heptanol, and 1‐octanol were the most prevalent higher alcohols in the tested plum wine samples. The predominant ester in plum wines was ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, and ethyl palmitate, esters responsible for the floral and fruity olfactory tones, were also present in large amounts. Also, the use of S. cerevisiae strains resulted in the production of plum wines with better sensory characteristics than ones produced with other investigated yeasts. Obtained results are significant since there is limited data on the compounds responsible for the unique flavor of plum wine, as well as on the impact of different yeast starter cultures application on the overall quality of fruit wines.
Stability Enhancement of Ocimum Sanctum Linn. Essential Oils Using Stearic Acid in Aluminum Carboxymethyl Cellulose Film‐Coated Gelatin Microcapsules
Authors: Chitprasert Pakamon , Ngamekaue Narisara
Published: May 2017

Holy basil essential oils (HBEO) can be used in many food applications due to antioxidant and antimicrobial attributes, but they are susceptible to degradation upon storage. Therefore, a protective system is required to extend their shelf life. HBEO was microencapsulated by coacervation using gelatin and the microcapsules were subsequently coated with stearic acid (1%, 2%, and 3%) in carboxymethyl cellulose emulsions. The results showed that HBEO contents decreased with increasing stearic acid concentrations from 76% to 59%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis suggested that HBEO was stable during microencapsulation. After 3‐month storage, changes in appearance were detected in all samples, especially the uncoated and 3% stearic acid‐coated microcapsules. Additionally, the surface HBEO content increased significantly, consistent with a distinct increase in darkness and agglomeration. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the physical change of microcapsules, attributed to the renaturation of gelatin and recrystallization of stearic acid. The antioxidant activity of both non‐encapsulated and encapsulated HBEO after storage decreased significantly, except the microcapsule coated with 1% stearic acid (half maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.35 mg/mL), whereas the antimicrobial activity remained constant. The findings suggest that HBEO microcapsules coated with 1% stearic acid could serve as antioxidant and antimicrobial additives in food industries.
Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Capacity of Chinese Olive (Canarium album L.) Cultivars
Authors: Chang Qiang , Su Ming‐hua , Chen Qing‐xi , Zeng Bi‐yu , Li Hui‐hua , Wang Wei
Published: May 2017

In this study, the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potentials of 10 Chinese olive cultivars were investigated. Considerable differences were found between cultivars in weight, edible yield, water content, size, shape, total soluble solids, and total titratable acidity. The major sugars and organic acids in all the cultivars were glucose, fructose, and malic acid. Phenolics were the most abundant antioxidants (1174.0 to 1799.6 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh weight). Twelve phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UPLC‐MS/MS. Six compounds were identified first in the Chinese olive, with 3‐O‐galloylquinic acid and geraniin isomers as the most abundant compounds. The results also indicated that the phenolic content (TPC) correlated with the antioxidant properties of Chinese olive fruit extracts. A principal component analysis indicated that the Tantou and Tanxiang cultivars were a valuable source, with high TPC and antioxidant activity, whereas Maken22, Changying, and Green changying cultivars may be eaten fresh and had high sugar and low phenolic contents. This information will be useful for selecting suitable cultivars for industry and the market.
Enhanced NOLC1 promotes cell senescence and represses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation by disturbing the organization of nucleolus
Authors: Yuan Fuwen , Zhang Yu , Ma Liwei , Cheng Qian , Li Guodong , Tong Tanjun
Published: May 2017

The nucleolus is a key organelle that is responsible for the synthesis of rRNA and assembly of ribosomal subunits, which is also the center of metabolic control because of the critical role of ribosomes in protein synthesis. Perturbations of rRNA biogenesis are closely related to cell senescence and tumor progression; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report that cellular senescence‐inhibited gene (CSIG) knockdown up‐regulated NOLC1 by stabilizing the 5′UTR of NOLC1 mRNA, and elevated NOLC1 induced the retention of NOG1 in the nucleolus, which is responsible for rRNA processing. Besides, the expression of NOLC1 was negatively correlated with CSIG in the aged mouse tissue and replicative senescent 2BS cells, and the down‐regulation of NOLC1 could rescue CSIG knockdown‐induced 2BS senescence. Additionally, NOLC1 expression was decreased in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, and the ectopic expression of NOLC1 repressed the proliferation of HCC cells and tumor growth in a HCC xenograft model.
Utilization of a Sobering Center for Acute Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: Smith‐Bernardin Shannon , Carrico Adam , Max Wendy , Chapman Susan
Published: May 2017

Objective

The objective was to describe the population utilizing a sobering center for public alcohol intoxication and compare between single‐visit users, repeat users, and high users.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of 1,271 adults cared for in a sobering center from July 2014 to June 2015. We divided the population into three groups—single use (one visit), repeat users (two to five visits), and high (six or more) users—and evaluated demographics, lifetime health diagnoses utilizing the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, rates of public service utilization including ambulance and emergency department, and related costs.

Results

The population was primarily male, middle‐aged, and ethnically diverse. Compared to single‐visit users (n = 869), repeat (n = 287) and high users (n = 115) were older, were more likely to be currently homeless, and had spent more time homeless. Repeat and high users had significantly higher rates of hypertension, liver disease, diabetes, depression, psychoses, and drug abuse diagnoses compared to single‐visit users. In addition to sobering visits, utilization of ambulance and ED and related costs were significantly greater for the high users compared to repeat and single‐visit users.

Conclusions

From an overall heterogeneous population, more frequent utilizers of the sobering center, both high and repeat users compared to low users, had significantly greater prevalence of chronic disorders, service utilization, and homelessness. Findings indicate that a sobering center can have a prominent role in the care for those with acute alcohol intoxication, particularly those individuals with chronic public intoxication who are likewise homeless. Further longitudinal research could offer important insights as to the population served over time, investigating changes in utilization and efforts toward health and housing stabilization.
Politics of the Anthropocene: Formation of the Commons as a Geologic Process
Authors: Yusoff Kathryn
Published: May 2017

In the Anthropocene humanity acquires a new collective geologic identity. There are two contradictory movements in this Anthropocenic thought; first, the Anthropocenic trace in the geologic record names a commons from below insomuch as humanity is named as an undifferentiated “event” of geology; second, the Anthropocene highlights the material diversities of geologic bodies formed through historical material processes. This paper addresses the consequences of this geologic subjectivity for political thought beyond a conceptualization of the commons as a set of standing reserves. Discourses of limits and planetary boundaries are contrasted with the exuberance and surplus of fossil‐fuelled energy. Drawing on the political economy of Georges Bataille and the material communism of Maurice Blanchot, I argue for the necessity of a political aesthetics that can traverse the difference between common and uncommon experience in the formation of an Anthropocene commons.
PKC, ERK/p38 MAP kinases and NF‐κB targeted signalling play a role in the expression and release of IL‐1β and CXCL8 in Porphyromonas gingivalis‐infected THP1 cells
Authors: Jayaprakash Kartheyaene , Demirel Isak , Gunaltay Sezin , Khalaf Hazem , Bengtsson Torbjörn
Published: May 2017

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen in periodontitis and is gaining importance in cardiovascular pathogenesis. Protease‐activated receptors (PARs), toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) on monocytes recognize the structural components on P. gingivalis, inducing inflammatory intermediates. Here, we elucidate the modulation of PARs, TLRs, NODs, and the role of MAPK and NF‐κB in IL‐1β and CXCL8 release. THP1 cells were stimulated with P. gingivalis wild‐type W50 and its isogenic gingipain mutants: Rgp mutant E8 and Kgp mutant K1A. We observed modulation of PARs, TLRs, NOD, IL‐1β and CXCL8 expression by P. gingivalis. Gingipains hydrolyse IL‐1β and CXCL8, which is more evident for IL‐1β accumulation at 24 h. Inhibition of PKC (protein kinase C), p38 and ERK (extracellular signal‐regulated kinases) partially reduced P. gingivalis‐induced IL‐1β at 6 h, whereas PKC and ERK reduced CXCL8 at both 6 and 24 h. Following NF‐κB inhibition, P. gingivalis‐induced IL‐1β and CXCL8 were completely suppressed to basal levels. Overall, TLRs, PARs and NOD possibly act in synergy with PKC, MAPK ERK/p38 and NF‐κB in P. gingivalis‐induced IL‐1β and CXCL8 release from THP1 cells. These pro‐inflammatory cytokines could affect leucocytes in circulation and exacerbate other vascular inflammatory conditions such as atherosclerosis.
HBV‐specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cells in hepatocellular carcinoma are less cytolytic toward tumor cells and suppress CD8+ T cell‐mediated antitumor immunity
Authors: Meng Fanzhi , Zhen Shoumei , Song Bin
Published: May 2017

In East Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa, chronic infection is the main cause of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, an aggressive cancer with low survival rate. Cytotoxic T cell‐based immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy. Here, we investigated the possibility of using HBV‐specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cells to eliminate tumor cells. The naturally occurring HBV‐specific cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were identified by HBV peptide pool stimulation. We found that in HBV‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma patients, the HBV‐specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were present at similar numbers. But compared to the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, the CD4+ cytotoxic T cells secreted less cytolytic factors granzyme A (GzmA) and granzyme B (GzmB), and were less effective at eliminating tumor cells. In addition, despite being able to secrete cytolytic factors, CD4+ T cells suppressed the cytotoxicity mediated by CD8+ T cells, even when CD4+CD25+ regulator T cells were absent. Interestingly, we found that interleukin 10 (IL‐10)‐secreting Tr1 cells were enriched in the cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. Neutralization of IL‐10 abrogated the suppression of CD8+ T cells by CD4+CD25− T cells. Neither the frequency nor the absolute number of HBV‐specific CD4+ cytotoxic T cells were correlated with the clinical outcome of advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Together, this study demonstrated that in HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma, CD4+ T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity was present naturally in the host and had the potential to exert antitumor immunity, but its capacity was limited and was associated with immunoregulatory properties.
Three‐dimensional models of the segmented human fetal brain generated by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yamaguchi Yutaka , Miyazaki Reina , Kamatani Mikako , Uwabe Chigako , Makishima Haruyuki , Nagai Momoko , Katsube Motoki , Yamamoto Akira , Imai Hirohiko , Kose Katsumi , Togashi Kaori , Yamada Shigehito
Published: May 2017

Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled us to obtain more detailed images of the human fetus in a nondestructive and noninvasive manner. Through detailed images, elaborate three‐dimensional (3D) models of the developing brain can be reconstructed. The segmentation of the developing brain has been determined by serial sections. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to develop a 3D model of the fetal brain using magnetic resonance image (MRI). MR images from 19 specimens (11 embryonic specimens and eight fetal specimens from 5.2 to 225 mm in crown rump length) were used to reconstruct 3D models of regionalized developing brains. From this analysis, we succeeded in registering a maximum of nine landmarks on MR images and reconstructing 19 sequential models of the regionalized developing brain. To confirm the validity of the landmarks, we also compared our results with three serial sections from the Kyoto Collection; the same morphological characteristics were observed on both serial sections and MRI. The morphological minutiae could be found on MR images, and regionalized models of the developing brain could be reconstructed. These results will be useful for clinical diagnosis of living fetuses in utero.
Effects of different loading protocols on the secondary stability and peri‐implant bone density of the single implants in the posterior maxilla
Authors: Akoğlan Mücahide , Tatli Ufuk , Kurtoğlu Cem , Salimov Fariz , Kürkçü Mehmet
Published: May 2017

Background

Immediate or early loading of dental implants becomes a clinically feasible concept.

Purpose

The aim was to evaluate the effects of different loading protocols (immediate, early, and delayed) on secondary stability and peri‐implant bone density of single implants in the posterior maxilla.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐nine implants (Dentium, South‐Korea) were placed in 39 patients. After placement, implant stability values (ISQ) and baseline peri‐implant bone density values derived from cone‐beam computed tomography were recorded. Thirteen implants were included randomly in each loading groups. The secondary ISQ values were recorded during follow‐up visits. Peri‐implant bone density values were measured 1 year after placement again. Data was statistically analyzed.

Results

Immediate‐loaded group showed the lowest ISQ values, 1 month after placement. During the next follow‐up visits, delayed‐loaded group showed the lowest ISQ values while other groups showed comparable results. Early loading increased the peri‐implant bone density greater than the other groups.

Conclusions

The peri‐implant bone of early‐loaded implants was significantly denser than that of immediate‐ and delayed‐loaded implants, 1 year after placement. Density increment can be judged as the radiological findings of loaded‐bone, which may also reduce the need for histomorphometric analysis of human biopsy to evaluate the bone reaction around the implants.
Risk factors for single crowns supported by short (6‐mm) implants in the posterior region: A prospective clinical and radiographic study
Authors: Villarinho Eduardo Aydos , Triches Diego Fernandes , Alonso Fernando Rizzo , Mezzomo Luis André Mendonça , Teixeira Eduardo Rolim , Shinkai Rosemary Sadami Arai
Published: May 2017

Background

The use of short implants is still not a consensus for challenging clinical situations, such as unfavorable crown‐to‐implant (C/I) ratio.

Purpose

This prospective study evaluated the rates of prosthetic complications and implant failure, the mean marginal bone loss of 6‐mm dental implants with single crowns in posterior regions and the potential risk factors.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐six dental implants, 6‐mm long and 4.1‐mm wide, were placed in the posterior region in 20 patients. Patients were clinically and radiographically examined after the restoration with single crowns and on a yearly basis. Potential risk factors (arch, bruxism, maximum bite force, anatomical and clinical C/I ratios, and occlusal table area) were analyzed according to the following outcomes: implant survival, bone loss, and prosthetic complications.

Results

The mean follow‐up time was 45 ± 9 (16‐57) months. There was no early loss of implants. After prosthetic loading, 4 implants were lost (2 in the mandible and 2 in the maxilla; 91.3% survival), and there were 13 prosthetic complications (28.3%), yielding a 65.2% success rate. The frailty term showed a 95% greater chance of loss in the mandible than the maxilla. Mean peri‐implant bone loss was of 0.2 ± 0.4 mm, 0.1 ± 0.2 mm, 0.1 ± 0.3 mm, and 0.2 ± 0.4 mm in the first, second, third, and fourth years, respectively, with a mean cumulative loss of 0.3 ± 0.5 mm at 48 months. In the multilevel model, the effects of the clinical C/I ratio and time were significant for bone loss (P < .001). It was estimated that a mean bone loss of 0.1 mm is associated with both a one‐unit increase in time (12 months) and a 0.1 increase in the clinical C/I ratio. The other potential risk factors showed no significant relationship with the outcomes.

Conclusions

The 6‐mm implants supporting single crowns performed well, but the mandible shows a higher risk of failure. The time and clinical C/I ratio are predictors for bone loss.
The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival and recurrence after curative rectal cancer surgery in patients who are histologically node negative after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Baird D. L. H. , Denost Q. , Simillis C. , Pellino G. , Rasheed S. , Kontovounisios C. , Tekkis P. P. , Rullier E.
Published: May 2017

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether adjuvant chemotherapy will affect recurrence rate or disease‐free and overall survival in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma who were staged with MRI node‐positive disease (mrN+) preoperatively. These patients underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with curative rectal cancer surgery and their pathological staging was negative for nodal disease (ypN0). There is no consensus on the role of adjuvant chemotherapy in such patients.

Method

Patients who received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and underwent curative rectal cancer surgery for rectal adenocarcinoma staged as [mrTxN+M0] on MRI staging and who on pathological staging were found to be [ypTxN0M0] were retrospectively identified from January 2008 December 2012 from two tertiary referral centres (Royal Marsden Hospital, London and Saint‐Andre Hospital, Bordeaux).

Results

One hundred and sixty‐three patients were recruited and, after propensity matching at a ratio of 2:1, n = 80 patients were divided to receive adjuvant (n = 28) or no adjuvant treatment (n = 52). A comparison of adjuvant chemotherapy vs no adjuvant therapy showed that the mean overall survival was 2.67 vs 3.60 years (P = 0.42) and disease‐free survival was 2.27 vs 3.32 years (P = 0.14).

Conclusion

This study found no significant difference in survival or disease recurrence between patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy and patients who did not. There is no clear evidence to support or dismiss the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for patients who were node positive on preoperative MRI and node negative on histopathological staging. Further multicentre prospective randomized trials are needed to identify the appropriate treatment regime for this group of patients.
Support for alcohol policies from drinkers in the City of Tshwane, South Africa: Data from the International Alcohol Control study
Authors: Parry Charles D. H. , Trangenstein Pamela , Lombard Carl , Jernigan David H. , Morojele Neo K.
Published: May 2017

Introduction and Aims. South Africa is considering a range of alcohol policy reforms. This study aims to determine the magnitude of public support for 13 alcohol policies in the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and whether this varies by demographic factors and heavy drinking status. Design and Methods. Data are from the South African arm of the International Alcohol Control study, a household survey of adult drinkers using a multistage stratified cluster random sampling design. The sample included 1920 drinkers aged 18–65 years (62% men), with complete drinking data for 16 drinking locations on 955 persons (510 heavy and 445 not heavy drinkers). Results. Over half (53%) of the sample were found to be heavy drinkers. Support varied by alcohol policy, ranging from 31% to 77%, with support above 50% for 11 of the 13 policies. Policy support was higher for policies increasing the purchase age to 21 years (77%), addressing drink driving (58–76%) and restricting physical availability (60–66%). There was slightly less support for policies restricting alcohol marketing (59%) or for policies increasing the price of alcohol (34–58%), especially if no justification was given or the funds were not earmarked. Policy support differed by age, gender, heavy drinking status and income. Discussion and Conclusions. Public support from adult drinkers for a range of alcohol policies is extensive and, as found elsewhere, was strongest for raising the minimum drinking age and lowest for increasing prices. The support from drinkers to increasing controls on alcohol could be one lever to getting control measures implemented. [Parry CDH, Trangenstein P, Lombard C, Jernigan DH, Morojele NK. Support for alcohol policies from drinkers in the City of Tshwane, South Africa: Data from the International Alcohol Control study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000‐000]
Diagnosis of fatty liver by computed tomography coronary artery calcium score
Authors: Kerut Sarah E. , Balart John T. , Kerut Edmund K. , McMullan Michael R.
Published: May 2017

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease may range from simple steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. It is associated with the development of coronary artery calcification and appears to be an independent predictor of future adverse cardiovascular events. As the presence of a fatty liver appears to portray an independent increased risk, it may be beneficial to note this on coronary artery calcium scoring reports. Determination of fatty liver is relatively easy to perform. We discuss the method used by the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study for determination of fatty liver from CT coronary artery calcium scoring acquisitions, which may be implemented in clinical analysis.
Changes in right ventricular function assessed by echocardiography in dog models of mild RV pressure overload
Authors: Morita Tomoya , Nakamura Kensuke , Osuga Tatsuyuki , Yokoyama Nozomu , Morishita Keitaro , Sasaki Noboru , Ohta Hiroshi , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi
Published: May 2017

Background

The assessment of hemodynamic change by echocardiography is clinically useful in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Recently, mild elevation of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) has been shown to be associated with increased mortality. However, changes in the echocardiographic indices of right ventricular (RV) function are still unknown. The objective of this study was to validate the relationship between echocardiographic indices of RV function and right heart catheterization variables under a mild RV pressure overload condition.

Methods and Results

Echocardiography and right heart catheterization were performed in dog models of mild RV pressure overload induced by thromboxane A2 analog (U46619) (n=7). The mean PAP was mildly increased (19.3±1.1 mm Hg), and the cardiac index was decreased. Most echocardiographic indices of RV function were significantly impaired even under a mild RV pressure overload condition. Multivariate analysis revealed that the RV free wall longitudinal strain (RVLS), standard deviation of the time‐to‐peak longitudinal strain of RV six segments (RV‐SD) by speckle‐tracking echocardiography, and Tei index were independent echocardiographic predictors of the mean PAP (free wall RVLS, β=−0.60, P<.001; RV‐SD, β=0.40, P=.011), pulmonary vascular resistance (free wall RVLS, β=−0.39, P=.020; RV‐SD, β=0.47, P=.0086; Tei index, β=0.34, P=.047), and cardiac index (Tei index, β=−0.65, P<.001).

Conclusions

Free wall RVLS, RV‐SD, and Tei index are useful for assessing the hemodynamic change under a mild RV pressure overload condition.