bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wireless Road and the Ground of Modernity
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Red Shirt protest occupation spaces were situated in the center of Bangkok. One of the roads that was occupied is called Wireless Road, and is named after Bangkok’s first radio station, which was founded there in 1920. This chapter considers how Red Shirt radio stations played a key role in mobilizing the movement. It further reflects on the meaning of the occupation taking place at the inaugural site of radio in the country, an important symbol of modernity. Red Shirt radio in the present is in some ways closely connected to the history of radio in the country, but in other ways it breaks from it sharply. The chapter concludes with the suggestion that Red Shirt radio suggests a kind of neoliberal turn within the movement.
A Quiet Mourning
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues for a poetry of dynamics within the Red Shirt movement. Rather than always aiming to be louder, various protesters found ways of producing sound that were intense and intensely affective without necessarily being volume-dependent. Working with the keyword “pity” or “pitiful,” which many dissidents used to describe themselves, I claim that different protest contexts valorize different modes of political engagement. For sound studies and music studies, it is necessary to consider the vernacular ways in which sound and dynamics are rendered poetic. The Red Shirts aimed toward pitiful sounding that hailed listeners to feel responsibility for their plight. The chapter engages three ethnographic examples: a man who sits in theatrical silence, orphan girls, and a stage musician.
Outer Space
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This is the sixth of several interlude chapters that are interspersed throughout the book to give an impression of conditions the author encountered. It reflects on the scales of audition, from near to far.
Significance Quest Theory of Radicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Gunaratna Rohan
Published: May 2019

This chapter proposes the 3N theory of radicalization, which happens as a result of three elements coming together: the individuals’ needs, the narrative to which they are exposed, and the networks in which they are embedded. The first N, the need element, pertains to individuals’ quest for personal significance—the desire to matter and to have respect. The second N is the (ideological) narrative to which individuals are exposed and that essentially identifies the means to the end of significance; this is portrayed as extreme violence against perceived enemies of one’s group, which lends the status of heroes and martyrs to individuals who joined the fight. The third N is the social network in which individuals are embedded and that validates the means–ends relations between violence and significance as well as dispenses status and veneration to individuals who implement the ideological injunctions and commit the requisite violence.
Evolution of Cognitive Archaeology through Evolving Cognitive Systems
Authors: Davidson Iain
Published: May 2019

Tom Wynn’s original work that looked at the evolution of stone tool technology using Piaget’s developmental sequence was the beginning of productive research into the evolution of hominin and human cognition. In this chapter, I evaluate those beginnings and discusses recent attempts to provide a more satisfactory understanding of changes in stone tool technologies, including work by Philip Barnard and William McGrew, subsequent work by Tom Wynn, and my own work with various collaborators. It suggests that some of the previous understandings of cognitive evolution were shaped by the fact that approaches to stone tools were largely determined in the nineteenth century. I propose some new ways of looking at stone tools and the sort of story that allows for more productive models of the evolution of human cognition.
Early Convergent Cultural Evolution
Authors: Sharon Gonen
Published: May 2019

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar traits in different species, resulting from adaptation to separate ecosystems. Two Acheulean giant core methods, discussed in this chapter, illustrate this mechanism in an early stage of human cultural evolution. Victoria West core method was used only in central South Africa, while the Tabelbala-Tachenghit method is confined to the Western Sahara Desert of North Africa. Although the Victoria West and Tabelbala-Tachenghit core methods differ to a degree in their technological character and in the morphology of their resulting products, they bear great resemblance. These core methods were decidedly similar solutions to the same needs experienced by different groups of Acheulean large flake makers. The fact that core methods closely resembling one another in technology and design were developed by different Acheulean populations in remote and disconnected geographical regions provides us with a very early example of convergent cultural evolution.
Cultural Transmission from the Last Common Ancestor to the Levallois Reducers
Authors: Lycett Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Given the gap between ape and human cultural capacities, the question of what we can infer about evolving cultural capacities during the course of human evolution presents itself. Tom Wynn has stressed the importance of a comparative (cross-species) approach and the idea of inferring only the minimal capacities required to explain archaeological phenomena in cognitive terms. In this chapter, these principles are applied to infer what can reasonably be determined about cultural transmission capacities in extinct hominins from the last common ancestor to the producers of Levallois. Although much remains to be learned, and a provisional model must caution against false negatives and false positive attributions, the approach yields reasonable inferences regarding our evolving cultural capacities over the long stretch of time from the end of the Miocene through to the later Middle Pleistocene. This situation also leads to a position where possible avenues of future enquiry might usefully be identified.
The Evolution of Social Transmission in the Acheulean
Authors: Shipton Ceri
Published: May 2019

Human social transmission is unrivalled in its precision and complexity. High-fidelity social transmission ensures each generation does not have to reinvent the wheel, while the sharing of knowledge and skills enables the extraordinary feats of technology and artistry. This chapter explores the evolutionary foundations of our high-fidelity social transmission during the Acheulean period. Archaeological evidence is presented for the trait of over-imitation: the tendency of humans to copy all purposeful actions when imitating, regardless of whether they are causally opaque, or even redundant. By the Late Acheulean, the causal opacity and physical subtlety of some knapping actions were such that they were likely difficult to transmit without some form of verbal teaching. Despite high-fidelity social transmission, cumulative culture does not seem to have begun building up in earnest during the Acheulean, perhaps because Acheulean hominins did not share our cognitive capacities for hierarchical organization, recursion, and generativity.
Ensnaring the Mind
Authors: Wadley Lyn
Published: May 2019

Apart from their economic implications, snares and traps embody far-reaching implications for the cognition of people using them, as discussed in this chapter. They rely on unseen action, obliging the hunter to imagine the remote-capture scenario. Furthermore, the hunter must strategize before the deed and then be content with delayed gratification. Only minds like our own can plan unseen action that involves delayed gratification. Consequently, when snares and traps first appeared, we have clear evidence of people who behaved and thought like us. The archaeologist’s dilemma is that the remains of snares and traps are elusive. Circumstantial evidence must therefore be sought—for example, the presence of species that may have been caught accidentally in snares. At Sibudu, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, mongoose remains seem to provide such evidence.
Nationalizing Sex
Authors: Togman Richard
Published: May 2019

Over the past three hundred years there have been countless attempts by governments of all types to control fertility and reproduction. Currently, more than 170 countries representing over 85 percent of humanity are actively trying to engineer how many children a person will have. Democratic, authoritarian, religious, secular, Western, Eastern, and African states have all tried with little success to control individual fertility decisions. This presents a series of interesting puzzles. Why do governments want to control childbearing decisions? What are they trying to achieve? Moreover, almost all attempts to control fertility have failed. Policies rarely, if ever, achieve government objectives. Accordingly, why do policies so routinely fail? Why do governments of all shapes and sizes continue to create policies that have a robust record of failure? What accounts for such unusual cross-national trends in government attempts to instill a sexual duty to the state? This book fills the gap by analyzing the origins, growth, and development of fertility as a national and international political issue; the rise and fall of the discourses used to ascribe meaning to natality; and the global proliferation of isomorphic policies adopted by widely dissimilar states. It proposes an explanation for the widespread failure of hundreds of years of policy.
Socialism in the Bedroom
Authors: Togman Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter 8 seeks to explain the evolution of postwar natalist thought in the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies. While its approach to the developing world came to mirror many aspects of the Western approach to population politics in the Third World, the Soviet Union began to pioneer a new understanding of fertility for developed world populations and gave birth to a new neo-mercantilist discourse on fertility. Perceiving threats stemming from an aging population, a declining labor force, growing obligations to elderly populations, and ethnic others, notably Islamic peoples, the Soviets began to reintegrate pro-natalist policies into the core of state policy. Tracing how this new discourse spread from its home in academic journals to state policy, this chapter demonstrates how government came to reinhabit the wombs of the people by positing a direct relationship between threats to the health of the state and the fertility of the people.
Babies Hurt Development, Except When We’re Modern (Developing World 1980–Present)
Authors: Togman Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter 10 traces the dramatic and sustained burst in anti-natalist activity within the developing world over the last forty years. Between 1976 and 2011 the number of least-developed states that expressed a need to reduce the fertility of their citizens leapt from 31 to 92 percent. This chapter explores the many mechanisms the population giants of the developing world have used to try to control the procreative practices of their citizens and craft policies believed to best address the common problems of underdevelopment, poverty, and state weakness. Moreover, counterfactual cases, such as the Palestinians, are explored to highlight the discursive, nonobjective nature of state reactions to demographic realities. This chapter adds to the debate concerning the merits and boundaries of efforts to shape the reproductive outcomes of millions of individuals living in the global South.
Conclusion
Authors: Togman Richard
Published: May 2019

Chapter 11 concludes the book and reflects on the lessons that can be learned from a holistic overview of the past three hundred years of governments’ attempts to manipulate the fertility of their populations. Reiterating the fundamentally discursive nature of the meaning of birth, fertility, and population growth to our societies allows for reflective insight into the nature of state attempts to manipulate the decision by millions of individuals about whether to reproduce. The global comparative perspective in both time and space, the identification and typologization of the five main discursive frames, and the rooting of the analysis in the discursive terrain allow the major questions of who, what, when, where, and why regarding government efforts to control the reproductive powers of the population and the creation of a sexual duty to the state to be answered.
Gamblers and Gentlefolk
Authors: Lacey Nicola
Published: May 2019

This essay examines the wide range of conceptions of money and its legal and social significance in the novels of Anthony Trollope—a writer whose nostalgia for the world of land sits alongside an increasingly sharp critique of the power of money—considering what his novels can tell us about the rapidly changing economic, political, and social world of mid-Victorian England. The essay concentrates in particular on Orley Farm (1861–2)—the novel most directly concerned with law among Trollope’s formidable output—and The Way We Live Now (1875)—the novel most directly concerned with the use and abuse of money in the early world of financial capitalism.
Kohlberg’s Theory
Authors: Gibbs John C.
Published: May 2019

Given this cognitive-developmental concern with superficiality-to-depth in moral judgment or understanding, Kohlberg was particularly concerned to discover and articulate an age trend and possible sequence of developmental advances or stages that may be universal. Our critique of Kohlberg’s theory notes that, although his specific stage typology was misguided, he almost single-handedly put cognitive moral development on the map of American psychology. He encouraged attention to the continued development of moral judgment beyond the childhood years. Finally, he speculated from case studies of mature moral thinkers in existential crisis that there may be a deeper reality (“cosmic perspective”), one that underlies profound moral perception and can support the moral life. Building from Kohlberg’s and others’ contributions, we propose in this chapter a new view of life-span sociomoral development.
Treating Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Gibbs John C.
Published: May 2019

If multiple limitations contribute to antisocial behavior, then an adequate treatment program must be correspondingly multi-componential. Adequate social perspective-taking—perspective-taking that is profound or mature; rationalization-busting, adequately informed, and hence discerning; reciprocally ideal and balanced; and socially expansive or inclusive—should be a basic theme pervasive across the components of any effective treatment program. This chapter focuses on a multicomponent treatment program that incorporates a wide variety of social perspective-taking opportunities pertaining to the remediation of moral developmental delay, social cognitive distortions, and social skill deficiencies, namely, the EQUIP program. High-fidelity implementations of EQUIP can stimulate a positive synergy through EQUIP’s integration of mutual help (motivation, culture) and cognitive behavioral (curriculum) approaches. Chapter 8 concludes with a discussion of adaptations and outcome evaluations, and illustrates social perspective-taking treatments available for severe offenders.
Conclusion
Authors: Gibbs John C.
Published: May 2019

The final chapter concludes our use of Kohlberg’s, Hoffman’s, and Haidt’s theories to ponder the moral domain and explore growth beyond the superficial in morality. We recap our critique of Haidt’s theory. We culminate our argument for a coprimacy in moral motivation by relating Kohlberg’s and Hoffman’s theories to motivationally and qualitatively distinct categories of knowledge (logico-mathematical, empirical). We relate logical-moral ideals to an analysis of adaptation and evolution (Piaget, Singer) that is less reductionistic than the pragmatic version offered by Haidt and others. We conclude with some final thoughts on moral development, perception, and behavior vis-à-vis a deeper reality of human connection.
The Liquidity Crisis and Government Reaction
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins with a discussion of the buildup to the crisis and the background of the Dodd-Frank Act. On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (WSRCPA), widely known as the “Dodd-Frank Act,” a massive piece of financial legislation encompassing a wide range of reforms intended to stabilize financial markets through enhanced oversight, reduction of risk, and improved consumer protection. Its 2,200 pages direct enactment of over 200 new or expanded regulations by federal agencies. The remainder of the chapter covers the Federal Reserve's provision of liquidity and stabilization of financial markets, and regulatory reaction at the height of the financial crisis (Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA) and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)).
Asset Valuation
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins with a discussion of the use of interest rates in asset valuation. During the Great Recession, the Federal Reserve has navigated U.S. interest rates lower by first reducing the target for the federal funds rate to zero, and then engaging in a process of quantitative easing by purchasing longer-term securities. The effect of the Federal Reserve's actions has been to lower interest rates that affect valuation models across all assets and investments. The chapter then discusses interest rate yield curve, covering the types of yield curves, why the yield curve may be flat or inverted, the increase in market demand for long-term securities, and long-term yield affected by Federal Reserve monetary policy.
United States Treasury Securities
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose and goals of treasury securities. Treasury securities are a type of debt instrument providing limited credit risk. U.S. Treasury bills, notes, and bonds are issued by the Treasury Department and represent direct obligations of the U.S. government. Treasury securities are used to meet the needs of investors who wish to “loan” money to the federal government and in return receive a fixed or floating interest rate. The Treasury yield curve is a benchmark for fixed income securities across the spectrum of debt securities. The remainder of the chapter covers types of treasury securities, pricing, bond auctions and their effect on price, interest rates, and STRIPS (separate trading of registered interest and principal securities).
Regulation of Swaps
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N.
Published: May 2019

Former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke classified derivatives as a “vulnerability” of the financial system that led to the financial crisis. He explained that derivatives concentrated risk within particular financial institutions and markets without sufficient regulatory oversight. The Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act—Dodd-Frank—constituted a seismic shift in the regulation of financial institutions and markets in a massive effort to address regulatory shortcomings in derivatives markets. This chapter discusses the Dodd-Frank regulatory regime. Topics covered include the Dodd-Frank and derivatives trading; jurisdiction and registration; clearing, exchange, capital and margin, and reporting requirements; analysis of the provisions of Dodd-Frank on derivatives trading; rationale behind the exemptions and exclusions; the Lincoln Rule; Futures Commission Merchants; and criticisms of Dodd-Frank's derivatives trading provisions.
The History of the CFTC
Authors: Rechtschaffen Alan N.
Published: May 2019

The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is an independent agency with exclusive jurisdiction over futures trading in all commodities. The Commodity Exchange Act of 1936 (CEA) set forth the first federal regulatory framework for futures trading in agricultural commodities. In 1974, Congress passed the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act, overhauling the CEA and establishing the CFTC. When President Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act into law, the CFTC was a natural regulatory authority for the implementation of Dodd-Frank because of its historical role in regulating a remote corner of the derivatives market place (i.e., futures). This chapter discusses the role of the CFTC, its structure, disciplinary action, and its regulatory background.
Taxing for the Realization of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
Authors: De Schutter Olivier
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the application of human rights law to state tax policy, identifying normative principles by which UN human rights treaty supervisory bodies—like the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights—can assess whether a state’s tax laws and practices comply with its human rights obligations. In a human rights perspective, state tax policies can be improved in four directions: widening the tax base to finance public services, ensuring progressivity to reduce inequalities, plugging holes in the tax system, and strengthening participation and accountability around tax policy. The chapter then argues that the progressivity of a state’s fiscal policy depends on not only how tax revenues are raised but also how they are spent. It also provides an overview of recent literature on the impacts of tax policy on investment decisions, and traces recent international efforts to curb illicit financial flows.
Tax and Human Rights
Authors: Kane Mitchell A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter assesses the rightful claims of developed and developing countries to portions of the “international tax base.” Existing revenue in developed country coffers and incremental revenue from possible reform of the international tax system are not substitutes. There is a massive difference between developed countries redirecting a portion of existing revenue toward the redress of human rights shortfalls in developing countries on the one hand, and a restructuring of the basic understanding of international tax entitlements such that developing countries have a superior claim to revenues as their own in the first instance on the other. The chapter then proposes three possible ways in which we might rethink tax policy: a recasting of the basic source-residence dichotomy that deeply pervades the existing approach to international taxation; a consideration of tax policy with an eye to duties that nations may hold with respect to one another; and a rethinking of the role of corporate incidence analysis in tax policy.
Basic Income as a Human Right?
Authors: Hemel Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter suggests a human rights–based justification for national basic income schemes, contrasting it with justifications based on welfarist principles or notions of entitlement to a share of the global commons. Starting from the premise that a state is a collective enterprise that generates a surplus, it contends that any human being who is an “obedient” member of that state has a right to some share of the surplus. That right—which arises from the relationship between the individual and the state, and is independent of need—could justify the entitlement to a basic income. Such income should be provided in cash, not in kind, because the latter risks depriving the individual of the enjoyment of his share of the surplus—in effect, forcing him to forfeit or transfer it to others if he does not use the public goods or services provided by the state.
Taxation, Human Rights, and a Universal Basic Income
Authors: Alston Philip
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter explores the arguments for and against a universal basic income (UBI) in light of the provisions of international human rights law. To appreciate the significance of a UBI, at least in its comprehensive and ideal form, it is important to note that it is explicitly designed to challenge most of the key assumptions underpinning traditional social security systems. The most committed proponents of UBI proclaim their approach to be utopian, not in the sense of being unrealistic or unachievable, but as providing a highly ambitious, sweeping, and progressive vision. Meanwhile, critics or skeptics who raise objections based on unaffordability, the unacceptability of unconditionality, or the unrealistic change in mentality required will often be dismissed as unimaginative defenders of an obviously unsatisfactory status quo.
Three Narratives of Divine Vengeance
Authors: Loney Alexander C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines three tisis narratives in the Odyssey that are subordinate to the main tisis narrative of Odysseus’ revenge on the suitors. These narratives are found to have a robust ideology of symmetry of offense and punishment, some unsettling ironies surrounding ἀτασθαλίαι‎, and a tendency for narrators to manipulate tisis in favor of their own biases. The first tisis narrative is the companions’ deaths in the Thrinakia episode. Sometimes considered a case of Helios’ revenge, Zeus is the real agent of tisis in this instance. The second tisis narrative is Poseidon’s against Odysseus, which, though never explicitly called tisis, has all the other markings of a such a narrative. The third instance is Poseidon’s against the Phaiakians for escorting Odysseus home. Each of these narratives takes on deeper significance and ironic layers of meaning when interpreted in light of the others.
The Multiple Meanings of Odysseus’ Triumphs
Authors: Loney Alexander C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter pursues the implications of the failure of the poet’s overt program, as demonstrated in chapter 4. The Odyssey contains multiple perspectives on Odysseus’ triumphs, which may be glimpsed through underappreciated layers of meaning or irony in certain words or phrases. The poem allows its audience to consider a darker, alternative evaluation of Odysseus’ character. It is shown that Odysseus silences Eurykleia and spares Phemios in order to control the narrative of his actions in the slaughter of the suitors. A final section considers an aspect of Odysseus’ responsibility for the deaths of the companions.
Education
Authors: Karas Montez Jennifer , Ellen Schwartz Amy
Published: May 2019

There is little question that education is a core determinant of the health of populations. In the context of urban environments, where more people are now concentrated than ever before, the provision of effective education represents both an opportunity to create an informed and healthy population and a challenge to provide education for all urban residents without leaving large segments of the population behind. In many high-income countries, the provision of quality education for all in cities has been challenging, with cycles of poor education perpetuating growing class divides. Provision of effective education in rapidly growing low-income country urban areas is very much a challenge of our current moment. This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities inherent in providing education in urban areas and the implications these have for urban health.
Sociology
Authors: Jin Lei , Ye Chenyu , Fong Eric
Published: May 2019

Sociology is perhaps best seen classically as the study of the development, structure, and function of human societies, and sociologists have long been interested in urbanization and the ways in which urban living influences people’s health and well-being. These interests intersect with other core sociological concerns, such as socioeconomic inequality, racial and ethnic relations, migration, social cohesion, and social control to inform unique sociological perspectives on urban health. Urban environments, bringing together heterogeneous populations in dynamic, rapidly evolving settings, are natural laboratories for understanding human societies, thus suggesting a critical role for sociological perspectives in the study of urban health. This chapter introduces a sociological lens to the study of urban health, offering how sociology can advance our understanding of the health of urban populations.
Health Services Research
Authors: Gusmano Michael K.
Published: May 2019

The physical and social environment clearly characterize cities and influence the health of their residents. Cities, however, also represent places where a wealth of services can be available their residents, thus contributing to their well-being. While the foundations of health are social, cultural, and economic, health services are a critical part of curative care and can contribute to overall health indicators—and health gaps—in urban areas. This chapter grounds the reader in how health services perspectives can inform our understanding of health in cities, offering examples of how health services research can both answer questions and point the way to the next generation of questions that inform urban health scholarship.
Environmental Health Impact Assessment
Authors: Dora Carlos
Published: May 2019

Urban development interventions in a variety of sectors, including in transport, housing, land-use planning, waste management, and energy can generate substantial health benefits to affected communities. These opportunities for health can be overlooked and unnecessary health risks and costs caused and potential benefits foregone if health issues are not explicitly considered as part of urban projects, plans, and strategies. Environmental health assessments bring together inputs from science and experience using a range of approaches, including community consultations and assessment of local environmental conditions to determine how local projects, plans and policies can improve population health. Formal environmental health assessments then stand to help guide thinking about how environmental factors can create health in cities, and provide a voice for children and other groups whose perspective is often not included in decision making. This chapter provides an introduction to environmental health assessments with an eye to equipping local actors to proactively contribute to creating health and health equity among urban populations, as a key tool for including Health in All Policies.
Social Networks
Authors: Rudolph Abby E.
Published: May 2019

One of the distinguishing features of urban environments is the close proximity of their residents. There is ample evidence that our social networks influence how we think, feel, and behave and, through doing so, shape our health. Therefore, the challenge and opportunity for urban areas is how to foster social relationships and interactions that promote healthier behaviors, reduce the risk of disease transmission, and remove or serve as buffers against existing barriers to health service utilization. This chapter provides a theoretical framework for thinking about the role of social networks in public health and provides two examples how social network analysis has been used to better understand two major public health concerns in urban settings.
Boston
Authors: Lopez Russ
Published: May 2019

Understanding the history of a place is essential for incorporating local concerns and values into decision-making. Most important, history is present whether we acknowledge it or not. Creating change and improving the lives and health of the public demands effective public policies. These policies must rest on the foundation of a city’s or neighborhood’s history. Channeling new development, preserving and protecting health, and meeting challenges posed by changing environmental conditions need the participation and support of thousands of people. These issues are never discussed in a vacuum, and no problems are solved without regard to history and memory. The Boston experience highlights the need for careful consideration of present conditions in order to prepare for the unknown future. This chapter discusses Boston as a case study, aiming to understand how history shapes cities and creates health in urban populations.
Nomadic Peoples and Alternate Conceptions of Place
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N.
Published: May 2019

Under pressure from sedentary majority populations, nomadic peoples face serious threats to their cultural survival and livelihood. Nomadic groups have long faced suspicion and discrimination—as illustrated by the ongoing marginalization of European Roma and Travellers, the Maasai of Tanzania and Kenya, and the Bedouin of the MENA region—and modern societies tend to see human rights, including the basic rights of freedom of movement and property rights, through a lens that privileges settlement. Indeed, nomadic peoples are often viewed with suspicion and excluded from the citizenry because they move “too much” and do not conform to majority views related to settlement, land use, and community membership. This bias leaves nomadic peoples without functioning citizenship in regard to state governments, who fail to understand their basic needs and perspectives. Resulting rights abuses center not only on rights to land and natural resources but also on cultural and political expression.
Earned Citizenship
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Earned Citizenship is an intervention in the U.S. immigration reform debate that advances the proposition that long-term, unauthorized immigrant U.S. residents should be able to earn legalization and a pathway to citizenship through service to citizens in their adopted U.S. communities as restitution for immigration law violations. Earned Citizenship first applies the principle of civic membership as reciprocity to support the argument that military service by unauthorized immigrants in particular merits naturalization in the United States, given its strong citizen-soldier tradition. The book contends that noncitizens who serve in the military during a period of declared hostilities should be immune from deportation for the rest of their lives. After drawing from the military aspect of the civic republican tradition, the second part of the book considers the civic value of caregiving as a service to citizens and the nation, which merits a pathway to citizenship for unauthorized immigrants. Family immigration policies should be expanded to recognize the importance of caregiving duties performed by family members and fictive kin for dependents. This argument is part of a broader project aimed at reconciling the civic republicanism of the first part of the book with a feminist ethic of care and its emphasis on dependency work. As a whole, this book provides a nonhumanitarian justification for legalizing unauthorized immigrants based on their contributions to citizens and institutions in their adopted nation.
Introduction
Authors: Lawee Eric
Published: May 2019

The Commentary on the Torah by Solomon ben Isaac (1040–1105)—also known as Shlomo Yitzhaki, or Rashi—stands out as the most widely studied and influential Hebrew Bible commentary of all time. This chapter explores ways in which the Commentary can be seen not only as the most formative and authoritative of Jewish biblical commentaries but also as a work bearing canonical status, though it was never formally canonized and even met with pockets of stiff opposition. The chapter argues that criticism may actually have contributed to the Commentary’s attainment of preeminent status.
Conundrums of the Commentary
Authors: Lawee Eric
Published: May 2019

Rashi’s Commentary evokes a number of challenges and perplexities, beginning with the fact that it has experienced more textual vicissitudes than any other medieval Jewish work. In addition, the character and aims of the Commentary remain elusive. The most striking feature of Rashi’s exegesis is its mixture of “contextual” meaning (peshuṭo shel miqra) and classical midrashic expositions, which have a much more exegetically fanciful and theologically free character. The problem lies in the relationship between the elements. Rashi’s use of midrash may be what has most endeared the Commentary to its diverse audiences for over close to a millennium. The element of midrash also meant that the ever more classic Commentary imparted a Jewish vision whose overall thrust was often clear—but using an elusive and allusive medium whose constituents remained pliably open to interpretation, and sometimes begged for it.
Aaron Aboulrabi and “The Straight One”
Authors: Lawee Eric
Published: May 2019

The fifteenth-century Sicilian-born commentator, Aaron Aboulrabi, marks something new in the Commentary’s reception: the emergence of a tradition of rhetorically vehement resisting reading. His awareness of Eleazar Ashkenazi is up for some debate, but more than one passage strongly suggests he consulted him. He certainly knew the Book of Strictures. While sharing the incapacity for prevarication characteristic of Ashkenazi and Pseudo-Rabad, Aboulrabi was more eclectic in his convictions and appreciated elements of Rashi’s midrashic hermeneutic. He evaluates the Commentary in the first instance on the basis of consonance with the plain sense and frequently finds it wanting. He also promotes an approach nourished by rationalist convictions. Nor does he scruple to hurl invective at “the Straight One,” as he calls Rashi, and his rabbinic forerunners. In all of this, Aboulrabi carried on exegetical, theological, and rhetorical trends known to him from the writings of Abraham ibn Ezra while still occasionally putting himself in step with Rashi’s midrashic legacy.
Finance and Financial Intermediation
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

Finance and financial intermediation are central to modern economies. This book covers all of the material a sophisticated economist needs to know about this area. It begins with an overview of financial markets and their operation. It then covers asset pricing for standard assets and derivatives, and analyses what modern finance says about firm behaviour and capital structure. The book covers money, exchange rates, electronic payments methods, and cryptocurrencies. The book then covers financial intermediation. The book then examines the role played by finance and financial intermediation in the Great Recession of the 2000s. After this, the book switches to public finance and government borrowing which is central to major economic events. It examines the incentives to monetize the public debt and its consequences. The book closes with an examination of sovereign debt crises and an analysis of their various forms.
Asset Pricing II
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents an number of key anomalies from the perspective of the risk-neutral pricing model and presents the risk-averse pricing model. It discusses how this helps to correct some of the key implications of the model relative to the risk-neutral model, but fails to go far enough.
Necessarily Dissimilar
Authors: Kars Aydogan
Published: May 2019

In the centuries following al-Kindī, Muslim philosophers developed a coherent family of apophatic theological positions on the divine essence and its accessibility. The recurring aspects of this philosophical apophaticism were (1) a negative theology of divine attributes that reads them as negations, (2) the unknowability of the divine essence, closely connected with an Aristotelian version of the Neoplatonic distinction between discursive thought [dianoia] and non-discursive intellection [noēsis], (3) the necessary dissimilarity of God as the first cause of everything else, and (4) a philosophical hermeneutics that protects divine oneness and dissimilarity. Most of these aspects were established in conversation with the Muʿtazilites. As early as al-Kindī, Muslim philosophers adopted such a philosophical apophaticism of the divine nature, which later would take diverse forms, while preserving strategic resemblances.
Introduction
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

The introduction to the book presents an overview of the puzzle constituency service presents to our understanding of distributive politics in patronage democracies. It then offers an overview of the book’s argument for why citizens demand assistance from their high-level representatives—individuals with substantially large constituencies such that they cannot know most of their voters personally—and why these politicians respond to such requests in a largely nonpartisan and noncontingent manner. The chapter places this constituency service conceptually within nonprogrammatic politics, alongside more well-studied forms of allocation: clientelism and partisan bias. It then offers an outline of the book’s contents and contributions, including a summary of the data sources used throughout the text.
The Provision of Constituency Service
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 draws on a field experimental audit of politicians with a near census of Indian state and national legislators to show that, on the whole, politicians do not take indicators of partisanship into account when responding to individual-level requests. Specifically, this national field experiment shows that for India’s high-level politicians, information on electoral preferences does not affect the willingness of representatives to respond to an individual’s request for assistance. In addition, indications of shared ethnicity, e.g., caste, which may be closely tied to political preferences, do not result in preferential treatment. Overall, these findings offer strong evidence that the aid high-level politicians offer to individuals requiring assistance navigating the state is often noncontingent in nature, taking the form of constituency service.
Clients or Constituents?
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 offers a theoretical explanation for why we should expect to see constituency service in patronage democracies, despite existing expectations to the contrary. It discusses in greater detail the book’s argument for why constituency service constitutes a key element of distributive politics, alongside forms of locally brokered clientelism and contingent allocation of group-oriented goods. The chapter elaborates the sources of demand for, and supply of, constituency service in a patronage democracy. It then considers the limitations of more widely studied forms of distributive politics and outlines the ways in which constituency service offers a compelling alternative to politicians for pursuing their desired electoral ends. This discussion suggests a number of empirical implications, laid out in detail at the end of the chapter, which guide the analyses in subsequent chapters.
Local Blocking and Appeals for Assistance
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 7 examines the implications of local blocking for citizen strategies to access state services. It shows that non-co-partisans of local officials, who are more likely to be denied services locally, are also expected to make appeals to a larger number of potential intermediaries when attempting to access benefits from the state, than do co-partisans of local officials. It then establishes that high-level politicians are important alternative sources of assistance, particularly when individuals have difficulty accessing public benefits from their local elected official. Importantly, the chapter shows that those individuals who appeal to high-level politicians for assistance are, on average, more successful in acquiring their desired service than those who appeal to local politicians. Thus, local blocking is associated with an increased demand for assistance from high-level politicians.
Partisanship, the Personal Vote, and Constituency Service
Authors: Bussell Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 8 tests observable implications of the book’s theory on constituency service’s supply, using the field experiment introduced in Chapter 3 to assess politicians’ motivations to respond to petitions. It shows that indicators of a personal vote—that the petitioner has voted for the politician in the past—can have a small positive effect on the quality of a politician’s response, if not the baseline response rate. This chapter also investigates whether information on local blocking affects politicians’ willingness to respond. It shows that, in states with a long history of local elections, politicians interpret information about a failure to receive assistance locally as an indicator of local partisan blocking and, combined with information on electoral history, an indication that the petitioner is a supporter or persuadable voter. Consistent with qualitative evidence from politician shadowing, this experimental evidence substantiates the argument that politicians use constituency service to reach potential supporters.
Examining Citizens’ Impressions of Negativity During U.S. Senate Campaigns
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 presents the results of a national survey experiment conducted during the 2014 senatorial elections that validates central elements of the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity. First, people with low levels of tolerance for negativity are more likely to see incivility in negative messages and view negative messages as less usefulcompared to citizens who tolerate negative campaigning more easily. Second, the importance of tolerance for negativity holds up, even when controlling for important political predispositions, such as party attachment and attitudes about the issues. These findings demonstrate that tolerance for negativity is different from people’s partisan and policy profile. Third, the importance of tolerance for negativity is critical during the throes of the campaign as well as after the campaign has ended and all votes are tallied. These results indicate that tolerance for negativity is not a transient phenomenon active only during electoral campaigns.
Nationalism and Beyond
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

Chapter 7 takes its departure from Emmanuel Levinas’s In the Time of the Nations which raises the basic question how the mundane history of nationalist agendas can be reconciled with “holy history” pointing in the direction of the “kingdom to come.” As Levinas observes, in the Talmudic tradition Israel has always been placed in the context of “seventy nations,” a context full of both tension and promise. From this interaction comes (or should come) a steady education and seasoning of peoples so that the initial “care-for-self” of individuals and nations is slowly elevated into the “care-for-the-other” of humanity. But the interaction remains full of danger, due to the recurrent tendency to submerge the divine promise in the quagmire of nationalist or chauvinistic violence. In conclusion, the chapter turns to Franz Rosenzweig’s The Star of Redemption which points to a steadily closer embrace of the relationality of “God, man, and world.”
The Mismatch Negativity
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory
Published: May 2019

This book introduces the electrophysiological change-detection response of the brain called the mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN is elicited by any discriminable change in some repetitive aspect of ongoing auditory stimulation even in the absence of attention, causing an attentional shift to change, hence representing a response of vital significance to the organism. In addition, an analogous response is also elicited in the other sensory modalities and occurs in different species and in the different developmental stages from infancy to the old age. Importantly, MMN, reflecting the NMDA-receptor functioning, is affected in different cognitive brain disorders, providing an index of the severity of the disorder and effectiveness of remediating treatments.