bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of four Latin American families confirms previous findings and reveals novel features of acid‐labile subunit deficiency
Authors: Scaglia Paula A. , Keselman Ana C. , Braslavsky Débora , Martucci Lucía C. , Karabatas Liliana M. , Domené Sabina , Gutiérrez Mariana L. , Ballerini María G. , Ropelato María G. , Spinola‐Castro Angela , Siviero‐Miachon Adriana A. , Tartuci Juliana Saito , Rodríguez Azrak María Sol , Rey Rodolfo A. , Jasper Héctor G. , Bergadá Ignacio , Domené Horacio M.
Published: April 2017

Objective

Acid‐labile subunit deficiency (ACLSD), caused by inactivating mutations in both IGFALS gene alleles, is characterized by marked reduction in IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels associated with mild growth retardation. The aim of this study was to expand the known phenotype and genetic characteristics of ACLSD by reporting data from four index cases and their families.

Design

Auxological data, biochemical and genetic studies were performed in four children diagnosed with ACLSD and all available relatives.

Methods

Serum levels of IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, acid‐labile subunit (ALS), and in vitro ternary complex formation (ivTCF) were determined. After sequencing the IGFALS gene, pathogenicity of novel identified variants was evaluated by in vitro expression in transfected Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells. ALS protein was detected in patients′ sera and CHO cells conditioned media and lysates by Western immunoblot (WIB).

Results

Four index cases and four relatives were diagnosed with ACLSD. The following variants were found: p.Glu35Glyfs*17, p.Glu35Lysfs*87, p.Leu213Phe, p.Asn276Ser, p.Leu409Phe, p.Ala475Val and p.Ser490Trp. ACLSD patients presented low IGF‐I and low or undetectable levels of IGFBP‐3 and ALS. Seven out of 8 patients did not form ivTCF.

Conclusions

This study confirms previous findings in ACLSD, such as the low IGF‐I and a more severe reduction in IGFBP‐3 levels, and a gene dosage effect observed in heterozygous carriers (HC). In addition, father‐to‐son transmission (father compound heterozygous and mother HC), preservation of male fertility, and marginal ALS expression with potential involvement in preserved responsiveness to rhGH treatment, are all novel aspects, not previously reported in this condition.
H‐reflex and M‐wave recordings: effect of pressure application to the stimulation electrode on the assessment of evoked potentials and subject's discomfort
Authors: Cattagni Thomas , Merlet Angèle N. , Cornu Christophe , Jubeau Marc
Published: April 2017

This study aimed to compare the effect of different types of pressure applied to the stimulation electrode on assessing the efficiency of Ia‐α‐motoneuron transmission of the soleus muscle and the associated discomfort using electrical nerve stimulation. Twelve healthy young adults participated in three experimental sessions (one for each knee angle). The amplitudes of the maximal Hoffmann reflex (Hmax) and motor potential (Mmax) were recorded from the soleus muscle at 0°, 30° and 90° knee angles (0° full extension) through three pressure applications to the stimulation electrode: no pressure, pressure with manual application and pressure using adhesive tape. The soleus Hmax/Mmax were calculated to assess the efficiency of Ia‐α‐motoneuron transmission during varied knee angles and pressure application to the stimulation electrode. At the stimulation intensity evoking soleus Hmax and Mmax, subjects were asked to orally provide a value between ‘no discomfort’ (0) and ‘worst possible discomfort’ (10). The application of pressure on the stimulation electrode, particularly using adhesive tape, decreased both the stimulation intensity needed to evoke an electrophysiological response and the associated self‐reported discomfort (P<0·05), while the Hmax/Mmax remained constant. At the stimulation intensity evoking Mmax, the electrical stimulation appeared to be more painful at 0° knee angle compared with 30° and 90° angles (P<0·01). To conclude, this study showed that a knee flexion and a pressure application to the stimulation electrode, especially using tape pressure, are recommended in the objective to reduce the patient/subjects’ discomfort when eliciting evoked potentials on soleus muscle.
The Rise and Demise of the Middle East Quest for Reforms, 2011–2017
Authors: Aman Mohammed M.
Published: April 2017

Six years have passed since Arab masses in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, and Yemen revolted against oppressive, corrupt, and autocratic regimes. These and lesser revolts in Morocco and Jordan — as well as muted ones in the oil producing Gulf States — shared common goals and themes: justice, dignity, economic, political, and social reforms (el‐Gingihy,). The revolutionaries wanted to end government bloating and oppressive bureaucracies; and political and massive public corruption by the ruling classes; and instead, involve citizens in the participation in governance and policymaking. The oil‐rich countries were quick to shower their nationals with salary bonuses and more generous subsidies. The poorer Arab countries were quick to unleash their violent security forces on the masses in order to quell the uprisings using brute military force, including using poison gas in Syria, and operating mass killings of demonstrators at Rab‘a Square in Cairo, Egypt. With the exception of Tunisia, the rest of the Arab countries reverted to oppressive regimes, or civil war chaos, as was the case in Libya and Yemen. The United States, which hailed the Arab uprisings during the reign of the Obama Administration, has changed course under the isolationist Trump Administration, which looks upon all Arabs and Muslim people and nations as potential supporters of what the current administration labels as Muslim terrorism. Along with an analysis of events in the region, this article also reviews the most recent books published which deal with the Arab revolts, and which include what lies ahead for the Arab world under the new rulers who replaced old regimes. It will also analyze the Arab countries’ response to a Trump Administration that seems to adopt political isolationism, while at the same time, showing an obvious inclination for personal and national business involvement in the region, such as the recent opening of a Trump golf course in the United Arab Emirates, and the appointment of former MOBIL CEO Executive Rex Tillerson, who has strong business ties with Russia and the oil‐producing Gulf States.
Political budget cycles: Evidence from Italian cities
Authors: Alesina Alberto , Paradisi Matteo
Published: April 2017

The introduction of a new real estate taxes in Italy in 2011 provides a natural experiment, which is useful to test for political budget cycles. The new real estate tax allowed discretion to local governments. This generates a random variation in the distance of municipalities from the following elections when they choose the level of the tax rate. We do find substantial evidence of political budget cycles, with municipalities choosing lower tax rates when close to elections. We observe this budget cycle for smaller municipalities where the tax was more likely to be the single most important issue for the local government. Cities close to elections with large deficits did not set lower rates and so did municipalities with a lower average value of properties. Finally, the political budget cycle is stronger in the South.
Transforming Ways of Enhancing Foreign Language Acquisition in the Spanish Classroom: Experiential Learning Approaches
Authors: Moreno‐López Isabel , Ramos‐Sellman Aida , Miranda‐Aldaco Citlali , Gomis Quinto Maria Teresa
Published: April 2017

The researchers used qualitative and quantitative instruments to measure students’ linguistic gains and their opinions and attitudes toward intercultural awareness while studying Spanish as a foreign language under four different pedagogical models: a traditional face‐to‐face classroom, face‐to‐face classes with a community‐based learning component, face‐to‐face courses with an online telecollaborative language‐learning component, and study abroad. Quantitative findings from two knowledge‐based assessments indicated that students’ language learning was equivalent in all four pedagogical models. Students’ survey responses indicated that they believed that moving beyond traditional instructional models by adding classes with experiential learning boosted their second language acquisition and fueled their curiosity about cultural similarities and differences. Qualitative findings also confirmed that students’ engagement was higher in the experiential models.
A Tiered Approach to Evaluating Salinity Sources in Water at Oil and Gas Production Sites
Authors: Paquette Shawn M. , Molofsky Lisa J. , Connor John A. , Walker Kenneth L. , Hopkins Harley , Chakraborty Ayan
Published: April 2017

A suspected increase in the salinity of fresh water resources can trigger a site investigation to identify the source(s) of salinity and the extent of any impacts. These investigations can be complicated by the presence of naturally elevated total dissolved solids or chlorides concentrations, multiple potential sources of salinity, and incomplete data and information on both naturally occurring conditions and the characteristics of potential sources. As a result, data evaluation techniques that are effective at one site may not be effective at another. In order to match the complexity of the evaluation effort to the complexity of the specific site, this paper presents a strategic tiered approach that utilizes established techniques for evaluating and identifying the source(s) of salinity in an efficient step‐by‐step manner. The tiered approach includes: (1) a simple screening process to evaluate whether an impact has occurred and if the source is readily apparent; (2) basic geochemical characterization of the impacted water resource(s) and potential salinity sources coupled with simple visual and statistical data evaluation methods to determine the source(s); and (3) advanced laboratory analyses (e.g., isotopes) and data evaluation methods to identify the source(s) and the extent of salinity impacts where it was not otherwise conclusive. A case study from the U.S. Gulf Coast is presented to illustrate the application of this tiered approach.
Urine assay for tenofovir to monitor adherence in real time to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine as pre‐exposure prophylaxis
Authors: Koenig HC , Mounzer K , Daughtridge GW , Sloan CE , Lalley‐Chareczko L , Moorthy GS , Conyngham SC , Zuppa AF , Montaner LJ , Tebas P
Published: April 2017

Objectives

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) is approved for pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV infection. Adherence is critical for the success of PrEP, but current adherence measurements are inadequate for real‐time adherence monitoring. We developed and validated a urine assay to measure tenofovir (TFV) to objectively monitor adherence to PrEP.

Methods

We developed a urine assay using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with high sensitivity/specificity for TFV that allowed us to determine TFV concentrations in log10 categories between 0 and 10 000 ng/mL. We validated the assay in three cohorts: (1) HIV‐positive subjects with undetectable viral loads on a TDF/FTC‐based regimen, (2) healthy HIV‐negative subjects who received a single dose of TDF/FTC, and (3) HIV‐negative subjects receiving daily TDF/FTC as PrEP for 24 weeks.

Results

The urine assay detected TFV with greater sensitivity than plasma‐based measures and with a window of measurements within 7 days of the last TDF/FTC dose. Based on the urine log‐linear clearance after the last dose and its concordance with all detectable plasma levels, a urine TFV concentration > 1000 ng/mL was identified as highly predictive of the presence of TFV in plasma at > 10 ng/mL. The urine assay was able to distinguish high and low adherence patterns within the last 48 h (> 1000 ng/mL versus 10–1000 ng/mL), as well as nonadherence (< 10 ng/mL) extended over at least 1 week prior to measurement.

Conclusions

We provide proof of concept that a semiquantitative urine assay measuring levels of TFV could be further developed into a point‐of‐care test and be a useful tool to monitor adherence to PrEP.
Radioluminescence study of calcium tungstate crystalline powders and ceramics
Authors: Carvalho Emanoel , Soares Victor , Leães Cristiane Ayala , Paiva Getulio Eduardo , Silva Ronaldo , Silva Marcelo
Published: April 2017

In this paper, the optical absorption and radioluminescence (RL) of polycrystalline ceramic and powder CaWO4 are studied. The samples were synthesized via a solid‐state method. Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric (DTA/TG) measurements indicate a minimum temperature of 700°C for calcination of precursors. The crystalline phase of the samples of calcium tungstate was investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The RL of the crystal powder and ceramics are in agreement with that present in the literature for bulk single crystals, presenting a single emission band centered at 420 nm when irradiated with β‐rays. UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy shows that the maximum absorption band of the CaWO4 sample is at around 400 nm, indicating the presence of mixed valence states of W5+ and W6+, associated with a possible breaking of structural symmetry caused by WO4 tetrahedral distortion.
Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in non‐human primates
Authors: Fechner Kim , Mätz‐Rensing Kerstin , Lampe Karen , Kaup Franz‐Josef , Czerny Claus‐Peter , Schäfer Jenny
Published: April 2017

Background

Due to a sporadic occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in non‐human primates (NHP), the susceptibility of different NHP to MAP should be investigated.

Methods

Fecal and tissue samples (ileum, ileocecal lymph node, bone marrow) of 20 animals (seven species) were analyzed by IS900‐based PCRs and sequenced. Samples of MAP PCR positive NHP were further cultivated.

Results

MAP DNA was detectable in two animals; the ileum of a cottontop tamarin and the bone marrow of a common marmoset. Cultivation of MAP failed. Sequence analysis revealed 100% homology to the MAP‐K10 sequence. Pathohistological examinations offered no direct correlation to a MAP infection.

Conclusions

MAP was detected for the first time in a common marmoset. But as both NHP suffered from other diseases, an asymptomatic infection with MAP was assumed. The detection of MAP in the bone marrow might play a role in establishing latent paratuberculosis, as known from tuberculosis.
Calm to chaos: Engaging undergraduate nursing students with the complex nature of interruptions during medication administration
Authors: Hayes Carolyn , Jackson Debra , Davidson Patricia M. , Daly John , Power Tamara
Published: April 2017

Aims and Objectives

To describe undergraduate student nurse responses to a simulated role‐play experience focussing on managing interruptions during medication administration.

Background

Improving patient safety requires that we find creative and innovative methods of teaching medication administration to undergraduate nurses in real‐world conditions. Nurses are responsible for the majority of medication administrations in health care. Incidents and errors associated with medications are a significant patient safety issue and often occur as a result of interruptions. Undergraduate nursing students are generally taught medication administration skills in a calm and uninterrupted simulated environment. However, in the clinical environment medication administration is challenged by multiple interruptions.

Design/Methods

A qualitative study using convenience sampling was used to examine student perceptions of a simulated role‐play experience. Data were collected from 451 of a possible 528 student written reflective responses and subject to thematic analysis.

Results

Students reported an increased understanding of the impacts of interruptions while administering medications and an improved awareness of how to manage disruptions. This study reports on one of three emergent themes: “Calm to chaos: engaging with the complex nature of clinical practice.”

Conclusions

Interrupting medication administration in realistic and safe settings facilitates awareness, allows for students to begin to develop management strategies in relation to interruption and increases their confidence. Students were given the opportunity to consolidate and integrate prior and new knowledge and skills through this role‐play simulation.
Facets of Agency in Stories of Transforming From Childless by Choice to Mother
Authors: Moore Julia
Published: April 2017

Family scholars have explored in depth how and why some women choose to never have children. However, some childless‐by‐choice (also termed childfree or voluntarily childless) women—who have declared their desire and intention to never have children—ultimately become mothers because of changes in choice or circumstance. Through a qualitative analysis of interviews with mothers who once articulated themselves as permanently childless by choice, this article presents three facets of agency in women's stories about childbearing transformations: accidental conception, ambiguous desire, and purposeful decision. Participant interviews indicated that each facet of agency was enabled and constrained by multiple individual, relational, and cultural considerations, including self‐described biological urges, partners' childbearing desires and intentions, and cultural stigma against abortion. Pathways from childless by choice to mother often encompass multiple facets of agency and include movements in and out of various fertility desires and intentions before conceiving.
Corporate Pensions and the Maturity Structure of Debt
Authors: Lin Yijia , Liu Sheen , Yu Jifeng
Published: April 2017

In this article, we investigate the role of pension obligations, the most significant off‐balance‐sheet item, in determining corporate debt maturity and spreads. We begin by showing a significant and robust positive relationship between pension liabilities and corporate short‐term debt ratio. We also find that more pension obligations cause a significant increase in the cost of debt, but this effect is mitigated by short‐maturity debt. Overall, our study shows that short‐term debt can reduce asymmetric information costs related to pensions.
Invasive fungal infections in paediatric patients treated with macromolecular immunomodulators other than tumour necrosis alpha inhibitors
Authors: Kyriakidis Ioannis , Tragiannidis Athanasios , Zündorf Ilse , Groll Andreas H.
Published: April 2017

An expanding list of immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and biologic therapeutics is currently entering clinical practice, particularly in the areas of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disorders. These agents are directed against molecules or cells involved in inflammation and immunity and may therefore be associated with serious and opportunistic infections. The purpose of this review was to critically analyse the literature on invasive fungal infections (IFIs) occurring in association with mAbs and fusion proteins other than tumour necrosis alpha (TNF‐α) inhibitors, including therapeutics modulating T‐cell‐mediated pathologies (muromonab, abatacept, belatacept, ipilimumab, basiliximab, daclizumab), inducing lymphopenia (alemtuzumab), depleting CD20+ B cells (rituximab) and interfering with various targets (anakinra, natalizumab, blodalumab, ixekizumab and others) with a focus on children, and to provide a framework of evaluating the risk for IFIs in this population.
Three‐year income trends in Korean adults commencing haemodialysis: A prospective cohort
Authors: Kim Myoung‐Hee , Kim Yong Chul , Lee Jung Pyo , Kim Ho , Kim Dong Ki , Ryu Dong‐Ryeol , Han Seung Seok , Lee Jeonghwan , Kim Yong‐Lim , Kang Shin‐Wook , Cho Jang‐Hee , Kim Yon Su
Published: April 2017

Aim

This study aimed to explore the trends in individual income and to estimate the change in average monthly income for patients undergoing haemodialysis therapy.

Methods

The main data source was the Clinical Research Center (CRC) for End‐Stage Renal Disease in Korea. In addition to the cohort data, a survey was conducted to capture personal income for 3 years. To estimate the change in monthly income over time using repeated measures, a random coefficient model using penalized quasi‐likelihood methods based on restricted or residual maximum likelihood estimation was used.

Results

During the 3‐year study period, 138 subjects aged 20 and over who answered the question about pre‐dialysis income were traced and analyzed. The median value of monthly income was $US564.4 in the 1st year, $470.4 in the 2nd year, and $733.8 in the 3rd year, representing a 70%, 75%, and 61% decrease compared to pre‐dialysis income ($1881.5), respectively. By using mixed analysis, we found that monthly income change was $1283 (95% CI, −1621.5, −945.1), $1182 USD (95% CI, −1540.8, −823.1), and $1041 (95% CI, −1457.6, −623.6) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year, respectively, compared to pre‐dialysis income after controlling for other covariates. Women and less educated patients had a relatively higher reduction of income, despite the low starting point.

Conclusions

The monthly income of dialysis patients reduced substantially over the study period, especially at the time of the first survey. Considering the social security system, haemodialysis patients face significant personal financial burdens due to their ESRD unrelated to the direct costs of dialysis treatment.
The last step towards a full revision of Hieracium sect. Vulgata in Sweden
Authors: Tyler Torbjörn
Published: April 2017

This article presents a summary of what has been achieved during the last 20 years within the project ‘The hawkweeds (Hieracium s.s.) of Sweden’ in general, and concerning Hieracium sect. Vulgata in particular, a review of our present understanding of the taxonomy and evolution of this group, as well as some new results and classifications that will be implemented in a forthcoming monographic treatment of the section in Swedish. A complete nomenclatural checklist (including synonyms and type material) of the 229 accepted species is included as an appendix and these species have been assigned to 23 informal species aggregates based on a multi‐variate analysis based on morphology and what is known about their ploidy level and molecular variation. Complete lists of the morphological characters considered important in the group as well as relevant literature are also included as appendices. Seven species are described as new to science or newly elevated to the rank of species: H. anderssonii T. Tyler, H. chroocentrum (Dahlst. ex Zahn) T. Tyler, H. cramiceps T. Tyler, H. hemimaculatum T. Tyler, H. maculato‐ornatum T. Tyler, H. ragnarii T. Tyler and H. vietulifolium (Johanss. & Sam.) T. Tyler.
Pogostemon nudus sp. nov. (Lamiaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Bongcheewin Bhanubong , Pramali Kanjana , Traiperm Paweena , Chantaranothai Pranom , Paton Alan
Published: April 2017

A new species of Pogostemon Desf., P. nudus Bongcheewin & Pramali, is described, illustrated and compared with the similar P. menthoides from Thailand. Morphological characters, especially the micromorphology of nutlets and leaf epidermis, and conservation status in accordance with the IUCN red list categories and criteria are described and discussed. In addition, a key to all species of P. sect. Pogostemon known from Thailand is presented.
Euphorbia venkatarajui sp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae) from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Naidu Sarojinidevi
Published: April 2017

Euphorbia venkatarajui, a new succulent species of Euphorbiaceae, is described from Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh state, India. The new species belongs to the subgenus Euphorbia, and it closely resembles Euphorbia gokakensis S.R. Yadav, Malpure and Chandore and E. caducifolia Haines., but differs in certain distinct characters.
Role of wireless motility capsule in the assessment and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rouphael C. , Arora Z. , Thota P. N. , Lopez R. , Santisi J. , Funk C. , Cline M.
Published: April 2017

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility is common in diabetic patients. Wireless Motility Capsule (WMC) provides the transit profile of the entire GI tract in a single study. Factors affecting GI dysmotility and utility of WMC study are not clearly established in diabetic patients. Our aims were to study the pattern of GI dysmotility using WMC and evaluate the effect of glycemic control and presence of diabetic microvascular complications on motility impairment in diabetic patients. We also assessed the impact of WMC findings on clinical management.

Methods

Retrospective chart review of all diabetic patients who underwent WMC testing at our institution from 2010 to 2015 was performed. Demographics, hemoglobinA1c levels, microvascular complications, and WMC findings were obtained. Impact of WMC on clinical management was assessed.

Key Results

A total of 100 patients were included. Mean age was 45±19 years and 76% were female. Seventy‐two percentage had abnormal WMC testing, of which 29 (40%) had multiregional dysmotility. There were no significant differences in demographics, diabetic microvascular complications or hemoglobinA1c levels among patients with normal and abnormal WMC testing or among patients with isolated vs multiregional dysmotility. Information about subsequent clinical management was available for 47 patients. WMC testing was abnormal in 33 (70%) patients and treatment changes based on WMC results were made in 24 patients (73%).

Conclusions & Inferences

There was no association between hemoglobinA1c levels, microvascular complications and pattern of GI dysmotility in diabetic patients undergoing WMC. WMC testing lead to management changes in approximately 75% of diabetic patients with GI dysmotility.
A periodic matrix population model for monarch butterflies
Authors: Hunt E. , Tongen A.
Published: April 2017

The migration pattern of the eastern monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) consists of a sequence of generations of butterflies that originate in Mexico each spring, travel as far north as Southern Canada, and ultimately return to the original location in Mexico the following fall. Estimates of monarch populations in the Oyamel firs in Mexico have caused concern within the scientific community about the long‐term stability of this phenomenon. We use periodic population matrices to model the life cycle of the eastern monarch butterfly and find that, under this linear model, this migration is not currently at risk. We extend the model to address the three primary obstacles for the long‐term survival of this migratory pattern: deforestation in Mexico, increased extreme weather patterns, and milkweed decline. Incorporating these obstacles into the model shows that there is a definite need to take action to alleviate the aforementioned obstacles.
Carbon taxation of the land use sector—the economics of soil carbon
Authors: Rautiainen Aapo , Lintunen Jussi , Uusivuori Jussi
Published: April 2017

Growing vegetation removes carbon from the atmosphere. This carbon is then stored in biomass, soils and products for varying lengths of time. We outline a comprehensive tax policy for jointly regulating these carbon stocks for climate change mitigation. The central role of soil carbon storage is emphasized. We present an analytical partial equilibrium land use sector model, which we use to derive the optimal allocation of land and biomass over time, taking into account the raw‐material value of the produced biomass and the social value of carbon storage. The optimization yields a set of monetary shadow values for land and biomass carbon fluxes. These values can be interpreted as the fluxes’ socially optimal prices and can thus be used to outline a comprehensive land use sector carbon tax policy. The taxation can be organized in various ways. We present a solution that is easy to implement and monitor in practice. As the policy jointly regulates all carbon stocks, carbon impact leakage between land uses and regions is prevented.
Hume on Education
Authors: O'Brien Dan
Published: April 2017

Hume claims that education is ‘disclaimed by philosophy, as a fallacious ground of assent to any opinion’ (T 1.3.10.1) and that it is ‘never . . . recogniz'd by philosophers’ (T 1.3.9.19). He is usually taken to be referring here to indoctrination. I argue, however, that his main concern is with association and those philosophers who emphasize the epistemic dangers of the imagination. These include Locke, Hutcheson and Descartes, but not Hume himself. Hume praises education, highlighting its role in the formation of general rules, and in fostering social conditions that encourage the growth of knowledge and moral virtue.
Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 2: treatment, monitoring, and prognosis
Authors: Blades Golubovic Susan , Rossmeisl John H.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To discuss current anticonvulsant drug options and advances in treatment of status epilepticus (SE) and to review the prognosis associated with SE.

Treatment

When treating a patient with SE, the main goals are to halt seizure activity, prevent further seizures, identify the cause of the seizures, and manage any complications. The veterinary literature indicates that benzodiazepines are the most common class of drugs used for the initial treatment of SE. Although many anticonvulsant drugs are currently available for treatment of SE, there is a lack of evidence demonstrating clear benefit to the use of specific therapeutics for benzodiazepine‐refractory SE. Several multicenter, randomized, and placebo‐controlled clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of new drugs, such as fosphenytoin, for use in canine SE. Another active area of research is the investigation of nonpharmacologic methods of seizure treatment including percutaneous vagal nerve stimulation and transcranial ultrasonic neuromodulation.

Monitoring

Electroencephalography (EEG) is underutilized in the management of veterinary seizure disorders. However, recent advances in EEG technology may allow for earlier and proactive therapeutic interventions in epileptic patients, provide objective data collection regarding treatment efficacy, and yield insight into the neurologic status of patients with SE. Most importantly, use of EEG in patients with SE will lead to increased recognition of nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive SE.

Prognosis

Mortality associated with SE is as high as 25% in dogs due to direct and indirect causes of death. Dogs with seizure disorders have a decreased lifespan compared to the general population, and epileptic dogs with SE have a significantly abbreviated lifespan compared to epileptics that do not experience SE. In people, nonconvulsive SE has a higher morbidity and mortality than convulsive SE, regardless of patient age or underlying diagnosis.
Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 1: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis
Authors: Blades Golubovic Susan , Rossmeisl John H.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To review current knowledge of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and consequences of status epilepticus (SE) in veterinary patients.

Data Sources

Human and veterinary literature, including clinical and laboratory research and reviews.

Etiopathogenesis

Status epilepticus is a common emergency in dogs and cats, and may be the first manifestation of a seizure disorder. It results from the failure of termination of an isolated seizure. Multiple factors are involved in SE, including initiation and maintenance of neuronal excitability, neuronal network synchronization, and brain microenvironmental contributions to ictogenesis. Underlying etiologies of epilepsy and SE in dogs and cats are generally classified as genetic (idiopathic), structural‐metabolic, or unknown.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of convulsive SE is usually made based on historical information and the nature of the seizures. Patient specific variables, such as the history, age of seizure onset, and physical and interictal neurological examination findings can help hone the rule out list, and are used to guide selection and prioritization of diagnostic tests. Electroencephalographic monitoring is routinely used in people to diagnose SE and guide patient care decisions, but is infrequently performed in veterinary medicine. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus has been recognized in veterinary patients; routine electroencephalography would aid in the diagnosis of this phenomenon in dogs and cats.

Clinical Sequelae

Status epilepticus is a medical emergency that can result in life‐threatening complications involving the brain and systemic organs. Status epilepticus often requires comprehensive diagnostic testing, treatment with multiple anticonvulsant agents, and intensive supportive care.
Cataracts in a population of Bengal cats in France
Authors: Bourguet Aurélie , Chaudieu Gilles , Briatta Alice , Guyonnet Alexandre , Abitbol Marie , Chahory Sabine
Published: April 2017

Objective

To document the clinical appearance and prevalence of cataracts in a French population of Bengal cats.

Methods

Two distinct populations of Bengal cats were examined as follows: (i) 51 animals recruited for evaluation of national prevalence of ocular diseases in an observational study conducted between October 2014 and November 2016 at the Alfort ophthalmology unit; (ii) 12 patients referred for cataract diagnosis examined at a veterinary eye clinic located in central France, between December 2014 and February 2016. Buccal swabs or blood samples forDNAanalysis were collected from all patients. The pedigrees of the examined Bengal cats were also investigated.

Results

Cataracts were diagnosed in 23 of 51 (45%) cats in the observational study and in all cats in the referral population, mostly bilaterally. Visual impairment was never reported. Age of subjects affected by cataracts ranged from 3 months to 9.6 years (median: 1.9 years). Cataracts were classified as nuclear cataracts (14 of 23 in the observational group and 12 of 12 in the referral group) with a focal, perinuclear, posterior, or complete nuclear pattern, or posterior polar subcapsular cataracts (10 of 23 only in the observational group). An inherited congenital origin appears to be the most likely hypothesis. The pedigree analysis suggests a hereditary component of cataract formation, but further analyses in a larger population or test matings are needed to determine the exact mode of inheritance.

Conclusion

Presumed inherited cataracts appear to have a high prevalence in Bengal cats in France. The main manifestations are nuclear or subcapsular form, mostly bilateral, symmetrical, and apparently nonprogressive.
Burst pulses of Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Andrade Luciana Guimarães de , Bisi Tatiana Lemos , Lailson-Brito José , Azevedo Alexandre de Freitas
Published: April 2017

Acoustic studies of Guiana dolphin have been focused on whistles, with little known about pulse signals in this species. This study characterized the temporal and spectral properties of Guiana dolphin burst pulses. Groups of 2 to 23 Guiana dolphins were recorded while feeding and socializing in shallow waters in Guanabara Bay, southeastern Brazil, in 2013 and 2014. Burst pulse analysis involved two steps: signal detection and acoustic parameter analysis. Eight variables were analyzed for 197 total burst pulses: number of clicks, burst pulse duration, interclick interval, click duration, peak frequency, center frequency, −3 dB bandwidth, and −10 dB bandwidth. Mean burst pulse duration was 108.6 ms [standard deviation (SD) = 91.3] with a mean of 168 clicks (SD = 137.3). Burst pulses had short interclick interval (0.7 ms, SD = 0.3) and mean click duration of 300 μs (SD = 100). Mean peak frequency and center frequency were 28 kHz (SD = 11.6) and 29 kHz (SD = 11.0), respectively. Mean −3 dB bandwidth was 15 kHz (SD = 7.5) and mean −10 dB bandwidth was 40.5 kHz (SD = 14.3). The quantitative characterization of Guiana dolphin burst pulses is an important step in describing the full acoustic repertoire of this species.
The EXIT Strategy: an Approach for Identifying Bacterial Proteins Exported during Host Infection
Authors: Perkowski E. F. , Zulauf K. E. , Weerakoon D. , Hayden J. D. , Ioerger T. R. , Oreper D. , Gomez S. M. , Sacchettini J. C. , Braunstein M.
Published: April 2017

Exported proteins of bacterial pathogens function both in essential physiological processes and in virulence. Past efforts to identify exported proteins were limited by the use of bacteria growing under laboratory (
in vitro
) conditions. Thus, exported proteins that are exported only or preferentially in the context of infection may be overlooked. To solve this problem, we developed a genome-wide method, named EXIT (
ex
ported

i
n vivo

t
echnology), to identify proteins that are exported by bacteria during infection and applied it to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
during murine infection. Our studies validate the power of EXIT to identify proteins exported during infection on an unprecedented scale (593 proteins) and to reveal
in vivo
induced exported proteins (i.e., proteins exported significantly more during
in vivo
infection than
in vitro
). Our EXIT data also provide an unmatched resource for mapping the topology of
M. tuberculosis
membrane proteins. As a new approach for identifying exported proteins, EXIT has potential applicability to other pathogens and experimental conditions.

IMPORTANCE
There is long-standing interest in identifying exported proteins of bacteria as they play critical roles in physiology and virulence and are commonly immunogenic antigens and targets of antibiotics. While significant effort has been made to identify the bacterial proteins that are exported beyond the cytoplasm to the membrane, cell wall, or host environment, current methods to identify exported proteins are limited by their use of bacteria growing under laboratory (
in vitro
) conditions. Because
in vitro
conditions do not mimic the complexity of the host environment, critical exported proteins that are preferentially exported in the context of infection may be overlooked. We developed a novel method to identify proteins that are exported by bacteria during host infection and applied it to identify
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
proteins exported in a mouse model of tuberculosis.
Unexpected Relations of Historical Anthrax Strain
Authors: Antwerpen M. H. , Sahl J. W. , Birdsell D. , Pearson T. , Pearce M. J. , Redmond C. , Meyer H. , Keim P. S.
Published: April 2017

In 1998, it was claimed that an 80-year-old glass tube intentionally filled with
Bacillus anthracis
and embedded in a sugar lump as a WWI biological weapon still contained viable spores. Today, genome sequencing of three colonies isolated in 1998 and subjected to phylogenetic analysis surprisingly identified a well-known
B. anthracis
reference strain isolated in the United States in 1981, pointing to accidental laboratory contamination.

IMPORTANCE
Next-generation sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses are useful and reliable tools for the classification of recent and historical samples. The reliability of sequences obtained and bioinformatic algorithms has increased in recent years, and research has uncovered the identity of a presumed bioweapon agent as a contaminant.
Eculizumab in a child with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Fraga-Rodriguez Gloria M , Brió-Sanagustin Sonia , Turón-Viñas Eulalia , Dixon Bradley P , Carreras-González Eduardo
Published: April 2017

We present the case of a 21-month-old girl with two rare and life-threatening conditions, atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), triggered by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Soon after admission, the girl became anuric and required continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration.

Initial treatments included methylprednisolone, fibrinogen and plasma infusion (for HLH), plasmapheresis (for thrombotic microangiopathy), immunoglobulins (for inflammation), ganciclovir (for CMV infection) and the antibiotic cefotaxime. On day 5, eculizumab (600 mg) was given for aHUS, with rapid improvement in haematological and nephrological parameters. Despite a subsequent isolated episode of right heart thrombosis that resolved with heparin treatment, the patient showed a favourable response to eculizumab (300 mg/15 days), with improved renal function, normal haematological values, and no treatment complications. In conclusion, eculizumab effectively treated aHUS in this case despite a comorbid immunological disease.
MONITORING FIELD HOCKEY INJURIES: THE FIRST STEP FOR PREVENTION
Authors: Barboza Saulo Delfino , van Mechelen Willem , Verhagen Evert
Published: April 2017

Background

Field hockey is a team sport with a high amount of running, stepping manoeuvres and player/material contact. Consequently, it can be expected that injury risk is high. Yet, little is know about injuries in this sport.

Objective

To measure the prevalence of injury during a field hockey season.

Design

Prospective cohort.

Setting

A field hockey season of the Dutch elite division.

Participants

83 field hockey players (54 women and 29 men) of 5 different teams selected by convenience. Four players dropped out the study (1 woman and 3 men).

Independent variables

Hours of sport exposure (specific training [i.e., on the field], additional training [e.g, fitness training], and competition).

Main Outcome Measurements

Prevalence of injury.

Results

In total, field hockey players spent 9,063 hours in hockey specific training, 3,378 in additional training and 2,412 in competition. The total hours of sport exposure was 14,853. A total of 143 injuries were recorded (63% overuse and 37% traumatic). This corresponds to a rate of 9.6 injuries per 1,000 hours of sport exposure. The average prevalence of injury was 26.7% (ranging from 9.6% to 49.1% per two weeks). Lower limbs were the most reported injury location (58.4%), followed by lumbar and thoracic spine/thorax (20.2%), upper limbs (17.8%) and head/neck (3.6%).

Conclusions

This study establishes the extent and pattern of injuries in Dutch field hockey elite players. The next step, according to van Mechelen's sequence of prevention (1992), is to investigate the aetiology and mechanism of such injuries in order to develop and introduce preventive measures.
Initial size of unilateral pleural effusion determines impact of thoracocentesis on oxygenation
Authors: Michaelides Stylianos A , Bablekos George D , Analitis Antonis , Michailidis Avgerinos-Romanos , Charalabopoulos Konstantinos A , Koulouris Nikolaos
Published: April 2017

Background

There have been contradicting reports in the literature regarding the impact of pleural fluid aspiration on patients’ oxygenation. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the initial size of effusion on post-drainage oxygenation.

Methods

We studied 122 patients, aged (mean±SD) 61.2±16.8 years, with unilateral pleural effusion and no remarkable parenchymal lesion, by determining PaO2, PaCO2 and [A−a] PaO2 just before thoracocentesis (T1), 30 min after its completion (T2) and 48 hours after the procedure (T3). Patients were divided into group A (75 patients) with small and moderate sized effusions and group B (47 patients) with large and massive effusions. The position of the meniscus line on the posteroanterior film, being arbitrarily set at just above the upper costal margin of the sixth anterior rib, was used to divide the two groups. Patients were studied at rest, breathing room air in the sitting position. Repeated measures ANOVA (related samples) and the Friedman test when the normality assumption was violated were used.

Results

In group A, at T3, PaO2(mm Hg) showed a statistically significant increase versus T1 (p<0.001) and T2 (p=0.002), while [A-a] PaO2 displayed a statistically significant decrease compared with T1 (p<0.001) and T2 (p=0.001). In group B, at T2, PaO2 presented significant decrease versus T1 (p<0.001) and T3 (p<0.001), while [A-a] PO2 was found to be significantly increased compared with both T1 and T3 (p<0.001).

Conclusion

Patients with smaller effusions showed a small improvement in their oxygenation 48 hours post-thoracocentesis (T3). Patients with larger effusions exhibited a transient reduction in their oxygenation immediately after fluid removal (T2).
Oxygen depletion in subarctic peatland thaw lakes
Authors: Deshpande Bethany N. , Maps Frédéric , Matveev Alex , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: April 2017

Permafrost thawing and erosion results in the enrichment of northern lakes by soil organic matter. These allochthonous inputs favour bacterial decomposition and may cause the draw-down of dissolved oxygen to anoxic conditions that promote methanogenesis. Our objective in the present study was to determine the seasonal variations in dissolved oxygen in a set of permafrost peatland lakes in subarctic Quebec, Canada, and to relate these changes to metabolic rates, ice cover, and mixing. The lakes had high dissolved organic carbon concentrations, and their surface waters in summer had greenhouse gas concentrations that were up to one (CO2) to three (CH4) orders of magnitude above air-equilibrium values, indicating their strongly heterotrophic character. Consistent with these observations, the peatland lakes had elevated rates of bacterial production and oxygen consumption. Continuous measurements of oxygen by in situ sensors and of ice cover by automated field cameras showed that the lakes became fully anoxic shortly after freeze-up. The waters were partially re-oxygenated by mixing events in spring and fall, but in one lake, the bottom waters remained anoxic throughout the year. These observations provide a foundation for subsequent biogeochemical and modelling studies of peatland thaw lakes as an abundant class of Arctic freshwater ecosystems.
Development of novel apparatus to obtain soil resistance–displacement relationship for well conductor fatigue analysis
Authors: Zakeri Arash , Sturm Hendrik , Dyvik Rune , Jeanjean Philippe
Published: April 2017

An important aspect of deepwater well integrity is development of accurate conductor fatigue analysis due to cyclic loading during drilling operations. Fatigue damage in a structure occurs from stress changes in response to cyclic loading. In practice, the lateral cyclic soil response is typically modelled using Winkler lateral load–displacement (p–y) springs. However, recently developed soil models for conductor fatigue analysis are based on physical modelling in a geotechnical centrifuge. Notwithstanding the advantages of centrifuge modelling for investigating the conductor–soil interaction mechanism, development of simple laboratory tools to obtain p–y data directly from intact soil samples obtained from the field can also be very beneficial. This paper describes the development of a novel apparatus to obtain p–y and soil damping relationships from field samples specifically tailored for well conductor fatigue analysis. In addition, it compares test results obtained using reconstituted kaolin clay and intact natural Onsøy clay with centrifuge test results; ultimately demonstrating a satisfactory agreement between the two techniques. The results are highly encouraging and are believed to present a major step forward in deepwater well conductor fatigue analysis. The findings may also be beneficial to the offshore renewable energy sector.
Long-term behavior of Hertzian chains between fixed walls is really equilibrium
Authors: Przedborski Michelle , Sen Surajit , Harroun Thad A.
Published: April 2017

We examine the long-term behavior of nonintegrable, energy-conserved, 1D systems of macroscopic grains interacting via a contact-only generalized Hertz potential and held between stationary walls. Existing dynamical studies showed the absence of energy equipartitioning in such systems, hence their long-term dynamics was described as quasi-equilibrium. Here, we show that these systems do in fact reach thermal equilibrium at sufficiently long times, as indicated by the calculated heat capacity. This phase is described by equilibrium statistical mechanics, opening up the possibility that the machinery of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics may be used to understand the behavior of these systems away from equilibrium.