bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of the disease pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in non‐epidemic amphibian communities of western Canada
Authors: Richardson Jean M. L. , Govindarajulu Purnima , Anholt Bradley R.
Published: April 2014

Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians caused by the waterborne pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and is responsible for the recent decline of species worldwide. Elucidating patterns in disease prevalence has proved challenging, as small‐scale studies to date have provided conflicting results. We present data on the prevalence of Bd (the proportion of individuals with Bd) collected from amphibians sampled throughout British Columbia. We had two different datasets: our original dataset includes 1129 individuals sampled in 103 sites representing 14 species. A second dataset has 839 individuals sampled in 19 sites representing 10 species. We use a Bayesian state‐space occupancy modelling approach to estimate the probability that an individual is Bd+ as a function of individual and site characteristics. Cross‐validation techniques and the original dataset were used to find the best model: this model includes species, life stage, and geographic location. Our results suggest that Bd prevalence is not strongly related to seasonality, latitude or site type. Within a species, Bd prevalence depended on life stage; the watershed in which a site occurs may also usefully predict prevalence. Overall observed infection prevalence was ∼16%. Our best model accurately assigns Bd status to an individual ∼ 42% of the time. Taking advantage of the Bayesian framework, we ran an analysis with the second dataset using estimates from the original model as prior values. We present posterior density distributions for those sites and species with narrow credible intervals, and show that sites tend to be either highly likely or highly unlikely to have individuals with Bd, while individuals of some stages of some species have an intermediate likelihood of being Bd‐positive. The Bayesian model using informed priors had increased accuracy rates in assigning Bd status to both individuals and groups of individuals.
EstimateS turns 20: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples, with non‐parametric extrapolation
Authors: Colwell Robert K. , Elsensohn Johanna E.
Published: April 2014

EstimateS offers statistical tools for analyzing and comparing the diversity and composition of species assemblages, based on sampling data. The latest version computes a wide range of biodiversity statistics for both sample‐based and individual‐based data, including analytical rarefaction and non‐parametric extrapolation, estimators of asymptotic species richness, diversity indices, Hill numbers, and (for sample‐based data) measures of compositional similarity among assemblages. In the first 20 yr of its existence, EstimateS has been downloaded more than 70 000 times by users in 140 countries, who have cited it in 5000 publications in studies of taxa from microbes to mammals in every biome.
Involvement of dopamine signaling in the circadian modulation of interval timing
Authors: Bussi Ivana L. , Levín Gloria , Golombek Diego A. , Agostino Patricia V.
Published: April 2014

Duration discrimination within the seconds‐to‐minutes range, known as interval timing, involves the interaction of cortico‐striatal circuits via dopaminergic–glutamatergic pathways. Besides interval timing, most (if not all) organisms exhibit circadian rhythms in physiological, metabolic and behavioral functions with periods close to 24 h. We have previously reported that both circadian disruption and desynchronization impaired interval timing in mice. In this work we studied the involvement of dopamine (DA) signaling in the interaction between circadian and interval timing. We report that daily injections of levodopa improved timing performance in the peak‐interval procedure in C57BL/6 mice with circadian disruptions, suggesting that a daily increase of DA is necessary for an accurate performance in the timing task. Moreover, striatal DA levels measured by reverse‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography indicated a daily rhythm under light/dark conditions. This daily variation was affected by inducing circadian disruption under constant light (LL). We also demonstrated a daily oscillation in tyrosine hydroxylase levels, DA turnover (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/DA levels), and both mRNA and protein levels of the circadian component Period2 (Per2) in the striatum and substantia nigra, two brain areas relevant for interval timing. None of these oscillations persisted under LL conditions. We suggest that the lack of DA rhythmicity in the striatum under LL – probably regulated by Per2 – could be responsible for impaired performance in the timing task. Our findings add further support to the notion that circadian and interval timing share some common processes, interacting at the level of the dopaminergic system.
Total phosphorus thresholds for regime shifts are nearly equal in subtropical and temperate shallow lakes with moderate depths and areas
Authors: Wang Hai‐Jun , Wang Hong‐Zhu , Liang Xiao‐Min , Wu Shi‐Kai
Published: April 2014

Published research suggests that the total phosphorus (TP) thresholds for the regime shifts between a clear‐water state dominated by submersed macrophytes and a turbid‐water state dominated by phytoplankton in shallow lakes vary with forms of lake basins and climates. However, such hypotheses remain untested by direct field evidence. We therefore tested the hypotheses with empirical data from subtropical lakes on the Yangtze floodplain and also from other lakes in temperate to tropical zones.

TP thresholds were found to vary little at moderate depths, but to decrease notably when depth exceeds a level of probably 3–4 m, and increase sharply when depth is below a level of around 1–2 m.

TP thresholds were found to be nearly equal in shallow lakes (1–2 m <mean depth <3–4 m; c. 0.1 km2 <area <at least 350 km2) from temperate to subtropical (probably to tropical) zones, being 80–120 mg m−3 for the forward shift from a clear‐water state to a turbid‐water state and 40–60 mg m−3 for the backward shift.

The threshold of turbidity for the forward shift was found to be higher than that for the backward shift, amending the previous hypothesis of the equality of turbidity thresholds for both shifts.

Our findings suggest that according to the subequality of TP thresholds, similar target concentrations for in‐lake TP can be set in most shallow lakes world‐wide to mitigate eutrophication.
Head lifting strength is associated with dysphagia and malnutrition in frail older adults
Authors: Wakabayashi Hidetaka , Sashika Hironobu , Matsushima Masato
Published: April 2014

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between head lifting strength, dysphagia and malnutrition in frail older adults.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out in 386 frail older adults aged 65 years and older with dysphagia or suspected dysphagia. Head lifting strength was assessed by the Medical Research Council score. The severity of swallowing and nutritional status was evaluated using the Dysphagia Severity Scale and the Mini‐Nutritional Assessment Short Form, respectively. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were applied to examine the associations between head lifting strength, dysphagia and malnutrition.

Results

There were 129 men and 257 women. The mean age was 83 years. The median Barthel Index score was 30 (interquartile range 5–65). A total of 189 (49%) older adults could independently lift their head. Based on the Dysphagia Severity Scale, 79 participants had no dysphagia, 138 had dysphagia without aspiration and 169 had dysphagia with aspiration. The Mini‐Nutritional Assessment Short Form showed that 175 older adults were malnourished, 171 were at risk for malnutrition and 40 had a normal nutritional status. The Medical Research Council score in men was higher compared with women. Head lifting strength was significantly correlated with age (r = −0.256), the Barthel Index (r = 0.540), the Dysphagia Severity Scale (r = 0.458) and the Mini‐Nutritional Assessment Short Form (r = 0.331). In logistic regression analysis, the Medical Research Council score was independently associated with both dysphagia with aspiration and malnutrition.

Conclusions

Head lifting strength is associated with dysphagia with aspiration and malnutrition in frail older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 410–416.
Efficacy of Tailored Helicobacter pylori Eradication Treatment Based on Clarithromycin Susceptibility and Maintenance of Acid Secretion
Authors: Sugimoto Mitsushige , Uotani Takahiro , Sahara Shu , Ichikawa Hitomi , Yamade Mihoko , Sugimoto Ken , Furuta Takahisa
Published: April 2014

Background

Insufficient acid inhibition during Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment and bacterial resistance to antibiotics often causes eradication failure. Four times daily dosing (q.i.d.) of a proton‐pump inhibitor (PPI) achieves potent acid inhibition, suggesting its potential usefulness as a regimen for eradicating H. pylori infection. Therefore, a tailored eradication regimen based on antibiotic susceptibility and maintenance of acid inhibition should have a high success rate. We investigated the efficacy of such treatment based on clarithromycin (CAM) susceptibility.

Methods

Using 153 H. pylori‐positive Japanese patients, we investigated the efficacy of tailored eradication strategy: (1) Patients infected with CAM‐sensitive H. pylori were treated with a PPI (rabeprazole 10 mg q.i.d.), amoxicillin 500 mg q.i.d., and CAM 200 mg b.i.d. (n = 89), and (2) patients infected with CAM‐resistant were given the same doses of rabeprazole and amoxicillin and metronidazole 250 mg b.i.d. (n = 64) for 1 week.

Results

In the tailored regimen group, the overall eradication rate was 96.7% (95% CI: 92.5–98.9%, 148/153) in the intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis and 97.4% (93.4–99.3%, 148/152) in the PP analysis. The eradication rates for the CAM‐ and metronidazole‐based treatments were similar (95.5% and 98.4%, respectively, p = .400). The tailored treatment achieved a high eradication rate in CYP2C19 rapid metabolizers who were a resistance genotype for PPI treatment (94.3% (86.0–98.4%, 66/70)).

Discussion

A tailored H. pylori eradication regimen based on CAM susceptibility and maintaining acid secretion (rabeprazole 10 mg q.i.d.) is useful because it can achieve an eradication rate exceeding 95%, irrespective of eradication history, thus overcoming differences among CYP2C19 genotypes.
A survey on oral care practices for ventilator‐assisted patients in intensive care units in 3A hospitals of mainland China
Authors: Qu Xing , Xie Huixu , Zhang Qi , Zhou Xuedong , Shi Zongdao
Published: April 2014

Oral hygiene is a critical element of patient care, particularly among patients who need ventilator‐assisted equipment. The objective of this study was to explore the current status of oral care practices, attitudes, education and knowledge among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses caring for ventilator‐assisted patients in 3A hospitals in mainland China. To achieve this aim, an 18‐item self‐assessment questionnaire was mailed to head ICU nurses in 189 Grade 3A hospitals. Additional data were collected through in‐person interviews at 38 ICUs throughout Sichuan, Shanxi, Jiangsu provinces, as well as Chongqing and Beijing. We found that most ICUs conducted oral examinations at patient admission, and that this care was largely provided by nurses. The most common oral care methods were foam swabs and mouth rinse containing antibiotics or disinfectants. Although the majority of ICUs provided continuing training for oral care, and most training was conducted by head nurses, the content and scope of training were not consistent among the hospitals in the study. The most popular sources of oral care knowledge were academic journals, Internet and professional books. Overall, it is clear that an evidence‐based oral care standard manual is urgently needed for oral practice in ICUs in mainland China.
Functional decline and satisfaction with nursing care among older hospitalized adults
Authors: Zisberg Anna , Zlotnick Cheryl , Gur‐Yaish Nurit , Admi Hanna , Sinoff Gary , Shadmi Efrat
Published: April 2014

Around hospitalization, older adults often experience functional decline which can be a reflection of their need for nursing care. Given a shortage of nurses, determining the relationship between functional change and patients' satisfaction with nursing care can help to gauge the need for care. We assessed this relationship in a mixed prospective‐correlational cohort study with 393 patients, 70 years or older. The art, tangible aspects and general satisfaction with nursing care were measured through interviews conducted at discharge. Patients' functional status was assessed at admission and discharge. Decline in functioning during hospitalization was the most powerful predictor of higher satisfaction with art and tangible aspects of nursing care in multivariate regression (β = 0.17–0.19, P < 0.01). This finding suggests that patients whose functioning deteriorates during hospitalization, have a greater need for and more contact with professional nursing care, and therefore report higher satisfaction with specific aspects of nursing care.
Study on the relationship between LUTS and the background of female community residents
Authors: Uchida Yoko
Published: April 2014

This study aimed to clarify the relationship between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and the backgrounds of female community residents. The subjects were 928 female residents. The questionnaire comprised questions on their background and LUTS based on core lower urinary tract symptom score (CLSS) questionnaire. Among the 10 items of LUTS were related to age, sleep, exercise habits, going out, hospital visits or medication needs.
Developmental changes in the spinning apparatus over the life cycle of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: Dolejš Petr , Buchar Jan , Kubcová Lenka , Smrž Jaroslav
Published: April 2014

Spiders are characterized by their spinning activity. Much of the current knowledge of the spinning apparatus comes from studies on orb web spiders and their relatives, whereas wolf spiders have been more or less neglected in this respect. Therefore, we studied developmental changes in the spinning apparatus of four wolf spiders (Tricca lutetiana, Arctosa alpigena lamperti, Pardosa amentata, and Xerolycosa nemoralis) throughout their life cycles. Each of these lycosids has a stenochronous life cycle, but of varied length (from 1 to 3 years) and number of instars (from seven to ten). Use of the spinning apparatus begins in the first instar, after leaving the egg sac. Secondary ampullate, all piriform, and all but four aciniform glands are tartipore‐accommodated. The tartipores, collared openings through which silk gland ducts pass during proecdysis, appear on the spinning field starting with the second instar. Tartipore‐accommodated glands can function during proecdysis and their evolution corresponds with the way spiders secure themselves when molting. We suggest that the function of aciniform silk in juvenile wolf spiders is to serve as an ancillary “scaffold” supporting the spider's body during ecdysis.
Risk Factors and Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Findings for Meniscal Disease in Dogs With Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease
Authors: Dillon Dayle E. , Gordon‐Evans Wanda J. , Griffon Dominique J. , Knap Kim M. , Bubb Carrie L. , Evans Richard B.
Published: April 2014

Objective

To determine the risk factors for meniscal disease and diagnostic accuracy of physical examination in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficiency.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Animals

Stifles (n = 80) of dogs with CCL deficiency.

Methods

Each dog was evaluated preoperatively for factors that may increase the risk of, or aid in the diagnosis of meniscal disease including presence of pain on extension and flexion of the affected stifle, range of motion during flexion and extension, thigh circumference, positive cranial‐drawer test, positive tibial compression test, tibial plateau angle, complete tear of the CCL, presence of a meniscal click, and gait analysis. Odds ratios were calculated for each of the factors and a multivariate approach was used to create an ROC curve. Subsequent sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve was used to determine the diagnostic value of clinical tests.

Results

Dogs with pain upon flexion of the stifle were 4.3 times more likely to have medial meniscal disease than those without flexion pain and dogs with a complete CCL tear were 9.6 times more likely to have medial meniscal disease than those with partial tears. A meniscal click increased the likelihood of medial meniscal disease by a factor of 11.3. The diagnostic accuracy using a meniscal click and pain upon stifle flexion was 76%.

Conclusion

Combining the presence of a meniscal click and pain during flexion of the stifle provide a more accurate diagnosis of medial meniscal disease in dogs with CCL disease over individual examination variables.
Comparison of 2 Fluid Ingress/Egress Systems for Canine Stifle Arthroscopy Using Computed Tomography
Authors: Warnock Jennifer J. , Nemanic Sarah , O'Donnell Matthew D. , Wiest Jason E.
Published: April 2014

Objective

To evaluate volume of extra‐articular fluid egress and complications associated with 2 fluid ingress/egress techniques for stifle arthroscopy.

Study Design

Ex vivo study.

Study Subjects

Canine cadavers (n = 14).

Methods

Four cadavers (8 stifles) were used to validate 3D computed tomographic (CT) methods to quantify stifle joint intra‐ and extra‐articular volumes of iodinated contrast medium. Ten canine cadavers (20 stifles) had preoperative CT, followed by stifle arthroscopy using a 10% solution of iodinated contrast enhanced ingress fluid delivered by pressure bag (2PB) or by arthroscopic peristaltic pump (3FP). All 3FP limbs had an additional fluid egress portal placed by cannula and obturator. Arthroscopy was limited to 20 minutes/joint. The volume of the contrast medium egress into the soft tissues was measured on postoperative 3D CT reconstructed images.

Results

Mean percentage of total ingress fluids administered that remained in the joint and extra‐articular tissues postoperatively was 8.8 ± 1.2% in 3FP and 33.2 ± 8% in 2PB (P = .014). Two 3FP joints had 4–5 mm egress obturator tracks on the proximal medial trochlear ridge. Two 2PB joints had severe joint collapse from extracapsular fluid precluding further examination. Intermittent visual blurring by joint fluid mixing or fat pad fragmentation/dissolution was noted in 2PB joints.

Conclusions

A superior technique was not identified: 2PB had greater egress fluid tissue accumulation, whereas 3FP had better viewing of intra‐articular structures with less tissue egress fluid accumulation; however, cartilage damage was induced with the egress obturator.
Involvement of cannabinoid receptor‐1 activation in mitochondrial depolarizing effect of lipopolysaccharide in human spermatozoa
Authors: Barbonetti A. , Vassallo M. R. C. , Costanzo M. , Battista N. , Maccarrone M. , Francavilla S. , Francavilla F.
Published: April 2014

Gram‐negative bacteria frequently involved in urogenital tract infections release the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS); its receptor, toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4), has been recently identified in human spermatozoa, and its direct activation has been suggested in mediating adverse effects of LPS on human spermatozoa. However, the underlying signal transduction remains to be clarified. In other cell types, LPS induces the generation of endocannabinoids, which are involved in mediating endotoxin effects. In human spermatozoa, which exhibit a completely functional endocannabinoid system, the activation of cannabinoid receptor‐1 (CB1) inhibited sperm mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). In this study, we tested the hypothesis of a contribution of CB1 activation by sperm‐generated endocannabinoids in the adverse effects exerted by LPS on human spermatozoa. The exposure of motile sperm suspensions to E. coli LPS produced a significant decrease in sperm ΔΨm, assessed at flow cytometry with JC‐1, similar to that induced by Metanandamide (Met‐AEA), a non‐hydrolyzable analogue of the endocannabinoid AEA. The LPS‐induced inhibition of ΔΨm was prevented by the selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716. However, the inhibition of ΔΨm induced by either LPS or Met‐AEA did not affect sperm motility. Consistent with this finding, the CB1‐mediated inhibition of ΔΨm was neither associated to mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species as evaluated by flow cytometry with MytoSox Red nor to apoptosis pathway activation as evaluated with cytoflorimetric assay for activated caspase‐9 and caspase‐3. Any oxidative genomic damage was also ruled out with the cytoflorimetric quantification of the oxidized base adduct 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine. In conclusion, E. coli LPS inhibited sperm ΔΨm through the activation of CB1, but this effect was not accompanied to the activation of mitochondrial dysfunction‐related apoptotic/oxidative mechanisms, which could affect sperm motility and genomic integrity.
LaMnO3–Ni0.75Mn2.25O4 Supported Bilayer NTC Thermistors
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Li , Zhao Chun‐Hua , Huang Juan , Zhao Bing
Published: April 2014

A bilayer concept was proposed to adjust the electrical properties of NTC thermistors. The conventional NTC material Ni0.75Mn2.25O4 was chosen as the sensitive layer, and high conductive LaMnO3–Ni0.75Mn2.25O4 composite was chosen as the support layer. The bilayer NTC thermistors were successfully fabricated by classical uniaxial pressing method. After cosintering at 1235°C for 4 h, the two layers adhered well to each other without any cracking or delamination. The resistance decreased linearly with the decrease in the thickness of Ni0.75Mn2.25O4 layer, and the B values varied between 3868 and 3901 K. After annealing at 150°C in air for 500 h, the resistance shifts at 25°C were less than 1%, which mean that the bilayer NTC thermistors had high stability.
Structure Evolution and Electrical Properties of Y3+‐Doped Ba1−xCaxZr0.07Ti0.93O3 Ceramics
Authors: Liu Hairui , Li Qiang , Li Yuanyuan , Luo Nengneng , Shim Jaeshik , Gao Jinghan , Yan Qingfeng , Zhang Yiling , Chu Xiangcheng
Published: April 2014

Lead free piezoelectric ceramics of Y3+‐doped Ba1−xCaxZr0.07Ti0.93O3 with x = 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 were prepared. Composition and temperature‐dependent structural phase evolution and electrical properties of as‐prepared ceramics were studied systematically by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, impedance analyzer, ferroelectric test system, and unipolar strain measurement. Composition with x = 0.10 performs a good piezoelectric constant d33 of 363 pC/N, coercive field Ec of 257 V/mm, remanent polarization Pr of 14.5 μC/cm2, and a Curie temperature Tm of 109°C. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction was introduced to indicate presence of orthorhombic phase. Converse piezoelectric constant d33* of x = 0.10 composition performed better temperature stability in the range from 50°C to 110°C. That means decreasing orthorhombic–tetragonal phase transition temperature could be an effective way to enlarge its operating temperature range.
Percolation in Borosilicate Glass Matrix Composites Containing Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide Segregated Networks. Part II: Examination of Electrical Behavior Using Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Pruyn Timothy L. , Gerhardt Rosario A.
Published: April 2014

Glass nanocomposites, fabricated using borosilicate glass microspheres and antimony tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticles, were previously reported to have formed segregated networks at the boundaries of the glass particles. This resulted in an electrically conducting composite at low volume fractions (~0.5–0.8 vol%) of ATO nanoparticles. The wide range of electrical response in these borosilicate glass composites containing networks of varying concentration of ATO was examined using impedance spectroscopy. The electrical resistance of these composites varied over a range of around 12 orders of magnitude and exhibited several different types of insulator and conductor behavior. The formation of the ATO network was identified and tracked by scanning electron microscopy images and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) scans. Detailed impedance spectroscopy analysis using all of the dielectric functions (impedance, permittivity, electric modulus, and admittance) was found to be an excellent method for detecting the development of the network and the effect that processing variables can have on its formation and the overall electrical properties of the nanocomposites.
Enhanced Cycle Stability of Magnetite/Carbon Nanoparticles for Li Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Seo Seung‐Deok , Lee Duk‐Hee , Shim Hyun‐Woo , Lee Sungjun , Kim Dong‐Wan
Published: April 2014

We demonstrate a facile synthesis of monodisperse magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) via a simple wet chemical route at 180°C using oleylamine (C18H37N), which serves as a solvent, ligand, and surfactant. The particles have a narrow size distribution centered at about 10 nm. To provide better electron conductivity and structural stability, the as‐synthesized particles are given a carbon nanocoating by pyrolysis of the residual surfactant on their surface. This pyrolysis forms a uniform thin nanocoating on each particle, and a core/shell Fe3O4/carbon NP network was thus obtained. The core/shell Fe3O4/carbon electrode shows better reversible capacity, cycle life, and rate capability than a bare Fe3O4 NP electrode because of its efficient electron transport and stress relaxation provided by the thin carbon layer.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of Isotropic Single‐Crystalline ScF3 Cubes by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Hu Lei , Chen Jun , Pan Zhao , Deng Jinxia , Yu Ranbo , Xing Xianran
Published: April 2014

Scandium fluoride (ScF3) belongs to one of the rare compounds which exhibit isotropic negative thermal expansion. Here, a facile and environmentally friendly hydrothermal synthesis method has been presented. High‐quality single‐crystalline ScF3 cubes, with an average size of 200 nm, can be easily fabricated in a large scale. Sc(NO3)3 and NH4HF2 were used as precursors. The as‐prepared ScF3 demonstrates cubic symmetry (Pm‐3 m), which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and selected‐area electron diffraction. Its uniform morphology and size were characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, thermal analysis was also performed in argon gas atmosphere to investigate its thermal stability.
Range expansion and distributional limits of the nine‐banded armadillo in the United States: an update of Taulman & Robbins (1996)
Authors: Taulman James F. , Robbins Lynn W.
Published: April 2014

We conducted a new survey of biologists throughout the southern and central United States, in order to update our last analysis of the range expansion and distributional limits of the nine‐banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) since 1994. While the armadillo's range has remained stationary to the west along a line corresponding to about 50 cm annual precipitation, it has advanced to the north through central Kansas, into central Illinois, south‐western Indiana and western Kentucky, through central Tennessee, covering Alabama and all but the north‐eastern region of Georgia, and into central South Carolina. The population has reached a latitude corresponding to an average minimum daily January temperature of −8 °C in Kansas. Armadillos may continue to move northwards in states farther east where they do not yet reach the −8 °C zone. In the eastern seaboard states, other factors besides winter temperature extremes may be limiting the armadillo's range expansion.
Revascularization strategies for patients with stable coronary artery disease
Authors: Iqbal J. , Serruys P. W.
Published: April 2014

Patients with coronary artery disease who have prognostically significant lesions or symptoms despite optimum medical therapy require mechanical revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or both. In this review, we will evaluate the evidence‐based use of the two revascularization approaches in treating patients with coronary artery disease. CABG has been the predominant mode of revascularization for more than half a century and is the preferred strategy for patients with multivessel disease, especially those with diabetes mellitus, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or complex lesions. There have been significant technical and technological advances in PCI over recent years, and this is now the preferred revascularization modality in patients with single‐vessel or low‐risk multivessel disease. Percutaneous coronary intervention can also be considered to treat complex multivessel disease in patients with increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes including frail patients and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Improvements in both CABG (including total arterial revascularization, off‐pump CABG and ‘no‐touch’ graft harvesting) and PCI (including newer‐generation stents, adjunctive pharmacotherapy and intracoronary imaging) mean that they will continue to challenge each other in the future. A ‘heart team’ approach is strongly recommended to select an evidence‐based, yet individualized, revascularization strategy for all patients with complex coronary artery disease. Finally, optimal medical therapy is important for all patients with coronary artery disease, regardless of the mode of revascularization.
Lowering plasma glucose concentration by inhibiting renal sodium–glucose cotransport
Authors: Abdul‐Ghani M. A. , DeFronzo R. A.
Published: April 2014

Maintaining normoglycaemia not only reduces the risk of diabetic microvascular complications but also corrects the metabolic abnormalities that contribute to the development and progression of hyperglycaemia, that is insulin resistance and beta‐cell dysfunction. Progressive beta‐cell failure, in addition to side effects associated with many current antidiabetic agents, for example hypoglycaemia and weight gain, presents major obstacles to the achievement of the recommended goal of glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thus, novel effective therapies are needed for optimal glucose control in subjects with T2DM. Most recently, specific inhibitors of the renal sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) have been developed to produce glucosuria and lower the plasma glucose concentration. Because of the iR unique mechanism of action, which is independent of insulin secretion and insulin action, these agents are effective in lowering the plasma glucose concentration in all stages of the disease and can be combined with all other antidiabetic agents. In this review, we will summarize the available data concerning the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety of this novel class of antidiabetic agents.
The palaeoecology of trilobites
Authors: Fortey R.
Published: April 2014

Trilobites comprise a major group of extinct marine arthropods, which thrived in a variety of habitats surrounding the Palaeozoic palaeocontinents. The evidence that can be used to infer their ecology is reviewed, including functional anatomy, field occurrence and geology in comparison with living arthropods and palaeogeography. Where different lines of evidence are consistent with one interpretation, the inferred life habits are considered well supported, but there remain some intriguing enigmas. Trilobites occupied many of the ecological niches available to living marine arthropods, including the pelagic realm. Benthic species included predator/scavengers, grazers and particle feeders, and specialist filter feeders. Different contemporaneous natural assemblages of trilobites occupied different habitats ranging from shallow water to deep environments, which are characterized by distinctive suites of genera (biofacies). Such differentiation was already well established in the Cambrian. Dispersed palaeocontinents through much of the Palaeozoic further encouraged the evolution of endemics and distinct suites of taxa in relation to palaeolatitude. Taken together, these factors go some way towards explaining the great variety of species that evolved during more than 250 million years of their history.
The role of the neck in the feeding behaviour of the Tyrannosauridae: inference based on kinematics and muscle function of extant avians
Authors: Snively E. , Russell A. P. , Powell G. L. , Theodor J. M. , Ryan M. J.
Published: April 2014

Tyrannosaurid necks were strong and powerful instruments for wielding the jaws during feeding. Hypotheses of tyrannosaurid neck function are here grounded by observations of neck morphology and function in extant archosaurs. Respectively derived morphologies in birds, crocodilians and tyrannosaurids compromise inferences for some muscles. However, alternate reconstructions indicate that tyrannosaurid neck muscles combined the robustness of crocodilian musculature with the functional regionalization seen in birds. Alternate hypothesized attachments of an avian‐style muscle, the M. complexus, indicate different capacities for head dorsiflexion and lateroflexion. Electromyography of the M. complexus in chickens strengthens inferences about its function in both dorsiflexion and lateroflexion in extinct dinosaurs, and further suggests that it imparted roll about the longitudinal axis in concert with the actions of contralateral ventroflexors. Videography of extant raptors reveals the involvement of the neck when striking at prey and tearing flesh, and reconstructed tyrannosaurid musculature indicates capacity for similar neck function during the feeding cycle. As for birds, muscles originating in the anterior region of the neck likely stabilized the head by isometric or eccentric contraction as tyrannosaurids (and other large theropods) tore flesh by rearing back the body through extension of their hind limbs.
Pelagic palaeoecology: the importance of recent constraints on ammonoid palaeobiology and life history
Authors: Ritterbush K. A. , Hoffmann R. , Lukeneder A. , De Baets K.
Published: April 2014

A review of fossil evidence supports a pelagic mode of life (in the water column) of ammonoids, but they may have spent their life close to the seabottom (demersal), planktonically, or nektonically depending upon the ontogenetic stage and taxon. There are good indications for a planktonic mode of life of ammonoid hatchlings, but a broad range of reproductive strategies might have existed (egg‐laying, fecundity). Isotope and biogeographical studies indicate that some forms migrated or swam for considerable distances, whereas others may have been primarily transported by oceanic currents during early and/or late ontogeny. Diverse ammonoid habitats are also supported by evidence from predator–prey relationships derived from characteristic injuries and exceptional fossil finds, which indicate chiefly predatory or scavenging lifestyles. Sublethal injuries preserved in some ammonoid shells, as well as rare stomach and coprolite contents, provide evidence of predation by other cephalopods, arthropods and various jawed vertebrates. Various lines of evidence suggest that different groups of ammonoids had quite different ecologies, but shell shape alone can only give upper constraints on ammonoid capabilities, a matter that needs to be considered when interpreting their diversity and evolutionary history.
Conservationists, hunters and farmers: the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus management conflict in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Delibes‐Mateos Miguel , Ferreira Catarina , Rouco Carlos , Villafuerte Rafael , Barrio Isabel Catalán
Published: April 2014

Biodiversity conflicts arise when the interests of different stakeholders over common resources compete. Typically, the more parties involved, the more complex situations become.

Resolution of biodiversity conflicts requires an understanding of the ecological, social and economic factors involved, in other words the interests and priorities of each stakeholder. However, in most biodiversity conflicts, many of these components remain poorly understood.

As a case study, we analyse the conflict involving conservationists, hunters and farmers in the management of a native lagomorph, the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the Iberian Peninsula.

We review the socio‐economic context of the rabbit management conflict, investigating the roles of the main stakeholders involved in the conflict and evaluating the ecological, economic and social factors that motivate it. We provide management directions for the short‐term amelioration of the conflict and discuss some long‐term perspectives.

Overall, the interests of conservationists, hunters and farmers depend on the specific scenario where the conflict takes place. A deeper understanding of the human dimensions of the conflict will help in the design of an appropriate management model to solve this biodiversity conflict in the Iberian Peninsula.
Challenges and prospects in genome‐wide quantitative trait loci mapping of standing genetic variation in natural populations
Authors: Schielzeth Holger , Husby Arild
Published: April 2014

A considerable challenge in evolutionary genetics is to understand the genetic mechanisms that facilitate or impede evolutionary adaptation in natural populations. For this, we must understand the genetic loci contributing to trait variation and the selective forces acting on them. The decreased costs and increased feasibility of obtaining genotypic data on a large number of individuals have greatly facilitated gene mapping in natural populations, particularly because organisms whose genetics have been historically difficult to study are now within reach. Here we review the methods available to evolutionary ecologists interested in dissecting the genetic basis of traits in natural populations. Our focus lies on standing genetic variation in outbred populations. We present an overview of the current state of research in the field, covering studies on both plants and animals. We also draw attention to particular challenges associated with the discovery of quantitative trait loci and discuss parallels to studies on crops, livestock, and humans. Finally, we point to some likely future developments in genetic mapping studies.
Laser resection of lingual thyroid gland
Authors: Luna‐Ortiz K. , Rodriguez‐Falconi A. , Valenzuela‐Salazar C. , Gomez‐Pedraza A.
Published: April 2014

Lingual thyroid is a rare condition resulting in an abnormal development during its descent from the foramen cecum. Most cases are asymptomatic, and only 0.01% of cases will present with obstructive symptoms. We present a case of lingual thyroid in a 33‐year‐old woman with clinical symptoms of foreign body sensation. Lingual thyroid was diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging and 99mTc thyroid scan. Resection was decided upon using a transoral approach with O2 laser. Definitive diagnosis was established of lingual thyroid with colloid goiter. The patient had an uneventful post‐operative course and was discharged at 24 h. The patient is being followed up with hormonal treatment. Management of this condition remains controversial. We discuss the diagnostic approach and therapeutic alternatives.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: an unusual cause of tooth mobility
Authors: Vinall C. , Hamse D. , Steven L.
Published: April 2014

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (formerly known as histiocytosis X) is a rare disease of unknown pathogenesis characterised by a pathological proliferation of immature Langerhan cells (important components of the immune response, functioning as antigen presenting cells). Clinical presentation can range from a solitary lesion of bone to a multisystem life‐threatening disorder. Oral manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis have been reported to be as high as 77%. Dentists may be the first clinicians to see early manifestations of the disease. Failure to recognise and appropriately refer these patients could result in extensive destruction of involved tissue, or delay management of the more serious multiorgan disease. We report a case of localised Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a 47‐year‐old female presenting with a short history of single tooth mobility. The clinical and radiographic evaluation, differential diagnosis and management are reported.
The Military Security Policy of Taiwan: Current Situation and Challenges for the Future
Authors: Czulda Robert
Published: April 2014

This paper examines the current defense doctrine of the Republic of China (Taiwan), including its evolution – from the offensive approach during the first phase of Taiwan's history, later approaches of “resolute defense, effective deterrence” and “effective deterrence, resolute defense” – to an adjusted approach in the 2000s that was a more realistic and feasible doctrine aimed mainly at preventing the People's Republic of China's forces from landing and establishing secure footholds, based on an asymmetric approach. The main elements touched upon in this article are those related to Taiwan's military security, including current and future challenges and threats, Taiwanese perception of the international environment, an assessment of capabilities and procurement plans of its armed forces (land forces, navy, air force, air defense), problems of political and military allies as well as decreasing military spending that negatively impacts modernization efforts. The final part of this paper presents various recommendations that would allow Taiwan to boost its defense potential.
Optimal Angle of Needle Insertion for Fluoroscopy‐Guided Transforaminal Epidural Injection of L5
Authors: Ra In‐Hoo , Min Woo‐Kie
Published: April 2014

Background

Unlike other sites, there is difficulty in performing TFESI at the L5‐S1 level because the iliac crest is an obstacle to needle placement.

Objective

The objective of this study was to identify the optimal angle of fluoroscopy for insertion and advancement of a needle during L5 TEFSI.

Methods

We conducted an observational study of patients undergoing fluoroscopy‐guided L5 TFESI in the prone position. A total of 80 patients (40 men and 40 women) with radiating pain of lower limbs were enrolled. During TFESI, we measured the angle at which the L5 vertebral body forms a rectangular shape and compared men and women. Then, we measured area of safe triangle in tilting angle of fluoroscopy from 15° to 35° and compared men and women.

Results

The mean cephalocaudal angle, where the vertebral body takes the shape of a rectangle, was 11.0° in men and 13.9° in women (P = 0.007). In men, the triangular area was maximal at 18.3 mm² with an oblique view angle of 25°. In women, the area was maximal at 23.6 mm² with an oblique view angle of 30°. At an oblique view angle of 30° and 35°, the area was significantly greater in women (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

When TFESI is performed at the L5 region in the prone position, placement of fluoroscopy at a cephalocaudal angle of 11.0° and an oblique angle of 25° in men and cephalocaudal angle of 13.9° and an oblique angle of 30° in women would be most reasonable.
Photoactive Titania Float for Disinfection of Water; Evaluation of Cell Damage by Bioanalytical Techniques
Authors: Shwetharani R. , Jyothi M. S. , Laveena P. D. , Geetha Balakrishna R.
Published: April 2014

A photoactive float was fabricated with the modified titania to cause a feasible disinfection of water, contaminated with E. coli. The commercially available titania was doped with neodymium by pulverization technique to enhance its activity in sunlight and a multiapproach technique was used to evaluate the extended efficiency of the doped sample. X‐ray diffraction patterns depicted the retention of anatase phase on doping and the existence of neodymium was confirmed by the energy dispersive atomic X‐ray analysis and the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy and Bruner–Emmett–Teller analysis depicted a marginal increase in the particle size and a decrease in the surface area, respectively. Doping induces semiconductor behavior with lower band energy that could respond to visible light and exhibit better disinfection activity. The “f” and “d” transitions of the lanthanide in doped sample caused new electronic behavior of trapping/detrapping effect together with bandgap narrowing. The amount of malondialdehyde, protein, DNA and RNA released on destruction of E. coli was observed to be 0.915 × 10−3 μg mL−1, 859.912 μg mL−1, 20.173 μg mL−1 and 1146.073 μg mL−1, respectively. The above analytical methods along with standard plate count method substantiated the enhanced disinfection efficiency of the doped sample in sunlight.
Organizational Sensemaking About Risk Controls: The Case of Offshore Hydrocarbons Production
Authors: Busby J. S. , Collins A. M.
Published: April 2014

In the same way that individuals’ risk perceptions can influence how they behave toward risks, how organizational members make sense of risk controls is an important influence on how they apply and maintain such controls. In this article, we describe an analysis of sensemaking about the control of risk in offshore hydrocarbons production, an industry that continues to produce disasters of societal significance. A field study of 80 interviews was conducted in five offshore oil and gas companies and the agency that regulates them. The interviews were analyzed using qualitative template analysis. This provided a categorization of the many ways of acting through which informants made sense of the risk control task, and indicated that the organizations placed substantially different emphases on different ways of acting. Nevertheless, this sensemaking fell into two broad classes: that which tended to limit or be pessimistic about organizational controls, and that which tended to extend or be optimistic about organizational controls. All the participating organizations collectively placed a balanced emphasis on these two classes. We argue that this balanced sensemaking is an adaptation rather than a deliberate choice, but that it is an important element of controlling risk in its own right.
Allopurinol prevents cardiac and skeletal muscle damage in professional soccer players
Authors: Sanchis‐Gomar F. , Pareja‐Galeano H. , Gomez‐Cabrera M. C. , Candel J. , Lippi G. , Salvagno G. L. , Mann G. E. , Viña J.
Published: April 2014

Xanthine oxidase (XO), a free radical‐generating enzyme, is involved in tissue damage produced during exhaustive exercise. Our aim was to test whether allopurinol, a powerful inhibitor of XO, may be effective in preventing exercise‐induced tissue damage in soccer players. Twelve soccer players were randomized into two experimental groups. One received allopurinol, before a match of the premier Spanish Football League, and the other placebo. Allopurinol prevented the exercise‐induced increase in all the markers of skeletal muscle damage analyzed: creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and myoglobin. Creatine kinase‐MB isoenzyme and highly sensitive troponin T, specific biomarkers of myocardial injury, increased significantly in the placebo but not in the allopurinol‐treated group after the football match. We also found that the exercise‐induced lipid peroxidation, as reflected by malondialdehyde measurements, was prevented after allopurinol administration. However, inhibition of XO did not prevent the increment in the activity of alanine aminotransferase found after the match. No changes in the serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity was found after the match on either the placebo and the allopurinol groups. These two enzymes were determined as biomarkers of liver injury. Allopurinol represents an effective and inexpensive pharmacological agent to prevent tissue damage in soccer players.