bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of word construction models in terminology teaching
Authors: Velička A. , Križinauskas J.
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes the questions of terminology teaching in nonhumanitarian high school. One of the major questions is the selection of lexical, grammatical and word composition minimum. It is most difficult to understand the text without knowing the terminology, because word composition constitutes partially open systems and thus the discrepancy between the system and the norm becomes noticeable. In specialty texts the noun is the most common speech part from the structural approach and thus it is important to determine and select its composition methods. The research conducted at Vilnius Institute of Engineering constructions showed that the knowledge of word composition models enables the disclosure of a considerable part of meaning in terminology – compound nouns (22,2%), derivative words (12%) and conversions (25%). Thus the productive models of word composition, which are very helpful in using the analogy, should receive a proper consideration.
The influence of the experiments in teaching natural sciences on the quality of knowledge of the 4th form pupils
Authors: Bernotas V.
Published: January 2019

On the ground of experimental material the article deals with a short characteristic of the experiments in teaching natural sciences in the 4th form. The author also shows the essence of the experiments, their principal similarities and differences from the experiments carried out by scientists. By means of concrete examples the author shows that the teaching experiments, depending on the didactic objectives, may be used in different parts of the process of teaching: explaining a new material, fixing or checking pupils’ knowledge. The author reveals the possibilities of the usage of experiments in different lessons of natural sciences, gives the description of pupils’ preparation for independent experiments and observations and determines their efficiency in the process of teaching. The article shows that the experiments help to develop pupils’ logical thinking, their independence, form elementary skills of research work.
Some theoretical questions of studying the development of conceptual thinking
Authors: Garbačiauskienė M.
Published: January 2019

In this article, comparing J. Piaget and L. Vygotsky's directions in the studies of the development of thinking, the results obtained and difficulties arisen, the studies of other authors in this field, we try to ground the principle of two substructures in conceptual thinking - the substructure of signals and the substructure of symbols. The development of their integrated and differentiated activity marks the development of conceptual thinking.
Models of hemispheric specialization mechanisms
Authors: Kočiūnas R.
Published: January 2019

In this article the main models of functional asymmetry mechanisms are reviewed: the model of cerebral dominance, of post-exposural directional scanning, of attention, of cognitive strategy and of memory. These models include different aspects of hemispheric dominance. A more detailed explanation of functional asymmetry mechanisms will be possible only having evaluated the importance of all the main factors, such as attention, the strategy of information processing, memory, and others.
Cognitive disorders and their dynamics in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Gailienė D.
Published: January 2019

The article describes the evaluation of cognitive disorders, such as attention concentration and attentional shift, visual-motor coordination, memory span, certain constructional abilities in patients with schizophrenia. The repeated study was carried out after 3.5 years showed that in spite of illness dynamics, cognitive disorders remain unchanged, but patients’ social orientation decreases.
Psychological approach to the activity of man
Authors: Radžvilas V.
Published: January 2019

The term "activity" is often used to characterize various psychic processes and still needs closer definition. This problem may be formulated as the problem of determinism of psychic development of man. A psychoanalytical theory of S. Freud and behaviourism represent two opposite approaches to its solution in bourgeois psychology. Soviet psychology deals with this problem on the basis of materialistic-dialectical methodology. A structural-functional approach to the development of human psyche developed in works of some prominent Soviet psychologists throws a new light upon the problem of human activity. L. I. Bozhovich, French psychologist A. Wallon and some Soviet and foreign Marxist philosophers consider that man inherits a psychological mechanism which enables him to join any existing social structure.
Information integration theory and functional measurement
Authors: Martišius V.
Published: January 2019

The theories of information integration and functional measurement suggested by Anderson are reviewed. The use of functional measurement in psychophysics, psychological decision theory and developmental psychology is considered. It is concluded that this approach is important for research in various psychological areas.
Some of fundamental methodological trends in contemporary developmental psychology
Authors: Otto Kh.
Published: January 2019

The article analyzes and evaluates critically these fundamental methodological trends of different countries in developmental psychology:

- Developmental psychology research,

- Mental characteristics and performance research,

- Age and causal-genetic feature research,

- Continuous and cross-sectional research,

- Stating-descriptive and experimental-shaping research

The article concludes by research-strategic conclusions.
Investigation of group interests structure
Authors: Lapė J. , Abariūnaitė A. , Gutauskienė L.
Published: January 2019

The structure of group interests of schoolchildren has been investigated using the adapted W Hennig technique. 21 groups of pupils of general and vocational technical education schools have been studied. The range, importance, interrelations, and structure of group interests as well as the difference in interests of separate groups have been revealed. It has turned out that further improvement of interest structure research technique by W. Hennig is expedient. The scope of pupil's interests should be broadened, and more reliable means for the establishment of interrelation between interests should be sought.
Some aspects of self-appraisal of six-year-old children
Authors: Vasiliauskaitė Z.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the interrelation of learning success and the level of self-appraisal. Children whose learning success is not so great tend to appraise themselves lower than their friends whose learning success is great.
The dependence of the anticipation of the executive operation task on spatial factors
Authors: Jovaiša T. R. , Lapė J.
Published: January 2019

The present study deals with the dependence of the objective operation localization on the positioning of human being in the distance and on the degree of training certain movements. To this end, three series at experiments have been carried out, covering the effects of 6 factors (distance, direction of hand's movement, direction of transition from one distance to another, degree of training, the start of hand's movement, changing the hand's movement direction). The results of the investigation showed that objective can be achieved in terms of spatial representation of surface. The image has the straight perpendicular line reflected as inclined. The process of training objectifies the spatial notion of surface.
Space-structural modelling of concepts, reflecting attitudes towards the professions in the textile industry
Authors: Suslavičius A. , Rubaževičienė M.
Published: January 2019

The technique of semantic differential by Ch. Osgood was used for the measurement of attitudes towards the professions in the textile industry. Apart from the quantitative treatment of data obtained by using this technique there is also a possibility of its qualitative treatment, i. e. spatial representation of the studied concepts, reflecting certain attitudes. Thus is achieved a better understanding of how these notions are clustered and what their spatial arrangement is. The subjects were pupils from a vocational-technical school. They were given 12 concepts, reflecting the essential professions in the textile industry, with the purpose of their subsequent evaluation. The results of the investigation enabled us to establish the hierarchy of professions. The establishment of linear distances in semantic space (D) formed a notion of how these attitudes are spatially situated. The numerical values of the distances between professions were expressed graphically in a three-vector space. The spatial representation of attitudes permitted us to establish their clusters, and also the degree of identification of a subject with a certain profession.
Algirdas Penkauskas (1931-1985). Personality, pedagogue, scientist
Authors: Dzikarienė V. , Dževečka A. , Garbačiauskienė M. , Kregždė S. , Krukovskis J. , Kulvičienė A.
Published: January 2019

The article presents the biography of Algirdas Penkauskas and his essential works.
The diagnosis and formation of professional fitness from the point of view of the instrumental theory of purposefulness
Authors: Kregždė S.
Published: January 2019

The paper deals with the instrumental theory of vocational purposefulness as the best approach to the diagnosis and formation of the basic motivational component of professional fitness. The sequel of research conducted adhering to this theory (J. Čebelis, V. Rimkevičienė, L. Kutkienė, J. Navaitienė, R. Kabašinskienė, A. Kregždė, I. Yakimova) is presented.
Certain peculiarities of the professional pedagogical trend among teachers
Authors: Navaitienė J.
Published: January 2019

The main purpose of the present paper is to reveal some peculiarities of such an important component in the structure of the teacher's personality as its professional-pedagogical trend and to prove the necessity of special directing measures. The experimental study with different methodics on the basis of S. Kregždė's instrumental, theory of professional interests was conducted.
Emotionality as a prerequisite for success in pedagogical activities
Authors: Čebykinas A.
Published: January 2019

The paper on the basis of theoretical and experimental investigations shows that in case the emotional communicative characteristics of applicants are taken into account success in their future pedagogical work is predetermined. These characteristics can be of use as a criterion of professional selection at the pedagogical institutes.
A scale for measuring externality-internality
Authors: Bagdonas A. , Pociūtė L.
Published: January 2019

The paper studies the validity and reliability of a new scale for measuring internality-externality. The standard norms for the number of students and senior pupils are suggested. On the basis of the data obtained during the test of 1, 181 subjects seven grades of internality externality have been established: (1) extremely external personality, (2) highly external personality, (3) external personality, (4) external-internal personality, (5) internal personality, (6) highly internal personality, (7) extremely internal personality. The test was repeated a month later after the first testing (n= 100). The scale proved to be reliable for measuring internality-externality (r=0.75, p<0.001). The validity of the scale has been confirmed by its correlation with other methods for the examination of internality-externality (J. Rotter scale, IPC, Subjective Control Level Test, Erewin Shapiro Scale), as well as the analysis of the structure of the scale. The data obtained show that the scale is valid for measuring general internality-externality, whereas the subscale of the attribution of interpersonal relations is not valid.
S. Freud's and C. Jung's approaches to creativity from today's perspective
Authors: Almonaitiene Junona
Published: January 2019

The S. Freud's and C. Jung's approaches to creativity are presented briefly in this article and an attempt to evaluate them from today's perspective is given. Some results of contemporary empirical researches induce the new interest to these classical approaches. Their wideness, globality, attention to the real creative works of the well-known authors seem to be the important positive traits, especially in comparison with many rather petty contemporary experimental researches concerning creativity. The revelation of the problem of creativity's unconscious motives is the most important desert of S. Freud and C. Jung. It seems to the author, nevertheless, that the S. Freud's creativity explanation gives wider perspective to further explorations in comparison with Jung's.
The Poggendorff illusion with nonparallel lines
Authors: Martišius V.
Published: January 2019

The paper studies the effect of some spatial parameters in the Poggendorff figure for illusion size. It was concluded that illusory distortions depend from the order of angles formed by the intersection of the transversal segments and nonparallel lines. When the first angle is smaller, the extent of illusion is greater. The distance from first transversal portion to remove end point of the first nonparallel line also effects the magnitude of illusion. The modern theories ignore such information and therefore they are not adequate.
Can psychology be a science of mind?
Authors: Skinner B.F.
Published: January 2019

The translated article presents assumptions of B. F. Skinner about behavior, learning and mind. The problem of introspection is discussed, and is debated with the assumptions of cognitive psychology.
Background emotional experiences
Authors: VILIŪNAS V.
Published: January 2019

The article discusses one aspect of emotional interaction, namely, the influence of already existent emotional states on the rise of situational emotions. Three cases of such influence were distinguished: l) the development of emotions from sentiment; 2) the dependence of emotions on mood; and 3) the development of emotions from feelings (in the Wundtian sense). Interpretation of feelings in W. Wundt's conception is extensively discussed.
Albert Bandura
Authors: VALICKAS G.
Published: January 2019

The article presents a short biography of A. Bandura, his major statements and a short list of his works.
The impact of minimum acceptable and maximum probable outcomes on judgment of succes s in negotiation
Authors: Martišius Vaclovas , Martinkevičiūtė Sigutė
Published: January 2019

The experimental data confirms viewpoint that individuals who receive the same outcome in negotiations estimate it as a relative success or failure depending on their minimum acceptable and maximum probable outcomes. The results of study also indicate that maximum probable outcome influence negotiators' feeling success more that minimum acceptable result. The interaction between minimum acceptable and maximum probable outcomes demonstrates that effects of variables on success aren't additive.
Problem-based learning: The Maastricht know-how
Authors: Sargautytė Rūta
Published: January 2019

Critical perceptions and implications of the problem-based learning are discussed from the point of view of the participant of Summer-course at the University of Maastricht. Problem-based learning is a relatively new form of instruction with a long intellectual history. This approach of learning emerged in conjunction with the cognitive revolution in psychology. University of Maastricht uses this non-traditional system from his very founding in 1976. The principles of problem-based learning can be summarized as following: prior knowledge activation and elaboration through small-group problem analysis; the construction of problem-oriented semantic networks, including contextual cues derived from professionally relevant problems; and the fostering of epistemic curiosity. A number of studies provide empirical support for the assumptions underlying problem-based learning. The „seven jump" is an obligatory procedure for the analysis of each problem. Besides the professional knowledge and skills, the group discussion provides with the skills of more free communication.
Similarity effect on the perception of two simultaneously presented figures
Authors: Gurčinienė Ona , Šoliūnas Alvydas
Published: January 2019

Relatedness of the analysis of a few simultaneously presented objects in the visual field was investigated in the psychophysical experiment on human subjects. Test stimuli were plane nonsemantic geometrical figures composed on a basis of 4 x 3 matrix. Five groups of figure pairs with different degree of reciprocal similarity were presented for recognition under the backward masking conditions. Exposition duration of test figures varied individually from 400 to 3000 ms. Masking of test figures was followed by a special marker that indicated which one of two test figures must be detected in the subsequently presented table that included all 12 test figures.Experimental data revealed two groups of subject. The same recognition accuracy for the pairs of identical and different figures as well as no effect of similarity on the recognition of different figures characterised the results of the first group of subjects. The second group of subjects recognised identical figures more accurately than different ones and the recognition of different figures had direct dependence on their similarity - the more similar the figures were, the more accurately they were recognised. Experimental results were interpreted on the basis of different analysis strategies applied by different subejcts.
Relationship between speech parameters and individual psychological peculiarities
Authors: Ignatova Natalija
Published: January 2019

This thesis studies the rapport between the psychological and physiological aspects of an individual and his/her speech characteristics. For the purpose of creating an express-test to diagnose by the person's speech behaviour a comparative analysis of speech, psychological, physiological and psycho-physiological parameters was undertaken. 25 people (heads of different branches of an enterprise aged 30 to 60) took part in the research. A number of various methods were applied to analyse each group of parameters. As a result some meaningful distinctions between the male and female group's speech activity organization were defined. The connections between speech and individual psychological peculiarities were found in our research. The further research may bring about some reliable criteria to diagnose different characteristics of a person by his speech behaviour.
Adolescent identity development in parental divorce experienced family
Authors: Vaičiulienė Aldona
Published: January 2019

This research examines differences in identity development among 16-17 years old adolescents who came from divorced and intact families. Using a sample of 307 secondary school students (238 from intact families and 69 from divorced families) were assessed an identity level. The findings indicate some not very strong tendencies. Adolescents from divorced families are less foreclosed then adolescents from intact families, therefore they are less dependent on family traditions, values, believes. Adolescents from divorced families fall into identity crisis some earlier and stay in it some longer then adolescents from intact families.
Patterns of extrinsic maladjustment in middle childhood
Authors: Žukauskienė Rita , Šimulionienė Roma
Published: January 2019

This article analyzes the problems of adaptation that occur at a younger age.
Implicit stereotyping role in the person's traits forecasting
Authors: Martišius Vaclovas
Published: January 2019

In the main part of this work subjects were exposed to four target's traits. Each participant evaluated a likehood of some other traits on seven-point scale. There could be made conclusion from the exploration data that ratings of female and male targets were statistically equivalent. Also there was not confirmed an opinion that higher stereotyping level causes more intensive implicit stereotyping. Individuating information strongly influenced judgments of targets.
Influence of relative luminance and angle between movement directions of two moving stimuli on direction detecting
Authors: Šatinskas Romualdas , Pleskačiauskas Aleksandras , Stabinytė Dalia , Vaitkevičius Henrikas
Published: January 2019

The goal of the present research was to investigate the perception of movement direction. The main purpose was to detect if the mix of directions was present and ascertain the mechanism of this process. We carried out 35 psychophysical experiments with 6 observers. Two bright stimuli moved on a screen with different angle between movement directions or with different brightness of the stimuli. The results showed that perceived direction of movement was attracted to the second stimulus trajectory if the angle between trajectories was less than 90 degrees. And this phenomenon was the stronger the brighter the second stimulus was. When the angle was more than 90 degrees the effect of pushing was observed. While the distance between stimuli is comparatively little the attraction prevails as it is caused by the summation and averaging of signals within a single receptive field of a neuron. When the distance between stimuli grows the effect of pushing is observed because of the lateral inhibition amongst the different channels of movement analysis. These results show that a process of mix of directions is present in perception of movement direction and are strong factors in proving the vectorial model of movement perception.
Psychological aspects of law abiding behaviour of people
Authors: Valickas Gintautas
Published: January 2019

The article deals with different factors, which determine law abiding behaviour of people: 1) the detterent effect of punishment; 2) internalized values or internal standarts of behaviour; 3) behaviour of law enforcement officiers, which influence perceived justice or injustice. Some recommendations are presented how to improve the present situation.
The effect of symmetry on the recognition accuracy of patterns of different complexity
Authors: Gurčinienė Ona , Šoliūnas Alvydas
Published: January 2019

Symmetry is one of the most important determinants of visual perception. The influence of pattern symmetry on their recognition accuracy was investigated in the psychophysical experiment on human subjects under the conditions of backward masking. A rectangular frame of twelve line segments of equal length was used as a masking pattern (MP). The test patterns (TPs), nonverbal figures were the parts of MP composed by joining four, six, or eight line segments. Five figure sets consisting of equal number of symmetrical and asymmetrical figures of different complexity were used in the experiment. TP was presented for 10 ms, followed by MP for 500 ms with interstimulus interval, which was established for each subject individually as the shortest interval permitting 50-90 proc. recognition accuracy. Each subject took part in four to six test trial sessions. In each trial session, the equal number of symmetrical and asymmetrical figures composed by the same number of line segments was presented for recognition.Experimental data have demonstrated that effect of symmetry on pattern recognition depends on the number of pattern components. The asymmetrical figures consisting of four and six line segments were recognised more accurately than symmetrical ones, whereas the asymmetrical figures consisting of eight line segments have had the lower recognition accuracy than symmetrical ones. Experimental results were interpreted on the basis of optimal relation between the number of elements and symmetry that enables the greatest recognition probability of visual patterns.
Learning motivation, school, anxiety and well-being in middle childhood
Authors: Pileckaitė-Markovienė Margarita
Published: January 2019

This article deals with problem of learning motivation, school anxiety and well-being in middle childhood. The aim of investigation was to analyse inner consistency of Learning Motivation Scale, structure of learning motivation of primary school children and it's interrelations with school anxiety and well-being. Learning Motivation Scale (Zambacevičienė, Janulytė, 1998), Semantic Differential Type Scale for well-being in school (Beres-nevičienė, 1995) and Test Anxiety Scale for children (Sarason, Feld, Levis, 1960, by Augis, 1984) were used as evaluational tools. 681 children from third and forth grade (355 girls, 326 boys) were investigated by these methods.The results showed the strong inner consistency of Learning Motivation Scale (Cronbach alpha 0,79). Rest-retest showed rather strong internal reliability of the scale (r = 0,71). Got data showed that structure of learning motivation of primary school children consisted from motives of social recognition, negative stimulation and inner motive. It was found that learning motivation had positive connection with well-being in school by parameters "likable", "pleasant", "interesting", "useful". Learning motivation was positively connected with school anxiety as well. School anxiety of primary school children had negative correlation with their well-being by the parameters "easy to learn" and "going well to learn".
Demonstrative motivation
Authors: Viliūnas Vytis , Kravčenko Anna
Published: January 2019

Investigations of human social behavior (self-presentation, self-strenghtening) confirm the conclusion in the authors' previous article about evolutionary autonomisation of demonstrative behavior, its emancipation from phylogenetically primary motivation. They show universal and flexible usage of demonstrative behavior for satisfaction of various human needs. Some theoretical problems, important for general concept of motivation are specifically elucidated by such broad manifestation of demonstration. It is in line with and illustrates the statement about unavoidable polymo-tivation of human behavior; contradicts widespread tendency to treat motivation as a set of discrete phenomena (motives, drives, dispositions etc.), which arouse behavior separately; and confirm alternative integrative interpretation of motivation, by which all its components express themselves together and interact with each other. The variety of demonstrative motivations is described by choosing five cases of its generalized forms of goal orientation. They are: 1) autonomic self-demonstration, usually manifesting itself in otherwise motivated behavior as a person preoccupation by impression he is making on others; 2) instrumental acquisitive demonstration used for achievement of positive aims and 3) instrumental defensive - for avoiding undesirable consequences; 4) demonstration, which saves or changes self-image by assimilation of opinion about oneself produced on others and 5) demonstration used for the relaxation of tension.Data considered in articles indicates that demonstrative motivation is basic, i.e. influencing, sometimes markedly, the development of other human motivation. It has phylogenetical roots, develops in ontogenesis and is not pathological, although sometimes has too excessive manifestation.
Peculiarities of face identification
Authors: Vanagaitė Kristina , Valickas Gintautas
Published: January 2019

The article deals with different aspects of face identification. With the help of computer-based program, we have created two male standard-faces, which had to be remembered by the research participants. We have composed 5 stimuli-faces for each standard-face by changing corresponding face elements. In the present study research participants (n=70) were asked to ascertain whether the stimuli-faces differ from the standard-face by certain face elements.On the basis of the research results we can affirm, that not all face elements are identified equally exactly and in the same time (from the photograph). Hair and eyes were identified in the shortest time and the most exactly. Besides, women in contrast with men recognize changed elements of man's standard-face more exactly.
Listening is the key to learning or how I "discovered" Alfred A. Tomatis
Authors: Šidlauskaitė Agota
Published: January 2019

In this issue of ‘Psychology’ two articles by Agota Šidlauskaitė are presented.
200th anniversary of Gustav Fechner
Authors: Vaitkevičius Henrikas
Published: January 2019

Information on 200th anniversary of Gustav Fechner.
WISC-III: The first intelligence test standardized in Lithuania
Authors: Gintilienė Gražina
Published: January 2019

Information on WISC-III - the first intelligence test standardized in Lithuania.
Ergonomical analysis of partially digitized sound-recording studio
Authors: Laugalys Feliksas , Bagdonas Albinas
Published: January 2019

This paper provides the comparative ergonomical analysis of traditional and digital sound record studio. There are selected four transitional steps in moving from traditional magnetic tape recoding to digital book: classical (traditional) talking book at the audio studio; installation of digital code in the technology of talking books; audio studio without announcer and studio of full speech synthesis for talking book in this article. A short description of performance of sound studio operator is presented there also. On the basis of Moscow town N enterprises ergonomic analysis of partially digitized sound - recording studio are formulated some ergonomic psychological recommendations for future improvement.
Forensic psychological expertise: Aspects of legal and psychological adjustment
Authors: Justickis Viktoras , Valickas Gintautas
Published: January 2019

The first part of the article deals with legal position of psychologist-expert in criminal, civil and administrative procedure. The aim, tasks and functions of the forensic psychological expertise and psychologist- expert's duties and rights are analyzed. The second part is devoted to special branches of psychological expertise: a) assessment of people with reduced liability; b) assessment of offender's states in a crime situation as well as sudden great emotional arousal; c) assessment of a person's ability to take part in criminal procedure; d) assessment of parts ability to give testimonies; e) assessment of a suspect's and accused person's ability to understand and use his right to refuse giving testimonies; f) assessment of a person's capability in civil procedure. In the third part of the article are analyzed requirements of professional ethics as well as the main ethical dilemmas, which can meet forensic psychologist (confidentiality, roles and emotional conflicts, impartiality).
The search for new parameters on evaluation of P300 potential
Authors: Korostenskaja Milena , Dapšys Kastytis , Mačiulis Valentinas , Rukšėnas Osvaldas
Published: January 2019

ERPs could be helpful in the objectification of many psychological measures. One of the most commonly used ERPs in the last decades is P300 potential. It may be used in differentiation of cognitive dysfunction in patients suffering from schizophrenia, dementia, depression, and also could be successfully applied in treatment monitoring. Nevertheless, changes of P300 parameters (prolongation of latency or reduction of amplitude) are not highly specific for certain kinds of diagnosis. In this study we searched for more strict and specific P300 characteristics, which would be selective for different kinds of disorders. 86 healthy subjects were studied during the study. Ten new P300 measures were considered. Main results of the study are as follows:Overall six out of ten new considered measures had significant correlation with age: P3 energy (EP3), amplitude ratio (AS), latency and amplitude ratio (LAS), steepness of cognitive complex (KKKS), identification time (AT) and the global power of cognitive complex (KKTG). All these parameters could be considered to differentiate cognitive processing in general.From all studied parameters the best correlation with age demonstrated global power of cognitive complex (KKTG) and latency of P3 (L(P3)).Latency ratio (LS) is very stable parameter and therefore could be used in psychiatric diagnostic.The next step in search of selective P300 measures would be evaluation of effectiveness of the described P300 potential parameters in patients with schizophrenia, depression, dementia, epilepsy and other psychiatric disorders. For this purpose these parameters are considered: P3 energy (E(P3)), amplitude ratio (AS), latency and amplitude ratio (LAS), steepness of cognitive complex (KKKS), identification time (AT), latency of N2 (L(N2)), global power of cognitive complex (KKTG), latency of P3 (L(P3)) and latency ratio (LS).
The influence of question format on accuracy of children’s testimony
Authors: Čėsnienė Ilona
Published: January 2019

A number of investigators have suggested that children, even preschoolers, can in fact recall a great deal of information accurately, but there are some important limitations, especially, question format. While analysing this limitation, it is important to state how the syntax of a question is related to the accuracy of narration and how investigators should formulate questions in order to get accurate and reliable responses. Moreover, the structure of a sentence influences the perception of a question and syntax in Lithuanian differs from Germanic languages, therefore it has been unclear whether the results of such investigations can be applied to the Lithuanian situation. Accordingly, the goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of question format on preschool-aged childre’s accuracy of narrative in different interviews. Whereas some studies have also showed that the content of information investigated (action, people, environment) is of great importance for the accuracy of children’s narrative, the influence of the content of informatikon was investigated in this study too.Children aged 6 to 7 years took part in a Christmas event. Three weeks later children were interviewed about the event for the first time; questions asked were of different format (open- and close-ended). Four months later the interview was repeated, some questions from the first interview were asked. Children’s accuracy of narration was estimated by two psychologists.The study showed that question format substantially influenced children’s responses: children frequently responded „I don’t know“ to open-ended questions, they were most likely to make errors if asked closeended questions. Therefore it is recommended to ask children more often open-ended questions, especially if the interview is repeated.Furthermore, it should be mentioned that children recalled less important details with greater difficulty in comparison with personally important information. More detailed analysis proved that the accuracy of narration depends on the content: the most accurate answers were given about actions, environment and verbal information were described less accurately. The difference in accuracy was statistically significant. Therefore it is recommended to ask young children more questions about actions.
The peculiarities of conscript’s experienced stress and coping
Authors: Autukaitė Milda , Autukaitė Gintautas ValickasMilda , Valickas Gintautas
Published: January 2019

Stress and particularly coping is one of the most widely studied topics in military psychology. That is caused by two main reasons: 1. Military operational environment can be described as extremely stressful. One of the criteria of good military preparedness is the ability to perform in the stressful situations. 2. The price of stress effects on military performance can be very high. This article investigates peculiarities of conscript’s experienced stress and coping according transactional stress model of R. S. Lazarus. Sample of 114 conscripts was participating in the main research. Two scales – „The Primary Appraisal of Military Service Scale“ and „The Conscript’s Experienced Stress Scale“ – were specially constructed for this study. The secondary appraisal of military service was measured with four items proposed by R. S. Lazarus. Coping was assessed by D. Roger „Coping Style Questionnaire“ which was modified by A. Elklit. V. Domanskaitė-Gota and D. Gailienė (Vilnius University) prepared the Lithuanian versijon of this „Coping Style Questionnaire.“ Military service performance was assessed using the evaluation of theoretical tests and general evaluation of physical test.Gathered data confirmed 6 sources of conscripts’ stress. These are: 1) performance of military tasks; 2) tiredness and lack of time; 3) leaders’ behaviour; 4) everyday routine and conflicts; 5) making great demands of conscripts; 6) difficult tasks. It appeared that the biggest stress is caused by everyday minor events (tiredness and lack of time, everyday routine and conflicts), the smallest level of stress is associated with leaders’ behaviour and making great demands of conscripts. The stress level in the beginning of military service can be used for the anticipation of the stress level in the end of military service and also of the experienced stress in military service. Primary appraisal of different military service aspects was strongly related to experienced stress (p ≤ 0.01). Experienced stress was also significantly related to emotional and avoiding coping strategies (p ≤ 0.01). The significant correlation was also obtained while analysing results of military service performance and emotional coping strategy – those conscripts, who use emotional coping strategy more frequently, are worse evaluated for military service performance (p ≤ 0.05). The experienced stress was related to military service performance – those who had experienced small stress were evaluated better for military performance comparing with those conscripts who had experienced big stress.
The relationship between cognitive function and depression severity in multiple sclerosis patients: Application of the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRBNT) in Lithuania
Authors: Grambaitė Ramunė , Sargautytė Rūta
Published: January 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder that affects primarily the cerebral white matter, thereby causing both physical and psychological disability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between cognitive function and depression severity in MS patients, as well as sensitivity and specificity characteristics of the BRBNT (The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests). We investigated 41 MS patients and 52 healthy people.Forty-one controls were selected from fifty-two healthy subjects and were individually matched with MS subjects for age, gender and education. BRBNT (Rao and Peyser, 1986) was designed for measuring verbal learning, visuospatial learning, sustained attention and concentration, information processing speed and verbal fluency cognitive functions. The B version of the BRBNT was translated and used in our study. Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II) (Beck, 1996) was used for the evaluation of depression severity.Results of our study confirmed that depression severity was associated with verbal learning: Consistent Long Term Retrieval and the Delayed Recall significantly negatively related to depression severity. The relationship between information processing speed and depression severity was also negative, but not statistically significant. The five individual BRBNT tests separately did not significantly discriminate healthy controls from MS patients; however, when all the five BRBNT tests put together we found 100% sensitivity of and 100% specificity.Our findings lead to the conclusion that neuropsychological testing is important in organizing help strategies for MS patients. BRBNT is a sensitive measure of cognitive function in MS, and may assist with differential diagnosis. Similarly, BRBNT could well be applied to other groups of patients, whose illness results in physical and/or cognitive functional limitations.
Links between posttraumatic reactions, health effects, traumatic experiences and sense of coherence among Lithuanian survivors of political repression
Authors: Kazlauskas Evaldas , Gailienė Danutė
Published: January 2019

Background: During Nazi and Soviet occupations in the years 1940–1958 one third of Lithuanian population were killed or deported to Siberia. Almost 300,000 people were deported to highly remote regions of Siberia. Former political prisoners and deportees experienced prolonged torture and persecutions, even after release from prison. Little is known in traumatic stress literature about effects of such extreme and prolonged traumatisation. The aim of the present study was to find out predictors of posttraumatic reactions in the group of survivors of political imprisonment. Methods: Former political prisoners (n = 724) were randomly selected from the national registry of Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania. All former political prisoners are officially acknowledged as victims of Soviet repression by Lithuanian laws and are fully rehabilitated. The mean age of political prisoners was 75.8 (SD = 5,8) years. Questionnaires covering questions about lifetime traumatic experiences, exposure to political violence, posttraumatic symptoms as well as possible mediating factors between trauma and consequences have been mailed to participants of the study. Posttraumatic reactions were assessed using Lithuanian version of Traumatic Symptom Checklist (TSC-35). Results: Posttraumatic reactions correlated with demographic factors (gender, level of education), health effects, traumatic experiences and sense of coherence. Variables using hierarchical stepwise model were entered into multiple regression analysis. Demographic factors explained 8.1 % of posttraumatic reactions variance. Both health effects and demographic variables explained 19.6 % of variance. Traumatic experiences increased prediction of posttraumatic reactions to 31.6 %. Final equation, with sense of coherence entered on the fourth step, explained 43.7 % of posttraumatic symptom variance. Significant predictors of posttraumatic reactions among former Lithuanian political prisoners were: accumulative lifetime traumatic experiences, sense of coherence, gender (women showing higher levels of victimization), death of spouse, somatic complains immediately after imprisonment or forced deportation, and attribution of current poor health status to experienced political violence.
Perceptual synergy between seeing and hearing revealed during binocular rivalry
Authors: Kang Min-Suk , Blake Randolph
Published: January 2019

When the two eyes view dissimilar images, the observer experiences alternations in perceptual dominance between the two stimuli, with the individual durations of dominance varying randomly throughout a prolonged sequence of alternations. In this study, we paired an amplitude-modulated sound with a flickering rival grating and found that the sound had a small but statistically reliable influence on the durations of dominance of the flickering grating: those durations were longer, on average, when the flickering grating and the sound were coincident. An effect of sound was not observed during suppression phases of the flickering grating, nor was it found when the tone was steady. This bisensory interaction represents yet another example of neural interactions between vision and audition.
Emotional correlates of the basic traits of personality
Authors: Pacevičius Jonas
Published: January 2019

Most previous research has demonstrated relatively high correlations between two main traits – Extraversion and Neuroticism – and personality emotional predispositions. It has been shown that Extraversion and Emotional stability are predictors of positive emotions, while Introversion and Neuroticism are predictors of negative emotions (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985; Wilson & Gullone, 1999). However, some other research reveals the complexity and certain discrepancy of the above-mentioned links (Williams, 1993; McFatter, 1994; Matthews, 1998). The main aim of the present research is particularization of parameters of everyday emotional life in structures of two personality super factors: Extraversion and Neuroticism, i.e. examination the relationships between daily emotions indices and basic traits and types of personality. The second aim is to find out what influence the kind and character of everyday activity has on the relation between personality and emotions. In other words, the hypothesis of the research is that Extraversion and Neuroticism influence the modality structure of emotions, experienced during the concrete everyday activity.The method of chronological registration of everyday emotions, or „emotional diary“, has been used. For 2–4 weeks the 80 subjects (university students, aged 17–24 years) using special form have been chronologically registering the kind of everyday activity (learning, chores, aesthetic, spiritual activity, etc.), the sign, modality (joy, anger, fear, grief), intensity and duration of emotions. Personality traits were examined by EPI.Considerable emotional differences were found in subjects having high and low score in the both two scales. There were no significant differences between extraverts and introverts. Studying dynamics of subjects’ everyday emotions we found no correlation between neuroticism and index of emotional stability we obtained. Research revealed the specificity of the emotional regulation of kinds of everyday activities determined by the personality traits. However, they are not so expressed as it was expected. The most significant differences in the most kind of activities are revealed between stable extraverts and unstable introverts. Also, some important parameters of everyday emotional life (stability, intensity, hedonic level) and their relation with the basic personality traits are being discussed. The conclusion of the present research is as follows: the kind and character of everyday activities do not have a significant influence on the relation between the two personality super-factors – Extraversion and Neuroticism – and everyday emotions. The research has revealed that the link between the basic personality traits and everyday emotions tends to be stable enough, that is why it is little influenced by the character and specificity of everyday activity.
Procedural justice in Lithuanian criminal justice
Authors: Rugevičius Mindaugas
Published: January 2019

Procedural justice in Lithuanian criminal justice.
Evaluation of the new parameters of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Korostenskaja Milena , Dapšys Kastytis , Šiurkutė Aldona , Mačiulis Valentinas , Rukšėnas Osvaldas , Kähkönen Seppo
Published: January 2019

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the new P300 parameters on patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and to compare their reliability with the commonly used P300 latency and amplitude. 56 healthy human subjects and 22 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were studied. The following new parameters were considered. Some of the proposed parameters showed a more significant statistical difference in differentiating patients from controls than did the commonly used measures (latency and amplitude). We suggest that the parameters proposed by us could be helpful in differentiating schizophrenia disorder patients from controls. The use of the subtraction curve could be more preferable than the use of deviant one.