bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near‐optimal control for multiparameter singularly perturbed stochastic systems
Authors: Sagara Muneomi , Mukaidani Hiroaki , Dragan Vasile
Published: April 2010

In this paper, the linear quadratic optimal stochastic control problem is investigated for multiparameter singularly perturbed stochastic systems in which N lower‐level fast subsystems are interconnected by a higher‐level slow subsystem. After establishing the asymptotic structure of the solution for the multiparameter stochastic algebraic Riccati equation (MSARE), a near‐optimal controller that is independent of small unknown parameters is obtained by neglecting these parameters. The stability of a closed‐loop stochastic system is investigated. Furthermore, it is shown that the resulting controller achieves an O(∥ν∥2) approximation to the optimal cost of the original optimal control problem. Finally, in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, a numerical example—a practical multi‐area power system—is solved. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties of cold‐rolled Zr60Ti5Ag5Cu12.5Ni10Al7.5 metallic glass
Authors: Scudino Sergio , Surreddi Kumar Babu , Eckert Jürgen
Published: April 2010

In this work, the effect of cold‐rolling on the mechanical behavior of the Zr60Ti5Ag5Cu12.5Ni10Al7.5 metallic glass has been investigated. The results reveal that cold‐rolling is very effective for improving the room temperature mechanical properties of the material. A small size reduction of only 5% remarkably improves the strength as well as the plastic deformation, which increase by about 20 and 40%, respectively, with respect to the as‐cast material. The origin of the enhanced mechanical properties is most likely due to the creation during cold‐rolling of a heterogenous microstructure consisting of shear softened regions surrounded by hard undeformed regions.
Investigation of fatique crack growth rate of Al 5484 ultrafine grained alloy after ECAP process
Authors: Brynk Tomasz , Rasiński Marcin , Pakieła Zbigniew , Olejnik Lech , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J.
Published: April 2010

During the last decade equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) has emerged as a widely used fabrication route of ultrafine‐grained (UFG) metals and alloys. Enhanced mechanical properties of UFG materials produced by severe plastic deformation, with a grain size smaller than 1 µm, have been reported in a large number of publications. However, the higher strength does not imply higher resistance to fatigue both high‐ and low‐cyclic. In fact, due to reduced plasticity, higher fatigue crack propagation rates are reported for UFG materials, particularly in low‐amplitude range. The aim of this work was to investigate fatigue crack propagation in samples of Al 5483 alloy subjected to ECAP treatment. Because of small dimensions of the coupons processed by ECAP, non‐standard, mini‐samples were used in a crack propagation tests. Two test procedures were used to estimate stress intensity factor (K). The first was based on optical measurements of crack length from images recorded during the test. The second method was based on digital image correlation (DIC), which was used to determine K value directly from displacement field near the crack tip. Comparison of these two methods is made and the relationship between the intensity of ECAP process (measured in terms of the number of ECAP passes) and fatigue crack propagation rates proposed. In addition to fatigue resistance, the results of tensile tests carried out with mini‐samples are presented. Applicability of such samples in the investigations of the mechanical properties of UFG materials is discussed.
Grain refinement in CuCrZr by SPD processing
Authors: Kulczyk Mariusz , Zysk Beata , Lewandowska Małgorzata , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J.
Published: April 2010

CuCrZr alloys exhibit relatively high strength (due to precipitation hardening) and high thermal and electrical conductivity which make them attractive for variety of applications, e.g. as heat sinks and electrodes. In the present study, a CuCrZr alloy was subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) to increase its strength by grain refinement without modification of the chemical composition. A combination of the multi‐pass equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by cumulative hydrostatic extrusion (HE) was applied with a total true strain of 11.5. The microstructure of SPD samples was evaluated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The grain sizes were quantitatively described. The resulting mechanical properties were determined in tensile tests and via microhardness measurements. The results show that the applied SPD route, combining ECAP and HE, leads to high grain size refinement accompanied by high increase of strength.
Global tracking sliding mode control for a class of nonlinear systems via variable gain observer
Authors: Peixoto Alessandro Jacoud , Oliveira Tiago Roux , Hsu Liu , Lizarralde Fernando , Costa Ramon R.
Published: April 2010

A novel output‐feedback sliding mode control strategy is proposed for a class of single‐input single‐output (SISO) uncertain time‐varying nonlinear systems for which a norm state estimator can be implemented. Such a class encompasses minimum‐phase systems with nonlinearities affinely norm bounded by unmeasured states with growth rate depending nonlinearly on the measured system output and on the internal states related with the zero‐dynamics. The sliding surface is generated by using the state of a high gain observer (HGO) whereas a peaking free control amplitude is obtained via a norm observer. In contrast to the existing semi‐global sliding mode control solutions available in the literature for the class of plants considered here, the proposed scheme is free of peaking and achieves global tracking with respect to a small residual set. The key idea is to design a time‐varying HGO gain implementable from measurable signals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new discretized Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional for stability analysis and control design of time‐delayed TS fuzzy systems
Authors: Mozelli L. A. , Souza Fernando O. , Palhares R. M.
Published: April 2010

This paper proposes a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional to cope with stability analysis and control design for time‐delay nonlinear systems modeled in the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy form. The delay‐dependent conditions are formulated as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), solvable through several numerical tools. By using the Gu's discretization technique and by employing an appropriated fuzzy functional, less conservative conditions are obtained. Numerical results illustrate the efficiency of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural adaptation and robustness of Dictyostelium ligand–receptor kinetics for low and high ligand concentrations
Authors: Kim Jongrae , Heslop‐Harrison Pat , Postlethwaite Ian , Bates Declan G.
Published: April 2010

Ligand–receptor interactions are responsible for adaptation and robustness of all cellular life to most chemical external stimuli, and are mediated by cellular networks whose structure appears to be highly conserved among different organisms. Although many ligand–receptor networks exhibit a common structure, the dynamic response to variations in the ligand concentration can be vastly different from network to network. This suggests that certain parameters of the network have evolved by nature to provide appropriate performance and robustness characteristics for different situations. We investigate the system's response in the cases of low and and high concentrations of external cAMP, corresponding to two distinct stages of the Dictyostelium life cycle. Our analysis reveals highly robust responses from the ligand‐bound receptor kinetics for low ligand concentration, and such high levels of robustness are likely to be required from each individual Dictyostelium cell to survive this stage of its life cycle. We show that overshoot is prohibited by the structure of network regardless of the kinetic constants values, and the particular values chosen in the original model are shown to lead to a critically damped response. On the other hand, for high ligand concentrations an extreme reduction in the magnitude of the network response to external signals is observed, and this may be responsible for the completely different physiological behaviour of the organism as groups of up to 105 Dictyostelium cells aggregate to form a slug. The receptor–ligand interaction networks may have evolved to provide an optimal trade‐off between maximizing the speed of response and prohibiting overshoot as it follows external oscillatory signals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BIBO stability and stabilization of networked control systems with short time‐varying delays
Authors: Zhang Wen‐An , Yu Li
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a robust control approach to solve the stability and stabilization problems for networked control systems (NCSs) with short time‐varying delays. A new discrete‐time linear uncertain system model is proposed to describe the NCS, and the uncertainty of the network‐induced delay is transformed into the uncertainty of the system matrix. Based on the obtained uncertain system model, a sufficient BIBO stability condition for the closed‐loop NCS is derived by applying the small gain theorem. The obtained stability condition establishes a quantitative relation between the BIBO stability of the closed‐loop NCS and two delay parameters, namely, the delay upper bound and the delay variation range bound. Moreover, design procedures for the state feedback stabilizing controllers are also presented. An illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the fairness of return channel capacity allocation in DVB‐RCS‐based satellite networks
Authors: Chatziparaskevas P. , Koltsidas G. , Pavlidou F.‐N.
Published: April 2010

Broadband satellite access (BSA) systems can form an alternative path for the provision of Internet access in areas with poor network infrastructure. The DVB‐RCS standard introduced the specifications of an interaction channel for two‐way BSA networks. In this study, a new dynamic scheduling strategy for the interaction channel of GEO satellite networks is proposed, evaluated and compared with a typical Round Robin scheme. The main idea of the proposed strategy is to change, prior to each allocation, the sequence according to which bandwidth is assigned to the satellite terminals. The new sequence is fully specified by a set of fairness indices, each one related to a unique terminal and updated after each allocation. Along with the examined scheduling strategies, two capacity request calculation techniques found in the literature are also evaluated and compared through a series of simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ThyssenKrupp Headquarter in Verbundbauweise
Authors: Sauerborn Norbert , Fastabend Michael , Constantin Roland , Schücker Barbara
Published: April 2010

Mit der Entscheidung, mehrere Verwaltungsstandorte auf dem historischen Krupp‐Gelände in Essen zu konzentrieren, wurden neue Gebäude für die Firmenverwaltung erforderlich, deren städtebauliche und architektonische Ausgestaltung im Rahmen eines internationalen Wettbewerbes gefunden wurde. Sieger des Wettbewerbes waren die Architekten Chaix et Morel / JSWD, die als Landmarke des neuen ThyssenKrupp Quartiers das innovative Headquarter entwarfen. Die Innovation setzte sich neben Funktion und Gestaltung auch in den Konzepten der Tragwerksplanung fort, die das Grundthema des Konzerns – Stahl – in vielfältiger Weise interpretierten. So wurden nahezu alle Stützen des Gebäudes als Verbundkonstruktion konzipiert. Gleichermaßen wurde das Tragwerk von Bauwerksbrücken mit integrierten Stahlfachwerken entworfen. Letztlich sind Erschließungsbrücken und Kommunikationsplattformen in sehr schlanker Stahlkonstruktion ausgeführt worden.

ThyssenKrupp Headquarter in Composite Construction. With the decision to concentrate several administrative sites on the historic ground of the Krupp concern in Essen, new buildings for the administration became necessary. Its urbanistic and architectural definition was found within the scope of an international competition, in which the architects Chaix et Morel / JSWD came out ahead and designed the innovative Headquarter as a landmark of the new ThyssenKrupp Quarters. This innovation was carried on not only in aspects of function and design but also in the planning of structural framework which continues the general theme of the concern – steel – in many ways. Thus, all the columns of the building were designed as a composite construction. Likewise, the frame of the structural bridges was designed with integrated steel frameworks. Finally, access bridges as well as communication platforms were constructed in a very slender steelwork design.
Cholecystectomy using single‐incision laparoscopic surgery with a new SILS port
Authors: Ito Masahiro , Asano Yukio , Horiguchi Akihiko , Shimizu Tomohiro , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Uyama Ichiro , Miyakawa Shuichi
Published: April 2010

Introduction

Single‐incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) offers the potential advantages of reduced postoperative pain and a lower incidence of port‐site complications. Moreover, careful attention to closure can reduce the scarring after surgery. Consequently, this method is a promising technique for reducing postoperative pain, decreasing complications, and improving cosmesis. We have performed cholecystectomy in eight patients by SILS. The umbilicus was the point of entry to the abdomen in all patients.

Methods

Between May 2009 and October 2009, 31 patients underwent cholecystectomy at our hospital. The umbilicus was the point of entry to the abdomen in all patients. Three SILSs were performed using a new SILS port, and five SILSs were performed by the conventional method in which three ports are inserted into the umbilicus; the remaining ten patients underwent multiple‐incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (standard cholecystectomy). The results for the patients who underwent standard cholecystectomy, conventional SILS, and SILS using the new port were compared using the Mann–WhitneyU test. The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

Result

Of the eight cholecystectomies carried out, three were performed by SILS using the new port. No complications or mortalities were associated with this technique. The mean operating times for conventional SILS, SILS with the new port, and standard cholecystectomy were 154 ± 57, 120 ± 11, and 100 ± 51 min, respectively; these inter‐group differences are not significant. The blood loss in conventional SILS, SILS with the new port, and standard cholecystectomy was 9 ± 16, 1, and 6.1 ± 11 g, respectively; these inter‐group differences are not significant. All umbilical incisions were concealed within the umbilicus.

Conclusion

Cholecystectomy performed using SILS with the new port is a safe and feasible approach with reasonable operation times.
Infertility support sought from local government: preliminary survey of needs among people who attended public lecture
Authors: Watanabe Mika , Goto Maki , Iwase Akira
Published: April 2010

Purpose

Support both from medical centers and from local government is indispensable to the growing number of infertile couples who are seeking treatment after advances in medical technology.

Methods

A self‐administered questionnaire survey of the demand for infertility support was conducted among those who attended a public lecture offered by Aichi Prefecture, asking specifically about their requests for Aichi Prefectural government aid.

Results

The survey results indicated that information was obtained about financial support by administrative and infertility support programs in Aichi Prefecture. Because most people usually received this information at medical institutions, local government coordinated with medical institutions. Men and women were found to have different demands for infertility support—while women typically sought psychological support, for example counseling, men usually sought learning opportunities in study groups. In particular, women sought opportunities to interact with interested parties, which suggested that the establishment of peer activities would be a helpful form of support.

Conclusions

We need collaboration of government services with medical institutions, support, and investigation to form an infertility network that accepts sex differences.
Effects of whey protein isolate on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight and obese individuals
Authors: Pal Sebely , Ellis Vanessa , Dhaliwal Satvinder
Published: April 2010

The health benefits currently associated with increased dairy intake may be attributable to the whey component of dairy proteins. The present study evaluated the effects of whey protein supplementation on body composition, lipids, insulin and glucose in comparison to casein and glucose (control) supplementation in overweight/obese individuals for 12 weeks. The subjects were randomised to whey protein, casein or glucose supplementation for 12 weeks according to a parallel design. Fasting blood samples and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements were taken. Seventy men and women with a mean age of 48·4 (sem 0·86) years and a mean BMI of 31·3 (sem 0·8) kg/m2 completed the study. Subjects supplemented with whey protein had no significant change in body composition or serum glucose at 12 weeks compared with the control or casein group. Fasting TAG levels were significantly lowered in the whey group compared with the control group at 6 weeks (P = 0·025) and 12 weeks (P = 0·035). There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol at week 12 in the whey group compared with the casein (P = 0·026 and 0·045, respectively) and control groups (P < 0·001 and 0·003, respectively). Fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance scores were also significantly decreased in the whey group compared with the control group (P = 0·049 and P = 0·034, respectively). The present study demonstrated that supplementation with whey proteins improves fasting lipids and insulin levels in overweight and obese individuals.
Differences in postprandial inflammatory responses to a ‘modern’ v. traditional meat meal: a preliminary study
Authors: Arya Fatemeh , Egger Sam , Colquhoun David , Sullivan David , Pal Sebely , Egger Garry
Published: April 2010

A low-grade inflammatory response (‘metaflammation’) has been found to be associated with certain chronic diseases. Proposed inducers of this have been aspects of the modern lifestyle, including newly introduced foods. Plasma TAG, and the inflammatory cytokines C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α and IL-6 were compared in a randomised, cross-over trial using ten healthy subjects before and after eating 100 g of kangaroo, or a ‘new’ form of hybridised beef (wagyu) separated by about 1 week. Postprandial levels for 1 and 2 h of TAG, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher after eating wagyu compared with kangaroo (P = 0·002 for TAG at 1 h, P < 0·001 at 2 h; P < 0·001 for IL-6 and TNF-α at 1 and 2 h). CRP was significantly higher 1 h postprandially after wagyu (P = 0·011) and non-significantly higher 2 h postprandially (P = 0·090). We conclude that the metaflammatory reaction to ingestion of a ‘new’ form of hybridised beef (wagyu) is indicative of a low-grade, systemic, immune reaction when compared with lean game meat (kangaroo). Further studies using isoenergetic intake and isolating fatty acid components of meats are proposed.
A Roman's View of Art
Authors: Moorhouse A. C.
Published: April 2010

The story of Mummius and the art treasures which he pillaged from Corinth, and sent back to Rome with the warning that the carriers would have to replace any that they lost with others of the same value, is a familiar joke from the history books at the expense of Roman sensibility. Perhaps less well known, and equally enlightening, is another story against the same unhappy official, which appears in Pliny (Nat. Hist. 35. 24). Mummius, according to this account, was conducting an auction of pictures from among his booty, and Attalus bid 600,000 denarii (say £21,000) for a picture of Dionysus and Ariadne by Aristides. Thereupon Mummius, ‘surprised at the price and suspecting that the picture had some good quality of which he himself was ignorant’, withdrew the work, and later dedicated it at Rome in the temple of Ceres. It is hardly unfair to Mummius if we imagine him, back in Rome, boasting to his friends how, thanks to his good judgement, he saved the masterpiece from the hands of Attalus. This famous painting comes up again, to the discredit of Rome, in the history of Polybius (39.13), who says that he saw Roman soldiers playing at draughts on it after the sack of Corinth.
Large-eddy simulation of a buoyant plume in uniform and stably stratified environments
Authors: DEVENISH B. J. , ROONEY G. G. , THOMSON D. J.
Published: April 2010

We consider large-eddy simulation (LES) of buoyant plumes in uniform and stably stratified environments. We show that in the former case the results agree well with the simple plume model of Morton, Taylor & Turner (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 234, 1956, p. 1). In particular, we calculate an entrainment constant which is consistent with laboratory and field measurements and find no significant difference between the radial spreading rates of vertical velocity and buoyancy. In a stably stratified environment, the LES plume shows better agreement with Morton et al. (1956) below the level at which the buoyancy first vanishes than above this level. Above the level of neutral buoyancy, the LES plume is characterized by an ascending core of negative buoyancy surrounded by a descending annulus of positive buoyancy. We compare the LES data with the model of Bloomfield & Kerr (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 424, 2000, p. 197), which explicitly accounts for these coherent motions. The model exhibits many qualitative aspects of the LES plume and quantitative agreement can be improved by adjusting the downward volume flux relative to the upward volume flux in a manner consistent with the LES plume. This simple adjustment, along with revised values of the entrainment constants, represents the combined effects of an overturning region at the top of the plume (where a fluid element reverses direction), ‘plume-top’ entrainment (whereby the plume entrains ambient fluid above the plume) as well as lateral entrainment and detrainment processes (both external and internal) occurring above the top of the model plume.
Cancellation exponents in helical and non-helical flows
Authors: IMAZIO P. RODRIGUEZ , MININNI P. D.
Published: April 2010

Helicity is a quadratic invariant of the Euler equation in three dimensions. As the energy, when present helicity cascades to smaller scales where it dissipates. However, the role played by helicity in the energy cascade is still unclear. In non-helical flows, the velocity and the vorticity tend to align locally creating patches with opposite signs of helicity. Also in helical flows helicity changes sign rapidly in space. Not being a positive definite quantity, global studies considering its spectral scaling in the inertial range are inconclusive, except for cases where one sign of helicity is dominant. We use the cancellation exponent to characterize the scaling laws followed by helicity fluctuations in numerical simulations of helical and non-helical turbulent flows, with different forcing functions and spanning a range of Reynolds numbers from ≈670 to ≈6200. The exponent can be related to the fractal dimension as well as to the first-order helicity scaling exponent. The results are consistent with the geometry of helical structures being filamentary. Further analysis indicates that statistical properties of helicity fluctuations in the simulations do not depend on the global helicity of the flow.
Grounding Global Norms in Domestic Politics: Advocacy Coalitions and the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Argentina
Authors: GRUGEL JEAN , PERUZZOTTI ENRIQUE
Published: April 2010

How do global rights regimes promote compliance? Can they form the basis for effective advocacy campaigns at the domestic level? In this paper, we address these questions via a case study of the role played by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Argentinian politics. We argue that ratification of the convention strengthened the coherence and leverage of rights-based domestic activists and ultimately led to the introduction of a new rights-inspired legal code for children. We trace the emergence of a local compliance coalition for children's rights and the subsequent campaign for rights-based reform. Our analysis suggests that global rights conventions can alter the domestic political opportunity for advocacy, strengthen rights-based claims and bring about changes on the ground.
Of Indians and Terrorists: How the State and Local Elites Construct the Mapuche in Neoliberal Multicultural Chile
Authors: RICHARDS PATRICIA
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the production of neoliberal multiculturalism in Chile as well as ideas about race, ethnicity and nation mobilised among local elites in the Chilean South. It argues that the process of creating neoliberal multicultural citizens is not only imposed from above, but also informed by local histories, attitudes and social relationships. Official neoliberal multiculturalism is shaped by transnational and national priorities, and involves constructing some Mapuche as terrorists while simultaneously promoting multicultural policies. Local elites contribute to the shape that neoliberal multiculturalism takes on the ground by actively feeding into the terrorist construction but refusing to consent to multicultural values. Altogether, understanding neoliberal multiculturalism depends on examining the transnational, the national and the local, and discerning the ways in which social forces at each level reinforce, interact with and depart from one another.
Grandparental investment and the epiphenomenon of menopause in recent human history
Authors: Broadfield Douglas C.
Published: April 2010

The effects of grandparental investment in relatives are apparent in human groups, suggesting that a postreproductive period in humans is selective. Although investment of relatives in kin produces obvious benefits for kin groups, selection for a postreproductive period in humans is not supported by evidence from chimpanzees. Instead, grandparental investment is likely a recent phenomenon of longevity, rather than an evolved feature.
Grandparental altruism: Expanding the sense of cause and effect
Authors: Fantino Edmund , Stolarz-Fantino Stephanie
Published: April 2010

Grandparental altruism may be partially understood in the same way as other instances of altruism. Acts of altruism often occur in a context in which the actor has a broader sense of cause and effect than is evident in more typical behavioral interactions where cause and effect appear relatively transparent. Many believe that good deeds will ultimately produce good results.
Motivating grandparental investment
Authors: Friedman Debra , Hechter Michael
Published: April 2010

What makes the question of grandparental investment so very interesting is trying to tease out the underlying motivations. Grandparental investment is variable and grandparental altruism, if it exists at all, is also variable. Neither evolutionary theory nor rational choice theory has an easy time explaining this variation, and insight is further impeded by the absence of any compelling empirical studies designed for the purpose of testing alternative explanations of variations in grandparental investment.
Grandparental transfers and kin selection
Authors: Hames Raymond
Published: April 2010

In the analysis of intergenerational transfer, several improvements can be made. First, following kin selection theory, grandparents have kin other than grandchildren in which to invest and therefore any investigation into grandparents should take this perspective. Secondly, how transfers actually enhance the survivorship of younger relatives such as grandchildren must be better measured, especially in the ethnographic literature. Finally, the problem of indirect investments or targeting must be considered.
Grandparental investment facilitates harmonization of work and family in employed parents: A lifespan psychological perspective
Authors: Hoppmann Christiane A. , Klumb Petra L.
Published: April 2010

The target article emphasizes the need to identify psychological mechanisms underlying grandparental investment, particularly in low-risk family contexts. We extend this approach by addressing the changing demands of balancing work and family in low-risk families. Taking a lifespan psychological perspective, we identify additional motivators and potential benefits of grandparental investment for grandparents themselves and for subsequent generations.
Measures of grandparental investment as a limiting factor in theoretical and empirical advancement
Authors: Michalski Richard L.
Published: April 2010

To refine our understanding of grandparental investment and its consequences, we need to understand what grandparents do for their grandchildren. Knowing the landscape of grandparental investment will facilitate a better understanding of the impact of grandparental investment on grandchildren and will allow inroads to be made in bridging the different levels of analysis.
Evolutionary psychology's notion of differential grandparental investment and the Dodo Bird Phenomenon: Not everyone can be right
Authors: Voracek Martin , Tran Ulrich S. , Fisher Maryanne L.
Published: April 2010

Integration of different lines of research concerning grandparental investment appears to be both promising and necessary. However, it must stop short when confronted with incommensurate arguments and hypotheses, either within or between disciplines. Further, some hypotheses have less plausibility and veridicality than others. This point is illustrated with results that conflict previous conclusions from evolutionary psychology about differential grandparental investment.
‘Making true’
Authors: Anscombe Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

If you are told or otherwise believe an either—or proposition, the question may easily arise what makes it true. ‘The potato crop in Ruritania was halved by blight in 1928’ — ‘Well then, either the expected, planned-for crop was in excess of the people's needs, or there was a shortage of potatoes that year, or a lot were imported …’. That seems a fair deduction, and we may ask which was true. If only one was, then we'd say it made the disjunction true. If all were, then all of them did.
For Mortal Souls: Philosophy and Therapeia in Nietzsche's Dawn
Authors: Pearson Keith Ansell
Published: April 2010

This chapter seeks to make a contribution to the growing interest in Nietzsche's relation to traditions of therapy in philosophy that has emerged in recent years. It is in the texts of his middle period (1878–82) that Nietzsche's writing comes closest to being an exercise in philosophical therapeutics, and in this chapter I focus on Dawn from 1881 as a way of exploring this. Dawn is a text that has been admired in recent years for its ethical naturalism and for its anticipation of phenomenology. My interest in the text in this chapter is in the way it revitalises for a modern age ancient philosophical concerns, notably a teaching for mortal souls who wish to be liberated from the fear and anguish of existence, as well as from God, the ‘metaphysical need’, and romantic music, and are able to affirm their mortal conditions of existence. As a general point of inspiration I have adopted Pierre Hadot's insight into the therapeutic ambitions of ancient philosophy which was, he claims, ‘intended to cure mankind's anguish’ (for example, anguish over our mortality). This is evident in the teaching of Epicurus which sought to demonstrate the mortality of the soul and whose aim was, ‘to free humans from “the fears of the mind”.’ Similarly, Nietzsche's teaching in Dawn is for mortal souls. In the face of the loss of the dream of the soul's immortality, philosophy for Nietzsche, I shall show, has new consolations to offer in the form of new sublimities. Indeed, for Nietzsche it is by reflecting, with the aid of psychological observation, on what is ‘human, all too human’, that ‘we can lighten the burden of life’ (HH 35). Nietzsche's thinking in Dawn contains a number of proposals and recommendations of tremendous value to philosophical therapeia, including (a) a call for a new honesty about the human ego and human relations, including relations of self and other and love, so as to free us from certain delusions; (b) the search for an authentic mode of existence which appreciates the value of solitude and independence; (c) the importance of having a rich and mature taste in order to eschew the fanatical. After an introduction to Nietzsche's text the chapter is divided into two main parts. In the first main part I explore various aspects of his conception of philosophical therapy, including purification of the higher feelings and liberation from the destructive effects of ‘morality’ and Christianity. In the second main part I explore his conception of ‘the passion of knowledge’, which is the passion that guides modern free spirits as they seek to overcome the need of religion and constraints of ‘morality’, and to access the new sublimities of philosophy.
Patañjali's Yoga as Therapeia
Authors: Soni Jayandra
Published: April 2010

This chapter tries to show that there is indubitable evidence for the claim that the Yoga philosophy of Patañjali can be said to be a philosophy as therapeia. For this reference will be made particularly to the Sāṅkhya school, whose ontology and metaphysics are presupposed by Yoga philosophy. The Sāṅkhya school begins with the question about overcoming three kinds of ‘suffering’ that torment human beings, and Patañjali himself says that the implementation of yoga, is, among other things, for the sake of minimising the afflictions (kleśas, YS 2, 2). The second part of the chapter will be concerned with the philosophical activity referred to in Yoga itself, namely the active yoga, or yoga in the form of action (kriyāyoga, YS 2, 1), in order to show how this can be seen as advancing the case for Yoga as therapeia.
Religiosity and Trust in Religious Institutions: Tales from the South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia)
Authors: Charles Robia
Published: April 2010

This article examines the determinants of trust in religious institutions in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia — three countries with low levels of religiosity as measured by attendance, prayer and fasting, yet high levels of trust in religious institutions. The analysis employs individual-level survey data and uses ordinary least squares regression to show that while religious practices do not determine trust in religious institutions, the importance of religion in one's daily life is a strong indicator of trust in religious institutions in each country. The results also show some differences among these countries with regard to two types of control variables — trust in secular institutions and socioeconomic factors. In Georgia, interpersonal trust is a significant indicator of trust in religious institutions. Residence in the capital is only significant in Azerbaijan. Finally, both education and age are significant in Armenia. Additionally, two theories of trust in institutions are tested. First, a cultural theory of interpersonal trust proves ambiguous in the region. Second, the presence of both low religious practice and high trust in religious institutions in these countries challenges reformulated secularization theories that consider declining religious authority — measured by trust in religious institutions — as a form of secularization.
Long‐term acoustic tomography measurement of ocean currents at the northern part of the Luzon Strait
Authors: Taniguchi Naokazu , Kaneko Arata , Yuan Yaochu , Gohda Noriaki , Chen Hong , Liao Guanghong , Yang Chenghao , Minamidate Masanori , Adityawarman Yudi , Zhu Xiaohua , Lin Ju
Published: April 2010

An ocean acoustic tomography (OAT) experiment was conducted during May to September 2008 in the Luzon Strait where the Kuroshio sporadically intrudes and strong internal tides and waves occur. Although the reciprocal sound transmissions between two acoustic stations were remarkably disturbed by these waves, ocean current signals proportional to the travel time differences, were successfully retrieved by low‐pass filtering out the high frequency wave components under these conditions. The drift of internal clock occurring during the observation is corrected through the procedure that the travel time differences for rays passing the upper 500 m layer are determined relative to those for rays passing near the underwater sound channel (USC) axis of depth about 1000 m. The observed currents relative to currents near the USC axis agree with the moored upward looking ADCP (acoustic Doppler current profiler) data. This study suggests a potential ability of OAT for the operational measurement of ocean currents.
A three‐dimensional asymmetric magnetopause model
Authors: Lin R. L. , Zhang X. X. , Liu S. Q. , Wang Y. L. , Gong J. C.
Published: April 2010

A new three‐dimensional asymmetric magnetopause model has been developed for corrected GSM coordinates and parameterized by the solar wind dynamic and magnetic pressures (Pd + Pm), the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz, and the dipole tilt angle. On the basis of the magnetopause crossings from Geotail, IMP 8, Interball, TC1, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), Wind, Cluster, Polar, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), GOES, and Hawkeye, and the corresponding upstream solar wind parameters from ACE, Wind, or OMNI, this model is constructed by the Levenberg‐Marquardt method for nonlinear multiparameter fitting step‐by‐step over the divided regions. The asymmetries of the magnetopause and the indentations near the cusps are appropriately described in this new model. In addition, the saturation effect of IMF Bz on the subsolar distance and the extrapolation for the distant tail magnetopause are also considered. On the basis of this model, the power law index for the subsolar distance versus Pd + Pm is a bit less than −1/6, the northward IMF Bz almost does not influence the magnetopause, and the dipole tilt angle is very important to the north–south asymmetry and the location of indentations. In comparison with the previous empirical magnetopause models based on our database, the new model improves prediction capability to describe the three‐dimensional structure of the magnetopause. It is shown that this new model can be used to quantitatively study how Pd + Pm compresses the magnetopause, how the southward IMF Bz erodes the magnetopause, and how the dipole tilt angle influences the north–south asymmetry and the indentations.
Intermittent release of transients in the slow solar wind: 1. Remote sensing observations
Authors: Rouillard A. P. , Davies J. A. , Lavraud B. , Forsyth R. J. , Savani N. P. , Bewsher D. , Brown D. S. , Sheeley N. R. , Davis C. J. , Harrison R. A. , Howard R. A. , Vourlidas A. , Lockwood M. , Crothers S. R. , Eyles C. J.
Published: April 2010

The Heliospheric Imager (HI) instruments on board the STEREO spacecraft are used to analyze the solar wind during August and September 2007. We show how HI can be used to image the streamer belt and, in particular, the variability of the slow solar wind which originates inside and in the vicinity of the streamer belt. Intermittent mass flows are observed in HI difference images, streaming out along the extension of helmet streamers. These flows can appear very differently in images: plasma distributed on twisted flux ropes, V‐shaped structures, or “blobs.” The variety of these transient features may highlight the richness of phenomena that could occur near helmet streamers: emergence of flux ropes, reconnection of magnetic field lines at the tip of helmet streamers, or disconnection of open magnetic field lines. The plasma released with these transient events forms part of the solar wind in the higher corona; HI observations show that these transients are frequently entrained by corotating interaction regions (CIRs), leading to the formation of larger, brighter plasma structures in HI images. This entrainment is used to estimate the trajectory of these plasma ejecta. In doing so, we demonstrate that successive transients can be entrained by the same CIR in the high corona if they emanate from the same corotating source. Some parts of the streamers are more effective sources of transients than others. Surprisingly, evidence is given for the outflow of a recurring twisted magnetic structure, suggesting that the emergence of flux ropes can be recurrent.
Mineral dust observed with AERONET Sun photometer, Raman lidar, and in situ instruments during SAMUM 2006: Shape‐independent particle properties
Authors: Müller D. , Weinzierl B. , Petzold A. , Kandler K. , Ansmann A. , Müller T. , Tesche M. , Freudenthaler V. , Esselborn M. , Heese B. , Althausen D. , Schladitz A. , Otto S. , Knippertz P.
Published: April 2010

Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometer observations were carried out at Ouarzazate, Morocco, during the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) 2006. Data from one measurement day, 19 May 2006, are used to derive particle optical and microphysical parameters with AERONET's latest version of light‐scattering model for non‐spherical particle geometry. In our analysis we also make use of a novel measurement channel at 1638 nm wavelength. We compare the results to data products obtained by airborne high‐spectral‐resolution lidar, several ground‐based Raman lidar, and airborne and ground‐based in situ measurement platforms. We chose that specific measurement day because the dust plume was vertically well mixed. Extinction coefficients from AERONET Sun photometer and lidar observations and in situ measurements agree well. Ångström exponents from Sun photometer and lidar are in close agreement, too. Airborne in situ measurements of dust particle size distributions show larger effective radii than inferred from the AERONET data. Complex refractive indices that are derived with the AERONET algorithm differ from the values obtained with different independent techniques employed in our study. The single‐scattering albedo was derived from the airborne observations of particle size distributions and complex refractive indices. Single‐scattering albedo differs to the value inferred from the AERONET data. The differences may be attributed to the different effective radii that we obtained from the various techniques. The differences between the data products from the various measurement platforms, however, cannot be generalized, as we could only test data for one measurement day. An analysis of additional measurements is under way.
A spatially calibrated model of annual accumulation rate on the Greenland Ice Sheet (1958–2007)
Authors: Burgess Evan W. , Forster Richard R. , Box Jason E. , Mosley‐Thompson Ellen , Bromwich David H. , Bales Roger C. , Smith Laurence C.
Published: April 2010

Past estimates of Greenland Ice Sheet accumulation rates have been multiyear climatologies based on ice/firn cores and coastal precipitation records. Existing annually resolved estimates have incompletely quantified uncertainty, owing primarily to incomplete spatial coverage. This study improves upon these shortcomings by calibrating annual (1958–2007) solid precipitation output from the Fifth Generation Mesoscale Model modified for polar climates (Polar MM5) using firn core and meteorological station data. The calibration employs spatial interpolation of regionally derived linear correction functions. Residual uncertainties exhibit coherent spatial patterns, which are modeled via spatial interpolation of root mean squared errors. Mean 1958–2007 Greenland Ice Sheet annual accumulation rate is 337 ± 48 mm/yr water equivalent (w.e.) or 591 ± 83 Gt/yr. Annual estimates contain one standard deviation uncertainties of 74 mm/yr w.e., 22%, or 129 Gt/yr. Accumulation rates in southeast Greenland are found to exceed 2000 mm/yr w.e. and to dominate interannual variability in Greenland Ice Sheet total accumulated mass, representing 31% of the whole. Accumulation rates in the southeast are of sufficient magnitude to affect the sign of Greenland mass balance during some years. The only statistically significant temporal change in total ice sheet accumulation in the 1958–2007 period occurred between 1960 and 1972, when a simultaneous accumulation increase and decrease occurred in west and east Greenland, respectively. No statistically significant uniform change in ice sheet‐wide accumulation is evident after 1972. However, regional changes do occur, including an accumulation increase on the west coast post‐1992. The high accumulation rates of 2002–2003 appear to be confined to the southeast.
Conditions for thrust faulting in a glacier
Authors: Moore Peter L. , Iverson Neal R. , Cohen Denis
Published: April 2010

Dipping, arcuate bands of debris‐rich ice outcropping near the margins of glaciers are often interpreted as thrust faults, assumed to originate in zones of longitudinal compression. Identification of thrusts is typically based either on the geometry and sedimentology of the debris bands or on the crystal fabric of surrounding ice, but the physical processes necessary to generate thrusts are rarely evaluated. Herein, we combine a numerical model of compressive ice flow near a glacier margin with theoretical stress and strain rate criteria for ice fracture and stress criteria for frictional slip to determine the conditions necessary for thrust faulting in glaciers. This model is applied to two different glaciological settings where longitudinal compression has been documented: (1) the transition between warm‐based and cold‐based ice near the terminus of Storglaciären, Sweden, and (2) the downglacier extent of the 1983 surge front of Variegated Glacier where surging ice encountered stagnant ice. Simulations representing the margin of Storglaciären indicate that peak compressive strain rates are six orders of magnitude too small to induce fracture, whereas at Variegated Glacier, strain rates were an order of magnitude too small for compressive fracture. In both groups of simulations, preexisting fractures governed by Coulomb friction are susceptible to slip if they span the ice thickness, are oriented close to the optimal fracture angle, and, in the case of Storglaciären, are subject to water pressures that are a large fraction of ice overburden pressure. Variations about the optimal fracture orientation, low or zero water pressure, high sliding friction coefficient, and limited vertical or lateral fracture extent each tend to suppress thrusting.
Interplanetary field enhancements travel at the solar wind speed
Authors: Russell C. T. , Weimer D. R. , Omidi N. , Jian L. K. , Luhmann J. G. , Strangeway R. J.
Published: April 2010

Interplanetary Field Enhancements (IFEs) are cusp‐shaped increases and decreases in the interplanetary field, accompanied by a thin current sheet. They can last many hours and even the strongest have no leading or trailing shocks. These rare structures are of possible significance because their occurrence has been associated with potential sources of charged dust. On December 24, 2006, four well‐separated spacecraft observed an IFE close to the Earth. From these four spacecraft measurements, we find that this IFE was traveling at the solar wind speed. This observation is consistent with previous encounters with fewer multiple satellites but is the first definitive measure of the speed of an IFE. This high speed is consistent with the lack of observation of shocks in association with these structures. At least on this occasion, the IFE was a pressure‐balanced structure in which the thermal plasma pressure gradients balanced the magnetic pressure gradients.