bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responses of Pests to Fumigation. II. Toxicity of Hydrogen Cyanide toCalandraspp. under Reduced Pressure
Authors: Salmond K. F.
Published: July 2009

Adults ofCalandra granariaandC. oryzaehave been fumigated with hydrogen cyanide by the methods of sustained pressure reduction and preliminary pressure reduction, the main criterion of response being death. Of the factors studied, starvation and sex of the insects are without influence. With pressure reduction, Haber's Rule relating mortality, concentration and period of exposure is not followed; for a given concentration-time product, the mortality is higher, the shorter the period of exposure.

Preliminary pressure reduction increases mortality much less than sustained pressure reduction. With the latter the mortality ofC. oryzaeis higher than that ofC. granaria. The increases in susceptibility are largely accounted for by increases caused by pressure reduction alone in the absence of fumigant. The number of eggs laid by untreated females and by females surviving treatment was excessively variable and no discrimination between factors could be made.
A Critique on the Time Factor in Biological Control
Authors: Sellers Wendell F.
Published: July 2009

C. P. Clausen's and W. R. Thompson's concepts on the time factor in biological control are compared with the writer's experience. All three viewpoints emphasise the influence of environment correlated with time. As Thompson points out, we are almost always forced to ascribe the limitations of the numbers of pests to a combination of factors, biotic and physical, varying from time to time and from point to point. Clausen's views concerning the maximum time (three host generations or three years) necessary for an introduced parasite to demonstrate that it will be fully effective are supported by the observed facts. There is associated with the initial establishment of introduced parasites, however, a time lag that is not evident in the control of subsequent outbreaks. The principal factors are the attainment of an “equilibrium of distribution” and the rate of dispersal in building up a controlling density. When effective biological control can be anticipated, it is characteristic that marked outbreaks are brought rapidly under control, and the pest population then oscillates at a relatively low level. Several examples of fully effective parasites and their limitations are discussed which indicate that the value of a parasite or predator should be regarded not as a constant but rather as a variable.

An equilibrium of distribution is obtained when there is no decrease in the density of a parasite due to outward dispersal into the uncolonised area; the forward and backward surges of dispersal offset each other, producing a minimum uniformity of distribution independently of other influences. Parasites with slow dispersal rates produce an equilibrium of distribution and effective control more rapidly, but in a proportionately smaller area, than those with fast dispersal rates.

When these considerations are applied to the introduced, partially effective parasites of the gipsy moth, the time element is seen to be proportionately extended beyond the three-year period. After establishment, however, the effectiveness of these parasites is conditioned by the normal duration of the heavy outbreaks of the gipsy moth which rarely exceeds three years. Many of these enemies are as effective in the new environment as in the old. The degree of control of the gipsy moth achieved in the north-eastern United States does not differ greatly from that which occurs in central Europe. Examination of this relationship indicates that an enemy that is to become useful, but not completely effective, does not show its value within three years; consequently the adoption of Clausen's conclusions involves a danger of discontinuing programmes prematurely.
Studies on Anopheles gambiae and A. melas in and around Lagos
Authors: Thomson R. C. Muirhead
Published: July 2009

The differences between the eggs of A. gambiae and A. melas form an absolutely reliable diagnostic character for distinguishing the two species in the Lagos area.

Identification of eggs laid by wild-caught females has formed the basis of work on the seasonal incidence of gambiae and melas adults in houses in different localities in and around Lagos.

In the area as a whole both melas and gambiae are abundant in most localities, but the greater part of Lagos town on Lagos Island is an almost pure gambiae area.

The sporozoite rate of gambiae—10·0 per cent.—is consistently much higher than that of melas—3·5 per cent.—in all catching stations. Fluctuations in sporozoite rate in relation to population density have been studied in both species.

The composition of the mosquito population in houses, and in outside resting places has been studied in relation to the movements of mosquitos into and out of houses. Melas makes use of outside resting places to about ten times the extent of gambiae.

In African village houses about 90 per cent. of the blood feeding by these two species takes place after midnight, the peak of activity being the hour or two before dawn.

An improved design of experimental hut and window trap is described. It has been used in studying the exodus of mosquitos from houses after feeding, and on experiments on host selection by Anopheles.

Swarms of male “gambiae” in nature have been described. In captivity both melas and gambiae have been persuaded to mate by using artificial light.

By cross fertilisation between melas and gambiae a generation of healthy hybrid adults can be obtained. Of these the females are evidently normal sexually, while most if not all of the males are sterile.

The breeding places of melas and gambiae in and around Lagos have been studied in relation to control. In this lagoon area, where conditions are very different from those of Freetown Estuary, melas breeds under a variety of conditions, and Avicennia mangrove is only of limited value in indicating major breeding grounds.
The Status of Dacus armatus Fabricius and of Dacus bivittatus (Bigot) (Trypetidae, Diptera)
Authors: Munro H. K.
Published: July 2009

A full consideration of the systematic position of Dacus armatus F. (the genotype of Dacus) and of Dacus bivittatus (Big.) is not attempted here, but it is necessary, owing to the economic importance of the latter, to clear up the confusion that has arisen between them. I am indebted to and thank Dr. A. J. Hesse, South African Museum, Capetown; Dr. John Smart, British Museum; Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, K.C.M.G., and Dr. F. van Emden, Imperial Institute of Entomology, and Dr. S. L.Tuxen, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, for help in unravelling the problem.
Notes on the Genus Pagria (Eumolpinae, Coleopt.)
Authors: Bryant G.E.
Published: July 2009

The genus Pagria, as will be seen from the following records, contains many injurious species feeding on various species of beans, etc. These have all been forwarded to the Imperial Institute of Entomology from time to time for identification :—
Biological Control of Diatraea mauriciella, Wlk., in Mauritius.—I. Investigations in Ceylon in 1939
Authors: Vinson J.
Published: July 2009

The Sugar Industry of Mauritius is suffering heavily from damage by stem-borers, especially the “Spotted Borer,” Diatraea mauriciella, Wlk. It has been estimated (Moutia, 1934) that this species alone is responsible for an average reduction of 15 per cent, in the field, per arpent, and that the loss in sugar averages 2-3 per cent., i.e. 16 per cent, of the sugar in cane. This means a gross loss of about 1£ million rupees per annum for the whole island, or a net loss of approximately 125,000 rupees.
Rearing Locusts in Captivity
Authors: Volkonsky Maria T.
Published: July 2009

While assisting my late husband, Dr. M.A. Volkonsky, in his work on locusts at Algiers, I accumulated considerable practical experience with regard to the technique of mass breeding of locusts in cages, as well as making some observations on their behaviour. The following notes do not pretend to be scientific, but they may be of interest and value to other workers.
The Viburnum Aphis, Aphis (Doralis) viburni, Scop.
Authors: Jones Margaret G.
Published: July 2009

1. The Viburnum aphis, Aphis (Doralis) viburni, Scop., is described and compared with two other species, A. fabae, Scop., and Ceruraphis eriophori, Wlk., also found on Viburnum opulus.

2. Transference experiments show that colonies can be established artificially on Euonymus europaeus and Rumex obtusifolius, but not on other common host plants of A. fabae.

3. The sexupara is apterous and produces mixed colonies, thus differing from A. fabae where an alate gynopara produces only oviparae, the males arising from an apterous mother on the summer host.
Some Pioneer Work on Protection against Body Lice by the Use of lasting Insecticides
Authors: Busvine J. R.
Published: July 2009

This paper describes part of an extensive programme of research on new methods of controlling body lice carried out during 1940–1942. The work was initiated by Professor P. A. Buxton, F.R.S., with whom the writer was privileged to collaborate, and financed by grants by the Medical Research Council. The results proved for the first time the possibility of continuous protection against body lice over a period of several weeks after treatment. To some extent, the materials and methods of achieving this have now been improved or superseded; but it has seemed worth putting on record some details of technique and the results for their scientific interest.
Descriptions of new Larvae and Pupae of Ethiopian Culicini
Authors: De Meillon Botha , Parent M. , Black L. O'C.
Published: July 2009

In the subgenus Mochthogenes, only the pupa of Culex (M.) inconspicuosus, Theo., has been described. Since one of us (M.P) has obtained the immature stages of all the known species, including C.(M.) castor, De M., we take advantage of this opportunity to give a key to the pupae. The pelts were all obtained from specimens bred in isolation at Yangambi, Belgian Congo, and the resulting adults identified by means of the male terminalia.
Physiological and Ecological Studies of the Species of Capnodis in Palestine (Col., Buprestidae). II.—Studies on the Larvae
Authors: Rivnay E.
Published: July 2009

(1) The methods of breeding larvae of Capnodis are described.

(2) A description of the larva and of its methods of locomotion is given.

(3) A study of the reaction of the larva to external stimuli is presented. It is pointed out that phototropic or geotropic reactions have no influence on the activity of the larva and that it is guided to its food through stereotactic and chemotropic reactions.

(4) The larva can detect roots or twigs from a distance of about 40 cm., and it can distinguish between the odour of various plants.

(5) Of various fruit trees, the odour of stone fruit was most attractive, and of these, almond comes first and apricots second.

(6) After the larva has located the root, and moulted, the sense of smell weakens gradually until it disappears. A comparative morphological examination of the antennae of neonate and mature larvae shows the olfactory organs are not present in the latter, while distinctly developed in the former.

(7) The larva feeds on the bark, tearing off minute particles, which it chews and finally discards.

(8) The tearing off of the fibres is facilitated by a fluid secreted from the mouth of the larva which softens the wood.

(9) Physiological tests show this fluid to contain a cellulose, a pectinase and an amylase.

(10) Development from hatching to pupation at 33° C. lasts about 60 days, at 27° C. about 100 days.

(11) From empiric data it is apparent that the threshold of development is about 18° C.

(12) From measurements and calculations according to the law of Dyar, the larva must moult at least nine times before pupating.

(13) The larvae resist temperatures above 42° C. for eight hours, but die after a few days in such temperatures.

(14) Practical considerations for the fruit grower based upon this study are presented.
Further Note on the Classification of the Diprionidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)
Authors: Benson Robert B.
Published: July 2009

When I was revising the genera of the DIPRIONIDAE (Benson,1939), the British Museum had very scanty material of Neodiprion other than of the sole Palaearctic representative of the genus, N. sertifer (Geoffr.). The few North American specimens of the genus, only five females belonging to five species and a few unnamed males, were all ancient specimens in poor condition and pinned so as to obscure the shape of the scutellum. I had therefore to supplement my knowledge of Nearctic Neodiprion by information kindly sent to me by the late Miss Grace Sandhouse, gleaned from specimens in the collections at Washington. Atwood and Peck (1943), in dealing with long series of Canadian Neodiprion, have since found that the shape of the scutellum, as defined in my paper, is rather difficult to interpret and is liable to considerable individual variation.
Experiments with DDT in Solutions and Emulsions against Mosquito Larvae in West Africa
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: July 2009

(a) Small field experiments (not attempts at control) are described with DDT in emulsion and in solution in mineral oils, 5 per cent, pure DDT in each material. These were tested on mosquito larvae (mainly A. funestus) under conditions that provided good opportunities for repetition and measurement of dose per unit area. Considerable day to day fluctuations were observed in numbers of larvae obtained by dipping, before the insecticide was applied.

(b) Preliminary work showed that kerosene, or dieseline without DDT, were not larvicidal in doses up to 0·5 cc./sq. yard. The dose of oil that was harmful was not determined.

(c) It is clear that DDT, either in oil or as an emulsion, is a very effective larvicide, as is well known from work (mostly unpublished) in many parts of the world.

(d) One may compare the effectiveness of DDT as an emulsion (Mixture A) and in solution in dieseline, as follows:—

It is clear that, under these rather precise conditions of testing, the dieseline solution is more effective than the emulsion both in the minimum amount required to kill, and in lasting effect.

(e) Field tests seem to indicate that DDT dissolves from oil into water, so as to make a larvicidal solution, at least when the water is shallow.

(f) Even if one puts down a relatively high dose (say 0·10 cc. of 5 per cent. DDT per sq. yard, at least ten times the quantity that will kill all larvae) the effect passes off in a few days, even on stagnant waters. It is not known what happens to the DDT, and difficult to know why it disappears.

(g) A heavy dose of DDT (0·50 cc. as above) gives a period of complete kill, followed by a period of partial irregular control. This was more often observed with solutions of DDT than with emulsions and might last as much as four weeks. No explanation of this irregular effect is put forward. It seems most difficult to understand how an insecticide, applied over an area of only a few square yards, can continue to kill some but not all larvae for a period of weeks.

(h) Except in one experiment, in which emulsion destroyed small fish, there was no evidence that creatures which prey on mosquito larvae were destroyed. There was no reason for thinking that after the population of mosquito larvae got back to normal it rose to exceptionally high figures (as it might have, had the predators been decimated).
Moonlight and house-haunting Habits of female Anophelines in West Africa
Authors: Ribbands C. R.
Published: July 2009

1. 97 per cent, of the ♀ A. gambiae, A. funestus and A. melas remained until after dawn in the huts in which they had fed.

2. ♀ A. melas seldom left suitable huts in the daytime.

3. There was a high positive correlation between the time at which ♀ A. funestus entered huts and the time of moonlight. The maximum correlation coefficient was between the size of the catch at 8 p.m. and the duration of moonlight after this period, and its value was –0·783±0·068.

4. During moonless periods, the flighting of ♀ A. funestus was partially inhibited, and when the moon came out, the waiting mosquitos entered the huts in greatest numbers. The average proportion caught when the moon rose during catching periods ending 10 p.m., midnight and 7 a.m. was approximately 50 per cent., 100 per cent. and 400 per cent. greater, respectively, than the proportion caught during these periods on moonless nights. On moonless nights many mosquitos waited until twilight of the following evening before entering the huts, and in consequence the average proportion caught in the period ending 8 p.m. was six times greater on moonless nights than on the nights after full moon.

5. The records for ♀ A. melas are less complete, and the correlation coefficient for the relation between time of entry and time of moonlight has the value 0·421±0·184, a result which is barely significant. In view of the highly significant correlations found in the case of A. funestus it is unlikely that this correlation is fortuitous.

6. The average rate of entry of ♀ A. funestus throughout one complete lunar cycle at Krabonekrom, Gold Coast, was 27 per cent. before 8 p.m., 22 between 8 p.m. and 10 p.m., 21 between 10 p.m. and midnight and 30 after midnight. The similar rates for A. gambiae (based on very few records), were 10, 20, 30 and 40 per cent. respectively. Comparable rates for A. melas in Sierra Leone are not available, but at least 45 per cent. entered before 10 p.m. (= 11 p.m. Gold Coast time).

7. The essential difference between the behaviour of ♀ A. funestus and that of A. gambiae is that the former flight earlier than the latter. A. funestus also seem to be more active at dawn, so that they are more crepuscular in their habits than A. gambiae.

8. 58 per cent, of the Anophelines caught at 8 p.m. were unfed. This indicates that early entrants usually rest after entry and before feeding, and average time of biting is later than average time of entry. Gravid or half-gravid mosquitos and those containing partly-digested blood, did not enter the huts; there was evidence that Anophelines usually became fully gorged at one feed. Of the Anophelines caught in huts after dawn 95 per cent, were fully fed.
Notes on the SubgenusCoquillettidiaDyar (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Gillett J. D.
Published: July 2009

Notes are recorded on some of the habits of members of the subgenusCoquillettidiaof the genusTaeniorhynchus, with an account of catching and rearing methods employed. Fourth-stage larvae of eight different species have been caught and successfully reared to the adult stage, four of these for the first time. One new species is included in the list.

Keys are given for larvae and pupae, together with full descriptions of the larvae and pupae of the eight species dealt with.

Errors in the previous descriptions ofT. auritesandmicroannulatusare pointed out.
Laboratory Studies on the Bionomics of the Rat Fleas,Xenopsylla brasiliensis, Baker, andX. cheopis, Roths
Authors: Edney E. B.
Published: July 2009

1. The original purpose of the present work was to confirm a previous finding that, in unfed adultXenopsylla, longevity varies according to the humidity during the cocoon period, and to find whether this is due to differential loss of water during the prepupal period. The previous finding has been confirmed, but the cause is shown to lie in loss of water during the pupal and not the prepupal period.

2. Prepupae are shown to gain in weight by the absorption of water vapour from the air if kept at 24°C. and any relative humidity from 50–90 per cent. If kept below 45 per cent. R.H. they rapidly dry and fail to pupate.

3. During this period (about three and a half days from cocoon spinning to pupation at 24°C.) the dry weight decreases by about 2 per cent, of the original total weight, and the total weight increases by from 4–29 per cent., with a mean of 14 per cent.

4. The amount of water absorbed is independent of relative humidity within the range 50–90 per cent., and is approximately equal to the increase in total weight.

5. The critical relative humidity, below which the insects die and above which they absorb water, is shown to be substantially the same (from 45 to 50 per cent. R.H.) at 12°, 24° and 35°C.

6. After pupation the insects begin to lose water and continue to do so throughout the period. The rate of loss increases with decreasing humidity, though the effect of humidity is not very great.

7. Adults emerging from pupae kept at higher humidities weigh more, have higher percentage water contents, and live longer without food, than those emerging from pupae kept at lower humidities.

8. The results are discussed in the light of previous work, and suggestions as to the mechanism of the process of absorption of water are made.
The Development of a Helicopter Spraying Machine
Authors: Ripper W. E. , Tudor P.
Published: July 2009

Experiments were carried out to study the possibilities of using ground or crop interference with the spray laden slip-stream of a helicopter flying slowly in the ground cushion to obtain a high dynamic catch of spray droplets. Experiments were carried out in 1945 and 1946 with a Sikorski type Y.R.4.B. helicopter and experimental spraying gear designed for the purpose.

The forward portion of the slip-stream annulus was explored by means of spraybars placed in three different positions. The position in the sector between angles of 15° and 45° with the direction of forward flying was found to give the best all-round cover and was the position in which the spray deposit was less influenced by alterations in the control-surfaces of the helicopter.

To obtain a fairly wide swathe of approximately 70 ft., the equivalent of two rotor diameters, the forward speed of 6–8 m.p.h. was found to be optimal, and it was observed that not only was good cover of the upper surfaces of the leaves obtained but the spray-laden slip-stream also gave a good cover of the vertical surfaces of the plants outside the rotary periphery and, in certain boom positions, descended and in rebounding produced a cover of the lower surfaces.

In order to obtain maximum dynamic catch and a good cover of the lower surfaces of leaves, spray-bars must not be more than 6 ft. above ground.

Helicopter spraying is wind dependent and in wind velocities above 12 m.p.h. uniform cover of spray deposit does not appear to be feasible.

The performance of the flattened out slip-stream and rebound depends on the type of crop, and as this affects the dynamic catch to a considerable degree, this phenomenon will be the subject of a special investigation.

The forward portion of the slip-stream was found to give a more even spray deposit than the aft portion because in the latter case vortices are caused by the rotor blades which affect the spray deposit.

In view of its limitations as regards speed and dependence on wind velocity, economic application of spray chemicals by helicopter at a degree of efficiency and workmanship equal to that of ground machines is only possible with a heavy load-carrying helicopter. A specification for such a machine has been issued to the manufacturers of rotory wing aircraft.

It is hoped that this report will be followed by a report on the performance data of the new spraying apparatus designed for the Sikorski S.51 which is based on the results of these investigations.
Classification of the Old World Species of the Subfamily Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae)
Authors: Theodor Oskar
Published: July 2009

The genus Phlebotomus has been much studied in recent years since the transmission of various diseases by some species has been established.It has now become a matter of importance to be able to identify species accurately in connection with the study of the epidemiology of the disease they are known or thought to transmit. It has been found that those which are closely related morphologically, often show marked biological differences and vary considerably in their rôle as transmitters of certain diseases.
Laboratory Experiments on the Effect Of DDT and BHC on certain aphidophagous Insects and their Hosts
Authors: Way M. J.
Published: July 2009

Experiments were carried out during 1945 and 1946 to determine the effect of insecticides, particularly DDT and BHC, on certain species of Syrphids and Coccinellids. In addition, some preliminary data was obtained on toxicity to parasitic Hymenoptera and a predatory Cecidomyiid species.

In some experiments other insecticides were used for comparative purposes and where possible data were obtained on the effect of the insecticide not only on the predator but also on the host and the host-predator relationship.
Recent Work on Mercury as an Insecticide against Insect Pests of Stored Grain
Authors: Nasir M. Maqsud
Published: July 2009

A review of the work carried out on mercury as a preservative against stored grain pests is given.

The influence of the duration of exposure to mercury vapour upon eggs of different stages of development is discussed.

Temperature and humidity within ordinary limits do not affect the efficiency of mercury.

Under airtight conditions this preservative is effective within a radius of three feet in receptables with or without grain.

Paper strips coated with mercury cannot be recommended for grain stored in bags and kept in piles because pressure and weight of the grain, or even shaking, will cause the mercury to be expelled from the strips.

Mercury dispersed in chalk cannot be used for grain destined for consumption. It is, however, quite suitable for preserving grain for seed.

Plastering the walls with mercury paste or afflxing slabs to the walls of godowns is not effective owing to the limited range of mercury vapour.

Application of mercury in various types of receptacles is discussed and advocated. Fumigation with mercury does not seem to be practicable.
The Control of Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newstead in Kenya Colony
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: July 2009

Of the various methods for the eradication of G. palpalis that have been tried in Kenya, hand-catching has the most limited application.

Total and discriminative bush-clearings of the river banks have been used on a considerable scale and progress on the Yala, Magori, and Nyando rivers is reviewed. The decrease in fly-populations caused by these clearings is gradual, but complete eradication may be achieved. Maintenance of the clearings is however difficult, the initial cost varied from £200 to £300 per mile and labour was often difficult to obtain in sufficient numbers.

The use of 5 per cent. DDT sprays on the fringing vegetation along 20 miles of the Mbogo river gave dramatic results and G. palpalis was eradicated at a cost of £42 per mile. The rate of application was 15 to 20 lbs. of DDT per acre and the residual effect lasted for at least 14 days during dry weather, but was rapidly lost during the rains.

Spraying along the Ainamotua gave equally promising results.

Areas under treatment, either by hand-catching, bush-clearing or spraying with DDT, must be properly isolated from other tsetse-infested areas if quick results are to be achieved.
Three new Moths (Agrotidae, Pyralidae) of Economic Importance
Authors: Tams W. H. T.
Published: July 2009

The material here described has been received by the Imperial Institute of Entomology, and I am indebted to Sir Guy Marshall for the opportunity of studying it. The types have been presented to the British Museum (Natural History).
On the Ecology of the Citrus Red Spiders in Palestine
Authors: Klein H. Z.
Published: July 2009

On the basis of ecological data, breeding experiments, and activity trials, the two species of red spiders (Anychus orientalis, Zacher and Epitetranychus althaeae, Hanst.) found in Palestine are differentiated. The reason for the different distribution of the two species throughout the world is explained. The common red species is found to be a cosmopolitan, the Oriental red spider a subtropical element.
An improved Method for testing Liquid Contact Insecticides in the Laboratory
Authors: Craufurd-Benson H. J.
Published: July 2009

1. Methods for laboratory testing of contact insecticides are reviewed, and some of the disadvantages of these methods are discussed. Reasons are given for preferring an immersion to a spraying method, and the necessity for a supply of “ standardised ” insects is stressed.

2. An improved immersion method for laboratory testing of contact insecticides is described, and the rigid technique necessary is detailed.

3. The effect on the resistance ofAhasverus advenato a derris insecticide of varying the time of immersion, the age of the insects, the temperature and the humidity before, during, and after immersion is illustrated and shows the necessity of controlling all these factors.

4. Results with a standard derris insecticide are given to show the great accuracy that can be obtained by the new method ; that the same result with the same insecticide can be repeated from day to day; and that two workers using the same insecticide have obtained identical results.

5. The reaction to starvation is correlated with variations in age, temperature, and humidity, to show that the starvation death rate is a measure of the insects' powers of resistance to an insecticide.

6. Statistical analysis and discussion of methods of expressing mortality is reserved for a later communication.
The Effects of High Temperature on the common Clothes Moth,Tineola bisselliella(Humm.)
Authors: Rawle Sylvia G.
Published: July 2009

All stages ofTineola bisselliellawere subjected to temperatures between 30°C. and 43°C. for periods varying between a few hours and a number of days.

Although humidity was not an important factor, it was controlled at 70 per cent., and various other humidities were used at some of the lower temperatures.

Complete mortality occurred at relatively low temperatures, 41°C. for four hours being lethal to all stages of the insect.

The eggs appear to be the most resistant stage. Some are able to hatch at 35°C. and some to survive exposure of four hours at 40°C.

Development through the entire life-cycle is possible at 33°C.
Further Observations on the Extermination of Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newstead by Hand-catching
Authors: Glasgow J. P. , Duffy B. J.
Published: July 2009

A block of a mile and a half of riverine forest on the Kuja River was separated from other riverine bush by clearings of 2 and 3 miles. Clearing costs are recorded.

An attempt was made to exterminate G. palpalis in the block by hand-catching. This failed, because the clearings did not exclude immigrant G. palpalis.

More G. palpalis could be caught from boats on the river than from paths beside the river.

Two attempts were made to prevent G. palpalis from crossing the clearings :—

(a) by stretching hessian screens treated with DDT right across the river.

(b) by placing large numbers of DDT treated “ trap-screens ” in the clearings. Neither had a decisive effect.

No evidence was found to indicate that hand-catching would not work in a completely isolated block, but it appears to be quite impracticable to isolate a block of G. palpalis bush on a permanent river.
Studies on the Responses of the FemaleAëdesMosquito. Part I.—The Search for Attractant Vapours
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Sarkaria D. S. , Thompson R. P.
Published: July 2009

The question of the attractancy of water-vapour, carbon dioxide and candidate attractant compounds was investigated by the use of an olfactometer emitting freely into a 360-cu. ft. cage filled with female adultAëdes aegypti. Moist air (85 per cent. R.H.) was found to attract 3–5 times as many mosquitos as dry air (15 per cent. R.H.). A moistened billiard-ball was found to attract about seven times as many mosquitos as a dry one, the result being similar whether black or white balls were used. The attractancy was reduced and even reversed at very high room humidities.

The addition of 10 per cent. CO2to a dry air stream approximately doubled its ability to bring mosquitos within 0·5 inches of the olfactometer port. Its addition to a moist air-stream did not significantly increase its attractancy. Pure CO2vapour proved to be no more attractive than dry air, and several times less attractive than moist air.

A number of chemical compounds found in body exudations, and some housefly attractants, were tested in the olfactometer for their effect onAëdesadults. None were consistently attractive, and many were significantly repellent. However, sweat itself proved significantly attractive at a low vapour concentration, while significantly repellent at a high concentration.
The recorded Distribution of the Tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille)
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: July 2009

Information about the recorded distribution of the tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr.) was accumulated in the same way as that gathered and mapped by Buxton (1941) for certain fleas. The search of the literature which was begun by Miss Benzian was continued by me to January, 1949. Besides the examination of original papers the following were consulted : Review of Applied Entomology, Series B, Tropical Diseases Bulletin and Zoological Record.
Experiments on the Use of DDT for preventing Bed-bug Infestation of new Houses
Authors: Busvine J. R. , Wilson N. F.
Published: July 2009

An experiment on a semi-practical scale was made to determine the effectiveness of DDT treatment to a new house, in quelling an infestation of bed-bugs introduced with untreated furniture. Two small huts were constructed, one being finally treated with DDT, the other acting as a control. Rabbits introduced nightly represented the hosts and infested rabbit-hutches the furniture.

Forty adult bugs were introduced on the infested hutches in each hut. In the untreated chamber, the bug population soared up to over 400 in six months. In the treated hut the population remained at 10 to 20 up to the end of the experiment (28 weeks) ; these bugs remained in the untreated hutch. Translating these results to practical conditions, it appears that a bug colony might persist in an untreated bed in a room sprayed with DDT. However, the wandering bugs would be destroyed which would severely check population growth and prevent a heavy and widespread infestation.

Observations in the untreated hut indicated the decline of the first generation adults, the rise and decline of the second generation and emergence of the third.

A few preliminary tests with marked bugs proved that these insects do not usually return to the same site after going to the host to take a meal.
Tomato Gall Mites from Morocco
Authors: Lamb K. P.
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of the tomato erineum mite, Aceria lycopersici, and the tomato russet mite, Vasates lycopersici, in Morocco, from which country the latter species is recorded for the first time.

A. cladophthirus is shown to be a synonym of A. lycopersici.

These two mites are almost world-wide in distribution and probably occur in most countries where tomatos are grown, but A. lycopersici has not been recorded from Australia or New Zealand.
Trees as Habitats of the Fowl Tick, Argas persicus (Oken)
Authors: Abdussalam M. , Sarwar M. M.
Published: July 2009

All stages of Argas persicus were found in crevices in the bark of 49 of 266 trees belonging to 16 species in West Pakistan. These trees had not been used as roosts by domestic birds. The infestation seemed to be restricted to those trees used by vultures (Pseudogyps bengalensis) or herons (Ardea cinerea) for nesting or roosting. Several of the ticks collected contained recently sucked avian blood in the gut but intramuscular injection of crushed material from the ticks into a hen produced no blood infection.

Infested trees may be important as sources of the pest near poultry farms and chicken houses.
The Effect of the Age and Stage of Development of Insect Eggs on their Resistance to Insecticides
Authors: Salkeld E. H. , Potter C.
Published: July 2009

Laboratory spraying experiments were carried out with DDT, allethrin, the triethanolamine salt of 3:5 dinitrocresol (TDNOC) and HETP against eggs of different ages ofDiataraxia oleracea(Lepidoptera) and with allethrin, HETP and TDNOC against eggs of different ages ofEphestia kühniella(Lepidoptera) andDysdercus fasciatus(Hemiptera) under controlled temperature and humidity conditions.
Lipid consumption inIxodes ricinus(Acari: Ixodidae): temperature and potential longevity
Authors: van Es R.P. , Hillerton J.E. , Gettinby G.
Published: July 2009

The effect of temperature on the rate of consumption of the lipid reserves inIxodes ricinusLinnaeus was characterized in constant temperature experiments. There was a consistent linear relationship between temperature and lipid consumption in nymphs and adult females and males between 5 and 37°C. Nymphs and adults were able to withstand extended periods of exposure to temperatures within the range of 2–37°C, although at 2°C there was evidence of thermal stress. The variance about the median rate of lipid consumption was found to increase with increasing rate of lipid consumption. Predictions of longevity were made using the rates of lipid consumption for the three stages studied, which ranged from 16 weeks to more than two years depending on temperature and stage. The predictions were consistent with reported survival times forI. ricinusand followed patterns reported for other ixodid ticks.
On African Sandflies.—III
Authors: Theodor Oskar
Published: July 2009

The following paper deals with collections of sandflies made by Professor P. A. Buxton in Nigeria, and by the late Professor J. G. Thomson in Nyasaland, and collections sent by Sir Guy Marshall, Director of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, and by Dr. F. W. Edwards of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), for identification.
Ueber die Wanderheuschrecke in Rumänien
Authors: Knechtel Von Wilhelm K.
Published: July 2009

Die Wanderheuschrecke (Locusta migratoria, L.), in früheren Jahren in Rumänian einst eine der gefürchtetsten Plagen, ist heute meist auf das Donaudelta beschränkt ; sehr selten sind Jahre, wo der Massenwechsel in dem Masse sich gestaltet, dass sie das Gebiet auf weitere Strecken verlässt.
The Distribution of the European Spruce Sawfly, Diprion polytomum (Htg.) in the Scandinavian and Eastern Baltic Countries
Authors: Sellers Wendell F.
Published: July 2009

Since 1930 the European spruce sawfly (Diprion polytomum) has caused severe damage in eastern Canada and is a meance to the spruce woodlands in the northeastern part of the United States. In 1938 under a cooperative arrangement with the Division of Entomology, Canadian Department of Agriculture, and the Farnham House Laboratory, Imperial Institute of Entomology, England, which were to continue their collecting in the central European area for the recovery of natural enemies, the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, United States Department of Agriculture, made a survey of the Scandinavian and eastern Baltic countries to extend the knowledge of the distribution of the sawfly ; to discover, if possible, better or equally as good collecting grounds, where new species of parasites might be found ; and to obtain additional information regarding the better known species of parasites. The most favourable habitats of the sawfly are found in the one-generation areas under conditions which provided a maximum of sun-heat, moisture, and shelter, near to the upper limits of spruce growth. The least favourable habitats are the drier, less humid places, especially in the two-generation areas. The sawfly was found everywhere on spruce, from the German-Danish border in Denmark and in southern Norway to the northernmost spruce forests of Sweden, and from far above the Arctic Circle in Finland southward through the eastern Baltic countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The range of distribution covered in this survey was from approximately latitude 55° in Denmark and Lithuania to latitude 68° 45′ in Finland. This includes most of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Fennoskandia, and the eastern Baltic countries. Spruce comprised from 25 to 40 per cent. of the productive forest land of this large area. Large collections of the European spruce sawfly were made in Sweden and Finland for the Canadian Division of Entomology.
New Species of Podagrica (Halticinae, Coleoptera) from Africa
Authors: Bryant G. E.
Published: July 2009

The genus Podagrica occurs in very large numbers in Africa, both as regards species and specimens, and from the records we already have, at least twelve are recorded as doing damage to cotton, Hibiscus and other plants. A list of these is given and also a list of described African species, there being at present no up-to-date catalogue of the Halticinae.

Weise, in Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, 26, 1886, p. 681, sinks the genus Nisotra, Baly, 1864, to Podagrica, Foudras, 1860, quite rightly. There are already 39 described African species, to which I now add eight new ones. There can be no doubt that the whole genus will prove to be destructive to various crops. It ranges from Europe to Australia, but does not occur in North or South America. The species are very difficult to define, almost as much so as the genus Haltica ; the species having the prothorax fulvous and the elytra blue form the largest group ; another group is entirely flavous or fulvous, and a third small group has spots or slight markings.
A Preliminary Study of the Glossina pallidipes Austen Population at Makueni, Kenya
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: July 2009

The Makueni fly belt is chiefly infested with Glossina pallidipes Aust. and lies between 4,000 and 2,600 feet above sea level. The climate is hot and dry with two wet and two dry seasons, annually. The dry period during January and February is hot with bright sunlight while during the June to September dry period the temperatures are lower and with dull cloudy periods. The vegetation is Acacia-Commiphora dry grassland association with the Commiphora especially predominating at the lower altitudes in the east. The non-riverine deciduous bushland and thickets show two leafless periods in the year, corresponding with the dry seasons. A system of regular fly patrols has been in operation in this area since January 1949. The total flies caught show a regular seasonal increase during February-March each year and less regular and smaller increases during June-July and October-November. The same seasonal increases in the fly-populations are shown by the average number of old male flies caught per patrol.

Flies caught during 1951 were fewer than in 1950 in the settled areas and at Thwake camp, but at Kikumeni in the dense Commiphora-Acacia thickets the catches in 1951 were at least as numerous as in 1950.
Final Results of an Experiment on the Control of Onchocerciasis by Eradication of the Vector
Authors: Garnham P. C. C. , McMahon J. P.
Published: July 2009

1. Disappearance of Simulium neavei after DDT-treatment of rivers in Kodera, Kenya, is still manifest after seven years, and the species seems to have been eradicated from the district.

2. Skin microfilaria rates have dropped from something under 7 per cent. to nil in the under 4 years age group; from 37 to 5 per cent. or less in the 4–8 years; and from 70 per cent. to 50 per cent. in adults.

3. The length of life of the adult worm can be at least seven years.
Ingestion of sugar, protein and water by adultLucilia cuprina(Wied.) (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Roberts J. A. , Kitching R. L.
Published: July 2009

The food and water requirements of adults of the blowflyLucilia cuprina(Wied.), singly or in groups of ten, were recorded under laboratory conditions from the intake of water and of sucrose and bovine serum albumin plus liver extract, either in solution or in dry form. Water intake by both male and female flies is negligible when sucrose solution is available. When fed sucrose females live 18–19 days as opposed to 4–5 days on water alone. Intake of sucrose solution increases in both male and female flies when protein is also available. Protein is ingested from the day of emergence by both sexes of the blowfly. A peak of protein intake occurs early in each ovarian cycle of the female. The amount of protein feeding by females remains the same and appears independent of the sucrose concentration; carbohydrate uptake is inversely related to that of protein. In males protein intake declines steadily after an earlier lower peak. Knowledge of the dietary requirements of the blowfly, related to nutritional and reproductive demands, has allowed recognition of a series of behavioural phases in adult life.
Field studies of the female sex pheromone of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in Cyprus
Authors: Campion D. G. , Bettany B. W. , Nesbitt Brenda F. , Beevor P. S. , Lester R. , Poppi R. G.
Published: July 2009

The four components of the synthesised sex pheromone of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) are tetradecan-1-yl acetate (I); cis-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (IIA); trans-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (IIB); and cis-9, trans-11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (III). Dissolved in hexane they were dispensed in small polythene containers either singly or in combination over water-trough (WT) traps located in the potato-growing region of south-east Cyprus. Only III was necessary to attract male moths. Increased loadings of III resulted in an increased catch during the 20-day test periods; at a loading of 500 μg per dispenser the material was attractive for approximately 20 days, and at 5000 μg for up to 40 days. IIA combined with III in WT traps or with virgin females in the vane traps markedly reduced the catch of male moths. The level of inhibition induced by IIA on the attraction of female moths was related to the loading of this substance in the dispensers. An inhibitory effect on the attraction of female moths in vane traps was also shown for cis-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, although this substance was less active compared with IIA at the same loading. No marked attraction or inhibition was shown for I or IIB, neither was any synergistic action demonstrated for these substances when in combination with III. When 200 polythene dispensers each containing 500 μg of III were evenly distributed throughout a potato field of 2000 m2 during the test period of 19 days virtually no males were caught in a trap baited with virgin females located in the centre of the field. Using only 100 point sources of III at twice the loading, only a slight reduction in catch compared with control catches was noted.
Experiments in the Use of Insecticides for the Protection of Grain in Storage
Authors: Le Pelley R. , Kockum S.
Published: July 2009

Five experiments in the use of insecticides against Calandra oryzae (L.) in stored maize are described. The results with statistical analysis and deductions are given. The insecticides used were BHC, DDT, pyrethrum, pyrethrin-piperonyl butoxide mixtures; the diluting dusts used were a local diatomite, a local bentonitic clay, and a local soapstone.

Among the chief conclusions are the following:—

The insect damage in conditioned grain did not reach, throughout an eight-month period, the high level which it did in unconditioned grain, the conditioning process alone therefore is a valuable treatment for insect control.

Bentonite alone is not a protectant and its addition to grain may on the contrary provide a more favourable environment for Calandra.

A Kenya soapstone (from Kisii) is not an effective protectant but had some effect in reducing Calandra populations over the period when an initial increase was occurring in control bags.

Kenya diatomite is a protectant. It reduces the percentage of grain damaged, but when used in bagged grain this is not proved to be due solely to intrinsic toxicity, but may in fact be due chiefly to the slippery nature of the material inhibiting insect distribution through the bulk of grain.

Gamma BHC at 1 p.p.m. is completely effective for 16 months.

Gamma BHC at 0.5 p.p.m. has some protectant effect but is not fully effective.

DDT at 7 p.p.m. has not a protectant effect.