bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen sulfide alleviates hyperhomocysteinemia-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy via mitigation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress injury
Authors: Majumder Avisek , Singh Mahavir , Behera Jyotirmaya , Theilen Nicholas T. , George Akash K. , Tyagi Neetu , Metreveli Naira , Tyagi Suresh C
Published: August 2018

Although hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) occurs because of the deficiency in cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) causing skeletal muscle dysfunction, it is still unclear whether this effect is mediated through oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, or both. Nevertheless, there is no treatment option available to improve HHcy-mediated muscle injury. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an antioxidant compound, and patients with CBS mutation do not produce H2S. In this study, we hypothesized that H2S mitigates HHcy-induced redox imbalance/ER stress during skeletal muscle atrophy via JNK phosphorylation. We used CBS+/− mice to study HHcy-mediated muscle atrophy, and treated them with sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS; an H2S donor). Proteins and mRNAs were examined by Western blots and quantitative PCR. Proinflammatory cytokines were also measured. Muscle mass and strength were studied via fatigue susceptibility test. Our data revealed that HHcy was detrimental to skeletal mass, particularly gastrocnemius and quadriceps muscle weight. We noticed that oxidative stress was reversed by NaHS in homocysteine (Hcy)-treated C2C12 cells. Interestingly, ER stress markers (GRP78, ATF6, pIRE1α, and pJNK) were elevated in vivo and in vitro, and NaHS mitigated these effects. Additionally, we observed that JNK phosphorylation was upregulated in C2C12 after Hcy treatment, but NaHS could not reduce this effect. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α were higher in plasma from CBS as compared with wild-type mice. FOXO1-mediated Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 upregulation were attenuated by NaHS. Functional studies revealed that NaHS administration improved muscle fatigability in CBS+/− mice. In conclusion, our work provides evidence that NaHS is beneficial in mitigating HHcy-mediated skeletal injury incited by oxidative/ER stress responses.
Refixation control in free viewing: a specialized mechanism divulged by eye-movement-related brain activity
Authors: Nikolaev Andrey R. , Meghanathan Radha Nila , van Leeuwen Cees
Published: August 2018

In free viewing, the eyes return to previously visited locations rather frequently, even though the attentional and memory-related processes controlling eye-movement show a strong antirefixation bias. To overcome this bias, a special refixation triggering mechanism may have to be recruited. We probed the neural evidence for such a mechanism by combining eye tracking with EEG recording. A distinctive signal associated with refixation planning was observed in the EEG during the presaccadic interval: the presaccadic potential was reduced in amplitude before a refixation compared with normal fixations. The result offers direct evidence for a special refixation mechanism that operates in the saccade planning stage of eye movement control. Once the eyes have landed on the revisited location, acquisition of visual information proceeds indistinguishably from ordinary fixations.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY A substantial proportion of eye fixations in human natural viewing behavior are revisits of recently visited locations, i.e., refixations. Our recently developed methods enabled us to study refixations in a free viewing visual search task, using combined eye movement and EEG recording. We identified in the EEG a distinctive refixation-related signal, signifying a control mechanism specific to refixations as opposed to ordinary eye fixations.
Pyramidal cell activity levels affect the polarity of activity-induced gene transcription changes in interneurons
Authors: Parrish R. Ryley , Codadu Neela K. , Racca Claudia , Trevelyan Andrew J.
Published: August 2018

Changes in gene expression are an important mechanism by which activity levels are regulated in the nervous system. It is not known, however, how network activity influences gene expression in interneurons; since they themselves provide negative feedback in the form of synaptic inhibition, there exists a potential conflict between their cellular homeostatic tendencies and those of the network. We present a means of examining this issue, utilizing simple in vitro models showing different patterns of intense network activity. We found that the degree of concurrent pyramidal activation changed the polarity of the induced gene transcription. When pyramidal cells were quiescent, interneuronal activation led to an upregulation of glutamate decarboxylase 1 ( GAD1) and parvalbumin ( Pvalb) gene transcriptions, mediated by activation of the Ras/extracellular signal-related kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/ERK MAPK) pathway. In contrast, coactivation of pyramidal cells led to an ionotropic glutamate receptor N-methyl-d-aspartate 2B-dependent decrease in transcription. Our results demonstrate a hitherto unrecognized complexity in how activity-dependent gene expression changes are manifest in cortical networks.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate a novel feedback mechanism in cortical networks, by which glutamatergic drive, mediated through the Ras/ERK MAPK pathway, regulates gene transcription in interneurons. Using a unique feature of certain in vitro epilepsy models, we show that without this glutamatergic feedback, intense activation of interneurons causes parvalbumin and glutamate decarboxylase 1 mRNA expression to increase. If, on the other hand, pyramidal cells are coactivated with interneurons, this leads to a downregulation of these genes.
The Effect of Intraradicular Multiple Fiber and Cast Posts on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth with Wide Root Canals
Authors: Haralur Satheesh B. , Al Ahmari Maram Awdah , AlQarni Safeyah Abdurrahman , Althobati Mashael Khaled
Published: August 2018

Introduction. The endodontically treated teeth (ETT) with thin remaining radicular dentin thickness are predisposed to fracture; hence it requires the diligent selection and the execution of endodontic post treatment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the reinforcing effect of both multiple fiber reinforced composite (FRC) and Ni-Cr cast metal posts at anterior and posterior regions. Material and Methods. Forty recently extracted root canal treated canine and single rooted premolar teeth were used for the study. They were randomly divided into four groups (n=10) as: Group 1, single FRC post; Group 2, multiple FRC posts; Group 3, single Ni-Cr metal post, Group 4, multiple Ni-Cr posts. The posts were cemented with self-adhesive resin cement and subsequently restored with full veneer metal crown. The compressive static load at 1300 for canine and 450 for premolar was applied with the cross-head speed of 0.5mm/minute until the fracture. The obtained data was analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Pairwise comparison tests with SPSS. Results. The results indicate that multiple FRC post restored canine had the maximum fracture load (1843.80±7.13 N), followed by cast multiple posts (1648.99±26.84 N), single fiber post (1623±40.31 N), and cast metal single post (1493±27.33 N). A similar trend was observed in premolar with higher max fracture load with multiple FRC posts at 1920.86±20.61 N and multiple cast metal posts at 1735.43±6.05 N. Conclusion. The restoration of ETT with larger canals by multiple FRC and metal posts provides substantially higher fracture resistance in comparison to wider single post.
Highway Project Value of Money Assessment under PPP Mode and Its Application
Authors: Hu Xiaowei , Han Juan
Published: August 2018

The application of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode in transportation infrastructure construction has achieved more progress worldwide; now this mode has been adopted in highway projects of China from 2015. In the application of PPP mode, there are three main facts in China, which include whether the government is responsible for land acquisition and resettlement (LAR), the discount rate changes, and the replacement of business tax by value-added tax (VAT) in 2016. So this paper discusses Value for Money (VFM) quantitative assessment of highway projects under PPP mode in China, which considers currently three actual issues in China. A case study of Heda freeway in China has shown that (1) the government’s responsibility for LAR compensation may attract social capital investor and reduce the risk of social instability, (2) a reasonable range of a low discount rate can greatly reduce government expenditure, and (3) the replacement of business tax by VAT will increase the highway project company’s burden. The research results will be helpful for value of money assessment of highway projects under PPP mode in China and may offer the reference for other countries’ highway projects under PPP mode.
Qualitative and Sensitivity Analysis of the Effect of Electronic Cigarettes on Smoking Cessation
Authors: Jung Jae Hun , Park Anna , Jung Il Hyo
Published: August 2018

Recently, the role of the electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in a way to reduce smoking is increasing. E-cigarettes are a device that delivers only the nicotine, and its use is considered less harmful to health compared with tobacco cigarettes. Smokers frequently make use of e-cigarettes as one of the nonsmoking aid devices. In this work, we propose a mathematical model to analyze the effect of e-cigarettes on smoking cessation. The stability and the bifurcation of the model have been discussed. The parameter estimations from the observed data are drawn, and using the parameters, a reasonable smoking model has been designed. Moreover, by considering the sensitivity results depending on the basic reproduction numberR0, the effective strategies that reduce the smokers are investigated. Numerical simulations of the model show that e-cigarettes may somewhat diminish the numbers of smokers, but it does not reduce the number of quitters ultimately.
Small-Molecule Modulation of Lipid-Dependent Cellular Processes against Cancer: Fats on the Gunpoint
Authors: Srivatsav Aswin T. , Mishra Manjari , Kapoor Shobhna
Published: August 2018

Lipid cell membrane composed of various distinct lipids and proteins act as a platform to assemble various signaling complexes regulating innumerous cellular processes which are strongly downregulated or altered in cancer cells emphasizing the still-underestimated critical function of lipid biomolecules in cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we outline the current understanding of how membrane lipids act as signaling hot spots by generating distinct membrane microdomains called rafts to initiate various cellular processes and their modulation in cancer phenotypes. We elucidate tangible drug targets and pathways all amenable to small-molecule perturbation. Ranging from targeting membrane rafts organization/reorganization to rewiring lipid metabolism and lipid sorting in cancer, the work summarized here represents critical intervention points being attempted for lipid-based anticancer therapy and future directions.
Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation for Preeclampsia-Induced Pulmonary Edema: 3 Case Reports and a Literature Review
Authors: Hamada Kohei , Chigusa Yoshitsugu , Kondoh Eiji , Ueda Yusuke , Kawahara Shunsuke , Mogami Haruta , Horie Akihito , Baba Tsukasa , Mandai Masaki
Published: August 2018

Pulmonary edema caused by severe preeclampsia can be an indication for pregnancy termination. We aimed to investigate whether noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV) was useful for preeclampsia-induced pulmonary edema. Three cases of preeclampsia-induced pulmonary edema managed with NPPV in our institute were reviewed retrospectively. A literature review was conducted regarding NPPV usage during pregnancy. NPPV was initiated at 30, 20, and 24 weeks of gestation in the 3 cases. In all cases, NPPV slowed the progression of pulmonary edema and succeeded in delaying pregnancy termination by 17 days on average. Maternal outcomes were positive, and no intubation was required. Between 1994 and 2017, there were 11 articles describing 12 cases in which NPPV was applied for pulmonary edema during pregnancy. However, there has been no case of NPPV management of preeclampsia-induced pulmonary edema thus far. Maternal and fetal outcomes were positive in these 12 cases. NPPV may contribute to prolonging pregnancy in patients with poor oxygenation due to preeclampsia-induced pulmonary edema. However, patients should be closely monitored, and the decision to intubate or terminate the pregnancy should be made without delay when the maternal or fetal condition worsens.
Scapular Bronchogenic Cyst in a Girl Presenting as Recurrent Cellulitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mir Zuhaib M. , Wang Ami , Winthrop Andrea , Kolar Mila
Published: August 2018

Bronchogenic cysts are rare, congenital cysts originating from respiratory epithelium and typically found within the chest. Cutaneous bronchogenic cysts are exceedingly uncommon, with only 19 reported cases in the scapular region and almost exclusively occurring in male patients. Herein, we present the case of a female patient with recurrent cellulitis secondary to a bronchogenic cyst, which was diagnosed after surgical excision. We also provide a review of the literature to consolidate the current understanding of cutaneous scapular bronchogenic cysts. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported from Canada.
Sextuple Tumors in Head and Neck Area: Evidence of Field Cancerization
Authors: Nelem-Colturato Carla Bento , Cury Patrícia Maluf , Pereira Thiago Machado , Cosso Isabelle Silva , Pivato Kellin , Volpato Luiz Evaristo Ricci , Borges Alvaro Henrique
Published: August 2018

Background. Field cancerization is a phenomenon in which prolonged exposure to carcinogens induces changes throughout the epithelium leaving the field ready for the appearance of premalignant or malignant lesions. These alterations can promote the development of multiple carcinomas and explain the appearance of recurrences and second primary tumors. The objective of this study was to report the case of a patient who developed six oral cavity tumors in five years of treatment and, also, demonstrate the immunohistochemical changes for p53 and Ki-67, routinely used to assess dysplasic regions. Case Report. When altered, p53 and Ki-67 suggest the presence of field cancers, an area with genetically altered cells, presenting a high risk of developing premalignant and malignant lesions. This phenomenon explains the recurrence of malignant neoplasms after tumor resections. Conclusion. In addition, early identification of potentially malignant lesions in cases of second primary tumors is essential for effective treatment and patient survival, which usually have an unwelcoming prognosis.
Modifying Olympics Medal Table via a Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis
Authors: Du Jiangze
Published: August 2018

This paper addresses the issue of developing a widely accepted Olympics ranking scheme based upon the Olympic Game medal table published by the International Olympic Committee, since the existing lexicographic ranking and sum ranking systems are both criticized as biases. More specifically, the lexicographic ranking system is deemed as overvaluing gold medals, while the sum ranking system fails to reveal the real value of gold medals and fails to discriminate National Olympic Committees that won equal number of medals. To start, we employ a sophisticated mathematical method based upon the incenter of a convex cone to aggregate the lexicographic ranking system. Then, we consider the fact that the preferences between the lexicographic and the sum ranking systems may not be consistent across National Olympic Committees and develop a well-designed mathematical transformation to obtain interval assessment results under typical preference. The formulation of intervals is inspired by the observation that it is extremely difficult to achieve a group consensus on the exact value of weights with respect to each ranking system, since different weight elicitation methods may produce different weight schemes. Finally, regarding the derived decision making problem involving interval-valued data, this paper utilizes the Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis to obtain a comprehensive ranking of all National Olympic Committees. Instead of determining precise weights, this work probes the weight space to guarantee each alternative getting the most preferred one. The proposed method is illustrated by presenting a new ranking of 12 National Olympic Committees participating in the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games.
Laparoscopic Resection of Appendiceal Schwannoma
Authors: Imagami Toru , Takayama Satoru , Maeda Yohei , Matsui Ryohei , Sakamoto Masaki , Kani Hisanori
Published: August 2018

Background. Schwannoma arises from Schwann’s cell of the neural sheath. Schwannoma of the large intestine, particularly of the appendix, is rare. We report a case of appendiceal schwannoma resected using laparoscopic surgery. Case Presentation. A 75-year-old man was referred to our hospital for abdominal fullness and nausea since 2 months. Abdominal CT revealed a well-demarcated oval mass of 25 mm at the tip of the appendix. Contrast-enhanced CT revealed a lesion with gradually enhanced contrast from the arterial phase to the equilibrium phase. Abdominal US revealed a well-demarcated hypoechoic tumor. Preoperative diagnosis indicated appendiceal mesenchymal or neuroendocrine tumor. Ileocecal resection with D3 lymph node dissection was performed. Pathological and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the diagnosis of appendiceal schwannoma. Conclusions. For determining the surgical procedure of nonepithelial tumor of the appendix, preoperative diagnosis of mesenchymal or neuroendocrine tumors is required. However, appendiceal schwannoma is extremely rare, and its characteristic findings have not yet been established. Accumulating cases of appendiceal schwannomas is necessary for improving imaging diagnosis and surgical treatment.
Combined Use of GF-3 and Landsat-8 Satellite Data for Soil Moisture Retrieval over Agricultural Areas Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Meng Qingyan , Zhang Linlin , Xie Qiuxia , Yao Shun , Chen Xu , Zhang Ying
Published: August 2018

Soil moisture is the basic condition required for crop growth and development. Gaofen-3 (GF-3) is the first C-band synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) satellite of China, offering broad land and ocean imaging applications, including soil moisture monitoring. This study developed an approach to estimate soil moisture in agricultural areas from GF-3 data. An inversion technique based on an artificial neural network (ANN) is introduced. The neural network was trained and tested on a training sample dataset generated from the Advanced Integral Equation Model. Incidence angle and HH or VV polarization data were used as input variables of the ANN, with soil moisture content (SMC) and surface roughness as the output variables. The backscattering contribution from the vegetation was eliminated using the water cloud model (WCM). The acquired soil backscattering coefficients of GF-3 and in situ measurement data were used to validate the SMC estimation algorithm, which achieved satisfactory results (R2 = 0.736; RMSE = 0.042). These results highlight the contribution of the combined use of the GF-3 synthetic-aperture radar and Landsat-8 images based on an ANN method for improving SMC estimates and supporting hydrological studies.
Epidermal Lamellar Granules
Authors: Wertz Philip
Published: August 2018

In the mid-1950s and 1960s, transmission electron microscopes became widely available, leading to many studies of the ultrastructure of various tissues including the epidermis. Most of these studies involved tissue fixation with formaldehyde and postfixation with osmium tetroxide. A few studies employed freeze-fracture electron microscopy. One set of these studies identified a small organelle variously called lamellar granules (LGs), lamellar bodies, membrane-coating granules, cementsomes, and Odland bodies. LGs are round to ovoid in shape, with a diameter of about 200 nm. They have a bounding membrane surrounding a stack of internal lipid lamellae. These small organelles are first seen in the spinous layer and accumulate with differentiation in the granular layer. In the uppermost granular cells, the bounding membrane of the LG fuses into the cell plasma membrane, and the internal contents are extruded into the intercellular space. The initially extruded contents of the LG then rearrange to form the intercellular lamellae of the stratum corneum. In this context, LGs serve as the precursor to the permeability barrier of the skin. Various studies have provided evidence that they are derived from the Golgi apparatus, specifically the trans-Golgi. Isolated LGs contain phosphoglycerides, sphingomyelin, and glucosylceramides. The most unusual lipid component is a linoleate-containing glucosylceramide comprising 30- to 34-carbon ω-hydroxy­acids. Isolated granules also contain acid hydrolases including glucocerebrosidase, sphingomyelinase, and phospholipase A. They also contain proteases and antimicrobial peptides. Defective LGs have been associated with a number of skin diseases including ichthyotic conditions and defective barrier function. Recently, studies employing cryo-transmission electron microscopy have called into question the validity of observations on LGs with more conventional electron microscopic techniques. These studies suggest a continuity of the membrane structure from the Golgi through the intercellular lamellae of the stratum corneum.
Defining Terrorism in Pakistani Anti-Terrorism Law
Authors: Iqbal Khurshid , Shah Niaz A.
Published: August 2018

We critically examine the definition of ‘terrorism’ in the Anti-Terrorism Act 1997 of Pakistan and as it is interpreted by the Supreme Court of Pakistan under the principle of legality in criminal and human rights law standards.
1
We conclude that the definition of terrorism under the Anti-Terrorism Act does not pass the test of the principle of legality and the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of Pakistan is inconsistent confounding the situation further. We recommend that Pakistan, following the principle of legality and human rights standards, amend the current definition of terrorism as an overbroad definition could be misused and abused leading to human rights violations.
Desmarestia japonica subsp. angustifolia (Desmarestiales, Phaeophyceae), a new subspecies from Korea
Authors: LEE SANG-RAE , LEE EUN-YOUNG
Published: August 2018

Desmarestia japonica H. Kawai, T. Hanyuda, D. G. Müller, E. C. Yang, A. F. Peters, & F.C. Küpper (2014: 161) was recently reported in Japan, Korea, and China. In this study, we found intraspecific morphogenetic variation in D. japonica. Morphologically, the new taxonomic entity was characterized by narrow filamentous primary and secondary branches (morphotype 2), which was distinct from the broad (ligulate) branches in the original description of D. japonica (morphotype 1). Korean individuals with morphotype 2 were clearly separated from D. japonica with morphotype 1 in the molecular phylogenetic tree using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene. Therefore, we propose that this new taxonomic entity be established as Desmarestia japonica subsp. angustifolia subsp. nov. (Phaeophyceae, Desmarestiales) based on its morphological and molecular characteristics.
Notes on Ditomina, with description of two new genera and a new species (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the Middle East and India
Authors: KATAEV BORIS M. , WRASE DAVID W.
Published: August 2018

Two new monotypical genera of the subtribe Ditomina are described: Parapenthus gen. n. for Ditomus solitarius Peyron, 1858 from the Middle East, which was treated previously either within Penthus Chaudoir, 1843 or within Penthophonus Reitter, 1900, and Indocarterus gen. n. for I. inexspectatus sp. n. from the west of the Indian state of Maharashtra (type locality: Wai env., 70 km S of Pune). The possible genesis of Indocarterus gen. n. is discussed because it is the single genus of the subtribe distributed in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region in isolation from the other Ditomina which all occur in the West Palaearctic. It is assumed that the ancestor of this genus was isolated in the Indian Peninsula from the Tethyan area probably during the early stages of the diversification of Ditomina. In addition, the enigmatic genus Proditomus Schauberger, 1934 and its single species, P. mirus Schauberger, 1934, known only from the female holotype, are re-described and illustrated. Setation of the parameres and medial lobe in Ditomina is described for the first time. Previously, setae on the aedeagus of Carabidae, mostly on the parameres, were observed only in many basal lineages and, as exception, within Harpalinae, in some Lebiini and Panagaeini. A key to the genera and subgenera of Ditomina is provided.
A perspective for resolving the systematics of Rattus, the vertebrates with the most influence on human welfare
Authors: THOMSON VICKI , WIEWEL ANDREW , CHINEN ALDO , MARYANTO IBNU , SINAGA M. H. , HOW RIC , APLIN KEN , SUZUKI HITOSHI
Published: August 2018

The murid rodent genus Rattus Fischer 1803 contains several species that are responsible for massive loss of crops and food, extinction of other species and the spread of zoonotic diseases to humans, as well as a laboratory species used to answer important questions in physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology, nutrition, behaviour and learning. Despite the well-known significant impacts of Rattus, a definitive evolutionary based systematic framework for the genus is not yet available. The past 75 years have seen more dramatic changes in membership of Rattus than in almost any other genus of mammals. In fact, the Rattus genus has been a receptacle for any generalised Old World murine that lacked morphological specialisation and at one point, has included more than 560 species and/or subspecies, spread across Eurasia, Africa and the Australo-Papuan region. The dissolution of Rattus is ongoing as many of its constituent species and many genera of Rattini remain unsampled in any molecular study. To address this sampling limitation, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene and examined phylogenetic relationships using both Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood algorithms for an expanded set of taxa within Rattus and among closely related genera. Here we place previously unsampled taxa in a phylogenetic context for the first time, including R. burrus, R. hoogerwerfi, R. lugens, and R. mindorensis within the Asian Rattus group, R. facetus within the Australo-Papuan Rattus radiation, and the undescribed ‘Bisa Rat’ described by Flannery as sister to the recently described genus Halmaheramys. We also present an exploratory foray into the wider topic of Rattus phylogenetics and propose that a reorganisation of the Rattus genus should require that it be a monophyletic group, include at least the type species R. norvegicus and R. rattus (plus their close allies); and exclude the Bandicota/Nesokia clade and other such specialised genera.
Further discoveries on the minuscule spiders from the Chocó region of Ecuador with the description of seven new species of Anapis (Araneae: Anapidae)
Authors: DUPÉRRÉ NADINE , TAPIA ELICIO
Published: August 2018

The diversity of the small Araneoidea spider family Anapidae from the Chocó region of Ecuador is examined. A total of 325 Anapidae specimens were collected from which seven new species all from the genus Anapis were discovered and herein described: Anapis anabelleae n. sp., A. carmencita n. sp., A. churu n. sp., A. mariebertheae n. sp., A. naranja n. sp., A. nawchi n. sp. and A. shina n. sp. Furthermore, the male of Anapisona pecki Platnick & Shadab 1979 is described for the first time, and new locality data are provided for Anapis chiriboga Platnick & Shadab 1978 and Pseudanapsis domingo Platnick & Shadab 1979.
Four new species of giant pill-millipedes from Vietnam (Sphaerotheriida, Zephroniidae)
Authors: SEMENYUK IRINA , GOLOVATCH SERGEI I. , WESENER THOMAS
Published: August 2018

Four new species of giant pill-millipedes (Sphaerotheriida) are described from southern Vietnam: Sphaerobelum cattiense sp. nov., Sphaerobelum konkakinhense sp. nov., Zephronia konkakinhensis sp. nov. and Zephronia montis sp. nov. An updated generic diagnosis of Sphaerobelum Verhoeff, 1924 and a key to its species are provided.
Total Ankle Replacement for Osteoarthritis Following Pilon Fracture of the Tibia
Authors: Bennett Adam , Ramaskandhan Jayasree , Siddique Malik
Published: August 2018

Background:

Outcomes for total ankle replacement (TAR) performed for osteoarthritis following pilon fracture are underreported. We compared the outcomes between different indications for TAR.

Methods:

Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for TAR performed from 2006 to 2014 by a single surgeon were reviewed. Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), SF-36, comorbidities, self-reported body mass index (BMI), and patient satisfaction scores were reviewed. Data were collected preoperatively and at 1 and 2 years postoperatively. Clinical notes and radiographs highlighted the indication for TAR. The following subgroups were created: osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), pilon fracture (PF), ankle fracture (AF), and posttraumatic arthritis without previous fracture (PTOA). PROMs were available for 173 TARs: 89 (51.4%) for OA, 36 (20.8%) for AF, 21 (12.1%) for RA, 15 (8.7%) for PF, and 12 (6.9%) for PTOA. The pilon fracture group were the youngest and had the highest BMI (mean, 56.5 years; mean BMI, 31.6 kg/m2). No difference was found in number of reported comorbidities ( P > .05).

Results:

Significant improvement in FAOS scores was seen in all subgroups from preoperatively to 1 year ( P = .01, .05, and .03). SF-36 had similar results for all subgroups with improvement in all parameters by 2 years. Significant improvement in role physical and role emotional domains was seen by 1 year following TAR ( P = .018 and P = .042). Patient satisfaction scores were similar in each group. There was no major difference in any of the reported outcomes between subgroups by 2 years postoperatively.

Conclusion:

We found similar outcomes for patients who underwent TAR after pilon fracture compared to other indications.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative study.
Mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shittu Adebayo O. , Kaba Mamadou , Abdulgader Shima M. , Ajao Yewande O. , Abiola Mujibat O. , Olatimehin Ayodele O.
Published: August 2018

Background

Mupirocin is widely used for nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus to prevent subsequent staphylococcal infection in patients and healthcare personnel. However, the prolonged and unrestricted use has led to the emergence of mupirocin-resistant (mupR) S. aureus. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence, phenotypic and molecular characteristics, and geographic spread of mupR S. aureus in Africa.

Methods

We examined five electronic databases (EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Scopus) for relevant English articles on screening for mupR S. aureus from various samples in Africa. In addition, we performed random effects meta-analysis of proportions to determine the pooled prevalence of mupR S. aureus in Africa. The search was conducted until 3 August 2016.

Results

We identified 43 eligible studies of which 11 (26%) were obtained only through Google Scholar. Most of the eligible studies (28/43; 65%) were conducted in Nigeria (10/43; 23%), Egypt (7/43; 16%), South Africa (6/43; 14%) and Tunisia (5/43; 12%). Overall, screening for mupR S. aureus was described in only 12 of 54 (22%) African countries. The disk diffusion method was the widely used technique (67%; 29/43) for the detection of mupR S. aureus in Africa. The mupA-positive S. aureus isolates were identified in five studies conducted in Egypt (n = 2), South Africa (n = 2), and Nigeria (n = 1). Low-level resistance (LmupR) and high-level resistance (HmupR) were both reported in six human studies from South Africa (n = 3), Egypt (n = 2) and Libya (n = 1). Data on mupR-MRSA was available in 11 studies from five countries, including Egypt, Ghana, Libya, Nigeria and South Africa. The pooled prevalence (based on 11 human studies) of mupR S. aureus in Africa was 14% (95% CI =6.8 to 23.2%). The proportion of mupA-positive S. aureus in Africa ranged between 0.5 and 8%. Furthermore, the frequency of S. aureus isolates that exhibited LmupR, HmupR and mupR-MRSA in Africa were 4 and 47%, 0.5 and 38%, 5 and 50%, respectively.

Conclusions

The prevalence of mupR S. aureus in Africa (14%) is worrisome and there is a need for data on administration and use of mupirocin. The disk diffusion method which is widely utilized in Africa could be an important method for the screening and identification of mupR S. aureus. Moreover, we advocate for surveillance studies with appropriate guidelines for screening mupR S. aureus in Africa.
The evolutionary roles of nutrition selection and dietary quality in the human brain size and encephalization
Authors: Burini Roberto Carlos , Leonard William R.
Published: August 2018

Background

Humans and other primates have evolved particular morphological and biological traits (e.g., larger brains, slower growth, longer-lived offspring) that distinguish them from most other mammals. The evolution of many distinctive human characteristics, such as our large brain sizes, reduced gut sizes, and high activity budgets, suggest major energetic and dietary shifts.

Main body

Over the course of the last three million years, hominin brain sizes tripled. It is often taken for granted that the benefit of a larger brain is an increase in “intelligence” that makes us stand out among other mammals, including our nearest relatives, the primates. In the case of humans, brain expansion was associated with changes in diet, foraging, and energy metabolism. The first marked expansion occurred with the appearance of the genus Homo. Improved diet quality, allomaternal subsidies, cognitive buffering [by earlier weaning and longer juvenile periods], reduced costs for locomotion and by cooperative behavior, and reduced allocation to production, all operated simultaneously, thus enabling the extraordinary brain enlargement in our lineage.

Conclusion

It appears that major expansion of brain size in the human lineage is the product of synergistically interacting dietary/nutritional and social forces. Although dietary change was not being the sole force responsible for the evolution of large brain size, the exploitation of high-quality foods likely fueled the energetic costs of larger brains and necessitated more complex behaviors that would have selected for greater brain size.
Comparison of clustering tools in R for medium-sized 10x Genomics single-cell RNA-sequencing data
Authors: Freytag Saskia , Tian Luyi , Lönnstedt Ingrid , Ng Milica , Bahlo Melanie
Published: August 2018

Background: The commercially available 10x Genomics protocol to generate droplet-based single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data is enjoying growing popularity among researchers. Fundamental to the analysis of such scRNA-seq data is the ability to cluster similar or same cells into non-overlapping groups. Many competing methods have been proposed for this task, but there is currently little guidance with regards to which method to use.

Methods: Here we use one gold standard 10x Genomics dataset, generated from the mixture of three cell lines, as well as three silver standard 10x Genomics datasets generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells to examine not only the accuracy but also robustness of a dozen methods.

Results: We found that some methods, including Seurat and Cell Ranger, outperform other methods, although performance seems to be dependent on the complexity of the studied system. Furthermore, we found that solutions produced by different methods have little in common with each other.

Conclusions: In light of this, we conclude that the choice of clustering tool crucially determines interpretation of scRNA-seq data generated by 10x Genomics. Hence practitioners and consumers should remain vigilant about the outcome of 10x Genomics scRNA-seq analysis.
ТЕМА ЛЮБВИ В РУССКОЙ ФИЛОСОФСКОЙ УТОПИИ (Н. БЕРДЯЕВ, С. ФРАНК, Д. МЕРЕЖКОВСКИЙ)
Authors: Mitina Natalia Georgievna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена теме любви в русской философской утопии. Предметом анализа выступают утопические проекты Н. Бердяева, С. Франка, Дм. Мережковского, рассматривающие вопросы духовного преобразования человеческого общества. Цель исследования – раскрыть роль любви в формировании гармоничного общества, предлагаемого философами.Метод или методология проведения работы. Методологическую основу исследования составляет совокупность сравнительно-типологического, структурного метода, метода герменевтики и гендерного подхода.Результаты. В статье обоснована мысль о системообразующем характере любви в рассмотренных утопических проектах, что в целом соответствует особенностям философии данного периода. Раскрыты религиозный характер любви, значение духовно-братской любви в гармонизации социума и восстановлении целостности человека.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в учебно-педагогической деятельности и в сфере социокультурного проектирования.
ИСТОРИОСОФИЯ Н.А. ВАСИЛЬЕВА В ЗЕРКАЛЕ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ И СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ ДОКТРИН XX ВЕКА
Authors: Pryadko Igor’ Petrovich
Published: August 2018

Цель. Предметом статьи выступает историко-философская доктрина Н.А.Васильева, изложенная в его диссертационном исследовании. Раскрытие методологической стороны данной доктрины является целью настоящей работы. В качестве примера приведена концепция сравнительного обществознания Васильева.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования составляет сравнительно-исторический метод, а также общенаучные методы дедукции, индукции и аналогии, метод классификации, применимый как в естествознании, так и в общественных науках.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что автором выявлены методологические выводы русского мыслителя Н.А. Васильева, показано место идей творца систем логической неклассичности в методологии гуманитарных наук XX в.Область применения результатов. Итоги исследования могут быть использованы при преподавании общественных дисциплин, в первую очередь истории и социологии, а также в целях определения межпредметных связей между общественными и естественными науками.
ПУТИ ЛОГОСА И ЭЙДОСА: АНТИЧНЫЙ РАЗУМ В ПОИСКАХ ИСТИНЫ
Authors: Sobolev Yuri Victorovich
Published: August 2018

Статья посвящена реконструкции и концептуальному анализу античной гносеологической эвристики. Лейтмотивом экспликации проблемы становится осмысление рационального знания в древнегреческой культуре посредством ревизии таких фундаментальных понятий как логос, эйдос и мифос. Обращение к ключевому понятию «логос» предлагается в метафилософском, онтологическом, гносеологическом и религиозном аспектах. В результате, логос анализируется как разумное начало, имеющее в своём основании нередуцируемые элементы мифоса. Сама генеология логоса в своём развитии представлена в краткой историко-культурной дискрипции от античной эпохи до Нового времени. Методология статьи представлена текстологическим, концептуальным и феноменологическим и компаративистским анализом. В ходе работы было установлено, что: 1) мифологическая интуиция связывает логос с Гермесом, которая интерпретируется как функциональное отождествление логоса с истиной; философская же интерпретация отождествляет логос либо с внутренним законом сущего – логос есть истина (линия Гераклита), либо противополагается явлению (линия Парменида); 2) ранняя античная философия не знает жёсткой дихотомии логоса и эйдоса. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при философском и культурологическом анализе различных аспектов логоса и мифоса. Практическая ценность исследования заключается в возможности включения результатов исследования в лекционные и семинарские занятия по философии, религиоведению, культурологии.
СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ РИСКИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РОССИЙСКОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ: ФИЛОСОФСКАЯ РЕФЛЕКСИЯ
Authors: Nikulina Marina Alekseevna , Dzhamalova Bika Bagavdinovna , Kolodiyev Mikhail Yuryevich , Shulova Eva Yurevna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена исследованию природы современных социальных рисков. Авторы ставят целью провести социально-философский анализ понятия и структуры социального риска, рассмотреть основные его виды в российском обществе и раскрыть методы управления ими.Метод или методология проведения работы. Исследование основано на применении общенаучных методов (анализа и синтеза, сравнения, обобщения), системного подхода.Результаты. Авторы приходят к выводу, что возможности социально-философского среза в исследовании социальных рисков позволяют рассматривать их как специфические формы деятельности, которые реализует субъект в условиях неопределенности. Совокупность и взаимодействие элементов и черт риска, составляя основное содержание этого понятия, определяют структуру, характеризуют виды, формируют его социальные функции, выясняют объективные и субъективные причины, которые обусловливают социальные риски. Необходимость управления рисками обосновано поиском способов защиты общества от их воздействия на все сферы жизни человека.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в социальной практике при социально-политическом и социально-экономическом моделировании, проектировании и прогнозировании.
ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КУЛЬТУРНО-КОММУНИКАТИВНОЙ АДАПТАЦИИ МИГРАНТОВ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛОЯЗЫЧНЫХ БЛОГОВ)
Authors: Nemchinova Natalya Viktorovna , Muchkina Ekaterina Sergeevna , Bitner Marina Aleksandrovna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена проблемам культурно-коммуникативной адаптации и успешной интеграции мигрантов в чужую среду. Предметом анализа выступают текстовые фрагменты из англоязычных блогов, которые ведут мигранты, работающие или обучающиеся в КНР. Авторы ставят целью изучить языковые особенности культурно-коммуникативной адаптации мигрантов.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют анализ и синтез эмпирического материала, его обобщение и классификация, а также лингвистическое наблюдение и дефиниционный анализ.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что авторами было выявлено, что каждая стадия культурно-коммуникативной адаптации сопряжена с переживанием индивидом определенных эмоций, которые фиксируются в личных интернет-дневниках мигрантов – блогах. В текстах блогов эмоции и переживания мигрантов в процессе культурно-коммуникативной адаптации передаются через употребление эмотивных единиц (лексических и грамматических) и отмечаются на графическом уровне.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в дальнейших научно-исследовательских работах, связанных с изучением языковых особенностей культурно-коммуникативной адаптации, а также при разработке специальных тренингов и программ для обеспечения успешной интеграции мигрантов в «чужую» среду.
СТРУКТУРА СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ГНЕЗДА С ВЕРШИНОЙ «ГУРГЭ»
Authors: Savvinova Stepanida Nikolaevna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной теме словообразования в исследовании эвенского языка. Предметом анализа выступают словообразовательные гнезда. Автор ставит целью раскрыть структуру словообразовательного гнезда с вершиной «гургэ» и словообразовательные возможности частей речи в эвенском языке.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образует метод описательно-типологический, который позволил системно охарактеризовать материал. Структура и формальные связи внутри словообразовательного гнезда исследованы при помощи перспективного словообразовательного анализа. В статье также применен статистический анализ.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в определении структуры словообразовательного гнезда с вершиной гургэ «работа» представляет собой совокупность словообразовательных парадигм, рассматриваемых как комплекс производных, имеющих одну и ту же основу и находящихся на одной ступени деривации.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены при составлении словообразовательного словаря эвенского языка, также могут быть использованы при составлении спецкурсов для студентов по лексикологии и словообразованию.
ЛИНГВО-КОГНИТИВНОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПАРЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЕДИНИЦ С КОМПОНЕНТОМ-ЗООНИМОМ В ТАТАРСКОМ, РУССКОМ И АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Authors: Galimullina Ruzilya Irekovna , Shaimardanova Milyausha Ravilevna
Published: August 2018

В статье представлен анализ татарских, английских и русских паремиологических единиц с компонентами-зоонимами. Паремии рассматриваются в качестве языковых единиц, передающие лингвокультурологическую информацию о народе. Актуальность данного исследования обуславливается недостаточным количеством работ по данной проблематике в сопоставительном аспекте. Выделены группы паремий и установлены их различия и сходства в трех сопоставляемых языках. Выполняется краткий анализ наиболее распространенных компонентов-зоонимов, входящих в состав паремий, и дается их сравнение.Цель. Целью настоящей статьи является выявление общих и специфичных черт среди татарских, русских и английских паремий с компонентом-зоонимом. Предметом анализа выступают пословицы и поговорки с компонентом-зоонимом.Метод или методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют метод научного наблюдения, сравнительно-сопоставительный метод, описательный и статистический метод.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что в нем осуществлено системное изучение лингво-когнитивных особенностей татарских, английских и русских паремий с компонентом-зоонимом. В работе детально проанализированы приемы языкового оформления паремий с компонентом-зоонимом в сопоставительном аспекте в соответствии с определенной коммуникативной направленностью. Работа вносит существенный вклад в разработку проблемы речевого манипулирования на примере татарской, английской и русской паремиологических картин мира.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут найти применение при разработке спецкурсов и спецсеминаров по лингвистике, сопоставительной паремиологии, лингвокультурологии.
МЕДИА-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ В СИСТЕМЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ
Authors: Magomedgadzhieva Patimat Nabizhuyevna , Magomedova Leyla Abdulkhakimovna
Published: August 2018

Связь между историей языка и историей общества состоит в том, что существуют особенности языка и языковых ситуаций, соответствующие определенным ступеням этносоциальной истории общества. В статье анализируются англоязычные заимствования политического дискурса медиа-текстов в русском языке рубежа веков, процессы их адаптации и функционирования.Заимствование является одним из самых динамических процессов русского языка, и в связи с активными общественно-политическими процессами в российском обществе исследование пласта заимствованной политической лексики представляется наиболее актуальным и интересным.Цель: описание заимствованной лексики в русском политическом медиа-дискурсе конца XX – начала XXI вв. и проведение ее тематической классификации.Методы исследования. Реализация цели и задач осуществляется с помощью описательного (приемы наблюдения, обобщения, типологизации исследуемого материала), сопоставительного и социолингвистического методов.Научная новизна заключается в описании и классификации заимствованной политической лексики медиа-текстов как направления современных лингвистических исследований.Результаты. Расширение русского лексического фонда рубежа веков происходит как за счет актуализации старых политических лексем, так и посредством использования в медиа-текстах новых иноязычных слов. Это дает возможность показать тенденции языкового развития, говорить о соотношении внутриязыковых и экстралингвистических факторов в определенные этапы развития.Область применения результатов. Материалы и результаты исследования могут быть использованы в практике преподавания лексикологии, неологии, а также в спецкурсах, посвященных проблемам межкультурной коммуникации и иноязычных заимствований в русском языке.