bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interior Characterization in Multiplanetary Systems: TRAPPIST-1
Authors: Dorn Caroline , Mosegaard Klaus , Grimm Simon L. , Alibert Yann
Published: September 2018

Interior characterization traditionally relies on individual planetary properties, ignoring correlations between different planets of the same system. For multiplanetary systems, planetary data are generally correlated. This is because the differential masses and radii are better constrained than absolute planetary masses and radii. We explore such correlations and data specific to the multiplanetary system of TRAPPIST-1 and study their value for our understanding of planet interiors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the rocky interior of planets in a multiplanetary system can be preferentially probed by studying the densest planet representing a rocky interior analog. Our methodology includes a Bayesian inference analysis that uses a Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme. Our interior estimates account for the anticipated variability in the compositions and layer thicknesses of core, mantle, water oceans, and ice layers, as well as a gas envelope. Our results show that (1) interior estimates significantly depend on available abundance proxies and (2) the importance of interdependent planetary data for interior characterization is comparable to changes in data precision by 30%. For the interiors of TRAPPIST-1 planets, we find that possible water mass fractions generally range from 0% to 25%. The lack of a clear trend of water budgets with orbital period or planet mass challenges possible formation scenarios. While our estimates change relatively little with data precision, they critically depend on data accuracy. If planetary masses varied within ±24%, interiors would be consistent with uniform (∼7%) or an increasing water mass fractions with orbital period (∼2%–12%).
Neutral Helium Triplet Spectroscopy of Quiescent Coronal Rain with Sensitivity Estimates for Spectropolarimetric Magnetic Field Diagnostics
Authors: Schad Thomas A.
Published: September 2018

On account of its polarizability and magnetic field sensitivity, as well as the role of neutral helium in partially ionized solar environments, the neutral helium triplet (orthohelium) system provides important, yet underutilized, diagnostics of solar coronal rain. This work describes off-limb observations of coronal rain in NOAA Active Region 12468 obtained in the He i 10830 Å triplet using the Massively MultipleXed Imaging Spectrograph experiment at the Dunn Solar Telescope along with cotemporal observations from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). We detect rain simultaneously in the IRIS 1400 and 2796 Å channels and in He i 10830 Å. The large degree of spatial coherence present between all channels agrees with previous observations of the multitemperature nature of coronal rain. A statistical analysis of He i spectral profiles for rain identified via automated detection indicates that He i line radiances are, on average, 104 erg cm−2 s−1 sr−1; the average translational velocity is 70 km s−1, and Doppler widths are distributed around 10 km s−1. Based on these results, forward models of expected He i polarized signals allow us to estimate, using synthetic observables and an inversion algorithm including fits for the scattering angle constraining the material’s location along the line of sight, the magnetic sensitivity of the upcoming National Science Foundation’s Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope. We predict that joint observations of the He i 10830 and 5876 Å multiplets using first-light instrumentation will provide inverted magnetic field errors of ±3.5 G (2σ) for spatial scales of 0.″5 (∼360 km), assuming dynamically limited integration times of 5.5 s.
Submillimeter Array Observations of Extended CO (J = 2 − 1) Emission in the Interacting Galaxy NGC 3627
Authors: Law Charles J. , Zhang Qizhou , Ricci Luca , Petitpas Glen , Jiménez-Donaire Maria J. , Ueda Junko , Lu Xing , Dunham Michael M.
Published: September 2018

We present moderate (∼5″) and high angular resolution (∼1″) observations of 12CO (J = 2 − 1) emission toward the nearby interacting galaxy NGC 3627 taken with the Submillimeter Array (SMA). These SMA mosaic maps of NGC 3627 reveal a prominent nuclear peak, inter-arm regions, and diffuse, extended emission in the spiral arms. A velocity gradient of ∼400–450 km s−1 is seen across the entire galaxy with velocity dispersions ranging from ≲80 km s−1 toward the nuclear region to ≲15 km s−1 in the spiral arms. We also detect unresolved 13CO (J = 2 − 1) line emission toward the nuclear region, southern bar end, and in a relatively isolated clump in the southern portion of the galaxy, while no C18O(J = 2 − 1) line emission is detected at a 3σ rms noise level of 42 mJy beam−1 per 20 km s−1 channel. Using RADEX modeling with a large velocity gradient approximation, we derive kinetic temperatures ranging from ∼5 to 10 K (in the spiral arms) to ∼25 K (at the center) and H2 number densities from ∼400 to 1000 cm−3 (in the spiral arms) to ∼12,500 cm−3 (at the center). From this density modeling, we find a total H2 mass of 9.6 × 109
M
⊙, which is ∼50% higher than previous estimates made using a constant H2–CO conversion factor, but is largely dependent on the assumed vertical distribution of the CO gas. With the exception of the nuclear region, we also identify a tentative correlation between star formation efficiency and kinetic temperature. We derive a galactic rotation curve, finding a peak velocity of ∼207 km s−1 and estimate a total dynamical mass of 4.94 ± 0.70 × 1010
M
⊙ at a galactocentric radius of ∼6.2 kpc (121″).
Which processes are behind the relationship between species abundance and environmental suitability? Monte Albo cave salamander as model species
Authors: Lunghi Enrico , Manenti Raoul , Mulargia Manuela , Veith Michael , Corti Claudia , Ficetola Gentile Francesco
Published: September 2018

Species can show a strong variation of local abundance across their ranges. Recent analyses suggested that variation in abundance can be related to environmental suitability, as the highest abundances are often observed in populations living in the most suitable areas. However, there is limited information on the mechanisms through which variation in environmental suitability determines abundance. We analyzed populations of the microendemic Monte Albo cave salamander Hydromantes (Speleomantes) flavus Stefani, 1969 (Plethodontidae), and tested several hypotheses on potential relationships linking environmental suitability to population parameters. For multiple populations across the whole species range, we assessed suitability using species distribution models and measured density, activity level, food intake, and body condition index. In high-suitability sites, the density of salamanders was up to 30 times higher than in the least suitable ones. Variation in activity levels and population performance can explain such variation of abundance. In high-suitability sites, salamanders were active close to the surface and showed a low frequency of empty stomachs. Furthermore, when taking into account seasonal variation, body condition was better in the most suitable sites. Our results show that the strong relationship between environmental suitability and population abundance can be mediated by the variation of parameters strongly linked to individual performance and fitness. Furthermore, we highlighted the potential use of cave animals as model species to answer macroecological questions.
Phylogenetic study and taxonomic revision of the Xanthoparmelia mexicana group, including the description of a new species (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)
Authors: Barcenas-Peña Alejandrina , Leavitt Steven D. , Huang Jen-Pan , Grewe Felix , Lumbsch H. Thorsten
Published: September 2018

Xanthoparmelia(Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is the most species-rich genus of lichen-forming fungi. Species boundaries are based on morphological and chemical features, varying reproductive strategies and, more recently, molecular sequence data. The isidiateXanthoparmeliamexicanagroup is common in arid regions of North and Central America and includes a range of morphological variation and variable secondary metabolites – salazinic or stictic acids mainly. In order to better understand the evolutionary history of this group and potential taxonomic implications, a molecular phylogeny representing 58 ingroup samples was reconstructed using four loci, including ITS, mtSSU, nuLSU rDNA and MCM7. Results indicate the existence of multiple, distinct lineages phenotypically agreeing withX.mexicana.One of these isidiate, salazinic acid-containing lineages is described here as a new species,X.pedregalensissp. nov., including populations from xerophytic scrub vegetation in Pedregal de San Angel, Mexico City.X.mexicanas. str. is less isidiate thanX.pedregalensisand has salazinic and consalazinic acid, occasionally with norstictic acid; whereasX.pedregalensiscontains salazinic and norstictic acids and an unknown substance. Samples from the Old World, morphologically agreeing withX.mexicana, are only distantly related toX.mexicanas. str. Our results indicate thatX.mexicanais likely less common than previously assumed and ongoing taxonomic revisions are required for isidiateXanthoparmeliaspecies.
Liberomyces pistaciae sp. nov., the causal agent of pistachio cankers and decline in Italy
Authors: Vitale Salvatore , Aiello Dalia , Guarnaccia Vladimiro , Luongo Laura , Galli Massimo , Crous Pedro W. , Polizzi Giancarlo , Belisario Alessandra , Voglmayr Hermann
Published: September 2018

A new canker and decline disease of pistachio (Pistaciavera) is described from Sicily (Italy). Observations of the disease and sampling of the causal agent started in spring 2010, in the area where this crop is typically cultivated, Bronte and Adrano (Catania province) and later extended to the Agrigento and Caltanissetta provinces. Isolations from the margins of twig, branch and stem cankers of declining plants resulted in fungal colonies with the same morphology. Pathogenicity tests on 5-year-old potted plants of Pistaciavera grafted on P.terebinthus reproduced similar symptoms to those observed in nature and the pathogen was confirmed to be a coloniser of woody plant tissue. Comparison of our isolates with the type of the apparently similar Asteromellapistaciarum showed that our isolates are morphologically and ecologically different from A.pistaciarum, the latter being a typical member of Mycosphaerellaceae. Asteromellapistaciarum is lectotypified, described and illustrated and it is considered to represent a spermatial morph of Septoriapistaciarum. Multi-locus phylogenies based on two (ITS and LSU rDNA) and three (ITS, rpb2 and tub2) genomic loci revealed isolates of the canker pathogen to represent a new species of Liberomyces within the Delonicicolaceae (Xylariales), which is here described as Liberomycespistaciaesp. nov. (Delonicicolaceae, Xylariales). The presence of this fungus in asymptomatic plants with apparently healthy woody tissues indicates that it also has a latent growth phase. This study improves the understanding of pistachio decline, but further studies are needed for planning effective disease management strategies and ensuring that the pathogen is not introduced into new areas with apparently healthy, but infected plants.
Phryna hamzaoglui Koç & Budak (Caryophyllaceae), a new species from Central Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Koç Murat , Budak Ümit
Published: September 2018

A new species Phrynahamzaoglui was discovered in Hekimhan (Turkey, Malatya province) where it grows on hillsides. The P.hamzaoglui and P.ortegioides were compared with each other in terms of their general morphology and seed micromorphology. Description, distribution, illustration and conservation status of the new species are given. Seed lateral and surface, cells, anticlinal cell walls, periclinal cell walls structures were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The images were captured with the 500×, 100×, and 40× objective lens for the details.
« Le caillou a-t-il été retiré du soulier de la République ? »
Authors: Zina Ousmane
Published: September 2018

Cet article explore les enjeux constitutionnels du processus de réconciliation en Côte d’Ivoire et privilégie l’analyse fine de la réforme constitutionnelle engagée en 2016. La Constitution a été un objet majeur des crises politiques qu’a traversées la Côte d’Ivoire depuis les années 1990. Chargée d’organiser la dévolution et l’exercice du pouvoir d’État et considérée comme la garantie de la stabilité sociopolitique du pays, la loi fondamentale a souvent été malmenée par d’âpres luttes de pouvoir, déclassée tantôt par des compromis politiques tantôt par la violence armée. Quoique constamment présente dans le débat public, la constitution ivoirienne n’a pas de véritable ancrage sociétal, à même d’en faire un contrat social inclusif. Les tentatives de modification ou de transformation de la norme suprême, menées avec beaucoup de balbutiements, parce qu’otages de calculs politiciens, ont chaque fois retardé sa réinvention et laissé un sentiment d’inachevé.
La politique par le bas-fond
Authors: Banégas Richard
Published: September 2018

En contrepoint d’études « post-conflit », très macropolitiques, cet article envisage l’après-guerre en Côte d’Ivoire sous un angle micro-local, par un focus sur le bas-fond de Gobelet, un bidonville d’Abidjan, dont un groupe de « Jeunes Patriotes sans abri » avait pris le contrôle. L’article montre comment ces jeunes ont su manier le patriotisme pour négocier leur précarité. Il examine les conflits locaux et les compromis auxquels cette prise de pouvoir a donné lieu. Des arrangements qui indiquent que la révolution sociale du bas-fond s’est muée, après-guerre, en révolution passive. En épilogue, l’article suggère que c’est moins le changement de régime que la violence de classe de « l’Émergence » qui aura finalement eu raison de cette expérience politico-générationnelle du bas-fond de Gobelet.
Yopougon, ensemble mais pas trop
Authors: Schilling Hannah
Published: September 2018

À travers l’étude de cas d’un espace de paris sportifs et de jeux de hasard dans un quartier résidentiel de Yopougon à Abidjan, cet article vise à comprendre comment les disparités socio-économiques sont reproduites et légitimées par les différences morales et sociales entre jeunes Ivoiriens. Les différenciations sociales des jeunes hommes citadins en recherche d’emploi sont analysées au prisme des interactions et d’une « mise en frontières » dans un espace dédié aux jeux de hasard. Ces phénomènes s’inscrivent dans la renégociation des figures de réussite d’une classe moyenne urbaine : la mobilisation de catégories morales permet de distinguer les jeunes « diplômés joviaux » des « jeunes nousia agressifs » pour légitimer un inégal accès aux ressources sociales et économiques générées par l’espace des jeux.
La Cellule 39 en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Diallo Kamina
Published: September 2018

Cet article s’intéresse aux combattants démobilisés ayant connu une « mobilité sociale descendante » en Côte d’Ivoire. Il se focalise sur une association de démobilisés, la « Cellule 39 » (C39), et analyse la place qu’elle occupe et la stratégie de « lutte purement administrative » qu’elle utilise dans la société ivoirienne depuis 2012. L’étude montre que l’identité collective qui s’est forgée autour du passé commun de rebelles et de l’appartenance à la C39 n’a pas pu faire disparaître les dissensions internes au groupe. L’article illustre enfin les limites de la lutte administrative dans un pays où le recours à la violence semble encore dicter les actions politiques et les modes de gouvernement des gens. Il questionne ainsi plus généralement les fragilités de la transition sécuritaire dans une Côte d’Ivoire « post-conflit » encore profondément marquée par l’instabilité.
Bouna, une « instabilité permanente » ?
Authors: Speight Jeremy
Published: September 2018

La fragilité de la paix dans la Côte d’Ivoire d’après la crise postélectorale est manifeste dans le nord-est du pays, dans la ville de Bouna et ses campagnes alentours. Depuis 2011, les tensions se sont accrues entre éleveurs peul, agriculteurs lobi et « autochtones » koulango. Fin mars 2016, les luttes pour l’utilisation des terres ont trouvé leur apogée dans un affrontement violent entre membres des communautés lobi et peul à Bouna, qui s’est soldé par plus de vingt morts, trente blessés et mille personnes déplacées. Comment expliquer la précarité de la paix post-conflit à Bouna ? Cet article historicise les causes structurelles de cette violence en analysant les évolutions des relations de pouvoir régissant l’utilisation des terres dans la longue durée.
Autobiographie d’un engagement politique en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Ouégnin Yasmina , Miran-Guyon Marie
Published: September 2018

Yasmina Ouégnin, née en 1979, a été élue députée de la commune de Cocody à Abidjan en décembre 2011. Elle siège à la première législature d’après la crise postélectorale sous la bannière du PDCI-RDA 1 . Fille de l’ambassadeur Georges Ouégnin, directeur du protocole d’État de 1960 à 2001, elle fait montre d’une forte personnalité et fait bouger les lignes de l’action politique. En octobre 2015, face à l’absence de débats au sein de la majorité parlementaire RHDP 2 dont fait partie le PDCI, elle vote « non » au projet de loi devant instituer la III e  République. Non retenue par son parti aux élections législatives de décembre 2016, elle est réélue en tant que candidate indépendante et crée son propre groupe parlementaire, Vox Populi.
Sur les traces des capitales indécises de la Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Piermay Jean-Luc
Published: September 2018

Le présent article relate un voyage en Côte d’Ivoire, d’une ville à l’autre, en particulier dans les centres urbains qui portent aujourd’hui, ou qui portèrent, un titre de capitale. Il commence à Abidjan, décrivant la transformation de la ville en une métropole composée de quartiers et irriguée par les hubs de transport. Le voyage se poursuit à Grand-Bassam, la première capitale, aujourd’hui déchue et rattrapée physiquement par la métropole ; puis à Yamoussoukro, capitale officielle qui peine à assumer son rôle. Il se termine à Bouaké, « capitale du Nord », toujours centre commercial majeur, mais ville fortement secouée par les conflits internes au pays.
Régimes de scientificité et « recherches participatives et/ou collaboratives »
Authors: Foucart Jean
Published: September 2018

Les recherches participatives, collaboratives, les recherches-actions s’inscrivent dans un espace intermédiaire, dans un entre-deux, entre la recherche et une visée d’intervention, une visée d’action, ce que l’on pourrait qualifier de visée politique. L’entre-deux nous semble être cet espace au sein duquel s’inventent des savoirs nouveaux, de nouveaux projets. L’entre-deux est cet espace-temps de la transition, du compromis, toujours provisoire et non nécessairement formalisé entre des exigences opposées. La recherche en sciences sociales qui s’inscrit dans un entre-deux demande un régime de scientificité particulier, l’approche darwinienne. Elle questionne le principe de la rupture épistémologique.
La lutte contre les discriminations en France : construction et usages d’ un espace public
Authors: Bogalska-Martin Ewa , Prévert Aline
Published: September 2018

Après avoir longtemps constitué un « impensé » politique, la lutte contre les discriminations (LCD) constitue depuis les années 1990 un espace public, avec un dispositif d’ actions et un réseau d’ acteurs. Ce long chemin de traverse suivi par l’ évolution actuelle de sa prise en charge politique toujours inachevée est révélateur de la complexité de cet objet et de la difficulté de son traitement. Le texte présente les principaux résultats d’ une étude conduite en partenariat avec les grandes institutions de LCD, qui permettent de mieux comprendre la nature des relations qui se tissent entre l’ État, les acteurs impliqués sur ce champ et les « citoyens-victimes » qui cherchent à valider les normes juridiques et sociales prohibant la discrimination.
Le paradigme de la transaction. De sa richesse heuristique pour l’ analyse du développement durable
Authors: Foucart Jean
Published: September 2018

La notion d’ incertitude est centrale dans les projets de développement durable. La pensée et les pratiques de développement durable sont des pensées et pratiques floues, des pratiques d’ entre-deux. C’ est pourquoi les concepts de dispositifs et de transaction, concepts qui se centrent sur l’ analyse de l’ entre-deux sont particulièrement pertinents pour l’ analyse de ces pratiques.
Everything has changed. Reflection of parenting children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Slaná Miriam , Hromková Michaela , Letovancová Katarína , Vidová Klaudia
Published: September 2018

La Dystrophie Musculaire de Duchenne (DMD) a un impact significatif sur la qualité de vie des enfants atteints de DMD ainsi que de toute la famille. Cet article aborde entre autres la problématique du manque d’ informations sur l’ expérience des parents à l’ égard d’ un enfant vivant avec une maladie grave en Slovaquie. En particulier, la question de la dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne chez les enfants n’ a pas encore été étudiée. Le but de l’ étude était de comprendre comment les parents décrivent leur parentalité et ce qu’ ils considèrent comme le plus important en ce qui concerne les soins à leurs enfants atteints de la DMD. 26 personnes (16 femmes, 10 hommes) ont participé à trois groupes de discussion. L’ analyse du contenu a identifié les thèmes et a fourni des réponses aux questions de recherche abordées. Quatre thèmes ont émergé comme des moments clés dans la parentalité des enfants avec DMD : (1) Acceptation du diagnostic, (2) Gestion de la vie familiale, (3) Impact du soin du bien-être des parents (4) Accès aux services.
Plateforme, big data et recomposition du gouvernement urbain
Authors: Courmont Antoine
Published: September 2018

Resume Cet article adopte une perspective de sociologie de la donnée pour analyser les recompositions de la gouvernance urbaine liées à l’émergence d’un nouveau régime de quantification : le big data . À partir du cas des politiques de circulation routière et de l’application Waze, deux hypothèses sont poursuivies : 1) Le big data propose de nouvelles représentations de la ville qui troublent l’agencement stable et ordonné de la réalité porté par les institutions publiques. Cela permet à de nouveaux acteurs, les plateformes, de proposer des formes alternatives de régulation de l’espace urbain provoquant des tensions avec les autorités publiques locales. 2) Toutefois, l’analyse précise des modalités de production de ces nouvelles données met en évidence des modes d’accommodement entre la réalité établie par les institutions publiques et celle des plateformes de service numérique. Par la voie discrète des données émergent de nouvelles modalités de coordination entre acteurs publics et privés. Cet article illustre ainsi l’apport d’une sociologie de la donnée pour comprendre comment, à l’ère du big data , s’articulent différents types de régulation sur un territoire pour former de nouveaux modes de gouvernance urbaine.
Ce que le big data fait à l’analyse sociologique des textes
Authors: Cointet Jean-Philippe , Parasie Sylvain
Published: September 2018

Resume Depuis les années 2000, de nouvelles techniques d’analyse textuelle font leur apparition au croisement des mondes informatiques, de l’intelligence artificielle et du traitement automatique de la langue. Bien qu’élaborées en dehors de toute préoccupation sociologique, ces techniques sont aujourd’hui mobilisées par des chercheurs – sociologues comme non-sociologues – dans le but de renouveler la connaissance du social en tirant parti du volume considérable de matériaux textuels aujourd’hui disponibles. En dressant un panorama des enquêtes sociologiques qui reposent sur la mise en données et le traitement quantitatif de corpus textuels, cet article identifie à quelles conditions ces approches peuvent constituer une ressource pour l’enquête sociologique. Les trois conditions qui émergent de notre analyse concernent : 1) la connaissance du contexte de production des inscriptions textuelles ; 2) l’intégration à l’enquête de données extérieures au texte lui-même ; 3) l’ajustement des algorithmes au raisonnement sociologique.
Phrasing and nuclear configurations in authentic English-accented Spanish
Authors: Estebas-Vilaplana Eva , Blecua Beatriz
Published: September 2018

This paper examines the differences in the division of intonation phrases and in the tonal structure of the nuclear configuration (i.e., the last pitch accent and the following boundary tone) in imitated and in authentic English-accented Spanish. The same Spanish text was read by four native speakers of American English, who produced the text with a real English foreign accent in Spanish, and six native speakers of Spanish, who read the text twice: in L1 Spanish and in fake English-accented Spanish. An auditory analysis of the data was carried out along with an inspection of the f0 traces aligned with the spectrographic representation and the segmental string. The results showed that the Spanish speakers produce more intonation breaks when they imitate an English accent in Spanish than when they speak L1 Spanish. Furthermore, they adopt the typical tonal structure of Spanish final accents in their fake English-accented productions. The number of prosodic breaks in real and in imitated English-accented Spanish is similar. The nuclear configurations, on the other hand, present more variability and differ in the frequency of occurrence of some patterns. The high occurrence of the fall-rise pattern (L+H* LH%) and the presence of the high-fall contour (L+H* L%) in the English productions may help discriminate an authentic English-accented Spanish from a fake one.
Les rivalités entre les factions de pouvoir du régime franquiste, vues sous le prisme de la politique censoriale
Authors: Feuillastre Anne Laure
Published: September 2018

Cet article analyse comment le Ministère de l’Information et du Tourisme du gouvernement de Franco a été le terrain de profondes rivalités entre les deux principales familles politiques du régime. Tout au long des années 1960, les partisans de l’ouverture et les technocrates liés à l’Opus Dei se sont opposés au sein du gouvernement et ont lutté pour le pouvoir. La politique censoriale a évolué en fonction de la personnalité qui se trouvait à la tête du Ministère : Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Ministre de 1962 à 1969, a cherché à mener à bien une politique d’ouverture mais a été confronté au secteur immobiliste, incarné par les autorités ecclésiastiques et les technocrates. À partir de quelques exemples concrets de documents officiels, de pièce de théâtre et d’archives de censure, ce travail a pour objectif de souligner les luttes internes pour le pouvoir au sein du régime franquiste.
Le populisme aux Etats-Unis : le rejet de l’élite
Authors: Jamin Jérôme
Published: September 2018

Dans cet article, nous étudions la signification du populisme aux Etats-Unis dans une perspective historique. Nous montrons que si le populisme n’est pas une idéologie, il propose cependant une vision très spécifique du monde et de la politique. Dans la rhétorique populiste, l’histoire et les enjeux politiques sont réduits à une opposition agressive entre un peuple majoritaire, homogène et travailleur et une élite minoritaire, hétérogène et paresseuse. Cela étant dit, nous montrons que si le populisme n’est pas une idéologie, il se greffe sur des idéologies, de droite et de gauche, et parfois aux extrêmes. Nous illustrons notre propos avec des exemples aux Etats-Unis tels que People’s Party, Huey Long et Jesse Jackson à gauche, Arnold Schwarzenegger et Donald Trump à droite, et Pat Buchanan à l’extrême droite. Nous réalisons également une analyse des discours de Ross Perot et du Tea Party pour illustrer la spécificité du populisme fiscal. En conclusion, nous montrons que le populisme est profondément ancré dans la vie politique américaine depuis la naissance des Etats-Unis et le débat entre les Pères fondateurs sur la forme que le futur Etat fédéral allait prendre. Cela nous permettra de considérer que le populisme n’est pas systématiquement une menace pour la démocratie aux Etats-Unis, et qu’il ne se résume certainement pas à une de ses formes les plus connues : le populisme d’extrême droite.
Indicators for Cooperative, Online-Based Learning and Their Role in Quality Management of Online Learning
Authors: Ammenwerth Elske , Hackl Werner O. , Hoerbst Alexander , Felderer Michael
Published: September 2018

Learning is a constructive and social process that works best in interaction with others. From this perspective, interaction and cooperation are seen as essential for learning especially in online-based learning environments. The objective of this chapter is to propose and test indicators for cooperative online-based learning. The indicators focus on three areas: presence of participants (indicators: access index, access pattern index), participation of participants (reading index, contribution index, completion index), and interaction of participants (answer contribution index, connectivity index, reciprocity index). The indicators can be applied both to students and instructors. The indicators were applied to three online-based courses in higher education. Log data from the learning management system was used. Also, success rates, student evaluations, and workload analysis were conducted. Results show that the indicators can be calculated automatically and can provide meaningful information for students' and instructors' dashboards. The presented indicators are tailored to cooperative online-based learning environments, where interaction and cooperation are means of fostering higher levels of learning.
Orthographical, Phonological, and Morphological Challenges in Language Processing
Authors: Raman Ilhan , Yildiz Yasemin
Published: September 2018

The chapter examines the relationship between orthography, phonology, and morphology in Turkish and what this means for Turkish-English bilingual language processing. Turkish offers a unique language medium in pitching theoretical perspectives both in linguistics and psycholinguistics against each other because of its properties. Empirical and theoretical considerations are employed from both domains in order to shed light on some of the current challenges. In line with contemporary thought, this chapter is written with the view that bilingual speakers engage a singular language or lexical system characterized by fluid and dynamic processes. Particular focus will be given to English-Turkish speaking bilinguals in the UK, which includes heritage (HL) and non-heritage language speakers. Evidence from monolingual developmental research as well as neuropsychology will be examined to confirm findings of previous studies in other European contexts, and also to raise attention to various challenges which need to be addressed across all contexts.
Enterprise Content Management (ECM) Maturity Models
Authors: Foley Chris
Published: September 2018

A maturity model in the enterprise content management (ECM) sphere serves to evaluate an organization's performance against an assessment framework, and to determine roadmaps for optimizing that performance. Such tools are developed typically by academics, informed by considerable research, or by consulting firms that use their maturity model tool to promote the sale of their own products and services. Therefore, the experience of practitioners with using ECM maturity models is underrepresented in the literature. Practitioners require tools that are quick to implement whilst providing useful insights. This chapter explores two case studies in which the author conducted quick assessments using a maturity model as a guide. The case studies indicate that while quick assessments are useful, they need to be included as part of a maturity tool to ensure that the implementation method is repeatable and the results consistent.
Through the Looking Glass
Authors: Gómez Vicenç Ruiz
Published: September 2018

This chapter is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on the links between open government goals and the theoretical recordkeeping continuum approach: participation, collaboration, and transparency will be only possible within a postcustodial public administration archival infrastructure. The second section presents the maturity model on records management for open government, designed by the Society of Catalan Archivists-Records Managers, in order to build trust between government and citizenship ensuring traceability and authenticity in information governance. Although it is developed according to the Catalan and Spanish legal frameworks, the model can be useful for organizations, wherever settled, aiming to succeed with their open government policies, since it provides a self-audit checklist inspired by international standards on records management, digital preservation, civic participation, and quality.
Big Data Analytics for Tourism Destinations
Authors: Höpken Wolfram , Fuchs Matthias , Lexhagen Maria
Published: September 2018

The objective of this chapter is to address the above deficiencies in tourism by presenting the concept of the tourism knowledge destination – a specific knowledge management architecture that supports value creation through enhanced supplier interaction and decision making. Information from heterogeneous data sources categorized into explicit feedback (e.g., tourist surveys, user ratings) and implicit information traces (navigation, transaction, and tracking data) is extracted by applying semantic mapping, wrappers, or text mining. Extracted data are stored in a central data warehouse enabling a destination-wide and all-stakeholder-encompassing data analysis approach. By using machine learning techniques interesting patterns are detected and knowledge is generated in the form of validated models (e.g., decision trees, neural networks, association rules, clustering models). These models, together with the underlying data (in the case of exploratory data analysis) are interactively visualized and made accessible to destination stakeholders.
Challenges for Big Data Security and Privacy
Authors: Govindarajan M.
Published: September 2018

Security and privacy issues are magnified by the volume, variety, and velocity of big data, such as large-scale cloud infrastructures, diversity of data sources and formats, the streaming nature of data acquisition and high volume inter-cloud migration. In the past, big data was limited to very large organizations such as governments and large enterprises that could afford to create and own the infrastructure necessary for hosting and mining large amounts of data. These infrastructures were typically proprietary and were isolated from general networks. Today, big data is cheaply and easily accessible to organizations large and small through public cloud infrastructure. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the big data security and privacy challenges and also presents some solutions for these challenges, but it does not provide a definitive solution for the problem. It rather points to some directions and technologies that might contribute to solve some of the most relevant and challenging big data security and privacy issues.
Understanding Cloud Computing in a Higher Education Context
Authors: Self Lucy , Chamakiotis Petros
Published: September 2018

Cloud computing has become prevalent in many sectors today, including higher education. The chapter is premised on the assumption that despite the popularity of cloud computing in higher education, research within this context remains limited. The study, which is qualitative and exploratory in nature, involved an innovative methodological approach, drawing on interviews with three groups of participants: (1) members of a global, Fortune 100 technology company supplying cloud solutions; (2) members of a selected UK university's IT department implementing cloud solutions; and (3) students from the same UK university using cloud solutions. The findings improve understanding around cloud solutions in the higher education context by unpacking—through a qualitative thematic analysis approach—relevant themes that inform the extant information systems literature. Finally, the study provides recommendations for future researchers, cloud suppliers, universities, and students.
Centrality Analysis of the United States Network Graph
Authors: Meghanathan Natarajan
Published: September 2018

The authors model the contiguous states (48 states and the District of Columbia) of the United States (US) as an undirected network graph with each state represented as a node and there is an edge between two nodes if the corresponding two states share a common border. They determine a ranking of the states in the US with respect to the four commonly studied centrality metrics: degree, eigenvector, betweenness, and closeness. They observe the states of Missouri and Maine to be, respectively, the most central state and the least central state with respect to all the four centrality metrics. The degree distribution is bi-modal Poisson. The eigenvector and closeness centralities also exhibit Poisson distribution, while the betweenness centrality exhibits power-law distribution. The authors observe a higher correlation in the ranking of vertices based on the degree centrality and betweenness centrality.
In-Memory Analytics
Authors: Sánchez Jorge Manjarrez
Published: September 2018

Analytics is the processing of data for information discovery. In-memory implementation of machine learning and statistical algorithms enable the fast processing of data for descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, and prescriptive analytics. In this chapter, the authors first present some concepts and challenges for fast analytics, then they discuss some of the most relevant proposals and data management structures for in-memory data analytics in centralized, parallel, and distributed settings. Finally, the authors offer further research directions and some concluding remarks.
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Authors: Azevedo Ana
Published: September 2018

The term knowledge discovery in databases or KDD, for short, was coined in 1989 to refer to the broad process of finding knowledge in data, and to emphasize the “high-level” application of particular data mining (DM) methods. The DM phase concerns, mainly, the means by which the patterns are extracted and enumerated from data. Nowadays, the two terms are, usually, indistinctly used. Efforts are being developed in order to create standards and rules in the field of DM with great relevance being given to the subject of inductive databases. Within the context of inductive databases, a great relevance is given to the so-called DM languages. This chapter explores DM in KDD.
Healthcare Data Analysis in the Internet of Things Era
Authors: Tzanis George
Published: September 2018

Undoubtedly the IoT is the future of technology; it can provide manifold benefits to healthcare. However, the challenges posed are also great. Concerning the analysis of healthcare data, various tools have been introduced to deal efficiently with the large volumes as well as the various peculiarities of data (e.g., missing values, noise, etc.). The most popular representative of these modern tools is data mining, or the KDD process, strictly speaking. Although the KDD process has provided a lot of solutions, in many cases these techniques have to be scaled in order to deal with the new challenges posed by the big data paradigm. Cloud computing is the modern infrastructure that can provide the means to efficiently manage big data. Both cloud computing and the IoT are very promising concepts of technology and their complementary characteristics assure that their integration, Cloud-IoT, is very promising too. The introduction of the Cloud-IoT paradigm in the healthcare domain can offer manifold benefits and opportunities that will considerably improve the quality of healthcare.
Human Psychomotor Performance Under the Exposure to Mobile Phones-Like Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Curcio Giuseppe
Published: September 2018

The first studies on humans addressing cognitive functioning changes as a consequence of radiofrequency (RF) EMFs exposure date back to almost 20 years ago. The effects on human behavior showed in those pioneering works indicated an improvement of performance under the exposure to the signal, compared with sham exposure. These first and striking results were not fully replicated by subsequent studies that were characterized by a more methodological robustness and attention to exposure aspects. In accordance with this view, latest reviews and metanalyses have confirmed the paucity of evidence and the lack of reliability of psychomotor and cognitive effects of acute RF EMF exposure on human volunteers, particularly when assessed in well controlled laboratory settings. Thus, despite the public opinion about potential biologic effects of acute RF EMFs irradiation, it can be concluded that to date there is substantial lack of evidence about a negative influence of non-ionizing radiations on cognitive functioning in humans.
Mobile Applications for Automatic Object Recognition
Authors: Avola Danilo , Foresti Gian Luca , Piciarelli Claudio , Vernier Marco , Cinque Luigi
Published: September 2018

In recent years, the technological improvements of mobile devices in terms of computational capacity, embedded sensors, natural interaction, and high-speed connection are enabling an ever-increasing number of designers to develop advanced mobile applications to be used in everyday life. Among these, the vision-based applications for the automatic object recognition (AOR) play a key role since enabling users to interact with the world around them in innovative way makes more productive and profitable their entertainment, learning, and working activities. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first one, “Background,” explores the most recent works in AOR mobile applications highlighting the feature extraction processes and the implemented classifiers. The second one, “MV Development Technologies,” provides an overview of the current frameworks used to support the mobile AOR applications. The third one, “Future Research Trends,” discusses the aims of the next generation of AOR applications. Finally, “Conclusion” concludes the chapter.
Mobile Technologies Impact on Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Crossan Adam , McKelvey Nigel , Curran Kevin
Published: September 2018

Mobile technology today is increasingly being used to help improve underdeveloped and developing areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa. With the statistics showing the number of adults in Africa owning mobile devices steadily increasing, mobile technology has been a popular area of interest to use to help improve areas such as healthcare and education throughout African cities and rural areas. The purpose of this chapter was to examine the different ways mobile technology was being used to help the residents of Sub-Saharan Africa in the sectors of healthcare and education, and examine the possible ethical effects these technologies could be having. The study concludes that while the mobile technology can be implemented to help better the standard of health and education, it is mainly focused on urban areas and contributing to a poverty imbalance between urban and rural Africa.
Novel Methods to Design Low-Complexity Digital Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters
Authors: Romero David Ernesto Troncoso , Dolecek Gordana Jovanovic
Published: September 2018

Digital filters play a central role in modern digital signal processing (DSP) systems. Finite impulse response (FIR) filters can provide solutions with guaranteed stability and linear phase. However, the main disadvantage of conventional FIR filter designs is that they become computationally complex, especially in applications demanding narrow transition bandwidths. Therefore, designing FIR filters with very stringent specifications and a low complexity is currently an important challenge. In this chapter, a review of the recent methods to efficiently design low-complexity linear-phase FIR filters is presented. The chapter starts with an introduction to linear-phase FIR digital filters. Then, an overview of the design methods that have been developed in literature to design low-complexity FIR filters is presented. Finally, the most common and recent of these methods along with their corresponding special structures are explained.
Improving Quality of Business in Next Generation Telecom Networks
Authors: Đogatović Vesna Radonjić
Published: September 2018

Quality of business (QoBiz) is an important aspect of providing quality of telecommunication services that is being increasingly used in the pursuit of better business. It covers financial aspects of service provisioning, which is firmly related to service provider (SP) revenue and profit. In next generation network (NGN), relation between pure technical aspects (i.e., quality of service [QoS] and QoBiz) tend to be dynamic with pricing as an important tool for adjusting users' demand to network congestion, thus allowing a SP to maximize his revenue. This chapter aims to investigate and provide new possibilities for SPs to enhance their revenues using responsive pricing scheme for charging end users in NGN. Interaction of a SP and user is defined as a Stackelberg leader-follower game with provider acting as the leader and users acting as followers.
Developing a Glossary for Software Projects
Authors: Abdou Tamer , Kamthan Pankaj , Shahmir Nazlie
Published: September 2018

The success of a software project depends intrinsically on effective communication among stakeholders. The purpose of a glossary is to ensure that the knowledge of the domain underlying a software project be communicated properly to all the stakeholders of that project. This chapter provides the context, the rationale, and the means for developing a glossary for software projects. In doing so, it proposes a process for developing a glossary. This process is independent of any particular application domain, software development methodology, and information technology. The approaches for representing and presenting a glossary, for the consumption of humans as well as that of machines, are discussed.
Displaying Hidden Information in Glossaries
Authors: Ridao Marcela , Doorn Jorge Horacio
Published: September 2018

Requirements engineering is frequently seen as the activity of the software engineering process with fewer tools. Usually there are only available graphic and text editing aids. This is supported by the perception that it is a human-being-intensive task. This chapter is based on the understanding that such perception is just partially true. Models used along the requirements engineering process have underlying structures holding semantic information difficult to be seen by the reader. In fact, models created with well-defined objectives were designed to maximize their expressiveness for that objective. However, they may hold some useful shadowed information. Here is where a specialized tool may become valuable. From an epistemological point of view, this situation is similar to what happens in data mining. In this chapter, a tool able to make visible any clustering existing in universe of discourse glossaries is described. It is based on the automatic constructions of graphs using references embedded in the glossary itself.