bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF AMPICILLIN AND CHLORAMPHENICOL ON CHICK SERUM
Authors: Nanda Harshit , V Suneetha
Published: August 2017

Objective: Cystatin protein present in chick serum exhibits antimicrobial activity. The present study focuses on the effect of ampicillin and chloramphenicol antibiotics on chick serum and thus verifies Beer–Lambert’s law.Methods: The serum is separated from the cellular matter with the help of a micropipette to get a clean serum sample. The quantification of protein was done by Lowry’s method. The antibiotics ampicillin and chloramphenicol stock solution were prepared by 10 mg of antibiotic powder in 10 ml of sterilized water. The statistical analysis of the values obtained was done by SPSS logistics software.Results: The different values of concentration of serum with absorption showed a linear relationship which verifies Beer–Lambert’s law. With an increase in the concentration of protein in chick serum, the absorption also increases, which gives a range of concentration of protein at which ampicillin and chloramphenicol act.Conclusion: The rise and fall in the absorbance rate of proteins after addition of different antibiotics represent the increase and decrease in the concentration of proteins, respectively. This shows that every antibiotic acts at a particular concentration on the protein of the serum. Therefore, proper doses of antibiotics are recommended by the doctors.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-ACNE GEL CONTAINING GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) AGAINST PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES
Authors: Saptarini Nyi Mekar , Herawati Irma Erika
Published: August 2017

Objective: The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate the gel of garlic juice as anti-acne to facilitate the topical usage.Methods: The steps of this study consisted of extraction, gel formulations with various concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and gel evaluation, i.e., organoleptic, viscosity, pH, skin irritation test, hedonic test, and anti-acne activity assay against Propionibacterium acnes.Results: The garlic juice contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The different concentrations of CMC produce different physicochemistry properties of the gels. These properties were affected the gels stability, anti-acne activity, and the panelis perception on hedonic test.Conclusion: The garlic juice at 7.5% has anti-acne activity to P. acnes, and the gel of 3% CMC is the most stable and preferable.
ANTIMICROBIAL-RELATED ADVERSE DRUG REACTION IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: M Jindal , Rk Sharma
Published: August 2017

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the adverse drug reaction (ADR) related to commonly used antimicrobials in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A prospective spontaneous reporting study involving, active methods (pharmacist actively looking for suspected ADRs) and passive methods (stimulating prescribers to report suspected ADRs) was carried out in all departments of a tertiary care hospital, for 1 year. Patients of all age groups were included in the study. The data for the study were taken from case sheets, investigation reports of patients who had experienced an ADR, personal interviews with reporting persons or clinicians, personal interviews with patient or patient’s attendant, past history of medication use, which were generally obtained from, prescriptions from the past, reports of medical and surgical interventions, referral letters, ADR reporting forms. Collected data were then analyze for causality assessment by Naranjo’s scale and severity assessment by Hartwig and Siegel’s scale.Result: During 1 year of study period, 75 ADRs related to antimicrobial were reported among 1354 patients who were given antibiotic for the treatment. The incidence rate of antibiotic was found to be 5.53%. The department that reported ADR was medicine (10.16%), ENT (4.6%), pediatric (8.12%), orthopedics (06.9%), surgery (06.9%), chest and tuberculosis (04.6%), obstetrics and gynecology (06.9%), dentistry (02.3%), and skin (10.16%). The most common ADRs were related to gastrointestinal tract; dermatological reactions were second in the list of antimicrobial drugs causing ADR. In this study, among antimicrobials, fluoroquinolones, and beta-lactam antibiotics were the most common drugs causing gastrointestinal and dermatological ADRs. There was no unknown ADR reported that may need to be further investigated through active monitoring. All patients recovered from ADRs without any complications. The causality was assessed by Naranjo’s scale and it revealed that out of 75 antibiotics related ADR 48 (64%) were possible, 27 (36%) were probable, 3 (4.00%) were definate, and 0% were unlikely. According to the Hartwig and Siegel’s scale, most of ADR were mild 45 (60%) and moderate 30 (40%) in nature.Conclusion: ADRs related to antimicrobials occurs frequently. Among antimicrobials, fluoroquinolones, and beta-lactam antibiotics were the most common drugs causing gastrointestinal and dermatological ADRs. The health-care system can promote the spontaneous reporting of antimicrobial ADR to pharmacovigilance center for ensuring safe drug use and patient care.
Ein Zwischen de construção de sentido na ação dialógica: olhar a dialogicidade de Freire a partir da hermenêutica
Authors: Schuck Rogério José , Lorenzon Mateus
Published: August 2017

A Modernidade trouxe um período de racionalização do mundo, levando o ser humano a novas posturas diante do conhecimento. Esse modo de ser moderno passa, a não só compreender o mundo como objeto, mas tem uma forte tendência a reduzir o outro a essa condição. Neste estudo, analisamos de que forma o diálogo pode ser compreendido como fundamento ético das relações humanas. Com o intuito de discorrer sobre essa temática, propomos uma interlocução entre Paulo Freire e autores que trabalham na perspectiva hermenêutica. Por meio do estudo, evidenciou-se a centralidade que os autores depositam no diálogo como instrumento de emancipação do homem. Na contramão da proposta de Freire, encontramos o projeto neoliberal que confia na individualidade a tarefa de construção de uma sociedade mais justa e digna, sem perceber que nos únicos monólogos possíveis, na adoção de uma perspectiva tautológica e na (auto)definição que o próprio discurso é o correto, não se abre a possibilidade de construção do Ein Zeischen.
Formação de professores e novas tecnologias: histórias, políticas e novas perspectivas para a educação brasileira
Authors: David Ricardo Santos
Published: August 2017

Propôs-se, neste texto, discutir o tema da formação docente contemplando aspectos históricos, políticos e teóricos. Na primeira parte introduz-se o enfoque histórico, examinando a trajetória da formação de professores no Brasil, desdobrando-se em seis períodos que se iniciam com a aprovação da Lei das Escolas de Primeiras Letras, em 1827. Nota-se que a formação de professores em cursos específicos foi inaugurada no Brasil no final do século XIX com Escolas Normais destinadas à formação de docentes para as “primeiras letras”. A discussão segue e culmina com a promulgação da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação (LDB), em 1996; em seguida, discute-se sobre as políticas educacionais expressas na legislação, antes e após a LDB 9.394/1996, as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (2002) e a Política Nacional de Formação de Professores, editada por meio do Decreto Presidencial n.º 6.755/2009. Verificasse que as políticas e a práticas do sistema educacional brasileiro encontram-se orientadas pelos valores do neoliberalismo e, por isso, apresentam contradições. Por fim, na história brasileira, as políticas sobre formação de professores evidenciam sucessivas mudanças e reformas, contudo ainda não estabeleceram um padrão consistente de preparação docente para resolver os problemas enfrentados pela educação escolar.
Paulo Freire e o materialismo histórico: um estudo de “extensão ou comunicação?”
Authors: Jason Jason Ferreira , Camacho Carlos Mário Paes
Published: August 2017

Este artigo tem como objeto de investigação a presença do Materialismo Histórico em Paulo Freire, particularmente no livro Extensão ou Comunicação?. Escrito em 1969, no Chile, ocasião em que o educador brasileiro coordenou o projeto extensionista do Instituto de Capacitación e Investigación en Reforma Agrária (ICIRA), o livro problematiza a questão da educação no campo, a partir de algumas teses fundamentais propostas pelo humanista brasileiro. A hipótese central deste estudo reside na afirmativa de que Paulo Freire, ao propor uma educação libertadora e dialógica junto ao trabalho educativo do agrônomo e de camponeses, recorre ao Materialismo Histórico como método de investigação social e histórica. Se essa obra já demarca, teoricamente, o materialismo no pensamento de Freire, suas análises acerca da sociedade e da educação brasileira alcançaram o ápice em Pedagogia do oprimido, produção de maior referência do autor, ainda hoje, no campo das ciências sociais.
Aportes para una pedagogía crítica nuestroamericana: identificando el núcleo conceptual del pensamiento político-pedagógico de Paulo Freire
Authors: Santos Jorge Alejandro
Published: August 2017

El artículo tiene como objetivo rastrear, en la producción teórica y en la práctica pedagógica de Paulo Freire, los puntos nodales de su pensamiento que, más allá de los posicionamientos estratégicos y las reelavoraciones teóricas relativas al contexto y a los escenarios políticos en disputa, están presentes en toda su obra. Estos principios nos sirve hoy para repensar los desafíos de la educación Latinoamericana y para postularlos como base de cualquier sistema educativo que busque construir una región más justa, libre, democrática y soberana.A fin de alcanzar ese objetivo el trabajo comenzará planteando los puntos que hacen complejo el abordaje del pensamiento de Freire. Luego propondrá una clasificación temporal y conceptual a fin de ordenar por etapas los distintos giros en la perspectiva del autor y, finalmente, identificará los puntos centrales que recorren todas las etapas y estructuran sus desarrollos arribando al núcleo de la reflexión freireana y a su legado más fecundo.
ANÁLISE DE CORRELAÇÃO CANÔNICA: Uma aplicação em avaliação de cursos de graduação.
Authors: Neto João Vieira
Published: August 2017

ANÁLISE DE CORRELAÇÃO CANÔNICA: Uma aplicação em avaliação de cursos de graduação.
Las garantías de no repetición en la práctica judicial interamericana y su potencial impacto en la creación del derecho nacional
Authors: Londoño Lázaro María Carmelina , Hurtado Mónica
Published: August 2017

Este artículo analiza el contenido y alcance de las medidas ordenadas por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos como garantías de no repetición (GNR) (1998-2015) y su potencial impacto sobre el derecho local. Con este propósito, se construyó una matriz que las clasifica según su contenido y el margen de discrecionalidad que implícitamente se reconoce al Estado en la orden judicial. Se puede apreciar que todas las GNR tienen potencial para generar transformaciones nacionales en temas prioritarios para la región, por lo que aparecen como una nueva fuente de derecho interno. Sin embargo, la eficacia de esa nueva fuente jurídica puede estar condicionada por el grado de discrecionalidad que la Corte Interamericana concede a los Estados para implementar tales resoluciones, debido a que este es un criterio derivado del principio de subsidiaridad, en el que se refleja el nivel de coordinación y balance entre los ámbitos nacional e internacional. Se pudo observar que cerca del 75% de las GNR ordenadas por el tribunal regional suponen un nivel medio-bajo de discrecionalidad al Estado para implementar tales resoluciones, y, en algunos de estos casos, justamente la baja discrecionalidad se asocia con cuestionamientos sobre la legitimidad democrática de las decisiones internacionales.
Las uniones homoafectivas celebradas en el extranjero. Sistema venezolano de derecho internacional privado
Authors: Lugo Holmquist Claudia , Rodríguez Reyes Mirian
Published: August 2017

Una mirada a los sistemas jurídicos que han introducido regulaciones en materia de uniones afectivas entre personas del mismo sexo revela que cada vez son más los ordenamientos jurídicos estatales y los fallos jurisprudenciales que se suman al reconocimiento de tales uniones, o bien a reconocerles al menos los efectos de tipo personal, social y/o patrimonial que de ellas puedan desprenderse. En Venezuela, el panorama no evidencia esa tendencia, y apenas jurisprudencialmente ha habido tímidos avances. En este trabajo presentamos, en una primera parte, el estatus normativo y jurisprudencial que nos ofrece el sistema venezolano y cómo los intentos de salida o solución para el reconocimiento de las uniones homoafectivas que han propuesto por vías institucionales los grupos defensores de tales uniones, y en general, de los derechos humanos, han sido torpedeadas por el Estado a través de sus distintos órganos. En una segunda parte, exponemos las implicaciones del tema en dos aspectos del contenido del derecho internacional privado: la determinación del derecho aplicable y la eficacia extraterritorial de las sentencias extranjeras. Finalmente, haremos algunas consideraciones a ser tomadas en cuenta en la búsqueda de alternativas de solución que resultarían viables para la problemática planteada, partiendo del estatus normativo y jurisprudencial existente.
Reflexiones iniciales sobre el régimen fiscal de la exploración y explotación de hidrocarburos en México
Authors: Ríos Granados Gabriela
Published: August 2017

Este artículo es un primer esbozo que analiza el régimen fiscal de los hidrocarburos en México; para ello comenzamos con una serie de preguntas que se enfocan tanto en los antecedentes de esta industria antes de la última reforma sobre energía como en los términos fiscales y en las condiciones de los contratos y asignaciones; y, por último, se centra en los nuevos desafíos que presenta el Estado mexicano bajo el nuevo contexto legislativo en esta materia.
Feminisms and Balance
Authors: Strutt Suzanne
Published: August 2017

Feminist perspectives on balance take one of two forms: they are critiques of either “bad balance” or “balance as usual.” While the critique of bad balance has led to some important feminist interventions in the regulatory arena, the feminist critique of balance-as-usual holds that the ideal of balance is itself problematic.
Ideology, Discourse, and Cultural Studies: The Contribution of Michel Pêcheux
Authors: Montgomery Martin
Published: August 2017

This article offers an evaluative assessment of the potential contribution of Michel Pêcheux’s research to a current movement within cultural studies to secure a conceptual framework for the critical discourse analysis of the linguistic mechanisms of ideology (examples of which are drawn from news accounts).
“Delivering the Male”: Sports, Canadian Television, and the Making of TSN
Authors: Sparks Robert
Published: August 2017

The Sports Network (TSN) is a 24-hour all-sports specialty programming service that is widely distributed in the Canadian cable television system. In eight years of operation, TSN has achieved significant financial success following a pragmatic market plan conceived in the face of the technological, regulatory, and market conditions of sports and Canadian broadcasting in the early 1980s. This paper examines critically the market strategy of TSN in light of these conditions, and evaluates some of the impacts of this strategy on TSN’s programming, as well as some implications of the changing regulatory environment of the 1990s for the network’s continued operation.
The Australian Media Landscape: Recent Changes
Authors: Jacka Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

Australia has had a comparatively stable broadcasting system since the 1950s. This began to change in the 1980s and the pace of change is now accelerating. The government has just released a new draft broadcasting bill which promises to free up the system, allow new entrants, and provide new services for consumers.
Information and Communication Technology Policy Research in the United Kingdom: A Perspective
Authors: Mansell Robin
Published: August 2017

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are altering the ways in which time and distance affect productive activities. Such innovative activity is affected by historical factors, the capacity of individuals and institutions to adapt and act, and by decisions of technology producers, users, and government policy-makers. This paper highlights the directions and perspectives in social science research in the United Kingdom that have emerged in the Programme on Information and Communication Technologies (PICT) established by the Economic and Social Research Council.
Cultural Development and the Open Economy: A Democratic Issue and a Challenge to Public Policy
Authors: Raboy Marc
Published: August 2017

The context of economic globalization poses an unprecedented challenge to public policy in the area of culture, as the fragile balance between economics and culture, formerly ensured by the state, is called into question. Far from indicating that the state no longer has a role to play, the imperatives of cultural development demand a dynamic approach to public policy. The democratic stake of cultural development is to re-establish the citizen’s right to contribute to public life and, in this respect, to promote access to and participation in the cultural sphere which, the authors maintain, is increasingly centered in the mass media.
Trading in Culture: The Role of Language
Authors: Collins Richard
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers why the imperatives of cultural development and economy are often perceived to be contradictory; the fundamental ambiguity of meaning of the category “culture"; the conflict between socially established understandings of the category “culture” and the patterns of cultural practice created by contemporary circumstances (notably the industrialization/popularization of culture and globalization of economic activity). It examines the importance of language as a factor in explaining the structure of important cultural markets and considers the distinctive position of “new societies” in the global cultural economy and the possibilities offered by Canada’s linguistic endowment.
Rethinking Audiences for Cultural Industries: Implications for Canadian Research
Authors: Jeffrey Liss
Published: August 2017

Within the broad theme of cultural development in an open economy, two models—market and public—are introduced to distinguish research approaches focused on economic or cultural aspects of audiences. Drawing on a review of Canadian and international research, this article identifies six fundamental questions raised over the past decade by institutional, commercial, and scholarly researchers. These questions concern the limitations of measurement techniques, current understanding of audience activity, fragmentation of the mass audience, search for a public calculus, new ethnographic approaches that emphasize the active nature of audiences, and posited linkage between media and cultural or national identity. The article concludes by briefly drawing out the implications for Canadian research of this worldwide rethinking of audiences for cultural industries. Further research is clearly indicated, and a combined market and public model approach is suggested.
The Russian Press after Perestroika
Authors: Richter Andrei G.
Published: August 2017

This article examines the changes that have occurred in the Russian press since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991. Described are circumstances relating to legal regulation, ownership, the economy, printing facilities, newsprint production, distribution, and information flow. After its “golden age” of the late 1980s, the press in Russia has entered a time of serious economic problems, a sharp fall in circulation, and growing dependence on subsidies from the government. With the disintegration of the “central press,” local publications seem to be gaining more importance in the information market.
Ideas from the Bush: Indigenous Television in Australia and Canada
Authors: Meadows Michael
Published: August 2017

Indigenous communities in Australia and Canada are challenging notions of the cultural hegemony of mass media. Implicit in new media technologies are empowering strategies which have enabled community broadcasters to appropriate media for their own culturally specific use. In Australia, Aborigines have adopted interactive and local television as a cultural resource to aid in strengthening languages and culture. In Canada, a pan-Canadian Native television network enables indigenous access and cultural leadership in a different way. However policymakers in both countries need to become more attuned to the creative options emerging in the form of these “ideas from the bush.”
Towards Regionalization of New Communication Services in the CARICOM: A Technological Free-For-All
Authors: Brown Aggrey
Published: August 2017

The regionalization of new telecommunications and media services in the Caribbean has to be seen in the context of the history of a region which remains fragmented along the lines of antecedent colonial connections. While the inevitability of pan-Caribbean co-operation, if not integration, has to be acknowledged, the regionalization of new information/communication (infocom) services in the Caribbean proceeds along the traditional geopolitical lines. This paper focuses on the English-speaking Caribbean, which comprises the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). The specific issues that are pertinent to the notion of regionalization of services are geopolitical, economic, and technological. More precisely, the region’s proximity to North America, the emergence of a competitive global economy, and the role of infocom technologies in the global economy, both as a sector of that economy and as the cohesive element within it, are our main concerns.
Trade Integration and Communication Networks in Latin America
Authors: Roncagliolo Rafael
Published: August 2017

Over the last few years, academic discussions about the state of communications in the Americas, particularly those discussions taking place in the northern part of the continent, sometimes slide into one or more of the following misunderstandings: the provincialist view, which considers the entire hemisphere to be involved in a single process of trade liberalization, like the NAFTA; the overly simplified view, which assumes that the southern countries are a homogeneous group, from the point of view of cultural and technical vistas; the belief that there has been no effort to integrate these countries’ communications; and the globalist view, which aims at forgetting the profound peculiarities which radically differentiate American communications from those of the rest of the world. Keeping in mind these traps and dangers, in this presentation I would like to specify that there exist not one but many processes of trade liberalization affecting the Americas; introduce a view of the internal complexity and heterogeneity of the region; enumerate prior Latin American attempts at communications integration, looking at materials and goals; and present three peculiarities which differentiate the region from the rest of the world.
Trade Liberalization and Policy for Media Industries: A Theoretical Examination of Media Flows
Authors: Wildman Steven S.
Published: August 2017

The recently developed microeconomic model of one-way international flows in films and television programs is shown to be a specific application of a more general model of trade in media products. Predictions of the general model are consistent with observed international flows for other media, geographic flows of media products within countries, and intertemporal flows of media products across distribution channels. The general tendency is for product to flow from large to small markets unless impeded by policy-created barriers. Earlier explanations for one-way international flows do not similarly generalize, but cultural explanations and the microeconomic model are complementary to each other. The role of market size in determining media trade flows and the effect of domestic media policies on the growth and relative sizes of national media markets should be considered in the formation of trade policies for media industries.
The Dialectical Methods of Marshall McLuhan, Marxism, and Critical Theory
Authors: Grosswiler Paul
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this paper is to help reclaim McLuhan’s media and social / historical theories for critical theory, arguing that McLuhan employed a form of dialectical theory containing basic elements of dialectics developed by Hegel, Marx, and, later, his contemporaries of the Frankfurt School. This essay will examine McLuhan’s published writings for analysis of his dialectical methodology and compare his work closely with the work of Walter Benjamin, and the work of Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, lines of inquiry paralleling Judith Stamps’s Unthinking Modernity. The central argument is that McLuhan’s method, like Marx’s radical dialectical method, was not a mechanistic, technological determinism. Instead, McLuhan was mining the interstices of media interaction for openings that allow human awareness and autonomy. This study attempts to reclaim McLuhan by showing that his method was open-ended and processual, not only in his early work, but in the later and posthumous work as well.
Economics and Information: Toward a New (and More Sustainable) Worldview
Authors: Babe Robert E.
Published: August 2017

Mainstream or neoclassical economics assumes a commodity-only status for information, even though information is indivisible, subjective, shared, and intangible, making information quite ill-suited for commodity treatment. Likewise, orthodox economics posits communication as comprising merely acts of commodity exchange, thereby ignoring gift relations, dialogic interactions, the cumulative and transformative properties of all informational interchange, and the social or community context within which communicative action takes place. This article draws out implications for human survival of continuing to implement policies based on neoclassical modes of analysis, and touches upon some main features of an alternative, communication-centred worldview, this latter perspective being much more consistent with ecosystem vitality and with human community.
Status of the Artist or of Arts Organizations?: A Brief Discussion on the Canadian Status of the Artist Act
Authors: Cliche Danielle
Published: August 2017

This article provides a historical background and description of the new federal Status of the Artist Act. In particular, it explores the role of the Canadian Artists and Professional Relations Tribunal, discusses the certification process for national artist associations, and raises questions regarding the implications of the Act for Canadian artists. A brief review of foreign measures to address the socioeconomic status of artists is also included.
The Telecommunications Equipment Market: Globalization or Selective Regionalization
Authors: Martinez Andrea
Published: August 2017

Beginning with the transformation of trade structures in the telecommunications equipment sector, this article outlines the emergence of a process of selective regionalization where mergers are being played out on the territory of the main capitalist poles of innovation (OECD area) and, to a lesser extent, in the dynamic economies of Asia and Latin America. Pushed by the evolution of technical progress and deregulation, large telecommunications manufacturers are tackling more specialized and targeted markets because of a change in demand. The strengthening of regional commercial zones soon turns these manufacturers away from third-country markets, leaving entire sections of the planet abandoned.
Using Face-to-face Dialogue as a Standard for Other Communication Systems
Authors: Bavelas Janet Beavin
Published: August 2017

Because face-to-face dialogue is our first and most common form of communication, we can use it as a prototype to evaluate other forms of communication. Three features are fully present only in face-to-face dialogue: unrestricted verbal expression, meaningful non-verbal acts such as gestures and facial displays, and instantaneous collaboration between speaker and listener. In this paper, we explicate these three dimensions and then use them to measure other communication systems: written text, television, and electronic mail. Users of these other systems often spontaneously accommodate to their limitations by inventing dialogue-like features. Finally, we propose that the design of new communication systems could benefit by using face-to-face dialogue as both a standard and a source of solutions.
Applications of an Interpersonal Communication Model to Educational Environments
Authors: Donaldson E. Lisbeth
Published: August 2017

The Composite Interaction Model of interpersonal communication is applied to professional practice using inductive and deductive strategies (1) to develop students’ understanding of communication and the relationships of theory to practice and (2) to analyze the effectiveness of a voice care communication course for teachers. The first application encourages students to articulate basic components of communication by drawing upon personal experience while at the same time the instructor guides students toward a conceptual framework based upon the model. The second application demonstrates how the model is a useful tool to retrospectively assess the effectiveness of an in-service course for professional teachers.
Canadian University Policy and the Information Infrastructure: Past Lessons, Future Directions
Authors: Buchwald Cheryl Cowan
Published: August 2017

This paper presents an overview of the course of twentieth-century Canadian universality in social, telecommunications, broadcasting, and public library policies as a broader and more realistic context for the development of information infrastructure policy. Recent market-oriented policy proposals do not consider the object lessons learned from market failures in the first half of this century that resulted in demands for a more secure, equitable, and inclusive society. The recent drive to deregulate has spurred public advocates to fight for government intervention to preserve universality in policy decisions for the Canadian information infrastructure. This study concludes that the private and government sectors are eroding universal access in favour of competition. Past and present policy examples indicate that universality will not occur without government intervention.
Human and Economic Factors Affecting the Acceptance of Electronic Journals by Readers
Authors: Rowland Fytton , Bell Ian , Falconer Catherine
Published: August 2017

Human factors that influence the acceptability of electronic journals to users include the interface, the hypertext structure, the searching and browsing functionalities, and the speed of the network response. Economic factors that influence the progress of electronic journals include not only the level of prices charged, but also the pricing structures adopted. Three recent studies of the acceptance of electronic journals by users and other published work are considered. It is concluded that the continued provision of high-quality scholarly publications to readers in the electronic era will require that publishers provide the needed design quality at prices that are significantly lower than those charged today for printed journals.
The Ties that Still Bind: Media and National Cultures in Latin America
Authors: Waisbord Silvio R.
Published: August 2017

This paper explores the interaction of the global and the national, beginning with an analysis of the decrease in attention to the impact of global media on Latin American cultures in contemporary political and academic debates. It attributes this decrease to the convergence of three developments: the failure of past experiences with state ownership and control of mass media, optimism about the state of audiovisual industries and cultures, and the rise of a new intellectual sensibility that considers national cultures antithetical to cultural diversity. It then contrasts this view of the national with the resilience of the nation-state and national cultures. In this dual context, it considers national audiovisual policies as instruments to foster political pluralism and cultural diversity.
The Delicate Acts of “Colour Balancing”: Multiculturalism and Canadian Television Broadcasting Policies and Practices
Authors: Roth Lorna
Published: August 2017

As a symbolic demonstration of the Government of Canada’s attitude toward minorities’ communication rights, the Multiculturalism Act (1988) and the Broadcasting Policy Reflecting Canada’s Linguistic and Cultural Diversity (1985) are paradigms of state intervention which encourage the public production, programming, and protection of certain forms of ethnicity. After critically outlining the content and historical struggle around these two policies, this paper focuses on how multiculturalism and ethnic broadcasting privilege ethnocultural and racial “diversity” as an integral aspect of Canadian society. “Colour-balanced” media requires the actual implementation, supervision, and monitoring by the CRTC of section 3(1)(d)(iii) of the Canadian Broadcasting Act by people whose minds are open to the recognition, in practice, of equality rights for minority communicators in Canada.
Remoulding Public Service Broadcasting, the British Experience
Authors: Hutchison David
Published: August 2017

Public service broadcasting has been under pressure in the United Kingdom in recent years. The reasons for this situation are considered, the challenges which have arisen are examined, and an assessment of the current and likely future health of public service broadcasting in Britain is offered.
Cultural Industries in the Age of Free-Trade Agreements
Authors: Galperin Hernan
Published: August 2017

This paper examines how cultural industries have been integrated into different free-trade /regional integration agreements. The cases of NAFTA, the EU, MERCOSUR, and GATT are compared. Each of these trade agreements has combined liberalization, co-operation, and exemption in unique ways, resulting in different policy outcomes. Industry structure, domestic communication policies, and cultural factors are explored in order to account for each country’s trade agenda and the achievements of regional initiatives in the audiovisual sector. The conclusion identifies several common issues for audiovisual policies in free-trade /regional integration agreements and proposes a framework to renew the debate over cultural trade that goes beyond the free flow of information versus cultural protectionism deadlock.
Investing in On-line Learning: Potenttial Benefits and Limitations
Authors: Bartolic-Zlomislic Silvia , Bates A.W. (Tony)
Published: August 2017

Many universities and colleges have started to invest heavily in on-line teaching. Why are institutions across the world doing this? Is the investment justified? This paper attempts to answer these questions by drawing on results from three Canadian case studies. The studies indicate that on-line learning can open up new markets. The flexibility of on-line learning makes it particularly appropriate for mature, “lifelong” learners. Students appreciate the opportunity to work collaboratively and closely with teachers and colleagues from across the world. Under the right conditions, on-line learning can be cost effective and even profit-making. However, financial management, technical support for faculty, allocation of revenues to those units that take the risk, professionalism, and a team approach to course development and delivery are all critical factors for success.
Viewers into Europeans?: How the European Union Tried to Europeanize the Audiovisual Sector, and Why it Failed
Authors: Theiler Tobias
Published: August 2017

From the early 1980s, the European Commission and Parliament made a series of attempts to use television as a tool to foster a European identity in audiences and strengthen popular support for European integration. In this paper, I first examine their efforts to help set up a pan-European multilingual television channel in order to confront the audience with non-national (and thus supposedly European and “Europeanizing”) programs. Second, I trace their attempts to foster the Europeanization of the audiovisual productions sector by, in the first instance, subsidizing multinational co-productions. I show that in both areas those efforts have largely come to nothing. They stumbled over the resistance mounted by some national governments and/or were frustrated by continued audience preferences for national as opposed to foreign or non-national television programs. All this, I contend, points to the underlying difficulties of trying to promote among mass publics a cultural form that stands divorced from their respective national contexts, be it through television or other means, and it hints at the formidable obstacles that hinder the European Union’s attempts to forge among Europeans a shared identity beyond the nation-state.
Impacts of Black Athlete Media Portrayals on Canadian Youth
Authors: Wilson Brian
Published: August 2017

This paper examines the limitations of present theory concerning media and race, and provides a rationale for using Janice Radway’s concept of “interpretive communities” as a means for theorizing the “impacts” of media portrayals on audiences. Results are reported from a focus group study that used the “interpretive community” framework to assess adolescent reactions to black portrayals in television. Issues surrounding the impacts of black athlete portrayals are examined as a crucial case, considering the cultural importance of these figures for certain youth cultures. The results offer insights into the impacts of media portrayals of race in several key areas, including minority self-perceptions, racial awareness, racial stereotyping, perceived conditions of social mobility, and perceived racial equality. They also demonstrate the need to conceptualize media impacts as intertextual and dialogical events that occur as an interaction between the audience and the media.
The Beginnings of Communication Studies in Canada: Remembering and Narrating the Past
Authors: Tate Eugene D. , Osler Andrew , Fouts Gregory , Siegel Arthur
Published: August 2017

Narratives from four Canadian communication scholars describe the development of communication studies and journalism in Canada. The development of a discipline is best understood through the stories told about its growth. The story of the discipline of communication in Canada is traced with the narrative of the creation of programs at York University, the University of Calgary, the University of Saskatchewan, this journal, and the Journalism programs at the University of Western Ontario and Carleton University. A tribute to the seminal work of Earle Beattie in the creation of the Canadian Journal of Communication is provided.
The Beginnings of Communication Studies in Canada: The York University Program in Mass Communication
Authors: Siegel Arthur
Published: August 2017

Narratives from four Canadian communication scholars describe the development of communication studies and journalism in Canada. The development of a discipline is best understood through the stories told about its growth. The story of the discipline of communication in Canada is traced with the narrative of the creation of programs at York University, the University of Calgary, the University of Saskatchewan, this journal, and the Journalism programs at the University of Western Ontario and Carleton University. A tribute to the seminal work of Earle Beattie in the creation of the Canadian Journal of Communication is provided.
The Beginnings of Communication Studies in Canada: The Canadian Communication Association and the Canadian Journal of Communication: Some Reminiscences and Trends
Authors: Fouts Gregory
Published: August 2017

Narratives from four Canadian communication scholars describe the development of communication studies and journalism in Canada. The development of a discipline is best understood through the stories told about its growth. The story of the discipline of communication in Canada is traced with the narrative of the creation of programs at York University, the University of Calgary, the University of Saskatchewan, this journal, and the Journalism programs at the University of Western Ontario and Carleton University. A tribute to the seminal work of Earle Beattie in the creation of the Canadian Journal of Communication is provided.
Agents and Structures: Journalists and the Constraints on AIDS Coverage
Authors: Emke Ivan
Published: August 2017

Many media scholars have used the news coverage of AIDS as a case study in the operation and effects of the mass media. This research has largely focused on interpretations of textual content, often with an underlying assumption that media workers have either distorted or misrepresented AIDS. However, the stream of media analysis which focuses on the structuring properties of newswork constraints would argue that the media content is in part a reflection of the process of newswork. This paper is organized into three sections: (a) an overview of the effects of newswork practices on content; (b) a survey of early social science research on the media coverage of AIDS; and (c) an application of theories on newswork to the results of open-ended interviews with journalists who covered the “AIDS beat.” In sum, the research finds that journalists, who work with newswork constraints daily, are somewhat aware of the effects of these limitations. However, they may also underestimate such effects, preferring to believe that their own media output is able to rise above such structural processes.
An Alternative to the Fighting Frame in News Reporting
Authors: Richards Trudie
Published: August 2017

Journalists rely on conflict as a conventional method of framing news reporting. Faced with the pressure of deadlines and time and space constraints, as well as strained resources, and their perception that media consumers prefer this reportorial style, journalists resort to conflict-based reporting. The approach positions one side against another, excluding the likely possibility that there are several sides in any given dispute, simplifying the complexities of the issue, and often exacerbating the conflict by the very nature of the reportage. The general public repeatedly expresses dissatisfaction with current media practices. Journalists themselves are increasingly calling for an alternative approach. Using a dispute between a monastery and a forestry company as a case study, this paper will analyze media coverage, comment on key players’ observations, and offer an alternative approach for consideration.
Re-Pressing Racism: The Denial of Racism in the Canadian Press
Authors: Szuchewycz Bohdan
Published: August 2017

A long-standing and pervasive element of Canadian national identity is the idealization of Canadian society as uniquely tolerant and free of racism. This national myth was seriously challenged when the results of a federally commissioned survey on attitudes toward immigration were made public. Using the methods of critical discourse analysis, this paper examines how the results of this survey were presented and interpreted in The Globe and Mail. Specifically, the press reports are examined with respect to: (a) how the situation of discrimination and intolerance revealed in the survey is encoded, (b) the meaning of the terms “Canadian” and “Canadian culture” in the context of these texts, and (c) how the texts account for the reported change in “Canadian” attitudes towards “visible minorities.” I argue that The Globe and Mail adopted an overall semantic strategy of denial of racism which reinterprets, marginalizes, and mitigates evidence of racism in Canada, and thus reinforces the dominant and preferred view of Canadian society as tolerant, pluralistic, and free of systemic racism.
Refocusing the CBC
Authors: Hoskins Colin , McFadyen Stuart , Finn Adam
Published: August 2017

How would the Canadian broadcasting system look if there were no CBC? What would be the programming mix? Would it be deficient, leading to market failure? Digitization, convergence, and the development of the Internet are transforming broadcasting. If there were no CBC, would we create such a public service broadcaster now in a broadcast system where numerous choices, including 64 specialty channels, are available by cable and direct broadcast satellite? Would the benefits of creating a CBC be greater than the costs? If we invented a CBC today, what would be its focus? How does this compare to CBC's current operations and to the vision of its President? Our examination of these questions will concentrate on CBC English television.
Wellsprings of Knowledge: Beyond the CBC Policy Trap
Authors: Murray Catherine
Published: August 2017

The CBC/Radio Canada is in a policy trap which is endemic to all cultural policy today. A casualty of the 1990s policy focus on the cultural industries, the traditional public interest discourse has failed to gain a toehold in arguments favouring a continued state role in the development of cultural capital. This paper explores a cultural capital perspective and argues for a closer link with and co-ordination between education and culture in policy fields at both the theoretical and operational levels. The paper concludes that the instrumental utility of a cultural capital approach is ultimately too limiting. What is needed is a theoretical shift from public interest rhetoric to a democratic rights-based discourse. Such a shift in the conceptual underpinnings of cultural policy implies radical decentralization and deconcentration of control within the CBC. New models of democratic cultural governance are needed to reclaim public broadcasting.
An Archive of the (Political) Unconscious
Authors: Faulkner Christopher
Published: August 2017

This paper proffers two parallel and related lines of inquiry: (1) it considers the Federal Bureau of Investigation as a paradigm of all archives and, in that light, (2) it examines the meaning of the citations to Jean Renoir in numerous FBI files released under the U.S. Freedom of Information Act. These files provide the evidence of a heretofore ignored political activism on Renoir's part in the United States during the 1940s that must lead us to rethink critical and historical assumptions about his film work during his American period and immediately thereafter.
The Bias Against Communication: On the Neglect and Non-publication of the "Incomplete and Unrevised Manuscript" of Harold Adams Innis
Authors: Buxton William J.
Published: August 2017

Harold Adams Innis' "A History of Communications" has attained almost mythological status within his oeuvres, and is widely recognized as an important repository of his ideas. Yet the work (numbering some 2,400 pages) has never been published, and its significance for understanding Innis' scholarship has yet to be assessed. This paper examines why a number of efforts to publish the work met with failure, giving particular attention to a venture supported by the CRTC in 1969-70, as viewed through the eyes of Mary Quayle Innis and those advising her (particularly Northrup Frye, Donald Innis, and George Ferguson). The paper concludes with an overview of the manuscript's contents, along with some of the organizing principles that underpinned the empirical material that Innis presents. Such an exercise, I argue, is essential if one is to address whether the document merits publication in some form.
Production, Preservation, and Access: The Struggle to Retain Audiovisual Archives
Authors: Jackson John D.
Published: August 2017

Canadian audiovisual production in film or video, on tape or CD are in danger of deteriorating and, what is available, of becoming inaccessible. This was the conclusion of a Federal Task Force report titled Fading Away in 1995. The problem is all the greater six years later. Apart from the loss of a valuable heritage, the lack of support for the preservation of and access to audiovisual production is detrimental to major research interests in communications and related social sciences. This paper presents a general discussion of the issues involved and a call to action.