bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wireless Sensor Network Optimization: Multi-Objective Paradigm
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Naeem Muhammad , Anpalagan Alagan , Ahmed Ashfaq , Azam Muhammad
Published: July 2015

Optimization problems relating to wireless sensor network planning, design, deployment and operation often give rise to multi-objective optimization formulations where multiple desirable objectives compete with each other and the decision maker has to select one of the tradeoff solutions. These multiple objectives may or may not conflict with each other. Keeping in view the nature of the application, the sensing scenario and input/output of the problem, the type of optimization problem changes. To address different nature of optimization problems relating to wireless sensor network design, deployment, operation, planing and placement, there exist a plethora of optimization solution types. We review and analyze different desirable objectives to show whether they conflict with each other, support each other or they are design dependent. We also present a generic multi-objective optimization problem relating to wireless sensor network which consists of input variables, required output, objectives and constraints. A list of constraints is also presented to give an overview of different constraints which are considered while formulating the optimization problems in wireless sensor networks. Keeping in view the multi facet coverage of this article relating to multi-objective optimization, this will open up new avenues of research in the area of multi-objective optimization relating to wireless sensor networks.
Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)—A Platform Technology for Multiplexed Diagnostics and Digital Detection
Authors: Avci Oguzhan , Ünlü Nese , Özkumur Ayça , Ünlü M.
Published: July 2015

Over the last decade, the growing need in disease diagnostics has stimulated rapid development of new technologies with unprecedented capabilities. Recent emerging infectious diseases and epidemics have revealed the shortcomings of existing diagnostics tools, and the necessity for further improvements. Optical biosensors can lay the foundations for future generation diagnostics by providing means to detect biomarkers in a highly sensitive, specific, quantitative and multiplexed fashion. Here, we review an optical sensing technology, Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS), and the relevant features of this multifunctional platform for quantitative, label-free and dynamic detection. We discuss two distinct modalities for IRIS: (i) low-magnification (ensemble biomolecular mass measurements) and (ii) high-magnification (digital detection of individual nanoparticles) along with their applications, including label-free detection of multiplexed protein chips, measurement of single nucleotide polymorphism, quantification of transcription factor DNA binding, and high sensitivity digital sensing and characterization of nanoparticles and viruses.
Influence of surface chemical properties on the toxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles to embryonic zebrafish
Authors: Zhou Zitao , Son Jino , Harper Bryan , Zhou Zheng , Harper Stacey
Published: July 2015

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely used in a variety of products, thus understanding their health and environmental impacts is necessary to appropriately manage their risks. To keep pace with the rapid increase in products utilizing engineered ZnO NPs, rapid in silico toxicity test methods based on knowledge of comprehensive in vivo and in vitro toxic responses are beneficial in determining potential nanoparticle impacts. To achieve or enhance their desired function, chemical modifications are often performed on the NPs surface; however, the roles of these alterations play in determining the toxicity of ZnO NPs are still not well understood. As such, we investigated the toxicity of 17 diverse ZnO NPs varying in both size and surface chemistry to developing zebrafish (exposure concentrations ranging from 0.016 to 250 mg/L). Despite assessing a suite of 19 different developmental, behavioural and morphological endpoints in addition to mortality in this study, mortality was the most common endpoint observed for all of the ZnO NP types tested. ZnO NPs with surface chemical modification, regardless of the type, resulted in mortality at 24 hours post-fertilization (hpf) while uncoated particles did not induce significant mortality until 120 hpf. Using eight intrinsic chemical properties that relate to the outermost surface chemistry of the engineered ZnO nanoparticles, the highly dimensional toxicity data were converted to a 2-dimensional data set through principal component analysis (PCA). Euclidean distance was used to partition different NPs into several groups based on converted data (score) which were directly related to changes in the outermost surface chemistry. Kriging estimations were then used to develop a contour map based on mortality data as a response. This study illustrates how the intrinsic properties of NPs, including surface chemical modifications and capping agents, are useful to separate and identify ZnO NP toxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Synthesis of icariin from kaempferol through regioselective methylation and para-Claisen–Cope rearrangement
Authors: Mei Qinggang , Wang Chun , Zhao Zhigang , Yuan Weicheng , Zhang Guolin
Published: July 2015

The hemisynthesis of the naturally occurring bioactive flavonoid glycoside icariin (1) has been accomplished in eleven steps with 7% overall yield from kaempferol. The 4′-OH methylation of kaempferol, the 8-prenylation of 3-O-methoxymethyl-4′-O-methyl-5-O-prenyl-7-O-benzylkaempferol (8) via para-Claisen–Cope rearrangement catalyzed by Eu(fod)3 in the presence of NaHCO3, and the glycosylation of icaritin (3) are the key steps.
Front matter
Authors: Matthews Tanya , Strolovitch Devon
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the 9th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference, held February 19-21, 1999, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, edited by Tanya Matthews and Devon Strolovitch.
Indefinites between Predication and Reference
Authors: De Swart Henriëtte
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
Two Structures for Compositionally Derived Events
Authors: Levin Beth , Rappaport Hovav Malka
Published: July 2015

No abstract.
A NOTE ON EXISTENCE RESULTS FOR A CLASS OF THREE-POINT NONLINEAR BVPS
Authors: Verma Amit K. , Singh Mandeep
Published: July 2015

This article deals with a computational iterative technique for the following second order three point boundary value problem y''(t) + f(t, y, y' ) = 0, 0 < t < 1, y(0) = 0, y(1) = δy(η), where f(I × R, R), I = [0, 1], 0 < η < 1, δ > 0. We consider simple iterative scheme and develop a monotone iterative technique. Some examples are constructed to show the accuracy of the present method. We show that our technique is quite powerful and some user friendly packages can be developed by using this technique to compute the solutions of the nonlinear three point BVPs whose close form solutions are not known.
Protective effect of Enterococcus faecalis DAPTO 512 on the intestinal tract and gut mucosa: milk allergy application
Authors: Belkaaloul K. , Haertlé T. , Chobert J.M. , Merah R. , Taibi K. , Hachemi H.A. Saad El , Hemch S. , Amier L. , Chekroun A. , Saidi D. , Kheroua O.
Published: July 2015

The allergenicity of β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) was studied by using Ussing chamber in a murine model of β-Lg allergy supplemented with hydrolysates obtained after fermentation of milk for 48 h at 37 °C with Enterococcus faecalis DAPTO 512, isolated from cow milk and identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Balb/c mice were sensitised intraperitoneally with β-Lg. Three groups of mice were formed: group 1, composed of naive mice used as control received only NaCl; group 2, positive control composed of mice sensitised intraperitoneally with β-Lg; group 3, formed by mice which were given hydrolysates of 48 h then sensitised with β-Lg. After 48 h of fermentation β-casein and β-Lg were degraded by E. faecalis DAPTO 512. β-Lg immunisation was associated with strong IgG and IgE production in case of positive controls and a significant increase in short current circuit (Isc) and high conductance (G) responses were observed. The control and the hydrolysate groups showed a significant decrease in the production of IgG and IgE anti β-Lg compared to the positive control. The allergenic potential of β-Lg was markedly reduced in the group that received hydrolysates (Isc and G remained unchanged after intestine challenge with β-Lg). The histological scrutiny showed villi atrophy, lymphocyte hyperplasia and a significant chorion detachment in the positive control group. In the group administered with hydrolysates of fermented milk, inflammatory signs were lower, the villi were long and thin and lymphocytes were less dense. The results showed that feeding of milk fermented with E. faecalis DAPTO 512 during 18 days prior to β-Lg allergy induction exerts a protecting effect on the murine intestine and induces a significant decrease in the β-Lg allergenicity.
Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control
Authors: Dell’Orto V. , Baldi G. , Cheli F.
Published: July 2015

Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.
Effect of Aging and Annealing Treatments on the Microstructural Behavior of Some Al-Si Based Alloys
Authors: Sersour Zakia , Amirouche Lynda
Published: July 2015

Al-Si foundry Alloys, of eutectic and hypo-eutectic compositions, are largely employed in the automotive industry because of their enhanced mechanical properties, their good flow and their relatively low melting points. We investigate in the present contribution, two different groups of alloys namely the AS13 (Al-13%Si in weight) and the AS10G (Al-10%Si-0.35%Mg in weight). Our study comprises two main parts in which, two types of heat treatments have been carried out: (i) Industrial heat treatments and (ii) isothermal annealing at 400°C and 500°C. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and micro-hardness measurements. The microstructural characteristics of these alloys are mainly determined by their concentration in additives such as Mg. The AS13 alloys microstructure is characterized by the distribution and form of the eutectic silicon particles, whereas the AS10G alloys one is essentially marked by the presence of dendrites, Mg2Si precipitates and some other intermetallic compounds. Most of these compounds and precipitates are formed after heat treatments. It was observed that some other compounds such as the iron-based intermetallics, which already form during solidification, where impossible to dissolve with solution treatment. These compounds were observed to prohibit Mg2Si precipitates formation due to Mg solute trapping.
Theoretical Analyses of Vibration and Sound Radiation Responses of Heated Symmetric Laminated Plates in Pre- and Post-Buckling Ranges
Authors: Li Wei , Geng Qian , Li Yue Ming
Published: July 2015

This paper presents theoretical investigations of vibration and sound radiation responses of laminated plates in thermal environments. Static thermal stresses are taken into account to describe the stress state of the vibrating plate. First-order shear deformation theory and von Karman nonlinear strain displacement relationship are used to represent the dynamic deformation. And then, governing equations are obtained with Hamilton’s principle. Response characters are studied in both the pre and post-buckling ranges. Results show that the bending stiffness of the heated plate drops in the pre-buckling range and increases after thermal buckling occurs. Thermal environment preforms as two opposite effects before and after buckling. Amplitudes of vibration and radiated sound of the thermal post-buckled plates show opposite variation trends.
Experimental Study on Nonlinear Vibration of Bistable Piezoelectric Cantilever Beam
Authors: Li Yin Bo , Yao Ming Hui , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2015

This article focuses on the complicated dynamics behavior of the nonlinear vibrations of the bistable cantilevered piezoelectric beam. The base excitation on the beam is the harmonic load. We studied the jump phenomenon of the system by sweeping the voltage and displacement, the experimental results show that the bistable piezoelectric cantilever beam reflects the obvious hard spring characteristics. In addition, the influence of the distance between the magnets and the thickness of the piezoelectric layer on the dynamic behavior also being studied. Experimental results show that the distance between the magnets is closely impact on the nonlinear dynamic responses of the system, there is an optimal distance between the magnets causes the most complex dynamic behavior in frequency domain. System appears period doubling bifurcation into chaos many times when the distance between magnets is appropriate.
Influencing Factors of Manufacturing Upgrade in Zhejiang Province Based on Global Value Chain
Authors: Fu Su Ying , Liu Sheng Xiang
Published: July 2015

Manufacturing is the main body of industry, and it is also the pillar of the national economy. This paper makes empirical analysis of the main factors of manufacturing upgrade in Zhejiang province based on global value chain by using data from 1993 to 2012. It’s based on VAR dynamic system model and joints Granger causality test, impulse response functions, variance decomposition and other measurement tools. Empirical results show that: the influence produced by enterprise scale and advanced human capital is not significant. Technological innovation has made some impact effect, but its significance and persistence do not achieve the desired level. Producer services and system innovation have relatively stable positive stimulus and has a sustained effect. Based on this research , we put forward corresponding suggestions of the manufacturing upgrade in Zhejiang province.
Research and Implementation on Patent Knowledge Modeling Based on TRIZ
Authors: Gao Chang Qing , Chen Wei , Mi Shan Min , Zhao Fang
Published: July 2015

Patent is a key knowledge base for product innovation design. The current patent knowledge model and retrieving pattern can not supporting technology innovation sufficiently. TRIZ is a kind of innovation methodology based on patent analysis and there is a congenital relationship between them. Innovation design oriented patent model is researched based on inventive principles, standard solutions, effect and other TRIZ tools. As a Computer Aided Innovation system, Innovation Engine is introduced and developed. The effectiveness is proved by the conceptual design of Cotton Picker. The patent knowledge of cross domain is used successfully by Innovation Engine.
Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Morphology of Alumina Ceramic
Authors: Othman Nur Ezzah Faezah , Abdullah Yusof , Purwanto Hadi , Zaini Khairun Hafizah
Published: July 2015

There has been an increased interest in improving the properties of alumina ceramic to be used in nuclear applications. This paper focuses on the effect of electron beam irradiation on the morphology of alumina ceramic. Alumina ceramic pellet was prepared by compacting of fine alumina powder then subjected for sintering process at 1500oC for 2 hours using electrical heating furnace. Then, the pellets were irradiated with electron beam of total dose 200 kGy with vary of electron beam speed of 100kGy/pass and 25kGy/pass. Scanning Electron Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope were used to observe the morphology of the sample. The results show that the irradiation changes the grain of the alumina ceramic due to bonding of particles caused by energy from electron beam especially at high speed. Furthermore, the surface roughness decreases after irradiation and become lower at low speed. Finer grain is obtained on the surface after irradiated at lower speed. The high energy of electron beam destroyed the particles during long contact period to the surface when low speed of electron beam is applied.
Investigation of Surface Roughness in Micro-EDM of Nonconductive ZrO2 Ceramic with Powder Mixed Dielectric Fluid
Authors: Sabur Abdus , Mohammed Mehdi Syed , Ali Mohammad Yeakub , Maleque Mohammad Abdul , Moudood Abdul
Published: July 2015

This paper investigates the average surface roughness (Ra) in micro-electrical discharge machining of electrically nonconductive zirconium oxide (ZrO2) ceramic using powder mixed dielectric. The gap voltage and concentration of tantalum carbide (TaC) powder are considered as the variable parameters for the investigation while other conditions are kept constant. Response surface methodology is used for design of experiments and to analyze the results for a better surface finish. The study shows that both the gap voltage and powder concentration have a significant effect on the average surface roughness of ZrO2. However, voltage has the higher effect than powder concentration on the surface integrity. The optimized values of gap voltage and powder concentration are found to be 94.39 V and 6.28g/l respectively for a minimum surface roughness in micro-EDM of ZrO2.
Effect of Clamshells Filler Loading on the Tensile Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate
Authors: Othman Maizatulnisa , Hashim Mohd Yusoff , Azowa Ibrahim Nor , Khalid Khalisanni , Mohamad Souad A.
Published: July 2015

In this study, the abundant availability of clamshell, as the potential of the biomass resources for the production of the inorganic filler such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium oxide (CaO) is fully utilized. In addition, the effect of filler loadings toward mechanical properties of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biopolymer was studied using various ranges of loadings such as 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%. The tensile strength and modulus of PHB showed significant improvement with the incorporation of the filler up to 30 wt %, and this finding was supported by micrographs obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) which revealed uniform distribution of the filler in the polyhydroxybutyrate region. However, the elongations at break of the specimen shows vice versa, they start to deteriorate with the addition of the filler.
Low-Cost Synthesis and Characterizations of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF-199) Materials by Nonsurfactant Templating Method
Authors: Mahadi Nurfatihah , Misran Halina , Othman S.Z. , Manap Abreeza , Salim M.A. , Shah N.N.H. , Razak N.A.A. , Anuar N.F.S.
Published: July 2015

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) copper-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199) is a microporous materials with structural formula Cu3(BTC)2 (1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate) were successfully synthesized using nonsurfactant templating method. The preparations of MOF-199 utilized different length of straight carbon chain (oleochemical) fatty alcohols derived from palm oil were similar to those reported earlier by our group with some modifications [1]. This new method led to unique structure and properties of as-synthesized MOF-199. The addition of fatty alcohols such as octyl (C8) and decyl (C10) alcohol act as renewable template onto MOF-199 generating the required carbon template for microporous crystalline structure [2]. The MOF-199 had been synthesized using conventional hydrothermal method with the present of fatty alcohols to analyse the resulting MOF-199 in terms of structure, morphology, surface area and adsorption isotherm. MOF-199 synthesized in this study exhibited single crystal orthorhombic morphology at ca. 30 micron. The crystallinity of MOF-199 materials was improved by the addition of fatty alcohols as observed in the X-Ray Diffraction patterns.
Experimental Investigation on Magnetorheological Damper’s Characterization
Authors: Ferdaus Mohammad Meftahul , Rashid Muhammad Mahbubur , Shanta Mst. Nafisa Tamanna , Hasan Muhammad Hasibul
Published: July 2015

Magnetorheological (MR) damper is one of the most advanced application of semi active devices. Its use is increasing day by day due to its huge advantages and wide range of application. The force delivered by MR damper can be varied by changing the viscosity of its internal MR fluids. Till now no details experimental analysis has been accomplished by considering various parameters. In this paper a brief experimental analysis has been investigated with the help of Universal Testing Machine to characterize MR damper. To characterize accurately MR damper has been analyzed experimentally for different stroke length, stroke rate, stroke mode. From the experimental results it is seen that the force delivered by MR damper has a proportional relation with input excitation current, stroke length and stroke rate.
A Higher Order Theory for Bending of Cross Ply Laminated Cylindrical Shell under Hygrothermal Loads
Authors: Ali J.S. Mohamed , Alsubari Saleh , Aminanda Yulfian
Published: July 2015

The combined effect of moisture and temperature on the bending behaviour of simply supported cross ply composite laminated shells has been investigated. A 13 term accurate higher order shear deformation theory with zigzag function is used in this analysis in which the effects of transverse shear deformation are taken into account. The results are presented for thermal load cases are validated against available 3D elasticity solutions in the literature and useful results for combined hygrothermal loading are presented in tabular and graphical form.
Effect of Cutter Diameters on Surface Roughness Attained in High Speed End Milling of Soda Lime Glass
Authors: Amin A.K.M. Nurul , Omar A.A. Che , Kamal M.A.Mohammed , Nassar Mahmoud M.A. , Mohd Zaib N.F. , Arif Muammer Din
Published: July 2015

Soda lime glass is used extensively in camera lens, micro gas turbines, light bulbs, tablewares, optics, and chemical apparatus owing to its high hardness, excellent optical properties, and good corrosion and chemical resistance. Such applications of soda lime glass demand high machining and finishing precision. On the other hand, machining of glass poses significant challenges due to its inherent brittleness. The process of removal of material from glass, if not done in ductile mode, can generate subsurface cracks and brittle fractures which have adverse effects on its functionality. This research investigates the high speed micro-end milling of soda lime glass in order to obtain ductile regime machining. It has been found by other researchers that ductile mode machining can avoid sub-surface cracks and brittle fractures. However, in ductile mode machining, the gummy chips settle permanently on the machined surface affecting adversely the surface finish. In order to avoid such chip settlement, compressed air was directed using a special air delivery nozzle to blow away the resultant gummy chips, thereby preventing them from settling on the machined surface. Response surface methodology (RSM) and a commercial NC end mill were used to design and perform the machining runs, respectively. Machining was done using: high spindle speeds from 30,000 to 50,000 rpm, feed rates from 5 to 15 mm/min, and depth of cuts from 3 to 7 μm. Three different diameter carbide tools were used: 0.5, 1, and 2 mm. A surface profilometer was used to analyze the surface roughness of the resultant machined surface. Subsequently, the data was used for finding the best combination of cutting parameters required to obtain the lowest surface roughness. The results demonstrate that high speed machining is a viable option for obtaining ductile regime machining and generating machined surfaces with very low surface roughness in the range of 0.08μm – 0.22 μm, using 0.5 mm carbide end mill cutter.
Design and Fabrication of a Winged Hybrid Airship Model for IIUM-LSWT
Authors: Ul Haque Anwar , Amri Hafiz Nik Mohamad , Kashif S.M. , Asrar Waqar , Omar Ashraf Ali , Sulaeman Erwin , Ali J.S. Mohamed
Published: July 2015

Wind Tunnel Testing on a subscaled model of a winged hybrid airship requires a faithful reproduction of all geometric details of actual airship. Due to huge volume of hull, geometrical parameters of such airships are quite different from that of an aircraft. In this article, a scheme for designing such models is described alongwith a review of different strategies available for manufacturing of its prototype wind tunnel model in IIUM low speed wind tunnel. Similar to aircrafts, major contributing factors for scaling, design and manufacturing of a subscaled model of hybrid airships are discussed. It is concluded that the required aerodynamic data will be the dictating factor for selection of the manufacturing method.
Rapid Prototyping as a Tool of Fabricating Biomodel in Medical Applications: Technique and Cost Evaluation
Authors: Yusoff Wan , El-Kashif Emad
Published: July 2015

Nowadays, a lot of technologies have been developed in order to design and construct the product easily and economically. Rapid Prototyping (RP) technology is one of the most utilized technologies when it comes to creating the prototype parts. The purpose of this project is to implement the rapid prototyping technology as a great value tool in supporting medical activities with consideration fabrication cost of biomodel. The RP technique applied to fabricate the biomodel is FDM and the material used is Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). The models produced by using RP bring the significant in educational and pre-medical surgical environments. The fabricated biomodels are useful to simplify the complex surgical procedures and the visualization of anatomical structures in educational environment.
Effect of Milling Parameters on Microstructure and Selected Mechanical Properties of Si3N4 – Graphene Composites
Authors: Klimczyk Piotr , Jaworska Lucyna , Putyra Piotr , Pędzich Zbigniew , Laszkiewicz-Łukasik Jolanta
Published: July 2015

In the presented work the effect of graphene platelets (GPLs) grade and mixture homogenization parameters on the microstructure and selected properties of Si3N4 – graphene composites have been investigated. Three different commercial grades of the multilayer graphene platelets were used as a filler for ceramic matrix. The mixtures of silicon nitride powder with 2wt% of GPLs were prepared using planetary mill at 200 – 400 rpm for 1 – 16 h. The water, acetone and isopropanol have been tested as a wetting medium. The composites were sintered using Spark Plasma Sintering – SPS at 1650 °C under 35 MPa of uniaxial pressure during the whole cycle. Microstructure, density, Young modulus, hardness and indentation fracture toughness of the sintered samples have been investigated. The microstructure homogeneity of the composites depends mainly on the milling duration. Milling process should last for about 4 – 8 h at 200 rpm for optimum results. Mechanical properties of the composites are slightly varied depending on the mixture preparation parameters. The homogenization time has a little stronger influence on the Young's modulus and hardness in the case of composites containing larger graphene sheets, in connection with the fragmentation of its microstructure. The best properties have composites reinforced by the GPLs characterised both by the smallest thickness and lateral size of nanosheets.
Knowledge and Behavioural Factors Associated with Gender Gap in Acquiring Hiv among Youth in Uganda
Authors: Patra Shraboni , Singh Rakesh Kumar
Published: July 2015

Background

The increasing prevalence of HIV in Uganda during the last decade (7.5% in 2004-05 to 8.3% in 2011 among women and 5.0% in 2004-05 to 6.1% among men in 2011 of 15 to 49 years) clearly shows that women are disproportionately affected by HIV epidemic. Hence, we assessed the prevalence of HIV and focused on differences in risky sexual behaviour and knowledge of HIV among Ugandan youth.

Design and Methods

Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011 data was used. The total samples of men and women (15 to 24 years), interviewed and tested for HIV, were 3450 and 4504 respectively. The analysis of risky sexual behaviour was based on 1941 men and 3127 women who had ever had sex and were tested for HIV. Pearson's Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used.

Results

Findings showed that young women were almost two times more vulnerable than young men in acquiring HIV (OR=1.762, P<0.001). Women who had first sex under age 15 (7.3%), had more than 2 sexual partners (9.2%) and did not use condom during last sex (6.4%) were more HIV-positive. Higher risk was found among women (6.3%) than men (2.2%). Significantly (P<0.01) less percentage (81.3%) of women as compared to men (83.8%) perceived that the probability of HIV transmission may be reduced by correct and consistent use of the condom during sex.

Conclusions

Hence, there is an urgent need for effective strategies and programmes to raise awareness on sexual health and risky behaviour, particularly targeting the youth, which will reduce the gender gap in risky sexual behaviour and new transmission of HIV in Uganda.
Investigation on the Trace Elemental Profile of Sewage Workers in Kolkata, An Indian Megacity
Authors: Basu Rajlaxmi , Ram Sidharth Sankar , Biswas Arunnangshu , Ray Siddhartha Sankar , Mukhopadhyay Aniruddha , Chakraborty Anindita , Mathummal Sudarshan , Chakrabarti Sila
Published: July 2015

Background

Environmental pollution has become a global health risk. Exposure to pollutants at the work place, i.e. occupational exposure, is one of the areas that need immediate attention. The civic drainage workers are exposed to pollutants present in the wastewater they handle and most of them are toxic heavy metals. Exposure to such pollutants may be a health hazard, since it can lead to the imbalance in nutrient elements status.

Design and Methods

In the present study, profiling of trace elements in the blood of drainage worker population from an Indian megacity, Kolkata, was carried out by energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and compared with the control group population of the same area.

Results

The elements detected by EDXRF spectrometry include P, S, Cl, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Br, and Rb. By using ANOVA with 5% significance level, we observed significant alterations in the trace elements status, iron over loading, selenium deficiency, and in Cu-Zn ratio. Gender specific variations within the same population were also observed.

Conclusions

The results indicate that the drainage workers have altered elemental profile in comparison to that of control population.
Molecular Heterogeneity in Primary Breast Carcinomas and Axillary Lymph Node Metastases Assessed by Genomic Fingerprinting Analysis
Authors: Ellsworth Rachel E. , Toro Allyson L. , Blackburn Heather L. , Decewicz Alisha , Deyarmin Brenda , Mamula Kimberly A. , Costantino Nicholas S. , Hooke Jeffrey A. , Shriver Craig D. , Ellsworth Darrell L.
Published: July 2015

Molecular heterogeneity within primary breast carcinomas and among axillary lymph node (LN) metastases may impact diagnosis and confound treatment. In this study, we used short tandem repeated sequences to assess genomic heterogeneity and to determine hereditary relationships among primary tumor areas and regional metastases from 30 breast cancer patients. We found that primary carcinomas were genetically heterogeneous and sampling multiple areas was necessary to adequately assess genomic variability. LN metastases appeared to originate at different time periods during disease progression from different sites of the primary tumor and the extent of genomic divergence among regional metastases was associated with a less favorable patient outcome ( P = 0.009). In conclusion, metastasis is a complex process influenced by primary tumor heterogeneity and variability in the timing of dissemination. Genomic variation in primary breast tumors and regional metastases may negatively impact clinical diagnostics and contribute to therapeutic resistance.
2015 AAHA Canine and Feline Behavior Management Guidelines*
Authors: Hammerle Marcy , Horst Christine , Levine Emily , Overall Karen , Radosta Lisa , Rafter-Ritchie Marcia , Yin Sophia
Published: July 2015

The 2015 AAHA Canine and Feline Behavior Management Guidelines were developed to provide practitioners and staff with concise, evidence-based information to ensure that the basic behavioral needs of feline and canine patients are understood and met in every practice. Some facility in veterinary behavioral and veterinary behavioral medicine is essential in modern veterinary practice. More cats and dogs are affected by behavioral problems than any other condition. Behavioral problems result in patient suffering and relinquishment and adversely affect staff morale. These guidelines use a fully inclusive team approach to integrate basic behavioral management into everyday patient care using standardized behavioral assessments; create a low-fear and low-stress environment for patients, staff and owners; and create a cooperative relationship with owners and patients so that the best care can be delivered. The guidelines' practical, systematic approach allows veterinary staff to understand normal behavior and recognize and intervene in common behavioral problems early in development. The guidelines emphasize that behavioral management is a core competency of any modern practice.
Self Management Behaviors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Associated Factors in Tehran 2013
Authors: Chaleshgar Kordasiabi Mosharafeh , Akhlaghi Maassoumeh , Baghianimoghadam Mohammad Hossein , Morowatisharifabad Mohammad Ali , Askarishahi Mohsen , Enjezab Behnaz , Pajouhi Zeinab
Published: July 2015

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic, autoimmune and inflammatory disease with an unknown etiology that is associated with progressive joint degeneration, limitation of physical activity and disability. The aim of the study was to evaluate self-management behaviors and their associated factors in RA patients.

MATERIAL & METHOD: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2013 on185 patients in Iran. Data were selected through convenient sampling. The collected data included demographic variables, disease related variables, Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2 (AIMS-2SF), and Self-Management Behaviors (SMB). Data were analyzed by SPSS17 using Spearman correlation and logistic regression test.

RESULT: In this study drug management, regular follow-up, and food supplement were used as the most frequently applied SMB and aquatic exercise, diet, massage therapy, and relaxation were the least common SMBs. Age, education, health status, occupation, marital status, sex, DAS28 (Disease Activity Score 28 joints), and PGA (Physician Global Assessment) were significantly related with SMB.

CONCLUSION: The result of the study highlight the influence of demographic variables, health status, and disease related data on SMB. Thus, more studies are required to find factors influencing SMB in order to improve SMB.
A Novel Biped Pattern Generator Based on Extended ZMP and Extended Cart-Table Model
Authors: Sun Guangbin , Wang Hong , Lu Zhiguo
Published: July 2015

This paper focuses on planning patterns for biped walking on complex terrains. Two problems are solved: ZMP (zero moment point) cannot be used on uneven terrain, and the conventional cart-table model does not allow vertical CM (centre of mass) motion. For the ZMP definition problem, we propose the extended ZMP (EZMP) concept as an extension of ZMP to uneven terrains. It can be used to judge dynamic balance on universal terrains. We achieve a deeper insight into the connection and difference between ZMP and EZMP by adding different constraints. For the model problem, we extend the cart-table model by using a dynamic constraint instead of constant height constraint, which results in a mathematically symmetric set of three equations. In this way, the vertical motion is enabled and the resultant equations are still linear. Based on the extended ZMP concept and extended cart-table model, a biped pattern generator using triple preview controllers is constructed and implemented simultaneously to three dimensions. Using the proposed pattern generator, the Atlas robot is simulated. The simulation results show the robot can walk stably on rather complex terrains by accurately tracking extended ZMP.
Dějiny socialistického školství: terra inkognita historicko-pedagogického výzkumu? K problematice zdrojů poznání minulosti
Authors: Zounek Jiří , Šimáně Michal , Knotová Dana
Published: July 2015

Příspěvek se zaměřuje na problematiku zdrojů poznání minulosti při studiu dějin socialistického školství v Československu. Autoři si položili otázku, jaké zdroje má historik pedagogiky k dispozici, pokud se rozhodne zkoumat soudobé dějiny školství. Tuto otázku se přitom snaží sledovat zejména v souvislosti se základním školstvím v bývalém Jihomoravském kraji v letech 1969–1989. V první části textu autoři představují své schéma dělení zdrojů. V následujících částech jednotlivé typy zdrojů (historické prameny, odborné publikace, pomocné zdroje a literatura) detailně rozebírají a doplňují konkrétními příklady. Příspěvek upozorňuje, že zdrojů k poznání dějin socialistického školství je poměrně velké množství. Bohužel doposud známé a dostupné zdroje pokrývají pouze některé části života škol či aktérů školního života. Zejména nezpracované archivní fondy představují poměrně zásadní limitující faktor v rozvoji historicko-pedagogického bádání. Na druhou stranu existuje celá řada odborné literatury a výsledky výzkumů z jiných oblastí historiografie, které mohou přispět k poznání soudobých dějin školství jak na národní, tak na regionální úrovni. To znamená, že historicko-pedagogický výzkum může stavět na poznatcích jiných oborů.
The promises and challenges of pre‐exposure prophylaxis as part of the emerging paradigm of combination HIV prevention
Authors: Cáceres Carlos F , Koechlin Florence , Goicochea Pedro , Sow Papa‐Salif , O'Reilly Kevin R , Mayer Kenneth H , Godfrey‐Faussett Peter
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Towards the end of the twentieth century, significant success was achieved in reducing incidence in several global HIV epidemics through ongoing prevention strategies. However, further progress in risk reduction was uncertain. For one thing, it was clear that social vulnerability had to be addressed, through research on interventions addressing health systems and other structural barriers. As soon as antiretroviral treatment became available, researchers started to conceive that antiretrovirals might play a role in decreasing either susceptibility in uninfected people or infectiousness among people living with HIV. In this paper we focus on the origin, present status, and potential contribution of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) within the combination HIV prevention framework.

Discussion

After a phase of controversy, PrEP efficacy trials took off. By 2015, daily oral PrEP, using tenofovir alone or in combination with emtricitabine, has been proven efficacious, though efficacy seems heavily contingent upon adherence to pill uptake. Initial demonstration projects after release of efficacy results have shown that PrEP can be implemented in real settings and adherence can be high, leading to high effectiveness. Despite its substantial potential, beliefs persist about unfeasibility in real‐life settings due to stigma, cost, adherence, and potential risk compensation barriers.

Conclusions

The strategic synergy of behavioural change communication, biomedical strategies (including PrEP), and structural programmes is providing the basis for the combination HIV prevention framework. If PrEP is to ever become a key component of that framework, several negative beliefs must be confronted based on emerging evidence; moreover, research gaps regarding PrEP implementation must be filled, and appropriate prioritization strategies must be set up. Those challenges are significant, proportional to the impact that PrEP implementation may have in the global response to HIV.
HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis and health and community systems in the Global South: Thailand case study
Authors: Colby Donn , Srithanaviboonchai Kriengkrai , Vanichseni Suphak , Ongwandee Sumet , Phanuphak Nittaya , Martin Michael , Choopanya Kachit , Chariyalertsak Suwat , van Griensven Frits
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended by the World Health Organization as an effective method of HIV prevention for individuals at risk for infection. In this paper, we describe the unique role that Thailand has played in the global effort to combat the HIV epidemic, including its role in proving the efficacy of PrEP, and discuss the opportunities and challenges of implementing PrEP in a middle‐income country.

Discussion

Thailand was one of the first countries in the world to successfully reverse a generalized HIV epidemic. Despite this early success, HIV prevalence has remained high among people who inject drugs and has surged among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). Two pivotal trials that showed that the use of oral antiretroviral medication as PrEP can reduce HIV transmission were conducted partially or entirely at Thai sites. Demonstration projects of PrEP, as well as clinical trials of alternative PrEP regimens, began or will begin in 2014–2015 in Thailand and will provide additional data and experience on how to best implement PrEP for high‐risk individuals in the community. Financing of drug costs, the need for routine laboratory monitoring and lack of awareness about PrEP among at‐risk groups all present challenges to the wider implementation of PrEP for HIV prevention in Thailand.

Conclusions

Although significant challenges to wider use remain, PrEP holds promise as a safe and highly effective method to be used as part of a combined HIV prevention strategy for MSM and TGW in Thailand.
Rethinking HIV prevention to prepare for oral PrEP implementation for young African women
Authors: Celum Connie L , Delany‐Moretlwe Sinead , McConnell Margaret , van Rooyen Heidi , Bekker Linda‐Gail , Kurth Ann , Bukusi Elizabeth , Desmond Chris , Morton Jennifer , Baeten Jared M
Published: July 2015

Introduction

HIV incidence remains high among young women in sub‐Saharan Africa in spite of scale‐up of HIV testing, behavioural interventions, antiretroviral treatment and medical male circumcision. There is a critical need to critique past approaches and learn about the most effective implementation of evidence‐based HIV prevention strategies, particularly emerging interventions such as pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Discussion

Women in sub‐Saharan Africa are at increased risk of HIV during adolescence and into their 20s, in part due to contextual factors including gender norms and relationship dynamics, and limited access to reproductive and sexual health services. We reviewed behavioural, behavioural economic and biomedical approaches to HIV prevention for young African women, with a particular focus on the barriers, opportunities and implications for implementing PrEP in this group. Behavioural interventions have had limited impact in part due to not effectively addressing the context, broader sexual norms and expectations, and structural factors that increase risk and vulnerability. Of biomedical HIV prevention strategies that have been tested, daily oral PrEP has the greatest evidence for protection, although adherence was low in two placebo‐controlled trials in young African women. Given high efficacy and effectiveness in other populations, demonstration projects of open‐label PrEP in young African women are needed to determine the most effective delivery models and whether women at substantial risk are motivated and able to use oral PrEP with sufficient adherence to achieve HIV prevention benefits.

Conclusions

Social marketing, adherence support and behavioural economic interventions should be evaluated as part of PrEP demonstration projects among young African women in terms of their effectiveness in increasing demand and optimizing uptake and effective use of PrEP. Lessons learned through evaluations of implementation strategies for delivering oral PrEP, a first‐generation biomedical HIV prevention product, will inform development of new and less user‐dependent PrEP formulations and delivery of an expanding choice of prevention options in HIV prevention programmes for young African women.
History of science and the Science Museum
Authors: BUD ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Whereas the academic discipline of the history of science has made

enormous strides in half

a century, ironically, recognition from without has often been

disappointing. Private

success has not been matched by public status. The work of the Science

Museum in London

as one of the few widely accessible windows into the discipline is therefore
worth

remarking upon here, and more detailed investigations are even now under
way. The

foundation of the British Society for the History of Science at the Museum,
in 1947,

symbolized a role that the Museum had already played for decades and

plays to this day:

the pre-eminent public space of the history of science. This distinctive

role has of course

been shared by other object-based museums attracting large numbers

of visitors in places

such as Manchester, Greenwich and Edinburgh as well as in Munich and Washington.