bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum starvation induces sexual dimorphisms in secreted proteins of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from twin pairs
Authors: Lorenz Mario , Witt Eric , Völker Uwe , Stangl Karl , Stangl Verena , Hammer Elke
Published: March 2022

There is growing evidence for sex and gender differences in the clinical manifestation and outcomes of human diseases. Human primary endothelial cells represent a useful cardiovascular model to study sexual dimorphisms at the cellular level. Here, we analyzed sexual dimorphisms of the secretome after serum starvation using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from twin pairs of the opposite sex to minimize the impact of varying genetic background. HUVECs were starved for 5 and 16 h, respectively, and proteins of the cell culture supernatants were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Altogether, 960 extracellular proteins were identified of which 683 were amendable to stringent quantification. Significant alterations were observed for 455 proteins between long‐term and short‐term starvation and the majority were similar in both sexes. Only 5 proteins showed significant sex‐specific regulation between long‐versus short‐term starvation. Furthermore, 19 unique proteins with significant sexual dimorphisms at the same time points of serum starvation were observed. A larger number of proteins, for example tissue factor inhibitor 2 (TFPI2), displayed higher levels in the supernatants of females compared to male cells after long term serum starvation that might point to higher adaptation capacity of female cells. The overall results demonstrate that male and female cells differ in their secretome.
Preparation of α,ω‐heterobifunctionalized poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) via a bis‐clickable RAFT reagent
Authors: Liu Jingrui , Sun Wei , Wu Zhaoqiang , Chen Hong
Published: March 2022

A novel trithiocarbonate reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) reagent, 3‐azidopropyl (4‐[fluorosulfonyl]benzyl)trithiocarbonate (Az‐FSBCT), which has both clickable azidopropyl and sulfonyl fluoride moieties, was designed and synthesized. Using the RAFT agent Az‐FSBCT and triethylboron as an initiator, well‐defined poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), in which the azide and sulfonyl fluoride groups are at the α and ω positions of the polymer chains, were prepared without prior deoxygenation at room temperature. Moreover, the possibilities for the construction of new functionalized polymers were also demonstrated by a “click” copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne‐azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) and sulfur(VI)‐fluoride exchange (SuFEx) postreaction using these terminal functional PVPs.
Low‐cost, handheld near‐infrared spectroscopy for root dry matter content prediction in cassava
Authors: Hershberger Jenna , Mbanjo Edwige Gaby Nkouaya , Peteti Prasad , Ikpan Andrew , Ogunpaimo Kayode , Nafiu Kehinde , Rabbi Ismail Y. , Gore Michael A.
Published: March 2022

Over 800 million people across the tropics rely on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as a major source of calories. While the root dry matter content (RDMC) of this starchy root crop is important for both producers and consumers, characterization of RDMC by traditional methods is time‐consuming and laborious for breeding programs. Alternate phenotyping methods have been proposed but lack the accuracy, cost, or speed ultimately needed for cassava breeding programs. For this reason, we investigated the use of a low‐cost, handheld near‐infrared spectrometer (740–1070 nm) for field‐based RDMC prediction in cassava. Oven‐dried measurements of RDMC were paired with 21,044 scans of roots of 376 diverse genotypes from 10 field trials in Nigeria and grouped into training and test sets based on cross‐validation schemes relevant to plant breeding programs. Mean partial least squares regression model performance ranged from R2P = 0.62–0.89 for within‐trial predictions, which is within the range achieved with laboratory‐grade spectrometers in previous studies. Relative to other factors, model performance was highly affected by the inclusion of samples from the same environment in both the training and test sets. With appropriate model calibration, the tested spectrometer will allow for field‐based collection of spectral data with a smartphone for accurate RDMC prediction and potentially other quality traits, a step that could be easily integrated into existing harvesting workflows of cassava breeding programs.
Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT): A patient's guide
Authors: Denmeade Samuel , Antonarakis Emmanuel S , Markowski Mark C
Published: March 2022

Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) is a new treatment concept for men whose prostate cancer has become resistant to standard hormone‐blocking therapy. Over the past decade, we have performed a series of clinical studies testing BAT in asymptomatic men with castration‐resistant prostate cancer. The key findings from these clinical studies are that BAT (a) can be safely administered to asymptomatic patients with metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer; (b) does not produce symptomatic disease progression; (c) produces sustained prostate‐specific antigen and objective responses in 30%–40% of patients; and (d) can resensitize and prolong response to subsequent antiandrogen therapy. The concept of BAT has generated significant interest from men with prostate cancer, their families, and their physicians. Here we provide a “Patient's Guide” that answers questions about BAT in a form that is accessible to patients, their families, and physicians. Our goal is to provide information to help patients make the most informed decisions they can regarding their prostate cancer treatment.
Impact of diseases and pests on premature fruit drop in sweet orange orchards in São Paulo state citrus belt, Brazil
Authors: Moreira Rafaele Regina , Machado Franklin Jackson , Lanza Fabrício Eustáquio , Trombin Vinícius Gustavo , Bassanezi Renato Beozzo , de Miranda Marcelo Pedreira , Barbosa José Carlos , da Silva Junior Geraldo José , Behlau Franklin
Published: March 2022

Background

Despite technical improvements in the citrus chain and leadership in orange production achieved in the past decades, premature fruit drop remains a major component of crop loss in São Paulo state citrus belt, the largest sweet orange production area in the world. The present study aimed to determine, during five consecutive seasons, the impact of the diseases and pests on premature fruit drop in the orange belt.

Results

Fruit drop due to the main diseases and pests averaged approximately 11.0%, which corresponded to approximately 63% of the annual fruit drop. The average fruit drop rate due to fruit borer and fruit flies combined was 4.0%, Huanglongbing (HLB) 3.3%, black spot 2.6%, leprosis 1.0% and citrus canker 0.3%. The average amount of fruit drop (million 40.8 kg boxes) and value of crop losses (million US$ dollars), in five seasons, were 12.7 and 66.2 for fruit borer/fruit flies, 11.0 and 57.9 for HLB, 8.1 and 42.2 for black spot, 3.1 and 15.6 for leprosis, and 0.9 and 4.9 for citrus canker, respectively.

Conclusion

Fruit borer and fruit flies (combined), HLB, black spot, leprosis and citrus canker are, in this order, the main diseases and pests in the orange belt of São Paulo state. All of these causes significantly increased the overall fruit drop rate in the evaluated seasons. The results will contribute to the development of the Brazilian citrus industry, while showing to other citrus‐growing regions the potential that diseases and pests have to jeopardize production. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The naturally‐derived alkaloids as a potential treatment for COVID‐19: A scoping review
Authors: Gonzalez Bárbara Longhini , de Oliveira Natalia Castelhano , Ritter Mariane Roberta , Tonin Fernanda Stumpf , Melo Eduardo Borges , Sanches Andréia Cristina Conegero , Fernandez‐Llimos Fernando , Petruco Marcus Vinícius , de Mello João Carlos Palazzo , Chierrito Danielly , de Medeiros Araújo Daniela Cristina
Published: March 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), which has a high mortality rate and transmissibility. In this context, medicinal plants have attracted attention due to the wide availability and variety of therapeutic compounds, such as alkaloids, a vast class with several proven pharmacological effects, like the antiviral and anti‐inflammatory activities. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to summarize the current knowledge of the potential applicability of alkaloids for treating COVID‐19. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Scopus, from database inception to August 2021. Among the 63 eligible studies, 65.07% were in silico model, 20.63% in vitro and 14.28% clinical trials and observational studies. According to the in silico assessments, the alkaloids 10‐hydroxyusambarensine, cryptospirolepine, crambescidin 826, deoxynortryptoquivaline, ergotamine, michellamine B, nigellidine, norboldine and quinadoline B showed higher binding energy with more than two target proteins. The remaining studies showed potential use of berberine, cephaeline, emetine, homoharringtonine, lycorine, narciclasine, quinine, papaverine and colchicine. The possible ability of alkaloids to inhibit protein targets and to reduce inflammatory markers show the potential for development of new treatment strategies against COVID‐19. However, more high quality analyses/reviews in this field are necessary to firmly establish the effectiveness/safety of the alkaloids here described.
Recent Advances and Prospects in the Amination of Benzoxazoles
Authors: Ibrahim Kaliyathodi , Saranya Padinjare Veetil , Anilkumar Gopinathan
Published: March 2022

Aminoheterocycles are important class of heterocycles and many of the natural products and drug molecules are observed as the derivatives of aminoheterocycles. Consequently, their efficient synthetic protocols have gained more attention among organic chemists. Benzoxazole is one of the familiar fused heterocyclic compounds showing vibrant biological activities, and is seen as the backbone in various biologically important compounds and drugs. The new C−N bond construction on benzoxazole by the coupling between sp2 carbon at the 2‐position of benzoxazole and nitrogen from several nitrogen sources enhanced their properties, and the area of amination of benzoxazole is relatively rich in literature. In this review, we have compiled the recent advances in the amination of benzoxazoles by giving an overview and covering literature up to 2021.
Engineering the Compositional Architecture of Core‐Shell Upconverting Lanthanide‐Doped Nanoparticles for Optimal Luminescent Donor in Resonance Energy Transfer: The Effects of Energy Migration and Storage
Authors: Pilch‐Wrobel Aleksandra , Kotulska Agata Maria , Lahtinen Satu , Soukka Tero , Bednarkiewicz Artur
Published: March 2022

Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between single molecule donor (D) and acceptor (A) is well understood from a fundamental perspective and is widely applied in biology, biotechnology, medical diagnostics, and bio‐imaging. Lanthanide doped upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have demonstrated their suitability as alternative donor species. Nevertheless, while they solve most disadvantageous features of organic donor molecules, such as photo‐bleaching, spectral cross‐excitation, and emission bleed‐through, the fundamental understanding and practical realizations of bioassays with UCNP donors remain challenging. Among others, the interaction between many donor ions (in donor UCNP) and many acceptors anchored on the NP surface and the upconversion itself within UCNPs, complicate the decay‐based analysis of D‐A interaction. In this work, the assessment of designed virtual core‐shell NP (VNP) models leads to the new designs of UCNPs, such as …@Er, Yb@Er, Yb@YbEr, which are experimentally evaluated as donor NPs and compared to the simulations. Moreover, the luminescence rise and decay kinetics in UCNP donors upon RET is discussed in newly proposed disparity measurements. The presented studies help to understand the role of energy‐transfer and energy migration between lanthanide ion dopants and how the architecture of core‐shell UCNPs affects their performance as FRET donors to organic acceptor dyes.
Effect of Zn(S,O,OH) Buffer Thin Films Formed on CIGS through Different Stages and Reaction Processes in Chemical Bath Deposition: Interpretations from Mechanisms and Transformation Kinetics Perspective
Authors: Cho Ara , Ostrysz Marlena , Song Soomin , Shin Donghyeop , Jeong Inyoung , Eo Young-Joo , Ahn Seung Kyu , Kim Kihwan , Park Joo Hyung
Published: March 2022

Herein, Zn(S,O,OH) is used as a buffer material for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells instead of CdS to increase the quantum efficiency and remove toxicity. To control the fine thickness of the Zn(S,O,OH) thin films in the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system is introduced by measuring the frequency change. As the frequency changes are adjusted according to the S/O ratio of the Zn(S,O,OH) buffer (Zn buffer) produced during the reaction, the formed phase and thickness are cross‐validated several times to obtain the accurate thickness. These different S/O ratios can be modified by different deposition mechanisms and reaction processes depending on the reaction rate of material formation. Therefore, to investigate the associated mechanism and reaction process in detail, Zn buffer thin films are formed and characterized using two different Zn sources (zinc sulfate and zinc acetate) that affect the reaction rate due to the anion effect. In addition, the optimal deposition range is obtained by comparing the performances of the solar cells with Zn thin films of the same thickness, deposited through different stages in a continuous CBD reaction. Finally, the effect of Zn buffers using different Zn sources on the interfaces with CIGS is investigated in the band alignment.
Strain‐Associated Alpha‐Ferrite Phase Transformation in a Micro‐Laminated Low‐Density Steel
Authors: Xu Xiangyu , Liu Dan , Shang Xueliang , Zhang Peng , Wang Xuemin , Niu Zhenzhen , Yan Zepeng , Shang Chengjia , Misra Raja Devesh Kumar
Published: March 2022

The α‐ferrite phase transformation behavior during and after hot working in the ferrite and austenite dual‐phase region of a Fe‐4Al‐2.5Mn‐2Ni‐0.18C (wt%) low‐density steel is investigated by means of an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission Kikuchi diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The phase diagram of the experimental steel is calculated by Thermal‐Calc software, and the results show that δ‐ferrite always exists after solidification, which means that the hot working is always in the dual‐phase region. The α‐ferrite is transformed from the austenite, and there are two ways, one is direct growth on δ‐ferrite, and the other is strain‐associated nucleation at the prior austenite grain boundaries. Measuring alloy composition is the most direct way to distinguish α‐ferrite and δ‐ferrite. The strain‐associated nucleation α‐ferrite appears at the deformation temperature below 1000 °C. The reduction of deformation temperature and the increase of strain promote α‐ferrite nucleation. The growth of strain‐associated α‐ferrite at the prior austenite grain boundary is not apparent. As the strain‐associated α‐ferrite is distributed along the prior austenite grain boundaries, the martensite lamellae are divided effectively, resulting in an increase in elongation.
Nomenclatural remarks on Linnaean names of aquatic plants
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Iberite Mauro
Published: March 2022

The typification of the Linnaean names Alisma natans and Typha latifolia is discussed. A specimen deposited at LINN and Morison's illustration of “Typha palustris major” are designated, respectively, as lectotypes. Since the latter image cannot be unambiguously identified as T. latifolia as currently circumscribed, an epitype is selected. Alisma parnassifolia, a name variously ascribed to both Linnaeus and Bassi, is shown to have been published by Linnaeus in 1768, whereas the publication by Bassi was in 1783. This contrasts with current literature and online databases that report 1768 as the year of Bassi's publication. Alisma parnassifolia is lectotypified on a specimen at LINN with an isolectotype at BOLO. Bassi's A. parnassifolia is treated as an isonym. A detailed discussion about these two authors, their works and correspondence is provided.
Collecting and Culturing Lineus sanguineus to Study Nemertea WBR
Authors: Zattara Eduardo E. , Fernández-Alvarez Fernando A.
Published: March 2022

Whole-body regeneration, the ability to reconstruct complete individuals from small fragments, is rare among ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) but present in the pilidiophoran species Lineus sanguineus. This species can regenerate complete individuals from a tiny midbody section, and even from a quarter of a piece, provided it retains a fragment of a lateral nerve cord. While a few other unrelated species of ribbon worms are also excellent regenerators, L. sanguineus is unique in having evolved its regenerative abilities quite recently and thus offers an exceptional opportunity to gain insight into the evolutionary mechanisms of regeneration enhancement. Interestingly, both its sister species Lineus lacteus and Lineus pseudolacteus, a third species derived from the recent hybridization of the other two, differ in their regeneration abilities: while L. lacteus is uncapable of regenerating a lost head, L. pseudolacteus is capable of anterior regeneration, albeit at a slower rate than L. sanguineus. L. sanguineus has a worldwide distribution in temperate shores of both hemispheres, is readily found at intertidal habitats, and can survive, feed and be bred through asexual replication with minimal effort in laboratory settings. All the above make this species a superb candidate for studies of regenerative biology. In this chapter, we present protocols to collect, identify and breed L. sanguineus to study the extraordinary whole-body regeneration abilities found in this species.
In Situ Hybridization to Identify Stem Cells in the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis
Authors: Kojima Chiaki , Funayama Noriko
Published: March 2022

Sponges (Porifera) are a large phylum that includes an enormous number of species. They are classified into four classes. Among these four classes, class Demospongiae is the largest and contains more than 90% of sponge species. In the last decade, methodologies for molecular studies and sequencing resources in sponge biology have dramatically advanced and made it possible to clearly define particular types of cells based on the genes they are expressing. Here we describe in detail the method of high-resolution WISH (whole mount in situ hybridization) and dual color fluorescent detection of in situ hybridization (dual color FISH) that we have established to detect particular types of cells, especially their stem cells known as archeocytes, in juveniles of freshwater demosponge, E. fluviatilis.
RNAi Screening to Assess Tissue Regeneration in Planarians
Authors: Roberts-Galbraith Rachel H.
Published: March 2022

Over the past several decades, planarians have emerged as a powerful model system with which to study the cellular and molecular basis of whole-body regeneration. The best studied planarians belong to freshwater flatworm species that maintain their remarkable regenerative capacity partly through the deployment of a population of adult pluripotent stem cells. Assessment of gene function in planarian regeneration has primarily been achieved through RNA interference (RNAi), either through the feeding or injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNAi treatment of planarians has several advantages, including ease of use, which allows for medium-throughput screens of hundreds of genes over the course of a single project. Here, I present methods for dsRNA synthesis and RNAi feeding, as well as strategies for follow-up assessment of both structural and functional regeneration of organ systems of planarians, with a special emphasis on neural regeneration.
Studying Protista WBR and Repair Using Physarum polycephalum
Authors: Sperry Megan M. , Murugan Nirosha J. , Levin Michael
Published: March 2022

Physarum polycephalum is a protist slime mould that exhibits a high degree of responsiveness to its environment through a complex network of tubes and cytoskeletal components that coordinate behavior across its unicellular, multinucleated body. Physarum has been used to study decision making, problem solving, and mechanosensation in aneural biological systems. The robust generative and repair capacities of Physarum also enable the study of whole-body regeneration within a relatively simple model system. Here we describe methods for growing, imaging, quantifying, and sampling Physarum that are adapted for investigating regeneration and repair.
Studying Mechanical Oscillations During Whole-Body Regeneration in Hydra
Authors: Ferenc Jaroslav , Tsiairis Charisios D.
Published: March 2022

Cells of the freshwater cnidarian Hydra possess an exceptional regeneration ability. In small groups of these cells, organizer centers emerge spontaneously and instruct the patterning of the surrounding population into a new animal. This property makes them an excellent model system to study the general rules of self-organization. A small tissue fragment or a clump of randomly aggregated cells can form a hollow spheroid that is able to establish a body axis de novo. Interestingly, mechanical oscillations (inflation/deflation cycles of the spheroid) driven by osmosis accompany the successful establishment of axial polarity. Here we describe different approaches for generating Hydra tissue spheroids, along with imaging and image analysis techniques to investigate their mechanical behavior.
Formalizing Phenotypes of Regeneration
Authors: Lobo Daniel
Published: March 2022

Regeneration experiments can produce complex phenotypes including morphological outcomes and gene expression patterns that are crucial for the understanding of the mechanisms of regeneration. However, due to their inherent complexity, variability between individuals, and heterogeneous data spreading across the literature, extracting mechanistic knowledge from them is a current challenge. Toward this goal, here we present protocols to unambiguously formalize the phenotypes of regeneration and their experimental procedures using precise mathematical morphological descriptions and standardized gene expression patterns. We illustrate the application of the methodology with step-by-step protocols for planaria and limb regeneration phenotypes. The curated datasets with these methods are not only helpful for human scientists, but they represent a key formalized resource that can be easily integrated into downstream reverse engineering methodologies for the automatic extraction of mechanistic knowledge. This approach can pave the way for discovering comprehensive systems-level models of regeneration.
Collecting and Culturing Kamptozoans for Regenerative Studies
Authors: Meyer Achim , Merkel Julia , Lieb Bernhard
Published: March 2022

Kamptozoa, also known as Entoprocta, are small aquatic filter-feeders that belong to the Lophotrochozoan superphylum, which also contains other acoelomate phyla including Annelida, Nemertea, and Mollusca. The study of Kamptozoa is thus of great interest to understand the early Lophotrochozoan evolution. Moreover, many kamptozoans have been shown to possess great regeneration capacities, including whole-body regeneration. In addition, and in particular for colonial cosmopolitan species such as Barentsia benedeni, kamptozoans are highly suitable as laboratory model organisms because of their simple culture, low space requirements, transparency and rapid life cycle. This chapter provides a brief introduction into field collection, culturing techniques for both the animals as well as the algae required for their feeding, fixation, staining, and sequencing.
Volunteering as a Psychosocial Resource
Authors: Güntert Stefan T. , Wehner Theo , Mieg Harald A.
Published: March 2022

It may seem paradoxical that working without remuneration can contribute to well-being, yet this is precisely what has been observed in empirical studies: Volunteer work can act as apsychosocial resource. In order to understand this rationale, it is important to see volunteering within the context of the salutogenic model and role theories. This helps explain how volunteering can contribute to maintaining health and promoting well-being; complement or compensate other areas of activity, especially paid employment; and contribute to a better work–life balance.
Zur theorie-empirischen Rekonstruktion dispositiver Konstruktionen von Wirklichkeit
Authors: Egbert Simon
Published: March 2022

Nachdem in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln auf sozialtheoretischer Ebene argumentiert, Diskurse als multimodale Topoi diskutiert und das Dispositiv als geeignetes Konzept für die Analyse ebendieser Multimodalität erörtert wurde, soll nun die Frage behandelt werden, wie sich diese Gedanken in eine theorie-empirische Dispositivanalyse des Drogentestens überführen lassen. Wie, mit anderen Worten, kann eine multimodale Dispositivanalyse methodologisch und methodisch umgesetzt werden?
Drogentests als Agenten mechanischer Objektivität
Authors: Egbert Simon
Published: March 2022

Das Arbeitsgericht Hamburg konstatiert am 01. September 2006 unter dem Aktenzeichen 27 Ca 136/06 im Rahmen eines Prozesses um die Rechtmäßigkeit von verdachtsunabhängigen Drogentests bei Mitarbeiter*innen eines Hafenterminalbetreibers, dass „(d)ie Teilnahme bzw. die Aufforderung zur Abgabe eines Urintests (…) geeignet (ist), festzustellen, ob ein Arbeitnehmer uneingeschränkt arbeitsfähig ist, oder nicht.“
Drogentests als Skopische Mediatoren
Authors: Egbert Simon
Published: March 2022

Drogentests fungieren nicht nur aufgrund der ihnen beigemessenen Materialität als Garanten für Beweiskraft, wie im vorangegangenen Kapitel diskutiert wurde. Es ist nämlich auch, wie im Folgenden zu zeigen sein wird, ihre typische Eigenschaft, ihre Ergebnisse auf visuellem Wege auszugeben und damit Drogenkonsum respektive Sicherheitsrisiken anzuzeigen, die ansonsten nicht sichtbar wären (vgl. Kap 4). Dies führt u. a. dazu, dass das ihm seitens der Anwender*innen und Befürworter*innen zugesprochene Vermögen, qua Sichtbarmachung evidente Ergebnisse zu erheben, verstärkt wird, was wiederum deren Objektivitätscharakter potenziert.
Über die Schließung epistemischer Lücken: Drogentesten als security chain
Authors: Egbert Simon
Published: March 2022

Wie in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln deutlich wurde, ist Drogentesten eine genuin soziotechnische und damit unumgänglich multimodale diskursive Praxis, in dessen Rahmen sowohl die verwendeten Testartefakte als auch die beteiligten Anwender*innen wesentliche Praxisanteile bei der Herstellung eines drogenpositiven Ergebnisses besitzen. Drogentests fungieren als Diskursaktanten und zeigen im Rahmen ihrer Anwendung etwas an, was dem Menschen selbst unsichtbar ist. Umgekehrt müssen ihre Ergebnisse von den Anwender*innen noch deutlich interpretiert werden sowie mit Wissensbeständen und Narrativen aufgeladen werden, damit die gewünschte Information – existiert ein Sicherheitsrisiko? – schließlich vorliegt.
History and Development of Instructional Design and Technology
Authors: Molenda Michael H.
Published: March 2022

The origins and evolution of instructional technology and instructional design are treated in this chapter as separate concepts, although having intertwined histories. As with other technologies, their origins can be traced to the scientific discoveries on which they are based. Early in the twentieth century, new discoveries in optics and electricity stimulated educators to the adoption of technological innovations such as projected still pictures, motion pictures, and audio recording. Individuals and, later, groups of affiliated professionals promoted enriching learning by adding visual and, later, audiovisual resources where verbal presentations previously dominated. As radio broadcasting grew in the 1930s and then television in the 1950s, these mass media were perceived as ways to reach audiences, in and out of school, with educative audiovisual programs. In the 1960s, the wave of interest in teaching machines incorporating behaviorist psychological technology engendered a shift in identity from audiovisual technologies to all technologies, including psychological ones. As computers became ubiquitous in the 1990s, they became the dominant delivery system, due to their interactive capabilities. With the global spread of the World Wide Web after 1995, networked computers took on communication functions as well as storage and processing functions, giving new momentum to distance education. Meanwhile, research during and after World War II prompted a technology of planning – systems analysis. In the 1960s, educators adapted the systems approach to instructional planning, starting the development of instructional systems design (ISD). Since the 1980s, ISD has been the reigning paradigm for instructional design, while instructional design has become the central activity of instructional technology professionals.
Serious Games and Game-Based Learning
Authors: Schrader Claudia
Published: March 2022

This chapter summarizes theory and empirical research concerned with the use of serious games and game-based learning in educational contexts. Relevant characteristics and theoretical foundations of the value of games are assessed. The reviewed empirical findings indicate a strong effect of serious games and game-based learning on learner motivation, affect, and cognitive outcomes. However, the direction of their impact is not always straightforward as it depends on the interplay of conditions including the game type, design features, learner characteristics, and learning activities. This chapter suggests that developers and educators take this interplay into account to ensure optimal learner experiences when developing or choosing serious games or game-based learning approaches for educational purposes.
Neutrino masses and magnetic moments of electron and muon in the Zee Model
Authors: Barman Rahool Kumar , Dcruz Ritu , Thapa Anil
Published: March 2022

Abstract

We explore parameter space in the Zee Model to resolve the long-standing tension of the electron and muon anomalous magnetic moment (AMM). The model comprises a second Higgs doublet and a charged singlet at electroweak scale and generates Majorana neutrino masses at one-loop level; the neutral partner of the SU(2)L doublet contributes to the AMM of electron and muon via one loop and two-loop corrections. We propose two minimal flavor structures that can explain these anomalies while fitting the neutrino oscillation data. We find that the neutral Higgs resides in the mass range of roughly 10–300 GeV or 1–30 GeV, depending on the flavor structures. The model is consistent with constraints from colliders, electroweak precision data, and lepton flavor violation. To be comprehensive, we examine the constraints from the electric dipole moment (EDM) and find a region of parameter space that gives a sizable contribution to muon EDM while simultaneously giving corrections to muon AMM. In addition to the light scalar, the two charged scalars with masses as low as 100 GeV can induce nonstandard neutrino interactions εee as large as 8%, potentially hinting at new physics. We also investigate the projected capability of future lepton colliders to probe the currently allowed parameter space consistent with both electron and muon AMMs via direct searches in the ℓ+ℓ− → ℓ+ℓ−(H → ℓ+ℓ−) channel.
Magnetic quivers for rank 2 theories
Authors: Bourget Antoine , Grimminger Julius F. , Martone Mario , Zafrir Gabi
Published: March 2022

Abstract

In this note we construct magnetic quivers for the known rank-2 four dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 superconformal field theories. For every rank-1 theory one can find a unitary magnetic quiver; we observe that this is no longer possible at rank 2. Our list of magnetic quivers necessarily includes orthosymplectic quivers, in addition to unitary ones, of both the simply and non simply laced variety. Using quiver subtraction, one can compute Higgs branch Hasse diagrams and compare with the results obtained via other methods finding nearly perfect agreement.
SALEM NUMBERS, SPECTRAL RADII AND GROWTH RATES OF HYPERBOLIC COXETER GROUPS
Authors: KELLERHALS R. , LIECHTI L.
Published: March 2022

We show that not every Salem number appears as the growth rate of a cocompact hyperbolic Coxeter group. We also give a new proof of the fact that the growth rates of planar hyperbolic Coxeter groups are spectral radii of Coxeter transformations, and show that this need not be the case for growth rates of hyperbolic tetrahedral Coxeter groups.
An AI ethics ‘David and Goliath’: value conflicts between large tech companies and their employees
Authors: Ryan Mark , Christodoulou Eleni , Antoniou Josephina , Iordanou Kalypso
Published: March 2022

Artificial intelligence ethics requires a united approach from policymakers, AI companies, and individuals, in the development, deployment, and use of these technologies. However, sometimes discussions can become fragmented because of the different levels of governance (Schmitt in AI Ethics 1–12, 2021) or because of different values, stakeholders, and actors involved (Ryan and Stahl in J Inf Commun Ethics Soc 19:61–86, 2021). Recently, these conflicts became very visible, with such examples as the dismissal of AI ethics researcher Dr. Timnit Gebru from Google and the resignation of whistle-blower Frances Haugen from Facebook. Underpinning each debacle was a conflict between the organisation’s economic and business interests and the morals of their employees. This paper will examine tensions between the ethics of AI organisations and the values of their employees, by providing an exploration of the AI ethics literature in this area, and a qualitative analysis of three workshops with AI developers and practitioners. Common ethical and social tensions (such as power asymmetries, mistrust, societal risks, harms, and lack of transparency) will be discussed, along with proposals on how to avoid or reduce these conflicts in practice (e.g., building trust, fair allocation of responsibility, protecting employees’ autonomy, and encouraging ethical training and practice). Altogether, we suggest the following steps to help reduce ethical issues within AI organisations: improved and diverse ethics education and training within businesses; internal and external ethics auditing; the establishment of AI ethics ombudsmen, AI ethics review committees and an AI ethics watchdog; as well as access to trustworthy AI ethics whistle-blower organisations.
Multi-parametric speckle tracking analyses to characterize cardiac amyloidosis: a comparative study of systolic left ventricular longitudinal myocardial mechanics
Authors: Bogunovic Nikola , Farr Martin , Pirl Lukas , Piper Cornelia , Rudolph Volker , Roder Fabian
Published: March 2022

Cardiac amyloidosis (CAM), the most common cardiac storage disease is associated with significant changes in left-ventricular (LV) morphology and function. To gain particular insights into LV systolic longitudinal myocardial mechanics we investigated seven parameters derived by speckle-tracking-echocardiography (STE) in patients with confirmed CAM (n = 59). The results were compared with those of individuals with healthy heart (n = 150) and another primary myocardial disease with also thickened myocardium and severe diastolic and systolic LV-dysfunction (symptomatic LV-non-compaction-cardiomyopathy, LV-NC, n = 30). In addition to standard echocardiographical measures, the STE-derived data were evaluated and documented utilizing polar-diagrams to obtain overviews of longitudinal myocardial mechanics of the entire LV. Compared with healthy individuals, patients with CAM and LV-NC showed significantly reduced LV-ejection-fraction (EF), global longitudinal systolic peak-strain, strain-rate, and displacement. Pre-systolic stretch-index, post-systolic index, and the EF/global peak-longitudinal-strain-ratio (EF/S) were increased. In contrast to healthy-hearts and the LV-NC group only patients with CAM demonstrated significantly reduced time-to-peak systolic longitudinal strain and time-to-peak strain-rate. Although the level of the segmental values in longitudinal mechanics was significantly different between the groups, comparable intraventricular baso-apical parameter-gradients were found for systolic longitudinal peak-strain and strain-rate, pre-systolic-stretch-index, post-systolic-index, and peak systolic displacement. Compared to ATTR-amyloidosis (ATTR-CAM), patients with AL-amyloidosis (AL-CAM) demonstrated significantly lower end-diastolic and end-systolic LV-volumes, LV-mass-indices, relative apical strain, time-to-peak systolic longitudinal strain, and time-to-peak longitudinal strain-rate. CAM and LV-NC demonstrated altered myocardial mechanics with significantly different STE-derived echocardiographical parameters. ATTR-amyloidosis and AL-amyloidosis had at least significantly different time-to-peak strain, time-to-peak strain-rate and relative apical sparing values.
Reduction of torsional vibrations of drivetrains of machines and plants using impulsive torques and characterization of related energy transfer effects
Authors: Pumhössel Thomas
Published: March 2022

The reduction of torsional vibrations of drivetrains of machines and plants is of considerable interest in various fields of engineering, as they can have a negative influence not only on the drivetrain itself, but also on the driven machinery. Hence, a variety of countermeasures were developed to minimize such vibrations. In the present contribution, the possibilities of reducing torsional vibrations of drivetrains by introducing impulsive torques are investigated. The impulsive strength is chosen in a way that fully elastic impacts of a point mass with a rigid wall are mimicked, i.e., energy is neither fed to nor extracted from the mechanical system by the impulses. It is shown that therewith a transfer of vibration energy to higher modes is possible, where it is dissipated more effectively utilizing the enhanced damping capabilities of higher modes. A modal damping amplification factor is introduced allowing to characterize the energy transfer based on a mapping of the state-vector from one instant of time where an impulse is applied, to the next. It is demonstrated with a numerical example that the damping amplification factor allows to analyze modal energy transfer effects in mechanical systems exhibited to impulsive torques in an efficient manner.
Eigenvalue problems for slice functions
Authors: Kraußhar Rolf Sören , Perotti Alessandro
Published: March 2022

This paper addresses particular eigenvalue problems within the context of two quaternionic function theories. More precisely, we study two concrete classes of quaternionic eigenvalue problems, the first one for the slice derivative operator in the class of quaternionic slice-regular functions and the second one for the Cauchy–Riemann–Fueter operator in the class of axially monogenic functions. The two problems are related to each other by the four-dimensional Laplace operator and Fueter’s Theorem. As an application of a particular case of second order eigenvalue problems, we obtain a representation of axially monogenic solutions for time-harmonic Helmholtz and stationary Klein–Gordon equations.
Data-driven Bayesian inference of turbulence model closure coefficients incorporating epistemic uncertainty
Authors: Maruyama Daigo , Bekemeyer Philipp , Görtz Stefan , Coggon Simon , Sharma Sanjiv
Published: March 2022

We introduce a framework for statistical inference of the closure coefficients using machine learning methods. The objective of this framework is to quantify the epistemic uncertainty associated with the closure model by using experimental data via Bayesian statistics. The framework is tailored towards cases for which a limited amount of experimental data is available. It consists of two components. First, by treating all latent variables (non-observed variables) in the model as stochastic variables, all sources of uncertainty of the probabilistic closure model are quantified by a fully Bayesian approach. The probabilistic model is defined to consist of the closure coefficients as parameters and other parameters incorporating noise. Then, the uncertainty associated with the closure coefficients is extracted from the overall uncertainty by considering the noise being zero. The overall uncertainty is rigorously evaluated by using Markov-Chain Monte Carlo sampling assisted by surrogate models. We apply the framework to the Spalart–Allmars one-equation turbulence model. Two test cases are considered, including an industrially relevant full aircraft model at transonic flow conditions, the Airbus XRF1. Eventually, we demonstrate that epistemic uncertainties in the closure coefficients result into uncertainties in flow quantities of interest which are prominent around, and downstream, of the shock occurring over the XRF1 wing. This data-driven approach could help to enhance the predictive capabilities of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in terms of reliable turbulence modeling at extremes of the flight envelope if measured data is available, which is important in the context of robust design and towards virtual aircraft certification. The plentiful amount of information about the uncertainties could also assist when it comes to estimating the influence of the measured data on the inferred model coefficients. Finally, the developed framework is flexible and can be applied to different test cases and to various turbulence models.
Insights into the ecology of Schizosaccharomyces species in natural and artificial habitats
Authors: Brysch-Herzberg Michael , Jia Guo-Song , Seidel Martin , Assali Imen , Du Li-Lin
Published: March 2022

The fission yeast genusSchizosaccharomycescontains important model organisms for biological research. In particular,S. pombeis a widely used model eukaryote. So far little is known about the natural and artificial habitats of species in this genus. Finding out whereS. pombeand other fission yeast species occur and how they live in their habitats can promote better understanding of their biology. Here we investigate in which substratesS. pombe,S. octosporus,S. osmophilusandS. japonicusare present. To this end about 2100 samples consisting of soil, tree sap fluxes, fresh fruit, dried fruit, honey, cacao beans, molasses and other substrates were analyzed. Effective isolation methods that allow efficient isolation of the above mentioned species were developed. Based on the frequency of isolating different fission yeast species in various substrates and on extensive literature survey, conclusions are drawn on their ecology. The results suggest that the primary habitat ofS. pombeandS. octosporusis honeybee honey. Both species were also frequently detected on certain dried fruit like raisins, mango or pineapple to which they could be brought by the honey bees during ripening or during drying. WhileS. pombewas regularly isolated from grape mash and from fermented raw cacao beansS. octosporuswas never isolated from fresh fruit. The main habitat ofS. osmophilusseems to be solitary bee beebread. It was rarely isolated from raisins.S. japonicuswas mainly found in forest substrates although it occurs on fruit and in fruit fermentations, too.
On Continuity of Accessible Functors
Authors: Tendas Giacomo
Published: March 2022

We prove that for each locally $$\alpha $$
α
-presentable category $${\mathcal {K}}$$
K
there exists a regular cardinal $$\gamma $$
γ
such that any $$\alpha $$
α
-accessible functor out of $${\mathcal {K}}$$
K
(into another locally $$\alpha $$
α
-presentable category) is continuous if and only if it preserves $$\gamma $$
γ
-small limits; as a consequence we obtain a new adjoint functor theorem specific to the $$\alpha $$
α
-accessible functors out of $${\mathcal {K}}$$
K
. Afterwards we generalize these results to the enriched setting and deduce, among other things, that a small $${\mathcal {V}}$$
V
-category is accessible if and only if it is Cauchy complete.
Stability, resonance and role of turbulent stresses in 1D alluvial flows
Authors: Colombini Marco
Published: March 2022

Linear stability analysis is used to investigate the behavior of small perturbations of a uniform flow in a straight channel with an erodible bed composed by a unisize sediment. A shallow-water flow model is employed and bedload sediment transport is assumed. The mathematical structure of the linear problem, in terms of the eigenvalues and their associated eigenvectors is explored in detail and information is gathered on the wavespeed and growth rate of the perturbations as a function of their wavelength and of the relevant flow and sediment parameters. Several aspects of the solution are discussed, with particular focus on the behaviour in the transcritical region where the Froude number approaches unity. An approximate solution for the roots of the eigenrelationship is presented, which is not uniformly valid in the transcritical region, leading to the appearance of an unphysical instability. A regular perturbation expansion is then introduced that allows for the elimination of this singularity.
Training Syntax to Enhance Theory of Mind in Children with ASD
Authors: Durrleman Stephanie , Bentea Anamaria , Prisecaru Andreea , Thommen Evelyne , Delage Hélène
Published: March 2022

Preschool children with neurotypical development (ND) trained on sentential complements (“X thinks/says that”) improve their Theory of Mind (ToM) performance. Can complementation training also enhance ToM in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Thirty-three children with ASD (Mage = 8;11) and 20 younger ND peers (Mage = 4;3) were trained on sentential complements (4–6 weeks, 2–3 times per week, via the DIRE i-Pad App). Pre-training and post-training comparisons show that (1) training boosted both complementation and ToM performance across groups; (2) improvements remained 4–6 weeks after training ended; (3) participants with milder ASD symptoms made most gains. Training on sentential complements thus seems beneficial for addressing ToM difficulties in children with ASD, especially those with milder symptoms.
Synthesis of [2+2] Schiff base macrocycles by a solvent templating strategy and halogen bonding directed assembly
Authors: Taylor Chloe M. , Kilah Nathan L.
Published: March 2022

Schiff base imine condensations are a useful tool for macrocycle synthesis and applications within supramolecular chemistry. Here we address the mixtures of products that can arise from template free synthesis using dicarbonylheterocycles and diamines, and look to develop metal-free template methods for selective macrocycle formation. A range of alkyl α,ω-diamines were combined with phenanthroline and pyridine heterocyclic dicarbaldehydes under standard literature conditions. The reaction conditions were modified to demonstrate a relationship between choice of solvent and product equilibria. It was observed that benzene and toluene could shift a mixture of products and unreacted starting materials to form predominantly one imine product for a number of systems. Once the macrocyclic products had been characterized in selected solvents, iodinated halogen bonding guest molecules were added to direct macrocycle assemblies using non-covalent interactions. Studies to investigate host – guest suitability and halogen bond interactions were conducted, and it was found that tetraiodoethylene had an influence on the formation of a phenanthroline based macrocycle. Proof of concept experiments were performed to show the influence of the guest molecule, tetraiodoethylene, on the macrocyclic products formed under competitive dynamic combinatorial chemistry conditions.