bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multiple‐attribute decision‐making approach to assess the disability of visually impaired workers
Authors: Ko Min‐Der , Chen Jen‐Gwo
Published: July 2007

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has redefined employability and disability. The measurement and evaluation of the disabled worker's residual capabilities, in terms of worker strengths and weaknesses, job requirements and work environment, is the first step to comply with the ADA. This study presents an application of multiple‐attribute decision‐making procedures. The task is to develop a single index for use in assessing the disability of visually impaired workers through a consideration of factors defined by the U.S. Employment Service for successful job performance. The index can also be used to identify and prioritize the need for reasonable accommodation and to match visually impaired workers to appropriate employment.
A robust backward search method based on walk‐through for point location on a 3D surface mesh
Authors: Shan J. L. , Li Y. M. , Guo Y. Q. , Guan Z. Q.
Published: July 2007

Point location is one of the most basic searching problems in computational geometry. It has been largely studied on the aspect of query time in the worst case, and many methods have been proposed, such as counter clockwise wise search and barycentric coordinates search. However, most of them aim at the convex field. For a non‐convex problem, such as a concave field or a convex field with holes, these searching schemes may fail. The numerical experience shows that, even for a convex problem, the searching path may lead to an infinite loop for some special case and may not find the element containing the query point. In this paper, a robust backward search method based on Walk‐through algorithm is proposed to deal with the searching problems in non‐convex fields and to avoid the problems of infinite loop. Another important improvement is to locate the query point on a 3D surface mesh. Several examples demonstrate that the present method is efficient and robust for the workpieces of complex geometry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetic evidence supporting the neoplastic nature of stromal cells in ‘fibrosis’ after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell tumours
Authors: Cheng L , Zhang S , Wang M , Davidson DD , Morton MJ , Huang J , Zheng S , Jones TD , Beck SD , Foster RS
Published: July 2007

A residual retroperitoneal mass containing only fibrosis and necrosis is present in 40–52% of patients with advanced testicular germ cell tumours after chemotherapy. The biological nature and genetic characteristics of the stromal cells in these residual masses have not been adequately investigated. Laser‐microdissected stromal cells from 27 patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after chemotherapy for metastatic testicular germ cell tumour were analysed. Allelic loss in the stromal cells of fibrosis was present at one or more of the ten microsatellite DNA loci examined in 23 (85%) of the cases. Chromosome arm 12p anomalies, the hallmark of germ cell neoplasia, were present in nine (33%) cases. The high frequency of allelic losses and chromosome arm 12p anomalies in the stromal cells from residual retroperitoneal fibrous masses after chemotherapy for testicular germ cell tumours suggests that the stromal cells are derived from the same tumour progenitor cells as the pre‐existing metastatic germ cell tumour. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of components of the IGF axis in childhood acute myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Dawczynski Kristin , Steinbach Daniel , Wittig Susann , Pfaffendorf Nadine , Kauf Eberhard , Zintl Felix
Published: July 2007

Background

Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system as regulator for cellular proliferation is of particular interest in search for new prognostic approaches in cancer treatment.

Procedure

We analyzed the mRNA expression profile of IGF‐I, ‐II, and IGFBP‐2, ‐3 in 50 children with previously untreated AML (mean age 10.8 ± 4.8 years; patients in CCR n = 20, patients with relapse during later course of disease n = 15). MNC samples from peripheral blood as well as bone marrow of healthy donors were used as controls.

Results

IGFBP‐2 expression was significantly higher in AML cells than in healthy cells of peripheral MNC (P < 0.001) and of bone marrow cells (P < 0.01). Conversely, AML cells showed significantly lower IGFBP‐3 and IGF‐I gene expression compared to controls (P = 0.02; P < 0.001). Patients with relapse (median ± range: 0.0929 ± 0.049) during later course of disease demonstrated higher IGFBP‐2 expression compared to patients in CCR (0.0121 ± 0.047; P = 0.06) at time of diagnosis. A multivariate analysis identified the IGFBP‐2 mRNA expression as an independent factor for the prediction of relapse. Furthermore, the probability of relapse‐free survival (RFS) in patients with IGFBP‐2 mRNA level >0.1000 was 28%; whereas, the probability of RFS in patients with IGFBP‐2 mRNA level <0.1000 was 62% (P = 0.04, log‐rank test). No prognostic influence could be found for the other investigated genes.

Conclusions

Results identified different expressions of IGF components between normal and AML cells. Patients with IGFBP‐2 mRNA levels up to 0.1000 (relative to KG1 cell line) more likely developed a relapse. Identification of these patients at diagnosis may allow more individualized treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:24–28. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐myeloablative transplantation for severe congenital neutropenia
Authors: Thachil Jecko , Caswell Mark , Bolton‐Maggs Paula H.B. , Pizer Barry , Keenan Russell
Published: July 2007

Severe Congenital Neutropenia is a rare condition characterized by a very low neutrophil count, which pre‐disposes the affected child to recurrent bacterial infections. Treatment with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has dramatically improved the prognosis of these children; but in patients who have become G‐CSF refractory, hematopoeitic stem cell transplant is still the only effective curative treatment. We describe a patient who was unresponsive to escalating doses of G‐CSF and underwent a successful reduced intensity conditioning, matched unrelated donor allograft resulting in cure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:920–921. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No correlation between the number of fetal nucleated cells and the amount of cell‐free fetal DNA in maternal circulation either before or after delivery
Authors: Hyodo Maki , Samura Osamu , Fujito Naoya , Tanigawa Miho , Miyoshi Hiroshi , Fujiwra Hisaya , Miharu Norio , Kudo Yoshiki
Published: July 2007

Objectives

We have determined the number of fetal nucleated cells and the concentration of cell‐free fetal DNA in parallel in the same maternal blood samples either before or after delivery, and studied the relationship between these two.

Methods

Venous blood samples were taken at four points around delivery from ten women who had singleton male fetus with informed consent. The number of fetal nucleated cells having a Y chromosome specific signal treated by two‐color fluorescence in situ hybridization technique was counted using maternal whole blood. The concentration of sex‐determining region Y gene sequence was determined using real‐time quantitative PCR.

Results

The number of fetal nucleated cells decreased after delivery, and some fetal cells were present 1 month after delivery. While cell‐free fetal DNA decreased rapidly after delivery and became undetectable 1 day after delivery in eight out of ten cases. The number of fetal nucleated cells did not correlate with the concentration of cell‐free fetal DNA in maternal circulation.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that cell‐free fetal DNA disappears very rapidly after delivery and fetal nucleated cells remain longer in maternal circulation, and that there is no correlation between these two either before or after delivery. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear polyurethanes derived from alditols and diisocyanates
Authors: Paz Ma Violante de , Marín Romina , Zamora Francisca , Hakkou Khalid , Alla Abdelilah , Galbis Juan A. , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián
Published: July 2007

A set of linear [m,n]‐type polyurethanes was synthesized by polycondensation in solution from hexamethylene diisocyanate and 4,4′‐methylene‐bis(phenyl isocyanate) with alditols. Threitol, arabinitol, and xylitol bearing the secondary hydroxy groups blocked as methyl ethers were used. Either regioregular or nonregioregular polymers (depending on the configuration of the alditol) were obtained in high yields and with number‐average molecular weights within the 20,000–30,000 range. All these polyurethanes were amorphous with Tg being highly dependent on the aliphatic or aromatic nature of the diisocyanate used, but scarcely depending on the chemical structure of the alditol moiety. They were found to be stable up to near 300 °C, decomposing at higher temperatures through a complex three‐stage mechanism. Polyurethanes obtained from threitol did not show significant enhancement of hydrolytic degradability as compared with polyurethanes obtained from 1,4‐butanediol. Conversely, polyurethane prepared from xylitol and hexamethylendiisocyanate was found to be almost fully hydrolyzed in 1 month when incubated in water either at 80 °C and pH 7.4 or at 37 °C and pH 10. It was concluded that the alditol size seems to be of prime importance in determining the hydrodegradability of these sugar containing polyurethanes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4109–4117, 2007
Codendronized polymers pendent with alternating dendritic wedges
Authors: Zhang Yanhong , Xu Zizhen , Li Xiaokai , Chen Yongming
Published: July 2007

Codendronized polymers pendent with Fréchet‐type poly(benzyl ether) dendron and polyester dendron alternating structure have been produced by combining macromonomer and graft‐from approach. Alternating copolymerization of the styryl dendrons of three generations and N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)maleimide was used to prepare the polymer backbone bearing the first kind of dendritic wedges, then polyester dendrons were grown up from the pendant hydroxy groups through iterative esterification and deprotection reactions. Then, a kind of codendronized polymer bearing different dendritic wedges with an alternating structure was thus obtained. Since the pendent dendrons were different and each of them was well‐defined, such codendronized polymer can be a multicompartment wormlike molecule. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3994–4001, 2007
A novel rate‐accelerating additive for atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene
Authors: Jiaming Zhuang , rui Lin , Jianying Huang , Jiayan Chu , Xurong Lin , Yutai Luo , Yousi Zou
Published: July 2007

The polymerization of styrene was mediated by copper (I) bromide/pentramethldiethyltriamine (PMDETA) using ethyl 2‐bromopropionate (EBP) as initiator and a catalytic amount of malononitrile (MN) as a novel rate‐accelerating additive. The optimal molar ratios of MN/EBP under which the polymerization of styrene can proceed fastest was 4:1. The rate‐enhancement‐efficiency had a dependence on temperature and the apparent rate constant of polymerization improved by a factor of 2.67 at 85 °C. Polymerization resulted in a conversion as high as 87% in 4.3 h in the presence of MN, while a conversion of 79.7% was gained even in 10 h without MN at 85 °C. The polymerizations of styrene in the presence of MN proceeded in a living fashion indicated by the first‐order kinetic plots, with the increase of Mn with respect to conversion and the relatively narrow polydispersity. The possible rate enhancing mechanism is that the addition of MN weakens the coordination between the copper center and ligand and facilitates the atom transfer process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4082–4090, 2007
Comparative Chemometric and QSAR/SAR Study of Structurally Unrelated Substrates of a MATE Efflux Pump VmrA from V. parahaemolyticus: Prediction of Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Kiralj Rudolf , Ferreira Márcia M. C.
Published: July 2007

Structures of 12 structurally unrelated agents (training set) and 19 diverse agents (prediction set) were modeled at the PM3 level and the molecular descriptors obtained were correlated with pMIC (pMIC=−log(MIC/mol/dm3) values for E. coli strains KAM32 (without VmrA efflux pump) and KAM32/pVCJ6 (with VmrA). Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Component Regression (PCR) models were built and used to predict pMICs. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were performed for training and training+prediction sets. Agent–receptor interaction descriptors were calculated for complexes with these or the most similar agents, as retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Good substrates of VmrA from Vibrio parahaemolyticus AQ3334 are nonlinear, rigid, and condensed heteroaromatics, rather hydrophobic, involved in aromatic–aromatic, hydrophobic–hydrophobic, hydrophobic–hydrophilic, and hydrogen bond contacts with VmrA. Qualitative and quantitative structure–activity relationships [(Q)SARs] predicted well the resistance/sensitivity of VmrA to 19 agents. This can have practical application in assays with V. parahaemolyticus and other noncholera Vibrio spp. Agent–receptor interaction descriptors correlate with experimental and predicted pMICs, giving a new insight into possible VmrA‐mediated agent efflux mechanisms.
Identification of bupropion urinary metabolites by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Petsalo Aleksanteri , Turpeinen Miia , Tolonen Ari
Published: July 2007

Human urinary metabolism of the antidepressant bupropion was studied using liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). A total of 20 metabolites were detected and identified. The phase I metabolism included formation of morpholinohydroxybupropion, threo‐ and erythrohydrobupropion, aromatic hydroxylation, butyl group hydroxylation with ketone hydrogenation and dihydroxylation. These metabolites were detected either as the free form or as glucuronide and/or sulphate conjugates. In addition also m‐chlorohippuric acid was detected. Of the phase I metabolites, a dihydroxylation to the aromatic ring and to the methyl group in the middle of the substrate molecule was reported here for the first time, as well as eight of the glucuronide conjugates (to hydroxy, dihydroxy, hydroxy and hydrogenation metabolites) and three of the sulphate conjugates (to aromatic hydroxy and hydroxy and hydrogenation metabolites). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelength‐dependent Coulomb explosion in carbon disulphide (CS2) clusters: generation of energetic multiply charged carbon and sulphur ions
Authors: Sharma Pramod , Vatsa Rajesh K.
Published: July 2007

A gigawatt laser‐induced Coulomb explosion has been observed in carbon disulphide (CS2) clusters generating energetic, multiply charged [C]m+ (m = 1–4) and [S]n+ (n = 1–6) atomic ions of carbon and sulphur. The Coulomb explosion shows wavelength dependence. Comparison of these results with our earlier work shows that the polarizability and dipole moment might help in energy absorption from the laser field but they are not mandatory conditions for this low‐intensity Coulomb explosion. The results show that in a field of 109 W/cm2, absorption of 266 and 355 nm laser radiation by CS2 clusters leads to multiphoton dissociation/ionization whereas at 532 nm the whole cluster explodes generating multiply charged atomic ions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric identification of Rab23 phosphorylation as a response to challenge by cytidine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate in mouse brain
Authors: Bond A. Elizabeth , Dudley Edward , Tuytten Robin , Lemière Filip , Smith Christopher J. , Esmans Eddy L. , Newton Russell P.
Published: July 2007

While the functions and mechanisms of action of adenosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) are well established and are the basis of the action of a large number of successful pharmaceuticals, the role of a third naturally occurring cyclic nucleotide, cytidine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cCMP), remains to be elucidated. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) was used to selectively extract proteins phosphorylated in mouse brain in response to challenge by cAMP, cGMP and cCMP, followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐ToFMS) and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS/MS) of tryptic digests to identify Rab23 as the first protein reported to be phosphorylated only in response to cCMP. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of sultones in anionic surfactants
Authors: Macmillan W. D. , Wright H. V.
Published: July 2007

Saturated and unsaturated 1,3‐ and saturated 1,4‐sultones in anionic surfactants are identified and measured by a series of separation maneuvers. The sultones are separated from the surfactant by ion‐exchange treatment and concentrated by thin layer chromatography. By the use of high performance liquid chromatography, the sultones are identified on the basis of their retention times and are measured by comparing their peak areas with those of reference compounds. Adequate responses are obtained from 5 μg quantities of sultone, corresponding to 0.1 ppm sultone in a 50 g sample of alkylethoxy sulfate paste. All the sultones of interest are separated from each other. Chlorosultones can be determined after first treating them with collidine, which dehydrohalogenates them to the unsaturated sultones.
The linolenic acid content of peanut oil
Authors: Worthington R. E.
Published: July 2007

Oils prepared from eight peanut cultivars grown in four locations were analyzed for linolenic acid (18:3) content by gas liquid chromatography. Columns packed with either OV 225 or butanediol succinate provided excellent separation of 18:3 from major fatty acids and from trace constituents exhibiting retention times suggestive of 19:0 and 19:1. Average linolenic acid values for cultivars ranged between 0.03 and 0.13 weight percent of total fatty acids.
GC/MS analysis of some long chain esters, ketones and propanediol diesters
Authors: Vajdi M. , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C.
Published: July 2007

Identification of radiolysis products which are formed in lipids in the range of molecular weights from 400‐600 has been established on the basis of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) studies of long chain authentic samples of alkyl esters, ketones and propanediol diesters. This paper describes the GC/MS behavior of these compounds. Double hydrogen rearrangement was found to be the predominant ion in the spectrum of long chain saturated esters whereas in the unsaturated esters, a peak corresponding to the loss of alcohol from the molecular ion was more pronounced. On the contrary to short chain ketones, McLafferty rearrangement did not appear to be the major fragmentation in the spectrum of saturated and unsaturated long chain ketones. α‐Cleavage was found to be the predominant fragmentation in the spectrum of these ketones. The “McLafferty + 1” rearrangement peak was more pronounced for the long chain ketones than those found in the spectrum of smaller ketones. Fragmentation patterns of propanediol diesters were shown to be similar to those in triglycerides, giving rise to predominant peaks corresponding to acylium ion [RCO]+ and parent minus acyloxy ion [R‐COO]+.
Cocoa butter substitutes from mango fat
Authors: Baliga B. P. , Shitole A. D.
Published: July 2007

Mango fat obtained by solvent extraction of the kernels of the mango fruit (Magnifera indica) has been studied for its suitability in making cocoa butter substitutes. The fat has been fractioned from acetone at low temperatures in one and/or two stages in order to segregate suitable solid fractions having physical properties closer to cocoa butter. The data pertaining to the solidification characteristics and dilatometric behavior of the mango fat, its acetone‐fractionated products and their admixtures with cocoa butter in equal proportions have been determined in order to assess their compatibility with cocoa butter. Fractionated mango fat can serve as a good partial substitute for cocoa butter.
Soybean protein food in China
Authors: Yung‐Shung Chu
Published: July 2007

This paper introduces the history of soybeans and soybean protein foods in China. For 4,000 years, soybeans have been one of the main crops cultivated in this country. The history of extracting protein to prepare a protein food (bean curd, tu‐fu) is about 1,000 years old. Our ancestors had long been aware of the edible value of the soybean and had developed a technique for preparing many kinds of soybean foods. The traditional methods of preparing soybean protein foods such as bean curd (tu‐fu), fermented bean curd (fu‐ru) and dried bean milk cream (fu‐tsu) are discussed.
Current future fat‐based raw materials for soap manufacture
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V.
Published: July 2007

The traditional use of coconut and palm oils for soap manufacture can be expected to continue indefinately. Certain oils of the oleic/ linoleic acid group are too unsaturated to yield soaps of the desired degree of hardness and stability. They may be hydrogenated to form suitable hard soap fats; a quantity of these oils is used regularly in the preparation of soft soaps and in blends with harder fats. The chief animal fat used in soapmaking is tallow. Other fats and oils less frequently used include babassu, palm kernel and olive oil. The ratio of tallow/coconut oil used for the manufacture of toilet soaps ranges from 85:15 to 75:25. A correlation of soap properties with the ratio of 95:5 to 75:25 of tallow and coconut oil demonstrates that properties such as cracking, swelling and hardness are not as sensitive to the changes in the blend ratios as are erosion characteristics, slushing and lather. Present production of Russian and Eastern European soap is from huge quantities of straight‐chain, odd‐ and even‐numbered, carbon saturated synthetic fatty acids (SFA). Future fat‐based raw materials might include certain fractionated fatty acids, methyl ester intermediates, acidulated sunflower and/or safflower soapstocks. Jojoba wax might be a surprising new raw material.
Evaluation of peanut and cottonseed oils for deep frying
Authors: Du Plessis L. M. , Van Twisk P. , van Niekerk P. J. , Steyn M.
Published: July 2007

A comparative study of cottonseed and peanut oils for frying of potato chips was undertaken. Industrial scale frying was conducted for 5 days with cottonseed and 5 days with peanut oil and frying oils and chips were sampled twice a day. Frying oils and oils extracted from stored chips were analyzed for ultraviolet absorption (A232 and A268), peroxide and acid values. Tocopherol and tertiary butylhydroquinone levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Chips stored at room temperature for 12 weeks were organoleptically evaluated. During the first 20 hr frying the A232, free acid and peroxide values of cottonseed oil increased rapidly, exceeding that of peanut oil, which increased moderately. For both oils, constant values were attained during the next 80 hr period, followed by moderate increases during the last 23 hr. Peanut frying oil lost 55% of its tocopherols and 54% of its tertiary butylhydroquinone during frying (103 hr), whereas cottonseed frying oil retained these compounds at the original levels. Tocopherols were also better retained in chips fried in cottonseed oil than in peanut oil. The fatty acid patterns of frying oils and oils extracted from chips did not show significant changes due to frying and storage, respectively. These results, therefore, suggest that cottonseed oil is sufficiently stable to be used as a substitute for peanut oil in deep frying.
Radicals generated in autoxidized methyl linoleate by light irradiation
Authors: Chiba T. , Fujimoto K. , Kaneda T. , Kubota S. , Ikegami Y.
Published: July 2007

The structure of free radicals generated in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate (ML) was studied by the spin trapping technique using deuterated nitrosodurene, (CD3)4C6HNO, as the spin trap. The secondary alkyl radicals were trapped after irradiation of ML with UV light. The formation rate of secondary alkyl radicals increased upon shortening the wavelength of irradiation light and was closely correlated with the peroxide value of autoxidized ML when a UV light longer than 250 nm was employed. When hydroperoxides separated from autoxidized ML were added to ML, the relationship between the formation rate of secondary alkyl radicals and the amounts of added hydroperoxides was nearly linear. These results suggest that secondary alkyl radicals are generated by proton abstraction of the active radicals, such as RO and HO, which are produced by the photolysis of hydroperoxides with UV light. The spin trapping technique can be applied to the study of lipid oxidation and/or photolysis of autoxidized lipid.
Conversion of visual to instrumental measurement of yellowness
Authors: Hunter R. S.
Published: July 2007

Yellowness is the result of a tendency of many materials (especially organic) to absorb more light in the blue end than in the rest of the visible spectrum. For approximately 100 years, yellowness of materials has been rated by visual comparisons with either standardized glasses or standardized solutions of reagent grade chemicals. Since 1942, paints, textiles, plastics and many other materials have been rated for yellowness by photoelectric measurements based on the spectral response characteristics of the normal human eye. Four of the long‐established and widely used visual scales for yellowness are related herein to four of the newer and more precise photo‐electric tristimulus scales. The four visual scales are Lovibond, Hazen, Gardner and FAC. The tristimulus scales are ASTM D1925, ASTM E313, Hunter b and CIELAB b*. These interrelations between scales were actually developed more than 20 years ago by Ron Stillman of the AOCS, but his data were so voluminous that no opportunity for their publication was ever found.
Antioxidant activity of amino acids bound to trolox‐C
Authors: Taylor M. J. , Richardson T. , Jasensky R. D.
Published: July 2007

Various amino acids, selected for their potential antioxidant activity, were, covalently attached to 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox‐C), a lower homolog of vitamin E that has great antioxidant effectiveness. The resulting Troloxylamino acids (T‐AA) had greater antioxidant effectiveness than Trolox‐C in a linoleate emulsion system oxidized by hemoglobin. Troloxyl‐tryptophan‐methyl ester and Troloxyl‐methionine‐methyl ester were the most effective T‐AA evaluated in the linoleate emulsion. However, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and α‐tocopherol were more antioxidant than any T‐AA in the emulsion system. In a Schaal oven test at 45 C. Trolox‐C was by by far the most effective antioxidant evaluated in corn oil. BHT and Troloxylcysteine had significant antioxidant activity in corn oil, but no other T‐AA was antioxidant in corn oil. In butter oil, Trolox‐C again had the highest antioxidant activity, and BHA and BHT were also highly antioxidant. All t‐AA had antioxidant activity in butter oil, with Troloxyl‐methioninc and Troloxyl‐cysteine having the grcatest antioxidant effectiveness. The T‐AA of highest antioxidant activity were hydrolyzed by chymotrypsin and/or trypsin, in vitro.
Hexane losses in solvent extracted soya meal: Measurement by gas chromatography and brief evaluation
Authors: House R. J. R. , Harcombe A. O. , Guinness R. G.
Published: July 2007

Hexane losses in solvent extraction plants arise from a variety of causes. With the constantly increasing price of hexane, it has become imperative to identify the major loss areas and quantify losses in these areas. Hexane lost in meal leaving the desolventizer‐toaster (D‐T) is an obvious choice for investigation. A method has been developed for determining relatively high levels of hexane in hot meal leaving the D‐T. The method was designed to minimize the loss of solvent by cvaporation between the time of sampling and the actual measurement by gas chromatography (GC) Examination of the reults confirmed that losses of hexane as a result of inadequate stripping of the meal in the D‐T formed a very significant part (10–40%) of total hexane losses.
A new wide‐line NMR analyzer and its use in determining the solid‐liquid ratio in fat samples
Authors: Mansfield Peter B.
Published: July 2007

A new, simple, inexpensive wide line NMR analyzer is commercially available and suitable for several applications in the oils and fats industry. Its use to determine the solid‐liquid ratio in fats has been studied in particular, and it has been found that the solids content of a fat can be determined at four temperatures in approximately one hour. The reproducibility of the measurements is 1% absolute solids. The results obtained are compared with those obtained by dilatometry on the same samples. Several different methods of calculation and operation were tried; differences in the results are given. Arguments for and against four particular methods of calibration are discussed.
Wide‐line NMR for product and process control in fat industries1
Authors: Wettstrom R. B.
Published: July 2007

A modified method is described for the determination of the content of solid phase in fats at various temperatures using a Varian PA‐7 wide Une NMR instrument with temperature accessory. To avoid variations in instrument sensitivity a liquid soybean oil was used as reference. There was no need for corrections depending on the IV of the fat or the temperature. The optimal instrument settings were determined and the importance of a standardized temperature conditioning of the sample was confirmed. With the observance of proper conditions a standard deviation of 0.7% solid phase was obtained. Using this method a large number of samples can be examined with only a reasonable amount of work, but there is an increased demand for faster and more exact temperature conditioning of the samples, better stability and easier handling to fit more routine conditions. With these improvements the NMR method does offer some advantages for product control over solid fat index. However, for the time being the NMR method cannot be used for process control of hydrogenation because the need to condition the sample does not permit the determination of the result in less than 1 hr. On the other hand, a direct measurement of fat content of pressmeal gave a standard deviation (1.3% fat) too large for satisfactory production control.
Role of detergent builders in fabric washing formulations
Authors: Hollingsworth M. W.
Published: July 2007

The role of a detergent builder in fabric washing formulations is complex because the builder is multifunctional. The primary function of a builder is to counteract the detrimental effects of hardness ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) which arise in the wash solution not only from the tap water but also from the washload. The need to control the free hardness ion level to 0.1 °FH is well established and is mainly required to release calcium bound soil and prevent further calcium soil interaction during the wash process. The most elegant way of doing this is with a sequestrant. Sodium triphosphate is the preferred material. Measurement of the equilibrium constants of sequestrants with Ca2+/Mg2+/Na+/H+ as a function of temperature and ionic strength allows prediction of free hardness ion levels over a wide range of conditions such as temperature, pH, water hardness, and dosage. Secondary functions such as specific adsorption effects are important, and a true builder will aid not only soil removal but alleviate soil redeposition.
Soap and lime soap dispersants
Authors: Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

In recent decades, soap has largely been replaced by petrochemicals and polyphosphates as the major components of laundry detergents in the U.S. Currently, the use of soap is primarily confined to the toilet soap bar field, and technological advances here have been mainly in processing. In view of the rising costs and increasing scarcity of petrochemicals and polyphosphates, tallow, a replenishable, inexpensive agricultural by‐product, was examined as an alternate raw material. Tallow soap has a long history of efficacy and safety but suffers from poor performance in hard water and insolubility in cold water. It has now been shown that the performance of soaps can be drastically improved in cold water solubility and in hard water detergency by the addition to the soap of lime soap dispersing agents (LSD A). These are anionic or amphoteric surfactants possessing one or more bulky polar groups. These soap‐LSDA combinations form mixed micelles in water and essentially take on the surface active characteristics of a single anionic surfactant. Soap‐LSDA combinations wash well in hard water without curd formation; they can be “built” with various materials such as phosphates and trisodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) to enhance detergency. Soap‐LSDA combinations equal the conventional detergents in every performance respect and undergo biodegradation more readily and completely.
Zwitterionic surfactants: Structure and performance
Authors: FernLey G. W.
Published: July 2007

The performance and biodegradability of some zwitterionic surfactants have been compared with those of conventional anionic and nonionic surfactants. The zwitterionics are superior base materials for formulating laundry products with or without phosphates. In addition to having excellent performance properties, ammoniocarboxylates are highly biodegradable with respect to functional and ultimate degradation.
Bleach: Facts, fantasy, and fundamentals
Authors: Coons D. M.
Published: July 2007

Bleaching agents are primary adjuncts of the cleaning process. They can be formulated as separate products for discretionary use or incorporated as an integral part of the cleaning product. The chemistry and expected performance benefits of the various types of commercially available bleaching agents are discussed. The known chemical and environmental factors affecting shelf stability and in‐use activity of bleaching agents are reviewed. Attributes for the “ideal” household bleach are also outlined.
Cationic surface active agents as fabric softeners
Authors: Egan R. R.
Published: July 2007

Rinse cycle, wash cycle, and dryer type softeners are reviewed and their compositions discussed. Ashland’s conclusions are: (a) Rinse cycle softeners give the best performance from a softening and anti‐static point of view. They are, however, less convenient to use since they must be introduced into the final rinse, (b) Wash cycle softeners are convenient to use, but higher use levels are necessary to impart adequate softening and anti‐static properties making their use more expensive. They also tend to decrease the cleaning properties of the detergent used, (c) Dryer type softeners are convenient to use, but they impart less softening because of nonuniform deposition of softener on the fabric. The anti‐static properties, on the other hand, imparted by these softeners are very good.
Spray drying and dry neutralization of powdered detergents
Authors: Davidsohn A.
Published: July 2007

Spray tower designs for soaps and detergents, practical operating conditions and practices in slurry preparation, and spray tower operation are described and illustrated. The specific problems of exhaust air purification, handling of fines, and the behavior of various builders and surfactants during spray drying are discussed. Dry neutralization systems and the combination of spray drying with dry neutralization to introduce heat sensitive and difficult to atomize materials, to use practically all types of surfactants, to increase capacity, and to save energy are considered also.
Use of oil in baked products—Part II: Sweet goods and cakes
Authors: Hartnett D. I. , Thalheimer W. G.
Published: July 2007

The discussion on the current trend in the United States to switch from the conventionally accepted lard or partially hydrogenated vegetable shortening to oil as the shortening medium in baked goods is continued. Problems encountered when oil is used to replace the plastic shortenings in sweet doughs and cakes are described. Test work has shown that surfactants are useful tools in counteracting the resultant negative aspects associated with the use of oil. A review of various surfactant systems with oil and their effects on finished sweet dough and cake quality are discussed.
Cis‐Unsaturated fatty acid products by hydrogenation with chromium hexacarbonyl
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Awl R. A. , Friedrich J. P.
Published: July 2007

The use of Cr(CO)6 was investigated to convert polyunsaturated fats intocis unsaturated products. With methyl sorbate, the same order of selectivity for the formation ofcis‐3‐hexenoate was demonstrated for Cr(CO)6 as for the arene‐Cr(CO)3 complexes. With conjugated fatty esters, the stereoselectivity of Cr(CO)6 toward thetrans, trans diene system was particularly high in acetone. However, this solvent was not suitable at elevated temperatures required to hydrogenatecis, trans‐ andcis, cis‐conjugated dienes (175 C) and nonconjugated soybean oil (200 C). Reaction parameters were analyzed statistically to optimize hydrogenation of methyl sorbate and soybean oil. To achieve acceptable oxidative stability, it is necessary to reduce the linolenate constituent of soybean oil below 1–3%. When this is done commercially with conventional heterogenous catalysts, the hydrogenated products contain more than 15%trans unsaturation. By hydrogenating soybean oil with Cr(CO)6 (200 C, 500 psi H2, 1% catalyst in hexane solution), the product contains less than 3% each of linolenate andtrans unsaturation. Recycling of Cr(CO)6 catalyst by sublimation was carried through three hydrogenations of soybean oil, but, about 10% of the chromium was lost in each cycle by decomposition. The hydrogenation mechanism of Cr(CO)6 is compared with that of arene‐Cr(CO)3 complexes.
Trace metal content of rapeseed meals, oils and seeds
Authors: Elson C. M. , Hynes D. L. , MacNeil P. A.
Published: July 2007

The concentration of lead, copper, cadmium and zinc as determined by anodic stripping voltammetry and atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a series of rapeseed oils, meals, and seeds is reported. The metal content of rapeseed seeds is not influenced by growing area; however, the variety appears to affect the metal levels. In general, meals contain twice the heavy metal burden of the seeds. The partitioning of metals between meals and oils heavily favors the meals except for lead where the distribution is approximately two to one.
Antioxidant activity of oat extract in soybean and cottonseed oils
Authors: Tian L. L. , White P. J.
Published: July 2007

A previously published method for extracting antioxidants from Noble oats with methanol was modified to improve the antioxidant activity. The extract was tested in soybean and cottonseed oils held at 30 and 60°C in the dark and at 30°C in the light. During storage, the peroxide values (PV) of the oils were generally significantly lower (P≤0.05) with the addition of the extract than was the control (no additives), and the PV were slightly higher than for oils containing TBHQ. In addition, the extract was added to emulsions of the same oils and held at 30°C in the light and at 60°C in the dark. The PV of the emulsions containing the extract were significantly lower (P≤0.05) than were the PV of those containing tertiary butylhydroquinone and the control.
Cis‐trans isomerization of octadecatrienoic acids during heating. Study of pinolenic (cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶3) acid geometrical isomers in heated pine seed oil
Authors: Wolff Robert L.
Published: July 2007

To understand the heat‐inducedcis‐trans isomerization of ethylenic bonds in octadecatrienoic acids, pine seed oil, which contains the unusual nonmethylene‐interrupted pinolenic (cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶3) acid as a major component, was heated under vacuum at 240°C for 6 h together with linseed and borage oils. As a results, a small percentage of pinolenic acid undergoescis‐trans isomerization. The main isomer that accumulates is thetrans‐5,cis‐9,trans‐12 18∶3 acid. Minor amounts of the three mono‐trans isomers are also present. Identification of isomers was realized by combining gas‐liquid chromatography on a CP Sil 88 capillary column, argentation thin‐layer chromatography and comparing the equivalent chainlengths of artifacts to those of isomers present in NO2‐isomerized pine seed oil. Hydrazine reduction was used to demonstrate that there was no positional shift of double bonds. Heat‐induced geometrical isomerization of pinolenic acid differs from that of α‐ and γ‐linolenic acids in at least two aspects. The reaction rate is slower (about one‐fourth), and mono‐trans isomers are formed in low amounts.
Conversion of allylic hydroxy oleate to conjugated linoleic acid and methoxy oleate by acid‐catalyzed methylation procedures
Authors: Yurawecz Martin P. , Hood Jennifer K. , Roach John A. G. , Mossoba Magdi M. , Daniels Daniel H. , Ku Yuoh , Pariza Michael W. , Chin Sou F.
Published: July 2007

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a term describing a group of conjugated octadecadienoic acids that are both naturally occurring and formed during food processing, is the subject of considerable current research because of the recently reported antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties of these compounds. Allylic hydroxy oleates (AHOs), secondary products of lipid autoxidation, have also been found in foods. By means of high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/matrix isolation/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we determined that currently used acid‐catalyzed methylation procedures convert AHOs to CLA and other products that potentially yield high values in determination of CLA in foods. A mixture of AHOs, containing mainly (8‐ and 11‐)hydroxy‐9‐octadecadecenoates, was synthesized and tested by methylation procedures with the following catalysts: BF3, HCl, NaOMe and tetramethylguanidine. Both the BF3 and the HCl procedures converted AHOs to CLA. The base‐catalyzed procedures did not convert AHOs to CLA.
Study of lipid‐protein interaction using pulsed NMR
Authors: Trumbetas J. , Fioriti J. A. , Sims R. J.
Published: July 2007

Pulsed nuclear magnetic reasonance (NMR) measurements were made on freeze‐dried emulsions containing fat and protein. It was demonstrated that this method can be used to determine the degree of lipid‐protein interaction in the samples. Interaction is maximized near the isoelectric range of the protein, which supports the theory that hydrophobic interactions are predominant. Triglycerides and fatty methyl esters interact to nearly the same degree as do free fatty acids, which indicates that the carboxylate group plays a minor role in interaction. Degree of interaction increases when the emulsions are homogenized at higher pressures. There is an inverse relationship between interaction and foamability of the rehydrated emulsion suggesting that less protein is available for film formation after interaction. In addition, fat‐protein interaction was shown to protect the protein from heat denaturation. These pulsed NMR measurements may represent an approach toward a better understanding of lipidprotein interactions in food systems.
Multilevel Modeling with Correlated Effects
Authors: Kim Jee-Seon , Frees Edward W.
Published: July 2007

When there exist omitted effects, measurement error, and/or simultaneity in multilevel models, explanatory variables may be correlated with random components, and standard estimation methods do not provide consistent estimates of model parameters. This paper introduces estimators that are consistent under such conditions. By employing generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation techniques in multilevel modeling, the authors present a series of estimators along a robust to efficient continuum. This continuum depends on the assumptions that the analyst makes regarding the extent of the correlated effects. It is shown that the GMM approach provides an overarching framework that encompasses well-known estimators such as fixed and random effects estimators and also provides more options. These GMM estimators can be expressed as instrumental variable (IV) estimators which enhances their interpretability. Moreover, by exploiting the hierarchical structure of the data, the current technique does not require additional variables unlike traditional IV methods. Further, statistical tests are developed to compare the different estimators. A simulation study examines the finite sample properties of the estimators and tests and confirms the theoretical order of the estimators with respect to their robustness and efficiency. It further shows that not only are regression coefficients biased, but variance components may be severely underestimated in the presence of correlated effects. Empirical standard errors are employed as they are less sensitive to correlated effects when compared to model-based standard errors. An example using student achievement data shows that GMM estimators can be effectively used in a search for the most efficient among unbiased estimators.
The Nonoperative Treatment of Acute, Isolated (Partial or Complete) Posterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees: An Intermediate-term Follow-up Study
Authors: Patel Dipak V. , Allen Answorth A. , Warren Russell F. , Wickiewicz Thomas L. , Simonian Peter T.
Published: July 2007

Fifty-seven consecutive patients (58 knees) with an acute, isolated, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury were treated nonoperatively. Clinical, radiographic, and functional assessment was performed at a mean follow-up of 6.9 years (range 2 to 19.3 years) after the initial diagnosis. At the time of initial documentation of the injury, the posterior drawer test was grade A in 17 knees and grade B in 41 knees. The mean preinjury Tegner activity level was 7 (range 4 to 10). At latest follow-up, 38 knees had no pain, 14 had mild pain, and 6 had moderate pain on exertion. Fifty-four knees had no swelling, 3 had mild, intermittent swelling, and 1 had a moderate swelling on exertion. The posterior drawer test was grade A in 14 knees and grade B in 44 knees. The mean Lysholm-II knee score was 85.2 points (range 51 to 100 points) and the mean Tegner activity level was 6.6 (range 3 to 10). Based on Lysholm-II knee scoring system, the results were excellent in 23 knees (40%), good in 30 knees (52%), fair in 2 knees (3%), and poor in 3 knees (5%). No statistically significant correlation ( p = 0.097) was seen between the grade of PCL laxity and Lysholm-II knee score. Plain radiographs showed mild (grade I) medial compartment osteoarthritis (OA) in 7 knees, and moderate (grade II) medial compartment OA in 3 knees. Mild patellofemoral OA was seen in 4 knees. We believe that most patients with acute, isolated PCL injuries do well with nonoperative treatment at a mean follow-up of 6.9 years. The level of evidence for this retrospective cohort study is level III.
Imagination of the evil
Authors: Jie SHANG
Published: July 2007

Sartre’s “transcendence of the ego” means that consciousness is outside of the ego, that the ego is the “ego of the other”, and that the other is neither in consciousness nor in the ego. Sartre viewed “reflection” as a pure mood rather than as the substantial carrier of mood. The strangeness and absurdity of the world emerge from this reflection. Sartre’s “imagination of the evil” has two aspects. On the one hand, “evil” corresponds to the concept of the other, transcending the capacity for domination of the ego; on the other hand, imagination is related to the other in a broad sense, with the ability to transform “philistinism” and “evil” into marvels.