bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semi-dwarf Golden Delicious trees on 4 Apr (delayed dormant), 18 Apr (pink), 8 May (petal-fall), 22 May, 4 jun, 18 Jun, 2 Jul, 22 Jul, and 6 Aug. Treatments were applied with a hand gun using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single trees were used and replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. WALH populations were evaluated on 20 May by counting the adults and nymphs found on 25 randomly selected leaves per tree. (ERM) populations were evaluated on 28 May, 17 Jul and 12 Aug by randomly selecting 25 leaves/tree, brushing with modified Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine onto glass plates and counting mites and eggs with a binocular microscope. SP populations were evaluated on 9 Aug by counting all adults and larvae in a timed count of 3 min/tree. Attempts were made to count rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini) and apple aphid (Aphis pomi DeGeer) in this trial, but populations did not develop on the control trees or on any treatments. On 18 Sep, 400 apples/treatment (100/rep) were harvested and evaluated. A fruit finish rating of 1 to 5 (5 being worst) was given each apple.
Fall Armyworm Control on Sorghum Panicles in Georgia, 1985
Authors: Pendley A. F. , Gardner W. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in sorghum planted 11 Jun ‘85 near Griffin, GA. Plots measuring 1 row by 50 ft, with 1 border row separating plots, were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 3 Sep by a hand-held compressed-air sprayer using 30 psi. Grain was in the soft dough stage at the time of application. Larvae were sampled before treatment and on the days 1 and 2 after treatment by shaking 10 randomly selected grain heads from each plot into an enamel tray. No yields were taken because of a severe infestation of plant diseases in field plots.
Chinch Bug Control, 1980
Authors: Peters Leroy L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in Thayer County, NE. The plot area was bordered on 1 side by winter wheat. Sorghum was planted perpendicular to the wheat. Plots were 4 rows (spaced 0.9 m), 30.5 m long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The 2 center rows were used for insect and plant stand counts. In-furrow planting-time application of granules was made by directing the insecticide delivery tube from Noble metering devices into the planter shoe just behind the seed delivery tube. Banded planting-time application of granules was made by directing the granule delivery tube from Noble metering devices to in front of the planter press wheel through a 18-cm bander. Seed treatment was made by thoroughly mixing the insecticide with seed in a paper sack just before planting. Postemergence application of granules were applied over the plants with a Noble metering device mounted on a 2-wheeled carriage, manually operated. Postemergence application of liquid insecticides was made on 24 Jun with a compressed air plot sprayer mounted on a high-clearance ground sprayer. Plants were 7.6-10 cm tall. Drop nozzles were used so that plants and surrounding soil were thoroughly covered. Spraying systems TX-12 nozzle tips were used.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Spray Carrier to Control Sorghum Midge in South Texas
Authors: Royer T. A. , Cartwright B. , Fernandez D.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments were conducted in 4-row by 50-ft plots of grain sorghum planted 25 Mar at the TAMU-Hoblitzelle Farm near Mercedes, TX. The experimental ilesign was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were delivered through a CO2 powered boom mounted on a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (3 TX 10 hollow-cone nozzles per row, 30 psi, 3 mph). Treatments in the first test were applied on a 3-day schedule (29 May, 2 Jun, and 5 Jun) and treatments in the second test were sprayed on a 6-day schedule (29 May and 5 Jun). In test 2, each insecticide was applied either in water or in water with an emulsifiable oil added (Valoil). Efficacy was evaluated by measuring yield and rating heads for damage using a 1-10 scale, based on the % seed damaged in each panicle. Sample size for yield consisted of hand-harvesting seed heads within 26.4 ft of row/plot, machine threshing them, and adjusting grain weights to 15% moisture.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Headworms and Stink Bugs on Sorghum, 1985
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Boykin R. , Davidson T. C. , Phillips M. W.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center to evaluate the relative effectiveness of selected insecticides in controlling headworms and stink bugs on sorghum. Four treatments and an untreated were compared in 1-row by 50-ft plots of grain sorghum planted 19 Mar on 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied beginning at the milk stage on 13 and 18 Jun. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4 gal total spray/ac through 3X hollow-cone nozzles at 40 psi. Efficacy of the insecticides was evaluated by removing the panicles from 10 randomly chosen plants in each plot and inspecting them in the laboratory for the presence of headworms and stink bugs. Grain was harvested from a 6.8-ft section of each plot and weighed for yield analysis.
Foliar-Applied Insecticide Trials on Soybeans, 1985
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Ressler Elaine
Published: March 2022

Forty-two plots were located near Hebron, OH. Plots measured 22.9 rn by 4 rows and were bordered by 2 buffer rows (76 cm centers). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 14 treatments and 3 replications. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jul with a 4-row, CO2-charged bicycle sprayer with TX6 nozzles and a liquid output of 43.8 ml/sec at 30 psi (25.5 gal/acre). Weather conditions at spraying were 22°C with little to no breeze. Soybeans were in the R3 growth stage (pods beginning to develop). Samples were taken (25 sweeps per sample) with a 38-cm dia sweep net at pretreatment and 2, 7, 14, and 28 days posttreatment. Plants changed from the R3 growth stage to R6 stage (beans fully developed) during the sampling period.
Corn Earworm Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Weeks Steven D. , Hynson Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were foliar-applied on 28 Aug, on ‘Essex’ soybean conventionally planted on a 36-inch row spacing on the Russell Settle farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 4 rows × 75 ft spaced 6 ft apart with 3-ft alleys. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2 powered compressed air sprayer at 29 psi that delivered 22.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1, 3, and 7 days after application by comparing the number of CEW per 25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks.
Green Cloverworm Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Hynson Teresa P. , Weeks Steven D.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were foliar-applied on 28 Aug, on Essex-soybean conventionally planted on a 36-inch row spacing on the Russell Settle Farm in Richmond County, VA. Individual plots were 4 rows × 75 ft spaced 6 ft apart, with 3-ft alleys. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer at 29 psi, using AL8004 nozzles, that delivered 22.7 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1, 3, and 7 days after application by comparing the number of green cloverworms per 25 sweeps in the untreated plots to those in the treated plots.
Evaluation of Insecticides For Control of Trheecornered Alfalfa Hopper on Soybean, 1984
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Boethel D. J.
Published: March 2022

Plots of Bragg soybean were established near Hamburg, LA. Plots measuring 15.2 m by 8 rows (76-cm row spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were treated at the R4 growth stage on 18 Aug. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to 15.4 gal/acre at 30 psi with 8002 nozzles. Posttreatment samples were taken in each plot at 3, 7 and 14 days using 50 sweeps per plot for adults and 1 beat-board sample per plot (1.0 m of row) for the nymphs.
Sugarcane Borer (SCB) Control, Small Plot Insecticide Screening Test, 1985
Authors: Flynn J. L. , Fuller B. W. , Showier A.T. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

A block of plant cane sugarcane (SCB susceptible commercial variety) located at the St. Gabriel Experiment Station, near Baton Rouge, LA, was divided into plots of 3 rows (1.8 m centers) × 7.31 m (0.004 ha). Insecticide treatments for season-long control of SCB were assigned to plots according to a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied to the sugarcane plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a knapsack sprayer that delivered 135 1 finished formulation per hectare per application. Insecticide applications were initiated when SCB infectations exceeded the L.S.U. recommended economic threshold (5% of the stalks containing small SCB larvae in the leafsheaths). Subsequent applications were timed according to SCB resurgence in the plots treated with the recently labeled Pydrin (0.1 lb (AI)/acre). Counts made just prior to the first application revealed a 15% infestation level. Dates for the 3 applications were 12 Jul, 9 and 31 Aug. Season-long control of SCB was evaluated on 17 Oct (just prior to ‘larvest) by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from the center row of each plot for the presence of SCB entrance and exit holes.
Control of Tobacco Budworms With β-Exotoxin from Bacillus Thurinciensis and With B.t. Cornmeal Baits, 1985
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

Granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) var. kurstaki (ABG-6149 = Dipel 10G, 1.6 Billion International Units (BIU)/Kg) and the β-exotoxin of B.t. (ABG-6162A, 1.8 % w/w) were tested for control of tobacco budworm larvae on ‘Speight G-70’ flue-cured tobacco at Oxford, NC. On 9 May tobacco was transplanted into a field of Vance sandy loam which had been treated with Ridomil (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) and Paarlan (1.68 kg (AI)/ha) for disease and weed control. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.22 m between rows. Single-row plots of 20 plants each were marked off in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications for each of 3 experiments. There were no border rows between plots, but spraying was done early in the morning when wind was negligible. Also, additional unsprayed check plots were set up in a remote field away from any insecticide spraying. These served to help identify possible drift problems between plots. Plants for experiments 2 and 3 were regrown from plants cutoff just above the ground on 9 Jul. Plants were infested with two 3-day-old tobacco budworm larvae from a laboratory colony on 10 Jun, 29 Jul, and 6 Aug for experiments 1 to 3, respectively.
Control of Tobacco Budworms and Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Lampert Emmett P.
Published: March 2022

On 1 May, tobacco was transplanted into plots 60 ft by 15 ft (4 rows) at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC. The 2 predominant soil types were Dothaii and Varina loamy sand. Ten treatments were then arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 4 replicates. On 11 Jun, 30 uniformly sized plants in the 2 left-most rows in each plot were tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. The 2 right most rows served as a buffer. Treatments were applied on 13 Jun with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 boom sprayer with a single D2-33FC nozzle per row. With 60 psi @ 1.4 mph, this delivered 25 gpa. At 4 and 11 days posttreatment, the number of surviving tobacco budworm larvae were counted. Leaf consumption, measured in 1/10-leaf equivalents/plant, were recorded 15 days posttreatment. After all evaluations were made, on 2 Jul all plants in the buffer rows were cut off 3 to 4 leaf nodes above the ground and the debris hauled from the field. Suckers grew from the remaining leaf axils and on 17 Jul all except 1 undamaged sucker per plant were removed. On 30 Jul, 30 uniformly sized undamaged plants in the cutback rows were tagged and infested as previously described. Treatments were applied on 31 Jul. A natural infestation of both tobacco budworms and tobacco hornworms were present in the cutback test.
Control of Tobacco Wireworms with Soil and Transplant Water Insecticides, 1985
Authors: Lampert E. P.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco, var NC2326, was transplanted at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station, Whiteville, NC, on 18 Apr in a Goldsboro fine sandy loam soil (pH 5.5). Plots were 4 rows (48 inches on center) by 22 plants (ca. 40 ft) arranged in a randomized complete-block design, having 12 treatments and 4 replicates. On 5 Apr, broadcast preplant incorporated materials (BC-PPI) were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer fitted with 2-8004 flat fan nozzles. At 25 psi and 2 mph, this delivered 25 gpa of finished spray. Materials were incorporated to a depth of 6 inches with a spring-tooth harrow within 1 h and ridged within 24 h. Transplant water treatments (TPW) were applied at a rate of 370 gal/acre. Bed incorporated materials (BIC) were applied in a 12-inch band directly over the row with a Gandy granular applicator and incorporated and bedded with a Rotovator PTO driven tiller. Side dress materials (SD-1) were applied with a shake can prior to the first cultivation (30 Apr), and incorporated with a rolling cultivator. Ten plants per treatment were pulled and the roots evaluated for wireworm damage 19 days posttransplanting (7 May).
Apple, Mid Season Acaricide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block design was used. Treatments consisted of single trees in each of 4 blocks. Trees were selected which had existent mite populations. These trees were sampled and the numbers of mite per leaf determined. The trees were then divided into 4 blocks based on similarity of the counts. Each treatment was then randomly assigned to a tree in each block (blocked by precount). Evaluations were by the following: From each tree 50 leaves were selected at random. The leaves were brushed in a mite brushing machine and the resulting plates examined for ERM. The numbers were recorded as counts per 8 sections of the plate and converted to mites per leaf. OMITE was applied at 138 gpa on 2 Aug. ABG-6162 was applied dilute (DIL) by handgun or concentrate (CONC) 36 gal/acre as noted on 3 Aug and 13 Aug.
Pale Western Cutworm Control in Wheat, 1985
Authors: Morrill Wendell L.
Published: March 2022

This trial was conducted on a cooperator’s farm in Pondera County. Chemicals were applied on 7 May with a backpack sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plot size was 8 by 20 ft with 4 replications in a randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated after 7 days by searching through the soil in 10 ft of row within each plot. Worms were 0.5 inch long, and they caused severe crop damage. Worms were reared for identification purposes. The field had been managed using chemical fallow techniques. All chemicals significantly reduced numbers of cutworms. There were no significant differences in efficacy among chemical treatments.
Hessian Fly Treatments in Bread Wheat in Morocco, 1985
Authors: Regehr David L.
Published: March 2022

A weed/insect control experiment located near Settat, Morocco, included 3 levels of Hessian fly control: zero control; short-term control consisting of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre Furadan 5G in-furrow/planting-time; and long-term control with Furadan IF/PT plus repeated Malathion applications plus another Furadan application. Nesma spring wheat was planted on 25 Nov with a hoe-drill mounted cone seeder. Plots measured 2 m by 11 m, with untreated strips beside each treatment plot. There were 4 replications in a randomized complete block design. Malathion was applied 4 times during warm Dec weather. Hessian fly pressure was intense: on 12 Dec, fly eggs averaged 61 per wheat plant at the 2-leaf stage, and pressure remained high throughout Dec. The malathion formulation caused chlorosis and reduced wheat growth, so Furadan 5G was surface broadcast in late Jan in lieu of malathion. Hessian fly infestations were examined on 10 randomly sampled plants per plot on 2 Jan. On 25 Mar, 6 plants with heads were sampled to evaluate long-term control. Grain and straw yields were determined from a 2-m2 sample cut in late May.
Control of Sourthern Red Mite on Azalea, Alabama, 1985
Authors: Williams M. L. , Miller G. L. , Stephenson J. C.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-two 1-yr-old azaleas growing in 1-gal plastic pots were selected for treatment. Test materials were applied 11 Sep with hand-held compressed air sprayers. Chevron spray sticker was added to all treatments at a rate of 2.4 ml/gal spray mixture. There were 4 single plant replicates arranged in a completely randomized design. Treatments were evaluated 7 and 21 DAT by brushing 5, 6 cm terminals from the lower canopy of each plant utilizing a mite brushing machine and recording the number of living mites landing on the counting disc.
Baythroid Causes Phytotoxicity on Nanking Cherry, 1984
Authors: Schreiber L. R. , Krause C. R. , Mayer J. S.
Published: March 2022

Lathhouse-grown, 2-3 ft plants were tested to investigate phytotoxicity of Baythroid. Plants were grown in 4 qt pots using a 2:2:1 peat:perlite:soil mix. Pots were placed on a water pourous mat which limited weed growth. Each treatment had 4 replications arranged in a completely randomized design. The chemical was sprayed to run-off with a 2-gal hand pump sprayer (20 p.s.i.) at weekly intervals from Aug 15 to Sep 5. No additional pesticides were applied; plants were hand watered as required. Temperatures in Aug were 0.5 F above normal, and temperatures in Sep were 2.7 F below normal. Phytotoxicity was evaluated as the percent total foliar area on 14 Sep.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control On a Home Lawn in Lansdale, Pa, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E.
Published: March 2022

Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 22 July by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was syringed with 1 gal of water. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental factors existed: air temp, 90°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 86°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 5.0; % organic matter, 2.5; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 5.8; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 85; and clear sunny skies. A total of 1.75 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days after the initial 22 July treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch open ended stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10-minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 63.3 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 22 Aug before treatment.
Effects of Pesticides on Earthworm Populations in Kentuckyv Bluegrass, 1985
Authors: Ball D. , Tapp L. , Gordon F. C. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

Although the number and weight of worms was quite variable, there were some significant differences from the check. Furadan exhibited the most pronounced effect on earthworm populations, reducing both numbers and biomass relative to the untreated check. Benomyl and diazinon also significantly reduced the earthworm numbers. However, the effect of diazinon was not as severe as that of Furadan.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 158 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied on 25 Apr at pink (P), 13 May at petal fall (PF), 28 May, 10 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 20 Jul, 1 Aug, 13 Aug, 26 Aug, 9 Sep and 23 Sep. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. RAA evaluations were made using a 3-min sample search. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Control of Annual White Grubs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1985
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M. , Kamble S. T.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a lawn in Lincoln, NE (Lancaster Co.). Thatch accumulation was 0.25 inches and temperature at treatment time (22 Aug) was 79°F. The lawn had been mechanically aerated 1 h prior to treatment. Grubs were third-instar and damage to the turf was very evident. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Individual plots were 1 × 2 ft. Granular insecticides were mixed with clay granules and hand shaken over the plots. Wettable powders and liquids were mixed with water at equivalent rates of 5,445 gal acre and applied with a hand held sprinkling can. Immediately after all treatments were applied, the entire test area was irrigated with an automatic watering system with ca. 0.25 inches of water. Watering was continued on a daily basis (except on rain dates), with ca. 0.25 inches of water applied at each watering. Rainfall from application date to last sampling date was measurable in inches on 29 Aug (0.02), 3 Sep (0.01), 4 Sep (0.25), 5 Sep (0.01), 10 Sep (0.20), 12 Sep (0.35), and 13 Sep (0.87).
Control of Honeylocust Pod Gall Midge with Foliar Applied Insecticides, Ft. Collins, Co, 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Liewehr David J.
Published: March 2022

Honeylocust trees, 10-12 ft tall, located within a nursery planting were used to evaluated foliar insecticides for control of the honeylocust pod gall midge. Four terminals/tree were selected and marked for each treatment replication. Each treatment was replicated on 5 trees for a total of 20 treated terminals/ treatment. Insecticides were applied 11 Jun, spraying the foliage to point of run-off. At the time of treatment, Generation III of the insect was beginning oviposition. Newly galled leaflets were counted 25 Jun on the youngest 6 expanded leaflets of each treated terminal.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Juniper, 1985
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Gladin Jodie , Freeman Richard , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Test 1 (14 Jun) was located at a nursing home in Stillwater, Okla. The plants (Hetzi junipers) were 4 to 5 ft high and 10 to 15 ft wide. Test 2 (29 Jul) was located at a motel in Stillwater and the plants (Mint Julep junipers) were 1 to 2 ft high and 2 to 3 ft wide. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Plants in test 1 and 2 were sprayed until runoff with a Marco R-20 sprayer at 150 psi and a Hardi RY-15 backback sprayer at 30 psi, respectfully. During test 1 and test 2 the temperature and wind velocity was 74°F, and 5 to 15 mph and 69°F, and 1 to 5 mph respectively. Mortality was determined by examining 5 larvae from each replication at 1,4, 7, 14, and 21 DAT.
Hemispherical Scale Control On Nun’s Orchid, 1985
Authors: Miller Gary L. , Hendricks Harlan J. , Williams Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were applied 9 May and 31 May to nun’s orchids that were heavily infested with hemispherical scale. Twenty 1.5 to 2-ft-tall plants growing in 2-gal. plastic containers, were selected for treatment. Foliage was sprayed until runoff using hand held compressed air sprayers. Materials were applied out of doors and plants were returned to the green house after they had air dried. Single plant treatments were replicated 5 times. Percent mortality was determined 24 May and 14 Jun by examining 100 individual scale insects per replicate using a stereomicroscope. Normally colored and full-bodied individuals were recorded as living and individuals that were dried, discolored or shriveled were recorded as dead.
Potted Chrysanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations, Winter, California, 1984-1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on potted chrysanthemum plants were conducted in a commercial greenhouse, San Diego Co., CA, to evaluate the effects of 1X, 2X and 4X rates of Baythroid 2E (1X = 0.05 lb (AI)/100 gal), Baygon 1.5E (1X = 0.1 lb (AI)/100 gal), Curacron 6E (1X = 0.2 lb (AI)/100 gal), Baytex 4E (1X = 0.25 lb (AI)/ 100 gal) and Bolstar 6E (1X = 0.5 lb (AI)/100 gal). The materials were applied to runoff using a 2-gal B&G sprayer at 60 psi. Seven weekly applications were made beginning 21 Nov ‘84 with the final treatment to open blooms. Five 8-inch pots were evaluated per treatment rate. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly, continuing 2 wk after the final application.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Hydrangea, California, Spring, 1985
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials on potted hydrangea plants evaluated the effects of 1X, 2X and 4X rates of Dimilin 25WP (1X = 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal) and Avid 0.15E (1X = 0.003 lb (AI)/100 gal). The materials were applied to runoff with a 1-gal B&G® sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems nozzle @ 60 psi on 19 and 26 Mar. (temp = 18-20°C and 20-21°C, respectively). Ten plants (1 plant/8-inch pot) were evaluated per treatment rate and were compared to 10 water treated plants. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made weekly, continuing 4 wk after the last application.
Control of Japanese Beetle Adults on Rose With Sevin, 1985
Authors: Klein M. G. , Moyseenko J. J.
Published: March 2022

The container grown roses were trimmed immediately prior to spraying to remove damaged foliage and provide similar sized plants. Flower blossoms were trimmed from the plants as they opened through the test period. Four 3-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block in a mowed field in Wooster, OH. All treatments were sprayed 30 Jul. Sevin 80S was applied with a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer to the point of runoff. Sevin XLR Plus was applied with an ultra-low volume applicator at 1 part XLR in 11 parts water and 1 part XLR in 39 parts water. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of beetles feeding on the plants (the 3-plant replicates were averaged to provide one number per replicate) and by taking feeding-injury ratings. The injury ratings were 0-10% damaged leaves = 0, 10-25% = 1, 25-40% = 2, 40-60% = 3, 60-75% = 4, 75-90% = 5, and 90-100% = 6 (individual ratings were taken for each plant in the replicate, then averaged for a single rating per replicate). 4.77 inch rain occurred during the test period.
Crack and Crevice Application of Chlorpyrifos Against the German Cockroach, 1984
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Yonker J. W.
Published: March 2022

0.50% chlorpyrifos was applied using crack and crevice (C&C) techniques with 3 different pieces of application equipment. Pieces evaluated were B&G compressed air sprayer equipped with C&C application tip, the B&G Injector Unit, model 124s, and the Whitmire PT System III. The latter 2 pieces were aerosol treatments. Multi-family, public housing units located in Indianapolis, IN served as the test sites.
Evaluation of Ficam Plus for Cockroach Control, 1984
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 concentrations of Ficam Plus (29.45% bendiocarb, 3.06% pyrethrins, 7.66% PBO). Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos) and Safrotin (50% propetamphos) were also applied for comparative purposes. Multi-family, public housing units located in Indianapolis, IN served as the test sites. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations (ave: 170/apt.) and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was used. All accessible harborage areas were treated resulting in 0.5 to 1 gal of spray used per apartment. Volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Each treatment was replicated in 18-19 apartments but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment accessibility or resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts.
Evaluation of Three Residual Insecticides Against the Germain Cockroach, 1985
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 concentrations of Demon (40% cypermethrin) and XRM 4832 (12% chlorpyrifos, encapsulated). Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos) was also applied for comparative purposes. Multi-family, public housing units located in Elkhart and Hammond, IN served as the test sites. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was used. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated resulting in approximatley 0.5 gal of spray used per unit. Volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Each treatment was replicated in 18-19 apartments (Elkhart, 9-10 at Hammond) but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts.
Knockdown Activity of Aerosols Containing Two Synthetic Pyrethroids, 1984
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Yonker J. W.
Published: March 2022

Three aerosol combinations of Bay FCR 1272 and NAK 1654 were evaluated to determine percent knockdown following exposure. Test insects were confined in 8.9-cm diam, screened bottom plastic cylinders and sprayed directly using modified CSMA Aerosol Evaluation Methods. The spray chamber was constructed of plywood and measured 46 cm × 38 cm × 61 cm. The confined insects were positioned in the bottom of the chamber directly beneath the aerosol can. Distance between the can’s tip and the insects was 61 cm. Through several practice runs, 3 g of output was dispensed for each aerosol evaluated. Following the exposure, the test insects were transferred to 0.95-liter holding chambers and observed very 0.5 min. Ten male cockroaches less than 2 wk old were used for each replication, with 10 reps run with each aerosol. Three registered household aerosol products were also evaluated for comparative purposes.
Efficacy of Hydroprene Against Brownbanded Cockroach Nymphs, 1985
Authors: Darrow P.O. , Vance A. D. , Gold R. E.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the toxicity of three concentrations of Gencor (65.7% hydroprene), an Insect Growth Regulator, against third and fourth instar brownbanded cockroaches. Three concentrations, 13.2%, 26.4%, and 39.6% A.I., in acetone, were used as the treatments. A control (acetone only) treatment was used to compare with the other treatments. Using a microapplicator, each treatment was applied topically to the thoracic sterna at a rate of 1 pi per nymph. Three replications of each dose were used with 10 cockroaches per replicate. After application, nymphs were held at 23°C and provided with food (Purina dog chow) and water (ad lib.). Mortality (moribund cockroaches were considered dead) was recorded daily for a period of 4 days (96 h). Analysis of the data was performed by ANOVA and LD50 values were obtained through Probit analysis.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two Insect Growth Regulators as Baits for German Cockroach Control, 1984
Authors: Price Richard , Freeman Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Ciba Geigy 112913 and CME 13406 were applied to Purina Dog Chow in an acetone solution at dosage rates of 0.5% and 1.0%. Two hundred grams of dog food to be used throughout the test was placed in the IGR-acetone solution until complete saturation had occurred. The dog food absorbed 39 ml of solution. The treated dog food was placed in open sunlight for 2 h, until dry. Tests were not initiated until 4 h after the dog food had been treated. CME 13406 was unsoluable in acetone. When added to acetone, a suspension was formed. This mixture was thoroughly mixed when added to the dog food. Two checks were used in the test. One consisted of treating dog food with acetone alone and the other was left untreated.
Residual Barn Treatment Using Cyromazine (LarvadexR) for the Control of House Flies, 1985
Authors: Utt D. A. , Hall R. D. , Fischer F. J.
Published: March 2022

Cyromazine, an insect growth regulator (IGR), was applied to the substrate in a livestock barn on the University of Missouri South Farm. A similar, proximate barn was left untreated and served as a control. The IGR (5.0% AI water based salt) was extended with water to a final concentration of 0.05% AI and was sprayed at the rate of 3.8 liters (1 gal) per 9.3 m2 (100 ft2) with a gasoline-powered, backpack sprayer capable of producing a final nozzle velocity of 100 m/s. Measured amounts of IGR solution were applied evenly over the area treated. Fly populations were monitored prior to and at regular intervals after treatment by using a 0.25 m2 Scudder grill. Five 30-s grill counts were taken on each observation in both treated and control locations. In addition, 3 substrate samples (0.4 kg each) were obtained at each observation. Samples were taken at random from areas sufficiently moist to support house fly larval development, and were subsequently frozen. After thawing for at least 48 h, each sample was inoculated with 100 house fly (World Health Organization standard susceptible strain) eggs <8 h old and incubated at 28°C and 50-60% RH until resultant adult flies emerged and were counted.
Diflubenzuron Boluses, Guardian Eartags, and Rabon Mineral for Beef Cattle Fly Control, 1985
Authors: Knapp F. W. , Herald Freddie
Published: March 2022

Mixed beef breeds of cow/calves and heifers were separated into 4 groups and treated as follows: 34/31 (cow/calf) untreated (C); 29/29 treated with 10% diflubenzuron boluses at a rate of 2 boluses/cow and 0.5/calf (B); 40/40 tagged with 7.5% Guardian ear tags at rate of 2 tags/hd (ET); and 29/29 treated with both eartags and boluses (calves not bolused)(ET + B), and 33 heifers offered 0.463% Rabon loose mineral ad libitum (RM); Boluses were administered and ear tags attached 8 May. Total number of face flies on the face of each of 10 adult animals and horn flies on one side of the same animals were estimated weekly. Feces from the RM, B, and C groups were collected biweekly and bioassayed with house, face and horn fly larvae.
Field Evaluation of Affirm, Amdro, and Logic Baits for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants, 1984
Authors: Collins Homer L.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted on non-agricultural land located on 3 different airport properties. Treatment blocks averaging 95 acres in size were aerially treated September 18-25. Prior to treatment and on 3 occasions following treatment, all fire ant colonies within 10 randomly located 0.25-acre circular subplots in each treatment block were enumerated and categorized on a 1 to 25 rating scale. Population indices were calculated and % colony mortality was determined from the raw data by the method described elsewhere (Lofgren and Williams; 1982. J. Econ. Ent. 75:798-803). All baits were formulated with the AI dissolved in once-refined soybean oil and impregnated on pregelled defatted corn grits at 30% by weight except for one Logic formulation which contained 25% soybean oil impregnated on expanded corn cob grits.
Control of Red Harvester Ants with Drenches and Powder Concentrates, 1985
Authors: Cladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Freeman Richard , Neese Paul
Published: March 2022

Evaluation of red harvester ant control was conducted near Stillwater, OK. on 16 acres of open pasture land. Treatments were randomized and replicated 5 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked prior to the start of the test. Treatments were made on 18 Jun. Mounds were checked for visible ant activity at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 12 wk after treatment. On the 16 wk, all mounds were checked for visible ant activity by digging to a depth of 1 ft beneath the mound. Treatments were applied over each nest opening and covered an area of approximately 4 ft in diam. Drenches consisted of applying the finished spray from a 5-gal bucket, while powders were applied by evenly distributing the material over the surface of the mound. All drenches were applied in an excavated hole 5 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep in the center of the mound. Rainfall in the area during the test was: Jun, 6.4 inches, Jul, 2.4 inches, Aug, 2.3 inches, Sep, 6.0 inches, Oct, 4.6 inches for a total of 21.7 inches. The various drench concentrations will be evaluated for long term activity suppression which will run into the spring of 1986.
Apple, Dilute Test of Acaricides, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of Delicious, both spur types. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Spray dates were as follows: 5 Apr (CGA-29170 and oil treatments only), 19 Apr (DPX-Y5893 treatments only, no Plictran combination applied), 3 and 14 Jun, 19 Jul (ABG-6162, R008-4947 and Plictran treatments only), 27 Jun (DPX-Y5893 plus Plictran combination treatments only), 9 Jul (DPX-Y5893 treatments only, rate increased on lowest rate). On 3 Jun, the ABG-6162 treatments received only 540, 1080, and 2160 ml/100 gal, respectively. General sprays of fungicides (Cyprex, Benlate, Polyram, Captan, Zineb, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane), insecticides (Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Guthion, Sevin, Pydrin, Systox), and calcium chloride were made at ca. one- two-week intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gpa. Effectiveness of materials on mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves per treatment. Mite population pressure was severe throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were: 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe). Ratings are in numerical order and are as follows (first 4 treatments not included); 95, 67, 74, 76, 90, 85, 88, 82, 67, 78, 73, and 64.
Apple, Comparison of Pink and Post-Bloom Insecticide Applications for Leafminer Control, 1985
Authors: Maier Christ T. , Naughton Edward R.
Published: March 2022

Pink and post-bloom sprays of 2 insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling the 1st generation of ABLM in a 15-year-old semi-dwarf apple orchard rat Hamden, CT. Single-tree plots were arranged in a completely randomized design with 5 replicates/treatment. Insecticides were applied to runoff ; on 23 Apr (pink) and 20 May (10 days after bloom) with a Solo knapsack sprayer operated at 15 psi. Effectiveness of each treatment was determined |ion 13 Jun by randomly collecting 10 leaf clusters/replicate at a height of 1.5 m and counting no. of tentiform mines.
Apple, Savey Volume Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L. , Varn M. , Boucher T. , Smothers V.
Published: March 2022

Savey (367.5 g form/ha (5.25 oz/A)) was applied to an apple block at Steeles Tavern, in 3 volumes of water; 1252.3, 654.2 and 233.6 liters/ha (134, 70 and 25 gal/A, respectively). Each plot consisted of ca. 0.1 ha (0.25A). Applications were made with a truck-mounted Tifone airblast sprayer on 12 Apr. Mites were sampled from 4 ‘Delicious’ trees per treatment, using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate.
Apple, Airblast Acaricide Evaluation, 1985
Authors: Rajotte Edwin G.
Published: March 2022

Tests 1 and 2 were early season evaluations and Test 3 was a mid-season evaluation of Savey combined with a pyrethroid. Each treatment was applied to groups of trees of varying ages arranged in randomized block design. Treatments in all tests were applied to groups of three 9-year-old ‘Bisbee Red Delicious’, 27-year-old ‘Royal Red Delicious’ and 4-year-old ‘Delicious’ trees, respectively. Treatments were applied with an airblast sprayer at 68 gal/A driven at 1.6 mph. Spray dates were 19 (pink) and 30 Apr (petal fall) for Tests 1 and 2, and 3 July for Test 3. Fungicides and insecticides applied during the season were Captan, Lorsban, phosphamidon, Lannate, Manzate and Imidan. Effects of treatments were evaluated by counting mites and mite eggs several times during the season from samples of 15 leaves from each tree, 90 leaves per treatment per sample date.
Apple, Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Hebding H. , Lienk S.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied in 2 commercial apple orchards: (1) The Smith orchard contained ‘Red Delicious’ trees ca. 10 yr old planted 3 by 6 m apart. (2) The Welkley orchard contained ‘Red Delicious’ trees ca. 20 yr old planted 6 by 6 m apart. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted Friend airblast sprayer to non-replicated adjacent plots of ca. 0.1 ha. A single spray of Apollo 50SC (1.0 oz form/100 gal) was applied in ca. 100 gpa of water to randomly selected plots in each orchard at tight cluster (23 Apr), pink (3 May), petal fall (23 May), and first cover (6 Jun). All plots in Test 1 (Smith Block) were treated again on 12 Jul with Apollo 50SC (1.0 oz form/100 gal) and on 23 Jul with a mixture of Apollo 50SC (1.0 oz form/100 gal) and Carzol SP (4.0 oz. form/100 gal). Test 2 (Welkley Block) was treated on 23 Jul with a mixture of Apollo 50SC (1.0 oz form/100 gal.) and Carzol SP (4.0 oz form/100 gal). These later summer treatments were applied in 400 gpa of solution. Mites were counted on 25 randomly selected leaves on each of 4 trees in each plot. Mites were removed from the leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine.
Apple, Text of Acaricides, 1985
Authors: Shearer Peter W.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to individual trees as single units replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Trees were sprayed by handgun to run-off using a 7 gpm John Bean sprayer operating at 250 psi at about 400 gpa. Applications were timed against ready-to-hatch ERM eggs alone or with newly emerged larvae while trees were in either the 0.5-in green tip (1 Apr), pink (12 Apr), or petal fall stages (30 Apr), respectively. Effectiveness of acaricides was assessed by counting mites and mite eggs on leaves several times during the season. The sample size was 25 leaves per tree times 4 replications with counts expressed as total number of mites per 100 leaves. Leaves were processed with a mite brushing machine to remove mites and eggs onto glass plates. They were then counted under a dissection scope. Average monthly temperatures were: Apr 51.4°F, May 56.7°F, Jun 61.8°F, Jul 71.6°F. Monthly rainfall in inches was: Apr 1.03, May 0.48, Jun 2.13, Jul 0.1.
Pear, Full Season Psylla Block Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R.
Published: March 2022

Treatments consisted of unreplicated 0.25 acre blocks. Materials were applied dilute by handgun on 7 May, 12 Jun, 17 Jul and 21 Aug 1985. At each sample period 50 leaves were randomly sampled from each of 4 centrally located trees in each block. A subsample of 25 leaves were examined for psylla nymphs using a stereo microscope. All 50 leaves were then brushed in a mite brushing machine and numbers of RM recorded for 8 sections. For sooty fungus a rating system was developed which included a numeric indicator of the amount of fungus present. 50 leaves were randomly selected from the same trees used above and rated as 1 (no sooty fungus), 2 (sooty fungus just visible), 3 (moderate fungus showing but less than 50% of leaf affected), 4 (severe fungus on greater than 50% of leaf). The mean sum per tree for the four trees sampled in each block is shown below.
Pear: Early Season Pear Psylla Control, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to non-replicated 0.4-acre plots consisting of cultivars Bartlett, Anjou, and Bosc (7 yr old). Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Dates of application were: white bud (18 Apr) and petal fall (1 May). Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1 to 2-wk intervals on the cultivar Bartlett. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from 4 trees randomly selected in each plot. Pear psylla pressure was heavy throughout the experiment.
Apple Pandemis Control, Half-Inch Green Application, 1984
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated for control of overwintered apple pandemis larvae. Five-year-old trees on a semi-dwarf rootstock were used in this test. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 400 psi to the point of drip simulating a dilute application of approximately 400 gal per acre. Four single-tree replicates, each separated by an unsprayed tree, were used per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 6 Apr at the one-half inch green stage of flower bud development. Temperature at application was 50°F with a light wind (<5 mph). Pre-treatment counts of 5 fruit buds per tree provided an indication of relative infestation level in the orchard. Post-treatment evaluation was made on 17 Apr at "pink" stage of flower bud development. All flower buds on each tree were examined. The total number of buds, buds with feeding injury, and buds with live larvae were recorded. A moderate population of apple pandemis was present in the test orchard with about 5% of fruiting buds infested or showing signs of injury. Twenty five-leaf samples were collected from each tree on 12 Jul and 16 Aug, returned to the laboratory, brushed, and the number of mites recorded. Data are presented as average mites per leaf for the 2 sample periods.
Peach, Insecticide Tests, 1985
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

At the Peach Substation in Nashville, AR, a row of peaches (% or more petal fall) containing 18 trees (5 yr old) spaced 2m apart was used in the TPB test. Prior to spraying, 50 cm long × 15 cm-diameter organdy cloth cages were placed over peach limbs containing several fruit, the cages were compressed into a ball and covered with a piece of aluminum foil in order to keep cloth free of residue. Insecticides were sprayed to the foliage of each 2 adjacent trees to runoff (ca. 1 gal/tree) on 9 Apr with a 5-horsepower hydraulic sprayer set at 250 psi and a handgun with a no. 4 disc nozzle. After spraying, the aluminum foil was removed, the cage was unfolded to cover the limb and 12 to 16 5th stage TPB nymphs or young TPB adults (1 or 2 wk old) were introduced. Cages were closed with ties on each end. Dead TPB were recorded 72 h after spraying by transferring the caged limbs in the field to the laboratory for inspection. At the Clarksville Fruit Substation, a 6-year-old block of Red Haven was sprayed in the same manner and with the same treatments used at Nashville. Five replications of 1-tree plots were utilized in a completely randomized block design. Sprays were applied 24 Apr, 9 May, 7 and 19 Jun, and 2 Jul. OFM damage was assessed by counting total flagged terminal per tree on 24 Apr, 9 and 15 May, 7 and 19 Jun and 18 Jul.