bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring crossmodal perceptual enhancement and integration in a sequence-reproducing task with cognitive priming
Authors: Feng Feng , Li Puhong , Stockman Tony
Published: July 2020

Crossmodal correspondence, a perceptual phenomenon which has been extensively studied in cognitive science, has been shown to play a critical role in people’s information processing performance. However, the evidence has been collected mostly based on strictly-controlled stimuli and displayed in a noise-free environment. In real-world interaction scenarios, background noise may blur crossmodal effects that designers intend to leverage. More seriously, it may induce additional crossmodal effects, which can be mutually exclusive to the intended one, leading to unexpected distractions from the task at hand. In this paper, we report two experiments designed to tackle these problems with cognitive priming techniques. The first experiment examined how to enhance the perception of specific crossmodal stimuli, namely pitch–brightness and pitch–elevation stimuli. The second experiment investigated how people perceive and respond to crossmodal stimuli that were mutually exclusive. Results showed that first, people’s crossmodal perception was affected by cognitive priming, though the effect varies according to the combination of crossmodal stimuli and the types of priming material. Second, when two crossmodal stimuli are mutually exclusive, priming on only the dominant one (Pitch–elevation) lead to improved performance. These results can help inform future design of multisensory systems by presenting details of how to enhance crossmodal information with cognitive priming.
Metabolic Parameters as Predictors for Progression Free and Overall Survival of Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Nemeth Zsuzsanna , Wijker Wouter , Lengyel Zsolt , Hitre Erika , Borbely Katalin
Published: July 2020

We tested the prognostic relevance of metabolic parameters and their relative changes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated with monoclonal antibody and chemotherapy. SUVmax (standardized uptake volume), SAM (standardized added metabolic activity) and TLG (total lesion glycolysis) are assessed with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucosepositron emission tomography and computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) to evaluate total metabolic activity of malignant processes. Our purpose was to investigate the change of glucose metabolism in relation to PFS (progression free survival) and OS (overall survival). Fifty-three patients with mCRC with at least one measurable liver metastasis were included in this prospective, multi-center, early exploratory study. All patients were treated with first-line chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Metabolic parameters, like SUVmax, SAM, normalized SAM (NSAM) and TLG were assessed by FDG-PET/CT, carried out at baseline (scan-1) and after two therapeutic cycle (scan-2). Our results suggested neither SUVmax nor TLG have such prognostic value as NSAM in liver metastases of colorectal cancer. The parameters after the two cycles of chemotherapy proved to be better predictors of the clinical outcome. NSAM after two cycles of treatment has a statistically significant predictive value on OS, while SAM was predictive to the PFS. The follow up normalized SAM after 2 cycles of first line oncotherapy was demonstrated to be useful as prognostic biomarkers for OS in metastatic colorectal cancer. We should introduce this measurement in metastatic colorectal cancer if there is at least one metastasis in the liver.
Ongoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) practice amidst a global COVID-19 crisis: nurse-led analgesia for transfemoral TAVI
Authors: Vendrik J. , de Boer J. , Zwiers W. , van Gilst S. A. , Holierook M. , Chekanova E. V. , Henriques J. S. , Baan J.
Published: July 2020

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has led to a relative unavailability of anaesthesiological support for non-acute cardiac care. Currently, transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TF-TAVI) is predominantly performed as an elective catheterisation laboratory (cath lab) procedure. Hence, the performance of TAVI could come to a halt amidst the COVID-19 crisis. Our study population comprised 90 patients treated with TF-TAVI, with local analgesia performed by our dedicated cath lab nurses. The patients had a mean age of 80 ± 5 years and 59% were male, with a predicted surgical risk of 2.2 ± 0.9/3.1 ± 2.4% (Society of Thoracic Surgeons Predicted Risk of Mortality [STS-PROM] score/EuroSCORE II), depicting a contemporary, lower-risk population. The composite endpoint of device success (Valve Academic Research Consortium [VARC]-2) was reached in all patients. No patients showed more than mild paravalvular leakage (3/90, 3.3%). Overall, intravenous medication was sparsely used during the procedure, with 48 of the 90 (53%) patients receiving no unplanned intravenous medication. There was neither procedural nor in-hospital mortality. The performance of TF-TAVI using local analgesia only, managed by a dedicated nurse instead of an anaesthesiologist, was shown to be feasible and safe in a selected group of patients. This strategy may (temporarily) eliminate the need for an anaesthesiologist to be present in the cath lab and enables ongoing TAVI treatment amidst the global COVID-19 crisis.
Emerging echinocandin-resistant Candida albicans and glabrata in Switzerland
Authors: Coste A. T. , Kritikos A. , Li J. , Khanna N. , Goldenberger D. , Garzoni C. , Zehnder C. , Boggian K. , Neofytos D. , Riat A. , Bachmann D. , Sanglard D. , Lamoth F. ,   The Fungal Infection Network of Switzerland (FUNGINOS), Lamoth F. , Khanna N. , Boggian K. , Sanglard D.
Published: July 2020

Echinocandins represent the first-line therapy of candidemia. Echinocandin resistance among Candida spp. is mainly due to acquired FKS mutations. In this study, we report the emergence of FKS-mutant Candida albicans/glabrata in Switzerland and provide the microbiological and clinical characteristics of 9 candidemic episodes. All patients were previously exposed to echinocandins (median 26 days; range 15–77). Five patients received initial echinocandin therapy with persistent candidemia in 4 of them. Overall mortality was 33%.
Circadian Rhythms in Environmental Health Sciences
Authors: Leung Jacqueline M. , Martinez Micaela E.
Published: July 2020

Purpose of Review

This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify biomarkers commonly used in environmental health research that have also been the subject of chronobiology studies, in order to review circadian rhythms of relevance to environmental health and determine if time-of-day is an important factor to consider in environmental health studies. Moreover, we discuss opportunities for studying how environmental exposures may interact with circadian rhythms to structure disease pathology and etiology.

Recent Findings

In recent years, the study of circadian rhythms in mammals has flourished. Animal models revealed that all body tissues have circadian rhythms. In humans, circadian rhythms were also shown to exist at multiple levels of organization: molecular, cellular, and physiological processes, including responding to oxidative stress, cell trafficking, and sex hormone production, respectively. Together, these rhythms are an essential component of human physiology and can shape an individual’s susceptibility and response to disease.

Circadian rhythms are relatively unexplored in environmental health research. However, circadian clocks control many physiological and behavioral processes that impact exposure pathways and disease systems. We believe this review will motivate new studies of (i) the impact of exposures on circadian rhythms, (ii) how circadian rhythms modify the effect of environmental exposures, and (iii) how time-of-day impacts our ability to observe the body’s response to exposure.
Engineering Mesoporous Structure in Amorphous Carbon Boosts Potassium Storage with High Initial Coulombic Efficiency
Authors: Guo Ruiting , Liu Xiong , Wen Bo , Liu Fang , Meng Jiashen , Wu Peijie , Wu Jinsong , Li Qi , Mai Liqiang
Published: July 2020

Amorphous carbon shows great potential as an anode material for high-performance potassium-ion batteries; however, its abundant defects or micropores generally capture K ions, thus resulting in high irreversible capacity with low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and limited practical application. Herein, pore engineering via a facile self-etching strategy is applied to achieve mesoporous carbon (meso-C) nanowires with interconnected framework. Abundant and evenly distributed mesopores could provide short K+ pathways for its rapid diffusion. Compared to microporous carbon with highly disordered structure, the meso-C with Zn-catalyzed short-range ordered structure enables more K+ to reversibly intercalate into the graphitic layers. Consequently, the meso-C shows an increased capacity by ~ 100 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and the capacity retention is 70.7% after 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. Multiple in/ex situ characterizations reveal the reversible structural changes during the charging/discharging process. Particularly, benefiting from the mesoporous structure with reduced specific surface area by 31.5 times and less defects, the meso-C generates less irreversible capacity with high ICE up to 76.7%, one of the best reported values so far. This work provides a new perspective that mesopores engineering can effectively accelerate K+ diffusion and enhance K+ adsorption/intercalation storage.
When do Physicians and Nurses Start Communication about Advance Care Planning? A Qualitative Study at an Acute Care Hospital in Japan
Authors: Tsuruwaka Mari , Ikeguchi Yoshiko , Nakamura Megumi
Published: July 2020

Although advance care planning (ACP) can lead to more patient-centered care, the communication around it can be challenging in acute care hospitals, where saving a life or shortening hospitalization is important priorities. Our qualitative study in an acute care hospital in Japan revealed when specifically physicians and nurses start communication to facilitate ACP. Seven physicians and 19 nurses responded to an interview request, explaining when ACP communication was initiated with 32 patients aged 65 or older. Our qualitative approach employed descriptive analysis to identify major themes, which included “initiation by patients” and “initiation by healthcare professionals.” In the latter case, seven specific triggers were identified: (1) when the patients’ medical condition changed in terms of symptom relief, (2) when the patients’ medical condition changed in terms of prognostic prediction, (3) when serious events occurred, (4) when a choice of treatment was presented, (5) when the location for end-of-life care was chosen, (6) when the patients’ cognitive function deteriorated, and (7) when serious events settled down. Within this group of healthcare professionals, physicians were more focused on changes in their patients’ medical condition, whereas nurses focused more on their patients’ desire for a long-term perspective. Nurses encouraged patients to consider ACP themselves, which developed into an approach to respect patients’ autonomy. In acute care hospitals, it appeared to be desirable to have an early discussion where patients could understand the significance ACP, which would matter even after their discharge from the hospital.
Post-Covid-19 Education and Education Technology ‘Solutionism’: a Seller’s Market
Authors: Teräs Marko , Suoranta Juha , Teräs Hanna , Curcher Mark
Published: July 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic and the social distancing that followed have affected all walks of society, also education. In order to keep education running, educational institutions have had to quickly adapt to the situation. This has resulted in an unprecedented push to online learning. Many, including commercial digital learning platform providers, have rushed to provide their support and ‘solutions’, sometimes for free. The Covid-19 pandemic has therefore also created a sellers’ market in ed-tech. This paper employs a critical lens to reflect on the possible problems arising from hasty adoption of commercial digital learning solutions whose design might not always be driven by best pedagogical practices but their business model that leverages user data for profit-making. Moreover, already before Covid-19, there has been increasing critique of how ed-tech is redefining and reducing concepts of teaching and learning. The paper also challenges the narrative that claims, ‘education is broken, and it should and can be fixed with technology’. Such technologization, often seen as neutral, is closely related to educationalization, i.e. imposing growing societal problems for education to resolve. Therefore, this is a critical moment to reflect how the current choices educational institutions are making might affect with Covid-19 education and online learning: Will they reinforce capitalist instrumental view of education or promote holistic human growth? This paper urges educational leaders to think carefully about the decisions they are currently making and if they indeed pave the way to a desirable future of education.
Alcohol use among 10th‐graders: Distinguishing between high‐intensity drinking and other levels of use
Authors: Mehus Christopher J. , Patrick Megan E.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Drinking at levels beyond standard binge drinking thresholds poses particularly high risks to youth. Few studies have examined high‐intensity drinking (HID; 10+ drinks in a row) in high school students and none have tested whether peer drunkenness and parental knowledge (e.g., about youth's whereabouts) distinguish between binge and high‐intensity drinkers.

Methods

We used data from the Monitoring the Future study collected from nationally‐representative samples of U.S. 10th graders (modal age 16 years old) in 2016–2018 (n = 14,824; 48.3% girls, 46.8% boys). We conducted multinomial logistic regression to examine odds of drinking at one of four mutually‐exclusive levels: HID in the past 2 weeks, binge (5+) drinking in the past 2 weeks, any alcohol use in the past year, and no alcohol use in the past year.

Results

Low parental knowledge and peer drunkenness were both associated with higher odds of each drinking level, including HID vs. binge, binge vs. alcohol use, and alcohol use vs. no alcohol use. Boys had higher odds than girls of HID compared to binge drinking and of no alcohol use compared to alcohol use.

Conclusions

Parent and peer risk factors differentiate HID from other levels of drinking.
Comprehensive Analysis of lncRNA Expression Pattern and lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA Network in a Rat Model with Cavernous Nerve Injury Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Cong Rong , Wang Yi , Wang Yamin , Zhang Qijie , Zhou Xiang , Ji Chengjian , Yao Liangyu , Song Ninghong , Meng Xianghu
Published: July 2020

Background

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed in erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with aging and diabetes mellitus; however, the lncRNA expression profile in cavernous nerve (CN) injury–related ED (CNI-ED) is unknown.

Aim

To investigate the dysregulated lncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and mRNA expression in CNI-ED and construct a potential lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA network.

Methods

22 male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were divided into bilateral CN crush (BCNC) and Sham groups. Using second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology, we analyzed the expression profiles of lncRNA, miRNA, and mRNA of the 2 groups. 17 differentially expressed lncRNAs were selected and further validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA network, Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed using Cytoscape.

Outcomes

Intra-cavernosal pressure, mean arterial pressure, smooth muscle content, and the expression of miRNA, mRNA, and lncRNA were measured.

Results

The BCNC group showed decreased intra-cavernosal/mean arterial pressure as well as decreased smooth muscle/collagen ratios compared with the Sham group. The RNA sequencing results revealed dysregulated expressions of 65 lncRNA, 14 miRNA, and 750 mRNA in the BCNC group based on the following criteria: fold change >2 and P < .05. Among the 17 lncRNAs further selected based on mean count number >4 in both groups, 3 lncRNAs (TCONS_00028173, TCONS_00049985, and TCONS_00058429) were further validated for differential expression by RT-qPCR. GO analysis suggests that these 3 lncRNAs could regulate various processes such as myotube differentiation and muscle cell differentiation. Furthermore, the KEGG pathway analysis showed that the mRNAs in the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network are involved in pathways, including axon guidance and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.

Clinical Translation

Our findings may provide new information on molecular pathophysiology of CNI-ED and suggest further research to find a more effective therapy for CNI-ED.

Strengths & Limitations

This study is the first to identify the lncRNA expression pattern and propose a ceRNA network in a rat model with cavernous nerve injury–related erectile dysfunction. However, analogous studies are needed to confirm these findings in humans. In addition, we constructed the network by only confirming the lncRNA.

Conclusion

Our study reveals differential expression profiles of lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs between the BCNC and Sham groups and suggests that these differentially expressed lncRNAs may play critical roles in CNI-ED by regulating apoptosis and fibrosis in the corpus cavernosum via targeting mRNAs or miRNAs.
In Vivo Imaging–Based 3-Dimensional Pelvic Prototype Models to Improve Education Regarding Sexual Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Abdulcadir Jasmine , Dewaele Romain , Firmenich Natacha , Remuinan Jorge , Petignat Patrick , Botsikas Diomidis , Brockmann Céline
Published: July 2020

Background

Myths, misconceptions, and taboos about sexual anatomy and physiology are common and can affect sexual health and maintain harmful practices and beliefs.

Aim

To construct a female and a preliminary male 3-dimensional (3D) pelvic model on the basis of in vivo imaging, which could be studied in sex education and clinical practice.

Methods

We retrospectively studied the images of 200 female pelvic magnetic resonance examinations and reviewed the literature to choose the optimum magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol for the study of the clitoris and surrounding organs. We also conducted a cross-sectional study of 30 women who were undergoing a pelvic MRI. 15 women had undergone female genital mutilation/cutting involving the clitoris and 15 had not. The best-quality MRI images of 3 uncut and 1 cut clitoris, together with the principal surrounding pelvic organs, were selected to generate 3D reconstructions using dedicated software. The same software was used to reconstruct the anatomy of the penis and the principal surrounding pelvic organs, based on contrast-enhanced computer tomography images. Images of both models were exported in .stl format and cleaned to obtain single manifold objects in free, open source software. Each organ model was sliced and 3D printed. A preliminary feedback was collected from 13 potential users working in urology, gynaecology, sexual medicine, physiotherapy, and education.

Outcomes

The main outcomes of this study are a kit of 3D pelvic models, 2-dimensional figures of female and male sexual anatomy, and files for 3D printing.

Results

We present a kit containing 3D models and 2-dimensional figures of female and male sexual anatomy, based on in vivo imaging and, feedbacks and suggestions received from potential users.

Clinical Translation

Our kit can be used in anatomy and sex education among and by health professionals, teachers, sex educators, students, and the general population.

Strengths & Limitations

The strengths are that the models were based on in vivo imaging, can be dismantled/reassembled, and show analogous anatomic structures of the clitoris and the penis. The female models represent diversity, including women with female genital mutilation/cutting. The limitations are that the male model is preliminary and can be improved if based on an MRI; that imaging-based anatomic representations can differ from anatomic dissections; and that the models represent the sexual organs at rest or during an unknown state of arousal only.

Conclusion

Our kit can be studied in anatomy, biology, and sex education, as well as in clinical practice.
Symptoms of Problematic Pornography Use in a Sample of Treatment Considering and Treatment Non-Considering Men: A Network Approach
Authors: Bőthe Beáta , Lonza Anamarija , Štulhofer Aleksandar , Demetrovics Zsolt
Published: July 2020

Background

Pornography use may become problematic for 1–6% of the people and may be associated with adverse consequences leading to treatment-seeking behavior. Although the identification of the central symptoms of problematic pornography use (PPU) may inform treatment strategies, no prior study has applied the network approach to examine the symptoms of PPU.

Aim

To explore the network structure of PPU symptoms, identify the topological location of pornography use frequency in this network, and examine whether the structure of this network of symptoms differs between participants who considered and those who did not consider treatment.

Methods

A large-scale online sample of 4,253 men (M  age = 38.33 years, SD = 12.40) was used to explore the structure of PPU symptoms in 2 distinct groups: considered treatment group (n = 509) and not-considered treatment group (n = 3,684).

Outcomes

Participants completed a self-report questionnaire about their past-year pornography use frequency and PPU measured by the short version of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale.

Results

The global structure of symptoms did not differ significantly between the considered treatment and the not-considered treatment groups. 2 clusters of symptoms were identified in both groups, with the first cluster including salience, mood modification, and pornography use frequency and the second cluster including conflict, withdrawal, relapse, and tolerance. In the networks of both groups, salience, tolerance, withdrawal, and conflict appeared as central symptoms, whereas pornography use frequency was the most peripheral symptom. However, mood modification had a more central place in the considered treatment group’s network and a more peripheral position in the not-considered treatment group’s network.

Clinical Implications

Based on the results of the centrality analysis in the considered treatment group, targeting salience, mood modification, and withdrawal symptoms first in the treatment may be an effective way of reducing PPU.

Strengths & Limitations

The present study appears to be the first to analyze the symptoms of PPU using a network analytic approach. Self-reported measures of PPU and pornography use frequency might have introduced some biases.

Conclusion

The network of PPU symptoms was similar in participants who did and those who did not consider treatment because of their pornography use, with the exception of the mood modification symptom. Targeting the central symptoms in the treatments of PPU seems to be more effective than focusing on reducing pornography use.
Effectiveness of Household Emergency Plans in Violent Tornadoes
Authors: Cong Zhen , Liang Daan , Luo Jianjun
Published: July 2020

Objective:

This study examined factors that were associated with the effectiveness of pre-existing household emergency plans during the 2011 EF5 Joplin and EF4 Tuscaloosa tornadoes. We focused on whether discussing with family members helped increase the plan’s effectiveness.

Methods:

A telephone survey based on random sampling was conducted in 2012 with 1006 respondents in both cities. Each city experienced huge losses, injuries, and casualties. The working sample included 494 respondents who had a household emergency plan in place before these tornadoes.

Results:

Multinomial logistic regression showed that discussing with family members increased the helpfulness of the plan in Joplin, where people had not experienced tornadoes frequently and were less prepared for tornadoes relative to residents in Tuscaloosa.

Conclusions:

This study provides empirical evidence on the importance of encouraging family involvement when making household emergency plans, especially in places that are less prepared for disasters than those that are better prepared.
Window Dressing? The Mainstreaming Strategy of the Rassemblement National in Power in French Local Government
Authors: Paxton Fred , Peace Timothy
Published: July 2020

Populist radical right (PRR) parties have increasingly occupied positions of power in recent years, inspiring much scholarly interest in the mainstreaming consequences of government responsibility. This article analyses the extent and manner of mainstreaming of the Rassemblement National (RN) while in power at the local level of government in France. A municipal-level focus enables the novel inclusion of the party into the debate about the consequences of government participation for the PRR. We conduct a paired case study analysis of RN-led Hénin-Beaumont, the political base of Marine Le Pen and her ‘de-demonization’ strategy, alongside nearby Lens, which is led by a mainstream party. We analyse the policy and discourse of the administration through a qualitative content analysis of mayoral statements and data from semi-structured interviews with local politicians. The results show a partial mainstreaming due to the strategic exercise of local government power to present a more moderate and capable image, as well as the use of populist discourse to frame mainstream opposition forces and the local press as working against the interests of ‘the people’.
Judicial Review and the Military Commissions Act: On Striking the Right Balance
Authors: Martin David A.
Published: July 2020

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld seemed a promising example of a special form of judicial role. Abstaining from deploying its ultimate power to judge the constitutionality of an action of a political branch, the United States Supreme Court used statutory construction to give a strong nudge in a direction favorable to human rights. It negated a questionable and controversial policy—President George W. Bush’s unilateral establishment of military commissions to try terrorist suspects by means of reduced procedures—and essentially remanded the matter to Congress. The initial fruits of that remand, the Military Commissions Act (MCA), came as a disappointment. The Act cuts back on judicial review of the treatment of prisoners at Guantánamo and other U.S. detention sites overseas; it limits certain key protections available to the accused in a military commission proceeding, as compared to courts-martial; and it takes a crabbed view of the requirements of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions—at least as applied to the actions of U.S. agents. Nonetheless, further judicial and congressional reconsideration is certainly possible—and highly desirable.
The Council of Europe Addresses Cia Rendition and Detention Program
Authors: Hakimi Monica
Published: July 2020

In November 2005, the U.S. media reported that the Central Intelligence Agency was operating secret detention facilities in a handful of foreign countries, including two in eastern Europe, and that detainees were often transferred between those facilities and states known to engage in torture. The news that terrorism suspects may have been denied their human rights in member states of the Council of Europe caused concern within the Council and triggered several responses. Within days of the media reports, the Council's Parliamentary Assembly appointed a rapporteur to investigate the extent to which member states were participating in the CIA program. The rapporteur, in turn, asked the Venice Commission to prepare a legal opinion on the member states’ related international obligations. On the basis of that opinion, and the rapporteur's finding that a fair number of member states had acquiesced or participated in the CIA program, the Parliamentary Assembly adopted a resolution and a recommendation intended to safeguard against such conduct in the future. Separately, the secretary general of the Council invoked his authority under Article 52 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) to survey member states on relevant aspects of their domestic legal systems, including whether those systems contain controls on foreign state conduct deemed to infringe ECHR rights.
International Economic Law and theAmerican Journal of International Law
Authors: Vagts Detlev F.
Published: July 2020

To discuss the history of international economic law since theAmerican Journal of International Lawwas first published in 1907 requires the author to project categories common to the parlance of 2006 back to times when theywere unknown. So far as it appears, the term did not become current until after World War II. Its scope is controversial. According to one definition, it encompasses “the total range of norms (directly or indirectly based on treaties) of public international law with regard to transnational economic relations.” A wide variety of international law rules have been said to have a financial impact somewhere. For practical purposes, in this essay I define international economic law as the international law regulating transborder transactions in goods, services, currency, investment, and intellectual property. I exclude from the inquiry issues of private international law, as well as of economic warfare.
The Territorial Temptation: A Siren Song at Sea
Authors: Oxman Bernard H.
Published: July 2020

La mer a toujours ete battue par deux grands vents contraires: le vent du large, qui souffle vers la terre, est celui de la liberri; le vent de la terre vers le large est porteur des souverainetes. Le droit de la mer s'est toujours trouve au coeur de leurs affrontements.

The history of international law since the Peace of Westphalia is in significant measure an account of the territorial temptation. The bonds of family, clan, tribe, nation, and faith; the need to explore, to trade, and to migrate; the hope for broader cooperation to confront common challenges—all in time came to be subordinated in the international legal order to the insistent quest for supremacy of the territorial state. At least in theory. At least on land.

The sea yields a different story. It wasn't always so. And perhaps it isn't necessarily so. But in fact the law of the land and the law of the sea developed in very different ways. If the history of the international law of the land can be characterized by the progressive triumph of the territorial temptation, the history of the international law of the sea can be characterized by the obverse; namely, the progressive triumph of Grotius's thesis ofmare liberumand its concomitant prohibition on claims of territorial sovereignty. That triumph reflected not only the transitory nature of human activity at sea, but a rational conclusion that the interests of states in unrestricted access to the rest of the world outweighed their interests in restricting the access of others at sea.
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Spiro Peter J.
Published: July 2020

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. 126 S.Ct. 2749.

United States Supreme Court, June 29, 2006.

In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the military commissions established by President George W. Bush were unauthorized by law and inconsistent with both the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) and the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Rejecting jurisdictional challenges to its resolving the legality of the tribunals, the Court found the military commission proceedings against Hamdan to violate the “uniformity” requirement of the UCMJ, under which military commissions must be governed by the same standards as courtsmartial except where impracticable. The Court also found the tribunals to violate the Geneva Conventions as incorporated by Article 21 of the UCMJ, because the commissions did not qualify as “regularly constituted courts” as required under Common Article 3.
Longitudinal analysis of a long-term conservation agriculture experiment in Malawi and lessons for future experimental design
Authors: Lark R. M. , Ligowe I. S. , Thierfelder C. , Magwero N. , Namaona W. , Njira K. , Sandram I. , Chimungu J. G. , Nalivata P. C.
Published: July 2020

Resilient cropping systems are required to achieve food security in the presence of climate change, and so several long-term conservation agriculture (CA) trials have been established in southern Africa – one of them at the Chitedze Agriculture Research Station in Malawi in 2007. The present study focused on a longitudinal analysis of 10 years of data from the trial to better understand the joint effects of variations between the seasons and particular contrasts among treatments on yield of maize. Of further interest was the variability of treatment responses in time and space and the implications for design of future trials with adequate statistical power. The analysis shows treatment differences of the mean effect which vary according to cropping season. There was a strong treatment effect between rotational treatments and other treatments and a weak effect between intercropping and monocropping. There was no evidence for an overall advantage of systems where residues are retained (in combination with direct seeding or planting basins) over conventional management with respect to maize yield. A season effect was evident although the strong benefit of rotation in El Niño season was also reduced, highlighting the strong interaction between treatment and climatic conditions. The power analysis shows that treatment effects of practically significant magnitude may be unlikely to be detected with just four replicates, as at Chitedze, under either a simple randomised control trial or a factorial experiment. Given logistical and financial constraints, it is important to design trials with fewer treatments but more replicates to gain enough statistical power and to pay attention to the selection of treatments to given an informative outcome.
Reducing competition in a crop–livestock–forest integrated system by thinning eucalyptus trees
Authors: Pezzopane José Ricardo Macedo , Bonani Willian Lucas , Bosi Cristiam , Fernandes da Rocha Eduardo Lopes , de Campos Bernardi Alberto Carlos , Oliveira Patricia Perondi Anchão , de Faria Pedroso André
Published: July 2020

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of thinning eucalyptus trees on yield and nutritive value of corn for silage and palisadegrass in a crop–livestock–forest integrated system and to evaluate the total aboveground biomass yield in systems with and without trees. Plant variables, as well as the incidence of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil moisture, were evaluated between October 2016 and March 2018 in São Carlos, Brazil, in a crop–livestock–forest and a crop–livestock system. In the crop–livestock–forest system, eucalyptus trees (Eucalyptus urograndis clone GG100) were planted in April 2011, in single rows, with 15 × 2 m spacing. In 2016, the trees were thinned, and the spacing was changed to 15 × 4 m. The treatments comprised measurements at 0.00, 3.75, 7.50, and 11.25 m from the trees of the North row in the integrated crop–livestock–forest (iCLF) system and integrated crop–livestock (iCL) system. Palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) was sown after harvesting the corn. Corn yields were similar between treatments, with an average of 13.6 Mg ha−1. Corn for silage presented a higher percentage of grain in total biomass in the crop–livestock–forest positions (41.4 and 42.1%) than in the crop–livestock system (35.6%). No differences in forage accumulation were observed. Crude protein content in corn for silage and palisadegrass was higher in the crop–livestock–forest treatments than in the crop–livestock system. Such results indicate that thinning was favorable to production in the crop–livestock–forest system. Total aboveground biomass yield was higher in the iCLF system, indicating better land use for this type of integrated system.
The trait and state negative affect can be separately predicted by stable and variable resting-state functional connectivity
Authors: Li Yu , Zhuang Kaixiang , Yi Zili , Wei Dongtao , Sun Jiangzhou , Qiu Jiang
Published: July 2020

Background

Many emotional experiences such as anxiety and depression are influenced by negative affect (NA). NA has both trait and state features, which play different roles in physiological and mental health. Attending to NA common to various emotional experiences and their trait-state features might help deepen the understanding of the shared foundation of related emotional disorders.

Methods

The principal component of five measures was calculated to indicate individuals' NA level. Applying the connectivity-based correlation analysis, we first identified resting-state functional connectives (FCs) relating to NA in sample 1 (n = 367), which were validated through an independent sample (n = 232; sample 2). Next, based on the variability of FCs across large timescale, we further divided the NA-related FCs into high- and low-variability groups. Finally, FCs in different variability groups were separately applied to predict individuals' neuroticism level (which is assumed to be the core trait-related factor underlying NA), and the change of NA level (which represents the state-related fluctuation of NA).

Results

The low-variability FCs were primarily within the default mode network (DMN) and between the DMN and dorsal attention network/sensory system and significantly predicted trait rather than state NA. The high-variability FCs were primarily between the DMN and ventral attention network, the fronto-parietal network and DMN/sensory system, and significantly predicted the change of NA level.

Conclusions

The trait and state NA can be separately predicted by stable and variable spontaneous FCs with different attentional processes and emotion regulatory mechanisms, which could deepen our understanding of NA.
Academic makerspaces as a “design journey”: developing a learning model for how women students tap into their “toolbox of design”
Authors: Tomko Megan , Newstetter Wendy , Alemán Melissa W. , Nagel Robert L. , Linsey Julie
Published: July 2020

An academic makerspace, home to tools and people dedicated to facilitating and inspiring a making culture, is characterized by openness, creativity, learning, design, and community. This nontraditional learning environment has found an immense increase in popularity and investment in the last decade. Further, makerspaces have been shown to be highly gendered, privileging men's and masculine understandings of making. The spike in popularity warrants deeper analysis, examining the value of these spaces for women and if learning is occurring in these spaces, specifically at higher education institutions. We implemented a phenomenologically based interviewing process to capture the making experiences of 20 women students, recruited through purposive and snowball sampling. By eliciting the narratives of women students, we captured how making, designing, and creating evolved through gendered experiences in the university makerspace. Each interview was transcribed and resulted in around 868 pages of single-spaced text transcriptions. The data were analyzed through multiple cycles of open and axial coding for common themes and patterns, where makerspaces create a culture of learning, facilitate students’ design journey, and form a laboratory for creativity. These themes forwarded the creation of a learning model that showcases how design and learning interact in the makerspace. This work demonstrates that women students are engaging learning and inspiration; developing confidence and resilience; and learning how to work with others and collaborate.
The association of urine markers of iodine intake with development and growth among children in rural Uganda: a secondary analysis of a randomised education trial
Authors: Atukunda Prudence , Muhoozi Grace KM , Diep Lien M , Berg Jens P , Westerberg Ane C , Iversen Per O
Published: July 2020

Objective:

We examined associations of urine iodide excretion, proxy for iodine intake, with child development and growth.

Design:

This is a secondary analysis of a 1:1 cluster-randomised trial with a 6-month nutrition/stimulation/hygiene education intervention among mothers of children aged 6–8 months to improve child development and growth. Development was assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development–III (BSID-III) and Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), whereas anthropometry was used to assess growth. Urine iodide concentration (UIC) and urine iodide/creatinine ratio (ICR) were measured.

Setting:

The current study was conducted in southern Uganda.

Participants:

We randomly selected 155 children from the 511 enrolled into the original trial and analysed data when they were aged 20–24 and 36 months.

Results:

Median UIC for both study groups at 20–24 and 36 months were similar (P> 0·05) and within the normal range of 100–199 µg/l (0·79–1·60 µmol/l), whereas the intervention group had significantly higher ICR at 20–24 months. The BSID-III cognitive score was positively associated (P= 0·028) with ICR at 20–24 months in the intervention group. The ASQ gross motor score was negatively associated (P= 0·020) with ICR at 20–24 months among the controls. ICR was not significantly associated with anthropometry in the two study groups at either time-point.

Conclusions:

Following the intervention, a positive association was noted between ICR and child’s cognitive score at 20–24 months, whereas no positive association with ICR and growth was detected. Iodine sufficiency may be important for child’s cognitive development in this setting.
Conflicts between adolescents and their caregivers living in slums of Mumbai, India in relation to junk food consumption and physical activity
Authors: Chopra Harsha Vipin , Gandhi Meera Jayant , Sahariah Sirazul Ameen , Weller Susie , Potdar Ramesh Dattatray , Barker Mary , Kehoe Sarah Helen , Fall Caroline HD , Hardy-Johnson Polly
Published: July 2020

Objective:

To explore influences on the diet and physical activity of adolescents living in Mumbai slums, from the perspectives of adolescents and their caregivers.

Design:

Three investigators from Mumbai conducted six focus group discussions.

Setting:

The study was conducted in suburban Mumbai slums.

Participants:

Thirty-six adolescents (aged 10–12 and 15–17 years) and twenty-three caregivers were recruited through convenience sampling.

Results:

The findings highlighted the complex negotiations between adolescent and caregivers surrounding adolescent junk food consumption and physical activity opportunities. Caregivers learned recipes to prepare popular junk foods to encourage adolescents to eat more home-cooked, and less ‘outside’, food, yet adolescents still preferred to eat outside. To adolescents, the social aspect of eating junk food with friends was an important and enjoyable experience. Caregivers felt that they had no control over adolescents’ food choices, whereas adolescents felt their diets were dictated by their parents. Adolescents wanted to be physically active but were encouraged to focus on their academic studies instead. Gender was also a key driver of physical activity, with girls given less priority to use outside spaces due to cultural and religious factors, and parental fears for their safety.

Conclusions:

These findings show that adolescents and caregivers have different agendas regarding adolescent diet. Adolescent girls have less opportunity for healthy exercise, and are more sedentary, than boys. Adolescents and caregivers need to be involved in designing effective interventions such as making space available for girls to be active, and smartphone games to encourage healthy eating or physical activity.
Applying Conservation of Energy to Estimate Earthquake Frequencies from Strain Rates and Stresses
Authors: Ziebarth Malte J. , von Specht Sebastian , Heidbach Oliver , Cotton Fabrice , Anderson John G.
Published: July 2020

Estimating earthquake occurrence rates from the accumulation rate of seismic moment is an established tool of seismic hazard analysis. We propose an alternative, fault‐agnostic approach based on the conservation of energy: the Energy‐Conserving Seismicity Framework (ENCOS). Working in energy space has the advantage that the radiated energy is a better predictor of the damage potential of earthquake waves than the seismic moment release. In a region, ENCOS balances the stationary power available to cause earthquakes with the long‐term seismic energy release represented by the energy‐frequency distribution's first moment. Accumulation and release are connected through the average seismic efficiency, by which we mean the fraction of released energy that is converted into seismic waves. Besides measuring earthquakes in energy, ENCOS differs from moment balance essentially in that the energy accumulation rate depends on the total stress in addition to the strain rate tensor. To validate ENCOS, we exemplarily model the energy‐frequency distribution around Southern California. We estimate the energy accumulation rate due to tectonic loading assuming poroelasticity and hydrostasis. Using data from the World Stress Map and assuming the frictional limit to estimate the stress tensor, we obtain a power of 0.8 GW. The uncertainty range, 0.3–2.0 GW, originates mainly from the thickness of the seismogenic crust, the friction coefficient on preexisting faults, and models of Global Positioning System (GPS) derived strain rates. Based on a Gutenberg‐Richter magnitude‐frequency distribution, this power can be distributed over a range of energies consistent with historical earthquake rates and reasonable bounds on the seismic efficiency.
The Importance of Hillslope Scale in Responses of Chemical Erosion Rate to Changes in Tectonics and Climate
Authors: Ferrier K. L. , Perron J. T.
Published: July 2020

Chemical erosion is of wide interest due to its influence on topography, nutrient supply to streams and soils, sediment composition, and Earth's climate. While controls on chemical erosion rate have been studied extensively in steady‐state models, few studies have explored the controls on chemical erosion rate during transient responses to external perturbations. Here we develop a numerical model for the coevolution of soil‐mantled topography, soil thickness, and soil mineralogy, and we use it to simulate responses to step changes in rates of rock uplift, soil production, soil transport, and mineral dissolution. These simulations suggest that tectonic and climatic perturbations can generate responses in soil chemical erosion rate that differ in speed, magnitude, and spatial pattern and that climatic and tectonic perturbations may impart distinct signatures on hillslope mass fluxes, soil chemistry, and sediment composition. The response time of chemical erosion rate is dominantly controlled by hillslope length and is secondarily modulated by rates of rock uplift, soil production, transport, and mineral dissolution. This strong dependence on drainage density implies that a landscape's chemical erosion response should depend on the relative efficiencies of river incision and soil transport and thus may be mediated by climatic and biological factors. The simulations further suggest that the timescale of the hillslope response may be long relative to that of river channel profiles, implying that chemical erosion response times may be limited more by the sluggishness of the hillslopes than by the rate of signal propagation through river channel profiles.