bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Target Detection of Diversity of Volatile Chlorine Compounds in Frying Oil and Study on the Influencing Factors of Their Formation
Authors: Liu Yaxiong , Wen Jiaxin , Luo Zhuoya
Published: November 2021

Headspace-gas-chromatography ion-mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) proved the diversity of volatile chlorinated compounds (VCCs) in frying oil in this work. First, the VCCs were obtained by headspace by heating the frying oil at 80 °C for 30 min. Then, those compounds were separated by GC capillary column in the first dimension and by IMS in the second dimension, respectively. And at last, those compounds were detected in negative ion mode for non-targeting. The study results indicated that VCCs' formation depends on the contents of NaCl and water, heating temperature and time, and the types of oil. The refining process does not affect the detection of VCCs, indicating the durability of such targets as indicators for assessing deep-frying oil. Using HS-GC-IMS, the VCCs were detected to evaluate 16 authentic refined deep-frying oils from the market with an accuracy of 100%.
Juvenile Crust Formation in the Precambrian Singhbhum, Dharwar Cratons and the Southern Granulite Terrain, India and Geodynamic Transitions: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb age-Hf Isotope Systematics
Authors: Kumar T. Vijaya , Rao Y. J. Bhaskar , Babu E.V.S.S.K. , Sreenivas B.
Published: November 2021

Zircon age-Hf isotopic data on the Archean Singhbhum and Dharwar cratons and the Archean-Proterozoic Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) obtained at the CSIR-NGRI and by others elsewhere are in focus here. These data are used to decipher episodes of juvenile crust formation in the protracted (collectively spanning ~3.7 billion years) geologic history of the three terranes in the light of their regional geology, structure and deep-crustal architecture based on recent geophysical experiments as well as current perspectives on early Earth crust forming processes and geodynamics. Our important observations and inferences include: (1) the Hf-isotopic compositions of the Hadean-Eoarchean aged (ca. 4.2-3.6 Ga) zircon grains from the Singhbhum craton have distinctly unradiogenic Hf-isotopic compositions quite similar to the Jack Hills Hadean-Eoarchean detrital zircons, suggesting derivation from TTG-like melts generated by the internal reworking of a long-lived, geochemically enriched mafic reservoir formed around ca. 4.5 Ga; (2) a shift to strongly radiogenic zircon Hf isotope compositions during the early Paleoarchean around ca. 3.6-3.5 Ga (Singhbhum craton) and ca. 3.5-3.4 Ga (Western Dharwar craton) is conspicuous. This may relate to the time of development of depleted mantle reservoirs, the source of the voluminous Paleo-Mesoarchean juvenile felsic magmatism and crust formation events that extended for ca. 400-300 million years; (3) in the entire Dharwar craton and the northern parts of the SGT there is clear evidence for widespread juvenile magmatic episodes during the Neoarchean, around ca. 2.7 Ga and ca. 2.55 Ga, the latter being predominant and widespread; (4) in the southernmost part of the SGT, prominent juvenile magmatic episodes are also evident during the Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.0 Ga, Trivandrum block) and early Neoproterozoic (ca. 1.0-0.9 Ga, in parts of the Madurai block); (5) onset of plate tectonic processes in the Singhbhum and Western Dharwar cratons during early Paleoarchean (ca. 3.6-3.5 Ga) cannot be ruled out, but there is clear evidence for the operation of plate tectonics, significant crustal growth and terrane amalgamation only after ~3.0 Ga in the Dharwar craton and the SGT and (6) regional dome and basin structural pattern of the pre-3.0 Ga crust attests to the role of internal differentiation processes (Rayleigh-Taylor Inversions) and vertical tectonics for the Paleo-Mesoarchean crust of the Singhbhum and Dharwar cratons. Together with other lines of evidence; changes in bulk crustal composition, deep crustal architecture, zircon age-Hf isotope distribution etc., we infer a transition to plate tectonics around 3.0 Ga in the Singhbhum and Dharwar cratons.
MT/LMT Studies for Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of India and Its Adjoining Regions: Contribution of CSIR-NGRI
Authors: Patro Prasanta K. , Kumar P. V. Vijaya , Sarma S. V. S.
Published: November 2021

The CSIR-NGRI introduced the magnetotelluric (MT) method into its scientific programmes during late 1970s for crustal electrical imaging. The mapping of a major subtrappean sedimentary basin in the northwestern Saurashtra is the first major accomplishment of CSIR-NGRI in the field of MT studies which provided a solution to a long standing problem in hydrocarbon exploration. Later, the CSIR-NGRI carried out several MT studies covering different geological terrains in the Indian peninsula to image the subsurface electrical structure up to deep crustal/lithospheric levels mainly for hydrocarbon and geothermal explorations apart from geodynamic and seismotectonic studies. The addition of long period MT (LMT) measurement facilitated further enhancing the depth of investigation to deeper levels into the lithosphere. The areas of these MT investigations by CSIR-NGRI cover major geological terrains of India viz., the Himalaya, Ganga basin, Jaisalmer basin, Kutch, Narmada-Son lineament, Deccan Volcanic Province, Dharwar craton, Southern Granulite Terrain, and Andaman Nicobar Islands. Based on all these studies, significant conductive structures have been identified and are interpreted to be Gondwana/Mesozoic sediments, fault zones, shear zones, thrust zones. The CSIR-NGRI has established itself as a leader in MT/LMT studies in India. To meet future resource exploration and geodynamics challenges, the CSIR-NGRI should design and implement special projects for scanning the Indian continent by acquiring and modelling of array MT/LMT data. Efforts are to be intensified to integrate the results from MT studies with those from seismic and gravity data to help retrieving a comprehensive and stable three-dimensional electrical model of the lithosphere.
Tsunami Modelling and Run-ups along Indian Coasts
Authors: Srivastava Kirti , Begum Farveen , Jakkula Mounica
Published: November 2021

The Earthquake of Mw 9.3 on Dec 26, 2004 in the Andaman Sumatra subduction zone in the eastern Indian Ocean and the 27th November 1945 M8.0-8.2 Makran earthquake in the western Indian Ocean triggered tsunami causing large scale damage. Though, great tsunamigenic earthquakes are rare from the Makran subduction zone, the possibility of one off event exceeding M 8.0 cannot be overlooked. The record of historical tsunami has not been well documented, as there is very little data available from these two subduction zones, though few reports on tsunami impact on the Indian coasts are available. The devastating impact of 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami has generated great interest amongst the scientific community and changed the perception of the hazard associated with tsunami in the region. Several researchers from different parts of the world have worked in understanding and quantifying the tsunami propagation and inundation due to the 2004 Tsunami. In this paper different questions on the propagation of tsunamis over ridges, island, along the east and west coast, tsunami forces on different beaches and also the effect of varying bathymetry in the Indian Ocean have been discussed in the form of case studies.
Lost in recessions: youth employment and earnings in Spain
Authors: Bentolila Samuel , Felgueroso Florentino , Jansen Marcel , Jimeno Juan F.
Published: November 2021

Young workers in Spain face the unprecedented impact of the Great Recession and the COVID-19 crisis in short sequence. Moreover, they have also experienced a deterioration in their employment and earnings over the last three decades. In this paper, we document this evolution and adopt a longitudinal approach to show that employment and earnings losses suffered by young workers during recessions are not made up in the subsequent expansions. We also estimate the size of the scarring effects of entering the job market in a recession for college-educated workers during their first decade in the labor market. Our empirical estimates indicate that while there is some evidence of scarring effects, the driving force is a trend worsening of youth labor market outcomes.
Genetic testing—whether to allow complete freedom? Direct to consumer tests versus genetic tests for medical purposes
Authors: Malgorzata Madej , Maria Sąsiadek , Michał Witt
Published: November 2021

Direct-to-consumer tests opened the opportunity of genetic testing without medical supervision, e.g., without medical referral and medical interpretation of the results. Thus, these approaches allow for free access to information concerning individual genetic profile increasing the area of personal freedom, but also posing the risk of false (positive and negative) or misinterpreted results along with health and psychological negative consequences. The paper discusses medical and non-medical applications of DTC, exploring also the legal framework implemented by European states and organizations. These legal acts strive to control the developing DTC market through such basic principles as patient protection, informed consent, medical information confidentiality, and the rights to know and to refuse knowledge about one’s genetic predispositions.
UAV low-altitude obstacle detection based on the fusion of LiDAR and camera
Authors: Ma Zhaowei , Yao Wenchen , Niu Yifeng , Lin Bosen , Liu Tianqing
Published: November 2021

In this paper, aiming at the flying scene of the small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in the low-altitude suburban environment, we choose the sensor configuration scheme of LiDAR and visible light camera, and design the static and dynamic obstacle detection algorithms based on sensor fusion. For static obstacles such as power lines and buildings in the low-altitude environment, the way that image-assisted verification of point clouds is used to fuse the contour information of the images and the depth information of the point clouds to obtain the location and size of static obstacles. For unknown dynamic obstacles such as rotary-wing UAVs, the IMM-UKF algorithm is designed to fuse the distance measurement information of point clouds and the high precision angle measurement information of image to achieve accurate estimation of the location and velocity of the dynamic obstacles. We build an experimental platform to verify the effectiveness of the obstacle detection algorithm in actual scenes and evaluate the relevant performance indexes.
Inter-phylum negative interactions affect soil bacterial community dynamics and functions during soybean development under long-term nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Zhang Chunfang , Jiao Shuo , Shu Duntao , Wei Gehong
Published: November 2021

Understanding interspecies interactions is essential to predict the response of microbial communities to exogenous perturbation. Herein, rhizospheric and bulk soils were collected from five developmental stages of soybean, which grew in soils receiving 16-year nitrogen inputs. Bacterial communities and functional profiles were examined using high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR, respectively. The objective of this study was to identify the key bacterial interactions that influenced community dynamics and functions. We found that the stages of soybean development outcompeted nitrogen fertilization management in shaping bacterial community structure, while fertilization treatments significantly shaped the abundance distribution of nitrogen functional genes. Temporal variations in bacterial abundances increased in bulk soils, especially at the stage of soybean branching, which helps to infer underlying negative interspecies interactions. Members ofCyanobacteriaandActinobacteriaactively engaged in inter-phylum negative interactions in bulk soils and soybean rhizosphere, respectively. Furthermore, the negative interactions between nitrogen-fixing functional groups and the reduction ofnifHgene abundance were coupled during soybean development, which may help to explain the linkages between population dynamics and functions. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of inter-phylum negative interactions in shaping the correlation patterns of bacterial communities and in determining soil functional potential.
State-Owned Entities and Human Rights
Authors: Barnes Mihaela Maria
Published: November 2021

The monograph focuses on the human rights challenges that are associated with the involvement of States in economic activities and on the role that international law has to play in addressing and understanding some of those challenges. State-owned entities are looked at through the lens of several topics of international law that have been found to hold particular relevance in this context, such as the concept of legal personality in international law, the process of normativity in international law, State immunity and State responsibility. The monograph shows how SOEs have had a significant role in shaping the evolution of international law and how, in turn, international law is currently shaping the evolution of State-owned entities. By focusing on State-owned or State-controlled business entities, rather than private corporations, the monograph aims to offer an alternative perspective on the challenges associated with corporations and human rights.
From discursive resistance to new genealogies: rethinking Israelite identities in Africa through the case of Nuer Christian Zionists
Authors: Gidron Yotam
Published: November 2021

Scholars have commonly interpreted the emergence of claims of Israelite descent among African peoples as attempts of marginalized communities to construct empowering identities by drawing on biblical narratives. This article tries to make sense of such claims from a more emic perspective, not as an instrumental counter-discourse but as a genuine attempt to grapple with the nature of ethnic membership and the place of certain communities in relation to biblical genealogies, time and space. The article explores the claims of Nuer members of several Evangelical Zionist churches operating in western Ethiopia and South Sudan that the Nuer are among the ‘lost tribes’ of Israel. It demonstrates how Nuer Zionists have reinterpreted Nuer identity, known for its permeability and constructivist nature, in light of contemporary premillennialist Zionist notions of history and peoplehood, which emphasize ethnic fixity and focus on lineages, exclusive bloodlines and biological descent. The article offers a new perspective on Israelite identities in Africa and on the influence of born-again Christianity on the construction of ethnic identities.
‘Monkeys play by sizes’: the reconstruction of military hierarchy in Ghana's armed forces
Authors: Agyekum Humphrey Asamoah
Published: November 2021

Ghana's post-independence era has been shaped by a series of coups and numerous attempted military interventions. While the involvement of the Ghana Armed Forces in politics has received widespread academic attention, the detrimental effects of these events on the military as an institution remain largely understudied. Using the coups of 1979 and 1981 as a point of departure, the article explores from an institutional perspective how the disruption of the everyday in the Ghanaian barracks resulted in the temporal breakdown of discipline and the collapse of military hierarchy. The article further examines the measures taken by the Provisional National Defence Council junta to rebuild and nurture hierarchy following its breakdown. It is also argued that restoration of hierarchy in the Ghanaian barracks called not only for an appeal to soldierly values, such as respect for rank and authority, but also for dramatic performances of authority and military hierarchy. The article depicts hierarchy in various settings, while exploring how the military order is expressed and lived in the current constellation. In short, the article not only illustrates a historical evolution, but also demonstrates that the maintenance of order and hierarchy in a closed institution such as the military is an ongoing and continuous negotiation process.
Odontogenic sinusitis – case series and review of literature
Authors: Garry S , O'Riordan I , James D , Corbett M , Barry T , Thornton M
Published: November 2021

Background

Odontogenic sinusitis is a common cause of rhinosinusitis that is often undiagnosed and overlooked. No single sign or symptom is specific for odontogenic sinusitis, and failure to focus on the specific radiological features can delay diagnosis.

Objective

This paper presents four cases of chronic sinusitis that had an odontogenic origin. Each case was referred for a second opinion. Three patients had previously undergone unsuccessful surgical management.

Methods

The literature, and the associated contributory clinical, radiological and microbiological features required for correct diagnosis and management, are reviewed.

Results

Each case resulted in a positive patient outcome following the involvement of both otolaryngology and maxillofacial surgery departments.

Conclusion

A high index of suspicion is advocated for odontogenic sinusitis in cases not responding to standard management plans. Collaboration with a maxillofacial specialist is important for diagnosis and management. This should be considered where standard management fails, or clinical features and radiological signs of odontogenic sinusitis are present. This paper also highlights the need for otolaryngologists to incorporate, at the very least, a basic dental history and examination as part of their assessment in recalcitrant cases.
Partial arytenoidectomy with transoral vocal fold lateralisation in treating airway obstruction secondary to bilateral vocal fold immobility
Authors: Al Omari A , Atallah I , Castellanos Paul F
Published: November 2021

Objective

To report the outcome of 18 patients with a tracheostomy secondary to bilateral vocal fold immobility, who were managed using reconstructive transoral laser microsurgical techniques.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of the surgical outcome of 18 patients with bilateral vocal fold immobility and a tracheostomy resulting from different aetiologies. Follow-up duration ranged from one to five years.

Results

A total of 18 patients had a tracheostomy at presentation because of bilateral true vocal fold immobility and stridor. All cases were treated using reconstructive transoral laser microsurgery with arytenoidectomy and vocal fold lateralisation. All patients were successfully decannulated by eight weeks after surgery.

Conclusion

Reconstructive transoral laser microsurgery using partial arytenoidectomy with vocal fold lateralisation is minimally invasive, feasible, safe and effective for airway reconstruction in patients who present with stridor due to bilateral true vocal fold immobility.
Radiological parameters and audiometric findings in otosclerosis: is there any relationship?
Authors: Mangia L R L , Salvador G L O , Amadeu N T , Marroni G A , Coifman H , Hamerschmidt R
Published: November 2021

Objective

The role of high-resolution computed tomography scans in otosclerosis remains uncertain. There is a debate over the relationship between radiological and audiometric findings among patients.

Method

Pre-operative audiometry and high-resolution computed tomography findings from 40 ears with surgically confirmed otosclerosis were compared. High-resolution computed tomography scan data regarding the characteristics of the disease foci, the endosteal extension and the occurrence of internal auditory canal diverticula were obtained. The influence of each radiological variable on the simple pure tone average, the high-frequency pure tone average and the bone-conduction pure tone average were investigated.

Results

Cases with endosteal extension (p = 0.047) and a higher number of affected sites within the otic capsule had a worse bone-conduction pure tone average, although it was only significant for the latter (p = 0.006). Those without concomitant retrofenestral disease (p = 0.019) had better simple pure tone average.

Conclusion

The number of sites of involvement and concomitant retrofenestral disease seem to significantly impact audiometric findings in otosclerosis.
Collisional broadening of nonlinear resonant wave–particle interactions
Authors: Catto Peter J. , Tolman Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2021

A general procedure for understanding plasma behaviour when resonant wave–particle interactions are the sole destabilizing and transport mechanism or only heating and/or current drive source is highlighted without recourse to involved numerical or analytical treatments. These phenomena are characterized by transport that appears to be collisionless even though collisions play a central role in narrow collisional boundary layers. The order of magnitude estimates, which include nonlinear effects, are shown to provide expressions in agreement with the principal results of recent toroidal Alfvén eigenmode (TAE), toroidal magnetic field ripple, and heating and current drive treatments. More importantly, the retention of nonlinearities leads to new estimates of the alpha particle energy diffusivity at saturation for TAE modes, and the ripple threshold at which superbanana plateau evaluations of alpha particle transport are modified by nonlinear radial drift effects. In addition, the estimates indicate when quasilinear descriptions for heating and current drive will begin to fail. The phenomenological procedure demonstrates that in magnetic fusion relevant plasmas, narrow collisional boundary layers must be retained for resonant wave–particle interactions as they enhance the role of collisions, and make stochastic particle motion unlikely to be more important than other nonlinear processes.
A blurred view of Van der Waerden type theorems
Authors: Rödl Vojtech , Sales Marcelo
Published: November 2021

Let
$\mathrm{AP}_k=\{a,a+d,\ldots,a+(k-1)d\}$
be an arithmetic progression. For
$\varepsilon>0$
we call a set
$\mathrm{AP}_k(\varepsilon)=\{x_0,\ldots,x_{k-1}\}$
an
$\varepsilon$
-approximate arithmetic progression if for some a and d,
$|x_i-(a+id)|<\varepsilon d$
holds for all
$i\in\{0,1\ldots,k-1\}$
. Complementing earlier results of Dumitrescu (2011, J. Comput. Geom.2(1) 16–29), in this paper we study numerical aspects of Van der Waerden, Szemerédi and Furstenberg–Katznelson like results in which arithmetic progressions and their higher dimensional extensions are replaced by their
$\varepsilon$
-approximation.
Tricostatin A-treated round spermatid enhances preimplantation embryo developmental competency following round spermatid injection in mice
Authors: Hosseini Sara , Salehi Mohammad
Published: November 2021

It has been documented that the inefficacy of round spermatid injection (ROSI) might be caused by abnormal epigenetic modifications. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) as an epigenetic modifier of preimplantation embryo development in activated ROSI oocytes. Matured oocytes were collected from superovulated female mice. Testes were placed in human tubal fluid medium and masses were then cut into small pieces to disperse spermatogenic cells. Round spermatids were treated with TSA and subsequently injected into oocytes. The expression level of the development-related genes including Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Dnmt and Hdac transcripts were evaluated using qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm the presence of Oct-4 protein at the blastocyst stage. There was no statistically significant difference in fertilization rate following ROSI/+TSA compared with the non-treated ROSI and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) groups. Importantly, TSA treatment increased blastocyst formation from 38% in non-treated ROSI to 68%. The relative expression level of developmentally related genes increased and Dnmt transcripts decreased in ROSI/+TSA-derived embryos, similar to the expression levels observed in the ICSI-derived embryos. In conclusion, our results indicate that spermatid treatment with TSA prior to ROSI would increase the success rate of development to the blastocyst stage and proportion of pluripotent cells.
Sports psychiatry: a desideratum on sports arena!
Authors: Naguy Ahmed , Pridmore Saxby , Alamiri Bibi
Published: November 2021

The emerging field of sports psychiatry has been developing steadily in recent years. This is not just a health concern but is likely to impact sporting performance and achievement significantly. An overview of sports psychiatry is provided. Psychiatric disorders of all varieties can and do present in sporting populations. Sports psychiatry keeps evolving to drive forward the importance of good mental health in sport as in life.
Normative Data for the CERAD-NP for Healthy High-Agers (80–84 years) and Effects of Age-Typical Visual Impairment and Hearing Loss
Authors: Fröhlich Stephanie , Müller Katrin , Voelcker-Rehage Claudia
Published: November 2021

Objectives:

This study aims to establish reference data for nondemented adults between 80 and 84 years of age based on the German version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s disease Neuropsychological (CERAD-NP) test battery and to assess the possible influence of hearing and vision impairments on CERAD-NP performance.

Methods:

Two hundred one volunteers were examined with the German CERAD-NP test battery, and 18 test scores were calculated from the data. The sample included 99 men (49%), the mean age was 81.8 years (SD = 1.3), and the mean years of education were 13.9 (SD = 3.1). Percentiles for continuous and percentile ranks for discrete test scores were calculated separately for four norm groups. The groups were classified according to gender and education. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict cognitive performance from visual acuity and hearing ability.

Results:

The normative data obtained were consistent with other findings from younger and older age groups. Worse visual acuity predicted slower performance in the Trail Making Test (TMT). None of the other CERAD-NP tests were correlated to sensory functions.

Conclusions:

Using age-appropriate reference data, such as that established here for the 80–84 year age group can help to improve the detection of cognitive decline and prevent biases that arise when old-old adults are compared to younger old adults. Visual acuity should be considered an influencing factor on TMT performance.
Overall Job Performance, Remote Work Engagement, Living With Children, and Remote Work Productivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Toscano Ferdinando , Zappalà Salvatore
Published: November 2021

Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant and rapid shift from work in presence to remote work (RW). This rapid change represented a challenge for employees, who had to deal with new work procedures in houses often crowded with their children. This study investigated whether the engagement toward this work arrangement mediates the relationship between perceived overall job performance and employees’ remote work productivity. Furthermore, it tested whether the relationships between perceived overall job performance and RW productivity as well as between RW engagement and RW productivity are moderated by living with children under 18. This quantitative, cross-sectional, study was conducted in an Italian municipality and involved a sample of employees who started to work remotely after the spread of the pandemic. A total of 171 public servants answered an online questionnaire. Regression analysis showed a significant relationship between perceived overall job performance and RW productivity and the mediation of this relationship by RW engagement. The moderation role of living with minor children was confirmed, although this modulation mechanism had two opposite effects on the tested relationships. On the whole, the results suggest that HR professionals and organizations need to develop support policies that take into account employees’ specific characteristics.
Addressing the Need for Just GeoHealth Engagement: Evolving Models for Actionable Research That Transform Communities
Authors: Hayhow Claire M. , Brabander Dan J. , Jim Rebecca , Lively Martin , Filippelli Gabriel M.
Published: November 2021

GeoHealth as a research paradigm offers the opportunity to re‐evaluate common research engagement models and science training practices. GeoHealth challenges are often wicked problems that require both transdisciplinary approaches and the establishment of intimate and long‐term partnerships with a range of community members. We examine four common modes of community engagement and explore how research projects are launched, who has the power in these relationships, and how projects evolve to become truly transformative for everyone involved.
An Early Holocene Primary Dolomite Layer of Abiotic Origin in Lake Sayram, Central Asia
Authors: Cheng Jianru , Meng Xianqiang , Zhang Enlou , Jiang Qingfeng , Ni Zhenyu , Ji Junfeng
Published: November 2021

The “dolomite problem” is a long‐standing puzzle in sedimentology and mineralogy. Previous studies have shown that some dolostones are formed by microbes or in hydrothermal–burial environments. Here, we provide a different case in which an abiotic and Ca‐rich dolomite layer precipitated in Lake Sayram, Central Asia, during the early Holocene. The 12‐cm‐thick layer consists of abundant partially ordered dolomite crystals (mean > 50 wt% and maximum = 81 wt%) which have euhedral and rhombohedral shapes and weak cation ordering. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that even in a single crystal, compositions vary among different domains. Mineralogical and isotopic evidence suggests that these dolomites are of primary and abiotic origin. We infer that this dolomite layer might be the product of day and night temperature cycling of shallow lake water under local warming trend. This study provides evidence for abiotic dolomites forming at ambient temperature.
Particulate Oxalate‐To‐Sulfate Ratio as an Aqueous Processing Marker: Similarity Across Field Campaigns and Limitations
Authors: Hilario Miguel Ricardo A. , Crosbie Ewan , Bañaga Paola Angela , Betito Grace , Braun Rachel A. , Cambaliza Maria Obiminda , Corral Andrea F. , Cruz Melliza Templonuevo , Dibb Jack E. , Lorenzo Genevieve Rose , MacDonald Alexander B. , Robinson Claire E. , Shook Michael A. , Simpas James Bernard , Stahl Connor , Winstead Edward , Ziemba Luke D. , Sorooshian Armin
Published: November 2021

Leveraging aerosol data from multiple airborne and surface‐based field campaigns encompassing diverse environmental conditions, we calculate statistics of the oxalate‐sulfate mass ratio (median: 0.0217; 95% confidence interval: 0.0154–0.0296; R = 0.76; N = 2,948). Ground‐based measurements of the oxalate‐sulfate ratio fall within our 95% confidence interval, suggesting the range is robust within the mixed layer for the submicrometer particle size range. We demonstrate that dust and biomass burning emissions can separately bias this ratio toward higher values by at least one order of magnitude. In the absence of these confounding factors, the 95% confidence interval of the ratio may be used to estimate the relative extent of aqueous processing by comparing inferred oxalate concentrations between air masses, with the assumption that sulfate primarily originates from aqueous processing.
Reaction‐Induced Mantle Weakening at High‐Pressure Conditions: An Example From Garnet Pyroxenites of Ulten Zone (Eastern Alps, N Italy)
Authors: Pellegrino L. , Menegon L. , Zanchetta S. , Langenhorst F. , Pollok K. , Tumiati S. , Malaspina N.
Published: November 2021

Peridotites of Ulten Zone (Eastern Alps, N Italy) show a transition from coarse protogranular spinel lherzolites to fine‐grained amphibole + garnet peridotites, recorded by the crystallization of garnet coronas around spinel. Pyroxenite veins, transposed along the peridotite foliation, show a similar metamorphic evolution from coarse‐grained (garnet‐free) websterites to fine‐grained garnet websterites. In both peridotites and websterites, garnet previously exsolved from porphyroclastic high‐temperature pyroxenes and later crystallized along the foliation. This evolution has been interpreted to reflect cooling and pressure increase of websterites and host peridotites from spinel‐ to garnet‐facies conditions. Microstructures and crystallographic orientation data indicate that the re‐equilibration of garnet websterites in the garnet stability field occurred during deformation. Porphyroclastic pyroxenes have been interpreted to deform by dislocation glide and creep. In particular, TEM observations indicate the activation of the (100)[010] slip system in orthopyroxene. Core‐and‐mantle microstructures also suggest that dislocation creep was aided by subgrain rotation recrystallization, leading to the formation of neoblastic pyroxenes. These recrystallized grains deformed by diffusion‐accommodated grain boundary sliding, as indicated by the occurrence of quadruple junctions and straight, aligned grain boundaries. The transition from dislocation creep to diffusion creep in websterites was accompanied by the crystallization of garnet along foliation, which triggered the pinning of the recrystallized matrix and stabilized the fine‐grained microtexture for diffusion creep, promoting rheological weakening. Garnet websterites of Ulten Zone thus offer a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of reaction softening during the corner flow in the supra‐subduction lithospheric mantle induced by the descending slab.
Data‐Driven Design of Wave‐Propagation Models for Shale‐Oil Reservoirs Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Xiong Fansheng , Ba Jing , Gei Davide , Carcione José M.
Published: November 2021

The exploration and exploitation of shale oil is an important aspect in the oil industry. Seismic properties and well‐log data are essential to establish wave‐propagation models. Specifically, the description of wave dispersion and attenuation under complex geological conditions needs proper lithological and petrophysical information. This complex physical mechanism has to be considered if a traditional modeling approach is adopted. In this sense, machine learning (ML) techniques provide new possibilities for this purpose. We compare two deep‐neural‐network (DNN)‐based wave propagation models. In the first (pure data‐driven), a DNN is trained to connect seismic attributes, such as wave velocities, to multivariate functions of rock‐physics properties. By training DNNs with different initial parameters, the uncertainty of the proposed method can be quantified. The second method assumes the form of the wave equations. Then, the elastic constants of the constitutive relations are predicted by DNNs. The resulting dynamical equations describe the dispersion and attenuation and wavefield simulations can be performed to obtain more information. On the basis of a test, the two kinds of wave‐propagation models yield acceptable estimations of the seismic properties, with the second approach showing a broader application because the DNN is trained without S wave data. The methodologies illustrate that the new wave‐propagation model based on ML has high precision and can be general in terms of rheological description.
Evaluating the Impacts of Cloud Processing on Resuspended Aerosol Particles After Cloud Evaporation Using a Particle‐Resolved Model
Authors: Yao Yu , Dawson Matthew L. , Dabdub Donald , Riemer Nicole
Published: November 2021

Aerosol particles undergo physical and chemical changes during cloud processes. In this work, we quantified the changes in aerosol mixing state using a particle‐resolved model. To this end, we coupled the particle‐resolved aerosol model PartMC‐MOSAIC with the aqueous chemistry module CAPRAM 2.4 and designed cloud parcel simulations that mimicked several cloud cycles that a particle population may be exposed to in polluted urban environments. With ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate added to the activated particles, after the cloud evaporated, the activation potential of the resuspended aerosol particles increased for supersaturation thresholds lower than the maximum supersaturation attained in the cloud. Formation of sulfate and nitrate increased the internally mixed state of all particle populations, quantified by the mixing state index χ. The change of aerosol mixing state due to aqueous‐phase chemistry was related to the fraction of activated particles. For a case with low aerosol number concentration, where the activated fraction was up to 60%, χ increased by up to 50 percentage points after cloud processing, reaching an almost completely internal mixture. In contrast, for a case with high aerosol emissions and activated fraction of less than 20%, the increase in χ was less than 20 percentage points, and χ remained below 80% after cloud processing. The change in aerosol mixing state caused by coagulation within the cloud parcel was negligible. These findings highlight the complex influence of cloud processing on particle properties.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Heat and Building Height on Urban Precipitation Over the Seoul Metropolitan area in Regional Climate Modeling
Authors: Kim Gayoung , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Song Chang‐Keun , Kim Hyungjun
Published: November 2021

An urban heat island (UHI) is a well‐known urban climatic feature; however, an opposite effect, i.e., an urban cool island (UCI), was recently observed at locations where high‐rises were concentrated. Here, we analyzed the impact of two urbanization factors (anthropogenic heat flux (AH) and building height (ZR)), which could affect the formation of UHIs and UCIs, on urban precipitation over the Seoul Metropolitan area. AH caused an increasing precipitation in urban and downwind areas, especially during daytime. AH directly contributed to the sensible heat flux, resulting in surface warming associated with an UHI. Surface heat was transferred within the planetary boundary layer by turbulence, which increased the low‐level instability, resulting in increased precipitation. In the experiments with the ZR, both surface temperature and precipitation increased (decreased) during the nighttime (daytime). The diurnal variation of ground heat flux intensified with an increasing ZR, inducing a smaller variation of sensible heat flux for surface energy balance. Changes in the ground heat flux could also explain occurrence of UCIs in cities with high‐rises. Tall buildings reduced daytime surface temperature, thereby facilitating atmospheric stabilization, and reducing precipitation. Also, the surface friction increased with a higher ZR, resulting in enhanced convergence in the western part of urban areas where dominant westerlies first met land, which was favorable for increased precipitation. In summary, a study of variations in AH and ZR demonstrated how UHIs and UCIs significantly altered precipitation, respectively. In particular, an UCI alleviated an increment in thermo‐driven daytime precipitation caused by an UHI.
Collisions of Small Kuiper Belt Objects With (486958) Arrokoth: Implications for Its Spin Evolution and Bulk Density
Authors: Mao Xiaochen , McKinnon William B. , Singer Kelsi N. , Keane James T. , Beyer Ross A. , Greenstreet Sarah , Robbins Stuart J. , Schenk Paul M. , Moore Jeffrey M. , Stern S. Alan , Weaver Harold A. , Spencer John R. , Olkin Catherine B. ,   the New Horizons Science Team
Published: November 2021

The orientation and morphology of the bilobate, cold classical Kuiper belt object (486958) Arrokoth (formerly 2014 MU69) is consistent with a slow, tidal merger of a close binary. However, the discrepancy between Arrokoth's present‐day rotation (15.9 hr) and synchronous rotation for nominal cometary densities near ∼500 kg/m3 implies reduction (up to 30%) in post‐merger spin angular momentum. We investigate how collisions with dynamically cold and hot classical Kuiper belt objects might have affected Arrokoth's post‐merger spin. Using a dynamically equivalent triaxial ellipsoid, 5000 Monte Carlo simulations of 100 impacts each, consistent with Arrokoth's cratering record, were carried out. Starting from the assumption of critical, synchronous rotation for a given density, these simulations rarely reproduce Arrokoth's present spin period, unless its true density is near 250 kg/m3. We explore in greater depth the effects of formation of Arrokoth's largest crater (now officially named Sky, previously informally named Maryland). We adopt point‐source scaling and randomly select impact parameters that lead to the crater, using Arrokoth's full bilobate shape. Results from Sky's formation alone are similar to those considering a full range of impactor sizes, unless we adopt low cratering efficiency due to high porosity, which implies substantially larger Sky‐forming impactors. Overall, results imply that the probability of substantial angular momentum change due to impacts alone over Solar System history is unlikely, and spindown from a synchronous, tidal rotation rate to a 15.9‐hr period unlikely unless Arrokoth itself was and is a very low density object (∼250 kg/m3), though we cannot statistically rule out densities up to 400 kg/m3.
A Rapid Method for Modeling Transient River Response Under Stochastic Controls With Applications to Sea Level Rise and Sediment Nourishment
Authors: Arkesteijn Liselot , Blom Astrid , Labeur Robert Jan
Published: November 2021

Recent analysis of equilibrium and quasi‐equilibrium channel geometry in engineered (fixed‐width) rivers has successfully shown that two temporal scales can be distinguished, with quasi‐static (long‐term) and dynamic (short‐term) components. This distinction is based on the fact that channel slope cannot keep pace with short‐term fluctuations of the controls. Here we exploit the distinction between the two temporal scales to model the transient (so time‐dependent) phase of channel response, which is the phase wherein the channel approaches its new equilibrium. We show that: (a) besides channel slope, also the bed surface texture cannot keep pace with short‐term fluctuations of the controls, and (b) mean transient channel response is determined by the probability distributions of the controls (e.g., flow duration curve rather than flow rate sequence). These findings allow us to set up a rapid numerical method that determines the mean transient channel response under stochastic controls. The method is based on distinguishing modes (i.e., sets of controls) and takes the probability density of each mode into account. At each time step, we compute the mode‐specific flow, sediment transport rate, and corresponding change in bed level and surface texture. The net change within the time step is computed by weighting the mode‐specific changes in bed level and surface texture with the probability density of each mode. The resulting mean transient channel response is a deterministic one, despite the controls being stochastic variables. We show that the proposed method provides a rapid alternative to Monte Carlo analysis regarding the mean time‐dependent channel response.
ER-associated CTRP1 regulates mitochondrial fission via interaction with DRP1
Authors: Sonn Seong Keun , Seo Seungwoon , Yang Jaemoon , Oh Ki Sook , Chen Hsiuchen , Chan David C. , Rhee Kunsoo , Lee Kyung S. , Yang Young , Oh Goo Taeg
Published: November 2021

C1q/TNF-related protein 1 (CTRP1) is a CTRP family member that has collagenous and globular C1q-like domains. The secreted form of CTRP1 is known to be associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but its cellular roles have not yet been elucidated. Here, we showed that cytosolic CTRP1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and that knockout or depletion of CTRP1 leads to mitochondrial fission defects, as demonstrated by mitochondrial elongation. Mitochondrial fission events are known to occur through an interaction between mitochondria and the ER, but we do not know whether the ER and/or its associated proteins participate directly in the entire mitochondrial fission event. Interestingly, we herein showed that ablation of CTRP1 suppresses the recruitment of DRP1 to mitochondria and provided evidence suggesting that the ER–mitochondrion interaction is required for the proper regulation of mitochondrial morphology. We further report that CTRP1 inactivation-induced mitochondrial fission defects induce apoptotic resistance and neuronal degeneration, which are also associated with ablation of DRP1. These results demonstrate for the first time that cytosolic CTRP1 is an ER transmembrane protein that acts as a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, providing new insight into the etiology of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.
O-GlcNAcylation in health and neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Lee Byeong Eun , Suh Pann-Ghill , Kim Jae-Ick
Published: November 2021

O-GlcNAcylation is a posttranslational modification that adds O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) to serine or threonine residues of many proteins. This protein modification interacts with key cellular pathways involved in transcription, translation, and proteostasis. Although ubiquitous throughout the body, O-GlcNAc is particularly abundant in the brain, and various proteins commonly found at synapses are O-GlcNAcylated. Recent studies have demonstrated that the modulation of O-GlcNAc in the brain alters synaptic and neuronal functions. Furthermore, altered brain O-GlcNAcylation is associated with either the etiology or pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, while the manipulation of O-GlcNAc exerts neuroprotective effects against these diseases. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the functional roles of O-GlcNAcylation in the brain remain unclear, O-GlcNAcylation is critical for regulating diverse neural functions, and its levels change during normal and pathological aging. In this review, we will highlight the functional importance of O-GlcNAcylation in the brain and neurodegenerative diseases.
Subcellular localization of nucleocapsid protein of SFTSV and its assembly into the ribonucleoprotein complex with L protein and viral RNA
Authors: Lokupathirage Sithumini M. W. , Tsuda Yoshimi , Ikegame Kodai , Noda Kisho , Muthusinghe Devinda S. , Kozawa Fumiya , Manzoor Rashid , Shimizu Kenta , Yoshimatsu Kumiko
Published: November 2021

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an emerging bunyavirus that causes novel zoonotic diseases in Asian countries including China, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam. In phleboviruses, viral proteins play a critical role in viral particle formation inside the host cells. Viral glycoproteins (GPs) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are colocalized in the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). The nucleocapsid (N) protein was widely expressed in the cytoplasm, even in cells coexpressing GP. However, the role of SFTSV N protein remains unclear. The subcellular localization of SFTSV structural proteins was investigated using a confocal microscope. Subsequently, minigenome and immunoprecipitation assays were carried out. The N protein interacts with viral RNA (vRNA) and further shows translational activity with RdRp which is L protein and localized in the ERGIC and Golgi apparatus when co-expressed with GP. On the other hand, mutant N protein did not interact with vRNA either localized in the ERGIC or Golgi apparatus. The interaction between the N protein of SFTSV and vRNA is important for the localization of viral proteins and viral assembly. This study provides useful insights into the life cycle of SFTSV, which will lead to the detection of antiviral targets.