bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Assessment of the Saturated Transverse Permeability of Non-crimped New Concept (NC2) Multiaxial Fabrics
Authors: Elbouazzaoui O. , Drapier S. , Henrat P.
Published: June 2005

Over the past few years some manufacturing processes involving resin impregnation in dry preforms prior to cure, and more specifically resin infusion across the fabric thickness (the so-called Resin Infusion Processes) have been developed. In these increasingly used processes, the transverse permeability of the fabric controls both manufacturing cycles and dimensions, and consequently the mechanical properties of the final composites. A big effort has been reaized to obtain reliable experimental techniques for measuring the transverse permeability. Since the distinction between saturated and effective permeabilities is still being discussed, and the flow-front is hardly defined in such small dimensions (of the order of 1 mm), our measurements on some so-called Non-Crimped New Concept (NC2) are carried out for saturated flow, i.e., the fiber network is completely impregnated right from the onset of the experiment. In our case [1], these measures rely on the measurements of the pressure drop induced by the flow of a controlled fluid across the fabric, easily converted into transverse permeability through Darcy’s law. One of the main results of these measurements is that the low NC2 transverse permeability depends on the face of the fabric receiving the fluid. This original behavior may, in turn, be translated into manufacturing guidelines to achieve optimal processing configuration. An attempt to relate this differential to the stitching hole surface is proposed which appears to explain some minor phenomena. On the contrary, the 3D shape of the stitching hole reconstruction from polishings could yield some appropriate explanation.
Life Prediction of 3D Woven C-SiC Composites at High Temperatures with Low-frequency Cyclic Stresses
Authors: Luan Xin’Gang , Cheng Laifei , Zhang Litong
Published: June 2005

The corrosion of a C-SiC composite with SiC coating (SiC-C/SiC) is studied under a low-frequency cyclic stress in various gas atmospheres of oxygen, water vapor, and sodium sulfate vapor at temperatures from 1000 to 1300 C. A model for the cyclic stress corrosion mechanism of the composite is proposed from the experimental study. An equation to predict the lifetime of the composite under cyclic stress conditions is derived from the model. It is found that under cyclic stress conditions, oxygen is the only major factor degrading the composite and the corrosion kinetic is controlled by the carbon-oxygen reaction. The validity of the model and the equation is confirmed well by the experimental results.
Turkish Diplomacy in the Balkans and the Mediterranean. Opportunities and Limits for Middle-power Activism in the 1930s
Authors: Barlas Dilek
Published: June 2005

In the interwar years, Turkey attempted to pursue activist diplomacy in the Balkans and in the Mediterranean. Of the two regions, Turkish diplomacy was more successful in promoting regional initiatives to preserve the status quo in the Balkans than in the Mediterranean. The regional co-operation efforts in the Balkans culminated in the Balkan Pact. A similar pact was also proposed for the Mediterranean by France. Ankara enthusiastically pursued and promoted this French idea, which never materialized. While the presence of like-minded states of comparable size and strength in the Balkans facilitated Turkish activism, the great-power rivalry in the Mediterranean severely limited the extent of Turkish involvement, particularly in the late 1930s. Turkish diplomacy in these two different operational environments in the interwar years offers a case study of the limits and possibilities for middle-power activism.
Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance. The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabrück, 1939-49
Authors: Panayi Panikos
Published: June 2005

This article examines the experience of foreign workers and prisoners of war in the medium-sized German town of Osnabrück in Lower Saxony during the years 1939-49. It begins with an introduction to the historiography, public and civic memory of foreigners in Germany and Osnabrück during these years, as well as providing details about Osnabrück and the arrival of foreigners after 1939. The article then outlines the experience of exploitation, focusing upon living conditions, work, nutrition, life under Allied bombs and lack of freedom. During and immediately after the war, foreigners in Osnabrück became involved in criminality. The article asks whether such behaviour during the war originated in the exploitation which they suffered and whether the criminality amounted to resistance. It then moves on to examine the violence and looting which broke out immediately after the war, explained essentially by a desire for revenge. This had died down by the autumn of 1945, after which repatriation began in earnest. The article concludes by asserting that exploitation largely explains the criminality which occurred between 1939 and 1949.
Beyond They Shall Not Pass. How the Experience of Violence Reshaped Political Values in Franco’s Spain
Authors: Cazorla-Sánchez Antonio
Published: June 2005

The Francoist dictatorship gathered support from more Spaniards and earlier than is often admitted. The foundations for this support had little to do with the actual achievements of the New State but can be initially explained by the violence experienced by civilians before, during and after the Civil War, and the lack of viable political alternatives following the regime’s consolidation after the second world war. The experience of violence and the discredit of party politics became fundamental pillars in the social rooting of the dictatorship. By the mid-1940s, the regime also profited from the limited improvement of the internal socio-economic situation and the fact that direct repression was falling upon a diminishing number of people. Values changed and political demobilization widened, fuelled by a desire for peace that was as genuine among most Spaniards as it was opportunistically exploited by the regimen. In the process of accommodating to the new internal and external situation (Cold War), the New State looked for legitimacy by presenting Franco as the guarantor of national independence, stability and normality, in the midst of a ruined Europe, against the risks of foreign intervention and of renewed social and political strife.
Governing North Korea. Some Afterthoughts on the Autumn of 1950
Authors: Ra Jong-yil
Published: June 2005

As the UN and ROK forces were advancing into North Korea across the 38th parallel in the autumn of 1950, they were ill prepared for administering the country. Apart from the absence of any detailed plan, they lacked consensus among themselves as to the nature of the governing authority in North Korea. At issue was not only who would govern North Korea but also if the elections should take place only in North Korea or throughout the whole of Korea. The South Korean government claimed total suzerainty over North Korea according to its constitution, thus advocating elections limited to North Korea alone. But some of the allies, led by Britain, wanted elections throughout Korea in the hope of overthrowing the Syngman Rhee government which was unpopular in the West because of its autocratic rule. The USA supported the South Korean position as the only realistic one but found a compromise in the UN taking over responsibility. However, this proved to be completely unrealistic and unworkable in practice. Neither the UN Commission nor the US military proved to be equal to the job. The only effective force were South Korean groups, either official, semi-official youths’ organizations or completely arbitrary ones. The consequence was chaos rather than mere misgovernment. However, the short-lived period of misrule came to an abrupt end due to a reversal on the military front.
Soviet ‘Flower Children’. Hippies and the Youth Counter-culture in 1970s L’viv
Authors: Risch William Jay
Published: June 2005

This article examines the emergence of the ‘hippie’ movement and responses to it in the western Ukrainian city of L’viv. Hippies in L’viv, like their counterparts in the capitalist West, created alternative social spaces in response to a sense of alienation in the modern industrialized world. Yet this sense of alienation and responses to it significantly differed, due to the postwar transformation of L’viv, efforts by the Communist Party to control all aspects of the public sphere, and national and regional tensions in western Ukraine. As a result, Soviet ‘hippies’, in rebelling against Soviet society, mirrored many of its features, and to an extent they became associated with elements of national and regional resistance in postwar L’viv. Persecution of hippies and negative perceptions of them furthermore reveal official attitudes toward the ‘hippie’ movement and certain assumptions about gender roles and the social order in 1970s Soviet society.
Effects of Detailed OFDM Modeling in Network Simulation
Authors: Yeung Gavin , Takai Mineo , Bagrodia Rajive
Published: June 2005

In mobile ad hoc network (MANET) studies, it is imperative to use highly detailed device models as they provide high-layer protocols with good prediction of underlying wireless communication performance. However, such studies often use abstract models for execution speed and simplicity. This article first shows that physical layer variables, including path loss, shadowing, multipath, and Doppler, have significant effects on the predicted overall networking performance. It then proposes an approach to simulate details of wireless propagation and radio characteristics in networking studies while still maintaining a reasonable simulation execution time. Through runtime performance studies with detailed orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) Simulink/MATLAB models and the QualNet network simulator, it is shown that the proposed approach can improve the simulation runtime performance by three to four orders of magnitude without compromising the fidelity of simulation results.
Urban Water Management with Artificial Societies of Agents: The FIRMABAR Simulator
Authors: López-Paredes Adolfo , Saurí David , Galán José M.
Published: June 2005

In this article, the authors present an agent-based simulator for the integrated freshwater assessment in a geographical area. It has been developed and successfully applied to the metropolitan region of Barcelona, and it is currently applied to the metropolitan area of Valladolid. Such simulator provides the policy makers with an additional tool to evaluate alternative water policies in different scenarios. The design and the validation of the model are based on participatory processes with a platform of the representative stakeholders.
A Hybrid Agent-Based Model for Estimating Residential Water Demand
Authors: Athanasiadis Ioannis N. , Mentes Alexandros K. , Mitkas Pericles A. , Mylopoulos Yiannis A.
Published: June 2005

The global effort toward sustainable development has initiated a transition in water management. Water utility companies use water-pricing policies as an instrument for controlling residential water demand. To support policy makers in their decisions, the authors have developed DAWN, a hybrid model for evaluating water-pricing policies. DAWN integrates an agent-based social model for the consumer with conventional econometric models and simulates the residential water demand-supply chain, enabling the evaluation of different scenarios for policy making. An agent community is assigned to behave as water consumers, while econometric and social models are incorporated into them for estimating water consumption. DAWN’s main advantage is that it supports social interaction between consumers, through an influence diffusion mechanism, implemented via inter-agent communication. Parameters affecting water consumption and associated with consumers’ social behavior can be simulated with DAWN. Real-world results of DAWN’s application for the evaluation of five water-pricing policies in Thessaloniki, Greece, are presented.
Toward Grid-Aware Time Warp
Authors: Iskra K. A. , van Albada G. D. , Sloot P. M. A.
Published: June 2005

The authors study the adaptation of an optimistic Time Warp kernel to cross-cluster computing on the Grid. Wide-area communication, the primary source of overhead, is offloaded onto dedicated routing processes. This allows the simulation processes to run at full speed and thus significantly decreases the performance gap caused by the wide-area distribution. Further improvements are obtained by employing message aggregation on the wide-area links and using a distributed global virtual time algorithm. The authors achieve many of their objectives for a cellular automaton simulation with lazy cancellation and moderate communication. High communication rates, especially with aggressive cancellation, present a challenge. This is confirmed by the experiments with synthetic loads. Even then, a satisfactory speedup can be achieved, provided that the computational grain of events is large enough.
Using Ghosts for Global Topology Knowledge in Space-Parallel Distributed Network Simulations
Authors: Riley George F. , Jaafar Talal M. , Fujimoto Richard M. , Ammar Mostafa H.
Published: June 2005

The authors discuss an approach to federated network simulations that eases the burdens on the simulation developer in creating space-parallel simulations. Previous approaches have had difficulties that arise from the need for global topology knowledge when forwarding simulated packets between federates. In all but the simplest cases, proper packet-forwarding decisions between federates requires routing tables of size O(mn), where m is the number of nodes modeled in a particular federate, and n is the total number of network nodes in the entire topology. Furthermore, the benefits of the well-known NIx-Vector routing approach cannot be fully achieved without global knowledge of the overall topology. The authors overcome these difficulties by using a topology partitioning methodology that uses ghost nodes. They show experimentally that the memory overhead associated with ghosts is minimal relative to the overall memory footprint of the simulation.
Finding, and Correcting, My Mistakes
Authors: Banton Michael
Published: June 2005

Mistakes are inherent in the process of research but can illuminate it. Some of the author’s mistakes have been false assumptions shared with others of his generation. His early work lacked a sufficiently sharp focus for him to be able to make any interesting mistakes. In 1967 he claimed that race was used as a role sign when he should have claimed that phenotypical differences were so used. He tended to take race as a synonym for colour, and failed to appreciate that a social construct could not be a basis for a general theory. His subsequent attempts to correct these mistakes are outlined.
Textures of Class in the Context of Schooling
Authors: Maguire Meg
Published: June 2005

This article explores the perceptions and experiences of a secondary school English teacher who retains a strong sense of her own working-class origins and identity. Karen has ‘crossed classes’ in terms of her education and occupation but still positions herself unambiguously as working class. This article considers the ways in which classed practices invade her working life, her relationships with staff and students as well as her classroom pedagogy. The article also considers some of the ways in which subtle and not so subtle classed practices can work in schools to ‘other’ and exclude the working-class teacher.
The Intergenerational Social Mobility of Minority Ethnic Groups
Authors: Platt Lucinda
Published: June 2005

This study examines the intergenerational social mobility of different ethnic groups in Britain between 1971 and 1991.The small body of previous research on intergenerational mobility and ethnicity in Britain has not distinguished between premigration and post-migration social class, and thus has been unable to relate findings directly to studies of intergenerational social mobility or to accounts of the changing class composition of different ethnic groups within Britain. This study, instead, focuses on social mobility between generations as it is experienced by different groups in the same country, over the same time period and over the same age range. Using data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) Longitudinal Study, this study describes the different patterns of class mobility experienced by a single cohort of children aged 8-15 in 1971 from each of three ethnic groups: white non-migrants, Indians and Caribbeans. It finds that the impact of class origin varies with ethnicity. However, the impact of ethnicity is less salient in determining outcomes for women than it is for men.
Language style and lifestyle: the case of a global magazine
Authors: Machin David , van Leeuwen Theo
Published: June 2005

This article seeks to co-articulate a sociological and a linguistic-discourse analytical concept of style. In both fields there has been some renewed interest in the notion of lifestyle as commentators have noted that, with the decline of traditional types of social groupings such as class and age, lifestyle has become the dominant source of social identity. Both therefore centre on style as the expression of identity and values. The authors use this approach to understand the language of a global women’s magazine, Cosmopolitan. Cosmopolitan style is a hybrid of different styles, chosen for the connotations they bring, for the way they help express the magazine’s identity and values. Although local versions adopt it in their own specific ways, overall it is a global style. The local languages may differ, but the identities and values conveyed by the style do not.
The Relationships between Top Management Demographic Characteristics, Rational Decision Making, Environmental Munificence, and Firm Performance
Authors: Goll Irene , Rasheed Abdul A.
Published: June 2005

This study examines the relationships between top management demographics, rational decision making (RDM), munificence, and firm performance. We expect top management demographics to influence rational decision making, and rational decision making to influence firm performance. In addition, we hypothesize a moderating effect of environmental munificence on the rational decision making-firm performance relationship. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a survey that measured RDM. Top management demographic characteristics, environmental munificence, and firm performance were collected from archival sources. We examined the relationships between RDM and top management age, tenure, and education level, using regression analyses. The results of this study provide support for the assertion that top management demographic characteristics influence decision making, and for the role of environmental munificence as a moderator in the relationship between decision making and organizational performance.
Interorganizational Learning and Heterogeneous Social Structure
Authors: Greve Henrich R.
Published: June 2005

Organizations can learn from the innovations made or adopted by other organizations. I present a framework for interorganizational learning that allows study of how learning is affected by the characteristics of the origin and destination organizations and their relationship. I survey recent findings within this framework and develop new propositions on the population-level consequences of interorganizational learning from innovations. I identify areas of work that have received insufficient attention and make new proposals for research.
Sounds of Silence: Graduate Trainees, Hegemony and Resistance
Authors: Brown Andrew D. , Coupland Christine
Published: June 2005

This paper analyses how graduate trainees in one UK-based private sector retail organization talked about being silenced. The paper illustrates how the trainees’ constructions formed a set of discursive practices that were implicated in the constitution of the organization as a regime of power, and how they both accommodated and resisted these practices. Our case focuses on the trainees’ discursive construction of normative pressures to conform, compliant and non-compliant types of worker, and explicit acts of silencing, together with their reflexive interrogation of the nexus of discursive constraints on their opportunities to be heard. Drawing on the analytical resources associated with the ‘linguistic turn’ in organization studies, our research is an exploration of the importance of language as a medium of social control and power, and means of self-authorship. It is also an attempt to locate ‘silence’ in putatively polyphonic organizations.
Overcoming Resistance to Surveillance: A Genealogy of the EAP Discourse
Authors: Weiss Richard M.
Published: June 2005

Through an examination of employee assistance programs we address Foucault’s contention that the pervasive surveillance characteristic of disciplinary control is facilitated by a discourse claiming therapeutic rather than punitive aims. By characterizing poor job performance as evidence of substance abuse or other ‘behavioral-medical’ illness, the EAP discourse endeavors to overcome the reluctance of supervisors to identify poor performers, for whom job loss is the frequent consequence of failure to improve. Following Foucault’s view that power effects occur without express intention to exercise power, we analyze the web of institutional and professional disciplinary mechanisms that effect heightened supervisory surveillance.
Latino vs. Hispanic
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín
Published: June 2005

The politics of ethnic names, such as ‘Latino’ and ‘Hispanic’, raises legitimate issues for three reasons: because non-political considerations of descriptive adequacy are insufficient to determine absolutely the question of names; political considerations may be germane to an ethnic name’s descriptive adequacy; and naming opens up the political question of a chosen furture, to which we are accountable. The history of colonial and neo-colonial conditions structuring the relations of the North, Central and South Americas is both critical in understanding the political condition of Latinos in the USA and relevant in current colonial relations.
Deliberativist responses to activist challenges
Authors: Talisse Robert B.
Published: June 2005

In a recent article, Iris Marion Young raises several challenges to deliberative democracy on behalf of political activists. In this paper, the author defends a version of deliberative democracy against the activist challenges raised by Young and devises challenges to activism on behalf of the deliberative democrat.
Universality, singularity, and sexual difference
Authors: Perpich Diane
Published: June 2005

Derrida’s The Politics of Friendship raises the problem of the tension between universality and singularity in the constitution of political community. Politics for Derrida refers to demands for universal justice, while friendship stands in for demands to recognize the incomparable uniqueness of each person. Derrida develops the incompatibility between these demands to its furthest extreme while arguing that democracy paradoxically requires meeting the demands of both claims. The result is a democracy that is never achieved but always present only in the form of a desire for democracy. This article evaluates Derrida’s position that political community is simultaneously impossible and necessary in light of similar proposals by Judith Butler and Luce Irigaray. It also asks whether the political community Derrida imagines is one in which women’s desires are represented.
Contrast Joints of Glass Fiber with Carbon Fiber-reinforced Low-density Polyethylene Composite Bonded by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Ku H. S.
Published: June 2005

This paper contrasts the loss tangent, durability of reinforcement and, lap shear strengths of 33% by weight random glass fiber-reinforced low-density polyethylene matrix composite [LDPE/GF (33%)] with 33% by weight random carbon fiber reinforced low-density polyethylene matrix composite [LDPE/CF (33%)] bonded using microwave irradiation. Fixed (2.45 GHz) and variable (2-18 GHz) frequency microwave (VFM) facilities are used to bond the two composites. With a given power level, the composites are exposed at various exposure times to microwave irradiation. The primer or coupling agent used for joining the glass fiber-reinforced composite is a 5-min two-part adhesive, Araldite. No filler was used in joining the carbon fiber-reinforced composite.
Low-velocity Impact Response of High-performance Aluminum Foam Sandwich Structures
Authors: Kiratisaevee H. , Cantwell W. J.
Published: June 2005

The impact response of a range of novel sandwich structures based on fiber-reinforced thermoplastic and fiber-metal laminate (FML) skins is studied. Indentation tests on these structures show that the indentation constants in a generalized indentation law exhibit a rate-sensitive response over the range of loading conditions examined here. Low-velocity impact tests show that these systems are capable of absorbing energy through localized plastic deformation and crushing in the metal core. An energy-balance model accounting for energy dissipation in bending, shear, and indentation effects is used to predict the maximum force during the impact event. It is found that the model accurately predicts the low-velocity impact response of the plain sandwich structures up to energies close to 30 J. In contrast, the model is only capable of predicting the low-energy response of the FML sandwich structures (typically up to 2 J). At higher energies, a horizontal shear crack initiates in the metal core causing the maximum force to drop below that predicted by the model. Using an energy-partitioning approach, it is shown that indentation effects account for over half of the energy absorbed in the FML-based sandwich structures.
Assessment of Bismaleimide-modified Cyanate Ester as Matrix Resin for Elevated Service Temperature Carbon Composite Applications
Authors: Suman N. John , Pathak Sandeep Kumar , Tammishetti Shekharam
Published: June 2005

Bisphenol A-based cyanate ester resin (BADCy) was modified with different amounts of bismaleimide (BMI) to improve the thermomechanical properties of the parent resin. The DSC investigation of the curing of mixtures of BADCy and BMI suggested that they cured in one single step and addition of BMI shifted the cure initiation and peak curing temperatures of BADCy to higher temperatures. The addition of BMI delayed the gelation times of BADCy. The BMI modification of BADCy did not seem to affect the high Tg of BADCy but a marginal increase in water absorption was seen. Flexural strength of carbon composites with BADCy increased considerably upon modification with BMI. The elevated temperature testing of carbon composites made with BMI-modified BADCy suggest that they retain their advantageous mechanical properties quite well even at 120 C.
On the Psychology of ‘As If’
Authors: Smythe William E.
Published: June 2005

This paper explores the role that fiction in the broad sense might play in psychology, as a tool both for theoretical understanding and for individual self-understanding. Using Hans Vaihinger’s Philosophy of ‘As If’ as a point of departure, I attempt to show that theoretical understanding and personal meaning making in psychology are based in fundamental ways on fictions, that is, on imaginative or counter-factual constructions that we operate on using a hypothetical or as if mode of thinking. I identify and give examples of four broad types of fictions that seem especially to inform psychological theorizing and personal meaning making. Each of these exemplifies the characteristics of counter-factual thinking and imaginative engagement that are taken to be criterial for fictional thinking in general. Some implications for hermeneutic and narrative inquiry in psychology are suggested.
Why We Should Watch What We Say
Authors: Drewery Wendy
Published: June 2005

This paper develops the use of the concept of positioning as a way of thinking about and analysing the production of relational subjectivity. It discusses some practical implications for both the analysis and production of human subjectivity and relationship in conversation that arise from taking a thorough-going social constructionist stance. Examples from everyday speech are used to discuss the importance of enabling the taking up of agentive positions in the narratives of our own lives, and how these opportunities may be offered through different ‘position calls’. It is suggested that this conceptual tool is useful not only for understanding everyday conversations, but also for understanding personal experiences of exclusions from social interactions. Such considerations arise from a specific focus on therapy, but it is argued that if we are interested in enhancing possibilities for egalitarian relationships and multi-voiced dialogical interaction, it is important to notice the impact of speech action, whether in therapy, in everyday conversation, or in the practices of academic psychology.
Remembering Embodied Domination
Authors: Morgan Mandy
Published: June 2005

During the 1990s, texts of critical and feminist psychologies challenged taken-for-granted notions of natural, empirical bodies. The implications of these challenges for speaking of embodiment have become increasingly troublesome. Drawing on poststructuralist theories, this paper reads three critical and/or feminist psychological texts to problematize the theoretical constitution of embodiment. These readings are focused on the question of how the multi-vocal possibilities of critical/feminist psydiscourse enable us to speak of embodying domination and transforming social power relations.
Review: Health Effects of Cocoa Flavonoids
Authors: Lamuela-Raventós R. M. , Romero-Pérez A. I. , Andrés-Lacueva C. , Tornero A.
Published: June 2005

Flavonoids are phenolic substances widely found in fruits and vegetables. Many epidemiological studies associate the ingestion of flavonoids with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. These effects are due to the physiological activity of flavonoids in the reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting low-density lipoproteins (LDL) oxidation and platelet aggregation, acting as vasodilators in blood vessels, inhibiting the adherence of monocytes to the vascular endothelium, promoting fibrinolysis, acting as immunomodulators and anti-inflammatory agents and as inhibitors in the different phases of tumour process. Cocoa is an important source of polyphenols, which comprise 12-18% of its total weight on dry basis; the major phenolic compounds are epicatechin, proanthocyanidins and cate-chin. The levels of flavonoids contained are higher than the ones founds in apples, onions or wine, foods known for their high amount of phenolic compounds. Cocoa and cocoa products are important sources of flavonoids in our diet. In the Dutch population chocolate contributes up to 20% of the total flavonoid intake in adults, and in children the percentage is even higher. The bioavailability of these compounds depends on other food constituents, and their interaction with the food matrix. This article reviews current evidence on the health effects of cocoa flavonoids in our diet. The compiled data supports the premise that the consumption of cocoa flavonoids is beneficial to human health.
Titanium-Passivated Tinplate for Canning Foods
Authors: Catalá R. , Alonso M. , Gavara R. , Almeida E. , Bastidas J. M. , Puente J. M. , de Cristaforo N.
Published: June 2005

Chromium-based treatments are currently used for the passivation of tinplate, which produces a protective surface layer consisting of a mixture of metal chromium and chromium oxide. This passivation film is effective against the formation of tin oxides and corrosion by food media, and offers a good substrate for the adhesion of protective organic coatings. However, there is an increasing concern about environmental and health risks with this passivation treatment. The aim of this paper was to study a new environmental friendly passivation treatment based on a titanium compound, applied on tinplate and afterwards lacquered with a conventional epoxyphenolic lacquer used for food can applications. The mechanical and electrochemical characteristics of the lacquered material and the metallic dissolution in canned sardines in tomato juice and peeled tomato were similar to those obtained with conventional Cr-passivated tinplate. According to these results titanium treatment could be considered an alternative to chromium for practical applications.
Oxidation of Olive Oil under Still Air
Authors: Kanavouras A. , Cert A. , Hernandez R. J.
Published: June 2005

This work was conducted to analyse the effect of different exposed areas/mass ratios on oil oxidation. Different volumes of the triacylglycerol portion of purified olive oil were placed in glass vials with the same air-exposed area, and stored at 38°C in the dark under still air. The oxidation process was evaluated by determining the peroxide index, K232 and K270 extinction coefficients, fatty acid composition, polar compounds (PCs) and composition of triacylglycerols over time. Substantial differences in the oxidation rate as a function of the air-exposed area to triacylglycerol fraction-mass ratio were observed. The peroxide index exponential increase with time was correlated to the air-exposed area/triacylglycerol fraction mass ratio and the oxidation induction period. Less oxidation derived by-products per gram of triacylglycerols were observed for smaller air-exposed area/triacylglycerol fraction mass ratios. The oxidation process followed an apparent first order chemical reaction. Correlations of the evolution patterns among the various oxidation by-products were also reported.
Effects of Fat Reduction and Curd Dipping Temperature on Viscoelasticity, Texture and Appearance of Gaziantep Cheese
Authors: Kahyaoglu T. , Kaya S. , Kaya A.
Published: June 2005

The effects of varying fat content (from 13.5 to 50.4% w/w) and curd dipping temperatures (75, 85 and 95°C) on changes in viscoelastic properties, texture and appearance of Gaziantep cheese were examined. Viscoelastic properties of cheeses were studied using creep and recovery tests. Creep measurements showed that fat reduction from 50.4% (w/w) to 13.5% (w/w) decreased viscoelasticity while dipping into hot whey increased that of low-fat cheeses. Textural characteristics (hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness, springiness) were determined by texture profile analysis (TPA). Hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness and springiness values increased with decreasing fat content (P < 0.05). The application of curd dipping also increased hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness and springiness. Textural parameters were correlated with each others, except cohesiveness. Fat in dry matter correlated only with hardness and springiness, however curd dipping process correlated with all TPA parameters considered in this study. Colour of the cheese samples was affected by fat content as L value and b value decreased with decreasing fat content (P < 0.05). The decrease in curd dipping temperature increased the L value (P < 0.05) and decreased the b value.
Damage Propagation in a Composite Sandwich Panel Subjected to Increasing Uniaxial Compression after Low-velocity Impact
Authors: Xie Zonghong , Vizzini Anthony J.
Published: June 2005

This paper is focused on an analytical model to simulate the damage propagation behavior and to predict the onset of damage propagation of a low-velocity impacted composite sandwich panel subjected to increasing uniaxial compressive load. Major damage modes due to impact, such as the residual indentation and the locally crushed core, are included into this model. Composite sandwich panels with unsymmetrical angle-plied facesheets are studied. A consequential core-crushing mechanism is incorporated into the analysis. Good correlations between the numerical results and the experimental data have been obtained. The far-field stress corresponding to the onset of damage propagation at a characteristic location near the damage zone has been captured accurately. This quantity can be used to represent the residual load-bearing capacity of an impact-damaged sandwich panel under compression. It serves as a characteristic value in a newly proposed event-driven failure criterion named damage propagation criterion. This criterion can be used in both the damage tolerant design and the safety evaluation of composite sandwich structures.
Higher-order Closed-form Solutions for Thick Laminated Sandwich Shells
Authors: Khare Rakesh Kumar , Rode Vijay , Garg Ajay Kumar , John Sam Philip
Published: June 2005

Closed-form formulations of 2D higher-order shear deformation theories for the thermomechanical and free vibration analysis of simply supported, cross-ply laminated sandwich, doubly curved thick shells are presented. One of the higher-order shear deformation theories accounts for the effects of both transverse shear strains/stresses and the transverse normal strain/stress, while the other includes only the effects of the transverse shear deformation. Numerical results for thermal and mechanical load cases of laminated composite and sandwich thick shell panels are compared with the available analytical solutions, and it is believed that solutions for thermal loading will serve as benchmarks in future. Natural frequencies of laminated sandwich shells are also presented.
School vs Child: In Search of Mitigating Circumstances
Authors: van der Veer René
Published: June 2005

Langhout (2005) presents an account of a modern school, the degree of control over the students exerted by the teachers, and the ways the children resist this pressure. In my reaction I point out that the control mechanisms she describes form part of a long tradition in the history of education and that they may be inevitable. I also suggest that to make her stronger claims more convincing we would need rather more information.
Local and Global Perspectives on the Everyday Lives of Children
Authors: Schousboe Ivy
Published: June 2005

Cultural psychology has been criticized for producing universalistic theories and fixed norms that serve as tools of ethnocentric hegemony when they are exported to other countries. One way to solve the problem is to recommend that the researcher concentrates on the study of local phenomena. However, this solution might serve as a straitjacket for the opportunity to revise and develop local norms and thinking as well as curtail the necessary discussion of research methods in culture. The paper has two interrelated aims. The first aim is to argue that cultural comparison can help in keeping local perspectives open to change. The second aim is to illustrate that the use of a (particular) method in cross-cultural research in a context in which it has not been applied before can demonstrate the scope of the method. A dialogue between empirical data concerning a local Danish context and Farver’s model for cross-cultural activity analyses is established. The use of this model gives occasion for questioning some of the local ways of dealing with children and for analysing more precisely how they seem to inhibit rather than contribute to children’s development. Against this background the scope of the model is emphasized: the model is meant for analysing meaning and coherence within a community, but it is also well suited for analysing whether meaning and coherence exist.
Beyond populist punitiveness?
Authors: Hutton Neil
Published: June 2005

Much of the survey data on public knowledge and attitudes to sentencing and punishment gathered over recent years have suggested that the public in western jurisdictions support harsher punishment and have diminishing confidence in the criminal courts. The results of research on the same issues using focus groups, deliberative polls or other methods which provide more information or allow respondents to discuss their views with others, appear to suggest that these punitive attitudes become more moderate as well as more complex and contradictory. Recent research in Scotland has produced similar results. What do these results mean? Are the public punitive or not?

The argument presented here is that punitive attitudes exist alongside more rational and more reflective attitudes. Part of the explanation for this is that attitudes are, at least in part, an artefact of the methodology used to discover them. This does not mean that they are not real and substantial, but rather that public opinion is much more nuanced and contradictory than it appears from survey research. This interpretation raises different challenges for political leadership and policy making.
The impact of medical issues on the job stress and job satisfaction of jail staff
Authors: Lambert Eric G. , Paoline Eugene A.
Published: June 2005

The work environment of corrections has received a great deal of attention, with several empirical studies focusing on the causes and consequences of employee job stress and job satisfaction. Researchers have recently begun to explore the impact of medical concerns in correctional settings, though most of this research has focused on prisons or inmates’ perception of the problem. As American jail populations continue to grow as part of what has been referred to as ‘mass imprisonment’, it seems likely that already deficient medical services will suffer, impacting not only inmates, but jail personnel as well. Unfortunately, the nature of these problems (and effects) is relatively unknown. The current study seeks to fill a research void by examining the degree to which jail staff perceive medical issues as problematic in their work setting, as well as the role that such concerns play as a cause of both job stress and satisfaction. Using survey data collected from a large county jail system in Florida, the findings suggest that medical issues are a concern among jail personnel, though only a few of these issues explain job stress and satisfaction.
A Theory Explaining Biological Correlates of Criminality
Authors: Ellis Lee
Published: June 2005

Despite major advances in understanding the biological basis of human behaviour, the most popular theories of criminal behaviour remain restricted to those that consider only learning and social environmental variables. All of these strictly environmental theories have difficulty explaining why neurological, hormonal, and other biological factors would be related to criminal behaviour, yet evidence for links between such biological factors and criminality has grown. This article puts forward a theory that takes account of biological as well as environmental factors, and predicts that variables such as age, gender and social status will be associated with offending probabilities. It is argued that male sex hormones operating on the human brain increase the probability of competitive/victimizing behaviour. This type of behaviour (or behavioural tendency) is hypothesized to exist along a continuum, with ‘crude’ (criminal) forms at one end and ‘sophisticated’ (commercial) forms at the other. Individuals with the greatest capacities to learn and plan will move rapidly after puberty from criminal to non-criminal forms of competitive/victimizing behaviour. The theory predicts among other things that serious criminality will be concentrated in adolescent and young adult males of low social status. Evidence is reviewed on links between criminality and various biological variables, including testosterone, mesomorphy, maternal smoking during pregnancy, hypoglycemia, epilepsy, altered heart rate and skin conductivity, cortisol, serotonin, monoamine oxidase, and certain brainwave patterns.
Media Use and its Impacts on Crime Perception, Sentencing Attitudes and Crime Policy
Authors: Pfeiffer Christian , Windzio Michael , Kleimann Matthias
Published: June 2005

The German statistics of police-recorded crime show a decline in total offences over the 10 years up to 2003. In contrast to that trend, survey-based evidence shows that the German public believes or assumes, on balance, that crime has increased. Moreover, the proportion of people who are in favour of tougher sentencing has increased, and multivariate analyses show that the belief that crime is rising is the factor most strongly associated with a preference for stiffer penalties. Further analysis of survey data shows that the pattern of television viewing is associated with the belief that crime is rising. This pattern of results suggests that television broadcasts that include fictional or factual treatment of crime stimulate this biased perception of reality. The article discusses the significance of these findings for national and international developments in crime policy.
The Death of Offenders in Switzerland
Authors: Sattar Ghazala , Killias Martin
Published: June 2005

Death of prisoners has been a topic of concern for many years. Most studies have been focused on suicide among prison inmates and among populations of comparable age and sex. Such comparisons have usually shown suicide rates to be considerably higher among prisoners, and the prevailing conclusion has been that prison conditions are the major cause of this difference. Recent research in England and Wales suggests, however, that suicide rates are also unusually high among offenders in the community. If other causes of unnatural death are included, the gap between prisoners and offenders not in custody narrows further. To date, relevant research has tended to be limited to England and a few other English-speaking countries; therefore the present study was conducted in order to determine how far the conclusions might hold more generally. The Swiss data presented here confirm that unnatural death is rather common among offenders outside prison. Despite some differences in frequency of suicide and other unnatural causes of death among prisoners in England and Switzerland (which may be due to differences in sentencing and other policies), the overall picture of mortality in prisons suggests many similarities between the two countries.
Spain
Authors: Barberet Rosemary
Published: June 2005

Crime and justice in Spain reflect its history, geography and political development. During the period of transition to democracy in the 1970s and early 1980s, crime was not the issue as much as the development of a criminal justice system that would protect the rights of the accused and the humane treatment of those incarcerated. Basque terrorism monopolized the attention of the government and the public. Similarly today, Spaniards consider unemployment and terrorism to be much more important social problems than non-political forms of crime. The country has enjoyed relatively low and stable crime rates over the past decade. However, concern for victims and the rise of law and order discourse in political spheres mean that crime issues are now placed on the public agenda. Spanish criminology - energetic, dispersed among disciplines, and increasingly empirical - is slowly becoming institutionalized.