bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Development XII: A Theory for the Structure and Function of the Human Brain
Authors: Ventegodt Søren , Hermansen Tyge Dahl , Kandel Isack , Merrick Joav
Published: August 2011

The human brain is probably the most complicated single structure in the biological universe. The cerebral cortex that is traditionally connected with consciousness is extremely complex. The brain contains approximately 1,000,000 km of nerve fibers, indicating its enormous complexity and which makes it difficult for scientists to reveal the function of the brain. In this paper, we propose a new model for brain functions, i.e., information-guided self-organization of neural patterns, where information is provided from the abstract wholeness of the biophysical system of an organism (often called the true self, or the “soul”). We present a number of arguments in favor of this model that provide self-conscious control over the thought process or cognition. Our arguments arise from analyzing experimental data from different research fields: histology, anatomy, electroencephalography (EEG), cerebral blood flow, neuropsychology, evolutionary studies, and mathematics. We criticize the popular network theories as the consequence of a simplistic, mechanical interpretation of reality (philosophical materialism) applied to the brain. We demonstrate how viewing brain functions as information-guided self-organization of neural patterns can explain the structure of conscious mentation; we seem to have a dual hierarchical representation in the cerebral cortex: one for sensation-perception and one for will-action. The model explains many of our unique mental abilities to think, memorize, associate, discriminate, and make abstractions. The presented model of the conscious brain also seems to be able to explain the function of the simpler brains, such as those of insects and hydra.
Cigarette and Nargila (Water Pipe) Use Among Israeli Arab High School Students: Prevalence and Determinants of Tobacco Smoking
Authors: Korn Liat , Magnezi Racheli
Published: August 2011

Cigarette smoking is a popular habit among Arab Israelis. Over the past decade, smoking tobacco using nargila, a water pipe, has become a popular and accepted behavior among teenagers in Israel. Although the use of a water pipe (nargila) is an old habit among Middle Eastern adult males, its emergence among youth is a new finding. A representative sample of high school students in Tayibe, Israel is the subject of this survey. The sample represents data from 326 adolescents (boys 52.5% and girls 47.5%), ages 15–18, studying in one of the largest high schools in the Arab region of Israel. Our results show that a third of the sample smoked either cigarettes (36.2%) or nargila (37.1%). The gender difference among youths smoking cigarettes was 24.8% (48.0% for boys and 23.3% for girls), in contrast to 37.6% (55.0% for boys and 17.4% for girls) for nargila. There was a statistically significant correlation between cigarette and nargila smoking in populations where there is low religious inclination, increased parental smoking, and low student academic achievement. Students’ perceptions of low academic achievement (OR 4.51,p< 0.001), students’ mothers who smoke (OR 3.57,p< 0.001), and student's fathers who smoke (OR 2.75,p< 0.01) increase the youths’ chances of using nargila. Our conclusions are that smoking cigarettes and nargila are equally popular, and patterns of smoking cigarettes and nargila parallel each other. Causes that influence cigarette smoking also influence nargila smoking. Educational efforts are needed as a public health intervention.
Diffuse Melanosis and Ascites due to Metastatic Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Sendagorta Elena , Pizarro Angel , Feito Marta , Mayor Matias , Ramírez Paloma , Floristán Uxua , Feltes Rosa
Published: August 2011

We present a female patient who developed mucosal and skin hyperpigmentation due to metastatic malignant melanoma. Diffuse cutaneus melanosis is a rare entity that complicates a small percentage of metastatic melanomas, confering a fatal prognosis. We discuss briefly the current evidence on pathogenesis of melanosis arising from metastatic melanoma.
Angiosarcoma of the Bladder: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Williams Steve K. , Romaguera Rita L. , Kava Bruce
Published: August 2011

Our objective was to present a new case of angiosarcoma of the bladder after therapeutic radiation of the prostate, and discuss the treatment and clinical course of this rare tumor; the role of multimodality treatment is also discussed. We report a case of angiosarcoma of the bladder. Presentation, clinical course, and treatment were outlined and discussed. A MEDLINE search of all reported cases of angiosarcoma in the English language literature was performed. Thirteen previous cases of bladder angiosarcoma have been reported and three previous cases have been reported after therapeutic radiation. Hematuria was the most common presentation. Overall survival is poor, with 5-year survival rates at 35%. Longer-term survival has been demonstrated in patients who have had a multimodal approach to treatment, which combines radical surgery with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Angiosarcoma of the bladder is a rare disease with overall poor prognosis. Optimal treatment has not been defined, but multimodality approaches appear to have a survival benefit.
Recurrent Autonomic Dysreflexia due to Chronic Aortic Dissection in an Adult Male with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Vaidyanathan Subramanian , Hughes Peter L. , Oo Tun , Soni Bakul M.
Published: August 2011

Autonomic dysreflexia is a hypertensive clinical emergency for persons with spinal cord injury at T-6 level or above.Recurrentautonomic dysreflexia is uncommon in spinal cord injury patients and is usually caused by noxious stimuli that cannot be removed promptly, e.g., somatic pain, abdominal distension. A 61-year-old man, who sustained tetraplegia at C-5 (ASIA-A) 38 years ago, was admitted with chest infection. Computerised tomography (CT) of the chest showed the ascending aorta to measure 4 cm in anteroposterior diameter; descending thoracic aorta measured 3.5 cm. No dissection was seen. Normal appearances of abdominal aorta were seen. He was treated with noninvasive ventilation, antibiotics, and diuretics. Nineteen days later, when there was sudden deterioration in his clinical condition, CT of the pulmonary angiogram was performed to rule out pulmonary embolism. This showed no pulmonary embolus, but the upper abdominal aorta showed some dissection with thrombosis of the false lumen. Blood pressure was controlled with perindopril 2 mg, once a day, doxazosin 4 mg, twice a day, and furosemide 20 mg, twice a day. Since this patient did not show clinical features of mesenteric or lower limb ischaemia, the vascular surgeon did not recommend subdiaphragmatic aortic replacement.

This patient subsequently developed recurrent episodes of autonomic dysreflexia. Each acute episode of dysreflexia was controlled by nifedipine given sublingually in doses varying from 5 to 20 mg. No inciting cause for autonomic dysreflexia could be found other than chronic aortic dissection. This patient’s medication was then changed to doxazosin 8 mg, twice a day, and sustained-release nifedipine 10 mg, twice a day, which helped to prevent recurrent autonomic dysreflexia.

Chronic aortic dissection is a very rare cause forrecurrentautonomic dysreflexia in ageing spinal cord injury patients. When the inciting cause for dysreflexia is not amenable for treatment, recurrent dysreflexic episodes can be prevented by pharmacotherapy with an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (doxazosin) and sustained-release nifedipine.
Length of Stay in In-Patient Rehabilitation after Stroke in Qatar
Authors: Venkatachalm Loganathan , Georgievski Ana Bobinac , Al Yazeedi Wafaa , Singh Rajvir , Garrido Hilda Uribazo
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study was to analyze the factors predicting length of stay in a stroke patient rehabilitation unit at Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) in Qatar. The medical rehabilitation data of 100 stroke patients discharged from a 15-bed inpatient rehabilitation unit (IPRU) were collected retrospectively from medical records during the period from September 2004 to April 2007. A questionnaire was developed, and variables included in the study were age of the patient, length of stay in acute care (LOSa), length of stay in rehabilitation (LOSr), functional independence measure on admission and discharge (FIMa and FIMd), modified disability scale, and modified mobility scale. Patients were grouped by impairments defined by cause as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, and right or left body side deficit. A significant negative correlation was observed between LOSr and FIMa (r= −0.44,p= 0.00), and positive correlation between LOSr and LOSa (r= 0.37,p= 0.00). There was no correlation between LOSr and FIMd (r= −0.03,p= 0.76). We observed that low admission FIMa and FIMd were related to extended LOS in both acute and IPRU. Multivariate regression analysis was performed by taking age, LOSa, cause of hemorrhage or ischemia, and FIMa as independent variables, and LOSr as dependent variable. The model could explain only 26% variation for LOSr. This study supports the hypothesis of an association between LOSr, LOSa, and FIMa. Further research is needed to confirm the results of this and other similar studies.
Caffeine Use: Association with Nicotine Use, Aggression, and Other Psychopathology in Psychiatric and Pediatric Outpatient Adolescents
Authors: Martin Catherine A. , Cook Circe , Woodring John H. , Burkhardt Gretchen , Guenthner Greg , Omar Hatim A. , Kelly Thomas H.
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between caffeine use, other drug use, and psychopathology in adolescents, using self-report measures. The study group consisted of 132 adolescents (average age 14.01 ± 2.06 years, 52% female, 19% African American, 5% other categories, 76% Caucasian). Most (47%) were recruited from a child psychiatry clinic with emphasis on youth with disruptive disorders, with 35% from an adolescent pediatric clinic with emphasis on prevention of risk-taking behavior and 18% from a pediatric clinic for families with limited resources. Subjects were consecutively recruited before or after regular clinic visits. Consent was obtained from parents and assent from the youth. High caffeine consumption was associated with daily cigarette use; aggressive behavior; conduct, attention deficit/hyperactivity, and social problems; and increased somatic complaints in adolescents.
Helping Adolescents with Greater Psychosocial Needs: Evaluation of a Positive Youth Development Program
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L. , Sun Rachel C. F.
Published: August 2011

The Tier 2 Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. (Positive Adolescent Training through Holistic Social Programmes), designed and implemented primarily by school social workers, attempts to help adolescents with greater psychosocial needs. After completion of the Tier 2 Program in the Full Implementation Phase (2006/07 school year), 10,255 Secondary 1 students in 207 schools responded to the Subjective Outcome Evaluation Form (Form C) to assess their views of the program, instructors, and perceived effectiveness of the program. Results showed that high proportions of the respondents had positive perceptions of the program and the instructors, and roughly four-fifths of the respondents regarded the program as helpful to them. Pearson correlation analyses showed that perceptions of the program and instructors were significantly correlated with perceived effectiveness of the program. Participants who joined volunteer training activities generally had higher global subjective outcome evaluation scores than did participants who attended programs without volunteer training activities.
Efficacy of Acupuncture for Health Conditions in Children: A Review
Authors: Libonate Jean , Evans Subhadra , Tsao Jennie C. I.
Published: August 2011

Acupuncture has been used to treat a variety of childhood problems; however, the efficacy and safety of pediatric acupuncture remains unclear. This article reviews the existing empirical literature relating to the use of acupuncture for medical conditions in children. A systematic search of the literature revealed that acupuncture has been used to treat five main conditions in children, including pain, nocturnal enuresis, postoperative nausea/vomiting, laryngospasm/stridor, and neurological disorders. Despite a number of methodological issues, including limited sample sizes, lack of randomization, and inappropriate control groups, it is concluded that acupuncture represents a promising intervention for a variety of pediatric health conditions. To further address the safety, effectiveness, and acceptability of acupuncture in children, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed.
Prediction ofMicrocystisBlooms Based on TN:TP Ratio and Lake Origin
Authors: Amano Yoshimasa , Machida Motoi , Tatsumoto Hideki , George Dennis , Berk Sharon , Taki Kazuo
Published: August 2011

We evaluated the relationship between TN:TP ratio andMicrocystisgrowth via a database that includes worldwide lakes based on four types of lake origin (dammed, tectonic, coastal, and volcanic lakes). We used microcosm and mesocosm for the nutrient elution tests with lake water and four kinds of sediment (nontreated, MgO sprinkling treated, dissolved air flotation [DAF] treated, and combined treated sediment) in order to control TN:TP ratio and to suppressMicrocystisgrowth.Microcystisgrowth was related to TN:TP ratio, with the maximum value at an optimum TN:TP ratio and the minimum values when the TN:TP ratios reached to 0 or ∞. The kurtosis of the distribution curve varied with the type of lake origin; the lowest kurtosis was found in dammed lakes, while the highest was found in volcanic lakes. The lake trophic state could affect the change in the kurtosis, providing much lower kurtosis at eutrophic lakes (dammed lakes) than that at oligotrophic lakes (volcanic lakes). The relationship between TN:TP ratio andMicrocystisgrowth could be explained by the nutrient elution tests under controlled TN:TP ratios through the various sediment treatments. A significant suppression ofMicrocystisgrowth of 70% could be achieved when the TN:TP ratios exceeded 21. Lake origin could be regarded as an index including morphological and geographical factors, and controlling the trophic state in lakes. The origin rather than trophic state for lakes could be considered as an important factor of TN:TP influences on Microcystis growth.
Bladder Lipoma Associated with Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Brown Christopher , Jones Adam
Published: August 2011

Lipomas are benign overgrowths of adipose tissue. They are an unusual finding within the bladder wall. There have been five reports[1,2] of bladder lipomas associated with micro- and macroscopic haematuria. We report, to our knowledge, the first bladder lipoma associated with a microbiologically confirmed urinary tract infection.
Electron Microscopic Radioautographic Study on Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis in Adrenal Cortical Cells of Developing and Aging Mice
Authors: Nagata Tetsuji
Published: August 2011

In order to study the aging changes of intramitochondrial DNA synthesis of mouse adrenal cortical cells, eight groups of developing mice, each consisting of three individuals (total 24), from fetal day 19 to postnatal newborn at days 1, 3, 9, 14, to adult at months 1, 2, and 6, were injected with3H-thymidine, sacrificed 1 h later, and the adrenal tissues were fixed and processed for electron microscopic (EM) radioautography. On EM radioautograms obtained from each animal, the number of mitochondria and the mitochondrial labeling index labeled with3H-thymidine showing DNA synthesis in each adrenal cortical cell, in three zones, were counted and the results in respective developing groups were compared. From the results, it was demonstrated that the numbers of mitochondria in the three zones, the zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis, of mice at various ages increased from fetal day 19 to postnatal month 6 due to development and aging of animals, respectively, while the number of labeled mitochondria and the labeling index of intramitochondrial DNA syntheses incorporating3H-thymidine increased from fetal day 19 to postnatal month 2, reaching the maxima, and decreased to month 6. It was shown that the activity of intramitochondrial DNA synthesis in the adrenal cortical cells in developing and aging mice changed due to aging.
Synthesis and Biological Aspects of Mycolic Acids: An Important Target AgainstMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: de Souza Marcus Vinícius Nora , Ferreira Marcelle de Lima , Pinheiro Alessandra Campbell , Saraiva Maurício Frota , de Almeida Mauro Vieira , Valle Marcelo Siqueira
Published: August 2011

Mycolic acids are an important class of compounds, basically found in the cell walls of a group of bacteria known as mycolata taxon, exemplified by the most famous bacteria of this group, theMycobacterium tuberculosis(M. tb.), the agent responsible for the disease known as tuberculosis (TB). Mycolic acids are important for the survival of M. tb. For example, they are able to help fight against hydrophobic drugs and dehydration, and also allow this bacterium to be more effective in the host's immune system by growing inside macrophages. Due to the importance of the mycolic acids for maintenance of the integrity of the mycobacterial cell wall, these compounds become attractive cellular targets for the development of novel drugs against TB. In this context, the aim of this article is to highlight the importance of mycolic acids in drug discovery.
Presynaptic CRF1 Receptors Mediate the Ethanol Enhancement of GABAergic Transmission in the Mouse Central Amygdala
Authors: Nie Zhiguo , Zorrilla Eric P. , Madamba Samuel G. , Rice Kenner C. , Roberto Marissa , Siggins George Robert
Published: August 2011

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino-acid neuropeptide involved in stress responses initiated from several brain areas, including the amygdala formation. Research shows a strong relationship between stress, brain CRF, and excessive alcohol consumption. Behavioral studies suggest that the central amygdala (CeA) is significantly involved in alcohol reward and dependence. We recently reported that the ethanol augmentation of GABAergic synaptic transmission in rat CeA involves CRF1 receptors, because both CRF and ethanol significantly enhanced the amplitude of evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in CeA neurons from wild-type (WT) and CRF2 knockout (KO) mice, but not in neurons of CRF1KO mice. The present study extends these findings using selective CRF receptor ligands, gene KO models, and miniature IPSC (mIPSC) analysis to assess further a presynaptic role for the CRF receptors in mediating ethanol effects in the CeA. In whole-cell patch recordings of pharmacologically isolated GABAAergic IPSCs from slices of mouse CeA, both CRF and ethanol augmented evoked IPSCs in a concentration-dependent manner, with low EC50s. A CRF1(but not CRF2) KO construct and the CRF1-selective nonpeptide antagonist NIH-3 (LWH-63) blocked the augmenting effect of both CRF and ethanol on evoked IPSCs. Furthermore, the new selective CRF1agonist stressin1, but not the CRF2agonist urocortin 3, also increased evoked IPSC amplitudes. Both CRF and ethanol decreased paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of evoked IPSCs and significantly enhanced the frequency, but not the amplitude, of spontaneous miniature GABAergic mIPSCs in CeA neurons of WT mice, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. The PPF effect of ethanol was abolished in CeA neurons of CRF1KO mice. The CRF1antagonist NIH-3 blocked the CRF- and ethanol-induced enhancement of mIPSC frequency in CeA neurons. These data indicate that presynaptic CRF1receptors play a critical role in permitting or mediating ethanol enhancement of GABAergic synaptic transmission in CeA, via increased vesicular GABA release, and thus may be a rational target for the treatment of alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
Alzheimer's Disease: Another Target for Heparin Therapy
Authors: Bergamaschini Luigi , Rossi Emanuela , Vergani Carlo , De Simoni Maria Grazia
Published: August 2011

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly. Brain tissue changes indicate that the two main proteins involved in AD are amyloid-β(A-β), which is associated with the formation of senile amyloid plaques, and tau, which is associated with the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Although a central role for A-β in the pathogenesis of AD is indisputable, considerable evidence indicates that A-β production is not the sole culprit in AD pathology. AD is also accompanied by an inflammatory response that contributes to irreversible changes in neuronal viability and brain function, and accumulating evidence supports the pivotal role of complement and contact systems in its pathogenesis and progression. The complexity of AD pathology provides numerous potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Compounds that interact directly with A-β protein or interfere with its production and/or aggregation can reduce the inflammatory and neurotoxic effects of A-β, and heparin, a glycosaminoglycan mixture currently used in the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis, might be a candidate, as recent research has been extended to consider its nonanticoagulant properties, including its modulation of various proteases and anti-inflammatory activity.
Gene Therapy in the Management of Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Melman Arnold , Davies Kelvin P.
Published: August 2011

In the past, many researchers considered viral vectors to be the most promising candidates to transfer genetic material into the corpora for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. However, at present, no viral vectors have progressed to human trials. In contrast, the use of naked gene therapy, a plasmid expressing the human Maxi-K potassium channel, is the only gene therapy treatment to be evaluated in clinical phase I trials to date. The success of these studies, proving the safety of this treatment, has paved the way for the development of future gene transfer techniques based on similar transfer methods, as well as novel treatment vectors, such as stem cell transfer.
Enhancing the Delivery of Erythropoietin and Its Variants into the Ischemic Brain
Authors: Hermann Dirk M.
Published: August 2011

The hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) and its neuroprotective, but not hematopoietic, variants asialoEPO, carbamylated EPO (CEPO), and low sialic acid EPO (Neuro-EPO) are attractive candidates for stroke treatment. Due to their large molecular weight, these proteins enter the brain only to a minor extent when intravenously administered, which has raised the question for alternative delivery strategies, among which intranasal delivery may certainly be an attractive choice, as the review by Garcia Rodriguez and Sosa Teste in this journal points out. Before this strategy may be considered clinically applicable, however, more and, in particular, quantitative information is needed about (a) the temporospatial accumulation of EPO and its variants in the brain tissue both in animals and nonhuman primates, and (b) the accumulation of EPO and its variants in the human cerebrospinal fluid.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Prediction of Conversion in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: 4-Year Follow-Up in a Routine Clinical Setting
Authors: Lanari Alessia , Parnetti Lucilla
Published: August 2011

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a very common syndrome in elderly people, with a high risk of conversion to dementia. Several investigations have shown the usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Aβ42, total tau [T-tau], and phosphorylated tau [P-tau]) in predicting the progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report a 4-year follow-up of MCI patients who underwent CSF evaluation for biomarker assessment, in order to further evaluate the usefulness of CSF analysis in predicting the conversion to dementia in a routine clinical setting. We identified 55 patients with MCI among the consecutive patients, referred from 2001 to 2003 to our Memory Clinic for cognitive disorders, who underwent a complete diagnostic assessment, including lumbar puncture (n = 273). At the end of the follow-up, 31 MCI patients (56%) did not progress to dementia (stable MCI), while 24 (44%) developed a dementia condition. At baseline, the mean levels of CSF Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau were significantly altered in MCI patients who were converting to dementia with respect to those with stable MCI. All MCI patients with the three altered CSF biomarkers developed dementia within 1 year. Among the stable MCI patients, none showed all three pathological values and only one subject had the pathological value of P-tau. Early diagnosis of dementia and, specifically, a correct prediction of MCI outcome represent a primary goal. To this respect, the role of CSF biomarkers seems to be crucial in a routine clinical setting.
Self-Efficacy and the Sense of Coherence: Narrative Review and a Conceptual Synthesis
Authors: Posadzki Paul , Glass Nel
Published: August 2011

In this study, the authors develop an exploratory synthesis of two major health concepts: Antonovsky's sense of coherence and Bandura's beliefs in one's own efficacy. Reinterpretation of each study in the light of the other can lead to greater conceptual development and expand existing knowledge. The mutual themes are presented with an explanation of their contribution to broader conceptual discussions. The existence of some similarities between the two concepts is suggested. Researchers can obtain valuable and additional arguments through cross-fertilization of ideas across presented studies united by shared assumptions. Further research is recommended among various age groups and social backgrounds in order to verify the possible benefits of such theoretical development. Theoretical and practical implications of such a synthesis are presented.
Simultaneous Penile and Signet Ring Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Renal Transplant Recipient: A First Case
Authors: Manassero Francesca , Giannarini Gianluca , Paperini Davide , Mogorovich Andrea , Alí Greta , Boggi Ugo , Selli Cesare
Published: August 2011

The incidence and prevalence of cancer increase with time after transplantation. Therefore, a risk-adapted screening process is very important in order to identify low-grade malignancies early in their development. This provides the opportunity to initiate appropriate immunosuppressive regimens depending on the tumor type and stage of development. The first case presented is one of a 65-year-old patient with a double genitourinary carcinoma (penis and bladder). The patient received kidney transplantation 7 years prior to this event. After adequate surgical treatment (partial amputation of the penis for squamous cell carcinoma and complete transurethral resection of bladder adenocarcinoma), the patient was noted to be free of tumor recurrence and had functioning renal graft with a 2-year follow-up.
Castleman's Disease: An Intrapulmonary Form with Intrafissural Development
Authors: Racil Hajer , Cheikh Rouhou Sana , Ismail Olfa , Hantous-Zannad Saoussen , Chaouch Nawel , Zarrouk Mourad , Smati Belhassen , Mezni Faouzi , Chabbou Abdellatif
Published: August 2011

Castleman's disease (CD) is an uncommon, mainly benign, lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, mostly involving the mediastinum. Parenchymal lung involvement of the disease is exceedingly rare. We describe a case of CD in a 23-year-old woman with a 4-year history of recurring dyspnea and nonproductive cough, whose chest X-ray showed an abnormal shadow of the right hilum. Chest computed tomography confirmed the presence of a tissue-density mass of the right lower lobe, demonstrating poor contrast enhancement, associated with multiple laterotracheal and mediastinal lymphadenopathies. The patient underwent curative surgery, revealing a right hilar compressive mass, with an intrafissural development between the superior and middle lobes. Pneumonectomy was performed due to profuse bleeding. This case of CD is particular because of its unusual intrapulmonary location and its intrafissural development. Poor contrast enhancement is atypical in CD.
Role of Microglia in Age-Related Changes to the Nervous System
Authors: Brown David R.
Published: August 2011

Microglia play a curious role in the nervous system. Their role is intrinsically protective and supportive, but during neurodegenerative disease, it is well established that microglia play a significant role in the initiation of neuronal death. Microglia, like neurons, show age-related changes that could potentially alter their behavior. While extreme changes to a large population of microglia cause dramatic neuronal loss in neurodegeneration, during normal aging, subtle changes not unlike those seen in the disease state could potentially contribute to a more gradual neuronal loss that could contribute to the cognitive decline seen in the aging population. This review provides illustrations of what is known about the role of microglia in neurodegeneration and makes suggestions about the role of microglia in age-related changes to the brain.
Ascites, a New Cause for Bilateral Hydronephrosis: Case Report
Authors: Jain Deepika , Dorairajan Smrita , Misra Madhukar
Published: August 2011

Bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to urinary obstruction leads to a buildup of back pressure in the urinary tract and may lead to impairment of renal function. We present a case of a 57-year-old male with a history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, who presented with tense ascites and acute renal failure. Bilateral hydronephrosis was seen on abdominal ultrasound. Multiple large-volume paracenteses resulted in resolution of hydronephrosis and prompt improvement in renal function.
The Utilization of Gleason Grade as the Primary Criterion for Ordering Nuclear Bone Scan in Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Ritenour Chad W. M. , Abbott John T. , Goodman Michael , Alazraki Naomi , Marshall Fray F. , Issa Muta M.
Published: August 2011

Utilization of nuclear bone scans for staging newly diagnosed prostate cancer has decreased dramatically due to PSA-driven stage migration. The current criteria for performing bone scans are based on limited historical data. This study evaluates serum PSA and Gleason grade in predicting positive scans in a contemporary large series of newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. Eight hundred consecutive cases of newly diagnosed prostate cancer over a 64-month period underwent a staging nuclear scan. All subjects had histologically confirmed cancer. The relationship between PSA, Gleason grade, and bone scan was examined by calculating series of crude, stratified, and adjusted odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Four percent (32/800) of all bone scans were positive. This proportion was significantly lower in patients with Gleason score ≤7 (1.9%) vs. Gleason score ≥8 (18.8%,p< 0.001). Among patients with Gleason score ≤7, the rate of positive bones scans was 70-fold higher when the PSA was >30 ng/ml compared to ≤30 ng/ml (p< 0.001). For Gleason score ≥8, the rate was significantly higher (27.9 vs. 0%) when PSA was >10 ng/ml compared to ≤10 ng/ml (p= 0.002). The combination of Gleason score and PSA enhances predictability of bone scans in newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients. The PSA threshold for ordering bone scans should be adjusted according to Gleason score. For patients with Gleason scores ≤7, we recommend a bone scan if the PSA is >30 ng/ml. However, for patients with a high Gleason score (8–10), we recommend a bone scan if the PSA is >10 ng/ml.
In-Hospital and Long-Term Prognosis after Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery; 19-Year Experience
Authors: Mitrovic Predrag M. , Stefanovic Branislav , Vasiljevic Zorana , Radovanovic Mina , Radovanovic Nebojsa , Krljanac Gordana , Novakovic Ana , Ostojic Miodrag
Published: August 2011

To present a 19-year experience of the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and prior coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS), 748 patients with AMI after prior CABS (postbypass group) and a control group of 1080 patients with AMI, but without prior CABS, were analyzed. All indexes of infarct size were lower in the postbypass group. There was more ventricular fibrillation in the postbypass group. In-hospital mortality was similar (p= 0.3675). In the follow-up period, postbypass patients had more heart failure, recurrent CABS, reinfarction, and unstable angina than did control patients. Cumulative survival was better in the control group than in the postbypass group (p= 0.0403). Multiple logistic regression model showed that previous angina (p= 0.0005), diabetes (p= 0.0058), and age (p= 0.0102) were independent predictor factors for survival. Use of digitalis and diuretics, together with previous angina, also influenced survival (p= 0.0092), as well as male gender, older patients, and diabetes together (p= 0.0420). Patients with AMI after prior CABS had smaller infarct, but more reinfarction, reoperation, heart failure, and angina. Previous angina, diabetes, and age, independently, as well as use of digitalis and diuretics together with angina, and male gender, older patients, and diabetes together, influenced a worse survival rate in these patients.
Erythropoietin, Forkhead Proteins, and Oxidative Injury: Biomarkers and Biology
Authors: Maiese Kenneth , Hou Jinling , Chong Zhao Zhong , Shang Yan Chen
Published: August 2011

Oxidative stress significantly impacts multiple cellular pathways that can lead to the initiation and progression of varied disorders throughout the body. It therefore becomes imperative to elucidate the components and function of novel therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress to further clinical diagnosis and care. In particular, both the growth factor and cytokine erythropoietin (EPO), and members of the mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FoxOs), may offer the greatest promise for new treatment regimens, since these agents and the cellular pathways they oversee cover a range of critical functions that directly influence progenitor cell development, cell survival and degeneration, metabolism, immune function, and cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, both EPO and FoxOs function not only as therapeutic targets, but also as biomarkers of disease onset and progression, since their cellular pathways are closely linked and overlap with several unique signal transduction pathways. Yet, EPO and FoxOs may sometimes have unexpected and undesirable effects that can raise caution for these agents and warrant further investigations. Here we present the exciting as well as the complex role that EPO and FoxOs possess to uncover the benefits as well as the risks of these agents for cell biology and clinical care in processes that range from stem cell development to uncontrolled cellular proliferation.
Susceptibility to Aneuploidy in Young Mothers of Down Syndrome Children
Authors: Migliore Lucia , Migheli Francesca , Coppedè Fabio
Published: August 2011

We recently observed an increased frequency of binucleated micronucleated lymphocytes in women who had a Down syndrome (DS) child before 35 years of age and the fluorescencein situhybridization analysis revealed that micronuclei were mainly originating from chromosomal malsegregation events, including chromosome 21 malsegregation. That study indicated that women who have a DS child at a young age might have a genetic predisposition to chromosome malsegregation in both somatic and germ line cells. Further studies from our group confirmed increased chromosome damage in blood cells of women who had a DS child at a young age and pointed to a possible role for polymorphisms in folate-metabolizing genes in affecting both chromosome damage and DS risk. In the present article, we review the most recent findings on mechanisms and risk factors for chromosome 21 nondisjunction that lead to DS. Multiple risk factors are likely involved in chromosome nondisjunction; they act at different times in the meiotic process and can be of genetic or environmental (epigenetic) origin. We also discuss the increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) later in life that was observed in women who had a DS child at a young age. Studies performed in the last years that have shown that the brain is, in fact, a complex genetic mosaic of aneuploid and euploid cells support the unified hypothesis trying to relate DS, trisomy 21, and AD.
Separation Techniques for Quantification of Radionuclides in Environmental Samples
Authors: Galanda Dusan , Rajec Pavol , Mátel Lubomir , Rosskopfová Olga , Dulanská Silvia
Published: August 2011

The reliable and quantitative measurement of radionuclides is important in order to determine environmental quality and radiation safety, and to monitor regulatory compliance. We examined soil samples from Podunajske Biskupice, near the city of Bratislava in the Slovak Republic, for the presence of several natural (238U,232Th,40K) and anthropogenic (137Cs,90Sr,239Pu,240Pu,241Am) radionuclides. The area is adjacent to a refinery and hazardous waste processing center, as well as the municipal incinerator plant, and so might possess an unusually high level of ecotoxic metals. We found that the levels of both naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclides fell within the expected ranges, indicating that these facilities pose no radiological threat to the local environment. During the course of our analysis, we modified existing techniques in order to allow us to handle the unusually large and complex samples that were needed to determine the levels of239Pu,240Pu, and241Am activity. We also rated three commercial techniques for the separation of 90Sr from aqueous solutions and found that two of them, AnaLig Sr-01 and Empore Extraction Disks, were suitable for the quantitative and reliable separation of90Sr, while the third, Sr-Spec Resin, was less so. The main criterion in evaluating these methods was the chemical recovery of90Sr, which was less than we had expected. We also considered speed of separation and additional steps needed to prepare the sample for separation.
The Effect of Sex Peptide and Calorie Intake on Fecundity in FemaleDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Rogina Blanka
Published: August 2011

The accessory gland proteins (Acps) of the male Drosophila cause changes in the behavior and physiology of female flies. Sex peptide (SP) is one of the Acps that initiates many changes, including an increase in egg production. The data presented here show that SP overexpression in transgenic (G-10) female flies increases egg production when females are kept on a standard and high-calorie diet, relative to controls that do not express SP. Particularly, a high increase in egg production observed in G-10 females on a high-calorie diet suggests that SP overexpression magnifies the female response to caloric uptake. However, on a calorie-restricted diet, the fecundity of G-10 females overexpressing SP is lower than control females. On a high-calorie diet, mating increases early egg production in G-10 and control females, but lifelong total egg production is only increased in control females, most likely due to the physiological changes set off by substantial initial egg production in G-10 females.
Posterior Urethral Valves
Authors: Hodges Steve J. , Patel Bhavin , McLorie Gordon , Atala Anthony
Published: August 2011

The most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction in male infants is posterior urethral valves. Although the incidence has remained stable, the neonatal mortality for this disorder has improved due to early diagnosis and intensive neonatal care, thanks in part to the widespread use of prenatal ultrasound evaluations. In fact, the most common reason for the diagnosis of posterior urethral valves presently is the evaluation of infants for prenatal hydronephrosis. Since these children are often diagnosed early, the urethral obstruction can be alleviated rapidly through catheter insertion and eventual surgery, and their metabolic derangements can be normalized without delay, avoiding preventable infant mortality. Of the children that survive, however, early diagnosis has not had much effect on their long-term prognosis, as 30% still develop renal insufficiency before adolescence. A better understanding of the exact cause of the congenital obstruction of the male posterior urethra, prevention of postnatal bladder and renal injury, and the development of safe methods to treat urethral obstruction prenatally (and thereby avoiding the bladder and renal damage due to obstructive uropathy) are the goals for the care of children with posterior urethral valves[1].
The Effects of Different Levels of Dietary Protein and L-Carnitine on Blood Sugar and Lipids of the New GIFT Strain of Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Chen Gang , Zhang Minghui , Zhang Jiandong , Dong Hongbiao , Zhou Hui , Tang Baogui , Huang Jiansheng , Shi Gang , Jiang Ling , Wu Zhaohe
Published: August 2011

The new GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) strain of Nile tilapia is a popular cultivated fish in Asia, but intensive aquaculture using nutritionally imbalanced feed has led to disorder of lipid metabolisms. An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted in order to assess the effects of different levels of L-carnitine (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg) and dietary protein (22, 25, and 28%) on blood sugar and blood lipid contents of the new juvenile GIFT strain of Nile tilapia. Results showed that dietary protein and L-carnitine had significant influences on glucose (GLU), high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL-C) in the blood serum. The contents of GLU and HDL-C increased with the increases in dietary protein and L-carnitine levels, while the contents of TC, LDL-C, and TG decreased with the increases in dietary protein and L-carnitine levels. The interactive effect of both dietary protein and L-carnitine was most significant on GLU (p= 0.0001), followed by TG (p= 0.001), TC (p= 0.005), HDL-C (p= 0.056), and LDL-C (p= 0.109). These results suggested that high levels of dietary protein and L-carnitine supplementation reduce blood lipids and the burden of the fish liver.
Determination of Toxic Metals in Indian Smokeless Tobacco Products
Authors: Dhaware Dhanashri , Deshpande Aditi , Khandekar R. N. , Chowgule Rohini
Published: August 2011

This study targets the lesser-known ingredients of smokeless tobacco products, i.e., the toxic metals, in Indian brands. The metals selected in the study included lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), and selenium (Se). The differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique was used for estimating the metals Pb, Cd, and Cu; square wave voltammetry for As; and the cold vapor atomic absorption technique for Hg. The resulting levels of the metals were compared to the daily consumption of the smokeless tobacco products. It was observed that almost 30% of gutkha brand samples exceeded the permissible levels of metals Pb and Cu, when compared to the provisional tolerable intake limits determined by the FAO/WHO. The reliability of data was assured by analyzing standard reference materials.
The Podocyte in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Stitt-Cavanagh Erin , MacLoed Laura , Kennedy Chris R.J.
Published: August 2011

Approaching epidemic levels, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is now the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Microalbuminuria is an early clinical marker of DKD that results from damage to the glomerular filtration barrier at the level of the highly differentiated glomerular podocyte cells. Injury to these epithelial cells, podocytopathies, includes cellular hypertrophy, foot process effacement, detachment from the glomerular basement membrane, and apoptosis. Here we review the role of a number of recently identified factors that contribute to podocytopathies in DKD. These factors include members of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) types 1 and 2, prorenin and its receptor, reactive oxygen species (ROS), prostanoids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGE), adiponectin, and microRNAs. As the number of therapeutic options that slow, but do not halt, the progression of DKD to ESRD remains limited, a more comprehensive understanding of the signaling events that contribute to this increasingly prevalent disease may identify novel avenues for treatment and prevention.
Water Quality Determination of Küçükçekmece Lake, Turkey by Using Multispectral Satellite Data
Authors: Alparslan Erhan , Coskun H. Gonca , Alganci Ugur
Published: August 2011

This study focuses on the analysis of the Landsat-5 TM + SPOT-Pan (1992), IRS-1C/D LISS + Pan (2000), and Landsat-5 TM (2006) satellite images that reflect the drastic land use/land cover changes in the Küçükçekmece Lake region, Istanbul. Landsat-5 TM satellite data dated 2006 was used for mapping water quality. A multiple regression analysis was carried out between the unitless planetary reflectance values derived from the satellite image andin situwater quality parameters chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, turbidity, and biological and chemical oxygen demand measured at a number of stations homogenously distributed over the lake surface. The results of this study provided valuable information to local administrators on the water quality of Küçükçekmece Lake, which is a large water resource of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area. Results also show that such a methodology structured by use of reflectance values provided from satellite imagery,in situwater quality measurements, and basin land use/land cover characteristics obtained from images can serve as a powerful and rapid monitoring tool for the drinking water basins that suffer from rapid urbanization and pollution, all around the world.
Brazilian Adolescents Infected by HIV: Epidemiologic Characteristics and Adherence to Treatment
Authors: Machado Julia K.C. , Sant'Anna Maria J. C. , Coates Veronica , Almeida Flavia J. , Berezin Eitan N. , Omar Hatim A.
Published: August 2011

Over the last 3 decades since the first AIDS cases appeared, we have witnessed great progress in therapeutic methodologies that have transformed the evolution of the disease from debilitating and fatal, into chronic and controllable. HIV-infected children are arriving at adolescence and bringing specific challenges, not only to themselves, but also to their families and caregivers. This retrospective study sets forth epidemiological and treatment characteristics of 46 HIV-infected adolescents followed in a specialized university service relating said characteristics to therapy adherence assessed through a combination of three indirect methods. Therapy adherence did not reveal any association with either epidemiologic characteristics regarding age, sex, school level, household composition, age at diagnosis, mode of infection, knowledge of diagnosis, treatment time, or initial antiretroviral scheme. Patients with good therapy adherence presented lower viral load and used a smaller number of antiretroviral schemes.