bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pour une « histoire ambitieuse »
Authors: Armitage David , Guldi Jo
Published: November 2015

Cet article répond aux multiples critiques formulées contre la thèse de David Armitage et Jo Guldi selon laquelle la longue durée est de retour après une période de retrait et qu’elle fait bien de revenir, afin de faire revivre la discipline historique comme une science humaine critique. Ils soutiennent que la longue durée a des significations différentes selon les traditions historiques ; que son importance pour le public non universitaire ne sera pas la même que pour le lectorat universitaire ; que la longue durée doit être combinée avec d’autres échelles de temps historiques (y compris ceux couverts par le domaine de la microhistoire) ; que cette combinaison d’échelles peut nous aider à mieux comprendre le présent à la lumière du passé et à nous orienter dans le futur ; en somme, que le retour de la longue durée peut être un moyen, parmi d’autres, de faire face à la « crise des humanités » vécue par les chercheurs dans le monde entier.
Le retour de la longue durée: une perspective anglo-américaine
Authors: Armitage David , Guldi Jo
Published: November 2015

Depuis les années 1970, la plupart des historiens anglophones ont travaillé sur des périodes temporelles s’étendant de cinq à cinquante ans. L’étroitesse de ce champ de vision, ce repli face aux périodes plus longues généralement étudiées jusqu’alors, ont contribué à détacher d’eux un lectorat plus large ainsi qu’à les priver de l’influence qu’ils avaient pu avoir sur le débat public. Cet article étudie les causes et les conséquences de ce repli et propose une solution à la crise de confiance et à la désaffection qu’il a créées. On y soutient qu’un retour à ce que Fernand Braudel a appelé en 1958 dans les Annales la longue durée est à la fois nécessaire et à portée de main : nécessaire si l’on veut que l’histoire retrouve sa place en tant que science sociale critique, à portée de main si l’on pense à la masse de données historiques désormais disponibles et aux nouveaux outils numériques qui permettent de les analyser.
Fabriquer l'histoire des sciences modernes
Authors: Romano Antonella
Published: November 2015

De quoi l’histoire des sciences est-elle l’histoire ? En quoi les travaux qui s’en réclament définissent-ils un domaine homogène ? Quels en sont les défis actuels ? La récente traduction en français des travaux de Simon Schaffer et la publication dans ce même volume des Annales de son article issu de la conférence Marc Bloch 2014 sont les deux prétextes d’une réflexion historiographique sur les bouleversements profonds qui ont affecté le domaine dans les trente dernières années, principalement en France, depuis sa recomposition à partir de l’apport des sociologues et anthropologues des sciences. Il s’agit en outre de mesurer les effets de l’abandon d’un des paradigmes fondateurs de l’histoire des sciences, celui de la révolution scientifique comme avènement de la modernité en science, nourri d’une vision européocentrique de la production des savoirs. Si aujourd’hui la plupart des travaux qui concernent la période moderne partagent un même souci de démarcation vis-à-vis d’une telle approche, ils sont aussi confrontés à d’autres défis : celui des processus de la mondialisation par la science, celui de la multiplicité des sites et des configurations sociales qui participent à la mondialisation. Ces défis interrogent les méthodes et les styles en histoire des sciences, comme plus généralement dans les sciences sociales.
Faut-il réinitialiser l'histoire ?
Authors: Hunt Lynn
Published: November 2015

Les arguments de David Armitage et Jo Guldi sur la crise de l’histoire se fondent sur des affirmations qui ne sont que peu, voire aucunement, étayées par des faits ; ils ont également mal interprété leurs propres données. Puisque le doute plane sur la nature de cette crise, il s’ensuit que leur récit des causes peut également être remis en question. D. Armitage et J. Guldi confondent micro-histoire et histoire culturelle et, de ce fait, dénaturent le travail des historiens culturels. L’une des alternatives à cette interprétation erronée est d’examiner les moments précédents de perception d’une « crise » chez les historiens. Ceux-ci se sont en effet inquiétés de problèmes similaires depuis près d’un siècle. Pour comprendre la spécificité de la crise actuelle, il serait utile d’examiner les effets de la démocratisation continue de l’enseignement supérieur plutôt que de blâmer certains historiens pour avoir détourné la discipline de ses enjeux.
Les cérémonies de la mesure
Authors: Schaffer Simon
Published: November 2015

Longtemps, les pratiques de la mesure ont été prises comme des techniques autorisées qui traversent particulièrement bien et facilement les frontières culturelles, des techniques prises aussi comme un signe et une cause de la prédominance apparente des modes occidentales des sciences. L’attention aux rituels de la mesure et à l’émergence des formes de savoir qui accompagnaient la mesure, les sciences de métrologie notamment, aide à remettre en cause ces présupposés. On peut utiliser des récits du commerce silencieux, souvent situés en Afrique occidentale, et des histoires des origines rituelles de la mesure, développées par l’anthropologie et par l’histoire conjecturelle, pour sonder comment les pratiques de la mesure voyageaient et se transformaient. En particulier, les recherches de Marc Bloch, historien éminent des cérémonies et du pouvoir, peuvent aider à éclairer les rapports entre la géographie historique de la métrologie et l’étendue des sciences. Sa brillante analyse du rituel royal des anneaux magiques et de sa fortune donne un exemple et un précédent importants des épisodes cérémoniels et culturellement considérables dans l’histoire longue de la science de la mesure.
L'e-story ou le nouveau mythe hollywoodien
Authors: Moatti Claudia
Published: November 2015

The History Manifesto de David Armitage et Jo Guldi suscite un vaste débat aux États-Unis. Nous le critiquons sous trois aspects : leur postulat d’une « crise morale » de l’histoire – qui ne repose sur aucune analyse des attentes de notre époque en termes de savoir et de quête de sens ; leur idéologie technologique, qui sous-tend la proposition de revenir à la longue durée et aux grandes synthèses grâce à la quantité de sources mises à la disposition des chercheurs par la numérisation ; leur conception de l’utilité de l’histoire qui traduit une confusion problématique entre la vulgarisation, l’enseignement et la recherche et une soumission aux directives institutionnelles. Marqué par un retour à un positivisme scientiste, ce manifeste qui fait fi de la transmission lente des savoirs accumulés, témoigne en fait d’une régression philosophique et d’une disparition de la pensée critique. On propose par dérision d’appeler e-storique et e-story la réduction a priori de toute historicité et de toute critique dans la techno-chronologie et le marketing.
Un nouveau combat pour l'histoire au XXIe siècle ?
Authors: Trivellato Francesca
Published: November 2015

Cet article noue un dialogue avec certaines des questions soulevées par David Armitage et Jo Guldi dans «Le retour de la longue durée : une perspective anglo-américaine » et évalue la résonance de leur article chez les lecteurs des Annales. En particulier, il conteste le classement, sous la catégorie de micro-histoire, d’une variété d’études historiques menées sur de courtes périodes de temps. Il interroge également l’argument selon lequel ces études seraient la preuve d’une « crise morale » qui aurait dominé l’historiographie anglophone de la révolution culturelle de 1968 à la crise financière mondiale de 2008. En outre, l’article compare les significations moins conventionnelles que Fernand Braudel a attribuées à l’origine à la longue durée avec les interprétations de D. Armitage et J. Guldi. Enfin, il se demande comment, dans la pratique, les historiens sont censés suivre l’invitation des deux auteurs à aller au-delà de la formation et des connaissances spécialisées pour produire des lectures nouvelles et originales de l’histoire humaine depuis ses origines.
Animacy and Inverse in Movima: A Corpus Study
Authors: Haude Katharina
Published: November 2015

Coding of transitive clauses in Movima (lowland Bolivia) including a speech act participant reflects a person hierarchy, 1 > 2 > 3; when a lower-ranking person acts on a higher-ranking one, the verb is marked as inverse. This article investigates the conditions under which inverse marking occurs when a transitive clause contains only third-person arguments. A quantitative analysis of spontaneous speech data shows that, while the discourse factors involved still require further research, animacy plays an important role. For instance, inverse marking never occurs when an entity higher in the animacy hierarchy acts on a lower ranking one.
The Role of Agency and Animacy in the Alignment System of Wichí
Authors: Terraza Jimena
Published: November 2015

The alignment system of Wichí (Matacoan), coded by pronominal affixes on the verb, depends in part on semantic factors–in particular, agency– rather than valency. Generally the choice of subject prefix paradigms is lexically determined: verbs with particular semantic characteristics call for a particular paradigm. Additionally, in some cases other third person prefixes may be replaced by a more agentive one, modifying the meaning of the predicate. Agency, a relational property, strongly correlates with animacy, an inherent property of nominals; the interaction of the two properties in Wichí is investigated.
Inversion, Obviation, and Animacy in Native Languages of the Americas: Elements for a Cross-linguistic Survey
Authors: Zúñiga Fernando
Published: November 2015

Native languages of the Americas whose predicate and clause structure reflect nominal hierarchies show an interesting range of structural diversity not only with respect to morphological makeup of their predicates and arguments but also with respect to the factors governing obviation status. The present article maps part of such diversity. The sample surveyed here includes languages with some sort of nonlocal (third person acting on third person) direction-marking system.
Urban Youth Languages in South Africa: A Case Study of Tsotsitaal in a South African Township
Authors: Brookes Heather
Published: November 2015

Urban male youth “language” spoken in many townships in South Africa is a multimodal performance register through which status is negotiated and identities are expressed. Locally dominant languages act as a grammatical base into which a slang lexicon is inserted, accompanied by distinctive patterns of intonation and gesture. Variation reflecting social level, ranging from styles close to urban varieties of Bantu languages to metaphorically dense styles exhibiting features of antilanguages, and associated with a streetwise urban identity, is illustrated on the basis of naturally occurring videotaped conversations. Creative speakers coin new expressions that then spread based on the speakers’ linguistic skill and social status. Implications of these findings for the study of African urban youth languages are discussed.
Solega Place Names and Their Ecological Significance
Authors: Si Aung , Agnihotri Samira
Published: November 2015

Place names in the Dravidian language Solega are analyzed, along with the nature of their referents. We discuss the lexicon of landscape terms, as these figure prominently in place name formation. Solega toponyms encode much information on not only cultural practices and religious traditions, but also forest ecology, with particular focus on plant and animal species distributions. Individual trees of great cultural or utilitarian significance are often named, as are the locations where animals congregate to perform specific behaviors. The incorporation of plant names in toponyms is a valuable resource for understanding critical elements of historical landscape ecology.
Ralámuli Kinship Terminology: A Diachronic Perspective on Diversity in the Sierra Tarahumara of Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Merrill William L. , Burgess Don
Published: November 2015

The kinship terminological systems documented for modern Ralámuli (Tarahumara), a Southern Uto-Aztecan language, exhibit considerable dialectal and subdialectal diversity in both the terms they include and the linguistic forms of these terms–a diversity best understood in relation to the Proto-Tarahumaran kinship system. We reconstruct this antecedent system and discuss the principal changes that occurred in it between the seventeenth and late nineteenth centuries, when the Proto-Tarahumaran speech community appears to have still been intact. Many of the lexical, phonological, morphological, semantic, and structural differences that distinguish the modern systems from one another, like the emergence of the modern Ralámuli dialects, can be linked to the disruption of interaction patterns during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries that resulted in the breakup of the Proto-Tarahumaran speech community.
Vision Voice: A Multimedia Exploration of Diabetes and Vision Loss in East Harlem
Authors: Ives Brett , Nedelman Michael , Redwood Charysse , Ramos Michelle A. , Hughson-Andrade Jessica , Hernandez Evelyn , Jordan Dioris , Horowitz Carol R.
Published: November 2015

Background: East Harlem, New York, is a community actively struggling with diabetes and its complications, including vision-related conditions that can affect many aspects of daily life. Objectives: Vision Voice was a qualitative community-based participatory research (CBPR) study that intended to better understand the needs and experiences of people living with diabetes, other comorbid chronic illnesses, and vision loss in East Harlem. Methods: Using photovoice methodology, four participants took photographs, convened to review their photographs, and determined overarching themes for the group’s collective body of work. Lessons Learned: Identified themes included effect of decreased vision function on personal independence/mobility and self-management of chronic conditions and the importance of informing community members and health care providers about these issues. The team next created a documentary film that further develops the narratives of the photovoice participants. Conclusions: The Vision Voice photovoice project was an effective tool to assess community needs, educate and raise awareness.
Generating National Dental PBRN Research Ideas Through the ToP Consensus Method Workshop
Authors: Mungia Rahma , Hayes Holly , Reyes Stephanie , Theisen Sarah , Buchberg Meredith , Dolan Colleen , Oates Thomas
Published: November 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to illustrate the research idea generation process employed by the Southwest Region of the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network (PBRN; www.NationalDentalPBRN.org ) based on the Technology of Participation (ToP) Consensus Method Workshop. This method encourages a high level of participation in the decision-making process through individual, small group, and large group discussions. This approach to idea generation has predominately been used by nonprofit organizations and community groups both nationally and internationally, but offers great potential to study concept development for PBRNs. Method: Five independent workshops were designed over a 12-month period. Workshops were held at three academic institutions, one National Dental PBRN meeting, and one as part of a continuing education program. The sessions were directed at general dentists, dental hygienists, and dental researchers to identify research ideas appropriate for examination through the PBRN mechanism. Result: Five groups ranging in size from 11 to 53 (197 participants total) participated in the consensus workshops and generated 205 research ideas. Ideas across the five sessions were collated into novel and common categories of interest, and identified key participants interested in developing research concepts. Participant reaction to the sessions was positive based on evaluation comments and personal interactions. Implications: Practitioners effectively generated research ideas based on their current needs and daily clinical experience. The experiences presented in this article suggest continued use of the ToP consensus workshop methods within the PBRNs may help bridge the gap between research and practice.
Developing an Academic–Community Partnership to Promote Soccer-Based Physical Activity Among Latino Youth
Authors: Schober Daniel J. , Zarate Jose , Fawcett Stephen B.
Published: November 2015

Background. The Latino Health for All (LHFA) Coalition used a community-based participatory approach to develop an action plan for addressing chronic disease among Latinos in Kansas City. Objectives. This study examines the development and implementation of community-based soccer sessions for youth (ages 6–15) by an academic partner from the coalition and a community partner from a nonprofit youth soccer organization. Methods. The academic and community partners spoke four times over 3 months to plan for these soccer sessions. These conversations ranged from sharing goals to planning logistics. The coalition helped to promote these opportunities through a variety of channels. Results. Eight weekly soccer sessions were implemented, attracting Latino youth who were overweight or obese. These soccer sessions were perceived as enjoyable by youth and were appreciated by their parents. Conclusions. Successful health promotion efforts require strong relationships between academic and community partners that involve shared goals and complementary skills/ expertise.
Enhancing Community-Based Participatory Research Partnerships Through Appreciative Inquiry
Authors: Paige Ciara , Peters Ruth , Parkhurst Malia , Beck Leah Leilani , Hui Brian , May Vanessa Tui’one , Tanjasiri Sora Park
Published: November 2015

Background: Challenges in community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnerships often pertain to trust and power, dilemmas posed by funding sources, and equitable community participation. Although challenges in CBPR can be welcomed because they present opportunities for growth and development of partnerships, tools are needed to facilitate issue identification and resolution. Moreover, such tools need to align with CBPR principles involving equal feedback among partners to improve the partnership and its outcomes. Objective: To describe how appreciative inquiry (AI) was used as an evaluation tool to contribute to the strengthening of empowerment of ongoing and future community–university relationships in CBPR collaborations. Methods: AI was applied at the end of a community–university partnership to promote breast and cervical cancer screening among Tongan women in Southern California. Through individual interviews and group discussion, tensions were identified and discussed in light of partnership and community strengths. Results: Through AI, program staff emphasized community and university strengths of shared key values related to the program and aspects of program management that enabled them to contribute to successful program outcomes. They also discussed the following challenges: 1) approach of partners, 2) role definition, and 3) and time span of program development and implementation. Based on these discussions, recommendations were made to overcome current challenges and improve ongoing and future CBPR collaborations. Conclusions: The AI process helped the partners recommit to collaborate with each other, renewed their excitement about working together, and assisted with reclarification of their roles to inform future collaborations.
The Development of the Milwaukee Consortium for Hmong Health: Capacity Building Through Direct Community Engagement
Authors: Sparks Shannon M.A. , Vang Pang C.
Published: November 2015

Background. Hmong women experience increased incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer, yet their cancer risk is often masked by their inclusion within the comparatively low-risk Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) category. Key to this disparity is late stage at diagnosis, a consequence of low rates of screening. Objectives. This article describes the establishment and community engagement efforts of the Milwaukee Consortium for Hmong Health, established in 2008 to build capacity to investigate and address barriers to screening and cancer care. Methods. The Consortium facilitated a series of three community dialogues to explore with community members effective ways to overcome barriers to accessing screening and cancer care. Results. The community dialogues produced a series of six recommendations for action, detailed herein, supported and prioritized by the community. Conclusions. We posit that the integral involvement of the Hmong community from the outset promoted buy-in of ensuing Consortium education and outreach efforts, and helped to ensure fit with community perspectives, needs, and priorities.
A Community-Based Participatory Research Approach for Preventing Childhood Obesity: The Communities and Schools Together Project
Authors: Johnson-Shelton Deb , Moreno-Black Geraldine , Evers Cody , Zwink Nicole
Published: November 2015

Background: Childhood obesity is a systemic and complex, multilevel public health problem. Research approaches are needed that effectively engage communities in reversing environmental determinants of child obesity. Objectives: This article discusses the Communities and Schools Together (CAST) Project and lessons learned about the project’s community-based participatory research (CBPR) model. Methods: A partnership of schools, community organizations, and researchers used multiple methods to examine environmental health risks for childhood obesity and conduct school–community health programs. Action work groups structured partner involvement for designing and implementing study phases. Lessons Learned: CBPR in child obesity prevention involves engaging multiple communities with overlapping yet divergent goals. Schools are naturally situated to participate in child obesity projects, but engagement of key personnel is essential for functional partnerships. Complex societal problems require CBPR approaches that can align diverse communities and necessitate significant coordination by researchers. CBPR can provide simultaneous health promotion across multiple communities in childhood obesity prevention initiatives. Support for emergent partner activities is an essential practice for maintaining community interest and involvement in multiyear CBPR projects. Conclusion: Investigator-initiated CBPR partnerships can effectively organize and facilitate large, health-promoting partnerships involving multiple, diverse stakeholder communities. Lessons learned from CAST illustrate the synergy that can propel projects that are holistically linked to the agents of a community.
Data Collection and Management in Community Engaged Research: Lessons Learned From Two Community-Based Participatory Research Partnerships
Authors: Cené Crystal W. , Haymore Laura Beth , Enga Zoe , Sallah Stepheria Hodge , Ritchwood Tiarney , Wynn Mysha , Ellis Danny , Corbie-Smith Giselle
Published: November 2015

Background: Data collection and data management (DCDM) within community-engaged research (CEnR) requires special considerations that differ from those of traditional research. To date, little guidance exists to preemptively help community–academic partnerships anticipate and resolve DCDM issues that may arise. Objective: We sought to provide recommendations for DCDM based on two CEnR research projects. Methods: We used a case study design to describe the DCDM process and lessons learned that were generated through formal and informal discussions between community and academic partners. Lessons Learned: We identified 4 key lessons: 1) CEnR requires a flexible, iterative approach to DCDM, 2) there are trade-offs to having a flexible DCDM approach, 3) responsibilities for DCDM should consider the skill sets and priorities of all partners, and 4) nuances of DC within CEnR has important implications for human subjects and ethics training. Conclusions: Based on our lessons learned, we provide recommendations for how to approach DCDM within CEnR.
Lessons Learned: A Strategic Alliance to Improve Elementary Physical Education in an Urban School District
Authors: Thompson Hannah R. , Haguewood Robin , Tantoco Nicole , Madsen Kristine A.
Published: November 2015

Background: Physical education (PE) can help to achieve important public health goals, but is often under-prioritized and lacking in schools. Objectives: To detail the actions, impact, and successes of a strategic alliance formed by three collaborating organizations to improve PE in a large California school district. Methods: Semistructured interviews with alliance members, principals, and teachers in 20 elementary schools, 3 years after the alliance formation. Lessons Learned: Interviewees reported district-level increases in priority and funding for PE and attributed improvements to the alliance’s collection and dissemination of local data on the status of PE. Common goals, trust, and open communication within the alliance were seen as critical to the alliance’s success. However, changes in district- or school-level accountability measures for PE were not reported. Conclusions: This strategic alliance succeeded in promoting district-level priority and funding for PE. Ongoing alliance work will focus on increasing accountability measures for PE, which may take longer to implement.
Development of a Faith-Based Stress Management Intervention in a Rural African American Community
Authors: Bryant Keneshia , Moore Todd , Willis Nathaniel , Hadden Kristie
Published: November 2015

Background: Faith-based mental health interventions developed and implemented using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach hold promise for reaching rural African Americans and addressing health disparities. Objectives: To describe the development, challenges, and lessons learned from the Trinity Life Management, a faith-based stress management intervention in a rural African American faith community. Methods: The researchers used a CBPR approach by partnering with the African American faith community to develop a stress management intervention. Development strategies include working with key informants, focus groups, and a community advisory board (CAB). Results: The community identified the key concepts that should be included in a stress management intervention. Conclusions: The faith-based “Trinity Life Management” stress management intervention was developed collaboratively by a CAB and an academic research team. The intervention includes stress management techniques that incorporate Biblical principles and information about the stress–distress–depression continuum.
Pregnancy and Parenting Support for Incarcerated Women: Lessons Learned
Authors: Shlafer Rebecca J. , Gerrity Erica , Duwe Grant
Published: November 2015

Background: There are more than 200,000 incarcerated women in U.S. prisons and jails, and it is estimated that 6% to 10% are pregnant. Pregnant incarcerated women experience complex risks that can compromise their health and the health of their offspring. Objectives: Identify lessons learned from a community–university pilot study of a prison-based pregnancy and parenting support program. Methods : A community–university–corrections partnership was formed to provide education and support to pregnant incarcerated women through a prison-based pilot program. Evaluation data assessed women’s physical and mental health concerns and satisfaction with the program. Between October 2011 and December 2012, 48 women participated. Lessons Learned: We learned that providing services for pregnant incarcerated women requires an effective partnership with the Department of Corrections, adaptations to traditional community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches, and resources that support both direct service and ongoing evaluation. Conclusions: Effective services for pregnant incarcerated women can be provided through a successful community– university–corrections partnership.
Investigating Community Concerns Regarding HIV Prevention Organizations’ Expertise in Serving HIV-Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Bellows Denise , Howard Donna , Boekeloo Brad , Randolph Suzanne
Published: November 2015

Background: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS (PLWH/A) and others affected have expressed that cultural differences between patients and providers can create barriers to care and prevention. These barriers are exacerbated in the case of vulnerable populations who are often marginalized by society. During the formative phase of a community-based participatory research (CBPR) process, the researchers’ community advisory committee (CAC) and HIV stakeholders shared anecdotes of incongruencies between needs of HIV-vulnerable populations and expertise of local providers. In response, researchers worked with the CAC to develop survey questions intended for providers of HIV prevention services in a region afflicted with some of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the country. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify and validate HIV stakeholders’ perceptions about challenges to provision of HIV services through a sequential mixed methods study design. Methods: Thirty HIV prevention organizations (HPOs) were identified as local leaders in HIV prevention by community stakeholders and through community event attendance. Each HPO was invited to participate in an interviewer-assisted survey examining population-specific expertise and service for 15 HIV-vulnerable populations. Frequency analysis was used to compare HPOs’ expertise relative to who they serve ( n = 26). Results: Although 13 of the HIV-vulnerable populations were served by more than 50% of the HPOs, only 2 of these 13 populations were served with high expertise by more than one half of the HPOs in the sample. Conclusion: These data give credence to the CAC’s concern regarding misalliance between whom HPOs serve and with whom they have high expertise, a factor potentially influencing HIV outcomes among HIV-vulnerable populations.
The Exclusionary Circle Game: A Tool to Promote Critical Dialogue About HIV Stigma and Social Justice
Authors: Wong Josephine Pui-Hing , Li Alan Tai-Wai
Published: November 2015

Background: The Exclusionary Circle Game was a learning tool developed for an intervention study to address stigma associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and social exclusion. Objectives: The objectives of The Exclusionary Circle Game were to enhance collective resonance and empathy, promote critical reflection and dialogue, and motivate collective action to address social exclusion. Methods: The game began with all participants being inside a circle. Each participant was randomly given one color-coded card. Each card color represented a character with a specific lived experience associated with racism, patriarchy, homophobia, transphobia, HIV stigma, and so on. Participants holding a marginalized status card were asked to leave the circle in sequence and go to designated spaces. Eventually, only one half of the participants were left in the circle. Participants then debriefed about their experiences within the entire group. Conclusions: The game has been used, beyond the intervention study, at research conferences with positive feedback. In this article, we detail the processes, strengths, and possibility of using this game for empowerment education.
Using Knowledge Exchange to Build and Sustain Community Support to Reduce Cancer Screening Inequities
Authors: Lofters Aisha , Virani Tazim , Grewal Gurpreet , Lobb Rebecca
Published: November 2015

Background. “Knowledge exchange” (KE) refers to the interaction between knowledge users and researchers toward a goal of mutual learning and collaborative problem solving. Methods. Using a case study approach, this article describes how researchers leading a multiphase community engagement project, the Peel Cancer Screening Study (PCSS), used KE to engage a community advisory group (CAG) of knowledge users to build community support for interventions to reduce cancer screening inequities for South Asians in Peel Region, Ontario, Canada. Results. As a result of KE activities (concept mapping, a CAG launch meeting, regular CAG meetings, workgroup meetings, a community report), there is currently a resident-targeted, community-level program being implemented and a provider-targeted intervention that is funded, with both ethnospecific and health service organizations involved. The process of KE received positive evaluations from advisory group members. Conclusions. The experiences of the PCSS illustrate the benefits of KE for researchers and community members.
The Chilcapamba–McGill Partnership: Exploring Access to Maternal and Newborn Care in Indigenous Communities of Ecuador
Authors: Dube Annie , Bartlett Gillian , Morales Juana , Evans Andrea , Doucet Alison , Caudarella Alexander , Roy Melissa , Farid Doaa , Macaulay Ann C.
Published: November 2015

Background: Based on a participatory research (PR) partnership between Family Medicine at McGill University, Canada and the Andean community of Chilcapamba, Ecuador, a medical student study focused on maternal and newborn health. Objectives: To evaluate the access to maternal and newborn care and the occurrence of intrafamilial violence in women with children 5 years of age or less in three indigenous communities of Ecuador. Methods: A semistructured survey explored the perinatal and intrapartum care as well as intrafamilial violence. Results: All women ( N = 30) received prenatal care, 29 received postnatal care from a physician and 77% gave birth at the hospital. Eighty percent of women experienced intrafamilial violence; 73% reported psychological and 53% physical violence. Conclusions: There is good access to maternal and newborn health care, although the reported level of violence is high. Results were shared with the community and will be used in a local community health worker (CHW) training program. Our project highlights the importance of PR to investigate sensitive health challenges.
Environmental Justice Radar: A Tool for Community-Based Mapping to Increase Environmental Awareness and Participatory Decision Making
Authors: Wilson Sacoby M. , Murray Rianna T. , Jiang Chengsheng , Dalemarre Laura , Burwell-Naney Kristen , Fraser-Rahim Herb
Published: November 2015

Background: As part of the Charleston Area Pollution Prevention Partnership (CAPs), studies have been performed to address environmental health issues using various techniques including Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping. Most of the mapping has been conducted by academic team members; however, there is a need for more community-based mapping to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of community-driven efforts to eliminate environmental hazards and health disparities. The emergence of public participatory GIS (PPGIS) has been shown as a way to democratize science, build community capacity, and empower local citizens to address environmental health issues. Purpose: This article describes the development of the Environmental Justice (EJ) Radar, a PPGIS tool that provides stakeholders in South Carolina with a way to raise environmental awareness and improve citizen participation in local environmental decision-making. We describe the functionality of EJ Radar and discuss feedback received from stakeholders to improve the utility of the PPGIS tool.
Impact of Health Workers’ Strike in August 2014 on Health Services in Mombasa County Referral Hospital, Kenya
Authors: Njuguna John
Published: November 2015

Introduction . Health workers are an essential part of the health system. Health workers in Mombasa County went on strike for two weeks in August 2014 due to nonpayment of salaries. This study analysed the impact of this strike. Methods . Monthly utilization of health services was accessed from the Kenya Health Information website. This was for general outpatient, special clinics, maternal and child health, inpatient services, maternity services, dental, and radiological services. For each indicator, monthly mean was calculated for January to July 2014. This was compared with the August monthly mean. Results . Outpatient attendance declined by 64.4%, special clinics attendance by 74.2%, and deliveries by 53.5%. Inpatient admissions declined by 57.8 % and inpatient deaths by 26.3%. Conclusion . The August 2014 strike adversely affected health services. County governments should put in place mechanisms to avert future health workers’ strike. The national government should also disburse funds to the counties on time.
Research Assistants Caught in Limbo: Considering Their Role in Quantitative, Longitudinal Research with Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Zerger Suzanne , Pridham Katherine Francombe , Plenert Erin , Newberry Caitlin , Whisler Adam , Fernando Indira , Ahmed Naveed
Published: November 2015

Research assistants (RAs) play a variety of roles that are critical in making research happen and in determining its quality and effectiveness. Yet their locus of power in the production of knowledge stands in sharp contrast to their relative powerlessness in the hierarchical research organization. This article explores the experiences of RAs engaged in a randomized controlled longitudinal field trial of a Housing First intervention for individuals experiencing homelessness and mental illness in Toronto. They encountered several unexpected effects of navigating the power ascribed to them by both study participants and community service providers. This study underscores the importance of acknowledging that RAs are the face of the research study in the field, and of better understanding implications associated with that fact, especially when marginalized populations and their providers are involved.
Substance Use and Related Harms among Aboriginal People in Canada: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Firestone Michelle , Tyndall Mark , Fischer Benedikt
Published: November 2015

Background . There is evidence of increasing trends in substance use and related harms among Aboriginal populations in Canada. This paper provides a review of data on alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use and related harms. Methods . A comprehensive review of public data, journal publications, and grey literature published between 2000 and 2014 were reviewed if data included: people who self-identify as Aboriginal and who live in Canada; drug use; and morbidity and mortality related to drug use. Data were structured by major substance categories and compared with non-Aboriginal sample data where possible. Results . Over 100 documents were reviewed and revealed a disproportionate burden of substance use and harms, particularly among Aboriginal youth. Significant gaps in data exist, specifically, for urban populations. Conclusion . This review reinforces concerns of many Aboriginal communities and organizations in Canada as well as highlights where prevention, programming, and policy efforts might be most effective.
Agreement between the Perceived and Actual Fruit and Vegetable Nutrition Environments among Low-Income Urban Women
Authors: Stallings Tiffany L. , Gazmararian Julie A. , Goodman Michael , Kleinbaum David
Published: November 2015

The food environment is described by two measures: store-level (actual) and individual-level (perceived). Understanding the relationship between actual and perceived fruit and vegetable (F&V) nutrition environments is important as their association may influence F&V purchases and consumption. The study objective was to assess agreement between perceived and actual environment measures of availability, quality, and affordability/price for fresh and canned/frozen F&V. African American WIC recipients (n=84) self-reported perceptions corresponding to chain food stores (n=13) which were then assessed by surveyors. Nearly 80% of participants had positive perceptions of stores’ F&V availability, quality, and affordability. Store assessments indicated high F&V availability and quality and lowest prices for canned varieties. Kappa statistics, sensitivity, and specificity calculated agreement between perceived and actual measures. Results indicated slight to fair agreements. Agreements were highest for quality measures (kappa=0.25 (95% CI:0.08–0.42), p=.008). Research implications include promoting nutrition education and resident interviewing to understand F&V expectations.
Inequities in Receipt of Iron and Vitamin A Supplements, and Anthelmintic Medications by Young Children in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Aman Devin D. , McLennan John D.
Published: November 2015

Gaps in the receipt of micronutrients and anthelmintic medications by children in low-and middle-income countries undermine efforts to reduce the burden of vitamin A and iron deficiencies, and soil transmitted helminthiases. This study aimed to identify the extent of equitable receipt of these interventions in the Dominican Republic (DR) using indices of need and socioeconomic status with data derived from the DR 2007 Demographic and Health Survey. Receipt of anthelmintic medication, iron, and vitamin A were reported for 55.0% (last six months), 30.3% (last seven days), and 24.0% (last six months) of young children, respectively. No relationships were found between indices of need and receipt of any of the interventions using bivariate and multivariate analysis. However, receipt of each intervention was related to higher maternal education, and iron was additionally related to greater family wealth. Systematic efforts to improve equitability of receipt of these core child health interventions are needed.
Attaining Financial Fluency among Physicians: Start with the Students
Authors: Judson Timothy J. , Detsky Allan S. , Charney Pamela
Published: November 2015

One in three chronically ill patients is unable to afford medications, food, or both. Too often, physicians do not discuss costs of care, risking decreased patient adherence. Physicians may be uncomfortable talking about prices and costs with patients because they receive little training in how to do so. The authors argue that one way of teaching providers financial fluency—defined here as physician knowledge of and comfort with discussing economic barriers to care—is to provide that training early in their careers. The concept of anchoring bias supports this argument, as it suggests that humans often rely heavily on the first piece of information obtained. An ideal training setting is the student-run community clinic, where volunteer physicians see low-income, uninsured patients, and medical students coordinate care. This early exposure trains students to expect, rather than fear, a discussion about the cost of care. These experiences should be expanded and formally evaluated.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cost-Related Nonadherence and Medicare Part D: A Longitudinal Comparison
Authors: Bakk Louanne
Published: November 2015

Little is known about whether racial and ethnic disparities in cost-related medication nonadherence (CRN) have changed since the implementation of Medicare Part D. This longitudinal study examined the impact of Part D on CRN among racial and ethnic minority Medicare beneficiaries, age 65 and older. Nationally representative data were obtained from the Prescription Drug Study and Health and Retirement Study. A differences-in-differences approach was used to compare CRN among non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic Whites. The results indicate CRN was higher among the two minority groups than among non-Hispanic Whites before and after Medicare Part D. Mixed-effects logistic regression analyses show that CRN did not significantly change between pre- and post-Medicare Part D for any of these three groups. However, older non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics had a larger reduction in CRN than non-Hispanic Whites. These findings suggest that despite Medicare Part D, racial and ethnic disparities in CRN persist.
Factors Associated with Compliance of Blood Stool Test and Use of Colonoscopy in Underserved Communities of North Miami-Dade County, Florida
Authors: Wilcox Meredith Leigh , Acuña Juan Manuel , de la Vega Pura Rodriguez , Castro Grettel , Madhivanan Purnima
Published: November 2015

Introduction . Only two-thirds of U.S. adults are compliant with screening for colorectal cancer. This study identified factors of blood stool test (BST) compliance and colonoscopy use among randomly selected households in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Methods . This study used cross-sectional data collected 10/2009–04/2010. Analyses were restricted to 1,118 single-family homes containing a minimum of one member ≥ 50 years. Results . Half of households were compliant with BST (55%) or completed colonoscopy (55%). Factors associated with BST compliance included retirement (adjusted odds ratio[AOR]=1.57**), being uninsured (AOR=0.64**), diagnosed morbidities (AOR=1.68**), fruit/vegetable consumption (AOR=1.60**), and using alternative medicines (AOR=1.36*). Factors associated with colonoscopy included Hispanic ethnicity (AOR=0.56**), lower education (AOR=0.66*), being single (AOR=0.65*), retirement (AOR=2.01***), being uninsured (AOR=0.61**), diagnosed morbidities (AOR=2.13***), former smoking (AOR=1.94**), and fruit/vegetable consumption (AOR=1.75***)(*p<.05;**p<.01;***p<.001). Conclusion . This is the first study of factors of BST and colonoscopy in Miami-Dade County. These findings provide a basis for community-based interventions aimed at increasing screening within this population.
Importance of Self-Efficacy and Knowledge to Physical Activity Behavior in Older African Americans
Authors: Babatunde Oyinlola Toyin
Published: November 2015

Background . Regular physical activity is an important lifestyle behavior for preventing or reducing the burden of osteoporosis, and for promoting optimal bone health. This report evaluates the effect of an osteoporosis education program on knowledge, self-efficacy, and initiation and/maintenance of physical activity (PA) in older African Americans. Methods . African American adults 50 years and older (n=130) were randomly assigned to either experimental (EG) or control (CG) groups. Immediately following baseline assessment EG was offered six-weekly education sessions, using the Expanded Heath Belief Model and the CG offered same after the intervention. Main outcome measures were knowledge and self-efficacy regarding osteoporosis and engagement in PA. Results . One hundred and ten (59=EG, 51=CG) participants completed all assessments. Overall, significantly higher (p<.01) mean self-efficacy and knowledge scores were observed in the EG than in the CG. Physical activity scores were positively related to self-efficacy but not knowledge scores. Conclusions . Self-efficacy is important in increasing PA in older African Americans, and emphasis on culturally appropriate strategies may improve PA and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fracture.
Urban Health Project: A Sustainable and Successful Community Internship Program for Medical Students
Authors: Roberts Kasey , Park Thomas , Elder Nancy C. , Regan Saundra , Theodore Sarah N. , Mitchell Monica J. , Johnson Yolanda N.
Published: November 2015

Background . Urban Health Project (UHP) is a mission and vision-driven summer internship at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine that places first-year medical students at local community agencies that work with underserved populations. At the completion of their internship, students write Final Intern Reflections (FIRs). Methods . Final Intern Reflections written from 1987 to 2012 were read and coded to both predetermined categories derived from the UHP mission and vision statements and new categories created from the data themselves. Results . Comments relating to UHP’s mission and vision were found in 47% and 36% of FIRs, respectively. Positive experiences outweighed negative by a factor of eight. Interns reported the following benefits: educational (53%), valuable (25%), rewarding (25%), new (10%), unique (6%), and life-changing (5%). Conclusions . Urban Health Project is successful in providing medical students with enriching experiences with underserved populations that have the potential to change their understanding of vulnerable populations.