bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuartige Sandwichfahrbahnplatte für Eisenbahnbrücken
Authors: Herrmann Paul , Juen Lukas , Fink Josef
Published: October 2011

Am Institut für Tragkonstruktionen, Stahlbau der TU Wien wird derzeit eine neuartige Verbundplatte mit einem Stahl‐Beton‐Stahl‐Sandwichprofil entwickelt. Diese Platte zeichnet sich durch hohe Tragfähigkeit bei gleichzeitig extrem niedriger Bauhöhe aus und ist damit originär für den Einsatz als Fahrbahnplatte für Ersatzneubauten von Eisenbahnbrücken mit offener Fahrbahn gedacht.

Das Konstruktionsprinzip, das Herstellungsverfahren und die grundlegenden Tragmechanismen sowie eine Beschreibung der am Institut durchgeführten zerstörenden Versuchsreihe wurden bereits im Vorfeld vorgestellt [1], [2], [3], [4]. In den vorangegangenen Artikeln wurden außerdem die durchgeführten numerischen Analysen und analytischen Modellbildungen des Globaltragverhaltens der Platte beschrieben. Lokale Störzonen im Auflager‐ und Lasteinleitungsbereich sind in den globalen Berechnungsmodellen der gekoppelten Balken mit nachgiebiger Verbundfuge als Modellbetrachtung nicht enthalten. Im diesem Beitrag wird daher gezeigt, dass ein Stabwerkmodell existiert, mit dem das Tragverhalten einerseits im Vergleich zu den FE‐Analysen ausreichend genau beschrieben werden kann und andererseits auch lokale Effekte erfasst werden können.

Development of an Innovative Composite Deck Slab for Railway Bridges. The Institut für Tragkonstruktionen‐Stahlbau at the TU Wien is currently developing a new and innovative steel‐concrete‐steel‐sandwich plate. This plate provides a high load bearing capacity with an extremely slender construction height and was therefore originally intended for the use in replacement works of old railway bridges without ballast bed.

Earlier papers ([1], [2], [3], [4]) already described the principles of construction and fabrication as well as the basic load‐bearing mechanism. Further, the numerical simulations and the analytical models which describe the global load‐bearing behaviour were presented. These analytical models, the so called elastic shear connection models of two elastically coupled beams, do not include local effects in disturbance areas like the bearings or the areas of load application. Hence the actual paper will describe the derivation of a strut and tie model for a proper mechanical description of local effects in these areas.
Nestin- and Doublecortin-Positive Cells Reside in Adult Spinal Cord Meninges and Participate in Injury-Induced Parenchymal Reaction
Authors: Decimo Ilaria , Bifari Francesco , Rodriguez Francisco Javier , Malpeli Giorgio , Dolci Sissi , Lavarini Valentina , Pretto Silvia , Vasquez Sandra , Sciancalepore Marina , Montalbano Alberto , Berton Valeria , Krampera Mauro , Fumagalli Guido
Published: October 2011

Adult spinal cord has little regenerative potential, thus limiting patient recovery following injury. In this study, we describe a new population of cells resident in the adult rat spinal cord meninges that express the neural stem/precursor markers nestin and doublecortin. Furthermore, from dissociated meningeal tissue a neural stem cell population was cultured in vitro and subsequently shown to differentiate into functional neurons or mature oligodendrocytes. Proliferation rate and number of nestin- and doublecortin-positive cells increased in vivo in meninges following spinal cord injury. By using a lentivirus-labeling approach, we show that meningeal cells, including nestin- and doublecortin-positive cells, migrate in the spinal cord parenchyma and contribute to the glial scar formation. Our data emphasize the multiple roles of meninges in the reaction of the parenchyma to trauma and indicate for the first time that spinal cord meninges are potential niches harboring stem/precursor cells that can be activated by injury. Meninges may be considered as a new source of adult stem/precursor cells to be further tested for use in regenerative medicine applied to neurological disorders, including repair from spinal cord injury.
The evolving sophistication of ambush marketing: A typology of strategies
Authors: Chadwick Simon , Burton Nicholas
Published: October 2011

At sporting mega‐events, there is increasingly intense competition off the field of play as well as on it, with big brands battling it out for the attention of consumers. Some of these brands are associated with official event sponsors; others are associated with commercial rivals that have no official association with events such as the Olympic Games or the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup. The latter group is increasingly engaging in what is termed “ambush marketing”‐for instance, by seeking to deliberately persuade or mislead consumers into thinking they have an official association with a sporting mega‐event. The emergence of ambush marketing emanates from the centrally controlled sale of a small number of rights packages by bodies such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and FIFA, which effectively exclude non‐rights holders from associating with an event. Brands that have no official legal right of association often therefore seek to access similar benefits to official sponsors by engaging in a range of activities, including targeted promotions and the creation of rival tournament properties. The focus of this article is fourfold: (1) to explain how ambushing has emerged, (2) to define ambush marketing, (3) to identify various types of ambushing, and (4) to discuss some of the management issues and challenges posed by ambush marketing. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Practical implications and future research directions for international sports management
Authors: Ratten Vanessa
Published: October 2011

International sports management is a unique area of academic and practitioner interest, as it is an important part of the global economy. Sport is an international product and service that influences businesses on a global scale. While there is a lot of global media attention on sport in general, there is a gap in the literature on international sports management. The aim of this article is to discuss practical implications and future research directions for international sports management. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to integrate the international management and sports management areas of study. The role of entrepreneurial sports management in different countries is discussed, as it highlights the changes that have occurred in the global business environment. Different areas of international sports management (sports internationalization, sports entrepreneurship, sports branding, sport and corporate social responsibility, sports tourism, regional development of sport, sports marketing, and international action sports) are discussed in terms of practical implications and future research directions. This article demonstrates how businesses compete in the international marketplace and how there is a large potential for entrepreneurial international sport ventures. The major finding of this article is that international sports management is a unique area of study that deserves more attention. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficacy of proximity loggers for detection of contacts between maternal pairs of white‐tailed deer
Authors: Walrath Ryan , Van Deelen Timothy R. , VerCauteren Kurt C.
Published: October 2011

Contact frequency and duration estimates between individuals are important to understanding the behavioral ecology of wildlife species and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. A new technology uses proximity data loggers to record time and duration of contacts. We conducted an experiment at Sandhill Wildlife Management Area, located near Babcock, Wisconsin (USA) to compare probabilities of detecting intraspecific contacts among white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) maternal pairs (dams/fawns) based on detections from proximity loggers deployed on collars versus those obtained from direct observation. We defined 5 discrete probabilities of detection of a contact in terms of P (probability of detection by a single proximity logger) and V (probability of detection by visual observer) and estimated P and V by minimizing the Kullback–Liebler distance between distributions of theoretical probabilities and observed distributions in experimental data. We used parametric jackknifing to estimate means and variances for P and V. Mean estimates of P and V were 0.64 (95% CI = 0.62–0.67) and 0.34 (0.32–0.35), respectively. Estimates of P and V enabled the calculation of the probability that an encounter was undetected by both proximity loggers and the visual observer, which was 0.09 (95% CI = 0.073–0.094). Estimates of P and V provide estimates of nondetection bias for future studies that use proximity loggers to estimate frequencies of encounters and help quantify the usefulness of this technology relative to visual observation. Management concerns such as chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis could be better understood and addressed by using proximity loggers because they are better able to quantify close contact than conventional methods such as radiotelemetry or Global Positioning System telemetry. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Geometric Variations and Electron Localizations in Intermetallics: The Case of La2Sb Type Compounds
Authors: Nuss Jürgen , Wedig Ulrich , Jansen Martin
Published: October 2011

The structural relations of La2Sb type compounds and their oxygen stuffed variants, like e.g. Eu4Sb2O (anti‐K2NiF4 type), are discussed. In the course of these investigations, the crystal structures of La2Sb, Pr2Sb, Sm2Sb, Nd2Bi, and Sm4Bi2O were determined and refined from single crystal data. Band structures have been calculated in the framework of density functional theory, and the bonding properties of the individual compounds are compared on the basis of the Electron Localization Function (ELF). Based on specific geometrical parameters, the La2Sb type compounds are arranged in a structure field map. Three distinct areas arise: insulating K2NiF4 type compounds, semiconducting, oxygen stuffed variants and oxygen‐free metallic compounds. La2Sb is found in the latter area, ruling out oxygen content, which is confirmed by high resolution single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The electronic structures of the compounds are related to the valence electron count. Pnictides of tri‐valent metals are metallic and feature local multicenter metal–metal bonds, di‐valent metals form oxygen stuffed variants. Samarium is the only element which is found in both areas of the structure field map, displaying an oxygen free and a stuffed variant.
Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of trans‐Dibromidobis(propane‐1, 3‐diamine)chromium(III) Perchlorate
Authors: Choi Jong‐Ha , Subhan Md Abdus , Ng Seik Weng
Published: October 2011

The structure of trans‐[Cr(tn)2Br2]ClO4 (tn = propane‐1, 3‐diamine) has been determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study at 100 K. The complex crystallizes in the space group P$\bar{1}$ of the triclinic system with two mononuclear formula units in a cell of dimensions a = 6.8220(4), b = 8.86199(9), c = 12.6644(8) Å and α = 77.859(7)°, β = 81.765(6)°, and γ = 77.764(7)°. The chromium atom is in a slightly distorted octahedral environment coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of two tn ligands and two bromine atoms in trans positions. The two six‐membered chelate rings in the complex cations are oriented in an anti chair‐chair conformation with respect to each other. The mean Cr–N(tn) and Cr–Br bonds are 2.093(3) and 2.4681(4) Å, respectively. The crystal packing is stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The infrared and electronic absorption spectral properties are consistent with the result of X‐ray crystallography. It is confirmed that the nitrogen atoms of the tn ligand are strong σ‐donors, but the bromido ligands have weak σ‐ and π‐donor properties toward the chromium(III) ion.
Li2Sr4Al2Ta2N8O, a Nitridoalumotantalate with BCT‐Zeolite Type Structure
Authors: Pust Philipp , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: October 2011

Li2Sr4Al2Ta2N8O was synthesized from Li3AlN2, Sr(NH2)2, LiN3, and lithium metal as fluxing agent in weld shut tantalum crucibles. Single crystals were obtained as byproduct from reaction with the ampoule material. The crystal structure (P21/n (no. 14), a = 9.4081(19), b = 10.012(2), c = 5.9832(12) Å, β = 93.44(3)°, Z = 2) was solved on the basis of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. Li2Sr4Al2Ta2N8O is built up of vertex sharing AlN4 and TaN4 tetrahedra, forming a BCT‐zeolite type structure with Sr2+ ions and molecular Li2O units incorporated into the voids. Lattice energy calculations (MAPLE) confirmed the electrostatic bonding interactions and the chemical composition.
Über Fluoridhalogenide
Authors: Weidlein Johann
Published: October 2011

In den letzten Jahren sind zahlreiche neue Fluorierungsmittel bekannt geworden, die in ihrer Vielfalt zu interessanten, bisher unbekannten Fluorverbindungen geführt haben. Die Fluorierungsmittel ihrerseits sind durch eine Reihe neuer Synthesen zugänglich geworden, über die im folgenden berichtet werden soll. Die Fluorierungen lassen sich zum Teil von der Struktur der Fluorierungsmittel her verstehen, so daß diesem Aspekt besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Anhand charakteristischer Beispiele werden die Anwendungsbereiche der verschiedenen Verfahren abgetastet.
On the Characteristic Curvature of Alkyl‐Polypropylene Oxide Sulfate Extended Surfactants
Authors: Hammond Charles E. , Acosta Edgar J.
Published: October 2011

The hydrophobicity of alkyl‐polypropylene oxide sulfate surfactants was evaluated via their characteristic curvature (Cc) using the hydrophilic‐lipophilic difference (HLD) framework. A close examination of the relationship between the molecular structure of the surfactants considered (structure of the alkyl group and the number of propylene oxide groups in each surfactant) and their Cc led to a group contribution model that, for the first time, takes into consideration the geometry of the alkyl tail group. Based on this group contribution model, branching at the C2 (beta‐carbon) position of the alkyl group produces the largest increase in characteristic curvature. This observation is consistent with the notion that the Cc is associated with the packing factor for anionic surfactants. Branching at the C2 position tends to produce cylindrical or inverse cone shape packing, typical of more hydrophobic (positive Cc) surfactants. This study also confirms previous observations that, different from conventional anionic surfactants, the phase behavior of alkyl polypropylene oxide sulfates is less sensitive to electrolyte concentration and that these formulations turn hydrophobic with increasing temperature, akin to the behavior of nonionic surfactants.
Chromatographic Separation of Synthesized Phenolic Lipids from Krill Oil and Dihydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid
Authors: Aziz Sarya , St‐Louis Richard , Yaylayan Varoujan , Kermasha Selim
Published: October 2011

The separation and characterization of novel biomolecules, phenolic lipids, obtained by the enzymatic transesterification in organic solvent‐free media of krill oil with 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were investigated. The experimental findings showed that by increasing the polarity of the gradient eluent and by decreasing the solvent strength of the mobile phase, from methanol to acetonitrile, a higher resolution was obtained. The use of a shorter column and smaller particle packing size resulted in an enhancement of the efficiency, with decreases in both separation time and solvent consumption. Overall, the evaporative light‐scattering detector (ELSD) showed better repeatability of the resolution (R), theoretical plate number (n), plates per meter (N) and the retention time values as compared to that of the UV detection at 210 and 280 nm. In terms of detection and repeatability, ELSD was shown to be a more appropriate tool for the quantitative analysis of the components of krill oil and its esterified phenolic lipids than UV detection. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis tentatively confirmed the nature of the separated compounds. In addition, the structural analyses of novel biomolecules by HPLC–MS–APCI/ESI suggested the formation of two phenolic monoacylglycerols.
Formation of Hydroperoxy‐, Keto‐ and Hydroxy‐Dienes in FAME from Oils: Influence of Temperature and Addition of α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Morales Arturo , Marmesat Susana , Dobarganes M. Carmen , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Velasco Joaquín
Published: October 2011

The influence of temperature (40, 60 and 80 °C) and addition of α‐tocopherol (0, 500 mg/kg) on the formation and distribution of the main oxidation products of linoleic acid, i.e. hydroperoxy‐, keto‐ and hydroxy‐dienes, were studied in samples of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) derived from high‐linoleic (HL) and high‐oleic (HO) sunflower oils. In the range of temperatures studied, the formation of hydroperoxydienes showed monomolecular and bimolecular rate constants that ranged from 0.01 to 1 mmol1/2kg−1/2h−1 and from 0.02 to 0.9 h−1, respectively. The overall activation energies involved were similar for both samples and for the monomolecular and bimolecular periods (63–68 kJ/mol). The relative oxidation of methyl linoleate, which depended on the fatty acid composition of the FAME sample, was unaffected by temperature. At the three temperatures assayed, hydroperoxydienes constituted approximately 90 and 50% of total hydroperoxides in the HL and HO samples, respectively. Formation of keto‐ and hydroxy‐dienes was influenced by temperature in a similar way to hydroperoxydienes and, consequently, changes in the distribution of compounds were not observed. The addition of α‐tocopherol not only decreased the overall oxidation rate, but also affected the distribution of compounds. The content of hydroperoxydienes relative to that of total hydroperoxides was not affected by the presence of the antioxidant in the HL sample, whereas a significant increase (75%) was found in the HO sample compared with the control (50%). The addition of α‐tocopherol in both samples also resulted in a slight increase of keto‐ and hydroxy‐dienes in relation to hydroperoxydienes.
Stress, coping and suicide ideation in Chinese college students
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyun , Wang Haiping , Xia Yan , Liu Xiaohong , Jung Eunju
Published: October 2011

The study was to examine 1) whether stress and coping styles could significantly predict the probability of suicide ideation; 2) and whether coping styles were mediators or moderators on the association between life stress and suicide ideation. The survey was conducted in a sample of 671 Chinese college students. Approximately twenty percent students reported having suicide ideation. Life stress, active coping styles, and passive coping styles all had independent effect on the probability of suicide ideation. Passive coping styles, especially fantasizing, mediated the relation between life stress and suicide ideation. Moderation hypotheses were not supported. Implications of the findings and future directions were discussed.
Soaring to Success
Authors: Baker Donna L.
Published: October 2011

Soaring to Success Gary L. Sculli, David M. Sine 2011, HC Pro 219 pages, softcover
Promoting Adoption, Usability, and Research for Personal Health Records in Canada: The MyChart Experience
Authors: Curtis Jeff , Cheng Sarina , Rose Kurt , Tsai Oliver
Published: October 2011

Sunnybrook's MyChart Personal Health Record (PHR) represents a direct extension of the hospital's electronic health record and an innovative form of healthcare record that promises to change the way patients and providers access and manage the information required to participate in their care. Early attempts at the development of PHR features have evolved into a set of emergent best practices that should directly inform the ongoing development of the MyChart platform and should be complemented with a research agenda that supports evidence-based analysis and design considerations affecting clinical efficacy, administrative efficiency, and value generation for all PHR stakeholders.
How and When eHealth is a Good Investment for Patients Managing Chronic Disease
Authors: Leonard Kevin J. , Dalziel Sandra
Published: October 2011

In this article, we elaborate on the cost-effectiveness of eHealth solutions and the need to evaluate the return on investment as is done routinely with all other major expenditures. To this end, we discuss the theory that exists today to explain some of the usage principles affiliated with information technology implementation in healthcare; namely, we reflect on the Technology Adoption Criteria in Health (TEACH) model and Wagner's Chronic Disease Management model. The basic premise of the TEACH model is that adoption requires work; this work must be recognized at the outset, and the progress to overcome the workload increase must be measured for the adoption to continue. Furthermore, both of these models have emphasized that the trade-off between cost and work and the benefits realized (as seen through measurement) must first be applied to patients that use the system frequently and on an ongoing basis (ie, the chronically ill). We refer to these ongoing users as consumers of healthcare resources-Consumers with Chronic Conditions (the 3C patients). In this article, we show that the benefits outweigh the costs only when we do, in fact, apply the analysis to 3C patients. Once an effective eHealth system has been developed for the 3C patients, then it can be straightforwardly extended to include all patients and other stakeholders.
Can eHealth Tools Enable Health Organizations to Reach Their Target Audience?
Authors: Zbib Ahmad , Hodgson Corinne , Calderwood Sarah
Published: October 2011

Data from the health risk assessment operated by the Heart and Stroke Foundation found users were more likely to be female; married; have completed post secondary education; and report hypertension, stroke, or being overweight or obese. In developing and operating eHealth tools for health promotion, organizations should compare users to their target population(s). eHealth tools may not be optimal for reaching some higher-risk sub-groups, and a range of social marketing approaches may be required.
Quand et comment la cybersanté est un bon investissement pour les patients qui prennent en charge une maladie chronique
Authors: Leonard Kevin J. , Dalziel Sandra
Published: October 2011

Dans le présent article, on expose le rapport coût-efficacité des solutions de cybersanté et la nécessité d'en évaluer le rendement, comme on le fait systématiquement pour toute autre dépense importante. À cet effet, on aborde les théories actuelles pour expliquer quelques principes d'usage liés à l'adoption des technologies de l'information dans le milieu de la santé. Notamment, on réfléchit au modèle TEACH des critères d'adoption des technologies dans la santé et au modèle de prise en charge des maladies chroniques de Wagner. Selon l'hypothèse de départ du modèle TEACH, l'adoption de technologies exige du travail, dont il faut être conscient avant de commencer, et il faut mesurer les progrès réalisés en vue de vaincre l'augmentation de la charge de travail pour poursuivre le processus. De plus, grâce à ces deux modèles, on constate qu'il faut d'abord appliquer l'échange entre les coûts, le travail et les avantages obtenus (déterminés par des mesures) aux patients qui utilisent le système souvent et de manière continue (c'est-à-dire les personnes ayant une maladie chronique). Ces utilisateurs continus sont qualifiés de consommateurs de ressources de santé, ou consommateurs ayant une maladie chronique (les CMC). Dans le présent article, on démontre que les avantages sont supérieurs aux coûts seulement si on applique l'analyse aux patients CMC. Lorsqu'un système de cybersanté efficace aura été mis en place pour les patients CMC, on pourra étendre ce système directement à tous les patients et à d'autres intervenants.
Outcome and efficacy of a transobturator polypropylene mesh kit in the treatment of anterior pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Grgic Ozren , Oreskovic Slavko , Grsic Helena L. , Kalafatic Drzislav , Zupic Tomislav , Maurac Ivana
Published: October 2011

Objective

To report the efficacy and complications of anterior pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair with mesh placed through the transobturator route (Perigee system; AMS, Minnetonka, MN, USA).

Methods

In total, 198 women with anterior POP grade II or higher according to the POP Quantification (POP‐Q) system were treated with the Perigee procedure. The primary outcome was defined as anterior POP grade I or lower at 12 months’ follow‐up. The secondary outcomes included the incidences of perioperative, mesh‐related, short‐term, and long‐term postoperative complications.

Results

The cure rate was 92.9% overall and 90.6% among women who had previously undergone a hysterectomy or a traditional anterior colporrhaphy. The mean POP‐Q Aa and Ba values were significantly improved after the procedure (Aa 2.2 cm [0.0 to 3.0 cm] versus − 2.1 cm [− 3.0 to − 1.2 cm]; Ba − 2.5 cm [− 1.0 to 4.2 cm] versus − 2.2 cm [− 5.5 to − 1.0 cm]; P < 0.001). Vaginal or bladder erosions were observed in 3 patients. Other short‐ and long‐term complications were infrequent and not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The Perigee procedure is effective in the treatment of anterior POP and does not have serious complications even among women with previous hysterectomy or traditional anterior colporrhaphy.
Die Bedeutung von Organisationsmerkmalen für den Rehabilitationserfolg
Authors: Kockert Svenja , Schott Thomas
Published: October 2011

Einleitung

Der Erfolg einer medizinischen Rehamaßnahme variiert in Abhängigkeit von der besuchten Rehaeinrichtung. Dabei sind die zu beobachtenden Unterschiede nur zum Teil mit personenbezogenen Merkmalen oder standardisierten Maßnahmen der Qualitätssicherung zu erklären. Ein fundiertes Meinungsbild ausgewiesener Reha-Experten stützt die Annahme, dass neben den allgemein anerkannten Qualitätskriterien eher Organisationsmerkmale wie Rehabilitandenorientierung und die Unternehmenskultur den Erfolg von Einrichtungen auszeichnen.
Epidemiology of Concussion and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Laker Scott R.
Published: October 2011

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a common public health concern that affects millions of people each year. The available epidemiology of mTBI may contain insights that can guide future identification, prevention, and treatment efforts. This article discusses epidemiology of both non–sports‐related mTBI and sports‐related concussion. Specific occupational factors, emergency department data, and meta‐analysis regarding mTBI are reviewed and discussed. With regard to sports concussion, the article will discuss data related to the sport played, the individual's position, level of play, and gender differences. Although males make up a larger percentage of cases than do females throughout the majority of reviewed non–sports‐related mTBI data, the sports literature indicates that rates are higher in women when similar sports are compared. Identifiable risk factors within sports include female gender, sport, and position played. Emerging trends across mTBI include increased incidence and decreased rate of hospitalization for mTBI.
The Pathophysiology of Concussion
Authors: Signoretti Stefano , Lazzarino Giuseppe , Tavazzi Barbara , Vagnozzi Roberto
Published: October 2011

Concussion is defined as a biomechanically induced brain injury characterized by the absence of gross anatomic lesions. Early and late clinical symptoms, including impairments of memory and attention, headache, and alteration of mental status, are the result of neuronal dysfunction mostly caused by functional rather than structural abnormalities. The mechanical insult initiates a complex cascade of metabolic events leading to perturbation of delicate neuronal homeostatic balances. Starting from neurotoxicity, energetic metabolism disturbance caused by the initial mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be the main biochemical explanation for most postconcussive signs and symptoms. Furthermore, concussed cells enter a peculiar state of vulnerability, and if a second concussion is sustained while they are in this state, they may be irreversibly damaged by the occurrence of swelling. This condition of concussion‐induced brain vulnerability is the basic pathophysiology of the second impact syndrome. N‐acetylaspartate, a brain‐specific compound representative of neuronal metabolic wellness, is proving a valid surrogate marker of the post‐traumatic biochemical damage, and its utility in monitoring the recovery of the aforementioned “functional” disturbance as a concussion marker is emerging, because it is easily detectable through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Hypocholesterolaemic effects of lupin protein and pea protein/fibre combinations in moderately hypercholesterolaemic individuals
Authors: Sirtori Cesare R. , Triolo Michela , Bosisio Raffaella , Bondioli Alighiero , Calabresi Laura , De Vergori Viviana , Gomaraschi Monica , Mombelli Giuliana , Pazzucconi Franco , Zacherl Christian , Arnoldi Anna
Published: October 2011

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of plant proteins (lupin protein or pea protein) and their combinations with soluble fibres (oat fibre or apple pectin) on plasma total and LDL-cholesterol levels. A randomised, double-blind, parallel group design was followed: after a 4-week run-in period, participants were randomised into seven treatment groups, each consisting of twenty-five participants. Each group consumed two bars containing specific protein/fibre combinations: the reference group consumed casein+cellulose; the second and third groups consumed bars containing lupin or pea proteins+cellulose; the fourth and fifth groups consumed bars containing casein and oat fibre or apple pectin; the sixth group and seventh group received bars containing combinations of pea protein and oat fibre or apple pectin, respectively. Bars containing lupin protein+cellulose ( − 116 mg/l, − 4·2 %), casein+apple pectin ( − 152 mg/l, − 5·3 %), pea protein+oat fibre ( − 135 mg/l, − 4·7 %) or pea protein+apple pectin ( − 168 mg/l, − 6·4 %) resulted in significant reductions of total cholesterol levels (P < 0·05), whereas no cholesterol changes were observed in the subjects consuming the bars containing casein+cellulose, casein+oat fibre or pea protein+cellulose. The present study shows the hypocholesterolaemic activity and potential clinical benefits of consuming lupin protein or combinations of pea protein and a soluble fibre, such as oat fibre or apple pectin.
Visual servoing for path reaching with nonholonomic robots
Authors: Cherubini Andrea , Chaumette François , Oriolo Giuseppe
Published: October 2011

We present two visual servoing controllers (pose-based and image-based) enabling mobile robots with a fixed pinhole camera to reach and follow a continuous path drawn on the ground. The first contribution is the theoretical and experimental comparison between pose-based and image-based techniques for a nonholonomic robot task. Moreover, our controllers are appropriate not only for path following, but also for path reaching, a problem that has been rarely tackled in the past. Finally, in contrast with most works, which require the path geometric model, only two path features are necessary in our image-based scheme and three in the pose-based scheme. For both controllers, a convergence analysis is carried out, and the performance is validated by simulations, and outdoor experiments on a car-like robot.
Memory for Intentions is Uniquely Associated with Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Woods Steven Paul , Weinborn Michael , Velnoweth Aimee , Rooney Alexandra , Bucks Romola S.
Published: October 2011

Moderate declines in prospective memory (PM) are common among older adults, but whether such decrements are associated with everyday functioning problems is not well established. To examine this issue, we administered the Memory for Intentions Screening Test (MIST), Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ), and Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ) to 50 healthy older Australian adults as part of a broader neuropsychological battery. In a series of hierarchical regressions controlling for demographics, medical/psychiatric factors, and other neurocognitive functions, the MIST event-based PM score and PRMQ PM scale were significantly associated with the total number of instrumental ADL (IADL) domains in which participants reported needing assistance. Extending prior findings in clinical populations, results indicate that lower PM functioning is uniquely associated with mild, concurrent IADL problems in healthy older adults. Future investigation of the potentially moderating effects of cognitive and behavioral compensatory strategies may be beneficial. (JINS, 2012, 18, 134–138)
Magnetic Imaging on the Nanometer Scale Using Low-Temperature Scanning Probe Techniques
Authors: Zech M. , Boedefeld C. , Otto F. , Andres D.
Published: October 2011

Multiple techniques now exist for the investigation of nanoscale magnetic properties, extending from Lorentz microscopy and magneto-optical imaging (MOKE) to scanning probe microscopy approaches (see Figure 1 for an overview). Among the latter, the most widely used techniques offering both high spatial and high magnetic-field resolution are magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHPM). Both techniques are well known for their versatility and ease of use and can be further adapted for operation in cryogenic conditions. This property is crucial for all areas of research where high magnetic fields are required and where the influence of thermal energy/broadening needs to be suppressed. For example, much of today's fundamental research on superconductivity, spintronics, and magnetic data storage is taking place at low temperatures.
Mapping Dielectric Properties with Torsionally Stabilized Nano Impedance Microscopy: Hard Materials to Biomolecules
Authors: Kathan-Galipeau Kendra , Chen Xi , Discher Bohdana , Bonnell Dawn A.
Published: October 2011

During the last twenty-five years of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic resolution has become routine in studies of a wide range of materials. While less routine, atomic force microscopy (AFM) also can achieve atomic resolution, even on insulating surfaces. These two microscopy approaches have significantly advanced our understanding of the surface physics and chemistry of many important phenomena. A significant contribution of scanning probe microscopy is that it can characterize local properties as well as structure. Surprising levels of spatial resolution have been achieved in scanning probes that can access continuum properties such as resistance, capacitance, etc..
MSA Website
Authors: Lyman Charles
Published: October 2011

The website, www.microscopy.org, is the public face of the Microscopy Society of America. Any viewer can quickly learn about the history of the society, the current leadership, the committees, the member benefits, and the services that the society provides.
The role of microglial mtDNA damage in age-dependent prolonged LPS-induced sickness behavior
Authors: Nakanishi Hiroshi , Hayashi Yoshinori , Wu Zhou
Published: October 2011

Microglia are the main cellular source of oxidation products and inflammatory molecules in the brain during aging. The accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidative damage in microglia during aging results in the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increased intracellular ROS, in turn, activates a redox-sensitive nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to provoke excessive neuroinflammation, resulting in memory deficits and the prolonged behavioral consequence of infection. Besides its role in regulating the gene copy number, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is closely associated with the stabilization of mtDNA structures. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the generation of ROS from the actively respirating mitochondria as well as NADPH oxidase, and leads to the subsequent activation of the NF-κB-dependent inflammatory pathway in aging microglia. The overexpression of human TFAM improves the age-dependent prolonged LPS-induced sickness behaviors by ameliorating the mtDNA damage and reducing the resultant redox-regulated inflammatory responses. Therefore, ‘microglia-aging’ plays important roles in the age-dependent enhanced behavioral consequences of infection.
Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Normierung des Sozialphobie und -angstinventars für Kinder (SPAIK) an einer klinischen Stichprobe
Authors: Melfsen Siebke , Walitza Susanne , Warnke Andreas
Published: October 2011

Fragestellung: Das Sozialphobie und -angstinventar für Kinder (SPAIK) ist ein im deutschen Sprachraum häufig eingesetzter Fragebogen. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Überprüfung seiner psychometrischen Eigenschaften sowie die Normierung an einer klinischen Stichprobe. Methodik: Der Fragebogen wurde einer klinischen Stichprobe von Kindern und Jugendlichen (n = 320) im Alter von 7 bis 18 Jahren vor Beginn ihrer Therapie vorgelegt. Ergebnisse: Die Itemkennwerte mit Schwierigkeitsindices und Trennschärfe lagen in einem guten Bereich. Auch der Skalenkennwert der internen Konsistenz war gut. Hinsichtlich der Dimensionalität wurde wie in der Normalstichprobe eine Einfaktorlösung nahe gelegt. Bei der Erfassung der differenziellen Validität zeigte sich ein signifikant höherer mittlerer SPAIK-Gesamtwert bei der klinischen Stichprobe verglichen mit einer unselegierten Schülerstichprobe. Bei der Normierung wurden Prozentrang- und T-Werte aufgenommen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die aktuelle Studie beschreibt das Inventar auch im Bereich einer klinischen Stichprobe als reliables und valides Messinstrument für soziale Ängste im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Damit konnte der Aussagebereich des SPAIK erweitert werden.
Sample Size Issues for Cluster Randomized Trials With Discrete-Time Survival Endpoints
Authors: Moerbeek Mirjam
Published: October 2011

With cluster randomized trials complete groups of subjects are randomized to treatment conditions. An important question might be whether and when the subjects experience a particular event, such as smoking initiation or recovery from disease. In the social sciences the timing of such events is often measured in discrete time by using time intervals. At the planning phase of a cluster randomized trial one should decide on the number of clusters and cluster size such that parameters are estimated accurately and sufficient power on the test on treatment effect is achieved. On basis of a simulation study it is concluded that regression coefficients are estimated more accurately than the variance of the random cluster effect. In addition, it is shown that power increases with cluster size and number of clusters, and that a sufficient power cannot always be achieved by using larger cluster sizes at a fixed number of clusters.
“Is the Hypothesis Correct” or “Is it Not”
Authors: van Rossum Maaike , van de Schoot Rens , Hoijtink Herbert
Published: October 2011

Researchers in the behavioral and social sciences often have one informative hypothesis with respect to the state of affairs in the population from which they sampled their data. The question they would like an answer to is “Is the Hypothesis Correct” or “Is it Not.” Classical statistics has not yet provided an approach with which this question can be answered. In this paper it will be shown that there is a Bayesian approach that does provide an answer to this question. Using two ANOVA examples the context of this paper will be sketched. Subsequently it will be shown how the Bayes factor can be used to quantify the support in the data for an informative hypothesis (“It is”) and its complement (“It is not”). Subsequently, the performance of the method proposed will be evaluated by means of error probabilities and evaluation of the robustness with respect to violations of the assumption of homogeneous within group variances. Finally, the methodology will be elaborated and it will be illustrated how the approach proposed can be implemented using WinBUGS.
Consumer demand for green stormwater management technology in an urban setting: The case of Chicago rain barrels
Authors: Ando Amy W. , Freitas Luiz P. C.
Published: October 2011

Hydrological disruption and water pollution from urbanization can be reduced if households in urban areas adopt decentralized storm water controls. We study a citywide municipal subsidized rain‐barrel program in the third biggest city in the United States, Chicago, to explore what factors influence whether households purchase this sort of green storm water management technology in an urban setting. Specifically, we regress census‐tract level data on the number of rain barrels adopted in different parts of the city on socioeconomic variables, data on local flood frequency, and features of the housing stock. We find that rain‐barrel purchases are not correlated with local levels of flooding, even though city residents were told by program managers that rain barrels could alleviate local flooding. Instead, rain barrels are heavily concentrated in places with high‐income attitudinally green populations. We do find more rain barrels were adopted in places close to rain‐barrel distribution points and near sites of hydrological information campaigns; thus, policy makers might increase green‐technology adoption in areas where they can do the most good by reducing transaction costs and providing education programs to those areas. Finally, our results indicate that owner occupancy is positively correlated with green‐technology adoption. Low‐rise rental housing may have inefficiently low levels of adoption, such that city managers might want to develop programs to encourage storm water management investments by landlords who do not live in their own properties.
The Challenges of Flavivirus Drug Discovery
Authors: Shi Pei-Yong , Wang Qing-Yin , Keller Thomas H.
Published: October 2011

Many flaviviruses are human pathogens of global importance, but no antiviral medicines are currently available to manage these diseases. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made towards the understanding of flavivirus biology. Structural information is available for all of the important proteins of the dengue virus, which has provided important insight into the mechanistic aspects of replication. Mechanistic and structural studies on the envelope protein have provided information on the cell entry mechanism of the flavivirus genus. All of these advances have established the foundation for the development of pharmacological treatments of flavivirus infections using modern drug discovery. While both industry and academia have invested considerable effort on the development of flavivirus antivirals and a number of compounds with efficacies in cell culture and animal models have been obtained, very few drug candidates have reached the stage of clinical development. In this review we summarize the current status of flavivirus drug discovery, focusing on the challenges and discussing potential paths forward.
Anthelmintic Discovery for Human Infections
Authors: Geary Timothy G. , Gauvry Noelle
Published: October 2011

Recognition that neglected tropical diseases due to human helminth infection contribute greatly to the cycle of poverty that plagues poor regions of the world has spurred recent investment in the identification of new and better drugs to control or eliminate these pathogens. None of the anthelmintics used in humans can be considered ‘optimal’, especially in the context of mass drug administration, although their deployment has led to undeniable gains in controlling the pathology and transmission of these infections. A few drugs that have been developed and registered for uses in veterinary medicine or for other human infections may have applications for helminthiases, but new drugs are still needed. Early discovery pipelines for these diseases are not robust, and renewed efforts at lead identification and development are necessary for sustainable control and potential elimination of these pathogens.
New Bone Formation after Ligation of the External Carotid Artery and Resection of a Large Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Mandible with Reconstruction: A Case Report
Authors: Perumal Colin , Mohamed Ashraf , Singh Avin
Published: October 2011

The aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign cystic and expanding osteolytic lesion consisting of bone-filled spaces of variable size, separated by connective tissue containing trabeculae of bone or osteoid tissue and osteoclast giant cells. Radiographic findings may vary from unicystic or moth-eaten radiolucencies to extensive multilocular lesions with bilateral expansion and destruction of mandibular cortices. Treatment modalities include curettage (with reported recurrences) and resection with immediate reconstruction. The main arterial and feeder vessels may be embolized to prevent profuse intraoperative blood loss and achieve a bloodless surgical field. Failed embolization may necessitate ligation of the external carotid artery of the affected side.
Effect of anisotropy of electron velocity distribution function on dynamic characteristics of sheath in Hall thrusters
Authors: Zhang Fengkui , Ding Yongjie , Li Hong , Wu Xiande , Yu Daren
Published: October 2011

In Hall thrusters, the electron velocity distribution function is not only depleted at high energies, but also strongly anisotropic. With these electrons interacting with the channel wall, the sheath will be changed in its dynamic characteristics. In the present letter, a two dimensional particle-in-cell code is used to simulate these effects in a collisionless plasma slab. The simulated results indicate that the sheath changes from steady regime to temporal oscillation regime when the electron velocity distribution function alters from isotropy to anisotropy. Moreover, the temporal oscillation sheath formed by the anisotropic electrons has a much greater oscillating amplitude and a much smaller average potential drop than that formed by the isotropic electrons has. The anisotropic electrons are also found to lower the critical value of electron temperature needed for the appearance of the spatial oscillation sheath.
Photoluminescence from heavily doped GeSn:P materials grown on Si(100)
Authors: Grzybowski G. , Jiang L. , Mathews J. , Roucka R. , Xu C. , Beeler R. T. , Kouvetakis J. , Menéndez J.
Published: October 2011

Photoluminescence has been observed at room temperature in phosphorus-dopedGe1−ySny/Si(100) alloys containing carrier densities in the 1-6 × 1019 cm−3 range. The emission intensity is one order of magnitude stronger than observed in similar undoped films, and the enhancement is consistent with theoretical predictions for doped-Ge like materials. The ratio Idir/Iind of direct over indirect gap emission is found to increase for high-Sn concentrations as a result of the reduced Γ-L valley separation in Ge1−ySny alloys. These results confirm that alloying with Sn is a viable alternative to tensile strain as a tool to enhance direct-gap emission in Ge-like semiconductors.