bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of ethyl 2-(4-chloroanilino)acetate
Authors: Bouali Jamila , Hafid Abderrafia , Khouili Mostafa , Saadi Mohamed , Ketatni El Mostafa
Published: August 2014

The title compound, C10H12ClNO2, is close to planar (r.m.s. deviation for the 14 non-H atoms = 0.053 Å). In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...Oc(c = carboxyl) hydrogen bonds generateR22(10) loops.
Rhombohedral distortion analysis of ultra-thin Pt(111) films deposited under Ar–N2atmosphere
Authors: Harumoto Takashi , Sannomiya Takumi , Muraishi Shinji , Shi Ji , Nakamura Yoshio
Published: August 2014

A rhombohedral analysis method for analysing the lattice distortion in a (111)-textured face-centred cubic film under rotationally symmetric stress is proposed. Because no material constants, such as diffraction elastic constants, are required, the expressions of the distortion, namely the angle and the lattice parameter, are universal and can be readily used to compare different films. Using this rhombohedral distortion analysis method, (111)-textured Pt films deposited under argon–nitrogen atmosphere are systematically investigated, and the thickness-dependent lattice deformation in as-deposited and annealed films is described by the two geometrical parameters of the rhombohedral cell.
A hybrid immune–evolutionary strategy algorithm for the analysis of the wide-angle X-ray diffraction curves of semicrystalline polymers
Authors: Rabiej Małgorzata
Published: August 2014

Decomposition of wide-angle X-ray diffraction curves into crystalline peaks and amorphous components is one of the most difficult nonlinear optimization problems. For this reason, the elaboration of a reliable method that provides fast unambiguous solutions remains an important and topical task. This work presents a hybrid system dedicated to this aim, combining two methods of artificial intelligence – evolution strategies and an immune algorithm – with the classical method of Rosenbrock. A combination of the mechanisms of these three methods has given a very effective and convergent algorithm that performs very well a multicriterial optimization. Tests have shown that it is faster to converge and less ambiguous than the genetic algorithm.
Collaboration Exercises: What Do They Contribute?
Authors: Berlin Johan M. , Carlström Eric D.
Published: August 2014

This article aims to study whether exercises contribute to learning that can be useful in actual emergency work. It reports the findings of a study about professional emergency personnel's perceptions of the impact of collaboration exercises. Surveys were distributed and collected from emergency personnel in conjunction with three collaboration exercises that took place in Sweden in spring 2012. The survey included personnel holding different positions within the police department, fire department and ambulance services. Among them were also operational personnel such as officers. A total of 94 professional emergency personnel agreed to participate by answering the survey. The response rate was 95%. The study shows that collaborative elements in exercises contribute to perceived learning (R2 = 0:53), and that learning, in turn, has a perceived beneficial effect on actual emergency work (R2 = 0:26). The perceived results of collaboration, learning and their impact on actual emergency work, however, are moderate. The exercises were characterised by long waiting times and gave few opportunities to practise different strategies. Only a few respondents felt that they learned something about the collaborating organisations' ways of communicating and prioritising. Many also thought that the exercises were more useful for command officers than for operational personnel. Thus, the study shows that by strengthening the collaborative elements of the exercises, the perception of the participants' actual emergency work can be developed.
To vaccinate or not to vaccinate: lessons learned from an experimental mass vaccination of free‐ranging dog populations
Authors: Belsare A. V. , Gompper M. E.
Published: August 2014

Domestic animal populations have the potential to act as reservoirs for multi‐host pathogens, which may be transmitted to native species and cause population declines or extirpations. Domestic dogs are known reservoirs for several multi‐host pathogens that may be transmitted to native carnivores. Mass vaccination of dogs has been suggested as a tool for mitigating the disease threat to sympatric carnivores. To determine the extent to which such mass vaccination programs are practicable and appropriate for large, free‐ranging dog populations, a vaccination experiment was undertaken in six villages adjoining the Great Indian Bustard Wildlife Sanctuary in central India. Dogs from three villages were vaccinated against rabies virus, canine adenovirus (CAV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) (treatment dogs), while those from three other villages were only vaccinated against rabies virus (control dogs). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers against CAV, CPV and CDV in control and treatment dogs were determined on four occasions during the study. When first examined, a large proportion of the initially unvaccinated adult dogs in both the control and treatment group were IgG antibody positive, indicating prior natural exposure. Dogs recovering from natural infection because of CAV, CPV and CDV develop a lifelong immunity and are thus protected against these pathogens. For each of the three viruses, background antibody seroprevalence rates were generally > 72%. Furthermore, several unvaccinated adult dogs acquired protection against these pathogens during the study. Vaccination failed to increase the proportion of adult dogs with IgG antibodies against CAV, CPV or CDV in the treatment group compared with the control group, as much of the effort was put into vaccinating dogs that were already antibody positive. In such situations, vaccination of adult dogs against these enzootic viral pathogens seems unnecessary, and would escalate the cost‐benefit ratio of dog disease control programs.
Financial performance of socially responsible investing (SRI): what have we learned? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Revelli Christophe , Viviani Jean‐Laurent
Published: August 2014

With a meta‐analysis of 85 studies and 190 experiments, the authors test the relationship between socially responsible investing (SRI) and financial performance to determine whether including corporate social responsibility and ethical concerns in portfolio management is more profitable than conventional investment policies. The study also analyses the influence of researcher methodologies with respect to several dimensions of SRI (markets, financial performance measures, investment horizons, SRI thematic approaches, family investments and journal impact) on the effects identified. The results indicate that the consideration of corporate social responsibility in stock market portfolios is neither a weakness nor a strength compared with conventional investments; the heterogeneous results in prior studies largely reflect the SRI dimensions under study (e.g. thematic approach, investment horizon and data comparison method).
Daily torpor and hibernation in birds and mammals
Authors: Ruf Thomas , Geiser Fritz
Published: August 2014

Many birds and mammals drastically reduce their energy expenditure during times of cold exposure, food shortage, or drought, by temporarily abandoning euthermia, i.e. the maintenance of high body temperatures. Traditionally, two different types of heterothermy, i.e. hypometabolic states associated with low body temperature (torpor), have been distinguished: daily torpor, which lasts less than 24 h and is accompanied by continued foraging, versus hibernation, with torpor bouts lasting consecutive days to several weeks in animals that usually do not forage but rely on energy stores, either food caches or body energy reserves. This classification of torpor types has been challenged, suggesting that these phenotypes may merely represent extremes in a continuum of traits. Here, we investigate whether variables of torpor in 214 species (43 birds and 171 mammals) form a continuum or a bimodal distribution. We use Gaussian‐mixture cluster analysis as well as phylogenetically informed regressions to quantitatively assess the distinction between hibernation and daily torpor and to evaluate the impact of body mass and geographical distribution of species on torpor traits. Cluster analysis clearly confirmed the classical distinction between daily torpor and hibernation. Overall, heterothermic endotherms tend to be small; hibernators are significantly heavier than daily heterotherms and also are distributed at higher average latitudes (∼35°) than daily heterotherms (∼25°). Variables of torpor for an average 30 g heterotherm differed significantly between daily heterotherms and hibernators. Average maximum torpor bout duration was >30‐fold longer, and mean torpor bout duration >25‐fold longer in hibernators. Mean minimum body temperature differed by ∼13°C, and the mean minimum torpor metabolic rate was ∼35% of the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in daily heterotherms but only 6% of BMR in hibernators. Consequently, our analysis strongly supports the view that hibernators and daily heterotherms are functionally distinct groups that probably have been subject to disruptive selection. Arguably, the primary physiological difference between daily torpor and hibernation, which leads to a variety of derived further distinct characteristics, is the temporal control of entry into and arousal from torpor, which is governed by the circadian clock in daily heterotherms, but apparently not in hibernators.
Influence of noninjecting and injecting drug use on mortality, retention in the cohort, and antiretroviral therapy, in participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Weber R , Huber M , Battegay M , Stähelin C , Castro Batanjer E , Calmy A , Bregenzer A , Bernasconi E , Schoeni‐Affolter F , Ledergerber B ,   Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Published: August 2014

Objectives

We studied the influence of noninjecting and injecting drug use on mortality, dropout rate, and the course of antiretroviral therapy (ART), in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS).

Methods

Cohort participants, registered prior to April 2007 and with at least one drug use questionnaire completed until May 2013, were categorized according to their self‐reported drug use behaviour. The probabilities of death and dropout were separately analysed using multivariable competing risks proportional hazards regression models with mutual correction for the other endpoint. Furthermore, we describe the influence of drug use on the course of ART.

Results

A total of 6529 participants (including 31% women) were followed during 31 215 person‐years; 5.1% participants died; 10.5% were lost to follow‐up. Among persons with homosexual or heterosexual HIV transmission, noninjecting drug use was associated with higher all‐cause mortality [subhazard rate (SHR) 1.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–2.83], compared with no drug use. Also, mortality was increased among former injecting drug users (IDUs) who reported noninjecting drug use (SHR 2.34; 95% CI 1.49–3.69). Noninjecting drug use was associated with higher dropout rates. The mean proportion of time with suppressed viral replication was 82.2% in all participants, irrespective of ART status, and 91.2% in those on ART. Drug use lowered adherence, and increased rates of ART change and ART interruptions. Virological failure on ART was more frequent in participants who reported concomitant drug injections while on opiate substitution, and in current IDUs, but not among noninjecting drug users.

Conclusions

Noninjecting drug use and injecting drug use are modifiable risks for death, and they lower retention in a cohort and complicate ART.
Staff's person‐centredness in dementia care in relation to job characteristics and job‐related well‐being: a cross‐sectional survey in nursing homes
Authors: Willemse Bernadette M. , De Jonge Jan , Smit Dieneke , Visser Quirijn , Depla Marja F.I.A. , Pot Anne Margriet
Published: August 2014

Aim

To explore the role of nursing staff's person‐centredness caring for people with dementia in relation to their work environment and job‐related well‐being.

Background

Given the development towards person‐centred care and labour force issues, research has recently focused on the effect of person‐centredness on nursing staff's well‐being. Findings from occupational stress research suggest that employees' personal characteristics, such as person‐centredness, can moderate the impact particular job characteristics have on their job‐related well‐being.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

A national survey was conducted among healthcare staff (n = 1147) in 136 living arrangements for people with dementia in the Netherlands (2008–2009). Hierarchical regression analyses were used.

Results

Person‐centredness moderates the relationship between coworker support and three outcomes of job‐related well‐being and between supervisor support and two of these outcomes. For highly person‐centred nursing staff, coworker support was found to have a weaker impact and supervisor support to have a stronger impact on their job‐related well‐being. In addition, direct effects showed that person‐centredness was weakly associated with more job satisfaction, more emotional exhaustion and more strongly with more personal accomplishment.

Conclusion

Nursing staff's person‐centredness does play a modest role in relation to job characteristics and job‐related well‐being. Findings indicate that person‐centredness is not only beneficial to residents with dementia as found earlier, but also for nursing staff themselves; specifically, in case nursing staff members feel supported by their supervisor. Since a more person‐centred workforce feels more competent, further implementation of person‐centred care might have a positive impact on the attractiveness of the profession.
Participant Comprehension of Research for Which They Volunteer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Montalvo Wanda , Larson Elaine
Published: August 2014

Purpose

Evidence indicates that research participants often do not fully understand the studies for which they have volunteered. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between the process of obtaining informed consent for research and participant comprehension and satisfaction with the research.

Design

Systematic review of published research on informed consent and participant comprehension of research for which they volunteer using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) Statement as a guide.

Methods

PubMed, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were used to search the literature for studies meeting the following inclusion criteria: (a) published between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2013, (b) interventional or descriptive quantitative design, (c) published in a peer‐reviewed journal, (d) written in English, and (e) assessed participant comprehension or satisfaction with the research process. Studies were assessed for quality using seven indicators: sampling method, use of controls or comparison groups, response rate, description of intervention, description of outcome, statistical method, and health literacy assessment.

Findings

Of 176 studies identified, 27 met inclusion criteria: 13 (48%) were randomized interventional designs and 14 (52%) were descriptive. Three categories of studies included projects assessing (a) enhanced consent process or form, (b) multimedia methods, and (c) education to improve participant understanding. Most (78%) used investigator‐developed tools to assess participant comprehension, did not assess participant health literacy (74%), or did not assess the readability level of the consent form (89%). Researchers found participants lacked basic understanding of research elements: randomization, placebo, risks, and therapeutic misconception.

Conclusions

Findings indicate (a) inconsistent assessment of participant reading or health literacy level, (b) measurement variation associated with use of nonstandardized tools, and (c) continued therapeutic misconception and lack of understanding among research participants of randomization, placebo, benefit, and risk. While the Agency for Healthcare and Quality and National Quality Forum have published informed consent and authorization toolkits, previously published validated tools are underutilized.

Clinical Relevance

Informed consent requires the assessment of health literacy, reading level, and comprehension of research participants using validated assessment tools and methods.
Formula food‐reducing diets: A new evidence‐based addition to the weight management tool box
Authors: Leeds A. R.
Published: August 2014

The changing pattern of obesity‐related disease has created a need for a greater range of weight management options for the increasing number of people for whom weight loss and maintenance cannot be addressed by conventional dietary methods.

Formula diet weight loss programmes [very low‐calorie diets (VLCDs) (400–800 kcal/day) and low‐calorie diets (LCDs) (800–1200 kcal/day)] can deliver weight loss at rates of 1–2 kg/week. This rate of weight loss can result in 10–20 kg weight loss in 8–12 weeks. Many health benefits associated with weight reduction seem to require between 10 and 20 kg weight loss. Formula diet programmes can result in weight loss, reduction of liver volume and reduction of visceral fat before bariatric surgery; weight loss before knee joint replacement surgery has also been shown. The benefit of pre‐operative weight loss is still under investigation and such practices before bariatric surgery are variable in surgical units across the UK.

Weight loss with formula diet in obesity‐associated conditions where inflammation is an important component, such as osteoarthritis and psoriasis, has been demonstrated. Maintenance of about 10% of initial bodyweight loss, with symptom improvement in elderly obese people with knee osteoarthritis, has been shown over a period of 4 years. In obese people with psoriasis, weight loss with skin improvement has been maintained for 1 year.

Clinical trials are currently underway to examine the merits of an initial weight loss with formula diet in pre‐diabetes, in early type 2 diabetes and in insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes.

Rapid initial weight loss can result in rapid symptom improvement, such as reduced joint pain in osteoarthritis, improved sleep quality in obstructive sleep apnoea, reduced shortness of breath on exertion, reduced peripheral oedema and rapid improvement in metabolic control in diabetes, all changes that are highly motivating and conducive towards compliance.

There is also some evidence for improved vitamin D status and maintained bone health in elderly obese people with osteoarthritis but more research is needed.

Rapid initial weight loss was feared to be followed by rapid weight regain. However, provided initial weight loss is delivered in parallel with an intense education programme about nutrition, cooking, shopping and lifestyle for long‐term maintenance; and where long‐term support is provided, subsequent weight maintenance after VLCDs and LCDs has been shown to be possible. A recent literature review identified high‐protein diets, obesity drugs and partial use of formula meal replacements as methods which can result in statistically significantly greater weight maintenance after initial weight loss with VLCDs or LCDs.

Anxiety about serious adverse side effects seems to be unfounded although users need to be aware of both minor and more serious, though very infrequent, adverse events, such as gallstones and gallbladder disease.
Positioning Disaster Relief Teams Given Dynamic Service Demand: A Hybrid Agent‐Based and Spatial Optimization Approach
Authors: Widener Michael J. , Horner Mark W. , Ma Kunlei
Published: August 2014

During extreme events, like hurricanes, it is essential to position relief services for non‐evacuees throughout the affected region in optimal locations. While previous research has explored a variety of spatial optimization models to accomplish such a task, most work assumes that the population with demand is relatively static. However, this assumption neglects to account for potential feedbacks in the relief distribution system. For example, a population's behavior can both affect and be affected by the placement of relief services, resulting in a dynamic spatial distribution of demand. This article presents a hybrid modeling approach that utilizes GIS data with agent‐based and spatial optimization models to position emergency relief teams in Bay County, Florida during a hurricane event. Non‐evacuating household agents choose to remain at home or seek shelter, while relief team agents are periodically repositioned to account for changes in the spatial distribution of household agents. A total of 220 simulations are run to explore a variety of scenarios. Results show different repositioning timing strategies and the magnitude of the feedback effect drastically changes the level of access households have to relief teams. Ultimately, this work demonstrates the importance of accounting for behavioral and spatial dynamics in disaster relief distribution systems.
A Magnetic Rotary Encoder for Patterned Media Lithography
Authors: Xiong Shaomin , Wang Yuan , Zhang Xiang , Bogy David
Published: August 2014

Bit patterned media (BPM) is expected to enable the magnetic storage density in hard disk drives (HDDs) beyond 1 Tb/in2. BPM uses isolated magnetic islands to record the data information. However, the large volume fabrication of those patterned media disks at an affordable cost is a challenge for this new technology. A master template is the first step for patterned media fabrication. Using nano-imprint technology, the master template can be replicated to tens of thousands of pattern disks. A rotary electron beam lithography machine or plasmonic nanolithography machine is recommended to assist in the fabrication of the master template. In both systems, a high resolution encoder system for positioning in the rotary lithography machine is necessary. In this paper, a magnetic rotary encoder system is introduced. The encoder system can be operated at several thousand revolution per minute (RPM). The scale pitch is 90 nm which is one to two orders smaller than current optical encoders. The resolution is about 2.8 million counts per revolution (CPR). A flying magnetic head is used to retrieve the readback signal from the magnetic encoders. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is implemented to finish the high speed signal processing and provide a digital format encoder signal to trigger the lithography machine at a rate of several Mega Hertz.
Force Control for Position Interface Industrial Manipulator Working in Unknown Inclined Plane
Authors: Al Mashagbeh Mohammad , Khamesee Mir Behrad
Published: August 2014

The uses of industrial manipulators have increased rapidly, and they are more preferable in many applications. Most industrial manipulators are position-controlled; usually the vision and force sensors are not integrated in most commercial industrial robots. Therefore, adding force and vision sensing is needed to successfully automate advanced tasks. In this paper, an optical tracking device and a force-torque sensor were integrated in a position-controlled SCARA manipulator to operate in unknown inclined planes. The experimental results of the integration are tested using an admittance controller. The results show the capability of the presented controller to successfully monitor the interaction force while tracking the position of a passive marker moved by an operator.
Modeling and Simulation of an Industrial SCARA Robot: Performance Evaluation Prior to Real-World Task
Authors: Al Mashagbeh Mohammad , Khamesee Mir Behrad
Published: August 2014

Industrial robots are widely used in manufacturing and automation environments. Many applications require a physical contact between the robot end-effector and the surrounding environment. Therefore, position and force control are needed. Controlling a robot, however, is successfully achieved by obtaining an accurate dynamic model of the robot. In this paper, the dynamic model of a four degree of freedom (DOF) SCARA robot is derived using MapleSim® software. To verify the derived model, an impedance controller with specified mass, damping and stiffness is implemented to control the interaction force. In addition, MapleSim® is successfully used to validate the control algorithm. It is shown that the robot’s performance can be evaluated virtually before assigning the robot to real-world tasks.
Optical Head Alignment Method Using Serial Manipulators for Maskless Lithography System
Authors: Choi Jong Yoon , Park Sae Whan , Inh Yong Seok , Li Zheng Yuan , Koo Ja Choon
Published: August 2014

As the cost of photo masks for display panel is very high, researchers have been developing maskless lithography using electron beam in this system. However the maskless lithography system has typical drawback in some respects. These issues include productivity, size of the system and cost efficiency. To cope with these problems, take reflectance rate and position of spot array into consideration is required. The lithography technology has been focused on studying both reflectance of light from DMDs (digital micromirror devices) and the position of generated spot array. As the lithography technology has been developed steadily, there exists plenty type of maskless lithography nowadays.

DMD-based optical maskless lithography system is gaining substantial attention from researchers and engineers for its outstanding performance concerning cost efficiency and high throughput. Also, accurate alignment of spot array is on requisition under the condition of micro-unit scale. As a result, the maskless lithography system is faced with the problem relevant to accurate alignment. For instance, the actual alignment of spot array has been done by hand although it has a chance to show deleterious effects on productivity.

In this paper, an alignment algorithm was suggested for the purpose of satisfying generation of accurate alignment of spot array. The algorithm is based on concerning kinematics of maskless lithography system. Thus, the suggested algorithm enable to reducing the error that has been measured from the spot array. Defining spot array error that is fitness function of genetic algorithm is introduced at first. An alignment algorithm that has correlation with kinematics of the optical system and spot array error will be represented in sequence. After that, designing 4 DOF align unit will be covered in kinematics analysis chapter. Finally, designing test bed of optical system using vision sensor and align unit is considered in order to validate the suggested alignment algorithm with experiment.
Averaged Reynolds Equation Based on the Homogenization Theory for Gas Film Lubrication in the Head/Disk Interface
Authors: Yang Ting-Yi , Shi Bao-Jun , Ge Pei-Qi , Shu Dong-Wei
Published: August 2014

In order to improve the magnetic recording density of hard disk drives, discrete track disks and/or bit patterned disks are being considered. The gas film lubrication characteristics of a disk with microscale geometric surface features are different from those of traditional “smooth” disks. In this paper, an averaged Reynolds equation suitable for the analysis of gas film lubrication with discrete track recording (DTR) disks is derived based on the homogenization theory and a simplified model of the Reynolds equation with linearized flow rate (LFR). The averaged Reynolds equation and the LFR model are solved simultaneously using the finite volume method. Numerical results show that the pressure solution of the averaged Reynolds equation agrees well with the LFR model for DTR disks. The exact pressure values fluctuate in the neighborhood of those of the averaged pressure distribution curve. The pressure distributions of a complex slider for different groove depths are presented to investigate the effects of groove depth on pressure profiles. The proposed approach is shown to have a high computational efficiency.
Study on Soldering Method of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors for Vibration Reduction
Authors: Wang Yiqi , Ko Byung-Han , Jeong Sanggeuk , Park Kyoung-Su , Park No-cheol , Park Yonug-Pil
Published: August 2014

Owing to the excellent electrical characteristics, multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) are widely used in a variety of electronic devices nowadays. The accompanying acoustic noise of MLCC related to its vibration is one of the most important factors when selecting MLCCs for specific applications. To evaluate the noise more efficiently, this study investigates a method to build simplified finite element models of MLCC. In addition, vibration analysis has been performed with the simplified model to discuss how structural parameters influence the vibration of MLCC. According to the findings in the study, suggestions and optimized solder design are given to lower the vibration of MLCC. In short, the main aim of this study is to present a new soldering method for MLCC vibration and noise reduction.
Tape Mechanics Over a Grooved Roller: Experiments and Theory
Authors: Kaşıkcı Tuğçe , Weng Ming-Chih , Nayak Ash , Goker Turguy , Müftü Sinan
Published: August 2014

In the case of an axially translating tape, supported by a roller, the effects of air entrainment can be reduced by a grooved roller. Use of grooves on the roller surface substantially improves the traction capacity, relative to a non-grooved roller surface [1,2,3,4]. In our previous work, a mechanics model of the tape interacting with a grooved roller was presented [5]. In this work, a comparison of the experimental and modeling studies of the tape-to-grooved-roller spacing is reported.
On Coupled Dynamics of Frictional Guides in Tape Transport Systems
Authors: Yang Hankang , Müftü Sinan
Published: August 2014

Stationary guides introduce friction on to a travelling tape in the longitudinal and lateral directions. The longitudinal friction increases the tape tension and the lateral friction dampens the lateral tape motion (LTM). A comprehensive mathematical model of the coupled longitudinal and lateral tape dynamics is developed. Frictional effects over a cylindrical guide are modeled as concentrated loads in both longitudinal and lateral directions. In the range of tape transport velocities that are of interest to data tape recording, it was shown that frictional damping causes reduction of resonant frequencies and resonance amplitudes. Positioning of the guiding elements could significantly influence the dynamic response of LTM.
Intelligent Control System Compensation by DNA Coding Method in Holographic Data Storage System
Authors: Kim Jang Hyun , Jeong Wooyoung , Yang Hyunseok
Published: August 2014

We propose intelligent servo control by fuzzy rules in holographic data storage system. Hence, we have found pattern of tilt servo control in holographic data storage system through fuzzy system. Fuzzy rules were generated by DNA Coding method for controlling tilt servo. Therefore, we control tilt servo using fuzzy rules in holographic data storage system. Consequently, practical pattern of tilt servo control was found by intelligence algorithm in holographic data storage system.[1]
Weather and soil type affect incidence of fasciolosis in dairy cow herds
Authors: Selemetas N. , Phelan P. , O'Kiely P. , de Waal T.
Published: August 2014

Fasciolosis caused by Fasciola hepatica is generally a subclinical infection of dairy cows and can result in marked economic losses on Irish dairy farms. This study investigated the exposure to F hepatica in 237 dairy cow herds, using an in‐house antibody‐detection ELISA applied to bulk tank milk (BTM) samples collected in the autumn of 2012. A total of 364 BTM samples were collected from 237 different herds, with 127 farmers submitting BTM samples in two consecutive months. Analysis of the BTM samples indicated that 67 per cent (n= 159) of the dairy herds had been exposed to F hepatica. Rainfall, temperature and soil types were significantly different between the exposed and non‐exposed herds (P<0.05), highlighting the role of these variables to the exposure to F hepatica. Among the 127 herds that provided two monthly milk samples, 83 herds were exposed to F hepatica and 82 increased their F hepatica antibody levels at the later sampling time (P<0.01).The findings of this study confirm the high prevalence of F hepatica antibodies in Irish dairy herds and show the rise in antibody levels during autumn. This study is the first step towards assessing the spatiotemporal pattern of fasciolosis in dairy herds in Ireland.
The center of the virtual braid group is trivial
Authors: Dies Emily , Nicas Andrew
Published: August 2014

We show that the centers of the virtual braid group on n strands, VB n, and the quasitriangular group QTr n (also called the pure virtual braid group on n strands) are trivial for n ≥ 2. Furthermore, we show that the center of the triangular group Tr n (also called the pure flat braid group on n strands) is trivial for n > 2 provided Wilf's Conjecture that [Formula: see text] for n > 2 is valid, where [Formula: see text] is the nth complementary Bell number.
Domestic Coalitions, Internationalization, and War: Then and Now
Authors: Solingen Etel
Published: August 2014

Recent commentary on the centenary of World War I evokes similarities between Germany then and China now, and between globalization then and now. The nature of dominant coalitions in both countries provides a conceptual anchor for understanding the links between internal and external politics in 1914 and 2014. Coalitional dynamics draw greater attention to agency in debates that all too often emphasize structure, impersonal forces, and inevitability. Two core claims rest on this basic analytical building block. First, despite apparent similarities in domestic coalitional arrangements of putative revisionist challengers—Germany and China—important differences defy facile analogies. China now is not Germany then. Second, the regional coalitional cluster and the global political economy—and hence the links between domestic and external politics—differ across the two periods. The “world-time” against which coalitions operate today is significantly different as well. Thus ahistorical analogies between then and now may not only be imperfect; they can infuse actors with misguided and perilous protocols for international behavior. There is plenty that may recall World War I today but even more that does not, and all must make sure that gap never narrows.
Better Now Than Later: The Paradox of 1914 as Everyone's Favored Year for War
Authors: Snyder Jack
Published: August 2014

One reason why Europe went to war in 1914 is that all of the continental great powers judged it a favorable moment for them to fight, and all were more pessimistic about postponing the fight until later. Not only is this historical paradox an interesting puzzle in its own right, but it sheds light on what is arguably the reigning theory of the causes of wars in general: James Fearon's rational bargaining theory. None of Fearon's three main mechanisms—private information, commitment problems, or indivisibility of stakes—can explain the paradox of the universal, simultaneous view of 1914 as a favorable year for war. Two mechanisms that play a marginal role in his analysis, however—bounded rationality in multidimensional power assessments and attempts to mitigate power shifts through coercive diplomacy—help to explain how Europe's powers became trapped in a choice between war now and war later. These mechanisms were set in motion by background strategic assumptions rooted in the culture of militarism and nationalism that perversely structured the options facing Europe's political leaders in 1914. Whereas Fearon's theory assumes that states are paying equal attention to all relevant information, in 1914 each power's strategic calculations produced disproportionate levels of self-absorption in its own domestic concerns and alliance anxieties.
An experimental study on the evolution of modal damping with damage in carbon fiber laminates
Authors: Montalvão Diogo , Karanatsis Dimitris , Ribeiro António MR , Arina Joana , Baxter Richard
Published: August 2014

Many of the techniques developed to assess structural damage are based on experimental modal analysis. This paper presents a study to extend the current understanding of how increasing damage in a carbon fiber reinforced plastic affects the modal damping factor of a laminated structure. Damage is introduced and quantified in terms of the dissipated energy. It is shown that there is a tendency for the overall damping to increase whereas there is a tendency for the overall stiffness to decrease. While these results are not novel, the former is quite relevant, since the authors are not aware of many other experimental studies on the evolution of the modal damping factor with damage in carbon fiber reinforced plastic. At the same time, a modal-based damage location technique that combines both the natural frequencies and the modal damping factors as damage sensitive features is discussed. The hypothesis that different damage morphologies on composite materials have different contributions to the damage features is drawn. The methods are illustrated with both numerical and experimental examples. One of the problems observed is that, although damping is consistently found to increase globally with damage, the determination of the individual changes of the modal damping factors is still very uncertain. This may be due to concurrent damage types being present at the same time, but most certainly due to uncertainties involved in the identification of the modal damping factors.
Between Collaboration and Disobedience
Authors: Deutschmann Emanuel
Published: August 2014

This article examines the behavior of the Guantánamo detainees in terms of collaboration and disobedience and how it influences their chances of getting a release recommendation. Joint Task Force Guantanamo–authored memoranda on 765 detainees are used to create a network of accusations between detainees and an attribute data set, which are analyzed using multivariate regression and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests. It is found that while the distribution of incriminating statements obeys a power law, 62.6 percent of all detainees do not incriminate anyone. Yemenis and Saudi Arabians heavily overcontribute regarding incriminating statements and disobedient actions, whereas Afghans and Pakistanis undercontribute. Disobedient behavior does not affect the likelihood of getting a release recommendation, except for hunger striking, which has a negative effect. By releasing information, detainees don’t improve their own chances of getting release recommendations but impair those of the detainees they implicate. Three different groups of detainees are identified whose behavioral patterns seem to follow distinct logics.
The Impact of Life Domains on Juvenile Offending in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Muftić Lisa R. , Grubb Jonathan A. , Bouffard Leana Allen , Maljević Almir
Published: August 2014

Objectives:

Agnew has proposed an integrative theoretical construct composed of the most influential predictors of crime concentrated within multiple life domains, including the self, family, school, peer, and work. Limited research has explored the impact of life domains on offending. This study presents a partial test of the theory using an international sample.

Methods:

Nationally representative self-reported data are derived from 1,756 juveniles residing in Bosnia and Herzegovina who participated in wave 2 of the International Self Report Delinquency Study. A series of multivariate models were run to examine the impact life domains have on crime directly and indirectly, as well as looking at interaction effects among the life domains.

Results:

Data showcased varying levels of support for the life domains. Across bivariate and multivariate models, the most significant positive relationships between offending and the life domains were evident in the self and peer domains, with the school and family domains exhibiting a negative impact on offending. Furthermore, significant interactive and indirect effects were discovered, primarily for the self and peer domains.

Conclusions:

This research discovered a moderate level of support for life domains contained within Agnew’s integrated theory for offending within an international context.
Exit out of Athens? Migration and Obligation in Plato’s Crito
Authors: Kirkpatrick Jennet
Published: August 2014

A prevailing theme of the scholarship on Plato’s Crito has been civil disobedience, with many scholars agreeing that the Athenian Laws do not demand a slavish, authoritarian kind of obedience. While this focus on civil disobedience has yielded consensus, it has left another issue in the text relatively unexplored—that is, the challenges and attractions of leaving one’s homeland or of “exit.” Reading for exit reveals two fundamental, yet contradictory, desires in the Crito: a yearning to escape the injustice of the homeland for self-preservation and freedom (voiced by Crito) and a deep-seated need to honor one’s obligations and attachments to the homeland (voiced by the Laws). By exposing the conflicted nature of leaving one’s native land, Plato’s Crito enriches an understanding of the meaning and consequences of an exit for the individual.
Aristotle’s “Certain Kind of Multitude”
Authors: Cherry Kevin M.
Published: August 2014

Political theorists have recently emphasized the popular dimension of Aristotle’s political thought, and many have called attention to Aristotle’s assertion that certain multitudes should share in the city’s deliberations. In this article, I explore the “part of virtue and prudence” Aristotle believes necessary for a multitude to participate in political life. I argue, first, that military service helps citizens develop the “part of virtue” necessary for political participation and, second, that the “part of prudence” Aristotle has in mind is sunesis. I argue, moreover, that military virtue helps citizens acquire sunesis and guides its exercise. Aristotle recognizes the limitations and potential dangers of military virtue and attempts to avoid these, in part by offering a new understanding of military virtue to offset the Spartan. Understanding the “part of virtue and prudence” citizens have helps understand their role in a polity but also points to how those citizens, and their regime, can be improved.
The MPA capstone course
Authors: Ahmed Shamima
Published: August 2014

In the United States, Master of Public Administration Program (MPA) accreditations come through fulfilling the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and administration (NASPAA) accreditation standards. In 2009, NASPAA made some significant revisions to its accreditation standards. One of the major revisions is the requirement for programs to focus on outcome assessments. MPA programs who have gone through the revised 2009 (NASPAA ) accreditation standards and those who are currently preparing for their upcoming accreditations or reaccreditations will most probably agree that while developing student learning outcomes (SLOs) is a difficult task, assessing those (the learning outcomes) is a much more challenging endeavor. This article describes Northern Kentucky University’s MPA program’s journey in using the capstone course for assessing the program’s SLOs, recent changes in the requirements of the portfolio to better align with the program’s SLOs, use of Benjamin Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive learning domain as the framework to document evidence of SLOs from the portfolios, some of the initial data on assessment that came out of the last two years of capstone offerings, and the ongoing challenges of utilizing the capstone course for such assessment purpose.
Multi-layer research design for analyses of journalism and media systems in the global age: test case Japan
Authors: Hayashi Kaori , Kopper Gerd G
Published: August 2014

This article introduces Japan as a test case to probe a research methodology in response to increasingly globalized journalism practices and media systems. Based on the fact that Japan, during more than 150 years of its modernization and industrialization process, has succeeded in adopting decisive elements of Western culture, while at the same time holding on to cultural traditions of its own, we wish to demonstrate how journalism is constituted as a complex of cultural/social constructs. Our methodological test case is thus to establish from empirical evidence layers embedded in the fundaments of a particular journalism culture, recognizing influences of both endogenous and foreign cultures accumulated throughout the modernization process. These layers hence embrace a spectrum that links the endogenous cultural foundations of writing and reading (in this case those nurtured in Japan) with the surface level layers that are constituted by ‘universalistic’ (or global) standards of journalism. As a result of testing the case of Japan, we present a model that relies on a culturally specified multi-layer design that can be applied to cultures of various and most diverse origins.
Dependent or Productive? A New Approach to Understanding the Social Positioning of Older South Africans Through Living Arrangements
Authors: Schatz Enid , Madhavan Sangeetha , Collinson Mark , Gómez-Olivé F. Xavier , Ralston Margaret
Published: August 2014

South Africa’s population is aging. Most of the older Black South Africans continue to live in extended household structures with children, grandchildren, and other kin. They also constitute a source of income through a means-tested noncontributory state-funded pension available at age 60. Using census data from the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System in 2000, 2005, and 2010, we develop a typology of living arrangements that is reflective of the social positioning of elderly persons as dependent or productive household members and analyze changes in the distribution over time. Older persons, in general, live in large, complex, and multigenerational households. Multigenerational households with “productive” older persons are increasing in proportion over the period, although there are few differences by gender or pension eligibility at any time point.