bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardioversion of supraventricular tachycardia in a cat with suspected Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in the absence of structural cardiac disease
Authors: Miralles‐Plaza Iván , McDonald Hayley R.
Published: December 2021

The objective of this publication is to provide the clinical presentation, electrocardiographic findings and therapy for management of suspected Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in a cat without evidence of underlying cardiomyopathy or systemic disease. A 2‐year‐old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented for continued investigations following recent transient loss of consciousness episodes. Electrocardiography showed a sustained supraventricular tachycardia, which was successfully converted to sinus rhythm with intravenous diltiazem administration. Ventricular pre‐excitation was presumed during the electrocardiogram postconversion and oral diltiazem was instituted. Cardiac troponin I was measured, conversely to prior reports, which was significantly high on presentation and decreased after treatment. The new information provided by this case report is that it represents an original description of Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in a cat without any obvious underlying cardiomyopathy, and treatment protocol resulted in a successful outcome to date.
Failure mechanisms of wind turbine blades in India: Climatic, regional, and seasonal variability
Authors: Boopathi Kadhirvel , Mishnaevsky Leon , Sumantraa Bose , Premkumar S. Anthonyraj , Thamodharan Krishnaraj , Balaraman Kannan
Published: December 2021

Results of a survey of failure mechanisms of wind turbine blades in India, observed by service companies, are presented. Surface erosion is the most often observed blade damage mechanism, followed by lightning strikes. Leading edge erosion can be observed even 1–2 years after wind turbine installation, while structural cracks are observed most often only 5–8 years after installation of the wind turbines. The most often emergency repair requests are connected with blade bolt replacement, followed by lightning strikes. Lightning strikes are registered relatively often, every 1–2 years, depending on climate. Lightning strikes are also most often observed in monsoon areas of India and are most common reason for the wind turbine downtimes.
The Institutionalisation of Political Science in ECE: The Grounding of Theory
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella
Published: December 2021

The chapter aims to establish a theoretical framework regarding the institutionalisation of political science as an academic discipline, by building on the experiences of 16 selected countries. Whether a discipline is institutionalised revolves around three issues: the process, that is, how institutionalisation develops; the outcome, that is, which properties appear indispensable; and what contextual factors matter most in influencing either process or property. Based on a critical review of the literature, the properties of stability, identity, autonomy, reproduction and legitimacy have been defined. These embody a well-institutionalised science: one that should have stable existential patterns, a clear academic profile; one that should be able to independently define its own rules and norms while getting external agents to accept them, and be able to ensure its own reproduction and to maintain a legitimate position. The chapter also examines the specificities in the latecomer political science communities’ institutionalisation patterns. Formation conditions, potential starting points, stability concerns and the issue of ‘regionality’ are specifically considered. As the institutionalisation tasks had to be dealt with in a ‘compressed period of time’ academia here faced the free world of opportunities and adjustment requirements at one and the same time.
Political Science in Central European Democracies Under Pressure
Authors: Világi Aneta , Malová Darina , Kostova Dobrinka
Published: December 2021

The chapter examines the challenges that six Central European Democracies (Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia) have faced in the development of political science during the last three decades. We argue that political science as a new social science has gone through many structural reforms: it has acquired a relatively well-institutionalised position, gained autonomy and managed to form its identity. Nevertheless, its position is endangered by the erosion of its legitimacy.

In this chapter, we show that political science as a new social science in the Central and Eastern Europe region has acquired a relatively stable position. The discipline has gained autonomy and managed to form its own identity, and has shown a capacity to cope with several challenges that have arisen. However, some of the structural reforms, including the commodification of higher education and the proliferation of political science at universities and other teaching institutions, have recently undermined the stability it had previously gained, as it progressively suffers from a loss of public recognition. We argue that the oversimplified, technocratic approaches of governments in recent years have impaired the legitimacy of the social sciences, and of political science in particular. This common trend is observable in all of the selected countries, albeit with certain variations from one country to another.
Conclusion: A Discipline Viewed from the Fringes—Opportunities Taken and the Risk of Deinstitutionalisation
Authors: Roux Christophe
Published: December 2021

This chapter concludes the volume. It first sums up the main interests at stake regarding the institutionalisation of political science as an academic discipline. It then analyses the key findings and unresolved questions concerning the growth of the discipline at the turn of the current century in Central and Eastern Europe. It also examines possible harbingers of political science’s deinstitutionalisation within the region.
Introduction
Authors: Çağatay Selin , Liinason Mia , Sasunkevich Olga
Published: December 2021

Presenting the research context of the book, this chapter familiarizes the reader with the conceptual, methodological, and ethical discussions and concerns that are present throughout the book. After a brief overview of gender and sexual politics in Russia, Turkey, and the Scandinavian countries, it introduces the book’s multi-scalar transnational methodology—an innovative approach to the study of transnationalizing feminist and LGBTI+ activisms that traces convergences and contrasts between seemingly disparate places and connectivities below and beyond the national scale. The chapter offers descriptions of the ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Russia, Turkey, and the Scandinavian countries, as well as a discussion of how contested terms such as feminism, LGBTI+ , queer, activism, NGOs, West–East, North–South are navigated in the book.
Interplay of dineutrino modes with semileptonic rare B-decays
Authors: Bause Rigo , Gisbert Hector , Golz Marcel , Hiller Gudrun
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We present a systematic global analysis of dineutrino modes b → qν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

, q = d, s, and charged dilepton b → qℓ+ℓ− transitions. We derive improved or even entirely new limits on dineutrino branching ratios including decays B0→ (K0, Xs)ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

, Bs→ ϕν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

and B0→ (π0, ρ0)ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

from dineutrino modes which presently are best constrained: B+→ (K+, π+, ρ+)ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

and B0→ K*0ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

. Using SMEFT we obtain new flavor constraints from the dineutrino modes, which are stronger than the corresponding ones from charged dilepton rare b-decay or Drell-Yan data, for eτ and ττ final states, as well as for μτ ones in b → s processes. The method also allows to put novel constraints on semileptonic four-fermion operators with top quarks. Implications for ditau modes b → sτ+τ− and b → dτ+τ− are worked out. Even stronger constraints are obtained in simplified BSM frameworks such as leptoquarks and Z′-models. Furthermore, the interplay between dineutrinos and charged dileptons allows for concrete, novel tests of lepton universality in rare B-decays. Performing a global fit to b → sμ+μ−, sγ transitions we find that lepton universality predicts the ratio of the B0→ K*0ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

to B0→ K0ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

(B+→ K+ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

) branching fractions to be within 1.7 to 2.6 (1.6 to 2.4) at 1σ, a region that includes the standard model, and that can be narrowed with improved charged dilepton data. There is sizable room outside this region where universality is broken and that can be probed with the Belle II experiment. Using results of a fit to B0→ μ+μ−, $$ {B}_s^0 $$

B
s
0

→$$ \overline{K} $$

K
¯

*0μ+μ− and B+→ π+μ+μ− data we obtain an analogous relation for |∆b| = |∆d| = 1 transitions: if lepton universality holds the ratio of the B0→ ρ0ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

to B0→ π0ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

(B+→ π+ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

) branching fractions is within 2.5 to 5.7 (1.2 to 2.6) at 1 σ. Putting upper limits on $$ \mathcal{B} $$
B
(Bs→ ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

) at the level of 10−5 and $$ \mathcal{B} $$
B
(B0→ ν$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

) below 10−6 would allow to control backgrounds from (pseudo-)scalar operators such as those induced by light right-handed neutrinos.
Gravitational waves and dark photon dark matter from axion rotations
Authors: Co Raymond T. , Harigaya Keisuke , Pierce Aaron
Published: December 2021

Abstract

An axion rotating in field space can produce dark photons in the early universe via tachyonic instability. This explosive particle production creates a background of stochastic gravitational waves that may be visible at pulsar timing arrays or other gravitational wave detectors. This scenario provides a novel history for dark photon dark matter. The dark photons may be warm at a level detectable in future 21-cm line surveys. For a consistent cosmology, the radial direction of the complex field containing the axion must be thermalized. We explore a concrete thermalization mechanism in detail and also demonstrate how this setup can be responsible for the generation of the observed baryon asymmetry.
Bildgebung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen intraoperativ, bei ausgewählten Frakturen und im Verlauf nach konservativer und operativer Behandlung
Authors: Dresing Klaus , Fernandez Francisco , Schmittenbecher Peter , Dresing Kaya , Strohm Peter , Spering Christopher , Kraus Ralf ,   Sektion Kindertraumatologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie
Published: December 2021

Die Indikation für Röntgenuntersuchungen bei pädiatrischen und jugendlichen Traumapatienten sollte ALARA (as low as reasonable achievable)  folgen. Aufgrund der Wirkung der Strahlung auf das wachsende sensible Gewebe dieser jungen Patienten sollte immer eine strenge Indikation zum Strahleneinsatz und bei Kontrollen nach Frakturversorgung gestellt werden.

Methoden

Eine Online-Umfrage der Sektion Kindertraumatologie (SKT) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (DGU) vom 15.11.2019 bis 29.02.2020. Zielgruppen waren Unfall‑, Kinder- und Allgemeinchirurgen sowie Orthopäden.

Ergebnisse

Teilnehmer: 788. Intraoperative Anwendungen: Kollimation 50 % immer, Postprocessing zur Vergrößerung 40 %, gepulstes Röntgen 47 % und 89 % keine kontinuierliche Fluoroskopie; 63 % Osteosynthese nie direkt auf dem Bildverstärker. Röntgenkontrollen nach Metallentfernung werden von 24 % nie verwendet. Nach operierter suprakondylärer Humerusfraktur werden Kontrollen bis zu 6 Mal durchgeführt. Nach distaler Radius-Grünholzfraktur verzichten 40 % auf weitere Röntgenkontrollen, nach konservativ versorgter Clavicularschaftfraktur 55 % auf weitere Kontrollen, andere röntgen mehrfach. Nach nicht dislozierter konservativ versorgter Tibiaschaftfraktur empfehlen 63 % eine radiologische Kontrolle nach einer Woche in zwei Ebenen, 24 % nach 2 Wochen, 37 % nach 4 Wochen und 32 % nach 6 Wochen.

Diskussion

Die Analyse zeigt, dass es kein einheitliches radiologisches Management von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Frakturen unter den Befragten gibt. Bei einigen Indikation für den Einsatz von Röntgenstrahlen scheint der Nutzen nicht evident zu sein. Das ALARA-Prinzip scheint nicht durchgängig beachtet zu werden.

Schlussfolgerung

Vergleicht man die dokumentierten Ergebnisse der Umfrage mit den Konsensergebnissen der SKT zeigen sich Unterschiede.
Bildgebung nach Unfall in Klinik und Praxis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Dresing Klaus , Kraus Ralf , Fernandez Francisco , Schmittenbecher Peter , Dresing Kaya , Strohm Peter , Spering Christopher ,   Sektion Kindertraumatologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie
Published: December 2021

Hintergrund

Die Indikation zum Röntgen sollte bei pädiatrischen und jugendlichen Traumapatienten streng dem ALARA-Prinzip (as low as reasonable achievable) folgen. Die Wirkung der Strahlung auf das wachsende sensible Gewebe dieser Patienten darf nicht außer acht gelassen werden.

Fragestellung

Die Sektion Kindertraumatologie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie (SKT) wollte klären wie in der Traumaversorgung dem Prinzip gefolgt wird.

Methoden

Eine Online-Umfrage war 10 Wochen lang offen. Zielgruppen waren Unfall-, Kinder- und Allgemeinchirurgen sowie Orthopäden.

Ergebnisse

Von 15.11.2019 bis 29.02.2020 beteiligten sich 788 Ärzte: Niederlassung 20,56 %, MVZ 4,31 %, Krankenhaus 75,13 %; Assistenzarzt 16,62 %, Oberarzt 38,07 %, Chefarzt 22,59 %. Nach Facharztqualifikation ergab sich die Verteilung: 38,34 % Chirurgie, 33,16 % Unfallchirurgie, 36,66 % spezielle Unfallchirurgie, 70,34 % Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, 18,78 % Kinderchirurgie. Häufigkeit des Kontakts mit Frakturen in der o. g. Altersgruppe wurde angegeben mit 37 % < 10/Monat, 27 % < 20/M, 36 %> 20/M. Etwa 52 % fordern immer Röntgenaufnahmen in 2 Ebenen nach akutem Trauma. Das Röntgen der Gegenseite bei unklaren Befunden lehnen 70 % ab. 23 % wenden die Sonographie regelmäßig in der Frakturdiagnostik an. Bei polytraumatisierten Kindern und Jugendlichen wird das Ganzkörper-CT bei 18 % nie, bei 50 % selten und bei 14 % standardmäßig eingesetzt.

Diskussion

Die Analyse zeigt, dass es kein einheitliches radiologisches Management von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Frakturen unter den Befragten gibt.

Schlussfolgerung

Vergleicht man die Ergebnisse der Umfrage mit den kürzlich in dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlichten Konsensergebnissen des SKT, so bedarf es noch Überzeugungsarbeit, um den Einsatz von Röntgenstrahlen bei der Primärdiagnostik zu ändern.
Impact of instrumental settings in electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry on the analysis of multi-CH3-/CD3-isotopologs in cellulose ether analysis: a quantitative evaluation
Authors: Schleicher Sarah , Lottje Inka-Rosalia , Mischnick Petra
Published: December 2021

Exact quantification of the molar ratios of isotopologous mixed O-methyl-O-methyl-d3-cellooligosaccharides (COS) comprising all combinations from fully methylated to fully deuteromethylated constituents within an individual degree of polymerization (DP) is the key step in the analysis of the substituent distribution over the polymer chains in methyl celluloses (MC). Deuteromethylation of MC is performed to level chemical differences, but due to a m/z range of 3 DP·ΔMe/Me-d3, bias during MS measurement cannot certainly be excluded. Therefore, ionization, ion transportation, and ion storage were studied with an electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometer (ESI-IT-MS) using binary equimolar mixtures of per-O-Me- and per-O-Me-d3-COS, defining the border cases of a particular Me/Me-d3-profile. Reference data of their molar ratio were determined after reductive amination with m-amino benzoic acid by HPLC-UV. COS of DP2–6 were measured as their sodium adducts at c = 10−6 M by syringe pump infusion. The impact of the RF voltage of the ion trap (TD), the octopole RF and DC voltages, and the Cap Exit potential on absolute and relative ion intensities were studied. Adapting the Cap Exit voltage was essential for correct quantification of DP2, while all COS of higher DP behaved insensitive with respect to bias. To check whether any bias occurs in the electrospray ionization process of the isotopologs, concentration-dependent measurements were performed with optimized instrumental settings for each DP. Intensity ratios IR = I (Me-d3)/I (Me) did not show any concentration-dependent trend and no selective ion suppression. Its decrease with DP observed under usually applied standard conditions (smart mode) is a consequence of discrimination according to m/z and can be overcome by appropriate instrumental settings of Oct 2 DC and TD. IR between 0.971 ± 0.008 and 1.040 ± 0.009 with no trend for DP (2-6) were obtained by averaging all measurements in the range 2 · 10−7 to 2 · 10−5 M total concentration. The DP-related optimized settings were applied to two MCs and compared with the results obtained under so far applied standard conditions.

Graphical abstract
Solitary colorectal liver metastasis: overview of treatment strategies and role of prognostic factors
Authors: Acciuffi S. , Meyer F. , Bauschke A. , Croner R. , Settmacher U. , Altendorf-Hofmann A.
Published: December 2021

The following is an overview of the treatment strategies and the prognostic factors to consider in the therapeutic choice of patients characterized by solitary colorectal liver metastasis. Liver resection is the only potential curative option; nevertheless, only 25% of the patients are considered to be eligible for surgery. To expand the potentially resectable pool of patients, surgeons developed multidisciplinary techniques like portal vein embolization, two-stage hepatectomy or associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy. Moreover, mini-invasive surgery is gaining support, since it offers lower post-operative complication rates and shorter hospital stay with no differences in long-term outcomes. In case of unresectable disease, various techniques of local ablation have been developed. Radiofrequency ablation is the most commonly used form of thermal ablation: it is widely used for unresectable patients and is trying to find its role in patients with small resectable metastasis. The identification of prognostic factors is crucial in the choice of the treatment strategy. Previous works that focused on patients with solitary colorectal liver metastasis obtained trustable negative predictive factors such as presence of lymph-node metastasis in the primary tumour, synchronous metastasis, R status, right-sided primary colon tumor, and additional presence of extrahepatic tumour lesion. Even the time factor could turn into a predictor of tumour biology as well as further clinical course, and could be helpful to discern patients with worse prognosis.
Diabetic kidney disease in children and adolescents: an update
Authors: Lopez Lauren N. , Wang Weijie , Loomba Lindsey , Afkarian Maryam , Butani Lavjay
Published: December 2021

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), previously encountered predominantly in adult patients, is rapidly gaining center stage as a childhood morbidity and one that pediatric nephrologists are likely to encounter with increasing frequency. This is in large part due to the obesity epidemic and the consequent rise in type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, as well as the more aggressive diabetes phenotype in today’s youth with more rapid β-cell decline and faster development and progression of diabetes-related complications along with lower responsiveness to the treatments used in adults. DKD, an end-organ complication of diabetes, is at the very least a marker of, and more likely a predisposing factor for, the development of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and premature mortality in children with diabetes. On an optimistic note, several new therapeutic approaches are now available for the management of diabetes in adults, such as GLP1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and DPP4 inhibitors, that have also been shown to have a favorable impact on cardiorenal outcomes. Also promising is the success of very low-energy diets in inducing remission of diabetes in adults. However, the addition of these pharmacological and dietary approaches to the management toolbox of diabetes and DKD in children and adolescents awaits thorough assessment of their safety and efficacy in this population. This review outlines the scope of diabetes and DKD, and new developments that may favorably impact the management of children and young adults with diabetes and DKD.
Examining clinical correlates, treatment outcomes and mediators in young people with comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Jassi A. D. , Vidal-Ribas P. , Krebs G. , Mataix-Cols D. , Monzani B.
Published: December 2021

Despite the high comorbidity, surprisingly little is known about the clinical features, treatment prognosis, and treatment mediators for youth with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study, the largest to date, compared 172 young people with OCD and ASD (OCD + ASD) to 447 without ASD (OCD) on clinical characteristics, finding those with OCD + ASD were more likely to endorse poorer insight into their OCD, have greater global functional impairment, greater levels of concurrent psychopathology, higher levels of family accommodation and to be on medication. Treatment outcomes following a course of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy with or without medication were explored for a subgroup; 100 young people with OCD + ASD and 223 with OCD. Whilst both groups benefitted from treatment, the OCD + ASD group had significantly poorer treatment outcomes. Greater global functional impairment and being on medication mediated the between-group difference in outcomes. Further research and treatment refinements are needed to improve outcomes for youth with OCD + ASD.
Mirror-mediated string-pulling task in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius)
Authors: Baciadonna Luigi , Cornero Francesca M. , Clayton Nicola S. , Emery Nathan J.
Published: December 2021

Mirror tasks can be used to investigate whether animals can instrumentally use a mirror to solve problems and can understand the correspondence between reflections and the real objects they represent. Two bird species, a corvid (New Caledonian crow) and a parrot (African grey parrot), have demonstrated the ability to use mirrors instrumentally in mirror-mediated spatial locating tasks. However, they have not been challenged with a mirror-guided reaching task, which involves a more complex understanding of the mirror’s properties. In the present study, a task approximating the mirror-guided reaching task used in primate studies was adapted for, and given to, a corvid species (Eurasian jay) using a horizontal string-pulling paradigm. Four birds learned to pull the correct string to retrieve a food reward when they could see the food directly, whereas none used the reflected information to accomplish the same objective. Based on these results, it cannot be concluded whether these birds understand the correspondence between the location of the reward and its reflected information, or if the relative lack of visual-perceptual motor feedback given by the setup interfered with their performance. This novel task is posited to be conceptually more difficult compared to mirror-mediated spatial locating tasks, and should be used in avian species that have previously been successful at using the mirror instrumentally. This would establish whether these species can still succeed at it, and thus whether the task does indeed pose additional cognitive demands.
Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a lysosomal protease perspective
Authors: Soond Surinder M. , Zamyatnin Andrey A.
Published: December 2021

The intimate involvement of pathogens with the heightened risk for developing certain cancers is an area of research that has captured a great deal of attention over the last 10 years. One firmly established paradigm that highlights this aspect of disease progression is in the instance ofHelicobacter pyloriinfection and the contribution it makes in elevating the risk for developing gastric cancer. Whilst the molecular mechanisms that pinpoint the contribution that this microorganism inflicts towards host cells during gastric cancer initiation have come into greater focus, another picture that has also emerged is one that implicates the host’s immune system, and the chronic inflammation that can arise therefrom, as being a central contributory factor in disease progression. Consequently, when taken with the underlying role that the extracellular matrix plays in the development of most cancers, and how this dynamic can be modulated by proteases expressed from the tumor or inflammatory cells, a complex and detailed relationship shared between the individual cellular components and their surroundings is coming into focus. In this review article, we draw attention to the emerging role played by the cathepsin proteases in modulating the stage-specific progression ofHelicobacter pylori-initiated gastric cancer and the underlying immune response, while highlighting the therapeutic significance of this dynamic and how it may be amenable for novel intervention strategies within a basic research or clinical setting.
Stimulated Raman histology in the neurosurgical workflow of a major European neurosurgical center — part A
Authors: Neidert Nicolas , Straehle Jakob , Erny Daniel , Sacalean Vlad , El Rahal Amir , Steybe David , Schmelzeisen Rainer , Vlachos Andreas , Reinacher Peter Christoph , Coenen Volker Arnd , Mizaikoff Boris , Heiland Dieter Henrik , Prinz Marco , Beck Jürgen , Schnell Oliver
Published: December 2021

Histopathological diagnosis is the current standard for the classification of brain and spine tumors. Raman spectroscopy has been reported to allow fast and easy intraoperative tissue analysis. Here, we report data on the intraoperative implementation of a stimulated Raman histology (SRH) as an innovative strategy offering intraoperative near real-time histopathological analysis. A total of 429 SRH images from 108 patients were generated and analyzed by using a Raman imaging system (Invenio Imaging Inc.). We aimed at establishing a dedicated workflow for SRH serving as an intraoperative diagnostic, research, and quality control tool in the neurosurgical operating room (OR). First experiences with this novel imaging modality were reported and analyzed suggesting process optimization regarding tissue collection, preparation, and imaging. The Raman imaging system was rapidly integrated into the surgical workflow of a large neurosurgical center. Within a few minutes of connecting the device, the first high-quality images could be acquired in a “plug-and-play” manner. We did not encounter relevant obstacles and the learning curve was steep. However, certain prerequisites regarding quality and acquisition of tissue samples, data processing and interpretation, and high throughput adaptions must be considered. Intraoperative SRH can easily be integrated into the workflow of neurosurgical tumor resection. Considering few process optimizations that can be implemented rapidly, high-quality images can be obtained near real time. Hence, we propose SRH as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of tumor entity, analysis of tumor infiltration zones, online quality and safety control and as a research tool in the neurosurgical OR.
Lessons from the Japanese ninja: on achieving a higher trade equilibrium under anarchy and private constitutions
Authors: Maltsev Vladimir V.
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the possibility of anarchy achieving a high trade equilibrium via the example of ninja communities in Japan. Initially, ninjas in the mountainous regions of Iga and Kōka were stateless, constantly feuded, and had few opportunities for exchange. With the advent of civil war in the sixteenth century, ninjas’ economic conditions changed. The mercenary market significantly expanded and presented great profit opportunities for the ninjas. However, instead of creating a formal government to move to a higher trade equilibrium, the ninjas resorted to forming voluntary confederations held together by private constitutions. I argue that this development was possible because the institutional environment of the Sengoku period enabled a framework of self-governing institutions and principles. The ninjas were able to build on this framework with very low organizational costs. As a result, the ninjas were able to reap large economic gains on the mercenary market while remaining stateless—a seemingly paradoxical development that goes against the standard dichotomy of “states and thick markets” versus “anarchy and thin markets.”
Buoyancy-driven algebraic (localised) boundary-layer disturbances
Authors: Edwards S. M. , Hewitt R. E.
Published: December 2021

We show that a new class of steady linear eigenmodes exist in the Falkner–Skan boundary layer, associated with an algebraically developing, thermally coupled three-dimensional perturbation that remains localised in the spanwise direction. The dominant mode has a weak temperature difference that decays (algebraically) downstream, but remains sufficient (for favourable pressure gradients that are below a critical level) to drive an algebraically growing disturbance in the velocity field. We determine the critical Prandtl number and pressure gradient parameter required for downstream algebraic growth. We also march the nonlinear boundary-region equations downstream, to demonstrate that growth of these modes eventually gives rise to streak-like structures of order-one aspect ratio in the cross-sectional plane. Furthermore, this downstream flow can ultimately become unstable to a two-dimensional Rayleigh instability at finite amplitudes.
Adversarial Attack for Uncertainty Estimation: Identifying Critical Regions in Neural Networks
Authors: Alarab Ismail , Prakoonwit Simant
Published: December 2021

We propose a novel method to capture data points near decision boundary in neural network that are often referred to a specific type of uncertainty. In our approach, we sought to perform uncertainty estimation based on the idea of adversarial attack method. In this paper, uncertainty estimates are derived from the input perturbations, unlike previous studies that provide perturbations on the model's parameters as in Bayesian approach. We are able to produce uncertainty with couple of perturbations on the inputs. Interestingly, we apply the proposed method to datasets derived from blockchain. We compare the performance of model uncertainty with the most recent uncertainty methods. We show that the proposed method has revealed a significant outperformance over other methods and provided less risk to capture model uncertainty in machine learning.
Belief does not entail a reasoning disposition
Authors: Wimmer Simon
Published: December 2021

Are there any dispositions one must have if one believes p? A widespread answer emphasizes the role of beliefs in reasoning and holds that if one believes p, one must be disposed to treat p as true (rely on p/use p as a premise) in one’s reasoning. I argue that this answer is subject to counterexamples.
Is Religion a Determinant of Financial Development?
Authors: Amissah Emmanuel , Świerczyńska Katarzyna
Published: December 2021

Studies on the determinants of financial development have been silent on the role of religion. Growing evidence in the literature about how financial development positively affects economic growth and development highlights a greater interest in understanding the determinants of financial development. Despite the growing interest in this direction, less focus has been given to the role of religion in financial development. Using data from the World Values Survey, this study explores the relationship between finance and religion. In this study, finance is modelled through different measures of financial development and religion is represented by the intensity of religiosity. Results showed that on average there is a significant negative relationship. Subsequent analysis showed that as countries become financially developed, this negative relationship becomes insignificant. The quantile regression technique was employed to capture the nature of the relationship at different levels. The analysis showed that as countries become financially developed, the negative relationship becomes insignificant to financial development. These results account for some of the differences in the level of financial development between developed and developing countries where the latter tend to be more religious than the former.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health, Occupational Functioning, and Professional Retention Among Health Care Workers and First Responders
Authors: Hendrickson Rebecca C. , Slevin Roisín A. , Hoerster Katherine D. , Chang Bernard P. , Sano Ellen , McCall Catherine A. , Monty Gillian R. , Thomas Ronald G. , Raskind Murray A.
Published: December 2021

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected front-line health care workers (HCW) and first responders (FR). The specific components of COVID-19 related occupational stressors (CROS) associated with psychiatric symptoms and reduced occupational functioning or retention remain poorly understood.

Objectives

Examine the relationships between total and factored CROS, psychiatric symptoms, and occupational outcomes.

Design

Observational, self-report, single time-point online assessment.

Participants

A total of 510 US HCW (N = 301) and FR (N = 200) with occupational duties affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Main Outcomes and Measures

CROS were assessed using a custom 17-item questionnaire. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, insomnia, and generalized anxiety symptoms were assessed using the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL5), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD7). Respondents’ likelihood of leaving current field and occupational functioning were assessed with 2-item PROMIS subscales. Relationships were modeled using multivariable regression. Open-ended responses were coded using rapid template analysis.

Results

CROS total scores correlated significantly with all four psychiatric symptom domains (R’s = .42–.53), likelihood of leaving one’s current occupation (R = .18), and trouble doing usual work (R = .28), all p’s < .001. Half of HCW indicated a decreased likelihood of staying in their current occupation as a result of the pandemic. CROS were fit to a 3-factor model consisting of risk, demoralization, and volume factors. All CROS factors were associated with psychiatric symptom burden, but demoralization was most prominently associated with psychiatric symptoms and negative occupational outcomes. Among psychiatric symptoms, PTSD symptoms were most strongly associated with negative occupational outcomes. Open-ended statements emphasized lack of protection and support, increased occupational demands, and emotional impact of work duties.

Conclusions and Relevance

These results demonstrate potentially treatable psychiatric symptoms in HCW and FR experiencing CROS, impacting both wellbeing and the health care system. Mitigating CROS, particularly by addressing factors driving demoralization, may improve HCW and FR mental health, occupational functioning, and retention.
Task scheduling for transport and pick robots in logistics: a comparative study on constructive heuristics
Authors: Wang Hanfu , Chen Weidong
Published: December 2021

We study the Transport and Pick Robots Task Scheduling (TPS) problem, in which two teams of specialized robots, transport robots and pick robots, collaborate to execute multi-station order fulfillment tasks in logistic environments. The objective is to plan a collective time-extended task schedule with the minimization of makespan. However, for this recently formulated problem, it is still unclear how to obtain satisfying results efficiently. In this research, we design several constructive heuristics to solve this problem based on the introduced sequence models. Theoretically, we give time complexity analysis or feasibility guarantees of these heuristics; empirically, we evaluate the makespan performance criteria and computation time on designed dataset. Computational results demonstrate that coupled append heuristic works better for the most cases within reasonable computation time. Coupled heuristics work better than decoupled heuristics prominently on instances with relative few pick robot numbers and large work zones. The law of diminishing marginal utility is also observed concerning the overall system performance and different transport-pick robot numbers.
Brecht and Tragedy
Authors: Revermann Martin
Published: December 2021

This wide-ranging, detailed and engaging study of Brecht's complex relationship with Greek tragedy and tragic tradition argues that this is fundamental for understanding his radicalism. Featuring an extensive discussion of The Antigone of Sophocles (1948) and further related works (the Antigone model book and the Small Organon for the Theatre), this monograph includes the first-ever publication of the complete set of colour photographs taken by Ruth Berlau. This is complemented by comparatist explorations of many of Brecht's own plays as his experiments with tragedy conceptualized as the 'big form'. The significance for Brecht of the Greek tragic tradition is positioned in relation to other formative influences on his work (Asian theatre, Naturalism, comedy, Schiller and Shakespeare). Brecht emerges as a theatre artist of enormous range and creativity, who has succeeded in re-shaping and re-energizing tragedy and has carved paths for its continued artistic and political relevance.
The voices of the tale: the storyteller in early Byzantine collective biographies, miracle collections, and collections of edifying tales
Authors: Constantinou Stavroula , Andreou Andria
Published: December 2021

This article is a first attempt to approach the figure of the storyteller in three types of early Byzantine tale collections (fourth–seventh centuries): collective biography, miracle collection, and collection of edifying tales. Our approach draws significantly on Walter Benjamin's discussion of the storyteller and Monica Fludernik's work on conversational storytelling. Our analysis has a twofold purpose: first, to revise the impression that the storyteller is a canonical force that possesses the same characteristics in every single tale; second, to suggest that the storyteller is an inherent feature of short hagiographical narratives.
Household Quarry-Reservoirs at the Ancient Maya Site of Yaxnohcah, Mexico
Authors: Brewer Jeffrey L , Carr Christopher
Published: December 2021

In this study, we present new data from the ancient Maya site of Yaxnohcah in southern Mexico. These data, which are drawn from lidar-based GIS analysis, field inspection, and the excavation of two small, closed depressions, suggest that many of this site's features served a dual function. Quarrying to extract construction materials left behind closed depressions that were then sealed to create household reservoirs. We classify these water-storage features as quarry-reservoirs. The ubiquity of these small quarry-reservoirs represented an important community water source outside the sphere of direct elite control.
Constrained Citizens? Ideological Structure and Conflict Extension in the US Electorate, 1980–2016
Authors: Hare Christopher
Published: December 2021

Past the half-century mark of Converse's (1964) field-defining essay, the nature of political ideology in the mass public and how it has changed in response to partisan polarization remains enigmatic. To test the ideological structure of US public opinion, I develop and implement a Bayesian dynamic ordinal item response theory model. In contrast to static scaling procedures, this method allows for changes in the mappings between issue attitudes and the underlying ideological dimension over time. The results indicate that over the last forty years, mass attitudes on a range of long-standing policy controversies better fit a unidimensional ideological structure. As among elites, the left–right dimension has come to encompass a wide range of policy, partisan, and value divides in the mass public. Further, these trends hold for voters at all levels of political sophistication. Widespread conflict extension appears to be a defining feature of mass polarization in contemporary US politics.
Gendered retirement pathways across lifecourse regimes
Authors: Madero-Cabib Ignacio , Le Feuvre Nicky , König Stefanie
Published: December 2021

In order to capture the rapidly changing reality of older workers, it is important to study retirement not as a one-off transition, but rather as a series of diverse pathways that unfold during the period before and after reaching the full retirement age. The retirement transitions of men and women have been shown to vary widely according to individual characteristics such as health, education and marital status, but also according to macro-institutional factors, such as welfare regimes and gender norms. While there is a consensus about the combined influence of institutional and individual factors in shaping retirement transitions, previous research has rarely included both levels of analysis. This study aims to close this research gap. Using a pooled-country dataset from three panel surveys, covering 11 nations, we examine the retirement pathways of 1,594 women and 1,105 men during a 12-year period (2004–2016) around the country- and gender-specific full pension age. Results show that retirement pathways diverge considerably across countries and lifecourse regimes. The distribution of men and women between the different pathways is also variable, both within and across societal contexts. More importantly, the influence of individual-level characteristics, such as education, on the gendering of retirement pathways is not identical across societal contexts. These findings provide useful insights into the gender-differentiated implications of policies aimed at extending working lives.
‘You really do become invisible’: examining older adults’ right to the city in the United Kingdom
Authors: Menezes Deborah , Woolrych Ryan , Sixsmith Judith , Makita Meiko , Smith Harry , Fisher Jenny , Garcia-Ferrari Soledad , Lawthom Rebecca , Henderson James , Murray Michael
Published: December 2021

A global ageing population presents opportunities and challenges to designing urban environments that support ageing in place. The World Health Organization's Global Age-Friendly Cities movement has identified the need to develop communities that optimise health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. Ensuring that age-friendly urban environments create the conditions for active ageing requires cities and communities to support older adults’ rights to access and move around the city (‘appropriation’) and for them to be actively involved in the transformation (‘making and remaking’) of the city. These opportunities raise important questions: What are older adults’ everyday experiences in exercising their rights to the city? What are the challenges and opportunities in supporting a rights to the city approach? How can the delivery of age-friendly cities support rights to the city for older adults? This paper aims to respond to these questions by examining the lived experiences of older adults across three cities and nine neighbourhoods in the United Kingdom. Drawing on 104 semi-structured interviews with older adults between the ages of 51 and 94, the discussion centres on the themes of: right to use urban space; respect and visibility; and the right to participate in planning and decision-making. These themes are illustrated as areas in which older adults’ rights to access and shape urban environments need to be addressed, along with recommendations for age-friendly cities that support a rights-based approach.
Impacts of biophilic design on the development of gerotranscendence and the Profile of Mood States during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Afacan Yasemin
Published: December 2021

To live in a good mood is not only a key consideration for future age-friendly communities, but also a critical necessity for positive ageing. Despite growing evidence of correlations between contact with nature and stress reduction, little is known about the effect of nature integration in indoor environments. Thus, this study aimed to answer the following research questions: (a) How do biophilic characteristics of home environments correlate with older adults’ experience of the multiple levels of the theory of gerotranscendence? and (b) What is the relationship between these experiences and the mood states of these older adults? The study was based on a comparative analysis to scrutinise the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these questions. The data were gathered through questionnaires with 450 older adults aged between 65 and 95 years, and stratified by the biophilic characteristics of their living environments: indoor biophilic, outdoor biophilic and non-biophilic. Two sets of data were collected with the same participants, respectively, before the COVID-19 pandemic (June to October 2018) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (June to October 2020). It found that the biophilic characteristics of home environments are correlated dynamically with older adults’ ageing experience and mood states. The study indicates that outdoor biophilic features facilitate the recovery of tension mood effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas indoor biophilic features facilitate recovery from depression and anger.
Breakfast skipping and cognitive and emotional engagement at school: a cross-sectional population-level study
Authors: Moller Hero , Sincovich Alanna , Gregory Tess , Smithers Lisa
Published: December 2021

Objective:

Research on the consequences of breakfast skipping among students tends to focus on academic outcomes, rather than student well-being or engagement at school. This study investigated the association between breakfast skipping and cognitive and emotional aspects of school engagement.

Design:

Cross-sectional study using data from a population-level survey of children and adolescents’ well-being and engagement at school. Linear regression with adjustment for confounders was used to estimate the effect of breakfast skipping on school engagement.

Setting:

Government schools (i.e. public schools) in South Australia.

Participants:

The participants were students, Grades 4–12, who completed the Wellbeing and Engagement Collection in 2019. The analysis sample included 61 825 students.

Results:

Approximately 9·6 % of students reported always skipping breakfast, with 35·4 % sometimes skipping and 55·0 % never skipping. In the adjusted linear regression models, children and adolescents who always skipped breakfast reported lower levels of cognitive engagement (β = −0·26 (95 % CI −0·29, −0·25)), engagement with teachers (β = −0·17 (95 % CI −0·18, −0·15)) and school climate (β = −0·17 (95 % CI −0·19, −0·15)) compared with those who never skipped breakfast, after controlling for age, gender, health, sleep, sadness and worries, parental education, socio-economic status and geographical remoteness.

Conclusion:

Consistent with our hypothesis, skipping breakfast was associated with lower cognitive and emotional engagement, which could be due to mechanisms such as short-term energy supply and long-term health impacts. Therefore, decreasing the prevalence of breakfast skipping could have a positive impact on school engagement.
Different Forms of Narcissism and Leadership
Authors: Gauglitz Iris K.
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Prior research has revealed relevant associations between narcissism and leadership, but most studies have focused on narcissism as a personality trait and its grandiose dimension. However, other forms of narcissism (e.g., vulnerable, pathological, and communal narcissism) might also be relevant for leadership but have mainly been neglected in leadership research. Therefore, in this research spotlight, I investigate the link between alternative forms of narcissism and leadership criteria such as leader emergence and leader effectiveness. Along with theoretical considerations, I will derive suggestions for future research on these forms of narcissism and leadership.