bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brushed Aside: Unusual Lodgment of a Toothbrush in the Infraorbital Region - A Case Report
Authors: Saket Kumar , Bijapur Manjunath , Roy Ashalata , Kattimani Vasant
Published: November 2024

Foreign objects found in the oral and maxillofacial region a common encounter for surgeons specializing in oral and maxillofacial surgery OMFS often result from incidents of assault trauma or insufficient postoperative assessment. Identifying these objects can pose a diagnostic challenge for trauma surgeons. It mainly depends on factors such as the size of the object difficulty of access and its anatomical proximity to vital structures. Dealing with such injuries requires a sequential and multidisciplinary approach beginning with the trauma unit responsible for ensuring airway maintenance and hemodynamic stabilization and if deemed necessary conducting evaluations related to neurology ophthalmology and vascular concerns. The given case report describes an injury in which a 7 cm long piece of toothbrush was lodged in the left infraorbital area as a result of an accident. The patient presented with signs of local inflammation periorbital edema and paresthesia of the concerned region. The patient was treated under general anesthesia and made a full recovery post-operatively.
Outbreak of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in Kerala
Authors: S Shankar P
Published: November 2024

None
An Attempt to Find Alternative Stains for Routine Hematoxylin and Eosin
Authors: Kumar Tirandas Ram , CNV Akhila
Published: November 2024

Background Universally accepted stains for the routine histopathological examination are Hematoxylin and Eosin. There are even special stains that would specifically stain the individual tissue architecture such as stains for microorganisms nucleic acid stains lipid stains connective tissue stains etc. In certain conditions hematoxylin eosin and other special stains might not be readily available for histopathologic staining. Thus an attempt was made to find an alternative stain that is economic user friendly and readily available.Method The study included commonly available stains such as Mehendi stain Tobacco stain Textile dye Disclosing agent Sarasaparilla root extract Beta vulgaris Genus Vitis extract Xerox tonor washing dye Pure extracts of Vitis vinifera etc. Paraffin embedded well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma tissue block was freshly cut using a semi-automated tissue processing unit. The samples were taken from the ribbon sections and fixed on to the microscopic slides. The microscopic slides with the tissue samples were kept on the slide warmer to remove the impregnated wax and kept in xylene for clearing. After clearing staining of the microscopic slides was carried with the above mentioned individual stains.Results Among the selected stains few showed good microscopic diagnostic value and few stains were of poor diagnostic value. Conclusion Tissue specific stains are in demand for histopathological examination. Though hematoxylin and eosin is a gold standard stain the thirst and hunger for tissue specific stains among pathologists is high. Especially the stains that detect the cancerous cells or atypical cells at the early stage are more useful from the pathology point of view. Immediate diagnosis would help in faster treatment and better prognosis. The present study would open the door for further research on alternative stains and alternative staining methods.
Gram Negative Bacilli (GNB) Isolated from Sputum Samples of Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and the Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Β Lactamase (ESβl) Enzyme Producing Strains
Authors: VS Puranik , T Pavitra , . Fouziya , N L Nirmala
Published: November 2024

Background Lower Respiratory Tract Infections LRTI are a common infectious disease of the respiratory tract that are prevalent worldwide affecting all the age groups. This includes a broad description of infections like pneumonia acute bronchitis and has been one of the important cause of morbidity and mortality. The common gram negative bacilli GNB isolated from sputum samples were Klebsiella pneumonia E. coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumanii Haemophilus influenzae. Extended Spectrum beta Lactamase ESbetaL is an enzyme produced by GNB like E. coli K. pneumoniae K. oxytoca P. mirabilis that acquire the ability to degrade third and fourth generation cephalosporins and monobactams.Methods Early morning sputum sample was collected from patients diagnosed with LRTI. The sample collected was transported to the laboratory immediately and processed as per the standard operative procedure for sputum sample processing. Special reference was given to gram negative bacilli isolated from the samples. Antibiotic susceptibility test using Kirby Bauerrsquos method was performed and ESbetaL production was noted by disc approximation method.Results A total of 50 samples from patients diagnosed with LRTI were processed out of which 18 exhibited growth. K. pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated organism 77 followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 22. Out of the seven isolates in K. pneumoniae five were ESbetaL producers. The prevalence of LRTI was highest in patients above 65 years and least in patients aged 25-45 years.Conclusion Increased incidence of multi-drug resistance MDR amp ESbetaL strains necessitates bacteriology research diagnostic capacity and surveillance of antibiotic resistance. Routine screening for ESbetaL production and strong infection prevention strategies are very important in health care settings.
Association of C- peptide Levels and Type 1 Diabetes in Urban and Rural areas of South India
Authors: M Jali Sujata , V Jali Mallikarjun , Gagagane Sridhar , Wasedar Jyoti , Patil Prachi
Published: November 2024

Background Type 1 diabetes T1D presents as a severe chronic disorder affecting 5-10 of diabetes cases typically emerging earlier in life compared to type 2 diabetes T2D. Despite advancements the global incidence of T1D continues to rise posing significant short-term and long-term implications. Characterised by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells T1D results in absolute insulin deficiency with most cases attributed to autoimmune-mediated loss of beta cells type 1a and a minority stemming from idiopathic beta cell destruction or failure type 1b. Although traditionally perceived as predominant in children and adolescents T2D diagnoses in youth are increasingly prevalent.Methods This prospective study was conducted on thirty-one individuals diagnosed with T1D and seeking treatment at the KLES Diabetes Centre Belagavi Karnataka India. A single fasting blood sample approximately 10 mL was collected from each participant via peripheral venipuncture. According to the manufacturers instructions serum C-peptide levels were measured in all samples using a validated Chemiluminescent Immuno-Assay CLIA kit.Results The mean C-peptide levels were significantly higher 1.12 ngmL in participants with disease onset between 11 and 15 years than in those with onset between 0 and 5 years 0.57 ngmL. The participants had a mean disease duration of 6.93 years ranging from 3 to 15 years with 14 45.1 having a disease duration of 0-5 years 7 22.8 with 6ndash10 years and 10 32.2 with 11ndash15 years of type 1 diabetes.Conclusion This study investigated the relationship between C-peptide levels disease duration and age at onset in individuals with Type 1 Diabetes T1D. Our findings suggest a potential link between later diseaseonset 10-15 years and higher C-peptide levels which might indicate a slower disease progression in older individuals diagnosed with T1D.nbsp However a longer disease duration was positively correlated with a gradual decline in C-peptide levels.
Prevalence of Astigmatism in Children Visiting Headache Clinic at a Hospital in Rural Karnataka
Authors: Y Raju Varun , S Kalpana , G Preethi
Published: November 2024

Background Vision plays an important role in childrenrsquos learning. Uncorrected refractive errors are the leading cause of avoidable visual impairment in children and can be corrected effectively with early diagnosis and treatment. Screening for vision in school children is essential as most of the refractive errors manifest after 10-12 years of age.Objectives To estimate the prevalence of astigmatism among children visiting the Headache clinic at a tertiary hospital Akash Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre Devanahalli Bangalore.Methods The visual acuity of 300 children who visited the Headache clinic was measured using a LogMAR Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution chart. The children with reduced visual acuity were checked for astigmatism using a streak retinoscope.Results The age of all the randomly enrolled 300 children ranged between 5 and 16 years. Astigmatism was recorded in 30 students 18 females 10.34 and 12 males 9.52. Conclusion The astigmatism prevalence among children who visited a tertiary Headache clinic in rural Karnataka was estimated as 10 in the present study.
Proposed Improvement of Trans Semanggi Suroboyo Services Using IPA and QFD Methods
Authors: Setyani Kartika , Ciptomulyono Udisubakti
Published: November 2024

The high intensity of private vehicle usage has led to uncontrolled road congestion. To encourage residents to switch to public transportation, the Surabaya City Government introduced Trans Semanggi Suroboyo. Trans Semanggi Suroboyo experienced a decrease in passengers in 2023, with a decline of 324,711 passengers. Based on a preliminary survey with direct interviews conducted with 35 Trans Semanggi Suroboyo passengers, frequent complaints were related to service and facilities. Therefore, it is important to analyze and propose improvements to the services of Trans Semanggi Suroboyo as public transportation in Surabaya. To enhance the quality of services and facilities, it is essential to identify and evaluate passenger perceptions using service quality dimensions based on the Decree of the Director General of Land Transportation Number SK.5923/AJ.005/DRJD/2016. The most important service quality priorities for passengers are measured using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. This research identified 9 critical attributes that require improvement. Subsequently, a service quality improvement design was developed using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach through the House of Quality (HoQ) matrix, resulting in 5 priority technical responses. Based on these findings, a plan for improving the service and facilities of the Trans Semanggi Suroboyo bus was proposed to maintain the quality of public transportation services.
Implementation of Risk Management in an Effort to Realize the Good University Governance Principles
Authors: Permana Nalendra Bhayu , Haliah Haliah , Kusumawati Andi , Pertiwi Meilani Intan , Ihlashul’amal Muhammad
Published: November 2024

This study examines the implementation of risk management at Hasanuddin University in its efforts to realize Good University Governance (GUG) principles, such as transparency, accountability, and efficiency. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, document analysis, and observations involving key university stakeholders. The findings show that while the university has established formal risk management frameworks, several challenges persist. These include resource limitations, inconsistent communication between departments, and a lack of a risk-aware culture. Despite these obstacles, the implementation of risk management has contributed positively to enhancing transparency and accountability by providing systematic processes for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks. However, full integration with the broader governance system remains incomplete. To fully leverage risk management in supporting GUG principles, the university must promote greater stakeholder involvement, improve resource allocation, and ensure stronger alignment between risk management and governance strategies. These findings offer valuable insights for higher education institutions aiming to enhance governance through effective risk management.
Substantiation of the discharge mode of electrohydraulic equipment for drilling destruction of monolithic objects
Authors: Barsukov V. O.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. The article raises the problems associated with electrohydraulic drilling destruction of oversized monolithic objects, which are found, in particular, on the territory of construction works. At the moment, there is no assessment of the technology effectiveness, which means that methods are needed to justify the optimal discharge mode and its reproducibility in industrial equipment.

   The purpose of the article is substantiation of optimal energy parameters for destructing monolithic objects by using electrohydraulic drilling method.

   Materials and methods. The analysis of factors contributing to electrohydraulic fracture of monolithic objects was carried out and the most significant ones were identified. It is proposed to characterize the discharge mode with a set of parameters related to the transitional processes at the moments of conductor destruction, the discharge duration and the amount of energy input. Сalculation of the parameters has been presented in this paper.

   Results and discussions. Based on the identified active factors, a stand for registration the electrohydraulic effect has been developed. Parameters for ensuring reproducibility of the discharge mode are derived depending on the change in the discharge circuit inductance. Practical implications are proposed based on data analysis.

   Conclusion. The research findings advance a simple experiment planning to evaluate technology effectiveness. The article will be of interest to researchers in the field of electrohydraulic and electropulse technologies, and practitioners involved in clearing territories and removing monolithic objects.
Dependence of the soils’ elastic modulus reinforced with inorganic binders on compressive strength
Authors: Slobodchikova N. A. , Klyuev S. V. , Plyuta K. V.
Published: November 2024

Introduction. The modulus of elasticity refers to one of the main physical and mechanical characteristics of reinforced local grounds. Deformations of soils and building materials are usually described by Hooke’s law. The main laboratory testing methods include applying of uniaxial compression, triaxial compression, rigid stamp technics. Determining the modulus of elasticity is a complex, time-consuming and labor-intensive test. There are empirical models that describe the relationship between the modulus of elasticity and various parameters and characteristics (compressive strength, binder content in the mixture, etc.). However, these models are mainly developed for stabilized soils and for crushed stone reinforced with Portland cement.

   Methods and materials. To determine the pattern of change in the modulus of soils’ elasticity reinforced with inorganic binding materials from compressive strength, studies were conducted on samples of various soils strengthened with Portland cement and lime. Existing methods specified in the regulatory and technical documentation were used to produce the samples.

   Results. Based on the performed research, two empirical models were developed that reflect the dependence of the elastic modulus values on the compressive strength values of soils reinforced with Portland cement and lime.

   Discussion and conclusions. Existing testing methods of the elastic modulus are lengthy and labor-intensive. The developed empirical models allow us to obtain approximate values of the elastic modulus from the values of compressive strength of soil samples reinforced with Portland cement and lime.
Blanching pre-treatment on quality characteristics of cricket powder
Authors: Moongngarm A. , Moontree T. , Pranil T. , Loypimai P.
Published: November 2024

Cricket powder (CP) is a valuable cricket-based product that has recently been developed
and applied in many food products. Postharvest insect processing has a significant impact
on CP quality. In this study, the effects of blanching pre-treatment at different
temperatures (80, 90, and 100°C) and times (5, 10, and 15 mins) were investigated on the
physicochemical and microbiological properties of two edible crickets (Gryllus
bimaculatus and Acheta domesticus) powders. CP preparation without blanching treatment
served as the control. CP obtained from blanching at 80°C for 10 mins increased protein
and fiber content but decreased fat content compared to unblanched CP in both species.
CP contained histamine at lower than 4 µg/g. Blanching at 80°C for 10 mins gave the
highest total phenolic content (TPC) (150.0 and 258.4 mg GAE/g for G. bimaculatus and
A. domesticus, respectively) and the highest antioxidant activities in all assays (DPPH,
ABTS•+, and FRAP). Compared to unblanched CP, blanching crickets also reduced the
total microbial load in both CPs. Results suggested that blanching as a pre-treatment
improved the safety, functional properties, antioxidant activity of cricket powder.
Changes in the physicochemical properties of yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus
megalanthus) during storage
Authors: Pesantes-Gallardo M.G. , Reyna-Gonzales K. , Huaman-Grandez E.O. , Valdivia-Culqui J.E. , Paredes-Tarillo F.A. , Raymundo-Vasquez P.A. , Medina-Mendoza M. , Cayo-Colca I.S. , Castro-Alayo E.M. , Balcazar-Zumaeta C.R.
Published: November 2024

Fresh fruits are essential for their flavor and nutritional value, and storage is one factor
that decreases their shelf life. Low temperature or cold storage is a strategy to prolong the
shelf life and maintain quality. Yellow pitahaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) was collected
during the 2023 season, during May in the district of Magdalena (Chachapoyas,
Amazonas, Peru). This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of yellow pitahaya
stored at different conditions (room temperature, 2°C, and 4°C) every 15 days: Water
activity, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index, antioxidant
activity (by DPPH and ABTS) were also determined. The results showed significant
changes in the physicochemical properties of pitahaya stored at different temperatures.
The pitahaya stored at room temperature had higher water activity than samples stored at
2°C and 4°C, decreasing their solid content. The color of pitahaya also varied with the
storage temperature, being 2°C ideal for maintaining the color. Therefore, storage at low
temperatures slows down the degradation of the fruit, although precautions should be
taken due to its susceptibility to physiological changes. Proper storage of pitahaya is
essential to maintain its freshness and nutritional value.
Characterization and anti-aging activities of Haruan (Channa striata) fish oil
Authors: Syamsul E.S. , Lestari D. , Hamidi D. , Umar S. , Wahyuni F.S. , Martien R. , Rohman A. , Rusita Y.D.
Published: November 2024

Haruan fish or snakehead fish (Channa striata) is a freshwater fish widely cultivated in
Indonesia. Fish oils are believed to have some biological activities which are beneficial to
human health, including antioxidant and antiaging activities. The objectives of this study
are to determine the characteristics and yield of Haruan fish oil (HFO) using three
extraction methods (steaming, maceration, and pressing), to determine radical scavenging
activity (RSA) of fish oils using 2,2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-
azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radicals and to determine anticollagenase activity of HFO. The extraction of HFO from the flesh part using the steaming
method resulted in the highest RSA values either using DPPH or ABTS radicals. HFO
could inhibit the activity of collagenase by 26.87±0.391%. The highest yield of HFO was
obtained using the steaming method, with extraction yields of flesh and offal of 2.02% and
2.05%, respectively. The acid values (AV) of HFOs obtained from different parts using
the steaming method were 1.87±0.04 (flesh part), 1.88±0.07 (head) and 1.93±0.05 (offal).
The saponification values (SV) of HFO using the same extraction method were 6.30±0.26,
6.17±0.07, and 6.30±0.23 for flesh, head and offal, respectively. The peroxide (PV) and
iodine (IV) values were 85.37±2.86 and 198.51±7.68, 103.70±2.21 and 206.44±5.24, as
well as 96.05±2.93 and 193.68±1.70, for flesh, head and offal, respectively. These
parameters (AV, SV, PV and IV) met the requirements. Haruan fish oil has the potential to
be developed as a source of the human diet.
Optimization of nanocellulose extraction from Cocos nucifera leaves
Authors: Evyan Y.C.Y. , Nashid M.A. , Ang T.N. , Jie V.
Published: November 2024

The most common scenario in agriculture and food manufacturing is they utilize the fruit
or stem of the plants but discard the leaves by open burning or disposing them into the
river which causes water and air pollution. Nanocellulose fabricated from abundant
agricultural waste could be one of the alternative solutions to overcome environmental
pollution. In this study, nanocellulose was extracted from the dried leaves of Cocos
nucifera (Coconut). The process was carried out using formic acid, peroxy formic acid
and sodium hypochlorite bleaching. The interaction of three independent variables was
studied during the formic acid pulping stage. The optimum condition for the formic acid
pulping was set by 85% concentration of formic acid and incubation in the water bath at
70℃ for 1 hr. This study showed a simple and inexpensive method to extract
nanocellulose. The products provided insight into the kinetic model of nanocellulose and
the potential usages of nanocellulose as substitutes for renewable sources of energy and
applications in various fields.
Acceptability and feasibility of HIV self-testing distribution modes among key populations in Morocco
Authors: Ben moussa Amal , Mjidila Safia , El Kettani Amina , Khoudri Ibtissam , Youbi Mohammed , Alami Kamal , El Rhilani Houssine , ElOmari Boutaina , Salah Nour El Imane Issam , Fathi Sofia , Hajouji Fatima Zahra , Ouarsas Lahoucine , Karkouri Mehdi , Sodqi Mustapha
Published: November 2024

Background: HIV self-testing was introduced to enhance HIV testing uptake, especially among key populations. Despite the benefits, its use remains relatively low in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Aim: To assess the acceptability, usability and feasibility of HIV self-testing among key populations in Morocco. Methods: We assessed the usability and acceptability, as well as the feasibility of ordering online and picking up in pharmacies and of distribution by people living with HIV of an oral HIV self-testing kit among 3465 female sex workers, men having sex with men, and partners of newly diagnosed people living with HIV in Morocco. Data were collected using 4 questionnaires administered online anonymously and analysed using Stata version 14.0. Results: A total of 3465 individuals received the HIV self-testing kits, 54.4% male, 43.7% female and 1.9% transgender. High acceptability rates of 90.2%, 86.2% and 80.4% were reported among the female sex workers, men having sex with men, and partners of newly diagnosed people living with HIV, respectively. HIV positivity rates were 1.2% among the female sex workers and men having sex with men, and 4.3% among partners of people living with HIV. Between 44.0% and 73.4% of the participants had never been tested for HIV. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the value of extending HIV self-testing services to key populations in Morocco and possibly other countries in the Middle East and North Africa.
Perceptions about hypertension in an urban population in Pakistan
Authors: Noor Nimra , Hassan Danish , Khalid Saira , Kashif Momina
Published: November 2024

Background: As the risk factors and prevalence of hypertension continue to increase in Pakistan, it is imperative to understand the perceptions of patients about its prevention, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management to inform the design of programmes to improve management. Objective: To explore patients’ perceptions about the treatment, management and control of hypertension in an urban population in Pakistan. Methods: Using a semi-structured questionnaire, we conducted one-on-one interviews with 30 hypertensive patients at 2 urban government tertiary care hospitals in Lahore and Sargodha. The patients were aged 35–70 years, diagnosed with hypertension by a registered medical doctor, and being treated with anti-hypertensive medication. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using Quirkos. Results: Almost all the patients recognized the potential long-term consequences of hypertension. Most of them said regular use of prescribed medication was beneficial, including for blood pressure control and relief of symptoms. They understood the benefits of lifestyle modification, such as engaging in physical activity, for the management of blood pressure. They however had inadequate knowledge of their treatment regimens; some of them took their medications irregularly, while some took them only when they felt symptoms. Most patients relied solely on medical management. Conclusion: We identified major challenges with the management of hypertension among the study population. Patients and caregivers relied mostly on medical management, with insufficient follow-up after initiating treatment. There is a need to improve patient follow-up and provide better patient education on the benefits of adhering to treatment regimens and adopting lifestyle changes including dietary and exercise management.
Prevalence of hepatitis and HIV in Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Huma , Alam Ejaz , Dharejo Zulfiquar , Mahmood Hassan
Published: November 2024

Background: Based on the first hepatitis serosurvey conducted in 2008, Pakistan was identified as the country with the second highest hepatitis C disease burden in the world. Aim: To compare the current hepatitis seroprevalence with the 2008 figures and offer recommendations for elimination in the country. Methods: Using a stratified two-stage sample design, we collected blood samples from individuals living in the 29 districts of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The samples were tested at the hepatitis control programme laboratory using the national testing guidelines and the data were analysed using Epi Info and SPSS version 19.0. Results: Of the 6672 persons tested, 70 (1.0%) (42 male, 28 female) were hepatitis positive. Hepatitis prevalence increased with age. Family history of chronic liver disease (odds ratio 2.5) and shaving at the barber’s shop (odds ratio 2.2) were the major risk factors. Only 2 people (a husband and wife) were reactive to all the 3 HIV rapid diagnostic tests, giving an overall HIV prevalence of 0.02%. Conclusion: There is a need for mass testing and treatment in Pakistan through a multisectoral, collaborative approach, to halt the spread of hepatitis and prevent disease progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Retrospective analysis of a large-scale cholera outbreak in Sudan
Authors: El Bushra Hassan E. , Haroun Ahmed A. A. , Alkhidir Mohamed A. , Banaga Anwar Osman , Elbushra Hibat Abbas , Osman Nihal Abdelrahim Nasr , Hassan Layla Hamedelnile Abdalradi
Published: November 2024

Background: Cholera outbreak is a significant public health threat in some parts of Sudan. In 2023, there was a large-scale outbreak in Gadarif State. Aim: To analyse the 2023 cholera outbreak in Sudan and recommend prevention and control measures for the future. Methods: In this retrospective study we conducted an epidemiological analysis of data from suspected and confirmed cholera cases, aged ≥ 2 years, from 138 health centres in Gadarif State, Sudan. Results: A total of 1997 cholera cases were confirmed using rapid diagnostic test between 25 August and 17 December 2023. Most patients (99.2%) had severe watery diarrhoea, and vomiting was reported in over 73% of cases. Dehydration rates were similar for men and women (≈55–60%), average attack rate was 6.7 per 10 000 population. The attack rate varied by locality but not by gender across all age groups. The outbreak lasted 20 weeks and claimed 46 lives, giving a case fatality ratio of 2.6%. Public misconception about water chlorination substantially hindered control efforts. Conclusion: The prolonged period of the outbreak and the high case fatality ratio highlight the need for better laboratory and epidemiologic surveillance as well as better preparedness and response for future outbreaks, along with educational activities to address myths and misconceptions.
Principles of Behavior
Authors:   Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA, Malott Richard W. , Kohler Kelly T. ,   Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
Published: November 2024

Conocido tanto por su estilo narrativo como por su rigor científico, Principios de conducta ha sido durante más de cincuenta años el principal manual de introducción al análisis de conducta. A través de una exploración de conceptos experimentales, aplicados y teóricos, los autores resumen los temas clave en este campo. Dan vida al contenido utilizando un lenguaje humorístico y atractivo, y muestran a los estudiantes cómo los principios de la conducta se relacionan con su vida cotidiana. La pedagogía probada del texto hace que el contenido sea de gran claridad, sin por ello simplificar en exceso los conceptos. Cada capítulo incluye objetivos de estudio, términos clave y preguntas de repaso que animan a los estudiantes a comprobar su comprensión antes de seguir adelante. A lo largo del texto se incorporan ejemplos del mundo real y casos prácticos para ilustrar conceptos y principios fundamentales. Esta edición presenta algunos cambios estructurales significativos: el capítulo de condicionamiento respondiente es ahora el capítulo 1, una introducción general al condicionamiento operante se trata ahora en los capítulos 2 y 3, y la introducción a los métodos de investigación se trata ahora en el capítulo 4. Estos cambios pretenden ayudar a los docentes que usen ese manual a preparar a los estudiantes para el inicio de un proyecto de investigación al principio del curso. Hay dos capítulos nuevos, el capítulo 5 sobre la filosofía que sustenta al análisis de conducta, y el capítulo 24 sobre conducta verbal que introduce el enfoque y la terminología de B. F. Skinner. Esta edición también presenta un nuevo diseño a todo color y más de 400 figuras, tablas y gráficos. Principios de conductaes un recurso esencial tanto para cursos introductorios como intermedios de análisis de conducta. El libro está cuidadosamente adaptado a la duración de un periodo académico estándar y a la forma en que se imparten los cursos de análisis de conducta, correspondiendo cada sección a una semana de trabajo del curso. El texto también puede funcionar como el primer paso en el camino a recorrer por el estudiante para llegar a convertirse en un analista de conducta profesional a nivel de grado (QASP-S(R), BCaBA(R)) o posgrado (QBA(R), BCAP(R), BCBA(R)). También constituye una herramienta de estudio excelente para técnicos conductuales (ABAT(R), BCAT(R), RBT(R)), así como un manual de referencia para aquellos que estén ya en ejercicio. Cada capítulo del texto está integrado con la lista de tareas de la Behavior Analyst Certification Board(R) (BACB), sirviendo como un excelente manual de introducción a muchas de las tareas de la lista de tareas de dicha institución.
The Science of Consequences
Authors:   Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA, Schneider Susan
Published: November 2024

Las acciones tienen consecuencias, y la capacidad de aprender de ellas revolucionó la vida en la Tierra. Aunque es bastante evidente que las consecuencias son importantes (¿dónde estaríamos sin el reforzamiento positivo?), pocos saben que existe una ciencia de las consecuencias con principios que nos afectan cada día. A pesar de su variedad, las consecuencias parecen seguir un conjunto común de principios científicos y comparten algunos efectos comunes en el cerebro, por ejemplo, en los llamados "centros de placer". El sistema genética-ambiente siempre opera de forma integrada, y los científicos han demostrado que aprender de las consecuencias activa de manera predecible los genes y reestructura nuestro cerebro. Las aplicaciones posibles de esta ciencia de las consecuencias están en todas partes, en el hogar, en el trabajo y en el ámbito escolar, por mencionar algunos ejemplos. A nivel individual y social, por ejemplo, el autocontrol se enfrenta a menudo a las consecuencias a corto y largo plazo. Después de diez años de trabajo, "La Ciencia de las Consecuencias" narra una historia que abarca desde la genética hasta los neurotransmisores, desde la emoción hasta el lenguaje, desde la educación infantil hasta la política, adoptando un enfoque interdisciplinario inclusivo para mostrar cómo algo tan aparentemente simple puede ayudar a dar sentido a tantas cosas. Este título ha recibido numerosos elogios de expertos reconocidos en genética, neurociencia y economía, así como en psicología, análisis de conducta y entrenamiento animal en medios como Nature, The Scientist y Science News.
A New Survival Regression Model with Application to HIV Data
Authors: Falgore Jamilu Yunusa , Yahaya Abubakar , Doguwa Sani Ibrahim , Mohammed Aminu Suleiman , Imam Abdussamad Tanko
Published: November 2024

Many studies are being conducted in the modern world to extend the life expectancy of people suffering from a range of illnesses, including fatal conditions like cancer and HIV/AIDS. Many patients are therefore anticipated to be permanently cured or cured for some time. A new survival regression model was proposed to study HIV data. An advantage of the new distribution is that it outperforms some of the existing distributions in the lifetime literature. We obtain the estimates of the parameters of the proposed model using the method of maximum likelihood. The survival regression model was fitted to a data set of 100 observations. Additionally, Cox-Snell residual analysis was considered. The proposed model proved its significance by fitting the HIV data well compared to other models. The proposed model can be recommended to fit data of this kind.
Generalized Arctan-Laplace Distribution: Properties and Applications
Authors: Turchyn Ievgen
Published: November 2024

A new asymmetric counterpart of the Laplace distribution is introduced, the Arctan-Laplace distribution. Its mathematical properties are studied. Flexibility of the proposed distribution family is demonstrated using a real data set.
Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of Bacillus subtilis DSM 33862 and Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM 12856 as a silage additive for all animal species (Lactosan GmbH & Co.KG)
Authors:   EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa Roberto Edoardo , Azimonti Giovanna , Bonos Eleftherios , Christensen Henrik , Durjava Mojca , Dusemund Birgit , Gehring Ronette , Glandorf Boet , Kouba Maryline , López‐Alonso Marta , Marcon Francesca , Nebbia Carlo , Pechová Alena , Prieto‐Maradona Miguel , Röhe Ilen , Theodoridou Katerina , Anguita Montserrat , Bozzi Cionci Nicole , Brozzi Rosella , Innocenti Matteo L. , Ortuño Jordi , Valeri Piera , García‐Cazorla Yolanda
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on a formulation of Bacillus subtilis DSM 33862 and Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM 12856 when used as a technological additive to improve ensiling of fresh plant material. The additive is intended for use with fresh plant material with a dry matter (DM) range of 32%–65% at a proposed minimum concentration of 1 × 108 colony forming units (CFU)/kg fresh plant material to be used for all animal species. The bacterial species B. subtilis and L. buchneri are considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to safety assessment. The identity of the strains was established, no acquired antimicrobial resistance genes of concern were detected in any of the two active agents and no evidence of toxigenic potential was found in B. subtilis DSM 33862. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of the strains as a silage additive is considered safe for all the animal species, for consumers of products from animals fed with the treated silage and for the environment. Regarding user safety, the additive contains microorganisms and therefore should be considered as a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser. The additive is not irritant to skin or eyes. Inhalation and dermal exposure is considered a risk. These conclusions would apply, in principle, to any preparations containing the active agents. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive containing B. subtilis DSM 33862 and L. buchneri DSM 12856 at a minimum concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/kg fresh material has the potential to extend the aerobic stability of silage prepared from fresh plant materials with a DM range of 32%–65%.
Efficacy of the feed additives consisting of Enterococcus faecium ATCC 53519 and E. faecium ATCC 55593 as silage additives for all animal species (FEFANA asbl)
Authors:   EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa Roberto Edoardo , Azimonti Giovanna , Bonos Eleftherios , Christensen Henrik , Durjava Mojca , Dusemund Birgit , Gehring Ronette , Glandorf Boet , Kouba Maryline , López‐Alonso Marta , Marcon Francesca , Nebbia Carlo , Pechová Alena , Prieto‐Maradona Miguel , Röhe Ilen , Theodoridou Katerina , Dierick Noël , López‐Puente Secundino , Anguita Montserrat , Innocenti Matteo L. , Ortuño Jordi
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the efficacy of two technological additives (functional group: silage additives) consisting of Enterococcus faecium strains ATCC 53519 and ATCC 55593, respectively. The additives are intended for use with all types of fresh materials and for all animal species at a proposed minimum concentration of 1 × 107 colony‐forming units of E. faecium ATCC 53519/kg fresh material or 5 × 106 CFU of E. faecium ATCC 55593/kg fresh material. In a previous opinion, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on their efficacy since the dry matter content of the ensiled materials at the end of the experiments was not corrected for volatiles, which led to unreliable estimation of the dry matter loss, and the lack of positive effects on any of the other parameters. The supplementary information submitted by the applicant included updated data on the dry matter loss corrected for volatiles. The results showed that, at the end of the ensiling process, the dry matter loss during the ensiling was significantly lower in the ensiled materials treated with E. faecium ATCC 53519 or ATCC 55593 compared to controls. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that the addition of E. faecium ATCC 53519 or ATCC 55593 in all types of fresh plant materials shows potential to improve the nutrient preservation of silage at the proposed conditions of use.
НАУКОВІ ПІДХОДИ ДО РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ У ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ
Authors: Павлов Костянтин
Published: November 2024

Introduction. The current state of enterprises in war can be described as extremely threatening and risky. The dynamism of market processes forces business entities to consider all potential and existing threats to make the right strategic decisions. External factors of the market environment are often characterized by asymmetry and periodic cyclicality, including economic downturns and depressive phases of stagnation.
The purpose of the article. The article aims to study various scientific approaches to ensuring economic security in the business sector in wartime.
Methods. The current state of enterprises in wartime is extremely threatening and risky. The dynamism of market processes requires business entities to consider all potential and existing threats to make the right strategic decisions. External factors of the market environment are often characterized by asymmetry and periodic cyclicality, including economic downturns and depressions.
Results. When considering the role and significance of microeconomic processes at the enterprise level, they should be understood as factors of macroeconomic reproduction at the state level, which is the result of entrepreneurial activity.
Conclusions. Based on the analysis, we can draw several general conclusions: The economic security of an enterprise is part of the country's national security and depends on many factors. Economic security is characterized by the ability of an enterprise to achieve stable operation by strategically eliminating and confronting threats and risks. It is proposed that economic security be considered a system of protection for the enterprise's activities from various negative factors of internal and external origin.
It also includes the ability of an enterprise to use various resources and approaches to eliminate risks and threats and achieve well-being. Achieving an adequate level of economic security is possible in the context of globalization and the European business development scenario. The essence of the economic security of enterprises is most fully revealed through economic and legal, information and technological, reproductive, and personal approaches.
ТОВАРНА ПОЛІТИКА ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ЯК ОБ’ЄКТ МАРКЕТИНГОВОГО АНАЛІЗУ І ПЛАНУВАННЯ
Authors: Лялюк Алла , Сак Тетяна , Милько Інна , Чабан Анна
Published: November 2024

Introduction. For the effective organization of marketing activities of the enterprise, it is important to rationally build a product policy, which is the basis for making marketing decisions related to the features of the product purchase and the mechanism of its promotion from the manufacturer to the end consumer.
The purpose of the article is an in-depth study of the theoretical and methodological aspects of the analysis and planning of marketing product policy (PMP) by developing the structure of the enterprise's PMP strategic plan and building a product management model.
Methods. Using the method of analysis and synthesis made it possible to propose an own approach to marketing planning of product policy.
Results. The article provides a theoretical analysis of literary sources regarding the interpretation of the concept of PMP by various authors, the expediency of marketing analysis and product policy planning is substantiated. Based on the study of foreign experience, the structure of the enterprise's PMP strategic plan was developed. The relationship between the formation of the PMP «roadmap» and the need to check the maturity of the marketing product policy team, which is represented by such entities and processes as management, employees, PMP implementation tools, business processes and production organization, is presented.
Conclusions. Improving MTP planning is one of the most important ways to increase the efficiency of the enterprise. It is important to carry out such marketing planning, which helps to substantiate the impact of the enterprise's general corporate strategy, business strategies on the product strategy.
МОДЕЛІ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ В КОНТЕКСТІ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ
Authors: Хілуха Оксана
Published: November 2024

The aim of the article is to identify the essence of the circular economy (CE) and to develop business models for its use to reduce environmental impact. It is established that the essence of the economic system lies in the self-accumulation of capital by increasing the mass of recycled resources and the speed of their circulation in the production process. To ensure its functioning, such a system absorbs new territories, sources of raw materials, energy, and human resources. The linear model of economic growth can no longer meet the needs of modern society. It has been proven that in a circular economy, the value of products and materials is preserved much longer, resource use efficiency is increased, and waste is minimized. When a product reaches the end of its life cycle, resources remain in the economy for the creation of additional value. These models not only create safe jobs but also introduce innovations that provide a competitive advantage and a high level of protection for the population and the environment. Additionally, the CE model provides consumers with more durable and innovative products that help save money and improve quality of life. Based on the principles in the waste management hierarchy from 4R (reduce, reuse, recycle, repurpose) through 5Rs (refuse, reduce, reuse, repurpose, recycle) to 9Rs and 12Rs of zero waste, business models have been identified that implement the ideas of the circular economy at the micro (products, enterprises, consumers), meso (eco-industrial parks), and macro levels (city, region, nation). It has been substantiated that in a circular economy, the value of products and materials is preserved much longer, resource use efficiency is increased, and waste is minimized. When a product reaches the end of its life cycle, resources remain in the economy for the creation of additional value. These models not only create safe jobs but also introduce innovations that provide a competitive advantage and a high level of protection for the population and the environment. The CE model provides consumers with more durable and innovative products that help save money and improve quality of life.
МАРКЕТИНГОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ЦІНОВОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ НА ПОВЕДІНКУ СПОЖИВАЧІВ
Authors: Букало Надія
Published: November 2024

Abstract Introduction. Economic terms "marketing pricing policy" are considered in the article, "behavior of consumers", interpretation different foreign and home scientists, it is given their description. The role of marketing pricing policy is investigational for companies and consumers of products or services. It is considered types of consumer behavior and their reaction on a price.
The purpose of the article. Research of approaches in relation to determination of concept "marketing pricing policy" their value and terms of pricing, consideration of term "behavior of consumers", research of types of behavior of consumers and their reaction on a price.
Methods. During research the methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, theoretical, historical and logical generalization are used. The dialectical method of research became methodological basis.
Results. It is exposed essence of economic term "marketing pricing policy" and "behavior of consumers". The conducted research showed that a competent price policy is an important component of the company's marketing strategy, because the price is one of the key factors taken into account by consumers when making purchase decisions. The study of consumer behavior is a priority area in the activity of any company, because consumers, after purchasing goods, bring profit to it. Therefore, for the successful operation of the company, customers must be in the center of attention. By studying consumers, their motives, wishes, price categories, and purchase processes, companies try to offer buyers exactly what they need.
Conclusiоns. A study of theoretical and practical aspects of the marketing policy of pricing and consumer behavior was conducted, the types of consumer behavior and their reaction to the price were investigated. It was determined that the influence of marketing price policy on consumers is a key factor in making a purchase decision. Price politics determines the cost of commodities and services, that influences on perception of general utility of product consumers. The question of the factors that influence the behavior of consumers that most encourage the purchase of goods or services requires further research. Defining the role and place of price in making a purchase.