bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mn(III) complexes with nitro-substituted ligands—Spin states with a twist
Authors: Kühne Irina A. , Gavin Laurence C. , Harris Michelle , Gildea Brendan , Müller-Bunz Helge , Stein Matthias , Morgan Grace G.
Published: June 2021

Structural, magnetic, and computational data on two new Mn(III) complex cations in lattices with five different counterions and varying levels of solvation are compared to investigate the influence of the position of the electron-withdrawing ligand nitro-substituent on the thermal spin crossover profile. The [MnL1]+ (a) and [MnL2]+ (b) complex cations were prepared by complexation of Mn(III) to the Schiff base chelates formed from condensation of 3-nitrosalicylaldehyde or 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde, respectively, with 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane and were crystallized with NO3−, (1a/b), ClO4−, (2a/b), PF6−, (3a/b), CF3SO3− (4a/b), and BPh4− (5a/b) counterions. Magnetostructural analysis reveals a minor trend in the spin state preference depending on the position of the nitro substituent where the orientation is dependent on crystal packing. Compounds using the 3-NO2-sal2-323 ligand, H2L1, where the nitro group is bent out-of-plane to the benzene ring of the Schiff base, tend to stabilize the triplet state, S = 1, while those with the 5-NO2-sal2-323 Schiff base, H2L2, where the nitro group is almost perfectly aligned in-plane with the benzene ring, mostly stabilize the spin-quintet form, S = 2. Density functional theory calculations correctly describe the energetics of intermediate spin/high spin transitions in the complexes. The intrinsic molecular magnetic properties are only marginally dependent on the position of the nitro groups; the out-of-plane orientation for the 3-NO2 is stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction between the nitro group and the equatorial sal ligand. This demonstrates that the control of magnetic behavior in the solid state is mainly a cooperative effect from the size and distribution of counterions, crystal packing, and intermolecular interactions. Three potential structural phase transitions were identified, in complexes 3a, 4a, and 5a · 2MeCN including one which is not coupled to a spin state change. Finally, a break in the pattern of Jahn-Teller distortion typical for [Mn(R-Sal2-323)]+ complexes was observed in two of the complexes with the 5-NO2 ligand, where elongation of the Mn–O bond lengths on warming replaced the usual pattern of elongation of only Mn–N distances.
Shock and shear layer interactions in a confined supersonic cavity flow
Authors: Karthick S. K.
Published: June 2021

The impinging shock of varying strengths on the free shear layer in a confined supersonic cavity flow is studied numerically using the detached eddy simulation. The resulting spatiotemporal variations are analyzed between the different cases using unsteady statistics, x–t diagrams, spectral analysis, and modal decomposition. A cavity of length to depth ratio [L/D]=2 at a freestream Mach number of M∞=1.71 is considered to be in a confined passage. Impinging shock strength is controlled by changing the ramp angle (θ) on the top wall. The static-pressure ratio across the impinging shock (p2/p1) is used to quantify the impinging shock strength. Five different impinging shock strengths are studied by changing the pressure ratio: 1.0,1.2,1.5,1.7, and 2.0. As the pressure ratio increases from 1.0 to 2.0, the cavity wall experiences a maximum pressure of 25% due to shock loading. At [p2/p1]=1.5, fundamental fluidic mode or Rossiter's frequency corresponding to n = 1 mode vanishes whereas frequencies correspond to higher modes (n = 2 and 4) resonate. Wavefronts interaction from the longitudinal reflections inside the cavity with the transverse disturbances from the shock-shear layer interactions is identified to drive the strong resonant behavior. Due to Mach reflections inside the confined passage at [p2/p1]=2.0, shock-cavity resonance is lost. Based on the present findings, an idea to use a shock-laden confined cavity flow in an enclosed supersonic wall-jet configuration as passive flow control or a fluidic device is also demonstrated.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the effect of angle of attack on air flow characteristics around drop-shaped tube
Authors: Deeb Rawad
Published: June 2021

The effect of angle of attack on fluid flow characteristics around a single drop-shaped tube is studied for the first time experimentally and numerically. The study covers the Reynolds numbers Re = (13.2–30.4) × 103 and flow angles of attack (θ = 0°–50° and 130°–180°). The results of the drop-shaped tube were compared with those of a circular tube having the same equivalent diameter. Numerical computational fluid dynamics modeling using the finite volume discretization method is used to predict the flow pattern around tubes. It was found that the drop-shaped tubes delay the separation of the boundary layer from the tube wall. The drop-shaped tube showed its superiority over a circular tube in terms of reduced drag and friction factor under the same operating conditions. The values of the friction factor for the arrangement of θ = 50°, 150°, and 170° are lower than those obtained for a circular tube by about 2.6–2.9, 2.6, and 2.6–3.2 times, respectively.
Critical role of the CD44
low
CD62L
low
CD8
+
T cell subset in restoring antitumor immunity in aged mice
Authors: Nakajima Yuka , Chamoto Kenji , Oura Takuma , Honjo Tasuku
Published: June 2021

Significance

Although aging is known to suppress antitumor immunity, the precise underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the inefficient generation of CD44
low
CD62L
low
CD8
+
T cell subset (P4), pre-effector–like T cells, could explain the resistance to PD-1 blockade antitumor therapy in aged mice. Elevated expression of CD45RB in aged naive CD8
+
T cells appears to inhibit TCR signaling, resulting in fewer P4 cells, a subset with high expression of 1C metabolic genes. This decrease in P4 cells and antitumor activity was rescued by strong immunogenic stimulation by nonself cells. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanism underlying age-induced suppression of antitumor immunity, which may provide a basis for the development of therapeutic strategies for elderly cancer patients.
Multiple deprotonation paths of the nucleophile 3′-OH in the DNA synthesis reaction
Authors: Gregory Mark T. , Gao Yang , Cui Qiang , Yang Wei
Published: June 2021

Significance

To determine if there is a general base in the DNA synthesis reaction that deprotonates the nucleophile, we systematically removed potential hydrogen-bond acceptors of the nucleophile, the 3′-OH of the primer strand. We then characterized the activity of human DNA Pol η by kinetic, structural, and molecular dynamics simulation analyses. We found that no single or combined perturbations eliminate catalysis. Moreover, removal of two potential proton acceptors of the 3′-OH by mutating the conserved S113 to Ala and addition of 2′-F to the primer end rescued the defects of the S113A mutation alone. Our results support that there is no specific general base and the proton is prone to leave the O3′ upon activation by the three Mg
2+
ions.
Sequence of the supernumerary B chromosome of maize provides insight into its drive mechanism and evolution
Authors: Blavet Nicolas , Yang Hua , Su Handong , Solanský Pavel , Douglas Ryan N. , Karafiátová Miroslava , Šimková Lucie , Zhang Jing , Liu Yalin , Hou Jie , Shi Xiaowen , Chen Chen , El-Walid Mohamed , McCaw Morgan E. , Albert Patrice S. , Gao Zhi , Zhao Changzeng , Ben-Zvi Gil , Glick Lior , Kol Guy , Shi Jinghua , Vrána Jan , Šimková Hana , Lamb Jonathan C. , Newton Kathleen , Dawe R. Kelly , Doležel Jaroslav , Ji Tieming , Baruch Kobi , Cheng Jianlin , Han Fangpu , Birchler James A. , Bartoš Jan
Published: June 2021

Significance

B chromosomes are nonvital chromosomes found in thousands of plants and animals that persist through various drive mechanisms. The drive mechanism of the maize B chromosome consists of mitotic nondisjunction at the second pollen division to produce two unequal sperm and then the sperm with the B chromosomes preferentially fertilizes the egg in double fertilization. A high-quality sequence of the maize B chromosome together with genetic analysis reveals the
cis
factor for nondisjunction is a B chromosome-specific repeat interspersed in and around the centromere. The gene and transposable element content of the B chromosome and relaxed purifying selection of transposed protein-encoding genes suggest that the chromosome has been present in the evolutionary lineage for millions of years.
Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid).
Authors: Nematollahi Mohammad Reza
Published: June 2021

D. noxia has a great economic impact on cereal crops (Brooks et al., 1994). It is a phloem feeder like other aphids and the symptoms evident on plants are a result of this feeding mechanism. By feeding on the phloem, the aphid damages the plants through nutrient drainage (Dixon, 1985) which results in chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, stunting, and curling of the leaves, misshapen or nonappearance of new growth, and localised cell death at the site of aphid feeding. D. noxia further elicits an increase in essential amino acids in the phloem sap by triggering the breakdown of proteins in infested wheat leaves (Burd and Burton, 1992; du Toit, 1986; Ma et al., 1998; Miller et al., 2001). The damage to the foliar tissue is thought to play a role in the pest's ability to increase nutritional quality of the host plant (Botha et al., 2006).
Cowpea mild mottle virus (angular mosaic of beans).
Authors: Brown Judith K.
Published: June 2021

Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) infects a wide range of cultivated legumes. It causes severe mosaic and/or necrosis on the leaves, stems and pods of beans (Phaselous), cowpea (Vigna) and soyabean (Glycine max). Yield losses of 64-80% have been recorded in groundnuts in Kenya (Bock et al., 1976, 1977) and 10-100% in soyabean in Brazil and Argentina (Brown and Rodrigues, 2017). The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci.
Kuehneola uredinis (cane and leaf rust).
Authors: Karsli Ayşegül , Tezcan Himmet
Published: June 2021

Kuehneola uredinis is a fungal pathogen that causes cane and leaf rust only in Rubus cultivars, or wild and ornamental blackberry species. It can be highly destructive, especially on susceptible blackberry and Rubus hybrid cultivars, but rarely occurs on red and black raspberry (Ellis et al., 1991). Although the disease is not systemic, severe infection can cause premature defoliation and a decrease in cane vigour, making plants more susceptible to winter conditions and resulting in economic loss (Converse, 1966). Dispersal of the pathogen occurs on blackberry and hybrid Rubus cultivars, and wild blackberries in production areas worldwide. The fungus overwinters either as aecial urediniospores or mycelium in the canes and wet conditions favour disease dispersal (Laundon and Rainbow, 1969). K. uredinis is not included in quarantine lists (USDA, 2017; EPPO, 2019). There is interest in K. uredinis as a biocontrol agent due to its destructive effect on some invasive wild blackberry species, e.g., Rubus penetrans (Gardner and Hodges, 1983).
Phytophthora alni species complex (alder Phytophthora).
Authors: Marçais Benoit
Published: June 2021

The alder Phytophthora species complex of oomycetes encompasses the hybrid P. ×alni and its two parental species, P. uniformis and P. × multiformis (Brasier et al., 1999; Husson et al., 2015). It emerged in the early 1990s and is associated with severe decline of alder trees on river banks of Europe. The main pathogen involved, P. ×alni, was previously unreported. Its pattern of occurrence suggests an invasive species, but one that arose from several hybridization events in different places rather than spreading from a central origin. The population structure of P. uniformis, one of the parental species, suggests that it is introduced in Europe and native in North America (Aguayo et al., 2013); the origin of the second parent, P. × multiformis, remains unknown. Long-range spread is mainly through planting of infected nursery stock, followed by downstream spread in river water by motile zoospores. The pathogen was on the EPPO alert list from 1996 to 2001.
Diplodia seriata (grapevine trunk disease).
Authors: Reeder Robert
Published: June 2021

Diplodia seriata is a cosmopolitan and plurivorous fungal species occurring on woody hosts belonging to many plant genera and families (Punithalingam and Waller, 1973; Phillips et al., 2007; Slippers et al., 2007). The fungus is encountered in many habitats, but has a primarily temperate distribution and is present on most continents.D. seriata causes canker, dieback, fruit rot and leaf spot diseases on economically important forest and horticultural species (Farr and Rossman, 2020). Reports of the virulence of this pathogen vary depending upon the crop, varieties and hosts involved and it is often regarded as a stress-related pathogen taking advantage of weak or stressed plants. In common with other members of the Botryosphaeriaceae, D. seriata is capable of living endophytically inside plants (Crous et al., 2006; Slippers and Wingfield, 2007) and latent infections of fruits can result in storage rots. The pathogen is dispersed through both pycnidia and ascospores with conidia regarded as the most important inoculum source for short-distance spread. Infection is through wounds, natural openings, or direct penetration of the host tissue. There is no evidence that this species is seedborne although some members of the Botryosphaeriaceae have been shown to be present in seeds (Gure et al., 2005). The extensive host range of this species means that it is more likely to become established in new areas, as establishment will not depend on the presence of specific hosts. The widespread distribution of this species is presumably as a result of the word-wide movement agricultural, forestry and ornamental plants.
A Call for Training Graduate Medical Students on Harm Reduction for People who Inject Drugs
Authors: Jawa Raagini , Saravanan Nivetha , Burrowes Shana A. B. , Demers Lindsay
Published: June 2021

There is a lack of standardized education on topic of harm reduction for graduate medical students. In order to fill this curricular gap, we delivered a two-hour pilot training introducing local community harm reduction organizations and harm reduction ideology and strategies for people who inject drugs to graduate medical students at Boston University. We used pre-post survey design to evaluate attendee demographic characteristics and training efficacy. We matched 29 attendees responses, 69% were first and second year medical students, and found that our training positively reinforced comfort and knowledge surrounding harm reduction ideology, safer injection techniques, and naloxone administration. Delivering trainings covering harm reduction early in graduate medical schools may be beneficial in giving students initial exposure to practical risk mitigation tools they can utilize later in their clinical careers.
Frailty—a risk factor of global and domain-specific cognitive decline among a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling older adult U.S. Medicare beneficiaries
Authors: Chu Nadia M , Xue Qian-Li , McAdams-DeMarco Mara A , Carlson Michelle C , Bandeen-Roche Karen , Gross Alden L
Published: June 2021

Objectives

frail older adults may be more vulnerable to stressors, resulting in steeper declines in cognitive function. Whether the frailty–cognition link differs by cognitive domain remains unclear; however, it could lend insight into underlying mechanisms.

Methods

we tested whether domain-specific cognitive trajectories (clock-drawing test, (CDT), immediate and delayed recall, orientation to date, time, president and vice-president naming) measured annually (2011–2016) differ by baseline frailty (physical frailty phenotype) in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (n = 7,439), a nationally representative sample of older adult U.S. Medicare beneficiaries, using mixed effects models to describe repeated measures of each cognitive outcome. To determine if the association between frailty and subsequent cognitive change differed by education, we tested for interaction using the Wald test.

Results

we observed steeper declines for frail compared to non-frail participants in each domain-specific outcome, except for immediate recall. Largest differences in slope were observed for CDT (difference = −0.12 (standard deviations) SD/year, 95%CI: −0.15, −0.08). By 2016, mean CDT scores for frail participants were 1.8 SD below the mean (95%CI: −1.99, −1.67); for non-frail participants, scores were 0.8 SD below the mean (95%CI: −0.89, −0.69). Associations differed by education for global cognitive function (Pinteraction < 0.001) and for each domain-specific outcome: CDT (Pinteraction < 0.001), orientation (Pinteraction < 0.001), immediate (Pinteraction < 0.001) and delayed (Pinteraction < 0.001) word recalls.

Conclusion

frailty is associated with lower levels and steeper declines in cognitive function, with strongest associations for executive function. These findings suggest that aetiologies are multifactorial, though primarily vascular related; further research into its association with dementia sub-types and related pathologies is critical.
Association of Lifestyle Activities with Functional Brain Connectivity and Relationship to Cognitive Decline among Older Adults
Authors: Soldan Anja , Pettigrew Corinne , Zhu Yuxin , Wang Mei-Cheng , Bilgel Murat , Hou Xirui , Lu Hanzhang , Miller Michael I , Albert Marilyn ,   The BIOCARD Research Team
Published: June 2021

This study examines the relationship of engagement in different lifestyle activities to connectivity in large-scale functional brain networks, and whether network connectivity modifies cognitive decline, independent of brain amyloid levels. Participants (N = 153, mean age = 69 years, including N = 126 with amyloid imaging) were cognitively normal when they completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, a lifestyle activity questionnaire, and cognitive testing. They were followed with annual cognitive tests up to 5 years (mean = 3.3 years). Linear regressions showed positive relationships between cognitive activity engagement and connectivity within the dorsal attention network, and between physical activity levels and connectivity within the default-mode, limbic, and frontoparietal control networks, and global within-network connectivity. Additionally, higher cognitive and physical activity levels were independently associated with higher network modularity, a measure of functional network specialization. These associations were largely independent of APOE4 genotype, amyloid burden, global brain atrophy, vascular risk, and level of cognitive reserve. Moreover, higher connectivity in the dorsal attention, default-mode, and limbic networks, and greater global connectivity and modularity were associated with reduced cognitive decline, independent of APOE4 genotype and amyloid burden. These findings suggest that changes in functional brain connectivity may be one mechanism by which lifestyle activity engagement reduces cognitive decline.
Longitudinal Methods for Modeling Exposures in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies in Pregnancy
Authors: Wood Mollie E , Lupattelli Angela , Palmsten Kristin , Bandoli Gretchen , Hurault-Delarue Caroline , Damase-Michel Christine , Chambers Christina D , Nordeng Hedvig M E , van Gelder Marleen M H J
Published: June 2021

In many perinatal pharmacoepidemiologic studies, exposure to a medication is classified as “ever exposed” versus “never exposed” within each trimester or even over the entire pregnancy. This approach is often far from real-world exposure patterns, may lead to exposure misclassification, and does not to incorporate important aspects such as dosage, timing of exposure, and treatment duration. Alternative exposure modeling methods can better summarize complex, individual-level medication use trajectories or time-varying exposures from information on medication dosage, gestational timing of use, and frequency of use. We provide an overview of commonly used methods for more refined definitions of real-world exposure to medication use during pregnancy, focusing on the major strengths and limitations of the techniques, including the potential for method-specific biases. Unsupervised clustering methods, including k-means clustering, group-based trajectory models, and hierarchical cluster analysis, are of interest because they enable visual examination of medication use trajectories over time in pregnancy and complex individual-level exposures, as well as providing insight into comedication and drug-switching patterns. Analytical techniques for time-varying exposure methods, such as extended Cox models and Robins’ generalized methods, are useful tools when medication exposure is not static during pregnancy. We propose that where appropriate, combining unsupervised clustering techniques with causal modeling approaches may be a powerful approach to understanding medication safety in pregnancy, and this framework can also be applied in other areas of epidemiology.
Detection of clinically important β-lactamases by using PCR
Authors: Mlynarcik Patrik , Dolejska Monika , Vagnerova Iva , Kutilová Iva , Kolar Milan
Published: June 2021

Increasing antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial pathogens is becoming a serious threat to public health. To control the spread of this resistance, it is necessary to detect β-lactamase-producing organisms in the clinical setting. The aims of the study were to design a PCR assay for rapid detection of clinically encountered β-lactamase genes described in Enterobacteriaceae and Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria. The functionality of proposed primers was verified using eight reference strains and 17 strains from our collection, which contained 29 different β-lactamase genes. PCR products of the test strains were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Sequence analysis was performed using bioinformatics software Geneious. Overall, 67 pairs of primers for detecting 12 members of the class C β-lactamase family, 15 members of class A β-lactamases, six gene families of subclass B1, one member each of subclasses B2, B3 and class D β-lactamases were designed, of which 43 pairs were experimentally tested in vitro. All 29 β-lactamase genes, including 10 oxacillinase subgroups, were correctly identified by PCR. The proposed set of primers should be able to specifically detect 99.7% of analyzed β-lactamase subtypes and more than 79.8% of all described β-lactamase genes.
Movement behaviour and fishery interaction of silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) in the tropical tuna purse seine fishery in the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Filmalter John D , Bauer Robert K , Forget Fabien , Cowley Paul D , Dagorn Laurent
Published: June 2021

The silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis regularly associates with floating objects in the open ocean, resulting in relatively high levels of bycatch in industrial tuna purse seine fisheries using drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs). This bycatch has contributed to concerns regarding the sustainability of this fishery and its impact on silky shark populations. To investigate fishery interactions, movements of 28 silky sharks (86–235 cm TL, mean = 118 cm) fitted with pop-up and archival tags in the western Indian Ocean, between 2010 and 2012, were examined. Monthly overlap between probability surfaces of sharks and two fishery metrics (FAD-tuna catches and FAD positions) were calculated. Vertical habitat use overlapped almost entirely with operational gear depth. Horizontal movements were extensive (3–5024 km) and covered large areas of the western Indian Ocean. Monthly overlap with FAD distributions was consistently high (64.03–100%) highlighting the need for compliance with FAD design regulations to avoid entanglement. Monthly overlap with tuna catches was more variable (8.43–51.83%). The observed movement patterns suggest static spatial management measures would be have limited conservation impact, however dynamic approaches could be appropriate. Limiting fishery activities directly will likely have the greatest conservation outcomes for silky sharks in the purse seine fishery.
Marked Increase in Avidity of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies 7–8 Months After Infection Is Not Diminished in Old Age
Authors: Pichler Daniel , Baumgartner Matthias , Kimpel Janine , Rössler Annika , Riepler Lydia , Bates Katie , Fleischer Verena , von Laer Dorothee , Borena Wegene , Würzner Reinhard
Published: June 2021

The kinetics of immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity maturation during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection obtained from 217 participants of the Ischgl cohort, Austria, was studied 0.5–1.5 months (baseline) and 7–8 months (follow-up) after infection. The IgG avidity assay, using a modified IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 5.5 M urea, revealed that old age does not diminish the increase in avidity, detected in all participants positive at both time points, from 18% to 42%. High avidity was associated with a marked residual neutralization capacity in 97.2.% of participants (211/217), which was even higher in the older age group, revealing an important role of avidity assays as easy and cheap surrogate tests for assessing the maturation of the immune system conveying potential protection against further SARS-CoV-2 infections without necessitating expensive and laborious neutralization assays.
Report of the National Institutes of Health SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Therapeutics Summit
Authors: Hall Matthew D , Anderson James M , Anderson Annaliesa , Baker David , Bradner Jay , Brimacombe Kyle R , Campbell Elizabeth A , Corbett Kizzmekia S , Carter Kara , Cherry Sara , Chiang Lillian , Cihlar Tomas , de Wit Emmie , Denison Mark , Disney Matthew , Fletcher Courtney V , Ford-Scheimer Stephanie L , Götte Matthias , Grossman Abigail C , Hayden Frederick G , Hazuda Daria J , Lanteri Charlotte A , Marston Hilary , Mesecar Andrew D , Moore Stephanie , Nwankwo Jennifer O , O’Rear Jules , Painter George , Singh Saikatendu Kumar , Schiffer Celia A , Sheahan Timothy P , Shi Pei-Yong , Smyth Hugh D , Sofia Michael J , Weetall Marla , Weller Sandra K , Whitley Richard , Fauci Anthony S , Austin Christopher P , Collins Francis S , Conley Anthony J , Davis Mindy I
Published: June 2021

The NIH Virtual SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Summit, held on 6 November 2020, was organized to provide an overview on the status and challenges in developing antiviral therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including combinations of antivirals. Scientific experts from the public and private sectors convened virtually during a live videocast to discuss severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) targets for drug discovery as well as the preclinical tools needed to develop and evaluate effective small-molecule antivirals. The goals of the Summit were to review the current state of the science, identify unmet research needs, share insights and lessons learned from treating other infectious diseases, identify opportunities for public-private partnerships, and assist the research community in designing and developing antiviral therapeutics. This report includes an overview of therapeutic approaches, individual panel summaries, and a summary of the discussions and perspectives on the challenges ahead for antiviral development.
Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others
Authors: Garcia-Rada Ximena , Steffel Mary , Williams Elanor F , Norton Michael I
Published: June 2021

Many products and services are designed to make caregiving easier, from premade meals for feeding families to robo-cribs that automatically rock babies to sleep. Yet, using these products may come with a cost: consumers may feel they have not exerted enough effort. Nine experiments show that consumers feel like better caregivers when they put more effort into caregiving tasks than when they use effort-reducing products to perform such tasks. The beneficial effect of effort on caregivers’ self-perceptions is driven by the symbolic meaning of caregiving (i.e., the task’s ability to show love) independent of the quality of care provided (i.e., the task’s ability to meet needs) and is most pronounced when expressing symbolic meaning is most important: when caregivers are providing emotional support rather than physical support, when they are caring for another person with whom they have a close relationship, and when there is a relationship norm that investing effort shows love. Finally, this work demonstrates that marketers can make effort-reducing products more appealing by acknowledging caregivers’ efforts rather than emphasizing how these products make caregiving less effortful. Together, these findings expand our current understanding of effort, caregiving, and consumer choice in close relationships.
Prospective observational study of the efficacy of nivolumab in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma (CREATIVE study)
Authors: Yamazaki Naoya , Takenouchi Tatsuya , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Takahashi Akira , Namikawa Kenjiro , Kitano Shigehisa , Fujita Tomonobu , Kubota Kazumi , Yamanaka Takeharu , Kawakami Yutaka
Published: June 2021

Background

Nivolumab, the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody, has been approved for advanced melanoma, mainly based on evidence from Western countries. The profile of melanoma differs between Caucasian and Asian patients. This study was performed to obtain post-marketing data of nivolumab in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma.

Methods

This prospective, observational study involved patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab at dosages of 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks or 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks. The primary endpoints were objective response rate and overall survival. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and the objective response rate according to immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours.

Result

Among 124 patients analysed, mucosal melanoma was the most common subtype, followed by acral lentiginous, nodular, superficial spreading and lentigo maligna melanoma. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours evaluation showed an objective response rate of 17.7%. The median survival time was 15.93 months, and the 1-year overall survival rate was 66%. Outcomes were not significantly different among melanoma subtypes. Better overall survival and/or progression-free survival but not objective response rate were associated with performance status 0, lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Patients with immune-related adverse events showed a better objective response rate, 3-month landmark overall survival and progression-free survival than patients without immune-related adverse events.

Conclusion

The objective response rate and median survival time in Japanese patients treated with nivolumab were lower in daily practice than the >30% and >30 months, respectively, seen in global phase III trials. The occurrence of immune-related adverse events may be a predictor for survival and response to treatment with nivolumab.
Standard units for ElectroChromic Shift measurements in plant biology
Authors: Mathiot Charlie , Alric Jean
Published: June 2021

The absorbance shift of pigments is proportional to the membrane potential (Δψ) in plants, green algae, and many photosynthetic bacteria. It is currently denoted as ElectroChromic Shift (ECS) at 515–520 nm for plant carotenoids. It is increasingly being used for phenotyping plants for traits related to photosynthesis or chloroplast metabolism because it is a non-invasive technique and also because more instruments are now commercially available from various manufacturers. The ECS technique is currently used to monitor the post-illumination decay of the proton-motive force (pmf), but it has a more general use for quantitative studies on photosynthetic energy transduction. Here we briefly summarize the basic knowledge on ECS, emphasize the full potential of this technique, and propose a quantitative analysis of the photosynthetic performance with the definition of a transmission coefficient for electrons along the photosynthetic chain.
Functions of plant importin β proteins beyond nucleocytoplasmic transport
Authors: Xiong Feng , Groot Edwin P , Zhang Yan , Li Sha
Published: June 2021

In eukaryotic cells, nuclear activities are isolated from other cellular functions by the nuclear envelope. Because the nuclear envelope provides a diffusion barrier for macromolecules, a complex nuclear transport machinery has evolved that is highly conserved from yeast to plants and mammals. Among those components, the importin β family is the most important one. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the biological function of importin β family members, including development, reproduction, abiotic stress responses, and plant immunity. In addition to the traditional nuclear transport function, we highlight the new molecular functions of importin β, including protein turnover, miRNA regulation, and signaling. Taken together, our review will provide a systematic view of this versatile protein family in plants.
Illegitimacy under Hindu Law: A Case for its Abandonment
Authors: Gangal Ravi , Pandey Ravi Shankar
Published: June 2021

Under Hindu law, while anciently an illegitimate child was not an alien to his kin as under Common law, the position under the codified Hindu law stood altered, likely as a consequence of the English influence during the colonization of India. This paper, critiquing the treatment of illegitimate children under Hindu law traces the historical link between legitimacy and marriage, and its legal and sociological basis. This link has been perpetrated across societies, over time, and through legal and moral media, and has also been justified by sociologists as a means to preserve the society, by preserving its fundamental constituent – a normative family. The Indian State machinery (courts, the government and the legislature) too suffers from an anxiety to protect the normative family (barring notable exceptions), and has been dismissive of any alternative, notwithstanding that the rights of illegitimate children is the collateral damage. Regardless, today this distinction contravenes the constitutional safeguards in India. More importantly, with the acceptance of novel reproductive techniques (such as artificial insemination), and familial setups (same-sex relationships), the sociological basis for the preservation of this distinction has become irrelevant. Accordingly, this paper argues for this distinction to be removed from the statutes, which would benefit all the three stakeholders relevant to the illegitimacy equation, namely, the unwed father, the mother, and the child.
Dynamical and thermal properties of the parsec-scale gases spherically accreted on to low luminous active galactic nuclei
Authors: Sun Han-Wen , Yang Xiao-Hong
Published: June 2021

We analytically study the dynamical and thermal properties of the optically thin gases at the parsec-scale when they are spherically accreted on to low luminous active galactic nuclei. The falling gases are irradiated by the central X-ray radiation with the Compton temperature of 5–15 × 107 K. The radiative heating/cooling and the bulge stellar potential in galaxies are taken into account. We analyse the effect of accretion rate, luminosity, gas temperature, and Compton temperature on steady solutions of dynamical and thermal properties. The steady solutions are obviously different from Bondi solution. Compared to our models, the Bondi model underestimates the accretion rate. We give the boundary between thermal stability and instability. The boundary is significantly affected by Compton temperature. When Compton temperature is higher, the falling gases tend to become thermally unstable. When thermal instability takes place in the irradiated gases, the gases become two phases (i.e. hot gases and cool gases) and the hot gases may become outflows. This effect may reduce the accretion rates.
The mass-ratio distribution of tertiary-induced binary black hole mergers
Authors: Su Yubo , Liu Bin , Lai Dong
Published: June 2021

Many proposed scenarios for black hole (BH) mergers involve a tertiary companion that induces von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai (ZLK) eccentricity cycles in the inner binary. An attractive feature of such mechanisms is the enhanced merger probability when the octupole-order effects, also known as the eccentric Kozai mechanism, are important. This can be the case when the tertiary is of comparable mass to the binary components. Since the octupole strength [∝(1 − q)/(1 + q)] increases with decreasing binary mass ratio q, such ZLK-induced mergers favour binaries with smaller mass ratios. We use a combination of numerical and analytical approaches to fully characterize the octupole-enhanced binary BH mergers and provide semi-analytical criteria for efficiently calculating the strength of this enhancement. We show that for hierarchical triples with semimajor axial ratio a/aout ≳ 0.01–0.02, the binary merger fraction can increase by a large factor (up to ∼20) as q decreases from unity to 0.2. The resulting mass-ratio distribution for merging binary BHs produced in this scenario is in tension with the observed distribution obtained by the LIGO/VIRGO collaboration, although significant uncertainties remain about the initial distribution of binary BH masses and mass ratios.
The episodic dust-making Wolf-Rayet star HD 38030 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Williams Peredur M , Morrell Nidia I , Boutsia Konstantina , Massey Philip
Published: June 2021

Mid-infrared photometry of the Wolf-Rayet star HD 38030 in the Large Magellanic Cloud from the NEOWISE-R mission show it to have undergone a dust-formation episode in 2018 and the dust to have cooled in 2019–20. New spectroscopy with the MagE spectrograph on the Magellan I Baade Telescope in 2019 and 2020 show absorption lines attributable to a companion of type near O9.7III-IV. We found a significant shift in the radial velocity of the C iv λλ5801–12 blend compared with the RVs measured in 1984 and 1993. The results combine to suggest that HD 38030 is a colliding-wind binary having short-lived dust formation episodes, like the Galactic systems WR 140 and WR 19, but at intervals in excess of 20 yr.
Case Report: Emergent Resistance in a Treatment-Naive Person With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Under Bictegravir-Based Therapy
Authors: Chamberlain Nicholas , Mena Leandro , Brock James Benjamin
Published: June 2021

Few instances of treatment-emergent resistance to bictegravir have been reported in the literature. We describe a case of treatment-emergent resistance to bictegravir in a person recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus who developed M184V and R263K mutations while on therapy.
Seasonable Coexistence: Temporality, Health Care and Confessional Relations in Spa,
c
.1648–1740
Authors: Corens Liesbeth
Published: June 2021

This article adds a temporal dimension to our interpretation of confessional relations. While historians are increasingly attuned to the subtleties of space in their interpretation of interconfessional contact, we also need to acknowledge interactions differed according to multiple intersecting calendars and societal rhythms. I use a case study of the watering place of Spa (current-day Belgium) around the turn of the eighteenth century in order to unravel practices of and motivations for confessional coexistence. Spa attracted an internationally and confessionally mixed clientele, capable of living in tranquillity while Europe was only tentatively finding ways to coexist in diversity. In the watering town, on a small scale, the practices of coexistence were put to the test: interim measures and exceptions bracketing out time to engage and exchange, interwoven calendars inspiring varying interactions, and fluctuating priorities challenging narratives of linear chronological progress. Rather than casting Spa as ahead of its time in championing an abstract value of toleration, this article shows how coexistence was built on traditional and charitable duties of healthcare, which would, in turn, give shape to later spa culture.
GFS9 Affects Piecemeal Autophagy of Plastids in Young Seedlings ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ishida Hiroyuki , Okashita Yu , Ishida Hiromi , Hayashi Makoto , Izumi Masanori , Makino Amane , Bhuiyan Nazmul H , van Wijk Klaas J
Published: June 2021

Chloroplasts, and plastids in general, contain abundant protein pools that can be major sources of carbon and nitrogen for recycling. We have previously shown that chloroplasts are partially and sequentially degraded by piecemeal autophagy via the Rubisco-containing body. This degradation occurs during plant development and in response to the environment; however, little is known about the fundamental underlying mechanisms. To discover the mechanisms of piecemeal autophagy of chloroplasts/plastids, we conducted a forward-genetics screen following ethyl-methanesulfonate mutagenesis of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic line expressing chloroplast-targeted green fluorescent protein (CT-GFP). This screen allowed us to isolate a mutant, gfs9-5, which hyperaccumulated cytoplasmic bodies labeled with CT-GFP of up to 1.0 μm in diameter in the young seedlings. We termed these structures plastid bodies (PBs). The mutant was defective in a membrane-trafficking factor, green fluorescent seed 9 (GFS9), and PB accumulation in gfs9-5 was promoted by darkness and nutrient deficiency. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that gfs9-5 hyperaccumulated structures corresponding to autophagosomes and PBs. gfs9-5 hyperaccumulated membrane-bound endogenous ATG8 proteins, transgenic yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-ATG8e proteins and autophagosome-like structures labeled with YFP-ATG8e. The YFP-ATG8e signal was associated with the surface of plastids and their protrusions in gfs9-5. Double mutants of gfs9 and autophagy-defective 5 did not accumulate PBs. In gfs9-5, the YFP-ATG8e proteins and PBs could be delivered to the vacuole and autophagic flux was increased. We discuss a possible connection between GFS9 and autophagy and propose a potential use of gfs9-5 as a new tool to study piecemeal plastid autophagy.
Pocahontas and Settler Memory in the Appalachian West and South
Authors: Shefveland Kristalyn Marie
Published: June 2021

This article utilizes the Pocahontas coalfields in West Virginia and the Indian River Farms Company settlement of Vero Beach Florida as case studies of settler memory. As late as the nineteenth century, setters considered these two very different, but connected, Southern spaces as frontiers. Settlers in both places constructed fantasies about Native peoples that focused primarily on the idea of the Native woman Pocahontas. These are imaginative creations that both attempt to create a settlement and to hearken back to fantasies of the past that never fully existed. With selective constructions of memory, both settlements chose Pocahontas because the name evoked a settler dream of the good Indian yielding to conquest, just as they sought a pliant and willing landscape that would yield mineral and agricultural riches. In fact, both places have longer and deeper Native histories that settler and booster histories have obfuscated and hidden in favor of more “romantic” national narratives such as the Pocahontas myth, in order to sell a place and a product.
Another Look at Compassion Fatigue
Authors: Carver Martha L.
Published: June 2021

Compassion fatigue has become a more significant concern as nurses have cared for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of compassion fatigue are detrimental for both nurses and their patients. Both administrative and individual actions can be taken to assess, prevent, and deal with compassion fatigue. Spiritual facets of recognizing the potential for and managing the problem are presented.
Outcomes of Single Suture Mueller’s Muscle Conjunctival Resection: Ethnic Considerations
Authors: Gur Zvi , Chang Minwook , Liu Catherine Y. , Korn Bobby S. , Kikkawa Don O.
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

To compare outcomes of Mueller’s Muscle Conjunctival Resection (MMCR) between 2 groups of patients with different anatomy due to ethnic heritage.

Methods:

The medical records of patients who underwent MMCR between 2013 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent additional procedures, such as upper blepharoplasty and browplasty, were excluded from the study. Patients were divided in 2 groups based on self-identified ethnic groups (Asian and Caucasian). Image J software was used to calculate MRD1 from digital images. The improvement of MRD1 (net MRD1) after surgery was evaluated and compared between 2 groups.

Results:

Eighty-three eyes of 68 patients were included in this study. The Asian group consisted of 41 eyelids from 28 patients. The Caucasian group consisted of 42 eyelids from 40 patients. The average age was 52.18 (SD 20.176) in the Asian group compared with the 66.45 years (SD 9.22, p < 0.005) in the Caucasian group. The mean improvement of MRD1 was 1.96 ± 0.75 mm in Asian group and 2.05 ± 0.72 mm in Caucasian group, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.62). The incidence of ptosis overcorrection and undercorrection between the groups was also not statistically significant.

Conclusions:

There was no statistically significant difference in the surgical outcomes among the 2 study groups. Despite differences in the anatomy of Caucasian and Asian eyelids, MMCR is a successful procedure in patients self-identified from both ethnic groups.
Restricting Access: A Secondary Analysis of Scope of Practice Laws and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Prescribing in the United States, 2017
Authors: Carnes Neal , Zhang Jun , Gelaude Deborah , Huang Ya-lin A. , Mizuno Yuko , Hoover Karen W.
Published: June 2021

To assess advanced practitioners' scope of practice laws (i.e., legal authority providers can prescribe regulated medications) as potential barriers to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), we conducted an analysis using IQVIA Real World Data in association with scope of practice law classifications supplied by the American Association of Nurse Practitioners and scopeofpracticepolicy.org. Nurse practitioners in states that allowed independent scope of practice were 1.4 times more likely to have prescribed PrEP compared with nurse practitioners in states where their prescribing authority is determined by a supervising medical doctor (MD). Physician assistants in states where the law or a state board defined their prescribing authority were more than twice as likely to prescribe PrEP compared with those in states where a supervising MD oversaw prescribing rights. Our findings suggest that restricting scope of prescribing practice by requiring MD oversight limits PrEP access and poses a barrier to scaling up PrEP.