bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Face‐Centered‐Cubic Ag Nanoclusters: Origins and Consequences of the High Structural Regularity Elucidated by Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Lv Ying , Ma Xiangyu , Chai Jinsong , Yu Haizhu , Zhu Manzhou
Published: August 2019

Face‐centered‐cubic (FCC) silver nanoclusters (NCs) adopting either cubic or half‐cubic growth modes have been recently reported, but the origin of these atomic assembly patterns and how they are achieved, which would inform our understanding of larger FCC silver nanomaterials, are both unknown. In this study, the cubic and half‐cubic growth modes have been unified based on common structural characteristics, and differentiated depending on the starting blocks (cubic vs. half cubic). In both categories, the silver atoms adopt octahedral Ag6, linear AgS2 (in projection drawing), or tetrahedral AgS3P binding modes, and the sulfur atoms adopt T‐shaped SAg3 and orthogonal SAg4 modes. An additional T‐shaped AgS3 mode is oriented on the surface edge in cubic NCs to complete the cubic framework. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the high structural regularity originates from the strong diffusing capacity of the Ag(5d) and S(3p) orbitals, and the angular momentum distribution of the formed superatomic orbitals. The equatorial orientation of μ4‐S or μ4‐Ag determines whether growth stops or continues. In particular, a density‐of‐states analysis indicated that the octahedral silver atoms are chemically more reactive than the silver atoms in the AgS3P motif, regardless of whether the parent NC functions as an electron donor or acceptor.
The Symbiotic Relationship Between Drug Discovery and Organic Chemistry
Authors: Grygorenko Oleksandr O. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Judd Duncan B.
Published: August 2019

All pharmaceutical products contain organic molecules; the source may be a natural product or a fully synthetic molecule, or a combination of both. Thus, it follows that organic chemistry underpins both existing and upcoming pharmaceutical products. The reverse relationship has also affected organic synthesis, changing its landscape towards increasingly complex targets. This Review article sets out to give a concise appraisal of this symbiotic relationship between organic chemistry and drug discovery, along with a discussion of the design concepts and highlighting key milestones along the journey. In particular, criteria for a high‐quality compound library design enabling efficient virtual navigation of chemical space, as well as rise and fall of concepts for its synthetic exploration (such as combinatorial chemistry; diversity‐, biology‐, lead‐, or fragment‐oriented syntheses; and DNA‐encoded libraries) are critically surveyed.
B−B Cleavage and Ring‐Expansion of a 1,4,2,3‐Diazadiborinine with N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Thiess Torsten , Mellerup Soren K. , Braunschweig Holger
Published: August 2019

A 1,4,2,3‐diazadiborinine derivative was found to form Lewis adducts with strong two‐electron donors such as N‐heterocyclic and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes. Depending on the donor, some of these Lewis pairs are thermally unstable, converting to sole B,N‐embedded products upon gentle heating. The products of these reactions, which have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, were identified as B,N‐heterocycles with fused 1,5,2,4‐diazadiborepine and 1,4,2‐diazaborinine rings. Computational modelling of the reaction mechanism provides insight into the formation of these unique structures, suggesting that a series of B−H, C−N, and B−B bond activation steps are responsible for these “intercalation” reactions between the 1,4,2,3‐diazadiborinine and NHCs.
A facile synthesis of nontoxic luminescent carbon dots for detection of chromium and iron in real water sample and bio‐imaging
Authors: Sinha Rupam , Bidkar Anil P. , Rajasekhar Ravula , Ghosh Siddhartha S. , Mandal Tapas K.
Published: August 2019

In this study, we have reported the synthesis of luminescent carbon dots (CDs) from indigenous potato sources by simple heating reactions. The as‐synthesized CDs exhibited an average size of ~ 5.97 nm with a quantum yield (QY) of 6.08%. Furthermore, the CDs possessed high water‐solubility, possibly due to the presence of ─COOH and ─OH groups on their surfaces. The quenching of luminescence of the CDs specifically by Cr6+ and Fe3+ ions was used to detect chromium and iron in the water sample. The minimum limit of detection (LOD) for Cr6+ and Fe3+ ions was found to be 0.012 μM and 0.000549 μM, respectively, in a linear range of 0.5 μM‐100 μM and 0.5 μM‐5 μM for Cr6+ and Fe3+, respectively, which was well below the concentration specified by WHO. We used our sensing system to detect the metal ions in water from the Brahmaputra River as well as in tannery water. In addition, the MTT‐based cell viability experiments showed that the CDs were nontoxic within 200 μg/mL. High quantum yield and the easy uptake of CDs enabled the quick labelling of cytoplasm of the HeLa cells, which can be further attributed to bioimaging applications.
Developmental dyslexia in Hindi readers: Is consistent sound‐symbol mapping an asset in reading? Evidence from phonological and visuospatial working memory
Authors: Bajre Purnima , Khan Azizuddin
Published: August 2019

Phonological processing deficit is a hallmark of developmental dyslexia indicating a core cognitive dysfunction. Importance of working memory in reading and its association with the tasks measuring phonological processing is also debated in research. The present study investigates the role of working memory, phonological, and orthographic processing in Hindi‐speaking dyslexic children (22 dyslexic and 23 control, of Grade 4). Hindi has a consistent symbol‐sound mapping with an extensive list of visually complex graphemes. Although consistent symbol‐sound mapping facilitates reading, graphemic complexity has its cost on memory. A range of tasks measuring phonological processing, working memory, and orthographic knowledge was designed and administered. Dyslexic children scored significantly lower than controls not only on working memory tasks but also on the tasks of phonological processing and orthographic knowledge. Moreover, the difference in working memory between dyslexic and normal children was more pronounced with increased task complexity. These results highlight complex relationships between working memory, phonological and orthographic processing together with visual attentional processing in Hindi, that contribute to the reading deficits encountered by children with dyslexia. Their respective contributions are considered in the discussion with some of the visual and phonological features of Hindi orthography and their associated effects in reading.
A comparative study of the population genetics of wild and cultivated populations of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis based on amplified fragment length polymorphism markers
Authors: Huang Yu , Zhou Nong , Yang Min , Shen Yuxiang , Zhang Dequan
Published: August 2019

Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis is one of the original plants used to make the traditional medicine Paridis Rhizoma. Wild individuals have been excessively collected in recent decades, and thus, it has become increasingly endangered. Cultivation is a major method for the conservation and sustainable utilization of its wild resources. In this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism markers were used in the genetic analysis of 15 wild and 17 cultivated populations of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis. This study revealed that cultivated populations possessed higher genetic diversity than wild ones at the species level (H = 0.2636 vs. 0.2616, respectively). However, most of the genetic variation was found within populations for both of these groups (ΦST = 18.83% vs. 19.39%). In the dendrogram produced using UPGMA, the 32 populations were divided into three groups (I, II, and III). In group II, both wild and cultivated populations were included, but remained in distinct clusters within this group, which showed the significant separation between the cultivated and wild populations. Furthermore, wild populations were also clustered into three subgroups (W‐I, W‐II, and W‐III), with an obvious geographic structure. In contrast, although cultivated populations were similarly placed in three subgroups (C‐I, C‐II, and C‐III), the latter two of these were not separated based on geography. Finally, the wild populations in Guizhou, China (W‐I), possessed higher genetic diversity than those in Yunnan (W‐II and W‐III). As P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis is an endangered medicinal plant, the fact that it showed richer genetic diversity in its wild populations in Guizhou means that these should be regarded as priority areas for protection and used for provenance selection. Moreover, cultivated populations also showed high genetic variation, which might be attributed to them having originated from mixed provenances, indicating that screening for superior provenances should be carried out as soon as possible.
The potential of podcasting in higher education marketing
Authors: Talarico Donna
Published: August 2019

Consider the value of podcasts as a possible communications and retention tool.
Evaluation of aDcp processing options for secondary flow identification at river junctions
Authors: Moradi Gelare , Vermeulen Bart , Rennie Colin D. , Cardot Romain , Lane Stuart N.
Published: August 2019

Secondary circulation in river confluences results in a spatial and temporal variation of fluid motion and a relatively high level of morphodynamic change. Acoustic Doppler current profiler (aDcp) vessel‐mounted flow measurements are now commonly used to quantify such circulation in shallow water fluvial environments. It is well established that such quantification using vessel‐mounted aDcps requires repeated survey of the same cross‐section. However, less attention has been given to how to process these data. Most aDcp data processing techniques make the assumption of homogeneity between the measured radial components of velocity. As acoustic beams diverge with distance from the aDcp probe, the volume of the flow that must be assumed to be homogeneous between the beams increases. In the presence of secondary circulation cells, and where there are strong rates of shear in the flow, the homogeneity assumption may not apply, especially deeper in the water column and close to the bed. To reduce dependence on this assumption, we apply a newly‐established method to aDcp data obtained for two medium‐sized (~60–80 m wide) gravel‐bed river confluences and compare the results with those from more conventional data processing approaches. The comparison confirms that in the presence of strong shear our method produces different results to more conventional approaches. In the absence of a third set of fully independent data, we cannot demonstrate conclusively which method is best, but our method involves less averaging and so in the presence of strong shear is likely to be more reliable. We conclude that it is wise to apply both our method and more conventional methods to identify where data analysis might be impacted upon by strong shear and where inferences of secondary circulation may need to be made more cautiously. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harvesting Ocean Wave Energy: A Proposed System for Conversion Into Electrical Power
Authors: Phillips Reed E.
Published: August 2019

Development of alternative energy resources having low carbon emissions is critical to mitigating the increasingly devastating impacts of climate change. Our oceans have the ability to provide that energy source to meet energy demand around the world. Much of the 2,000 GW of extractable ocean wave energy currently exist within US waters (totaling 1,170,000 GWH yearly). The high‐power density contained within ocean waves makes wave energy the most concentrated, consistent, and readily available renewable energy resource. The extent of wave energy's potential has been unrealized to date, primarily due to the fact prior wave energy–harvesting technology struggled with issues of low conversion efficiencies, complicated moving mechanical systems with hydraulic fluids and risks of environmental harm, significant capital costs, and reliability concerns of the electrical generating conditions in marine environments. To date, marine hydrokinetic (MHK) wave energy converters (WECs) have not adequately taken advantage of existing transmission lines currently servicing existing offshore wind farms to deliver that electrical power back to the mainland, thereby reducing their capital costs construction. US development of wave energy–harvesting facilities have generally lagged behind that of other countries, such as in Europe or Australia, largely due to limited governmental support for this technology and complicated administrative, governmental, and environmental approval procedures. This article will discuss the science behind the harvesting of ocean wave energy, as well as a mechanical system for converting the ocean energy into electrical energy.
Pumped Storage Hydro: Reliable Choice for the New Electric Storage Era
Authors: Russo Thomas N.
Published: August 2019

The use of electric storage is a critical component to the integration of intermittent clean energy technologies on the electric grid. That being said, however, just mentioning Pumped Storage Hydro (PSH) to some stakeholders often unleashes a torrent of criticism of how its use adversely affects riverine and lake aquatic systems. In addition, opponents cite the high cost of PSH as an argument against using PSH as an energy storage technology. This opposition explains, in part, why only 42 PSH projects were built in the United States since 1929 by electric utilities, and public power and water authorities like the New York Power Authority, California Department of Water Resources, and Grand River Dam Authority.
Impact of fluid property shift and capillarity on the recovery mechanisms of CO2injection in tight oil reservoirs
Authors: Wu Shouya , Li Zhaomin , Sarma Hemanta K. , Zhang Chao , Lv Guangzhong
Published: August 2019

The phase equilibria with the confinement effect could shift in nano‐pores, which could have a great impact on the recovery mechanisms of CO2injection in tight oil reservoirs; this has not been systematically studied. In this paper, the confinement effect with property shift and capillarity effect is introduced into the flash calculation of confined fluids. The Soave modification of the Redlich–Kwong equation of state is extended by the molecular‐wall collision parameter to describe the shifted pressure–volume–temperature properties of confined fluid, and the Young–Laplace equation is applied to evaluate the capillary pressure. This developed model could effectively be applied for phase equilibrium calculation in tight porous media because of the verification of experimental results. A binary mixture is investigated to study the different effect of capillary pressure and property shift on phase equilibria. Subsequently, a typical hydrocarbon fluid from Middle Bakken tight oil reservoirs is studied with CO2injection. Results illustrate that the confinement effect could play an increasingly important part in the phase equilibrium state. The CO2solubility and mass transfer driving force in tiny pores would be greater than those in large pores under the same conditions. The gas phase saturation would be smaller with the same compositions, which could extend the single‐phase region of fluid flow in porous media. Furthermore, bubble‐point pressure, the minimum miscible pressure of CO2/hydrocarbon, and the viscosity of tight oil dissolved with CO2both decrease with the pore size, which has a good influence on tight oil recovery. In general, the confinement effect could effectively reinforce the recovery mechanisms of CO2injection, which is conducive to the enhancement of tight oil recovery. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A surgical approach to schwannomas originating from the esophageal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: Pictorial essay
Authors: Kobayashi Kenya , Matsumoto Yoshihumi , Matsumoto Fumihiko , Sato Tetsufumi , Mori Taisuke , Tsuchida Takaaki , Omura Go , Matsumura Satoko , Ikeda Atsuo , Sakai Azusa , Eguchi Kotaro , Yoshimoto Seiichi
Published: August 2019

Background

Schwannoma originating from the esophageal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve is clinically rare event. The best approach to preoperative pathological diagnosis, surgery, and airway management for this submucosal tumor in the tracheal membranous portion remains controversial.

Methods and Results

A 69‐year‐old man had developed dyspnea for 6 months. Transnasal endoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor in the tracheal membranous portion, obstructing the airway. CT revealed that the tumor was located between the trachea and esophagus. Needle biopsy using ultrasonic bronchoscope diagnosed the submucosal tumor as schwannoma. Intercapsular resection was performed by a transtracheal approach under local anesthesia. The tumor was completely resected and the patient's symptoms completely improved.

Conclusions

We report the treatment of a rare schwannoma originating from the esophageal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. A needle biopsy using an ultrasonic bronchoscope was successfully used for diagnosis. Intercapsular resection by a transtracheal approach was effective.
Social support and turnover among entry‐level service employees: Differentiating type, source, and basis of attachment
Authors: Tews Michael J. , Michel John W. , Stafford Kathryn
Published: August 2019

Previous research on social support and turnover has yielded mixed results. To advance research in a more comprehensive manner, the present study examined how turnover is influenced by type of support (emotional or instrumental), source of support (coworker or supervisor), and basis of attachment (affective commitment and constituent attachment as mediators). In the context of entry‐level service employees, these relationships were examined with a sample of restaurant servers company‐wide from a casual dining restaurant chain in the USA. Coworker emotional support was directly and negatively related to turnover, and coworker instrumental support was directly and positively related to turnover. Furthermore, supervisor emotional support and instrumental support were indirectly related to turnover through affective commitment. When the mediators were considered independently, coworker and supervisor emotional support were both indirectly related to turnover through constituent attachment.
Short‐term hypoxia promotes vascularization in co‐culture system consisting of primary human osteoblasts and outgrowth endothelial cells
Authors: Ma Bin , Li Ming , Fuchs Sabine , Bischoff Iris , Hofmann Alexander , Unger Ronald E. , Kirkpatrick Charles J.
Published: August 2019

Prevascularization of tissue constructs before implantation has been developed as a novel and promising concept for successful implantation. Since hypoxia might induce angiogenesis, we have investigated the effects of hypoxic treatment on vascularization by using co‐cultures of primary human osteoblasts (POBs) and outgrowth endothelial cells. Our results show that: (a) repeated short‐term hypoxia (2% O2 for 8 hr), not long‐term hypoxia (2% O2 for 24 hr), over 1 or 2 weeks, significantly enhances microvessel formation in co‐cultures; (b) sustained hypoxia, not short‐term or long‐term hypoxia, causes cytotoxicity in mono‐ and co‐cultures; (c) the expression of some angiogenic and inflammatory factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet‐derived growth factor subunit B, insulin‐like growth factor 1, interleukin‐8, and early growth response protein 1 increases significantly in hypoxia‐treated POB monoculture and co‐cultures after single or multiple 8‐ or 24‐hr hypoxic treatments; (d) long‐term (24 hr) hypoxic treatment induces more angiogenic inhibitors compared with short‐term hypoxic treatment. Our findings suggest that hypoxia‐induced vascularization/angiogenesis is regulated by a complex balance of angiogenic/antiangiogenic factors, and that repeated short‐term hypoxia, but not repeated long‐term hypoxia, promotes the vascularization and tissue regeneration of bone tissue constructs.
Molecular dynamics study of solubilization of cyclohexane, benzene, and phenol into mixed micelles composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether
Authors: Takeda Kosuke , Fujimoto Kazushi , Yoshii Noriyuki , Okazaki Susumu
Published: August 2019

Molecular dynamics calculations of a mixed micelle composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E8) were performed for six compositions (SDS/C12E8 = 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100) to investigate the composition dependence of the mixed micelle structure and solubilization of cyclohexane, benzene, and phenol molecules by the micelle. The radial density distribution of the hydrophilic polyoxyethylene (POE) group of C12E8 as a function of distance from the micelle center is very sharp for micelles with high SDS content because the POE group captures a Na+ ion in solution and wraps around it to form a compact crown‐ether‐like complex. The hydrophobic dodecyl groups of SDS and C12E8 were separately distributed in the mixed micelle core. ΔG(r) evaluated for each solute showed that despite the structural changes of the micelle the binding strength of the solute molecules to the micelle did not change significantly. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors affecting bowel preparation adequacy and procedural time
Authors: Zad Mohammadali , Do Cuong N , Heffernan Aaron , Johnston Lucy , Al‐Ansari Mohammed
Published: August 2019

Background and Aim

Poor bowel preparation results in difficult colonoscopies, missed lesions, and repeat procedures. Identifying patient risk factors for poor bowel preparation, such as prolonged runway time and prolonged cecal intubation, will aid in interventions prior to a procedure.

Methods

This was a retrospective, single‐center analysis of 3 295 colonoscopies performed between May 2012 and November 2014. Indications for colonoscopy included gastrointestinal bleed and anemia, change in bowel habits, for screening, and others (including planning re‐anastomoses, abdominal distension, family history and angioectasias). Data were collected from medical charts and endoscopy reports. Comparisons between patient factors and runway time were made with adequacy of bowel preparation as the primary outcomes.

Results

Male and diabetic patients had statistically higher rates of inadequate bowel preparation and prolonged cecal intubation times. A previous history of abdominal surgery also demonstrated prolonged cecal intubation. A runway time of ≤7.63 h was associated with higher rates of adequate bowel preparation by multivariate analysis. The optimal time frame is 3–6 h for the highest success rates.

Conclusion

Patient risk factors for inadequate bowel preparation or prolonged cecal intubation should signal clinicians to intervene prior to colonoscopy. A runway time between 3 and 6 h is optimal for adequate bowel preparation. This may involve further patient education, along with work flow optimization, to facilitate ideal runway times. Future studies should explore how to avoid repeat endoscopies using protocols enforcing this timeframe.
Copper‐Promoted Annulation of Terminal Alkynes with 2‐Aminopyridines to Assemble 2‐Halogenated Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines
Authors: Liu Yun , Zhang Yuxuan , Sun Jinwei
Published: August 2019

Copper‐promoted annulation reactions of terminal alkynes with 2‐aminopyridines have been developed for the synthesis of 2‐halogenated imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines using copper halide as the halogen source. A variety of substrates survived under the reaction conditions and gave the desired products in good yields. This reaction features advantages such as easily available starting materials, broad substrate scope, and mild reaction conditions.
Soluble E‐cadherin is associated with oxidative stress in patients with chronic HBV infection
Authors: Yang Jun , Xiong Yuan , Zhou Lijing , Huang Yong , Chen Weixian , Wang Bo
Published: August 2019

Mounting evidence indicates that serum soluble E‐cadherin (sE‐cadherin) serves as an important player in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the crosstalk between serum sE‐cadherin and oxidative stress in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains to be illustrated. The main purpose of this study is to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of sE‐cadherin in CHB virus infection. Levels of serum sE‐cadherin, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total oxidant activity (TOA), NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), and malondialdehyde (MDA), from 51 patients with hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg)‐negative CHB, 54 patients with HBeAg‐positive CHB, and 109 healthy individuals were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In our study, patients with CHB showed significantly higher serum sE‐cadherin levels than healthy individuals (P < .01). Furthermore, we also found that the serum sE‐cadherin levels were significantly negatively correlated with TAC, antioxidant enzymes (GSH and SOD) in patients with CHB, and that serum sE‐cadherin concentrations were significantly positively correlated with liver enzyme markers (alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase) and oxidative markers (TOA, NOX2, and MDA) in patients with CHB. Therefore, serum sE‐cadherin may act as a new candidate biomarker for reflecting inflammation and oxidative stress status in the development and progression of hepatitis B virus infection.
Hydrological and temperature variations between 1900 and 2016 in the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA
Authors: Kelly‐Voicu Petra , Frei Allan
Published: August 2019

The Catskill Mountains and surrounding counties in south‐central New York State are home to almost 400,000 residents, and supply drinking water to over 9 million people in New York City and other municipalities. In this study, we identify a set of stations in this region that are appropriate for climatological analysis, and examine variations in precipitation, streamflow, and temperature between 1900 and 2016, extending the time domain of previous studies of the climatology of this region during both the early and recent portions of the record. Temperatures have increased since the mid‐20th century, in particular daily minimum temperatures, at rates that vary with season and elevation. As a result, diurnal temperature ranges have tended to decrease, particularly during the warm season at lower elevations. The most significant hydrological events include the cold drought of the 1960s (a year‐round phenomenon), and the wet period beginning in the late 1990s (primarily a warm season phenomenon). We also find evidence of a particularly wet period at the start of the 20th century. Cyclic behaviour is found in both hydrological and temperature records, with the most prominent cycle in cold season precipitation and streamflow peaking at 28 years.
T1ρ, T2 mapping, and EPIC‐µCT Imaging in a Canine Model of Knee Osteochondral Injury
Authors: Franklin Samuel P. , Stoker Aaron M. , Lin Angela S. P. , Pownder Sarah L. , Burke Emily E. , Bozynski Chantelle C. , Kuroki Kei , Guldberg Robert E. , Cook James L. , Holmes Shannon P.
Published: August 2019

The dog is the most commonly used large animal model for the study of osteoarthritis. Optimizing methods for assessing cartilage health would prove useful in reducing the number of dogs needed for a valid study of osteoarthritis and cartilage repair. Twelve beagles had critical‐sized osteochondral defects created in the medial femoral condyle of both knees. Eight dogs had T1ρ and T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed approximately 6 months after defect creation. Following MRI evaluations, all 12 dogs were humanely euthanatized and cartilage samples were obtained from the medial and lateral femoral condyles, medial and lateral tibial plateaus, trochlear groove, and patella for proteoglycan and collagen quantification. Equilibrium partitioning of an ionic contrast (EPIC)‐µCT was then performed followed by the histologic assessment of the knees. Correlations between T1ρ, T2, EPIC‐µCT and proteoglycan, collagen, and histology scores were assessed using a multivariate analysis accounting for correlations from samples within the same knee and in the same dog. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the strength of significant relationships. Correlations between µCT values and biochemical or histologic assessment were weak to moderately strong (0.09–0.41; p < 0.0001–0.66). There was a weak correlation between the T2 values and cartilage proteoglycan (−0.32; p = 0.04). The correlation between T1ρ values and cartilage proteoglycan were moderately strong (−0.38; p < 0.05) while the strongest correlation was between the T1ρ values and histological assessment of cartilage with a correlation coefficient of 0.58 (p < 0.0001). These data suggest that T1ρ shows promise for possible utility in the translational study of cartilage health and warrants further development in this species. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:368‐377, 2020
Simulation study of single‐cell‐gap transflective liquid crystal display with nonuniform potential
Authors: Chu Fan , Tian Li‐Lan , Dou Hu , Li Rui , Hou Wen‐Yi , Wang Qiong‐Hua
Published: August 2019

A single‐cell‐gap transflective liquid crystal display with a nonuniform electric potential is demonstrated. The top substrate has a top planar common electrode, a transparent dielectric layer with a general dielectric constant is coated on the bottom substrate, and two planar pixel electrodes with the same size are coated on the dielectric layer and the bottom substrate, respectively. With the different gaps between the two planar pixel electrodes and top planar pixel electrode, the nonuniform electric potential from the transmissive region (T region) to the reflective region (R region) is generated, while a bumpy reflector is coated under the bottom substrate. In this device, with the dielectric layer, the pixel and common electrodes generate a strong electric potential in the T region and a relatively weak electric potential in the R region. Consequently, the T and R regions accumulate the same optical phase retardation. The simulation results show that the display exhibits reasonably low operating voltage, high optical efficiency, and well‐matched voltage‐dependent transmittance and reflectance curves. Besides, the fabrication process and the driving mode of the transflective liquid crystal display are relatively simple, and it is suitable for mobile applications.
A fast approach of nonparametric elastic image registration problem
Authors: Alahyane Mohamed , Hakim Abdelilah , Laghrib Amine , Raghay Said
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we present a fast algorithm of the nonparametric elastic image registration using a simple implementation of the Range Restricted GMRES (RRGMRES) method. This approach differs from the others in the fact that it is specified to the tridiagonal block matrix type to resolve a nonsymmetric linear system. In what follows, we prove existence and uniqueness of minimizer of the elastic registration problem and present the corresponding discrete problem by employing a finite difference scheme. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated on different image registration examples; we also show the speedup of the proposed approach by calculating the corresponding CPU time and compared it with the classical elastic registration method.
Substrate integrated waveguide‐slot wide‐angle scanning aperiodic phased array with low side‐lobe levels
Authors: Sun Bin‐Feng , Ding Xiao , Cheng You‐Feng , Shao Wei
Published: August 2019

An aperiodic substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) wide‐angle scanning phased array with low side‐lobe levels (SLLs) is presented. The proposed C‐band array has 16 SIW‐slot elements with aperiodic distribution. The TE10 mode of each element is excited to obtain a wide beamwidth for wide‐angle scanning potential. In addition, a genetic algorithm is used to optimize the placement of the elements to reduce the scanning SLLs of the phased array, especially in wide‐angle scanning areas. The proposed approach provides superior performance of SLLs < −11.5 dB, particularly small gain fluctuation (±1.5 dB) when scanning form −68° to +68°. Compared with the same aperture uniform array, the scanning angle and the SLLs of the proposed array have been significantly improved.
Endogenous pluripotent factor expression after reprogramming cat fetal fibroblasts using inducible transcription factors
Authors: Zhou Ran , Comizzoli Pierre , Keefer Carol L.
Published: August 2019

Incomplete transgene‐silencing remains a challenge in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in felids—a critical family in biomedical and biodiversity conservation science. In this study doxycycline‐inducible transgenes (NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, and cMYC) were used to reprogram cat fetal fibroblasts with the objective of obtaining iPSC with fully silenced transgenes. Colony formation was slower (14 vs. 8 days) and at lower efficiency than mouse embryonic fibroblasts (0.002% vs. 0.02% of seeded cells). Alkaline‐phosphatase positive colonies were grown on feeder cells plus LIF and GSK3, MEK, and ROCK inhibitors. Cells could be passaged singly and transgene expression was silenced at passage 3 (P3) after doxycycline removal at P2. NANOG, POU5F1, and SOX2 were expressed at P3, P6, and P10, although at lower immunostaining intensities than in cat inner cell masses (ICM). Transcripts related to pluripotency (NANOG, POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, and REX1) and differentiation (FGF5, TBXT, GATA6, SOX17, FOXF1, PAX6, and SOX1) were assessed by a reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction in iPSC and embryoid bodies. The immunostaining patterns, relatively low levels of NANOG and REX1 in comparison to ICM along with the expression of TBXT (mesoderm) suggested that cells were a mix of reprogrammed pluripotent and differentiating cells.
In‐phase zero TE musculoskeletal imaging
Authors: Engström Mathias , McKinnon Graeme , Cozzini Cristina , Wiesinger Florian
Published: August 2019

Purpose

To introduce a new method for in‐phase zero TE (ipZTE) musculoskeletal MR imaging.

Methods

ZTE is a 3D radial imaging method, which is sensitive to chemical shift off‐resonance signal interference, especially around fat–water tissue interfaces. The ipZTE method addresses this fat–water chemical shift artifact by acquiring each 3D radial spoke at least twice with varying readout gradient amplitude and hence varying effective sampling time. Using k‐space‐based chemical shift decomposition, the acquired data is then reconstructed into an in‐phase ZTE image and an out‐of‐phase disturbance.

Results

The ipZTE method was tested for knee, pelvis, brain, and whole‐body. The obtained images demonstrate exceptional soft‐tissue uniformity free from out‐of‐phase disturbances apparent in the original ZTE images. The chemical shift decomposition was found to improve SNR at the cost of reduced image resolution.

Conclusion

The ipZTE method can be used as an averaging mechanism to eliminate fat–water chemical shift artifacts and improve SNR. The method is expected to improve ZTE‐based musculoskeletal imaging and pseudo CT conversion as required for PET/MR attenuation correction and MR‐guided radiation therapy planning.
Visitors to urban greenspace have higher sentiment and lower negativity on Twitter
Authors: Schwartz Aaron J. , Dodds Peter Sheridan , O'Neil‐Dunne Jarlath P. M. , Danforth Christopher M. , Ricketts Taylor H.
Published: August 2019

With more people living in cities, we are witnessing a decline in exposure to nature. A growing body of research has demonstrated an association between nature contact and improved mood.

Here, we used Twitter and the Hedonometer, a world analysis tool, to investigate how sentiment, or the estimated happiness of the words people write, varied before, during, and after visits to San Francisco's urban park system. We found that sentiment was substantially higher during park visits and remained elevated for several hours following the visit.

Leveraging differences in vegetative cover across park types, we explored how different types of outdoor public spaces may contribute to subjective well‐being. Tweets during visits to Regional Parks, which are greener and have greater vegetative cover, exhibited larger increases in sentiment than tweets during visits to Civic Plazas and Squares.

Finally, we analysed word frequencies to explore several mechanisms theorized to link nature exposure with mental and cognitive benefits. Negation words such as ‘no’, ‘not’, and ‘don't’ decreased in frequency during visits to urban parks.

These results can be used by urban planners and public health officials to better target nature contact recommendations for growing urban populations.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The effect of end‐group substitution on surface self‐assembly of peptides
Authors: Dolid Alona , Reches Meital
Published: August 2019

Biofouling, the undesirable accumulation of organisms onto surfaces, affects many areas including health, water, and energy. We previously designed a tripeptide that self‐assembles into a coating that prevents biofouling. The peptide comprises three amino acids: DOPA, which allows its adhesion to the surface, and two fluorinated phenylalanine residues that direct its self‐assembly into a coating and acquire it with antifouling properties. This short peptide has an ester group at its C‐terminus. To examine the importance of this end group for the self‐assembly and antifouling properties of the peptide, we synthesized and characterized tripeptides with different end groups (ester, amide, or carboxylic group). Our results indicate that different groups at the C‐terminus of the peptide can lead to a change in the peptide assembly on the surface and its adsorption process. However, this change only affects the antifouling properties of the coating toward Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis), whereas Gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) are not affected.
The effect of green coffee extract supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Han Baizhi , Nazary‐Vannani Ali , Talaei Sam , Clark Cain C.T. , Rahmani Jamal , Rasekhmagham Reyhaneh , Kord‐Varkaneh Hamed
Published: August 2019

Given the proliferation in studies investigating green coffee bean extract (GCBE) supplementation, the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of GCBE supplementation on indices of blood pressure. The literature search was performed in four databases, namely, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, to identify clinical trials that examined the effects of green coffee supplements on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) up to February 2019. Mean change and standard deviation (SD) of the outcome measures were used to estimate the mean difference between the intervention group and the control group at follow‐up. Nine studies reported SBP and DBP as an outcome measure. Results revealed significant reduction in SBP (weighted mean difference: −3.093 mmHg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −3.914, −2.273; I2 = 0.0%) and DBP (−2.170 mmHg, 95% CI: −2.749, −1.590; I2= 46.5%) after green coffee supplementation with low heterogeneity among the studies. In addition, in subgroup analysis, a significant reduction in SBP and DBP in studies with hypertensive patients, green coffee dosage <400 mg, and administered for 4 weeks was identified. The results of the current meta‐analysis study support the use of GCBE supplementation for the improvement of blood pressure indices, with subgroup analysis highlighting improvements in hypertensive patients.
Opportunities for software reuse in an uncertain world: From past to emerging trends
Authors: Capilla Rafael , Gallina Barbara , Cetina Carlos , Favaro John
Published: August 2019

Much has been investigated about software reuse since the software crisis. The development of software reuse methods, implementation techniques, and cost models has resulted in a significant amount of research over years. Nevertheless, the increasing adoption of reuse techniques, many of them subsumed under higher level software engineering processes, and advanced programming techniques that ease the way to reuse software assets, have hidden somehow in the recent years new research trends on the practice of reuse and caused the disappearance of several reuse conferences. Also, new forms of reuse like open data and feature models have brought new opportunities for reuse beyond the traditional software components. From past to present, we summarize in this research the recent history of software reuse, and we report new research areas and forms of reuse according to current needs in industry and application domains, as well as promising research trends for the upcoming years.
Approaches for measuring the dynamics of RNA–protein interactions
Authors: Licatalosi Donny D. , Ye Xuan , Jankowsky Eckhard
Published: August 2019

RNA–protein interactions are pivotal for the regulation of gene expression from bacteria to human. RNA–protein interactions are dynamic; they change over biologically relevant timescales. Understanding the regulation of gene expression at the RNA level therefore requires knowledge of the dynamics of RNA–protein interactions. Here, we discuss the main experimental approaches to measure dynamic aspects of RNA–protein interactions. We cover techniques that assess dynamics of cellular RNA–protein interactions that accompany biological processes over timescales of hours or longer and techniques measuring the kinetic dynamics of RNA–protein interactions in vitro.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Ribonomics
Certified Equational Reasoning via Ordered Completion
Authors: Sternagel Christian , Winkler Sarah
Published: August 2019

On the one hand, equational reasoning is a fundamental part of automated theorem proving with ordered completion as a key technique. On the other hand, the complexity of corresponding, often highly optimized, automated reasoning tools makes implementations inherently error-prone. As a remedy, we provide a formally verified certifier for ordered completion based techniques. This certifier is code generated from an accompanying Isabelle/HOL formalization of ordered rewriting and ordered completion incorporating an advanced ground joinability criterion. It allows us to rigorously validate generated proof certificates from several domains: ordered completion, satisfiability in equational logic, and confluence of conditional term rewriting.
The development of inhibitory control in adolescence and prospective relations with delinquency
Authors: Fosco Whitney D. , Hawk Larry W. , Colder Craig R. , Meisel Samuel N. , Lengua Liliana J.
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Despite the central role of inhibitory control in models of adolescent development, few studies have examined the longitudinal development of inhibitory control within adolescence and its prospective association with maladaptive outcomes. The current study evaluated: 1) growth in inhibitory control from early‐ to middle‐adolescence, and 2) the relation between inhibitory control and later delinquency.

Methods

Participants included 387 parent‐child dyads (11–13 years old at Wave 1; 55% female; USA). Across three annual assessments, teens completed the Stop Signal Task (SST), and parents completed the Inhibitory Control subscale of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire‐Revised. Teens self‐reported their delinquent behaviors in early (Mage = 12.1) and middle adolescence (Mage = 14.1) and emerging adulthood (Mage = 18.2).

Results

Latent growth curve models indicated that SST performance improved curvilinearly from early to middle adolescence (ages 11–15), with growth slowing around middle adolescence. However, no growth in parent‐reported inhibitory control was observed. Lower task‐based and parent‐reported inhibitory control in early adolescence predicted greater increases in delinquency from middle adolescence to emerging adulthood. However, rate of growth in task‐based inhibitory control was unrelated to later delinquency.

Conclusions

This longitudinal study provides a novel examination of the development of inhibitory control across early and middle adolescence. Results suggest that the degree to which inhibitory control confers risk for later delinquency may be captured in early adolescence, consistent with neurodevelopmental accounts of delinquency risk. Differences across assessment tools also highlight the need for careful measurement considerations in future work, as task‐based measures may be better suited to capture within‐person changes over time.
Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (WBMT) recommendations for establishing a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation program in countries with limited resources (Part II)
Authors: Aljurf M. , Weisdorf D. , Hashmi S.K. , Nassar A. , Gluckman E. , Mohty M. , Rizzo D. , Pasquini M. , Hamadani M. , Saber W. , Hari P. , Kharfan-Dabaja M. , Majhail N. , Gerges U. , Hamidieh Amir Ali , Hussain F. , Elhaddad A. , Mahmoud H.K. , Tbakhi A. , Othman T.B. , Hamladji R.M. , Bekadja M.A. , Ahmed P. , Bazarbachi A. , Adil S. , Alkindi S. , Ladeb S. , Dennison D. , Patel M. , Lu P. , Quessar A.E. , Okamoto S. , Atsuta Y. , Alhejazi A. , Ayas M. , Ahmed S.O. , Novitzky N. , Srivastava A. , Seber A. , Elsolh H. , Ghavamzadeh A. , Confer D. , Kodera Y. , Greinix H. , Szer J. , Horowitz M. , Niederwieser D.
Published: August 2019

The development of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) programs can face significant challenges in most developing countries because such endeavors must compete with other government health care priorities, including the delivery of basic services. While this is may be a limiting factor, these countries should prioritize development of the needed expertise to offer state of the art treatments including transplantation, by providing financial, technological, legal, ethical and other needed support. This would prove beneficial in providing successful programs customized to the needs of their population, and potentially provide long-term costsavings by circumventing the need for their citizens to seek care abroad. Costs of establishing HSCT program and the costs of the HSCT procedure itself can be substantial barriers in developing countries. Additionally, socioeconomic factors intrinsic to specific countries can influence access to HSCT, patient eligibility for HSCT and timely utilization of HSCT center capabilities. This report describes recommendations from the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (WBMT) for establishing HSCT programs with a specific focus on developing countries, and identifies challenges and opportunities for providing this specialized procedure in the resource constrained setting.