bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discontinuous Dependencies
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

As with passive and raising, the case for a non-movement approach to discontinuous dependencies has been under active development for many years, with the most extensive contributions occurring within GPSG and HPSG. This chapter shows how a wide range of discontinuous dependencies, many of the type referred to in the literature as A'-constructions, can be accounted for within the type of architecture being proposed. It discusses not only wh-questions (with extraction and with wh- in situ), but relative clauses of various types, topicalization, left and right dislocation, tough movement, heavy shift, and scrambling.
Something Elsefor the Binding Theory
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Jackendoff Ray
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines another binding phenomenon outside the treatment of ‘core’ binding in MGG: the behaviour of the obviative element else in English and related referentially dependent elements. The goal is to clarify the nature of the referential dependency that else expresses as well as the proper formulation of this dependency within the grammar. A number of alternative analyses are explored. It is shown that the best one on empirical grounds is one that conforms to the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, in that no covert syntactic structure is associated with else. Evidence is uncovered that casts doubt on the generality, and hence theoretical usefulness of a covert syntactic level of Logical Form in the sense of MGG, again providing support for Simpler Syntax.
Introduction
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a brief description of the constitutional transformation going on in Denmark during the 16th and 17th centuries. It then discusses the factors that conditioned Denmark's ‘European integration’, its rise to prominence in European affairs, and its decline into international insignificance. A medieval background of Denmark is also presented.
The Mistress of the Sound: Denmark and Europe, 1513–1596
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses Denmark's increased international significance during the Reformation. Topics covered include military resources, trade and foreign policy, rivalry between Denmark and Sweden, and confessional and dynastic interests.
Baltic and German Hegemonies: Denmark and Europe, 1596–1629
Authors: Lockhart Paul Douglas
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Christian IV's foreign policies. Topics covered include Denmark's rivalry with Sweden, Denmark's role in German affairs, and the Emperor's War.
Arguments from History and Miracles
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

God has good reason to bring about various particular historical events, including occasional miracles in the sense of violations of laws of nature (for example as answers to prayer or to show his approval of some particular teaching). He has good reason to become incarnate in order to provide atonement for human sin, to reveal to us important truths, and to identify with our suffering; and good reason to show that he has done this by a super-miracle such as the Resurrection. If there is no God, such violations are not to be expected. Hence, violations in the right sort of circumstances are further evidence of the existence of God.
5 Alternative Conceptual Themes
Authors: WATERS BRENT
Published: September 2007

This chapter initiates the book's constructive task by developing alternative philosophical, theological, and moral themes to those offered by late liberalism. The first section uses Herman Dooyeweerd's concept of sphere sovereignty to examine the relation between nature and history as two related spheres of human activity. It is argued, however, that this philosophical concept has severe limitations which must be corrected by employing theological themes. The second section uses the work of Oliver O'Donovan to develop the theological themes of a vindicated created order, relation between providence and eschatology, and dominion and stewardship. The third section, drawing upon the work of George Grant, develops a series of moral themes regarding the family as a form of human association. These themes include the household as a place of timely belonging within the temporal confines of created order, an unfolding and enfolding familial love that orients family members toward broader forms of human association, and the teleological ordering of the familial association toward its destiny in Christ.
Knowing and Organizing
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews the four main perspectives on organizational knowledge: the cognitive approach, knowledge-based approach, situated approach, and ‘techno-science’ approach. The cognitive approach stresses the linkages between action and cognition, and therefore offers the insight that knowledge is mobilized in the form of representations. The knowledge-based perspective probably offers the most consistent conceptualization of knowledge, which is reflected in the attempt to build a knowledge-based theory of the firm. The situated perspective's major strength lies in its relational focus; knowledge is conceptualized in a holistic fashion stressing the linkages between action, context, and processes. The techno-science approach highlights the controversial, socially constructed nature of scientific facts and technological artefacts.
Breakdowns and Bottlenecks: Capturing the Learning Dynamics on the Assembly Line
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This chapter assesses the process of institutionalization of knowledge within the Melfi factory now that the plant had reached its full production capacity. The case study presented attempts to test how the competencies acquired by workers and managers on the greenfield site are applied in the practical context of the production process. The learning dynamics observed on the shop floor highlight the distinctive features of Melfi's production system as opposed to the traditional Fordist model. This distinction is grounded on knowledge-based rather than technology-based factors.
Action, Context, and Time: A Processual Model of Knowing and Organizing
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

This chapter builds generalizations from the main empirical findings of the case studies presented earlier. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 8.2 defines the main ontological argument underlying the mode of existence of organization. Section 8.3 develops a classificatory model of knowledge linking the three dimensions of process, content, and context in a coherent whole. Section 8.4 applies the above interpretative framework to the case studies developed in this research. Section 8.5 generalizes from the findings of the study and develops a co-evolutionary model of knowing and organizing. Section 8.6 stresses the heuristic nature of the above model in so far as it is built on ideal types of knowledge. This is exemplified by showing elements of continuity across the cases and identifying possible overlapping regions between different knowledge types within the same setting.
Managing the Multinational:Administrative and Human Challenges
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

This study on the making of a global firm in APV and its constitution through strategic interaction among subsidiaries and headquarters has revealed a process in which these actors play roles that break with the received expectations of how they should behave towards one another within an organization. The most surprising finding is that the London HQ was able to establish collaborative relations with other external actors in the local financial district, but was able neither to integrate itself effectively, nor to establish collaborative relations with subsidiaries that would have enabled it to orchestrate the process of unifying the MNC as such. This view of the London HQ is not far from one which was shared with certain observers in APV's subsidiaries. But an increased understanding of the complexities and ambiguities involved in managing even a comparatively small MNC like APV, leads to the adoption of a humbler perspective. This chapter seeks to develop this humbler perspective into a theoretical approach that can reframe the managerial problems of globalization and sketch out a way of reconstituting the function of executives in a global setting.
Conclusion: Sideshadowing the Future of Globalization
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull , Zeitlin Jonathan
Published: September 2007

Strong versions of the globalization thesis have been widely criticized by social scientists. By focusing on multinational corporations as the putative lead agent of globalization, this study reinforces these critiques by demonstrating that some of the international competitive rivalry which previously existed between firms from different countries has now been internalized within MNCs themselves. It is argued that what Bartlett and Ghoshal (1989, 1998) termed the ‘transnational solution’ — reinterpreted as a deliberative polyarchy based on open coordination and social dialogue — offers a promising approach to the organization of collaborative competition among the globally dispersed units of a multinational federation. Within such a federation, local units in different countries could assist one another in securing access to markets, providing complementary competencies, enhancing flexibility, diversifying risks, and stimulating mutual learning. By tapping into a wide variety of regional economies, labour markets, and the institutional frameworks that underpin them, multinationals organized along these lines could also create new opportunities for innovative cross-fertilization in products and processes.
Introduction: ‘Nous autres grecs’
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: September 2007

How did the Greeks come to be at the centre of a debate about the role of ‘the political’ in French structuralist and post-structuralist thought? This introductory chapter investigates how the major figures of French Hellenism and the most prominent exponents of French philosophy both turned to the Greeks to voice their involvement in contemporary politics. It takes as its focus the events of May 1968, and asks how the debate about the role of political engagement in the wake of the student uprising led these writers to revisit the ideological struggles of Classical Athens.
Socrates and the Analytic City
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: September 2007

The chapter starts by analysing Lacan's and Irigaray's readings of Plato's Symposium. Lacan's identification with the figure of Socrates is built around a eulogy of Socratic atopia — Socrates' self-imposed alienation from the city. The Lacanian Socrates evades the city to launch his quest for self-knowledge. Through his formulation of the divided self outside the city, Lacan raises fundamental questions about the relationship between psychoanalysis and democracy, structuralism and political commitment. In his seminal encounter with Socrates in ‘Plato's Pharmacy’, Derrida constructs a vision of an open democracy where the Greeks would come to recognize, accommodate, and embrace their others. Derrida's exemplary (democratic) Greeks thus perform their project of self-analysis at the very heart of their city. Derrida's return to the Greeks is constructed around an interrogation of the insiders and outsiders of democracy.
The Sensory Apparatus
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at Aristotle's account of the sensory apparatus, that is the system of bodily parts that a living being must have if it is to be informed by a soul with a perceptual capacity. To accommodate both the complexity and the unity of the perceptual capacity of the soul, the sensory apparatus must consist of a continuous system of bodily structures which are differentiated at the periphery into the sense organs, such as eyes and ears, and which are all connected in one single central sense organ. This central sense organ, in Aristotle's view, is the heart, not the brain. It is argued that, on this picture of the sensory apparatus, perception does not really take place in the peripheral sense organs, but in the central sense organ.
Conclusions on the Terminology
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

This chapter indicates that the phrase ‘common sense’ probably has not yet crystallized into a technical term with Aristotle. Nevertheless, there can be little doubt that, owing to Aristotle, it became a technical term at some point between Theophrastus and Alexander of Aphrodisias. There is consistency in Aristotle's use of the phrase ‘common sense’ which, on its own, would imply that the phrase is a technical term for Aristotle, functioning as a proper name for the sensory capacity of the soul. However, a survey of the other uses manifest variation which suggests that the phrase really did not have the status of a technical term for Aristotle. Depending on the context, the terms which make up the phrase can take different nuances in meaning within their respective semantic horizons and assume different word order to express different ideas. Aristotle takes advantage of this variability in different contexts, and it is possible that he would not be inclined to do so had the phrase been fixed in his mind as a technical term.
Simultaneous Perception and Cross‐modal Binding
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at Aristotle's notion of simultaneous perception as a distinct perceptual function of the common sense, a function that has a parallel in contemporary psychology and neuroscience. In an aporetic discussion in De Sensu 7, Aristotle first works towards the conclusion that there can be no simultaneous perception of two distinct special perceptibles, especially if they are different in kind (heterogeneous), e.g. white and sweet. Having posed the problem, he solves it by introducing a higher-order perceptual power to which two special perceptibles can be present simultaneously and which can differentiate between them, and that power is the common sense. Although this solution is geared to the case of heterogeneous special perceptibles, Aristotle seems to think that it can be extended to the case of homogeneous special perceptibles, e.g. white and black, although in this passage he does not explain how.
Perceiving That We See and Hear, and Monitoring of the Senses
Authors: Gregoric Pavel
Published: September 2007

This chapter continues the investigation of the phenomenon that Aristotle describes as ‘perceiving that we see and hear’ by analysing the much discussed passage from the beginning of De Anima III.2 in which Aristotle seems to maintain that we perceive that we see by sight, without even mentioning the possibility that we do so by a higher-order capacity. This appears to be in flat contradiction with what he says in De Somno et Vigilia 2, discussed in the preceding chapter. It is argued that the De Anima III.2 is an aporetic passage in which Aristotle replies to a challenge posed by Plato in the Charmides. It is important to note that Aristotle meets the challenge on Plato's own terms, which is why he does not introduce any higher-order capacities. Because this passage is dialectical, we should not take its conclusion to be Aristotle's considered view. In the course of his argument Aristotle mentions that it is by sight that we perceive darkness. However, it is argued that sight as such cannot achieve the perception of darkness. What is required is a higher-order capacity which registers inactivity of the sense of sight. Since the awareness of the activity of an individual sense is the work of the common sense, it is natural to suppose that awareness of an individual sense's inactivity is the work of the common sense. So the common sense provides us with the awareness of both the activity and inactivity of the individual senses. This monitoring function of the common sense is comparable with certain modern conceptions of consciousness.
3 Tragic Ways of Dying: Word Order in the Clause
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: September 2007

This chapter surveys word order in clauses, with a focus on tragic dialogue. In what is essentially a random sample for the purposes of word order and pragmatics, the large majority of cases discussed appears to conform well to an account assuming that pragmatically marked constituents precede the verb. It is shown that the structure of the clauses studied in these samples show important similarities with Greek prose, and strengthens the presumption that knowledge of the rules of Greek word order in prose should not be discarded when reading tragic dialogue.
Enter Dialogue: Questions in Sophocles and Euripides
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that in both Sophocles and Euripides, questions show a distribution of pragmatically marked information over the clause that is compatible with a Topic-Focus-verb pattern. The majority of questions do not feature a Topic constituent, and the sole Focus constituent is the question word. Questions being interpreted as containing multiple Focus constituents are discussed. Most of these questions are in fact a character's emotional reaction to the situation they are confronted with, which sets them apart from the questions. The traditional problem of the postponed interrogative is also discussed.
PROLOGUE: THE STUDY OF A SUFFIX
Authors: Meissner Torsten
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter discusses the subject matter of this book, namely, word formation in Ancient Greek. The study will look at the morphological and semantic characteristics of the s-stem formations. As a result of this investigation, a number of traditional views will be challenged. In particular, it will emerge that the conventional notion of ‘Caland's Law’ is inadequate, at least for Greek and quite possibly for the parent language as well. It is also shown that these morphological and semantic characteristics of the individual types and their historical development can be defined more closely.
3 The Animate S‐stem Nouns
Authors: Meissner Torsten
Published: September 2007

Greek possesses a very small number of non-neuter s-stem nouns. Among these words, feminine nouns are rarer than masculine ones. Yet, the type, though weak, seems to be inherited from the parent language as witnessed by a (possibly imperfect) equation. In Latin, this inflectional paradigm was reasonably successful (compare with the numerous nouns in -ōs and -or like honōs/honor ‘honour’, flōs ‘flower’), but both Greek and Sanskrit show mere relics of this group.
4 The S‐stem Adjectives
Authors: Meissner Torsten
Published: September 2007

Greek possesses a large number of s-stem adjectives of the type δυσμενήζ ‘evil-minded’. More than 6,000 different formations of such adjectives are attested, and even if one subtracts the compounds in -ειδήζ and -ώδηζ, more that 3,000 formations remain. Clearly only a small percentage of these adjectives can be inherited and s-stem adjectives are amongst the most productive word formation categories within Greek, and they are distinctly more productive than comparable formations in Indo-Iranian.
4 Sky and Earth
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the Indo-European god whose name can be traced across a vast area of land, from India to Italy. Its original form is reconstructed as *D(i)yéus. Its archaic system of declension is reflected most clearly in the parallel case-forms of Vedic and Greek. Topics covered include the divine sky, the divine Earth, the sky and Earth as a pair, and the children of *Dyeus.
5 Sun and Daughter
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the existence of solar mythology in the Indo-European tradition, and a body of festive ritual associated with it. The poetic stories and imagery attaching to the Sun and to dawn are for the most part directly intelligible in terms of diurnal experience. With figures such as the Daughter of the Sun and the Sons Heaven, it is less clear how much has a meteorological or astronomical basis, and how much is fanciful invention or the mythic reflection of seasonal rituals on earth.
12 Arms and the Man
Authors: West M. L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses depictions of heroic activity in battle in Indo-European tradition. Topics covered include the war-band, strongholds, the hero as warrior, weapons, horses, battle narratives, speeches, similes, and the hero's funeral.
A Gift for King Henry VIII
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the political and cultural implications of William Thynne’s 1530 edition of the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Focusing on the preface, actually ‘ghost-written’ by Sir Bryan Tuke, it argues for the contemporary significances of the text’s discussions of Chaucer’s work, of the significance of the English language, and of English history and identity in the early years of Henry VIII’s break with Rome.
Mocking the Thunder
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines John Heywood’s comic interlude, The Play of the Wether, in the light of the events of 1532-3. It shows how the mischievous representation of Jupiter, king of the gods, plays mockingly with ideas and rhetorical modes associated with Henry VIII’s royal supremacy, and dangerously addresses political themes such as Henry’s clandestine marriage to Anne Boleyn in an attempt to mock the king’s pretensions and win him back to wisdom and moderation. It suggests that the play marks both the most extreme example and one of the last workable instances of the use of a literary form as a piece of harsh ‘good counsel’ performed before the king in an attempt to shame him back to virtue.
The Book Named the Governor
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at Sir Thomas Elyot’s best known work, the magisterial Boke Named the Governor, first published in 1531. It argues that the Boke, rather than being a work of merely general advice to noblemen and public servants, was in part also aimed directly at Henry VIII and intended as an extended speculum principis designed to counsel moderation in religious and diplomatic policy, and warn against the dangerous divisions in English society. Many of the examples and ideas discussed thus have a direct contemporary context as well as a more general moral or philosophical one. It is vitally important to read the work in the light of the events of 1531 to understand its full implications.
From Supremacy to Tyranny, 1533–40
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on two of Elyot’s later dialogues: his translation of a sermon of St. Cyprian counselling the faithful in times of persecution and his collection of adagia, The Banquet of Sapience, each of which seems designed to reflect upon the increasing pressures placed upon the regular religious and critics of the royal supremacy and break with Rome in these years.
Introduction
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the Athenian polis and Hellenistic history. It then discusses Hellenistic economics, the economies and the Greek polis, Hellenistic Athens, and the decline of the Athenian polis. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Piraeus and ‘Peraea’
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines two places of significance in the history of early Hellenistic Athens: the harbour-city of Piraeus and the island cleruchies of Lemnos, Imbros, and Skyros. Looking at the histories of Athens' harbour-city and these islands raise fundamental issues. The Piraeus provided the facilities to receive grain and other commodities brought by ship from abroad. The islands were not only potential sources of overseas grain but would facilitate the movement of commodities in and around the Aegean.
Warfare and the Athenian Countryside
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the impact of enemy incursions in Attica and attempts made by the Athenians to remove enemy forces installed in the polis. Epigraphical evidence from this period shows a consistent concern for the defence of the countryside, and in particular for the successful harvest of crops.
Classics and the Family in the Victorian Novel
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2007

The varied accounts of classical studies in fiction deserve a more prominent place in the analysis of 19th-century reception of the classics. This chapter discusses fictions about women studying the classics at home: negative representations of selfish scholarly heroines, such as Charlotte M. Yonge's The Daisy Chain, are contrasted with those of compliant girls whose access to patriarchal culture is controlled by their fathers, for example, Anne Brontë's Agnes Grey and Elizabeth Gaskell's Cousin Phillis. Clergy daughters are represented as using their classical learning for the benefit of their families, particularly their fathers, in contrast to the story of Milton's rebellious daughters, which is invoked in George Eliot's Middlemarch.
The Unwinding of Cross‐Shareholding in Japan: Causes, Effects, and Implications
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki , Kuroki Fumiaki
Published: September 2007

As the ownership structure of Japanese corporations has changed dramatically during the 1990s, this chapter examines the causes and consequences of the decline in cross-shareholding. Using detailed and comprehensive data on ownership structure, including data on individual cross-shareholding relationships and other variables (Tobin's q) developed by the Nissai Life Insurance Research Institute and Waseda University, the chapter highlights the determinants of the choice between holding or selling shares for both banks and firms. Profitable firms with easy access to capital markets and a high level of foreign ownership prior to the banking crisis tended to unwind cross-shareholdings, while low-profit firms which had difficulty accessing capital markets and low foreign ownership tended to keep cross-shareholding with banks. High institutional shareholding and, surprisingly, block shareholding have had positive effects on firms' performance, while bank ownership has had consistently negative effects on firm performance. The result has been a growing diversity of ownership patterns among Japanese firms.
8 Business Portfolio Restructuring of Japanese Firms in the 1990s: Entry and Exit Analysis
Authors: Kikutani Tatsuya , Itoh Hideshi , Hayashida Osamu
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the restructuring of Japanese business groups during the 1990s. Using the Basic Survey of Business Structure and Activity, the chapter analyses the business portfolio of Japanese firms from the perspective of the group structure of parent and affiliate. While previous studies have examined the net shift in diversification or specialization of business, the chapter also adopts an original approach by looking at the actual flow of entry and exit from business segments. The analysis demonstrates that Japanese business groups engaged in a high level of restructuring during the 1990s, and a growing preference to separate businesses into subsidiaries and affiliated firms rather than managing them in house. Although Japanese firms have no trend toward greater diversification or greater focus on aggregate, entry and exit are important complementary strategies that improve firms.
4 Socrates' Speech: The Activity ofErōs
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores Socrates argument for the proper activity of eros: philosophical activity. Since eudaimonia is the aim of all eros and its proper end (telos), our choice of good must be one that will satisfy this desire: it must be a good whose possession no longer requires us to ask of the agent what she wants in pursuing it, something desired for its own sake, a final good. It is argued that the issue that structures the division of the productive activities of different desiring agents into the lower and higher mysteries is what we might term a division of ends. The desiring agents of the lower mysteries pursue things that are chosen for the sake of something higher, whilst the desiring agent of the higher mysteries pursues that which is chosen for its own sake. The chapter goes on to give some content to this idea, and argues that contemplation of a supremely valuable object — the Form of beauty — satisfies the criterion for being a final good. Contemplative activity is not desired for anything beyond itself, and it is a secure good in the sense that it is true, and a state of the agent's own soul, not dependent on external events for its possession. It is also the fulfilment of our nature and godlike.
The Content of Propaganda
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the creation of messages deemed suitable for lay participation in the detection of heresy. Propaganda directed at the laity focussed on heretical doctrine, heresy as a disease, and analogies with sexual crimes. The material used in this chapter includes pastoral literature, the polemic works of Roger Dymmok and William Woodford, and the poetry of Thomas Hoccleve and John Audelay.
4 The Number and Balance of Parties
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

When some parties have many seats and some have few, we need a meaningful ‘effective’ number of parties so as to compare the effects of electoral systems on party systems. The standard way to express the effective number of parties is to convert to fractional seat shares, square them, add, and take the inverse. The same can be done with fractional vote shares. This method is not ideal, but all others are worse. Effective number of parties can be complemented by a measure of balance in party sizes.
Introduction
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter sets out the main themes of the book, explains its relationship to existing historiography, and discusses the methodological problems in studying popular attitudes. Three stories of the ‘psychological subject’ are introduced: one of subjectification; one of subjects at their own making; and one of subjects of knowledge. The relationship of the book to histories of identity, culture, and health is considered. The structure of the book and its division into three parts is explained.
2 Choreia and the Musical Text
Authors: David A. P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter develops the notion of χορεία, according to Plato’s usage of the term, as the proper, restored rubric within which to understand the rhythm and harmony of ancient Greek poetry in both its stichic and lyric forms. The approach to such poetry via the ancient dictum, ‘art is imitation’, is given a brief developmental history and then critiqued. The importance of dance origins for Greek metres is discussed, with comparisons to examples of modern European ‘survivors’ of danced epic verse as preparation for a new accounting of such peculiar phenomena in Homeric poetry as noun-and-epithet phrases (understood to be analogous to ‘signature lines’ in opera) and ring composition. A case is made that Homeric and other Greek texts are not language in themselves, but musical scores instructing the production of performed speech.
Retrogression, Episode, and Anagogy: The Round Dance and Narrative Form
Authors: David A. P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers the impact on Homeric art, thought, and narratology of an origin in the dance of the Muses, in ‘the intellectualization of a corporeally bound rhythm’. On the concept of ‘rhapsody’, it takes issue with Nagy’s inferences about composition and writing, citing images of art within the Homeric poems and the premise of a written original assumed by ‘rhapsody’ in other historical manifestations. Odysseus’ coinage, μυθολογεύειν, comprising μυθέεσθαι, ‘disclosing’, and καταλέγειν, ‘recounting’, encompasses a distinction between two words for ‘word’, μυθος and έπος; the discussion leads to a poetics of the ‘episode’ as a disclosive digression or retrogression, inserted within the links of a recounted narrative chain or catalogue (exemplified by a chart from Cedric Whitman). The peculiar retrogression built into the συρτός dance ultimately inspires the distinctively Greek rhetorical form ‘chiasmus’, whose reflexes in narrative include not only ‘ring composition’, but some of the deepest themes in Homeric epic, such as reversed tides of battle and returns of wandering warriors.
Milton, Natural Law, and Toleration
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P.
Published: September 2007

Reading Milton's prose chronologically, there is no way to prepare for the differences between the last antiprelatical tract (April 1642) and the first divorce tract (July 1643) — or, for most readers, between Volume 1 and Volume 2 of the Yale edition of Milton's prose. The earlier, antiprelatical treatises are marked by a Pauline absolutism that will not compound with human weakness as an inevitable condition lying within the bounds of divine forgiveness. But beginning with the first divorce tract and extending through the Areopagitica, Milton confronts with compassion a life of mistake and the inseparability of good and evil in this imperfect world. This transformation can be understood in part by a shift in sources: Whereas the antiprelatical tracts apotheosize the spiritual aristocrats of the Reformation who emphasize difference, the divorce tracts draw on natural law theorists such as Hugo Grotius and John Selden, who emphasize commonality.
Toleration and Nationhood in the 1650s: ‘Sonnet XV’ and the Case of Ireland
Authors: Sauer Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter locates Milton's Sonnet XV ‘On the late Massacre in Piedmont’ in the political and cultural milieu in which it was produced, in order to present a new facet to the poem's critical tradition and the work it performs in the history of tolerationism and nationhood. The first section establishes a framework for interpreting Parliament's reaction to the Piedmont massacre and to the corresponding English-Irish crisis, revealing the ways that toleration and imperialism operated side by side and were integral to the Interregnum government's mission to advance a nationalist agenda. The second part of the argument historicizes the ‘resolution’ Milton presents in the ‘sestet’ of his sonnet, specifically the advancement of the Reformation through the planting of Protestantism in Catholic soils. By studying Sonnet XV in these contexts, one discovers how ‘the blood of the martyrs becomes the seed of colonialism’, thus capturing the imperial potential implicit in the acts and expressions of tolerationism.
Secularizing Conscience in Milton's Republican Community
Authors: Cable Lana
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores ambiguities and contradictions in the thinking of Milton and other republicans, whose ideas about toleration came into conflict with their demands for freedom of conscience. Beginning with the politics of virtue whereby they strove to displace divine right with secular claims to an ethical absolute, the chapter demonstrates how republican requisites for both societal cohesion and free conscience were compromised by simultaneous commitments to temporal and eternal orders of value. Drawing on evidence of rhetorical strain in Milton's Readie and Easie Way, deliberative pathos in Samson Agonistes and Buckingham's The Rehearsal, and the devastating triumph of virtue over uncertainty dramatized during the Exclusion Crisis by Nathaniel Lee's Lucius Junius Brutus, the chapter demonstrates representative variations on the free conscience dilemma. Restoration era pressures for free agency are thus shown to be a struggle both for and against temporal reality, both for and against an eternal ideal.
1 Introduction
Authors: McClintock Fulkerson Mary
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of participant observation. It then describes the first encounter with Good Samaritan Church and presents a definition of practical theology. An overview of the succeeding chapters is provided.
Performing Gospel: Worship Practices
Authors: McClintock Fulkerson Mary
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on worship practices. Three services are described, highlighting the combination of inscribed and incorporative practices as experienced by the author of this book. Following this participatory account is a reflection on the variety of proffered subject positions and affective resonances of each worship style.
Groundedness: The Typicality of Case
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter makes a distinction between syntactic category and lexical word-class, and shows that the semantic basis of functors (and other functional categories) is not limited to them. The prototypical members of lexical categories are also clearly semantically grounded. It is not sufficient to try to characterize categories such as verb and noun by distribution alone; it is the distribution of semantically prototypical members of the category that is significant. Failure to distinguish the distribution of non-prototypical members of a category from that of the prototypical leads to the mistaken predictions of parallelism among categories made by X-bar theory. A noun based on a verb shows some verbal distribution. In this way, the internal categorial structure of items is relevant to syntax. The consequences of this are explored, including a more detailed look at nominal structure, especially attribution, genitives, and (the limited) complementation.
Epilogue: Case, Notionalism, Creativity, and the Lexicon
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This final chapter draws together some of the main themes of the book, clustered around the notion of ‘case’, drawing out some consequences of the discussion. In particular, it points out the correction given by the pursuit of these themes to the prevalent perceived history of the status of semantic relations, and formulates the overall contention of the book that a notional case grammar provides an insightful and explanatory account of a wide range of phenomena, without appeal to the abstractions attendant on ‘universal grammar’. Crucial to the pursuit of such a non-abstract grammar is a categorially rich lexical structure, and various aspects of this structure are brought together and elaborated. Such a view of lexical structure promises to provide some understanding of linguistic creativity (and its routinization), whose primary locus is the lexicon.
‘Microbursts’ of knowledge and creative work in Japan1
Authors: Byosiere Philippe
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the challenge of unleashing individual creativity in large corporations by examining the environment and incentives of R&D researchers. Considerable tension is found in the relationship between the individual researcher and the firm, especially over special rewards given to successful research results and research expenses available to researchers. Deeper causes, however, flow from the fracturing of the sense of community brought on by corporate restructurings Finally, it is noted that researchers see risk avoidance by their superiors as the major obstacle to doing creative work, the result of the shift by Japanese firms from being aggressive challengers in the postwar period through the 1980s is to become defenders of existing assets.
Seed Transmission ofPepino mosaic virusand Efficacy of Tomato Seed Disinfection Treatments
Authors: Córdoba-Sellés Maria del Carmen , García-Rández Ana , Alfaro-Fernández Ana , Jordá-Gutiérrez Concepción
Published: September 2007

Rates of seed transmission for Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) were estimated in seedlings grown from seeds obtained from symptomatic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruits of plants naturally infected with the virus. The proportion of seeds infected with PepMV was at least 25% as estimated from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of grouped seeds. The seeds from symptomatic fruits were planted, and seedlings at the cotyledon and transplant stage were assayed for PepMV by ELISA. Three of 168 seedlings grown from infected seeds were PepMV-positive, corresponding to a seed-to-seedling transmission rate of 1.84%. Various tomato seed treatments were evaluated for their ability to prevent seed transmission of PepMV. This virus was largely eradicated by immersing the seeds in 10% trisodium phosphate for 3 h. Although heat treatments of 24 h at 80°C and 48 h at 74°C eliminated PepMV in seedlings, these treatments did not eradicate the virus in whole seeds. The three treatments did not adversely affect seed germination. The results suggest that trisodium phosphate can be used to eradicate PepMV in tomato seed without hindering germination.
First Report of White Mold Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Oreganum vulgare and Taraxacum officinale in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Minuto A. , Gullino M. L.
Published: September 2007

Oreganum vulgare (wild marjoram) and Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) plants with culinary and medicinal uses are grown in the field and as potted plants in Liguria in northern Italy. In the spring of 2006, extensive chlorosis was observed on both crops on commercial farms. Economic losses were low. Symptoms included foliar necrosis and a watery decay of the stem at the soil level. Necrotic tissues became covered with a whitish mycelium that produced dark sclerotia. Eventually, affected plants wilted and died. Samples of diseased stem tissue were surface sterilized for 1 min in 1% NaOCl and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 mg/l of streptomycin sulfate. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (1) was consistently recovered from diseased stem pieces. Sclerotia from infected O. vulgare plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.3 to 4.7 × 1.6 to 6.1 (average 2.7 to 3.4) mm on PDA. Sclerotia from infected T. officinale plants measured 1.8 to 3.4 × 1.8 to 6.1 (average 2.5 to 3.6) mm. Sclerotia from these isolates measured 1.7 to 5.2 × 2.0 to 5.7 (average 3.3 to 3.8) mm on PDA. Pathogenicity of three isolates obtained from O. vulgare and three isolates from T. officinale was confirmed on each host. Inoculum consisted of 1 cm2 of mycelial plugs excised from a 10-day-old PDA culture of each isolate. Plants were inoculated by placing a mycelial plug on the soil surface around the base of each plant. Ten plants were inoculated per isolate and an equal number of noninoculated plants served as controls. Plants were incubated at 10 to 27°C (average 18°C) and watered as needed. Pathogenicity tests were repeated once. All inoculated plants developed chlorosis within 12 to 18 days, followed by the appearance of white mycelium and sclerotia, and eventually wilt. Control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was reisolated from inoculated plants of both hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of white mold on O. vulgare in Italy as well as worldwide and the first report of white mold on T. officinale in Italy. S. sclerotiorum is a well known pathogen of T. officinale (2) and its use as a mycoherbicide has been proposed (3).

References: (1) N. F. Buchwald. Page 75. Den. Kgl. Veterin.er-og Landbohojskoles Aarsskrift, 1949. (2) D. M. McLean. Plant Dis. Rep. 35:162, 1951 (3) G. E. Riddle et al. Weed Sci. 39:109, 1991.
First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus on Coprosma repens (Mirror Bush) in Italy
Authors: Polizzi G. , Bellardi M. G.
Published: September 2007

Coprosma repens A. Rich. (mirror bush, Rubiaceae) is a hardy salt tolerant shrub that is native to New Zealand where it is primarily a coastal weed. In temperate climates, many variegated varieties and hybrids of mirror bush grow extensively in gardens. In February 2007, irregular or semicircular necrotic spots, sometimes in concentric rings, were noticed on leaves of approximately 2,000 potted, 1-year-old plants of C. repens ‘Tapuata Gold’ obtained as cuttings from a nursery located in Catania Province. The symptoms were detected on approximately 60% of the plants and were localized exclusively on older leaves especially in the yellow or white border. Protein A sandwich (PAS)-ELISA showed mirror bush was positive for the Batavian lettuce strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus (antiserum to TSWV: PVAS-450 from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA). Double antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA with polyclonal antisera to Cucumber mosaic virus, TSWV, and Impatiens necrotic spot virus confirmed the presence of only TSWV. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was employed to characterize the TSWV isolate. RT-PCR was carried out with primers (forward 5′-TTA ACT TAC AGC TGC TTT-3′ and reverse 5′-CAA AGC ATA TAA GAA CTT-3′) specific for the CP gene of TSWV (3). Amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (Gene Amp PCR System 24000; Perkin Elmer, Hayward, CA) by preheating at 94°C for 5 min followed by 30 cycles of 1.5 min of denaturation at 94°C, 2 min of annealing at 48°C, and 1 min for extension at 72°C. Finally, the amplified DNA was incubated at 72°C for 7 min for a final extension. All samples yielded DNA fragments of the expected size of 823 bp, which included the entire N gene. Purified PCR products were cloned and sequencing (GenBank Accession No. EU020104) was done by Sequiserve (Vatterstetten, Germany). Comparison with sequences available from the GenBank database showed 96 to 99% homology with the same region of the genome for all TSWV isolates, thus confirming the identity of the virus as an isolate of TSWV. In the Rubiaceae family, TSWV was previously detected on Galium spp., Ixora spp., Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and Bouvardia sp. (1,2,4). To our knowledge, this is the first occurrence of this virus on a member of the genus Coprosma. The high incidence of the disease in the nursery could be due to propagation of cuttings from an infected source.

References: (1) M. K. Hausbeck et al. Plant Dis. 76:795, 1992. (2) C. Jordá et al. Plant Dis. 79:358, 1995. (3) R. A. Mumford et al. J. Virol. Methods 46:303, 1994. (4) A. M. Vaira et al. Plant Pathol. 42:530,1993.
Dietary nucleotides protect thymocyte DNA from damage induced by cyclophosphamide in mice
Authors: Wang L.‐F. , Gong X. , Le G.‐W. , Shi Y.‐H.
Published: September 2007

The effects of dietary nucleotides on thymocyte DNA damages induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) in mice were examined. First, phase I experiment was conducted to determine the optimal timing of detecting thymocyte DNA damages induced by CP (150 mg/kg body weight) in mice. Thymocyte DNA damages was determined at 6, 12, 18, 24 h by single‐cell gel electrophosphoresis assay (comet assay) after intraperitoneal injection of CP. The levels of DNA damage at 6, 12, 18, 24 h were all significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). The highest level of DNA damage appeared at 18 h and then decreased at 24 h. Therefore, 18 h was selected to determine DNA damages induced by CP in subsequent experiments. In phase II experiment, 30 male KunMing mice were divided into three treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC) and nucleotides group (NG). Mice in NC and PC were fed nucleotide‐free diet, and mice in NG were fed nucleotide‐supplemented diet (supplemented with 0.25% nucleotides, a mixture containing equal amounts of AMP, CMP, GMP and UMP). Mice in PC and NG groups were injected with CP (150 mg/kg body weight) at 21 days. DNA damage in thymocytes was evaluated at 18 h after CP treatment. The results indicate that dietary nucleotides do not affect the weights of the thymus and the spleen, or their organ indices (p > 0.05), but significantly decrease the percentage of comet cells and comet tail sizes (p < 0.01). This study demonstrates that dietary nucleotides could reduce the level of thymocyte DNA damage induced by CP in mice.