bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Perceptions of Career-Related Barriers: The Career Barriers Inventory
Authors: Swanson Jane L. , Daniels Kimberly K. , Tokar David M.
Published: March 2007

The number and type of barriers that one perceives can be a limiting factor in career choice and implementation, and the construct of perceived career barriers has been increasingly recognized as an important and useful explanatory variable in research regarding career choice. This article addresses the assessment of career barriers and includes two foci. First, we describe the development and subsequent revisions of the Career Barriers Inventory (CBI; Swanson & Daniels, 1995c; Swanson & Tokar, 1991b) and summarize empirical evidence from studies using the CBI. Second, we discuss how the construct of perceived barriers relates to the recently articulated social cognitive model of career development (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) and offer some suggestions for research and practice regarding assessment of career barriers.
Strategies for Studying Causation in Complex Ecological-Political Systems
Authors: Homer-Dixon Thomas
Published: March 2007

This article shows that some commonly advocated methodological principles of modern political science are inapprapriate for the study of complex ecological-political systems. It also provides conceptual tools for thinking about the causal roles of environmental and demographic factors, and it discusses various strategies for hypothesis and inference testing.
Trade Measures and the Design of International Regimes
Authors: Charnovitz Steve
Published: March 2007

This article examines the use of trade measures in international regimes. The catalyst for this research is the high-level international debate on trade and the environment, which is now focusing on the appropriateness of using trade measures in multilateral environmental agreements.1 The World Trade Organization is expected to consider recommendations on this issue at its first ministerial meeting in December 1996.
The Political Economy of Forest Sector Reform in Indonesia
Authors: King Dwight Y.
Published: March 2007

Indonesia's forests are critical to its economic development strategy and to the global environment. Yet evidence of unsustainable management and insufficient governmental supervision continues to mount. After identifying two alternative positions in the debate on institutional reform, this article demonstrates the utility of the political-economy perspective for understanding some of the problems and prospects for reform in the Department of Forestry's roles as government landlord and conservation institution. Reform in the landlord role is heavily constrained by the patrimonial characteristics of President Suharto's New Order regime. Exercise of the conservation role flounders against organizational and structural complexity. Hence major reforms seem unlikely without a regime change, a critical shortage in timber supply, or external threats to Indonesia's exports of forest products.
Pigovian Taxation at the Supranational Level: Fiscal Provisions of the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund
Authors: Herber Bernard P.
Published: March 2007

The International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, viewed from the perspective of the public finance economist, encompasses a unique and little known effort to impose the generic features of a Pigovian environmental tax at the international level. The tax is part of an eclectic insurance and fiscal scheme for internalizing the negative externalities of oil pollution in international waters. Its link to the insurance component of the policy format tends to obscure its tax characteristics and to make it politically more acceptable as well. The IOPC Fund regime was established under the umbrella of two international treaties signed in 1969 and 1971 in the wake of the disastrous Torrey Canyon oil spill in British waters several years earlier. The tax may serve as a prototype for the use of economic incentive instruments in other international environmental problem areas.
High-Reliability Pastoralism Versus Risk-Averse Pastoralism
Authors: Roe Emery , Huntsinger Lynn , Labnow Keith
Published: March 2007

The literature on pastoralism is sufficiently rich to accommodate two very dif ferent models ofpastoralism. Currently, virtually all attention given to pastor alism focuses on herder risk aversion, ecological adaptation, and the need for herd mobility in the face of an unpredictable environment. In contrast to the model of risk-averse pastoralism, the disequilibrium-based models of ecological dynamics on rangelands, often referred to as the new range ecology, enable us to see pastoralism as a high-reliability institution. From this perspective, high-reliability pastoralism is the search and attainment of reliable peak per formance through the use and management of a highly complex range and live stock technology. The policy implications for pastoral development and range lands are very different if pastoralists are found to be primarily reliability seeking rather than risk averse. Moreover, the implications for our under standing of pastoralism and its future are profound and differ appreciably from current conventional wisdom.
The Effect of Somatoform Disorder and Paranoid Psychotic Role-Related Dissimulations as a Response Set on the MMPI-2
Authors: Sivec Harry J. , Lynn Steven Jay , Garske John P.
Published: March 2007

Two hundred thirty-seven undergraduate students were assigned to three instructional groups: somatoform disorder, paranoid psychotic, and general "fake-bad," and a standard test-retest control group in order to investigate the impact of specifically defined, role-related dissimulations on responding to the MMPI-2. It was found that each instructional group differed from the control group on a majority of MMPI-2 clinical and validity scales. Although the group that simulated the somatoform disorder differed from the simulated paranoid psychotic and general fake-bad groups, the simulated paranoid psychotic and general fake-bad groups did not differ from each other. An examination of various cutting scores suggests that validity indices used with the MMPI (i.e., F, F-K,) are also useful with the MMPI-2. Overall, the F scale seems to be the most effective validity index. Implications for future MMPI-2 and malingering research are discussed.
Feigning among Chronic Outpatients on the MMPI-2: A Systematic Examination of Fake-Bad Indicators
Authors: Rogers Richard , Sewell Kenneth W. , Ustad Karen L.
Published: March 2007

MMPI-2 studies have emphasized the importance of establishing validity indices for the evaluation of over reporting and malingering. In this study, 42 chronic outpatients are administered the MMPI-2 under honest and feigning conditions. Results indicated that patients under honest conditions have elevated scores on F, Fb, and other validity scales. Therefore, stringent cutting scores are recommended to minimize the misclassification of bona fide patients as malingerers. Toward this end, F > 29 produced a highly accurate classification rate, whether subjects with high VRIN scores were excluded. In addition, the newly derived Fp scale appeared promising for subjects with low VRIN scores and deserves further investigation.
Internal Consistency of Three Tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery for Older Children
Authors: Livingston Ronald B. , Gray Robert M. , Haak Ruth A.
Published: March 2007

The internal consistency of three neuropsychological tests was examined in a sample of 334 referred children (9-14 years of age). Coefficient alpha was calculated to estimate reliability on the Seashore Rhythm Test (SRT), two forms of the Speech Sounds Perception Test (SSPT), and the Aphasia Screening Test (AST). The standard SSPT appears to have relatively good internal consistency with an average coefficient of .81. The average coefficient for the abbreviated form of the SSPT was considerably lower (i.e., .73), highlighting the superiority of the standard form in clinical practice. Internal consistency of the SRT was relatively low (i.e., .67). This level of reliability may be acceptable in group research and for component tests, but is marginal for independent clinical use. Coefficient alpha for the AST was moderate (i.e., .77), suggesting adequate reliability for a screening test. These reliability estimates are compared to those obtained in previous studies using these tests in adult samples and with other tests commonly used with children.
REVIEW ■ : Multiple Representations of Space in the Brain
Authors: Gross Charles G. , Graziano Michael S.A.
Published: March 2007

Lesions of the posterior parietal cortex have long been known to produce visuospatial deficits in both humans and monkeys. Yet there is no known "map" of space in the parietal cortex. The posterior parietal cortex projects to a number of other areas that are involved in specialized spatial functions. In these areas, space is represented at the level of single neurons and, in many of them, there is a topographically organized map of space. These extraparietal areas include the premotor cortex and the putamen, involved in visuomotor space, the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculus, involved in oculomotor space, the hippocampus, involved in environmental space, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, involved in mnemonic space. In many of these areas, space is represented by means of a coordinate system that is fixed to a particular body part. Thus, the processing of space is not unitary but is divided among several brain areas and several coordinate systems, in addition to those in the posterior parietal cortex. The Neuroscientist 1:43-50, 1995
Action in the Dendrites: A Revisitation of Dendritic Action Potentials
Authors: Kocsis Jeffery D.
Published: March 2007

Dendntes are the primary site of synaptic input to neurons in the CNS. They are imbued with specialized structures, such as dendritic spines, which receive much of the synaptic inputs from other neurons. They have long been considered electrically passive in that they receive nonregenerative synaptic inputs, both excitatory and inhibitory, and, through summation of passive electrotonic spread of current, they convey information in the form of membrane potential changes to the cell body and the initial axon segment, which are specialized to initiate action potentials. More than 40 years ago, this view was challenged by electrophysiological studies suggesting that dendrites can also generate action po tentials. It was proposed that these regenerative dendritic action potentials can serve as "booster" sites to assure the fidelity of synaptic signaling to the distant initial axon seg ment where nerve impulses are initiated for propagation to their terminals for signal trans mission to other neurons. Two recent articles in Science reporting the use of simultaneous patch clamp recordings from a dendrite and the cell body of rat hippocampal neurons have rekindled interest in dendrites as active generators of action potentials. In this Up date, these articles are reviewed and discussed in the context of the functional implica tions of active dendritic electrogenesis. The Neuroscientist 1:312-316, 1995
Review : Robustness and Self-regulation in the Production of Neural Activity by Developing Networks
Authors: O'Donovan Michael J.
Published: March 2007

Spontaneous activity is an important regulator of network development throughout the nervous system. Activity produced in different parts of the developing nervous system shares many features, which suggests that it does not depend on the detailed architecture of developing networks but rather on their common properties. Insights into the mechanisms responsible for generating spontaneous activity have come from recent studies of the spinal cord. Developing spinal networks are hyperexcitable and their immature syn apses are subject to activity-dependent synaptic depression. The conjunction of these properties, which may be common throughout the developing nervous system, is responsible for the spontaneous, episodic activity expressed by spinal networks. These properties endow developing spinal networks with an extremely robust mechanism for generating spontaneous activity that is resistant to major pharmacological and surgical per turbations. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:41-47, 1999
The Human Amygdala and Emotion
Authors: Adolphs Ralph
Published: March 2007

Findings from humans and animals suggest that the amygdala helps to guide behaviors and to process knowledge about stimuli and situations that are of special importance to the survival of an organism. The amygdala makes critical contributions to many cognitive processes, including memory, attention, and deci sion-making. Lesion and functional imaging studies in humans support a role for the amygdala in recognizing emotions in facial expressions, especially fear. Although it has been known from animal studies that the amygdala is important in the acquisition of nondeclarative forms of memory, such as conditioned responses, studies in humans show that the amygdala also modulates encoding of declarative knowledge about emo tional material. Future studies will determine the amygdala's role in the conscious experience of emotion, a topic that is just beginning to be explored. Further advances are being made by high-resolution functional imaging, and by electrophysiological recordings from single neurons within the human amygdala. NEURO SCIENTIST 5:125-137, 1999
Children in Research: Informed Consent and Critical Factors Affecting Mothers
Authors: Pletsch Pamela K. , Stevens Patricia E.
Published: March 2007

Thirty-three mothers whose ill children had been enrolled in clinical trials were interviewed about their experiences giving informed consent. The qualitative data from mothers of children with cancer and mothers of children with diabetes were compared and contrasted using narrative analysis techniques. Results suggest four critical factors that differentiated and defined their informed consent experiences: immediacy of the threat to the life of the child, trajectory of illness-related events, opportunities for autonomy, and expertise of mothers in managing their child’s illness and in negotiating the health care system. Implications for practice and research with families whose ill children are enrolled in clinical research are discussed.
Predicting Family Health in Families of Young Adults with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Doornbos Mary Molewyk
Published: March 2007

A greater understanding of the factors that predict family health in the families of young adults with severe and persistent mental illness is essential given the complex and challenging nature of the caregiving role into which these families have been drawn. Based upon the perspective of 126 family caregivers from National Alliance for the Mentally Ill chapters across the United States, this study sought to identify the best predictors of family health from among several client, family, and professional factors. The results indicated that family coping, family stressors, and professional communication were most predictive of the outcome variable of family health.
Elder Mistreatment among Rural Family Caregivers of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders
Authors: Buckwalter Kathleen C. , Campbell Judy , Gerdner Linda A. , Garand Linda
Published: March 2007

This article presents four case studies of elder abuse from the files of a multisite training project designed to teach rural caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders how to better manage behavioral problems associated with dementia. The cases are used to illustrate characteristics of victims, perpetrators, andfamily systems that are vulnerable to abuse. The examples presented reflect a variety of factors associated with abuse in caregiving situations, including denial and maladaptive personality characteristics in the caregiver, and anxiety and lack of knowledge. The role of health care professionals and researchers who uncover abuse or neglect situations is also discussed.
Teaching Students How to "Think Family"
Authors: Green Clarissa P.
Published: March 2007

Given recent shifts toward increasing amounts of community-based and family-provided health care, nurses working in all aspects of health care delivery arefaced with helpingfamilies cope effectively with complex caregiving experiences. To do this, nurses need an understanding and appreciation of the interactive complexity offamily life, and they need to know how to "thinkfamily. " This article presents learning experiences in an upper level family nursing course at the University of British Columbia that foster thinkingfamily. Specific attention is given to the usefulness of questions in promoting systems thinking and to the students' struggles and successes as they transform their ways of thinking about family functioning, family illness experiences, andfamily nursing care.
When the Housewife is Missing
Authors: de Jesus Juliana Giovannetti , Bergamasco Roselena Bazilli
Published: March 2007

Thefocus of this research was on a hospitalized wife's/mother's experience of absencefrom the home and the resulting alterations in herfamily's organization. This study was one of a series of studies developed by the Family Nursing Studies Group at the University of Sdo Paulo (GEENF-EEUSP). Three women experiencing gynecological cancer were interviewed during their hospitalizations to understand the woman's role in the family and the ways her illness and absencefrom home affected herfamily. Using qualitative techniques, seven themes were identified: having an obligation to carry out her role, wanting to go back home as soon as possible, perceiving changes in the roles offamily membersfeeling like she is missing in the house, knowing that the house does not work without her, not having control of thefuture, and searchingfor support to cope. Findings support the needfor nurses to implementfamily-centered interventionsforfamilies experiencing cancer.
A Description of a Psychoeducational Intervention for Family Caregivers of Cancer Patients
Authors: Barg Frances K. , Pasacreta Jeannie V. , Nuamah Isaac F. , Robinson Karen D. , Angeletti Kelly , Yasko Joyce M. , McCorkle Ruth
Published: March 2007

Recent trends in health care have placed increased burden on cancer caregivers. In response, nurses and social workers were taught to implement a 6-hour psychoeducational Family Caregiver Cancer Education Program (FCCEP)for cancer caregivers that addresses symptom management, psychosocial support, and resource identification. Baseline characteristics from a convenience sample of 750 caregivers who attended a FCCEP andfilled out program evaluation questionnaires are reported. Factors affecting the successful implementation of the FCCEP are described. Nurses need to be alert to the range of tasks and the skills that families need to perform this role so that they can incorporate family teaching about key areas. Nurses must also be aware of the potentialforfatigue and frustration among caregivers who are working 24 hours a day, without relief.
Diffusing Innovations When the Users A re Not the Choosers
Authors: Leonard-Barton Dorothy
Published: March 2007

In the flow of innovations from supplier to user, many professionals serve as intermediaries, selecting on the basis of their particular expertise new technologies and products for the ultimate users. Using dentists as an example, this article explores a number of issues this diffusion situation raises regarding new product development and dissemination.
Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Utilization
Authors: Rich Robert F.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an assessment of the fields of knowledge creation, diffusion, and utilization from the perspective of the founding editor of this journal. Where are researchers in the development of this area of inquiry? What are some of the critical agenda items for the future ? The article argues that the field faces the following issues: a crisis of legitimacy, a lack of theory development, problems in measurement of the phenomena being explored, and stalled develop ment in terms of posing challenging questions. The article concludes that there is an open agenda in the fields of knowledge creation, diffusion, and utilization. Once some closure is reached on the measurement issues, then it should be possible to advance a systematic theory of knowledge production and utilization. Unfortunately, the field has not been characterized by studies that consciously build other. Instead, the "wheel" has been reinvented on many different occasions.
A Grass-Roots Perspective on Legislating Knowledge Utilization
Authors: Datta Lois-Ellin
Published: March 2007

From a grass-roots perspective, legislating knowledge utilization can make a good difference in individual lives. However, there are often gaps betwen the questions that end users ask and those that researchers study, mismatches between when end users want information and when they get it, and shortfalls in coverage when change agents are too few or poorly informed. Legislative changes to improve timeliness, responsiveness, and efficiency seem to be in order.
The Effectiveness of Demonstrations in Disseminating Research-Based Counseling Programs
Authors: TURNER BONNIE J. , MARTIN GARTH W. , CUNNINGHAM JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

This study explores whether a demonstration designed to persuade addiction treatment agencies to adopt a research-based treatment program and to evaluate the program under field conditions was a successful dissemination strategy. The results suggest that a demonstration, as one component of an ongoing dissemination plan, may be useful in persuading community treatment agencies to investigate a research-based treatment program. However, agencies may not adopt a counseling program following a demonstration without first testing it themselves.
Communication Lag
Authors: CAWS PETER
Published: March 2007

The unevenness of knowledge distribution in modern society has profound social and political implications. Through more careful attention to contextualization, translation, and self-assessment of specialized knowledge such as science, audiences might be assisted to acquire the type of knowledge which is necessary for them to become not just potentially informed but actually knowledgeable on such subjects.
Report: Second World Conference of Science Journalists Meets in Budapest
Authors: CORNELL JAMES
Published: March 2007

The Second World Conference of Science Journalists was held 2-4 July 1999 in Budapest, Hungary, as a satellite conference to the World Conference on Science just preceding it. Following is a report on the conference by a member of the international organizing committee.
Gaining and Losing Health Insurance: Strengthening the Evidence for Effects on Access to Care and Health Outcomes
Authors: Kasper Judith D. , Giovannini Terence A. , Hoffman Catherine
Published: March 2007

This study uses longitudinal data to examine the consequences of losing and gaining health insurance coverage for access to care and health. For both Medicaid and privately insured persons, compared with those who remained insured, persons losing coverage over a 2-year period were more likely to lack a usual source of care, encounter difficulty in obtaining medical care, be very dissatisfied with ability to obtain needed care, and report no physician visits in the previous 12 months. Uninsured people who gained coverage showed improvement across all indicators of access, in contrast to those who remained without insurance. The effects of changes in coverage on health were in the same direction as those for access, but did not reach statistical significance. This study strengthens the evidence that health insurance coverage has a substantial impact on ability to gain access to medical care and may affect health status.
Determinants of Antidepressant Treatment Compliance: Implications for Policy
Authors: Tai-Seale Ming , Croghan Thomas W. , Obenchain Robert
Published: March 2007

Depression is among the most prevalent, devastating, and undertreated disorders in our society. Treatment with antidepressant medications is effective in controlling symptoms, but treatment beyond the point of symptom resolution is necessary to restore functional status and prevent recurrent episodes. An important step in improving compliance is to identify the determinants of antidepressant treatment compliance. A broader motivation for our study is to examine compliance by patients with a chronic but treatable disease. With claims data between 1990 and 1993, this study uses logistic regression analysis to examine the determinants of compliance among 2,012 antidepressant recipients. The results show that initiating treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant reduces the probability of antidepressant treatment compliance. Initiating treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and undergoing family, group, or individual psychotherapy treatments increase the probability of compliance. Case management does not meaningfully affect compliance. Implications for policy and clinical practice are discussed.
Extended Forensic Evaluation When Sexual Abuse is Suspected: A Multisite Field Study
Authors: Carnes Connie Nicholas , Nelson-Gardell Debra , Wilson Charles , Orgassa Ute Cornelia
Published: March 2007

A subset of children referred due to suspected sexual abuse require more than one interview for professionals to reach an opinion about the veracity of allegations. The National Children's Advocacy Center's forensic evaluation model was designed for that specific group of children. The multisite study of the model reported here followed a 2-year pilot study. Professionals in 12 states adopted the model and collected data for 2 years on a total of 147 participants. In 44.5% of the cases, a credible disclosure was obtained, with 73% of these cases supported in the legal system. The forensic evaluation procedure yielded clear information to be used in child protection and prosecutory decisions in 64% of the cases (combining cases with credible disclosures and abuse unlikely findings). Finally, the study examined the effects of the length of the evaluation and of the case and child characteristics on evaluation outcomes.
Individual Cognitive Behavioral Treatment and Family Therapy for Physically Abused Children and their Offending Parents: A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Kolko David J.
Published: March 2007

Few studies have evaluated short-term psychosocial treatments with physically abused school-aged children and their offending parents or families. This study compares the treatment outcomes of 55 cases that were randomly assigned to individual child and parent cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or family therapy (FT) with those who received routine community services (RCS). Measures of child, parent, and family dysfunction and adjustment were collected from both participants and supplemented with official social service records to evaluate the efficacy of treatment through 1-year follow-up. Compared with RCS, CBT and FT were associated with improvements in child-to-parent violence and child externalizing behavior, parental distress and abuse risk, and family conflict and cohesion. All three conditions reported several improvements across time. One parent participant each in CBT and FT and three in RCS were found to have engaged in another incident of physical maltreatment after treatment had begun. No differences between CBT and FT were observed on consumer satisfaction or maltreatment risk ratings at termination. The findings of this evaluation provide additional support for the continued development and evaluation of individual and family treatments involving child victims of physical abuse.
Interagency Perspectives on Child Sexual Abuse Perpetrated by Juveniles
Authors: Sanders Robert M. , Ladwa-Thomas Usha
Published: March 2007

Fifty practitioners in five different agencies working with perpetrators of child sexual abuse in a Welsh local authority area were surveyed to explore perspectives on child sexual abuse and practice issues of working with juvenile sexual abusers. The four social work agencies (i.e., child protection, child and family, juvenile justice, and probation) were in considerable agreement on many of the perspectives; however, the police differed substantially from the social work agencies on a number of perspectives. Practice issues highlighted the implications of fundamental differences of perceptions over whether a juvenile abuser is seen as a perpetrator or as a victim. The authors consider the implications of diversion strategies, a feature of work with young offenders, for this particular group of young offenders.
Creating a Curriculum on Childhood Traumatic Stress
Authors: Cohen Judith A. , Mannarino Anthony P.
Published: March 2007

The relative absence of child psychiatrists among professionals actively involved in the field of child maltreatment and other forms of childhood traumatic stress is largely attributable to a historical lack of attention to this subject in standard child psychiatry residency training. This article describes a curriculum for a child and adolescent psychiatry residency that focuses on childhood traumatic stress and integrates this subject into all of the required clinical rotations and didactic courses. Ways in which existing training programs in child psychiatry and related fields can integrate this focus into standard curricula are discussed, and such programs are encouraged to pay greater attention to this topic in training new professionals to work with children and families.
Caring, Information Control, and Emotionality: Fieldwork Trade-Offs
Authors: Lehnerer Melodye
Published: March 2007

Epiphany, a turning point in one's life related to "life experiences that radically alter and shape the meanings persons give to themselves and their life projects" (Denzin, 1989, p. 14), came for the author in the final stages of completing her dissertation. She had claimed in her dissertation proposal that she was going "to document the daily interactions of staff and residents at a halfway house for ex-offenders," implying she would present a "realist tale" characterized by objectivity, focus on the commonplace, "native" perspective, and researcher omnipotence (Van Maanen, 1988). As the field tale began unfolding, the author realized such an "epistemological stunt" was impossible. She wrote to her dissertation chair that her methods section might be "a little too subjective, or, given my theoretical leanings ... more existentialist than I realized." Eventually, this methods section became the author's dissertation about "becoming involved." The following narrative represents a reflexive version of that "life project."
When Critical Ethnography and Action Collide
Authors: Ulichny Polly
Published: March 2007

This article explores the dilemmas that arose in the effort to combine critical ethnography and praxis in a school/university partnership project intending to restructure an urban high school. The tensions and complexities discussed arise from the desire to foster collaboration among participants in a democratic and non-Othering manner, while pursuing a goal of transforming the inequitable structures of schooling m our society. What political and ethical compromises does a critical/activist researcher face when confronted with a lack of consensus among participants? What is the effect of partially transformed structures of schooling within a wider context of a socially unjust society? The author concludes by reflecting on the roles and positionalities she co-constructed with participants during the project, as well as opportunities that emerged for participant consciousness-raising about the systemic inequities of class, race, and gender and their perpetuation in urban schools.
Interviewing Joshua: On the Importance of Leaving Room for Serendipity
Authors: Knapp Nancy Flanagan
Published: March 2007

Joshua, a second grader reading at the preprimer level, resists answering the author's questions about his conceptions of reading until she agrees to spend equal time drawing and looking through Waldo books with him. Surprisingly, it is while "doing Waldos," rather than during classroom observations or in answering her carefully planned interview questions, that Joshua shows the author his developing sense of narrative, his earliest attempts at phonetic decoding, and the importance of minimal-text books like Waldo books as a nonthreatening gateway into literate experience for him and other struggling readers. The author comes to see such shared agenda setting as not just the most ethical way to interview people but also the most effective, because it allows for the serendipity of discovering answers to questions the author had not even thought to ask.
The Ethnographic Method in Sociology
Authors: Gold Raymond L.
Published: March 2007

This article calls attention to the basics m ethnographic fieldwork and points out how they fit together to form the ethnographic method in sociology. The various requirements that must be met to achieve reliability and validity of fieldwork data are discussed. They include adequate and appropriate sampling procedures, systematic techniques for gathering and analyzing data, validation of data, avoidance of observer bias, and documentation of findings. The article shows the novice and reminds the experienced field-worker that the ethnographic method is a singularly dynamic and fruitful way of studying the human scene, offering, as it does, unique investigative, substantive, and theoretical contributions to social research.
Examining Patterns of Vulnerability to Domestic Violence Among African American Women
Authors: WYATT GAIL E. , AXELROD JULIE , CHIN DOROTHY , CARMONA JENNIFER VARGAS , LOEB TAMRA BURNS
Published: March 2007

The study discussed in this article explored the relationship between child abuse and neglect, other traumatic events, background variables, and HIV status as they relate to the continuum of conflict in adulthood, specifically verbal conflict and physical abuse that can increase women's risk for domestic violence. The sample included 135 African American women, ages 19 to 61, of mixed HIV serostatus. Almost half of the women reported both physical and verbal conflict and moderate to severe levels of physical abuse with current or recent intimate partners. Simple correlations and multiple regressions revealed that women with histories of child abuse were more likely to experience partner violence as adults. Other traumatic events were not associated with partner violence. Income and HIV status were related to specific patterns of partner violence. The influence that early experiences have on African American women eventually entering abusive adult intimate relationships is discussed.
Definitional Issues in Violence Against Women
Authors: GORDON MALCOLM
Published: March 2007

Issues relevant to defining violence against women include the importance of severity of aggressive behavior in partner relationships, relationships among types of abusive behavior, and adequacy of explanatory models of partner violence. Severity of aggression is important for describing and understanding partner violence. Different types of abusive behavior should be assessed to account for variation in partner abuse. Constructs drawn from multiple domains are needed to adequately explain partner aggression across the range of severity of partner abuse. Standardized structured interviews to assess partner violence in high-risk surveillance would complement checklists for general population surveillance.
Tailhook and the Construction of Sexual Harassment in the Media
Authors: KASINSKY RENÉE GOLDSMITH
Published: March 2007

By examining the reporting of the Tailhook incident in the mainstream media, from the event itself through the conclusion of military and congressional debates about its meaning 5 years later, this article demonstrates that the media construct representations that are in accordance with the dominant gender ideology. The military's interpretation of Tailhook—“boys will be boys” with “party girls”—was contested by the women who were harassed and assaulted. Although the military's cover-up of the incident was interrupted by the intervention of powerful women in the Senate, media coverage reinforced the dominant view of sexual harassment.
The Price of the Ticket
Authors: GILFUS MARY E.
Published: March 2007

This article takes a critical look at the current trend toward applying trauma theory to the understanding of women's experiences of violence and abuse. Multicultural feminist theories and the author's standpoint as a survivor are used to deconstruct pathologizing and exclusionary assumptions implicit in much trauma work. Elements of a survivor-centered approach are articulated and offered as legitimate ways of knowing. This epistemological shift is intended to give researchers and practitioners a more socially contextualized, culturally inclusive, and strengths-oriented understanding of the social distribution of traumatic injury.
The Making of a Department
Authors: Barbrook Alec T.
Published: March 2007

The modern city can be the most ruthless enemy of the good life, or it can be its servant. The choice is up to this generation of Americans. For this is truly the time of decision for the American city.
The Changing Spatial Distribution of Social Classes in a Metropolitan Area
Authors: Eklund Kent E. , Williams Oliver P.
Published: March 2007

This article combines the two central issues in the literature of the geographic dispersal of social classes in a metropolitan area: suburban-central city differences and inter- suburban differences. Utilizing multiple indicators of social class and three census years for Philadelphia, the authors test several models for each of the above two issues. The testing supports the contention that Philadelphia has had a significant resurgence of the upper social classes since 1950, but that this resurgence resides largely in rental housing stock. The indicator of the middle class shows very widespread movement through the metropolitan area, with the lower and upper classes still segregated from each other.
Support for Community Control Among Local Urban Elites
Authors: Fainstein Norman I. , Martin Mark
Published: March 2007

There are three typical interpretations of community control advanced by both analysts and activists: (1) minority group liberation, (2) community empowerment as a new-left program, and (3) community empowerment as a conservative program. Using these inter pretations, we analyze the attitudes toward community control of local elites in New York City in the period 1972-1974. Our findings indicate substantial levels of support for some form of community control among both white and minority respondents. While there are interracial differences in the degree of operational support for community control, these differences decreased from 1972 to 1974, as overall support increased. Variations in the level of support for community control are best explained by indexes reflecting evaluation of governmental performance (instrumental), and orientations to minority group power and to economic left ideas (ideological). The general interracial increase in support for community control, and the pattern of association of the three indexes with each other and with support for community control, suggest (1) community empowerment interpretations predominate; (2) of these, new left empowerment inter pretations are the most prevalent; (3) there is, however, a marked constituency of whites who support a conservative empowerment interpretation; while (4) there is not a signifi cant minority group liberation constituency. We conclude with a discussion of the impli cations of our findings, suggesting that contradictions inherent in the community control strategy have conservative consequences.
Powerlessness in Racially Changing Neighborhoods
Authors: Kapsis Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This paper assesses the relative importance of deprivation and social integration factors in accounting for neighborhood differences in subjective powerlessness. A survey of two predominantly black neighborhoods at varying levels of black population change finds that residents of the transitional neighborhood exhibit significantly lower levels of power lessness than those living in the ghetto. The evidence reported favors deprivation argu ments over neighborhood integration ones. The implications of this study for understand ing the spatial distribution of other social problems such as delinquency are explored.
The Internationalization of Washington, D.C.
Authors: Abbott Carl
Published: March 2007

The globalization of U.S. cities is attracting increasing theoretical and empirical attention. The author analyzes internationally oriented activities in metropolitan Washington, D.C., and demonstrates that the city's international roles are built directly on its historic function as a national city. Focusing on change over time, the author also shows that globalization is a stepwise process: Several key periods of the expansion of international functions were followed by periods of gradual absorption. In comparative context, Washington supports arguments about the separability of international functions and shows the importance of historical development in determining the different ways in which cities interact with the world.
Determinants of Female Employment Patterns in U.S. Cities
Authors: Kerr Brinck , Miller Will , Reid Margaret
Published: March 2007

Employment data from 23 U.S. cities over nine years is used to explore the proposition that women in high-level political and administrative positions increase the female share of the better-paying, more desirable municipal government jobs. The authors find that female administrators increase the female share of professional and protective service positions. Elected women do not affect female job share when data are aggregated across all job functions, but female mayors do increase the female share of administrative positions in financial administration departments. They recommend that researchers disaggregate equal employment opportunity data by job function as well as job category.
Globalization of the Communications Marketplace
Authors: Wheeler Mark
Published: March 2007

In January 2000, the World Trade Organization began to administer a new round for the multilateral negotiations concerning the liberalization of goods and services in the audiovisual sector. Due to the sensitivity of this sector, the European Commission's Directorate-General X (for information, communication, culture, audiovisual media) launched a consultation on audiovisual services for the forthcoming round of negotiations. This focused on the General Agreement on Trade in Services, which is the relevant instrument for the sector. This article will consider how this consultation process was conducted. It will discuss the policy positions that the competing political and trade actors developed. Further, it will outline the different conceptions of markets and culture that have been drawn from the United States and Europe. Finally, it will anticipate how this exercise may impact the GATS 2000 round.
Crime in Black and White
Authors: Gilliam Franklin D. , Iyengar Shanto , Simon Adam , Wright Oliver
Published: March 2007

Crime is central to the public debate about the state of American society. Citizens consistently express great concern about the issue and are increasingly calling for punitive policies, such as “three strikes” and the death penalty. In response, politicians and policymakers have allocated larger and larger shares of their budgets to crime control. This is ironic given that the population-adjusted crime rate has declined in recent years. This article addresses the paradox by focusing on the role of television news. A content analysis of local television news in a major media market demonstrates that coverage of crime features two important cues: Crime is violent, and criminals are nonwhite. We translate these media biases into an experimental design that manipulates the level of violence and the race of the perpetrator to test the relevance of these cues to public thinking about crime. The results indicate that race works independently and in conjunction with racial stereotypes to influence people's concern about crime and their willingness to attribute criminal behavior to breakdowns in the African-American community. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for race relations, the practice of journalism, and public policy.
Anisotropic Elastic Materials That Uncouple Antiplane and Inplane Displacements but not Antiplane and Inplane Stresses, and Vice Versa
Authors: Ting T.C.T.
Published: March 2007

When an anisotropic linear elastic material is subjected to a two-dimensional deformation, the antiplane displacement U3 and the inplane displacements ul, U2 are in general coupled. For certain materials such as monoclinic materials with the symmetry plane at X3 = 0, the antiplane displacement and the inplane displacements are uncoupled. For these materials, the antiplane stresses 031, 032 and the inplane stresses all, 012, 022 are also uncoupled. We show that there are materials more general than monoclinic materials with the symmetry plane at X3 = 0 for which, when the antiplane and inplane displacements are uncoupled, the antiplane and inplane stresses remain coupled. Conversely, when the antiplane and inplane stresses are uncoupled, the antiplane and inplane displacements remain coupled. Examples are presented for which the solutions are identical to the solutions for an isotropic elastic material with additional displacements or stresses that do not exist in isotropic elasticity solutions.
Regularity for Naghdi's Shell Equations
Authors: Iosifescu Oana
Published: March 2007

The author considers Naghdi's equations for a linearly elastic shell, clamped along its entire boundary, and proves that these equations are amenable to the theory of Agmon, Douglis, and Nirenberg. This allows the author to prove a regularity result for the corresponding weak solution.
Combined Displacement-Iraction Boundary Wlue Problems for Elastic Plates
Authors: Chudinovich Igor , Constanda Christian
Published: March 2007

The solvability is investigated of the equations of bending of plates when either the first two displacement components and the transverse shear force or the bending and twisting moments and the deflection are prescribed on the boundary of the middle section domain. These problems are then reduced to boundary integral equations, whose solutions are sought in spaces of distributions.
Orthogonal Irreducible Decompositions of Tensors of High Orders
Authors: Zou W. -N. , Zheng Q. -S. , Du D. -X. , Rychlewski J.
Published: March 2007

It is known from the theory of group representations that, in principle, a tensor of any finite order can be decomposed into a sum of irreducible tensors. This paper develops a simple and effective recursive method to realize such decompositions in both two-and three-dimensional spaces. Particularly, such derived decompositions have mutually orthogonal base elements. Quite a few application examples are given for generic and various physical tensors of orders up to six.