bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I Saw Through Time”: Falling into Other Histories
Authors: Markley Robert
Published: May 2020

Robinson’s alternative histories explore the collective project of remaking history as a moral, political, and spiritual imperative. “The Lucky Strike” (1984) and “A Sensitive Dependence on Initial Conditions” (1991) reimagine the moral and ethical implications of the bombing of Hiroshima in 1945. In The Years of Rice and Salt Robinson rewrites the bedrock values and assumptions of modernity without the Christian West: the Black Death in the 1350s wipes out Europe’s population, and the Islamic Middle East and China become dominant world powers. By recasting ideas of utopia in the Buddhist idiom of reincarnation, the novel frames the quest for social and economic justice as a form of spiritual progress. Shaman centers on life for a small band of hunter-gatherers in what is now Southern France during an ice age thirty-five thousand years ago. In exploring the lives of the Chauvet cave-painters, the novel emphasizes the complexity of this socio-climatological world, defined by the pack’s complex relationships to the animals its shaman-artists depict.
Freedom Now
Authors: Dubey Madhu
Published: May 2020

This essay examines representations of slavery produced during the peak of the Black Power movement, across a range of fields, including historiography, psychology, political analysis, theater, fiction, popular film, and literary and cultural criticism. Focusing on a cohesive body of work informed by the Black Arts Movement (by writers such as Amiri Baraka, Ronald Fair, Blyden Jackson, John Oliver Killens, Loften Mitchell, Joseph Walker, and John A. Williams) that is largely missing from the canon of post-civil rights literature about slavery, the essay argues that the formal innovations of these literary texts, such as speculative devices of temporal simultaneity and depersonalized modes of characterization, were directly sparked by Black Power discourses of psychological, political, and historical transformation.
Generations
Authors: Woolfork Lisa
Published: May 2020

This essay explores the ways in which African American authors of that era reclaim the slave past as a site of memory for a nation eager to forget. Lucille Clifton’s Generations (1976), Alex Haley’s Roots (1976), Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada (1976), and Octavia Butler’s Kindred (1979) are the chapter’s main focus. These works resist the tide of historical amnesia and “lost cause” mythology that would minimize or relegate the enslaved to mere props in the larger Civil War drama of rupture and reconciliation. By centering the stories of the enslaved as ancestral foundations of post-civil rights black life, these authors promote a model for historical memory and genealogy that elevates black resilience.
“Can You Kill”
Authors: Knight Nadine M.
Published: May 2020

Black women’s cultural production in the 1970s gained popular audience and critical acclaim for its frank disclosure of violence and inequity within black communities and by championing black feminist agency. This chapter situates black women’s literature and art in response to three intersecting sociopolitical movements roiling the nation: Black Power and Black Arts Movements, the emergence of second-wave feminism, and American involvement in Vietnam. The works in this chapter overturned long-standing expectations and stereotypes of respectability politics in depicting graphic, militarized violence; sexual openness; and skepticism about motherhood. In doing so, these works explored the attractions and shortcomings of militancy as a defense against domestic and national violence and promoted mutual respect between genders, sexual freedom, and the possibility of collaborative protest.
From the Ground Up
Authors: Nishikawa Kinohi
Published: May 2020

The chapter is anchored in a survey of African American-owned small presses, literary journals, and magazines to demonstrate how the Black Arts Movement’s editors negotiated readerly taste and institutional politics to bring Black Arts to the masses. I consider, for example, Dudley Randall at Detroit’s Broadside Press, Naomi Long Madgett at Lotus Press (also Detroit), and Haki Madhubuti (Don L. Lee) at Chicago’s Third World Press alongside Hoyt Fuller’s work for periodicals in Chicago (Negro Digest/Black World), and Nommo, the small literary journal of the Organization of Black American Culture. The chapter also reveals how post-civil rights black literary publics formed and considers how, for example, the establishment of Howard University Press in 1974 extended the black intellectual tradition’s effort to recover a “usable past.”
Dimensions of Precarity and Possibility in Peru
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes contemporary Peru, and the highland Andean region, as the wider context in which the residence, Palomitáy, is situated. The chapter first explains the particularities of gender, racial, and class discourses in the postcolonial and neoliberal context of Peru. To recognize the multiple trajectories of inequality at various scales (from local to national and global) that configure this place and young women’s lives, the chapter considers three dimensions of everyday life. Recent historical events, social structures, and individual experiences of migration and mobility, reproductive politics and everyday violence, and humanitarianism and insecurity link the lives of girls in Palomitáy with the lives of girls and women in Peru, more generally.
Moral Dialogues, Caring Dilemmas (a Theater Workshop)
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the implicit and explicit ways that individuals navigate moral dilemmas and produce gendered and racialized identities. Analysis centers on the performance of a play, “Natasia’s Story,” a dramatic rendering of “a mother like us” for an audience of staff, children, and volunteers. This play was collaboratively created, produced, and performed by young women at Palomitáy. Holding the words of characters (in various scenes) in tension with the situation (a theatrical performance) shows how the unspoken assumptions and embedded dialogues of characters and performers are entangled with institutional configurations of power. Attention to the micro-politics of interactions illuminates young women’s sense of themselves as daughters (as well as mothers) and the simultaneous negotiation of moral dilemmas and social hierarchies.
Introduction
Authors: Bost Suzanne
Published: May 2020

The introduction establishes the project’s relationship to multiple intersecting theoretical methodologies: posthumanism, memoir studies, Latinx studies, feminist New Materialisms, queer theory, ecocriticism, and disability studies. By fragmenting subjectivity, emphasizing (human and trans-species) community, and incorporating death within life, the Latinx memoirs that are the subject of Shared Selves resonate with emerging posthumanist theories but are grounded in worldviews that exist outside of a Western intellectual tradition. Focusing on multiple alternatives to Humanism that emerge in this work leads to an ethics of connection, empathy, reciprocity, and humility.
Conclusion
Authors: Bost Suzanne
Published: May 2020

The book concludes with “Selflessness?”—a very brief memoir reflecting on the author’s own relationship to Humanism and the identity-based content of her field. As a woman with white skin, she is an outsider, but as a published and tenured scholar-teacher, she is also most definitely within the network. The author uses her liminal position to argue for the importance of cross-cultural empathy, intellectual humility, and an embrace of the incommensurability of different worldviews.
Leaving Salta: Recent Shorts and a Lost Film
Authors: Gemünden Gerd
Published: May 2020

This chapter investigates the nine-year period between Martel’s third and fourth features. It argues that after completing the Salta trilogy, the director deliberately sought to alter the direction of her career. The project of adapting the sci-fi graphic novel, El Eternauta, even though ultimately abandoned, points toward her making of Zama, while several of the surreal shorts made during this period allow glimpses of what her sci-fi film might have looked like. Other shorts, both from this period and earlier, highlight her interest in the fate of Argentine native populations, which becomes very important in Zama, while also pointing to her current work in progress.
La Meri and Her Life in Dance
Authors: Chalfa Ruyter Nancy Lee
Published: May 2020

La Meri (Russell Meriwether Hughes, 1899–1988) was a performing artist, choreographer, teacher, and writer who built her career on ethnologic dance from many parts of the world. In the 1920s and 1930s, under the management of her agent-husband Guido Carreras, she toured in Latin America, Europe, Asia, the Pacific, and the United States. Despite the heavy schedule of travel and performances, she was able to obtain instruction in local dance genres, purchase costumes, and obtain recordings of the music in many of the countries. The new material would then be added to her concert programs. In late 1939, touring was no longer possible because of World War II, so La Meri and Carreras settled in New York City. There, she established a school, the Ethnologic Dance Center, and dance companies. She continued performing in New York and on tour in the United States, and, in addition to teaching and concert work, created original choreographies using techniques such as those of India and Spain. In 1960, she moved to Cape Cod, Massachusetts, where she continued her work until 1984, when she returned to San Antonio. In addition to her practical work in dance, La Meri also published writings that set forth her conceptions, understandings, goals and methodologies. This book is both a biography of La Meri and an analysis of the significance of her theory and practice, with attention to her own performance, choreography, writings, and teaching.
Human-Environmental Dynamics of the Georgia Coast
Authors: Turck John A. , Thompson Victor D. , Thompson Victor D.
Published: May 2020

This chapter synthesizes and evaluates settlement and subsistence patterns in relation to landscape change for Native American occupations of the Georgia coast in the southeast USA. Dynamic coastal processes of the region have altered the topography and distribution of resources, including those important to humans. These processes were neither uniform in space nor time, with variations leading to the creation of micro-habitats. We assess these habitats, individually and as part of a complex whole, to better elucidate the nature of human–environmental interactions and socio-ecological systems. Understanding this complex relationship helps reveal social trajectories and environmental impacts on the ecosystem of coastal groups. This research, based on historical ecology, is used as a departure point to discuss the future of humans along changing coastlines. We argue that past peoples dealt with similar coastally-related issues as today, such as sea level fluctuations or changes to once productive resources. The knowledge archeologists have gained concerning past human–environmental interactions must be conveyed to the public, including policy-makers, to transform society for the better.
Revolution Plus Love in Village China
Authors: Laughlin Charles A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter compares Zhao Shuli’s novel Sanliwan Village (1955) to its 1957 screen adaptation Huahao yueyuan (Happily Ever After, dir. Guo Wei), emphasizing how the work’s humorous aspects are enhanced by the cinematic medium through lively performance, visual negotiations of social space and romantic tension. The chapter uses the problem of leisure under socialism as a point of departure, looking at Zhao Shuli’s story both as a representation of emotionally rich social life in contemporary China and as an object of leisurely enjoyment by itself. Placing the film in the context of film comedies that emerged in the “Hundred Flowers Campaign,” it demonstrates how romantic tension can be used to humanize and ameliorate political struggle, marking a continuation of the debate on Revolution + Love in late 1920s fiction.
Huajixi, Heteroglossia, and Maoist Language
Authors: Zhu Ping
Published: May 2020

Huajixi is a genre of farcical performance originated in Shanghai and the surrounding areas in the early twentieth century. The encounter with alien cultures and the influx of population imbued huajixi with an inherent heterogeneity. The abundance of linguistic miscommunication, discordance, and dissonance that elicit laughter in huajixi signifies, in Mikhail Bakhtin’s term, the heteroglossia of language, resulted from the disassociation between language and intentions, language and thoughts, language and expressions. As the content of huajixi had to undergo heavy-handed reform in the early years of PRC, its heteroglossic language remained relatively untouched. In fact, through curating the heteroglossia in huajixi, Maoist discourse showed its willingness to relativize and decenter language consciousness so as to continue the modernization of Chinese language that started in the May Fourth period.
Conclusion
Authors: Barker Thomas
Published: May 2020

By way of conclusion, this chapter considers the legacies of two dominant modes of thinking about Indonesian cinema. National cinema placed its hopes in artist filmmakers who as the last two decades have shown, does not reflect the career trajectories of contemporary ‘idealist’ filmmakers. Secondly, it considers the more recent ‘creative industries’ policy agenda expanded under the Presidency of Jokowi. Given the track record of government officials and corruption, filmmakers will remain wary of policy and government. It suggests that by understanding cinema as pop culture, and the importance of the market, can we better understand the emergence and development of Indonesian cinema.
Edward M. Almond and the US Army
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

This biography examines the long career of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, who was born to a family of modest means in rural Virginia. His early education at the Virginia Military Institute, steeped him in Confederate lore and nurtured his “can do” attitude, natural aggressiveness, demanding personality and sometimes self-serving nature. These qualities later earned him the sobriquet “Sic’em, Ned,” which stuck with him for the remainder of his career.
Almond commanded the African-American 92nd Infantry Division during World War II. The division failed in combat and was re-organized, after which it contained one white, one black, and the Army’s only Japanese-American (Nisei) regiment. The years since that war have seen the glorification of the “Greatest Generation,” with all racist notions and ideas “whitewashed” with a veneer of honor.
When war came to Korea, Almond commanded X Corps in the Inchon invasion, liberation of Seoul, race to the Yalu. When the Chinese entered the war and sent the US Army into retreat, Almond mounted one of the largest evacuations in history at Hungnam -- but not before the disaster at Chosin claimed the lives of hundreds of soldiers and marines.
This book reveals Almond as a man who stubbornly held onto bigoted attitudes about race, but also exhibited an unfaltering commitment to the military profession. Often viewed as the “Army’s racist,” Almond reflected the attitudes of the Army and society. This book places Almond in a broader context and presents a more complete picture of this flawed man yet gifted officer.
Soldier as Teacher
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

The years following World War I had proven fruitful for Almond. After another teaching stint, Almond completed the Advanced Course at the Infantry School at Fort Benning and remained as an instructor. He taught in the tactics department, using his experience as Machine gun battalion commander during World War I and caught the eye of the Assistant Commandant, Lt. Col. George C. Marshall, a connection that would benefit him later. After earning praise for his teaching skills, Almond then moved to Fort Leavenworth for the two-year Command and General Staff School. He then Manila to command a battalion of Philippine Scouts, where he pioneered a method of crossing a river using only the unit’s organic equipment. Almond was a canny promoter, and his successful exercise gained him a lot of renown n the Army. He performed well in a variety of assignments and his career mirrored that of his contemporaries.
Winter of Discontent
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

Almond was elated when his troops reached the Yalu River in November 1950, but there was trouble on the horizon. Almond used the airplane to move constantly and see units at the front for himself, but this blinded him to certain battlefield realities in North Korea, such as the distances between units. The Chinese launched a counteroffensive in October 1950 that drove the longest retreat in US Army history. The weight of the attack on the X Corps sector fell on the 1st Marine Division and the 7th Infantry Division at the Chosin Reservoir. That has assumed legendary status in Marine Corps history, and figures prominently in the interservice rivalry that sees Almond reviled by all Marines for his alleged anti-Marine bias. This chapter also tells the story of the Hungnam evacuation in which Almond evacuated some 100,000 soldiers and marines and over 100,000 Korean civilians in the face of the oncoming Chinese offensive.
Tragedy and Redemption
Authors: Lynch Michael E.
Published: May 2020

With the X Corps having successfully evacuated from Hungnam, Almond joined Eighth Army, where he quickly gained the respect of Lt. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway. Almond’s aggressive nature suited Ridgway’s style perfectly, and he later called Almond his best Corps commander. Ridgway placed X Corps in the center of the line, where it seemed repeatedly to take the toughest attacks from the enemy. One of those attacks resulted in the epic battle at Chip’yong-Ni. Ridgway launched a series of offensives into the spring that advanced the Eighth Army north, while the CCF and NKPA continued to attack south. Almond was shocked and angered when President Truman relieved MacArthur, but his wife was touched my MacArthur’s kindness. As the war slowed to a stalemate that would last two more years, Almond accepted a new assignment.
Dimitri, Prisoner of War
Authors: Marble Andrew
Published: May 2020

The chapter is a flashback to Ancona, Italy, in the summer of 1946, at the end of World War II, close to the time Dimitri Shalikashvili, John Shalikashvili’s father, will be released from a British prisoner of war (POW) camp, ending his military career at the mere rank of major. The chapter overviews the impressive military and European aristocratic background of the Shalikashvili lineage; summarizes Dimitri’s service to the tsarist, Free Georgian, Polish, and German militaries; sets out Dimitri’s character and qualities, the positive aspects of which are shared by his son John; and explains how geostrategic shifts and other factors beyond Dimitri’s control ruined the chance this highly professional military officer had of measuring up to his ancestors, thereby providing comparative grist to mill the question of the determinants of success.
Mise-en-Scène
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

An introduction to Maurice Costello and the entertainment world as it existed in America at the beginning of the twentiethcentury. As the rise of film brought about the decline of theater, New York became a battleground as the two mediums foughteach other for dominance. Maurice, then a struggling stage actor, waded into this maelstrom of cultural and technological change with afamily to support and a growing dissatisfaction with his profession that would eventually lead him to consider a different option.
Mae
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Maurice meets Mae and they marry in secret. Immediately after the ceremony he leaves her for six months to go on tour. She says nothing of the marriage to her stepfather, Vincent Tresham, leaving that task for her new husband upon his return. Maurice and Tresham have words when the truth comes out, andthe newlyweds storm off to begin married life ontheir own. Mae’s introduction to the itinerant life of struggling stage performer goes from bad to worse when she becomes pregnant and, since Maurice is on the road, has to go live with Maurice’s family in the slums of Pittsburgh.
The Lions at Bay
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Dolores thrives, Helene languishes, and Maurice rallies briefly, getting a bit part in the film Hollywood Boulevard. Dolores has sent him money ever since their reconciliation, but Helene’s skyrocketing medical bills force her to curtail those payments. Maurice sues her for support and she agrees to make payments for an undisclosed period. Maurice joins Central Casting and gets additional extra work. Back on the West Coast, Jack visits the children, with disastrous results.
The Magnificent Ambersons
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Orson Welles offers Dolores the role of Isabel Minifer in The Magnificent Ambersons. John Barrymore dies and the surviving Costellos attend his funeral, save for Dolores. She and Vruwink buy a ranch in Fallbrook, California, and raise rabbits for the war effort. Maurice and Helene appear as extras together in a King Vidor film but don’t make the final cut. Because of Helene’s illness and Le Blanc’s war involvement, Dolores agrees to care for Deirdre full time. Her relationship with Le Blanc sours when he reneges on his promise to pay her child support. Helene discovers Le Blanc is only using her to go to bat for him with Zanuck at Fox, where he is working as a cartoonist, and leaves him.
Deirdre, Johnny, and Jane
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Vruwink’s sterility casts a pall on his marriage to Dolores, who desperately wants more children. For this and other reasons, she starts drinking heavily. Helene is offered permanent residence at the Motion Picture Country Home, and with Le Blanc now training with the Merchant Marines, Dolores’s custody of Deirdre is made official despite the fact that Le Blanc continues to welsh on his support agreements. Dolores makes her last film appearance in This Is the Army. John Blyth Barrymore, an unruly and difficult youth, tries his family’s patience. Le Blanc sues Helene for custody and a protracted legal battle begins.
An Old Spanish Custom
Authors: Shulman Terry Chester
Published: May 2020

Deirdre and Helene spend their last Christmas together at the Hollywood Hotel. Shortly thereafter, Helene commits herself to Patton State Hospital for treatment of her drug addiction. Her doctor pulls her off of all medications cold turkey, and the trauma of withdrawal kills her two days later. Just twelve people attend Helene’s funeral.
“La Golondrina”
Authors: Holt Jerry
Published: May 2020

Jerry Holt’s essay focuses on the function of music in The Wild Bunch, with particular attention to how the film’s Spanish corridos, chief among them “La Golondrina,” subtly underscore the dramatic action and add a new dimension to the film’s combination of romanticism, violence, and drama.
Sam Peckinpah, Actor’s Director
Authors: Vineberg Steve
Published: May 2020

In his essay on the acting in The Wild Bunch, Steve Vineberg delves into details about some of the film’s major players, including William Holden, Ernest Borgnine, and Robert Ryan, as well as members of the supporting cast. Vineberg gives us insightful background on the actors’ work in previous films, establishing links between this work and their performances in The Wild Bunch.
Soviet New Thinking and the Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Authors: Fischer Beth A.
Published: May 2020

Triumphalists make no effort to understand why the Soviets disarmed, reformed, and collapsed. They simply assume the Reagan administration caused these policy changes. Chapters 4 and 5 correct this misperception. Drawing upon Soviet sources, these chapters examine decision making within the Kremlin and the causes of Soviet behavior.
Chapter 4 discredits the claim that the Soviet Union became more cooperative with the West and withdrew from its war in Afghanistan because the Reagan administration compelled it to do so. It demonstrates that a reform movement had been growing in the USSR since the 1950s. Soviet reformers sought to modernize the economy, end the arms race, and improve relations with the West. Moreover, within weeks of launching the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan, Soviet leaders concluded that it was a mistake and began looking for a face-saving way out. Thus, these policies were rooted in domestic needs and debates and were not examples of Moscow acquiescing to American demands, as triumphalists claim.
In short, the Reagan administration did not compel Moscow to adopt democratic reforms and withdraw from Afghanistan.
Moscow Calls Off the Arms Race
Authors: Fischer Beth A.
Published: May 2020

Told from the Kremlin’s perspective, this chapter debunks the myth that Reagan’s military buildup—and SDI in particular—compelled the Soviets to agree to arms reductions and then to collapse. In reality, the US buildup had a negligible effect on the USSR.
By the 1980s Soviet reformers believed nuclear arsenals were of little value: they were costly, could not be used, and incited fear in the West, which prompted the United States to increase its arsenal. The USSR would be more secure, they reasoned, if arsenals were greatly reduced, if not eliminated. Moreover, although some Soviet scientists were initially worried about SDI, this concern dissipated as scientists determined Reagan’s plan was not feasible. In short, for a variety of strategic, financial, and ethical reasons Moscow sought to end the arms race. It therefore did not build its own SDI-style system, nor did it match increases in US defense expenditures, as triumphalistsassume.
The Reagan administration’s policies did not compel the Soviet Union to disarm and then collapse.
Hollywood before Santa Anita
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

With pari-mutuel wagering outlawed in California in the 1920s and early 1930s and Prohibition in effect throughout the United States, newly rich Hollywood types flocked to Tijuana, Mexico,where racing, gambling, drinking, and the nightlife thrived at the Hipodromo de Tijuana and at Agua Caliente, a hotel-casino complex that included thenightclub where Rita Hayworth wasdiscovered and a racetrack where Hollywood whet its appetite for horse racing. The Agua Caliente Handicap became the richest horserace in the world, won by both Phar Lap and Seabiscuit. A horse owned by director Raoul Walsh won the Agua Caliente Derby, and producer Joe Schenck once dropped $100,000 on a single race.It was all captured in a mural executed by bandleader Xavier Cugat depicting the Hollywood elite frolicking in Tijuana.
The Gamblers
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

Attending the races can be fun, sociable, and a means of generating publicity, but it has its pitfalls—gambling being the worst. Mickey Rooney, Chico Marx, Al Jolson, Jimmy Durante, Desi Arnaz, and John Huston all suffered from gambling addictions in one form or another, and all dropped fortunes in the process. Rooney referred to Del Mar as a “toilet” for all the money he flushed away there. Durante made a career out of laughing at himself, including his inexplicable habit of betting on five or six horses in a single race. Huston had bookies and agents who placed bets for him in all the major racing centers in the world. Chico Marx surpassed them all, squandering a huge fortune at the track, in card games, and at casinos, leaving him flat broke and dependent on Social Security checks in the last decades of his life.
Louis B. Mayer
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

Born into a lower-class Jewish Orthodox family in Imperial Russia, Louis B. Mayer rose to become the most powerful man in Hollywood.At the same time, he built one of the most successful racing stables in the nation, breeding horses whose influence is still evident today. As chief of production at MGM, he oversaw the most glittering stable of movie stars the world has ever seen: Greta Garbo, Clark Gable, Jean Harlow, Katharine Hepburn, Spencer Tracy, Mickey Rooney, JudyGarland, William Powell, and Gene Kelly, to name a few. With Mayer at the helm, MGM won five best picture Oscars and dominated Hollywood through the 1930s and early 1940s. Mayer then devoted most of his energies to developing his racing stable, efforts that led to his horse Busher being named 1945 Horse of the Year. Financial pressure, a failed marriage, and pressure from the studio forced him to sell most of his horses, but Mayer never abandoned his love affair with horse racing.
La Princesse Aly Khan
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

Discovered while performing red-hot Spanish dance numbers with her father at Agua Caliente, Rita Hayworth would become one of Hollywood’s most prominent movie stars and sex symbols. Her roles in Gilda and TheLadyfromShanghai and her dance partnership with Fred Astaire in YouWereNeverLovelier and You’llNeverGetRich showcased her dual talents as actress and dancer. But when Rita met Prince Aly Khan on the Riviera in 1948, she was swept off her feet by his charm and good looks. The son of the Aga Khan, Aly was one of the world’s leading Thoroughbred owner-breeders. When they married, Aly gave Rita several horses, including Double Rose, who finished second in the 1949 Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe. The marriage quickly unraveled, and Rita returned to Hollywood and her adoring fans.
Gene Markey
Authors: Shuback Alan
Published: May 2020

An unattractive man whospent much of his early career writing B-movie screenplays, Gene Markey possessed enough charm and wit to convince actresses Joan Bennett, Hedy Lamarr, and Myrna Loy to take a walk down the aisle with him while they were at the height of their careers. None of these marriages lasted more than a few years, however. Markey had raised his ante as a successful producer at 20th Century Fox by the time he married his fourth wife: Lucille Parker Wright, the widowed owner of America’s most powerful racing stable, Calumet Farm. The Markeys won three Kentucky Derbies with Iron Liege, Tim Tam, and Forward Pass before mismanagement drove Calumet into a downward spiral from which it never recovered, signaling the end of the Golden Age of horse racing in America.
Lewis Milestone
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

This book tells the remarkable personal and professional story of Lewis Milestone (1895-1980), one of the most prolific, creative and respected film directors of Hollywood’s Golden Age. Among his many films are the classics All Quiet on the Western Front, Of Mice and Men, A Walk in the Sun, Pork Chop Hill, the original Ocean’s Eleven and Mutiny on the Bounty, starring Marlon Brando. Born in Ukraine, he came to America as a teenager and learned about film in the U.S. Army in World War I. By the early 1920s he was editing silent films in Hollywood, and soon graduated to shooting his own features. His films were nominated for 28 different Academy Awards during a career that lasted 40 years. Among the many stars whom he directed were Barbara Stanwyck, Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck, Errol Flynn, Gary Cooper, Frank Sinatra, Joan Crawford and Kirk Douglas. Providing biographical information, production history and critical analysis, this first major scholarly study of Milestone places his films in a political, cultural and cinematic context. Also discussed in depth, using newly available archival material, is Milestone’s experience during the Hollywood Blacklist period, when he was one of the first prominent Hollywood figures to fall under suspicion for his alleged Communist sympathies. Drawing on his personal papers at the AMPAS library, my book gives Milestone the honored place herichly deserves in the American film canon.
“The Greatest Picture Ever Made”
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

The subject of this chapter is the Oscar-winning film All Quiet on the Western Front. After discussion of why the Laemmle family’s Universal Studios wanted to make film of Erich Maria Remarque’s celebrated novel, the chapter considers the screenplay adaptation, casting of Lew Ayres in leading role, the revolutionary sound design, influence of Sergei Eisenstein’s montage technique, reception and political reaction to the film in the United States, and changing attitudes towards World War I. The final section focuses on the hostile reception of the film in Germany, where it was used by the Nazi leaders, especially Joseph Goebbels, for propaganda purposes, and how the film’s global renown changed Milestone’s life.
Up and Down
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

This chapter’s main subject is Milestone’s extensive preparatory work on a film about life in the USSR: Red Square. In 1933, he traveled to Russia and conferred in Europe with Soviet author Ilya Ehrenburg about adapting his novel The Life and Downfall of Nikolai Kurbov for the screen. But Columbia Studios cancelled the contract, partly because of changing U.S.-Soviet relations and anxiety about Communism. The chapter’s final section focuses on the comedies The Captain Hates the Sea (a comedy set on an ocean liner starring matinee idol John Gilbert), Paris in the Spring (starring Ida Lupino), and his film of the Cole Porter musical Anything Goes (starring Bing Crosby and Ethel Merman).
On the Graylist
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

The chapter focuses on the impact of the HUAC hearings on Milestone’s personal and professional life. In 1950 the Milestones left Hollywood and travelled between LA and Europe for several years. He was interrogated by a HUAC investigator in Los Angeles and attacked in the press. Fox Studio’s Darryl Zanuck hired him to direct Halls of Montezuma, a WWII picture about an American assault on a Pacific island, starring Richard Widmark as a psychologically wounded officer; Kangaroo, an adventure filmed on location in Australia, with Peter Lawford, Richard Boone and Maureen O’Hara; and a routine adaptation of Victor Hugo’s Les Miserables back in Hollywood.
“Where the Devil Has He Been?”
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: May 2020

This chapter covers Milestone’s life until his death in 1980. During this time he directed two high-profile features. Warner Brothers’ Ocean’s Eleven, a widely-imitated heist movie set in the Las Vegas casinos, starred the celebrated and notorious “Rat Pack” led by Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, as a group of army buddies out to make a fast buck. Milestone next took over from fired director Carol Reed MGM’s expensive blockbuster epic Mutiny on the Bounty, shot under difficult conditions in Tahiti, along with its difficult star, Marlon Brando. Warner Brothers then hired Milestone to direct PT-109, about John Kennedy, but fired him after a month. In his last years Milestone directed a few episodes for television, but found TV work unsatisfying.
Eugenie M. Anderson
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

This chapter studies the appointments of Eugenie Anderson as ambassador to Denmark (1949–1953) and minister to Bulgaria (1962–1964). Anderson began as a prominent activist in Minnesota’s Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. Dispatched to Cold War Denmark by President Harry S. Truman, Anderson reached out publicly like Owen and Harriman had, calling this approach “people’s diplomacy.” For example, she learned Danish, which wowed her hosts. After Anderson returned to Minnesota politics, President John F. Kennedy appointed her minister to Bulgaria, making her the first female US chief of mission in a Communist country. This was a hardship post, but Anderson drew rave reviews for the job she did standing up to an odious Stalinist regime. Anderson’s record, including being the first American woman to sign a treaty, likely establishes her as the most gifted of the early woman envoys.
Clare Boothe Luce
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

The ambassadorship of Clare Boothe Luce (Italy, 1953–1956) is the focus of this chapter. Editor, playwright, journalist, congresswoman, and, later, pundit, Luce was one of the most accomplished American women of the twentieth century. Marrying publishing mogul Henry R. Luce in 1935, Luce formed half of a highly influential Republican power couple. President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Luce ambassador to Italy in 1953, making her the first woman envoy to a major US ally. Known for her rapier wit, Luce was a controversial hire. In early Cold War Italy, shestruggled mightily against the Italian Left, with limited success. But she played a key role in helping resolve the dispute over Trieste, and with her combination of intelligence, diligence, and access to the president, Luce proved an effective ambassador. Her bizarre appointment and immediate withdrawal as ambassador to Brazil in 1959 is also discussed.
Epilogue
Authors: Nash Philip
Published: May 2020

This chapter has two parts. First, it summarizes the Big Six’s contributions. Their small numbers belied their gradually broadening assignments, and their strong performances and people’s diplomacy greatly enhanced host-country goodwill toward the United States. Moreover, they aided in changing the attitudes of male officials and thus helped pave the way for the greater gender progress in more recent decades. Second, the chapter assesses the progress women have made in the US Foreign Service since 1964. While female Foreign Service Officers and ambassadors are far more numerous now, official discriminatory policies have mostly ended, and women have now routinely reached the highest positions in the State Department, they still are greatly underrepresented in prestige posts, face misogyny and double standards, and have a long way to go before they achieve gender equality in diplomacy.
Why “Joe B. Hall”?
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Tells about Joe B.’s happy childhood and explains how, why, and by whom the “B” was added to his name.
Football
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. plays high school football, first as a quarterback, then as a starting quarterback, and ending as a linebacker. He suffers a knee injury.
The Fabulous Five
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the UK team that was so good it was named the Fabulous Five. Joe B. relates his impressions of each of the five.
Sewanee
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. tells in this chapter why he transferred to Sewanee in Tennessee, and how he developed a lifelong friendship with Coach Lon Varnell. He describes the college, the student body, and the beautiful landscape in the Cumberland Mountains. He explains the code of ethics the college upheld.
Katharine
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. describes how he met and fell in love with his wife, Katharine, and tells of the births of their first two children. He talks about his work as a Heinz salesman and then at Kawneer Aluminum Manufacturing, followed by his first coaching job at a small high school in Shepherdsville, Kentucky, where the dilapidated infrastructure needed his personal labor to clean, paint, and repair. He details Katharine’s many responsibilities as the wife of a coach.
Recruiting
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This amusing chapter tells about Joe B.’s approach to recruiting, recounting his strategy of communication with and visits to potential players. Coach Rupp, unhappy with the amount of money spent on taking recruits and their parents out to dinner, attempts to demonstrate to Joe B. how to keep such costs down―and fails utterly.
Beginning of the End, 1967
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

On athletic director Bernie Shively’s death, Harry Lancaster gives up his post as first assistant coach and takes Shively’s job. Coach Rupp has a difficult time without Harry at his side. Joe B. moves up to first assistant coach. This chapter describes Rupp’s many health problems and the stress he experiences regarding his upcoming forced retirement. Joe B. describes his own stress in view of Rupp’s treatment of him.
The Heir Apparent, 1969–1970
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, Joe B. describes this difficult period when Rupp and his fans fought against Rupp’s forced retirement at seventy. His retirement makes Joe B. the prime candidate for head coach at UK and Rupp resents Joe.
The Agony, 1971–1972
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

This chapter reveals how Coach Rupp sees Joe B. as the villain and tries his best to discredit him, saying Joe B. is trying to take his job away. Coach Rupp’s health has deteriorated and others notice that he is drinking alcohol at the end of the day at school. Joe B. points out Coach Rupp’s good characteristics and the huge sums he raised for his favorite charity, Shriners Hospitals for Children.
Running the Wall
Authors: Hall Joe B. , Walker Marianne , Bozich Rick
Published: May 2020

Joe B. describes the very strict punishments he imposed for players’ misbehavior. He would leave players behind if they were late arriving to the bus. When players acted out on the court, he would make them run laps up and down the stands of Memorial Coliseum.
George Croghan
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

Before “Colonel” George Croghan became Sir William Johnson’s British deputy Indian Supervisor, he traveled as far as today’s Cleveland to trade goods with Ohio Natives. Ruined during the trade hiatus created by the French and Indian War, Croghan was with Washington at the fall of Fort Necessity and Braddock’s defeat before he and Johnson witnessed the destruction of British forces at Fort Ticonderoga.
At Fort Pitt in postwar service to the Crown, Croghan welcomed his Irish nephew, William Croghan, and taught young George Rogers Clark the ways of the West.He was the father of two daughters: Susanna, whomarried a British officer, and Catherine, whose mother led the Mohawk nation’s Turtle Clan.
Burr
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

Before the Corps of Discovery had broken camp on the Missouri River on 11 July 1804, the vicepresident of the United States had mortally wounded Washington’s former treasury secretary. William Croghan knew them both. Following the conclusion of his term as vicepresident, Burr made a tour of the South and West, correctly assuming his days in the capital had come to an end.
In Louisville, Croghan, George Rogers Clark, Ohio senator Jonathan Dayton, and others had successfully won more than $100,000 from Indiana’s legislature to build a canal around the Falls of the Ohio. Burr, who was gathering a quasi-military unit at Blennerhassett’s Island, was keenly interested in the project, as the success of his project depended upon the navigation of the river. Burr dined at Locust Grove and joined his old friend’s canal company. Was it at Locust Grove that Clark and Croghan learned of Burr’s treason?
Emancipation
Authors: Potts Gwynne Tuell
Published: May 2020

Elizabeth Clark Anderson’s son became a US congressman and was appointed his country’s first minister to Colombia. His younger brother, Robert, was Fort Sumter’s commander during the 1861 siege. Lucy Clark’s son, Col. George Croghan, earned Congress’s gold medal, but his subsequent ventures ended in scandal and drunkenness. Separated from Serena and his children, his life ended in the Mexican War.Her eldest child, Dr. John Croghan, was Mammoth Cave’s first owner to market it as a tourist attraction with the help of enslaved guide, Stephen Bishop.Ann Croghan Jesup lived in Washington City, where she visited and received the most important people in government.
William Croghan Jr.’s young wife died at Locust Grove and was buried with an infant daughter, after which he moved to her home in Pittsburgh. His surviving child, Mary, eloped at fourteen with a forty-two-year-old midlevel British government official who brought his own colorful story to the family. The couple managed to live as the next-door London neighbors to J.P. Morgan, regularly associate with Victoria and Albert, and summer at Cannes. Mary Croghan Schenley left an estate valued at $93 million.
Schnellboote, Strategy, and the Defense of Festung Europa, 1943–1944
Authors: Bennett G. H.
Published: May 2020

This chapter by G.H. Bennett argues that in the historiography of D-Day there has been a failure to analyze and understand the inability of German coastal forces to contest the invasion more effectively. The outcome of the naval battles off the Normandy coast was not the inevitable result of Allied material superiority. In the the development of German naval strategy since 1870, the Kriegsmarine reached a moment of strategic choice in the spring of 1943. It could either continue to try and fight an oceanic tonnage war, or to pursue a strategy of coastal defense of the German empire in the west. There was a failure to accept, articulate, and imaginatively manage the strategy of coastal defense that might have given the German Army more of a chance on 6 June and the days thereafter. Much of this failure can be put on Admiral Dönitz, although it was also structural. However, the performance of German coastal forces against the Allied invasion flotilla was more significant than has been recognized by historians, serving as an indicator of the greater successes that might have been achieved if a strategy of littoral defense had been adopted.
The Development of Combined Operations Headquarters and the Admiralty during the Second World War
Authors: Hamilton C. I.
Published: May 2020

The aim of this chapter, written by C.I. Hamilton, is to better understand the Second World War British Admiralty by looking at it via a small, connected organization, Combined Operations Headquarters (COHQ), and to approach the latter through some of the individuals involved, including not just its two famous heads, Sir Roger Keyes and Lord Louis Mountbatten, but also two important middle-level officers, Wing Commander the Marquis of Casa Maury and Captain R.M. Ellis, who were blamed for much. They lead one to look to administrative factors for explanations, in particular with regard to the take-over of part of COHQ's functions by the Admiralty in 1943. That entails a survey, mainly with relation to the Admiralty, of the administration of operational planning, supply, production, and of administration itself, and then a return to consider the 1943 take-over. It is proposed that with the unprecedented growth of Admiralty bureaucracy during the war, impelled by the development of maritime warfare, many more formal bureaucratic linkages were required, together with more local initiative, and these entailed Admiralty imperialism. The conclusion is that circumstances were primary, not personalities, and that there were implications for postwar defense reform.
To the Jungle Shore
Authors: Dean Peter J.
Published: May 2020

Amphibious warfare was critical to the success of Allied forces in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during the Pacific War. However, at the beginning of the war both the Australian and United States forces in the SWPA had little knowledge, expertise, or experience in this form of warfare. This chapter by Peter J. Dean traces the development of amphibious warfare in the SWPA through organization, training, tactics, doctrine, and operations. While focusing on the Australian experience and highlighting the evolution of capabilities between 1942-45 through an analysis of the assaults on Lae (1943) and Balikpapan (1945), it contextualizes this experience within General Douglas MacArthur's maritime strategy and the friction inherent in combined amphibious operations in this theater. The chapter highlights the evolution of the Australian Army from a force almost totally unfamiliar with the practice of amphibious operations to one which, in combination with its United States coalition partner, becomes a practitioner par excellence in this form of warfare.