bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theileria parva, the Parasite of East Coast Fever in Cattle
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Fantham H. B.
Published: June 2009

In an earlier paper (Nuttall, Fantham and Porter, 1909, Parasitology vol II. pp. 325—340), we recorded our observations on living Theileria parva as seen in the peripheral blood of two cows which succumbed to East Coast Fever1. We now propose to describe our studies upon the parasite in stained preparations made from the animals' blood during the course of the disease and from their organs shortly after death. We shall confine our attention to the types of parasites encountered within red blood corpuscles or to corresponding types which may be occasionally encountered free in the plasma. The subject of “Koch's blue bodies” will receive attention at a later date.
Observations on the occurence in the blood of various animals (chiefly monotremes and marsupials) of bodies apperently identical with Anaplasma marginale, Theiler, 1910
Authors: Gilruth J. A. , Sweet Georgina , Dodd Sydney
Published: June 2009

In the blood of the above mammals there was found in varying proportions those enigmatical bodies recently described by Theiler as Protozoa under the name Anaplasma marginale, but more generally known as “marginal points” or “coccus-like bodiees.”
An iron-haematein stain
Authors: Seidelin Harald
Published: June 2009

For general purposes, especially in haematological work, the Giemsa method, based on the Romanowsky principle, is certainly the most satisfactory stain for Protozoa. For certain structures, however, and in general as a control of the Giemsa stain, it is always necessary to have at one's disposal another method which will give particularly clear pictures of the nuclear elements (see e.g. Minchin, 1909). Of the different methods which are employed for this object the iron-haematoxylin stain is probably the most valuable and the most frequently used. There are, however, several circumstances which are unfavourable to its use as a universal stain. Its principal disadvantage is, that a differentiation is essential: the preparation is first deeply over-stained and the colour is afterwards extracted to the degree which is deemed convenient in each particular case. This extraction is always somewhat irregular, so that the observation, especially of intra-corpuscular parasites, is sometimes made very difficult, and it is not often possible to obtain in a single specimen a satisfactory stain of all the different elements. This difficulty is enhanced by the fact, that the red blood-corpuscles generally retain a deep grey, or almost black, colour. Further, a rather serious drawback is that in sections where greater masses of blood, and particularly blood-clots, are present, it is almost impossible to distinguish either intra- or extra-corpuscular parasites; to make such masses of blood transparent it is necessary to differentiate so much, that the nuclei are also decolourized. A certain inconvenience is also experienced because of the long duration of the staining process, at least 30 hours when the original Heidenhain's method (1896) is adhered to; and although the more recent modifications, especially that of Rosenbusch (1908), have to a great extent overcome this difficulty, they still suffer from the two other disadvantages referred to.
Some remarks on Dr Swingle's Paper, “The transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi by rat fleas,” etc
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H. , Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper (1911), Swingle describes some stages of the life-history of (1) Trypanosoma lewisi in Ceratophyllus fasciatus and Pulex (sp.?), and (2) a new species of Herpetomonas (“ H. pattoni ”) found in these fleas.
The structure and life history ofCrithidia pulicis, n. sp., parasitic in the alimentary tract of the human flea,pulex irritans
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

1.Crithidia pulicis, n. sp., is a parasite of the alimentary tract of the human flea,Pulex irritans.

2. The fleas used in this investigation were bred to the third generation in special “flea cages” on the human body. “Wild” fleas were examined and yielded the same parasite. Both larvae and adult fleas were examined.

3.C. pulicisexhibits pre-flagellate, flagellate and post-flagellate stages in its life history and these phases gradually develop, the one from the other.

4. The flagellate form is very active, movement being accomplished by means of the myonemes of the membrane and body.

5. Pre-flagellates (figs. 1−8) are oval bodies, from 2·3 μ to 7 μ long by 1·5 μ to 4·5 μ broad. The nucleus contains much chromatin and a small karyosome may be present. The blepharoplast is large. The flagellum develops from a chromatophile area. The rate of acquisition of flagellum and membrane varies in individual parasites. Division rosettes are frequent. The pre-flagellates have a somewhat frail appearance.

6. The flagellates ofC. pulicis(figs. 9−17) are 26 μ to 65 μ long. Their cytoplasm is richly but finely granular, the nucleus well marked, the blepharoplast large, showing slight variations in shape. Chromidia may be present. The undulating membrane is large, well marked and possesses myonemes which can be detected in the living organism. The free flagellum is relatively short.

7. Post-flagellates (figs. 23−36) are from 3 μ to 6 μ. by 2·0 μ to 4·6 μ. They occur in the rectum and dejecta of the fleas. They are produced by concentration of the protoplasm round the nucleus and blepharoplast with absorption of the membrane and flagellum and finally the production of a thin varnish-like coat.

8. Longitudinal division (figs. 15−22) is the method of multiplication. It occurs in the pre-flagellate and flagellate stages. It may be symmetrical or asymmetric. Division is initiated by that of the blepharoplast, followed by that of the flagellum, membrane and nucleus and finally the body cytoplasm. Two types of asymmetric division have been observed.

9. The method of infection is contaminative, the post-flagellates in the faeces being the source of infection. There is no evidence of hereditary infection.

10.Crithidia pulicisis a member of the genusCrithidia, and is a true parasite of the insect,Pulex irritans.
The nature and specificity of Negri bodies
Authors: Acton Hugh W. , Harvey W. F.
Published: June 2009

By many observers Negri bodies have been considered to be parasitic in nature (Negri, 1903; Babes, 1907). Williams and Lowden (1906) go further and describe the life cycle of these bodies, regarding them as belonging to the Sporozoa, and give to them the name ofNeuroryctes hydrophobiae. Calkins (1910), although he states that the parasitic nature of these bodies is not proven, still evidently inclines to that view. In his criticism of the work of Williams and Lowden he comes to differ from them as regards the classification of the supposed organisms. He thinks that their variable forms, the uninucleate condition, the occurrence of a state of distributed chromatin, and the budding phenomenon, are characteristic not of Sporozoa but of parasitic Rhizopods. His opinion is that the distributed chromatin masses in the Negri bodies are in all probability representative of the idiochromidia which are so characteristic of Rhizopods.
On four new Species and two new Varieties of the Ixodid Genus Haemaphysalis
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

The examination of a vast number of ticks, collected in late years from various hosts in many parts of the world, has resulted in the addition of several new species to the genus Haemaphysalis. Though only 13 of the species admitted by Neumann in his “Révision” (Pt. II, 1897) still stand, the number of recognised good species now reaches 43.
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus: Variation in Size and Structure due to Nutrition
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In the course of our studies on species of Rhipicephalus, we have noted the great variability in size and structure observable in the genus. This variability has been a cause of much confusion in classification, as noted by Warburton (Parasitology, 1912, v. 1). It soon occurred to me, in seeking for an explanation of this variability, that it might well be due to nutrition, it being probable that, under natural conditions, a certain number of ticks are removed from the host before they have fed to repletion. When a host is infested with ticks it will brush or rub off a certain number prematurely and the ticks which are imperfectly fed would, doubtless, give rise to adults of small size. As stated, the great variability observed in Rhipicephalus is very striking. In the genus Ixodes, on the other hand, the size of the adults is fairly constant. In the latter case, we have, as a rule, to deal with small ticks provided in the immature stages with long hypostomes, both the small size and hypostomal structure rendering it most difficult for the tick to be removed prematurely from the host. It is difficult to remove Ixodes from the host without breaking the hypostome and using considerable force. In Haemaphysalis, as in Rhipicephalus, the immature stages are provided with short hypostomes and the ticks are more readily removed. The variation in size noted in adult Haemaphysalis, whilst considerable, is not as great as in Rhipicephalus, which would appear to be attributable to the smaller size of the tick, being in a measure a protection against its being prematurely removed from the host.
Note on the Prevalence of Intestinal Worms in Dogs in Cambridge
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Strickland Cyril
Published: June 2009

In the course of investigations conducted in Cambridge upon dogs infected with Piroplasma canis, a number of animals have been incidentally examined for intestinal parasites. In an unbroken series of 24 dogs, which died (March—September 1907) from piroplasmosis, the animals were autopsied immediately after death and the intestine examined by slitting it open along its whole length. We briefly record the results of these examinations, for the reason that similar reports do not appear to have hitherto been published in this country. All of the dogs harboured worms. Only three species of worms were encountered: Ascaris mystax, Dipylidium caninum and Taenia serrata.
On the Occurrence of Hydatid Cysts in Monkeys
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

In 1909, Professor McIntosh of St Andrews University sent me a cyst from the abdominal cavity of a South African baboon, Cynocephalus porcarius Budd. The cyst, which was single, had been ruptured in removal, part of its contents had escaped, and some blood had entered it. The cyst measured about 20 mm. in diameter, was a typical hydatid, and resembled in its general structure the ordinary simple unilocular hydatid of man.
Trypanosomiasis of Camels in Russian Turkestan
Authors: Yakimoff W. L.
Published: June 2009

The existence of trypanosomiasis amongst the ruminants of Turkestan has been suspected for many years, but the first definite record is that of Liihs (f906) who discovered Trypanosoma theileri in the blood of cattle in Transcaucasia. This was followed by the discovery of the same parasite in the Trans-Baikal Region (Dudukaloff), the Don Province (Stolnikoff) and in the Pskov and Vitebsk Governments (Yakimoff and Bekensky). Wrublewski found this trypanosome in the blood of bison from the Bieloviejsky forests and later it was discovered by Yakimoff in Turkestan.
A Revision of the Coccidia Parasitic in Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

From a study of the organisms themselves, so far as this has been possible, and from an analysis of all accessible records relating to them, I conclude that there are four distinct species of coccidia which may parasitize man. These are: (1) Isospora hominis Rivolta, 1878 (emend.), discovered by Kjellberg in 1860. and recently investigated by Wenyon; (2) Eimeria wenyoni n.sp., a form discovered in 1915 by Wenyon; (3) Eimeria oxyspora n.sp., another new form, here described for the first time; (4) an undetermined species of Eimeria (?) which was discovered by Gubler in 1858. This last inhabits the human liver, whilst the three others probably live in the small intestine. Probably some seventy cases of infection with the Isospora have now been seen, mostly in persons who have been in the Near East; but the other parasites appear to be extremely rare, and little is known concerning their probable geographical distribution.

All these parasites are probably peculiar to man. There is no evidence that any of them is or can be parasitic in any other host. The prevailing belief that the coccidia of man are identical with those of rabbits, cats, or dogs, is therefore unfounded. Furthermore, there is as yet no good evidence to show that man may harbour any species of coccidia other than the four just enumerated. All these forms, however, require fuller investigation. They are here briefly and incompletely described from the data at present available.

There is at present no proof that the coccidia of man—with the probable exception of the species occurring in the liver—can produce a clinically recognizable pathological condition of “coccidiosis”: and as yet no method of treatment which will eradicate an infection with any species has been discovered.
Hermaphroditism and other Abnormalities in Pediculus humanus.
Authors: Keilin D. , Nuttall G. H. F.
Published: June 2009

This paper is based on the study of a large material derived from various sources and containing a great number of abnormal specimens of Pediculus humanus, namely 155 hermaphrodites, besides abnormalities other than sexual which occur very rarely among insects.
On Two Species of the Genus Halarachne (Acarina; Gamasidae)
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

It would appear from casual references in literature that the seals and their relatives are quite commonly infested with certain mites which occur in the nasal passages or even in the bronchial tubes. Although there are several such references, apparently in but three have the mites been named. In these three cases they have been referred to the Gamasid (or Dermanyssid) genus Halarachne. The first species, Halarachne halichoeri Allman, from Halichoerus gryphus, an Atlantic seal, was described in 1847; the second, H. americana Banks, from Monarchus tropicalis, which is also an Atlantic species, was described in 1896; the third, H. otariae Steding, from Otaria californica (which is known to American mammalogists as Zalophus cali-fornianus), was described in 1923. The specimens upon which this last species was based were obtained in Germany, although the host is a native of the west coast of North America.
Parasitic Autotomy of the Host as a mode of liberation of Coelomic Parasites from the Body of the Earthworm
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The various suggestions concerning the mode of spreading of Monocystid Gregarines parasitic in earthworms have been already summarised by Minchin (1903), Hesse (1909) and more recently by Bhatia (1924). The last named author seemed to find that the spores from the vesicula seminalis may escape during copulation with the seminal fluid, may be transferred to the receptacula seminis to appear finally inside the cocoon of the earthworm. This observation has led him to suppose that the earthworm may become infected before it emerges from the cocoon. He does not, however, consider this mode of infection as the principal one, but accepts the general view that the majority of spores are set free only after the death of the worm and the complete disintegration of its body.
A Revision of the Lung-Worms of Cetacea
Authors: Baylis H. A. , Daubney R.
Published: June 2009

Great confusion prevails in literature with regard to the various species of nematode worms inhabiting the air-passages and blood-vessels of whales, porpoises and dolphins. These worms form a group analogous, and, as we believe, very closely related to the genera Metastrongylus, Dictyocaulus, Synthetocaulus, and Haemostrongylus, which occur in similar situations in terrestrial mammals. The genera named are referred to the family Meta-strongylidae Leiper (1908), as restricted by the exclusion of the forms now included in the family Trichostrongylidae Leiper (1912). The forms found in Cetacea, of which the typical genus is Pseudalius, have been ranked first as a subfamily Pseudaliinae of “Strongylidae” by Railliet and Henry (1909) and later as a family Pseudaliidae of Strongyloidea by Railliet (1916).
Stibarobdella superba n.g. et sp. A New Ichthyobdellid Leech
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Owing to the courtesy of Dr G. M. Vevers I have had the opportunity of examining a marine Ichthyobdellid leech, taken by Dr F. A. Phillipps from the cloaca of a shark, 7 feet long, caught between the islands of Aore and Santu, New Hebrides. The leech resembles Pontobdella superficially in being covered by warty tubercles. It possesses, however, certain peculiarities described below which justify its recognition not only as a new species but also as a representative of a new genus.
On the Cultivation ofEntamoeba histolyticaand some other Entozoic Amoebae
Authors: Dobell Clifford , Laidlaw P. P.
Published: June 2009

The method devised by Boeck and Drbohlav for the cultivation ofE. histolyticahas been successfully used for cultivating this species and various other entozoic amoebae of man and monkeys.

Various modifications of the original technique have been tried, and several improvements are here described. Among these are methods of cultivation (involving the addition of solid rice-starch to the medium) whereby (1) more luxuriant and prolonged growth of the amoebae, and (2) all stages—including encystation and excystation—in the life-cycle ofE. histolyticaand other species can be obtainedin vitro.

Methods by which cultures of entozoic amoebae can be initiated from encysted forms have been discovered and are also described, and some indications are given for the isolation of pure strains from mixed cultures.

The influence of the accompanying bacterial flora upon the various amoebae cultivated has been studied, and is briefly discussed in the light of certain experimental findings.

Loss of infectivity to kittens has been observed inE. histolyticaas an apparent result of cultivation in media containing solid starch.
Three New Cases of Myiasis in Man in the North of England. with a Survey of Earlier Observations by other Authors
Authors: Mumford E. Philpott
Published: June 2009

The term “Myiasis” is generally used to indicate the presence of Dipterous larvae in the living body of man or other animals. “ The form of Myiasis most commonly met with in the United Kingdom,” writes Austen (1912), “is that of the alimentary canal, as the result of which living larvae or pupae, greatly to the distress and alarm of the patient, are discharged from the bowel. Cases of Myiasis of the nasal passages and frontal sinuses the external auditory meatus, the subcutaneous tissue, and the urinary passages are apparently of quite exceptional occurrence in the British Islands.” The following pages deal with three hitherto unrecorded cases, two of urethral and one of intestinal Myiasis.
A List of Parasitic Copepoda found at Plymouth. with a Note on the Bulla of Clavella devastatrix
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

Since the publication of a paper by Bassett-Smith (1896, Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. n.s. IV. 155) a considerable number of new species and other species of parasitic Copepoda has been taken at Plymouth. Bassett-Smith's work forms the basis of this list, but some species are now assigned to other genera, or degraded as synonyms, while in some cases the names of genera are changed owing to preoccupation. Additions have been made by the collections of L. Harrison Matthews and myself.
Two New Species of Amoeba found in Cockroaches: with Notes on the Cysts of Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy
Authors: Lucas Catherine L. T.
Published: June 2009

During recent investigations on Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli) Leidy of the common cockroach, Blatta orientalis, there were observed in the hindgut of the host, two other distinct amoebic species. Both appear to be truly entozoic, but contrast strikingly with E. blattae both in morphological features and life cycle. They are interesting not only in being among the comparatively few species yet reported from insects, but also in their relationships to certain of the amoebae of vertebrates.
Notes on the Genus Leucochloridium Carus (Trematoda)
Authors: McIntosh Allen
Published: June 2009

Adult trematodes belonging to the genus LeucocMoridium Carus are here reported for the first time from North America. These flukes are intestinal parasites of birds and proved to be previously undescribed species.

In the present paper a key separating the species of the genus is given, and the following are described and figured as new species:

Leucochloridium certhiae n. sp. from Certhia familiaris americana;

Leucochloridium mniotiltae n. sp. from Mniotilta varia;

Leucochloridium icteri n. sp. from Icterus galbula;

Leucochloridium vireonis n. sp. from Vireo griseus griseus;

Leucochloridium sorae n. sp. from Porzana Carolina.
Observations on the Influence of Salt and other Agents in modifying the Larval Development of the Hookworms: Ankylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

1. There can be no doubt that Ankylostomiasis has obtained a very firm hold in the coastal districts of North Queensland, and every effort should be made to arrest its spread, and if possible eradicate it.

2. Experience in other parts of the world, notably the United States and Germany, has demonstrated the great difficulty of coping with the disease, even with the most energetic of preventive measures.

3. The disease gives rise to much sickness and inefficiency especially amongst children, and although competent medical treatment is usually efficacious the most satisfactory and permanent results are to be expected in the direction of prevention.

4. The chief preventive measures are individual cleanliness and thorough and rapid destruction of night soil and deposits of faecal material.

5. In the presence of a properly organised sanitary system, intelligently utilised, there should be little or no risk of infection. It is the promiscuous distribution of excreta that is the chief source of the spread of infection.

6. If the indiscriminate deposit of faecal material be not prevented, the matter resolves itself into a problem of considerable difficulty.

7. The more commonly used disinfectants, if thoroughly employed, would render the faecal material comparatively innocuous, but their use is not less laborious than the proper removal of the faecal material and its disposal in properly constructed receptacles.

8. Common table salt has a decidedly injurious effect upon the hook-worm eggs but it requires to be brought into very intimate contact with the infected material. The process of merely sprinkling the surface is almost futile unless the salt be used in enormous quantities.

9. When mixed with faecal matter, sand promotes the development of hook-worm larvae, but when used as a covering of a certain depth it arrests development.

10. Exposure to direct sunlight of sufficient intensity kills hook worm eggs and larvae very rapidly.
Recherches sur les Anthomyides à Larves Carnivores
Authors: Keilin Par D.
Published: June 2009

Dans ce travail je me propose d'étudier la biologie et la morphologic des larves des Anthomyides, appartenant surtout au groupe éthologique de carnivores. Certaines de ces larves étaient déjà connues auparavant, mais les caractères essentiels de leur morphologic manquaient dans leur description; nos documents sur les autres se réduisaient à leur signalement dans un tel ou tel milieu et enfin quelques unes de ces larves étaient totalement inconnues.
The Occurrence of a Slug (Limax Sp.) in the Human Stomach
Authors: Hewitt C. Gordon
Published: June 2009

The recent note by Shipley (Parasitology, vi. 351–352) on the passage of a slug, Limax marginatus Müll., through the human digestive tract prompts me to place on record a similar case which came under my notice last summer.
An interesting case of Cysticercus fasciolaris infesting the Brown Rat
Authors: Hopwood A. T.
Published: June 2009

Cysticercus Fasciolaris, the larval stage of the common tapeworm Taenia taeniaeformis (T. crassicolis), was recently found in great numbers in the liver of a brown rat. The rat measured 18 cm. in length and weighed about 275 g.; it was vigorous and apparently healthy when caught, but when killed and examined, its liver was found to be heavily infested with the cysticerci.
On the Larva and Pupa of a Parasitic Phorid Fly—Hypocera incrassata Mg
Authors: Morris Hubert M.
Published: June 2009

On Jan. 27th, 1920, among a number of nearly fully grown larvae of Bibiomarci which had been kept in the laboratory about two weeks, a few individuals were observed to be unhealthy or dead. These latter were found to contain parasitic Dipterous larvae, which eventually proved to be those of Hypocera incrassata Mg. Certain of these larvae were observed to be leaving the bodies of other larvae of Bibio marci at the same time.
The Mallophagan Family Trimenoponidae
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

Three species of two-clawed Mallophaga have heretofore been recorded from South American mammals. Concerning one of these species, Menopon extraneum Piaget, nothing is known aside from the information included in the original description and, judging from this and the accompanying figure, it appears not to differ from the usual type of bird-infesting members of this group. The other two species have each been made the type of a genus and these two genera have been considered by Harrison as representing a well-marked family, the Trimenoponidae.
The Molteno Institute for Research in Parasitology, University of Cambridge, with an Account of how it came to be founded
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The foundation of an Institute for Research in Parasitology in Cambridge is an achievement worthy of being recorded in some detail since it affords a recognition of the value of a branch of biological science that cannot but gratify all who have gained an insight into the deep significance of the many problems which parasitology presents when viewed from the standpoint of pure science.
A Parasitic Copepod belonging to the Genus Medesicaste (Krøyer), and its Relation to the Tumours it produces on the Fish, Trigla gurnardus
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

A tumour among the gill filaments of Trigla gurnardus bears a female Medesicaste with the head and neck buried in its apex, and a male Medesicaste completely embedded in its base. The two sexes of the parasite are connected by a conjugation tube, external to the tumour, down which tube the spermatophores presumably pass. The appendages of the copepod are described.
On the Life-history of Melittobia acasta, Walker; a Chalcid Parasite of Bees and Wasps
Authors: Browne Frank Balfour
Published: June 2009

Melittobia is a chalcid, ectoparasitic upon a number of species of Hymenoptera and upon the pupae of certain flies. The insect was bred in the laboratory and the life-history is described in detail.

A number of experiments were made with regard to possible hosts and as to feeding and reproduction and certain points are of some interest.

For instance, the male apparently does not feed but the female uses her ovipositor with which she punctures the eggs, larvae or pupae of various insects, afterwards sucking the blood which oozes from the puncture. Such eggs, larvae or pupae, in spite of repeated punctures, may continue to develop.

Before beginning oviposition upon the surface of a suitable host, the female punctures the host one or more times with her ovipositor and apparently injects an anaesthetizing fluid, since insect larvae and pupae, upon which eggs have been laid, very rarely develop farther and yet remain fresh for a considerable time extending to many months.

With regard to reproduction, inbreeding appears to be normal, mating usually taking place between two individuals of the same brood and later between the female and one of her own offspring. Virgin females, unable to find a male, lay a few eggs, which always produce males, the first of which to emerge mates with the female.

The female is very prolific and may lay as many as twelve hundred eggs in two or three batches, mating taking place before each batch is laid. The last eggs of a batch are almost invariably male eggs, indicating that the female has exhausted her supply of spermatozoa.

A virgin female, whose eggs are removed so that she cannot rear a mate, may lay as many as ninety eggs during her life-time, her length of life being more than doubled, and such a female will survive through the winter, even withstanding frost, whereas fertilized females apparently all die in October or November at the latest.

All the eggs of a virgin female are apparently capable of developing and all such eggs produce males.
Sclerostome Parasites of the Horse in England
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

Since the appearance in 1901 of Looss' important monograph on the Sclerostomes of Horses and Donkeys in Egypt a much greater interest has been shown in the presence of these and allied Nematodes in other parts of the world, but, although nearly fifteen years have elapsed since that publication, very little addition has been made to our knowledge of this branch of helminthology
Studies on the growth ofPediculus(Anoplura)
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

1. The paper discusses the points of difference between the three larval instars inPediculusand the changes in proportion which take place during growth, not only during larval life but also at the final moult.

2. It is easy to separate larvae of the first instar from others, more difficult to distinguish those in the second and third instars. The principal points of difference are as follows:

First instar. Setae on dorsum of abdomen, few, long and in longitudinal lines: one median pair on most segments. Paratergal plates (carrying spiracle) absent. Mean measurements as in Table I, the best point of distinction between instars being in length of third tibia, which is 0·197 mm. in first instar. Ratio of head to thorax and abdomen about 1:2·8

Second instar. Setae of dorsum of abdomen in one transverse row, containing 2–3 pairs of setae. Paratergal plates present (as also in third instar). Mean length of third tibia, 0·270 mm. Ratio of head to thorax and abdomen about 1: 3·5.

Third instar. Setae on dorsum of abdomen, not in one row, but somewhat irregular: a pair of minute supplementary setae, on seventh and eighth segments, close to midline. Mean length of third tibia, 0·363 mm. Ratio of head to thorax and abdomen about 1:4·3.

3. During larval life the dimensions of all parts increased as geometrical progressions (Dyar's law), but the rate of increase is different in different parts of the body, so that the proportions, for instance, of head to thorax and abdomen alter with growth; in other words, growth is allometric or heterogonic. But when the insect attains maturity the measurements of several of the parts depart significantly from the geometrical progression which has prevailed during larval life. In most parts of the body the increase at maturity is greater in females than males (no point of distinction having been observed in larvae in the preceding instars); but in the length of the third tibia the increase in the female is much less than in the male. Among other insects in which metamorphosis is slight there are several in which the rate of growth of parts alters at the last moult and becomes different in the two sexes; in some indeed the difference develops much earlier than the last moult. Probably, therefore, it would be true to say that regular allometric growth is generally disturbed by the development of secondary sexual characters.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge help received from Dr J. S. Huxley.
Iconographic Studies of Pediculus humanus
Authors: Keilin D. , Nuttall G. H. F.
Published: June 2009

The great importance of lice as parasites and vectors of disease in man led one of us (Nuttall), soon after the outbreak of the Great War, to undertake a detailed study of these insects. It was known, prior to the war (1909–14), that lice transmit typhus and relapsing fever and during the war (1917–18) it was established that they also serve as vectors of trench fever. Beginning with February 1917, a number of papers dealing with various aspects of the louse problem were published in Parasitology (see vols. X–XIII), the study of their structure, systematics and biology being actively pursued whilst the best methods of combating them were sought for with a view to aiding the armies in the field. Of these papers, that dealing with the structure and function of the genitalia in Pediculus (II, 1917) bears directly on the subjects to which this Iconography relates.
On some British Larval Cestodes from Land and Fresh-water Invertebrate Hosts
Authors: Harper W. F.
Published: June 2009

Ten larval Cestodes, eight from aquatic and two from terrestrial hosts, have been described. Of these, eight species are new, and in the case of Cysticercus “A,” both larva and adult are new. By direct animal experiment the life-histories of three forms have been definitely established, while by careful comparison of the hooks of the scolex two larvae have been related to known adults. Cysticercus Hymenolepidis setigerae, previously recorded only from Copepods, is described here from an Ostracod host.

Effect of the parasite on the host. It is difficult to estimate the effect of Cestode larvae parasitic in Invertebrata, especially in the smaller forms such as the Entomostraca. In the latter, I have found that the intestine and musculature suffer most, and that the reproductive organs remain unattacked. The same remarks also hold for Oligochaete hosts. Dady (1901) considers that the influence of these cystic stages on their hosts is considerable, particularly on the musculature, sexual organs and intestine, and that death of the host may follow. Lindner (1921) states that little or no harm is done to Ostracods by the presence of tapeworm larvae, and also that the ovary of the female remains unattacked. The same author considers that, among the Entomostraca, destruction of the intestine occurs only in Copepods, the body cavity of Ostracods being so roomy that a harming of the intestine by growth of the parasite is unlikely. Schmidt (1894) finds that for Cysticercus Hymenolepidis anatinae, the host, Cypris ovata, was not particularly affected.
The Morphology of Zalophotrema hepaticum, with a Review of the Trematode Family Fasciolidae
Authors: Stunkard H. W. , Alvey C. H.
Published: June 2009

A description of Zalophotrema hepaticum is presented. Study of this species and review of the literature show that the genera assigned to the two families, Fasciolopsidae and Campulidae, may be included in a single family. Furthermore, since Fasciola is the nomenclatorial type of the family to which it belongs, the rules of nomenclature do not permit the substitution of the name Fasciolopsidae for Fasciolidae. Consequently the family Fasciolidae is restored with three sub-families, Fasciolinae, Fasciolopsinae, and Campulinae. A new genus, Synthesium, is erected to contain Distomum tursionis Marchi.
Trombicula flui n.sp., a Patatta-Mite (“Patatta-Luis”) of Surinam
Authors: van Thiel P. H.
Published: June 2009

Since the description by Linnaeus in 1758 of the very irritating patatta-mite (“patatta-luis”) of Surinam under the name Acarus batatas, this parasite has often been mentioned in the literature, but seldom have attempts been made to learn more about it. Furthermore, many important data have been omitted by authors in their writings, so that it seems desirable to summarise what is known of this mite.
Ornithodorus papillipes Birula and O. cholodkovskyi n.sp.
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N.
Published: June 2009

I have examined (a) alcoholic and microscopic specimens of Birula's type-material of O. papillipes preserved in the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, and (b) hundreds of living ticks from different localities in Turkestan which I determined as O. papillipes. The larger number (b) were chiefly supplied by Dr I. A. Moskwin, who, in my laboratory and at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of our Academy, demonstrated that the spirochaete of Turkestan, relapsing fever, is transmitted by this tick.
The Oscinidae (Diptera) as Vectors of Conjunctivitis, and the Anatomy of their Mouth Parts
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

Some species of very small flies belonging to the family Oscinidae have been accused of transmitting conjunctivitis and other diseases in different parts of the world.

In the first part of this paper some of the evidence apparently incriminating these flies is quoted, and in the second part an account is given of the anatomy of the mouth parts, which appear to be so modified that the flies are likely to cause minute punctures when they feed on the delicate conjunctival epithelium or on recent wounds.
On the Correlation of the Life-history of the Acephaline Gregarine, Gonospora, with the Sexual Cycle of its Host
Authors: Hentschel C. C.
Published: June 2009

1. In general there is a correlation between the life-history of Gonospora arenicolae and the sexual cycle of its host, Arenicola ecaudata, similar to that between G. varia and Audouinia tentaculata.

2. In the species under consideration the correlation is not so definite and the life-history of a generation of parasites does not necessarily coincide with a sexual cycle of the host. This is complicated by the double annual spawning of the host.

3. The formation of sporocysts is simultaneous with the sexual maturity of the worm.

4. It is suggested that, as in Audouinia, a secretion produced by the gonads stimulates the development of the gregarine.

5. The ejection of the sporocysts with the gametes was observed.

6. It is suggested that phagocytosis may be the cause of the rupture of the gametocysts in this species.
Brachiella obesa, a Parasitic Copepod of Trigla cuculus, with a Description of the Male
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

This species has received so few notices from collectors of parasitic Copepoda that it might be judged uncommon. Thus Krøyer (1837), originally placed it in the genus Lernaeopoda having but a single specimen at his disposal the host of which he had forgotten; subsequently it has been recorded by Olsson (1869), who was the first to place it correctly in the genus Brachiella. This species has also been recorded by P. J. van Beneden (1870), by T. Scott (1901), by A. Scott (1904), and collected by L. Harrison Matthews, as mentioned by me (1926), at Plymouth.
The Action of Certain Drugs and Chemicals onBalantidium coliMalm. in Cultures
Authors: Jameson A. Pringle
Published: June 2009

1.In vitrowork on intestinal protozoa, employing the latest culture methods, seems to approach very closely to the normal conditions in the gut of the host.

2.Balantidium coliis readily cultivated in a medium composed of an inspissated horse-serum slope covered with Ringer's solution to which egg-albumen and starch are added.

3. Tested in this medium ipecacuanha and its alkaloids emetine and cephaeline show a considerable degree of toxicity.

4.Isoemetine, methylpsychotrine and demethoxyemetine are not toxic.

5. Arsenic compounds are not very toxic, atoxyl being the most toxic of those tried and stovarsol hardly at all toxic.

6. Colloidal silver compounds are at best feebly toxic.

7. Quinine is very feebly toxic.

8. There is evidence of a distinct correspondence betweenB. coliandE. histolyticain their reaction to certain drugs.
The American Swallow Bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath (Hemiptera, Cimicidae)
Authors: Myers L. Emery
Published: June 2009

The swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, is of common occurrence in North America, chiefly, if not entirely, upon the cliff swallows, Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say); it has been recorded from the barn swallow, probably in error.

It appears to be really distinct from the European swallow bug, Oeciacus hirundinis (Linnacus).

The habits, structure, and specific characters of the bug do not seem to have been adequately studied hitherto.

This paper deals with the external structure of the bug and of such of its biology as could be worked out under the handicap that its natural host could not be kept in captivity.

The bugs attack man readily, but do not appear to adapt themselves readily to living upon man or in his dwellings.
A Description of the Genus Crenosoma Molin, 1861 (Metastrongylidae, Nematoda)
Authors: Skrjabin K. I. , Petrow A. M.
Published: June 2009

The genus Crenosoma was founded by Molin in 1861 for two species of nematodes, Strongylus canis vulpis Rud., 1819, from the lungs of a fox (Vulpes vulpes L.), and Strongylus striatus Zeder, 1800, from the bronchi of a hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.).
The incidence of larval trematodes in males and females of the gastropod Littorina neritoides (L.) on the Plymouth Breakwater
Authors: Lysaght Averil M.
Published: June 2009

Females of Littorina obesa, L. scabra and L. littorea have been shown by other workers to grow more rapidly than the males so that they predominate in the larger size groups. They are significantly more numerous than the males among the larger specimens of L. neritoides on the Plymouth Breakwater.

More male than female snails are infected by a larval trematode, Metacercaria A, when it occurs alone, and the percentage infection falls when the proportion of males falls. A second larval trematode, Cercaria B, infects more female snails than males. Infections with this species alone remain consistently low, but where it occurs in the same snails as Metacercaria A the percentage infection rises rapidly, that is, in the larger size groups of the snails where the females predominate. Females infected by Cercaria B appear then to be attractive to the metacercariae.

Evidence is given to show that it is extremely unlikely that these large female snails were originally males in which sex reversal has occurred.

This different intensity of infection of the sexes of L. neritoides is considered to be primarily responsible for the shapes of the curves when infection is plotted against size, and it does not appear likely that primary infections with larval trematodes cause acceleration of the growth rate in this species.

It is thought that ecological factors on the breakwater are likely to be the chief causes of the large size attained there by L. neritoides.
Genera and species of parasitic mites (Acarina)
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

During my work on the mites I have often wished that a book were available in which all the known and valid genera and species of parasitic mites could be found. The literature on the Acarina contains numerous genera and species which are synonyms of older identifications.
Observations on the nematode Mermis nigrescens and related species
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The main features of the life-history of Mermis nigrescens, so far as it is known, are briefly discussed. Some data have been collected on its distribution in the British Isles, and on the seasonal appearance of the egg-laying females. The insect hosts of the worm are discussed, and feeding experiments on various invertebrates are recorded, including the experimental infection of the common earwig (Forflctila auricularia). This insect, which has also been found naturally infested, is regarded as an important host for the species, more especially where grasshoppers are absent. Observations by other workers on the influence of the number of larvae per host on the sex of the developing worms, and on the survival of the host, have been confirmed. Two new species, closely related to M. nigrescens, are described: M. kenyensis and M. tahitiensis, from Africa and Tahiti respectively.
Strongylid Parasites of Horses in the Punjab
Authors: Boulenger C. L.
Published: June 2009

Although some of the earliest work on the Strongylid parasites of horses was done by Giles in India in 1892, the subject has been almost completely neglected in this country since that date; even the comparatively recent list of Indian parasites compiled by Gaiger (1910) makes no attempt to differentiate the numerous Nematodes which had been confused under the names Sclerostomum equinum and S. tetracanthum until the appearance of Looss' famous monograph in 1902.
Technique for the estimation of pasture infestation by strongyloid larvae
Authors: Taylor E. L.
Published: June 2009

During the investigations that have been carried out at this Laboratory into the factors concerning the development of the strongyloid diseases of grazing animals the requirement has been felt for some method whereby the infective larvae of the parasitic worms could be recovered from the pasture herbage and an estimate made of the relative extent of infection, or possibly, of the actual number of larvae available to the grazing animal.
A record of the nematode parasites of fishes from the Porcupine bank, Irish Atlantic Slope and Irish Sea
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The nematodes recorded in the present paper were obtained from fishes caught on some of the deep-sea fishing grounds to the west of Ireland, namely, the Porcupine Bank and Irish Atlantic Slope, and from the Irish Sea. The writer is indebted to Mr S. J. Hughes and Mr J. Llewellyn for the collection of material from the deep-sea fishing grounds, excursions having been made for the purpose in a commercial trawler in August 1938 and July 1939. The majority of the nematodes were collected by Mr S. J. Hughes during the 1939 excursion, the first excursion being devoted mainly to the collection of trematodes and cestodes. A record of the trematode and cestode parasites obtained during both years has already been published (Rees & Llewellyn, 1941). Nematodes from fishes in the Irish Sea have been obtained at intervals from 1936 onwards.
The ecology of the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus L. Distribution of the tick on hill pasture
Authors: Milne A.
Published: June 2009

Further details of tick distribution (Ixodes ricinus L.) on the pastures of a typical hill farm are given.

Sheep paths (tracks) and their borders have tick populations similar in density to that of the general pasture.

Sheep lairs (night resting places) have significantly lower nymphal densities than the general pasture. With males and females, though the difference is in the same direction, it is less well marked.

On the typical hill, the vegetation layer generally becomes thinner, and nymphal density decreases, with altitude. The case is not so clear with males and females. Provided vegetation conditions are suitable (i.e. sufficiently thick), altitude has no limiting effect on nymphal density distribution within the levels studied. Tick density distribution is therefore a function of vegetation conditions, the latter usually being affected by altitude.

Distribution of ticks on apparently uniform areas of vegetation is studied. Sampling methods are discussed. Probably no more than twelve nymphs per square yard of ground are present on the average in heavily infested pasture. The numbers of nymphs per 100 sq. yd. differed significantly. The number per acre (approx.) also differed significantly in rather more than half the cases observed. Larger areaunits within uniform stretches of pasture probably carry similar numbers of ticks.

Practical applications of the findings to the study of tick control are indicated.

Thanks are due to Dr V. B. Wigglesworth, F.R.S., Director, Agricultural Research Council Unit of Insect Physiology; Dr A. E. Cameron, Edinburgh University; and Captain the Hon. Claud Lambton, on whose farm the work was carried out.