bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Access to Diselenide Containing Macrocyclic Ring from Diselone
Authors: Vaddamanu Moulali , Karupnaswamy Ramesh , Srinivas Katam , Prabusankar Ganesan
Published: September 2016

New 4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazole‐selone)‐1,1’‐biphenyl was derived from 4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazolium chloride)‐1,1’‐biphenyl or 4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate)‐1,1’‐biphenyl or 4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazolium hexafluorophosphate)‐1,1’‐biphenyl in good yield. Subsequently, the bis{4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazole‐selenide)‐1,1’‐biphenyl} tetra tetrafluoroborate was isolated from 4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazole‐selone)‐1,1’‐biphenyl using copper(II) tetrafluoroborate hexahydrate as an oxidizing agent. These new compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, multinuclear NMR and UV‐vis studies. In addition, 4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazolium chloride)‐1,1’‐biphenyl, 4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazolium tetrafluoroborate)‐1,1’‐biphenyl and [bis{4,4’‐bis(N‐vinyl‐imidazole‐selenide)‐1,1’‐biphenyl} tetra tetrafluoroborate] were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction technique. The tetra cationic selenide salt represents the first structurally characterized 32 membered diselenide containing macrocyclic ring. The charge of tetra cationic selenide salt is balanced by four BF4‐ ions. The macrocyclic ring is in chair configuration. In solid packing, tetra cationic selenide salt shows an extensive C−H⋅⋅⋅F hydrogen bonding interactions between C‐H and BF4‐ moieties. Besides, the thermal stability of diselenide containing macrocyclic ring was compared with bis imidazole selone.
Iodine–induced Oxidative Cyclisation of N‐Acyl Amidines: A Rapid Synthesis of 3,5‐Disubstituted‐1,2,4‐Oxadiazoles
Authors: Asad Mohammad , Gupta Puneet K , Jaiswal Subodh K , Hajela Kanchan
Published: September 2016

A rapid and efficient metal‐free synthesis of 3,5‐disubstituted‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoles has been developed via iodine‐induced oxidative cyclisation of N‐acyl amidines. This eco‐friendly approach allows wide functional group tolerance and results in the direct access of highly diversified 1,2,4‐oxadiazoles in 59–94 % yields.
Mesoporous and Nanostructured TiO2 layer with Ultra‐High Loading on Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Foams as Flexible and Free‐Standing Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chu Shiyong , Zhong Yijun , Cai Rui , Zhang Zhaobao , Wei Shenying , Shao Zongping
Published: September 2016

A simple and green method is developed for the preparation of nanostructured TiO2 supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon foams (NCFs) as a free‐standing and flexible electrode for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), in which the TiO2 with 2.5–4 times higher loading than the conventional TiO2‐based flexible electrodes acts as the active material. In addition, the NCFs act as a flexible substrate and efficient conductive networks. The nanocrystalline TiO2 with a uniform size of ≈10 nm form a mesoporous layer covering the wall of the carbon foam. When used directly as a flexible electrode in a LIB, a capacity of 188 mA h g−1 is achieved at a current density of 200 mA g−1 for a potential window of 1.0–3.0 V, and a specific capacity of 149 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 1000 mA g−1 is maintained. The highly conductive NCF and flexible network, the mesoporous structure and nanocrystalline size of the TiO2 phase, the firm adhesion of TiO2 over the wall of the NCFs, the small volume change in the TiO2 during the charge/discharge processes, and the high cut‐off potential contribute to the excellent capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability of the TiO2/NCFs flexible electrode.
Preloading of Hydrophobic Anticancer Drug into Multifunctional Nanocarrier for Multimodal Imaging, NIR‐Responsive Drug Release, and Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Kui , Tian Bowei , Revia Richard , Mu Qingxin , Jeon Mike , Chang Fei‐Chien , Zhang Miqin
Published: September 2016

Applications of hydrophobic drug‐based nanocarriers (NCs) remain largely limited because of their low loading capacity. Here, development of a multifunctional hybrid NC made of a magnetic Fe3O4 core and a mesoporous silica shell embedded with carbon dots (CDs) and paclitaxel (PTX), and covered by another layer of silica is reported. The NC is prepared via a one‐pot process under mild condition. The PTX loading method introduced in this study simplifies drug loading process and demonstrates a high loading capacity due to mesoporous silica dual‐shell structure, supramolecular π‐stacking between conjugated rings of PTX molecules, and aromatic rings of the CDs in the hybrid NC. The CDs serve as both confocal and two‐photon fluorescence imaging probes, while the Fe3O4 core serves as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Significantly, NC releases PTX in response to near infrared irradiation as a result of local heating of the embedded CDs and the heating of CDs also provides an additional therapeutic effect by thermally killing cancer cells in tumor in addition to the chemotherapeutic effect of released PTX. Both in vitro and in vivo results show that NC demonstrates high therapeutic efficacy through a synergistic effect from the combined chemo‐photothermal treatments.
A Porphyrin‐Based Conjugated Polymer for Highly Efficient In Vitro and In Vivo Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Guo Bing , Feng Guangxue , Manghnani Purnima Naresh , Cai Xiaolei , Liu Jie , Wu Wenbo , Xu Shidang , Cheng Xiamin , Teh Cathleen , Liu Bin
Published: September 2016

Conjugated polymers have been increasingly studied for photothermal therapy (PTT) because of their merits including large absorption coefficient, facile tuning of exciton energy dissipation through nonradiative decay, and good therapeutic efficacy. The high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) is the key to realize efficient PTT. Herein, a donor–acceptor (D–A) structured porphyrin‐containing conjugated polymer (PorCP) is reported for efficient PTT in vitro and in vivo. The D–A structure introduces intramolecular charge transfer along the backbone, resulting in redshifted Q band, broadened absorption, and increased extinction coefficient as compared to the state‐of‐art porphyrin‐based photothermal reagent. Through nanoencapsulation, the dense packing of a large number of PorCP molecules in a single nanoparticle (NP) leads to favorable nonradiative decay, good photostability, and high extinction coefficient of 4.23 × 104m−1 cm−1 at 800 nm based on porphyrin molar concentration and the highest PCE of 63.8% among conjugated polymer NPs. With the aid of coloaded fluorescent conjugated polymer, the cellular uptake and distribution of the PorCP in vitro can be clearly visualized, which also shows effective photothermal tumor ablation in vitro and in vivo. This research indicates a new design route of conjugated polymer‐based photothermal therapeutic materials for potential personalized theranostic nanomedicine.
Injectable and Pathogen‐Mimicking Hydrogels for Enhanced Protective Immunity against Emerging and Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus
Authors: Noh Hyun Jong , Noh Young‐Woock , Heo Min Beom , Kim Eun‐Ha , Park Su‐Jin , Kim Young‐Il , Choi Young Ki , Lim Yong Taik
Published: September 2016

Seasonal emerging infectious diseases such as influenza A impose substantial risk and need new translational strategies to achieve active immunomodulation. Here, a novel injectable pathogen‐mimicking hydrogel (iPMH) that can enhance both cellular and humoral immune responses is suggested. By the help of poly(γ‐glutamic acid) that has abundant carboxylate groups and dispersion helper function, hydrophobic immunostimulatory 3‐O‐desacyl‐4′‐monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) molecules and viral antigens (PR8, W150) can be successfully combined as pathogen‐mimicking adjuvants. Polyelectrolyte complex between the poly(γ‐glutamic acid)‐based adjuvants and collagens generate in situ gel‐forming hydrogel at physiological temperature. When the iPMH are immunized, they act as a pathogen‐mimicking (MPLA, H1N1, H5N1) immune priming center and a depot for continuous stimulation of immune system, resulting in the induction of high levels (8.5 times higher) of antigen‐specific IgG titers in the sera of mice and the increased number of IFN‐γ‐producing cells (7.3 times higher) compared with those in the groups immunized with antigen plus clinically used aluminum gels. Following the intranasal infection of the mouse adapted virus (emerging infectious 2009 H1N1 and highly pathogenic 2006 H5N1) at 50 times the 50% lethal dose, the mice immunized with viral antigens plus iPMH exhibit 100% protective immunity against lethal virus challenge.
Concise Review: Stem Cell Population Biology: Insights from Hematopoiesis
Authors: MacLean Adam L. , Lo Celso Cristina , Stumpf Michael P.H.
Published: September 2016

Stem cells are fundamental to human life and offer great therapeutic potential, yet their biology remains incompletely—or in cases even poorly—understood. The field of stem cell biology has grown substantially in recent years due to a combination of experimental and theoretical contributions: the experimental branch of this work provides data in an ever-increasing number of dimensions, while the theoretical branch seeks to determine suitable models of the fundamental stem cell processes that these data describe. The application of population dynamics to biology is amongst the oldest applications of mathematics to biology, and the population dynamics perspective continues to offer much today. Here we describe the impact that such a perspective has made in the field of stem cell biology. Using hematopoietic stem cells as our model system, we discuss the approaches that have been used to study their key properties, such as capacity for self-renewal, differentiation, and cell fate lineage choice. We will also discuss the relevance of population dynamics in models of stem cells and cancer, where competition naturally emerges as an influential factor on the temporal evolution of cell populations.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretion of Programmed Death-1 Ligands Regulates T Cell Mediated Immunosuppression
Authors: Davies Lindsay C. , Heldring Nina , Kadri Nadir , Le Blanc Katarina
Published: September 2016

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) exert broad immunosuppressive potential, modulating the activity of cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. As MSCs become accepted as a therapeutic option for the treatment of immunological disorders such as Graft versus Host Disease, our need to understand the intricate details by which they exert their effects is crucial. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an important regulator in T cell activation and homeostatic control. It has been reported that this pathway may be important in contact-dependent mediated immunomodulation by MSCs. The aim of this study was to establish whether MSCs, in addition to their cell-surface expression, are able to secrete PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) and their potential importance in modulating contact-independent mechanisms of MSC immunosuppression. Here we report that MSCs express and secrete PD-L1 and PD-L2 and that this is regulated by exposure to interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. MSCs, via their secretion of PD-1 ligands, suppress the activation of CD4+ T cells, downregulate interleukin-2 secretion and induce irreversible hyporesponsiveness and cell death. Suppressed T cells demonstrated a reduction in AKT phosphorylation at T308 and a subsequent increase in FOXO3 expression that could be reversed with blockade of PD-L1. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time, that MSCs are able to secrete PD-1 ligands, with this being the first known report of a biological role for PD-L2 in MSCs. These soluble factors play an important role in modulating immunosuppressive effects of MSCs directly on T cell behavior and induction of peripheral tolerance.
Reliability‐based approach to the robustness of corroded reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Cavaco Eduardo S. , Neves Luis A.C. , Casas Joan R.
Published: September 2016

Currently, decisions on the maintenance and repair of infrastructural assets, structures in particular, are mostly based on the results of inspections and the resulting condition index, neglecting system robustness and therefore not making optimal use of the limited funds available. This paper presents a definition and a measure of structural robustness in the context of deteriorating structures which are compatible with asset management systems for optimal maintenance and repair planning. The proposed index is used to define the robustness of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures to rebar corrosion. Structural performance and the corresponding reliability index are assessed using combined advanced reliability and structural analysis techniques. Structural analysis explicitly includes deterioration mechanisms resulting from corrosion, such as reinforcement area reduction, concrete cracking, and bond deterioration. The first‐order reliability method, combined with a response surface algorithm, is used to compute the reliability index for a wide range of different corrosion levels, resulting in a fragility curve. Finally, structural robustness is computed and discussed based on the results obtained. A robustness comparison of different structures can then be used to determine structural types more tolerant to corrosion and these results used for planning maintenance and repairs.
Cooperative Catalysis of Combined Systems of Transition‐Metal Complexes with Lewis Acids: Theoretical Understanding
Authors: Guan Wei , Zeng Guixiang , Kameo Hajime , Nakao Yoshiaki , Sakaki Shigeyoshi
Published: September 2016

The combination of transition‐metal complexes and Lewis acids has been recently applied to several catalytic reactions, in which the Lewis acid plays a crucial role as a non‐innocent additive to accelerate the reaction. In this review article, the reasons for the acceleration by the Lewis acid are discussed based on our recent theoretical studies. In the H–H σ‐bond activation of a dihydrogen molecule by a nickel(0)–borane complex, the empty p orbital of the borane moiety interacts with the H–H σ bonding MO to form charge transfer (CT) from the dihydrogen molecule to the borane moiety to accelerate the reaction. In the B–F σ‐bond activation of BF3 by a platinum(0)–bisphosphine complex, the second BF3 molecule interacts with the F atom that is dissociating from the B atom to stabilize the transition state and product by the CT from the F atom to the second BF3. In this reaction, the substrate BF3 plays a crucial role as the Lewis acid to accelerate the activation of the B–F σ bond. In the nickel‐catalyzed decyanative coupling of arylcarboxybenzonitriles with acetylenes, two molecules of the aluminum Lewis acid interact with the cyano N atom and the carbonyl O atom of the substrate to stabilize the transition state and intermediate. In the nickel‐catalyzed alkylation of aromatic amides with alkenes, the Lewis acid enhances the para regioselectivity of alkylation by interacting with the carbonyl O atom. In the nickel‐catalyzed carboxylation of sp3 carbon and sp carbon atoms with carbon dioxide, not the σ‐bond activation but the insertion reaction of carbon dioxide into the metal–carbon bond is accelerated by the Lewis acid by interacting with the O atom of carbon dioxide, because the CT from the metal–carbon bond to carbon dioxide is enhanced by the interaction. This theoretical knowledge suggests that the combination of transition‐metal complex and Lewis acid can broaden the application range of transition‐metal complex as catalyst.
The state of men's health in Leeds
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: September 2016

Steve Chaplin reviews a recent report from Leeds City Council and Leeds Beckett University focusing on men's health in Leeds. The ground‐breaking report will help shape policies for men's health in the city in the years ahead.
Natural gene expression variation studies in yeast
Authors: Thompson Dawn A. , Cubillos Francisco A.
Published: September 2016

The rise of sequence information across different yeast species and strains is driving an increasing number of studies in the emerging field of genomics to associate polymorphic variants, mRNA abundance and phenotypic differences between individuals. Here, we gathered evidence from recent studies covering several layers that define the genotype–phenotype gap, such as mRNA abundance, allele‐specific expression and translation efficiency to demonstrate how genetic variants co‐evolve and define an individual's genome. Moreover, we exposed several antecedents where inter‐ and intra‐specific studies led to opposite conclusions, probably owing to genetic divergence. Future studies in this area will benefit from the access to a massive array of well‐annotated genomes and new sequencing technologies, which will allow the fine breakdown of the complex layers that delineate the genotype–phenotype map. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naturalizing supersymmetry with a two-field relaxion mechanism
Authors: Evans Jason L. , Gherghetta Tony , Nagata Natsumi , Thomas Zoe
Published: September 2016

Abstract

We present a supersymmetric version of a two-field relaxion model that naturalizes tuned versions of supersymmetry. This arises from a relaxion mechanism that does not depend on QCD dynamics and where the relaxion potential barrier height is controlled by a second axion-like field. During the cosmological evolution, the relaxion rolls with a nonzero value that breaks supersymmetry and scans the soft supersymmetric mass terms. Electroweak symmetry is broken after the soft masses become of order the supersymmetric Higgs mass term and causes the relaxion to stop rolling for superpartner masses up to ∼ 109 GeV. This can explain the tuning in supersymmetric models, including split-SUSY models, while preserving the QCD axion solution to the strong CP problem. Besides predicting two very weakly-coupled axion-like particles, the supersymmetric spectrum may contain an extra Goldstino, which could be a viable dark matter candidate.
Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up of inherited methylation disorders
Authors: Barić Ivo , Staufner Christian , Augoustides‐Savvopoulou Persephone , Chien Yin‐Hsiu , Dobbelaere Dries , Grünert Sarah C. , Opladen Thomas , Petković Ramadža Danijela , Rakić Bojana , Wedell Anna , Blom Henk J.
Published: September 2016

Inherited methylation disorders are a group of rarely reported, probably largely underdiagnosed disorders affecting transmethylation processes in the metabolic pathway between methionine and homocysteine. These are methionine adenosyltransferase I/III, glycine N‐methyltransferase, S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and adenosine kinase deficiencies. This paper provides the first consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and management of methylation disorders. Following search of the literature and evaluation according to the SIGN‐methodology of all reported patients with methylation defects, graded recommendations are provided in a structured way comprising diagnosis (clinical presentation, biochemical abnormalities, differential diagnosis, newborn screening, prenatal diagnosis), therapy and follow‐up. Methylation disorders predominantly affect the liver, central nervous system and muscles, but clinical presentation can vary considerably between and within disorders. Although isolated hypermethioninemia is the biochemical hallmark of this group of disorders, it is not always present, especially in early infancy. Plasma S‐adenosylmethionine and S‐adenosylhomocysteine are key metabolites for the biochemical clarification of isolated hypermethioninemia. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia can be present in all methylation disorders. Methylation disorders do not qualify as primary targets of newborn screening. A low‐methionine diet can be beneficial in patients with methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency if plasma methionine concentrations exceed 800 μmol/L. There is some evidence that this diet may also be beneficial in patients with S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and adenosine kinase deficiencies. S‐adenosylmethionine supplementation may be useful in patients with methionine adenosyltransferase I/III deficiency. Recommendations given in this article are based on general principles and in practice should be adjusted individually according to patient's age, severity of the disease, clinical and laboratory findings.
Developing FT‐NIR and PLS1 Methodology for Predicting Adulteration in Representative Varieties/Blends of Extra Virgin Olive Oils
Authors: Azizian Hormoz , Mossoba Magdi M. , Fardin‐Kia Ali Reza , Karunathilaka Sanjeewa R. , Kramer John K. G.
Published: September 2016

It was previously demonstrated that Fourier transform near infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy and partial least squares (PLS1) were successfully used to assess whether an olive oil was extra virgin, and if adulterated, with which type of vegetable oil and by how much using previously developed PLS1 calibration models. This last prediction required an initial set of four PLS1 calibration models that were based on gravimetrically prepared mixtures of a specific variety of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) spiked with adulterants. The current study was undertaken after obtaining a range of EVOO varieties grown in different countries. It was found that all the different types of EVOO varieties investigated belonged to four distinct groups, and each required the development of additional sets of specific PLS1 calibration models to ensure that they can be used to predict low concentrations of vegetable oils high in linoleic, oleic, or palmitic acid, and/or refined olive oil. These four distinct sets of PLS1 calibration models were required to cover the range of EVOO varieties with a linoleic acid content from 1.3 to 15.5 % of total fatty acids. An FT‐NIR library was established with 66 EVOO products obtained from California and Europe. The quality and/or purity of EVOO were assessed by determining the FT‐NIR Index, a measure of the volatile content of EVOO. The use of these PLS1 calibration models made it possible to predict the authenticity of EVOO and the identity and quantity of potential adulterant oils in minutes.
Les variations osseuses asymptomatiques du squelette postcrânien humain : leur contribution à l'identification en anthropologie médicolégale
Authors: Verna E.
Published: September 2016

En anthropologie biologique, la détermination du sexe, l'estimation de l'âge au décès et l'estimation de la stature sont des paramètres essentiels à la constitution du profil biologique d'un individu à partir de restes osseux. L'introduction et l'observation des variations osseuses asymptomatiques (VOA) (variations anatomiques, marqueurs de posture et anomalies congénitales asymptomatiques) peuvent être un atout dans l'établissement du profil biologique le plus complet et le plus singulier possible. Quatre-vingt-deux VOA, cotées en absence/présence, ont été étudiées à partir de 1 300 individus provenant de trois collections différentes : une collection contemporaine (imagerie médicale), une collection ostéologique de référence et une collection ostéoarchéologique. Pour chaque échantillon, la fréquence générale a été obtenue, puis une fréquence en fonction du sexe, de l'âge et de la latéralité a été calculée. Une association deux à deux puis multiple a été testée pour l'ensemble des VOA. Une iconographie claire de chaque VOA a été obtenue. L'intérêt final est de ne sélectionner que les VOA ayant une fréquence inférieure à 10 % et facilement observables afin de pouvoir les renseigner lors de l'établissement du profil biologique d'un individu et ainsi d'aider à son identification. Cette note a pour objectif de présenter le contexte d'un travail de doctorat, la manière dont le travail a été bâti et les résultats principaux.
Les justifications de la prestation compensatoire dans le discours juridique français
Authors: Bouabdallah Safia , Sayn Isabelle
Published: September 2016

En 1975, la loi française, à la faveur d’une refonte complète du droit du divorce, a abandonné l’octroi de la traditionnelle pension alimentaire entre ex-époux au profit du versement d’une « prestation compensatoire ». La loi française s’est alors inscrite à rebours des solutions retenues par la plupart des droits européens demeurés fidèles au maintien d’une obligation alimentaire entre ex-époux, expression d’un devoir de secours maintenu au-delà du divorce.

À partir de cette innovation et des débats qu’elle a suscités, tant chez les parlementaires que parmi les juristes français, la présente analyse entend mettre en lumière les justifications apportées par les acteurs du système juridique français à l’existence même d’une compensation financière après divorce. On constate qu’en dépit de l’innovation recherchée, la question des fondements d’une compensation financière après divorce n’a pas trouvé de réponse univoque. La période la plus récente montre cependant une plus grande place faite à la réparation des inégalités liées aux investissements différenciés des époux dans les activités domestiques.
Quand l’économie renouvelle le droit : l’exemple de la justification de l’obligation alimentaire envers l’ex-époux en cas de divorce
Authors: Doriat-Duban Myriam , Bourreau-Dubois Cécile
Published: September 2016

Au tournant des années 1990, un certain nombre de juristes américains se sont interrogés sur les justifications du maintien d’une obligation alimentaire entre ex-époux en cas de divorce, dans une société où l’adultère n’est plus sanctionné par le droit du divorce et où les femmes sont devenues plus autonomes financièrement. C’est dans l’analyse économique qu’ils ont trouvé ces justifications. Cet article revient sur les deux principales approches qui ont retenu l’attention des juristes. La première est issue de l’économie de la famille et repose sur le principe d’efficience. La seconde est tirée de l’économie des contrats et s’intéresse à la nature des relations entre les deux conjoints. Cette attention portée à l’analyse économique est originale du point de vue européen, car l’on ne trouve pas de traces d’une telle démarche dans la doctrine européenne portant sur le traitement juridique des inégalités économiques entre ex-époux au moment du divorce.
Les justifications empiriques de la compensation financière après divorce
Authors: Garbinti Bertrand , Jeandidier Bruno , Lim Helen
Published: September 2016

Cet article consiste en une vaste revue de la littérature empirique internationale avec pour finalité de montrer dans quelle mesure l’existence d’une prestation compensatoire entre ex-époux lors d’un divorce trouve une assise empirique (statistique). Ce sont principalement deux dimensions qui sont ainsi mises en regard de cette littérature : premièrement, le fait que la compensation soit soumise à une condition d’inégalité de niveau de vie entre ex-époux constatée au moment du divorce et, deuxièmement, le fait que le calcul de la prestation puisse se faire notamment au regard des choix professionnels antérieurs des ex-époux. Notre analyse montre que si la littérature empirique s’accorde positivement assez largement sur la question de l’inégalité de niveau de vie, en revanche la justification empirique du lien entre compensation et choix professionnels antérieurs est nettement moins avérée.
THE LOGARITHMICALLY AVERAGED CHOWLA AND ELLIOTT CONJECTURES FOR TWO-POINT CORRELATIONS
Authors: TAO TERENCE
Published: September 2016

Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$ denote the Liouville function. The Chowla conjecture, in the two-point correlation case, asserts that $$\begin{eqnarray}\mathop{\sum }_{n\leqslant x}\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(a_{1}n+b_{1})\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(a_{2}n+b_{2})=o(x)\end{eqnarray}$$ as $x\rightarrow \infty$, for any fixed natural numbers $a_{1},a_{2}$ and nonnegative integer $b_{1},b_{2}$ with $a_{1}b_{2}-a_{2}b_{1}\neq 0$. In this paper we establish the logarithmically averaged version $$\begin{eqnarray}\mathop{\sum }_{x/\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(x)<n\leqslant x}\frac{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(a_{1}n+b_{1})\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}(a_{2}n+b_{2})}{n}=o(\log \unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(x))\end{eqnarray}$$ of the Chowla conjecture as $x\rightarrow \infty$, where $1\leqslant \unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(x)\leqslant x$ is an arbitrary function of $x$ that goes to infinity as $x\rightarrow \infty$, thus breaking the ‘parity barrier’ for this problem. Our main tools are the multiplicativity of the Liouville function at small primes, a recent result of Matomäki, Radziwiłł, and the author on the averages of modulated multiplicative functions in short intervals, concentration of measure inequalities, the Hardy–Littlewood circle method combined with a restriction theorem for the primes, and a novel ‘entropy decrement argument’. Most of these ingredients are also available (in principle, at least) for the higher order correlations, with the main missing ingredient being the need to control short sums of multiplicative functions modulated by local nilsequences. Our arguments also extend to more general bounded multiplicative functions than the Liouville function $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$, leading to a logarithmically averaged version of the Elliott conjecture in the two-point case. In a subsequent paper we will use this version of the Elliott conjecture to affirmatively settle the Erdős discrepancy problem.
Development of high damage threshold laser-machined apodizers and gain filters for laser applications
Authors: Rambo Patrick , Schwarz Jens , Kimmel Mark , Porter John L.
Published: September 2016

We have developed high damage threshold filters to modify the spatial profile of a high energy laser beam. The filters are formed by laser ablation of a transmissive window. The ablation sites constitute scattering centers which can be filtered in a subsequent spatial filter. By creating the filters in dielectric materials, we see an increased laser-induced damage threshold from previous filters created using ‘metal on glass’ lithography.
Is high-quality knowledge always beneficial? Knowledge overlap and innovation performance in technological mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Han John , Jo Gil S. , Kang Jina
Published: September 2016

This research analyses the effects of the knowledge overlap between acquirer and target firms on the performance of technological mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Extending previous research that has focused on the quantitative characteristics of knowledge, this research introduces a framework capturing the effects of both the quantity and quality of knowledge in overlapped and nonoverlapped parts of the knowledge base on subsequent innovation performance. Analyzing a data set of 192 technological M&As of 162 high-technology firms from 2001 to 2009, the results show that a high quality of overlapped knowledge has a positive effect on subsequent innovation performance, while the effect is negative for nonoverlapped knowledge quality. In addition, this research investigates the influence of the knowledge quantity on subsequent innovation performance. The implication of this research is that the knowledge overlap in technological M&As is essential for acquiring high-quality knowledge from the target firm and for improving innovation performance.
Cacophony of Contestation: Forms of Voice and the Warsaw Taxi Market as a Field of Struggles
Authors: Serafin Marcin
Published: September 2016

This article analyses the political struggles in and around the Warsaw taxi market. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social fields and incorporating Albert Hirschman’s metaphor of political action as voice, I capture the position-taking of members of the taxi field, highlighting the different levels of involvement in the struggles. By distinguishing between different forms of voice—murmuring, jeering, whispering, hissing, grunting, and shouting—I show that the struggles that shape the Warsaw taxi market take the form of struggles over classifications and struggles over opportunities for exchange. I describe how market institutions are established and contested within the political field; enforced and contested within the bureaucratic field; and interpreted and contested within the juridical field. I thus contribute a field theory that investigates the links between fields and especially between economic fields and the state. This article draws on fieldwork conducted in Warsaw between November 2012 and June 2013.
Covert Netherworld: An Invisible Interstice in the Modern World System
Authors: McCoy Alfred W.
Published: September 2016

This essay explores a domain of geopolitical conflict called “covert netherworld” that has been a seminal in world politics for the past half century and likely to become more central in the century to come. During the Cold War and its aftermath, covert netherworlds formed worldwide through confluence of four essential elements: reliance of modern states oncovert methodsfor power projection at home and abroad; the consequent emergence of aclandestine social milieupopulated by secret services and criminal syndicates; a complementaryillicit economic nexusthat sustains non-state actors and sometimes state security; and finally,spatial dimensionsthat range from a narrow criminal or covert milieu to entire countries or continents. When these elements align, this netherworld can attain the sheer geopolitical power to shape the course of national and international events. To lend substance to these generic elements, the essay explores three arenas of widening geographical scope. At thelocallevel in the southern Philippines, a regional netherworld fostered Islamic insurgency and state counterinsurgency, whilenationalelections were sustained by an illegal lottery, shaping the character of an emerging polity. At thetransnationallevel, France's postcolonial hold on the West African region dubbed Françafrique constrained corruption within state-mediated circuits and entrenched elites at both ends of this bilateral exchange. By contrast, U.S. covert operations in Afghanistan and Central America had divergent outcomes influenced by their degree of congruence with the narcotics traffic, demonstrating that the covert netherworld can exercise sufficient autonomy to be treated as a significant factor in world politics.
Crossing the Bosphorus: Connected Histories of “Other” Muslims in the Post-Imperial Borderlands of Southeast Europe
Authors: Henig David
Published: September 2016

Situated in the borderlands of Southeast Europe, this essay explores how enduring patterns of transregional circulation and cosmopolitan sensibility unfold in the lives of dervish brotherhoods in the post-Cold War present. Following recent debates on connected histories in post-colonial studies and historical anthropology, long-standing mobile and circulating societies, and reinvigorated interest in empire, this essay focuses ethnographically on how members of a dervish brotherhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina cultivate relations with places, collectivities, and practices that exist on different temporal, spatial and geopolitical scales. These connections are centered around three modes of articulation—sonic, graphic, and genealogical—through which the dervish disciples imagine and realize transregional relations. This essay begins and concludes with a meditation on the need for a dialogue between ethnography and transregional history in order to appreciate modes of identification and imagination that go beyond the essentializing forms of collective identity that, in the post-imperial epoch, have been dominated by political and methodological nationalism.
Daʿwa, Dynasty, and Destiny in the Arab Gulf
Authors: Samin Nadav
Published: September 2016

This article considers the question of collective identity formation in the Arab Gulf by looking at the distinctive ways in which the genealogies of the dominant kinship collective of the United Arab Emirates, the Banī Yās confederation, have been represented by that country's cultural and heritage-making institutions. I look comparatively at two high profile, state-sponsored, Emirati genealogical projects, one a site, and the other a text, and investigate their significance from a historical and ethnographic perspective. I find that the relatively weak religious gravity of the United Arab Emirates allows for unorthodox representations of kinship at the national level, that women do not necessarily buy into these representations yet contribute in their own ways to a kinship nationalist discourse, and that genealogy is nonetheless a particularly fraught idiom for binding together an ethnically heterogeneous society like the Emirates. Approaching the public representation of genealogies through an integrative framework, this article sheds light on important themes in modern Emirati and broader Gulf social and political life, including the complicated place of religious norms in a newly fashioned Muslim nation, the influence of gender on conceptions of kinship and nationhood, and the challenge ethnic heterogeneity poses to an Arab ethno-national project.
Homophobic Muslims: Emerging Trends in Multireligious Singapore
Authors: Ibrahim Nur Amali
Published: September 2016

This article examines the recent emergence of homophobia among Muslims in Singapore. While Islamic scriptures were used to justify homophobia, interpretations of these holy texts regarding non-normative sexualities have always been diverse. The anti-homosexuality exegesis of Islamic scriptures gained traction in a particular constellation of contemporary politics. When the state broached a discussion over whether a colonial-era law criminalizing homosexuality should be repealed, evangelical Christians were the first to vigorously support the retention of the law. Evangelical Christian homophobic discourses were soon reproduced by Muslims, whose own conservatism has been rising in recent years. Longstanding state biases against Muslims (who are mostly lower-working-class Malays), however, restricted the expression of their religious conservatism, which makes it useful for them to perform good citizenship by standing alongside evangelical Christians (mostly middle-class Chinese). This article demonstrates that Muslim homophobia has complex roots and explanations that cannot be reduced solely to Islam.
A geochemical and geochronological study of the Early Cretaceous, extension-related Honggong ferroan (A-type) granite in southwestern Zhejiang Province, southeast China
Authors: ZHAO XILIN , JIANG YANG , XING GUANGFU , CHEN ZHIHONG , LIU KAI , YU MINGGANG , YU SHENGYAO
Published: September 2016

The Honggong pluton is the largest ferroan alkalic (A-type) granite intrusion emplaced along the Jiangshan–Shaoxing fault zone in southwestern Zhejiang Province, and has important implications for understanding the Late Mesozoic tectonic evolution of SE China. U–Pb ages of 138.7 ± 0.8, 134.2 ± 1.1, 128.5 ± 1.5 and 126.1 ± 0.9 Ma were obtained from zircon by laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, indicating that the Honggong pluton formed in the Early Cretaceous. The Honggong pluton has a clear ferroan alkalic (A-type) granite geochemical signature with, for example, high total alkali contents and FeOt/(FeOt+ MgO) values. The Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions suggest that there was juvenile material in the magma source. Geochemical evidence indicates that the pluton was derived through extensive fractionation of melts that contained both asthenospheric mantle and Mesoproterozoic crustal components. These rare granites in southern China were emplaced during five episodes at 235–225, 190, 165–155, 100–90 and 140–120 Ma. The age of the Honggong pluton suggests that localized extension in southwestern Zhejiang Province began as early as ~138 Ma and continued to 126 Ma. This Early Cretaceous extensional event was triggered by localized rollback of the subducting Pacific Plate.
Marker detection and elite allele mining for yield traits in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by association mapping
Authors: LI C. Q. , DONG N. , FU Y. Z. , SUN R. R. , WANG Q. L.
Published: September 2016

Association mapping based on linkage disequilibrium is an effective approach for dissecting the inheritance of complex multi-gene traits. In the present study, association mapping was performed for yield traits based on 172 popular Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars in China and 331 polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The gene diversity index of 331 markers ranged from 0·0387 to 0·7799 with an average of 0·4002, and the polymorphism information content ranged from 0·0379 to 0·7473 with an average of 0·3375. A total of 93 significantly associated markers for seven yield traits were identified across more than one environment, among which 11 were for seed cotton yield, 12 for lint yield, 11 for boll number per plant, 13 for boll weight, 21 for lint percentage, 14 for lint index and 11 for seed index. The corresponding ranges in phenotypic variation explained by markers across four environments for these seven traits were 1·75–10·49, 1·75–9·34, 2·84–11·80, 2·59–9·89, 2·38–13·97, 2·73–14·82 and 2·50–11·88%, respectively. Some of the yield-associated markers detected were found to be linked to or associated with the same traits identified in previous studies. Furthermore, elite alleles for yield traits were also mined. The present study can provide useful information for further understanding the genetic basis of yield traits, and facilitate high-yield breeding by molecular design in Upland cotton.
Morphology and molecular analysis ofOncicola venezuelensis(Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the ocelotLeopardus pardalisin Brazil
Authors: Santos E.G.N. , Chame M. , Chagas-Moutinho V.A. , Santos C.P.
Published: September 2016

Oncicola venezuelensisMarteau, 1977 was found parasitizing adults ofLeopardus pardalis(Linnaeus) found dead in Serra da Capivara National Park, Piauí state, Brazil, a new geographical locality reported for the species. The diversity ofOncicolaTravassos, 1916 species is large, but genetic data are scarce. This article presents the results of genetic, morphological and ultrastructural studies carried out for taxonomic purposes. The first ultrastructural view showed a globular, short proboscis with 36 hooks, divided into six longitudinal rows of six hooks each. Hooks differ in size and shape: hooks I, II and III have a ‘chisel-shaped’ tip. The genetic profile included new sequences of ribosomal DNA ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2, and partial 28S rRNA regions. The results of maximum-likelihood tree analyses for each region showed Oligacanthorhynchidae Southwell et Macfie, 1925 close to Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892 (supported >91%). Both use mammals and birds as definitive hosts. Morphological and ultrastructural studies combined with genetic analysis shed more light on the diversity ofOncicolaspecies.
Speakers’ knowledge of alternations is asymmetrical: Evidence from Seoul Korean verb paradigms
Authors: JUN JONGHO , ALBRIGHT ADAM
Published: September 2016

This paper investigates whether and how speakers track the relative frequency of different patterns of alternation in the lexicon, by investigating speakers’ behavior when they are faced with unpredictability in allomorph selection. We conducted a wug test on Seoul Korean verb paradigms, testing whether speakers can generalize reliable lexical patterns. The test was performed in two directions. In forward formation test, the pre-vocalic base and pre-consonantal non-base forms were the stimulus and response, respectively, whereas in backward formation test, the stimulus–response relation was switched. The results show patterns approximating statistical patterns in Seoul Korean verb lexicon, thus confirming the lexical frequency matching reported in many previous studies. However, contrary to the conventional assumption, the results of the backward formation test are consistent with lexical frequencies relevant for the forward formation, not backward formation. This observed asymmetry is broadly consistent with the single base hypothesis (Albright 2002a, b, 2005, 2008), in which forward, as opposed to backward formation rules play a privileged role in speakers’ morphological grammar.
Connecting prehistoric and historic cultures in Southeast Asia
Authors: Glover Ian C.
Published: September 2016

Linking the early historic cultures of Southeast Asia to their prehistoric antecedents has, despite some decades of research, proved difficult for a number of reasons. Until the 1960s, this did not seem to be an issue for scholars of the region. For George Coedès, the region was simply occupied by diverse and backward ethnic and linguistic communities, cultivators using stone tools, or at best, people using bronze with poorly developed social organisations until impacted by the expanding Han peoples during the third century CE: ‘There is very little direct information about the societies of South East Asia before they entered into contact with India and China.’
Additions to the global diversity of Cladonia
Authors: AHTI Teuvo , PINO-BODAS Raquel , FLAKUS Adam , STENROOS Soili
Published: September 2016

In our ongoing study of the genus Cladonia, we have encountered several specimens that have proved to represent undescribed species. Four of them are described here as new. Cladonia camerunensis (Cameroon) resembles C. didyma (Fée) Vain., but the former has a coarsely granular surface and a melanotic podetial base; C. compressa (Bolivia) is distinguished by a dominant primary thallus and deeply divided and phyllopodiate podetia; C. longisquama (Seychelles) has well-developed squamules and contains barbatic acid; C. vescula (Bolivia, Peru) differs from C. peziziformis (With.) J. Laundon by an ecorticate podetial surface and the production of homosekikaic acid. The names C. aspera Ahti & Kashiw. and C. crinita (Delise ex Pers.) Ahti are shown to be illegitimate later homonyms and are replaced by the names C. asperula and C. perfoliata, respectively. The neglected name C. botryoides (Tuck.) Vain. is shown to be a synonym of C. squamosa. Another overlooked name, C. crinita Bertol., is shown to be the earliest name for C. evansii, but we propose to retain the latter through conservation. The typification of C. beaumontii Tuck. is amended. Cladonia conspicua is reinstated on the basis of new data. New range extensions in Canada and the United States are given for the poorly documented species C. oricola.
Rhizocarpon quinonum, a new anthraquinone-containing species from the Alaska Peninsula
Authors: McCUNE Bruce , TIMDAL Einar , BENDIKSBY Mika
Published: September 2016

Rhizocarpon quinonumMcCune, Timdal & Bendiksby is described as a new species from two sites in Katmai National Park, south-western Alaska, in a suboceanic climate near the limit of trees on the Alaska Peninsula. Most similar in external appearance toR. arctogenum,R. bolanderi,R. leptolepis, andR. rittokense, the species is distinguished by the presence of an anthraquinone as a major substance. Mature apothecia are unknown, but ITS sequences are most similar to those ofR. copelandiiandR. jemtlandicum, although those species differ greatly in morphology fromR. quinonum.