bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new compilation of stomach content data for commercially important pelagic fish species in the northeast Atlantic
Authors: Pinnegar J. K. , Goñi N. , Trenkel V. M. , Arrizabalaga H. , Melle W. , Keating J. , Óskarsson G.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. There is increasing demand for information on predator–prey interactions in the ocean as a result of legislative commitments aimed at achieving sustainable exploitation. However, comprehensive data sets are lacking for many fish species and this has hampered development of multispecies fisheries models and the formulation of effective food-web indicators. This work describes a new compilation of stomach content data for five pelagic fish species (herring, blue whiting, mackerel, albacore and bluefin tuna) sampled across the northeast Atlantic and submitted to the PANGAEA open-access data portal (www.pangaea.de). We provide detailed descriptions of sample origin and of the corresponding database structures. We describe the main results in terms of diet composition and predator–prey relationships. The feeding preferences of small pelagic fish (herring, blue whiting, mackerel) were sampled over a very broad geographic area within the North Atlantic basin, from Greenland in the west, to the Lofoten Islands in the east and from the Bay of Biscay northwards to the Arctic. This analysis revealed significant differences in the prey items selected in different parts of the region at different times of year. Tunas (albacore and bluefin) were sampled in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea. Dominant prey items for these species varied by location, year and season. This data compilation exercise represents one of the largest and most wide-ranging ever attempted for pelagic fish in the North Atlantic. The earliest data included in the database were collected in 1864, whereas the most recent were collected in 2012. Data sets are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.820041 and doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.826992.
Urbanization dramatically altered the water balances of a paddy field dominated basin in Southern China
Authors: Hao L. , Sun G. , Liu Y. , Wan J. , Qin M. , Qian H. , Liu C. , John R. , Fan P. , Chen J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Rice paddy fields provide important ecosystem services (e.g., food production, water retention, carbon sequestration) to a large population globally. However, these benefits are declining as a result of rapid environmental and socioeconomic transformations characterized by population growth, urbanization, and climate change in many Asian countries. This case study examined the responses of streamflow and watershed water balances to the decline of rice paddy fields due to urbanization in the Qinhuai River Basin in southern China where massive industrialization has occurred in the region during the past three decades. We found that streamflow increased by 58% and evapotranspiration (ET) decreased by 23% during 1986–2013 as a result of an increase in urban areas of three folds and reduction of rice paddy field by 27%. Both highflows and lowflows increased significantly by about 28% from 2002 to 2013. The increases in streamflow were consistent with the decreases in ET and leaf area index monitored by independent remote sensing MODIS data. The reduction in ET and increase in streamflow was attributed to the large cropland conversion that overwhelmed the effects of regional climate warming and climate variability. Converting traditional rice paddy fields to urban use dramatically altered land surface conditions from a water-dominated to a human-dominated landscape, and thus was considered as one of the extreme types of contemporary hydrologic disturbances. The ongoing large-scale urbanization in the rice paddy-dominated regions in the humid southern China, and East Asia, will likely elevate stormflow volume, aggravate flood risks, and intensify urban heat island effects. Understanding the linkage between land use change and changes in hydrological processes is essential for better management of urbanizing watersheds.
Monitoring human serum albumin cell cultures using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy
Authors: Henseleit A. , Pohl C. , Bley Th. , Boschke E.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Continuously monitoring cell cultures is essential for both controlling critical parameters and improving understanding of key processes. An ideal technique in this context is surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, which essentially exploits changes in the angle of incident light that occur when molecules bind to a surface. It provides the ability to monitor real-time changes in small concentrations of various molecules, with no need for additional labels or sample preparation. Here we present an SPR-based immunoassay for monitoring concentrations of human serum albumin (HSA), and compare its sensitivity when used in conjunction with a Biacore platform and the cheaper, smaller liSPR system. In conjunction with either system, the immunoassay can detect HSA (a hepatocyte viability marker) at concentrations typically present in three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures mimicking the liver used to evaluate effects of drug candidates before exposure to humans or animals. Furthermore, in conjunction with the liSPR system, it is sufficiently sensitive to measure the much lower HSA levels present in skin–hepatocyte co-cultures.
Impact of the addition of different plant residues on nitrogen mineralization–immobilization turnover and carbon content of a soil incubated under laboratory conditions
Authors: Kaleeem Abbasi M. , Mahmood Tahir M. , Sabir N. , Khurshid M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Application of plant residues as soil amendment may represent a valuable recycling strategy that affects carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in soil–plant systems. The amount and rate of nutrient release from plant residues depend on their quality characteristics and biochemical composition. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted for 120 days under controlled conditions (25 °C and 58% water-filled pore space) to quantify initial biochemical composition and N mineralization of leguminous and non-leguminous plant residues, i.e., the roots, shoots and leaves of Glycine max, Trifolium repens, Zea mays, Populus euramericana, Robinia pseudoacacia and Elaeagnus umbellata, incorporated into the soil at the rate of 200 mg residue N kg−1 soil. The diverse plant residues showed a wide variation in total N, C, lignin, polyphenols and C / N ratio with higher polyphenol content in the leaves and higher lignin content in the roots. The shoot of Glycine max and the shoot and root of Trifolium repens displayed continuous mineralization by releasing a maximum of 109.8, 74.8 and 72.5 mg N kg−1 and representing a 55, 37 and 36% recovery of N that had been released from these added resources. The roots of Glycine max and Zea mays and the shoot of Zea mays showed continuous negative values throughout the incubation. After an initial immobilization, leaves of Populus euramericana, Robinia pseudoacacia and Elaeagnus umbellata exhibited net mineralization by releasing a maximum of 31.8, 63.1 and 65.1 mg N kg−1, respectively, and representing a 16, 32 and 33% N recovery, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization from all the treatments was positively correlated with the initial residue N contents (r = 0.89; p ≤ 0.01) and negatively correlated with lignin content (r = −0.84; p ≤ 0.01), C / N ratio (r = −0.69; p ≤ 0.05), lignin / N ratio (r = −0.68; p ≤ 0.05), polyphenol / N ratio (r = −0.73; p ≤ 0.05) and (lignin + polyphenol) : N ratio (r = −0.70; p ≤ 0.05) indicating a significant role of residue chemical composition and quality in regulating N transformations and cycling in soil. The present study indicates that incorporation of plant residues strongly modifies the mineralization–immobilization turnover (MIT) of soil that can be taken into account to develop synchronization between net N mineralization and crop demand in order to maximize N delivery and minimize N losses.
Seasonal changes in surface albedo of Himalayan glaciers from MODIS data and links with the annual mass balance
Authors: Brun F. , Dumont M. , Wagnon P. , Berthier E. , Azam M. F. , Shea J. M. , Sirguey P. , Rabatel A. , Ramanathan Al.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Few glaciological field data are available on glaciers in the Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan (HKH) region, and remote sensing data are thus critical for glacier studies in this region. The main objectives of this study are to document, using satellite images, the seasonal changes of surface albedo for two Himalayan glaciers, Chhota Shigri Glacier (Himachal Pradesh, India) and Mera Glacier (Everest region, Nepal), and to reconstruct the annual mass balance of these glaciers based on the albedo data. Albedo is retrieved from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, and evaluated using ground based measurements. At both sites, we find high coefficients of determination between annual minimum albedo averaged over the glacier (AMAAG) and glacier-wide annual mass balance (Ba) measured with the glaciological method (R2 = 0.75). At Chhota Shigri Glacier, the relation between AMAAG found at the end of the ablation season and Ba suggests that AMAAG can be used as a proxy for the maximum snow line altitude or equilibrium line altitude (ELA) on winter-accumulation-type glaciers in the Himalayas. However, for the summer-accumulation-type Mera Glacier, our approach relied on the hypothesis that ELA information is preserved during the monsoon. At Mera Glacier, cloud obscuration and snow accumulation limits the detection of albedo during the monsoon, but snow redistribution and sublimation in the post-monsoon period allows for the calculation of AMAAG. Reconstructed Ba at Chhota Shigri Glacier agrees with mass balances previously reconstructed using a positive degree-day method. Reconstructed Ba at Mera Glacier is affected by heavy cloud cover during the monsoon, which systematically limited our ability to observe AMAAG at the end of the melting period. In addition, the relation between AMAAG and Ba is constrained over a shorter time period for Mera Glacier (6 years) than for Chhota Shigri Glacier (11 years). Thus the mass balance reconstruction is less robust for Mera Glacier than for Chhota Shigri Glacier. However our method shows promising results and may be used to reconstruct the annual mass balance of glaciers with contrasted seasonal cycles in the western part of the HKH mountain range since the early 2000s when MODIS images became available.
Parameterization of single-scattering properties of snow
Authors: Räisänen P. , Kokhanovsky A. , Guyot G. , Jourdan O. , Nousiainen T.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Snow consists of non-spherical grains of various shapes and sizes. Still, in many radiative transfer applications, single-scattering properties of snow have been based on the assumption of spherical grains. More recently, second-generation Koch fractals have been employed. While they produce a relatively flat phase function typical of deformed non-spherical particles, this is still a rather ad-hoc choice. Here, angular scattering measurements for blowing snow conducted during the CLimate IMpacts of Short-Lived pollutants In the Polar region (CLIMSLIP) campaign at Ny Ålesund, Svalbard, are used to construct a reference phase function for snow. Based on this phase function, an optimized habit combination (OHC) consisting of severely rough (SR) droxtals, aggregates of SR plates and strongly distorted Koch fractals is selected. The single-scattering properties of snow are then computed for the OHC as a function of wavelength λ and snow grain volume-to-projected area equivalent radius rvp. Parameterization equations are developed for λ = 0.199–2.7 μm and rvp = 10–2000 μm, which express the single-scattering co-albedo β, the asymmetry parameter g and the phase function P11 as functions of the size parameter and the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index. The parameterizations are analytic and simple to use in radiative transfer models. Compared to the reference values computed for the OHC, the accuracy of the parameterization is very high for β and g. This is also true for the phase function parameterization, except for strongly absorbing cases (β > 0.3). Finally, we consider snow albedo and reflected radiances for the suggested snow optics parameterization, making comparisons to spheres and distorted Koch fractals.
Zes bedenkingen bij de blijde boodschap van Benjamin Barber
Authors: Herweijer Michiel
Published: February 2015

Six reservations about the gospel of Benjamin Barber

At December 1st 2014 in the Dutch city of Nijmegen (known from the Treaty of Nijmegen, 1678) the yearly VanHeste-lecture took place. This year the mayors Hubert Bruls of Nijmegen (Netherlands) and Louis Tobback of Leuven (Belgium) discussed the binding role of the modern mayor. Their starting point was the latest book of the American political scientist Benjamin Barber ‘If mayors ruled the world’. Michiel Herweijer, professor of Public Administration at Radboud University Nijmegen, is supposed to lead the discussion. To structure the discussion between the two mayors he formulates six questions, which contain six reservations about the gospel of Benjamin Barber. His conclusion is that Barber has written a fascinating book that has aroused much discussion worldwide. This debate is a good thing, because there are at least six good reasons (the six reservations mentioned by Herweijer himself in this contribution) to abandon the idea of a global parliament of mayors.
Politieke participatie en de omvang van het lokaal bestuur
Authors: van Houwelingen Pepijn
Published: February 2015

Political participation and the size of local government

Does scaling up municipalities strengthen or does it weaken (local) political participation? This is an important question because of the intention – as it is written down in the Dutch coalition agreement – to gradually scale up Dutch municipalities to 100.000+ inhabitants. This article answers the question on the basis of a meta-analysis, voter turnouts, the national election study and interviews. The author has also examined behavioural indicators for political participation, especially the turnout figures at local elections. The conclusion from this analysis by the author is clear and unambiguous: as the size of the local government (the municipality) increases (local) political participation decreases. For a lot of forms of political participation a size of about 10.000 inhabitants seems to be the optimal scale for local government. Because other (recent) research in the Netherlands has shown that the assumed cost savings from municipal amalgamation are not achieved, the desirability of (further) upscaling of Dutch municipalities can be questioned.
Moord en doodslag gevolgd door een clandestiene begraving van het slachtoffer
Authors: Buijt Romano , Pellemans Chris , van Wilsem Johan
Published: February 2015

Homicide followed by victim burial in clandestine grave

This article focuses on Dutch homicide cases involving victim burial in a clandestine grave. There is a lack of adequate criminological research about the nature of this kind of homicide. The results indicate that there are differences between the ‘regular’ homicide cases and clandestine burial cases. For example, clandestine burial cases included a higher proportion of sexual homicides. Second, different types of burial cases were analysed through cluster analysis, based on victim, offender and crime characteristics. Three distinct types of burial cases were defined which differ substantially with respect to the gender of the victim, where the burial took place and the relationship between victim and offender.
Discrimination of Gentiana rigescens from Different Origins by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometric Methods
Authors: Zhao Yanli , Zhang Ji , Jin Hang , Zhang Jinyu , Shen Tao , Wang Yuanzhong
Published: February 2015

Gentiana rigescens (“DianLongdan” in Chinese) medicinal plant is usually used for its activities of liver protection, cholagogic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-hyperthyroidism, anti-hypertension, hyperglycemia, and relieving spasm and pain. In this study, methods for thediscrimination of different geographical origins of G. rigescens by FTIR spectroscopy in hyphenation with chemometric methods were developed. Different pretreatments including standard normalvariate, multiplicative scatter correction, first orsecond derivative, Savitzky-Golay filter, and Norrisderivative filter were applied on the spectra to optimize the calibrations. According to spectrum SD, spectrum ranges (3559–2709 and 2026–756 cm–1) were selected, and principalcomponent analysis-Mahalanobis distance (PCA-MD) model was built [the cumulative contribution rate of the first 10 principal components, determination coefficient (R2), root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC), and root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP), and prediction accuracy were 96.4%,98.6%, 0.5031, 0.7758, and 96.23%, respectively]. The spectral regions (3791–3442, 3043–2765, and 2013–646 cm–1) wereselected by using the variable importance in projection, and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) model was built (the cumulative contribution rate of the first 10 principal components, R2, RMSEC, RMSEP, and prediction accuracy were 91.3%, 92.0%, 0.1171, 0.1806, and 100%, respectively). This research showed that FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics methods (PCA-MD and PLS-DA) was suitable for the discrimination of different geographical origins of G. rigescens. Furthermore, it was found that PLS-DA provided better results than PCA-MD.
Development and Validation of a Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Hydrocortisone Acetate Active Ingredient, Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate and Methyl Parahydroxybenzoate Preservatives, Butylhydroxyanisole Antioxidant, and Their Degradation Products in a Rectal Gel Formulation
Authors: Ascaso Magda , Pérez-Lozano Pilar , García Mireia , García-Montoya Encarna , Miñarro Montse , Ticó Josep R , Fàbregas Anna , Carrillo Carolina , Sarrate Rocío , Suñé-Negre Josep M
Published: February 2015

A stability indicating method was established through a stress study, wherein different methods of degradation (oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis, and temperature) were studied simultaneously to determine the active ingredient hydrocortisone acetate, preservatives propyl parahydroxybenzoate, and methyl parahydroxybenzoate, antioxidant butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), and their degradation products in a semisolid dosage gel form. The proposed method was suitably validated using a Zorbax SB-Phenyl column and gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, and water in different proportions according to a planned program at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The diode array detector was set at 240 nm for the active substance and two preservatives,and 290 nm for BHA. The validation study was conducted according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for specificity, linearity, repeatability, precision, and accuracy. The method was usedfor QC of hydrocortisone acetate gel and for the stability studies with the aim of quantifying the active substance, preservatives, antioxidant, and degradation products. It has proved to be suitable as a fast and reliable method for QC.
Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd Medi·Ca CC for Enumeration of Coliform Bacteria
Authors: Saito Fumihiko , Shimizu Mai , Suzuki Takeo , Hamada Chie , Iwase Tatsuhiko , Okochi Norihiko , Yamazaki Mamoru , Kyotani Hitoshi
Published: February 2015

A ready-made dry medium method for coliform count, the Medi·Ca CC method, was compared to the Violet Red Bile Agar method (BacteriologicalAnalytical Manual, Chapter 4, Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the ColiformBacteria, Section G) for nine raw foods from four food categories: raw ground pork, raw lamb, raw groundchicken, raw tuna fillet, raw salmon fillet, raw shrimp, fresh peeled banana, fresh cut pineapple, and fresh cut apple. The 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between the two methods at each contamination level for seven matrixes from all four categories fell within the range of –0.50 to 0.50, and no statistical difference was observed at allthree contamination levels for four matrixes from three categories. These results demonstrated that the Medi·Ca CC method is a reasonable alternativeto the reference method for raw meat, raw poultry, raw fish, and fresh fruits.
Patterns of Government Formation in Europe: The Role of the Head of State
Authors: Brunclík Miloš
Published: February 2015

Analytical tools are presently lacking to study the role played by the head of state in the government formation process (GFP). To remedy this absence, this paper provides a detailed analysis of that role. Two variables are of major concern: a) the formal powers of the head of state in the GFP, and b) the control over the GFP held by the parliament. These two variables are used to construct a scheme that shows the pronounced heterogeneity exhibited by GFP patterns. The GFP is seen as the result of an institutionally structured bargaining process in which institutional variations make for major differences in expected outcomes. The analysis reveals a large number of GFP patterns. Examples of the GFP taken from several European countries show the patterns should not be subsumed under broad categories, since overgeneralization may lead to confusion and cause the role played by the head of state and political regimes in European countries to be misunderstood.
Two new coastal species of Elaphropeza Macquart (Diptera: Hybotidae) from Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Grootaert Patrick , Van De Velde Isabella , Shamshev Igor V.
Published: February 2015

Two new species of Elaphropeza Macquart, 1827 are described from the northeast coast of Bali (Indonesia): Elaphropeza triseta sp. nov. belonging to the ephippiata-group and E. balinensis sp. nov. belonging to the biuncinata-group. A COI Neighbour-Joining tree is given for the Southeast Asian Elaphropeza species showing large genetic distances between the species. The morphological characterisation of the ephippiata-group and the biuncinata-group sensu Shamshev & Grootaert 2007 is confirmed.
In Silico Design & Development of Some Selected Flavonols Against Beta–Glucuronidase Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Sovan Pattanaik  , Sudam Chandra Si  , Sudhanshu Sekhar Rout  , Anindya Bose  , Siva Shankar Nayak
Published: February 2015

Drug discovery process develops faster due to more advances in computational techniques. The protein ligand interaction well predicted due to the in-silico approach study. The present investigation focused towards the development of lead structure for treatment of hepatic disorders. An increase in serum acid hydrolase, including β-glucuronidase has been reported in numbers of pathological conditions such as arthritis, renal diseases and epilepsies. Enhancement of this enzyme β–glucuronidase in blood has been found to correlate significantly with liver damage. β-glucuronidase inhibitor is a novel approach which is different from the available hepatoprotective drug therapies.
Method: The current study is based on in-silico ligand screening and in-vitro estimation of the three flavonols [Naringenin, Quercetin and 2-(3, 4-Dihydroxy Phenyl)-7-Hydroxy-3-(2-Hydroxy Ethoxy) 4-H-Chromen-4one] compounds with enzyme β-glucuronidase. Molecular docking software Py Rex and Py Mol was used to dock the selected ligand in the binding site of the crystal structure of protein.
Results: Docking results are based on the least binding energy of the selected flavonols compounds. Further attempt has been made towards in-vitro estimation of this enzyme with those selected compounds. The binding affinity with existence of hydrogen bonds leads to find out the mechanism which was well correlated with the findings of in-vitro inhibitory activity.
Conclusion: The result outcome of the binding orientation of 2-(3, 4-Dihydroxy Phenyl)-7-Hydroxy-3-(2-Hydroxy Ethoxy) 4-H-Chromen-4one linked with the active amino acid residue of the protein and the binding affinity leads to find out the mechanism for its potential in-vitro inhibitory activity.
Determinants of Immunization Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Ethiopia: A Proportional Odds Model Approach
Authors: Tefera Mesay , Sharma M.K.
Published: February 2015

Childhood immunization is recognized as one of the most cost-effective public health interventions to prevent morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases, particularly in a high-endemic setting. According to the 2011 EDHS report by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia, nationally, only 24 percent of children age 12-23 months was fully immunized at the time of the survey. The main objective of this study was to identify and describe the determinants of immunization among children aged 12-23 months in Ethiopia. The source of the data was the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2011 (EDHS) 2011. In order to meet our objectives descriptive, and ordinal logistic regression (proportional odds model) statistical techniques were used for data analysis using socio-economic and demographic variables as explanatory variables and immunization status of children aged 12-23 months as the response variable. The results of the analysis predicts that place of delivery, wealth index, possession of radio and region were found to be significant determinants for full immunization among children aged 12-23 months in Ethiopia.
UMA ANÁLISE DO SETOR INDUSTRIAL DE CERÂMICA DE USO DOMÉSTICO E AFINS
Authors: Teixeira Tiago Roberto Alves
Published: February 2015

O setor industrial de cerâmica de Uso Doméstico e Afins é caracterizado pela produção de produtos como aparelhos de jantar, chá, café, bolo e semelhantes, além de produtos de decoração como vasos, fruteiras, abajures entre outros. Tal setor é de extrema importância para a economia brasileira já que é responsável por mais de 20 mil empregos e cerca de 1% do valor do produto interno bruto nacional. Atualmente o setor tem passado por diversas dificuldades onde centenas de empresas tem ido à falência. Desta maneira este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma breve análise do setor, o qual tem enfrentado diversos problemas frente à elevada competitividade com as grandes corporações e com outros países como China, Alemanha, França e Portugal. Como metodologia o artigo está baseado em leituras de livros, teses e artigos que tratam do tema, assim como em dados que foram coletados em órgãos com IBGE, CNAE, ALICEWEB e RAIS.
UM ESTUDO SOBRE O COMPORTAMENTO DA PRODUTIVIDADE INDUSTRIAL DO TRABALHO NAS REGIÕES DO BRASIL NO PERÍODO DE 1996 A 2010
Authors: Galeano Edileuza Vital , Wanderley Lívio Andrade
Published: February 2015

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um estudo empírico sobre o comportamento da produtividade industrial do trabalho nas regiões do Brasil no período de 1996 a 2010 por grupos de intensidade tecnológica. Foi utilizado o método shift-share. Os resultados apresentados indicaram que nos grupos de setores que apresentaram taxas de crescimento positivas foram as vantagens competitivas inerentes a cada região que explicaram, em sua maioria, o crescimento da produtividade do trabalho. Houve predominância de setores absorvedores de tecnologia em detrimento dos setores geradores de spillovers tecnológicos. O crescimento da produtividade do trabalho na indústria extrativa apresentou tendência de crescimento enquanto a indústria de transformação apresentou tendência de queda, evidenciando uma estagnação da produtividade do trabalho a nível nacional. Há evidências de um processo de reprimarização das atividades industriais através da especialização em commodities.
Ambiente Urbano: Risco, Vulnerabilidade E Cognição Dos Usuários De Áreas Verdes Públicas De Aracaju (SE)
Authors: Gois Douglas Vieira , Luiz Guimarães de Figueiredo Miguel , Melo e Souza Rosemeri
Published: February 2015

A luz da teoria dos riscos e vulnerabilidade ambiental, o presente estudo objetiva realizar uma análise sobre a percepção dos usuários das áreas verdes públicas de Aracaju acerca das consequências advindas da irregular distribuição da arborização urbana nesta cidade. Buscou-se abordar a cognição da população como um fator fundamental para legitimação, ou não, das práticas governamentais concernentes as políticas de arborização no espaço urbano aracajuano. Ademais, salienta-se o ato cognitivo como processo fundamental para a tomada de decisão frente aos riscos e vulnerabilidades associados ao ambiente urbano.
Distribuição da população no litoral de Linhares-ES
Authors: Gonçalves Felipe Pinto
Published: February 2015

O trabalho analisa as modalidades atuais de distribuição da população estabelecida nos distritos litorâneos do município de Linhares-ES. Por meio da análise de ortofotos e com o auxílio de observações de campo e de consultas a dados estatísticos, são identificadas, caracterizadas e delimitadas as formas de organização das habitações e as zonas de distribuição da população. Observa-se que a maior parte da população está localizada na fachada litorânea dos distritos costeiros, estabelecendo-se, predominantemente, de forma concentrada em vilas e aglomerados urbanos e rurais.
CULTURA VISUAL: AS POTENCIALIDADES DA IMAGEM NA FORMAÇÃO DO IMAGINÁRIO ESPACIAL DO MUNDO CONTEMPORÂNEO / Visual culture: the potentialities of image in the formation of imaginary space of the contemporary world
Authors: De Azevedo Ana Francisca
Published: February 2015

O artigo derivou da conferência de abertura do III Colóquio Internacional “A Educação pelas imagens e suas geografias”,proferida pela autora. Apresenta questões sobre como as imagens contemporâneas integram a organização da nossaexperiência no mundo, intensificando a noção de cultura visual como parte integrante de uma máquina biopolítica, quese articula e se aperfeiçoa na modernidade, tendo as noções de espaço absoluto e de tempo linear como fundamentosde um regime de visualidade. Discute a tensão instaurada entre as excessivas codificações das imagens e as possibilidadesde geografias mais do que humanas. Pontua discussões sobre o caráter das imagens na geografia a partir de umafotografia de Michael Nasch (1946), apontando elementos de problematização e potencialização.
MANIFESTAÇÕES OU SETE ATOS E UM DESATINO / Manifestations or seven acts and one folly
Authors: Guilherme Bandeira de Araújo Frederico , Ferreira Praça Heitor Levy Ferreira Praça , Schvarsberg Gabriel , Santos Natália Veloso
Published: February 2015

A temática que inspirou esse escrito foi o conjunto de manifestações de rua ocorridas no Brasil em julho de 2013. Asmanifestações foram inicialmente articuladas por questões de mobilidade urbana, mas depois ganharam imensa complexidade.A pluralidade de vozes e atravessamentos, e a impossibilidade de uma linguagem única a dar existência à complexidadedas manifestações é o que constitui a matéria-prima para este texto que provoca a pensar nas generalizaçõese limitações que as linguagens existentes nos impõem para falar do espacial. O texto foi produzido coletivamente ouagenciado por membros do Grupo de Pesquisa Modernidade e Cultura do Instituto de Pesquisa e Planejamento Urbanoe Regional, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e foi apresentado, de modo performático, na mesa redonda “Nasmargens da Geografia maior: imaginação, estranhamento e performance”, no III Colóquio Internacional “A Educaçãopelas imagens e suas geografias”.
(RE)APRESENTAÇÕES CARTOGRÁFICAS DO ESPAÇO MUNICIPAL: MAPAS ARTÍSTICOS EM DERIVA DA CARTOGRAFIA ESCOLAR / Cartographic (re)presentations of local space: artistic maps adrift from School Cartography
Authors: Expedito Cassio , Seemann Jörn
Published: February 2015

Partindo da importância de relacionar no ensino o conteúdo com a paisagem que se observa, queremos aqui propor umareflexão através do uso de mapas mentais para a percepção da paisagem vivida do aluno. Essa alegação será defendidaatravés de um estudo de caso realizado nas escolas públicas do município de Barbalha, no Sul do Ceará. Baseando-senas reflexões de Deleuze e Guattari, queremos expor que o mapa não é um decalque ilustrativo na aula, mas é múltiplo,singular, rizomático. Deste modo, almejamos desvendar essas geografias não visíveis no livro didático que são geografiaspessoais com suas paisagens impregnadas de crenças, ideologias e sentimentos que se tem do local.
IMAGINAÇÃO PENSANTE: A CIDADE DE SÃO PAULO E SUAS GEOGRAFIAS / Thinking imagination: the city of São Paulo and its geographies
Authors: Macedo Suianni
Published: February 2015

Neste artigo as imagens produzidas pelo artista Faco Hamburguer, que utiliza projeções videográficas através de bolhasde sabão, são tomadas como ponto de partida para pensar em outras visualidades possíveis para a cidade de São Paulo.Tais imagens re-existem ao modo padrão de apresentação de paisagens dos grandes centros urbanos e, portanto,criam outras geografias, geografias menores, apontando para outras espacialidades possíveis. Cada imagem cria outrosdevires do espaço, espaços pensáveis, pois é no momento em que a imagem põe em desvio o que era habitual que oespaço devém o inesperado. As discussões sobre imagem, imaginação e pensamento são delineadas e defende-se umaeducação estética em que o que se pensa é o ato de ver e não o objeto visto.
CARTOGRAFANDO MORADAS DE RUA: MAPAS PRELIMINARES DE UMA CIDADE QUE NÃO SE VÊ / Cartographing street homes: preliminary maps of a city that is not seen
Authors: Schulze Carolina , Hoepers Preve Ana Maria
Published: February 2015

O texto apresenta os movimentos de uma pesquisa em educação e geografia que se apóia na noção de mapas e decartografias intensivas para experimentar, mais uma vez, a variação das linhas cartesianas que atribuem aos mapas aqualidade de verdade do território representado. As primeiras aprendizagens sobre a construção de moradias, sobrecomo se inventa um lugar para si na cidade conhecida, coloca em movimento também a noção de múltiplas cidadesque toda cidade comporta, de moradias que tecem uma cidade que não se vê. Os mapas produzidos e apresentados notexto experimentam e exprimem, tal qual os moradores de rua, variações e mobilidades. Suas linhas tem densidade,são feitas de vida.
Arbitraire du langage et traduction: de l'interprétation du texte à la médiation de l'autre
Authors: Alberto Bramati
Published: February 2015

This article, structured in three parts, intends to highlight the close relationship between the arbitrariness of language and interlingual translation. In the first part, the complex idea of arbitrariness of language is defined. In the second part, it is pointed out that the arbitrariness of language implies, for a traducteur-de-la-lettre, four questions corresponding to four levels of analysis of the source text (lexicon, grammar, rhetoric, rhythm-prosody). In the third part, through some examples taken from the Italian translation of Anne Garréta’s French novel Sphinx, it is shown that the solutions to these four problems depend both on the genre to which the source text belongs, and on its specific linguistic features: translating means interpreting the source text, in order to achieve the best suitable solution for the target text. Through his own interpretation, the translator acts as a mediator for the readers.
Mediazione e stampa cinese in lingua inglese
Authors: Bettina Mottura
Published: February 2015

In light of contemporary Chinese political discourse on the function and role of the media in the relationship between the Chinese Communist Party and public opinion, this study will describe a few relevant characteristics of the Chinese media system, with a special focus on the daily press published in English. It will show that political ties in which news production is embedded in China influence content and language even when the information is ostensibly targeted at an international public. Finally, it will discuss some examples derived from Xinhua News Agency reports on an important anti-corruption case in order to trace the cultural mediation strategies enacted by the journalists to adapt the texts to an international public. The attempt to conform to the tastes and needs of the global public opinion without betraying the country’s political specificity could be interpreted as the result of journalists’ effort to strengthen Chinese discourse power, offering a broader range of publications and giving increasing attention to internationalisation, while promoting a positive representation of China worldwide.
An intimate view of a spliceosome component
Authors: Nilsen Timothy W
Published: February 2015

A high-resolution structure reveals how the ribonucleoprotein particle called U1 snRNP engages with 5′ splice sites.
Climate forcing of unprecedented intense‐hurricane activity in the last 2000 years
Authors: Donnelly Jeffrey P. , Hawkes Andrea D. , Lane Philip , MacDonald Dana , Shuman Bryan N. , Toomey Michael R. , van Hengstum Peter J. , Woodruff Jonathan D.
Published: February 2015

How climate controls hurricane variability has critical implications for society is not well understood. In part, our understanding is hampered by the short and incomplete observational hurricane record. Here we present a synthesis of intense‐hurricane activity from the western North Atlantic over the past two millennia, which is supported by a new, exceptionally well‐resolved record from Salt Pond, Massachusetts (USA). At Salt Pond, three coarse grained event beds deposited in the historical interval are consistent with severe hurricanes in 1991 (Bob), 1675, and 1635 C.E., and provide modern analogs for 32 other prehistoric event beds. Two intervals of heightened frequency of event bed deposition between 1400 and 1675 C.E. (10 events) and 150 and 1150 C.E. (23 events), represent the local expression of coherent regional patterns in intense‐hurricane–induced event beds. Our synthesis indicates that much of the western North Atlantic appears to have been active between 250 and 1150 C.E., with high levels of activity persisting in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico until 1400 C.E. This interval was one with relatively warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the main development region (MDR). A shift in activity to the North American east coast occurred ca. 1400 C.E., with more frequent severe hurricane strikes recorded from The Bahamas to New England between 1400 and 1675 C.E. A warm SST anomaly along the western North Atlantic, rather than within the MDR, likely contributed to the later active interval being restricted to the east coast.
Anthropogenic influence on the changing likelihood of an exceptionally warm summer in Texas, 2011
Authors: Rupp David E. , Li Sihan , Massey Neil , Sparrow Sarah N. , Mote Philip W. , Allen Myles
Published: February 2015

The impact of anthropogenic forcing on the probability of high mean summer temperatures being exceeded in Texas in the year 2011 was investigated using an atmospheric circulation model to simulate large ensembles of the world with 2011 level forcing and 5 “counterfactual” worlds under preindustrial forcing. In Texas, drought is a strong control on summer temperature, so an increased frequency in large precipitation deficits and/or soil moisture deficits that may result from anthropogenic forcing could magnify the regional footprint of global warming. However, no simulated increase in the frequency of large precipitation deficits, or of soil moisture deficits, was detected from preindustrial to year 2011 conditions. Despite the lack of enhancement to warming via these potential changes in the hydrological cycle, the likelihood of a given unusually high summer temperature being exceeded was simulated to be about 10 times greater due to anthropogenic emissions.
Accelerated deforestation in the humid tropics from the 1990s to the 2000s
Authors: Kim Do‐Hyung , Sexton Joseph O. , Townshend John R.
Published: February 2015

Using a consistent, 20 year series of high‐ (30 m) resolution, satellite‐based maps of forest cover, we estimate forest area and its changes from 1990 to 2010 in 34 tropical countries that account for the majority of the global area of humid tropical forests. Our estimates indicate a 62% acceleration in net deforestation in the humid tropics from the 1990s to the 2000s, contradicting a 25% reduction reported by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Forest Resource Assessment. Net loss of forest cover peaked from 2000 to 2005. Gross gains accelerated slowly and uniformly between 1990–2000, 2000–2005, and 2005–2010. However, the gains were overwhelmed by gross losses, which peaked from 2000 to 2005 and decelerated afterward. The acceleration of humid tropical deforestation we report contradicts the assertion that losses decelerated from the 1990s to the 2000s.
Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere
Authors: Vollmer Martin K. , Rhee Tae Siek , Rigby Matt , Hofstetter Doris , Hill Matthias , Schoenenberger Fabian , Reimann Stefan
Published: February 2015

Modern halogenated inhalation anesthetics undergo little metabolization during clinical application and evaporate almost completely to the atmosphere. Based on their first measurements in a range of environments, from urban areas to the pristine Antarctic environment, we detect a rapid accumulation and ubiquitous presence of isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane in the global atmosphere. Over the past decade, their abundances in the atmosphere have increased to global mean mole fractions in 2014 of 0.097ppt, 0.30ppt, and 0.13ppt (parts per trillion, 10−12, in dry air), respectively. Emissions of these long‐lived greenhouse gases inferred from the observations suggest a global combined release to the atmosphere of 3.1 ± 0.6 million t CO2 equivalent in 2014 of which ≈80% stems from desflurane. We also report on halothane, a previously widely used anesthetic. Its global mean mole fraction has declined to 9.2ppq (parts per quadrillion, 10−15) by 2014. However, the inferred present usage is still 280 ±120t yr−1.
An optimum solar wind coupling function for the AL index
Authors: McPherron Robert L. , Hsu Tung‐Shin , Chu Xiangning
Published: February 2015

We define a coupling function as a product of solar wind factors that partially linearizes the relation between it and a magnetic index. We consider functions that are a product of factors of solar wind speed V, density N, transverse magnetic field B⊥, and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle θc each raised to a different power. The index is the auroral lower (AL index) which monitors the strength of the westward electrojet. Solar wind data 1995–2014 provide hour averages of the factors needed to calculate optimum exponents. Nonlinear inversion determines both the exponents and linear prediction filters of short data segments. The averages of all exponents are taken as optimum exponents and for V, N, B⊥, and sin(θc/2) are [1.92, 0.10, 0.79, 3.67] with errors in the second decimal. Hourly values from 1966 to 2014 are used next to calculate the optimum function (opn) and the functions VBs (eys), epsilon (eps), and universal coupling function (ucf). A yearlong window is advanced by 27 days calculating linear prediction filters for the four functions. The functions eps, eys, ucf, and opn, respectively, predict 43.7, 61.2, 65.6, and 68.3% of AL variance. The opn function is 2.74% better than ucf with a confidence interval 2.60–2.86%. Coupling strength defined as the sum of filter weights (nT/mV/m) is virtually identical for all functions and varies systematically with the solar cycle being strongest (188 nT/mV/m) at solar minimum and weakest (104) at solar maximum. Saturation of the polar cap potential approaching solar maximum may explain the variation.
Long‐term determination of energetic electron precipitation into the atmosphere from AARDDVARK subionospheric VLF observations
Authors: Neal Jason J. , Rodger Craig J. , Clilverd Mark A. , Thomson Neil R. , Raita Tero , Ulich Thomas
Published: February 2015

We analyze observations of subionospherically propagating very low frequency (VLF) radio waves to determine outer radiation belt energetic electron precipitation (EEP) flux magnitudes. The radio wave receiver in Sodankylä, Finland (Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory) observes signals from the transmitter with call sign NAA (Cutler, Maine). The receiver is part of the Antarctic‐Arctic Radiation‐belt Dynamic Deposition VLF Atmospheric Research Konsortia (AARDDVARK). We use a near‐continuous data set spanning November 2004 until December 2013 to determine the long time period EEP variations. We determine quiet day curves over the entire period and use these to identify propagation disturbances caused by EEP. Long Wave Propagation Code radio wave propagation modeling is used to estimate the precipitating electron flux magnitudes from the observed amplitude disturbances, allowing for solar cycle changes in the ambient D region and dynamic variations in the EEP energy spectra. Our method performs well during the summer months when the daylit ionosphere is most stable but fails during the winter. From the summer observations, we have obtained 693 days worth of hourly EEP flux magnitudes over the 2004–2013 period. These AARDDVARK‐based fluxes agree well with independent satellite precipitation measurements during high‐intensity events. However, our method of EEP detection is 10–50 times more sensitive to low flux levels than the satellite measurements. Our EEP variations also show good agreement with the variation in lower band chorus wave powers, providing some confidence that chorus is the primary driver for the outer belt precipitation we are monitoring.
Low‐latitude scintillation weakening during sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: de Paula E. R. , Jonah O. F. , Moraes A. O. , Kherani E. A. , Fejer B. G. , Abdu M. A. , Muella M. T. A. H. , Batista I. S. , Dutra S. L. G. , Paes R. R.
Published: February 2015

Global Positioning System (GPS) L1‐frequency (1.575 GHz) amplitude scintillations at São José dos Campos (23.1°S, 45.8°W, dip latitude 17.3°S), located under the southern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly, are analyzed during the Northern Hemisphere winter sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events of 2001/2002, 2002/2003, and 2012/2013. The events occurred during a period when moderate to strong scintillations are normally observed in the Brazilian longitude sector. The selected SSW events were of moderate and major categories and under low Kp conditions. The most important result of the current study is the long‐lasting (many weeks) weakening of scintillation amplitudes at this low‐latitude station, compared to their pre‐SSW periods. Ionosonde‐derived evening vertical plasma drifts and meridional neutral wind effects inferred from total electron content measurements are consistent with the observed weakening of GPS scintillations during these SSW events. This work provides strong evidence of SSW effects on ionospheric scintillations and the potential consequences of such SSW events on Global Navigation Satellite System‐based applications.
Spreading of Levantine Intermediate Waters by submesoscale coherent vortices in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea as observed with gliders
Authors: Bosse Anthony , Testor Pierre , Mortier Laurent , Prieur Louis , Taillandier Vincent , d'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Coppola Laurent
Published: February 2015

Since 2007, gliders have been regularly deployed in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, a crucial region regarding the thermohaline circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. It revealed for the first time very warm (+0.4∘C) and saline (+0.1) submesoscale anticyclones at intermediate depth characterized by a small radius (∼5 km), high Rossby (∼0.3), and Burger (∼0.7) numbers. They are likely order of 10 to be formed each year, have a life time order a year and certainly contribute significantly to the spreading of the Levantine Intermediate Waters (LIW) toward the whole subbasin, thus potentially impacting wintertime vertical mixing through hydrographical and dynamical preconditioning. They could be mainly formed by the combined action of turbulent mixing and flow detachment of the northward flow of LIW at the northwestern headland of Sardinia. Upwelling conditions along the western coast of Sardinia associated with a southward geostrophic flow within the upper layers seem to play a key role in their formation process.