bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trauma Societies and their Characteristics
Authors: Toshchenko Zhan T.
Published: March 2020

The development of civilization at the present stage faced with a phenomenon that is still poorly studied and little known, which we call trauma society. The fact is that meaningful, prominent and significant events are taking place in the world, which cannot be defined and qualified in the previous terms – evolution and revolution, which describe and reflect the current changes. At present, there are 53 States that, according to the world Bank, have been or are in a state of chaotic, unbalanced and turbulent development for a long period of time. Countries that are stagnating in their development for a long time or are in a state of recession and are losing previously achieved milestones are considered to be trauma societies. Special attention is paid to Russia, which, according to the author, can be attributed to traumatizes societies, since in its development, having rejected the socialist past, it did not reach the boundaries from which it began its journey. At the same time, the transformations that have been taking place for more than a quarter of a century form a mosaic in which it is difficult/impossible to distinguish between evolutionary and revolutionary trends. In this regard, an analysis of the obstacles that have not been overcome for the implementation of a truly democratic, effectively functioning society is given. The analysis of the state of trauma societies carried out in the scientific and expert community, based on the practice of successfully developing countries, allows us to determine ways out of the state of traumatized society.
„Więc naprzód pies poczciwy kundel, który nas nigdy nie opuścił…” Wątki kynologiczne w wybranych wierszach polskich poetów XX w.
Authors: Jęcz Jadwiga
Published: March 2020

„First of all, there is, and always will be, our good old mongrel...” Dog motifs in chosen Polish poems from the 20th centuryThe aim of this paper is to discuss the motif of the dog occurring in the twentieth century Polish poetry. This will entail two research outlooks: 1. the dog as the author of alyrical monologue, per­ceiving the world from an animal’s point of view Monologue of a dog ensnared in history by Szymborska and A dog’s dream by Gałczyński; 2. the dog as the source of interest for the subject of a poem First of all, the dog by Herbert, Dogs by Baczyński, and Stroking a dog by Pawlikowska-Jasnorzew­ska. The paper serves the role of an introductory article, touching upon the most important issues, foundations and literary devices used in depicting the dog motif in the above-mentioned poems.
Książka popularnonaukowa dla dzieci i młodzieży w oczach krytyków — rekonesans badawczy
Authors: Wandel Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

POPULAR SCIENCE BOOK FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS IN THE EYES OF CRITICS — A RESEARCH RECONNAISSANCEThe aim of the article is to determine the position of popular science books for children and young people in Polish literary criticism and book studies, and to specify the terminology used by scholars. Opinions about such books have been formulated by theorists and practitioners of children’s books since the 19th century, with the criteria of their assessment changing in accordance with the current literary fashions and trends in pedagogy. Critics’ interest in such works was strong until the end of the 19th century, when books for children were expected mainly to serve utilitarian purposes. The phenomenon intensified especially in the era of positivism; among the most enthusiastic advocates of popular science books were Adolf Dygasiński and the co-editor of Bluszcz Maria Ilnicka. The stature of popular science books is also evidenced by the fact that their titles often appeared in recommended bibliographies at the time. A later change in the perception of the tasks of literature for the youngest readers diminished the critics’ interest in such works. In addition, there was a growing rift between literary criticism and pedagogical-library criticism. In communist Poland the perception of popular science books was also affected by the promotion of works not suited to the expectations and needs of the readers. Today, the stature of popular science books rises with their market success and innovative projects in the area. That is why there are numerous reviews of such works in professional journals Guliwer, Nowe Książki, Świat Książki Dziecięcej etc. and websites Mądre książki, 10 książek: na start do nauki etc. as well as studies devoted to the history and evolution in the content and editorial form of such publications, and their usefulness in the teaching and self-education of young readers.
Pozostałości księgozbioru prymasa Stanisława Karnkowskiego w Archiwum Archidiecezjalnym w Gnieźnie
Authors: Bartoszak Michał
Published: March 2020

POZOSTAŁOŚCI KSIĘGOZBIORU PRYMASA STANISŁAWA KARNKOWSKIEGO W ARCHIWUM ARCHIDIECEZJALNYM W GNIEŹNIEKsięgozbiór prymasa Stanisława Karnkowskiego jako przedmiot badań naukowych. Analiza fragmentu jego księgozbioru znajdującego się w Archiwum Archidiecezjalnym w Gnieźnie pod kątem tematyki, proweniencji i opraw. Nieznane lub niereprodukowane warianty wykorzystywanych superekslibrisów. THE REMAINS OF PRIMATE STANISŁAW KARNKOWSKI’S BOOK COLLECTION IN THE ARCHDIOCESAN ARCHIVES IN GNIEZNOThe book collection amassed by Primate Stanisław Karnkowski and regarded as one of the wealthiest Polish libraries in the late 16th and early 17th century comprised 322 books, according to Stanisław Rybandt’s estimates from 1992. 22 more books from the second interrex’s collection were found during a search conducted in the Archdiocesan Archives in Gniezno in 2012–2017.A thematical analysis of the books, which points to the primate’s interest in legal and theological literature, is complemented in the second part of the article by a presentation of the types of ownership marks as well as a discussion of binding-related questions. The author pays particular attention to unknown or never reproduced variants of the supralibros used in the books.
Z problemów urzędowej rejestracji druków w II Rzeczypospolitej: egzemplarz obowiązkowy, bibliografia narodowa, statystyka wydawnicza
Authors: Sadowska Jadwiga
Published: March 2020

Z PROBLEMÓW URZĘDOWEJ REJESTRACJI DRUKÓW W II RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ: EGZEMPLARZ OBOWIĄZKOWY, BIBLIOGRAFIA NARODOWA, STATYSTYKA WYDAWNICZARejestracja polskiej produkcji wydawniczej przed 1918 rokiem. Prawo o egzemplarzu obowiązkowym dla bibliotek 1919, 1927, 1932. Od „Biuletynu Bibliograficznego” i „Przewodnika Bibliograficznego” do „Urzędowego Wykazu Druków”.PROBLEMS OF THE STATE PRINTS REGISTRATION IN POLAND 1918–1939: LEGAL DEPOSIT, NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY, PUBLISHING STATISTICSThe author of the article analyses the history of official state registration of prints in Poland in 1919–1939. The main problem was to correlate the collecting of legal deposits as well as compile the current national bibliography and credible state publishing statistics. A signifi cant difficulty involved in compiling official book records was caused by the fact that had been no National Library before 1928. The article draws on the writings of bibliographers from the period Stefan Vrtel-Wierczyński, Jan Muszkowski, Władysław Tadeusz Wisłocki, Eustachy Gaberle, Jadwiga Dąbrowska, Helena Hleb-Koszańska. The author’s starting point is an analysis of legal deposit regulations issued three times: in 1919, 1927 and in 1932. According to the first regulations, legal deposits were to be given to university libraries in Kraków, Warsaw, Lviv, Lublin as well as the Public Library in Warsaw and the library of the Society of Friends of Sciences in Poznań. The main problem was that the regulations covered only part of the country formerly annexed by Russia and there was no specialist bibliographic institution Bibliographic Institute. Under the 1927 regulations, legal deposits were to be sent to the National Library, additionaly all journals were to be sent to the Ossolineum Library in Lviv. One legal deposit was also granted to five regional university libraries Warsaw, Vilnius, Lviv, Poznań, Kraków and two public libraries Warsaw, Toruń.Thus the legal deposit regulations were extended across the country. Under the 1932 regulations, legal deposits were to be given to the National Library, university libraries Jagiellonian Library, Warsaw University Library, Lviv University Library, Poznań University Library and Library of the Silesian Parliament later Silesian Library in Katowice, City Public Library in Toruń as well as the Wróblewski Library in Vilnius today Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. The main problem in that period was the collecting of legal deposits.
Operatywna wykładnia prawa w warunkach multicentryzmu
Authors: Kotowski Artur
Published: March 2020

THE OPERATIONAL STATUTORY INTERPRETATION IN THE CONTEXT OF POLYCENTRICISMThe paper analyses the notion of “polycentricism” of a legal system from the operational statutory interpretation perspective at two levels of discourse: the scientific one pertaining to the existing theories of statutory interpretation and the adaptive one pertaining to the statutory interpretation performed in the course of law application processes in the judicial domain. An argument is put forward that it is obvious that to a certain degree, statements formulated in particular circumstances within a framework of a theory of statutory interpretation are transferred to operational statutory interpretation practice. As a result, it is possible to analyse the degree of conformity between operational statutory interpretation and polycentric assumptions on two different planes, i. e. the degree to which the dominant contemporary theories of statutory interpretation take the assumptions of legal system’s “polycentricism” into account, and the degree to which if any these assumptions are subject to adaptation to influences from the statutory interpretation as performed in the course of law application processes in the judicial domain operativeness.
O eksplanacyjnych możliwościach kulturowego ujęcia systemowości prawa
Authors: Barankiewicz Tomasz
Published: March 2020

ON THE EXPLANATORY POSSIBILITIES OF CULTURAL APPROACH TO SYSTEMIC CHARACTER OF LAWThe article discusses the issue of cultural understanding of the law. Generally in this study we describe the condition of society of the period of late modernity. First of all, we assume that, on the one hand, law is a certain system of norms founded traditionally according to the principle of non-contradiction, whereas on the other hand, the constituted law cannot be isolated from other regulators of social life. The law is a complex phenomenon and can be analyzed at many levels. However, using the social and cultural argument, the principle of non-contradiction refers to the whole axiological and normative system of a given culture. The cultural approach applied here points to both the diversity as well as the unity of cultural patterns and rules in social life.
Rola terenowej administracji publicznej w zapobieganiu sytuacjom kryzysowym
Authors: Pakuła Andrzej
Published: March 2020

THE ROLE OF LOCAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN PREVENTING CRISIS SITUATIONSCrisis management is a specific area of public safety protection. Competent authorities in this area include on the one hand, Council of Ministers and on the other, territorial local authorities belonging both to local administration voivodes and local government district governors and municipal executive officers/town mayors/city presidents. The territorial local authorities play a critical role here as they are a specific structure set up for crisis management.
Tarcza Prywatności UE–USA po kolizji w „bezpiecznej przystani”. Zakres ochrony prywatności po wyroku w sprawie C-362/14 Schrems
Authors: Majkowska-Szulc Sylwia
Published: March 2020

EU–U.S. PRIVACY SHIELD AFTER A COLLISION IN THE “SAFE HARBOUR”. THE SCOPE OF PRIVACY PROTECTION AFTER THE JUDGEMENT IN THE C-362/14 SCHREMS CASETransfer of personal data is an essential element of the transatlantic trade relationship, because the EU and the United States are for each other the most important trading partners. Data transfers increasingly form an integral part of their commercial exchanges. The Court of Justice of the European Union ruling of 6 October 2015 in case C-362/14 Schrems reaffirmed the importance of the fundamental right to the protection of personal data, as enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, including the situation when such data are transferred outside the EU. In the wake of the hereinabove judgement the transatlantic data transfer has been regulated anew. European Commission has launched EU-U.S. Privacy Shield in order to ensure stronger protection for transatlantic data flows. This article aims to analyse the importance and results of the above-mentioned judgement.
Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej wobec zjawiska „turystyki socjalnej”
Authors: Cieśliński Aleksander
Published: March 2020

THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND “SOCIAL TOURISM”The idea of social citizenship in the European Union as a brand new stage of the integration process following well established market citizenship used to be very popular and tempting, especially for Euro-enthusiasts. Taking into account at the same time how important social rights turn out to be for modern state and citizenship it should not be a surprise that such development would be a solid basis for the concept of the more advanced and human-oriented Union. For the decades since the Maastricht Treaty the evolution of the case-law of the Court of Justice has seemed to prove that direction. Unfortunately, due to the worldwide crisis as well as new EU accessions covering rather less developed countries, political climate has changed in recent years and particularly EU migrating citizens’ claims for social benefits are rather considered a threat and part of so called “social tourism” that needs to be explained. As it turned out the CJEU case-law has also been modified and here the most famous example is the Dano case.The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the most important changes brought by this ruling and subsequent ones until the present day and their wider implications. What is particularly interesting is the restoration of practical meaning of the limitations and conditions for legal residence and social assistance stemming from Directive 2004/38 that seemed to be almost omitted in previous case-law in the name of respecting the general citizenship guarantees and non-discrimination principle. There should also be no doubt that  his principle shall not be treated as unlimited for all EU citizens who find themselves in the same situation, as Member States are again entitled to differentiate them more rigorously basing on such criteria as the level of integration with its society and the market. Another important aspect that has been modified refers to a less individual approach to every claimant for social benefits which was criticized due to serious administrative burden for national authorities and the way it became rationalized also seems to be quite interesting.
Zainteresowany w postępowaniu w sprawach z zakresu ubezpieczeń społecznych — założenia konstrukcyjne na tle ogólnych założeń postępowania cywilnego
Authors: Rylski Piotr
Published: March 2020

INTERESTED PERSON INCASES WITHIN THE SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL INSURANCE — CONSTRUCTIONAL PRINCIPLES AGAINST THE GENERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDUREIn the special proceedings in cases within the subject matter and scope of social insurance as aparty to proceedings is also treated the interested person. According to Polish Code of Civil Proicedure interested person is aperson whose rights and obligations are affected by the outcome of acase. If the interested person does not participate in acase, the court shall notify them of the proceedings. The interested person may join the case within two weeks as of serving the notice. This regulation is very similar to the “principle of multilateral participation of interested persons” adopt­ed in non-contentious proceedings. This article aims to provide ageneral overview at the concept and notion of principle of multilateral participation in the special proceedings in cases within the subject matter and scope of social insurance. This special proceedings, although is apart of conten­tious proceedings, was not based on the two — party principle, traditionally present in the trial. As it seems this is aresult of subject matter relationships which are recognized in these proceedings. The author emphasises that this is one of the most important premises of introducing so called principle of multilateral participation to different trial-mode proceedings.
Sędzia jako osoba sprawująca „wymiar sprawiedliwości”
Authors: Tkacz Sławomir
Published: March 2020

JUDGE AS JUSTICEThe subject of discussion is the question of the activities of judges in the judicial sphere, which is called justice. It has been established that the use of the concept of justice involves the need to determine what form of justice is taken into account by the courts in the adjudication process. In the course of the study it was also the issue of the independence and impartiality of judges. The study also covered the problem of easy and difficult interpretation cases. Attention was also paid to the justification of the judgments, in particular the sincerity of the judge giving the written justification of the judgment. Lastly, attention was paid to the current dangers facing the judges regarding the verdict. The paper close the conclusions arising from the study.
Osoba bezdomna jako element społecznego otoczenia administracji publicznej
Authors: Cendrowicz Dominika
Published: March 2020

HOMELESS PERSON AS PART OF SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONHomelessness is a large problem nowadays. People who are homeless are faced with many social disadvantages which are very difficult for them. They don’t have any place of permanent resi­dence, they lose relationships with their families and they don’t have jobs. For these reasons the aim of this article is to describe impact of homeless people on changes in the structure of local self-government administration responsible for providing them shelter in the light of provisions of the act of September 5, 2016 amending the Act of March 12, 2004 on Social Assistance. Any amendment in law which regulates the structure of entities responsible for providing homeless shelter or standards of their services, should take into consideration any legal and non-legal consequence which it can cause. However, it is hard to predict all consequences, especially these negative, which amendments in law can cause.
Prakseologiczna interpretacja zjawiska administracji publicznej z perspektywy relatywizmu granic organizacji
Authors: Korczak Jerzy
Published: March 2020

PRAXSEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE PHENOMENON OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF RELATIVISM BOUNDARIES OF ORGANIZATIONAn approach to public administration presented in the article is based on the assumption of the immediacy of applying research methods in the area of organization and management for the description and analysis of the composition and functioning of institutions included in the public administration. The article takes into account the consequences of the system’s transformation in Poland from the early 1990s as aresult of which the public administration was rebuilt by replacing the previous model of the state administration corresponding to the objectives of the socialist state’s political system, ahighly bloated multi-sector organizational system, which makes for considering the participation of members of particular administrative institutions at different degrees of their organization concurrently and in parallel. The result of this study leads to the conclusion that public administration institutions have relative boundaries of their organisational separation and thus the same people can simultaneously participate in anumber of institutions belonging to the core, the external circle and the environment while at the same within the same institution there can come to such parallel multiplicity of participation. Examples of government administration and local government institutions have been presented to illustrate these claims.
Hipoteka polska a hypothèque prowincji Quebec. Porównanie z perspektywy prawa prywatnego międzynarodowego
Authors: Tomczak Tomasz
Published: March 2020

A PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE POLISH ‘HIPOTEKA’ AND QUEBEC’S ‘HYPOTHEQUE’Polish hipoteka and Quebec’s hypotheque constitute security rights which are commonly used in their legal systems to secure contractual obligations of various type. Both have been extensively elaborated in legal doctrine and case-law; although mainly from the perspective of the national substantive and procedural law. In times of increased human and capital mobility, more and more conflicts concerning legal issues regarding these institutions may arise. Therefore, this article focuses on the private international law perspective and refer to the substantive law of Poland and Quebec only in scope necessary for private international analysis. It shows how institutions such as hipoteka or hypotheque shall be treated by the Polish or Quebec courts in cases having a foreign element and what conflict of laws problem may arise in reference to them.
Podmioty odpowiedzialności pracodawczej w stosunkach prawa pracy
Authors: Tomanek Artur
Published: March 2020

ENTITIES OF EMPLOYER’S RESPONSIBILITY IN EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSThis text is focused on the issue of an employer treated as a subject of the responsibility in labour law relations. The labour law doctrine shows that the responsibility of an employer for an infringement of its obligations may be analysed in a wide sense which is not limited to the responsibility of an employer as defi ned in article 3 of Polish Labour Code. The other legal or natural persons which bear responsibility with an employer or instead of it must be taken into account. To this aim the author reviews the responsibility of some legal and natural persons: a leading partner of a company acting as an employer, the Guaranteed Workers’ Benefi ts Fund and a legal person in the context of obligations of its organizational unit which is an employer according to article 3 of Polish Labour Code. Above-mentioned situations are of a heterogeneous nature. Therefore it is impossible to apply to them the unifi ed rules of legal evaluation. In some cases it may be stated that a named subject bears responsibility which is characteristic for the employer’s party of labour relations e.g. a legal person which answers for the obligations of its organizational unit being an employer. In other cases we deal with a type of responsibility which comes beyond the scope of the notion of employer’s party responsibility but this does not mean that it should not be a subject of a discussion on the notion of responsibility in labour law.
Holding jako pracodawca? Problemy indywidualnego prawa pracy w grupie spółek
Authors: Raczkowski Michał
Published: March 2020

HOLDING AS AN EMPLOYER. DILEMMAS OF INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW IN A GROUP OF COMPANIESThe growing role of groups of companies in modern economy challenges traditional concepts of an employer. Since a holding de lege lata may not be treated as an employer, we need to fi nd other solutions for problems arising in multi-entity structures. Existing regulations, with direct or indirect support of art. 8 of the Labour Code, allow to minimize some aspects of abuse of legal personality, such as multiple employment and unfair restructuring. They allow to treat various activities of diff erent members of the group as if they were activities of the sole employer.
Minirefleksje nad maksikwestiami, czyli o aksjologicznych aspektach praworządności
Authors: Szadok-Bratuń Aleksandra
Published: March 2020

MINI REFLECTIONS ON MAXI ISSUES — ABOUT AXIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE LAW AND ORDERThe first part of the draft aims at presenting the law and order as a philosophical construct with regard to dichotomous divisions. The scope of the discourse has been reduced to two planes, also referred to as problems. The first, understanding the designations of opposition of such terms as eunomy — isonomy. The second, selective presentation of the opposing types of the law and order in the key of conceptual correlation: the law and order — legality, the subjective law and order — the objective law and order, the formal law and order — the material law and order.The second part of the study is an attempt to understand the law and order in the optics of the axiological and legal binomial. Analogically to the first part of the publication, the methodological symmetry was maintained. The analyzes were made in two cognitive areas. The first is the definition of the material law and order understood in an inclusive way, including the attributes of the law and order. The second one is an attempt to select the principles-values from which the epicurean therapeutical tetrapharmacon should be composed in relation to the law and order.
Nadużycie pozycji dominującej przez wykonywanie praw własności intelektualnej w prawie konkurencji Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Maziarz Aleksander
Published: March 2020

ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION IN RELATION TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN EU COMPETITION LAWThe exercise of intellectual property rights may be contrary to the competition law. The role of first mentioned law is to protect the interests of their owners from unauthorized use by competitors, which naturally leads to the creation form of monopoly. Competition law is aimed at countering monopolies and thereby responding to the restriction of competition, which may also be a result of exercise of intellectual property rights. The publication analyses in what way such rights can abuse dominant position. In particular it will focus on such practices as refusing to grant a license, denying access to a key device or abusing collective management of intellectual property rights. The publication will try to determine conditions which qualify exercise of intellectual property rights as abuse of dominant position.
Nowe procedury publicznego prawa gospodarczego. Problem gwarancji procesowych dla podmiotów działalności gospodarczej
Authors: Popowska Bożena
Published: March 2020

NEW PROCEDURES OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC LAW. THE PROBLEM OF PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES FOR BUSINESS ENTITIESThe basic subject of research within the article are new procedures, regulated by the provisions of public economic law, and the main purpose of the article is to determine their legal nature, with reference to the general administrative procedure. The procedures used in the sphere of the economy that regulate relations between public administration and entrepreneurs are very different. Some of them are based on the model of jurisdictional proceedings, regulated by the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure. Ther should also be distinguished proceedings whose main function is the implementation of specifi c public interests — these proceedings do not constitute a uniform category, and the relations between the public administration entity and the entrepreneur are regulated in different ways.
Kilka uwag o podstawach prawnych ograniczeń dostępu do broni palnej w Polsce
Authors: Mikowski Rafał
Published: March 2020

A FEW REMARKS ON THE LEGAL GROUNDS FOR RESTRICTION OF ACCESS TO FIREARMS IN POLANDThe paper outlines the legal grounds for access to firearms in Poland, taking into account the current trends related to the government’s obligation to provide security to citizens. The article includes an analysis of both the constitutional principles and the applicable legislation in force, along with secondary legislation Regulations, is aimed at the clarification of the importance of the restrictions being introduced by the legislature in this field. The preventive and conservative approach of the legislature towards the expectations of some circles of stakeholders justifies the statement that the admission of firearms to be marketed is a strictly regulated exception to the principle of restricting access to firearms, which significantly contributes to the increased sense of security among citizens, especially in the light of current developments in the world.
Refugees and migrants as a subject of rights according to international law and organizations
Authors: Słapczyński Tomasz
Published: March 2020

UCHODŹCY I MIGRANCI JAKO PODMIOTY PRAWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGOPraca podejmuje próbę ukazania problemu uchodźców i osób migrujących, jako ważny aspekt prawa międzynarodowego, który wpływa na sytuację społeczną, polityczną i ekonomiczną państw. Może to generować zyski i straty dla państw uczestniczących w procesie na różnych płaszczyznach. Razem z imigracją rosną wydatki związane z procesem administracyjnym, ale rośnie także potencjalny kapitał ludzki. Zależy to od polityki państwa — czy potrafi wykorzystać zaistniały potencjał i czy jest to możliwe ze względu na kulturę lub wykształcenie. Czasami zobowiązanie wynikające z prawa międzynarodowego nie wystarcza, aby przekonać społeczeństwo, że przyjmowanie uchodźców jest słuszne. Migracja między państwami jest niejako naturalnym procesem. Jest ona generowana przez różne czynniki. Prawo międzynarodowe pozwala je uporządkować i sklasyfikować tak, aby jednostki, które we własnym kraju napotykają poważne problemy, mogły spróbować żyć gdzie indziej.
Prawo do zasiłku macierzyńskiego po ustaniu ubezpieczenia chorobowego — wybrane zagadnienia
Authors: Stopka Karolina
Published: March 2020

MATERNITY ALLOWANCE AFTER THE EXPIRY OF ILLNESS INSURANCE — SELECTED ISSUESThe study analyzed the regulation of maternity allowance after the expiry of illness insurance contained in Article 30 of the Act on Cash Benefits from Social Insurance in Case of Illness and Motherhood. This analysis was carried out in terms of the grounds justifying insurance coverage after the expiry of the insurance, the type of events covered by the protection as well as the circumstances conditioning the use of it. When assessing the circumstances determining the right to the allowance, the provisions of the Labour Code determining the rights of employees in relation to parenthood and in the case of an unlawful termination of the employment contract by the employer were referred to. The study also referred to the construction of the allowance and formulated de lege ferenda postulates.
Inspekcja pracy na ziemiach polskich pod zaborami w latach 1915–1918. Rys historyczny
Authors: Kozłowski Tomasz
Published: March 2020

POLISH LABOUR INSPECTORATE UNDER THE PARTITIONS IN THE YEARS 1915–1918. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEIn the first weeks of Polish independence, the Interim Order, which was published in the Journal of Law on 13 January 1919, entered into force and introduced the labour inspectorate and its area of activity. Documents found by the author at the Warsaw Archives show that the inspectors had already begun control activities in the invaded Warsaw at the turn of 1915. They operated as part of the Labour Inspectorate of the Warsaw Citizens’ Committee. Their activity and the developed procedures allowed for the Interim Order to come into force within weeks of Poland regaining independence.
Najwyższa Rada Sądownictwa w Portugalii
Authors: Żukowski Łukasz
Published: March 2020

HIGH COUNCIL FOR THE JUDICIARY IN PORTUGALThe study discusses the political position, composition, organisation and competence of the High Council for the Judiciary in Portugal. It is an office clearly supported by the constitution Articles 215 and 217, demonstrating the features of the southern European model of the functioning of judicial councils in Europe. Although judges do not formally have a majority in the High Council for the Judiciary, they can in practice obtain it when making specific decisions. However, in this aspect, the solutions adopted in Portugal do not follow the recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. They are also critically assessed in reports of other institutions e.g. GRECO.
Rada Sądownicza w systemie organów konstytucyjnych Republiki Słowackiej
Authors: Bujňáková Mária , Krunková Alena , Grabowska Sabina
Published: March 2020

THE JUDICIAL COUNCIL IN THE SYSTEMOF CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLICThe study analyses the political position, composition, organisation and competence of the Judicial Council in Slovakia. It is a constitutional body Article 141a guarding the independence of the institution responsible for the selection and promotion of judges. The inclusion of the Judicial Council in the seventh chapter of the Constitution was to emphasise its independence from the legislative and executive powers. The purpose of the text is to introduce the principles of functioning of the institution and the evolution of its inclusion in the legal system of Slovakia.
Najwyższa Rada Sprawiedliwości Ukrainy
Authors: Eckhardt Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

UKRAINE — SUPREME COUNCIL OF JUSTICEIn 2016, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended in the area of the judiciary. This amendment contained a thorough reorganisation of the body competent in matters related to disciplinary proceedings against judges and entitled to submit candidates for judges to the President. This amendment implemented most of the recommendations formulated by the institutions of the Council of Europe regarding the composition and operating principles of this body. The study presents the genesis, composition, competences, principles and practice of the functioning of the Supreme Council of Justice in Ukraine.
Rada Główna Władzy Sądowniczej w Hiszpanii
Authors: Glejt-Uziębło Paulina , Uziębło Piotr
Published: March 2020

THE GENERAL COUNCIL OF THE JUDICIARY IN SPAINIn this article, the authors focus on showing the normative structure of the General Council of the Judiciary as a specific body aimed at protecting the independence of the courts and the independence of the judiciary. In the content of the article they analyse the principles of creation of this body, its internal organisation and competences. The main purpose of this analysis is to answer the question of whether Spanish solutions can be an inspiration to other states that want to properly protect the above values. However, the conclusions are not positive. A very narrow constitutional regulation, and thus granting of significant freedom for the legislator in shaping the General Council, causes basic weaknesses related to the functioning of a kind of “government” of judges.
Rada sądownictwa w Holandii
Authors: Bień-Kacała Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

THE COUNCIL FOR THE JUDICIARY IN THE NETHERLANDSThe paper presents the Dutch Council for the Judiciary. The Dutch Council for the Judiciary is a body with a relatively short tradition. It began operating on 1 January 2002. The Council for the Judiciary is seen as a link between the Minister of Justice and the courts. It was created to ensure separation in the relations between these bodies.The matters of judicial administration should be dealt with by the judiciary itself. The author describes the position and competences of the Council.
Intonacja w litewskim języku mówionym: właściwości ekspresji ogólnej i indywidualnej
Authors: Kundrotas Gintautas
Published: March 2020

Intonation in Lithuanian speech: Peculiarities of individual expressionThe subject and emotional contents of an utterance are expressed by the arsenal of all sound-intonation means of alanguage as well as by other elements lexical-grammatical of the language system, which are synchronically combined in aspeech act. The intonation of any speech has universal functions, which are inherent to other languages, and also specific functions and expressive means, characteristic of that particular language and its phonetic expression. When compared to other languages, the general functions and expressive means of intonation of any particular speech are determined by the grammatical structure and peculiarities of the language; the specifics of intonation depend on the individual possibilities of interlocutors to select and use appropriate expressive means of sounds and intonations, which would formulate and convey the contents of the utterance in the most precise and suggestive way. The work analyzes different variants of individual intonation expression of spoken texts that are characterized by different emotional and stylistic colouring. Интонация в литовской звучащей речи:специфика выбора общих и индивидуальных интонационно-звуковых средствС целью передачи содержания высказывания смыслового и эмоционального используется арсенал всех имеющихся интонационнo-звуковых средств языка, а также экспрессивные возможности других лексико-грамматических элементов языковой системы, которые могут быть синхронно задействованны во время акта речи. Среди функций, присущих интонации в каждом языке, следует выделить универсальные, свойственные идругим языкам, а также специфические фонетические средства экспрессии, встречающиеся только в отдельных языках. В любом языке общие функции интонации и ее экспрессивные возможности, в сравнении с другими языками, обусловлены особенностью собственной грамматической структуры; специфические способы выражения интонации в каждом отдельно взятом языке зависят от самых участников акта речи, которые ивыбирают соответственные интонационно-звуковые экспрессивные средства, способные максимально четко, убедительно и суггестивно передать содержание высказывания. Статья анализирует варианты реализации индивидуальной интонации в различных эмоционально и стилистически маркированных текстах устной речи.
Культурная специфика в русском языке — типы, явления, восприятие
Authors: Scheller-Boltz Dennis
Published: March 2020

Culture-specific phenomena in Russian language — types, phenomena, perceptionWhen discussing culture-specific phenomena, most scholars typically refer to realia and lexical units of all kinds. This article, however, demonstrates that this focus is too narrow and that it is advisable to widen the range in the study of culture-specific phenomena. Such phenomena can be found in various areas, including semantics, morphology, and word formation. Moreover, norms concerning language usage can be shaped by cultural factors.Specyfika kulturowa w języku rosyjskim — typy, zjawiska, postrzeganieSpecyfika kulturowa ujmuje ogólnie prawdziwe, typowe określenia realiów, czyli leksemy określające wszelkie obiekty różnego rodzaju, które istnieją tylko w jednej kulturze. W niniejszym artykule udało się udowodnić, że specyfikę kulturową należy rozumieć o wiele szerzej, bo dotyczy ona różnych płaszczyzn, więc inne zjawiska językowe wykazują również kulturowo specyficzne zaznaczenie. Z tego powodu należałoby pożegnać się z dawnym wyobrażeniem o wąskim pojęciu specyfiki kulturowej, a na jego miejsce wprowadzić szersze rozumienie, aby móc przedstawiać jej całą różnorodność.W artykule pokazano, że specyfika kulturowa może dotyczyć też asocjacji niektórych jednostek leksykalnych. Poza tym występuje ona na płaszczyźnie morfologicznej, a także słowotwórczej. Ponadto specyfikę kulturową można zaobserwować w uzusie językowym i może ona dotyczyć norm językowych. Słowniki bardzo rzadko przekazują niezbędne informacje wskazujące na specyfikę kulturową, w szczególności dane pragmatyczne. Brak takich ilustrujących informacji pozwala wyciągnąć wniosek, że słowniki nie dają użytkownikom ani orientacji co do kontekstu i specyfiki jednostek językowych, ani nie pomagają w używaniu jednostek językowych.
Місце українських сакронімів у національній онімійній системі
Authors: Beley Oleh
Published: March 2020

The role of Ukrainian sacronyms in the national onymic systemThe article is devoted to the role of Ukrainian sacronyms in the national onymic system of Ukrainian language. The author proved that the possibility of a thorough analysis of Ukrainian sacronyms appeared only after the fall of the atheistic Soviet Union. The author divides Ukrainian sacronyms into the most representative groups.Miejsce ukraińskich sakronimów w narodowym systemie nazw własnych Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie związane z funkcjonowaniem sakronimów w płaszczyźnie współczesnego systemu proprialnego języka ukraińskiego. Autor również przytacza krótki przegląd czynników natury pozajęzykowej i między innymi podkreśla, iż podobne zagadnienie onomastyczne w językoznawstwie ukraińskim zostaje poruszone dopiero w okresie po rozpadzie ateistycznego ZSRR. Na podstawie współczesnych ukraińskich sakronimów autor wyodrębnia oraz szczegółowo opisuje najbardziej reprezentatywne grupy onimiczne.
Праведная и грешная старость в творчестве Всеволода Соловьева
Authors: Nikolski Jewgienij
Published: March 2020

Righteous and sinful senility in the worksby Vsevolod SolovyovThe article analyzes the perception of old age in the works by Vsevolod Solovyov, it is noted that in the interpretation of the age is of a polar nature. The writer divides the elderly sinful and righteous. Last by their virtuous lives overcome the weakness of age and actively help others. So he showed his Christian life-affirming attitude. Тhe writer managed to escape from the temptation to translate their works only in the illustration of Christian tenets.Sprawiedliwa i grzeszna starość w twórczości Wsiewołoda SołowjowaW artykule analizie poddano wizje starości obecne w prozie Wsiewołoda Sołowjowa 1849–1903, zwracając uwagę na ich dwojaki charakter. Pisarz wyraźnie dzieli starców na grzeszników i sprawiedliwych. Ci ostatni, dzięki swemu cnotliwemu życiu, pokonują słabości wieku i aktywnie pomagają bliźnim. To charakterystyczna dla twórczości Sołowjowa postawa chrześcijańskiej afirmacji życia, przy czym rosyjskiemu beletryście udało się uciec od pokusy traktowania swoich dzieł wyłącznie jako ilustracji chrześcijańskich przykazań.
Отношение к собственной старости в дневниках Ивана Бунина
Authors: Kryłow Wiaczesław
Published: March 2020

The attitude to his own senility in the private diary of Ivan BuninIn the article on the material of the Bunin’s diary the writer’s attitude to his own age is considered. The author’s reflection on the phenomenon of aging is investigated through the prism of the unity immanent to Bunin of an acute sense of the death of the strongest thirst for life. This duality in the worldview of Bunin determines the nature of his prose and his thoughts in a diary. Along with his diary are used his correspondence, his poetry and fiction associated with self documentary discourse. The article reveals the dynamics and evolution of the perception his own age by Bunin.Ставлення до власної старости в щоденниках И.О.  БунiнаУ статті на матеріалі щоденникових записів І.О. Буніна розглядається ставлення письменника до власної старості. Авторська рефлексія з приводу феномена старості досліджується крізь призму властивого Бунінуз’єднання в його світовідчуттіг острого почуття смерті з найсильнішою жагою до життя. Така подвійність у світогляді Буніна визначає характер його художньої прози і роздумів у щоденнику. Поряд з щоденниковими записами залучається листування Буніна, а також його вірші і художня проза, пов’язана з автодокументальним дискурсом. У статті виявлена динаміка і еволюціяві дношення Буніна до власної старості.
Oblicza starości w opowiadaniach Aleksandra Kuprina
Authors: Bielniak Nel
Published: March 2020

The nature of old age in Aleksandr Kuprin’s short storiesAleksandr Kuprin, writing at the turn of the twentieth century, joins the old age discourse of his time. Old age or maturity in Kuprin’s works has different faces kind-hearted, wise, respected, embittered, rejected, lonely, etc. and is presented in various contexts: cultural, social, economic. From old age inspirations the writer creates both pictures and naturalistic reflexions descriptions of anatomical and physiological changes, and metaphysical passing, asking about the meaning of life. Additionally, Kuprin depicts the antinomy: early days — old age, compares advanced age to childhood and analyzes the symptoms of not only somatic but also mental old age.Лики старости в рассказах Александра КупринаАлександр Куприн, творивший на рубеже XIX и XX веков, включается в тогдашний дискурс старости. Старость или зрелость принимает в его творчестве разные облики добрая, умная, почтенная, озлобленная, отвергнутая, одинокая и т.д. и изображается им в разных контекстах: культурном, общественном и экономическом. Она вдохновляет писателя как на создание натуралистических образов изображение анатомических и физиологических изменений, так и наталкивает на метафизические размышления ход времени, смысл жизни. Кроме того, прозаик рассматривает антиномию: молодость–старость, сопоставляет преклонный возраст с детством, подвергает анализу симптомы как физической, так и духовной старости.
Тема старости в романе Гайто Газданова „Ночные дороги”
Authors: Giej Maria
Published: March 2020

A theme of old age in the novel Night Roads  by Gaito Gazdanov In his literary works, Gaito Gazdanov — arepresentative of ayounger generation of the first wave of Russian émigré writers — has made frequent references to the theme of old age. Very often he analyzed the old age in the context of the meaning of life and death. His novel “Night Roads” is essential in this respect as the theme of old age and the attitude thereto is presented against the backdrop of the experiences of an owner of acafe, aprostitute Raldi and an elderly cab driver. The protagonists possess specific individual traits precisely described by the narrator. The theme of old age provides, first and foremost, an opportunity to discuss the meaning of life and death, to present the dichotomy between limitations, senselessness of human existence, on the one hand, and experiencing the beauty of nature, music etc., on the other. This provides an opportunity to recollect the past, notably the young age. This resembles ahymn to life. The story starts with adescription of alife of an elderly woman on awheelchair and finishes with adescription of anewborn infant: this way the young new life supersedes the old, and life goes on as before.Temat starości w powieści Gajto Gazdanowa Nocne drogiDo tematu starości niejednokrotnie zwracał się w swojej twórczości przedstawiciel młodszego pokolenia pierwszej fali emigracji rosyjskiej, Gajto Gazdanow, najczęściej rozpatrując starość w kontekście sensu życia i śmierci. Ważna w tym zakresie jest powieść Nocne drogi, w której temat starości i stosunek do niej zostały zrealizowane głównie w historii właścicielki kawiarni, historii prostytutki Raldi, staruszka-kierowcy itd. Wszyscy bohaterowie mają cechy indywidualne, precyzyjnie uchwycone i wyrażone przez narratora.Temat starości dla Gazdanowa to przede wszystkim możliwość rozważania o sensie życia i śmierci, pokazania kontrastu pomiędzy ograniczonością, bezsensem istnienia i przeżywaniem w tym życiu piękna przyrody, muzyki, możliwość powrotu we wspomnieniach do minionej epoki, do młodości. Jest to swego rodzaju hymn życia. Powieść zaczyna się od opisu staruszki na wózku inwalidzkim, znajdującej się na granicy życia i śmierci, a kończy narodzinami dziecka: starość stare ustępuje miejsce młodemu nowemu, a życie trwa dalej.