bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal and Child Health Situation in South East Asia
Authors: Bhandari Tulsi Ram
Published: October 2013

Attaining maternal and child health goals remains a challenge to the world. There is need to collect and manage reliable information on maternal and child health for resource generation and proper allocation. This is useful for assessing progress towards the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. This paper aims to assess the maternal and child health status in South East Asia Region.Literature search from PubMed, Medline, Lancet, WHO and Google web pages published from 2000 to 2012 was the method adopted for review. All the related references were cited and organized by using referencing software Endnote.Out of the South East Asian countries Thailand, South Korea, Sri-Lanka and Maldives have better maternal child health indicators. South Korea, Sri-Lanka and Maldives follow Thailand in almost indicators. Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, and East Timor have poor indicators and are at the bottom of the group.In the South East Asia, there is wide divergence in socio-economic and health status among the countries. More than one-third of maternal and child deaths of global mortality occurs in this region. Many countries in this region are unlikely to achieve the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 even if maternal child health is made the priority agenda of all the countries. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 5-10 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8825
Relationship of Biosocial Factors and Hemoglobin Genotype with Age of Menarche among School Girls in Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Adebara IO , Ijaiya Munir'deen A
Published: October 2013

Aims: Menarche is an important milestone that signals the commencement of the reproductive life of the growing girl-child. The objectives of the study was to determine the age of menarche among the school girls, the relationship between age of menarche and anthropometric measurements, haemoglobin genotype, sporting activities and age of menarche of respondents’ mothers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among selected secondary school students in Ilorin, Nigeria, between September 2008 and April 2009. Multistage and systematic random sampling techniques were used for subjects’ selection. Results: The mean menarcheal age of the respondents was 13.21 ± 1.29years while their mothers’ mean menarcheal age was 14.39± 1.82 years. Girls whose mothers have high level of education and of high social class attained menarche earlier than their other colleagues. The girls’ height, weight and body mass index had no significant influence on the age of menarche. The mean menarcheal age of girls with haemoglobin AA (13.25years) was lower than those with haemoglobin AS (13.79years) and haemoglobin SS (14.17years). The socioeconomic class was however, the only index that was significant on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Girls are attaining reproductive capacity at a younger age and socioeconomic class was the most important variable that had relationship with age of menarche. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 19-24 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8828
Successful use of Single dose of Methotrexate for the treatment of Unruptured Ectopic Pregnancy at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Rawal Suniti
Published: October 2013

Ectopic pregnancy continues to be one of the most common gynecologic emergencies. The incidence of ectopic pregnancies which are diagnosed much earlier with the help of advanced tools is in the increasing trend, probably due to extensive use of assisted reproductive technologies and increased pelvic infections. A total of 36 ectopic pregnancies were managed from April 2007- March 2008 among which 33 were ruptured ectopics with haemoperitoneum, treated surgically by emergency laparotomy and salpingectomy. Three unruptured cases were treated with single dose of intramuscular methotrexate followed by serum ß hCG measurement. Transvaginal sonography reassured that medical management of unruptured ectopic pregnancies with systemic single dose of methotrexate was successful with few side effects and a cost effective alternative to traditional surgical management for unruptured ectopic pregnancies. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 45-49 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8836
Spontaneous Ipsilateral Ectopic Pregnancy in the Tubal Stump of Previous Partial Salpingectomy
Authors: Cooper Sian
Published: October 2013

We present an unusual case of recurrent ectopic pregnancy in the tubal stump of a previous partial salpingectomy. The patient presented with the classic triad of amenorrhoea, per vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain paired with a void uterus on ultrasonography. Her history was notable for a previous ectopic pregnancy resulting in a laparotomy and salpingectomy-oophrectomy. A positive B-hCG and echogeneic areas in the right adnexa led to a diagnosis of recurrent ectopic pregnancy. On laparotomy, an ectopic pregnancy was found in the right tubal stump. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 50-52 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8837
Placenta Accreta: Obstetrician's Nightmare; A Case Series of Seven Patients
Authors: Choudhary Deepti , Nigam A , Yadav R , Choudhary S , Raghunandan C
Published: October 2013

The incidence of placenta accreta is increasing as a consequence of rising number of cesarean sections and advancing maternal age. A series of seven cases of placenta accreta observed in a short span of four months is being presented. Complication rates in the present series are post partum hemorrhage and major transfusion support (100%), peripartum hysterectomy (100%), ICU admission in four (57%), fever (14%) and bladder injury in one case (14%). Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 56-58 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8839
Changing Trends in Emergency Contraception
Authors: Roy J , Chakraborty Somajita
Published: October 2013

Emergency contraception is defined as the use of drugs or devices to prevent pregnancy after unprotected coitus. It is sometimes referred to as ‘morning after’ or postcoital contraception. Global rates of unintended pregnancy are alarming and would suggest that knowledge of, and access to, emergency contraception is an area that needs to be developed1. Emergency contraception has been called the best-kept contraceptive secret. Emergency contraception provides a safe and effective means of postcoital contraception and has been estimated to prevent at least 75% of expected pregnancy resulting from unprotected intercourse. Previous research shows that several regimens of postcoital contraception offer safe and effective ways for women to avoid pregnancy. Yet the methods are often unavailable to women in developing countries. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 59-63 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8840
Lamotrigine Induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome in Pregnancy
Authors: Goel P , Isher H , Saha Pradip Kumar , Tendon R , Devi L , Dhami GP
Published: October 2013

Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 7 / No. 1 / Issue 13 / Jan- June, 2012 / 68-70 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v7i1.8843
Post Abortion Choice and Acceptance of Contraception
Authors: Shrestha Ashis , Sharma P
Published: October 2013

Aims: This study was conducted to find out choice and acceptance of contraceptives in clients coming for first trimester abortion. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study carried out from the records of clients who received comprehensive abortion care service in first trimester at Kasthamandap health care centre from June 2008 to June 2010. Results: Total 707 clients came for abortion who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Contraceptive acceptance was 49.5%. Most frequently used contraceptives were injectable (depot medroxyprogesterone) 22.8%, oral contraceptive pills 19.6%, condom 6.1%, intra-uterine contraceptive device 0.8% and norplant 0.3%. Conclusions: This study showed a low acceptance rate of contraception. This suggests the need for reviewing the policy of post abortion contraception. The study also highlighted that depot provera was the most accepted contraception. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 14-17 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8854
Spontaneous Bilateral Simultaneous Tubal Pregnancy
Authors: Vyas Neetha M , Manjeera L , Shetty D , Rai S
Published: October 2013

Bilateral tubal pregnancy in absence of ovulation induction represents the rarest form of ectopic pregnancies. Among the variant of twin ectopic pregnancy, heterotopic or twin pregnancy in the same tube is higher compared to that of bilateral tubal pregnancy. Till date around 250 cases of simultaneous bilateral tubal pregnancy have been detected and many occur following assisted reproductive treatment. Preoperative diagnosis is uncommon. It is usually detected intraoperatively and so necessitates careful examination of both the adnexa. We report a case where in one tube showed ruptured tubal pregnancy and in the other tube, a mass was noticed which was suspected to be a hydrosalphnix or a pyosalphinx. Since patient had already consented for tubectomy, a bilateral salphingectomy was done. Histopathology showed bilateral tubal pregnancy. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 41-42 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8863
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix
Authors: Singh S , Batra Ashima , Dua S , Duhan A
Published: October 2013

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix is a rare condition. It is a rare variant of adenocarcinoma and is mostly seen in postmenopausal women. Here we report a case of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of uterine cervix. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 43-45 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8864
Acute Uterine Inversion: Case Series from Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital
Authors: Upadhyaya Indira , Chaudhary P
Published: October 2013

Acute puerperial uterine inversion is a rare life threatening obstetric emergency, in which the uterine fundus collapses into and out of the uterine cavity. Although precise cause is unknown, it is postulated to be caused by the mismanagement of the third stage of labour. The duration of time elapsed from moment of diagnosis to that of correction, along with rapid resuscitation measures are of utmost importance in its prognosis. Principle of treatment includes resuscitation followed by manual reduction of inversion uterus. Surgical procedure may be needed if reinversion is impossible. Reporting here are series of cases with acute inversion of uterus at third stage of labour followed by a short review of the literature. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 46-49 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8865
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura with Megaloblastic Anemia in Pregnancy
Authors: Berniwal Sri Devi , Sabzposh NA , Anjum S , Ziyauddin F , Pratap R
Published: October 2013

Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy can be physiological or pathological. Causes can be differentiated based on period of gestation of presentation, degree of thrombocytopenia, clinical features and associated secondary causes. Thus, determining the significance of thrombocytopenia in a pregnant patient depends on the accurate identification of its underlying cause. A 21 years old primigravida was admitted to our hospital with very severe anemia and developed petechia all over her body. Her lab studies showed severe thrombocytopenia which responded to oral prednisolone whereby a diagnosis of thrombocytopenia was established. However, her general blood picture also showed megaloblastic anemia for which patient was investigated and treated. The aim of this report is to present a case of immune thrombocytopenic pregnancy along with megaloblastic anemia with pregnancy, responsive to steroid with risks to mother and fetus, and their concomitant management. Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / Vol 8 / No. 1 / Issue 15 / Jan- June, 2013 / 56-58 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v8i1.8868
Some Thoughts on Multiple Sentences and the Totality Principle: Can We Get It Right?
Authors: Manson Allan
Published: October 2013

The problem of multiple offence sentencing is both common and perplexing. It has recently attracted the attention of several leading sentencing scholars, but a principled response still seems elusive. A totality approach ought not to undermine proportionality. Perhaps the answer will require different approaches for different categories of problems. High end offences, attracting long sentences, can be distinguished as one category. For this group, totality is the sentencing driver, not a limit. Restraint is the key. For non–high end offences, it is valuable to consider them in relation to higher levels of culpability to maintain both proportionality and restraint. Here, totality is a limit, not the driver.
European Surveillance for West Nile Virus in Mosquito Populations
Authors: Engler Olivier , Savini Giovanni , Papa Anna , Figuerola Jordi , Groschup Martin , Kampen Helge , Medlock Jolyon , Vaux Alexander , Wilson Anthony , Werner Doreen , Jöst Hanna , Goffredo Maria , Capelli Gioia , Federici Valentina , Tonolla Mauro , Patocchi Nicola , Flacio Eleonora , Portmann Jasmine , Rossi-Pedruzzi Anya , Mourelatos Spiros , Ruiz Santiago , Vázquez Ana , Calzolari Mattia , Bonilauri Paolo , Dottori Michele , Schaffner Francis , Mathis Alexander , Johnson Nicholas
Published: October 2013

A wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in Europe or through risk of introduction. Prominent among these is West Nile virus (WNV), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple outbreaks associated with human and equine mortality. Endemic outbreaks of West Nile fever have been reported in Italy, Greece, France, Romania, Hungary, Russia and Spain, with further spread expected. Most outbreaks in Western Europe have been due to infection with WNV Lineage 1. In Eastern Europe WNV Lineage 2 has been responsible for human and bird mortality, particularly in Greece, which has experienced extensive outbreaks over three consecutive years. Italy has experienced co-circulation with both virus lineages. The ability to manage this threat in a cost-effective way is dependent on early detection. Targeted surveillance for pathogens within mosquito populations offers the ability to detect viruses prior to their emergence in livestock, equine species or human populations. In addition, it can establish a baseline of mosquito-borne virus activity and allow monitoring of change to this over time. Early detection offers the opportunity to raise disease awareness, initiate vector control and preventative vaccination, now available for horses, and encourage personal protection against mosquito bites. This would have major benefits through financial savings and reduction in equid morbidity/mortality. However, effective surveillance that predicts virus outbreaks is challenged by a range of factors including limited resources, variation in mosquito capture rates (too few or too many), difficulties in mosquito identification, often reliant on specialist entomologists, and the sensitive, rapid detection of viruses in mosquito pools. Surveillance for WNV and other arboviruses within mosquito populations varies between European countries in the extent and focus of the surveillance. This study reviews the current status of WNV in mosquito populations across Europe and how this is informing our understanding of virus epidemiology. Key findings such as detection of virus, presence of vector species and invasive mosquito species are summarized, and some of the difficulties encountered when applying a cost-effective surveillance programme are highlighted.
Spatial Distribution of Underweight, Overweight and Obesity among Women and Children: Results from the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Turi Kedir , Christoph Mary , Grigsby-Toussaint Diana
Published: October 2013

While undernutrition and infectious diseases are still persistent in developing countries, overweight, obesity, and associated comorbidities have become more prevalent. Uganda, a developing sub-Saharan African country, is currently experiencing the public health paradox of undernutrition and overnutrition. We utilized the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to examine risk factors and hot spots for underweight, overweight, and obesity among adult females (N = 2,420) and their children (N = 1,099) using ordinary least squares and multinomial logit regression and the ArcGIS Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Overweight and obese women were significantly more likely to have overweight children, and overweight was correlated with being in the highest wealth class (OR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.99–4.35), and residing in an urban (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.34–2.29) but not a conflict prone (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29–0.78) area. Underweight clustered significantly in the Northern and Northeastern regions, while overweight females and children clustered in the Southeast. We demonstrate that the DHS can be used to assess geographic clustering and burden of disease, thereby allowing for targeted programs and policies. Further, we pinpoint specific regions and population groups in Uganda for targeted preventive measures and treatment to reduce the burden of overweight and chronic diseases in Uganda.
Acidosis Decreases c-Myc Oncogene Expression in Human Lymphoma Cells: A Role for the Proton-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptor TDAG8
Authors: Li Zhigang , Dong Lixue , Dean Eric , Yang Li
Published: October 2013

Acidosis is a biochemical hallmark of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report that acute acidosis decreases c-Myc oncogene expression in U937 human lymphoma cells. The level of c-Myc transcripts, but not mRNA or protein stability, contributes to c-Myc protein reduction under acidosis. The pH-sensing receptor TDAG8 (GPR65) is involved in acidosis-induced c-Myc downregulation. TDAG8 is expressed in U937 lymphoma cells, and the overexpression or knockdown of TDAG8 further decreases or partially rescues c-Myc expression, respectively. Acidic pH alone is insufficient to reduce c-Myc expression, as it does not decrease c-Myc in H1299 lung cancer cells expressing very low levels of pH-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Instead, c-Myc is slightly increased by acidosis in H1299 cells, but this increase is completely inhibited by ectopic overexpression of TDAG8. Interestingly, TDAG8 expression is decreased by more than 50% in human lymphoma samples in comparison to non-tumorous lymph nodes and spleens, suggesting a potential tumor suppressor function of TDAG8 in lymphoma. Collectively, our results identify a novel mechanism of c-Myc regulation by acidosis in the tumor microenvironment and indicate that modulation of TDAG8 and related pH-sensing receptor pathways may be exploited as a new approach to inhibit Myc expression.
Antifungal Activity of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf Oleoresin against Dermatophytes
Authors: Zimmermam-Franco Danielle , Bolutari Edilene , Polonini Hudson , Do Carmo Antônio , Das Graças A. M. Chaves Maria , Raposo Nádia
Published: October 2013

Dermatophytoses are mycoses that affect keratinized tissues in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of the oleoresin extracted from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. against the strains Microsporum canis ATCC 32903, Microsporum gypseum ATCC 14683, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 11481 and Trichophyton rubrum CCT 5507. The antimicrobial activity was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values. Ketoconazole and terbinafine were used as reference drugs. The copaiba oleoresin showed moderate fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes ATCC 11481 (MIC and MFC = 170 μg mL−1) and weak fungicidal activity against T. rubrum CCT 5507 (MIC = 1,360 μg mL−1 and MFC = 2,720 μg mL−1). There was no activity against M. canis ATCC 32903 and M. gypseum ATCC 14683. SEM analysis revealed physical damage and morphological alterations such as compression and hyphae clustering in the structure of the fungi exposed to the action of the oleoresin. The results stimulate the achievement of in vivo assays to confirm the benefits of the application of oleoresin extracted from copaiba in the treatment of dermatophytosis, both in humans and in animals.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent 8-Azapurine Ribosides Using a Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Reverse Reaction: Variable Ribosylation Sites
Authors: Stachelska-Wierzchowska Alicja , Wierzchowski Jacek , Wielgus-Kutrowska Beata , Mikleušević Goran
Published: October 2013

Various forms of purine-nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) were used as catalysts of enzymatic ribosylation of selected fluorescent 8-azapurines. It was found that the recombinant calf PNP catalyzes ribosylation of 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine in a phosphate-free medium, with ribose-1-phosphate as ribose donor, but the ribosylation site is predominantly N7 and N8, with the proportion of N8/N7 ribosylated products markedly dependent on the reaction conditions. Both products are fluorescent. Application of the E. coli PNP gave a mixture of N8 and N9-substituted ribosides. Fluorescence of the ribosylated 2,6-diamino-8-azapurine has been briefly characterized. The highest quantum yield, ~0.9, was obtained for N9-β-d-riboside (λmax 365 nm), while for N8-β-d-riboside, emitting at ~430 nm, the fluorescence quantum yield was found to be close to 0.4. Ribosylation of 8-azaguanine with calf PNP as a catalyst goes exclusively to N9. By contrast, the E. coli PNP ribosylates 8-azaGua predominantly at N9, with minor, but highly fluorescent products ribosylated at N8/N7.
Assessment of Family Planning Services at Community Pharmacies in San Diego, California
Authors: Rafie Sally , Kim Grace , Lau Lily , Tang Connie , Brown Colette , Maderas Nicole
Published: October 2013

Levonorgestrel emergency contraception and other contraceptive methods are available over-the-counter (OTC); however youth continue to face a number of barriers in accessing healthcare services, including lack of knowledge of the method, fear of loss of privacy, difficulties in finding a provider, and cost. A descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study of a sample of 112 community pharmacies in San Diego, California was conducted between December 2009 and January 2010 to assess community pharmacy practices related to the availability and accessibility of family planning health pharmacy services and products, particularly to youth. A majority (n = 79/112, 70.5%) of the pharmacies carried a wide selection of male condoms; however, the other OTC nonhormonal contraceptive products were either not available or available with limited selection. A majority of the pharmacies sold emergency contraception (n = 88/111, 78.6%). Most patient counseling areas consisted of either a public or a semi-private area. A majority of the pharmacy sites did not provide materials or services targeting youth. Significant gaps exist in providing family planning products and services in the majority of community pharmacies in San Diego, California. Education and outreach efforts are needed to promote provision of products and services, particularly to the adolescent population.
La douceur en médecine : les emplois médicaux de ἤπιος
Authors: Jouanna Jacques
Published: October 2013

Study of the use of the adjective ἥπιος in a medical context, from Homer (ἥπια φάρμακα) to the late imitations of the homeric expression (Clemens Alexandrinus and Theodoretus Cyrrhensis) through the archaic poetry (Solon) and the tragic poetry (Sophocles), the ionian prose of Herodotus and Hippocrates, and then the medical literature of the imperial period. The active meaning ('softening') referring to remedies in Homeric poems and in the archaic and tragic poetry has not been retained in the ionian prose of Herodotus and of the physicians, where the passive meaning ('soft') refers to the treatment in Herodotus (as opposed to a drastic therapy) and to some weakened forms of illness in Hippocrates. Rarely attested in the posthippocratic medicine, the adjective has the passive meaning of 'soft'. The active meaning is found only in late epic, as an homeric imitation (Quintus Smyrnaeus), while the passive meaning has predominated and is used even by some prose writers of the late period referring to the homeric expression. So the same expression ἥπια φάρμακα, which was in the beginning the symbol of an efficacious medicine softening the pains, becomes the symbol of a soft medicine as opposed to a bitter or violent medicine.
Estudio de la influencia del Cu y Ni en la cinética de transformación martensítica inducida por deformación en fundiciones nodulares austemperadas
Authors: Guzmán D. , Navea L. , Garín J. , Aguilar C. , Guzmán A.
Published: October 2013

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del cobre y níquel en la cinética de la transformación martensítica inducida por deformación en fundiciones nodulares austemperadas. Las fundiciones utilizadas se fabricaron mediante austemperado, a partir de dos fundiciones nodulares, con diferentes contenidos de cobre y níquel. La deformación se realizó en un laminador de rodillo. La cuantificación de las fases se realizó mediante difracción de rayos X, mientras que la caracterización microestructural se efectuó utilizando microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido. Se comprobó que la cinética de transformación martensítica inducida por deformación en fundiciones nodulares austemperadas puede ser modelada mediante los modelos de Olson-Cohen y Chang et al. Basándose en los resultados obtenidos de estos ajustes, se concluye que tanto el níquel como el cobre dificultan la transformación martensítica debido a que estos elementos aumentan la energía de falla de apilamiento de la austenita, además de aumentar su estabilidad termodinámica.
Investigaciones sobre la influencia del factor de forma y del rozamiento en procesos de compresión de piezas cilíndricas de aleación de aluminio AA 6082-T6 mediante técnicas numéricas y experimentales
Authors: Marín M. M. , Camacho A. M. , Bernal C. , Sebastián M. A.
Published: October 2013

La caracterización de los materiales bajo similares condiciones de carga a las que se tienen durante su fabricación permite abordar el estudio de Procesos de Conformado por Deformación Plástica a Compresión (PCDPC) desde un punto de vista más realista. La forja abierta de la aleación de aluminio AA 6082-T6 ha sido sometida a análisis, combinando técnicas experimentales y el Método de los Elementos Finitos (MEF). A través del modelo numérico se ha analizado la influencia de la geometría de la pieza en los efectos que el rozamiento provoca en variables típicas de estos procesos como las presiones aplicadas, presiones de contacto y tensiones y deformaciones en las piezas. Se ha demostrado que se debe elegir una geometría de pieza inicial con un factor de forma lo más elevado posible para minimizar el efecto del rozamiento. Estos resultados son de interés para disminuir la energía requerida en el proceso así como el desgaste de herramientas y podrían extrapolarse a procesos como la estampación.
Building Mobile Social Presence for U-Learning
Authors: Tu Chih-Hsiung , McIsaac Marina S. , Sujo-Montes Laura E. , Armfield Shadow
Published: October 2013

Mobile learning environments are human networks that afford learners the opportunity to participate in creative endeavors, social networking, organize and reorganize social contents, learner-created cognitive space, and manage social acts anytime and anywhere through mobile technologies. Social interaction with mobile technology is very different from Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) or Web 2.0 networking technologies. Effective mobile interaction focuses on social-context awareness by integrating location-based technology, which is unique to mobile technology, not easily found in other types of commuting. This chapter proposes a model for mobile social presence consisting of four dimensions: enriching social context-awareness, managing location-based communication, personalizing multi-layered interactivity, and optimizing digital and social identities. Under each dimension there are a few suggested strategies or tips to assist educators in integrating them into their mobile instructions to enhance the mobile-social presence of learners.
Recommending Academic Papers for Learning Based on Information Filtering Applied to Mobile Environments
Authors: Cazella Sílvio César , Barbosa Jorge Luiz Victória , Reategui Eliseo Berni , Behar Patricia Alejandra , Acosta Otavio Costa
Published: October 2013

Mobile learning is about increasing learners' capability to carry their own learning environment along with them. Recommender Systems are widely used nowadays, especially in e-commerce sites and mobile devices, for example, Amazon.com and Submarino.com. In this chapter, the authors propose the use of such systems in the area of education, specifically for the recommendation of learning objects in mobile devices. The advantage of using Recommender Systems in mobile devices is that it is an easy way to deliver recommendations to students. Based on this scenario, this chapter presents a model of a recommender system based on information filtering for mobile environments. The proposed model was implemented in a prototype aimed to recommend learning objects in mobile devices. The evaluation of the received recommendations was conducted using a Likert scale of 5 points. At the end of this chapter, some future works are described.
The Use of Ubiquitous Learning for Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Sujo-Montes Laura E. , Armfield Shadow W. J. , Yen Cherng-Jyh , Tu Chih-Hsiung
Published: October 2013

Ubiquitous computing is opening new opportunities for learning. Researchers and philosophers are still debating what learning theory best explains computer ubiquitous learning. Meanwhile, as it has happened many times throughout history, individuals with disabilities are not able to benefit from such advances until late in the adoption curve. This chapter discusses (a) several learning theories that have the potential to explain computer ubiquitous learning, (b) uses of computer ubiquitous learning for and by individuals with Down syndrome, and (c) a new emerging model for computer ubiquitous learning.
Combining Heterogeneity, Compositionality, and Automatic Generation in Formal Modelling
Authors: Marrone Stefano , Mazzocca Nicola , Nardone Roberto , Vittorini Valeria
Published: October 2013

Critical computer-based systems have an increasing complexity due to the number of components, to their heterogeneity, and to the relationships among them. Such systems must meet strict non-functional requirements and should be able to cope with competitive market needs. The adoption of formal methods is often advocated in order to provide formal proof, but their application does not scale with the growing size of systems. The aim of this chapter is to introduce a modelling and analysis methodology that allows the combination of three proven research trends in formal modelling of large systems: formal model generation (by means of model-driven techniques), multiformalism, and compositional approaches. In this chapter there is also a discussion about enabling techniques. The proposed approach has been applied to the performability modelling and evaluation of flexible manufacturing systems.
Towards a Multi-Formalism Multi-Solution Framework for Model-Driven Performance Engineering
Authors: Lladó Catalina M. , Bonet Pere , Smith Connie U.
Published: October 2013

Model-Driven Performance Engineering (MDPE) uses performance model interchange formats among multiple formalisms and tools to automate performance analysis. Model-to-Model (M2M) transformations convert system specifications into performance specifications and performance specifications to multiple performance model formalisms. Since a single tool is not good for everything, tools for different formalisms provide multiple solutions for evaluation and comparison. This chapter demonstrates transformations from the Performance Model Interchange Format (PMIF) into multiple formalisms: Queueing Network models solved with Java Modeling Tools (JMT), QNAP, and SPE·ED, and Petri Nets solved with PIPE2.
A Meta-Model-Based Approach to the Definition of the Analysis Results of Petri-Net Models
Authors: Bernardi Simona , Merseguer José
Published: October 2013

Multi-formalism modeling techniques enable the modeling and analysis of different aspects of a system. One of the main issues in the integration of multiple tools to support multi-formalisms is how to provide a common method to report the results of the analysis and how to interchange them between models, based on different formalisms, that often represent the system behavior at different granularity levels. In this chapter, the authors focus on the Petri Net formalism, and they present a preliminary work toward the definition of a common XML-based language for the specification of the results obtained from the analysis of Petri net models. The authors use a meta-model based approach, where first a structured set of meta-models representing the Petri net result concepts and their relationships are defined. Then, model transformation rules enable the mapping of meta-models to XML constructs.
A Petri Net-Based Tool for the Analysis of Generalized Continuous Time Bayesian Networks
Authors: Codetta-Raiteri Daniele , Portinale Luigi
Published: October 2013

A software tool for the analysis of Generalized Continuous Time Bayesian Networks (GCTBN) is presented. GCTGBN extend CTBN introducing in addition to continuous time-delayed variables, non-delayed or “immediate” variables. The tool is based on the conversion of a GCTBN model into a Generalized Stochastic Petri Net (GSPN), which is an actual mean to perform the inference (analysis) of the GCTBN. Both the inference tasks (prediction and smoothing) can be performed in this way. The architecture and the methodologies of the tool are presented. In particular, the conversion rules from GCTBN to GSPN are described, and the inference algorithms exploiting GSPN transient analysis are presented. A running example supports their description: a case study is modelled as a GCTBN and analyzed by means of the tool. The results are verified by modelling and analyzing the system as a Dynamic Bayesian Network, another form of Bayesian Network, assuming discrete time.
Security in Mobile Cloud Computing
Authors: Modares Hero , Lloret Jaime , Moravejosharieh Amirhossein , Salleh Rosli
Published: October 2013

Cloud computing is a new and promising technology that is transforming the paradigm of traditional Internet computing and probably the whole IT industry. Cloud computing is predicted to expand in the mobile environment leveraging on the rapid advances in wireless access technologies. These mobile applications are built around mobile cloud computing techniques and models. In the Mobile Cloud environment, users can remotely store their data as well as enjoy high quality on-demand cloud applications without the limitations of having to purchase and maintain their own local hardware and software. However, data security is still a major concern and is the main obstacle preventing cloud computing from being more widely adopted. This concern originates from the fact that sensitive data stored in the public clouds is managed by commercial service providers who might not be totally trustworthy. As such, there are several security and privacy issues that need to be addressed. This chapter gives an overview on the cloud computing concept followed by a description on mobile cloud computing and the different security issues pertinent to the mobile cloud computing environment.
QoS in the Mobile Cloud Computing Environment
Authors: Shi Zhefu , Beard Cory
Published: October 2013

Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) integrates cloud computing into the mobile environment and overcomes obstacles related to performance (e.g., bandwidth, throughput) and environment (e.g., heterogeneity, scalability, and availability). Quality of Service (QoS), such as end-to-end delay, packet loss ratio, etc., is vital for MCC applications. In this chapter, several important approaches for performance evaluation in MCC are introduced. These approaches, such as Markov Processes, Scheduling, and Game Theory, are the most popular methodologies in current research about performance evaluation in MCC. QoS is special in MCC compared to other environments. Important QoS problems with details in MCC and corresponding designs and solutions are explained. This chapter covers the most important research problems and current status related to performance evaluation and QoS in MCC.
Fuzzy Techniques for Improving Satisfaction in Economic Decisions
Authors: Calvo Clara , Ivorra Carlos , Liern Vicente
Published: October 2013

The authors use fuzzy set theory to improve classical decision-making problems by incorporating the inherent vagueness in decision-makers’ preferences into the model. They specifically study two representative models: the p-median problem and the portfolio selection problem. The first one is a location problem, which on the one hand fits many real world management situations and on the other hand is suitable for a theoretical analysis of the techniques. The version of the portfolio selection problem presented here is a harder problem, which allows the authors to show the scope of their methods. Some numerical examples are provided to illustrate how fuzzy optimal solutions improve classical ones. Finally, the authors present some results about how fuzzy solutions depend on the membership functions of fuzzy parameters.
Fuzzy Modeling for Manpower Scheduling
Authors: Mutingi Michael , Mbohwa Charles
Published: October 2013

Fuzzy theory is an important phenomenon in manpower scheduling, especially in the context where managerial and employee objectives are imprecise and, worst of all, conflicting. In such fuzzy environments, developing robust tools for addressing the fuzzy nature of the problem is imperative. Decision analysts concerned with staff scheduling need robust decision support tools to construct equitable work schedules spanning over a given planning horizon so as to meet organizational objectives, to meet customer requirements, and to satisfy worker preferences. This chapter presents a framework for fuzzy modeling for manpower scheduling based on fuzzy set-theoretic concepts. First, a background on fuzzy modeling approaches is provided, together with their solution methods. Second, key characteristic dimensions of the manpower scheduling problem are identified, leading to a taxonomic framework for classifying manpower scheduling problems. Third, a framework developing fuzzy models for manpower scheduling is derived from the taxonomy, the fuzzy modeling approaches, and the fuzzy solution approaches. The fuzzy models developed can be solved by any appropriate solvers or meta-heuristic methods.
Fuzzy Nonlinear Optimization Model to Improve Intermittent Demand Forecasting
Authors: Poler Raúl , Mula Josefa , Díaz-Madroñero Manuel , Jiménez Mariano
Published: October 2013

This chapter proposes a fuzzy nonlinear programming model for intermittent demand forecasting purposes. The authors formulated the Syntetos and Boylan (SB) forecasting method as a crisp nonlinear programming model. They also attempted to improve it with a new fuzzy nonlinear programming formulation. This fuzzy model is based on fuzzy decision variables, which represent fuzzy triangular numbers. The authors applied fuzzy arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtraction of fuzzy numbers, fuzzy decision variables. They carried out the defuzzification of the fuzzy decision variables through the possibilistic mean value of fuzzy numbers. Finally, the authors validated and tested it by comparing it with the deterministic nonlinear programming model that they adopted as the basis of this work. The computational studies show that fuzzy model performance is consistently better than the SB nonlinear programming model, especially when intermittency is high.
Improving the Performance of Neuro-Fuzzy Function Point Backfiring Model with Additional Environmental Factors
Authors: Wong Justin , Ho Danny , Capretz Luiz Fernando
Published: October 2013

Backfiring is a technique used for estimating the size of source code based on function points and programming. In this study, additional software environmental parameters such as Function Point count standard, development environment, problem domain, and size are applied to the Neuro-Fuzzy Function Point Backfiring (NFFPB) model. The neural network and fuzzy logic designs are introduced for both models. Both estimation models are compared against the same data source of software projects. It is found that the original NFFPB model outperforms the extended model. The results are investigated, and it is explained why the extended model performed worse.
Synthetic Population Techniques in Activity-Based Research
Authors: Cho Sungjin , Bellemans Tom , Creemers Lieve , Knapen Luk , Janssens Davy , Wets Geert
Published: October 2013

Activity-based approach, which aims to estimate an individual induced traffic demand derived from activities, has been applied for traffic demand forecast research. The activity-based approach normally uses two types of input data: daily activity-trip schedule and population data, as well as environment information. In general, it seems hard to use those data because of privacy protection and expense. Therefore, it is indispensable to find an alternative source to population data. A synthetic population technique provides a solution to this problem. Previous research has already developed a few techniques for generating a synthetic population (e.g. IPF [Iterative Proportional Fitting] and CO [Combinatorial Optimization]), and the synthetic population techniques have been applied for the activity-based research in transportation. However, using those techniques is not easy for non-expert researchers not only due to the fact that there are no explicit terminologies and concrete solutions to existing issues, but also every synthetic population technique uses different types of data. In this sense, this chapter provides a potential reader with a guideline for using the synthetic population techniques by introducing terminologies, related research, and giving an account for the working process to create a synthetic population for Flanders in Belgium, problematic issues, and solutions.
Adding Electric Vehicle Modeling Capability to an Agent-Based Transport Simulation
Authors: Waraich Rashid A. , Georges Gil , Galus Matthias D. , Axhausen Kay W.
Published: October 2013

Battery-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles are envisioned by many as a way to reduce CO2 traffic emissions, support the integration of renewable electricity generation, and increase energy security. Electric vehicle modeling is an active field of research, especially with regards to assessing the impact of electric vehicles on the electricity network. However, as highlighted in this chapter, there is a lack of capability for detailed electricity demand and supply modeling. One reason for this, as pointed out in this chapter, is that such modeling requires an interdisciplinary approach and a possibility to reuse and integrate existing models. In order to solve this problem, a framework for electric vehicle modeling is presented, which provides strong capabilities for detailed electricity demand modeling. It is built on an agent-based travel demand and traffic simulation. A case study for the city of Zurich is presented, which highlights the capabilities of the framework to uncover possible bottlenecks in the electricity network and detailed fleet simulation for CO2 emission calculations, and thus its power to support policy makers in taking decisions.
Grid and Fleet Impact Mapping of EV Charge Opportunities
Authors: Leemput Niels , Van Roy Juan , Geth Frederik , Driesen Johan , De Breucker Sven
Published: October 2013

This chapter assesses the impact of different technical solutions and their impact on the ability of a fleet of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to drive in electric mode as much as possible. The technical solutions covered in this chapter to attain this objective include: charging at low and medium power; charging at home, at work, and at other locations; and using fleets with small, medium, and large battery sizes. The driving behavior of the fleet is modeled using an availability analysis based on statistical data from Flanders and The Netherlands. The fleet itself is based on data of the Flemish vehicle segmentation, while the electric consumption of each segment is determined based on realistic vehicle data and driving cycles. This data is combined into different scenarios for which the utility factor, the energy consumption, the grid impact, and the battery utilization is investigated. Based on these scenario guidelines concerning the appropriate charge power at different locations and the distribution of charge locations, the expected grid impact and utility factor of different fleets are formulated.
Cyber Law, Cyber Ethics and Online Gambling
Authors: Gillam Lee , Vartapetiance Anna
Published: October 2013

Cyberspace offers up numerous possibilities for entertainment and leisure, and can be a rich source for information. Unfortunately, it can also be a dangerous place for the unwary or ill-informed. In this chapter, we discuss some of the legal and ethical issues that can arise in the interface between cyberspaces and real places for virtual tourists. We mention the difficulties posed by variations in laws in the physical world, and how these make for problems in the virtual world. We discuss how it is possible to create systems that embed adherence to laws and provide support for ethics in order to avoid harm to the unwary or ill-informed. We show how we have applied such principles in a machine ethics system for online gambling.
Narbs as a Measure and Indicator of Identity Narratives
Authors: Mitra Ananda
Published: October 2013

enumeration of these attributes of the narbs produce a narb weight and a narb matrix which can be examined numerically to provide a preliminary understanding of how granulated an identity narrative would be when narbs are examined for a particular individual.
The Hellenic Framework for Computer Program Copyright Protection Following the Implementation of the Relative European Union Directives
Authors: Alexandropoulou-Egyptiadou Eugenia
Published: October 2013

The huge financial rewards that may be gained from software sales have resulted in computer piracy, an increasing worldwide phenomenon. This situation has posed a challenge to the legislator, who has imposed regulations concerning the protection of software, both at national and international level. The following chapter focuses on the presentation of the current Hellenic legal framework on computer program copyright protection following the implementation of the relative E.U. Directives (Law 2121/1993, as amended). The chapter consists of an introduction focusing on software piracy rates and on the international legal framework of the protection; there is a unit on the right holder, being the subject of software copyright protection; a unit on the field of the protection; a unit on the rights of the author (the moral right, the property right and the resulting powers thereof), focusing on the power of software reproduction and specific cases where the lawful user can carry out acts without the author’s consent; a unit on the consequences of copyright infringement (sanctions at civil, criminal, and administrative level); a unit on the duration of the protection; and finally concluding with final remarks and recommendations.