bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Use of 1‐Pentafluorosulfanyl‐phenylacetylenes for the Preparation of SF5‐Substituted Five‐Membered Ring Heterocycles Through 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions. Isoxazoles and Isoxazolines.
Authors: Lopez Simon E. , Mitani Akira , Pena Priscila , Ghiviriga Ion , Dolbier William R. Jr.
Published: November 2015

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of SF5‐substituted arylacetylenes with nitrile oxides generated in situ from (IV) or with nitrones (VI) affords isoxazole or isoxazoline derivatives of type (V) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Ethers with Aryl Tetrazoles.
Authors: Zhu Kai‐qiang , Wang Liang , Chen Qun , He Ming‐yang
Published: November 2015

The title reaction proceeds under optimized conditions to afford the corresponding hemiaminal derivatives in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Phenanthridinones by Using a Base‐Catalyzed/Promoted Bicyclization of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Dimethyl Glutaconate.
Authors: Li Lei , Chen Jia‐Jia , Kan Xing‐Lan , Zhang Lu , Zhao Yu‐Long , Liu Qun
Published: November 2015

In the base‐promoted reactions of compounds (VI) complete aromatization of the C‐ring is observed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Reagent‐Free Oxidative Cyclization Approach to Indolizine Derivatives from α‐Picoline Derivatives and Nitroolefins.
Authors: Gao Meng , Tian Jun , Lei Aiwen
Published: November 2015

This extremely simple cyclization reaction is promoted by the olefin nitro group as an internal oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Pyrazoloisoquinoline and Pyrazolopyridine Derivatives Using Recoverable Carbonaceous Material as Solid Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Chen Zhu , Shi Yingxia , Shen Qingqing , Xu Haixia , Zhang Furen
Published: November 2015

A novel procedure for the one‐pot condensation of aminopyrazoles, aldehydes, and cycloketones is developed using carbon functionalized with sulfonic acid groups as solid catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Triazolyl‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Through a One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction Using a Nano Copper Oxide Assisted Click‐Catalyst.
Authors: Bagdi Prasanta Ray , Basha R. Sidick , Khan Abu T.
Published: November 2015

The synthesis of 2‐triazolyl imidazopyridine derivatives (IV) is accomplished by combined coupling reaction followed by 5‐exo dig cyclization of triazole carbaldehyde, amidine and terminal alkynes in the presence of nanocopper oxide and sodium ascorbate as a click‐catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Effective Synthesis of Quinoxalines over Ceria Based Solid Acids Coated on Honeycomb Monoliths.
Authors: Venkatesh Venkatesh , Shamshuddin S. Z. Mohamed , Mubarak N. M.
Published: November 2015

The solid acid, CeO2‐ZrO2 is found to be highly active in quinoxaline synthesis (III) with 100% selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron‐Catalyzed Regioselective Deoxygenation of Terminal 1,2‐Diols to 2‐Alkanols Enabled by the Strategic Formation of a Cyclic Siloxane Intermediate.
Authors: Drosos Nikolaos , Morandi Bill
Published: November 2015

The title reaction is also suitable for the selective deoxygenation of 1,2‐diol (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Reductive N‐Vinylation and C(4)‐Phosphorylation of Pyridines with Alkylpropiolates and Secondary Phosphine Chalcogenides.
Authors: Gusarova Nina K. , Volkov Pavel A. , Ivanova Nina I. , Arbuzova Svetlana N. , Khrapova Kseniya O. , Albanov Alexander I. , Smirnov Vladimir I. , Borodina Tatyana N. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: November 2015

The title reaction proceeds under mild conditions to form the corresponding products with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Neutron Scattering Studies on the Fe‐Based Superconductor System Fe1+yTe1‐xSex
Authors: Wen Jinsheng
Published: November 2015

Review: 218 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetragonal Heusler‐Like Mn‐Ga Alloys Based Perpendicular Magnetic Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Ma Qinli , Sugihara Atsushi , Suzuki Kazuya , Zhang Xianmin , Miyazaki Terunobu , Mizukami Shigemi
Published: November 2015

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Charge Distribution in Metal to Ligand Charge Transfer States of Quadruply Bonded Metal Complexes
Authors: Chisholm Malcolm H.
Published: November 2015

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Coordination in Salophen‐Linked Covalent Organic Polymers for Enhanced CO2 Capture
Authors: Byun Jeehye , Thirion Damien , Yavuz Cafer T.
Published: November 2015

Review: 7 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Coordination Chemistry of Secondary Phosphines
Authors: Nell Bryan P. , Tyler David R.
Published: November 2015

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Direct sp3‐Carbon—Hydrogen Bond Functionalization
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Nai‐Xing , Xing Yalan
Published: November 2015

Review: [47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Atisane‐Type Diterpenoids and Related Diterpenoid Alkaloids
Authors: Zhu Guili , Liu Rong , Liu Bo
Published: November 2015

Review: [45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—CN Bond Activation
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki
Published: November 2015

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis of Diazoalkane‐Carbonyl Homologation. How New Developments in Hydrazone Oxidation Enable the Carbon Insertion Strategy for Synthesis
Authors: Moebius David C. , Rendina Victor L. , Kingsbury Jason S.
Published: November 2015

Review: 210 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advancement in Methodologies for Reduction of Nitroarenes
Authors: Kadam Hari K. , Tilve Santosh G.
Published: November 2015

Review: [120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ongoing Pursuit of Diterpenoid Alkaloids: A Synthetic View
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Yu , Qin Yong
Published: November 2015

Review: [55 refs.
Schneiden und Bohren mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid
Authors: Engelmeier Lena , Kretzschmar Michael , Pollak Stefan , Weidner Eckhard
Published: November 2015

Wasserstrahlschneiden wird seit Jahrzehnten zum Schneiden verschiedener Werkstoffe eingesetzt. Allerdings können aufgrund der Nachteile dieser Methode nicht alle Materialien bearbeitet werden. Viele Nachteile können vermieden werden, wenn CO2 anstelle von Wasser verwendet wird. Dieses verdampft nach der Bearbeitung und ermöglicht einen trockenen, rückstandsfreien Schneidprozess. Vorgestellt wird ein Verfahren zum Strahlschneiden mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid und erste Ergebnisse von Schneidversuchen an verschiedenen Materialen.
Partner selection of agricultural products supply chain based on data mining
Authors: He Xuefeng , Ai Xingzheng , Jing Yuewu , Liu Yuanyuan
Published: November 2015

Now, with the development of modern business, the traditional competition between enterprises has been displaced by the competition between supply chains. Any incorrect decision from supply chain member may have negative influences on other members or the whole supply chain. Therefore, choosing the appropriate supply chain partners is quite necessary and significant to the supply chain performance improvement because the partners can share risks and benefits with proper contract. Concentrating on the agricultural products supply chain, the supply chain partner selection model and indexes system are put forward in this paper, the clustering and classification analyses of potential supply chain partners are made by data mining technology, and the empirical analysis is made for agricultural products supply chain. This study may provide some insights into supply chain longitudinal governance and guidance for the Chinese agriculture economic development. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Citizen science in risk communication in the era of ICT
Authors: Kar Bandana
Published: November 2015

Risk communication is the exchange of information among stakeholders about an impending disaster and its risks to help individuals take appropriate actions to mitigate hazard impacts. While traditional risk communication follows a command and control structure such that information from hierarchical and vertically integrated organizations is disseminated to broader community, social media uses a decentralized, collaborative, and network based communication approach. The growth of information and communication technologies has made social media a popular channel for disseminating alert and warning messages both by citizens and agencies. However, social media suffers from spreading rumors and hoaxes. To minimize rumors and increase citizen communication, a science gateway (Cyber‐Infrastructure for GeoInformatics and Community Resilience) has been deployed. This gateway, resulted from a research conducted along the Mississippi Gulf Coast communities, incorporates citizen science to evaluate warning message sources, message contents and dissemination channels to increase public response to warnings. This gateway built on the social construct of risk communication provides opportunities to citizens to share data and information about a hazard, and participate in building community resilience. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ozone‐Based Atomic Layer Deposition of Gd2O3 from Tris(isopropyl‐cyclopentadienyl)gadolinium: Growth Characteristics and Surface Chemistry
Authors: Han Jeong Hwan , Delabie Annelies , Franquet Alexis , Conard Thierry , Van Elshocht Sven , Adelmann Christoph
Published: November 2015

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Gd2O3 from tris(isopropyl‐cyclopentadienyl) gadolinium (Gd(iPrCp)3) and O3 is studied as a function of the O2/N2 ratio used to generate O3. ALD using O3 with low N2 content leads to the formation of a hydroxyl‐terminated surface after combustion reactions during O3 exposure followed by proton transfer and ligand release during the Gd(iPrCp)3 half cycle. This condition leads to the presence of parasitic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) due to the hygroscopicity of Gd2O3. By contrast, long O3 pulses with high N2 content lead to the dehydroxylation of the surface and to the suppression of both the proton transfer during the Gd(iPrCp)3 half cycle as well as the parasitic CVD reactions.
Isolation of a Tetranuclear Intermediate Complex in the Synthesis of Paddlewheel‐Type Dirhodium Tetraacetate
Authors: Kataoka Yusuke , Yano Natsumi , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Handa Makoto
Published: November 2015

To investigate the detailed mechanism of formation of the paddlewheel‐type dirhodium tetraacetate [Rh2(O2CCH3)4(L)2] ([1‐(L)2]; L = axial‐coordinated solvent ligand), we performed a step‐by‐step synthesis. The isolated red intermediate complex [Rh4(μ‐Cl)4(O2CCH3)4(L)4] ([2‐(L)4]) was characterized by means of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, 1H NMR spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The crystal structure of [2‐(MeOH)4], which was crystallized from MeOH solution, has a unique twisted‐box Rh4(μ‐Cl)4 core coordinated by four μ‐carboxylato bridging ligands and four MeOH molecules as axially coordinated solvent molecules. The electronic structure and absorption properties of [2‐(MeOH)4] in MeOH were also carefully investigated both experimentally and theoretically.
Green Synthesis of a Microporous, Partially Fluorinated ZnII Paddlewheel Metal–Organic Framework: H2/CO2 Adsorption Behavior and Solid‐State Conversion to a ZnO–C Nanocomposite
Authors: Dhankhar Sandeep Singh , Kaur Manjodh , Nagaraja C. M.
Published: November 2015

A microporous, partially fluorinated metal–organic framework consisting of ZnII dimeric paddlewheel units, formulated as [Zn(hfipbba)(4bpdb)0.5]·H2O (1) [hfipbba = 4,4′‐(hexaflouroisopropylene)bis(benzoic acid); 4bpdb = 1,4‐bis(4‐pyridyl)‐2,3‐diaza‐1,3‐butadiene], was synthesized by room‐temperature self‐assembly and characterized structurally by single‐crystal XRD. Compound 1 adopts a 3D microporous framework structure constituted by six‐connected ZnII dimeric paddlewheel nodes with {44.610.8}‐net topology. Further, rapid synthesis of phase‐pure 1 by green synthetic approaches such as mechanochemical and sonochemical routes was achieved. The 3D framework of 1 houses 1D helical channels with narrow pore dimensions of about 3.11 × 4.17 Å and exhibits interesting gas‐uptake (H2/CO2) properties. The isosteric heats of adsorption Qst for H2 and CO2 were estimated to be 8.8 and 36.4 kJ mol–1, respectively. Interestingly, solid‐state conversion of 1 to phase‐pure hexagonal ZnO nanocrystals of 6.1 ± 0.63 nm in size, embedded in carbonaceous layers to form a ZnO–C nanocomposite (NC), occurred on heating of 1 to 600 °C under vacuum for 2 h. The ZnO–C NC was characterized by XRD, UV/Vis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, and TEM analyses. The as‐synthesized ZnO–C NC exhibits good photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue.
Ranking prescribed pharmaceuticals in terms of environmental risk: Inclusion of hospital data and the importance of regular review
Authors: Helwig Karin , Hunter Colin , McNaughtan Moyra , Roberts Joanne , Pahl Ole
Published: November 2015

A newly available dataset on pharmaceuticals used in Scottish hospitals enabled an environmental risk assessment that includes hospital consumption of pharmaceuticals, as previous United Kingdom rankings have been based on community prescriptions only. Although health and the environment are devolved issues for the Scottish government, it is merited to consider a Scottish ranking separately; regional differentiation is particularly relevant in the spatial context of the European Commission's Water Framework Directive. Nine pharmaceuticals are identified as having a risk quotient greater than 1. Four of these, the antibacterials piperacillin, tazobactam, flucloxacillin, and ciprofloxacin, had high hospital contributions and had not been highlighted previously in rankings based on community prescriptions. Some drugs with a risk quotient < 0.1 are used almost exclusively in hospitals and could be more concentrated near effluents carrying hospital wastewater, where they may be of local concern. Although treating hospital effluents separately is a policy option, specifically including hospital consumption is important. Continually increasing the availability of ecotoxicological data and trends in consumption further contributes to a substantially different prioritization than in previous rankings. This leads the authors to conclude that regular review of risk is necessary. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1043–1050. © 2015 SETAC
Concentrations of levonorgestrel and ethinylestradiol in wastewater effluents: Is the progestin also cause for concern?
Authors: King Olivia C. , van de Merwe Jason P. , McDonald James A. , Leusch Frederic D.L.
Published: November 2015

Synthetic hormones have been widely reported in treated sewage effluents, and consequently receiving aquatic environments. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) is a potent synthetic estrogen commonly used in conjunction with levonorgestrel in oral contraceptive pills. Both EE2 and levonorgestrel have been identified in the aquatic environment, but although there is a significant amount of literature on EE2, there is much less information on levonorgestrel. Using Australian prescription data as well as excretion and predicted wastewater removal rates, the concentrations of EE2 and levonorgestrel in Australian wastewater were calculated at 0.1 ng/L to 0.5 ng/L and 0.2 ng/L to 0.6 ng/L, respectively. Both compounds were analyzed in treated wastewater and surface water grab samples from 3 Southeast Queensland, Australia sites. The predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for EE2 of 0.1 ng/L was exceeded at most sites, with EE2 concentrations up to 2 ng/L in treated effluent, albeit quickly diluted to 0.1 ng/L to 0.2 ng/L in the receiving environment. A provisional PNEC for levonorgestrel of 0.1 ng/L derived in the present study was slightly lower than predicted effluent concentrations of 0.2 ng/L to 0.6 ng/L, indicating a potential risk of endocrine-related effects in exposed aquatic species. The detection limit for levonorgestrel in the present study was 2.5 ng/L, and all samples were below detection limit. The present study's results suggest that improvements in analytical capabilities for levonorgestrel are warranted to more accurately quantify the risk of this compound in the receiving environment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1378–1385. © 2015 SETAC
Courage, Context, and Contemporary Health Care
Authors: Berger Jeffrey T.
Published: November 2015

A commentary on “Must We Be Courageous?,” by Ann Hamric, John Arras, and Margaret Mohrmann, and on “Patient‐Satisfaction Surveys on a Scale of 0 to 10: Improving Health Care, or Leading It Astray?,” by Alexandra Junewicz and Stuart J. Youngner , bothin the May‐June 2015 issue.
Fever
Authors: Rosenberg Noah
Published: November 2015

An earthy smell seeps from the cinderblock room, and a fan in the corner rattles as it circulates the heat. My eyes cross trying to read the square black numbers on the thermometer. I feel achy and tired. I would not be so nervous about the result except that I have been caring for Ebola patients in West Africa.
Engineering the Brain: Ethical Issues and the Introduction of Neural Devices
Authors: Klein Eran , Brown Tim , Sample Matthew , Truitt Anjali R. , Goering Sara
Published: November 2015

Neural engineering technologies such as implanted deep brain stimulators and brain‐computer interfaces represent exciting and potentially transformative tools for improving human health and well‐being. Yet their current use and future prospects raise a variety of ethical and philosophical concerns. Devices that alter brain function invite us to think deeply about a range of ethical concerns—identity, normality, authority, responsibility, privacy, and justice. If a device is stimulating my brain while I decide upon an action, am I still the author of the action? Does a device make the interiority of my experience accessible to others? Will the device change the way I think of myself and others think of me? Such fundamental questions arise even when a device is designed for only a relatively circumscribed purpose, such as restoring functioning via a smart prosthetic.

We are part of a National Science Foundation‐funded Engineering Research Center tasked with investigating philosophical and social implications of neural engineering research and technologies. Neural devices already in clinical use, such as deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease or essential tremor, have spurred healthy debate about such implications. Devices currently under development—such as the BrainGate System of implanted brain sensors coupled to robotics in persons with paralysis, exoskeletons for augmented movement, transcranial do‐it‐yourself stimulators, closed‐loop brain stimulating systems, or even brain‐to‐brain interfacing—promise to extend and deepen these debates. At our center, brain‐computer interfaces are the principal focus of work. Even acknowledging that the clinical translation of neural devices and seamless integration by end users may still largely reside in the future, the potential these devices hold calls for careful early analysis. The launching of the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative in April 2013 provides further impetus for this work.
Neural Technologies: The Ethics of Intimate Access to the Mind
Authors: Green Ronald M.
Published: November 2015

Science fiction is fast becoming reality as scientists and engineers seek to develop new ways of directly accessing and controlling our brains through brain‐computer and even brain‐to‐brain interfaces. If such research is to receive continuing public approval and support—and not invite opposition—it must anticipate the special ethical challenges it creates. By pointing to some of the acute concerns raised by neural engineering technologies—around issues of identity, normality, authority, responsibility, privacy, and justice—Eran Klein and colleagues model and stimulate the kind of reflection that will be needed as new brain technologies are developed.

And yet, as I read their informative discussion, I find myself asking even more questions. One concerns the ethical novelty of these technologies. For example, in terms of questions of identity, normality, responsibility, and authority, how different is deep brain stimulation from the potent psychiatric drugs that have been administered for decades? How different in terms of issues of liability associated with malfunction or misuse are brain‐computer interfaces from other complex devices now routinely in use? Neither ethics nor law will have to rethink things from scratch as new neural devices and capabilities are introduced: the groundwork for answering some of these questions has already been laid in a variety of fields from bioethics, to health and product liability law. Nevertheless, I conclude that there are new questions here. It is not simply the fact that neural technologies pose questions of identity, privacy, and the like but that they do so with a degree of intensity that creates qualitatively new challenges.
Pannexin-1 and P2X7-Receptor Are Required for Apoptotic Osteocytes in Fatigued Bone to Trigger RANKL Production in Neighboring Bystander Osteocytes
Authors: Cheung Wing Yee , Fritton J Christopher , Morgan Stacy Ann , Seref-Ferlengez Zeynep , Basta-Pljakic Jelena , Thi Mia M , Suadicani Sylvia O , Spray David C , Majeska Robert J , Schaffler Mitchell B
Published: November 2015

Osteocyte apoptosis is required to induce intracortical bone remodeling after microdamage in animal models, but how apoptotic osteocytes signal neighboring “bystander” cells to initiate the remodeling process is unknown. Apoptosis has been shown to open pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels to release adenosine diphosphate (ATP) as a “find-me” signal for phagocytic cells. To address whether apoptotic osteocytes use this signaling mechanism, we adapted the rat ulnar fatigue-loading model to reproducibly introduce microdamage into mouse cortical bone and measured subsequent changes in osteocyte apoptosis, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression and osteoclastic bone resorption in wild-type (WT; C57Bl/6) mice and in mice genetically deficient in Panx1 (Panx1KO). Mouse ulnar loading produced linear microcracks comparable in number and location to the rat model. WT mice showed increased osteocyte apoptosis and RANKL expression at microdamage sites at 3 days after loading and increased intracortical remodeling and endocortical tunneling at day 14. With fatigue, Panx1KO mice exhibited levels of microdamage and osteocyte apoptosis identical to WT mice. However, they did not upregulate RANKL in bystander osteocytes or initiate resorption. Panx1 interacts with P2X7R in ATP release; thus, we examined P2X7R-deficient mice and WT mice treated with P2X7R antagonist Brilliant Blue G (BBG) to test the possible role of ATP as a find-me signal. P2X7RKO mice failed to upregulate RANKL in osteocytes or induce resorption despite normally elevated osteocyte apoptosis after fatigue loading. Similarly, treatment of fatigued C57Bl/6 mice with BBG mimicked behavior of both Panx1KO and P2X7RKO mice; BBG had no effect on osteocyte apoptosis in fatigued bone but completely prevented increases in bystander osteocyte RANKL expression and attenuated activation of resorption by more than 50%. These results indicate that activation of Panx1 and P2X7R are required for apoptotic osteocytes in fatigued bone to trigger RANKL production in neighboring bystander osteocytes and implicate ATP as an essential signal mediating this process. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Sclerostin Enhances Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3‐L1 Cells
Authors: Ukita Mayumi , Yamaguchi Taihiko , Ohata Noboru , Tamura Masato
Published: November 2015

Sclerostin, a secreted protein encoded by the Sost gene, is produced by osteocytes and is inhibited by osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Recently, a functional association between bone and fat tissue has been suggested, and a correlation between circulating sclerostin levels and lipid metabolism has been reported in humans. However, the effects of sclerostin on adipogenesis remain unexplored. In the present study, we examined the role of sclerostin in regulating adipocyte differentiation using 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes. In these cells, sclerostin enhanced adipocyte‐specific gene expression and the accumulation of lipid deposits. Sclerostin also upregulated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β expression but not cell proliferation and caspase‐3/7 activities. Sclerostin also attenuated canonical Wnt3a‐inhibited adipocyte differentiation. Recently, the transcriptional modulator TAZ has been involved in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Sclerostin reduced TAZ‐responsive transcriptional activity and TAZ‐responsive gene expression. Transfection of 3T3‐L1 cells with TAZ siRNA increased the lipid deposits and adipogenic gene expression. These results show that sclerostin upregulates adipocyte differentiation in 3T3‐L1 cells, suggesting a possible role for the osteocyte‐derived sclerostin as a regulator of fat metabolism and as a reciprocal regulator of bone and adipose tissues metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1419–1428, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Aid and Public Spending—A Macro–micro Framework
Authors: Levin Jorgen , Lofgren Hans , Dessus Sebastien
Published: November 2015

In this study, we have used Tanzania as a case to illustrate how a simulation model can be used to evaluate the impact of aid and the trade‐offs between public spending categories and their impact on income poverty and other social development targets. Our results suggest the following. First, under plausible growth, fiscal and foreign assistance assumptions, in line with observed patterns, the enormous difficulty of achieving most millennium development goals (MDGs) by 2015 is evident. Second, there existed trade‐offs between the various MDGs, in particular between achievements for poverty and other social development targets. © 2015 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The selective expression of carbonic anhydrase genes ofAspergillus nidulansin response to changes in mineral nutrition andCO2concentration
Authors: Xiao Leilei , Lian Bin , Dong Cuiling , Liu Fanghua
Published: November 2015

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays an important role in the formation and evolution of life. However, to our knowledge, there has been no report onCAisoenzyme function differentiation in fungi. Two differentCAgene sequences inAspergillus nidulanswith clear genetic background provide us a favorable basis for studying function differentiation ofCAisoenzymes. Heterologously expressedCA1 was used to test its weathering ability on silicate minerals and real‐time quantitativePCRwas used to detect expression of theCA1 andCA2 genes at differentCO2concentrations and in the presence of different potassium sources. The northern blot method was applied to confirm the result ofCA1 gene expression. Heterologously expressedCA1 significantly promoted dissolution of biotite and wollastonite, andCA1 gene expression increased significantly in response to soluble K‐deficiency. The northern blot test further showed thatCA1 participated in K‐feldspar weathering. In addition, the results showed thatCA2 was primary involved in adapting toCO2concentration change. Taken together,A. nidulanscan choose differentCAto meet their survival needs, which imply that some environmental microbes have evolved differentCAs to adapt to changes inCO2concentration and acquire mineral nutrition so that they can better adapt to environmental changes. Inversely, their adaption may impact mineral weathering and/orCO2concentration, and even global change.
On the uniform convergence of the Fourier series for one spectral problem with a spectral parameter in a boundary condition
Authors: Kerimov Nazim B. , Maris Emir A.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we investigate the uniform convergence of the Fourier series expansions in terms of eigenfunctions for the spectral problem

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma3640:mma3640-math-0001
where λ is a spectral parameter, q(x) is a real‐valued continuous function on the interval [0,1], and a1,b0,b1,c1,d0, and d1 are real constants that satisfy the conditions

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma3640:mma3640-math-0002
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘cause’ of my cancer, beliefs about cause among breast cancer patients and survivors who do and do not seek IO care
Authors: Andersen M. Robyn , Afdem Kelsey , Hager Shelly , Gaul Marcia , Sweet Erin , Standish Leanna J.
Published: November 2015

Objective

We sought to describe survivors' beliefs about the cause of their breast cancer and to test the hypothesis that beliefs about cancer's cause are associated with treatment preferences in accordance with the common sense model of self‐regulation of health and illness.

Methods

Breast cancer survivors (n = 552) participating in an observational study of cancer outcomes responded to an open‐ended question about the cause of their cancer. Of these, 245 women had sought treatment from complementary and alternative integrative oncology (IO) clinics, and 307 women did not.

Results

Women frequently described theories for their cancer's cause including genetics and family history (31%), stress and coping (31%), toxins and chemicals (27%), a variety of lifestyle and epidemiological risk factors, and randomness (17%). Self‐reported beliefs about cancer's cause differed among women in association with their use of IO. IO users were somewhat more likely to describe stress and poor coping as causes of their cancer and less likely to describe random chance as a cause of cancer (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Beliefs about the cause of cancer change over time and may predict decisions to use specific treatment including complementary and alternative medicine and IO. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐volatile memory devices based on Ge nanocrystals
Authors: Vasilache Dan , Cismaru Alina , Dragoman Mircea , Stavarache Ionel , Palade Catalin , Lepadatu Ana‐Maria , Ciurea Magdalena Lidia
Published: November 2015

The article presents the fabrication and characterization of NV (non‐volatile) memory devices based on SiO2/Ge/SiO2 trilayer structures on Si wafers. The trilayer structures were obtained by using the magnetron sputtering method for the deposition of gate SiO2 and intermediate Ge layers and the rapid thermal oxidation for the growth of tunnel SiO2 layer. Rapid thermal annealing was performed for obtaining Ge nanocrystals embedded in the SiO2 gate oxide, as charge‐storage elements. Two NV cross bar memory structures based on two cell sizes of 300 × 300 and 100 × 100 μm2 were manufactured. Capacity–voltage curves were measured on the memory devices, at different frequencies in the 1 kHz–10 MHz range at room temperature (RT) for evidencing the hysteresis loops and for showing that the devices keep memory in time at these frequencies. We have obtained capacity–voltage hysteresis curves with large memory window up to 2 V. We demonstrate that the trilayer structure SiO2/Ge/SiO2/on Si with Ge NCs embedded in the SiO2 gate oxide is suitable for NV memory applications having a large number of cells.
X‐ray radiation induced effects in selected chalcogenide glasses and CBRAM devices based on them
Authors: Mitkova Maria , Wolf Kasandra , Belev George , Ailavajhala Mahesh , Tenne Dmitri A. , Barnaby Hugh , Kozicki Michael N.
Published: November 2015

Conductive bridge resistance change (CBRAM) memory devices are one of the premier emerging technologies for non‐volatile memory. The application of these devices could overlap possible situations where they are expected to perform in environments containing X‐ray radiation. This poses the question, how X‐ray radiation affects the materials comprised within these devices, as well as the performance of the CBRAM devices. In this work, we studied the structural changes caused by a wide range X‐ray radiation over thin Ge–Se films with composition ranging from Se rich to Ge rich, as well as X‐ray induced Ag diffusion within these films. The results show that after the cessation of radiation, the Ge rich films undergo considerable structural modification while the other compositions did not exhibit substantial changes. X‐ray stimulated Ag diffusion with formation of Ag–Se by‐products occurred predominantly in the Se and Ge rich films. These effects influence the performance of the CBRAM devices, based on these films and their I–V characteristics, threshold voltage and endurance are presented and discussed in the context of the materials characterization findings of this work, performed by Raman spectroscopy, Energy dispersion spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction.
Analysis of stable isotope ratios in blood of tracked wandering albatrosses fails to distinguish a δ13C gradient within their winter foraging areas in the southwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ceia Filipe R. , Ramos Jaime A. , Phillips Richard A. , Cherel Yves , Jones Daniel C. , Vieira Rui P. , Xavier José C.
Published: November 2015

Rationale

The main limitation of isotopic tracking for inferring distribution is the lack of detailed reference maps of the isotopic landscape (i.e. isoscapes) in the marine environment. Here, we attempt to map the marine δ13C isoscape for the southwestern sector of the Atlantic Ocean, and assess any temporal variation using the wandering albatross as a model species.

Methods

Tracking data and blood and diet samples were collected monthly from wandering albatrosses rearing chicks at Bird Island, South Georgia, during the austral winter between May and October 2009. The δ13C and δ15N values were measured by mass spectrometry in plasma and blood cells, and related to highly accurate data on individual movements and feeding activity obtained using three types of device: GPS, activity (immersion) loggers and stomach temperature probes.

Results

The tracked birds foraged in waters to the north or northwest of South Georgia, including the Patagonian shelf‐break, as far as 2000 km from the colony. The foraging region encompassed the two main fronts in the Southern Ocean (Polar and Subantarctic fronts). The δ13C values varied by only 2.1 ‰ in plasma and 2.5 ‰ in blood cells, and no relationships were found between the δ13C values in plasma and the mean latitude or longitude of landings or feeding events of each individual.

Conclusions

The failure to distinguish a major biogeographic gradient in δ13C values suggest that these values in the south Atlantic Ocean are fairly homogeneous. There was no substantial variation among months in either the δ13C or the δ15N values of plasma or blood cells of tracked birds. As birds did not show a significant change in diet composition or foraging areas during the study period, these results provide no evidence for major temporal variation in stable isotope ratios in consumer tissues, or in the regional marine isoscape in the austral winter of 2009. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A tutorial on Bayesian bivariate meta‐analysis of mixed binary‐continuous outcomes with missing treatment effects
Authors: Gajic‐Veljanoski Olga , Cheung Angela M. , Bayoumi Ahmed M. , Tomlinson George
Published: November 2015

Bivariate random‐effects meta‐analysis (BVMA) is a method of data synthesis that accounts for treatment effects measured on two outcomes. BVMA gives more precise estimates of the population mean and predicted values than two univariate random‐effects meta‐analyses (UVMAs). BVMA also addresses bias from incomplete reporting of outcomes.

A few tutorials have covered technical details of BVMA of categorical or continuous outcomes. Limited guidance is available on how to analyze datasets that include trials with mixed continuous‐binary outcomes where treatment effects on one outcome or the other are not reported. Given the advantages of Bayesian BVMA for handling missing outcomes, we present a tutorial for Bayesian BVMA of incompletely reported treatment effects on mixed bivariate outcomes. This step‐by‐step approach can serve as a model for our intended audience, the methodologist familiar with Bayesian meta‐analysis, looking for practical advice on fitting bivariate models. To facilitate application of the proposed methods, we include our WinBUGS code.

As an example, we use aggregate‐level data from published trials to demonstrate the estimation of the effects of vitamin K and bisphosphonates on two correlated bone outcomes, fracture, and bone mineral density. We present datasets where reporting of the pairs of treatment effects on both outcomes was ‘partially’ complete (i.e., pairs completely reported in some trials), and we outline steps for modeling the incompletely reported data. To assess what is gained from the additional work required by BVMA, we compare the resulting estimates to those from separate UVMAs. We discuss methodological findings and make four recommendations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discussing China: Sinophilia and sinophobia in Central Asia
Authors: Peyrouse Sébastien
Published: November 2015

In two decades since independence, Beijing has become one of Central Asian countries main partners. China's growing presence and influence in Central Asia partially structures the domestic orders, social changes, and national narratives of the latter. Exactly how China will intensify its presence in Central Asia is going to depend partly on the approaches and attitudes of the Central Asian states themselves. The rise of Sinophilia and Sinophobia will impact the political, geo-strategic, and cultural the situation in the region, working either to speed up or to slow down Chinese expansion in it. The Central Asian states are at once desirous of the growing Chinese presence, wanting to take advantage of its economic dynamism and geo-strategic influence, but also fearful of its potential demographic and cultural clout.
CVTree3 Web Server for Whole-Genome-Based and Alignment-Free Prokaryotic Phylogeny and Taxonomy
Authors: Zuo Guanghong , Hao Bailin
Published: November 2015

A faithful phylogeny and an objective taxonomy for prokaryotes should agree with each other and ultimately follow the genome data. With the number of sequenced genomes reaching tens of thousands, both tree inference and detailed comparison with taxonomy are great challenges. We now provide one solution in the latest Release 3.0 of the alignment-free and whole-genome-based web server CVTree3. The server resides in a cluster of 64 cores and is equipped with an interactive, collapsible, and expandable tree display. It is capable of comparing the tree branching order with prokaryotic classification at all taxonomic ranks from domains down to species and strains. CVTree3 allows for inquiry by taxon names and trial on lineage modifications. In addition, it reports a summary of monophyletic and non-monophyletic taxa at all ranks as well as produces print-quality subtree figures. After giving an overview of retrospective verification of the CVTree approach, the power of the new server is described for the mega-classification of prokaryotes and determination of taxonomic placement of some newly-sequenced genomes. A few discrepancies between CVTree and 16S rRNA analyses are also summarized with regard to possible taxonomic revisions. CVTree3 is freely accessible to all users at http://tlife.fudan.edu.cn/cvtree3/ without login requirements.
In situ vaccination: Cancer immunotherapy both personalized and off‐the‐shelf
Authors: Hammerich Linda , Binder Adam , Brody Joshua D.
Published: November 2015

As cancer immunotherapy continues to benefit from novel approaches which cut immune ‘brake pedals’ (e.g. anti‐PD1 and anti‐CTLA4 antibodies) and push immune cell gas pedals (e.g. IL2, and IFNα) there will be increasing need to develop immune ‘steering wheels’ such as vaccines to guide the immune system specifically toward tumor associated antigens. Two primary hurdles in cancer vaccines have been: identification of universal antigens to be used in ‘off‐the‐shelf’ vaccines for common cancers, and 2) logistical hurdles of ex vivo production of individualized whole tumor cell vaccines. Here we summarize approaches using ‘in situ vaccination’ in which intratumoral administration of off‐the‐shelf immunomodulators have been developed to specifically induce (or amplify) T cell responses to each patient's individual tumor. Clinical studies have confirmed the induction of systemic immune and clinical responses to such approaches and preclinical models have suggested ways to further potentiate the translation of in situ vaccine trials for our patients.
Exploring the Role of Accelerometers in the Measurement of Real World Upper-Limb Use After Stroke
Authors: Hayward Kathryn S. , Eng Janice J. , Boyd Lara A. , Lakhani Bimal , Bernhardt Julie , Lang Catherine E.
Published: November 2015

The ultimate goal of upper-limb rehabilitation after stroke is to promote real-world use, that is, use of the paretic upper-limb in everyday activities outside the clinic or laboratory. Although real-world use can be collected through self-report questionnaires, an objective indicator is preferred. Accelerometers are a promising tool. The current paper aims to explore the feasibility of accelerometers to measure upper-limb use after stroke and discuss the translation of this measurement tool into clinical practice. Accelerometers are non-invasive, wearable sensors that measure movement in arbitrary units called activity counts. Research to date indicates that activity counts are a reliable and valid index of upper-limb use. While most accelerometers are unable to distinguish between the type and quality of movements performed, recent advancements have used accelerometry data to produce clinically meaningful information for clinicians, patients, family and care givers. Despite this, widespread uptake in research and clinical environments remains limited. If uptake was enhanced, we could build a deeper understanding of how people with stroke use their arm in real-world environments. In order to facilitate greater uptake, however, there is a need for greater consistency in protocol development, accelerometer application and data interpretation.
Local Stellar Kinematics from RAVE Data – VI. Metallicity Gradients Based on the F–G Main-Sequence Stars
Authors: Plevne O. , Ak T. , Karaali S. , Bilir S. , Ak S. , Bostancı Z. F.
Published: November 2015

We estimated iron and metallicity gradients in the radial and vertical directions with the F and G type dwarfs taken from the Radial Velocity Experiment Data Release 4 database. The sample defined by the constraints Zmax ⩽ 825 pc and ep ⩽ 0.10 consists of stars with metal abundances and space velocity components agreeable with the thin-disc stars. The radial iron and metallicity gradients estimated for the vertical distance intervals 0 < Zmax ⩽ 500 and 500 < Zmax ⩽ 800 pc are $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.083\pm 0.030$ and $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.048\pm 0.037$ dex kpc−1, and $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.063\pm 0.011$ and $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm m}=-0.028\pm 0.057$ dex kpc−1, respectively, where Rm is the mean Galactocentric distance. The iron and metallicity gradients for less number of stars at further vertical distances, 800 < Zmax ⩽ 1500 pc, are mostly positive. Compatible iron and metallicity gradients could be estimated with guiding radius (Rg) for the same vertical distance intervals 0 < Zmax ⩽ 500 and 500 < Zmax ⩽ 800 pc, i.e. $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.083\pm 0.030$ and $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.065\pm 0.039$ dex kpc−1; $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.062\pm 0.018$ and $\text{d}[\text{M}/\text{H}]/\text{d}R_{\rm g}=-0.055\pm 0.045$ dex kpc−1. F and G type dwarfs on elongated orbits show a complicated radial iron and metallicity gradient distribution in different vertical distance intervals. Significant radial iron and metallicity gradients could be derived neither for the sub-sample stars with Rm ⩽ 8 kpc, nor for the ones at larger distances, Rm > 8 kpc. The range of the iron and metallicity abundance for the F and G type dwarfs on elongated orbits, [−0.13, −0.01), is similar to the thin-disc stars, while at least half of their space velocity components agree better with those of the thick-disc stars. The vertical iron gradients estimated for the F and G type dwarfs on circular orbits are $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}Z_{{\rm max}}=-0.176\pm 0.039$ dex kpc−1 and $\text{d}[\text{Fe}/\text{H}]/\text{d}Z_{{\rm max}}=-0.119\pm 0.036$ dex kpc−1 for the intervals Zmax ⩽ 825 and Zmax ⩽ 1500 pc, respectively.
Rationalism in Politics
Authors: STEINBERGER PETER J.
Published: November 2015

Much recent political thought has been devoted to the proposition that neither political endeavor properly understood nor theorizing about such endeavor is or could ever be a kind of rational activity. I examine three broad approaches that celebrate, respectively, rhetorical practices of political persuasion, agonistic conceptions of democracy, and, more generally, a kind of hard-headed critical realism rooted in the plain facts of political life. I argue that criticisms of rationalism in politics associated with these approaches systematically ignore central tenets of what might be called a post-Kantian convergence of recent and important philosophical perspectives and that such perspectives can be enormously useful in addressing and critically evaluating the underlying intellectual structures of political life.
A Titchmarsh divisor problem for elliptic curves
Authors: POLLACK PAUL
Published: November 2015

LetE/Qbe an elliptic curve with complex multiplication. We study the average size of τ(#E(Fp)) aspvaries over primes of good ordinary reduction. We work out in detail the case ofE:y2=x3−x, where we prove that$$\begin{equation} \sum_{\substack{p \leq x \\p \equiv 1\pmod{4}}} \tau(\#E({\bf{F}}_p)) \sim \left(\frac{5\pi}{16} \prod_{p > 2} \frac{p^4-\chi(p)}{p^2(p^2-1)}\right)x, \quad\text{as $x\to\infty$}. \end{equation}$$Here χ is the nontrivial Dirichlet character modulo 4. The proof uses number field analogues of the Brun–Titchmarsh and Bombieri–Vinogradov theorems, along with a theorem of Wirsing on mean values of nonnegative multiplicative functions.

Now suppose thatE/Qis a non-CM elliptic curve. We conjecture that the sum of τ(#E(Fp)), taken overp⩽xof good reduction, is ~cExfor somecE> 0, and we give a heuristic argument suggesting the precise value ofcE. Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis for Dedekind zeta functions, we prove that this sum is ≍Ex. The proof uses combinatorial ideas of Erdős.
A BOTANICAL INVENTORY OF FOREST ON KARSTIC LIMESTONE AND METAMORPHIC SUBSTRATE IN THE CHIQUIBUL FOREST, BELIZE, WITH FOCUS ON WOODY TAXA
Authors: Baden H. M. , Särkinen T. , Conde D. A. , Matthews A. C. , Vandrot H. , Chicas S. , Pennil C. , Bayly W. D. R. , Chance R. , Bridgewater S. G. M. , Harris D. J.
Published: November 2015

The Chiquibul Forest Reserve and National Park in Belize is a priority conservation area within the ‘Maya Forest’ in Central America. Although taxonomic data are essential for the development of conservation plans in the region, there is limited knowledge of the existing species in the area. Here we present a botanical species list of mostly woody taxa based on voucher specimens, with particular focus on the Raspaculo watershed in the eastern part of the National Park. Within the Raspaculo watershed, a comparison is made between 0.1 ha of valley floor and 0.1 ha of hilltop vegetation, sampling trees, shrubs, palms and lianas ≥2.5 cm diameter at breast height. Additionally, a 1 ha plot was established in the Upper Raspaculo watershed. Our study shows 38 new species records for the region, and important additions to the flora of Belize. New records were recorded from forests on both metamorphic and karstic substrate, including previously overlooked hilltop forest elements. Quantitative assessment of vegetation across elevation zones shows distinct elements dominating on valley floors and hilltops. Our results show that the Chiquibul contains at least 58% of Belize’s threatened plant species, and represent a source of information for the management and conservation of the area.