bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative distribution of fibronectin and type III collagen in normal human tissues
Authors: D'Ardenne A. Jane , Burns J. , Sykes B. C. , Kirkpatrick P.
Published: June 2005

The distribution of fibronectin (FN) and type III collagen (IIIC) in normal adult human tissues have been directly compared using immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques on fresh frozen and formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded material. Although in many tissues localisation of these two proteins appeared similar, two major differences were identified: (1) Where the ratio of extracellular, matrix to cells is high (e.g. in breast, intestinal submucosa), FN was scanty and present predominantly in association with cells, whether of epithelial, endothelial or mesenchymal origin. IIIC was present diffusely throughout interstitial connective tissue. (2) In the highly specialised vascular beds of spleen and renal glomeruli, FN was abundant and accompanied by little or no IIIC. It is postulated that these differences reflect a generalised more intimate association of FN with cell surfaces and basal laminae which is not always discernible by light microscopy. Proximity of FN and IIIC may nevertheless be important for cell‐matrix interactions. It was also noted that “reticulin” fibres as defined by silver impregnation do not all have an identical composition.
The evolution of the lesion in cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Ridley D. S. , Ridley Marian J.
Published: June 2005

In order to elucidate the mechanisms for the elimination of Leishmania, the histological evolution of the lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis was studied in 118 biopsies from four geographical areas known to be associated with different species or sub‐species of Leishmania. Basically there were 3 types of response: A, parasites were eliminated within intact macrophages which later evolved as epithelioid cells; B, they were eliminated as a result of the lysis of the macrophages either individually or in small clusters, but the process was incomplete; C, there was necrosis proceeding to completion at the centre of a focalised mass of macrophages. In B and C the release of parasites caused tissue destruction; epithelioid cells were immature and often sparse, though giant cells were seen in C. A more definite tuberculoid response was found in draining lymph nodes.

The response (A, B or C) depended partly on the parasite load, partly on geographical factors. The relative proportions of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes in the lesions varied with the parasite index, but the relationship was the same in all 3 types of response. This suggested that the 3 responses might be the outcome of a common immunological mechanism operating at different antigen levels or antigen‐antibody ratios.
Testicular and epididymal involvement in Fabry's disease
Authors: Nistal M. , Paniagua R. , Picazo M. L.
Published: June 2005

Autopsy specimens of the testes and epididymis of a 32‐year‐old male with Fabry's disease were studied by light and electron microscopy. The characteristic ceramide deposits (lamellar inclusions, myeloid‐bodies, zebra‐bodies) were found in the Leydig cells as well as in the epithelial lining of both the ductuli efferentes and the ductus of the epididymis. Similar myeloid‐bodies were observed in the blood vessels, connective tissue cells and muscle cells of the testicular interstitium, tunica albuginea and epididymis. In contrast, myeloid‐bodies were absent or scarce in both the seminiferous epithelium and the mediastinum testis. However, the seminiferous tubules were severely affected showing reduced diameter, thickening of the tunica propria, and a few degenerated spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes. The different degrees of involvement of the testicular structures might be related to their different functions, the absorptive and permeable structures being the most severely affected. The development of testicular alterations seems to have been slow, since the patient fathered three children.
The role of Fibronectin in the pathogenesis of antigen‐induced arthritis in the rabbit
Authors: Scott D. L. , Almond T. J. , Walton K. W. , Hunneyaball I. M.
Published: June 2005

Fibronectin (FN), a high molecular weight glycoprotein, is present in plasma and is a normal structural component of the synovium in the rabbit, as it is in man. FN is also involved in the sequence of changes seen in synovium in experimental antigen‐induced arthritis. Its widespread distribution in inflamed synovia in the initial acute phase of induced arthritis probably merely reflects the presence of FN of plasma origin in serous exudates. In established experimental arthritis, FN co‐distributes with fibrin, while in synovia undergoing organisation, FN is present intracellularly in several types of mesenchymal cells (suggesting local synthesis) and is deposited on immature collagen fibrils. However, it is no longer present when mature collagen is formed. The persistence of FN, along with fibrin, in inflamed joints, and its involvement in fibrosis, suggest that it may play a significant part in determining the chronicity of this form of experimental arthritis.
Antibody probes in diagnosis and classification of lymphomas
Authors: Jones E. L.
Published: June 2005

The use of immunohistochemistry is discussed with respect to its role in assisting with the classification and diagnosis of lymphomas. Attention is drawn to methods of achieving optimal tissue fixation and preparation, which are necessary prerequisites for the precise cytochemical demonstration of the various lymphocyte and related cell type markers.
Interferons and cancer therapy
Authors: Priestman T. J.
Published: June 2005

A variety of human interferons α, β and γ are now recognised. Three types of α‐interferon have been submitted to clinical assessment. Overall, the results have been disappointing. Attention is now directed towards their use in combination with conventional cytotoxic agents.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in neoplastic disease
Authors: Orr J. S. , Bydder G. M. , Pennock J. M. , Young I. R.
Published: June 2005

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has begun to be applied to a variety of clinical situations. The present status of the technology and some current patient data are discussed and reviewed.
Molecular aspects of growth factor action: Receptors and intracellular signals
Authors: Rozengurt Enrique , Collins Mary
Published: June 2005

An increasing number of factors have been described which influence the proliferative responses of normal and neoplastic cells. A review of such moieties, their occurrence and possible mechanisms of their action and interaction is presented together with a discussion of their potential importance in the genesis and progression of neoplasms.
The regulation of growth and development of normal and leukaemic cells
Authors: Dexter T. M. , Allen T. D.
Published: June 2005

Numerous significant advances have been made in recent years in understanding those factors and conditions which influence the growth and differentiation of haemopoietic cells. This communication is primarily concerned with defining lineage‐independent and lineage‐restricted growth factors and some of the aberrations which may be involved in leukaemia.
Macrophage specific antigen is expressed by resting microglia in the CNS but not by Langerhans cells in the skin
Authors: Mathew Ranjit C. , Gupta Sunil K. , Katayama Ichiro , Curtis Jill , Turk John L.
Published: June 2005

Controversy exists as to whether Langerhans cells in the epidermis and resting microglia in the brain should be included among cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series (MPS). A monoclonal anti‐guinea‐pig macrophage antibody has been prepared that is specific for a macrophage membrane antigen and does not react with Fc receptors or la antigens. This antibody fails to react with Langerhans cells despite reacting with peritoneal exudate macrophages, alveolar macrophages, Kupffer cells and macrophages in infectious granulomas. It does, however, react with resting microglia in the brain. This could suggest that Langerhans cells, despite a similar bone marrow origin, are not typical cells of the MPS, whereas resting microglia share features with this cell system.
Extravascular immune complexes in experimental Mycobacterial BCG granulomas
Authors: Ridley Marian J. , Ridley D. S. , Willoughby D. A.
Published: June 2005

Quantitative results of Mycobacterial BCG antigen, immunoglobulin and complement in rat skin lesions during the evolution of the granuloma reveal peak values of these factors at 49 days. The combination of antigen, Ig and complement, present extracellularly and in polymorphs at this time, indicates immune complex formation at an antigen–antibody ratio which may approximate to equivalence. This development coincides with mass lysis of host macrophages, and is followed by a sharp reduction in the antigen load.

At 8 mth, surviving bacilli are coated with antibody and complement, and sequestrated in activated macrophages. It is possible that this antibody is non‐specific and protective to the bacilli, leading to a second multiplication of organisms. But by 1 yr and 8 mth all the bacilli are dead, and immunoglobulins and complement are at very low levels.

Although immune complex deposition and macrophage lysis was not associated with complete elimination of bacilli, it marked a turning point in the infection when the bacterial load was high and cell mediated immunity (CMI) was lacking. CMI may be important, especially at low antigen levels, but the crucial role here appears to have been played by complexed antibody. These experimental findings parallel those in human cutaneous leishmaniasis. They may explain some forms of necrosis in this condition and in tuberculosis.
Increased inflammatory reactivity in newly formed lining tissue
Authors: Sedgwick A. D. , Sin Y. M. , Edwards J. C. W. , Willoughby D. A.
Published: June 2005

The air pouch has been shown to provide a convenient model for studying the behaviour of synovial lining tissue. Air pouches of different ages were used to study the reactivity of newly developing lining tissue towards irritants known to cause inflammation. Pouches of 1 day in age were relatively inert in their reactivity as judged by the number of cells and volume of the exudate accumulating in the pouch. In contrast, 3‐day‐old pouches responded to a much greater extent, and 6‐day‐old pouches were highly responsive with a further increase in cell numbers and fluid volume. The different responses of 1‐, 3‐ and 6‐day‐old pouches could be explained by (a) developing vascularity of the pouch, (b) formation of an organised lining of phagocytic cells, or (c) an increasingly organised mechanical barrier that retains the irritant and products of the inflammatory response. These studies of air pouch lining development permit a dissection of those components necessary for inflammatory reactivity of a lining tissue and may help explain the sensitivity of synovium to chronic inflammation.
Cutaneous calciphylactic reactions in the mouse and the rat and the effects of diphosphonates on the reaction in the rat
Authors: Miller S. , Vernon‐Roberts E. , McClure J.
Published: June 2005

Calciphylaxis is a local tissue calcific reaction at the site of an injection of challenger substance given a critical time period after the oral administration of a sensitizer substance such as dihydrotachysterol (DHT), vitamin D or parathormone. Cutaneous calciphylaxis is readily induced in the rat but not in the mouse and this may be because, in the latter, the challenger substance is absorbed rapidly by macrophages. In the rat the administration of 500 ug/0.1 ml of DHT followed after 24 h by the subcutaneous (SC) injection of ferric chloride (FeCl3) (30 ug/0.1 ml) is followed rapidly by calcification of the SC site. There is an early transient acute inflammatory reaction with the incrustation of collagen fibres by the iron salt and an apparent exudation of calcium and phosphate ions from the bloodstream. These ions also become associated with collagen fibres. Two days after injection macrophages and multinucleated giant cells become the dominant cells. Calciphylaxis is a useful experimental model of ectopic calcification and is associated with an initial hypercalcaemia. The diphosphonates ethane‐l‐hydroxy‐1, 1‐diphosphonate (EHDP) and dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) are effective inhibitors of the calciphylactic reaction when administered prior to the initiation of the experimental procedure.
Studies on the mechanism of cartilage degradation
Authors: Sin Y. M. , Sedgwick A. D. , Willoughby D. A.
Published: June 2005

An in vivo study of cartilage breakdown in mice was carried out by implanting living and dead, intact or finely minced autologous cartilage back into newly elicited inflammatory tissue of the original donor. At various time intervals, the implants were removed and their loss of proteoglycan and collagen analysed both histologically and biochemically. The results show that only a modest loss of proteoglycan and collagen occurs in the living intact cartilage. Severe loss of proteoglycan was detected in the minced living and dead intact cartilage. The present findings clearly demonstrate that mechanical damage during the mincing of cartilage predisposes this tissue to attack by various types of mediators known to degrade cartilage.
Acute haematogenous osteomyelitis: II. The effect of a metaphyseal abscess on the surrounding blood supply
Authors: Emslie Kerry R. , Fenner Linda M. , Nade S. M. L.
Published: June 2005

Three major vessel types—metaphyseal, epiphyseal and transphyseal vessels—were identified in the region of the growth plate following perfusion of the vasculature of the chicken leg with a solution of Berlin Blue. Following the production of osteomyelitis, obstruction to the blood supply adjacent to the abscess was rapid and was clearly demonstrated due to a lack of perfusion of the involved vessels with Berlin Blue. The extent of disturbance to the blood supply was dependent on the type of vessel involved in the inflammatory process. The efficacy of bloodstream therapy is discussed in relation to these findings.
β2‐Microglobulin in non‐malignant and malignant human breast: A feature of differentiation
Authors: Sidky Kamla , Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

An indirect immunofluorescent method has been used to study the distribution of the membrane protein β2‐microglobulin in normal, benign and malignant human breast tissue. A uniform staining of epithelial cell membranes has been found in all normal and benign tissues, with only a minor variation in the intensity of reaction between samples. In contrast the carcinomas have shown a variety of reactions, with some behaving in a manner similar to the normal and benign breast tissue, others being heterogeneous with regard to intensity of staining and the remainder having a weak or a negative reaction. The immunohistochemical behaviour of the carcinomas has paralleled the degree of histological differentiation, with poorly differentiated carcinomas showing little reactivity. A comparable relationship with lymph node status has not been found. Although those carcinomas with a staining pattern akin to non‐malignant tissue have a lower incidence of lymph node metastasis it has been the heterogeneous reacting group rather than the weak staining and negative tumours which has shown a higher rate of axillary lymph node metastasis. The prognostic significance of this finding is at present uncertain and can probably only be assessed from information about patient survival.
Ultrastructural pathology of intrapulmonary arteries in 3‐methylindole‐induced pneumotoxicity in cattle: II. Glycogen accumulation in the smooth muscle cells and intimal changes
Authors: Atwal R. O. S. , Persofsky M. S.
Published: June 2005

3‐Methylindole (3MI) was orally administered as a single dose of 0·1–0·2 g/kg which then produced acute pulmonary oedema in cattle 72 h post‐treatment. Electron microscopic examination of intrapulmonary arteries ranging between 35–120 μm in the control animals, revealed microsequestration of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the storage of proteinaceous material in the dilated cisternae of RER of the endothelial cells. Lung tissue samples collected after 72 h of 3MI administration, showed denudation and hyperplasia of the endothelial cells. Massive storage of glycogen particles and the lamellar bodies in association with glycogen, were observed in the smooth muscle cells of the media. The importance of glycogen accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary arteries is discussed in terms of energy utilization and vascular energetics to meet the metabolic requirement of haemodynamic stress arising from alveolar hypoxia and possible vasoconstriction. Furthermore, the suggestion is made, that the alterations may signify the early changes of pulmonary hypertension induced by the toxic effect of 3MI in cattle.
The effects of hypobaric hypoxia on the corticotroph population of the adenohypophysis of the male rat
Authors: Gosney John R.
Published: June 2005

The effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the corticotroph population of the adenohypophysis has been studied in male rats. After 28 days exposure to a barometric pressure of 380 mm Hg, equivalent to an altitude of 5500 m, there was an increase in their number relative to the total cell population. This may reflect a requirement for a sustained increase in the level of adrenocortical secretion in an hypoxic environment. Alternatively, higher levels of ACTH may be required to maintain normal levels of adrenocortical hormone secretion under these conditions.
Occurrence of mallory body‐like inclusions in parathyroid chief cells of ozone‐treated dogs
Authors: Atwal R. O. S. , Pemsingh R. S.
Published: June 2005

Ultrastructural characteristics of chief cells of the parathyroid glands of ozone‐treated dogs were examined 3 days, 10–13 days and 28 days after treatment. Dilated Golgi cisternae and vacuoles contained low electron dense fibrillar material. These changes in the Golgi were accompanied by massive accumulation of filaments in the perinuclear area where most of the cell organelles were disrupted to the peripheral zone of the filamentous inclusions. These inclusions were not enclosed by a membrane and corresponded with PAS‐positive and diastase‐resistant material in the chief cells at light microscopic level. Therefore these inclusions were arbitrarily designated as Mallory body‐like inclusions.
Histogenesis of granular cell tumour—an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study
Authors: Miettinen Markku , Lehtonen Eero , Lehtola Hannu , Ekblom Peter , Lehto Veli‐Pekka , Virtanen Ismo
Published: June 2005

Fifteen cases of granular cell tumour of superficial soft tissues or tongue were immunohistochemically evaluated for different types of intermediate filament proteins and for laminin, a glycoprotein of basal laminae. Four of the tumours were studied ultrastructurally. The tumour cells appeared to contain only vimentin‐type of intermediate filament protein. The lobules of tumour cells were surrounded by laminin‐positive material, but in contrast to schwannomas and neurofibromas, the individual tumour cells were not covered by laminin. In line with the immunohistochemical observations, by electron microscopy basal lamina‐like material could not be demonstrated between individual cells, but only surrounding groups of cells. Lysozyme, a histiocytic marker, was absent in the tumour cells. Our results do not confirm any particular cell type for the histogenetic origin of granular cell tumour, but suggest that it may rather be derived from uncommitted possibly nerve‐related mesenchymal cells.
The thin glomerular basement membrane in children with haematuria
Authors: Yoshikawa N. , Hashimoto H. , Katayama Y. , Yamada Y. , Matsuo T. , Okada S.
Published: June 2005

To determine the specificity and significance of widespread attenuation of the glomerular basement membrane on electron microscopy, 240 renal biopsies from 218 children were studied retrospectively. Twenty‐three patients showed diffuse attenuation and three of them are cases of hereditary nephritis. The other 20 patients are characterized by persistent microscopic haematuria, absence of proteinuria, normal blood pressure and renal function, and minimal glomerular changes. In 10 of these 20 children, microscopic haematuria was also present in the family. We conclude that widespread attenuation of the glomerular basement membrane is a characteristic of benign familial and non‐familial haematuria. The thin glomerular basement membrane may be responsible for the haematuria and may result from incomplete glomerular maturation.
The role of apoptosis in atrophy of the small gut mucosa produced by repeated administration of cytosine arabinoside
Authors: Bennett Rosemary E. , Harrison M. W. , Bishop C. J. , Searle J. , Kerr J. F. R.
Published: June 2005

Progressive atrophy of ileal crypts and villi following daily administration of cytosine arabinoside to mice was found to be the result of suppression of mitosis and marked enhancement of apoptosis in the crypt epithelium. The amount of apoptosis produced by each dose decreased as the atrophy advanced. Mucosal regeneration after cessation of administration of the drug was due to increased mitosis in the crypts, and was associated with complete restoration of susceptibility of the crypt cells to further doses. During early regeneration, the wave of increased mitosis was accompanied by a wave of mildly increased apoptosis.
Encephalitis in mice with congenital ocular toxoplasmosis
Authors: Graham D. I. , Hay J. , Hutchison W. M. , Siim J. Chr.
Published: June 2005

The brains of mice with congenital ocular toxoplasmosis were examined histologically. Toxoplasma tissue cysts and a subacute/chronic meningo‐encephalitis were present in the brains of all infected mice. The findings were very similar to those seen in human congenital toxoplasmosis. The murine model of congenital toxoplasmic encephalitis described in this paper will be valuable in the study of the pathogenesis, natural history and treatment of this condition.
The binding of peroxidase‐labelled lectins to human breast epithelium i—normal, hyperplastic and lactating breast
Authors: Walker Rosemary A.
Published: June 2005

Six peroxidase‐labelled lectins have been applied to tissue sections of normal, hyperplastic and lactating human breast. The effect of fixation on binding has been assessed by the comparison of specimens treated with a variety of fixatives with frozen material; the effect of trypsin has also been considered. The other objective has been to establish the consistency of lectin reactivity with this non‐malignant breast tissue. Fixation has little effect on the binding of wheat germ agglutinin and peanut lectin, although reactivity with the latter was sometimes increased above that seen in frozen material by the use of Bouin's fluid. Trypsinization of formalin‐fixed tissue appears to be a prerequisite for staining with soy bean agglutinin and Ulex europeus. The binding of Lotus tetragonolobus and Dolichos biflorus to fixed tissue has been found to be unreliable in comparison to frozen samples. Soy bean agglutinin and Dolichos biflorus, both specific for N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine, have binding patterns which vary between specimens and often between themselves. Of the two fucose‐binding lectins Ulex europeus has shown a variability of reaction between specimens, whilst Lotus tetragonolobus consistently reacts with ductal and acinar epithelium but with varying intensities. Consistent binding patterns have been found for wheat germ agglutinin and peanut lectin, the latter after the use of neuraminidase. They therefore form a useful basis for comparison with the reactivity of malignant breast tissue.
Histometrical investigation of the pulmonary artery in severe hepatic disease
Authors: Matsubara O. , Nakamura T. , Uehara T. , Kasuga T.
Published: June 2005

Histological changes of the pulmonary vasculature in comparison with that of the portal vein in necropsy cases of severe hepatic injury that had not been associated with clinical pulmonary hypertension were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The main changes of the intra‐hepatic portal vein were dilatation (88·3 per cent), thickening of the wall (58·5 per cent) and thrombi (22·3 per cent). The changes of the pulmonary vasculature were limited to muscular type arteries, which showed dilatation (31·9 per cent), thickening of the wall (30·9 per cent) and thrombi (10·6 per cent). Association of wall thickening of the portal vein and the small pulmonary artery was observed in 30·9 per cent, these associations being statistically significant. Coincidence of thrombus formation in the portal vein and pulmonary vasculature was observed only in 4·3 per cent, which was not statistically significant. After the circumferences of the internal and external elastic lamine of small pulmonary arteries and the cross‐sectional area of the media were measured, the anatomical radius and wall thickness of each artery were calculated according to Furuyama's method. The relations between the anatomical radii and wall thickness of small pulmonary arteries in controls and hepatic cirrhosis groups were investigated by analysis of covariance to compare the equality of the two corresponding regression lines. The wall thickness and the ratio of wall thickness to the anatomical radius of small pulmonary arteries were significantly larger in the cirrhotic group than in the control group. This study suggests that patients with severe hepatic injury are in a state of subclinical pulmonary hypertension and that symptoms of severe pulmonary hypertension may develop progressively or abruptly in some of them. The mechanism of pulmonary hypertension complicating portal hypertension or severe hepatic injury is discussed in reviewing the reported cases.
Pathological aspects of diffuse nodular hyperplasia of the liver
Authors: Weinbren K. , Mutum S. S.
Published: June 2005

The microscopical features in specimens of liver tissue from 14 patients considered to be suffering from Diffuse Nodular Hyperplasia (DNH) were compared with the changes found in livers from five other groups of patients. The diagnoses in these groups were macronodular cirrhosis, hepatic venous occlusion, congestive cardiac failure, compensatory hyperplasia after destruction of part of the liver and chronic biliary disease respectively. In all these groups the formation of thick hepatocyte plates, thought to represent cell proliferation, was a constant and striking feature. Such plate thickening in the periportal regions was associated with congestive cardiac failure and with hepatic venous occlusion. The diffuse involvement of almost all plates formed part of the changes in DNH, cirrhosis, compensatory hyperplasia and chronic biliary disease. Normal vascular relations were retained in the patients with compensatory hyperplasia and chronic biliary disease and lost in cirrhosis and, in some parts, in DNH. The nodules were small in DNH and larger in cirrhosis, where they were surrounded by fibrous tissue. DNH appeared to be recognizable in needle biopsy specimens.
Damage and healing in the conducting tissue of the heart (an experimental study in dogs infected with Trypanosoma cruzi)
Authors: Andrade Zilton A. , Andrade Sonia G. , Sadigursky Moysés
Published: June 2005

The consequences of acute inflammatory damage and chronic repair in the conducting system of the canine heart were observed after experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection of young dogs. Acute infection lasted for 18–25 days and caused hyaline and lytic necrosis of the atrio‐ventricular conducting fibres, the sinus node and the neurons in the cardiac para‐sympathetic ganglia. Dogs that survived acute disease were examined after periods from 8 months to 3 years. Three main types of healing were found in the conducting system: fibrosis (diffuse and/or focal), sclero‐atrophy and fatty infiltration. No signs of active chronic inflammation were present, although small focal residual accumulations of mononuclear cells were present in some animals. No evident electrocardiographic alterations were elicited by the presence of such cicatricial lesions. The animal model appears worthwhile for the study of the healing process in conducting tissue of the heart and for the better understanding of the asymptomatic phase of T. cruzi infection in man.
Immunolocalization of prealbumin as a marker for carcinoid tumours
Authors: Miller I. D. , Reid W. A. , Liddle Christine N. , Horne C. H. W.
Published: June 2005

Using a PAP immunoperoxidase technique, we have demonstrated the plasma protein prealbumin in 92 (87 percent) out of a series of 106 carcinoid tumours from various sites. The frequency of detection was greater than with the conventional stains; 83 (78 per cent) of the cases were positive for one or more of these stains. The Grimelius technique was by far the most effective of the conventional stains; it was positive in 81 (76 per cent) cases. We were unable to detect prealbumin in a variety of carcinomas. Although prealbumin identification did not appear to have any advantage over the routine stains in midgut‐derived carcinoids. it was much more effective in the diagnosis of bronchial (foregut) and rectal (hindgut) carcinoids. We believe that prealbumin staining offers a cheap. reliable and valuable method for the detection of carcinoid tumours in routine histopathology.
Usefulness of enzyme‐ and immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of juvenile xanthogranuloma
Authors: De Wolf‐Peeters C. , Facchetti F. , Degreef H. , Van Den Oord J. J. , Vanneste A. , Desmet V. J.
Published: June 2005

Skin biopsies from two children with juvenile xanthogranuloma were studied. Enzyme‐ and immunohistochemistry was used to establish the mononuclear phagocytic nature of the proliferating dermal elements. The usefulness of both techniques in the diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of this disease is suggested.
The effects of long‐term administration of methyltestosterone on the development of liver lesions in BALB/c mice
Authors: Taylor William , Snowball Stanley , Lesna Milena
Published: June 2005

Male and female BALB/c mice were treated orally with 5 mg/kg body weight of methyltestosterone for 10 months. Age‐matched control animals received no steroid treatment. The livers of all animals were examined by standard histopathological methods. Hepatocellular dysplasia was found in livers of all treated mice, but not in control animals. The extent and severity of this dysplasia showed a sex difference. Most of the male mice (55/78) developed severe dysplasia and in 23/78 the dysplasia was only moderate; the corresponding numbers for female mice were: mild, 15/71; moderate, 48/71 and severe dysplasia, 8/71. Microscopic hepatocytic nodules were found in 6/78 males and 7/71 females. Hepatocellular carcinoma was seen in one male mouse. These findings indicate that methyltestosterone appears to act as a weak total hepatocarcinogen under the experimental conditions used.
Yorkshire regional lymphoma histopathology panel: Analysis of five years' experience
Authors: Bird C. C. , Lauder I. , Kellett H. S. , Chorlton I. , Barnes N. , Darwin C. , Cartwright R. A. , Boyko R.
Published: June 2005

Five years' experience of operating a Regional Lymphoma Histopathology Panel is described. During this period, approximately 1400 cases were registered of which nearly 1200 were confirmed as malignant lymphoma. Complete concordance of diagnosis was achieved between submitting pathologists and the Panel in two‐thirds of cases of Hodgkin's disease and just over half of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Most discrepancies in diagnosis were found to be of clinical importance in terms of prognosis and/or therapeutic management of patients. In approximately two‐thirds of such instances disagreement arose because of wrong assignment of tumour grade within the main lymphoma class but in one‐third of cases the main class of lymphoma was wrongly designated. Panel members experienced similar diagnostic problems as submitting pathologists although to a lesser extent. The existence of the panel has not reduced the proportion of cases causing diagnostic difficulty for submitting pathologists or panel members during the 5 year study period. The principal cause of death was ascertained from death certificates and autopsy findings in nearly half the cases dying during the study period. In approximately half of these infection (largely pulmonary) played a major role while most of the remainder died of various cardiovascular, pulmonary or renal disorders. There was no specific pattern relating to the main lymphoma class. It is concluded that whilst the panel fulfils a useful function in resolving diagnostic difficulties and standardizing lymphoma diagnosis its role is restricted somewhat by the limitations imposed by conventional morphological assessments.
Immunostaining of neuron‐specific enolase is a valuable AID to the cytological diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours of the lung
Authors: Springall David R. , Lackie Peter , Levene Max M. , Marangos Paul J. , Polak Julia M.
Published: June 2005

The neuroendocrine marker neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) has been reported to be detectable by immunohistochemistry in paraffin sections of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung. There is no study of immunodetection of NSE in cytological smear preparations from these tumours. We have examined 10 cases of small cell carcinoma of the lung, using cells obtained from serous fluids or bronchial biopsies, and found all but one had NSE‐like immunoreactivity. No such immunoreactivity was found in 26 serous fluids and 19 biopsies from non‐small‐cell carcinomas. It is suggested, therefore, that immunostaining for NSE is a valuable aid to the cytological diagnosis of small cell carcinoma of the lung.
The monocyte/macrophage population of the normal human kidney
Authors: Marshall Robert J. , Maciver Angus G.
Published: June 2005

There is continuing controversy over the role of mononuclear phagocytes in glomerulonephritis. It is, therefore, important to know their distribution in normal subjects. Normal kidneys (34) were assessed using three cytoplasmic markers for macrophages employing a trypsin–immunoperoxidase (PAP) technique with antibodies to α‐1‐antitrypsin, muramidase (lysozyme) and a further oligoclonal antibody, serum 22, developed against highly purified preparations of blood monocytes. Serum 22 detected twice as many monocytes/macrophages as anti‐muramidase and four times as many as anti‐α‐1‐antitrypsin. Most cells that showed positive staining lay in glomerular and intertubular capillaries and were considered to be blood monocytes. There was wide variation in monocyte numbers throughout different glomeruli and up to 14 monocytes could be present in a glomerulus. Not more than 1 per cent lay within the mesangium. Macrophages were virtually never seen in the interstitium, except in areas of scarring. No macrophages were present in the tubules. Monocytes and macrophages are demonstrated in greater numbers within the kidney by antisera to muramidase than to α‐1‐antitrypsin.
Ductal adenoma of the breast: A lesion which can mimic carcinoma
Authors: Azzopardi J. G. , Salm R.
Published: June 2005

Twenty‐four cases of a solid benign tumour of breast ducts are described, for which we propose the name ‘ductal adenoma’. The lesion consists of a single nodule or multiple nodules involving medium size and small ducts, but not major subareolar ducts. It presents as a palpable lump, and is not associated with a nipple discharge. Clinically, radiologically and macroscopically, it can simulate malignancy because of its occurrence in older age groups, frequent microcalcification and the firmness and irregularity of many lesions. Fibrous sclerosis sometimes results in distortion with apparent invasion of surrounding tissue. It can be mistaken for carcinoma both on frozen and paraffin sections. Differentiation into epithelial and myoepithelial cells is the most reliable criterion in the recognition of this lesion as benign. It has microscopic affinities with ductal papilloma, on the one hand and with salivary‐type adenoma, on the other. Ductal adenoma constitutes the third major type of adenoma in the breast, in addition to the already widely recognized nipple adenoma and tubular adenoma.
Ferritin deposition in the glomerular deposits of focal glomerular sclerosis in the rat
Authors: Melcion Celine , Smith Jennifer , Cattell Victoria
Published: June 2005

The glomerular lesions of focal sclerosis clinically associated with a steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome, are of unknown origin. IgM and C3 deposits and electron dense material found in areas of sclerosis are not convincing evidence of an immune pathogenesis. These deposits have been studied in a rat model of focal sclerosis induced by uninephrectomy and repeated aminonucleoside administration. Sclerotic lesions closely resembling human disease developed in the remaining kidney. There was a severe progressive proteinuria. Seventy‐eight days after initial aminonucleoside injection 65 per cent of glomeruli were sclerotic with IgM, IgG, C3 and fibrinogen deposits, and electron dense deposits by electron microscopy. To study macromolecule deposition in this model of focal sclerosis, ferritin uptake 4 and 24 h after intravenous ferritin given at 77 days was compared in focal sclerosis rats with control rats without sclerosis (uninephrectomy plus saline‐only injections). In focal sclerosis rats sclerotic areas contained massive accumulations of ferritin. In unaffected segments of sclerotic glomeruli, and normal glomeruli of focal sclerosis rats, ferritin concentration was no different from controls. Abnormal ferritin trapping in areas of sclerosis suggests that the presence of IgM and C3 may be due to a similar mechanism, and is not indicative of an immune pathogenesis for focal sclerosis.
Amiodarone lung toxicity: A human and experimental study
Authors: Costa‐Jussà F. R. , Corrin B. , Jacobs J. M.
Published: June 2005

This paper describes the pathology of pulmonary histiocytosis developing in a patient treated with amiodarone, and reports comparable changes in the lungs of rats and mice to which this drug had been administered. Ultrastructural studies indicate that the experimental lung changes are similar to those produced by iprindole and chlorphentermine. The patient also displayed focal necroses and an eosinophilic bronchiolitis: these may represent further effects of amiodarone on the lung.
Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease): An immunohistochemical and enzyme‐histochemical study of the hyaline‐vascular form of lesion
Authors: Jones E. L. , Crocker J. , Gregory J. , Guibarra Mary , Curran R. C.
Published: June 2005

Tissues from five cases of angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia have been studied. All had the histological structure of the hyaline‐vascular type of lesion; large numbers of very compact lymphoid follicles were distributed evenly throughout a highly vascular tissue. The follicles were characterized by their small size, a vascular poorly cellular and frequently hyalinized centre, and a ‘tight’ concentric mantle of small lymphocytes arranged in layers producing an ‘onion‐skin’ appearance. The interfollicular tissue was characterized by the large numbers of small vessels mainly hyalinized capillaries and a few high endothelial venules and the presence of variable numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, immunocytes and immunoblasts. The immunoperoxidase method demonstrated polytypic cytoplasmic immunoglobulin in the small numbers of centroblasts and plasma cells within the follicle centres and in the plasma cells and immunocytes in the interfollicular tissue. Large numbers of suppressor T cells were present in the interfollicular areas and only scattered helper T cells were seen within the lymphocyte mantles. A strong reaction for factor VIII‐related antigen was seen in the endothelium of the interfollicular high endothelial venules but only a weak reaction in the vessels in the follicle centres. A concentric distribution pattern of the dendritic reticulum cells was seen with the metalophil impregnation method of Marshall and with the enzyme histochemical methods for acid α‐naphthyl acetate esterase and 5′‐nucleotidase. This pattern differs from the zonal distribution of these cells seen in reactive lymphoid follicles. The nature and possible pathogenesis of AFLNH are discussed and contrasted with reactive hyperplasia.
The role of cell injury and the continuing inflammatory response in the generation of silicotic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Bowden D. H. , Adamson I. Y. R.
Published: June 2005

The pathogenesis of silicosis involves interaction between pulmonary macrophages and fibroblasts. The consequences of direct injury to pulmonary cells and the role of inflammatory cells other than the macrophage have received little attention. These were studied over a 20 week period after instilling silica to mice by correlating the changing inflammatory response, as revealed by bronchoalveolar lavage and lung sections, with the cellular location of silica particles and the development and resolution of granulomatous lesions. Within 24 h, a massive concentration of particles and PMN was seen in centrilobular locations with acute focal necrosis of type 1 epithelial cells. Rapid epithelial repair occurred but PMN were recovered from the lung up to 20 weeks. In the alveoli, silica was ingested by PMN and AM, resulting in the death of some cells; free particles crossed the epithelium and were found predominantly in peribronchial macrophages. Silicotic granulomas formed within a week and consisted mainly of fibroblasts macrophages and some PMN. It is suggested that the necrosis of type 1 epithelium and the continuing efflux with serial destruction of PMN may be important factors in the generation of silicotic fibrosis.
Endothelial cell changes in acute hepatitis. A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Bardadin K. A. , Scheuer P. J.
Published: June 2005

Hepatic endothelial cells were studied by light and electron microscopy in 48 patients with acute hepatitis due to virus infection or drug idiosyncrasy. Light microscopy revealed cell swelling and appearance of dense refractile intracytoplasmic granules staining with the amylase PAS reaction and for iron by Perls' method. They were orcein‐negative. These cells, regarded as ‘activated’ endothelial cells, were found throughout the parenchyma, especially in the classical form of acute hepatitis. In acute hepatitis with bridging, panacinar or periportal necrosis, activated endothelial cells were prominent in the necrotic areas. They were constantly seen lining newly formed capillaries in these sites. By electron microscopy, the intracytoplasmic granules had the characteristics of primary or secondary siderosomes. In areas of capillarization, basement membrane material was seen on the aspect of the activated cells facing the space of Disse. Activated endothelial cells may play a part in protecting hepatocytes from injury.
Metalophil histiocytes in non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas particularly in malignant proliferations of B‐lymphocytes
Authors: van Unnik J. A. M. , de Weger R. A.
Published: June 2005

The metalophil method for the demonstration of histiocytes was applied to 108 non‐Hodgkin lymphomas diagnosed according to the Kiel classification. In 41 lymphomas the presence of histiocytes was assessed with the aid of the non‐specific esterase reaction. The same procedures were performed on 12 lymph nodes with follicular hyperplasia and/or sinus histiocytosis. The number of histiocytes was estimated and graded from 0 to 3. A good correlation between the two methods was found. Dendritic histiocytes were typically absent in lymphocytic lymphomas (CLL type). The follicles were clearly delineated by the distribution of dendritic histiocytes in follicular centroblastic/centrocytic lymphomas. In diffuse centrocytic lymphomas a small to moderate number of siender dendritic histiocytes was seen (grades 1–2). In lymphoplasmacytic/lymphoplasmacytoid lymphomas and in diffuse centroblastic/centrocytic malignant lymphoma the majority showed a great number of pleomorphic dendritic histiocytes (grade 3). In high‐grade malignant lymphomas (centroblastic, immunoblastic and lymphoblastic categories) either a high to moderate number of pleomorphic dendritic histiocytes was found or they were totally absent. The lack of histiocytes in centroblastic lymphomas was especially noteworthy. It is proposed that dendritic histiocytes proliferate or are attracted in malignant lymphomas by the presence of centrocytes, especially in combination with centroblasts and by the presence of plasmacytoid cells or their precursors. The frequent absence of dendritic histiocytes in high‐grade malignant lymphomas may alternatively be explained by the loss of physiological properties in less differentiated cells.
Ischaemic changes in human mesenteric lymph nodes
Authors: Mahy N. J. , Davies J. D.
Published: June 2005

Lymph node lesions attributable to ischaemia are described in the mesenteric nodes from 10 patients with volvulus of the small and large bowel. Frank infarction, the microanatomy of which differs from that seen in superficial lymph nodes, is one of the nodal lesions evoked by ischaemia. Two others in the form of lymphocyte depletion and capsular hypervascularity also appear to result from vascular occlusion. These three lesions were also found in nodes associated with ‘primary’ venous and arterial infarction of the bowel mucosa, but not in non‐vascular diseases of the small bowel or colon. The enhanced frequency of infarction in volvulus with mucosal necrosis, as opposed to cases with ‘primary’ vascular thromboses suggest that ischaemic lymph node changes are more frequent when several sets of vessels are occluded. Distension of lymph hode sinuses, erythrocyte extravasation, and dilatation of small intranodal vessels were not restricted to vascular cases, and appear to be less specific reactions to ischaemia. The range of ischaemia‐induced reactions is wider than has hitherto been recognized in human lymph nodes.
Histogenesis of adenomatoid tumour associated to pseudofibromatous periorchitis in an infant with hydrocele
Authors: Nistal M. , Paniagua R. , Fuentes Elena , Regadera J.
Published: June 2005

An 18‐month‐old infant with recurrent congenital hydrocele presented with a mass in the caput epididymis. The tumour and several fragments of the tunica vaginalis were removed and studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumour showed the characteristic histological pattern of an adenomatoid tumour of mesothelial origin. The histological appearance of the tunica vaginalis was not uniform; some areas resembled the adenomatoid tumour to the epididymis, others exhibited histological and ultrastructural features of a haemangioma, whilst elsewhere, the two patterns were intermingled. Finally, areas of pseudofibromatous periorchitis with vascular proliferation and slit‐like structures lined by mesothelial cells were recognized. These features suggest that the adenomatoid tumour originated from a localized reactive process with inflammation and vascular proliferation enclosing occasional slit‐like structures originating from the mesothelial lining of the tunica vaginalis. Subsequent regression of vascular proliferation and inflammatory infiltration and continued mesothelial proliferation would give rise to the typical mesothelial pattern of adenomatoid tumour.