bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monetary Policy and Systemic Risk in a Financial Network System Based on Multi-Agent Modeling
Authors: Gao Qianqian , Fan Hong , Pang Congyuan
Published: January 2025

Global inflation is high, and economic recovery is slow, leading to frequent monetary policy adjustments aimed at maintaining financial stability and accelerating recovery. To study the effects of monetary policies on the systemic risk of financial network systems and their mechanisms of action, this paper constructs a complex financial network system model. The model depicts the behavior of households, firms, banks, and the government (central bank) under the influence of monetary policies and their interactions. The study finds that systemic risk mainly arises from the uncertainty of business operations under market competition regulation. The interest rate policy affects the operation of the financial system by adjusting the operating costs and profits of banks and firms, while the required reserves policy primarily regulates the credit activities of banks and firms. Lower interest rates and higher reserve requirement ratios can mitigate systemic risk, but high reserve requirement ratios can make markets less active. Compared to the two policies, interest rate adjustments impact systemic risk more significantly and have a longer policy action cycle, while reserve requirement ratio adjustments create a strong short-term stimulus to the financial system. Considering the current market conditions, the central bank should adopt a more appropriate monetary policy.
Generalizations and Properties of Normalized Similarity Measures for Boolean Models
Authors: Bădică Amelia , Bădică Costin , Logofătu Doina , Neremzoiu Ionuţ-Dragoş
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we provide a closer look at some of the most popular normalized similarity/distance measures for Boolean models. This work includes the generalization of three classes of measures described as generalized Kulczynski, generalized Jaccard, and generalized Consonni and Todeschini measures, theoretical ordering of the similarity measures inside each class, as well as between classes, and positive and negative results regarding the metric properties of measures related to satisfying or not satisfying the triangle inequality axiom.
Ulva Seaweed-Derived Ulvan: A Promising Marine Polysaccharide as a Sustainable Resource for Biomaterial Design
Authors: Pari Rizfi Fariz , Uju Uju , Hardiningtyas Safrina Dyah , Ramadhan Wahyu , Wakabayashi Rie , Goto Masahiro , Kamiya Noriho
Published: January 2025

Green seaweed is currently underused compared with other major seaweed types. Many scientists have reported applications of the green seaweed Ulva in various fields in recent years, which makes it a candidate for biomass production in industrial biorefineries. Ulva contains a unique polysaccharide called ulvan, which is being considered for medicinal and pharmacological applications. Ulvan is a sulfated polysaccharide including rhamnose and glucuronic acid residues, which has a range of bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant properties. The biocompatibility of ulvan makes it a versatile candidate for biomaterial design. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the potential applications of ulvan, starting with extraction methods and structural/biological characterization and moving on to biomaterial design. We also highlight the advantages of ulvan over traditional seaweed polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan, and alginate.
Exploring Anti-Aging Effects of Topical Treatments for Actinic Keratosis
Authors: Li Pomi Federica , d’Aloja Andrea , Valguarnera Dario , Vaccaro Mario , Borgia Francesco
Published: January 2025

Background and Objectives: Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precancerous cutaneous lesion driven by chronic ultraviolet (UV) exposure, often coexisting with features of photoaging, such as wrinkles and pigmentary irregularities. Recent evidence suggests that treatments for AK may also counteract photoaging through shared molecular pathways, including oxidative stress and inflammation. This narrative review explores the dual benefits of AK therapies, highlighting their potential anti-aging and skin-lightening effects, and implications for improving skin appearance alongside lesion clearance. Materials and Methods: The literature was analyzed to assess the efficacy, mechanisms, and cosmetic outcomes of commonly used AK treatments, including topical agents (5-fluorouracil (5-FU), imiquimod, diclofenac, and tirbanibulin), and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Studies highlighting their effects on photoaged skin, collagen remodeling, pigmentation, and patient satisfaction were reviewed. Results: PDT emerged as the most validated treatment, demonstrating improved collagen synthesis, skin texture, and pigmentation. 5-FU showed remodeling of the dermal matrix and increased procollagen levels, but local skin reactions represent a major limitation. Imiquimod enhanced dermal fibroplasia and reduced solar elastosis, while diclofenac provided mild photodamage improvements with minimal adverse effects. Tirbanibulin showed promising aesthetic outcomes, including skin lightening and a reduction in mottled pigmentation, with favorable tolerability. Conclusions: AK therapies offer a dual-purpose strategy, addressing both precancerous lesions and cosmetic concerns associated with photoaging. While PDT remains the gold standard, emerging agents like tirbanibulin ointment exhibit substantial potential. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols and evaluating long-term cosmetic outcomes to enhance patient satisfaction and compliance.
Production of Monodisperse Oil-in-Water Droplets and Polymeric Microspheres Below 20 μm Using a PDMS-Based Step Emulsification Device
Authors: Tottori Naotomo , Choi Seungman , Nisisako Takasi
Published: January 2025

Step emulsification (SE) is renowned for its robustness in generating monodisperse emulsion droplets at arrayed nozzles. However, few studies have explored poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based SE devices for producing monodisperse oil-in-water (O/W) droplets and polymeric microspheres with diameters below 20 µm—materials with broad applicability. In this study, we present a PDMS-based microfluidic SE device designed to achieve this goal. Two devices with 264 nozzles each were fabricated, featuring straight and triangular nozzle configurations, both with a height of 4 µm and a minimum width of 10 µm. The devices were rendered hydrophilic via oxygen plasma treatment. A photocurable acrylate monomer served as the dispersed phase, while an aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution acted as the continuous phase. The straight nozzles produced polydisperse droplets with diameters exceeding 30 µm and coefficient-of-variation (CV) values above 10%. In contrast, the triangular nozzles, with an opening width of 38 µm, consistently generated monodisperse droplets with diameters below 20 µm, CVs below 4%, and a maximum throughput of 0.5 mL h−1. Off-chip photopolymerization of these droplets yielded monodisperse acrylic microspheres. The low-cost, disposable, and scalable PDMS-based SE device offers significant potential for applications spanning from laboratory-scale research to industrial-scale particle manufacturing.
Supplementation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CNPC003 and Pilosocereus gounellei Flour Enhances the Properties of Goat Cream Cheese
Authors: Vasconcelos Daniela Karla Medeiros , de Souza Evandro Leite , Viana Márcia Gabrielle Silva , Campos Maria Isabel Ferreira , de Medeiros Lorena Lucena , Olegário Lary Souza , de Sousa Galvão Mércia , dos Santos Karina Maria Olbrich , do Egito Antônio Silvio , Madruga Marta Suely , dos Santos Lima Marcos , Gadelha Tatiane Santi , Pacheco Maria Teresa Bertoldo , de Oliveira Kataryne Árabe Rimá , de Oliveira Maria Elieidy Gomes
Published: January 2025

This study evaluated the impacts of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CNPC003 and xique-xique flour supplementation on the technological, physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of goat cream cheese over 21 days of refrigerated storage. Four cheese formulations were prepared: a control (CC), one with L. plantarum CNPC003 (PC), one with xique-xique flour (XC), and one with L. plantarum CNPC003 and xique-xique flour (PXC). XC and PXC had a yellowish-green hue with less brightness. PC and PXC were less firm and adhesive with greater elasticity, cohesiveness, and gumminess, and they had reduced total protein and increased total free amino acids (p < 0.05) during storage. The contents of specific volatile compounds increased in PXC during storage. PXC had higher L. plantarum counts than PC on day 21 of storage. PC and PXC had distinct colors and textures and were well accepted regarding sensory attributes. Xique-xique flour and L. plantarum CNPC003 supplementation positively impact the nutritional and functional characteristics of goat cream cheese without negatively affecting the technological and sensory attributes.
Causal Association Between the Mucosal and Luminal Microbiotas from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Weaned Piglets Using Bayesian Network
Authors: Yoshimura Shu , Tsukahara Takamitsu , Takahashi Toru , Miura Hiroto , Morishima So , Kise Masaaki , Shin Jiye , Yahara Yoshihiro , Inoue Ryo
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiota composition and its potential interactions across seven gut locations (stomachs, jejuna, ilea, ceca, proximal colons, distal colons, and recta) in weaned pigs to identify key influencing microbiotas. To compare between microbiota compositions, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed. Six 70-day-old healthy crossbred (Duroc × Large White × Landrace) piglets were introduced as donors. A Bayesian network (BN) was used to examine the directional interactions among the microbiotas evaluated (seven mucosal and seven digesta microbiotas). Based on edge connectivity frequency, the microbiota in jejunal mucosa was the central hub node, influencing other microbiotas, especially the mucosal microbiotas of the ileum, cecum, distal colon, and rectum. The jejunal mucosa was dominated by Prevotella and lactobacilli, both recognized for their contributions to pig health. Among Prevotella, Prevotella copri and Prevotella sp. were predominant in jejunal mucosa (4.6% and 2.9%, respectively). Lactobacilli, including eight distinct species, were distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Notably, Ligilactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus amylovorus, known as immune-enhancing bacteria, were abundant in jejunal mucosa (1.0% and 0.8%) and digestas (0.9% and 19.2%), respectively. The BN identified rectal mucosa and digestas as two terminal nodes, influenced by upstream microbiotas in the gastrointestinal tract. This finding supports the link between fecal microbiota and pig productivity, as the fecal microbiota, closely resembling the rectal microbiota, reflects the conditions of the microbiota throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
Genomic and Proteomic Analyses of Bacterial Communities of Ixodes scapularis Ticks from Broome County, New York
Authors: Shamoon-Pour Michel , Canessa Emily H. , Macher John , Fruitwala Amaan , Draper Emma , Policriti Benjamin , Chin Matthew , Nunez Matthew , Puccio Paul , Fang Yuan , Wang Xin-Ru , Hathout Yetrib
Published: January 2025

The microbial communities of Ixodes scapularis, the primary vector of Lyme disease in North America, exhibit regional variations that may affect pathogen transmission and vector competence. We analyzed bacterial communities in I. scapularis ticks collected from Broome County, New York, using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (18 ticks) as well as mass spectrometry-based proteomics (36 ticks). According to the 16S rRNA analysis, the endosymbiont Rickettsia buchneri was the most abundant species, with significantly higher (p = 0.0011) abundance in females (54.76%) compared to males (31.15%). We detected Borreliella burgdorferi in 44.44% of ticks and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in two nymphs but in high relative abundances (12.73% and 46.46%). Male ticks exhibited higher bacterial diversity, although the community composition showed no significant clustering by sex or life stage. Co-occurrence analysis revealed negative associations between R. buchneri and Pseudomonas (p = 0.0245), but no associations with B. burgdorferi. Proteomic analysis identified 12 R. buchneri-specific proteins, additionally detecting the protozoan pathogen Babesia microti in 18.18% of females. These findings provide the first comprehensive characterization of I. scapularis microbiomes in the Southern Tier region of New York and suggest broader distribution of R. buchneri across tick life stages than previously recognized, with potential implications for pathogen transmission dynamics.
Microplastic Categories Distinctively Impact Wastewater Bacterial Taxonomic Composition and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes
Authors: Tran Tam Thanh , Stenger Kabelo Stephans , Strømmen Marte , Bezuidenhout Cornelius Carlos , Wikmark Odd-Gunnar
Published: January 2025

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may serve as hotspots for pathogens and promote antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Plastic debris in wastewater could further contribute to AMR dissemination. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of various microplastic types on bacterial communities and AMR gene abundance in wastewater that were obtained from two WWTPs, one in Tromsø, Norway, and the other one in Potchefstroom, South Africa. The microcosm experiments were designed as follows: Five manufactured microplastic pellet types were used for testing, and two rock aggregate types were used as controls. In addition, each material type was subjected to artificial aging treatments using either ultra-violet light or hydrogen peroxide. Each material was incubated in flasks containing inlet/outlet wastewater obtained from these two WWTPs. Nucleic acids were extracted after a one-week incubation period. The detection of the blaFOXand blaMOX genes was performed using quantitative PCR. Extracted DNA was sequenced using a MinION device. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling plot on full-length 16S sequencing data at the species level showed that samples were clustered into distinct material groups, which were in line with the ANOSIM test. The Indicator Species Analysis showed a strong association between many Acinetobacter species with the plastic group than the rock group. Aging treatment using hydrogen peroxide showed some effects on microbial composition in the outlet wastewater. The abundance of blaFOX and blaMOX genes in the Norwegian wastewater outlet were generally lower compared to those in the inlet, though the results were contrary in South African wastewater samples. The relative abundance of AMR genes seemed to be increased on several plastic types (PET, PE, and PLA) but decreased on PVC-A. WWTP treatments in this study did not effectively reduce the abundance of AMR genes. An in-depth understanding the role of specific microplastic type on bacterial communities and AMR profiles is, therefore, needed to combat AMR threat.
Effect of CO2 Concentration on the Microbial Activity of Orenia metallireducens (Strain Z6) in Surface Inert Materials
Authors: Li Shuyi , Song Wentao , Liu Juan , Boyanov Maxim I. , O’Loughlin Edward J. , Kemner Kenneth M. , Sanford Robert A. , Shao Hongbo , Feng Qi , He Yu , Dong Yiran , Shi Liang
Published: January 2025

Carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration has garnered widespread attention as a key strategy for mitigating CO2 emissions and combating the greenhouse effect. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between CO2, widespread siliceous minerals and biological processes remain unclear. The present study explored the potential impacts of different CO2 concentrations on microbial activity, environmental conditions and their feedback on the fate of CO2. A total of 20 experimental conditions was created, with the variables including different natural and synthetic siliceous minerals (e.g., quartz sand and a type of commercial glass beads), the presence or absence of the iron-reducing microorganism Orenia metallireducens (strain Z6) and varying CO2 concentrations (0%, 20%, 50%, 100%) in the presence of ferrihydrite and pyruvate. Geochemical, microbial and mineralogical analyses revealed that elevated CO2 concentrations significantly inhibited microbial Fe(III) reduction and pyruvate metabolism. Interestingly, compared to cultures without mineral amendments or those with glass beads alone, the addition of quartz sand enabled strain Z6 to better withstand the environmental stress caused by elevated CO2, promoting pyruvate fermentation and iron reduction. In addition to an increased pH, the formation of siderite, hematite and vivianite was also observed in the bioactive systems. Although both glass beads and quartz sand were primarily composed of silica, differences in the mineral structure, elemental composition and acid neutralization capacity rendered quartz sand more chemically active and unexpectedly led to greater CO2 sequestration.
Pore Structure and Heterogeneity Characteristics of Deep Coal Reservoirs: A Case Study of the Daning–Jixian Block on the Southeastern Margin of the Ordos Basin
Authors: Li Bo , Guo Yanqin , Hu Xiao , Wang Tao , Wang Rong , Chen Xiaoming , Fan Wentian , Deng Ze
Published: January 2025

To clarify the micropore structure and fractal characteristics of the Danning–Jixian block on the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, this study focuses on the deep coal rock of the Benxi Formation in that area. On the basis of an analysis of coal quality and physical properties, qualitative and quantitative studies of pore structures with different pore diameters were conducted via techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), low-pressure CO2 adsorption (LP-CO2A), low-temperature N2 adsorption (LT-N2A), and high-pressure mercury intrusion (HPMI). By applying fractal theory and integrating the results from the LP-CO2A, LT-N2A, and HPMI experiments, the fractal dimensions of pores with different diameters were obtained to characterize the complexity and heterogeneity of the pore structures of the coal samples. The results indicate that the deep coal reservoirs in the Danning–Jixian block have abundant nanometer-scale organic matter gas pores, tissue pores, and a small number of intergranular pores, showing strong heterogeneity influenced by the microscopic components and forms of distribution of organic matter. The pore structure of the Benxi Formation exhibits significant cross-scale effects and strong heterogeneity and is predominantly composed of micropores that account for more than 90% of the total pore volume; the pore structure is affected mainly by the degree of coalification, the vitrinite group, and the ash yield. Fractal analysis reveals that the heterogeneity of macropores is greater than that of mesopores and micropores. This may be attributed to the smaller pore sizes and concentrated distributions of micropores, which are less influenced by diagenesis, resulting in simpler pore structures with lower fractal dimensions. In contrast, mesopores and macropores, with larger diameters and broader distributions, exhibit diverse origins and are more affected by diagenesis, reflecting strong heterogeneity. The abundant storage space and strong self-similarity of micropores in deep coal facilitate the occurrence, flow, and extraction of deep coalbed methane.
Correction: Pan et al. Lignin-Derived Activated Carbon as Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitor. Molecules 2025, 30, 89
Authors: Pan Chenghao , Ji Yongfeng , Ren Suxia , Lei Tingzhou , Dong Lili
Published: January 2025

Adjustment of Authorship Order [...]
Kinetic and Structural Insights into β-Cyclodextrin Complexation with Asparagine Enantiomers: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Kouderis Constantine , Tsigoias Stefanos , Siafarika Panagiota , Kalampounias Angelos G.
Published: January 2025

We report on the dynamic interactions between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and each one of the two enantiomers of asparagine (d-Asp, l-Asp). Molecular docking methodologies were applied to elucidate the formation of the β-CD—d-Asp and β-CD—l-Asp inclusion complexes. Ultrasonic relaxation spectra revealed a single relaxation process in the frequency range studied that is attributed to the complexation between β-CD and asparagine enantiomers. Kinetic parameters and thermodynamic properties for each system were determined directly from the concentration- and temperature-dependent acoustic measurements, respectively. Both β-CD—d-Asp and β-CD—l-Asp systems revealed subtle differences in their thermodynamic and kinetic properties. The infrared absorption spectra of the host molecule, the guest enantiomers, and both inclusion complexes were recorded to verify and further elucidate the complexation mechanism. DFT methodologies were performed to calculate the theoretical IR spectra of the inclusion complexes and compared with the corresponding experimental spectra. The close resemblance between the experimental and theoretically predicted IR spectra is supportive of the formation of inclusion complexes. The encapsulation of asparagine enantiomers in β-cyclodextrin enables not only applications in drug delivery but also the detection and separation of chimeric molecules.
Sweet Clover (Melilotus spp.) as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Sowa-Borowiec Patrycja , Czernicka Maria , Jarecki Wacław , Dżugan Małgorzata
Published: January 2025

Sweet clover, particularly white sweet clover (Melilotus albus), is an underexplored plant that has gained attention in recent years. This study compared the bioactive compounds content in the flowers, leaves, and stems of Melilotus albus Medic. to the well-known health-promoting Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Both fresh and dried plant materials were analysed, with chromatographic assessments preceded by the optimisation of the extraction method (using 50% aqueous ethanol–water and the plant sample ground in a mortar, followed by 30 min of ultrasound-assisted extraction). Flower and leaf extracts were also evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH· assays. Both plant species were rich in phenolic compounds, including coumarins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. HPLC-PDA analysis revealed similar profiles for both species, with quantitative differences in individual compound fractions. The highest coumarin content was found in the fresh flowers, followed by the leaves and stems. No significant species-specific differences in the coumarin content were observed. However, the flowers of M. albus were a richer source of flavonoids, with the highest hyperoside content. The flavonoid profile in the leaf extracts was similar to that of the flowers, but the content was about four times lower in the leaves and even lower than in the stems. Interestingly, the leaf extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the flower extracts. The presented findings suggest that white sweet clover is an equally valuable source of health-promoting compounds as yellow sweet clover.
Affinity Maturation for Antibody Engineering: The Critical Role of Residues on CDR Loops of Antibodies in Antigen Binding
Authors: Yoshida Mutsumi , Oda Masayuki
Published: January 2025

During the course of affinity maturation, antibodies exhibit enhanced antigen-binding affinities by altering the amino acids in their variable regions. Understanding the structural basis of these antibodies can be beneficial for antibody engineering. We determined the crystal structures of single-chain Fv (scFv) antibodies against (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl, C6 and E11, which had undergone affinity maturation. Compared with germline-type antibodies, the affinity-matured antibodies with somatic hypermutation from Lys58 to Arg58 of the heavy chain located in the complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) seemed to be critical for increasing the antigen-binding affinity. E11 possessed a disulfide bond at the base of CDR3 in the heavy chain, which contributed to a further increase in its antigen-binding affinity compared with that of C6. In this study, we generated several mutant scFvs of C6 and E11 and analyzed their antigen-binding thermodynamics using isothermal titration calorimetry. The results indicated that the CDR conformations could adjust antigen-binding not only at the mutated sites but also at the surrounding residues. The analysis of folding thermodynamics showed that the stability of the affinity-matured antibodies was lower than that of the germline-type antibodies and remarkably increased upon strong antigen binding. The results also indicated that the structural dynamics of the affinity-matured antibodies were greater than those of the germline-type antibodies and decreased upon antigen binding.
Characterization of Native Sicilian Wines by Phenolic Contents, Antioxidant Activity and Chemometrics
Authors: Rapa Mattia , Di Fabio Martina , Boccacci Mariani Maurizio , Giannetti Vanessa
Published: January 2025

Sicily, an island rich in history and tradition, is renowned for its unique viticultural landscape, where native vines have been cultivated for centuries. The commercial value of Sicilian wines is rooted in their distinctive flavors and aromas and the cultural heritage they embody. This paper delves into the characterization of native Sicilian wines according to their phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, and chemometrics. Nero d’Avola and Syrah showed the highest phenolic content and the highest antioxidant activity. Among the white wines, the Catarratto and Zibbibo samples were richer in antioxidants than the Grillo ones. In the Principal Component Analysis, it was possible to note the grouping of the red and white wines in the first component and an early grouping according to variety in the second one. Furthermore, the variable examined allowed for a suitable classification model (up to 83%) to be built for the Nero d’Avola, Syrah, Grillo, and Zibibbo wines through a Linear Discriminant Analysis. The findings highlight how these phenolic profiles contribute to the distinctiveness and marketability of Sicilian wines, offering a deeper appreciation of their value within the global wine industry.
The Convergence of Nanotechnology and Biotechnology in Modern Medicine
Authors: Fernandes Rúben
Published: January 2025

The combination of nanotechnology and biotechnology is paving the way for new medical treatments, with promising results in therapy [...]
Enhancing the Fluorescence and Antimicrobial Performance of Carbon Dots via Hypochlorite Treatment
Authors: Gavalas Spyridon , Beg Mohammed S. , Gibbons Ella N. , Kelarakis Antonios
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a simple, post-synthesis treatment of carbon dots (C-dots) that relies on the oxidizing activity of sodium hypochlorite to induce surface oxidation, etching and pronounced structural rearrangements. The thus treated C-dots (ox-C-dots) exhibit up to six-fold enhancement in quantum yield compared to non-oxidised analogues, while maintaining low levels of cytotoxicity against HeLa and U87 cell lines. In addition, we demonstrate that a range of polymeric materials (polyurethane sponge, polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, polyester fabric) impregnated with ox-C-dots show advanced antifungal properties against Talaromyces pinophilus, while their untreated counterparts fail to do so.
The Nutrient Profiling of Swedish Food Products—A Study of the Alignment of the Multi-Level Criteria for the Choices and Nutri-Score Systems with the Nordic Keyhole Logo
Authors: Chan Wing Ki , Pitt Stephanie , Smorenburg Herbert , Wolk Alicja , Lissner Lauren
Published: January 2025

Background: The European Commission has called for a harmonised front-of-package nutritional label (FOPNL) system in the European region. The Keyhole is a widely adopted positive FOPNL used in several Nordic countries. The Nutri-Score is a five-level graded FOPNL, more recently introduced in Western Europe. Both FOPNLs are supported by intrinsically different nutrient profiling systems (NPSs). A third NPS is the Choices NPS, which originally supported a positive FOPNL similar to the Keyhole and has been expanded into a five-level NPS. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to investigate the overall alignment between both the Choices and Nutri-Score multi-level NPSs and the Keyhole NPS. Furthermore, food group-based alignment was analysed to understand the main sources of misalignment. Methods: In this study, we extracted 1064 food/drink items from the food and beverage database of the Swedish Food Administration. All products were assessed according to all three NPSs, and alignment was assessed, using the Keyhole NPS as a recommendation-based reference. Two definitions of alignment were examined—healthier (more lenient, i.e., two highest grades) and healthiest (stricter, i.e., only the highest grade). Results: The overall alignment between the Choices and Keyhole NPSs was similar to that between the Nutri-Score and Keyhole NPSs (89% and 85% alignment under the healthiest definition, i.e., stricter). However, two food groups showed poor alignment between the Nutri-Score NPS and the Keyhole NPS (~60%). Under the healthier (more lenient) definition, the alignment for both the Choices and Nutri-Score systems with the Keyhole system was lower (86% and 79%). Conclusions: The alignments and misalignments between the Choices/Nutri-Score systems and the Keyhole system prompt important considerations for future developments of FOPNL systems for the Nordic countries. Extending the Keyhole NPS to include a multi-level criterion could potentially help consumers identify healthier choices, even for less nutritious foods.
Association Between Body Image and Physical Activity, Sociodemographic, and Morphological Variables in Adult Women
Authors: Knapik Andrzej , Plinta Ryszard , Gnat Rafał
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Studying non-pathological determinants of body image (BI) among adult women is essential to provide a holistic understanding of the factors that shape BI and thus to promote positive mental health, support tailored interventions, address societal impacts, and ultimately facilitate women’s healthier relationships with their bodies. The data available on this particular topic are sparse. The importance of BI for well-being prompted the authors to study its relationships with sociodemographic (age, education level, professional, marital, material status), morphological (body mass index—BMI) and behavioural (habitual physical activity) variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a cohort of 740 volunteer women was conducted with the one-time measurement of the dependent variables—individual components of BI—using the standard Body Esteem Scale (BES) questionnaire. Results: The BMI was a factor differentiating all domains of the BES. Among the analysed sociodemographic variables, intergroup comparisons showed significant effects of education and material status in the following BES domains: sexual attractiveness and weight concern. The physical condition domain showed differences between the categories of professional and material status. The level of physical activity differentiated respondents in the domains of weight concern and physical condition. Conclusions: Adult women are generally critical about their bodies. A factor that adversely affects the BES is an excessive BMI. Sociodemographic factors influence BI to a lesser degree. Physical activity shows a correlation with the BES domain of physical condition, particularly among young women.
Onco: Covering the Field of Cancer Research and Cancer Therapies in 2024
Authors: Baxevanis Constantin N. , Goulielmaki Maria , Tsitsilonis Ourania E. , Gritzapis Angelos D.
Published: January 2025

The year of 2024 was successful regarding the scientific performance of Onco [...]
Synthesis, Anticancer Screening, and In Silico Evaluations of Thieno[2,3-c]pyridine Derivatives as Hsp90 Inhibitors
Authors: Chandrasekaran Balakumar , Bayan Mohammad F. , Hmedat Ali , Al-Jaidi Bilal A. , Al-Tawalbeh Deniz M. , Abuarqoub Duaa , Rasras Anas J. , Jaradat Da’san M. M. , Dakkah Abdel Naser , Hourani Wafa , Karpoormath Rajshekhar
Published: January 2025

Background: Thieno[2,3-c]pyridines and their analogs are not well explored for their anticancer properties. Hence, our research aimed to establish the anticancer potential of thieno[2,3-c]pyridines through cell-based assays and in silico evaluations. Methods: Thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives 6(a–k) were synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. All the synthesized compounds were screened initially for their anticancer activity against MCF7 and T47D (breast cancer), HSC3 (head and neck cancer), and RKO (colorectal cancer) cell lines using MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle analyses were conducted using Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining for apoptosis assessment and PI staining for cell cycle analysis to investigate the mechanisms underlying the reduced cell viability. In silico molecular docking was accomplished for the synthesized compounds against the Hsp90 and determined pharmacokinetics properties. Results: From the screening assay, compounds 6a and 6i were identified as potential inhibitors and were further subjected to IC50 determination. The compound 6i showed potent inhibition against HSC3 (IC50 = 10.8 µM), T47D (IC50 = 11.7 µM), and RKO (IC50 = 12.4 µM) cell lines, all of which indicated a broad spectrum of anticancer activity. Notably, 6i was found to induce G2 phase arrest, thereby inhibiting cell cycle progression. Molecular docking results indicated crucial molecular interactions of the synthesized ligands against the target Hsp90. Conclusion: The compound 6i induced cell death via mechanisms that are different from apoptosis. Thus, the synthesized thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives can be suitable lead compounds to be optimized to obtain potent anticancer agents through Hsp90 inhibition.
Potential Applications of Rare Earth Metal Nanoparticles in Biomedicine
Authors: Titova Svetlana A. , Kruglova Maria P. , Stupin Victor A. , Manturova Natalia E. , Silina Ekaterina V.
Published: January 2025

In recent years, the world scientific community has shown increasing interest in rare earth metals in general and their nanoparticles in particular. Medicine and pharmaceuticals are no exception in this matter. In this review, we have considered the main opportunities and potential applications of rare earth metal (gadolinium, europium, ytterbium, holmium, lutetium, dysprosium, erbium, terbium, thulium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, europium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, praseodymium, cerium) nanoparticles in biomedicine, with data ranging from single reports of effects found in vitro to numerous independent in vivo studies, as well as a number of challenges to their potential for wider application. The main areas of application of rare earth metals, including in the future, are diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasms, therapy of infections, as well as the use of antioxidant and regenerative properties of a number of nanoparticles. These applications are determined both by the properties of rare earth metal nanoparticles themselves and the need to search for new approaches to solve a number of urgent biomedical and public health problems. Oxide forms of lanthanides are most often used in biomedicine due to their greatest biocompatibility and nanoscale size, providing penetration through biological membranes. However, the existing contradictory or insufficient data on acute and chronic toxicity of lanthanides still make their widespread use difficult. There are various modification methods (addition of excipients, creation of nanocomposites, and changing the morphology of particles) that can reduce these effects. At the same time, despite the use of some representatives of lanthanides in clinical practice, further studies to establish the full range of pharmacological and toxic effects, as well as the search for approaches to modify nanoparticles remain relevant.
Unveiling the Triplet-State Interaction Mechanism Between 4-Carboxybenzophenone and 2-Naphthalene Sulfonate—A Laser Flash Photolysis Study
Authors: Filipiak Piotr , Grzyb Katarzyna , Borkowska Monika , Pedzinski Tomasz
Published: January 2025

This communication aims to comprehensively elucidate the intricate mechanism governing the interaction between the excited triplet state of 4-Carboxybenzophenone (CB*) and the anionic form of 2-Naphthalene Sulfonate (NpSO3−), employing the 337 nm Nanosecond Laser Flash Photolysis technique for this investigation. When the CB is selectively excited by a 337 nm laser, two primary processes become possible: (i) energy transfer from 3CB* to NpSO3− and (ii) electron transfer from NpSO3− to 3CB*. The dynamics of these interactions are explored through experimental observations of transient absorption spectra and the analysis of respective kinetic traces. The primary process dominating in the 3(CB...NpSO3−)* system is identified as triplet energy transfer from excited 3CB* to 3(NpSO3−), as demonstrated by characteristic spectral features observed at 410–420 nm. Comparisons are made with a similar system studied by Yamaji and co-workers, 3(BP•−...NpO•)*, revealing differences in the priority of primary process occurrences. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between excited molecules and ground-state donors, aiding in the comprehension of mechanisms governing these reactions.
Spatial Goos–Hänchen Shifts of Airy Vortex Beams Impinging on Graphene/hBN Heterostructure
Authors: Yang Xiaojin , Qu Tan , Li Zhengjun , Wu Zhensen
Published: January 2025

Based on the angular spectrum expansion, the spatial Goos–Hänchen (GH) shift of an Airy vortex beam reflected from the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) heterostructure is investigated analytically. The influences of graphene/hBN heterostructure parameters and incident Airy vortex beam parameters on the spatial GH shifts are analyzed in detail. It is found that the position of the Brewster angle mainly depends on the relaxation time and hBN thickness of the heterostructure, and the magnitude and sign of GH shifts at a certain Brewster angle can be controlled effectively by tuning the Fermi energy and layer numbers of graphene. Moreover, the variation in the GH shifts with the Fermi energy and hBN thickness exhibits hyperbolicity at the Brewster angle, similar to the variation in the permittivity of hBN. For the incident beam, the vortex position and the decay factor in the x direction have a great effect on the GH shifts. The influence of the vortex position on the GH shift is related to the distance of the vortex position from the origin point. The magnitude of the GH shift decreases as the decay factor in the x direction increases, and a large GH shift can be obtained by adjusting the decay factor in the x direction. Finally, the application of spatial GH shift in sensing is discussed. The results presented here may provide some supports to the design of optical switch and optical sensor.
A Comprehensive Review on Graptopetalum paraguayense’s Phytochemical Profiles, Pharmacological Activities, and Development as a Functional Food
Authors: Jaiswal Varun , Lee Hae-Jeung
Published: January 2025

Graptopetalum paraguayense (G. paraguayense) is a succulent plant that has been used in traditional Chinese and Taiwanese medicine, mainly for antihypertensive and hepatoprotective activities. G. paraguayense is also used as an edible vegetable, which is considered a functional food. Different in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have highlighted the multiple pharmacological activities of G. paraguayense, which include anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antiasthma, antihypertensive, skin-whitening and anti-aging, anti-Alzheimer, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Numerous studies revealed the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of G. paraguayense, which may be the major contributing factor for multiple pharmacological activities and the protective effect of G. paraguayense on pancreatic, liver, lung, colon, and brain diseases. Initial safety studies on animal models also support the therapeutic candidature of G. paraguayense. The presence of numerous bioactive phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, and the identification of important disease targets of G. paraguayense emphasize its high therapeutic potential. The lack of a directional approach and limited in vivo studies limit the development of G. paraguayense against important diseases. Still, a compilation of pharmacological activities and target pathways of G. paraguayense is missing in the literature. The current review not only compiles pharmacological activities and phytochemicals but also highlights gaps and proposes future directions for developing G. paraguayense as a candidate against important diseases.
Multiprotein Complexes of Plant Glycosyltransferases Involved in Their Function and Trafficking
Authors: Zhang Ning , Julian Jordan D. , Zabotina Olga A.
Published: January 2025

Plant cells utilize protein oligomerization for their functions in numerous important cellular processes. Protein-protein interactions are necessary to stabilize, optimize, and activate enzymes, as well as localize proteins to specific organelles and membranes. Glycosyltransferases—enzymes that attach sugars to polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and RNA—across multiple plant biosynthetic processes have been demonstrated to interact with one another. The mechanisms behind these interactions are still unknown, but recent research has highlighted extensive examples of protein-protein interactions, specifically in the plant cell wall hemicellulose and pectin biosynthesis that takes place in the Golgi apparatus. In this review, we will discuss what is known so far about the interactions among Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases that are important for their functioning, trafficking, as well as structural aspects.
Seed Survival in Silage: Reviewing 90 Years of Research
Authors: Hahn Juliane , Müller Jürgen , Heiermann Monika
Published: January 2025

The preservation of biomasses through ensiling has a long history, and its sustainability has many aspects. One that is rarely considered is that the seeds of a wide variety of plants can enter the ensiling process with the plant biomass. This concise review provides an overview of the probability of seed survival in various types of silage since the 1930s. All data extracted from the reviewed studies are made available in a repository. The key finding from the 90 years of research is that ensiling can reduce the viability of plant seeds, but the seeds of some plant species can survive ensiling. Thus, silage production is both (1) a potential tool to ensure the sustainable, i.e., weed-free, use of plant biomass in agricultural production, including animal production chains, and (2) a potential gateway for weed spread, especially with regard to the closed material loops in circular bioeconomy approaches. The search for seed-borne factors and ensiling conditions that promote seed survival or killing is still ongoing and should be the subject of future research.
The Effects of Water and Nitrogen Addition on the Allocation Pattern and Stoichiometric Characteristics of C, N, and P in Peanut Seedlings
Authors: Guo Qing , Qin Feifei , Xu Yang , Feng Hao , Zhang Guanchu , Zhang Zhimeng , Chi Yucheng , Ding Hong
Published: January 2025

Water and fertilizer application strategies seriously affect the healthy growth of peanuts. The stoichiometric ratio can directly reflect the elemental requirements for crop growth, which are very important for improving fertilizer utilization efficiency. In order to investigate the response of C (carbon), N (nitrogen), and P (phosphorus) allocation pattern and stoichiometric characteristics in peanut seedlings to water and nitrogen addition, we designed a greenhouse pot experiment which had different water treatments (W1, 75–80% field capacity; W2, 45–50% field capacity) and nitrogen addition treatments (N0, 0 kg hm−2; N1, 90 kg hm−2; N2, 180 kg hm−2). The distribution and content changes in C, N, and P in different organs were measured and analyzed by ecological stoichiometry. The results showed that drought stress significantly increased the N or P content of different organs. The average N/P value of peanut roots treated with W2 decreased by 13.02% compared to W1. Restoring irrigation relieved this stress while reducing the C/N and C/P of roots, stems, and leaves, as well as the N/P of roots and stems. The water treatment after rehydration showed significant differences in the C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios of peanut roots. The average values of the C/N, C/P, and N/P ratios of peanut roots in W2 treatment were reduced by 13.54%, 28.66%, and 16.34%, respectively, compared to W1 treatment. On the other hand, nitrogen application significantly increased the N content of stems and leaves, while reducing C/N. On the contrary, it significantly reduced the P content of roots and stems, and increased the N/P ratio of roots, stems, and leaves. Overall, there is a significant interaction between water and nitrogen treatment on the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, and P in different organs, with water treatment playing a dominant role. In terms of nutrient distribution in organs, the average N content in leaves is the highest. The coefficient of variation (CV) of P content is greater than that of C and N content. The CV of N content, P content, and C/N and N/P ratios of the stem are all greater than those of the roots or leaves, while the stems are more sensitive to water and nitrogen conditions. And the N and P content of roots, stems, and leaves were positively correlated. Meanwhile, peanut seedlings have the phenomenon of ionic synergism that occurs between nitrogen and phosphorus ions. In summary, studying the stoichiometric ratios can reflect the water and fertilizer demand status of peanuts, thereby better improving water and fertilizer utilization efficiency.
Synthesis of Acrylic–Urethane Hybrid Polymer Dispersions and Investigations on Their Properties as Binders in Leather Finishing
Authors: Keskin Selime , Cheaburu-Yilmaz Catalina N. , Altinisik Tagac Aylin , Darie-Nita Raluca Nicoleta , Yilmaz Onur
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the synthesis and application of acrylic–urethane hybrid polymer dispersions as advanced binders for leather finishing. Two polymerization techniques—seeded emulsion and miniemulsion—were used to produce hybrid polymer dispersions by varying the ratios of polyurethane (PU) and acrylic (AC). The synthesized dispersions, i.e., the hybrid polyurethanes, showed stable, uniform particle sizes, inferring good compatibility and interaction between the PU and AC phases, as confirmed by particle sizes, FTIR, and DSC analyses. The performance of the coating on leather surfaces was assessed by using standard physical tests, including rubbing fastness, flexing endurance, water spot resistance, and grain strength. The results showed that the hybrid polymers outperformed their individual PU and AC counterparts, particularly in terms of abrasion resistance and mechanical integrity. Of the two polymerization techniques, the seeded emulsion hybrids exhibited superior coating properties, providing greater resistance to cracking and abrasion under stress, improved grain strength, and better color retention during rubbing tests. These findings highlight the potential of acrylic–urethane hybrids, particularly those prepared via seeded emulsion polymerization, to address the limitations of traditional binders in high-performance leather applications.