bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early‐Warning‐Signals Management: A Lesson from the Barings Crisis
Authors: Sheaffer Zachary , Richardson Bill , Rosenblatt Zehava
Published: March 2003

The collapse of Barings was not an isolated event of its type. Rather, it characterizes an increasingly prevalent aspect of business settings as we approach the end of the second millennium. This paper surveys theoretical references in the crisis‐and‐decline literature to factors triggering crises. In particular, it emphasizes perceived organizational failure to notice and act on early‐warning‐signals (EWS). The paper presents a framework of organizational crisis‐causal factors. These factors are tabulated to form a basis for models illustrating causes of organizational crises and poor EWS management. Validity and usefulness of the framework are tested through application to the Barings crisis.The presentation of some causal factors framework provides a diagnostic/predictive tool for use by crisis management (CM) strategists and regulators. It permits the un‐learning of a frequent, yet detrimental, repercussion of managerial ineptitude. The paper proceeds by, first, discussing EWS management as contributing to the CM theory base. These contributions are presented as general categories of crisis‐creating and EWS management‐averting factors. Categories of crisis sources and pertinent key issues are then tabulated, followed by formal propositions. Next, the paper presents, and analyses against the background of crisis‐causal factors, the case of the Barings debacle of 1995. A research agenda is proposed aimed at enhancing the empirical approach to studying EWS. Finally, comment is offered on the validity of the framework presented in the paper and the ways in which it might be used by CM strategists.
Contingencies and Communications in Cyberspace: The World Wide Web and Non‐Hierarchical Co‐ordination
Authors: La Porte Todd M.
Published: March 2003

The widespread public deployment of the World Wide Web may initiate substantial changes in the organizations tasked to deal with crises, contingencies and disasters, particularly in the systems responsible for communications and coordination. A number of properties of the Web make it an attractive addition to the communications systems in place today. These include the Web's potential for speed, interactivity, hyper‐textuality and character as both a broadcast, as well as a more restricted, communications vehicle.

When viewed in light of recent work on organizational complexity, the Web seems to be an appropriate technical infrastructure for communications and organizational design and may have some useful properties in making such organizations better equipped to deal with emergencies or other unexpected events. Whether the Web is purposefully integrated into communications and coordination systems or not, it is likely to be relied on increasingly as an informal and adaptable system used by community members and by a broad array of public and private organizations. Emergency preparedness and emergency response organizations may wish to understand more about how key communication and coordination tasks can be achieved by using the Web.
An Institutional Framework for Japanese Crisis Management
Authors: Furukawa Shun’ichi
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses an institutional framework and inter‐governmental relationships pertaining to crisis management in Japan. While the current law shifts most responsibility to local governments, the compartmentalized and fragmented nature of the central government and a lack of viable organization therein to oversee crisis management, hinder decisive and responsive action. Crisis management is inherently local in nature and numerous examples from the local level highlight this nature of crisis management.

Three features of crisis management are identified: the decentralized nature of centralized government and centralized leadership in local government, fused inter‐governmental relationship and lack of political authority.
Corruption, Culture and Transferability: What Can Be Learned From Australia?
Authors: Larmour Peter
Published: March 2003

The Asian financial crisis is often blamed on ‘corruption’. International banks and aid donors now promote technical assistance and training in corruption prevention, referring to the international best practice of Independent Commissions Against Corruption in Hong Kong or Sydney. However, it is often also argued that what counts as corruption is culturally specific, and that the incidence of petty corruption is related to low salaries. So lessons drawn from corruption prevention in Australia, for example, may not be transferable to other countries with different cultures and levels of income. This paper reflects on the experience of designing and teaching a course on corruption prevention for officials from developing countries in the Asia‐Pacific region. It considers what counts as ‘corruption’, identifies different approaches towards prevention, and draws some conclusions about the transferability of Australian expertise.
Complex Systems in Crisis: Anticipation and Resilience in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Comfort Louise K. , Sungu Yesim , Johnson David , Dunn Mark
Published: March 2003

Confronted with increasing risk and uncertainty from disruptive change, public managers seek methods to strengthen the capacity of their interdependent organizations to anticipate risk and demonstrate resilience in response to threat. The problem intensifies for public organizations that interact with private and nonprofit organizations to protect a community at risk from natural or technological disasters. It reflects the constraints placed upon human decision processes in complex environments by limited cognitive capacity, and illustrates the persistent difficulty in achieving coordination among multiple organizations with different responsibilities in different locations in serving the public interest.

This article summarizes current research on the design and development of an interactive, intelligent, spatial information system (IISIS) for decision support in the mitigation of, and response to, risk from hazardous materials for a university community. Appropriate uses of the IISIS prototype are expected to increase both the technical and organizational capacity to manage timely, accurate information exchange within and among organizations, thus increasing coordination in action.
A New Approach to Crisis Management
Authors: Robert Bertrand , Lajtha Chris
Published: March 2003

The key to effective crisis management lies not so much with the writing of detailed manuals (that have a low likelihood of being used, and an even lower likelihood of being useful) and practising location evacuations as with structured and continuous learning processes designed to equip key managers with the capabilities, flexibility and confidence to deal with sudden and unexpected problems/events – or shifts in public perception of any such problems/events.
Effects of marital conflict on children: recent advances and emerging themes in process‐oriented research
Authors: Cummings E. Mark , Davies Patrick T.
Published: March 2003

Background: The effects of marital conflict on children's adjustment are well documented. For the past decade research has increasingly focused on advancing a process‐level understanding of these effects, that is, accounting for the particular responses and patterns embedded within specific contexts, histories, and developmental periods that account for children's outcomes over time. Methods: As a vehicle for presenting an update, this review follows the framework for process‐oriented research initially proposed by Cummings and Cummings (1988), concentrating on recent research developments, and also considering new and emerging themes in this area of research. Results: In this regard, areas of advancement include (a) greater articulation of the effects of specific context/stimulus characteristics of marital conflict, (b) progress in identifying the psychological response processes in children (e.g., cognitive, emotional, social, physiological) that are affected and their possible role in accounting for relations between marital conflict and child outcomes, (c) greater understanding of the role of child characteristics, family history, and other contextual factors, including effects on children due to interrelations between marital conflict and parenting, and (d) advances in the conceptualization of children's outcomes, including that effects may be more productively viewed as dynamic processes of functioning rather than simply clinical diagnoses. Conclusions: Understanding of the impact of marital conflict on children as a function of time‐related processes remains a gap in a process‐oriented conceptualization of effects. Based on this review, a revised model for a process‐oriented approach on the effects of marital discord on children is proposed and suggestions are made for future research directions.
Conceptual issues in behavioral teratology and their application in determining long‐term sequelae of prenatal marihuana exposure
Authors: Fried P.A.
Published: March 2003

Background: Behavioral teratology, particularly as it is applied to the evaluation of cognition and behavior of children beyond the toddler stage, has become an area of burgeoning activity. In the area of drug abuse, children exposed in utero are often at developmental peril because of non‐drug pre‐ and postnatal risk factors that make a causal association between the drug of interest and a behavioral teratogenic outcome increasingly problematic as the child gets older. Methods: In the first portion of this review, the strategies that behavioral teratologists have undertaken to investigate the putative consequences of in utero exposure are discussed in terms of research design, statistical methods and interpretative approaches. In the second part of the paper, the relatively limited literature dealing with the behavioral teratological consequences of prenatal marihuana exposure, particularly in school age offspring, is reviewed. Results: An emergent theme arising from primarily two longitudinal investigations is that in utero cannabis exposure does not impact upon standardized derived IQ scores but is negatively associated with attentional behavior and visual analysis/hypothesis testing. These findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that, among offspring beyond the toddler stage, prenatal marihuana exposure has a negative influence on aspects of executive function. Executive function is a `top‐down', multifaceted cognitive construct involved in organizing and integrating specific cognitive and output processes over a interval of time and is largely mediated by the late developing, prefrontal region of the brain. Conclusions: The results and the interpretation of the prenatal marihuana findings are discussed in terms of the behavioral teratogenic effects (or lack of effects) during the various developmental stages of the offspring, the non‐unitary nature of executive function, cannabis receptors, and the consequences of chronic marihuana use in the non‐pregnant population.
Practitioner Review: Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children
Authors: Charman Tony , Baird Gillian
Published: March 2003

Background: Progress has recently been made in the earlier identification of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Whilst being welcome, this progress to earlier referral and diagnosis presents new challenges to clinical practice, including the accuracy and stability of early diagnosis, the utility of standardised assessment instruments with young pre‐schoolers and the ability to indicate prognosis. Method: A selective review of recent research literature on the characteristic features of ASD in pre‐school children. Results: Multidisciplinary diagnostic assessment should include detailed information on developmental history, parents' descriptions of the everyday behaviour and activities of the child, direct assessment of the child's social interaction style, including where possible with age peers, and formal assessment of communicative, intellectual and adaptive function. Clinical assessments need to concentrate on the identification of impairments in early non‐verbal social communication behaviours that characterise children with ASD from the second year of life, including social orienting, joint attention, imitation, play and reciprocal affective behaviour. The particular pattern of symptoms that presents in a 2‐year‐old with ASD may differ from that seen at the more prototypic age of 4 or 5 years. In particular, overt repetitive and stereotyped behaviours may be less notable, although where these are seen alongside the social and communicative impairments they are highly indicative of ASD. The use of standardised assessment instruments and the strict application of the DSM and ICD diagnostic criteria need to be employed with caution, as an expert clinical view has been shown to be more accurate. An important aspect of early diagnostic consultation is an open and straightforward approach to the negotiation of the diagnostic view with parents over time. Conclusions: Earlier diagnosis and rising recognition of ASD have significant implications for primary healthcare and specialist diagnostic and therapeutic services.
Quality of infant–parent attachment as reflected in infant interactive behaviour during instructional tasks
Authors: Van Bakel Hedwig J.A. , Riksen‐Walraven J. Marianne
Published: March 2003

Background: The quality of attachment of 127 Dutch 15‐month‐old infants to their primary caregivers was assessed using an abbreviated version of Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Methods: In addition, infant–parent interaction was observed during a 12‐minute series of instructional tasks both at home and in a lab setting. Infants were rated for 1) negativity, 2) avoidance, 3) compliance, and 4) positive affect shown towards the caregiver. Results: At home, avoidant and disorganised infants showed significantly less compliance and significantly more avoidance and negative behaviour than securely attached children. At the lab, avoidant infants were significantly less compliant and more avoidant than secure infants, while disorganised infants distinguished themselves from secure children by significantly lower compliance and significantly higher negativity scores. The resistant infants did not distinguish themselves from the secure infants on any of the four behavioural scales. Conclusion: The results show brief observation of parent–infant interactions to yield valuable information on infant–parent attachment quality.
The development of impulsivity, fearfulness, and helpfulness during childhood: patterns of consistency and change in the trajectories of boys and girls
Authors: Côté Sylvana , Tremblay Richard E. , Nagin Daniel , Zoccolillo Mark , Vitaro Frank
Published: March 2003

Background:The objective of the present study was to describe the development of boys and girls during the elementary‐school years on three dimensions that conceptually and empirically represent risk for maladjustment.Method:Every year between kindergarten and grade six, teachers rated the impulsivity, fearfulness, and helpfulness dimensions among a sample of 1,865 children representative of kindergarten boys and girls in the province of Québec (Canada) in 1986–87. A group‐based trajectory method was used to 1) identify groups of boys and girls following distinct‐level trajectories of behaviours (on each dimension) during the elementary‐school years; 2) estimate the proportion of children in each of the identified trajectory groups; and 3) estimate the patterns of consistency and variations in trajectories.Results:The results indicated that the best models comprised three distinct‐level trajectory groups on fearfulness and helpfulness (a low, moderate, and high group) and four distinct‐level trajectory groups on impulsivity. The helpfulness and fearfulness trajectory groups were generally more stable than the impulsivity groups. The broad patterns of development were similar across sexes. However, there were more boys on the higher impulsivity trajectories and low helpfulness trajectory, while there were more girls on the high fearfulness trajectory.Conclusion:We found that behavioural consistency over middle childhood varied across trajectory groups and across dimensions, and we identified sex differences in the distribution of children in the different trajectory groups that may reflect gender‐specific risks for psychopathology.
The severity and nature of motor impairment in Asperger's syndrome: a comparison with Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function
Authors: Green Dido , Baird Gillian , Barnett Anna L. , Henderson Leslie , Huber Jörg , Henderson Sheila E.
Published: March 2003

Background:The aims of this study were to measure objectively the extent and severity of motor impairment in children with Asperger's syndrome and to determine whether the motor difficulties experienced by such children differed in any way from those classified as having a Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function (SDD‐MF). Criteria derived from ICD 10‐R were used to identify 11 children with Asperger's syndrome and a matched group of 9 children with a Specific Developmental Disorder of Motor Function. Children in both groups were required to have a verbal IQ of 80 or greater on the WISC IIIR.Method:The Autism Diagnostic Interview (Revised;Lord, Rutter, & LeCouteur, 1994) was used to identify features of AS in the first group and to exclude them in the latter. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Henderson & Sugden, 1992) provided a standardised test of motor impairment. A Gesture Test based on that byCermak, Coster, and Drake (1980) was used to assess the child's ability to mime the use of familiar tools and to imitate meaningless sequences of movements.Results:All the children with Asperger's syndrome turned out to meet our criterion for a diagnosis of motor impairment, five of the six most severely motor impaired children in the whole study being from this group. Performance of the Asperger group was also slightly poorer on the Gesture Test. The profile of performance on each test was examined in detail but no evidence of group differences in the pattern of impairment was found.Conclusions:This study is consistent with others suggesting a high prevalence of clumsiness in Asperger's syndrome. Our findings also attest to the widespread prevalence of motor impairment in developmental disorders and the problems such co‐morbidity poses for attempts to posit discrete and functionally coherent impairments underlying distinct syndromes.
Teen‐aged mothers in contemporary Britain
Authors: Moffitt Terrie E. ,   the E‐Risk Study Team
Published: March 2003

Background: This paper describes the circumstances of contemporary young mothers and their children from a nationally representative sample, and compares them to the circumstances of mothers who delayed childbearing beyond age 20. Methods: The participants are members of the Environmental Risk (E‐risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, which follows an epidemiological sample of 1,116 women who became mothers in England and Wales in 1994–95, and their children, and contains an over‐sample of young mothers. Home visits were conducted when the children were aged 5 years. Data were collected from mothers via interviews, from children via experimental tasks and observations, and from teachers via postal questionnaires. Results: Young mothers encountered more socio‐economic deprivation, had significantly less human and social capital, and experienced more mental health difficulties. Their partners were less reliable and supportive, both economically and emotionally, and were more antisocial and abusive. The children of young mothers showed reduced educational attainment, were rated by multiple informants as having more emotional and behavioural problems, were at increased risk of maltreatment or harm, and showed higher rates of illnesses, accidents, and injuries. Conclusions: Young mothers today face difficulties known to have long‐lasting effects for women and their children. Preventions that target young mothers may reduce harm to the physical health, mental health, and social status of future generations.
Annotation: The use of psychotropic medications in children: a British view
Authors: Bramble David
Published: March 2003

Background: Prescribing practices relating to the use of psychotropic medication with mentally disordered children have changed significantly in Britain over recent years.

Methods: I conducted a review of the modest body of empirical data available relating to the prescribing practices of child psychiatrists, paediatricians and general practitioners (primary care physicians). The data were obtained primarily from postal questionnaire studies but also from British drug studies and a government‐sponsored evaluation of the efficacy of stimulant medication. Postgraduate training guidelines for the three principal clinical disciplines are also discussed.

Results: Systematic evaluation of prescribing practices has a relatively short history. All the studies reviewed demonstrated consistent methodological weaknesses, the most important of which was reliance upon retrospective reports of prescribing practices from clinicians with no analysis of actual prescription data. No studies relating to the general use of psychotropic medication by paediatricians were found. Child psychiatrists and general practitioners appear to be using a range of drugs for a range of conditions; however, there was evidence of intra‐ and interdisciplinary variations in practice. It was also evident from the general practitioner data that drug treatments were frequently used for conditions best managed with behavioural methods (e.g., common sleep problems and enuresis). Government prescription data relating to methylphenidate use in ADHD reveal a dramatic rise over the past ten years. Currently, most child psychiatrists use this treatment compared to approximately half the profession only seven years ago. The use of newer antipsychotic agents as well as the SSRI antidepressants appears to be growing in child psychiatric practice. A majority of clinicians surveyed believed that medication was an important treatment modality but also felt that they were relatively unskilled in the field and requested further training.

Conclusions: Overall, a picture of both a growing and better informed use of psychotropic medication is emerging in Britain despite shortcomings in postgraduate training. Future research needs to evaluate prescribing practice in a more objective manner in order to improve training and also service developments in the field.
Practitioner Review: Outcomes for parents and children following non‐traditional conception: what do clinicians need to know?
Authors: Golombok Susan , MacCallum Fiona
Published: March 2003

Background: The birth of the first ‘test‐tube’ baby in 1978 has led to the creation of family types that would not otherwise have existed.

Methods: This paper examines research on the psychological outcomes for parents and children in assisted reproduction families with particular attention to the issues and concerns that have been raised by creating families in this way.

Results: Parents of children conceived by assisted reproduction appear to have good relationships with their children, even in families where one parent lacks a genetic link with the child. With respect to the children themselves, there is no evidence of cognitive impairment in singleton children born at full term as a result of assisted reproduction procedures, although the findings regarding the cognitive development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) children are currently unclear. In relation to socioemotional development, assisted reproduction children appear to be functioning well.

Conclusions: Few studies have included children at adolescence or beyond, and little is known about the consequences of conception by assisted reproduction from the perspective of the individuals concerned. In addition, there are some types of assisted reproduction family, such as families created through a surrogacy arrangement or through embryo donation, about whom little is known at all. Although existing knowledge about the impact of assisted reproduction for parenting and child development does not give undue cause for concern, there remain a number of unanswered questions in relation to children born in this way.
A growth curve analysis of parent training outcomes: examining the influence of child risk factors (inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity problems), parental and family risk factors
Authors: Hartman Renée R. , Stage Scott A. , Webster‐Stratton Carolyn
Published: March 2003

Background: Parent training is one of the most effective treatments for young children with conduct problems. However, not every family benefits from this approach and approximately one‐third of children remain in the clinical range at follow‐up assessments. Little is known about factors affecting treatment outcome for young children.

Method: Hierarchical linear modeling methods were used to examine the effects of child attentional risk factors (inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity problems), parental and familial risk factors upon the efficacy of a parent training program to decrease boys’ conduct problems. Mothers of 81 boys, four to seven years of age, exhibiting conduct problems attended a parent training program (The Incredible Years) which lasted 22 to 24 weeks. Treatment effectiveness was assessed at one month and one year post treatment by means of independent home observations, parent and teacher reports.

Results: Results indicated significant decreases in observations of mothers’ negative parenting interactions with their children and decreases in their conduct problems according to mother reports and independent observations at home. Boys with elevated ratings of attentional problems in addition to conduct problems showed similar benefits from the parent training program as the boys who did not have attentional problems.

Conclusion: This study suggests that parent training is equally effective for boys with both conduct problems and attentional problems as it is for boys with conduct problems without these attentional problems. In fact, boys rated in the Borderline or Clinical range for attentional problems evidenced a greater decrease in externalizing behavior problems as rated by their mothers. Surprisingly, the predictor variables of depression, stress, and socioeconomic status were not significant contributors at either initial status or growth over time whether outcomes were measured by child conduct problems or parenting interactions.
Fifteen, female and stressed: changing patterns of psychological distress over time
Authors: West Patrick , Sweeting Helen
Published: March 2003

Background: Despite a widespread view that the mental health of young people has deteriorated, the evidence base is limited by the lack of comparable datasets over time, and their capacity to test specific hypotheses about the causes of such change, in this case those particularly affecting young females.

Method: Two cohorts of 15‐year‐olds in the West of Scotland, surveyed in 1987 and 1999, were compared, using the 12‐item version of the General Health Questionnaire to measure psychological distress (GHQ caseness, cut‐off 2/3), together with items and indices of personal and performance worries.

Results: Between 1987 and 1999, GHQ caseness increased significantly for females (from 19% to 33%), but not males (13% to 15%), a change particularly experienced by females from non‐manual and skilled manual backgrounds. With one notable exception (unemployment), most worries also increased for both sexes, a gender gap emerging in respect of worries about school performance, females worrying more. While the effect of personal worries (e.g., looks and weight) on GHQ caseness persisted over time in both sexes, that of performance worries only emerged for females in 1999. Using survey date as an indicator, a relationship between proximity to exams and GHQ caseness was also only found among females in 1999.

Conclusion: The increase in levels of psychological distress among young females over this period may be explained by an increase in educational expectations, which together with more traditional concerns about personal identity, appear to have elevated levels of stress, with adverse consequences for mental health.
Reliability of the ICD‐10 classification of adverse familial and environmental factors
Authors: Willemse Godelief R.W.M. , Van Yperen Tom A. , Rispens Jan
Published: March 2003

Background: The tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) contains a number of categories and guidelines for coding different types of adverse familial and environmental situations. These categories have been selected on the basis of empirical evidence that the adverse situations might represent important psychiatric risk factors. Prior studies, using written case vignettes or video‐ or audiotaped semi‐structured interviews, showed that the interrater reliability of these classifications is satisfactory.

Method: We have tested the interrater reliability of the categories in a multicentre study by using an ‘in vivo’ design. Classifications were performed in day‐to‐day practice, using information that is normally available. Three hundred children from 0 to 13 years were involved in the study. These cases had been admitted to various institutes for children with psychiatric disorders, developmental delays and/or adverse psychosocial circumstances. Two clinicians and a student classified the psychosocial situation of each child. In total, 51 clinicians and 6 undergraduate students were involved in the study.

Results: It was found that, with the exception of more or less objective categories, the reliability is not satisfactory. Post hoc analyses showed that the insufficient reliability is only partly due to confounding factors: no clear indications were found for information variance, but observation variance may have played a part. Having additional information from two family questionnaires hardly contributes to a better reliability.

Conclusions: The reliability of the psychosocial axis of the ICD‐10 is not satisfactory if tested in day‐to‐day practice. In comparing this result with other reliability studies, it seems that the absence of adequate information to code the psychosocial axis may be a fundamental problem in obtaining sufficient interrater agreement. Apparently, the classification of this axis requires information that is often not available in common practice.
The national question: sociological reflections on nation and nationalism
Authors: Thompson Andrew , Fevre Ralph
Published: March 2003

The sociology of nation, national identity and nationalism has long been the subject of benign neglect. After examining the few positive contributions made by classical writers, we attempt to explain why the contribution of classical theory to the field is unreliable. In common with others we find that, for all that classical theory might treat the prominence of nation, national identity and nationalism as a passing phase, it in fact takes the existence of all three as givens to such an extent that they and their effects become invisible. But the sociology of nation and nationalism reached a turning point with the publication of Elie Kedourie's influential work in 1960. We explain the effect of this work on later writers, especially Ernest Gellner and Anthony Smith, and survey the work of these and other contributors to the field with an eye to their differences and similarities. We identify various stages in the development of the sociology of nation and nationalism, culminating in the most recent stage in which the significance of the subjective aspects of nationalism has received increased attention. We think there is room for a multiplicity of approaches to the subject and stress its central significance to sociology. We explain why nation, national identity and nationalism are certainly not in decline and suggest where the most fruitful lines of inquiry lie for future research.
Elements of a theory of Ukrainian ethno‐national identities
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: March 2003

Despite winning independence in 1991, Ukraine remains an amorphous society with a weak sense of national identity. One possible explanation is ‘late’ nation‐creation, but in this article emphasis is laid on a continuing plurality of identity projects and the legacy of the ‘failed’ identity‐building projects of the past. Ukraine’s most important distinguishing feature – the existence of a substantial middle ground between Ukrainian and Russian identities – has considerable capacity to resist the logic of consolidating statehood.
Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict
Authors: Saatci Mustafa
Published: March 2003

Ethnic and religious conflicts are two of the most pressing issues facing Turkey today. This article offers the argument that the development of the Turkish state and identity, and Turkey’s peripheral position in the interstate system, have collectively determined the parameters and dynamics of the conflicts. It is argued that modern Turkish identity has been forged by the state through the nation–state formation process that began in the 1920s. During the transition from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic it was deemed necessary to redefine the state and Turkish identity. At the historical juncture, Islam was replaced with other ideals and universals such as Turkism, modernity and étatism. The sudden and large–scale shift away from religion followed by vigorous ethnic assimilation efforts created a contradictory context between the state and ethnic/religious segments of the population. The change also marked the beginning of a new era in the Turkish–Kurdish discord. Another assertion of the article is that the state’s approach to ethnic/religious issues and demands is consistent with the assumptions and predictions of the ethnic democracy model.
ERP correlates of true and false recognition after different retention delays: Stimulus– and response–related processes
Authors: Nessler Doreen , Mecklinger Axel
Published: March 2003

Performance and electrophysiological correlates of true and false recognition were examined after short (40 s) and long (80 s) delays. True recognition showed no significant decrease after a long delay, whereas false recognition increased. Early frontal and parietal ERP old/new effects, considered as correlates of familiarity and recollection, were observed across delay for true recognition. No frontal effect occurred in the long delay for false recognition. This absence may arise from weakened memory traces preventing familiarity discrimination for LUREs. Response–related analysis revealed an error–related negativity (ERN) for true and false recognition, assuming that the effect reflects at least partly an internal misrepresentation of the correct response. The larger and topographically different ERNs for false recognition suggest an additional contribution of increased task demands and conditions of high response uncertainty.
Semantic integration in videos of real–world events: An electrophysiological investigation
Authors: Sitnikova Tatiana , Kuperberg Gina , Holcomb Phillip J.
Published: March 2003

Event–related potentials (ERPs) discriminated between contextually appropriate and inappropriate objects appearing in video film clips of common activities. Incongruent objects elicited a larger negative–going deflection, which was similar to the N400 component described previously in association with words and static pictures and which has been argued to reflect the integration of semantic information into a mental representation of the preceding context. The onset of this potential occurred shortly after object presentation, indicating that semantic integration is a rapid online component of real–world perception. In addition, the anomalies in movies evoked a large late positive potential at posterior regions, suggesting that in event perception, semantic incongruity may trigger cognitive processes other than those mediating pure semantic integration.
Modulation of spinal reflexes by aversive and sexually appetitive stimuli
Authors: Both Stephanie , Everaerd Walter , Laan Ellen
Published: March 2003

In this study, modulation of spinal tendinous (T) reflexes by sexual stimulation was investigated. T reflexes are augmented in states of appetitive and defensive action and modified by differences in arousal intensity. Reflexes were expected to be facilitated by both pleasant (sexual) and unpleasant (anxiety) stimuli. Subjects were exposed to a sexual, an anxiety‐inducing, a sexually threatening, and a neutral film excerpt. Genital arousal, emotional experience, subjective action tendencies, and T reflexes were monitored. Self‐report and genital data confirmed the affective states as intended. T reflex amplitude significantly increased during viewing of emotionally arousing film excerpts as compared with a neutral film excerpt. T reflexes were facilitated by the sex stimulus to the same extent as by the anxiety and sexual threat stimuli. The results support the view of sexual arousal as an emotional state, generating sex‐specific autonomic and general somatic motor system responses, which prepare the organism for action.
Rezoned for Business: How Eco‐Tourism Unlocked Black Farmland in Eastern Zimbabwe
Authors: Hughes David McDermott
Published: March 2003

Eco‐tourism is undermining black smallholders' entitlement to land in Zimbabwe. In the 1890s, British administrators restrained whites from alienating the whole of the country by demarcating native reserves. In terms of this limited aim, the policy of native reserves worked. It ensured a land base for black agriculture, particularly for women and children. In the late 1980s, however, CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources) invited the tourism industry to begin operations in the lowland reserves. These ?rms have claimed land, made money and relocated smallholders. Based on economic and ecological arguments, CAMPFIRE has rede ?ned the black entitlement as merely a claim competing with those of other ‘stakeholders’. No guarantees exist for residents and cultivators. Indeed, government and NGOs are fast transforming the lowland reserves into privileged and subsidized investment zones. Held in check for a century, a new kind of settler colonialism is sweeping down from the highlands.
Global Restructuring and Liberalization: Côte d ’Ivoire and the End of the International Cocoa Market?
Authors: Losch Bruno
Published: March 2003

The restructuring of the world cocoa market has concluded with the liberalization of the sector in the world’s leading producing country, Côte d’Ivoire, clearing the way for domination by an oligopoly of global companies. This paper describes how Côte d’Ivoire’s share of world production created an illusion but not the reality of market power. In the 1990s, in the wake of failed attempts to influence the world market, the Ivorian cocoa sector experienced a series of upheavals that were both pivotal to broader changes in the global market and a refiection of them. The converging strategies of new Ivorianfirms and of the major global grinding companies resulted in increased vertical integration in Côte d’Ivoire, exemplified in the development of ‘origin grinding ’. Later, financial difficulties encountered by Ivorian firms led to global companies taking control. Amongst the results of these changes are a decline in the role of traders, a redefinition of the relationship between grinders and chocolate manufacturers, and a standardization of cocoa quality around an average ‘bulk’ level. This signals the end of ‘the producing countries’ and of the global market.
Alcohol-Involved Rapes: Are They More Violent?
Authors: Abbey Antonia , Clinton A. Monique , McAuslan Pam , Zawacki Tina , Buck Philip O.
Published: March 2003

Alcohol's psychological, cognitive, and motor effects contribute to rape. Based on theory and past research, we hypothesized that there would be a curvilinear relationship between the quantity of alcohol consumed by perpetrators and how aggressively they behaved. Moderate levels of intoxication encourage aggressiveness; however, extreme levels severely inhibit cognitive and motor capacity. We also hypothesized that victims' alcohol consumption would have a curvilinear relationship to their resistance. These hypotheses were examined with data from 132 college women who had been the victims of attempted or completed rape. Although there was a curvilinear result for perpetrators, the slope of the curve suggested that aggressiveness was worst when no alcohol or the highest levels of alcohol were consumed. There was a negative linear relationship between victims' alcohol consumption and resistance. Difficulties associated with accurately assessing degree of intoxication from survey data are discussed and suggestions are made for improving alcohol measurement in rape research.
Research Mentoring and Women in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Dohm Faith-Anne , Cummings Wendy
Published: March 2003

The main question explored in this study is whether a woman's choice to do research during her career as a clinical psychologist is associated with having had a research mentor. A sample of 616 women, all members of the American Psychological Association holding a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology, completed a survey about their experience with a research mentor. The data show that research mentoring is positively related to a woman in clinical psychology doing research and whether she, in turn, becomes a research mentor for others. The responses of the participants suggest that a model of mentoring that involves relevant training and practical experience in research may increase the likelihood that female clinical psychologists will choose to do research as part of their careers.
Sex Differences in the Presentation of Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Sheffer Christine E. , Cassisi Jeffrey E. , Ferraresi Laurette M. , Lofland Kenneth R. , McCracken Lance M.
Published: March 2003

Sex differences in 351 patients with chronic low back pain were examined. Biological, psychological, and psychosocial factors were considered. Sex differences in adaptive functioning were consistent with traditional gender roles. Significant interactions were found for sex and employment status, and sex and marital status. Retired women reported more pain and less activity than retired men. Retired men reported the least pain of any group. Outdoor work and social activities show opposite within-group patterns for men and women when stratifiedby employment status. Marriage was associated with more household work for women and less for men. The financial and social contexts of employment status and marriage are different for men and women. Results suggest the treatment of women with chronic low back pain requires attention to work in the home and the financial and social context of work outside the home.
The Interplay of Autonomy and Relatedness in Hong Kong Chinese Single Mothers
Authors: Choy Winnie C. W. , Moneta Giovanni B.
Published: March 2003

The mediating effects of autonomy and relatedness on the relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction were investigated among 49 single mothers. Among all tested variables in the dimension of relatedness, only network orientation (propensity to utilize one's available social support) was a mediator of the positive relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction. No variable in the dimension of autonomy was a mediator. Three components of self-actualization contributed to the model: self-regard mediated the relationship between self-esteem and network orientation, spontaneity contributed to network orientation, self-acceptance contributed to life satisfaction directly and indirectly by contributing to self-regard. Findings suggest that Chinese single mothers' psychological adjustment can be enhanced by fostering their self-regard, self-acceptance, and readiness to seek help from trusted others.
Heading into Orbit? Braham Dabscheck and Industrial Relations Theory
Authors: Michelson Grant , Westcott Mark
Published: March 2003

The academic study of industrial relations has often been characterised as theoretically impoverished. This is despite the conceptual insights provided by a number of well-known writers including Australian academic Braham Dabscheck. Dabscheck has often addressed issues pertaining to industrial relations theory in his work over the last 20 or so years. His interest in this area culminated in the publication of his ‘general theory of (Australian) industrial relations’ in 1994. This article explores the development of Dabscheck’s ideas, as they relate to industrial relations theory, since 1977. Given his contribution to Australian industrial relations it is a valuable exercise in itself to trace this development. The article also subjects Dabscheck’s general theory to critical scrutiny. In particular, it questions his method of developing theory, challenges his theory’s key assumptions and argues that the explanatory and predictive qualities of his theory are weak. We conclude that the theory is of limited utility in terms of better understanding and explaining industrial relations.
In Search of the Subject: Researching Employee Reactions to Human Resource Management
Authors: Grant David , Shields John
Published: March 2003

Far too little is known about how employees, as the subject of Human Resource Management (HRM), react to its practice. Both the performance-focused and critical streams of writing on HRM perceive the employee in instrumental terms, while neither stream provides a satisfactory means of accommodating competing conceptions of HRM itself. An emerging stream of employee-focused literature makes a credible attempt to assess employee reactions but it too is affected by conceptual and methodological limitations. With a view to addressing these shortcomings, this article employs a discursive framework of analysis which distinguishes between concepts (HRM ideas), objects (idealised human resources) and subjects (thinking and acting employees on whom HRM is practised). It argues that a meaningful evaluation of the discursive concept of HRM only becomes possible by analysing the primary discursive object of HRM (the employee) as a discursive subject. Drawing on the most promising insights offered in the employee-focused literature, including the notions of the psychological contract and organisational justice, the article proposes a series of research questions designed to assist researchers to be more methodical and reflexive in their efforts to recentre the employee as the primary subject of HRM.
The interplay of language use and language maintenance and the cultural identity of Greek Cypriots in the UK
Authors: Papapavlou Andreas , Pavlou Pavlos
Published: March 2003

The Greek Cypriot community living in the UK is one of the largest and most tightly‐knit communities in the Greek diaspora. The present study attempts to investigate several linguistic and sociolinguistic issues concerning this community. Questionnaires were completed by 274 Cypriot students between the ages of 12 and 18 attending Greek classes in the Greater London area, eliciting information about their family and ethnic background, language abilities, domains of use for each language, reasons for studying Greek, ethnic identity, perceived differences from Cypriots living in Cyprus, and reasons for wanting to return to the homeland. It is hoped that the results will lead to a better understanding not only of the UK Cypriot community but also of such important linguistic issues as language maintenance, language attitudes, and the role of language in the formation of cultural identity.