bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competition and intergroup bias: Toward a new construal process framework distinguishing competitive perceptions from competitive motivations
Authors: Maxwell-Smith Matthew A. , Barnes Kelly L. , Wright Joshua D. , Thomson Clint , Mattos Megan A. , Dumas Tara M.
Published: April 2016

Research on the effects of intergroup competition has relied on various conceptual approaches and has produced inconsistent findings. Following a review of the intergroup competition literature, we propose a framework which emphasizes that the influence of intergroup competition varies primarily according to participants’ construal of potentially competitive events. We assess this via two variables: competitive intergroup perceptions (CIP), the perception that one’s ingroup and another group(s) in the current situation are attempting to gain a reward at each other’s expense; and competitive intergroup motivations (CIM), the individual desire for one’s group to do better or acquire more of a reward than the other group(s). In four studies that presented participants with an ambiguously competitive intergroup setting and administered CIP and CIM scales adapted for the context, both variables were empirically nonredundant (Studies 1–4) and showed unique relations with intergroup outcomes: CIM, rather than CIP, was directly associated with greater intergroup bias (Studies 2–4), discriminatory intentions (Study 3), and discriminatory behavior (Study 4). CIP consistently registered an indirect effect on intergroup bias and behavior through CIM. Our results suggest that in ambiguous group contexts, CIM facilitates the pursuit of goals for the ingroup, which may involve expressing intergroup bias and more antisocial outgroup behavior, and that these tendencies are quite sensitive to corresponding changes in CIP. The current framework offers more precise insights into the influence of competitive group dynamics, and can easily be integrated with other research paradigms to determine how and when intergroup competition produces intergroup bias and discrimination.
The Courtroom as a Site of Epistemic Resistance: Mandela at Rivonia
Authors: Allo Awol K.
Published: April 2016

The 1963–64 trial of Nelson Mandela and other leading members of the liberation movement was a political trial par excellence. In the courtroom, the Apartheid government was trying the accused for the crime of sabotage but in the court of public opinion, it was using the event of the trial to produce images and ideas aimed at slandering and discrediting the African National Congress (ANC) and the movement for a free and democratic South Africa. The defendants, on their part, used their trial to denounce the racist policies of Apartheid and to outline their vision of a post-Apartheid society. In this article, I want to read Nelson Mandela’s counter-historical mobilization of lived experiences and memories of Africans – the scars, chains, the rage and Apartheid’s unlivable juridical bind – as an act of epistemic resistance that re-opened epistemic battles and effected epistemic renegotiations. By submitting himself to the very law he denounces, strategically positioning himself at law’s aporetic sites and moments – those most fragile frontiers that are so heavily policed from transformative interventions – he bears witness to Apartheid’s rotten foundation. Drawing on modes of critique that are performative and genealogical, those that are possible within law’s frameworks and categories, Mandela both obeys and defies the law, uses and critiques it, resists and claims authority, at the very site he is called to account for charges of sabotage. The article will show, how, by attending to contradictions, discursive dynamics, and points of tension, Mandela the accused creates conditions of possibility for forms of critique that register without being co-opted or domesticated by the discourse and the system it resists.
Modeling random combustion of lycopodium particles and gas
Authors: Bidabadi M , Aghajannezhad P , Harati M , Yaghoubi E , Shahriari G
Published: April 2016

The random modeling combustion of lycopodium particles has been researched by many authors. In this paper, we extend this model and we also generate a different method by analyzing the effect of random distributed sources of combustible mixture. The flame structure is assumed to consist of a preheat-vaporization zone, a reaction zone and finally a post flame zone. We divide the preheat zone to different parts. We assumed that there is different distribution of particles in sections which are really random. Meanwhile, it is presumed that the fuel particles vaporize first to yield gaseous fuel. In other words, most of the fuel particles are vaporized at the end of the preheat zone. It is assumed that the Zel’dovich number is large; therefore, the reaction term in preheat zone is negligible. In this work, the effect of random distribution of particles in the preheat zone on combustion characteristics such as burning velocity, flame temperature for different particle radius is obtained.
Transcolonial Racial Formation
Authors: Kwon Yaejoon
Published: April 2016

The author examines the process of racial knowledge creation within the context of U.S. empire and its military occupation of southern Korea from 1945 to 1948. The author uses a postcolonial sociohistorical approach to analyze archival sources authored by U.S. military occupation administrators, advisers, and journalists. The author argues that the U.S. military occupation was in practice colonialism, and that the United States pulled racial knowledge gained through previous colonial experiences and from British and Japanese empires to construct the racial script of the “Irish of the Orient.” Through this script, the United States justified the need for a military occupation by reading Koreans through colonial constructions of Irish drunkenness and joviality as well as Filipino immaturity. Conversely, the script signaled the potential of Koreans to eventually become democratic subjects. Through the metaphor of the “Irish of the Orient,” the author finds that the racial formation of Koreans during the U.S. military occupation exemplified the relational, nonlinear, and transcolonial process of racial formation.
Thoracic dust exposure is associated with lung function decline in cement production workers
Authors: Nordby Karl-Christian , Notø Hilde , Eduard Wijnand , Skogstad Marit , Fell Anne Kristin , Thomassen Yngvar , Skare Øivind , Bergamaschi Antonio , Pietroiusti Antonio , Abderhalden Rolf , Kongerud Johny , Kjuus Helge
Published: April 2016

We hypothesised that exposure to workplace aerosols may lead to lung function impairment among cement production workers.

Our study included 4966 workers in 24 cement production plants. Based on 6111 thoracic aerosol samples and information from questionnaires we estimated arithmetic mean exposure levels by plant and job type. Dynamic lung volumes were assessed by repeated spirometry testing during a mean follow-up time of 3.5 years (range 0.7–4.6 years). The outcomes considered were yearly change of dynamic lung volumes divided by the standing height squared or percentage of predicted values. Statistical modelling was performed using mixed model regression. Individual exposure was classified into quintile levels limited at 0.09, 0.89, 1.56, 2.25, 3.36, and 14.6 mg·m−3, using the lowest quintile as the reference. Employees that worked in administration were included as a second comparison group.

Exposure was associated with a reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in 6 s and forced vital capacity. For FEV1% predicted a yearly excess decline of 0.84 percentage points was found in the highest exposure quintile compared with the lowest.

Exposure at the higher levels found in this study may lead to a decline in dynamic lung volumes. Exposure reduction is therefore warranted.
Understanding the priorities for women diagnosed with lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a patient perspective
Authors: Bassi Iris , Hollis Gill , Cottin Vincent , Harari Sergio , Zwanenburg Elma , Veltkamp Marcel , Casanova Alvaro , Fletcher Monica , Masefield Sarah , Powell Pippa , Boyd Jeanette
Published: April 2016

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare lung disease that almost exclusively affects women and develops in about one in 400 000 adult females. The European Lung Foundation worked closely with one of the patient organisations within its network, the European LAM Federation, to raise awareness of LAM at the 2014 European Respiratory Society International Congress in Munich, Germany. In addition, an invitation-only workshop with 45 individuals from 13 countries was held to discuss the priorities for women in Europe living with the disease. The need for ongoing collaboration to improve knowledge of this rare lung condition with healthcare professionals across Europe was highlighted.
Peacekeepers deserve more mental health research and care
Authors: Shigemura Jun , Nagamine Masanori , Harada Nahoko , Tanichi Masaaki , Shimizu Kunio , Yoshino Aihide
Published: April 2016

United Nations peacekeeping personnel face numerous stressors due to their challenging deployments. Past studies have had inconsistent results regarding whether or not their deployment experience affects their mental health outcomes. Further studies are required to ascertain the associations between their outcomes and factors before, during and after their peacekeeping missions.
The Sounds of Desaturation: A Survey of Commercial Pulse Oximeter Sonifications
Authors: Loeb Robert G. , Brecknell Birgit , Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND:

The pulse oximeter has been a standard of care medical monitor for >25 years. Most manufacturers include a variable-pitch pulse tone in their pulse oximeters. Research has shown that the acoustic properties of variable-pitch tones are not standardized. In this study, we surveyed the properties of pulse tones from 21 pulse oximeters, consisting of 1 to 4 instruments of 11 different models and 8 brands. Our goals were to fully document the sounds over saturation values 0% to 100%, test whether tones become quieter at low saturation values, and create a public repository of pulse oximeter recordings for future use.

METHODS:

A convenience sample of commercial pulse oximeters in use at one hospital was studied. Audiovisual recordings of each pulse oximeter’s display and sounds were taken while it monitored a simulator starting at a saturation of 100% and slowly decreasing in 1% steps until the saturation reached 0%. Recorded pulse tones were analyzed for spectral frequency and total power. Audio files for each pulse oximeter containing 100 pulse tones, one at every saturation value, were created for inclusion in the repository.

RESULTS:

Recordings containing 509 to 1053 pulse tones were made from the 21 pulse oximeters. Fundamental frequencies at 100% saturation ranged from 479 to 921 Hz, and fundamental frequencies at 1% saturation ranged from 38 to 404 Hz. The pulse tones from all but one model pulse oximeter contained harmonics. Pulse tone step sizes were linear in 6 models and logarithmic in 6 models. Only 6 pulse oximeter models decreased the pulse tone pitch at every decrease in saturation; all others decreased the pitch at only select saturation thresholds. Five pulse oximeter models stopped decreasing pitch altogether once the saturation reached a certain lower threshold. Pulse tone power (perceived as loudness) changed with saturation level for all pulse oximeters, increasing above baseline as saturation decreased from 100% and decreasing to levels below baseline at low saturation values.

CONCLUSIONS:

Current pulse oximeters use different techniques to address the competing goals of (1) using pitch steps that are large enough to be readily perceived, and (2) conveying saturation values from 0 to 100 within a limited range of sound frequencies. From a clinical perspective, 2 techniques for increasing perceivability (increasing the frequency range and using ratio step sizes) have no drawback, but 2 techniques (not changing pitch at every saturation change and using a lower saturation cutoff) do have potential clinical drawbacks. On the basis of our findings, we have made suggestions for clinicians and manufacturers.
The 2015 Gerard W. Ostheimer Lecture: What’s New in Labor Analgesia and Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Arendt Katherine W.
Published: April 2016

Every year the Board of Directors of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology selects an individual to review the literature pertinent to obstetric anesthesiology published the previous calendar year. This individual selects the most notable contributions, creates a syllabus of the articles, and then presents his/her overview in an annual lecture named in honor of the late Gerard W. Ostheimer, a pioneering obstetric anesthesiologist from the Brigham and Women’s Hospital. This article reviews the literature published in 2014 focusing on the themes of labor analgesia and cesarean delivery. Its contents were presented as the Gerard W. Ostheimer Lecture at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology, May 16, 2015, in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The syllabus is available as Supplemental Digital Content (http://links.lww.com/AA/B397).
A novel Drosophila model of TDP-43 proteinopathies: N-terminal sequences combined with the Q/N domain induce protein functional loss and locomotion defects
Authors: Langellotti Simona , Romano Valentina , Romano Giulia , Klima Raffaella , Feiguin Fabian , Cragnaz Lucia , Romano Maurizio , Baralle Francisco E.
Published: April 2016

Transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43, also known as TBPH in Drosophila melanogaster and TARDBP in mammals) is the main protein component of the pathological inclusions observed in neurons of patients affected by different neurodegenerative disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fronto-temporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). The number of studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration is constantly growing; however, the role played by TDP-43 in disease onset and progression is still unclear. A fundamental shortcoming that hampers progress is the lack of animal models showing aggregation of TDP-43 without overexpression. In this manuscript, we have extended our cellular model of aggregation to a transgenic Drosophila line. Our fly model is not based on the overexpression of a wild-type TDP-43 transgene. By contrast, we engineered a construct that includes only the specific TDP-43 amino acid sequences necessary to trigger aggregate formation and capable of trapping endogenous Drosophila TDP-43 into a non-functional insoluble form. Importantly, the resulting recombinant product lacks functional RNA recognition motifs (RRMs) and, thus, does not have specific TDP-43-physiological functions (i.e. splicing regulation ability) that might affect the animal phenotype per se. This novel Drosophila model exhibits an evident degenerative phenotype with reduced lifespan and early locomotion defects. Additionally, we show that important proteins involved in neuromuscular junction function, such as syntaxin (SYX), decrease their levels as a consequence of TDP-43 loss of function implying that the degenerative phenotype is a consequence of TDP-43 sequestration into the aggregates. Our data lend further support to the role of TDP-43 loss-of-function in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The novel transgenic Drosophila model presented in this study will help to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and will provide a valuable system to test potential therapeutic agents to counteract disease.
Nafsika Mylona, Griechenlands Gedenkorte der Antike in der deutschsprachigen Reiseliteratur des 19. und 20.
Authors: Αντωνοπούλου Αναστασία
Published: April 2016

Στο πλαίσιο της βιβλιοκρισίας παρουσιάζονται οι βασικές θέσεις της   συγκριτολογικής μελέτης: Nafsika Mylona, Griechenlands Gedenkorte der Antike in der deutschsprachigen Reiseliteratur des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, Königshausen und Neumann, Würzburg 2014 (280 σελίδες) [Μνημειακοί τόποι της ελληνικής αρχαιότητας στη γερμανόφωνη ταξιδιωτική λογοτεχνία του 19ου και 20ού αιώνα]Πρόκειται για τη διδακτορική διατριβή της συγγραφέως η οποία έγινε δεκτή από τη Φιλοσοφική Σχολή του Πανεπιστημίου του Μονάχου το 2012 και εκδόθηκε το 2014 από τον εκδοτικό οίκο Königshausen und Neumann.
Όταν το Τραγικό μεταλλάσσεται σε αναζήτηση του Απόλυτου: Η Μήδεια του Jean Anouilh δίπλα στην ομώνυμη ευριπίδεια ηρωίδα
Authors: Κουλάνδρου Στέλλα
Published: April 2016

When the Tragic is transformed in search of the Absolute: Anouilh’s Medea next to her tragic predecessorThe article attemps a comparative study of Anouilh’s Medea with Euripides’ tragedy of the same title. More specifically, it examines the different nature of the two heroines, how the ancient heroine fights with herself, while the modern heroine fights with «others», the different kind of loneliness they experience. The article underlines, finally, how the ancient concept of Tragic becomes Absurd in the contemporary drama, as the infanticide of the tragic heroine remains ambiguous, while the modern heroine, «captive» in her absolute worldview (in the author’s repeating absolute worldview), destroys herself and her relatives, unable to find some meaning in life.
Μουσείον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Μελέται, εργασίαι και περιηγήσεις του έτους 1899
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Προσφώνησις επί του νεκρού Γ. Κοζάκη Τυπάλδου, αντιπροέδρου της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας ρηθεισα υπό Γ. Λαμπάκη επι τη καταθεσει του εκ φύλλων δάφνης ιερού μονογράμματος του Ιησού Χριστού
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Προσφώνησις επί του νεκρού του αντιπροέδρου της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας και δωρητού τη Εταιρεία Α. Πασπάτη ρηθείσα τη 13 Δεκεμβρίου 1891 υπό Γ. Λαμπάκη κατατεθέντος εκ μέρους του Συμβουλίου αντί στεφάνου το εκ φύλλων δάφνης ιερόν Μονόγραμμα του Ιησού Χριστού
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Προσφώνησις επί του νεκρού του αρχιεπισκόπου των Λατίνων Ι. Μαραγκού, επιτίμου μέλους και δωρητού τη Εταιρεία ρηθείσα τη 11 Δεκεμβρίου 1891 εν τω καθολικω ναώ του Αγίου Διονυσίου υπό Γ. Λαμπάκη
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Έκθεσις των εργασιών του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου από 1 Ιανουαρίου 1900 - 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1900
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Μουσείον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Μελέται, εργασίαι και περιηγήσεις του έτους 1900
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Αρχαί της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας κατά το έτος 1900
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Έκθεσις των εργασιών του Διοικητικού Συμβουλίου από 1 Ιανουαρίου 1901 - 31 Δεκεμβρίου 1901
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Συγκριτική έρευνα πολιτικής κουλτούρας στις χώρες της Νότιας Ευρώπης: εισαγωγικές παρατηρήσεις
Authors: Μαυρογορδάτος Γ. Θ. , Νικολακόπουλος Ηλ. , Δημητράκος Δ. , Δώδος Δ. , Καφετζής Π. , Κατωπόδη Χρ. , Μεταξόπουλος Αιμ. , Μιχαλοπούλου Κ. , Παπλιάκου Β. , Στέκα-Παπαδάκη Β.
Published: April 2016

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
Διακρίνουσα ανάλυση για την εκτίμηση της εκλογικής επιρροής των πολιτικών κομμάτων επί τη βάσει δειγματοληπτικών δεδομένων
Authors: Μιχαλοπουλου Καίτη
Published: April 2016

Δεν διατίθεται περίληψη.
The use of transitology in the field of transitional justice: a critique of the literature on the 'third wave' of democratisation
Authors: Grosescu Raluca
Published: April 2016

This article analyses the role and the limits of transitology in framing transitional justice studies after the collapse of dictatorial regimes in Southern Europe, Latin America and Eastern Europe. It examines the evolution of the scholarship with reference to three main topics that have been pioneered by transitologists and developed further by transitional justice scholars, namely: the connections between justice for past abuses and democratisation; the determinants of transitional justice; and the relationship between accountability and the passage of time. The article argues that while transitology has nurtured important research initiatives in the field of transitional justice, its approaches suffer from serious shortcomings. They remained overly prescriptive and short-term in focus, and they often dehistoricised social phenomena. Adopting a teleological perspective on transitions supposedly bound for democracy, they overlooked comparisons and interconnections between transitional justice processes originating in democratic contexts and those arising from dictatorial settings. Moreover, in their attempt to build general typologies and establish causalities between types of dictatorial regimes, exit modes from authoritarianism and justice mechanisms, transitological approaches often failed to explain the peculiarities of national cases, and likewise paid scant attention to international contexts and transnational interactions.
Review of Penelope Buckley's The Alexiad of Anna Komnene: Artistic Strategy in the Making of a Myth
Authors: Linardou Kallirroe
Published: April 2016

Review of Penelope Buckley, The Alexiad of Anna Komnene: Artistic Strategy in the Making of a Myth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. xv + 318 pp.
Review of Ioannis D. Evrigenis' Αντίπαλον δέος: Έξωθεν φόβος και συλλογική δράση
Authors: Steiris Georgios
Published: April 2016

Review of Ioannis D. Evrigenis, Αντίπαλον δέος: Έξωθεν φόβος και συλλογική δράση [Fear of Enemies and Collective Action], Iraklio: Crete University Press, 2014. 448 pp.
Farewell to Vangelis Kechriotis
Authors: Karamanolakis Vangelis
Published: April 2016

Obituary
Σύνδεση σχολείου-οικογένειας και το ζήτημα της μεταξύ τους συνεργασίας: Kριτική παρουσίαση βασικών θεωρητικών μοντέλων
Authors: Πεντέρη Ευθυμία , Πετρογιάννης Κωνσταντίνος
Published: April 2016

Η σχέση σχολείου-οικογένειας αποτελεί μια δυναμική διαδικασία με αναπτυξιακό χαρακτήρα που αντανακλά τις εκάστοτε κοινωνικές, πολιτικές, οικονομικές συνθήκες. Οι αντιλήψεις και αξίες που καθορίζουν τους ρόλους, τις αλληλεπιδράσεις και τους στόχους των δύο πλαισίων αναφορικά με την εκπαίδευση του παιδιού, καθορίζουν το πλαίσιο της μεταξύ τους σύγκλισης, δίνοντας διαφορετικό κάθε φορά νόημα και περιεχόμενο στον όρο συνεργασία. Διάφορες προσεγγίσεις, άλλες με περισσότερο θεωρητικό προσανατολισμό και άλλες με μεγαλύτερη εμπειρική ισχύ και τεκμηρίωση, έχουν κατά καιρούς προταθεί επιχειρώντας να αποτυπώσουν και να κωδικοποιήσουν τις διαστάσεις, τα επίπεδα και τις μορφές που μπορεί να πάρει  αυτή η συνεργασία. Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η συνοπτική, κριτική παρουσίαση ορισμένων βασικών θεωρητικών σχημάτων που αφορούν τη σύνδεση του σχολικού και του οικογενειακού πλαισίου και τα οποία συνοψίζουν τις εξελίξεις από το χώρο της εκπαιδευτικής και της ψυχολογικής έρευνας κυρίως από τα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 1990 μέχρι σήμερα. Τα έξι μοντέλα που παρουσιάζονται, επιλέχθηκαν  με γνώμονα τη διαφορετική οπτική που παρουσιάζουν και τη συμβολή του καθενός ξεχωριστά αλλά και σε συνδυασμό, στην κατανόηση της σχέσης σχολείου και οικογένειας. Από την παρουσίαση προκύπτει ότι υπάρχει μια σχετική διάσταση στον τρόπο που γίνεται αντιληπτό το ζήτημα της συνεργασίας των δύο πλαισίων. Η ανάδειξη των διαφορών στην αντίληψη της συνεργασίας σχολείου-οικογένειας είναι σημαντική για την κατανόηση των μορφών που παίρνει αυτή η συνεργασία στην εκπαιδευτική πρακτική με στόχο το σχεδιασμό κατάλληλων και αποτελεσματικών πρακτικών από πλευράς σχολείου.
Η εμπειρία της νοσηλείας και η επιστροφή στο σχολείο: θέματα εκπαίδευσης και προσαρμογής του παιδιού
Authors: Μπρουσκέλη Βασιλική
Published: April 2016

Η νοσηλεία του παιδιού αποτελεί ένα στρεσογόννο γεγονός ζωής το οποίο είναι δυνατό να επηρεάσει, βραχυπρόθεσμα αλλά και μακροπρόθεσμα, την εκπαιδευτική του πορεία. Η παρούσα έρευνα αποτελεί μία συστηματική ανασκόπηση μελετών της διεθνούς βιβλιογραφίας με σκοπό να διερευνήσει θέματα που αφορούν τις εκπαιδευτικές εμπειρίες του παιδιού μετά από μία διάγνωση που απαιτεί νοσηλεία. Η παρουσίαση του θέματος από διαφορετικές οπτικές εμπλεκομένων, όπως της οικογένειας, του σχολείου και των επαγγελματιών υγείας, αποτελεί βασικό της στόχο, ενώ η αναλυτική παρουσίαση των μελετών δεν αποτελεί αυτοσκοπό. Η έρευνα περιλαμβάνει τη μελέτη συνολικά δέκα οκτώ επιστημονικών εργασιών και συγκεκριμένα οκτώ πρωτογενών ερευνών, τεσσάρων άρθρων όπου προτείνονται προγράμματα προς εφαρμογή, τριών άρθρων ειδικών επαγγελματιών και τριών ανασκοπήσεων παλαιότερων ερευνών. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης υπέδειξαν τη σημασία της λειτουργίας του νοσοκομειακού σχολείου, ώστε να εξυπηρετούνται οι γνωστικο-ψυχο-κοινωνικού επιπέδου ανάγκες των παιδιών και να διατηρείται, κατά το δυνατό, το αίσθημα της φυσιολογικότητας. Επιπλέον, ιδιαίτερα σημαντική για την ομαλή προσαρμογή του παιδιού είναι η συνεργασία της οικογένειας, του σχολείου και των επαγγελματιών υγείας που φροντίζουν το παιδί. Τα αποτελέσματα τόνισαν την  ανάγκη ενδελεχούς έρευνας στο θέμα της επίδρασης των μεταβλητών που επηρεάζουν την προσαρμογή του παιδιού στο εκπαιδευτικό του περιβάλλον μετά τη νοσηλεία. Τέλος, απαιτούνται ολοκληρωμένα και αποτελεσματικά προγράμματα υποστήριξης της ομαλής επανόδου και προσαρμογής του παιδιού στο σχολείο.
Εφαρμογή του Lesson Study με φοιτητές. Συνεργασία, αναστοχασμός και ανατροφοδότηση
Authors: Ρεκαλίδου Γαλήνη , Καραδημητρίου Κωνσταντίνος , Μουμουλίδου Μαρία
Published: April 2016

Η παρούσα εργασία επιχειρεί να αναδείξει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο βίωσαν οι τεταρτοετείς φοιτητές του ΤΕΕΠΗ-ΔΠΘ την υλοποίηση του μοντέλου Lesson Study στο Πλαίσιο του Προγράμματος Πρακτικής Κατάρτισης, μέσα από τις απαντήσεις τους σε δομημένο ερωτηματολόγιο και τις εκθέσεις των εποπτών τους, στηριζόμενη σε σύγχρονα ερευνητικά δεδομένα για τη σημαντικότητα των συνεργατικών, αναστοχαστικών και ανατροφοδοτικών στρατηγικών αναφορικά για την εκπαίδευση των μελλοντικών εκπαιδευτικών.
Πρώιμες μορφές σχολικού εκφοβισμού σε παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας
Authors: Βλάχου Μαρία , Βotsoglou Kafenia , Ανδρέου Ελένη
Published: April 2016

Κύριος σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η διερεύνηση των διαδικασιών αναδυόμενης θυματοποίησης καθώς και την εμφάνιση πρώιμων μορφών σχολικού εκφοβισμού στο πλαίσιο των διαμορφούμενων κοινωνικών αλληλεπιδράσεων που αναπτύσσονται σε παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας. Σε σχέση με αυτό, επισκεφθήκαμε χώρους προσχολικής εκπαίδευσης όπου καταγράφηκε το πλαίσιο μέσα στο οποίο εκδηλώνονται τα περιστατικά θυματοποίησης. Στην παρούσα έρευνα συμμετείχαν συνολικά 8 σχολεία προσχολικής αγωγής και συγκεκριμένα 167 παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας (4 έως 6 ετών), εκ των οποίων 88 ήταν κορίτσια και 79 αγόρια. Για την συλλογή των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μέθοδος της μη συμμετοχικής παρατήρησης. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα μας, οι διαδικασίες αναδυόμενης εκφοβιστικής συμπεριφοράς σε παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας είναι ένα κοινωνικό φαινόμενο στο οποίο εμπλέκεται ολόκληρη η ομάδα ομηλίκων της τάξης, είτε ενεργά είτε ανενεργά.  Οι πρώιμες αλληλεπιδράσεις εκφοβιστικής συμπεριφοράς και θυματοποίησης συσχετίζονται με παράγοντες του άμεσου κοινωνικού περιβάλλοντος όπως οι σχέσεις ομηλίκων και η ποιότητα του περιβάλλοντος των δομών προσχολικής αγωγής. Στη συζήτηση αναλύονται οι παιδαγωγικές επιπτώσεις της έρευνας  σε σχέση με την ποιότητα των σχέσεων που αναπτύσσονται στις δομές προσχολική αγωγής. 
Οι έννοιες του πιθανού και του «δίκαιου» σε παιδιά προσχολικής ηλικίας μέσα από σενάρια επίλυσης προβλημάτων
Authors: Νικηφορίδου Ζωή , Παγγέ Τζένη
Published: April 2016

Η έννοια του «δίκαιου» χαρακτηρίζει τη γνωστική και ηθική, κοινωνική ανάπτυξη των παιδιών προσχολικής ηλικίας. Ταυτόχρονα σε αυτήν την ηλικία τα παιδιά αναπτύσσουν την πιθανολογική τους σκέψη και πιο συγκεκριμένα αποκτούν την ικανότητα να διαχωρίζουν πιθανά και απίθανα σενάρια και να εκτιμούν ότι ένα ενδεχόμενο είναι πιο πιθανό να συμβεί από ένα άλλο. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να διερευνήσει εάν τα μικρά παιδιά (N=40), ηλικίας 46 χρόνων, εκφράζουν την έννοια του «δίκαιου» μέσα από σενάρια πιθανοτήτων. Εξετάστηκε και βρέθηκε πως μέσα από 3 διαφορετικά τεστ τα παιδιά εκτιμούν τα πιθανά αποτελέσματα και αποδίδουν μια «δίκαιη» λύση. Επιχειρείται σύνδεση στην ανάπτυξη της σκέψης που αφορά στη λήψη αποφάσεων μέσω της εκτίμησης της πιθανότητας συμβάντων και στην ανάπτυξη της ηθικής σκέψης και ιδιαίτερα της έννοιας του «δίκαιου» των νηπίων, με παιδαγωγικές και μεθοδολογικές διαστάσεις.
Σχέσεις μεταξύ του άγχους εξέτασης, της χρήσης στρατηγικών μάθησης και της κατανόησης κειμένου σε παιδιά του δημοτικού σχολείου
Authors: Παπαντωνίου Γεωργία
Published: April 2016

Στόχος της έρευνας ήταν η διερεύνηση των σχέσεων μεταξύ του άγχους εξέτασης, της χρήσης στρατηγικών μάθησης και της επίδοσης στην κατανόηση κειμένου μαθητών Δημοτικού σχολείου. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 114 μαθητές της 4ης, 5ης και 6ης Δημοτικού. Τα παιδιά κλήθηκαν να απαντήσουν σε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο που αξιολογούσε το άγχος εξέτασης ως χαρακτηριστικό προσωπικότητας και δύο από τα συστατικά του, την ανησυχία και τη συναισθηματικότητα. Εξετάστηκαν επίσης σε δύο έργα κατανόησης κειμένου και τους ζητήθηκε να αναφέρουν το βαθμό στον οποίο χρησιμοποίησαν στρατηγικές μάθησης (βάθους και τεχνικές). Έπειτα από την ολοκλήρωση της εξέτασης στην κατανόηση κειμένου, οι συμμετέχοντες κλήθηκαν να απαντήσουν σε ερωτηματολόγιο που αξιολογούσε το άγχος εξέτασης ως κατάσταση στη συγκεκριμένη περίσταση επίτευξης. Το άγχος εξέτασης ως χαρακτηριστικό, η ανησυχία και η συναισθηματικότητα βρέθηκαν να συσχετίζονται, σημαντικά αλλά χαμηλά, με τη χρήση των τεχνικών στρατηγικών και των στρατηγικών βάθους. Το άγχος κατάστασης βρέθηκε να συσχετίζεται υψηλά και με τις δύο διαστάσεις της χρήσης των στρατηγικών μάθησης. Όλες οι συσχετίσεις μεταξύ των μεταβλητών του άγχους εξέτασης και των διαστάσεων των στρατηγικών μάθησης ήταν θετικές. Η χρήση των τεχνικών στρατηγικών ήταν η μόνη διάσταση στρατηγικών μάθησης που συσχετίζονταν, χαμηλά και αρνητικά, με την επίδοση. Τέλος, η ανησυχία ήταν η μόνη μεταβλητή κινήτρου η οποία συσχετίζονταν, άμεσα και αρνητικά, με την επίδοση.
Through the eyes of the learner
Authors: Roth Wolff-Michael
Published: April 2016

"δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη"
Από τη σχολική βία και τον ενδοσχολικό εκφοβισμό στο «ενταξιακό σχολείο»
Authors: Κουρκούτας Ηλίας , Κοκκιάδη Μαρία
Published: April 2016

Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται διεξοδικά τα χαρακτηριστικά και η δυναμική του φαινομένου του ενδοσχολικού εκφοβισμού και της θυματοποίησης καθώς και τα ψυχοκοινωνικά και οικογενειακά χαρακτηριστικά των εμπλεκόμενων παιδιών, με βάση διεθνή ερευνητικά δεδομένα και πρόσφατες μελέτες στον ελλαδικό χώρο. Στη συνέχεια, αναλύονται οι στρατηγικές παρέμβασης και ο ρόλος του σχολείου και του εκπαιδευτικού για την καλύτερη διαχείριση και αντιμετώπιση και των μαθητών-θυτών και των μαθητών-θυμάτων σε μια ενταξιακή ψυχοπαιδαγωγική οπτική.
Παρουσίαση Βιβλίου Ανδρουλάκης, Γ.(2015). Γλωσσική Παιδεία: 35 μελέτες αφιερωμένες στον καθηγητή Ναπολέοντα Μήτση
Authors: Τσιτσανούδη- Μαλλίδη Νικολέττα
Published: April 2016

"Δεν παρατίθεται περίληψη"
Θεωνάς Α' ο από ηγουμένων μητροπολίτης Θεσσαλονίκης
Authors: Γλαβίνας Απόστολος Αθ.
Published: April 2016

No abstract
Συμβολή εις την ετυμολογίαν του ονόματος του χωριού Νικητή της Χαλκιδικής
Authors: Παπάγγελος Ιωακείμ Αθ.
Published: April 2016

No abstract
Bistra Cvetkova, Hajdustvoto ν Bălgarskite zemi prez 15-18 vek (Η κλεφτουριά εις τα βουλγαρικά εδάφη κατά τον 15ο-18ο αι.)
Authors: Βασδραβέλλης Ιωάννης Κ.
Published: April 2016

No abstract
Η συγγένεια του βιβλίου "Γυμνάσματα Πνευματικά" του Αγίου Νικόδημου του Αγιορείτου με το "Exercicios Spirituales" του Αγίου Ιγνατίου de Loyola
Authors: Παπουλίδης Κωνσταντίνος Κ.
Published: April 2016

No abstract
"Λαογραφία", Δελτίον της Ελληνικής Λαογραφικής Εταιρείας κατ' έτος εκδιδόμενον. Τόμος κγ' (1964), 8ο, σελ. XVI + 760. Γενικόν Ευρετήριον των τόμων α'-κ' (1909-1962) συνταχθέν υπό Μαρίας Ιωαννίδου-Μπαρμπαρίγου
Authors: Παπαστάθης Χαραλ. Κ.
Published: April 2016

No abstract
Δημ. Ν. Παπαναούμ, Λαογραφικά Σιατίστης. Γιάννη Γιώβου, Μακεδονικά γκαργκάλια. Ζήνωνος Μ. Πιτένη (Λιόλιου), Κουζιανιώτ'κα μπέντια
Authors: Φόρης Βασίλειος Δ.
Published: April 2016

 No abstract
Beta cell antigens in type 1 diabetes: triggers in pathogenesis and therapeutic targets
Authors: Mauvais François-Xavier , Diana Julien , van Endert Peter
Published: April 2016

Research focusing on type 1 diabetes (T1D) autoantigens aims to explore our understanding of these beta cell proteins in order to design assays for monitoring the pathogenic autoimmune response, as well as safe and efficient therapies preventing or stopping it. In this review, we will discuss progress made in the last 5 years with respect to mechanistic understanding, diagnostic monitoring, and therapeutic modulation of the autoantigen-specific cellular immune response in T1D. Some technical progress in monitoring tools has been made; however, the potential of recent technologies for highly multiplexed exploration of human cellular immune responses remains to be exploited in T1D research, as it may be the key to the identification of surrogate markers of disease progression that are still wanting. Detailed analysis of autoantigen recognition by T cells suggests an important role of non-conventional antigen presentation and processing in beta cell-directed autoimmunity, but the impact of this in human T1D has been little explored. Finally, therapeutic administration of autoantigens to T1D patients has produced disappointing results. The application of novel modes of autoantigen administration, careful translation of mechanistic understanding obtained in preclinical studies and in vitro with human cells, and combination therapies including CD3 antibodies may help to make autoantigen-based immunotherapy for T1D a success story in the future.
Pancreatic cancer: hope on the horizon
Authors: Jones Menna Lloyd
Published: April 2016

Pancreatic cancer is the 10th most common cancer in the UK, with an estimated 9000 people developing pancreatic cancer each year ( Cancer Research UK, 2016 ). Yet, unlike some other cancers, the survival rate for those developing pancreatic cancer has not improved over the past 40 years. One of the problems is that when symptoms develop and a diagnosis is made, the cancer is too advanced for treatment to be effective.

However, pancreatic cancer has been in the news recently with the introduction of a new tissue bank to specifically help find a way to diagnose this cancer at a curative stage.
Evidence-based practice: knowing what's good or bad
Authors: Stonehouse David
Published: April 2016

Within this article, the author will be discussing how the support worker can tell if research and evidence-based practice are good and robust and will benefit service users and their families.

What makes a piece of research worthy of implementation into the clinical area—or not? First, evidence-based practice and research will be defined and discussed. Next, the article looks at what aspects need to be considered when critiquing a piece of research. The two main types of research, quantitative and qualitative, will be highlighted before moving onto key questions to consider in critiquing published research.

The Code of Conduct for Healthcare Support Workers and Adult Social Care Workers in England ( Skills for Care and Skills for Health, 2013 ) clearly states the importance of continuing professional development (CPD) to improve the quality of healthcare, care and support and this will be examined in more detail.

Support workers alone will not be implementing changes to clinical practice themselves. However, they should be involved as part of the wider team in doing so, and importantly should know and understand the research behind why care is delivered in the way it is. One key aspect to this is understanding what preferences the patients have for their own care needs.
Character education resources released
Authors: Bawden Matt
Published: April 2016

Teaching Character Through Subjects – the new government-funded character education resources – have been released. Matt Bawden explains what they are all about
The roles of community fruit garden (tembawang) on maintaining forest structure, diversity and standing biomass allocation: an alternative effort on reducing carbon emission
Authors: ASTIANI DWI , RIPIN RIPIN
Published: April 2016

Astiani D, Ripin. 2016.Â The roles of community fruit garden (tembawang) on maintaining forest structure, diversity and standing biomass allocation: an alternative effort on reducing carbon emission. Biodiversitas 17: 359-365. Fruit garden (tembawang) Cempedak Village in Sanggau West Kalimantan has been established by local community for their family mixed garden ~ >100 years. The families of 3rd generation were utilizing the tembawang for their needs of building materials, fire woods, rattan, vegetables, fruits, and traditionals medicine. It is important to study how this tembawang play their roles in maintaing forest structure, species diversity and stocking biomass. In 2014, we studied this area for exploring the vegetation composition and their ability to stock biomass of the tembawang. Stratified Random Sampling was applied to the 6.69 ha tembawang area, which devided into three major land cover patches (Mixed fruit garden, mixed rubber plants, and fruit garden mixed with apik-Arenga undulatifolia Becc palm).Â We surveyed and sampled vegetation using transect methods purposively chosen on each landcover patch, with sampling area consecutively for mixed fruit garden, mixed rubber plants, and mixed of fruit garden and apik were 1.52, 0.6, and 0.72 hectars. Results demonstrated that mixed fruit garden carried out higher tree diversity, density, basal area, and maintained the largest above ground biomass per hectar compared to the two other patches. From 97 vegetation spesies registered, it maintained 49 tree species of diameter >20cm and 51 tree species in the lower strature in the forest structure. Interestingly, Durio zibethinus Murr. was a dominant species on all landcover patches types and sinked the largest above ground living biomass. The choice of fruit species on tembawang determined the capability of the embawang land toÂ sequester and stock carbon in trees, because the trees were standing in tembawang for longer time compared to the one in production forest. This results show that, beside its multiple role for people community, tembawang provide other benefits to the nature in maintaining forest structure, diversity, and stocking large carbon in standing biomass.
Short Communication: Fusarium as endophyte of some terrestrial orchid from Papua, Indonesia
Authors: SUFAATI SUPENI , AGUSTINI VERENA , SUHARNO SUHARNO
Published: April 2016

Sufaati S, Agustini V, Suharno. 2016. Fusarium as endophyte of some terrestrial orchid from Papua, Indonesia. BiodiversitasÂ 17: xxx. The aim of the study was to identify endophytic fungi associated with the roots of terrestrial orchid Phaius tankervilleae (Banks)Â Blume, Dendrobium lancifolium A. Rich var. papuanum and Calanthe triplicata (Willem) Ames from Papua, Indonesia. The endophytic fungi were isolated from the transversal section of the orchid roots. Identification of the endophytes was carried out based on the morphological characters. The phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences generated from ITS rDNA region of the endophytic fungi isolated from P. tankervilleae showed that those isolates were determined as Fusarium solani. This is the first report of F. solanifound as endophyte of P. tankervilleae in Papua. While the ITS rDNA of Fusarium isolated from C. triplicata need to be sequenced for further identification.
Erratum to “The product on smooth and generalized valuations”
Authors: Alesker S. , Bernig A.
Published: April 2016

Corrections to: S. Alesker and A. Bernig, The product on smooth and generalized valuations, {\it Amer. J. Math.} {\bf 134}~(2012), no. 2, 507--560.
Quantitative level lowering
Authors: Lundell Benjamin
Published: April 2016

We give a quantitative version of Ribet's famous level lowering result for modular forms. Specifically, we measure how certain congruence ideals change as we vary the level. By studying the deformation theory of the Galois representation attached to the modular form, we can use the numerical criterion of Wiles to relate congruence ideals to Selmer groups, and thereby reduce the problem to a calculation in Galois cohomology.
Arthur and Possibility: The Philosophy of LaƷamon’s Arthuriad
Authors: Parry Joseph
Published: April 2016

In the Brut ’s Arthuriad, LaƷamon becomes something of a philosopher of history. In response to Wace’s tragic Arthur, LaƷamon’s becomes an expression of possibility. History becomes a way of understanding the structure of human experience not only as it has been lived, but also as it may be lived.
The Distributional Effects of Government Responses to the 2009 Recession in Thailand
Authors: Haughton Jonathan , Jitsuchon Somchai , Rukumnuaykit Pungpond
Published: April 2016

This paper explores the extent measures taken by the government of Thailand helped households cope with shocks caused by the 2009 recession. A counterfactual was created by: quantifying the effects of the shocks (to tourism and exports); applying a Social Accounting Matrix multiplier analysis to simulate the indirect and induced effects; and mapping the sectoral changes to household incomes using data from the Socio-economic Surveys. The effects of the stimulus package introduced in early 2009 were then superimposed on the effects of government spending. The shocks alone would have directly reduced labour income by 2.1 per cent, or by up to 7.8 per cent if indirect and induced effects were included. Government measures raised household incomes by about 0.9 per cent on average, offsetting the shocks to some extent. The measures especially helped poorer households. On average, those in the lowest decile and those living in rural areas gained.
The Economy-wide Impact of a Uniform Carbon Tax in ASEAN
Authors: Nurdianto Ditya A. , Resosudarmo Budy P.
Published: April 2016

The main goal of this study is to analyse the benefits and losses associated with cooperation among ASEAN members in mitigating their CO 2 emissions, particularly by implementing a uniform carbon tax across ASEAN. To achieve this goal, this paper uses a multi-country computable generals equilibrium model for ASEAN, known as the Inter-Regional System of Analysis for ASEAN model. This study finds that the implementation of a carbon tax scenario is an effective means of reducing carbon emissions in the region. However, this environmental gain could come at a cost in terms of GDP contraction and reduction in social welfare, i.e. household income. Nevertheless, Indonesia and Malaysia can potentially gain from the implementation of a carbon tax as it counteracts price distortions due to the existence of heavy energy subsidies in these two countries.
Determinants of Singapore’s Outward FDI
Authors: Lee Cassey , Lee Chew Ging , Yeo Michael
Published: April 2016

Outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has been an important element in Singapore’s economic strategy since the 1990s, with the government providing direct and indirect support to the internationalization process. Recent OFDI trends indicate that China has become an important destination for Singapore. In ASEAN, Singapore’s main investment markets are Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Singapore’s OFDI has important sectoral dimensions, supported by evidence from econometric analysis. It is also important to distinguish between OFDI stock and flows.
A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Effects of Incivility on Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Jensen Jaclyn M , Ahmad Afra S , King Eden B , Lee Junghyun
Published: April 2016

This study provides evidence regarding the effects of incivility on career intentions across cultures with respondents from the United States (US) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Drawing on social cognitive career theory, we contend that uncivil treatment affects an individual’s psychological well-being, which predicts competence and occupational aspirations. Our hypotheses were largely supported across cultures, such that participants in the US and UAE were negatively affected by incivility in similar ways. In particular, across both cultures, psychological distress was negatively related to competence, consistent with arguments that distress relates to diminished self-views. This research has implications for students’ expectations about future occupational roles, as colleges teach not only job-related skills, but also set the stage for students’ expectations of their future selves.
The Ecumenical Feminist: Arlene Anderson Swidler (1929–2008)
Authors: Noh Minjung
Published: April 2016

This essay introduces Arlene Anderson Swidler (1929–2008), a passionate Catholic feminist writer, lecturer, activist, and scholar of religion. As a part of the post-Vatican II wave, her writings on women in the Catholic Church began to appear as early as 1966. Although her feminist ideas are rooted in Catholicism, they later related to other religions as well. Thus, her activity can be understood as “ecumenical feminism.”
Pluralistic Inclusivism and Christian-Muslim Dialogue: The Challenge of Moving beyond Polite Discussion toward Reconciliation and Peace
Authors: Johanson Todd
Published: April 2016

Christian-Muslim relations have a complex and often negative history, and in the postmodern, postcolonial, globalizing, and ever-increasingly multifaith world of today, relations between the world’s two largest faiths are arguably more important than ever. While significant progress has been made recently in Christian-Muslim dialogue, there is still much work to be done to move that dialogue forward significantly toward reconciliation and peace. This essay explores the possibilities that contemporary reflection on inclusivism, pluralism, reconciliation, and peacebuilding can bring to the table in advancing the prospects for understanding, reconciliation, and peacemaking in Christian-Muslim dialogue. It argues that a form of pluralistic inclusivism as practiced in dialogue in combination with insights from recent peacebuilding efforts is the best way to move the dialogue forward.
The Intersectionality of Border Pedagogy and Latino/a Youth: Enacting Border Pedagogy in Multiple Spaces
Authors: Ramirez Pablo C. , Ross Lydia , Jimenez-Silva Margarita
Published: April 2016

Abstract:
In this one-year qualitative study, the authors examined how border pedagogy is enacted by two Latino/a high school teachers in a border community in Southern California. Through classroom observations, the authors documented powerful student discussions that named complex borders (Giroux, 1992) that existed in their daily lives. We drew from conocimientos (understandings) (Anzaldúa, 1987), conscientizacíon (critical consciousness) (Freire, 1970), and cariño (authentic care) (Valenzuela, 1999) as theoretical lenses to inform this study.
Burma Votes for Change: Clashing Attitudes Toward Democracy
Authors: Welsh Bridget , Huang Kai-Ping , Chu Yun-han
Published: April 2016

Abstract: What does public opinion tell us about Burma’s longer-term prospects for democracy? The Asian Barometer Survey reveals contradictory attitudes regarding democracy and democratic values among the citizens of Burma.
Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democrats
Authors: Puddington Arch , Roylance Tyler
Published: April 2016

In 2015, the tenth consecutive year of decline in global freedom, the world was battered by overlapping crises, spurring harsh authoritarian crackdowns and revealing the leading democracies’ lack of conviction.