bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Fabrication of NiPt/CNTs as an Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Production from Hydrous Hydrazine
Authors: Zhang Mingya , Liu Li , Lu Sheng , Xu Lixin , An Yue , Wan Chao
Published: September 2019

Hydrogen generation through catalytically hydrous hydrazine has recently emerged as a promising strategy to meet the ever‐increasing demand for sustainable energy. However, it remains a challenging obstacle to design highly active catalysts as well as low‐cost. In this work, we designed a series of NiPt/CNTs catalysts, which were prepared via a facile wet chemical reduction method, employed it in the dehydrogenation of hydrous hydrazine. The crystalline structure, chemical states and morphology of the catalysts were also characterized in detail. Among these catalysts, Ni0.4Pt0.6/CNTs exhibits highest activity with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 1725.3 h−1 at 50 °C and a low Ea of 36.3 kJ/mol. Considering its cost‐effective and high performance, the Ni0.4Pt0.6/CNTs represent a promising catalyst to hydrolyze hydrous hydrazine for hydrogen generation.
Raney Ni as Recyclable and Selective Catalyst for the Reduction of α‐Pinene to cis‐Pinane with NaBH4 at Room Temperature
Authors: Li Kaoxue , Yang Xuhao , Zhao Tingting , Liu Jiaojiao , Liu Jiahui , Li Yucheng , Li Fahui , Tai Xishi , Cao Shuhua
Published: September 2019

Raney Ni was introduced to catalyze the reduction of α‐pinene to cis‐pinane by NaBH4 at room temperature. The catalyst showed good activity, selectivity and recyclability in ethanol during the reaction. Deuterium experiments indicated that hydrogen source for the reaction should derive from NaBH4 and ethanol.
Synthesis and Characterization of Cucurbit[6]uril Supported Copper Oxide Nanoparticles, CuO@CB[6]: Application as Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of 2H‐indazoles
Authors: Verma Shruti , Kujur Shelly , Agrahari Bhumika , Layek Samaresh , Pathak Devendra D.
Published: September 2019

Fine nanoparticles of CuO, generated in‐situ by the chemical reduction method, were immobilized on cucurbit[6]uril support to afford nanocomposite CuO@CB[6] as an air‐stable green powder. The nanocomposite was fully characterized by various physicochemical techniques, such as FTIR, PXRD, XPS, FESEM, EDX, Elemental mapping, HRTEM, TGA, and ICP‐AES. It has been found to be an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the synthesis of a series of 2H‐indazoles from aldehyde, amine, and azide, under base‐ and ligand‐free conditions, at a low concentration of the metal (0.2 mole %). The augmented catalytic activity of the CuO NPs is attributed to the fine size of the nanoparticles. The nanocatalyst was retrieved from the reaction mixture by simple filtration and reused up to five times with insignificant deprivation in its catalytic activity. All synthesized 2H‐indazoles were isolated in good to excellent yield (55‐96%) and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR studies. Three new indazoles are additionally characterized by DEPT 135 spectroscopy and HRMS spectra.
Effect of CsCl Additive on the Morphological and Optoelectronic Properties of Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite
Authors: Chavan Rohit D. , Prochowicz Daniel , Yadav Pankaj , Tavakoli Mohammad Mahdi , Nimbalkar Ajaysing , Bhoite Sangram P. , Hong Chang Kook
Published: September 2019

The quality of perovskite films plays a crucial role in improving the optoelectronic properties and performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, high‐quality CsxFA1−xPbI3 perovskite films with different compositions (x = 0, 5, 10, and 15) are achieved by controlling the amount of cesium chloride (CsCl) in the respective FAPbI3 precursor solution. The effects of CsCl addition on the morphological and optoelectronic properties of the resulting perovskite films and on the performance of the corresponding devices are systematically studied. Introduction of CsCl into FAPbI3 shows a great potential to stabilize the α‐FAPbI3 perovskite phase by forming CsxFA1−xPbI3 films with improved morphology and carrier lifetimes. With an optimal 10 mol% CsCl additive, the average power conversion efficiency (PCE) is increased from 16.83 ± 0.30% for the reference FAPbI3‐based PSCs to 18.87 ± 0.25% (with a steady‐state PCE of 18.89%). Moreover, the optimized device performance is more stable after 20 days than the controlled one under ≈40% humidity in air.
Heat Transport in Starch Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: Experiment Versus Theoretical Computer Modeling
Authors: Braşoveanu Mirela , Oane Mihai , Nemţanu Monica R.
Published: September 2019

The paper deals with the experimental and theoretical study of the temperature distribution in granular starch exposed to ionizing radiation. In this respect, corn starch is irradiated by using a field of accelerated electrons of mean energy of 5.5 MeV for a period of 435 s. A sensor is placed inside the starch sample to record the temperature during irradiation and after irradiation until room temperature is reached again. From a theoretical point of view, in order to describe the temperature field, a mathematical model based on the heat equation in Cattaneo‐Vernote formalism is developed and solved by using the integral transform technique on finite domains. The relaxation time (τ0), the “hottest point,” and the maximum temperature reached in the “hottest point” are determined through the proposed model. The knowledge of the thermal field inside the target sample, especially in the “hottest point,” is essential in planning and optimization of the experiments that involves rigorous control of temperature in starch related irradiation applications in order to avoid the thermal runway during experiments.
Automotive wastes
Authors: Giacomin Hannah , Unno Mio , Eichbauer Kelsey , Atkins Carlos
Published: September 2019

A review of the literature from 2018 related to automotive wastes is presented. Topics include solid wastes from autobodies, batteries, tires, and vehicle electronics, in addition to sustainable building materials. Treatment and control of automotive pollution is also discussed, as well as potential toxicological and health risks.

Practitioner points

Life cycle analyses and sustainable development automotive components were a key focus of the 2018 literature.

Automobiles have been identified as point sources for air and water pollution. Research into energy consumption, emissions control, and catalytic converter behavior was conducted to mitigate the impact of automobile emissions.

Potential non‐point source control measures were identified. These included biological and chemical degradation of pollutants, as well as adsorption of heavy metals.
Recuperative thickening for sludge retention time and throughput management in anaerobic digestion with thermal hydrolysis pretreatment
Authors: Li Baoqiang , Romero Adrian , Wadhawan Tanush , Tobin Michael , Manning Elizabeth , Higgins Matthew , Al‐Omari Ahmed , Murthy Sudhir , Riffat Rumana , De Clippeleir Haydée
Published: September 2019

This study evaluated the application of recuperative thickening (RT) to enhance anaerobic digestion (AD) performance for AD systems with thermal hydrolysis pretreatment (THP). RT was applied for two different reasons: (a) for increasing the sludge retention time (SRT) to degrade slowly hydrolyzable materials more efficiently and (b) for maintaining SRT at decreased hydraulic retention time (HRT) thus showing potential for increased AD throughput rates. A SRT increase from 15 to 30 days by RT application did not improve AD performance or hydrolysis rates significantly as 15‐day SRT was already a factor 2 higher than the estimated washout SRT. When applying RT to increase throughput rates (HRT of 7 days) while maintaining 15‐day SRT, no negative impact on biogas production or hydrolysis kinetics was observed. It was estimated that RT application on THP digesters can increase digester throughput by 100% and thus show clear potential for further AD intensification.

Practitioner points

Increased SRT from 15 to 30 days through recuperative thickening application did not improve biogas production.

A lower required minimum SRT (6–7 days) was estimated in THP‐AD systems compared to conventional AD.

Operation at decreased HRT by RT application resulted in similar AD performance under constant organic loading rates.

A 100% increase in throughput rates can be applied using RT without decreasing AD performance.
Visible‐Light‐Driven Self‐Coupling of Methylarenes Catalyzed by Ni2P@Cd0.5Zn0.5S Nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Dan‐Dan , Hu Jia‐Jun , Zhang Hong , Lv Xiao‐Jun , Chen Yong , Fu Wen‐Fu
Published: September 2019

The Ni2P@Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanoparticles photocatalyzed self‐coupling of p‐xylene was reported here, and the corresponding coupling product 1,2‐di‐p‐tolylethane was obtained. The reaction could be extended to toluene derivatives with electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents. Ni2P@Cd0.5Zn0.5S nanoparticles had already been characterized by XRD, ICP‐AES, SEM, TEM, UV/Vis, FL, XPS. The Mott–Schottky curves of Ni2P@Cd0.5Zn0.5S were made through electrochemical methods. An active carbon free‐radical was captured through ESR measurement under irradiation. The research demonstrated this photocatalytic system feasible for the self‐coupling reaction of toluene derivatives.
Die künstliche Intelligenz in der Einzelzellgenomik
Authors: Dickten H. , Kratsch C. , Reiz B.
Published: September 2019

Die individuelle Zelle stellt die fundamentale Einheit des Lebens dar. Ihre Funktionsweise ist seit Jahrhunderten Gegenstand der biomedizinischen Forschung. Seit Kurzem erlaubt die sogenannte Einzelzellsequenzierung revolutionäre neue Einblicke in die Komposition von Geweben, die Interaktion zwischen Zellen und den Ablauf dynamischer Prozesse. Die damit verbundenen Daten, z. B. aus der Transkriptomik, stellen Analysten jedoch vor neue Herausforderungen. Die Daten sind typischerweise sehr groß, verrauscht und stark mit anderen Informationen vernetzt, sodass herkömmliche Verfahren ausscheiden. Neue, speziell adaptierte Algorithmen aus dem Feld der künstlichen Intelligenz können hier Abhilfe schaffen.

In Verbindung stellen Einzelzellsequenzierung und künstliche Intelligenz mächtige neue Werkzeuge für die biomedizinische Forschung dar und erlauben Einblicke in höchster Auflösung. Wir geben einen kurzen Überblick über beide Technologien und liefern Beispiele für ihre Anwendung im medizinischen Bereich. Wir demonstrieren anschließend beispielhaft, wie Methoden der künstlichen Intelligenz erfolgreich für die Analyse von Einzelzelltranskriptomdaten eingesetzt werden können. Da der korrekte und gewinnbringende Einsatz dieser Methoden weiterhin detailliertes Hintergrundwissen verlangt, ist ein intensivierter Austausch zwischen den Disziplinen unumgänglich. Wir gehen deshalb abschließend auf den Einsatz neuer Plattformen zur Kollaboration und zum Wissensaustausch ein.
Networks for Nonlinear Diffusion Problems in Imaging
Authors: Arridge S. , Hauptmann A.
Published: September 2019

A multitude of imaging and vision tasks have seen recently a major transformation by deep learning methods and in particular by the application of convolutional neural networks. These methods achieve impressive results, even for applications where it is not apparent that convolutions are suited to capture the underlying physics. In this work, we develop a network architecture based on nonlinear diffusion processes, named DiffNet. By design, we obtain a nonlinear network architecture that is well suited for diffusion-related problems in imaging. Furthermore, the performed updates are explicit, by which we obtain better interpretability and generalisability compared to classical convolutional neural network architectures. The performance of DiffNet is tested on the inverse problem of nonlinear diffusion with the Perona–Malik filter on the STL-10 image dataset. We obtain competitive results to the established U-Net architecture, with a fraction of parameters and necessary training data.
The longitudinal relationships between pain severity and disability versus health-related quality of life and costs among chronic low back pain patients
Authors: Mutubuki E. N. , Beljon Y. , Maas E. T. , Huygen F. J. P. M. , Ostelo R. W. J. G. , van Tulder M. W. , van Dongen J. M.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Previous studies found higher levels of pain severity and disability to be associated with higher costs and lower health-related quality of life. However, these findings were based on cross-sectional data and little is known about the longitudinal relationships between pain severity and disability versus health-related quality of life and costs among chronic low back pain patients. This study aims to cover this knowledge gap by exploring these longitudinal relationships in a consecutive cohort.

Methods

Data of 6316 chronic low back pain patients were used. Measurements took place at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Pain severity (Numeric pain rating scale; range: 0–100), disability (Oswestry disability index; range: 0–100), health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-3L: range: 0–1), societal and healthcare costs (cost questionnaire) were measured. Using linear generalized estimating equation analyses, longitudinal relationships were explored between: (1) pain severity and health-related quality of life, (2) disability and health-related quality of life, (3) pain severity and societal costs, (4) disability and societal costs, (5) pain severity and healthcare costs, and (6) disability and healthcare costs.

Results

Higher pain and disability levels were statistically significantly related with poorer health-related quality of life (pain intensity: − 0.0041; 95% CI − 0.0043 to − 0.0039; disability: − 0.0096; 95% CI − 0.0099 to − 0.0093), higher societal costs (pain intensity: 7; 95% CI 5 to 8; disability: 23; 95% CI 20 to 27) and higher healthcare costs (pain intensity: 3; 95% CI 2 to 4; disability: 9; 95% CI 7 to 11).

Conclusion

Pain and disability were longitudinally related to health-related quality of life, societal costs, and healthcare costs. Disability had a stronger association with all outcomes compared to pain.
Framing Forgiveness: An Analysis from the Offender's Point of View
Authors: Smith Ryan A.
Published: September 2019

This article examines (1) how offenders (i.e., death row inmates) express forgiveness at the moment of imminent death, (2) why certain expressions of forgiveness are used more frequently than others, and (3) whether there is any change over time in the hierarchy of preferred forgiveness expressions. Offenders frame forgiveness in religious terms for the most part and they prioritize forgiveness primarily by seeking religious forgiveness from others, and secondarily by seeking forgiveness from God for themselves. From there, a declining share of offenders use their final words to forgive others (religious context), and seek forgiveness from others (religious context). Religious coping theory explains this hierarchy as essentially an attempt to gain intimacy with others, followed by a need to establish control and gain comfort and closeness to God. The few nonreligious attempts to seek forgiveness from others are interpreted as efforts to gain empathy with one's victims, express adaptive guilt, and engage behaviors of reparative action, while nonreligious attempts to offer forgiveness to others are interpreted as efforts to enhance psychological well-being. Analysis of change over time reveals an increase in expressions of religious forgiveness that parallels the implementation of policies that allow the family and friends of murder victims to witness an offender's execution. The implications of these findings for the future study of forgiveness are discussed.
Change of Direction Assessment Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Review of Current Practice and Considerations to Enhance Practical Application
Authors: Marques Joao Beleboni , Paul Darren James , Graham-Smith Phil , Read Paul James
Published: September 2019

Change of direction (CoD) has been indicated as a key mechanism in the occurrence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury during invasion sports. Despite these associations, assessments of knee function in athletic populations at the time of return to sport following ACL reconstruction (ACLr) have often focused on strength and single-leg hop tests, with a paucity of evidence to describe the CoD characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review was to describe the movement strategies exhibited following ACLr during CoD tasks and to critically analyze the range of tests that have been used. Specifically, we examined their ability to identify between-limb deficits and individuals who display a heightened risk of secondary injury and/or reductions in their level of pre-injury performance. MEDLINE, PubMed and SPORT Discuss databases were used and 13 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Examination of the available literature indicates that current field-based practices are not representative of relevant sport demands and are unable to effectively assess knee function following ACLr. Laboratory-based studies have identified residual deficits and altered movement strategies at the time of return to sport, and this in part may be related to risk of re-injury. However, these assessments exhibit inherent limitations and are not practically viable for monitoring progress during rehabilitation. Consequently, alternative solutions that are more-aligned with the multitude of factors occurring during CoD maneuvers in chaotic sports environments are warranted to allow practitioners to ‘bridge the gap’ between the laboratory and the sports field/court. This approach may facilitate a more informed decision-making process with the end goal being, a heightened ‘return to performance’ and a lower risk of re-injury.
Expressivism and Cognitive Propositions
Authors: BROWN JAMES L. D.
Published: September 2019

Expressivists about normative thought and discourse traditionally deny that there are nondeflationary normative propositions. However, it has recently been suggested that expressivists might avoid a number of problems by providing a theory of normative propositions compatible with expressivism. This paper explores the prospects for developing an expressivist theory of propositions within the framework of cognitive act theories of propositions. First, I argue that the only extant expressivist theory of cognitive propositions—Michael Ridge's ‘ecumenical expressivist’ theory—fails to explain identity conditions for normative propositions. Second, I argue that this failure motivates a general constraint—the ‘unity requirement’—that any expressivist theory of propositions must provide a unified nonrepresentational explanation of that in virtue of which propositional attitudes have the content that they have. Third, I argue that conceptual role accounts of content provide a promising framework in which to develop an expressivist theory of cognitive propositions.
Extreme long waves over a varying bathymetry
Authors: Herterich James G. , Dias Frédéric
Published: September 2019

Recent modelling work has shown that abrupt bathymetric transitions can produce dramatic amplifications of long waves, under the influence of both nonlinearity and dispersion. Here, the evolution of wave packets towards a vertical wall over a varying bathymetry is investigated with a one-dimensional conformal-mapping spectral code. In this system, wave breaking, runup and reflection, wave interference and bathymetric effects are highlighted. Wave breaking is examined with respect to geometric, kinematic and energetic conditions, with consistent results. The breaking strength is characterized for spilling and plunging based on initial wave period and amplitude. Non-breaking waves are amplified by reflection, interference and the bathymetry leading to large runups. In a typical example inspired by a real-world bathymetry, the maximum runup amplification approaches a factor of 12 – large enough for a 3 m amplitude wave to overtop a 30 m cliff.
A stable tripole vortex model in two-dimensional Euler flows
Authors: Viúdez A.
Published: September 2019

An exact solution of a stable vortex tripole in two-dimensional (2-D) Euler flows is provided. The stable tripole is composed of an inner elliptical vortex and two small-amplitude lateral vortices. The non-vanishing vorticity field of this tripole, referred to as here as an embedded tripole because of the closeness of its vortices, is given in elliptical coordinates$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707},\unicode[STIX]{x1D708})$by the even radial and angular order-0 Mathieu functions$\text{Je}_{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})\text{ce}_{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D708})$truncated at the external branch of the vorticity isoline passing through the two critical points closest to the vortex centre. This tripole mode has a rigid vorticity field which rotates with constant angular velocity equal to$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{0}\text{Je}_{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{1})\text{ce}_{0}(0)/2$, where$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{1}$is the first zero of$\text{Je}_{0}^{\prime }(\unicode[STIX]{x1D707})$and$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{0}$is a constant modal amplitude. It is argued that embedded 2-D tripoles may be conceptually regarded as the superposition of two asymmetric Chaplygin–Lamb dipoles, separated a distance equal to$2R$, as long as their individual trajectory curvature radius$R$is much shorter than their dipole extent radius.
Free Time Is Not Meant to Be Wasted: Educational, Political, and Taboo Leisure Activities among the Soviet Buryats of Eastern Siberia
Authors: Chakars Melissa
Published: September 2019

This article details how an increasingly educated and urban Buryat population became both the creators and consumers of new leisure activities in the late Soviet period. It argues that central and local authorities believed that leisure activities could help them to impress upon the Buryats that there were great benefits to living in the Soviet Union and to adopting a more pan-Soviet identity within the brotherhood of nations. They also presumed that leisure activities could aid in the building of a culture that was Buryat, Soviet, and more modern. This article examines why authorities assigned great importance to leisure and how they used and created cultural-educational institutions and mass media content to implement, direct, and promote cultural development. It analyzes various institutions such as museums, clubs, and theaters, as well as the production and consumption of local newspapers and television and radio programming that promoted educational leisure activities. In addition, it explores authorities’ concerns about the rise, especially among youth, of more taboo leisure activities that deviated from the official ones that they encouraged.
“Antibureaucratism” as a Yugoslav Phenomenon: The View from Northwest Croatia
Authors: Archer Rory
Published: September 2019

Most studies of the antibureaucratic revolution have focused on political elites and activists in Serbia, Montenegro, and the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo. Recent scholarship has focused on individual participants, often workers, and takes their agency seriously. Building upon such research, this article explores the antibureaucratic revolution as a particular manifestation of a larger sociocultural process, constitutive of long-term structural changes across the whole of Yugoslavia. An analysis of workplace documents and local newspapers in northwest Croatia demonstrates that antibureaucratic sentiment was not the prerogative of Serbian and Montenegrins but of Yugoslav citizens more generally. Yugoslavs were conditioned by the party-state to be critical of bureaucracy. Workers began to admonish the expansion of administrative positions, which they blamed for their falling living standards. Despite decentralizing and autarkic tendencies in political and economic life in late socialist Yugoslavia, working class discontents (and representations of it) remained remarkably similar across republican boundaries. In Rijeka and its environs, a shift does not occur until in mid-1988. Condemnations of nationalism become more urgent and a skepticism toward the mass protests occurring in Serbia is palpable from this point onward.
Thirty Years of Yugoslavia’s “Antibureaucratic Revolution”: A Long-Run Appraisal and New Avenues of Research
Authors: Grdešić Marko
Published: September 2019

This special issue ofNationalities Paperspresents an attempt to provide a fresh perspective on Serbia’s and Yugoslavia’s “antibureaucratic revolution” of 1988 and 1989. The 30th anniversary of this turbulent episode provides an opportunity to rethink our interpretation and offer a new appraisal of the event as well as open several new avenues of potentially productive research. This special issue builds on older research (Vladisavljević 2004, 2008; Vujačić 1996, 2003) and is part of a series of more recent as well upcoming contributions (Musić 2016; Musić forthcoming; Archer et al. 2016; Grdešić 2016; Grdešić forthcoming; Vujačić 2017; Archer and Musić 2017). Given the complexity of the event, the contributions collected here cannot exhaust all of the antibureaucratic revolution’s many facets. We do, however, hope that these contributions cover some of the main lacunae in the scholarship published so far. We also hope that this special issue will spark researchers to turn to this immensely interesting and deeply important event.
Cauchy problem and periodic homogenization for nonlocal Hamilton–Jacobi equations with coercive gradient terms
Authors: Bardi Martino , Cesaroni Annalisa , Topp Erwin
Published: September 2019

This paper deals with the periodic homogenization of nonlocal parabolic Hamilton–Jacobi equations with superlinear growth in the gradient terms. We show that the problem presents different features depending on the order of the nonlocal operator, giving rise to three different cell problems and effective operators. To prove the locally uniform convergence to the unique solution of the Cauchy problem for the effective equation we need a new comparison principle among viscosity semi-solutions of integrodifferential equations that can be of independent interest.
Existence of solution for quasilinear equations involving local conditions
Authors: Cerda Patricio , Iturriaga Leonelo
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we study the existence of weak solutions of the quasilinear equation
\begin{cases} -{\rm div} (a(\vert \nabla u \vert ^2)\nabla u)=\lambda f(x,u) &{\rm in} \ \Omega,\\ u=0 &{\rm on} \ \partial\Omega, \end{cases}where a : ℝ → [0, ∞) is C1 and a nonincreasing continuous function near the origin, the nonlinear term f : Ω × ℝ → ℝ is a Carathéodory function verifying certain superlinear conditions only at zero, and λ is a positive parameter. The existence of the solution relies on C1-estimates and variational arguments.
From Awareness to Prognosis: Ethical Implications of Uncovering Hidden Awareness in Behaviorally Nonresponsive Patients
Authors: GRAHAM MACKENZIE , WALLACE EUGENE , DOHERTY COLIN , MCCANN ALISON , NACI LORINA
Published: September 2019

Long-term patient outcomes after severe brain injury are highly variable, and reliable prognostic indicators are urgently needed to guide treatment decisions. Functional neuroimaging is a highly sensitive method of uncovering covert cognition and awareness in patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness, and there has been increased interest in using it as a research tool in acutely brain injured patients. When covert awareness is detected in a research context, this may impact surrogate decisionmaking—including decisions about life-sustaining treatment—even though the prognostic value of covert consciousness is currently unknown. This paper provides guidance to clinicians and families in incorporating individual research results of unknown prognostic value into surrogate decisionmaking, focusing on three potential issues: (1) Surrogate decisionmakers may misinterpret results; (2) Results may create false hope about the prospects of recovery; (3) There may be disagreement about the meaningfulness or relevance of results, and appropriateness of continued care.
The Legacy: An Interview with Ryan Farnsworth
Authors: PALCHIK GUILLERMO
Published: September 2019

This paper recounts the author’s conversations with Ryan Farnsworth, a 30-year-old ALS patient who consented to be interviewed for the purpose of improving communication between physicians and patients. Under the California End of Life Option (ELOA), the patient had been prescribed medication that would allow him to end his life at a time of his choosing. He describes coping with the challenges of the illness, how he will make the decision when to take the drugs and what he hopes will be his legacy.
Disciplining sensation: the architectural thinking of Reima Pietilä
Authors: Teal Randall
Published: September 2019

When pious critics criticized Millet for painting peasants who were carrying an offertory like a sack of potatoes, Millet responded by saying that the weight common to the two objects was more profound than their figurative distinction. As a painter, he was striving to paint the force or that weight, and not the offertory or the sack of potatoes.

(Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari)

Gilles Deleuze sought an ontology that did not, according to Todd May, ‘reduce being to the knowable’. Instead he sought a widening of thought that would allow one ‘to palpate the unknowable’. Key to this expanded field of thought is an ability to think the ‘material synthetic unity’ of ‘sensation’. Deleuze drew upon art in general, and painting in particular, to describe both the nuances of sensation and how to think sensation.
Model interpretations of archival drawings
Authors: Gould Polly
Published: September 2019

The exhibition ‘Alternative Histories’ was a collaboration between the Architectural Foundation, the Drawing Matter archive, and curators Jantje Engels and Marius Grootveld, in which over eighty contemporary architectural practices were invited to make an architectural model in response to an historical architectural drawing.
TATE’S CONJECTURE AND THE TATE–SHAFAREVICH GROUP OVER GLOBAL FUNCTION FIELDS
Authors: Geisser Thomas H.
Published: September 2019

Let ${\mathcal{X}}$ be a regular variety, flat and proper over a complete regular curve over a finite field such that the generic fiber $X$ is smooth and geometrically connected. We prove that the Brauer group of ${\mathcal{X}}$ is finite if and only Tate’s conjecture for divisors on $X$ holds and the Tate–Shafarevich group of the Albanese variety of $X$ is finite, generalizing a theorem of Artin and Grothendieck for surfaces to arbitrary relative dimension. We also give a formula relating the orders of the group under the assumption that they are finite, generalizing the known formula for a surface.
Comparing legal styles
Authors: Valcke Catherine
Published: September 2019

The question of legal ‘style’ is a central one in comparative law, as mainstream comparative law tends to downplay its importance. The kinds of comparative law scholarship that have attracted most attention in the last decades – the ‘harmonisation projects’ and the ‘legal origins’ literature (perhaps also the ‘legal formant’ literature) – indeed adopt a functionalistic approach to legal systems, whereby only theoutcomeof judicial decisions (and the factors causally feeding into them) matters – that is, theirstyledoes not. This narrow perspective has led to arguments in favour of harmonisation of law worldwide – the thesis according to which law everywhere does and should converge so as to facilitate transnational commerce and globalisation more generally. I propose to argue that legal style matters, as law is about much more than just resolving disputes. Specifically, it is also, and most importantly, a collective statement of identity. To illustrate, I plan on analysing some of the most striking stylistic differences between French and English law, and outline the different such statements emerging from them.
Conceptualising ‘style’ in legal scholarship: the curious case of Zweigert's ‘style doctrine’
Authors: Cserne Péter
Published: September 2019

Through a close reading of Konrad Zweigert's 1961 essay and related writings, the paper discusses his use of the term ‘style’ in the classification of legal families, making three arguments. First, Zweigert's use of style is methodologically naive. He uses style as a cluster concept, grouping an eclectic mix of features characteristic for the history, language, techniques, doctrines and values of national laws. His explicit sources seem to have provided associative and superficial inspiration rather than a theoretical basis for this terminological move. Second, Zweigert's methodology could have been improved by using more rigorous style concepts – and he seems to have been aware of the necessary theoretical resources. Third, such a commitment to a humanistic and cultural approach to comparative law is not easily reconciled with the blunt functionalism of Zweigert's programmatic methodological statements. His style doctrine is only compatible with a weak version of functionalism as a ‘methodological metaphor’: the version he actually espoused.
Forecasting age distribution of death counts: an application to annuity pricing
Authors: Shang Han Lin , Haberman Steven
Published: September 2019

We consider a compositional data analysis approach to forecasting the age distribution of death counts. Using the age-specific period life-table death counts in Australia obtained from the Human Mortality Database, the compositional data analysis approach produces more accurate 1- to 20-step-ahead point and interval forecasts than Lee–Carter method, Hyndman–Ullah method and two naïve random walk methods. The improved forecast accuracy of period life-table death counts is of great interest to demographers for estimating survival probabilities and life expectancy, and to actuaries for determining temporary annuity prices for various ages and maturities. Although we focus on temporary annuity prices, we consider long-term contracts that make the annuity almost lifetime, in particular when the age at entry is sufficiently high.
SUBSTITUTION IN RELEVANT LOGICS
Authors: ØGAARD TORE FJETLAND
Published: September 2019

This essay discusses rules and semantic clauses relating to Substitution—Leibniz’s law in the conjunctive-implicational form $s\dot{ = }t \wedge A\left( s \right) \to A\left( t \right)$—as these are put forward in Priest’s books In Contradiction and An Introduction to Non-Classical Logic: From If to Is. The stated rules and clauses are shown to be too weak in some cases and too strong in others. New ones are presented and shown to be correct. Justification for the various rules is probed and it is argued that Substitution ought to fail.
Sovereignty over natural resources – A normative reinterpretation
Authors: GÜMPLOVÁ PETRA
Published: September 2019

This article provides a normative account of sovereign rights to natural resources on the basis of moral principles which underlie its international legal structure – the right to self-determination and human rights. The first part locates the emergence of the system of sovereign rights to natural resources in the process of the decolonisation and justifies it as a correction of historical injustice of violent appropriation of natural resources. The second part identifies the key moral component and justificatory principle of the system of sovereign rights to natural resources – the right to self-determination. I outline a justice-based interpretation of the right to self-determination and show why rights to natural resources are its corollary. The last part connects rights to self-determination and rights to natural resources to human rights and shows how human rights define the permissible scope of rights to natural resources in two dimensions – the dimension of political legitimacy of the exercise of resource rights and the dimension of the distribution of resource benefits.
Vintage Radar Film Tracks What’s Beneath Antarctic Ice
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: September 2019

The newly digitized data double the timescale of ice-penetrating radar monitoring in some of the fastest changing areas of Antarctica.
Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook
Authors: Bruschini Claudio , Homulle Harald , Antolovic Ivan Michel , Burri Samuel , Charbon Edoardo
Published: September 2019

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance. This fascinating technology has progressed at a very fast pace in the past 15 years, since its inception in standard CMOS technology in 2003. A host of architectures have been investigated, ranging from simpler implementations, based solely on off-chip data processing, to progressively “smarter” sensors including on-chip, or even pixel level, time-stamping and processing capabilities. As the technology has matured, a range of biophotonics applications have been explored, including (endoscopic) FLIM, (multibeam multiphoton) FLIM-FRET, SPIM-FCS, super-resolution microscopy, time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, NIROT and PET. We will review some representative sensors and their corresponding applications, including the most relevant challenges faced by chip designers and end-users. Finally, we will provide an outlook on the future of this fascinating technology.
TCR–pMHC bond conformation controls TCR ligand discrimination
Authors: Sasmal Dibyendu K. , Feng Wei , Roy Sobhan , Leung Peter , He Yanran , Cai Chufan , Cao Guoshuai , Lian Huada , Qin Jian , Hui Enfu , Schreiber Hans , Adams Erin J. , Huang Jun
Published: September 2019

A major unanswered question is how a TCR discriminates between foreign and self-peptides presented on the APC surface. Here, we used in situ fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure the distances of single TCR–pMHC bonds and the conformations of individual TCR–CD3ζ receptors at the membranes of live primary T cells. We found that a TCR discriminates between closely related peptides by forming single TCR–pMHC bonds with different conformations, and the most potent pMHC forms the shortest bond. The bond conformation is an intrinsic property that is independent of the binding affinity and kinetics, TCR microcluster formation, and CD4 binding. The bond conformation dictates the degree of CD3ζ dissociation from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane via a positive calcium signaling feedback loop to precisely control the accessibility of CD3ζ ITAMs for phosphorylation. Our data revealed the mechanism by which a TCR deciphers the structural differences among peptides via the TCR–pMHC bond conformation.
Repeated species radiations in the recent evolution of the key marine phytoplankton lineage Gephyrocapsa
Authors: Bendif El Mahdi , Nevado Bruno , Wong Edgar L. Y. , Hagino Kyoko , Probert Ian , Young Jeremy R. , Rickaby Rosalind E. M. , Filatov Dmitry A.
Published: September 2019

Phytoplankton account for nearly half of global primary productivity and strongly affect the global carbon cycle, yet little is known about the forces that drive the evolution of these keystone microscopic organisms. Here we combine morphometric data from the fossil record of the ubiquitous coccolithophore genusGephyrocapsawith genomic analyses of extant species to assess the genetic processes underlying Pleistocene palaeontological patterns. We demonstrate that all modern diversity inGephyrocapsa(includingEmiliania huxleyi) originated in a rapid species radiation during the last 0.6 Ma, coincident with the latest of the three pulses ofGephyrocapsadiversification and extinction documented in the fossil record. Our evolutionary genetic analyses indicate that new species in this genus have formed in sympatry or parapatry, with occasional hybridisation between species. This sheds light on the mode of speciation during evolutionary radiation of marine phytoplankton and provides a model of how new plankton species form.
Non-invasive in vivo hyperspectral imaging of the retina for potential biomarker use in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hadoux Xavier , Hui Flora , Lim Jeremiah K. H. , Masters Colin L. , Pébay Alice , Chevalier Sophie , Ha Jason , Loi Samantha , Fowler Christopher J. , Rowe Christopher , Villemagne Victor L. , Taylor Edward N. , Fluke Christopher , Soucy Jean-Paul , Lesage Frédéric , Sylvestre Jean-Philippe , Rosa-Neto Pedro , Mathotaarachchi Sulantha , Gauthier Serge , Nasreddine Ziad S. , Arbour Jean Daniel , Rhéaume Marc-André , Beaulieu Sylvain , Dirani Mohamed , Nguyen Christine T. O. , Bui Bang V. , Williamson Robert , Crowston Jonathan G. , van Wijngaarden Peter
Published: September 2019

Studies of rodent models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and of human tissues suggest that the retinal changes that occur in AD, including the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), may serve as surrogate markers of brain Aβ levels. As Aβ has a wavelength-dependent effect on light scatter, we investigate the potential for in vivo retinal hyperspectral imaging to serve as a biomarker of brain Aβ. Significant differences in the retinal reflectance spectra are found between individuals with high Aβ burden on brain PET imaging and mild cognitive impairment (n = 15), and age-matched PET-negative controls (n = 20). Retinal imaging scores are correlated with brain Aβ loads. The findings are validated in an independent cohort, using a second hyperspectral camera. A similar spectral difference is found between control and 5xFAD transgenic mice that accumulate Aβ in the brain and retina. These findings indicate that retinal hyperspectral imaging may predict brain Aβ load.
A building-block design for enhanced visible-light switching of diarylethenes
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Wang Wenhui , Jin Peipei , Xue Jiadan , Sun Lu , Huang Jinhai , Zhang Junji , Tian He
Published: September 2019

Current development of light-responsive materials and technologies imposes an urgent demand on visible-light photoswitching on account of its mild excitation with high penetration ability and low photo-toxicity. However, complicated molecular design and laborious synthesis are often required for visible-light photoswitch, especially for diarylethenes. Worse still, a dilemma is encountered as the visible-light excitation of the diarylethene is often achieved at the expense of photochromic performances. To tackle these setbacks, we introduce a building-block design strategy to achieve all-visible-light photochromism with the triplet-sensitization mechanism. The simply designed diarylethene system is constructed by employing a sensitizer building-block with narrow singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) to a diarylethene building-block. A significant improvement on the photochromic efficiency is obtained as well as an enhanced photo-fatigue resistance over those under UV irradiation. The balance between the visible-light excitation and decent photochromism is thus realized, promoting a guiding principle for the visible-light photochromism.
Exercise training counteracts urothelial carcinoma-induced alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondria phospholipidome in an animal model
Authors: Montero-Bullon Javier-Fernando , Melo Tânia , Ferreira Rita , Padrão Ana Isabel , Oliveira Paula A. , Domingues M. Rosário M. , Domingues Pedro
Published: September 2019

Cancer associated body wasting is the cause of physical disability, reduced tolerance to anticancer therapy and reduced survival of cancer patients and, similarly to cancer, its incidence is increasing. There is no cure for this clinical condition, and the pathophysiological process involved is largely unknown. Exercise training appears as the gold standard non-pharmacological therapy for the management of this wasting syndrome. Herein we used a lipidomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) to study the effect of exercise in the modulation of phospholipids profile of mitochondria isolated from gastrocnemius muscle of a pre-clinical model of urothelial carcinoma-related body wasting (BBN induced), submitted to 13 weeks of treadmill exercise after diagnosis. Multivariate analysis showed a close relationship between the BBN exercise group and both control groups (control sedentary and control exercise), while the BBN sedentary group was significantly separated from the control groups and the BBN exercise group. Univariate statistical analysis revealed differences mainly in phosphatidylserine (PS) and cardiolipin (CL), although some differences were also observed in phosphatidylinositol (PI, LPI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) phospholipids. PS with shorter fatty acyl chains were up-regulated in the BBN sedentary group, while the other species of PS with longer FA and a higher degree of unsaturation were down-regulated, but the BBN exercise group was mostly similar to control groups. Remarkably, exercise training prevented these alterations and had a positive impact on the ability of mitochondria to produce ATP, restoring the healthy phospholipid profile. The remodelling of mitochondria phospholipid profile in rats with urothelial carcinoma allowed confirming the importance of the lipid metabolism in mitochondria dysfunction in cancer-induced skeletal muscle remodelling. The regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic pathways observed in the BBN exercise group supported the current perspective that exercise is an adequate therapeutic approach for the management of cancer-related muscle remodeling.
Anodic Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes for Magnetically Guided Therapeutic Delivery
Authors: Hasanzadeh Kafshgari Morteza , Kah Delf , Mazare Anca , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Distaso Monica , Peukert Wolfgang , Goldmann Wolfgang H. , Schmuki Patrik , Fabry Ben
Published: September 2019

Hollow titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes offer substantially higher drug loading capacity and slower drug release kinetics compared to solid drug nanocarriers of comparable size. In this report, we load TiO2 nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles to facilitate site-specific magnetic guidance and drug delivery. We generate magnetic TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2NTs) by incorporating a ferrofluid containing Ø ≈ 10 nm iron oxide nanoparticles in planar sheets of weakly connected TiO2 nanotubes. After thermal annealing, the magnetic tubular arrays are loaded with therapeutic drugs and then sonicated to separate the nanotubes. We demonstrate that magnetic TiO2NTs are non-toxic for HeLa cells at therapeutic concentrations (≤200 µg/mL). Adhesion and endocytosis of magnetic nanotubes to a layer of HeLa cells are increased in the presence of a magnetic gradient field. As a proof-of-concept, we load the nanotubes with the topoisomerase inhibitor camptothecin and achieve a 90% killing efficiency. We also load the nanotubes with oligonucleotides for cell transfection and achieve 100% cellular uptake efficiency. Our results demonstrate the potential of magnetic TiO2NTs for a wide range of biomedical applications, including site-specific delivery of therapeutic drugs.
Horizontal and vertical integrative analysis methods for mental disorders omics data
Authors: Wang Shuaichao , Shi Xingjie , Wu Mengyun , Ma Shuangge
Published: September 2019

In recent biomedical studies, omics profiling has been extensively conducted on various types of mental disorders. In most of the existing analyses, a single type of mental disorder and a single type of omics measurement are analyzed. In the study of other complex diseases, integrative analysis, both vertical and horizontal integration, has been conducted and shown to bring significantly new insights into disease etiology, progression, biomarkers, and treatment. In this article, we showcase the applicability of integrative analysis to mental disorders. In particular, the horizontal integration of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia and the vertical integration of gene expression and copy number variation data are conducted. The analysis is based on the sparse principal component analysis, penalization, and other advanced statistical techniques. In data analysis, integration leads to biologically sensible findings, including the disease-related gene expressions, copy number variations, and their associations, which differ from the “benchmark” analysis. Overall, this study suggests the potential of integrative analysis in mental disorder research.