bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Training of Original Responses and Academic Performance of Fifth-Grade Students
Authors: MacDonald W. Scott , Heinberg Paul , Fruehling Royal T. , Meredith Connie G. W.
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to extend the training of original responses demonstrated in word-association tests to that of word-problems. A 198-item program was given to 48 fifth-grade subjects of Caucasian military dependents, and resident Hawaiian students, including boys and girls. Subjects worked in 12 teams of 4 subjects. 48 subjects matched in academic ability in the same fifth grade served as controls. After the program, subjects produced more original responses to new problems, and made larger gains in reading comprehension and solving word-problems in mathematics, and subjects identified as “behavior problems” became more manageable than similar control subjects. The extensive response of experimental subjects suggests that gains may have resulted from motivational as well as, or in addition to, specific training in generating original responses. No differences between ethnic groups or sexes emerged.
Attribution of Ability as a Function of Consistency of Information across Times, Tasks, and Persons: A Bias toward Favorable Attributions
Authors: Johnson Richard E. , Downing Leslie L.
Published: September 2011

A test was conducted of hypotheses from Kelley's 1967 attribution theory. Stories were generated which conveyed information concerning the success or failure of a stimulus person at Time 1/Task 1, at Time 1/Task 2, at Time 2/Task 1, and the success or failure of another person at Time 1/Task 1. Each of 160 subjects made attributions of ability for each condition in this 2×2×2×2 design. Main effects on attribution of ability occurred for all four variables and were generally supportive of the theory. Numerous two-way interactions, not predicted by the theory, suggested a bias toward favorable attributions. This bias resulted from a tendency to make attributions of high ability given inconsistent information and a reluctance to make negative attributions of ability unless multiple sources of negative information about the stimulus person's ability were in evidence. The positivity bias was not mediated by difficulty of the stimulus person's task but seemed to be a general predisposition to attribute positive ability and reluctance to attribute negative ability.
Personality Characteristics Associated with Giving and Receiving Help
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara
Published: September 2011

Adult males over females frequently involved in helping others with day-to-day difficulties reported greater needs to express affection and control than males and females infrequently involved in helping others. (Study ns: 228 men, 214 women.) Females frequently involved in helping also had greater need for expressed and wanted inclusion.
Employee-Centered Management, Participation in Decision-Making and Satisfaction with Work Itself
Authors: Norton Steven D.
Published: September 2011

Measures of satisfaction with work itself and work environment, and of employee-centered management and participation in decision-making were given to 128 managers. Work satisfaction was correlated with employee-centered management and participation, but these correlations were less than those for satisfaction with working environment.
Birth Order of Volunteers under Varying Conditions of Recruitment Incentive
Authors: McCutcheon Lynn E. , Sweet Marilyn
Published: September 2011

In two studies of volunteering, recruitment pressure was varied in an attempt to see if firstborns were more susceptible. In the first, two classes of junior college students were pressured by offering a reward to be given only if a large percentage of the class volunteered. Of 55 Ss 19 who responded by raising their hands were firstborns. In two control classes where no incentive was offered, 33 Ss, including 9 firstborns, raised their hands. In the second study, pressure, in the form of an appeal for volunteers, was manipulated with extra credit in a 2 × 2 design. Firstborns were not more likely to volunteer in either study. Extra credit resulted in a higher percentage of volunteers but did not affect firstborns differently from later borns. Arguments were presented against the generality of birth-order effects in volunteering studies.
Interactions between Two-Year-Olds and Their Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Lamb Michael E.
Published: September 2011

The effects of stress on the parental preferences of 2-yr.-olds were investigated. In a stress-free situation, children showed no preference for either parent. Children responded similarly to separation from and reunion with each parent. After a series of stressful separations, there was still no apparent preference for either parent.
Comparison of Children in Regular and Special Education Classes on the Behavior Problem Checklist
Authors: Lindholm Byron W. , Touliatos John
Published: September 2011

To establish the validity of the Behavior Problem Checklist, using the method of contrasted groups, 1,999 white and 192 Mexican-American children in regular classes and 192 white and 17 Mexican-American children in special education classes were tested. Teachers provided general information and checklist ratings. Multiple correlations and multiple regression analyses of variance were used. Children in regular classes had fewer problems on all four of the factors on the checklist than the children in special education classes. On the basis of these results and a review of previous research using the method of contrasted groups, it was concluded that all four of the factors on the checklist were valid.
Interaction Effects of Synonymity, Intralist Synonym Cohesiveness, and List Length in Multi-Trial Free Recall
Authors: Abramczyk Rudolf R. , Thompson W. Douglas , Jordan Donald E. , Weeks Robert A.
Published: September 2011

In each of three experiments, different lists of synonymous and minimally related adjectives were presented to groups of subjects for multi-trial free recall. The results in Exp. 1 supported the hypothesized interaction of synonymity and list length on recall and organization, predicting impaired performance on long lists of synonyms. Two partial replications (Exps. 2 and 3) obtained negative results. In Exp. 4 five measures of semantic cohesiveness were employed to verify the presence of a high degree of semantic similarity in the three experimental lists of synonymous adjectives. It was concluded that list synonymity has a differential effect primarily on the retrieval strategies employed and that subjects are still able to achieve optimal recall and organization with lists of high intralist similarity.
Disclosure of Problems and Tensions Experienced by Marital Partners
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Weir Tamara , Harrison Denise
Published: September 2011

189 husband-wife pairs indicated how likely they were to disclose to their spouses when they were experiencing problems, and their reasons for disclosing and/or not disclosing. Wives disclosed significantly more than husbands. Both gave similar reasons for disclosing, but different reasons for not disclosing. Husbands and wives who were more likely to disclose to their spouses also reported greater marital and life satisfaction, but level of disclosing was not related to measures of mental and physical well-being or job satisfaction.
Marihuana “High”—A First-Time Effect?
Authors: Burns Marcelline , Sharma Satanand
Published: September 2011

282 anonymous questionnaires were distributed in the Los Angeles area to assess the first-time subjective experiences under the influence of marihuana. A majority of the respondents did not experience the expected marihuana “high.” This supports the notion that multiple experiences are necessary to recognize a state of marihuana intoxication. Other assessments such as age of first use, social situations at first use, reasons for initial use, and frequency of current use were also made.
REM Sleep Deprivation and Exploration in Rats
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Thomsen Dianne , Pettey Brent , Okuda Arlene
Published: September 2011

Two conflicting studies, which had measured the relationship between REM sleep deprivation and exploration in rats, were evaluated. Both reporting and design inadequacies specified for each study made it impossible to identify the factors which might have contributed to these conflicting results. Therefore research, which eliminated the major flaws in the previous studies, was carried our. No significant relationship between REM sleep deprivation and exploration was observed.
Impact of a Replacement Birth Rate on U.S. Adult Value Structure
Authors: Richards James M.
Published: September 2011

Consequences of a replacement birth rate would include changes in the population age distribution. This study combined estimates of these age distribution changes with estimates of the relationship between age and values to yield estimates of the impact of a replacement birth rate on value structure. Results suggest that virtually no changes in value structure should occur solely as a consequence of a replacement birth rate.
Evidence for a Nonlinear Relationship between Self-Disclosure and Self-Actualization
Authors: Kinder Bill N.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between self-disclosure and self-actualization. Significant linear and nonlinear components were found when scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory Inner-directed scale were correlated with Jourard Self-disclosure Scale scores. When the Time Competence scale was correlated with self-disclosure scores, substantial but nonsignificant linear and nonlinear components were indicated. The results were interpreted as supporting Cozby's (1973) hypothesis that significant departures from linearity may have gone undetected in previous research and that this relationship may be opposite from what Jourard (1964) and others have predicted.
Nine-Year Cross-Sectional Study of Change in Self-Concepts of College Freshmen
Authors: Vidoni Dennis O.
Published: September 2011

Entering freshman classes at a midwest Catholic university were administered Gough's Adjective Check List (1965) each year from 1965 to 1973. Random samples from each class were drawn and compared on five constructed scales of self-concept. The N for each of the years was 75. Significant year-to-year differences were found on 2 of the 5 scales. In addition, a significant “wave-like” trend in the yearly means of one scale was observed. These differences indicated a change for groups in sociability and contemplative independence areas of self-concept.
Variance Components of the WISC-R in Eleven Age Groups
Authors: Dinning W. David
Published: September 2011

The mean variance components of the WISC-R were calculated from normative data and compared with previously reported mean variance components of the WISC. Only slight differences were noted in the mean variance components of the two tests. Both the WISC and WISC-R subtests appear to possess relatively less specific variance than do several other psychological tests. It does not appear that the patterning of WISC-R subtests will be any less frustrating than patterning on the WISC.
An Experimental Examination of Behavioral Dissent
Authors: Feldman Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Subjects in an experiment were given an offensive and highly personal questionnaire which was designed to provoke dissent, defined operationally as leaving the experiment prior to its conclusion. The observed dissent of a companion, strength of the role demands of the experiment, and use of normative invocations were orthogonally manipulated. Results showed that no dissent occurred unless the companion dissented. Under these conditions, dissent was greatest in the weak role demands—no normative invocation condition and the strong role demands—normative invocation condition.
Conceptions of Mental Illness among Asian and Caucasian-American Students
Authors: Sue Stanley , Wagner Nathaniel , Ja Davis , Margullis Charlene , Lew Louise
Published: September 2011

The attitudes and beliefs of 62 Asian American and 81 Caucasian college students toward mental illness were examined. After controlling for demographic and background variables between students, a number of significant ethnic differences emerged. These results were interpreted in the context of Asian subcultural values and implications for psychotherapeutic practice were drawn.
Biasing Influence of Defendants' Characteristics on Simulated Sentencing
Authors: Gray David B. , Ashmore Richard D.
Published: September 2011

Two studies are reported in this paper. In the first study, the hypothesis that “unattractive” defendants receive more severe recommendations for sentences for a given crime than “attractive” defendants was examined. Race, socioeconomic status, and religious belief were intentionally confounded in the first study with the result that the hypothesis was clearly confirmed. In the second study, race, socioeconomic level, and religious belief were examined in isolation from each other (a 2 × 2 × 2 design) to determine their relative effect on sentencing. Race and belief explained significant proportions of the discriminatory sentencing effect, but socioeconomic status did not. Some preliminary work was done on the effects of perceivers' characteristics, indicating that punitiveness and racial attitudes warrant further study. ‘Subjects were 380 members of organizations for retired persons and church groups.
Relationship between Religious Orthodoxy and Three Personality Variables
Authors: Heintzelman Mark E. , Fehr Lawrence A.
Published: September 2011

The Brown Modification of the Thouless Test of Religious Orthodoxy and three personality measures were administered to 82 students in introductory psychology. The Manifest Anxiety Scale, Manifest Hostility Scale, and a variation of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory were utilized to determine a profile for individuals with orthodox religious beliefs. The correlation between the Thouless test and the Manifest Hostility Scale was significant in that highly orthodox individuals scored lower than other subjects on the Manifest Hostility Scale. There were significant but small correlations among the personality variables but no other trends were noted in relation to religious orthodoxy.
Retrospective Parental Ratings and Free Associative Sexual Responsivity in Male and Female College Students
Authors: Galbraith Gary G. , Crow Candice
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was that of examining the verbal sexuality of males and females in relation co their perception of the child-rearing attitudes and behavior of their parents. Subjects rated both their mothers and fathers on the Parent-child Relations Questionnaire and the Traditional Family Ideology Scale. All subjects also gave free associations to homophones and double-entendre words loaded for sexual meaning. For both sexes, but especially females, free associative sexual responses were significantly correlated with maternal ratings, while paternal ratings were unrelated to sexual responses. There was some evidence that mothers have opposite effects upon the verbal sexuality of sons and daughters. All subjects gave their free associations to a female experimenter.
Relative Efficacy of a One-Sided vs Two-Sided Communication in a Simulated Government Evaluation of Proposals
Authors: Dycus Robert D.
Published: September 2011

Persuasive one- and two-sided communications were placed in two competing mock proposals and evaluated by 27 experienced government evaluators as subjects. The experimental conditions closely simulated real proposals and the mechanics of a government evaluation process. Evaluation scores, although in the predicted direction, did not differ significantly and failed to substantiate the advantage of two-sided communications as reported by Hovland, Janis, and Kelley (1953).
Partial Reinforcement of Discrete-Trial Responding in the Skinner Box
Authors: Cole Mark , Van Fleet Fredrick M.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. I rats received 100% or 50% reinforcement for blocks of 10 lever-presses separated by 15-sec. intertrial intervals. During 360 acquisition trials 50% reinforcement led to longer latencies and response times than 100% reinforcement. In Exp. II 600 trials of 100% reinforcement of blocks of 10 lever-presses preceded the switch to 50% reinforcement for the partial reinforcement group. 50% reinforcement led to significantly slower response times than 100% reinforcement during Trials 601 to 900 and, while the crossover typical of the partial reinforcement acquisition effect occurred, 50% reinforcement did not lead to significantly faster response times during Trials 901 to 1200.
Responses of Middle Managers to Case Studies under Conditions of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Stylistic Grouping
Authors: Schwartz M. M. , Aranoff A. , Reynolds W. F.
Published: September 2011

This paper concerns the effects of small group composition, i.e., managerial style, on feelings and responses to an unstructured task, the case study. 95 middle managers tested with the Management Styles Diagnosis Test were divided into groups of similar then dissimilar style on two successive occasions. Managers were placed in three approximately equal groups on each occasion for discussion of a case study after which a questionnaire was administered. Consistent with earlier studies, the high “Task” group compared with both high “Relationship” and “Task-Relationship” groups showed more varied and differentiated responses as did the heterogeneous group when compared with the homogeneous one. It was inferred that the varied responses would benefit decision making.
Validation of a Measure of Motivations for Alcohol Use
Authors: Burns Charles E. , Carman Roderick S.
Published: September 2011

A group of 51 alcoholics was compared with and found to differ from three other groups (188 enlisted Army personnel, 88 college students, and 199 high school students) on a measure of motivations for drinking. The magnitude and direction of the differences found tend to provide support for the validity of the motivations measure.
Partial Delay and Partial Reinforcement Effects on Resistance to Continuous Delay: Some Effects of Sequential Manipulations
Authors: Dyck Dennis G. , Mellgren Roger L. , Hudson Bruce
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained in a straight-alley runway in two replications of 24 rats each. Two groups received partial reinforcement training with one or three successive nonreward trials (N-length), two groups received partial delay training with one and three successive delayed trials (D-length), and two additional groups received immediate continuous reinforcement. Following training all groups were shifted to continuous delay. The results indicated that D-length increased resistance to continuous delay, however, N-length did not have the corresponding effect. The performance of both N-length groups equalled that of the D-length 3 group, but the D-length 1 group was inferior and not different from the continuously reinforced control groups. These results were discussed in terms of Capaldi's (1967) sequential theory of instrumental learning.
Femininity of Alcoholic Women's Preferences on Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
Authors: Scott Edward M. , Manaugh Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule scores of 20 women alcoholics at an outpatient clinic were compared with scores of Edwards' normative groups of women and men and with scores of 20 male alcoholics. Compared to the normative group of women, the alcoholic women were significantly higher on Intraception and Heterosexuality, significantly lower on Affiliation, and approached being significantly lower on Order ( p < .10). With the exception of Affiliation, these results cross-validate results of previous research. The alcoholic women's profile of score means was very similar to the profile of normal women but not similar to the profiles of either alcoholic men or normal men. It was concluded that the conscious preferences of women alcoholics are no less feminine than those of normal women.
Personal Values and Eysenck's Two Basic Personality Factors
Authors: Simmons Dale D.
Published: September 2011

To explore the reformulation of traits as personal values the 100 different personal value statements in the Simmons Value Survey were correlated with each of Eysenck's factor analytically defined traits, Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability. The results provided little support for a reformulation of Neuroticism as a value orientation. However, significant positive (albeit low magnitude) correlations between 22 specific personal value statements and the Extraversion trait suggested that this trait might be viewed as a value-affirming position. A rational classification of the 22 values suggests the possible nature of Extraversion as a reformulated value orientation.
Stereotyping of Sex Roles in Preschool Kindergarten Children
Authors: Barry Robert J. , Barry Ann
Published: September 2011

3- to 5-yr.-olds (68 boys and 71 girls) were observed in their use of a stereotypically female “housekeeping corner” in a preschool kindergarten. Role-playing behaviours showed a significant interaction of sex and age which indicates the continued stereotyping of sex role in modern children in spite of advances apparently made by the women's liberation movement.
Psychiatric Note on Sartre's Concept of the “Look”
Authors: Siomopoulos V.
Published: September 2011

Paralogic awareness is a special type of awareness frequently found in schizophrenic patients, in which the patient identifies his “awareness” with the “awareness” of another person on the basis of the fact that he is aware that both are looking at each other. Elements of it, it is suggested, are found in Sartre's notion of the “look,” a key-concept in Sartre's philosophy.
Color Bias in a Sample of Young German Children
Authors: Best Deborah L. , Field J. Taylor , Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

Data for 56 German children (66.02 mo. old) were similar to those of French, Italian, and Euro-American children in the standardization on the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II and the Color Meaning Test II. Data suggested the pro-light-skinned bias observed among such young children may in part be a color bias originating in early learning.
Effects of Drive Level on the Degree of Cue Control by Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Roy M. Aaron
Published: September 2011

24 adult Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were presented with a discrimination task involving redundant relevant cues of size (large vs small) and form (triangle vs circle) while under high or low food deprivation. Using a modified Y-maze, all subjects were presented with 25 reinforced training trials per day until a criterion of 80% correct responding for two successive days was met. During three days of testing, responses to test simuli differing on one or both relevant training cues were interpreted as reflecting the degree of control gained by each positive cue during training. Both relevant cues gained significantly more control over behavior in the low-drive group than in the high-drive group. Since the drive groups did not differ significantly on a number of training factors, theories which have suggested an interaction of drive level and learning were supported.
Test Anxiety and the Economic Recession
Authors: Bronzaft Arline L. , Dobrow Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

The impact of the present economic recession on college students' attitudes toward school and the relationship of these reactions to test-anxiety scores was investigated for two samples of college students, 142 attending a public college and 144 a private college. As hypothesized, students who reported that economic crisis resulted in increased desire to do well in school had higher facilitating and lower debilitating test-anxiety scores than those students who stated that economic recession caused them to worry more about rising educational costs and future job opportunities. Differences between findings for the private and public college were discussed.
Effects of Physical Attractiveness and Favourableness of Character on Liking
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J. , Matthews Sharon J.
Published: September 2011

40 subjects gave ratings of liking for photographs of 24 females who were either physically attractive or unattractive and who were described as having a favourable or unfavourable character. Contrary to expectancy-value theory, both attractiveness and character contributed significantly to the ratings of liking, although character had a stronger effect. In addition, females were more influenced by character than were males, while males were more influenced by attractiveness than were females. It is suggested that the joint effects of attractiveness and character on the ratings of liking can be accounted for by a general reward theory of interpersonal attraction.
Interpretation of Heritability
Authors: Colliver Jerry A. , Lewin Mollie Shumaker
Published: September 2011

It is suggested that the controversial implications concerning compensatory education and racial differences from Jensen's work on the heritability of intelligence result from an inappropriate interpretation of h2. The question is also raised whether h3 has any implications for social issues and social policy.
Intraspecific Aggression in Rats and Dimensions of Enclosure
Authors: Thor Donald H.
Published: September 2011

Irritable fighting of rats exposed to noxious stimuli is negatively correlated with size of enclosure. Experimental territorial aggression, however, is independent of cage-size. Although atypically large cages have been used to investigate residents' attack upon intruders, standard pan-type plastic cages may also give comparable results. The relative influence of dimensions of enclosure emphasizes the distinction between two unique forms of conspecific aggression.
A Self-Control and Contingency-Contracting Weight Reduction Program: An Informal Case Study
Authors: Skuja Andris T.
Published: September 2011

With E and 5 living as roommates, a self-control, contingency-contracting weight reduction and maintenance program was carried out. While problems associated with the maintenance of self-control behavior required contract renegotiation, S lost 10 lb. in 7 wk. and achieved target weight. Some implications and limitations are discussed.
Selecting Specialized Creators: The Independent Inventor
Authors: Albaum Gerald
Published: September 2011

This study applied to 103 independent inventors and 75 noninventors a modified version of a “test” designed to discriminate between creative people and others. The results for this 19-item questionnaire indicated that 7 items discriminated between inventors and noninventors. In addition, 2 of these items plus one other discriminated between patentees and nonpatentees within the inventor group. Support is therefore provided for the contention made in previous research that it may be possible to discriminate reliably between creative people and others by use of such a simple test.
Relation of Preschool Sex-Typing to Intellectual Performance in Elementary School
Authors: Fagot Beverly I. , Littman Isabelle
Published: September 2011

Children who had been observed in preschool when 3 yr. old using an observation schedule (Fagot & Patterson, 1969) consisting of 28 play behaviors were assigned interest scores on the basis of percent of time spent in the various activities. Masculinity scores were then computed on the basis of percentage of significantly preferred sex-typed behaviors. Several years later when one group was approximately 6 yr. old and the other group was approximately 10 yr. old, these same children were given the Children's Embedded-figures Test and rated by their own teachers on intellectual performance. Sex differences were present in the Embedded-figures Test with boys making fewer errors, but only on one variable, music, was there a significant teachers' rating. The relationship of preschool interest patterns to elementary school academic achievement and projected career choices suggested that the play choices in preschool have different meanings for boys and girls and therefore different consequences for later achievement.
Altruism and Authoritarianism and Their Relationship to Number of Referrals Made by Crisis-Center Volunteers
Authors: Schoenfeld Lawrence S. , Neal Patricia Donice
Published: September 2011

This research investigated some characteristics which differentiate volunteers and how these differences affect the manner in which crisis telephone callers are handled.
A Mechanism of Unconscious Behavior: The Automatic Pilot
Authors: Rees James N.
Published: September 2011

A common form of unconscious or automatic behavior is identified, in a series of instances, by joint reference to inattentiveness and the occurrence of errors which contrast with normal capacities. Such behavior is attributed to the absence or withdrawal of one control system (consciousness), which uncovers the operation of a backup system (the automatic pilot). Characteristics of both systems are inferred from the contrasts between conscious and unconscious functioning.
Selection of Volunteers for Telephone Crisis Intervention Centers
Authors: Schoenfeld Lawrence S. , Preston John , Adams Russell L.
Published: September 2011

This research explores the selection of telephone crisis-intervention volunteers. Both demographic information and personality variables differentiate 30 accepted from 30 rejected volunteers and also differentiate 15 highest rated from 15 lowest rated volunteers.
J. Piaget and S. Claus: Psychology Makes Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Fehr Lawrence A.
Published: September 2011

An unusual application of Piaget's stage-theory of cognitive development is presented. It is hypothesized that, when the child reaches the concrete operational stage of development, he or she also ceases to believe in Santa Claus. An analysis of the reasoning that led to the formation of this hypothesis as well as an enumeration of its implications for both psychologists and laymen are also presented.
Leadership Dimensions of Navy Recruit Company Commanders and Recruit Morale and Performance
Authors: Weller Dennis R. , Blaiwes Arthur S.
Published: September 2011

Leadership dimensions and their relation to recruit satisfaction and performance were studied in 73 company commanders. Recruits completed questionnaires assessing company commanders' behaviors and recruits' attitudes. Factor analysis yielded four factors, Human, Informative, Warm, and Effective Communicator. The Human and Warm factors were consistent with interpersonal components found in prior research, but the Informative and Effective Communicator factors were only marginally consistent with task components found previously. Correlations were computed between the factors and the satisfaction and performance of recruits. All factors correlated significantly with recruits' satisfaction, but only the Human factor correlated significantly (negatively) with recruits' performance. Possible reasons for the lack of a traditional task component are discussed.
Chivalry on the Road: Helping Stalled Drivers
Authors: Simón Armando
Published: September 2011

A simulated stalled car with its hood up was parked at the side of a highway. Either a male or a female confederate was visible, while the confederate of the opposite sex remained inside, in an invisible position. A tabulation was made of how many drivers stopped to help each sex. A difference for sex was found for frequency of offers of assistance; the females received more offers of aid than the males. Implications for the Women's Liberation Movement were discussed.
Measuring Need to Achieve by n Ach-n Aff Scale—A Forced-Choice Questionnaire
Authors: Lindgren Henry Clay
Published: September 2011

To measure the need to achieve (n Ach), a questionnaire was constructed which required the subject to make a forced choice on each of 30 pairs of adjectives. Half the adjectives were based on the Need for Achievement scale and the other half on the Need for Affiliation scale of Gough's Adjective Check List. When the questionnaire was scored in the n Ach direction, differences between sex and age groupings of college students were negligible and nonsignificant, but scores for males were positively and significantly correlated with grades on midterms and GPA, whereas correlations for female students were low, positive, and significant only at the 10% level. Bank tellers' n Ach scores correlated positively with supervisors' ratings and were significantly lower than those of college students. Expectant mothers were the lowest scoring group on n Ach, while male Chinese-speaking immigrants under 30 scored the highest. Results were considered to be consistent with previous research and with expectations based on common sense and everyday impressions.
Correlation between Two Measures of Self-Esteem and Drug Use in a College Sample
Authors: Schaeffer Garry M. , Schuckit Marc A. , Morrissey Elizabeth R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between drug and alcohol use and self-esteem was investigated using students living in a co-ed dormitory. A questionnaire was distributed containing four sections including demographic information, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory (1967), an A Priori Identity Crisis scale, and a frequency of drug/alcohol use scale. 66% of the questionnaires were returned, yielding a sample of 171 males and 219 females. Heavy use of alcohol was related to low self-esteem. No relationship, however, was found between drug use and self-esteem. The relationship between drug and alcohol use and psychopathology is discussed as being a continuum.
Environment and Quality of Life: Attitudinal Measurement and Analysis
Authors: Hardison Nancy M. , Vanier Dinoo J.
Published: September 2011

Public concern for the environment and quality of life is increasing. The present study surveyed the attitudes toward pollution and quality of life of a sample (130 men and 153 women) from a California city whose environment is highly desirable. People expressed concern for the environment but were not willing to pay for conservation with higher taxes. Men and women differed in the extent of agreement with some of the attitudes surveyed.
Effects of Direct or Displaced Cathartic Aggression on Subsequent Aggression
Authors: Fitz Don , Stephan Walter G.
Published: September 2011

The effect of an initial opportunity for aggression upon subsequent aggression was tested with 42 male undergraduates. All those in the experimental groups received both a direct and displaced target. The order of the two targets was counterbalanced. Half the subjects knew they would have two targets, while half thought they would have only one. In two other control groups, subjects waited for 5 min. before receiving either a direct or displaced target. The initial opportunity for aggression had neither a cathartic nor a facilitative effect on subsequent aggression. Direct aggression was greater than that displaced in the control conditions and when subjects expected to aggress against only one target. Foreknowledge of the two targets' availability resulted in an equalization of aggression to both.
Birth Order, Religiosity, College Major, and Attitudes toward Women in the Work Force
Authors: Lewis Bob D.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between birth order, religiosity, college major, and attitudes toward women in the work force was studied using a questionnaire which reflected birth order, college major, number of church-related functions attended per month, and five questions which determined a numerical score related to one's attitude toward working women. Subjects were 99 male college students from William Carey College, 31 business majors and 68 majoring in the helping professions. It was hypothesized that firstborns would have lower scores on the questions relating to working women and therefore more negative attitudes toward this subject, religiosity would be directly related to one's attitude toward the working woman, and there would be a significant difference between college majors, with business majors having the most negative attitude concerning female workers. Data did not support the first hypothesis but did support the second, business majors had significantly lower scores.
Psychophysiological Changes in Feeling Therapy
Authors: Woldenberg Lee , Karle Werner , Gold Stephen , Corriere Richard , Hart Joseph , Hopper Michael
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to identify the physiological effects of an intense psychotherapy, for 19 new patients entering Feeling Therapy pulse, rectal temperature, and blood pressure were recorded immediately before and after 13 individual therapy sessions. 18 college students acted as controls and were similarly measured before and after 13 mock therapy sessions in which therapeutic activities were simulated. The therapy group showed significant reductions in all parameters following sessions. No significant physiological change was found in the control group's measures. The results indicate that the therapeutic process of Feeling Therapy, matched expression of feeling, may effect at least a temporary reduction in physiological tension. Previously, abreactive releases have been shown to have a similar effect.
Conceited Talk: A Test of Hypotheses
Authors: Stebbins Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Modesty, pride, and conceit may be understood as variations in the expression of personal esteem, which are manifested most richly in talk about the achievements of self and others. An earlier paper defined, described, and interrelated these three modes and set out some of the situational and structural conditions for their appearance. A field experiment was designed to test three hypotheses derived from this preliminary statement: (I) Conceited talk by a person about his achievements and the related achievements of others, as perceived by the audience, occurs more frequently when the audience is seen by the speaker as composed of people whose achievements in the activity in question are equal to or below his than when their achievements are clearly superior. (II) Talk by a person about his achievements and the related achievements of others identified as conceit by the audience is labeled as pride or even modesty by the speaker. (III) Conceit in sociable conversation is less frequent, regardless of level of achievement, than pride or modesty. Judgments of modesty, pride, and conceit in conversations about athletic achievement made by 2 control groups ( ns = 16, 12) of peers on high school and college football teams were compared with similar judgments of conversations made by two experimental groups ( ns = 15, 11) identically constituted except for the presence of a professional star. Hypotheses II and III are confirmed. The data do not support Hypothesis I, although they indirectly support an alternative proposition.
Relationship of Adolescent Problems to Sex, Socio-economic Status, School Achievement, Intelligence Quotient, and Grade
Authors: Pearse Beverley , Chabassol David J.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to identify factors related to problems reported by adolescents. 250 secondary school Ss rank ordered 15 potential problems and also completed a self-disclosure inventory of adolescent concerns. Data were obtained on the Ss' sex, socio-economic status, school achievement, intelligence quotient, and grade. None of the variables considered were, to any significant degree, related to the problems reported by the Ss.
Alcohol, Field Dependence, and Dyadic Self-Disclosure
Authors: Rohrberg Robert G. , Sousa-Poza Joaquin F.
Published: September 2011

16 dyads composed of subjects matched for cognitive style (8 field-dependent, 8 field-independent male medical students) discussed 5 topics—three “required” followed by 2 “free-choice.” Half of the dyads (4 field-dependent, 4 field-independent) had consumed .80 ml 94% alcohol per kg body weight; the other half received only a mixer (orange juice) with 4 ml alcohol poured on top. Amount of self-disclosure (total time spent in discussion) was not affected by alcohol ingestion; over-all depth of disclosure as rated by two judges, however, was significantly greater in the alcohol condition. For all dyads, both amount and depth of disclosure were significantly greater for free-choice topics where field-dependent pairs showed a significantly higher amount of disclosure as well as greater depth than field independents.
Dimensions of Classroom Behavior for Kindergarten Children
Authors: Wallbrown Jane D. , Engin Ann W. , Wallbrown Fred H. , Blaha John
Published: September 2011

The construct validity of the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale (Spivack & Swift, 1967) was investigated for a sample of 408 children enrolled in the 15 kindergarten classes of a suburban school system. The 9 teachers completed behavioral ratings for the children in their classes during 1 wk. in May, 1974. A principal-factor solution was obtained on intercorrelations among the 47 behaviors included in the Devereux scale and the factors thus obtained were rotated to Varimax criterion. The results were generally positive in that 9 of the 11 behavioral dimensions described by Spivack and Swift (1967) were evident in the factor structure. Yet, there were enough differences to suggest the possibility of modifying the Devereux score categories somewhat for use with suburban kindergarten children. For example, the three individual items did not remain distinct and two dimensions did not emerge as factors. Also, the items loading the 9 factors were not always exactly the same as those which the authors specified for the corresponding behavioral dimensions.
A Behavioral Self-Control Treatment of Test Anxiety in Minority Populations: Some Cases and Issues
Authors: Deffenbacher Jerry L. , Rivera Nikki
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the application of relaxation as a self-control program to debilitating test anxiety of two black women. The implications of the treatment model and outcome were discussed in terms of concern about behavior modification by members of a minority group.
Influence Structure of “Julius Caesar”
Authors: Sasaki M. S.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have shown that the application of mathematical techniques can be useful for clarifying emotional involvements in drama. Using a mathematical technique, Taylor's a, this study evaluates political involvements in Shakespeare's “Julius Caesar.” With the support of the influence theories of Katz and Bales, the analysis proves that Brutus is identified as the “natural leader” with the greatest degree of “political influence” throughout the majority of the drama. The general influence theories of Bales and Parsons assist in delineating the characteristics of the influence structure. Interestingly, the degree of Brutus' influence in each act was proportional to his communication flow.
Recall of Initial Response, Probability Scale Meaning, and the Group-Shift Effect
Authors: Jacobson Marsha B. , Uleman James S.
Published: September 2011

The results of three studies are reported in which male and female subjects responded to risk and caution life-dilemma problems in either a standard discussion or a control procedure. Exp. 1 showed that subjects' recall of their initial positions shifted to match their final positions but only on risk dilemmas. Exp. 2 reconstructed subjects' recall of their initial positions from their perceived shift and found that subjects' reconstructed recall shifted toward their final positions for both dilemma types but more so on risk dilemmas. Exp. 3 found that subjects changed the meaning of the probability scale on risk dilemmas only. Taken together, the results are interpreted to mean that the value of risk is an ego-ideal, since subjects apparently wish to view themselves as having been consistently risky but that shifts to caution are brought about through some sort of social-comparison process.
Psychodiagnostic Testing in a Therapeutic Community for Drug Abusers
Authors: Patalano Frank
Published: September 2011

Drug abusers who are currently entering therapeutic communities for treatment show a wider range of psychopathology than the “hard-core” heroin addicts of previous generations. Many of the rigorous treatment methods which are employed in therapeutic communities, e.g., intensive encounter and confrontational techniques, were originally developed to treat the sociopathic personality. These procedures may be inappropriate and psychologically harmful to many drug abusers who enter treatment, particularly those who have a basically schizoidal personality makeup with features of behavioral withdrawal, alienation, weak ego structure and poor object relations. Sophisticated psychodiagnostic testing in the therapeutic community can be an effective tool in individualizing treatment planning, evaluating in-treatment progress and assessing psychotherapeutic outcome.
Prediction of Attrition from a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Iverson Donald C. , Jurs Stephen G. , Wenger Samuel S.
Published: September 2011

This project attempted to identify potential dropouts from a therapeutic community utilizing results from the Personal Orientation Inventory. It was hypothesized that the higher the Personal Orientation Inventory score, the sooner the resident would drop out of the program. It was also hypothesized that the scales would be better predictors of length of stay than the demographic variables traditionally gathered in such programs. The Personal Orientation Inventory was a weak but significant predictor of length of stay and a better predictor of length of stay than were the demographic variables.
Worry and Emotionality Components of Test Anxiety in Different Sex and Age Groups of Elementary School Children
Authors: Hagtvet Knut A.
Published: September 2011

Alpha factor analyses and standard independent cluster rotations were applied to scores on 12 modes of anxiety response obtained on four samples selected from 264 boys and girls in Grades 6, 7, and 8 in the Norwegian elementary public school system. The worry-emotionality distinction of test anxiety was clearly supported in all samples with the exception of Grade 6. No sex differences in the factor structure across grade levels were obtained. The findings also supported the notion that the worry-emotionality distinction represents a pattern of anxiety responses that is characteristic of an individual.
Effects of Verbal Study-Strategies on the Free Recall and Recognition of Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Authors: Borges Marilyn A. , Lewis Linda K. , Lillich John W.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment tested a portion of Paivio's (1969) dual processing theory which suggested “a verbal mediational set should be equally effective with concrete or abstract items.” 23 subjects learned lists of 15 concrete and 15 abstract nouns using each of four verbal study-strategies: rote repetition, word association, dictionary definition, and sentence generation. Following immediate recall tests on each 15-item list, a final recall test for all 120 nouns and a recognition test were given. In immediate recall, more concrete words were recalled than abstract words, with no differences due to study-strategy, as Paivio's theory suggested. However, in final recall, differences were found between concrete and abstract nouns only under dictionary definition and sentence generation. In recognition, more concrete than abstract nouns were recognized, but the three mediational strategies all proved superior to the non-mediational rote-repetition strategy.
Structure of Social Attitudes: A Canadian Sample
Authors: Singh Avtar
Published: September 2011

215 of 500 Canadians randomly selected from the federal electoral lists responded to the revised Eysenck Social Attitude Questionnaire in a public opinion survey. Factor analysis of the responses indicated the existence of two factors corresponding closely with the Radicalism and Toughmindedness dimensions of Eysenck. The findings also lend support to Eysenck's contention of similarity of social attitudes in western industrial societies.