bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of land cover on atmospheric processes and air quality over the continental United States – a NASA unified WRF (NU-WRF) model study
Authors: Tao Z. , Santanello J. A. , Chin M. , Zhou S. , Tan Q. , Kemp E. M. , Peters-Lidard C. D.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The land surface plays a crucial role in regulating water and energy fluxes at the land–atmosphere (L–A) interface and controls many processes and feedbacks in the climate system. Land cover and vegetation type remains one key determinant of soil moisture content that impacts air temperature, planetary boundary layer (PBL) evolution, and precipitation through soil moisture–evapotranspiration coupling. In turn it will affect atmospheric chemistry and air quality. This paper presents the results of a modeling study of the effect of land cover on some key L–A processes with a focus on air quality. The newly developed NASA Unified Weather Research and Forecast (NU-WRF) modeling system couples NASA's Land Information System (LIS) with the community WRF model and allows users to explore the L–A processes and feedbacks. Three commonly used satellite-derived land cover datasets, i.e. from the US Geological Survey (USGS) and University of Maryland (UMD) that are based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), bear large differences in agriculture, forest, grassland, and urban spatial distributions in the continental United States, and thus provide an excellent case to investigate how land cover change would impact atmospheric processes and air quality. The weeklong simulations demonstrate the noticeable differences in soil moisture/temperature, latent/sensible heat flux, PBL height, wind, NO2/ozone, and PM2.5 air quality. These discrepancies can be traced to associate with the land cover properties, e.g. stomatal resistance, albedo and emissivity, and roughness characteristics. It also implies that the rapid urban growth may have complex air quality implications with reductions in peak ozone but more frequent high ozone events.
Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide
Authors: Ziska F. , Quack B. , Abrahamsson K. , Archer S. D. , Atlas E. , Bell T. , Butler J. H. , Carpenter L. J. , Jones C. E. , Harris N. R. P. , Hepach H. , Heumann K. G. , Hughes C. , Kuss J. , Krüger K. , Liss P. , Moore R. M. , Orlikowska A. , Raimund S. , Reeves C. E. , Reifenhäuser W. , Robinson A. D. , Schall C. , Tanhua T. , Tegtmeier S. , Turner S. , Wang L. , Wallace D. , Williams J. , Yamamoto H. , Yvon-Lewis S. , Yokouchi Y.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Volatile halogenated organic compounds containing bromine and iodine, which are naturally produced in the ocean, are involved in ozone depletion in both the troposphere and stratosphere. Three prominent compounds transporting large amounts of marine halogens into the atmosphere are bromoform (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and methyl iodide (CH3I). The input of marine halogens to the stratosphere is based on observations and modeling studies using low resolution oceanic emission scenarios derived from top down approaches. In order to improve emission inventory estimates, we calculate data-based high resolution global sea-to-air flux estimates of these compounds from surface observations within the HalOcAt database (https://halocat.geomar.de/). Global maps of marine and atmospheric surface concentrations are derived from the data which are divided into coastal, shelf and open ocean regions. Considering physical and biogeochemical characteristics of ocean and atmosphere, the open ocean water and atmosphere data are classified into 21 regions. The available data are interpolated onto a 1° × 1° grid while missing grid values are interpolated with latitudinal and longitudinal dependent regression techniques reflecting the compounds' distributions. With the generated surface concentration climatologies for the ocean and atmosphere, global concentration gradients and sea-to-air fluxes are calculated. Based on these calculations we estimate a total global flux of 1.5/2.5 Gmol Br yr−1 for CHBr3, 0.78/0.98 Gmol Br yr−1 for CH2Br2 and 1.24/1.45 Gmol I yr−1 for CH3I (Robust Fit/Ordinary Least Square regression technique). Contrary to recent studies, negative fluxes occur in each sea-to-air flux climatology, mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic region. "Hot spots" for global polybromomethane emissions are located in the equatorial region, whereas methyl iodide emissions are enhanced in the subtropical gyre regions. Inter-annual and seasonal variation is contained within our calculations for all three compounds. Compared to earlier studies, our global fluxes are at the lower end of estimates, especially for bromoform. An underrepresentation of coastal emissions and of extreme events in our estimate might explain the mismatch between our bottom up emission estimate and top down approaches.
Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources
Authors: Wada Y. , Wisser D. , Bierkens M. F. P.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. To sustain growing food demand and increasing standard of living, global water withdrawal and consumptive water use have been increasing rapidly. To analyze the human perturbation on water resources consistently over a large scale, a number of macro-scale hydrological models (MHMs) have been developed over the recent decades. However, few models consider the feedback between water availability and water demand, and even fewer models explicitly incorporate water allocation from surface water and groundwater resources. Here, we integrate a global water demand model into a global water balance model, and simulate water withdrawal and consumptive water use over the period 1979–2010, considering water allocation from surface water and groundwater resources and explicitly taking into account feedbacks between supply and demand, using two re-analysis products: ERA-Interim and MERRA. We implement an irrigation water scheme, which works dynamically with daily surface and soil water balance, and include a newly available extensive reservoir data set. Simulated surface water and groundwater withdrawal show generally good agreement with available reported national and sub-national statistics. The results show a consistent increase in both surface water and groundwater use worldwide, but groundwater use has been increasing more rapidly than surface water use since the 1990s. Human impacts on terrestrial water storage (TWS) signals are evident, altering the seasonal and inter-annual variability. The alteration is particularly large over the heavily regulated basins such as the Colorado and the Columbia, and over the major irrigated basins such as the Mississippi, the Indus, and the Ganges. Including human water use generally improves the correlation of simulated TWS anomalies with those of the GRACE observations.
Are streamflow recession characteristics really characteristic?
Authors: Stoelzle M. , Stahl K. , Weiler M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Streamflow recession has been investigated by a variety of methods, often involving the fit of a model to empirical recession plots to parameterize a non-linear storage–outflow relationship based on the dQ/dt−Q method. Such recession analysis methods (RAMs) are used to estimate hydraulic conductivity, storage capacity, or aquifer thickness and to model streamflow recession curves for regionalization and prediction at the catchment scale. Numerous RAMs have been published, but little is known about how comparably the resulting recession models distinguish characteristic catchment behavior. In this study we combined three established recession extraction methods with three different parameter-fitting methods to the power-law storage–outflow model to compare the range of recession characteristics that result from the application of these different RAMs. Resulting recession characteristics including recession time and corresponding storage depletion were evaluated for 20 meso-scale catchments in Germany. We found plausible ranges for model parameterization; however, calculated recession characteristics varied over two orders of magnitude. While recession characteristics of the 20 catchments derived with the different methods correlate strongly, particularly for the RAMs that use the same extraction method, not all rank the catchments consistently, and the differences among some of the methods are larger than among the catchments. To elucidate this variability we discuss the ambiguous roles of recession extraction procedures and the parameterization of the storage–outflow model and the limitations of the presented recession plots. The results suggest strong limitations to the comparability of recession characteristics derived with different methods, not only in the model parameters but also in the relative characterization of different catchments. A multiple-methods approach to investigating streamflow recession characteristics should be considered for applications whenever possible.
Effect of uncertainty in surface mass balance elevation feedback on projections of the future sea level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet – Part 2: Projections
Authors: Edwards T. L. , Fettweis X. , Gagliardini O. , Gillet-Chaulet F. , Goelzer H. , Gregory J. M. , Hoffman M. , Huybrechts P. , Payne A. J. , Perego M. , Price S. , Quiquet A. , Ritz C.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. We apply a new parameterisation of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) feedback between surface mass balance (SMB: the sum of surface accumulation and surface ablation) and surface elevation in the MAR regional climate model (Edwards et al., 2013) to projections of future climate change using five ice sheet models (ISMs). The MAR climate projections are for 2000–2199, forced by the ECHAM5 and HadCM3 global climate models (GCMs) under the SRES A1B emissions scenario. The additional sea level contribution due to the SMB-elevation feedback averaged over five ISM projections for ECHAM5 and three for HadCM3 is 4.3% (best estimate; 95% credibility interval 1.8–6.9%) at 2100, and 9.6% (best estimate; 95% credibility interval 3.6–16.0%) at 2200. In all results the elevation feedback is significantly positive, amplifying the GrIS sea level contribution relative to the MAR projections in which the ice sheet topography is fixed: the lower bounds of our 95% credibility intervals (CIs) for sea level contributions are larger than the "no feedback" case for all ISMs and GCMs. Our method is novel in sea level projections because we propagate three types of modelling uncertainty – GCM and ISM structural uncertainties, and elevation feedback parameterisation uncertainty – along the causal chain, from SRES scenario to sea level, within a coherent experimental design and statistical framework. The relative contributions to uncertainty depend on the timescale of interest. At 2100, the GCM uncertainty is largest, but by 2200 both the ISM and parameterisation uncertainties are larger. We also perform a~perturbed parameter ensemble with one ISM to estimate the shape of the projected sea level probability distribution; our results indicates that the probability density is slightly skewed towards higher sea level contributions.
2013 AAHA Dental Care Guidelines for Dogs and Cats*
Authors: Holmstrom Steven E. , Bellows Jan , Juriga Stephen , Knutson Kate , Niemiec Brook A. , Perrone Jeanne
Published: February 2013

Veterinary dentistry is constantly progressing. The purpose of this document is to provide guidelines for the practice of companion animal dentistry for the veterinary profession. Dental care is necessary to provide optimum health and optimize quality of life. Untreated diseases of the oral cavity are painful and can contribute to local and systemic diseases. This article includes guidelines for preventive oral health care, client communication, evaluation, dental cleaning, and treatment. In addition, materials and equipment necessary to perform a medically appropriate procedure are described.
Kidney Transplantation from Donors with Severe Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Sibulesky Lena , Gohh Reginald , Charpentier Kevin , Morrissey Paul
Published: February 2013

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome characterized by massive formation of thrombin, which can lead to renal dysfunction or failure. Many transplant centers are reluctant to accept the kidneys from donors with DIC especially if renal dysfunction is present. We developed protocol of machine perfusion followed by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) infusion in order to treat and evaluate DIC kidneys prior to transplantation. The kidneys were placed on machine preservation with tPA added to the perfusate prior to transplantation. Three kidneys were transplanted from two donors who sustained gunshot injuries to the brain. A biopsy at the time of organ recovery documented widespread fibrin thrombi in approximately 80% of the glomeruli. Serial biopsies showed interval improvement following machine perfusion and a normal appearing kidney three months after successful transplantation. The histological presence of DIC in a deceased organ donor, even if associated with renal dysfunction, is not a contraindication to renal transplantation. Machine perfusion and tPA infusions may contribute to the recovery and successful transplantation of such kidneys.
Using community economics to compare arsenic compliance and noncompliance
Authors: McGavisk Emily , Roberson J. Alan , Seidel Chad
Published: February 2013

Arsenic regulation in drinking water sparked great controversy; rule‐makers sought to be protective of public health while remaining mindful of national compliance costs. The revised arsenic standard was finalized more than a decade ago, but more than 500 systems still remain noncompliant. The purpose of this study was to determine whether median household income (MHI) has played a role in compliance. Systems that had arsenic concentrations exceeding the current drinking water standard between 1998 and 2005 were split into three groups—compliant, noncompliant, and closed—based on their system status in 2011. MHI was assigned using census data for the primary county served. The median MHI of counties containing noncompliant systems ($44,694) falls below that of systems that reached compliance ($46,047) or were closed ($46,798) by 2011. Although the results indicate that income may play a factor in compliance, case studies also show that nonquantifiable factors have compliance implications.
Evaluating violations of drinking water regulations
Authors: Rubin Scott J.
Published: February 2013

US Environmental Protection Agency data were analyzed for violations by community water systems (CWSs). Several characteristics were evaluated, including size, source water, and violation type. The data show that: (1) 55% of CWSs violated at least one regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act that involved systems serving more than 95 million people; (2) the presence of violations was no different for groundwater and surface water systems; (3) fewer than 20% of CWSs with violations exceeded an allowable level of a contaminant in drinking water; (4) smaller water systems are no more likely than larger systems, except very large systems, to violate health‐related requirements; and (5) smaller CWSs appear more likely than larger systems to violate monitoring, reporting, and notification requirements. An evaluation was also conducted of four contaminants that had health‐related violations by more than 1% of CWSs: total coliform, stage 1 disinfection by‐products, arsenic, and lead and copper.
Structural changes in the water industry from 2001 to 2011
Authors: Rubin Scott J.
Published: February 2013

Little attention has been focused on changes that occur in community water systems (CWSs) over time. This article uses data from 2001 and 2011 to evaluate changes in CWS sizes and type of source water used. Major findings include: (1) on average, CWSs grew by 15% during the decade; (2) smaller CWSs (those serving 10,000 or fewer people in 2001) grew by more than 22%; (3) nationwide, 20% of people in 2011 were served by a CWS that had served 10,000 or fewer people 10 years earlier, but in seven states the percentage exceeded 45%; (4) more than 3,100 CWSs moved into a larger size category by 2011, whereas almost 900 moved into a smaller size category; and (5) between 2001 and 2011, more than 2,000 CWSs changed the type of source water they used, with a net movement toward greater reliance on surface water.
It's a numbers game: The psychology behind rate pricing and the argument for rounding
Authors: Goetz Melanie
Published: February 2013

Utilities should resist the temptation to estimate water rates down to specific decimal places because customers perceive rounded numbers as more accurate.
RTCR? To(tal) Coliform or Not To(tal) Coliform—That Is the Question
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: February 2013

The Bard himself, William Shakespeare, is likely rolling over in his grave about my revision to the famous line from Hamlet. But I wanted to get everyone's attention about the Revised Total Coliform Rule (RTCR) that was signed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) administrator Dec. 20, 2012. The revisions to this regulation will affect every water system, large or small, surface water or groundwater. As a result, systems need to understand these revisions and get prepared now, even though the effective date (i.e., when systems have to be in compliance with the RTCR) is not until Apr. 1, 2016.
Water Sector Security and Preparedness
Authors: Spence Shannon , Morley Kevin M.
Published: February 2013

There is little doubt that 2012 made a strong case for applying an all‐hazards framework to the water sector. In November, Superstorm Sandy marked the 11th disaster during 2012 that exceeded $1 billion in damages (according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climatic Data Center); 2012 followed a record 14 events in 2011 exceeding $1 billion in damages. A great many of these events affected drinking water and wastewater operations, the most common being flooding and power failures.
Fin du recensement ou fin du recensement traditionnel ?
Authors: Prévost Jean-Guy , Lachapelle Réjean
Published: February 2013

Le recensement traditionnel, tel qu’il existe au Canada depuis 1871, peut être décrit comme une technologie de l’information consistant à soumettre, simultanément et périodiquement, tous les ménages d’un territoire donné à un questionnaire standardisé. Au cours des dernières décennies, plusieurs pays se sont éloignés de ce modèle au profit de nouvelles méthodes fondées sur l’exploitation de fichiers administratifs ou sur l’enquête continue auprès d’échantillons. En effet, dans certains pays, soit on a renoncé à interroger directement les ménages, soit on n’en interroge plus qu’un sous-ensemble. L’interrogation est plus fréquente (elle est souvent annuelle), mais elle peut aussi ne porter que sur une partie des ménages. À la suite de la décision prise par le gouvernement canadien de lever l’obligation de répondre au questionnaire long du recensement, il apparaît utile et important d’examiner et de discuter ces méthodes alternatives au recensement traditionnel et de supputer dans quelle mesure leur implantation au Canada est envisageable.
Quantum Dot–Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Phototransistor with an Enhanced Optical Stark Effect
Authors: Biswas Chandan , Jeong Hyun , Jeong Mun Seok , Yu Woo Jong , Pribat Didier , Lee Young Hee
Published: February 2013

Enhanced carrier–carrier interactions in hybrid nanostructures exhibit exceptional electronic and optoelectronic properties. Carbon nanotubes demonstrate excellent switching behavior with high on/off ratio and high mobility but do not show photoresponse in the visible range, whereas quantum dots (QDs) shows excellent optical response in various optical ranges which can be tuned with diameter. Here, a simple and effective way to develop hybrid phototransistors with extraordinary optoelectronic properties is presented by decorating semiconducting QDs on the surface of a single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). This hybrid structure demonstrates clear negative photoresponse and optical switching behavior, which could be further tuned by applying external gate bias in the future. A clear type conversion of SWCNT transistor from p‐type to n‐type caused by a charge transfer from attached QDs to CNT is demonstrated. Moreover, this hybrid structure also demonstrates an enhancement in ‘optical Stark effect’ without applying any external electric field. Charged SWCNT surface plays a key role behind the enhancement of optical Stark effect in QDs. The carrier dynamics of the QD and CNT heterostructures system highlights the potential application opportunity of the quantum dot systems, which can be adaptable to the current technologies.
From Melamine‐Cyanuric Acid Supramolecular Aggregates to Carbon Nitride Hollow Spheres
Authors: Jun Young‐Si , Lee Eun Zoo , Wang Xinchen , Hong Won Hi , Stucky Galen D. , Thomas Arne
Published: February 2013

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) is a promising heterogeneous metal‐free catalyst for organic photosynthesis, solar energy conversion, and photodegradation of pollutants. Its catalytic performance is easily adjustable by modifying texture, optical, and electronic properties via nanocasting, doping, and copolymerization. However, simultaneous optimization has yet to be achieved. Here, a facile synthesis of mesoporous g‐CN using molecular cooperative assembly between triazine molecules is reported. Flower‐like, layered spherical aggregates of melamine cyanuric acid complex (MCA) are formed by precipitation from equimolecular mixtures in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Thermal polycondensation of MCA under nitrogen at 550 °C produces mesoporous hollow spheres comprised of tri‐s‐triazine based g‐CN nanosheets (MCA‐CN) with the composition of C3N4.14H1.98. The layered structure succeeded from MCA induces stronger optical absorption, widens the bandgap by 0.16 eV, and increases the lifetime of photoexcited charge carriers by twice compared to that of the bulk g‐CN, while the chemical structure remains similar to that of the bulk g‐CN. As a result of these simultaneous modifications, the photodegradation kinetics of rhodamine B on the catalyst surface can be improved by 10 times.
The Salernitan school of medicine: Women, men, and children. A syndromological review of the oldest medical school in the western world
Authors: Della Monica Matteo , Mauri Roberto , Scarano Francesca , Lonardo Fortunato , Scarano Gioacchino
Published: February 2013

Ever since the 9th century during the High Middle Ages, the “Schola Medica Salernitana,” believed to be the first medical school in the western world, flourished in Salerno, a city in southern Italy. Although an important role is attributed to several men of this school, who were recognized as wise and learned doctors, modern historiography has also reevaluated and extolled the praiseworthy role of women. Contrary to the common beliefs and expectations of a woman's “place” at the time, these women were fully titled physicians. Attention was also paid to the health and welfare of children. However, there are no apparent references to physical disabilities, a mysterious omission that seems incompatible with an institution that stood as a beacon of knowledge for centuries. Mysteries, discoveries, and potential hidden messages are mingled in a fascinating medieval codex yet to be fully deciphered. The medical school reached its maximum splendor between the years of 1000 and 1300 AD. After alternating fortunes, the Salernitan institution began a slow decline due to the explosive development of other universities, such as those in Paris, Bologna, Padua, and most significantly, the nearby University of Naples. It was eventually closed by the King of Naples, Joachim Murat, November 29, 1811. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Co‐occurrence of autism, childhood psychosis, and intellectual disability associated with a de novo 3q29 microdeletion
Authors: Sagar Angela , Bishop Jeffrey R. , Tessman D. Clare , Guter Steve , Martin Christa L. , Cook Edwin H.
Published: February 2013

Some copy number variants (CNVs) are strongly implicated in both schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Childhood‐onset schizophrenia (COS) occurs rarely with 0.1–1% of all schizophrenia diagnoses manifesting before age 10. 3q29 deletions are associated with both autism and schizophrenia, and are rare—the frequency of the deletion estimated to be 1 in 1,750 in developmental disorders. Only one patient with a 3q29 deletion was identified out of the first 1,174 families with ASDs included in the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC). We report on detailed clinical findings for this patient with a de novo 3q29 deletion who, as a young child, developed a very rare overlap of symptoms of both autism and early onset psychosis. His ASD was first diagnosed at the age of 4 years and his psychotic symptoms began at 5 years old. This is only the second case reported thus far of this rare event of co‐occurring autism and very early onset psychosis in a child with a 3q29 deletion. It is also the earliest case of a child with autism developing comorbid psychosis—manifesting by the age of 5 years. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GenTAC registry report: Gender differences among individuals with genetically triggered thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection
Authors: Holmes Kathryn W. , Maslen Cheryl L. , Kindem Mark , Kroner Barbara L. , Song Howard K. , Ravekes William , Dietz H.C. , Weinsaft Jonathan W. , Roman Mary J. , Devereux Richard B. , Pyeritz Reed E. , Bavaria Joseph , Milewski Karianna , Milewicz Dianna , LeMaire Scott A. , Hendershot Tabitha , Eagle Kim A. , Tolunay H. Eser , Desvigne‐Nickens Patrice , Silberbach Michael ,   for the GenTAC Registry Consortium
Published: February 2013

Previous data suggest women are at increased risk of death from aortic dissection. Therefore, we analyzed data from the GenTAC registry, the NIH‐sponsored program that collects information about individuals with genetically triggered thoracic aortic aneurysms and cardiovascular conditions. We performed cross‐sectional analyses in adults with Marfan syndrome (MFS), familial thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection (FTAAD), bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) with thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection, and subjects under 50 years of age with thoracic aortic aneurysm or dissection (TAAD <50 years). Women comprised 32% of 1,449 subjects and were 21% of subjects with BAV, 34% with FTAAD, 22% with TAAD <50 years, and 47% with MFS. Thoracic aortic dissections occurred with equal gender frequency yet women with BAV had more extensive dissections. Aortic size was smaller in women but was similar after controlling for BSA. Age at operation for aortic valve dysfunction, aneurysm or dissection did not differ by gender. Multivariate analysis (adjusting for age, BSA, hypertension, study site, diabetes, and subgroup diagnoses) showed that women had fewer total aortic surgeries (OR = 0.65, P < 0.01) and were less likely to receive angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi; OR = 0.68, P < 0.05). As in BAV, other genetically triggered aortic diseases such as FTAAD and TAAD <50 are more common in males. In women, decreased prevalence of aortic operations and less treatment with ACEi may be due to their smaller absolute aortic diameters. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if women are at higher risk for adverse events. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Previously Undiscovered Group of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) is Observed Living in the Tonkolili District of Sierra Leone
Authors: HALLORAN ANDREW R. , CLOUTIER CHRISTINA T. , SESAY PAPANIE BAI
Published: February 2013

A previously undocumented group of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) was recently discovered along the Pampana River in the Tonkolili District of Sierra Leone. Based on interviews from local residents (N = 6), we estimate the group size to be approximately 30 individuals. Though this population does not show up in the most recent census of chimpanzees in Sierra Leone, it concurs with findings that indicate most of the chimpanzees in Sierra Leone live scattered throughout the country alongside villages, rather than in protected areas. During a three‐week observation in the area, two chimpanzees were hunted and killed. The reason for these deaths, along with other reported instances of hunting in the area, are primarily due to crop‐raiding and competition for resources between chimpanzees and humans. We conclude that this is a heavily imperiled population. Based on the ecology of the area and composition of local villages, we propose a number of conservation strategies that will promote a symbiotic relationship between the chimpanzees and human populations residing in the area. Am. J. Primatol. 75:519‐523, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic genealogy comes of age: Perspectives on the use of deep‐rooted pedigrees in human population genetics
Authors: Larmuseau M.H.D. , Van Geystelen A. , van Oven M. , Decorte R.
Published: February 2013

In this article, we promote the implementation of extensive genealogical data in population genetic studies. Genealogical records can provide valuable information on the origin of DNA donors in a population genetic study, going beyond the commonly collected data such as residence, birthplace, language, and self‐reported ethnicity. Recent studies demonstrated that extended genealogical data added to surname analysis can be crucial to detect signals of (past) population stratification and to interpret the population structure in a more objective manner. Moreover, when in‐depth pedigree data are combined with haploid markers, it is even possible to disentangle signals of temporal differentiation within a population genetic structure during the last centuries. Obtaining genealogical data for all DNA donors in a population genetic study is a labor‐intensive task but the vastly growing (genetic) genealogical databases, due to the broad interest of the public, are making this job more time‐efficient if there is a guarantee for sufficient data quality. At the end, we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of using genealogy within sampling campaigns and we provide guidelines for future population genetic studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:505–511, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional plasticity of the human humerus: Shape, rigidity, and muscular entheses
Authors: Ibáñez‐Gimeno Pere , De Esteban‐Trivigno Soledad , Jordana Xavier , Manyosa Joan , Malgosa Assumpció , Galtés Ignasi
Published: February 2013

The relationship between the mechanical loading undergone by a bone and its form has been widely assumed as a premise in studies aiming to reconstruct behavioral patterns from skeletal remains. Nevertheless, this relationship is complex due to the existence of many factors affecting bone structure and form, and further research combining structural and shape characteristics is needed. Using two‐block PLS, which is a test to analyze the covariance between two sets of variables, we aim to investigate the relationship between upper‐limb entheseal changes, cross‐sectional properties, and contour shape of the humeral diaphysis. Our results show that individuals with strongly marked entheseal changes have increased diaphyseal rigidities. Bending rigidities are mainly related to entheseal changes of muscles that cross the shoulder. Moreover, the entheseal changes of muscles that participate in the rotation of the arm are related to mediolaterally flatter and ventrodorsally broader humeral shapes in the mid‐proximal diaphysis. In turn, this diaphyseal shape is related to diaphyseal rigidity, especially to bending loadings. The shape of the diaphysis of the rest of the humerus does not covary either with rigidity or with entheseal changes. The results indicate that large muscular scars, such as those found in the mid‐proximal diaphyses, seem to be related to diaphyseal shape, whereas this relationship is not seen for areas with less direct influences of powerful muscles. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:609–617, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The variable roads to sacrifice: Isotopic investigations of human remains from Chotuna‐Huaca de los Sacrificios, Lambayeque, Peru
Authors: Turner Bethany L. , Klaus Haagen D. , Livengood Sarah V. , Brown Leslie E. , Saldaña Fausto , Wester Carlos
Published: February 2013

This study investigates two key variables—residential context and subsistence—among sacrificial victims dating to the Late Horizon (A.D. 1450–1532) in the Huaca de los Sacrificios at the Chotuna‐Chornancap Archaeological Complex in north coastal Peru. We investigate whether aspects of sacrifice in this distant coastal province mirrored that found in Inca heartland contexts such as the capacocha, or remained more typical of coastal sacrificial traditions. Stable carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope values were characterized in bone carbonate, bone collagen, and hair keratin to estimate geographic residence during the decade before death and diet in the decade, versus months, before death. Bone δ18Ocarbonate values have a mean (±SD) of 26.8 ± 1.1%, bone δ13Ccarbonate values −6.7 ± 1.7%, and bone δ13Ccollagen values 11.8 ± 1.3%; bone δ15Ncollagen values have a mean of 11.5 ± 1.3%. Combined hair δ13Ckeratin values have a mean of −12.8 ± 1.6%, and hair δ15Nkeratin values 10.8 ± 1.3%. In contrast to contemporaneous coastal and highland contexts, we are unable to identify immigrants among the sacrificed individuals or changes in diet that indicate provisioning with a standardized diet leading up to death. Instead, results suggest that victims were local to the area, but consumed moderately variable diets consistent with local subsistence patterns. These findings suggest a distinct pattern of human sacrifice in the Late Horizon and underscore the regional and temporal variation in sacrificial practices in the central Andes. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:22–37, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Industrielle Anwendungen der Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion
Authors: Funel Jacques‐Alexis , Abele Stefan
Published: February 2013

Die Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion ist eine der beliebtesten Reaktionen aus dem Repertoire des Synthesechemikers zum effizienten Aufbau komplexer Moleküle. Überraschenderweise ist aber nur wenig zu ihrer industriellen Anwendung bei der Synthese von pharmakologischen Wirkstoffen, Agrochemikalien oder Riech‐ und Aromastoffen bekannt. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt ausgewählte Beispiele, mit einem Schwerpunkt auf Anwendungen in größerem Maßstab (>1 kg) aus Sicht der Prozessforschung und –entwicklung.
An efficient synthesis of 3‐triazolyl‐2(1H)‐quinolones by CuTC‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Messaoudi Samir , Gabillet Marie , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Alami Mouâd
Published: February 2013

A facile and efficient Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction for the synthesis of a series of 3‐triazolyl‐2(1H)‐quinolones 3 have been developed using 3‐azido‐quinolin‐2(1H)‐one as the coupling partner. The optimized reaction conditions involve the use of eco‐ friendly ethanol as the solvent in the presence of copper(I) thiophene‐2‐carboxylate as the catalyst, to afford good to excellent yields of 3‐triazolyl‐2(1H)‐quinolone derivatives of biological interest. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pd‐catalyzed ligand‐free desulfitative Heck reaction with arenesulfinic acid salts under air
Authors: Hu Sai , Xia Ping , Cheng Kai , Qi Chenze
Published: February 2013

Palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of various aryl sulfinic acid salts with a wide variety of vinyl substrates have been achieved in good to excellent yields under simple aerobic conditions at 70°C with the assistance of Cu(II) salts. The reaction can be accelerated by the combination of DMSO with THF. The reported Matsuda–Heck type coupling reactions are tolerant to the common functional groups, making these transformations as attractive alternatives to the traditional cross‐coupling approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light Energy Collection in a Porphyrin–Imide–Corrole Ensemble
Authors: Ciuciu Adina I. , Flamigni Lucia , Voloshchuk Roman , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: February 2013

An assembly consisting of three units, that is, a meso‐substituted corrole (C3), 1,8 naphthaleneimide (NIE), and a Zn porphyrin (ZnP), has been synthesized. NIE is connected to C3 through a 1,3‐phenylene bridge and to the ZnP unit through a direct CC bond. The convergent synthetic strategy includes the preparation of a trans‐A2B‐corrole possessing the imide unit, followed by Sonogashira coupling with a meso‐substituted A3B‐porphyrin. The photophysical processes in the resulting triad ZnP-NIE-C3 are examined and compared with those of the corresponding C3-NIE dyad and the constituent reference models C3, NIE, and ZnP. Excitation of the NIE unit in C3-NIE leads to a fast energy transfer of 98 % efficiency to C3 with a rate ken=7.5×1010 s−1, whereas excitation of the corrole unit leads to a reactivity of the excited state identical to that of the model C3, with a deactivation rate to the ground state k=2.5×108 s−1. Energy transfer to C3 and to ZnP moieties follows excitation of NIE in the triad ZnP-NIE-C3. The rates are ken=7.5×1010 s−1 and ken=2.5×1010 s−1 for the sensitization of the C3 and ZnP unit, respectively. The light energy transferred from NIE to Zn porphyrin unit is ultimately funneled to the corrole component, which is the final recipient of the excitation energy absorbed by the different components of the array. The latter process occurs with a rate ken=3.4×109 s−1 and 89 % efficiency. Energy transfer processes take place in all cases by a Förster (dipole–dipole) mechanism. The theory predicts quite satisfactorily the rate for the ZnP/C3 couple, where components are separated by about 23 Å, but results in calculated rates that are one to two orders of magnitude higher for the couples NIE/ZnP (D/A) and NIE/C3, which are separated by distances of about 14 and 10 Å, respectively.
Some results for repairable systems with minimal repairs
Authors: Chahkandi M. , Ahmadi J. , Baratpour S.
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we consider a repairable system with minimal repairs whose number of repairs is a positive random variable with a given probability vector. Some preservation theorems and aging properties of repairable systems are established. Under the condition that at time t the system is working, a new random variable for the residual lifetime of the system is proposed. Some stochastic ordering results among the lifetimes and residual lifetimes of two systems are obtained. Similar results for coherent systems with independent components and exchangeable components were obtained in the previous literature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ASIS&T annual meeting award winners: A career in information retrieval research
Authors: Järvelin Kalervo
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

Recalling his start in information science studies, 2012 ASIS&T Research Award winner Kalervo Järvelin explained that reading seminal books in the field influenced his academic and research path. A call to devise a curriculum for classification, indexing and information retrieval drew him away from computer science and firmed his career focus. Driven by the idea that information should be fully accessible for all, regardless of format, language or location, Jarvelin pursued studies on the contribution of natural language processing, ontology‐driven query expansion and feedback, cross‐language information retrieval and metrics for retrieval evaluation. He spoke of challenges for information retrieval, including morphologic complexity of his native language and others, vocabulary mismatch between query and text, and optimal methods for assessing relevance of search returns. Järvelin's current research is on information retrieval in specific task settings and simulating human information behavior for more efficient analysis. An extensive list of publications and awards provides evidence of Järvelin's significant contributions to information science.
Looking out for the little guy: Small data curation
Authors: Akers Katherine Goold
Published: February 2013

Editor's Summary

While big data and its management are in the spotlight, a vast number of important research projects generate relatively small amounts of data that are nonetheless valuable yet rarely preserved. Such studies are often focused precursors to follow‐up work and generate less noisy data than grand scale projects. Yet smaller quantity does not equate to simpler management. Data from smaller studies may be captured in a variety of file formats with no standard approach to documentation, metadata or preparation for archiving or reuse, making its curation even more challenging than for big data. As the information managers most likely to encounter small datasets, academic librarians should cooperate to develop workable strategies to document, organize, preserve and disseminate local small datasets so that valuable scholarly information can be discovered and shared.
Are Malaysian Teachers Ready to Assume the Duties of Reporting Child Abuse and Neglect?
Authors: Choo Wan Yuen , Walsh Kerryann , Marret Mary Joseph , Chinna Karuthan , Tey Nai Peng
Published: February 2013

Mandatory child abuse and neglect reporting laws apply to teachers in many countries of the world. However, such laws have not yet been introduced for teachers in Malaysia, and there is debate about whether the laws should be extended to teachers at all. This paper aimed to investigate the level of support among teachers to assume mandatory reporting duties and to identify factors determining this support in Malaysia. A total of 668 teachers from 14 randomly selected public primary schools completed an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire. Results showed that 44.4 per cent of the respondents supported legislation requiring teachers to report child abuse. Teachers of Indian ethnicity, those with a shorter duration of service in teaching (< 5 years), the availability of knowledgeable and supportive school staff and a higher level of commitment to reporting were significant factors affecting teachers' support for mandatory reporting. This study provides important insights into factors influencing teachers' support for the introduction of mandatory reporting legislation for teachers in Malaysia. Teachers do not unanimously support these laws and there is a lack of clarity about what such laws will mean for teachers. The data highlight the need for specific training programmes to raise teachers' awareness, build their confidence and enhance their willingness to report child abuse. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Messages

Malaysia does not currently have mandatory child maltreatment reporting requirements for teachers.

Factors influencing teachers' support for the introduction of mandatory reporting include an attitude of commitment to the duty and the availability of other knowledgeable and supportive school staff.

There is a need for specific training programmes to raise teachers' awareness, build their confidence, and enhance their willingness to engage with issues relating to child maltreatment.

‘44.4 per cent of the respondents supported legislation requiring teachers to report child abuse’

‘The criminal justice system are not being provided with the appropriate data to measure throughput through the system’
Provisional side branch‐stenting for coronary bifurcation lesions
Authors: Mylotte Darren , Routledge Helen , Harb Talal , Garot Philippe , Hovasse Thomas , Benamer Hakim , Unterseeh Thierry , Chevalier Bernard , Morice Marie‐Claude , Louvard Yves , Lefèvre Thierry
Published: February 2013

Objectives

To determine whether recent technical modifications have improved clinical outcomes for patients undergoing contemporary bifurcation lesion percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Background

Provisional side branch (SB)‐stenting has become the preferred strategy for bifurcation PCI. Newer generation drug‐eluting stents (DESs), the proximal optimization technique (POT), and the use of noncompliant (NC) balloons for final kissing inflation (FKI) have the potential to optimize outcomes.

Method

We compared baseline characteristics, procedural and clinical outcomes in 300 consecutive patient pairs treated in 2005 and 2009. The primary outcome measure was the cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 2‐years.

Results

Compared to 2005, patients undergoing PCI in 2009 were at higher risk: prior myocardial infarction (18% vs. 8%, P = 0.0004), left ventricular function (EF 54 ± 13% vs. 61 ± 12%, P < 0.0001). Cypher (53 vs. 3%, P < 0.001) and Taxus (47 vs. 11%, P < 0.0001) stents were used more frequently in 2005, and Xience V in 2009 (0 vs. 47%, P < 0.0001). In 2009, the POT was performed in 36% and NC balloons used for FKI in 81%. SB stenting was required less frequently in 2009 (9% vs. 22%, P < 0.001). Two‐year MACE was significantly lower in 2009 than 2005 (5.7 vs. 11.3%, P = 0.02), a difference driven by fewer cardiac deaths (2.0 vs. 5.0%, P = 0.05). MACE was independently associated with left main bifurcation treatment [hazard ratio (HR) 1.85:95%, CI 1.04–3.29; P = 0.036], side‐branch stenting (HR 2.31:95% CI 1.27–4.20; P = 0.006), and PCI in 2005 (HR 1.86:95% CI 1.03–3.37; P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Together, contemporary techniques and newer generation DES appear to improve outcomes and are both recommended for widespread uptake in patients undergoing provisional SB stenting for coronary bifurcation lesions.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isostructural Metal–Organic Frameworks Assembled from Functionalized Diisophthalate Ligands through a Ligand‐Truncation Strategy
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Li Jian‐Rong , Verdegaal Wolfgang M. , Liu Tian‐Fu , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: February 2013

Four isostructural metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with various functionalized pore surfaces were synthesized from a series of diisophthalate ligands. These MOFs exhibit a new network topology of {4.64.8}2{42.64}{64.82}2{66}. Hydrogen uptake as high as 2.67 wt % at 77 K/1 bar and CO2 uptake of 15.4 wt % at 297 K/1 bar have been observed for PCN‐308, which contains CF3 groups. The isostructural series of MOFs also showed reasonable adsorption selectivity of CO2 over CH4 and N2.