bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strengths and shortcomings of habitat exchange programs for species conservation
Authors: Davis Kristin P. , Heinrichs Julie , Fleishman Erica , Iranah Pricila , Bennett Drew E. , Berger Joel , Pejchar Liba
Published: November 2021

Habitat exchange programs, a form of biodiversity offsetting, aim to compensate for negative impacts in one area by conservation in another. A newer subset of habitat exchange programs includes programs that have three distinct characteristics: they allow for temporary (as opposed to only permanent) credits; they are centralized and overseen by nonregulatory, independent administrators; and they exist in the absence of mandatory mitigation policy. As a result, these programs may be relatively flexible and practical in areas where environmental regulation is unpalatable politically. We synthesized gray and peer‐reviewed literature to evaluate these programs’ strengths and shortcomings. On the basis of our synthesis, we suggest that temporary conservation credits in habitat exchanges could encourage participation of landowners in conservation and enable programs to respond to environmental change. However, temporary credits can lead to trade‐offs between flexibility and uncertainty. Moreover, there is little evidence that these habitat exchange programs have benefited target species, and many challenges associated with offsetting programs persist. Newer forms of habitat exchange programs may have potential to achieve no net loss or net gains of biodiversity to a greater extent than other forms of offsetting, but this potential has not yet been realized.
Tina's ParTy line: Polysubstance use patterns in sexual minority men living with HIV who use methamphetamine
Authors: Davis Ewart Leah , Johnson Ariana , Bainter Sierra , Brown Eric C. , Grov Christian , Harkness Audrey , Roth Alexis M. , Paul Robert , Neilands Torsten B. , Dilworth Samantha E. , Carrico Adam W.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

This cross‐sectional study examined the associations of demographic, structural and psychological factors with distinct typologies of polysubstance use in sexual minority men (SMM) living with HIV who use methamphetamine.

Methods

In total, 161 SMM living with HIV who reported methamphetamine use in the past 3 months were recruited in San Francisco from 2013 to 2017 for a randomised controlled trial. A latent class analysis was conducted by leveraging baseline measures of self‐reported use of 15 substances in the past 3 months as well as validated screening measures of hazardous alcohol and cannabis use. Correlates of latent class membership were examined using a three‐step categorical latent variable logistic regression.

Results

Four typologies of substance use were identified: (i) methamphetamine use only (43%); (ii) methamphetamine and crack‐cocaine use (22%); (iii) party and play use—methamphetamine, gamma‐hydroxybutyrate and amyl nitrites (i.e. poppers) with erectile dysfunction drugs (31%); and (iv) high polysubstance use (4%). SMM of colour and those with a history of incarceration were more commonly classified as engaging in methamphetamine and crack‐cocaine use compared to party and play use. Men with higher sexual compulsivity scores were more commonly classified as engaging in party and play use and polysubstance use.

Discussion and Conclusions

There is substantial heterogeneity in polysubstance use patterns among SMM living with HIV who use methamphetamine. This will inform the development of tailored substance use interventions addressing the unique needs of SMM of colour and targeting sexual compulsivity as a prominent comorbidity for some men.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on alcohol‐related emergency department visits in the Netherlands: The ALCOVID study
Authors: Knapen Femke M. F. M. , Laumer Susanne J. M. , Van Osch Frits H. M. , Barten Dennis G.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic has a profound impact on society and healthcare utilisation. Some studies found that alcohol consumption increased. While declines in non‐COVID emergency department (ED) visits have been observed worldwide, little is known about the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the number of alcohol‐related ED visits. We aimed to examine the changes in alcohol‐related ED utilisation during the first year of the pandemic in the Netherlands. We assessed whether lockdowns, closure of the catering industry and alcohol bans were associated with changes in ED utilisation for alcohol‐related emergencies.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of alcohol‐related ED visits in a Dutch trauma level 2 centre, comparing the pandemic year 2020 and using the year 2019 as a reference. Alcohol‐related ED visits were categorised as alcohol intoxication, alcohol‐related trauma or a combination of both.

Results

There was an absolute decline of 23.3% in alcohol‐related ED visits during 2020 compared to 2019. The decline was most distinct during the second lockdown period (−60%, P ≤ 0.001), which included an alcohol ban. No significant differences were found in the type of alcohol‐related ED visits. The proportion of alcohol‐related ED visits remained similar (2.2% vs. 2%).

Discussion and Conclusions

Despite reports of higher alcohol consumption, we observed a reduction of alcohol‐related ED visits during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The decline was most distinct during the second lockdown period, which included an alcohol ban. Further prospective studies are warranted to examine this possible association.
Studying the early emergence of autism: what is the goal of baby siblings research?
Authors: McDonald Nicole M
Published: November 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Bradshaw et al. on pages 600–607 of this issue.
Cost‐effectiveness of professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring in general practice among adults with type 2 diabetes: Evidence from the GP‐OSMOTIC trial
Authors: Hua Xinyang , Catchpool Max , Clarke Philip , Blackberry Irene , Chiang Jason , Holmes‐Truscott Elizabeth , Jenkins Alicia , Khunti Kamlesh , O'Neal David , Speight Jane , Furler John , Manski‐Nankervis Jo‐Anne , Dalziel Kim ,   GP‐OSMOTIC Study Group
Published: November 2021

Aim

To assess the cost‐effectiveness of professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes in general practice compared with usual clinical care.

Methods

An economic evaluation was conducted as a component of the GP‐OSMOTIC trial, a pragmatic multicentre 12‐month randomised controlled trial enrolling 299 adults with type 2 diabetes in Victoria, Australia. The economic evaluation was conducted from an Australian healthcare sector perspective with a lifetime horizon. Health‐related quality of life (EQ‐5D) and total healthcare costs were compared between the intervention and the usual care group within the trial period. The 'UKPDS Outcomes Model 2' was used to simulate post‐trial lifetime costs, life expectancy and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs).

Results

No significant difference in health‐related quality of life and costs was found between the two groups within the trial period. Professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring yielded greater QALYs (0.03 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.04]) and a higher cost (A$3807 [95% CI: 3604, 4007]) compared with usual clinical care using a lifetime horizon under the trial‐based monitoring frequency, considered not cost‐effective (incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio = A$120,228). The intervention becomes cost‐effective if sensor price is reduced to lower than 50%, or monitoring frequency is decreased to once per year while maintaining the same treatment effect on HbA1c.

Conclusions

Including professional‐mode flash glucose monitoring every 3 months as part of a management plan for people with type 2 diabetes in general practice is not cost‐effective, but could be if the sensor price or monitoring frequency can be reduced.
Innovating with People: Creating an Inclusive Design Publication and Toolkit
Authors: Eikhaug Onny , Gheerawo Rama
Published: November 2021

Inclusive Design (ID) has not been widely seen as a mainstream tool for innovation, or as a strategy for business and the public sector. Methods, case studies and frameworks exist, but were not widely accessible outside of academic publication. The authors of this paper, from Norway and the UK, recognised a need for a definitive publication on ID to present the concept, benefits and tools. Their collective forty years of experience lead to the publishing of ‘Innovating with People—The Business of Inclusive Design’ in 2010. A second edition followed in 2019, ‘Innovating with People—Inclusive Design and Architecture’. These brought together experts and practitioners to create a practical guide from primary and secondary research, drawing on personal experience and insights. The content and processes inside the publications are discussed, describing the outputs and assessing effectiveness. The paper outlines content, structure, and the intention behind the work of the authors, drawing on their complementary experience from Business and Design. The paper describes a multi‐author, multi‐contributor and multi‐disciplinary book about ID outlining eight ID activities for Design and nine for Architecture. The book has been distributed to more than 45 countries and is used by academia, consultancy, government and industry.
Airflow modelling predicts seabird breeding habitat across islands
Authors: Lempidakis Emmanouil , Ross Andrew N. , Börger Luca , Shepard Emily L. C.
Published: November 2021

Wind is fundamentally related to shelter and flight performance: two factors that are critical for birds at their nest sites. Despite this, airflows have never been fully integrated into models of breeding habitat selection, even for well‐studied seabirds. Here, we use computational fluid dynamics to provide the first assessment of whether flow characteristics (including wind speed and turbulence) predict the distribution of seabird colonies, taking common guillemots Uria aalge breeding on Skomer Island as our study system. This demonstrates that occupancy is driven by the need to shelter from both wind and rain/wave action, rather than airflow characteristics alone. Models of airflows and cliff orientation both performed well in predicting high‐quality habitat in our study site, identifying 80% of colonies and 93% of avoided sites, as well as 73% of the largest colonies on a neighbouring island. This suggests generality in the mechanisms driving breeding distributions and provides an approach for identifying habitat for seabird reintroductions considering current and projected wind speeds and directions.
Landscape context and dispersal ability as determinants of population genetic structure in freshwater fishes
Authors: Shelley James J. , Holland Owen J. , Swearer Stephen E. , Dempster Timothy , Le Feuvre Matthew C. , Sherman Craig D. H. , Miller Adam D.
Published: November 2021

Dispersal is a critically important process that dictates population persistence, gene flow, and evolutionary potential, and is an essential element for identifying species conservation risks. This study aims to investigate the contributions of dispersal syndromes and hydrographic barriers on patterns of population connectivity and genetic structure in fishes occupying the particularly rugged and fragmented landscape of the Kimberley Plateau, Western Australia.

We assessed population genetic structure between three neighbouring catchments (the Mitchell, King Edward, and Drysdale rivers) in three congeneric groups of freshwater fishes that exhibit varied dispersal syndromes within and among groups: (1) Melanotaenia australis and M. gracilis; (2) Syncomistes trigonicus and S. rastellus; and (3) Hephaestus jenkinsi and H. epirrhinos. Within each species we sampled the upper, middle, and lower reaches of each catchment and assessed patterns of gene flow between and within catchments using microsatellite markers.

Our results suggest that contemporary connectivity between catchments is greatly limited or absent in all study species, regardless of their dispersal syndromes. However, gene flow within catchments varied in line with predicted dispersal potential, with poor dispersers exhibiting limited gene flow and significant genetic structuring.

We conclude that the rugged landscape and historical habitat isolation has contributed to patterns of population fragmentation among fish populations from different river catchments. However, it appears dispersal syndromes influence connectivity and gene flow within catchments, where landscape constraints are not as pervasive.

This study presents a comparative population genetic analysis of freshwater fishes with differing dispersal syndromes and colonisation ability. Our findings provide new insights into factors shaping patterns of biodiversity on the Kimberley Plateau, and the evolutionary uniqueness of fish communities from different river catchments draining the plateau. More broadly, they highlight the importance of accounting for dispersal‐related traits when planning management and conservation strategies.
Intranasal ketamine for acute cluster headache attacks—Results from a proof‐of‐concept open‐label trial
Authors: Petersen Anja S. , Pedersen Adam S. , Barloese Mads C. J. , Holm Per , Pedersen Ole , Jensen Rigmor H. , Snoer Agneta H.
Published: November 2021

Objective

To investigate the safety and efficacy of intranasal ketamine for the treatment of a single cluster headache (CH) attack.

Background

Acute treatment options for patients with CH who have an insufficient response to oxygen and triptans are limited. Intranasal ketamine has anecdotally been successful in treating a CH attack.

Methods

We conducted an open‐label pilot study enrolling 23 patients with chronic CH (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition), and of these, 20 patients treated a single CH attack with intranasal ketamine. Under in‐hospital observation, patients received 15 mg of intranasal ketamine every 6 min a maximum of five times. The primary endpoint was a 50% reduction in pain intensity within 15 min after initiating treatment.

Results

The primary endpoint was not met; 15 min after the first ketamine administration, the mean reduction in pain intensity was 1.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.6 to 2.7, p = 0.188) on the numeric rating scale (NRS), equivalent to a 15% reduction in pain intensity. However, 30 min after the first application, the pain intensity was reduced by 59% on an 11‐point NRS (mean difference: 4.3, 95% CI: 2.4–6.2, p < 0.001, N = 16) and 11 out of 16 (69%) scored 4 or below on the NRS. Four patients received rescue medication 15 min after the first ketamine application and were therefore excluded from the analysis at 30 min. Half of the patients preferred ketamine to oxygen and/or sumatriptan injection. No serious adverse events were identified during the trial.

Conclusion

Intranasal ketamine may be an effective acute treatment for CH at 30 min but should be tested in a larger controlled design. Patients and physicians should be conscious of the abuse potential of ketamine.
Inequality and Progress
Authors: Pinker Steven
Published: November 2021

The author begins by noting that, however much economic inequality has become an obsession in developed countries in the 21st century, it is “not a fundamental component of well‐being… like health, prosperity, knowledge, safety, or peace.” Citing philosopher Harry Frankfurt, he argues that “inequality itself is not morally objectionable; what is objectionable is poverty… it is not important everyone should have the same. What is morally important is that each should have enough.”

The widespread confusion of inequality with poverty is viewed as deriving from the “lump” or “zero‐sum” fallacy,” which effectively assumes the impossibility of gains from trade or creating social wealth. The corollary to this belief is that if and when some people get richer, others must have been the losers or somehow impoverished by that process of creating wealth.

Another source of confusion is the conflation of inequality with unfairness. Contrary to the popular view, research has shown that people actually tend to prefer unequal distributions among citizens in their country, provided they sense that the allocation process is based on merit—that bonuses tend to go to harder workers, more generous helpers, or even the lucky winners of an impartial lottery. What's more, inequality is almost the inevitable accompaniment of social progress. When a society starts to generate substantial wealth, an increase in absolute inequality is almost a mathematical necessity.

Nevertheless, as countries grow richer, they spend more on help for the poor. Citing the Gini calculations by economist Branko Milanović, the author demonstrates that inequality between countries has been falling even as inequality within countries has risen since about 1980, and that the “winners” since 1980 have included most of humanity. And in explaining how people seemingly reconcile obvious improvements in living standards in recent decades with the conventional wisdom of economic stagnation, the author identifies four other serious misconceptions perpetuated by conventional inequality statistics:

Failure to distinguish between absolute and relative poverty;

Failure to recognize social mobility;

Failure to reflect increased social spending and wealth transfers; and

Failure to reflect increases in the quality of goods consumed.

The good news is that the long‐term trend in history since the Enlightenment has been for the fortunes of all to rise. And while generating massive amounts of wealth, modern societies have been devoting an increasing proportion of that wealth to benefiting those less well‐off.
MILLSTEIN CENTER‐ECGI CONFERENCE ON: Board 3.0: Bringing the Private Equity Model to Public Companies
Authors: Gilson Ronald , Gordon Jeffrey N. , Judge Kathryn , Jiang Wei , Cameron Ray , Ivashina Victoria , Rock Edward , de Fontenay Elisabeth , Brun Les , Hao Yvonne , Maguire Christina , Fraidin Stephen , Murphy Brian , Witney Simon , Wijnberg Sandra , Sulzberger Gabrielle
Published: November 2021

In a recent conference organized by Columbia Law School's Millstein Center and the European Corporate Governance Institute, law and econ scholars Jeff Gordon and Ron Gilson discuss with other academics and a remarkably varied and distinguished group of practitioners the possibility of “porting” elements of the private equity governance model to public companies to achieve what they describe as “Board 3.0.” The public company “monitoring” boards of the recent past—composed for the most part of part‐time, “thinly informed,” and “boundedly motivated” directors dependent upon corporate management for information about the company—are seen as evolving toward the “thickly informed, well‐resourced, and powerfully motivated” directors that Gordon and Gilson see as required to function more like “partners” in the business, helping steer management toward the long‐run value‐maximizing strategic and operating decisions.

A number of the board members on the panel serve, or have served, on private as well as public companies. The consensus among this group was that PE boards function at higher levels than their public counterparts, accounting in significant part for the higher returns of PE. But as this group also noted, an ongoing “migration” of PE board members and practices to public companies, accomplished in part by reverse LBOs and PIPEs (private investments in public equity), is leading to more effective public company oversight and governance. Along with deeper specialized knowledge of critically important operational issues, PE directors are also said to have a comparative advantage in designing pay‐for‐performance incentives for operating managers. What's more, as one panelist pointed out, PE's need to focus on and prepare for “exit” from day one has the paradoxical effect of sharpening managerial attention on the long‐term future and the amount and kinds of investment needed to ensure it.
Fertility preservation in women with cystic fibrosis pre‐lung transplantation: A mixed methods study
Authors: Ladores Sigrid , Campbell Caitlin Marley , Bray Leigh Ann , Li Peng , Brown Janet , Woods Brittany , Corcoran Jessica
Published: November 2021

Aims

Explore the knowledge, experiences, preferences, and concerns related to fertility preservation as an option for building a biological family among women with cystic fibrosis.

Design

Convergent mixed methods study design.

Methods

We recruited women with cystic fibrosis of childbearing age in the United States through cystic fibrosis centres, snowball sampling, and social media. Participants completed an anonymous survey about fertility and fertility preservation (n = 50). We also conducted audio‐recorded, semi‐structured interviews with a subset of women to gain a better understanding of their perspectives (n = 20). We transcribed the interviews verbatim and analysed them using thematic analysis.

Results

For the quantitative arm, 78% of women indicated that they would like to have a child in the future; however, 74% reported never having had conversations about fertility preservation with their providers. For the qualitative arm, four major themes emerged: (1) Women with cystic fibrosis have inadequate knowledge about fertility and fertility preservation; (2) fertility is a low priority area for the cystic fibrosis care team; (3) women with cystic fibrosis recommend that the cystic fibrosis care team provide specific fertility resources; and (4) providers and literature lack information on fertility and cystic fibrosis. Integrated findings identified that while the majority of women with cystic fibrosis want to become mothers in the future, including post‐lung transplantation, they have not received education on fertility preservation, and there is a general lack of knowledge on the topic of fertility in cystic fibrosis.

Conclusion

Women with cystic fibrosis desire to have children but have little knowledge about fertility preservation, and cystic fibrosis providers do not initiate family planning discussions.

Impact

Findings from the study support that additional education is needed for women with cystic fibrosis who are considering parenthood. Clinical care models should include early, regular, and thoughtful discussions about reproductive health issues, including fertility preservation.
Monetary shock measurement and stock markets
Authors: BASISTHA ARABINDA , STARTZ RICHARD
Published: November 2021

The narrative approach‐based measurement of monetary shocks suggests infrequent shocks are crucial for understanding the impact of monetary policy shocks on the economy. However, the narrative approach is dependent on costly data collection process, researcher judgment, and is prone to delays due to official document release. We present a stock market‐based regime switching unobserved components model to estimate the monetary shocks while preserving the key feature of infrequent shocks. Our estimated shocks are large and comparable to Romer and Romer (2004) shocks. The impulse responses to our estimated monetary policy shocks suggest that a 1% contractionary shock leads to 2% long‐term decline in industrial production with a peak effect of 3.5% decline and more than one percent long‐term decline in CPI.
Cosmetic dermatologic surgery fellowship websites and social media presence: Opportunities for improved applicant recruitment
Authors: Mulligan Kathleen M. , Zheng David X. , Cullison Christopher R. , Wong Christina , Scott Jeffrey F.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

The American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS) established a cosmetic dermatologic surgery fellowship in 2013. Programs often outline details of fellowships on their websites to help prospective applicants make informed decisions. Our primary goal was to evaluate the content quality of online information for all ASDS‐accredited cosmetic dermatologic surgery fellowships on program websites and the ASDS website. Our secondary goal was to describe program activity on social media platforms as another avenue for applicant recruitment.

Methods

Program websites were assessed using an aggregate score from twenty‐one standardized content quality variables. Social media activity on Facebook and Instagram from January 6 2021, to March 6, 2021, was categorized.

Results

Among 24 cosmetic dermatologic surgery fellowship programs, 23 had websites. Basic information was provided across most websites or the ASDS website (eg, address, 95.8%), but more qualitative variables like research opportunities or didactic schedule were not consistently reported. Most programs had highly active social media accounts (91.7% on Facebook and 79.2% on Instagram).

Conclusion

There is a gap of information availability between the ASDS website and individual cosmetic dermatologic surgery fellowship websites. Increasing information availability may enhance the applicant recruitment process and serve as a low‐cost intervention to ensure optimal fit.
Associations Between School Environments, Policies and Practices and Children's Physical Activity and Active Transportation
Authors: Blanchette Sébastien , Larouche Richard , Tremblay Mark S. , Faulkner Guy , Riazi Negin A. , Trudeau François
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

There is evidence of school‐level variability in children's active behaviors. This study investigated the associations between school environments, policies and practices, and children's physical activity (PA) and active school transportation (AST), in a school ecology context.

METHODS

We recruited children (N = 1699, age = 10.2 ± 1.0 years, 55.0% girls) in 37 schools from 3 diverse regions of Canada. We then collected data using questionnaires (child, parent) and pedometers. In each school, an official completed a School Health Environment Survey. Multilevel regression models were used to examine associations with children's daily steps, and frequency and volume (frequency*distance) of AST.

RESULTS

Between‐school variation ranged from 4.7% to 22.2% demonstrating that school environments are associated with children's active behaviors. None of the school environment variables were significantly associated with children's PA or frequency of AST. Nevertheless, their inclusion improved the PA model. Children's volume of AST increased in schools that reported more initiatives to promote AST.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that multiple components are needed to effectively promote active behaviors in children. Schools should determine the areas in which they can improve and assess the feasibility of implementing measures to make their school environments, policies, and practices more conducive to PA and AST.
The influence of acute morphine use on obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zha Shiqian , Yang Haizhen , Yue Fang , Zhang Qingfeng , Hu Ke
Published: November 2021

The present study was conducted to systematically evaluate the acute effect of morphine on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan‐Fang databases were searched for randomised controlled trials studying the influence of morphine on OSA published up to May 24, 2021. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess study quality and meta‐analysis was performed on the included clinical trial results to quantify the impact of morphine on various sleep and respiratory parameters. Three studies (n = 132 patients) were ultimately examined. There were no significant differences between patients with OSA taking morphine and placebo/non‐opioids with respect to the sleep Apnea–Hypopnea Index (mean difference [MD] 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.41, 5.98; p > 0.05); Oxygen Desaturation Index (MD 1.49, 95% CI −3.21, 6.19; p > 0.05); Obstructive Sleep Apnea Index (MD 0.83, 95% CI −2.08, 3.75; p > 0.05); Hypopnea Index (MD –0.01, 95% CI −2.64, 2.63; p > 0.05); lowest oxygen saturation (MD 0.68, 95% CI –4.50, 5.86; p > 0.05); or sleep oxygen saturation >90% (MD 0.10, 95% CI –1.14, 1.34; p > 0.05). In conclusion, a single dose of 30 or 40 mg morphine does not have a significant effect on sleep or respiratory outcomes compared to placebo in patients with OSA, challenging the orthodoxy that opioids worsen OSA.
Brain diseases and aspiration pneumonia in older person
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Iimura Ayako , Ogata Tsuyoshi , Terayama Keiichiro , Katsuragawa Shuichi , Nagao Takaaki , Suzuki Keiko , Izawa Kaori , Nakajima Kiwa , Haruki Shinichi , Okada Nobuyuki , Sawai Setsu , Tateno Fuyuki , Aiba Yosuke , Nemoto Masaaki
Published: November 2021

Objective

Age‐related brain symptoms (gait, speech and swallowing difficulties, and dementia) increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia (AP). It is not known which types of brain disease underlie AP most closely. Our neurogeriatric team addressed this issue herein.

Patients and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the cases of in‐patients diagnosed with AP at our multi‐faculty university hospital within a 12‐month recruiting period, with a 3.0 ± 2.5‐week follow‐up and ≥1×/week visits. We determined the patients' organic and neural disorders with neuroimaging to the extent possible.

Results

The AP patients (n = 136) were generally old (mean age 75 years, range 3‐98 years) and male‐dominant (81 males, 55 females). All patients showed gait and attention/cognitive problems at admission, suggestive of encephalopathy/delirium. They were treated in 11 hospital wards: neurology (N) or non‐N (ratio ~1:1.3). The ratio of organic disorders (esophageal carcinoma, etc) vs neural disorders was ~1:30. Most of the neural disorders were age‐related brain diseases, eg, a combination of white matter disease (WMD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), followed by dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In total, they were WMD in 111, AD in 102, DLB in 20.

Conclusion

A combination of premorbid age‐related brain diseases (a combination of WMD and AD, DLB, etc) with encephalopathy/delirium (and intrinsic brain diseases) might lead to AP.
Earliest record of transfer cells in Lower Devonian plants
Authors: Edwards Dianne , Morris Jennifer L. , Axe Lindsey , Taylor Wilson A. , Duckett Jeffrey G. , Kenrick Paul , Pressel Silvia
Published: November 2021

Key sources of information on the nature of early terrestrial ecosystems are the fossilized remains of plants and associated organic encrustations, which are interpreted as either biofilms, biological soil crusts or lichens. The hypothesis that some of these encrustations might be the remains of the thalloid gametophytes of embryophytes provided the stimulus for this investigation.

Fossils preserved in charcoal were extracted from Devonian Period (Lochkovian Stage, c. 410–419 Myr old) sediments at a geological site in Shropshire (UK). Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the fossils were compared with new and published SEMs of extant bryophytes and tracheophytes, respectively. One specimen was further prepared and imaged by transmission electron microscopy.

Fossils of thalloid morphology were composed almost entirely of cells with labyrinthine ingrowths; these also were present in fossils of axial morphology where they were associated with putative food‐conducting cells. Comparison with modern embryophytes demonstrates that these distinctive cells are transfer cells (TCs).

Our fossils provide by far the earliest geological evidence of TCs. They also show that some organic encrustations are the remains of thalloid land plants and that these are possibly part of the life cycle of a newly recognized group of plants called the eophytes.
METTL3/14 and IL‐17 signaling contribute to CEBPA‐DT enhanced oral cancer cisplatin resistance
Authors: Qiao Xue , Zhu Li , Song Rongbo , Shang Chao , Guo Yan
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common head and neck cancer. Chemotherapy has been recognized as an optional combination treatment, which enhance the overall survival of OSCC patients. However, the majority of patients would suffer therapeutic resistance, which led to the treatment failure and poor prognosis.

Materials and methods

To explore the mechanism of chemoresistance in OSCC, we first constructed two chemoresistant cell lines using Cal27 and HSC4. Then MeRIP sequencing together with bioinformatics analysis and a series of in vitro experiments were used to assess the possible regulation manner of RNA methylation on OSCC chemoresistance. Finally, xenograft models were constructed to confirm the relationship among OSCC chemoresistance.

Results

METTL3/METTL14 upregulation could enhance OSCC chemoresistance. CEBPA‐DT overexpression could regulate METTL3/METTL14 expression and further activate downstream BHLHB9. CEBPA‐DT overexpression could inhibit the activity of IL‐17 signaling, resulting in the homeostasis breakdown of immune infiltration and cytokine release. CEBPA‐DT overexpression could significantly enhance chemoresistance through METTL3/METTL14/BHLHB9 in vivo, which accelerated the tumor growth.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that CEBPA‐DT might regulate OSCC chemoresistance through BHLHB9 gene manipulated by METTL3/METTL14 as well as through IL‐17 signaling inhibition, which may contribute to the assessment of potential therapeutic targets in OSCC chemoresistance.
Mapping and breeding application of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens)‐resistance genes derived from a durable resistant PTB33 rice variety (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Cheng Ling , Zhu Ya , Li Jingying , Jiang Zhe , Shu Wan , Qiu Yongfu
Published: November 2021

The brown planthopper (BPH) is a substantial threat to rice production in Asian countries. The variety PTB33 exhibits a high and durable resistance to BPH. Here, three resistance genes from chromosomes 3, 4 and 6 were detected, with LOD scores of 6.2, 5.0 and 4.3, respectively. The gene from chromosome 4 flanked by markers RM5757 and RM6997 was allelic to Bph6. They shared an 89% amino acid similarity. Another gene detected on chromosome 6 was linked with RM598 and was the reported gene Bph3. The gene from chromosome 3, harbouring markers RM5626 and RM6283, was a novel resistance gene. Moreover, by crossing different rice lines with PTB33, 27 backcrossing lines were developed that contained a genetic background of restorers, maintainers, sterile lines and cultivated varieties. These lines displayed resistance to BPH and had a survival rate >50%. Among these, seven lines were highly resistant to BPH and showed agronomic merit traits. Thus, the detected genes and developed BPH resistant lines can significantly contribute to breeding programmes for BPH resistance.
Semifield root phenotyping: Root traits for deep nitrate uptake
Authors: Wacker Tomke S. , Popovic Olga , Olsen Niels A. F. , Markussen Bo , Smith Abraham G. , Svane Simon F. , Thorup‐Kristensen Kristian
Published: November 2021

Deep rooting winter wheat genotypes can reduce nitrate leaching losses and increase N uptake. We aimed to investigate which deep root traits are correlated to deep N uptake and to estimate genetic variation in root traits and deep 15N tracer uptake. In 2 years, winter wheat genotypes were grown in RadiMax, a semifield root‐screening facility. Minirhizotron root imaging was performed three times during the main growing season. At anthesis, 15N was injected via subsurface drip irrigation at 1.8 m depth. Mature ears from above the injection area were analysed for 15N content. From minirhizotron image‐based root length data, 82 traits were constructed, describing root depth, density, distribution and growth aspects. Their ability to predict 15N uptake was analysed with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Root traits predicted 24% and 14% of tracer uptake variation in 2 years. Both root traits and genotype showed significant effects on tracer uptake. In 2018, genotype and the three LASSO‐selected root traits predicted 41% of the variation in tracer uptake, in 2019 genotype and one root trait predicted 48%. In both years, one root trait significantly mediated the genotype effect on tracer uptake. Deep root traits from minirhizotron images can predict deep N uptake, indicating the potential to breed deep‐N‐uptake‐genotypes.
Eating Wild: Hosting the Food Heritage of Palestine
Authors: Meneley Anne
Published: November 2021

This article examines the strategic use of an event of hospitality celebrating the Wild Foods of Palestine as part of a form of fertile activism. Artist Mirna Bamieh presented the dinner as a “live art” event where the positive power of food and Palestinian culinary distinction was highlighted more than victimhood. In a moment of pleasurable pedagogy, the guests learned about the preservation of knowledge about foraging precious wild plants and their preparation. They enjoyed traditional and innovative spins on Palestinian cuisine, absorbing the wild tastes of the land. By eliciting embodied responses, a moment of pleasurable convivial pedagogy was produced to inspire the guests to engage with activism against ongoing dispossession under Israeli settler colonialism. The wild plants themselves and the knowledge of how to process them were envisioned as a type of cultural heritage to be preserved as an archive for potential transformation. The event raised important possibilities for the futures of this particular kind of Palestinian activism: edible, fertile, aesthetic. [wild plants, foraging, cuisine, hospitality, settler colonialism, Palestine/Israel]
Consequences of a politicized public service system: Perspectives of politicians, public servants, and political experts
Authors: Peters B. Guy , Danaeefard Hassan , Ahmadzahi Torshab Abdolali , Mostafazadeh Masoumeh , Hashemi Mortaza
Published: November 2021

Politicization has different consequences for public administration and public services in different countries. This study seeks to identify the consequences of politicization in the Iranian public service. After reviewing the theoretical foundations of politicization, the authors reflect on different researchers’ and political experts’ views about the consequences of politicization. In the first phase of the study, qualitative data were gathered and categorized into structural, content–behavioral, and environmental dimensions, and Rouban’s framework was used to organize themes. In the second phase, statistical analyses were performed to corroborate the results of the first phase. Results indicated that the consequences of two types of politicization were perceived to be negative ones, and there was one type of politicization in which the consequences were assumed to be more constructive than destructive. Implications and recommendations for future studies are advanced.

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Abulof, Uriel. 2013. “Nuclear Diversion Theory and Legitimacy Crisis: The Case of Iran.” Politics & Policy 41(5): 690–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12035.

Ariely, Gal. 2011. “Why People (Dis)Like the Public Service: Citizen Perception of the Public Service and the NPM Doctrine.” Politics & Policy 39(6): 997–1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00329.x.

Solar, Carlos. 2020. “Introducing Change in Public Service Organizations under Austerity: The Complex Case of the Governance of Defence in the United Kingdom.” Politics & Policy 48(4): 700–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12368.
Dynamic Substitution for Selling Multiple Products under Supply and Demand Uncertainties
Authors: Feng Qi , Li Chengzhang , Lu Mengshi , Shanthikumar Jeyaveerasingam George
Published: November 2021

Substitution is a commonly adopted strategy for matching the demand mix by appropriately allocating the supplies. The recent development of information technology has allowed firms to easily swap products to meet consumers’ preferences. When formulating substitution policies, firms have to take into account the supply and demand conditions, as well as the cost and benefit of substitution. We formulate a dynamic model, in which the firm replenishes the product inventories from uncertain sources and dynamically allocates the available products to meet the uncertain demands with the flexibility of substitution. To address the analytical challenge associated with multi‐product management, we develop a heuristic algorithm that leverages the value of substitution, while allowing separability of future profit among the products. This heuristic algorithm iteratively solves a transportation problem in a network with the reverse Monge property. The application of the reverse Monge property allows us to deal with general substitution structures, which generalizes the commonly studied downward substitution models. Given the product inventories, the derived allocation policy is asymptotically optimal when the firm can frequently remix the products to fulfill the received demands. Through an extensive numerical analysis, we demonstrate that the heuristic policy yields good performance measured by the percentage profit gap from an upper bound problem. We also show that substitution can generate significant benefits when the supply capacities are moderate, the supply and demand uncertainties are high, or the replenishment cycle is short.
Counter‐Clinical Spaces1
Authors: Underman Kelly , Sweet Paige L.
Published: November 2021

Intermediary spaces between health social movements and biomedicine have proliferated since the 1970s and have typically been analyzed through the lenses of co‐optation or hybridization. In this article, we present data from two separate empirical projects (teaching and learning the pelvic exam in medical schools and feminist anti‐violence counseling programs) in order to theorize what we call “counter‐clinical spaces.” Counter‐clinical spaces are medicalized sites of knowledge production and practice that are produced through social movements’ contestations with biomedicine. Other examples include sexual assault nurse examiner programs, LGBT health centers, and sexual health clinics. Counter‐clinical spaces are “counter” and “clinical” in several ways. First, these spaces are distinctly clinical in that they intervene in the health of the body. Second, these spaces are counter‐clinical in that they are organized in critique of dominant medical practices. Crucially, counter‐clinical spaces engage the clinical encounter as a site of transformation: social movement actors target clinicians’ deployment of medical power, especially in their interactions with marginalized persons. We thus attend to the scale upon which social movements make a change in and against medicine, and we highlight how social movement logics can and do change practices even when they are unable to shift structures.
Early maternal autonomy support as a predictor of child internalizing and externalizing behavior trajectories across early childhood
Authors: Sirois Marie‐Soleil , Bernier Annie , Gagné Célia‐Matte , Mageau Geneviève A.
Published: November 2021

This study investigated the contribution of early maternal autonomy support in the prediction of developmental patterns of change in child internalizing and externalizing behavior problems from 2 to 7 years of age. The participants were 130 mother‐child dyads drawn from a community sample. Data were collected at four‐time points. Maternal sensitivity and autonomy support were assessed observationally at 12 and 15 months, respectively, child temperament was reported by both parents at 2 years, and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors were reported by both parents at 2, 4, and 7 years. The results indicated that, over and above child temperament and maternal sensitivity, mothers who supported their child's autonomy to a greater degree had children whose trajectories of internalizing behavior increased less and trajectories of externalizing behavior decreased more. These findings suggest that maternal autonomy support may be an important target for prompt intervention to promote healthier child behavioral and emotional adjustment trajectories.
Love, beauty and women who surf: Tourism, transnational relationships and social mobility on Siargao Island, Philippines
Authors: Hansen Karen A.
Published: November 2021

On Siargao Island, as elsewhere in the Philippines, women who enter into intimate relationships with Western men can attain economic capital, global opportunities and social mobility through their partners. On Siargao Island, local women who surf differentiate themselves from imaginings of ‘other’ Filipinas by emphasising their relationships with Western men as being ‘for love’ not money. Nevertheless, the economic benefits that can accrue to local women in transnational relationships is observable. However, through identification with surf culture, women who surf possess a global social capital and transnational networks that extend beyond their Western partners, and which alter the dynamics of these relationships in the women's favour. Further, local women's social mobility and adherence to the ‘surfer girl’ identity creates a space in which they are implicitly challenging colonial and class‐based beauty ideals in the Philippines that privilege fair or light skin over darker skin.
Bioinformatic reanalysis of public proteomics data reveals that nuclear proteins are recurrent in cancer secretomes
Authors: De Morais Juliana A. , Zelanis André
Published: November 2021

Proteins secreted by tumoral cells (cancer secretomes) have been continuously associated with cancer development and progression processes. In this context, secreted proteins contribute to the signaling mechanisms related to tumor growth and spreading and studies on tumor secretomes provide valuable clues on putative tumor biomarkers. Although the in vitro identification of intracellular proteins in cancer secretome studies has usually been associated with contamination derived from cell lysis or fetal bovine serum, accumulated evidence reports on intracellular proteins with moonlighting functions in the extracellular environment. In this study, we performed a systematic reanalysis of public proteomics data regarding different cancer secretomes, aiming to identify intracellular proteins potentially secreted by tumor cells via unconventional secretion pathways. We found a similar repertoire of unconventionally secreted proteins, including the recurrent identification of nuclear proteins secreted by different cancer cells. In addition, in some cancer types, immunohistochemical data were in line with proteomics identifications and suggested that nuclear proteins might relocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Both the presence of nuclear proteins and the likely unconventional secretion of such proteins may comprise biological signatures of malignant transformation in distinct cancer types and may be targeted for further analysis aiming at the prognostic/therapeutic value of such features.
Ultrafast optics with a mode-locked erbium fiber laser in the undergraduate laboratory
Authors: Upcraft Daniel , Schaffer Andrew , Fredrick Connor , Mohr Daniel , Parks Nathan , Thomas Andrew , Sievert Ella , Riedemann Austin , Hoyt Chad W. , Jones R. Jason
Published: November 2021

We describe an ultrafast optics laboratory comprising a mode-locked erbium fiber laser, autocorrelation measurements, and a free-space parallel grating dispersion compensation apparatus. The gain spectrum of Er fiber provides a broad bandwidth capable of supporting sub-100 fs pulses centered near a wavelength of 1550 nm. The fiber laser design used here produces a train of pulses at a repetition rate of 55 MHz with pulse duration as short as 108 fs. The pulse duration is measured with a homebuilt autocorrelator using a simple Michelson interferometer that takes advantage of the two-photon nonlinear response of a common silicon photodiode. To compensate for temporal stretching of the short pulse due to group velocity dispersion in the fiber, an apparatus based on a pair of parallel gratings is used for pulse compression. A detailed part that lists in the supplementary material includes previously owned and common parts used by the telecommunications industry, which helps decrease costs of the laboratory. This provides a cost-effective way to introduce the principles of ultrafast optics to undergraduate laboratories.