bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Bamboo Biochar Amendment on Growth, Morphological Traits, and Biomass Allocation of Bambusa balcooa under Copper-Contaminated Soil Conditions
Authors: Lathwal Mamta , Rani Mamta , Vikas  , Singh Anand Narayan , Chongtham Nirmala
Published: August 2023

The accumulation of heavy metals in water streams and soil is considered a grave environmental threat that impacts plants and animals. Biochar has recently been widely used to overcome the effects of heavy metal contamination in plants and remediate the soil. A pot-trial study assessed the morphological traits of Bambusa balcooa under copper contamination. Each pot (twenty-four earthen pots) was filled with 7.0 kg of soil and spiked with copper sulfate of 0, 300, 600, and 1200 mg kg-1. Of the total, twelve pots were amended with 7% (w/w of soil) bamboo biochar. Plant samples were harvested after one year (365 days) of treatment for biomass estimation. Data was recorded for different growth and morphological traits such as the number of clums, nodes, leaves, internode length, plant height, leaf area, root length, and dry biomass of root, shoot, and leaf to evaluate the impact of copper with or without bamboo biochar on Bambusa balcooa. The results indicated that the higher concentration of copper suppressed growth parameters such as shoot length, internode length, number of leaves, and leaf area; therefore, growth increment was significantly reduced at ) mg Kg‑1 copper-added soil. Biochar diminishes the impact of Cu stress on plants to some extent as at higher concentrations (600 and 1200 mg kg-1) was enhanced root dry biomass (51 and 148%), shoot dry biomass (42 and 57%), and leaf dry biomass (38 and 48%). Thus, results confirm that biochar amendment under Bambusa balcooa reduces the impact of copper contamination on the plant and increases plant growth by improving soil health, suggesting that bamboo biochar application was effective in metal stabilization, thereby, reducing the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of Cu and can help to restore copper-contaminated soil.
Natural Products as Cytotoxic Agents
Authors: Pullman Mallory , León Francisco , Cutler Stephen J.
Published: August 2023

Nature has proved to be a wellspring of important antineoplastic agents. In recent years, there has been a resurgence in the study of natural products with an emphasis on the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. New technologies and approaches such as high‐throughput screening, parallel synthesis, and other programs has facilitated this increased interest in natural products research. The scientific literature indicates that natural sources not previously considered as bioactive have in fact, become potential valuable treasure troves of novel chemical structures. For example, marine products from diverse sources such as thermal vents, sponges, terrestrial thermal vents, glacial cryogenic organisms, and xerophytic and endophytic organisms now give rise to a vast assortment of microorganisms. Additionally, the study of the biosynthetic machineries and biochemical process in microorganism has enhanced the research of cryptic natural products, fueling the search for natural products in the treatment of cancer. It comes as no surprise that nature biosynthesizes chemical compounds that chemists have not considered even in their imaginations. Although this article provides a few of these examples, it is certain that more will be present in the literature as the intellectual property in these discoveries are protected.
Prospective clinical sequencing of 1016 Chinese prostate cancer patients: uncovering genomic characterization and race disparity
Authors: Wei Yu , Zhang Tingwei , Wang Beihe , Pan Jian , Jin Shengming , Fang Bangwei , Gu Weijie , Qin Xiaojian , Dai Bo , Lin Guowen , Gan Hualei , Wu Junlong , Ye Dingwei , Zhu Yao
Published: August 2023

Although there is a well‐known disparity in prostate cancer (PC) incidence and mortality between Chinese and Western patients, the underlying genomic differences have been investigated only sparsely. This clinicogenomic study was conducted to reveal the genomic mutations contributing to the PC disparity across ethnicities and investigate the mutational profile of Chinese PC patients. A total of 1016 Chinese PC patients were prospectively enrolled and subjected to targeted sequencing, resulting in usable sequencing data for 41 genes from 859 patients. Genomic data retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; locoregional PC), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC; metastatic castration‐sensitive PC (mCSPC)], and Stand Up To Cancer [SU2C; metastatic castration‐resistant PC (mCRPC)] cohorts were used as comparators representing Western men. Genomic mutations were analyzed using an integrated bioinformatic strategy. A comparison of the disease stages revealed that mutations in tumor protein 53 (TP53), androgen receptor (AR), forkhead box A1 (FOXA1), and genes involved in the cell cycle pathway were enriched in mCRPC. Mutations in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene were found to be more prevalent in patients with visceral metastasis. Genomic differences between Western and Chinese men were mainly observed in castration‐sensitive PC, with tumors from Chinese men having moreFOXA1(11.4% vs. 4.2%) but fewerTP53(4.8% vs. 13%) mutations in locoregional PC and harboring fewerTP53(11% vs. 29.2%), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN; 2.5% vs. 10.3%), andAPC(1.7% vs. 7.4%) mutations in the mCSPC stage than those of Western men. Patients of both ethnicities with mCRPC had similar mutational spectra. Furthermore,FOXA1class‐2 was less common thanFOXA1class‐1 and showed no enrichment in metastasis, contrary to the findings in the Western cohort. Our study provides a valuable resource for a better understanding of PC in China and reveals the genomic alterations associated with PC disparity across races.
Prognostic significance of the rhoGTPase RHOVand its role in tumor immune cell infiltration: a comprehensive pan‐cancer analysis
Authors: Qin Qin , Peng Bing
Published: August 2023

Ras homolog gene family member V (RHOV) is an atypical Rho GTPase that participates in various important cellular processes. AlthoughRHOVhas been identified to play an oncogenic role in lung cancer and triple‐negative breast cancer, its role in other types of tumors remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression ofRHOVin pan‐cancer analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene‐Tissue Expression datasets.RHOVmRNA levels were dysregulated in several types of tumors.RHOVexpression was identified as an independent prognostic factor in 7 of 33 types of tumors; however, the relationship varied according to tumor type. HigherRHOVexpression was associated with a favorable prognosis in kidney renal cell carcinoma and prostate adenocarcinoma, for whichRHOVexpression was downregulated, whereasRHOVexpression was associated with a poor prognosis for patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, and uveal melanoma with upregulatedRHOVexpression. Furthermore,RHOVexpression was associated with various clinicopathological parameters in these tumors.RHOVexpression showed varied associations with different types of tumor‐infiltrating immune cells and demonstrated a potential impact on the response to immunotherapy depending on the cancer type. Additionally, functional enrichment analysis ofRHOV‐related genes demonstrated a role in a wide range of developmental and immune‐related processes. This study provides valuable insights into the role of RHOV in pan‐cancer development, indicating its role as a tumor suppressor or oncogene according to the cancer type and tumor microenvironment.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Hou Xiandeng , Amais Renata S. , Jones Bradley T. , Donati George L.
Published: August 2023

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) is a powerful tool for the determination of many elements in a variety of different sample matrices. With this method, liquid samples are injected into a radiofrequency (RF)‐induced argon plasma using one of a variety of nebulizers or sample introduction techniques. The sample mist reaching the plasma is quickly dried, vaporized, and energized through collisional excitation at high temperature. The atomic emission emanating from the plasma is viewed in either a radial or axial configuration, collected with a lens or mirror, and imaged onto the entrance slit of a wavelength selection device. Single‐element measurements can be performed cost‐effectively with a simple monochromator–photomultiplier tube (PMT) combination, and simultaneous multielement determinations are performed for up to 70 elements with the combination of a polychromator and an array detector. The analytical performance of such systems is competitive with most other inorganic analysis techniques, especially with regard to sample throughput and sensitivity.
Microfluidics for the Analysis of the Adhesion and Migration of Mammalian Cells
Authors: Zheng Wenfu , Jiang Xingyu
Published: August 2023

Adhesion and migration are the basic functions for most types of mammalian cells. Cells sense and respond to their surrounding microenvironments and change their functions. The rapid growth of microfluidic technologies has provided new methods to analyze cells by manipulating cell microenvironments. This article describes recent developments of microfluidics in cell analysis. Chemical and physical properties of surfaces and their biological effects on cell adhesion and migration, control of cell adhesion and migration by microfluidics, and the construction of organ models and tissue engineering on microfluidic chips are discussed.
Chemometrics of Ultrafast Time‐Resolved Spectroscopy Data
Authors: Ruckebusch Cyril , Olivier Devos , Aloise Stéphane , Sliwa Michel
Published: August 2023

In this day and age, optical spectral data can be acquired with a time resolution in the picosecond–femtosecond time domain using pump‐probe experimental set‐ups. For time‐resolved spectroscopy, as in other fields among analytical chemistry, data analysis plays an integral part of the measurement. Chemometrics has been neglected in time‐resolved spectroscopy for a number of reasons. Methods based on parametric models, such as global data analysis based on a weighted sum of exponential decays, which is hypothesized even before data are acquired, have been preferred.

The situation has changed in the past few years witnessing the application of ultrafast spectroscopic techniques to investigate the spectro‐dynamic properties of complex photochemical or photobiological systems. Unraveling these processes can only be achieved considering data‐driven and exploratory approaches dedicated to extracting relevant aspects from the measurement of empirical phenomena. In this article, we intend to focus on a chemometric approach to the analysis of time‐resolved spectroscopy data. We aim to provide readers who are not specialized in the topics with the critical information required to understand and perform the basic steps.

A chemometric analysis might involve different steps. Each step provides new information about the data and increases knowledge of the investigated system. Interpretation of the results should help answering the ‘chemical’ issue investigated. Data preprocessing of some kind is usually the first action taken followed by exploratory data investigation, which may involve data representation. The next step is soft‐modeling, which provides data description derived from a structural model of the data. This structure corresponds to a general and chemically informed idea about the data, such as Beer‐Lambert law for absorption spectroscopy. From the information provided by soft‐modeling, the analyst can start answering questions about the unknown process. These questions might concern the number of chemical species involved, the characteristic spectral features of the intermediates, and the reaction mechanism leading to the product. This may lead to the postulation of a reasonable kinetic model which validity can be checked.
Defining Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Anasti James N. , Brettell Thomas A.
Published: August 2023

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is a mixed modal form of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) exhibiting a polar stationary phase similar to normal‐phase liquid chromatography (NPLC), a mobile phase with similar components to reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), and retention of highly polar and charged analytes similar to ion‐exchange systems. HILIC employs a mostly organic mobile phase with a small amount of aqueous buffer. The aqueous buffer forms a stagnant water‐rich layer on the more polar stationary phase allowing for specific retention of charged and/or highly polar analytes that are usually poorly retained in reversed‐phase formats. HILIC contains many parameters that can be developed to provide specific retention. Other advantages of HILIC include decreased back pressure and increased ionization when coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer owing to high organic mobile phases. This article aims to define HILIC as a delineated form of HPLC and a viable option for orthogonal retention to reversed‐phase mechanisms. Stationary phases are introduced, mobile‐phase components examined, and method development explained.
Applications of Portable Near‐infrared Spectrometers
Authors: Teixeira dos Santos Cláudia A. , Páscoa Ricardo N. , Lopo Miguel , Lopes João A.
Published: August 2023

The near‐infrared (NIR) region covers the transition from the visible spectral range to the mid‐infrared (IR) region, spanning the wavelength range 750–2500 nm (13 300 to 4000 cm−1). Light in the NIR region was discovered in 1800 by Herschel. However, the earliest applications of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were only reported in the 1950s. The use of portable NIR spectrometers is relatively recent (1990s) owing to obvious technological constraints, but since its onset, the applications were immediately expanded to a vast array of fields. The staggering development of hardware and components of these past decades, combined with a miniaturizing trend of highly performant constituents and accessories, has enabled the development of state‐of‐the‐art portable NIR equipment. Among the different components of portable NIR instruments, wavelength selectors and detectors are the most important in the instrument performance and key factors when selecting the appropriate instrument for a specific purpose. This technology is now used in monitoring processes and quality control studies, among others, at the forefront of such innovative fields and industries such as agriculture and food products, art conservation and cultural heritage studies, pharmaceutical industry, and clinical applications to name just a few.
Handheld Laser‐induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Instruments and Their Applications
Authors: Myers Richard E.
Published: August 2023

LIBS (laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy) was first attempted soon after the discovery of lasers in the 1960s. Recently, developments in miniaturization of laser pump sources, gain media, spectrometers, and microprocessors have opened the door to the development of handheld analytical tools utilizing LIBS. There remain, however, many technical challenges in the fields of power and thermal management, spectral processing, and packaging that had to be overcome to deliver a practical and usable instrument.
Decellularization Techniques for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Chen Guoping , Kawazoe Naoki , Lu Hongxu
Published: August 2023

Extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds have been broadly used in tissue engineering because of their versatile bioactive nature. The ECM can be derived from various tissues, organs, and cultured cells. A variety of decellularization methods have been developed to maximize the decellularization effect while minimize the effect on ECM. They include chemical, biological, and physical methods and their combinations. The properties and applications of ECM are dependent on decellularization methods. This article summarizes the decellularization methods for preparation of acellular ECM scaffolds.
Size‐exclusion Chromatography Gradients
Authors: Radke Wolfgang
Published: August 2023

Gradient chromatography is an established technique for the separation of polymers according to chemical composition. Gradient separation involves injection of the dissolved polymer sample into a chromatographic column at conditions such that the sample is either adsorbed or precipitated at the column head. Afterward, the sample components are successively desorbed or redissolved and eluted from the column by changing the eluent composition in a programmed manner. However, polymers are usually soluble only in a low number of solvents. Therefore, the solvent applied for dissolving the material often prevents adsorption to the stationary phase. This results in nonretained sample components eluting with the actual injected solvent in the so‐called breakthrough peaks. Breakthrough peaks might occur as well in gradient separations based on solubility differences, when the sample solvent is strong enough to prevent the desired precipitation on the column head. These breakthrough peaks hamper method development and quantitation of the different components. Size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) gradients provide an alternative way of performing gradient separations of high molar mass samples without the risk of breakthrough peaks. In contrast to conventional gradients in SEC gradients, the sample is dissolved in a solvent that acts as strong eluent for the sample components, allowing in principle using the commonly applied SEC solvents as starting points. This article explains the principles of SEC gradients and provides examples, showing the potential and limitations of this rather new approach.
Electron Microscopic Study of the Human Tooth Enamel: The Central Dark Line
Authors: Reyes‐Gasga José , Brès Etienne F.
Published: August 2023

Human tooth enamel (HTE) has a composite type structure made of inorganic material in an organic matrix. The inorganic component is mainly composed of hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals of nanometer size. In this article, we describe the electron microscopic study of the structure and chemical composition of the HTE, emphasizing the analysis and characterization of the defect named ‘central dark line’ (CDL), always present in the center of the tooth enamel crystals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is, until now, the only technique that allows the direct observation of the CDL and gets information on its structure and chemical composition. Therefore, TEM is commented in some detail. The structure and chemical composition of the CDL is not complete yet. The human teeth used in this work were obtained from the extractions performed for orthodontic or periodontal reasons.
Microextraction Techniques Based on the Combination of Agitation and Extraction in the Same Device
Authors: Roldán‐Pijuán M. , Lucena R. , Cárdenas S.
Published: August 2023

The efficiency of a given microextraction technique relies on both thermodynamic and kinetics factors. The first one defines the maximum amount of analyte that can be extracted, whereas the latter describes the rate at which the extraction equilibrium is reached. The stirring of the sample during extraction is a well‐known kinetic variable that positively affects the diffusion of the analytes between the donor and acceptor phases. Although stirring/agitation is a critical and optimizing variable in most of the microextraction techniques, only a few of them integrate stirring within the extraction device. The so‐called stirring/extraction integrated microextraction techniques present a high potential, and they have been the focus of a deep research in the past decade. This article is focused on the description of the main research milestones in this development, giving a wide overview of the potential and applicability of these microextraction techniques.
Quality Control in Foods, State of the Art and Prospects
Authors: Masiá Reyes Ana , Picó García Yolanda
Published: August 2023

Quality control (QC) of food includes control of authenticity, origin, properties or attributes, composition, and safety involving all steps of the global supply chain – from the raw material up to the final product sold on the supermarket shelf. Despite the great concern regarding their quality, these products are currently monitored and certified by means of paper documentation, some targeted analysis, and sensory properties. This article encompasses a revision on the instrumental analytical techniques, methods, and systems used in food QC together with their main applications and a brief historical perspective on food analysis, together with a deep revision on the current state of art of modern analytical instruments, methodologies, and applications in the QC of food in order to establish Quo Vadis QC of foods. This article also discusses the present and future challenges in QC of food, the need for faster techniques, the prospect of advanced imaging techniques, and the application of ‘omic’ in food QC (including metabolomics, proteomics, etc.)
Other Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
Authors: Kinghorn George R. , Briggs Aparna , Gupta Nadi K.
Published: August 2023

Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases other than syphilis remain a common cause of significant morbidity and occasional mortality worldwide. This chapter describes and illustrates the features of gonorrhoea, genitalChlamydiainfection, lymphogranuloma venereum, chancroid and granuloma inguinale. These infections represent continuing challenges as they continue to evolve to adapt to changing patterns of sexual behaviour and treatment.
HIVand the Skin
Authors: Bunker Christopher B. , Piguet Vincent
Published: August 2023

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been recognized, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) identified as the causative agent, for over 30 years. HIV infection is a significant health problem globally. Earlier diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) prevents death, serious sequelae and onward transmission. Mucocutaneous involvement may allow diagnosis at seroconversion or later in the course of the disease and dermatologists should have a very low threshold for considering the diagnosis and offering HIV testing routinely in many common presenting clinical scenarios. Combined ART has revolutionized treatment, and long‐term survival is the norm. However, there are significant dermatological consequences of HIV treatment including drug reactions/complications and immune reconstitution‐associated disease. Primary skin malignancies are the most frequent non‐AIDS‐defining cancers and oral, anal and genital (e.g. penile) cancers are significantly increased in the HIV‐treated population.
A
damantiades–
B
ehçet Disease
Authors: Zouboulis Christos C.
Published: August 2023

Adamantiades–Behçet disease is a multisystem inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology, classified as a systemic vasculitis and as a neutrophilic dermatosis involving all types and sizes of blood vessels. It is characterized clinically by recurrent courses of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, skin lesions (papulopustules, erythema nodosum) and iridocyclitis/posterior uveitis. It is occasionally accompanied by arthritis and vascular, neurological, gastrointestinal or other manifestations. It is a rare disease with worldwide distribution but strongly varying prevalence; certain ethnic groups are mainly affected. It exhibits a genetically determined background with environmental triggering factor(s) probably involved. Diagnosis is defined by new clinical criteria. It presents a chronic, relapsing, progressive course and potentially poor prognosis (especially in males with systemic presenting signs).
Neutrophilic Dermatoses
Authors: Ormerod Anthony D. , Hampton Philip J.
Published: August 2023

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, non‐infectious, neutrophilic dermatosis commonly associated with underlying systemic disease. Diagnosis is based on typical clinical features and the exclusion of other cutaneous ulcerating diseases. It is most often encountered as the classic type but several variants also need to be distinguished. Its course may be protracted and recurrent with significant morbidity and mortality. Milder cases can respond to simple topical measures but frequently, potent immunosuppressive therapies, combined therapies or biologicals including antitumour necrosis factor treatment are required to achieve healing.
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Goodfield Mark , Wahie Shyamal
Published: August 2023

The antiphospholipid syndrome is a well‐described clinical scenario characterized by the occurrence of thrombotic disease affecting all parts of the vascular system, with symptoms that vary with the area involved. It is caused by the presence of functional antiphospholipid antibodies targeting elements of the coagulation system. It may occur alone, or in combination with connective tissue diseases. Therapy following diagnosis in symptomatic individuals consists of anticoagulation.
Systemic Sclerosis (Systemic Scleroderma)
Authors: Orteu Catherine H. , Denton Christopher P.
Published: August 2023

Systemic sclerosis is a multisystem autoimmune disease that causes fibrosis in the skin and internal organs with associated vascular and inflammatory manifestations including Raynaud phenomenon. It has high mortality due to cardiac, pulmonary and renal complications and substantial morbidity from pruritus, pain, digital ulceration, calcinosis, telangiectases and gastrointestinal tract and musculoskeletal involvement. Different subsets of the disease are recognized based on the extent of skin involvement, the presence of hallmark autoantibody reactivities, and more recently on gene expression signatures in the skin. Up to 20% of systemic sclerosis cases have features of overlap with another autoimmune rheumatic disease. Limited and diffuse subsets carry different risks of organ‐based complications. Early and systematic screening to identify the burden of disease and individualize risk is a cornerstone of modern management, which has led to the earlier institution of therapy and significant improvements in outcome over the past two decades.
Genetic Disorders of Pigmentation
Authors: Taïeb Alain , Morice‐Picard Fanny , Ezzedine Khaled
Published: August 2023

Normal skin pigmentation is dependent upon efficient melanin synthesis and melanosome maturation within melanocytes, melanosome transfer to neighbouring keratinocytes and melanosome degradation concomitant with keratinocyte terminal differentiation. Several hundred genes are known to modulate the pigmentation type or pattern in skin, hairs/coat and eyes in mammals, during or after development, by acting directly or indirectly on the pigment cell lineage. Among these, only a few have been found to underlie recognizable inherited pigmentation disorders. In this chapter, we review the clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of the main inherited disorders of hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation, including the dyschromatoses.
Disorders Affecting Cutaneous Vasculature
Authors: Dompmartin Anne , Revencu Nicole , Boon Laurence M. , Vikkula Miikka
Published: August 2023

Skin is rich in blood and lymphatic vessels. These can undergo abnormal development generating localized lesions, which are called vascular anomalies. On the basis of clinical and biological criteria, they are divided into vascular tumours and vascular malformations. This classification has been adopted by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies and used to cover all reported entities. The identification of disease‐causing genes associated with precise clinical delineation of the phenotypes has become the foundation for better management of these diseases. It has been established that the rare familial forms follow a paradominant inheritance with a combination of a germinal mutation and a local somatic second‐hit, whereas somatic/mosaic genetic defects cause the more common sporadic vascular malformations. Links between phenotypes and genotypes have been unravelled for several vascular malformations.
Syndromes with Premature Ageing
Authors: Irvine Alan D. , Mellerio Jemima E.
Published: August 2023

Syndromes associated with premature ageing comprise a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. Werner syndrome and Bloom syndrome both arise due to DNA helicase gene mutations resulting in growth deficiency and a predisposition to malignancy, amongst other features. Another mechanism of premature ageing arises in the progeroid laminopathies whereby aberrant lamin A processing leads to the accumulation of progerin in the cell nucleus, variably causing severe growth retardation, accelerated ageing, skeletal abnormalities and early death from cardiovascular disease. The cutis laxa syndromes result from mutations in genes involved in the formation or modification of elastic fibres, giving rise clinically to lax skin in addition to gastrointestinal, genito‐urinary, vascular or pulmonary compromise. The association of premature ageing syndromes with significant and severe systemic features highlights the need for accurate clinical and molecular characterization of affected individuals.
Psychodermatology and Psychocutaneous Disease
Authors: Bewley Anthony , Taylor Ruth E.
Published: August 2023

Psychodermatology is an emerging branch of dermatology. Patients with pyschodermatological disease are very common. They largely fall into two categories: patients with primarily psychiatric disease who present to dermatology health care professionals (e.g. delusional infestation and body dysmorphic disorder) and patients with skin disease (e.g. psoriasis, atopic eczema, vitiligo and acne) for whom there are large psychosocial co‐morbidities (e.g. anxiety and/or depression and suicide). Management of patients with psychodermatological disease requires a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach, where possible in speicialist clinics. Such clinics are relatively rare, perceived to be expensive, but increasing globally. There is increasing evidence that management of patients with psychodermatological disease in MDT clinics is both cost effective and produces the best clinical outcome for patients. In this chapter a comprehensive list of psychodermatological disorders is covered; diagnosis, assessment and management of psychodermatological disease is discussed alongside (where possible) current theories about aetiology and psychoneurology. It is widely recognized that patients with psychodermatological disease present to dermatology health care professionals (HCPs) rather than psychiatric/psychology services. It is essential, then, that dermatology HCPs are familiar with the management of these common but complex patients, albeit with the support of a psychodermatology MDT.
Acquired Disorders of Epidermal Keratinization
Authors: Chu Anthony C. , Teixeira Fernanda
Published: August 2023

Acquired disorders of keratinization are a heterogeneous group of diseases, clinically characterized by dyskeratosis. This may involve a spectrum of presentations ranging from the soft velvety changes of acanthosis nigricans to the hard dry scaling of Flegel disease or the porokeratoses. The symptoms are often discrete, and while many of the diseases are poorly described, some show an association with other diseases, indicating the need for additional clinical investigations, e.g. the association between phrynoderma and malnutrition or porokeratosis and cancer. Because of the rarity of many of these disorders, treatment recommendations are frequently based purely on small observational studies: commonly advocated treatments include emollients, vitamin D derivatives or retinoids. The aetiopathogenesis of most of these disorders remains unexplored.
Rosacea
Authors: Powell Frank C.
Published: August 2023

The term rosacea covers a spectrum of changes of the facial skin including facial erythema and follicular inflammation with frequent accompanying ocular dysfunction. It is helpful to classify patients with rosacea into one of four subtypes (erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous and ocular rosacea), as the clinical course and the therapeutic options differ according to the subtype.
Cutaneous Complications of Stomas and Fistulae
Authors: Lyon Calum
Published: August 2023

An abdominal stoma (ostomy) is a surgically created opening from the gastrointestinal or urinary tract onto the skin in order to drain the effluent from that system. This typically involves a collection device worn on the skin, usually held in place by an adhesive material. In theory most dermatoses could affect peristomal skin. In practice, the majority fall into one or more of a few predictable groups: irritant reactions (including dermatoses exacerbated by trauma), allergic reactions, infections, common generalized inflammatory dermatoses (e.g. pemphigoid) and disorders associated with the reason for surgery (especially Crohn disease). Treatment strategies involve the avoidance of irritants or allergens where relevant. Topical therapies need to be chosen carefully to minimize greasiness that would interfere with appliance adhesion. For the same reason progression to systemic therapy may be considered earlier for more severe inflammatory dermatoses such as psoriasis or pemphigoid.
Burns and Heat Injury
Authors: Jeschke Marc G.
Published: August 2023

Outcomes of burn patients have significantly improved over the last two decades. A recent study inThe Lancetfound that a burn size of over 60% of total body surface area is associated with high risks in paediatric patients, which has increased from 40% total body surface area a decade ago. Similar data are observed in severely burned adults and elderly people. This chapter discusses standard of care, and recent and future developments in burn care to further improve outcomes in these patients.
Benign Keratinocytic Acanthomas and Proliferations
Authors: Madan Vishal , Lear John T.
Published: August 2023

Benign keratinocytic acanthomas and proliferations are commonly presenting dermatoses with varied but distinct clinical and histological presentations. Whilst many such as seborrhoeic keratoses are easily diagnosed clinically, histology is mandatory in pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia as clinical distinction from squamous cell carcinoma can be very difficult.
Lymphocytic Infiltrates
Authors: Child Fiona , Whittaker Sean J.
Published: August 2023

This chapter includes a collection of cutaneous lymphocytic infiltrates with differing and sometimes overlapping clinical, histopathological and immunophenotypic features. These are chronic in nature, composed predominately of B or T lymphocytes and can be difficult to differentiate from cutaneous lymphoma.
Melanoma
Authors: Grob Jean Jacques , Gaudy‐Marqueste Caroline , Cha Kelly B. , Johnson Timothy M. , Durham Alison B. , Dummer Reinhard , Goldinger Simone M.
Published: August 2023

Molecular studies, as well as epidemiological observation, support the concept of distinct molecular pathways to melanoma, suggesting that there are different melanoma subtypes with different biological aggressiveness, kinetics and prognosis. The incidence of melanoma is still rising worldwide, despite sun‐protection campaigns. Although sun exposure is considered as the main risk factor, genetics may play the significant role, not only in familial forms but also in apparently sporadic cases that may result from a chance combination of many low susceptibility genes. Mortality, at best, has plateaued despite earlier detection in the high‐risk population under dermatological surveillance. Indeed, most aggressive melanomas may develop in this population, suggesting that education to self‐detection should target the whole community. Melanoma detection remains a clinical challenge based on cognitive, comparative and dynamic recognition.

Pigmented lesions suspicious for melanoma on the basis of history or physical examination warrant appropriate biopsy and histopathological diagnosis. Most melanoma is clinically localized to the primary site and requires definitive treatment with wide local excision with an appropriate margin. As the most frequent site of first metastasis is the regional nodal basin, consideration should also be given to sentinel lymph node biopsy in the correct clinical context.

The treatment of advanced melanoma is in a very dynamic state of change. After years of standstill, melanoma has evolved into a paradigm for precision medicine based on substantial progress in molecular biology and tumour immunology. Both immunotherapy using anti‐checkpoint antibodies such as anti‐CTLA‐4 or anti‐PD‐1 antibodies and targeted therapy includingBRAFinhibitors and mitogen extracellular kinase inhibitors are able to improve the prognosis of melanoma patients. Treatment decisions in melanoma patients are based on the basic prognostic parameters such as tumour thickness, involvement of the regional lymph nodes, extent of internal organ involvement with special attention to brain metastases, growth dynamics and, in addition, on the molecular assessment of the tumour concerning mutations (in particularBRAFandNRASmutations) that facilitate the use of selective small kinase inhibitors. In order to support this rapid development, patients with advanced disease should be referred to tertiary skin cancer centres that can offer clinical trial participation.
The Skin and Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
Authors: Lovell Christopher R.
Published: August 2023

Rheumatological conditions such as tophaceous gout may present initially to the dermatologist; combined clinics with rheumatology are of great value. In addition to autoimmune connective diseases such as systemic lupus and dermatomyositis, several infections and inflammatory conditions present with both skin and joint involvement. Several antirheumatic therapies are associated with cutaneous adverse effects.
Implicit Bias
Authors: Holroyd Jules
Published: August 2023

Implicit biases are, roughly speaking, automatic cognitive tendencies to evaluate or stereotype. They are particularly problematic when they target social identities, and have been hypothesized to have a role in sustaining patterns of discrimination and inequality. Research on implicit biases raises a whole host of philosophical questions, such as: What are implicit biases? What wrongs or harms are implicit biases implicated in? Are people responsible, individually or collectively, for having implicit biases and acting on them? How relevant are implicit biases to an adequate understanding of injustice and to responses to it? What sort of responses should we take? This entry examines these questions and points to other areas of philosophy where implicit bias research is of import.
Parfit, Derek
Authors: Temkin Larry , Goodrich Jimmy
Published: August 2023

Derek Parfit (11 December 1942–1 January 2017) worked on a broad range of issues in normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics; he also wrote on metaphysical issues with implications for morality, in particular on personal identity, time, and cosmogony. His original ideas and ingenious arguments are destined to be discussed for generations.
Procreation Ethics
Authors: Conly Sarah
Published: August 2023

The central moral question in procreative ethics concerns the permissibility of procreation – whether it is always permissible, sometimes permissible, or never permissible. Most of the discussion in this area relates to the effects of procreation – whether it will be harmful either to the being who will be created or to society at large. Sometimes this is a function of the circumstances into which the child would be introduced. Some argue that a child should not be created when it will predictably have an unhappy life, or even if it is to suffer at all. Others focus on the social situation: it may be morally impermissible to have children when the world already has an unsustainable population. The possibility of new technologies for procreation has also provoked discussion: is it wrong to alter potential offspring through genetic engineering? What would the personal and social effects be? Would cloning for the purpose of creating a child be an unacceptable departure from traditional procreation, or should it be regarded as a useful innovation? The ethics of procreation is a developing and increasingly important topic.
Reasonable Person Standard
Authors: Gardner John
Published: August 2023

The reasonable person, once known as the reasonable man, is an imaginary character employed for the purposes of setting and communicating the law's requirements and expectations across a wide range of contexts, such as the definition of negligence, the interpretation of contracts, and the defense of provocation in homicide. This entry explores both the “person” and the “reasonable” parts of the “reasonable person” standard. The standard has been subjected to criticisms in respect of both parts and these criticisms are outlined.
Time Bias
Authors: Dorsey Dale
Published: August 2023

In this entry, I discuss two forms of temporal bias in the context of prudence and prudential rationality: axiological and normative time biases. Axiological time biases hold that the temporal location of particular welfare goods is a material factor in determining how beneficial such goods are for people. Normative time biases hold that the temporal location of particular welfare goods is a material factor in determining how strong our reasons (specifically, prudential reasons) are to promote such goods. I discuss rationales for both forms of temporal bias, and conclude that though many reject the significance of temporal location, both forms of bias remain live philosophical options.
Disability and Well‐Being
Authors: Gregory Alex
Published: August 2023

This entry discusses the relationship between disability and well‐being. Disabilities are commonly thought to be unfortunate, but whether this is true is unclear, and, if it is true, it is unclear why it is true. The entry first explains the disability paradox, which is the apparent discrepancy between the level of well‐being that disabled people self‐report, and the level of well‐being that nondisabled people predict disabled people to have. It then turns to an argument that says that disabilities must be bad, because it is wrong to cause them in others. Later sections discuss whether disabilities might be intrinsically bad or even bad by definition. The final section addresses the claim that disabilities are bad only because society discriminates against people with disabilities.
Wirkungen auf den Menschen
Authors: Dieter Hermann H.
Published: August 2023

Es ist notwendig, die Wirkung und Toxikologie von chemischen Elementen und Verbindungen zu kennen, um mögliche Gefahrenpotenziale für den Menschen zu identifizieren. Die Art und Weise der Aufnahme der Schadstoffe spielt für deren Verteilung im Körper und der daraus resultierenden Gefahr eine bedeutende Rolle. Dies wird im vorliegenden Kapitel näher erläutert. Weiterhin werden verschiedene akut und chronisch toxische Verbindungen (z. B. Cyanid, Organophosphate) genannt und deren Gefahrenpotenzial erklärt. Der Artikel schließt mit einer Beschreibung von verschiedenen Mutagenen, Karzinogenen und Teratogenen.
Ökotoxizität
Authors: Wilke Berndt‐Michael
Published: August 2023

Die Ökotoxikologie befasst sich mit der Verteilung und den Wirkungen von Umweltchemikalien in und auf Organismen. Im Bereich des Bodens betrifft dies Organismen der Bodenmikroflora, der Bodenfauna und Pflanzen. Böden erfüllen nach dem Bundes‐Bodenschutzgesetz natürliche Funktionen, die vor schädlichen Bodenveränderungen zu schützen sind. Sie dienen als Lebensraum für Bodenorganismen und Pflanzen und bilden somit deren Lebensgrundlage (Lebensraumfunktion). Im vorliegenden Artikel werden Durchführung und Auswertung von Testverfahren zur Untersuchung der Toxizität von Substanzen auf Organismen vorgestellt, die Ableitung von Bodenwerten für Einzelstoffe dargelegt und die Bedeutung bei Zulassungsverfahren erklärt.
Bodenschutz im Recht
Authors: Klinski Stefan
Published: August 2023

Das Bodenschutzrecht ist ein zersplittertes Rechtsgebiet. Zwar schuf der Bundesgesetzgeber im März 1998 das Bundes‐Bodenschutzgesetz (BBodSchG) und im Juli 1999 zu dessen Konkretisierung die Bundes‐Bodenschutz‐ und Altlastenverordnung. Doch das BBodSchG verzichtet darauf, die Gesamtmaterie des Bodenschutzrechts nach einem einheitlichen Konzept zu gestalten. Bei näherem Hinsehen erweist sich, dass es sich im Wesentlichen um ein Bodensanierungs‐ bzw. Altlastengesetz handelt, das sich hinsichtlich der Bodenschutz‐Vorsorge weitgehend zurückhält. Auf Grund dieser Selbstbeschränkung des BBodSchG stehen wir vor der Situation, dass nach wie vor wesentliche Aspekte des Bodenschutzes in erster Linie durch andere Gesetze reguliert sind. Neben einer Erklärung der Regelungen des BBodSchG werden im vorliegenden Kapitel ebenso die relevanten Regelungen der anderen einschlägigen Fachgesetze (z. B. Pflanzenschutzrecht, Gefahrstoffrecht, Abfallrecht, Forstrecht) und ihr Verhältnis zum BBodSchG beleuchtet.
Atrazin
Authors: Schmidt Burkhard
Published: August 2023

Atrazin (1912‐24‐9, auch 1‐Chlor‐3‐ethylamin‐5‐isopropylamin‐2,4,6‐triazin) ist ein systemisches Boden‐ und Blattherbizid, das selektiv in toleranten Kulturen (z. B. Mais, Sorghum, Zuckerrohr) oder nicht‐selektiv zur Kontrolle von Unkräutern (z. B. auf Industrieflächen, Wegen, Plätzen) eingesetzt wird und in Deutschland verboten ist. Atrazin wird sowohl im Vorals auch im Nachauflauf eingesetzt, wobei die Aufnahme hauptsächlich durch die Wurzeln erfolgt. Mit Ausnahme von Pflanzen und Algen ist die toxische Wirkung auf Organismen mittel bis gering, sodass das terrestrische Ökosystem im Ganzen durch Atrazin nicht nachhaltig gefährdet ist.
Blei
Authors: Lang Friederike
Published: August 2023

Blei ist an 36. Stelle der Häufigkeitsliste der Elemente in der Erdkruste und zählt damit zu den Spurenelementen. Hauptsächlich wird Pb zu Herstellung von Batterien verwendet. Als wirtschaftlich wichtigste organische Verbindungen müssen die Organobleiverbindungen Tetramethylblei und Tetraethylblei genannt werden, die als Antiklopfmittel in die Umwelt gelangten. Weiterhin wird Pb in Farbpigmenten, zum Korrosionsschutz, zum Strahlenschutz und früher als Material für Rohrleitungen und zum Dachdecken verwendet. In den letzten Jahren ging der Verbrauch von Pb deutlich zurück. Aufgrund jahrzehntelanger erhöhter Einträge und der Akkumulation im Boden weisen jedoch viele Böden relativ hohe Gehalte an Pb auf. Pb ist in freier ionischer Form oder als Organobleiverbindung für alle Lebewesen toxisch.
Kupfer
Authors: Wilke Berndt‐Michael
Published: August 2023

Fünfzig Prozent des hergestellten Kupfers werden in der Elektroindustrie verwertet. Kupfer ist neben Silber einer der besten elektrischen Leiter unter den Metallen. Weitere vierzig Prozent dienen der Herstellung von Kupferlegierungen (Messing, Bronze, Neusilber). Kupfer wird im Boden vornehmlich an die organische Substanz sowie an Mangan‐ und Eisenoxide gebunden. Kupferverbindungen und ‐salze wurden aufgrund ihrer bioziden Wirkung als Holzschutzmittel sowie vorwiegend im Hopfen‐ und Weinbau verwendet. Kupfer (hauptsächlich Kupfer(II)ionen) sind für den Menschen weitgehend unproblematisch; für Tiere, Pflanzen, und vor allem Bodenorganismen besitzt Kupfer jedoch eine hohe Toxizität.
LAS (Lineares Alkylbenzolsulfonat)
Authors: Litz Norbert
Published: August 2023

LAS (CAS‐Nr.: 68411‐30‐3, auch Benzolsulfonsäure, C 10‐13‐Alkylderivate, Natriumsalze) wird üblicherweise (in Europa) mit einer Alkyllänge von 10‐13 Kohlenstoffatomen verwendet; in USA mit einer Alkyllänge von 10‐14 Kohlenstoffatomen. Es ist ein Stoffgemisch, das sich aus bis zu 4 bzw. 5 Alkylketten‐Homologen zusammensetzt. LAS wird weltweit in Mengen von 2 Mio. t hauptsächlich als Wasch‐ und Reinigungsmittel verbraucht und über Abwässer in die Umwelt eingetragen. LAS ist im Boden mäßig persistent und besitzt eine mittlere bis hohe Ökotoxizität. Aufgrund der hohen Wasserlöslichkeit und der Eigenschaft, die Mobilität von Schwermetallen, im Boden zu erhöhen, sollten Anreicherungen vermieden und überwacht werden.