bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LIFE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR OF PODISUS MODESTUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) IN BOREAL FOREST IN QUEBEC
Authors: Tostowaryk Walter
Published: December 2009

Podisus modestus (Dallas) has one generation per year in the boreal forest of Quebec. Adults hibernate in the litter and soil from mid-autumn to late spring. Overwintered adults were found in the field until the latter part of August. Adults mated shortly after emergence from hibernation. Females mated an average of three times during the summer; the maintenance of a supply of highly fertile eggs apparently required this periodic mating. Young adults, which emerge from August to October, neither mated nor laid eggs before hibernation.The preoviposition period after first mating was 10 to 19 days. Females laid an average of 7.9 egg masses (average of 16.7 eggs per mass) at intervals of 1 to 25 days on jack pine, and on Kalmia and Vaccinium spp.Eighty per cent of the eggs hatched successfully after a mean incubation period of 15.3 days; 12% did not develop while 8% developed and were destroyed, during hatching, by other first-instar nymphs in the brood. Maturing nymphs spent an average of 7.7, 7.7, 7.8, 11.9, and 23.8 days in each of the five respective stadia, and required 59 days from hatching to adult emergence. A logistic curve describes the relationship between developmental time and temperature. First-instar nymphs required no animal food, but during each of the last four instars animal food was required for maturation. The hunting and feeding behavior, food consumption, abundance and mortality of P. modestus are also described.
REVISION OF THE SPECIES OFTRIGONOTYLUSIN NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Species of the genusTrigonotylusFieber are revised for North America. A new species,mexicanus, is described from Mexico and British Honduras. Synonyms proposed are:californicusCarv. =longipesSlat. & Wagn., andmontanusCarv. andviridis(Prov.) =ruficornis(Geoff.). Redescriptions are given for 15 previously described species known from North America:americanusCarv.,antennatusKelt.,brooksiKelt.,canadensisKelt.,coelestialium(Kirk.),confususReut,dohertyi(Dist.),flavicornisKelt.,longipesSlat. & Wagn.,pulcherReut.,ruficornis(Geoff.),saileriCarv.,slateriCarv.,tarsalis(Reut.), anduhleri(Reut.). A key to species, additional records on distribution, and illustrations of the male genitalia of all the species are given.
A METHOD FOR SEPARATING AND SURFACE STERILIZING THE EGGS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran Arthur , French John
Published: December 2009

A simple method for separating and surface sterilizing spruce budworm eggs is described. The egg masses are incubated with constant agitation in a 1% solution of NaOH for 10 minutes at 35 °C. The separated eggs are rinsed serially in distilled water, 1% bovine albumen solution, and 70% ethanol, and placed on a moist, sterile filter paper in a petri dish. When surface sterilized eggs are not required the 70% ethanol wash can be omitted.
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE PALES WEEVIL, HYLOBIUS PALES (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): I. SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS WITH LOBLOLLY PINE PHLOEM EXTRACTS
Authors: Thomas H. A. , White J. D.
Published: December 2009

A bioassay with elder pith wafers was developed to measure sustained feeding of the pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst). Sucrose, fructose, glucose, and extracts of phloem of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were compared in three-choice experiments. Intensity of feeding indicated a synergistic effect occurred when sucrose and phloem lipid were present together. The non-polar or neutral lipid fraction of phloem stimulated more feeding than did the polar lipid fraction.
ARTHROPODS INHABITING THE SPOROPHORES OF FOMES FOMENTARIUS (POLYPORACEAE) IN GATINEAU PARK, QUEBEC
Authors: Matthewman W. G. , Pielou D. P.
Published: December 2009

The fauna of the sporophores of the perennial bracket fungus Fomes fomentarius (L. ex Fr.) Kickx were examined in a 3-year study. One species of molluscs and more than 152 species of arthropods excluding mites, representing 13 orders, 70 families, and 5400 individuals, emerged from or were found on or in, 1448 sporophores detached from dead birch trees; the sporophores were collected each year in Gatineau Park, Que., kept individually in screen-topped glass jars in a laboratory, and examined for several months. Mites, which were recorded quantitatively only in the final year, added 4 orders, 19 families, and 30 species to the preceding totals. Mites were the most frequently occurring and probably the most numerous arthropods, followed by Coleoptera, Psocoptera, Collembola, Hymenoptera, and Diptera.The key organisms of the fauna were five species of beetles that were primarily responsible for tunnelling and destruction of the sporophores and would therefore exert great influence on the composition of the community. Their tunnels provided shelter and food for many smaller arthropods or facilitated their feeding. Some beetle species tunnelled the sporophores for one season and others, for several, but many living sporophores and most dead ones tunnelled by beetles were tunnelled in the same season by more than one species of beetles.There was considerable latitude in types of sporophores inhabited by various arthropods but some species were particularly attracted to living or dead, to younger or older, and to smaller or larger, sporophores. Some species were also attracted to certain regions of the sporophore more than were other species.Possible economic implications of observations made in the study are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PARASITE, TETRASTICHUS INCERTUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), AND ITS HOST, THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN NEW YORK
Authors: Horn David J.
Published: December 2009

Tetrastichus incertus, a parasite of the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) larva, occurs throughout the northeastern United States, including almost all of New York. Field studies in 1967 and 1968 indicated that the parasite and its host were not closely synchronized in New York; the parasite was uncommon in June when hosts were abundant while the opposite was true in July. In 1966 and 1967, the proportion of parasites entering diapause increased throughout the summer, from 1–31% in June to 67–100% in September. Therefore, most parasites produced in June, when hosts were abundant, emerged in July when hosts were scarce. Winter mortality among parasites in diapause was high (51–64%) in field cages. The survivors of the overwintering generation of T. incertus constituted a small fraction of the annual production of parasites.

In the laboratory the offspring of older T. incertus tended more to enter diapause than did the offspring of younger parasites. This indicated the incidence of diapause may be correlated with host availability; when hosts are uncommon, diapausing parasites are produced.

Field and laboratory data indicated a ratio of one T. incertus to eight alfalfa weevil larvae would be necessary to achieve 50% parasitism of the host population. Such a host:parasite ratio never occurs when the hosts are common.
RESISTANCE OF HOUSE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN FLORIDA TO TRICHLORFON AND DICHLORVOS FORMULATED IN SUGAR BAITS
Authors: Bailey Donald L. , LaBrecque G. C. , Whitfield T. L.
Published: December 2009

A statewide survey was made in Florida to determine the resistance of house flies, Musca domestica L., from 25 different locations throughout the state to trichlorfon and dichlorvos in dry sugar baits. When compared with susceptible flies (Orlando regular strain), the resistance to trichlorfon ranged from 2.5- to 135.0-fold in flies from dairies and from 5.0- to 310.0-fold in flies from poultries. The resistance level to dichlorvos was 1.0- to 22.5-fold in those fly strains collected in dairies and 2.3- to 16.6-fold in those collected in poultry houses.
DONNÉES BIOLOGIQUES D’UN BIOTYPE DU PUCERON DU POIS, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Bournoville R.
Published: December 2009

A biotype of the pea aphid was characterized. Two host plants were used: broad bean and pea. It was found that the weight during the development, the survival of adults and their fecundity were better on broad bean as compared to pea.
COLLECTION OF THE PITCHERPLANT MOSQUITO, WYEOMYIA SMITHII (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE), FROM SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Burgess L. , Rempel J. G.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) were collected in Saskatchewan from pitcher-plants in swamps near Nipawin, Little Sandy Lake, and Waskesiu. Pupae and adults also were collected at Nipawin. No trace of W. smithii was found in pitcher-plants in a swamp near Duck Lake. Inconclusive evidence was obtained concerning the presence of W. smithii in a pitcher-plant swamp at Prince Albert.
MORTALITY IN LARVAE OF EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) COLLECTED FROM THE TOBACCO AREA OF ONTARIO
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Cheng H. H.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of the dark-sided cutworm were collected from trap plants of tobacco set in a field of rye at Delhi, Ont., in 1969. They were reared individually to pupation to determine the degree of survival and the causes of mortality from the fourth instar to maturity. About 36% pupated and the greatest amount of mortality was caused by insect parasitism, a microsporidial disease, and bacterial infection. Fungus and virus diseases were virtually absent. As adult females are capable of laying a large number of eggs, mortality in eggs and young larvae must reach at least 98% to maintain a stable population. Introduction of virus pathogens to attack larvae might well be expected to result in regulating the population at a lower density.
THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA COLLECTED FROM THE COMANDRA BLISTER RUST, CRONARTIUM COMANDRAE, ON LODGEPOLE PINE IN ALBERTA
Authors: Powell J. M.
Published: December 2009

One hundred and sixty species of arthropods, representing 137 insects, 19 mites, and 4 spiders, were collected or reared from the cankers of the comandra blister rust, Cronartium comandrae Peck, on lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm., in southwestern Alberta. The insects damaged 40 to 60% of the cankers observed in any one year and reduced aeciospore production by 10%. Eleven orders of insects were represented, of which the Coleoptera (29 species), Lepidoptera (14), Diptera (21), and Hymenoptera (38) were the most important. Epuraea obliquus Hatch, Paracacoxenus guttatus Hardy and Wheeler, and a Mycodiplosis species appeared to be true mycetobionts. Several others which damaged the cankers, such as Pissodes schwarzi Hopk., Cylindrocopturus deleoni Buchanan, Ernobius sp., Corticaria sp., Bradysia spp., Dioryctria spp., Laspeyresia sp., Grapholitha sp. prob. caeruleana Wlshm., Eucordylea spp., Cinara spp., and Diapterobates principalis (Berlese) could be classied as mycetophiles. About half the species appeared to be mycetoxenes. New habitat or host information was obtained and several new species were collected. Several of the genera represented have been reported to occur on other pine stem rusts, which indicates that the rust cankers provide a suitable habitat for development.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ATTEMPTS ON POME FRUIT (APPLE AND PEAR) IN NORTH AMERICA, 1860–1970
Authors: LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Biological control attempts on pome fruit in North America, 1860–1970, are summarized and successes and failures reviewed. In all cases, save two, claims in support of successes are lacking. It is concluded that a modern research approach to the study of biological control—including a study of the population dynamics of the host species and of the biotic agent used in control—must be taken. Claims of successes of biotic agents—parasites and predators—in control of pome fruit insect pest populations (stage or generation) must be supported by quantitative multifactor studies. Otherwise the scientific requirements and exigencies (e.g. manipulation of biotic agents with predictability) will not be satisfied.
ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF PARASITOIDS ON THE SWAINE JACK PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), AND PARASITOID IMPACT ON THE HOST
Authors: Price Peter W. , Tripp Howard A.
Published: December 2009

Field studies enabled the identification of some limiting factors to which parasitoids were exposed in exploiting the sawfly host, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, and aspects of their quantitative and qualitative impact on the host population. Emergence patterns and flight activity of parasitoids in the spring indicated that larval parasitoids were vulnerable to hyperparasitism by cocoon parasitoids. Although cocoon parasitoids were limited by a shortage of time in which to exploit the host in the spring they still reduced the overwintered host population by 66% in 1969. All forms of predation caused less than 10% sawfly mortality so parasitoids formed the major mortality factor in the spring. Sawfly in prolonged diapause appeared to be immune from cocoon parasitoid attack and thereby efficiency of these parasitoids was limited. However, cocoon parasitoid activity was selective on sawfly that would normally have emerged early in the season and thus delayed the average development of the host population. The complex food web based on the sawfly host provided a sensitive buffering mechanism to produce a degree of stability in the host–parasitoid interaction. The composition of the parasitoid faunae before and after establishment in N. swainei populations of the introduced Pleolophus basizonus (Gravenhorst) indicates the rapidity with which the parasitoid became influential in the complex.
A CANADIAN SPECIES OF SUSANA ON WESTERN JUNIPER (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong H. R. , Milliron H. E.
Published: December 2009

Female and larva of the new sawfly Susana fuscala are described and illustrated, based on specimens collected in British Columbia. The new species, feeding on the foliage of Juniperus scopulorum Sargent, is separated from the other six Nearctic species.
SEX DIFFERENTIATION IN THE PUPAE AND ADULTS OF IPS SEXDENTATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Al-Rabiai Suad
Published: December 2009

Adult sexing characters were found by comparing the arrangements of spines on the elytral declivity. Callows were distinguished by observing the male vas deferens through the semi-transparent pronotum. In pupae, sexing characters were found to be located in the posterior abdominal segment of both sexes.
SPECIES OFDICHROOSCYTUSFOUND IN CANADA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Four new species ofDichrooscytusFieber are described:flagellatusandrufusculusfrom British Columbia, androstratusandrubidusfrom Alberta and British Columbia. New records for Canada are:convexifronsKnight,flavescensKnight,irroratusVan Duzee,latifronsKnight,rainieriKnight,ruberellusKnight, andrufipennisFallen. Key to species, additional records on distribution and host plants, and illustrations of the male genitalia of all the species occurring in Canada are presented.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FEMALE TERMINALIA IN LEPIDOPTERA, AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

In the phylogenetic classification of the Lepidoptera, the position of the genital opening and its modifications help to clarify the relationship of the Zeugloptera to the lepidopterous suborders. Three different systems of the suborder classification of the Lepidoptera, into Homoneura and Heteroneura (Tillyard, Imms, etc.), Monotrysia and Ditrysia (Borner), and Dacnonypha, Monotrysia, and Ditrysia (Hinton), are not supported by evidence obtained in the study of the female genitalia.The development of the female terminalia is closely associated with the mode of oviposition. Several types of female terminalia are found in the primitive Lepidoptera (Hepialidae, Neopseustidae, Tischeriidae, Lyonetiidae, Agathiphagidae, Tineidae, Nepticulidae, and Eriocraniidae). They are divided into four categories: hepialid type — the eggs are dropped randomly; typical lepidopterous type — the eggs are laid on the surface of food plants; eriocraniid type — the eggs are laid inside the food plants; tineid type — the eggs are laid in crevices of food. Each of the types is derivable from the types occurring in Neopseustidae, Tischeriidae, Agathiphagidae, and Eriocraniidae, respectively. These types are still far removed from the type of female terminalia in Micropterygidae of the Zeugloptera.The modes of egg-laying as well as the morphological characters of the female genitalia must be taken into consideration in suborder classification of the Lepidoptera.A genealogical tree based on the female terminalia suggests four main branches: hepialid branch — includes Neopseustidae and Prototheoridae; typical lepidopterous branch — includes all Ditrysia and Nepticulidae; tineid branch — includes only Tineidae; eriocraniid branch — includes Incurvariidae, Prodoxidae, Adelidae, and Heliozelidae.
THE INTERTIDAL CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: I. KEYS TO THEIR LIFE STAGES
Authors: Morley Richard L. , Ring Richard A.
Published: December 2009

Intertidal Chironomidae (Diptera) are represented on the coast of British Columbia by Paraclunio alaskensis Coquillett and Saunderia pacificus Saunders, S. marinus Saunders, and S. clavicornis Saunders. The larvae, pupae, and adult males can now be easily identified with the aid of the new keys. The mentum of the labium was found to be an especially useful taxonomic character for the separation of the larvae of these four species.
THE INHABITANTS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE, CHALCIDOIDEA) OF THE CYNIPIDOUS GALLS OFQUERCUS BOREALISIN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Brookfield J. F.
Published: December 2009

Although heterogony has yet to be proved for the oak gall producing species of Cynipidae,Plagiotrochus tumificusO.S. andP.scitulaBass., the laboratory rearing of the male and female individuals from the vernal galls of these two species indicates that the mother insects in the former species are mostly amphitokous, while those inP.scitulaare arrhenotokous and thelytokous. Amphitoky is shown forCallirliytis operatorO.S. which is known to be heterogenous.Cynipid inquilines and chalcid parasites were reared from several cynipidous oak galls in the area. The inquiline and parasite fauna of any particular gall depend on the form of the gall and not on the species of the gall producing cynipid. None of the inquilines and parasites reared in this study is identical with known palearctic species. Most individual inquilines and parasites emerging from the vernal galls emerge in the summer, but a few overwinter in these galls and do not emerge until the following spring.
ACYRTHOSIPHON PEDICULAR1S, A NEW APHID FROM THE DISTRICT OF KEEWATIN, WITH A KEY TO THE CANADIAN SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Acyrthosiphon pedicularis is described and illustrated and a key to the Canadian species of Acyrthosiphon is given.
SENSIBILITÉ DE ARCHIPS CERASIVORANUS (LEPIDOPTERA-TORTRICIDAE) À L’INFECTION PAR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: December 2009

Infectivity tests revealed that sensitivity of larvae of Archips cerasivoranus Fitch to infection by a commercial preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner depends on the physiological condition of the insects (determined by age and nutrition), and temperature, but mostly on the presence or absence of infection by the microsporidia Plisliphora sp. and Nosema cerasivoranus Thomson.

Mortality attributable to the bacillus was 90, 40, and 30% for healthy third-, fifth-, and seventh-instar larvae after 20 days, mortality reached 90% after 3, 9, and 19 days for larvae of the same ages naturally infected by microsporidia. Also, low temperatures decreased the effect of the pathogen and starvation reduced the resistance of larvae to infection.

The results obtained suggest the action of B. thuringiensis in this tortricid is to provoke generalized septicemia rather than toxemia.

Other infectivity tests made with cultures of B. thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus Frankland and Frankland confirmed these results. The action of the two bacteria was similar, both provoking septicemia in the insect. This effect was considerably increased by the presence of protozoan diseases.

Analyses of unsaturated lipids by the iodine number method showed that infection by a microsporidian or B. thuringiensis lowered considerably the energy value index. The index reached 13.0, 25.5, and 27.0 in healthy larvae of third-, fifth-, and seventh-instar, was reduced to 5.2, 17.0, and 15.0 by a microsporidian infection, and to 7.5, 18.0, and 22.5 by a B. thuringiensis infection. When an infection with both pathogens was induced, the value decreased to 4.0, 8.0, and 7.5.
A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE GENUSCORDYLOSPASTA(COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION INC.OPACA
Authors: Pinto John D.
Published: December 2009

Distributional and anatomical characteristics of the species of the western North American genusCordylospastaare analyzed. The current concept of this genus is a considerable modification from that of earlier classifications.

Of the two species belonging toCordylospasta,C.fulleriHorn is unique among North American blister beetles in having antennae with 8 to 10 antennal segments. This species is strictly allopatric to the second species,C.opaca(Horn), in which the antennae are 11-segmented.

Step-clinal geographic variation in seven anatomical characters is recorded forC.opaca. On this basis six biological races are recognized as occurring in central and southern California. These are considered the equivalent of subspecies. An informal approach to the recognition of these infraspecific taxa is followed since, due to limited material, interracial reproductive relationships cannot be inferred confidently at the present time.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND HOST VIGOR ON FECUNDITY OF THE PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
Authors: McMullen R. D. , Jong C.
Published: December 2009

Average fecundity of free-living and caged female Psylla pyricola Foerster on pear trees was reduced by high summer temperatures and low host vigor. Implications of these observations in the planning of control programs is discussed.
A NEW GENUS OF SCELIONIDAE FROM TRINIDAD, W.I. (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA)
Authors: Masner Lubomir
Published: December 2009

Tanaoscelio cornopis n. gen. and n. sp. (Scelionidae: Scelioninae) is described from Trinidad, W.I. Specimens were reared from eggs of a grasshopper, Cornops longicorne (Bruner) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), found in leaf petioles of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. (Monocotyledones: Pontederiaceae). The new genus is compared with the related genus Scelio Latreille.
A STUDY OF hALLOMETRIC GROWTH IN FIVE SPECIES OF MIRIDS (MIRIDAE: HEMIPTERA)
Authors: Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

Allometric growth of antennal and leg segments was studied in five species of mirids, namely, Adelphocoris lineolalus (Goeze), A. rapidus (Say), Lygus lineolaris (Beauv.), Polymerus basalts Reuter, and Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff). The study revealed that growth ratios of both A. lineolatus and A. rapidus varied in parallel fashion in homologous segments of L. lineolaris and, that those of P. chrysanthemi varied similarly with L. lineolaris and P. basalis. It was also found that segments with relatively high growth ratios were less different in magnitude than slowly growing segments when both A. lineolatus and A. rapidus were compared with L. lineolaris and P. basalis. Growth ratios of head width were similar for the five species. The probable evolution of relative growth was discussed.
HOST FINDING BEHAVIOR OF COELOIDES BRUNNERI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Richerson J. V. , Borden John H.
Published: December 2009

The host-finding search patterns of Coeloides brunneri Viereck, a braconid parasite of Douglas-fir beetle larvae, were studied by visual observations and from tracings of the parasite’s path on a plastic cylinder wrapped around a beetle-infested log on which the parasite was searching. The female parasite locates its host, lying under approximately.6 cm of bark, through four distinct phases of host finding: random search, nonrandom search, oviposition, and nonsearch (resting and cleaning). Random search is characterized by large areas of bark being examined in a relatively straight path. Nonrandom search is a highly intensified examination of a small bark area and numerous turns of greater than 70°. Nonrandom search is initiated only at the end of a bark beetle gallery. Ovipositional probes are the culmination of successful host finding, in which the parasite paralyzes the host and deposits an egg. C. brunneri searched effectively on both Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins in Douglas-fir and D. ponderosae Hopkins in ponderosa pine, although there was a slightly more efficient search on D. pseudotsugae. The percentage of time spent in each search pattern was identical in 90-minute and 24-hour tests. A stimulus associated with the end of a larval gallery was concluded to be the key stimulus by which the parasite recognizes its host. Amputation experiments showed that the antennae are the principal receptor organs used in host finding. Various experiments and observations produced no evidence that sound or vibrations produced by the host, sound produced by the parasite (sonar), magnetism or odor of the host, or its host tree are used in host finding.
FEMALE GENITALIA OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE CICINDELA MARITIMA GROUP (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Freitag Richard
Published: December 2009

The external and internal female genitalia of the North American species comprising the Cicindela maritima group are described and figured. An identification key based on these structures is provided. A phylogeny based on the female genitalia is postulated for the group.
NEW SPECIES OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM MEXICO, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES: I. TRIBES XYLEBORINI AND CORTHYLINI
Authors: Bright Donald E.
Published: December 2009

Seventeen new species of Scolytidae from Mexico are described. The new species represent the genera Sampsonius (1) of the Xyleborini and Corthylus (9), Corthylocurus (1), Tricolus (2), Monarthrum (3), and Amphicranus (1) of the Corthylini.

New locality records are given for eight previously described species.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: II. ARTHROPOD–FUNGUS ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: December 2009

Observations were made during 1967 to 1969 at Ithaca, N.Y., supplemented by collections at New Cumberland and Carlisle, Pa., on arthropods associated with fungi occurring on alfalfa, Medicago saliva L. Five species of Coleoptera, two species of Diptera, one species each of Collembola and Psocoptera, and nine species of Acari were reared or collected consistently from fungus-covered alfalfa leaves, stems, and seed pods. Attraction to fungi on the plants, principally Alternaria sp., accounted for the presence on alfalfa of arthropod species that normally might be considered as accidentals or visitors. The mycetophagous species thus contributed to the richness of the alfalfa fauna. Immature stages of several species were collected only in late fall or on 3- or 4-year-old plants. The possible role of the fungus-feeding species in seasonal changes in the alfalfa fauna and changes in the fauna in successive years is discussed.
THE TEMPORARY ABATEMENT OF NUISANCE SPECIES OF TRICHOPTERA WITH DDD (TDE) LARVICIDE
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: December 2009

Nuisance species of riverine insects were temporarily eliminated from the Expo 67 site at Montreal in 1967 by four applications of an emulsifiable formulation of DDD (TDE) to the St. Lawrence River, one in each of the months of May, June, July, and August of 1967. In each treatment sufficient DDD was applied 1.5 miles above the infested rapids to provide a concentration of about 0.4 p.p.m. of DDD in the water, throughout a period of about 15 minutes. Each treatment caused the immediate detachment of about 98% of the Trichoptera larvae (mainly Hydropsychidae), and lesser percentages of other aquatic arthropods. No observable effects on fish were detected. Populations of arthropods, especially amphipods, rapidly restored themselves after each treatment. During August 1967, both amphipods and gastropods were more abundant in treated than in untreated rapids. Residues of DDD were negligible and were expected to be relatively non-persistent. Occasional swarms of Trichoptera of relatively minor proportions, detected at the Expo 67 site by light traps, presumably arrived on steady southerly winds from the untreated Lachine Rapids more than 7 miles upriver. Information about the decomposition of DDD and related chlorinated hydrocarbons in nature is reviewed.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NINE NEW SPECIES OF DICHROOSCYTUS FROM NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Nine new species of Dichrooscytus Fieber are described from North America: aztecus and toltecus from Puebla, and mexicanus from Durango and Coahuila, Mexico; longirostris, ochreus, and rubromaculatus from California, brevirostris and dentatus from Arizona, and alpinus from Colorado. Male genitalia are illustrated, host plants are given, and relationships to other species in the genus are discussed.
THE LARVA OF NOMOPHILA NOCTUELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R.
Published: December 2009

The larva of Nomophila noctuella D. & S. is described and illustrated. Five specimens from Germany compared with those from Ottawa, Canada, showed no specific differences.
A NEW SPECIES OF ACHRYSOCHARIS (EULOPHIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM PINE NEEDLE SCALE (DIASPIDIDAE: HOMOPTERA)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Achrysocharis phenacapsia n. sp. (Eulophidae: Chalcidoidea) reared from Phenacapsis pinifolia (Diaspididae: Homoptera) collected at Riverside, Calif., is described and illustrated.
AN ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN THE DAMSELFLY, ARGIA APICALIS (ZYGOPTERA: COENAGRIONIDAE)
Authors: Johnson Clifford
Published: December 2009

The paper describes and maps stripe pattern variability in the damselfly Argia apicalis (Say) along the periphery of its southeastern distribution. Two major variations exist. One, the broad-striped form, has a wide, full-length humeral stripe and, in females, a well-developed middorsal thoracic stripe. Broad-striped specimens also possess larger areas of black pattern on the dorsum of the head and, in males, on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. The second, typical form, has a reduced pattern characterizing populations west and north of southeast Georgia and northern Florida. The southeastern margin of distribution consists of broad-striped populations representing four groups of isolated populations. Isolation results from low interchange between colonies of different river systems and, within the southeast, lack of colonies on lakes, ponds, smaller streams, and river headwaters. One intergradation area between typical and broad-striped populations is known. A discussion follows relating origin of the variability to Pleistocene habitat changes.
A NEW NEARCTIC GENUS OF MYCETOPHILIDAE (DIPTERA) WITH A STENOPTEROUS FEMALE
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Baeopterogyna nudipes n. gen., n. sp., family Mycetophilidae, tribe Sciophilini, from Yukon Territory and Alaska, is described and illustrated. The male has normal wings; the female has wings greatly reduced in size, a condition not previously known in the family.
GAMMA RADIATION SENSITIVITY OF THE SPIDER BEETLE, GIBBIUM PSYLLOIDES (COLEOPTERA: PTINIDAE)
Authors: Brower John H. , Scott Hilda C.
Published: December 2009

The effects of seven gamma radiation dosages from 5 to 100 krad on all metamorphic stages of the spider beetle, Gibbium psylloides (Czenpinski), were studied. Five kilorads prevented development of adults from treated eggs and larvae. Some adults emerged from the pupal cocoon at all treatment levels except 50 and 100 krad, but their longevity was greatly reduced. Adults were fairly resistant to sterilizing effects of the radiation. Twenty kilokrads was not completely sterilizing to either males or females, but fecundity was greatly reduced. The longevity of treated adults was significantly reduced, but some survived for 20 weeks after a 20-krad exposure. Adults and pupae of this species were more radiation resistant than were most other stored-product Coleoptera.
INVERSION IN THE ORDER OF FOOD SUPERIORITY BETWEEN TEMPERATURES EFFECTED BY NUTRIENT BALANCE IN THE FLY LARVA AGRIA HOUSEI (DIPTERA: SARCOPHAGIDAE)
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

The food value of two synthetic diets for the fly larva Agria housei inverted between two temperatures, 15 °C and 30 °C. The balance of nutrients, particularly effected by the amino acid and lipid mixtures, glucose, thiamine HCl, and calcium pantothenate, was varied in the design of the two diets so that the rate of larval development axenically on one diet was superior to that on the other diet at 30 °C, but inferior to that on the other diet at 15 °C, relatively; for in any case the rate was slower at 15 °C. Differences between the rates on the diets within each given temperature were statistically significant.
INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH PEACH WOOD IN EASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Dolphin R. E. , Mouzin T. E. , Cleveland M. L.
Published: December 2009

Lesser peachtree borers, Synanthedon pictipes (Grote & Robinson), were the principal insect species collected from caged peach wood, and American plum borers, Euzophera semifuneralis (Walker), were the second most common species. However, the population was diverse: 8 orders, 99 families, 222 genera, and 239 species were represented. Wood-boring insects were represented by 3 orders and 11 families. Many insects were apparently transients and were on the peach wood for protection during the dormant season when the peach wood was cut.
A SYNONYM PROPOSED IN PERIMONES, A SYNONYM REJECTED IN WALCKENAERA, AND A NEW SPECIES DESCRIBED IN COCHLEMBOLUS (ARANEIDA: ERIGONIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

Perimones britteni (Jackson, 1913) is regarded as conspecific with, and therefore a junior synonym of, Minyriolus arenarius (Emerton, 1911). Hence, Perimones arenarius (Emerton) is Holarctic. Contrary to common usage, Walckenaera spiralis (Emerton, 1882) is not a synonym of W. vigilax (Blackwall, 1853), the former applying to a North American species and the latter to a European. Cochlembolus formicarius sp. n. is described from nests of the western thatching ant, Formica obscuripes Forel, in Washington State.
EFFECTS OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SECOND DIAPAUSE IN LABORATORY-REARED CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: McMorran Arlene
Published: December 2009

Environmental factors can significantly affect the occurrence of a second diapause in laboratory-reared Choristoneura fumiferana. Each of the following conditions resulted in significantly fewer larvae entering second diapause: incubating the eggs at a high relative humidity (95%); a pre-diapause period at 20 °C rather than 28 °C; a diapause period of 7 or 8 months rather than 4 months; and holding the feeding larvae at higher temperatures (24 °C and 28 °C as opposed to 20 °C). Late-emerging larvae had a greater tendency to enter second diapause.
WANDERING OF LARVAE OF CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) AMONG WHEAT KERNELS
Authors: Smith L. B.
Published: December 2009

Wandering of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) larvae was demonstrated in the laboratory among wheat kernels at 30 °C and 15.5% moisture content, initially infested at an adult density of 0.4 adult per gram of wheat. The majority of the wandering larvae were first (37.3%) and fourth (56.0%) instars.
SEX RATIO IN THREE STAGES OF FIELD COLLECTED CODLING MOTH
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

The sex ratios of codling moth winter larvae, adults, and summer larvae changed inversely with codling moth density changes in commercial orchards over a 17-year period.
SEASONAL AND DAILY ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF CARPENTER ANTS (CAMPONOTUSSPP.) IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J.
Published: December 2009

Seasonal and daily activity of three carpenter ants,Camponotus herculeanus,C.noveboracensisandC.pennsylvanicusin northwestern Ontario, was measured by counting the ants moving along underground trails. The start of seasonal activity was temperature dependent. Activity peaked in June and early July, corresponding to the period of rapid larval growth, and thereafter declined independently of temperature, ceasing in early October. Few ants (between 4 and 6%) carried visible objects. Daily activity was correlated with temperatures in early June, with the peak in mid-afternoon. However, as the season progressed activity extended further into the night,C.pennsylvanicusbecoming virtually nocturnal. Temperatures inside the nest during larval development were raised as much as 16 °C above normal, presumably by metabolic heat from the ants.
BEHAVIOR OF IPS PINI DURING MATING, OVIPOSITION, AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Schmitz Richard F.
Published: December 2009

Behavior of the pine engraver Ips pini (Say) was observed through plexiglass rearing chambers containing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson) phloem. Periods of jostling in each entrance tunnel between the resident male and entering female preceded a female’s admission to the nuptial chamber. On the average, mating was completed in 25 seconds. In the gallery, beetles walked on protibial spines, keeping their tarsi folded against their tibiae. Eggs were deposited in niches on either side of the egg gallery and covered by phloem fragments. Larvae mined at right angles to the egg gallery and formed their molting chambers by doubling back and packing frass tightly against that already in the gallery. Larvae consumed their exuviae shortly after molting. Feeding by callow adults on prepupae and pupae may be an important natural control.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF SEPEDON FUSCIPENNIS (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE)
Authors: Eckblad James W. , Berg Clifford O.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Sepedon fuscipennis Loew were sampled periodically throughout the summers of 1969 and 1970 in a backwater habitat. Several overlapping generations of this common marsh fly were present during both summers, and its population density reached a unimodal peak both years. Population estimates based on mean number per sweep agreed well with mark–release–recapture data. These estimates showed a reasonably good fit to the negative binomial distribution and indicated that aggregation of the flies probably is due to some heterogeneity in the environment. Flies lived more than 3 months in laboratory cages, and each female laid an average of 191 eggs.

Estimates were made of larval survival and net production for discrete cohorts followed in the field. The survival and production rates of larvae were greater when small snails were abundant in the habitat and much greater when the larvae were fed once before being released. Survival was not decreased perceptibly by the degree of larval crowding tested (50 larvae compared with 25 in an area of 254.34 cm2).
FACTORS AFFECTING CALLING BY FEMALE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sanders C. J. , Lucuik G. S.
Published: December 2009

Calling (extrusion of the sex pheromone-producing gland) by spruce budworm females follows a circadian rhythm regulated by the initiation of the photophase. At 2 °C 50% of the females call by 131/2 hr after "lights-on." Calling starts earlier at cooler temperatures. Females that have not been exposed to lights-on start calling as soon as darkness occurs. Virgin females are most attractive 3 to 4 days after emergence. Mated females call intermittently and are attractive but compete poorly with virgins. Once started, female budworm call continuously throughout the calling period, implying that their pheromone release rate is lower than if they called for short intervals only as in some other Lepidoptera. This may influence the quantities of synthetic pheromone required to disrupt mating behaviour. Calling behaviour is not influenced by the proximity of other adult budworm. At high population densities, males are apparently able to locate females before or as soon as they start to call, suggesting that communication is short range. Longer distance communication probably operates at low population densities. Population regulation by disrupting mating behaviour is therefore unlikely to succeed except at relatively low population densities.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: III. INFECTION OF THE ALFALFA PLANT BUG, ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) BY THE FUNGUS ENTOMOPHTHORA ERUPTA
Authors: Wheeler A. G.
Published: December 2009

The entomogenous fungus Entomophthora erupta (Dustan), known previously only from Nova Scotia and California, is reported from Ithaca, N.Y., as an enemy of the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze). During 1966 to 1969, the conidial stage of E. erupta was observed on A. lineolatus nymphs from late July to mid-August with percentage infection of nymphs observed to be as high as 33.3%. The possibility of colonizing this fungus in disease-free alfalfa fields to aid in suppressing populations of A. lineolatus is discussed.
CUTWORMS OF TOBACCO IN NOVA SCOTIA: I. SPECIES COMPLEX AND INFESTATION
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: December 2009

The principal injurious species to commercially-grown flue-cured tobacco in Nova Scotia was the dark-sided cutworm, Euxoa messoria Harr. A trace of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., was found in one field. The variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hbn., caused minor damage in September. Other species reared from field-collected larvae, and bait and light trap catches, included: yellow-headed cutworm, Apamea amputatrix Fitch; armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta Haw.; Amphipyra tragopoginis L.; W-marked cutworm, Spaelotis clandestina Harr.; and the glassy cutworm, Crymodes devastator Brace.

Cutworm larvae damaged young tobacco plants during June through mid-July. The largest infestation encountered during 1971, near the margin of a field, killed 5% and injured 20% of the young plants. Infestations in other fields injured 1 to 3% of the plants, with higher incidences near the borders. A seasonal total of 0.024 cutworm larva injured 0.24 tobacco plant/m2 and destroyed 5 to 10% of the injured plants in experimental tobacco field plots planted in a 4-year-old rye field.

Tobacco trap crop m2 microplots in a rye field attracted 20 to 50 times as many cutworm larvae and had 25 to 40 more plants injured than comparable areas of an adjoining tobacco field. The largest microplot infestation in six fields tested was 1.8 larvae injuring 7.4 plants. The average microplot infestation of 0.5 larva injured 5.6 plants.
GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL VARIABILITY IN POPULATION PATTERNS AND LIFE SYSTEMS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: December 2009

The larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), has exhibited several distinctive population patterns in different parts of its Holarctic distribution and during different periods of time in some geographic areas. These patterns include a latent type, where the larch sawfly is never a pest, a permanent type, which causes severe damage, and several temporary types characterized by periodic outbreaks. The different population patterns are associated with differences in the life systems of the populations: the stable latent type with a diverse environment and a rich parasite complex; the stable permanent type with an impoverished parasite complex, interactions with food availability and no effective specific parasites; and the temporary type with an intermediate parasite complex which includes one very effective specific larval parasite. Thus, population stability is related to either maximal or minimal diversity in numbers of parasite species and instability to intermediate levels. The comparison of population patterns and life systems provides a guide to the development of biological control programs.
MEASURING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN POST-DIAPAUSE SPRUCE BUDWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Cameron Margaret D.
Published: December 2009

Spruce budworm weights, either of individuals or of population averages, when related to time, provide more precise measures of development than the usually used time from hibernacula to pupation or to eclosion. For determining or predicting the development stage of field populations, average weights are a more precise alternative to time-consuming, instar determinations. Larvae feed only about 10% of the time, in darkness or light, and the pupal dry weight is 20–24% of the dry weight of artificial diet consumed. Growth curves for laboratory individuals and field populations are described.
NEW SPECIES OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) FROM THAILAND
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of aphids are described from collections made on Mt. Sutep in northwest Thailand: Cinara khasyae new species; Greenidea (Trichosiphum) chiengmaiensis new species; and Macrosiphum (Sitobion) yongyooti new species. The status of Greenidea (Trichosiphum) siamensis Takahashi is changed from variety to species.
MORPHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE TARSAL RECEPTORS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Mitchell B. K. , Seabrook W. D.
Published: December 2009

Two types of sensory hairs on the tarsus of the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clem.), are described using scanning electron microscopical and histological techniques.
PHEROMONES INIPS(COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION
Authors: Vité J. P. , Bakke A. , Renwick J. A. A.
Published: December 2009

Comparative gas chromatographic analyses of volatiles generated byIpsindicate the presence ofcis- andtrans-verbenol in hindguts of the 12 species investigated. The biosynthesis of verbenol does not require feeding, but instead results from the insect’s contact with oleoresin. Ipsdienol is the most frequently occurring pheromone inIpsspecies after feeding. Aggregation of these bark beetles appears to be regulated by two distinct functional types of pheromones, i.e. contact pheromones, produced and/or released upon contact with new host material, and frass pheromones, which require actual feeding in the new host’s tissues. The aggregation of aggressive bark beetle species seems to be largely dependent on contact pheromones, whereas the host’s susceptibility to feeding is indicated by the release of frass pheromones.
THE INACTIVATION OF FOLIAR DEPOSITS OF VIRUSES OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) AND TESTS ON PROTECTANT ADDITIVES
Authors: Jaques R. P.
Published: December 2009

Deposits of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) and of the granulosis virus of Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) were largely inactivated within 10 days after sprays were applied to field plots. Deposits on plants retained in a growth room or in a greenhouse were inactivated but more slowly than those exposed to direct sunlight. Deposits on plants kept in the dark lost little activity indicating that exposure to light was responsible for inactivation.

Activity of deposits of the viruses was extended substantially by addition of protectant materials to the sprays. The addition of charcoal mixed with skim milk powder, egg albumen, or brewer’s yeast resulted in a 3-fold increase in the period over which an LD50 of virus was maintained on the plants.
NOTES ON THE SPATIAL PATTERN OF HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON ALFALFA
Authors: Miller C. D. F. , Mukerji M. K. , Guppy J. C.
Published: December 2009

The Poisson and the negative binomial series, Taylor’s power law, and Morisita’s Iδ-index were used to interpret the dispersion of field counts of the immature stages of Hypera postica (Gyll.) on alfalfa. The data conformed consistently to an overdispersed distribution. Transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of field counts.