bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
All standard materials flat reflector made by transformation electromagnetics
Authors: Arenas Mark Clemente , Lepage Anne Claire , Begaud Xavier , Tichit Paul Henri , de Lustrac André
Published: January 2014

In this paper, the design methodology of a flat reflector composed with standard dielectric material and using transformation electromagnetics (TE) is presented. First, the mathematical relation between a flat reflector and a parabolic one is described. The TE principle is then described. Some realization issues are highlighted, leading to approximations and compromises in order to design a more realistic structure. In this way, a flat reflector made only with standard dielectric materials is presented, using an original method to achieve the desired spatial permittivity variation. The simulation results of different configurations for the flat reflector are presented and compared to classical solutions in order to prove the thickness reduction and the improvement of radiation characteristics in terms of gain and half-power beamwidth.
Heterogenität der epithelialen Ovarialkarzinome und deren klinische Bedeutung
Authors: Noske Aurelia
Published: January 2014

Das epitheliale Ovarialkarzinom gehört trotz verbesserter Therapien zu den gynäkologischen Tumoren mit der höchsten Letalität. Neue molekulargenetische Untersuchungen belegen, dass es sich um eine heterogene Erkrankung handelt, die sich auch in den verschiedenen histologischen Tumortypen widerspiegelt. Die Subtypen unterscheiden sich in ihrem Ursprung, Entstehungswegen und molekularen Alterationen und werden in zwei Haupttypen eingeteilt. Das Typ-I-Karzinom (low-grade), das in einem schrittweisen Prozess über Vorläuferläsionen entsteht und das Typ-II-Karzinom (high-grade), das sich rasch und ohne eindeutige Vorläuferläsionen entwickelt. Die Subtypen unterscheiden sich weiterhin in ihrem biologischen Verhalten, was Auswirkungen auf die Prognose und Behandlung hat und für zukünftige personalisierte Therapien von Bedeutung sein wird.
Improving the detection sensitivity of chromatography by stochastic resonance
Authors: Zhang Wei , Guo Jianru , Xiang Bingren , Fan Hongyan , Xu Fengguo
Published: January 2014

This review aims to provide readers with an overview of various methodologies and approaches used to improve sensitivity through stochastic resonance (SR) methods, with special emphasis on applications to improve the detectability of analytes in chromatographic signals.
Redox-responsive organometallic microgel particles prepared from poly(ferrocenylsilane)s generated using microfluidics
Authors: Sui Xiaofeng , Shui Lingling , Cui Jin , Xie Yanbo , Song Jing , van den Berg Albert , Hempenius Mark A. , Julius Vancso G.
Published: January 2014

We describe a novel and versatile method for the fabrication of poly(ferrocenylsilane) (PFS) based microspheres using microfluidics.
Size-controlled wurtzite zinc oxide spheres with the characteristics of visible absorption and Mie scattering
Authors: Chen Ting-Ting , Chang I-Chun , Tsai Min-Chiao , Chang Yi-Chun , Yang Min-Han , Chen Po-Chin , Chiu Hsin-Tien , Lee Chi-Young
Published: January 2014

Uniform ZnO spheres with tunable size exhibit superior visible absorption and scattering effects.
A theoretical study of the ozonolysis of C60: primary ozonide formation, dissociation, and multiple ozone additions
Authors: Chapleski Robert C. , Morris John R. , Troya Diego
Published: January 2014

Reaction of ozone with C60 leads to opening of the fullerene cage.
Understanding the reactivity of metallic nanoparticles: beyond the extended surface model for catalysis
Authors: Viñes Francesc , Gomes José R. B. , Illas Francesc
Published: January 2014

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) constitute a new class of chemical objects which are used in different fields as diverse as plasmonics, optics, catalysis, or biochemistry.
First-principles study of borohydride adsorption properties on osmium nanoparticles and surfaces: understanding the effects of facets, size and local sites
Authors: Escaño Mary Clare Sison , Arevalo Ryan Lacdao , Gyenge Előd , Kasai Hideaki
Published: January 2014

The first DFT study of borohydride interaction with Os nanoparticles/surfaces, elucidating the effects of facets, size and local sites, is presented.
Direct transformation of arylpropynes to acrylamides via a three-step tandem reaction
Authors: Qiu Jun , Zhang Ronghua
Published: January 2014

A novel and metal-free acrylamides formation between arylpropynes and hydroxylamine hydrochloride through sp3 C–H and C–C bond cleavage has been achieved with DDQ as an oxidant.
Design and synthesis of imidazo[1,2-α][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives as anti-HCV agents via direct C–H arylation
Authors: Huang Shengdian , Qing Jie , Wang Shuo , Wang Huan , Zhang Linqi , Tang Yefeng
Published: January 2014

Two series of analogues of RO8191, a potent anti-HCV agent, were synthesized via Pd-catalyzed, regioselective, single and double C–H arylations, respectively.
Self-assembly of Si/honeycomb reduced graphene oxide composite film as a binder-free and flexible anode for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Tang Hong , Tu Jiang-ping , Liu Xia-yuan , Zhang Yi-jun , Huang Sen , Li Wen-zheng , Wang Xiu-li , Gu Chang-dong
Published: January 2014

A Si/H-rGO composite film was prepared through self-assembly and the “breath figure” method. The electrode exhibits good cycling stability and enhanced rate capability.
Excited-state electronic couplings in a 1,3-butadiyne-bridged Zn(ii)porphyrin dimer and trimer
Authors: Lee Sangsu , Chung Heejae , Tokuji Sumito , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro , Kim Dongho
Published: January 2014

Electronic couplings in a 1,3-butadiyne-bridged Zn(ii) porphyrin dimer D and trimer T have been probed by measuring their excited-state properties at ensemble and single molecular levels.
Designed hierarchical synthesis of ring-shaped Bi2WO6@CeO2 hybrid nanoparticle aggregates for photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide
Authors: Guo Hong , Guo Yuanyuan , Liu Lixiang , Li Tingting , Wang Wei , Chen Weiwei , Chen Jing
Published: January 2014

Ring-shaped Bi2WO6@CeO2 hybrid nanoparticle aggregates are fabricated through an environmental route and subsequent facile calcinations with enhanced performance in photocatalytic detoxification of cyanide.
Anomalous thermal contraction of the first coordination shell in metallic alloy liquids
Authors: Gangopadhyay A. K. , Blodgett M. E. , Johnson M. L. , McKnight J. , Wessels V. , Vogt A. J. , Mauro N. A. , Bendert J. C. , Soklaski R. , Yang L. , Kelton K. F.
Published: January 2014

Except for a few anomalous solids and liquids, materials expand upon heating. For liquids, this should be reflected as a shift in the peak positions in the pair correlation function, g(r), to higher r. Here, we present the results of a detailed study of the volume thermal expansion coefficients and the temperature dependences of g(r) for a large number of binary, ternary, and quaternary liquids in the equilibrium and supercooled (metastable liquid below the liquidus temperature) states. The data were obtained from x-ray scattering and volume measurements on levitated liquids using the electrostatic levitation technique. Although the volumes of all liquids expand with increasing temperature, the peak positions in g(r) for the first coordination shells contract for the majority of alloy liquids studied. The second and third peaks in g(r) expand, but at rates different from those expected from the volume expansion. This behavior is explained qualitatively in terms of changes in the coordination numbers and bond-lengths as clusters in liquids break up with increasing temperature.
Effect of dietary potassium supplementation on the calcium absorption capacity in the rumen and abomasum and fractional excretion of urinary minerals in sheep
Authors: Bhanugopan M. S. , Fulkerson W. J. , Hyde M. , Fraser D. R.
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of potassium (K) supplementation on the calcium (Ca) absorption capacity from the rumen and abomasum of sheep. The Ca absorption capacity from the rumen and abomasum of sheep was measured using stable strontium (Sr) as a Ca-analogue tracer method. The sheep, cannulated at either the rumen or abomasum, were randomly allocated to one of two groups (control or K-supplemented) and fed in individual metabolism pens twice daily with a diet comprising oaten hay, lucerne chaff and barley fortified with or without potassium carbonate (K2CO3). The K content of the diet of the K-supplemented animals was 3.1% of dry matter compared with 1.4% for the control animals. The animals were fed their respective diets for a period of 2 weeks. The fractional absorption capacity (FC) of Ca was estimated before, during and after the treatment period. Supplementation with K decreased the FC of Ca in both the rumen and abomasum during treatment and increased the FC of Ca in the abomasum post-treatment. Supplementation with K also increased the fractional excretion of K in the urine, but decreased the fractional excretion of Ca and magnesium (Mg) (P < 0.05), showing that K supplementation significantly affected Ca and Mg metabolism. Results suggest that renal conservation of Ca and Mg is an important mechanism controlling the Ca and Mg pool for vital functions of the body. In times of high demand for these minerals during lactation and pregnancy, high K in the diets may predispose sheep to hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia, which in turn will have a negative impact on productivity and economic returns.
Fire regime shift linked to increased forest density in a piñon–juniper savanna landscape
Authors: Margolis Ellis Q.
Published: January 2014

Piñon–juniper (PJ) fire regimes are generally characterised as infrequent high-severity. However, PJ ecosystems vary across a large geographic and bio-climatic range and little is known about one of the principal PJ functional types, PJ savannas. It is logical that (1) grass in PJ savannas could support frequent, low-severity fire and (2) exclusion of frequent fire could explain increased tree density in PJ savannas. To assess these hypotheses I used dendroecological methods to reconstruct fire history and forest structure in a PJ-dominated savanna. Evidence of high-severity fire was not observed. From 112 fire-scarred trees I reconstructed 87 fire years (1547–1899). Mean fire interval was 7.8 years for fires recorded at ≥2 sites. Tree establishment was negatively correlated with fire frequency (r=–0.74) and peak PJ establishment was synchronous with dry (unfavourable) conditions and a regime shift (decline) in fire frequency in the late 1800s. The collapse of the grass-fuelled, frequent, surface fire regime in this PJ savanna was likely the primary driver of current high tree density (mean=881treesha–1) that is >600% of the historical estimate. Variability in bio-climatic conditions likely drive variability in fire regimes across the wide range of PJ ecosystems.
Maternal tract factors contribute to paternal seminal fluid impact on metabolic phenotype in offspring
Authors: Bromfield John J. , Schjenken John E. , Chin Peck Y. , Care Alison S. , Jasper Melinda J. , Robertson Sarah A.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Events at conception shape the future growth and health of offspring, to impact life course potential and disease susceptibility. The environment and experiences of both parents contribute to programming offspring phenotype through epigenetic modifications imparted before embryo implantation. How the father transmits this information remains elusive. Possible pathways include the sperm genome and epigenome, postejaculatory effects of seminal fluid on sperm, and indirect actions of seminal fluid on various female factors regulating embryo development. In this study, we provide evidence that seminal fluid acts to influence both sperm integrity and the balance of embryotrophic and embryotoxic signals in the female reproductive tract, in turn affecting embryo development and programming of future adiposity and metabolic phenotype in male offspring.
Whole-genome sequencing identifies genomic heterogeneity at a nucleotide and chromosomal level in bladder cancer
Authors: Morrison Carl D. , Liu Pengyuan , Woloszynska-Read Anna , Zhang Jianmin , Luo Wei , Qin Maochun , Bshara Wiam , Conroy Jeffrey M. , Sabatini Linda , Vedell Peter , Xiong Donghai , Liu Song , Wang Jianmin , Shen He , Li Yinwei , Omilian Angela R. , Hill Annette , Head Karen , Guru Khurshid , Kunnev Dimiter , Leach Robert , Eng Kevin H. , Darlak Christopher , Hoeflich Christopher , Veeranki Srividya , Glenn Sean , You Ming , Pruitt Steven C. , Johnson Candace S. , Trump Donald L.
Published: January 2014

Significance

Genetic alterations are frequently observed in bladder cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that bladder tumors can be classified into two different types based on the spectrum of genetic diversity they confer. In one class of tumors, we observed tumor protein p53 mutations and a large number of single-nucleotide and structural variants. Another characteristic of this group was chromosome shattering, known as chromothripsis, and mutational heterogeneity. The other two bladder tumors did not show these profound genetic aberrations, but we found a novel translocation and amplification of the gene glutamate receptor ionotropic N-methyl D-aspertate
,
a potentially druggable target. Advancements in bladder cancer treatment have been slow. Understanding the genetic landscape of bladder cancer may therefore help to identify new therapeutic targets and bolster management of this disease.
The Fanconi anemia pathway has a dual function in Dickkopf-1 transcriptional repression
Authors: Huard Caroline C. , Tremblay Cédric S. , Magron Audrey , Lévesque Georges , Carreau Madeleine
Published: January 2014

Significance

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a devastating disease associated with a progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) and clonal proliferation of primitive hematopoietic cells that leads to leukemia. In an effort to understand the molecular basis of BMF and leukemogenesis in FA, we recently uncovered a unique function of proteins associated with FA in transcriptional regulation that translates into elevated levels of the signaling molecule Dickkopf-1 (DKK1). Overproduction of DKK1 has been shown to alter functions in hematopoiesis and to promote hematologic malignancies. Thus, our findings represent a crucial step in the development of strategies aimed at preventing BMF and/or clonal hematopoiesis in patients with FA.
JAK/STAT1 signaling promotes HMGB1 hyperacetylation and nuclear translocation
Authors: Lu Ben , Antoine Daniel J. , Kwan Kevin , Lundbäck Peter , Wähämaa Heidi , Schierbeck Hanna , Robinson Melissa , Van Zoelen Marieke A. D. , Yang Huan , Li Jianhua , Erlandsson-Harris Helena , Chavan Sangeeta S. , Wang Haichao , Andersson Ulf , Tracey Kevin J.
Published: January 2014

Significance

High-mobility group box (HMGB)1 is a nuclear protein that we have identified as a proinflammatory mediator during infection or sterile tissue injury, which importantly orchestrates the innate immune responses. The mechanisms of HMGB1 release require translocation of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytoplasm and release into the extracellular space. We recently reported that the inflammasome and PKR mediates HMGB1 release from the cytoplasm, but the mechanism of HMGB1 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm was previously unknown. Here, we describe our discovery that JAK/STAT1 is required for LPS- or interferon-induced HMGB1 nuclear translocation. These findings have significant implications for the field, and for designing therapeutics for potential use in inflammatory diseases.
Accounting for inhomogeneous broadening in nano-optics by electromagnetic modeling based on Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Gudjonson Herman , Kats Mikhail A. , Liu Kun , Nie Zhihong , Kumacheva Eugenia , Capasso Federico
Published: January 2014

Significance

The advent of nanotechnology has enabled the study of physical phenomena in structures with nanoscale dimensions. Pushing the limits of fabrication techniques inevitably leads to uncertainties—for example, an array of nanoscale resonators may be designed to be identical, but in fact has a distribution of sizes due to fabrication imperfections, leading to a distribution of responses. In optical experiments involving collections of nanostructures these effects are often acknowledged but rarely quantified. We demonstrate a technique that combines electromagnetic simulations with a Monte Carlo sampling technique to rigorously account for “inhomogeneous broadening” of optical resonances as a result of fabrication or synthesis imperfections. This approach has wide applicability to any experiments involving collections of structures designed to be identical.
An Introduction to African Languages
Authors: Childs G. Tucker
Published: January 2014

This book introduces beginning students and non-specialists to the diversity and richness of African languages. In addition to providing a solid background to the study of African languages, the book presents linguistic phenomena not found in European languages. A goal of this book is to stimulate interest in African languages and address the question: What makes African languages so fascinating? The orientation adopted throughout the book is a descriptive one, which seeks to characterize African languages in a relatively succinct and neutral manner, and to make the facts accessible to a wide variety of readers. The author’s lengthy acquaintance with the continent and field experiences in western, eastern, and southern Africa allow for both a broad perspective and considerable depth in selected areas. The original examples are often the author’s own but also come from other sources and languages not often referenced in the literature. This text also includes a set of sound files illustrating the phenomena under discussion, be they the clicks of Khoisan, talking drums, or the ideophones (words like English lickety-split) found almost everywhere, which will make this book a valuable resource for teacher and student alike.
A Basis for Scientific and Engineering Translation
Authors: Hann Michael
Published: January 2014

This CD-rom and the accompanying handbook attack many of the most crucial difficulties encountered by both native and non-native English speakers when translating scientific and engineering material from German.

The CD-rom is like a miniature encyclopaedia dealing with the fundamental conceptual basis of science, engineering and mathematics, with particular regard to terminology. It provides didactically organised dictionaries, thesauri and a wide range of microglossaries highlighting polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, context, collocation, usage as well as grammatical, lexical and semantic considerations essential to accurate translation. It also supplies a wide variety of reference material and illustrations useful to self-taught professional technical translators, translator trainers at universities, and especially to student translators.

All the main branches of industrial technology are examined, such as mechanical, electrical, electronic, chemical, nuclear engineering, and fundamental terminologies are provided for a broad range of important subfields: automotive engineering, plastics, computer systems, construction technology, aircraft, machine tools.

The handbook provides a useful introduction to the CD-Rom, enabling readers proficient in two languages to acquire the basic skills necessary for technical translation by familiarity with fundamental engineering conceptions themselves.
The Genesis of Syntactic Complexity
Authors: Givón T.
Published: January 2014

Complex hierarchic syntax is a hallmark of human language. The highest level of syntactic complexity, recursive-embedded clauses, has been singled out by some for a special status as the evolutionary apex of the uniquely - human language faculty - evolutionary yet mysteriously immune to Darwinian adaptive selection. Prof. Givón's book treats syntactic complexity as an integral part of the evolutionary rise of human communication. The book first describes grammar as an adaptive instrument of communication, assembled upon the pre-existing platform of pre-linguistic object- and-event cognition and mental representation. It then surveys the two grand developmental trends of human language: diachrony, the communal enterprise directly responsible for fashioning synchronic morpho-syntax and cross-language diversity; and ontogeny, the individual endeavor directly responsible for acquiring the competent use of grammar. The genesis of syntactic complexity along these two developmental trends is compared with second language acquisition, pre-grammatical pidgin and pre-human communication. The evolutionary relevance of language diachrony, language ontogeny and pidginization is argued for on general bio-evolutionary grounds: It is the organism's adaptive on-line behavior- invention, learning and skill acquisition - that is the common thread running through all three developmental trends. The neuro-cognitive circuits that underlie language, and their evolutionary underpinnings, are described and assessed. Recursive embedding turns out to be not an adaptive target on its own, but the by-product of two distinct adaptive moves: (i) the recruitment of conjoined clauses as modal operators on, or referential specifiers of, other clauses; and (ii) the subsequent condensation of paratactic into syntactic structures.
An Introduction to the Grammar of English
Authors: van Gelderen Elly
Published: January 2014

It has been eight years since An Introduction to the Grammar of English was first published. The second edition is completely revised and greatly expanded, especially where texts, example sentences, exercises, and cartoons are concerned. It continues to provide a very lively and clearly written textbook. The book introduces basic concepts of grammar in a format which inspires the reader to use linguistic arguments. The style of the book is engaging and examples from poetry, jokes, and puns illustrate grammatical concepts. The focus is on syntactic analysis and evidence. However, special topic sections contribute sociolinguistic and historical reasons behind prescriptive rules such as the bans on split infinitives, dangling participles, and preposition stranding. The book is written for undergraduate students and structured for a semester-long course. It provides exercises, keys to those exercises, and sample exams. It also includes a comprehensive glossary. A basic website will be kept up at http://www.public.asu.edu/~gelderen/grammar.htm.
The Linguistic Structure of Modern English
Authors: Brinton Laurel J. , Brinton Donna M.
Published: January 2014

This text is for advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in contemporary English, especially those whose primary area of interest is English as a second language, primary or secondary-school education, English stylistics, theoretical and applied linguistics, or speech pathology. The emphasis is on empirical facts of English rather than any particular theory of linguistics; the text does not assume any background in language or linguistics. In this newly revised edition numerous example sentences are taken from the Corpus of Contemporary American English. A full glossary of key terms, an additional chapter on pedagogy and new sections on cognitive semantics and politeness have been added. Other changes include: completely updated print references; web links to sites of special interest and relevance; and a revised, reader-friendly layout. A companion website that includes a complete workbook with self-testing exercises and a comprehensive list of web links accompanies the book. The website can be found at the following address: https://doi.org/10.1075/z.156.workbook.

Students completing the text and workbook will acquire: a knowledge of the sound system of contemporary English; an understanding of the formation of English words; a comprehension of the structure of both simple and complex sentence in English; a recognition of complexities in the expression of meaning; an understanding of the context and function of use upon the structure of the language; and an appreciation of the importance of linguistic knowledge to the teaching of English to first and second-language learners.

Laurel J. Brinton is Professor of English Language at the University of British Columbia.

Donna M. Brinton is Senior Lecturer in TESOL at the University of Southern California's Rossier School of Education.

The Linguistic Structure of Modern English is a revised edition of The Structure of Modern English by Laurel J. Brinton (2000).
Re-Covered Rose
Authors: Sonzogni Marco
Published: January 2014

When a reader picks up a book, the essence of the text has been translated into the visual space of the cover. Using Umberto Eco’s bestseller The Name of the Rose as a case study, this is the first study of book cover design as a form of intersemiotic translation based on the purposeful selection of visual signs to represent verbal signs. As an act of translation, the cover of a book ought to be an ‘equivalent representation’ of the text. But in the absence of any established interpretive criteria, how can equivalence between the visual and the verbal be determined and interpreted? Re-Covered Rose tackles this question in an original and creative way, laying the foundation for a new research trend in Translation Studies.

Marco Sonzogni is Senior Lecturer in Italian, School of Languages and Cultures, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. A widely published academic and an award-winning editor, poet and literary translator, he is the Director of the New Zealand Centre for Literary Translation/Te Tumu Whakawhiti Tuhinga.
Dutch for Reading Knowledge
Authors: van Baalen Christine , Blom Frans R.E. , Hollander Inez
Published: January 2014

This first Dutch for Reading Knowledge book on the market promotes a high level of reading and translation competency by drawing from Dutch grammar, vocabulary and reading strategies, and providing many translation “shortcuts” and tips when tackling complex texts in Dutch. Aimed at students, researchers and scholars who need to learn how to read and translate modern Dutch texts for their academic research, this book focuses on those areas where the Netherlands plays or has played a leading and innovative role in the world. These areas include architecture, art history, design, the Dutch Golden Age, (post)colonialism, (im)migration, social legislation and water management. For all areas the authors combine profound knowledge of the field with great expertise in teaching Dutch language and culture. This book can be used for a Dutch for Reading Knowledge course or curriculum, and is also highly suitable for self study.
Why We Curse
Authors: Jay Timothy
Published: January 2014

Psychiatrists, psychologists, neurologists, linguists and speech pathologists currently have no coherent theory to explain why we curse and why we choose the words we do when we curse. The Neuro-Psycho-Social Theory of Speech draws together information about cursing from different disciplines and unites them to explain and describe the psychological, neurological, cultural and linguistic factors that underlie this startling phenomenon.
Why We Curse is divided into five parts. Part 1 introduces the dimensions and scope of cursing and outlines the NPS Theory, while Part 2 covers neurological variables and offers evidence for right brain dominance during emotional speech events. Part 3 then focuses on psychological development including language acquisition, personality development, cognition and so forth, while Part 4 covers the wide variety of social and cultural forces that define curse words and restrict their usage. Finally, Part 5 concludes by examining the social and legal implications of cursing, treating misconceptions about cursing, and setting the agenda for future research.
The work draws on new research by Dr. Jay and others and continues the research reported in his groundbreaking 1992 volume Cursing in America. A psycholinguistic study of dirty language in the courts, in the movies, in the schoolyards and on the streets.
Wh-Movement and the Theory of Feature-Checking
Authors: Simpson Andrew
Published: January 2014

Wh-movement and the theory of feature-checking argues that cross-linguistic variation in wh-constructions reduces to the availability of different lexical instantiations of a +wh C0 both across languages and within a single language, and the way in which such lexical elements are syntactically identified, either via movement or base-generation. Evidence from a wide range of patterns including wh-expletive questions leads to the conclusion that wh-feature checking may sometimes be effected non-locally and at a distance (long-distance wh-agreement), and that movement in general takes place for two related but discrete reasons: both to identify and activate an underspecified licensing head and in order for an element to occur in the checking domain projected by its relevant licensing head. Developing and generalizing the proposals beyond wh-phenomena, the study also goes on to argue for a Minimalist model of syntax in which feature-dependencies are in fact all licensed in the overt syntax and where there is no need for any further level of LF.
Nonverbal Communication across Disciplines
Authors: Poyatos Fernando
Published: January 2014

In a progressive and systematic approach to communication, and always through an interdisciplinary and cross-cultural perspective, this first volume presents culture as an intricate grid of sensible and intelligible sign systems in space and time, identifying the semiotic and interactive problems inherent in intercultural and subcultural communication according to verbal-nonverbal cultural fluency. The author lays out fascinating complexity of our direct and synesthesial sensory perception of people and artifactual and environmental elements; and its audible and visual manifestations through our ‘speaking face’, to then acknowledge the triple reality of discourse as ‘verbal language-paralanguage-kinesics’, which is applied through two realistic models: (a)for a verbal-nonverbal comprehensive transcription of interactive speech, and (b)for the implementation of nonverbal communication in foreign-language teaching. The author presents his exhaustive model of ‘nonverbal categories’ for a detailed analysis of normal or pathological behaviors in any interactive or noninteractive manifestation; and, based on all the previous material, his equally exhaustive structural model for the study of conversational encounters, which suggests many applications in different fields, such as the intercultural and multisystem communication situation developed in simultaneous or consecutive interpretating.

956 literary quotations from 103 authors and 194 works illustrate all the points discussed.
The Economics of Information, Deep Capture, and the Obesity Debate
Authors: Smith Trenton G. , Tasnádi Attila
Published: January 2014

The economic theory of regulatory capture predicts that industry groups will attempt to influence their regulators (for example, by lobbying for rules that exclude competition). It has been suggested that the same logic applies to any powerful institution with the ability to affect industry profits. When the aim of industry is to alter the public's perception of its product (for example, by disseminating favorable messages to the news media or via an advertising campaign, or by funding industry‐friendly scientific research), the end result has been dubbed deep capture. We develop a formal model of deep capture, in which consumers have imperfect information about product quality, and a dominant producer is able to increase his profits by altering the parameters of the consumer's search problem. We demonstrate the empirical relevance of the phenomenon with a discussion of the food industry response to the obesity epidemic.
Bio Simulators: a web UI for biological simulation
Authors: Pedersen Michael , Oury Nicolas , Gravill Colin , Phillips Andrew
Published: January 2014

Summary: A host of formal, textual languages for modeling cellular processes have recently emerged, but their simulation tools often require an installation process which can pose a barrier for use. Bio Simulators is a framework for easy online deployment of simulators, providing a uniform web-based user interface to a diverse pool of tools. The framework is demonstrated through two plugins based on the KaSim Kappa simulator, one running directly in the browser and another running in the cloud.

Availability: Web tool: bsims.azurewebsites.net. KaSim client side simulator: github.com/NicolasOury/KaSimJS. KaSim cloud simulator: github.com/mdpedersen/KaSimCloud.

Contact:  michael.d.pedersen@gmail.com or Andrew.Phillips@microsoft.com

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
ChEpiMod: a knowledgebase for chemical modulators of epigenome reader domains
Authors: Meslamani Jamel , Smith Steven G. , Sanchez Roberto , Zhou Ming-Ming
Published: January 2014

Context: Epigenome reader domains are rapidly emerging as a new class of drug targets for a wide array of human diseases. To facilitate study of structure–activity relationship and small-molecule ligand design for these domains, we have created ChEpiMod. ChEpiMod is a free knowledgebase of chemical modulators with documented modulatory activity for epigenome reader domains.

Methods: ChEpiMod organizes information about chemical modulators and their associated binding-affinity data, as well as available structures of epigenome readers from the Protein Data Bank. The data are gathered from the literature and patents. Entries are supplemented by annotation. The current version of ChEpiMod covers six epigenome reader domain families (Bromodomain, PHD finger, Chromodomain, MBT, PWWP and Tudor). The database can be used to browse existing chemical modulators and bioactivity data, as well as, all available structures of readers and their molecular interactions. The database is updated weekly.

Availability: ChEpiMod is freely available at http://chepimod.org

Contact:  ming-ming.zhou@mssm.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data is available at Bioinformatics online.
Performance and optimization of X-ray grating interferometry
Authors: Thuering T. , Stampanoni M.
Published: January 2014

The monochromatic and polychromatic performance of a grating interferometer is theoretically analysed. The smallest detectable refraction angle is used as a metric for the efficiency in acquiring a differential phase-contrast image. Analytical formulae for the visibility and the smallest detectable refraction angle are derived for Talbot-type and Talbot–Lau-type interferometers, respectively, providing a framework for the optimization of the geometry. The polychromatic performance of a grating interferometer is investigated analytically by calculating the energy-dependent interference fringe visibility, the spectral acceptance and the polychromatic interference fringe visibility. The optimization of grating interferometry is a crucial step for the design of application-specific systems with maximum performance.
Clinical boundary conditions for grating-based differential phase-contrast mammography
Authors: Roessl Ewald , Daerr Heiner , Koehler Thomas , Martens Gerhard , van Stevendaal Udo
Published: January 2014

Research in grating-based differential phase-contrast imaging (DPCI) has gained increasing momentum in the past couple of years. The first results on the potential clinical benefits of the technique for X-ray mammography are becoming available and indicate improvements in terms of general image quality, the delineation of lesions versus the background tissue and the visibility of microcalcifications. In this paper, we investigate some aspects related to the technical feasibility of DPCI for human X-ray mammography. After a short introduction to state-of-the-art full-field digital mammography in terms of technical aspects as well as clinical aspects, we put together boundary conditions for DPCI. We then discuss the implications for system design in a comparative manner for systems with two-dimensional detectors versus slit-scanning systems, stating advantages and disadvantages of the two designs. Finally, focusing on a slit-scanning system, we outline a possible concept for phase acquisition.
Effects of acute and long‐term typical or atypical neuroleptics on morphine‐induced behavioural effects in mice
Authors: Hollais André W , Patti Camilla L , Zanin Karina A , Fukushiro Daniela F , Berro Laís F , Carvalho Rita C , Kameda Sonia R , Frussa‐Filho Roberto
Published: January 2014

It has been suggested that the high prevalence of drug abuse in schizophrenics is related to chronic treatment with typical neuroleptics and dopaminergic supersensitivity that develops as a consequence. Within this context, atypical neuroleptics do not seem to induce this phenomenon. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acute administration or withdrawal from long‐term administration of haloperidol and/or ziprasidone on morphine‐induced open‐field behaviour in mice.

In the first experiment, mice were given a single injection of haloperidol (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or several doses of ziprasidone (2, 4 or 6 mg/kg, i.p.) and motor activity was quantified by the open‐field test. The aim of the second experiment was to verify the effects of an acute injection of haloperidol (1 mg/kg) or ziprasidone (6 mg/kg) on 20 mg/kg morphine‐induced behaviours in the open‐field test. In the third experiment, mice were treated with 1 mg/kg haloperidol and/or 2, 4 or 6 mg/kg ziprasidone for 20 days. Seventy‐two hours after the last injection, mice were injected with 20 mg/kg, i.p., morphine and then subjected to the open‐field test. Acute haloperidol or ziprasidone decreased spontaneous general activity and abolished morphine‐induced locomotor stimulation.

Withdrawal from haloperidol or ziprasidone did not modify morphine‐elicited behaviours in the open‐field test. The results suggest that withdrawal from neuroleptic treatments does not contribute to the acute effect of morphine in schizophrenic patients.
Microbial ecology of arsenic‐mobilizing Cambodian sediments: lithological controls uncovered by stable‐isotope probing
Authors: Héry Marina , Rizoulis Athanasios , Sanguin Hervé , Cooke David A. , Pancost Richard D. , Polya David A. , Lloyd Jonathan R.
Published: January 2014

Microbially mediated arsenic release from Holocene and Pleistocene Cambodian aquifer sediments was investigated using microcosm experiments and substrate amendments. In the Holocene sediment, the metabolically active bacteria, including arsenate‐respiring bacteria, were determined by DNA stable‐isotope probing. After incubation with 13C‐acetate and 13C‐lactate, active bacterial community in the Holocene sediment was dominated by different Geobacter spp.‐related 16S rRNA sequences. Substrate addition also resulted in the enrichment of sequences related to the arsenate‐respiring Sulfurospirillum spp. 13C‐acetate selected for ArrA related to Geobacter spp. whereas 13C‐lactate selected for ArrA which were not closely related to any cultivated organism. Incubation of the Pleistocene sediment with lactate favoured a 16S rRNA‐phylotype related to the sulphate‐reducing Desulfovibrio oxamicus DSM1925, whereas the ArrA sequences clustered with environmental sequences distinct from those identified in the Holocene sediment. Whereas limited As(III) release was observed in Pleistocene sediment after lactate addition, no arsenic mobilization occurred from Holocene sediments, probably because of the initial reduced state of As, as determined by X‐ray Absorption Near Edge Structure. Our findings demonstrate that in the presence of reactive organic carbon, As(III) mobilization can occur in Pleistocene sediments, having implications for future strategies that aim to reduce arsenic contamination in drinking waters by using aquifers containing Pleistocene sediments.
Bedside manner and the invisible patient: The silence surrounding women's gynaecological health in Niger (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Heller Alison
Published: January 2014

Women with gynaecological and obstetrical disorders in Niger such as obstetric fistula, often negotiate the clinical experience for years or even decades without ever receiving a diagnosis. The withholding of information is common practice among clinicians, who due to the lack of time, the lack of follow‐up, or ethical considerations that discourage delivering patients ‘bad news’, frequently do not explain women's conditions or options for treatments. Instead, women interfacing with the clinic are often told only one thing: be patient. This call for patience strips women, and their families, of the agency to participate in treatment decisions and the decision as to when, or if, to abandon the search for care.
Interleukin‐17 and interleukin‐23: importance in the pathogenesis of lung impairment in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Olewicz‐Gawlik Anna , Danczak‐Pazdrowska Aleksandra , Kuznar‐Kaminska Barbara , Gornowicz‐Porowska Justyna , Katulska Katarzyna , Trzybulska Dorota , Batura‐Gabryel Halina , Silny Wojciech , Poplawski Dariusz , Hrycaj Pawel
Published: January 2014

Aim

T cell abnormalities with a focus on Th17 cells have been associated with the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). The aim of this study was to evaluate serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐17, IL‐21 and IL‐23 in SSc patients and to assess their relationship with ILD‐SSc.

Methods

Thirty‐eight patients with SSc and 39 healthy controls were recruited. Serum IL‐17, IL‐21 and IL‐23 levels were examined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lung involvement of SSc patients was assessed functionally (diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO], body plethysmography) and radiologically (using average disease extent on high resolution computed tomography [HRCT] of the lungs according to the percentage of interstitial changes and quantified with a 30‐point Warrick score) in 29 SSc patients.

Results

Serum IL‐17 and IL‐23 levels were significantly decreased and IL‐21 levels were elevated in SSc patients when compared with controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.01, respectively). The level of IL‐17 was negatively associated with disease duration (P = 0.01) and positively with HRCT Warrick score (P = 0.03). IL‐23 concentration negatively correlated with DLCO (P = 0.04), total lung capacity (TLC) (P = 0.01) and the 6‐min walk test distance (P = 0.03). No associations were found between the cytokine levels and the average extent of the disease on HRCT.

Conclusion

While the relationship between Th17‐associated cytokines and ILD‐SSc needs to be verified in a larger cohort of patients, the changes in concentrations of IL‐17, IL‐21 and IL‐23 support the hypothesis that these cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of SSc.
Extinction is the Dream of Modern Powers: Bearing Witness to the Return to Life of the Sinixt Peoples?
Authors: Robertson Sean
Published: January 2014

The Arrow Lakes Band was the only form of legal recognition ever made available to the Sinixt nation by Canada before they were declared extinct. The Oatscott reserve and the state were cartographies that both summoned and willed away the Sinixt. I attempt a “politics of witnessing” of recent Sinixt activities as they push back against these colonial enframings and displacements. I then contextualize biopower within settler society to chart the production of the state through a cultural economy of racialization and erasure, and through a clearing of the land based on more explicit imaginative geographies. The declaration of the extinction of the Sinixt illustrates Indian reserves less as a disciplinary and more a sovereign technology. And yet it is quintessentially modern owing to the absence of instrumental violence. Finally, the limitations of witnessing and the space Indigenous peoples make for alliances are examined.
Tenofovir is superior to entecavir for achieving complete viral suppression in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients with high HBV DNA
Authors: Gao L. , Trinh H. N. , Li J. , Nguyen M. H.
Published: January 2014

Background

Entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) are the two first‐line anti‐viral therapies for chronic hepatitis B (CHB); however, there are limited studies directly comparing their effectiveness.

Aim

To compare the effectiveness of ETV and TDF in nucleos(t)ide‐naïve CHB patients with high hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels, defined as serum HBV DNA greater than 6 log10 IU/mL.

Methods

We performed a retrospective multicentre cohort study of adult CHB patients who were seen between 2009 and 2012 at four Northern California community gastroenterology and hepatology clinics.

Results

We identified 59 consecutive patients treated with TDF and 216 patients treated with ETV. Pre‐treatment characteristics were similar between the two groups. Among HBeAg‐negative patients, there was no significant difference in viral suppression rates between ETV and TDF (P = 0.72). In contrast, among HBeAg‐positive patients, those treated with TDF achieved viral suppression significantly more rapidly than those treated with ETV (P < 0.0001); the Kaplan–Meier estimated probability of complete suppression was 18% vs. 11% at 6 months, 51% vs. 28% at 12 months and 72% vs. 39% at 18 months respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated that treatment with TDF compared to ETV was a significant predictor of viral suppression, but only for HBeAg‐positive patients (HR = 2.59; 95% CI 1.58–4.22; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Tenofovir is significantly more effective than entecavir for achieving complete viral suppression in HBeAg‐positive, nucleos(t)ide‐naïve chronic hepatitis B patients with HBV DNA greater than 6 log10 IU/mL.
The Need for Economic Literacy for Students and Teachers: Insights from John Dewey
Authors: Rogers John
Published: January 2014

Despite growing attention to public opinion about economic inequality, there has been little research on how this topic should be addressed in a key site of civic development—elementary and secondary schools. This commentary builds on a recent ASAP article by White, Mistry, and Chow to explore what knowledge and understandings K‐12 students should acquire about the economy, and what this means for what teachers need to know. Looking to John Dewey's Depression‐era writing as a guide, I introduce the concept of economic literacy and describe how teachers and students can develop such literacy.