bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of landslide and measurement of ground vibration period in the Salado-Paccha sector using GNSS equipment and refraction seismic testing
Authors: Román Miguel , Almache Luis Mario
Published: May 2024

A landslide is a soils movement that depending on its level can be a very risky event, causing from material losses to human lives in some occasions. It can occur naturally or by anthropogenic means, the main causes are usually high intensity rainfall, soils with poor geomechanical characteristics, considerable seismic movements, erosion, lack of vegetation cover, among others. Paccha is a parish where there are several active landslides that put its inhabitants and their material goods at risk. As a result, this research analyzes one of them with UTM17s, 728845,38 E 9679536,46 N coordinates, located in the El Salado sector, for its study it is intended to characterize it, measuring its displacement and velocity through a monitoring of 36 days in 3 data collection campaigns with GNSS equipment using the RTK method, in addition a seismic refraction test is used to measure the period of vibration of the soil at the site. The results obtained indicate that the soil in the sector is clay and silt of high plasticity, the slip is extremely slow, semi-deep, with lateral propagation and rotational geometry. The displacement between points is 4,14 cm while the velocity is 0,43 m/year, finally the vibration period corresponds to a value of 0,13s and the shear wave velocity Vs is 178,85, which is categorized as a type E soil.
Survey on green roofs in Poland
Authors: Radziszewska – Zielina Elżbieta , Lenart Anna
Published: May 2024

The aim of this paper is to present the results of a survey on green roofs among potential real estate developers and users, concerning knowledge about, awareness of the benefits of, and interest in green roofs. The survey sample consisted of 151 persons – potential owner-builders from Poland. This is not a large number, but it is significant. The research sample was purposive and statistically insignificant, and the study was an initial part of a larger project. Greenery in urban settings positively affects human quality of life and health and contact with nature improves well-being and reduces stress. Roofs covered with greenery are also a sign of growing environmental awareness. In Poland, green roofs are usually a feature of public and commercial buildings. The low popularity of this solution in single-family housing has its source in potential owner-builders being unaware of the benefits of the roofs’ application, funding opportunities, and benefits in the form of a greater amount of biologically active surfaces. Currently, the technology of covering roofs with greenery is highly developed, and there are many experienced contractors who operate on the Polish market. However, there is a deficiency in knowledge about green roofs among real estate developers and prospective owner-builders, which constitutes a demand barrier. Many people are anxious about using a green roof out of fear of high construction costs and necessary greenery maintenance. This is due to misinformation, as it is possible to use an extensive, low-maintenance roof type. In the case of an intensive roof, the maintenance largely resembles that of a traditional domestic garden. The costs of creating a roof garden are higher than in the case of traditional roofing materials, but a smaller plot could be bought as a result, as a greater amount of biologically active surfaces can be obtained to meet zoning regulations. In Poland, there are currently no legal regulations that obligate or incentivise the use of green roofs. The popularity of this solution is growing, which gives hope for making cities greener. In an era of progressing climate change, building additional green spaces, including those on roofs, is a crucial remedy for the severe consequences of unsustainable urbanisation.
Eco backstage and its sustainability in terms of design, material or technology
Authors: Albu Gabriela
Published: May 2024

On the website of the European Parliament, it is stated that “the global economy uses the equivalent of one and a half of the planet’s resources in order to produce global results and to absorb waste, and estimates show that these numbers will rise to the level of the resources of two planets by 2030.” Although ecological, sustainability and resilience policies have been adopted through legislation over 60 years ago, humanity finds itself at a point in time when the linear economy and demographic growth are still the main causes for the imminent depletion of natural resources, thus endangering the environment, the planet and the human species itself. In parallel with the implementation of these laws and policies, humanity is also aiming to conquer new territories or to exploit other planets. Although this is a more modern and glamorized mind-set, one that encompasses the whole solar system, it is, in essence, still a primitive “colonizer” thinking pattern. Under these circumstances, sustainable design has become not just a necessity, but rather a sine qua non for survival. Changing the traditional model of the economy to a circular one means multiplying the life cycles of a product. Thus, this paper aims to examine the “greening” of theatre set production by implementing circular design as the primary method to reshape material resources, technology, and product design processes, serving as the sole approach to prevent waste production.
Architectural technology: Education objectives
Authors: Sfintes Radu , Sfintes Anda-Ioana
Published: May 2024

Architecture requires many aspects to be considered – during research, concept development, detailing, construction and even postoccupancy. Not many architects nowadays see to all the aspects mentioned as it is easier and sometimes better to collaborate with architects specialised in each area. However, knowledge about each aspect (and most of all understanding the importance of each in the whole building process) is essential in order to corroborate information and thus assure the quality of the final product – the building in use. An important question arises in an architecture educational environment: which aspects must be considered as core elements to be taught? We wish to set didactic objectives of architectural technology and follow specific pedagogical methods that underline its specific role in an academic environment, but also its role of reaffirming, refining and enriching the design. Beyond its obvious constructive role, architectural technology can be regarded as a tool along the various phases of design, including post-occupancy. Its approach as such throughout the years of study has an undeniable effect upon its understanding and further application in practice. Also, how architectural technology is taught and guided can contribute to the achievement of general competences and abilities linked to the general didactic objectives of a school of architecture.
Traditional city, invaded city, and reconquered city: The experiences of re-functionalization of Praca da Figueira in Lisbon (1885-2023)
Authors: Narciso José , Sampayo Mafalda
Published: May 2024

The squares are multifunctional and multidimensional spaces that integrate the city’s needs. For this reason, they assume different roles: they support urban life, economic activities, and the mobility system. Faced with diverse approaches and interventions in the public space, Jan Gehl and Lars Gemzøe developed a typification of the city according to the design of its public space, which they call ‘the traditional city, the invaded city, and the reconquered city’. These different types of cities can also be associated with various periods or interventions in public spaces. From the observation of Praça da Figueira in Lisbon, particularly its history, we understand the present situation of this space, identify the moments and principles inherent to the main functional and image transformations that this public space has undergone over the centuries. The experiences of (re)functionalization and qualification of this square conditioned its evolution from a market square (1885-1949), the noble square (1969), to the square that we observed in 2023.
Photon-counting detector CT – first experiences in the field of musculoskeletal radiology
Authors: Bette Stefanie , Risch Franka , Becker Judith , Popp Daniel , Decker Josua A. , Kaufmann David , Friedrich Lena , Scheurig-Münkler Christian , Schwarz Florian , Kröncke Thomas J
Published: May 2024

The introduction of photon-counting detector CT (PCD-CT) marks a remarkable leap in innovation in CT imaging. The new detector technology allows X-rays to be converted directly into an electrical signal without an intermediate step via a scintillation layer and allows the energy of individual photons to be measured. Initial data show high spatial resolution, complete elimination of electronic noise, and steady availability of spectral image data sets. In particular, the new technology shows promise with respect to the imaging of osseous structures. Recently, PCD-CT was implemented in the clinical routine. The aim of this review was to summarize recent studies and to show our first experiences with photon-counting detector technology in the field of musculoskeletal radiology.

We performed a literature search using Medline and included a total of 90 articles and reviews that covered recent experimental and clinical experiences with the new technology.

In this review, we focus on (1) spatial resolution and delineation of fine anatomic structures, (2) reduction of radiation dose, (3) electronic noise, (4) techniques for metal artifact reduction, and (5) possibilities of spectral imaging. This article provides insight into our first experiences with photon-counting detector technology and shows results and images from experimental and clinical studies.

Bette S, Risch F, Becker J et al. Photon-counting detector CT – first experiences in the field of musculoskeletal radiology. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2024; DOI 10.1055/a-2312-6914
Selective Use of Modern Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty is Not Associated with Increased Risk of Revision in Patients Aged 65 or Greater: An Analysis from the American Joint Replacement Registry
Authors: Kagan Ryland , Pelt Christopher E. , Khanuja Harpal S. , Oni Julius K. , Zaniletti Isabella , De Ayushmita , Hegde Vishal
Published: May 2024

Modern highly porous surfaces have increased confidence and use of cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the United States. As cementless TKA use increases, there remains a paucity of literature regarding associated risk of revision in patients aged ≥65 years. We analyzed the American Joint Replacement Registry (AJRR) data from January 2012 to March 2020 identifying patients aged ≥65 years undergoing primary TKA with linked cases to supplemental centers for Medicare and Medicaid data. Patients with hybrid fixation, reverse hybrid fixation, missing component data, highly constrained implants, and stem extension/augmentation were excluded. We identified 442,745 cemented TKAs and 19,841 modern cementless TKAs with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Cumulative incident function (CIF) curves and cause-specific Cox models evaluated the risk of all-cause revision and revision for mechanical loosening, adjusting for body mass index (BMI), sex, age, cruciate retaining (CR) versus posterior stabilized (PS) femoral design, patellar resurfacing, and Charlson's comorbidity index (CCI). Patients with cementless compared with cemented TKA were younger (mean age: 71.9 vs. 73.2 years, p < 0.001), more likely to be male sex (48.8 vs. 39.0%, p < 0.001), more likely to have a CR femoral design (81.1 vs. 45.7%, p < 0.001), less likely to have patellar resurfacing (92.7 vs. 95.0%, p < 0.001), and had a lower CCI (mean: 2.9 vs. 3.1, p < 0.001). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) showed no difference in associated risk for all-cause revision (HR: 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92–1.24; p = 0.382) or revision for mechanical loosening (HR: 1.38; 95% CI: 0.9–2.12; p = 0.14) for cementless versus cemented TKA. Our results suggest that current selective use of cementless fixation for TKA in patients aged ≥65 years in the United States is not associated with an increased risk of revision. While encouraging, further study is necessary to establish indications for use in this age group prior to broader adoption in this patient population.

Level of Evidence Therapeutic Level III.
Leveraging Novel Clinical Decision Support to Improve Preferred Language Documentation in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Mercado Osvaldo , Ruan Alex , Oluwalade Bolu , Devine Matthew , Gibbs Kathleen , Carr Leah
Published: May 2024

Background Recognition of the patient and family's diverse backgrounds and language preference is critical for communicating effectively. In our hospital's electronic health record, a patient or family's identified language for communication is documented in a discrete field known as “preferred language.” This field serves as an interdepartmental method to identify patients with a non-English preferred language, creating a bolded banner for non-English speakers easily identifiable by health care professionals. Despite the importance of documenting preferred language to facilitate equitable care, this field is often blank.

Objectives Using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Model for Improvement, our team sought to increase preferred language documentation within the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from a baseline of 74% in September 2021 to above 90% within 6 months.

Methods A multidisciplinary team was assembled to address preferred language documentation. Our team incorporated guidance regarding preferred language documentation into a novel clinical decision support (CDS) tool aimed at addressing various safety and quality measures within the NICU. Our primary outcome metric was documentation of family's preferred language. Process measures included overall compliance with the CDS tool. A secondary outcome was the assessment of preferred language documentation accuracy.

Results The average rate of preferred language documentation increased from a baseline of 74 to 92% within 6 months and is currently sustained at 96%. Moreover, our follow-up assessments found that 100% of a random sample of contacted patients (n = 88) had their language preferences documented correctly. Overall compliance with the CDS tool remained at 85% throughout the project.

Conclusion Using a quality improvement framework coupled with a CDS initiative, our team was able to successfully and accurately improve preferred language documentation in our NICU. Future projects include strategies for more equitable care for patients with non-English preferences such as improved interpreter usage and discharge instructions in their preferred language.
Abdominal Fibromyxoid Sarcoma in Pregnancy: An Unusual Cause of Preterm Labor and Sepsis
Authors: Barger Abigail , Vishnia Maya , Hanna Marie , Horgan Rebecca , Martins Juliana
Published: May 2024

Cancer in pregnancy is rare, with incidence less than 1%, and the most common cancers being melanoma, breast, and cervical cancers. Fibromyxoid sarcoma is a soft tissue tumor involving deep soft tissues of the extremities and trunk, rarely located in the abdomen. A low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) falls in the family of fibrosarcoma. Only two cases of LGFMS in pregnancy have been reported. We report a case of abdominal LGFMS in pregnancy leading to preterm labor, sepsis, and an acute abdomen requiring surgery in the third trimester. A 19-year-old woman, gravida 1 at 32 weeks and 5 days presented to an outside hospital with preterm contractions and cervical effacement. She had a known abdominal mass, suspected to be accessory liver lobe, measuring 9.0 × 6.4 × 7.7 cm in the right upper quadrant. At 33 weeks of gestation, she developed fever and hypotension. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of the mass, which was now on the left side of the abdomen and associated with a suspected abscess. She underwent cesarean delivery, and complete surgical resection of the mass along with a small bowel resection. Final pathology of the mass revealed a LGFMS. This case also highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach to manage a rare presentation of sepsis and preterm labor in pregnancy.
The Landscape of Androgens in Cushing’s Syndrome
Authors: Nowotny Hanna F. , Braun Leah , Reisch Nicole
Published: May 2024

Hyperandrogenemia in patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) presents a diagnostic
pitfall due to its rare occurrence and overlapping symptoms with more common
conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This review explores the
significance of androgen dysregulation in CS, focusing on both classical and
11-oxygenated androgens. While classical androgens contribute to
hyperandrogenism in CS, their levels alone do not fully account for clinical
symptoms. Recent research highlights the overlooked role of 11oxC19 androgens,
particularly 11OHA4 and 11KT, in driving hyperandrogenic manifestations across
all CS subtypes. These adrenal-specific and highly potent androgens offer stable
expression throughout the lifespan of a woman, serving as valuable diagnostic
biomarkers. Understanding their prominence not only aids in subtype
differentiation but also provides insights into the complex nature of androgen
dysregulation in CS. Recognizing the diagnostic potential of 11oxC19 androgens
promises to refine diagnostic approaches and improve clinical management
strategies for patients with CS.
Prenatally Diagnosed Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome: Perinatal Management and Outcome—A Single Tertiary Care Center Experience
Authors: Malhotra Khushboo , Elayedatt Rinshi Abid , Mahajan Rahul Ashok , Krishnan Vivek
Published: May 2024

To report our experience with the management of prenatally diagnosed cases of congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) and the postnatal outcome of those who underwent an ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure. This is a single center, retrospective observational study of prenatally diagnosed CHAOS cases using two-dimensional ultrasound from December 2017 to December 2022 in a tertiary care facility. Of the total nine fetuses prenatally diagnosed with CHAOS, three (33.3%) were associated with multiple congenital anomalies, seven out of nine (77.8%) developed ascites, and one had fetal hydrops. Five (55.6%) underwent medical termination of pregnancy and two were lost to follow-up (22.2%). The remaining two continued pregnancy and required EXIT tracheostomy at the time of delivery (22.2%). Microarray was performed in both which was normal. Postnatally, both infants are tracheostomy dependent with one requiring frequent ventilator support. CHAOS even when isolated generally has poor prognosis without intervention. Performing an EXIT procedure at birth can significantly improve postnatal survival by minimizing hypoxic damage. However, the long-term medical and surgical challenges for survivors remain numerous especially speech disorders, even after lifesaving fetal intervention and surgical correction. Therefore, an accurate prenatal diagnosis is necessary to give the couple an option of continuing pregnancy after realistic counseling regarding the prognosis and postnatal outcome.
Pineal Apoplexy: Highlighting the Causes, Treatment, and Outcome
Authors: Atallah Oday , Chaurasia Bipin , Badary Amr , Maria Lucio De , Almealawy Yasser F. , Awuah Wireko Andrew , Moustafa Wahab , Ergen Anil , Fontanella Marco Maria
Published: May 2024

Background Pineal apoplexy, alternatively referred to as pineal hemorrhage or pineal gland hemorrhagic stroke, is an infrequent pathologic condition characterized by bleeding within the pineal gland. In this review, we encompass the primary factors contributing to this uncommon ailment.

Methods The retrieval of pertinent research, including patients with pineal apoplexy, was conducted through PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. This study exclusively incorporated comprehensive articles written in the English language. The search encompassed the MeSH terms “pineal apoplexy” and “pineal hemorrhage.”

Results A total of 41 articles were identified, encompassing a collective sample size of 57 patients. The median age of the patients in the study was 30 years, with a range spanning from 1 to 73 years. There were 27 males, representing 47.4% of the participants. The study identified the most often reported symptoms as headache (49; 86%), nausea/vomiting (19; 33.3%), and Parinaud's syndrome (16; 28.1%). The treatment options encompass several approaches, including open resection, shunting, ventriculostomy, endoscopic aspiration, and conservative care. In the conducted study, a notable number of patients, amounting to 45 cases (78.9%), indicated an amelioration of their symptoms upon their discharge.

Conclusion Data from a cohort of 57 cases provide insights into symptoms, lesions, treatments, and outcomes. Management approaches range from conservative measures to surgical interventions, with prognosis hinged on timely intervention. This investigation serves as a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers, underscoring the need for early diagnosis before permanent neurologic dysfunction happens and tailored treatments for optimal outcomes in pineal apoplexy cases.
Comparison of the Results of Phalloplasty Using Radial Free Forearm Flap and Anterolateral Thigh in Iran from 2014 to 2019
Authors: Akhoondinasab Mohammad-Reza , Saraee Amir , Forghani Siamak-Farokh , Mousavi Ali , Shahrbaf Mohammad Amin
Published: May 2024

Introduction Due to the worldwide growing number of transgender individuals openly identifying themselves, including in Iran, these individuals need more attention and support. This study compares patient satisfaction and quality of life after female-to-male gender confirmation surgery using an anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap and radial forearm free flap (RFFF).

Materials and Methods This study included 49 patients who underwent phalloplasty from 2014 to 2019 using two different methods. The two groups' outcomes and quality of life were investigated and compared 1 year after the operation.

Results The mean age of the patients in this study was 32.7 years. Among patients, 44.9% underwent revision operations, and 38.8% had residual protective sensations after 1 year. In terms of quality of life after surgery, the general shape of the phallus, cold and heat sensation, sense of touch, the body of glans and shaft, color and size of the phallus, sexual pleasure in patients and their partners, and the relationship between the number of anastomosed nerves and sexual satisfaction, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The ALT group had statistically significantly higher rates of orgasms compared to the RFFF group.

Conclusion The outcomes of the two phalloplasty surgery methods (ALT and RFFF) are similar in different aspects, such as the quality of life.
Outcome Trajectories after Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Carhuapoma Lourdes , Murthy Santosh , Shah Vishank A.
Published: May 2024

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most morbid of all stroke types with a high early mortality and significant early disability burden. Traditionally, outcome assessments after ICH have mirrored those of acute ischemic stroke, with 3 months post-ICH being considered a standard time point in most clinical trials, observational studies, and clinical practice. At this time point, the majority of ICH survivors remain with moderate to severe functional disability. However, emerging data suggest that recovery after ICH occurs over a more protracted course and requires longer periods of follow-up, with more than 40% of ICH survivors with initial severe disability improving to partial or complete functional independence over 1 year. Multiple other domains of recovery impact ICH survivors including cognition, mood, and health-related quality of life, all of which remain under studied in ICH. To further complicate the picture, the most important driver of mortality after ICH is early withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, before initiation of treatment and evaluating effects of prolonged supportive care, influenced by early pessimistic prognostication based on baseline severity factors and prognostication biases. Thus, our understanding of the true natural history of ICH recovery remains limited. This review summarizes the existing literature on outcome trajectories in functional and nonfunctional domains, describes limitations in current prognostication practices, and highlights areas of uncertainty that warrant further research.
Beyond probability-impact matrices in project risk management: A quantitative methodology for risk prioritisation
Authors: Acebes F. , González-Varona J. M. , López-Paredes A. , Pajares J.
Published: May 2024

The project managers who deal with risk management are often faced with the difficult task of determining the relative importance of the various sources of risk that affect the project. This prioritisation is crucial to direct management efforts to ensure higher project profitability. Risk matrices are widely recognised tools by academics and practitioners in various sectors to assess and rank risks according to their likelihood of occurrence and impact on project objectives. However, the existing literature highlights several limitations to use the risk matrix. In response to the weaknesses of its use, this paper proposes a novel approach for prioritising project risks. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is used to perform a quantitative prioritisation of risks with the simulation software MCSimulRisk. Together with the definition of project activities, the simulation includes the identified risks by modelling their probability and impact on cost and duration. With this novel methodology, a quantitative assessment of the impact of each risk is provided, as measured by the effect that it would have on project duration and its total cost. This allows the differentiation of critical risks according to their impact on project duration, which may differ if cost is taken as a priority objective. This proposal is interesting for project managers because they will, on the one hand, know the absolute impact of each risk on their project duration and cost objectives and, on the other hand, be able to discriminate the impacts of each risk independently on the duration objective and the cost objective.
Point particle E-models
Authors: Klimčík Ctirad
Published: May 2024

We show that the same algebraic data that permit to construct the Lax pair and the r-matrix of an integrable non-linear σ-model in 1 + 1 dimensions can be also used for the construction of Lax pairs and of r-matrices of several other non-trivial integrable theories in 1 + 0 dimension. We call those new integrable theories the point particle E-models, we describe their structure and give their physical interpretation. We work out in detail the point particle E-modelsassociated to the bi-Yang–Baxter deformation of the SU(N) principal chiral model. In particular, for each complex flag manifold we thus obtain a two-parameter family of integrable models living on it.
Temperature effects on the nanoscale thermoelastic response of a SiO2 membrane
Authors: Fainozzi Danny , Caporaletti Federico , Capotondi Flavio , De Angelis Dario , Duncan Ryan A. , Foglia Laura , Martinelli Alessandro , Mincigrucci Riccardo , Nelson Keith A. , Pedersoli Emanuele , Zanatta Marco , Maznev Alexei A. , Monaco Giulio , Bencivenga Filippo , Baldi Giacomo
Published: May 2024

We crossed two femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses on a 100 nm thick amorphous membrane of SiO2, generating transient gratings (TGs) of light intensity with 84 nm spatial periodicity. The EUV TG excitation gave rise to the efficient generation of Lamb waves (LWs) and of a temperature grating, whose dynamics was studied at two different initial sample temperatures, 50 and 300 K. The short penetration depth of the EUV excitation pulses turned into a strong non-uniformity in the actual temperature as a function of the depth from the sample surface. At the lowest temperature, the LW frequencies presented a sizable shift in time due to the thermal equilibration along the membrane thickness. The analysis of the EUV TG waveforms allowed us to determine the decay time of the thermal grating and the sound attenuation coefficient, both found in reasonable agreement with the literature. The results show how EUV TG can provide information of non-equilibrium thermoelastic dynamics in thin membranes transparent to optical radiation.
Crystallization dynamics probed by transient resistance in phase change memory cells
Authors: Ordan Efrat , Nir-Harwood Rivka-Galya , Dahan Mor M. , Keller Yair , Yalon Eilam
Published: May 2024

Crystallization (set) time is a key bottleneck to achieve high-speed programming in phase change memory (PCM). Overcoming this limitation requires a deeper understanding of the solidification processes within nanoscale device configuration. This study explores crystallization dynamics in Ge2Sb2Te5 by measuring the transient resistance and power during the set process in confined PCM cells with nanosecond resolution. The transient resistance probes the phase, while the power can be used to evaluate temperature, thus uncovering details of the phase change dynamics. Our findings reveal a notable trend indicating that solidification from the melt results in faster crystallization compared with annealing the glassy state. Moreover, we observed notable differences in the solidification dynamics during set (crystallization) and reset (amorphization) pulses. Our nanosecond transient measurement methodology proves valuable in revealing crucial aspects of PCM crystallization dynamics, holding the potential to enable higher-speed programming.
X-LoRA: Mixture of low-rank adapter experts, a flexible framework for large language models with applications in protein mechanics and molecular design
Authors: Buehler Eric L. , Buehler Markus J.
Published: May 2024

We report a mixture of expert strategy to create fine-tuned large language models using a deep layer-wise token-level approach based on low-rank adaptation (LoRA). Starting with a set of pre-trained LoRA adapters, our gating strategy uses the hidden states to dynamically mix adapted layers, allowing the resulting X-LoRA model to draw upon different capabilities and create never-before-used deep layer-wise combinations to solve tasks. The design is inspired by the biological principles of universality and diversity, where neural network building blocks are reused in different hierarchical manifestations. Hence, the X-LoRA model can be easily implemented for any existing large language model without a need for modifications of the underlying structure. We develop a tailored X-LoRA model that offers scientific capabilities, including forward/inverse analysis tasks and enhanced reasoning capability, focused on biomaterial analysis, protein mechanics, and design. The impact of this work includes access to readily expandable and adaptable models with strong domain knowledge and the capability to integrate across areas of knowledge. Featuring experts in biology, mathematics, reasoning, bio-inspired materials, mechanics and materials, chemistry, protein biophysics, mechanics, and quantum-mechanics based molecular properties, we conduct a series of physics-focused case studies. We examine knowledge recall, protein mechanics forward/inverse tasks, protein design, adversarial agentic modeling including ontological knowledge graph construction, and molecular design. The model is capable not only of making quantitative predictions of nanomechanical properties of proteins or quantum mechanical molecular properties but also reasoning over the results and correctly predicting likely mechanisms that explain distinct molecular behaviors.
Annihilation dynamics during spiral defect chaos revealed by particle models
Authors: Tyree Timothy J. , Murphy Patrick , Rappel Wouter-Jan
Published: May 2024

Pair-annihilation events are ubiquitous in a variety of spatially extended systems and are often studied using computationally expensive simulations. Here, we develop an approach in which we simulate the pair-annihilation of spiral wave tips in cardiac models using a computationally efficient particle model. Spiral wave tips are represented as particles with dynamics governed by diffusive behavior and short-ranged attraction. The parameters for diffusion and attraction are obtained by comparing particle motion to the trajectories of spiral wave tips in cardiac models during spiral defect chaos. The particle model reproduces the annihilation rates of the cardiac models and can determine the statistics of spiral wave dynamics, including its mean termination time. We show that increasing the attraction coefficient sharply decreases the mean termination time, making it a possible target for pharmaceutical intervention.
Phonon-mediated quantum efficiency measurement in semiconductors
Authors: Baker W. , Mirabolfathi N.
Published: May 2024

Accurate quantum efficiency measurement not only provides crucial information for the photovoltaic cell industry but also supports experiments aimed at directly detecting dark matter and elastic neutrino interactions. The dark matter direct searches paradigm has recently expanded to include particles with masses below 1,MeV/c2, where the expected signal in an electron–recoil interaction is approximately in the eV range, just above the energy gap for silicon and germanium. A robust calibration method for ionization signals in this lower energy region is essential. This paper presents a method for measuring quantum efficiency and yield (q/E) in semiconductors using phonon-mediated calorimetry. The Neganov–Trofimov–Luke phonon amplification method in low-temperature semiconductor crystals has been employed to indirectly measure ionization down to single-electron accuracy. Specifically, at zero bias, the phonon readout directly quantifies the total energy deposited within the detector, independent of the ionization yield. This eliminates a significant source of systematic uncertainty in quantum efficiency estimates associated with total energy uncertainty. The paper includes results from an updated ionization efficiency measurement in a germanium detector.
Low-frequency sound attenuation by coiled-up meta-liner with nonuniform cross sections under grazing flow
Authors: Wang Hao , Zeng Xiangyang , Ren Shuwei , Xue Dongwen , Li Zhuohan , Wang Haitao , Lei Ye
Published: May 2024

We report a kind of coiled-up meta-liners with nonuniform cross sections (CMNC), which can efficiently attenuate low-frequency sound waves under grazing flow with a deep subwavelength thickness (e.g., ∼λ/17 at 500 Hz). At a grazing flow Mach number of 0.26, the average transmission loss of the meta-liner is 12.6 dB at 500–1000 Hz, which is twice as much as that of a double-degree-of-freedom acoustic liner of the same size. Physically, the nonuniform cross-sectional distribution and significant cross-sectional area ratio enhances vortex shedding, thus resulting in severe acoustic energy dissipation. The excellent low-frequency acoustic attenuation performance of CMNC is investigated thoroughly with experimental, theoretical, and numerical methods. This work provides an avenue for low-frequency noise reduction in grazing flow scenarios (e.g., in a high bypass ratio turbofan engine).
Emergence of rogue-like waves in a reaction-diffusion system: Stochastic output from deterministic dissipative dynamics
Authors: Knobloch Edgar , Yochelis Arik
Published: May 2024

Rogue waves are an intriguing nonlinear phenomenon arising across different scales, ranging from ocean waves through optics to Bose–Einstein condensates. We describe the emergence of rogue wave-like dynamics in a reaction-diffusion system that arise as a result of a subcritical Turing instability. This state is present in a regime where all time-independent states are unstable and consists of intermittent excitation of spatially localized spikes, followed by collapse to an unstable state and subsequent regrowth. We characterize the spatiotemporal organization of spikes and show that in sufficiently large domains the dynamics are consistent with a memoryless process.
Passively stabilized Brillouin fiber laser frequency combs for ultralow-noise microwave generation
Authors: Zhang Zhexin , Xu Yin , Luo Xiaojie , Chen Mingzhao , Bao Hualong
Published: May 2024

Ultralow-noise microwaves are essential in a wide variety of scientific and technological applications, such as metrology, radars, and communications. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scheme for generating an ultralow-noise microwave signal using a Brillouin optical frequency comb (OFC), which is based on the stimulated Brillouin scattering in combination with a frequency-shifted optical injection locking mechanism. The generated two intra-cavity Brillouin lasers are used as the intra-cavity pump for the eventual formation of the OFC and thus the microwave signal via the cascaded four-wave mixing process. Exploiting the cascaded narrowing effect in the Brillouin cavity assisted by the frequency-shifted optical injection locking, the proposed microwave signal source exhibits ultralow phase noise. Experimental results show that the phase noise of the microwave signal is equivalent to below −115 dBc/Hz for a 200-GHz carrier at 10 kHz offset. The system can work in stable operation without the need for any active feedback loop.
Pressure-induced evolution of structures and phase transition of technetium diboride
Authors: Wang Yi X. , Wu H. , Xie Wu N. , Wang Xiao F. , Sun Shao W. , Gu Jian B.
Published: May 2024

Using the particle swarm optimization algorithm, we conducted an extensive search for the high-pressure stable structure of technetium diboride (TcB2) within the pressure range of 0–400 GPa. At zero pressure, the P63/mmc (hP6-TcB2) structure is considered the ground state configuration. As the pressure increases, a structural transition from hP6-TcB2 to P6/mmm (hP3-TcB2) occurs at approximately 174.9 GPa. We discuss the bonding between the two distinct phases and analyze the contribution of different atomic bonds to maintaining their structural stability. Meanwhile, the temperature–pressure phase diagram of TcB2 was successfully determined for the first time through the quasi-harmonic approximation method. It is predicted that the transition pressure from hP6-TcB2 to hP3-TcB2 can be reduced to about 164 GPa at a room temperature of 300 K. These results provide valuable insights into the behavior of TcB2 under different temperature and pressure conditions and open up new possibilities for exploring its potential applications in a variety of environments.
Zero-dimensional analysis of the effect of water vapor on reducing electrons in the plasma sheath
Authors: Ding Dongming , Liu Xiaobo , Zhang Bin , Liu Hong
Published: May 2024

In this study, an air-water vapor ionization reaction model is developed within the quantum-kinetic (Q–K) model of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method to investigate the detailed mechanism of how water vapor reduces electrons. The zero-dimensional simulations of a typical non-equilibrium flow field downstream of a normal shock are designed, where the electron number density decreases by two orders of magnitude due to water vapor. We conclude that the introduction of water vapor reduces the mole fractions of oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms through five pairs of reactions and enhances the reverse nitric oxide associative ionization reaction, leading to electron consumption. The phenomena and corresponding mechanisms under varying mole fractions of water vapor, air temperatures, and water vapor temperatures are investigated. Based on the mechanisms, we propose that the addition of hydrogen ions could improve the water's mitigation effect, which is then proven to be able to reduce the electron number density by another two orders of magnitude, not only at high air temperatures but also at lower air temperatures or lower mass injection rates.
A network model to predict ionic transport in porous materials
Authors: Henrique Filipe , Żuk Paweł J. , Gupta Ankur
Published: May 2024

Understanding the dynamics of electric-double-layer (EDL) charging in porous media is essential for advancements in next-generation energy storage devices. Due to the high computational demands of direct numerical simulations and a lack of interfacial boundary conditions for reduced-order models, the current understanding of EDL charging is limited to simple geometries. Here, we present a network model to predict EDL charging in arbitrary networks of long pores in the Debye–Hückel limit without restrictions on EDL thickness and pore radii. We demonstrate that electrolyte transport is described by Kirchhoff’s laws in terms of the electrochemical potential of charge (the valence-weighted average of the ion electrochemical potentials) instead of the electric potential. By employing the equivalent circuit representation suggested by these modified Kirchhoff’s laws, our methodology accurately captures the spatial and temporal dependencies of charge density and electric potential, matching results obtained from computationally intensive direct numerical simulations. Our network model provides results up to six orders of magnitude faster, enabling the efficient simulation of a triangular lattice of five thousand pores in 6 min. We employ the framework to study the impact of pore connectivity and polydispersity on electrode charging dynamics for pore networks and discuss how these factors affect the time scale, energy density, and power density of capacitive charging. The scalability and versatility of our methodology make it a rational tool for designing 3D-printed electrodes and for interpreting geometric effects on electrode impedance spectroscopy measurements.
Two-dimensional grating metasurface for communication band under Littrow mounting
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqing , Wang Bo
Published: May 2024

For communication, it is important to reduce the polarization-independence loss, especially for the stereoscopic incidence. A two-dimensional (2D) grating with the cylindrical hole array is presented. The grating structure can achieve polarization-independent, high-efficiency and broadband output at the (−1, 0) diffraction order in the communication band. The novel metasurface achieves a diffraction efficiency of over 98% for both TE and TM polarizations at the (−1, 0) diffraction order. In addition, the (0, 0) diffraction order is well suppressed, resulting in extinction ratio of 43.89 and 46.18 dB for TE and TM polarization, respectively. In particular, the diffraction efficiency of the structure at the (−1, 0) order of magnitude under two polarizations exceeds 90% in the 1533–1561 nm bandwidth, which is a significant improvement over recently reported 2D gratings of the same type. Furthermore, the proposed structure has good incidence angle bandwidth and fabrication process tolerance, which ensures stable and efficient output in applications and fabrication. These results enrich the research on 2D gratings in the field of communication bands, and the designed grating has great potential for applications in spectroscopy, grating measurement and interferometry.
Nanoparticle ZnS:Ag/6LiF—a new high count rate neutron scintillator with pulse shape discrimination
Authors: Mann Sarah E , Schooneveld Erik M , Rhodes Nigel J , Mauri Giacomo , Liu Dong , Jeff Sykora G
Published: May 2024

A neutron sensitive scintillator employing nanoparticles of ZnS:Ag has been developed for the first time. Pulse shape differences between neutron and gamma signals were observed in this material and neutron-gamma discrimination was applied. With initial signal processing parameters, gamma sensitivities of

8.5
×

10

−
6

to 60Co gammas were achieved. The average primary decay of neutron scintillation in nanoparticle ZnS:Ag/6LiF was measured to be 18ns, and afterglow was significantly suppressed in comparison to standard ZnS:Ag/6LiF scintillators that employ micron sized ZnS:Ag. Fast decay times and minimal afterglow indicate potential for use in high count rate capability applications. Prospective count rate capabilities were investigated here as proof of concept, with rates of 1.12Mcps measured for a single readout channel with less than 3.5% count loss. This is approximately 70 times greater than the count rate capability of the current standard ZnS:Ag/6LiF scintillation detectors. With improvements to signal processing and scintillator composition, nanoparticle ZnS:Ag/6LiF could be a promising candidate for future high rate capability neutron detectors.
Design of mid-wave infrared achromatic double-layer metalens with enhanced efficiency
Authors: Hu Tie , Xia Rui , Wang Shichuan , Yang Zhenyu , Zhao Ming
Published: May 2024

Achromatic metalenses in the mid-wave infrared (3–5 μm), known for their light weight, CMOS compatibility, and ultra-compactness, offer significant potential in astronomy, security inspections, and health security. However, previous endeavors have been hindered by underdeveloped material technology and relatively low efficiency. To address these challenges, this study introduces an enhanced-efficiency mid-wave infrared achromatic double-layer metalens, featuring a top-layer ZnS nanopillar array and a bottom-layer Si nanopillar array on a Si substrate. Utilizing this approach, we numerically demonstrate both polarization-insensitive and polarization-controlled varifocal broadband achromatic metalenses. For the polarization-insensitive metalens, the double-layer design provides achromatic focusing comparable to the all-Si counterpart, with a focal length of 133 µm, a focal length shift within

±

5.5%, and Strehl ratios above 0.8. However, the average focal efficiency improves from 40.8% (all-Si) to 50.2% (double-layer). Additionally, both all-Si and double-layer polarization-controlled varifocal achromatic metalenses show similar focusing abilities, with focal lengths of about 137 and 173 µm under X and Y linearly polarized light, respectively. Yet, the double-layer varifocal metalens achieves focal efficiencies of 46.4% and 52.7%, an improvement of 13.1% and 17.6% under X and Y linearly polarized light, respectively.
Relativistic description of dense matter equation of state and neutron star observables constrained by recent astrophysical observations
Authors: Kumar Raj , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Mukul , Queena  , Thakur Gaurav , Mittal  , Dhiman Shashi K.
Published: May 2024

In the present work, we investigate the bulk properties of nuclear matter and neutron stars with the newly proposed relativistic interaction NL-RS which provides an opportunity to readjust the coupling constants keeping in view the properties of finite nuclei, nuclear matter, PREX-II results for neutron skin thickness in 208Pb and astrophysical observations. The NL-RS model interaction has been proposed by fitting the ground state properties (binding energies and charge radii) of finite nuclei, bulk nuclear matter properties, and PREX-II results for neutron skin thickness of 208Pb. The relativistic interaction has been generated by including nonlinear self-interactions of σ and ω

μ
-mesons and mixed interactions of ω

μ
, and ρ

μ
-meson up to the quartic order. The proposed interaction harmonizes with the finite nuclei, bulk nuclear matter, and neutron star properties. A covariance analysis is performed to assess the statistical uncertainties on the model parameters and nuclear observables of interest along with correlations amongst them. The equation of state (EoS) composed of nucleons and leptons in β-equilibrium is computed with the proposed parameter set and used to study the neutron star structure. The maximum mass of the neutron star by employing the EoS computed with the NL-RS parameter set is 2.04 ± 0.03M
⊙ and the radius of a canonical mass neutron star (R
1.4) comes out to be equal to 13.06 ± 0.16 Km. The value of dimensionless tidal deformability, for canonical mass, is 602.23 ± 33.13 which satisfies the constraints of waveform models analysis of GW170817 within 90% confidence level.