bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of gel formulated from nanoparticles of palm date syrup
Authors: Ma'abreh Ahmad S. , Abu‐Salah Khalid M. , Al‐Awaadh Alhussien M. , Mohamed Abdellatif A.
Published: October 2018

Palm Date syrup was modified by high pressure homogenization (HPH) or double substitution (DS) using acetylation followed by esterification. Corn starch was gelatinized in the presence of Control and modified Date syrups using rapid visco analyzer. HPH reduced 95.3% of the sugar agglomerates mean diameter from 2,599 to 810 nm and 100% of the agglomerates from 5,560 to 2,505 nm for 25 and 45°Brix syrups, respectively. DS reduced 74.1% of the agglomerates to 111.7 nm for 25°Brix. Control and modified syrups behaved as Newtonian fluids. DS significantly increased the viscosity by 52 and 80% at 25 and 45°Brix at 20 °C, respectively. Temperature effect on control and modified syrups was described by Arrhenius model with R2 > 0.98. DS and HPH changed the syrup color, the change can be observed by naked eye. DS significantly reduced the syrup water activity and the pasting properties of the corn starch‐Date syrup system, this change can be used to control the pasting process to get desired product properties such as less water separation from the gel. The stability of nanoparticles formed from HPH can be improved by choosing the right low temperature, percentage of solvent, speed and duration of homogenization.

Practical application

This work is an attempt to develop the Palm Date industry, it is important to introduce new technologies and added value process, Nanotechnology is one of the growing fields in the area of food science and technology. It has been applied in different fields including the development of new processing tools in the manufacture, the use of Nanotechnology will help to get products with desired properties, such as less water separation through more amylose leaching out and less re‐association of starch molecules. Thus, may open new fields for investing the huge amount of produced Date fruits and Date syrup which is very little invested in the food industry.
Long‐Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Community‐Acquired Pneumonia: Adverse Effect or Bias?
Authors: Ayele Henok Tadesse , Dormuth Colin R. , Filion Kristian B.
Published: October 2018

See the Reply by Ble et al.
Relationship Between Proton Pump Inhibitors and Pneumonia May Be an Epiphenomenon
Authors: Schreiber Richard
Published: October 2018

See the Reply by David Melzer et al.
How Routine Patient‐Centered Monitoring Relates to Therapeutic Gains in Family Therapy: A Single‐Case Study
Authors: Sales Célia M. D. , Ferreira Sofia , Matos Paula Mena
Published: October 2018

As routine outcome monitoring systems develop, questions emerge about how therapists incorporate feedback into their practice, and how this relates to therapeutic gains. A case of covert grief was monitored in each session with the Personal Questionnaire and the Helpful Aspects of Therapy instruments. At 4 months follow‐up, the Change Interview was administered. Individualized items facilitated access to the private views and needs of each member, which was useful for case formulation and ongoing personalization of the intervention. Qualitative feedback of treatment experiences helped therapists confirm the impacts of interventions, monitor therapeutic alliance, reformulate clinical hypothesis, and plan sessions. Therapists followed a critical triangulation process to decide the clinical meaning of feedback, according to his/her intervention model, expertise, and case‐specific context.
Distance from Home Birth to Emergency Obstetric Services and Neonatal Outcomes: A Cohort Study
Authors: Darling Elizabeth K. , Lawford Karen Marie Olsen , Wilson Kathi , Kryzanauskas Michelle , Bourgeault Ivy Lynn
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Little is known about the relationship between distance from hospital services and the outcomes of planned home births. We examined whether greater driving distance from a hospital with continuous cesarean capability was associated with a higher risk of adverse neonatal outcome among individuals who were planning to give birth at home.

Methods

Using an intention‐to‐treat analysis, we conducted a population‐based cohort study of 11,869 individuals who planned to give birth at home in Ontario, Canada, between April 1, 2012, and March 31, 2015. We used postal codes to determine the driving time from maternal residence to the closest hospital offering level 2 or higher maternity care services (ie, hospital with continuous cesarean birth capability). We used log binomial regression analysis to compare the outcomes of individuals who planned a birth more than a 30‐minute drive from a level 2 hospital with those of individuals whose births were planned to occur within 30 minutes. We adjusted for maternal age, parity, gestational age, season, and maternal material deprivation quintile.

Results

We found no statistically significant difference in the rates of 5‐minute Apgar scores less than 7 (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.02; 95% CI, 0.95‐1.10; P = .58), perinatal mortality, meconium aspiration syndrome, and emergency medical service usage. Neonates born to individuals who planned to give birth at a greater distance from a hospital had a lower rate of neonatal intensive care unit admission (aRR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.44‐0.81; P = .001).

Discussion

We found no increased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes for births that were planned to occur more than 30 minutes from a hospital. Our findings can be considered, along with individual risk factors and contextual factors, in decision making about the choice of home birth for individuals who live more than half an hour from a hospital with cesarean capacity.
Ancillary factors in the treatment of orofacial pain: A topical narrative review
Authors: Melis Marcello , Di Giosia Massimiliano , Colloca Luana
Published: October 2018

Ancillary factors, not directly related to treatment, often play a significant role by affecting therapeutic outcome. A search of the literature was conducted including words related to the placebo phenomenon and orofacial diseases. Therefore, critical factors have been grouped into three major categories: (a) the natural course of the diseases; (b) the regression of the symptoms to their mean intensity; and (c) placebo response. This topical narrative review describes the elements mentioned above, provides an up‐to‐date overview of the hot topics and gaps in the field and indicates developing and future research direction of the orofacial pain field. Such a knowledge might be positively used during daily clinical practice to optimise the management of orofacial pain diseases, as well as in conducting future clinical trials for validating new interventions.
Developmental Changes and Individual Differences in Trust and Reciprocity in Adolescence
Authors: van de Groep Suzanne , Meuwese Rosa , Zanolie Kiki , Güroğlu Berna , Crone Eveline A.
Published: October 2018

A Trust Game was used to examine trust and reciprocity development in 12–18‐year‐old‐adolescents (N = 496), as findings have been conflicting and transitions in adolescence remain elusive. Furthermore, this study tested the roles of gender, risk, and individual differences in empathy, impulsivity, and antisocial tendencies in trust and reciprocity. Results indicate stability in trust and a decrease in reciprocity across adolescence, but also show that trust and reciprocity choices were influenced by risk, and that empathy mediated the age‐related decrease in reciprocity. Males trusted more than females, but there were no gender differences in reciprocity. These findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences and adolescents’ sensitivities to varying contexts in explaining trust and reciprocity development in adolescence.
Factors associated with survival in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Rudinsky Adam J. , Harjes Laura M. , Byron Julie , Chew Dennis J. , Toribio Ramiro E. , Langston Catherine , Parker Valerie J.
Published: October 2018

Background:Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with morbidity and mortality in dogs. Plasma fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23) concentration is an independent predictor of CKD progression and survival in cats and people with CKD.

Objectives:To investigate the relationship among FGF‐23, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites, and other clinical variables with survival time in dogs with CKD.

Animals:Twenty‐seven azotemic CKD dogs.

Methods:Dogs were recruited prospectively into the study and followed until death or study conclusion. Dogs were International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) staged into stage 2 (n = 9), stage 3 (n = 12), and stage 4 (n = 6) CKD. Survival times were calculated from the date of study inclusion. Univariable Cox regression was used to assess variables associated with survival including body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score, hematocrit, creatinine, CKD stage, serum phosphorus, urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC), calcium phosphorus product (CaPP), PTH, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25‐‐dihydroxyvitamin D, and FGF‐23 concentrations.

Results:Significant hazard ratios (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval;Pvalue) were as follows: BCS < 4/9 (1.579; 1.003‐2.282;P= .05), muscle atrophy (2.334; 1.352‐4.030;P= .01), increased creatinine (1.383; 1.16‐1.64; .01), hyperphosphatemia (3.20; 1.357‐7.548;P= .005), increased UPC (3.191; 1.310‐7.773;P= .01), increased CaPP (4.092; 1.771‐9.454;P= .003), and increased FGF‐23 (2.609; 1.090‐6.240;P= .05). Survival times for each IRIS CKD stage were significantly different (P= .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Multiple variables, including FGF‐23, were associated with duration of survival in CKD dogs. FGF‐23 could be a prognostic marker in dogs with CKD.
Evolutionary melting pots and reproductive isolation: A ring‐shaped diversification of an odorous frog (Odorrana margaratea) around the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Qiao Liang , Wen Guannan , Qi Yin , Lu Bin , Hu Junhua , Song Zhaobin , Fu Jinzhong
Published: October 2018

Quaternary climatic oscillations and geography are of primary importance in shaping intraspecific genetic diversity. We examined the diversification patterns and inferred processes for the green odorous frog (Odorrana margaretae) of western China. Species distribution modelling showed that the species has a continuous circular distribution around the Sichuan Basin while the basin itself is largely uninhabitable. Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the species has a ring‐shaped divergent pattern. While the chain of populations around the Basin maintains a mostly gradual and continuous genetic variation, populations between the north and west showed little gene exchange. Two processes, glacial refugial history and geography, likely contributed to the observed patterns. Our genetic clustering analysis revealed two clusters, suggesting two refugial groups among the populations, one from the west and the other from the east. Postglacial expansion may have created two contact zones. One at the south had extensive population admixture and produced a gradual transition between the western and eastern populations. Consequently, this region has the highest genetic diversity and represents an evolutionary “melting pot.” In contrast, the second contact zone at the northwestern side of the Basin has limited admixture, suggesting partial reproductive isolation between the northern and western populations. Furthermore, an isolation‐by‐distance analysis revealed a strong correlation (Mantelr = 0.745) between the genetic and geographic distances, when we assumed that populations were connected following the circular distribution without gene flow across theNWcontact zone. We also explored alternative explanations, such as a one‐refugium scenario. With its micro‐ring, the green odorous frog is poised to make an excellent model system for understanding the process of speciation.
Understanding Saudi Arabia's Influence on Pakistan: The Case of the Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism
Authors: Shahab Ahmed Zahid
Published: October 2018

The launch of the Saudi‐led so‐called Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism (IMAFT) in 2015 tested the strong strategic alliance between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. In light of concerns about the positioning of the coalition of 41 states against Iranian interests in the Middle East, Pakistan's initial response to the Saudi demand to join the war in Yemen was a polite refusal by means of a unanimous decision of the parliament. However, under tremendous pressure from Riyadh and other Gulf States, Islamabad later capitulated and backtracked from its initial decision. This paper analyses the unique nature of the relationship between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia through a dissection of the various dimensions of the Kingdom's cultural and political influence on Pakistan. It also illuminates Saudi hegemonic strategies and the manner in which Islamabad adjusts and is influenced as well as coerced to revise its foreign policy choices. This paper argues that Saudi's diplomatic strategies, political pressure and pledges of generous financial assistance ensured Pakistan's participation in IMAFT.
Bolus volume and viscosity effects on pharyngeal swallowing power—How physiological bolus accommodation affects bolus dynamics
Authors: Sia Isaac , Crary Michael A. , Kairalla John , Carnaby Giselle D. , Sheplak Mark , McCulloch Timothy
Published: October 2018

Background

Pharyngeal swallowing power (PSP) is a novel measure of pharyngeal bolus‐driving function derived from fluid dynamics principles. This study examined the impact of bolus volume and viscosity on PSP to determine bolus effects on pharyngeal bolus dynamics. The impact of bolus accommodation and physical characteristics of boluses were also explored.

Methods

Thirty‐four healthy subjects swallowed materials consisting of two bolus volumes (10 and 20 mL) and four bolus viscosities (thin liquid, nectar‐thick liquid, honey‐thick liquid and pudding). High‐resolution impedance manometry was used for data collection. The pharyngeal swallowing mechanism was conceptualized as a hydraulic power system with the UES as a conduit, and PSP was calculated as the product of bolus pressure and flow across the UES. The impact of bolus characteristics on PSP was evaluated using a mixed model approach.

Key Results

Both bolus volume (F1,32.8 = 412.73, P < 0.0001) and viscosity (F3,84.7 = 28.94, P < 0.0001) were significant predictors of PSP. PSP for 20 mL bolus volume was greater than for 10 mL bolus volume. PSP was lowest in the thin liquid bolus condition and highest in the pudding bolus. All pairwise comparisons among bolus viscosities were significant except between thin liquid and nectar‐thick liquid bolus viscosities. Test of linear trend across bolus viscosities was significant (F1,97.2 = 77.25, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions & Inferences

Pharyngeal swallowing power variation across bolus conditions illustrates bolus‐related changes in bolus dynamics. Bolus effects on PSP likely result from physiological bolus accommodation combined with physical characteristics of boluses.
Warming affects foliar fungal diseases more than precipitation in a Tibetan alpine meadow
Authors: Liu Xiang , Ma Zhiyuan , Cadotte Marc W. , Chen Fei , He Jin‐Sheng , Zhou Shurong
Published: October 2018

The effects of global change on semi‐natural and agro‐ecosystem functioning have been studied extensively. However, less well understood is how global change will influence fungal diseases, especially in a natural ecosystem.

We use data from a 6‐yr factorial experiment with warming (simulated using infrared heaters) and altered precipitation treatments in a natural Tibetan alpine meadow ecosystem, from which we tested global change effects on foliar fungal diseases at the population and community levels, and evaluated the importance of direct effects of the treatments and community‐mediated (indirect) effects (through changes in plant community composition and competence) of global change on community pathogen load.

At the population level, we found warming significantly increased fungal diseases for nine plant species. At the community level, we found that warming significantly increased pathogen load of entire host communities, whereas no significant effect of altered precipitation on community pathogen load was detected.

We concluded that warming influences fungal disease prevalence more than precipitation does in a Tibetan alpine meadow. Moreover, our study provides new experimental evidence that increases in disease burden on some plant species and for entire host communities is primarily the direct effects of warming, rather than community‐mediated (indirect) effects.
The rise of the Andes promoted rapid diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus (Lycopodiaceae)
Authors: Testo Weston L. , Sessa Emily , Barrington David S.
Published: October 2018

Tropical mountains are disproportionately biodiverse relative to their surface area, but the processes underlying their exceptional diversity require further study. Here, we use comparative phylogenetic methods to examine the impact of the Andean orogeny on the diversification of Neotropical Phlegmariurus, a species‐rich lycophyte clade.

We generated a time‐calibrated phylogeny of 105 species of Neotropical Phlegmariurus and estimated lineage diversification rates. We tested for correlations between lineage diversification rates and species range size, niche breadth, elevational range amplitude, and mean elevation of occurrence. A recently developed macroevolutionary model was used to incorporate geological data and test for an association between diversification rates and the Andean uplift.

Diversification rates of Neotropical Phlegmariurus are negatively correlated with species range size and positively correlated with mean elevation of species occurrence. The rise of the Andes is strongly associated with increased rates of diversification in Neotropical Phlegmariurus during the last 10 Myr.

Our study demonstrates the importance of mountain‐building events and geographical isolation of alpine populations as drivers of rapid diversification, even in spore‐dispersed plants. This work also highlights the usefulness of combined phylogenetic, geological and ecological datasets, and the promise of comparative environment‐dependent diversification models in better understanding the evolutionary origins of biodiversity.
New insights into Citrobacter freundii sepsis in neonates
Authors: Chen Dan , Ji Yalian
Published: October 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of neonatal sepsis caused by Citrobacter freundii as well as the current status and treatment strategy for multi‐drug resistance of infection with this bacterium.

Methods

Nine newborns were diagnosed with C. freundii sepsis between January 2014 and December 2017. We collated and analyzed a range of data for these nine patients, including general information, laboratory tests during infection, blood culture and treatment.

Results

One of the patients died after only 7 h of infection. In the remaining eight cases, three patients developed meningitis, although none had brain abscess. A reduction of white blood cells (WBC) was detected <24 h after the start of infection, compared with at 48–72 h, when WBC count had increased and platelets progressively decreased. In all nine cases the infection was susceptible to tigecycline and was resistant to cephalosporins, carbapenems, and quinolones. In eight cases the infection was susceptible to co‐trimoxazole and in the other case it was susceptible to amikacin. Of the eight patients who were cured, three received meropenem, two received ceftriaxone, one received amikacin, and two received tigecycline.

Conclusion

Reduction in WBC could take place in the early stages of C. freundii infection in newborns. The incidence of brain abscess was not high, but multi‐drug resistance was common. Some non‐sensitive drugs can also treat C. freundii sepsis effectively.
When does vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric kidney transplant patients need treatment?
Authors: Wu Hsi‐Yang , Concepcion Waldo , Grimm Paul C.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The treatment of VUR in children with UTI has changed significantly, due to studies showing that antibiotic prophylaxis does not decrease renal scarring. As children with kidney transplants are at higher risk for UTI, we investigated if select patients with renal transplant VUR could be managed without surgery.

Materials and Methods

A total of 18 patients with VUR into their renal grafts were identified, and 319 patients underwent transplantation from 2006 to 2016. The cause for the detection of the VUR, treatment, and graft function was reviewed.

Results

Six boys and 12 girls were identified, 13 of whom had grade 3 or 4 VUR into the renal graft. Nine patients presented with hydronephrosis or abnormal renal biopsy: eight were successfully managed with antibiotic prophylaxis and bladder training, one developed UTI and underwent Dx/HA subureteric injection. Nine patients presented with recurrent febrile UTI, only one was successfully managed without surgery. Only 2 of 9 (22%) patients who underwent Dx/HA injection had resolution of their reflux. Of the remaining seven, five required open ureteral reimplantation (two for obstruction), one lost the graft due to rejection, and one had significant hydronephrosis. eGFR was similar between the hydronephrosis, UTI, and abnormal renal biopsy groups at all times.

Conclusion

Patients with transplant VUR and recurrent febrile UTI are more likely to require surgical therapy, but the complication and failure rate for Dx/HA injection is significant. Patients with transplant VUR without febrile UTI can be successfully managed with bladder training and temporary antibiotic prophylaxis.
Duality and ontology
Authors: Le Bihan Baptiste , Read James
Published: October 2018

A “duality” is a formal mapping between the spaces of solutions of two empirically equivalent theories. In recent times, dualities have been found to be pervasive in string theory and quantum field theory. Naïvely interpreted, duality‐related theories appear to make very different ontological claims about the world—differing in, for example, spacetime structure, fundamental ontology, and mereological structure. In light of this, duality‐related theories raise questions familiar from discussions of underdetermination in the philosophy of science: in the presence of dual theories, what is one to say about the ontology of the world? In this paper, we undertake a comprehensive and nontechnical survey of the landscape of possible ontological interpretations of duality‐related theories. We provide a significantly enriched and clarified taxonomy of options—several of which are novel to the literature.
Impaired interleukin‐4 signalling promotes establishment of Haemonchus contortus in sheep
Authors: Jacobs Jesica R. , Greiner Scott P. , Bowdridge Scott A.
Published: October 2018

Reduced worm burden in St. Croix (STC) sheep during Haemonchus contortus (Hc) infection is predicated on rapid interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) signalling and T helper type 2 immune (Th2) response. The aim of these studies was to further elucidate differences in Th2 responses by STC and Suffolk (SUF) sheep. Ten days after challenge Hc infection, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected and cultured with larval (HcLA) and adult worm (HcWA) antigen. STC PBMC produced nearly twice as much IL‐4 as SUF (823.57 pg/mL vs 454.28 pg/mL) at 6 hours of HcLA culture despite no difference in IL‐4 gene expression and the IL‐4 receptor (IL4Rα) was upregulated in STC PBMC but was undetectable in SUF. Expression of other Th2‐type genes were increased in STC PBMC including IL13, IL5 and MRC1. IL‐4 supplementation to HcLA culture was insufficient to achieve upregulation of Th2 genes in SUF PBMC. Production of IL‐4 did not occur in SUF PBMC until 24 hours after culture with HcLA, and expression of IL4 in the abomasum was similarly delayed until 10 days after challenge infection, which was associated with significantly higher larval burden (530 vs 16). These data demonstrate delayed upregulation of Th2 genes in SUF sheep contributes to susceptibility to Hc.
Text as Policy: Measuring Policy Similarity through Bill Text Reuse
Authors: Linder Fridolin , Desmarais Bruce , Burgess Matthew , Giraudy Eugenia
Published: October 2018

The identification of substantively similar policy proposals in legislation is important to scholars of public policy and legislative politics. Manual approaches are prohibitively costly in constructing datasets that accurately represent policymaking across policy domains, jurisdictions, or time. We propose the use of an algorithm that identifies similar sequences of text (i.e., text reuse), applied to legislative text, to measure the similarity of the policy proposals advanced by two bills. We study bills from U.S. state legislatures. We present three ground truth tests, applied to a corpus of 500,000 bills. First, we show that bills introduced by ideologically similar sponsors exhibit a high degree of text reuse, that bills classified by the National Conference of State Legislatures as covering the same policies exhibit a high degree of text reuse, and that rates of text reuse between states correlate with policy diffusion network ties between states. In an empirical application of our similarity measure, we find that Republican state legislators introduce legislation that is more similar to legislation introduced by Republicans in other states, than is legislation introduced by Democratic state legislators to legislation introduced by Democrats in other states.
Dynamic stretching is not detrimental to neuromechanical and sensorimotor performance of ankle plantarflexors
Authors: Pamboris George M. , Noorkoiv Marika , Baltzopoulos Vasilios , Mohagheghi Amir A.
Published: October 2018

The acute effects of two dynamic stretching (DS) protocols on changes in the ankle range of motion (RoM), neuromechanical, and sensorimotor properties of the plantarflexor muscle group were examined. Eighteen participants received slow (SDS) or fast dynamic stretching (FDS) on two separate days. Outcome measures were assessed pre‐ and 2 minutes post‐interventions, and included maximum dorsiflexion angle, maximum isometric torque at neutral ankle position, maximum concentric and eccentric torques, force matching capacity, joint position sense and medial gastrocnemius muscle and tendon strain. Possibly and likely small increases in dorsiflexion RoM were observed after SDS (mean ± 90% confidence intervals; 1.8 ± 1.2°) and FDS (2.1 ± 1.2°), respectively. Very likely moderate decreases in muscle strain after SDS (−38.0 ± 20.6%) and possibly small decrease after FDS (−13.6 ± 21.2%) were observed. SDS resulted in a likely beneficial small increase in tendon strain (25.3 ± 29.7%) and a likely beneficial moderate increase after FDS (41.4 ± 44.9%). Effects on strength were inconsistent. Possibly small effect on positional error after SDS (−27.1 ± 37.5%), but no clear effect after FDS was observed. Both DS protocols increased RoM, and this was more due to an increase in tendon elongation rather than the muscle. However, SDS showed greater improvement than FDS in both neuromechanical and sensorimotor performance, and hence, SDS can be recommended as part of warm‐up in sporting contexts.
Neuroplastic changes in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients from neuromechanical decoupling
Authors: An Yong Woo , DiTrani Lobacz Andrea , Lehmann Tim , Baumeister Jochen , Rose William C. , Higginson Jill S. , Rosen Jeffrey , Swanik Charles Buz
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify how the brain simultaneously perceives proprioceptive input during joint loading in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients, when compared to healthy controls. Seventeen ACLR patients (ACLR) and seventeen controls (CONT) were tested for the somatosensory cortical activation using electroencephalography (EEG) while measuring knee laxity using a knee arthrometer. The relationship between cortical activation and joint laxity within group was also examined. The ACLR patients had increased cortical activation (36.4% ± 11.5%) in the somatosensory cortex during early loading (ERD1) to the injured limb compared to the CONT's matched limb (25.3% ± 13.2%, P = 0.013) as well as compared to the noninjured limb (25.1% ± 14.2%, P = 0.001). Higher somatosensory cortical activity during midloading (ERD2) to the ACLR knee positively correlated with knee laxity (mm) during early loading (LAX1, r = 0.530), midloading (LAX2, r = 0.506), total anterior loading (LAXA, r = 0.543), and total antero‐posterior loading (LAXT, r = 0.501), while the noninjured limb revealed negative correlations between ERD1 and LAXA (r = −0.534) as well as between ERD2 and LAX2 (r = −0.565). ACLR patients demonstrate greater brain activation during joint loading in the injured knees when compared to healthy controls’ matched knees as well as contralateral healthy knees, while the CONT group shows similar brain activation patterns during joint loading between limbs. These different neural activation strategies may indicate neuromechanical decoupling following an ACL reconstruction and evidence of altered sensorimotor perception and control of the knee (neuroplasticity), which may be critical to address after surgery for optimal neuromuscular control and patients’ outcomes.
Parenting and children’s prosocial and problem behaviors in middle childhood: The role of Turkish mothers’ emotion socialization practices
Authors: Acar‐Bayraktar Ayse Vildan , Cakmak Zeynep , Saritas‐Atalar Dilek
Published: October 2018

Mechanisms by which the relations between different parenting behaviors and children’s prosocial and problem behaviors occur are the focus of the current study. Supportive and nonsupportive emotion socialization practices of mothers were considered as potential mediators. Further, the moderator role of gender was explored. Participants were 228 mothers of 6‐ to 11‐year‐old children living in Ankara, Turkey. Scales assessing parenting behaviors (specifically, positive parenting and inconsistent discipline), maternal reactions to children’s negative emotions, and prosocial and problem behaviors of children were completed by the mothers. The results revealed that supportive emotion socialization practices fully mediated the relation between positive parenting behaviors and both boys’ and girls’ prosocial behaviors. In contrast, nonsupportive emotion socialization practices partially mediated the relation between inconsistent parenting behaviors and problem behaviors, but only for girls. Findings indicated that girls were more vulnerable to their mothers’ inconsistent behaviors possibly because mother–daughter dyads are more likely to use emotion‐related language and to discuss emotions than mother–son dyads from a very early age.
Bleeding emergencies in neonatal and paediatric patients: improving the quality of care using simulation
Authors: Delaney M. , Roberts J. , Mazor R. , Townsend‐McCall D. , Saifee N. H. , Pagano M. B. , Matthews D. C. , Stone K.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Using a multidisciplinary approach and simulation, a massive transfusion process (MTP) was developed to care for patients in need of emergency transfusion. It was then assessed for effectiveness.

Background

After a series of sentinel emergency bleeding events, a reliable process for hospital staff to deliver appropriate blood products and obtain relevant laboratory tests to guide therapy for patients with emergency bleeding was needed.

Methods

To determine the feasibility of the new MTP, multidisciplinary teams participated in simulation events. Each simulation event helped refine the MTP. A special laboratory testing panel was devised. To judge the effectiveness and timeliness of the MTP, process measures and patient survival was retrospectively evaluated during the time period before and after MTP implementation.

Results

A new emergency bleeding panel of laboratory tests significantly decreased the turn‐around time for fibrinogen, haematocrit, International normalised ratio (INR) and platelet count. The speed of commencing the first red blood cells transfusion was also improved (2:00 h vs 0:20 min, P = 0·001). Of 78 patients, there was no change in survival before (n = 31, 48·4%) and after (n = 47, 42·6%; P = 0·6478) MTP implementation. However, there was significant improvement in survival associated with MTP events on the weekdays.

Conclusions

A reliable emergency transfusion process consists of an automatic chain of events that keeps decision‐making to a minimum and leads to the fast procurement of blood products and salient test results. This work shows that a multidisciplinary iterative process using simulation increases the efficiency of clinical care delivery for bleeding paediatric and neonatal patients.
Retrospective characterization of coma and stupor in dogs and cats presenting to a multicenter out‐of‐hours service (2012–2015): 386 animals
Authors: Parratt Christopher A. , Firth Ava M. , Boag Amanda K. , Allison Gavin F. , Boysen Søren R.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To describe the signalment, etiology, and short‐term outcome of dogs and cats presenting in a coma or stupor.

Design

Retrospective study conducted between May 2012 and February 2015.

Setting

Multicenter out‐of‐hours emergency service provider.

Animals

Three hundred eighty‐six patients presenting in a coma or stupor to a multicenter out‐of‐hours emergency care provider.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Records were reviewed to determine the most likely etiology of coma or stupor. Short‐term outcomes were defined as deceased (died or euthanized) or transferred (case handed over to a daytime clinic or discharged). There were 168 dogs (coman = 112, stuporn = 56) and 218 cats (coman = 148, stuporn = 70) identified. Coma and stupor were more prevalent in cats compared to dogs, and Chihuahuas were over represented. Blood glucose concentrations were frequently outside established reference intervals. Excluding undetermined causes, the most common causes in dogs included traumatic brain injury (TBI) 16.0% (n = 27, deceasedn = 22), hypoglycemia 10.7% (n = 18, deceasedn = 8), shock 10.1% (n = 17, deceasedn = 16), seizure 9.5% (n = 16, deceasedn = 13), and renal or hepatic dysfunction 5.3% (n = 9, deceasedn = 7). For cats, the most common causes included TBI 21.6% (n = 47, deceasedn = 38), renal or hepatic dysfunction 13.3% (n = 29, deceasedn = 25), intoxication 10.1% (n = 22, deceasedn = 18), hypoglycemia 6.0% (n = 13, deceasedn = 4), and shock 5.0% (n = 11, deceasedn = 8). When treatment was attempted, 46.0% of dogs (n = 44/96) and 41.2% of cats (n = 35/85) survived to be transferred. Compared to all other etiologies, death was less likely when coma or stupor was attributed to hypoglycemia.

Conclusion

In cases where a cause was determined, TBI was the predominant etiology of coma and stupor for both species. With the exception of coma and stupor attributed to hypoglycemia, the overall short‐term prognosis was poor.
Prescriptive Data-Analytical Modeling of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processes for Accuracy Improvement
Authors: Luan He , Grasso Marco , Colosimo Bianca M. , Huang Qiang
Published: October 2018

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has the ability to produce three-dimensional lightweight metal parts with complex shapes. Extensive investigations have been conducted to tackle build accuracy problems caused by shape complexity. For metal parts with stringent requirements, surface roughness, laser beam positioning error, and part location effects can all affect the shape accuracy of LPBF built products. This study develops a data-driven predictive approach as a promising solution for geometric accuracy improvement in LPBF processes. To address the shape complexity issue, a prescriptive modeling approach is adopted to minimize geometrical deviations of built products through compensating computer aided design models, as opposed to changing process parameters. It allows us to predict and control a wide range of shapes starting from a limited set of measurements on basic benchmark geometries. An error decomposition and compensation scheme is developed to decouple the influence from different error components and to reduce the shape deviations caused by part geometrical deviation, laser beam positioning error, and other location effects simultaneously via an integrated modeling and compensation framework. Experimentation and data collection are conducted to investigate error sources and to validate the developed modeling and accuracy control methods.
Step Clearance Seals: An Analysis to Demonstrate Their Unique Performance
Authors: Lu Xueliang , San Andrés Luis
Published: October 2018

Hydraulic turbines and centrifugal pumps at times show low frequency vibrations when installed with upstream step (band) clearance seals with a narrow clearance facing the incoming external flow. When implementing a downstream step clearance seal, one with the narrow clearance located at the seal exit, the same machine does not show the same problem. This paper presents both theoretical and experimental analysis on the leakage and dynamic force coefficients of both upstream and downstream step clearance seals. The predicted and measured results show that an upstream step clearance seal produces a significant negative direct stiffness (K < 0) that could cause a static instability. On the other hand, a downstream step clearance seal generates a positive direct stiffness (K > 0) that is beneficial to a rotor system. Both the upstream and downstream step clearance seals show positive direct damping and virtual mass coefficients.
Laminar Burning Speeds of Nitromethane-Gasoline Blends at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures
Authors: Raviteja S. , Ramakrishna P. A. , Ramesh A.
Published: October 2018

Nitromethane is extensively used in drag races and in glow plug unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) engines. However, it has not been analyzed in the combustion literature enough. Nitromethane has a low stoichiometric air–fuel ratio; it can be blended with gasoline and used in larger quantities to enhance the power output of the internal combustion (IC) engines. This could find potential use in burgeoning UAV industry. The present investigation aims at experimentally determining the laminar burning speeds of nitromethane—gasoline blends at different equivalence ratios. Tests were conducted at both ambient conditions and at elevated temperatures and pressures. A constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) was constructed and instrumented to carry out the investigation. The pressure rise in the chamber due to combustion was acquired and analyzed to determine the laminar burning speeds. The results showed that with an increase in the nitromethane concentration in gasoline, the laminar burning speeds for all the initial conditions also increased. With the rise in initial temperatures, the laminar burning speeds were observed to increase. However, a drop was observed with a rise in the initial pressures for all the blends. The obtained results for pure gasoline were compared with existing literature. A good match was observed. The investigation also aims at providing vital experimental data, which can be used for computational fluid dynamics validation studies later.
Analysis of Flow Instabilities on a Three-Bladed Axial Inducer in Fixed and Rotating Frames
Authors: Pace Giovanni , Valentini Dario , Pasini Angelo , Hadavandi Ruzbeh , d'Agostino Luca
Published: October 2018

The paper describes the results of recent experiments carried out in the Cavitating Pump Rotordynamic Test Facility for the dynamic characterization of cavitation-induced flow instabilities as simultaneously observed in the stationary and rotating frames of a high-head, three-bladed axial inducer with tapered hub and variable pitch. The flow instabilities occurring in the eye and inside the blading of the inducer have been detected, identified, and monitored by means of the spectral analysis of the pressure measurements simultaneously performed in the stationary and rotating frames by multiple transducers mounted on the casing near the inducer eye and on the inducer hub along the blade channels. An interaction between the unstable flows in the pump inlet and in the blade channels during cavitating regime has been detected. The interaction is between a low frequency axial phenomenon, which cyclically fills and empties each blade channel with cavitation, and a rotating phenomenon detected in the inducer eye.
Numerical Investigation on Vortex-Induced Vibration caused by Vessel Motion for a Free Hanging Riser Under Small Keulegan-Carpenter Numbers
Authors: Wang Jungao , Joseph Rohan Shabu , Ong Muk Chen , Jakobsen Jasna Bogunović
Published: October 2018

A free-hanging riser (FHR) is a typical riser configuration seen in the disconnected drilling riser, the water-intake riser, and the deep-sea mining riser. In offshore productions, these marine risers will move back and forth in water and further generate an equivalent oscillatory current around themselves, due to the vessel motions. Both in full-scale marine operations and model tests, it has been reported that such oscillatory current leads to riser vortex-induced vibration (VIV) and therefore causes structural fatigue damage. Recently, there have been some attempts to numerically predict vessel motion-induced VIV on the compliant production risers, with emphasize on relatively large Keulegan–Carpenter (KC) numbers. In the real marine operations, the risers experience small KC number scenarios during most of their service life. Therefore, the investigation of vessel motion-induced VIV under small KC number is of great significance, especially considering its contribution to the fatigue damage. In this paper, numerical investigation of VIV of a FHR attached to a floating vessel is carried out. A new response frequency model for vessel motion-induced VIV under small KC numbers is proposed and implemented in vivana. Validation of the proposed numerical methodology is performed against the published experimental results, where a good agreement is achieved.
Southbound migration corridor of pygmy blue whales off the northwest coast of Australia based on data from ocean bottom seismographs
Authors: Gavrilov Alexander N. , McCauley Robert D. , Paskos Garrick , Goncharov Alexey
Published: October 2018

A line array of 14 ocean bottom seismographs was deployed on the Exmouth Plateau northwest of the North West Cape in Western Australia in December 2014–January 2015. Acoustic data collected with this array were used to evaluate the corridor of the southbound migration of pygmy blue whales of the eastern Indian Ocean population. It is found that pygmy blue whales tended to travel southward much further away from the Western Australian coast, at distances of up to 400 km from shore, than that expected from data on their northbound migration. This is an important observation providing additional information on the migration pattern of pygmy blue whales, which is crucial for assessing their population and migration by passive acoustic means.
Decreased abundance of TRESK two-pore domain potassium channels in sensory neurons underlies the pain associated with bone metastasis
Authors: Yang Yue , Li Song , Jin Zi-Run , Jing Hong-Bo , Zhao Hong-Yan , Liu Bo-Heng , Liang Ya-Jing , Liu Ling-Yu , Cai Jie , Wan You , Xing Guo-Gang
Published: October 2018

Bone metastasis–associated VEGF suppresses neuronal K
+
channels and increases pain in rats.
G protein subtype–specific signaling bias in a series of CCR5 chemokine analogs
Authors: Lorenzen Emily , Ceraudo Emilie , Berchiche Yamina A. , Rico Carlos A. , Fürstenberg Alexandre , Sakmar Thomas P. , Huber Thomas
Published: October 2018

Understanding how CCR5 signals through different G protein subtypes may lead to improved HIV drugs.
Convergence of VEGF and YAP/TAZ signaling: Implications for angiogenesis and cancer biology
Authors: Elaimy Ameer L. , Mercurio Arthur M.
Published: October 2018

Links from VEGF to YAP/TAZ signaling reveal ways to block angiogenesis and tumor cell plasticity.
Natural Compounds and Their Analogues as Potent Antidotes against the Most Poisonous Bacterial Toxin
Authors: Patel Kruti B. , Cai Shuowei , Adler Michael , Singh Brajendra K. , Parmar Virinder S. , Singh Bal Ram
Published: October 2018

The long-lasting endopeptidase activity of BoNT is a critical biological activity inside the nerve cell, as it prompts proteolysis of the SNARE proteins, involved in the exocytosis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Thus, the BoNT endopeptidase activity is an appropriate clinical target for designing new small-molecule antidotes against BoNT with the potential to reverse the paralysis syndrome of botulism. In principle, small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) can gain entry into BoNT-intoxicated cells if they have a suitable octanol-water partition coefficient (log
P
) value and other favorable characteristics (P. Leeson, Nature 481:455–456, 2012,
https://doi.org/10.1038/481455a
). Several efforts have been made in the past to develop SMIs, but inhibitors effective under
in vitro
conditions have not in general been effective
in vivo
or in cellular models (L. M. Eubanks, M. S. Hixon, W. Jin, S. Hong, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:2602–2607, 2007,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611213104
). The difference between the
in vitro
and cellular efficacy presumably results from difficulties experienced by the compounds in crossing the cell membrane, in conjunction with poor bioavailability and high cytotoxicity. The screened nitrophenyl psoralen (NPP) effectively antagonized BoNT/A in both
in vitro
and
ex vivo
assays. Importantly, NPP inhibited the BoNT/A light chain but not other general zinc endopeptidases, such as thermolysin, suggesting high selectivity for its target. Small-molecule (nonpeptidic) inhibitors have better oral bioavailability, better stability, and better tissue and cell permeation than antitoxins or peptide inhibitors.
The Interior Surfaces of Wooden Barrels Are an Additional Microbial Inoculation Source for Lambic Beer Production
Authors: De Roos J. , Van der Veken D. , De Vuyst L.
Published: October 2018

Although the coolship step is generally regarded as the main contributor to the spontaneous inoculation by environmental air of fresh worts for lambic beer production, it is known that microorganisms often associate with specific surfaces present in a brewery. However, knowledge about the association of microorganisms with the interior surfaces of wooden lambic barrels is limited. To clarify the role of casks and foeders as additional microbial inoculation sources, it was important to determine the influence of the barrel characteristics and the cleaning procedures on the microbial communities of the interior barrel surfaces. Moreover, this helped to elucidate the complex spontaneous lambic beer fermentation and maturation process. It will allow further optimization of the lambic beer production process, as well as the wooden-barrel-cleaning procedures applied.
The C Terminus of Rotavirus VP4 Protein Contains an Actin Binding Domain Which Requires Cooperation with the Coiled-Coil Domain for Actin Remodeling
Authors: Condemine Wilfried , Eguether Thibaut , Couroussé Nathalie , Etchebest Catherine , Gardet Agnes , Trugnan Germain , Chwetzoff Serge
Published: October 2018

Rotaviruses are causal agents of acute infantile viral diarrhea. In intestinal cells,in vitroas well asin vivo, virus assembly and exit do not imply cell lysis but rely on an active process in which the cytoskeleton plays a major role. We describe here a novel molecular mechanism by which the rotavirus spike protein VP4 drives actin remodeling. This relies on the fact that VP4 occurs in different forms. Besides its structural function within the virion, a large proportion of VP4 is expressed as free protein. Here, we show that free VP4 possesses a functional actin-binding domain. This domain, in coordination with a coiled-coil domain, promotes actin cytoskeleton remodeling, thereby providing the capacity to destabilize the cell membrane and allow efficient rotavirus exit.