bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Spraying with Micronutrients using Different Types of Nozzles on the Growth and Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Al-Shaheen Madyan Shallal Radhi
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the north of Basra Governorate during the fall season of 2019 to determine the effect of the nozzles type and spraying of zinc and iron on the growth, yield, and quality of maize (Al-Maha cultivar). The first factor was (spraying zinc 90 mg L-1 F1, iron 300 mg L-1 F2, and zinc 90 mg L-1 + iron 300 mg L-1 F3). The second factor (Nozzles type: Tip Nozzle N1, Flat fan Nozzle N2, Hollow Cone Nozzle N3). R. C. B.D design with three replications was utilized. The application of micronutrients through spraying yielded positive outcomes. Specifically, treatment F2 exhibited the tallest stem height, measuring 139.68 cm. Treatment F4 demonstrated the largest stem diameter, measuring 1.91 cm. Furthermore, treatment F4 resulted in the highest mean values for grain yield (5.44 tonne ha-1), chlorophyll content (31.73 spad), and protein content (11.039%). Regarding the second factor, it was observed that N1 exhibited superior performance in stem diameter, measuring 1.889 cm. The F2N2 treatment demonstrated superior performance in stem height, with an average measurement of 148.05 cm. Conversely, the F4N2 treatment exhibited excellence in stem diameter, with an average measurement of 1.94 cm.
Physiological Effects of Green Coffee on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Male Rats
Authors: Mohiuddin Ahmed S. , Mohammed Mohammed J. , Jassim Mohammed A.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted on green coffee beans obtained from the local markets in Salah Al-Din Governorate. Several tests were conducted to detect the active substances (antioxidants, phenolic compounds and caffeine) present in green coffee seeds, and to study the effect of their uses on male laboratory rats infected with type 2 diabetes (induced by alloxan). Results of blood sugar confirmed a decrease in glucose levels in the diabetic group treated with green coffee by oral administration throughout the experimental period (28) days. In addition, the percentage of insulin increased in the infected group treated with green coffee compared to the affected (positive) control group during the study period. The current study aimed to investigate the preventive effects against diabetes. As it was found that consuming green coffee, within the permissible concentrations of 200-300 mg / kg per day, reduces blood sugar and contributes to weight loss and obesity, due to the nutrients and active ingredients contained in coffee, as its consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, and reducing the blood glucose level.
Effect of Partial Substitution of some Vegetable Sources for Animal Fats in the Manufacture of Low-Calorie Beef Burger and Evaluation of its Qualitative Characteristics
Authors: Saber Yasser A. , Mohammed Mohammed J. , Ayed Hani Sabbar
Published: December 2023

this study aimed to find out the effect of partial replacement of some vegetable sources, namely oat flour and chia flour, instead of beef fat to manufacture a low-fat, low-calorie burger, to Preserving the burger patties by freezing at a temperature of (-18 ± 2 C) for a period of 60 days and following up on their characteristics during the storage period by (1, 30, 60) days, and following up on their characteristics during the storage period (1, 30, 60) days, The study also included identifying the characteristics of the beef burger in terms of (calories-physical characteristics - qualitative characteristics) and a comparison of the factory-controlled burger with the commercial burger available in the market. The beef burger was made from 80% lean veal and 20% beef fat, which is the standard treatment. The fat was replaced with 50% oat flour and 50% chia flour to make the beef burger. The results showed that all the quality active at has improved in a clear and noticeable way. Therefore, the study recommends the use of oatmeal and chia flour as a substitute for beef fat in the manufacture of burgers.
The Use of Crude Alpha-Galactosidase in the Removal of Semi-Complex Raffinose Sugars from some Types of Legumes
Authors: Al-Daheri Sabah Nassif Jassim , Al-Attar Eman J.
Published: December 2023

The study measured the proportions of the semi-complex raffinose group in selected types of legumes using active yeast Saccharomyces as a source to obtain the enzyme alpha-galactosidase in its raw form and adding this enzyme to different levels of legumes soaked under different soaking conditions of temperature, pH, and soaking period. The rates of removal of semi-complex raffinose sugars were estimated. The study aims to remove the group of semi-complex raffinose sugars (which is one of the most important anti-nutritional compounds in legumes) to obtain some types of legumes that are largely free of these compounds in order to be ready for consumption by humans, especially children. The results of the table show that the amount of semi-complex sugars of the family of RFOs, represented by raffinose. It was 0.03 gm in chickpeas, and 0.03 gm in beans, and it was concluded that the best result was obtained when using the pure enzyme α-galactosidase at a temperature of 30 ° C and a concentration of 20 mg of enzyme during 8 hours of treatment with the enzyme pH = 4 in chickpeas. As for white beans, the best result was reached when using the pure enzyme α-galactosidase at a temperature of 40°C and at a concentration of 20 mg of enzyme during 8 hours of treatment with enzyme pH = 4.
Possibility of Prolonging Chicken Meat Shelf Life by Coating with Protein Concentrate of Quinoa Seeds
Authors: Kubbaa Farah A. , Al-Obaidi Laith F. H.
Published: December 2023

The research encompassed the production of protein casings derived from concentrated quinoa seed protein at varying concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). The objective was to investigate the mechanical characteristics of the produced casings and their potential application in packaging refrigerated chicken breast pieces at a temperature of 4°C, with the aim of extending the storage duration for different time intervals (10, 5, 15 days). The findings pertaining to the mechanical properties of the protein casings being investigated revealed that the thickness of the membrane, tensile strength, elongation, and solubility exhibited an upward trend as the concentration increased. The findings of the microbial analysis also indicated that the application of protein casings derived from quinoa seed protein concentrate, at concentrations of 6% and 8%, on chicken breast pieces and subsequent refrigeration at 4°C, resulted in a significant reduction in the total bacterial count and the count of psychrophilic bacteria, in comparison to the control treatment where chicken pieces were left uncoated. In addition, it was observed that chicken breast portions that were coated with protein coatings exhibited no growth of coliform bacteria during the storage period, in contrast to the uncoated counterparts. The emergence of the phenomenon was observed on the tenth day of the storage period. The application of protein films on chicken breast parts resulted in a notable reduction in both the peroxide number (PV) and the value of thiarebiobutyric acid (TBA) as compared to the uncoated control treatment. The control treatment exhibited the highest values on the 15th day of refrigerated storage.
Relationship of the Mutation (C2006A) in the GDF9 Gene in the Productive Performance of Local and Shami Goats
Authors: Hussein Dalaf A. , Al-Khazraji W.J. , Ajeel H. M.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted at the Ruminant’s Research Station, Office of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq, For the period from 20/12/2021 to 1/9/2022, to detect GDF-9 gene polymorphism in Local and Shami goat, The genetic material was separated and nucleotide sequencing technology was used to detect mutations in the studied segment of (GDF9) gene, to determine the relationship of the resulting genotypes to the characteristics of growth, milk production and Litter size. The results of the study showed the presence of the mutation (C2006A) in the GDF-9 gene in both local and Shami goats. And it appeared with two genotypes were identified, wild (CC) and hybrid (CA), as the percentage of individuals carrying the wild genotype was (90.91, 92.31)% compared to the hybrid individuals (9.09, 7.69)% in the local and Shami samples, respectively, and the allelic frequency of the wild allele C was superior in Both strains (95, 96% balanced by the mutant allele A (4,5%). The results showed a significant effect of the polymorphism of the mutation (C2006A) in the characteristics of the weaning weight and the current weight in the local sample and in favor of the individuals carrying the hybrid genotype CA (19.25, 38.19) kg, while in the Shami goat sample, a significant effect was found for the genetic variation caused by the mutation (C2006A) in weight at birth for the benefit of individuals carrying the hybrid genotype (2.93) kg, and the results showed a significant effect of the multiplicity of genetic manifestations of the mutation (C2006A) in producing Total milk and Litter size in local and Shami goats in favor of individuals carrying the hybrid genotype CA (454.23, 497.39) kg and (1.57, 1.89) Kids/litter, compared to individuals carrying the wild genotype CC (450.10, 441.27) kg (1.21, 1.11) Kids/litter in the local and Shami samples, respectively.
The influence of onshore harbour layout on coastal sedimentation and erosion at Pekalongan
Authors: Fattah Z A , Suharyanto  , Sangkawati S
Published: December 2023

Pekalongan City is an area that experience floods. Therefore, the government launched program for flood management in the Pekalongan area. The program requires the PPN Pekalongan to be relocated. The construction of the Pekalongan Onshore Harbour will change the hydrodynamics pattern and transport sediments. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to conduct a study of these changes. High current speeds and high waves will cause high sediment transport, but it can have a different impact. The first impact is high erosion, like in the existing condition T3. The second impact is high sedimentation, such as in T1 layout 1. The third impact is experiencing slight erosion or sedimentation at the end of modelling, but fluctuations during the modelling process are very large, such as in T5 layout 2. The bed level change is -313.5 mm, 20.88 mm, and -13.66 mm, respectively. Slow currents with high waves cause large sedimentation such as T4 layout 2 or high erosion such as T2 in existing conditions with bed level changes of 41.53 mm and -332.07 mm, respectively. Layouts 1 and 2 are in accordance with regulations because it has current speeds below 0.4 m/s and wave heights below 0.5 m.
The Arab Revolutions of 2011: Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: December 2023

A wave of revolutions swept across North Africa and the Middle East in 2011, driving long-standing dictators from power. While they began with peaceful protests seeking democracy, all failed to deliver that outcome. Although the dictators were overthrown (except in Syria), they were replaced by new authoritarian regimes or states of civil war that are still ongoing a decade later.
Whiteness is not enough: South Africa and the 1922 responsible government referendum in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Cussans Charlton Francis
Published: December 2023

In the 1922 referendum White Southern Rhodesian voters rejected the Union of South Africa in favour of becoming a self-governing part of the British empire. This article will examine White Southern Rhodesian perceptions of South Africa during the referendum, considering historiographic ideas, particularly the ‘British world’, using contemporary newspapers and letters. The argument of this article is that White Southern Rhodesians saw themselves as distinct from White South Africans and that this is emblematic of the complicated nature of the ‘British world’ idea. The ‘British world’ is a useful idea, but it is hindered by the ambiguity of its parameters.
Minimum methionine requirement in adult cats as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation
Authors: Pezzali Júlia Guazzelli , Lambie Jocelyn G , Verbrugghe Adronie , Shoveller Anna K
Published: December 2023

There is a lack of empirical data on the dietary Met requirement, in the presence of Cys or cystine, in adult cats. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the Met requirement, in the presence of excess Cys, in adult cats at maintenance using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Six adult neutered male cats were initially selected and started the study. Cats were adapted to the basal diet sufficient in Met (0.24% dry matter, DM) for 14 d prior to being randomly allocated to one of eight dietary levels of Met (0.10%, 0.13%, 0.17%, 0.22%, 0.27%, 0.33%, 0.38%, and 0.43% DM). Different dietary Met concentrations were achieved by supplementing the basal diet with Met solutions. Alanine was additionally included in the solutions to produce isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. Cats underwent a 2-d adaptation period to each experimental diet prior to each IAAO study day. On IAAO study days, 13 meals were offered corresponding to 75% of each cat’s daily food allowance. The remaining 25% of their daily food intake was offered after each IAAO study. A bolus dose of NaH13CO3 (0.44 mg kg−1) and l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine (13C-Phe; 4.8 mg kg−1) were provided in fifth and sixth meals, respectively, followed by a constant dose of 13C-Phe (1.04 mg kg−1) in the next meals. Breath samples were collected and total production of 13CO2 was measured every 25 min through respiration calorimetry chambers. Steady state of 13CO2 achieved over at least three breath collections was used to calculate oxidation of 13C-Phe (F13CO2). Competing models were applied using the NLMIXED procedure in SAS to determine the effects of dietary Met on 13CO2. Two cats were removed from the study as they did not eat all meals, which is required to achieve isotopic steady. A breakpoint for the mean Met requirement, with excess of Cys, was identified at 0.24% DM (22.63 mg kg−1) with an upper 95% confidence limit of 0.40% DM (37.71 mg·kg−1), on an energy density of 4,164 kcal of metabolizable energy/kg DM calculated using the modified Atwater factors. The estimated Met requirement, in the presence of excess of Cys, is higher than the current recommendations proposed by the National Research Council’s Nutrient Requirement of Dogs and Cats, the Association of American Feed Control Officials, and the European Pet Food Industry Federation.
Supplementing honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies with pollen increases their pollinating activity on nectariferous crops with anthers isolated from stigmas
Authors: Chabert Stan , Morison Nicolas , Buffière Marie-Josée , Guilbaud Laurent , Pleindoux Céline , de Premorel Géraud , Royer Philippe , Harruis Marie , Vaissière Bernard E
Published: December 2023

The western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is the most globally used managed pollinator species, but it can have limited pollinating activity on nectariferous crops displaying anthers isolated from stigmas, i.e., when anthers are spatially or temporally separated from stigma within or between flowers. We supplemented honey bee colonies with pollen in the combs or in paste form laid on top of the hive frames to test if these treatments could reduce their pollen foraging and increase their pollinating activity in a monoecious and nectariferous cultivar of cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L.), in comparison with control colonies not supplemented. We recorded the pollen forager density per flower, the number of pollen grains deposited per stigma and their resulting fruit set, seed set and fruit mass, before and after the colony pollen supplementations. The number of pollen grains deposited by honey bees on stigmas increased gradually after pollen supplementation in the combs. But pollen foraging decreased only moderately, and no effect could be observed on any yield component except the seed set. On the other hand, there was no effect of the pollen paste laid on top of the frames either on stigmatic pollen loads, on colony pollen foraging or on any yield component. Supplementing honey bee colonies with pollen in the combs can therefore be an effective means for increasing their pollinating activity in nectariferous crops displaying anthers isolated from stigmas, e.g., Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, avocado, all hybrid seed productions. The context for the potential use of pollen substitutes is discussed.
Co-Location, Good, Bad, or Both: How do New Entries of Discount Variety Stores Affect Local Grocery Businesses?
Authors: Evensen Charlotte B , Steen Frode , Ulsaker Simen A
Published: December 2023

We analyse 69 entries and relocations by the largest Norwegian discount variety chain Europris during the period 2016–2019, and measure how its location choices affect local grocery stores’ performance. We use detailed data from a major Norwegian grocery chain, which enables us to combine local grocery stores’ sales and traffic with travelling distance to new or relocated Europris stores, and a two-way fixed effects strategy. Our findings suggest that entries and relocations have significant effects and that the sign of the effect depends on the distance between the stores, creating a non-linear relationship between the effect of entry and the distance between the stores. Sufficiently close entries and relocations increase local demand since more customers are attracted to the market, but as the distance increases, the competitive effect of a new discount variety store dominates, and local grocery store sales and traffic are reduced. As we move further away, the entry effect is gradually reduced to zero.
Does current legislation provide for adequate compensation in cases of unjustified preliminary injunctions? Originator–generic conflicts in the context of patent infringement proceedings
Authors: Stief Marco , Geller Anja
Published: December 2023

In Germany, preliminary injunctions are frequently granted for pharmaceutical patents. If a granted preliminary injunction later proves to be unjustified, under section 945 ZPO (German Code of Civil Procedure), the defendant generic company can claim damages on a strict liability basis. However, attempts to enforce such claims are rare, and, even when they are enforced, originators have little to fear because their profits routinely exceed the losses of the generic companies by a significant margin. Yet, delayed market entry by generic companies not only harms generic companies themselves but also leads to the unjustifiable maintenance of high prices for patent-protected medicines. The resulting higher costs place a burden on the already strained healthcare system as well as on the health insurance companies. Section 945 ZPO does not take account of these higher costs, raising the question of the need for further legal bases for claims.
Xiongnu
Authors: Miller Bryan K.
Published: December 2023

This book raises the case of the world’s first nomadic empire, the Xiongnu, as a prime example of the sophisticated developments and powerful influence of nomadic regimes. Launching from a reconceptualization of the social and economic institutions of mobile pastoralists, the collective chapters trace the entire course of the Xiongnu Empire starting from before its initial rise, leaping into its founding conquests, shedding light on the peoples and communities that maintained its Inner Asian realms, traversing the wars that challenged it and the reformations that made it stronger, and at last reflecting on the legacies that lived on after its eventual fall. By weaving together archaeological examinations with historical investigations, the book presents a more complex and nuanced narrative of how an empire based firmly in the steppe more than two thousand years ago managed to formulate a robust political economy and a complex political matrix. The nomadic regime capitalized on the mobilities of resources and agents and fostered alternative forms of political participation, allowing the Xiongnu to consume and dominate vast realms of central Eurasia and to have lasting geopolitical effects on the many worlds around them.
Extending Play
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra
Published: December 2023

Extending Play examines the ubiquity of brand partnerships within the contemporary music industries. Though brand partnerships exist across all media industries, they are a distinct phenomenon for the music business because of their associations with fan club merchandise, concert merchandise, and lifestyle branding. The book also foregrounds women’s participation in shaping these economies through fan labor and image management. While brand partnerships are common among male and female musicians, Extending Play focuses specifically on how female-identified musicians use them tactically to extend their commercial and creative longevity after they have established their recording careers by commodifying their creative acumen with either hegemonically feminine cultural knowledge or traditionally masculinized skills. They do this through branded consumer goods that they make in partnership with companies associated with the beauty, fashion, food, or musical equipment industries. Through textual and discourse analysis of artists’ songs, music videos, interviews, social media usage, promotional campaigns, marketing strategies, and business decisions, Extending Play investigates how female-identified musicians co-create branded feminine-coded products like perfume, clothes, makeup, and cookbooks, as well as masculine-coded products like music equipment as resources to work through their own ideas about gender and femininity as workers in industries that often use sexism and ageism to diminish women’s creative authority and diminish the value of the recording in order to incentivize musicians to internalize the demands of industrial convergence.
Mapping the Conditions for Feminized Collaborative Music Merchandise
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 lays out the industrial conditions that established music merchandise as its own sector by the 1980s. It pays particular attention to merchandise’s diversification through mail-order distribution at the end of the twentieth century and the rise of e-commerce during the twenty-first century’s first two decades. It also identifies the rise in brand partnerships throughout the 1990s with televised home shopping and hip-hop fashion. This chapter posits that all of these activities rely on feminized labor and consumer groups, which contribute to music merchandise’s connotative femininity and create a context for female-identified musicians’ contemporary work as brand partners for collaborative music merchandise.
Capturing Her Essence
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra
Published: December 2023

Chapter 2 identifies female pop stars’ work as fragrance spokeswomen in the twenty-first century’s first decade as a tipping point for collaborative music merchandise. Celebrity perfumes began to emerge in the late 1980s as a way for older customers to access the mature moneyed glamour of legends like actress Elizabeth Taylor and pop diva Cher. However, by the early 2000s the fragrance industry began to exploit pop stars’ fragmented feminine subjectivities and convergent celebrity to sell flankers, or repackaged modifications of signature scents, to younger fans at a lower price point. Furthermore, pop stars like Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez, Katy Perry, and Nicki Minaj presented themselves as savvy businesswomen who were heavily involved in the creative process. Though they were still recognized discursively as spokeswomen, their performances of discernment and emotional investment illustrate what the chapter refers to as “post-feminist entrepreneurship,” or female recording artists’ calculated efforts to represent themselves as workers and capitalist subjects by collaborating on mass-produced, hegemonically feminine consumer products that exploit individual brands to engender feelings of proximity and empowerment in consumers. Because such entrepreneurial efforts extend female pop stars’ industrial viability, post-feminist entrepreneurship is defined through a critical reclamation of “shelf life,” or the timespan that a commodity can be stored before it spoils. Thus, “shelf life” metaphorizes the affective registers embedded within the consumption of branded products and the demands placed on female pop stars to expand beyond music to sell normatively feminine consumer goods before popular feminism’s emergence in the mid-2010s.
Wearing Her Clothes
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra
Published: December 2023

Chapter 3 investigates how female musicians commodify their personal style as clothing designers by using other women’s personal style as creative inspiration. This practice is described as citational feminism and positioned alongside the grimmer realities of global fashion manufacturing’s labor conditions, which often relies on the exploitation of environmental resources and garment workers. Rapper M.I.A.’s fraught relationship to the fashion industry is analyzed. In the mid-2000s, the Sri Lankan-British performer and producer helped revive b-girl aesthetics in her music videos and self-presentation. She later parlayed her image into spokesmodel contracts for luxury brands like Marc Jacobs and tried to launch her own clothing line, Okley Run, before partnering with established brands to help offset the financial costs of clothing manufacture while positioning herself as a transnational style icon, particularly through her motivic use of forgery and upcycling in her bootleg-themed 2013 Versus capsule collection, her 2016 H&M “Rewear It” campaign, and her 2017 athleisure line with Astrid Andersen.
Following Her Recipe
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra
Published: December 2023

The fifth chapter departs from the previous chapters’ focus on the aesthetics of self-presentation by analyzing how veteran singers commodify food products as a way to express their anxieties over feminine aging and commemorate their families’ gynocentric culinary traditions. In particular, it examines soul artist’s Patti LaBelle’s late-career transformation as a celebrity cook and lifestyle expert. LaBelle’s pivot toward cookbook authorship in the late 1990s was the result of professional tumult and personal trauma. During this period, she broke with her record label and management, lost several family members to terminal illness, and was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In the 2010s, she parlayed her reputation as a cookbook author into a partnership with Wal-Mart, which manufactured and distributed her dessert line and sponsored Patti LaBelle’s Place (2016–) on the Cooking Channel. Place reinforces LaBelle’s legacy by representing her Philadelphia home as a gathering place and pilgrimage site, and by positioning her as one of the few black female executive producers of a U.S. cooking show, an institutional inequality reinforced by white female country artists like Trisha Yearwood and Martina McBride being able to parlay their cookbook authorship more easily into successful food programs. Furthermore, LaBelle’s reliance on Wal-Mart as a corporate patron also raises questions about black entrepreneurship’s racial and respectability politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra
Published: December 2023

Extending Play ends by reflecting on collaborative music merchandise’s global and environmental consequences, as well as on the challenges of studying this kind of promotional labor. While brand partnerships are becoming increasingly commonplace, they frequently rely on musicians securing endorsement contracts first in order to prove their commercial viability to the companies willing to work with them. For another, brand partnerships do very little to fix the music business’s larger structural problems around compensation and income inequality within a global economy profoundly depressed by the COVID-19 outbreak and altered by wealth redistribution that has disproportionately benefitted technology companies like Spotify and Amazon at the expense of artists’ livelihood. The pandemic resulted in the widespread shutdown of media conferences like South by Southwest (SXSW) and the cancelation of spring and summer tours and festivals, all of which rely heavily on merchandise and brand partnerships. As a result, many artists have relied more heavily on merchandise not only as a way for fans to show their support by literally as a form of income as they shelter in place. In order to reflect on this moment and grapple with its long-term effects, this book concludes by reflecting on the collaborative music merchandise economy during the pandemic, its implications for musicians’ labor, and possible solutions for minimizing and preventing their future exploitation.
Karbala
Authors: Zaidi Nishat , Premchand
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides a background to Premchand’s play Karbala, that was published in 1924, at the height of communal tensions in colonial India. It explains that Karbala embodies the epistemic and ethical views of Premchand, in all their ambivalences and complexities, and contains all the major markers of his work as a writer. It also describes Karbala as a cross-cultural text that took up a significant event in Islamic history and transformed it into a nationalist narrative. The chapter describes the process of translating the play from its original language, which involved recasting into English the ethos of Urdu ghazals and marsiyas, and patriotic songs written in Sanskritized Hindi. It illustrates how Premchand’s Karbala manifests cultural translation as a powerful tool in the task of nation-building and as a representational strategy.
The New Broadway-Style Musical
Authors: Savran David
Published: December 2023

South Korea has become the largest market in Asia for Broadway musicals, which dominate the commercial theatre in Seoul. Although Western music was not introduced into Korea until the late 1800s, Korea quickly developed its own popular music forms under the Japanese occupation (1910–1945). After the Korean War, the US military set up large bases, broadcast popular music on armed forces radio, imported Broadway musicals, and recruited countless Korean entertainers for US troops. By the 1960s, Koreans were developing their own rock ’n’ roll and musical theatre and started making their own musicals based on Korean history. Under the sponsorship of the Korean government, both The Last Empress (1995) and Hero: The Musical (2009) were able to tour Western theatre capitals and alert theatregoers and producers to the vitality of Korean musical theatre.
The Sound of Korea
Authors: Savran David
Published: December 2023

South Koreans’ flair for creating innovative musicals is correlated to their skill at composing unique musical hybrids that mix Western and Korean national styles. The twenty-first century has seen a blossoming of innovative music—utterly unlike K-pop—that combines Korean heritage music with Western international styles and undermines the distinction between popular song and classical music. In the twenty-first century, Korean musical theatre has developed a unique style that draws on traditional idioms while expanding the horizons of the Broadway-style musical. It has even started incorporating traditional Korean music theatre, pansori, into musicals, most notably in an award-winning adaptation of the landmark 1993 film Seopyeonje.
Apostrophes That Mark Omitted Letters or Numbers
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Apostrophes have baffled people for centuries. It took hundreds of years to decide how to use them, and even now the rules are inconsistent and in flux.
Apostrophes That Indicate a Length of Time or an Amount
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

The movies people don’t talk about or remember after six months’ time don’t really matter.
Using Apostrophes to Mark Some Plurals
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Quick, what’s the plural of the lowercase letter i? It’s got to be i’s, right? The spellings is and ts in a sentence like “Dot your is and cross your ts” would only confuse people. It’s much clearer as “Dot your i’s and cross your t’s.” That’s one context in which we need apostrophes to mark plurals.
Colons (:)
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Samuel Johnson gave a famous description of second marriage: “The triumph of hope over experience.”
Commas with Main Clauses
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

The word comma comes from an ancient Greek term meaning “a short piece of text separated (cut off) from the rest of a line or sentence.” For the last 400 years and more, though, the term has referred to the modest little punctuation mark that creates short pauses by separating clauses, phrases, and single words from each other.
The Dreaded Comma Splice
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

If I asked you to guess the most common writing problem that students have, what would you say? The truth is, my most frequent comment on students’ papers isn’t about grammar or usage, or even about punctuation. It’s that they need to express their ideas more clearly and directly, in a more natural voice. But aside from that, their most persistent error is probably the comma splice.
Commas in Front of Wh- Words
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Mark Twain’s habit of swearing was repulsive to his wife, who tried religiously to cure him of it. One day, while he was shaving, he cut himself and recited his entire liturgy of curses. When he had finished, Livy, who was in the next room, shocked him by repeating what he had said, word for word. . . . Twain winced [and said], “You got the words right, but you don’t know the tune.”
Using Commas When Describing or Naming Somebody or Something You’ve Just Referred to
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Elevator footage showed Beyoncé’s sister, Solange, attacking Jay Z after the 2014 Met Gala. Justin Timberlake and Jessica Biel released the first photo of their baby boy, Silas Randall, via Instagram Sunday.
Using Commas to Mark Omitted Text
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

In war, Resolution. In defeat, Defiance. In victory, Magnanimity. In peace, Goodwill.
En Dashes
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

The en dash is longer than a hyphen but shorter than the em dash. It has uses, but before we go any further, I’m going to make a shocking confession: I’ve never used an en dash. You may not need to either, because, except in published texts, it’s normally okay to use a hyphen instead. Newspapers typically use hyphens, not en dashes. The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage tells journalists not to use the en dash, except as a minus sign. But in other types of published work, en dashes are a sign of careful editing. If a publisher accepts your work, it’s certainly good to apply the guidelines below to put en dashes in your typescript. But, as one veteran editor at a university press told me, if the copy editor replaces your hyphens with en dashes when appropriate, you probably don’t need to worry too much about doing it.
Exclamation Points!!!!
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

The exclamation point was invented in the 1300s, but we don’t know its origins for sure. One theory is that it came from the Latin word Io—an exclamation of joy or triumph—with the I written above the o. But a fourteenth-century Italian Humanist named Iacopo Alpoleio da Urbisaglia offered a totally different creation story: he said that he invented this mark by putting a comma above and to the side of a point. He called it a punctus admirativus or punctus exclamativus—a mark of admiration or exclamation. It’s had many names since then. In America, we call it an exclamation point, while in the British Commonwealth it’s an exclamation mark. It’s also been called a wonderer, an admiration, and a shriek. Printers have called it a bang, a screamer, a gasper, a startler, a pling—and a part of a dog’s anatomy that I won’t repeat here. Roy Peter Clark cleverly calls it a little phallic bat and ball.1 Most of those metaphors aren’t exactly compliments, but they all suggest the energy and enthusiasm that this mark conveys. And yet several writers hate this poor punctuation mark, as we saw in the discussion on pages 8–10.
However
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

I intend to assist in the effort to re-establish communication with Starfleet. However, if crew morale is better served by my roaming the halls weeping, I will gladly defer to your medical expertise.
Starting Sentences with And or But
Authors: Spector Stephen
Published: December 2023

Writers have opened sentences with and since the Old English period. Chaucer did it. So did Malory, Shakespeare, the translators of the King James Version of the Bible, and many others. And authors have been starting sentences with but since the Middle Ages. Chaucer did that a lot, and Shakespeare and Milton did it, too.1 Even the early grammarians who prescribed many of the weird usage rules in English had no problem with starting sentences with but. In the nineteenth century, though, some schoolteachers opposed starting sentences with and or but, possibly because young students did that too often. Then teachers went overboard, banning the practice altogether.2 Today, most language experts and stylists agree that it’s fine to open sentences that way. In fact, The Chicago Manual of Style points out that up to ten percent of the sentences in first-rate writing begin with conjunctions such as and, but, or so.3 Starting with but can be stylistically powerful. It packs a punch that the more formal-sounding word however doesn’t. Just don’t do it too often.
Age of Wolf and Wind
Authors: Zori Davide
Published: December 2023

Age of Wolf and Wind: Voyages through the Viking World is a new introduction into the Vikings Age that capitalizes on recent archaeological discoveries and the breakthroughs in the natural sciences. This book explores key questions of the Viking Age, such as the motivations of Scandinavians to board open wooden ships to raid England or cross the North Atlantic in search of new worlds beyond Europe. Each chapter presents a case study that offers new conclusions about the Vikings—their views on death, their raiding tactics, their forging of powerful medieval states. Together the case studies provide a holistic picture of the Viking Age and show how the productive combination of data sources has resulted in breakthroughs in our understanding of the Vikings.
From Paganism to Christianization
Authors: Zori Davide
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores Viking belief systems and the transition from paganism to Christianity by examining Scandinavian beliefs about death and the afterlife. The Viking Age was a dynamic period spanning pre-Christian paganism, the transition to Christianity, and the beginning of the institutionalization of the new faith in Scandinavia. The chapter considers Viking death beliefs and practices through the lens of anthropological work conducted on rites of passage. The written accounts and archaeology of Viking burials show how the rites of passage accompany individuals as they pass from this life to the next. Written sources, archaeological evidence, and new scientific techniques are combined to reveal the cultural logic that structured the diversity of pagan mortuary practices. This cultural logic shifted during the process of Christianization. Immediately after the arrival of Christianity, Viking Age graves reflect a creative intermixing of the faiths. After this brief period of syncretism and before the twilight of the Viking Age, Christianity brought a simplification and standardization to the burial traditions as Scandinavians were increasingly tied into the cultural network of medieval Christian Europe.
Political Centralization in Denmark
Authors: Zori Davide
Published: December 2023

The nature of the power of Viking Age Scandinavian kings and the political organization of their societies are the focus of this chapter. The use of “king” implies the presence of a state, but in the Viking Age, the title of “king” had several meanings and encompassed individuals of varying degrees of political power. The personal nature of the power wielded by the early Viking Age Scandinavian kings was personal and bears closer resemblance to the type of power possessed by leaders called chiefs in the anthropological literature. The written sources, archaeological evidence, and new scientific discoveries reveal how the nature of royal power became institutionalized during the Viking Age. The increased royal power led to the emergence of three large kingdoms that have persisted and become the modern states of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. To examine closely the trajectory of one of these Viking polities, this chapter focuses on the emergence of the state in Denmark. It argues that the polity of Denmark, characterized by a centralized bureaucratic and administrative structure and a supporting ideological framework, came into place in the late tenth century. The state emerging in the late 900s then saw greater consolidation, particularly around 1000. Once the Christian Danish state was in place in the second half of the eleventh century, the Viking Age can truly be said to be over.
Into Marginal North Atlantic Environments
Authors: Zori Davide
Published: December 2023

In the North Atlantic islands, the Norse—as the diasporic Viking Age Scandinavians in the North Atlantic are called—encountered no substantial populations and found pristine environments that were unaltered by humans. The motivations for Norse expansion onto the North Atlantic islands were also different from those driving incursions into Europe and the British Isles; raiding and trading were absent, since there were no people there to raid or with which to trade. From the outset, the Norse came to the North Atlantic islands to settle and to farm. These remote and northerly unsettled landscapes imposed constraints on traditional Scandinavian subsistence and political economies, at the same time as they offered immense opportunities. Interacting with the local environment and with one another, the migrants colonizing the North Atlantic islands developed a new culture related to, but distinct from, the society of mainland Scandinavia. This new migrant society is visible above all in Iceland, where textual, archaeological, and scientific sources of information combine to offer a vivid picture of a transplanted Viking society. This chapter focuses on the motivations for migration, the social structure of the settlement, and the adaptation of Viking Age society to the Icelandic environment. In exploring these key issues, the chapter engages the themes of correspondence, complementarity, and contradiction in the available data sets that derive from written sources, archaeology, and the sciences of geology, botany, palynology, and genetics.
Phonology in Multilingual Grammars
Authors: Archibald John
Published: December 2023

The main goal of this book is to probe questions about the nature of an interlanguage (IL) grammar (i.e. the grammar of a bilingual or multilingual). I approach these questions from a cognitive science perspective which draws upon abstract representational structures in demonstrating that phonological knowledge underlies the surface phonetic properties of L2 speech. Specifically, the book will demonstrate that IL grammars are not ‘impaired’, ‘fundamentally different’, or ‘shallow’ (as some have argued). The phonological grammars are complex, hierarchically structured mental representations that are governed by the principles of linguistic theory, including the principles of Universal Grammar. I craft a model which addresses Plato’s Problem (learning in the absence of evidence) and Orwell’s Problem (resistance to learning in the face of abundant evidence). Furthermore, the study of grammatical interfaces (phonetics/phonology; phonology/morphology; phonology/syntax) reveals the necessary design conditions for an internally consistent architecture for a comprehensive model of second language speech. The resulting empirically motivated model is parsimonious in accounting for all aspects of L2 speech from phonological feature, to segment, to word, to sentence. The book concludes with discussion of why phonology has been underrepresented in generative approaches to second language acquisition, as well as some of the implications of second language phonology for applied linguistics and language pedagogy.
The Phonetics/Phonology Interface
Authors: Archibald John
Published: December 2023

This chapter demonstrates the benefit of abstract L2 phonological representations by raising problems with solely phonetic models of L2 speech. In articulating an acquisition model, the intake frequency hypothesis is presented which accounts for acquisition by phonetics. The second learning mechanism proposed is the redeployment hypothesis which accounts for acquisition by phonology. The chapter concludes with a discussion of illusory vowels in the production and perception of L2 speech. It is argued that (a) abstract phonological representations (in particular appendices) explain the cross-linguistic patterns, and (b) that inaccurate production is not always caused by inaccurate perception (contra the Speech Learning Model).
Underture
Authors: Archibald John
Published: December 2023

This chapter wraps up the book by outlining the indirect realist model which underlies the grammatical (including phonological) knowledge of multilinguals. Such a model is able to provide explanations for the properties of the grammatical interfaces of phonology with phonetics, morphology, and syntax. The chapter concludes with a discussion of why phonology continues to be underrepresented in generative approaches to language acquisition. The possible pedagogic implications of such an approach are also considered, as well as some of the social implications of recognizing that non-native speakers possess rich, complex cognitive systems that underlie their speech. Such an approach may foster social justice by helping to reduce the discrimination that second language speakers may face. I also hope that it can help to foster a culture of curiosity in language teachers.
What Does It Mean to Invest in Children’s Mental Health?
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel , Raghavan Ramesh
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes key definitions and concepts that underlie a careful assessment of investments in children’s mental health. It presents a broad, holistic definition of mental health and well-being, as opposed to more narrowly focused, disease-based outcomes. Then, it presents how the authors define best investments. It makes the case for economic evaluations of intervention, such as cost-effectiveness or benefit–cost analysis, as a way to identify strategies and practices in which to invest, and it presents some of the caveats associated with these methods. The chapter concludes by presenting three frameworks that are integrated throughout this book: understanding factors within the child’s social ecology, paying attention to the developmental status of the child, and supporting key factors that can create a nurturing environment for the child. To make the discussion more concrete, the chapter weaves in the perspective of leaders of a hypothetical elementary school who are considering how to support their students’ mental health.
Parent Training Programs
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel , Raghavan Ramesh
Published: December 2023

The next case study focuses on parent training programs, which can improve children’s mental health by helping parents become more supportive and connected to their children. Many of these programs have solid evidence of improving children’s well-being. After an overview of the variety across parenting programs, this chapter reviews the evidence of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The chapter highlights examples of programs that have been found to be particularly effective, such as Incredible Years and Triple P; these programs have favorable benefit–cost ratios and appear worthy of greater investment. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion around equity concerns, which are particularly important in an area such as parenting that is heavily influenced by cultural and social norms.