bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histoplasmosis and Blastomycosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Kauffman Carol , Miceli Marisa
Published: June 2015

Histoplasmosis and blastomycosis are geographically restricted dimorphic fungi that cause infection after the conidia produced in the mold phase are inhaled into the lungs. In the lungs, at 37 °C, these organisms undergo transformation into the yeast phase. In transplant recipients, infection can occur by exposure to the mold in the environment, by reactivation of infection that had occurred previously and had been controlled by the host until immunosuppressive medications were given post-transplantation, and finally by transmission from the donor organ in the case of histoplasmosis. In transplant recipients, disseminated infection is common, and pulmonary infection is more likely to be severe than in a non-immunosuppressed person. Diagnosis has been improved, allowing earlier treatment, with the use of rapid antigen tests performed on serum and urine. Initial treatment, for all but the mildest cases of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis, should be with a lipid formulation of amphotericin B. After clinical improvement has occurred, step-down therapy with itraconazole is recommended for a total of 12 months for most transplant recipients, but some patients will require long-term suppressive therapy to prevent relapse of disease.
Partial-Body Irradiation in Patients with Prostate Cancer Treated with IMRT Has Little Effect on the Composition of Serum Proteome
Authors: Pietrowska Monika , Jelonek Karol , Polanska Joanna , Wojakowska Anna , Marczak Lukasz , Chawinska Ewa , Chmura Aleksanda , Majewski Wojciech , Miszczyk Leszek , Widlak Piotr
Published: June 2015

Partial body irradiation during cancer radiotherapy (RT) induces a response of irradiated tissues that could be observed at the level of serum proteome. Here we aimed to characterize the response to RT in group of patients treated because of prostate cancer. Five consecutive blood samples were collected before, during, and after the end of RT in a group of 126 patients who received definitive treatment with a maximum dose of 76 Gy. Serum peptidome, which was profiled in the 2000–16,000 Da range using MALDI-MS. Serum proteins were identified and quantified using the shotgun LC-MS/MS approach. The majority of changes in serum peptidome were detected between pre-treatment samples and samples collected after 3–4 weeks of RT (~25% of registered peptides changed their abundances significantly), yet the intensity of observed changes was not correlated significantly with the degree of acute radiation toxicity or the volume of irradiated tissues. Furthermore, there were a few serum proteins identified, the abundances of which were different in pre-RT and post-RT samples, including immunity and inflammation-related factors. Observed effects were apparently weaker than in comparable groups of head and neck cancer patients in spite of similar radiation doses and volumes of irradiated tissues in both groups. We concluded that changes observed at the level of serum proteome were low for this cohort of prostate cancer patients, although the specific components involved are associated with immunity and inflammation, and reflect the characteristic acute response of the human body to radiation.
Robust and Accurate Modeling Approaches for Migraine Per-Patient Prediction from Ambulatory Data
Authors: Pagán Josué , De Orbe M. , Gago Ana , Sobrado Mónica , Risco-Martín José , Mora J. , Moya José , Ayala José
Published: June 2015

Migraine is one of the most wide-spread neurological disorders, and its medical treatment represents a high percentage of the costs of health systems. In some patients, characteristic symptoms that precede the headache appear. However, they are nonspecific, and their prediction horizon is unknown and pretty variable; hence, these symptoms are almost useless for prediction, and they are not useful to advance the intake of drugs to be effective and neutralize the pain. To solve this problem, this paper sets up a realistic monitoring scenario where hemodynamic variables from real patients are monitored in ambulatory conditions with a wireless body sensor network (WBSN). The acquired data are used to evaluate the predictive capabilities and robustness against noise and failures in sensors of several modeling approaches. The obtained results encourage the development of per-patient models based on state-space models (N4SID) that are capable of providing average forecast windows of 47 min and a low rate of false positives.
Optical Fiber Sensors for Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: García Iker , Zubia Joseba , Durana Gaizka , Aldabaldetreku Gotzon , Illarramendi María , Villatoro Joel
Published: June 2015

Aircraft structures require periodic and scheduled inspection and maintenance operations due to their special operating conditions and the principles of design employed to develop them. Therefore, structural health monitoring has a great potential to reduce the costs related to these operations. Optical fiber sensors applied to the monitoring of aircraft structures provide some advantages over traditional sensors. Several practical applications for structures and engines we have been working on are reported in this article. Fiber Bragg gratings have been analyzed in detail, because they have proved to constitute the most promising technology in this field, and two different alternatives for strain measurements are also described. With regard to engine condition evaluation, we present some results obtained with a reflected intensity-modulated optical fiber sensor for tip clearance and tip timing measurements in a turbine assembled in a wind tunnel.
The Effect of High Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Power Output for the Upper Body
Authors: Harvey Leonie , Bousson Matthew , McLellan Chris , Lovell Dale
Published: June 2015

The aim of the present study was to examine and measure high intensity, intermittent upper body performance, in addition to identifying areas of the body that affect the variance in total work done during the 5 × 6 s sprint test. Fifteen males completed an upper body 5 × 6 s sprint test on a modified electro-magnetically braked cycle ergometer, which consisted of five maximal effort sprints, each 6 s in duration, separated by 24 s of passive recovery. A fly wheel braking force corresponding to 5% of the participants’ body weight was used as the implemented resistance level. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Percent (%) decrement was calculated as 100 − (Total work/ideal work) × 100. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were found between sprints for both absolute and relative (W, W·kg−1, W·kg−1 Lean body mass (LBM) and W·kg−1 Upper body lean body mass (UBLBM)) peak (PP) and mean (MP) power. The % decrement in total work done over the five sprints was 11.4%. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that UBLBM accounts for 87% of the variance in total work done during the upper body 5 × 6 s sprint test. These results provide a descriptive analysis of upper body, high intensity intermittent exercise, demonstrating that PP and MP output decreased significantly during the upper body 5 × 6 s sprint test.
Communicating Sustainable Shoes to Mainstream Consumers: The Impact of Advertisement Design on Buying Intention
Authors: Visser Mirjam , Gattol Valentin , Helm Rosan
Published: June 2015

Traditionally, marketing of sustainable products addresses green buyers, thus missing out on the mainstream consumers and volume necessary to cover the potentially higher cost of more sustainable materials. However, how to effectively communicate more sustainable products to mainstream consumers and to increase their buying intention is still underexplored. Combining personal and environmental benefits, called double benefit theory, is promoted as an effective green marketing strategy but so far not supported by quantitative research as being effective to reach mainstream consumers. We studied the effect of advertisement elements (layout color, benefit type, and heritage) on the products’ perceived sustainability, quality and fashion image, and buying intentions of mainstream consumers. Two hundred adults participated in a study that was based on a 2 (red vs. green layout) × 2 (personal vs. environmental benefit) × 2 (local vs. global heritage) between-subjects factorial design of a sustainable shoe advertisement. The impact of these independent variables on product image as well as on buying intention was analyzed by means of three-way ANOVAs. In line with the double benefit theory, combining a personal benefit with a green layout led to the highest buying intention. Moreover, a mediation analysis revealed the effect of emphasizing a personal benefit on buying intention was mediated by fashion image but not by sustainability. Sustainability, however, did have a positive effect on buying intentions independent of benefit type.
Dealing with Multi-Level Governance and Wicked Problems in Urban Transportation Systems: The Case of Palermo Municipality
Authors: Noto Guido , Bianchi Carmine
Published: June 2015

Italian New Public Management (NPM) has been mainly characterized by a political orientation toward power decentralization to local governments and privatization of public companies. Nowadays, local utilities in Italy are often run by joint stock companies controlled by public agencies such as Regional and Municipal Administrations. Due to this transformation, these companies must comply with a set of diverse expectations coming from a wide range of stakeholders, related to their financial, competitive and social performance. Such fragmented governance increases the presence of “wicked” problems in the decision-making sphere of these entities. Given this multi-level governance structure, how do these agents influence public services performance? In recent years, coordination and inter-institutional joint action have been identified as possible approaches for dealing with governance fragmentation and wicked problems deriving from it. How can we adapt a performance management perspective in order to help us reform the system and so have a better collaboration between the stakeholders involved? In order to address and discuss these research questions, a case study will be developed. The case concerns AMAT, the local utility providing the public transportation service in the Municipality of Palermo (Italy). The result of this study is a dynamic model including a set of performance indicators that help us in understanding the impact of the governing structure on the system’s performance.
Interest of Tumor-Specific CD4 T Helper 1 Cells for Therapeutic Anticancer Vaccine
Authors: Galaine Jeanne , Borg Christophe , Godet Yann , Adotévi Olivier
Published: June 2015

Nowadays, immunotherapy represents one promising approach for cancer treatment. Recently, spectacular results of cancer immunotherapy clinical trials have confirmed the crucial role of immune system in cancer regression. Therapeutic cancer vaccine represents one widely used immunotherapy strategy to stimulate tumor specific T cell responses but clinical impact remains disappointing in targeting CD8 T cells. Although CD8 T cells have been initially considered to be the main protagonists, it is now clear that CD4 T cells also play a critical role in antitumor response. In this article, we discuss the role of tumor antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses and how we can target these cells to improve cancer vaccines.
Redécouverte de l'océan mondial : explorations et cartographie des fonds océaniques (Rediscovery of the world ocean : explorations and sea bottom mapping)
Authors: Doumenge François
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Cet article constitue une mise au point et une revue bibliographique concernant les recherches récentes sur le fond des océans (bathymétrie, morphologie, écologie). On y étudie 1) les techniques d'exploration des fonds sous-marins, 2) les méthodes de cartographie, 3) quelques types de reliefs océaniques (volcans sous-marins et guyots, canyons, vallées et cônes sous-marins), et on y évoque pour terminer les programmes de forages sur le fond.
Le Progrès Agricole ; l'activisme au service de la France profonde (1887-1970)
Authors: Hubscher Ronald
Published: June 2015

Au sein de la presse agricole française, le Progrès Agricole, hebdomadaire amiénois, est un exemple particulièrement original de pérennité : par sa présentation, par sa direction (la dynastie Raquet), par son idéologie fondée sur la défense des valeurs traditionnelles et agrariennes et sur une totale adhésion aux diverses thèses de la droite. Des origines à 1920, le journal a une vocation régionale ; il défend l'agriculture moderne et intensive des exploitants aisés du nord du Bassin Parisien, ses lecteurs. Pendant l'entre-deux-guerres, il veut acquérir une audience nationale en proposant l'organisation de la paysannerie sur la base de la Corporation et en créant une ligue, la Masse de Combat des Paysans. Très favorable à l'expérience portugaise de Salazar, il attend beaucoup de Vichy, mais ses espoirs sont déçus. Suspendu à la Libération, le journal ne reparaît qu'en 1951. Hostile à la mystique productiviste qui séduit une large fraction du monde rural, opposé au Marché Commun, il exalte l'exploitation familiale traditionnelle, et une France de petits producteurs, commerçants et artisans. Ses vues passéistes partiellement reprises par les écologistes citadins, expliquent sa perte d'audience chez les agriculteurs ; des difficultés financières croissantes hâtent sa disparition.
Espace géographique et formes de sociabilité : quatre exemples de régions frontalières
Authors: Verhasselt Yola , Logie Frank , Mergaerts Bernadette
Published: June 2015

Gebaseerd op niet-geleide enquêtes, werd in vier Frans-Belgische grensgebieden (Poperinge, Menen-Wervik, Beauraing-Givet en de Basse-Semois) een onderzoek opgezet naar de veranderingen in de diverse aspecten van het maatschappelijk leven, zoals die door de bewoners worden ervaren. Uit een analyse van de vraaggesprekken blijkt dat de behandelde thematiek in de vier gebieden weinig of niet verschilt. Manifeste veranderingen voltrokken zich onder andere in het familiale, politieke en religieuze leven ; ontspanning wordt anders genoten in een veranderde sociale omgeving. Bijzondere betrekkingen blijken te bestaan tussen de inwoners van de buurlanden. De taalgrens als politieke grens beïnvloedt de contacten tussen de bewoners van de grensgebieden.
Acceptable Ambiguity
Authors: Channon Robert
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 37-46
An Alternative to Checklist Theories of Meaning
Authors: Fillmore Charles J.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 123-131
Basques, Particles, and Babytalk: A Case for Pragmatics
Authors: Corum Claudia
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 90-99
Conversational Implicature in Montague Grammar
Authors: Karttunen Lauri
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 266-278
Coordination Reduction and the English Comparative/Superlative: A Psycholinguistic Perspective
Authors: Carroll, Jr John M. , Hennessey John S.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 25-36
Crossover and About-Movement in a Relational Grammar
Authors: Jacobson Polly
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 233-245
Cyclicity and Extractability of Extraposition Constructions in French
Authors: Pinkham Jessie
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 354-365
Interactions of the Expression ‘Let’s Just Say’ with the Gricean Maxims of Conversation
Authors: Cogen Cathy , Herrmann Leora
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 60-68
Some Steps in the Acquisition of Factive and Implicative Sentences
Authors: Rosenbaum Harvey
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 475-485
Some Tibeto-Burman Sound Changes
Authors: Michailovsky Boyd
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 322-332
The Case of the Vanish Presupposition
Authors: Coleman Linda
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 78-89
The Position of Incorporation Transformations in the Grammar
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1975), pp. 333-342
Equi-Subject Clause Union
Authors: Frantz Donald G.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 179-187
Foregrounding Referents: A Reconsideration of Left Dislocation in Discourse
Authors: Keenan Elinor Ochs , Schieffelin Bambi
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 240-257
Interfixes Preserve Syllables and Word Roots
Authors: Allen Andrew
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 31-35
Raising in Turkish
Authors: Mulder Jean
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 298-307
Strategies and Counterstrategies in the Use of Yes-No Questions in Discourse
Authors: Bennett Adrian
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 36-47
“Expectation” in Chinese: A Functional Analysis of Two Adverbs
Authors: Tsao Feng-fu
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1976), pp. 360-374
Analysis of Hupa Storytelling Event
Authors: Bennett Ruth Seiman
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977)
Grammaticalization of Topical Elements in Middle English
Authors: Butler Milton Chadwick
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 626-636
On Defining Prepositions
Authors: Van Oosten Jeanne
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 454-464
On Subjects and Topics
Authors: Noonan Michael
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 372-385
The Story of [w]: An Exercise in the Phonetic Explanation for Sound Patterns
Authors: Ohala John , Lorentz James
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1977), pp. 577-599
On Primary Topicalization
Authors: Andor József
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 18-30
On the Hierarchy of Boundaries
Authors: Vago Robert M.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 387-396
On the Notion ‘Completely Anaphoric’ in Phonology
Authors: Kaisse Ellen
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 341-351
Phonetic and Grammatical Explanations for an Epenthesis and a Non- Epenthesis in English
Authors: Javkin Hector
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 330-340
Remarks on the Analysis of Assertion and the Conversational Role of Speech Acts
Authors: Rogers Andy
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 191-201
The Function and Content of Relative Clauses in Spontaneous Oral Narratives
Authors: Bernardo Robert
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1979), pp. 539-551
The Translation of the Present Perfect into Serbo-Croation and Implications for the Analysis of the Present Perfect in English
Authors: Cochrane Nancy
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 43-52
Verb Agreement in Southern Tiwa
Authors: Allen Barbara J. , Frantz Donald G.
Published: June 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 11-17
Adverbs of Quantification and Sequence-of-Tense Phenomena
Authors: Ogihara Toshiyuki
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
The Meanings of Words
Authors: Bach Emmon
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
The Semantics and Pragmatics of Weak and Strong Polarity Items in Assertions
Authors: Krifka Manfred
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Weak Definites
Authors: Poesio Massimo
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Young Mozart and the Joking Woody Allen: Proper Names, Individuals and Parts
Authors: Paul Matthias
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
A Degree Account of Exclamatives
Authors: Rett Jessica
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Amazing DPs
Authors: Castroviejo Elena , Schwager Magdalena
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Computing Scalar Implicatures
Authors: Frazier Lyn
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Dependencies in Temporal Adjunct Clauses
Authors: Kusumoto Kiyomi
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Free and Bound Pro-Verbs: A Unified Treatment of Anaphora
Authors: Charlow Simon
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Narrative Effects in Russian Indirect Reports and What They Reveal About the Meaning of the Past Tense
Authors: Altshuler Daniel
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Presuppositional Compositionality with Japanese "mo"
Authors: Kobuchi-Philip Mana
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Attention! 'Might' in Inquisitive Semantics
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: June 2015

This paper points out that the notion of meaning propounded by inquisitive semantics is not only suited to capture both informative and inquisitive content, but also a sentence’s potential to draw attention to certain possibilities. This gives rise to a novel analysis of 'might'.
Characterizing Quotation
Authors: Shan Chung-chieh
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Imperfective Readings: Partitions as Quanti?cational Domains
Authors: Deo Ashwini
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Indexical Tenses in Intensional Complements: Implications from Albanian
Authors: Smirnova Anastasia
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
On the Intensifier 'propre' ('own') in French: a Counterpart of '-même' ('-self') in Possessive DPs?
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Relevance of Polarity for the Online Interpretation of Scalar Terms
Authors: Panizza Daniele , Huang Yi Ting , Chierchia Gennaro , Snedeker Jesse
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Speaking of Qualities
Authors: Schwager Magdalena
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Typicality Effects and the Logic of Reciprocity
Authors: Kerem Nir , Friedmann Naama , Winter Yoad
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
A Unified Analysis of Conditional Imperatives
Authors: Kaufmann Stefan , Schwager Magdalena
Published: June 2015

No abstract.
Absolute vs. Relative Adjectives - Variance Within vs. Between Individuals
Authors: Toledo Assaf , W. Sassoon Galit
Published: June 2015

This paper investigates core semantic properties that distinguish between different types of gradable adjectives and the effect of context on their interpretation. We contend that all gradable adjectives are interpreted relative to a comparison class (van Rooij 2011), and that it is the nature of the comparison class that constitutes the main semantic difference between their subclasses: some adjectives select a class comprised of counterparts of the individual of which the adjective is predicated, while others – an extensional category of this individual. We propose, following Kennedy (2007), that the standard of membership is selected according to a principle of economy whereby an interpretation relative to a maximum or a minimum degree within a comparison class takes precedence over one relative to an arbitrary point. This proposal captures so-called “standard shift” effects, that is, the influence of context on the interpretation of gradable adjectives from all subclasses, whether in their positive form or when modified by degree adverbials. Additionally, this proposal captures cases of apparent lack of context sensitivity (e.g. intuitive inference patterns, unacceptability of for-phrases, etc.). Finally, we hypothesize that the type of comparison class is aligned with the well known distinction between stage-level and individual-level predicates.
How to get "even" with desires
Authors: Crnic Luka
Published: June 2015

The scalar particle even imposes a constraint on the likelihood of its prejacent and the alternatives on which it operates. This semantic import of even restricts its distribution: even that associates with a weak predicate in its immediate surface scope – weak even, for short – is acceptable only if it is appropriately embedded (cf. Lahiri 1998). This paper investigates the occurrence of weak even in three modal environments – under non-factive and factive desire predicates and in imperatives. The structure of the paper is the following: Section 1 describes an approach to even according to which even may move at LF (Karttunen & Peters 1979, Lahiri 1998 and others). A prediction of the approach is that weak even is licit only if it is embedded under a non-upward-entailing operator. Section 2 presents an apparent puzzle for the approach: weak even may occur in non-negative desire statements and in imperatives, i.e. in environments that appear to be upward-entailing. Section 3 discusses two strategies for dealing with these facts: according to the first strategy, desire predicates and the imperative operator are non-monotone (e.g. Heim 1992); according to the second strategy, they are upward-entailing (e.g. von Fintel 1999) and weak even is rescued by covert exhaustification. Section 4 concludes the paper by discussing the licensing of certain negative polarity items in these environments.
Implicit Arguments, Paychecks and Variable-Free Semantics
Authors: Pedersen Walter
Published: June 2015

The present paper focuses on a particular class of implicit arguments – what have been termed anaphoric implicit arguments (AIAs) – and presents an account of AIAs in the variable-free (VF) framework introduced in Jacobson 1999, 2000. In particular, it is demonstrated how AIAs allow ‘paycheck’ (E-type) readings, an observation that goes back to Dowty 1981; it is shown that these readings follow naturally in the VF framework. The VF account is then compared and contrasted with some alternatives, including Condoravdi & Gawron’s (1996) proposal that AIAs pattern with definite descriptions.
Mental action and event structure in the semantics of 'try'
Authors: Grano Thomas
Published: June 2015

Sharvit (2003) proposes a semantics for 'try' inspired by Landman's (1992) account of progressive aspect. This paper discusses two empirical shortcomings of Sharvit's analysis and proposes a new solution that retains Sharvit's insight that 'try' has an aspectual meaning but argues that (a) as suggested by much work in action theory, volitional events include an initial stage corresponding to a `mental action' and (b) 'try' picks out the 'mental action' stage of an event. The proposal is formalized by adapting Condoravdi's (2009) theory of progressive meaning.
On the Licensing of Understating NPIs: Manipulating the domain of degrees for Japanese 'anmari' and 'sonnani'
Authors: Matsui Ai
Published: June 2015

Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) often have an effect of strengthening the statements which contain them. However, there are also NPIs that contribute to make a weaker claim such as all that (Israel 1996, 2006; van Rooy 2003). I analyze two kinds of such NPIs, namely the degree modiﬁer 'a(n)mari' and 'sonnani' in Japanese, which roughly translate as 'very/much' and '(all) that'. In doing so, two points are considered. First, since the NPIs in question are degree modiﬁers, I would like to adopt a degree-based semantics and combine it with the idea of domain widening proposed for determiner NPIs such as any. In particular, building on a version of Chierchia’s (2006) framework, I consider domain widening in terms of domains of degrees. Second, to capture the nature of understatement, I refer to the notion of quality-based strengthening, rather than informativity/entailment-based strengthening (Israel 2006; Krifka 1995; van Rooy 2003).
On the roads to de se
Authors: Maier Emar
Published: June 2015

It is rather uncontroversial that there are different ways to report de se attitudes, but there is still disagreement about the number and the nature of the different mechanisms at work. Following Anand (2006), I distinguish three types of de se reporting: one a special case of de re, another expressed by shifted indexicals, and a third expressed by dedicated de se pronouns. For the first two I propose reductions to de re and de dicto reporting, respectively, couched in a dynamic framework where presupposition resolution takes center stage. For the third, I part ways with all current proposals in offering what is essentially a de re analysis of dedicated de se pronouns. I motivate this radical departure with examples of de se pronouns binding de re reflexives, as recently brought into the spotlights by Charlow (2010) and Sharvit (2010).
Sole Sisters
Authors: Coppock Elizabeth , Beaver David
Published: June 2015

We propose a unified analysis of exclusives, taking into account NP- and VP-modifying 'only' and 'just' and the adjectival exclusives 'mere', 'sole', 'only', 'single', and 'exclusive'. We use paraphrases with 'at most' and 'at least' to argue that exclusives uniformly signify a presupposed lower bound and an ordinary content upper bound on the true alternative answers to the current question under discussion, thus extending Beaver and Clark (2008). According to our analysis, exclusives vary along two parameters: (i) the ontological type of their arguments; (ii) constraints on the question under discussion. Due to variation in the type parameter, exclusives exhibit different scopes, leading to different NPI licensing properties. To formalize our analysis, we introduce a dynamic semantics that treats questions under discussion as part of the context and allows for binding into these questions.
Toward a more fine-grained theory of temporal adverbials
Authors: Altshuler Daniel Gordon
Published: June 2015

In this paper I propose that a core property of adverbial meaning is the ability (or the lack thereof) of an adverbial to introduce a new time discourse referent. The core data comes from 'that same day' in narrative discourse. I argue that unlike other previously studied temporal adverbials—which introduce a new time discourse referent and relate it to the speech time or a previously mentioned time—'that same' retrieves two salient times from the input context, i.e. it is "twice-anaphoric", without introducing one of its own. Moreover, I argue that the adverb 'currently' is like 'that same day' in not introducing a new time discourse referent; it constrains the temporal location of a described eventuality relative to a salient time previously introduced into the discourse context. The analysis that I propose is implemented within Compositional Discourse Representation Theory. It illustrates how adverbial meaning can be integrated within a more general theory of temporal interpretation.
'So' as a weak degree expression
Authors: Castroviejo-Miro Elena
Published: June 2015

This paper aims to answer three questions about the degree expression 'so' in English: (i) what semantics does it contribute? (I.e., in what ways is 'so' different from 'enough'?) (ii) how can we explain its restricted distribution? And (iii) how does the that-clause compose with 'so'? I point out that equating 'enough' and 'so' (as has been done in the literature) is problematic, and I propose that a new approach that establishes an analogy between"so" and weak pronouns can yield satisfactory answers to questions (i)--(iii). In a nutshell, I argue that there are two 'so's: a strong (deictic) one and a weak (anaphoric) one. I concentrate on weak 'so' and show that its limited distribution has to do with the informational properties of weak items more generally. I further claim that its accompanying that-clause is not a complement of 'so', but rather an adjoined sentence that provides a bona fide focus to the sentence.
A plea for syntax and a return to first principles: monstrous agreement in Tamil
Authors: Sundaresan Sandhya
Published: June 2015

The paper focuses on an interesting form of (person) indexical shift in the Dravidian language Tamil which surfaces as 1SG agreement marking in a clause embedded under a speech predicate. I show that this agreement is an instance of indexical shift and label it "monstrous agreement". However, I demonstrate that its full range of empirical properties cannot be adequately explained by the major analyses of indexical shift in the literature. The bulk of these, I argue, in addition to being predominantly semantic in spirit, and thus ill-equipped to deal with a morphosyntactic phenomenon like agreement, also involve two core misconceptions regarding indexicality vs. logophoricity on the one hand and speech vs. attitude predicates on the other. I propose that these core assumptions be strongly re-evaluated from first principles and that syntactic and typological clues on the subject be paid more heed. I propose a new analysis of the Tamil paradigms which derives indexical shift within an enriched grammatical model involving contextual features instantiated in a structurally articulated cartographic left periphery.
Contrastive topics in Paraguayan Guaraní discourse
Authors: Tonhauser Judith
Published: June 2015

The empirical basis of current formal semantic/pragmatic analyses of utterances containing contrastive topics are languages in which the expression that denotes the contrastive topic is marked prosodically, morphologically or syntactically, such as English, German, Korean, Japanese or Hungarian (e.g. Jackendoff 1972; Szabolcsi 1981; Roberts 1998; Büring 1997, 2003; Lee 1999). Such analyses do not extend to Paraguayan Guaraní, a language in which neither prosody, nor word order, nor the contrastive topic clitic =katu identify the contrastive topic. This article develops a formal pragmatic analysis of contrastive topic utterances in Paraguayan Guaraní and explores cross-linguistic similarities and differences in contrastive topic utterances.
Directed Scale Segments
Authors: Schwarzschild Roger
Published: June 2015

If Jack is taller than Jill, there is scale in which entities are ordered by height and which has a segment running from Jack down to Jill. Call that a directed scale-segment. A comparative characterizes a directed scale segment by describing the two ends, the type of scale and optionally the length of the segment. This paper explores the possibility of isolating these descriptions in distinct expressions in the clause tied together by quantification over directed scale segments. Data from Hindi and Navajo are used to motivate this arrangement and then to probe its limits. The resulting discussion is an argument for cross linguistic diversity in the semantics of comparatives.
Mood and Contextual Commitment
Authors: Portner Paul , Rubinstein Aynat
Published: June 2015

Many recent analyses of mood selection in Romance and Balkan rely on the idea that subjunctive is triggered by a modal predicate whose meaning is comparative. We work out a precise version of this idea, which we call the Proto-Standard Theory, and show that it runs into problems with a variety of indicative-selecting predicates in French. We then develop and argue in favor of an alternative account based on individuals being Contextually Committed towards the modal parameters used to give the meaning of the predicate.
Nandao-Questions as a Special Kind of Rhetorical Questions
Authors: Xu Beibei
Published: June 2015

This paper addresses the syntax and semantics of a special kind of Rhetorical Questions (RQs) in Mandarin, i.e. questions with nandao (nandao-Q). Nandao-Qs necessarily have rhetorical question readings. To derive this, I propose that nandao is a WH-word which takes a question denoting a single proposition and turns it into a set with the complement proposition. This analysis differs significantly from earlier proposals for deriving RQ meanings as asserting the negation of the proposition denoted by its IP (cf. Sadock 1979, Han 2002, a.o.). The degenerate question nature of nandao-Q can explain why nandao-Q unlike Ordinary Questions (OQs) cannot be embedded under [+wh] selecting words like wen and zhidao.
Perspective shifts of Korean evidentials and the effect of contexts
Authors: Lim Dongsik , Lee Chungmin
Published: June 2015

In this paper we identify two types of the evidential perspective shifts (the evidence holder indicated by an evidential marker is different from the utterance of the sentence containing that evidential marker) in Korean, the shift in interrogatives and the shift in declaratives, and explain these two shifts by proposing specific lexical entries for Korean evidential markers without any significant revision of the existing theory of interrogatives or indexicals. We also discuss an implication of our proposal, especially with respect to the interaction between our lexical entry for the Korean direct evidential marker and the Korean long-distance anaphor caki.
Real tense and real aspect in mirativity
Authors: Torres Bustamante Teresa
Published: June 2015

The goal of this paper is an account of the role of tense and aspect in mirative constructions in Spanish. I propose that the past tense morphology and the imperfect/perfect morphology in Spanish miratives contribute their standard meanings to the semantics of mirativity. I define mirativity as the clash between the speaker’s previous beliefs and the current state of affairs asserted by the proposition. I propose a M operator that relates the speaker’s beliefs and the proposition by ranking the worlds in which the proposition doesn’t hold in the speaker’s previous beliefs as better ones. The past tense is interpreted outside the proposition, and constitutes the time argument of the modal base (doxastic domain). Aspect gets its usual interpretation in the proposition but also in the alternative propositions that order the worlds in the modal base. This way, differences regarding the imperfect mirative and the pluperfect one are accounted for. Finally, the paper also discusses stative miratives, which apparently challenge part of the analysis. I claim that these are not counter examples, but rather confirmation of the analysis, once we account for the interaction between miratives, statives and lifetime effects.
Weak Uniqueness: The Only Difference Between Definites and Indefinites
Authors: Coppock Elizabeth , Beaver David
Published: June 2015

We argue that predicative the is an identity function that is defined for predicates that satisfy weak uniqueness: if there is an F, then there is only one. Predicative definites do not presuppose existence, as evidenced by anti-uniqueness effects, for example the fact that ‘Scott is not the only author of Waverley’ implies that there is more than one author of Waverley. Separating the uniqueness and existence components of definites brings definites and indefinites closer together: The definite and indefinite articles are both argued to be identity functions on predicates, differing only in that the latter lacks the weak uniqueness presupposition. Furthermore, the meaning of argumental definites and indefinites can be derived from the predicative meanings using the same general mechanisms that introduce existence. Existence is generally at-issue with argumental indefinites and presupposed with argumental definites. However, we observe that anti-uniqueness effects arise with argumental definites as well, under conditions described in our ‘Dependence Generalization’. We take this to show that existence can be at-issue with argumental definites, and we derive the Dependence Generalization in terms of relevance to the question under discussion.
A multistratal account of the projective Tagalog evidential ‘daw’
Authors: Kierstead Gregory , Martin Scott
Published: June 2015

We present original fieldwork data as evidence that the Tagalog reportative evidential daw projects, like e.g. presuppositions and conventional implicatures (CIs), in the sense that daw can carry an implication that is immune to entailment-modifying operators. Previous work has purported that evidentials in other languages can project, but after examining these claims, we argue that the data we give for daw constitute the first evidence of a projective evidential. We then give a formally explicit account of daw in a multistratal semantics that is both dynamic and compositional. This semantics is general enough to also capture the behavior of English CIs, but avoids a well-known flaw in a previous theory of CIs due to Potts.
A Note on Phrasal Comparatives
Authors: Beck Sigrid , Hohaus Vera , Tiemann Sonja
Published: June 2015

This paper investigates the various comparative operators that a language might employ and provides arguments for choosing a particular one. In particular, different phrasal comparatives are contrasted. We argue that Schoenfinkelization of the operator matters and reflects different crosslinguistic possibilities.
A unified analysis of the same, phrasal comparatives, and superlatives
Authors: Pollard Carl Jesse , Smith Elizabeth Allyn
Published: June 2015

We present a unified categorial analysis of several types of English comparative, superlative, and THE SAME/DIFFERENT (S/D) sentences, thereby accounting for parallels among these constructions first noted in Heim ms. Our analysis, couched in a linear-logic-based from of categorial grammar along the lines of Oehrle 1994, builds on the basic insights underlying Barker's (2007) `parasitic scope' analysis of internal readings of THE SAME, but is simpler and more general than Barker's. Ours is also the first unified analysis of all three kinds of phenomena. Our analysis of phrasal comparatives captures their essential similarity to associate-remnant S/D constructions such as ANNA READ THE SAME BOOK AS BILL.
Part and parcel of eliding partitives
Authors: Gagnon Michael
Published: June 2015

This paper argues that bare determiners as in the sentence ‘Many sat down.’ should be analyzed as involving the elision of a partitive phrase, as opposed to a noun phrase as is commonly assumed (Lobeck 1991, 1995; Bernstein 1993; Panagiotidis 2003; Alexiadou and Gengel 2011; Corver and van Koppen 2009, 2011). This analysis is supported by (i) the anaphoric interpretation of the bare determiners in context; (ii) the syntax of bare determiners; and (iii) deep event anaphora. Further, the adoption of partitive ellipsis comes with the suggestion that partitive DPs do not involve null intermediary noun phrases (cf. Jackendoff 1977, Sauerland and Yatsushiro 2004, and Ionin et al 2006), but rather that determiners can take partitive phrases as internal arguments (Matthewson 2001). The existence of such a phenomenon also militates in favor of a meaning isomorphy approach to the licensing of ellipsis (Merchant 2001), rather than structural isomorphy (Fiengo and May 1994).
Presuppositions and the Alternative Tier
Authors: Sauerland Uli
Published: June 2015

In at least three environments – de se binding, distributive binding, and focus quantification – some presuppositions exhibit unexpectedly weak projection behavior. This holds for the presuppositions of bound pronouns, but also several other cases of presupposition. In this paper, I first describe a general approach to capture the interaction of presuppositions with quantificational operators within a multi-tiered evaluation procedure. Secondly I discuss data from Condition A, in particular non-bound occurrences of reflexives, that motivate a presuppositional account of Condition A and confirm the general approach.
Quantizing scalar change
Authors: Henderson Robert
Published: June 2015

This paper provides a new analysis of N-BY-N adverbials that captures their previously unrecognized close connection to verbs of scalar change. After providing a series of arguments that N-BY-N modification requires the VP to provide a scalar interval it can measure, we use this as novel evidence that incremental theme verbs, as well as inherently directed motion and change of state verbs, must make reference to scales. The analysis thus supports a unified scalar account of verbs of variable telicity (e.g., Hay, Kennedy & Levin 1999; Kennedy & Levin 2008; Kennedy 2012). Finally, we show that our analysis avoids empirical problems for previous approaches to these adverbials in both English (Beck & von Stechow 2007; Brasoveanu & Henderson 2009) and Russian (Braginsky & Rothstein 2008).
Two kinds of focus constructions in K’iche’
Authors: Yasavul Murat
Published: June 2015

Based on original fieldwork data, I argue for a difference in meaning between two focus constructions in K’iche’ (Mayan). In particular, I show that the interpretation of focus constructions with aree ‘FOC’ gives rise to existence and exhaustivity implications (the latter when they are used as answers), both of which do not necessarily arise from the interpretation of focus constructions without aree. I discuss how to analyze these implications and review previous approaches to similar phenomena. I also develop a dynamic account that captures the empirical generalizations I propose.
Unrestrained beta reduction
Authors: Klein Udo , Sternefeld Wolfgang
Published: June 2015

A major argument for syntactic reconstruction is based on the well-known fact that semantic reconstruction by beta-reduction is possible only if the term to be substituted for a variable does not contain any variable that would become bound as a result of substitution. This way, we derive a theoretical argument for syntactic reconstruction. However, syntactic reconstruction is not without its problems, simply because the surface form and the reconstructed form may still differ with respect to other syntactic, semantic, and information theoretic properties. This is particularly troublesome for minimalist theories which do not allow for multiple levels of representation. In this paper we propose a technique that might help to overcome these difficulties (ie. the limitation imposed by beta-reduction on semantic reconstruction) by defining a translation function T for expressions of a predicate logic L0 with lambda-abstraction into expressions of a higher-order language L1, with the desirable property that the translation of a formula in L0 is equivalent with the translation of its unrestricted reduction. In linguistic applications this will facilitate the binding of a pronoun without presupposing c-command. We will sketch a formal proof showing that unrestricted beta-reduction is a property of the target expressions in L1, the translations of L0 under T.
VP ellipsis without indices
Authors: Hardt Daniel , Asher Nicholas , Hunter Julie
Published: June 2015

This paper compares two views on the status of indices in syntactic and logical representations: on a {\it structural view}, indices are syntactic formants on a par with node labels and phrase bracketings, and are thus a part of the logical forms that are derived from syntactic representations. On the {\it process view}, an index is not a syntactic object at all, but rather, an indication of the output of a resolution process. In this paper we argue that a recent body of data provides a clear empirical basis for distinguishing between these two views of indices. We argue that cases of sloppy VP ellipsis pose insurmountable problems for the structural view of indices, while these problems do not arise for the process view. Furthermore, we show that this resolution process is constrained by the semantics of various discourse relations.