bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management and Water Utility Safety
Authors: Binney Mel C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses four questions regarding water utility management's role in safety, including: what are the water utility manager's responsibilities for safety; how effectively is the water utility manager fulfilling them; why is the water utility manager less effective in fulfilling his responsibilities for safety than managers of other types of utilities or in industry in general; and, what must the water utility manager do to fulfill his safety responsibilities? The San Antonio (Texas) City Water Board's experience with an effective safety program is presented.
Underground Corrosion and Salt Infiltration
Authors: Berthouex Paul M. , Prior George A.
Published: February 2018

This study examined the mechanism of salt penetration into soil and the possible effects of infiltrated salts on underground corrosion. The results show that in well drained soil, salt moves rapidly from the surface and, even near heavily salted roadways, does not always accumulate, either at the soil surface or down to depths of 3 feet. After a review of simple corrosion cells, the article examines how infiltrated salts may alter the intensity of external underground corrosion.
Ground Water Nitrate Distributions Beneath Fresno, Calif.
Authors: Behnke Jerold J. , Haskell E. E.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the nitrate distribution in the groundwater beneath a portion of the Fresno, California, metropolitan area, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrate ion as a tracer of groundwater movement.
Removal of Radioisotopes From Water by Slurrying With Yazoo and Zilpha Clays
Authors: Sumrall Clinton L. , Middlebrooks E. Joe
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study were to: use the gamma emitting isotope Sr85 to determine if sample self‐absorption occurs to a significant extent when evaluating the removal of the beta‐emitting isotope Sr90; determine the effectiveness of heat‐treated and non‐heat‐treated Yazoo and Zilpha clays in adsorbing the rare‐earth isotopes EU152‐154, Rh106‐ Rh106, and Tl204; determine the dosage of heat‐treated and untreated Yazoo and Zilpha clays that produces maximum adsorption of EU152‐154, Ru106‐Rh106, and Tl204; determine the effectiveness of Yazoo and Zilpha clays in adsorbing RU106‐Rh106, EU152,154, and Tl204 at different radioisotope concentrations; and, determine the time required for exchange equilibrium to be established for RU106‐Rh106, EU152,154, Tl204, Co60, and Cs137 when slurrying with Yazoo and Zilpha clays. This article discusses the results of a literature review along with experimental equipment and study procedures.
Nickel Stainless Steel Screens
Authors: Klingenberg John
Published: February 2018

This article comments favorably on the performance of nickel stainless steel screens and provides several examples of their successful use in the municipal system of Cavalier, North Dakota, the Red River at Drayton, North Dakota, and in the Missouri River at Springfield, South Dakota.
Coordinating the Flow of Technical Information
Authors: Ball F. J. , Cargill F. M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the methods by which the Information Service Center, a central agency within West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company, stores and retrieves information and channels it to the company's various divisions and departments.
Stoichiometry of Coagulation
Authors: Stumm Werner , O'Melia Charles R.
Published: February 2018

The objectives of this study were to examine the adsorption of coagulants on the colloids present in water and to interpret this adsorption in terms of coagulation and restabilization; and, based upon a consideration of chemical and electrostatic interactions in the destabilization of colloids, to develop a conceptual model relating optimum coagulation with pertinent solution variables. A simple adsorption model is presented which permits, in principle, a quantitative description of the interrelationships between the coagulant dose, pH, and the surface area of the dispersed phase. This model is useful in evaluating the circumstances under which a stoichiometric relationship exists between the required coagulant dose and the concentration of colloidal impurities in the water.
Selection of Disposal Methods for Water Treatment Plant Wastes
Authors: Proudfit Donald P.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses several examples of wastewater disposal problems and their proposed solutions. The first example concerns additions to an existing plant and two new plants designed for the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The second example is a St. Paul, Minnesota, water treatment plant, which presently is dealing with some of the common issues associated with the disposal of wastes as well as from other problems that may be unique. The third example concerns Minneapolis, Minnesota, which has plans to recapture most of the available chemicals used in its treatment and softening plant.
TDS and Specific Gravity in Ground Waters
Authors: Agnihotri S. K. , Tewari D. N.
Published: February 2018

Dissolved salts generally change the specific gravity of water in direct proportion to their concentration. The magnitude of change, however, depends on the nature and amount of the various dissolved salts. Determination of specific gravity and total dissolved salts (TDS) in a number of surface and subsurface water samples with a high TDS indicated a loose relationship between these two parameters. An empirical formula for calculation of TDS is percentage TDS = (Sp gr ‐ 1)f, where f is a common factor. A study of dilute solutions of different salts present in natural waters revealed that there cannot be a common factor, f, for all types of groundwaters. An application of the above formula to mixtures of solutions of different salts, however, showed that there can be a common factor for waters of similar hydrochemical facies. Dissolved salts increase the coefficient of expansion of water, lower the temperature of maximum density, decrease association, and increase specific gravity, all in approximately direct proportion to the amount of salt.
Status of Water Research in the United States
Authors: Renne Roland R.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by describing the need for a systematic, continuing, scientific water resources research program in the U.S., lists the major types of water problems in various geographic regions, discusses new legislation passed by Congress since mid‐1964, lists the specific goals of federal research in water resources, discusses federal expenditures for water resources research, and provides eight possible approaches to solving water problems.
Public Water Supply Quality and AWWA Proposed Goals
Authors: Taylor F. B. , Eagen J. H. , Maddox F. D.
Published: February 2018

This article presents data on representative public water supply systems in the U.S. for the purpose of comparing their quality performance with the AWWA proposed quality goals for potable water. Approximately 400 supply systems were sampled from 1961‐66. Samples were taken from the final effluent of a treatment plant or well discharge. The ratio of groundwater to surface water supplies was approximately 1:2, as was the ratio of untreated to treated supplies. The chemical data were compiled by state and U.S. Public Health Service laboratories.
New Water Rates for Caracas
Authors: Azpúrua Pedro P. , Eduardo Andrés Sucre , Ruiz Pedro F. Millán
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the development of a new schedule of water rates, consistent with the planned financing, future needs, and present debts of the Caracas, Venezuela, water supply system. This article describes how agreement on a new mean price for the transition period (1966‐ 68) was reached. The price was approved by the municipalities in November 1966.
Determination of the Herbicide Dimethylamine Salt of 2,4‐Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Surface Water
Authors: Wilder Ernest T.
Published: February 2018

This study demonstrated that 95 to 100 per cent of the herbicide dimethyl amine salt of 2,4‐ dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was recovered from surface water by liquid‐liquid extraction with 75‐50‐50‐ml portions of methylene chloride as the solvent. The experimental approach consisted of evaporating the methylene chloride with diethyle ether or petroleum ether. Esterify with diazomethane and make up to a known volume with n‐hexane. Dimethylamine salts of 2,4‐D will dissipate in surface water if they are not extracted soon after collection, or if they are not kept at a low enough temperature. With this method of recovery, a determination of concentrations of 0.01 mg/l 2,4‐D can be obtained with the gas chromatograph electron capture detector.
Setting the Stage for Good Management
Authors: Kuranz Joseph H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a statement containing the operating philosophy for publically owned and managed water utilities. It was formulated by a task group appointed by the AWWA Management Division and the AWWA Board of Directors. The proposed philosophy includes statements on utility autonomy, creating the proper image, authority of the water utility board or commission, financing the utility, and staff‐and‐line organization.
Water Rights Litigation and Legislation, 1967
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

This report provides a brief overview of recent national, regional, and state developments in the area of water rights litigation and legislation. Specific discussions are provided on the following topics: pollution control; wastewater reclamation; salt water conversion; Colorado River Project; state water litigation; administrative water law; water system operation; water supply financing; and, organization and annexation.
Effects of Highly Mineralized Water on Household Plumbing and Appliances
Authors: Patterson W. L. , Banker R. F.
Published: February 2018

This study presents the estimated effects of total mineral content on service lives and the annual costs thereof, for items of household plumbing and appliances. Field investigation in 38 communities indicates that service life reductions may range from as much as 70 per cent for toilet flushing mechanisms to 30 per cent for washing equipment, the result of using water of 1,750 ppm compared with water of 250 ppm total dissolved solids.
Effects of Multiple Uses of Watersheds on Water Quality
Authors: Rademacher John M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the water quality effects of multiple uses of watersheds. Of primary concern is the design, and operation and maintenance of waste treatment plants. Federal and state control pressures, for design and operation, development of training opportunities for waste treatment plant operations, technical experts for solving the many anomalies, and incentive in the form of dollars are the key elements needed to close design and operating gaps. Spill pollution is an ever‐present threat to all watersheds from a variety of potential sources. The development of legislative relief measures to accelerate the development of a workable prevention program, the further refinement of surveillance and notification for spill situations, and the blending of a federal‐state government reaction capability, drawing heavily on industry, appear to be program approaches applicable to all river basins and coastal areas. Finally, the need for waste control from watercraft calls for development of uniform regulations, effective onboard treatment or control systems, and shore‐based support facilities.
High‐Energy Flocculation Units
Authors: Walker J. D.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses test and comparison work performed on an axial‐flow and a turbine‐type flocculation unit in a plant testing laboratory consisting of a 40‐ft diameter by 15‐ft water depth tank. The units tested were driven by a selective speed reducer gear, Prony brake tested to determine water horsepower. Meter readings were taken at control points in the tank more as a means of back‐checking successive runs than to chart the flow vector regime. The meter does not measure spinning turbulence and may over or under read what actually is happening. It also is apt to miss or under read variable jet streaming; and, it does not read true in a vertical attitude. This article deals primarily with the tested advantages of slow speed, large hub axial‐flow impeller used to circulate and stir a large flocculation reactor. The work reported herein purports that not only is this “special” axial‐flow device adequate for all phases of flocculation, but is actually superior to most reel or bladed radial‐flow devices in the ranges of higher velocity gradients (G = 50‐150/sec). The axial‐flow unit is equally effective installed either on a vertical or horizontal shaft.
Safety Program Brings Results for the Denver Board of Water Commissioners
Authors: Oliphant Richard J.
Published: February 2018

This paper describes the development of a successful safety program at the Denver Water Department, and discusses the safety progress made in the water utilities since the inception of AWWA's safety program in 1950. The article stresses that management support is the most important element in establishing and maintaining a successful safety program.
Coarse Media Filtration for Artificial Recharge
Authors: Harmeson Robert H. , Thomas Roger L. , Evans Ralph L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses multiple correlations and regression analysis of data collected during this research that have provided an equation relating the variables studied, of value to those engaged in or contemplating artificial recharge. This equation can be used to indicate the filtration efficiency of coarse media with relation to the parameters of filter layer depth, coarse media diameter, and rate of recharge or to indicate the concentration of suspended solids transmitted through coarse media during artificial recharge, based on influent suspended solids concentration, rate of recharge, filter layer depth, and coarse media diameter. This equation will be used to assess the results of several years of field operation of artificial recharge at Peoria, to plan possible schemes of rejuvenation of those pits when necessary, and to plan for future recharge pit operations. This will maximize the amount of artificial recharge accomplished and minimize the amount of aquifer clogging by suspended solids.
AWWA ON ITS WAY
Authors: Medbery H. Christopher
Published: February 2018

The AWWA President surveys the past year and provides a glimpse into the next.
PERIODIC INSPECTIONS OF TANKS AND RESERVOIRS
Authors: Kenmir Russell C.
Published: February 2018

A consulting engineer outlines the main points to be considered and includes suggestions on procedures and minor repairs.
WILL INVESTOR‐OWNED WATER UTILITIES GROW OR DIE?
Authors: Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

As American life grows more urbanized and densely populated, patterns of water utility service and financing must inevitably change to meet new conditions. Investor‐owned facilities, though, seem not to be adapting fast enough, and must rouse themselves.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF NEW JERSEY POTABLE WATER PROGRAM
Authors: Wilford John
Published: February 2018

When pending changes in state law are completed, says the author, the New Jersey Potable Water Program will be as up‐to‐date as any in the nation.
USE OF GRAVITY SHAFTS FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE
Authors: Skodje Marvin T.
Published: February 2018

Because artificially recharging ground water sources has so many advantages, more and more engineers view it as a method to prevent subsidence, to reclaim wastewater, and to offer other conservation benefits.
SIPHON METHOD FOR MEASURING WATER LEVELS
Authors: Yost Coyd , Naney James
Published: February 2018

When direct continuous recording of water levels presents problems, it may be advantageous to measure levels indirectly by means of a siphon system, described here.
DIATOMITE FILTRATION SYSTEM OF LOMPOC, CALIF.
Authors: Lawrance Charles H.
Published: February 2018

Lompoc, Calif., pioneered the use of diatomaceous earth filtration for a large lime soda softening plant. After 5 years of operation, the installation's performance profile is now well outlined and shows that performance exceeds prior expectations.
ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA IN THE FILTRATION OF ALGAL SUSPENSIONS
Authors: Foess Gerald W. , Borchardt Jack A.
Published: February 2018

Modification of sand and suspended particle surface properties, the authors assert, is an effective means of increasing filter removal efficiencies beyond those possible with normal doses of coagulants and with minimal head loss buildup.
DETERMINING PRESSURE SEALING CAPACITY OF PIPE GASKETS
Authors: Robertson Gordon G.
Published: February 2018

Determining stress within a confined circular gasket under pressure is a complex procedure. One simplified approach utilizes limited scope testing for stress measurements.
BIOLOGICAL CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES BY ALGAE
Authors: Vance B. Dwain , Drummond Waymon
Published: February 2018

Algae, the base constituents of the aquatic food web, concentrate pesticides manyfold and, in general, are more resistant to their toxic effects than the food web's higher members.
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
Authors: Harnett John S.
Published: February 2018

California's East Bay Municipal Utility District has instituted a preventive maintenance program to realize its goal of safe, uninterrupted, efficient service at lower cost.
CRITICAL PATH METHOD OF WORK SCHEDULING
Authors: Olson Robert U.
Published: February 2018

Efficient work scheduling is a management function too often beset by guesswork. The critical path method of scheduling creates a picture of the time‐work rerationship and allows a constructor to forecast his workload on a project for time and money savings.
PUBLIC OWNERSHIP CONSTRAINTS ON UTILITY MANAGEMENT
Authors: Sampson Roy J.
Published: February 2018

Good managers make good utilities. But politics and lack of administrative freedom too often discourage promising managerial material from entering the field of publicly‐owned utilities.
RECARBONATION AND LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Haney Paul D. , Hamann Carl L.
Published: February 2018

After water has been lime‐softened, it is frequently caustic; pH reduction is usually achieved by adding carbon dioxide to the water—a process called recarbonation. Here is a history of recarbonation, with up‐to‐date information for modern installations.
LOW FLOW TRANSPORT OF ALGAE NUTRIENTS
Authors: Williams Roy E.
Published: February 2018

To determine sources of nutrients for algae production in an Idaho lake during low flow, water samples were first subjected to chemical analysis; those results were then put through statistical analysis, which helped define the nutritious influents.
WATER USE IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1965
Authors: Murray C. Richard
Published: February 2018

Every five years the USGS does a study of water use in the country, and every five years the Journal publishes a summary of the USGS report. The year for which the study was made is 1965.
COOPERATIVE CITY‐COUNTY RATE STRUCTURES
Authors: Badger William A. , Rose John L.
Published: February 2018

When a city which has traditionally supplied county areas with water finds that the county is undergoing a population explosion, clearly the city and county must negotiate an equitable change of relationship so fiscal responsibility for their mutual water supply will be fair and effective. The Baltimore County Metropolitan District shows how it can be done.
POLLUTION AT THE SOUTHERN END OF LAKE MICHIGAN
Authors: Vaughn James C.
Published: February 2018

Water quality at the southern end of Lake Michigan has deteriorated because of plankton nuisances and tastes and odors, all in turn due to increases in industrial wastes. Until waste quantities are reduced, there is little chance to improve raw‐water quality.
REFLECTIONS
Authors: Kuranz Joseph H.
Published: February 2018

The President of AWWA shares with us some thoughts on areas of interest and vital concern to water utility management.
GENERALIZING DRY‐DAY FREQUENCY DATA
Authors: Hershfield David M.
Published: February 2018

Farmers and water utilities men know that dry‐period frequency information is an important parameter in defining the precipitation regime of an area. A procedure is presented for obtaining the probability of dry‐day sequences up to 20 days in length.
DENVER'S PROCEDURES AND PRACTICES FOR CORROSION CONTROL
Authors: Lincoln David A.
Published: February 2018

The Denver Water Department's corrosion control section has, by improved installation techniques, prudent replacement of mains, and specific design recommendations for every job, reduced its transmission and distribution leak rate more than 300 per cent.
PARTICULATE REMOVAL ON COATED FILTER MEDIA
Authors: Burns D. E. , Baumann E. R. , Oulman C. S.
Published: February 2018

Coarse grades of diatomite material can be coated with adsorptive substances to filter out fine particulate matter which would otherwise call for much finer and more expensive grades of diatomite.
STATUS OF PROVISIONALLY APPROVED INTERSTATE‐CARRIER WATER SUPPLIES AS OF APRIL 16, 1969
Authors: Long William N. , Jungclaus Roger N.
Published: February 2018

A third of all interstate‐carrier water supplies had either major deficiencies or inadequate health surveillance. Such a high percentage is alarming and indicates a weakness in the control measures being applied both by the state health departments and the Public Health Service.
WATER FOR THE WEST
Authors: Gianelli William R.
Published: February 2018

The future development of our western states depends extensively on the water supplies available, since these states depend largely on an agricultural economy. The author discusses the possibilities for filling these needs, and what is required to implement these possibilities.
SURVEY FORM FOR EVALUATING WATER UTILITY OPERATIONS
Authors: Cole E. Shaw
Published: February 2018

In June 1964 a committee composed of distinguished managers and engineers of investor‐owned and publicly‐owned utilities was asked to work with the Distribution Division in the preparation of a standard form of reporting “Distribution System Performance.” The form is printed here, and is intended to be helpful to every utility whose sales are metered, in evaluating its own performance, and can also be helpful to the industry in general if the data are published for comparative purposes.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LEAKAGE SURVEY
Authors: Campbell Frank C.
Published: February 2018

This report consists of a compilation of statistics and records pertaining to a leakage survey made by the Louisville Water Co. All necessary steps taken in this study are outlined in such a manner that they can be followed by anyone wishing to do a similar survey. Tables and graphs show the effectiveness of the survey.
HIGH‐RATE FILTER EFFICIENCY
Authors: Harris W. Leslie
Published: February 2018

The Contra Costa County Water District (CCCWD) in California, during its first decade as an operator of a treated water system, has developed several innovations in water treatment plant design. These new methods have brought about a higher level in filter efficiency and economy.
INCREASING METER‐READINGS PER MAN IN LITTLE ROCK
Authors: Wilson Jack H.
Published: February 2018

Little Rock, Ark., found that a hard look at its meter reading practices showed many areas where updated practices would increase efficiency and cut both costs and complaints.
A NEW FOCUS IN WATER SUPPLY ECONOMICS—URBAN WATER PRICING
Authors: Mann Patrick C.
Published: February 2018

Urban water supply demands more transport and more treatment, accompanied by an increasing need for emphasis on the economic factors inherent in the waterworks industry. The author seeks to rationalize the pricing policies for the industry, in order that they may take on a necessary uniformity.
PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RENOVATION PROJECTS
Authors: Porter J. W.
Published: February 2018

Key elements relating to the economic, technical, institutional, and public acceptance aspects of water renovation planning are presented herein, followed by a description of a current water renovation project in central Contra Costa County, Calif.
A SUMMARY OF GUIDELINES AND CRITERIA FOR WATER SUPPLIES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Harris Robert R.
Published: February 2018

An interagency study was carried out in 1967 by the Agency for International Development and the Public Health Service to evaluate the community water supply programs in underdeveloped nations. The conclusions reached and criteria set up are summarized herein.
REMOVAL OF VIRUSES FROM WATER BY CHEMICAL COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
Authors: Chaudhuri Malay , Engelbrecht Richard S.
Published: February 2018

The process of chemical coagulation and flocculation has been used for many years in the treatment of water supplies. The authors, desiring to extend existing knowledge of the removal of viruses from water by this process, have carried out experiments in this field and present here the results, along with evaluations of existing studies.
BETTER PERFORMANCE FROM PAINTS FOR STEEL WATER TANKS
Authors: Jackson James O.
Published: February 2018

The new Standard AWWA D‐102‐70, now in preparation, is an attempt to update the techniques of selecting, specifying, contracting, and inspecting the painting of steel water tanks. This updating will facilitate the lowering of maintenance costs, through introducing new and improved materials to the waterworks industry.
STREET OPENING PERMITS
Authors: Frances Philip
Published: February 2018

Presently, the matter of street opening permits varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, with plenty of unclear areas, and even more discrepancies in costs, requirements, and other governmental demands upon utilities. The author pleads for more uniformity, and shows why this will become necessary.
PREVENTING IRON DEPOSITION WITH SODIUM SILICeATE
Authors: Dart F. James , Foley Paul D.
Published: February 2018

Since not all water supplies respond to a standard iron removal process, it is often necessary to carry out pilot testing in order to determine a method that is effective, as well as economical.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS IN FACILITY PLANNING
Authors: Earl Thomas C. , Greenstein Stanley A.
Published: February 2018

Comprehensive planning studies are a requisite for most economical facility expansions. The authors discuss criteria, methodology, and applications.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND THE TASTE OF WATER
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Pangborn Rose Marie
Published: February 2018

Although there is a commonly held belief that distilled water has no taste because of its inherent lack of dissolved oxygen and mineral salts, the authors have set out to prove otherwise.
FEASIBILITY OF REMOTE CONTROLS FOR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Freeston Robert C.
Published: February 2018

Remote controls may be designed for almost any distribution system, no matter how complex. The author gives a basic explanation of such control and some examples of how it might be utilized.
AUTOMATED SYSTEM CONTROL
Authors: Frenz Charles M.
Published: February 2018

Many people hear the word “computer” and literally substitute it for “man.” At the moment, however, the computer is not about to displace man—at least not in the water‐utility industry. Here is a progress report on the installation of a process‐control system to assist the operation of a major distribution system in Monroe County, N.Y.
REMOTE AND ENCODER METER REGISTERS
Authors: Ramey Jesse C.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on progress by the Subcommittee on Remote and Encoder Registers to formulate a standard that would encompass all classes and forms of meters, from the simplest mechanical types to ones capable of semiautomatic reading. Because of the design divergence among interrogation units, the subcommittee settled for a standard covering direct‐reading remote‐register systems. Progress is reported.
METROPOLITAN SUCCESSIVE USE OF AVAILABLE WATER
Authors: Linstedt K. D. , Miller K. J. , Bennett E. R.
Published: February 2018

In Denver, successive water use is being evaluated as a potential means of supplementing available water supplies. Evaluation of this potential encompasses a wide range of investigative areas including definitions of the legal, aesthetic, economic, and technical practicality of advanced treatment and reuse. The plan in Denver is to investigate all of these areas to assess their feasibility.
QUALITY CONTROL IN DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Report Committee
Published: February 2018

The water that leaves the utility plant rarely has the same quality when it enters the customer's premises. To ensure minimum change in the water during its passage through delivery pipes, the utility can take the actions recommended in this article.
IS MANDATORY CERTIFICATION BENEFICIAL TO WATER UTILITIES?
Authors: Johnson Dean W.
Published: February 2018

The three authors of this joint discussion, which was presented originally at the Annual Conference on Jun. 15, 1971, all answer in the affirmative to the question posed in the title and present their reasons. They discuss the various requirements for certification in their respective states (Iowa, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania) and the training programs that have been devised to meet those requirements.
DRINKING WATER IN KUWAIT
Authors: El‐Shamy H. K. , Mansi I. I. , Al‐Fulaij O. A.
Published: February 2018

Most of the water supplied by the State of Kuwait comes from the sea. Providing desalting capacity is no problem; preventing the water quality from de teriorating as it courses to the customer is, however.
CONSERVATION & WATER‐RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Davis Arthur A.
Published: February 2018

The day has passed when water‐resource‐development decisions can be made solely on economic considerations. Water‐utility managers must take into account environmental and social costs of projects, and include citizens in the decision‐making process.
CONSUMER ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AND THE COST OF IMPROVEMENTS
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Ward Paul C.
Published: February 2018

Consumer complaints about water quality are, by their very nature, sketchy and inaccurate. A more reliable, systematic method of obtaining consumer assess ments is outlined here.
COMPARISON OF SAND AND ANTHRACITE FOR RAPID FILTRATION
Authors: Craft T. F.
Published: February 2018

Findings are presented about different filter media and particle sizes as they affect performance of rapid filters.
DESALTING TECHNOLOGY IN POLLUTION‐CONTROL PROBLEMS
Authors: Young K. G.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current and possibly future role of desalting technology in water pollution control.
QUALITY VS. RESIDUAL CHLORINE
Authors: Buelow Ralph W. , Walton Graham
Published: February 2018

Chlorine residual, an indication of adequate chlorination of a water supply, has a definite relationship with the bacteriological quality of the supply. This paper discusses how much, what kind of, and the proper surveillance of, chlorine residual.
FLOW METERING IN WATER WORKS
Authors: Wolfner Jacques P.
Published: February 2018

There are many instances when a water utility must measure water quantities; and several types of meters are available for doing the job. Only two, based on accuracy, convenience, and cost factors, truly are suited for use in treatment plants and pumping stations. The author emphasizes that selection and calibration of production meters are important for ensuring the accuracy claimed for them.
MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY
Authors: Irwin C. B.
Published: February 2018

Safety is everyone's responsibility, but management's is foremost.
FLINT'S INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
Authors: Kelly W. Osmund
Published: February 2018

Water used for some industrial manufacturing processes often can be recycled. In 1956 the City of Flint, Mich., evaluated its water resources and arrived at the unenviable conclusion that, during drought years, it would be in need of more water than it had available. It was obvious to the city's administrators that, if the area were to continue to grow, water would have to be piped in from Lake Huron.

The first two articles of this triad (presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 23, 1970) dwell on the details of the successive measures taken by groups involved in Flint's water crisis that eventually led to its resolution. The third paper relates, for the most part, the measures taken by industry in the area.
EXTERNAL LOADS AND FOUNDATIONS FOR PIPES
Authors: Kennedy Harold
Published: February 2018

The stress on a buried water pipeline will vary with the soil surrounding the pipe and the shape of the excavation. The reasons for this phenomenon and ways in which it can be used to the advantage of the pipe installer are described.
MICROSCOPIC WATER QUALITY AND FILTRATION EFFICIENCY
Authors: Syrotynski Samuel
Published: February 2018

In order that filters for the removal of organisms and particulate matter may be designed more effectively, a quantitative method for estimating the presence of such material has been developed.
SAVINGS RECOMMENDATIONS WITH REGARD TO WATER‐SYSTEM LOSSES
Authors: Howe Charles W.
Published: February 2018

As long as water is abundant, quantity conservation usually is not a consideration. However, even when supply is plentiful, it may profit a utility to cut off leaks. The costs to perform this task can be more than offset by the water savings. Moreover, a “new source” of water supply, in effect, is created.
BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED CHEMICAL CHANGES
Authors: Baliga K. Y. , O'Connor John T.
Published: February 2018

Research on the process of filtration, until recently, has dealt only with the mechanical properties of the process. There are, however, chemical changes that occur, and this recent study attempts to discover and evaluate such changes.
CONTRACTING FOR PIPELINE REFURBISHMENT
Authors: Supplee R. A.
Published: February 2018

With the rising costs of labor and materials, the water utility may find some attraction in rehabilitating old pipes rather than installing new replacements. Before this action can be taken, however, the utility has to investigate all the “angles” and nuances associated with the project and work them into the contractor's contract. The reader who wants to benefit from the lessons of others should find these experiences of the Philadelphia Water Dept. valuable.
AWWA Research T&P Com. and Water‐Supply Research
Authors: Baumann E. Robert
Published: February 2018

The Research T&P Com. is a multifunctional unit, taking its charge from the T&P Council and directing its research committees to carry out Council directives. It may be given general assignments, or it may be assigned specific tasks. Here is an account of its duties and functions.
Precoat Vacuum Filtration and Natural‐Freeze Dewatering of Alum Sludge
Authors: Mahoney Patrick F. , Duensing Willard J.
Published: February 2018

Some treatment plants can lagoon their sludge; others may dump it into nearby water “repositories.” The Albany, N. Y., facility hasn't the land area for the former and has been enjoined from the latter. Solution to its problem boiled down to two possibilities: dewater by rotary‐vacuum precoat filtration or natural freezing. Here is an extended report on the first and a partial one on the second.
Improving Community Water Supplies With Desalting Technology
Authors: Faber Harry A. , Bresler Sidney A. , Walton Graham
Published: February 2018

The aim of the AWWA Research Foundation in this study is to evaluate major desalting techniques—electrodialysis, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. Emphasis is on methods of providing the public with economical, high‐quality water.
Sea‐Water Distillation Module
Authors: Krebs Fred W. , Cofer James R. , Sieveka Ernest H.
Published: February 2018

Distillation was the first method whereby potable water was released from the sea; it remains most popular for this purpose. The process is particularly well adapted for scale‐up to units of large capacity. As improved systems and concepts evolve, they require module and prototype development to reach full‐scale production. Here is a report on work instigated by OSW to establish an advanced distillation technology to meet the growing need for potable water in certain areas of the US in the years ahead.
A Simple Test for Estimating Free Chlorine
Authors: Bauer Robert , Phillips Ben F. , Rupe Chauncey O.
Published: February 2018

A treated strip of paper and a color chart offer the operator a rapid means of detecting free chlorine during field testing.
Impact of Wastewater Discharges on Surface Water Sources
Authors: Vogt John E.
Published: February 2018

Upstream wastewater discharges to surface waters can adversely affect downstream water‐treatment plants. The author presents some case histories in Michigan arising from “slugs” of inadequately treated discharges.
Methodology for Managing Resources
Authors: Koch C. Thomas
Published: February 2018

The operator will be in a better position to do a good job if he understands the principles of resource management. The author, using the practice in his area as an example, offers a simple explanation of three inventory systems.
The Holy Cross Episode
Authors: Taylor Floyd B.
Published: February 2018

The hepatitis virus rarely, if ever, has been discerned in a water supply of a community that has evidenced an attack. Using sleuthing techniques, an almost airtight case, based on circumstantial evidence, has been constructed showing that the outbreak of infectious hepatitis among members of the Holy Cross football squad was due to water in a service line polluted as the result of a cross connection.
Taste and Odor Control With Sulfamic Acid
Authors: Murray W. Bruce
Published: February 2018

The author of the initial article reports briefly about the exploitation by his company of a chanced‐upon phenomenon. Prior to 1967, some customers were bothered by taste and odor; the addition of sulfamic acid has since resolved the utility's dilemma. The two articles that follow the lead one are commentaries: The first of the two confirms the results of the main article; the second reports that there may be some detracting aspects to an otherwise promising procedure.
notes & comments
Authors: Calabro J. A.
Published: February 2018

The following comment is offered relative to a paper previously published in the Journal.
Activated Carbon to Remove Organic Contaminants From Water
Authors: Hyndshaw Albert Y.
Published: February 2018

Originally, activated carbon was used to remove a variety of tastes and odors of industrial origin. But, as the author explains, activated carbon is like a sponge and by capturing material can be used to expunge water of foreign substances.
The Functions of Management
Authors: Caskey C.C.
Published: February 2018

The JOURNAL reprints one of fourteen chapters of a book that forms the groundwork for AWWA's Management Seminar, and which is issued to each student enrolling for the seminar course. The author uses the words of William H. Newman to introduce this, the third chapter. “Administrative skill involves mastery of five processes: (1) planning, (2) organizing, (3) as sembling resources, (4) directing, and (5) controlling.”
Pulse Polarography
Authors: Frazier R. E.
Published: February 2018

Polarography has been an important tool of analytical chemists since its invention by Jaroslav Heyrovsky around 1920. Although it had limited application in its original form, recent advances one of the more important being the pulse technique have provided a broader base for its use, which extends, in particular, to the heavy metals.
Evolving Social Attitudes on Pollution Control
Authors: Cleary Edward J.
Published: February 2018

It wasn't too long ago that certain parts of US waterways were so fetid L that small animals could dart about their surfaces; yet the public apparently acquiesced to such conditions. We have apparently come full turn since that time.
PVC Pipe for Water‐Distribution Systems
Authors: Wilging Robert C.
Published: February 2018

The following comment is offered relative to a paper previously published in the JOURNAL.
Selective Corrosion and Deep‐Well Turbine Pump Design
Authors: Newton J. D.
Published: February 2018

There is no way yet to determine through chemical tests which well pump will be attacked by the water it lifts and which will not. When the problem of corrosion confronts the utility, the only course of action is to test pumps fabricated from different materials.
Recommendations to National Water Commission: Pollution Abatement
Authors: Metzler Dwight F.
Published: February 2018

A NWC panel evaluated the problems and recommended a plan for nationwide abatement of water pollution during a 10‐yr period. Its proposal is based upon a facilities‐planning effort to identify the most economical solutions, a federal construction‐grant program to end in 10 yr, and placing management of public systems on a utility basis with self‐financing after the 10‐yr period—at which time federal subsidies would end.
Special Lake Water Treatment Problems
Authors: Vaughn James C.
Published: February 2018

One of the biggest problems that some water treatment plants dependent on surface water can have is keeping their intakes open. At Chicago, ice and microorganisms have been troublesome. Here is a description of the occurrences that bothered both of Chicago's filtration plants, explanations of their causes, and solutions.
The Necessity of Controlling Bacterial Populations in Potable Waters: Community Water Supply
Authors: Geldreich Edwin E. , Nash Harry D. , Reasoner Donald J. , Taylor Raymond H.
Published: February 2018

The waters in some of the community water‐supply systems in the US often contain a myriad of microorganisms that carry past the disinfection barrier. Although the majority of those that survive and flourish are not pathogenic, the situation presents a potential danger. Here is an article on the sort of organisms that contribute to the trouble, with a description of factors relating to propagation of the species.
Viruses in Metropolitan Waters: Concentration by Polyelectrolytes, Freeze Concentration, and Ultrafiltration
Authors: Rubenstein S. H. , Fenters J. , Orbach H. , Shuber N. , Reed J. , Molloy E.
Published: February 2018

Viruses in natural waters and their importance to public health have become debatable and speculative in the absence of substantive field studies designed to isolate and identify them in metropolitan waters. Here is a report on several techniques investigated as part of a collaborative effort by two agencies.
Replication Modeling for Water‐Distribution Control
Authors: Gilman Harold D. , Goodman Maurice Y. , DeMoyer Robert
Published: February 2018

When a computer makes decisions about the control of a water‐distribution system, it must first replicate and then evaluate field status on the basis of very limited field‐monitoring data. Here are some approaches to replication modeling and the problems associated with each.
Stream‐Velocity Effects on the Heavy‐Metal Concentrations
Authors: Williams Louis G. , Joyce J. C. , Monk John T.
Published: February 2018

The wastes that some big industries dump into rivers and their tributaries often are composed of heavy metals that may impose problems for downstream water utilities after heavy rains. These wastes and those returned by the utilities to the streams can pose even greater threats to the aquatic life of the water resource.
Planning & Training Key to Effective Operations During a Strik
Authors: Louis Leo , Froman Charles A.
Published: February 2018

Whether or not a strike is imminent, a water utility should train its personnel for the possible advent of one; when a strike does loom on the horizon, management should make definitive arrangements to cope with it. The authors present some valuable experience gained by Gary–Hobart Corp.
Guidelines for Determining Fire‐Flow Requirements
Authors: Carl Kenneth J. , Young Robert A. , Anderson Gordon C.
Published: February 2018

A water department should supply adequate quantities for fire‐fighting purposes. The basis of calculating what is adequate has had to be reevaluated because of the different growth patterns that have developed since World War II.
Poliovirus in a Water Supply
Authors: Velde T. L. Vander
Published: February 2018

The isolation of poliovirus from well water in Monroe County, Mich., is a useful, if ominous, finding. If the laboratory capabilities are available, researchers and public officials can examine both self‐supplied and community water supplies to see if conditions similar to the one described in this Joint Discussion exist in other locations.

In the first article, a public‐health official discusses the construction of the well, the geological features of the area, and the operation from which the water samples (for isolation of the virus) were taken. The second article illuminates the laboratory and research techniques involved in the actual isolation of the poliovirus.
Taste Thresholds of Halogens in Water
Authors: Bryan Paul E. , Kuzminski Lawrence N. , Sawyer F. Miles , Feng Tsuan H.
Published: February 2018

The halogens that are sometimes used as water disinfectants can leave undesirable tastes and odors. In this article, a taste panel samples water with various free‐halogen residuals, and interesting statistics are presented.
Sludge Handling and Disposal
Authors: Barlow Jesse H.
Published: February 2018

In this article, the author investigates the various methods of processing and disposing of sludge. The nature of sludge is changing, according to the author, and new techniques with a view towards environmentalism must be examined and used.
The Effect of Water‐Utility Sludge on the Activated‐Sludge Process
Authors: Salotto B. V. , Farrell J. B. , Dean R. B.
Published: February 2018

One way by which a water utility can dispose of the sludge it manufactures is to dump it into the sewage system and let the sewage‐treatment facility contend with the problem. Here is a report of pilot‐plant test results using this approach.
AWWA Safety Programs
Authors: Becker Harry W.
Published: February 2018

AWWA continues to supplement its safety programs in an effort to reduce the high incidence of accidents among the water utilities.
Meeting Modem Safety Standards
Authors: Husted Howard G.
Published: February 2018

The Water Operating Div. of the Los Angeles Dept. of Water and Power has had a safety program in effect since 1955. Past progress has received attention in the JOURNAL on two previous occasions. Here is an updated report with emphasis on the effects that OSHA has had on the direction of the program.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTALISM
Authors: Krieger James H.
Published: February 2018

The National Environment Policy Act has inadvertently made the tough job of supplying the needs of the populace tougher, but the utilities industries must learn to comply for their own sake.
Water‐Supply Planning in Developing Countries
Authors: Lauria Donald T.
Published: February 2018

This article compares water‐supply planning in developing countries with planning in the US to show which US methods are applicable and which are not.
Semiquantitative Determination of Chlorine Dosages for Water Treatment Using Pattern‐Recognition Techniques
Authors: Kuo Kang‐Sheng , Jurs Pefer C.
Published: February 2018

A new computer method for determining how much chlorine is needed in particular water samples is described and its advantages explained in this article.
Automatic Control of Level, Pressure, and Flow
Authors: Wolfe Lowell
Published: February 2018

There are many different types of valves and valve combinations available for performing the functions of level, pressure, and flow control. This article describes and diagrams a large sample of these valves and explains the best ways to use them.
Discharge System for the A. D. Edmonston Pumping Plant
Authors: Jansen Robert B.
Published: February 2018

This giant plant in California is designed to have fourteen pumps lifting more water against a greater pressure than any other pumping plant in the US.