bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating unique solutions of DC transistor circuits
Authors: Cel J.
Published: July 2002

For each natural n let Fn denote the collection of mappings of Rn onto itself defined by: F ∈Fn if and only if there exist n strictly monotone increasing functions fk mapping R onto itself such that for each x =[x1, …, xn]T ∈ Rn, F(x) = [f1(x1), …, fn(xn)]T. The following new property of the class P0 of matices is proved: a real n × n matrix A belongs to P0 if and only if for every G, H ∈ Fn the set S0 = { x ∈ Rn : − G(x) ≤Ax ≤ − H(x) } is bounded. As an illustration of this property a method of estimating the unique solution of the nonlinear equation F(x) + A(x) =b describing the large class of DC transistor circuits is developed. This can improve the efficiency of known computation algorithms. Numerical examples of transistor circuits illustrate in detail how the method works in practice.
Anisotropic vector Preisach model and magnetic field solutions
Authors: Ragusa Carlo , Repetto Maurizio
Published: July 2002

The implementation of a vector Preisach model for the modelling of anisotropic hysteretic soft magnetic materials is outlined. Some comparisons with measurements on alternate and rotational magnetic field excitations are shown. The hysteresis model is inserted inside a two‐dimensional finite element solver formulated in terms of magnetic vector potential and nonlinear solution is handled by means of the fixed point method with H‐scheme. Results obtained on a two‐dimensional geometry are described and discussed.
Quantum interface conditions for quasi‐Fermi levels in an abrupt heterojunction
Authors: El Boukili Abderrazzak
Published: July 2002

We present a semi‐quantum model including tunneling effects across an abrupt heterojunction. The discontinuity of the effective masses and the energy bands are considered. The quantum transmission conditions for the quasi‐Fermi levels are obtained using WKB approximation. We use mixed finite element approach and a two dimensional mesh which is double‐valued for quasi‐Fermi levels at a heterojunction. A GaAs/GaAIAs heterojunction diode is then simulated using both drift‐diffusion and semi‐quantum model by varying doping density at low temperature.
Complementary finite element magnetodynamic formulations with enforced magnetic fluxes
Authors: Dular P. , Gyselinck J. , Henrotte F. , Legros W. , Melkebeek J.
Published: July 2002

Two complementary 3D finite element formulations, with either the magnetic field or the magnetic vector potential as unknowns, are developed to deal with the modeling of eddy currents in electrical steel laminations. The magnetic flux through the flux gates of the conducting region is imposed via the boundary terms of the weak formulations, in a natural way thanks to the use of edge finite elements. The two formulations are applied to a simple 1D eddy current problem with analytical solution. As a practical 3D application example, a T‐joint region of an electrical steel lamination is considered.
Parallel controllers for decentralized robots: towards nano design
Authors: Adamatzky Andrew , Melhuish Chris
Published: July 2002

With the advent of new discoveries in material sciences, it may be possible, in the future, to construct extremely small robots. Explores the idea of employing an excitable medium in the form of a molecular array of sensors and actuators to provide the controller for a nano‐robot by exploiting decentralised computation.
Neurocybernetics: contents and problems
Authors: Chorayan O.G.
Published: July 2002

Defines neurocybernetics as a science concerned with the processes of control and communication in the nervous system. It is then possible to identify three components of this science: the organization, the control, and the information theory, based on three streams in the material world (substance, energy, and information). The organization theory is based on cognition of the structural and functional nature of the brain as the most complex biological self‐organization system. Considers that the extreme complexity of the environment explains that control and self‐control processes are based on the probabilistic, or even fuzzy logic of cause‐effect responses on stimuli determined by the brain analyzer structures. In accordance with the general theory of information, distinguishes three aspects of brain information activity: statistic, semantic, and pragmatic.
A Reflective Production System
Authors: Craig Iain D.
Published: July 2002

Artificial Intelligence, Cybernetics, Production
Describes the ELEKTRA reflective production rule interpreter, which differs from other interpreters by providing considerable support for meta‐level inference and reflection. Also describes the representations employed in the system, in which the control problem in production systems can be solved by increasing use of rules. Introduces the reflective properties of the system and gives examples. Shows that the interpreter on which the entire ELEKTRA system runs can be implemented as ELEKTRA rules.
The ø‐Entropy in the Selection of a Fixed Number of Experiments
Authors: Pardo J.A. , Vicente M.L.
Published: July 2002

Consideration is given to the problem of optimally choosing of a fixed number of experiments in sequential form from a class of available experiments. The applications of ø entropy measure in the sequential design of experiments is studied by defining ø terminal entropy. Finally, the process is established when a sufficient experiment exists. An illustrative example, which demonstrates the usefulness of the results obtained, is included.
Cybernetics – The Modern Science of Systems
Authors: Warwick Kevin
Published: July 2002

This article has been written in memory of Norbert Wiener and is dedicated to him. Takes a look at how cybernetics provides an extremely useful framework for the control and operation of real‐world systems. With the true advent of computers and simple communications, many more processes can and will be viewed from a systems standpoint. Examples are given of how cybernetics can be applied to industrial processes and how it is seen as an important, integral part of future systems science.
An Evolutionary and Entropic Interpretation of Information
Authors: Jdanko Alexis V.
Published: July 2002

Investigates the enigmatic phenomenon of information from the two major perspectives of modern cybernetics: the negentropic and the evolutionary. Discusses the meaning of this phenomenon, considering it, ultimately, as the means of combating entropy within cybernetic or control systems which create or receive, process, stock, and use information, eventually with the purpose of regulating their matter‐energy fluxes necessary for struggling against inner entropy. Discusses the sense of information as relating to thermodynamical entropy in a philosophical manner and not in some formal (mathematical) language.
Improved Decision Support Systems Help to Build Better Artificial Intelligence Systems
Authors: Plenert Gerhard
Published: July 2002

Decision support systems (DSS) is the mathematical‐model building tool of business environments. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the tool that will hopefully help computers make better business decisions by allowing the computer to learn from its experiences. The combination of DSS and AI takes us out of the theoretical by integrating the analytical tools into the management decision process, thereby making the decisions practical and useful. Discusses the integration of DSS and AI into the business decision‐making process.
On the use of divergence statistics to make inferences about three habitats
Authors: Esteban  , Pardo J.A. , Pardo M.C. , Vicente M.L.
Published: July 2002

Several coefficients, called divergences, have been suggested in the statistical literature to reflect the fact that some probability distributions are “closer together” than others and consequently that it may be easier to distinguish between the distributions of one pair than between those of another. When comparing three biological populations, it is often interesting to measure how two of them “move apart” from the third. Deals with the statistical analysis of this problem by means of bivariate divergence statistics. Provides a unified study, depicting the behaviour and relative merits of traditional divergences, by using the (h,ø), divergence family of statistics introduced by Menéndez et al.
Equation solving with PCs
Authors: Zielinski Gerard
Published: July 2002

There are two stages in equation solving. These are localization of solutions and their refinement. Many methods ignore problems concerning localization. Generality of methods falls quickly with growth of system complexity. Then a random search guided by heuristics may be some cure to complex system solving. An algorithm is proposed here in the form of Turbo Pascal program. It is composed of three methods. The program user controls system solving in function of system complexity.
Cardiac rhythm as an indicator of normal and pathological adaptation to mental effort
Authors: Napalkov D.A. , Sosenko M.L. , Shestova I.A.
Published: July 2002

Devotes research to the psychophysiological study of mechanisms of the functional state regulation in children with minimal mental dysfunctions and a control group of normal children. Interprets the data with the help of a cybernetic model developed by R.M. Baevsky. Opines that the changes in heart rate indicate changes in the central nervous system directed to the adaptation of an organism to fulfilment of offered mental tasks. Offers a hypothesis of inadequate regulation of functional state in the children with minimal mental dysfunction based on the study of the maturation of the heart rate control system and ontogenetic development of attention and time perception functions.
Turing‐computability and artificial intelligence: Gödel’s incompleteness results
Authors: Wu Kim Sang , Kim S.M.
Published: July 2002

Establishes the claims that Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems cannot prove the existence or the non‐existence of a machine proving all mathematical truths; there exists a machine proving all mathematical truths and the AI thesis is correct.
Cybernetics: the bridge between divided knowledge and transdisciplinarity
Authors: Nicolau Edmond
Published: July 2002

Discusses a hyperspecialization in science, with axiological tendencies that put science higher than art or the myths. Considers that from a cybernetic point of view science as well as art or even myths are the creations of the human mind via an informational process. In the search for a complete axiomization, science has reached a limit where even in arithmetic there are said to be some undecidable affirmations. Argues that it should seem normal to accept a transdisciplinary point of view that would entail a global approach which would allow the sciences to communicate with art, poetry and inner experience, all through the cybernetic process. Discusses the First World Congress on Transdisciplinarity, held in 1994 in Portugal, and the adoption of a Charter of Transdisciplinarity.
Concept‐maps, logic and the cerebral hemispheres
Authors: Thimor Jacob , Fidelman Uri
Published: July 2002

Finds a statistically significant relation between top‐down concept‐mapping and the right cerebral hemisphere, and between bottom‐up concept‐mapping and the right hemisphere. Correlates scores on concept‐mapping with scores on hemispheric tests, and compares the scores of the subjects on hemispheric tests with the preferable style of concept‐mapping. Concludes that top‐down concept‐mapping, the right hemisphere, and Frege’s logic are mutually related. Similarly, bottom‐up concept‐mapping, the left hemisphere, and Russell’s logic are mutually related.
The unique reach of cybernetics in our fin‐de‐siècle
Authors: Musès C.
Published: July 2002

The greatest mistakes and delusions of human history have come about through logically drawing conclusions from an omissive set of premisses. Cybernetics, being the science of the study and redirection of feedback, is the science of consequences; its essential task is to recognize and deal with all feedback effects, including the consequences of such omissive conceptions – the so‐called blind spot. Gives some examples of the blind spot as it has manifested itself throughout history in the world of science. Concludes that cybernetics can defuse this blind spot which has perennially plagued human development, individually and societally.
Intelligent factories using fuzzy expert systems
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: July 2002

Manufacturing is a key to continuous economic growth. Fuzzy expert systems, fuzzy logics, fuzzy languages, fuzzy neural networks, and intelligent control are proposed as additional tools in manufacturing. Fuzzy logic is a new way to program computers and appliances to mimic the imprecise way humans make decisions. Fuzzy logic has been applied to cameras, subways, computers and air conditioners. Through the use of fuzzy logic, fuzzy expert systems can be built which add a new dimension in the technologies for intelligent factories.
System theory and the roots of democracy
Authors: Musès C.
Published: July 2002

Considers the relationship between system theory and the roots of democracy. Discusses democracy in the context of the societal system and examines the need for awareness of the way in which it has developed. Introduces a simple scheme with remarkable natural affiliations to illustrate the socio‐cybernetic viewpoint and explains how acentric, bilateral symmetry is the basis of natural system generation. From this analysis studies the positive feedbacks in relation to global crime and war. Looks at the state of contemporary awareness of the societal forces that have been analysed and described.
A multiprocessor interior point algorithm
Authors: Östermark Ralf , Saarinen Martin
Published: July 2002

Presents a new powerful multiple‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) framework with an approach that combines recent results from several related areas. The De Novo programming and external reconstruction approach (ERA) provides the overall structure for the algorithms and the sequence of r‐constrained linear programs generated by the ERA‐framework is solved. This is by a parallel implementation of a powerful interior point algorithm called the conjugate gradient method (CGM), selected because it is particularly suitable for parallel processing. Gives details of the proposed parallel implementation of the CGM, together with the algorithm. Presents an analysis of the parallel performance and discusses theoretical speed‐up.
An example of an interaction model between two species
Authors: Ndour M. , Abbaoui K. , Ammar H. , Cherruault Y.
Published: July 2002

Describes the use of the decomposition method for solving the differential system governing the interaction between two species, based on the Lotka‐Volterra model. The Alienor method is applied for identifying the parameters of the model, which are the intrinsic rates of natural increase of the different species and their interaction coefficients.
A theory of social systems: family and ecology as examples
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: July 2002

Uses the theory of knowledge‐based interactions to explain the idea of systems as extensive organismic interrelationships. Shows such extensive interactions to be possible only in the fold of a unitary epistemology, which in turn, describes the evolving histories of human experience in a grand unification process. Claims that apart from this unique foundation, no knowledge‐based world view is possible, and hence social systems are truly interactive relations, which can be either knowledge‐based or de‐knowledge‐based. Uses the examples of family and ecological order as two kinds of social systems that can be explained in the fold of the extensive knowledge‐based interactions. Theorizes relevant simulation systems to explain the implications of the underlying interrelations of social systems.
A celebration of higher dimensional systems and a man who notably explored them
Authors: Musès C.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the unique career of arguably the foremost higher dimensional geometer of the century, H.S.M. Coxeter. Discusses a book which encompasses this span of creativity – Kaleidoscopes, subtitled “Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter”.
The challenge of Daisyworld
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: July 2002

Reviews considerations of information theory and feedback control as applied to biological systems, and particularly their impact on the early development of cybernetics. Also reviews Lovelock’s Gaia hypothesis and its extension to account for the emergence of global homeostatis using the Daisyworld model. The latter provides a compelling view of the origin of biological regulation, but one that is difficult to reconcile with the neural and hormonal regulatory processes in modern plants and animals.
Use of Wiener’s diffusion model in economic planning
Authors: Ghosal Amitava
Published: July 2002

Discusses the application of Wiener’s diffusion model as applied in engineering and physics. Shows how the model can be used in dealing with problems that arise in economic planning. Describes the scope of cybernetic thinking in the problems of planning in the Indian context. Gives details of the model’s application in this connection for the trends in growth levels of gross domestic product (GDP). Outlines its application to a problem of regional development.
On the asymptotic optimum allocation in estimating entropies
Authors: Esteban  , Morales D.
Published: July 2002

Uses a unified expression, called Hh,vφ1φ2 entropy to study the asymptotic properties of entropy estimates. Shows that the asymptotic distribution of entropy estimates, in a stratified random sampling set‐up, is normal. Based on the asymptotic precision of entropy estimates, optimum sample size allocations are developed under various constraints. Gives the relative precision of stratified and simple random sampling. Also provides applications to test statistical hypotheses and to build confidence intervals.
An analytical solution for a model of two‐step imaging: application to a cardiac immunoscintigraphy strategy
Authors: Ammar H. , Cherruault Y. , Meulemans A. , Leguludec D. , Peter C.
Published: July 2002

Suggests a unidimensional model for determining the analytical solution of the diffusion of antibodies in tumours. By using the Alienor technique, identifies the parameters characterizing this diffusion and calculates the interval between steps.
Contemporary systems and cybernetics
Authors: Rudall B.H.
Published: July 2002

Gives reports and surveys of selected current research and developments in systems and cybernetics, including: Knowledge‐based systems, Collaborative robots, Business cybernetics and systems, Information technology, Interdisciplinary research, Innovative systems, Biocybernetics.
The decade of the brain ‐ further thoughts
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: July 2002

Continues an earlier discussion of the state of understanding of the brain, and the nature of the breakthrough that would warrant the designation “decade of the brain”. Discusses current theories linking consciousness and quantum mechanics, taking a sceptical standpoint but inviting debate. Acknowledges a strong case for some mechanism additional to the classical neural net, probably comprising microtubules as photonic waveguides.
A cybernetical strategy for optimal farming: on the growth of Caiman Crocodilus Yacare
Authors: Engel Alejandro B. , Bassanezi Rodney C.
Published: July 2002

Presents an optimal strategy for managing crocodile farms. The strategy is illustrated with the case study of Caiman Crocodilus Yacare of the farm Coocrijapan. However, the strategy can be easily transferred to other farms, once sufficient data on their own crocodile stock is gathered. The main advantage of the ideas developed is that they deal with just one parameter: the break‐even point of the process. The underlying assumption of having a single parameter is that there is no seasonal change in prices; that is, the unitary price of food (say, per kilogram) and the unitary price of crocodile hide (say, per square centimetre) remain approximately constant in some currency. This may or may not be true in the local currency of the country that hosts the farm. With this assumption, dimensionless quantities for profit and return are found.
Inadvertent pathologies of communication in human systems
Authors: Scott Bernard
Published: July 2002

Using the framework of second‐order cybernetics, explores the institutional practices which lead to inadvertent pathologies of communication. As an example, a certain university regularly carries out large‐scale surveys of student attitudes towards its courses. Three interested parties are the researchers, senior management concerned with quality, and faculty members who produce the courses. All agree the surveys should be carried out, but there are no guarantees that the survey findings are appropriately interpreted and acted on. This kind of scenario is common in large institutions. Second‐order cybernetics offers a theoretical framework that can shed light on these communicative practices and help unpack them in a way that is “politically” neutral. It can also help foster reflective practice in the spirit of action research and “action learning”. Presents case histories of pathologies and gives an example of how pathologies of communication may prevent relevant research being undertaken.
An experiment in knowledge discovery using data dependencies
Authors: McErlean F. , Bell D.A.
Published: July 2002

The management of uncertainty has received much attention recently in the fields of database and artificial intelligence. Several methods of evidential reasoning have been proposed for real‐world problems with which uncertainty is associated. One of these problems is that of classification and it is encountered in many domains including medicine, which is considered here. Focuses on a classification technique for knowledge discovery (KD). Reasoning about classifications is a primary interest in KD. Obtains evidence to confirm or refute classes by searching for any data dependencies which exist between a classifier attribute and any of the property attributes. To illustrate the method, compares a neural network classification with one based on Tanimoto’s method. The aim was to demonstrate the approach rather than to compare the two methods of classification. After extracting the data dependency information, employs a non‐numeric evidential reasoning method to see how well this evidence supports each of the two respective classifications.
8. Blown‐ups of laser model and limitations of slaving principle
Authors: OuYang Soucheng , Wu Yong
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we apply the concept of blown‐ups to discuss the laser evolution model. Our first conclusion implies that: after a certain amount of photons have been absorbed under certain conditions, a blown‐up will occur and so some pulse photons will be emitted, whose stability depends on the value of the parameter. Our second implies that: single model laser equation contains no “chaotic” behaviors, which agrees with laboratory experiments and shows why slaving principle becomes invalid.
9. Discussion on blown‐ups of nonlinear models in chemical reactions
Authors: Wu Yong , OuYang Soucheng
Published: July 2002

Based on the theory of blown‐ups, in this paper, we will analyze chemical reaction problems, such as the rate of chemical reactions, gaseous chemical reactions, liquid chemical reactions, Schlogl’s model and the reaction diffusion equation. This study not only applies the theory of blown‐ups, but also offers a new method and a new thinking logic for nonlinear chemical dynamics. And, in a certain sense, this study brings new insight to the chemical dynamics and related research in laboratories.
15. Nonlinear analysis of population evolution models
Authors: Li Chao , OuYang Soucheng , Lin Yi
Published: July 2002

Based on the concept of blown‐ups of evolution, introduced by OuYang in 1995, for nonlinear models, the logistic model and its modification of population evolutions are analyzed analytically and numerically. Presents results that imply: (1) There does not exist successive whole evolution of time in both the logistic model and its modifications. (2) The increase or decrease of the population size, caused by unsuccessive evolution, is limited. (3) The discontinuity characteristic realizes the philosophy that “things will develop in the opposite direction when they have reached extremes”. (4) The exponential increase of the population size is a special case, where it is shown that the modified logistic model agrees more with the reality than the original model. At the end, it points out that it is necessary to reconsider the method of reducing the original model into an algebraic equation by changing Δt to a non‐dimensional nonvariable by using difference scheme.
Monitoring and verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test‐Ban Treaty
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Nicholas
Published: July 2002

The Comprehensive Nuclear Test‐Ban Treaty prohibits the testing of nuclear weapons and establishes an international monitoring system to collect data for international verification of the treaty. The objective of verification is to discriminate between nuclear explosions and all other events detected by the monitoring system. Monitoring is performed through a network of seismological, radionuclide, hydroacoustic and infrasound stations. The data will be collected and analyzed at the International Data Center in Vienna, and the results of the analyses will be used to verify compliance or detect non‐compliance. For all the simplicity of the concept, there are questions about the effective operation of the international verification regime. The treaty establishes an elaborate system for collecting and processing the data from the monitoring stations, but it is ambiguous on the decision‐making process for ascertaining non‐compliance. This paper describes the objectives and architecture of the International Monitoring System and its relationship to the verification goals of the treaty.
Autopoiesis and Aristotle
Authors: Dougall Colin
Published: July 2002

This paper takes as a datum that autopoiesis theory broadly conceived as a scientific doctrine can legitimately be viewed as a modern day rediscovery of Aristotle. This is argued for elsewhere. What is argued is that Maturanian organisation as it is currently conceived has serious deficiencies which threaten to compromise and undermine the role Maturana assigns it. The specific thesis it advances is that Maturanian organisation can be rescued from this dilemma if it is rethought as Aristotelian form.
Communications and forum
Authors: Virgil Negoita Constantin
Published: July 2002

Provides a personal view of the development of the theories and applications of fuzzy systems which were first introduced in the 1960s. Details the interrelationships between the pioneering proponents of fuzzy theory. Concentrates in part I on the historical beginnings of the field and in part II continues to provide personal insights into contemporary studies.
The future for solvent in the offset printing process
Authors: Renner Bernd
Published: July 2002

Legislation has been and will continue to be a major factor in product and market development in the printing industry. This article reflects on past and present developments in the legislation governing oils and solvents used in the offset printing process. It will also comment on market trends and developments driven by other forces.
Progress in coating systems for use on overhead line towers
Authors: Hofland Ad , Jochems Paulien , Bradley Steve
Published: July 2002

Evaluates the use of water‐based coating systems for industrial construction maintenance, as compared to the traditional, but more environmentally hazardous, solvent‐based systems. Concludes that, when an appropriate system is chosen, the performance of water‐based systems stands up to comparison with that of their conventional solvent‐based equivalents.
Mechano‐electrochemical approach for 304 SS interface covered with polymeric coating materials reinforced with exotic rare earth oxides
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Anandraj T. , Krishnan S.M. , Mathiyarasu J. , Ganesh V. , Prasanna Kumar T.S. , Venkatesh S.A. , Mukherjee D. , Mukherjee S.
Published: July 2002

304 SS substrates have been covered with polymeric class low melting barriers, like polyurethane, acrylate and epoxy with and without incorporation of eco‐friendly (non‐toxic) ceramic particular of antifouling origin. The results of corrosion resistance tests are encouraging. Other physical parameters like hardness, adhesion, scratch resistance are also studied, for these synergistically organized low melting point barrier layers.
A brief guide to project assessment in research and technical development for small and medium‐sized companies
Authors: Smith Alan , Inverarity George
Published: July 2002

Presents a simple way of ranking projects. This procedure makes an assessment which takes into account exactly what the CEO needs to know. Questions are posed which, when answered, are given a points score which can be varied depending on priorities and size of the company.
New Nordtest method shows contamination on surfaces
Authors: Hansen Charles M.
Published: July 2002

A procedure described in a new Nordtest method NT POLY 176 has been shown to determine relatively easily whether or not a surface is clean. One simply applies a well‐chosen droplet of liquid and observes whether or not it spreads. If it spreads the surface can be considered clean.
Innovation and progress: Investors in People in higher education
Authors: Harris R.W.
Published: July 2002

The University of Luton became in 1994 the first university to secure recognition as an Investor in People, and in September 1997 it was successful in gaining re‐approval for a further period of three years. This article sets out to explain why the University decided to apply for recognition, how it prepared for the assessment visits, and what the longer‐term organisational benefits have been.
Management styles grounded in interpersonal roles: focus on heads of school in India
Authors: Khetarpal Indu , Srivastava R.C.
Published: July 2002

Research in educational settings has indicated, inter alia, that the organizer and administrator’s personality (principal’s), ways of working, the nature of her/his interpersonal relationships and administrative practices or behavior are likely to be some of the important reasons behind the differential performance of schools. Perhaps, this is so because “experience without wisdom” can be a trap. Headships who reflect on their own interpersonal behavior create opportunities for components of the school (teachers, students, non‐academics and parents) to realize their individual capabilities in the face of rapidly changing demands of growth and job satisfaction (e.g. reduced interpersonal conflicts). Every such stakeholder has an eye on the managerial capabilities of the principal of the school. Thus, more interpersonally skillful and gifted the leadership available in a school, the more performing the institution.
Meeting the Need for Management Development in Eastern Europe
Authors: Edwards Vince , Foster Frances
Published: July 2002

Seeks to assess the impact of “imported” management education on the
development of managers in former command economies of Eastern Europe.
In particular, examines the attitudes of Hungarian managers who have
completed a British Diploma in Management. Statements made by the
managers in their projects were noted against a number of factors, which
have previously been found to be characteristic of command and market
economies, in an attempt to measure the extent to which the “cognitive
maps” of the managers are evolving in response to the new situation. The
analysis showed that in some areas the process has begun tentatively,
but in a number of aspects is a long way from being fully internalized.
The managers appear to have understood the vocabulary without
necessarily internalizing the concepts required.
The School Head, Director, or Principal and School Assessment
Authors: Immegart Glenn L.
Published: July 2002

In noting the human being′s propensity to value and evaluate, explores
five levels of assessment from the casual to the very serious and
rigorous. A distinction is made between management or normative
appraisals and leadership or discretionary evaluations for
organizational improvement and making a difference. The importance of
rigorous assessment of the school by the school head or principal is
underscored in the discussion of the why, what, and how of school
evaluation for management and leadership by the head or principal.
Students, Schools and a Matter of Mentors
Authors: McNally J.G.
Published: July 2002

The mentoring of beginning teachers has not received enough critical
examination. Argues that a body of knowledge does exist which forms a
basis for a better theoretical understanding of mentoring as a concept,
and as an activity within organizations. By drawing on literature beyond
the field of initial teacher education, and on empirical work conducted
by the author on the student‐in‐school experience, a case is made for
the development of natural mentoring in schools.
A new lecturer′s simple guide to quality issues in higher education
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

All staff in higher education have a role to play in enhancing the
quality of the student learning experience. Defines quality assurance,
quality audit, quality assessment and quality framework. Investigates
mechanisms for quality assurance and looks at the issues underlying the
quality debate in the context of ever‐tightening resources.
Futuristic education
Authors: Holcomb John H.
Published: July 2002

Where we have been is the best indicator of where we are going.
This is still true, even in these times of extensive and intensive
change, when customs and institutions are revised so frequently and so
rapidly as to appear as blurs rather than identifiable constructs. The
human animal resists change. Change is contrary to the laws of physics
and human nature which has to do with bodies at rest attempting to
remain at rest. Argues that nowhere is this more true than in the field
of education: we know what worked in the past, we know what is good for
students, we know what our public expects of the schools, and we are
reluctant to make changes beyond the superficial modification of class
schedules, grouping, course title changes, etc, but resist change we
must.
An educational project in a developing country
Authors: Khan Jamal
Published: July 2002

Studies an educational project, the Queen′s College Project, in
terms of the various phases through which the project cycle moved.
Highlights some of the learning issues underlying the project, with
implications for the developing region. The project experienced time and
cost overruns, occasioned by design changes, new additions, construction
setbacks, adverse climate, indecisiveness and inadequate technical
supervision. Yet the loan agreement was completed efficiently,
competitive bidding was put in place, an executing unit ensured managing
and monitoring, and an effective reporting and feedback system was used.
Points to an important learning issue: that some basic operational
measures need to be put in place to deal with the difficult and
challenging problems of implementation, which would ensure more
dependable and successful plan/policy/programme/project implementation.
Investing in people investing in education
Authors: Burton Neil
Published: July 2002

Many institutions are now attempting to demonstrate publicly their
commitment to their staff and staff development, in pursuit of
institutional goals, by measuring themselves against national standards,
most notably, at present, the Investors in People (IIP) standard.
Investigates the degree of readiness for such status in an education
department within a college of higher education. Discusses of the
relationship between appraisal, IIP status and Office for Standards in
Education (OFSTED) inspection. Follows with examination of the
perceptions of staff towards a variety of motivational strategies. Asks
staff to rate, in their view, how close the college is to meeting the
demands of key criteria in the IIP standard. Uses the results to
identify potential areas for further development prior to attaining IIP
status.
Business and management studies in higher education:
Authors: Macfarlane Bruce
Published: July 2002

Critics argue that the core values of higher education, including
academic freedom and intellectual detachment, conflict with the more
prosaic aims and ethos of business and management education. Analyses
the isolation of business and management studies within this culture by
reference to its epistemological, academic, institutional, doctrinal and
professional identity. Argues that the ethos of business and management
departments closely resembles an academic culture despite perceptions to
the contrary in the wider academic community. However, acceptance of
business and management in the academy as a legitimate social profession
dictates the need for a broader curriculum which treats humanistic
values as a central, rather than peripheral, concern.
Environmental scanning and the information‐gathering behaviour of
headteachers
Authors: Holmes George , McElwee Gerard , Thomas Rhodri
Published: July 2002

Headteachers are increasingly required to be managerially focused
and operate in an uncertain environment. Argues that they are more
likely to be effective if they have access to appropriate information.
Reports the findings of a recently completed survey which suggest that
schools operate largely informal and unstructured approaches to
environmental scanning and tend to base their decision making on
relatively superficial analyses of topical issues. Concludes by
highlighting the need for further research.
The education‐business partnership: an evaluation
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: July 2002

Suggests that the aim of cultivating closer links between education and business has become the accepted wisdom and practice in the UK over more than the past decade. The advantages of such education‐business partnerships are seen to be mutual, and most large and many smaller companies are now entering into them with immediate benefits to the local economy. Indeed one initiative by a larger company seeks to encourage smaller companies to become involved. It is becoming increasingly common for some evaluation to be undertaken of the effectiveness of such arrangements, but generally on a one‐to‐one basis. Presents an independent evaluation of one large company’s partnership from the perspective of the education side of the equation. Provides insights of the strengths and potential weaknesses of such arrangements, and makes suggestions as to how improvements may be achieved.
Utilization of student outcomes assessment information in institutional decision making
Authors: Elford I. Chris
Published: July 2002

Considers how higher education administrators can utilize student outcomes assessment information in decision making. Defines student outcomes assessment as any institutional action which attempts to determine the degree to which students collectively attain the intended learning outcomes of the institution. Develops a conceptual framework based on Simon’s bounded rationality decision‐making model and Provus’s discrepancy evaluation model. Identifies specific constraints involved in the process of gathering, analysing, reporting and using student outcomes assessment information in decision making at the strategic, managerial and operational levels. Discusses various uses to which student outcomes assessment information can be put, as identified in the literature, such as identification of problems, development of a context for a decision, inducing closure, and promoting or selling a decision. Finally, discusses several factors affecting the utilization of such assessment information and develops implications for administrative practice.
Assessment strategies: some comparisons between the UK and the US systems of higher education
Authors: Mullins Laurie , Roberts Martyn
Published: July 2002

Based on the first‐hand experiences of two university lecturers who each spent a year lecturing at universities in the USA, starts with an overview of the US educational system including both high schools and universities and then concentrates on the differences in assessment strategies between UK and US higher educational institutions. Highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the two systems and assesses what the UK can learn.
The physiological, psychological and work stress of primary school principals
Authors: Thornton Paul J.
Published: July 2002

Data from an ambulatory blood pressure monitor (ABPM), structured close‐quarters observation, personal questionnaires, participant interviews and staff interviews to observe, describe and analyse the physiological, psychological and work stress of primary school principals. Looks at previous research which identified certain managerial tasks, as being more stressful than others. Finds that, while the physiological testing of principals in this study showed a wide range of blood pressure movement, the results differ somewhat from earlier research. Presents evidence to show that other factors are at work in influencing a principal’s stress levels apart from the managerial task. Posits that the intensity of the situation is dependent on more than the managerial task engaged in at the time.
The management of development planning in international schools
Authors: Leggate P.M.C. , Thompson J.J.
Published: July 2002

Due to increasing interest in school development planning, improvement and effectiveness, more schools are gaining greater control over their own school management. Argues that school development plans should provide an operational structure with a clearly identified direction and priorities. Focuses on the problem of planning within the international school context and investigates specific objectives via a survey. Results confirmed that long‐term planning is valued by heads of international schools and that staff development is integral to planning and implementing strategies.
Outcomes for accountability in curriculum planning in Australia
Authors: Brady Laurie
Published: July 2002

Statements of outcomes have recently become part of the educational agendas in many countries as a means of ensuring greater school accountability. This article accounts for the emergence of outcomes as the predominant statements of educational intent in Australian schools, and synthesises the findings of two studies which investigated the extent to which teachers are incorporating outcomes into their teaching planning and practice in New South Wales. The findings indicate that outcomes are instrumental in teachers’ planning; that they are stated differentially according to subject; that they are stated more in relation to skills than knowledge or values; that they are stated for short‐term intent rather than long‐term intent, and that they have not significantly changed the nature of classroom pedagogy.
Appraisal policy and implementation issues for New Zealand schools
Authors: Cardno Carol
Published: July 2002

The failure of schools between 1990 and 1995, to respond to the imperative to establish systems for staff appraisal resulted in the Ministry of Education in New Zealand prescribing guidelines for schools to follow from 1996 onwards. This paper explores forces which shaped national policy in the framework of the reform movement, describes the policy development process and a national training programme for its introduction and examines challenges presented for principals who are expected to be accountable for policy implementation. National policy (which frames problems and solutions in structural terms) is analysed to show how it can fail to address dilemmas at the heart of staff appraisal activity. Problems inherent in attempting to mesh dual purposes of appraisal are identified, and the requirements of a “dilemma management” approach are explained in relation to the role of the principal.
The impact of process parameters on gold elimination from soldered connector assemblies
Authors: Vianco P.T. , Kilgo A.C.
Published: July 2002

Gold coatings are used on connector structures to maintain suitable solderability of the underlying Ni coating layer as well as to prevent surface corrosion during service. However, the likelihood of Au embrittlement in connector solder joints must be minimized by eliminating much of the Au plating from the surfaces using a hot solder dipping or “wicking” procedure prior to final assembly. It was observed that Au removal was most effective by using a double wicking process. Also, a higher soldering temperature improved the efficiency of the Au removal process. A longer soldering time during the wicking process did not appear to offer an appreciable improvement in Au removal. Because the wicking procedure was a manual process, it was found to be operator dependent.
Microstructure of solder joints with electronic components in lead‐free solders
Authors: Nakamura Yoshikazu , Sakakibara Yoshinori , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Amamoto Yoshiki
Published: July 2002

The microstructure of the Sn‐3.5wt%Ag/Cu and Sn‐9.0wt%Zn/Cu interfaces after soldering at 250°C was evaluated. The cross‐sections were investigated using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray to determine the interface layer structure and composition. Even though the cooling rate from soldering temperature to room temperature is rapid, this study indicates that the intermetallic compound is formed at the interface between the solder and the copper substrate for both the Sn‐3.5wt%Ag and the Sn‐9.0wt%Zn lead‐free solders.
Looking for a CEE‐specific manager development model
Authors: Sears Woodrow H. , Tamulionyte‐Lentz Audrone
Published: July 2002

Participative management is still hard to sell in the post‐Soviet world with its 50‐year tradition of ruthless authoritiarianism, fear and mistrust. The authors heard repeatedly that what Western consultancies offered was often rejected outright because there are too few antecedents in the Central and Eastern European experience for people to find Western management techniques credible or culturally congruent. Consequently, an attempt is made to cull from 100 years of management theory “conceptual stepping stones” that could lead to the accommodation of the participative methods that have proved to be success‐ and profit‐producing. Recommendations are presented for a CEE‐specific manager development model.
Beyond single dominance: the debate surrounding the extension of the scope of the EC merger control regulation
Authors: Davison Leigh , Johnson Debra
Published: July 2002

Examines the pioneering work of the European Commission, with the support of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the European Court of First Instance (ECFI), to apply the merger control of regulation (MCR) to situations of collective as well as to single dominance. Reveals that the Commission first applied the notion of collective dominance in the Nestlé Perrier merger in 1992 but that the legality of this practice was questionable, given that the express wording of the MCR does not mention the notion. The legal challenge arose from the takeover of Mitteldeutsche Kali AG by Kali und Salz with the landmark judgment favouring the stance of the Commission – the MCR does encompass situations of collective dominance. Examines why the court reached this decision, particularly given that the Advocate General’s opinion was exactly the opposite.