bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
中醫現代化研究: 證實與證偽
Authors: QIU Hongzhong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文回顧總結了近幾年中國本土中醫現代化研究的基本狀況和學術焦點，認為邏輯實證只是中醫現代化研究的一個主流方面，中醫還需要證偽。去偽存真是不可分割的兩面。目前許多爭議與分歧源出民族文化的自尊和認知偏見，確立一種公正的文化比較觀和認知方法對於糾正中醫現代研究中的那些“唯科學主義”和民族偏見都是至關重要的。中醫現代化研究的重新定位是走向後現代的思維。Most contemporary research concerning modernizing traditional Chinese medicine is aimed at confirming the effectiveness of certain traditional doctrines, methods, and treatments through scientific experiments designed in terms of modern scientific theories and approaches. This paper argues that such research should also consider the issue of falsification. Not everything in traditional Chinese medicine can be confirmed. We need a complete mechanism through which to reject the false and maintain the true.By investigating several major academic journals in the field published in mainland China, we find that there have been several different types of research concerning modernizing traditional Chinese medicine. First, the modern Western pattern of clinical trial has been used to test the effectiveness of traditional Chinese drugs. Second, modern Western medical ways have been employed in administering traditional Chinese drugs to patients. Third, modern scientific experiments have been designed to analyze the chemical components of traditional Chinese drugs and disclose their functional mechanisms at the micro-level of the body. Fourth, efforts have been made to explain and reformulate traditional Chinese medical theories and clinical experience in terms of modern scientific and medical theories. Finally, modern medical methods and technologies have been chosen to test particular traditional Chinese clinical doctrines and principles. All of this research has been very helpful for us to understand traditional Chinese medicine in terms of modern science and technology.However, some scholars are worried that such research has abandoned the identity of traditional Chinese medicine as a peculiar medical system. They doubt that the diagnostic and therapeutic doctrines and approaches of traditional Chinese medicine can be subject to the investigation and test of modern scientific theories and methods without destroying their very characteristics. However, these scholars fail to see a crucial role played by the method of experimental research in selecting scientific hypotheses and theories. Traditional Chinese medicine, as a medical system, ought to be open to the test of experimental research to confirm its useful parts and falsify its false components. Only through this process of differentiation can traditional Chinese medicine become a real scientific system in the modern sense.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 25 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
試論針灸學現代化研究的成就
Authors: CHEN Shaozong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文簡要介紹針灸學現代化研究的三個成就：交叉學科全息生物醫學、現代時間針失學和現代針灸學的產生；針刺信號的傳導通路和針刺鎮痛的生理學基礎；經終實質的重新認識。在此基礎上，本文對相關的理論探索和發展進行討論和評價。This essay introduces and assesses some major achievements that have been made in scientific research concerning modernizing acupuncture, a main discipline of traditional Chinese medicine. These achievements include the development of interdisciplinary subjects such as holographic bio-medicine, modern tempera-acupuncture, and modern acupuncture; the account of the propagating route of the signs caused by acupunctural stimulates and the physiological basis for acupunctural analgesia; and the new thought on the essence of jingluo (channel).There are some special acupunctural points in the body, such as the points in the ear, hand, and foot, which cannot be accounted for through the traditional Chinese medical theories. Unlike general acupunctural points, these special points in a particular location (like the ear) reflect the situation of the whole body. They are like miniature of the body. Only the new theory of holographic bio-medicine can appropriately account for physiological and pathological phenomena of these special points. Moreover, it has long been found that stimulating the same points at different time of the day generates different effects. This fact is also confirmed by contemporary research. The development of modern tempera-acupuncture attempts to discover rules in employing acupunctural treatment to the patient in the best time.For many years Chinese researchers have been trying to find a basic anatomical structure for acupunctural channels. They had confidence in the belief that "structure determines function." For them, this means that if there is a particular function, there must be a specific structure "behind" it to make this function possible. However, the series of efforts in disclosing a specific structure for the channel have failed one after another. The failure indicates the defect of the claim that a particular structure determines a particular function. From an epistemic perspective, it may well be the case that function suggests structure. The channel system in traditional Chinese medicine may be a supra-anatomical structure; in other words, it is not sustained directly by any particular anatomical structure, but by a network of the whole body in relation to a number of anatomical aspects.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 31 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
經絡現象研究的沉寂與出新
Authors: LIU Chengzhong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.經絡現象主要指循經感傳。它的表現形式是當向人體上施加一點刺激時，其所產生的定位覺會緩慢地移動走行，或者走行到軀體的病灶 處，或者走行到頭頂。它的走行軌跡呈現為特殊的分佈形式，在中華醫學中被稱為經絡。從現代醫學的角度來看，循經感傳的科學稱呼應該是移動性定位覺或知覺延伸。這是一個很常見但卻不被人們所認識的高等臨床神經學現象。多年來，誤認為循經感傳的軌跡是一個有結構的管道，曾經投入大量的人力與財力企圖找到它的實物或物質基礎，但卻是遠遠失敗，使中國的經絡現象研究陷入沉寂。《臨床經絡現象學》與《高等臨床神經學》兩本書的出版；季鍾樸學術思想的成熟與彰明；以經絡現象為研究對象與「透過現象看本質」的正確路線的被承認；經絡研究新一輪五年計劃的啟動。中國的經絡現象研究正在走向出新。Channel-phenomenon (or jingluo phenomenon, in Chinese) is a special sensational phenomenon discovered by traditional Chinese medicine over two thousand years ago. When stimulating certain points on a patient's skin, the patient will have a sensation moving along specifiable routes, terminating at the location of disease or the top of the head. With a definite distribution pattern on the human body, such specifiable routes are named jingluo by traditional Chinese medicine and constitute the theoretical and practical basis for the treatment of acupuncture. In modern medicine, this propagated sensation along channels can be called "moving topesthesia", or "perceptual extension."For many years researchers on channel-phenomenon had concentrated their efforts on attempting to discover a concrete tubing structure below the specified routes. They wanted to find an observable anatomical structure or particular physical basis so as to ground the channel-phenomenon on a solid basis. According to their understanding, the essence of channel-phenomenon had to lie in particular anatomical tubes as a physical basis. Without such a physical basis, the channel-phenomenon could not have real objective existence. However, although tremendous amount of labor and energy were invested in the hope of finding particular anatomical tubes for channels, it was done in vain. Consequently, Chinese intellectual research on channel-phenomenon came to silence.However, it is mistaken to believe that the essence of channel-phenomenon has to lie in a particular physical basis. The propagated sensation along channels as a phenomenon has been there for thousands of years and continue to be confirmed by patients in the present time. Why must research on channel-phenomenon be separated from patients’ vivid experiences and instead be focused only on looking for special anatomical structures? On reflection, it happened that some had held a very narrow-minded and simplified notion of objectivity. Indeed, objectivity does not always require a particular physical basis. Patients’ experiences and feelings are equally objective facts for intellectual research.Fortunately, as we can learn from the lessons and experiences we had in the past, we will readjust our research orientation. With the recent publication of the two new books about higher clinical neurology in the field, it looks that the research on channel-phenomenon will encounter its renaissance.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
意識形態與疾病學說
Authors: ENGELHARDT H. Tristram
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese臨床工作者在閱讀Margolis 教授的文章（1976, pp. 238-55）時，有可能會對“醫學是意識形態”（p. 253）的說法感到吃驚。即使把同性戀愛或多指畸形判斷為疾病是由於文化方面的偏見；但原發支氣管癌和傷寒仍確定無疑是疾病，與任何具體的文化或意識形態都無關。疾病狀態似乎有一個硬核，承認這種狀態並不是文化習慣的作用，更不是意識形態的作用。而且，這個硬核似乎相當大，包括大量的傳染病和代謝病一事實上包括所有危害人體基本功能、具有明顯軀體基礎的那些疾病。不只是臨床工作者，還有一些醫學哲學家們也會把Margolis的論點看作是關於疾病本性的一種危險的曲解，是根據文化方面的幻想，按照一時興致所在，對健康和疾病的概念重新下了定義。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 17 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 如何思考“複製人”？
Authors: LO Ping Cheung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese用“複製人”來翻譯英語的"human cloning"是不得已的，是不準確的；有些人因此而聯想到複印機、孫悟空等，也是受誤導的聯想。我們現在辜且用這片語，是遷就香港、台灣、及海外地區的現成用法。至於大陸地區用“克陸人”來作中譯，對於海內外很多人來說是摸不著頭腦；只譯音，而不譯意，也非良策。筆者認為，“human cloning”的比較準確中譯，應該是“人的人工無性生殖。”DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 34 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
艾滋病病毒感染、承受風險，以及治療的義務
Authors: SMOLKIN Doran
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本文提出了一種以後果為根據的論証來支持美國醫學會的政策，即一個醫生在倫理上不可僅僅因為這個病人血清學陽性而拒絕治療一個感染艾滋病病毒的人。對數目有限的論証也加以考慮，它們既有支持這個政策的，也有反對它的。在本文的結論裏討論了感染艾滋病病毒的人必定經常面臨的影響獲得優質醫療的若干障礙。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 28 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
中國大陸的艾滋病與賣淫婦女: 女性主義的視角
Authors: WANG Jin-Ling
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.通過對中國大陸艾滋病蔓延途徑以及商業性性交易與艾滋病傳播相關關係的分析，本文指出了中國大陸現行艾滋病控制政策的缺陷，建議在承認現實的基礎上，根据倫理原則來重新界定政府、社會、個人在艾滋病控制中的價值，修改、改良直至重構現行的某些法律規定、公共政策以及大眾傾向。The conception that commercial sex is a high risky behavior and prostituting women are one of major high risky group has been prevalent in mainland of China and formed one of the conceptual basis on which public policy of HIV prevention was shaped. But it should be challenged as it is not sound and fair.There are safe protective measures that can reduce HIV infection and control HIV transmission. HIV was transmitted between prostitutes and clients due to the shortage of protective measures. Surveys that there are many cases ranging from 65.6% to 98.4% in which condom is never used in commercial sex. The reason is mainly that male clients refused to use condom when prostitutes asked them to wear. Prostituting women are powerless in the bargain with clients on the use of condom. So it is clients who should be mainly responsible for HIV infection and transmission in commercial sex. There are some cases in which clients are infected with HIV by their prostitutes, but more cases show that prostitutes are infected with HIV by their clients. Clients constitute more risky group than prostitutes and should be main target in HIV prevention.In mainland of China AIDS/HIV is taken as associated with immoral and illegal behaviour first, and then as disease. And persons living with AIDS/HIV are taken as sex wrongdoers, and then as patients. So they have to get access to medical advocacy only after they are morally blamed. And prostitutes are morally condemned much more than they clients are. But AIDS is first a disease, and it cannot form a premise on which a moral judgement is made. Secondly, persons living with AIDS/HIV are patients, victims of a disease, not moral defendants. As prostitutes and their male clients both take risk to be infected with HIV, but the right to health care of prostituting women as well as women in general are ignored, neglected or even rejected.The unjust treatment of prostituting women highlights vulnerable powerless status of women in general. It is the gender inequality that made women in a disadvantaged position in employment and education, and thus pushed them enter into prostitution. The society should be accountable for that. But instead the society condemned them, treated them as criminals. Policy and law involving HIV prevention should be reformed on the basis of conceptual change.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 32 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
早走，晚走: 關於艾滋病中自殺決策的合理性
Authors: BATTIN Margaret P.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese對於那些即將死於艾滋病的人來說，在自殺協助可以得到的地方，如美國西海岸的同性戀社區和荷蘭，我們必須考察醫生和朋友（包括情人、配偶、家庭成員、宗教顧問、支持團體的成員，以及其他熟人）在協助一個艾滋病患者決定和行使自殺的過程中所起的不同作用。本文作出一個中心假定：在自殺協助可以獲得的地方，盡可能地保護和加強選擇的合理性是他人的道德義務。在關於艾滋病中自殺的理性選擇中，可以識別出四種成分－－不管它是贊成自殺的選擇還是反對自殺的選擇。艾滋病患者可能自問的問題可以表述如下：（1）“自殺是我想考慮的選擇嗎？”（2）“我應當保留治愈的機會嗎？”（3）“我應如何確定自殺的時間？”（4）“我將給他人的幸福和利益以何種份量？”儘管醫生經常作出與（1） 相關的斷言，但他們恰當地涉及的只是（3）；儘管朋友和親密的伙伴經常提供給病人與（3） 相關的趣聞軼事，但他們主要涉及的是（1）。簡言之，醫生和病人經常干預艾滋病患者就自殺所作出的選擇的錯誤部分。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 16 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
同性愛先天性初探
Authors: WAN Yan-Hai , ER Yan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文討論了關於同性愛是先天形成還是後天形成的爭論，介紹了近年來有關同性愛與腦部結構相關性的研究結果，這些結果在一定程度上支持了同性愛先天性的論點，討論了對這些研究結果的爭議，以及同性愛者的反響。文章涉及研究同性愛的若干理論和方法論問題。Homosexuality exists in all times, all countries, all ethnic groups and all social classes. A survey shows that 2% of married men and women have homosexual experiences. It is a controversial issue on what causes a human being to be a homosexual. Many traditional behaviourists claims that homosexuality is a result of going astray in the course of growth and development. Although homosexuality has been excluded from mental illness by psychologists, but the public including a part of homosexuals themselves still think homosexuality perverse. But the majority of homosexuality maintain that homosexuality is not a choice, nor a disease, but a personal identity.The biological study on homosexuality began in the 18th century. In 1989 psychiatrists concluded that personal life in various aspects is determined by biological, familial, social and cultural factors of various kinds, sex orientation is a part of personal life, homosexuality is formed by more than one factor. But the dispute on nature v. nurture on homosexuality is still not solved: whether homosexuality is determined by environment or genetics.The findings of biological studies on homosexuality, especially on the correlation between homosexuality and brain structure in 1990s seem to s how that homosexuality is determined by genetic factor or at least influenced by this factor. But it cannot be ignored that the environment and psychological dynamics mechanism play a certain role in it. However, these findings caused further controversy. People with different sex orientation seem to make different interpretation of these findings. Somebody worries about that if homosexual gene is identified one day, this gene will be corrected by gene therapy, or the fetus with this gene will be aborted. Anyway, homosexuality is not simply preprogrammed, but a complex embodiment of one's value and personality. Gene is a only part of it, but not its whole.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 30 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 病人自主與醫療行善
Authors: CONG Yali , FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese在臨牀實踐中所說的病人自主是指病人有知情同意的權利。由於醫療本身存在風險、患者的權利意識日益增強、醫生的職務行為有時會威脅到其自身利益，使得患者的決定和醫生的決定時有不一致的情況發生。雖然醫療上的善就是為了患者的利益，但它的實現需要醫生的努力、患者的知情同意等中介條件，於是在臨牀上會出現矛盾。其根本原因應在於知情同意和醫療行善的主體的不一致， 前者是患者，後者是醫生，而二者畢竟不可能在所有的情況下都保持共同的利益，所以在知情同意和醫療行善原則分別指導下的行為會發生矛盾。由於此二原則並無內在的聯緊，亦無絕對的主次之分，更由於醫療行善是個多層次的道德範疇，而知情同意是個相對單一的道德和法律要求，因此二者之間難以完全吻合便構成了臨牀的醫學倫理學難題。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 19 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
由死而觀生的中醫學
Authors: QIU Hongzhong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文論述了傳統中醫對待死亡本質的看法，對待死亡的態度和死從世界觀的基本觀點，比較了中醫生死概與西醫生死觀的差異及其在安樂死、養生觀等問題上的反映。本文認為，傳統中醫的生死觀點的特點是：在死亡概念上重人的精神特徵和社會特徵的喪失；在對待死亡態度上，樂天知命，安時而處順；對待惡疾等迫生狀況，認為迫生不如死，如命當夭折，便不以人助天；中醫亦關注死亡的判斷問題，但它的目的在於遠於死而近於生；中醫貴生重己，但以向死的生，未死先死為養生之策略。雖天道自然，但人道自己，人壽可以力移，死可以被超越。作者認為，中醫的死亡觀將為世界性的死亡觀的討論提供有益的啟示。The theoretical basis of traditional Chinese medicine lies in Confucianism and Daoism. Hence traditional Chinese medicine's perspectives on death have continuity with both the Confucian and the Daoist views on death. This essay analyzes many ancient Chinese medical texts and tries to articulate their views on death and dying.Concerning the definition of death, traditional Chinese medicine offers two theories. One theory sees death as the loss of shen (spirit) or the separation of shen (spirit) from the body. Shen is located in our vital organs, not just in the brain. Another theory sees death as the dispersion of qi (vital force) away from human body. Both theories regard human death as not just a biological event; it is regarded as more spiritual and social than physiological. In other words, human death is not defined in the same way as death of other organisms is defined.Chinese medicine aspires not only to cure diseases but also to enhance health. In order to achieve this goal, medicine often uses death as a threat to remind people to keep fit and to cultivate healthy life styles. Only when one is constantly death-conscious will one be able to stay away from death. ln traditional idiom, the goal of medicine is to cure a disease before the disease arises.Many traditional Chinese medical codes of practice stipulate that doctors should terminate treatment when the patient is in a terminal condition rather than prolong the agony. A tormented life is considered worse than death and is detestable. Hence there has been a strong interest to detect vital signs other than breathing and heartbeat so that an early detection of death can be possible. One can then avert death when it just starts to arise. However, once death is diagnosed as inevitable traditional Chinese medicine deems that it is unfitting for human beings to meddle with nature through strenuous efforts to avert death.Though traditional Chinese medicine fully acknowledges human mortality, it also advises people to transcend death. While Confucianism emphasizes the cultivation of virtue, Daoism stresses the oneness with nature so that one does not fear death when death arrives and does not delight in life while one is enjoying life. In so doing, the negating and annihilating effect of death will be mitigated.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 29 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
萬物之靈與死亡: 我們的死亡法律定義在形而上學錯在哪裡？
Authors: LIZZA John P.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本文對1981年醫學以及生物醫學和行為科學研究倫理問題總統委員會的建議提出異議，該委員會建議美國的所有司法機構應該採納統一死亡確定法案，該法採取全腦死亡定義，而不是高級腦死亡定義。我要論証委員會以哲學家們或一般人群對構成“萬物之靈”（personhood）的是甚麼沒有一致意見為理由，擯棄支持高級腦定義的“萬物之靈論據”是錯誤的。我主張，哲學家們同意認識功能的某些潛力是萬物之靈的必要條件，這一條件不存在於無腦畸形和持續性植物狀態（PVS），所以這類人應被認為死人。我進一步論証，一般人群之間缺乏一致意見在很大程度上是由於對PVS的醫學現實有誤解，以及受到對處於PVS的特殊個人的感情的影響。我也考查並反對曾用來支持委員會立場的兩個可能的論據：高級腦定義會威脅年遇老年人和嚴重致殘者，目前沒有充分的醫學技術來確定何時高級腦活動已經停止。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 26 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
對死者和垂死者的尊重
Authors: PREUS Anthony
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本文反對永久無意識的人不可能受到傷害，因而得不到道德上的敬重這個論題，並論証：即使是死者也能被傷害和得到道德上的尊敬，所以那些有疑問的或者沒有完全死亡的人更應受到某種道德上的敬重。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 21 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
在遺傳醫學中能否區別增強與預防？
Authors: JUENGST Eric T.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese對使用人類基因轉移技術治療健康問題與使用該技術增強或改善正常人遺傳特性加以區分已成為討論基因治療倫理學的標準。一些人對這一區分的規範力提出質疑，認為這忽視了如何在醫學上合法使用人類基因轉移技術預防疾病。例如，用基因工程增強免疫功能，改進DNA修復功能或增添細胞受體獲得和處理膽固醇的功能。一些批評者認為。如果疾病預防是醫學的正當目標，使用基因轉移技術增強人類健康維護能力將有助於實現這一目標。然而，“治療／增強”的區分法不能對合法的基因治療進行界定。我論證在基因治療的預防與增強（以及在基因治療醫學方面的正確使用與基因治療非醫學方面的使用）之間能夠劃一條線，但只有你願意接受以下兩種老式的主張：1）一些健康問題最好被理解為體現在生物系統中的各種過程或部分的實體，至少具備了像受抑制的功能一樣的本體論客觀性與理論意義。2）合法的預防性基因保健應該限於努力保護人的不受更強有力的病理實體的侵襲，而不是改變他們的身體以逃避社會的不公正。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 15 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
醫生不給無益治療的權力
Authors: GRIENER Glenn G.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese醫生渴望從患者那裏挽回某種程度的決策權，這種渴望推動著有關無益治療這一問題的爭論。醫生注意到，有些醫學干涉對某些患者是無益的，因而斷言醫生沒有義務提供無益的治療。“無益”這一概念是很複雜的，許多評論者認為，區分“生理無益”與“定性無益”是有用的。醫生可以決定生理上無益的治療，這一主張很少引起爭端。然而，如果聲稱他們可以不給定性無益的治療，這就會同人們反對醫學家長主義的標準理由相抵觸。人們有理由相信“生理無益”與“定性無益”這種概念區分將不會在臨床實踐中維持下來。本文指出，支援醫生單方面不給生理無益治療的科學資料，也對限制治療的醫院政策提供支援。醫生所利用的從患者手中得到的決定權的資料，也可被行政管理者所利用，使他們從醫生手中得到同樣的權力。雖然醫生這種權力的喪失是無庸置疑的，然而我們有理由相信，“無益”這一概念的模棱兩可性將給醫生帶來權力上的更大損失。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 19 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
一個氣功科學工作者的札記: 氣功科學的問題與思考
Authors: NI Peihua
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.修煉氣功大有益於人的健康。但對於氣功那些令人震撼的效應，還沒有提出一套比較完整的氣功科學理論來加以解釋。然而，無法用當代已接受的科學理論來說明的現象不應一概斥之為迷信。當我們說“氣功科學”時，我們並不是說氣功已經是一門科學，而是說要以科學的態度、方法、手段和精神來對待氣功，研究氣功，努力開創一個科學探索的新領域。在這一探索中，還要注意從氣功的理論、世界觀和方法論出發來設計氣功科學實驗，而不是以常規科學的方式為萬能的或唯一正確的研究方式。Many people have noticed that practicing qigong is beneficial to human health. However, how does it work is not quite clear. Especially, there is no way to use the contemporarily accepted scientific theories to explain some strikingly impressive effects and phenomena that qigong practitioners have brought out. But we should not take all of them as superstitious simply because they cannot be brought to light by currently accepted scientific theories. Instead, we should seriously explore qigong science.When we speak "qigong science", we do not mean qigong is already a science. Rather, we mean that we ought to study qigong through scientific methods and in scientific attitude and spirit in order to open a new area for scientific inquiry. The basic spirit of science is honesty: truth is truth, and false is false. Science is not static. It is always developing. In scientific investigations of qigong, we must take notice to the special characteristics of qigong: its own theories, worldviews as well as methodologies. In designing scientific experiments on qigong, we should not take currently common scientific designing procedures and rules as absolute and universal standards. Rather, we should adapt them in ways of suiting the peculiar features of qigong practice so that useful information and results can be brought about.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 46 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 生命倫理學——跨文化研究的進展
Authors: FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese生命倫理學關係重大，因為她探討生死問題。生死問題尤為艱難，更因為人們的觀點分歧。從方法論到具體問題，從人體器官買賣到臨終病人的決策模式，從安樂死到複製人，從關注動物權益到尋求女性主義關懷倫理學，從中國到美國，生死問題的場景中不斷上演着觸目驚心的悲喜劇，題材豐富，劇情複雜。從理論到實踐，生命倫理學的多樣性和多元化乃一不爭的事實。艱難歸艱難，分歧歸分歧，生命倫理學研究是否具有可觀的進展？依筆者看來， 一個突出的進展在於，越來越多的生命倫理學家認識到， 一個社會中的生死問題無法脫離該社會所實踐的文化，道德和宗教來得到有效的解法。這倒不是說一個社會中的文化，道德和宗教總是統一的，而是說它們相對於另一個社會來看總是個別的、具體的和有特殊性的。離開了這些個別性、具體性和特殊性，圍繞所謂“普遍的”（即universal ）倫理原則建立起來的生命倫理學只能是一種沒有針對性的、一般的、無法應用的智力操練。越來越多的人看到，生命倫理學研究必然要和本地文化相結合。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 24 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
人體器官買賣有何不可？
Authors: YU Kam Por
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文檢討贊成和反對器官買賣的論據，討論了五個反對和兩個贊成器官買賣的論據。五個反對器宮買賣的論據是：（一）器官買賣剝削窮人；（二）器官買賣促進罪惡；（三）器官買賣製造家庭矛盾；（四）器官買賣鼓吹金錢萬能；（五）器官買賣貶低人性尊嚴。兩個贊成器官買賣的論據是：（一）買賣器官是個人權利；（二）買賣器官令資源得到更有效運用。筆者認為兩方面的論據都缺乏說服力，器官買賣並不是一個是非分明的問題，而是一個有待深思的倫理學難題。容許器官買賣，並不是等於完全容許自由買賣。在特定的限制下，例如：（一）限制買賣的類別；（二）限制賣方的資格；（三）限制買方的資格；（四）限制售賣的價格；（五）限制售貴的方式，可以將容許器官買賣的好處提高，及將容許器官買賣的壞處減低。在特定的情況下容許買賣，可以給予人們金錢利益以提高其供應器官的意顧，並不可以與完全自由買賣器官混為一談，值得進一步的認真探究。ln this paper I examine the arguments for and against the buying and selling of human organs . I examine five opposing and two supporting arguments. The five opposing arguments are: (I) exploitation of the poor; (2) fostering crime; (3) creating a conflict between a person and his family; (4) contributing to the prevailing ethos of everything being for sale; (5) degrading human dignity. The two supporting arguments are: (1) self-ownership of human beings; (2) effective use of resources.I argue that none of the opposing and supporting arguments are convincing. The buying and selling of human organs is not a problem with a clear and easy answer. It is instead a difficult ethical problem.The use of the profit incentives to increase the supply of organs should not be mixed up with a literal commodification of human organs. There can be different ways of selling organs. Although human organs may have a special status quite different from other commodities, this may just mean that human organs should be sold very differently rather than that they should not be sold at all.Organ selling can be restricted in the following ways: (1) buyer, e.g. only the government can be the buyer; (2) seller, e.g. only the "host" can be the seller (i.e. no resale is allowed); (3) price, e.g. one price system; (4) form, e.g. financial gain but no cash payment (such as reduction of insurance premium or compensation of estate); (5) content, e.g. only cadaveric organs can be sold; (6) purpose, e.g. only for transplantation.Under such or similar restrictions, the advantages of allowing buying and selling organs can be promoted and the disadvantages can be avoided. Such arrangements deserve further investigation. If we take such restrictions into consideration, many objections against organ selling are not as convincing as they first appear to be.My conclusions are as follows: (I) The arguments against the selling of organs as outlined in this paper can at most show that an unrestricted free market of organs is wrong, but they cannot show that the use of monetary incentives to increase the supply of organs is wrong. (2) The arguments for the selling of organs as outlined in this paper cannot show that people have a right to sell their organs. (3) It does not seem unreasonable to hold the view that the use of monetary incentives is acceptable but an unrestricted free market of human organs is not.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 1039 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
女性主義關懷倫理學與生命倫理學
Authors: WANG Yanguang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.女性主義倫理學家將生命倫理學諸理倫，如 Engelhardt 的把自主性放在第一位的“世俗多元倫理學”，Veatch的“契約論倫理學”，Pellegrino以有利或行善原則為基礎的倫理學，羅爾斯的“正義倫”倫理學；道義論倫理學，後果論倫理學，以及Beauchamp 和Childress的原則倫理學等統稱為“正義倫理學”（Ethics of Justice），其理論模型稱“工程模型”（Engineering Model），將它們與“關懷倫理學”（Ethics of Care）及“關懷模型”（Caring Model）相對立，以女性主義的視角，對生命倫理學理論和實踐進行了批評。審視女性主義對生命倫理學的批評，對照和比較女性主義關懷倫理學與生命倫理學，我們發現女性主義關懷倫理學的理論和內涵，確實給人以清新的感覺，女性主義關懷倫理學與生命倫理學如能互補，將對倫理推理和倫理難題的解決，提供較好的倫理理論和實踐方法。Feminists find that females tend to focus on details about the relationships among the persons involved and to seek innovative solutions that protect everyone's interest. In contracts, males typically try to identify and apply a relevant principle or rule (which they take to be universal or valid from an impartial perspective), even if doing so means sacrificing someone's interest. Feminists call the former approach an ethics of care (or responsibility) and the latte an ethics of justice.Feminism thinks ethics of justice includes bioethical theories such as Engelhardt's "Secular Bioethics", Veatch's "Contract Ethics", Deontological Theory, Utilitarianism, Beauchamp and Childress' principlism, Pellegrino's virtue and duty-based ethics, and so on. Feminists criticize ethics of justice or all of bioethical theories seriously. The ethics of care challenges all of these dominant bioethical theories as deductivism and principle-based ethics. Feminists down play the role of rights and allegedly universal principles and rules, in favor of an emphasis on caring, interpersonal relationships, and context.I think a view about ethics of care and ethics of justice should meet each other in the practice of bioethics arrived after reviewing the criticism of feminists. The essay concludes that there is no reason to consider the ethics of care inferior or the ethics of justice inferior. An ideal bioethics should incorporate both approaches. DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 86 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言: 中美生命倫理學——幼稚與無聊
Authors: FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese“生命倫理學為何變得如此無聊？”這是美國的一位老牌生命倫理學家Albert Jonsen 在美國《醫學與哲學期刊》2000 年最後一期中的論文標題。在Jonsen 看來，美國的生命倫理學已經讓人不勝其煩，她的思想已無新意，問題和論証總是美國式的（domesticated ），而且太多的東西都轉不出美國的風水之外（too much at home in accustomed places）（頁691 ）。Jonsen似乎懷念生命倫理學的先驅人物Paul Ramsey和Joseph Fletcher 在20 世紀60 年代包打天下 ，與當時的家長主義醫學大戰幾個回合的英雄時代。他們的充沛的思想激蕩，敏銳的政治感覺和無尚的道德勇氣在當今的生命倫理學中已屬昨日黃花，盛景不再（頁692）。如何克服當今美國生命倫理學的無聊呢？ Jonsen 開出了一服包含兩味葯劑的處方。其一，走出自己的專業（倫理學）行當，更多地瀏覽一下其他學科的情況－－不僅包括生物學，醫學和法學，還包括社會學，人類學，經濟學，歷史學等社會科學。其二是走出國門，到其他文化中去觀賞一番。Jonsen認為，只有在外國生活過一段的人才能認識到祖國的重要特徵（頁696 ）。只有通過與別人的比較才能看清美國生命倫理學的價值承諾，榮辱得失和根木所在（頁698 ）。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 14 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
基因工程與社會正義
Authors: SHEI Ser-Min
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.基因醫學的進步，有朝一日將使得一個人在出生時的基因組合，不再只是純然的運氣，而是社會體制可以影響和決定的。會這一天來臨時，社會正義是否要求社會提供給父母親必要的基因醫療資源，以避免讓下一代因為基因差異而在機會上不平等？是否要求社會應該提供所有成員必要的基因醫療服務，以確保人與人之間在基因組合上平等？本文從合理契約論的角度來分析對這兩個問題，提出負面的答案。合理契約論的正義觀結合了亞里斯多德與羅爾斯對於正義之概念的分析，主張：社會有欠於每個成員去選擇一個他不能合理拒絕的體制。在這個架構下，本文把基因差異所衍生出來的機會不平等，置於分配正義的脈絡來考察。本文分析了泛公平式的機會平等原則、中立化基因差異原則、基因平等原則，並且指出這些原則的困難。本文認為，為了避免社會成員因為基因缺陷而有生不如死的抗議，社會有義務要做到讓所有的人帶有一定程度的基因品質。但由於基因工程可能會改變人的同一性，本文論證，在合理契約論的架構下，社會並沒有義務去提供必要的基因醫療資源來中立化基因差異，更沒有義務去落實基因平等。但本文也論證，在允許資源不平等、尊重家庭自主性的體制裡，公平式的機會平等要求社會必須補償基因組合較差者。而為了避免補償不足，社會也許應該提供基因醫療資源，縮小人與人之間因為基因差異而衍生的機會不平等，雖然這並不是社會有欠於基因組合較差者的義務。Genetic medicine has made so many unthinkable things possible these days that someday we might be able to determine the features of anyone's genetic profile. Once this is feasible, then the distribution of genetic profiles is no longer a matter of natural lottery. It is then to be decided by social institutions and to be assessed in term of social justice. This paper is concerned with the questions as to whether society then should provide genetic medical resources for parents so that the impact on opportunity of genetic inequalities could be neutralized or minimized, and whether society should bring about genetic equality. I answer both questions negatively from the perspective of a conception of justice, which I have been developing. I call this conception reasonable contractarianism, which holds that society owes to each member a duty to choose an institutional scheme that he or she (if properly motivated) could not reasonably reject. I argued that the brute luck view of equal opportunity, which might give positive answers to the questions I pose, is implausible. In my view, society is obligated to make sure that no one could complain that given his genetic profile, he would rather prefer not being born at all to living. To discharge this obligation, I argue, society should provide gene-based medical resources to help parents give birth to genetically healthy babies. Such provision is necessary for society to do what it owes to its members. I also argue that choosing an institutional scheme that respects the autonomy of family allows unequal distribution of resources, amounts to choosing a scheme that is unfair to those who are genetically inferior. Society should compensate for them. In the end, I suggest that in order not to fail to provide sufficient compensation, society might have to reduce the inequality of opportunity induced by the autonomy of family via genetic measures, despite that this is not what society owes to those who would come to exist with genetically inferior profiles.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 24 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
北京大學和芝加哥大學醫學倫理學教育和實踐機制比較研究
Authors: CONG Yali
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文通過中國和美國的醫學生對同一個案例的不同看法，提出了醫學倫理學教育的本質問題，即如何實現醫學生的道德？作者根據芝加哥大學臨床倫理中心和北京大學醫學倫理學教研室工作的實際情況繪出了兩個單位的工作示意圖，基於此，作者嘗試對北京大學和芝加哥大學醫學倫理學教育和實踐械制進行比較研究。總的來說，無論是從學生入學時的年齡和學生對學醫目的的明確上，還是從醫學倫理學的教學方法上，以及學校在醫學倫理學的教育體制等方面，二者都存在很大的差別。我國的醫學倫學教學雖然已經比較普及地進行案例教學。但案例教學若想深入下去還是比較困難的，若不成功，非常容易使學生得出學習醫學倫理學之後沒有什麼長進的感覺，表面上看是因為學科本身的對案例分析沒有明確答案的原因，但本質上是教師在引導學生思考的方式、角度和啟發性存在問題，沒能真正提高學生分析和解決問題的能力。所以，本文提出了我國的醫學倫理學教育是個系統工程，需要在案例分析方法、教師的素質本身的提高、帶教老師的倫理學培訓、教師與醫生聯合進行課題申請和研究、醫院成立醫院倫理委員會和IRB兩個與倫理學有關的職能部門等方面必須加強，也開展定期的發生在醫院內的案例討論，這樣既可以使醫學倫理學教學和科研人員能通過正常渠道進入醫療實踐中，充分實現醫學倫理學的實踐性，並反映到醫學倫理學的教學中，也能在醫學生的培養、醫學生成為醫生之後的繼續教育等方面取得突破性進展。Based on the fact that medical students at Peking University and at the University of Chicago have different moral responses to a case of medical ethics, this essay raises a question regarding the education of medical ethics: how can medical students realize their medical morality? It firstly offers a general introduction to the distinct working systems of the Center of Clinical Ethics at the University of Chicago and the Teaching and Research Office of Medical Ethics at Peking University Health Science Center. Then it compares the essential differences of the two institutions in their working systems. Generally speaking, there exist differences between the two institutions in the age of students at medical school, their objectives of choosing to study medicine; methods of medical ethics teaching, and education systems. In particular, even though case study as an important educational method is used commonly in current China, it is difficult to deepen the content and strategy of the teaching. Sometimes students think they have not learned anything from the teaching of medical ethics. Simply speaking, it is because there are no fixed, black-or-white answers to many cases used in the course. More essential reason, however, lies in the quality of medical ethics teachers themselves. They often cannot do a good job on the way of teaching and fail to lead students to think carefully. As a result, they cannot assist students to improve their ability to analyze and resolve ethical issues. The essay concludes that education of medical ethics is a systematic moral engineering. It should be paid attention not only to the effective methods of teaching (such as case analysis) and the promotion of the quality of medical ethics teachers, but also to the combination between medical ethics teachers and physicians in clinical practice, and the establishment of hospital ethics committees and IRBs. The essay recommends that Chinese medical ethics teachers, hospital managers and university administrators should appreciate the importance of medical ethics education and help medical ethics teachers and researchers go into practice through certain routine channels, strengthen the training of the humanities on the side of medical ethics teachers, and at the same time make good progress in the continuous ethical education of physicians.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 12 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
儒家生命倫理視野下人工生殖倫理觀之構建
Authors: WANG Caixia , ZHANG  , ZHANG Shuo
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.隨著人工生殖技術的發展和應用，相伴而來的社會倫理問題也日益增多。為了使該技術真正做到以人為本、為人類的生存和發展而服務，及為人類的圓滿生活造福，探討和構建一種適應現代人工生殖技術發展和應用的倫理觀有十分逼切的需要，以指導並引領人工生殖的研究和運用及發揮技術的正面效應。儒家生命倫理以“仁愛”、“以義制利”、“天人合一”及對人類的終極關懷作為生命科技發展的最高價值判斷標準，為現代人工生殖倫理觀的構建提供了深厚的文化底蘊和理論依據。儒家生命倫理觀不僅能為該技術的應用提供價值標準，而且最重要的是能引領世人以理性的態度，從人與人、人與社會以及人與自然之間三個方面和對人的終極關懷、對現代生命科技發展及其應用進行反思，從人類整體的利益去認識現代生命科技的弊端和危害，從而調整人類自身行為，限制自身欲望，實現人類可持續發展。因此，重新認識和發掘儒家生命倫理思想，從儒家生命倫理視野下構建人工生殖倫理觀有著深遠的社會意義。With the development and application of artificial reproductive technology, humans are able to “artificially reproduce.” However, a series of ethical problems and conflicts have arisen from the practice of artificial reproduction, suggesting that modern artificial reproductive technology serves as a kind of “double-edged sword” – it provides both benefit and harm to human beings. How to attend to the ethical conflicts arising from artificial reproduction, and more importantly, how to develop adequate contemporary ethics to provide guidance to society regarding artificial reproduction, are crucially important ethical tasks that must be addressed. This essay argues that Confucian ethical wisdom and principles should be drawn upon to develop a legitimate Chinese bioethics and a suitable Confucian ethical construction of artificial reproduction in contemporary Chinese society.Based on Confucian ethical wisdom and insights, this essay argues that a Confucian ethical construction of artificial reproduction should include the following principles to direct relevant policy formulation and guide human conduct. The Confucian principle regarding human life is that humans are the most noble of all sentient beings. Regarding the relation between morality and benefit, Confucianism advocates a harmonious association, in which benefit should be pursued under the constraint of morality. Regarding a suitable view of nature, Confucian wisdom emphasizes the unity of Heaven and human – the Dao of Heaven is, in the metaphysical sense, followed by both nature and humanity. Regarding lives and things in the world, Confucianism upholds the ideal of honoring life and caring for things to create an ordered world. Regarding life and death, the Confucian vision is that life should be happy and death should be peaceful. Regarding one’s social responsibility, the Confucian principle is that one must follow the call of righteousness (yi) and should never violate righteousness for one’s self-interest. This essay argues that these valuable intellectual and moral resources should be drawn upon in shaping a contemporary Confucian ethical construction of artificial reproduction.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 140 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Más continuidades que rupturas: un estudio sobre la inserción laboral diferencial de mujeres y varones en Argentina entre 2003 y 2017
Authors: Actis Di Pasquale Eugenio , Savino Julia Victoria
Published: March 2021

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la evolución de las brechas de género entre la población ocupada de Argentina durante gran parte de las últimas dos década, habida cuenta del aparente estancamiento de la participación laboral femenina. Es decir, por un lado, determinar los cambios en las tasas de actividad, empleo y desocupación especí cas. Y por otro lado, responder a la pregunta si se ha generado una disminución de las desigualdades en todas las dimensiones del trabajo, o bien, se siguen repitiendo los mismos mecanismos de discriminación, segregación vertical y horizontal que históricamente condicionaron la participación y bienestar de las mujeres. Las tendencias del mercado laboral se abordan a partir del análisis de las variaciones absolutas y relativas de distintos indicadores calculados para mujeres y varones, y de las brechas que surgen de los mismos. Asimismo se realizan análisis de descomposición de las variaciones en las tasas de empleo y del Índice de Disimilitud de Duncan. La fuente de datos es la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) para el período 2003-2017. Los resultados obtenidos servirán para la descripción y diagnóstico de la situación y comportamiento diferencial de mujeres y varones en el mundo del trabajo. Asimismo, para la determinación de posibles cursos de acción que puedan generar políticas públicas cuya nalidad sea la igualdad y equidad entre mujeres y varones.
Importancia de las nuevas tendencias de marketing en las PYMES
Authors: Núñez Byron
Published: March 2021

Las PYMES en el mundo son el motor productor principal de un país, en Ecuador se diría que son la esperanza para un cambio de la matriz productiva. Lo particular de estas empresas es que ofertan sus productos mediante el marketing tradicional, a través de folletos, a ches, etc. que probablemente muchos de estos terminaran en la basura, otros utilizaran la radio o TV, pero son costosos y no todos tienen la posibilidad de gastar tal cantidad de dinero y el objetivo que se quiere obtener con esto, es llegar a un gran número de personas, en realidad solo alcanzará a un pequeño porcentaje, es importante diferenciar entre marketing y publicidad, el marketing expresa una estrategia general para atraer clientes, la publicidad hace referencia a la comunicación, y a la presentación o promoción de los productos a los clientes existentes y potenciales. Además que con estrategias ingeniosas sobresalen para ser cada vez más competitivos, sin este instrumento muy probablemente están condenadas al fracaso. El autor cree que se debe concientizar a los propietarios para que salgan de su área de confort, ya que en su mayoría el objetivo es crear una manutención que cubra simplemente los gastos básicos de techo y alimentación, y la empresa que crearon es sin ninguna meta de crecimiento, sin una visión emprendedora. En la actualidad el estándar gold es el marketing online, a través de las redes sociales, que ha tomado fuerza y debería aprovechar este medio las PYMES, siendo una manera excelente de captar nuevos clientes o delizar los existentes. Las opciones son muy amplias, fácilmente localizables en la red y muchos de ellos gratuitos convirtiéndose en una ventaja, permitiendo promocionar y vender sus productos, las empresas crecerían y sin mayor inversión.
Estrategias financieras en el desarrollo de las PYMES
Authors: Quisanga Llumiluisa Noemí Alexandra
Published: March 2021

Durante la última década, las pequeñas y medianas empresas, socialmente denominadas PYMES, han presentado una variedad de di cultades para desenvolver sus actividades correctamente, por cuanto tienen que sobrepasar una serie de retos impuestos por este proceso natural actualmente. En búsqueda de poder afrontar esta realidad económica global, la única herramienta factible a nivel general es ser competitivos, tanto local como nacionalmente. Para poder lograr este cometido, que a simple vista pareciera fácil de lograr, es necesaria la formulación y aplicación de una serie de políticas propias de la empresa, tanto de producción, de recursos humanos, de apertura y obtención de nichos de mercado, y sobre todo de políticas nancieras claras y concisas que fomenten su desarrollo. Esta investigación pretende analizar, mediante la recolección y contraste de varios criterios técnicos fundamentados provenientes de varios autores, conjuntamente con la perspectiva analítica de la autora, cómo la aplicación de una serie de estrategias nancieras, como la inversión, la nanciación, el equilibrio nanciero, las políticas contables y las alianzas cooperativas, establecen un crecimiento estructural de las PYMEs en el Ecuador. La información presentada en esta investigación es obtenida del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, diferenciando sus estudio en pequeña, mediana y grande empresas, para mayor facilidad de su identi cación, además de tomar en cuenta el aporte, en el caso del Ecuador, del Estado y sus políticas de transformación y protección de la matriz productiva nacional.
Gestión de la creatividad en la Gerencia de las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito del Ecuador
Authors: Chicaiza Taipe Edgar Germánico , Razo Ascázubi Clara De las Mercedes , Paredes Vásquez Jessica Nataly
Published: March 2021

La gestión de la creatividad en las instituciones financieras se considera uno de los principales pilares de la competitividad en el siglo XXI.  El artículo se presenta orientado hacia las Cooperativas de ahorro y crédito del Ecuador, cómo éste afecta el manejo de la gerencia y el desarrollo en el mercado. El objetivo del estudio fue evidenciar los posibles cambios, modificaciones que deben realizar en las entidades financieras, para adaptarse a los nuevos escenarios, evitando el riesgo de estancarse o desaparecer. La investigación se trabajó bajo un enfoque cualitativo, basado en un estudio documental, se integra una perspectiva multidisciplinaria de la toma de decisiones, es decir dentro de las Cooperativas de ahorro y crédito del Ecuador existe una deficiencia por parte de los gerentes, no aplican ideas y habilidades estratégicas para resolver y solucionar problemas, que permitan construir y aprovechar oportunidades para el progreso de la institución, para generar nuevas alternativas e ideas innovadoras dentro de la gerencia. Una adecuada gestión involucra la eficiencia del capital humano garantizando el éxito de la entidad, con resultados de rentabilidad y sostenibilidad en el tiempo.
HUBUNGAN RESTRUKTURISASI PERJANJIAN PEMBIAYAAN KONSUMEN SEPEDA MOTOR DENGAN POJK NO.11/POJK.03/2020 TENTANG STIMULUS PEREKONOMIAN NASIONAL
Authors: Rohani Aceng Asnawi , Gunawati Anne , PS Agus Prihartono
Published: March 2021

The government enforces various kinds of regulations in providing protection to the public, one of which is through the Financial Services Authority (OJK) by issuing POJK Number 11 / POJK.03 / 2020 concerning National Economic Stimulus as a Countercyclical Policy on the Impact of the Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019. This regulates the implementation of the relaxation policy. against debtors affected by the new Corona Virus or Covid-19 outbreak. The restructuring carried out by the financing institution is carried out in accordance with the guidelines issued by the OJK based on POJK Number 11 / POJK.03 / 2020. However, the implementation is left to the policies of each financing institution, the relief scheme may vary, among others, in the form of lowering interest rates, adjusting principal or interest installments, extension of time or other matters determined by the bank or financing institution. This regulation does not regulate sanctions against banks / financing companies that do not provide restructuring / relaxation programs for debtor customers, because they are not coercive, the language used in this POJK is "can" not "must".
AK247, AK249, AK250, AK280 and AK281 antibodies label mouse glucagon-secreting alpha cells by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Guilhen Cyril , Oppliger Ezia , Schmid Marie N. , Bindschaedler Clément , Gosetto Margaux , Poncet Clément , Volery Maxime , Berkcan Serkan , Gil Daniel , Jaques Emma , El Matribi Zacharie , Ollivier Julien , Da Fonte Sara , Chammartin Nylsa , Lazzarotto Célia , Vaudano Alexandre P. , Gozlugol Ezgi , Nemeth Anthony , Payot Nina , Khatibi Khatiba , Sassi Ali , Soulie Priscilla
Published: March 2021

The recombinant antibodies AK247, AK249, AK250, AK280 and AK281 detect by immunohistochemistry the glucagon-secreting alpha cells in mouse pancreatic islets.
Alfabetización académica en pregrado a través de una secuencia didáctica basada en el Esquema Numérico de Contenidos
Authors: Martínez Ortega Francisco Javier , Astudillo Sarmiento Juan Carlos
Published: March 2021

Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de diseñar y analizar una secuencia didáctica para la alfabetización académica en pregrado, utilizando una herramienta didáctica denominada Esquema Numérico de Contenidos (ENC). Nos basamos en referentes de didáctica de la lengua y de Escritura a Través del Currículo, y retomamos el modelo de método de la ingeniería didáctica para fundamentar el diseño, observación y análisis de una secuencia didáctica. Específicamente, analizamos la producción escrita de los estudiantes y sus inherentes procesos de construcción de conocimiento. Además, analizamos la recepción de las actividades y las percepciones sobre su utilidad por parte de los estudiantes. Encontramos que la secuencia fue valorada positivamente, permitió la construcción de conocimientos disciplinares y, paralelamente, brindó experiencias para la apropiación de prácticas de lectura y escritura en la universidad. Argumentamos que el ENC comprende un andamiaje efectivo para la apropiación de prácticas de lectura y escritura en la universidad.