bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of nanoclay on rutting and fatigue resistance of bitumen binder
Authors: Jahromi Saeed Ghaffarpour , Ahmadi Nabi Allah , Vossugh Shahram , Mortazavi Mohammadreza
Published: November 2011

Nanoclays are a new generation of processed clays of interest in a wide range of high performance composites. Nanoclay is defined as clay that can be modified to make the clay complexes compatible with organic monomers and polymers. Here, it can be said that polymeric nanocomposites are among the most exciting and promising classes of materials discovered recently. A number of physical properties are enhanced successfully when a polymer is modified with a small amount of nanoclay on condition that the clay is dispersed at the nanoscopic level. This research has accomplished a comparative rheological test on unmodified and nanoclay modified bitumen. For this, two types of nanoclay were used: Nanofill-15 and Cloisite-15A. X-ray diffraction has been used to study the nanostructure exfoliation of nanoclay platelets in bitumen. The results show that compared to unmodified bitumen, the nanoclay modification leads to changes in rheological parameters by increasing stiffness and decreasing the phase angle, hence it can also reduce aging effects in bitumen. Further, comparison of the rutting parameter (G∗/sin δ) shows that the nanoclay modification could increase the rutting resistances of bitumen and the improvement is dependent upon the type and amount of nanoclay. The fatigue resistance parameter (G∗/sin δ) at low to medium temperatures shows that the nanoclay modification reduces the fatigue life, however it exhibits the same fatigue life as that of the unmodified bitumen after a particular aging condition.
Evaluation of a Family Education Program: For Overweight Children and Adolescents
Authors: Watson-Jarvis Kay , Johnston Cyne , Clark Camillia
Published: November 2011

Increased child and youth overweight and obesity, as well as significant health effects associated with obesity, have led to recommendations for multicomponent prevention programs. In 2005 to 2006, the former Calgary Health Region (now Alberta Health Services) had an opportunity to develop, deliver, and evaluate an early intervention service for families with children at risk for overweight and obesity. Using available evidence and with access to key advisors, core team members developed and implemented a curriculum for a family-focused, behaviour-based education program entitled Make It HAPPEN. A health-centred approach based on the physical, mental, and social well-being of the whole child was used. Physical, selfesteem, and quality-of-life measures were included in program evaluation. After the program, statistically significant reductions in body mass index (BMI) percentile and z-score were seen, as were increases in quality of life. Self-esteem improved significantly for children with initial BMI percentiles of at least 98. Evaluation results indicate that an effective program can be developed with limited resources to meet best practice needs. Potentially, such programs could be integrated into other community obesity prevention programs or within primary health services models.
Giant-cell granuloma of the axis
Authors: González-Martínez Emilio , Santamarta David , Lomas-García Jesús , Ibáñez-Plágaro F. Javier , Fernández-Fernández J. Javier , Ariño Teresa Ribas , García-Cosamalón José
Published: November 2011

Giant-cell granuloma is a benign and nonneoplastic lesion with an expansive and locally destructive behavior. It typically involves the mandible and the maxilla. Only 1 case arising from the odontoid process of the axis has been reported previously. The authors report on a 64-year-old man with a giant-cell granuloma of the axis. They review this uncommon entity, emphasizing the complexity of differentiating between this lesion and other giant-cell tumors.
Comparison of induced hypertension, fluid bolus, and blood transfusion to augment cerebral oxygen delivery after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Dhar Rajat , Scalfani Michael T. , Zazulia Allyson R. , Videen Tom O. , Derdeyn Colin P. , Diringer Michael N.
Published: November 2011

Object

Critical reductions in oxygen delivery (DO2) underlie the development of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). If DO2 is not promptly restored, then irreversible injury (that is, cerebral infarction) may result. Hemodynamic therapies for DCI (that is, induced hypertension [IH] and hypervolemia) aim to improve DO2 by raising cerebral blood flow (CBF). Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may be an alternate strategy that augments DO2 by improving arterial O2 content. The authors compared the relative ability of these 3 interventions to improve cerebral DO2, specifically their ability to restore DO2 to regions where it is impaired.

Methods

The authors compared 3 prospective physiological studies in which PET imaging was used to measure global and regional CBF and DO2 before and after the following treatments: 1) fluid bolus of 15 ml/kg normal saline (9 patients); 2) raising mean arterial pressure 25% (12 patients); and 3) transfusing 1 U of RBCs (17 patients) in 38 individuals with aneurysmal SAH at risk for DCI. Response between groups in regions with low DO2 (< 4.5 ml/100 g/min) was compared using repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results

Groups were similar except that the fluid bolus cohort had more patients with symptoms of DCI and lower baseline CBF. Global CBF or DO2 did not rise significantly after any of the interventions, except after transfusion in patients with hemoglobin levels < 9 g/dl. All 3 treatments improved CBF and DO2 to regions with impaired baseline DO2, with a greater improvement after transfusion (23%) than hypertension (14%) or volume loading (10%); p < 0.001. Transfusion also resulted in a nonsignificantly greater (47%) reduction in the number of brain regions with low DO2 when compared with fluid bolus (7%) and hypertension (12%) (p = 0.33).

Conclusions

The IH, fluid bolus, and blood transfusion interventions all improve DO2 to vulnerable brain regions at risk for ischemia after SAH. Transfusion appeared to provide a physiological benefit at least comparable to IH, especially among patients with anemia, but transfusion is associated with risks. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be established in controlled clinical trials.
Citizenship and the Ambivalence of Birth
Authors: Haddad Samir
Published: November 2011

In this paper I examine the meaning of birth in the work of Agamben, Esposito, and Derrida, paying particular attention to how it operates in their analyses of citizenship and national belonging. I show that Agamben views birth as negative, Esposito proposes a positive conception, and Derrida's writings imply an understanding that is ambivalent. Then, by focusing on the phenomenon of multiple citizenship, I argue for the value of the Derridean view.
Effect of Polyphenols on Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neuronal Death and Brain Edema in Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Panickar Kiran S. , Anderson Richard A.
Published: November 2011

Polyphenols are natural substances with variable phenolic structures and are elevated in vegetables, fruits, grains, bark, roots, tea, and wine. There are over 8000 polyphenolic structures identified in plants, but edible plants contain only several hundred polyphenolic structures. In addition to their well-known antioxidant effects, select polyphenols also have insulin-potentiating, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-viral, anti-ulcer, and anti-apoptotic properties. One important consequence of ischemia is neuronal death and oxidative stress plays a key role in neuronal viability. In addition, neuronal death may be initiated by the activation of mitochondria-associated cell death pathways. Another consequence of ischemia that is possibly mediated by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is glial swelling, a component of cytotoxic brain edema. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature on the contribution of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to neuronal death, cell swelling, and brain edema in ischemia. A review of currently known mechanisms underlying neuronal death and edema/cell swelling will be undertaken and the potential of dietary polyphenols to reduce such neural damage will be critically reviewed.
Current status of disinfection of dental impressions in Indian dental colleges: a cause of concern
Authors: Marya Charu Mohan , Shukla Prasoon , Dahiya Vandana , Jnaneswar Avinash
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Dentistry is predominantly a field of surgery, involving exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials and therefore requires a high standard of infection control and safety practice in controlling cross-contamination and occupational exposures to blood- and saliva-borne diseases. Methodology: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 60 dental colleges throughout India to establish routine methods of treating impressions of the oral cavity for disinfection. An email describing the purpose of the study along with a short questionnaire was sent to one of the teaching faculty of concerned departments of the colleges. Questions were asked regarding availability of materials required to disinfect the impressions, the preferred method to treat the impression, and whether postgraduate courses were offered by the department. Results: The routine method of treating the impression reported by75.9% of the respondents was washing under running water, while 24.1% of the respondents reported that impressions were treated by chemical disinfectants. Conclusion: Strict infection control measures are necessary to ensure the health and safety of dental workers and patients. The present study showed that there is a lack of commitment to high standards of infection control practices in dental colleges in India.
Acinetobacter species meningitis in children: a case series from Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Saleem Ali Faisal , Shah Muhammad Shafaat , Shaikh Abdul Sattar , Mir Fatima , Zaidi Anita K M
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter pose a serious therapeutic dilemma in hospital practice, particularly when they cause meningitis, as the few antimicrobial agents to which these isolates are susceptible have poor central nervous system (CNS) penetration.  Methodology: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course and outcome of eight consecutive cases of meningitis due to Acinetobacter spp. in children ages 15 years or less, seen in a tertiary care medical center in Karachi, Pakistan. Results: Of the eight cases of Acinetobacter meningitis, isolates from five patients were pan-resistant, and two were multidrug-resistant. A neurosurgical procedure was performed in five of eight patients followed by external ventricular drain insertion prior to the development of infection. Seven received intravenous (IV) polymyxin (mean; 12.8 days), while 5/8 also received intrathecal (IT) polymyxin (mean; 12.0 days). The mean length of hospitalization was 38.7 ± 19 days. All patients achieved cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture negativity by the end of treatment (mean; 5.4 days). Two patients died: one with pan-resistant Acinetobacter, and the second with a multi-drug resistant isolate. Conclusion: Post-neurosurgical multidrug-resistant and pan-resistant Acinetobacter meningitis can be successfully treated if appropriate antimicrobial therapy is instituted early. The role of IT polymyxin B administration alone versus combination therapy (IV and IT) needs further study.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase status and severity of malarial anaemia in Nigerian children
Authors: Orimadegun Adebola Emmanuel , Sodeinde Olugbemiro
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (Gd-) contributes to morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa but recent data on the interaction between Gd- and malaria among children is scarce. We hypothesised that, being a haemolytic factor, Gd- makes severe malarial anaemia (SMA) more common and even more severe. Methodology: We selected 930 children aged 0.5-12 years attending a reference hospital with microscopically proven falciparum malaria. G6PD and haemoglobin were typed by the fluorescent spot test and electrophoresis, respectively. Molecular typing by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion was also performed on 15% of randomly selected samples. Haematocrit (PCV) values, haemoglobin type, blood group, presence of sickle cell trait (HbAS), and parasite counts were compared between G6PD-normal and deficient children. Results: Prevalence of Gd- was 16.4% and 8.1% among boys and girls with malaria, respectively. Mean PCV was 22.8% in deficient children compared with 21.0% in normal children (p=0.041). In boys, 2.7% of Gd- had PCV ≤10%, as compared to 13.6% in Gd+ (p = 0.005). Similarly, 21.3% of Gd- had PCV ≤15% compared with 39.4% in Gd+ (p=0.003). No such difference was found among girls. Overall, HbAS was typed in 7.6% and was more common in Gd- (13.0%) than in Gd+ (6.8%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.058). The mean parasite counts were significantly lower in Gd- (15477.5/μl) than in Gd+ (19784.4/μl; p=0.013), and it was independent from HbAS. Conclusion: Gd- males but not females were significantly less likely to develop severe malarial anaemia.
Land Use Planning and its Potential to Reduce Hazard Vulnerability: Current Practices and Future Possibilities
Authors: Puszkin-Chevlin Ana , Hernandez Debra , Murley James
Published: November 2011

The concentration of people and infrastructure along the nation's coastline has increased our vulnerability to severe coastal storms and other natural hazards, as evidenced by the substantial social, economic and environmental impacts of recent hurricanes. Competing policy objectives
and stakeholder interests pose challenges to planners' and public officials' attempts to increase resilience using land development-based approaches. This paper describes theses issues for researchers outside the urban and regional planning discipline. It presents the typical approaches to
hazard mitigation and the primary land-use tools used to manage coastal development. It strives to inspire interdisciplinary visioning of sustainable coastal development patterns needed to advance resiliency.
Using Mobile Banking Services to Improve Financial Access for the Poor: Lessons from Kenya, the Philippines, the United States, Haiti, and India
Authors: Metre Kanika
Published: November 2011

As the number of mobile phone subscriptions has rapidly expanded in developing countries, so too has the use of mobile phones to facilitate small-scale financial transactions around the world. Microfinance experts have recognized these mobile banking services as a means for expanding access to financial services among poor and low-income populations. Innovations over the past few years have proven that mobile network operators and banks can cooperate to create successful business models for mobile banking services. Recognizing this success, this paper further explores the ways in which private sector, public sector, and non-profit sector actors can and should collaborate to meet the financial service needs of the poor through innovations in mobile banking. Case studies from Kenya, the Philippines, the United States, Haiti, and India provide relevant lessons on how these collaborations have succeeded or failed in the past.
The Asian Carp Threat to the Great Lakes: An Analysis of Alternatives for Preventing Asian Carp Migration
Authors: Rodriguez Nicole D.
Published: November 2011

The ecosystems of the United States face numerous threats to sustainability arising from the introduction and proliferation of non-native, invasive plants and animals. One example is that of Asian carp, a species of invasive fish that is devastating native ecosystems in some inland US waterways. Current concerns center on the migration of Asian carp into the Great Lakes and how that could be particularly detrimental to the ecosystems and natural stability of the area. This paper examines the policy alternatives for halting the advance of Asian carp before they reach the Great Lakes, and recommends that electric barriers be used as the primary means of deterrent. However, such barriers are not a universally-applicable solution, and further research on securing US waterways from the Asian carp threat is required.
Actively Combating Childhood Weight Gain: An Evaluation of Federal Policy Interventions
Authors: Griswold Sarah
Published: November 2011

America’s children and adolescents are facing a childhood obesity crisis that impedes their ability to become healthy adults. This epidemic has drastic economic impacts because the nation shares public health care costs, and there is little incentive for states to act without federal support. In order to address this problem from a national perspective this paper analyzes three different levels of federal interventions. Each alternative presents a policy to increase the amount of physical activity children engage in daily. The paper evaluates each of the different levels of intervention by assessing the strengths and examining the hurdles these levels of intervention face on the road to implementation.
Winner Take All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer — And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class
Authors: Kelly Jonathan P.
Published: November 2011

No abstract available.
The Blame Game: Spin, Bureaucracy, and Self-Preservation in Government
Authors: Boerbaitz Brendan
Published: November 2011

No abstract available.
Cubic Polynomials with Periodic Cycles of a Specified Multiplier
Authors: Ingram Patrick
Published: November 2011

We consider cubic polynomialsf(z) =z3+az+bdefined over ℂ(⋋), with a marked point of periodNand multiplier ⋋. In the caseN= 1, there are infinitely many such objects, and in the caseN≥ 3, only finitely many (subject to a mild assumption). The caseN= 2 has particularly rich structure, and we are able to describe all such cubic polynomials defined over the field.
Representação Cartográfica Dinâmica Online: análise da atividade editorial em inteligência econômica na França
Authors: Alvares Lillian , Quoniam Luc , Boutet Charles-Victor
Published: November 2011

O estudo da comunidade de Inteligência Econômica (IE) na França é apresentada sob a perspectiva de análise da produção científica da comunidade atuante na área que produz ativamente documentos digitais e os disponibiliza em comunidades virtuais. A metodologia de realização da análise será por meio do tratamento automático de informação e de mapas interativos na representação de redes sociais, tornando evidente seu potencial de utilização. O tratamento automático e os mapas interativos, suporte da metodologia de análise terá como base a representação dinâmica, isso é, a representação que é simultaneamente interativa e em três dimensões. A primeira parte do trabalho é dedicada a apresentar o Tratamento Cartográfico Interativo, incluindo a legitimação do método adotado (Representação Dinâmica Interativa em Três Dimensões), o universo de estudo e as ferramentas escolhidas para concluir a análise da comunidade de IE na França. O tema tratado, por conseguinte, tangencia a questão sobre o status dos documentos digitais como produção científica quantificável e publicável, capaz de produzir inovação e novos conhecimentos, mas que enfrenta resistência da própria comunidade científica. Os resultados privilegiam a verificação da metodologia em comparação com outros métodos de representação de dados.
A política de ensino superior a distância no Brasil nos anos de neoliberalismo
Authors: De Souza Lima Katia Regina
Published: November 2011

O artigo trata da base de fundamentação teórica da política de ensino superior a distância no Brasil nos anos 1990 e na primeira década do novo século. Parte da consideração de que essa política está inscrita na reforma neoliberal da educação realizada no referido período em consonância com as políticas elaboradas, difundidas e monitoradas pelos organismos internacionais. Apresenta as principais ações e legislações em ensino a distância no período de 1995 a 2010, identificando os eixos centrais desta política – “atualização tecnológica” e “ampliação do acesso ao ensino” – e sua fundamentação teórica nas noções de “globalização econômica” e “sociedade da informação”, ambas difundidas pelas escolas estadunidenses de administração de empresas e pelos organismos internacionais. Problematiza em que medida o ensino a distância, particularmente o ensino superior a distância no Brasil, viabiliza a massificação da formação e aprofunda a mercantilização da educação por meio da ampliação do número de instituições e cursos privados a distância. Conclui que processo é conduzido pelas políticas governamentais no referido período, garantindo a lucratividade da burguesia de serviços  educacionais (local e internacional) pela adequação da educação a nova fase de acumulação do capital.
A nova pedagogia da hegemonia no Brasil
Authors: Neves Lúcia Maria Wanderley
Published: November 2011

Entrevista com Lúcia Neves concedida a Eneida Oto Shiroma eOlinda Evangelista em 23 de junho de 2010 em Florianópolis, SC.
Imagem e palavra na leitura de narrativa
Authors: Ramos Flávia Brocchetto , Panozzo Neiva , Zanolla Taciana
Published: November 2011

A produção infantil contemporânea explora as várias linguagens constitutivas da obra literária infantil – palavra e ilustração. A leitura dessas obras possibilita ao leitor a construção de significados na interação entre os códigos verbal e visual. A fim de investigar esse processo de leitura realizado a partir da interação com a linguagem verbal e visual, realiza-se estudo sobre a narrativa Ah, cambaxirra, se eu pudesse..., de Ana Maria Machado e Graça Lima (2003). Enfocam-se dois aspectos: a análise de possibilidades de leitura propostas pelas linguagens, a partir de estudos de Genette (1982), Iser (1976), Kleiman (2002), Parsons (1992) e Zilberman (1998), e os sentidos construídos por crianças de terceira série do ensino fundamental, seguindo princípios de pesquisa qualitativa (BAUER; GASKELL, 2003; EISNER, 1998). O estudo confirma a ampliação de sentidos do texto, pela inter-relação entre as linguagens. Entretanto, a análise da leitura das crianças sinaliza que os sentidos construídos privilegiam a palavra, em detrimento de aspectos visuais. A perspectiva observada na leitura infantil é efeito da abordagem da literatura na escola, que não forma leitores proficientes. O artigo objetiva contribuir para pesquisas na área como também para instrumentalizar mediadores de leitura.
Imagens de crianças e infâncias: a criança na iconografia brasileira dos séculos XIX e XX
Authors: Abramowicz Anete , Silveira Debora de Barros , Jovino Ione , Simião Lucélio Ferreira
Published: November 2011

O objetivo desse artigo é evidenciar a maneira pela qual a criança e sua infância foram retratadas no século XIX e início do século XX, em especial, a criança negra. A análise utilizada baseia-se na pesquisa iconográfica e tem como fonte alguns acervos históricos brasileiros. A partir dessa perspectiva, as crianças são colocadas como protagonistas da história, da qual, em geral, aparecem apenas como vestígios, invisíveis e ocultas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, utiliza-se imagens fotográficas organizadas e analisadas considerando as questões de gênero, raça e classe social. Observou-se que há raríssimas fotos de crianças, e, pela via da raridade, pode-se demonstrar uma visão diferente sobre elas, já que foram retratadas. O estudo evidenciou a presença de crianças negras em retratos que contemplam cenas da vida cotidiana sem alusão à escravidão. Desta forma, problematizou-se a representação presente no imaginário social desse período. Contudo, as crianças negras são retratadas e reconhecidas referindo-se ao exotismo do trabalho escravo, devido a isso, o olhar analítico procura desviar de uma determinada maneira hegemônica de representá-las no século XIX. Concluiu-se que este período se caracteriza por uma ambiguidade: a existência de um sentimento de infância e a invisibilidade da criança e da infância negras.
Democracia para a superação do capital no pensamento marxista: subsídios para reflexões sobre a organização educacional
Authors: Hidalgo Angela Maria
Published: November 2011

Este artigo apresenta pesquisa bibliográfica motivada pelos debates em torno da questão da participação nos processos decisórios no contexto das reformas política e educacionais dos anos de 1990. Defende-se a tese de que a democracia constitui premissa básica para a transformação social, demonstrada na análise do pensamento de autores marxistas. O estudo indica: em Marx e Engels, a análise do desenvolvimento histórico do processo de planificação coletiva da produção e a necessária manutenção dos níveis de produtividade para a criação das condições de superação do capitalismo; em Luxemburgo e Lênin, divergências quanto ao processo de transição ao socialismo; em Luxemburgo, a defesa da participação das massas no processo decisório. A conclusão é a de que a abordagem dos aspectos políticos das questões organizativas, concomitante à garantia de acesso ao conhecimento produzido historicamente, requer avanços na análise dos princípios organizacionais na educação com base nas especificidades desta prática social.
A educação libertária no boletim Cultura Popular (Lisboa, 1919)
Authors: Barreira Luiz Carlos
Published: November 2011

Este artigo apresenta e analisa o boletim Cultura Popular, editado pelo Ateneu Popular, instituição educacional libertária fundada em Lisboa em 1917. Esse boletim, apesar de uma existência bastante efêmera, guarda informações significativas para os estudos sobre os processos de formação dos trabalhadores urbanos no limiar da modernidade capitalista, que tenham como principal fonte e objeto de pesquisa a imprensa operária. Algumas dessas informações dizem respeito, por exemplo, à ênfase que os  colaboradores desse periódico davam à educação dos costumes, sem desconsiderarem, no entanto, a importância da instrução. Por intermédio dessa educação, redatores e colaboradores de Cultura Popular objetivavam fazer com que as classes trabalhadoras passassem a cultivar novos hábitos, como os de asseio corporal, por exemplo.
Volatility and hygroscopicity of aging secondary organic aerosol in a smog chamber
Authors: Tritscher T. , Dommen J. , DeCarlo P. F. , Gysel M. , Barmet P. B. , Praplan A. P. , Weingartner E. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Riipinen I. , Donahue N. M. , Baltensperger U.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) during (photo-)chemical aging processes was investigated in a smog chamber. Fresh SOA from ozonolysis of 10 to 40 ppb α-pinene was formed followed by aging with OH radicals. The particles' volatility and hygroscopicity (expressed as volume fraction remaining (VFR) and hygroscopicity parameter κ) were measured in parallel with a volatility and hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer (V/H-TDMA). An aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was used for the chemical characterization of the aerosol. These measurements were used as sensitive parameters to reveal the mechanisms possibly responsible for the changes in the SOA composition during aging. A change of VFR and/or κ during processing of atmospheric aerosols may occur either by addition of SOA mass (by condensation) or by a change of SOA composition leading to different aerosol properties. The latter may occur either by heterogeneous reactions on the surface of the SOA particles, by condensed phase reactions like oligomerization or by an evaporation – gas-phase oxidation – recondensation cycle. The condensation mechanism showed to be dominant when there is a substantial change in the aerosol mass by addition of new molecules to the aerosol phase with time. Experiments could be divided into four periods based on the temporal evolution (qualitative changes) of VFR, κ and organic mass: O3 induced condensation, ripening, and OH induced chemical aging first with substantial mass gain and then without significant mass gain. During the O3 induced condensation the particles' volatility decreased (increasing VFR) while the hygroscopicity increased. Thereafter, in the course of ripening volatility continued to decrease, but hygroscopicity stayed roughly constant. After exposing the SOA to OH radicals an OH induced chemical aging with substantial mass gain started resulting in the production of at least 50 % more SOA mass. This new SOA mass was highly volatile and oxidized. This period was then followed by further OH induced chemical aging without significant mass gain leading to a decrease of volatility while hygroscopicity and SOA mass stayed roughly constant.
Effect of optical phonon‐magnon interaction on the magnon softening at finite temperature
Authors: Cheng T.‐M. , Zhao Z. , Jia W.‐Y. , Chen H. , Li L. , Zhu L.
Published: November 2011

A magnon‐phonon interaction model is set up in a two‐dimensional ferromagnetic compound square‐lattice system. Using the Matsubara Green function theory we calculated the magnon dispersion curves on the main symmetric line in Brillouin zone, compared the influences of the magnetic ion optical phonon with non‐magnetic ion optical phonon on the magnetic excitation of the system and discussed the influences of various parameters on the magnon softening. The lower Debye temperature of ferromagnetic materials is, the more likely the magnon softening occurs. It turned out that the optical phonon‐magnon coupling plays an important role on the magnon softening, the longitudinal optical phonon contributes the most to the magnon softening and magnon damping. It is also found that the contribution of the non‐magnetic ion to the magnon softening and magnon damping is more significant than that of magnetic ion when the mass of the magnetic ion is less than that of the non‐magnetic ion, or the mass of magnetic ion and the non‐magnetic ion are equal.
Calcium phosphate incorporated poly(ethylene oxide)‐based nanocomposite electrolytes for lithium batteries. I. Ionic conductivity and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy studies
Authors: Stephan A. Manuel , Kumar T. Prem , Thomas Sabu , Thomas P. Selvin , Bongiovanni Roberta , Nair Jijeesh R. , Angulakshmi N.
Published: November 2011

Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) composed of poly(ethylene oxide), calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2], and lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)/lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide [LiN(CF3SO2)2 or LiTFSI] in various proportions were prepared by a hot‐press method. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, ionic conductivity testing, and transference number studies. The free volume of the membranes was probed by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy at 30°C, and the results supported the ionic conductivity data. The NCPEs with LiClO4 exhibited higher ionic conductivities than the NCPE with LiTFSI as a salt. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Life in the Slow Lane: The Effect of Reduced Mobility on Tadpole Limb Development
Authors: Abdala Virginia , Ponssa María Laura
Published: November 2011

Movement is thought to be a primary agent eliciting basic responses in the vertebrate body, such as the proper development of the musculoskeletal system. Embryos do not passively await hatching or birth but rather begin active movement very early on in their development. Most studies dealing with embryonic responses to changes in mobility have been performed in chickens or mammals. Herein, we investigate for the first time whether the embryos of organisms that are free‐living during development demonstrate the same morphological responses to reduced mobility as embryos that undergo development in controlled environments such as in utero or in a shelled egg. We changed the viscosity of the environment in which free‐living anuran tadpoles grow by rearing them in an agar medium. We thus increased the viscosity of the growth medium resulting in a decrease in larval movement. We predicted that a substantial increase in viscosity of the medium in which the larvae were reared would have at least two consequences: (1) a reduction of tadpole mobility and (2) a delayed onset of skeletogenesis thus producing shorter long bones. Our predictions were upheld and tadpoles reared in an agar medium remain immobile longer and showed a delayed onset of skeletogenesis compared with controls. We propose that the developmental responses to the same stimulus are similar throughout tetrapods, regardless of their developmental context (i.e., intrauterine, within an egg, or free‐living). Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Giant Danio (D. Aequipinnatus) as A Model of Cardiac Remodeling and Regeneration
Authors: Lafontant Pascal J. , Burns Alan R. , Grivas Jamie A. , Lesch Mary A. , Lala Tanmoy D. , Reuter Sean P. , Field Loren J. , Frounfelter Tyler D.
Published: November 2011

The paucity of mammalian adult cardiac myocytes (CM) proliferation following myocardial infarction (MI) and the remodeling of the necrotic tissue that ensues, result in non‐regenerative repair. In contrast, zebrafish (ZF) can regenerate after an apical resection or cryoinjury of the heart. There is considerable interest in models where regeneration proceeds in the presence of necrotic tissue. We have developed and characterized a cautery injury model in the giant danio (GD), a species closely related to ZF, where necrotic tissue remains part of the ventricle, yet regeneration occurs. By light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have documented four temporally overlapping processes: (1) a robust inflammatory response analogous to that observed in MI, (2) concomitant proliferation of epicardial cells leading to wound closure, (3) resorption of necrotic tissue and its replacement by granulation tissue, and (4) regeneration of the myocardial tissue driven by 5‐EDU and [3H]thymidine incorporating CMs. In conclusion, our data suggest that the GD possesses robust repair mechanisms in the ventricle and can serve as an important model of cardiac inflammation, remodeling and regeneration. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Expression and Regulation of Angiopoietin‐2 in Mouse Uterus During Preimplantation Period
Authors: Guo Bin , Wang Wei , Li Shi‐Jie , Han Yu‐Shuai , Zhang Lu , Zhang Xue‐Ming , Liu Ju‐Xiong , Yue Zhan‐Peng
Published: November 2011

Angiogenesis is crucial to successful implantation and decidualization, however, as an important angiogenic growth factor, the effect of Ang‐2 in the process of implantation and decidualization is still unknown. This study is to investigate the differential expression of Ang‐2 in mouse uterus during early pregnancy and its regulation by steroid hormones using in situ hybridization and RT‐PCR. There is no detectable Ang‐2 mRNA signal on days 1–5 of pregnancy by in situ hybridization. On days 6–8, Ang‐2 mRNA is mainly expressed in the primary decidua of mesometrial side, and the expression gradually increases. By RT‐PCR, a significantly higher level of Ang‐2 expression is observed on day 8 of pregnancy, although Ang‐2 expression can be found through days 1–8. Similarly, Ang‐2 is highly expressed in decidualized cells under artificial decidualization. In the ovariectomized mouse uterus, Ang‐2 expression gradually increases after estrogen injection and with peak levels at 12 hr, while progesterone injection can cause a decline in uterine Ang‐2 mRNA level, which reaches a nadir at 12 hr. These results suggest that Ang‐2 may play a key role in the process of mouse decidualization. Estrogen can induce the expression of Ang‐2 while progesterone can inhibit its expression in the ovariectomized mouse uterus. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of the Human Corpus Striatum and the Presence of nNOS and 5‐HT2A receptors
Authors: Hu Zhiying , Rudd John A. , Fang Marong
Published: November 2011

This study focussed on the development of the corpus striatum in the fetus, using silver impregnation and immunohistochemistry. For the latter, we looked for nNOS positive cells and 5‐HT2A receptors positive cells in the corpus striatum during development. During the initial formation of the corpus striatum, there was migration cells of the ganglionic eminence toward the putamen by 15–17 weeks of gestation. Process formation in the neurons started by week 17 and became very complex before term (31/32 weeks of gestation). By 25–27 gestational weeks, the globus pallidus already had two parts and the corpus striatum was similar to the adult in configuration. The nNOS positive cells appeared early (21–23 weeks in gestation) while 5‐HT2A receptors positive cells were not observed until 31/32 weeks gestation. The number of positive cells in both groups was relatively small. It is anticipated that further developmental changes would occur in the postnatal/neonatal phases. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconsideration of the Autonomic Cranial Ganglia: An Immunohistochemical Study of Mid‐Term Human Fetuses
Authors: Kiyokawa Hiromichi , Katori Yukio , Cho Kwang Ho , Murakami Gen , Kawase Tetsuaki , Cho Baik Hwan
Published: November 2011

The cranial parasympathetic ganglia have been reported to paradoxically contain the sympathetic nerve marker, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in addition to neurons expressing parasympathetic markers such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). However, the distribution of these molecules in the cranial ganglia of human fetuses has not yet been examined. Using paraffin sections from 10 mid‐term human fetuses (12–15 weeks), we performed immunohistochemistry for TH, VIP, and nNOS in the parasympathetic ciliary, pterygopalatine, otic, and submandibular ganglia, and for comparison, the sensory inferior vagal ganglion. The ciliary and submandibular ganglia contained abundant TH‐positive neurons. In the former, TH‐positive neurons were much more numerous than nNOS‐positive neurons, whereas in the latter, nNOS immunoreactivity was extremely strong. No or a few cells in the pterygopalatine, otic, and inferior vagal ganglia expressed TH. Ciliary TH neurons appeared to compensate for classically described sympathetic fibers arising from the superior cervical ganglion, whereas in the submandibular ganglion, nNOS‐positive neurons as well as TH neurons might innervate the lingual artery in addition to the salivary glands. Significant individual variations in the density of all these markers suggested differences in sensitivity to medicine affecting autonomic nerve function. Consequently, in the human cranial autonomic ganglia, it appears that there is no simple dichotomy between sympathetic and parasympathetic function. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Induction of apoptosis by type Iβ protein kinase G in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐468
Authors: Fallahian Faranak , Karami‐Tehrani Fatemeh , Salami Siamak
Published: November 2011

Activation of protein kinase G (PKG) by cyclic guanosine 3,5‐monophosphate (cGMP) has become of considerable interest as a novel molecular approach for the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. This study was conducted to investigate the role of PKG isoforms in the regulation of cell growth in human breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB468. The expression levels of PKG isoforms were also examined using real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. No differences in the gene expression of PKG isoforms were observed between MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐468 cells. To investigate the effects of PKG isoforms on the regulation of cell growth, the cGMP analogues 8‐APT‐cGMP (PKGIα activator), 8‐Br‐PET‐cGMP (PKGIβ activator) and 8‐pCPT‐cGMP (PKGII activator) were employed. Apoptosis was assessed with the Annexin‐V–propidium iodide (PI) staining, cell cycle analysis and caspase‐3/9 activity assay. Treatment of MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐468 cells with 8‐Br‐PET‐cGMP resulted in a concentration‐dependent cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, whereas neither PKGIα nor PKGII activators had any effect on the cell growth. The role of PKGIβ in the inhibition of cell growth was confirmed using PKGI and PKGII inhibitors. The present study is the first to demonstrate the involvement of PKGIβ in the inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Countercurrent Chromatography, Scope and Perspectives: Application to Chirotechnology
Authors: Minguillón C.
Published: November 2011

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a liquid‐liquid separation technique particularly adapted to preparative separations. In spite of the broad range of applications possible, CCC is mainly applied to the purification of natural products from complex mixtures, field in which some of the characteristics of CCC make it advantageous over other more common chromatographic modalities. Nevertheless, CCC has much to offer in biotechnological purification and enantioseparation. The general characteristics, advantages and drawbacks of CCC, together with its application in dieverse contexts, in paricular enantioseparations, are discussed.
Why Cancer matters
Authors: Khuri Fadlo R.
Published: November 2011

This is Dr. Fadlo Khuri's introductory editorial as Editor‐in‐Chief of Cancer.
Tonotopic organization of the superior olivary nucleus in the chicken auditory brainstem
Authors: Tabor Kathryn M. , Coleman William L. , Rubel Edwin W , Burger R. Michael
Published: November 2011

Topographic maps are salient features of neuronal organization in sensory systems. Inhibitory components of neuronal circuitry are often embedded within this organization, making them difficult to isolate experimentally. The auditory system provides opportunities to study the topographic organization of inhibitory long‐range projection nuclei, such as the superior olivary nucleus (SON). We analyzed the topographic organization of response features of neurons in the SON of chickens. Quantitative methods were developed to assess and communicate this organization. These analyses led to three main conclusions: 1) sound frequency is linearly arranged from dorsal (low frequencies) to ventral (high frequencies) in SON; 2) this tonotopic organization is less precise than the organization of the excitatory nuclei in the chicken auditory brainstem; and 3) neurons with different response patterns to pure tone stimuli are interspersed throughout the SON and show similar tonotopic organizations. This work provides a predictive model to determine the optimal stimulus frequency for a neuron from its spatial location in the SON. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1493–1508, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abdominal vagal afferent pathways and their distributions of intraganglionic laminar endings in the rat duodenum
Authors: Wang Feng‐Bin , Young Yao Kuang , Kao Chih‐Kuan
Published: November 2011

We examined abdominal vagal afferents (n = 33) and the distributions of their intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) in the duodenum. Rats (male, Sprague‐Dawley) received a partial subdiaphragmatic vagotomy that spared a single branch. Wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (0.5–1.0 μl) was injected into the nodose ganglion ipsilateral to the vagotomized side. We observed that the hepatic branch does not project to the stomach, that the accessory celiac and celiac branches course along the celiac artery and innervate the intestines, and that the left nodose afferents innervate predominantly the duodenum. The hepatic branch innervates the duodenum via the “hepatoduodenal” subbranch and has the densest IGLE distribution in both the dorsoventral and the rostrocaudal extensions of the first 4‐cm segment. Both gastric branches have two subbranches that innervate the duodenum; the “lesser curvature” subbranches follow the lesser curvature artery and may join the “hepatoduodenal” subbranch, whereas the “pyloric” subbranches run through the antrum and pylorus to reach the proximal duodenum. Moreover, the subbranches of ventral and dorsal gastric branches innervate more in the ventral and dorsal parts of the duodenum, respectively, and have more IGLEs in the rostral region than in the caudal. A posteriori comparisons indicate that, in the first‐centimeter segment, the ventral gastric branch has significantly more IGLEs, whereas, in the third‐ and fourth‐centimeter segments, the hepatic branch has more IGLEs. The finding that three different vagal branches innervate the duodenum with different densities of afferent endings might indicate a viscerotopic receptive field that coordinates digestive functions in feeding. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1098–1113, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fit‐first to be tied
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: November 2011

This poem summarizes the fit‐first method of camera evaluation described in Jim Worthey's “Applications of vectorial color.” The algorithm works with the locus of unit monochromats (LUM) in camera and CIE color‐matching spaces. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma—A comparison study
Authors: Marks Rebecca A. , Cramer Harvey M. , Wu Howard H.
Published: November 2011

The cytopathologic diagnosis of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma can be problematic as there are several components of the differential diagnosis that share common cytomorphologic features. In this study, we report the fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) findings of 16 basaloid squamous cell carcinoma cases and compare those cases to 16 cases of small cell carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the largest series of basaloid squamous cell carcinoma FNA cases ever reported. The following cytomorphologic features were compared for both tumors: cohesive tissue fragments, single cells, adenoid cystic‐like features (cribriform pseudoglandular lumina with hyaline materials), necrosis, nuclear size, nuclear molding, nucleoli, cytoplasm, and the presence of single keratinized cells. Adenoid cystic‐like features and the presence of single keratinized cells were specific for basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (P < 0.05). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Papanicolaou smears, benign appearing endometrial cells bear no significance in predicting uterine endometrial adenocarcinomas
Authors: Moatamed Neda A. , Le Lam‐Thuy , Levin Mary R. , Govind Rekha , Apple Sophia K.
Published: November 2011

Reporting of benign appearing endometrial cells (BECs) in the Papanicolaou smears of women aging 40 years or older was mandated in the Bethesda System 2001 aiming at predicting the uterine pathology. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the BECs in patients in our Medical Center. A two‐arm study was designed in ≥40‐years‐old women with BECs and without BECs in their Pap smears from January 2002 to December 2004. Of 21,965 patients, 882 had BECs in their Pap smears and the rest did not. Among the patients with BECs, 186 (study group) and among those without BECs, 2,064 (control group) had histopathologic follow‐ups. There were 4 patients in the study and 47 in the control groups who had uterine adenocarcinoma. The Chi‐square P‐value for adenocarcinoma between the two groups was 0.91; indicating insignificant differences between the two groups. We conclude that presence of BECs in the Pap smears of ≥40‐years‐old women signal no significance as a harbinger of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:335–341. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.