bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying productivity when it is a factor of production
Authors: Flynn Zach
Published: May 2020

Economists typically model a plant's productivity as an exogenous characteristic, but the people who run and work at manufacturing plants make choices, at a cost, that affect plant productivity. I develop a method to partially identify the productivity distribution when such choices determine productivity. The method uses a monotone comparative static result I prove in a general economic model. It does not require instruments or timing assumptions. I use the method to study the effect of implementing market‐based pricing on productivity in the electricity generation industry.
Markets for ideas: prize structure, entry limits, and the design of ideation contests
Authors: Kireyev Pavel
Published: May 2020

I develop an empirical model of idea generation contests with heterogeneous participants and endogenous entry, fit the model to data from a platform used by major advertisers, and simulate counterfactual contest designs. The empirical model resolves ambiguous predictions yielded by contest theory about the effects of different prize structures on contest outcomes. Simulations reveal the impact of strategies that hold fixed total award and balance competition by handicapping advantaged participants. Increasing the number of prizes while restricting the number of prizes per participant can improve outcomes for the platform. The results provide guidance for the design of large contests.
Real‐world tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment pathways, monitoring patterns and responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the United Kingdom: the UK TARGET CML study
Authors: Milojkovic Dragana , Cross Nicholas C. P. , Ali Sahra , Byrne Jenny , Campbell Gavin , Dignan Fiona L. , Drummond Mark , Huntly Brian , Marshall Scott , McMullin Mary Frances , Neelakantan Pratap , Raghavan Manoj , Sivakumaran Muttuswamy , Tighe Jane , Wandroo Farooq , Willis Fenella , Glen Fiona , Fildes Louise , Collington Sarah J. , Ryan Jacqueline , Clark Richard E. , Mead Adam J.
Published: May 2020

Management of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has recently undergone dramatic changes, prompting the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) to issue recommendations in 2013; however, it remains unclear whether real‐world CML management is consistent with these goals. We report results of UK TARGET CML, a retrospective observational study of 257 patients with chronic‐phase CML who had been prescribed a first‐line TKI between 2013 and 2017, most of whom received first‐line imatinib (n = 203). Although 44% of patients required ≥1 change of TKI, these real‐world data revealed that molecular assessments were frequently missed, 23% of patients with ELN‐defined treatment failure did not switch TKI, and kinase domain mutation analysis was performed in only 49% of patients who switched TKI for resistance. Major molecular response (MMR; BCR‐ABL1IS ≤0·1%) and deep molecular response (DMR; BCR‐ABL1IS ≤0·01%) were observed in 50% and 29%, respectively, of patients treated with first‐line imatinib, and 63% and 54%, respectively, receiving a second‐generation TKI first line. MMR and DMR were also observed in 77% and 44% of evaluable patients with ≥13 months follow‐up, receiving a second‐generation TKI second line. We found little evidence that cardiovascular risk factors were considered during TKI management. These findings highlight key areas for improvement in providing optimal care to patients with CML.
Works councils and organizational gender policies in Germany
Authors: Jirjahn Uwe , Mohrenweiser Jens
Published: May 2020

While education and labour force participation of women have been increased, there is still a substantial gender gap in labour market opportunities. This gives rise to the question of what factors lead employers to promote work–family balance and gender equality. We address this question by examining the influence of works councils on the gender policies of establishments in Germany. Using data of the IAB Establishment Panel, we find that the incidence of a works council is on average associated with an increased likelihood that an establishment provides family‐friendly practices and promotes equal opportunities of men and women. This finding also holds in a recursive multivariate probit model that accounts for potential endogeneity of works council incidence. However, our estimates also show that the influence of works councils is heterogeneous. Performing separate estimate by collective bargaining status, we find a significant influence of works councils only for establishments covered industry‐level collective bargaining agreements, but not for establishments covered by firm‐level agreements or establishments not covered by collective bargaining.
Re‐analysis of late Quaternary dust mass accumulation rates in Serbia using new luminescence chronology for loess–palaeosol sequence at Surduk
Authors: Fenn Kaja , Durcan Julie A. , Thomas David S. G. , Millar Ian L. , Marković Slobodan B.
Published: May 2020

Despite numerous palaeoenvironmental investigations of loess–palaeosol sequences across the Carpathian Basin, well‐dated high‐resolution records are scarce. This paper presents a new high‐resolution chronology for the loess‐palaeosol sequence at Surduk (Serbia), based on optically stimulated luminescence (quartz) and post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (polymineral) dating. The presented record spans 53–19 ka, with primary loess deposition occurring after 52±2 ka, and differs from previously published chronologies that relied on less precise and now superseded dating protocols. Based on the new chronology, mass accumulation rates (MARs) for Surduk were constructed and compared with sites in the Carpathian Basin. The results demonstrate that accumulation periods across this area are not consistent in timing or rates. The high‐resolution dating strategy identifies a disturbance in sediment deposition that occurred after 45±2 ka and implies that site contains a hiatus. Finally, we show samples that failed routine dose recovery and preheat plateau tests, and had low fast ratios. Supported by bulk sample geochemical analysis it is proposed that a potential abrupt source shift, during the Last Glacial Maximum, may be the cause of the anomalous luminescence behaviour.
Exploring microRNAs in diabetic chronic cutaneous ulcers: Regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Authors: Nie Xuqiang , Zhao Jiufeng , Ling Hua , Deng Youcai , Li Xiaohui , He Yuqi
Published: May 2020

Diabetic chronic cutaneous ulcers (DCU) are one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus, occurring mainly in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and their target genes are essential regulators of cell physiology and pathology including biological processes that are involved in the regulation of diabetes and diabetes‐related microvascular complications. in vivo and in vitro models have revealed that the expression of some miRNAs can be regulated in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and wound remodelling of DCU. Nevertheless, the potential application of miRNAs to clinical use is still limited. Here, we provide a contemporary overview of the miRNAs as well as their associated target genes and pathways (including Wnt/β‐catenin, NF‐κB, TGF‐β/Smad, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR) related to DCU healing. We also summarize the current development of drugs for DCU treatment and discuss the therapeutic challenges of DCU treatment and its future research directions.
SLC12A5 interacts and enhances SOX18 activity to promote bladder urothelial carcinoma progression via upregulating MMP7
Authors: Wang Long , Zhang Qun , Wu Pei , Xiang Wei , Xie Dan , Wang Ning , Deng Minhua , Cao Ke , Zeng Hongliang , Xu Zhenzhou , Xiaoming Liu  , He Leye , Long Zhi , Tan Jing , Wang Jinrong , Liu Bin , Liu Jianye
Published: May 2020

Solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5) has an oncogenic role in bladder urothelial carcinoma. The present study aimed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of SLC12A5 in bladder urothelial carcinoma pathogenesis. Functional assays identified that in bladder urothelial carcinoma SLC12A5 interacts with and stabilizes SOX18, and then upregulates matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). In vivo and in vitro assays were performed to confirm the effect of SLC12A5’s interaction with SOX18 on MMP7‐mediated bladder urothelial carcinoma progression. SLC12A5 was upregulated in human bladder tumors, and correlated with the poor survival of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma tumor invasion and metastasis, promoted by SLC12A5 overexpression. We demonstrated that SLC12A5 interacted with SOX18, and then upregulated MMP7, thus enhancing tumor progression. Importantly, SLC12A5 expression correlated positively with SOX18 and MMP7 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Furthermore, SLC12A5 expression was suppressed by miR‐133a‐3p. Ectopic expression of SLC12A5 partly abolished miR‐133a‐3p‐mediated suppression of cell migration. SLC12A5‐SOX18 complex‐mediated upregulation on MMP7 was important in bladder urothelial carcinoma progression. The miR‐133a‐3p/SLC12A5/SOX18/MMP7 signaling axis was critical for progression, and provided an effective therapeutic approach against bladder urothelial carcinoma.
Overexpression of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 improves motor function after spinal cord injury
Authors: Huang Xianpeng , Wang Chenggui , Zhou Xiaopeng , Wang Jingkai , Xia Kaishun , Yang Biao , Gong Zhe , Ying Liwei , Yu Chao , Shi Kesi , Shu Jiawei , Cheng Feng , Han Bin , Liang Chengzhen , Li Fangcai , Chen Qixin
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Astrogliosis and glial scar formation following spinal cord injury (SCI) are viewed as major obstacles that hinder axonal regeneration and functional recovery. Regulating the glial scar and axonal regeneration in the lesion site is important for treating SCI.

Aims

Considering the important role of astrocyte in glial scar formation and subsequent axonal regeneration, we intended to investigate the effect of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 on astrocyte and the underlying mechanism after spinal cord contusion injury in transgenic mice.

Results

Western blotting, q‐PCR, immunofluorescence, and functional evaluation suggested that glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression decreased in the lesion area, the porosity of the scar increased, and remyelination enhanced. Mice overexpressing the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 had higher Basso Mouse Scale scores than did the control mice. Moreover, using immunofluorescence and Western blotting, we discovered that some astrocytes expressed nestin and sox2 protein, suggesting that these astrocytes were reprogrammed into neural stem cell‐like cells. Furthermore, a cell scratch assay showed that the migration ability of the astrocytes was significantly inhibited in the presence of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4. In addition, we demonstrated that the Hippo/Yap pathway was activated after these two transcription factors overexpressed in astrocytes.

Conclusions

In summary, these results suggest that overexpression of the transcription factors OCT4 and KLF4 could induce astrocyte reprogramming, which subsequently improves remyelination and functional recovery after SCI.
Pore‐scale view of microbial turnover: Combining 14C imaging, μCT and zymography after adding soluble carbon to soil pores of specific sizes
Authors: Kravchenko Alexandra , Guber Andrey , Gunina Anna , Dippold Michaela , Kuzyakov Yakov
Published: May 2020

The location of microorganisms and substrates within soil pore networks plays a crucial role in organic carbon (C) processing, and its microbial utilization and turnover, and has direct consequences for C and nutrient cycling. An optimal approach to quantify responses to new C inputs from microorganisms residing in specific pores is the addition of new C to pores of target sizes in undisturbed soil cores. We used the matric potential approach to add 14C‐labelled glucose to small (< 40 μm, root free) or large (60–180 μm, potentially inhabited by roots) pores of undisturbed soil cores. Localization of glucose‐derived C via 14C imaging was related to pore size distributions and connectivity, characterized via X‐ray computed microtomography (μCT), and to β‐glucosidase activity, characterized via zymography. After 2‐week incubations, 1.3 times more glucose was mineralized (14CO2) when it was added to the large pores; however, more 14C remained in microbial biomass when glucose was added to the small pores. Consequently, although utilizing the same amounts of easily available C, the microorganisms localized in the large pores had faster turnover compared to microorganisms in small pores. Stronger associations between β‐glucosidase activity and glucose‐derived C were observed when glucose was added to the large pores. We conclude that (a) the matric potential approach allows placing, albeit not exactly, of soluble substrates into pores of target diameter range, and (b) microorganisms localized in large pores respond to new C inputs with faster turnover, greater growth and more intensive enzyme production compared to those inhabiting the small pores.
A bitless bridle does not limit or prevent dynamic laryngeal collapse
Authors: Fretheim‐Kelly Zoe , Fjordbakk Cathrine T. , Fintl Constanze , Krontveit Randi , Strand Eric
Published: May 2020

Background

Bits have often been incriminated as a cause of upper respiratory tract obstruction in horses; however, no scientific studies are available to confirm or refute these allegations. Clinical signs of dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion (DLC) are induced when susceptible horses are ridden or driven into the bit.

Objective

To determine whether use of Dr Cook's™ Bitless Bridle, instead of a conventional snaffle bit bridle, would reduce the severity of DLC in affected horses measured objectively using inspiratory tracheal pressures.

Study design

Intervention study using each horse as its own control in a block randomised order.

Methods

Nine Norwegian Swedish Coldblooded trotters previously diagnosed with DLC were exercised on two consecutive days using a standardised high‐speed treadmill protocol with either a conventional bridle with a snaffle bit, or Dr Cook's™ Bitless Bridle. Head and neck position, rein tension, inspiratory tracheal pressure measurements, and laryngeal videoendoscopy recordings were obtained. A heart rate greater than 200 bpm, and similar degrees of poll flexion/head height, had to be achieved in both bridles for the individual horse's data to be included for comparison.

Results

Seven horses’ data met the inclusion criteria. The change in mean inspiratory tracheal pressure between free and flexion phases in the bitless bridle (−15.2 ± 12.3 cmH2O) was significantly greater (P < .001) than in the snaffle bit bridle (−9.8 ± 7.9 cmH2O). Mean inspiratory pressure during the free phase was significantly (P < .001) more negative with the snaffle bit bridle (−32.3 ± 6.3 cmH2O), vs the bitless bridle (−28.5 ± 6.9 cmH2O). Mean pressures in flexion phase, snaffle bridle (−42.1 ± 10.8 cmH2O), vs bitless bridle (−43.7 ± 15.6 cmH2O) where not significantly different between bridles (P = .2).

Main limitation

Small sample size due to difficulty recruiting suitable clinical cases.

Conclusions

This study could not provide any clear evidence that the effect of a snaffle bit in a horse's mouth influences the development or severity of DLC. Instead, head and neck angles induced by rein tension seem to be the key event in provoking DLC in susceptible horses.
Are Groundwater Level Data Collected by Citizen Scientists Trustworthy? A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Manda Alex K. , Etheridge J. Randall , Grace‐McCaskey Cynthia , Allen Thomas R. , Howard Robert
Published: May 2020

Public participation in groundwater projects is increasing, however, the efficacy of the data collected in such studies, is not well‐documented in the literature. In this study, the authors describe a citizen science project focused on measuring and recording groundwater levels in an aquifer and evaluate whether the groundwater data collected by the participants are trustworthy. A total of 31 participants were initially recruited to measure and record groundwater levels from 29 monitoring wells on a barrier island. Following recruitment, the authors provided training to the citizen scientists by introducing groundwater concepts, and showing the participants how to measure, record and report groundwater level data (over an 81‐day period) with an electronic water level meter. The water level data recorded by the citizen scientists (i.e., 35 time series datasets with over 450 unique measurements) were then compared to high frequency data recorded by automated water level loggers that were already deployed in the groundwater monitoring wells to assess the trustworthiness of the data. Trustworthiness was evaluated using measures of reliability (i.e., consistency in measuring the same thing), validity (i.e., degree to which results are truthful), and other standard graphical and statistical techniques. The results suggest that with proper training, guidance, and motivation, citizen scientists can collect trustworthy groundwater level data that could be useful for monitoring the sustainability of aquifers and managing of groundwater levels. It is noted however, that such positive outcomes require significant investments of time and effort on the part of the project managers.
Severity and mortality of respiratory syncytial virus vs influenza A infection in hospitalized adults in China
Authors: Zhang Yulin , Wang Yeming , Zhao Jiankang , Xiong Zhujia , Fan Yanyan , Zhang Wang , Zou Xiaohui , Wang Chunlei , Han Jiajing , Li Binbin , Lu Binghuai , Cao Bin ,   CAP-China Network
Published: May 2020

Background

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of medically attended acute respiratory illnesses in older adults but awareness of the relevance of RSV in older people remains lower than that of influenza, which exhibits similar clinical characteristics to those of RSV.

Objectives

This study was performed to assess the clinical significance of RSV in respiratory samples from hospitalized adults.

Methods

Characteristics and outcomes in adults (≥18 years) hospitalized for RSV infection (n = 51) were compared with a cohort hospitalized for influenza A infection (n = 279) in a single‐center retrospective cohort study in Beijing, China.

Results

Respiratory syncytial virus patients were slightly older, with no significant differences in underlying chronic conditions. Lower respiratory tract infection and cardiovascular complications were more frequent (P < .05) in RSV patients. Rates of mortality in the RSV cohorts were significantly higher within 30 days (13.7% vs 5.0%, P = .019) and 60 days (17.6% vs 7.5%, P = .021). Bacterial co‐infection in respiratory samples was associated with reduced survival among RSV patients (log rank, P = .013).

Conclusions

Respiratory syncytial virus is a common cause of serious illness among hospitalized adults in China with greater mortality than influenza A. Increased awareness and the availability of antiviral agents might increase the scope for successful management.
Charge effects in donor‐doped perovskite ferroelectrics
Authors: Liu Jia , Liu Laijun , Zhang Jiale , Jin Li , Wang Dawei , Wei Jie , Ye Zuo‐Guang , Jia Chun‐Lin
Published: May 2020

Doping is a widely used method to tune the physical properties of ferroelectric perovskites. Since doping can induce effective charges, it is important to understand how charges affect the chemical and physical properties of the doped perovskites. Here, we propose two charge compensation models, by adding the charge‐dipole interaction to the effective Hamiltonian, which has not been done previously, and numerically investigate how lanthanum doping affects the ferroelectric phase transition temperature and the hysteresis loop in BaTiO3. The consequences of the charge compensation models are compared and discussed, revealing that the electron compensation mechanism with some Ti4+ ions changing to Ti3+ is critical to understanding the donor‐doped perovskites.
Internet‐based intervention for postpartum depression in China (“Mommy go”): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li Yu‐Hong , Mu Ting‐Yu , Zhang Liu , Zhang Cheng‐Lu , Wu Dan , Chen Jin‐Ju , Wang Fang
Published: May 2020

Aim

The purpose of this study is to design a research protocol for the clinical testing of the “Mommy go” for pregnant women with a risk of postpartum depression.

Design

A non‐blinded randomized controlled trial.

Methods

A randomized controlled study will be performed from January 2018 to the completion of the study. The intervention group will follow the “Mommy go” protocol and the control group will receive traditional support. We will use the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and the Chinese version of the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory‐Revised to measure the risk of postpartum depression in pregnant women. The outcomes are clinical data, postpartum depressive mood, self‐efficacy, and infant temperament. Outcomes will be assessed using questionnaires and through data generated by digital technologies.

Discussion

The expected outcomes are increased self‐efficacy and infant temperament, reduced postpartum depressive mood, and improvements to postpartum depression. We expect the study to have a clinical impact on future online interventions for postpartum depression in China.

Impact

This study will provide an internet‐based intervention for postpartum depression in China. It will be implemented in clinical practice if it can effectively improve postpartum depression.

Trial Registration

Registered at the Chinese Clinical Trials.gov (ChiCTR1800018804).
Ripple map guided catheter ablation targeting abnormal atrial potentials during sinus rhythm for non‐paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Nakatani Yosuke , Yamaguchi Yoshiaki , Sakamoto Tamotsu , Tsujino Yasushi , Kinugawa Koichiro
Published: May 2020

Background

Abnormal atrial potential (AAP) during sinus rhythm may be a critical ablation target for atrial fibrillation. However, the assessment of local electrograms throughout the left atrium is difficult. Thus, we sought to investigate the effectiveness of Ripple map guided AAP ablation.

Methods and Results

AAP areas were determined by Ripple mapping on the CARTO system in 35 patients (Ripple group) by marking the area where small deflections persisted after the first deflection wavefront had passed. Following pulmonary vein isolation, AAP areas were ablated. If AAP areas were located on the left atrial posterior wall, the posterior wall was isolated. The outcome of this approach was compared with that of 66 patients who underwent an empirical linear ablation approach (control group). There were no differences in patient characteristics between the groups. The total radiofrequency application time and procedure time were shorter in the Ripple group than in the control group (radiofrequency application time, 48 ± 14 minutes vs 61 ± 13 minutes, P < .001; procedure time, 205 ± 30 minutes vs 221 ± 27 minutes, P = .013). Gastroparesis occurred in one patient in each group (P = .645), but in both cases this was relieved with conservative therapy. Kaplan‐Meier analysis revealed that rate of freedom from atrial arrhythmia was higher in the Ripple group than in the control group (91% vs 74% during the 12 months' follow up; P = .040).

Conclusion

Ripple map guided AAP ablation effectively suppressed atrial arrhythmia in patients with non‐paroxysmal AF.
Inpatient hospital procedural volume and outcomes following catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Cheung Jim W. , Yeo Ilhwan , Cheng Edward P. , Ip James E. , Thomas George , Liu Christopher F. , Markowitz Steven M. , Kim Luke K. , Lerman Bruce B.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

The real‐world distribution of hospital atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation volume and its impact on outcomes are not well‐established. We sought to examine patient characteristics, complications, and readmissions after AF ablation stratified by hospital procedural volume.

Methods and Results

Using the nationally representative inpatient Nationwide Readmissions Database, we evaluated 54 597 admissions for AF ablation between 2010 and 2014. Hospitals were categorized according to tertiles of annual AF ablation volume. Index complications, 30‐day readmissions, and early mortality were examined. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the predictors of adverse outcomes. Between 2010 and 2014, low volume tertile hospitals accounted for 79.3% of hospitals performing AF ablations. When stratified by first, second, and third volume tertiles, complication and early mortality rates were higher in low volume centers (8.9% and 0.67% vs 6.1% and 0.33%, vs 4.5% and 0.16%, respectively; P < .001). Patients undergoing AF ablation at low volume centers were older and had a higher prevalence of congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, and other comorbidities. Low volume hospitals were associated with increased cardiac perforation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.79; P < .001), vascular complications (aOR 1.49; P < .001), and any complication (aOR 2.06; P < .001) during index admission as well as increased early mortality (aOR 2.43; P = .039).

Conclusions

Among patients hospitalized for AF ablation, low inpatient AF ablation hospital volume was associated with worse outcomes following ablation, which was exacerbated by a greater comorbidity burden among patients at these centers.
Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of podoplanin immunoexpression in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Mello Fernanda Weber , Kammer Pedro Vitali , Silva Carolina Amália Barcellos , Parkinson Eric Kenneth , Monteiro Luís , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Rivero Elena Riet Correa
Published: May 2020

Background

Podoplanin (PDPN) is a glycoprotein associated with epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis in several types of malignancies, including oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this systematic review (SR) was to summarize and critically appraise the available evidence about the association between PDPN immunoexpression and clinicopathological features and its utility as a prognostic marker in OSCC.

Methods

Five electronic databases and three gray literature databases were searched for immunohistochemical studies, which were selected in a two‐phase process.

Results

From 721 records identified, 22 cohort and seven analytical cross‐sectional studies were included. Few studies reported that PDPN expression was associated with poorer survival rates in OSCC: overall survival = 4/12, disease‐free survival = 4/7, and cancer‐specific survival = 2/4 studies. Positive associations were most frequently reported on lymph node involvement, higher histopathological grade, and advanced clinical stages.

Conclusion

Within limitations of this SR, PDPN may be associated with lymph node involvement, histopathological grade, and clinical stage of OSCC. Current evidence suggests that PDPN could be a useful prognostic marker for OSCC that needs further exploration.
Shadow banking activity and entrusted loans in a DSGE model of China
Authors: Wang Chaowei , Mai Le Vo Phuong , Matthews Kent , Zhou Peng
Published: May 2020

This paper examines how the risky lending activities of the state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) affect the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy in China with a shadow banking sector. We develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) macroeconomic model with two production sectors, where the SOEs have access to low cost funds from the commercial banks (also mainly state‐owned) and on‐lend to the private sector in the form of entrusted loans. The Bayesian estimation results show that higher restrictions on bank credit push SOEs to engage in more shadow banking in this form which dampens the effectiveness of contractionary monetary policy. Expansionary fiscal policy increases output, but crowds out private investment, which can further drain the financial market and exert a detrimental effect on the Chinese economy.
Short‐term neurophysiological effects of sensory pathway neurorehabilitation strategies on chronic poststroke oropharyngeal dysphagia
Authors: Cabib Christopher , Nascimento Weslania , Rofes Laia , Arreola Viridiana , Tomsen Noemí , Mundet Lluis , Palomeras Ernest , Michou Emilia , Clavé Pere , Ortega Omar
Published: May 2020

Background

Neurorehabilitation strategies for chronic poststroke (PS) oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) have been mainly focused on the neurostimulation of the pharyngeal motor cortex with only marginal effects. In contrast, treatments targeting the PS oropharyngeal sensory pathway dysfunction offer very promising results, but there is little knowledge on the underlying mechanisms. We aimed to explore the neurophysiological mechanisms behind the effect of three sensory neurostimulation strategies.

Methods

We carried out a randomized two‐blinded parallel group's crossover sham‐controlled clinical trial in 36 patients with unilateral stroke and chronic unsafe swallow to investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary sensory cortex (A), oral capsaicin (B) and intra‐pharyngeal electrical stimulation (IPES; C). The effect was evaluated immediately after the interventions with videofluoroscopy (VFS) and motor/sensory evoked potentials (MEP/SEP).

Key Results

Interventions induced no changes in the biomechanics of the swallow response during VFS. However, an enhancement of motor cortex excitability (latency shortening and increased size of thenar MEP) was found with active interventions (A + B + C, and B/C alone; P < .05 for all) but not with sham. Active but not sham interventions shortened pharyngeal SEP latency in the ipsilesional hemisphere (A + B + C: P2‐peak, P = .039; A: N2‐peak, P = .034) and antagonized the physiological habituation in pharyngeal MEP (A + B + C and A alone, P < .05 for both).

Conclusions and Inferences

Sensory pathway neurostimulation strategies caused immediate enhancement of motor cortex excitability with peripheral strategies (capsaicin and IPES) and of pharyngeal sensory conduction with rTMS. These changes support the use of sensory neurorehabilitation strategies in promoting swallow recovery in chronic PS‐OD.
Trained immunity and perspectives for shrimp aquaculture
Authors: Roy Suvra , Bossier Peter , Norouzitallab Parisa , Vanrompay Daisy
Published: May 2020

The global production of cultured crustaceans for 2018 is predicted to be ~8.63 million tonnes, and shrimp represents a significant portion of cultured crustaceans. Demands for shrimp are raising, also in developing countries as consumer preferences have evolved with rising incomes. Shrimp is mainly produced for consumption but during processing economically valuable products are being generated such as chitosan, which is used in cosmetics, food and beverages, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. However, the potential and sustainability of shrimp aquaculture production currently suffer from high mortality rates, losses due to especially bacterial and viral infections, and hence suboptimal yields. Vibrio parahaemolyticus acute hepatopancreatic necrosis and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) disease outbreaks are examples of economically devastating disease outbreaks in shrimp. There is a need for prophylaxis of infectious diseases and for finding novel strategies for conditioning economically important shrimp broods so that they can produce more robust progenies and develop tolerance against biotic (pathogens) and abiotic stressors. Training the innate immune system of shrimp could be a possible avenue for improving animal’s health, and it might serve as potential unique strategy for conditioning the brood stock to have more robust progenies. The current review provides an overview on innate immune responses in shrimp after exposure to bacteria, viruses and abiotic stressors and on the possibilities to train the innate immune system of shrimp in order to improve health, not only of the animal itself but also of its progeny.
Fragmentation or Coherence? Does International Dispute Settlement Achieve Comprehensive Justice?
Authors: Benson Simon A.
Published: May 2020

The debate about whether international law is fragmented or coherent is no arid discussion. If fragmentation is in the ascendancy, many commentators argue that something needs to be done. It is, of course, vital for the success of any legal system to achieve some level of predictability and certainty and to consistently deliver comprehensive justice. A legal system must, first and foremost, be a justice system, if there is any point to its existence. If it is not, then there may be another debate about whether it may be called a ‘legal’ system or a ‘justice’ system at all. I will review the debate between various leading commentators and analyse their proposals. My review of a number of different aspects and areas of international law shows that although fragmentation is apparent, the level of coherence in international law is far more surprising than fragmentation, which is inevitable, just as it is in the development of national law in, say, a federal polity. Just when international law seems to be fragmented somewhere, coherence is being achieved elsewhere. The result may be characterised as a kind of ‘equilibrium’ in which antagonistic and cohesive forces in international law keep one another in check, somehow balancing the other out. International law is capable of delivering comprehensive justice even if, at times, it may seem unlikely or elusive.
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae), under laboratory and hen house conditions

Authors: De Oliveira Daian Guilherme Pinto , Kasburg Cristiane Regina , Angeli Alves Luis Francisco
Published: May 2020

Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) is one of the most important hematophagous ectoparasites of laying hens. Chemical acaricides are the basis of a control program of this mite. In addition to their relative efficiency, there are many side effects associated with these chemical products. In an effort to generate more options for the mite control, entomopathogenic fungi were evaluated for use in the control of D. gallinae in laboratory and field conditions. Conidia suspensions of Beauveria bassiana strains were applied to mites (1×108 viable conidia/ml). Out of 39 strains, four isolates were selected according to their acaricidal activity (confirmed mortality ≥70%). Growth and reproduction parameters on culture media and fungal development at different temperatures were also evaluated. Finally, the efficacy of the selected strain was determined in a commercial laying hen house. A suspension of conidia (1 × 109 viable conidia/ml) was sprayed around the cages. Seven days later, another suspension was applied. A control group was sprayed with water. Paper towel traps were used to estimate the mite population before and after treatments. Mite traps were placed one week before the first fungal application and changed weekly for up to three weeks after application (-7; 0; 7; 14 and 21 days). In lab studies, B. bassiana strain Unioeste 88 was the most effective, causing 73.8% mortality and showing high conidia production (7.1 × 108 conidia/colony and 7.7 × 108 conidia/g, respectively, on PDA and rice). There was no fungal development at temperatures ranging from 35 to 45 °C. In the field test, the fungus reduced the mite population efficiently (64.8%), while the mite population increased by 281% in untreated plots. B. bassiana strain Unioeste 88 has the potential to be commercially used to control the poultry red mite.
Demographic analysis of sublethal effects of propargite on Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Advantages of using age-stage, two sex life table in ecotoxicological studies

Authors: Alinejad Marzieh , Kheradmand Katayoon , Fathipour Yaghoub
Published: May 2020

Knowledge of the impact of acaricides on predatory mites is crucial for integrated pest management (IPM) programs. The sublethal effect of propargite was assessed against the subsequent generation of treated Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions [26 ± 1 ̊C, 70 ± 3 % RH and 16:8 (L:D) h]. A leaf disc bioassay was employed to assess the sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC20, and LC30) of propargite (Omite® 57% EC, MAHAN, Iran) on A. swirskii. The results revealed that sublethal concentrations of propargite significantly affected the total life span and longevity of the treated females of A. swirskii. Reproductive and total fecundity of the subsequent generation were also affected by sublethal concentrations. All concentrations caused a significant reduction in oviposition days, compared to the control. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) of A. swirskii treated with sublethal concentrations of propargite and distilled water were 0.126, 0.122, 0.115, and 0.129 d-1, respectively. Our findings revealed that propargite had no significant effect on life table parameters of treated mites in comparison to the control. Sublethal effects of propargite and its impact on A. swirskii are discussed.
The establishment of an invasive pest mite, Raoiella indica, affects mite abundance and diversity on coconut plants

Authors: Neves Barros Maria Edvânia , Lima Debora B. , Mendes Jairo A. , Gondim Jr. Manoel G. C. , Silva Melo José Wagner Da
Published: May 2020

The introduction and establishment of an invasive species in a new habitat represents a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem structure. A recent example of a mite that has become an invasive species is the red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae). After its introduction in the Americas, this species has considerably expanded the number of hosts and has been reported as a key pest of some of these. In the present study we investigated the possibility of mitefauna alteration on coconut leaflets (abundance and diversity) mediated by the introduction and establishment of R. indica. A survey was conducted over a period of 1 year in two areas of coconut cultivation: one infested and one free of R. indica. The results of the present study suggest that the introduction of R. indica modifies the mitefauna existing in coconut leaflets. Differences were detected in the abundance and diversity of mites at the level of the taxonomic categories (family and species) and at the level of the trophic groups (predators, herbivores and mites with undefined feeding mode). Additionally, in plants infested by the invasive species, a similar pattern was observed between the fluctuation of the phytoseiid mites and other tenuipalpid mites. In these plants, the density of the tenuipalpid mites (including R. indica) was also the variable that most contributed to explain the fluctuation of phytoseiid mites. This suggests that the invasive species, R. indica, acts as a keystone species, structuring the mitefauna in coconut plants.
Cryo-EM Structures of a Gonococcal Multidrug Efflux Pump Illuminate a Mechanism of Drug Recognition and Resistance
Authors: Lyu Meinan , Moseng Mitchell A. , Reimche Jennifer L. , Holley Concerta L. , Dhulipala Vijaya , Su Chih-Chia , Shafer William M. , Yu Edward W.
Published: May 2020

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
has become a highly antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative pathogen. Multidrug efflux is a major mechanism that
N. gonorrhoeae
uses to counteract the action of multiple classes of antibiotics. It appears that gonococci bearing mosaic-like sequences within the gene
mtrD
, encoding the most predominant and clinically important transporter of any gonococcal multidrug efflux pump, significantly elevate drug resistance and enhance transport function. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of
N. gonorrhoeae
MtrD carrying a mosaic-like sequence that allow us to understand the mechanism of drug recognition. Our work will ultimately inform structure-guided drug design for inhibiting these critical multidrug efflux pumps.
Linking the Dynamic Response of the Carbon Dioxide-Concentrating Mechanism to Carbon Assimilation Behavior in Fremyella diplosiphon
Authors: Rohnke Brandon A. , Rodríguez Pérez Kiara J. , Montgomery Beronda L.
Published: May 2020

Environmental regulation of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria enhances organismal fitness, light capture, and associated carbon fixation under dynamic conditions. Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) near the carbon-fixing enzyme RubisCO occurs via the CO
2
-concentrating mechanism (CCM). The CCM is also tuned in response to carbon availability, light quality or levels, or nutrient access—cues that also impact photosynthesis. We adapted dynamic gas exchange methods generally used with plants to investigate environmental regulation of the CCM and carbon fixation capacity using glass fiber-filtered cells of the cyanobacterium
Fremyella diplosiphon
. We describe a breakthrough in measuring real-time carbon uptake and associated assimilation capacity for cells grown in distinct conditions (i.e., light quality, light quantity, or carbon status). These measurements demonstrate that the CCM modulates carbon uptake and assimilation under low-C
i
conditions and that light-dependent regulation of pigmentation, cell shape, and downstream stages of carbon fixation are critical for tuning carbon uptake and assimilation.
Supplemental Material: Citizen science campaign reveals widespread fallout of contaminated dust from mining activities in the central Peruvian Andes
Authors: Molloy J.B. , Rodbell D.T.
Published: May 2020

Metal concentrations in surfaces soils (Table S1), soil profile at Site 2 (Figures S2 and S3; Table S2), plant roots and shoots and adjacent soil (Table S3), and contamination levels, backgrounds, and enrichment factors (Table S4).
Supplemental Material: Persistence of Grenvillian dominance in Laurentian detrital zircon age systematics explained by sedimentary recycling: Evidence from detrital zircon double dating and detrital monazite textures and geochronology
Authors: Zotto Steven , Moecher David
Published: May 2020

Tables S1–S5 (measured isotopic data, sample localities, and inputs for modeling).
Supplemental Material: Stacked sills forming a deep melt-mush feeder conduit beneath Axial Seamount
Authors: Carbotte S.M.
Published: May 2020

Discussion of potential artifacts to aid interpretation of seismic data; discussion of one-dimensional finite element model for multi-phase flow in a viscoelastic matrix including model parameters used; Figures S1–S6 including post stack time emigration images for lines 38, 48, and 51; partial offset stacks; pre-stack data examples; and velocity models used for reverse-time migration.
Supplemental Material: The genesis of a giant mud canopy by catastrophic failure of a thick evaporite sealing layer
Authors: Kirkham Christopher
Published: May 2020

Information on the seismic data, calibration and dating of the stratigraphy, as well as additional seismic and well figures that highlight the tie of well La52 to the seismic welds between the base of the mud canopy and pre-salt, interdigitating lenses at the top of the mud canopy, and coalescing mud flows.
Supplemental Material: Past hot fluid flows in limestones detected by Δ47–(U-Pb) and not recorded by other geothermometers
Authors: Brigaud Benjamin , al. et
Published: May 2020

Supplemental text, Tables S1 and S2, and Figures S1–S3 (petrographical descriptions, clumped Δ477 and U-Pb methods); and Table S3 (detailed laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry U-Pb data).
Supplemental Material: Microbially induced pseudotraces from a Pantanal soda lake, Brazil: Alternative interpretations for Ediacaran simple trails and their limits
Authors: Warren Lucas
Published: May 2020

Supplemental text, Figure S1, and Movies S1–S4.
Supplemental Material: Predictable patterns in stacking and distribution of channelized fluvial sand bodies linked to channel mobility and avulsion processes
Authors: Sahoo Hiranya
Published: May 2020

Information on data collection and processing, paleohydraulic analysis, definition of channel-mobility index, Table S1, and Figures S1–S12.
Mutations in TRIM63 cause an autosomal-recessive form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Salazar-Mendiguchía Joel , Ochoa Juan Pablo , Palomino-Doza Julian , Domínguez Fernando , Díez-López Carles , Akhtar Mohammed , Ramiro-León Soraya , Clemente María M , Pérez-Cejas Antonia , Robledo María , Gómez-Díaz Iria , Peña-Peña María Luisa , Climent Vicente , Salmerón-Martínez Francisco , Hernández Celestino , García-Granja Pablo E , Mogollón M Victoria , Cárdenas-Reyes Ivonne , Cicerchia Marcos , García-Giustiniani Diego , Lamounier Jr. Arsonval , Gil-Fournier Belén , Díaz-Flores Felícitas , Salguero Rafael , Santomé Luis , Syrris Petros , Olivé Montse , García-Pavía Pablo , Ortiz-Genga Martín , Elliott Perry M. , Monserrat Lorenzo ,   on behalf of GENESCOPIC Research Group
Published: May 2020

Objective

Up to 50% of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) show no disease-causing variants in genetic studies. TRIM63 has been suggested as a candidate gene for the development of cardiomyopathies, although evidence for a causative role in HCM is limited. We sought to investigate the relationship between rare variants in TRIM63 and the development of HCM.

Methods

TRIM63 was sequenced by next generation sequencing in 4867 index cases with a clinical diagnosis of HCM and in 3628 probands with other cardiomyopathies. Additionally, 3136 index cases with familial cardiovascular diseases other than cardiomyopathy (mainly channelopathies and aortic diseases) were used as controls.

Results

Sixteen index cases with rare homozygous or compound heterozygous variants in TRIM63 (15 HCM and one restrictive cardiomyopathy) were included. No homozygous or compound heterozygous were identified in the control population. Familial evaluation showed that only homozygous and compound heterozygous had signs of disease, whereas all heterozygous family members were healthy. The mean age at diagnosis was 35 years (range 15–69). Fifty per cent of patients had concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and 45% were asymptomatic at the moment of the first examination. Significant degrees of late gadolinium enhancement were detected in 80% of affected individuals, and 20% of patients had left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Fifty per cent had non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Twenty per cent of patients suffered an adverse cerebrovascular event (20%).

Conclusion

TRIM63 appears to be an uncommon cause of HCM inherited in an autosomal-recessive manner and associated with concentric LVH and a high rate of LV dysfunction.
Temporary lysine restriction in newly weaned pigs does not affect carcass and loin quality at slaughter
Authors: Totafurno Adam D. , Huber Lee-Anne , Mansilla Wilfredo D. , de Lange Cornelis F.M. , Mandell Ira B.
Published: May 2020

Two hundred and forty weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) 7.2 ± 0.07 kg] were allocated to three diets (eight pens per treatment, 10 pigs per pen) to determine the effects of a temporary lysine (Lys) restriction on subsequent growth, body composition, as well as carcass and loin quality at slaughter. For a 3 wk restriction period, pigs were fed diets that were 110% (control), 20% (Lys20), or 40% (Lys40) below estimated Lys requirements. Thereafter, all pigs were fed a common grower diet containing 120% of the estimated Lys requirement for 6 wk (recovery period) and commercial diets until slaughter at ∼125 kg BW. During the restriction period, average daily gain, gain-to-feed ratio, and whole body protein deposition decreased (linear; P < 0.01), while whole body lipid deposition increased (linear; P < 0.001) with decreased dietary Lys concentrations. At the end of the recovery period, there were no differences in BW, although whole body protein concentration tended to decrease and lipid concentration tended to increase (linear; P = 0.07 and 0.06, respectively) with decreased dietary Lys concentrations. At ∼125 kg, there were no differences in BW, chemical composition, or carcass and loin quality. Compensatory growth was achieved by ∼125 kg BW after a 3 wk Lys restriction for newly weaned pigs without negatively impacting carcass and loin quality.