bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication of pain intensity and unpleasantness through magnitude ratings: Influence of scale type, but not gender of the participant
Authors: Nahman‐Averbuch Hadas , Hughes Cassidy , Hoeppli Marie‐Eve , White Kristina , Peugh James , Leon Eric , King Christopher D. , Coghill Robert C.
Published: June 2023

Background

A critical aspect for most human pain research is the ability of participants to communicate their first‐person, experiential perspective to a third‐person observer. This communication is frequently accomplished via pain ratings. The scale type can influence the communication of pain experiences and can contribute to gender differences in pain. This study examined the role of gender on pain ratings using noxious and innocuous stimuli across two types of rating scales.

Methods

Healthy participants (n = 46) underwent noxious heat, auditory and visual stimulation paradigms. Pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings were collected using the visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical rating scale (NRS). To determine if one rating scale allows a better report of small differences between different stimulus intensities, the sensitivity to small differences was calculated.

Results

Significant effects for rating scale were found for all stimulus modalities (noxious heat, auditory and visual, p < 0.001) with higher intensity and unpleasantness ratings for the NRS compared to the VAS. Overall, no effects of gender or interactions with gender were found. No differences in rating scale and gender were detected for sensitivity to small differences between stimuli.

Conclusions

These findings confirm differences in rating scale usage; however, the different usage might not contribute significantly to gender differences in pain.

Significance

There are differences in the usage of rating scales in which ratings for auditory, visual and noxious somatosensory stimuli are higher with NRS compared to VAS. Choosing a rating scale for research or clinical use should take this different item functioning into account.
Toward High‐Efficiency CIGS‐based Thin‐film Solar Cells Incorporating Surface Defects Layer, through a Comparative Study of Electrical Characteristics—SCAPS 1D Modeling
Authors: Houmomou Anne Marie , Mohammadou Sali , Dzifack Kenfack Guy Maurel , Tchangnwa Nya Fridolin , Laref Amel , Mohamadou Alidou
Published: June 2023

This research contribution investigates a way of improving performance of CIGSe‐based second‐generation thin‐film solar cells by analyzing output parameters of two reference cells using cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide as buffer layers. The performances are improved by acknowledging both the exceptional properties of ZnS as a buffer layer, and the beneficial contributions of an indium‐enrich layer, which form a surface defect layer at the ZnS/CIGSe heterojunction. SCAPS‐1D numerical modeling software is used to conduct calculations, and the structure using ZnS enables achieving an efficiency of 24.31%. Deeper investigation on the effects of variation of functional layers properties such as bandgap, electron affinity, doping level, and thickness enables retaining an optimized structure, and results show an improved efficiency of 25.22% and a fill factor of 80.26%, indicating of a fluid flow of charge carriers, thus a more stable device. All simulations are performed considering experimental environment parameters, an external temperature of 300 K, light illumination of AM1.5G, and defects states are assumed in both the bulk and at interfaces.
Recent Progress on Functional Metal–Organic Frameworks for Supercapacitive Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Bhosale Rakhee , Bhosale Sneha , Vadiyar Madagonda , Jambhale Chitra , Nam Kyung-Wan , Kolekar Sanjay
Published: June 2023

As porous coordination organic polymers, both metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derived materials and MOF‐based composites offer unique organic or inorganic chemistries that display superior features of high specific surface area, accessible active sites, robust structural and chemical diversity, tailorable pore size, exceptional porosity, and pre‐ and postsynthesis structural tunability. Therefore, MOF‐based materials are attractive for energy storage applications, specifically for supercapacitor devices. This review presents recent progress in designing and utilizing pristine MOFs, MOF‐derived nanomaterials, and MOF‐based composite materials for supercapacitors. Most importantly, herein, recent highlights and classifications of electrolytes and their vital role in the structure–property correlation between the structures of MOF‐based materials and suitable electrolyte choices for ideal supercapacitor devices are discussed. Finally, together with a discussion of the progress and outcomes of MOF electrodes, the obstacles and prospects for future MOF‐related research and applications are discussed. To help this intriguing topic continue to advance, this review offers useful insights into the logical design of MOF‐based electrode materials.
Impact of A‐Site Cation Modification on Charge Transport Properties of Lead Halide Perovskite for Photovoltaics Applications
Authors: Lin Quanyao , Senanayak Satyaprasad P , Yaghoobi Nia Narges , Alsari Mejd , Lilliu Samuele , Abdi-Jalebi Mojtaba
Published: June 2023

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached a formidable power conversion efficiency of 25.7% over the years of development. One of the strategies that has been responsible for the development of stable and highly efficient PSCs is modifications of the monovalent A‐site cations (methylammonium, MA; formamidinium, FA; cesium, Cs, etc.) in lead halide perovskites. Herein, the impact of modifying the monovalent cation (MA, FAMA, CsFAMA, potassium‐passivated CsFAMA, rubidium‐passivated CsFAMA) in lead halide perovskite on their optoelectronic, charge transport, and photovoltaic behavior is systematically studied. Reduced trap density and improved charge carrier mobility after introduction of FA and Cs in the MAPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 system are confirmed. Further passivation of the triple‐cation perovskite with K and Rb enhances the optoelectronic characteristics, charge transport, and charge extraction efficiency in halide perovskite solar cells.
Cooling Performance Optimization of Air‐Cooled Battery Thermal Management System with L‐Type Flow
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Fan Xueliang , Deng Yelin
Published: June 2023

The development of electric vehicles has driven the refinement of thermal management technology for batteries. Due to the limitations of device locations during operation, battery thermal management systems (BTMS) with diverse geometric configurations should be considered. Herein, optimization of the L‐type air‐cooled structures (L(A) and L(B)) is performed with the objective of minimizing the maximum temperature difference while avoiding increasing system power consumption. The simulation indicates that optimization of the plenum angle is more effective than the widths of the divergence and convergence plenums for the BTMS L(A). Multivariate optimization of angle and widths decreases maximum temperature (Tmax) by 1.79 K and maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax) by 2.45 K compared to the original BTMS. The adjustment of BTMS L(B) takes place in three aspects: plenum widths, inlet position, and baffle setting. Among these, optimizing the plenum widths proves to be the most efficient method. The Tmax and ΔTmax decrease by 1.41 and 2.13 K, respectively, and the power consumption decreases by 11.30% compared to the original BTMS. The optimal systems display improved cooling performance under varying battery heat generation rates and air flow rates, demonstrating the effectiveness of the optimization methods in enhancing cooling efficiency.
Expounded Photoelectric and Electrochemical Profiling of LRE3+:β‐Ta2O5 (Ln3+ = Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+) for High Performance in Energy Systems
Authors: Jaffri Shaan Bibi , Ahmad Khuram Shahzad , Abrahams Isaac , A. A. Ibrahim
Published: June 2023

Light rare earth (LRE3+) ions‐doped Ta2O5 semiconductor material is synthesized via coprecipitation method with the bandgap energy of 3.94–4.05 eV and an orthorhombic geometry with 74.49 nm size. The rare earth‐modified Ta2O5 improves the photovoltaic functionality of the fully ambient perovskite solar cell by efficient extraction of electrons and blocking of the holes. The device achieved an efficiency of 13.36% with 63% of fill factor and negligible hysteresis index. LRE3+ triply doped Ta2O5 is used for the fabrication of an electrode by decorating on the nickel foam. This electrode outperforms the conventionally used materials by achieving a specific capacitance of 517.5 F g−1 marked by fast reaction kinetics and diffusion with an equivalent series resistance of 0.18 Ω. LRE3+‐doped Ta2O5 is proved to be an excellent electrode material with the characteristic electric double‐layer capacitance behavior in conjugation with the Faradic pseudocapacitive behavior. Finally, the electrocatalysis using this material indicates its excellence as a H2 generating catalyst in comparison to O2 generation with the smallest overpotential and Tafel slope values of 143 mV and 125.3 mV dec−1, respectively. The designed electrode expressed an exceptional stability over ambient conditions as well as inside an electrolyte.
Climate change attention and carbon futures return prediction
Authors: Gong Xu , Li Mengjie , Guan Keqin , Sun Chuanwang
Published: June 2023

This study explores the predictive effect of climate change attention on carbon futures returns. Using climate‐related Google Trends and news, we construct five dimensions of the public climate attention index and media climate attention index. After feature selection, we incorporate the optimized combination with lagged order into the machine learning model to predict EU Emission Allowance futures returns. Our empirical results show that the forecasting models with climate attention outperform the corresponding benchmark models, indicating that climate attention does provide predictive information for carbon futures returns. In addition, we carry out trading simulations to investigate the economic performance of the forecast results. It turns out that the market strategies based on the prediction models with climate attention can deliver more benefits than the counterpart market strategies. More specifically, the cumulative returns reach 140% during the out‐of‐sample period, much higher than 79% of the cumulative returns of the buy‐and‐hold strategy.
Trainee doctors' preparedness for clinical work in geriatric psychiatry: A survey on 18 preliminary entrustable professional activities
Authors: Lerch Seraina Petra , Pinilla Severin , Nendaz Mathieu , Klöppel Stefan , Huwendiek Sören
Published: June 2023

Background

Research concerning transitions from one rotation to another during medical specialist training is scarce. This study examined trainee doctors' perceived preparedness for core clinical activities, trainee doctors' preparedness levels, and general perceptions of medical specialist training in geriatric psychiatry.

Method

Swiss trainee doctors in geriatric psychiatry were surveyed about their perceived preparedness for 18 preliminary entrustable professional activities (EPAs), curricular support, and general perceptions of their medical specialist training. Closed questions were analysed using descriptive statistics, while open questions were subjected to content analysis.

Results

The participants comprised 48 trainee doctors (30.4% response rate) who differed in their educational experience (years of residency and specialism) and clinical subspecialisation goals. Trainee doctors felt adequately prepared for most EPAs but less prepared for some, including electroconvulsive therapy, psychotherapy, and treating older adults in the home environment or residential facilities. Despite the trainee doctors' diversity, they did not differ significantly in perceived preparedness for most EPAs. The most often offered suggestions for improving geriatric psychiatry training were intensified clinical supervision and a structured induction programme.

Conclusion

Trainee doctors reported that they felt sufficiently prepared for most EPAs, regardless of their backgrounds and professional goals. However, several professional activities in geriatric psychiatry warrant further training. Our findings indicate the need for a higher intensity of clinical supervision (e.g. more direct observation and specific feedback), the introduction of structured induction programmes (e.g. orientation week), and specific teachings (e.g. on neurocognitive assessment).
Mechanisms and strategies for safe chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell activity control
Authors: Stock Sophia , Klüver Anna‐Kristina , Fertig Luisa , Menkhoff Vivien D. , Subklewe Marion , Endres Stefan , Kobold Sebastian
Published: June 2023

The clinical application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy has rapidly changed the treatment options for terminally ill patients with defined blood‐borne cancer types. However, CAR T‐cell therapy can lead to severe therapy‐associated toxicities including CAR‐related hematotoxicity, ON‐target OFF‐tumor toxicity, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or immune effector cell‐associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Just as CAR T‐cell therapy has evolved regarding receptor design, gene transfer systems and production protocols, the management of side effects has also improved. However, because of measures taken to abrogate adverse events, CAR T‐cell viability and persistence might be impaired before complete remission can be achieved. This has fueled efforts for the development of extrinsic and intrinsic strategies for better control of CAR T‐cell activity. These approaches can mediate a reversible resting state or irreversible T‐cell elimination, depending on the route chosen. Control can be passive or active. By combination of CAR T‐cells with T‐cell inhibiting compounds, pharmacologic control, mostly independent of the CAR construct design used, can be achieved. Other strategies involve the genetic modification of T‐cells or further development of the CAR construct by integration of molecular ON/OFF switches such as suicide genes. Alternatively, CAR T‐cell activity can be regulated intracellularly through a self‐regulation function or extracellularly through titration of a CAR adaptor or of a priming small molecule. In this work, we review the current strategies and mechanisms to control activity of CAR T‐cells reversibly or irreversibly for preventing and for managing therapy‐associated toxicities.
Optoacoustic monitoring of bilirubin photodegradation
Authors: Perkov Sergei , Makhortov Mikhail , Grishin Oleg , Perevoschikov Stanislav , Prikhozhdenko Ekaterina S. , Bratashov Daniil , Gorin Dmitry
Published: June 2023

Hematomas resulted from trauma are very common, and the efficacy of existing treatment techniques is limited. Phototherapy can be used to expedite healing and improve the appearance of the damaged tissue. Efficient phototherapy requires determination of chromophore composition in hematoma, which can be provided by the optoacoustic (OA) technique, as it combines high spatial resolution and optical contrast. Here, we conducted experiments on photodegradation of bilirubin in gelatin slin phantoms. We have demonstrated that the OA technique allows monitoring of bilirubin concentration during photodegradation, and also distinguishing bilirubin concentration in depth. The obtained results suggest that OA monitoring may be used for efficient hematoma phototherapy.
Pathophysiology of Medication‐Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw—A Minireview
Authors: Tetradis Sotirios , Allen Matthew R. , Ruggiero Salvatore L.
Published: June 2023

Medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a rare but serious adverse effect of antiresorptive medications administered for control of osseous malignancy, osteoporosis, or other bone metabolic diseases. Despite being reported in the literature two decades ago, MRONJ etiology, pathophysiology, and progression remain largely unknown, and current nonoperative or operative treatment strategies are mostly empirical. Several hypotheses that attempt to explain the mechanisms of MRONJ pathogenesis have been proposed. However, none of these hypotheses alone is able to capture the complex mechanistic underpinnings of the disease. In this minireview, we aim to highlight key findings from clinical and translational studies and propose a unifying model for the pathogenesis and progression of MRONJ. We also identify aspects of the disease process that require further investigation and suggest areas for future research efforts toward calibrating methodologic approaches and validating experimental findings. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Silencing of FGF6 hampers aerobic glycolysis and angiogenesis in bladder cancer by regulating PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways
Authors: Zhi Yunlai , Cai Chengkuan , Xu Tianxi , Sun Fanghu , Wang Kun Peng , Ji Zhengshuai , Pei Yuhan , Geng Shen , Wang Hui
Published: June 2023

Metabolic abnormalities and uncontrolled angiogenesis are two vital features of malignant tumors. Although fibroblast growth factor 6 (FGF6) is known to promote the proliferation and migration of bladder cancer (BC) cells, its influences on aerobic glycolysis and angiogenesis in BC remain unclear. Gene expression at messenger RNA and protein levels were examined by reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses, respectively. Lactate production and glucose uptake in BC cells were evaluated by performing aerobic glycolysis assays. A vasculogenic mimicry assay was executed for assessing the angiogenesis of BC cells. The viability, migration, and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cocultured with supernatants of BC cells were detected using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, wound healing assay, and tube formation assay. It was found that FGF6 displayed a high level in BC cell lines. Silencing of FGF6 reduced the levels of lactate production, glucose uptake, and the expression of angiogenic factors and glycolytic enzymes in BC cells, which also inhibited the viability and migration of HUVECs. In addition, FGF6 depletion or aerobic glycolysis inhibitor 2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose treatment decreased the total branching length and intersection number of both BC cells and HUVECs. Moreover, glucose or lactate treatment reversed FGF6‐induced suppression of cell viability, migration, tube formation, and vasculogenic mimicry. The activation of the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways was blocked by silenced FGF6. Furthermore, PI3K/Akt inhibitor (LY2940002) and p38‐MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) inhibited the levels of aerobic glycolysis‐related proteins. In conclusion, FGF6 knockdown suppressed aerobic glycolysis, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis in BC via regulation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways.
Electrochemical investigation of a facile MoO3/NiO/PdO/Pd nano electrode material for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Shaheen Irum , Ahmad Khuram Shahzad , Zequine Camila , Gupta Ram K. , Thomas Andrew G. , Qureshi Anjum , Malik Mohammad Azad , Niazi Javed H. , Alarifi Saud
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND

Owing to the significance of metal oxide nanomaterials for energy storage supercapacitors, sustainable, cost‐effective and scalable synthesis of facile nanomaterials is a great challenge in the current era. Here, we have hydrothermally synthesized and functionalized a facile ternary metal oxides (MoO3/NiO/PdO/Pd) nanomaterial using the green phyto‐organic reducing plus stabilizing reagent Euphorbia cognata Boiss foliar extract (FE). The aqueous‐prepared FE was reacted with metal precursors and during this process, free octodrine and cyclobutanol organic functional groups of FE were incorporated as stabilizing agents.

RESULTS

The synthesized MoO3/NiO/PdO/Pd demonstrated an optical band gap energy of 1.6 eV. Supercapacitor measurements of prepared MoO3/NiO/PdO/Pd were carried out on nickel (Ni) foam‐modified electrodes via charge–discharge (GCD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). CV measurements have been recorded at the range of scan rates (2–300 mV s−1) and it was found that the nanocomposite‐modified Ni foam showed a specific capacitance of 257 F g−1 at a scanning rate of 2 mV s−1. Furthermore, from the GCD investigation, it was revealed that 175 F g−1 was achieved at 0.5 A g−1 with a discharge current‐based energy density of 7.2 Wh kg−1. The fabricated electrode showed a 0.4 Ω resistance value from the impedance Nyquist plot.

CONCLUSION

The study concluded that the MoO3/NiO/PdO/Pd nanocomposite with the smaller synergistic band gap and catalytic advantage of phytostabilizing agents revealed exceptional capacitive properties, validating its potential as a supercapacitor electrode. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Src family kinases engage differential pathways for encapsulation into extracellular vesicles
Authors: Ye Chenming , Gosser Cade , Runyon Ethan Daniel , Zha Junyi , Cai Jingwen , Beharry Zanna , Bowes Rickman Catherine , Klingeborn Mikael , Liu Yutao , Xie Jin , Cai Houjian
Published: June 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous biological nanoparticles secreted by all cell types. Identifying the proteins preferentially encapsulated in secreted EVs will help understand their heterogeneity. Src family kinases including Src and Fyn are a group of tyrosine kinases with fatty acylation modifications and/or multiple lysine residues (contributing charge interaction) at their N‐terminus. Here, we demonstrate that Src and Fyn kinases were preferentially encapsulated in EVs and fatty acylation including myristoylation and palmitoylation facilitated their encapsulation. Genetic loss or pharmacological inhibition of myristoylation suppressed Src and/or Fyn kinase levels in EVs. Similarly, loss of palmitoylation reduced Fyn levels in EVs. Additionally, mutation of lysine at sites 5, 7, and 9 of Src kinase also inhibited the encapsulation of myristoylated Src into EVs. Knockdown of TSG101, which is a protein involved in the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) protein complex mediated EVs biogenesis and led to a reduction of Src levels in EVs. In contrast, filipin III treatment, which disturbed the lipid raft structure, reduced Fyn kinase levels, but not Src kinase levels in EVs. Finally, elevated levels of Src protein were detected in the serum EVs of host mice carrying constitutively active Src‐mediated prostate tumours in vivo. Collectively, the data suggest that different EVs biogenesis pathways exist and can regulate the encapsulation of specific proteins into EVs. This study provides an understanding of the EVs heterogeneity created by different EVs biogenesis pathways.
Corruption, homelessness and disasters
Authors: Breen Michael , Gillanders Robert , McMullan Caroline
Published: June 2023

Corruption is widely believed to contribute to homelessness following a disaster triggered by natural hazards, as it is known to weaken resilience, deplete resources and stifle recovery. We test the association between corruption and post‐disaster homelessness using data from the Emergency Events Database and data on corruption in the construction sector from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys. Using instrumental variables and other estimation techniques, we find that corruption is associated with significantly more people left homeless following disasters. Corruption in the construction sector appears to be driving this result. These findings underline the importance of tackling corruption and poor construction practices in vulnerable communities.
Assessing environmental conditions associated with spatially varying rainfall structure of North Atlantic tropical cyclones: An object‐based climatological analysis
Authors: Zhou Yao , Zhu Laiyin , Matyas Corene J. , Luan Hui , Tang Jingyin
Published: June 2023

This study utilizes geographic information system‐based shape analyses with spatial regressions to examine the spatial variations in the relationships between North Atlantic TC rain field patterns and the environmental conditions. We measure the area, solidity, dispersion and closure of rain fields associated with North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) during 1998–2014 from satellite‐based rain rate estimates. The potential contributing factors examined include storm intensity, translational speed, sea surface temperature, total precipitable water, upper‐tropospheric divergence, deep‐layer vertical wind shear and distance to land. Spatial metrics of rainfall, TC attributes and environmental conditions are aggregated onto a hexagon grid, and the average values are used in regression models. Spatial autoregressive regression and geographically weighted regression are applied to investigate the relationships between contributing factors and rainfall patterns. Storm intensity is positively correlated with area, solidity and closure and negatively correlated with dispersion. Higher moisture and larger upper‐level divergence contribute to a larger rainfall field with a more dispersed and less solid pattern, especially over the western Gulf and the western Caribbean. Wind shear and storm motion affect rain field patterns differently depending on the juxtaposition and relative magnitude of storm motion and wind shear vectors and thus exhibit more regional variations. This research further highlights the importance of incorporating a spatial component into the research on TC rainfall climatology. An improved understanding of basin‐wide and sub‐basin‐wide relationships between TC rain fields and contributing factors would benefit rainfall forecasting and hazard mitigation.
Modified paper‐based substrates fabricated via electrostatic attraction of gold nanospheres for non‐destructive detection of pesticides based on surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Yuxin , Qiu Huixin , Huang Yiqun , Miao Junjian , Lai Keqiang
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND

Flexible surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates such as paper‐based substrates show great potential for rapid detection of residual chemicals on food surfaces. However, controlling the density and distribution of metallic nanoparticles adsorbed on the paper is still challenging.

RESULTS

The amount of gold (Au) nanospheres (51 ± 4 nm) attached on the filter paper modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was tunable, increasing as the level of APTES (2.5–15.0 g kg−1) applied for paper modification increased. Moreover, the Au nanospheres were relative evenly distributed on the filter paper modified with 2.5–10.0 g kg−1of APTES, which resulted in excellent intra‐ and inter‐reproducibility of SERS signals for pesticides including thiram, diquat dibromide, and paraquat dichloride (relative standard deviation = 2.2–10.1%). The modified paper‐based substrate could be used to detect as low as 0.05–0.2 mg L−1 of pesticides in standard solutions, and as low as 5–20 ng cm−2 of residual pesticides on apple skins with minimum sample pretreatment.

CONCLUSION

This paper‐based substrate with tunable feature for the density and distribution of nanoparticles is applicable for rapid SERS detection of residual pesticides in fruits and vegetables. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Homochiral organic molecular cage RCC3‐R‐modified silica as a new multimodal and multifunctional stationary phase for high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Sun Shanshan , Wang Litao , Wang Jiasheng , Lv Wenjing , Yu Qinghua , Pei Dong , Han Siqi , Li Xingyu , Wang Miao , Liu Sheng , Quan Xiangao , Lv Mei
Published: June 2023

In this work, homochiral reduced imine cage was covalently bonded to the surface of the silica to prepare a novel high‐performance liquid chromatography stationary phase, which was applied for the multiple separation modes such as normal phase, reversed‐phase, ion exchange, and hydrophilic interaction chromatography. The successful preparation of the homochiral reduced imine cage bonded silica stationary phase was confirmed by performing a series of methods including X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. From the extracted results of the chiral resolution in normal phase and reversed‐phase modes, it was demonstrated that seven chiral compounds were successfully separated, among which the resolution of 1‐phenylethanol reached the value of 3.97. Moreover, the multifunctional chromatographic performance of the new molecular cage stationary phase was systematically investigated in the modes of reversed‐phase, ion exchange, and hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the separation and analysis of a total of 59 compounds in eight classes. This work demonstrated that the homochiral reduced imine cage not only achieved multiseparation modes and multiseparation functions performance with high stability, but also expanded the application of the organic molecular cage in the field of liquid chromatography.
Biomarkers based on multiplatform comprehensive analysis: A systematic analysis of Geng‐Nian‐Shu in perimenopausal syndrome
Authors: Lv Xinyan , Xu Qinghua , Zhang Zhiqin , Wang Jinyu , Wan Meiqi , Zhang Xiaoying , Wu Bo , Yan Tingxu , Jia Ying
Published: June 2023

Although Geng‐Nian‐Shu has been shown to be clinically effective in perimenopausal syndrome, its active components and mechanism have not yet been elucidated. To demonstrate the mechanism‐based biomarkers of Geng‐Nian‐Shu in treating perimenopausal syndrome, a total of 135 chemical constituents including 52 prototype blood constituents were identified via high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time of flight/mass spectrometry. Then, network pharmacology showed significant enrichment for the PhosphoInositide‐3 Kinase/Akt pathway, suggesting that it may be the main regulatory pathway for the Geng‐Nian‐Shu treatment of the perimenopausal syndrome. Subsequently, multivariate analysis was performed between the Geng‐Nian‐Shu sham‐treated and Geng‐Nian‐Shu ovariectomy‐treated groups and further screened out 18 prototype blood constituents by correlation analysis with plasma estrogen levels to identify potential biomarkers associated with Geng‐Nian‐Shu treat the ovariectomy‐induced perimenopausal syndrome. Finally, the results of pharmacological experimental verification and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that catalpol, ligustilide, paeoniflorin, and gallic acid were selected as biomarkers of Geng‐Nian‐Shu which were strongly and positively correlated with PhosphoInositide‐3 Kinase/Akt signaling pathway. In this study, based on high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time of flight/mass spectrometry combined with pharmacodynamics, network pharmacology, pharmacology, and other disciplines, we explored the effects and mechanisms of Geng‐Nian‐Shu in the treatment of perimenopausal syndrome at multiple levels. Using multiplatform technology to investigate the role of Geng‐Nian‐Shu represents a new strategy for the selection and verification of biomarkers of Geng‐Nian‐Shu and provides a basis for further development and utilization of Geng‐Nian‐Shu.
Recent advances in application and progress of advanced materials as adsorbents in sample preparation for plant growth regulators
Authors: Liu Jichao , Li Xiuzhuang
Published: June 2023

Plant growth regulators are a class of physiologically active substances that could modify or regulate basic physiological processes in the plant and defense against abiotic and biotic stresses, including natural plant growth regulators and synthetic ones. Different from natural plant growth regulators with low content and high cost of extraction in plants, synthetic ones can be produced in large‐scale production and widely used in agriculture for increasing and securing yield and quality of the harvested produce. However, like pesticides, the abuse of plant growth regulators will have negative impacts on human beings. Therefore, it is important to monitor plant growth regulators residues. Due to the low concentration of plant growth regulators and complex matrices of food, it is necessary to isolate and extract plant growth regulators by appropriate adsorbents in sample preparation for obtaining satisfactory results. In the last decade, several advanced materials as adsorbents have shown superiority in sample preparation. This review briefly introduces the recent application and progress of advanced materials as adsorbents in sample preparation for extraction of plant growth regulators from the complex matrix. In the end, the challenge and outlook about the extraction of plant growth regulators of these advanced adsorbents in sample preparation are presented.
Qualitative Research Methodology and Applications: A Primer for the Otolaryngologist
Authors: Phillips Katie M. , Tichavakunda Antar A. , Sedaghat Ahmad R.
Published: June 2023

Objective

Qualitative and mixed methods methodology is becoming more commonplace in otolaryngology as the field strives to understand more complex concepts of the ear, nose, and throat. This methodology can have tremendous utility in studies directed at patient‐centered care by offering practical insights and granular detail—directly from patients—which may not be realized by quantitative approaches.

Methods

Narrative Review.

Results

This review focuses on what questions can be answered by qualitative research, the basics of the underlying principals and different methodologies utilized, and describes the pearls, pitfalls, and rigor of qualitative research.

Conclusions

This understanding of qualitative inquiry is critical for the otolaryngologist to stay current on what is published and have the ability to include this in their research repertoire. Laryngoscope, 134:27–31, 2024
Epithelial Tight Junction Anomalies in Nasal Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Huang Zhi‐Qun , Zhou Xiang‐Min , Yuan Tian , Liu Jing , Ong Hsiao H. , Sun Li‐Ying , Tu Jun‐Hao , Li Meng‐Yue , Thong Kim T. M. , Ye Jing , Shi Li , Wang De‐Yun , Xu Yu
Published: June 2023

Objectives

As a critical component of the epithelial barrier, tight junctions (TJs) are essential in nasal mucosa against pathogen invasion. However, the function of TJs has rarely been reported in nasal inverted papilloma (NIP). This study aims to investigate the potential factors of TJs' abnormality in NIP.

Methods

We assessed the expression of ZO‐1, occludin, claudin‐1, claudin‐3, and claudin‐7 in healthy controls and NIP by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescent staining. The correlation between TJs expression and neutrophil count, TH1/TH2/TH17 and regulatory T cell biomarkers, and the proportion of nasal epithelial cells was investigated.

Results

Upregulation of ZO‐1, occludin, claudin‐1, and claudin‐7, along with downregulation of claudin‐3, was found in NIP compared to control (all p < 0.05). An abnormal proportion with a lower number of ciliated cells (control vs. NIP: 37.60 vs. 8.67) and goblet cells (12.52 vs. 0.33) together with a higher number of basal cells (45.58 vs. 124.00) in NIP. Meanwhile, claudin‐3 was positively correlated with ciliated and goblet cells (all p < 0.01). Additionally, neutrophils were excessively infiltrated in NIP, negatively correlated with ZO‐1, but positively with claudin‐3 (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, FOXP3, IL‐10, TGF‐β1, IL‐5, IL‐13, and IL‐22 levels were induced in NIP (all p < 0.01). Occludin level was negatively correlated with IL‐10, IL‐5, IL‐13, and IL‐22, whereas ZO‐1 was positively with TGF‐β1 (all p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction with TJs anomalies is commonly associated with abnormal proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells and imbalance of immune and inflammatory patterns in NIP.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 134:552–561, 2024
Amprenavir inhibits pepsin‐mediated laryngeal epithelial disruption and E‐cadherin cleavage in vitro
Authors: Samuels Tina L. , Blaine‐Sauer Simon , Yan Ke , Johnston Nikki
Published: June 2023

Background

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) causes chronic cough, throat clearing, hoarseness, and dysphagia and can promote laryngeal carcinogenesis. More than 20% of the US population suffers from LPR and there is no effective medical therapy. Pepsin is a predominant source of damage during LPR which disrupts laryngeal barrier function potentially via E‐cadherin cleavage proteolysis and downstream matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) dysregulation. Fosamprenavir (FDA‐approved HIV therapeutic and prodrug of amprenavir) is a pepsin‐inhibiting LPR therapeutic candidate shown to rescue damage in an LPR mouse model. This study aimed to examine amprenavir protection against laryngeal monolayer disruption and related E‐cadherin proteolysis and MMP dysregulation in vitro.

Methods

Laryngeal (TVC HPV) cells were exposed to buffered saline, pH 7.4 or pH 4 ± 1 mg/mL pepsin ± amprenavir (10–60 min). Analysis was performed by microscopy, Western blot, and real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results

Amprenavir (1 μM) rescued pepsin acid‐mediated cell dissociation (p < .05). Pepsin acid caused E‐cadherin cleavage indicative of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) and increased MMP‐1,3,7,9,14 24‐h postexposure (p < .05). Acid alone did not cause cell dissociation or E‐cadherin cleavage. Amprenavir (10 μM) protected against E‐cadherin cleavage and MMP‐1,9,14 induction (p < .05).

Conclusions

Amprenavir, at serum concentrations achievable provided the manufacturer's recommended dose of fosamprenavir for HIV, protects against pepsin‐mediated cell dissociation, E‐cadherin cleavage, and MMP dysregulation thought to contribute to barrier dysfunction and related symptoms during LPR. Fosamprenavir to amprenavir conversion by laryngeal epithelia, serum and saliva, and relative drug efficacies in an LPR mouse model are under investigation to inform development of inhaled formulations for LPR.
A Runge theorem for generalized analytic functions
Authors: Campana Camilo , Hounie Jorge Guillermo
Published: June 2023

We show an approximation theorem of Runge type for solutions of the generalized Vekua equation , where L belongs to a class of degenerate elliptic planar vector fields and . To prove the theorem, we make use of an integral representation for the solutions of the generalized Vekua equation valid on relatively compact sets. As an application, we study the global solvability of the equation  with and some of its consequences.
A comparative study of clinical outcome in ALT free flap reconstruction using superficial or deep and single or dual recipient vein anastomosis in different sites
Authors: Nagabhushanaiah Manjunath K. , Srinivas Venkatesh M. , Parasuramulu Sunmathi B. , Surapaneni Lahari , Hegde Ranjitha
Published: June 2023

Background

During the free flap surgery obtaining a suitable recipient vein is an important factor for successful outcome. As in all other flaps even in ALT flap, single or double venous anastomosis, superficial or deep venous anastomosis is still a matter of debate among the micro vascular surgeons. Though dual vein anastomosis is a time‐tested method, single vein anastomosis has the advantage of reducing the operative time and hospitalization cost. Similarly, in situation where the deep veins are dubious superficial veins are savior. This study explores the outcome of ALT flap using different system of recipient veins.

Patients and Methods

Retrospective analysis of the 54 free ALT flaps performed over a period of 5 years from June 2017 till June 2022, was carried out. Out of 54, 38 (63%) were male patients and 16 (37%) were females. The outcome of the flaps was evaluated in single or dual anastomosis group. Similarly, the outcome of the flaps with deep or superficial vein anastomosis was also evaluated. The flaps outcomes are evaluated as favorable (successful as well as partial loss are considered as favorable) and unfavorable (complete loss of the flap).

Results

Among the 54 flaps, 31 patients had lower limb reconstruction, majority were post‐traumatic defects. Twenty patients had head and neck reconstruction following post malignancy excision. Three patients had upper‐limb reconstruction for post traumatic and burn injury defects. The outcome was analyzed. Twenty patients had dual vein anastomosis, 90% (18 out of 20) of patients had favorable outcome and 10% (2 out of 20) had unfavorable outcome. Thirty‐four patients underwent single vein anastomosis, 94% had favorable outcome and 6% had unfavorable outcome. The result was not statistically significant as p < .05. Seven patients underwent superficial vein recipient anastomosis, and all flaps were (100%) successful and no failure, whereas out of 27 patients who had undergone deep vein anastomosis 25 (92%) had favorable outcome and 2 (8%) had unfavorable outcome. The results were not statistically significant as p > .05.

Conclusion

As in other free flaps venous anastomosis compromise is the cause for flap failure in majority of the times. Whenever possible, dual vein anastomosis should be considered. But when impervious, single vein anastomosis can be resorted to without any hesitation. Similarly, unavailability of deep veins should not deter the surgeons. Superficial veins were a savior in such situation and can be advantageous too.
Stepanov Eberlein almost periodic functions and applications
Authors: Ait Dads El Hadi , Fatajou Samir , Zizi Zakaria
Published: June 2023

In this paper, we prove that the class of Eberlein weakly almost periodic functions in the Stepanov's sense is strictly larger than both Eberlein weak almost periodicity (E‐w.a.p.) and Stepanov's almost periodicity. Some examples are provided. We present a composition result for this class of functions, and using Banach fixed‐point theorem, we prove the existence and uniqueness of E‐w.a.p. solution for a differential equation of neutral type with nondense domain when the forcing terms are only E‐w.a.p. in the Stepanov's sense. We mention that our results can extend and improve previous several works in this direction. An application is given to illustrate the result.
Improving motion robustness of 3D MR fingerprinting with a fat navigator
Authors: Hu Siyuan , Chen Yong , Zong Xiaopeng , Lin Weili , Griswold Mark , Ma Dan
Published: June 2023

Purpose

To develop a 3D MR fingerprinting (MRF) method in combination with fat navigators to improve its motion robustness for neuroimaging.

Methods

A rapid fat navigator was developed using the stack‐of‐spirals acquisition and non‐Cartesian spiral GRAPPA. The fat navigator module was implemented in the 3D MRF sequence with high scan efficiency. The developed method was first validated in phantoms and five healthy subjects with intentional head motion. The method was further applied to infants with neonatal opioid withdrawal symptoms. The 3D MRF scans with fat navigators acquired with and without acceleration along the partition‐encoding direction were both examined in the study.

Results

Both phantom and in vivo results demonstrated that the added fat navigator modules did not influence the quantification accuracy in MRF. In combination with non‐Cartesian spiral GRAPPA, a rapid fat navigator sampling with whole‐brain coverage was achieved in ˜0.5 s at 3T, reducing its sensitivity to potential motion. Based on the motion waveforms extracted from fat navigators, the motion robustness of the 3D MRF was largely improved. With the proposed method, the motion‐corrupted MRF datasets yielded T1 and T2 maps with significantly reduced artifacts and high correlations with measurements from the reference motion‐free MRF scans.

Conclusion

We developed a 3D MRF method coupled with rapid fat navigators to improve its motion robustness for quantitative neuroimaging. Our results demonstrate that (1) accurate tissue quantification was preserved with the fat navigator modules and (2) the motion robustness for quantitative tissue mapping was largely improved with the developed method.
3D diffusion MRI with twin navigator‐based GRASE and comparison with 2D EPI for tractography in the human brain
Authors: Li Haotian , Zu Tao , Chen Ruike , Ba Ruicheng , Hsu Yi‐Cheng , Sun Yi , Zhang Yi , Wu Dan
Published: June 2023

Purpose

3D pulse sequences enable high‐resolution acquisition with a high SNR and ideal slice profiles, which, however, is particularly difficult for diffusion MRI (dMRI) due to the additional phase errors from diffusion encoding.

Methods

We proposed a twin navigator‐based 3D diffusion‐weighted gradient spin‐echo (GRASE) sequence to correct the phase errors between shots and between odd and even spin echoes for human whole‐brain acquisition. We then compared the SNR of 3D GRASE and 2D simultaneous multi‐slice EPI within the same acquisition time. We further tested the performance of 2D versus 3D acquisition at equivalent SNR on fiber tracking and microstructural mapping, using the diffusion tensor and high‐order fiber orientation density–based metrics.

Results

The proposed twin navigator approach removed multi‐shot phase errors to some extent in the whole brain dMRI, and the 2D navigator performed better than the 1D navigator. Comparisons of SNR between the 2D simultaneous multi‐slice EPI and 3D GRASE sequences demonstrated that the SNR of the GRASE sequence was 1.4–1.5‐fold higher than the EPI sequence at an equivalent scan time. More importantly, we found a significantly higher fiber cross‐section in the cerebrospinal tract, as well as richer subcortical fibers (U‐fibers) using the 3D GRASE sequence compared to 2D EPI.

Conclusion

The twin navigator‐based 3D diffusion‐weighted‐GRASE sequence minimized the multishot phase error and effectively improved the SNR for whole‐brain dMRI acquisition. We found differences in fiber tracking and microstructural mapping between 2D and 3D acquisitions, possibly due to the different slice profiles.
Hybrid genetic algorithm for undirected traveling salesman problems with profits
Authors: He Pengfei , Hao Jin‐Kao , Wu Qinghua
Published: June 2023

The orienteering problem (OP) and prize‐collecting traveling salesman problem (PCTSP) are two typical TSPs with profits, in which each vertex has a profit and the goal is to visit several vertices to optimize the collected profit and travel costs. The OP aims to collect the maximum profit without exceeding the given travel cost. The PCTSP seeks to minimize the travel costs while ensuring a minimum profit threshold. This study introduces a hybrid genetic algorithm that addresses both the OP and PCTSP under a unified framework. The algorithm combines an extended edge‐assembly crossover operator to produce promising offspring solutions, and an effective local search to ameliorate each offspring solution. The algorithm is further enforced by diversification‐oriented mutation and population‐diversity management. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the method competes favorably with the best existing methods in terms of both the solution quality and computational efficiency. Additional experiments provide insights into the roles of the key components of the proposed method.