bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antipsychotic medication adherence, cocaine use, and recidivism among a parolee sample
Authors: Farabee David , Shen Haikang
Published: July 2004

This study examined the independent and interactive associations between cocaine use and antipsychotic medication adherence in predicting 12 month criminal recidivism among a sample of mentally ill parolees (N = 200). Consistent with prior research, cocaine use (based on hair assays) was associated with more than a threefold increase (relative to non‐cocaine users) in the likelihood of a parolee being returned to custody during the follow‐up period. Although medication adherence (based on urine specimens) was not independently associated with a significant reduction in recidivism risk, the interaction between cocaine use and medication adherence was significant, revealing a disproportionate impact of medication adherence specific to cocaine users. Prediction models of recidivism based on self‐reported measures of medication adherence and cocaine use revealed only marginally significant trends for cocaine use, no effect for adherence, and no significant interaction between these two predictors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment retention of dually diagnosed offenders in an institutional therapeutic community
Authors: Van Stelle Kit R. , Blumer Craig , Moberg D. Paul
Published: July 2004

This study investigated treatment retention in an institutional therapeutic community (ITC) for dually diagnosed male inmates. Twenty‐five percent of admissions successfully completed the residential substance abuse treatment program. Graduates participated for an average of 9 months, while terminations participated for nearly 4 months. One‐third of the terminations participated for at least 3 months and 15% participated for 6 months or more. A striking result was the relationship between retention and risk ratings and psychopathy scores. Both measures assess behavior and interaction styles over a range of situations. The presence of a single type of negative behavior (i.e. the nature of the committing offense) did not predict completion, but a rating based on multiple samples of behavior was a significant predictor of retention. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual diagnosis in an Australian forensic psychiatric hospital: prevalence and implications for services
Authors: Ogloff James R. P. , Lemphers Anthea , Dwyer Catherine
Published: July 2004

Despite a growing awareness of the unique needs of psychiatric patients with co‐occurring substance abuse and dependence disorders (i.e. dual diagnosis), there is a dearth of research investigating the prevalence of dual diagnosis in forensic psychiatric populations. Similarly, little work has been done to determine the implications of dual diagnosis for forensic psychiatric patients. Patients at the Thomas Embling Hospital in Victoria, Australia, were assessed to determine the prevalence of substance abuse disorders and mental illnesses within this population. Results reveal that the majority of patients (approximately 74%) have a lifetime substance abuse or dependence disorder. Information was collected concerning patients' criminal histories and the Level of Service Inventory, Revised, was completed for each patient who participated. Results suggest that patients with both major mental illnesses and substance abuse disorders have more extensive criminal histories and demonstrate a higher level of risks and needs when compared with patients with major mental illness alone. The implications for the development and delivery of effective forensic mental health services that address both co‐occurring disorders are also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of diversion on adults with co‐occurring mental illness and substance use: outcomes from a national multi‐site study
Authors: Broner Nahama , Lattimore Pamela K. , Cowell Alexander J. , Schlenger William E.
Published: July 2004

This quasi‐experimental non‐equivalent comparison group study examines outcomes for participants in eight programs conducting criminal justice diversion for people with co‐occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorders compared with jail detainees eligible for diversion, but who were processed through standard criminal justice methods without diversion. Nearly 2000 participants were interviewed at baseline, and 1500 at 3 month and 1300 at 12 month follow‐up to baseline. In these interviews, outcome measures of re‐arrest, mental health functioning, substance abuse, quality of life, and service utilization were obtained. Those diverted were more likely to have received mental health counseling, mental health medication, and mental health hospitalization than those not enrolled in a diversion program, but were equally likely to have received substance abuse counseling. Overall, the differences in proportions receiving services between the two groups were small, even when these differences were statistically significant. The effect associated with diversion differed somewhat across the individual sites. However, overall cross‐site pooled analyses revealed no outcome differences between groups on measures of mental health symptoms, substance use, criminal justice recidivism, or quality of life. Although the immediate benefit of diversion as an access mechanism to community treatment is indicated in pooled cross‐site results, such access was driven by more coercive (pre‐booking and court) models and results suggest that effecting substantially greater access to services or services use did not occur. The findings also suggest that mental health, substance abuse, and criminal justice outcomes remain dependent on the treatment intervention received, perhaps moderated by type of diversion intervention, rather than on a generic and initial diversion event. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Web‐based interactive simulation of groundwater pollutant fate and transport
Authors: Valocchi Albert J. , Werth Charles J.
Published: July 2004

A series of interactive web simulation models were developed to help students understand the coupled physical, chemical, and microbiological processes that affect the transport and fate of pollutants in groundwater. Conventional models that simulate coupled processes are often not effective learning tools because they are too complex, they suffer from cumbersome interfaces, and/or they are difficult to install and run. The web models are fully interactive Java applets that run locally through a web browser. They have graphical user interfaces, straightforward input and output fields, and rapid response times. These features enhance learning because students can rapidly visualize the impact of changes to parameter values and boundary and initial conditions, and explore the effect of different reaction processes. Presently, six different web models have been developed to explore coupled processes such as advection, longitudinal and transverse dispersion, linear or rate limited sorption, and first order decay. A web model was also developed to study the flow patterns caused by multiple pumping wells in two‐dimensional steady flow. Several examples of how the models can be used to teach students about coupled processes are discussed. Last, an assessment of the effectiveness of the models to enhance student learning is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 75–83, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20000
Strategies for the numerical integration of DAE systems in multibody dynamics
Authors: Pennestrì E. , Vita L.
Published: July 2004

The number of multibody dynamics courses offered in the university is increasing. Often the instructor has the necessity to go through the steps of an algorithm by working out a simple example. This gives the student a better understand of the basic theory. This paper provides a tutorial on the numerical integration of differential‐algebraic equations (DAE) arising from the dynamic modeling of multibody mechanical systems. In particular, some algorithms based on the orthogonalization of the Jacobian matrix are herein discussed. All the computational steps involved are explained in detail and by working out a simple example. It is also reported a brief description and an application of the multibody code NumDyn3D which uses the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) approach. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 12: 106–116, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20005
Cover Picture: Novel Stereocontrolled Approach to syn‐ and anti‐Oxepene–Cyclogeranyl trans‐Fused Polycyclic Systems: Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (−)‐Aplysistatin, (+)‐Palisadin A, (+)‐Palisadin B, (+)‐12‐Hydroxy‐Palisadin B, and the AB Ring System of Adociasulfate‐2 and Toxicol A (Chem. Eur. J. 15/2004)
Authors: Couladouros Elias A. , Vidali Veroniki P.
Published: July 2004

The cover picture shows Poseidon, God of the Seas, standing in front of his temple at Cape Sounion, on a calm and warm Mediterranean summer night, under the illumination of fullmoon. His divine strength resembles that of olefin‐metathesis catalysts. Like his powerful hands holding the illustrated diene, Grubbs catalyst forces these terminal olefins to an intramolecular coupling, which results in the formation of the CC double bond met on the depicted marine natural products. By employing this coupling reaction, the complicated carbon framework of the presented molecules, found in the southern waters of Australia, China, Japan, and India as secondary metabolites of the red alga genus Laurencia and the sea hare Aplysia angasi, are synthesized within short and efficient pathways. The second‐generation ring‐closing metathesis catalyst works smoothly giving high yields, managing to overcome the severe strain of the trans–anti relative stereochemistry of the formed ring system. Similar carbon architecture also decorates another class of natural products found in the deep waters off Palau and Queensland among the metabolites of sea sponge Haliclona (Adocia sp.). A famous member of this class of compounds is adociasulfate‐2, the first known agent to specifically interact with protein kinesin motors. The first synthesis of the cyclogeranyl–oxepane trans‐fused ring system of adociasulfate‐2 together with the total synthesis of the molecules shown in the cover picture are presented by E. A. Couladouros and V. P. Vidali on p. 3822 ff.
Inhibition of bcr‐abl and/or c‐abl gene expression by small interfering, double‐stranded RNAs
Authors: Ohba Hideki , Zhelev Zhivko , Bakalova Rumiana , Ewis Ashraf , Omori Toshiro , Ishikawa Mitsuru , Shinohara Yasuo , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

Short, 21‐mer, double‐stranded/small interfering RNAs (ds/siRNAs) were designed to target bcr‐abl mRNA in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) with a potential also to target c‐abl mRNA.

METHODS

ds/siRNAs were transfected into bcr‐abl‐positive K‐562 cells (derived from blast‐crisis) or bcr‐abl‐negative/c‐abl‐positive Jurkat cells (derived from acute lymphoblastic leukemia) using lipofectamine. ds/siRNAs intracellular uptake was detected by fluorescent confocal microscopy using fluorescein‐labeled ds/siRNAs. The treatment was performed over 6 days with repetitive siRNA transfections. Efficiency of the siRNAs was determined 24 hours after single siRNA transfection and 6 days after repetitive siRNA transfections.

RESULTS

Two of the designed ds/siRNAs decreased the target mRNA levels markedly (determined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis) and bcr‐abl/c‐abl oncoproteins (determined by flow cytometry using Fluor‐488‐labeled, anti‐c‐abl antibody as well as by Western blot analysis). These sequences also inhibited protein tyrosine kinase activity significantly and suppressed cell proliferation. One of the three selected ds/siRNAs expressed only slight effects on the bcr‐abl/c‐abl mRNA in K‐562 cells (but not on the oncoprotein level), on protein tyrosine kinase activity, and on cell proliferation. The combination of the three ds/siRNA constructs provoked stronger decreases in bcr‐abl/c‐abl mRNAs and their respective oncoproteins and produced the strongest suppression of cell proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS

The cross‐talk between siRNA interference of bcr‐abl oncogene and the expression of several apoptotic/antiapoptotic factors, cell proliferation factors, and other oncogenes exists and it was determined by microarray analysis in K‐562 cells that were treated over 6 days. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Effect of vitamin B12, folate, and dietary supplements on breast carcinoma chemotherapy–induced mucositis and neutropenia
Authors: Branda Richard F. , Naud Shelly J. , Brooks Elice M. , Chen Zhuan , Muss Hyman
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND

Although patients with malignant disease frequently use dietary supplements, the effects of these agents with regard to chemotherapy are unclear. Therefore, the authors investigated the influence of vitamin B12, folate, and nutritional supplements on chemotherapy‐induced toxicity.

METHODS

Women with breast carcinoma were asked to complete a questionnaire that recorded their use of dietary supplements. Blood samples were obtained for the assessment of serum vitamin B12 and folate levels before and after the first cycle of chemotherapy and for weekly complete blood counts. Toxicity was evaluated by measuring absolute neutrophil counts and the frequency and severity of oral mucositis.

RESULTS

Of the 49 women who submitted questionnaires, 35 (71%) took a combined total of 165 supplements. Compared with patients in a previous study (performed in 1990), patients in the current study had dramatically increased serum folate levels. Initial neutrophil count, but not type of chemotherapy, patient age, or serum vitamin B12 level, was predictive of nadir absolute neutropenia and the decrease from initial neutrophil count to nadir (Nfall). After adjusting for initial neutrophil count, Nfall was found to be lower for women who were taking supplements compared with women who were not taking supplements (P = 0.01) and for women who were taking multivitamins (P = 0.01) or vitamin E (P = 0.03). Women with serum folic acid levels < 20 ng/mL had a smaller decrease in neutrophil count after chemotherapy than did women with higher folate levels (P = 0.04). No significant association between oral mucositis and initial neutrophil count, nadir neutrophil count, Nfall, age, vitamin B12 level, or folate level was found.

CONCLUSIONS

The decrease in neutrophil count caused by chemotherapy was ameliorated by dietary supplementation with a multivitamin or vitamin E. In contrast, high serum folate levels were associated with the exacerbation of this decrease in neutrophil count. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Fiber order of the normal and regenerated optic tract of the frog (Rana pipiens)
Authors: Bach Helene , Arango Victoria , Feldheim David , Flanagan John G. , Scalia Frank
Published: July 2004

In the normal frog, axons from the peripheral retina arising at the temporal pole course superficially in the middle stream of the diencephalic optic tract. Axons from the nasal pole course in two streams running in the opposite margins of the tract, dorsonasal axons ventrally, ventronasal axons dorsally. Axons from the dorsal and ventral poles of the retina occupy the intervals between the aforementioned middle and marginal streams. Axons from more central regions of the retina tend to occupy deeper levels of the optic tract. The regenerated optic tract does not regain its normal organization, e.g., axons of peripheral nasal origin are spread out widely over the entire width of the tract. However, axons from the temporal pole of the retina do return approximately to their original location in the middle stream. The concentration of temporal axons in the middle stream of the optic tract after regeneration may now be understood in terms of the expression pattern of the ephrin‐A class of receptor tyrosine kinase ligands in the cellular matrix of the optic tract. The ephrin‐As, which have a repellent effect on growing temporal retinal axons, are concentrated in and along the margins of the diencephalic optic tract and essentially absent from its middle stream. It is proposed here that peripheral temporal axons may be forced into this middle region by their avoidance of the higher levels of ephrin‐A expression in the tract margins. In contrast, the growth pattern of regenerating peripheral nasal axons would not be affected by the ephrin‐A gradient in the optic tract. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:43–54, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic control of sensitivity to hippocampal cell death induced by kainic acid: A quantitative trait loci analysis
Authors: Schauwecker Paula Elyse , Williams Robert W. , Santos Julia Belen
Published: July 2004

Host genetic factors are likely to contribute to differences in individual susceptibility to seizure‐induced excitotoxic neuronal damage. Similarly, inbred strains of mice differ in their susceptibility to the kainic acid (KA) model of seizure‐induced cell death, but the genes responsible for the differences are not known. Here, we define the inheritance patterns of susceptibility to KA‐induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus by assessing 331 back‐cross (N2) progeny of two inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6 and FVB/N, previously shown to display resistance and sensitivity to KA‐induced cell death, respectively. Results of phenotypic analysis suggest that the difference in susceptibility between these two strains is conferred by a single dominant gene. Therefore, we used an N2 back‐cross between the inbred C57BL/6 and FVB/N strains for a genome‐wide search for quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which are chromosomal sites containing genes influencing the magnitude of susceptibility. Genome‐wide interval mapping in N2 progeny identified a locus on distal chromosome (Chr) 18 with a peak LOD score of 4.9 localized between D18Mit186 and D18Mit4 as having the strongest and most significant effect in this model. QTLs of minor effect were detected on Chr 15 (D15Mit174‐D15Mit156) and Chr 4 (D4Mit264‐D4Mit91), with peak LOD scores of 3.02 and 2.46, respectively. The three significant QTLs (Chrs 4, 15, 18) together account for nearly 25% of the trait variance for both genders combined. Reduced KA‐induced cell death susceptibility was observed in a congenic strain in which the highly susceptible FVB/N strain carried putative resistance alleles from the C57BL/6 strain on Chr 18. J. Comp. Neurol. 477:96–107, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis, simulation and verification of a bipolar current source power resonant inverter
Authors: Jianhua Zhu , Lin Luo Fang
Published: July 2004

A high‐frequency bipolar current source resonant inverter introduced in this paper has dramatic zero‐voltage‐switching (ZVS) characteristic. The analytic expressions of the resonant voltage and current are given. It indicates that the resonant waveform is composed of two parts, i.e. the oscillatory component and the stationary component. In special cases, the resonant waveform degenerates into the mono‐frequency component, as presents the graceful sinusoidal wave with very low total harmonic distortion (THD) value. Based on the closed‐form voltage and current, the component stresses on reactive elements are obtained. The impact of different component values and operating frequencies on ZVS feature is also discussed. It should be noted that the ZVS merit may be lost if the components are carelessly selected. The validity of the theoretical analysis has been proven with Pspice simulations and experimental results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
A 6th‐order 75 dB‐DR 10.7 MHz 3.3 V CMOS bandpass ΣΔ modulator sampled at 37.05 MHz
Authors: Cusinato Paolo , Stefani Fabrizio , Baschirotto Andrea
Published: July 2004

This paper describes the design and the implementation of a 6th‐order bandpass ΣΔ modulator to be used for IF digitizing at 10.7 MHz of a broadcasting FM radio signal. The modulator is sampled at 37.05 MHz. This sampling frequency value allows to optimize both modulator and overall receiver channel performance. The modulator has been implemented in a standard double‐poly 0.35 µm CMOS technology using switched capacitor (SC) technique and consumes 116 mW from a single 3.3 V power supply. The modulator features 75 dB dynamic range and 66 dB peak‐SNR within a 200 kHz bandwidth (FM bandwidth). Third‐order intermodulation products are suppressed by –78dBc. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Kalman filter in the context of adaptive filter theory
Authors: Lippuner Dani , Moschytz George S.
Published: July 2004

Model‐based adaptive algorithms are usually derived with the help of the Wiener‐Hopf equation based on empirical statistics. They are often interpreted as an extension to their model‐independent counterparts, i.e. the stochastic‐gradient based adaptive filters. As a consequence, it is generally not considered worthwhile to show the analogy between Kalman filters and adaptive filters. This article pursues just these two goals. First, it tries to remove the notion that the Kalman filter is a complicated and unnecessary detour from the subject of adaptive filtering. Second, the advantage of a deeper insight into adaptive algorithms from Kalman's viewpoint emerges from our treatment. Based on a time‐varying FIR filter model, the Kalman filter is completely derived and serves as a general framework for the special case of model‐based adaptive filters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear bipolar OTAs employing exponential‐law circuits
Authors: Matsumoto Fujihiko , Nakamura Shintaro , Wasaki Hiroki , Noguchi Yasuaki
Published: July 2004

This paper presents design of linear bipolar OTAs, which are composed of two function blocks; one is an exponential‐law circuit and the other is a core cell. Multi‐tanh cells are employed as the core cell. This kind of OTA has lower power dissipation relatively to the conventional multi‐tanh cell. According as the order of the multi‐tanh core cell becomes higher, the number of circuit realization for the core cell increases. For example, we have two OTAs for the core circuit of an emitter‐coupled pair and four OTAs for the doublet core cell. Thus, we consider the generalized OTAs for an arbitrary order n of the core cell and obtain a formula to give the realization number of the linear OTAs for n. According to the formula, there must be eight OTAs in the case of n=3. All of the eight OTAs are examined. Analysis and simulation results show that the OTAs have advantage in their characteristics, such as linear input range, power dissipation, noise, and frequency response. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eosinophilic metaplastic atypia in exfoliated cells of ovarian endometriosis: A potential cytodiagnostic pitfall in peritoneal fluids
Authors: Slade Adam J. , Dieterich Mark , Sturgis Charles D.
Published: July 2004

Endometriosis is a protean clinical condition that is defined pathologically by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma with associated evidence of bleeding occurring outside of the usual anatomy of the endometrium/uterine cavity. It is one of the most common benign gynecologic disorders, affecting approximately 5% of all women. The prevalence of the condition may increase to as high as 30% in infertile premenopausal women. Despite extensive study, the etiology of this condition remains an enigma. Cytopathologists may encounter abnormal cells arising from endometriosis in cervicovaginal cytology samples, nongynecologic exfoliative cytology cases, needle aspiration biopsy slides, and in histologic materials and cell blocks. We report a case of eosinophilic epithelial metaplasia present in cytospins made from a peritoneal washing taken from a perimemopausal woman. This patient was concomitantly histologically documented to have ovarian surface endometriosis with similar metaplastic alteration. The case highlights the potential for misdiagnosis of such processes as being potentially malignant and stresses the need for cytohistologic correlation whenever possible. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:123–125. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of AutoPap system location‐guided screening in the evaluation of cervical cytology smears
Authors: Stevens Mark W. , Milne Amanda J. , Parkinson Ian H. , Nespolon Walter W. , Fazzalari Nicola L. , Arora Neeru , Dodd Thomas J.
Published: July 2004

Location‐guided screening is a feature of the AutoPap primary screening software. Areas of the smear most likely to contain an abnormality are identified for prompt review by the cytotechnologist, thereby facilitating diagnostic accuracy and reducing laboratory workload. A two‐armed retrospective study comprising 6,000 conventional smears was undertaken to compare this approach with the current practice of full manual screening of conventional smears. Discrepant diagnoses between the two study arms were subject to an internal discrepancy review process to determine the final truth diagnosis. Analysis of the results show that AutoPap location‐guided screening is at least equivalent to current practice when detecting high‐grade or suspected high‐grade smears. However, the device does not detect low‐grade abnormalities, unsatisfactory smears, an endocervical component or organisms, as well as standard screening. The device also assigns a numerical score to each slide, with abnormal smears allocated a higher rank. Slide ranking was found to be of value in triaging abnormal smears for prompt screening and reporting. The performance of the primary screening software was found to be comparable to previous studies, with the majority of abnormal smears being selected by the instrument for manual review. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:94–99. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal stability of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire
Authors: Mond Jonathan M. , Hay Phillipa J. , Rodgers Bryan , Owen Cathy , Beumont Pierre J.V.
Published: July 2004

Objectives

The current study examined the stability and internal consistency of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q) in a general population sample.

Methods

The EDE‐Q was administered to a community sample of women aged 18–45 on two occasions, with a median test‐retest interval of 315.0 days.

Results

Pearson correlations between items of the EDE‐Q assessing attitudinal features of eating disorder psychopathology ranged from 0.57 for the Restraint subscale to 0.77 for the Eating Concern subscale. The stability of items addressing eating disorder behaviors was much lower, with phi coefficients for the occurrence of objective bulimic episodes, subjective bulimic episodes, and use of exercise as a compensatory behavior of 0.44, 0.24, and 0.31, respectively, and Kendall's tau b correlations of 0.44, 0.28, and 0.31, respectively, for the frequency of these behaviors, across occasions. The internal consistency of the EDE‐Q was high, with a Cronbach alpha coefficient for the global scale of 0.93, compared with a value of 0.90 for the Eating Disorder Examination interview.

Discussion

Items of the EDE‐Q assessing attitudinal features of eating disorder psychopathology demonstrate a high degree of temporal stability, whereas the stability of items addressing eating disorder behaviors is much lower. In the case of compensatory eating disorder behaviors, low stability is likely to reflect actual trait variation, whereas the low stability of binge eating behaviors, in particular subjective bulimic episodes, is likely to reflect both trait variation and measurement error. The high internal consistency of EDE‐Q items supports its use as a screening instrument in two‐phase epidemiologic studies. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 195–203, 2004.
Comparison of the child and parent forms of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns in the assessment of children's eating‐disordered behaviors
Authors: Steinberg Emily , Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Cohen Marc L. , Elberg Jane , Freedman Renee J. , Semega‐Janneh Mariama , Yanovski Susan Z. , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: July 2004

Objective

The assessment of eating‐disordered behaviors in middle childhood is challenging. Frequently, both child and parents are queried about the child's eating behavior. However, no direct comparisons between parent and child reports of child eating disturbance have been published. We compared results from the adolescent and parent versions of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP‐A and QEWP‐P, respectively) in a nontreatment sample of overweight and normal weight children.

Method

The QEWP‐A and QEWP‐P were administered to 142 overweight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 85th percentile) and 121 normal weight (BMI 15th–84th percentile) children, age 9.7 ± 1.9 years, recruited from the community.

Results

The QEWP‐A and QEWP‐P showed good agreement for the absence of eating‐disordered behavior but were not concordant in terms of the number or type of binge eating, overeating episodes, or compensatory weight control behaviors in the past 6 months. Children categorized by their own reports (QEWP‐A) as engaging in no overeating, simple overeating, or binge eating behaviors did not differ significantly in body composition or in eating and general psychopathology. Children categorized according to their parents' reports (QEWP‐P) as engaging in binge eating had significantly greater body adiposity, eating‐disordered cognitions, body dissatisfaction, and parent‐reported problems (all ps < .001) than children engaging in no overeating or simple overeating according to the QEWP‐P.

Discussion

Child and parent reports of eating behaviors are not concordant regarding the presence of binge eating or compensatory behaviors. Further investigation of the utility of these questionnaires is needed before either can serve as a surrogate for a clinical interview. Published 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. †Int J Eat Disord 36: 183–194, 2004.
Bulimia symptoms and other risk behaviors during pregnancy in women with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Crow Scott J. , Keel Pamela K. , Thuras Paul , Mitchell James E.
Published: July 2004

Objective

The current study examined the change in bulimic symptoms as well as alcohol, drug, and tobacco use during pregnancy in subjects with bulimia nervosa.

Method

A self‐report questionnaire was used to collect retrospective data on eating disorder symptoms and substance use during pregnancy from 129 participants in a long‐term study of bulimia nervosa. Follow‐up data were collected for a total of 322 pregnancies occurring over a 10–15‐year period.

Results

Overall, subjects reported that body dissatisfaction worsened, but binge eating and purging improved during pregnancy. However, the number of women completely abstinent from bulimic symptoms did not change significantly with pregnancy. Body esteem often worsened with pregnancy, particularly for women with active bulimia symptoms. Self‐reported alcohol use significantly declined with pregnancy.

Discussion

In general, bulimia nervosa symptoms decreased during pregnancy, although the number of women completely abstinent did not change significantly. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 220–223, 2004.
The use of alternative delivery systems and new technologies in the treatment of patients with eating disorders
Authors: Myers Tricia Cook , Swan‐Kremeier Lorraine , Wonderlich Stephen , Lancaster Kathy , Mitchell James E.
Published: July 2004

Objective

The purpose of the current article is to review the literature regarding the use of alternative delivery systems, such as telemedicine, and new technologies, such as the use of hand‐held computers, in the treatment of patients with eating disorders.

Method

The literature is reviewed in the following areas: self‐help (supervised and unsupervised), telemedicine, telephone therapy, e‐mail, internet, computer software, CD‐ROMs, portable computers, and virtual reality techniques.

Results

A growing literature suggests a number of alternative delivery systems hold promise, in particular permitting patients to access services who otherwise would not be able to receive treatment. Although most of these areas are early in their development, a growing literature supports the utility of several of these approaches.

Discussion

Although the literature in this area is limited, and the research base is small, a number of these technologies appear to hold substantial promise for the treatment of patients with eating disorders. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 123–143, 2004.
Impulsivity as a risk factor for eating disorder behavior: Assessment implications with adolescents
Authors: Wonderlich Stephen A. , Connolly Kevin M. , Stice Eric
Published: July 2004

Objective

The aims of the current study were to determine if impulsivity serves as a risk factor for eating disorder behavior and to examine whether different risk outcomes are obtained depending on the assessment strategy used to measure impulsivity.

Method

Three independent studies are reported, each of which examined the relationship of impulsivity and eating disorder behavior in a prospective longitudinal design with adolescent subjects recruited from both public and private schools. Individuals displaying eating disorder behavior at initial assessments were not included in the analyses, to ensure that we were testing the role of impulsivity in the onset of eating disorder behavior.

Results

Trait impulsivity, measured with traditional personality scales, failed to predict the onset of eating disorder behavior in all three studies. However, when behavioral constructs associated with impulsivity, such as delinquency or substance abuse, were examined, they significantly predicted the onset of eating disorder behavior in most of the analyses conducted.

Discussion

These results provide moderate support for the idea that impulsivity serves as a risk factor for the onset of eating disorder behavior. However, this is only true when more objective behavioral measures were utilized. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 172–182, 2004.
Similarity in young women's eating attitudes: Self‐selected versus artificially constructed groups
Authors: Gilbert Nicola , Meyer Caroline
Published: July 2004

Objective

The current study explored similarity (in terms of eating attitudes, depression, and anxiety) among new versus established groups of young women.

Method

Three hundred and thirty‐two female students (living in 80 apartments) participated in the study. They were either living in a newly formed “no‐choice” apartment or a “choice” apartment where they had chosen their housemates. All participants completed the Eating Disorders Inventory and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The groups were compared using similarity indices (showing attitude spread per apartment).

Results

Consistent with our hypothesis, the choice groups held more similar eating‐related attitudes and depression levels than the no‐choice groups. Specifically, the choice groups were significantly more similar in their levels of ineffectiveness, interpersonal distrust, and social insecurity.

Discussion

In a similar way to depression, eating attitudes may be shared among relatively close groups of women. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 213–219, 2004.
A case series evaluation of guided self‐help for bulimia nervosa using a cognitive manual
Authors: Pritchard Briony J. , Bergin Jacqueline L. , Wade Tracey D.
Published: July 2004

Objective

The current study examined the usefulness of a new, cognitive‐based self‐help manual for bulimia nervosa.

Method

Twenty people were provided with assessment and six sessions of guided self‐help using the manual. Participants were assessed for eating‐related behaviors and attitudes and psychopathology at pretreatment, posttreatment, and at the 3‐month follow‐up. Assessment instruments included the Eating Disorder Examination, Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised, Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, Screening Test for Co‐morbid Personality Disorders, and The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment. Data from 15 people were available at posttreatment and from 13 people at follow‐up.

Results

Using intention‐to‐treat analyses, binge eating, vomiting, four of the five eating attitudes and self‐esteem significantly improved between pretreatment and posttreatment. At follow‐up, there was continued improvement on all measures, with the exception of binge eating.

Discussion

Guided self‐help using cognitive techniques is a promising first‐line treatment for bulimia nervosa, with further evaluation required in a randomized, controlled trial with long‐term follow‐up. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 144–156, 2004.
Toll‐like receptor 9 binds single‐stranded CpG‐DNA in a sequence‐ and pH‐dependent manner
Authors: Rutz Mark , Metzger Jochen , Gellert Tanja , Luppa Peter , Lipford Grayson B. , Wagner Hermann , Bauer Stefan
Published: July 2004

Toll‐like receptors (TLR) recognize bacterial and viral components, but direct interaction of receptor and ligand is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that TLR9 binds directly and sequence‐specifically to single‐stranded unmethylated CpG‐DNA containing a phosphodiester backbone. TLR9‐CpG‐DNA interaction occurs at the acidic pH (6.5–5.0) found in endosomes and lysosomes. By sequence comparison we identified a potential CpG‐DNA binding domain homologous to that described for methyl‐CpG‐DNA binding proteins. Amino acid substitutions in this region abrogated CpG‐DNA binding and led to loss of NF‐κB activation. Furthermore, chloroquine and quinacrine, therapeutic agents for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, directly blocked TLR9‐CpG‐DNA interaction but not TLR2‐Pam3Cys binding. Our results demonstrate direct binding of TLR9 to CpG‐DNA and suggest that the therapeutic activity of chloroquine and quinacrine in autoimmune diseases may be due to its activity as a TLR9 antagonist and inhibitor of endosomal acidification.
Interleukin‐2 is essential for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell function
Authors: de la Rosa Maurus , Rutz Sascha , Dorninger Heike , Scheffold Alexander
Published: July 2004

Constitutive expression of CD25, the IL‐2 receptor α‐chain, defines a distinct population of CD4+ T cells (Treg) with suppressive activity in vitro and in vivo. IL‐2 has been implicated in the generation and maintenance of Treg, however, a functional contribution of the IL‐2 receptor during suppression is thus far unknown. We show that IL‐2 is required for Treg function in vitro, since suppression is completely abrogated by selective blocking of the IL‐2 receptor on Treg during co‐culture with responder T cells. We demonstrate that Treg, which do not produce IL‐2, compete for IL‐2 secreted by responder T cells. In accordance with the idea of competition being part of the suppressive mechanism, in vitro neutralization of IL‐2 mimics all effects of Treg. Conversely, recombinant IL‐2 abrogates inhibition of IL‐2 production in responder T cells, the hallmark of Treg suppression. Finally, activation in the presence of IL‐2 primes Treg to produce IL‐10 upon secondary stimulation, indicating that IL‐2 uptake is also required to induce additional suppressive factors that might be more relevant for suppression in vivo. We propose the parakrine uptake of soluble mediators as a flexible mechanism to adapt Treg activity to the strength of the responder T cell reaction.
Carbonyl‐Nitrido Mixed‐Metal Clusters: Synthesis, Reactivity, Electrochemical Behavior and Solid‐State Structure of [Co5MoN(CO)14]2− and [Co5MoN(CO)14AuPPh3]−
Authors: Della Pergola Roberto , Fumagalli Alessandro , Fabrizi de Biani Fabrizia , Garlaschelli Luigi , Laschi Franco , Malatesta Maria Carlotta , Manassero Mario , Roda Elena , Sansoni Mirella , Zanello Piero
Published: July 2004

The dianionic cluster [Co5MoN(CO)14]2− (1) was synthesized from [Co6N(CO)15]− and [Mo2(CO)10]2− in refluxing acetonitrile. The solid‐state structure of the [Ph4P]+ salt was determined. It consists of an octahedral metal cage, enclosing a six‐coordinate nitrido ligand. Typical bond lengths are: Co−N 1.88 Å, Mo−N 2.03 Å, Co−Co 2.61 Å and Co−Mo 2.84 Å, showing that there is very little, if any, preferential interaction of the interstitial atom with that of molybdenum. The cluster reacts with Au(PPh3)Cl in THF at room temperature forming the derivative [Co5MoN(CO)14{AuPPh3}]− (2). The gold atom caps an MoCo2 face of the octahedron, with short Au−Co (2.68 Å) and long Au−Mo (3.16 Å) bonds, showing that both metal atoms are necessary for coordination, but AuI binds better with the cobalt atoms. Electrochemical studies have pointed out that cluster 1 has good redox capabilities in that it is able to support reversibly the progressive addition of three electrons. EPR measurements on the corresponding trianion confirm the lack of preferential interaction between the Mo site and the interstitial nitride atom. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Transition Metal Ion Directed Self‐Assembly of Polynuclear Coordination Complexes: Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Wei Yongli , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting , Zhu Yu
Published: July 2004

The reactions of different transition metals with the multidentate ligand N,N′‐bis(1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,6‐pyridinedicarboxamide (btapca) afford six new polynuclear complexes: the hexanuclear complexes [{Zn6(O)2(btapca)4}·3DMF·2H2O] (1) and [{Zn6(O)2(btapca)4}·DMF·MeOH·H2O] (2); the pentanuclear complexes [{Zn5(OH)2(btapca)4}·4DMF·H2O] (3), [{Co5(OH)2(btapca)4}·4DMF·MeOH·H2O] (4) and [{Ni5(OH)2(btapca)4}·4DMF·MeOH] (5); and the trinuclear complex [{Fe3(OH)(btapca)3}·2DMF·2MeOH] (6). The dominant characteristic of these polynuclear complexes is that there are μ3‐ or μ4‐oxygen atoms in the metal polyhedrons. The hexanuclear complexes 1 and 2 show similar octahedral features based on zinc centers. The five metal centers in complexes 3, 4 and 5 arrange into two triangles with one common vertex. As for complex 6, three iron(II)/iron(III) atoms form a plane with a μ3‐OH− in the center. We also report the magnetic properties of complexes 4, 5 and 6. Complex 4 exhibits intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange, while the analogous complex 5 is dominated by very strong intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling. The trinuclear complex [{Fe3(OH)(btapca)3}·2DMF·2MeOH] (6) shows comparable weak antiferromagnetic coupling. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Characterisation of Coordination Polymers of CuII and ZnII with 1,3‐Bis(1,2,3,4‐tetrazol‐2‐yl)propane − Rotational Freedom of the Donor Group Favours Structural Diversification
Authors: Bronisz Robert
Published: July 2004

The novel bidentate ligand 1,3‐bis(1,2,3,4‐tetrazol‐2‐yl)propane (pbtz), which possesses a flexible spacer, was synthesised in order to investigate the influence of the flexibility of ligand molecules on the architecture of coordination polymers. For that purpose the reactions between pbtz and M(ClO4)2·6H2O salts (M = CuII and ZnII) were performed. The complexes [{Cu(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2]∞ and [{Zn(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2·2EtOH]∞ were characterised by IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and their crystal structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements. In both compounds the pbtz ligand molecules act as N4,N4′ connectors bridging the central atoms, and the 2‐substituted tetrazole rings coordinate in a monodentate fashion to the central atoms forming M(tetrazole)6 cores. [{Cu(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2]∞ was isolated as a 1D coordination polymer. The copper(II) ions are triply bridged by ligand molecules, leading to the formation of infinite 1D chains. A highly unusual manner of bridging, with the tethering of two neighbouring central atoms by the same kind of ligand molecules, although possessing different conformations, is observed. In [{Zn(pbtz)3}(ClO4)2·2EtOH]∞ the six‐coordinate zinc(II) ions, which are bridged by single ligand molecules, serve as topological nodes, leading to the formation of a 3D α‐polonium‐type network. The crystal structure of the ZnII complex contains only one such net solvated by ethanol molecules. A conformational analysis of the ligand molecules in both compounds demonstrates that the flexibility of the pbtz and the ability of the tetrazole rings in particular to adopt various, relative orientations is responsible for the diversity of the architectures of the obtained complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Investigation of a Neat versus Magnetically Diluted Powdered Mononuclear MnII Complex by High‐Field and High‐Frequency EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Mantel Claire , Philouze Christian , Collomb Marie‐Noëlle , Duboc Carole
Published: July 2004

The isolation, structural characterization and electronic properties of a new mononuclear, pentacoordinate MnII complex [Mn(tButerpy)(N3)2] (1; tButerpy = 4,4′,4′′‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine) is reported. The X‐ray structure of 1 reveals that the manganese ion lies in the center of a distorted trigonal bipyramid. The electronic properties of 1 were investigated by high‐field and high‐frequency EPR (HF‐EPR) spectroscopy, allowing the determination of the spin‐Hamiltonian parameters. HF‐EPR spectra were recorded on a neat powder of 1 and also on 1 magnetically diluted in the corresponding zinc complex. From the neat powder HF‐EPR spectra, the following g and zero‐field‐splitting terms, as well as the sign of D, were obtained: D = −0.250(5) cm−1, E = 0.044(5) cm−1 and gx = gy = gz = 2.000(5). The magnetically diluted sample allows the determination of the hyperfine coupling constant A and confirms the values of the parameters determined with the neat powder: |D| = 0.260(1) cm−1, E = 0.043(1) cm−1, gx = gy = 2.001(1) gz = 2.0005(5) and Axx = Ayy = Azz = 77.5(5) G. A comparison between these two sets of spin‐Hamiltonian parameters is discussed, as well as the correlation between the D parameter and the coordination number around the manganese ion for a coordination shell characterized by O and/or N atoms (i.e. MnII‐containing proteins). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Roesky’s Ketone: Structure, Aromaticity and Reactivity
Authors: Van Droogenbroeck Joris , Tersago Karla , Van Alsenoy Christian , Aucott Stephen M. , Milton Heather L. , Woollins J. Derek , Blockhuys Frank
Published: July 2004

The molecular and crystal structure of the title compound, 5‐oxo‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiazole or Roesky’s ketone (1), is studied experimentally by re‐determining the crystal structure and theoretically by calculations at the density functional level of theory using an extended basis set. A comprehensive set of properties, consisting of orbital topologies, atomic charges, atomic and molecular dipoles, aromaticity parameters and Fukui functions of the title compound and a number of its constitutional isomers was calculated in order to formulate a description of its structure, its aromaticity and reactivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)