bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The applicability of the GRIPS geobarometry in metapelitic assemblages
Authors: WU C.‐M. , ZHAO G.C.
Published: April 2006

Although the garnet‐rutile‐ilmenite‐plagioclase‐silica (quartz) (GRIPS) geobarometer has been experimentally calibrated and widely applied, its applicability to metapelitic rocks has not yet been discussed carefully. In this paper, this barometer was recalibrated by fitting the available reversed‐phase equilibrium data incorporating different combinations of activity models of garnet, plagioclase and ilmenite. The resultant GRIPS barometer formalisms reproduce the experimental pressures well within ±0.2 kbar. The GRIPS and garnet‐aluminium silicate‐plagioclase‐quartz (GASP) barometer values are concordant within ±1 kbar for pressures above ∼6 kbar for natural metapelites, but the difference of pressure determinations between these two barometers becomes larger when pressure and/or the grossular content of garnet decrease. However, the pressure difference is independent of either temperature, or almandine in garnet, or anorthite in plagioclase, or iron content in ilmenite. After testing and application of the GRIPS barometer to aluminosilicate‐bearing metapelites and metapelitic assemblages within limited geographical areas as well as within contact thermal aureoles, it is concluded that this barometer may be applied to low‐ to high‐grade, medium‐ to high‐pressure metapelites. The application of the GRIPS barometer to metapelites is not advocated in situations where calcium is deficient in garnet ( < 0.05) or plagioclase ( < 0.17), or for pressures below ∼6 kbar.
Plasma 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in Migraine During an Attack‐Free Period
Authors: Nagata Eiichiro , Shibata Mamoru , Hamada Junichi , Shimizu Toshihiko , Katoh Yuki , Gotoh Kyoko , Suzuki Norihiro
Published: April 2006

Objective.—We measured the plasma 5‐HT, 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP), and tryptophan levels in controls, migraine patients with aura (MWA), and migraine patients without aura (MWoA) during an attack‐free period.

Background.—Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. The precise relationship between 5‐HT and migraine, however, remains unclear.

Methods.—Blood samples in controls, MWA, and MWoA patients during an attack‐free period were collected from brachial arteries and analyzed using HPLC.

Results.—The plasma tryptophan and 5‐HTP levels were not significantly different between the controls and migraine patients (either MWA or MWoA). However, the plasma 5‐HT level in the MWA patients was significantly lower than that in the controls and MWoA patients.

Conclusions.—The present data suggest that reduced levels of 5‐HT in MWA may result from either a dysfunction in the enzymes involved in serotonin biosynthesis or a dysfunction in 5‐HT release or uptake from platelets and lymphocytes. These findings indicate the existence of a serotonin metabolism dysfunction in MWA patients that may differ from the state of serotonin metabolism in MWoA patients.
Endocrine Function Is Altered in Chronic Migraine Patients with Medication‐Overuse
Authors: Rainero Innocenzo , Ferrero Margherita , Rubino Elisa , Valfrè Walter , Pellegrino Michela , Arvat Emanuela , Giordano Roberta , Ghigo Ezio , Limone Paolo , Pinessi Lorenzo
Published: April 2006

Objective.—To evaluate the effects of analgesic overuse on endocrine function in patients with chronic migraine and medication‐overuse headache (CM‐MOH).

Background.—Chronic migraine is frequently associated with an overuse of symptomatic medications. Drugs currently used in acute migraine attacks are associated with several endocrine effects. At present, the endocrine effects of medication overuse in chronic migraine patients are unknown.

Methods.—Eighteen patients with CM‐MOH, diagnosed according to the ICHD‐II criteria, and 18 healthy controls received an intravenous administration of GHRH, hCRH, and TRH. Plasma concentrations of GH, TSH, ACTH, and cortisol were measured for a 90‐minute period after administration of the specific releasing hormones.

Results.—Hormonal basal concentrations were similar in both groups. GH response to GHRH was significantly reduced in patients with CM‐MOH in comparison with controls. TRH induced a reduction of TSH concentrations only at the end of the test. After hCRH administration, ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in cases than in controls. A significant correlation between duration of the disease and altered hormonal response was found.

Conclusions.—Our study shows that both corticotropic and somatotropic functions are significantly impaired in CM‐MOH patients and suggests a role for hormones in the development of chronic migraine.
Exploding Head Syndrome Followed by Sleep Paralysis: A Rare Migraine Aura
Authors: Evans Randolph W.
Published: April 2006

A 26‐year‐old patient is described with a unique migraine aura. She described an 8‐year history of episodes occurring 1 to 2 times yearly of exploding head syndrome followed by sleep paralysis followed by a migraine headache. She also had identical headaches without aura about once per week. Both aura symptoms, which may occur in the brainstem, resulted in activation of the trigeminovascular system through an unknown mechanism.
Side‐Locked Headache as the Chief Complaint of Inflammatory Orbital Pseudotumor (Myositic Form): A Case Report
Authors: Krymchantowski Abouch V. , Oliveira Tatiana , Bigal Marcelo E.
Published: April 2006

The case of a 38‐year‐old woman with continuous unilateral side‐locked headache is reported. She had continuous right‐sided periorbital pain of mild to moderate intensity for the past 5 months. She also reported a few episodes of pain exacerbations every day. She had no autonomic features. Based on a normal CT scan ordered by her general physician, we started indomethacin (150 mg/day) as well as celecoxib (400 mg/day) for 2 weeks, without relief. Oral prednisone for 6 days provided important relief, and she stayed on daily use of steroids, refusing other forms of therapy. After 5 months she developed orbital and eyelid edema, with painful restrictions to eye movement. Orbital MRI and pathological exam demonstrated inflammatory orbital pseudotumor (myositic form).
Results of Thyroidectomy in 101 Cats with Hyperthyroidism
Authors: NAAN ELAINE C. , KIRPENSTEIJN JOLLE , KOOISTRA HANS S. , PEETERS MARIJKE E.
Published: April 2006

Objective—To describe outcome after thyroidectomy in hyperthyroid cats, with emphasis on peri‐ and postsurgical complications and recurrence.

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—One hundred and one hyperthyroid cats.

Methods—Diagnostic work‐up included preoperative measurement of plasma calcium, sodium, potassium, urea, and creatinine concentrations, and thyroid scintigraphy. A modified intracapsular dissection technique was performed. Postoperatively, parathyroid gland function was evaluated by measuring plasma calcium concentration several times daily. Outcome was obtained by standard telephone questionnaire.

Results—Thyroid scintigraphy revealed ectopic hyperplastic thyroid tissue (EHTT) in 9 cats. Preoperatively, 29 of 91 cats had hypokalemia. Two cats died within 3 days after surgery and 5 of 86 cats developed postoperative transient hypocalcemia. On histologic examination, thyroid carcinoma was identified in 3 of 88 cats. Hyperthyroidism recurred in 5 cats between 3 and 59 months; 4 of these cats had EHTT preoperatively. The difference in recurrence rate between hyperthyroid cats with and without EHTT was significant (P<.001).

Conclusion—Complications were uncommon after thyroidectomy performed by an experienced surgeon when combined with an anesthetic regimen associated with minimal adverse cardiovascular effects. Hyperthyroid cats with EHTT had a significantly higher chance of recurrence.

Clinical Relevance—Thyroidectomy is associated with a low incidence of surgical complications and is an effective treatment for hyperthyroid cats when radioactive iodine therapy is not available. Preoperative thyroid scintigraphy is advised. Surgery is not recommended when EHTT is present, because of a higher chance of developing recurrent disease.
The Effect of Tibial Plateau Angle on Ground Reaction Forces 4–17 Months After Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: ROBINSON DUANE A. , MASON DAVID R. , EVANS RICHARD , CONZEMIUS MICHAEL G.
Published: April 2006

Objective— To assess the relationship between postoperative tibial plateau angle (TPA) and ground reaction forces (GRFs) in Labrador Retrievers at least 4‐months after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery.

Study Design— A retrospective longitudinal study.

Animals— Thirty‐two Labrador Retrievers with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease that had TPLO and concurrent meniscal surgery.

Methods— TPA and GRFs were measured pre‐ and ≥4 months postoperatively. Preoperative GRFs, preoperative TPA, duration of injury, postoperative TPA and degree of rotation were each compared with postoperative GRFs using correlation analysis. Dogs were also grouped by postoperative TPA and compared using 1‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Postoperative function was compared with meniscal release/meniscectomy, patient age, sex, body weight and follow‐up time using ANOVA.

Results— No significant relationship was found between preoperative GRFs, preoperative TPA, duration of injury, postoperative TPA, degree of rotation, or meniscal release/meniscectomy and postoperative function. Mean preoperative GRFs for all dogs were 28.8±9.5 for peak vertical force (PVF) and 9.3±3.1 for peak vertical impulse (VI). Mean postoperative GRFs for all dogs were 40.4±5.0 for PVF and 14.1±1.9 for VI.

Conclusions— No statistically significant relationship was found between postoperative TPA and GRFs after TPLO ≥4 months after surgery, where the postoperative angle was between 0 and 14°. No significant relationship was found between the preoperative TPA and postoperative function.

Clinical Relevance— Limb function in Labrador Retrievers was not affected by postoperative TPA and re‐operation for cases with a postoperative TPA between 0 and 14° is not recommended.
An In Vitro Comparison of Two Suture Intervals Using Braided Absorbable Loop Suture in the Equine Linea Alba
Authors: HASSAN KAREN A. , GALUPPO LARRY D. , VAN HOOGMOED LINDA M.
Published: April 2006

Objective— To compare bursting strength and failure modes of ventral median abdominal incisions closed with loop suture in a simple continuous pattern using two different suture‐bite intervals.

Study Design— In vitro experiment.

Sample Population— Equine cadavers (n=14; weighing >318 kg; postmortem interval <2 hours).

Methods— A template was used to make a 25 cm incision with suture interval and bite size of either 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm or 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm. A 200 L polyurethane bladder was inserted within the abdomen and insufflated to create abdominal wall tension. Celiotomies were closed with a #2 braided lactomer 9‐1 continuous pattern with a loop suture. Deviation from the linea, closure time (minutes), total suture length (cm), suture length to wound ratio (SL:WL), bursting pressure (mm Hg), and failure modes (fascial or suture) were compared between groups using a Mann–Whitney U test. Significance was set at P<.05.

Results— No significant differences were identified between closing time, total suture length used, SL:WL, bursting pressure, or failure mode. Fascial failure was the main failure mode for both techniques; suture failure occurred rarely and knot failure did not occur.

Conclusion— Based on the overall bursting pressure and failure mode, #2 braided lactomer loop suture placed in a continuous pattern should provide sufficient security for closure of the equine linea alba during recovery and the immediate postoperative period.

Clinical Relevance— Although there were no significant differences in the 2 patterns evaluated, the 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm pattern may have potential advantages for closure time, less total suture remaining in the wound, and strength.
Selection of the Germinal Micronucleus in Paramecium caudatum: Nuclear Division and Nuclear Death
Authors: TAKA NORIKO , KUROKAWA KOYA , ARAKI TAKAKO , MIKAMI KAZUYUKI
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT. Each cell of Paramecium caudatum has a germinal micronucleus. When a bi‐micronucleate state was created artificially by micronuclear transplantation, both micronuclei divided for at least 2 cell cycles after nuclear transplantation. However, this bi‐micronucleate state was unstable and reduced to a uni‐micronucleate state after several fissions. Although the number of micronuclei was usually 1 during the vegetative phase, 4 presumptive micronuclei differentiated after conjugation. At the first post‐conjugational fission, only 1 of the 4 micronuclei divided, indicating that there is tight regulation of micronuclear number in exconjugants. Micronuclei that did not divide at the first post‐conjugational fission may persist through the first and second post‐conjugational cell cycles. The decision to divide appears to be separate from the decision to degenerate, as evidenced by division of a remaining micronucleus upon removal of the dividing micronucleus at the first division. Degeneration of micronuclei in exconjugants differs from that of haploid nuclei after meiosis. Nutritional state affected micronuclear degeneration. Under well‐fed conditions, the micronuclei destined to degenerate lost the ability to divide earlier than after starvation treatment, suggesting that micronuclear degeneration is an “apoptotic” phenomenon, probably under the control of the new macronuclei (macronuclear anlagen).
Involvement of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in the Decomposition of Leaf Litter in a Subtropical Forest
Authors: HAO JIE‐JIE , TIAN XING‐JUN , SONG FU‐QIANG , HE XING‐BING , ZHANG ZHI‐JUN , ZHANG PENG
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT. The involvement of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes, such as laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), and filter paper activity (FPA), in the decomposition process of leaf litter driven by 6 soil‐inhabiting fungi imperfecti was studied under solid‐state fermentations. All the tested fungi exhibited varied production profiles of lignocellulolytic enzymes and each caused different losses in total organic matter (TOM) during decomposition. Based on the results, the 6 fungi could be divided into 2 functional groups: Group 1 includes Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Acremonium sp., and Trichoderma sp., and Group 2 includes Pestalotiopsis sp. and Aspergillus fumigatus. Group 1, with higher CMCase and FPA activities, showed a higher decomposition rate than the fungi of Group 2 over the first 16 d, and thereafter the cellulolytic activities and decomposition rate slowed down. Group 2 showed the maximum and significantly higher CMCase and FPA activities than those of the Group 1 fungi during the later days. This, combined with the much higher laccase activity, produced a synergistic reaction that led to a much faster average mass loss rate. These results suggest that the fungi of Group 1 are efficient decomposers of cellulose and that the fungi of Group 2 are efficient decomposers of lignocellulose. During cultivation, Pestalotiopsis sp. produced an appreciable amount of laccase activity (0.56±0.09 U/ml) without the addition of inducers and caused a loss in TOM of 38.2%±3.0%, suggesting that it has high potential to be a new efficient laccase‐producing fungus.
Analysis of Morphological Relationship Between Micro‐ and Macromorphology of Mortierella Species Using a Flow‐Through Chamber Coupled with Image Analysis
Authors: PARK ENOCH Y. , KOIZUMI KAYO , HIGASHIYAMA KENICHI
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT. Using a flow‐through chamber coupled with image analysis, the morphological parameters of 11 Mortierella species were quantified, and the relationship between micro‐ and macromorphology was investigated. On potato‐dextrose‐agar plates, 5 species formed rose petal‐like colonies, 3 formed large round colonies, and 3 formed donut‐like colonies. By observing micromorphology in a flow‐through chamber, fungi were divided into 3 groups, classified according to morphological parameters: (i) a group with a high branch formation rate (qb: tip/μm/h) and a low tip extension rate (qtip: μm/tip/h); (ii) a group with a low branch formation rate and a high tip extension rate; and (iii) a group intermediate between the former and the latter groups. In suspension culture, group (i) fungi formed a hyphal bundle with a pulpy pellet‐like morphology and a pellet core. In contrast, group (ii) fungi showed an aggregation of hyphae without the pellet core. In a narrow‐specific hyphal growth rate (μl) range (0.35–0.45 h−1), a higher branch formation rate led to increased hyphal branching, resulting in the formation of a hyphal bundle with a pulpy pellet‐like morphology and a pellet core. When the branch formation rate was lower than 2 × 10−3 tips/μm/h, the mycelia formed less branched but longer hypha. Our study surmises that a micromorphology consisting of a high hyphal growth rate (0.4 h−1), low tip extension rate (20 tips/μm/h), and high branch formation rate (8 × 10−3 tips/μm/h) forms the suitable macromorphology for arachidonic acid production.
Effects of the Homogeneity of Particle Coordination on Solid‐State Sintering of Transparent Alumina
Authors: Krell Andreas , Klimke Jens
Published: April 2006

A quantitative assessment of the homogeneity of particle coordination in green bodies is achieved by addressing pore structures. Avoiding a coarser tail of the pore size distribution is important but insufficient for optimum sintering. Instead, the steepest slope of the main body of the distribution is responsible for a maximum density at lowest temperature, and further progress is enabled by minimizing interparticle spacing (the average pore size). Ranking different technologies with different associated pore size distributions, the same correlation holds for the impact of homogeneity on (i) sintering densification as (ii) for the onset of intense grain growth during the final sintering stage. For all of the investigated processing approaches the pore size distributions are observed to remain constant through the initial and intermediate states of sintering.
Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of ameloblastoma compared with dentigerous cyst
Authors: Lim Jijun , Ahn Hyowon , Min Sunhong , Hong Seong‐Doo , Lee Jae‐Il , Hong Sam‐Pyo
Published: April 2006

Background:  Ameloblastoma is a benign, but locally invasive tumor known for its high rate of recurrence. However, few comprehensive genetic studies have been conducted about its tumorigenesis. Our aim was to identify possible genes involved in the development and progression of ameloblastoma, using microarray analysis with dentigerous cyst as a control.

Methods:  Total RNA was extracted from two fresh dentigerous cysts and ameloblastoma specimens. Following microarray analysis, semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed on selected genes.

Results:  Seventy‐three genes were overexpressed and 49 were underexpressed. These genes were divided into categories according to function. The microarray results for 13 selected genes were verified with semiquantitative RT–PCR.

Conclusions:  We identified important genes related to the development and progression of ameloblastoma through a large‐scale gene expression analysis. This study will stimulate further investigations on genes significant for early diagnosis and prognosis of ameloblastoma.
Cleidocranial dysplasia with bilateral polycystic ovarian disease and Mullerian abnormality of the uterus: a case report
Authors: Mohan Vaidyanath S. , Desai Rajiv S. , Patil Manashvini B.
Published: April 2006

We report an interesting case of cleidocranial dysplasia associated with an unusual finding of bilateral polycystic ovarian disease and bicornuate uterus with unicollis (Mullerian abnormality).
Lichenoid and granulomatous stomatitis: an entity or a non‐specific inflammatory process?
Authors: Max Robinson C. , Oxley Jon D. , Weir Justin , Eveson John W.
Published: April 2006

Background:  The presence of lichenoid or granulomatous inflammation in an oral mucosal biopsy usually suggests a distinct range of diagnostic possibilities. However, the presence of both patterns of inflammation in the same biopsy is uncommon.

Methods:  A clinico‐pathological study of six patients.

Results:  All the patients in this study presented with similar mucosal lesions of the upper lip. Microscopically the lesions were characterized by the presence of lichenoid inflammation with concomitant granulomatous inflammation. The lesions were persistent and refractory to treatment with steroid medications, but remained localized and did not appear to herald the onset of systemic inflammatory or neoplastic disease.

Conclusion:  We propose the designation ‘lichenoid and granulomatous stomatitis’ for the cases described in this study. The clinico‐pathological features of a subset of these cases suggest an unusual drug eruption.
On the natural course of oral lichen lesions in a Swedish population‐based sample
Authors: Roosaar A. , Yin L. , Sandborgh‐Englund G. , Nyrén O. , Axéll T.
Published: April 2006

Objectives:  The aim was to assess the natural course of oral lichen lesions (OLL) among unselected, non‐consulting individuals.

Subjects and methods:  A cohort of 327 subjects with OLL, confirmed in 1973–1974 during a population‐based survey in two Swedish municipalities, was followed through January 2002 via record linkages with nationwide and essentially complete registers. A sample of 80 drawn from the 194 surviving subjects who still resided in the area in 1993–1995 was invited for interview and oral re‐examination.

Results:  At the end of follow‐up, one case of oral cancer was detected, while 0.4 were expected. The overall mortality among subjects with OLL was not significantly different from that in the 15 817 OLL‐free subjects who participated in the initial population based survey in 1973–1974. The lesion had disappeared in 14 (39%) of 36 re‐examined subjects with white OLLs in 1973–1974, and four (11%) had transformed into red types. In the corresponding group of 19 with red forms initially, five (26%) had become lesion free and four (21%) had switched to white types. Although the cohort size does not permit firm conclusions regarding oral cancer risk, the natural course over up to 30 years appears to be benign in the great majority.
Intermonomer cross‐linking of F‐actin alters the dynamics of its interaction with H‐meromyosin in the weak‐binding state
Authors: Hegyi György , Belágyi József
Published: April 2006

Previous cross‐linking studies [Kim E, Bobkova E, Hegyi G, Muhlrad A & Reisler E (2002) Biochemistry41, 86–93] have shown that site‐specific cross‐linking among F‐actin monomers inhibits the motion and force generation of actomyosin. However, it does not change the steady‐state ATPase parameters of actomyosin. These apparently contradictory findings have been attributed to the uncoupling of force generation from other processes of actomyosin interaction as a consequence of reduced flexibility at the interface between actin subdomains‐1 and ‐2. In this study, we use EPR spectroscopy to investigate the effects of cross‐linking constituent monomers upon the molecular dynamics of the F‐actin complex. We show that cross‐linking reduces the rotational mobility of an attached probe. It is consistent with the filaments becoming more rigid. Addition of heavy meromyosin (HMM) to the cross‐linked filaments further restricts the rotational mobility of the probe. The effect of HMM on the actin filaments is highly cooperative: even a 1 : 10 molar ratio of HMM to actin strongly restricts the dynamics of the filaments. More interesting results are obtained when nucleotides are also added. In the presence of HMM and ADP, similar strongly reduced mobility of the probe was found than in a rigor state. In the presence of adenosine 5′[βγ‐imido] triphosphate (AMPPNP), a nonhydrolyzable analogue of ATP, weak binding of HMM to either cross‐linked or native F‐actin increases probe mobility. By contrast, weak binding by the HMM/ADP/AlF4 complex has different effects upon the two systems. This protein–nucleotide complex increases probe mobility in native actin filaments, as does HMM + AMPPNP. However, its addition to cross‐linked filaments leaves probe mobility as constrained as in the rigor state. These findings suggest that the dynamic change upon weak binding by HMM/ADP/AlF4 which is inhibited by cross‐linking is essential to the proper mechanical behaviour of the filaments during movement.
Biology of mast cell tryptase
Authors: Hallgren Jenny , Pejler Gunnar
Published: April 2006

In 1960, a trypsin‐like activity was found in mast cells [Glenner GG & Cohen LA (1960) Nature185, 846–847] and this activity is now commonly referred to as ‘tryptase’. Over the years, much knowledge about mast cell tryptase has been gathered, and a recent (18 January 2006) PubMed search for the keywords ‘tryptase + mast cell*’ retrieved 1661 articles. However, still very little is known about its true biological function. For example, the true physiological substrate(s) for mast cell tryptase has not been identified, and the potential role of tryptase in mast cell‐related disease is not understood. Mast cell tryptase has several unique features, with perhaps the most remarkable being its organization into a tetrameric state with all of the active sites oriented towards a narrow central pore and its consequent complete resistance towards endogenous macromolecular protease inhibitors. Much effort has been invested to elucidate these properties of tryptase. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of mast cell tryptase, including novel insights into its possible biological functions and mechanisms of regulation.
p130‐Angiomotin associates to actin and controls endothelial cell shape
Authors: Ernkvist Mira , Aase Karin , Ukomadu Chinwe , Wohlschlegel James , Blackman Ryan , Veitonmäki Niina , Bratt Anders , Dutta Anindya , Holmgren Lars
Published: April 2006

Angiomotin, an 80 kDa protein expressed in endothelial cells, promotes cell migration and invasion, and stabilizes tube formation in vitro. Angiomotin belongs to a new protein family with two additional members, Amotl‐1 and Amotl‐2, which are characterized by conserved coiled‐coil domains and C‐terminal PDZ binding motifs. Here, we report the identification of a 130 kDa splice isoform of angiomotin that is expressed in different cell types including vascular endothelial cells, as well as cytotrophoblasts of the placenta. p130‐Angiomotin consists of a cytoplasmic N‐terminal extension that mediates its association with F‐actin. Transfection of p130‐angiomotin into endothelial cells induces actin fiber formation and changes cell shape. The p130‐angiomotin protein remained associated with actin after destabilization of actin fibers with cytochalasin B. In contrast to p80‐angiomotin, p130‐angiomotin does not promote cell migration and did not respond to angiostatin. We propose that p80‐ and p130‐angiomotin play coordinating roles in tube formation by affecting cell migration and cell shape, respectively.
Role of acellular dermal matrix allograft in minimal invasive coverage of deep burn wound with bone exposed – case report and histological evaluation
Authors: Gáspár Krisztián , Erdei Irén , Péter Zoltán , Dezsö Balázs , Hunyadi János , Juhász István
Published: April 2006

A sandwich graft was applied to the debrided cortical bone layer of the tibia in the case of a 72‐year‐old male patient with full‐thickness necrotic burn injury. The combined graft consisted of a dermal template material and autologous split thickness skin graft. After application, the graft was found totally accepted and provided good functionality with acceptable appearance. Histopathologic evaluation revealed a complete take with revascularisation of the implant. Supporting lamellar bony trabecules were also seen in the deep dermal dermis representing a connection to the underlying bone. The use of the dermal matrix in deep burn exposing the bone provides a satisfactory functional result and good cosmetic appearance.
Penetrating zone II neck injury by broken windshield
Authors: Ozturk Kayhan , Keles Bahar , Cenik Ziya , Yaman Huseyin
Published: April 2006

All penetrating neck wounds are potentially dangerous and require emergency treatment because there are important vessels, nerves and organs in the neck. We present the case of a patient who had an unusual penetrating neck injury caused by a broken windshield, noticed accidentally. Because fragments of windshield glass consist of sharp material, and the neck contains vital structures, such penetrating neck injury may cause life‐threatening complications. Radiological examinations should be offered before the management of all neck wounds. The risk of retained foreign bodies and related complications can be prevented by using fluoroscopy during surgical exploration of the neck.
A tale of two populations: rotating radio transients and X-ray dim isolated neutron stars
Authors: Popov S. B. , Turolla R. , Possenti A.
Published: April 2006

We highlight similarities between recently discovered rotating radio transients and X-ray dim isolated neutron stars. In particular, it is shown that X-ray dim isolated neutron stars have a birthrate comparable to that of rotating radio transients. On the contrary, magnetars have a formation rate that is too low to account for the bulk of the radio transient population. The consequences of the recent detection of a thermal X-ray source associated with one of the rotating radio transients on the proposed scenarios for these sources are also discussed.
MODELING THE SENSORY QUALITIES OF PROCESSED APPLES AFTER CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE AND FROZEN STORAGE1
Authors: SANFORD KATHERINE A. , MCRAE KENNETH B. , SCHURMAN NATALIE A.
Published: April 2006

Durational effects of controlled atmosphere storage (CA) and frozen storage on apple quality were studied for commercially processed pies made from Northern Spy, Idared and Nova Spy apples. Sensory tests on apple pie quality indicated that the duration of apples in CA significantly affected the quality of the processed apple. Extending the CA duration of the apples to 45 weeks resulted in a pie filling with reduced apple flavor, tartness and astringency, and with increased sweetness and off‐flavor. To minimize flavor/taste changes throughout the processing season, close attention must be given to the product's sugar/acid formulation: by week 27 for Idared apples and by week 33 for Northern Spy and Novaspy apples. The texture and appearance of processed Novaspy and Idared fruits were affected earlier in CA than Northern Spy apples. The frozen product was relatively stable for all three varieties, especially for apples processed early in the storage season (15–27 weeks). A strategy that utilizes short‐ to medium‐term CA with longer‐term frozen storage would optimize quality across the season.
DETERMINATION OF AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION IN OLIVES BY IMMUNOAFFINITY COLUMN USING HIGH‐PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: BIRCAN CAVIT
Published: April 2006

Eighty‐two whole black olive samples gathered from six different olive oil processing facilities were surveyed to determine levels of aflatoxins using immunoaffinity column extraction and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Two different analytical procedures adopted for the analysis of aflatoxins were investigated for their suitability by spiking the blank olive samples with five different known levels of aflatoxins to determine which one had higher recovery rates. Although some of the olive samples had been exposed to adverse conditions, such as rain and high temperatures, none were found to contain aflatoxins at the determined detection limit. Although the samples were kept in high relative humidity (75%) and high temperature (30C) for 3 months and were tested at 1‐month intervals, no aflatoxins were detected. In addition, the olives were inoculated on a potato dextrose agar medium and incubated for 7 days at 25C to characterize the microflora. Because there is no evidence of aflatoxins in fresh whole olives, the next step of processing the contaminated olives into olive oils and testing them for the aflatoxins was not pursued.
QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF CANADIAN HARD WHITE SPRING WHEAT
Authors: AMBALAMAATIL SUMATHI , LUKOW ODEAN M. , MALCOLMSON LINDA J.
Published: April 2006

Quality characteristics of five pilot‐scale milled Canadian hard white spring wheats were compared to a No.1 grade commercial composite Canada Western Red Spring (1CWRS) wheat. One metric ton of samples was milled on the Canadian International Grains Institute pilot Buhler mill (Buhler AG, Uzwil, Switzerland) into straight‐grade (SG), 85% and whole wheat flours. At the SG extraction level, the white wheats with their lighter colored seed coats had improved milling yields (up to 2.6%) and lower ash (0.01–0.09%) than the 1CWRS control wheat. Majority of white wheat flours had higher protein contents than the 1CWRS control flours for all flour extractions. Based on dough rheological properties of the flours, three of the white wheats (Kanata, Snowbird and BW 275
) were equal to or better than the red 1CWRS control for nearly all farinograph and mixograph parameters at all flour extractions other than farinograph absorption. Two of the white wheat lines (RL 4863 and RL 4858
) had excessively weak and overly strong dough properties, respectively. Evaluation of pan bread, bagels and tortillas showed that white wheats generally produced end‐products that were comparable or superior to 1CWRS and that their most significantly positive quality compared to 1CWRS was their substantially lighter colored end‐products.
Purchasing Perf ormance Evaluation: An Investigation of Diff erent Perspectives
Authors: Chao Chiang‐nan , Scheuing Eberhard E. , Ruch William A.
Published: April 2006

Purchasing professionals play essential roles in the purchasing decision‐making process, coordinating and guiding all buying team members to achieve the best performance of the group as a whole. This research project examines ten key purchasing performance measures as viewed by three types of players in the purchasing decision‐making processnamely, purchasing mangers, buyers, and internai customers.

A key finding of the study is that the quality of purchased items presently is viewed as the most important measure, and that it should continue to be the most important measure for evaluating purchasing performance in the 1990s. It was also discovered that purchasing managers, buyers, and their internai customers hold different opinions about the measures of on‐time delivery, PO cycle time, accuracy, and professionalism. The purchasing function should evaluate the differences between the three groups with regard to these performance measures in order to effect continuous improvement and the implementation of effective, consistent purchasing strategies.

Practicing managers, regardless of the function in which they work, can acquire some useful and practicai insights f rom this study by examining the weights assigned to the ten key purchasing performance measures. The views obtained f rom those participating in this study are very likely applicable in other environments as well. The last section of the study provides data that can be used in a computer program to evaluate purchasing performance.
Strategic Procurement and Competitive Advantage
Authors: Rajagopal Shan , Bernard Kenneth N.
Published: April 2006

Since the mid‐1970s there has been a growing, if sporadic, interest in strategic approaches to the procurement process, with an emphasis on the scope for proactivity. However, there has been little consideration of the contribution that may be made to the overall competitive efforts of the organization.

This article begins to address this missing link by going back to the fundamental objectives of the purchasing activity and by outlining a framework for the development of a competitive purchasing strategy. The main thrust of such a program centers on the integration of purchasing and procurement operations to satisfy the needs of direct and indirect customers, necessitating constructive management of both inter‐company and intra‐company relationships.

The conclusion reached is that purchasing and marketing are not merely interdependent, but that making the “right” procurement decisions is a necessary ingredient in competitive success.
An Analysis of the Current Purchasing and Materials Management Educational Environment
Authors: Carter Joseph R. , Vellenga David B.
Published: April 2006

What perceptual factors distinguish one purchasing program from another? Are there differences between the perceptions of academics and practitioners concerning the status and performance of purchasing programs? A questionnaire was mailed to a group of purchasing managers and academics asking them to evaluate certain aspects of the current academic environment. This produced a number of interesting results.

Practitioners judge the quality of a purchasing program by the reputation of the faculty at the institution and the reputation of the curriculum. Not only do academies view these two criteria as valuable, but they add the research reputation of the institution to their set of useful criteria. With respect to faculty reputation, significant differences of opinion exist between practitioners and academics. For both groups the purchasing curriculum is judged by the content of the courses offered and not the number of courses offered in the program. Finally, if a school wants a successful purchasing program, it should stress job placement success.
The Rediscovery of Modern Purchasing
Authors: Heberling Michael E.
Published: April 2006

Much has been written about the emerging importance and recognition of the purchasing function by senior management. Firms are adopting a number of new purchasing strategies as a means to counter increased competition from both domestic and international firms. These include things such as quality purchasing, profit purchasing, strategic purchasing, and just‐in‐time purchasing. However, a review of the purchasing function over the past 75 years shows that many of the “new” ideas are not really new. They simply have been rediscovered. The relationship of purchasing with senior management during this period has been cyclical. Purchasing becomes important when management views its role in terms other than simply obtaining materials at low prices. This usually occurs during periods of market instability. Finally, a review of early purchasing data reveals that the relationship of purchases to wages and salaries was not significantly different then from that which exists today.
Cost Containment Strategies: Challenges for Strategic Purchasing in the 1990s
Authors: Rajagopal Shan , Bernard Kenneth N.
Published: April 2006

The development of cost containment strategies is becoming an essential source of differential advantage for firms. This article attempts to provide a conceptual framework for focusing on cost containment as an extension to the development of a coordinated procurement strategy. It further discusses the overlapping influences that determine the extent to which cost containment strategies can be implemented. The study then investigates various companies' approaches to devising cost containment strategies, identifying their structural fit, monitoring information for effective decision making, classifying parts so as to allocate resources effectively, and managing international external relationships to gain a competitive cost advantage.

The conclusion reached is that cost containment can represent a viable objective for the procurement function itself, but it has still greater strategic importance in companies where procurement effectiveness is seen as a key to competitive advantage.
Total Cost Supplier Selection Model: A Case Study
Authors: Smytka Daniel L. , Clemens Michael W.
Published: April 2006

This article summarizes General Electric Wiring Devices' (GEWD) experience in developing a total cost supplier selection methodology that seeks to define the appropriate balance between qualitative approaches and complex, fully cost‐based methods. Utilizing the GE “Work‐Out!” process, a cross functional team classified supplier selection elements into one of three categories: (1) risk factors, (2) business desirable factors, and (3) measurable cost factors. The authors discuss these variables as they relate to GEWD's sourcing practices. The model's applicability is demonstrated in several different case scenarios. For practical application it is programmed in C computer language. In practice, the requirement for no maintenance beyond default cost factor revisions renders the model extremely adaptable for practical decision‐making purposes.
Managing Component Life Cycles in Dynamic Technological Environments
Authors: Handfield Robert B. , Pannesi Ronald T.
Published: April 2006

The existence of product life cycles is a well‐known concept. In certain industries, however, there is evidence to suggest that these product life cycles do not fully capture the dynamics occurring at an individual component level. Moreover, the authors have observed through discussions with suppliers and purchasing managers in high‐tech industries that a series of smaller life cycles exist within the total product life cycle; these smaller cycles are called “component life cycles.” The implications for supply chain management in dealing with these component life cycles in terms of “best practices” are presented to provide a contingency planning framework for materials managers.
Influences on Industrial Buyers’ Choice of Products: Effects of Product Application, Product Type, and Buying Environment
Authors: Kauffman Ralph G.
Published: April 2006

While there have been numerous attempts over a number of years to describe and analyze various aspects of the industrial buying process, comparatively little has been done to determine the effects of general product‐related factors on the choice of products by buyers. This article examines effects on the product evaluation and choice process of several such factors. Using a group of representative products, the effects of product application, general product type, and certain aspects of the buying environment are determined and analyzed. Implications for industrial buyers and for their product preferences are discussed.

The author concludes that the product selection process is affected by product application and product type; subsequently, a general reference framework for the relative importance of product attributes is developed.
Barter: An Alternative to Traditional Methods of Purchasing
Authors: Plank Richard E. , Reid David A. , Bates Frank
Published: April 2006

Barter is a well‐known phenomenon when used in the countertrade process. However, a review of both the academic and business‐oriented purchasing literature reveals that very little has been written on the use of barter in domestic purchasing situations. Given increasing pressures to contain costs, purchasing personnel need to be creative and find new ways to aggressively control costs. Domestic barter, it is suggested, provides a unique alternative approach to cost recovery. Using examples drawn from the trade press, the processes involved in domestic barter are discussed. It is suggested that purchasing and materials management professionals can utilize domestic barter as part of their cost containment initiatives and simultaneously add value to their companies’ product or service offerings.
Total Quality Management and Supplier Partnerships: A Case Study
Authors: Stuart F. Ian , Mueller P.
Published: April 2006

Many North American firms have established partnering arrangements with their suppliers for the purpose of improving the quality of their product or service offerings. Prior partnership research has emphasized implementation and results in the auto sector and has relied on either questionnaire survey data or anecdotal evidence to draw conclusions. Such a research methodology has produced some concern regarding supplier partnering applicability in other industry sectors—and also a perception that benefits achieved from such approaches may not mirror reality.

Using a longitudinal field study, the results of one firm's use of supplier partnerships is examined from the perspective of continuous improvement in quality and productivity. The case study is unusual because both partnering and nonpartnering approaches were employed during the course of the study, providing data for contrasting statistical analysis. The study shows the actual benefits achieved in productivity and quality from the firm's supplier partnering activities. The implications for management, along with the difficulties encountered in relating to traditional purchasing philosophies, are discussed.
Forecasting Practices In Purchasing
Authors: Wisner Joel D. , Stanley Linda L.
Published: April 2006

This article reports the findings of a comprehensive forecasting study conducted among a wide variety of purchasing personnel in the United States. The primary objectives of the research were to determine the degree of forecast utilization in purchasing, identify the types of firms utilizing purchasing forecasts, describe the items most commonly forecasted, and identify the forecasting methods used. The findings suggest that while most purchasing departments placed a relatively high level of importance on forecasting, judgment‐based forecasting techniques were heavily relied upon and methods of forecast improvement were not widely employed. Additionally, forecasting by purchasing departments was found to be a relatively recent phenomenon. The findings also revealed that purchasing departments may not be taking full advantage of the many forecasting and forecast improvement techniques available.
Commercial Buying Practices in the Department of Defense: Barriers and Benefits
Authors: Templin Carl R. , Heberling Michael E.
Published: April 2006

This article compares the results of three research initiatives to identify obstacles that commercial firms in the electronics, space launch, and aircraft industries face in doing business with the defense department. It also assesses the benefits of using commercial buying practices. The research supports previous research findings that some obstacles, such as payment and specification problems, appear to be universal problems for firms dealing with government customers. However, just as the electronics, space launch, and aircraft industries have different industry characteristics, there are also unique defense procurement problems that restrict commercial firms in the industries from selling to the Department of Defense. The research suggests that while DoD should examine its overall contracting process and requirements to make it easier for commercial firms to accept and perform government contracts, it must also focus on industry unique obstacles to gain the greatest benefit.

Even though there have been repeated calls for greater use of commercial purchasing practices in the Department of Defense (DoD), the actual adoption of such practices has been quite limited. This article explores the potential barriers and benefits of DoD use of commercial buying practices in the electronics, space, and aircraft industries.
Supply Challenges In Africa
Authors: Nollet Jean , Leenders Michiel R. , Diorio Mattio O.
Published: April 2006

Purchasing and materials managers in the poorer countries in Africa face a complex set of challenges. The full extent of their problems is difficult to grasp for supply professionals in the developed world. The lack of hard currencies and qualified personnel, the low credibility of supply, the key role of finance and accounting, contract breakdowns, long lead times, moral values, high prices, and supplier apathy all combine to produce a frustrating and complex set of challenges.