bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ersatz da escravidão nas Memórias de Pedro Nava
Authors: Gabriel Maria Alice
Published: January 2021

O escritor brasileiro Pedro Nava conciliou literatura e história em suas Memórias. Este estudo se propõe expor uma coleção de relatos (auto)biográficos sobre a escravidão apresentados em Baú de Ossos (1972) e Balão Cativo (1973). O objetivo é comentar algumas questões que esses relatos fornecem sobre a escravidão e a vida dos escravos ligados à família de Pedro Nava. A análise indica que a abolição da escravidão no Brasil não alterou a vida dos escravos libertos significativamente. Muitos homens, mulheres e crianças, negros ou mulatos, continuaram a viver e trabalhar como criados e agregados em condições análogas à escravidão.
crime nacional de 1831 e o controle sobre a população negra na segunda metade do século XIX em Campinas
Authors: Salmaso Ana Elisa
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo analisa as Ações de Liberdade impetradas na Comarca de Campinas na segunda metade do século XIX, as quais tem por argumento a infração da lei de 1831 contra o tráfico de africanos escravizados para o Brasil. Tendo em vista que o tráfico vigorou até a década de 1850 ao arrepio da lei, pretendo observar as práticas da referida Comarca diante da escravidão ilegal de boa parte da mão de obra do município.
Order-Stability in Complex Biosystems from the Viewpoint of the Theory of Open Quantum Systems
Authors: Khrennikov Andrei , Watanabe Noboru
Published: January 2021

This paper is our attempt on the basis of physical theory to bring more clarification on the question ``What is life?'' formulated in the well-known book of Schr\"odinger in 1944. According to Schr\"odinger, the main distinguishing feature of biosystem's functioning is the ability to preserve its order structure or, in the mathematical terms, to prevent increasing of entropy. Since any biosystem is fundamentally open, it is natural to use open system's theory. However, Schr\"odinger's analysis shows that the classical theory is not able to adequately describe the order-stability in a biosystem. Schr\"odinger should also appeal to the ambiguous notion of negative entropy. We suggest to apply the quantum theory. As is well-known, behaviour of the quantum von Neumann entropy crucially differs from behaviour of the classical entropy. We consider a complex biosystem $S$ composed of many subsystems, say proteins, or cells, or neural networks in the brain, i.e., $S=(S_i).$ We study the following problem: if the composed system $S$ can preserve the ``global order'' in the situation of increase of local disorder and if $S$ can preserve its entropy while some of $S_i$ increase their entropies We show that within quantum information theory the answer is positive. The significant role plays entanglement of the subsystems states. In the absence of entanglement, increasing of local disorder generates disorder increasing in the compound system $S$ (as in the classical regime).
Pollination Efficiency of Amegilla calens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae) Variety L457 Flowers at Meskine (Maroua, Cameroon)
Authors: Kodji issaya issaya , KENGNI Beaudelaine Stephanie , FAMENI TOPE Sidonie , TCHUENGUEM FOHOUO Fernand-Nestor
Published: January 2021

This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of Amegilla calens bee on fruit and seed yields of G. hirsutum in an experimental field, in September 2018 and 2019. The experiments were carried out on 540 flowers divided in four treatments: 120 flowers accessible to all visitors; 120 flowers bagged to avoid all visits; 200 flowers protected and uncovered when they were opened, to allow A. calens visits; 100 flowers bagged then uncovered and rebagged without the visit of insects or any other organism. Bee’s daily rhythm of activity, its foraging behaviour on flowers, its pollination efficiency, the fruiting rate, the number of seeds per fruit and the percentage of normal seeds were evaluated. Among the 20 insect species recorded on G. hirsutum flowers, A. calens was the most frequent insect with 30.72 % of 655 visits. On flowers, individual bee intensely collected pollen and slightly harvested nectar. The mean duration of a visit per flower was 23.56 sec for pollen harvest and 13.68 sec for nectar collection. For the two years, through its pollination efficiency, A. calens increased the fruiting rate by 20.30 %, as well as the percentage of normal seeds by 32.39 %.
Special Issue on Advances in Abrasive Technology
Authors: Ohashi Kazuhito , Suzuki Hirofumi , Yamada Takazo
Published: January 2021

As abrasive technologies are currently indispensable for production processes in the automotive, aerospace, optics, telecommunications, and healthcare industries, among others, it is essential that the application of abrasive processing to production be optimized and improved. To those ends, it is necessary to understand how to approach the task, as there are many processing factors to consider. However, priority is given to understanding the abrasive processing mechanism that determine finishing results, as well as the relationship between the processing factors and individual conditions. Measurement, analysis, and evaluation technologies are also important. Furthermore, the development of new abrasive tools or machining fluids and the active use of physicochemical phenomena are key to the development of advanced abrasive technologies.

Cutting-edge studies focusing on advanced abrasive technologies were collected for this special issue, which includes 12 papers covering the following topics:

- Quantitative evaluation of surface profile of grinding wheel

- Elucidation of grinding mechanism, based on grinding force

- Novel grinding wheel

- High-efficiency and high-accuracy grinding of difficult-to-cut materials

- Polishing technology using magnetic fluid slurry

- Application of ultrasonic waves or ultra-fine bubbles to coolants, and their effects on them

- Planarization technology for single-crystal silicon carbide

This issue is expected to help its readers to understand recent developments in abrasive technologies and to lead to further research.

We deeply appreciate the contributions of all authors and thank the reviewers for their incisive efforts.
Effect of Cutting Speed on Shape Recovery of Work Material in Cutting Process of Super-Elastic NiTi Alloy
Authors: Yang Hao , Sakai Katsuhiko , Shizuka Hiroo , Kurebayashi Yuji , Hayakawa Kunio , Nagare Tetsuo ,   Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 432-8561, Japan,   Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan,   National Institute of Technology, Numazu College, Numazu, Japan
Published: January 2021

Increasing use of NiTi alloy products makes it very important to improve the cutting performance of this material. This study presents the effect of cutting speed on radial shape recovery of work material which is supposed to deteriorate the dimension accuracy in cutting process of super-elastic NiTi alloy. The shape recovery of work material was investigated at the beginning of cutting process, during the stable part of cutting process and after feed stops respectively utilizing a high-speed camera and a cutting force dynamometer in orthogonal cutting experiments at various cutting speeds. The mechanism of the shape recovery was investigated by analyzing the crystallization phase state of work material before and after cutting using XRD and measuring the temperature distributions on the end surface of work material during orthogonal cutting experiments using non-reversible temperature indicating paints correspondingly. Results show that at relatively low cutting speed, the temperature of work material near the cutting point did not exceed the threshold temperature of phase transformation, and thus work material generated obvious shape recovery throughout the whole cutting process due to the phase transformation. Increasing cutting speed could increase the temperature of work material; when cutting speed increased to 100 m/min, the temperature of work material near the cutting point exceeded the threshold temperature of phase transformation, thus work material did not generate obvious shape recovery because it could not undergo any form of phase transformation during the stable part of cutting process and after feed stops. Consequently, increasing cutting speed could be proposed as an approach to improve dimension accuracy by inhibiting shape recovery of work material in cutting process of NiTi alloy.
Evaluation of Grinding Wheel Surface Shape on Difference Multiple Helical Dressing Condition
Authors: Uchida Gen , Yamada Takazo , Ichihara Kouichi , Harada Makoto , Miura Kohichi , Lee Hwa-Soo ,   College of Science and Technology, Nihon University 1-8-14, Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan,   Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., Yokosuka, Japan,   Nihon University Junior College, Funabashi, Japan
Published: January 2021

In the grinding process, a grinding wheel surface is a tool that is directly applied to the workpiece. As the condition of the grinding wheel surface is determined by its dressing conditions, the ability to accurately measure the grinding wheel surface with an applied dressing would enable the prediction of the ground surface characteristics of the workpiece as well as the determination of optimum dressing conditions. Recently, a new dressing method called the multiple helical dressing was proposed, which has led to improvements in the grinding performance. However, there is still no method to quantitatively evaluate the changes in the grinding wheel surface condition caused by multiple helical dressings. In this study, we measured the grinding wheel surface applied with multiple helical dressings using a so-called measured focus position recalculation method to determine whether we can quantitatively evaluate the measured dressing grooves generated on the grinding wheel surface by multiple helical dressings, and the resultant undulated grinding wheel surface shapes. We ground an actual workpiece to demonstrate the effects of changes in the grinding wheel surface shape due to multiple helical dressings on the ground surface of the workpiece. The experimental results show that our proposed measuring method can accurately measure the changes in the grinding wheel surface condition due to multiple helical dressings. We also proposed a method to evaluate the dressing grooves to prove that we can quantitatively evaluate the measurement results of dressing grooves generated by multiple helical dressings. In addition, we evaluated undulated grinding wheel surface shapes as its cylindricities by extracting only the undulation shapes generated by multiple helical dressings. Finally, we performed groove grinding with a grinding wheel applied with multiple helical dressings to reveal the relationship between the ground surface of the workpiece and the grinding wheel surface condition, which demonstrated the effectiveness of multiple helical dressings.
Improvement of Removal Rate of Tape Lapping by Applying Fluid with Ultrasonic Excited Cavitation
Authors: Isobe Hiromi , Tsuji Soutarou , Hara Keisuke , Ishimatsu Jun ,   Nagaoka University of Technology 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan,   National Institute of Technology, Ichinoseki College, Ichinoseki, Japan,   Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Published: January 2021

Lapping with a lapping tape refers to a finishing process in which a new tape is continuously supplied to its processing area and pressed down with a pressure roller during its relative motions. In response to the growing demand for lapping high-hardness materials with high efficiency, lapping tapes with superabrasive grains formed in a textured structure with a bond have been recently utilized. In this study, we supply a working fluid that has passed through the slit between ultrasonically oscillating blades to processing points. Variations of sound pressure generate cavitation in the working fluid. Impulse waves due to the collapse of cavitation bubbles inhibit chips from getting adhered to the chip pockets of the lapping tape. We have lapped hardened SUJ2 with plural lapping tapes of different characteristics. In lapping with a lapping tape using diamond abrasive grains, we have improved the time constant for the changes in surface roughness in relation to the lapping time from 18.9 s to 7.6 s by superimposing ultrasonic oscillations; consequently, the lapping speed improved. We have compared the effects of ultrasonic oscillations for three types of lapping tapes and discovered that fewer abrasive grains and lower chip adhesion firmness due to the abrasive grains formed in a textured structure increased the effects of ultrasonic oscillations.
La disputa por el acoso en la esfera civil: #Metoo y la Une autre parole
Authors: Arteaga Botello Nelson , Cardona Acuña Luz Angela
Published: January 2021

Se analiza la disputa de sentido que generaron los posicionamientos encontrados del #Metoo y la Otra palabra en torno al acoso y su sanción en la prensa iberoamericana, europea y estadounidense. Se examinaron los discursos en competencia que legitimaron y contaminaron las pretensiones de ambos posicionamientos. Metodológicamente se desarrolló un análisis discursivo centrado en observar cómo se imputaron o atribuyeron motivos, relaciones e instituciones civiles y anti-civiles tanto al #Metoo y la Otra palabra. Se concluyó que los discursos en competencia definieron la legitimidad estos posicionamientos a partir de los binarios de clase, raza, activismo político, posición moral, agresión y lo femenino.
Fragmentos de silentes bulliciosas Nancy Cárdenas y Violeta Barrientos
Authors: Fuentes Ponce Adriana
Published: January 2021

El artículo presenta dos poemas latinoamericanos escritos en la década del noventa. Nancy Cárdenas, y Violeta Barrientos exploran y construyen un sujeto lírico femenino que rompe con el modelo de feminidad y el amor canónico. Cárdenas alude a una escritora francesa cuya obra fue controvertida. Barrientos se remite a uno de los mitos emblemáticos de monstruosidad femenina. En sus versos dejan ver la relación erótico-afectiva entre mujeres y dan cuenta de las dificultades y resoluciones al incursionar en una forma de vida y prácticas sexuales que se alejan de lo aceptado socialmente. El análisis denota la experiencia como un proceso en la conformación de la subjetividad ya que presentan sujetos femeninos que proponen y llevan a cabo acciones en vez de ser sujetos inertes o solo receptivos.
Eurasianists geopolitical ideas in the cultural her­itage of the Roerich family
Authors:   Altai State Agrarian University, Ivanov Andrey V. , Fotieva Irina V. ,   Altai State University, Gerasimova Irina A. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the heritage of the Roerich family – Nikolai Konstantinovich, Elena Ivanovna, Yuri Nikolaevich, Svyatoslav Nikolaevich, and its role in the current sit­uation of world crisis, especially for the Eurasian geopolitical space. The authors substan­tiate the thesis that the political and cultural views of the Roerich family matured parallel to the movement of the Eurasians and in a number of aspects specify many their ideas. The authors reveal and explore the relevance and predictability of the key principles held by the Roerich family concerning the perspectives of Russia and the areas of Eurasian co­operation. In the legacy of the Roerich family, the main features of the impending global crisis are described in a visionary way. They saw a way out of the crisis in establishing the primacy of culture over economy, the primacy of the spiritual over the material. The Roerichs warned of the dangers of a barbaric relationship with nature, robotization and decomposition of consciousness. Their warnings about the dangers of a mechanical civilization are confirmed in the work of modern analysts. According to Roerichs, the ideal of cooperation and cooperation should become the basis of relations between peoples. The Roerichs emphasized the special importance of the Russian-Mongolian and Russian-Indian ties forming a geopolitical and spiritual “middle cross” of Eurasia. The commonality of the environmental, cultural and economic problems of the two great mountain regions of the Earth is a solid foundation for future cooperation between scien­tists in the space of Eurasia.
Alfred North Whitehead – Against dualism
Authors:   Lancaster University, Smith Roger
Published: January 2021

English-language philosophical debate about the relation of mind (or soul) and body, and in parallel, cultural debate about the relation of the humanities and the natural sciences in education, drew in the twentieth century, and draws again now, on the writings of Al­fred North Whitehead (1861‒1947). The paper explains this. To do so, it describes White­head’s project in systematic metaphysics (or speculative cosmology), best known from Science and the Modern World (1926). Whitehead required metaphysics to be self-consis­tent, to be informed by and in turn to inform modern scientific knowledge (evolutionary theory, the theory of relativity), and to conform to the intuitions of everyday percep­tion. Trained in mathematics, his style of precise expression requires special comment; the conclusion was a “philosophy of organism” or “process philosophy”. He was a philo­sophical realist. His understanding of what this entailed led to a radical critique of “scien­tific materialism”, with all its philosophical failings, which, in his judgment, had been dominant in Western culture since the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. In four brief sections, the paper provides a background, describes the project in meta­physics, picks out the themes of causal efficacy in perception and of function for special discussion, and concludes with a summary of the importance of Whitehead to public de­bate about the direction of educated culture.
S.L. Frank in the F. Nietzsche archives: A 1932 lecture in Weimar
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tsygankov Alexander S. , Obolevitch Teresa ,   The Pontifical University of John Paul II
Published: January 2021

The article reconstructs the general historical and philosophical background of the talk “Nietzsche and Russian thinkers related to him” (“Nietzsche und ihm verwandte rus­sische Geister”) given by S.L. Frank at the Nietzsche Archive on February 25, 1932. On the basis of the archival material from the Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv in Weimar, the correspondence between Frank and Friedrich Nietzsche’s sister, Elisabeth Förster-Niet­zsche is analyzed and the list of guests invited to Frank’s lecture is examined. A special at­tention is dedicated to a general reconstruction of the life and creative path of Carl August Emge, one of the first German professors of philosophy who voluntarily joined the National Socialist Party in December 1931, but who, at the same time, was a friend of Frank’s and the organizer of his lecture at the Nietzsche Archive in 1932. The appendix also presents two pieces of archival material: Frank’s letter to Förster-Nietzsche dated February 18, 1932 (repository: Goethe and Schiller Archives; signature GSA 72/BW 1458); the response letter from Förster-Nietzsche from February 22, 1932 (repository: fourth inventory of S.L. Frank Papers at the Alexander Solzhenitsyn House of Russia Abroad); two incomplete German abstracts of Frank’s talk at the Nietzsche Archives and their translation into Russian (reposi­tory: 12th box of S.L. Frank Papers at the Bakhmeteff Archives).
Can animals think? Lingualism, interpretivism and proto-logic
Authors:   ITMO University, Chirva Daria V.
Published: January 2021

An author aims to represent and analyze three ways of answering the question about the sense in which we can attribute thinking and reasoning to non-human animals. Debates on rationality and reasoning in animals is a novel area of research in the context of Rus­sian philosophy today. The basic difficulty of research of animal thinking is connected with the existence of language barrier between people and other non-linguistic creatures. The absence of language capacity was equaled to the inability to think in terms of classic philosophy. Davidson’s argument that is considered in the article supports this claim. It rests on linguistic holism. Along with this negative conception of animal thinking the author of the article analyzes two positive conceptions. Firstly, it is Jamieson’s interpre­tivism, which is based on the second-person and third-person perspective in the process of interpretation. This approach denies any difference in understanding human and ani­mal behavior. Secondly, it is the concept of proto-logic elaborated by J.L. Bermudez. Ac­cording to the author of the article this approach is promising for a further development of the relevant field of research. Bermudez doesn’t reduce the problem of animal thinking to the characteristic features of human thinking and reasoning. He demonstrates a mere theoretical possibility of the existence of thinking beyond the representational system of language. As the author concludes, protologic provides the basis for the philosophical in­vestigation of the problem of thinking in non-human animals.
What is meaning? Paul Grice’s answer
Authors: Grice Paul
Published: January 2021

The present paper discusses the ideas presented in Paul Grice’s groundbreaking paper ‘Meaning’ published in 1957. The ideas are examined in the perspective of Grice’s ma­ture, complete and elaborate approach to language. The following tenets are indicated as the main features of that approach: (1) though meaning and use are closely connected, they should not be identified; (2) the theory of meaning and language as a whole must be systematic and explanatory; (3) the meaning of linguistic expressions is explicated in terms of psychological states, first of all, in terms of intentions; (4) three kinds of meaning are distinguished: the meaning of a sentence, the uttered content (what is said), and speaker (utterer’s) meaning; (5) conversation is treated as a rational activity submit­ted to some general principles: to recognize the speaker intentions the audience makes a special kind of inference – implicatures; (6) natural languages has no special informal logic; (7) semantic and pragmatic aspects of language has no clear-cut boundary, they in­teract with each other. In discussing Grice’s article ‘Meaning’ a special attention is paid to three points: the difference between natural and non-natural meaning, the applied proce­dure of conceptual analysis (through identifying necessary and sufficient conditions for attributing non-natural (or speaker) meaning and the nature (reflexive or iterative) of speaker intentions which later were called ‘communicative’. Though Grice is commonly regarded to be a philosopher of ordinary language, his views on the character of meaning and conversation testify to the effect that he rejects some important principles of that philosophical school.
The ontolog­ical status of socio-cultural entities as an object of phenomenological critique (A. Schutz, R. Ingraden)
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Smirnova Natalia M. , Schtikov Dmitry R.
Published: January 2021

The paper presents a phenomenological approach to the study of socio-cultural subject matters, which are viewed as the transcendental foundations of the social and ontological status of the objects of culture – in post-Husserlian Phenomenology (in the works of such followers of E. Husserl’s as A. Schutz and R. Ingarden). The authors show that in the process of elaboration of the ideas of “late” Husserl Schutz and Ingraden introduce origi­nal principles of socio-cultural analysis for phenomenological sociology, phenomenologi­cal ontology and aesthetics. In its analysis of the meaningful structure of the social world, social phenomenology develops analytical tools that can be used in an investigation of the transcendental foundations of sociality as well as cognitive background of commu­nicative practices. Furthermore, within his “phenomenological ontology” R. Ingarden creates an original system of categories for socio-cultural objects investigations and re­veals the specific character of the intentional component of the ideal subject matter of culture. It is shown that the phenomenological ontology of culture as an intentionally constituted reality is transcendental with respect to human consciousness as well as its own material foundations. The socio-cultural reality is generated by the creative activity of the human mind. Despite its contingent nature, it transcends the boundaries of the nat­ural world transforming it into a meaningful human-created reality.
In Search of a Culturally Sensitive Human Rights Ethics
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Yakushev Leonid V.
Published: January 2021

The paper analyses the potential for the recognition of human rights as a universal moral and legal regulator in the social and political sphere by Buddhism, Christianity (on the Orthodoxy example) and Islam. The analysis is focused on the dogmas and specific cultural norms of these religions which regulate the legal status of the individual. Among the Buddhism’s no­tions allowing the latter to join the global consensus on human rights, there are the category of compassion, the Five precepts and the doctrine of Buddha-nature. The last one seems to be the most promising. The understanding of the human freedom typical for the Orthodox tradition differs from the one implied by the conception of human rights. But supporters of human rights within the Orthodoxy appeal to the roots of ideas of universal equality and human dignity in the Christian moral ideal. The human rights’ protection, in their opinion, can be seen as a minimal manifestation of the Christian love. The Islam’s participation in the world consensus on human rights could be based on additional interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah that adapts some of their statements to the modern social life’s condi­tions. One of the crucial notions in this respect is maslakha (the general welfare principle) which fixes the basic goods of human life and secures their protection. The directions of the rapprochement of the three religious traditions with the conception human rights traced in the article can become the basis for a consensus that will make human rights genuinely uni­versal, but the real achievement of such a consensus depends on the readiness of religious leaders and ordinary believers to correct and develop their social and political ideals.
Finding the Proper Measure: The Value of Money Versus Higher Values
Authors:   College of the Holy Cross, Cicovacki Predrag
Published: January 2021

In our consumerist world, our values center around the possession of money and the possi­bility of buying things we have never imagined we need. Shopping has become our lifestyle to the extent that our sense of freedom seems to be reduced to a choice between brands. I ex­amine this state of affairs from three perspectives: apologetic, critical, and one attempting to balance our obsession with money and shopping with a proper understanding of higher values. Following Nicolai Hartmann, I develop the last of these standpoints. We should not be too concerned about our love for shopping, nor is there anything wrong with convincing people to buy things they had never imagined they needed. But it is problematic when we spend more time shopping than with our children and reorganize our schools as if they are corporations created to make profit. The problem of our age is that we place money, shop­ping, and economic values in a position that is inappropriately high: we see the highlights of our lives in shopping and the acquisition of new things, while their values are far lower. The central task of our age is to find the right balance between low and strong material val­ues and high and weak personal values.
Philosophy and Animal Welfare Movement
Authors: Schweitzer Albert
Published: January 2021

This work provides a Russian translation of Albert Schweitzer’s “Philosophy and Animal Welfare Movement” (Philosophie und Tierschutzbewegung, c. 1950, possibly 1936). There, Schweitzer considers the issue of the man’s proper attitude to the living beings around. At the same time, he analyzes the history of the formation of different approaches to the is­sue in the course of the development of western and eastern ethical thought. In particular, he examines briefly the attitude towards living beings in Chinese and Indian ethics, the ethics of early and modern Christianity, and European philosophy. Finally, Schweitzer highlights the inevitability of the convergence between universal human ethics and the principles of reverence for life and love for all life. In this convergence, he sees a complex task facing contemporary society.
Moral Universality in Henry Sidgwick’s Ethics
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Artemyeva Olga V.
Published: January 2021

The article analyzes the idea of moral universality in the Henry Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics. It is shown that this idea is the leitmotif of this work. The following implications of moral universality are highlighted: (1) the impartiality of moral philosopher’s position in his research (excluding sermon or edifying); (2) the position of every thinking person while making judgments and decisions: this position is set by the self-evident principles of justice (equality), or an impartial attitude to different people in similar situations, as well as the impartial application of general rules to them; prudence, or an impartial attitude of persons to their own good throughout life; benevolence, or an impartial attitude to the good of different people. (3) the special feature of the self-evident principles themselves, which manifests itself either in the general consent of experts or all people regarding these rules (general acceptance), or in the absence of disagreement. The article concludes that the idea of universality as an objective characteristic of substantial moral principles as their general acceptance is rather vulnerable: none of Sidgwick’s principles meets his criterion of general acceptance. However, the interpretation of universality as impartiality in making decisions and judgments seems quite reliable. The peculiarity of Sidgwick’s position in comparison with Kant's was that he applied a utilitarian approach to the analysis of universality as im­partiality and filled it with substantial points.
Moral Universality and Moral Nihilism: on the Meanings of the Contemporary Revaluation of Values
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Skomorokhov Alexey V.
Published: January 2021

Modern thought is characterized by the attention to the revaluation of values. The idea of the absence of a single transcultural ethical “code” is given a moral meaning: it is seen as a condition for a dialogue that overcomes the repressive intentions of enlightenment univer­salism. This article examines the role of the moral universality idea in the formation of two types of moral nihilism that are significant for modern culture: a) first-order nihilism that re­jects the universality of specific moral concepts and b) second-order nihilism that rejects the universality of a pure moral law. In first-order nihilism, the appeal to the universality of duty serves as a means of overthrowing the universalist claims of prevailing morality. In second-order nihilism, the essential conflict in the structure of the idea of universality ends with the denial of the universality of duty. It is shown that a significant number of modern culture practices are determined by nihilism of the second order. The origins of this type of nihilism are investigated. We prove its connection with the ethical system of Kant, and, at the same time, with the will-to-power ethics of Nietzsche. The transition from Kant’s idea of universal duty to the denial of the universality of duty by Dostoevsky’s heroes is be­ing reconstructed. The analysis suggests that optimistic interpretations of the current plural situation are not justified. Without connecting the idea of universality to the idea of the ab­soluteness of moral requirements, the idea of a plurality of moral worlds leads not to a “dia­logue of different origins”, but to the gnostic construction of “multi-store humanity”.
Moral Endeavour of Nazi Judge Konrad Morgen (Morality in the Mechanics of Auschwitz)
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zubets Olga P.
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the description and analysis of the involvement of morality in the me­chanics of Auschwitz and is based on the moral biography of the Nazi judge Konrad Morgen. He is famous as “a fanatic for justice”, a fighter against corruption and “unpermitted killings” in the death camps. The principle of the unity of morality and law with the priority of morality was important for him and for the Nazi legal system in general. The kernel of the Nazi ethic is found in the separation of a person (will) and an act, what is more – an act is secondary, de­rived and even accidental to the acting person, having virtues, motives and intentions before and beyond an act. An act appears to be non-self-sufficient – a consequence, estimated accord­ing to the circumstances, motives, acting personality, or even excluded from the sphere of morality, which makes it the value basis of Auschwitz as an ultimate killing. Nazi ethic com­bines the idea of killing as a moral imperative in the struggle against evil with disapproval of killing committed not out of a sense of duty, but for various selfish reasons, profit motives, sadism or passion. It distinguishes between a killing, which is humane towards both the victim and the killer, and a cruel killing. It combines moral sensitivity of a Nazi with elimination of mass killing from it or calling what was taking place monstrous with calm virtuousness of ev­ery-day life. Morality suggests struggle against evil and the good of the neighbour or humanity as the reasons for killing and obstructing the disallowance of Auschwitz. Morgen’s attempt to be both moral and social became a form of collaboration with Auschwitz, personification of how moral ideas, norms, defining of good and evil, longing for the good of neighbour on the ground of prudence and realities of society form the Nazi ethic, which keeps all features of morality, such morality which is not based on the absolute rejection of killing.
Morality and Language of National Socialism
Authors:   Ministry of Social Affairs and Integration Baden-Württemberg, Buller Andreas
Published: January 2021

This article presents an analysis of the diaries of the well-known German philologist of Jew­ish origin Victor Klemperer, who kept them in the Third Reich. From the perspective of these diaries, the author of the article examines the three central problems of the totalitarian language: the problem of its genesis and dissemination, the problem of the relationship of language with the ideology and morality of Nazi society, and, finally, the problem of per­sonal responsibility, especially the responsibility of public persons for the public language. Klemperer asks himself a question that we must ask ourselves as well: how can the language of a minor extremist (racist, religious, revolutionary) minority become the language of the majority? Furthermore, under what conditions does this linguistic change happen? Under what conditions does the totalitarian language emerge and spread? The danger of the totalitarian language is that it creates a seemingly legitimate basis to exclude a particular group or even specific groups from the society, thereby turning certain people into outsiders. The totalitarian language allows people to draw, mark and select. But behind this linguistic selection there is always a certain morality that implies concrete moral convictions and ethi­cal ideas. And so it was with the morality of National Socialism. The National Socialist morality was characterized by the spirit of racism and anti-Semitism, which manifested it­self primarily in the language of National Socialism. For this reason, we need to study the National Socialist language. But it also presupposes the study of National Socialist morality. This morality appears from time to time in the modern German language, esp. in the language of modern German extremists and racists. It poses a great danger to our soci­ety. In this respect, the study of the language of extremism can help us a lot, not only in or­der to recognize the close relationship between language and morality, but also possibly to avoid social catastrophes.
Hasdai Crescas on Divine Omniscience and Human Choice: Comparative Metaphysics
Authors:   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Sleptsova Valeriya Valerevna
Published: January 2021

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the parallels between the ideas of the Western scholastics and Jewish philosophers of the XIV–XV centuries. Hasdai Crescas was one of the famous Jewish philosophers. Until the 60s of the XX century researchers considered the philosophy of Judaism in the framework of the Arab-Muslim philosophical tradition. However, with the release of the significant Sh. Pines’ paper this trend has changed. Indeed, it would be much more methodologically more accurate to consider the philosophical ideas of Jewish thinkers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries also in the light of the interaction of the latter with European scholastic thought. The key issues raised in the main Crescas’ work, The Light of the Lord, are close to the questions formulated and decided by the scholastics. The ideas of Creskas on the divine knowledge of future events, freedom of human will, reward and punishment for actions are parallels with the ideas of different representatives of scholastic philosophy.
“Religion after Religion”, or Current Projects in Posmetaphysical Theology
Authors:   The Russian Christian Academy of the Humanities, Litvin Tatyana Valerievna
Published: January 2021

Оne of the newest monograph is analysed where the ideas of Western theologians of the last decades, basing their theories on the reception of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, are examined, Caputo, Kearney, Manjussakis, Hart being choosed in the first place. The rejection of metaphysics and the search for new methods of cognition, new philosophizing ways are actual for theology as well. Methodological issues, updating the existential vocabulary of theology, rethinking the transcendent become the subjects of reflection of postmodern theology. The reviewer pays reasonable attention, in accordance with the book, to a transition from onto-thology to the theology of event and emphasizes that study of contemporary Western theologians is valuable for Russia, especially in the context of today’s introducing academic theology into the system of education.
Metaphysics in Cicero’s “De natura deorum”
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vevyurko Ilya Sergeyevich
Published: January 2021

At first sight, in Cicero’s treatise «De natura deorum», written in the form of a dialogue, metaphysical ideas are expressed only by a stoic participant, Balbus, who cannot argue them convincingly enough in the face of criticism from Cotta, a representative of the academic tradition, to which, in epistemology at least, the author considers himself to belong. However, the situation looks like this only if you read the treatise in isolation from other works of Cicero and taking into account what is stated, but not what is hidden. Meanwhile, there is every reason to consider this treatise as the central one in the group of works of the second half of the 40s, which is why the omissions in it are no less important than the direct text. From the comparison of various statements of Cicero about the divine, scattered in different works, it turns out that there undoubtedly was some metaphysical content in them, and it was built with an appeal to Plato, reinterpreted in the context of academic skepticism. And the key to understand the treatise «De natura deorum» is to be found in its composition, built on the opposition of the exoteric religiosity of the epicurean and stoic participants to the unspoken ideas of both their academic critics.
Libertarianism and Classical Theism: Historical and Conceptual Interrelations
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Mishura Aleksandr Sergeyevich
Published: January 2021

This paper aims to highlight the historical and conceptual interrelations between libertarianism and classical theism (CT). In the first part of the paper, I show that the concept of CT was introduced in the contemporary philosophy of religion by the proponent of process theology Ch. H. Hartshorne to criticize European philosophical and theological tradition. Hartshorne himself thought that classical theism contradicts the libertarian understanding of free will. I further propose two hypotheses to explain the existing association between libertarianism and classical theism in the contemporary philosophy of religion. In the second part, I explore conceptual dependencies and contradictions between libertarianism and CT. I argue that although libertarianism is more suited to address the problem of evil and the doctrine of eternal damnation than theological compatibilism, it nevertheless faces serious problems on the way of reconciliation with CT. To explain evil and eternal damnation libertarian free will have to be understood as having a great value. However, the value of libertarian freedom might be challenged by exploring its contradictions with such divine perfections as divine goodness and divine foreknowledge and the doctrine of divine conservation. I further argue that to solve theological puzzles one needs to develop explicitly theological libertarian understanding of free will that depends on theological values and does not pretend to be compatible with naturalism and atheism.
The Divine Processions and the Divine Energies
Authors:   University of Kentucky, Bradshaw David
Published: January 2021

The concept of the divine energies (energeiai) is commonly associated with the late Byzantine theologian Gregory Palamas. In fact, however, it has biblical origins and figures prominently in Greek patristic theology from at least the fourth century. Here I briefly trace its history beginning with the Pauline usage of energeia and continuing through the Cappadocian Fathers, Dionysius the Areopagite, Maximus the Confessor, and Gregory Palamas. I argue that the divine processions in Dionysius function much as do the divine energies in the Cappadocians, although Dionysius enriches the concept by setting it within the context of a Neoplatonic pattern of procession and return. Dionysius’s own work was in need of a further synthesis in that he does not explain the relationship between the divine processions and the divine logoi, the “divine and good acts of will” by which God creates. Maximus the Confessor then introduced a further element into this complex tradition through his argument that certain “natural energies” must necessarily accompany any nature. I argue that the real importance of Palamas from the standpoint of the history of philosophy lies not in originating the concept of the divine energies, but in using it to synthesize these disparate elements from the Cappadocians, Dionysius, and Maximus.
The cost effectiveness of Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography compared with stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease
Authors: Javan-Noughabi Javad , Rezapour Aziz , Hajahmadi Marjan , Alipour Vahid , Jafari Abdosaleh , Faramarzi Ahmad , Najar Ali Vafaee
Published: January 2021

Early diagnosis of coronary artery disease is very vital for success in treatment of this disease. However, the appropriate diagnostic modality for diagnosis of coronary artery disease is uncertain. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare the cost-effectiveness of Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography (SPECT) versus stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease in Iran. A decision tree model was developed to compare the cost-effectiveness of SPECT versus stress echocardiography. This study was conducted in Tehran, capital of Iran, between April 1, 2017, and September 1, 2018. The cost analysis was conducted from a societal perspective and medical direct costs, nonmedical direct costs and indirect costs were estimated. Effectiveness was defined as the accurate detection of coronary artery disease and invasive coronary angiography was used as a gold standard. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was defined as an additional cost per correct diagnosis. SPECT was associated with higher costs and lower effectiveness compared with stress echocardiography. Therefore, stress echocardiography is dominant alternative compared to SPECT. The results also indicated that total cost per patient were $970.49 and $781.8 for SPECT and stress echocardiography, respectively. Also, the percent of true positive and true negative responses were %88 and %79 for SPECT and %90 and %92 for stress echocardiography. The results of this study indicate that stress echocardiography is the cost-effective modality in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease compared with SPECT. According to the results, it is suggested cardiologists use stress echocardiography instead of SPECT for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The result of the current study has significant concepts for decision-making in designing clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
Three-Body Photodissociation of Water Molecule: An Important Prebiotic Oxygen Source
Authors: Chang Yao , Yu Yong , An Feng , Luo Zijie , Quan Donghui , Zhang Xia , Hu Xixi , Li Qinming , Yang Jiayue , Chen Zhichao , Che Li , Zhang Weiqing , Wu Guorong , Xie Daiqian , Ashfold Michael , Yuan Kaijun , Yang Xueming
Published: January 2021

The provenance of oxygen on the Earth and other Solar planetary bodies is a fundamental issue. It has been widely accepted that the only prebiotic pathway to produce oxygen in the Earth’s primitive atmosphere was via vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photodissociation of CO2 and subsequent two O atom recombination. Here, we provide experimental evidence of three-body dissociation (TBD) of H2O to produce O atoms in both 1D and 3P states upon vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation using the newly developed tunable VUV free electron laser. Experimental results show that the TBD is the dominant pathway in the VUV H2O photochemistry at wavelengths between 90 and 107.4 nm. The relative abundance of water in the interstellar space with its exposure to intense VUV radiation suggests that the TBD of H2O and subsequent O atoms recombination should be an important prebiotic O2-production, which may need to be incorporated into interstellar photochemical models.