bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical quality indices in local and imported beef meat
Authors: HASSANIEN F. S. , SHALTOUT F. A. , FAHMEY M. Z. , ELSUKKARY H. F.
Published: February 2021

Freshness of meat samples can be measured and evaluated by chemical tests based on t h e i r protein decomposition, lipid oxidation and/or pH values. A total of 100 random samples of local and imported beef meat (50 of each) were collected from different shops in Cairo governorate for evaluation of their chemical quality. Chemical examination of beef samples revealed that the mean values of pH, TVB/N (mg%) and TBA (mg/Kg) were 5.77 ± 0.32, 11.9±1.63 &0.58± 0.10 for local meat samples respectively , while they were 6.6 ± 0.12, 21.5 ± 1.95 & 0.95 ± 0.11 for imported samples respectively. Overall results obtained were considered important meat quality indicators. It is clear that there is a significant difference between fresh and frozen meat samples, which could be attributed to storage time and other conditions, particularly for frozen samples.
Risk factors for major external structural birth defects among children in Kiambu County, Kenya: a case-control study
Authors: Agot George N. , Mweu Marshal M. , Wang'ombe Joseph K.
Published: February 2021

Background:Although major external structural birth defects continue to occur globally, the greatest burden is shouldered by resource-constrained countries largely with no surveillance systems. To the best of our knowledge, few studies have been published on the risk factors for these defects in developing countries. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for major external structural birth defects among children in Kiambu County, Kenya.

Methods:A hospital-based case-control study was used to identify the risk factors for major external structural birth defects in Kiambu County. A structured questionnaire was used to gather information retrospectively on exposure to environmental teratogens, multifactorial inheritance, and sociodemographic-environmental factors during the study participants' last pregnancies. Descriptive analyses (means, standard deviations, medians, and ranges) were used to summarize continuous variables, whereas, categorical variables were summarized as proportions and percentages in frequency tables. Afterward, logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the effects of the predictors on major external structural birth defects in the county.

Results:From the multivariable analyses, maternal age ≤34 years old, (aOR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18-0.91; P=0.03), and preceding siblings with history of birth defects (aOR: 5.21; 95% CI; 1.35-20.12; P =0.02) were identified as the significant predictors of major external structural birth defects.

Conclusions:Maternal age ≥35 years old, and siblings with a history of birth defects were identified as the risk factors for major external structural birth defects in Kiambu County, Kenya. This pointed to a need to create awareness among couples against delaying childbearing beyond 35 years of age and the need for clinical genetic services for women of reproductive age with history of births affected by congenital anomalies.
ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ КАК СРЕДСТВА ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭКСПРЕССИВНОСТИ ДИСКУРСА МАССМЕДИА
Authors: Radyuk Alexandra Vladimirovna , Khramchenko Dmitry Sergeevich
Published: February 2021

Цель. Работа посвящена исследованию функционирования фразеологических глаголов как одного из речевых средств, составляющих систему речевого выражения коммуникативного замысла автора публицистической статьи. Целью статьи является анализ речевых средств, применяемых в англоязычной качественной прессе, для формирования оценочной окраски событий, формирования определенного образа, прагматического воздействия на реципиента.Метод. В статье применяется метод функционального анализа дискурса.Результаты. В результате определено, что целенаправленный подбор эффективных прагматических средств воздействия основан на коммуникативном замысле автора, применение речевых стратегий и тактик интенционально. Дискурс массмедиа является функционально обусловленной системой смыслов, в которой пропозиции связаны между собой прагма-семантическими и логико-семантическими отношениями.Выводы. Сделан вывод о том, что знание механизмов речевого воздействия может помочь специалистам различных профессиональных сфер в повышении коммуникативной компетенции, и в целом способствует противостоянию речевым манипуляциям.
СИММЕТРИЯ/АСИММЕТРИЯ В ПАРАДИГМЕ АКТИВНЫХ И ПАССИВНЫХ ЗАЛОГОВЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО, НЕМЕЦКОГО, РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)
Authors: Shmeleva Tatiana Sergeevna
Published: February 2021

Статья посвящена анализу активных и пассивных залоговых конструкций с лингвосемиотической точки зрения.Целью исследования является детализировать парадигму активных и пассивных залоговых конструкций с точки зрения соотношения формы и значения данных конструкций. Предметом исследования послужили активные и пассивные залоговые конструкции английского, немецкого и русского языков. Залоговые конструкции рассматриваются как сложные языковые знаки. Особый интерес представляет соотношение формы и содержания активных и пассивных залоговых конструкций с точки зрения симметрии и асимметрии.Исследование осуществлялось с помощью комплекса методов: метода семиотического анализа, сплошной выборки, сопоставительного и сравнительного анализа, метод контекстуального анализа.В результате проведенного исследования были выявлены различные типы симметричных активных и пассивных залоговых конструкций, а также конструкций, характеризующихся нарушением симметрии формы и значения залоговой конструкции.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в курсах по языкознанию, семиотике, теоретической грамматике, теории и практике перевода.
ТРАГЕДИЯ И. ГЕТЕ «ФАУСТ» В ЧУВАШСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ: ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА НА ЧУВАШСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Authors: Emelianova Margarita Valentinovna , Kuznetsova Tatiana Nikolaevna
Published: February 2021

Цель. Статья посвящена лингвистическим особенностям перевода трагедии И. Гете «Фауст» на чувашский язык, выполненном чувашским языковедом и переводчиком Н.А. Андреевым-Урхи. Проводится сравнительно-сопоставительный анализ перевода и оригинала, определяется качество перевода произведения. Цель исследования заключается в комплексном анализе перевода трагедии И. Гете «Фауст» на чувашский язык, рассмотрении лингвистических особенностей перевода произведения.Материалы и методы. Материалом исследования послужили лексические единицы, крылатые выражения, пословицы и поговорки, встречающиеся в произведении И. Гете «Фауст». Основными методами данной работы являются сравнительно-сопоставительный и лингвистический.Результаты. Анализ рассмотренных лингвистических особенностей перевода трагедии И. Гете «Фауст» доказывает, что переводчик подбирал лексические соответствия понятные для чувашского народа, употреблял в переводе живую диалектную речь, т.е. диалект верховых чувашей, что делает данное произведение более близким и родным для чувашского читателя.Область применения результатов. Полученные результаты могут найти свое применение в учебных курсах по общему и сравнительному языкознанию, типологии языков, теории художественного перевода, а также на практических занятиях по иностранному языку.
Analytical Procedure for Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement in Financial Statements due to Fraud
Authors: Kochinev Yuriy , Antysheva E.
Published: February 2021

Th e article substantiates the choice of non-fi nancial indicators used in analytical procedures for assessing the risk of unfair misstatement of reporting, which can be used along with fi nancial indicators, but which (unlike fi nancial indicators) are diffi cult to manipulate. A set of control ratios has been developed, including non-fi nancial indicators for organizations of various types of activities.
Diffi cult Issues of Equity Accounting
Authors: Mislavskaya N.
Published: February 2021

The article, based on a retrospective analysis of theoretical approaches to the concept of capital, examines the legality of its reflection in the accounting (financial) reporting system. The dilemma of an organization's choice of an accounting policy for the revaluation of fixed assets or the mandatory use of it, discussed today in the professional community, justifies the democratic approach used in international financial reporting standards in the author's reading. Critical assessment refers to the methodology for reflecting the revaluation results on accounting sets and in the forms of accounting (financial) statements.
Using Korean Grammar and Vocabulary
Authors: Ko En , Kim He
Published: February 2021

Pragmatics in linguistics is the study of the use of language, and pragmatics is the study of the meaning of the speaker. This study is an analysis study on the contents of advertisement as a tool for utilizing Korean vocabulary and grammar based on pragmatic theory. As a tool for the use of Korean vocabulary and grammar, K-pop, Korean dramas, Korean films, and Korean advertisements, which are the genres of Hallyu, are thought to be helpful in accurately using, understanding, and spreading Korean. In particular, it is considered worthwhile to use Koreans' emotional vocabulary through advertisements, where they can easily understand Korean vocabulary and grammar rules, and it is difficult to measure the depth.
The Language of Conflict in the Focus of Quantitative Content Analysis of the USA Press Reports (on the Example of New York Times Article Archive for the Period from 1851 to 2019)
Authors: Chekunova M.
Published: February 2021

The presented article tests the application of the method of quantitative content analysis to identify the spread of confrontational tendencies in the public consciousness. It proves the broad possibilities of monitoring and forecasting conflicts in society on the basis of it. The source base of the study was the archives of the New York Times newspaper for the period from 1851 to 2019. The author calculated the number of used indicative conflict-containing lexemes, the integrated dynamics of which expresses the coefficient of confrontation. The coefficient of confrontation correlates with the dynamics of conflicts in the history of the United States and the world, explanations of the increase and decrease of the corresponding indicators are given. The maximum phases of the confrontation coefficient fall on the period of the Second World War and the modern period. Modern maximization is viewed as a significant threat to the security of Russian society.
COVID-19 and the risk of homicide-suicide among older adults
Authors: Ghossoub Elias , Wakim Mary-Lee T. , Khoury Rita
Published: February 2021

Identify patients who are at risk, and implement measures to protect them.
Axiomatic Theories and Improving the Relevance of Information Systems Research
Authors: Lee Jae Kyu , Park Jinsoo , Gregor Shirley , Yoon Victoria
Published: February 2021

Axiomatic Theories and Improving the Relevance of Information Systems Research This paper examines the fact that a significant number of empirical information systems (IS) studies engage in confirmative testing of self-evident axiomatic theories without yielding highly relevant knowledge for the IS community. The authors conduct both a horizontal analysis of 72 representative IS theories and an in-depth vertical analysis of 3 well-known theories (i.e., technology acceptance model, diffusion of innovation theory, and institutional theory) in order to measure how pervasive such testing of axiomatic theories is. The authors discovered that more than 60% of 666 hypotheses from the horizontal analysis could be regarded as axiomatic theory elements. In the vertical analysis, 68.1% of 1,301 hypotheses from 148 articles were axiomatic. Based on these findings, the authors propose four complementary IS research approaches: (1) identifying disconfirming boundary conditions, (2) measuring the relative importance of axiomatic causal factors, (3) measuring the stage of progression toward visionary goals when the nature of the axiomatic theory can be extended to future visions, and (4) engaging in the conceptual design of visionary axiomatic goals. They argue that these complementary IS research approaches can enhance the relevance of IS research outcomes without sacrificing methodological rigor.
Acute kidney injury: a COVID-19 update
Authors: Main Claire
Published: February 2021

Claire Main, Interim Manager of Critical Care and Major Trauma at Cardiff and Vale University Health Board and ANN UK executive board member, gives an update on acute kidney injury and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
UK Kidney Week 2020 holds its first virtual art exhibition
Authors: Ancliffe Lisa
Published: February 2021

Lisa Ancliffe, a member of the British Renal Society Rehab Network, updates on a virtual art exhibition for people living with chronic kidney disease
The PINS Trial: a prospective randomized clinical trial comparing a traditional versus an emollient skincare regimen for the care of pin-sites in patients with circular frames
Authors: Ferguson David , Harwood Paul , Allgar Victoria , Roy Anu , Foster Patrick , Taylor Martin , Moulder Elizabeth , Sharma Hemant
Published: February 2021

Aims

Pin-site infection remains a significant problem for patients treated by external fixation. A randomized trial was undertaken to compare the weekly use of alcoholic chlorhexidine (CHX) for pin-site care with an emollient skin preparation in patients with a tibial fracture treated with a circular frame.

Methods

Patients were randomized to use either 0.5% CHX or Dermol (DML) 500 emollient pin-site care. A skin biopsy was taken from the tibia during surgery to measure the dermal and epidermal thickness and capillary, macrophage, and T-cell counts per high-powered field. The pH and hydration of the skin were measured preoperatively, at follow-up, and if pin-site infection occurred. Pin-site infection was defined using a validated clinical system.

Results

Out of 116 patients who were enrolled in the study, 23 patients (40%) in the CHX group and 26 (44%) in the DML group had at least one bad or ugly pin-site infection. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.71). There was no significant relationship between pH or hydration of the skin and pin-site infection. The epidermal thickness was found to be significantly greater in patients who had a pin-site infection compared with those who did not (p = 0.01). Skin irritation requiring a change of treatment occurred in four patients (7%) using CHX, and none using DML.

Conclusion

We found no significant difference in the incidence of pin-site infection between the CHX and DML treatment groups. Dermol appeared to offer a small but significant advantage in terms of tolerability. We did not find a significant association between patient or treatment related factors and pin-site infection. It is therefore difficult to make specific recommendations based upon these results. The use of either cleaning agent appears to be appropriate. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):279–285.
Impact of preoperative echocardiography on surgical delays and outcomes among adults with hip fracture
Authors: Chang Justin S. , Ravi Bheeshma , Jenkinson Richard J. , Paterson J. Michael , Huang Anjie , Pincus Daniel
Published: February 2021

Aims

Echocardiography is commonly used in hip fracture patients to evaluate perioperative cardiac risk. However, echocardiography that delays surgical repair may be harmful. The objective of this study was to compare surgical wait times, mortality, length of stay (LOS), and healthcare costs for similar hip fracture patients evaluated with and without preoperative echocardiograms.

Methods

A population-based, matched cohort study of all hip fracture patients (aged over 45 years) in Ontario, Canada between 2009 and 2014 was conducted. The primary exposure was preoperative echocardiography (occurring between hospital admission and surgery). Mortality rates, surgical wait times, postoperative LOS, and medical costs (expressed as 2013$ CAN) up to one year postoperatively were assessed after propensity-score matching.

Results

A total of 2,354 of 42,230 (5.6%) eligible hip fracture patients received a preoperative echocardiogram during the study period. Echocardiography ordering practices varied among hospitals, ranging from 0% to 23.0% of hip fracture patients at different hospital sites. After successfully matching 2,298 (97.6%) patients, echocardiography was associated with significantly increased risks of mortality at 90 days (20.1% vs 16.8%; p = 0.004) and one year (32.9% vs 27.8%; p < 0.001), but not at 30 days (11.4% vs 9.8%; p = 0.084). Patients with echocardiography also had a mean increased delay from presentation to surgery (68.80 hours (SD 44.23) vs 39.69 hours (SD 27.09); p < 0.001), total LOS (19.49 days (SD 25.39) vs 15.94 days (SD 22.48); p < 0.001), and total healthcare costs at one year ($51,714.69 (SD 54,675.28) vs $41,861.47 (SD 50,854.12); p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Preoperative echocardiography for hip fracture patients is associated with increased postoperative mortality at 90 days and one year but not at 30 days. Preoperative echocardiography is also associated with increased surgical delay, postoperative LOS, and total healthcare costs at one year. Echocardiography should be considered an urgent test when ordered to prevent additional surgical delay. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):271–278.
Comparison of reconstructive techniques after acetabular resection for pelvic chondrosarcoma
Authors: Houdek Matthew T. , Wunder Jay S. , Abdel Matthew P. , Griffin Anthony M. , Hevesi Mario , Rose Peter S. , Ferguson Peter C. , Lewallen David G.
Published: February 2021

Aims

Hip reconstruction after resection of a periacetabular chondrosarcoma is complex and associated with a high rate of complications. Previous reports have compared no reconstruction with historical techniques that are no longer used. The aim of this study was to compare the results of tantalum acetabular reconstruction to both historical techniques and no reconstruction.

Methods

We reviewed 66 patients (45 males and 21 females) with a mean age of 53 years (24 to 81) who had undergone acetabular resection for chondrosarcoma. A total of 36 patients (54%) underwent acetabular reconstruction, most commonly with a saddle prosthesis (n = 13; 36%) or a tantalum total hip arthroplasty (THA) (n = 10; 28%). Mean follow-up was nine years (SD 4).

Results

There was no difference in the mean age (p = 0.63), sex (p = 0.110), tumour volume (p = 0.646), or type of resection carried out (p > 0.05) between patients with and without reconstruction. Of the original 66 patients, 61 (92%) were ambulant at final follow-up. There was no difference in the proportion of patients who could walk in the reconstruction and 'no reconstruction' groups (p = 0.649). There was no difference in the mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score between patients who were reconstructed and those who were not (61% vs 56%; p = 0.378). Patients with a tantalum THA had a significantly (p = 0.015) higher mean MSTS score (78%) than those who were reconstructed with a saddle prosthesis (47%) or who had not been reconstructed (56%). Patients who had undergone reconstruction were more likely to have complications (81% vs 53%; p = 0.033).

Conclusion

Reconstruction after resection of the acetabulum is technically demanding. In selected cases, reconstruction is of benefit, especially when reconstruction is by tantalum THA; however, the follow-up for these patients remains mid-term. When not feasible, patients with no reconstruction have an acceptable functional outcome. Level of Evidence: Level III Therapeutic. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(2):391–397.
Hip arthroscopy following slipped capital femoral epiphysis fixation: Chondral damage and labral tears findings
Authors: Besomi Javier , Escobar Valeria , Alvarez Santiago , Valderrama Juanjose , Lopez Jaime , Mella Claudio , Lara Joaquin , Meneses Claudio
Published: February 2021

Purpose

This study investigated the association between chondrolabral damage and time to arthroscopic surgery for slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE).

Methods

This was a descriptive retrospective study that enrolled patients with SCFE who underwent hip arthroscopy for femoral osteochondroplasty after SCFE fixation. SCFE type, time from SCFE symptom onset or slip fixation surgery to hip arthroscopy and intraarticular arthroscopic findings were recorded. Acetabular chondrolabral damage was evaluated according to the Konan and Outerbridge classification systems. Nested analysis of variance and the chi-squared test were used for statistical analyses.

Results

We analyzed 22 cases of SCFE in 17 patients (five bilateral). The mean age at the time of hip arthroscopy was 13.6 years-old (8–20), and mean time from SCFE fixation to arthroscopy was 25.1 months (3 weeks to 8 years). Labral frying was present in 20 cases, labral tears in 16 and acetabular chondral damage in 17. The most frequent lesion was type 3 (41%) (Konan classification). Two cases had a grade III and 1 had a grade II acetabular chondral lesion (Outerbridge classification). Positive associations were observed between time from SCFE to hip arthroscopy and hip intraarticular lesions evaluated using Konan (p = 0.004) and Outerbridge (p = 0.000) classification systems. There was no association between SCFE severity (chi-squared = 0.315), stability (chi-squared = 0.558) or temporality (chi-squared = 0.145) type and hip intraarticular lesions.

Conclusion

A longer time from SCFE symptom onset and fixation to hip arthroscopy is associated with greater acetabular chondrolabral damage.

Level of evidence

IV
Can barb thread design improve the pullout strength of bone screws?
Authors: Feng Xiaoreng , Qi Weichen , Fang Christian X. , Lu William W. , Leung Frankie K. L. , Chen Bin
Published: February 2021

Aims

To draw a comparison of the pullout strengths of buttress thread, barb thread, and reverse buttress thread bone screws.

Methods

Buttress thread, barb thread, and reverse buttress thread bone screws were inserted into synthetic cancellous bone blocks. Five screw-block constructs per group were tested to failure in an axial pullout test. The pullout strengths were calculated and compared. A finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to explore the underlying failure mechanisms. FEA models of the three different screw-bone constructs were developed. A pullout force of 250 N was applied to the screw head with a fixed bone model. The compressive and tensile strain contours of the midsagittal plane of the three bone models were plotted and compared.

Results

The barb thread demonstrated the lowest pullout strength (mean 176.16 N (SD 3.10)) among the three thread types. It formed a considerably larger region with high tensile strains and a slightly smaller region with high compressive strains within the surrounding bone structure. The reverse buttress thread demonstrated the highest pullout strength (mean 254.69 N (SD 4.15)) among the three types of thread. It formed a considerably larger region with high compressive strains and a slightly smaller region with high tensile strains within the surrounding bone structure.

Conclusion

Bone screws with a reverse buttress thread design will significantly increase the pullout strength. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):105–112.
Medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee: a review of surgical options
Authors: McCormack Daniel J. , Puttock Darren , Godsiff Steven P.
Published: February 2021

Osteoarthritis of the medial compartment, where the lateral compartment and patella-femoral joint are relatively spared, is a common orthopaedic presentation. Most frequently, the treatment of choice would be a total knee replacement, which involves removing healthy joint surfaces in such patients. Arthroscopic debridement in the osteoarthritic knee has fallen out of favour due to poor clinical results. A trend has developed towards less invasive surgery with uni-compartmental knee replacement (UKR) and high tibial osteotomy (HTO) gaining increasing popularity. Surgeons differ in their relative indications and contraindications to performing these procedures. Total knee replacement (TKR) continues to have the lowest overall revision rate of the available options. Growing evidence demonstrates more favourable patient-reported outcome measures in UKR and HTO patients, compared to TKR. Knee joint distraction (KJD) has been demonstrated as an alternative method of treatment in such patients.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:113-117. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.200102
Literarisch-linguistische Besonderheiten in Wolfgang Hildesheimers Selbst-Übersetzungen
Authors: Salvato Lucia
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a linguistic analysis of a lesser known part of the written production of German writer and artist Wolfgang Hildesheimer (1916–1991). The insight into his two speeches, delivered in English and self-translated into German, has two aims. First, to analyze their most peculiar linguistic features. Second, to highlight Hildesheimer’s linguistic awareness and his extensive activity with languages and with their variations. Thanks to his bilingualism, he used to explore language variations and often realized some in a very peculiar way. The features highlighted in the analysis concern above all literal equivalents, the translation of foreign and loan words, of metaphors and idioms. This aims to emphasize Hildesheimer’s ability to deal with languages and their qualities.
Emotional discourses in the courtroom: women’s empowerment work in honour-related trials
Authors: Rosquist Johan
Published: February 2021

The article investigates emotional exchanges as manifestations of power through emotional body language. Subtle as well as obvious displays of emotion are related to the macro political renegotiation of power relations taking place out of court in light of the court case. The testimonies of women in trials investigating honour-related crimes include emotional displays of contempt, friendly intimacy, anger and resignation, each connecting to the sociology of emotions theories primarily of Clark, Katriel and Hochschild. These theories are in turn connected to the critical discourse analysis of Fairclough.

When emotions are analysed through the lens of critical discourse analysis as social practices manifested through (body) language, it highlights the significance and implications of emotions as signifiers of change. The empirical study suggests that critical discourse analysis and emotions theories analysing (body) language are both theoretically and empirically interconnected. This lays theoretical as well as methodological foundations for future studies, addressing the connection between emotions, discourse and power.
Lemebel, el neobarroco y la subversión de la lengua: Tengo miedo torero contra el discurso de la transición chilena
Authors: Castro Rodríguez Rodrigo Andrés
Published: February 2021

En este artículo se analiza la novela de Pedro Lemebel Tengo miedo torero entendiéndola como una crítica a la transición chilena a la democracia. Para esto, se lee el texto desde los postulados neobarrocos del escritor y crítico cubano Severo Sarduy, que permiten pensar la subversión del lenguaje como una forma de reivindicación política. En el caso de la novela, esta crítica supone demostrar que la sociedad aún habla los mismos lenguajes de la dictadura, y para la liberación tanto sexual como política, es necesario poner las palabras en crisis. Desde el personaje de la Loca, se piensa la homosexualidad desde una diferencia que no cabe en los discursos que el lenguaje de la dictadura ha legado a la democracia, y así se desmantela poco a poco el discurso de unidad y optimismo de esos años.
Roger Leenhardt, André Bazin y la pequeña escuela del espectador de cine moderno
Authors: Oubiña David
Published: February 2021

Este artículo rastrea los vínculos entre Roger Leenhardt y André Bazin a fines de los años 40 y comienzos de los años 50: en ese período, los artículos de ambos críticos configuran una noción moderna del cineasta como autor. Esa noción de autor cinematográfico será uno de los ejes de Cahiers du cinéma, la revista que Bazin funda en 1951 y que se convertirá rápidamente en una de las referencias ineludibles en el pensamiento sobre cine durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Tal como lo entienden los nuevos críticos, el concepto de autor cinematográfico redefine no sólo la actividad del cineasta sino también la noción de espectador y de obra.
Ciencia ficción y fantasía en narrativa sobre refugiados: visión subversiva en las representaciones de sistemas socioeconómicos y de género en Exit West y Carnival Row
Authors: Valverde Velasco Alicia
Published: February 2021

En este artículo se analiza cómo Exit West y Carnival Row se distinguen por la hibridación de las modalidades de lo real maravilloso, la fantasía o la ciencia ficción para elaborar relatos sobre refugiados que ofrecen una visión crítica, e incluso subversiva, de los sistemas capitalista, colonial y patriarcal. La desautomatización, por otro lado, enfatiza los elementos clave del discurso y modifica su percepción habitual. Asimismo, ambas obras tienen en común una representación de la mujer refugiada caracterizada por su autonomía, fortaleza y capacidad de liderazgo, que desafía los márgenes sociales.
Evolución de las representaciones queer en la ciencia ficción televisiva británica. Análisis de las producciones de Russell T Davies: Torchwood (2006-2011) y Years and Years (2019)
Authors: Ferrera Daniel
Published: February 2021

Si bien las primeras producciones de ficción televisiva carecían de representación de identidades no heteronormativas, en las últimas dos décadas se ha ido solventando este problema con la aparición de personajes queer protagonistas. La presente investigación se centra en dos series de Russell T Davies para establecer una evolución en la forma en la que el sujeto queer es representado en la ficción televisiva, concluyendo que ha pasado de tener una función inclusiva y normalizadora para centrarse en representar su situación en la sociedad actual y cuáles son los problemas a los que se enfrenta debido a su identidad, tanto en el presente como en un futuro cercano.
Continuous chirped-wave phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry: publisher’s note
Authors: Jiang Jialin , Wang Zinan , Wang Zitan , Qiu Zijie , Liu Chunye , Rao Yunjiang
Published: February 2021

This publisher’s note contains corrections to Opt. Lett. 46, 685 (2021)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.415087.
Evaluation of four sampling devices for Burkholderia pseudomallei laboratory aerosol studies
Authors: Schuit Michael , Gardner Sierra , Taylor Jill , Dabisch Paul
Published: February 2021

Previous field and laboratory studies investigating airborne Burkholderia pseudomallei have used a variety of different aerosol samplers to detect and quantify concentrations of the bacteria in aerosols. However, the performance of aerosol samplers can vary in their ability to preserve the viability of collected microorganisms, depending on the resistance of the organisms to impaction, desiccation, or other stresses associated with the sampling process. Consequently, sampler selection is critical to maximizing the probability of detecting viable microorganisms in collected air samples in field studies and for accurate determination of aerosol concentrations in laboratory studies. To inform such decisions, the present study assessed the performance of four laboratory aerosol samplers, specifically the all-glass impinger (AGI), gelatin filter, midget impinger, and Mercer cascade impactor, for collecting aerosols containing B. pseudomallei generated from suspensions in two types of culture media. The results suggest that the relative performance of the sampling devices is dependent on the suspension medium utilized for aerosolization. Performance across the four samplers was similar for aerosols generated from suspensions supplemented with 4% glycerol. However, for aerosols generated from suspensions without glycerol, use of the filter sampler or an impactor resulted in significantly lower estimates of the viable aerosol concentration than those obtained with either the AGI or midget impinger. These results demonstrate that sampler selection has the potential to affect estimation of doses in inhalational animal models of melioidosis, as well as the likelihood of detection of viable B. pseudomallei in the environment, and will be useful to inform design of future laboratory and field studies.
Children as messengers of health knowledge? Impact of health promotion and water infrastructure in schools on facial cleanliness and trachoma in the community
Authors: Chen Xinyi , Munoz Beatriz , Mkocha Harran , Wolle Meraf A. , K. West Sheila
Published: February 2021

Background

Health promotion is essential to the SAFE strategy for trachoma elimination. Schools are a valuable venue for health promotion. However, there is little literature about the impact of health education and water infrastructure in schools on facial cleanliness and trachoma in the community. Our study aimed to describe the current state of school health promotion in Kongwa, Tanzania, and to examine the transferability of health messages from schools to the community at large.

Methodology/Findings

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in all 92 villages in Kongwa district, which included 85 primary schools. Data were collected on health messages and water infrastructure in the schools. A random sample of 3084 children aged 0–5 were examined for facial cleanliness in all villages. In 50 villages, a random sample of 50 children aged 1–9 per village were examined for follicular trachoma (TF). Thirty-seven (44.6%) schools had educational materials on face-washing. Fifty (60.2%) schools had a washing station. The presence of a health teacher was correlated with having posters on face washing in classrooms. The presence of face-washing materials was correlated with the availability of washing stations. Neither teachers mentioning face-washing in health curricula nor educational materials in classrooms were associated with clean faces or trachoma in the community. Having a washing station in the school was associated with lower community rates of trachoma.

Conclusions

Primary school health messages and materials on trachoma were not associated with clean faces or lower rates of trachoma in the community. The target audience for primary school health promotion is likely the students themselves, without immediate rippling effects in the community. A long-term perspective should be considered during the implementation of health promotion in schools. The goal of school health promotion should be training the next generation of parents and community health leaders in combatting trachoma.
Effect of immunosuppressants on the parasite load developed in, and immune response to, visceral leishmaniasis: A comparative study in a mouse model
Authors: Bernardo Lorena , Solana Jose Carlos , Romero-Kauss Alba , Sánchez Carmen , Carrillo Eugenia , Moreno Javier
Published: February 2021

The increasing use of immunosuppressants in areas where visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic has increased the number of people susceptible to developing more severe forms of the disease. Few studies have examined the quality of the immune response in immunosuppressed patients or experimental animals with VL. The present work characterises the parasite load developed in, and immune response to,Leishmania infantum-induced VL in C57BL/6 mice that, prior to and during infection, received immunosuppressant treatment with methylprednisolone (MPDN), anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) antibodies, or methotrexate (MTX). The latter two treatments induced a significant reduction in the number of CD4+T lymphocytes over the infection period. The anti-TNF treatment was also associated with a higher parasite load in the liver and a lower parasite load in the spleen. This, plus a possibly treatment-induced reduction in the number of cytokine-producing Th1 cells in the spleen, indicates the development of more severe VL. Interestingly, the MPDN and (especially) MTX treatments provoked a greater presence of solubleLeishmaniaantigen-specific multi-cytokine-producing T cells in the spleen and a lower liver parasite load than in control animals. These results highlight the need to better understand how immunosuppressant treatments might influence the severity of VL in human patients.
Comparing phonological and orthographic networks: A multiplex analysis
Authors: Lara-Martínez Pablo , Obregón-Quintana Bibiana , Reyes-Manzano Cesar F. , López-Rodríguez Irene , Guzmán-Vargas Lev
Published: February 2021

The complexity of natural language can be explored by means of multiplex analyses at different scales, from single words to groups of words or sentence levels. Here, we plan to investigate a multiplex word-level network, which comprises an orthographic and a phonological network defined in terms of distance similarity. We systematically compare basic structural network properties to determine similarities and differences between them, as well as their combination in a multiplex configuration. As a natural extension of our work, we plan to evaluate the preservation of the structural network properties and information-based quantities from the following perspectives: (i) presence of similarities across 12 natural languages from 4 linguistic families (Romance, Germanic, Slavic and Uralic), (ii) increase of the size of the number of words (corpus) from 104to 50 × 103, and (iii) robustness of the networks. Our preliminary findings reinforce the idea of common organizational properties among natural languages. Once concluded, will contribute to the characterization of similarities and differences in the orthographic and phonological perspectives of language networks at a word-level.
TEM image restoration from fast image streams
Authors: Wieslander Håkan , Wählby Carolina , Sintorn Ida-Maria
Published: February 2021

Microscopy imaging experiments generate vast amounts of data, and there is a high demand for smart acquisition and analysis methods. This is especially true for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where terabytes of data are produced if imaging a full sample at high resolution, and analysis can take several hours. One way to tackle this issue is to collect a continuous stream of low resolution images whilst moving the sample under the microscope, and thereafter use this data to find the parts of the sample deemed most valuable for high-resolution imaging. However, such image streams are degraded by both motion blur and noise. Building on deep learning based approaches developed for deblurring videos of natural scenes we explore the opportunities and limitations of deblurring and denoising images captured from a fast image stream collected by a TEM microscope. We start from existing neural network architectures and make adjustments of convolution blocks and loss functions to better fit TEM data. We present deblurring results on two real datasets of images of kidney tissue and a calibration grid. Both datasets consist of low quality images from a fast image stream captured by moving the sample under the microscope, and the corresponding high quality images of the same region, captured after stopping the movement at each position to let all motion settle. We also explore the generalizability and overfitting on real and synthetically generated data. The quality of the restored images, evaluated both quantitatively and visually, show that using deep learning for image restoration of TEM live image streams has great potential but also comes with some limitations.
Targeted next-generation sequencing-based detection of microsatellite instability in colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Lee Yunbeom , Lee Ji Ae , Park Hye Eun , Han Hyojun , Kim Yuhnam , Bae Jeong Mo , Kim Jung Ho , Cho Nam-Yun , Kim Hwang-Phill , Kim Tae-You , Kang Gyeong Hoon
Published: February 2021

In the present study, we developed a computational method and panel markers to assess microsatellite instability (MSI) using a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform and compared the performance of our computational method, mSILICO, with that of mSINGS to detect MSI in CRCs. We evaluated 13 CRC cell lines, 84 fresh and 119 formalin-fixed CRC tissues (including 61 MSI-high CRCs and 155 microsatellite-stable CRCs) and tested the classification performance of the two methods on 23, 230, and 3,154 microsatellite markers. For the fresh tissue and cell line samples, mSILICO showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100%, regardless of the number of panel markers, whereas for the formalin-fixed tissue samples, mSILICO exhibited a sensitivity of up to 100% and a specificity of up to 100% with three differently sized panels ranging from 23 to 3154. These results were similar to those of mSINGS. With the application of mSILICO, the small panel of 23 markers had a sensitivity of ≥95% and a specificity of 100% in cell lines/fresh tissues and formalin-fixed tissues of CRC. In conclusion, we developed a new computational method and microsatellite marker panels for the determination of MSI that does not require paired normal tissues. A small panel could be integrated into the targeted NGS panel for the concurrent analysis of single nucleotide variations and MSI.
Collaborative poaching: Compossibilities, notes, traces and narrative imagination
Authors: von Busch Otto
Published: February 2021

This article suggests a method for cultivating a collaborative method of shared visual note-taking on seminar readings and discussions, built on the method of creative ‘poaching’ of each other’s contributions, using pencil and simple tracing technique on transparent papers. The method was developed and tested in a decade of workshops with the author and varying groups of participants, students, researchers and professionals, in academic text-based discussions, lectures and seminars. The method, speculative and collaborative, aims to assemble the participants’ ideas and contributions in compossible ways, that is, possibilities that support each other to build more convivial forms of annotation and idea generation, and where contributions flow into each other and with no clear delineation of order or between authors/contributors. This method of collaborative poaching produced convincing results and could be used as an exercise in semi-structured discussions and their creative documentation, cultivating a multiplicity of perspectives on human values and also support what Martha Nussbaum calls a ‘narrative imagination’.
‘Navigating the bubble’: Exploring student experiences of design writing
Authors: Smith Catherine
Published: February 2021

Undergraduate design students at London College of Communication were interviewed about the relationship between their writing practice and their design practice. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences (1983) framed the study. This article takes the position that polarizing the relationship between linguistic (textual) and bodily kinaesthetic (visual) forms of intelligence itself becomes a barrier to arts students’ epistemological development. The well-rehearsed art school rhetoric of ‘I’m a visual person not a writer’ can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, disabling the potential to learn through writing. The research explored student perceptions and experiences of design writing, with data surfacing themes of anxiety, identity, artefact, articulation, process and value. Suggestions about how to support students to write about design praxis are presented for consideration.
Essay on performance writing: Pataphysical Oulipo-ian perspective on the rationalist programme
Authors: Schinckus Christophe
Published: February 2021

This article exemplifies the concept of performance writing through an essay that falls at the crossover point between academic (Apollonian) and artistic (Dionysian) piece of work caricaturing rationalist conservatism. By using an unconventional approach coming from French literature (pataphysics), this article explores the hilarity of well-constructed rationalist conservatism by irrationalizing it through a rigorous absurdity and visual entities. Such writing experience leads the reader to a visual Oulipo-ian dialogue illustrating the tension that an extreme rationalism might generate between thinkers.
Randomness and chance as writing methodology: Is there a case for Dada in the academic essay?
Authors: Eden Michael
Published: February 2021

This article attempts to first speculate and then demonstrate how Dada methods can be used by creative practitioners or writers in general within an academic essay. In particular, the inclusion of randomness and chance is examined in the writing process with a view to foreground materiality in writing development and execution. Methods to make use of chance and to randomize text are outlined and the distinction between randomness and chance is clearly drawn. Antecedents to Dada and to the cut-up techniques that form the focus of the method outlined here are examined and offer context for the development of an embodied and empowered approach to challenges encountered around academic writing. Furthermore, contemporary scholarship that reflects on writing in higher education is drawn on to highlight the article’s primary purpose; that being to offer a background, explanation and useful methodology for the inclusion of randomness and chance which addresses the institutional demands encountered by students. The article draws on work created and discussed at a workshop that took place at Central St Martins in 2019, called ‘Breaking Into and Out of Academic Writing’. This workshop included various students from University of Arts London experimenting with the cut-up techniques and discussing their potential use in writing.
Seeing the light in Santa y Andrés: Metaphor, myth and historical ambivalence
Authors: Goldberg Ruth
Published: February 2021

Drawing on theories about bricolage as creative resistance, this article examines the sudden, unexplained appearance of the masked Abakuá íreme in the middle of Carlos Lechuga’s Santa y Andrés (), a film that otherwise focuses entirely on the repression of a gay writer in post-Mariel era Cuba. This disruption of the narrative is explored as a strategy that urges the viewer to consider cyclical processes by which displaced social anxieties are mapped onto different marginalized groups to form a shifting locus of backlash following moments of progressive social change in Cuban history. The article tracks the ways in which the film evokes Abakuá mythology to create historical parallels for the viewer to discover. Utilizing doubled characters and parallel journeys as its analogical grammar, tensions between the film’s archetypal figures signal larger conflicts around the policing of acceptable expressions of gender and sexuality, and the social and political processes by which particular expressions of masculinity that are perceived as ‘dangerous’ or threatening are regulated in Cuban society at different historical moments. Even though Santa y Andrés is set in 1983, the film’s contentious reception in 2016 makes it what I am calling a historically ambivalent film about repression both in the past and in the present.