bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convergent finite element discretization of the multi-fluid nonstationary incompressible magnetohydrodynamics equations
Authors: Baňas Ľubomír , Prohl Andreas
Published: July 2010

We propose a convergent implicit stabilized finite element discretization of the nonstationary incompressible magnetohydrodynamics equations with variable density, viscosity, and electric conductivity. The discretization satisfies a discrete energy law, and a discrete maximum principle for the positive density, and iterates converge to weak solutions of the limiting problem for vanishing discretization parameters. A simple fixed point scheme, together with an appropriate stopping criterion is proposed, which decouples the computation of density, velocity, and magnetic field, and inherits the above properties, provided a mild mesh constraint holds. Computational studies are provided.
Computing a lower bound for the canonical height on elliptic curves over number fields
Authors: Thongjunthug Thotsaphon
Published: July 2010

Computing a lower bound for the canonical height is a crucial step in determining a Mordell–Weil basis for elliptic curves. This paper presents an algorithm for computing such a lower bound for elliptic curves over number fields without searching for points. The algorithm is illustrated by some examples.
A new error analysis for discontinuous finite element methods for linear elliptic problems
Authors: Gudi Thirupathi
Published: July 2010

The standard a priori error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods requires additional regularity on the solution of the elliptic boundary value problem in order to justify the Galerkin orthogonality and to handle the normal derivative on element interfaces that appear in the discrete energy norm. In this paper, a new error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods is developed using only the

H
k

H^k

weak formulation of a boundary value problem of order

2
k

2k

. This is accomplished by replacing the Galerkin orthogonality with estimates borrowed from a posteriori error analysis and by using a discrete energy norm that is well defined for functions in

H
k

H^k

.
The HealthNuts population‐based study of paediatric food allergy: validity, safety and acceptability
Authors: Osborne N. J. , Koplin J. J. , Martin P. E. , Gurrin L. C. , Thiele L. , Tang M. L. , Ponsonby A.‐L. , Dharmage S. C. , Allen K. J. ,   for the HealthNuts Study Investigators
Published: July 2010

Background
The incidence of hospital admissions for food allergy‐related anaphylaxis in Australia has increased, in line with world‐wide trends. However, a valid measure of food allergy prevalence and risk factor data from a population‐based study is still lacking.

Objective
To describe the study design and methods used to recruit infants from a population for skin prick testing and oral food challenges, and the use of preliminary data to investigate the extent to which the study sample is representative of the target population.

Methods
The study sampling frame design comprises 12‐month‐old infants presenting for routine scheduled vaccination at immunization clinics in Melbourne, Australia. We compared demographic features of participating families to population summary statistics from the Victorian Perinatal census database, and administered a survey to those non‐responders who chose not to participate in the study.

Results
Study design proved acceptable to the community with good uptake (response rate 73.4%), with 2171 participants recruited. Demographic information on the study population mirrored the Victorian population with most the population parameters measured falling within our confidence intervals (CI). Use of a non‐responder questionnaire revealed that a higher proportion of infants who declined to participate (non‐responders) were already eating and tolerating peanuts, than those agreeing to participate (54.4%; 95% CI 50.8, 58.0 vs. 27.4%; 95% CI 25.5, 29.3 among participants).

Conclusion
A high proportion of individuals approached in a community setting participated in a food allergy study. The study population differed from the eligible sample in relation to family history of allergy and prior consumption and peanut tolerance, providing some insights into the internal validity of the sample. The study exhibited external validity on general demographics to all births in Victoria.

Cite this as: N. J. Osborne, J. J. Koplin, P. E. Martin, L. C. Gurrin, L. Thiele, M. L. Tang, A.‐L. Ponsonby, S. C. Dharmage, K. J. Allen for the HealthNuts Study Investigators, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1516–1522.
13C‐breath tests for clinical investigation of liver mitochondrial function
Authors: Grattagliano Ignazio , Lauterburg Bernhard H. , Palasciano Giuseppe , Portincasa Piero
Published: July 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (9): 843–850

Background  Mitochondria play a major role in cell energetic metabolism; therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction inevitably participates in or even determines the onset and progression of chronic liver diseases. The assessment of mitochondrial function in vivo, by providing more insight into the pathogenesis of liver diseases, would be a helpful tool to study specific hepatic functions and to develop rational diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies.

Design  This review focuses on the utility of breath tests to assess mitochondrial function in humans and experimental animals.

Results  The introduction in the clinical setting of specific breath tests may allow elegantly and noninvasively overcoming the difficulties caused by previous complex techniques and might provide clinically relevant information, i.e the effects of drugs on mitochondria. Substrates meeting this requirement are alpha‐keto‐isocaproic acid and methionine that are both decarboxylated by mitochondria. Long‐and medium‐chain fatty acids that are metabolized through the Krebs cycle, and benzoic acid which undergoes glycine conjugation, may also reflect the function of mitochondria.

Conclusions  Breath tests to assess in vivo mitochondrial function in humans represent a potentially useful diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical investigation.
Two contrasting spatial processes with a common variogram: inference about spatial models from higher‐order statistics
Authors: Lark R. M.
Published: July 2010

Geostatistical analysis of soil properties is undertaken to allow prediction of values of these properties over regions or at unsampled locations. A key step in geostatistical analysis is the estimation of a variogram function that describes the spatial covariance structure of the variable in question. If it can be assumed plausibly that the data are a realization of a second‐order stationary multivariate normal random function then this function is entirely characterized by its mean (expectation) and spatially dependent covariance. Because of this, the variogram is sometimes computed as a general ‘descriptor’ of spatial variation, and used, for example, to compare the spatial structure at within‐aggregate scales of soils under different management, or to compare soils from different land uses with respect to the spatial structure of their microbial populations. The objective of this paper is to draw attention to the limited value of the variogram for characterizing spatial variation (as opposed to deriving best linear unbiased predictions). Specifically, it is shown how two contrasting processes, one of which gives rise to a multivariate normal random function (a convolution filter applied to independent identically distributed random values) and one which does not (a partition of space into random sets), may have the same variogram function. A diagnostic is proposed that indicates which of these two processes is most plausible as a model for a data set. This will allow the spatial analysis of soil data to give greater insight into the factors underlying the variation of a soil property, and may permit more realistic simulation of soil properties.
A laboratory comparison of apical leakage between immediate versus delayed post space preparation in root canals filled with Resilon
Authors: Attam K. , Talwar S.
Published: July 2010

Attam K, Talwar S. A laboratory comparison of apical leakage between immediate versus delayed post space preparation in root canals filled with Resilon. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 775–781, 2010.

Aim  To analyse ex vivo the integrity of the apical seal of Resilon root fillings following immediate post space preparation or after 1 week when leaving either 5 mm or 3 mm of remaining filling material.

Methodology  One hundred and fifty freshly extracted mandibular premolar teeth with single, straight root canals were used. Teeth were autoclaved and cleaned of debris and soft tissue. After decoronation at 16 mm length, the root canals were instrumented using the K3 rotary system to apical file size 45, 0.04 taper with intermittent irrigation using 1% sodium hypochlorite. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups with 30 teeth in each group. Group 1: control group in which the root canals were not filled. Group 2: the canals were filled with Resilon and a post space prepared immediately leaving 5 mm of apical filling. Group 3: the canals were filled and post space preparation delayed for 1 week leaving 5 mm of material apically. Group 4: post space preparation in the canals was initiated immediately after filling leaving 3 mm of material apically. Group 5: the root canals were filled and post space preparation was delayed for 1 week leaving 3 mm of material apically. Microleakage was evaluated using a fluid transport device. The results were analysed statistically using one‐way anova followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results  There was a highly significant difference amongst the groups (P < 0.001). The maximum mean leakage was observed in group 5 (141.63 × 10−6 μL min−1 cm−1) and the least microleakage in group 2 (99.87 × 10−6 μL min−1 cm−1).

Conclusion  Immediate post space preparation was associated with less microleakage than delayed preparation when both 5 mm and 3 mm of apical filling remained. Leaving 5 mm of Resilon provided a significantly better seal compared to leaving 3 mm of material.
Personalizing protocol‐driven care: the case of specialist heart failure nurses
Authors: Sanders Tom , Harrison Stephen , Checkland Katherine
Published: July 2010

sanders t., harrison s. & checkland k. (2010) Personalizing protocol‐driven care: the case of specialist heart failure nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 1937–1945.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to explore how specialist heart failure nurses negotiate treatment advice with patients, in the context of an increasing expectation that clinical staff in the National Health Services will follow guidelines in their daily work.

Background.  The development of specialist nurse roles has given rise to questions about their compatibility with patient‐centred care. However, research has revealed little about how specialist nurses balance clinical guidelines with traditional caring tasks.

Methods.  Semi‐structured interviews (n = 10) were conducted with specialist heart failure nurses in northern England recruited from a heart failure specialist nursing contact list. In addition, non‐participant observations were carried out on nurse‐patient consultations (n = 16) in one regional nurse‐led heart failure clinic. Data were collected between 2003 and 2005, and analysed using a variation of grounded theory.

Findings.  Heart failure nurses sought to combine traditional caring work with the wider goal of improving patient outcomes by ‘personalizing’ their advice to patients and presenting their heart failure as ‘typical’. They accommodated protocol‐driven care into their daily routines, and perceived no disjuncture between evidence‐based practice and patient‐centredness. However, their approach allowed little space for the exploration of each patient’s own priorities about their illness.

Conclusion.  There is a need both to re‐examine the appropriateness of traditional caring concepts, and to reflect on the need to incorporate patients’ own values into the consultation process.
Combined moxidectin and environmental therapy do not eliminate Chorioptes bovis infestation in heavily feathered horses
Authors: Rüfenacht Silvia , Roosje Petra J. , Sager Heinz , Doherr Marcus G. , Straub Reto , Goldinger‐Müller Pamela , Gerber Vincent
Published: July 2010

Chorioptes bovis infestation is a common cause of pastern dermatitis in the horse, with a predilection in draft horses and other horses with thick hair ‘feathers’ on the distal limbs. The treatment of this superficial mite is challenging; treatment failure and relapse are common. Furthermore, C. bovis infestation may affect the progression of chronic pastern dermatitis (also known as chronic proliferative pastern dermatitis, chronic progressive lymphoedema and dermatitis verrucosa) in draft horses, manifesting with oedema, lichenification and excessive skin folds that can progress to verruciform lesions. An effective cure for C. bovis infestation would therefore be of great clinical value. In a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, the efficacy of oral moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg body weight) given twice with a 3 week interval in combination with environmental treatment with 4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenol and propoxur was tested in 19 heavily feathered horses with clinical pastern dermatitis and C. bovis infestation. Follow‐up examinations over a period of 180 days revealed significantly more skin crusting in the placebo group than in the treatment group. However, no other differences in clinical signs or the numbers of mites detected were found between the two groups. The results of this study suggest that moxidectin in combination with environmental insecticide treatment as used in this study is ineffective in the treatment of C. bovis in feathered horses.
Low genetic variability ofStriga gesnerioidespopulations parasitic on cowpea might be explained by a recent origin
Authors: DUBE M‐P , BELZILE F J
Published: July 2010

DubeM‐P & BelzileFJ (2010). Low genetic variability ofStriga gesnerioidespopulations parasitic on cowpea might be explained by a recent origin.Weed Research50, 493–502.

Striga gesnerioidesis an obligate root hemiparasitic plant that causes considerable yield losses to cowpea, an important crop legume of Sub‐Saharan Africa. The use of resistant cultivars is the easiest and most effective method to control the parasite. Several cowpea cultivars exhibiting resistance have been identified during the last decades. However, most resistant cultivars show a differential response when grown in different countries across West Africa, suggesting that there are different races ofS. gesnerioides. In this study, we investigated the genetic variability within and between 43 populations of five of the previously recognised races of the parasite present in West Africa. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used on up to 10 individuals from each population. These markers showed almost no genetic variability within populations. The variability between the populations was also extremely low and did not allow discrimination of the five races. There was a certain geographical structure, but no ‘racial’ clustering could be seen. Even AFLP markers previously reported to be race‐specific on another set ofStrigapopulations proved unable to discriminate between races in this collection of populations. Possible causes of the low level of genetic variability include the hypothesis that this strain has only quite recently arisen. Such a low level of variability and the absence of specific markers for the virulence will have consequences on the evolution of the parasite and on the development of adequate control methods.
Non‐surgical treatment of adenoidal hypertrophy: The role of treating IgE‐mediated inflammation
Authors: Scadding Glenis
Published: July 2010

Scadding G. Non‐surgical treatment of adenoidal hypertrophy: The role of treating IgE‐mediated inflammation Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 1095–1106. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Adenoidal hypertrophy (AH) and adenotonsillar hypertrophy are common disorders in the pediatric population and can cause symptoms such as mouth breathing, nasal congestion, hyponasal speech, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as well as chronic sinusitis and recurrent otitis media. More serious long‐term sequelae, typically secondary to OSA, include neurocognitive abnormalities (e.g. behavioral and learning difficulties, poor attention span, hyperactivity, below‐average intelligence quotient); cardiovascular morbidity (e.g. decreased right ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular hypertrophy, elevated diastolic blood pressure); and growth failure. Adenoidectomy (with tonsillectomy in cases of adenotonsillar hypertrophy) is the typical management strategy for patients with AH. Potential complications have prompted the investigation of non‐surgical alternatives. Evidence of a pathophysiologic link between AH and allergy suggests a possible role for intranasal corticosteroids (INS) in the management of patients with AH. This article reviews the epidemiology and pathophysiology of AH with a particular focus on evidence of its association with allergy and allergic rhinitis. Current treatment options are briefly considered with discussion on the rationale and evidence for the use of INS.
A translational and systemic approach to transferring liver transplant recipients from pediatric to adult‐oriented care settings
Authors: Annunziato Rachel A. , Hogan Brittany , Barton Codette , Miloh Tamir , Arnon Ronen , Iyer Kishore , Kerkar Nanda
Published: July 2010

Annunziato RA, Hogan B, Barton C, Miloh T, Arnon R, Iyer K, Kerkar N. A translational and systemic approach to transferring liver transplant recipients from pediatric to adult‐oriented care settings. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:823–829. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  The purpose of this review is to (i) describe systemic changes made in our clinical practice to facilitate transfer of transplant recipients from the pediatric to the adult service and (ii) provide the rationale for instituting these organizational changes. To determine specific areas patients struggle to master, a survey assessing behaviors indicative of health care management was administered in pediatrics. Based on the results of the survey, all liver transplant recipients who transfer out of pediatrics are given a comprehensive clinical protocol, which includes a transfer checklist containing prerequisite items derived from our prior work. Patients are furthermore invited to enroll in a research study prospectively tracking both medical and psychosocial outcomes at six‐month intervals. Data are discussed by the pediatric and adult teams, and additional adjustments to the transfer process are implemented in response. A summary of our clinical interventions and the resources required for implementation are presented. In conclusion, preliminary studies have demonstrated that transplant recipients are vulnerable to disruptions in health care management when they transfer out of pediatrics. This study describes one site’s translational efforts to improve the transfer process for both the recipients and the clinicians, thus improving outcomes.
Exploring beyond viral load testing for EBV lymphoproliferation: Role of serum IL‐6 and IgE assays as adjunctive tests
Authors: Barton M. , Wasfy S. , Hébert D. , Dipchand A. , Fecteau A. , Grant D. , Ng V. , Solomon M. , Chan M. , Read S. , Stephens D. , Tellier R. , Allen U. D. ,   the EBV and Associated Viruses Collaborative Research Group
Published: July 2010

Barton M, Wasfy S, Hébert D, Dipchand A, Fecteau A, Grant D, Ng V, Solomon M, Chan M, Read S, Stephens D, Tellier R, Allen UD and the EBV and Associated Viruses Collaborative Research Group. Exploring beyond viral load testing for EBV lymphoproliferation: Role of serum IL‐6 and IgE assays as adjunctive tests. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14: 852–858. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We examined serum IL‐6 and IgE assays as adjuncts to VL monitoring for PTLD. Paediatric solid organ transplant recipients were followed with VL monitoring. VL, IL‐6, and IgE assays were compared between PTLD cases and non‐cases at <3, 3–6 and >6 months after transplantation. Median IL‐6 levels in PTLD cases were 15.5 (2.0–87.1) and 23.3 (2.1–276) pg/mL compared with 3.25 (0.92–114) and 3.5 (0.75–199.25) pg/mL in non‐cases at 3–6 and >6 months, respectively (p = 0.006 and p = 0.005). At >6 months, IL‐6 levels correlated with VL and PTLD occurrence (Spearman’s coefficients = 0.40; p = 0.001 and 0.32; p = 0.003) in univariate analyses. No benefit was derived from performance of IgE levels. The sensitivity and specificity of high VL as a test of PTLD were 76.3% and 92.5%, while the negative predictive value and PPV of VL were 94.9% and 68.4%, respectively. Combining elevated IL‐6 with high VL increased the PPV and specificity to 80% and 96.2%, respectively, and improved the receiver operating characteristic curve. Serum IL‐6 levels can improve the clinician’s ability to identify PTLD, among patients with elevated EBV viral loads.
Genomic admixture increases fitness during a biological invasion
Authors: KELLER S. R. , TAYLOR D. R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract During biological invasions, multiple introductions can provide opportunities for admixture among genetically distinct lineages. Admixture is predicted to contribute to invasion success by directly increasing fitness through hybrid vigour or by enhancing evolutionary potential within populations. Here, we demonstrate genome‐wide admixture during an invasion that substantially boosted fitness in the cosmopolitan weed, Silene vulgaris. We identified three divergent demes in the native European range that expanded from glacial refugia and experienced historical admixture in a well‐known suture zone. During recent invasion of North America, multiple introductions created additional opportunities for admixture. In common garden experiments, recombinant genotypes from North America experienced a two‐fold increase in fitness relative to nonrecombinants, whereas recombinant genotypes from Europe showed no lasting fitness benefits. This contrast implicates hybrid vigour behind the boost in fitness and supports the hypothesis that admixture can lead to fitness increases that may catapult invasion into a new range.
Characterization of Transgenic Pigs That Express Human Decay Accelerating Factor and Cell Membrane‐tethered Human Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor
Authors: Lee HJ , Lee BC , Kim YH , Paik NW , Rho HM
Published: July 2010

Contents

The expression of human complement regulatory proteins (hCRP; hDAF, hCD59, and hMCP) in pig tissues has been suggested as one of strategies to overcome the hyperacute rejection (HAR) in pig‐to‐human transplantation. Expression of human tissue factor pathway inhibitor (hTFPI) in porcine endothelial cells has been suggested as a remedy to overcome microvascular thrombosis. To investigate the effects of these combined transgenes, we established transformed pig cells expressing human decay accelerating factor (hDAF) under the control of enhancer promoter (5′LTR‐PCMVIE), and the fusion protein (hTFPI/hCD4) consisting of the functional domains (K1 and K2) of hTFPI and membrane‐tethering domains (D3 and D4) of hCD4 under the control of PCMVIE. Transgenic pigs were generated with the transformed porcine cells through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. Analysis of quantitative PCR and real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR showed that four copies of hDAF were integrated and 391 copies of hDAF mRNA expressed in the cells of the transgenic pig. The enhancing activity of 5′LTR was approximately 2 fold compared to CMVIE promoter only. The cell viability test showed that more than 80% of ear cells were viable in the presence of 50% human serum. The chromogenic substrate assay and immunocytochemical staining with tail cells showed that the TFPI activity of fusion protein was observed on the cell membrane. The membrane localization of hDAF and hTFPI proteins was observed by immunocytochemical staining, and the expression of transgenes in heart and liver tissues was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry.
Direct reprogramming 101
Authors: Takahashi Kazutoshi
Published: July 2010

Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent state has been achieved with a set of just four transcription factors. Many scientists and medical doctors are trying to elucidate the causes of intractable diseases and discover new drugs using the newest types of technology. Various methods have been developed to produce clinical‐grade fully reprogrammed cells for cell transplantation therapy. Augmenting agents, such as small‐molecules, have been extensively screened to improve the reprogramming efficiency. The molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have been revealed by embryonic stem cell research. The accumulation of knowledge by the pioneers has driven the reprogramming field. In the present article, the contents of gift boxes from the studies of pluripotency to the nuclear reprogramming field are introduced.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Jurassic–Cretaceous Tetori Group, central Japan
Authors: Hasegawa Takashi , Hibino Tsuyoshi
Published: July 2010

Primary data on the organic geochemistry of the Tetori Group provide basic information about depositional environments and thermal maturation of organic matter through two geological sections in the Hokuriku region, central Japan. The thermal maturity of organic matter was evaluated by the methylphenanthrene index‐1. The maturity progressively increases stratigraphically down through the Izumi section in Fukui Prefecture. The estimated vitrinite reflectance equivalent is <1.35% near the top of the section, gradually increasing to >2.0% near the base. The thermal maturation process can account for stratigraphic changes in abundance of PAHs through this section. However, the occasional occurrence of coronene in the middle of the Izumi section is attributed to possible paleo‐wildfires that supplied more coronene to the depositional site. The stratigraphic distribution of PAHs through the Tateyama section, Toyama Prefecture, also can be explained by the same scenario as envisaged for the Izumi section, but weathering and/or other secondary factors may have partly modified primary signals for this section. Polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds were observed in nearly all samples from both sections, even in samples for which a freshwater paleoenvironment is surmised. Most plausibly, some reduced sulfur was re‐oxidized to elemental sulfur, which persisted in the sediments and may have contributed to the formation of aromatic sulfur compounds. Hence, polycyclic aromatic sulfur compounds do not provide an index to separate marine environments from the freshwater settings for the Tetori Group.
The clinical course of rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterial peritoneal dialysis infections in Asians: A case series and literature review
Authors: RENAUD CLAUDE J , SUBRAMANIAN SRINIVASAN , TAMBYAH PAUL A , LEE EVAN JC
Published: July 2010

Introduction:  Peritoneal dialysis (PD)‐related infections due to rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium (RGNTM) are rare in Asians and have variable clinical outcomes.

Methods:  We analysed retrospectively a series of RGNTM infections in a single‐centre multi‐ethnic Asian population over a 5‐year period. Clinical features, treatment, risk factors and outcomes are discussed.

Results:  Ten infections are described. They constituted 3% of all culture‐positive exit site infection (ESI) and PD peritonitis. Seventy percent were due to Mycobacterium abscessus (three ESI and four peritonitis). There were two Mycobacterim fortuitum and one Mycobacterium chelonei peritonitis. No specific findings differentiated RGNTM infections from those caused by traditional organisms. Six cases had received prior antibiotics, two being topical gentamicin. Initial routine culture and alcohol acid fast bacillus were negative except for one case of M. abscessus. A confirmatory diagnosis was made a median 9 days post culture. No infection responded to routine antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance was variable but M. abscessus was universally sensitive to clarithromycin. Combined antibiotics based on sensitivity profile were successfully used in 70% of the cases. PD catheter loss was 80%. Three‐month mortality was 40% (vs. 8.5% and 12% in non‐RGNTM ESI and peritonitis, respectively). This may be related to the cohort high mean Charlson score of 7.5.

Conclusion:  RGNTM PD infections are commoner in Asians than previously reported. Their early diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion and appropriate treatment started promptly. They are associated with prior antibiotic use and refractory culture‐negative infections, delayed diagnosis and lead to significant catheter loss and death.
Use of Ketofol for procedural sedation and analgesia in children with hematological diseases
Authors: da Silva Paulo Sérgio Lucas , de Aguiar Vânia Euzébio , Waisberg Daniel Reis , Passos Roselene M. Augusto , Park Miriam Verônica Flor
Published: July 2010

Background:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intravenous ketamine–propofol admixture (“ketofol”) in the same syringe for procedural sedation and analgesia in children undergoing bone marrow aspiration.

Methods:  This was a prospective, observational pilot study. Patients aged between 4 and 12 years requiring sedation for bone marrow aspiration were included. Ketofol (1 : 1 mixture of ketamine 10 mg/mL and propofol 10 mg/mL) was given intravenously in 0.5 mg/kg aliquots each with a 1‐min interval and titrated to reach sedation levels of 3 or 4 (Ramsay score). The primary outcome was patient satisfaction with the degree of sedation. Secondary outcomes included injection pain, total sedation time, recovery time, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, and adverse events.

Results:  A total of 20 patients were enrolled in the study. The median total dose of ketofol administered was 1.25 mg/kg each of propofol and ketamine (95%CI 0.77–2 mg/kg). The median score on the visual analog scale was 0 (extremely comfortable) (0–1.5; 95%CI 0.2–2.2). Median recovery time was 23 min (20.5–28 min; 95%CI 17.1–51.2). The incidence of injection pain was 2/20. Two patients had transient diplopia and one child reported dreams. No patients had hypotension, vomiting or required airway intervention.

Conclusion:  Ketofol provided effective sedation, which was reflected in the high degree of satisfaction recorded by children requiring procedural sedation and analgesia for bone marrow aspiration. We also observed rapid recovery and no clinically significant complications. A large number of patients is required to evaluate and validate these findings.
Non‐catch‐up growth in intrauterine growth‐retarded rats showed glucose intolerance and increased expression of PDX‐1 mRNA
Authors: Lim Jung Sub , Lee Jun Ah , Hwang Jin Soon , Shin Choong Ho , Yang Sei Won
Published: July 2010

Background:  Children born with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) show long‐term complications like non‐catch‐up growth and type 2 diabetes. We hypothesize that the duration of malnutrition influences the growth and pancreatic development in IUGR. The pancreatic duodenal homeobox‐1 (PDX‐1) expression might also be different because it links glucose metabolism to the regulation of insulin gene transcription in the pancreas.

Methods:  We made an IUGR rat model with a low‐protein diet (8% casein) during gestational periods. Catch‐up rats (CU) were given normal lab chow immediately after birth. Non‐catch‐up rats (NCU) were given normal lab chow after lactation periods. PDX‐1 mRNA level, islet areas and intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) were assessed in each group and compared with control rats (C) at the 16th week.

Results:  The weight and length of CU and C rats were not different after 3 weeks, while NCU rats were smaller than C and CU rats (P < 0.05). In IVGTT, the 20‐min and 50‐min glucose level and area under the curve for glucose were increased in NCU rats compared with those values in C and CU rats (P < 0.05). The islet area of NCU rats was smaller than that of C and CU rats (P < 0.05). In contrast, PDX‐1 mRNA levels of NCU rats were higher than those of C rats (P < 0.05). CU rats showed normal glucose response in IVGTT with increased islet number and size.

Conclusions:  IUGR rats that failed to undergo catch‐up growth might be prone to abnormal glucose tolerance, decreased islet size, and increased PDX‐1 mRNA levels in early adult life.
Effective method for screening for respiratory inhibition after crying in infants
Authors: Minowa Hideki , Hirayama Koichiro , Bando Yuka , Yasuhara Hajime , Ohgitani Ayako
Published: July 2010

Background:  In order to establish an effective screening method for respiratory inhibition after crying (RIAC), we prospectively studied the correlations between infant RIAC and perinatal factors.

Methods:  We monitored infants (n = 141) born from May through July 2009 with polygraphy and evaluated the presence of RIAC and respiratory pause that occurred when feeding was initiated immediately after crying with a decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2) to <60%. The infants were screened for increased echogenicity, a cyst in the ganglionic eminence (GE), or a subependymal cyst by cranial ultrasound. Furthermore, we evaluated the correlations between RIAC and perinatal factors.

Results:  Eleven infants displayed RIAC and 31 experienced respiratory pause during feeding with a decrease in SpO2 to <60%. There were no significant correlations between RIAC and perinatal factors. Forty infants had ultrasound abnormalities (increased echogenicity in the GE, 26; cyst in the GE, nine; and subependymal cyst, seven). Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of abnormal cranial ultrasound findings for RIAC were 1.00, 0.777, and 0.794, respectively. The odds ratio, sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the combination of abnormal cranial ultrasound findings and respiratory pause during feeding with a decrease in SpO2 to <60% and RIAC were 35.9 (P < 0.001), 0.727, 0.931, and 0.915, respectively.

Conclusion:  The combination of abnormal cranial ultrasound findings and respiratory pause during feeding with a decrease in SpO2 appears to be an effective method of screening for RIAC.
Nutritional status of students in Kocaeli, Turkey: A population‐based study
Authors: Etiler Nilay , Cizmecioglu Filiz Mine , Hatun Sukru , Hamzaoglu Onur
Published: July 2010

Background:  The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional status of students in Kocaeli, Turkey.

Methods:  This cross‐sectional study was carried out among the students of secondary schools in Kocaeli. Of the students, 2491 subjects were selected using multi‐stage stratified sampling.

Results:  Of the students, 51.1% were male and 48.9% were female. Mean age was 14.35 ± 1.87 (range 10.1–19.8) in overall subjects, 14.38 ± 1.87 in boys and 14.31 ± 1.85 in girls. The prevalence of obesity and of overweight was estimated as 7.3% and 11.8%, respectively. Also, 3.1% of the subjects were underweight and 2.9% were thin. The rate of obesity was 1.5 times higher in girls and that of overweight was 1.2 times higher in girls. Similarly, students aged 15 years old and younger were 1.2 times more obese and 1.7 times more overweight than older students. Students living in urban areas had a higher prevalence of obesity and of overweight.

Conclusion:  Nutritional problems in students should be dealt with by some regulations in schools; for example, providing healthy food in schools or food aid, particularly in poor regions.
Comparison of functional outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty in the primary treatment of acute proximal humerus fracture
Authors: Young Simon W. , Segal Barak S. , Turner Perry C , Poon Peter C.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures remains controversial. In cases where adequate open reduction and internal fixation cannot be achieved, hemiarthroplasty has been the traditional treatment; however, clinical results have been mixed. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) has been suggested as an alternative, and this study aimed to compare the functional results of RSA versus hemiarthroplasty in patients with acute proximal humeral fracture.

Methods:  Ten patients with acute proximal humerus fractures unsuitable for internal fixation (mean age 77) who underwent RSA for acute proximal humerus fracture unsuitable for internal fixation against the outcomes of 10 patients (mean age 75) who had previously undergone hemiarthroplasty for the same indication. Functional scores and radiographic outcomes were assessed at 22–44 months follow up.

Results:  At follow up the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Scorev score was 65 (range 40–88) in the RSA group and 67 (26–100) in the hemiarthroplasty group. Mean Oxford Shoulder scores were 29 (15–56) and 22 (12–34), respectively. Mean forward elevation was 115 degrees (range 45–140 degrees) and active external rotation was 49 degrees (5–105 degrees) in the RSA group, versus 108 degrees (50–180 degrees) and 48 degrees (10–90 degrees) in the hemiarthroplasty group. No statistically significant differences in outcome scores or range of motion were seen.

Conclusion:  In these early results, the anticipated functional gains of RSA over hemiarthroplasty were not realized, suggesting the use of RSA for treatment of proximal humeral fractures should remain guarded. Larger prospective trials are necessary to identify the optimal management of patients in this situation.
Needs and risks of patients in a state‐wide inpatient forensic mental health population
Authors: Segal Ariel , Daffern Michael , Thomas Stuart , Ferguson Murray
Published: July 2010

Routine needs assessments have become mandated requirements for public mental health services. However, the appropriateness of these generic health needs assessments to specialist populations remains questionable. This study sought to assess individual needs assessed using a widely used clinician rated assessment (Health of the Nation Outcome Scales‐Secure; HoNOS‐Secure), a subjective needs assessment that considers both staff and patient perspectives (Camberwell Assessment of Need‐Forensic version; CANFOR), and a measure of risk for general criminal recidivism (Level of Service Inventory: Screening Version; LSI:SV) in a secure forensic mental health service. Results revealed significant positive correlations between staff ratings on HoNOS‐Secure, CANFOR total needs, and CANFOR met needs scores, but no significant association between CANFOR ratings or HoNOS‐Secure ratings and LSI:SV scores. Although patients and staff reported the same number of needs overall according to CANFOR (7.2 vs. 7.5, P > 0.05), patients reported that more of these needs were unmet (3.1 vs. 2.3, P < 0.05). Differences between staff and patient ratings of need suggest that needs assessments should include patient perspectives to facilitate more collaborative and comprehensive care planning. Divergent perspectives between patients and staff may impair patient engagement in treatment and therefore negatively impact on outcome. Service planning issues and opportunities for future research are discussed.
A model of succession planning for mental health nurse practitioners
Authors: Hampel Sally , Procter Nicholas , Deuter Kate
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews current literature on succession planning for mental health nurse practitioners (NPs) and discusses a model of succession planning that is underpinned by principals of leadership development, workforce participation and client engagement. The paper identifies succession planning as a means of managing a present and future workforce, while simultaneously addressing individual and organizational learning and practice development needs. A discussion of the processes attendant upon sustainable succession planning – collegial support, career planning and development, information exchange, capacity building, and mentoring is framed within the potential interrelationships between existing NP, developing NP and service directors and/or team managers. Done effectively and in partnership with wider clinical services, succession planning has the potential to build NP leadership development and leadership transition more broadly within mental health services.
Investor behaviour in response to Australia’s capital gains tax
Authors: Brown Philip , Ferguson Andrew , Sherry Sam
Published: July 2010

We calibrate the effect of Australia’s Capital Gains Tax (CGT) on share prices and market activity. Based on a large sample drawn from all listed Australian companies for the years 1994–2007, we find significant tax‐loss selling (TLS) of shares that lost value over the financial year, which is reflected in unusually high trading volume and more sell orders in June and a rebound in July. There is some evidence that small mining stocks are particular targets for TLS. Interestingly, the 1999 CGT reforms, which introduced concessions for long‐term capital gains, did not reduce the incidence of TLS.
Distance to default, subordinated debt, and distress indicators in the banking industry*
Authors: Kato Paul , Hagendorff Jens
Published: July 2010

The recent financial crisis has highlighted the inadequacy of present supervisory arrangements to identify reliable ex‐ante indicators of banking distress. For a sample of US bank holding companies, we analyse the extent to which distance to default based on market data can be explained using accounting‐based indicators of risk. We show that a larger number of bank fundamentals help predict default for institutions that issue subordinated debt. For banks that issue sub‐debt, we find that higher charter values and low bank capitalizations further increase the power of bank fundamentals to predict default risk.
Union Immobility? Trade Unions and the Freedoms of Movement in the Enlarged EU
Authors: Meardi Guglielmo
Published: July 2010

East–West union co‐operation in Europe is discussed as the most serious test to cross‐border union solidarity, in the light of new frameworks capable to make sense of transnational trade union activity and alternative to theoretical nationalism. The empirical assessment of trade union chances reviews the activities of trade unions in the UK, Germany, Austria and Poland on foreign investment, migration and movement of services. Secondary evidence and case studies show that the strength of transnational union action does not depend on the country, but rather on its form. ‘Structural’ Europeanization remains weak (e.g. in most European Works Councils), while network‐based action is displaying strong developments, especially on migration, but least on the movement of services.
How to Write a Visualization Research Paper: A Starting Point
Authors: Laramee Robert S.
Published: July 2010

This paper attempts to explain the mechanics of writing a research paper in visualization. This serves as a useful starting point for those who have never written a research paper before or have very little previous experience. After all, no one is born knowing how to write one. And yet, there are certain elements, a commonality, that should be found in virtually all good visualization research papers. We give our recommendations as to each section a good research paper consists of as well as what each section contains. This paper itself follows our recommended structure.

We believe that paper writing should start with the abstract. The abstract can be approximately 6–12 sentences. It is a difficult starting point, but it forces the author to write down a concise description of what they are researching and what the benefits are. Chances are, if the author cannot start out by writing an abstract, then it is not clear in the author's mind what the paper should be about. Of course, the abstract will be refined and updated during the paper writing process. The abstract should concisely (1) identify the research topic, (2) describe the novelty of the presented work and (3) identify the benefits and advantages that result.
Goodness‐of‐Fit based on Downsampling with Applications to Linear Drift Diffusions
Authors: FORMAN JULIE L. , MARKUSSEN BO , SØRENSEN HELLE
Published: July 2010

Abstract.  A goodness‐of‐fit test for continuous‐time models is developed that examines if the parameter estimates are consistent with another for different sampling frequencies. The test compares parameter estimates obtained from estimating functions for downsamples of the data. We prove asymptotic results for stationary and ergodic processes, and apply the downsampling test to linear drift diffusions. Simulations indicate that the test is quite powerful in detecting non‐Markovian deviations from the linear drift diffusions.
The Good, The Bad and the Delicious: The Role of Confectionery in British Society
Authors: James Allison
Published: July 2010

Food, contemporarily, has a high political and public profile in British society particularly in relation to health and health education. In this paper I explore why, despite the advice of the body technocrats, confectionery continues to occupy a prominent and pre-eminent place in the British diet. I suggest that the particular place which confectionery occupies in the system of food classification is between ‘real’ and ‘junk’ food, and, as a ‘liminal‘ foodstuff, confectionery has the symbolic power both to mediate social relationships and to confer particular sets of social meanings. These meanings are resonant of the wider moral space within which attitudes towards food in Britain are conceptually located. By exploring the “mythology’ of confectionery some explanation may be found as to why the much publicised warnings and advice of health educationalists and nutritionists go unheeded.
Taking Language Seriously: An Analysis of Linguistic Reasoning and Its Implications in EU Law
Authors: Paunio Elina , Lindroos‐Hovinheimo Susanna
Published: July 2010

This article discusses legal reasoning at the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The following questions are addressed. First, the authors look at the way linguistic arguments are used in ECJ case‐law. Second, they consider whether the requirements of legal certainty, and more specifically that of predictability, may be fulfilled by reference to linguistic arguments in a multilingual legal system. The theoretical starting‐point is that of open‐endedness of language: no means exists to definitely pin down the meaning of words. Defining the meaning of words in a legal context is necessarily a matter of choice involving evaluative considerations. Consequently, when the ECJ uses linguistic arguments to justify a decision, it is an active agent choosing the meaning of words in a specific case. Essentially, the authors argue that legal reasoning based on linguistic arguments is particularly problematic from the viewpoint of legal certainty and predictability. In this respect, the key importance of systemic and teleological argumentation is emphasised in assuring convincing, acceptable and transparent legal reasoning especially in the context of multilingual EU law.
EU Citizenship and Religious Liberty in an Enlarged Europe
Authors: Morano‐Foadi Sonia
Published: July 2010

This article intends to contribute to the theoretical debate on how EU citizenship could be regarded as a bundle of common European individual rights (and, to a lesser extent, obligations) and part of a democratic polity in which every citizen counts equally irrespectively of his/her religious belonging and faith.

The EU perceives itself as a community based on shared values. Since there is no European people, nor a European polity, common values play a core role in European polity building. The question, however, is whether common values can be experienced by the EU citizens in daily life and to what extent there are common values in the EU Member States. These issues are explored using the non‐discrimination principle on grounds of religion, as a litmus‐test for the existence of common values within Europe.