bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Voltage Stability Studies using a Modified IEEE 30-Bus System
Authors: Oni Oluwafemi Emmanuel , Mbangula Kamati I , Davidson Innocent Davidson E.
Published: September 2016

Power System stability is an essential study in the planning and operation of an efficient, economic, reliable and secure electric power system because it encompasses all the facet of power systems operations, from planning, to conceptual design stages of the project as well as during the systems operating life span. This paper presents different scenario of power system stability studies on a modified IEEE 30-bus system which is subjected to different faults conditions. A scenario whereby the longest high voltage alternating current (HVAC) line is replaced with a high voltage direct current (HVDC) line was implemented. The results obtained show that the HVDC line enhances system stability more compared to the contemporary HVAC line. Dynamic analysis using RMS simulation tool was used on DigSILENT PowerFactory.
Risk assessment in patients with an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Ahmed Nadeem , Carberry Jaclyn , Teng Vannesa , Carrick David , Berry Colin
Published: September 2016

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. While the survival after acute STEMI has considerably improved, mortality rate still remains high, especially in high-risk patients. Survival after acute STEMI is influenced by clinical characteristics such as age as well as the presence of comorbidities. However, during emergency care increasing access to tools such as the electrocardiogram, chest x-ray and echocardiography can provide additional information helping to further risk stratify patients. In the invasive setting, this can also include coronary angiography, invasive hemodynamic recordings and angiographic assessments of coronary flow and myocardial perfusion. We outline the common investigations used in STEMI and their role in risk assessment of patients with an acute STEMI.
The development of osteoporosis detective analysis method in trabecular condilus of menopause women using panoramic radiograph
Authors: Azhari Azhari , Sitam Suhardjo , Hidajat Nuki N. , Arifin Agus Zainal , Suprijanto Suprijanto
Published: September 2016

Osteoporosis incidence in Indonesia increase each year, 1 of 3 menopause women suspected have osteoporosis, then earlier detection is needed. Factors that influence the successful analysis is the choice of region of interset (ROI) and extract feature method. The purpose of this research is to determine the best method to define the bone quality based on trabecular of condylus analysis. Data were obtained from Dentistry Hospital, Padjadjaran University Bandung. Research were conducted cross-section to 79 samples which measured in dual energy X-ray absorbsimetry (DEXA) as a base standard then taken its panoramic radiograph. Trabecular analysis was conducted in ROI of condylus using panoramic radiograph then cursor was clicked in cortical endorsal following the condylus head shape. To reduce the noise, we conducted pre-processing by compensational method, it is a finding of the lowest means of variant number around condylus as a reduce factor then affect the radiograph of condylus become darker. Background sets in zero (0) meanwhile trabecular stay at gray scale. Feature extraction applied 3 analytical methods, they are: gray level co accurance matrix (GLCM), histogram and fraction. Statistical analysis shows T-score DEXA correlation with 3 methods, proofed that fraction method performed the best correlation which r value is 0.377and GLCM (contrast r=0.233, correlation =0.342, energy -0.147, homogenity= r =-0.107), meanwhile histogram (max histogram r=0.253, range histogram r=0.06). As a conclusion, fraction method with ROI of condylus head shape is the best method to determine osteoporosis in post menopause women.
Effect of haruan (Channa striata) extract on fibroblast cells count in wound healing
Authors: Siswanto Ardi , Dewi Nurdiana , Hayatie Lisda
Published: September 2016

Haruan is Kalimantan’s indigenous fish which has the potency to accelerate wound healing. Haruan extract has substantial properties such as albumin, Zn, Cu, and Fe to accelerate wound healing. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of haruan extract on wistar rat’s buccal mucosa wound healing on day 3, 5, and 7 histopathologically. This study was experimental with post-test with control group design. Samples were consisted of 4 treatment groups, 25%, 50%, 100% haruan extract treatment groups and negative control treated with aquadest for 7 days. Mean fibroblast cells count reached its peak on day 7. Mean fibroblast cells count in each group was 26.995; 40.500; 49.165; 24.495 respectively. Two way ANOVA and Post Hoc Least Significant Difference tests indicated there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between haruan extract treatment group and negative control. In conclusion, haruan extract treatment significantly increase fibroblast cells count in wound healing process.
The toxicity of brown algae (Sargassum sp) extract to mice (Mus muscullus)
Authors: Wariz Rahmat , Asfar Nur Wahidah , Fauzi Abul
Published: September 2016

Indonesian is a country with very large and overflow marine biological resources. Utilization of seaweed has been developed and become a source of revenue for Indonesian who live in coastal areas with high potential for seaweed.The demand of seaweed in the world increases as increasing in the use of seaweed for various purposeamong others in the fields of industry, food, textile, paper, paints, cosmetics, medical and pharmaceutical field. Alginate is one of materials that commonly used in the field of dentistry as printed materials to create study models. Materials in the field of dentistry must be biocompatible to the oral cavity tissues. The materials should be stable, safe, comfortable, and certainly doesn’t have a toxicity character to the oral cavity tissues and other tissues in human body. The purpose of this study is to know the toxicity of extract brown algaeSargassum sp given orally to mice.The research perform experimental laboratory research type withexperimental post-tes-only control group design. The reseach samples applyfemales white mice (Mus muscullus). Research samples divided into 5 groups of 5 female mices for each treatment group. Treatment group 1 was given 500mg/kgBW doses of Sargassum sp, group 2 was given 1000mg/KgBW doses of Sargassum sp, group 3 was given 1500mg/KgBW doses of Sargassum sp, group 4 were 2000mg/KgBW doses of Sargassum sp, and a control group was given only dose of Na CMC. The result of this study isdose in humans are converted into 2000mg/KgBW in mice, is a doses that doesn’t cause the death of whole animals. Based of acute toxicity category, the extracts of Sargassum sp that obtained from Punaga Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi includes in the mild toxic.
Test Antimicrobial of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Ethanol Extract againts Porphyromonasgingivalis and Streptococcus sanguis using Agar Method (In Vitro study)
Authors: Indriani Lenni , Dharmautama Mochamad
Published: September 2016

The use of natural materials in the world of health tends to increase every single year, including  in dentistry. Due to the increased of resistance to antibiotics, the development and new innovations to obtain a new antimicrobial agent. Some potential sources of plants have been studied. One of the natural plants is used as drinks, food, medicine and antimicrobial agent is Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn commonly known as Roselle. Several major Gram-negative bacteria are related to periodontal disease such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis), The dominant species of Gram-positive including Streptococcus sanguis (S.sanguis). The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the Roselle ethanol extract against P.gingivalis bacteria (Gram negative bacteria) and S. sanguis (Gram positive bacteria) with a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%. The in vitro study of antibacterial effectiveness of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) ethanol extract on P.gingivalis and S. sanguis. Natrium Agar (NA) solution was poured into a glass plate which had previously been sterilized and then left in place until the medium solidified. P.gingivalis and S.sanguis bacterial cultures were inoculated with inscribed which had solidified. Then put paper disk which had previously been saturated with Roselle extract samples with a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, and the negative control at the surface of the medium (Ampicillin) and incubated for 1 day. Clear zone is formed then observed and measured. There are 24 samples, consisting of 12 samples  P.gingivalis and S.sanguis 12 samples, given intervention roselle flower extract with four types of concentrations to determine the minimum inhibitory consentration (MIC). The observations show that the extensive zone of inhibition concentration of 2.5% a broad zone of inhibition is the smallest among other concentration, both of S.sanguins and P.gingivalis. Meanwhile, the average increases the broad zones of inhibition of P.gingivalis followed by increasing concentrations of roselle flower extract, making it the largest broad zones of inhibition are shown at a concentration of 10%, However, the bacteria S.sanguins, shows that vast zone of greatest inhibition was found at a concentration of 7.5%. The results of this research showed that the ethanol extract of roselle effectively inhibits P. gingivalis as Gram-positive bacteria atconcentrations of 10% and S. sanguins at a concentration of 7.5%. Iit can be concluded that the ethanol extract of roselle flowers effective at inhibiting Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

 
Economic freedom and growth: A panel cointegration approach
Authors: Acikgoz Bernur , Amoah Anthony , Yilmazer Mine
Published: September 2016

This study uses three-country group panel data from 1993 to 2011 in
examining the long-run effect of tax burdens (Fiscal index) and government
regulations of business (Business index) on economic growth. The outcome of
the panel cointegration approach suggests that the variables have a long-run
relationship with economic growth. The study finds all the signs of the
variables used to be consistent with theoretical expectations. Regarding the
variables of interest, it is also found that the Fiscal index has a positive
and significant effect on economic growth for all three-country groups. In
addition, the Business index has a positive and significant effect for only
two-country groups. The study finds that tax burdens and government
regulations play an important role on economic growth for most countries in
the sample. To harness economic growth prospects, the study offers
recommendations for policy makers to consider.
The two faces of human capital and their effect on technological progress
Authors: López-Pueyo Carmen , Barcenilla Sara , Giménez Gregorio
Published: September 2016

The aim of the paper is to investigate the effect of a new international estimate of human capital on the process of innovation and technology catch-up in developed countries. The new human capital variable is a measure of average human capital efficiency per hour worked that considers the role of both the quantity and quality of education. Our methodology is based on the framework proposed by Jess Benhabib and Mark A. Spiegel (2005) that uses a logistic function of technology diffusion. The analysis employs panel econometrics and tackles the endogeneity bias. Empirical results show robust evidence of the significance of this human capital variable as a driver of innovation and diffusion. The effects of cognitive skills on technological progress are higher the closer the economies are to the technology frontier. Furthermore, as technological progress has been measured using the improved total factor productivity (TFP) variables built in Penn World Table (PWT) 8.0, we confirm the existence of social returns to human capital.
Intranasal Midazolam Sedation in a Pediatric Emergency Dental Clinic
Authors: Peerbhay Fathima , Elsheikhomer Ahmed Mahgoub
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and recovery times of 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg intranasal midazolam (INM) administered with a mucosal atomizer device (MAD) in a pediatric emergency dental hospital clinic. One hundred eighteen children aged from 4 to 6 years were randomly administered either 0.3 or 0.5 mg/kg INM via an MAD in a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial. Sedation was achieved to some degree in 100% of the sample. The pulse rate and oxygen saturation were within the normal range in 99% of the patients. A burning sensation was reported in 9% of children. The recovery time of the 0.5 mg/kg group was statistically longer than that of the 0.3 mg/kg group (16.5 vs 18.8 minutes) but the difference was not clinically significant. The findings of this study show that 0.3 or 0.5 mg/kg doses of INM resulted in safe and effective sedation. The 0.5 mg/kg dose was more effective than the 0.3 mg/kg dose in reducing anxiety.
Effective Dosage of Midazolam to Erase the Memory of Vascular Pain During Propofol Administration
Authors: Boku Aiji , Inoue Mika , Hanamoto Hiroshi , Oyamaguchi Aiko , Kudo Chiho , Sugimura Mitsutaka , Niwa Hitoshi
Published: September 2016

Intravenous sedation with propofol is often administered to anxious patients in dental practice. Pain on injection of propofol is a common adverse effect. This study aimed to determine the age-adjusted doses of midazolam required to erase memory of vascular pain of propofol administration and assess whether the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) after the pretreatment of midazolam was useful to predict amnesia of the vascular pain of propofol administration. A total of 246 patients with dental phobia requiring dental treatment under intravenous sedation were included. Patients were classified according to their age: 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s. Three minutes after administration of a predetermined dose of midazolam, propofol was infused continuously. After completion of the dental procedure, patients were interviewed about the memory of any pain or discomfort in the injection site or forearm. The dosage of midazolam was determined using the Dixon up-down method. The first patient was administered 0.03 mg/kg, and if memory of vascular pain remained, the dosage was increased by 0.01 mg/kg for the next patient, and then if the memory was erased, the dosage was decreased by 0.01 mg/kg. The effective dosage of midazolam in 95% of each age group for erasing the memory of propofol vascular pain (ED95) was determined using logistic analysis. The accuracy of RSS to predict the amnesia of injection pain was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The ED95 of midazolam to erase the memory of propofol vascular pain was 0.061 mg/kg in patients in their 30s, 0.049 mg/kg in patients in their 40s, 0.033 mg/kg in patients in their 50s, and 0.033 mg/kg in patients in their 60s. The area under the ROC curve was 0.31. The ED95 of midazolam required to erase the memory of propofol vascular pain demonstrated a downward trend with age. On the other hand, it was impossible to predict the amnesia of propofol vascular pain using the RSS.
Benzodiazepine Allergy With Anesthesia Administration: A Review of Current Literature
Authors: Haybarger Elliot , Young Andrew S. , Giovannitti Joseph A.
Published: September 2016

The incidence of anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions has been reported to vary between 1 : 3500 and 1 : 20,000 cases with a mortality rate ranging from 3 to 9%. Clinical signs present as skin rash, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, tachycardia, bradycardia, and hypotension. Rapid identification and treatment are crucial to overall patient prognosis, as delayed intervention is associated with increased mortality. Diagnosis may be confirmed with clinical presentation, serum tryptase levels, and skin test results. While the main causative agents in anesthetic practice are typically neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBs), latex, and antibiotics, this review aims to discuss recognition, management, and preventive measures in perioperative anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions from benzodiazepine administration.
Development and evaluation of a protocol for control of Giardia duodenalis in a colony of group-housed dogs at a veterinary medical college
Authors: Saleh Meriam N. , Gilley Alexandra D. , Byrnes Meghan K. , Zajac Anne M.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE To develop and evaluate a protocol for control of Giardia duodenalis in naturally infected group-housed dogs at a veterinary medical college.

DESIGN Prospective evaluation study.

ANIMALS 34 dogs.

PROCEDURES All dogs were tested for evidence of G duodenalis infection. Dogs were treated with fenbendazole on study days 1 through 10. On day 5, dogs were bathed and moved into clean, disinfected kennels in a different room to allow for disinfection and drying of their assigned kennels at 26.7°C (80°F) for 24 hours on day 6. After treatment, dogs were returned to their original housing; fecal samples were collected weekly from days 8 through 41 and then every 3 weeks until day 209. Samples were fixed in formalin and examined by direct immunofluorescence assay. Additionally, 1 pretreatment sample underwent PCR assay and DNA sequencing to determine the assemblage (genotype) of the organism. Normal handling routines for the dogs and their use in teaching activities were not changed.

RESULTS Initially, all dogs in the colony shed G duodenalis cysts. During and immediately after treatment (days 8 and 13), no cysts were detected in any dogs. On day 20, 1 cyst was observed in the fecal sample from 1 dog; results for all subsequent fecal analyses were negative. The G duodenalis cysts collected from the pretreatment sample had an assemblage C genotype.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The integrated protocol was successful in controlling G duodenalis infection in this dog colony, despite exposure of dogs to a variety of environments and frequent handling by multiple individuals. Sequence analysis identified an assemblage typically found in dogs but not in people, indicating that zoonotic transmission would be unlikely.
Comparison of clinical findings and short-term survival between horses with intestinal entrapment in the gastrosplenic ligament and horses with intestinal entrapment in the epiploic foramen
Authors: Kilcoyne Isabelle , Dechant Julie E. , Nieto Jorge E.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE To compare clinical findings and short-term outcome for horses with intestinal entrapment in the gastrosplenic ligament (GLE) with those of horses with intestinal entrapment in the epiploic foramen (EFE).

DESIGN Retrospective case-control study.

ANIMALS 43 horses with GLE (cases) and 73 horses with EFE (controls).

PROCEDURES Medical records of horses examined because of colic at a veterinary teaching hospital between 1992 and 2012 were reviewed. Signalment was extracted from medical records for all horses with colic (colic population), and additional information regarding colic history, clinical findings, treatments, and outcome was extracted from the records of horses in which GLE or EFE was diagnosed during surgery or necropsy. Signalment was compared between the colic population and the case and control populations. Clinical findings and short-term outcome were compared between the cases and controls.

RESULTS The proportions of middle-aged horses and geldings in both the case and control groups were greater than those in the colic population. Mean heart rate and blood and peritoneal fluid lactate concentrations in horses with EFE were significantly greater than those for horses with GLE. The proportion of horses that underwent surgery and were discharged from the hospital (short-term survival rate) did not differ between the GLE (22/25 [88%]) and EFE (29/34 [85%]) groups.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Compared with the colic population, results suggested middle-aged geldings might be predisposed to GLE and EFE. The short-term survival rate was similar between the GLE and EFE groups even though horses with EFE had more severe systemic derangements than did horses with GLE.
We Need to Implement Current Evidence in Early Rehabilitation Programs to Improve Long-Term Outcome After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Risberg May Arna , Grindem Hege , Øiestad Britt Elin
Published: September 2016

We like to think that we are successful in the treatment of individuals with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, but recent literature reveals that only about 60% of these individuals make a full recovery, less than 60% return to sport, and more than 50% develop knee osteoarthritis (OA) by middle age. Both short- and long-term outcomes after ACL injury and reconstruction need attention and action. We need to implement strategies early after ACL injury to prevent the development and progression of posttraumatic OA, rather than “sit and wait” until posttraumatic knee OA has developed.

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(9):710–713. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0608
Encountering the Archive in Katja Petrowskaja’sVielleicht Esther
Authors: Osborne Dora
Published: September 2016

In Vielleicht Esther (2014), the literary debut by Ukrainian-born Katja Petrowskaja, the narrator attempts to trace her family history. She realizes that she can no longer rely on the memories of her relatives, but rather, as part of what Marianne Hirsch calls the “generation of postmemory,” is dependent on the material that remains. She encounters various archive spaces and resources, but these fail to provide easy access to her family’s past. This article argues that Vielleicht Esther is thus a pivotal example of an archival turn in memory culture, which signals not only the central position of the archive in retracing the past, but also the increasing critical scrutiny of the status and role of archive in this endeavour. Petrowskaja’s narrator comes to see how the archive is implicated in the control of history and memory, and that what remains is also an indicator of what is missing – specifically the European Jewish tradition that once defined her ancestors. Moreover, the archive confronts her not only with what remains (and what doesn’t), but also with questions about who remains (and why), that is, with questions about the circumstances of survival. On the one hand, her encounters with the archive allow her to address its gaps through narrative, but on the other, they confront her with unpalatable truths that force her to rethink her family narrative.
The Absurd and Storytelling in Uwe Timm’sJohannisnachtandRot
Authors: Baker Gary L.
Published: September 2016

This essay explores the connection between Uwe Timm’s work and Albert Camus’s notion of the absurd. Camus characterizes the absurd as a divorce from a perceived unity with the world that, when the divorce comes to consciousness, leads to a feeling that life is meaningless and thus potentially not worth living. Camus describes how illusions about the importance of our tasks and activities can dismantle themselves and create a sense of futility. This essay asserts that Timm acknowledges the Camusian divorce in theory and fiction. However, like Camus, he views artistic creation as a confirmation of life’s meaning. For Timm, then, telling stories represents a response to the absurd and the nostalgia for unity that it leaves behind. In Johannisnacht and Rot Timm narrates stories that embrace the redemptive power of everyday living to reinforce life’s meaning in the act of storytelling.
Long-Term Field Rutting and Moisture Susceptibility Performance of Warm-Mix Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Wen Haifang , Wu Shenghua , Mohammad Louay N. , Zhang Weiguang , Shen Shihui , Faheem Ahmed
Published: September 2016

Although warm-mix asphalt (WMA) has been used in pavement construction in recent years, the long-term field performance of WMA pavements has not been studied extensively. In response, this study investigated 28 pavement projects in the United States, covering different climate zones, WMA technologies, service years, pavement structures, and traffic volume levels. The long-term field rutting performance between WMA pavements and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavements was compared. Field samples were extracted for laboratory experiments. Significant determinants (engineering or material properties) that correlate with rutting performance also were investigated. A simple rutting resistance index obtained from the Hamburg wheel-tracking test was found to be the significant determinant (material property) that correlates best with field rutting performance. The significant mix design parameters that affect the rutting resistance index were analyzed to suggest a better rutting-resistant mix design. In addition, no moisture damage or raveling was observed for the selected projects in the field. Therefore, the moisture susceptibility of the mixes was evaluated in regard to the stripping inflection point of field cores as obtained from the Hamburg wheel-tracking test results. It was found also that most of the mixes that did not include an antistripping agent exhibited a stripping inflection point, suggesting the need for the addition of an antistripping agent in pavement mixtures.
Microstructural Analysis of Porous Asphalt Concrete Mix Subjected to Rolling Truck Tire Loads
Authors: Anupam K. , Srirangam S. K. , Varveri A. , Kasbergen C. , Scarpas A.
Published: September 2016

Porous asphalt concrete (PAC) course is best known for its noise reduction and improved wet skid resistance characteristics. Nevertheless, the use of PAC is associated with reduced lifetimes and high maintenance costs, mainly owing to various distress mechanisms such as raveling. Therefore, it is necessary to have a better understanding of the stress states associated at the micromechanical level, that is, at the mastic–aggregate interfacial zone and the mastic itself. For this purpose, it is necessary to develop micromechanical finite element (FE) models that are composed of realistic asphalt mix meshes with different phases that are subjected to rolling wheel loads. A framework is presented to develop a three-dimensional FE model capable of simulating a rolling wide-base truck tire over an asphalt pavement surface. From results of FE simulations, the stress states at the mastic and mastic–aggregate interfacial layer were studied. For the analyzed surface of the PAC mix, it was observed that the mastic phase registered high stress states compared with the mastic–aggregate interfacial phase, suggesting that the sample may experience a cohesive failure in the long run. The developed methodology also provides a tool to analyze the influence of tire operating conditions such as tire inflation pressures and loads on the stress states of asphalt mixes. Finally, the micromechanical stress response of PAC mix was compared with that of other conventional asphalt mix designs, and it was found that the magnitude of stresses developed in the mastic of PAC are higher compared with the conventional asphalt mix designs.
Fracture Characterization of Asphalt Mixtures with High Recycled Content Using Illinois Semicircular Bending Test Method and Flexibility Index
Authors: Ozer Hasan , Al-Qadi Imad L. , Singhvi Punit , Khan Tamim , Rivera-Perez Jose , El-Khatib Ahmad
Published: September 2016

Using reclaimed and recycled materials in asphalt mixtures is one of the most commonly used sustainable strategies, which results in cost savings and environmental benefits because they replace virgin materials. Commonly used recycled, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) can pose challenges because their inclusion in the asphalt mixture may adversely affect pavement performance. This paper presents the recently developed fracture testing method, the Illinois semicircular bending (IL-SCB) fracture geometry at 25°C with a displacement rate of 50 mm/min. The flexibility index (FI), derived from the IL-SCB test results, was introduced to rank the potential cracking resistance of mixes. The developed testing protocol provides a practical and reliable approach to screen the capacity of mixes to resist cracking. An application of the IL-SCB test method and FI is presented using laboratory-prepared and compacted mixes with varying proportions of RAP and RAS. The mixes were designed and prepared with strict volumetric requirements, enabling comparison of the effects of RAP and RAS only. Fracture testing was conducted at low and intermediate temperatures. Fracture testing results indicate a consistent trend at intermediate temperatures using both fracture energy and the FI. The discrimination potential and sensitivity of the FI to even small changes in the mix design properties enable integration of the IL-SCB test method and FI as a performance quality indicator. Finally, the FI and Hamburg wheel-tracking test results are combined in an interaction plot that can be used as a performance-based mix design tool along with volumetrics requirements.
Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Modified Asphalt: Two-Year Review in Northern Arizona
Authors: Ho Chun-Hsing , Shan Junyi , Wang Feiyue , Chen Yiyang , Almonnieay Anas
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a 2-year review and an evaluation of the performance of fiber-reinforced polymer-modified asphalt concrete (FPMAC). A comparison is made of its characteristics with polymer-modified asphalt concrete (PMAC) through laboratory experiments and field observations. Polymers are believed to enhance the binding properties of the asphalt pavements to increase their engineering properties. Some researchers and highway agencies in the cold regions have considered adding fibers in the currently used polymer-modified asphalt concrete to produce FPMAC to be used in pavement construction. FPMAC has the potential to enhance asphalt pavement properties, such as increasing stiffness, resistance to deformation, and stability. An asphalt paving project made of PMAC and FPMAC was implemented in Flagstaff, Arizona, with a goal of evaluating the effect of fiber reinforcement in the performance enhancement of FPMAC. FPMAC and PMAC samples were collected at the job site and shipped back to the materials laboratories at both Northern Arizona University and Arizona State University for experimentations. Throughout the thermal cracking tests and dynamic modulus tests, all data indicated that FPMAC has better performance. After 2-year field visits, FPMAC has showed fewer cracks (with accumulative crack length of 11.2 ft) as compared with PMAC (with accumulative crack length of 123.2 ft). FPMAC has successfully demonstrated its abilities to resist thermal cracking, freeze–thaw cycling, and rutting deformation.
Improving Recycled Asphalt Mix Performance Through Rejuvenation
Authors: Kodippily Sachi , Holleran Glynn , Henning Theunis F. P.
Published: September 2016

Developing technologies that provide sustainable solutions for future pavement construction is vital given the ever-increasing demand on the supply of bitumen and good-quality pavement construction materials. Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is a technology that presents many advantages in cost and environmental savings. This study investigated the performance of RAP mixes containing rejuvenation additives to determine the effects of those additives on the deformation (rutting) resistance, cracking resistance, and fatigue performance of RAP mixes. Laboratory testing was conducted on 11 RAP mixes that were manufactured with RAP proportions of 15% and 30%, as well as with the addition of different types of rejuvenating agents. Results produced useful performance indicators for the use of rejuvenation additives in RAP. The mixes that had rejuvenation additives preserved the high deformation resistance of RAP mixes, particularly at the higher RAP proportion of 30% when compared with a mix with no RAP, and concurrently the addition of rejuvenators counteracted against overstiffening effects of RAP. The addition of RAP, especially 30% RAP proportion, had poorer fatigue performance than when only 15% RAP was used, but with the use of rejuvenation agents, the fatigue performance of the high RAP mixes improved significantly. Use of a maltene fraction for RAP rejuvenation had marginally better fatigue performance than a chemical rejuvenation agent. The research results provide a valuable understanding of the behavior of RAP mixes and, in particular, the positive performance results that can be gained by using rejuvenation additives.
Characterization of Half-Warm–Mix Asphalt with High Rates of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
Authors: Botella Ramón , Pérez-Jiménez Félix , Miró Rodrigo , Guisado-Mateo Francisco , Ramírez Rodríguez Antonio
Published: September 2016

Growing awareness about preservation of the environment has led asphalt technicians to assess and correct resulting impacts from the manufacture and application of bituminous mixtures. The concept of sustainability has come to the field of bituminous mixtures with two main components: reducing emissions and consumption of raw materials and preserving resources for the future. Conservation and rehabilitation activities of road pavements generate an increasing amount of waste from the milling of layers of damaged asphalt mixtures. This material, having great costs and exceptional properties, should be reused in manufacturing new mixtures of the same type and function. This paper presents efforts carried out to develop a technology allowing manufacturing and applying half-warm mix asphalt in surface layers of low-speed roads at low temperatures by using high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement. Continuously graded mixtures were manufactured at 100°C and compacted at 80°C with different percentages of RAP, from 50% to 100%. Results obtained from testing laboratory specimens indicated that their mechanical properties, cracking resistance and fatigue resistance, were close to those expected from regular hot-mix asphalt mixtures. Additionally, a field study was carried out in which this technology was put to use. First field cores were extracted and tested from old pavement and then the RAP coming from this pavement was employed to manufacture laboratory specimens with different gradations, RAPs, and emulsion contents. Results showed that use of this technology provided the new mixture with improved fracture properties and ductility with respect to the old pavement mixture.
Investigation of Blending Mechanisms for Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Binder and Virgin Binder in Laboratory-Produced Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Mixtures
Authors: Wen Haifang , Zhang Kun
Published: September 2016

The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in new pavement construction or pavement rehabilitation projects contributes to sustainable construction. However, the blending between RAP binder and virgin binder could significantly affect pavement performance, especially in regard to cracking. Currently, studies to understand the different blending stages between RAP binder and virgin binder in a RAP mix and the effects of each blending stage on mix performance are lacking. In this study, three blending stages were investigated: Stage 1: RAP binder transfer to virgin aggregate, Stage 2: mechanical blending, and Stage 3: diffusion. The objectives of this study are to propose a laboratory mixing scheme to distinguish the effects of each of the three stages for blending between RAP binder and virgin binder; investigate the effects of each blending stage on the rheological and fracture performance properties of the study mixes; and identify the primary mechanisms of blending between RAP binder and virgin binder in laboratory-produced RAP mixtures. Tests, including dynamic modulus and creep compliance in indirect tensile (IDT) mode and IDT fracture tests at 20°C and −10°C, were conducted to determine the rheological and fracture properties of mixtures. Results indicated that at RAP binder replacement ratio of 26%, Stage 3 diffusion is the most dominant in affecting the rheological and fracture properties of RAP mixes compared with Stage 1 RAP binder transfer and Stage 2 mechanical blending.
Weibull Model for Rutting Prediction of Warm-Mix Asphalt Agents: Using Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Device Results
Authors: Mendez Larrain Matias M. , Tarefder Rafiqul A.
Published: September 2016

This study used a Hamburg wheel-tracking device in hot-mix asphalt–warm-mix asphalt (HMA-WMA) with different WMA agents to analyze the rutting behavior of asphalt concrete. Five mixtures were collected in New Mexico with the same mixture design. Mixtures differed only in the additive technology. Foaming, chemical, and organic agents were compared with a WMA mixture with modified polymer and a HMA control mixture. Application of the Weibull failure rate function to predict rutting for different WMA agents was developed. Good rutting results were observed when the organic agent was tested compared with other WMA agents. The use of a polymer-modified binder in the WMA mixture with the organic agent significantly decreased rutting. HMA and WMA with foaming had similar rutting behavior, and the mixture with the chemical agent experienced a different performance from that of previous mixtures. Fitted Weibull failure rate function showed good correlation to HMA-WMA mixtures when rutting depths were low, and no hint of stripping phase was observed.
Timing of surgical treatment for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: association between treatment delay and reduced short-term benefit
Authors: Vakili Sharif , Moran Dane , Hung Alice , Elder Benjamin D. , Jeon Lee , Fialho Hugo , Sankey Eric W. , Jusué-Torres Ignacio , Goodwin C. Rory , Lu Jennifer , Robison Jamie , Rigamonti Daniele
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE

A growing body of evidence suggests that longer durations of preoperative symptoms may correlate with worse postoperative outcomes following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion for treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The aim of this study is to determine whether the duration of preoperative symptoms alters postoperative outcomes in patients treated for iNPH.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective review of 393 cases of iNPH involving patients treated with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting. The duration of symptoms prior to the operative intervention was recorded. The following outcome variables were assessed at baseline, 6 months postoperatively, and at last follow-up: gait performance, urinary continence, and cognition.

RESULTS

The patients' median age at shunt placement was 74 years. Increased symptom duration was significantly associated with worse gait outcomes (relative risk (RR) 1.055 per year of symptoms, p = 0.037), and an overall absence of improvement in any of the classic triad symptomology (RR 1.053 per year of symptoms, p = 0.033) at 6 months postoperatively. Additionally, there were trends toward significance for symptom duration increasing the risk of having no 6-month postoperative improvement in urinary incontinence (RR 1.049 per year of symptoms, p = 0.069) or cognitive symptoms (RR 1.051 per year of symptoms, p = 0.069). However, no statistically significant differences were noted in these outcomes at last follow-up (median 31 months). Age stratification by decade revealed that prolonging symptom duration was significantly associated with lower Mini-Mental Status Examination scores in patients aged 60–70 years, and lack of cognitive improvement in patients aged 70–80 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with iNPH with longer duration of preoperative symptoms may not receive the same short-term benefits of surgical intervention as patients with shorter duration of preoperative symptoms. However, with longer follow-up, the patients generally reached the same end point. Therefore, when managing patients with iNPH, it may take longer to see the benefits of CSF shunting when patients present with a longer duration of preoperative symptoms.
Bulbar dysfunction in normal pressure hydrocephalus: a prospective study
Authors: Chankaew Ekawut , Srirabheebhat Prajak , Manochiopinig Sriwimon , Witthiwej Theerapol , Benjamin Itsara
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is clinically characterized by gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence, as well as enlargement of the ventricles. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there have been no previous publications regarding the correlation between bulbar dysfunction and NPH. The primary objective of this study was to compare preoperative and postoperative prevalence of bulbar dysfunction in patients with NPH. Secondary objectives included assessing the results of surgery for swallowing, speech, gait, cognition, and urination, and evaluating the correlation between bulbar dysfunction and triad symptoms.

METHODS

Fifty-three patients with NPH who underwent shunt placement surgery at Siriraj Hospital were included in the study. Patients were evaluated for gait, cognition, urination, swallowing, and speech before and 6 months after shunt placement. Triad symptoms were assessed using standard methods. Bulbar dysfunctions were assessed using the Swallowing Problem Questionnaire, Thai Articulation Test, Resonation Screening Test (RST), and Thai Nasality Test. The Thai Speech Assessment Program and nasometer were used for objective speech measurement.

RESULTS

Preoperatively, 86% (43/50) of patients had swallowing problems and 75% (37/49) had speech problems, as measured by the RST. Postoperatively, there was significant improvement in swallowing (p < 0.001), speech problems by RST (p = 0.008), and voice volume (p = 0.009), but no significant change in the nasometer test. All triad symptoms were improved. There were significant correlations between swallowing impairment and gait disturbance (r = 0.358, p = 0.009), and RST and cognitive impairment (r = −0.502, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study of bulbar dysfunction in patients with NPH. The results showed that the prevalence of bulbar dysfunction is very high. The correlation between bulbar dysfunction and the classic NPH triad has been documented and published. These bulbar symptoms also significantly improved after surgery. As such, bulbar dysfunction should be regarded as a core symptom that should be considered along with the classic triad in the clinical diagnosis and management of NPH.
Revisiting secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus: does it exist? A review
Authors: Daou Badih , Klinge Petra , Tjoumakaris Stavropoula , Rosenwasser Robert H. , Jabbour Pascal
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE

There are several etiologies that can lead to the development of secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus (sNPH). The aim of this study was to evaluate the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in patients with sNPH and to highlight important differences between the separate etiologies.

METHODS

A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to identify studies conducted between 1965 and 2015 that included data regarding the etiology, treatment, diagnosis, and outcome in patients with sNPH. Sixty-four studies with a total of 1309 patients were included. The inclusion criteria of this study were articles that were written in English, included more than 2 patients with the diagnosis of sNPH, and contained data regarding the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, or outcome of NPH. The most common assessment of clinical improvement was based on the Stein and Langfitt grading scale or equivalent improvement on other alternative ordinal grading scales.

RESULTS

The main etiologies of sNPH were subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in 46.5%, head trauma in 29%, intracranial malignancies in 6.2%, meningoencephalitis in 5%, and cerebrovascular disease in 4.5% of patients. In 71.9% of patients the sNPH was treated with ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, and 24.4% had placement of a ventriculoatrial shunt. Clinical improvement after shunt placement was reported in 74.4% and excellent clinical improvement in 58% of patients with sNPH. The mean follow-up period after shunt placement was 13 months. Improvement was seen in 84.2% of patients with SAH, 83% of patients with head trauma, 86.4% of patients with brain tumors, 75% of patients with meningoencephalitis, and 64.7% of patients with NPH secondary to stroke.

CONCLUSIONS

Secondary NPH encompasses a diverse group of clinical manifestations associated with a subset of patients with acquired hydrocephalus. The most common etiologies of sNPH include SAH and traumatic brain injury. Secondary NPH does indeed exist, and should be differentiated from idiopathic NPH based on outcome and on clinical, pathophysiological, and epidemiological characteristics, but should not be considered as a separate entity.
Overshunting-associated myelopathy: report of 2 cases
Authors: Ho Jason Man-kit , Law Hing-Yuen , Yuen Shing-Chau , Yam Kwong-Yui
Published: September 2016

The authors present 2 cases of cervical myelopathy produced by engorged vertebral veins due to overshunting. Overshunting-associated myelopathy is a rare complication of CSF shunting. Coexisting cervical degenerative disc disease may further increase the difficulty of diagnosing the condition. Neurosurgeons and others who routinely evaluate patients with intracranial shunts should be familiar with this rare but possible diagnosis.
Investigating Long-run Relationship between Money, Income and Price for Bangladesh: Application of Econometrics and Cross Spectra Methods
Authors: Kamal Khnd. Md. Mostafa
Published: September 2016

This study examines the long-run causation between the three major macroeconomic variables namely real GDP, money supply and price level in the Bangladesh context.  The results obtained by applying time series econometric techniques reveal that unidirectional causation exists between real GDP and prices. The study also suggests that causation runs from money supply to prices but price level does not causes money supply. However, co-integration analysis ascertains long run relationship between these three variables. Moreover, in order to decompose Granger causality  between real GDP, money supply and  prices in the frequency-domain, Lemmens et al. (2008) method of cross spectra analysis  has been used which  imply that money supply granger causes real GDP over the short-run, but  in the long run, money supply Granger causes prices, not real GDP.Journal of Science Foundation, January 2016;14(1):17-25
Electrocardiographic Changes in Different Grades of Hypertensive Patients: Experience of 400 Cases in Bangladesh
Authors: Newaz ASM Raushan , Huda Syed Quamrul , Ali Syed Mohammad Monowwar , Maula Md. Golam , Islam Md. Saiful
Published: September 2016

Background: Determination of the electrocardiographic changes among the hypertensive patients can reveal the early cardiac abnormalities. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to find out the common electrocardiographic (ECG) changes in different grades of hypertensive patients. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted among mild to severe grade hypertensive patients attended in the Department of Medicine at Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital, Rajshahi during the period of July 2009 to June 2010 for a period of one year. Data were collected by face to face interview with a pre-designed structured questionnaire. Measurement of the blood pressure and the 12-lead surface electrocardiogram were done among the study group in a resting state. Results: A total number of 400 mild to severe grade hypertensive patients were recruited for this study of which male was 300 cases and female were 100 cases. The age ranges was 30 to 60 years, Among 400 hypertensive patients, abnormal electrocardiographic changes were found in 212(53%) patients. Among the mild, moderate and severe cases, the changes were 38.8%, 65% and 100% respectively. Conclusions: There is an association between hypertension and ECG changes which is more pronounced in severe hypertension.Journal of Science Foundation, January 2016;14(1):26-29