bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversion or Addiction
Authors: Simmonds Robert B.
Published: March 2007

Simmonds has gathered the only personality assessment data known about for participants in the Jesus movement and uses some of it here to support his provocative idea that conversion to the movement does not entail conversion in the traditional sense of the term, but instead represents a shift in addiction.
Equity, Accessibility, and Ethical Issues
Authors: ADAY LU ANN
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the focus and scope of the current U.S. health care reform debate are too narrowly defined and the answers being offered are therefore inadequate. The question implicitly or explicitly being addressed is how to assure more universal access to medical care. An alternative focus for an informed health policy debate is how best to assure more universal access to health. Fundamental investments in enhancing the economic and social well-being of American families and neighborhoods may offer the greatest long-term possibilities for improving their physical, psychological, and social health and well-being. Providing more universal access to medical care may have some, but a more limited, effect in terms of improving individuals' and the nation's health. Competing universal health insurance proposals should be evaluated in terms of these effectiveness, as well as equity and efficiency, criteria. Ultimately, this article argues that a coherent and effective policy framework for improving the nation's health requires a broader vision and set of objectives than simply reforming methods of paying for medical care.
The Logic of Creative and Critical Thinking
Authors: PAUL RICHARD W.
Published: March 2007

The momentum and intensity of calls for educational reform are directly related to issues of creativity and critical thinking. The author's works on critical thinking have been written almost exclusively in terms of teaching for the “critical” rather than the “creative” dimension of thinking. This article holds the creative dimension of thinking is best fostered by joining it with the critical dimension.
Political Communication as Negotiation
Authors: RATZAN SCOTT C.
Published: March 2007

The COAST model, a paradigm for effective decision making in negotiation, is applied to political communication as evident in the 1992 campaign (COAST = Communication, Options, Alternatives, Standards, and Trust). Specifically, the model approaches political communication as a synergistic, shared process, influenced and driven by traditional communication factors, the success of which is reciprocally related to the amount and degree of trust between the principal agent and audience. The COAST model and its previous applications in negotiation, public health, and policy issues are outlined as a context for its application to a political arena undergoing great change in means and method of reaching voters and motivating them to enter the voting booth. Of particular interest is the application of the model to communication strategies in the 1992 campaign.
Responsible Health Communication
Authors: WEIJTS WIES
Published: March 2007

Noncompliance with treatment instructions has traditionally been viewed as a physician's failure to communicate. Recent emphasis on the value of patient involvement in defining and resolving health care issues has shifted this perspective toward one of mutual responsibility for participation in health care decisions. A Dutch model of gendered care is described: It acknowledges the traditional power imbalance between physician and patient, as well as the link between socialization of the sexes and their health issues.
Psychological and Spiritual Factors in Chronic Illness
Authors: LEIFER RON
Published: March 2007

Medical treatment of the chronically ill is an art that involves more than the skillful management of physical pathology and more than a charming bedside manner. The art of medicine involves the personal qualities of the physician. These qualities are more often discussed in religious circles than in medical journals or seminars. Psychological and spiritual factors discussed in this article are the inevitability of sickness, old age, and death; the presence of the physician; patience; pain; and hope. Reflection on these spiritual qualities can be helpful to both the chronically ill patient and the physician.
Framing Politicians
Authors: DEVITT JAMES
Published: March 2007

This article argues that in 1980, 1988, and 1992, our sense of presidential candidates' spoken messages differed depending on whether they were reported in issue or strategy frames. Messages in issue frames were more likely to be self-promotional and supported by evidence; messages in strategy frames were more likely to be oppositional and not supported by evidence. However, these differences disappeared in 1996 broadcast news coverage. In 1980, 1988, and 1992, candidates' messages in strategy stories were likely to be unsubstantiated attacks on their opponents. In 1996, stories in an issue frame adopted this tendency by including a higher proportion of attacks than in previous years. This change raised the level of reported negativity in candidate discourse included in 1996 broadcast news stories.
The Paradox of Transforming Public Administration
Authors: JUN JONG S. , RIVERA MARIO A.
Published: March 2007

Directing organizational change requires the ability to interpret—and reinterpret—the meanings customarily ascribed to crucial institutional values, norms, and events. If public managers are prepared to live with contradiction, conflict, and ambiguity, they can gain a new perspective on the complex social process of organizational change. An appreciation of the inherent tensions among crucial constructs in public administration—the binary opposition of bureaucracy and democracy, leadership and representation, policy making and implementation, centralization and decentralization, and the like—would allow administrators to determine if it is possible to reconcile tensions in particular instances. One element of contradiction in contemporary public administration is found in the debate concerning “modern” and “postmodern” perspectives of administrative practice, representing conflicting interpretations of substantive and normative aspects of institutional change. This study probes this issue at the intersection of the social and administrative sciences with administrative practice and also examines what the authors see as the paradoxical interplay of postmodernist theory, critical theory, and theories of political and economic development. An ancillary purpose is to assess the prospective value of critical-modern and postmodernist models for contemporary public administration.
Repentance, Psychotherapy, and Healing Through a Jewish Lens
Authors: FRANKEL ESTELLE
Published: March 2007

The author discusses important connections between the notion of repentance, particularly as conceived in Jewish religious thought, and psychotherapy. She writes that the Jewish concept of repentance, or teshuvah, provides a path of return to one's true spiritual nature, a path that reunites the individual with a larger spiritual community. In comparison, psychotherapy provides a secular path toward a sense of individual psychic wholeness. The author proceeds to investigate the steps involved in teshuvah and the psychological importance and implications of these steps, including the important issue of the role of morality in psychotherapy.
A Health Services Use Framework for Drug-Abusing Offenders
Authors: LEUKEFELD CARL G. , LOGAN T. K. , MARTIN STEVEN S. , PURVIS RICHARD T. , FARABEE DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the recent literature on health services use by drug abusers. A revised Andersen-Newman model is posited as a theoretical orientation for health service initiatives focused on drug abuse. The model highlights specific predisposing factors, historical health factors, current illness factors, and enabling/mediating factors associated with drug abuse. The limited number of cost-effectiveness studies have demonstrated that publicly funded drug treatment can produce savings by reducing selected health care costs and decreasing crime. However, short-term costs related to drug abuse can be greater to realize than long-term savings. The criminal justice system can serve as a point of contact and provides a concentrated reservoir of drug users. However, drug-abusing offenders are more likely to present a variety of health problems including hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. From a managed care and health services use perspective, drug abuse treatment in the criminal justice system should minimize long-term health care- and crime-related costs.
Punished for their Good Deeds
Authors: SNYDER MARK , OMOTO ALLEN M. , CRAIN A. LAUREN
Published: March 2007

This research investigated the impact of AIDS-related stigma on the antecedents, experiences, and consequences stages of AIDS volunteerism. Coordinated cross-sectional and longitudinal field studies and laboratory analogs are reviewed and reveal that volunteers and nonvolunteers consider AIDS volunteerism more stigmatizing than other forms of volunteerism. Potential stigmatization also prevented nonvolunteers from helping an AIDS organization, whereas reports of actual stigmatization predicted AIDS volunteers' burnout from their work and hastened their decisions to quit. In addition, volunteers who experienced stigmatization relatively unexpectedly were less satisfied and more burned out than volunteers who expected to be stigmatized. Thus, beyond the usual costs of doing volunteer work (e.g., time, energy), stigmatization may be a social cost that is especially pronounced among AIDS volunteers and has the effect of punishing them for their good deeds.
The Social Location of Leisure Styles
Authors: GRUENBERG BARRY
Published: March 2007

Gruenberg identifies the social and demographic variables that best help to predict each of six factor-analytically derived dimensions of leisure activity, using a stepwise multiple regression analysis of data from a 1964-1965 national urban sample of the U.S. population.
The Denial of Personal Discrimination
Authors: CROSBY FAYE
Published: March 2007

Working women in one survey knew well that women workers do not generally receive the rewards they deserve. But in most cases, the women appeared to imagine—quite erroneously—that they personally avoided sex discrimination. After documenting the basic phenomenon, the article discusses cognitive and emotional barriers to the acknowledgment of personal discrimination. Ways to surmount the barriers are discussed.
Local Mental Health Agencies in Transition
Authors: LARSEN JUDITH K.
Published: March 2007

Major policy and funding shifts have stimulated a series of changes in local mental health agencies. Policy and operations responsibilities have shifted to state mental health authorities; funding has moved from categorical programs to block grants; and different client groups are increasingly using community services. Local mental health agencies are expanding in certain services in response to high-priority needs targeted by states. Decreases are occurring in other services. Changes and reductions in staff and funding have resulted in a net decrease in volume of service provided. Further, most centers have narrowed the scope of services to a more limited program. The majority of agencies have chosen to remain aligned with state and local funding sources and priorities.
Regional Market Integration and the Development of Global Norms for Enterprise Conduct
Authors: Windsor Duane , Getz Kathleen A.
Published: March 2007

Moving toward a possible transatlantic free trade area (TAFTA), the European Union (EU) and the United States reached an accord in December 1995 to collaborate on 150 policy issues. Regional market integration arrangements involve the acceptance of international policy regimes defining conditions for cooperation and harmonization. Because multinational enterprises (MNEs) will likely increase in size and global scope, regional and global regime development efforts for defining corporate social responsibility and performance norms will be needed. In light of these trends, this article focuses on a case study of an emerging, global anticorruption norm among countries of diverse cultures, interests, and values. Although, historically, a norm against the bribery of domestic public officials has been virtually universal, there was little prohibition against bribery by business of foreign public officials. Regionally adopted anticorruption norms require national implementation and enforcement, and they must operate globally to be effective. Implications for other norms are considered.
When Do Ideas Matter?
Authors: WALSH JAMES I.
Published: March 2007

The field of comparative politics has begun to take seriously the role of ideas in politics, but to date this interest has not clearly specified the conditions under which ideas influence public policy. The author develops an integrated framework that shows ideas about policy goals and instruments are most influential when they do not attract substantial opposition from voters and interest groups and when political institutions concentrate decision-making authority. The author tests this framework by examining the fates of three ideas, facing different degrees of societal opposition and concentrated authority, adopted by the first Thatcher government in Britain.
Beyond Principals and Agents
Authors: KENNEY SALLY J.
Published: March 2007

Scholars have long recognized the importance of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) as an active court and an engine of European integration. Few, however, have peered inside the black box of the institution to look at the individuals who do the work or to analyze the ECJ as an organization. Law clerks at the ECJ, called référendaires, are drawn from the ranks of lawyers, legal academics, legal administrators, and judges. They provide valuable legal and linguistic expertise, ease the workload of their members, participate in oral and written interactions between cabinets, and provide continuity as members rapidly change. Although they have more power than their counterparts in the United States Supreme Court, they are not the puppeteers of the members, but their agents. Focusing on the purported unchecked power of clerks distracts us from examining the important institutional consequences of changes in workload or an expansion of members.
Linkages between Citizens and Politicians in Democratic Polities
Authors: Kitschelt Herbert
Published: March 2007

Research on democratic party competition in the formal spatial tradition of Downs and the comparative-historical tradition of Lipset and Rokkan assumes that linkages of accountability and responsiveness between voters and political elites work through politicians’ programmatic appeals and policy achievements. This ignores, however, alternative voter-elite linkages through the personal charisma of political leaders and, more important, selective material incentives in networks of direct exchange (clientelism). In light of the diversity of linkage mechanisms appearing in new democracies and changing linkages in established democracies, this article explores theories of linkage choice. It first develops conceptual definitions of charismatic, clientelist, and programmatic linkages between politicians and electoral constituencies. It then asks whether politicians face a trade-off or mutual reinforcement in employing linkage mechanisms. The core section of the article details developmentalist, statist, institutional, political-economic, and cultural-ideological theories of citizen-elite linkage formation in democracies, showing that none of the theories is fully encompassing. The final section considers empirical measurement problems in comparative research on linkage.
Political Development, Revisited
Authors: Hagopian Frances
Published: March 2007

This article reviews four decades of scholarship on political development. It contends that the theoretical ambitions of the early political development literature to frame the comparative inquiry of politics and political change in less developed countries were undermined by intellectual challenges to the paradigms of modernization and structural functionalism and that the literature’s teleological dimension was contradicted by real-world events. Nonetheless, in subsequent decades, the field made great advances in the study of political institutions, democratic stability and breakdown, state structures, civil society, and the uneven character of political development itself. The article argues that amid manifold evidence of plural forms of political development and decay at the century’s end, the field should avoid relapses into neomodernization theory and instead focus on such issues as state reform, democratic governance, political representation and accountability, and the organization of civil societies. Such an expansive and fluid research agenda will enable the field of political development to generate important theoretical advances in comparative politics.
“Bonanza Development” and the “New Bourgeoisie”
Authors: BECKER DAVID G.
Published: March 2007

A study of the social and political impact of the Peruvian mining industry since 1968 reveals that the country has undergone a form of development—“bonanza development”—that differs from other forms (such as ISI) and that may possibly be found in other nations with economies based on natural resource exportation. Bonanza development is capitalist and is linked to industrialization. It features the use of state power and enterpreneurship to tie the export sector to the rest of the economy, and of state export-derived revenues to provide cooptative benefits to mobilized popular groups. It is associated with the rise to dominance of a “new bourgeoisie” of managers and modern entrepreneurs, a class that is potentially hegemonic and that articulates the national and international political economies in a nondependent fashion. Consequently, Peru, and other countries like it, may be entering a new, “postdependent” phase of development.
Variations in the Policies of Yugoslav Communes
Authors: CLARK CAL , JOHNSON KARL F.
Published: March 2007

This article applies analysis of covariance to examine the impact of economic development level and regional political culture upon policy outputs and outcomes in Yugoslav communes. Both development and region exercise a significant impact on most of the 19 policy indicators under consideration, but five distinct causal patterns emerged from the analysis. This suggests that no single model of the nexus between political and economic factors in the public policy process is sufficient and that more analytic attention should be paid to discovering the conditions that determine which type of model applies.
To “Educate their Volition to Dance in their Chains”
Authors: WELLHOFER E. SPENCER
Published: March 2007

Part I of this research examined the transformation of British politics in the 1885-1910 period: the expansion of suffrage in 1885, the incorporation of the newly enfranchised into political life, and the resulting changes in party alignments. Latent variable partial least-squares (LVPLS) algorithms generated dynamic across-time models of political change. These models were then tested with maximum likelihood (ML) methods. The research concluded that the seeds of realignment emerged in the period as the Labour movement successfully mobilized class voting while the Liberal party became progressively isolated from middle-class Nonconformism. Part II of the research examines the 1918-1950 period for further evidence of partisan realignment following the expansion of the electorate in 1918 and 1928 as Britain approached the “one adult, one value, one vote” ideal. LVPLS and ML models support the previous conclusions by highlighting the stability of party alignments during the period, which are increasingly supported by class-based voting but not to the exclusion of religion for the Conservatives.
The Political Economy of Public Subsidies
Authors: BLAIS ANDRÉ
Published: March 2007

The article presents a model to explain cross-national variations in public subsidies. The model incorporates demand-and-supply variables as well as the effects of policy linkages. It predicts that public subsidies are higher in small countries, where unemployment is high, agriculture plays a large role in the economy, left-wing parties are in power, and tariffs and social security transfers are low. The findings tend to confirm six of the seven hypotheses. The study supports Cameron's (1978) assertion that the openness of the economy is a major factor in the expansion of the public economy. Even though the data do not clearly confirm or disconfirm any specific theoretical framework, they are more consistent with the pluralist model, with its insistence that political influence varies from issue to issue and that political actors play a major role in the policy process. Finally, the most interesting finding pertains to the role of policy linkages.
The State in an Era of Cascading Politics
Authors: ROSENAU JAMES N.
Published: March 2007

Although the concept of the state is pervaded with ambiguity and thus of questionable utility, the analysis proceeds from the premise that it must be employed inasmuch as so many analysts treat it as useful. At the same time, it is argued that the concept is used in diverse and contradictory ways, including tendencies to treat the state both as increasingly omnicompetent and increasingly impotent as an instrument for meeting and resolving collective needs. The analysis also concludes that states are quite resilient and capable of adapting to change under most circumstances.
Electoral Cycles and Defense Spending
Authors: MINTZ ALEX
Published: March 2007

This article compares the impact of electoral cycles on military spending in Israel and the United States. The analysis of the three major components of the Israeli military budget reveals that elections do influence military expenditures in Israel, though in a very different way than in the United States. Based on these findings, a number of theoretical modifications for the argument about “electoral cycles and defense spending” are proposed.
Dilemmas of Social Democracy in the 1980s
Authors: SHARE DONALD
Published: March 2007

Southern European social democratic parties came to power in the early 1980s while northern social democrats were suffering from a severe political and ideological crisis. However, soon after taking power it was apparent that the southern parties had not escaped the crisis and that the political and ideological dilemmas were even greater than in the north. This article examines the record of the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) while in government (1982-1987) and attempts to explain its surprising political success during a period in which the Socialists abandoned much of the social democratic content of their 1982 electoral program. It argues that the historical legacy of the PSOE, peculiarities of the post-1982 party system, the internal politics of the Socialist party, and the charisma of party leader Felipe González, reduced the political costs associated with dramatic political economic and foreign policy reversals. However, after abandoning its social democratic platform, the PSOE now faces a political and ideological crisis similar to that plaguing its West European counterparts.
The Psychological Bases of Regime Support among Urban Workers in Venezuela and Mexico
Authors: DAVIS CHARLES L. , SPEER JOHN G.
Published: March 2007

Most recent studies of political behavior in Latin America have stressed the instrumental basis of lower-class political preferences and activity. This study examines empirically the relative influence of symbolic and normative orientations to politics and of economic utility on the political preferences and attitudes of urban workers in Mexico and Venezuela. In both countries, symbolic and normative orientations are found to exert a more powerful influence on regime support than does economic advantage or receipt of material benefits. We speculate on conditions that might shape the relative influence of instrumental versus expressive orientations to politics on the political preferences and behavior of the lower classes in Latin America.
After Corporatism
Authors: COX ROBERT H
Published: March 2007

This article compares the emerging role of professional groups in two areas of welfare policy in the Netherlands. The focus is on the role of medical professionals in Dutch disability programs and of social workers in the area of public assistance. The study shows that medical professionals have come to replace the labor and capital interests formerly engaged in disability policy-making. In the area of social work, professional social work agencies have superceded religious charity organizations that found their basis for policy influence in a “pillarized” society. The argument presented is that a policy shift accounts for this change in what formerly were corporatist policy institutions. The policy shift results from a change in the nature of welfare policy debate from fundamental discussions of the rights basis of welfare programs toward technical discussions of how best to make the programs operate. An examination of retrenchment debates in the 1980s shows that professionals remain important actors in the policy process. The implications for corporatist theory are discussed.
Electoral Competition and the Growth of Public Spending in 13 Industrial Democracies, 1950 to 1983
Authors: COMISKEY MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

This article examines a theoretically important issue that has received surprisingly little attention: whether the process of democratic competition for public office has fueled the growth of domestic spending in the capitalist democracies since World War II. Probably because it is difficult to measure electoral competition in multiparty systems, existing comparative studies of public spending either ignore this question or use dubious measures of electoral competition. This study presents and tests some conceptually more appealing measures of competition. The results show a strong, robust relationship between improved indicators of electoral competition and the growth of domestic spending from 1950 to 1973 and 1973 to 1983. The study concludes by analyzing the implications of the findings for economic performance in the capitalist democracies and for the democratic management of fiscal policy.
Judicial Review in Britain
Authors: STERETT SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Britain does not have a written constitution, which provides for a common assessment that it has no constitutional law. However, it actually instead provides a limiting case for considering the influence of courts and law in governance. For the courts have been involved in modifying both central and local government programs through statutory interpretation. The modifications that the courts have brought about have meant that the government has to take legal rules and courts into account in designing programs. The current limits on what the courts do have been part of the provocation for a movement in favor of a bill of rights in Britain.
Chinese People's Congresses and Legislative Embeddedness
Authors: O'BRIEN KEVIN J.
Published: March 2007

Evidence from medieval Europe and modern China suggests that cooperation with strong executives plays a larger role in early legislative development than is generally acknowledged: that under conditions of absolutism (or near-absolutism), acceptance and exploitation of subordination may be a means to organizational development. In this article, the author relies primarily on interview data and Chinese field research to show that early legislative development can occur without significantly increasing conflict with established authorities and without winning autonomy. The author further argues that legislative embeddedness, as measured by clarified and expanded jurisdiction and increased capacity, is a product less of conflict than of executive support and attention, and that support and attention in the early stages of organizational development can be understood in terms of a legislature's presence, its reliability and usefulness, and the political standing of its leaders. The article's conclusion offers a new approach to early legislative development that shifts attention from conventional measures of institutionalization and hinges on understanding the process of embeddedness.
The Logics of Electoral Politics
Authors: IVERSEN TORBEN
Published: March 2007

The traditional spatial theory of elections has recently been challenged by alternative conceptualizations, which either dispute the role of euclidean distance in voting (directional theory) or argue that voter preferences are endogenous to the political process (mobilizational theory). In contrast to spatial theory, these alternative models predict that political parties will systematically adopt policy positions that are more extreme than those prevalent within their constituencies. Based on evidence from seven European countries and 37 political parties, this study lends support to the alternative hypotheses. Voters are attracted to parties presenting relatively “intense” policy positions, and some party elites appear to be actively engaged in public opinion formation. However, the study also shows that the centrifugal forces that pull parties away from their voters are checked by centripetal forces that can only be analyzed with the aid of spatial concepts.
The Decline of a Moral Regime
Authors: SHIH CHIH-YU
Published: March 2007

Chinese political culture has undergone profound changes since the Great Leap Forward (GLF) Campaign in 1958. The campaign extended the scope of the Chinese moral regime to its extreme. Ironically, the failure of the GLF destroyed the moral consensus in Chinese politics, undermined the myth of a supreme leadership, bred moral alienation in the masses, and more importantly, led to cadre corruption. This article sets out to examine the interaction between economic development strategy and political culture in China, constructs the logic of moral decline in that society, and documents the signs of the decline.
Gender, Party Leaders, and Election Outcomes in Australia, Britain, and the United States
Authors: HAYES BERNADETTE C. , McALLISTER IAN
Published: March 2007

Election outcomes are now, more than at any time in the past, determined by voters' assessments of party leaders. However, despite its potential importance, little is known about the differences in how men and women view political leaders. This article uses recent Australian, British, and U.S. survey data to examine gender differences in the evaluations that voters make of party leaders. The results show that there are comparatively few gender differences in the personal qualities that voters rate as important, with the exception of British Labour's Neil Kinnock, who was rated more highly by men, and Bill Clinton, who was rated more highly by women. However, what gender differences in leader evaluations that do exist are mediated by partisanship and views on economic performance. In both Australia and the United States, gender significantly affects the vote, but in opposite directions. The results suggest that gender may have a more important future role in elections in these three countries.
Putting Military Intervention into the Democratic Peace
Authors: KEGLEY CHARLES W. , HERMANN MARGARET G.
Published: March 2007

Although many empirical investigations have demonstrated that democracies almost never wage war against one another, there remains some doubt whether this empirical law applies to other kinds of armed conflict. The present research note combines two streams of evidence that speak to this question. Looking cross-nationally at the incidence of overt military intervention between 1974 and 1991, an inventory of 225 discrete cases is produced with the distributions disaggregated by regime type. Comparing initiators and targets dyadically, the study uncovers 51 instances in which democracies have used this form of coercive diplomacy to influence the policies and practices within other democratic states. Presenting the trends exhibited in these indicators and juxtaposing them with an alternative measure of intervention, this research communication advances some observations about the obstacles to convergence among research findings in the study of the democratic peace, and some hypotheses about the kinds of research questions that warrant investigation with the inventory of cases generated.
The Jump-Started Economy and the Ready-Made State
Authors: PICKEL ANDREAS
Published: March 2007

For obvious reasons, the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) is widely seen as a unique and exceptional case of postcommunist transformation. As a result of its swift and complete incorporation into the Federal Republic of Germany, it is generally not included in comparative transformation studies. This article proposes a reinterpretation of the East German experience that stresses its character as an experiment in radical social engineering under almost ideal conditions—and as such is of considerable relevance for the general problem of controlled social change. After reviewing East Germany's first 5 years of transformation, the article argues that it is precisely some of its unique and exceptional characteristics that make East Germany into a paradigmatic case of “shock therapy” and holistic reform strategy. The conclusion suggests a number of general implications that can be derived from the East German case thus reinterpreted—concerning knowledge, irreversibility, technocratic power, and democracy.
IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception, and Political Repression
Authors: FRANKLIN JAMES
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the impact of International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionality on political repression. Conditionality refers to the conditions that borrowing countries must implement before they can receive loans from the IMF. An original contribution is made by analyzing this impact using quantitative techniques for samples of developing countries covering 1980 through 1982. A more comprehensive model of political repression, focusing on political leaders' hypothetical reactions to and perceptions of challenges from society and on the constraints on their ability to react to the challenges, is also developed and tested. This comprehensive model receives the strongest support. The results show that political repression tends to be used as a response to threats from society, especially for leaders who have few resources at their disposal, who are constrained by certain IMF conditions, and who assumed power unconstitutionally. However, the overall evidence regarding the impact of IMF conditionality is mixed.
From Factor Endowments to Class Struggle
Authors: GARST W. DANIEL
Published: March 2007

Ronald Rogowski's recent and important work, Commerce and Coalitions, sets forth a farranging and parsimonious theory of trade and political cleavages. This article closely investigates its validity in the case of pre-World War I Germany, where trade has long been seen as a critical factor determining coalition formation and Rogowski's argument appears at first glance to be especially compelling. Close investigation, however, reveals that the key variable in Rogowski's theory, relative factor endowments, fails to account for the political alignment of capital and labor in Germany following 1890. This article puts forward an alternative theory in which business-labor coalition formation is determined not only by the alliance possibilities associated with trade but also by their intersection with the strength of worker organization and capital-labor mobility. This argument both addresses the anomalies that prewar Germany poses for Rogowski's account of trade and cleavages and provides a potential explanation for the absence of business-labor collaboration elsewhere in Western Europe before 1914.
Adapting the Welfare State
Authors: GIAIMO SUSAN , MANOW PHILIP
Published: March 2007

Welfare states in all advanced industrialized countries are under severe financial stress. Many observers argue that in responding to such pressures, governments are converging on a path of marketization and privatization of social risks, which ultimately leads to the unraveling of solidarity. Recent health care reforms in Britain, Germany, and the United States serve as case studies that challenge this argument. Far from converging on a market path, each country has pursued a distinctive reform response combining markets with other policy instruments. Moreover, where state actors lead the way in constructing health care markets, the extent of desolidarity is limited. The structure of each nation's health care system shapes the policy preferences and reform strategies of key actors, and thereby helps explain the distinctiveness of health care reform patterns.
The Nordic Countries: Peace Dividend or Security Dilemma?
Authors: GLEDITSCH NILS PETTER , WIBERG HÅKAN , SMITH DAN
Published: March 2007

The end of the Cold War raises anew the old question of the alternative uses of the resources spent on the arms race. Disarmament is now taking place in Europe and the security environment of the Nordic countries is changing dramatically. Studies in the Nordic countries and elsewhere indicate that once transition problems are surmounted the medium-to-long-term effects of disarmament will be positive for employment as well as economic growth. The size of `the peace dividend' can be estimated only through econometric studies based on realistic scenarios of future military spending. Such scenarios, in turn, must be based on a reconsideration of the force structures appropriate to the challenges facing the Nordic countries today. Military spending in the Nordic countries rose rapidly under the influence of the Cold War. From the mid-1960s the Nordic countries seem to have parted ways, with continuing arming in Finland and Norway and a levelling off of military spending in Denmark and Sweden. There is a peace dividend to be collected for the Nordic countries, but it is not very large, and is accompanied by a situation of greater uncertainty and less predictability.
The Twelve's Relations with Third Countries:
Authors: PILGAARD PETER M.
Published: March 2007

From its inception the European Political Cooperation (EPC) has gradually developed a network of dialogue partners, and dialogue with third countries and groups of third countries is now extensive. This article presents an overview of the most important formal consultations taking place. It examines the various forms, levels and frequency of relations, and the criteria for choosing the concrete format of political consultations. The article also explains why dialogue has been established and developed, and four factors are put forward. First, the integration process of the European Community itself is a necessary precondition for dialogue, and also explains why the Twelve are now more willing to enter into dialogue, and why the Twelve themselves have become more desirable partners for consultation. The second factor is the response from the third countries: from the outset the EPC has excited keen interest — and in some cases felt pressure — from third countries wanting to establish formal contact. Third, dialogue has benefited the Twelve, enabling them to assert themselves on a global scale. Finally, local or regional crises and conflicts outside Europe have served as a catalyst for the establishment of interregional cooperation.
The Contemporary Debate in International Relations Theory and Raymond Aron's Epistemology and Ontology
Authors: AHONEN ANNE MARIE
Published: March 2007

This article is a contribution to recent Anglo-American metatheoretical discussions in international politics. Its topic of research is Raymond Aron's Aristotelian theory and its relation to Kenneth Waltz's Galilean ideal of science. The study departs from the assumption that Aron's theory can be better understood if interpreted from the point of view of his epistemological thought. This starting-point leads to Wilhelm Dilthey's critique of historical reason, which first appeared in Aron's doctoral dissertation in the 1930s where he used it as a working name for his own project. Later, Aron very seldom referred to this period of his life. As very few explicit references in Aron's texts on international politics to Dilthey's hermeneutics can be found, I have constructed some of the main topics of critique of historical reason and tried to analyse their meaning for Aron's theory. Concepts like Erlebnis, objective spirit, bifurcation and teleological causality are important keys to Aron's epistemology, which seems to have an antinomic relationship with Kenneth Waltz's structural systems theory.
Arms Control Regimes and the Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Authors: SCHIMMELFENNIG FRANK
Published: March 2007

The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the emergence of 15 new states on its territory have raised the issue of the remaining in force of East-West security agreements. This article analyses the evolution of four major arms control and reduction regimes since the end of 1991. It seeks to determine how robust these regimes have proved under the impact of the Soviet collapse and whether the developments have tended to confirm Realist or Institutionalist assumptions about the stability of international institutions. The investigation shows that regimes regulating conventional arms control have proved fairly strong, whereas those regulating nuclear arms control have turned out to be weak. It is argued that no single factor claimed by Realism or Institutionalism can account for this outcome. There is ample evidence for the independent authority of international norms. However, the factors `power' and `relative gains orientation' emphasized by Realism are necessary to explain the translation of normative authority into regime robustness and the differences in robustness among the investigated cases.
The 1982 Swedish Hårsfjärden Submarine Incident
Authors: BYNANDER FREDRIK
Published: March 2007

This is a study of the complex problems faced by the authorities when coping with the first major submarine chase in Sweden during the 1980s. The incident was to establish a disturbing pattern for Swedish territorial defence that lasted for the rest of the decade. Having experienced a major `success' in the submarine defence area a year earlier in the so-called `whisky-on-the-rocks' crisis, the Swedish military and political leadership was caught in a credibility trap that closed forcefully as over 400 journalists reported the unsuccessful search-and-surface mission in the small bay of Hårsfjärden. This operative incident turned political crisis was the beginning (and perhaps the trigger) of what would become the number one security issue during the decade. It highlights the consequential interaction between organizations and different government levels in a high-profile security crisis. The framing of the problem confronting the decisionmakers was dominated by the incident handled a year previously.

The study takes a cognitive-institutional approach to the decision-making process. The nexus between individual actors, groups and organizations is the focus of analysis, which is conducted taking a sequential view of the decision-making process, the larger picture of the problem being split into decision occasions. This captures best the environment where vital choices were made and shows how the process of analogical reasoning becomes important for the under-standing of the crisis management effort and its consequential results.
Demographic Changes: Implications for Travel Marketers
Authors: Jorgenson Dayton P.
Published: March 2007

Dayton P. Jorgenson first joined the Census Bureau in 1946 and later became supervisor of the Chicago field office. In 1956, he joined the Chicago Area Transportation Study to design and administer travel surveys, motor vehicle and accident cost studies, and was appointed Assistant Director of the Study. In 1972, he rejoined the Census Bureau as Chief of the Transportation Division and supervised the analysis and publi cation of the 1972 National Travel Survey, the nation's largest periodic survey of household travel activity. Jorgenson is currently director of the Washington Metropolitan Area Chapter of The Travel Research Association. The following article is adapted from an address given at the annual Discover America National Conference.
The Hotel Industry as a Hedge Against Inflation: The Empirical Evidence
Authors: Arbel Avner , Strebel Paul
Published: March 2007

Institutional investors have traditionally viewed hotels as an especially effective hedge against inflation —and the results of a recent study indicate that hotels were reasonably well preserved from the effects of inflation over a 20-year period
Reengineering the Hotel Organization
Authors: Nebel Eddystone C. , Rutherford Denney , Schaffer Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

Most small- and medium-size businesses, including hotels, are usually organized by function. In functional organization, people who perform similar tasks or have similar skills are grouped together into one department. The authors propose that hotels currently organized by departments should group tasks into coherent business processes, such as customer communication, product development, and problem resolution. The advantages of reengineering by processes include: performance is measured by customer-based criteria; job preparation shifts from training to education; executives are able to be leaders and facilitators rather than checkers and arbitrators; and employees and departments become less protective of their turf and more productive.
Comparative Knowledge
Authors: Sherry John E. H.
Published: March 2007

After a guest drowned in the swimming pool of a Georgia motel, the Georgia Supreme Court found the operator liable for the death based on the concept of comparative knowledge, because the operator failed to warn the guests about or repair a broken safety light. In general, innkeepers must not only recognize hazards, but must correct them or warn users of their existence when correction is not feasible. Under the theory of comparative knowledge, an innkeeper who knows about but fails to warn guests of potential hazards may be liable for any resulting injury.
United States Tourism Policy
Authors: Brewton Charles , Withiam Glenn
Published: March 2007

A survey of the travel and tourism policies of 24 nations reveals some 13 categories of travel and tourism policy. While no nation's policy contains all 13 elements, the United States' policy explicitly involves only three: marketing the destination, encouraging private-sector involvement, and keeping statistics. Federal tourism agencies have had a checkered career, and the current chief marketing arm is a tiny, interim agency in the U.S. Commerce Department. In effect, U.S. policy is the sum of actions of a total of 50 federal agencies, with much of the responsibility for policy setting effectively left to state and municipal governments.