bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification of Shock Resistance for Cutting Tools Using Functionally Graded Concept in Multilayer Coating
Authors: Vaziri M. R. , Nowruzpour Mehrian S. M. , Naei M. H. , Sheikh Ahmad Jamal Y.
Published: November 2014

In this study, thermal analysis and optimization of the material composition in functionally graded (FG) cutting tools were carried out to achieve the minimum thermal stress. Since cutting tool particularly rotating ones in milling process are exposed to thermal shock during machining, a complicated analysis is required to analyze the thermal shock response. Therefore, a generalized coupled thermoelasticity theory of Lord–Shulman based on second sound effect is adopted. Lord–Shulman theory, as a generalized coupled thermoelasticity, is chosen as governing equation in terms of temperature and displacement. The coupled equations are transferred to Laplace domain and then Galerkin finite element method is employed to solve the equation in the Laplace domain. Then, a numerical Laplace inversion has been applied to transform back the equation from Laplace domain to real time. Results are obtained for several material compositions so that the proper composition will be found for design. It is shown that FG materials (FGMs) exhibit lower stresses, lower displacement, and lower temperature levels compared to multilayer materials. Furthermore, the effect of FGM is increased by increasing the power law index, representing the change in concentration.
The In Situ Mechanics of Trabecular Bone Marrow: The Potential for Mechanobiological Response
Authors: Metzger Thomas A. , Kreipke Tyler C. , Vaughan Ted J. , McNamara Laoise M. , Niebur Glen L.
Published: November 2014

Bone adapts to habitual loading through mechanobiological signaling. Osteocytes are the primary mechanical sensors in bone, upregulating osteogenic factors and downregulating osteoinhibitors, and recruiting osteoclasts to resorb bone in response to microdamage accumulation. However, most of the cell populations of the bone marrow niche, which are intimately involved with bone remodeling as the source of bone osteoblast and osteoclast progenitors, are also mechanosensitive. We hypothesized that the deformation of trabecular bone would impart mechanical stress within the entrapped bone marrow consistent with mechanostimulation of the constituent cells. Detailed fluid-structure interaction models of porcine femoral trabecular bone and bone marrow were created using tetrahedral finite element meshes. The marrow was allowed to flow freely within the bone pores, while the bone was compressed to 2000 or 3000 microstrain at the apparent level. Marrow properties were parametrically varied from a constant 400 mPa·s to a power-law rule exceeding 85 Pa·s. Deformation generated almost no shear stress or pressure in the marrow for the low viscosity fluid, but exceeded 5 Pa when the higher viscosity models were used. The shear stress was higher when the strain rate increased and in higher volume fraction bone. The results demonstrate that cells within the trabecular bone marrow could be mechanically stimulated by bone deformation, depending on deformation rate, bone porosity, and bone marrow properties. Since the marrow contains many mechanosensitive cells, changes in the stimulatory levels may explain the alterations in bone marrow morphology with aging and disease, which may in turn affect the trabecular bone mechanobiology and adaptation.
Multicentric myofibroblastic sarcoma
Authors: Wechalekar Mihir Dilip , Ayres Oliver , Farshid Gelareh , Clayer Mark , Cleland Leslie G
Published: November 2014

We report a case of synchronous, multicentric low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma presenting in a 62-year-old man. He initially presented with inflammatory symmetric polyarthritis and adhesive capsulitis of his shoulder and hips bilaterally and did not respond to a trial of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs. Over a period of several years he developed progressive restriction of both knees and nodules on his hands, both knees and back. A biopsy of the nodule on his back was inconclusive and subsequent biopsies on his left and then right knee revealed a spindle cell neoplasm with an infiltrative growth pattern, mitotic figures, positive immunostaining for smooth muscle actin and focal myxoid change consistent with myofibroblastic sarcoma. While myofibroblastic sarcoma has been known to metastasise, to our knowledge, a multifocal presentation of this tumour has not been described previously.
Discovering implicit associations in a case of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis complicated by severe mineral imbalance
Authors: Pinho Ana , Pinto Isabel , Sampaio Sandra , Neves Pedro
Published: November 2014

We describe the case of a 42-year-old woman who developed encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) after 7 years on peritoneal dialysis, with clinical relief by enterolysis associated to treatment with tamoxifen, corticosteroids and parenteral nutrition in haemodialysis. During the next 7 months, she was also conservatively stabilised for mild hyperparathyroidism until she was admitted with calciphylaxis, associated with massive extraosseous calcification. Despite parathyroidectomy and sodium thiosulfate treatment, which resulted in a successful resolution of calciphylaxis, she died 1 year later due to a gross calcified peritoneum. In view of controlled hyperparathyroidism, the massive extraosseous calcification beginning after EPS diagnosis furthermore corroborates a recently suggested role for calcium-regulatory factors associated with poor outcome in EPS.
An unusual presentation of a retroperitoneal cyst
Authors: Sarkar Debashis , Gulur Dev , Patel Snehal , Nambirajan Thiagarajan
Published: November 2014

A 34-year-old woman presented to the surgical assessment unit with severe right loin to groin pain. An ultrasound scan of the abdomen revealed a complex cyst in the right iliac fossa and a subsequent CT scan revealed a 7.5 cm retroperitoneal cystic lesion below the lower pole of the right kidney. The patient also had MRI of the kidneys, which confirmed the finding. The image showed the cyst was not attached to the kidneys and was clearly separate. She underwent a laparoscopic excision of the cyst. Histopathology revealed a cyst lined by a single layer of mucinous epithelium of endocervical type with foci of calcification and hyalinisation on the wall. The cyst was thought to be a benign cyst of Mullerian origin.
Bilateral acrometastasis in a case renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Vaishya Raju , Vijay Vipul , Vaish Abhishek
Published: November 2014

We present a unique case of bilateral skeletal metastasis below the knee in a patient with renal cell carcinoma. In this rarest of rare cases, bony metastases were the first presentation of a primary tumour. Incidentally, the primary tumour (renal cell carcinoma) involved the solitary kidney of the patient and the same patient also had coexisting carcinoma of the prostate.
Effect of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil as a natural antimicrobial agent in lipophilic formulations
Authors: Mantil Elisabeth , Daly Grace , Avis Tyler J.
Published: November 2014

There has been increased interest surrounding the use of tea tree oil (TTO) as a natural antimicrobial. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of TTO and its components were investigated in vitro and in a predominantly lipid-based personal care formulation. In vitro, TTO showed minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.2% (for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pythium sulcatum), 0.4% (for Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhizopus stolonifer), and 0.8% (for Botrytis cinerea). TTO at 0.08%–0.8% was often as efficient as parabens. Comparison of the antimicrobial activities of TTO components showed that terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene were generally most effective in inhibiting microbial growth. TTO activity in a personal care product was evaluated through air and water exposure, artificial inoculation, and shelf life studies. While TTO did not increase shelf life of unopened products, it decreased microbial load in products exposed to water and air. Results from this study support that antimicrobial activity of TTO can be attributed to varying levels of its components and that low levels of TTO were effective in reducing microbial growth during the use of the product. This study showed that TTO can act as a suitable preservative system within an oil-based formulation.
Inhibitory effect of silybin on pharmacokinetics of imatinib in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Wang Li , Wang Zhe , Xia Meng-ming , Wang Ying-ying , Wang Hai-yun , Hu Guo-xin
Published: November 2014

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of orally administered silybin on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib in rats and the metabolism of imatinib in human liver microsome and rat liver microsomes. Eighteen healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group A (control group), group B (received multiple doses of 50 mg·kg−1 silybin for 15 consecutive days), and group C (received a single dose of 50 mg·kg−1 silybin). A single dose of imatinib was administered orally 30 min after administration of silybin (50 mg·kg−1). Imatinib plasma levels were measured by UPLC-MS/MS, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 3.0 software (Bontz Inc., Beijing, China). In addition, human and rat liver microsome were performed to determine the effects of silybin metabolism of imatinib in vitro. The multiple doses or single dose of 50 mg·kg−1 silybin significantly decreased the area under the curve (0-t) of imatinib (p < 0.01). And the half-life (t1/2) of imatinib is significantly increased (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Also, silybin showed inhibitory effect on human and rat microsomes, the IC50 of silybin were 26.42 μmol·L−1 and 49.12 μmol·L−1 in human and rat liver microsomes, respectively. These results indicate that more attention should be paid to when imatinib is administrated combined with silybin.
Progress in Magnetoresistive Memory: Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with a Composite Free Layer
Authors: Makarov Alexander , Sverdlov Viktor , Selberherr Siegfried
Published: November 2014

Magnetoresistive memory is a candidate for future universal memory because of fast switching, high density, and non-volatility. However, improvement regarding the essential parameters such as thermal stability and switching current is still needed and finding alternative architectures for magnetic cell structures is of considerable importance for the success of magnetoresistive memory. A structure with a composite free layer displays significant switching time reduction without sacrificing the thermal stability. In this work we discuss the progress in development of structures with a composite free layer from first suggestions to structurally optimized cells. We compare the most important parameters of a newly proposed optimized structure with a composite free layer, which are the switching time, the thermal stability, and the switching energy barrier, with a conventional structure with a monolithic free layer.
On B(4, 14) non-2-groups
Authors: Huang Hongdi , Li Yuanlin
Published: November 2014

We consider a combinatorial problem in group theory. A group G is said to be a B(n, k) group if for any n-element subset A of G, ∣A2∣ ≤ k. In this paper, a complete characterization of B(4, 14) non-2-groups is given.
Commutative subalgebras of the Grassmann algebra
Authors: Domokos M. , Zubor M.
Published: November 2014

The maximal dimension of a commutative subalgebra of the Grassmann algebra is determined. It is shown that for any commutative subalgebra there exists an equidimensional commutative subalgebra spanned by monomials. It follows that the maximal dimension of a commutative subalgebra can be expressed in terms of the maximal size of an intersecting system of subsets of odd size in a finite set.
Invariant variational structures on fibered manifolds
Authors: Krupka Demeter
Published: November 2014

The aim of this paper is to present a relatively complete theory of invariance of global, higher-order integral variational functionals in fibered spaces, as developed during a few past decades. We unify and extend recent results of the geometric invariance theory; new results on deformations of extremals are also included. We show that the theory can be developed by means of the general concept of invariance of a differential form in geometry, which does not require different ad hoc modifications. The concept applies to invariance of Lagrangians, source forms and Euler–Lagrange forms, as well as to extremals of the given variational functional. Equations for generators of invariance transformations of the Lagrangians and the Euler–Lagrange forms are characterized in terms of Lie derivatives. As a consequence of invariance, we derive the global Noether's theorem on existence of conserved currents along extremals, and discuss the meaning of conservation equations. We prove a theorem describing extremals, whose deformations by a vector field are again extremals. The general settings and structures we use admit extension of the global invariance theory to variational principles in physics, especially in field theory.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF FLAT PLATE PULSATING HEAT PIPES WITH MINI- AND MICROCHANNELS
Authors: JANG DONG SOO , LEE EUN-JI , LEE SANG HUN , KIM YONGCHAN
Published: November 2014

This study presents the thermal performance of pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) using distilled water with mini- and microchannels. The PHPs were fabricated with the channels of square cross section which had hydraulic diameters ranged from 1.6 to 3.2 mm in minichannels and from 0.714 to 0.941 mm in microchannels. The performance of the PHPs was measured and analyzed by varying hydraulic diameter, number of turns, filling ratio, and input power. The filling ratio of the working fluid varied from 0% to 100%. The input power was controlled in the range between 3.6 and 150 W. The hydraulic diameter, number of turns, filling ratio, and input power showed strong influence on the performance of the PHP. In the PHP models with mini- and microchannels, optimum working conditions, such as filling ratio and heat input, were quite different according to channel size.
Proximal Femoral Morphology and the Relevance to Design of Anatomically Precontoured Plates: A Study of the Chinese Population
Authors: Lin Kun-Jhih , Wei Hung-Wen , Lin Kang-Ping , Tsai Cheng-Lun , Lee Pei-Yuan
Published: November 2014

Adequately shaped femoral plate is critical for the fixation of fracture in the pertrochanteric regions. Lateral aspect of greater trochanter is an important region where the proximal femoral plate anchored. However, little is known regarding the morphology of greater trochanter. The objective of this study was to measure main dimensions of greater trochanter and other regions in the proximal end of the femur to provide an anatomical basis for the design of the proximal femoral plate. Anthropometric data on the proximal femur were performed utilizing three-dimensional computational modeling. Computed tomography images of healthy femurs in 53 women and 47 men were contributed to three-dimensional femur modeling. All data were compared between male and female femora. The results showed that mean values for male group were found to be greater in most of measured femoral dimensions. Oppositely, females demonstrated higher neck-shaft angle on anteroposterior view and femoral anteversion angle. The anthropometric data can be used for the anatomical shape design of femoral plates for osteosynthesis of fractures in the trochanteric regions. A distinct plate design may be necessary to accommodate differences between the genders.
Effects of Danshen Ethanol Extract on the Pharmacokinetics of Fexofenadine in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Qiu Furong , Zeng Jin , Liu Songcan , He Min , Zhu Leilei , Ye Yujie , Miao Ping , Shen Shujiao , Jiang Jian
Published: November 2014

This study investigated the effect of multidose administration of danshen ethanol extract on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. A sequential, open‐label, two‐period pharmacokinetic interaction design was used. 12 healthy male volunteers received a single oral dose of fexofenadine (60 mg) followed by danshen ethanol extract (1 g orally, three times a day) for 10 days, after which they received 1 g of the danshen extract with fexofenadine (60 mg) on the last day. The plasma concentrations of fexofenadine was measured by LC‐MS/MS. After 10 days of the danshen extract administration, the mean AUC and Cmax⁡ of the fexofenadine was decreased by 37.2% and 27.4% compared with the control, respectively. The mean clearance of fexofenadine was increased by 104.9%. The in vitro study showed that tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone could induce MDR1 mRNA. This study showed that multidose administration of danshen ethanol extract could increase oral clearance of fexofenadine. The increased oral clearance of fexofenadine is attributable to induction of intestinal P‐glycoprotein.
Probing the Top Quark Flavour-Changing Neutral Current at a Future Electron-Positron Collider
Authors: Hesari Hoda , Khanpour Hamzeh , Khatiri Yanehsari Morteza , Mohammadi Najafabadi Mojtaba
Published: November 2014

We present a study to examine the sensitivity of a futuree-e+collider to the anomalous top flavour-changing neutral current (FCNC) to the gluon. To separate signal from background a multivariate analysis is performed on top quark pair and background events, where one top quark is considered to follow the dominant standard model (SM) decay,t→Wb, and the other top decays through FCNC,t→qg, whereqis au- or ac-quark. The analysis of fully hadronic FCNC decay of thett-pair is also presented. The 95% confidence level limits on the top quark anomalous couplings are obtained for different values of the center-of-mass energies and integrated luminosities.
Lookback Option Pricing with Fixed Proportional Transaction Costs under Fractional Brownian Motion
Authors: Sun Jiao-Jiao , Zhou Shengwu , Zhang Yan , Han Miao , Wang Fei
Published: November 2014

The pricing problem of lookback option with a fixed proportion of transaction costs is investigated when the underlying asset price follows a fractional Brownian motion process. Firstly, using Leland’s hedging method a partial differential equation satisfied by the value of the lookback option is derived. Then we obtain its numerical solution by constructing a Crank-Nicolson format. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed form is verified through a numerical example. Meanwhile, the impact of transaction cost rate and volatility on lookback option value is discussed.
Optical Nonlinear Refractive Index of Laser‐Ablated Gold Nanoparticles Graphene Oxide Composite
Authors: Sadrolhosseini Amir Reza , Noor A. S. M. , Faraji Nastaran , Kharazmi Alireza , Mahdi Mohd. Adzir
Published: November 2014

Gold nanoparticles were prepared in graphene oxide using laser ablation technique. The ablation times were varied from 10 to 40 minutes, and the particle size was decreased from 16.55 nm to 5.18 nm in spherical shape. The nanoparticles were capped with carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups were obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the UV‐visible peak shifted with decreasing of nanoparticles size, appearing from 528 nm to 510 nm. The Z‐scan technique was used to measure the nonlinear refractive indices of graphene oxide with different concentrations and a gold nanoparticle graphene oxide nanocomposite. Consequently, the optical nonlinear refractive indices of graphene oxide and gold nanoparticle graphene oxide nanocomposite were shifted from 1.63 × 10−9 cm2/W to 4.1 × 10−9 cm2/W and from 1.85 × 10−9 cm2/W to 5.8 × 10−9 cm2/W, respectively.
Disaggregating Data on Asian American and Pacific Islander Women to Provide New Insights on Potential Exposures to Hazardous Air Pollutants in California
Authors: Quach Thu , Liu Ruiling , Nelson David O. , Hurley Susan , Von Behren Julie , Hertz Andrew , Reynolds Peggy
Published: November 2014

Background: The Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) population is heterogeneous and rapidly growing in the United States, with a high proportion concentrated in California. Although traditionally assumed to have lower rates of breast cancer than non-Hispanic white women, recent studies have suggested considerable variation in incidence by AAPI ethnic group, with rates in some exceeding those in non-Hispanic whites. The potential role of environmental toxicants has not been well explored and may provide insights into these patterns.

Methods: We created an exposure potential index (EPI) score for 24 hazardous air pollutants modeled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment considered to be mammary gland carcinogens, and compared values at the census tract level for “geographically concentrated” AAPI groups throughout the State. “Geographically concentrated” populations were defined as census tracts with at least 100 individuals from a specified racial/ethnic population as enumerated by the 2000 Census.

Results: Although EPI scores differed little between census tracts with aggregated AAPI (mean EPI = 0.53) and non-Hispanic white women (mean EPI = 0.63), there was substantial variation between tracts for disaggregated AAPI groups, with notably higher EPI scores for tracts enumerated for Korean or Japanese women (mean EPI of 0.78 and 0.77, respectively) compared with other AAPI groups.

Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of disaggregating data for the heterogeneous AAPI population to identify differences in potential environmental exposures across groups.

Impact: Future cancer etiology studies should examine environmental exposure differences within and across groups for the diverse AAPI population.

See all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Cancer in Asian and Pacific Islander Populations.”

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(11); 2218–28. ©2014 AACR.
Chronic Hepatitis B and Liver Cancer Risks among Asian Immigrants in New York City: Results from a Large, Community-Based Screening, Evaluation, and Treatment Program
Authors: Pollack Henry J. , Kwon Simona C. , Wang Su H. , Wyatt Laura C. , Trinh-Shevrin Chau ,   on behalf of the AAHBP Coalition
Published: November 2014

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the predominant cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide, disproportionately affects Asian Americans. Limited data exist on the variability and characteristics of infection that determine disease progression risk within U.S. Asian ethnic subgroups.

Methods: Retrospective analyses were conducted on a large, community-based HBV screening and treatment program in New York City (NYC). From 2004 to 2008, the program enrolled 7,272 Asian-born individuals. Determinants of HBV seroprevalence were calculated and risk factors for HCC progression were compared across Asian subgroups.

Results: Among newly tested individuals, 13% were HBV positive. Seroprevalence varied significantly with age, gender, education, birthplace, and family history of infection. Chinese-born individuals, particularly from the Fujian province, had the highest seroprevalence (23.2% and 33.1%, respectively). Clinical and virologic characteristics placed HBV-infected individuals at significant risk for HCC. Significant differences in HCC risk existed among Asian subgroups in bivariate analysis, including age, gender, HBV viral load, and HBeAg status. Differences in HBV genotype and family history of HCC may further HCC risk among subgroups.

Conclusions: Asian immigrants in NYC have a high prevalence of HBV infection and are at significant risk of disease progression and HCC. Although heterogeneity in HBV seroprevalence was found by Asian subgroups, HCC risk among infected individuals was primarily explained by age and gender differences. Country and province of birth, age, and gender may further explain seroprevalence differences.

Impact: Findings provide estimates of HBV burden in Asian ethnic subgroups and identify high-risk groups to target for screening and treatment that can prevent HCC.

See all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Cancer in Asian and Pacific Islander Populations.”

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(11); 2229–39. ©2014 AACR.
1,3-Butadiene Exposure and Metabolism among Japanese American, Native Hawaiian, and White Smokers
Authors: Park Sungshim Lani , Kotapati Srikanth , Wilkens Lynne R. , Tiirikainen Maarit , Murphy Sharon E. , Tretyakova Natalia , Le Marchand Loïc
Published: November 2014

Background: We hypothesize that the differences in lung cancer risk in Native Hawaiians, whites, and Japanese Americans may, in part, be due to variation in the metabolism of 1,3-butadiene, one of the most abundant carcinogens in cigarette smoke.

Methods: We measured two biomarkers of 1,3-butadiene exposure, monohydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (MHBMA) and dihydroxybutyl mercapturic acid (DHBMA), in overnight urine samples among 584 Native Hawaiians, Japanese Americans, and white smokers in Hawaii. These values were normalized to creatinine levels. Ethnic-specific geometric means were compared adjusting for age at urine collection, sex, body mass index, and nicotine equivalents (a marker of total nicotine uptake).

Results: We found that mean urinary MHBMA differed by race/ethnicity (P = 0.0002). The values were highest in whites and lowest in Japanese Americans. This difference was only observed in individuals with the GSTT1-null genotype (P = 0.0001). No difference across race/ethnicity was found among those with at least one copy of the GSTT1 gene (P ≥ 0.72). Mean urinary DHBMA did not differ across racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusions: The difference in urinary MHBMA excretion levels from cigarette smoking across three ethnic groups is, in part, explained by the GSTT1 genotype. Mean urinary MHBMA levels are higher in whites among GSTT1-null smokers.

Impact: The overall higher excretion levels of MHBMA in whites and lower levels of MHBMA in Japanese Americans are consistent with the higher lung cancer risk in the former. However, the excretion levels of MHBMA in Native Hawaiians are not consistent with their disease risk and thus unlikely to explain their high risk of lung cancer.

See all the articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Cancer in Asian and Pacific Islander Populations.”

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(11); 2240–9. ©2014 AACR.
Human Papillomavirus Genotype-Specific Prevalence across the Continuum of Cervical Neoplasia and Cancer
Authors: Joste Nancy E. , Ronnett Brigitte M. , Hunt William C. , Pearse Amanda , Langsfeld Erika , Leete Thomas , Jaramillo MaryAnn , Stoler Mark H. , Castle Philip E. , Wheeler Cosette M. ,   for the New Mexico HPV Pap Registry Steering Committee
Published: November 2014

Background: The New Mexico HPV Pap Registry was established to measure the impact of cervical cancer prevention strategies in the United States. Before widespread human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine implementation, we established the baseline prevalence for a broad spectrum of HPV genotypes across the continuum of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer.

Methods: A population-based sample of 6,272 tissue specimens was tested for 37 HPV genotypes. The number of specimens tested within each diagnostic category was: 541 negative, 1,411 CIN grade 1 (CIN1), 2,226 CIN grade 2 (CIN2), and 2,094 CIN grade 3 (CIN3) or greater. Age-specific HPV prevalence was estimated within categories for HPV genotypes targeted by HPV vaccines.

Results: The combined prevalence of HPV genotypes included in the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines increased from 15.3% and 29.3% in CIN1 to 58.4% and 83.7% in CIN3, respectively. Prevalence of HPV types included in both vaccines tended to decrease with increasing age for CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), most notably for CIN3 and SCC. The six most common HPV types in descending order of prevalence were HPV-16, -31, -52, -58, -33, and -39 for CIN3 and HPV-16, -18, -31, -45, -52, and -33 for invasive cancers.

Conclusions: Health economic modeling of HPV vaccine impact should consider age-specific differences in HPV prevalence.

Impact: Population-based HPV prevalence in CIN is not well described, but is requisite for longitudinal assessment of vaccine impact and to understand the effectiveness and performance of various cervical screening strategies in vaccinated and unvaccinated women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(1); 230–40. ©2014 AACR.
Adult Tonsillectomy: Anatomical Differences Affect Postoperative Transient Hypernasality
Authors: Zagólski Olaf , Stręk Paweł , Gajda Mariusz
Published: November 2014

Objective: Our purpose was to determine how anatomical conditions of the throat influence the degree and duration of posttonsillectomy transient hypernasality. Patients and Methods: A total of 82 tonsillectomies were performed. The participants were divided into groups: 1 - small tonsils, high soft palate position; 4 - large tonsils, low soft palate position, and 2 and 3 - intermediate tonsil dimensions and soft palate positions. Variables studied included the diameter of vapor (DV) on the mirror positioned under the patient's nose while articulating nasal sentences before and after surgery, the distance from the uvular tip to the posterior pharyngeal wall, healing grading as well as the degree and duration of hypernasality. Results: The mean hypernasality after tonsillectomy was greatest in group 4 and lowest in group 2. Before tonsillectomy, the mean DV was largest in group 2 and smallest in group 4. After tonsillectomy, the mean DV was largest in group 4 and smallest in group 3. Overall, the mean DV was significantly greater after tonsillectomy compared to the value before surgery. Conclusion: The degree of hypernasality after tonsillectomy depends on the soft palate position in relation to the tongue base and the size of the tonsils. Hypernasality is greatest in patients with large tonsils and a low soft palate position in relation to the tongue base. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Asthma: The Role of Low High-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Yiallouros Panayiotis K. , Savva Savvas C. , Kolokotroni Ourania , Dima Kleanthi , Zerva Aikaterini , Kouis Panayiotis , Bousquet Jean , Middleton Nicos
Published: November 2014

Background: Several studies have examined the relationship of asthma with serum dyslipidemia and reported positive, negative or no association. Most studies were limited by their cross-sectional design and the wide age range of the participants. In a cohort of children in Cyprus, we explored the association of asthma with serum high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at age 16-18 years (follow-up) independently of and in relation to HDL-C at age 11-12 years (baseline). Methods: In a case-control design, we recruited active asthmatics (AA; n = 68), current wheezers only (CWO; n = 123) and non-asthmatic controls (n = 660). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of asthma with follow-up serum HDL-C and the role of baseline HDL-C. Results: At follow-up, mean HDL-C levels in AA and CWO patients were significantly lower than in the controls (47.9 and 49.7 vs. 53.4 mg/dl; p = 0.001 and p = 0.011). We observed significant associations of AA patients with low HDL-C (<15th percentile; OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.16-4.47) that remained significant after further adjustment for baseline HDL-C (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.06-4.14). Stratification by baseline HDL-C indicated that the association was significant only in those with high baseline HDL-C (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.03-5.20). Stratification by IgE sensitization showed that the association was pronounced only in subjects who were sensitized (OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.12-9.88). Conclusions: Adolescent asthma is associated with low serum HDL-C independent of previous HDL-C levels in childhood. The association appears pronounced in those with a drop in HDL-C levels between childhood and adolescence and in those who have IgE sensitization. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Delayed Intratumoral Hemorrhage after Drug-Eluting Bead Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Shiozawa Kazue , Watanabe Manabu , Ikehara Takashi , Ogino Yu , Umakoshi Tomoko , Matsukiyo Yasushi , Kogame Michio , Matsui Teppei , Kikuchi Yoshinori , Igarashi Yoshinori , Sumino Yasukiyo
Published: November 2014

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) using a drug-eluting bead (DEB-TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a new treatment method. We report on a case of delayed intratumoral hemorrhage after DEB-TACE. An 81-year-old male with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis was diagnosed with a HCC of 35 mm in diameter in S5 detected by dynamic computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). DEB-TACE with DC Bead® and epirubicin hydrochloride was performed because the patient declined to undergo surgical resection. The treatment was completed, and the course after DEB-TACE was favorable. However, right hypochondriac pain suddenly developed about 1 month after DEB-TACE. Unenhanced CT showed an increase of the tumor diameter and intratumoral high-intensity area, which was not enhanced in the arterial phase. CEUS performed at the time of right hypochondriac pain (5 weeks after DEB-TACE) showed nonenhancement of almost the entire tumor in the vascular phase. The cause of the symptom may have been DEB-TACE-associated intratumoral hemorrhage. Tumor hemorrhage has been reported after DEB-TACE with tumors >5 cm in diameter, and the tumor locations were subcapsular in all previous reports. There has been no case of a tumor with a diameter <5 cm distinct from the subcapsular, as was observed in our patient. Incomplete embolization might be the cause of the intratumoral hemorrhage experienced by this case presenting a few risks. To obtain the therapeutic effect of DEB-TACE while preventing the adverse events, it may be important to understand the characteristics of the beads and to apply the appropriate embolization to each individual case.
Implementers or Governors?
Authors: Østensen Åse Gilje
Published: November 2014

This article explores the role of private security and military companies within the wider confinements of peace operations governance. To do so, the paper looks at the roles that pmscs play within two different us peace support initiatives as well as within un peace operations. Using theory lenses derived from the governance literature, the article finds that private military and security companies are already established actors within what it calls ‘the peace operations network’. By training forces, by building or reforming institutions, by supplying security and advisory services, or by being technological experts, private providers of military and security services carry out key tasks in the planning and implementation of peace operations. In the process, the paper argues, they ultimately exercise authority, make decisions and establish practices that often lay the foundations for the future management of security of local populations.
Revision of the Afrotropical Pimentelia Laboissière, 1939 (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae)
Authors: BOLZ HELMUT , WAGNER THOMAS
Published: November 2014

We redescribe two of the valid species of the Afrotropical galerucine genus Pimentelia Laboissière, 1939. This group forms a distinct monophyletic group, characterized by several external and genitalic characters. It is closer related to Galerudolphia Hincks, 1949 and Neobarombiella Bolz & Wagner, 1912. The revision is based on the examination of 30 specimens from continental Africa, and contains two valid species: the type of the genus, Pimentelia kuanduensis Laboissière, 1939, and Pimentelia maculata (Jacoby, 1885) comb. nov. (= Sermyloides unifasciata Jacoby, 1900 syn. nov.). A further species originally described, Pimentelia ochracea Laboissière, 1939 is unknown to us, type material could not be found. Another species, Pimentelia hertigi (Laboissière, 1931), has to be transferred to another group since external characters show that it is not closely related to Pimentelia and does not belong to this genus. Pimentelia is described in detail, redescriptions are provided for the two known species, including figures of external and genitalic characters, and distribution maps. A key is provided to facilitate species identification.
Two new species of fanged frogs from Peninsular Malaysia (Anura: Dicroglossidae)
Authors: MATSUI MASAFUMI , BELABUT DAICUS M. , AHMAD NORHAYATI
Published: November 2014

Taxonomic status of fanged frogs from the Peninsular Malaysia, previously assigned to Limnonectes kuhlii, is assessed using genetic and morphological approaches. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from sequences of the mitochondrial and nuclear genes revealed that the fanged frogs from the Peninsula form a monophyletic group and are clearly divergent from other species previously, or even now, assigned to L. kuhlii from Mainland Southeast Asia. In both mtDNA and nuDNA phylogeny, the Malay Peninsula clade diverges into two lineages, one from north (Larut Hill, Perak, and Hulu Terengganu, Terengganu) and another from south (Genting Highlands, Pahang, and Gombak, Selangor). These lineages are separated by large genetic distances, comparable with those observed between some other species of L. kuhlii-like frogs. Although the two lineages are very similar morphologically, they are distinguishable in several morphological traits and are considered heterospecific. We therefore describe them as L. utara sp. nov. and L. selatan sp. nov. These new species differ from all other species of kuhlii-like frogs from Mainland Southeast Asia by the surface of tibia, which is densely covered by large warts.
Observations of Turbulence Caused by a Combination of Tides and Mean Baroclinic Flow over a Fjord Sill
Authors: Staalstrøm Andre , Arneborg Lars , Liljebladh Bengt , Broström Göran
Published: November 2014

This study investigates the dissipation rates and flow conditions at the Drøbak Sill in the Oslofjord. The area was transected 13 times with a free-falling microstructure shear probe during 4 days in June 2011. At the same time, an ADCP was deployed inside the sill. During most tidal cycles, internal hydraulic jumps with high dissipation rates were found on the downstream side of the sill. However, the internal response varied strongly between different tidal cycles with similar barotropic forcing. In the beginning of the observational period, ebb tides had no hydraulic jumps, and in the end one of the flood tides did not have a hydraulic jump. During the same period, the mean baroclinic exchange flow changed from inflow to outflow in the bottom layer. The authors conclude that the conditions at the sill are on the edge of forming hydraulic jumps and that the mean baroclinic exchange may push the flow above or below the limit of a hydraulic jump depending on the situation. This conclusion is supported by two-layer hydraulic theory. The volume-integrated dissipation rates within 500 m from the sill crest compare well with estimates of energy loss in the lower layer calculated from the Bernoulli drop under the assumption of no energy loss in the upper layer. Finally, the mean dissipation rate at the sill was compared with the radiation of internal tidal energy away from the sill, and it was found that about 60%–90% of the total energy loss was dissipated locally.
Asiatic Orientations of Early Soviet Socialism
Authors: Vasudevan Hari
Published: November 2014

The international projection of Soviet socialism and responses to it were a major aspect of the political life of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. In Asia, including India, this was noticeable from the time of the early work of the Comintern (1919). The Maulana Azad lecture for 2014 discussed this theme. The lecture presented the political background to what took place—tracing the Comintern initiative in Asia following the Congress of the Workers of the East in Baku in 1920. The rest of the lecture was divided into three sections. The first section dealt with the way in which awareness of Soviet socialism increased in Asian countries. This came to take shape as Oriental Studies in Soviet Russia took on a new form which included teaching and involvement of foreign revolutionaries at the Communist University of the Workers of the East and the operations of the All Russian Association for Oriental Studies. The technologies of the 1920s were put to work—among them photography and radio. The limits of the initiatives were a part of the nature of the institutions and the techniques employed. The second section focused firmly on India and dealt with reception in India of Soviet socialism, drawing in information of the importance of communications difficulties as well as the problems posed by British authorities. The final section pointed out that despite the positive response of many of his friends to Soviet socialism, Maulana Azad refused to engage with the phenomenon – most likely in view of his own sense that what it meant was not quite clear since limited information was available in India.
Religious Patronage in the Land Grant Charters of Early Bengal (Fifth–Thirteenth Century)
Authors: Pal Sayantani
Published: November 2014

Copper plate charters are one of the most important sources for the study of religious patronage. A study of the charters of a region within a given period helps us to understand the pattern of patronage to religious donees by its rulers and subordinates. This might lead us to interesting and illuminating findings not to be obtained from other categories of evidence. As for example, the Pālas, at least the early Pāla rulers like Gopāla I, Dharmapāla and Devapāla are known in Tibetan tradition as great patrons of Buddhism and actively extended patronage to the Nalandā monastery, apart from building other monasteries like the Somapura, Vikramśīlā, etc. Besides, their dharmacakra seal also speak of the same thought. But if we study their land donations, quite a different pattern of patronage is revealed. The present article attempts to study the nature of patronage to religious recipients in Bengal from the very beginning of religious grants, that is, the fifth century and up to the thirteenth century. The aim is to understand differences in the attitude of the donors in different parts of the study area and to explain the factors behind it.
Mapping the Public Space
Authors: Mohanty Pramod Kumar
Published: November 2014

The article intends to give a comprehensive understanding of the colonial urbanisation as a cultural process in colonial Odisha centred at Cuttack city as manifest in the evolving public sphere and in the process contribute to the historical studies on colonialism in one of the neglected regions of South Asia and also from such a neglected perspective in South Asian history. While trying to assess the ‘problematic objectively’, it adopts the theoretical perspectives associated with ‘new cultural history’. Against this backdrop, the article tries to look at the issues of class, community and nationalism and the attendant politics during the ‘decisive phase’ of late nineteenth and early twentieth century of colonial Odisha by trying to explore the emergence of Cuttack as a city, a colonial urban space. As the capital city of Odisha, Cuttack is seen as the site around which ‘evolved and revolved the modern regional cultural tradition of Odisha’ and more crucially so, the ‘citizenry’ including its middle class, constituted the ‘microcosm of Colonial Odisha’. The article examines the issues by negotiating with the growth of the middle class, shaping up of the concept of ‘public space’ and the structuring of ‘public’ as a ‘discursive entity’ along with the crystallisation of cultural politics underlying competing hegemonies and identities.
Overcoming stereotypes, discovering hidden capitals
Authors: Beckett Lori , Wrigley Terry
Published: November 2014

This article presents a model of teacher research supported by academic partners to develop a better understanding of the barriers to education faced by young people growing up in poverty. It critiques politicians’ demands for teachers to ‘close the gap’ for ignoring the cumulative intergenerational effects of deprivation. The authors explain how a simplistic ‘craft’ version of teaching has tended to reduce initial teacher education in England to training in the pragmatics of curriculum ‘delivery’ and policy implementation, leaving teachers theoretically and practically ill-prepared to deal with extremes of inequality. Finally, it presents a pilot research project designed to see beyond statistical labels and into the particularities of students’ lives out of school, in order to reveal not only the realities of deprivation but also potential sources of cultural and social capital in their extended families and neighbourhoods.
The relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction
Authors: Tesfaw Tadele Akalu
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between transformational leadership of government secondary school principals and teachers’ job satisfaction. A random sample of 320 teachers responded to a three-part instrument (the transformational leadership questionnaire, the teachers’ job satisfaction questionnaire and a demographic section). Means, standard deviations, Pearson correlations and stepwise regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The findings indicated that a moderate, positive and significant relationship exists between transformational leadership (overall) and overall teachers’ job satisfaction. Furthermore, the relationship between each component of transformational leadership and teachers’ job satisfaction was found to be moderate, positive and significant. Finally, it is suggested that principals of government secondary schools in Ethiopia should pay more attention to developing efficient teamwork and the expression of warm concern and trust to co-workers through transformational leadership behaviours.
Decision-making in Home-grown Value Auctions under Induced Mood States
Authors: Drichoutis Andreas C. , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Klonaris Stathis
Published: November 2014

This article contributes to the research agenda of accommodating psychological insights in conventional lab experiments. We specifically test whether inducing subjects into different mood states has a significant effect on subjects’ rationality (in the form of preference reversals) and on bidding behaviour in home-grown value auctions. We find that mood states can significantly affect the rate of preference reversals and bidding behaviour in experimental auction valuation. Specifically we find that subjects under a positive mood state exhibit more rational behaviour (i.e., less preference reversals) and provide lower bid values than others.
My Zapotec Museum: Violence, Capitalism, and Memory in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: McNamara Patrick J.
Published: November 2014

This article offers a close reading of two sites of memory in Oaxaca's Sierra Zapoteca: a community museum about mining in the region and the ruins of a giant textile factory. While the factory ruins are difficult to find and effectively hidden by the Zapotec peasants using the land for farming, the museum at Natividad is open to the public and celebrates the role of Zapotec miners in this industrial sector. Together, both of these sites reveal a Zapotec people's history of industrialization and the complicated nature of capitalism and ethnic identity. In addition to dealing with each site, the essay proposes that “sites of memory” require for their meaning interactions with people through bodily experiences based on movement, sight, and touch—a sensory experience that activates memory formation. Finally, the essay reflects the author's attempt to consider the violence of capitalism that remains largely hidden within each site.