bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Treaties And Law Of Environment In India: An Overview
Authors: Dr. Ram Charan Meena
Published: September 2021

To address environmental issues that India and other countries face, it is essential and very important to commence action at all levels like global, regional, national, local, and community. It is not adequate to have international agreements, treaties and instruments on environmental issues and various problems but completion, implementation and enforcement of these policies and agreements to a large extent determine their impact and effectiveness. In the last few decades, there has been an increasing concern and consciousness about the need to protect the environment, nationally and internationally. Under the structure of the Indian Constitution, a number of Articles are enumerated in which environmental duties to preserve the natural resources of the country have been stated like Articles 48–A and 51–A[g]. Additionally, the Constitution also provides procedures in Articles 252 and 253 for adopting national legislations in regard to the needs of the States. The constitutional mandates and other environmental laws or regulations in India effective, successful and urgent need to streamline enforcement. The creative and innovative role of Indian Judiciary and National Green Tribunal [NGT] has been significant and laudable in this era. In this research paper, an effort has been made to momentarily outline the various Indian legislations and international treaties relating to the environment, which are mainly and more relevant to protect and improve the environment in India. The enforcement, scope and limit of these legislations has also been critically examined and evaluated in systematically manner. Protection of the environment and keeping ecological balance in Indian scenario unaffected is a task which not only the Government but also every individual, association, society, industry and corporation must undertake. It is a social compulsion and fundamental duty enshrined in Article 51–A[g] of the Indian Constitution.
Building Professional Dispositions in Pre-Service Special Educators: Assessment and Instructional Tactics
Authors: Stoddard K. , Braun B. , Dukes L. , Koorland M.
Published: September 2021

Teacher preparation programs, in part due to national accreditation
mandates, are beginning to examine assessment and instruction
of teacher trainees’ professional behavior and dispositions more
carefully than in the past. The faculty at University of South Florida
St. Petersburg developed the Professional Behavior Assessment
tool (PBA) for rating levels of competence within six professional
behavior domains; punctuality, reaction to supervision,
collaboration with colleagues, effort, enthusiasm, and ethical
professionalism. Four pre-service teachers (PST) were taught the
characteristics of the six domains employing written scenarios and
rubrics of the PBA. Initially, the pre-service teachers held very
different perceptions than faculty regarding behavior expected
within each domain. After instruction the PST’s were able to use
the PBA to rate scenarios similarly to faculty. Following training,
PST’s reported better understanding regarding the level of
expected professional behavior in the schools. As the semester
progressed, faculty noted improvement in pre-service professional
behavior in field settings.
Demonstrating scholarship and effectiveness of teaching through the application of data collected from concept maps
Authors: Francis R.
Published: September 2021

College faculty face the ongoing dilemma of balancing the professional
emphasis on student learning with the administrative task of documenting
student performance related to reappointment, promotion, and tenure. As
tools in the undergraduate and graduate programs of an institution of higher
learning, concept maps provide faculty with interesting and effective ways
to assess learning by students in all academic areas. Concept maps can
give students and faculty meaningful information about student
performance. These tools are objective, meaningful assessments through
which the instructor can monitor student progress, self-evaluate classroom
performance, and revise the delivery of instruction in the collegiate
classroom.
Teaching: more than just lecturing
Authors: Roettger C. , Roettger L. , Walugembe F.
Published: September 2021

This study focused on effective teaching strategies for university professors. The
researchers studied the relationship between teaching effectiveness and the
dynamics of student demographics. An examination of the changes in the
composition of the college population over the last few decades, based on
statistical data, as well as an overview of theories of teaching and learning
published in professional books and journals in both K-12 and Higher Education,
provided the framework for an assessment of the effectiveness of various
approaches to teaching. The final recommendations are based on the
conclusions resulting from a comprehensive analysis of various research studies.
Editorial 5.1
Authors: Lefoe Geraldine , Boud D.
Published: September 2021

We welcome you to the first edition of JUTLP for 2008. This special edition is
focussed on meeting the needs of practice through an examination of changes in
assessment at the institutional, faculty, course and subject level.
The Special Edition was prompted by a roundtable 'Assessing student learning:
Using interdisciplinary synergies to develop good teaching and assessment practice'
in Sydney on Tuesday 6th September, 2007 sponsored by the Carrick Institute (now
renamed the Australian Learning and Teaching Council). The forum hosted 45
people from around Australia and New Zealand to discuss strategies for improving
assessment in the higher education sector. Participants, and those who expressed
an interest in the Forum, were invited to develop papers and submit them for
consideration in this special issue.
Graphic Design Education: A Revised Assessment Approach to Encourage Deep Learning
Authors: Ellmers G. , Foley M. , Bennett S.
Published: September 2021

In this paper we outline the review and iterative refinement of assessment procedures in a final year graphic design subject at the University of Wollongong. Our aim is to represent the main issues in assessing graphic design work, and informed by the literature, particularly 'notions of creativity' (Cowdroy & de Graaff, 2005), to develop and incorporate assessment procedures that allow creative ability to be assessed with greater transparency and objectivity. In the first iteration we developed a structure to standardise and clarify the existing model for the subject. Once this structure was in place we identified issues that would benefit from a review of the literature on assessment in the creative disciplines and the broader field of pedagogy.
We marked the shift from surface approaches to learning to deep approaches to learning (Moon, 1999) at the point where we identified gaps in the learning outcomes. Our response was to move the focus from the outcome to the process and to introduce a staged assessment procedure with a stronger emphasis on formalised reflection, cycling throughout the design process. We divided the learning process into two streams: thinking and making as a means to clarify facets of learning.
As we continue to refine this model we note and respond to the relationship between assessment and learning. We propose ideas for future investigation, based on identifying levels of design thinking achieved by students in the most recent iteration of the program, and how these might be improved.
Student satisfaction with cooperative learning in an Accounting curriculum
Authors: Farrell B. , Farrell H.
Published: September 2021

Cooperative learning has been introduced into International Accounting, a second year subject at a major Australian university. The purpose was to provide students with a satisfying experience of learning within a social context and to develop their interpersonal, professional and written communication skills. The main data were collected during the Spring Semester 2005. In the penultimate lecture, a questionnaire was distributed to each of the students present. Findings suggest that despite some difficulties, the majority of students reported that cooperative learning created supportive team experiences that assisted them to develop discussion skills and better engage with the content of International Accounting.
What is a Sociologist doing in a School of Management?' Reflections on the Use of Sociological Concepts in Management Education
Authors: Duarte Fernanda
Published: September 2021

Written from an auto-biographic perspective, this paper is based on reflections and insights arising from a journey of adaptation by a ‘sociologist-teaching-in-a-school-of-management’. These reflections unveil the relevance to management studies of four interrelated conceptual tools: critical thinking, reflection, reflexivity and the sociological imagination. Examples of scaffolding activities and class exercises are provided throughout the paper to illustrate the usefulness of these concepts in management teaching.
What use is SoTL?: Using the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning to Develop a Curriculum for First Year University History Classes
Authors: Clark Jennifer
Published: September 2021

Literature pertaining to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) is growing but there are few studies dealing with disciplinary differences. The SoTL relating to History is a recently emerging development. But what use is SoTL for History if it can not be translated into improving teaching practice? This paper examines the process of identifying current thinking in the specific SoTL of History, especially the teaching of historical thinking, and applying it to the development of a new history curriculum for first year students.
Leading the Way: Indigenous knowledge and Collaboration at the Woolyungah Indigenous Centre
Authors: McGloin Colleen , Marshall Anne , Adams Michael
Published: September 2021

This paper derives from collaborative research undertaken by staff at the Woolyungah Indigenous Centre, into our own teaching practice. It articulates a particular strand of inquiry emanating from the research: the importance of Indigenous knowledges as this is taught at Woolyungah in the discipline of Indigenous Studies. The paper is a reflection of Woolyungah’s pedagogical aims, and its development as a Unit that seeks to embed other knowledges into the realm of critical inquiry within subjects taught at the Unit. It also reflects student responses to our pedagogy. The writers are Indigenous and non-Indigenous and have collaborated with all teaching staff involved to present this work as a starting point for discussions about the emerging discipline of Indigenous Studies, its rigour as an academic field of inquiry and our commitment as educators to the inclusion of Indigenous knowledges in our programme.
The Teaching/Research Nexus And Internationalisation: An Action Research Project In Radiation Physics
Authors: Guatelli Susanna , Layton Catherine , Cutajar Dean , Rosenfeld Anatoly
Published: September 2021

This paper attempts to unpack the teaching and learning experiences of academics and students when a new way of teaching radiation physics was introduced. In an attempt to articulate the University of Wollongong’s commitment to the enhancement of the teaching/research nexus and to the development of learning communities, staff of the School of Physics in the Faculty of Engineering at University of Wollongong (UOW) implemented an action research project teaching scientific computing methodologies used in radiation physics to a combined laboratory class of postgraduates and undergraduates. The design of the practical laboratory classes took account of the expected heterogeneous computing skills and different knowledge of radiation physics of undergraduate and postgraduate students. Based on an earlier study, it was presumed that postgraduate students would be in a good position to support undergraduates. We illustrate how broad-based conceptions of the value of learning communities and their role in fostering the teaching/research nexus may be challenged by an internationalised student body. In this case, the previous patterns of undergraduate and postgraduate enrolments, which the pilot study had canvassed, did not hold true; almost all of the postgraduate students were international students, only recently arrived in Australia. This, along with other factors, meant that learning outcomes and students’ responses to the innovation were not what were expected. We suggest a path forward, both for the specific subject in which the innovation occurred, and for other similar attempts to bring together academics, postgraduate and undergraduate students in a nascent learning community, in the light of ongoing trends towards internationalisation.
CSI i filtr eksplanacyjny: Dembski w ogniu krytyki
Authors: Woodward Thomas
Published: September 2021

Autor przedstawia koncepcję filtra eksplanacyjnego, sformułowaną przez zwolennika teorii inteligentnego projektu - Williama A. Dembskiego. Filtr ma służyć jako uniwersalne narzędzie wykrywania projektu, będącego nie tylko dziełem istot ludzkich, ale także wszelkich innych istot inteligentnych. Filtr ma mieć zastosowanie nawet na gruncie takich nauk przyrodniczych, jak biologia czy kosmologia. Autor odpowiada również na niektóre zarzuty skierowane pod adresem koncepcji Dembskiego.
Mivart i granice ewolucji
Authors: Kroczak Justyna
Published: September 2021

Autorka przedstawia sylwetkę dziewiętnastowiecznego brytyjskiego przyrodnika George’a J. Mivarta. Omawia jego stanowisko wobec darwinowskiej teorii ewolucji. Mivart był ewolucjonistą. Odrzucał jednak mechanizm doboru naturalnego oraz uznawał istnienie nieprzekraczalnej granicy, jaka oddziela człowieka od zwierząt. Człowiek według niego to wyjątkowa istota, której dusza i umysł zostały stworzone w nadprzyrodzony sposób. Autorka opisuje też reakcje współczesnych mu naukowców oraz Kościoła katolickiego na przedstawiane przez niego poglądy.
A więc sądzisz, że jesteś darwinistą?
Authors: Stove David
Published: September 2021

Myślę, że w dzisiejszych czasach większość ludzi wykształconych uważa się za darwinistów. Jeśli tak jest w istocie, dzieje się to za sprawą niedostatecznej wiedzy na temat darwinizmu i tego, o czym on mówi. Mówi on bowiem o wielu rzeczach, które zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do naszego gatunku są w sposób zbyt oczywisty fałszywe, aby ktoś wykształcony, a przynajmniej posiadający zdolność krytycznego myślenia, mógł w nie uwierzyć. Obecnie większość ludzi wykształconych to, oczywiście, darwiniści w tym sensie, że wierzą oni, iż nasz gatunek powstał wskutek ewolucji zwierząt, a nie został powołany do życia aktem boskiej woli. Ale sama akceptacja tego przekonania to za mało, żeby uznać kogoś naprawdę za darwinistę. Z historii biologii wiemy, że wielu przyjmowało ten pogląd na długo przed narodzinami Darwina i powstaniem samego darwinizmu. Aby uznać kogoś za zwolennika danej szkoły myślenia, konieczna jest z jego strony wiara we wszystkie, bądź prawie wszystkie, twierdzenia właściwe dla tejże szkoły i wyznawane przez wszystkich lub przynajmniej najskrajniejszych jej zwolenników. W każdej dużej szkole myślenia znajdzie się mniejszość, przywiązująca szczególną wagę do najbardziej charakterystycznych dla niej twierdzeń. Ludzi z tego kręgu nazywa się „purystami” bądź „ultrasami”. Dla uczynienia kogoś darwinistą konieczna i wystarczająca jest wiara we wszystkie, bądź prawie wszystkie, twierdzenia właściwe darwinistom i przez nich, a przynajmniej przez ultradarwinistów, uznawane. Podaję dziesięć twierdzeń, które są przekonaniami darwinowskimi w sensie, jaki przed chwilą wyszczególniłem. Każde z nich jest bez wątpienia fałszywe: albo bezpośrednio fałszywe, jeśli mówi o naszym gatunku, albo jeśli ma ogólny charakter, jest wyraźnie fałszywe w odniesieniu do naszego gatunku.
Teoria inteligentnego projektu nie wypowiada religijnych twierdzeń o sferze nadnaturalnej
Authors: Luskin Casey
Published: September 2021

Teoria inteligentnego projektu (ID) jest alternatywną wobec darwinizmu próbą wyjaśnienia genezy życia na Ziemi, głoszącą, że życia nie da się wyjaśnić bez odwołania do inteligentnego projektanta. W zamyśle jej twórców i rzeczników ma to być teoria naukowa. Krytycy zarzucają jednak, że teoria ID mówi o nadnaturalnym projektancie, a więc jest w istocie zawoalowaną formą kreacjonizmu, uważanego za doktrynę religijną. Autor odpowiada na ten zarzut wskazując, że teoria ID przestrzega wymogów naukowości – zwłaszcza naturalizmu metodologicznego oraz empirycznego ugruntowania wniosków – i że nie można zaklasyfikować jej jako odmianę kreacjonizmu, gdyż nie wypowiada się na temat religijnych pytań o sferę nadnaturalną. Teoretycy ID badają obiekty naturalne, posiłkując się wiedzą o skutkach działania istot inteligentnych, jakimi są ludzie. Starają się w ten sposób dociec, czy u źródeł obiektów naturalnych leży działanie inteligentnej przyczyny. Autor przekonuje, że teoria ID nie może rozstrzygać o naturze ewentualnego projektanta takich obiektów, o ile ma respektować granice dociekań naukowych. Na identyfikację projektanta nie pozwalają aktualne świadectwa empiryczne, które według teoretyków ID wskazują tylko na to, że powstanie pewnych struktur biologicznych wymagało udziału bliżej nieokreślonej inteligencji. Wielu rzeczników ID, takich jak Michael Behe czy Phillip Johnson, utożsamia projektanta z Bogiem chrześcijańskim, zastrzegają oni jednak, że nie jest to wniosek wypływający z teorii ID, a jedynie ich osobiste przekonanie. Wskazują ponadto, że teoria ID jest zgodna wieloma światopoglądami, nie tylko z chrześcijańskim, i nie musi nawet zakładać, że projektant jest istotą nadnaturalną.
Demarkacja nauki i religii
Authors: Meyer Stephen C.
Published: September 2021

Demarkacja nauki i religii jest zagadnieniem szeroko dyskutowanym, nurtującym środowiska naukowe i filozoficzne od wielu dziesiątków lat. Uczeni chcieliby dysponować niezawodnym narzędziem umożliwiającym skuteczne odróżnienie obu tych dziedzin. Istnieją wprawdzie modele określające relacje pomiędzy nauką a religią: komplementaryzm oraz kompartmentalizm, jednakże współcześnie coraz częściej są one kwestionowane. W dodatku, wśród naukowców i filozofów nie ma zgody co do jednoznacznych kryteriów wytyczających granicę pomiędzy teoriami naukowymi a tymi, których za naukowe uznać nie można. Stephen C. Meyer w swoim artykule podjął się analizy prób wytyczenia linii demarkacyjnej pomiędzy nauką a religią. Prezentuje argumenty zwolenników idei ścisłego ich odseparowania oraz wskazuje mankamenty tego podejścia. Sugeruje, że zdefiniowanie kryteriów, na podstawie których można by oddzielić naukę od pseudonauki, jest wysoce problematyczne, jeśli nie niemożliwe. Większość współczesnych filozofów coraz bardziej skłania się ku uznaniu, że istotną kwestią nie jest to, czy teoria jest naukowa, ale to, czy jest prawdziwa lub czy ma uzasadnienie dowodowe. Meyer omawia ponadto osiągnięcia współczesnej filozofii nauki, zwłaszcza wyniki prac nad metodami nauk historycznych, które stosowane są także w dyskursach filozoficznych i religijnych. Na ich podstawie przyjmuje, że między różnorakimi teoriami pochodzenia, stanowiącymi przedmiot sporu kreacjonizmu z ewolucjonizmem, występują głębokie podobieństwa metodologiczne i logiczne. Pomiędzy kreacjonizmem i teorią inteligentnego projektu a naturalistycznymi teoriami ewolucji zachodzi - jego zdaniem - relacja "metodologicznej równoważności". Oznacza to, że jeżeli tylko o ich statusie poznawczym rozstrzyga się za pomocą tych samych kryteriów demarkacyjnych, to wszystkie te ujęcia uznać można albo za jednakowo naukowe, albo w równym stopniu nienaukowe.
Ponownie darwinizm kontra inteligentny projekt
Authors: Orr H. Allen
Published: September 2021

Jest to recenzja książki Michaela J. Behe’ego Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution (The Free Press, New York 1996), zawierającej krytykę ewolucjonizmu. Orr uważa, co prawda, że jest to w ostatnich latach najbardziej wyrafinowany atak na ewolucjonizm darwinowski, ale nie przyznaje racji Behe’emu. Orr krytykuje jego koncepcję nieredukowalnej złożoności i proponuje swoje własne, ewolucjonistyczne rozwiązanie problemu powstawania biochemicznych układów nieredukowalnie złożonych.
Pojęcie natury ludzkiej w nauce i teologii
Authors: van der Meer Jitse M.
Published: September 2021

W obawie, że zmiany w naukowym rozumieniu przyrody wymuszą zmiany w przekonaniach religijnych, wielu chrześcijan utrzymuje religię i naukę w separacji. Chcąc złagodzić tę obawę, wykluczają istnienie oddziaływania między tymi dziedzinami, redukując jego złożoność. Naukę oraz religię sprowadza się na przykład do odrębnych dziedzin wiedzy, w których obowiązują ich własne, swoiste twierdzenia. Religię rozumie się jako pozalogiczny sposób funkcjonowania człowieka zwany wiarą, charakteryzujący się emocjonalnym spojrzeniem na świat. Jeśli zastosuje się teorię typów logicznych do religii i nauki, relacje logiczne mogą zachodzić wyłącznie pomiędzy logicznymi dziedzinami wiedzy. Dlatego między religią a nauką nie mogą zachodzić żadne relacje logiczne, jeśli tę pierwszą rozumie się jako pozalogiczny sposób funkcjonowania człowieka zwany wiarą, drugą zaś - jako logiczny sposób funkcjonowania. Niemniej udało się zidentyfikować przynajmniej jedną relację logiczną między religią a nauką, a wywierały one na siebie wpływ także na inne sposoby. Moja propozycja pozwala na wyjaśnienie tych sposobów oddziaływania dzięki zastąpieniu jednowymiarowych logicznych koncepcji poznania, takich jak syntaktyczne oraz semantyczne ujęcia teorii, wielowymiarową koncepcją poznania. Własne, alternatywne wyjaśnienie rozpocznę od osadzenia oddziaływań pomiędzy religią a nauką w naturze ludzkiej, ponieważ wyłącznie ludzie stoją w relacji zarówno do Boga, jak i przyrody. Następnie rozróżnię zakres nieredukowalnych sposobów funkcjonowania człowieka, ujawniających się w odpowiadających sobie wymiarach relacji osoby do Boga oraz przyrody. Posłużywszy się dwoma spośród tych wymiarów - zawierzeniem Bogu i poznaniem - jako przykładami, wykażę, że oddziaływanie pomiędzy religią a nauką rozumie się jako zachodzące pomiędzy (1) zawierzeniem Bogu (wiarą) a przekonaniami dotyczącymi Boga (teologią); (b) zawierzeniem Bogu (wiarą) a przekonaniami dotyczącymi świata (nauką) oraz (c) przekonaniami dotyczącymi Boga (teologią) a przekonaniami dotyczącymi świata (nauką). Argumentuję, że wszystkie razem i każdy z osobna sposób funkcjonowania człowieka może na siebie wzajemnie oddziaływać. Przykład takiego oddziaływania stanowi metaforyczne przeniesienie znaczenia między każdą z wymienionych powyżej par sposobów funkcjonowania człowieka.
Skład towarów anglosaskich
Authors: Piotrowski Robert
Published: September 2021

Recenzja książki: Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk (red.), Przewodnik po metafizyce, Wydawnictwo WAM, Kraków 2011, s. 636.
O prawie, które kierowało pojawianiem się nowych gatunków
Authors: Wallace Alfred Russel
Published: September 2021

Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest prawo, zgodnie z którym „Każdy gatunek pojawił się współzależnie w czasie i przestrzeni z wcześniej istniejącym i blisko spokrewnionym gatunkiem”. Powyższe prawo łączy ze sobą i tłumaczy ogromną liczbę niezależnych i dotychczas niewyjaśnionych faktów. Naturalny system uporządkowania istot żywych, ich geograficzny rozkład i następstwo w warstwach geologicznych, zjawiska reprezentatywności i wymienności grup we wszystkich ich modyfikacjach, a także najbardziej niezwykłe cechy szczególne budowy anatomicznej są przez powyższe prawo wyjaśnione i zobrazowane. Prawo to, jak się wydaje, nie tylko nie stoi w sprzeczności z żadnym z wielu współcześnie znanych faktów, ale także jest z nimi całkowicie zgodne. Wykazuje ono także wyższość względem wcześniejszych hipotez, ponieważ nie tylko wyjaśnia istnienie czegoś, ale także tłumaczy, dlaczego to istnieć musi. W myśl tego prawa wiele najważniejszych zjawisk przyrodniczych musiało zajść, wynikają one z niego niemal z taką koniecznością jak eliptyczne orbity planet z prawa grawitacji.
Response to “Mark Harris as a Naturalistic Theist” by Piotr Bylica
Authors: Harris Mark
Published: September 2021

In this paper, I respond to a recent published analysis of my work by Dr Piotr Bylica, which characterises me as a “naturalistic theist”. I suggest that Bylica’s analysis takes this approach in order to fit my thought into his own “levels of analysis” scheme, but that it does not accurately represent my own theistic beliefs. I further argue that this process has resulted in the loss of important nuances in my work on areas such as miracles, dualism, and biblical interpretation.
STABILITY INDICATING UPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF EMTRICITABINE, BICTEGRAVIR AND TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE
Authors: K Pushpa Kumari , D Gowri Sankar
Published: September 2021

A simple, specific, precise and robust method for the estimation of emtricitabine, bictegravir and tenofovir alafenamide in the presence of impurities was developed and validated. The separation was performed on Aquity UPLC system with SB C8 50 x 2.1 mm, 1.7μ column under isocratic elution mode. The components were eluted using 0.01 N phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 50:50 V/V and detected at UV wavelength of 272 nm. The retention times were found to be 1.017 min, 1.484 min and 1.864 min for emtricitabine, bictegravir and tenofovir alafenamide, respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The method was stable and specific and when the sample was stressed under different conditions (acid, base, peroxide, photolytic, neutral, no interference of degradants were observed.
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF DOXORUBICIN AND HYDROXYCHAVICOL IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION BY Q-ABSORPTION RATIO METHOD
Authors: Bhusari Sachin , Gotmare Bharti , Wakte Pravin
Published: September 2021

A simple, rapid, accurate, precise and economical UV-spectrophotometric method has been developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of doxorubicin hydroxychavicol (DOXO) and OH-CHV in a pharmaceutical formulation. It is based on the Q-analysis UV Spectrophotometric method. The absorption spectra of DOXO and OH-CHV were obtained over the range of 200-800 nm, and the absorption maxima were determined. Multiple calibration standards were prepared for both the drugs separately and absorbances were recorded at respective absorption maxima. Calibration curves were plotted and the linear responses were studied. Various analytical method validation parameters viz. accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ, robustness and ruggedness were calculated using quality control standards. The absorbance maxima of DOXO and OH-CHV were found to be 477 nm and 284 nm, respectively in methanol. In Q-analysis, the isoabsorptive point for both the drugs was found at 297 nm. The linearity range was between 5-40 μg/ml for DOXO and 5-40 μg/ml for OH-CHV at their respective wavelengths. The intra-day and inter-day study shows percent relative standard deviation in the range of 0.9991 to 0.9993. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.024 µg/ml and 0.075µg/ml for DOXO and 0.228μg/ml and 0.692μg/ml for OH-CHV. The total percent recoveries of DOXO and OH-CHV were found to be 98.75 and 99.41, respectively.
Quantitative Comparison of Drainage after Primary Breast Surgery with and Without Drains
Authors: JM Breytenbach
Published: September 2021

Background: No quantitative study has been done to study the fluid drainage with and without drains after breast reduction surgery. Closed suction drainage exerts a considerable amount of pressure on tissues and might increase drainage. Therefore, this study aimed to comparethe effect on breast reduction surgery of closed suction drainage with no drainage. Methods: A group of 12 female patients underwent breast reduction surgery. A drain was placed in the right breast and no drain in the left breast. The drain fluid volume in the right breast was the amount drained plus that detected by sonar until the drained mount was ≤30ml/24hrs. The residual volume in the left breast was detected by sonar only. Results: The mass of tissue removed ranged from 820g to 2250g in the right breast and from 760g to 2240g in the left breast. The volume of fluid in the right breast ranged from 24-423ml and in the left, 7-127ml. The residual volume in the left breast was found to be always less than 30ml/24hrs and was 8 times less than in the right breast, which had the drain. There was no correlation between the fluid volume and mass of tissue excised. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the small number of patients, it can be concluded that closed suction drainage can be omitted in large breast reductions without extra complications, and that the amount of residual fluid can be considerably reduced.
Predictability and Accuracy between 3D Virtual Surgical Planning and Actual Outcomes in Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Martínez MM Pampín
Published: September 2021

Introduction: We are living a paradigm shift in orthognathic surgery. Several tools and technological advances are being implemented to help improve surgical experience and to offer better functional and aesthetical results. Virtual surgical planning is a revolutionary tool which helps us design the surgical plan preoperatively and establish a surgical protocol specifically designed for that patient. In this study, our goal is to validate the predictability of virtual surgical planning in orthognathic surgery, comparing the final results with the virtual plan. Material and methods: We performed an ICP based super imposition of 3D models of the virtual planning preoperatively designed and the 3D model of the postoperative CBCT using free software (Slicer) in patients who underwent bimaxillary orthognathic surgery. The results of the super imposition were saved on the postoperative model and presented as a color-coded map. This was generated as a .vtk file that was exported to another free software that displayed the difference in mm in relevant cephalometric points (point A, point B, pogonion, left and right gonion and first upper molars) in the three axis (x, y and z) between the postoperative result and the virtual plan. Then, we registered these results for all patients and analysed these data. Results: A total of 41 patients were included. The median of the differences in mm between virtual planning and postoperative results were less than 1mm for all cephalometric points, except for both gonion, where greater than 1mm differences were found in the mediolateral (horizontal) direction. For the rest of landmarks, the highest differences were found at A point and pogonion in the anteroposterior direction (0,83mm and 0,78mm, respectively). Conclusions: We found overall small and tolerable differences (<1mm) between the planned movements and the postoperative results. The highest were found at the gonion in the mediolateral direction and mandibular rami, which could be explained by the torque of the proximal segment. The differences in A point and pogonion in the anteroposterior direction were the highest among the rest, which may be related to inaccuracy of the splint in this direction.
Circumareolar Mammoplasty
Authors: V Paoliello
Published: September 2021

The author approaches circumareolarar aesthetic mammoplasty using this technique. Internal treatment of the breasts may be carried out by keel resection of the side pillars and Mastopexy (previously published work), or by the technique presented here - forming a superior pedicle flap of fatty and glandular tissue, 5cm wide and of variable length, introducing it into the upper pole for added projection and volume and bringing together the lateral pedicles mastopexy by continuous suture to the muscle fascia, continuing the suture up to near the entrance at the base of the flap in the areola and ending about 2.5 centimeters from its base. Shaping can be carried out in the new breasts, if required, either superiorly or inferiorly, in order to improve their shape(tapering). Liposuction can also be performed to achieve better cosmetic results.
Cancer Immunotherapy: Managing Amino Acids during Forced Aetopy
Authors: J Dochniak Michael
Published: September 2021

Cancer patients of all ages experience great satisfaction with initial positive results from first-line therapy. Adjuvant therapy helps decrease the risk of cancer recurring or metastasizing. This review discusses forced atopy as cancer immunotherapy and explores managing select amino acids to starve metastatic cells during forced atopy (many allergies).
Regeneration Abilities of Vertebrates and Invertebrates and Relationship with Pharmacological Research: Hypothesis of Genetic Evolution Work and Micro-Environment Inhibition Role
Authors: M Luisetto
Published: September 2021

A better understanding of the forces controlling cell growth will be essential for considering wound healing as a fundamental evolutionary with possibility of scar formation and reparative regeneration and the developing effective therapies in regenerative medicine and also in cancer. Historically the literature has linked to cancer and tissue regeneration-proposing regeneration as both the source of cancer and a method to inhibit tumori-genesis. Aim of this work is to verify similarity and difference between this process un a revolutionary approach. The same verify the evolution of some factors involved in cancer development .In all this process genetically conserved or not there are determinate kind of program ( finalistic or a-finalistic ) whit a start messages but also a stop when the scope is achieved ( regeneration). It is clear that regeneration abilities in adult form is reduced in some superior vertebrates like humans and the same it seem related to an introduction of adaptative immunity. This review discusses two powerful regeneration models the vertebrate urodele amphibians and invertebrate in light of cancer regulation.
Bipolar Bozukluk Tanısı ile İzlenen Hastalarda İşlevsellik ve Kişilik Özelliklerinin Koruyucu Tedavi Üzerine Olan Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Authors: YELOĞLU Çağdaş Hünkar , HOCAOĞLU Çiçek , BAHÇECİ Bülent
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bipolar bozukluk (BB) oldukça önemli bir sağlık sorunu olup, ciddi sosyal ve ekonomik sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. BB tanılı olguların koruyucu sağaltımının etkin şekilde planlanması ve hastanın yaşam kalitesinin en iyi düzeyde tutulması tedavinin ana hedefidir. Çalışmamızda BB tanısı ile izlenen hastalarda, kişilik özelliklerine göre işlevsellik ile koruyucu sağaltıma verilen yanıt düzeylerinde bir farklılık olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya ayaktan tedavi biriminde takip edilen ve çalışmaya katılmak için gönüllü olan BB tanılı 80 hasta dahil edilmiştir. Tüm olgulara Bipolar Bozukluk İşlevsellik Ölçeği (BBİÖ), Young Mani Derecelendirme Ölçeği (YMDÖ), Hamilton Depresyonu Derecelendirme Ölçeği(HDDÖ), Eysenck Kişilik Anketi-Gözden Geçirilmiş Kısaltılmış Formu-(EKA-GGK) ve Koruyucu Sağaltım Değerlendirme Ölçeği (KSDÖ) uygulanmıştır.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan hastaların 57’si kadın (%71.3), 23’ü (%28.7) ise erkekti. Psikotisizm kişilik boyutu ile koruyucu sağaltıma yanıt arasında zayıf ancak, anlamlı negatif bir ilişki olduğu saptandı. Diğer kişilik boyutları incelendiğinde ise aralarında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamadı.

Sonuç: Koruyucu Sağaltım Değerlendirme Ölçeği’nin kullanılabilirliği ile ilgili daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bipolar bozuklukta kişiye en uygun koruyucu sağaltımı olabildiğince erken belirlemek önemli bir hedeftir. Kişilik özelliklerinin bu anlamda belirleyici rolünün yerinin ve büyüklüğünün tam olarak saptanması amacıyla yeni çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Ergenlerde Mutluluk Durumu, İyilik Hali, Kendini İfade Edebilme ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığının İlişkisi
Authors: KARAOĞLU Nazan , HATIR Emre Ahmet , ÇİFTÇİ Sevinç Emine , AKÇA Ömer Faruk , KUTLU Ruhuşen
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı psikososyal ve bedensel etkileriyle özel bir süreç olan ergenlik dönemindeki iyilik hali, mutlu olma, kendini ifade etme ile sosyal medya bağımlılığının ilişkisini araştırmaktır.

Gereç ve yöntem: Tanımlayıcı, kesitsel araştırmada, kartopu tekniğiyle ulaşılan 11-18 yaş arası 384 ergen, gönüllülük temelinde demografik bilgi formu, Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness, Happiness (EPOCH) Ölçeği, Duyguları İfade Etme Ölçeği (DİEÖ), Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği-Kısa Formu (OMÖ-KF) ve Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-Kısa Formunu (SMBÖ-KF) yanıtlamıştır.

Bulgular: Katılımcıların ortalama yaşları 14,6±2,2 yıl, %47,9’u erkek (n=184) ve %61,5’i (n=236) özel okul öğrencisiydi. EPOCH, DİEÖ, OMÖ-KF, SMBÖ-KF ölçeklerinin Cronbach alfa değerleri sırasıyla 0,818, 0,648, 0,770 ve 0,810 bulundu. Kendisini başarısız görenlerin (%24,7; n=95) EPOCH, OMÖ-KF, DİEÖ puanları (76,2±16,9; 21,7±5,9; 67,7±12,9) başarılı görenlerden (87,9±14,2; 25,5±5,2; 71,1±11,2) düşüktü (p=0,001; p=0,001; p=0,008). DİEÖ puanı kızlarda (72,1±11,2) erkeklerden (68,2±11,9) yüksek (p=0,002), özel okulda okuyanların OMÖ-KF puanı (25,5±5,4) devlet okulunda okuyanlardan (22,9±5,6) farklıydı (p=0,001). SMBÖ-KF puanı devlet okulunda okuyanlarda (3,2±2,9) özel okulda okuyanlardan (2,5±2,3) (p=0,033), kendini başarısız görenlerde (3,8±2,8) başarılı görenlerden (2,4±2,5) (p=0,001) ve spor yapmayanlarda (3,0±2,7) spor yapanlardan (2,4±2,5) fazlaydı (p=0,035). EPOCH puanı spor yapanlarda (87,2±15,8) spor yapmayanlardan (83,9±15,6) yüksekti (p=0,038). Katılımcıların EPOCH ile SMBÖ-KF puanı arasında negatif yönde zayıf (r=-0,199, p=0,001), OMÖ ile SMBÖ-KF puanı arasında ise negatif yönde orta düzeyde korelasyon saptandı (r=-0,260, p=0,001).

Sonuç: Özel okulda okuyan ergenlerin devlet okulunda okuyanlara göre daha mutlu ve daha az sosyal medya bağımlısı olması, kendini başarılı görenlerin kendini daha iyi ifade etmesi, daha mutlu olması, kendini başarısız görenlerde, devlet okullarında okuyanlarda ve spor yapmayanlarda sosyal medya bağımlılığının daha yüksek olması dikkat çekicidir.
Doğumda Algılanan Destekleyici Bakım ve Memnuniyet Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: OVEYSİ Mina , APAY Serap Ejder
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı, loğusaların doğumda algıladığı destekleyici bakım ve memnuniyet düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir.

Gereç veYöntem: Araştırma Erzurum il merkezinde bulunan bir doğum hastanesinde, Şubat-Eylül 2018 tarihleri arasında yürütülmüştür. Veriler “Anket Formu”, “Doğumda Verilen Destekleyici Bakıma İlişkin Kadının Algısı Ölçeği” ve “Normal Doğumda Anne Memnuniyetini Değerlendirme Ölçeği” kullanarak toplanmıştır.

Bulgular: Loğusaların Doğumda Verilen Destekleyici Bakıma İlişkin Kadının Algısı Ölçeğiden aldıkları toplam puan ortalamasının 118.28±12.80, Normal Doğumda Anne Memnuniyetini Değerlendirme Ölçeğiden aldıkları toplam puan ortalaması ise 150.86±17.65 olduğu saptanmıştır. Doğumda Verilen Destekleyici Bakıma İlişkin Kadının Algısı Ölçeğinin rahat hissetmesini sağlayan davranışlar alt boyutu ile Normal Doğumda Anne Memnuniyetini Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin sağlık ekibini algılayışı, doğum eyleminde verilen bakım, kararlara katılım ve bilgilendirme, bebekle tanışma, hastane odası, hastane olanakları, mahremiyete saygı, beklentilerin karşılanması ve ölçek toplam puan ortalamaları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doğumda Verilen Destekleyici Bakıma İlişkin Kadının Algısı Ölçeğinin bilgilendirici davranışlar alt boyutu ile Normal Doğumda Anne Memnuniyetini Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin sağlık ekibini algılayışı, doğum eyleminde hemşirelik bakımı, kararlara katılım ve bilgilendirme, bebekle tanışma, post-partum bakım, hastane odası, hastane olanakları, mahremiyete saygı, beklentilerin karşılanması ve ölçek toplam puan ortalamaları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Doğumda Verilen Destekleyici Bakıma İlişkin Kadının Algısı Ölçeğinin rahatsız edici davranışlar alt boyutu ile Normal Doğumda Anne Memnuniyetini Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin sağlık ekibini algılayışı, doğum eyleminde hemşirelik bakımı, kararlara katılım ve bilgilendirme, bebekle tanışma, hastane odası, hastane olanakları, mahremiyete saygı, beklentilerin karşılanması ve ölçek toplam puan ortalamaları arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Sonuç: Doğumda verilen destekleyici bakımın kalitesi arttıkça kadının memnuniyeti artmaktadır.
Bir Devlet Hastanesi Acil Servisinden Göğüs Hastalıkları Servisine İstenen Konsültasyonların Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ÜZER Begüm , ÜZER Fatih , KARAKURT Sait
Published: September 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışma, bir devlet hastanesi acil servisinden Göğüs Hastalıkları bölümüne istenen konsültasyonların genel klinik özelliklerini ve konsültasyon istenme nedenlerini ortaya koymak amacıyla tasarlandı.

Gereç ve yöntem: Çalışmaya 1 Ocak 2018-31 Aralık 2018 tarihleri arasında Kastamonu Devlet Hastanesi Acil Servisi'ne başvuran ve göğüs hastalıkları konsültasyonu(GHK) istenen hastalar dahil edildi. Hastaların sosyodemografik verileri, başvuru şikayetleri, hastaneye geliş şekilleri, evde cihaz kullanımı durumları, konsültan hekimin konsültasyona cevap verme süresi, konsültasyon olan ön tanısı, konsültasyon sonrası aldığı son tanı, radyolojik bulguları veri toplama formuna kaydedildi. Kendi isteğiyle hastaneden ayrılan, dosya bilgileri eksik olan ve konsültasyon istenmesine rağmen herhangi bir nedenle göğüs hastalıkları uzmanı tarafından değerlendirilmeyen hastalar çalışma dışı bırakıldı.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya ortalama yaşı 72,8±14,4 olan, 280(%53,9) erkek, 239(%46,1) kadın hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. En sık eşlik eden hastalıkları kardiyovasküler hastalıklar iken, en sık başvuru nedeni nefes darlığı idi. En sık pnömoni, kronik obstruktif akciğer hastalığı alevlenmesi ve pulmoner emboli nedeniyle GHK istenmişti. Göğüs hastalıkları uzmanlarının acilden istenen konsültasyonları yanıtlama süresi 93,8±127,3 (1-837) dakika olarak tespit edildi. En sık saptanan radyolojik anormallik infiltrasyondu. Acil servisten istenen konsültasyonların %20(104) terminal dönem hastalardan oluşmaktaydı

Sonuç: Acil servislerden istenen GHK önemli bir kısmının ileri yaşta, bakıma muhtaç hastalardan oluştuğu gözlemlendi. En sık hastaneye yatış nedeninin pnömoni olduğu sonucuna varıldı.
Cerebral microbleeds and hemodynamic changes in individuals with cognitive impairment
Authors: Lim Eun Ye , Yang Dong Won , Cho A Hyun , Shim Yong S.
Published: September 2021

Background & Objective: Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are considered key markers of small vessel pathology linking mechanisms relating to ischemic and amyloid related vascular damage in Alzheimer disease (AD). We aim to investigate the differences of hemodynamic markers between patients with and without CMBs who presented with cognitive decline using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography.
Methods: We consecutively enrolled patients who were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable AD dementia from May 2011 to December 2012. Using TCD ultrasonography, cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) was evaluated with hyperventilation (HV) and breath-holding (BH) tests in addition to mean flow velocity (MFV) and pulsatility index (PI) of the middle cerebral artery. The number and location of CMBs were visually analyzed by two independent neurologists.
Results: A total of 134 patients (probable AD, n=81; MCI, n=53) were enrolled in this study. Among them, 28 (20.9%) patients had CMBs; 18 (64.3%) lobar CMBs, 7 (25.0%) non-lobar CMBs. Patients with CMBs showed reduced MFV, higher resistance index value, and lower CVR compared with patients without CMBs after adjusting for age, vascular risk factors, and white matter hyperintensity. Multiple regression models showed that PI was dependent on age and presence of CMBs in frontal and parietal areas. CVR was closely associated with WMH severity and presence of CMBs in temporal.
Conclusions: Our study showed that patients with CMBs had higher microvascular resistance and decreased cerebrovascular autoregulation compared to those without.
Celiac disease with acute cerebellar stroke as first presentation: A case report
Authors: Sirufo Maria Maddalena , Bassino Enrica Maria , De Pietro Francesca , Magnanimi Lina Maria , Ginaldi Lia , De Martinis Massimo
Published: September 2021

Celiac disease is an immune disorder occurring in response to ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is a complex multiorgan disease with possible neurological involvement. Thrombotic events can occur but rarely as presenting symptom. We describe the case of a young man admitted to the Stroke Unit for worsening headache, nausea, vomiting, unsteadiness, dysarthria, and dysmetria. Brain CT scan showed an ischemic hypodense lesion of the right cerebellar hemisphere with compression of the adjacent IV ventricle. Studies to determine the etiology of stroke showed positive serology for celiac disease. On follow up he has completely recovered clinically. He is on gluten-free diet and the serology is now negative. Our case demonstrated that in young stroke, even without gastrointestinal symptoms, celiac disease should be considered a possible differential diagnosis and the appropriate serology test performed.
Formulation by Design (FbD) approach to develop pharmaceutically amended Diclofenac Sodium hydrogel as compared to marketed gel
Authors:   Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati, Sarma Anupam , Chakraborty Tapash ,   Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati, Rahman Sheikh Sofiur ,   Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Guwahati, Ahmed Abdul Baquee ,   Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Tezpur
Published: September 2021

The aim of the present study was to develop pharmaceutically better performing Diclofenac Sodium hydrogel through FbD approaches as compared to marketed gel. The quality target product profile was set for the critical quality attributes of the gel. The key material variables like Carbopol 934P, propylene glycol and Triethanolamine (TEA) were optimized using design of experiments. A response surface central composite design was used considering viscosity, pH and cumulative percentage permeation of the drug up to 120 min as responses. TEA had a significant effect on the pH at concentrations of 0.3182-3.6818% (w/w). The applicability of the optimized formulations was influenced by both Carbopol 934P (0.6591-2.3409%; w/w) and propylene glycol (PG; 6.591-23.409%; w/w) content due to their ability to alter the formulation viscosity. The optimized formulation, determined mathematically, contained 1.5% (w/w) Carbopol 934P. 2.0% (w/w) TEA and 15% (w/w) PG. The optimized hydrogel and marketed gel were evaluated for viscosity, spreadability, skin irritation, homogeneity and grittiness, texture analysis, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. When these evaluation parameters were compared with a marketed gel in respect of all the evaluating tests, the optimized hydrogel was found to be far better formulation than the marketed one.
A new species of Amphidromus (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Camaenidae) from Vietnam, and a Replacement Name for Amphidromus berschaueri mingmini Thach, 2019
Authors: Thach Nguyen
Published: September 2021

A new species of genus Amphidromus Albers, 1850 is described from Vietnam and compared to two other species of this genus, Amphidormus contrarius (Müller, 1774) and Amphidromus richardi Severns, 2006. Amphidromus berschaueri mingmini Thach, 2019 is renamed to avoid homonymy.
Corrections to the Gender Assignment of Recently Named Species of Asperitas and Papuina
Authors: Parsons Jeff
Published: September 2021

The following are corrections to the gender assignment of recently published names of two snails from Indonesia. The names as originally published by Parsons (2019a, b) are Asperitas bimaensis abbasianus Parsons, 2019 from western Sumbawa and Papuina abbasianus Parsons, 2019 from Nabire, Papua. The corrected names are Asperitas bimaensis abbasiana and Papuina abbasiana.