bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residual stresses in rolling contact
Authors: Pomeroy R J , Johnson K L
Published: July 2007

The paper reports an experimental investigation into the residual strsses induced into cylndrical discs by the action of rolling-contact loads sufficiently high to cause some plastic deformation in the near-surface layers.

A general method is first described for finding both circumferential and axial components of residual stress in cylindrical bodies in circumstances where the stresses vary with the radial co-ordinate only. This method is believed to be an improvement on previous methods for separating the two components of residual stress, particularly where only specimens of restricted length are available. For example, the method could be applied to thick-walled tubes.

Measurements have been made of the residual stresses due to rolling contact, in pure rolling and in combined rolling and sliding. In all cases both components of residual stress were compressive and reached a maximum value below the surface at about the depth of the maximum Hertz shear stress. The measured residual stresses in the sub-surface region were roughly in agreement with the theoretical predictions of Merwin, Johnson, and Jefferis.

A subsidiary peak of compressive stress was found at the surface itself. Neither the surface nor the subsurface stresses were found to be greatly influenced by the presence of friction forces when sliding accompanied rolling.
Pre-attachment matching of resistance strain gauges
Authors: Scott I G
Published: July 2007

A technique for pre-attachment selection of strain gauges on a temperature-coefficient basis is proposed in which the gauge is clamped tightly between plates forming a specimen. The response of the gauge when the temperature of the specimen is changed is found to be almost identical with the response of the same gauge when attached and subjected to the same change in temperature.
The Visual Politics of Class: Silent Film and the Public Sphere
Authors: Ross Steven J
Published: July 2007

As the gap between rich and poor grows ever wider, movies rarely provide visions of genuine political alternatives. Given the realities of film production within global capitalism this may come as no surprise. However, as Steven J Ross suggests in this essay, the situation was once
very different. Filmmakers of the early silent era were in fact much more likely to offer their audiences images of how they could radically change their world through collective action.
The Utah Version: Some Notes on the Relative Integrity of the Hollywood Product
Authors: Lewis Jon
Published: July 2007

To protect studio copyrights in the marketplace and to maintain good public relations is supposed to be two prinicipal aspects of the contemporary MPAA directive. But what what happens when these directives are at odds with each other? Jon Lewis has a strange story to tell about
local consorship.
Dissin' the Destribs: Hollywood's Questionable Distribution Policies
Authors: Wasko Janet
Published: July 2007

Many of us have encountered their logotypes at the cinema. But who the hollywood majors, and how do the maintain their global dominance in film distribution? Janet Wasko has taken a close look at the not always clean business practices of the big film and media corporations.
The Original Rockumentary
Authors: Eckstein Arthur M , Cook John R , Palmer Tim , Lumholdt Jan , Sjberg Patrik , Lumholdt Jan
Published: July 2007

The Complete Monterey Pop Festival USA 1968

DVD USA 2003

Alice in Wonderland United Kingdom 1966

The Year of the Sex Olympics United Kingdom 1968

DVD United Kingdom 2003

DVD United Kingdom 2003

Ladies of the Bois of Boulogne
Les Dames du Bois de Boulogne France 1945

DVD USA 2003

The King of Comedy USA 1983

DVD USA 2002

Tokyo Olympiad Tokyo Orimpikku Japan 1965

DVD USA 2002

The White Sheik Lo sceicco bianco Italy 1952

DVD USA 2003
Film reviews
Authors: Lindvall Daniel , Zander Ulf
Published: July 2007

In This World United Kingdom 2002

The Pianist Poland/United Kingdom/Germany/France/The Netherlands 2002
Book Reviews
Authors: Eckstein Arthur M , Niskanen Eija , Andersson Lars Gustaf , Lee Nam , Vesterlund Per , Cull Nicholas J
Published: July 2007

Josephine Woll The Cranes are Flying
KINOfiles Film Companion 7, London/New York: I.B. Tauris, 2003

Paul Julian Smith Amores Perros
Modern Classic, London: BFI Publishing 2003

Michael O'Pray Avant-Garde Film: Forms, Themes and Passions

London/New York: Wallflower Press 2003

Nina Danino & Michael Mazire (eds.) The Undercut Reader. Critical Writings on Artist's Film and Video
London/New York: Wallflower Press 2003

Rmi Fournier Lanzoni French Cinema: From Its Beginnings to the Present
Continuum
2002

Rachel Moseley Growing up With Audrey Hepburn
Manchester University Press 2002

Greg Walker The Private Life of Henry VIII
The British Film Guide, London & New York: I.B. Tauris 2003
Film Festivals
Authors: Lumholdt Jan
Published: July 2007

3 Festivals: A Cinema Travelogue by Jan Lumholdt Venice, Aug. 27 Sept. 6

San Sebastin, Sept. 18 Sept. 27

Vienna, Oct. 15 Oct. 30
Television Fantasy, Political Reality, And Pop Culture In Aaron Sorkin's The West Wing
Authors: Rutenburg Jeannie
Published: July 2007

Jeannie Rutenburg dissects the prize-winning, popular TV series about a zipped-up, cleaner, and more blue-blooded version of President Clinton.
Revenge is Sweet the bitterness of audition
Authors: Wood Robin
Published: July 2007

Robin Wood's close reading of Takashi Miike's controversial film finds striking parallels with Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo.
Dark Shadows Around Pinewood and Ealing
Authors: Murphy Robert
Published: July 2007

Robert Murphy explores the British shadowlands in the ever-growing empire of film noir.
Book Reviews
Authors: Eckstein Arthur M , Deutsch James , Arnman Anna , Herbert Daniel , Niskanen Eija , Wilson Ronald W , Hedling Olof , Jaffe Ira , Buhle Paul , Smith-Rowsey Daniel , Polan Dana , Smith-Rowsey Daniel , Niskanen Eija , Wilson Ronald W
Published: July 2007

Robin Wood Hollywood from Vietnam to Reagan
And Beyond (Revised and Expanded Edition) New York: Columbia University Press 2003

Jonathan Romney Atom Egoyan (World Directors) London: British Film Institute, 2003.

Steve Chibnall & Julian Petley
(eds.) British Horror Cinema London: Routledge 2002

Stan Brakhage Essential Brakhage: Selected Writings on Film-making by Stan Brakhage (ed. by Bruce R. McPherson) Kingston, NY: McPherson & Co. 2001

Eric Cazdyn The Flash of Capital. Film and Geopolitics
in Japan Duke University Press, 2002

Scott Simmon The Invention of the Western Film: A Cultural History of the Genre's First Half-Century Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003

Ginette Vincendeu Jean-Pierre Melville: An American in Paris London: BFI
2003

Robert B. Ray How a Film Theory Got Lost and Other Mysteries in Cultural Studies Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2001

Val Holley Mike Connolly and the Manly Art of Hollywood Gossip Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company

Annalee
R. Ward Mouse Morality: The Rhetoric of Disney Animated Film Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003

Peter Lehman Roy Orbison: The Invention of an Alternative Rock Masculinity Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2003

Mark Kermode The Shawshank Redemption
London: BFI 2003

Jan Lumholdt (ed.) Lars von Trier: Interviews (Conversations with Filmmakers Series) Jackson: University Press of Mississippi 2003

Sarah Street Transatlantic Crossings: British Feature Films in the U.S.A. (Rethinking British Cinema) New York:
Continuum International Publishing Group 2002
Permanent State Of War
Authors: Schnherr Johannes
Published: July 2007

A Short History of North Korean Cinema, by Johannes Schnherr
Desirable Futures
Authors: Camporesi Valeria
Published: July 2007

Modernity and Tradition in Spanish Comedies from the Second Republic to Early Francoism, by Valeria Camporesi
Book reviews
Authors: Coyne Michael , Buhle Paul , Eckstein Arthur M
Published: July 2007

Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner
Radical Hollywood: The Untold Story Behind Hollywood's Favorite Movies
New York: New Press 2002

Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund
The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930-60
Urbana & Chicago:
University of Illinois Press 2003

Mark Jancovich and James Lyons (eds.)
Quality Popular Television
London: BFI, 2003

Rob White
The Third Man
(Film Classic) London: BFI 2003
DVD reviews
Authors: Sullivan Moira , Niskanen Eija , Donnelly K.J
Published: July 2007

2 x Maya Deren

i. Experimental Films (1943-59)

DVD USA 2003

II. In the Mirror of Maya Deren
Im Spiegel der Maya Deren Austria / Czech Republic / Switzerland / Germany 2002

DVD USA 2003

Onibaba Japan 1964

DVD USA
2004

4 x Peter Greenaway

The Early Films of Peter Greenaway 1

DVD United kingdom 2004

The Early Films of Peter Greenaway 2

DVD United kingdom 2004

The Draughtsman's Contract United Kingdom 1982

DVD United kingdom 2004

A
Zed and Two Noughts United Kingdom / The Netherlands 1985

DVD United kingdom 2004
DVD reviews
Authors: Rohdin Mats , Conway Kyle , Zander Ulf , Wilson Ronald
Published: July 2007

Federico Fellini x 3

La Strada Italy 1954

DVD USA 2004

Nights of Cabiria Le Notti di Cabiria Italy/France 1957

DVD USA 2003

8 Italy/France 1963

DVD USA 2002

Derrida USA 2002

DVD USA 2003

Hiroshima,
mon amour France/Japan 1959

DVD USA 2003

The Testament of Dr. Mabuse
Das Testament des Dr. Mabusel Le Testament du Dr. Mabusel The Crimes of Dr. Mabuse Germany 1933

German-language version

French-language version

DVD USA 2004
Book reviews
Authors: Jaffe Ira , Herbert Daniel , Kramer Gary M
Published: July 2007

Jason Wood, Scott McGehee, David Siegal 100 American Independent Films London: BFI Film Guides, 2004

Erica Sheen and Annette Davison, Editors The Cinema of David Lynch: American Dreams, Nightmare Visions London: Wallflower Press, 2004

Lucia Nagib, Editor The New
Brazilian Cinema London: I.B.Tauris, 2003
DVD reviews
Authors: Lerner David , Herbert Daniel , Armstrong Richard , Speck Oliver
Published: July 2007

Electra Glide in Blue USA 1973

DVD USA 2005

The Sword of Doom
Daibosatsu toge Japan 1966

DVD USA 2005

Under the Skin United Kingdom 1997

DVD United Kingdom 2004

Young Torless Der junge Trless Les dsarrois de l'lve
Toerless Germany/France 1966

DVD USA 2005
Film reviews
Authors: Sharp Jasper , Tapper Michael
Published: July 2007

Lorelei The Witch of the Pacific Ocean Japan 2005

Peep TV Show Japan 2005

Sin City USA 2005
3 Soviet Montage Directors
Authors: Rohdin Mats , de Seife Ethan , Deutsch James
Published: July 2007

Amy Sargeant Vsevolod Pudovkin: Classic Films of the Soviet Avant-Garde London: I.B. Tauris, 2000

George O. Liber Alexander Dovzhenko: A Life in Soviet Film London: BFI, 2002

Anne Nesbet Savage Junctures: Sergei Eisenstein and the Shape of Thinking
London: I.B. Tauris, 2003

Stephen Glynn A Hard Day's Night (Turner Classic Movies / British Film Guide) London: I.B. Tauris, 2005

Andrew Horton Henry Bumstead and the World of Hollywood Art Direction Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003
Bergman and the welfare state
Authors: Hedling Erik
Published: July 2007

A neglected approach to the art of Ingmar Bergman is the study of the relationship between his films and the affluent Swedish welfare society in which they were conceived and received over a period spanning almost exactly 60 years.
The skull beneath the skin: Patrice Chreau and Son Frre
Authors: Wood Robin
Published: July 2007

The anxiety we carry within us, all our broken dreams, the inexplicable cruelty, the fear of death, the painful insight into our earthly condition, have worn out our hope of a divine salvation. The cries of our faith and doubt against the darkness and the silence are terrible proofs
of our loneliness and fear. Do you think it's like that? (Bibi Andersson reading from an (unidentified) book in Bergman's Persona)
Forgotten roots of Japanimation: In praise of shadows
Authors: Sharp Jasper
Published: July 2007

There cannot be many by now who are not acquainted with the term anime. If so, it is certainly not for a lack of exposure to what can now be seen as Japan's top pop-cultural export.
Book Reviews: The incredible shrinking murder
Authors: Baxter John
Published: July 2007

The Shower Scene in Hitchcock's Psycho: Creating Cinematic Suspense and Terror, Studies in History and Criticism of Film, no. 11, Philip J. Skerry, (2005) Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 448 pp., ISBN 0773460519 (hbk), 129.95
Editorial Issue 24
Authors: Lindvall Daniel
Published: July 2007

Let's be realistic probably more often means let us accept the limits of this situation (limits meaning hard facts, often of power or money in their existing and established forms) than let us look at the whole truth of this situation (which can allow that an existing
reality is changeable or is changing) williams 1988: 259, emphasis in the original.
Superheroes for perverts
Authors: Mark Murphy
Published: July 2007

America's holiday from history was a fake: America's peace was bought by the catastrophes going on elsewhere. These days, the predominant point of view is that of an innocent gaze confronting unspeakable Evil which stroke from the Outside and, again, apropos this gaze, one should
gather the strength and apply to it also Hegel's wellknown dictum that the evil resides (also) in the innocent gaze itself which perceives Evil all around itself. (Zizek 2001a)
Media and lobbyist support for the US invasion of Iraq
Authors: Terry Janice J
Published: July 2007

This article describes how the interrelationship between the media and pro-Israeli, neo-conservative lobbyists helped to create a climate of opinion in the United States that enabled the Bush administration to secure acceptance for the war on Iraq. Many neo-conservatives move easily
from government positions to highpaying jobs as lobbyists or as columnists or pundits in the media especially the electronic media and then back to the government. This revolving door allows a few committed neo-conservatives and Zionist sympathizers to exercise undue influence on the formation
and implementation of foreign policy as in the case of the Iraq war. In the run-up to the war, the media was complacent if not complicit in accepting government distortions and lies about the causes for the invasion and occupation of Iraq. Even by 2006, having learned little or nothing from
the failures in Iraq, the Bush administration and pro-Israeli lobbyists, with extensive support from the media, was considering further wars against Syria and Iran.
Beating the drum: Canadian print media and the build-up to the invasion of Iraq
Authors: Ismael Tareq Y
Published: July 2007

This article describes how American mass media's acquiescence to state propaganda, most glaring in the American campaign to invade Iraq, affected Canadian media coverage in the build-up to war. While the Canadian government ultimately opted-out of the American (mis)adventure in Iraq, this could not have been predicted by the press coverage of Canada's major dailies. Canadian press coverage in the build-up to the invasion of Iraq was similar, if not in degree then certainly in kind, to the coverage seen in their American equivalents. Wholly uncritical and deferential to state propaganda, the Canadian press failed to challenge the dubious claims of the Bush administration and in this failure defaulted in its responsibility to inform the public and provide alternative opinions. The transformation of the Canadian media is in large part attributable to the concentration of media ownership, and is part of an ongoing transformation of Canada's political function, from independent international actor to junior adjunct of the United States. In this presentation, some preliminary comments are made as to the relationship between media coverage of Iraq and Canadian public opinion.
The United States in Iraq: the consequences of occupation
Authors: Zunes Stephen
Published: July 2007

US policies subsequent to its March 2003 invasion of Iraq bear a direct responsibility for the nature of the violent insurgency, the failure to establish a stable democratic government and the country's growing sectarian strife. It is unlikely that any kind of stable, peaceful, democratic
Iraq could have emerged following a foreign invasion even if the subsequent occupation and transition was handled more responsibly, yet the miscalculations by Bush administration officials greatly worsened the situation. Among the most important of these was the decision to impose a neo-liberal
economic strategy on the country.
Rvolution nationale au royaume des mres dans Qui se souvient de la mer de Mohammed Dib
Authors: Barb Philippe
Published: July 2007

While Mohammed Dib's Algerian trilogy was still deeply rooted in realism, his 1962 novel entitled Qui se souvient de la mer granted a more significant role to dreams and mythology. Far from escaping history and drifting away from reality, the introduction of this new form of
dreamlike writing permitted on the contrary the figuration of sociocultural problems raised by the FrenchAlgerian war. Starting with the homophony linking the mother (la mre) to the sea (la mer), Mohammed Dib thus introduced a material imaginary that allegorically connected the discourses
on the nation and the Algerian family. It is especially when Dib establishes a dialectical tension between the primary elements of water and stone that his critique of French colonialism more clearly unveils some of the archaisms that paralyse both the Algerian society and its traditional
family structure. This essay will analyse the emancipation of the woman inside the Algerian couple in the light of the revolutionary fight for national liberation as it appears in Dib's novel.
Hypostases de l'anti-ralisme dans L'Enfant de sable et La Nuit sacre de Tahar Ben Jelloun
Authors: Rosenberg Ioana
Published: July 2007

This study aims to analyse the process of discursive articulation of narrative in L'Enfant de sable and La Nuit sacre by Tahar Ben Jelloun. Our method of analysis, the literary pragmatics, integrates the enunciation, the social, political and cultural environment to the
context of writing. The extension of the concept of context of literary work allowed us to study the discursive reference, the enunciation scenes, and the symbols that abound in the two novels. These are the elements that determine, in our opinion, the anti-realistic character
of narratives and they manifest by the multiple factors that create the tension in Ben Jelloun's writing.
Politics and Aesthetics in Francophone African film: the case of Souleymane Ciss's Finy (1982)
Authors: Langford Rachael
Published: July 2007

This article discusses the idea of the political in film in relation to sub-Saharan francophone African cinema in general, and more specifically in relation to Souleymane Ciss's film Finy (1982). It considers the multiple ways in which francophone African cinema can be understood
as political because of its multifaceted interactions with French, global and indigenous economics and politics, as well as with the representations that rehearse these politics and economics. These interactions are examined both from the point of view of film as text (narrative interactions)
and as commercial product (non-narrative interactions), while arguing that the two are closely connected. The article then looks in detail at Ciss's 1982 film Finy, exploring the ways in which its narrative and nonnarrative coordinates interact with French, global and indigenous political
fields, before concluding by looking forwards to resonant connections with Yeelen (1987) and Waati (1995).
Du franais-banane au crole-dragon: entretien avec Raphal Confiant
Authors: Hardwick Louise
Published: July 2007

Raphal Confiant speaks of his literary formation, his experiences in founding the KAPES KREYOL and the paradoxes of inhabiting a diglossic society. Focusing on early Creole work with Grif an t and closely probing the labels of francaisbananeand crole-dragon, the interview explores Confiant's
approach to the interplay between Creole and French. There is further questioning of comments made by Confiant at the Salon du Livre 2006, Francofffonies, and the author also offers perspectives on his literary work, delivered with characteristic frankness and good humour.
Los Verdes or Ecologistas en Accin: parties or movements? A regional perspective
Authors: McFall Ann
Published: July 2007

The following article sets out to examine the activities, achievements and shortcomings of the two leading green actors in the Andalusian political field, Ecologistas en Accin Andaluca (EA-A) and Los Verdes de Andaluca (LVA). Its main aim is to explore and compare the position, strategies
and efficacy of both groups at a regional level; a secondary aim is to use this regional case study to explore the achievements and shortcomings of Spanish ecologistas at a national level. The decision to carry out a regional case study has made it feasible to provide a level of detail
which would have been quite impossible if aiming to compare green parties and movements at national level: the study demonstrates that both actors (EA-A and LVA ) have contributed to the greening of Andaluca, showing how relatively small groups can influence policy outcomes.
Official, artificial or (arte)factual?: The Museu d'Histria de Catalunya
Authors: Crameri Kathryn
Published: July 2007

The Museum of the History of Catalonia (MHC), opened in 1996, houses a permanent exhibition that takes the visitor through the story of Catalonia from pre-history to 1980, as well as temporary exhibitions. It was conceived as a political project with a clear nation-building function,
devised by the ruling centre-right Catalanist coalition Convergncia i Uni as a way of teaching Catalans a different version of their history from the one that had come to them from the Spanish state, especially under the Franco regime. The article analyses the structure and content
of the Museum's permanent exhibition, as well as some of the debates that have surrounded it, in the light of work by Tony Bennett and others on the evolution of the role of museums in state- and nation-building since the nineteenth century. The analysis shows how the nationalist ideology
of CiU shaped the design and functions of the MHC in the period up to 2003.
The Spanish aid-for-trade network
Authors: Hughes Neil
Published: July 2007

This article analyses the relationship between Spanish business and the state in the context of aid-for-trade. It argues that decision-making in this area is dominated by a cohesive network of actors drawn from the state, business and peak business organizations. Due to its power and influence, the aid-for-trade policy network has ensured since the 1970s that a significant proportion of Spanish aid has been allocated on the basis of commercial rather than development criteria. This has been achieved in the face of criticism from both domestic and international sources. Although forced to cede ground on some issues, the high level of cohesion that characterizes the aid-for-trade policy network has enabled it to successfully resist challenges to its role at the heart of Spanish aid initiatives.
Power to the People? The myth of television consumer sovereignty revisited
Authors: Pauwels Caroline , Bauwens Jo
Published: July 2007

This article attempts to nuance the argument of consumer sovereignty put forward by both liberal thinkers and cultural studies. Although recognising the importance (hence existence) of consumer sovereignty, the article goes against the stream of cultural audience studies and liberal
accounts that have studied the benefits, pleasure and empowerment associated with watching TV. Instead it focuses on the other side of TV experience, the losses, displeasures and disempowerment of TV viewers. Through a deconstruction of audience agency, the public's power, freedom of choice
and consumption as pleasure four notions on which the myth of consumer sovereignty is based this article wishes to challenge the myth of TV consumer sovereignty from both a theoretical and empirical standpoint.
Predispositions to discriminatory immigration policies in western Europe: An exploration of political causes
Authors: Martnez-Herrera Enric , Moualhi Djaouida
Published: July 2007

We analyze citizens' predispositions concerning policies of immigrant selection and models of immigrant accommodation as observed by the 20023 European Social Survey. We focus on some of the EU's major countries, namely: Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom,
which were chosen because of their different experiences as migration destinations, as well as for the relevance of their immigration policy models and welfare states. On this basis, we compare citizens' attitudinal inclinations with the policies actually being implemented, and propose interpretations
concerning the degree of consistency between both levels. Firstly, we consider attitudes and policies in respect of the discrimination faced by immigrants according to their country of origin and/or economic resources. Secondly, we analyze the attitudes and policies with regard to assimilationist
and multicultural integration models. Finally, we examine the recognition of certain rights to migrants.
Teaching the Broadway singing style in the era of American Idol
Authors: Moore Tracey
Published: July 2007

This article proposes that there are specific challenges for young singers who wish to sing musical theatre, but who have been raised on pop music, and in particular, the vocal stylings showcased on a Fox Television program called American Idol. An acting-first approach to musical
theatre songs is suggested as significant in these singers' adjustment to the musical theatre style of singing. Microphones, technology, and pop music's influence on Broadway are also discussed.
The performance of discipline on Broadway
Authors: Russell Susan
Published: July 2007

Jean Baudrillard's theory of simulacra helps explain Broadway's concentration on revivals, musical revues, and movie adaptations. The theory also offers a lens through which corporate America can be observed as manufacturing simulated liveness. These simulations are labeled live theatre,
they open on Broadway and tour across the country, but are they live or simulations of liveness? If corporate producers on Broadway are mass producing a corporate perception of liveness, what is this perception, and how does it affect the material condition of actors within a corporate theatre
product? Something has happened to actors on Broadway, and this something is being mass marketed and mass produced for the United States and the world.
Cents or Percent? The Effects of Promotion Framing on Price Expectations and Choice
Authors: DelVecchio Devon , Krishnan H. Shanker , Smith Daniel C.
Published: July 2007

Previous research has shown that the monetary value of a promotion (promotion depth) affects choice during the promotion period. However, as promotion depth increases, consumers might lower their expectations of future price, which in turn may threaten future choice when prices return to normal levels. This research examines how promotion frame (percentage off versus cents off) moderates the effect of promotion depth on postpromotion price expectations and choice. The findings indicate that compared with cents-off promotions, high-depth percentage-off promotions lead to higher postpromotion price expectations. Likewise, postpromotion choice is higher when high-depth promotions are framed in percentage-off than cents-off terms. The authors examine the process underlying the effect of promotion frame on price expectations and find that frame affects (1) consumers' perceptions of the promoted price and (2) the weight they place on the promoted price.
Contrasting cellular and humoral autoimmunity associated with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Authors: Mayer A , Fabien N , Gutowski M C , Dubois V , Gebuhrer L , Bienvenu J , Orgiazzi J , Madec A M
Published: July 2007

Objective: Diabetes is clinically classified into two types: type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Nevertheless, intermediate forms of diabetes are frequent and difficult to recognize and manage appropriately. In this study, we investigated whether patients with intermediate form of diabetes, here called unclassified diabetes (UD), have β-cell autoimmune markers.

Research design and methods: β-cell autoimmune markers (β-cell autoantibodies (aAb), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) responsive to five islet proteins, cytokine secretion, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQB1 genotypes) were analyzed in 50 UD patients, 23 age- and HLA-matched normal control subjects, and 23 classic T2D patients.

Results: We observed that 16 out of 50 (32%) UD patients demonstrated responsive PBMCs, as opposed to 1 out of 23 (5%) age- and HLA-matched normal control subjects, and 0 out of 23 classic T2D patients. Overall, 29 (58%) UD patients had at least one marker of β-cell autoimmunity (β-cell aAb and/or PBMC autoreactivity), in association with high-risk HLA genotypes DQB1*0201 and/or DQB1*0302. Moreover, the 13 (26%) UD patients who had β-cell aAb were not the same as those with PBMC autoreactivity, except for one patient. Patients with PBMC autoreactivity were older at the onset of the disease and had a better residual β-cell function than those with β-cell aAb.

Conclusions: Our data confirm that T-cell autoimmunity can be detected in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults patients. We show an inverse correlation between humoral and cellular β-cell autoimmunities. Possible protective cellular responses in the patients with β-cell PBMC autoreactivity could have potential therapeutic implications.
Trajectories of Socioeconomic Status Across Children's Lifetime Predict Health
Authors: Chen Edith , Martin Andrew D. , Matthews Karen A.
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE. Socioeconomic status is one of the most robust social factors associated with health, but the dynamics of how socioeconomic status over time affects children's health remains unclear. This study tested how various models of childhood socioeconomic status (accumulation, change, variability, and critical periods of family income) would predict health outcomes at a final time point in childhood.

METHODS. This was a prospective, longitudinal study of 6306 children who were aged 10 to 11 years and whose families were interviewed every other year from birth onward. The sample came from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth–Children. In the same data set, a replication sample of 4305 14- to 15-year-old children was also examined. Primary outcomes included parent report of asthma and conditions that limited activity and school and required physician treatment.

RESULTS. Lower cumulative family income was associated with higher odds for having a condition that limited childhood activities, as well as a condition that required treatment by a physician at ages 10 to 11. Cumulative family income was a stronger predictor than change in income or variability in income. Lower family income early in life (ages 0–5 years) was associated with higher odds for having a condition that limited activities and a condition that required treatment by a physician at ages 10 to 11, independent of current socioeconomic status. Findings were replicated in the 14- to 15-year-old sample.

CONCLUSIONS. These findings suggest that the accumulation of socioeconomic status in terms of family income across childhood is more important than social mobility or variability in socioeconomic status, although there may be certain periods of time (early life) that have stronger effects on health. These findings suggest the importance of childhood interventions for reducing health disparities.
A commentary on A guide to airfield pavement design and evaluation
Authors: Woodman G. R.
Published: July 2007

This Paper provides a commentary on A guide to airfield pavement design and evaluation, published by PSA Airfields Branch, which updates design methodology and incorporates knowledge acquired since publication of its predecessor in 1971.
A study of high capacity busways in developing cities
Authors: Gardner G.
Published: July 2007

Many of the world's major cities face the ever-increasing problem of traffic congestion. Buses are forced to compete for road space with all other road users and hence frequently fail to deliver an acceptable public transport service.

Numerous cities throughout the world are now planning rail-based metro systems to provide public transport. Because of the extremely high capital costs, however, metros will rarely be appropriate, particularly in developing countries. Modern bus systems, including busways, could provide a viable mass transit option.

This Paper presents the main findings of a TRRL (now TRL) research project on the performance of busways in developing cities. From a case study of eight such systems, capacity figures are presented which show that passenger flows of over 20000 per hour per direction are possible and that even higher flows might be achievable given the right combination of design and operational features

A busway transit network with a dedicated track, trffic signal priority and similar stop-spacing to that of a metro is potentially able to provide a suitable alternative to a rail-based system, at a fraction of the cost. With high-quality buses and a good corporate image, such a system could be attractive to city authorities in many UK and European cities

Bus stop spacing and design are found to be the critical component of a high capacity busway transit system, although the provision of overtaking bays, together with efficient ticketing arrangements, can greatly improve throughput.

The advantages of busways for a developing country include their relatively low costs, with minimal foreign-exchange requirement, and much greater flexibility and adaptability when compared to a fixed-route system.
Resurfacing runways on military airfields
Authors: Parish J. C. , Emery J.
Published: July 2007

Would the Author expand on his comments in § 29 concerning the standardization, by the PSA, of 3 mm x 3 mm x 25 mm grooving as being a compromise between imparting good macrotexture without unduly shortening the life of the surface. Would he consider there to be a risk of a shorter pavement life for BAA's pavements? They suggest using a 4 mm x 5 mm x 25 mm grooving pattern to satisfy the CAA and ICAO requirement of a total texture depth of not less than 0.1 mm (see reference 1,§ 56). Has there been any research to determine the effect of depth of grooves on pavement life?
Electrification of British Railways' East Coast Main Line: The project and its management
Authors: Heath D. L.
Published: July 2007

British Railways (BR) is structured into eight commercial businesses of which six have to trade profitably without any government subvention. The most profitable passenger one is InterCity which is managed through sub-sector or route profit centres. Two of these dominate the trading results: the West Coast which was electrified between 1956 and 1967 (London to the West Midlands and the North West) and extended to Glasgow during 1970 to 1974; and the East Coast which is the subject of this paper. The InterCity network is shown in Fig. 1; the West and East Coast routes are indicated. InterCity was the sponsor of the electrification project.
London City Airport
Authors: Sainsbury R. N. , Butler D. J. R.
Published: July 2007

A brief history and chronology of London City Airport open this Paper, which covers work done over more than ten years. The layout of the airport, as in use 1987-91 is described, followed by a detailed exposition of how this initial layout was derived and gained planning permission and other necessary approvals. The design and construction of the airport in 1986-87 is next explained, with sections covering the runway, the drainage, the unusual apron structure, the passenger terminal and the navaids and ground lighting. The Paper then turns to the developed airport with its extended runway, addressing first the characteristics of the aircraft that would operate from it. In the urban location obstacle clearance on both take off and landing was a key issue and this is considered in some detail. The resulting layout of the developed airport is described along with the acoustic considerations in its operation. Some information on the costs of construction, and means of access to and from the airport, concludes the Paper.
M40 Oxford to Birmingham Design of bridges
Authors: Smith J. F. , Smyth W. J. R. , Wilson C. B.
Published: July 2007

The recently completed 94 km extension of the M40 motorway from Oxford to Birmingham passes through some of the finest countryside in England and great emphasis was given to aesthetic and environmental aspects in the design. This Paper deals with the design of the many bridges. A section of the route overlies seams of the North Oxfordshire coalfields. Structures at risk were designed to accommodate the maximum predicted ground movements and the Paper outlines the different solutions adopted by the two consultants.
Effects of mining on railway infrastructure and developments in their control
Authors: Grainger M. A.
Published: July 2007

Until recent years the possibility of running high speed passenger traffic through an area of mining subsidence was considered unrealistic. However, accurate predictions of surface movement, in conjunction with the use of rail force transducers to monitor the changes in the stress free condition of the continuous-welded rail, have enabled line speed to be maintained in situations where, previously, severe speed restrictions would have been imposed. These developments, together with computer designed preventive and remedial works schemes, ontrack machinery control and precautionary measures incorporated into structures, have allowed mining subsidence to be safely accommodated on the British Railways Board's railway network.

Some of the developments referred to could have wider applications, outside the railway undertaking, in the protection and maintenance of large buildings, motorway bridges, gas, electricity and water pipelines, etc.

There are 75 locations on the railway that are currently being affected by mining subsidence associated with underground operations, involving 32 miles of railway track and 215 structures. In addition, there are more than 200 surface excavations working in close proximity to the Board's network.
Design and construction of the elevated section of the Westgate Freeway, South Melbourne, Australia
Authors: McDonald P. , Jellie D. R. , Shepherd B. , Smith A. , Bourne S. D. , Donald P. , Corcoran K. F. A. , Mustow S. N. , Brady P. , Ruganda R. E.
Published: July 2007

Part I of Paper 9637 is, in itself, a textbook approach to how a site investigation should be carried out. To carry out an investigative bore at each of the 420 pile positions is something I have never encountered before, and with this high degree of subsoil information was it possible to lower conventional safety factors? I should also be interested to know whether any cost analysis was carried out to determine the cost-effectiveness of the exercise, and the relationship between the site survey cost and total cost. How does this compare with similar projects in Australia?
Birmingham Eurohub Terminal: design of civil, architectural and structural works
Authors: Hillier G. D. , Groom C. W.
Published: July 2007

This Paper reviews the civil, architectural and structural design of the new Eurohub Terminal at Birmingham International Airport which opened in July 1991; it is hoped that project planning and construction aspects will be covered in subsequent papers. The planning of the initial building layout is discussed in some detail due to the special needs of an Airport Terminal which caters for both international and domestic hub operations in one building. The special features of a design/construct contract from the design consultants' viewpoint are also highlighted.
M40 Oxford-to-Birmingham motorway: construction of River Avon bridges
Authors: Boyle W. H.
Published: July 2007

This Paper describes the construction of the River Avon bridges and, in particular, the temporary works adopted to span the River Avon at the two crossing points.
Seminar on permanent way developments
Authors: Frederick C.
Published: July 2007

The past decade has seen many new developments in permanent way technology come into routine use. The following Technical Notes, 612-617, are the result of a seminar organized to bring together the key people responsible for some of the most important developments and to provide an opportunity for practising civil engineers to obtain information and discuss the issues.
The development of a European standard for flat-bottom railway rails
Authors: Cannon D. F.
Published: July 2007

Part 1 of the European Rails Standard, concerning flat-bottom symmetrical railway rails, is being developed by Working Group 4 of the CEN Railway Applications Techntcal Committee TC 256. Its probable requirements for quality assurance and inspection, steel manufacture and grades, qualifying tests, and the new or modified acceptance tests, are outlined. Attempts are being made to introduce many performance-related aspects.
Low-cost conversion of bolt track to continuously welded rail
Authors: Cannon D. F.
Published: July 2007

This Technical Note outlines some of the work undertaken by British Rail Research (BRR) on the viability of joining together existing bolted rail to create continuously welded rail.
Roads and Streetworks Act 1991
Authors: Madelin K. B. , Guinn C. R. , McNicholas C. , Burtwell M. H.
Published: July 2007

The Introducers represented each of the main parties involved in the introduction of the new Roads and Streetworks Act 1991. They outlined the background to the Act, which was given Royal Assent on 27 June 1991, and the steps taken to enable its national implementation during the spring and summer of 1992.
Hydrocortisone Affects the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐7, and ‐11) and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases (TIMP‐1) in Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Cury Patricia R. , Araújo Vera C. , Canavez Flavio , Furuse Cristiane , Araújo Ney S.
Published: July 2007

Background: There is a positive correlation between the course of periodontal disease and psychosocial stress status. Stress leads to activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, resulting in increased cortisol release. The present study evaluates the effect of two different hydrocortisone concentrations on mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in cultured, human gingival fibroblasts.

Methods: Gingival fibroblasts were stimulated with 10−7 or 10−9 M hydrocortisone for 24 hours; untreated cells served as controls. Alterations in the expression of MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐7, ‐11 and TIMP‐1 and ‐2 were evaluated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. β‐actin mRNA expression was used as a reference to normalize gene expression.

Results: Although the higher hydrocortisone concentration upregulated MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐7, ‐11, and TIMP‐1 (P <0.0‐) expression, the lower concentration induced downregulation or diminished upregulation. The lower hydrocortisone concentration induced a 23‐fold increase in MMP‐3 gene expression, whereas the higher concentration induced less upregulation; however, protein expression was regulated similarly by both hydrocortisone concentrations. The effect of hydrocortisone on TIMP‐2 expression was not significant (P >0.0‐).

Conclusions: Hydrocortisone produced a dose‐dependent regulation of MMP and TIMP expression. The higher hydrocortisone concentration significantly upregulated expression of MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐7, and ‐11 and TIMP‐1 in human gingival fibroblasts, which may constitute a mechanism underlying the increased periodontal breakdown associated with psychosocial stress status.
The Long‐Term Effect of a Mouthrinse Containing Essential Oils on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stoeken Judith E. , Paraskevas Spiros , van der Weijden Godefridus A.
Published: July 2007

Background: The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the effects of a mouthrinse containing essential oils (EO) on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation.

Methods: The MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to and including December 2006 to identify appropriate studies. The primary outcome measure was gingivitis. Secondary parameters were plaque and, when reported, staining.

Results: Independent screening of titles and abstracts of 566 papers resulted in 11 publications that met the criteria of eligibility. In all studies, EO was used as an adjunct to regular daily toothbrushing. A statistically significant reduction in overall gingivitis was noted compared to the control (weighted mean difference [WMD]: −0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.46 to −0.19, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 96.7%). For interproximal sites the use of the test mouthrinse resulted in significantly more gingivitis reduction compared to control mouthrinse (WMD: −0.29, 95% CI: −0.48 to −0.11, P = 0.002; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 95.18%), whereas no differences were observed compared to dental floss. With respect to plaque scores, EO produced significant overall reductions in plaque (WMD: −0.83, 95% CI: −1.13 to −0.53, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 96.1%). Separate analysis for interproximal areas revealed that EO resulted in more pronounced plaque drops compared to the control mouthrinse (WMD: −1.02, 95% CI: −1.44 to −0.60, P <0.00001; test for heterogeneity: P <0.00001, I2 = 96.1%) or the use of floss (WMD: −0.75, 95% CI: −1.15 to −0.363, P <0.0002; test for heterogeneity: P <0.0002, I2 = 93.0%). Most studies agreed that EO did not produce more staining than the control products.

Conclusion: When used as an adjunct to unsupervised oral hygiene, EO provides an additional benefit with regard to plaque and gingivitis reduction as compared to a placebo or control.
Effect of 17β‐Estradiol and Alendronate on the Removal Torque of Osseointegrated Titanium Implants in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Giro Gabriela , Sakakura Celso Eduardo , Gonçalves Daniela , Pereira Rosa M.R. , Marcantonio Elcio , Orrico Silvana R.P.
Published: July 2007

Background: This study investigated the influence of estrogen deficiency and its treatment with estrogen and alendronate on the removal torque of osseointegrated titanium implants.

Methods: Fifty‐eight female Wistar rats received a titanium implant in the tibia metaphysis. After 60 days, which was needed for implant osseointegration, the animals were randomly divided into five groups: control (CTLE; N = 10), sham surgery (SHAM; N = 12), ovariectomy (OVX; N = 12), ovariectomy followed by hormone replacement (EST; N = 12), and ovariectomy followed by treatment with alendronate (ALE; N = 12). The CTLE group was sacrificed to confirm osseointegration, whereas the remaining groups were submitted to sham surgery or ovariectomy according to their designations. After 90 days, these animals were also sacrificed. Densitometry of femur and lumbar vertebrae was performed by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to confirm systemic impairment of the animals. All implants were subjected to removal torque.

Results: Densitometric analysis of the femur and lumbar vertebrae confirmed a systemic impairment of the animals, disclosing lower values of bone mineral density for OVX. Analysis of the removal torque of the implants showed statistically lower values (P <0.05) for the OVX group in relation to the other groups. However, the group treated with alendronate (ALE group) presented significantly higher torque values compared to the others.

Conclusion: According to this study, estrogen deficiency was observed to have a negative influence on the removal torque of osseointegrated implants, whereas treatment with alendronate increased the torque needed to remove the implants.