bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocean Acidification in the Coastal Zone from an Organism's Perspective: Multiple System Parameters, Frequency Domains, and Habitats
Authors: Waldbusser George G. , Salisbury Joseph E.
Published: August 2013

Multiple natural and anthropogenic processes alter the carbonate chemistry of the coastal zone in ways that either exacerbate or mitigate ocean acidification effects. Freshwater inputs and multiple acid-base reactions change carbonate chemistry conditions, sometimes synergistically. The shallow nature of these systems results in strong benthic-pelagic coupling, and marine invertebrates at different life history stages rely on both benthic and pelagic habitats. Carbonate chemistry in coastal systems can be highly variable, responding to processes with temporal modes ranging from seconds to centuries. Identifying scales of variability relevant to levels of biological organization requires a fuller characterization of both the frequency and magnitude domains of processes contributing to or reducing acidification in pelagic and benthic habitats. We review the processes that contribute to coastal acidification with attention to timescales of variability and habitats relevant to marine bivalves.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Semenza Gregg L.
Published: August 2013

Cardiac function is required for blood circulation and systemic oxygen delivery. However, the heart has intrinsic oxygen demands that must be met to maintain effective contractility. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis in all metazoan species. HIF-1 controls oxygen delivery, by regulating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling, and oxygen utilization, by regulating glucose metabolism and redox homeostasis. Analysis of animal models suggests that by activation of these homeostatic mechanisms, HIF-1 plays a critical protective role in the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and pressure-overload heart failure.
Evidence for paracrine/autocrine regulation of GLP-1-producing cells
Authors: Kappe Camilla , Zhang Qimin , Holst Jens J. , Nyström Thomas , Sjöholm Åke
Published: August 2013

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), secreted from gut L cells upon nutrient intake, forms the basis for novel drugs against type 2 diabetes (T2D). Secretion of GLP-1 has been suggested to be impaired in T2D and in conditions associated with hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance. Further, recent studies support lipotoxicity of GLP-1-producing cells in vitro. However, little is known about the regulation of L-cell viability/function, the effects of insulin signaling, or the potential effects of stable GLP-1 analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. We determined effects of insulin as well as possible autocrine action of GLP-1 on viability/apoptosis of GLP-1-secreting cells in the presence/absence of palmitate, while also assessing direct effects on function. The studies were performed using the GLP-1-secreting cell line GLUTag, and palmitate was used to simulate hyperlipidemia. Our results show that palmitate induced production of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 activity and reduced cell viability are significantly attenuated by preincubation with insulin/exendin-4. The indicated lipoprotective effect of insulin/exendin-4 was not detectable in the presence of the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist exendin (9–39) and attenuated in response to pharmacological inhibition of exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) signaling, while protein kinase A inhibition had no significant effect. Insulin/exendin-4 also significantly stimulate acute and long-term GLP-1 secretion in the presence of glucose, suggesting novel beneficial effects of insulin signaling and GLP-1R activation on glycemia through enhanced mass of GLP-1-producing cells and enhanced GLP-1 secretion. In addition, the effects of insulin indicate that not only is GLP-1 important for insulin secretion but altered insulin signaling may contribute to an altered GLP-1 secretion.
Altered subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue lipid synthesis in obese, insulin-resistant humans
Authors: Tuvdendorj Demidmaa , Chandalia Manisha , Batbayar Tumurbaatar , Saraf Manish , Beysen Carine , Murphy Elizabeth J. , Abate Nicola
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variability of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (AT) dynamics in obese subjects with a wide range of insulin sensitivity (IS) and the correlation between these two metabolic measures. Ten obese (BMI 30–40 kg/m2) nondiabetic subjects with ( n = 6) and without ( n = 4) the metabolic syndrome were studied following a 12-wk 2H2O labeling period. Subcutaneous abdominal AT biopsies were collected. Deuterium incorporation into triglyceride (TG)-glycerol and TG-palmitate were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the calculation of fractional TG synthesis ( fTG) and fractional de novo lipogenesis ( fDNL). Muscle IS and insulin-mediated nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) suppression (a measure for adipose IS) indexes were derived from the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The ability of subcutaneous abdominal AT to synthesize lipids varied significantly in obese subjects ( fTG range 7–28%, fDNL range 1.1–4.6%) with significantly lower values (>35% reduction) for both parameters in obese with the metabolic syndrome. fTG correlated positively with muscle IS ( r = 0.64, P = 0.04) and inversely with NEFA suppression during the OGTT ( r = −0.69, P = 0.03). These results demonstrate a large variability in subcutaneous abdominal AT lipid turnover in obesity. Moreover, a reduced capacity for subcutaneous abdominal AT fat storage is associated with muscle and adipose tissue insulin resistance as well as with the metabolic syndrome, thus identifying a form of obesity at heightened risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Mitochondrial and performance adaptations to exercise training in mice lacking skeletal muscle LKB1
Authors: Tanner Colby B. , Madsen Steven R. , Hallowell David M. , Goring Darren M. J. , Moore Timothy M. , Hardman Shalene E. , Heninger Megan R. , Atwood Daniel R. , Thomson David M.
Published: August 2013

LKB1 and its downstream targets of the AMP-activated protein kinase family are important regulators of many aspects of skeletal muscle cell function, including control of mitochondrial content and capillarity. LKB1 deficiency in skeletal and cardiac muscle (mLKB1-KO) greatly impairs exercise capacity. However, cardiac dysfunction in that genetic model prevents a clear assessment of the role of skeletal muscle LKB1 in the observed effects. Our purposes here were to determine whether skeletal muscle-specific knockout of LKB1 (skmLKB1-KO) decreases exercise capacity and mitochondrial protein content, impairs accretion of mitochondrial proteins after exercise training, and attenuates improvement in running performance after exercise training. We found that treadmill and voluntary wheel running capacity was reduced in skmLKB1-KO vs. control (CON) mice. Citrate synthase activity, succinate dehydrogenase activity, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase content were lower in KO vs. CON muscles. Three weeks of treadmill training resulted in significantly increased treadmill running performance in both CON and skmLKB1-KO mice. Citrate synthase activity increased significantly with training in both genotypes, but protein content and activity for components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain increased only in CON mice. Capillarity and VEGF protein was lower in skmLKB1-KO vs. CON muscles, but VEGF increased with training only in skmLKB1-KO. Three hours after an acute bout of muscle contractions, PGC-1α, cytochrome c, and VEGF gene expression all increased in CON but not skmLKB1-KO muscles. Our findings indicate that skeletal muscle LKB1 is required for accretion of some mitochondrial proteins but not for early exercise capacity improvements with exercise training.
Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus integrate activity and temperature circadian rhythms and anticipatory responses to food restriction
Authors: Wiater Michael F. , Li Ai-Jun , Dinh Thu T. , Jansen Heiko T. , Ritter Sue
Published: August 2013

Previously, we investigated the role of neuropeptide Y and leptin-sensitive networks in the mediobasal hypothalamus in sleep and feeding and found profound homeostatic and circadian deficits with an intact suprachiasmatic nucleus. We propose that the arcuate nuclei (Arc) are required for the integration of homeostatic circadian systems, including temperature and activity. We tested this hypothesis using saporin toxin conjugated to leptin (Lep-SAP) injected into Arc in rats. Lep-SAP rats became obese and hyperphagic and progressed through a dynamic phase to a static phase of growth. Circadian rhythms were examined over 49 days during the static phase. Rats were maintained on a 12:12-h light-dark (LD) schedule for 13 days and, thereafter, maintained in continuous dark (DD). After the first 13 days of DD, food was restricted to 4 h/day for 10 days. We found that the activity of Lep-SAP rats was arrhythmic in DD, but that food anticipatory activity was, nevertheless, entrainable to the restricted feeding schedule, and the entrained rhythm persisted during the subsequent 3-day fast in DD. Thus, for activity, the circuitry for the light-entrainable oscillator, but not for the food-entrainable oscillator, was disabled by the Arc lesion. In contrast, temperature remained rhythmic in DD in the Lep-SAP rats and did not entrain to restricted feeding. We conclude that the leptin-sensitive network that includes the Arc is required for entrainment of activity by photic cues and entrainment of temperature by food, but is not required for entrainment of activity by food or temperature by photic cues.
Hemoglobin isoform differentiation and allosteric regulation of oxygen binding in the turtle,Trachemys scripta
Authors: Damsgaard Christian , Storz Jay F. , Hoffmann Federico G. , Fago Angela
Published: August 2013

When freshwater turtles acclimatize to winter hibernation, there is a gradual transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism, which may require adjustments of blood O2transport before turtles become anoxic. Here, we report the effects of protons, anionic cofactors, and temperature on the O2-binding properties of isolated hemoglobin (Hb) isoforms, HbA and HbD, in the turtle Trachemys scripta. We determined the primary structures of the constituent subunits of the two Hb isoforms, and we related the measured functional properties to differences in O2affinity between untreated hemolysates from turtles that were acclimated to normoxia and anoxia. Our data show that HbD has a consistently higher O2affinity compared with HbA, whereas Bohr and temperature effects, as well as thiol reactivity, are similar. Although sequence data show amino acid substitutions at two known β-chain ATP-binding site positions, we find high ATP affinities for both Hb isoforms, suggesting an alternative and stronger binding site for ATP. The high ATP affinities indicate that, although ATP levels decrease in red blood cells of turtles acclimating to anoxia, the O2affinity would remain largely unchanged, as confirmed by O2-binding measurements of untreated hemolysates from normoxic and anoxic turtles. Thus, the increase in blood-O2affinity that accompanies winter acclimation is mainly attributable to a decrease in temperature rather than in concentrations of organic phosphates. This is the first extensive study on freshwater turtle Hb isoforms, providing molecular evidence for adaptive changes in O2transport associated with acclimation to severe hypoxia.
Nonlinear temporal receptive fields of neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sharba , Young Eric D.
Published: August 2013

Studies of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) have focused on spectral processing because of the complex spectral receptive fields of the DCN. However, temporal fluctuations in natural signals convey important information, including information about moving sound sources or movements of the external ear in animals like cats. Here, we investigate the temporal filtering properties of DCN principal neurons through the use of temporal weighting functions that allow flexible analysis of nonlinearities and time variation in temporal response properties. First-order temporal receptive fields derived from the neurons are sufficient to characterize their response properties to low-contrast (3-dB standard deviation) stimuli. Larger contrasts require the second-order terms. Allowing temporal variation of the parameters of the first-order model or adding a component representing refractoriness improves predictions by the model by relatively small amounts. The importance of second-order components of the model is shown through simulations of nonlinear envelope synchronization behavior across sound level. The temporal model can be combined with a spectral model to predict tuning to the speed and direction of moving sounds.
Practice improves motor control in older adults by increasing the motor unit modulation from 13 to 30 Hz
Authors: Onushko Tanya , Baweja Harsimran S. , Christou Evangelos A.
Published: August 2013

Practice of a motor task decreases motor output variability in older adults and is associated with adaptations of discharge activity of single motor units. In this study we were interested in the practice-induced modulation of multiple motor units within 13–30 Hz because theoretically it enhances the timing of active motoneurons. Our purpose, therefore, was to determine the neural adaptation of multiple motor units and related improvements in movement control following practice. Nine healthy older adults (65–85 yr) performed 40 practice trials of a sinusoidal task (0.12 Hz) with their index finger (10° range of motion). Multi-motor unit activity was recorded intramuscularly from the first dorsal interosseus muscle. The mean spike rate (MSR), spike rate variability (CVISI), and frequency modulation (5–60 Hz) of the spike rate were calculated from the multi-motor unit activity and were correlated with movement accuracy and variability of index finger position. A decrease in movement trajectory variability was associated with an increase in MSR ( R2= 0.58), a decrease in CVISI( R2= 0.58), and an increase in total power within a 13- to 30-Hz band ( R2= 0.48). The increase in total power within a 13- to 30-Hz band was associated significantly ( P < 0.005) with an increase in MSR ( R2= 0.75) and the decrease in CVISI( R2= 0.70). We demonstrate that practice-induced improvements in movement control are associated with changes in activity of multiple motor units. These findings suggest that practice-induced improvements in movement steadiness of older adults are associated with changes in the modulation of the motoneuron pool from 13 to 30 Hz.
Liquid Anion Exchange Chromatographic Extraction and Separation of Platinum(IV) with n‐Octylaniline as a Metallurgical Reagent: Analysis of Real Samples
Authors: Gaikwad Ashwini P. , Kamble Ganesh S. , Kolekar Sanjay S. , Anuse Mansing A.
Published: August 2013

A simple and selective method was developed for the determination of platinum(IV) with n‐octylaniline in toluene. In present study, the use of n‐octylaniline in toluene for the extraction of platinum(IV) from ascorbate media was carried out. The effect of various parameters, such as pH, equilibrium time, extractant concentration, and organic solvent on the extraction has been discussed. The back extraction of platinum(IV) has been performed. On the basis of slope analysis, the composition of the extracted species was determined as [RR′NH2+ Pt(Succinate)2−](org). The interfering effects of various cations and anions were also studied, and the selectivity of the method is enhanced by using suitable masking agents. The proposed method is rapid, reproducible and successfully applied for the determination of platinum(IV) in binary and synthetic mixtures. The separation of pt(IV) from other associated metals has been studied. Comparison of the results with those obtained using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer also tested the validity of the method.
A Comparative Histopathology, Serology and Molecular Study, on Experimental Ocular Toxocariasis byToxocara catiin Mongolian Gerbils and Wistar Rats
Authors: Zibaei Mohammad , Sadjjadi Seyed Mahmoud , Karamian Mehdi , Uga Shoji , Oryan Ahmad , Jahadi-Hosseini Seyed Hamidreza
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three in-house diagnostic tests, that is, histopathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for the diagnosis after experimental infection withToxocara cati. Twenty Mongolian gerbils and Wistar rats were divided into ten groups (n=2/group).Toxocara catiinfections were established in Mongolian gerbils and Wistar rats by administering doses of 240 and 2500 embryonatedToxocara catieggs by gavage, respectively. Tissue sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and observed under the light microscope. Sera and vitreous fluid collected from separate infected groups were tested againstToxocara catiantigens, for 92 days postinfection. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks, and aqueous fluids belong to the animals. The histopathology test gave negative results among the groups of animals examined between 5 and 92 days postinfection. The ELISA results showed that anti-Toxocaraantibodies have risen between 7 and 61 days postinfection in sera and vitreous fluid in the animals infected, respectively. Analysis of PCR products revealed positive band (660 bp) in the orbital tissue infected Mongolian gerbils at 5 days postinfection. Of the three evaluated methods, the PCR could be recommended for scientific and laboratory diagnoses of toxocariasis in experimentally infected animals.
Dielectric and Ferroelectric Properties of Lead-Free[1-z{(Bi1-xLax)0.5(Na1-yLiy)0.5TiO3}-zBaTiO3]Ceramic System
Authors: Pal Vijayeta , Dwivedi R. K. , Thakur O. P.
Published: August 2013

Lead-free specimens of [1-z{(Bi1-xLax)0.5(Na1-yLiy)0.5TiO3}-zBaTiO3] (BLNLT-BT, wherex=0.04,y=0.025, andz=0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) ceramic system were synthesized by a semiwet technique. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of Ba on the structure, morphology, and dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties of BLNLT system. The XRD patterns of all the specimens showed rhombohedral structure at room temperature. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images (FE-SEM) showed grain growth inhibition with Ba content in BLNLT system. The temperature dependence of dielectric constant revealed that the temperature of maximum dielectric constant “Tm” and depolarization temperature “Td” decreased for the samplez=0.06and showed high value of dielectric constant with low dielectric loss. These samples exhibited nonlinear behaviour of hysteresis loop. The values of dielectric constant (εr), dissipation factor (tan δ), piezo charge coefficient (d33), remnant polarization (Pr), and coercive field (Ec) for the compositionz=0.06were 1495, 0.06, 20 pC/N, 5 μC/cm2, and 10.5 kV/cm, respectively.
Chelating Ligand‐Mediated Hydrothermal Synthesis of Samarium Orthovanadate with Decavanadate as Vanadium Source
Authors: Li Quanguo , Zuo Wenli , Li Feng
Published: August 2013

A new ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid‐ (EDTA‐) mediated hydrothermal route to prepare chrysanthemum‐shaped samarium orthovanadate (SmVO4) nanocrystals with decavanadate (K6V10O28·9H2O) as vanadium source has been developed. The present hydrothermal approach is simple and reproducible and employs a relatively mild reaction temperature. The EDTA, pH value, and temperature of the reaction systems play important roles in determining the morphologies and growth process of the SmVO4 products. The products have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), photoluminescence spectra (PL), and UV‐Vis spectroscopy.
Rescheduling Problems with Agreeable Job Parameters to Minimize the Tardiness Costs under Deterioration and Disruption
Authors: Xingong Zhang , Yong Wang
Published: August 2013

This paper considers single-machine rescheduling problems with agreeable job parameters under deterioration and disruption. Deteriorating jobs mean that the processing time of a job is defined by an increasing function of its starting time. Rescheduling means that, after a set of original jobs has already been scheduled, a new set of jobs arrives and creates a disruption. We consider four cases of minimization of the total tardiness costs with agreeable job parameters under a limit of the disruptions from the original job sequence. We propose polynomial-time algorithms or some dynamic programming algorithms under sequence disruption and time disruption.
New Hybrid Steepest Descent Algorithms for Equilibrium Problem and Infinitely Many Strict Pseudo-Contractions in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Duan Peichao
Published: August 2013

We propose an explicit iterative scheme for finding a common element of the set of fixed points of infinitely many strict pseudo-contractive mappings and the set of solutions of an equilibrium problem by the general iterative method, which solves the variational inequality. In the setting of real Hilbert spaces, strong convergence theorems are proved. The results presented in this paper improve and extend the corresponding results reported by some authors recently. Furthermore, two numerical examples are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our iterative scheme.
Bevacizumab versus Ranibizumab on As-Needed Treatment Regimen for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Turkish Patients
Authors: Ozkaya Abdullah , Alkin Zeynep , Karakucuk Yalcin , Yasa Dilek , Yazici Ahmet Taylan , Demirok Ahmet
Published: August 2013

Purpose. To compare the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab versus ranibizumab in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).
Methods. Retrospective, comparative study. The newly diagnosed nAMD patients who were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab on an as-needed treatment regimen were included in the study. Main outcome measures were the change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and central retinal thickness (CRT). Secondary outcome measures were the number of injections, and complications.
Results. A total of 154 patients were included in the study. Bevacizumab group consisted of 79 patients, and ranibizumab group consisted of 74 patients. Mean follow-up time was 18.9 months, and 18.3 months in the bevacizumab and ranibizumab groups, respectively. There was not a significant difference between the two groups regarding the change in BCVA and CRT at all time points (P>0.05 for all). The mean number of injections at month 12 was 4.8 and 4.7 in bevacizumab and ranibizumab groups, respectively (P>0.05). No serious complications were detected in any of the groups.
Conclusion. Both of the bevacizumab and ranibizumab found to be effective in the treatment of nAMD in regards of functional and anatomical outcomes with similar number of treatments and similar side effects.
Difference of Morphology and Immunophenotype between Central and Peripheral Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Lung
Authors: Hayashi Tomayoshi , Sano Hisao , Egashira Ryoko , Tabata Kazuhiro , Tanaka Tomonori , Nakayama Toshiyuki , Kashima Yukio , Hori Takashi , Nunomura Sayuri , Fukuoka Junya
Published: August 2013

Background. Recent agents, that is, pemetrexed and bevacizumab, have shown reproductive negative association between squamous histology. According to these agents' effectiveness, ruling out of the squamous histology is a significant issue for surgical pathologists. Several articles have proposed the distinction of peripheral type from central type of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) due to its similarity to adenocarcinoma, although little evidence to support the difference between these two types was published. In this study, we compared the clinicopathologic findings of central and peripheral pulmonary SqCCs.Material and Methods. 15 central and 35 peripheral types of SqCC from 2005 to 2010 were examined. Twelve morphological features were scored based on their intensity in the original H&E slides, and then, tissue microarray holding triplicated cores from 43 cases was immunohistochemically examined for cytokeratin (CK)7, CK14, TTF-1, Napsin A, p63, CK34βE12, CK5/6, and p53.Result. Most of the histological findings did not separate central and peripheral SqCCs; only the presence of emphysema, interstitial fibrosis, and entrapped pneumocytes inside the tumor showed statistic predominance in peripheral SqCC. This is the first immunophenotypic research in the central and peripheral types of SqCC.
Radar Tracking System Using Contextual Information on a Neural Network Architecture in Air Combat Maneuvering
Authors: Pineda Antonio Navidad , Aragonés Luis Usero , del Castillo Díez José Raúl Fernández , Guisado Miguel Ángel Patricio
Published: August 2013

Air surveillance radar tracking systems present a variety of known problems related to uncertainty and lack of accurately in radar measurements used as source in these systems. In this work, we feature the theoretical aspects of a tracking algorithm based on neural network paradigm where, from discrete measurements provided by surveillance radar, the objective will be to estimate the target state for tracking purposes as accuracy as possible. The absence of an optimal statistical solution makes the featured neural network attractive despite the availability of complex and well-known filtering algorithms. Neural networks exhibit universal mapping capabilities that allow them to be used as a control tool for capturing hidden information about models learned from a dataset. We use these capabilities to let the network learn, not only from the received radar measurement information, but also from the aircraft maneuvering context, contextual information, where tracking application is working, taking into account this new contextual information which could be obtained from predefined, commonly used, and well-known aircraft trajectories. In this case study, the proposed solution is applied to a typical air combat maneuvering, a dogfight, a form of aerial combat between fighter aircraft. Advantages of integrating contextual information in a neural network tracking approach are demonstrated.
Existence and Uniqueness of the Positive Definite Solution for the Matrix EquationX=Q+A∗(X^−C)−1A
Authors: Gao Dongjie
Published: August 2013

We consider the nonlinear matrix equationX=Q+A∗(X^−C)−1A, whereQis positive definite,Cis positive semidefinite, andX^is the block diagonal matrix defined byX^=diag(X,X,…,X). We prove that the equation has a unique positive definite solution via variable replacement and fixed point theorem. The basic fixed point iteration for the equation is given.
Optical-Theorem-Based Coherent Scatterer Detection in Complex Environments
Authors: Marengo Edwin A. , Gruber Fred K.
Published: August 2013

A new approach is proposed to detect scatterers embedded in reciprocal media from scattering data. The new method is rooted on physical considerations, in particular, on the optical theorem applicable to wavefields (e.g., acoustic, electromagnetic, and optical). The approach exploits insight gained from the optical theorem which assigns physical energy interpretations to the wave data from time reversal mirrors and cavities from which one can deduce the presence of unknown scatterers in unknown background media. The proposed approach is ideally suited for target detection in complex, highly reverberating unknown environments such as indoor facilities, caves, tunnels, and urban canyon.
Are Both Ultrasonography and Mammography Necessary for Cancer Investigation of Breast Lumps in Resource-Limited Countries?
Authors: Chairat Rungnapa , Puttisri Adisorn , Pamarapa Asani , Samintharapanya Sahatham , Tawichasri Chamaiporn , Patumanond Jayanton
Published: August 2013

Objective. To reevaluate the diagnostic value of breast imaging in the diagnosis of breast cancer in areas where health resources
are limited. Methods. Patients were women presenting with breast lumps in two university-affiliated tertiary hospitals, Thailand,
during 2006 and 2010. Clinical data were abstracted from the breast cancer registration database and patient records. The diagnostic
predictive ability of ultrasonography and mammography was obtained from logistic regression analysis and presented with
areas under the receiver operating characteristics (AuROCs) curves. Results. Among 3129 breast lumps (3069 women), 854 were
diagnosed with breast cancer by certified pathologists. Age and size of lumps alone already predicted
cancer correctly in 77.45% (AuROC = 77.45). Additional ultrasonography increased the prediction to 96.22% (P<0.001). Additional mammography also increased the prediction to 95.99% (P<0.001). Performing both
imaging modalities did not increase the prediction clinically (0.01%–0.24%). More accurate prediction (2.07%–2.21%) may be
added by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Conclusions. Breast imaging is still valuable in settings where health resources
are limited. Single breast imaging (only either ultrasonography or mammography) is adequate for cancer diagnosis. It is therefore
unnecessary to perform both imaging modalities. Accuracy of the diagnosis may be improved by FNAC, if available.
Time Course of Improvement of Metabolic Parameters after a 12 Week Physical Exercise Programme in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: The Influence of Gender in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Adeniyi A. F. , Uloko A. E. , Ogwumike O. O. , Sanya A. O. , Fasanmade A. A.
Published: August 2013

Gender is a major determinant of the outcomes of many health interventions. This study documents the order of significant improvements in metabolic parameters of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) having metabolic syndrome within 12 weeks of physical exercise programmes. Twenty-nine patients, mean age 49.6 ± 3.7 years, presenting with high fasting plasma glucose, high triglycerides, hypertension, and high waist circumference undertook a thrice weekly aerobic and endurance exercise programme in addition to their drugs and diet. Variables were assessed at baseline and end of every two weeks for twelve weeks. Compared with baseline, significant improvement (P<0.05) in the metabolic parameters occurred in this order for the male participants: fasting glucose (2nd week), triglycerides and waist circumference (4th week), and systolic blood pressure (12th week). For the female participants, it was fasting glucose (4th week), triglycerides (6th week), and waist circumference (10th week). Regardless of the gender, fasting glucose was the first to improve significantly, followed by triglycerides. Hypertension did not improve significantly at all in the female participants as they may require more than twelve weeks of therapeutic exercise for any significant improvement in hypertension.
Protective Effect of Fermented Soybean Dried Extracts against TPA-Induced Oxidative Stress in Hairless Mice Skin
Authors: Georgetti Sandra R. , Casagrande Rúbia , Vicentini Fabiana T. M. C. , Baracat Marcela M. , Verri Waldiceu A. , Fonseca Maria J. V.
Published: August 2013

This study evaluated the chemical properties (polyphenol and genistein contents) of soybean extracts obtained by biotransformation and dried by spray dryer at different conditions and theirin vivoability to inhibit 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- (TPA-) induced biochemical alterations in the skin of hairless mice. By comparing the obtained data with that of the well-known active soybean extract Isoflavin beta, we evaluated the influence of the fermentation and drying process in the extracts efficacy. The results demonstrated that inlet gas temperature and adjuvant concentration for the extract drying process have significantly affected the total polyphenol contents and, to a minor degree, the genistein contents. However, the effect of topical stimulus with TPA, an oxidative stress inducer, which caused significant depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase, with increased levels of H2O2and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the skin of hairless mice, was significantly prevented by the soybean extracts treatment. These results indicate that the spray drying processing resulted in a product capable of limiting the oxidative stress with possible therapeutic applicability as an antioxidant in pharmaceutical forms.
Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Cancer Patients: A Four-Arm Randomized Trial on the Effectiveness of Electroacupuncture
Authors: Rostock M. , Jaroslawski K. , Guethlin C. , Ludtke R. , Schröder S. , Bartsch H. H.
Published: August 2013

Purpose. Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common and dose-limiting side effect of cytostatic drugs. Since there are no proven therapeutic procedures against CIPN, we were interested to define the role of electroacupuncture (EA) from which preliminary data showed promising results.Methods. In a randomized trial with a group sequential adaptive design in patients with CIPN, we compared EA (LV3, SP9, GB41, GB34, LI4, LI11, SI3, and HT3;n=14) with hydroelectric baths (HB,n=14), vitamin B1/B6 capsules (300/300 mg daily; VitB,n=15), and placebo capsules (n=17). The statistical power in this trial was primarily calculated for proving EA only, so results of HB and VitB are pilot data.Results. CIPN complaints improved by0.8±1.2(EA),1.7±1.7(HB),1.6±2.0(VitB), and1.3±1.3points (placebo) on a 10-point numeric rating scale without significant difference between treatment groups or placebo. In addition no significant differences in sensory nerve conduction studies or quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) were found.Conclusions. The used EA concept, HB, and VitB were not superior to placebo. Since, contrary to our results, studies with different acupuncture concepts showed a positive effect on CIPN, the effect of acupuncture on CIPN remains unclear. Further randomized, placebo controlled studies seem necessary. This trial is registered withDRKS00004448.
Synthesis by Reversed Phase Transfer Catalysis and Characterization of Naphthol AS‐D Pigment
Authors: Crasmareanu Eleonora Cornelia , Simulescu Vasile , Ilia Gheorghe
Published: August 2013

Reversed phase transfer catalysis (RPTC) was applied to synthesize the Naphthol AS‐D pigment. This method consists in the transfer of the aryldiazonium cation 4‐nitrobenzenediazonium from aqueous medium into the organic phase (nitrobenzene) in the form of a lipophilic ions pair by the catalyst used (perfluorooctyl potassium sulfonates). In the organic phase the azo‐coupling reaction between 4‐nitrobenzenediazonium chloride and 3‐hydroxy‐2‐carboxylic acid 2‐methyl‐anilide (Naphthol AS‐D) takes place as coupling component. Using this unconventional method of synthesis, an increase of the reaction rate, combined with a higher purity of the product, was obtained.
Central Venous-to-ArterialCO2Gap Is a Useful Parameter in Monitoring Hypovolemia-Caused Altered Oxygen Balance: Animal Study
Authors: Kocsi Szilvia , Demeter Gabor , Erces Daniel , Nagy Eniko , Kaszaki Jozsef , Molnar Zsolt
Published: August 2013

Monitoring hypovolemia is an everyday challenge in critical care, with no consensus on the best indicator or what is the clinically relevant level of hypovolemia. The aim of this experiment was to determine how central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (CO2gap) reflect hypovolemia-caused changes in the balance of oxygen delivery and consumption. Anesthetized, ventilated Vietnamese minipigs (n=10) were given a bolus followed by a continuous infusion of furosemide. At baseline and then in five stages hemodynamic, microcirculatory measurements and blood gas analysis were performed. Oxygen extraction increased significantly, which was accompanied by a significant drop in ScvO2and a significant increase in CO2gap. There was a significant negative correlation between oxygen extraction and ScvO2and significant positive correlation between oxygen extraction and CO2gap. TakingScvO2<73% and CO2gap >6 mmHg values together to predict an oxygen extraction >30%, the positive predictive value is 100%; negative predicted value is 72%. Microcirculatory parameters, capillary perfusion rate and red blood cell velocity, decreased significantly over time. Similar changes were not observed in the sham group. Our data suggest thatScvO2<73% and CO2gap >6 mmHg can be complementary tools in detecting hypovolemia-caused imbalance of oxygen extraction.
An XTR-Based Constant Round Key Agreement Scheme
Authors: Zhang Silan , Chen Jianhua , Xia Jingbo , Ai Xiaochuan
Published: August 2013

A new XTR-based key agreement scheme with constant rounds is presented. Three theorems are formulated to reveal the logarithmic computational complexity of this scheme. Furthermore, the computation framework of XTR-based key agreement scheme is introduced, and security of the scheme is proven under the formal model.
Self-Stabilizing TDMA Algorithms for Dynamic Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Leone Pierre , Schiller Elad M.
Published: August 2013

In dynamic wireless ad hoc networks (DynWANs), autonomous computing devices set up a network for the communication needs of the moment. These networks require the implementation of a medium access control (MAC) layer. We consider MAC protocols for DynWANs that need to be autonomous and robust as well as have high bandwidth utilization, high predictability degree of bandwidth allocation, and low communication delay in the presence of frequent topological changes to the communication network. Recent studies have shown that existing implementations cannot guarantee the necessary satisfaction of these timing requirements. We propose a self-stabilizing MAC algorithm for DynWANs that guarantees a short convergence period, and by that, it can facilitate the satisfaction of severe timing requirements, such as the above. Besides the contribution in the algorithmic front of research, we expect that our proposal can enable quicker adoption by practitioners and faster deployment of DynWANs that are subject changes in the network topology.
Histomorphological Studies on the Prostate Gland of Donkey Equus Asinus during Different Seasons
Authors: Abou-Elhamd Alaa S. , Salem Ahmed O. , Selim Aziza A.
Published: August 2013

The objective of this study is to describe the histological and histochemical structures of the prostate gland during different seasons of the year. The experiment was carried out on the prostate gland of 24 sexually mature apparently healthy male donkeys (5 to 7 years) distributed over the four seasons of the year. The prostate gland was enveloped externally by a thick fibromuscular capsule. Fibromuscular septa arose from the deep aspect of the capsule dividing the prostate into variable numbers of lobules of different sizes and shapes. Each prostatic lobe was made up of compound tubuloalveolar glands and duct system. The secretory end pieces were lined with principal secretory cells with occasional few basal ones. The principal cells varied from columnar to cuboidal in shape, depending upon the studied season. The principal cells showed PAS-positive reactivity. Seasonal variations were observed in the height of the principal cell lining the secretory end pieces, in the interstitial tissue/glandular tissue ratio, and in the PAS reactivity in the principal cells. In conclusion, the prostate gland of donkey appeared more active during spring. This reactivity decreased during other seasons of the year. Minimal reactivity was recorded during winter.
Allergen-Specific IgG Antibodies Purified from Mite-Allergic Patients Sera Block the IgE Recognition ofDermatophagoides pteronyssinusAntigens: AnIn VitroStudy
Authors: Siman Isabella Lima , de Aquino Lais Martins , Ynoue Leandro Hideki , Miranda Juliana Silva , Pajuaba Ana Claudia Arantes Marquez , Cunha-Júnior Jair Pereira , Silva Deise Aparecida Oliveira , Taketomi Ernesto Akio
Published: August 2013

One of the purposes of specific immunotherapy (SIT) is to modulate humoral immune response against allergens with significant increases in allergen-specific IgG levels, commonly associated with blocking activity. The present study investigatedin vitroblocking activity of allergen-specific IgG antibodies on IgE reactivity toDermatophagoides pteronyssinus(Dpt) in sera from atopic patients. Dpt-specific IgG antibodies were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by protein-G affinity chromatography. Purity was checked by SDS-PAGE and immunoreactivity by slot-blot and immunoblot assays. The blocking activity was evaluated by inhibition ELISA. The electrophoretic profile of the ammonium sulfate precipitated fraction showed strongly stained bands in ligand fraction after chromatography, compatible with molecular weight of human whole IgG molecule. The purity degree was confirmed by detecting strong immunoreactivity to IgG, negligible to IgA, and no reactivity to IgE and IgM. Dpt-specific IgG fraction was capable of significantly reducing levels of IgE anti-Dpt, resulting in 35%–51% inhibition of IgE reactivity to Dpt in atopic patients sera. This study showed that allergen-specific IgG antibodies purified from mite-allergic patients sera block the IgE recognition ofDermatophagoides pteronyssinusantigens. This approach reinforces that intermittent measurement of serum allergen-specific IgG antibodies will be an important objective laboratorial parameter that will help specialists to follow their patients under SIT.
Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma and Abdominal Computed Tomography Utilization in Adult Trauma Patients: Trends over the Last Decade
Authors: Sheng Alexander Y. , Dalziel Peregrine , Liteplo Andrew S. , Fagenholz Peter , Noble Vicki E.
Published: August 2013

Objective. We sought to describe the trend in abdominal CT use in adult trauma patients after a point-of-care emergency ultrasound program was introduced. We hypothesized that abdominal CT use would decrease as FAST use increased.Methods. We performed a retrospective study of 19940 consecutive trauma patients over the age of 18 admitted to our level one trauma center from 2002 through 2011. Data was collected retrospectively and recorded in a trauma registry. We plotted the rate of FAST and abdominal CT utilization over time. Head CT was used as a surrogate for overall CT utilization rates during the study period.Results. Use of FAST increased by an average of 2.3% (95% CI 2.1 to 2.5,P<0.01) while abdominal CT use decreased by the same rate annually. The percentage of patients who received FAST as the sole imaging modality for the abdomen rose from 2.0% to 21.9% while those who only received an abdominal CT dropped from 21.7% to 2.3%.Conclusions. Abdominal CT use in our cohort declined while FAST utilization grew in the last decade. The rising use of FAST may have played a role in the reduction of abdominal CT performed as decline in CT utilization appears contrary to overall trends.
Hierarchical Structures and Shaped Particles of Bioactive Glass and Its In Vitro Bioactivity
Authors: Boonyang U. , Li F. , Stein A.
Published: August 2013

In this study, bioactive glass particles with controllable structure and porosity were prepared using dual‐templating methods. Block copolymers used as one template component produced mesopores in the calcined samples. Polymer colloidal crystals as the other template component yielded either three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) products or shaped bioactive glass nanoparticles. The in vitro bioactivity of these bioactive glasses was studied by soaking the samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) at body temperature (37°C) for varying lengths of time and monitoring the formation of bone‐like apatite on the surface of the bioactive glass. A considerable bioactivity was found that all of bioactive glass samples have the ability to induce the formation of an apatite layer on its surface when in contact with SBF. The development of bone‐like apatite is faster for 3DOM bioactive glasses than for nanoparticles.
Intraportal versus Systemic Pentoxifylline Infusion after Normothermic Liver Ischemia: Effects on Regional Blood Flow Redistribution and Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Ribeiro Edson A. , Poli-de-Figueiredo Luiz F. , Vincenzi Rodrigo , Galvao Flavio H. F. , Margarido Nelson , Rocha-e-Silva Mauricio , Cruz Ruy J.
Published: August 2013

Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been shown to have beneficial effects on microcirculatory blood flow. In this study we evaluate the potential hemodynamic and metabolic benefits of PTX during hepatic ischemia. We also test the hypothesis that portal PTX infusion can minimize the I/R injury when compared to systemic infusion. Methods. Twenty-four dogs ( kg) were subjected to portal triad occlusion (PTO) for 45 min. The animals were assigned to 3 groups: CT (control, PTO, ), PTX-syst (PTO + 25 mg/Kg of PTX IV, ), and PTX-pv (PTO + 25 mg/Kg of PTX in the portal vein, ). Animals were followed for 120 min. Systemic hemodynamics, gastrointestinal tract perfusion, oxygen-derived variables, and liver enzymes were evaluated throughout the experiment. Results. Animals treated with PTX presented significantly higher CO in the first hour after reperfusion, when compared to the CT (~3.7 vs. 2.1 L/min, ). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was similar in the PTX groups two hours after reperfusion but significantly higher in the CT (227 vs. ~64 U/L, ). Conclusion. PTX infusion was associated with hemodynamic benefits and was able to minimize liver injury during normothermic hepatic I/R. However, local PTX infusion was not associated with any significant advantage over systemic route.
Interference of Lithium in Measuring Magnesium by Complexometry: Discussions of the Mechanism
Authors: Gao Jie , Guo Yafei , Wang Shiqiang , Deng Tianlong , Chen Yu-Wei , Belzile Nelson
Published: August 2013

There is usually a large concentration of magnesium in the brine of salt lakes and as a consequence it is difficult to measure Mg2+ accurately with the complexometric titration by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) because of the large levels of Li+ also coexisting in brine samples. In this study, a relationship between the relative error related to the number of drops of the indicator and the NMR spectra of anhydrous ethanol and n‐butanol, with or without LiCl, was analyzed and compared. It was then possible to suggest a mechanism to explain the interference of Li+ when measuring Mg2+ and to control the interference in the alcohol mixture because Li+ can then complex with the alcohols and mainly form a complex with n‐butanol.
Scalability Dynamic Multicast Labels Management Mechanism for Ubiquitous Data-Centric Sensor Networks
Authors: Yang Ting , Wu Cheng , Xiang Wenping
Published: August 2013

The significant difference between traditional electric power system and smart grid is the cooperative control of power flows and information flows. With a large number of secondary equipments accessed into smart grid, the electric power communication network becomes one type of ubiquitous data-centric sensor networks. Real-time and reliable multicast services are required for power system's stable operation. Multiple Protocols Label Switching (MPLS) with its traffic engineering capabilities has emerged as a powerful tool to provide QoS support in backbone transmission networks. But previous MPLS unicast and multicast protocols have common disadvantages, not scalable enough, especially for various intelligent electronic devices following distributed generators frequently accessed into smart grid. To overcome the problems of overfull labels consuming bandwidth and prolonging delay, this paper proposed a novel labels dispatching mechanism based on Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) and message injecting and headward impelling technologies. Based on a set of accurate mathematical analyses and simulation experiments in a typical distributed power system scenario, the new mechanism could effectively reduce the total number of labels and overheads, save bandwidth, and shorten the multicast tree establishing time. The good scalability can adapt much better to ubiquitous and thick electrical advanced metering application.