bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I Working with dissociative dynamics and the longing for excess in binge eating disorders
Authors: Austin Sue
Published: June 2013

In this paper the author describes her work with a woman who, in her mid 20s, sought analysis for her non‐vomiting binge eating disorder. The paper explores how two aspects of Jung's view of the psyche as healthily dissociable were used to think about the potential for change contained within the explosive, aggressive energies in this patient's bingeing. The resultant approach takes the patient's splitting defences, dissociations and self‐destructive behaviour as a point of access to her unconscious. Seen in this way, these behaviours contain the seeds of recovery and are the starting point for analysis rather than defences against it. The paper also brings a number of Jungian and post‐Jungian ideas into conversation with aspects of contemporary thinking about subjectivity, identity and the longing for excess developed by Leo Bersani and Judith Butler.
Secular and religious: the intrinsic doubleness of analytical psychology and the hegemony of naturalism in the social sciences
Authors: Main Roderick
Published: June 2013

In recent years a number of prominent social theorists, including Jürgen Habermas and Charles Taylor, have voiced concern about the hegemony of naturalistic, secular assumptions in the social sciences, and in their different ways have sought to address this by establishing greater parity between secular and religious perspectives. This paper suggests that C.G. Jung's analytical psychology, which hitherto has been largely ignored by social theory, may have something to contribute on this issue as it can be understood coherently both empirically, without reference to transcendent reality, and metaphysically, with reference to transcendent reality. It is argued that, despite his denials of any metaphysical intent, Jung does in fact engage in metaphysics and that together the empirical and metaphysical vectors of his thought result in a rich and distinctive double perspective. This dual secular and religious perspective can be seen as part of Jung's own critique of the hegemony of naturalism and secularism, which for Jung has profound social as well as clinical relevance. The concern and approach that Habermas and Taylor share with Jung on this issue may provide some grounds for increased dialogue between analytical psychology and the social sciences.
fMRI responses to Jung's Word Association Test: implications for theory, treatment and research
Authors: Petchkovsky Leon , Petchkovsky Michael , Morris Philip , Dickson Paul , Montgomery Danielle , Dwyer Jonathan , Burnett Patrick
Published: June 2013

Jung's Word Association Test was performed under fMRI conditions by 12 normal subjects. Pooled complexed responses were contrasted against pooled neutral ones. The fMRI activation pattern of this generic ‘complexed response’ was very strong (corrected Z scores ranging from 4.90 to 5.69). The activation pattern in each hemisphere includes mirror neurone areas that track ‘otherness’ (perspectival empathy), anterior insula (both self‐awareness and emotional empathy), and cingulated gyrus (self‐awareness and conflict‐monitoring). These are the sites described by Siegel and colleagues as the ‘resonance circuitry’ in the brain which is central to mindfulness (awareness of self) and empathy (sense of the other), negotiations between self awareness and the ‘internal other’. But there is also an interhemispheric dialogue. Within 3 seconds, the left hemisphere over‐rides the right (at least in our normal subjects).

Mindfulness and empathy are central to good psychotherapy, and complexes can be windows of opportunity if left‐brain hegemony is resisted. This study sets foundations for further research: (i) QEEG studies (with their finer temporal resolution) of complexed responses in normal subjects (ii) QEEG and fMRI studies of complexed responses in other conditions, like schizophrenia, PTSD, disorders of self organization.
EXAMINING THE GENERALITY OF THE UNEMPLOYMENT–CRIME ASSOCIATION
Authors: AALTONEN MIKKO , MACDONALD JOHN M. , MARTIKAINEN PEKKA , KIVIVUORI JANNE
Published: June 2013

This article examines whether the relationship between unemployment and criminal offending depends on the type of crime analyzed. We rely on fixed‐effects regression models to assess the association between changes in unemployment status and changes in violent crime, property crime, and driving under the influence (DUI) over a 6‐year period. We also examine whether the type of unemployment benefit received moderates the link to criminal behavior. We find significantly positive effects of unemployment on property crime but not on other types of crime. Our estimates also suggest that unemployed young males commit less crime while participating in active labor market programs when compared with periods during which they receive standard unemployment benefits.
IS BEING “SPIRITUAL” ENOUGH WITHOUT BEING RELIGIOUS? A STUDY OF VIOLENT AND PROPERTY CRIMES AMONG EMERGING ADULTS
Authors: JANG SUNG JOON , FRANZEN AARON B.
Published: June 2013

Although prior research has had a tendency to confirm a negative association between religiousness and crime, criminologists have been slow to incorporate new concepts and emergent issues from the scientific study of religion into their own research. The self‐identity phrase “spiritual but not religious” is one of them, which has been increasingly used by individuals who claim to be “spiritual” but disassociate themselves from organized religion. This study first examines differences in crime between “spiritual‐but‐not‐religious” individuals and their “religious‐and‐spiritual,” “religious‐but‐not‐spiritual,” and “neither‐religious‐nor‐spiritual” peers in emerging adulthood. Specifically, we hypothesize that the spiritual‐but‐not‐religious young adults are more prone to crime than their “religious” counterparts, while expecting them to be different from the “neither” group without specifying whether they are more or less crime prone. Second, the expected group differences in crime are hypothesized to be explained by the microcriminological theories of self‐control, social bonding, and general strain. Latent‐variable structural equation models were estimated separately for violent and property crimes using the third wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The overall results tend to provide a partial support for the hypotheses. Implications for criminology and future research are discussed.
MODELING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND DELINQUENCY: AN APPLICATION OF INTERACTIONAL THEORY
Authors: HOFFMANN JOHN P. , ERICKSON LANCE D. , SPENCE KAREN R.
Published: June 2013

Many studies have addressed whether delinquent behavior is associated with various aspects of schooling and academics. However, this research has been limited to examining unidirectional effects. Building on Thornberry's interactional theory, we develop a conceptual model that posits reciprocal associations among delinquent behavior, school attachment, and academic achievement. The model is tested with two waves from the Add Health data set (n = 9,381) that include measures of transcript grade point average (GPA). The results of a set of structural equation models provide evidence that academic achievement is associated with less delinquent behavior over time, as well as with higher school attachment. However, the effects of delinquency are limited to an attenuating effect on subsequent school attachment; delinquency does not directly influence academic achievement. Thus, we find only partial support for interactional theory.
PENALITY AND THE PENAL STATE
Authors: GARLAND DAVID
Published: June 2013

The sociology of punishment has developed a rich understanding of the social and historical forces that have transformed American penality during the last 40 years. But whereas these social forces are not unique to the United States, their penal impact there has been disproportionately large, relative to comparable nations. To address this issue, I suggest that future research should attend more closely to the structure and operation of the penal state. I begin by distinguishing penality (the penal field) from the penal state (the governing institutions that direct and control the penal field). I then present a preliminary conceptualization of “the penal state” and discuss the relationship between the penal state and the American state more generally.
Has the prevalence of cholesterol gallstones increased in Korea? A preliminary single‐center experience
Authors: Kim Ju Wan , Oh Hyoung‐Chul , Do Jae Hyuk , Choi Yoo‐Shin , Lee Seung Eun
Published: June 2013

Objectives

We aimed to determine the prevalence of cholesterol gallstones, the compositional changes of gallstones and its predisposing factors in Korea with this single‐center study.

Methods

Data of 365 patients who underwent cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis from July 2008 to September 2011 were reviewed. Based on the compositional analysis of the gallstones, patients were assigned to either cholesterol gallstone group or pigment gallstone group. The characteristics of the patients and the gallstones were summarized and compared.

Results

After eight patients with mixed gallstones were excluded, 357 patients were enrolled in the study, including cholesterol gallstones in 175 (49.0%) and pigment gallstones in 182 (51.0%). The number of patients with cholecystolithiasis increased but the prevalence of cholesterol gallstone decreased with age. Compared with the pigment gallstone group, the cholesterol gallstone group was associated with young age (<50 years), female gender, obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) and the absence of chronic liver diseases.

Conclusion

The relative prevalence of cholesterol gallstones in Korea has been stationary so far, but may change in the future since cholesterol gallstones are increasingly prevalent in the young generation.
Resveratrol prevents development of eosinophilic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in a mouse model
Authors: Kim S.‐W. , Kim D. W. , Khalmuratova R. , Kim J. H. , Jung M. H. , Chang D.‐Y. , Shin E.‐C. , Lee H.‐K. , Shin H.‐W. , Rhee C.‐S. , Jeon S.‐Y. , Min Y.‐G.
Published: June 2013

Background

Since the recent establishment of a murine model of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), both the development of new drugs for treatment or prevention of eosinophilic CRSwNP and elucidation of their pathogenesis have been feasible. We investigated the therapeutic effects of resveratrol on CRSwNP and its mechanism of action using a murine model.

Methods

After induction of eosinophilic CRSwNP, the therapeutic effects of resveratrol were tested and compared with those of triamcinolone acetonide. Histopathologic changes were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin for overall inflammation, Sirius red for eosinophils, and Masson's trichrome stain for collagen. The expression levels of the interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, prostaglandin D synthase, and leukotriene C4 synthase genes were assessed by quantitative real‐time PCR. Cyclooxygense‐2 and 5‐lipoxygense levels were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis.

Results

The degree of eosinophilic infiltration and subepithelial fibrosis was significantly decreased by administration of high‐dose resveratrol, the potency of which was similar to that of triamcinolone acetonide. The expression levels of the IL‐4, IL‐5, prostaglandin D synthase, and leukotriene C4 synthase genes were significantly decreased by administration of low‐ or high‐dose resveratrol. The production of 5‐lipoxygenase was strongly inhibited by high‐dose resveratrol.

Conclusions

Resveratrol may be useful for the prevention of eosinophilic CRSwNP. A key mechanism of its action is believed to be its anti‐inflammatory effect, particularly on eosinophils, by inhibiting the lipoxygenase pathway.
Low vitamin D serum level is inversely associated with eczema in children and adolescents in Germany
Authors: Heimbeck I. , Wjst M. , Apfelbacher C. J.
Published: June 2013

Background

Recent studies have yielded heterogeneous results regarding the relationship between vitamin D and atopic conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between serum vitamin D level and the prevalence of eczema in German children and adolescents.

Methods

Data were drawn for children aged 1–17 from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), a nationwide cross‐sectional representative survey. 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum concentration was measured in 9838 individuals with eczema and categorized into quartiles. We investigated the association of vitamin D level and eczema by means of logistic regression models.

Results

Weighted prevalence of eczema was 13.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 12.6–14.4%). Mean vitamin D level was significantly higher in those with eczema compared with those without (P < 0.0001). Logistic regression revealed an inverse association between low levels of vitamin D and eczema (multivariate OR for quartile 1 vs quartile 2: 0.76 (95% CI 0.61–0.94)).

Conclusions

This study suggests that low serum vitamin D level is inversely associated with eczema in German children and adolescents. Prospective studies are required to confirm this result, to discuss a potential opportunity for prevention of eczema.
Identification and frequency of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes specific to Benzylpenicillin in healthy donors
Authors: Nhim C. , Delluc S. , Halgand F. , de Chaisemartin L. , Weaver R. J. , Claude N. , Joseph D. , Maillère B. , Pallardy M.
Published: June 2013

Background

Drug hypersensitivity is known to rely on a drug‐specific T‐cell response. Amplitude of antigen‐specific T‐cell response is partly controlled by the size of the antigen‐specific naïve CD4+ T‐cell repertoire, but estimate of this repertoire has never been investigated for allergenic drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of benzylpenicillin‐specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in healthy donors.

Methods

Co‐cultures were established with CD4+ T lymphocytes from healthy donors and mature autologous dendritic cells loaded with benzylpenicillin coupled to human serum albumin. CD4+ T lymphocytes were stimulated once a week for 4 weeks with benzylpenicillin coupled to human serum albumin. The CD4+ T‐cell response was measured using an interferon‐γ ELISPOT assay. Frequency of benzylpenicillin‐specific naive CD4+ T lymphocytes was then calculated using the Poisson distribution law.

Results

Results showed the presence of benzylpenicillin‐specific CD4+ T lymphocytes in 9 of 10 tested healthy donors irrespective of their HLA typing, with a mean frequency of 0.29 cells per million of CD4+ T cells. Experiments performed on naive (CD45RA+) and on memory (CD45RO+) CD4+ T lymphocytes showed that these benzylpenicillin‐specific CD4+ T lymphocytes belonged to the naive T‐cell subpopulation.

Conclusion

This study showed for the first time the existence of naive CD4+ T lymphocytes specific to benzylpenicillin in healthy donors.
Validation of the cephalosporin intradermal skin test for predicting immediate hypersensitivity: a prospective study with drug challenge
Authors: Yoon S.‐Y. , Park S. Y. , Kim S. , Lee T. , Lee Y. S. , Kwon H.‐S. , Cho Y. S. , Moon H.‐B. , Kim T.‐B.
Published: June 2013

Background

Cephalosporin is a major offending agent in terms of drug hypersensitivity along with penicillin. Cephalosporin intradermal skin tests (IDTs) have been widely used; however, their validity for predicting immediate hypersensitivity has not been studied. This study aimed to determine the predictive value of cephalosporin intradermal skin testing before administration of the drug.

Methods

We prospectively conducted IDTs with four cephalosporins, one each of selected first‐, second‐, third‐, or fourth‐generation cephalosporins: ceftezol; cefotetan or cefamandole; ceftriaxone or cefotaxime; and flomoxef, respectively, as well as with penicillin G. After the skin test, whatever the result, one of the tested cephalosporins was administered intravenously and the patient was carefully observed.

Results

We recruited 1421 patients who required preoperative cephalosporins. Seventy‐four patients (74/1421, 5.2%) were positive to at least one cephalosporin. However, none of responders had immediate hypersensitivity reactions after a challenge dose of the same or different cephalosporin, which were positive in the skin test. Four patients who suffered generalized urticaria and itching after challenge gave negative skin tests for the corresponding drug. The IDT for cephalosporin had a sensitivity of 0%, a specificity of 97.5%, a negative predictive value of 99.7%, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0%, when challenged with the same drugs that were positive in the skin test.

Conclusion

Routine skin testing with a cephalosporin before its administration is not useful for predicting immediate hypersensitivity because of the extremely low sensitivity and PPV of the skin test (CRIS registration no. KCT0000455).
Labour, Migration and the Spatial Fix: Evidence from the UK Food Industry
Authors: Scott Sam
Published: June 2013

The paper argues that David Harvey's (1981) concept of the “spatial fix” (Antipode 13(3):1–12) can help us to understand contemporary labour migration. According to Harvey, the spatial fix is a response by capital to periodic crises that may involve both ex situ (finding new markets and production sites) and in situ solutions (importing and/ or improving labour). Drawing on experiences in the UK food industry, via 37 employer interviews, I show that in situ restructuring has become hegemonic and that an associated “good migrant worker” rhetoric has emerged. This rhetoric has two dimensions. Most obviously, low‐wage employers stress the apparently superior hard and soft skills of migrants. Some, however, also link low‐wage immigration to a purposeful shift in power from labour to capital. In both respects, migration functions as a regulatory project and “spatial fix”, and employers' “need” for migrant labour is primarily about maximising labour power in downgraded jobs more than about absolute labour shortages.

Implications for policy

Employer reliance on migrant labour is not new. It is important, therefore, that policymakers do not get too carried away by contemporary low‐wage immigration. Nevertheless, this phenomenon appears to occur even when, in theory at least, employers could recruit domestically. The fact that they do not, demonstrates the ways in which recruitment, even at the bottom of the labour market, is not just about getting people in post, but about getting the right kind of people in post. Labour shortages, then, are an issue of quality and quantity; and employers' ability to use periphery‐to‐core migration to increase both is what constitutes the “in situ spatial fix”. The challenge for policymakers is to weigh up the undoubted economic benefits of this “fix” (especially significant for sectors that are undergoing prolonged restructuring, like the UK food industry) against the impact it can have in depressing pay and conditions and further marginalising would‐be domestic workers.
Can ultrasound be used to estimate bone mineral density in children with growth problems?
Authors: Khan Khalid M , Sarafoglou Kyriakie , Somani Arif , Frohnert Brigitte , Miller Bradley S
Published: June 2013

Aim

To assess predictability of bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (LS) determined by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) using by ultrasound speed of sound of the right and left radii (SOS‐R and SOS‐L) in patients with growth problems.

Methods

Ultrasound and DXA were compared in patients with advanced, normal and delayed bone ages assessed by Greulich and Pyle (GP) and Tanner and Whitehouse (TW3) methods.

Results

There was a strong correlation (r), of raw scores, between SOS‐R and SOS‐L, r = 0.81, p = 0.000 and their respective Z‐scores, r = 0.78, p = 0.000. Z‐score correlations were poor between SOS‐R or SOS‐L and LS‐BMD. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of SOS‐R and Z‐scores for predicting normal (>−1 to <1) and low (<−1) LS‐BMD were poor. For high (>1) LS‐BMD, Z‐scores were 22%, 93%, 29% and 90%, respectively, for SOS‐R and for SOS‐L, 25%, 89%, 20% and 91%. For very low (<−2) LS‐BMD, SOS‐R and SOS‐L were the same, respectively, 29%, 91%, 40% and 86%.

Conclusion

Ultrasound of the radius is a poor predictor of radiologically assessed BMD at the LS, especially with delayed bone age.
Management strategies and medication use for treating paediatric patients with concussions
Authors: Kinnaman Karen A , Mannix Rebekah C , Dawn Comstock R , Meehan William P
Published: June 2013

Aim

To assess management strategies for paediatric patients suffering from concussions.

Methods

A 17‐item questionnaire was distributed to 1305 section members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Sections on Adolescent Health, Sports Medicine and Fitness, Community Pediatrics and School Health. The use of medications, neuropsychological testing, neuroimaging and published guidelines in concussion management was queried.

Results

Two hundred and twenty respondents (17%) completed the questionnaire, of which 64% had been an attending for greater than 10 years. A majority of respondents (92%) managed patients with concussions, with 26% treating more than 24 patients per year. Most paediatricians (84%) reported using a published guideline. The majority of respondents (89%) manage the symptoms of concussed patients with medications, most commonly acetaminophen (62%) or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory medications (54%). The use of prescriptions medications such as tricyclic antidepressants (23%), amantadine (10%) and methylphenidate (8%) was also commonly reported. Paediatricians treating >16 patients per year with concussion were more likely to prescribe tricyclic antidepressants, stimulants and agents used for sleep disturbance.

Conclusion

Paediatricians nationwide routinely use medications when managing patients with concussions. The pharmacological agents used differ according to number of patients treated per year. In addition, most paediatricians use published guidelines in concussion management.
Autonomy support and control in weight management: What important others do and say matters
Authors: Ng Johan Y. Y. , Ntoumanis Nikos , Thøgersen‐Ntoumani Cecilie
Published: June 2013

Objectives

Drawing from self‐determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2002, Overview of self‐determination theory: An organismic‐dialectical perspective. In E. L. Deci & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of self‐determination research (pp. 3–33). Rochester, NY: The University of Rochester Press.), we examined how individuals' psychological needs, motivation, and behaviours (i.e., physical activity and eating) associated with weight management could be predicted by perceptions of their important others' supportive and controlling behaviours.

Methods

Using a cross‐sectional survey design, 235 participants (mean age = 27.39 years, SD = 8.96 years) completed an online questionnaire.

Results

Statistical analyses showed that when important others were perceived to be more supportive, participants reported higher levels of more optimal forms of motivation for weight management, which in turn predicted more physical activity and healthy eating behaviours. In contrast, when important others were perceived to be controlling, participants reported higher levels of less optimal forms of motivation, which in turn predicted less physical activity and healthy eating behaviours, as well as more unhealthy eating behaviours. Significant indirect effects were also found from perceived support and control from important others to physical activity and eating behaviours, all in the expected directions.

Conclusions

The findings support the importance of important others providing support and refraining from controlling behaviours in order to facilitate motivation and behaviours conducive to successful weight management.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject? Autonomy support is related to basic need satisfaction and autonomous motivation in the context of weight management. In turn, these variables are related to adaptive outcomes for weight management.

What does this study add?

Measurement of perceived controlling behaviours by important others.

Measurement of perceived need thwarting.

Structural model on how important others affect weight management behaviours of the individual.
Cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Subbarayan Anbezhil , Dattani Mehul T. , Peters Catherine J. , Hindmarsh Peter C.
Published: June 2013

Objective

The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) varies widely. In the light of recent changes in treatment regimens, we have reassessed the prevalence of these risk factors in our current cohort of patients with CAH due to P450c21 deficiency.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study of 107 children (39 m) with CAH aged 9·2 years (range 0·4–20·5 years). Anthropometric, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure data were collected and expressed as standard deviation scores (SDS) using UK growth reference data and the Fourth Task Force data set, respectively. Fasting blood glucose with plasma insulin and lipids was measured, and insulin resistance (HOMA IR) calculated using the homoeostasis assessment model.

Results

23·6% (33% men; 18% women) of the cohort were obese (BMI SDS>2). BMI SDS was significantly higher (P < 0·001) when compared with the UK population. Nineteen (20·9%) of 91 patients (20% men; 21% women) had systolic hypertension and 8 [8·8% (8·6% men; 8·9% women)] had diastolic hypertension. Mean SBP [108 (SD 13·5)] mm Hg was significantly higher than the normal population (P < 0·001), but mean DBP was not (P = 0·07). Both SBP SDS and DBP SDS were not related to BMI SDS. 9·5% of the subjects had hyperlipidaemia, but HOMA IR was more favourable compared with the normal population.

Conclusion

Despite a reduction in steroid doses over the last decade, a number of children with CAH are still obese and hypertensive. Whether this reflects general population trends or indicates a need to further optimize treatment regimens remains to be determined.
Stable microvascular endothelial cell line as a breakthrough tool for intractable neurological disease research
Authors: Suzumura Akio
Published: June 2013

Neural tissue is protected by various barriers which can be disrupted with pathological conditions. The stable endothelial cell line that retains a barrier‐specific nature is of use for future studies to investigate pathophysiology of neurological disorders.
Role of interleukin‐6 in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Uzawa Akiyuki , Mori Masahiro , Kuwabara Satoshi
Published: June 2013

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system that predominantly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. NMO is characterized by anti‐aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody‐mediated astrocytopathy. Recent studies have improved our knowledge of NMO. Interleukin‐6 presumably plays an important role in the immunopathogenesis of NMO, because it is involved in the production of anti‐AQP4 antibody in the peripheral circulation and in the enhancement of inflammation in the central nervous system. Significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of NMO will help develop new treatments. The present review focuses on the current research addressing the role of interleukin‐6 in NMO.
Quantitative analysis of titanium‐induced artifacts and correlated factors during micro‐CT scanning
Authors: Li Jun Yuan , Pow Edmond Ho Nang , Zheng Li Wu , Ma Li , Kwong Dora Lai Wan , Cheung Lim Kwong
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To investigate the impact of cover screw, resin embedment, and implant angulation on artifact of microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) scanning for implant.

Materials and methods

A total of twelve implants were randomly divided into 4 groups: (i) implant only; (ii) implant with cover screw; (iii) implant with resin embedment; and (iv) implants with cover screw and resin embedment. Implants angulation at 0°, 45°, and 90° were scanned by micro‐CT. Images were assessed, and the ratio of artifact volume to total volume (AV/TV) was calculated. A multiple regression analysis in stepwise model was used to determine the significance of different factors. One‐way ANOVA was performed to identify which combination of factors could minimize the artifact.

Results

In the regression analysis, implant angulation was identified as the best predictor for artifact among the factors (P < 0.001). Resin embedment also had significant effect on artifact volume (P = 0.028), while cover screw had not (P > 0.05). Non‐embedded implants with the axis parallel to X‐ray source of micro‐CT produced minimal artifact.

Conclusions

Implant angulation and resin embedment affected the artifact volume of micro‐CT scanning for implant, while cover screw did not.
An analysis of the duplicate testing strategy of an Irish immunochemical faecal occult blood test colorectal cancer screening programme
Authors: Kelley L. , Swan N. , Hughes D. J.
Published: June 2013

Aim

This study examined the relevance of using a two‐sample quantitative immunochemical faecal occult blood test (FIT) at a high cut‐off stringency by the first population‐based colorectal cancer (CRC) pilot screening programme in Ireland.

Method

Approximately 10 000 individuals between the ages of 50 and 74 years were invited to perform two consecutive FITs. These were analysed in tandem using the OC Sensor and participants with at least one positive result with a haemoglobin cut‐off for positivity at 100 ng/ml were offered colonoscopy.

Results

A total of 5023 (52%) [2177 (43%) male, 2846 (57%) female] individuals with a median age of 64 years participated. At least one positive FIT was detected from 514 (10%) individuals. From the 419 (82%) patients who proceeded to colonoscopy 17 (4%) had CRC and 132 (33%) had an advanced adenoma. The detection rate for these screen‐relevant lesions was 3% (95% CI 2.5–3.5) and the FIT‐positive colonoscopy detection rate was 36% (95% CI 31–40). The number needed to undergo colonoscopy to find an advanced lesion was 2.8. The two‐test system detected four (23.5%) additional patients with CRC and 37 (28%) with an advanced adenoma compared with a single test.

Conclusion

The CRC miss rate estimated for a single test (23.5%) was unacceptably high when the goal was to maximize the discovery of advanced lesions in the initial screening round. We conclude that the two‐test protocol at a high cut‐off threshold is suitable for optimizing FIT screening in Ireland.
The effect of endoscopic mucosal resection and transanal endoscopic microsurgery on anorectal function
Authors: Barendse R. M. , Oors J. M. , de Graaf E. J. R. , Bemelman W. A. , Fockens P. , Dekker E. , Smout A. J. P. M.
Published: June 2013

Aim

The study assessed the impact on anorectal function of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) of large rectal adenomas.

Method

Patients with a large (≥ 3 cm) rectal adenoma undergoing EMR or TEM were included. Self‐reported faecal incontinence was assessed using the Colorectal Functional Outcome (COREFO) questionnaire and the Wexner Incontinence Grading Scale. Anorectal manometry was performed before and at 6 months after treatment to measure anal resting (ARP) and squeeze pressure (SP), squeeze endurance (SE), the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR), rectal volumetry of first sensation (FS), first urge (FU), maximum tolerable volume (MTV) and rectal compliance (RC).

Results

Twenty‐four patients were included in the study, of whom 11 underwent EMR and 13 underwent TEM. The mean adenoma size was 51 ± 19 mm and the median distance from the anal verge was 3 cm (interquartile range 1–10 cm). Follow‐up data were available from 20 patients; one patient had died and three had undergone total mesorectal excision. Incontinence for liquid stool and Wexner score decreased significantly after treatment. In contrast, none of the measured parameters of anorectal motility (ARP, SP, SE, RAIR, RC) and perception (FS, FU, MTV) was affected by adenoma resection. No differences were found in baseline and follow‐up incontinence and functional parameters between intervention groups, except for postprocedural ARP, which was lower after TEM than after EMR.

Conclusion

Continence in patients with a large rectal adenoma improved after EMR or TEM, probably due to decreased rectal mucus production. Anal sphincter pressure, rectoanal reflexes, rectal sensation and compliance were not affected by adenoma resection.
Incidence and prognosis of dysnatraemia in critically ill patients: analysis of a large prevalence study
Authors: Vandergheynst Frédéric , Sakr Yasser , Felleiter Peter , Hering Rudolf , Groeneveld Johan , Vanhems Philippe , Taccone Fabio S. , Vincent Jean‐Louis
Published: June 2013

Background

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of dysnatraemia on mortality among intensive care unit (ICU) patients in a large, international cohort.

Material and methods

Analysis of the Extended Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC II) study, a 1‐day (8 May 2007) worldwide multicenter, prospective point prevalence study. Hyponatraemia was categorized as mild (130–134 mM/L), moderate (125–129 mM/L) or severe (< 125 mM/L). Hypernatraemia was also categorized as mild (146–150 mM/L), moderate (151–155 mM/L) or severe (> 155 mM/L). Patients with normal serum sodium (135–145 mM/L) constituted the reference group. The main outcome was hospital mortality. Analysis was conducted separately for patients admitted on the study day (25·8%) and those already present on the ICU (74·2%).

Results

Serum sodium was measured in 13 276 of the 13 796 patients (96·2%). A total of 3815 patients (28·7%) had dysnatraemia: 12·9% with hyponatraemia and 15·8% with hypernatraemia. The prevalence of dysnatraemia was significantly greater in patients already present on the ICU prior to the study day than for those just admitted (13·1% vs. 12·3% for hyponatraemia and 17·1% vs. 12·1% for hypernatraemia, both P < 0·001). Hospital mortality rates were higher in patients with dysnatraemia than in those with normal sodium levels and were directly related to the severity of hypo‐ and hypernatraemia. This association between dysnatraemia and mortality was similar in infected and noninfected patients (P = 0·061).

Conclusions

Dysnatraemia is more frequent during the ICU stay than on the day of admission. Dysnatraemia in the ICU – even mild – is an independent predictor of increased hospital mortality.
Synergism of lacosamide with established antiepileptic drugs in the 6‐Hz seizure model in mice
Authors: Shandra Alexey , Shandra Pavel , Kaschenko Olga , Matagne Alain , Stöhr Thomas
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Lacosamide (LCM, Vimpat) is an anticonvulsant with a unique mode of action. This provides lacosamide with the potential to act additively or even synergistically with other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The objective of this study was to determine the presence of such interactions by isobolographic analysis.

Methods

The anticonvulsant effect of LCM in combination with other AEDs including carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), valproate (VPA), lamotrigine (LTG), topiramate (TPM), gabapentin (GBP), and levetiracetam (LEV) at fixed dose ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1, was evaluated in the 6‐Hz–induced seizure model in mice. In addition, the impact of the combinations of LCM with the other AEDs on motor coordination was assessed in the rotarod test. Finally, AED concentrations were measured in blood and brain to evaluate potential pharmacokinetic drug interactions.

Key Findings

All studied AEDs produced dose‐dependent anticonvulsant effects against 6‐Hz–induced seizures. Combinations of LCM with CBZ, LTG, TPM, GBP, or LEV were synergistic. All other LCM/AED combinations displayed additive effects with a tendency toward synergism. Furthermore, no enhanced adverse effects were observed in the rotarod test by combining LCM with other AEDs. No pharmacokinetic interactions were seen on brain AED concentrations. Coadministration of LCM and TPM led to an increase in plasma levels of LCM, whereas the plasma concentration of PHT was increased by coadministration of LCM.

Significance

The synergistic anticonvulsant interaction of LCM with various AEDs, without exacerbation of adverse motor effects, highlights promising properties of LCM as add‐on therapy for drug refractory epilepsy.
Polymicrogyria‐associated epilepsy: A multicenter phenotypic study from the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project
Authors: Shain Catherine , Ramgopal Sriram , Fallil Zianka , Parulkar Isha , Alongi Richard , Knowlton Robert , Poduri Annapurna ,   the EPGP Investigators
Published: June 2013

Purpose

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is an epileptogenic malformation of cortical development. We describe the clinical epilepsy and imaging features of a large cohort with PMG‐related epilepsy.

Methods

Participants were recruited through the Epilepsy Phenome/Genome Project, a multicenter collaborative effort to collect detailed phenotypic data on individuals with epilepsy. We reviewed phenotypic data from participants with epilepsy and PMG.

Key Findings

We identified 87 participants, 43 female and 44 male, with PMG and epilepsy. Median age of seizure onset was 3 years (range <1 month to 37 years). Most presented with focal epilepsy (87.4%), some in combination with seizures generalized from onset (23.0%). Focal seizures with dyscognitive features were most common (54.3%). Of those presenting with generalized seizure types, infantile spasms were most prevalent (45.2%). The most common topographic pattern was perisylvian PMG (77.0%), of which the majority was bilateral (56.7%). Generalized PMG presented with an earlier age of seizure onset (median age of 8 months) and an increased prevalence of developmental delay prior to seizure onset (57.1%). Of the unilateral, and asymmetric bilateral groups where PMG was more involved in one hemisphere, the majority (71.4%) of participants had seizures that lateralized to the same hemisphere as the PMG or the hemisphere with greater involvement.

Significance

Participants with PMG had both focal and generalized onset of seizures. Our data confirm the involvement of known topographic patterns of PMG and suggest that more extensive distributions of PMG present with an earlier age of seizure onset and increased prevalence of developmental delay prior to seizure onset.
Geographic population structure of the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae suggests a role for the forest‐savannah biome transition as a barrier to gene flow
Authors: J Pinto , A Egyir‐Yawson , JL Vicente , B Gomes , F Santolamazza , M Moreno , JD Charlwood , F Simard , N Elissa , D Weetman , MJ Donnelly , A Caccone , A della Torre
Published: June 2013

The primary Afrotropical malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto has a complex population structure. In west Africa, this species is split into two molecular forms and displays local and regional variation in chromosomal arrangements and behaviors. To investigate patterns of macrogeographic population substructure, 25 An. gambiae samples from 12 African countries were genotyped at 13 microsatellite loci. This analysis detected the presence of additional population structuring, with the M‐form being subdivided into distinct west, central, and southern African genetic clusters. These clusters are coincident with the central African rainforest belt and northern and southern savannah biomes, which suggests restrictions to gene flow associated with the transition between these biomes. By contrast, geographically patterned population substructure appears much weaker within the S‐form.
Aphid–willow interactions in a high Arctic ecosystem: responses to raised temperature and goose disturbance
Authors: Gillespie Mark A. K. , Jónsdóttir Ingibjörg S. , Hodkinson Ian D. , Cooper Elisabeth J.
Published: June 2013

Recently, there have been several studies using open top chambers (OTCs) or cloches to examine the response of Arctic plant communities to artificially elevated temperatures. Few, however, have investigated multitrophic systems, or the effects of both temperature and vertebrate grazing treatments on invertebrates. This study investigated trophic interactions between an herbivorous insect (Sitobion calvulum, Aphididae), a woody perennial host plant (Salix polaris) and a selective vertebrate grazer (barnacle geese,Branta leucopsis). In a factorial experiment, the responses of the insect and its host to elevated temperatures using open top chambers (OTCs) and to three levels of goose grazing pressure were assessed over two summer growing seasons (2004 and 2005).OTCs significantly enhanced the leaf phenology ofSalixin both years and there was a significantOTCby goose presence interaction in 2004.Salixleaf number was unaffected by treatments in both years, butOTCs increased leaf size and mass in 2005.Salixreproduction and the phenology of flowers were unaffected by both treatments. Aphid densities were increased byOTCs but unaffected by goose presence in both years. While goose presence had little effect on aphid density or host plant phenology in this system, theOTCeffects provide interesting insights into the possibility of phenological synchrony disruption. The advanced phenology ofSalixeffectively lengthens the growing season for the plant, but despite a close association with leaf maturity, the population dynamics of the aphid appeared to lack a similar phenological response, except for the increased population observed.
Satellite microwave detection of boreal forest recovery from the extreme 2004 wildfires in Alaska and Canada
Authors: Jones Matthew O. , Kimball John S. , Jones Lucas A.
Published: June 2013

The rate of vegetation recovery from boreal wildfire influences terrestrial carbon cycle processes and climate feedbacks by affecting the surface energy budget and land‐atmosphere carbon exchange. Previous forest recovery assessments using satellite optical‐infrared normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and tower CO2 eddy covariance techniques indicate rapid vegetation recovery within 5–10 years, but these techniques are not directly sensitive to changes in vegetation biomass. Alternatively, the vegetation optical depth (VOD) parameter from satellite passive microwave remote sensing can detect changes in canopy biomass structure and may provide a useful metric of post‐fire vegetation response to inform regional recovery assessments. We analyzed a multi‐year (2003–2010) satellite VOD record from the NASA AMSR‐E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS) sensor to estimate forest recovery trajectories for 14 large boreal fires from 2004 in Alaska and Canada. The VOD record indicated initial post‐fire canopy biomass recovery within 3–7 years, lagging NDVI recovery by 1–5 years. The VOD lag was attributed to slower non‐photosynthetic (woody) and photosynthetic (foliar) canopy biomass recovery, relative to the faster canopy greenness response indicated from the NDVI. The duration of VOD recovery to pre‐burn conditions was also directly proportional (P < 0.01) to satellite (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) estimated tree cover loss used as a metric of fire severity. Our results indicate that vegetation biomass recovery from boreal fire disturbance is generally slower than reported from previous assessments based solely on satellite optical‐infrared remote sensing, while the VOD parameter enables more comprehensive assessments of boreal forest recovery.
Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, C.850–C.1050
Authors: MacLean Simon
Published: June 2013

The lost realm of Lotharingia presents an excellent case‐study with which to explore the last years of the Carolingian Empire in the ninth century and the emergence of its successor kingdoms in the tenth. Following the political history of the kingdom from its creation in the reign of King Lothar II (855–69) through the end of the empire in 888 and across the conflict‐ridden map of tenth‐century Europe reveals some of the key dynamics of the post‐Carolingian world. These dynamics have long been the subject of debates between scholars and have also played a part in the grand narratives of modern European nations whose roots have been located in the ninth and tenth centuries. Lotharingia represents an interesting and unusual case, since its independent existence was fleeting, but it somehow left behind a distinctive shadow that continually resurfaced in between the proto‐French and ‐German kingdoms on either side. A discussion of questions of authority and identity in Lotharingia, which was an obviously artificial creation of Carolingian politics, and which had no long‐term future as a nation‐state, allows us to strip away some of the baggage carried by modern national historiographies and ask what was specific about this important phase in the history of European state‐formation.
Genocide, Extinction and Aboriginal Self‐determination in Tasmanian Historiography
Authors: Taylor Rebe
Published: June 2013

The principal aim of this article is to survey the long and complex relationship between the ideas of genocide and extinction as they apply to Tasmanian historiography from the colonial period to the present moment. In so, doing this essay brings up to date Ann Curthoys' 2008 essay on genocide in Tasmania and extends Curthoys' principal inquiry: how there emerged ‘a paradox’ between international representations of Tasmania as a ‘clear‐cut’ case of genocide and the fact ‘such a characterization is rarely adopted within Australia’. This essay finds Curthoys' ‘paradox’ less relevant to popular Australian representations of Tasmanian history where, from the 1970s, the idea of genocide did not merely replace the older idea of extinction, but promulgated it. Such representations directly undermined an emergent movement for Tasmanian Aboriginal self‐determination. The political protest of Tasmanian Aboriginal people influenced historical scholarship, lead foremost by Lyndall Ryan from the early 1980s: to characterize Tasmania as a case of genocide at that time may have potentially jeopardized an important message of Aboriginal survival in the face of colonialism.
Epicurean and Stoic Enlightenments: The Return of Modern Paganism?
Authors: Dew Ben
Published: June 2013

In his two‐volume workThe Enlightenment: An Interpretation(1966–1969), Peter Gay sought to show how a ‘small flock’ of ‘modern pagans’ had ushered in the modern era within intellectual history by employing classical learning to ‘free themselves from their Christian heritage’. Gay's book remains one of Enlightenment studies' most ambitious syntheses, but it has often received short shrift from historians. Robert Darnton provided a scathing review shortly after publication, and the next 30 years saw Gay's dialectical method and sweeping European narrative fall out of favour. Instead, analyses increasingly sought to present the Enlightenment as a group of discreet cultural networks tied to particular locales rather than an international movement in the history of ideas. This article argues, however, that the 21st century has seen a renewed interest in paganism, with a range of studies, including major works by Pierre Force, John Robertson and Christopher Brooke, concerning themselves with the Epicurean and Stoic foundations of 18th‐century thought. While clearly alert to the ‘social history of ideas’ pioneered by the previous generation of historians, the work of such writers has been characterised by its desire to formulate genealogies which are international in scope and primarily focused on defining the philosophes' intellectual achievements. My discussion will trace the historiographical origins of this ‘pagan turn’ (or rather return) and look at its role in a series of interconnected debates concerning the origins, scope and significance of the European Enlightenment.