bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keep a journal for reflection and responsibility
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: January 2021

While scrolling through LinkedIn recently, I happened upon an article from Harvard Business Review entitled “The More Senior Your Job Title, the More You Need to Keep a Journal.” Dan Ciampa wrote, “Journal entries should provide not only a record of what happened but how we reacted emotionally; writing it down brings a certain clarity that puts things in perspective.” He added, “A personal journal should be part of any leader's toolkit.”
Commentary on the Editor's Notes and Chapters 1, 2, and 3
Authors: Altschuld James W.
Published: January 2021

The Editor's Notes were included in this commentary due to the subtle distinction between evaluation as a profession and the more focused idea of specific evaluator competencies, the core of Chapters 1–3. Separating the two concepts was useful and created a canvas upon which to paint these comments. The chapters contain descriptions of the history underlying the 2015–2018 AEA Competencies Task Force, activities it undertook, and the final product, the competencies. Together, they demonstrate an essential competency, documenting processes and products, and are an invaluable record for future evaluators working on the complex challenges that were uncovered. While I will offer other things that might have been in the chapters, the authors are commended for the high bar they set and for contributions to the field of evaluation.
High resolution automated labeling of the hippocampus and amygdala using a 3D convolutional neural network trained on whole brain 700 μm isotropic 7T MP2RAGE MRI
Authors: Pardoe Heath R. , Antony Arun Raj , Hetherington Hoby , Bagić Anto I. , Shepherd Timothy M. , Friedman Daniel , Devinsky Orrin , Pan Jullie
Published: January 2021

Image labeling using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a template‐free alternative to traditional morphometric techniques. We trained a 3D deep CNN to label the hippocampus and amygdala on whole brain 700 μm isotropic 3D MP2RAGE MRI acquired at 7T. Manual labels of the hippocampus and amygdala were used to (i) train the predictive model and (ii) evaluate performance of the model when applied to new scans. Healthy controls and individuals with epilepsy were included in our analyses. Twenty‐one healthy controls and sixteen individuals with epilepsy were included in the study. We utilized the recently developed DeepMedic software to train a CNN to label the hippocampus and amygdala based on manual labels. Performance was evaluated by measuring the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between CNN‐based and manual labels. A leave‐one‐out cross validation scheme was used. CNN‐based and manual volume estimates were compared for the left and right hippocampus and amygdala in healthy controls and epilepsy cases. The CNN‐based technique successfully labeled the hippocampus and amygdala in all cases. Mean DSC = 0.88 ± 0.03 for the hippocampus and 0.8 ± 0.06 for the amygdala. CNN‐based labeling was independent of epilepsy diagnosis in our sample (p = .91). CNN‐based volume estimates were highly correlated with manual volume estimates in epilepsy cases and controls. CNNs can label the hippocampus and amygdala on native sub‐mm resolution MP2RAGE 7T MRI. Our findings suggest deep learning techniques can advance development of morphometric analysis techniques for high field strength, high spatial resolution brain MRI.
Prognostic analysis of antibody typing and treatment for antiphospholipid syndrome‐related recurrent spontaneous abortion
Authors: Liu Zhilan , Sun Si , Xu Haijing , Zhang Xiaoxin , Chen Chao , Fu Ruojin , Li Congcong , Guo Feng , Zhao Aimin
Published: January 2021

Objective

To determine the efficacy of antibody typing and treatment on live birth rate in Chinese patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)‐related recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA).

Methods

A retrospective study analyzed 4542 Chinese patients who experienced spontaneous abortion, of whom 314 had APS (272 primary and 42 secondary). Type of antibodies was tested. Anticoagulant and anti‐inflammatory treatments were adopted according to the titer and type of antibodies. The incidence of repeated abortion and placental dysfunction, gestational age, and mean weight of the fetuses were recorded.

Results

Among the patients with APS‐related RSA, primary APS accounted for the largest proportion. The proportion of antibody classification was as follows: β2‐glycoprotein 1 (β2GP1)‐IgM (151, 48.08%), lupus anticoagulant (LAC) (36, 11.46%), anticardiolipin (aCL)‐IgM (32, 10.19%), β2GP1‐IgM and aCL‐IgM (29, 9.23%), and aCL‐IgG (16, 5.09%). After treatment, the negative conversion of antibody, including β2GP1‐IgM and LAC, significantly improved pregnancy outcomes. There was no significant difference in pregnancy outcomes between the other antibody titers.

Conclusion

The combination of anticoagulant and anti‐inflammatory treatment led to a higher live birth rate in the treatment of APS‐related RSA, highlighting the potential of antibody typing in providing clinical guidance for the treatment of APS‐related RSA.
Clinical care of the geriatric horse
Authors: Jarvis Nicola
Published: January 2021

Background: Geriatric horses account for a significant proportion of the UK horse population and therefore age‐related conditions are commonly encountered in equine practice.

Aim of the article: This review aims to provide an overview of the practical approach to managing osteoarthritis, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, dental disease, weight loss and nutrition and colic in geriatric horses.
LncRNA CHRF aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by enhancing autophagy via modulation of the miR‐182‐5p/ATG7 pathway
Authors: Mo Yipeng , Wu Hairuo , Zheng Xiaojun , Xu Lin , Liu Liangliang , Liu Zhen
Published: January 2021

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a very frequent cardiovascular disease and one of the leading causes of death. Abundant evidence has shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial players in myocardial I/R injury. LncRNA cardiac hypertrophy‐related factor (CHRF) has been revealed as an important modulator in cardiac disease. However, the function of CHRF in myocardial I/R injury is unclear. In our current work, we found that the expression of CHRF was upregulated in myocardial I/R injury models. Suppression of CHRF relieved myocardial I/R injury in vivo. In addition, in vitro silencing of CHRF enhanced cell viability and attenuated lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) as well as apoptosis in H9C2 cells treated with hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Autophagy has been studied to play an important role in myocardial I/R injury. Thus, experiments related to autophagy were done, and the results showed that CHRF knockdown decreased autophagy. For the exploration of the regulatory mechanism, we found that CHRF sequestered and negatively regulated miR‐182‐5p to release its inhibition on ATG7. Findings from rescue assays revealed that ATG7 overexpression could suppress the effects of CHRF silence on cell viability, LDH level, apoptosis, and autophagy. To sum up, our results suggested that CHRF exacerbated myocardial I/R injury by enhancing autophagy via modulation of the miR‐182‐5p/ATG7 pathway. Therefore, this competing endogenous RNA axis may be a potential therapeutic biomarker for myocardial I/R injury.
Neuroprotective potential of cinnamon and its metabolites in Parkinson's disease: Mechanistic insights, limitations, and novel therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Angelopoulou Efthalia , Paudel Yam N. , Piperi Christina , Mishra Awanish
Published: January 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder with obscure etiology and no disease‐modifying therapy to date. Hence, novel, safe, and low cost‐effective approaches employing medicinal plants are currently receiving increased attention. A growing body of evidence has revealed that cinnamon, being widely used as a spice of unique flavor and aroma, may exert neuroprotective effects in several neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. In vitro evidence has indicated that the essential oils of Cinnamomum species, mainly cinnamaldehyde and sodium benzoate may protect against oxidative stress‐induced cell death, reactive oxygen species generation, and autophagy dysregulation, thus acting in a potentially neuroprotective manner. In vivo evidence has demonstrated that oral administration of cinnamon powder and sodium benzoate may protect against dopaminergic cell death, striatal neurotransmitter dysregulation, and motor deficits in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine mouse models of PD. The underlying mechanisms of its action include autophagy regulation, antioxidant effects, upregulation of Parkin, DJ‐1, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, as well as modulation of the TLR/NF‐κB pathway and inhibition of the excessive proinflammatory responses. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that cinnamon extracts may affect the oligomerization process and aggregation of α‐synuclein. Herein, we discuss recent evidence on the novel therapeutic opportunities of this phytochemical against PD, indicating additional mechanistic aspects that should be explored, and potential obstacles/limitations that need to be overcome, for its inclusion in experimental PD therapeutics.
LncRNA Snhg8 attenuates microglial inflammation response and blood–brain barrier damage in ischemic stroke through regulating miR‐425‐5p mediated SIRT1/NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Tian Jianan , Liu Yihang , Wang Zhenqi , Zhang Siqi , Yang Yue , Zhu Yulan , Yang Chunxiao
Published: January 2021

Increasing studies have indicated that abnormal expressed long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a vital role in ischemic stroke. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 8 (Snhg8), a member of lncRNAs, has been found to induce neuronal apoptosis in chronic cerebral ischemia models. Here, we aim to explore the function and molecular mechanism of Snhg8 in modulating microglial inflammation as well as brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) damage following ischemic injury. Our data suggested that Snhg8 was low‐expressed in the brain tissues of mice that underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery and oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD)‐treated primary microglia and BMECs. Gain‐ or loss‐of function approaches found that Snhg8 upregulation not only attenuated ischemic induced inflammatory response in microglia but also relieved BMECs injury both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we conducted a bioinformatics analysis to explore the underlying mechanism of Snhg8. The results indicated that Snhg8 served as a competitive endogenous RNA by sponging miR‐425‐5p, which was proved to promote microglial inflammation and BMECs injury by targeting sirtuin1 (SIRT1)‐mediated nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway. Overall, these results revealed that the Snhg8/miR‐425‐5p/SIRT1/NF‐κB axis plays a critical role in the regulation of cerebral ischemia‐induced microglial inflammation and brain–blood barrier damage.
Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles conditionally ameliorate bone marrow failure symptoms in an immune‐mediated aplastic anemia mouse model
Authors: Gholampour Mohammad A. , Abroun Saeid , Nieuwland Rienk , Mowla Seyed J. , Soudi Sara
Published: January 2021

Acquired forms of Aplastic anemia (AA) are characterized by T cell‐mediated immune disease resulting in bone marrow (BM) failure and marrow hypoplasia. In these cases, it is a major challenge to modulate autoreactive T cell activity and thereby decrease the pro‐inflammatory cytokine storm. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC‐EVs) control and modulate immunity. The therapeutic potential of MSC‐EVs has not been investigated in acquired AA. Hence, in this study, we constructed an AA mice model through irradiation and splenocyte infusion to test the benefits of hypoxic MSC‐EVs (Hx‐EVs) and normoxic MSC‐EVs (Nx‐EVs). We found that MSC‐EVs treatment significantly prolonged the survival rate and increased the platelet (PLT) counts of the AA mice. Immunohistochemical staining and colony assay confirmed amelioration of hypoplasia in the BM and increased numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These effects of MSC‐EVs were mediated by T cell suppression and inhibition of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) production in the AA mouse model. In addition, an in vitro study revealed that MSC‐EVs led to reduced IFN‐γ and TNF‐α levels and there was an association with decreased splenocyte viability. Previous studies examined the diagnostic and prognostic values of microRNAs (miRNAs) in AA and identified miR‐199a, miR‐146a, miR‐223, and miR‐126. We used quantitative real‐time PCR to evaluate the expression of these miRNAs on isolated BM mononuclear cells (BM‐MNCs) from treated and untreated AA mice. miR‐223, miR‐146a, and miR‐199a expressions increased in the MSC‐EVs treated AA mice. Treatment with MSC‐EVs increased expression of miR‐223 and miR‐146a. Our findings showed that treatment with MSC‐EVs significantly ameliorated immune destruction of HSCs in the AA mouse model and confirmed the importance of miRNAs in the clinical status of this model.
Multiplex‐multiphoton microscopy and computational strategy for biomedical imaging
Authors: Hortholary Thomas , Carrion Claire , Chouzenoux Emilie , Pesquet Jean‐Christophe , Lefort Claire
Published: January 2021

We demonstrate the benefit of a novel laser strategy in multiphoton microscopy (MPM). The cheap, simple, and turn‐key supercontinuum laser system with its spectral shaping module, constitutes an ideal approach for the one‐shot microscopic imaging of many fluorophores without modification of the excitation parameters: central wavelength, spectral bandwidth, and average power. The polyvalence of the resulting multiplex‐multiphoton microscopy (M‐MPM) device is illustrated by images of many biomedical models from several origins (biological, medical, or vegetal), generated while keeping constant the spectral parameters of excitation. The resolution of the M‐MPM device is quantified by a procedure of point‐spread‐function (PSF) assessment led by an original, robust, and reliable computational approach FIGARO. The estimated values for the PSF width for our M‐MPM system are shown to be comparable to standard values found in optical microscopy. The simplification of the excitation system constitutes a significant instrumental progress in biomedical MPM, paving the way to the imaging of many fluorophores with a single shot of excitation without any modification of the lighting device.

Research Highlights

A new solution of multiplex‐multiphoton microscopy device is shown, resting on a supercontinuum laser. The one‐shot excitation device has imaged biomedical and vegetal models. Our original computational strategy measures usual microscopy resolution.
LINC02288 promotes chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation through miR‐374a‐3p targeting RTN3
Authors: Fu Qiwei , Zhu Jun , Wang Bo , Wu Jun , Li Haobo , Han Yaguang , Xiang Dong , Chen Yi , Li Lexiang
Published: January 2021

Background

Dysregulation of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is related to the occurrence of osteoarthritis (OA). In the present study, we explored the role of LINC02288 and its regulatory mechanism in OA development.

Methods

GSE113825 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs in OA. Gene enrichment analyses and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes biological process analysis were performed through Metascape (http://metascape.org/gp). The interactions among LINC02288, miR‐374a‐3p and RTN3 were determined using RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays and dual luciferase reporter assays. Chondrocyte apoptosis was examined using flow cytometry. Western blot assays were conducted to assess the pro‐apoptotic and anti‐apoptotic markers.

Results

We identified a total of 4,491 differentially expressed lncRNAs. We focused on LINC02288 as the top‐ranked up‐regulated lncRNA in OA as indicated by a significant p‐value. LINC02288 was significantly up‐regulated, which was further verified by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Down‐regulation of LINC02288 significantly reduced the apoptosis of OA chondrocytes induced by interleukin‐1β and the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. These effects were further verified in an OA rat model. An RIP assay and dual luciferase assay further confirmed that LINC02288 served as a sponge of miR‐374a‐3p. Moreover, the overexpression of RTN3 could partially reverse the effects of LINC02288 knockdown, mediating inhibitory effects on chondrocyte apoptosis and the inflammatory response. Down‐regulation of LINC02288 alleviated OA development in an in vivo OA animal model.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that LINC02288 contributes to OA progression by targeting the miR‐374a‐3p/RTN3 axis, which might provide a promising molecular therapy strategy for OA.
Elements of a counter‐exhibition: Excavating and countering a Canadian history and legacy of eugenics
Authors: Kelly Evadne , Manning Dolleen Tisawii'ashii , Boye Seika , Rice Carla , Owen Dawn , Stonefish Sky , Stonefish Mona
Published: January 2021

Into the Light, a recently mounted collectively curated museum exhibition, exposed and countered histories and legacies of 20th‐century “race betterment” pedagogies taught in Ontario's postsecondary institutions that targeted some groups of people, including Anishinaabe, Black, and other racialized populations, and disabled and poor people, with dehumanizing ideas and practices. This article advances understandings of the transformative potential of centralizing marginalized stories in accessible and creative ways to disrupt, counter, and draw critical attention to the brutal impacts of oppressive knowledge. The “counter‐exhibition” prioritized stories of groups unevenly targeted by such oppression to contest and defy singular narratives circulating in institutional knowledge systems of what it means to be human. The authors draw on feminist, decolonial and disability scholarship to analyze the exhibition's curation for the ways it collectively and creatively: (1) brought the past to the present through materializing history and memory in ways that challenged archival silences; and (2) engaged community collaboration using accessible, multisensory, multimedia storytelling to “speak the hard truths of colonialism” (Lonetree) while constructing a new methodology for curating disability and access (Cachia). The authors show how the exhibition used several elements, including counter‐stories, to end legacies of colonial eugenic violence and to proliferate accounts that build solidarity across differences implicated in and impacted by uneven power (Gaztambide‐Fernández).
Comparative study of collagen distribution in the dermis of the embryonic carapace of soft‐ and hard‐shelled cryptodiran turtles
Authors: Yang Jie , Song Wei , Li Caiyan , Fang Chanlin , Zhang Yuting , Wang Qingqing , Zhang Mingxing , Qian Guoying
Published: January 2021

Turtles are characterized by their typical carapace, which is primarily composed of corneous beta proteins in the horny part and collagen in the dermal part. The formation of the extracellular matrix in the dermis of the carapace in a hard‐shelled and a soft‐shelled turtle has been compared. The study examines carapace development, with an emphasis on collagen accumulation, in the soft‐shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis and hard‐shelled turtle Trachemys scripta elegans, using comparative morphological and embryological analyses. The histological results showed that collagen deposition in the turtle carapace increased as the embryos developed. However, significant differences were observed between the two turtle species at the developmental stages examined. The microstructure of the dermis of the carapace of P. sinensis showed light and dark banding of collagen bundles, with a higher overall collagen content, whereas the carapacial matrix of T. scripta was characterized by loosely packed and thinner collagenous fiber bundles with a lower percentage of type I collagen. Overall, the formation and distribution of collagen fibrils at specific developmental stages are different between the soft‐and hard‐shelled turtles. These results indicate that the pliable epidermis of the soft‐shelled turtle is supported by a strong dermis that is regularly distributed with collagen and that it allows improved maneuvering, whereas a strong but inflexible epidermis as observed in case of hard‐shelled turtles limits movement.
Unique hip and stifle extensor muscle patterns in the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx (Carnivora: Felidae)
Authors: Viranta Suvi , Holmala Katja , Laakkonen Juha
Published: January 2021

The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is a medium‐sized felid, with a tendency to hunt for prey larger than itself. We studied the lynx hindlimb musculoskeletal anatomy in order to determine possible anatomical adaptations to hunting large prey. In our previous work, we had found characters of both large and small felids in the lynx forelimb. The crouched limbs, typical of all felids, increase the energy demands for the antigravity muscles during locomotion. As a powerful pounce is required for the smaller felid to bring down large prey, strong hindquarters may be needed. We hypothesized that the muscle attachments are more mechanically advantageous and muscles heavier in the lynx as compared to other felids to compensate for the energy requirements. In support of this, we found unique patterns in the hindlimb musculature of the lynx. Insertion of the m. gluteus medius was large with a short moment arm around the hip joint, providing mechanical disadvantage, but rapid movement. The musculus vastus medialis was relatively heavier than in other felids emphasizing the role of the m. quadriceps femoris as a powerful stifle extensor. The extensor muscles support the crouched hind limbs, which is crucial when tackling large prey, and they are also responsible for the swift powerful pounce brought by extending the hindlimbs. However, we cannot rule out the possibility the characters are shared with other Lynx spp. or they are adaptations to other aspects of the locomotor strategy in the Eurasian lynx.
ECG markers of malignant arrhythmias and in‐hospital outcome of COVID‐19 pneumonia
Authors: Shaghee Foaad , Nafakhi Hussein , Alareedh Mohammed , Nafakhi Ahmed , Al‐Buthabhak Karrar
Published: January 2021

Background

ECG abnormalities associated with COVID‐19 pneumonia and adverse outcome are undefined and poorly described in prior studies.

Objectives

To assess the predictive role of baseline ECG markers of increased risk of malignant arrhythmias and cardiac death for adverse in‐hospital outcomes.

Patients and methods

A retrospective study included 93 patients of newly diagnosed COVID‐19 with features consistent with pneumonia who were admitted to the hospital from August 20 to September 20, 2020. The main outcomes were defined as receiving mechanical ventilation, in‐hospital cardiac arrest, length of ICU stay, and degree of lung damage according to computed tomography (CT) score.

Results

Increased QTc (QT corrected) interval, Tp‐e (T from peak to end) interval, and transmural dispersion of repolarization (TDR) were independent predictors of prolonged ICU stay (P < .0001) after adjustment for baseline clinical characteristics. Increasing age (P < .0001) followed by increased QTc interval (P = .02) and history of chronic lung disease (P = .04) were independent predictors of extensive lung damage. The independent predictors for in‐hospital cardiac arrest were increased QTc (P = .02) followed by increasing age (P = .04) and increased Tp‐e interval (P = .04).

Conclusion

Repolarization abnormalities on baseline ECG may be useful prognostic markers in patients with COVID‐19 pneumonia.
Complete genome sequence of plant growth‐promoting and heavy metal‐tolerant Enterobacter tabaci 4M9 (CCB‐MBL 5004)
Authors: Abdullahi Saidu , Haris Hazzeman , Zarkasi Kamarul Z. , Amir Hamzah G.
Published: January 2021

Enterobacter tabaci 4M9 (CCB‐MBL 5004) was reported to have plant growth‐promoting and heavy metal tolerance traits. It was able to tolerate more than 300 mg/L Cd, 600 mg/L As, and 500 mg/L Pb and still maintained the ability to produce plant growth‐promoting substances under metal stress conditions. To explore the genetic basis of these beneficial traits, the complete genome sequencing of 4M9 was carried out using Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) sequencing technology. The complete genome consisted of one chromosome of 4,654,430 bp with a GC content of 54.6% and one plasmid of 51,135 bp with a GC content of 49.4%. Genome annotation revealed several genes involved in plant growth‐promoting traits, including the production of siderophore, indole acetic acid, and 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate deaminase; solubilization of phosphate and potassium; and nitrogen metabolism. Similarly, genes involved in heavy metals (As, Co, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Cd, and Fe) tolerance were detected. These support its potential as a heavy metal‐tolerant plant growth‐promoting bacterium and a good genetic resource that can be employed to improve phytoremediation efficiency of heavy metal‐contaminated soil via biotechnological techniques. This, to the best of our knowledge, is the first report on the complete genome sequence of heavy metal‐tolerant plant growth‐promoting E. tabaci.
Leukotriene receptor antagonist reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss in a rat model of experimental periodontitis
Authors: Moro Marcella G. , Oliveira Marilia D. S. , Santana Maria M. , de Jesus Flavia N. , Feitosa Karla , Teixeira Simone A. , Franco Gilson C. N. , Spolidorio Luis Carlos , Muscará Marcelo N. , Holzhausen Marinella
Published: January 2021

Background

Leukotrienes (LTs) participate in the process of tissue damage in periodontal disease by leukocyte chemotaxis and osteoclastic activation. The activation of Cysteinyl‐LT receptor is associated with increased expression of proinflammatory molecules and osteoclastogenesis. However, its implications on periodontal disease progression have not been studied. The present study evaluated the effect of the cysteinyl‐LT receptor antagonist (montelukast [MT]) on ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats.

Methods

Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to bilateral ligature‐induced periodontitis and orally treated with MT (at doses of 10 or 30 mg/kg/d, MT10, and MT30, respectively). Sham animals had the ligatures immediately removed and received placebo treatment. Sets of animals were euthanized 7, 14, or 21 days after ligature placement and the mandibles were removed for macroscopic evaluation of alveolar bone loss (ABL). In addition, histological analysis of periodontal tissues, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of gingival tissues, and periodontal tissue expression of collagen type I, RUNX2, RANK, RANKL, OPG, BLT1, Cys‐LTR1, LTA4H, and LTC4S were also analyzed.

Results

MT significantly reduced ABL at 14 (MT10 and MT30) and 21 days (MT10) (P < 0.05), gingival MPO at 7 (MT10) and 14 days (MT30) (P < 0.05), LTA4H, BLT1 and LTC4S gene expression on day 14 day (MT30,P < 0.05) and increased RUNX2 expression on day 14 (MT30,P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Systemic therapy with MT decreases periodontal inflammation and ABL in ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats.
Corky off‐flavor compounds in cork planks at different storage times before processing. Influence on the quality of the final stoppers
Authors: Alañón M Elena , Alarcón Marina , Díaz‐Maroto Ignacio J , Pérez‐Coello M Soledad , Díaz‐Maroto M Consuelo
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Cork companies store cork planks before processing them for a minimum of 6 months to dry up and to stabilize their texture and chemical composition, although many companies extend this storage period up to 12 months. However, there is no information about the influence of this seasoning period on their ‘corky’ off flavors. For this reason, the main compounds responsible for the ‘cork taint’ of planks stored before processing from 6 to 12 months were investigated.

RESULTS

Four haloanisoles and three halophenols were identified: 2,4,6‐trichloroanisole (TCA), 2,3,4,6‐tetrachloroanisole (TeCA), pentachloroanisole (PCA), 2,4,6‐tribromoanisole (TBA), 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,3,4,6‐tetrachlorophenol (TeCP), and 2,4,6‐tribromophenol (TBP). All of the planks presented some haloanisole or halophenol after 6 and 9 months of storage, which practically disappeared after a year of storage. These compounds were only detected in the cork stoppers made from planks with 6 and 9 months of storage. Of the alkylmethoxypyrazines, 2‐methoxy‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazine (MDMP), 3‐isopropyl‐2‐methoxypyrazine (IPMP), and 3‐isobutyl‐2‐methoxypyrazine (IBMP) were identified. The MDMP was detected in a larger number of planks with 6 months of storage and at higher concentrations than IPMP and IBMP. However, MDMP was not detected in the cork stoppers made from planks at 6, 9, and 12 months of storage.

CONCLUSION

A storage time of 6 months before processing of raw cork planks would be sufficient to obtain cork stoppers with low concentrations of corky off‐flavor compounds. An increase in storage up to 9 or 12 months would result in practically ‘cork taint’‐free natural stoppers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
End‐of‐Life Practice Patterns in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Vukkadala Neelaysh , Fardeen Touran , Ramchandran Kavitha , Divi Vasu
Published: January 2021

Objective/Hypothesis

Despite the importance of symptom management and end‐of‐life (EOL) care in head and neck cancers (HNC), there is little literature on care practices in this population. This study examines EOL care practice patterns using nationally established metrics.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

Review of HNC patients who were actively followed and treated (defined as one clinic note within 90 days, two within preceding 9 months, and having received treatment at our institution) and died between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018. The cohort was reviewed for performance on Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI®) and other metrics.

Results

Of 133 patients identified, 52 met inclusion criteria. The average age at death was 69.8 years. About 59% had distant metastases, 30% had locoregional disease, 11% were undergoing primary treatment. Twenty‐three percentage received chemotherapy within the last 14 days of life. Fifty percentage of patients were admitted in the last 30 days of life, and 33% died in the hospital. Fifty‐four percentage of patients had either Physician Orders for Life‐Sustaining Treatment or Advanced Directive on file. Eighty‐one percentage of patients had any type of goals of care discussion documented. Sixty‐five percentage of all patients received referrals to palliative care and 46% of all patients enrolled in hospice. The median days in hospice was 12. Having a goals of care discussion was significantly associated with utilization of palliative and hospice care.

Conclusions

Provider‐documented goals of care discussions were strongly correlated to referrals and enrollment in palliative and hospice care. Areas for improvement include better documentation of treatment directives and reducing low‐utility treatments.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 131:1769–1773, 2021
Racial, Gender, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Nephew Lauren D. , Serper Marina
Published: January 2021

Liver transplantation (LT) is a life‐saving therapy; therefore, equitable distribution of this scarce resource is of paramount importance. We searched contemporary literature on racial, gender, and socioeconomic disparities across the LT care cascade in referral, waitlist practices, allocation, and post‐LT care. We subsequently identified gaps in the literature and future research priorities. Studies found that racial and ethnic minorities (Black and Hispanic patients) have lower rates of LT referral, more advanced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma at diagnosis, and are less likely to undergo living donor LT (LDLT). Gender‐based disparities were observed in waitlist mortality and LT allocation. Women have lower LT rates after waitlisting, with size mismatch accounting for much of the disparity. Medicaid insurance has been associated with higher rates of chronic liver disease and poor waitlist outcomes. After LT, some studies found lower overall survival among Black compared with White recipients. Studies have also shown lower literacy and limited educational attainment were associated with increased posttransplant complications and lower use of digital technology. However, there are notable gaps in the literature on disparities in LT. Detailed population‐based estimates of the advanced liver disease burden and LT referral and evaluation practices, including for LDLT, are lacking. Similarly, little is known about LT disparities worldwide. Evidence‐based strategies to improve access to care and reduce disparities have not been comprehensively identified. Prospective registries and alternative “real‐world” databases can provide more detailed information on disease burden and clinical practices. Modeling and simulation studies can identify ways to reduce gender disparities attributed to size or inaccurate estimation of renal function. Mixed‐methods studies and clinical trials should be conducted to reduce care disparities across the transplant continuum.
Advanced Therapies for the Management of Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Sasikumar Sanskriti , Matta Roberto , Munhoz Renato P. , Zurowski Mateusz , Poon Yu‐Yan , Hodaie Mojgan , Kalia Suneil K. , Lozano Andres M. , Fasano Alfonso
Published: January 2021

Background

Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome (DDS) is an adverse non‐motor complication of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. The current literature on this syndrome is limited, and it remains underdiagnosed and challenging to manage.

Objective

To assess the role of advanced therapies in the management of DDS.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review and identified patients who fit the inclusion criteria for DDS. They were classified according to risk factors that have been identified in the literature, motor and complication scores, intervention (medical or surgical) and outcome. Multivariate analyses were performed to analyze these characteristics.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients were identified (23 males, mean age of onset: 49 ± 8.8 years). Average levodopa equivalent daily dose was 1916.7 ± 804 mg and a history of impulse control disorders, psychiatric illness, and substance abuse was present in 89%, 70% and 3.7% of the patients, respectively. Overall 81.5% of patients had symptom resolution at follow up, on average 4.8 ± 3.5 years after management, with medication only (7/9), levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel (1/3), deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (10/13), or globus pallidus pars interna (2/2). Reduction of medications occurred with deep brain stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (P= 0.01) but was associated with a relapse in two patients.

Conclusion

Although the small sample size of some subgroups limits our ability to draw meaningful conclusions, our results did not suggest superiority of a single treatment option. Advanced therapies including deep brain stimulation can be considered in patients with DDS refractory to conservative measures, but outcome is variable and relapse is possible.
Metabolic NMR mapping with microgram tissue biopsy
Authors: Lucas‐Torres Covadonga , Roumes Hélène , Bouchaud Véronique , Bouzier‐Sore Anne‐Karine , Wong Alan
Published: January 2021

This study explores the potential of profiling a microgram‐scale soft tissue biopsy by NMR spectroscopy. The important elements of high resolution and high sensitivity for the spectral data are achieved through a unique probe, HR‐μMAS, which allowed comprehensive profiling to be performed on microgram tissue for the first time under MAS conditions. Thorough spatially resolved metabolic maps were acquired across a coronal brain slice of rat C6 gliomas, which rendered the delineation of the tumor lesion. The results present a unique ex vivo NMR possibility to analyze tissue pathology that cannot be fully explored by the conventional approach, HR‐MAS and in vivo MRS. Aside from the capability of analyzing a small localized region to track its specific metabolism, it could also offer the possibility to carry out longitudinal investigations on live animals due to the feasibility of minimally invasive tissue excision.
Effects of cyclochlorotine on myofibrils in cardiomyocytes and on actin filament bundles in fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Zhou Zhen‐Hua , Komiyama Masatoshi , Terao Kiyoshi , Shimada Yutaka
Published: January 2021

The effects of cyclochlorotine (CC), a secondary metabolite of Penicillium islandicum, on cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts were investigated by fluorescent and electron microscopy. The in vitro application of CC on myocytes induced disruption of myofibrils and large accumulations of actin, myosin, α‐actinin, and vinculin at the cellular processes. This agent also induced the formation of islands of myosin and α‐actinin aggregates. Actin filament bundles in fibroblasts were either unaffected or disrupted completely, suggesting the presence of two, physiocochemically different, populations of fibroblasts. CC damage was dose‐dependently reversible. Further studies will be required to explore the feasibility of using CC for analyzing the properties of contractile and/or cytoskeletal proteins.
New formulas of thehigh‐orderderivatives offifth‐kindChebyshev polynomials: Spectral solution of theconvection–diffusionequation
Authors: Abd‐Elhameed Waleed M. , Youssri Youssri H.
Published: January 2021

This paper is dedicated to deriving novel formulae for the high‐order derivatives of Chebyshev polynomials of the fifth‐kind. The high‐order derivatives of these polynomials are expressed in terms of their original polynomials. The derived formulae contain certain terminating4F3(1) hypergeometric functions. We show that the resulting hypergeometric functions can be reduced in the case of the first derivative. As an important application—and based on the derived formulas—a spectral tau algorithm is implemented and analyzed for numerically solving the convection–diffusion equation. The convergence and error analysis of the suggested double expansion is investigated assuming that the solution of the problem is separable. Some illustrative examples are presented to check the applicability and accuracy of our proposed algorithm.
The Metabolic Equivalent BMI in Patients with Familial Partial Lipodystrophy (FPLD) Compared with Those with Severe Obesity
Authors: Koo Eden , Foss‐Freitas Maria C. , Meral Rasimcan , Ozer Muhammet , Eldin Abdelwahab J. , Akinci Baris , Miller Nicole , Rothberg Amy E. , Oral Elif A.
Published: January 2021

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the shortcoming of BMI as a measurement of adiposity in patients with familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD).

Methods

Two different matching procedures were used to compare 55 FPLD versus control patients with severe obesity (N = 548 patients) to study the relationship between body weight, fat distribution, and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In MATCH1, the patients with FPLD were matched to controls with obesity (OCs) by truncal mass, and in MATCH2, the patients with FPLD were matched to OCs with respect to glucose control.

Results

With MATCH1, the FPLD group had worse glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c 8.2% ± 1.6% vs. 5.9% ± 0.9%), higher triglycerides (884 ± 1,190 mg/dL vs. 139 ± 79 mg/dL), and lower leptin (20.5 ± 15.8 ng/mL vs. 41.9 ± 29.4 ng/mL, P < 0.001 for all comparisons). In MATCH2, metabolic comorbidity–matched FPLD patients had significantly lower BMI compared with OCs (29.5 ± 5.7 kg/m2 vs. 38.6 ± 5.2 kg/m2, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Patients with FPLD with similar truncal mass have worse metabolic profiles than non‐FPLD OCs. The differential BMI between the FPLD and OCs, when matched for their metabolic comorbidities, approximates 8.6 BMI units.
The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines as Intermediates in the Pathway from Increased Adiposity to Disease
Authors: Kalaoja Marita , Corbin Laura J. , Tan Vanessa Y. , Ahola‐Olli Ari V. , Havulinna Aki S. , Santalahti Kristiina , Pitkänen Niina , Lehtimäki Terho , Lyytikäinen Leo‐Pekka , Raitoharju Emma , Seppälä Ilkka , Kähönen Mika , Ripatti Samuli , Palotie Aarno , Perola Markus , Viikari Jorma S. , Jalkanen Sirpa , Maksimow Mikael , Salomaa Veikko , Salmi Marko , Raitakari Olli T. , Kettunen Johannes , Timpson Nicholas J.
Published: January 2021

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the role of cytokines as intermediates in the pathway from increased adiposity to disease.

Methods

BMI and circulating levels of up to 41 cytokines were measured in individuals from three Finnish cohort studies (n = 8,293). Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to assess the impact of BMI on circulating cytokines and the impact of BMI‐driven cytokines on risk of obesity‐related diseases.

Results

Observationally, BMI was associated with 19 cytokines. For every SD increase in BMI, causal effect estimates were strongest for hepatocyte growth factor, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), and tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) and were as ratios of geometric means 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08‐1.19), 1.08 (95% CI: 1.04‐1.14), and 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04‐1.21), respectively. TRAIL was associated with a small increase in the odds of coronary artery disease (odds ratio: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.00‐1.06). There was inconsistent evidence for a protective role of MCP‐1 against inflammatory bowel diseases.

Conclusions

Observational and MR estimates of the effect of BMI on cytokine levels were generally concordant. There was little evidence for an effect of raised levels of BMI‐driven cytokines on disease. These findings illustrate the challenges of MR when applied in the context of molecular mediation.
Pharmacogenomics of Medication‐Induced Weight Gain and Antiobesity Medications
Authors: Singh Sneha , Ricardo‐Silgado Maria L. , Bielinski Suzette J. , Acosta Andres
Published: January 2021

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease associated with a large number of comorbidities. The clinical management of obesity involves a stepwise integrated approach, beginning with behavioral and lifestyle modification, followed by antiobesity medications, endobariatric procedures, and bariatric surgery. Weight gain and subsequent obesity are common side effects of medications, such as prednisone or antipsychotics. In this era of precision medicine, it is essential to identify patients at the highest risk of weight gain as a result of medication use. Pharmacogenomics could play an important role in obesity management by optimizing use of antiobesity medications as well as minimizing adverse weight gain. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on the role of pharmacogenomics in obesity and medication‐induced weight gain. In summary, there are more robust studies of medication associated with weight gain and pharmacogenomics, and more studies are needed to understand the role of pharmacogenomics in antiobesity medications.
Obesity Pharmacotherapy is Effective in the Veterans Affairs Patient Population: A Local and Virtual Cohort Study
Authors: Pendse Jay , Vallejo‐García Franco , Parziale Andrew , Callanan Mae , Tenner Craig , Alemán José O.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Obesity is a major public health challenge, and the US military veteran population is disproportionately affected. Using deidentified records from a local weight management clinic and a national clinical data repository, obesity pharmacotherapy use and effectiveness for weight loss and obesity comorbidities in this vulnerable population were assessed.

Methods

During the initial year of the local clinic, 43 records with monthly follow‐up of MOVE! lifestyle intervention augmented by obesity pharmacotherapy were found. Nationally, more than 2 million records of prescribed obesity pharmacotherapy compared with metformin as control were identified. Records with detailed documentation of weight trends from 1 year before to 1 year after the prescription date for further analysis were selected for review.

Results

The most commonly prescribed medications in the local clinic were metformin, liraglutide, and combination phentermine/topiramate. On average, weight loss of −4.0 ± 2.1 kg over the initial 6‐month intervention was observed. In the national cohort, 577,491 records with an obesity or control metformin prescription and adequate weight documentation were identified. The most effective pharmacotherapy in the national cohort was phentermine/topiramate (−0.0931 ± 0.0198 kg/wk difference), followed by liraglutide, lorcaserin, and orlistat.

Conclusions

Obesity pharmacotherapy is effective in achieving clinically meaningful weight loss in veterans as part of an integrated care approach.
Perceptions, Attitudes, and Barriers to Obesity Care in Mexico: Data From the ACTION‐IO Study
Authors: Vázquez‐Velázquez Verónica , Laviada‐Molina Hugo , García‐García Eduardo , Sandoval‐Diez Edurne , Mancillas‐Adame Leonardo
Published: January 2021

Objective

The Awareness, Care, and Treatment in Obesity Management–International Observation (ACTION‐IO) study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03584191) aimed to identify perceptions, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers to effective obesity care in people with obesity (PwO) and health care professionals (HCPs). This study presents the results from Mexico.

Methods

An online survey was conducted. In Mexico, eligible PwO were ≥18 years of age with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 based on self‐reported height and weight. Eligible HCPs had direct patient care.

Results

The survey was completed by 2,000 PwO and 400 HCPs in Mexico. Many PwO (71%) and HCPs (94%) categorized obesity as a chronic disease. Sixty‐three percent of PwO felt motivated to lose weight, but many HCPs perceived that PwO were not interested in losing weight (76%) or motivated to lose weight (69%). Lack of financial means to support weight‐loss efforts was a barrier for PwO (34%) to discussing weight with HCPs. Sixty‐five percent of PwO had discussed weight with HCPs in the past 5 years. PwO (80%) and HCPs (89%) considered lack of exercise as the main barrier to weight loss. Few PwO (34%) had successfully lost ≥5% of their body mass over the past 3 years.

Conclusions

This ACTION‐IO study in Mexico identified discrepancies in the perceptions of PwO and HCPs, highlighting opportunities for further education and patient‐centered approaches.
Modeling financial liberalization and economic growth in Liberia: A dynamic analysis
Authors: Kirikkaleli Dervis , Sowah James Karmoh
Published: January 2021

The impact of financial reforms and financial development on an economy has received considerable attention over the recent past. According to McKinnon and Shaw, financial liberalization policy and, in particular, interest rate deregulation is a means for achieving high economic growth by boosting savings and investments. This paper aims to investigate the long‐run relationship between financial liberalization and economic growth in Liberian as articulated by McKinnon and Shaw's theory. The study employed time series data spanning from 1980 to 2016 and dataset was sourced from World Development Indicators databases. The dataset was estimated using econometric techniques of Combined Co‐integration test, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares, and robustness check of Fully Modified Ordinary Squares, and Canonical Co‐integration Regression, respectively. Results reveal, positive and significant coefficient of financial liberalization variables, thus supporting the McKinnon and Shaw hypotheses. Also, found long‐run Combined Co‐integration among the estimated models. Policy recommendation includes that policymakers should refrain from policy that will adversely affect deposit interest rates considering its immense impact on savings mobilization, gross investment, and economic growth. Furthermore, improving competition will compel deposit‐taking institutions to raise deposit interest rates in a bid to attract more depositors, thus reducing interest rates spread.