bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multinational corporations and grand challenges: part of the problem, part of the solution?
Authors: Dörrenbächer Christoph , Geppert Mike , Bozkurt Ödül
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to address the relationship between multinational corporations (MNCs) and grand challenges. Stressing the moderating impact of stakeholders and governments, it frames and introduces the six contributions of the special issue, equally divided into those illustrating how MNCs contribute to the existence of grand challenges and those exploring how MNCs contribute to addressing grand challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a review of the existing literature on the relationship between MNCs and grand challenges and recent developments in mainstream international business, the viewpoint emphasizes the need to move beyond a one-sided focus on the positive contributions of MNCs to grand challenges.

Findings

The special issue contributions reveal that even established MNCs are actively engaged in strategic efforts to perpetuate unsustainable practices and minimize the impact of societal rules and stakeholders. The contributions also highlight the complications when MNCs aim to tackle grand challenges.

Practical implications

Displaying positive practices of how MNCs contribute to the solution of grand challenges should not be considered a functional substitute for regulatory action, contrary to the frequent assertion of MNCs and their political representatives.

Originality/value

This special issue is the first one in IB to address the relationship between MNCs and grand challenges from an empirical vantage point.
Accuracy and feasibility of 3D virtual dynamic fit technology
Authors: Kim Youngsook , Baytar Fatma
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The research evaluated the feasibility of 3D dynamic fit utilizing female compression tops by comparatively analyzing the virtual and actual dynamic fit.

Design/methodology/approach

Six female participants were 3D body-scanned and photographed in compression tops in four types of athletic movements (pull-up, kettlebell swing, circle-crunch and sit-up). Fit measurements, waist cross-sectional areas, waist width, waist depth, numerical simulation of clothing pressure (kPa) and objective pressure measurements (kPa) were collected from 3D virtual animation, 3D fit scan data and actual photos with the four types of athletic motions. The data were comparatively investigated between virtual and actual dynamic fit.

Findings

The 3D-animated body was not reflected with human body deformation because only bone structure was changed while maintaining the constant forms of muscle and body surface in athletic movements. Due to this consistency of virtual dynamic fit, there were significant differences with the actual dynamic fit at the top length, shoulder width and waist cross-sectional areas. Also, the virtual dynamic pressure indicated significantly higher levels than the objective dynamic pressure while presenting no significant correlations at the front neckline, breast, lateral waist, upper back, back armhole and back waist.

Originality/value

This study is the first to verify multiple aspects of virtual dynamic fit using 3D digital technology. This study provided useful information about which aspects of the current virtual animation need to be improved to apply in the dynamic fit evaluation.
Entrepreneurial financing: how global and regional export intentions affect financial and non-financial choices for small and midsized enterprises in low-income countries
Authors: van Klyton Aaron , Arrieta-Paredes Mary-Paz , Byombi Kamasa Vedaste , Rutabayiro-Ngoga Said
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The study explores how the intention to export affects financing and non-financing variables for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in a low-income country (LIC). The objectives of this study are (1) to discern between regional and global exporting and (2) to evaluate its policymaking implications.

Design/methodology/approach

Primary survey data were collected from 330 Rwandan SMEs and were analysed using ordered logistic models as an application of the expectation-maximisation iterating algorithm, which was tested for robustness using a sampling model variation.

Findings

The results show that alternative sources of finance are the predominant choice to finance the intention to export within and outside Africa. As the scope of export intentions broadened from regional to global, there was a shift in preferences from less formal to more formal lending technologies, moving from methods like factoring to lines of credit. Moreover, reliance on bank officers became more significant, with increasing marginal effects. Finally, the study determined that government financing schemes were not relevant for SMEs pursuing either regional or global exporting.

Practical implications

Whilst alternative sources of finance predominate the export intentions of Rwandan SMEs, establishing a robust banking relationship becomes crucial for global exporting. Despite this implication, the intention to export should prompt more transparent communication regarding government financial support programmes. There is an opportunity for increased usage of relationship lending to customise support for SMEs involved in exporting, benefiting both the private and public sectors.

Originality/value

This study accentuates how export distance alters SME financing priorities. The results also contribute to understanding how the value of relationship lending changes when less familiar markets (i.e. global exporting) are the objective. Moreover, the study offers a new perspective on how institutional voids affect entrepreneurial financing decisions in LICs.
Social media influencer marketing: science mapping of the present and future trends
Authors: Fauzi Muhammad Ashraf , Ali Zuraina , Satari Zanariah , Megat Ramli Puteri Azlian , Omer Mazen
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study aims to reveal the knowledge structure of social media influencer marketing literature by performing science mapping analysis through a state-of-the-art bibliometric approach to determine the current and future trends. Social media influencer marketing is one of the most effective approaches to presenting a brand and offering value to consumers via social media.

Design/methodology/approach

This study evaluates the knowledge structure to uncover the emerging trends and future predictions in social media influencer marketing through bibliographic coupling and co-word analysis. In total, 917 journal publications were retrieved from the Web of Science database and analyzed using VOSviewer software.

Findings

The central theme in social media influencer marketing reflects digital engagement between influencers and followers and communication between influencers and followers. The theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Originality/value

This study unleashes the knowledge structure according to the fundamental literature of social media influencer marketing and the underlying themes related to the phenomenon.
Flexural behavior of RC beams reinforced by ECC layer and steel plate: numerical simulation
Authors: Liu Long , Wang Lifeng , Xiao Ziwang
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The combination of an Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) layer and steel plate to reinforce RC beams (ESRB) is a new strengthening method. The ESRB was proposed based on the steel plate at the bottom of RC beams, aiming to solve the problem of over-reinforced RC beams and improve the bearing capacity of RC beams without affecting their ductility.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the finite element model of ESRB was established by ABAQUS. The results were compared with the experimental results of ESRB in previous studies and the reliability of the finite element model was verified. On this basis, parameters such as the width of the steel plate, thickness of the ECC layer, damage degree of the original beam and cross-sectional area of longitudinal tensile rebar were analyzed by the verified finite element model. Based on the load–deflection curve of ESRB, ESRB was discussed in terms of ultimate bearing capacity and ductility.

Findings

The results demonstrate that when the width of the steel plate increases, the ultimate load of ESRB increases to 133.22 kN by 11.58% as well as the ductility index increases to 2.39. With the increase of the damage degree of the original beam, the ultimate load of ESRB decreases by 23.7%–91.09 kN and the ductility index decreases to 1.90. With the enhancement of the cross-sectional area of longitudinal tensile rebar, the ultimate bearing capacity of ESRB increases to 126.75 kN by 6.2% and the ductility index elevates to 2.30. Finally, a calculation model for predicting the flexural capacity of ESRB is proposed. The calculated results of the model are in line with the experimental results.

Originality/value

Based on the comparative analysis of the test results and numerical simulation results of 11 test beams, this investigation verified the accuracy and reliability of the finite element simulation from the aspects of load–deflection curve, characteristic load and failure mode. Furthermore, based on load–deflection curve, the effects of steel plate width, ECC layer thickness, damage degree of the original beam and cross-sectional area of longitudinal tensile rebar on the ultimate bearing capacity and ductility of ESRB were discussed. Finally, a simplified method was put forward to further verify the effectiveness of ESRB through analytical calculation.
Assessment of hotels’ online complaints in domestic tourism: mixed analysis approach
Authors: Çevrimkaya Mustafa , Çavus Şenol , Şengel Ümit
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study aims to test the complaints of tourists who visit five-star hotels in Antalya, Turkey, on those same hotels’ websites.

Design/methodology/approach

In the study, the data were collected with qualitative methods but analyzed with the mixed analysis method. In this context, the authors collected 1,012 comments on the website between 2016 and 2019.

Findings

According to the results of the study, the most intense complaints were found to be concentrated in categories such as ambience, food and staff.

Originality/value

First of all, it is thought that it will make an important contribution to the literature, since different methodologies are adopted in the study. In addition, online shares, evaluations and comments produce positive or negative results for the destination or business in question. It is necessary to closely monitor such activities in electronic environments, as they may have negative consequences, thus revealing the need to take corrective or preventive measures. For this reason, the research is important in terms of not having such a large-scale study in the literature and contributing to the hospitality industry.
Distributive justice and normative commitment: the mediating role of job satisfaction among the executives
Authors: Pathardikar Avinash D. , Mishra Praveen Kumar , Sahu Sangeeta
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of distributive justice on normative commitment, both directly and indirectly through job satisfaction. Instead of integrating all the components of justice and commitment, distributive justice and normative commitment have been given prominence.

Design/methodology/approach

The data were collected through standardised scales from the 305 executives working in the top eight cement organisations located in the central part of the Indian subcontinent. Structural equation modelling (SEM) with bootstrapping was employed to evaluate the hypotheses.

Findings

The results proved that distributive justice helps increase normative commitment and affects job satisfaction positively. Additionally, job satisfaction acts as a mediator between distributive justice and normative commitment.

Research limitations/implications

Due to the adaptation of self-reported questionnaires, the chances of method bias cannot be completely denied. However, the Harman’s single-factor analysis was conducted to handle it. Moreover, the data were obtained from a single source, i.e. the cement industry.

Practical implications

HR practitioners may use the outcomes of this study to promote distributive justice while allocating their sources. It also helps in implementing specific strategies to improve job satisfaction and commitment.

Originality/value

The study proposed a more complex linear model that included job satisfaction as a mediator. Moreover, the study is conducted in emerging economies, which addresses the research gaps in the existing body of literature.
Making the virtual historical using primary sources
Authors: Miller Nicole C. , Kellum Rebecca L.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This paper seeks to demonstrate the pedagogical potential of incorporating virtual reality (VR) and primary sources in social studies education. It seeks to highlight how VR can enhance student engagement, foster critical thinking and provide immersive contextualization for historical events. Despite acknowledging challenges, this paper advocates for the purposeful adoption of VR technology in the classroom to enrich the teaching and learning of history.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper explores the integration of virtual reality and primary sources in social studies education by providing a detailed lesson plan that could be used as a model for this type of teaching, as well as other resources and opportunities to do so. It highlights the potential of VR to enhance engagement, historical thinking and historical empathy.

Findings

Integrating virtual reality and primary sources can support student engagement, critical thinking and historical empathy. There are also challenges that can be mitigated through careful planning.

Practical implications

This paper provides teachers with a pedagogical model and resources for integrating VR and primary sources, along with challenges and methods for mitigating those, in their secondary social studies classroom.

Originality/value

This paper offers a unique model for combining virtual reality and primary sources for secondary social studies educators. It provides an example lesson plan exemplifying its application and emphasizing VR’s potential to support teaching and learning.
Evolutionary obstacles and not C–F bond strength make PFAS persistent
Authors: Wackett Lawrence P.
Published: April 2024

The fate of organic matter in the environment, including anthropogenic chemicals, is largely predicated on the enzymatic capabilities of microorganisms. Microbes readily degrade, and thus recycle, most of the ~100,000 commercial chemicals used in modern society. Per‐ and polyfluorinated compounds (PFAS) are different. Many research papers posit that the general resistance of PFAS to microbial degradation is based in chemistry and that argument relates to the strength of the C–F bond. Here, I advance the opinion that the low biodegradability of PFAS is best formulated as a biological optimization problem, hence evolution. The framing of the problem is important. If it is framed around C–F bond strength, the major effort should focus on finding and engineering new C–F cleaving enzymes. The alternative, and preferred approach suggested here, is to focus on the directed evolution of biological systems containing known C–F cleaving systems. There are now reports of bacteria degrading and/or growing on multiply fluorinated arenes, alkenoic and alkanoic acids. The impediment to more efficient and widespread biodegradation in these systems is biological, not chemical. The rationale for this argument is made in the five sections below that follow the Introduction.
The accuracy of length measurements made using imaging SONAR is inversely proportional to the beamwidth
Authors: Parnum Iain M. , Saunders Benjamin J. , Stott Melanie , Elsdon Travis S. , Marnane Michael J. , Harvey Euan S.
Published: April 2024

Multibeam imaging SONARs have been used for a range of measurement applications, such as measurements of fish lengths. This study aimed to quantify the accuracy of imaging SONAR systems, that varied in frequency and beam geometry, to measure the length of synthetic targets positioned perpendicularly.

Blueprint Oculus imaging SONAR systems, with four different (centre) frequencies (750 kHz, 1.2 MHz, 2.1 MHz and 3 MHz), were used to measure the length of three targets of nominal lengths: 10 cm, 20 cm and at ranges between 1 and 15.5 m. The effect of beam geometry on measurement error was then examined using regression analysis.

This study found that there was an overestimation of the actual length of the target for all measurements that was inversely proportional to the horizontal beamwidth. The measurement error can be reduced by normalising for beamwidth. However, the variation of measurements (i.e. the precision) was found to also increase with range, which was attributed to the increasing beam separation.

It is important that the effect of beamwidth on the accuracy of target length measurements, by imaging SONARs is acknowledged in future studies. One approach to mitigating this problem, is to limit the range at which length measurements are made to a beamwidth that produces an estimated level of error that is acceptable for that study.
Seeking the roots of entrepreneurship: Childhood and adolescence extraversion predict entrepreneurial intention in adults
Authors: Wismans Annelot , Jansen Pauline , Thurik Roy , Prinzie Peter , Franken Ingmar
Published: April 2024

Entrepreneurial personality research has mostly used cross‐sectional data, giving rise to the question of whether the results can be used to predict entrepreneurial outcomes. Using a unique longitudinal dataset, we investigate whether and from what age personality in childhood and adolescence predicts entrepreneurial intention in young adulthood. We cover a time span of 17 years by assessing personality at four different developmental phases (6–9, 9–12, 12–15, and 14–17 years of age) and one measurement of entrepreneurial intention in young adulthood (23–26 years of age). We employ a variable‐oriented approach by studying the Big Five traits—imagination, conscientiousness, extraversion, benevolence, and emotional stability—individually and a person‐oriented approach by studying the “entrepreneurial personality profile,” a configuration of these traits. Extraversion as measured at 9–12 years already predicts entrepreneurial intention in young adulthood. This relationship becomes stronger as the age at which extraversion is measured increases. Unlike earlier literature, we do not find clear prospective relationships regarding the other traits. Our study presents insights into the antecedents of entrepreneurial intention and highlights the importance of extraversion in childhood and adolescence. The difference between our results and those of previous cross‐sectional research highlights the importance of using longitudinal data.
Letter: Determining optimal ALT cut‐off values for predicting significant hepatic histological changes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Li Jianrong , Yang Dalong , Zhong Jianhong , Liao Yingyang
Published: April 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kang et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17862
Editorial: Diagnosis of GERD in patients with extra‐oesophageal symptoms—still a long way to go… Authors' reply'
Authors: Calabrese Francesco , Pasta Andrea , Bodini Giorgia , Furnari Manuele , Zentilin Patrizia , Giannini Edoardo G. , Maniero Daria , Casa Domenico Della , Cataudella Giovanni , Frazzoni Marzio , Penagini Roberto , Elena Arsiè , De Bortoli Nicola , Visaggi Pierfrancesco , Savarino Vincenzo , Savarino Edoardo , Marabotto Elisa
Published: April 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Calabrese et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17934 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17955
Editorial: Time to address quality of life in our IBD treatment—IBD nurse intervention as a key part of multimodal IBD management
Authors: Seidelin Jakob B.
Published: April 2024

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Bokemeyer et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17926
A prospective study on the prevalence of at‐risk MASH in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States
Authors: Mittal Nikita , Siddiqi Harris , Madamba Egbert , Richards Lisa , Bettencourt Ricki , Ajmera Veeral , Loomba Rohit
Published: April 2024

Background

There are limited data on the prevalence and treatment of at‐risk metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in the United States.

Aim

To estimate the prevalence of at‐risk MASH in a prospectively recruited cohort of adults with T2DM using new nomenclature endorsed by multiple societies.

Methods

This prospective study enrolled adults aged ≥50 with T2DM from primary care and endocrinology clinics in southern California from 2016 to 2023. Metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was defined by an magnetic resonance imaging proton density fat fraction ≥5% and at least one metabolic risk factor without any other chronic liver disease or secondary cause for hepatic steatosis.

Results

We included 530 adult patients with T2DM. The mean (±SD) age and body mass index (BMI) were 64.4 (±8.1) years and 31.5 (±6.1) kg/m2, respectively. Among patients with T2DM, the prevalence of MASLD, at‐risk MASH and cirrhosis was 69.6%, 13.6% and 6.8%, respectively. Among patients with co‐existing T2DM and obesity, the prevalence of MASLD, at‐risk MASH and cirrhosis was 77.8%, 15.9% and 9.0%, respectively, and was higher than in participants without obesity (p < 0.0001, 0.0543 and 0.0128, respectively).

Conclusion

Among adults aged ≥50 years with T2DM, the prevalence of MASLD, at‐risk MASH and cirrhosis is high, posing a significant risk for liver‐related morbidity and mortality. Approximately 14% of patients with T2DM may be candidates for pharmacologic therapies specific to MASH‐related fibrosis.
Stakeholder perceptions of thoroughbred yearling sales endoscopy in Australia: can we do better?
Authors: Hardwick JL , Ahern BJ , Franklin SH
Published: April 2024

Objective

To identify thoroughbred industry stakeholders' views on the yearling sales endoscopy in Australia.

Design

Semi‐structured qualitative group interviews with equine veterinarians, thoroughbred breeders and yearling purchasers.

Methods

Twenty‐nine experienced thoroughbred industry stakeholders participated in online focus groups: (1) equine veterinarians involved in yearling endoscopy; (2) thoroughbred breeders; and (3) yearling buyers. The focus groups were audio and video recorded and digital whiteboards were available. Data was transcribed, live‐coded and analysed thematically.

Results

The main themes identified included the uncertainty surrounding the relationship between yearling laryngeal function and future performance, especially the significance of yearlings with grade 3 out of 5 laryngeal function; interobserver variability in the laryngeal function grade assigned by veterinarians to the same endoscopic exam; and the presence of intra‐horse variability in laryngeal function over different time points.

Discussion

Stakeholders raised multiple concerns about the current yearling sales endoscopy process in Australia. Recommendations to address these concerns include further investigation into the race performance of yearlings identified with grade 3 laryngeal function; training of veterinarians to reduce inter‐observer variability; and the need to determine the most appropriate grading system to use in yearlings. Future research should evaluate the significance of intra‐horse variability in a yearling population.
Perspectives on technology – prostate cancer: is local anaesthetic transperineal prostate biopsy really better than transrectal biopsy?
Authors: Berridge Christopher , Omer Altan , Lopez Francisco , Bryant Richard J. , Lamb Alastair D.
Published: April 2024

For many years, transrectal ultrasound‐guided (TRUS) prostate biopsies have been performed to establish a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer. This has been the recommended standard of care procedure, but has always carried risks, in particular the risk of post‐procedural sepsis, and the associated antibiotic burden and risk of development of antibiotic resistance. Transperineal (TP) prostate biopsies performed under local anaesthetic (LA) have been proposed as a possible solution to these issues, with potentially lower infectious complications, and avoidance of need for antibiotic prophylaxis. The European Association of Urology produced guidance in 2023 with ‘weak’ recommendations in favour of LATP biopsy as a new standard of care, citing its safety profile. Both the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the UK, and the American Urological Association in the United States, have concluded for now that the body of evidence is inadequate and not offered a similar recommendation. We discuss the available evidence, pros and cons of each technique, and the status of current trials in the field. We believe that clinical equipoise remains necessary, given the disparity in national and international guidelines highlighting the need for large randomised controlled trials to answer the question: is LATP biopsy really better than TRUS biopsy?
Passive acoustic data yields insights into bird vocalization behavior associated with invasive shrub removal
Authors: Kotian Mayuri , Sundar Pavithra , Sangwan Taksh , Choksi Pooja
Published: April 2024

Monitoring biodiversity changes associated with ecological restoration is crucial in the current UN Decade on Restoration. Although several studies highlight the impacts of restoration on ecosystems, it is also important to understand how restoration alters species' behavior, including vocalization. Advances in conservation technology, such as passive acoustic monitoring, facilitate rapid and noninvasive monitoring. In this study, we quantified changes in the vocal behavior of a bird species in response to small‐scale restoration carried out by removing the invasive shrub, Lantana camara (lantana), in a Central Indian tropical dry forest. We examined associations between sites of varying lantana densities and the vocalization of one of its primary dispersers, red‐vented bulbul (RVBU). We found statistically significant differences in note‐length and bandwidth of RVBU vocalizations across sites. A random forest classification model showed that Lantana density was not an important predictor of RVBU vocalizations. Apart from the percentage of forest area and farms in our sites, total human population was the most important predictor for RVBU vocalizations suggesting RVBU's use of human habitations as possible resource hubs. Our findings suggest that lantana removal is not associated with significant changes in RVBU vocalization. This study provides empirical evidence that ecological restoration may not alter species' vocalization in the short term and highlights the importance of moving beyond species presence and understanding the impact of restoration on species behavior.
Emotions or cognitions first? Longitudinal relations between executive functions and emotion regulation in childhood
Authors: Halse Marte , Steinsbekk Silje , Bjørklund Oda , Hammar Åsa , Wichstrøm Lars
Published: April 2024

Executive functions and emotion regulation develop from early childhood to adolescence and are predictive of important psychosocial outcomes. However, despite the correlation between the two regulatory capacities, whether they are prospectively related in school‐aged children remains unknown, and the direction of effects is uncertain. In this study, a sample drawn from two birth cohorts in Norway was biennially examined between the ages of 6 and 14 (n = 852, 50.1% girls, 93% Norwegian). Parents completed the Emotion Regulation Checklist, and teachers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. A random intercept cross‐lagged panel model revealed that improved emotion regulation predicted increased executive functioning to the same extent throughout development, whereas enhanced executive functioning was unrelated to future changes in emotion regulation.
Challenges and way forward for implementation of sugar taxation in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Authors: Abbas Hazem , Guarnizo‐Herreño Carol C. , El Tantawi Maha , Tsakos Georgios , Peres Marco A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Over consumption of added sugar beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level of 10% of daily energy intake has well‐established negative health consequences including oral diseases. However, the average consumption of added sugar in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA—World Bank's regional classification) is 70% higher than the WHO recommended level. Imposing taxes on added sugar has been proposed by the WHO to decrease its consumption. Yet, only 21.6% of the total MENA population are covered by taxation policies targeting added sugar.

Challenges

Well‐recognized challenges for the implementation of sugar taxation in MENA include the tactics used by the food and beverage industry to block these type of policies. However, there are also other unfamiliar hurdles specific to MENA. Historically, there have been incidents of protest and riots partially sparked by increased price of basic commodities, including sugar, in MENA countries. This may affect the readiness of policy makers in the region to impose added sugar taxes. In addition, there are also cultural, lifestyle and consumption behavioural barriers to implementing added sugar taxation. Ultra‐processed foods and sugar‐sweetened‐beverages (SSBs) rich in added sugar are perceived by many in MENA as essential treats regardless of their health risks. Furthermore, some countries even provide subsidies for added sugar. Also, (oral) healthcare providers generally do not engage in policy advocacy mainly due to limited training on health policy.

Ways forward

Here, we discuss these challenges and suggest some ways forward such as (1) support from a health‐oriented political leadership, (2) raising public awareness about the health risks of over consumption of sugar, (3) transparency during the policy‐cycle development process, (4) providing a free and safe environment for a community dialogue around the proposed policy, (5) training of (oral) healthcare professionals on science communication and policy advocacy in local lay language/dialect, ideally evidence informed from local/regional studies, (6) selecting the appropriate political window of opportunity to introduce a sugar tax policy, and (7) clear and strict conflict of interest regulations to limit the influence of commercial players on health policy.
Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging features of fetal urogenital anomalies: A pictorial essay
Authors: Moradi Behnaz , Golezar Mohammad Hossein , Mortazavi Ardestani Reihaneh , Hassanzadeh Sara , Jannatdoust Payam , Banihashemian Masoumeh , Batavani Nasim
Published: April 2024

This pictorial essay focuses on ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of fetal urogenital anomalies. Fetal urogenital malformations account for 30%–50% of all anomalies discovered during pregnancy or at birth. They are usually detected by fetal ultrasound exams. However, when ultrasound data on their characteristics is insufficient, MRI is the best option for detecting other associated anomalies. The prognosis highly depends on their type and whether they are associated with other fetal abnormalities.
‘Being part of a space made up of people of colour, led by people of colour’: Young people navigating institutional whiteness in the cultural sector
Authors: Habib Sadia , Alam Hawwa , Chowdhury Maya , Hasan Rowan , Mudabbir Samihah
Published: April 2024

In 2020, after George Floyd's murder and with the mobilisation of Black Lives Matter activism, many UK institutions announced social media pledges to tackle racism. The cultural sector promised honest conversations about race, racism and whiteness and offered hope for social justice. However, not long after claims of imminent change on the part of cultural organisations, it went quiet. Conversations about race, racism and whiteness, once again, were not a priority. Rightly, young activists question the performative nature of cultural institutions expressing anti‐racist commitment and social justice values. Drawing upon the experiences of museum education, engagement and activism, the key question addressed in this paper by the author and members of the Our Shared Cultural Heritage Young Collective is: How do young people understand and experience the processes of engaging in education and activism in what they perceive to be overwhelmingly white middle‐class cultural institutions? The authors argue that museums can be useful, relevant and interesting to young people if museum staff actively seek to learn from them through participatory action research. The authors share some highlights, challenges and complexities of our ‘youth‐led’ work in the heritage sector, in the hope that museums and galleries, as well as other arts and cultural organisations, might learn and benefit from our experiences and knowledge of young people's activism in the heritage sector.
Uncovering social and gender norms that perpetuate school‐related gender‐based violence in Albania
Authors: Tahsini Izela , Manion Kathleen , Wright Laura H. V.
Published: April 2024

Violence among children has been considered one of the fundamental issues inhibiting optimal child well‐being and learning. Violence is widespread in Albania. Understanding the factors that affect it and the complex nature of violence itself requires looking at root social, cultural and economic factors and the normative influences on these factors. This study aimed to explore social and gender norms impacting school‐related gender‐based violence, and children's potential role in challenging these social norms. This article focuses on findings from research in two schools in Albania, particularly on what children and adult‐supporters shared about their understanding of social and gender norms that perpetuate violence, and their recommendations for policy and practice to address them.
Where do high‐risk drinking occasions occur more often? A cross‐sectional, cross‐country study
Authors: Torney Alexandra , Room Robin , Jiang Heng , Huckle Taisia , Holmes John , Callinan Sarah
Published: April 2024

Introduction

The current paper examines the proportion of drinking occasions and total alcohol consumed that takes place at off‐premise locations. Comparisons are made between high‐income countries: Australia, New Zealand, England and Scotland, and across drinker‐types: high‐risk and lower‐risk.

Methods

Data were taken from the International Alcohol Control study in Australia (N = 1789), New Zealand (N = 1979), England (N = 2844) and Scotland (N = 1864). The cross‐national survey measures location and beverage‐specific alcohol consumption. The number of drinking occasions and mean consumption across on‐ and off‐premise locations and the proportion of drinking occasions that high‐ and lower‐risk drinkers had at on‐ and off‐premise locations was estimated for each country.

Results

The majority of drinking occasions among high‐risk drinkers occurred at off‐premise locations across all four countries; Australia 80.1%, New Zealand 72.0%, England 61.7% and Scotland 60.7%. High‐risk drinkers in Australia had significantly larger proportions of drinking occasions occurring at off‐premise locations compared to England and Scotland. Across all countries, high‐risk drinkers and lower‐risk drinkers consumed significantly larger quantities of alcohol per occasion at off‐premise locations compared to on‐premises locations. Finally, the majority of total alcohol consumed occurred at off‐premise locations across all countries for high‐ and lower‐risk drinkers.

Discussion and Conclusions

As the accessibility to alcohol outside of licensed premises continues to increase, particularly with the expansion of home delivery services, it is important to be mindful of the high proportion of heavy drinking occasions that occur off‐premise.
Effects of high‐dose versus standard‐dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine among patients with diabetes: A post‐hoc analysis of the DANFLU‐1 trial
Authors: Lassen Mats C. Højbjerg , Johansen Niklas Dyrby , Modin Daniel , Nealon Joshua , Samson Sandrine , Dufournet Marine , Loiacono Matthew M. , Larsen Carsten Schade , Jensen Anne Marie Reimer , Landler Nino Emanuel , Claggett Brian L. , Solomon Scott D. , Landray Martin J. , Gislason Gunnar H. , Køber Lars , Jensen Jens Ulrik Stæhr , Sivapalan Pradeesh , Vestergaard Lasse Skafte , Krause Tyra Grove , Biering‐Sørensen Tor
Published: April 2024

Aim

High‐dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV‐HD) has been shown to be more effective than standard‐dose (QIV‐SD) in reducing influenza infection, but whether diabetes status affects relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) is unknown. We aimed to assess rVE on change in glycated haemoglobin [HbA1c (∆HbA1c)], incident diabetes, total all‐cause hospitalizations (first + recurrent), and a composite of all‐cause mortality and hospitalization for pneumonia or influenza.

Methods

DANFLU‐1 was a pragmatic, open‐label trial randomizing adults (65‐79 years) 1:1 to QIV‐HD or QIV‐SD during the 2021/22 influenza season. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate rVE against incident diabetes and the composite endpoint, negative binomial regression to estimate rVE against all‐cause hospitalizations, and ANCOVA when assessing rVE against ∆HbA1c.

Results

Of the 12 477 participants, 1162 (9.3%) had diabetes at baseline. QIV‐HD, compared with QIV‐SD, was associated with a reduction in the rate of all‐cause hospitalizations irrespective of diabetes [overall: 647 vs. 742 events, incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.87, 95% CI (0.76‐0.99); diabetes: 93 vs. 118 events, IRR: 0.80, 95% CI (0.55‐1.15); without diabetes: 554 vs. 624 events, IRR: 0.88, 95% CI (0.76‐1.01), pinteraction = 0.62]. Among those with diabetes, QIV‐HD was associated with a lower risk of the composite outcome [2 vs. 11 events, HR: 0.18, 95% CI (0.04‐0.83)] but had no effect on ∆HbA1c; QIV‐HD adjusted mean difference: ∆ + 0.2 mmol/mol, 95% CI (−0.9 to 1.2). QIV‐HD did not affect the risk of incident diabetes [HR 1.18, 95% CI (0.94‐1.47)].

Conclusions

In this post‐hoc analysis, QIV‐HD versus QIV‐SD was associated with an increased rVE against the composite of all‐cause death and hospitalization for pneumonia/influenza, and the all‐cause hospitalization rate irrespective of diabetes status.
Does enterprise digital transformation affect audit opinion type?—Based on business evidence of Chinese listed companies
Authors: Dong XiaoHong , Jiang YinWei
Published: April 2024

Utilizing text analysis through machine learning techniques, this study investigates the influence of enterprise digital transformation on audit opinions within China's A‐share listed companies spanning from 2011 to 2020. The findings underscore that enterprise digital transformation has the potential to bolster standard unqualified audit opinions through the enhancement of internal control quality and information transparency. Additionally, factors such as marketization level, property rights nature, and industry classification are found to be pivotal in shaping this relationship. These research outcomes not only extend the theoretical horizons of audit opinion studies but also offer valuable insights and recommendations for auditors to optimize the efficacy of audit opinions.
Debunking wasp pollination: Wasps are comparable to bees in terms of plant interactions, body pollen and single‐visit pollen deposition
Authors: Borchardt Kate E. , Holthaus Danielle , Soto Méndez Paola A. , Toth Amy L.
Published: April 2024

Wasps are understudied in their contribution to pollination services. In order to better understand the ecological contribution of wasp communities to plant pollination, we conducted three studies to compare bees and wasps by (1) the plant communities visited in agricultural and prairie environments, (2) body pollen composition as an indirect measure of pollination and (3) a single‐visit deposition study as a direct measure of pollination in the plant species complex Solidago canadensis.

We found wasps visit a distinct early‐blooming exotic plant community from bees but have overlapping use of late‐blooming native plants and similar network interaction metrics. This suggests wasps may fill an ecological niche distinct from bees, while also serving as common native plant visitors. We also found that body pollen density and pollen fidelity in four and five (out of six) wasp families, respectively, were comparable to or greater than the bee family Colletidae. Three wasp families also showed comparable to or greater visit fidelity than two (out of five) bee families examined. These results suggest wasps may carry and potentially deliver substantial pollen to specific plants. In addition, controlled single‐visit deposition revealed the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus deposits a similar amount of pollen grains as the bumble bee Bombus impatiens, suggesting surprisingly high pollination efficiency that warrants further investigation.

Our multi‐pronged study shows the importance of investigating the role of wasps as pollinators, especially by focusing on direct plant‐pollination metrics to determine wasp pollination efficacy.
Health sciences students' perspectives on online teaching and learning: Extending the implications beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Kovačević Milena , Ivanović Nevena , Protić Ana , Milenković Danijela , Mandinić Zoran , Puzović Dragana , Bajčetić Miloš , Popadić Dušan , Parojčić Jelena , Malenović Anđelija
Published: April 2024

Digital transformation in education and relevant calls for action are recognised global priorities aimed to support education and training in the digital age. The experiences from the emergency remote teaching during the COVID‐19 pandemic and recent research findings reveal relevant advantages, challenges, as well as different students and teaching staff perspectives which should be carefully considered and integrated into institutional strategies and policies to improve and enrich students’ learning experience. The present study aimed to explore health sciences students' perspectives on online teaching and learning (T&L) in four domains—Satisfaction, Motivation, Interaction and Challenges, and to identify the preferred T&L models or tools. A total of 1,041 responses were collected, including 476 dental medicine (45.7%), 399 pharmacy (38.3%), and 166 medical students (15.9%). Overall Satisfaction was quite high (4.0 ± 1.2; out of 5), followed by satisfactory Interaction (3.4 ± 1.4), whereas Motivation was quite low on average (3.0 ± 1.5). Challenges in online T&L were not markedly expressed (3.0 ± 1.6). The majority of students (46.6%) opted for the blended model as the preferred T&L model. Moodle lessons were perceived as the most useful online T&L tool (45.5% of students), followed by video materials (32.2%). Other T&L tools which require more active student's role, such as short test/quiz, and group or team assignment were declared as less favourable. The findings from the current study may contribute to raising the awareness of academic staff and higher institutions management about the student attitudes and needs related to online T&L and inform institutional planning, decision‐making and policy development.
Guesses and Slips as Proficiency‐Related Phenomena and Impacts on Parameter Invariance
Authors: Liao Xiangyi , Bolt Daniel M
Published: April 2024

Traditional approaches to the modeling of multiple‐choice item response data (e.g., 3PL, 4PL models) emphasize slips and guesses as random events. In this paper, an item response model is presented that characterizes both disjunctively interacting guessing and conjunctively interacting slipping processes as proficiency‐related phenomena. We show how evidence for this perspective is seen in the systematic form of invariance violations for item slip and guess parameters under four‐parameter IRT models when compared across populations of different mean proficiency levels. Specifically, higher proficiency populations tend to show higher guess and lower slip probabilities than lower proficiency populations. The results undermine the use of traditional models for IRT applications that require invariance and would suggest greater attention to alternatives.
Is Norway on the pathway to green growth? Evidence on decoupling between GDP and environmental footprints
Authors: Miranda Cunha Tenorio Fernanda , Gomez‐Baggethun Erik
Published: April 2024

Proponents of green growth argue that technological advancements and price signals can decouple economic growth from environmental impact through resource substitution and enhanced efficiency. In this research, we investigate the extent to which economic growth in Norway is decoupling from three key indicators of environmental pressure: energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and material consumption. Our findings show efficiency improvements across all of these indicators, but no absolute decoupling for any of them, and less so, a sufficient absolute decoupling to meet global sustainability targets. Despite the prevalent discourse surrounding a purported ‘green shift’, the overall environmental pressure within Norway is still on an upward trajectory. Mounting evidence regarding the absence of sufficient absolute decoupling suggests that the time may be ripe for high‐income nations like Norway to transcend policy focus on green growth and engage in transitions towards a post‐growth economy.
Gaining consensus on emotional wellbeing themes and preferences for digital intervention type and content to support the mental health of young people with long‐term health conditions: A Delphi study
Authors: Brown Jennie , Cox Lauren , Mulligan Kathleen , Wilson Stephanie , Heys Michelle , Livermore Polly , Gray Suzy , Bogosian Angeliki
Published: April 2024

Background

Young people (YP) with long‐term conditions (LTCs) are at greater risk of psychological distress than those without LTCs. Despite this, there is a scarcity of quality digital interventions designed to help improve mental wellbeing in this population. The aim of this study was to determine what YP, parents and health professionals preferred for future interventions.

Methods

Twenty‐six YP with asthma, diabetes and/or epilepsy (the three most common LTCs in YP), 23 parents of YP with LTCs and 10 health professionals mainly in paediatric specialisms (total n = 59) took part in an online Delphi study to gain consensus (set at 75% agreement) on four questions across three rounds. Participants ordered psychological themes that may be experienced by YP with LTCs by importance and ranked digital intervention types and delivery modes by importance or usefulness. The most common results were reported if no consensus was reached by round 3.

Results

Participants preferred a mobile phone app (73% agreement) and a mixture of one‐on‐one and group support for an intervention (75% agreement). The two highest ranked psychological themes were anxiety (44%) and wanting to appear ‘normal’ (38%), and the top intervention type was ‘general counselling’ (54% agreement).

Conclusion

There was a clear desire for an app to help with the psychological aspects of living with LTCs and for a combination of one‐to‐one and group intervention elements. Anxiety and wanting to appear ‘normal’ might be two closely linked psychological challenges that could be addressed by a single intervention.

Implications

The results will be important to consider for a future intervention, although further consultation will be needed for app development.

Patient or Public Contribution

Two YP with a LTC provided feedback on the study protocol including the aims and procedures of the project. Another six YP with LTCs were consulted on an early draft of the study questionnaire (the four questions), which was subsequently revised. Once the project began, a patient and public involvement group consisting of two YP with LTCs and one parent of a YP with an LTC gave feedback on the research process, lay report of the results and dissemination plan.