bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Pretreatment by Solid-State Fermentation of Oat Straw to Enhance Physical Quality of Pellets
Authors: Gao Wei , Lei Zhiqiang , Tabil Lope G , Zhao Rongfei
Published: May 2020

Pelleting can increase the efficiency of handling and transportation of biomass. Pretreatment obtains lignin fragments by disrupting the lignocellulosic structure of biomass and ensures the high-quality compressed pellets. In this study, solid-state fermentation (SSF) is used as a biological method to improve the quality of pellets of oat straw. SSF of oat straw using Trametes versicolor 52J (TV52J) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC) was conducted. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed by using a four-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design with fermentation time (days), moisture content (%), particle size (mm), and fermentation temperature (°C) as independent parameters. Pellet density, dimensional stability, and tensile strength were the response variables. The optimization options of fermentation time (33.96 and 35 days), moisture content (70%), particle size (150 and 50 mm), and fermentation temperature (22°C) of oat straw pretreated with these two fungal strains were obtained. The microscopic structural changes of oat straw caused by biological pretreatment were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Observation results of SEM showed that the connection between single fibers became relatively loose, and this was beneficial to improve the physical quality of the pellets.
Optimization and Implementation of Efficient and Universal Quantum Key Distribution
Authors: Huang Da-jun , Zhong Wen-zhe , Zhong Jin , Jiang Dong , Wu Hao
Published: May 2020

Since quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide proven unconditional security guaranteed by the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics, it has attracted increasing attention over the past three decades. Its low bit rate, however, cannot meet the requirements of modern applications. To solve this problem, recently, an efficient and universal QKD protocol based on chaotic cryptography and middleware technology was proposed, which efficiently increases the bit rate of the underlying QKD system. Nevertheless, we find that this protocol does not take the bit errors into account, and one error bit may lead to the failure of the protocol. In this paper, we give an optimized protocol and deploy it on a BB84 QKD platform. The experimental results show that the optimized version provides resistance to bit errors compared with the original version. And the statistical properties of the generated bits are fully assessed using different methods. The evaluation results prove that the proposed protocol can generate bits with outstanding properties.
Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic Model to Examine Silver Price Volatility and Its Macroeconomic Determinant in Ethiopia Market
Authors: Ayele Amare Wubishet , Gabreyohannes Emmanuel , Edmealem Hayimro
Published: May 2020

Like most commodities, the price of silver is driven by supply and demand speculation, which makes the price of silver notoriously volatile due to the smaller market, lower market liquidity, and fluctuations in demand between industrial and store value use. The concern of this article was to model and forecast the silver price volatility dynamics on the Ethiopian market using GARCH family models using data from January 1998 to January 2014. The price return series of silver shows the characteristics of financial time series such as leptokurtic distributions and thus can suitably be modeled using GARCH family models. An empirical investigation was conducted to model price volatility using GARCH family models. Among the GARCH family models considered in this study, ARMA (1, 3)-EGARCH (3, 2) model with the normal distributional assumption of residuals was found to be a better fit for price volatility of silver. Among the exogenous variables considered in this study, saving interest rate and general inflation rate have a statistically significant effect on monthly silver price volatility. In the EGARCH (3, 2) volatility model, the asymmetric term was found to be positive and significant. This is an indication that the unanticipated price increase had a greater impact on price volatility than the unanticipated price decrease in silver. Then, concerned stockholders such as portfolio managers, planners, bankers, and investors should intervene and pay due attention to these factors in the formulation of financial and related market policy.
Reliability Evaluation of Public Security Face Recognition System Based on Continuous Bayesian Network
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Zhang Hongzhou , Wang Shengjin , Hong Weijun , Ma Jianhui , He Yanfeng
Published: May 2020

For the sake of measuring the reliability of actual face recognition system with continuous variables, after analyzing system structure, common failures, influencing factors of reliability, and maintenance data of a public security face recognition system in use, we propose a reliability evaluation model based on Continuous Bayesian Network. We design a Clique Tree Propagation algorithm to reason and solve the model, which is realized by R programs, and as a result, the reliability coefficient of the actual system is obtained. Subsequently, we verify the Continuous Bayesian Network by comparing its evaluation results with those of traditional Bayesian Network and Ground Truth. According to these evaluation results, we find out some weaknesses of the system and propose some optimization strategies by the way of finding the right remedies and filling in blanks. In this paper, we synthetically apply a variety of methods, such as qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, theoretical analysis, and empirical analysis, to solve the unascertained causal reasoning problem. The evaluation method is reasonable and valid, the results are consistent with realities and objective, and the proposed strategies are very operable and targeted. This work is of theoretical significance to research on reliability theory. It is also of practical significance to the improvement of the system’s reliability and the ability of public order maintenance.
Optimization Studies on the Extraction of Flavone Di-C-glycosides from Premna fulva Craib by Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Chen Yueyuan , Dang Jiaoyang , Yan Xiaojie , Lu Fenglai , Li Dianpeng
Published: May 2020

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as new extraction solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural plants. In this work, a total of thirteen choline chloride-based DESs were synthesized and evaluated for the simultaneous extraction of five bioactive flavone di-C-glycosides from Premna fulva Craib. DES-F, which was composed of choline chloride and 1,3-propanediol, showed the best extraction efficiency for the flavone di-C-glycosides, exceeding that of the conventional industrial solvent (40% ethanol). Subsequently, the extraction parameters for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (liquid-solid ratio, water content (%) in the selected DES, and extraction time) were optimized using response surface methodology. Furthermore, the microstructural alterations in the samples after extraction were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, we further verified the recovery of flavone di-C-glycosides from the DESs using macroporous resins and evaluated the reusability of the DESs as solvents. The results indicated that DES-F was an efficient and sustainable solvent for the extraction of bioactive flavone di-C-glycosides from Premna fulva Craib. Therefore, this novel strategy may represent a sustainable approach for the extraction of bioactive products and could make phytochemistry more attractive and environmentally friendly.
Inter- and Intra-individual Variations in Foveal Outer Nuclear Layer Thickness and Their Associations with Clinical Characteristics in a Healthy Chinese Population
Authors: Yu Jia , Li Lei , Jiang Chunhui , Chang Qing , Zhao Qi
Published: May 2020

Purpose. To evaluate foveal outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness and the difference thereof between bilateral eyes and their possible associations with clinical characteristics in a healthy Chinese population. Materials and Methods. Normal subjects were enrolled. Generalized linear models were used to assess the associations of foveal ONL thickness with sex, age, and spherical equivalents (SEs) and the associations of the difference in foveal ONL thickness between bilateral eyes with sex, age, and difference in SEs between bilateral eyes. Results. Totally, 304 subjects were included. The average foveal ONL thickness was 103.19 ± 14.25 (range 70–151) μm in the right eye and 103.90 ± 14.63 (range 69–155) μm in the left eye. The mean difference in foveal ONL thickness between right and left eyes was −0.71 ± 4.36 (range −13 to +12) μm. Men had slightly greater foveal ONL thickness values in both right and left eyes compared with women (both P<0.05); however, some women had a thicker foveal ONL than that of men (85/198 vs. 46/106 in the right eye; 79/198 vs. 52/106in the left eye). Age and SEs were not associated with foveal ONL thickness in either eye (all P>0.05). Sex, age, and difference in SEs between bilateral eyes were not associated with the difference in foveal ONL thickness between bilateral eyes (all P>0.05). Conclusions. Foveal ONL thickness showed wide variation in a normal Chinese population but little difference between bilateral eyes. Both these parameters could not be adjusted by sex, age, SEs, or the SEs difference between bilateral eyes. Thus, in those diseases involving only one eye, the difference or ratio of foveal ONL thickness between the affected eye and normal fellow eye may reflect the actual degree of the disease, rather than the foveal ONL thickness in the affected eye alone.
Placentae for Low Birth Weight Piglets Are Vulnerable to Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Impaired Angiogenesis
Authors: Hu Chengjun , Yang Yunyu , Deng Ming , Yang Linfang , Shu Gang , Jiang Qingyan , Zhang Shuo , Li Xiaozhen , Yin Yulong , Tan Chengquan , Wu Guoyao
Published: May 2020

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with fetal mortality and morbidity. One of the most common causes of IUGR is placental insufficiency, including placental vascular defects, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, a high level of oxidative stress induces placental vascular lesions. Here, we evaluated the oxidative stress status, mitochondrial function, angiogenesis, and nutrient transporters in placentae of piglets with different birth weights: <500 g (L), 500–600 g (LM), 600–700 g (M), and >700 g (H). Results showed that placentae from the L group had higher oxidative damage, lower adenosine triphosphate and citrate synthase levels, and lower vascular density, compared to those from the other groups. Protein expression of angiogenic markers, including vascular endothelial cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, was the lowest in the L group placentae compared to the other groups. In addition, the protein levels of glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 were downregulated in the L group, compared to the other groups. Furthermore, oxidative stress induced by H2O2 inhibited tube formation and migration in porcine vascular endothelial cells. Collectively, placentae for lower birth weight neonates are vulnerable to oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired angiogenesis.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Essential Oils of Amomum aromaticum Fruits in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells
Authors: Dang Nguyen Hai , Anh Le Thi Van , Dat Nguyen Tien
Published: May 2020

Inflammation is a vital physiologic response of cellular injury, infection, or autoimmune activation. Overproduction of proinflammatory mediators may result in the chronic inflammation that leads to many diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. In this study, we assessed for the first time the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils of Amomum aromaticum fruits (AAE) in RAW264.7 murine macrophage model. As a result, AAE potently inhibited the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with the IC50 value of 0.45 ± 0.11 μg/ml. AAE also dose-dependently reduced the expression of two proinflammatory proteins iNOS and COX-2 in the stimulated cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed that major compositions of the volatile oils including 1,8 cineole (48.22%), geranial (9.24%), neral (6.72%), α-pinene (2.43%), and α-terpineol (2.28%) may contribute greatly to the inhibition effects due to their anti-inflammatory properties. The results suggest for the potential uses of AAE in chronic inflammation prevention.
EMP2 Is a Novel Regulator of Stemness in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Dillard Christen , Kiyohara Meagan , Mah Vei , McDermott Sean P. , Bazzoun Dana , Tsui Jessica , Chan Ann M. , Haddad Ghassan , Pellegrini Matteo , Chang Yu-Ling , Elshimali Yahya , Wu Yanyuan , Vadgama Jaydutt V. , Kim Sara R. , Goodglick Lee , Law Samuel M. , Patel Deven D. , Dhawan Puneet , O'Brien Neil A. , Gordon Lynn K. , Braun Jonathan , Lazar Gary , Wicha Max S. , Wadehra Madhuri
Published: May 2020

Little is known about the role of epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) in breast cancer development or progression. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that EMP2 may regulate the formation or self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) in the tumor microenvironment. In silico analysis of gene expression data demonstrated a correlation of EMP2 expression with known metastasis-related genes and markers of cancer stem cells (CSC) including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). In breast cancer cell lines, EMP2 overexpression increased and EMP2 knockdown decreased the proportion of stem-like cells as assessed by the expression of the CSC markers CD44+/CD24−, ALDH activity, or by tumor sphere formation. In vivo, upregulation of EMP2 promoted tumor growth, whereas knockdown reduced the ALDHhigh CSC population as well as retarded tumor growth. Mechanistically, EMP2 functionally regulated the response to hypoxia through the upregulation of HIF-1α, a transcription factor previously shown to regulate the self-renewal of ALDHhigh CSCs. Furthermore, in syngeneic mouse models and primary human tumor xenografts, mAbs directed against EMP2 effectively targeted CSCs, reducing the ALDH+ population and blocking their tumor-initiating capacity when implanted into secondary untreated mice. Collectively, our results show that EMP2 increases the proportion of tumor-initiating cells, providing a rationale for the continued development of EMP2-targeting agents.
Quadriceps Thickness and Echo Intensity Predict Gait Independence in Individuals with Severe and Mild Hemiparetic Stroke
Authors: Maeda Hisashi , Imada Ken , Ishida Koji , Akima Hiroshi
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Smaller muscle size and higher adipose tissue ratio of the quadriceps femoris are often observed after stroke. However, it is unclear whether muscle size and the intramuscular fat ratio of the quadriceps measured with ultrasonography (US) reflect gait independence in individuals with mild or severe hemiparetic stroke. Objective: The present study was performed to examine the relationships of gait independence with muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) of the quadriceps femoris in individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Methods: We examined 43 individuals with hemiparetic stroke. We assessed functional independence measure (FIM) gait scores and measured thickness and EI of the quadriceps using US. The relationships of FIM gait scores with MT and EI were examined using Spearman’s correlation coefficients in mild (n = 21) and severe (n = 22) hemiparetic stroke groups. Results: In the mild hemiparetic group, FIM gait scores were correlated with paretic limb MT (rho = 0.60, p < 0.01) and EI (rho = −0.57, p < 0.01). In the severe hemiparetic group, FIM gait scores were correlated with paretic limb MT (rho = 0.67, p < 0.01) and EI (rho = −0.43, p < 0.05), as well as non-paretic limb MT (rho = 0.86, p < 0.01) and EI (rho = −0.56, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Quadriceps thickness and EI were associated with the degree of gait independence. Atrophy and increased intramuscular fat of the quadriceps may be limiting factors for achieving gait independence.
Novel Coronavirus-Induced Right Ventricular Failure and Point of Care Echocardiography: A Case Report
Authors: Chen Lu , Upadhya Gautham , Guo Uta S. , Belligund Pooja , Lee David K. , Shalom Isaac , Dubey Gangacharan R. , Al-Ajam Mohammad R. , Mitre Cristina A.
Published: May 2020

Various cardiovascular complications have been reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Common complications include acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmia, pericarditis, heart failure, and shock. We present a case of cor pulmonale diagnosed with serial point of care ultrasound. Given the current shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) and high infectivity of this virus, we acknowledge the utility of this tool in obtaining important clinical information while minimizing exposure and PPE consumption.
Risk Factors for Adverse Events in Patients with Chronic Constipation Following Lubiprostone Administration
Authors: Eguchi Takaaki , Yoshizaki Tetsuya , Takagi Megumi , Ikeoka Seitaro , Hashimura Hiroki , Okamoto Norihiro , Matsumoto Masanori , Matsuda Tatsuya , Miura Takahiro , Momose Kenji , Otsuka Takashi , Morisawa Toshiyuki , Okada Akihiko
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Lubiprostone is an effective treatment of chronic constipation (CC). However, as with other stimulant or osmotic laxatives, adverse events (AEs) can make it difficult to continue treatment. This article investigates AE risk factors associated with lubiprostone. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all 1,338 Japanese patients with CC treated at our hospital from October 2013 to July 2017. All patients were diagnosed with constipation as defined by the Roma III criteria. Enrolled patients received lubiprostone orally (24 or 48 μg daily), after which we investigated the incidence of AEs. The causative factors for diarrhea and nausea, the most common AEs, were examined by the backward logistic regression model. Results: Two hundred eight (15.5%) experienced at least 1 AE. No serious AEs were associated with the study drug. The AEs reported by >1% of patients overall were diarrhea (6.1%) and nausea (4.2%). We performed a multivariate logistic regression using a backward variable selection method to investigate AE risk factors. Factors associated with higher incidence of diarrhea were patient age of 65 years or more (odds ratio: [95% confidence interval]; p value) (2.09: [1.05–4.16]; 0.035). Factors associated with greater likelihood of nausea included female gender (1.99: [1.10–3.61]; 0.023), and the chief complaint was a patient complaining of abdominal pain and fullness (2.07: [1.01–4.22]; 0.046). Conclusions: Understanding AE risk factors can help avoid unnecessary AEs and promote more effective treatment.
Gastrointestinal Polyps and Polyposis in Children: Experience of Endoscopic and Surgical Outcomes
Authors: Tripathi Parijat Ram , Sen Sarma Moinak , Yachha Surender Kumar , Lal Richa , Srivastava Anshu , Poddar Ujjal
Published: May 2020

Introduction: There are gaps in the literature regarding outcome of multiple polyps and dilemmas in the management issues in polyposis syndromes in children. Objective: We aimed to study the clinical behaviour of gastrointestinal (GI) polyps with emphasis on therapeutic outcomes of polyposis syndrome. Methods: Proven cases of GI polyp(s) on endoscopy were classified as single polyp, multiple polyps, and polyposis syndrome. Complex presentation was defined as 1 or more of the following: severe anaemia, anasarca, intussusception, rectal mucosal prolapse, and diarrhoea. A clinico-endoscopic criterion was applied in polyposis syndrome patients for the decision of surgery versus endoscopic therapy with surveillance. Results: Of total 240 patients, there were no significant differences between single (52.5%, n = 126) versus multiple polyps (27.5%, n = 66) with respect to age, symptoms, histology, and recurrence. Polyposis syndrome (20%, n = 48) presented with complex symptoms (50%), higher family history, significantly lower haemoglobin, total protein, and albumin as compared to single and multiple polyps (p < 0.01). Nineteen polyposis patients with favourable clinico-endoscopic criteria were endoscopically eradicated for polyps in 3 (1–4) sessions with sustenance of laboratory parameters at 1 year and 30% symptomatic recurrence at follow-up of 23.5 (7–40) months. There were no major endoscopic complications. Nineteen patients required proctocolectomy with improvement in laboratory parameters 6 months post-surgery. Conclusions: Multiple polyps behave similar to single polyps in children. A clinico-endoscopic criterion may guide for optimal management of polyposis syndrome. Colectomy may be effectively deferred in a large proportion of polyposis syndrome patients if maintained on an endoscopic protocol.
RESISTÊNCIA, CONFLITOS E COSTUMES NA BAHIA ESCRAVISTA SOB O OLHAR DA HISTORIA SOCIAL
Authors: Amin Valéria , Reis Lismar Lucas Santos dos
Published: May 2020

Objetiva-se discutir questões relacionadas ao negro e seus processos de resistência na Bahia do Século XIX, apresentadas sob a ótica da recente historiografia brasileira, uma vez que a escravidão marcou expressivamente os contornos da sociedade colonial e é refletida hoje de inúmeras maneiras por meio das relações raciais, desigualdades sociais e culturais. Com isso pretende-se refletir sobre aspectos do cotidiano da população escravizada, sua capacidade de negociar, de se mobilizar e de se expressar segundo seus valores religiosos e culturais. Utilizando-se de fragmentos de algumas obras de historiadores como Stuart Schwartz, João Reis, entre outros, buscou- se descrever algumas características fundamentais que são perceptíveis sob a ótica da história vista “de baixo” ao analisar, em específico, os desdobramentos históricos de duas regiões: o Sul da Bahia e Salvador, apontando uma perspectiva de compreensão mais ampla da história do Brasil em resposta às consequências teóricas e sistêmicas trazidas pela escravidão.
Usos da “função autor” no campo da arquitetura ao longo da segunda metade do século XX
Authors: Bragaia Flavio Antonio D'Ugo , Frajndlich Rafael Urano
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo investiga uma pequena parte dos possíveis atravessamentos e implicações da função autor como conceituada por Michel Foucault em O que é um Autor?, conferência pronunciada em 1969. Aborda-se sobretudo a organização do campo da arquitetura, sua produção teórica, sua prática projetual e as mudanças que ocorreram ao longo da segunda metade do século XX; com especial atenção para o debate entre correntes historicistas e regionalistas que propunham o abandono dos postulados modernistas, de um lado, e correntes que propunham a retomada crítica desses postulados, de outro.
Did genetic lineage divergence or spatial environmental variance lead to global subspecies differentiation of northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)?
Authors: Ho Un-Hyang , Song Sam-Rang
Published: May 2020

When a widely distributed species undergoes ecological or geological isolation, it tends to divide into subspecies. In general, subspecies differentiation is affected by environmental variance and genetic divergence. But the extent to which these two factors influence subspecies differentiation in species with different distribution ranges and modes of living, might be different. Despite having high breeding habitat fidelity, northern goshawk is a forest raptor that is widely dispersed. We investigated morphological traits in combination with the genetic background of northern goshawk individuals at a large global scale. We also collected genetic, palynological and climatic data to reveal what caused global subspecies differentiation in northern goshawk. Eurasian and North American subspecies populations are thought to have diverged approximately 660 000 years ago to undergo different evolutionary routes, which remarkably facilitated intercontinental subspecies differentiation through genetic lineage divergence. During the last glacial period (18 000 years ago) the different isolation levels of northern goshawk refugia on the continents caused genetic lineage divergences, which, however, are unlikely to have led to subspecies differentiation directly. Spatial environmental variance due to the wide distribution of northern goshawks made an important contribution to subspecies differentiation throughout continents.
A revision of Attalea (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Cocoseae, Attaleinae)

Authors: HENDERSON ANDREW
Published: May 2020

A taxonomic revision of the neotropical palm genus Attalea based on morphological data was carried out. Nine hundred and two herbarium specimens were scored for 21 quantitative and 33 qualitative variables. Using the Phylogenetic Species Concept, qualitative variables were used to recognize 30 species. These are widely distributed in Central and South America from Mexico to Bolivia and Paraguay, with one species in Haiti. Nomenclature, descriptions, and distribution maps are provided for each species. Qualitative variables are illustrated, and illustrations of 22 living plants are also provided.
A revision of Calamus (Arecaceae, Calamoideae, Calameae, Calaminae)

Authors: HENDERSON ANDREW
Published: May 2020

A revision of Calamus was carried out based on morphological data. Eight thousand, six hundred and thirty-three herbarium specimens were examined and scored for 14 quantitative and 157 qualitative variables. Application of the Phylogenetic Species Concept to 516 preliminary species of Calamus resulted in recognition of 411 phylogenetic species. Of these, 38 are recognized as new (C. barisanensis, C. brevissimus, C. brunneus, C. calciphilus, C. densifloropsis, C. disjunctus, C. divergens, C. exiguus, C. furvus, C. gaharuensis, C. goramensis, C. heteracanthopsis, C. hosensis, C. impressus, C. insolitus, C. insularis, C. johanis, C. kinabaluensis, C. kubahensis, C. latus, C. lengguanii, C. lobatus, C. notabilis, C. obiensis, C. oresbiopsis, C. oxleyoides, C. pahangensis, C. powlingii, C. saltuensis, C. seropakensis, C. spinosus, C. sulawesiensis, C. tambingensis, C. tapanensis, C. trigynus, C. vinaceus, C. viridis, C. wedaensis). Analysis of quantitative variables and geographic distributions resulted in the division of 11 species into 36 subspecies. Eight species were considered to be ochlospecies (C. erioacanthus, C. inermis, C. javensis, C. melanochaetes, C. micranthus, C. moseleyanus, C. plicatus, C. siphonospathus). Nomenclature, descriptions, and distribution maps are provided for all species. Images of the type specimens of all new species are provided as well as images of most qualitative variables. One hundred and forty–three species are illustrated with images from living plants.
A matrix-based revision of the genus Hypogena Dejean, 1834 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: GREY LUNA , SMITH AARON D.
Published: May 2020

The darkling beetle genus Hypogena Dejean, 1834 (Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae) is revised. Hypogena is entirely composed of dorsoventrally flattened species that live subcortically in dead trees. This genus is generally identified by male specific characters, particularly the presence of cephalic horns. Hypogena is currently placed within the tribe Triboliini Gistel, 1848. However, several previously overlooked morphological characters call into question its placement within the tribe. A morphological matrix of 94 external adult characters was assembled to examine species relationships and boundaries. The resulting phylogeny is presented. Thirteen Hypogena species were previously recognized as valid, including Hypogena marginalis Doyen & Poinar from Dominican amber. Four previously unidentified species are described in this study: Hypogena akuma sp. nov. (Brazil), Hypogena cryptica sp. nov. (Mexico), Hypogena hirsuta sp. nov. (Ecuador), and Hypogena reburra sp. nov. (Colombia). Lectotypes are designated for Hypogena depressa (Champion, 1886), Hypogena dejeani (Champion, 1886), Hypogena canaliculata (Champion, 1886), and Hypogena vacca (Fabricius, 1801). A neotype is designated for Tenebrio biimpressus (Latreille, 1833) (type species of Hypogena, synonymized under Hypogena brasilica (Perty)) in order to maintain stability within the genus.
Stabilisation of some names of European butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in their prevailing usage
Authors: BALLETTO EMILIO , BARBERO FRANCESCA , BONELLI SIMONA , CASACCI LUCA P. , DAPPORTO LEONARDO
Published: May 2020

To stabilise nomenclature in its prevailing usage, the authors designate three lectotypes, respectively for the nominal taxa Pontia daplidice race nitida Verity, 1908 (Museo di Storia naturale della Università di Firenze, sezione di Zoologia, ‘La Specola’ MZUF), for Euchloe crameri Butler, 1869 (Natural History Museum UK, NHMUK) and for Euchloe ausonia var. esperi Kirby, 1871 (National Museum of Ireland, NMI). They also designate two neotypes, respectively for [Papilio] ausonia Hübner, [1804] (MZUF) and for Pontia simplonia Freyer, 1829 (Jura Museum, Eichstätt, JME).
The first record and a new species of the genus Hemacroneuria from Guangxi of China (Plecoptera: Perlidae)
Authors: MO RAORAO , WANG GUOQUAN , LI WEIHAI
Published: May 2020

A new species of Hemacroneuria Enderlein, 1909, H. trilobata sp. nov., is reported from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of southern China. This is the first record of Hemacroneuria from Guangxi. This new taxon is compared with related congener.
Chironomidae (Diptera) of Croatia with notes on the diversity and distribution in various habitat types
Authors: ČERBA DUBRAVKA , KOH MIRAN , ERGOVIĆ VIKTORIJA , MIHALJEVIĆ ZLATKO , MILOŠEVIĆ DJURADJ , HAMERLÍK LADISLAV
Published: May 2020

The family of non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) represent one of the most common and abundant group in freshwaters, inhabiting a wide variety of habitats and ecological niches. Although there is a long tradition of limnological research in Croatia, to date no extensive species list has been made for this insect family. Thus, we summarized the results of our research and reviewed published data on chironomid fauna of Croatia in various freshwater habitat types, including extreme ones, such as caves, peatbogs or marine littoral. A total of 239 species were recorded representing five subfamilies: Chironominae (125 species) Orthocladiinae (83 species), Tanypodinae (23 species), Diamesinae (6 species) and Prodiamesinae (2 species). The most frequent species were Cricotopus bicinctus, Dicrotendipes nervosus, Synorthocladius semivirens, each found in more than 20% of the studied localities. Ablabesmyia monilis and Procladius choreus represented the most frequent Tanypodinae species, recorded in more than 12% and 17% of the sites, respectively. The research of chironomid ecology, diversity and distribution continues, which will provide new data and information, but this first comprehensive checklist provides a good starting point for those studying Chironomidae or other freshwater Diptera, in Croatia and Europe.
RELICT HUMID TROPICAL FOREST IN MEXICO PROMOTES DIFFERENTIATION IN BARRED WOODCREEPERS Dendrocolaptes (AVES: FURNARIIDAE)
Authors: NAVARRO-SIGÜENZA ADOLFO G. , ALMAZÁN-NÚÑEZ R. CARLOS , SÁNCHEZ-RAMOS L. ENRIQUE , REBÓN-GALLARDO M. FANNY , ARBELÁEZ-CORTÉS ENRIQUE
Published: May 2020

Humid tropical forests in Mesoamerica are distributed along the Atlantic slope and, in scattered locations, along the Mexican Pacific slope. These poorly explored Mexican forests include microendemic bird species. Two species in the genus Dendrocolaptes occur in lowland and foothill humid tropical forests of Mesoamerica. One of these, D. sanctithomae, is comprised of four subspecies, of which the two that occur in Mexico, D. s. sanctithomae and D. s. sheffleri, are distinctly different morphologically, and the latter is a poorly known microendemic taxon of the Mexican Pacific humid tropical forest in the Sierra Madre del Sur. We used both nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to evaluate the genetic variation of D. sanctithomae in Mexico, and complemented this with a quantitative analysis of phenotypic traits. We also conducted analyses of environmental niche models to test the hypothesis of niche differentiation of D. s. sheffleri from other taxa of D. sanctithomae. Our phylogenetic reconstructions of mtDNA consistently recovered D. s. sheffleri and D. s. sanctithomae as reciprocally monophyletic, while they shared alleles of nDNA. These mtDNA differences are comparable with differences reported between other Dendrocolaptes sister-taxa pairs. Our analysis of phenotypic traits also indicated that the taxa differ in measurements of hallux and feather barring. In contrast, niche differentiation tests suggest that the niches of both taxa are more similar than expected by chance. Our evidence leads us to propose species status for D. sheffleri. This is an additional example of recent speciation in Mexico that indicates active and peripatric evolutionary differentiation in the northern Neotropics.
Descriptions of two new species of the genus Paragus Latreille (Diptera: Syrphidae), with a key to males of all South African species
Authors: TOT TAMARA , RADENKOVIĆ SNEŽANA , NEDELJKOVIĆ ZORICA , LIKOV LAURA , VUJIĆ ANTE
Published: May 2020

Two new species of the genus Paragus Latreille, 1804 are described from the Republic of South Africa: Paragus longipilus Tot, Vujić et Radenković sp. nov. and Paragus megacercus Tot, Vujić et Radenković sp. nov. These new species belong to the subgenus Pandasyopthalmus Stuckenberg, 1954a. Paragus longipilus sp. nov. is a member of the P. jozanus group, whereas Paragus megacercus sp. nov. belongs to the P. tibialis group. The taxonomic status of Paragus chalybeatus Hull, 1964 is revised and proposed as synonym of Paragus punctatus Hull, 1949. Additionally, an identification key to males of the South African species of Paragus is provided. Results of the present study confirm a significant level of endemism of Paragus in the Afrotropical Region (12 out of 29).
On the Neotropical spider genus Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941: two new species, complementary descriptions and new records (Araneae: Salticidae)
Authors: ESTOL NARELLE , MARTA KIMBERLY S. , RODRIGUES EVERTON NEI LOPES
Published: May 2020

The genus Tullgrenella Mello-Leitão, 1941 presently consists of 13 exclusively Neotropical species. In this paper both sexes of two new species are described from Bolivia: Tullgrenella nadjae sp. nov. and Tullgrenella brescoviti sp. nov. The female of T. guayapae Galiano, 1970 is described and illustrated for the first time. Additionally, new records from southern Brazil are provided for T. guayapae, T. serrana Galiano, 1970, T. quadripunctata (Mello-Leitão, 1944) and T. yungae Galiano, 1970.
Impaired social cognition in bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of Theory of Mind in euthymic patients
Authors: de Siqueira Rotenberg Luisa , Beraldi Gabriel Henrique , Okawa Belizario Gabriel , Lafer Beny
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To conduct a meta-analysis of Theory of Mind studies exclusively in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder.

Method:

After the exclusion of studies evaluating symptomatic patients during acute episodes, we performed a meta-analysis including a total of 30 studies, comparing 1294 euthymic bipolar disorder patients and 1116 healthy controls.

Results:

Patients with bipolar disorder presented a significant impairment in Theory of Mind performance when compared to controls (Hedge’s g = −0.589, 95% confidence interval: −0.764 to −0.414, Z = −6.594, p < 0.001). When compared to controls, Theory of Mind was impaired in patients with both bipolar disorder I (Hedge’s g = −0.663, 95% confidence interval: −0.954 to −0.372, Z = −4.462, p < 0.001) and bipolar disorder II (Hedge’s g = −1.165, 95% confidence interval: −1.915 to −0.415, Z = −3.044, p = 0.002). Theory of Mind impairments were also significantly more severe in verbal tasks (Hedge’s g = −1.077, 95% confidence interval: −1.610 to −0.544, Z = −3.961 p < 0.001) than visual tasks (Hedge’s g =−0.614, 95% confidence interval: −0.844 to −0.384, Z = −5.231, p < 0.001) when compared to controls.

Conclusion:

The results obtained confirm that Theory of Mind is impaired in remitted bipolar disorder patients, being a potential endophenotype for bipolar disorder. Moreover, we found higher deficits in verbal Theory of Mind, compared with visual Theory of Mind. Since most studies were cross-sectional, there is a need for longitudinal studies to evaluate whether the deficits detected in Theory of Mind are progressive over the course of the illness.
Wrist Posture Estimation Differences and Reliability Between Video Analysis and Electrogoniometer Methods
Authors: McKinnon Colin D. , Ehmke Samantha , Kociolek Aaron M. , Callaghan Jack P. , Keir Peter J.
Published: May 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the inter- and intrarater agreement of estimated wrist angles using video and to compare wrist angles from video analysis to electrogoniometers.

Background

Video analysis is used frequently in ergonomic assessments, but factors including parallax and complex angles may influence wrist angle estimates. Electrogoniometers are an alternative to video, but may not be reliable in complex postures. Given the limitations of each method, there is a need to determine the suitability of the measurement methods for field use.

Method

Ten participants performed frame-by-frame wrist (flexion–extension, radioulnar deviation) and forearm (pronation–supination) posture estimation for worker tasks from three camera views (top, side, and oblique). Workers were equipped with electrogoniometers to record wrist posture during the tasks. The video estimate data was compared between 2 days and to sensor data.

Results

Percent agreement between participants ranged from 53% to 81% across all ratings. Agreement was highest from the side view (66%, κ = 0.56) for flexion–extension and top view for radioulnar deviation (77%, κ = 0.52) and pronation–supination (69%, κ = 0.58). Video–electrogoniometer agreement was lower, with peak agreement from the top view for flexion–extension (57%, κ = 0.49) and radioulnar deviation (68%, κ = 0.30) and the oblique view for pronation–supination (53%, κ = –0.1).

Conclusion

Participant estimate agreement was moderate-substantial overall and aligns with previous reports. Disagreement between video and electrogoniometers may be attributed to camera angle and parallax effects and the small magnitude of wrist motions compared to other joints.
Witnessing gendered testimony: Reader ethics in Bapsi Sidhwa’s Cracking India
Authors: Olive Jenn
Published: May 2020

Much of Cracking India’s scholarship focuses on how the text provides a representation of gendered trauma during Partition. These analyses, however, overlook the reader’s role, which minimizes literary works to analyzable objects rather than interactive opportunities. Following the work of postcolonial trauma scholars such as Steph Craps, Abigail Ward, and Jay Rajiva, I argue that postcolonial trauma narratives are crucial spaces of testimony in which the ongoing traumatic effects of colonialism intersect with reader engagement. Using Dori Laub’s trauma interview model, I examine how Bapsi Sidhwa uses the narrative techniques of perspective, time, and presence in Cracking India to implicate the reader as a witness in gendered postcolonial trauma affecting women. In pairing the examination of how narrative technique engages the reader as a witness with current scholarship on gender in Sidhwa’s novel, I show how such consideration of the reader speaks to how gendered violence contributes to postcolonial identity formation over time.
Mechanical characterization of hybrid composites based on flax, basalt and glass fibers
Authors: Abd El-baky MA , Attia MA , Abdelhaleem MM , Hassan MA
Published: May 2020

An experimental study on tensile, flexural and impact properties of flax-basalt-glass reinforced epoxy hybrid composites is presented in this paper. Test specimens were fabricated by vacuum bagging process. The effects of reinforcement hybridization, fiber relative amounts and stacking sequence on the mechanical properties were investigated. Morphological studies of the fabricated and fractured surfaces through thickness were performed using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the developed hybrid composites display enhanced tensile, flexural and impact performance as compared with flax reinforced epoxy composite. The flexural strength increases when partial laminas from flax/epoxy laminate are replaced by basalt/epoxy and/or glass/epoxy laminas. Also, it is realized that incorporating high-strength fibers, i.e. glass or basalt, to the outer layers of the composite leads to higher flexural resistance, whilst the opposite was noticed for tensile properties. The fabricated hybrids were found to have economical and specific mechanical properties benefits. Fiber-relative amounts and stacking sequence have great effects on the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of hybrid laminates are proven to be highly dependent on the position of the flax layers within the hybrid composite. The Hybridization with basalt and/or glass fibers is an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of flax/epoxy composites.
Mindfulness Meditation Improves Visual Short-Term Memory
Authors: Youngs Molly A. , Lee Samuel E. , Mireku Michael O. , Sharma Dinkar , Kramer Robin S. S.
Published: May 2020

Research into the effects of mindfulness meditation on behavioral outcomes has received much interest in recent years, with benefits for both short-term memory and working memory identified. However, little research has considered the potential effects of brief mindfulness meditation interventions or the nature of any benefits for visual short-term memory. Here, we investigate the effect of a single, 8-minute mindfulness meditation intervention, presented via audio recording, on a short-term memory task for faces. In comparison with two control groups (listening to an audiobook or simply passing the time however they wished), our mindfulness meditation participants showed greater increases in visual short-term memory capacity from pre- to post-intervention. In addition, only mindfulness meditation resulted in significant increases in performance. In conclusion, a single, brief mindfulness meditation intervention led to improvements in visual short-term memory capacity for faces, with important implications regarding the minimum intervention necessary to produce measurable changes in short-term memory tasks.
Rigidity as mediator between temperaments and social adjustment: A comparative study of teachers of madaris and schools of Pakistan
Authors: Tariq Sarosh , Adil Adnan
Published: May 2020

This study assessed the mediating role of cognitive rigidity between temperament and social adjustment in teachers of schools and religious madaris of Pakistan while controlling for the influence of teaching experience. A purposive sample of 300 teachers (150 from public schools and 150 from religious madaris with equal representation of both the genders) was recruited from Sargodha and Lahore. Teachers of schools and madaris were matched in terms of their gender, age, and educational qualification. Urdu translated versions of the Approach–Avoidance Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ), Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), and Social Adjustment Scale were used to operationalize the focal constructs of this study. Path analysis revealed that approach temperament negatively and avoidance temperament positively predicted cognitive rigidity, which in turn led to lowered levels of social adjustment. Approach temperament positively and avoidance temperament negatively predicted social adjustment. The negative association between approach temperament and cognitive rigidity was stronger in the group of school teachers, whereas the positive association between avoidance temperament and cognitive rigidity was stronger among teachers of religious madaris. The positive indirect effect of approach temperament on social adjustment through rigidity was stronger for school teachers. Significant differences were observed in the mean scores of teachers of madaris and schools on avoidance temperament, social adjustment, and cognitive rigidity. Implications of the study and suggestions for future research have been reflected upon.
Data-driven modeling to optimize the injection well placement for waterflooding in heterogeneous reservoirs applying artificial neural networks and reducing observation cost
Authors: Xiong Xinwei , Lee Kyung Jae
Published: May 2020

Secondary recovery methods such as waterflooding are often applied to depleted reservoirs for enhancing oil and gas production. Given that a large number of discretized elements are required in the numerical simulations of heterogeneous reservoirs, it is not feasible to run multiple full-physics simulations. In this regard, we propose a data-driven modeling approach to efficiently predict the hydrocarbon production and greatly reduce the computational and observation cost in such problems. We predict the fluid productions as a function of heterogeneity and injection well placement by applying artificial neural network with small number of training dataset, which are obtained with full-physics simulation models. To improve the accuracy of predictions, we utilize well data at producer and injector to achieve economic and efficient prediction without requiring any geological information on reservoir. The suggested artificial neural network modeling approach only utilizing well data enables the efficient decision making with reduced computational and observation cost.
Trading zones in a colony: Transcultural techniques at missionary stations in the Dutch East Indies, 1860 – 1940
Authors: Hård Mikael , Tjoa-Bonatz Mai Lin
Published: May 2020

Global histories of technology tend to tell one-sided stories of transfer and exploitation, and they usually analyze the activities of large corporations, nation states or the military. By focusing on missionary societies in the colonial era, this article tells a different story. On the basis of primary sources from German missionaries in the Dutch East Indies, it shows how the application of various techniques at missionary stations was the outcome of transcultural interaction. Although missionaries brought with them tools and materials from home, they remained dependent on the knowledge and skills of local artisans, as well as the material and goods the locals provided. Missionaries’ wives tried to uphold a Western lifestyle but found themselves using local household technologies. The missionary station was a trading zone: Although the abilities of Europeans and Asians to communicate were socially and linguistically limited, they proved able to exchange information and skills in a successful manner. By revisiting the anthropological background to Galison’s trading zone, the authors re-appropriate this concept to improve our understanding of cross-cultural exchange in non-scientific settings.