bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES AS SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDS ON TILAPIA FINGERLINGS PRODUCTION IN FLOATING NET-HAPAS
Authors: OTUBUSIN S. O.
Published: February 2021

Fry of tilipia (Oreochromis niloticus (average initial weight, 0.04g) were stocked at a density of 100/m3 in floating net-hapas and fed differfent combinations of agro-industrial wastes under the following treatments: I, Corn bran only; II, Corn bran + Rice bran (1:1) and III, Corn bran + Rice bran + Brewer's waste (1:1:1). Each treatment was replicated twice, using completely randomised design. The combiation of corn bra and rice bran (1:1) gave the best average final weight/fish, (1.260g); best average daily weight gain, (0.029g/day); best feed conversion ratio (FCR) 4.38; and specific growth rate (SGR), 3.59%/day.
THE HERD STRUCTURE OF BREEDING DOES OF SMALL HOLDER RED SOKOTO GOAT
Authors: AKPA G. N. , DURU S. , BAWA G. S.
Published: February 2021

A study to ascertain the heard structure of breeding does of small holder goat production system was conducted in Kano using l5 goat herds selected at random in 3 villages.A total of 250 breeding does were involved. The results indicate that parity of does in the observed herds ranged from one to ten.Twelve percent of the does within the age range, 5-25 months were yet to kid for the first time.In the herds, does that did not kid at least once, up to the age of 25 months were culled. However, majorities of the does were in their 2nd and 3rd parities and within the age range of 12-25 months. Twinning was common at 1st parity, irrespective of the age of does. Parity and litter size of does were the major determining factors on the observed herd structure for the breeding does.The observed structure indicates that <12 months does constitute 20% of the herd; 12-25 months 48%; 26-39months 11.2% and;  > 40months 20.8%.Breeding does leave the herds starting from the 25th month of age at parity 2,4, 7 and 10, respectively.
DETERMIN ATION OF THE APPARENT AND TRUE METABOLISABLE ENERGY VALUE OF THEVETIA OIL
Authors: ADEYEMI O. A. , ATTEH O. J. , IBIYEMI S. A.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was designed to evaluate the metabolisable energy value of solvent extracted thevetia oil for the chicken. Apart from the metabolisable energy value, the productive performance and nutrient retention was also examined. Day-old broiler chicks were fed diets with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0% thevetia oil over a 2-week period. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) of the treatments on feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency or mortality rate. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and the true metabolisable energy (TME) values of thevetia oil were determined to be 7846 and 8016 Kcal/Kg respectively.
A SURVEY OF DAIRY PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN THE DERIVED SAVANNAH OF OYO STATE SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA
Authors: OLADUNJOYE B. G. , BUSART A. A. , ADEKOYA A. W. , OKORUWA V. O. , OLANITE J. A.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted to find out dairy production practices among Agro-pastoral Fulani women in the derived Savannah of Oyo State, Southwestern Nigeria. Data were collected, using structured questionnaire from 120 Fulani women in three Local Government areas namely: 0yo West, Atiba and Ogbomosho North respectively. The study revealed that the main dairying activities are milking of cattle, processing and marketing of dairy products. The most preferred dairy products are wara (local cheese), ghee and butter. Marketing was done exclusively by self or in combination with intermediaries ("middlemen"). Main reasons for engagement in dairying activities are: Income generation, cultural and husband's wish. Constraints mostly encountered are bad roads, inadequate transport facilities and inadequate supply of raw milk from the cattle in dry season. Sources of agricultural information include; friends/neighbours, radio broadcasts, and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Programme, Ibadan.
EVALUATION OF THE ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF ‘SUYA’ PRODUCED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES OF MEAT
Authors: OJEWOLA G. S. , ONWUKA G. I
Published: February 2021

This research was undertaken to evaluate the potential of different meat sources in producing acceptable suya when compared with the traditional beef suya in Nigeria. Five meat types viz: pork, beef, chicken, rabbit and chevon were used for this experiment. The sensory evaluation was conducted on the suya samples by a 20-man panel of judges using a 9-point hedonic scale to assess the colour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability of the samples. The results showed that beef, goat and chicken suya significantly maintained a better acceptance (P<0.01) than the pork suya. There was a significantly (P<0.01) positive response to the flavour of chicken and beef suya than the rest of the other samples. Texture wise, beef and goat suya were significantly (P<0.01) more acceptable than the rest. In overall acceptability, the beef and chicken suya showed no significant difference (P<0.01) from each other and were both rated the best among the samples. It is apparent from the overall results that both goat and chicken could successfully substitute for beef in the production of acceptable suya. The quality characteristics generally showed that both meat samples were comparable to the beef sample.
Diet manipulation and post-moulting responses in caged commercial laying hens
Authors: Odunsi A. A. , Farinu G. O. , Togun V. A.
Published: February 2021

Two hundred and fifty caged commercial laying hens were induced to moult through a 15-day feed "and water withdrawal programme. Immediate and subsequent effects on egg production and follicular developments were monitored. Results showed that moulted hens attained over 60% egg production after 6 weeks of feeding with increasing egg weight, Post-moulting egg quality values were similar bul globulin were significantly increased (P<0.05). Changes in liver and oviduct weights were significant (P<0.05) while gizzard, heart, lung and kidney showed no significant (P>0.05) effects. Fasting produced alretic follicles even though follicular number was not appreciably influenced. Follicles were larger with a yellow-yolky appearance during laying than at the fasting period. Mortality of 2.4% was recorded throughout the experimental period. Moulting is a feasible strategy for maintaining egg production in aged, low-producing commercial layers.
Performance of broilers on furazolidone additive
Authors: Wekhe S. N. , Nyeche V. N.
Published: February 2021

One hundred and twenty Anak broiler chicks of both sexes were fed furazolidone (additive) in feed to study their growth/weight gain response. The birds were grouped into four, A, B, C, and D of 30 chicks each Treatments B, C and D were administered with furazolidone in feed at the following dosage rates: 0.008%, 0.004% 0.002% respectively. Group A served as control in which furazolidone was not added in the feed. All the groups, (except in feed intake where the control differed significantly) had no significant differences in body weight gain, feed efficiency, and feed intake. It was concluded that it is not necessary to use furazolidone as a growth promoter in broiler feeds.
Utilisation of flavour treated blood-rumen content mixture in the diets of laying hens
Authors: Adeniji A. A. , Balogun O. O.
Published: February 2021

One hundred and ninety-two Harco laying hens were employed in a feeding trial lasting 42 days, to determine the optimum inclusion level (8 or 12%) of Blood-Rumen content mixture (BRC) treated with four different flavouring agents i.e. meat broth, curry and vanilla. The interaction of the BRC and flavouring agents resulted in better egg weight. The 12% inclusion of BRC in the diet resulted in higher (P<0.05) yolk colour. The body weight gain and the shell thickness also tended to increase with the increase in the BRC level of the diets. The laying trial showed that the 8% BRC diets resulted in a significantly (P<0.05) higher Hen Day production percentage (HPD) than the 12% BRC diets (82.0lvs 77.73). Curry flavouring agent gave the best HDP (P<0.05).
Nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen metabolites in bulls fed rice straw with or without supplements
Authors: Adegbola T. A.
Published: February 2021

Nutrient intake, digestibility and rumen metabolites were determined in rumen - cannulated bulls fed rice straw or straw supplemented with urea, groundnut hay or cotton seed cake. Total dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 7.55 10 8.29kg/d or 3.66 to 4.04% of liveweight and from 6.48 to 7.21kg/d for organic matter. Total DMI was increased by supplementation with urea and groundnut hay by about 7.6%. However, supplementation with groundnut hay and cotton seed cake reduced straw intake. Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) was highest on straw supplemented with groundnut hay. There were no dietary differences in the digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), cellulose (CD) and hemicellulose (HCD). Digestibility of crude protein (CPD) was higher on the supplemented diets than on basal rice straw. The rumen pa ranged from 6.42 - 8.28; ammonia-N (RAN), 6.74 - 27.70mg/100ml; volatile fatty acids (VFA), 8.79 - 12.40mmol/100ml and bacterial count, 5.73-16.10 (x 10s)/ml and those values were affected by diets (D), period of sampling (P) and their interactions (D x P).
Resource use pattern among poultry enterprises in Abia State, Nigeria
Authors: Mbanasor J. A.
Published: February 2021

The challenge to increase meat production in Nigeria appears to be more urgent now than ever. This is in view of the rapidly increasing population, the imminent decline in hunting and the low protein intake in rural areas. Poultry meal especially broiler is one of the easiest to produce, hence its purposive selection. Input-Output data were generated from selected poultry farmers in Abia State. The data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and econometric estimations. Efficiency in the resource use pattern was examined using Marginal Value Product of each of the examined resources with its unit price. It was identified that there are possibilities of increasing broiler mear supply through higher levels of resource-use pattern under the existing technology.
Evaluation of Telfaria occidentalis and sorghum bicolor extracts as potent haematinics in domestic rabbits
Authors: Adedapo A. A. , Dina O. A.
Published: February 2021

A total of 20 domestic rabbits divided into 4 groups of animals per group were used in this study. Group A animals (control) were not bled but those in groups B-D were bled to induce anaemia. Group B animals were left to recover by normal haemopoesis while those in groups C and D were treated respectively with Haematopan B12 ® (a commercially prepared haematinic) and alcohol extracts of a combination of Sorghum bicolor and Telfaria occidentalis, reconstituted at concentration of 4mg/100ml of distilled water. The post-haemorrhage treatment haematologic values were obtained at given intervals (7 days) and compared with the pre-haemorrhage values earlier obtained. The study showed that the group B animals recovered gradually by physiologic haemopoesis while animals in group C and D showed accelerated recovery with group D animals having a faster and better response in terms of packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volune (MCV). Thus the combination of the extracts used in the treatment of the anaemic rabbits was a potent haematinic.
Effect of contact with male on the physical and chemical qualities of eggs of black harco layers
Authors: Ola S. I. , Daniyan O. C. , Thomas K. D. , Olubunmi P. A.
Published: February 2021

A group of 30 Black HARCO laying hers were reared together with 3 mature cocks, while another group were reared in an adjacent pen without cocks. Thus, while the first group of hens had full physical contact (including mating) with the males, the second group was restricted only to auditory and visual contacts with the males. Twelve eggs were selected at 2 - weekly interval within a 12 - week period from each group and chemically analyzed for total protein, cholesterol in the yolk were determined by colourimetric methods while the shell calcium concentration was determined by a litrumetric method. Egg yolk cholesterol was higher (P<0.05) in hens exposed to full physical contact with the males (16.78 vs 14.20 mg/ml) whereas egg yolk protein, albumen protein and egg shell calcium concentrations were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the 2 groups. Egg weight, egg components weights and hen day egg production were also lower in those hens exposed to full contact with the males. Physical contacts (including mating) between the cock and hen resulted in higher yolk cholesterol and lower physical qualities of eggs produced under such management system.
Physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of porkloin roast cooked to three internal temperatures
Authors: Soniran O. G. , Okubanjo A. O.
Published: February 2021

The experiment was conducted to examine the effects of three cooking internal temperatures (65. 75 or 85'C) on the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of pork. Pork muscle, Longissimus dorsi, used were collected immediately after slaughter dnd stored overnight at -18°C. Loins were removed, allowed to thaw at room temperature, and cut into fifteen chops with an average weight of 300g. The chops were randomly allocated to three internal temperatures, 65, 75 or 85°C and transferred into the oven where they were roast cooked until the desired internal temperature was reached. The cooked weight, cooking loss, Warner Bratzler shear value and proximate composition were determined on cooked pork. Sensory attributes were also assessed by a 10-member panel using a 9-point hedonic scale. The results of the study indicated that final internal cooking Temperature had no effect (P>0.05) on cooking loss und shear value. No significant effect was observed on tenderness, juiciness and flavour. Overall acceptability was significantly p<0.05) affected with pork loin cooked to internal temperature of 85'C most acceptable. While moisture and ash contact decreased with increased. The fat content was 101 consistent influenced. The final internal cooking temperatures had no effect on the proximate composition (P>0.05) of the pork loin.
Estimates of phenotypic and genetic trends of growth traits in N'dama herd in Nigeria
Authors: Orheruata A. M. , Olutogun O.
Published: February 2021

Data on birth weight (BTHWT), 205-day adjusted weaning weighi (ADWNWT), and pre-weaning daily gain (ADG) of N'Dama reared at Fasola Stock Farm between 1947 and 1984 were obtained and used to estimate phenotype and genetic trends of these traits. Estimated phenotypic trend was 0.07+0.02 kg/vr, 0.18-0.06kg/yr and -0.005 +0.003kg/yr for BTHWT, ADWNWT and ADG respectively. In contrast, all estimated genetic trends were relatively small and not significantly different from zero. They were 0.02+0.05kg/yr, 0.02+0.05kg/yr and 0.1g/yr for BTHWT, ADWNWT and ADG respectively. The sequential polynomial fitting of the data set indicated that quadratic function adequately described the data with the following regression equation: Y = 9.91 + 0.016 + 0.026 Y = 46.44 - 0.156 + 0.0162 Y = 0.21 - 0.00025 + 1.1862 for BTHWT, ADWNWT and ADG respectively for phenotypic trend curve while for genetic trend curve Y = 0.10 -0.016-0.346' was obtained for BTHWT and ADWNWT and Y = 0.002 - 0.00026' - 70.85b for ADG.
Effects of varying levels of dietary protein on the performance of rabbits
Authors: Fasanya O. O. A. , Ijaiya M. O.
Published: February 2021

Sixteen Newzealand White rabbits aged 9.5 = 0.5 weeks weighing 0.72-0.99kg were used to evaluate the experimental rations which allowed for good weight gain. They were divided into 4 groups and allotted four different diets for the treatment groups with 10, 13, 16 and 20% CP. Feed intake (FI) for the treatment groups were 58.52, 61.46, 57.35, and 61.06g while average daily gain (ADG) were 4.22, 4.35, 5.32 and 6.02g for the groups. There were significant increase (P<0.01) in the digestibility of CP, EE and NFE within the treatment groups. Diets containing 16-20% CP may provide adequate nutrients for optimum weight gain of Newzealand rabbits.
Contribution of different livestock species as sources of meat in Bauchi
Authors: Butswat I. S. R. , Bello M.
Published: February 2021

The daily records of various species of livestock slaughtered for meat for 122 days from June to September, 1995 at Bauchi metropolitan abattoir were analysed. Livestock slaughtered comprised cattle, sheep and goats being 6, 15 and 79 percent respectively. A total of 35, 846 animals were slaughtered, 2, 151 were cattle, out of which 1856, 169, 119 and 7 were White Fulani, Red Bororo, Sokoto Gudali and Kuri breeds respectively. Chi-square analysis was used and within breed significant (P<0.01) monthly differences in their contribution was observed only in Red Bororo breed. Out of the 5,373 sheep slaughtered, 3,961,232, 1062 and 119 were Yankasa, Balami, Uda and crosses respectively. Significant monthly differences were observed in Uda (p<0.01) and Balami (P<0.05). Of the 28.321 goats slaughtered, the contributions of Sokoto Red, Kano brown, Sahel and West African Dwarf were 20,265; 7,469; 575 and 12 respectively. There were significant differences within Sokoto Red and Kabo Brown (p<0.01) and Sahel (p<0.05) breeds. The study showed that goat species, especially Sokoto Red, contributed the highest numerical value of all live livestock species slaughtered as sources of meat in Bauchi. This should have a bearing on their production.
Prevalence of Eimeria Oocysts in West African Dwarf goats at the University of Ibadan Farm
Authors: Ola-Davies O. E. , Oyeyemi M. O. , Saba A. B. , Ajala O. O.
Published: February 2021

An outbreak of acute coccidiosis is reported in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats kept under a semi intensive management system at the University of Ibadan farm. During the period of the outbreak, clinical signs observed among the animal included anorexia, fever, coughing, ocular and nasal discharges and diarrhoea. Sixty nine out of eighty-five (85%) animals were scouring, 6 out of 20 (30%) pregnant did abort, 8 out of 80 (10%) died through severe infection. Average oocyst counts was 2.73 x 10°/gram faeces in kids and 0.9 x 10 gram faeces in adult goats. Eimeria species predominant in goats and percentage occurrence were E. arloingi (77.5%), E. ninakohlyakimovae (62.89%), E. hirci (58.6%). E, alijevi (39.5%). Areas of glandular degeneration and necrosis of epithelium of the small intestine were seen. Also coccidia schizonts, immature oocysts, and neutrophilic infiltrations can be seen in the intestinal mucosa. The presence of pathogenic species of the Eimeria in WAD goats suggest that coccidiosis may be contributing to the enteric syndromes, poor feed conversion and low productivity
Indigenous management of Dystocia in ruminant livestock of northern guinea savanna of Nigeria
Authors: Akpa G. N. , Ifut O. J. , Mohammed F.
Published: February 2021

This study, conducted in Bauchi and Zaria areas of the northern guinea savanna zone of Nigeria involved livestock that encountered problems during parturition Ninety eight Hausa-Fulani livestock holdings involving cattle, sheep and goats were investigated. The study focused on causes of and remedies for dystocia. The study showed that farmers have traditional means of handling difficult birth in ruminants. The identifiable causes of dystocia included age and size of dam, abnormal foetal presentation, poor health, multiple foetuses and weight and sex of the young. The management of this problem included the use of hand to correct foetal position, lubrication of the vulvo-vagina passage with mashed okra fruit for easy passage, and oral administration of solutions from native herbs, snake scales, potash and ashes.
Effects of dietary ammonium sulphate (AS) on the performance and abdominal fat of broilers
Authors: Oyedeji J. O. , Atteh J. O , Ogbonini O. O
Published: February 2021

Two experiments were designed to investigate the response of broilers to dietary inclusion of ammonium sulphate. In experiment 1, day old chicks were fed diets with 0, 1, 2 or 3 % ammonium sulphate (AS) during the starter phase (0-4 weeks). In experiment 2, broilers chicks were raised on a standard diet from 0 - 4 weeks of age and then switched to diets with 0, 1, 2 or 3% ammonium sulphate during the finisher phase ( 5-8 weeks). In experiment 1, feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) suppressed by the dietary ammonium sulphate, while weight gain at market age was not significantly affected (P>0.05), however, in experiment 2, both feed intake and weight gain at market age were significantly suppressed (P<0.05) by the dietary ammonium sulphate. There was no significant effect of dietary ammonium sulphate on feed to gain ratio among broilers in any of the two experiments (P>0.05). Dietary ammonium sulphate did not affect broilers liveability at any of the period. Protein retention was comparable (P>0.05) while fat availability was significantly reduced (P<0.05) at 3% inclusion of ammonium sulphate in broilers diets. Abdominal fat was significantly increased (P<0.05) at 2% dietary ammonium sulphate during the starter phase while there was no significant effect (P>0.05) of dietary ammonium sulphate on the abdominal fat during the finisher period. It was concluded that ammonium sulphate can be used as a feed intake suppressant and would be more effective in the broiler starter diet than in the finisher diet.
Protein and energy value of maize and millet milling wastes for rabbits
Authors: Balogun O. O. , Adeniji A. A. , Azua J. T.
Published: February 2021

Thirty-six mixed rabbits were utilized to determine the protein and energy values of maize milling waste (MZMW) and millet waste (MLMW). Parts of these wastes were autoclaved (AMZMW and AMLMW) and also fed to test rabbits. There was a significant higher (P<0.05) feed intake by rabbits on the MLMW and AMLMW than on the MZMW and the AMZMW. The AMLMW gave the best net protein utilization of 44.21% which was comparable (P<0.05) with 34.79% obtained for the MLMW but significantly different P<0.05) to 26.03 and 25.67% obtained respectively from AMZMW and MZMW. The biological values obtained are 41.48, 53.00, 39.25, and 61.61% for MZMW, MLMW, AMZMW and AMLMW respectively. The autoclaved ingredients gave higher metabolizable energy of 15287.25 and 14832.00KJ for AMZMW and AMLMW respectively against 14620.75 and 13664.38KJ for MZMW and MLMW respectively
Effects of graded levels of iron-fortified locally produced natural vitamin premix on the performance and carcass characteristics of broilers
Authors: Bolu S. A. , Balogun O. O.
Published: February 2021

A feeding trial was conducted using broilers to determine the optimum inclusion levels of locally produced natural vitamin premix (LPNVP) and compare the performance to a commercial vitamin mineral premix(CVMP) commonly sold within Nigeria. Feed intake, weight gain and feed utilization efficiency varied (P<0.05) among the various dietary treatments considered. Feed utilization efficiency and weight gain were inversely related to feed intake for birds fed LPNVP-based diets and these measurements were lower (P<0.05) than values observed for birds fed CVMP based diets. Nutrient retentions were also not influenced (P>0.05) by the various inclusion levels of LPNVP studied, although these criteria were also significantly lower for birds fed LPNVP-based diets compared with birds fed CWMP-based diets. Although, dressing percentage was not affected (P>0.05) by the dietary levels, relative fresh organs and primal cut weights were different (P<0.05) for birds fed the various levels of LPNVP and the control birds fed CVMP-based diets. It was however cheaper (P<0.05) to use LPNVP than CVMP as a source of vitamin for broilers.
Tosicological assessment of Vernonia amygdaliana leaf meal in nutrition of starter broiler chicks
Authors: Fashina O. E. , Adeyemi O. A. , Ologhobo A. D. , Adeniran G. A. , Ayoade G. O. , Olayode G. , Olubanjo O. O.
Published: February 2021

In a 6-week feeding trial, Vernonia amygdaliana leaf meat (VaLM) was tested as a dietary ingredient in broiler starter diets. The diets comprised VaLM included at Og (diet 1), 50g per kg basal diet (incorporated at the expense of groundnut cake and wheat ofsals - diets 2 and 3 respectively) and 100g per kg basal diet (incorporated at the expense of groundnut cake -- diet 4). During the study, parameters such as characteristics, blood parameters, histopathology of some organs (liver, kidney, lungs, heat, gizzard and pancreas) and carcass characteristics were investigated. Birds fed on VaLM - based diets performed poorly, the effects of the diet being more pronounced on those fed diet 4. Addition of VaLM to poultry feed significantly (P<0.05) reduced feed intake and weight gain of experimental birds. Blood cellular constituents decreased significantly (p<0.05) in birds fed VaLM-based diets and there were serious histopathological changes within the liver, kidney, lungs, heart, gizzard and pancreas.
Protein quality of autoclaved cowpea varieties as influenced by anti-nutritional factors
Authors: Oke D. B. , Adeyemi O. A. , Oke M. O.
Published: February 2021

One hundred and ten (110) weanling male winstar strain rats were used to determine the protein efficiency ration (PER) and net protein ration (NPR) of five cowpea samples. PER ranged from 1.06 in IT 81D-1137 to 1.91 in 1784E-1-108 while values in autoclaved samples ranged from 1.55 in IT81D-1137 to 2.78 in 1784E-1-108. for NPR, raw samples gave values that ranged between 2.44 and 3.57 in 1781D-1137 and 1784E-1-108 respectively. Autoclaved samples gave NPR values that ranged from 2.72 to 4.47 in IT 8ID-1137 and IT84E-1-108 respectively. In the raw and autoclaved cowpea diets, trypsin inhibitor, lectin and tannic acid were negatively correlated with PER and NPR while HCN and phytic acid had positive relationship with these indicators of protein quality. In autoclaved samples cowpea variety IT84E-1-108 had the highest PER and NPR values showing that it would support growth to a reasonable extent.
Utilization of diets containing cashew-nut reject meal by weaner pigs
Authors: Fanimo A. O. , Odugwa O. O. , Adewunmi T. E. , Lawal A. I.
Published: February 2021

A trial was conducted to assess the performance and digestibility of weaner pigs fed diets containing cashew nut reject meal (CVM). A control dier was formulated without cashew nut reject meal while two other diets were also formulated to contain either 50g or 100g/kg diet. The CNM replaced soybean meal in the control diet and the three diets were isocaloric and isoproteinous. Twelve six weeks old weaner pips (7.5 ± 0.89kg) were assigned on weight equalization basis to the three dietary treatments. Records of perforinance and some haematological parameters were taken. The digestibility of dry matter and the proximate fractions of feed were also determined Feed intake of pigs un the CNM diets were lower (P<0.05) than those in the control group but there were no significant effect (P >0.05) of CRM inclusion on weight gain and feed.gain ratio. Protein efficiency ratio and apparent protein digestibility were highest in the soybean meal control diets. Pigs fed CM diets had higher creatinine levels in their serwn compared with the control diet. There were no significant differences among the dietarv treatments for total protein, albumin, globulin, urea and cholesterol. It was concluded that CNM can be included in the diets of weaner pigs to replace soyabean meal up to 10% level with little or no deleterious effect on rate of gain.
Effect of dietary protein levels on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers
Authors: Salami R. I. , Longe O. G. , Oluyemi J. A.
Published: February 2021

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) levels in diets of 2600kcal kg metabolisable energy content on the performance and carcass characteristics of cockerel finishers. The experimental diets A, B, C, D and E contained CP levels of 140, 160, 180, 200 and 200g kg and they were produced by modified diet dilution technique. Response criteria such as weight gain and feed conversion ratio, among others, and carcass characteristics were measured. Results on performance and carcass characteristics, with the exception of the neck, intestinal weights  and other visceral offals, revealed that these response criteria were optimized in the birds fed on 180g kg dietary CP level. Beyond this level, it was nor beneficial to feed higher CP levels. It is therefore, concluded that the CP requirement of finisher cockerels is 18% on the bases of their Performance and carcass characteristics.
Effects of using non-conventional feedstuffs on the productivity and costs of egg farms in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Shittu A. M. , Bamiro O. M. , Aderemi F. M. , Olayode G. O.
Published: February 2021

This study examines effects of privately producing layers mash by including such non-conventional feedstuff as cassava, brewers dried grain, etc on the productivity, cost and profit of poultry (eggs) farms. Primary data was collected from three categories of farms -12 "conventional feedstuff users" (CFU), 24 "non-conventional feedstuff users" (NCFU) and 10 Animal Care concentrate users" (ACCU) found in a sample survey of 46 private feed using farms in Egbeda and Lagelu Local Government area of Ibadan. Estimates of their production, total variable cost and profit functions obtained by ordinary least squares as well as analyses of variance conducted on their production and cost statistics revealed that no sufficient evidence exists to suggest that productivity levels differ across the three categories of farms, but NCFU significantly lower average cost and more profits per trm of eggs produced than the CFU. No sufficient evidence, however, exists to suggest that ACCU had any significantly different cost or profit per tray of eggs produced from those of CFU.
Sustainable children investment in guinea pig production and its implications for extension services
Authors: Ojo M. O.
Published: February 2021

This study was conducted specifically to identify the level of children investment in guinea pigs production, the major sources of fund for the children, the methods of communication between the children and their source of information, and to determine their level of performance in guinea pig production. Implications for extension service were also determined. The children who invested in the production of guinea pigs within llesa East Local Government Area of Osun State constituted the study population. Simple random sampling technique was used to select twenty-five percent of the population as sample. To this end respondents were selected and interviewed for the study using structured interview schedule. The data collected were analysed through frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Correlation analysis was used to establish relationship between the variable of the study. Findings revealed that all the respondents were male secondary school children, aged between 11 and 20 years. The major sources of information were friends (100%), successful farmers (27.3%) Osun State Agricultural Development Programme (OSADEP) 27.3%), interpersonal visits (92.796) and field demonstration (81.8%). Majority (52.7%) of the respondents had between 1 and 4 guinea pigs while only few (9.1%) had between 15 and 19 guinea pigs. Positive and significant correlation existed between the sources of agricultural information and the performance of children in guinea pig production (r=0.313) and between methods of communication (when combined) and performance of respondents in guinea pigs production (r=0.291), Based on the findings, it was posited that the agricultural extension system should identify and reach the children guinea pig producer with programmes intended to encourage sustainable guinea pigs production.
Management practices among small holders of sheep, goats and pigs in the derived savanna zone in Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Iyayi E. A. , Tona G. O.
Published: February 2021

A study was conducted to assess the systems of management adopted by small farm holders of sheep, goats and pigs in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data were collected from a total of 25 farms spread over the villages and towns using structured questionnaires. The study revealed that most farmers keep a combination of sheep and goats. Ninety-two percent of the respondents were private owners, while 12% of the respondents indicated a community or group ownership of the farms. Most of the farm hoiders were males (84%) having 6 to 10 years experience in livestock farming. Personal savings constituted the major source of capital for the enterprise. Sixty-four percent of the farms reared their animals semi-intensively compared with 32% for intensive and 4% for extensive. Eighty percent of the farmers fed their animals twice daily, mainly on pasture along with other feed supplements such as cassava. The animals were infested with various diseases and were treated only when infected. Prevention or control of diseases was done through vaccination and good hvgiene and feeding. Most of the livestock were disposed or sold off at adult age.
Sex ratio and fecundity of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Family - Claroteidae) from Asejire Lake, Nigeria
Authors: Taiwo I. O. , Odunaiya O.
Published: February 2021

Sex ratio and fecundity of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus from Asejire Lake were examined. The length-weight relationship showed that weight was curvilinearly related to standard length. The logarithm transformation of weight against standard length gave a straight-line graph represented by the following equation: Log W = -0.66 + 2.13 Log sl r2= 0.854; (p<0.001) n = 209

Males were generally more with a male : female ratio of 1:0.18. The average fish weight was 88.97g (16.28 cm standard length). Sexual maturity was attained at an average size of 45.0g (14.0 cm standard length). Relative fecundity was dependent on body weight and standard length (P< 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus expended between 0.75% - 27.30% of body weight in egg production. The condition factor values showed that a female specimen of equal length with a male specimen is heavier. Six gonad maturity stages were identified, ovary and gonad weights increased with stage of maturity.
Effect of feeding different levels of fermented and unfermented cassava tuber meals on performance of broilers
Authors: Udedibie A. B. I. , Anyaegbu B. C. , Onyechekwa G. C. , Egbuokporo O. C.
Published: February 2021

Studies were conducted to determine the relative effects of fermented and unfermented sun-dried cassava tuber meals as source of energy in broiler diets. A batch of fresh bitter cassava tubers (TMS 30572 variety) was cut into pieces, dried in the sun and milled (UFC). Another batch was cut into pieces, fermented in water for 4 days, dried in the sun and milled (FC). Both fresh cassava tubers and processed meals were analyzed for proximate composition and cyanide contents. In the first experiment, the meals were used to make 7 iso-nitrogenous broiler starter diets such that diet I (the control) contained maize as source of energy while in diets 2, 3 and 4, 50%, 75% and 100% of the maize in the control diet was replaced with UFC and in diets 5, 6 and 7, the maize was similarly replaced with FC. Each diet was fed to a group of 24 broiler chicks replicated into 2 from / week old to 5 weeks old. In the second experiment, the meals were used to make 7 iso-nitrogenous broiler finisher diets, using replacement levels as in the starter trial, and each diet fed to a group of 22 broiler chicks replicated into 2 from 5 weeks old to 9 weeks old. Fresh cassava tuber contained 0.44mg HCN/gm while unfermented and fermented meals contained 0.15mg HCN/gm and 0.08mg HCN gm, respectively. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in proximate composition of the three samples. In the starter trial, the group that received the diet in which 50% of maize was replaced with UFC or FC compared favourably with the control in performance (P>0.05). Although at 100% replacement level, both UFC and FC significantly depressed performance of the chicks, UFC resulted in severe stunted growth and ruffled feathers of the chicks. In the broiler finisher trial, replacement of maize up to 75% with FC produced no adverse effect (P>0.05) whereas at that level, UFC significantly depressed performance (P>0.05).
Performance of Nutrient Digestibility of weaned rabbits fed forages supplemented with concentrate
Authors: Taiwo A. A. , Adejuyigbe A. D. , Adebowale E. A. , Oshotan J. S.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was made to examine the effect of feeding three forages (Pacicum maximum) pawpaw leaves and (Tridax procumbens) in addition to concentrateon the performance and nutrient digestibility of crossbred weaned rabbits. Four rabbits were assigned to each dietary treatment in a completely randomized arrangement. The study lasted for 8 weeks. the forage and concentrate had moderate to high crude protein contents (12 to 33%). The DM intake were very high P. maximum and T. procumbens treatment (av. 108g/day). Forage constituted about 75% of the intakes. Dry matter intake on pawpaw leaves treatment (47.31g/day)was the weight gain (10.94g'day) and feed converion ratio (4.3) were best on the pawpoaw leaves the treatment. Tridax procumbens had the highest nutrient digestibility and significant difference (P<0.05) exist on the most of them. Three forages can be used in feeding rabbits when supplemented with concentrate at 2% of the body weight. However, pawpaw leaves gave the best feeding value
Effect of flushing on reproductive performance of rabbits.
Authors: Iyeghe-Erakpotobor G. T.
Published: February 2021

Twenty eight (28) multiparous crossbred does were placed on four diets consisting of 16, 18, 20 and 24% CP for two weeks before mating and one week after mating to evaluate the effect of flushing on the reproductive performance of rabbits. The does were placed on 16% CP diet during pregnancy and 18% CP diet during lactation 

Results obtained showed similar (P>0.05) weight changes and feed intake for all the groups though does fed the 16% CP diet lost weight. Does flushed with 18, 20 and 24% CP had slightly larger litter size at birth while 18% and 20% CP flushed does had slightly larger litter size alive at birth than 16 and 24% CP does. Litter size at 21 days postpartum was significantly (P<0.05) higher for does flushed with 20 and 24% CP than those flushed with 16 and 18% CP. Litter weights were significantly (p<0.05) higher for 20% and 24% CP flushed than 16 and 18% CP flushed does at 7 , 14- and 21-day postpartum. Stillbirths increased with increase in protein level up to 20% CP level before decreasing slightly ar 24% CP. Kit mortality rates at 0-7, 7-14 and 14-21 days postpartum were similar (P>0.05) but numerically lower for 20 and 24% CP flushed does. Total kit mortality rale (0-21 days postpurtum) was significantly (P<0.05) higher for does flushed with 16 and 18% CP diets. It is concluded from this study, that flushing multiparous does with 20 and 24% CP diets gave better reproductive performance than with 16 and 18% CP diets. Feeding 16% CP diel to does during pregnancy does not appear to meet their protein requirement for gestation
Homoplastic hypophysation of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Fafioye O. O. , Adeogun O. A.
Published: February 2021

Clarias gariepinus brood stocks (137.0 6.0g) were hypophysised for maturation and ovulation with Clarias crude pituitary extract (CCPE) at 7 mg/kg body weight of female fish. Fertilization was done by mixing egg and mill together in a dry bowl with feather. Physico-chemical parameters of water were maintained at 6.0 +0.2 mg/l (dissolved oxygen), 28.0 +0.5°C (temperature) and 7.2, 0.1 (pH). The latency period recorded for optimal egg was 10-12 hours. While hatching started at 24 hours to 36 hours. The total number of eggs stripped was 618.8 10, the total fertilized was 332.8 x 10', the total fry hatched was 280.6 x 10%. It is concluded that C. gariepinus can be induced with CCPE to reduce the cost of carp pituitary and problem of its procurement due to scarcity.
Heterosis for egg production in native by exotic by inbred chicken crosses
Authors: Udeh I. , Omeje S. I.
Published: February 2021

Inbred lines generated from the native and exotic chickens were compared with their F1 and backcross populations for a range of short term egg production traits. The experimental birds were brooded for 8 weeks and raised on a deep litter pens from 8 to 40 weeks of age. Age at first eggs were longer in the crossbred groups and the delay was mostly caused by the dominant genes from the exotic parents. Highly significant (P>0.01) heterosis were obtained by the crossbred groups in hen day rate and total egg mass respectively. The heterosis observed in the crossbred groups for egg weight was low and mostly non significant. the backcross groups recorded residual heterosis in egg production traits ( hen day rate, total egg mass and egg weight) and the magnitude was higher in the exotic than the native backcrosses. The results further indicate that the egg production performance of the crossbred groups were mostly influenced by maternal, sex linked, dominance and epistatic gene effects. It was suggested that the egg production potential of the native chicken could be improved further by cross mating-selected native and exotic backcross groups. This should be followed by crisscrossing.
Calcium requirement of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks in Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Edache J.A. , Musa A. , Haruna U. , Karsin E.S. , Esilolu P.D. , Jibrin I.I.
Published: February 2021

Abstract A 6-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the optimal calcium level in the diet of quail chicks in Nigeria. Four isonitrogenous (25% crude protein) diets containing 0.5, 1.0,1.5 and 2.0% dietary calcium were employed in the trial which involved 480) day-old, uncensored quail chicks. The diets were also isocaloric (2750 kcal/kg M. E). Each dietary treatment was replicated three times. Responses measured included weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. Feed intake was higher in diet A (P<0.05) in comparison to others. Diet D recorded lower feed intake (P<0.05) than Diets B and C. Weight gain was similar (P>0.05) for Diets A, B and C which were better than diet D (P>0.05). Feed conversion was better with Diets C And D (P<0.05) than with diets A and B. Diet A was poorer (P<0.05) than diet B in terms of feed conversion. Feed cost/gain ratio was lower (P<0.05) on Diet A than others. Percent bone ash was similar on the diets except Diet C. Results of this study indicated that dietary calcium levels of between 0.5 and 1% will support acceptable weight gain and % bone ash in the first 6 weeks of life.
Effects of varying levels of groundnut haulms and cowpea shell on the performance of weaner Red Sokoto goats.
Authors: Abubakar M. , Adegbola T.A. , Abubakar M. M.
Published: February 2021

Four diets containing 16% crude protein were formulated with varying levels of groundnut haulms (GNH) and cowpea shell (CPS). The diets designated as Diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, contained 60% GNHI 0% CPS; 40% GNH/20% CPS, 20% GNH/40% CPS and 0%GNH/60%CPS respectively. The diets were fed to sixteen kids of Red Sokoto goats (two males and two females per diet] for seventy days in order to study the effects of varying levels of GNH and CPS on feed intake, nutrient digestibilities and weight gains of the animals. The results showed that the highest dry matter and crude protein intakes by the animals obtained for Diet 2 were 477.30 g/ day and 77. 85g/ day respectively. The lowest water intake per kilogram dry matter intake was obtained on Diet 3 (2. 421). Animals on Diet 2 had a better daily weight gain (85.41g/ day) compared to those on the other diets. The highest feed conversion ratio was obtained on Diet 4 (7.35). Nutrient digestibilities were significantly (p<0.01) affected by treatments, with Diet 2 having the highest and Diet 4 the lowest. Based on higher weight gains for animals on Diet 2, which indicates a shorter time to attain slaughter weight, dieis containing 40% GNH/20%CPS could be recommended for growing Red Sokoto goats.
Influence of irrigation intervals on dry matter yield, concentration of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus in Lablab purpureus and Sorghum almum fodder in the sudan savanna zone of Nigeria
Authors: Muhammad I.R. , Abdullahi B. , Mohammed A.K. , Tanko R.J , Kallah M.S. , Alawa J.P.
Published: February 2021

Irrigation trials were conducted in the late dry season (March to June) with Lublab (Lablab purpureus) and Columbus grass (Sorghum almum) in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. The objective of this study was to determine the dry matter yield (IDM/ha), crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus(P) in dual-purpose lablab bean and Sorghum almum at 3 irrigation schedules (5, 7 and 10 days irrigation interval). The results obtained showed dry matter yield in lablab increased (P<0.05) and varied from 1.7 to 11.7 IDM/ha. Calcium and P concentrations differed significantly (P<0.05). Mean CP for the lablab was 15.57%. Dry matter yield obtained for Sorghum almum varied (P<0.05) from 11.07 to 19.6 tDM/ha. Concentration of CP and Ca rose and declined thereafter with a mean concentration of 9.86% for CP und 0.08% for Ca while P declined consistently (P<0.05). Intervals of irrigation days had a relationship (P<0.05) with DM/ha, Ca and P in lablab. The increasing trend in foruye yield with increased irrigation interval showed optimum irrigation interval was not attained. It is therefore recommended that longer irrigation intervals be tried to determine the optimum irrigation interval after which forage yield would be depressed due to moisture stress. From the results of the present study Sorghum almum and lablab would be grown successfully at a 10-day irrigation interval.
An in vivo assessment of the use of Haematopan B12 in the treatment of experimentally induced anaemia in domestic rabbits.
Authors: Adedapo A. A. , Saba A. B. , Dina O.A.
Published: February 2021

A total of 15 domestic rabbits divided into 3 groups of 5 animals per group were used in this study Group A animals (control) were not bled but those in groups B and C were bled to induce anaemia. Group B were left to recover by normal haemopoiesis while those in group C were treated with Hematopan B12*, a commercially prepared haematinic. The post-bleeding treatment haematologic values were obtained at given intervals (7 days) and compared with the pre-bleeding values earlier obtained. The result of this study showed that the group B animals recovered gradually by physiologic haemopoeisis while animals in group C showed accelerated recovery since these animals had a better and faster response in terms of white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Thus Haematopan B12 is an effective haematinic.