bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From 'Sovereignty as Responsibility' to the 'Responsibility to Protect'
Authors: Deng Francis
Published: October 2010

This essay examines the origins and evolution of the concepts of 'sovereignty as responsibility' and the 'responsibility to protect'. In particular, it considers the role and duty of states and how ideas of sovereignty have evolved since the modern nation-state was conceived by the European Treaty of Westphalia of 1648. It then examines the responsibility of states towards their own citizens and traces the development of the R2P norm in Africa as it has related to conflict prevention, management, and resolution since the end of the Cold War. The essay further considers the responsibilities of national democratic governments in Africa and beyond. Recent developments that have widened the scope and helped the acceptance and application of the concept of 'sovereignty as responsibility' are discussed, and the essay concludes with an examination of the accountability and enforcement challenges faced by R2P.
Pax Nigeriana and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Adebajo Adekeye
Published: October 2010

The essay traces the roots of R2P in African political thought—through individuals such as Kenya's Ali Mazrui, Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, Tanzania's Salim Ahmed Salim, South Africa's Nelson Mandela and abo Mbeki, and Egypt's Boutros Boutros-Ghali— and considers the bid by West Africa's regional hegemon, Nigeria, to play a leadership role on the continent in relation to the norm. It argues that the regional West African giant has exhibited a 'missionary zeal' in assuming the role of a benevolent 'older brother' responsible for protecting younger siblings—whether these are Nigeria's immediate neighbours, fellow Africans, or black people in the African Diaspora. Without Nigeria's military support and economic and political clout, the ECOWAS Ceasefire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG)—which intervened in civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone in the 1990s—would simply not have existed. Despite the lack of a clearly agreed UN or pan-African mandate, Nigeria's interventions - under the auspices of ECOMOG - effectively operationalised R2P in the region and eventually won continental and international support. However, Nigeria's recent foreign adventures have often been launched in the face of strong domestic opposition and a failure by military and civilian regimes to apply R2P domestically. The essay concludes by considering Nigeria's need to build a stable democracy and promote effective regional integration, if it wishes to benefit from its peacekeeping successes in the region and pursue a continued leadership role in relation to R2P.
Probing Perceptual Antinomies with the Watercolor Illusion and Explaining How the Brain Resolves Them
Authors: Pinna Baingio , Tanca Maria , Grossberg Stephen
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this work is to study how the brain solves perceptual antinomies, induced by the watercolor illusion in the color and in the figure–ground segregation domain, when they are present in different parts of the same object. The watercolor illusion shows two main effects: a long-range coloration and an object–hole effect across large enclosed areas (Pinna, 1987, 2005, 2008a, b; Pinna and Grossberg, 2005; Pinna et al., 2001). This illusion strongly enhances the unilateral belongingness of the boundaries (Rubin, 1915) determining grouping and figure–ground segregation more strongly than the well-known Gestalt principles. Due to the watercolor illusion, both the figure and the background assume new properties becoming, respectively, a bulging object and a hole both with a 3-D volumetric appearance (object–hole effect). When the coloration and the object–hole effects induced by the watercolor illusion are opposite (antinomic) within different portions of the same shape, some questions emerge: Do the antinomies split the shape in two parts (a half shape appears as an object and the other half as a hole) or are they solved through a new emergent perceptual result beyond the single effects? Is there a predominance of one component over the other that is less visible or totally invisible? What is perceptible and what is invisible? Is there a wholeness process under conditions where perceptual antinomies coexist? By imparting motion to a watercolored object that gradually should become a hole while overlapping another object placed behind, is the wholeness of the watercolor object weakened or reorganized in a new way? The results of phenomenological experiments suggested that the antinomies tend to be solved through two complement processes of phenomenal wholeness and partialness. These processes are explained in the light of the FACADE neural model of 3-D vision and figure–ground separation (Grossberg, 1994, 2003), notably of how complementary cortical boundary and surface representations interact with spatial attention to generate conscious percepts of 3-D form and motion.
BP, the Blowout and the Bible Belt: Why Conservative Christianity Does Not Conserve Creation
Authors: Northcott Michael S.
Published: October 2010

Advocates of the ‘post-secular’ propose that religion is returning as a world-shaping force in the present century. The growth of a dialogue between religion and ecological science is seen as strong evidence of this return. However religious responses to the catastrophic oil well blowout in the Gulf of Mexico, and responses to long-standing oil pollution in the Niger Delta region, do not indicate a clear correlation between conservative Christianity and biological conservation. At the root of the ecological crisis - and of the oil industry’s continuing ecological destructiveness — is the late medieval cosmology of the earth as a secular mechanism. But the deistic tenor of conservative Christianity underwrites rather than resists this cosmology. So too does an instrumentalist and pragmatic project to colonise religion as ‘social capital’ in the scientific conservation project. A partnership between ecology and religion that does not resist the metaphysical and spiritual origins of the crisis will not constrain the ecologically destructive path of fossil-fuelled political economy.
Late-Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: Andersen Tia S. , Morash Merry , Park Suyeon
Published: October 2010

Based on resilience and feminist criminological theories, several individual, family, and community characteristics were hypothesized to predict late-adolescent delinquency for girls varying in early-adolescent risk. Girls aged 12 and 13 were interviewed each year as part of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. Predictors of late-adolescent delinquency were compared for girls in and below the top 10% in self-reported early-adolescent delinquency. Girls who were higher in delinquency in early adolescence were resilient by 2002 if they had no incarcerated family members and high parental monitoring. Girls with little or no early delinquency were at risk for illegal activity by age 17 primarily due to contextual adversities, low hope for the future, poverty status, and minority racial status. Persistently delinquent girls require programming to address multiple risk and protective factors over an extended time. To prevent delinquency beginning later in adolescence, girls need safe community and school contexts.
Measuring Geotourism
Authors: Boley B. Bynum , Nickerson Norma Polovitz , Bosak Keith
Published: October 2010

Geotourism is tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place, including its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of its residents. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a scale measuring geotraveler tendencies (GTS). The GTS consists of 35 items across eight subscales measuring both attitudes and behaviors of travelers. Confirmatory factor analysis tested each scale for construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity, and demonstrated that all eight scales of the GTS were valid and reliable measures of the dimensions of geotourism. Standardized factor loadings ranged from .52 to .92 and construct reliability scores ranged from .72 to .94 for the eight attitudinal and behavioral scales. For destinations interested in promoting geotourism, the GTS provides a tool to determine if visitors traveling to their area embrace geotourism values of sustaining and enhancing the geographical character of place.
Social Influence in Networks of Practice
Authors: Kleinnijenhuis Jan , van den Hooff Bart , Utz Sonja , Vermeulen Ivar , Huysman Marleen
Published: October 2010

Networks of Practice (NoPs) facilitate knowledge sharing among geographically dispersed organization members. This research tests whether social influence in NoPs is reinforced by actors’ embeddedness in practice (knowledge about informal content), organizational embeddedness (knowledge about formal organizational content), structural embeddedness (knowledge about who knows what), and relational embeddedness (knowledge about informal relationships). A full-fledged automated content analysis on all postings on four NoPs maintained by a multinational chemical company revealed four dimensions in communication content that largely coincide with the proposed embeddedness types. We measured social influence by assessing to what extent actors’ use of uncommon language traits was adopted in the responses to the postings. Hypothesis testing revealed that network members who communicate about informal practice, and know who knows what, exert more social influence than others. The results suggest that network members’ social influence is rooted in their utilitarian value for others, and not in their organizational or relational embeddedness.
The Emergence of Indigenous Movements in Latin America and Their Impact on the Latin American Political Scene
Authors: Martí i Puig Salvador
Published: October 2010

The past two decades have seen the emergence of various political actors in Latin America for whom indigenousness is their basic social identity. The appearance of indigenous movements at this time can be attributed to a change in the structure of political opportunities in response to globalization, which has created a situation in which policy making is no longer controlled by governments but increasingly the result of the interaction of a wide variety of actors. Indigenous peoples have been empowered by alliances with actors that have provided them greater capacity for applying pressure through relationships, including churches, anthropologists, and international advocacy networks. The emergence of indigenous movements has created an international regime on the rights of indigenous peoples, the adoption of a new jurisprudence with regard to indigenous peoples, and the creation of autonomous territories, though there is still no agreement on the best way to articulate these territories. Some of these movements have been more successful than others; the indigenous peoples of the lowlands have benefited from the greater participation of their movements in the international environment, but their triumphs tend to be local. While progress is tangible, the events of the past two decades indicate the limits of the permeability of Latin American polyarchies.
A Functional Anarchy
Authors: Cupples Julie , Larios Irving
Published: October 2010

During the Bush administration, the United States ratified a free trade agreement with five Central American countries and the Dominican Republic. Ratification in Costa Rica was considerably delayed because of widespread popular opposition that led to a referendum in October 2007. The strategies used to gain a victory for the Yes campaign were opposed by the Patriotic Movement for No, a diverse network of neighborhood-based patriotic committees, trade unions, agricultural organizations, academics, women’s organizations, environmental movements, and the Church. Resistance to the agreement in Costa Rica is helping to dereify free trade doctrines and producing proliferating forms of political association that articulate credible and appealing alternatives to neoliberalism. The referendum unleashed a struggle for hegemony in Costa Rica that has important implications for state—civil society relations and the rescaling of state power.
On the creation of future probabilistic design weather years from UKCP09
Authors: Eames M. , Kershaw T. , Coley D.
Published: October 2010

Weather data are used extensively by building scientists and engineers to study the performance of their designs, help compare design alternatives and ensure compliance with building regulations. Given a changing climate, there is a need to provide data for future years so that practising engineers can investigate the impact of climate change on particular designs and examine any risk the commissioning client might be exposed to. In addition, such files are of use to building scientists in developing generic solutions to problems such as elevated internal temperatures and poor thermal comfort. With the publication of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) such data can be created for future years up to 2080 and for various probabilistic projections of climate change by the use of a weather generator. Here, we discuss a method for the creation of future probabilistic reference years for use within thermal models. In addition, a comparison is made with the current set of future weather years based on the UKCIP02 projections. When used within a dynamic thermal simulation of a building, the internal environments created by the current set of future weather files lie within the range of the internal environments created by the probabilistic reference years generated by the weather generator. Hence, the main advantages of the weather generator are seen to lie in its potentially greater spatial resolution, its ability to inform risk analysis and that such files, unlike ones based on observed data, carry no copyright.

Practical applications: The methodology presented in this article will allow academics and buildings engineers to create realistic hourly future weather files using the future climate data of UKCP09 weather generator. This will allow the creation of consistent future weather years for use in areas such as building thermal simulation.
The creation of wind speed and direction data for the use in probabilistic future weather files
Authors: Eames M. , Kershaw T. , Coley D.
Published: October 2010

Pseudo weather data with a high temporal resolution are of use in many fields including the modelling of agricultural systems, the placement of wind turbines and building thermal simulations. With the publication of the 2009 UK Climate Projections (UKCP09) such data can be created for future years and for various predictions of climate change. Unfortunately such — UKCP09 — data does not include information about wind speed or direction due to a lack of robustness. Here we demonstrate a methodology for generating such wind data on an hourly time grid from a consideration of the potential evapotranspiration reported by the UKCP09 weather generator and information related to the correlation between observed wind speed, direction and time of year. We find our pseudo wind data is consistent with the historic observed wind. Furthermore, when used within a dynamic thermal simulation of a building, the use of such pseudo wind data generates a consistent internal environment in terms of ventilation rates, temperatures and energy use that is indistinguishable from simulations completed using historic observed weather for both single-sided and cross-ventilated buildings.

Practical applications: The methodology presented in this paper will allow academics and building engineers to create realistic hourly wind speed and direction data for inclusion with the future climate data of UKCP09. This will allow the creation of consistent future weather years for use in areas such as building thermal simulation.
A Comment on Early Student Blunders on Computer-Based Adaptive Tests
Authors: Green Bert F.
Published: October 2010

This article refutes a recent claim that computer-based tests produce biased scores for very proficient test takers who make mistakes on one or two initial items and that the ‘‘bias’’ can be reduced by using a four-parameter IRT model. Because the same effect occurs with pattern scores on nonadaptive tests, the effect results from IRT scoring, not from adaptive testing. Because very proficient test takers rarely err on items of middle difficulty, the so-called bias is one of selective data analysis. Furthermore, the apparently large score penalty for one error on an otherwise perfect response pattern is shown to result from the relative stretching of the IRT scale at very high and very low proficiencies. The recommended use of a four-parameter IRT model is shown to have drawbacks.
Peritonitis After Gastrostomy Tube Replacement
Authors: Taheri Mohammad R. , Singh Harminder , Duerksen Donald R.
Published: October 2010

Background: The placement of feeding gastrostomy (G) tubes through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) technique has become common because of its simplicity and safety. The majority of the serious complications are reported to occur within a few days of initial tube placement and happen in fewer than 3% of cases. Long‐term reported complications of this procedure include occlusion or breakage of the G‐tube, requiring reinsertion. This report describes the complication of intraperitoneal placement and the development of peritonitis after replacement of an established PEG tube and reviews the pertinent world literature. Methods: A retrospective review of cases of intraperitoneal insertion of replacement G‐tubes was done as well as a Medline search for cases of intraperitoneal insertion of replacement G‐tube or development of peritonitis after replacement tube insertion. Results: Three new cases of inadvertent intraperitoneal insertion of a replacement G‐tube in adult patients with mature tracts are reported. An additional 5 cases have been previously described in adults. Significant morbidity was associated with this complication, and 4 deaths were related to it. Methods used to determine whether the replacement G‐tube was intragastric were not uniform. Conclusions: There have been few reports of intraperitoneal insertion of replacement G‐tubes in patients with mature (>30 days) stoma sites. The cases presented in this report highlight for the clinician the importance of considering this complication, particularly if there are any difficulties with the reinsertion. Prospective studies are needed to determine the frequency of this complication and the optimal protocol for PEG replacement.
In Courtroom 7— The Children’s Koori Court at Work
Authors: Borowski Allan
Published: October 2010

This article reports some of the findings of an evaluation of the Children’s Koori Court (CKC)—the first legislated effort in Australia to involve the Indigenous community in the sentencing of young Aboriginal offenders as a strategy for reducing their overrepresentation in the juvenile justice system. A prominent feature of this court of summary jurisdiction is that the presiding magistrate, while remaining the sentencing authority, is assisted by Aboriginal Elders. This article focuses on the evaluation findings that were derived from observations of the CKC in action. They indicate that the operational objective of cultural responsiveness was realized. They also point to realization of the community-building goal—fostering Indigenous ownership of the administration of the law. Little slippage was found between the CKC’s design and operation, although some areas of improvement were identified. Nevertheless, the scope for the CKC by itself to significantly reduce overrepresentation is limited.
Fifteen-Year Outcome of Endoscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Patellar Tendon Autograft for “Isolated” Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear
Authors: Hui Catherine , Salmon Lucy J. , Kok Alison , Maeno Shinichi , Linklater James , Pinczewski Leo A.
Published: October 2010

Background: Few studies report the long-term results of anterior cruciate ligament rupture and single-incision endoscopic reconstructive surgery. Outcomes are often clouded by concomitant meniscal, chondral, or ligament injuries.

Purpose: To determine the 15-year outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures treated with endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using middle-third patellar tendon autograft.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Between January 1993 and April 1994, 333 consecutive patients underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patients with associated ligamentous injury requiring surgery, previous meniscectomy, or meniscal injury requiring more than one-third meniscectomy; chondral injury diagnosed at arthroscopy; and an abnormal contralateral knee were excluded. Ninety patients met the inclusion criteria. Outcomes included range of motion, Lachman and pivot-shift tests, instrumented ligament testing, single-legged hop test, Lysholm Knee Score, the International Knee Documentation Committee evaluation, and radiographic assessment.

Results: Thirty percent of patients had further anterior cruciate ligament injury. Twenty-four percent of patients (n = 22) sustained contralateral anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, and 8% (n = 7) ruptured the graft ( P = .009). Graft rupture was associated with a graft inclination angle <17° ( P = .02). Contralateral anterior cruciate ligament rupture was associated with age <18 years at time of primary injury ( P = .001). All patients had normal or nearly normal (International Knee Documentation Committee evaluation) Lachman and instrumented testing, and 91% had a negative pivot-shift result. Seventy percent of patients had kneeling pain. Median subjective International Knee Documentation Committee evaluation was 91 of 100. Fifty-one percent of patients had radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis (41% grade B; 10% grade C).

Conclusion: Good results are maintained at 15 years after surgery with respect to ligamentous stability, subjective outcomes, and range of motion. Kneeling pain remains a significant problem. Concern remains regarding the incidence of further anterior cruciate ligament injury and the increasing number of patients with radiographic and clinical signs of osteoarthritis despite surgical stabilization.
A Randomized-Trial Evaluation of the Effect of Whose Future Is It Anyway? on Self-Determination
Authors: Wehmeyer Michael L. , Palmer Susan B. , Lee Youngsun , Williams-Diehm Kendra , Shogren Karrie
Published: October 2010

Promoting student involvement in planning has become best practice in the field of transition. Research documents the positive impact of such efforts on greater student involvement. Research also suggests that promoting student involvement results in greater student self-determination, but a causal link has not been established. This study used a randomized- trial, placebo control group design to study the impact of intervention with the Whose Future Is It Anyway? process on self-determination. The authors also examined the impact of intervention on transition knowledge and skills. Results indicated that instruction using the Whose Future Is It Anyway? process resulted in significant, positive differences in self- determination when compared with a placebo-control group and that students who received instruction gained transition knowledge and skills.
Incorporating Realist Fiction into Dialogical Theories of the Self
Authors: Mills John A.
Published: October 2010

The study of realist fiction can illuminate and expand dialogical theories of the self, especially those originating in M.M. Bakhtin’s writings. To overcome the criticism that the study of the literary criticism surrounding major works of fiction has no place in psychology and needs no input from it, I advance the concept of the Edited Other. The concept states that, in analytic and related forms of psychotherapy, specific and paramount modes of self-presentation are represented within the context of theoretical constructs, while, in works of realist fiction, authors isolate characters’ dominant characteristics within the context of novels’ plots. To instantiate the Edited Other I choose one of Mario Vargas Llosa’s novels ( The War of the End of the World). I select Vargas Llosa because of his mastery of varied forms of novel, his well-developed moral philosophy, and his deep understanding of literature’s role in society. Furthermore, The War of the End of the World, almost uniquely, can be compared to a supposedly factual account of the events portrayed in the novel (Euclides da Cunha’s Rebellion in the Backlands). I use the Edited Other in order to demonstrate that Vargas Llosa, by using fictional characters, provides contemporary readers with bridges linking them to and giving them imaginative access to historical events.
On Making Assumptions about Auxiliary Assumptions
Authors: Trafimow David
Published: October 2010

In my original article (Trafimow, 2009) I argued that although absolute falsification is impossible, more attention to auxiliary assumptions renders it possible to derive predictions that might be wrong. In their accurate and well-written Comment, Wallach and Wallach (2010) agree with this but also suggest that failed predictions will not overturn a theory if the level of confidence in the theory exceeds that placed on the auxiliary assumptions. Although Wallach and Wallach are doubtless correct about this possibility, it also is possible to have extremely convincing auxiliary assumptions. Furthermore, even in the absence of extremely convincing auxiliary assumptions, falsification can take place via the accrual of several failed predictions. Consequently, Wallach and Wallach’s argument does not weaken my original proposal.
Health Professionals’ Estimation of Cancer-Related Fatigue in Children
Authors: Yılmaz Hatice Bal , Taş Fatma , Muslu Gonca Karayağız , Başbakkal Zümrüt , Kantar Mehmet
Published: October 2010

Many studies show that cancer-related fatigue is one of the most common symptoms experienced by children as a side effect of cancer therapy. This problem has grown considerably in recent years; the exact mechanisms underlying fatigue remain unclear. Therefore, assessing and managing this symptom can be problematic. This article describes the findings from a survey evaluating how health professionals (n = 56) at the Pediatric Oncology Centers in Izmir currently define and assess cancer-related fatigue. The results demonstrate that while the problems associated with fatigue are acknowledged, assessment tools are not widely used, and the majority of health professionals report that they would benefit from further education on the subject to assist in the care of patients.
A new damage identification method based on structural flexibility disassembly
Authors: Yang QW
Published: October 2010

This paper presented a new method for structural damage identification based on flexibility disassembly. The basic idea of the developed theory is to decompose a structural flexibility matrix into a matrix representation of the connectivity between degrees-of-freedom and a diagonal matrix containing the magnitude information. Using the flexibility disassembly, a new damage detection scheme is presented to approach the damage identification problem in three steps. The scheme has a unique advantage that it can accurately compute the stiffness perturbation parameter without any higher-order sensitivity analysis or iteration. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by five numerical examples.
Wave simulation in dissipative media described by distributed-order fractional time derivatives
Authors: Caputo Michele , Carcione José M
Published: October 2010

We develop and solve a dissipative model for the propagation and attenuation of two-dimensional dilatational waves, using a new modeling algorithm based on distributed-order fractional time derivatives. We consider two distributions. The first has n powers of the order of differentiation as the weight function, and the second is based on a generalized Dirac’s comb function. The wave equation is solved with the fractional derivative by means of a generalization of the Grünwald—Letnikov approximation. The modeling uses the Fourier method to compute the spatial derivatives, and therefore can handle complex geometries and general material-property variability. We verify the results by comparison with the two-dimensional analytical solution obtained for wave propagation in homogeneous media. Moreover, we illustrate the use of the modeling algorithm by simulating waves in the presence of an interface separating two dissimilar media.
Materially nonlinear free vibration analysis of reinforced concrete beam
Authors: Dede Tayfun , Ayvaz Yusuf , Özdemir Yaprak I
Published: October 2010

The aim of this paper is to do materially nonlinear free vibration analysis of a beam by using the finite element method. In finite element modeling, two approaches are used. In the first approach, the material matrices of concrete and reinforcement are constructed separately, then superimposed to obtain the element stiffness matrix. In the second approach, the reinforcement is assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout the beam. So, the beam is modeled as a single composite element with increasing the modulus of elasticity of concrete by considering the reinforcement ratio. For these two approaches, elastic-perfectly plastic stress-strain relationship is used in compression. In tension, a stress-strain relationship considering tension softening is used. In order to obtain the stiffness and mass matrices of the beam at initial, yield, and failure, a computer program is coded in MATLAB. After these matrices are obtained, MATLAB is used to obtain the nonlinear frequency parameters and mode shapes. It is concluded that the approaches and the model considered in this study can effectively be used in the materially nonlinear free vibration analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. It is also concluded that the effects of the change in the stiffness matrix from initial to yield on the nonlinear frequency parameters of the beam are always larger than those of the change from yield to failure.
Theoretical and Empirical Considerations of Guests’ Perceptions of Biometric Systems in Hotels
Authors: Morosan Cristian
Published: October 2010

This study extended the technology acceptance model (TAM) by applying it to the context of biometric systems in the hotel industry and by introducing a consumer-oriented construct, perceived innovativeness, as an antecedent of perceived ease of use. Using data collected from hotel guests who traveled during a 12-month period prior to the study, the model explained 79% of the variability in guests’ intentions to use biometric systems in hotels. The results showed that the TAM is an appropriate theoretical framework for the examination of adoption of biometrics in hotels, and that hotel guests are ready to adopt biometric systems, especially if they are perceived as useful.
The Effect of Recovery Locus Attributions and Service Failure Severity on Word-of-Mouth and Repurchase Behaviors in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Swanson Scott R. , Hsu Maxwell K.
Published: October 2010

Based on a survey of 377 American hospitality customers, this study examines the effect of recovery locus attributions and service failure severity on customer word-of-mouth and repurchase behaviors. Findings indicate that for satisfactory recoveries attributed to a hospitality firm, relative to employee or customer attributions, the customer is more likely to discuss the encounter, share information with a wider social network, and both convince others to use the service provider and to have repatronized the firm. The results also suggest that the more severe the initial failure, the greater the likelihood that a critical incident had been discussed with a wider social network and the greater the likelihood of warning and convincing others to not patronize the hospitality organization. For unsuccessful (i.e., dissatisfactory) hospitality-based recovery attempts, the recovery locus attribution was not significantly associated with the word-of-mouth and repurchase behaviors investigated in this study.
Psychiatric Medication and Meaning-Making in a Residential Program for Adults with Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Bentley Kia J.
Published: October 2010

This community-based qualitative inquiry asks: what is the meaning and impact of taking psychiatric medications in the lives of people with severe mental illness living in a residential program. Participants were twenty-one adults with extensive histories of mental illness, numerous hospitalizations, currently taking multiple medications. In addition to a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews, participants each created a color drawing related to their experience with medication, which they titled and ‘interpreted’ themselves (see http://blog.vcu.edu/kbentley/). The main finding is a distillation of themes into a seven dimension typology of the meaning. A staff-resident Advisory Panel guided the research, and final results take into account participant feedback and member checking. Included here are plans and hopes for using the findings to enhance specific programming at the residential program to better reflect the role and importance of medication issues in the everyday lives of residents.
A Qualitative Evaluation of the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program
Authors: Teater Barbra Ann
Published: October 2010

Research and evaluations on social programs often fail to consider the clients’ perspective, yet such perspectives are critical to ensure that the programs and policies best meet clients’ needs. Through individual interviews, this qualitative evaluation of the implementation of the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program, in a Midwestern city, USA, explored the recipients’ perspectives in relation to the program’s implementation and ability to meet their needs. The data analysis revealed detailed experiences in regard to program rules and priorities, stigma, and recipients’ outcomes, and recommendations in regard to customer service, understanding recipients’ circumstances, and program rules. Implications for social work practice and housing administrators are discussed, and evidence for clients’ experiences and perspectives in program evaluation is provided.
European criminal careers research: an introduction to the special issue
Authors: Farrall Stephen
Published: October 2010

Quietly, and in the shadow of numerous studies undertaken in North America, many European countries have been developing their own cohort or longitudinal studies of engagement in crime over the life course. These studies range from the re-analysis of existing data collected for administrative purposes, to studies of groups of adjudicated offenders, to cohort studies as they are more traditionally recognized. This special issue will showcase some of the best of these European studies. The articles collected herein deal with the onset, continuation and desistance from criminal careers, and explore issues such as the use of typologies of offenders, intergenerational transmission of inequality and its relationship to offending, the role of the social environment in the production of crime, and a consideration of the structural changes that some countries in Europe have experienced and that may influence processes associated with desistance. All of the contributors are well-known and respected European researchers who have been engaged in the debates surrounding criminal careers for many years. The collection grew out of a seminar — funded under the European Commission’s 6th Research Framework Programme (FP6) as part of the Assessing Deviance, Crime and Prevention in Europe (CRIMPREV) programme — held at Keele University in 2008.
Explaining the development of adolescent violent delinquency
Authors: Boers Klaus , Reinecke Jost , Seddig Daniel , Mariotti Luca
Published: October 2010

The etiological aspects of a structural dynamic model of delinquent development are analysed with the first five waves (age 13 to 17) of the German prospective panel study Crime in the Modern City, carried out since 2002 in Duisburg. By applying a combined Markov and growth curve model, the developments of structural explanatory factors and self-reported violent delinquency and their reciprocal as well as direct and indirect relations could be examined within one statistical model. Social macro-structure was considered within the notion of a wider social milieu, with social value orientations as the subjective component. The longitudinal analysis confirmed the conceptual distinction between distal and proximate structural factors: distal hedonistic value orientations marked the strongest pathway to violent delinquency via proximate pro-violent peer attachment and pro-violent norms. Although school bonds and parental education style were not of greater importance here, they nevertheless mediated a pathway into conformity with traditional value orientations as the structural background. A latent class growth analysis reproduced a by-now common pattern of six delinquency trajectories.
On the utility of Moffitt’s typology trajectories in long-term perspective
Authors: Stattin Håkan , Kerr Margaret , Bergman Lars R.
Published: October 2010

We used a prospective longitudinal study to examine the utility of Moffitt’s (1993) trajectories of antisocial behaviour. Data on registered criminality in three time periods — before age 15 (childhood), from 15 to 20 (adolescence) and from 21 to 35 (adulthood) — were used to construct life-course trajectories of offending for males. Life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited groups were found. The life-course-persistent males had the most problematic upbringing conditions, school problems and adjustment difficulties in adolescence, and the highest social and mental health problems in middle age. Adolescence-limited offenders did not differ much from non-offenders. In these respects, Moffitt’s typology was confirmed. However, there was an equally large childhood-onset desister group. They had many of the same problems as the life-course-persistent males up to age 15, but did not differ much from the non-registered males in mid-adolescence or at the middle-age follow-up. These males are not predicted from Moffitt’s model, but cannot be ignored. There was also a group of males who started to offend in adolescence and continued in adulthood, who had about the same problematic upbringing conditions, mid-adolescent maladjustment, and middle-age social and mental health problems as the life-course-persistent group.
Social structures and desistance from crime
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Bottoms Anthony , Shapland Joanna
Published: October 2010

Desistance studies have routinely focused on issues such as family links, employment prospects and moving away from criminal friends, but they have said less about the meso- and macro-level structural issues that might facilitate or impede the transition of ex-offenders to the status of more mainstream members of civil society.Yet, in view of the necessary interaction between agency and structure in producing processes of desistance, a consideration of social structures (and the implications of changes in structures) is clearly of some importance. This paper addresses these issues, with special reference to recent structural changes in the UK in the fields of employment, families and housing, and criminal policy. The paper concludes with a discussion of conceptual foundations for social policy responses.
Risk factors for aggression in pre-adolescence: Risk domains, cumulative risk and gender differences - Results from a prospective longitudinal study in a multi-ethnic urban sample
Authors: Ribeaud Denis , Eisner Manuel
Published: October 2010

This article reviews a range of risk factors for aggression at age 11 derived from a prospective longitudinal study on the social development of children in a large multi-ethnic sample in Switzerland. The study uses a multi-informant approach that permits reliance on combined measures of social behaviour and covers factors derived from a wide range of risk domains. Besides analysing the effects of individual risk factors, the study also investigates the effect size of cumulative risk within and across risk domains. It further analyses gender differences in risk vulnerability. Results suggest that proximal behavioural and psychological risk factors most strongly predict later aggression, whereas more distal external factors related to the family, to school and to peer relationships are less predictive. The most distal factors (perinatal risks and sociodemographic factors) are only marginally associated with later aggression. Analysis of cumulative risk suggests a strong relationship between the number of risk factors and later aggression. Finally, results support the notion of a higher risk vulnerability of boys compared with girls. Results are discussed in the context of extant research.
Differential adipogenic and inflammatory properties of small adipocytes in Zucker Obese and Lean rats
Authors: Liu Alice , Sonmez Alper , Yee Gail , Bazuine Merlijn , Arroyo Matilde , Sherman Arthur , McLaughlin Tracey , Reaven Gerald , Cushman Samuel , Tsao Philip
Published: October 2010

We recently reported that a preponderance of small adipose cells, decreased expression of cell differentiation markers, and enhanced inflammatory activity in human subcutaneous whole adipose tissue were associated with insulin resistance. To test the hypothesis that small adipocytes exhibited these differential properties, we characterised small adipocytes from epididymal adipose tissue of Zucker Obese (ZO) and Lean (ZL) rats. Rat epididymal fat pads were removed and adipocytes isolated by collagenase digestion. Small adipocytes were separated by sequential filtration through nylon meshes. Adipocytes were fixed in osmium tetroxide for cell size distribution analysis via Beckman Coulter Multisizer. Quantitative real-time PCR for cell differentiation and inflammatory genes was performed. Small adipocytes represented a markedly greater percentage of the total adipocyte population in ZO than ZL rats (58±4% vs. 12±3%, p<0.001). In ZO rats, small as compared with total adipocytes had 4-fold decreased adiponectin, and 4-fold increased visfatin and IL-6 levels. Comparison of small adipocytes in ZO versus ZL rats revealed 3-fold decreased adiponectin and PPARγ levels, and 2.5-fold increased IL-6. In conclusion, ZO rat adipose tissue harbours a large proportion of small adipocytes that manifest impaired cell differentiation and pro-inflammatory activity, two mechanisms by which small adipocytes may contribute to insulin resistance.
True Colors: Police Officers and Rape Myth Acceptance
Authors: Dellinger Page Amy
Published: October 2010

Institutionally, significant advancements in rape law reform have occurred. Culturally, police officers sometimes fail to adopt these changes. A survey designed to assess acceptance of rape myths was administered to 891 police officers in two southeastern states. The study found that the majority of police officers view the overall crime of rape as a serious one, however, approximately 6% provided sexist feedback that supports rape myths. These findings indicate that more work is needed in altering the attitudes of police officers.
Off-Label Use and Prescribing What Does It Mean for the Foot and Ankle Surgeon?
Authors: Hyer Christopher F.
Published: October 2010

Drugs and medical devices obtain specific on-label indications for use by the Food and Drug Administration. Physicians are able to use such devices and drugs off label as part of the practice of medicine, but is this is good thing? This edition of In the Profession examines what it means to be off label in terms of regulations, clinical studies, industry marketing, and common areas of use.
Imaging of the Diabetic Foot Diagnostic Dilemmas
Authors: Loredo Rebecca , Rahal Andres , Garcia Glenn , Metter Darlene
Published: October 2010

Multiple diagnostic imaging modalities are available and beneficial for the evaluation of the diabetic foot. There is not yet “one best test” for sorting out the diagnostic dilemmas commonly encountered. The differentiation of cellulitis alone from underlying osteomyelitis and the early detection of abscesses remain important diagnostic goals. Equally important, differentiation of osteomyelitis and neuroarthropathy remains a difficult job. This is often compounded by postoperative diabetic foot states status after reconstruction. Diagnostic evaluation often involves multiple studies that are complementary and that include conventional radiography, computed tomography, nuclear medicine scintigraphy, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and positron emission tomography.
Do You Need to Worry About Tooth Decay in Patients Who Aren’t Eating?
Authors: Holtzman Jennifer S.
Published: October 2010

Although it may seem counterintuitive, patients who are not being fed by mouth are still vulnerable to tooth decay, and the health problems that have required alternative forms of feeding make them more vulnerable to the complications of decay—pain, abscess, and septicemia. Even without oral intake, bacteria that live in the mouth stick to the tooth surface and can potentially threaten oral health. The bacteria’s metabolism produces acids that erode the tooth structure. If unchecked, this erosion can reach the tooth’s pulp causing an abscess and potentially resulting in septicemia and even death. Unfortunately, it is not always recognized that patients not taking food by mouth are still vulnerable to tooth decay. Additionally, the ways in which fluoride prevents decay are also misunderstood, which may contribute to decay rather than prevent it. To most effectively prevent decay, caregivers can apply fluoride directly to the teeth. It is commonly understood that fluoridated water protects teeth from tooth decay; however, it is the direct contact of the fluoride to the tooth surface that is protective, rather than ingestion of the fluoridate water. Therefore, by applying fluoride-containing pastes, gels, and/or varnishes directly onto demineralized tooth surfaces tooth decay can be arrested in its earliest and most repairable stage. Fluoride applied topically remineralizes demineralized tooth structure, forming a surface even more resistant to the acid attack and stopping tooth decay.
The Chondrogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Cells and Chondrocytes from Osteoarthritic Subjects
Authors: Agar Gabriel , Blumenstein Sara , Bar-Ziv Yaron , Kardosh Rami , Schrift-Tzadok Michal , Gal-Levy Ronit , Fischler Tali , Goldschmid Revital , Yayon Avner
Published: October 2010

Objective:

The multipotential nature of stem or progenitor cells apparently makes them the ideal choice for any cell therapy, but this as yet remains to be proven. This study (30 subjects) was designed to compare the potential to repair articular cartilage of chondrocytes taken from different regions in osteoarthritic cartilage with that of mesenchymal stem cells prepared from bone marrow of the same subject.

Design:

Cartilage biopsies, bone marrow, and blood samples were taken from each of 30 individuals with chronic osteoarthritis (aged 62-85 years) undergoing total knee replacement. The chondrogenic potential of chondrocytes isolated from cartilage biopsies taken from different regions of osteoarthritic cartilage was compared with that of mesenchymal cells by quantitative analysis of several chondrocyte specific markers and an ex vivo cartilage differentiation assay.

Results:

Cartilage-derived articular chondrocytes are superior to bone marrow–derived cells when compared for their ex vivo chondrogenic potential. Interestingly, there was marked and significant difference in the expression of chondrocytic markers between chondrocytes derived from adjacent, visually distinct regions of the diseased cartilage. When cultured in the presence of a fibroblast growth factor 2 variant, all cell samples from both tissues showed a high degree of chondrogenic potential.

Conclusions:

Although bone marrow–derived mesenchymal cells, when supplemented with the appropriate chondrogenic factors, are a suitable source for autologous cartilage implantation, adult chondroprogenitor cells, particularly those from moderately affected regions of the osteoarthritic joints, demonstrate superior chondrogenic potential.