bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEXUAL FREEDOM AND SEXUAL CONSTRAINT:
Authors: RICHARDSON LAUREL
Published: March 2007

Feminist thought characterizes women's sexuality as both a source of freedom and a source of exploitation. Central to the feminist research agenda on women's sexuality is the analysis of strategies that women use to increase their sexual autonomy and reduce their sexual constraints. One such strategy is the sexual liaison between single women and married men. In this article, liaisons between single women and married men are examined from the perspective of the single woman. Data come from intensive interviews with 65 single women who have been or are involved with a married man. Gender norms play a significant role in transforming a platonic relationship into a sexual one, but once a liaison is established those norms can be curtailed. In these liaisons, single women experience greater control over their sexuality than they do in socially approved relationships because they feel freer to repudiate their sexual repressions, to abstain, to have safe sex, and to explore their sexual preferences. The article concludes with a discussion of these liaisons as strategies women adopt to achieve sexual autonomy within the constraints of androcentric institutions.
THEORIES OF GENDER EQUALITY:
Authors: AGASSI JUDITH BUBER
Published: March 2007

Because the Israeli kibbutz is innovative in collective ownership, production, consumption, and child care, and in part also because it is erroneously assumed to have once had a gender-egalitarian ideology and structure, it is taken to be a valid test case for many theories explaining or justifying gender inequality or gender equality. This article argues that the kibbutz cannot serve as a test case for theories that blame inequality on the family as such, on the exclusivity of infant rearing by women, on the precultural differences between the sexes, or on compulsory heterosexuality for women. Kibbutz experience refutes theories that blame the inferior social status of women on material inequality, on private ownership of the means of production, or on the inferior ritual evaluation of women's activities. Kibbutz experience is indeed a unique test case for, but also a refutation of, theories that base gender equality on maximal participation of women in work in the public sphere or on the maximal socialization of housework and child care. Finally, kibbutz experience corroborates the theory that gender equality depends on equal control over surplus resources and, conspicuously so, the theory that in modern society, gender equality depends on the full abolition of the gender segregation of all social roles, especially work roles, whether performed in the private sphere or in the public sphere, whether paid for or unpaid.
SELLING THE MECHANIZED HOUSEHOLD:
Authors: FOX BONNIE J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports a content analysis of advertisements for household goods appearing in Ladies Home Journal between 1909-1910 and 1980, with the aim of understanding the ideological campaign that characterized the years in which households were mechanized and women's domestic labor transformed in the United States. More Journal ads featured directives about housework than descriptions of the product; they emphasized work performance far more frequently than liberation from housework, and they also promoted service to family. These findings supplement other evidence that advertisers' efforts to create a market for household appliances and other means of domestic labor involved promotion of an ideology about housework that reinforced women's dedication to it.
“WORSE THAN MEN”
Authors: NEUHOUSER KEVIN
Published: March 2007

Although women's movements have received considerable scholarly attention, the role of women in movements that are not overtly gender based has not. Gender, however, plays a significant role in generic movements (i.e., movements seeking general benefits that are not necessarily restricted to one sex). Over a 20-year period, an urban squatter settlement in Brazil experienced five collective campaigns, not one of which was gender conscious, but all of which were shaped by gender. In these collective campaigns, everything from participation to strategies to outcomes was grounded in the gender-based division of labor in the community.
“WE ALL LOVE CHARLES”
Authors: MURRAY SUSAN B.
Published: March 2007

Based on four years of participant-observation field research and focused interviews with men and women child care workers, the author analyzes how the marking of men workers and their experiences doing child care work show how deeply feminized the work of child care is. When men choose to do child care work, they become suspect. This suspicion manifests in restriction of men's access to children in child care centers. Restricted access of men workers to children (compared with the access of women workers to children) implies men's desire for access to children is pathological. In these and other ways, the organization of child care and the accountability of persons to sex category systematically push men away from nurturing responsibilities and bind these responsibilities to women workers.
BROKEN DOWN BY AGE AND GENDER
Authors: GIBSON DIANE
Published: March 2007

The last decade has seen the emergence of a feminist awareness of old age and, in particular, a growing awareness of what has come to be seen as “the problem of old women.” Old women, it has been consistently demonstrated, are disadvantaged in a variety of ways in relation to old men. They are poorer, older, and sicker; they have less adequate housing and less access to private transport; they are more likely to experience widowhood, severe disability, and institutionalization. Taking “the problem of old women” as its starting point, this article argues for a less phallocentric analysis of women in old age, which is less reliant on men as a relational category to define the conditions, experiences, and resources of older women.
DEFINING AND REDEFINING WORK
Authors: MESSIAS DEANNE K. HILFINGER , IM EUN-OK , PAGE AROHA , REGEV HANNA , SPIERS JUDITH , YODER LAURIE , MELEIS AFAF IBRAHIM
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors examine the ways in which the definition of work as paid employment has affected women's health research, the knowledge and understanding of the relationships between women's work and health, and health and social policies. The authors argue for research and public policy based on an expanded definition of women's work, a redefinition that goes beyond employment to reflect the multiple contexts and dimensions of women's work as well as the diversity and differences among women.
PATRIARCHAL STRUGGLES AND STATE PRACTICES
Authors: ZAJICEK ANNA M. , CALASANTI TONI M.
Published: March 2007

Feminist scholars challenge ahistorical conceptions of the patriarchal state and emphasize the importance of power struggles across class, race, and gender lines in transforming state gender policies. They also unintentionally downplay the ideological power struggles among race- and class-homogeneous patriarchal institutions, especially in relatively monolithic political contexts with little or no independent feminist movement. Our historical (1945-89) case study of the transformations of Polish abortion laws and selected economic policies geared toward women explores how these changing policies were used in, and shaped by, the ideological power struggles between two homogeneous, powerful, male-dominated institutions: the Communist Party and the Catholic Church. We argue that one cannot understand patriarchal state practices without considering the ideological power struggles between patriarchal institutions in homogeneous social contexts as well as in those of a more heterogeneous nature.
PROTEST ENGENDERED
Authors: FONOW MARY MARGARET
Published: March 2007

This article examines the participation of women in the 1985 labor strike at Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel. The author views the strike as a deeply gendered act of protest where the issues, strategies, tactics, and resources used by women workers differ from those used by men, and simultaneously, as the occupational site that provided workers an opportunity to affirm, to modify, and to contest their understandings of gender. Paradoxically, women both challenge and conform to normative gender scripts for protest. They resisted the efforts of men to impose a gender division of labor and sought to mobilize the community in support of the strike.
“THAT SINGLE-MOTHER ELEMENT”
Authors: KENNELLY IVY
Published: March 2007

Many employers assess their workforces with gendered and racialized imagery that can put groups of workers and applicants at a disadvantage in the labor market. Based on 78 interviews with white employers in Atlanta, the author reveals that some employers use a complex but widely shared stereo-type of Black working-class women as single mothers to typify members of this group. These employers use this single-mother image to explain why they think Black women are poor workers, why they think Black women are reliable workers, and why they think Blacks are poorly prepared for the labor market. In focusing on these white employers' claims, the author concentrates not on the well-documented out-comes of labor market discrimination, such as differential rates of pay and promotion, but on how employers construct and use the images that may from the basis of it. This is especially relevant amid current attacks on affirmative action programs.
INTERSEX IDENTITIES
Authors: TURNER STEPHANIE S.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the sex and gender identity rhetoric of members of the Intersex Society of North America, which is a self-help and advocacy group whose main goals are to stop unnecessary genital surgery in ambiguously sexed infants and make medical histories available to adult intersexuals. By examining the organization's indebtedness to feminist and gay/lesbian/transperson theory and practice, the article shows how these political movements have progressively challenged the equation of sex with gender and how intersexuality exemplifies the theoretical and practical problems of identity politics.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER IN REALITY CRIME TV
Authors: CAVENDER GRAY , BOND-MAUPIN LISA , JURIK NANCY C.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the social construction of femininity in a reality television program, America's Most Wanted. The program blurs fact and fiction in reenactments of actual crimes. The analysis focuses on its depiction of women crime victims. A prior study argues that the program empowers women to speak about their victimization. Other research suggests that such programs make women fearful. The authors compare episodes from the 1988-1989 and the 1995-1996 seasons. Although women spoke about their victimization, men spoke more often and presented master narratives about the crimes. In both seasons, the program imagery emphasized feminine vulnerability to violence from strange, devious, and brutal men and masculine technical expertise and authority as women's protection from such violence.
WHAT IT MEANS TO BE GENDERED ME
Authors: LUCAL BETSY
Published: March 2007

What are the implications of living in a gender system that recognizes “two and only two” genders? For those individuals whose “gender displays” are inappropriate, there can be a variety of consequences, many of them negative. In this article, the author provides an analysis of her experiences as a woman whose appearance often leads to gender misattribution. She discusses the consequences of the gender system for her identity and her interactions. The author also examines Lorber's assertion that “gender bending” actually serves to perpetuate gender categories rather than to break them down, and she suggests how her experiences might contradict Lorber's argument. Using her biography to examine the social construction of gender, she both illustrates and extends theoretical work in this area.
Program Management of Telemental Health Care Services
Authors: Darkins Adam
Published: March 2007

Telemedicine is a new adjunct to the delivery of health care services that has been applied to a range of health care specialties, including mental health. When prospective telemedicine programs are planned, telemedicine is often envisaged as simply a question of introducing new technology. The development of a robust, sustainable telemen tal health program involves clinical, technical, and managerial considerations. The major barriers to making this happen are usually how practitioners and patients adapt successfully to the technology and not in the physical installation of telecommunications bandwidth and the associated hardware necessary for teleconsultation. This article outlines the requirements for establishing a viable telemental health service, one that is based on clinical need, practitioner acceptance, technical reliability, and revenue generation. It concludes that the major challenge associated with the implementation of telemental health does not lie in having the idea or in taking the idea to the project stage needed for proof of concept. The major challenge to the widespread adoption of telemental health is paying sufficient attention to the myriad of details needed to integrate models of remote health care delivery into the wider health care system. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:80-87).
Apolipoprotein E and Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin Genotypes Do Not Predict Time to Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Sweet Robert A. , Kamboh M. Ilyas , Wisniewski Stephen R. , Lopez Oscar L. , Klunk William E. , Kaufer Daniel I. , DeKosky Steven T.
Published: March 2007

Psychotic symptoms occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD + psychosis, AD + P) are a marker for a more rapidly deteriorating phenotype. We have developed a polygenic model of AD + P risk, conditioned on the presence of AD. Whether risk genes for AD itself contribute to AD + P risk is not established, although our model predicts they will not. The most important identified genetic determinant of sporadic, late-onset AD is the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE4). The effect of APOE4 on AD phenotype is to reduce the age of onset of AD. Prior studies examining the association of APOE4 with AD + P have reported conflicting results. However, no prior studies have examined if APOE4 reduces time to onset of psychosis in AD. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of APOE4 and α1-antichymotrypsin/AA ( ACT/AA) genotypes on time to psychosis onset in subjects with AD. A longitudinal study of psychosis incidence in 316 subjects with AD with no history of current or prior psychotic symptoms at entry was undertaken. APOE and ACT genotyping was conducted per established protocols. Data were analyzed by survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. There were no significant associations of APOE or ACT genotypes with time to psychosis onset and no significant interaction of these genotypes with time to psychosis onset. There remained no significant associations after covarying for age, age ofAD onset, degree of cognitive impairment, gender, race, and education. This is the first study to examine the genetic prediction of psychosis onset in AD. The findings support the hypothesis that these two genetic determinants of AD risk do not contribute to the risk of development of psychotic symptoms in AD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:24-30).
Decline in Long-Term Circadian Rest-Activity Cycle Organization in a Patient with Dementia
Authors: Werth Esther , Savaskan Egemen , Knoblauch Vera , Gasio Paola Fontana , Van Someren Eus J. W. , Hock Christoph , Wirz-Justice Anna
Published: March 2007

Continuous measurement of the circadian rest-activity cycle for 598 days in a demented patient with probable Alzheimer's disease revealed slow progressive changes in temporal organization until death. Circadian and sleep analysis of the actigraphic data provided objective documentation of the gradual insertion of wakefulness into rest and rest into wake periods. Pacing, a nonphotic zeitgeber strengthening, led to improved synchronization of the rest-activity cycle. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:55-59).
Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibers Reinforced Thermoplastics
Authors: Sanschagrin B. , Sean S.T. , Kokta B.V.
Published: March 2007

Cellulose fibers are selected as a reinforced filler for thermoplastics due to their superior mechanical properties and lower price compared to the thermoplastics. In the present study chemithermomechanical pulp of hard wood (aspen) fibers having selected aspect ratio (length/diameter) were first encapsulated with polystyrene and then mixed with polystyrene polymer at various concentrations.

Mechanical properties were measured on compression molded samples containing between 10 and 40 weight percent of cellulose fibers. Experimental results show a signifi cant increase in tensile stress and modulus with fiber concentration. Using the constituent properties, an efficiency factor of stress transfer between fiber and polymer matrix was calculated and was shown to be constant for the various fiber concentrations. Theoretical predictions of tensile stress and modulus using the basic composite theory have been made. Large differences between experimental results and theoretical predictions have been observed and will be discussed in terms of fiber orientation and fiber aspect ratio.
Use of Acrylic Acid-Modified Polyolefins to Improve Performance Properties of Mica Filled Polyolefins
Authors: Adur Ashok M. , Constable Robert C. , Humenik Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

This paper studies the effect of a chemically modified polyolefin, in this case Polybond, in mica-filled polypropylene composites. Chemically modified polyolefins have been used for years in glass-filled polypropylene for improvements in thermal and mechanical prop erties. This same effect is shown with mica-filled polypropylenes. These improvements are explained by chemical bonding between the carboxylic acids groups of the grafted poly propylene and the mica, and also co-crystallization between the polypropylene chains of the modified polypropylene and the bulk of the polypropylene.
Pultrusion Process Development of a Graphite Reinforced Polyetherimide Thermoplastic Composite
Authors: Wilson Maywood L. , Buckley John D. , Dickerson George E. , Johnson Gary S. , Taylor Edward C. , Covington Edward W.
Published: March 2007

Developing a pultrusion process for fabricating composites using a graphite reinforced high-performance thermoplastic presents a technological challenge to the pultruder. Unlike conventional pultrusion of thermosets containing monomeric reactants and solvents which react in the pultrusion die causing polymerization, high-performance thermoplastic polymers either do not contain solvents or contain solvents which must be removed before polymerizing. In either case, consolidation is performed with rigid or boardy prepreg. In pultruding with conventional thermosetting polymers, fiber wetting and consolidation are performed at very low resin viscosities, which range from 500 to 1000 centipoises. In pultruding with high-performance thermoplastics, the die system must perform consolidation with polymers having viscosities as high as 1,000,000 centi poises or higher. Die temperatures in thermosetting pultrusion range from 149 to 204°C (300 to 400°F), whereas in thermoplastic pultrusion the die system may approach 427°C (800°F). Engineering is critical in any attempt to design a system capable of pultruding high-temperature, high-performance thermoplastics.

This paper presents a methodical approach in developing a pultrusion process for polyetherimide which can also be adapted to other high-performance thermoplastics. Resin characterization and methods of testing thermoplastic pultrusions are discussed. The effective use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultrasonic C-scanning, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), conventional press molding, and material properties evaluation tests in thermoplastic pultrusion development is described.
Resistance Welding of Graphite-Polyarylsulfone/Polysulfone Dual-Polymer Composites
Authors: Howie I. , Gillespie J.W. , Smiley A.J.
Published: March 2007

A statistically designed experimental approach was used to determine the optimum weld processing parameter values for a lap shear coupon prepared from a resis tance welded dual-polymer material system. The adherends used were 16-ply quasi isotropic laminates formed from T-750 graphite and polyarylsulfone prepreg (Radel®) with neat polysulfone comolded to each surface. The heating elements were made from a single layer of the Radel® prepreg with neat polysulfone comolded on each side. Electrical con nections were made through an expanded foil mesh conductor tab that was ultrasonically attached to each end of the heating element. The design-of-experiment approach was used for the experimental set-up and analysis. A series of response surface plots was prepared that allowed the optimum processing parameter values to be identified. Photomicrographs and C-scans were prepared from the welded region and compared to the lap shear strength values obtained. The relationship between the bondline thickness and the lap shear strength was also examined. The experimental results showed that maximum joint strengths were obtained at temperatures exceeding the glass transition temperatures ( Tg) of the polymers.
The Effect of E/P Ratio and VA Content on the Structure, Properties, and Failure Mechanism of EPDM and EVA Blends
Authors: Ghosh M.K. , Das C.K.
Published: March 2007

The effect of EPDM, with different ethylene/propylene (E/P) ratios and vinyl acetate (VA) contents of EVA, on the cure characteristics, structures, and physical, chemical, and thermal properties have been studied. These properties, together with phase morphology and fracture mechanisms of melt mixed blends of EPDM rubber and EVA copolymer have been studied over the entire range of composition in the presence of dicu myl peroxide as the curing agent. The viscosity of the virgin EPDMs decreases as their E/P ratio decreases. However, for high-VA-content EVA, the medium-E/P-ratio EPDM is characterized by more of a decrease in viscosity followed by low- and high-E/P-ratio EPDM. A high rate of cure accompanied by a high state of cure is observed for the EPDM with high E/P ratio. The modulus is very much dependent on the crystallinity. The ther mogram suggests early degradation of the medium-E/P-ratio EPDM. This observation is also in line with high-temperature isothermal aging. A possible curing mechanism has been suggested involving both EPDM and EVA in the presence of dicumyl peroxide. SEM suggests different modes of failure depending on the E/P ratio and VA content of EPDM and EVA, respectively.
Progressive Matrix Crack Modeling in Off-Axis Plies
Authors: Thomas D.J. , Wetherhold R.C.
Published: March 2007

Composite laminates are engineered to exhibit tendencies toward gradual (or progressive) failure as opposed to the less desirable catastrophic failure. Localized fail ures begin to occur early in the loading history of a laminate, but due to the laminate's abil ity to redistribute its load internally, the laminate as a whole remains unfailed and contin ues to perform its load-carrying function. In trying to model laminate failure, it is important to recognize the progressive nature of the failure process in order to obtain a correct strength prediction. Localized failures can generally be categorized into various modes: transverse matrix cracking (through-the-thickness cracks running parallel to the fiber direction), periodic matrix cracks (cracks running perpendicular to the fiber direc tion and bridged by the fibers), fiber failure (cracking or splitting), and delamination. The onset of transverse matrix cracking has been found to be a key occurrence in the laminate failure process, and as a result much research has been devoted to its modeling. Con tinuum damage models as well as many shear-lag approaches have been proposed for ana lyzing cross-ply laminates. In this paper, we extend the shear-lag analysis for modeling transverse matrix cracking to a general symmetric multilayer system. The elasticity prob lem for the region of the laminate between two parallel matrix cracks having a general off- axis orientation is set up from equilibrium considerations in terms of the average (through- the-thickness) stresses and solved using the generalized shear-lag relation and the appropriate boundary conditions. This model is then included in a computer program designed for probabilistic laminate analysis, and the results are compared to those deter mined using the ply drop-off technique.
Cultural Codes and Languages Trategies in Business Communication
Authors: Zaidman Nurit
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates the advantages of the discourse/practice approach in relation to other approaches as a framework to analyze differences and conflicts in intercultural business communication. It also demonstrates the capacity of the discourse/practice approach to conduct a complex analysis of the communication sources and strategies of businesspeople. The analysis of interviews with and documents from Israeli and Indian businesspersons suggests that local discourse systems are found to play a major role in interactions, and participants are seen occasionally to adapt their communication behavior to reflect the discourse practices of their partners.
Communicating Change to Nonprofit Stakeholders
Authors: Lewis Laurie K. , Hamel Stephanie A. , Richardson Brian K.
Published: March 2007

Relationships with organizational stakeholders are especially problematic for nonprofits in times of planned change. Implementers of change initiatives must negotiate demands for their time and attention as well as attend to severe resource constraints. Interviews with nonprofit administrators are used as the basis for the development of six models of implementation communication adopted by nonprofit implementers in interacting with various stakeholder groups. The data are also used as a basis for theorizing about two communicative dimensions of the task situation—communication efficiency and consensus building—which may be used to predict implementers’ choices of approach to their communication with stakeholders.
How to Control Things with Words
Authors: Czarniawska-Joerges Barbara , Joerges Bernward
Published: March 2007

Labels, metaphors, and platitudes are linguistic artifacts that organizational leaders produce, steal, borrow, or buy from consultants for a high price. Studies on organizational change indicate that such linguistic artifacts are used as control tools and instruments of change. They enable leaders to manage meaning by explaining, coloring, and familiarizing, as opposed to traditional change and control methods—commanding, rewarding, and punishing. The article analyzes organizational use of linguistic artifacts through theoretical discussion and empirical examples.
The Richness Imperative and Cognitive Style
Authors: Trevino Linda Klebe , Lengel Robert H. , Bodensteiner Wayne , Gerloff Edwin A. , Muir Nan Kanoff
Published: March 2007

This article proposes a new thesis about the role of individual differences in managers' media choice behavior. It argues that individual differences influence media choice only under conditions of low message equivocality. When equivocality is high, a “richness imperative” masks the influence of individual differences. Managers are compelled to use richer media to match the equivocality of the message. However, in low-equivocality situations, richness demands are lowered. Any medium is capable of carrying the message. Thus managers have more freedom to act on their preferences, and individual differences are more likely to influence behavior. The findings of an exploratory study provide some support for this theoretical notion. As hypothesized, the judging/perspective attitude, as measured by the Myers Briggs Type Indicator, influenced media choice under conditions of low equivocality but not under conditions of high equivocality. However, tolerance for ambiguity did not significantly influence media choice under either condition. Implications for future research and practicing managers are discussed.
Communication Processes and Merger Success
Authors: Cornett-DeVito Myrna M. , Friedman Paul G.
Published: March 2007

This study examined in three phases whether managerial communication processes differ in more and less successful mergers. In Phase 1, employees at four recently merged financial institutions were interviewed, and published accounts of mergers were reviewed to develop several broad hypotheses regarding how managerial communication activities (participative, supportive, informative, and directive) influence merger success during each stage of merger implementation. Next, criteria were established to assess the human resource dimension of merger success, and an instrument was developed to identify two more and two less successful recently merged financial institutions. In Phase 2, the hypotheses were tested, using a pattern matching multiple case study. None of the four managerial communication processes consistently occurred more frequently in the more successful mergers. In Phase 3, several contingencies were identified which appear to influence the communication needs of employees in acquired organizations. These relate to particular merger stages, settings, message characteristics, and inferences about communicators.
Bank Teller Organizational Assimilation in a System of Contradictory Practices
Authors: DiSanza James R.
Published: March 2007

This article reports an ethnographic study of part-time teller assimilation in a large branch banking organization. Although strict adherence to formally established policy was emphasized by socialization agents at teller training school, the substance and application of these rules were contradicted by agents at the branch banks. These contradictions were never fully resolved, making assimilation difficult for the tellers as they struggled to understand what role requirements to follow and how to interpret their overall experience. The altered rules forced the tellers to rely on superiors to oversee many day-to-day decisions. The tellers responded to the contradictions with surprise and disappointment, and disparaged elements of their assimilation experience. The contradictory assimilation messages also interfered with newcomers' developing feelings of membership and willingness to remain in the organization's employ. The manuscript concludes by discussing ways by which management practitioners may ease newcomers' entry experiences in contradictory bureaucratic systems.
Corporate Communication as a Discipline
Authors: Argenti Paul A.
Published: March 2007

Of the four disciplines under discussion in this special edition of Management Communication Quarterly, corporate communication is both the newest and perhaps the least understood. It is also the only one of the four that is specifically related to a functional area within organizations. This position article will first define the field of corporate communication as a discipline, then look at how it relates to the other subdisciplines under consideration (management communication, business communication, and organizational communication). The article will also focus on how corporate communication research is evolving.
Managerial Emotionality in Chinese Factories
Authors: Krone Kathleen J. , Chen Ling , Sloan Diane Kay , Gallant Linda M.
Published: March 2007

Managerial emotion may be experienced and handled differently when reason and emotion are understood to be continuously (e.g., Eastern cultures) rather than dichotomously (e.g., Western cultures) related. Using a social constructionist perspective, this study investigated emotionality among directors from 48 different factories in the People's Republic of China. Social, moral, and material/economic situations were identified as sources of pleasant and unpleasant managerial emotional experience. Thought-feeling continuities were identified in how the managers described their emotional experiences. Both pleasant and unpleasant emotions were experienced very intensely and were managed in ways that both conformed to and departed from cultural ideals. Managerial emotions appeared to be best handled by thinking through them rather than by venting or suppressing them.
Topic Management and Turn Taking in Professional Communication
Authors: Du-Babcock Bertha
Published: March 2007

This study describes and contrasts the communication behavior of Hong Kong Cantonese bilingual speakers as they interacted in comparable first- and second-language strategic formulation and decision-making meetings. Statistical analyses of 11 groups disclosed similarities in terms of volume, context level, and ideas; and differences in areas of turn-taking frequency, length of spoken time per turn, amount of felt information exchange, and degree of felt influence. A detailed analysis of one group revealed that different communication behavior patterns emerged in the domain of topic management for both Cantonese and English speakers.
The Lived Experience of Health in the Oldest Old: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Wondolowski Catherine , Davis D. Karl
Published: March 2007

In the United States and in many other parts of the world, the fastest growing age group is 80 years and over. It is precisely in this oldest old age cohort that very little is known about the experience of health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the lived experience of health for the oldest old within the community through the use of the phenomenological method. While there has been some research on the personal experience of health, the meaning of these experiences has not been studied in the oldest old, community dwelling elderly. Findings reveal that for this age group, health is an abiding vitality emanating through moments of rhapsodic reverie in generating fulfillment. There are many implications for further research and practice based on the meaning of health as described by the oldest old.
Cultural Care: The Missing Link in Severe Sensory Alteration
Authors: Kloosterman Norman D.
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of severe sensory alteration has been studied for some twenty-five years. Sensory overload, sensory deprivation, and sleep deprivation have been identified as contributing factors in its cause. Yet, the incidence of severe sensory alteration remains high. In this paper the author suggests that Leininger's theory of cultural care advocating the use of culturally assistive, supportive, or facilitative acts in nursing care, may provide important new insights into this phenomenon.
The Roy Adaptation Model and Care of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Thornbury Julia M. , King Lori D.
Published: March 2007

This article uses current nursing literature to examine the congruence of the care of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with the Roy adaptation model. In relating concepts of the Roy model to the care of patients with Alzheimer's disease, it was found that ineffective coping responses can be used to describe disease-related disruptive behaviors. The degenerative disease process would result in the impairment of focal stimuli, such as memory and personality. Because focal stimuli are progressively impaired, the goal of nursing using the Roy model would be to promote adaptive responses through manipulation of the contextual stimuli, the patient's environment. Nursing literature describing positive patient outcomes following environmental interventions suggests that the Roy adaptation model could be very valuable in directing nursing research and devising nursing care strategies for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
The Lived Experience of Wanting to Help Another: Research with Parse's Method
Authors: Mitchell Gail J. , Heidt Patricia
Published: March 2007

The phenomenon of wanting to help another is a universal human experience. Individuals reach out to others in order to fulfill personal commitments, to assist loved ones, or to meet professional obligations. The purpose of this research using Parse's method was to generate the structure of this experience as lived by nurses. Findings indicate that the lived experience of wanting to help another is directing nurturing intentions amidst uplifting affirmations with others while dissonant constraints unfold new possibilities. Findings are discussed in light of Parse's theory in order to expand the knowledge base of nursing. Similarities and differences with research findings on the experiences of nurturance and caring are presented. Implications for practice and further research are specified for nurses encountering persons who express their desire to help another.
No Place of Their Own: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Baumann Steven L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the research reported here was to explore with mothers and children the experience of having no place of their own. The researcher used Parse's theory of human becoming as a framework in this exploratory descriptive study. For the participants in this study the experience of living without a place of their own is: a sense of gratitude for protection, mingling with the discomfort of restriction and exposure, giving rise to fears and reassurances as detachment from cherished others surfaces discordance with unfamiliar patterns, while novel engagements bring pleasure as insights and struggles surface new possibles as well as disillusionment. Suggestions for theory expansion and further research are discussed.
Human Patterning and Chronic Pain
Authors: Matas Katherine E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of chronic pain through Rogerian nursing science. A matched sample was drawn from persons within chronic pain management programs (N = 113) and community dwelling adults without chronic pain (N = 113). The Human Field Motion Tool and the Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool were used as measures of pattern manifestation (alphas = .94). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences between groups on patterning measures (p < .001). Although sociodemographic and pain variables were included in the analysis, they were not found to be related to patterning differences. The results of this study provide support for conceptualizing chronic pain as a pattern manifestation. Determining implications of this finding are among recommendations for knowledge development in explicating a nursing science perspective on pain.
Living the Art of the Human Becoming Theory
Authors: Jonas-Simpson Christine
Published: March 2007

The author shows through examples how quality of life is enhanced when the nurse lives the art of the human becoming theory through composing and playing music with persons and families. Also demonstrated is Parse's practice methodology as lived through music.
Educators' Perspectives on Student Employment
Authors: Helms Lelia B. , Bills David , Ozcan Mustafa
Published: March 2007

Teachers and schools must increasingly share the commitment of working students to both job and school. Although there is substantial research on the effects of teenage employment on the academic and employment outcomes for students, little is known about the effects on schools and teachers. This study describes educators 'views about the appropriate role of employment for high school students. Results point to educators' willingness to set some limits on the conditions of work for students but suggest the limited saliency of this problem at this time.
Adequacy Rather Than Equity: A New Solution or a Stalking Horse?
Authors: Hess G. Alfred
Published: March 2007

This article addresses Clune's adequacy model of school finance from a practitioner's, not an academic's, perspective. It addresses six particular concerns and questions: (1) Is adequacy a new school finance structure, or is it more a federal categorical program? (2) What is the new legal basis, supplanting equal protection, on which an adequacy model is built? (3) The political realities are critical but under examined in a proposal that would require an increase in federal Chapter I spending (currently about$6.3 billion) by $25 billion. (4) Can funds be focused on programs rather than eaten up in compensation increases? (5) Who controls the adequacy model is not decided, raising the concern that this year 's philosopher king could easily become next year's malevolent dictator (6) The interactions between various arenas of policy setting-national, state, district, and school-are neither carefully enough distinguished nor weighed adequately for the shift in authority away from state and district, upward to the federal government and downward to the individual school. Despite these concerns, however, the author strongly endorses the development of an adequacy model for school finance, for it has the potential to put together the policy concerns of adequate resources and program outcome accountability that is currently sorely missing.
Looking in the Chinese Mirror: Reflecting on Moral-Political Education in the United States
Authors: Reed Gay Garland
Published: March 2007

The formation and implementation of moral/political education policy in the United States is highly problematic. This is partially due to certain long-held beliefs and embedded understandings that impinge on the policy-making process. To bring these beliefs and understandings into better focus, this article contrasts U.S. beliefs with a very different set of beliefs and understandings in China, a country where the formation and implementation of moral/political education policy has historically been less problematic. This discussion will explore three areas of contrast between the two societies: the relationship of morality and religion, the relationship of fact and value, and the relationship of the individual to the society.
Working Within the Scripts: Building Institutional Infrastructure for Children's Service Coordination in Schools
Authors: Smylie Mark A. , Crowson Robert L.
Published: March 2007

This article describes and discusses theoretically the development of a new institutional infrastructure for service coordination in a university-community- school partnership project in Chicago. Using insights from the New Institutionalism, it examines 5 aspects of infrastructure: (a) convening and goal-structuring processes, (b) institutional interests and reward systems, (c) relations to external environments through institutional activity, (d) communication linkages, and (e) institutional conventions. The findings reveal that most progress in developing infrastructure for service coordination in this Chicago case has grown out of the embedded routines or "scripts" that give structure and definition to the school as an institution. Efforts to develop coordinated activity that have come from outside those scripts and have attempted to change organizational behavior directly have been less successful. The importance of institutional considerations in promoting service coordination is explored along with other implications for policy.
Fiscal Accountability for Low-Wealth School Districts: Perceptions and Consequences of High Local Taxes for Education Governance
Authors: Monk David H. , Haller Emil J. , Nusser Janie L.
Published: March 2007

Low wealth localities pose special challenges to centralized officials seeking to raise pupil performance. Similarly, there are concerns about the effects of high local taxes on the ability and willingness of localities to respond positively to centrally developed increased performance standards. The New York State Board of Regents recently funded a study that examines decision making processes and accountability mechanisms within low wealth and high taxation school districts. In this article, the authors report what has been learned from this study about these districts. They place their findings in the larger context of what needs to be known about the use of indicator data to improve the accountability of schooling units. The research offers insights into how communities cope with exceptionally limited wealth bases and the attendant upward pressures on local tax rates. The article concludes with a discussion about implications.
The Legacy of Disconnection between the Public Schools and their Communities: Suggestions for Policy
Authors: Brunner C. Cryss
Published: March 2007

A renewed call from national and state governments to strengthen connections between public schools and their communities invites people outside of the school system to play an active role in decision-making processes. Despite recent efforts to connect public schools and their communities, the two parties remain disconnected. Given this disconnection, it is instructive to ask what practices, past and present, have supported or perpetuated it. The intent of this article is to reflect on the historical literature relevant to the development of public education from the 19th century to the present for the purpose of illuminating the roots of this persistent disconnection. In examining the fracturing of the economic, religious, and political connections—all of which have nearly dissolved—the article suggests that the historical development of disconnection must be addressed if future reform efforts are to build bridges.
Colonizing the Academy:Assessment, Accountability, and Quality
Authors: Burns Candace W.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the interplay between assessment for improvement of teaching (formative evaluation) and assessment as quality assurance (summative evaluation) in higher education, taking into account current policy contexts such as post tenure review. Using Scriven's fallacies in evaluation as a framework, it analyzes claims for the merits of formative evaluation emanating from individuals from the Peer Review of Teaching consortium. It concludes with a discussion of the impact that misunderstandings of formative-summative connections may have on genuine teaching improvement and on public perceptions regarding teaching quality.
Trends in Emergency Department Overdose Cases
Authors: Johnson Tonya L. , Jessen Lois M. , Barone Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Though drug overdose episodes represent only 0.5% of total emergency department visits, there have been increased numbers and changes in specific agents of abuse. When treating ED patients, factors such as multi-drug abuse, age and gender of patients, and changes in purity of street drugs must be considered. Medication misuse and abuse by the elderly require particular attention in light of the increasing geriatric population. Health care practitioners must also be aware of geographic trends in drug abuse and designer drug manufacture. The most frequent substances involved in human exposures are those related to accidental exposure, while the most lethal involve those ingested intentionally.
Strengthening Transcendent Meaning
Authors: Emblen Julia , Pesut Barbara
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to present a model for the spiritual nursing care of patients experiencing suffering. Meaningless suffering can lead to spiritual disintegration. However, the finding of transcendent meaning in the suffering experience can be a profound attenuator of how the suffering is experienced. This model outlines five categories for a comprehensive spiritual assessment: (a) authority and guidance, (b) experience and emotions, (c) community, (d) rituals and practices, and (e) vocation and consequences. For each of the five categories, interventions are identified that could strengthen transcendent meaning in the suffering.