bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Judicial Reform: The Neglected Priority in Latin America
Authors: RATLIFF WILLIAM , BUSCAGLIA EDGARDO
Published: March 2007

Judicial reform is essential in Latin America today where countries lack the legal systems needed to secure democratic rule and facilitate foreign political and economic relations in the emerging world of competition and interaction between nations. Indeed, the crisis in the Latin judiciary today is so profound that it may precipitate reforms that otherwise would be impossible. In this article, we offer new data on views from within judicial sectors and society at large. We discuss judicial and nonjudicial problems, including institutional inertia and traditional beliefs, and propose reforms needed to bring justice to all levels of society by enhancing efficiency and reducing the predatory role of the state, including the bribe culture within the public sector. We consider the expected costs and benefits both for the people in general and for government officials and politicians, the latter constituting essential considerations if reforms are to be realistic and stand any chance of being enacted.
Surface Freight Prospects
Authors: CORSI THOMAS M.
Published: March 2007

In 1980, the United States introduced a fundamental shift in government policy toward the surface freight transportation industry, away from regulation of rates and entry to a market-based system. Under deregulation, the surface freight industry has experienced significant efficiency gains resulting in a higher level of customer service at lower prices in real terms. Reliance on a competitive marketplace will allow these gains to continue as the nation moves into the twenty-first century. The overall efficiency of the surface transportation system will be ensured by the almost complete reliance by shippers on third parties for logistics management. These third-party experts will assist companies in minimizing their total logistics costs. Overall, this nation's surface transportation system in the mid-twenty-first century will be a highly efficient intermodal system that provides U.S. industry with a competitive advantage in its effort to achieve market gains in a global economy.
Indian Gaming: Financial and Regulatory Issues
Authors: ANDERS GARY C.
Published: March 2007

For 124 Indian tribes, casino gaming has become an important source of revenue as a result of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988. This article reviews the judicial and legislative history of Indian gaming. Second, it examines regulation and oversight of Indian gaming. Next, it provides examples of the uses of gaming revenue. Then it considers the positive and negative impacts of casinos on Indian communities, local businesses, and states. Finally, it discusses the conflict over the sovereignty of Indian tribes as it relates to amending IGRA.
On Connecting School and Work
Authors: SAUL RALPH S.
Published: March 2007

Few American employers see schools as effective partners in their search for skilled workers. This growing disconnection between the nation's schools and its businesses threatens to undermine the educational quality of the workforce, on which American productivity depends. The challenge is to develop initiatives that require neither new funds nor another government agency; rely on the market to create incentives for firms to invest in human capital; and lower the costs to employers of screening and hiring workers. Given these problems and constraints, this article proposes the following solution: to foster education and training; to forge better, more substantive exchanges between employers and schools; to create internships that are administered at the state and local levels; and to make grades and school reputation important criteria when hiring young workers.
7. A Survey of Non-Monetary Welfare Activity
Authors: Gurr Ted R.
Published: March 2007

A design for the gathering and systematizing of information on non-monetary giving and receiving, both public and private, is presented.
7. A Group Field Approach to Studying Large Agencies
Authors: Kroll Morton
Published: March 2007

A preliminary theoretical structure to guide the study of large scale organization. The group and the group field are defined, major groups are sug gested--formal, social, skills, and leadership groups--, and individual-group, and group-group relations are discussed.
The Birth of a Political Scientist
Authors: Rosenau James N.
Published: March 2007

The author remarks that "these notes were written in the summer of 1957, but the thoughts expressed seem no less valid now that time has passed and wounds have healed." Some of our readers will feel nostalgia, others premonition, in this scherzo of scholarly autobiography.
The Election of International Union Officers
Authors: Edelstein J. David
Published: March 2007

A psychologist points out that the referendum method of electing inter national union presidents, used by the Steelworkers and some other labor unions, gives greater play to internal union politics. In the 1957 re-election of David McDonald to the presidency of the USW, considerable internal dissatisfaction was given an outlet in the rise of a strong opposition candidate, a rare occurrence in American unions. The author suggests reasons why such opposition is almost never apparent in the politics of unions using the more common delegate electoral system.
Research in the Economics and Sociology of Medical Care
Authors: Bornet Vaughn Davis
Published: March 2007

The social scientist who ventures to research on aspects of medical care encounters many pitfalls. The term itself encompasses a range of topics, often controversial. The medical practitioner does not always take kindly to research on the economics, sociology, and politics of the total conditions in which medical care is provided, and may not be receptive to the results. The author's major premise is that objective re search is not enough. Rather, the best research study is done by "the researcher who knows what he does, why he does it, and the consequences that may flow from the deed." In light of this policy approach, some crucial issues and research opportunities are outlined. Mr. Bornet, author of the recent book WELFARE IN AMERICA, is presently with RAND Corporation.
Elements of Social Invention
Authors: de Grazia Alfred
Published: March 2007

The Editor of ABS presents briefly his theory of invention as it has emerged from his work at New York University. Given an appropriate set of concepts, a convergence of many disciplines both upon the study of invention and upon the invention of invention, is possible.
Integration of Science and Society
Authors: Waterman Alan T.
Published: March 2007

The Director of the National Science Foundation states that science in its pure form is unconcerned with the social economic implications of its discoveries. It is up to society to exploit these discoveries, and there is no guarantee that society will use them wisely. Dr. Waterman points out the dangers of the misuse of science and suggests some methods for constructively utilizing scientific accomplishments.
Freedom and Control in Four Types of Scientific Settings
Authors: Gordon Gerald , Marquis Sue , Anderson O.W.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of their study of 250 research projects, three staff members of the Health Information Foundation, University of Chicago, discuss the relationship between scientific freedom, conflict, and organizational goals.
Research Letter From Argentina
Authors: Janos Andrew C.
Published: March 2007

Dr. Janos is a Research Associate at the Center for International Studies of Princeton University and writes us from his recent visit to South America.
Economic Development and Social Research
Authors: Rockefeller Rodman C.
Published: March 2007

The author redfines the meaning of "success" for business and economic enterprises in Latin America. He demonstrates the need for extensive applied social research as a necessary pre-condition to intelligent planning and development. The conclusion is that U.S. private investors can do much to improve both their performance and effect by encouraging and using the results of social research. Mr. Rockefeller is a Vice President of the International Basic Economy Corporation.
Education in Information Science
Authors: Kent Allen
Published: March 2007

Four levels of information specialists are needed, each with its own interdisciplinary curriculum. New plans are sketched by the Director of the Knowledge Availability Systems Center, University of Pittsburgh.
On the Measurement of "Sex"
Authors: Troldahl Verling C. , Carter Roy E.
Published: March 2007

Verling Troldahl is Assistant Professor of Communication at Michigan State University; Roy Carter is Professor of Journalism and Sociology at the University of Minnesota. Together, they conclude that "sex makes a lot of difference, to almost everyone."
Production Organizations in the Arts
Authors: D Paul , Hirsch Paul M.
Published: March 2007

DiMaggio and Hirsch describe the cycle from creation to consumption through which art is produced. Using an organizational model which could be applied to most culture-producing milieux, they focus on three levels of analysis: interpersonal, interorganizational, and total system.
Toward a Theory of Conversion and Commitment to the Occult
Authors: Lynch Frederick R.
Published: March 2007

A part of the "occult establishment" is described in this paper, along with the presentation of model whereby "normal people" get involved in an occult group. A discussion of the importance of group ritual in such a process is included.
Making Campaign News User Friendly
Authors: GRABER DORIS A.
Published: March 2007

Surveys of the electorate routinely disclose that knowledge about politics, including elections, is appallingly low. Using content analysis and information-processing data, the argument is presented that such results are inevitable, despite the public's political astuteness, because the presentation of political information by the American media does not suit the information-processing capabilities and habits of average Americans. The article suggests how campaign coverage might be changed to make it more user friendly.
Communitarianism, Vickers, and Revisioning American Public Administration
Authors: ADAMS GUY B. , CATRON BAYARD L.
Published: March 2007

Classical liberalism and the unrestrained individualism that is of its essence are inappropriate for current ever-increasing interdependence. Recent communitarian thinking in the United States suggests that the exclusive pursuit of private interest is, in fact, inimical in the long run to individual liberty. Sustained policy change depends, however, on a fundamental rethinking of ethics and epistemology; Vickers's concept of appreciation is an important contribution to this task. The authors conclude that there is a need both for more government and for more democracy; greater intrusions on autonomy are inevitable if Western culture in its present form is to survive.

The sanest like the maddest of us cling like spiders to a self-spun web, obscurely moored in vacancy and fiercely shaken by the winds of change. Yet this frail web, through which many see only the void, is the one enduring artifact, the one authentic signature of humankind, and its weaving is our prime responsibility.

—Geoffrey Vickers

“The Psychology of Policymaking and Social Change”
The Management of International Conflict
Authors: DANDO MALCOLM
Published: March 2007

This article begins by discussing why there was a period of relative peace in the conflictprone international system following the Second World War. It then asks why events have proceeded so disastrously in Yugoslavia since the end of the Cold War. It is argued that Sir Geoffrey Vickers's views on conflict processes and their management, in particular his stress on the stabilizing forces of trust and bonds of membership, can help us understand what has gone wrong in Yugoslavia. The final section returns to the question of the state of the international system in the current transitional period, and it is suggested that the building of a sense of solidarity vital for coping with our massive global problems could be enhanced by a wider understanding of Vickers's views.
The Field of Health Communication Today
Authors: ROGERS EVERETT M.
Published: March 2007

The field of health communication today can be proud of its accomplishments, mainly achieved in the past two decades. A number of university centers of excellence have been established in health communication. The field attracts funding from some of the most prestigious funding sources, including the National Institutes of Health, and health communication contributes directly and usefully to health agencies and to health programs. The health communication field differs from other communication specialty fields in that its dependent variables of study usually are of unquestioned good, it involves collaboration with such other academic units as schools of public health and schools of medicine, and it has borrowed ideas like social marketing from university business schools and private companies.
The Integration of Women Into the Mexican Labor Force Since NAFTA
Authors: NAUMAN ANN K. , HUTCHISON MIREILLE
Published: March 2007

The North American Free Trade Agreement was signed at a time when the position of women in the world economy had come under increased scrutiny. The changes that have taken place in the Mexican labor force since, and sometimes as a result of, NAFTA, with particular concern for the maquiladoras, tax-free assembly plants that use large numbers of low-paid Mexican women, are examined. Undoubtedly the advent of free trade has affected the position of women in the Mexican labor force, but whether this has affected their position ultimately for their real benefit is still a highly contentious subject.
What's Good for the Goose Is Not Good for the Gander
Authors: CROCKER JENNIFER , McGRAW KATHLEEN M.
Published: March 2007

As women and minorities enter occupations traditionally closed to them, they are increasingly likely to occupy positions of solo status (i.e., to be either the only member or one of a small number of their sex or ethnic group in a work situation). In this article, we consider the consequences of having solo status. We report the results of an experiment that varied the sex composition of task-oriented groups. The consequences of having solo status were markedly different for solo males and solo females. Solo females were unlikely to be group leaders; overall group satisfaction was lowest when a solo female was present; and gender-related issues were most likely to be raised in groups including a solo female. Solo males, on the other hand, tended to be integrated into the group as leaders, resulting in smoother group functioning. The implications of having solo status in terms of opportunity for professional advancement are discussed.
A Brand New Brand of Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Rowley Tim , Berman Shawn
Published: March 2007

We argue that corporate social performance (CSP) has become a legitimizing identity (brand) for researchers in the business and society field, but it has not developed into a viable theoretical or operational construct. Because measuring CSP is contingent on the operational setting (industry, issues, etc.), it is difficult to produce worthwhile comparisons across studies or generalizing beyond the boundaries of a specific study. The authors suggest that researchers remove the CSP label from their operational variables, and instead narrowly define their studies in operational terms. They provide aworking example of the proposed research direction by examining the theory underlying the popular CSP–financial performance (FP) debate. In the authors’ conceptualization, stakeholder action provides the underlying logic connecting CSP-FP, and we recast the research question to investigate the conditions under which stakeholders will take action to influence the focal organization and when those actions will influence the CSP-FP link.
Building Stakeholder Theory with a Decision Modeling Methodology
Authors: Winn Monika I.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses stakeholder theory on that critical juncture where stakeholder relationships and corporate policy decisions converge. A case study methodology is described that permits detailed analyses of multiple stakeholders’ objectives; it is suitable for studies of major corporate strategic decisions that are complex, controversial, involve multiple stakeholders, and require strategic trade-offs. The methodology is applied here to the dramatic decision by a Pacific Northwest forest company to phase out traditional clear-cut harvesting methods of old-growth forests. The study’s findings point to new research questions and have theoretical implications for a finer grained conceptualization of stakeholder groups, stakeholder objectives, and stakeholder issues.
Corporate Social Performance and Firm Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Orlitzky Marc , Benjamin John D.
Published: March 2007

Building on earlier work on the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and a firm’s financial performance, this integrative empirical study supports the theoretical argument that the higher a firm’s CSP the lower its financial risk. Specifically, the relationship between CSP and risk appears to be one of reciprocal causality, because prior CSP is negatively related to subsequent financial risk, and prior financial risk is negatively related to subsequent CSP. Additionally, CSP is more strongly correlated with measures of market risk than measures of accounting risk. Of all CSP measures, reputation for social responsibility appears to be the most important one in terms of its risk implications.
Good Deeds and Misdeeds: A Mediated Model of the Effect of Corporate Social Performance on Organizational Attractiveness
Authors: Luce Rebecca A. , Barber Alison E. , Hillman Amy J.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has suggested that corporate social performance is positively related to firms’ attractiveness as employers. The authors propose and test an alternative model whereby job applicants’ familiarity with employers mediates the relationship between corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness. Applicants’familiarity with firms may serve as a signal of firms’suitability as employers, with more familiar firms considered more attractive. Furthermore, a firm’s overall level of corporate social activity (whether “good deeds” or “ misdeeds”) may contribute directly to firm familiarity and indirectly to attractiveness through familiarity. The authors’ results support this model; firm familiarity completely mediates the relationship between corporate social performance and organizational attractiveness.
The Corporate Social-Financial Performance Relationship
Authors: Preston Lee E. , O'Bannon Douglas P.
Published: March 2007

This research note analyzes the relationship between indicators of corporate social and financial performance within a comprehensive theoretical framework. The results, based on data for 67 large U.S. corporations for 1982-1992, reveal no significant negative social-financial performance relationships and strong positive correlations in both contemporaneous and lead-lag formulations.
Socially Responsible Investing
Authors: Hutton R. Bruce , D'Antonio Louis , Johnsen Tommi
Published: March 2007

Socially responsible investing (SRI) is the practice of making investment decisions on the basis of both financial and social performance. The SRI movement has grown into a $1.185 trillion business, accounting for about 1 in 10 U.S. invested dollars. Not surprisingly, the industry has suffered severe growing pains along the way in the form of issues of credibility, demand, and performance. And, to date, the product itself has been limited to equity investing. This article explores these critical issues and whether socially screened bonds can perform as well as or better than unscreened bonds. If so, whole new sets of opportunities are open to the social investor bent on making a buck and a difference.
Institutions in Comparative Policy Research
Authors: Scharpf Fritz W.
Published: March 2007

The article explores the intersections between the different perspectives of institutional and policy research and discusses the characteristic purposes and conditions of theory-oriented policy research, where the usefulness of statistical analyses is generally constrained by the complexity and contingency of causal influences. Although comparative case studies are better able to deal with these conditions, their capacity to empirically identify the causal effect of differing institutional conditions on policy outcomes depends on a restrictive case selection that would need to hold constant the influence of two other sets of contingent factors—the policy challenges actually faced and the preferences and perceptions of the actors involved. When this is not possible, empirical policy research may usefully resort to a set of institutionalist working hypotheses that are derived from the narrowly specified theoretical assumptions of rational-choice institutionalism. Although these hypotheses will often be wrong, they are useful in guiding the empirical search for factors that are able to explain policy outcomes that deviate from predictions of the rationalist model.
Group Size and Collective Action
Authors: AGRAWAL ARUN , GOYAL SANJEEV
Published: March 2007

This article examines the hypothesis that group size is inversely related to successful collective action. A distinctive aspect of the article is that it combines the analysis of primary data collected by the authors with a game-theoretic model. The model considers a group of people protecting a commonly owned resource from excessive exploitation. The authors view monitoring of individual actions as a collective good and focus on third-party monitoring. We argue that the costs of monitoring rise more than proportionately as group size increases. This factor along with lumpiness in the monitoring technology yields the following theoretical conclusion: Medium-sized groups are more likely than small or large groups to provide third-party monitoring. The authors find that the empirical evidence is consistent with this theoretical result.
Contagion and Border Effects on Contemporary African Conflict
Authors: STARR HARVEY , MOST BENJAMIN A.
Published: March 2007

In previous research the authors investigated the processes of war diffusion based on interaction opportunities as operationalized by interstate borders. Studies of international borders, the relationship between borders and the onset of war, and the operation of diffusion/contagion effects on bordering nations were undertaken for all nations in the international system during the 1946-1965 period. The purpose of this article is to replicate the results of the original analyses by focusing on one regional subsystem—Africa— during a different time period, 1960-1977, and using different war data sets. The present study successfully replicates the original: Borders are found to be dynamic, and the border-war hypothesis and the spatial diffusion expectations are confirmed for Africa in the later period.
Optimal Electoral Strategies for Socialist Parties
Authors: LICHBACH MARK
Published: March 2007

A strategic dilemma confronts social democratic parties in postindustrial politics: whether to depend on the working class or on the middle class for electoral support. If a social democratic party becomes more heterogeneous (argue working-class strategists) or more homogeneous (argue the middle-class strategists) in class support, then it will also become more electorally successful. The controversy is addressed in two ways. First, a formal model of vote maximization offers a more complete explication of the strategic tradeoffs confronting party leaders than is offered by either the working-class or the middle-class strategists. Second, the alternative electoral strategies are also probed using aggregated survey data on social class and party fortunes. Data come from 41 elections in the postwar era contested by five social democratic parties. Findings come from regressing the total, working-class, and middle-class votes for each party on (lagged) Rose and Urwin's indexes of social cohesion of party alignments and on (lagged) Alford's indexes of class voting. Analytical results and empirical findings are interpreted in terms of their implications for party leaders.
The Electoral Antecedents of Policy Innovations
Authors: BRADY DAVID W. , BULLOCK CHARLES S. , MAISEL L. SANDY
Published: March 2007

This article explores the dilemma surrounding the general utility of realignment theory in analyzing the connection between elections and policy shifts; the theory seems to work well in the American context but is less useful in explaining British politics. We reverse the normal analysis, focusing on periods associated with major policy shifts and attempting to discover cross-national similarities in the elections associated with those policy shifts.
The National Security Doctrine, Military Threat Perception, and the “Dirty War” in Argentina
Authors: PION-BERLIN DAVID
Published: March 2007

It has been taken for granted that Latin American military governments of recent decades have been under the strong influence of the National Security Doctrine. However, no systematic assessment has been made about the degree to which the doctrine directly or indirectly has shaped military perceptions. This study focuses on the Argentine military government of 1976-1981, and on its identification of threats to national security, its strategies to overcome those threats, and whether these fit within the parameters of the NSD. Through content analysis of military speeches, interviews, and private memos, it is found that members of the government perceived their adversaries in vague, operational terms; that they focused on subjective agents to the exclusion of underlying objective conditions; and that they failed to appreciate the importance of political solutions to national security problems. Together, these views find only partial support within the NSD. It is concluded that the military practiced selective vision, magnifying certain elements of the NSD while losing sight of the rest, and that this selective vision was reinforced by the disjointed character of the doctrine itself.
Regime Types, Markets, and War
Authors: BRAWLEY MARK R.
Published: March 2007

Several possible explanations have been given for why democracies maintain peaceful relations among themselves. This article examines the role of domestic political institutions in establishing market relations and the degree of interference in domestic economic relations. It is argued that less representative regimes are more likely to establish pervasive policies delivering rents than more representative regimes. Pervasive rents, in turn, alter the relationship of domestic and international prices, which affects how countries choose to participate in the international economy. Republics, where rent-seeking may be pervasive, but rents tend not to be distorting, fit into liberal international systems with greater ease than other types of regimes; republics, therefore, find it more attractive to meet their international needs through trade than do nonrepublican regimes. By exploring the importance of regime type for the formation of international preferences, questions about relations between democratic states are linked to broader issues of grand strategy and policies to foster international peace and stability.
Dual-Ballot Elections and Political Parties
Authors: SCHLESINGER JOSEPH A. , SCHLESINGER MILDRED S.
Published: March 2007

Although the effect of electoral rules on the number of parties in democracies has been well explored, little attention had been paid to their effect on the parties themselves. The authors examine this problem within the context of French two-ballot rules, which illuminate partisan distinctions rather than blur them as single-ballot rules do. Earlier studies demonstrated that the dual-ballot rules used in French legislative elections allowed four ways of winning, in response to which four stable parties emerged. The French presidential election further illuminated these distinctions. Because there is only one winner, the contest becomes personalized, heightening partisan distinctions in electoral strategies, appeals, and organization. Examining this effect in the 1995 presidential election, the authors conclude that the French dual ballot provides a tool for understanding not only French parties but also parties in which single-ballot rules force all to use similar electoral strategies and appeals.
Partisan Politics and Fiscal Policy
Authors: CUSACK THOMAS R.
Published: March 2007

Does the partisan character of governing parties play a role in the formation of fiscal policy? The conventional view is that the left tends toward excessive deficits, whereas the right practices a more prudent fiscal policy; however, strong arguments have been advanced that whatever room existed previously for partisanship in fiscal policy making has been sharply reduced by developments in recent decades. These issues are examined with a series of models that have been estimated using data from 14 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries for the period from 1961 through 1991. The evidence suggests that the relationship between partisanship and fiscal policy is contingent on macroeconomic conditions. The evidence also suggests that these differences have been reduced over recent decades.
`Structure' and `Agent' in Institutional Bargaining
Authors: HEGDAL TORA SKODVIN
Published: March 2007

Oran Young has argued that political leadership constitutes a necessary, although not sufficient, condition for regime formation. The aim of this article is to elaborate in some detail the institutional and individual conditions bearing on leadership performance. Different forms of political leadership play different roles in international regime formation and may constitute a necessary condition for succeeding in efforts at developing joint solutions to collective problems. Thus, individual actor behaviour does hold independent explanatory power for negotiation outcome. Actor behaviour, however, has to be analysed in relation to the structural context within which the actions take place, i.e. the institutional setting of the negotiations: if attempts to perform the role of a political leader are to succeed, the institutional setting must `permit' leadership performance. The Law of the Sea Conference is characterized by the unusual influence of individuals. This fact has to be seen in relation to the procedural innovations developed through the organizational negotiation process, which provided the necessary institutional basis for the performance of both formal and informal leadership roles. Performance of political leadership is not a guarantee of success. One factor representing a possible hindrance to the successful performance of political leadership is the structure of the issues at stake. In this respect, the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea demonstrates not only the potentials of political leadership, but its limitations as well.
Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue
Authors: JALONEN OLLI-PEKKA , VESA UNTO
Published: March 2007

The formulation of Finland's military doctrine in the post-Second World War era has been related to the more general problem of Finnish foreign policy of this period, namely, how to maintain good relations without being sucked into an uncomfortably close orbit with the Soviet Union. While the military instruments of security policy have been markedly secondary to political instruments, Finland has tried to use its limited resources to create an image of credible national defence capability. This line of policy is still being followed, although the fundamentals of Finland's security environment have drastically changed — and are further going to change as a result of a deepening of European integration in the security and foreign policy spheres. Finland has consistently spent approximately 1.5% of GDP in military expenditures. The niveau has been an outcome of domestic bargaining, but at the political level there has been consensus about it. In the post-Cold War period this consensus is facing difficulties. Pressures to reduce military expenditures are increasing, although no major disarmament dividends are to be expected.
The Crisis in World Order and the Challenge to International Organization
Authors: COX ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the role and possibilities of multilateralism in the emerging `new world order'. The analysis of the challenges for multilateral organizations should be made at two levels, namely through problem-solving theory and through critical theory, including investigations of the changes in the global political economy conditioning the workings of multilateralism. The global political economy of today is characterized by a `new capitalism' which opposes any form of state or interstate control or intervention. However, the processes of market globalization, most prominent in the 1980s, have shown signs of crisis: social polarization both between different parts of the world and within societies of the North, a more autonomous role of finance in relation to production and ecological deterioration. The solution to these developments is the reregulation and repoliticization of the political economy at the global level through multilateralism. In order to seize the opportunities, multilateralism has to be dualistic — one part of it being involved in the present predicaments of the state system, another part probing the social and political foundations of a future order.
The Pregnancy Discrimination Act and the Hospitality Manager
Authors: Kohl John P. , Greenlaw Paul S.
Published: March 2007

Many hospitality managers are unaware of their rights and obligations concerning pregnant employees under current law. This article clarifies the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, assesses its implications for the hospitality industry, and shows what steps managers can take to avoid liability
Creative Debt-Financing Vehicles
Authors: Eyster James J.
Published: March 2007

The previous article explained the ho tel industry's reaction to the last six years of economic upheaval -infla tion-fueled expansion, stagflation (economic stagnation and rapidly in creasing inflation), and the present recession, characterized by a decreas ing rate of inflation and continued high interest rates. The resulting un certainty of the economic and business environment requires creative financ ing, which comprises a realistic and thorough project-evaluation process and sharing of risks and incentives by developers and lenders. This article will address specific is sues of concern to developers and lenders in the project-evaluation pro cess and summarize the primary debt packages currently used by the lodging industry.
High Tech
Authors: Grimes Paul
Published: March 2007

This essay by travel-writer Paul Grimes chronicles his and others' not-so-good experiences with hotel technology and makes suggestions for providing guests with the comforts and conveniences they really want. For example, he questions the user-friendliness of video check-out systems, illustrates the inefficiency of most high-rise hotels' elevators with a couple examples, wonders about the placement of televisions and telephones, and bemoans the "amenities creep" that leaves no room on the bathroom counter (if there is one!) for one's personal toiletries. He discusses when it's inappropriate to apply high surcharges for pay TV, facsimiles, mini-bar "gratuities," and telephone calls. His suggestions for guest-service improvements include better room lighting, fog-free bathroom mirrors, swivel TVs, voice mail, functional desk space, a selection of newspapers, and, above all, good concierge service.
The Old Stevens
Authors: Quain Robert F. , Lefever Michael M.
Published: March 2007

This article is a compilation of excerpts from the manuscript “Inside View of Hilton Hotels” by Robert F. Quain, and recounts stories from his experiences on the management team at the Stevens Hotel, in Chicago. From graft to accolades and from U.S. presidents to Russian dignitaries, Quain illustrates some of the lessons he learned and the challenges he overcame, including dealing with unions, subduing a crime syndicate, eliminating front-office corruption, easing racial tensions, improving purchasing systems, and applying an early form of yield management.
Using Marketing Tools to Improve Employee Relations
Authors: Bell Russell A. , Winters Lewis C.
Published: March 2007

This article proposes using marketing concepts and techniques to improve human-resources management. An in-house survey of employees to track changes over time, for instance, would be similar to collecting customer-satisfaction cards. Another approach involves a program that emphasizes detailed employee feedback through group meetings and interviews, provides diagnostic information, and increases employee involvement and commitment. Once a feedback system is being used, add an incentive-based compensation system. Employee-satisfaction scores can be used to determine the bonus compensation of the managers responsible for that satisfaction. Next, measure employees' attitudes about the work environment and determine the values they assign to particular job attributes and the company's performance in those areas. An analysis of the findings shows the most serious gaps between what is wanted and what is received. It's also useful to undertake a single-issue analysis. To do so, survey a representative sample of employees using a custom-designed questionnaire.
Personality and Career Development
Authors: Brownell Judi
Published: March 2007

To determine whether gender is an important variable in management success, a survey of male and female general managers explored which personality traits these individuals believe contributed to their own career development The survey showed that male and female managers' self-reports conform only marginally to stereotypes of gender-linked characteristics. In regard to characteristics generally associated with women, compassion and flexibility were reported equally by the two groups, while women described themselves as enthusiastic more often than did the men. Regarding typically male traits, about the same percentage of men and women reported that their goal orientation contributed to their career advancement, while a smaller percentage of men than women described their behavior as ambitious. The high number of all respondents who believe that honesty and integrity contributed significantly to career advancement indicates that, in the end, success may be foremost a matter of character, not gender.
Strategic Planning
Authors: Woods Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Strategic planning is the first step in strategic management. Decisions made during this stage allow organizations to choose which products, services, or markets to abandon or pursue, how to allocate resources, how to design the organization to carry out a chosen strategy, and how to compete. For example, Morrison Restaurants, Inc., has developed and implemented an integrated strategic plan for the organization as a whole as well as strategic plans for each of its three divisions and multiple concepts. The overall plan addresses how an organization that operates different concepts in various markets will pursue its organizational goals and describes how each division and concept should contribute to achieving those goals. In effect, Morrison Restaurants has established a hierarchy of flexible plans linked to one another through supporting goals and objectives. It did so by developing a mission statement and a related set of goals, creating operational plans that could achieve those goals, and making action plans to show how to carry out the operational goals. This article focuses on the 1992 planning process within Morrison's Ruby Tuesday Group.
Innovation through acquisition
Authors: Hudson Bradford T.
Published: March 2007

Innovation is critical to the market position and financial performance of restaurant chains. Four common internal innovation strategies are typically used to develop new equipment, products, and concepts. However, the restaurant industry is structured in such a way that those strategies may be inappropriate for concept development. Instead, a growing number of companies are using a strategy of "innovation through acquisition." The notion of acquisition as a legitimate substitute for concept development is novel. Instead of relying on internally driven R&D, these companies wait for the marketplace to select winning concepts, which they then acquire and develop.
Buying High and Selling Low in the Lodging-Property Market
Authors: Corgel John B. , deRoos Jan A.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of more than 1,300 hotel transactions recorded between 1985 and 1992 revealed a pattern of consistent overpayment by some types of buyers and underselling by certain classes of sellers. Further comparisons of specific hotel-property types with various combinations of buyers and sellers showed that sale prices are frequently affected by certain combinations of property characteristics with the attributes of buyers and sellers. Individual buyers, for example, regularly overpaid for the properties they bought and were particularly influenced by average daily rate. On the other hand, the Resolution Trust Corporation created considerable market distortion by regularly discounting hotels it sold, because it undervalued its properties' proximity to city centers and their ADRs.
PC-Based Registers
Authors: Kasavana Michael L.
Published: March 2007

Restaurateurs who have long felt constricted by having to modify their procedures to conform to the data requirements of rigid transaction-processing systems now have access to better, more-responsive systems. As vendors begin to transfer applications to more-flexible platforms, the transaction-processing marketplace will be dominated by PC-based registers (PCRs). Future designs are likely to feature modular configurations, increased settlement functionalities, and wireless devices. PCR systems are being configured using network technology.
Interviewing Job Applicants—
Authors: Simons Tony
Published: March 2007

The basic interview, where the hiring manager or recruiter asks questions about qualifications and attempts to get a "feel" for the candidate, is vulnerable to many kinds of error and bias, and, as a result, has almost no ability to predict an employee's future job performance. On the other hand, systematic interviews using structured questions that are based on careful analysis of the components of excellent job performance can improve the interviewer's ability to predict an employee's future performance from about 3 percent to near 25 percent. The best questions are matched with hypothetical answers that illustrate excellent, good, and marginal answers, and which may be compared to candidates' actual answers. The questions may be framed as historical (behavioral) or hypothetical (situational). Every candidate for a particular job is asked the same set of questions. Interview panels, probing and follow-up questions, and credential previews are all controversial, but prudence and common sense can be acceptable guides on those issues. The costs of developing structured interview programs are usually offset by the savings from avoiding poor hires and subsequent turnover, and line managers' responses to the structured interview format are generally very positive.
Lessons of a Lifetime
Authors: Strand Curt R.
Published: March 2007

Hilton International began on a comparative shoestring, with $300,000 in preopening money and an offer from the Puerto Rican government that Conrad Hilton could not refuse. With no further financial support from the parent company, a small staff expanded judiciously using profit-sharing leases and, later, management contracts. Each deal had to make sense on its own, and the company was ever sensitive to the potential impact on its good name of a bad deal. Cut loose from the domestic Hilton organization in 1963, Hilton International is now a multibillion-dollar company. In addition to pioneering leases and management contracts, the firm created an employee-development institute in 1968 that was instrumental in developing its key employees, which is one of the major contributions a management firm can bring to a hotel deal.
Measuring Lodging-Property Performance
Authors: de Roos jan A. , Corgel John B.
Published: March 2007

Noting the absence of reliable data about lodging-property returns for investment-decision purposes, the authors set out to develop the best possible index of lodging-property returns that can be formed from publicly available data. They discovered, however, that an index developed from such data is unsuitable for use in comparative performance measurement and for portfolio-allocation decisions. The problems they encountered include reporting inconsistency, absence of quarterly data, unreliability of capital-return information, and the lack of a consistent property sample. An appropriately designed, reliable lodging-property-return index would achieve the following goals: the index would be comparable to the most-common index used for other classes of real estate (the NCREIF index); the lodging-property index would have a large enough sample to be defensible, but not so large as to pose a reporting burden on the industry; and the index would be segmented into the property classes and geographic regions most useful to the hospitality industry.
Hotel Value Trends
Authors: Rushmore Stephen , Goldhoff George
Published: March 2007

Analysts have worked to model the relationship of supply and demand that creates hotel value. The Hotel Valuation Index, developed by HVS International, is a sophisticated model that now comprises 46 U.S. markets. In the aabsence of major economic disruptions, hotel demand grows at a relatively steady rate. Consequently, supply additions have a measurable effect on lodging-property values. Supply additions occur principally when developers and investors perceive that building new rooms is less expensive than purchasing existing properties. In recent years investors have been able to purchase hotels at prices below replacement value. The HVI shows that that phenomenon is ending, as the value of existing rooms will exceed replacement cost for most market segments. After ten years of tracking major U.S. markets, HVS can project future valuation levels, based on expected supply trends and a relatively stable economy.
Awareness of White Privilege among White Counseling Trainees
Authors: Ancis Julie R. , Szymanski Dawn M.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the written reactions of 34 White master’s counseling students to a list developed by Peggy McIntosh describing her experience of White privilege were analyzed using qualitative methodology. Three general themes and corresponding subthemes were identified and revealed varied levels of awareness of White privilege. The three general themes represent increasing levels of awareness, from none, to demonstrated awareness but unwillingness to engage in proaction, to a more profound awareness of privilege and proactive efforts to eradicate privilege. Directions for future research and training are presented.
Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions Applied to Anger Management
Authors: Deffenbacher Jerry L. , Oetting Eugene R. , DiGiuseppe Raymond A.
Published: March 2007

This article applies the Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions (PESI) in counseling psychology to anger management with adults. The review suggests that there is empirical support for cognitive-behavioral interventions generally and for four specific interventions (relaxation, cognitive, behavioral skill enhancement, and combinations of these three interventions). Moderate effect sizes for these interventions were found on targeted anger measures and for all measures combined. The PESI proved to be flexible, multidimensional principles against which to assess counseling interventions and from which to identify what is known and what needs to be learned.