bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
If You Build It, Will They Come? Fish and Angler Use at a Freshwater Artificial Reef
Authors: Creque Sara M. , Raffenberg Matthew J. , Brofka Wayne A. , Dettmers John M.
Published: August 2006

In November 1999, an artificial reef composed of granite rubble was built in southwestern Lake Michigan to attract smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. Adult fish communities were sampled at the artificial reef site and a nearby reference site before (1999) and after reef construction (2000–2003) to determine whether the artificial reef attracted sport fishes. The total number of fish observed along scuba transects was higher at the artificial reef than at the reference site during 2000–2003. Smallmouth bass, rock bass Ambloplites rupestris, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, and yellow perch Perca flavescens were most commonly observed by divers at the artificial reef site, whereas the round goby was the most prevalent species observed at the reference site. Mean annual total gill-net catch per unit effort (CPUE) did not differ at the two sites after reef construction. Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, yellow perch, and salmonines were commonly caught at both locations. The presence of several of these taxa was related to water temperature but not location. Smallmouth bass presence was related to location; CPUE was greater at the artificial reef than at the reference site during 2000–2002. Rock bass CPUE also was greater at the artificial reef than at the reference site during 2002. Smallmouth bass association with the reef was seasonal and correlated with temperature. Although anglers were aware of the artificial reef, fishing effort and success were low, in part because few anglers targeted black bass Micropterus spp. Because water temperature strongly influences the use of structure by centrarchids in deep, cold lakes like Lake Michigan, care must be taken to site artificial reefs in zones of the most suitable water temperature for these species.
The Effect of Clinical Judgment in Decision-Making: The Mental Health Act 1986 (Vic.) and the Mental Health Review Board
Authors: Pearson Megan
Published: August 2006

This article seeks to critically examine whether the reliance upon clinical judgment in decision-making under the Mental Health Act 1986 (Vic.) (MHA) and the Mental Health Review Board (MHRB) assists or hinders Parliament’s key objective in passing the current MHA in 1986: least restrictive treatment.
Parallel synthesis of novel benzimidazoles on a soluble polymer support
Authors: Chang Ling-Ju , Kulkarni Manohar , Sun Chung-Ming
Published: August 2006

Liquid phase combinatorial synthesis using a soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer support and commercially available 3-nitro-4-fluoro benzoic acid is carried out in order to create a molecular library of trisubstituted benzimidazoles. The PEG-ester conjugate of 3-nitro-4-fluoro benzoic acid is subjected to ipso-fluoro displacement by various primary amines. The nitro group is reduced under neutral conditions using excess zinc and ammonium chloride, producing the polymer-boundo-phenylene diamines. Reaction of the diamines with different aldehydes results in cyclisation to benzimidazoles. The polymer support is cleaved releasing the desired products in high yields and purity. All reactions are performed at room temperature.
Whole‐Mount Immunohistochemistry of the Brain
Authors: Kim Se‐Hoon , Che Priscilla , Chung Seung‐Hyuk , Doorn Debora , Hoy Monica , Larouche Matt , Marzban Hassan , Sarna Justyna , Zahedi Sepehr , Hawkes Richard
Published: August 2006

The gross anatomical distribution of an antigen is typically mapped using a combination of serial sectioning, immunocytochemistry, and three‐dimensional reconstruction. This is a tedious and time‐consuming procedure, which introduces an array of potential alignment and differential shrinkage errors and requires considerable experience and specialized equipment. In particular, it is unsuited for routine screening applications. To circumvent these problems, this unit presents a routine whole‐mount immunocytochemistry protocol that can be used to map many antigenic distributions in the developing and adult brain. The technique can also be easily adapted to detect anterograde and retrograde transport tracers.
Rodent Sensory Neuron Culture and Analysis
Authors: Hall Alison K.
Published: August 2006

Sensory neurons have proven very useful for analysis of neuronal differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Their utility for in vitro work is based on the fact that sensory neurons are relatively easy to isolate in large numbers and are amenable to manipulations in culture. Lumbar ganglia are usually used because their location in the caudal nervous system means they are the least differentiated at any developmental stage, allowing the analysis of relatively undifferentiated cells. Rodent sensory ganglia from embryonic to adult stages can be dissected effectively and maintained in serum‐free medium or in coculture with other cells or factors. This unit describes generation of embryonic rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures, which form an important model system for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate neuronal differentiation. Adult DRG can also be successfully cultured, with a few modifications of the general protocol.
Binge Eating in Rats Produced by Combining Dieting with Stress
Authors: Boggiano Mary M. , Chandler Paula C.
Published: August 2006

This unit describes a rodent model of binge eating based on cyclic restriction, refeeding, footshock, and intermittent access to palatable food. These conditions mimic dieting, stress, and “junk” food indulgence, respectively, all common etiological and maintenance factors in human binge eating. Four groups of rats are used: one subjected to cyclic food restriction, another to acute footshock stress, another to both of these (R + S), and a control. Neither cyclic restriction nor stress alone produces binge eating, but the R + S rats, despite satiety, double their intake of palatable food in a discrete period of time (i.e., binge) when stressed. This protocol recapitulates critical properties of human binge eating, namely preference for palatable food, dieting‐ and stress‐induced vulnerability to binging, and eating for reward versus metabolic need. This protocol permits study of the psychobiological underpinnings of binge eating and possibly also of addiction, impulsivity, and depression, which are co‐morbid with binge eating.
Binge Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Vegetable Shortening
Authors: Corwin Rebecca L. , Wojnicki Francis H.E.
Published: August 2006

In this protocol, binge‐type eating is induced in non‐food‐deprived rats by providing limited access to an optional source of dietary fat: vegetable shortening. The protocol is simple and inexpensive, and the binge behavior is robust, reliable, and maintainable across extended periods of time. Two peptides that normally affect fat intake in rats have no effect on fat intake under limited‐access conditions. However, recent results with a GABAB receptor agonist and with progressive‐ratio responding suggest that the behavior induced by the limited‐access binge protocol may share similarities with substance abuse. This protocol is designed to model the kind of excessive behavior that characterizes bingeing‐related eating disorders and certain addictions.
Characterization of Energy Expenditure in Rodents by Indirect Calorimetry
Authors: Alberts Pēteris , Johansson Bo G. , McArthur Robert A.
Published: August 2006

The need for treatment of obesity and obesity‐related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, has been intensified by the epidemic rise of obesity. Recent advances make possible continuous monitoring of metabolically relevant functions in animals to identify novel thermogenic and anorectic compounds. This unit describes non‐invasive in vivo calorimetric assessment of energy expenditure using measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, complemented by telemetric monitoring of body core temperature and locomotor activity in mice and rats. Reference compounds are used to illustrate the determination of substance‐specific parameters, such as the dose that produces the half‐maximal effect (ED50), the maximal effect, as well as the time of onset and duration of compound action. Indirect calorimetry performed at different temperatures provides information on several other well‐defined parameters, including resting metabolic rate, basal metabolic rate, lower critical temperature, temperature sensitivity, defended body temperature, and respiratory quotient.
Preparation of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extracts from Mammalian Cells
Authors: Abmayr Susan M. , Yao Tingting , Parmely Tari , Workman Jerry L.
Published: August 2006

Extracts prepared from the isolated nuclei of cultured cells have been instrumental in dissecting the mechanisms by which transcription and mRNA processing occur. These extracts are able to recapitulate accurate transcription initiation and splicing in vitro, which has been useful in direct functional studies. They also serve as the starting material for purification of proteins that can then be reassembled in functional studies or examined in more detail biochemically. This unit describes the preparation of nuclear extracts from cultured cells and optimized production of transcriptionally active extracts from HeLa cells. Additional protocols describe optimization of the method to increase the yield of specific proteins, adaptation of the method for downstream applications such as affinity purification, and preparation of the cytoplasmic (S‐100) fraction.
Lipid and Bile Acid Analysis
Authors: Argmann Carmen A. , Houten Sander M. , Champy Marie‐France , Auwerx Johan
Published: August 2006

Lipids are important body constituents that are vital for cellular, tissue, and whole‐body homeostasis. Lipids serve as crucial membrane components, constitute the body's main energy reservoir, and are important signaling molecules. As a consequence of these pleiotropic functions, many common diseases, including atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory disorders, and obesity, have been associated with altered lipid homeostasis. Lipid abnormalities are hence increasingly analyzed in mouse models. This unit describes commonly used methods to analyze mouse lipid metabolism, with techniques that evaluate lipids both in blood and in tissues. Despite the similarities between men and mice in many aspects of metabolism, important differences also exist in the area of lipid homeostasis. These differences are discussed and should be taken into account when extrapolating lipid data from mouse to men.
Intensity Calibration and Shading Correction for Fluorescence Microscopes
Authors: Model Michael A.
Published: August 2006

Standardization in image cytometry involves intensity calibration and shading correction. This unit presents a method using concentrated solutions of fluorophores. A drop of highly concentrated dye solution placed between a slide and a coverslip produces a spatially uniform fluorescent sample with reproducible quantum yield and resistance to photobleaching. The technique has a number of practical features that make it inexpensive, reproducible, and straightforward. Descriptions are given for both wide‐field and confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy.
Enzymatic Amplification of DNA by PCR: Standard Procedures and Optimization
Authors: Kramer Martha F. , Coen Donald M.
Published: August 2006

This unit describes a method for amplifying DNA enzymatically by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including procedures to quickly determine conditions for successful amplification of the sequence and primer sets of interest, and to optimize for specificity, sensitivity, and yield. The first step of PCR simply entails mixing template DNA, two appropriate oligonucleotide primers, Taq or other thermostable DNA polymerases, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), and a buffer. Once assembled, the mixture is cycled many times (usually 30) through temperatures that permit denaturation, annealing, and synthesis to exponentially amplify a product of specific size and sequence. The PCR products are then displayed on an appropriate gel and examined for yield and specificity. Recommended optimization conditions are included.
Modeling of CO2 absorber using an AMP solution
Authors: Gabrielsen Jostein , Michelsen Michael L. , Stenby Erling H. , Kontogeorgis Georgios M.
Published: August 2006

An explicit model for carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility in an aqueous solution of 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (AMP) has been proposed and an expression for the heat of absorption of CO2 has been developed as a function of loading and temperature. A rate‐based steady‐state model for CO2 absorption into an AMP solution has been proposed, using both the proposed expression for the CO2 solubility and the expression for the heat of absorption along with an expression for the enhancement factor and physicochemical data from the literature. The proposed model has successfully been applied to absorption of CO2 into an AMP solution in a packed tower and validated against pilot‐plant data from the literature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Reconsidering water scaling tendency assessment
Authors: Elfil Hamza , Hannachi Ahmed
Published: August 2006

Evaluation methods of the CaCO3 scaling risk are still far from being well understood and in many cases lack accuracy. Most of the saturation indices and models used so far for predicting scaling are based on the thermodynamic data of calcite, which is considered to be the most stable form of the different calcium carbonate varieties. However, surpassing the solubility product of anhydrous calcium carbonate forms (calcite, aragonite, and vaterite) is not sufficient to induce spontaneous precipitation. The solubility product of the CaCO3·H2O constitutes a lower limit for spontaneous germination. Based on the thermodynamic data of the monohydrate form, a novel scaling index is established and referred to as the Monohydrated form of the Langelier Scaling Index (MLSI). The ability of the MLSI to correctly predict the scaling phenomenon was verified and compared to that of the well‐known Langelier Scaling Index (LSI) for several experimental results gathered from the available literature in the scaling field. Unlike the LSI, the MLSI was able to predict the instantaneous CaCO3 precipitation in scaling water. For water in the temperature range between 25 and 60°C, a classification of scaling/equilibrium state according to MLSI values is presented. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Genomic ancestry of a sample population from the state of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Luzitano Brandão , Mendes Celso Teixeira , Wiezel Cláudia Emília Vieira , Luizon Marcelo Rizzatti , Simões Aguinaldo Luiz
Published: August 2006

Allelic frequencies of eight autosomal short‐tandem repeat (STR) loci (TH01, TPOx, CSF1PO, vWA, FES/FPS, F13A1, F13B, and CD4) were determined in 400 individuals born in the State of São Paulo. No significant deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium were found in any loci analyzed. The Unweighted Pair‐Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) tree constructed based on genetic distances revealed that the present population was grouped with Europeans, and separated from African and Amerindian populations. Estimates of admixture components based on the gene identity method revealed 79% European, 14% African, and 7% Amerindian contributions to this Brazilian population sample. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:702–705, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adrenarche and the evolution of human life history
Authors: Campbell Benjamin
Published: August 2006

Adrenarche, the prepubertal onset of adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), is a distinctive aspect of the human life course. Yet its evolutionary origins remain unexplained. Production of DHEAS is associated with the development of the zona reticularis, a novel histological layer within the adrenal gland, derived from the fetal adrenal gland, and associated with primates more generally. Evidence that DHEAS is a neurosteroid, together with the fact that increases in DHEAS parallel patterns of cortical maturation from approximately age 6 years to the mid‐20s, suggests that DHEAS may play an important role in extended brain maturation among humans. DHEAS has demonstrated effects on mood in humans, and acts at neuron receptor sites. I suggest three ways in which DHEAS may play a role in human brain maturation: 1) increasing activity of the amgydala; 2) increasing activity of the hippocampus; and 3) promoting synaptogenesis within the cortex. I propose that associated changes in fearfulness and anxiety, and memory, could act to increase social interaction with nonfamiliar individuals and shape cognitive development. Comparison with the African apes suggests that the timing of adrenarche in chimpanzees may be similar to that in humans, though the full course of age‐related changes in DHEAS and their relationship to reproductive and brain maturation are not clear. The role of DHEAS as a physiological mechanism supporting increased brain development, extended life span, and decreased sexual dimorphism is most compatible with Kaplan et al.'s(2000)theory of the evolution of human life history and intergenerational transfers. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:569–589, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive assessment of energy expenditure in children
Authors: Sarton‐Miller Isabelle
Published: August 2006

This study establishes an affordable, simple, and noninvasive method to assess energy expenditure (EE) in children, an underrepresented group. The method is based on regression modeling, where prediction of oxygen consumption (VO2), a proxy of EE, was deduced from heart rate (HR) and several variables that adjusted for interindividual variability. Limb activities (arms vs. legs) and posture (sitting vs. standing) were represented in the regression as dichotomous covariates. The order of activities and intensities was randomized. Seventy‐four children (aged 7–10 years), raised at sea‐level (Seattle, WA), comprised the sample. Anthropometric measures were taken, and VO2 and HR were measured for activities using the arms in sitting and standing positions (mixing and punching), as well as walking at different velocities on a treadmill. Repeated measures and least square regression estimation were used. HR, body mass, number of hours of physical activity per week (HPA), an interaction term between sitting and standing resting HR, and the two dichotomous variables, sex and limbs, were significant covariates; posture was not. Several equations were developed for various field uses. The equations were built from sea‐level data, but ultimately this method could serve as a baseline for developing a similar approach in other populations, where noninvasive estimation of EE is imperative in order to gain a better understanding of children's energetic issues. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:600–609, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lasker's coefficient of isonymy between and within 16 Sardinian villages in the periods 1825–1849, 1875–1899, and 1925–1949
Authors: Sanna Emanuele , Iovine Maria Chiara , Melis Marco , Floris Giovanni
Published: August 2006

Coefficients of relationship by isonymy, based on the frequency of common surnames, were used to estimate the biological affinity between (Rib) and within (Riw) 16 Sardinian villages in the periods 1825–1849, 1875–1899, and 1925–1949. The database for the surname analysis consisted of 13,515 marriages registered in the parishes of villages, all belonging to the Sardinian linguistic area. The values of Rib and Riw tend to decrease in time. In all three periods, the Rib values generally decrease as the geographical distance between villages increases. The negative values of the Bravais‐Pearson coefficient of correlation between the matrix of Rib values and the matrices of geographical distances (calculated both in a straight line and from road distances) are significant for each period (modified Mantel test), with slightly higher correlation coefficients for road distances. Moreover, the plots of isonymic relationships obtained by nonmetric multidimensional scaling for 1825–1849 and 1925–1949 show that the biological relationships between neighboring villages increase in the latter period. The positive values of the Bravais‐Pearson coefficients of correlation between Riw and altitude are significant in all three periods, while the correlation between Riw and population size is not significant, even when altitude is controlled for. Since altitude is considered an indicator of isolation, the results obtained with the coefficient of relationship by isonymy within villages also support the isolation‐by‐distance model. Rib values provided a reliable picture of the biological relationships between 16 Sardinian villages, while Riw values illustrated the biological affinity within the communities for a period of 100 years, from 1825–1849 to 1925–1949. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:621–629, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropometry and body composition do not predict bioavailable androgen or progesterone concentration in adolescent girls
Authors: Bond Lea J. , Vella Emily T. , Kiparissis Yiannis , Wynne‐Edwards Katherine E.
Published: August 2006

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that anthropometry and body composition were independently associated with sex‐steroid concentration in adolescent girls. Premenarcheal (age, mean ± SD = 10.9 ± 0.6, N = 51), perimenarcheal (age = 13.7 ± 0.6, N = 74), and postmenarcheal (age = 16.7 ± 0.6, N = 44) cohorts provided saliva at morning recess during the schoolday over 6 weeks. Estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were quantified. Age, developmental cohort, self‐reported Tanner stage of breast development and pubic‐hair distribution, gynecological age, height, weight, waist/hip ratio, and percent body fat (by impedance) were assessed. Repeated measures were reduced to a mean. Data were hierarchically standardized for sexual maturation status, and then used to predict anthropometry/percent body fat. After intensive repeated sampling, individuals still varied widely in testosterone, progesterone, and DHEA concentrations within a developmental cohort (35.0 ≤ coefficient of variation ≤ 66.5%). Individual hormone concentration was repeatable across 2 years (0.51 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.73). In spite of the variability within a cohort, there was no evidence for an association between the standardized hormone and body mass index, percent body fat, or waist/hip ratio, whether or not measures were age‐adjusted (21 univariate tests; 0.19 ≤ P ≤ 0.96). Stratification by developmental cohort also did not reveal associations. Low estradiol assay precision precluded analyses. In conclusion, despite considerable population variation in hormone concentration after repeated sampling, no evidence supported an association between anthropometry or pecent body fat and testosterone, progesterone, or DHEA in adolescent girls. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:639–653, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular change of craniofacial measures in Croatian younger adults
Authors: Buretić‐Tomljanović Alena , Ostojić Saša , Kapović Miljenko
Published: August 2006

A secular change of body height and neurocranial variables was registered in the Croatian population during the last century. We investigated the continuity of this process, and introduced facial measurements into the study. The results cover a 13‐year period, from the birth of the subjects in 1974–1986, with a gap in the period from 1977–1981. The subjects were first‐year students of the University of Rijeka School of Medicine, aged 19–21 years. Secular changes were evaluated by analysis of variance and multivariate regression analysis. A statistically significant decrease was found in head breadth, and an increase in morphological face height values, in both sexes. A significant increase of head circumference was observed in female students. The height and length of the head in both sexes displayed a slight but insignificant increase, while face breadth revealed no notable change during the investigated period. The results allow an assumption of a trend of cranial vault and face shape remodeling in our younger adult population toward a narrower vault and more elongated face, consistent with ongoing dolichocephalization. The correlation analysis revealed a low to moderate relationship of vertical and longitudinal craniofacial measures and body height, while partial correlation analysis showed facial height changes in our sample to be independent of cranial breadth changes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:668–675, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Migration matrices and surnames in populations with different isolation patterns: Val di Lima (Italian Apennines), Val di Sole (Italian Alps), and La Cabrera (Spain)
Authors: Boattini Alessio , Calboli Federico C.F. , Blanco Villegas Maria José , Gueresi Paola , Franceschi Marcello G. , Paoli Giorgio , Cavicchi Sandro , Pettener Davide
Published: August 2006

Biodemographic methods are widely used to infer the genetic structure of human populations. In this study, we revise and standardize the procedures required by the migration matrix model of Malécot ([1950] Ann Univ Lyon Sci [A] 13:37–60), testing it in large historical‐demographic databases of 85 populations from three mountain valleys with different degrees of isolation: Val di Lima (Italian Apennines, 21 parishes), Val di Sole, (Italian Alps, 27 parishes), and La Cabrera (Spain, 37 parishes). An add‐on package (Biodem) for the R program is proposed to perform all calculations. Results from migration matrices are compared with those obtained from isonymic relationships. Migration and isonymy matrices are derived from 22,781 marriage records. Matrices are analyzed using a nonlinear isolation‐by‐distance (IBD) model and multivariate techniques (multidimensional scaling, Procrustes rotation, and cluster analysis). Microdifferentiation levels (FST) from the migration data agree with the observed inbreeding values: higher values are found in La Cabrera (FST = 0.0082), the most isolated population; Val di Lima (FST = 0.0015) and Val di Sole (FST = 0.0012) have lower values due to the larger parish population sizes and greater mobility. Temporal changes of FST and IBD are analyzed using the migration matrix approach. The populations show a marked decline in FST values in time, together with increased population mobility and emigration rates. In all three valleys, marital migration and isonymy yield similar results, suggesting that geographic distance is the most important factor structuring the populations. However, isonymy shows a lower correlation with geographic distance than migration matrices do. This difference can be attributed to the differing sensitivity of the methods for past migration events, and to genetic drift. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:676–690, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Season of birth contributes to variation in university examination outcomes
Authors: Fieder Martin , Prossinger Hermann , Iber Karoline , Schaefer Katrin , Wallner Bernard , Huber Susanne
Published: August 2006

Epidemiological studies show that birth season influences a wide range of biological parameters such as growth, reproduction, mental illnesses, dyslexia, personality, and success in school. The present study is aimed at examining birth season's relationship to examination marks achieved at a university in a very large contemporary sample of male and female undergraduate students. We find that female university students born in spring and summer achieve better marks than those born in autumn and winter. Male students born in spring receive worse marks than those born in other seasons of the year. Furthermore, we find a birth‐week periodicity in examination results of female students, with highest examination results for those born in May. We suppose that biological mechanisms might explain part of the observed effects. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:714–717, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory response to endotoxin and dust predicts evidence of inflammatory response in volunteers in a swine barn
Authors: Dosman J.A. , Fukushima Y. , Senthilselvan A. , Kirychuk S.P. , Lawson J.A. , Pahwa P. , Cormier Y. , Hurst T. , Barber E.M. , Rhodes C.S.
Published: August 2006

Background

It has been shown that exposure in intense exposure in swine barn facilities is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and reduction in pulmonary functions. This study investigated if systemic response could be predicted by FEV1 response following swine barn exposure.

Methods

Naïve males were tested at baseline, low and high endotoxin and dust levels. Subjects were classified as “more responsive” (n = 9) or “less responsive” (n = 11) based on FEV1 reduction following high endotoxin exposure. Health measures included pulmonary function testing, blood samples and nasal lavage. Environmental samples were collected from the barn.

Results

White blood cells and blood lymphocytes at low exposure were significantly greater in those who were “more responsive” compared to those who were “less responsive”. There was a significant increase in blood lymphocytes, serum IL6, total nasal lavage cells and nasal IL8 at high exposure among “more responsive” subjects compared to “less responsive” subjects.

Conclusions

Respiratory response to high‐level endotoxin and dust exposure predicts evidence of inflammatory response throughout a range of endotoxin and dust exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:761–766, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decrease of arsenic in edible brown algae Hijikia fusiforme by the cooking process
Authors: Ichikawa Satoshi , Kamoshida Michiko , Hanaoka Ken'ichi , Hamano Megumi , Maitani Tamio , Kaise Toshikazu
Published: August 2006

A type of edible sea brown algae, Hijikia fusiforme, contains a high concentration of inorganic arsenic. In July 2004, the British Food Standard Agency (FSA) advised people not to eat a type of seaweed called Hijiki because it contained high levels of arsenic. We examined the removal of inorganic arsenic compounds in H. fusiforme by performing a soaking procedure with pure water, and the excretion of arsenic contained in Hijiki was investigated in mice. The total arsenic was measured by hydride generation–atomic absorption spectrometry (HG‐AAS), and the speciation analysis of arsenic was monitored by high‐performance liquid chromatograph coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP‐MS). It was observed that 28.2–58.8% (w/w) of the total arsenic in edible alga H. fusiforme was eluted with water, and 49.3–60.5% (w/w) of arsenic in the residue of Hijiki was dissolved by cooking. Thus, 88.7–91.5% (w/w) of arsenic in Hijiki is removable by the cooking process. When Hijiki was given to mice, dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) was mainly metabolized in urine. It became evident that soaking with water and cooking are effective for removing arsenic in edible brown algae. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral arsinic acid esters revealed by proton NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Nakamiya Kunichika , Nakayama Takashi , Edmonds John S. , Morita Masatoshi
Published: August 2006

The unsymmetrically substituted arsinic acid ethylphenylarsinic acid, when dissolved in methanol‐d4 or ethanol‐d6, formed esters in which the chiral nature of the arsenic atom was clearly revealed by the diastereotopicity and resulting anisochrony of the protons of the methylene component of the ethyl group attached to arsenic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of degradation compounds derived from Lewisite by high performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Kinoshita Kenji , Shikino Ozamu , Seto Yasuo , Kaise Toshikazu
Published: August 2006

A method for determination of 2‐chlorovinylarsenous acid (CVAA) and 2‐chlorovinylarsonic acid (CVAOA), which are degradation compounds of the chemical warfare agent Lewisite, was examined by high‐performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP‐MS). Inertsil C8 was suitable as the column and the mobile phase was consisted of 0.1% formic acid‐acetonitrile (80:20). These compounds were detected sensitively in a short time and separated from inorganic arsenicals and diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) and phenylarsonic acid (PAA), which are degradation compounds of diphenylchloroarsine and phenyldichloroarsine, respectively. The detection limits of CVAA and CVAOA were 0.2 and 0.1 ngAs/ml, respectively. In addition, a dynamic reaction cell and oxygen as the reaction gas were applied, and then arsenic was detected as AsO+ (m/z 91) in order to prevent interference by ArCl+ (m/z 75). This method was applied to the analysis of urine obtained from a CVAA‐administered mouse and CVAOA was detected as the main metabolite. Thus, the speciation analysis of arsenic compounds derived from chemical warfare agents was achieved by HPLC/ICP‐MS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of ceria–zirconia mixed oxide from cerium and zirconium glycolates via sol–gel process and its reduction property
Authors: Rumruangwong M. , Wongkasemjit S.
Published: August 2006

Ceria–zirconia mixed oxide was successfully synthesized via the sol–gel process at ambient temperature, followed by calcination at 500, 700 and 900 °C. The synthesis parameters, such as alkoxide concentration, aging time and heating temperature, were studied to obtain the most uniform and remarkably high‐surface‐area cubic‐phase mixed oxides. The thermal stability of both oxides was enhanced by mutual substitution. Surface areas of the CexZr1−xO2powders were improved by increasing ceria content, and their thermal stability was increased by the incorporation of ZrO2. The most stable cubic‐phase solid solutions were obtained in the Ce range above 50 mol%. The highest surface area was obtained from the mixed catalyst containing a ceria content of 90 mol% (200 m2/g). Temperature programmed reduction results show that increasing the amount of Zr in the mixed oxides results in a decrease in the reduction temperature, and that the splitting of the support reduction process into two peaks depends on CeO2content. The CO oxidation activity of samples was found to be related to its composition. The activity of catalysts for this reaction decreased with a decrease in Zr amount in cubic phase catalysts. Ce6Zr4O2exhibited the highest activity for CO oxidation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent methodologies mediated by sodium borohydride in the reduction of different classes of compounds
Authors: Nora de Souza Marcus Vinícius , Alves Vasconcelos Thatyana Rocha
Published: August 2006

Reduction is a fundamental transformation in organic synthesis. Since its discovery by Brown and co‐workers, sodium borohydride is the most frequently hydride used in reduction processes. Owing to the importance of this reagent in modern organic synthesis, the aim of this review is to highlight recent methodologies (2000–2006) mediated by sodium borohydride in the reduction of different classes of compounds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐occurrence matrices and their applications in information science: Extending ACA to the Web environment
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Vaughan Liwen
Published: August 2006

Co‐occurrence matrices, such as cocitation, coword, and colink matrices, have been used widely in the information sciences. However, confusion and controversy have hindered the proper statistical analysis of these data. The underlying problem, in our opinion, involved understanding the nature of various types of matrices. This article discusses the difference between a symmetrical cocitation matrix and an asymmetrical citation matrix as well as the appropriate statistical techniques that can be applied to each of these matrices, respectively. Similarity measures (such as the Pearson correlation coefficient or the cosine) should not be applied to the symmetrical cocitation matrix but can be applied to the asymmetrical citation matrix to derive the proximity matrix. The argument is illustrated with examples. The study then extends the application of co‐occurrence matrices to the Web environment, in which the nature of the available data and thus data collection methods are different from those of traditional databases such as the Science Citation Index. A set of data collected with the Google Scholar search engine is analyzed by using both the traditional methods of multivariate analysis and the new visualization software Pajek, which is based on social network analysis and graph theory.
Extracting link chains of relationship instances from a Web site
Authors: Naing Myo‐Myo , Lim Ee‐Peng , Chiang Roger H.L.
Published: August 2006

Web pages from a Web site can often be associated with concepts in an ontology, and pairs of Web pages also can be associated with relationships between concepts. With such associations, the Web site can be searched, browsed, or even reorganized based on the concept and relationship labels of its Web pages. In this article, we study the link chain extraction problem that is critical to the extraction of Web pages that are related. A link chain is an ordered list of anchor elements linking two Web pages related by some semantic relationship. We propose a link chain extraction method that derives extraction rules for identifying the anchor elements forming the link chains. We applied the proposed method to two well‐structured Web sites and found that its performance in terms of precision and recall is good, even with a small number of training examples.
A reference model for user‐system interaction in thesaurus‐based searching
Authors: Blocks Dorothee , Cunliffe Daniel , Tudhope Douglas
Published: August 2006

The authors present a model of information searching in thesaurus‐enhanced search systems, intended as a reference model for system developers. The model focuses on user‐system interaction and charts the specific stages of searching an indexed collection with a thesaurus. It was developed based on literature, findings from empirical studies, and analysis of existing systems. The model describes in detail the entities, processes, and decisions when interacting with a search system augmented with a thesaurus. A basic search scenario illustrates this process through the model. Graphical and textual depictions of the model are complemented by a concise matrix representation for evaluation purposes. Potential problems at different stages of the search process are discussed, together with possibilities for system developers. The aim is to set out a framework of processes, decisions, and risks involved in thesaurus‐based search, within which system developers can consider potential avenues for support.
A Myoglobin Functional Model Composed of a Ferrous Porphyrin and a Cyclodextrin Dimer with an Imidazole Linker
Authors: Kano Koji , Kitagishi Hiroaki , Mabuchi Takahiro , Kodera Masahito , Hirota Shun
Published: August 2006

A 1:1 inclusion complex (FeIIPImCD) of 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis‐ (4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(II) (FeIIP) and an O‐methylated β‐cyclodextrin dimer with an imidazole linker (ImCD) was found to bind dioxygen in aqueous solution. The half‐saturation pressure of dioxygen (P1/2O2) is 1.7 torr at 25 °C, which is 10 times lower than that for a previous myoglobin functional model (hemoCD) with a pyridine linker. Meanwhile, the half‐life of oxygenated FeIIPImCD is 3 h, which is 10 times shorter than that of oxygenated hemoCD. The covering of the iron(II) center by a microscopic environment is essential for preventing autoxidation of oxygenated ferrous porphyrin, which is promoted by nucleophilic attack of H2O and/or nucleophiles such as inorganic anions. Due to structural requirements, covering of the FeII center of FeIIPImCD is insufficient compared with the case of hemoCD. As a result, water molecules can penetrate more easily the cleft of the O2–FeIIPImCD complex and act as an autoxidation inducer. This structure also causes poorer selectivity against carbon monoxide (M=1040). In contrast, the dioxygen affinity of FeIIPImCD is much higher than that of hemoCD because the imidazole moiety is a stronger electron donor than pyridine.
Identification of Potent, Selective Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Based on a Phorbol Skeleton
Authors: Yamatsugu Kenzo , Motoki Rie , Kanai Motomu , Shibasaki Masakatsu
Published: August 2006

The elucidation of specific functions of protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes in physiological processes is an important challenge for the future development of new drug targets. Subtype‐selective PKC agonists and antagonists are useful biological tools for this purpose. Most of the currently used PKC modulators elicit their activities through binding to the ATP binding site of PKC, which shares many features with other kinases. PKC modulators that target the PKC regulatory domain are considered to be advantageous in terms of selectivity, because the structure of the regulatory domain is intrinsic to each PKC subtype. In this paper, we describe the identification of new potent and conventional PKC‐selective inhibitors that target the regulatory domain. The inhibitors contain a phorbol skeleton, a naturally occurring potent and selective PKC regulatory domain binder, with a perfluorinated alkyl group and a polyether hydrophilic chain on a terephthaloyl aromatic ring at the C12 position. Both of these substituents are essential for the potent inhibitory activity. Specifically, the binding affinity between PKC and the phorbol ester analogues was improved by an electron‐deficient aromatic ring at C12. This finding cannot be explained by the previously proposed binding model and suggests a new binding mode between phorbol esters and PKC.
Heterogenous telescope networks: An introduction
Authors: Naylor T. , Allan A. , Steele I. A.
Published: August 2006

The first Heterogenous Telescopes Network (HTN) conference was held in July 2005. It aimed to bring together software developers, observatory staff and science users with the objective of defining the how and why of developing new ways of doing astronomical observing using geographically distributed and differently instrumented and operated telescopes. The papers included in this volume arise from that conference. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Remote Telescope Markup Language (RTML)
Authors: Hessman F. V.
Published: August 2006

Remote Telescope Markup Language (RTML) is an XML‐based document format for the generic description of astronomical observation requests. The latest versions (3.x) constitute a substantial modification of the previous published standard (RTML 2.1), incorporating a highly restructured syntax and many new features necessary in order to permit the use of RTML to organize and operate heterogeneous networks of telescopes with complex instruments and to assist both the users and the servers in the preparation, modification, and execution of remote observing requests. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thinking telescopes and the future astronomical Meta‐Network
Authors: White R. R. , Evans S. M. , Vestrand W. T. , Warren M. S. , Wren J. A. , Wozniak P. R.
Published: August 2006

In 2002, the RAPid Telescopes for Optical Response (RAPTOR) project pushed the envelope of automated astronomy by becoming the first fully autonomous closedloop robotic telescope. Deployment required a fast, efficient, and reliable network technology to perform the collaborative, synchronized observations and the Telescope ALert Operation Network System (TALONS) was engineered to meet this goal. It was soon realized that the telescope systems mandate could be expanded to include monitoring the sky for anomalous and interesting behaviors in persistent sources rather than focusing on only optical transients and GRB follow‐ups. But to achieve this goal we would need to make this system think and that would require the merging of the robotic telescopes assets with new technologies. The binding thread between the new technologies and RAPTOR would be an enhanced TALONS astronomical network. We have now seen that any isolated telescope system can deliver good science, but if it could cooperatively operate with a network of other telescope assets it could increase the likelihood of great science. While using the internet for communicating between distributed astronomical systems is still in its infancy, it already shows great potential (White et al. 2004) and the varied architectural techniques available offer operators great flexibility to meet their local needs and to meet a goal of greater interconnectivity. In this paper we will present the evolution of RAPTOR and TALONS into a thinking telescope system and how that effort highlights the process of designing and engineering a meta‐network to meet the goal of greater interconnectivity in the astronomical community. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scheduling for Robonet‐1 homogenous telescope network
Authors: Fraser S. N.
Published: August 2006

The Robonet‐1 homogenous telescope network consists of 3 fully robotic 2 m class telescopes. I describe how the observation requests submitted by external users and automated user agents are selected for observation by the individual telescope schedulers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metrics for agent observers
Authors: Saunders E. S. , Naylor T. , Allan A.
Published: August 2006

We present two metrics (utility functions based on observational requirements) for specifying agent behaviour in the eSTAR autonomous observing system. Together, these metrics provide an agent with tools to analyse the phase coverage and interconnectivity properties of partial datasets, and to modify the subsequent observing strategy in order to fulfill the astronomical constraints expressed by the astronomer. We discuss the behaviour of the metrics for evenly sampled and randomly sampled datasets, and present a use case that demonstrates how the metrics could be applied in an agent‐based observing scenario. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
System aspects of the EUDOXOS observatories network
Authors: Solomos N. H. , Georgatos F.
Published: August 2006

The networking architecture of the EUDOXOS' robotic telescopes is presented. We have studied adopted and tested various software & hardware approaches for developing an observational facility equipped with the very high availability needed to achieve continuous operation, inherent capacity for effective multiuser support, fully robotic unattended operation, fast response to targets of opportunity and accommodation of tele‐operating instruments. Critical practical aspects and considerations of our operating implementation as well as the main points of an ongoing upgrade initiative expected to be of general interest, are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)