bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Framework for intake simulation of functional ingredients
Authors: Kloosterman Janneke , Bakker Martine I , de Jong Nynke , Ocké Marga C
Published: July 2007

Objective

To create a general framework for the simulation of intakes from mandatory or voluntary fortification, which will make outcomes of simulation studies more comparable and give insight on uncertainties.

Design

A general framework was developed based on methods used in already published case studies of mandatory fortification. The framework was extended to be suitable for the simulation of voluntary fortification. Case studies of folic acid fortification were used to illustrate the general framework.

Results

The developed framework consists of six steps. First, the definition of the fortification strategy (step 1), followed by the identification of potential carrier products (step 2), and the definition of fortification levels or ranges (step 3). Thereafter, virtual food/supplement composition data are created (step 4) and food/supplement consumption data are required (step 5). Finally, the intake of the functional ingredient from functional foods, other foods and dietary supplements is calculated during the simulation resulting in total habitual intake distributions (step 6).

Conclusions

Simulation of both mandatory and voluntary folic acid fortification in The Netherlands showed that the general framework is applicable. Also with incomplete data or data from different sources, the (habitual) intake distributions can be estimated using assumptions, statistical procedures or probabilistic modelling approaches. It is important that the simulation procedure is described well, so that an insight on uncertainties and knowledge gaps to be filled is given.
Magnetic activity linked generation of nighttime equatorial spread F irregularities
Authors: Kakad B. , Jeeva K. , Nair K. U. , Bhattacharyya A.
Published: July 2007

Results derived from a statistical study of the generation of equatorial spread F (ESF) irregularities as a result of magnetic activity based on spaced receiver ionospheric scintillation data recorded at a dip equatorial station is reported here. For a study of this nature it is essential to establish whether the observed scintillations are caused by freshly generated irregularities or by irregularities generated earlier, which later drift onto the signal path. It has been observed in the past that the maximum cross‐correlation between the spaced receiver signals is significantly less than 1 during the initial phase of development of ESF irregularities due to the presence of perturbation electric fields associated with the Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instability that produces equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs), whereas in the later phase, when these perturbation electric fields die down, the correlation between the two signals increases rapidly. This feature is used in the present study to identify freshly generated ESF irregularities associated with EPBs using spaced receiver scintillation data. Magnetically disturbed days are chosen by using three hourly geomagnetic activity index ap, daily index Ap, and also AE index to study the cases of prompt penetration of high‐latitude electric field to the equatorial ionosphere. Disturbed time statistical occurrence pattern of freshly generated irregularities shows seasonal variation for all three types of magnetic disturbances: disturbance dynamo, prompt penetration, combination of disturbance dynamo and prompt penetration. However, it is found that fresh generation of the irregularities due to magnetic activity is most likely to occur around midnight hours in all seasons. Suppression of generation of irregularities immediately after sunset due to inhibition of the growth of the R‐T instability on the bottomside of the equatorial F region is clearly seen in vernal equinox (March and April) and solstice months but is not observed for autumnal equinox (September and October).
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves instability threshold condition of suprathermal protons by kappa distribution
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Zhou Qinghua , He Huiyong , Zheng Huinan , Wang Shui
Published: July 2007

The well‐known generalized Lorentzian (kappa) distribution generally provides a good representation for the high‐energy tail population of natural cosmic suprathermal plasmas. In this study we examine the electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (EMIC) instability driven by the temperature anisotropy condition (T⊥/T∥ > 1) of suprathermal protons modeled with a typical kappa distribution in a cold multispecies plasma (electron, H+, He+, and O+). Since the EMIC wave instability is found to be significant typically above the O+ band, we apply a linear theory to study the instability threshold condition for the He+ and H+ bands particularly around the geostationary orbit. The instability threshold condition, as in the case for a regular bi‐Maxwellian, is found to follow a typical form T⊥/T∥ − 1 = S/β∥α, with higher values in the He+ band than those in the H+ band in the case of the strong wave instability owing to a lower maximum wave growth in the He+ band. As the spectral index κ increases, the instability threshold condition generally decreases and tends to the lowest limiting values of the bi‐Maxwellian, since the evaluation by the bi‐Maxwellian generally overestimates the maximum wave growth. The densities of the cold components (particularly protons) have impacts on the threshold condition primarily in the H+ band, with a higher density of cold protons leading to a lower value of the threshold condition. The results above may further reveal the nature of this instability threshold condition for the EMIC waves in any other space plasmas where an anisotropic suprathermal ion component and cold multicomponents are present together.
The initial coalescence of miscible drops
Authors: Thoroddsen S. T. , Qian B. , Etoh T. G. , Takehara K.
Published: July 2007

When two drops of different miscible liquids are brought into contact, their coalescence speed is governed by the liquid having the weaker surface tension. Marangoni waves propagate along the drop with the stronger surface tension. We present surface profiles and propagation speeds of these waves, from experiments with a pendent water drop coalescing with a flat ethanol surface or with a sessile drop of ethanol. We find in the former case that the capillary-Marangoni waves along the water drop show self-similar character when measured in terms of arc length along the original surface. The coalescence of two liquids of different viscosities is also studied. For large viscosity difference, mobility is confined to the lower viscosity fluid and a sharp corner forms where the two liquids meet along the free surface. The coalescence speed of a water drop with a much more viscous liquid is nearly independent of the strength of the viscosity difference.
Multiresolution wavelet analysis of integer scale Bessel functions
Authors: Albeverio S. , Jorgensen P. E. T. , Paolucci A. M.
Published: July 2007

We identify multiresolution subspaces giving rise via Hankel transforms to Bessel functions. They emerge as orthogonal systems derived from geometric Hilbert-space considerations, the same way the wavelet functions from a multiresolution scaling wavelet construction arise from a scale of Hilbert spaces. We study the theory of representations of the C*-algebra Oν+1 arising from this multiresolution analysis. A connection with Markov chains and representations of Oν+1 is found. Projection valued measures arising from the multiresolution analysis give rise to a Markov trace for the quantum groups SOq.
Domain structure and magnetic anisotropy fluctuations in (Ga,Mn)As: Effect of annealing
Authors: Dourlat A. , Jeudy V. , Testelin C. , Bernardot F. , Khazen K. , Gourdon C. , Thevenard L. , Largeau L. , Mauguin O. , Lemaître A.
Published: July 2007

We investigate the effect of postgrowth annealing on the magnetic domain structure and magnetization reversal process of (Ga,Mn)As epilayers grown with tensile strain on a (Ga,In)As buffer. In the case of perpendicular magnetic easy axis, annealing drastically changes the domain structure observed at magnetization reversal. In as-grown samples, strongly anisotropic domain growth is observed. Dendriticlike domain expansion with guided branching along the ⟨110⟩ directions results in a gridlike pattern. This is tentatively attributed to spatial fluctuations of the uniaxial anisotropy constant, correlated with the crosshatch pattern. In annealed samples, domain wall motion is much more isotropic, which likely results from a decrease of the relative amplitude of the uniaxial anisotropy fluctuations with increasing carrier density. However, domain wall motion is impeded by linear or slightly curved defects, hundreds of micrometers long, and pointlike pinning centers. The density of nucleation centers for magnetization reversal strongly decreases upon annealing.
Ink-jet printed ZnO nanowire field effect transistors
Authors: Noh Yong-Young , Cheng Xiaoyang , Sirringhaus Henning , Sohn Jung Inn , Welland Mark E. , Kang Dae Joon
Published: July 2007

Semiconducting nanowires provide routes for realizing high-performance electronic devices, but for many applications of such devices low-cost manufacturing techniques are needed. The authors demonstrate here top-gated zinc oxide nanowire field effect transistors (NW-FETs) fabricated by ink-jet printing. High resolution submicrometer gold gaps between source and drain electrodes were defined by a self-aligned ink-jet printing technique, and the nanowires were deposited from solution onto these electrode arrays and gated from the top using a spin-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) gate dielectric. The typical NW-FETs exhibited a mobility of 2–4cm2∕Vs, a current on/off ratio of 104, and a transconductance of 20.5nS. The process provides a pathway for fabrication of NW-FETs by low-cost, large-area solution processing and direct printing techniques.
Measurement of carrier lifetime and interface recombination velocity in Si–Ge waveguides
Authors: Trita A. , Cristiani I. , Degiorgio V. , Chrastina D. , von Känel H.
Published: July 2007

The carrier lifetime in Si1−xGex planar waveguides with Si cladding was measured as a function of layer thickness d and Ge concentration x by using an optical pump-and-probe technique. The measured lifetimes are in the range of 20–90ns. The obtained interface recombination velocity S increases with both d and x, taking values in the range from 300to4000cm∕s.
Perinatal wool follicle attrition coincides with elevated perinatal circulating cortisol concentration in Merino sheep
Authors: Thompson A. C. Toland , Hebart M. L. , Penno N. M. , Hynd P. I.
Published: July 2007

The development of the follicle population in Merino sheep skin was studied from 30 days pre-partum to 112 days post-partum in single- and twin-born Merino lambs. The total number of primary follicles estimated from primary follicle density and skin surface area did not change over this period, while secondary follicle number increased to Day 28 post-partum in singles and Day 56 post-partum in twins. Twins had 14% fewer total follicles than singletons (P < 0.001), largely reflecting a bodyweight (hence estimated skin surface area) difference of 10%, with little difference in total follicle density (P > 0.05). Immediately post-partum there was a 36% decrease (P < 0.0001) in the secondary to primary follicle ratio (S/P) of the twin lambs, while a small non-significant decrease (7%; P > 0.05) occurred in the single lambs. This attrition coincided with a surge in plasma cortisol concentration that commenced ~12 days before birth and persisted for 6–12 days post-partum. The surge in plasma cortisol concentration occurred in both single and twin lambs, commencing on Day 138 of gestation; however, the peak cortisol concentration and the period over which cortisol remained elevated was greater in twin lambs than in singletons (P < 0.001). This study confirms a previous finding of a perinatal reduction in S/P ratio in Merino sheep. The reduction was greater in twin lambs than in singletons but the follicles of twins recovered rapidly so that there was little difference in final S/P ratio between birth types after Day 30 post-partum. The postnatal follicle reduction followed the perinatal surge in plasma cortisol concentration and appeared to reflect the magnitude of the cortisol surge in that twins, which displayed a higher peak cortisol concentration, had a greater reduction in active follicles than singletons.
Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment in Phalaris aquatica populations developed by divergent selection for panicle shattering and seed retention
Authors: Kelman W. M. , Culvenor R. A.
Published: July 2007

Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) is a valuable perennial grass for grazing and land-care purposes in south-eastern Australia. Population survival is predominantly by clonal spread, whereas seedling recruitment is limited by low longevity in the seedbank, ant seed harvesting, and competition from other species. We examined the possibility that breeding and selection could alter the seed dispersal pattern of phalaris, and that this change would result in an increase in seedling recruitment under reduced competition created by grazing. Using 3 phalaris populations with contrasting degrees of panicle shattering and seed retention, and the commercial cultivar, Holdfast, seed dispersal, seedling emergence, and plant establishment were followed over 3 years at a field site near Canberra, ACT. In 2 of the years, half the experimental area was grazed intensively by sheep for a 4-day period after seed dispersal in early autumn. Consistent differences in the timing of seed dispersal were demonstrated between the early, free seed dispersal of the panicle shattering/non-seed-retaining population and the more prolonged seed dispersal of the seed-retaining populations. The 2 seed-retaining populations had greater seedling emergence and recruitment than cv. Holdfast, but did not attain emergence or recruitment levels of the non-seed-retaining population, possibly because of poorer seed–soil contact. Averaged over populations, more seedlings emerged in the grazed than in the ungrazed area, but the number of established plants at the end of the experiment was similar in the 2 areas. Emerged seedlings were 1–2% of the seed rain in each season, but the proportion of established plants at the end of the third season was less than 0.1% of the seed rain in the third season and 3–5% of the number of seedlings that emerged in the 2 previous years. Final recruitment levels were 1–4 established plants/m2. The study confirmed that selection in phalaris populations can produce plants with a more prolonged seed dispersal period, and thus greater potential for seedling recruitment than current seed-retaining cultivars The work suggested that recruitment, while low, has a potential role in the persistence of phalaris pastures, but management of the established pasture base remains the most effective means of maintaining population persistence under commercial grazing.
Crystal structure of the GINS complex and functional insights into its role in DNA replication
Authors: Chang Y. Paul , Wang Ganggang , Bermudez Vladimir , Hurwitz Jerard , Chen Xiaojiang S.
Published: July 2007

The GINS complex, which contains the four subunits Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, and Psf3, is essential for both the initiation and progression of DNA replication in eukaryotes. GINS associates with the MCM2-7 complex and Cdc45 to activate the eukaryotic minichromosome maintenance helicase. It also appears to interact with and stimulate the polymerase activities of DNA polymerase ε and the DNA polymerase α-primase complex. To further understand the functional role of GINS, we determined the crystal structure of the full-length human GINS heterotetramer. Each of the four subunits has a major domain composed of an α-helical bundle-like structure. With the exception of Psf1, each of the other subunits has a small domain containing a three-stranded β-sheet core. Each full-length protein in the crystal has unstructured regions that are all located on the surface of GINS and are probably involved in its interaction with other replication factors. The four subunits contact each other mainly through α-helices to form a ring-like tetramer with a central pore. This pore is partially plugged by a 16-residue peptide from the Psf3 N terminus, which is unique to some eukaryotic Psf3 proteins and is not required for tetramer formation. Removal of these N-terminal 16 residues of Psf3 from the GINS tetramer increases the opening of the pore by 80%, suggesting a mechanism by which accessibility to the pore may be regulated. The structural data presented here indicate that the GINS tetramer is a highly stable complex with multiple flexible surface regions.
Review Dialogue
Authors: Bennett Neville , Rutter Michael
Published: July 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

Fifteen Thousand Hours: secondary schools and their effects on children M. RUTTER, B. MAUGHAN, P. MORTIMORE & J. OUSTON, 1979, London, Open Books, 279 pp., £3.50 (paperback)
Defining and Choosing Us against the Other: Book Reviews
Authors: MARTIN JANE
Published: July 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

Gender and Management Issues in Education: an international perspective Pat Drake & Patricia Owen

Schooling Sexualities Debbie Epstein & Richard Johnson

Assimilating Identities. Racism and Educational Policy in Post 1945 Britain Ian Grosvenor

Answering Back: girls, boys and feminism in schools Jane Kenway, Sue Willis With Jill Blackmore & Leonie Rennie

Bilingual Education: teachers' narratives Nancy Lemburger

Educating Muslim Girls: shifting discourses Kaye Haw with contributions from Saeeda Shah & Maria Hanifa

Class Work: mothers' involvement in their children's primary schooling Diane Reay

International Perspectives on the Design of Technology‐supported Learning Environments Stella Vosniadou, Erik De Corte, Robert Glaser & Heinz Mandl (Eds)

Acting in Classroom Drama: a critical analysis Gavin Bolton

Forces Series: Science Processes and Concept Exploration: the SPACE research reports Liverpool, Liverpool University Press. T. Russell, L. Mcguigan & A. Hughes
Reviews
Authors: Nixson Fred
Published: July 2007

The Political Economy of Underdevelopmentby Tamas Szentes, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, 1971.
Reviews
Authors: Davidson Basil , Turshen Meredeth , Allen Chris
Published: July 2007

ABAAR: The Somali Droughtedited by I.M. Lewis, International African Institute: Emergency Report No. 1: February 1975.

Qui se nourrit de la famine en Afrique?Le dossier politique de la faim au sahel. Comité information sahel, François Maspero, Paris, 1974

Pastoral Nomads and Development: a select annotated bibliographyby Clare Oxby, London: International African Institute Environment Review Unit, 1975, 35pp (bilingual, English and French)
Reviews
Authors: Southa11 Tony , Crisp Jeff , Shenton Bob
Published: July 2007

Class, Power and Ideology in Ghana: the Railwaymen of Sekondi,by Richard Jeffries, (Cambridge University Press, 1978). £10.50.

Colonialism and Underdevelopment in Ghana,by Rhoda Howard, (London 1978), 231pp, bibliography, index.

British Business and Independence,by Josephine F. Milburn, (C. Hurst, Ixmdon, 1977), 125pp, notes, index.
Reviews
Authors: Wallace Tina , Cohen Robin
Published: July 2007

Mark Duffield, Maiurno: Capitalism and Rural Life in Sudan(Ithaca Press, London, 1980).

Bernard Magubane and Nzongola‐Ntalaja (eds.) Proletarianisation and Class Struggle in Africa(San Francisco: Synthesis Publications, 1983).
Reviews
Authors: Hiwet Addis , Gurnah Ahmed , Allen Chris , Williams Gavin
Published: July 2007

Whither Paradigm?

Sub‐Saharan Africa,Chris Allen and Gavin Williams, eds. (Macmillan Press, London, 1982), p.217. Hb. £10, pb £3.95.
Reviews
Authors: Curtis Fred , Moore Dave , Naanen Ben
Published: July 2007

Electricity, Industry and Class in South Africa and Class in South Africaby Renfrew Christie, (Albany, State University of New York Press, 1984), 241pp.

Zimbabwe: A Revolution That Lost Its Way?Andre Astrow, (Zed Press, London 1983), xv, 254pp with bibliography, index, appendix.

The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800by Bill Freund (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 1984, 357pp.
Reviews
Authors: Seekings Jeremy , Southall Roger , Muthien Yvonne G.
Published: July 2007

After Soweto: An Unfinished Journeyby John D. Brewer, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 444pp.

Endgame in South Africa? The Changing Structures and Ideologies of Apartheidby Robin Cohen, (London: James Currey/UNESCO, 1986), 105pp.

South Africa: Time of Agony, Time of Destiny: The Upsurge of Popular Protestby Martin Murray, (London: Verso, 1987), 492pp.

The Crisis in South Africaby John Saul and Stephen Gelb, (second revised edition, London: Zed, 1986), 245pp.

The Political Economy of Modern South Africaby Alf Stadler (David Philip, Cape Town and Johannesburg; Croom Helm, London). 1987

Capitalism and Apartheid: South Africa, 1910–84,by Merle Lipton (Gower Publishing Co) 1985, xi, 448pp. (paperback : Wildwood House, 1986, 472pp.)
Reviews
Authors: Haworth Nigel , Roberts Pepe , Akram‐Lodhl A.
                      Haroon , Aldoo Akwasi
Published: July 2007

Building Tomorrow Today: African Workers in Trade Unions, 1970–1984by Steven Friedman (Ravan Press, Johannesberg, 1987), ISBN 86975 2871, price R21.

The Dynamics of Productive Relationships: African Share Contracts in Comparative Perspectiveby A.F. Robertson (Cambridge University Press, 1987), xx + 321pp. 25hb; ISBN 0 521 32834 9

The Development of Capitalism in Africaby John Sender and Sheila Smith (London, Methuen, 1986), xi + 177 pp. ISBN O416–37730–0 pb.

Africa: Perspective on Peace and Developmentedited by Emmanuel Hansen (London: Zed Press, and Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1987) 237 pp.
Book reviews
Authors: Elson Diane
Published: July 2007

Structural Adjustment in Africa by Bonnie K.Campbell and John Loxley (eds),Macmillan: London, 1989.
Book reviews
Authors: Bujra Janet , Love Roy , Love Roy
Published: July 2007

Tanzania Gender Networking Programme: Gender Profile of Tanzania
(TGNP, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1993).

Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory

byFrans J. Schuurman (ed), Zed Books, London 1993.

African Perspectives on Development: Controversies, Dilemmas and Openings

byUlf Himmelstrand, Kabiru Kinyanjui, Edward Mburugu (eds), James Currey, London 1994.
Book reviews
Authors: Oxby Claire , Grantham Phil
Published: July 2007

Touaregs: Voix solitaires sous l'horizon confisqui(1996), by Hélène and Hawad Claudot‐Hawad (eds.), Ethnies Document no. 20–21, Paris: Peuples autochtones et développement in association with Survival International (France), 256pp., price 120F, ISSN 0295–9151, ISBN 2912114–00–4.
Alcohol and Drug Problems: A Paradigm for Community Medicine*
Authors: Webster Ian W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The problems of drug use offer an excellent paradigm of community medicine in relation to the health of the community and the health needs of individuals with alcohol and drug related problems. Community health is seen here to be a social rather than a technological issue. Despite rising expenditure on health care, certain groups, including the drug dependent, are being neglected. The problems of defining who has a drug problem, the optimum time, method and place of intervention in the problem and the effectiveness of the intervention are canvassed.
Chemicals and the Law — Retribution or Rehabilitation?*
Authors: Skene Loane
Published: July 2007

Recent research indicates that there is a far higher incidence of alcoholism and drug dependence among criminal offenders than among the general population. Also, many criminal offenders have taken alcohol, other drugs, or both, before committing the offence in question. Alcoholic and drug addicted offenders are more likely to reoffend. This paper describes and assesses the effectiveness of various legislation and sentencing options for dealing with such offenders. Modern drink‐driving legislation is based largely on retribution — improving the detection and prosecution of offenders and imposing increasingly heavier penalties. Alternatively, court‐induced treatment programmes, such as that available under section 13 of the Victorian Alcoholics and Drug Dependent Persons Act, focus on rehabilitation. The effectiveness of both types of legislation is considered, with reference to recent road accident and offence statistics and the attendance rate for treatment of section 13 clients. It is ultimately suggested that the most effective disposition for alcoholic and drug dependent offenders is not based solely on either retribution or rehabilitation, but on a balance of the two.
Aids and IV Drug Users: the Situation in Australia
Authors: Arachne Jim , Ball Andrew
Published: July 2007

Many people believe that AIDS is not a problem for IV drug users in Australia. Yet, overseas evidence clearly shows that it will be. Early in 1985, infection with AIDS‐related retro‐virus (ARV) among Australian users was apparent. Sharing of needles and syringes is a high risk practice and is common within the IV drug using community. It appears that IV drug users are at a significantly greater risk of ARV infection than other groups. The issues associated with AIDS and IV drug use are many and complex. AIDS will become a major issue for drug and alcohol workers in the near future.
Drug Education
Authors: Rankin D.W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: A history of drug education in Australia from 1970 to the present day is outlined. The major issues considered are the goals of drug education, the appropriate target groups, the form it should take, whose responsibility it is, when it should take place, and how it should be evaluated.
Communication Barriers and the Mystification of Drug Effects
Authors: Keiner G. Elly
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The value of communication in the prevention and treatment of drug misuse is considered. The need to give meaning to one's life is depicted as being crucial to normal development, while in addicts, the drug often replaces the human interactions which they find so difficult to establish. A model of subjective reality is outlined and discussed.
Drugs, Alcohol and Crime: A Response to M. Goode
Authors: Skene Loane
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Matthew Goode argued in this journal last year that grossly intoxicated people who commit criminal acts should be treated in the same way as other offenders. If they can not be proved, beyond reasonable doubt, to have acted consciously, voluntarily and with the mental element required to be proved for the offence charged, then they should be acquitted. The law generally does not impose criminal liability in the absence of fault and it makes no difference that the lack of voluntariness or intention arose from self‐induced intoxication. This is indeed the law in the common law states of Australia and Goode believes that it is right and should not be changed or modified. This article examines Goode's arguments, challenges some of his assertions and suggests that he is unduly sanguine in concluding that no change is necessary. It is the present writer's view that a new statutory offence should be created to deal with offenders who are acquitted of criminal offences because their gross intoxication ‘negatived’ the mental element of the principal offence charged.
Governing Images and Self‐Control: A Comment on Drew's “Beyond the Disease Concept of Addiction”
Authors: Room Robin
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Critical reconsiderations of the policy implications of the disease concept of addictions have been produced over the last twenty‐five years. One widely adopted approach, drawing on psychiatric traditions, has been that of the alcohol dependence syndrome. Other approaches have substituted new governing images, such as Drew's ‘way of life leading to predicaments’ model, which gives primacy to individual free will. This model is morally based and consistent with much current treatment practice, which is based on the premise that the addict is responsible for his behaviour. By retaining faith in the usefulness of treatment, the model presents a potential contradiction, namely that self control can be learnt by external control. Policy implications and broader cultural considerations of the model need to be canvassed.
Take a Walk around the Octagon—Looking for a Model to Replace the Disease Concept
Authors: O'Hagan John J.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The disease concept of drug misuse is considered to have been superseded. An eight‐faceted model is presented to replace it, the facets representing the injurious agent; genetic vulnerability; physical and mental complications; the psychiatric perspective; the behavioural family dynamic model; the moral perspective; the social perspective; and the political economic perspective. A holistic approach to understanding drug misuse is called for, encompassing the various perspectives.
Book Review
Authors: Pols R.G.
Published: July 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

Alcohol in Oceania by Dr. Sally Casswell.
Heroin Policy Alternatives for Australia: an Economic Discussion*
Authors: Baldwin Richard
Published: July 2007

Abstract: This paper analyses three policy alternatives for the regulation of heroin in Australia: the present system of total prohibition, a heroin maintenance program or a free availability model. If the population of heroin users consists only of dependent persons, then the policy option of free availability of heroin, advocated by some, may be a workable alternative to the present position. Research evidence suggests that the demand for heroin is not fixed and therefore a fall in the price will induce present users to consume larger quantities of heroin and encourage new users. The present system has both costs and benefits for the community. Major costs include property theft and the loss from taxation used to fund government services. It is the author's view that if a shift in current policy is to occur it should be in the direction of a heroin maintenance program, not towards a free availability model. However, as there is little advantage in using heroin over methadone in a maintenance program, then any large scale maintenance program should use methadone and not heroin.
Research issues and priorities in methadone maintenance
Authors: Prescott John
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The use of methadone as a treatment for opioid dependence is reviewed. Outcome evaluation is hampered by the lack of clarity in determining the goals of methadone maintenance, or how it is intended to achieve them. Directions for future research into counselling services, attitude measures, outcome scales and health changes are indicated.
A Bir1p–Sli15p Kinetochore Passenger Complex Regulates Septin Organization during Anaphase
Authors: Thomas Scott , Kaplan Kenneth B.
Published: July 2007

Kinetochore–passenger complexes in metazoans have been proposed to coordinate the segregation of chromosomes in anaphase with the induction of cytokinesis. Passenger protein homologues in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae play a critical role early in mitosis, ensuring proper biorientation of kinetochore–microtubule attachments. Our recent work has implicated the passenger protein Bir1p (Survivin) and the inner kinetochore complex centromere binding factor 3 (CBF3) in the regulation of septin dynamics during anaphase. Here, we present data that is consistent with there being multiple passenger protein complexes. Our data show that Bir1p links together a large passenger complex containing Ndc10p, Sli15p (INCENP), and Ipl1p (Aurora B) and that the interaction between Bir1p and Sli15p is specifically involved in regulating septin dynamics during anaphase. Neither conditional alleles nor mutants of BIR1 that disrupt the interaction between Bir1p and Sli15p resulted in mono-attached kinetochores, suggesting that the Bir1p–Sli15p complex functions in anaphase and independently from Sli15p–Ipl1p complexes. We present a model for how discrete passenger complexes coordinate distinct aspects of mitosis.
First record of female germ cells in the testis of a wild Mediterranean northern bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus L. 1758
Authors: Caprioli R. , Costa C. , Cataldi E. , Boglione C. , Cataudella S.
Published: July 2007

The presence of female germ cells was observed in the central portion of the testis of a Mediterranean northern bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus, 2250 mm fork length and 217 kg. This is the first report of intersex in this species.
CD137 ligand prevents the development of T‐helper type 2 cell‐mediated allergic asthma by interferon‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells
Authors: Polte T. , Jagemann A. , Foell J. , Mittler R. S. , Hansen G.
Published: July 2007

Background
Allergic asthma is a T‐helper type 2 (Th2) cell‐mediated chronic disease that is characterized by airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and chronic eosinophilic airway inflammation. Several studies suggest co‐stimulatory molecules like CD137 as potential targets for therapeutic interventions in allergic airway disease. Recently, we could show in a murine asthma model that administration of an agonistic antibody against the receptor of the co‐stimulatory molecule CD137 prevented and even reversed an already‐established asthma phenotype.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of stimulation of the CD137 ligand by a monoclonal antibody (CD137L mAb).

Methods
To induce an asthma‐like phenotype, BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA), followed by an intrapulmonary allergen challenge. Anti‐CD137L or control mAb were applied 1 day before OVA immunization or after the asthma phenotype was already established.

Results
Stimulation of the CD137L instead of the receptor by CD137L mAb prevents the development of an asthma‐like phenotype but does not reverse established disease. While the receptor‐mediated effect is partly mediated by anergy of CD4+ T cells and partly by induction of IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells, the effect of the CD137L mAb is completely dependent on IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells: blockade of IFN‐γ and depletion of CD8+ T cells fully abrogated the observed protective effect. In vitro experiments showed that the anti‐CD137L mAb ligates directly to CD8+ T cells and induces the generation of IFN‐γ by this cell population.

Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that anti‐CD137L mAb prevents disease development via IFN‐γ‐producing CD8+ T cells but is inferior to stimulation of the receptor that reverses established disease by a mechanism including CD4+ T cell anergy.
Epithelial cells prime the immune response to an array of gut‐derived commensals towards a tolerogenic phenotype through distinct actions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and transforming growth factor‐β
Authors: Zeuthen Louise Hjerrild , Fink Lisbeth Nielsen , Frokiaer Hanne
Published: July 2007

Humans and other mammals coexist with a diverse array of microbes colonizing the intestine, termed the microflora. The relationship is symbiotic, with the microbes benefiting from a stable environment and nutrient supply, and the host gaining competitive exclusion of pathogens and continuously maintenance of the gut immune homeostasis. Here we report novel crosstalk mechanisms between the human enterocyte cell line, Caco2, and underlying human monocyte‐derived DC in a transwell model where Gram‐positive (G+) commensals prevent Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4)‐dependent Escherichia coli‐induced semimaturation in a TLR2‐dependent fashion. These findings add to our understanding of the hypo‐responsiveness of the gut epithelium towards the microflora. Gut DC posses a more tolerogenic phenotype than conventional DC. Here we show that Caco2 spent medium (SM) induces tolerogenic DC with lower expression of maturation markers, interleukin (IL)‐12p70, and tumour necrosis factor‐α when matured with G+ and Gram‐negative (G–) commensals, while IL‐10 production is enhanced in DC upon encountering G+ commensals and reduced upon encountering G– bacteria. The Caco2 SM‐induced tolerogenic phenotype is also seen in DC priming of naive T cells with elevated levels of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and markedly reduced levels of bacteria‐induced interferon‐γ production. Caco2 cell production of IL‐8, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and TGF‐β increases upon microbial stimulation in a strain dependent manner. TSLP and TGF‐β co‐operate in inducing the tolerogenic DC phenotype but other mediators might be involved.
How does information influence hope in family members of traumatic coma patients in intensive care unit?
Authors: Verhaeghe Sofie T. L. , Van Zuuren Florence J. , Defloor Tom , Duijnstee Mia S. H. , Grypdonck Mieke H. F.
Published: July 2007

Aims.  To assess the interplay between hope and the information provided by health care professionals.

Background.  Earlier research learned that hope is crucial for relatives of traumatic coma patients. Also it has been reported that the need for information is extremely important for relatives of critically ill patients.

Design.  A qualitative approach according to the ‘grounded theory’ method with constant comparison was used.

Method.  We held 24 in‐depth interviews with 22 family members of 16 patients with traumatic coma. Data processing and data analysis took place in a cyclic process wherein the induction of themes was alternated by confrontation with new material.

Results.  Family members of traumatic coma patients want information that is as accurate as possible, provided by doctors and nurses in an understandable manner and leaving room for hope. At first, family members can do no more than passively absorb the information they receive. After some time, they actively start working with information and learn what to build their hope on. In this way, concrete hope evolves and seems to be strongly determined by information. Information that is more positive than warranted is not appreciated at all. It leads to false hope and once its real nature becomes apparent, to increased distress and loss of trust in the professionals.

Conclusion.  The process of hope is crucial in coping with traumatic coma and information can facilitate this process.

Relevance to clinical practice.  If professionals, especially nurses, keep the process in mind that family members go through in handling information, they can not only facilitate this process but also help them to establish realistic hope.
Heart transplantation: Literature review 2005–2006
Authors: Pahl Elfriede
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  This is the third review in a series whose purpose is to provide succinct summaries and informative commentaries of the recent medical literature pertinent to pediatric heart transplantation and directed toward the practicing clinician. It is meant to be comprehensive but not all‐inclusive. Important articles published during 2005 and 2006 are summarized.
10. Indices of Robustness for Sample Representation
Authors: Frank Kenneth , Min Kyung-Seok
Published: July 2007

Social scientists are rarely able to gather data from the full range of contexts to which they hope to generalize (Shadish, Cook, and Campbell 2002). Here we suggest that debates about the generality of causal inferences in the social sciences can be informed by quantifying the conditions necessary to invalidate an inference. We begin by differentiating the target population into two sub-populations: a potentially observed subpopulation from which all of a sample is drawn and a potentially unobserved subpopulation from which no members of the sample are drawn but which is part of the population to which policymakers seek to generalize. We then quantify the robustness of an inference in terms of the conditions necessary to invalidate an inference if cases from the potentially unobserved subpopulation were included in the sample. We apply the indices to inferences regarding the positive effect of small classes on achievement from the Tennessee class size study and then consider the breadth of external validity. We use the statistical test for whether there is a difference in effects between two subpopulations as a baseline to evaluate robustness, and we consider a Bayesian motivation for the indices and compare the use of the indices with other procedures. In the discussion we emphasize the value of quantifying robustness, consider the value of different quantitative thresholds, and conclude by extending a metaphor linking statistical and causal inferences.
The public health impact of widespread availability of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis against HIV
Authors: Poynten IM , Smith DE , Cooper DA , Kaldor JM , Grulich AE
Published: July 2007

Objective

The aim of the study was to describe the use of nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis (NPEP) in Australia, and to estimate the number of HIV infections that its use prevented.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based observational cohort study of people who presented to antiretroviral prescribers in Eastern Australia, and reported a high‐risk nonoccupational exposure to HIV, in 1998–2004. Prescribers collected data at baseline, 4 weeks and 6 months. Data collected included details of HIV exposure, drug regimens and HIV serostatus.

Results

The great majority of the 1601 participants were male (95%) and presented after male homosexual exposure (87%). Only 32% of exposures were to HIV‐positive sources. Two antiretroviral drugs were prescribed after 48% of events, and three or more drugs after 52% of events. The median time to receipt of NPEP was 23 h. Side effects were reported by 66% of participants. No case of NPEP failure in an adherent individual was identified. It was estimated that 0.9–9.2 HIV infections had been prevented. This compared with a total of 1138 newly acquired HIV infections notified in the geographical area covered by the study.

Conclusions

In Australia, NPEP has been widely prescribed and is mainly targeted at high‐risk exposures. Although there were no identified failures of NPEP, it is likely that only a small proportion of new HIV infections in the study area were prevented. NPEP may be a valuable preventive intervention for an individual, but it can only play a minor role in HIV prevention at the population level unless targeting can be further improved.
FROM THE ECONOMIC WRITINGS OF ARISTOTLE TO HOME ECONOMICS IN THE GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC TODAY *
Authors: Von Schweitzer Rosmarie
Published: July 2007

The paper is concerned with the contemporary development of the science of running a household which was called by the ancient Greeks ‘Oikonomiké’ up to the present time in the University of Justus Liebig at Giessen. After the second world war this university was the first in the German Federal Republic to start courses for home economics and dietetics. The paper is also concerned with different aspects of research in home economics.
THE CONSUMER AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES
Authors: Edgeworth H. C. , De Benedictis James
Published: July 2007

Whether you are a business person, a tourist, or a consumer, you are affected by foreign exchange rates. Quite often a person feels that foreign exchange rates are too complex to understand. The following is a simplified explanation of foreign exchange rates, touching on factors, which influence the rates. A brief history, the spot and forward market, and monetary policy is also covered. It is hoped this approach will give a better understanding of a subject that is often presented in a very complex way.
DIMENSIONS OF HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
Authors: ARNDT JOHAN , HOLMER ODDVAR
Published: July 2007

This study addresses a fundamental aspect of consumer behaviour, administrative routines in the management of the economic affairs of the household. Several dimensions of economic management were uncovered, but the linkage of these dimensions to antecedent variables was weak.
THE ECONOMICS OF LOCAL PRICE INFORMATION SERVICES
Authors: REESON DAVID
Published: July 2007

This paper outlines the development of local price comparison surveys in the United Kingdom and assesses their efficacy and value to consumers. The economic significance of such price information services is also considered.
A STUDY OF OPINIONS CONCERNING METHOD AND CONTENT OF HOME ECONOMICS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS.: II.
Authors: HUTCHINSON VINCENT G.
Published: July 2007

A recurring theme amongst teachers of home economics has been their insistence on the necessity of relating the content of home economics and their teaching methods to the reality of the conditions in which children live. This paper considers the views of professional workers in the fields of health and education welfare concerning factors affecting competence in caring for a home and family and the contribution that home economics can make towards improving the quality of family life.
WHAT IS HOME ECONOMICS?
Authors: BENNETT RODERICK
Published: July 2007

The problems of defining home economics are examined, and arguments for the establishment of a clearer identity and a central core of knowledge are advanced. A suggestion regarding the way in which contributing material could be classified is put forward.
LITERACY AND THE CONSUMER
Authors: WILLIAMS ALMA
Published: July 2007

There is an increasing need for a minimum level of functional competence on the part of consumers and citizens. People must for the sake of their own, their families' and their communities' well‐being be able to read and understand information, 60% of which is communicated in print. They must also be able to decode and follow instructions and labelling, and above all react appropriately to warnings. In all parts of the world there is a growing recognition that reading can provide the key to consumer competence, and that the desire for such competence is often a major motivation in seeking out literacy.

Unfortunately, much of the information imparted by governments, industries and the professions cannot be absorbed by the majority of people because it is not expressed in ways and terms which they can generally understand. This paper examines some of the failures in consumer communications, which particularly affect those of low reading ability, and points the way to improvement.
THE EVALUATION OF PROTEIN QUALITY IN MIXTURES OF PLANT PROTEINS
Authors: INMAN M. J. , WOODMAN J. S.
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the use of plant protein as an alternative or supplement to animal protein in the attempt to balance the world's protein supply with the increasing world population. The evaluation of the quality of plant proteins using chemical and mathematical methods is considered. The paper shows how plant proteins can complement each other when combined in recipes developed with the aid of a computer programme.
TEXTILE FLAMMABILITY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PRODUCT DESIGN
Authors: KING ROSALIE ROSSO
Published: July 2007

This paper shows how the design of garments and soft furnishing can influence textile flammability, and suggests modifications.
MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND FOOD
Authors: ROBINSON H.
Published: July 2007

The paper explores the role and significance of marketing communication in the consumption and sale of food products. Widely held assumptions are questioned, with the resulting implications that those involved in education, legislation or industry should take into account food communications effects, and consumer awareness of advertising and propaganda may be a valuable asset alongside knowledge of nutrition, food preparation, etc.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE USEFULNESS OF ROUTE ADVICE GIVEN BY BRITISH RAIL TO PASSENGERS
Authors: HUTCHINSON T. P.
Published: July 2007

Advice on how to make thirty cross‐country rail journeys has been sought from principal information offices of British Rail. Their answers have been evaluated in comparison with the possible routes as revealed by examining the complete timetable of passenger rail services, and has been found seriously inadequate or incomplete in twenty‐two of the thirty cases. Following British Rail's advice would have resulted in the journey taking, on average, about 9% longer than necessary, and in three of the thirty cases, the extra time amounted to more than 1 hour.