bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Liver with Cystic Changes
Authors: Tashiro Takashi , Uwamori Fumihiro , Nakade Yukiomi , Inoue Tadahisa , Kobayashi Yuji , Ohashi Tomohiko , Yoneda Masashi
Published: February 2019

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are known to originate specifically from the intestinal cells of Cajal located in the gastrointestinal mesenchyme. GISTs developing outside of the digestive tract have barely been reported. We encountered a first case of large primary GISTs in the liver with cystic changes. A 63-year-old man with a past history of brain infarction visited our hospital. The computed tomography (CT) revealed a 6-cm and a 10-cm mass in the right and the caudal lobe of the liver, respectively. These tumors have marginal enhancement in the arterial phase; however, they presented as hypodense in the internal tumor sites. Both liver tumors had cystic changes. Gastrointestinal examinations using endoscopy revealed no other gastrointestinal tumors, and [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/CT revealed multiple bone metastases in addition to the liver tumors. The liver tumor specimens were composed of spindle cells, and the immunohistochemical staining for c-Kit and for DOG1, as discovered on GIST, was positive. The patient was diagnosed with primary hepatic GIST with cystic changes.
Perinatal Iron Deficiency: Implications for Mothers and Infants
Authors: Juul Sandra E. , Derman Richard J. , Auerbach Michael
Published: February 2019

Iron deficiency, with or without anemia, is common in pregnant women. In fact, nearly 30% of reproductive-age women are anemic worldwide, and anemia in pregnancy has an estimated global prevalence of 38%. Severe anemia can substantially increase the risk of maternal mortality, and can adversely affect fetal development. In this review, we examine the available data regarding epidemiology and consequences of iron deficiency in mothers and infants, current treatment strategies, and make recommendations for screening and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in gravidas and neonates.
Circulating Tumour Cells in Predictive Molecular Pathology: Focus on Drug-Sensitive Assays and 3D Culture
Authors: Pallante Pierlorenzo , Pisapia Pasquale , Bellevicine Claudio , Malapelle Umberto , Troncone Giancarlo
Published: February 2019

Molecular cytopathology is a rapidly evolving field of cytopathology that provides biological information about the response to personalised therapy and about the prognosis of neoplasms diagnosed on cytological samples. Biomarkers such as circulating tumour cells and circulating tumour DNA are increasingly being evaluated in blood and in other body fluids. Such liquid biopsies are non-invasive, repeatable, and feasible also in patients with severe comorbidities. However, liquid biopsy may be challenging due to a low concentration of biomarkers. In such cases, biomarkers can be detected with highly sensitive molecular techniques, which in turn should be validated and integrated in a complex algorithm that includes tissue-based molecular assessments. The aim of this review is to provide the cytopathologist with practical information that is relevant to daily practice, particularly regarding the emerging role of circulating tumour cells in the field of predictive molecular pathology.
Comparison of Temozolomide-Capecitabine to 5-Fluorouracile-Dacarbazine in 247 Patients with Advanced Digestive Neuroendocrine Tumors Using Propensity Score Analyses
Authors: de Mestier Louis , Walter Thomas , Brixi Hedia , Evrard Camille , Legoux Jean-Louis , de Boissieu Paul , Hentic Olivia , Cros Jérôme , Hammel Pascal , Tougeron David , Lombard-Bohas Catherine , Rebours Vinciane , Ruszniewski Philippe , Cadiot Guillaume
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Although chemotherapy combining 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-dacarbazine (DTIC) or temozolomide (TEM)-capecitabine (CAP) is extensively used in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET), they were never compared. We compared their tolerance and efficacy in advanced NET. Methods: We evaluated the records of consecutive patients with pancreatic or small-intestine advanced NET who received 5FU-DTIC or TEM-CAP between July 2004 and December 2017 in 5 French centers. Tolerance, tumor response and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared. Factors associated with PFS were analyzed using Cox multivariate regression model. To reduce the confounding bias of the nonrandomized design, PFS was compared using propensity score analyses. Results: Ninety-four (5FU-DTIC) patients and 153 (TEM-CAP) patients were included. Pancreatic NET represented 82.3% of cases and 17.1, 61.8 and 10.9% of patients had G1, G2 or G3 NET respectively. Progression at baseline was reported in 92.7% of patients with available data. Grades 3–4 adverse events occurred in 24.7 and 8.5% of TEM-CAP and 5FU-DTIC patients respectively (p = 0.002). The overall response rate was 38.3 and 39.2% respectively (p = 0.596). Median PFS on raw analysis was similar to 5FU-DTIC and TEM-CAP (13.9 vs. 18.3 months, respectively p = 0.86). TEM-CAP was associated with an increased risk of progression on the raw multivariate analysis (hazard ratio [HR] 1.90, 95% CI [1.32–2.73], p = 0.001) and when adjusted on propensity score (HR 1.65, 95% CI [1.18–2.31], p = 0.004). Conclusion: PFS may be longer with 5FU-DTIC than TEM-CAP in patients with advanced NET. Although patients often prefer oral chemotherapy, 5FU-DTIC is a relevant alternative. A randomized comparison is needed to confirm these results.
Performance Evaluation of OOK, DPSK and Duo-binary Modulation Format based Mixed-Line-Rate (MLR) Optical Network
Authors: Bajpai Rochak , Sengar Sujata , Iyer Sridhar , Singh Shree Prakash
Published: February 2019

With the steady increase in the heterogeneous Internet traffic, the optical wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks based on a mixed line rate (MLR) strategy have emerged as an efficient-solution. Also, with the migration from the legacy to the higher line rate(s), the advanced modulation format(s) (MF) is/are required. However, use of appropriate MF(s) for the higher line rate(s) still remains an open problem. In this article, we compare the performance of an On-Off Keying (OOK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) and Duo-binary (DB) MF based MLR network in the presence of various physical layer impairment(s) (PLIs) for which, we propose a mathematical model based on various MFs. As a novelty, we validate the proposed theoretical model’s results by comparing them with the results obtained through simulations from OptSim, which has not been conducted in any existing study(s) thus far. Our simulation results show that the DB MF is perfectly suitable for high spectral-efficient MLR systems owing to its high resistance to various PLIs.
Wood discrimination analyses of Pterocarpus tinctorius and endangered Pterocarpus santalinus using DART-FTICR-MS coupled with multivariate statistics
Authors: Zhang Maomao , Zhao Guang Jie , Liu Bo , He Tuo , Guo Juan , Jiang Xiaomei , Yin Yafang
Published: February 2019

Pterocarpus santalinus, listed in CITES Appendix II, is an endangered timber species as a result of illegal harvesting due to its high value and commercial demand. The growing demand for P. santalinus and timbers with the morphologically similar Pterocarpus tinctorius has resulted in confusion as well as identification problems. Therefore, it is of vital importance to explore reliable ways to accurately discriminate between P. santalinus and P. tinctorius. In this study, the method of direct analysis in real time and fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DART-FTICR-MS), combined with multivariate statistical analysis, was used to extract chemical information from xylarium wood specimens and to explore the feasibility of distinguishing these two species. Significant differences were observed in their DART-FTICR-MS spectra. Orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed the highest prediction, with an accuracy of 100%. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of authenticating wood types using DART-FTICR-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis.
Are living peatland trees a reliable natural archive for climate reconstruction?
Authors: Dinella Anna , Giammarchi Francesco , Tonon Giustino
Published: February 2019

Peatland ecosystems are an important archive of paleoclimatic information. Within this context, tree-ring data from trees growing in such ecosystems are extremely valuable resources, and subfossil trees from peat bogs have been widely employed in dendroclimatological studies. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of the relationships among tree growth, peatland hydrology and climate factors. Here, we summarize the principal studies on living peatland trees, with a particular focus on their use as a source of information on past climatic conditions. We discuss the main factors influencing tree growth in this environment, whether it is the local hydrological cycle or climate. We put a particular focus on the reliability of the climate signal recorded by living peatland trees, comparing it with that found in subfossil trees. Finally, we discuss the relevance of quantitative wood anatomy in the context of peatland ecosystems research.
On the hydraulic conductance of three woody Devonian plants
Authors: Cascales-Miñana B. , Gerrienne P. , Sirjacq B. , Steemans P.
Published: February 2019

Most evolutionary innovations in plant vascular tissues, including secondary growth, occurred during the Devonian period (~420 to 360 million years ago). Such innovations had a major impact on land colonisation by plants and on their biodiversity. Here, we show the hydraulic conductance of the secondary xylem of three shrubby or arborescent plant fossils (a probably new genus of Cladoxylopsida, the archaeopteridalean genus Callixylon and the stenokolean genus Brabantophyton). Evidences come from the Ronquières fossil site (Belgium). This site is considered mid-late Givetian/earliest Frasnian in age. Results reveal that hydraulic conductivity of these early woody plants is more or less similar to that of modern gymnosperms, meaning that water transport was already as efficient in Devonian plants as it is in living plants. Our results further suggest that tracheids with features helping for optimised water transport were quickly selected in the evolutionary history of vascular plants.
Large volume vessels are vulnerable to water-stress-induced embolism in stems of poplar
Authors: Jacobsen Anna L. , Brandon Pratt R. , Venturas Martin D. , Hacke Uwe G. , Lens Frederic
Published: February 2019

Xylem vessels interconnect to form the vessel network that is responsible for long-distance water transport through the plant. As plants dehydrate, the water column within vessels cavitates and gas emboli form, which block transport through embolized vessels. The impact of vessel blockages on transport through the xylem tissue depends upon vessel size and the arrangement and connections between vessels in the network. We examined if there was a correlation between vessel length and diameter within poplar stem xylem tissue using both silicone-injection and analysis of tissue volumes scanned using high-resolution computed tomography (microCT). We then used microCT to scan intact stems sampled over varying water potentials to examine if larger vessels, which would have the greatest impact on hydraulic transport, were more vulnerable to cavitation and embolism than smaller vessels. Within the xylem tissue, larger diameter vessels tended to be longer than narrow diameter vessels. Vessel size distributions indicated that most vessels were narrow and short, with fewer large vessels. Larger volume vessels tended to embolize at higher water potentials and the mean vessel volume of embolized vessels declined as water potentials declined. Hydraulic transport through the xylem tissue was near zero when about 40% of the vessels within the xylem tissue volume were embolized, suggesting important vessel network effects occur as water moves through a three-dimensional (3D) tissue. The structure of the vessel network is important in understanding the impact of emboli within vessels on the overall hydraulic function of xylem tissue.
A supplement to the checklist of the New World chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) with notes on their tribal classification
Authors: SMITH ANDREW B.T. , EVANS ARTHUR V.
Published: February 2019

The checklist of the New World Melolonthinae published in 2003 by Evans is updated to 30 June 2005. Corrections and omissions to the previous checklist are also noted and necessary taxonomic changes are made. Melolontha elongata Fabricius, 1792 is designated as the type species of Philochloenia Dejean, 1833, syn. nov. thereby placing this genus as a junior synonym of Dichelonyx Harris, 1827. Phyllophaga guatemalica (Moser, 1918), syn. nov. and Phyllophaga longiclava (Moser, 1918), syn. nov. are placed in synonymy with Phyllophaga ravida (Blanchard, 1851). The Australian genus Deuterocaulobius Dalla Torre, 1912, stat. nov. is brought out of synonymy and considered the valid name for “Phyllochlaenia Blanchard, 1846.” Warwickia, nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for the junior homonym Benedictia Sanderson, 1939 (non Dybowski, 1875) and consequently, Warwickia pilosa (Sanderson, 1939), comb. nov. is a new combination for the single species in this genus. A brief overview of the tribal classification of Melolonthinae is presented.
A new eriophyoid mite in the genus Disella from Ilex paraguariensis in Brazil
Authors: NAVIA DENISE , FLECHTMANN CARLOS H.W.
Published: February 2019

A new phytophagous mite species of Disella Newkirk & Keifer genus (Eriophyidae, Nothopodinae), namely D. ilicicola n. sp., is described from Ilex paraguariensis Saint Hilaire (Aquifoliaceae) from South Brazil. This is the second Eriophyoidea mite reported infesting I. paraguariensis in Brazil and the second Disella species described from Ilex host plants.
A review of Panurgus (Pachycephalopanurgus), with the description of a new species from Spain
Authors: PATINY SÉBASTIEN , ORTIZ-SÁNCHEZ F. JAVIER , MICHEZ DENIS
Published: February 2019

Study of recently collected bees from south-eastern Spain revealed a new species of subgenus Panurgus (Pachycephalopanurgus) Patiny, 1999, closely related to P. canescens Latreille, 1811, and P. calceatus Pérez, 1895. Within this group of three species, P. meridionalis sp.nov. is characterized by the presence of a pair of latero-ventral teeth on the third tergum of the male (unique among Panurginae). This new species is only the second species of Pachycephalopanurgus recorded from Europe, the other five being North African. Distributional patterns in subgenus Pachycephalopanurgus are mapped and summarized.
An electrophoretic comparison of the venoms of a colubrid and various viperid snakes from Turkey and Cyprus, with some taxonomic and phylogenetic implications
Authors: ARIKAN HÜSEYIN , GÖÇMEN BAYRAM , MERMER AHMET , BAHAR HASAN
Published: February 2019

Venom extracts obtained from a colubrid snake [Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann)] and eight viperids [Vipera xanthina (Gray), Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus), Vipera kaznakovi (Nikolsky), Vipera eriwanensis (Bonaparte), Vipera wagneri Nilson &Andrén, Vipera barani Böhme & Joger, Macrovipera lebetina lebetina (Linnaeus), Macrovipera lebetina obtusa Dwigubsky] distributed in Turkey and Cyprus were compared using polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and densitometry analysis methods. The electrophoretic patterns of the examined snakes were demonstrated. The obtained electropherograms of the examined venom protein samples showed important qualitative differences between the colubrid snake, Malpolon monspessulanus and the viperid snakes; in the colubrid sample the total protein fraction number was 8, while in viperid samples they number between 10 and 14, indicating the venom complexity in viperids is higher than that of colubrid snakes. Electrophoretic data support the phylogenetic argument previously outlined of the family Viperidae. Moreover, in the light of the differences of the venom electrophoretic patterns, it is concluded that the southern Anatolian population of Macrovipera lebetina should not be identified as the nominate subspecies M. l. lebetina, which lives in Cyprus.
Pastinachus solocirostris sp. nov., a new species of Stingray (Elasmobranchii: Myliobatiformes) from the Indo-Malay Archipelago
Authors: LAST PETER R. , MANJAJI B. MABEL , YEARSLEY GORDON K.
Published: February 2019

A new stingray, Pastinachus solocirostris sp. nov., is described from material collected from Malaysian Borneo and Indonesia. It differs from the only other recognised member of the genus, P. sephen, in having a smaller adult size, more elongate disc and head, longer and more acute snout covered to its apex with enlarged denticles, more posteriorly located sting, longer and more slender ventral cutaneous fold, enlarged pearl-shaped nuchal thorns, and fewer pectoral-fin radials and vertebrae. It appears to occur primarily in estuaries and turbid coastal marine habitats off Borneo and Sumatra.
A new genus and species of Ephydridae (Diptera) from the Oriental Region
Authors: ZHANG JUNHUA , YANG DING , MATHIS WAYNE N.
Published: February 2019

A new genus and species of the tribe Dagini (subfamily Ephydrinae), Sinops sichuanensis, are described from specimens collected in China (Sichuan: Emeishan Mountain), and three species formerly comprising “the fluvialis group” of Psilephydra Hendel are transferred to the new genus (S. fluvialis (Miyagi), S. kaskiensis (Mathis) and S. nepalensis (Mathis)) as new combinations. A cladistic analysis of the new genus with related genera in the tribe Dagini is presented and discussed, and keys to the genera of Dagini and to the species of the new genus are presented.
Redescriptions of Eunice filamentosa and E. denticulata and description of E. tovarae n. sp. (Polychaeta: Eunicidae), highlighted with morphological and molecular data
Authors: CARRERA-PARRA LUIS F. , SALAZAR-VALLEJO SERGIO I.
Published: February 2019

In a series of studies on eunicids, three Grand Caribbean species Eunice filamentosa, E. denticulata, and E. conglomerans were regarded as synonyms, or part of a species complex with an amphiamerican distribution. The revision of type and additional materials collected in the Grand Caribbean Region (GCR) and along the Mexican Pacific coasts, allowed us to clarify that E. conglomerans is a junior synonym of E. denticulata. Thus, E. filamentosa and E. denticulata are valid species in the GCR; while the specimens from the Tropical Eastern Pacific belong to a newly described species, E. tovarae n.sp. Herein we describe these three species, and some morphological features described in previous studies are reevaluated. Additionally, we found an important genetic divergence in nucleotide sequence variation of COI, which supported the morphological data. E. filamentosa and E. denticulata have a genetic divergence of 19.6%; whereas E. tovarae n. sp. has a genetic divergence of 20.7% from E. denticulata, and a 12.9% divergence from E. filamentosa.
Isolation of Litylenchus coprosma from Coprosma macrocarpa, a new host and distribution in New Zealand
Authors: XU YU MEI , ZHAO ZENG QI , ALEXANDER BRETT J. R. , LI DONGMEI
Published: February 2019

Coprosma macrocarpa, known as the large-seeded coprosma or coastal karamu, is a shrub endemic to New Zealand. To our knowledge, no reports of plant parasitic nematodes associated with C. macrocarpa have been reported. Here we report the detection and identification of the nematode, Litylenchus coprosma, extracted from C. macrocarpa in Otata Island.
A new species of Acanthella Schmidt, 1862 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyonellidae) from northeast region, Brazil
Authors: NASCIMENTO ELIELTON , CAVALCANTI THAYNÃ , PINHEIRO ULISSES
Published: February 2019

Acanthella Schmidt, 1862 species are characterized by choanosomal skeleton of dendritic tracts cored by interwoven sinuously bent strongyles or strongyloxeas and echinated by straight styles, oxeas or anisoxeas (Van Soest et al. 2002). The genus Acanthella comprises 33 valid species, with six known from the Atlantic Ocean (Van Soest et al. 2018). Previously, the only record for Brazil was A. flagelliformis (Van Soest & Stentoft, 1988) (Muricy 2018). Species of the genus include a transition from shrub like ‘Axinellas’ and herbaceous species similar to the genus Suberites Nardo, 1833 (Schmidt 1862; Vosmaer 1912). Due to its heterogeneous complex of species, Acanthella has been confused with other axinellids. Similarities were seen in genera such as Phakellia (Van Soest et al. 2002), which shares spicule complement and comparable choanosomal skeletons. In the present study, we describe a new species of Acanthella from oceanographic expeditions of the northeast region of Brazil. Two specimens of Acanthella sp. nov. were collected by dredging at Ceará and Pernambuco State, Brazil. All specimens were preserved in 92% ethanol and deposited in the Porifera Collections at the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPEPOR). The taxonomic identification was carried out through analysis of spicules morphologies, using Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), following methods described by Hajdu et al. (2011).
An Essay on Diamonds, Trust, and Antitrust, Inspired by Barak D. Richman’s Stateless Commerce
Authors: Foer Albert Allen
Published: February 2019

The author combines his antitrust background and his experience as a CEO in the jewelry industry to consider Barak Richman’s book, Stateless Commerce, with its detailed description of the role of trust and reputation in the global diamond industry. Richman argues for rule of reason treatment to certain kinds of boycotts that reflect more efficient cooperative institutions made necessary by what he describes as “court failures.” This article adds a retail perspective to an analysis based on earlier stages of the supply chain and further explores the relationship between trust and industry structure.
Comparing Measures of Physician Market Concentration Using Tax Identification Numbers Versus Independent Negotiating Units
Authors: Ode Scott , Dowd Bryan , Feldman Roger
Published: February 2019

Analysts interested in physician market concentration often have access to tax identification numbers (TINs), but not the number of truly independent negotiating units (NUs). Health plans do know the true number of NUs, and, using 2014 claims data for Minnesota physicians from a large midwestern health plan, we compare Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) measures of physician market concentration using TINs versus NUs at the county and metropolitan statistical area (MSA) levels for thirteen specialties. We found that HHIs computed using TINs versus NUs were similar across Minnesota. Two MSAs in Minnesota met the Department of Justice’s definition of highly concentrated markets. There is reason to believe that the discrepancy between TIN and NU HHIs may vary by insurance product and region of the country, and so we encourage other researchers to work with health plans to replicate our study.
Preventing Anticompetitive Conduct Directly and Indirectly: Accuracy Versus Predictability
Authors: Broulík Jan
Published: February 2019

This article argues that economic evaluations of optimal antitrust rules ought to fully recognize antitrust predictability as a relevant factor. It discusses the differences between the direct and indirect mechanism of preventing anticompetitive conduct and between the roles assumed by accuracy and predictability of antitrust adjudication within these mechanisms. While operation of the direct mechanism depends only on accuracy, the indirect mechanism in addition requires predictability to work well. Since a great majority of anticompetitive conduct is prevented indirectly rather than directly, predictability is indispensable for the overall effectiveness of antitrust. Consequently, economic evaluations of optimal antitrust rules need to search for the most effective attainable combination of accuracy and predictability, inevitably sacrificing some of the former for the sake of the latter in the process.
The Flipkart-Walmart Deal in India: A Look into Competition and Other Related Issues
Authors: Saraswathy Beena
Published: February 2019

The Competition Commission of India approved India’s highest-valued acquisition, Flipkart by Walmart, within the first phase of investigation itself, stating that it is “not likely to have an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India.” Unlike many other retail acquisitions, there has been strong protest from the traders and retailers’ organization to stop the deal and for the creation of an exclusive e-commerce policy and regulator. Meanwhile, the Draft National E-Commerce Policy, 2018, suggested greater regulatory scrutiny for mergers and acquisitions that may distort competition. In this context, the present study looked into the competition dimension of the deal and other related issues. The study suggests to evolve a regulatory system with long-term vision to sustain and support the domestically grown innovations while making the competition assessment more flexible to accommodate the challenges posed by digital revolution.
A Ladder Approach to Criminalising Revenge Pornography
Authors: Crofts Thomas , Kirchengast Tyrone
Published: February 2019

The ability to distribute private intimate images across public networks including social media through smart devices or computers has emerged as a serious 21st century concern. Initially, legal systems and operators within criminal justice systems were slow to respond to the reported harms associated with the non-consensual distribution of intimate images (colloquially referred to as revenge porn). However, increasing recognition of the serious harm and victimisation that may result from this behaviour has led many jurisdictions across the world to create new criminal offences. This article reviews the appropriateness of offences that have been created or proposed with a particular reference to developments in Australia. It takes the most recent proposed offence in Western Australia as an opportunity to review the significant differences in how offences have been defined. In suggesting how new offences might be defined, this article relies on the ‘ladder principle’ and recommends that there should be a ladder or hierarchy of new offences to respond appropriately to both the seriousness of harm and culpability of the perpetrator.
Court in the Act: Procedural Progression in the Law of Arrest, Detention and Failure to Answer to Bail
Authors: MacPartholán Cathál
Published: February 2019

This article provides an overview of the latest developments in criminal procedure and practice pertaining to pre-trial defendants. It critically reviews the position regarding: failure to answer to bail, breach of pre-charge bail conditions and the considerations of granting bail with the liability to be rearrested following a breach of bail conditions (s. 72 of the Policing and Crime Act (PCA) 2017). In the eight years of Conservative government, criminal justice reform programmes have been seen as executing the extensive erosion of civil liberties. This article examines the enthusiastic enterprise set out in the PCA 2017 to deliver reform of the law on bail—and the consequences of failure to answer to bail following this reform. The first section of the article consists of a brief review of the early commitment to realign the State power with Britain’s past underlying traditions of democracy, freedom, human rights and the rule of law, arguably, accentuated with the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012. This is followed by a discussion of the interaction between police officers and suspects, namely: (a) pre-arrest, and on arrest, (b) caution and legal rights and (c) detention. This section will discuss recent coarsening of that commitment regarding powers of arrest, detention, entry, bail and failure to answer to bail, for pre-trial defendants. The article then turns to outline and evaluate the juxtaposition of the Law Commission’s Consultation Paper on Search Warrants. An analysis will then be made of the impact of s. 72 of the PCA 2017, before concluding with a critical evaluation of whether this change is a contemporary rapine of breach of bail, or a comparative necessity.
The Impact of U.S. Army Nurses on the Development of the Nursing Profession in South Korea
Authors: Jun Myunghee , Kim Hyekyung , Dressel Anne , Cho Hearyun , Kim HackSun , Vandenhouten Christine
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this article is to identify the influences of U.S. Army nurses on the nursing profession in South Korea, focusing on the interactions between U.S. Army nurses and Korean nurses during the Korean War. The U.S. Army Nurse Corps, stationed in South Korea during the Korean War, greatly influenced Korean nursing practices. U.S. Army nurses helped professionalize nursing, exemplified gender equality, and influenced traditional cultural and gender norms in South Korea. In this article, we discuss the contributions made by U.S. Army nurses to the nursing profession in South Korea. We qualitatively analyzed 21 American and 24 Korean historical articles ( n = 45) and conducted in-depth interviews with three Korean veterans who were nurses during the Korean War. According to the Korean nurses, the U.S. Army Nurse Corps helped to shift cultural attitudes about gender and the nursing profession in Korea and to motivate Korean nurses to empower themselves. The U.S. Army Nurse Corps provided more than humanitarian relief by raising the consciousness of Korean nurses about gender roles and their profession. The U.S. Army Nurse Corps helped pave the way for modern, scientific, and professional nursing in Korea.
Indian Sociology at the Threshold of the 21st Century: Some Observations
Authors: Sharma K. L.
Published: February 2019

Initially, Indian sociology was influenced by colonialism and indology. After Independence, Indian sociology moved towards indigenisation on the one hand and critical examination of the Western theories, concepts and methods of study on the other. Indigenisation and use of regional texts, sources and observations weakened the Western impact on Indian sociology. The idea of the founding fathers of Indian sociology provided a plural and multidimensional thrust to sociology in India. Debates on Indian sociology became intense after Louis Dumont argued for a fit between indology and the present-day Indian society (sociology). In response to Dumont’s view, Yogendra Singh provides a fivefold classification of approaches and signifies Indian sociology through a synthesis of empiricism and analytical vision. The main contributions to explain Indian sociology have been made by Ramkrishna Mukherjee and Yogendra Singh. Mukherjee talks of ‘modernisers of Indian sociology’ and Singh looks for ‘social conditioning’ of Indian sociology.
The development of a highly stretchable, durable, and printable textile electrode
Authors: Lee Won Jae , Park Jin Yeong , Nam Hyun Jin , Choa Sung-Hoon
Published: February 2019

In textile and wearable electronics, the demand for a stretchable, durable, and easily manufacturable electrode is ever increasing. This paper describes the development of a highly stretchable and durable textile electrode fabricated by simple stencil and screen printing methods. It specifically investigated the effects of an interface layer as a planarization layer between the conductive electrode and the textile on the durability of the textile electrode. A stretchable conductive paste was synthesized by mixing Ag flake powder in polyester. The conductive electrode was encapsulated with Ecoflex material. The stretchability and durability of the textile electrodes were evaluated via stretching, bending, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) folding, twisting, and dynamic endurance tests. The stretching and MIT folding tests indicated that the interface layer significantly enhanced the durability of the textile electrode. A highly stretchable and flexible textile electrode exhibited a low sheet resistance of 0.05 Ω/square, excellent stretchability of 70%, and a critical bending radius of 1.5 mm. The textile electrodes also withstood dynamic stretching and bending endurance tests of 10,000 cycles. The illumination of a light-emitting diode with the conductive electrode was also stable under 70% tensile strain and in water. The potential application of the textile electrode as a strain sensor was demonstrated by applying it to a glove to detect finger motion. The strain sensors responded well to the finger motion, with considerable stability and repeatability.
Electrical heating properties of various electro-circuit patterns coated on cotton fabric using graphene/polymer composites
Authors: Kim Hyelim , Lee Sunhee
Published: February 2019

To investigate the electrical heating performance of two types of electro-circuit patterns, stripe-pattern (SP) and horseshoe-pattern (HP) types were designed by using graphene/poly(vinylidene fluoride- co-hexafluoropropylene) composites to fabricate electrical heating textiles for the inner layers of clothing and gloves to maintain body temperature. To confirm the electrical properties of the pattern shape and area of the coated circuit, the surface resistivity of SP and HP types was measured with various sample lengths, namely 100, 75, and 50 mm, respectively. The surface resistivity of each sample tends to increase linearly with the increasing size of the coated area. In addition, the surface resistivity of the HP is found to be higher than that of the SP. It could be confirmed that the surface resistivity increases as the curvature increases. For the electrical heating properties of the HP, a white-zone and a red-zone appeared clearly, and locally excess heat appeared at the white-zone; the resistive heat can be explained by the collision of the free electrons in the curved shape of the HP area. In order to confirm the applicability of the fabric heating elements, HP100/cotton, HP75/cotton, and HP50/cotton were fabricated by applying the HP to cotton fabric. The difference of surface temperatures at two points of each line of HP100/cotton, HP75/cotton, and HP50/cotton were about 6.0 ± 2.4℃, 6.8 ± 4.5℃, and 3.5 ± 1.7℃, respectively. It has been confirmed that the heating performance is improved, due to the collision of electrons in the curved region with decreasing HP100/cotton to HP50/cotton ratio, and the white-zone is also increased.
A variable structure controller for a cost-effective electrostatic suspension system
Authors: Le Truyen
Published: February 2019

In this paper, the variable structure controller, which is designed considering the damping force and the nonlinear dynamic characteristic of an electrostatic suspension system, is used to suspend a 4-inch silicon wafer by electrostatic forces. The controller consists of a sliding mode controller that is used in the local existence region of a sliding mode and a relay feedback controller playing the role of a swing up controller. In order to highlight the performance of the proposed controller, the simulation and experimental results are shown. The performance of the controller is compared with that of the delay controller proposed in previous research. Experimental results show that a 4-inch silicon wafer has been stably suspended at a gap length of 300 µm in an atmospheric environment with very small steady-state vibrational amplitude. Simulation and experimental results shown that the variable structure controller is more effective than the delay controller for suppressing gap fluctuation when large damping forces are exerted on a suspended object.
Business, Owner, and Regional Characteristics in Latino-owned Business Growth: An Empirical Analysis Using Confidential Census Microdata
Authors: Carpenter Craig Wesley , Loveridge Scott
Published: February 2019

This article uses over 100,000 observations from limited-access and nationally representative US Census Bureau microdata sets to test determinants of employment growth among Latino-owned businesses (LOBs) in the Unites States. We draw variables from prior studies on determinants business growth in the general population and uniquely apply them to LOB using the robust data. Specifically, we examine the impact of numerous business owner, business, and regional characteristics on employment growth. We include industry and state-level fixed effects and test the robustness of results to various employment growth timespans. Some findings include (1) Latina-owned businesses grow faster than LOB, (2) formal education has a positive effect on employment growth and this effect is larger with education level and time, (3) Puerto Rican-owned businesses grow 2 percent slower than Mexican-owned establishments, (4) having multiple establishments reduces employment growth, (5) relying on personal savings for start-up capital impedes growth, and (6) nonmetro adjacency has a significant and negative effect, while population density does not. Our findings show that LOB may grow differently than other businesses and help advance the understanding of factors related to success of LOB. Implementing straightforward and low-cost policies aimed at better support for LOB could help bolster regional growth.
Science and Technology Studies in Policy: The UK Synthetic Biology Roadmap
Authors: Marris Claire , Calvert Jane
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we reflect on our experience as science and technology studies (STS) researchers who were members of the working group that produced A Synthetic Biology Roadmap for the UK in 2012. We explore how this initiative sought to govern an uncertain future and describe how it was successfully used to mobilize public funds for synthetic biology from the UK government. We discuss our attempts to incorporate the insights and sensibilities of STS into the policy process and why we chose to use the concept of responsible research and innovation to do so. We analyze how the roadmapping process, and the final report, narrowed and transformed our contributions to the roadmap. We show how difficult it is for STS researchers to influence policy when our ideas challenge deeply entrenched pervasive assumptions, framings, and narratives about how technological innovation necessarily leads to economic progress, about public reticence as a roadblock to that progress, and about the supposed separation between science and society. We end by reflecting on the constraints under which we were operating from the outset and on the challenges for STS in policy.
Dynamic De-responsibilization in Business–Government Interactions
Authors: Hamann Ralph
Published: February 2019

I contribute to the ‘political CSR’ debate on whether companies can or should fill public governance gaps by exploring how related business–government interactions may result in corporate social irresponsibility. I studied interactions between mining companies and the government in South Africa between 2002 and 2012, focusing on processes that contributed to the deterioration of living conditions in the Marikana area, site of an infamous massacre in 2012. The analysis resulted in a process model of dynamic de-responsibilization, in which business–government interactions progressively dissipate the adopted and enacted social responsibilities of both the government and business. This extends extant critiques of political CSR and elaborates CSiR as not only a systemic, but also a processual phenomenon, and it focuses related scholarly and practical attention on problematizing the government’s role as custodian of democratic accountability.
Experiences of Gender Minority Stress in Cisgender Parents of Transgender/Gender-Expansive Prepubertal Children: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Hidalgo Marco A. , Chen Diane
Published: February 2019

Per minority stress theory, sexual and gender minorities are susceptible to bias-related social stressors that can internalize and increase their susceptibility to poor physical and mental health. Parents of transgender/gender-expansive (TGE) children may also encounter a number of stressors on account of their child’s gender experience. No known research had examined how these stressors align within a minority stress framework. This qualitative study examined and characterized minority stress phenomena in a clinically derived sample of English-speaking, cisgender parents of TGE children aged ≤11 years. Study findings included reports of distal and proximal forms of minority stress, with notable impact on health and well-being. Researchers highlight treatment implications and suggest studies continue to examine minority stress in parents of TGE children.
Constrictive pericarditis with a life-threatening giant pericardial cyst and pectus excavatum as unusual cause for malign cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Gerfer Stephen , Schlachtenberger Georg , Eghbalzadeh Kaveh , Wippermann Jens , Wahlers Thorsten
Published: February 2019

Pericardial cysts are rare, abnormal, benign and usually congenital anomalies with an estimated incidence of 1:100.000 and are caused by an incomplete coalescence of foetal lacunae of pericardium development. The size of pericardial cysts varies from 1 to 5 cm and generally do not cause any symptoms. Pectus excavatum is one of the most frequent chest wall abnormalities with a caved-in appearance of the chest and mostly of unknown pathogenesis. We present a rare case of constrictive pericarditis with a huge pericardial cyst (11.6 × 8.7 × 7.1 cm) and pectus excavatum which led to compression of the heart and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Thromboprophylaxis for varicose vein procedures – A national survey
Authors: Boyle Emily , Reid Julie , O’Donnell Mark , Harkin Denis , Badger Stephen
Published: February 2019

Background

Venous thromboembolism is rare following varicose vein ablation procedures, but uncertainty about its incidence combined with a lack of evidence-based clinical guidelines regarding thromboprophylaxis has led to debate about best practice. We conducted a national survey to investigate current practice among Irish vascular surgeons.

Methods

An anonymous online questionnaire was emailed to all members of the Irish Association of Vascular Surgeons and the Northern Ireland Vascular Society.

Results

Response rate was 60%. With regard to procedure type, 36.7% of respondents use only endovenous techniques and 53% use a combination of open and endovenous. Formal duplex imaging on all patients is obtained by 53.3%. With regard to VTE prevention, 73.3% always give thromboprophylaxis. For those who give it selectively, a variety of factors were considered as risks. Pharmacological agents used are enoxaparin in 73.3% of cases or tinzaparin, and 71.4% use a single dose (either 20/40 mg or 3500/4500 IU respectively). If patients are already taking anticoagulation, this is continued by 46.7% of respondents. Routine post procedure duplex imaging is carried out by 23.1% of recipients, either by the surgeon or formally and 80% review patients clinically. Moreover, 43.3% of respondents claim to know their post-operative VTE rate and this varies from 0 to 1% with one mortality reported.

Conclusions

The majority of respondents use single-dose thromboprophylaxis periprocedurally for varicose vein ablation procedures. VTE rates are low but the true incidence may be unknown.
Effectiveness and safety of a mixture of diosmin, coumarin and arbutin (Linfadren®) in addition to conventional treatment in the management of patients with post-trauma/surgery persistent hand edema: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cacchio Angelo , Di Carlo Giancarlo , Vincenza Cofini , Elisabetta De Blasis
Published: February 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral administration of Linfadren® in addition to conventional treatment in patients with post-trauma/surgery persistent hand edema.

Design:

Parallel-group randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Outpatient rehabilitation center.

Subjects:

A total of 60 outpatients (mean age 48.5 (standard deviation (SD) = 12.3) years) with post-trauma/surgery persistent hand edema.

Interventions:

Patients were randomized to either receive six-week conventional treatment plus Linfadren® (Study Group) or conventional treatment (Control Group).

Main Measures:

Primary outcome was hand edema as measured by figure-of-eight method. Secondary outcomes were hand function, patient’s overall perceived treatment effectiveness and rescue medication request. Tolerability of Linfadren® was also evaluated. Assessments were performed at baseline, at the end of treatment and three months after the end of treatment.

Results:

All patients completed the six-week program and 57 patients (95%) completed the three-month follow-up. At six weeks, the Study Group had significantly greater improvement in hand edema (423.3 (SD = 23.8) mm vs 439.4 (SD = 22.6) mm; P = 0.009) and upper limb function ( Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire: 23.6 (SD = 13.6) vs 37.7 (SD = 15.9); P = 0.005) compared to the Control Group. Moreover, the percentage of patients who perceived treatment as effective was significantly higher in the Study Group than in the Control Group both after treatment (70% vs 37%, P = 0.002) and at follow-up (77% vs 30%, P < 0.0001). The rescue medication request was not different between groups. No adverse events were recorded.

Conclusion:

Linfadren® in addition to conventional treatment was safe and more effective than conventional treatment alone in patients with post-trauma/surgery persistent hand edema.
Palliative care specialists in hospice and hospital/community teams predominantly use low doses of sedative medication at the end of life for patient comfort rather than sedation: Findings from focus groups and patient records for I-CAN-CARE
Authors: Vivat Bella , Bemand-Qureshi Lucy , Harrington Jane , Davis Sarah , Stone Patrick
Published: February 2019

Background:

Little research has explored the detail of practice when using sedative medications at the end of life. One work package of the I-CAN-CARE research programme investigates this in UK palliative care.

Aims:

To investigate current practices when using sedative medication at the end of life in London, UK, by (1) qualitatively exploring the understandings of palliative care clinicians, (2) examining documented sedative use in patient records and (3) comparing findings from both investigations.

Design:

We conducted focus groups with experienced palliative care physicians and nurses, and simultaneously reviewed deceased patient records.

Setting/participants:

In total, 10 physicians and 17 senior nurses in London hospice or hospital/community palliative care took part in eight focus groups. Simultaneously, 50 patient records for people who received continuous sedation at end of life in the hospice and hospital were retrieved and reviewed.

Results:

Focus group participants all said that they used sedative medication chiefly for managing agitation or distress; selecting drugs and dosages as appropriate for patients’ individual needs; and aiming to use the lowest possible dosages for patients to be ‘comfortable’, ‘calm’ or ‘relaxed’. None used structured observational tools to assess sedative effects, strongly preferring clinical observation and judgement. The patient records’ review corroborated these qualitative findings, with the median continuous dose of midazolam administered being 10 mg/24 h (range: 0.4–69.5 mg/24 h).

Conclusion:

Clinical practice in these London settings broadly aligns with the European Association for Palliative Care framework for using sedation at the end of life, but lacks any objective monitoring of depth of sedation. Our follow-on study explores the utility and feasibility of objectively monitoring sedation in practice.