bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deng Xiaoping and the Reform Era (1976–2012)
Authors: Gilley Bruce
Published: July 2024

This chapter covers the thirty-six years in China’s politics from the death of Mao Zedong to the ascension to power of Xi Jinping, a period often known simply as “the reform era.” It uses the idea of “reform” of the ravages of the Mao era to define the successive politics and policies of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Hu Jintao as the three top leaders of this era. Emphasis is on internal economic reforms toward a market economy, political institutionalization to better manage and control the party’s grip on power, and international integration and diplomacy to restore China’s place in the world. The role of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protest movement and its aftermath is discussed as evidence for the reform era as a distinctive political period in China’s history that came to an end in 2012.
Insights About Data Sources, Validation Testing, and Theory
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 13 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research focuses on insights yielded from the findings of Project CONTEXT. Project CONTEXT is a study, described in Chapters 11 and 12, that was designed to test innovative strategies for interpreting discrepant results when assessing adolescent social anxiety. The chapter describes insights about the kinds of data sources and validity criteria that optimize the interpretability of discrepant results. These insights set a foundation for additional insights germane to theory development. In particular, the chapter discusses theoretical developments surrounding the mechanisms that underlie converging and discrepant results, with a focus on the concepts that underlie the operations triad model described in Chapter 7.
Research, Education, and Training
Authors: De Los Reyes Andres
Published: July 2024

Chapter 16 of Discrepant Results in Mental Health Research describes how research on discrepant results informs practices surrounding research, education, and training in mental health. In particular, the chapter covers practices relevant to integrating mental health data. First, the chapter discusses the implications of research on discrepant results for informing how to describe use of analytic procedures designed to integrate mental health data in the methods sections of journal articles. Second, the chapter describes the implications of research on discrepant results for coursework designed to build competencies surrounding the integration of mental health data. Third, the chapter articulates the implications of research on discrepant results for informing guidelines geared toward integrating mental health data when assessing clients receiving mental health services.
Uncertainty
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

Uncertainty is essential for furthering excitement, creativity, and entertainment, but it is mostly something that actors shun. This book analyses ways in which actors try to increase, deal with, but above all reduce, uncertainty. Uncertainty is an issue facing an individual or an organization, and to decrease their uncertainty, ways to gain more certainty are used. Increased certainty is often the result of knowing more, and scientific production has generated a large systematic body of knowledge that can be put to use. Though each individual faces his or her problems, this book focuses on public solutions that reduce uncertainty for many. How can public means of uncertainty reduction be created, and how can they be used? Concrete solutions to the problem of uncertainty involve informal institutions, for example norms, and formal institutions, for example laws, as well as standards. Much of the uncertainty relates to values, and through markets, competitions, valuations, and contests, it is possible to settle these uncertainties so that knowledge can be used by many to facilitate coordination and action. Organizations, individually or with others, can actively change their environment to reduce their uncertainties rather than merely adapting to them. The publicly available knowledge that is produced is central to building a society that allows communication based on shared ideas and understanding, rather than bubbles, echo chambers, or private truths.
How Much Can We Know?
Authors: Aspers Patrik
Published: July 2024

The introductory chapter presents central themes and terms of the book, and outlines where it sits in the research field. Over time, human society has produced much knowledge, and what were once ‘unknown unknowns’ (what we do not know that we do not know), have gradually become ‘known unknowns’ (what we know that we do not know), to ‘known knowns’ (what we know). This approach is presented and complements the existing business study literature that focuses on individual actors’ strategies and decision-making to reduce uncertainty by private means. It zooms in on the ways in which means of uncertainty reduction are made—intentionally and unintentionally—in the public domain. Uncertainty is epistemic and means that we cannot know the ‘future consequences of present action’. It is different from risk and ambiguity, and knowledge is seen as the main way of addressing uncertainty.
Conclusion
Authors: Svensson Manfred
Published: July 2024

This conclusion offers a final overview of the Protestant tradition of Aristotelian commentary. As the book has shown, this tradition reaches every corner of the Protestant world, with commentaries consistently distributed over time and geography. It was a Protestant tradition, but one open to the many voices of the preceding and contemporary Aristotelian tradition. Finally, the conclusion discusses both the decline and the survival of this tradition. In the late seventeenth century, new arguments were added to the centuries-old grievances against Aristotle, and the modern school of natural law largely replaced his moral and political philosophy. Despite this, when the tradition of Aristotelian commentary reemerged in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it explicitly connected with the Protestant tradition explored in this book.
Development Policy Paradigms in Historical Perspective
Authors: Purdon Mark
Published: July 2024

Part 2, Chapters 4–7, discusses different domestic political economy factors that have shaped the process of development—including political settlements, state development interests, and development policy paradigms—in the three case-study countries, that is, Uganda, Tanzania, and Moldova. Each might be considered a potential independent variable for explaining climate finance effectiveness.
Economic Inequality and Social Mobility
Authors: Brea-Martinez Gabriel , Dribe Martin
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyzes the long-term development of income inequality and social mobility. During the twentieth century Landskrona experienced a dramatic socioeconomic transformation that shaped economic inequality and social mobility. There were three main phases in the development of socioeconomic disparities, which reflect development at the national level. The first phase (1905–1930) saw high and fluctuating levels of economic inequality resulting from economic fluctuations relating to industrialization. During the second phase (1930–1969), inequality declined, following national development in terms of social and economic policy. During the last phase (1970–2015), Landskrona experienced economic crisis and deindustrialization marked by an increase in unemployment and a negative migratory balance. When the whole country was affected by new economic policies and a financial crisis in the early 1990s, inequality started to increase steadily until the 2010s, when it reached the same level as before World War II.
Climate Obstruction in Sweden
Authors: Vowles Kjell , Ekberg Kristoffer , Hultman Martin
Published: July 2024

Applying the concepts of primary, secondary, and tertiary climate obstruction, this chapter explores the concept of Swedish ‘middle way’ environmental politics as a type of secondary obstruction. Since the 1970s, there has been a near consensus among Swedish policymakers that economic growth and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand. This middle way has led to incremental emission reductions that may be progressive compared with those of some other industrialized nation-states but are inadequate to reach compliance with the Paris Agreement. While primary obstruction in Sweden has been aimed at those demanding more ambitious climate policies, the chapter argues that the middle way has contributed to secondary obstruction through tactics of delay and geographical displacement, constraining calls for more socially transformative policies. In recent years, middle-way compromise has broken down, with the Swedish far right returning to outright climate science denial and pushing the conservative-liberal government toward such policies.
Subversion Found
Authors: Whyte Christopher
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines Falun Gong, a spiritualistic organization-cum-social-movement with roots in a tumultuous 1990s confrontation with the government of the People’s Republic of China. Falun Gong is well known around the world as an anticommunist advocate for freedom from oppression in the Chinese mainland. Perhaps most interesting, however, is that Falun Gong is not a conventional subversive organization. Rather, its fringe status was forced upon it by Chinese authorities, and the resulting period of exodus and underground reorganization produced a dispersed movement that was quite arguably akin to other subversive entities in functional terms only. Interestingly, this circumstance saw members of the group take actions that paralleled those seen in the Fringe 1.0, including the construction of new techniques for digital circumvention and political cracking. In more recent years, there is evidence that Falun Gong has become strategically subversive in their outlook.
Emotional Pedagogy
Authors: Holvikivi Aiko
Published: July 2024

Although training curricula attempt to fix meaning to gender, there is no automatic correspondence between how training designers imagine the practice and goals of gender training, what is set in the training curriculum, and what happens in the classroom. This chapter thus turns to examine classroom practices in order to investigate what gender training participants learn and how. It presents the case for understanding knowledge itself as produced through affective processes and highlights the ways in which training fosters specific types of epistemic and political investments. Substantively, the chapter examines how conflict-related sexual violence is treated as a training topic and sketches out the ways in which training navigates the ambivalent demand that peacekeepers be stoic and emotional; warriors and humanitarians. The ambivalence contained within this discourse means that excess emotion persists as trainees struggle to make sense of the limitations and shortcomings of martial action.
Political Voice
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

Political Voice examines the agency of marginalised people, emphasising the processes and strategies through which different communities around the world articulate their political voices. By focusing on the political voices of marginalised groups, this timely book uncovers democratic expression and agency beyond the ballot box, examining how the articulation of political voice constitutes marginalised groups and democracy itself. Political Voice is based on the conviction that voice is necessary when people are routinely silenced and excluded. The book arrives at a crucial juncture in politics, as marginalised people around the globe rise up to challenge political regimes, institutions, embedded practices, attitudes, and laws that stigmatize and exclude certain groups. The proliferation of protests around the world in the last ten years reveal how people are demanding to be heard and refusing to remain silent, and the relationship between social movements and democracy. Political Voice is theoretically generative as it presents, for the first time, an innovative conceptualisation of political voice, one that moves beyond conventional democratic theory. To this end, it develops the concept of political voice around three elements: autonomy, representation, and constitution (ARC). ARC is then interrogated through two contemporary case studies examining the articulation of political voice of two persecuted and silenced groups: LGBTIQ/queer activism in India and Roma mobilization in Europe. This study draws on empirical research conducted in India and in Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: McGarry Aidan
Published: July 2024

This chapter is the conclusion and outlines the lessons learned from the case studies vis-à-vis political voice. It focuses on the ARC elements and defines the relationship between political voice and autonomy, representation, and constitution. Attention is paid to the role that political voice plays for marginalised people and how it impacts democracy. The conclusion discusses some limitations of the research and points towards further research questions and ideas. The conclusion offers an overview of the key findings of the book and points to how research on political voice can yield important theoretical insights into key political issues affecting democratic societies.
On Discontents with Jerusalem’s Sanctity
Authors: Kedar Benjamin Z.
Published: July 2024

While many writings on holy places aim at understanding believers’ attitudes toward them, the present essay focuses on the discontent or even revulsion they may evoke. In India, Kabir, the 15th-century mystic and poet revered by Muslims and Hindus, stood out for his sweeping condemnation of their holy places. In Jerusalem, Isaiah denounced the sinners who offered sacrifices in the Temple and Jesus expelled the sellers and buyers from it. Pope Gregory IX, in 1238, condemned as a fraud the traditional Descent of the Holy Fire from Heaven to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. In more recent years, Jerusalem’s holy places offended the sensitivities of visitors like Mark Twain, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Theodor Herzl and George Bernard Shaw.
Introduction
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto
Published: July 2024

The introduction, first of all, briefly illustrates some well-known cases in which the courts have used general principles to solve complex disputes. Secondly, it explains the research questions that are at the heart of the book. On the one hand, are general principles about filling gaps? Or do they have a foundational role, because they give meaning to the values that are shared by European legal systems, such as respect for the rule of law and for fundamental rights? On the other hand, are there shared standards of administrative conduct, including the duty to give reasons? Are there fundamental differences with regard to non-European legal systems, such as that of China? Thirdly, and finally, it is clarified that such questions are examined through a factual analysis, based on a set of hypothetical cases, which are discussed by national experts.
Serbia
Authors: Milenković Marko
Published: July 2024

Serbia has a long tradition of codified general administrative procedure rules—the basic principles and procedural guarantees stemming from the tradition of the Austrian codification and remaining to the great extent unchanged. As a part of wider administrative reforms taking place, the new Law on General Administrative Procedure (LGAP) was adopted in 2016. Process rights are guaranteed in detail by the LGAP and by a number of sectoral laws governing different ‘special’ procedures, with distinction between general and special procedures widely found in national administrative practice and scholarly works. Following the structure of the CoCEAL questionnaire, the first part of the chapter examines the general principles of administrative action as stipulated by the Constitution and the LGAP, while the second parts bring the analysis of ten hypothetical cases and offers insights into how procedural and other rights would be protected in the Serbian legal system.
Cases
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto
Published: July 2024

Part III is at the heart of the ‘common core’ methodology. The hypothetical cases employed in this research have been discussed with national experts in order to ascertain whether they make sense and whether they are pertinent to all the legal systems selected for comparative analysis. Our questionnaire concerns three categories of procedural requirements. There are, first of all, certain requirements pertaining to administrative adjudication, which include the right to be heard and the duty to give reasons with regard to the adoption of individual acts, such as licences and orders. Secondly, some requirements concern administration outside of adjudication. These include consulting stakeholders and citizen participation. Lastly, there is a case concerning administrative digitalization, specifically a refusal to grant access to an algorithm used by a public authority. The national reports prepare the ground for comparative analysis included in Part IV.
The Legal Relevance and Significance of Administrative Procedure Legislation
Authors: Zumbini Angela Ferrari
Published: July 2024

This chapter addresses the question of whether having a code of administrative procedure actually makes a difference, so, to this end, a comparative analysis of the solutions will be carried out between countries with an Administrative Procedure Act (APA) and those without. The aim was to examine both first-generation and second-generation proceedings. More specifically, three individual proceedings were chosen, each relating to a fundamental principle of administrative procedure: the right to a hearing, access to files, and the obligation to give reasons. The selection criterion for the second-generation proceedings was the same, analysing the obligation to consult all stakeholders equally and the requirement to consult the general public. The case involving automated administrative decision-making was selected because of the striking contemporary topic of public authorities using algorithms.
Introduction
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2024

An analysis of the Iliad’s first verse (“Sing, goddess, the wrath of Achilles son of Peleus”) illustrates this volume’s approach: we explore each book’s themes and poetics, providing both close readings of individual passages and synthetic reviews of current scholarship. The volume concentrates on the standard text of the poem, but one can profitably juxtapose that text with early papyri of the epic, including the so-called wild papyri, and with modern oral traditional works from all over the world, from Kyrgyzstan to Senegal. Other tools, both electronic and print, help us read the poem as well.
Book 6
Authors: Doherty Lillian E.
Published: July 2024

The major scenes in book 6 are the exchange of genealogies between Diomedes and Glaucus on the battlefield and the visit of Hector to Troy, including his encounters with Helen and Paris and with his wife, Andromache, and their baby son, Astyanax. Themes discussed in this chapter include the characterization of major figures (Agamemnon and Menelaus, Hector and Andromache, and Helen and Paris); life in Troy; gender ideology; and the tragic dimension of the epic, associated with the narrator’s even-handed portrayal of Greeks and Trojans. Aspects of Homeric poetics covered include the use of apparently inappropriate formulaic language and digressions involving mythic material from outside the Trojan cycle, which may be used in speeches as exempla or warnings.
Book 16
Authors: Beck Deborah
Published: July 2024

Book 15 ends with Hector reaching Protesilaus’s ship, intending to set it on fire. Book 16 represents a crucial turning point in the Iliad in which Patroclus goes out to fight in place of Achilles. After great success on the battlefield, including the slaying of Zeus’s son Sarpedon, Patroclus is himself killed by Hector. In the category of themes, this chapter discusses the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus, the universality of parents’ grief for their dead children, gods and their interactions with mortals, the deaths of Sarpedon and Patroclus, and death and burial. Under poetics, it discusses neoanalysis and apostrophe.
Book 17
Authors: Kozak Lynn
Published: July 2024

Book 17 picks up mid-battle with Menelaus’s response to Patroclus’s death as he runs to defend the body. The book’s remaining action centers on the fight over Patroclus’s body: the Achaeans strive to protect the body and get it out of the fray, while the Trojans hope to capture it for themselves. While this book contains many of the standard themes of Iliadic battle, this chapter will focus on themes related to the corpse, its affective potentials and social implications. The poetics section also starts with the corpse as a setting and how the epic’s narrative strategies and tools, from catalogues and jump-cuts to its melodramatic alignment structures, work around that setting. Finally, this chapter will discuss how the book’s melodramatic alignment structure, especially as pertains to who finds out about Patroclus’s death and when, also has clear implications for the Iliad’s book divisions.
Book 22
Authors: Purves Alex
Published: July 2024

Book 22 recounts the death of Hector at the hands of Achilles. This is the last death in battle we see in the poem and the culmination of the Iliad’s revenge plot. Achilles chases the Hector three times around the walls of Troy, kills him with the aid of Athena, and then shows no mercy to his corpse, which he drags behind his chariot in front of his parents and wife as they watch from the walls. The book is also notable for its closing scene, which depicts Andromache learning of his death from the city walls. This chapter addresses the themes of the characterization of Hector and Achilles; heroism, shame, and pity; the Homeric body in death; lament and the female perspective on war. It explores the poetics of timing, plot, and narrative.
Losing Skills
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: July 2024

Might we be losing valuable expertise to AI? Will airplane pilots lose the necessary skills to fly in an emergency because they rely too much on automatic systems? Will students not develop critical writing and thinking skills as a consequence of using large language models? Will we depend on AI to navigate cities, run companies, or manage democracy? Is the worry of losing abilities to AI similar to Socrates’ concern that writing would vitiate our memory and cognitive abilities? This chapter argues that some skills will be lost as a result of the AI revolution, but how serious a loss it is depends on how reliable AI can be. There may be some things, from intimate relationships to critical thinking skills and safety measures, that might be wise not to delegate to AI.
Introduction to This Volume
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides a brief background to this volume, which offers English translations of a curated sample of Urdu-language foundational texts from the vast body of literature produced and disseminated across Pakistan and beyond by a Pakistan-based international terrorist organization known as Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) through their in-house Lahore-based publisher, Dar-ul-Andlus. It introduces the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba and the various front organizations it has spawned. In examining the tensions between Pakistan and India, it discusses the influences of the United States and its interests on their relations. It describes the methodology used to collect and curate materials for translation and provides an overview of each chapter of the volume.
What is the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba?*
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides a detailed history of Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) beginning with its establishment in Afghanistan at the very end of the war to oust the Soviet Union from Afghanistan (1979–1989) up to and including the organization’s contemporary role in Pakistan’s domestic security and in prosecuting its revisionist agenda in Afghanistan, Kashmir, and elsewhere in India. While the exact year in which LeT (Army of the Righteous) coalesced is unknown, scholars tend to agree that it began to take form when Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi gathered several Pakistani Ahl-e-Hadees adherents to wage jihad against the Soviets in Afghanistan at the very end of that conflict (1979–1989). Around 1985, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and Zafar Iqbal founded Jamaat ud Dawah (JuD, Organization for Proselytization) with the intent of promulgating the Ahl-e-Hadees creed. A year later, Lakhvi’s LeT amalgamated with Saeed and Iqbal’s JuD to form the Markaz-ud-Dawah-wal-Irshad (MDI, Centre for Preaching and Guidance), which had three preoccupations: jihad, proselytization of the Ahl-e-Hadees maslak, and the creation of a new generation of Muslims committed to their ideology. After providing a history of the organization, this chapter also explains what makes LeT different from the many other groups operating in and from Pakistan, and the unique support it enjoys from Pakistan’s security establishment. It also details the various other front organizations that LeT spawned to subvert sanction regimes.
We, the Mothers of the Lashkar‐e‐Tayyaba by Umm-e-Hammad*
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina
Published: July 2024

Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (LeT) is a distinctive militant group in Pakistan because it dedicates considerable resources to recruiting women and their families, acknowledging that women are responsible for reproducing the ummat and raising good Muslims. While LeT encourages women to observe strict purdah, it also relies upon women to engage in important social and political activities. This affords women significant status within the organization and a socially acceptable public life, with the relatively rare opportunity to leave their homes to participate in LeT’s various women’s ijtema’at (pl. ijtema, meetings). Umm-e-Hammad is a well-known member of LeT women’s wing; she is a prolific writer of jihadi poetry for LeT, and the compiler of the three-volume Hum Mayen Lashkar‐e‐Tayyaba Ki (We, the Mothers of Lashkar‐e‐Tayyaba). The first and second volumes, published (1998–2003), include several hundred biographies of slain fighters. The third volume, published in 2003, has only a ‘Publisher’s Note’, and thus, is not translated here.
The English Dialect Dictionary
Authors: Townend Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter offers an account of the making, contents, and reception of Joseph Wright’s six-volume English Dialect Dictionary (1898–1905). The English Dialect Dictionary was founded on the materials assembled by the English Dialect Society, and the chapter traces the movement from society to dictionary, and supplies a biography of Joseph Wright, the extraordinary figure who took on the role of the dictionary’s editor. It explores the processes and personnel involved in the making of the dictionary, its principles of inclusion and exclusion (not least, regarding slang), the nature and layout of its entries, and the body of adjunct materials that the dictionary project also produced (such as Wright’s English Dialect Grammar).
Introduction
Authors: Bocci Giuliano , Botteri Daniele , Manetti Claudia , Moscati Vincenzo
Published: July 2024

Linguistic Theory is animated by the tension between, on the one side, the effort to capture at a descriptive level the rich landscape of language variation and, on the other, the need for a small set of primitives with an explicative power. This is illustrated by the dialectic between Cartography and Minimalism. The two approaches are presented here as complementary: articulated grammatical structures may emerge from simpler principles in interaction. This is not dissimilar to the conception behind the modeling of complex systems in a variety of disciplines outside Linguistics. We offer some considerations on learnability, universality, and language variations drawn on the basis of the papers collected in the present volume.
Recategorizing C
Authors: Manzini M. Rita , Roussou Anna
Published: July 2024

Recent research explicitly addresses the fact that C is a category defined on the basis of its function (“complementation”), encompassing a number of elements whose intrinsic categorial content varies greatly. We consider declarative complementizers, of the form attested in Indo-European languages, and argue that they are pronouns, unifying the complementizer function with the pronominal one. In this framework, complement clauses are projections of nominals and exhibit a structure similar to free relatives. The proposal is that the pronoun in its complementizer function heads the constituent merging with the selecting predicate. This approach has implications for the articulated CP structure, reducing the left periphery to positions that are related to V (e.g., modality), whilst allowing for dislocation of constituents for scope purposes.
From Bantu subject-object reversal to inverted copular sentences
Authors: Shlonsky Ur
Published: July 2024

The validity of Rizzi’s Relativized Minimality is challenged by configurations in which a non-subject raises over a c-commanding subject to a case/phi/EPP position. Two such configurations are studied in this contribution, subject-object reversal (SOR) in Bantu and inverse copular constructions. Developing the analysis proposed in Shlonsky and Rizzi (2018), it is argued that in both, the subject internally merges with a clause-internal, “low” focus head. This is followed by smuggling—in the sense of Collins (2005) and related work—of the phrase that dominates the trace of the subject to a position above FocusP. Subsequent movement of the non-subject nominal out of the smuggled constituent gives rise to the observed inversion in both constructions and circumvents the locality violation that would be induced by direct movement of the non-subject. An attempt to identify the parametric differences between the languages that allow SOR and those that do not is also discussed.
State Ownership in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T.
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents a comparative analysis of the Brazil and Chile case studies, arguing for recognition of the significance of state ownership in understanding fundamental debates in the political economy that seek to address both critical real-world and normative questions: the relation between state capitalism and economic development, the role of state ownership in institutional capacity building and industrial policy expansion in the 21st century, and the political conditions necessary to maintain efficient, productive, and politically autonomous SOEs. It situates state ownership in a larger framework of reference by examining the challenges in pursuing SOE-based growth strategies in the rest of Latin America. The chapter explores and evaluates two other responses to economic globalization in the region: (1) Venezuela’s state ownership at the expense of the corporate autonomy of its NOC PDVSA in pursuing industrialization and the creation of alternative export industries; and (2) Peru’s full embrace of neoliberalism without any kind of state ownership, where the possibilities for structural transformation may have been closed due to the limited presence of industrial capabilities and overwhelming power of extractivist interests. In both cases, the balance between the pursuit of state activism and autonomy of SOEs had been difficult to achieve.
Oversight and Accountability
Authors: McNall Christopher , Ward Robert
Published: July 2024

Chapter 5 focuses on the mechanisms used to ensure effective oversight of intelligence matters and, specifically, the intelligence and security agencies. The chapter begins with a general introduction to the importance of those agencies being subject to effective oversight and scrutiny. It notes the development of the means of oversight, from some aspects of long-standing judicial oversight to contemporary statutory mechanisms which ensure the accountability of the agencies in different ways and in different fora. The authors then proceed to examine each of the principal means of oversight: the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament (ISC), the Investigatory Powers Commissioner (IPC), the Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT), and the Independent Review of Terrorism Legislation (Independent Reviewer). As regards the ISC, the authors consider its constitutional background and establishment and the means by which it holds the agencies to account. The authors then consider the IPC’s role in overseeing the use of surveillance powers, including through the ‘double lock’ mechanism by which certain warrants, etc. require the approval of a Judicial Commissioner. The authors also consider the IPC’s particular role in overseeing the Principles on co-operating with foreign intelligence services. They then examine the jurisdiction and function of the IPT, providing an introduction to practice and procedure in that forum. Finally, they consider the work of the Independent Reviewer, explaining his statutory functions and means of engagement and reporting.
SIAC Individual Measures (2)
Authors: Blundell David , Stansfeld James
Published: July 2024

Chapter 11 is the second chapter dealing with particular elements of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission’s (SIAC’s) jurisdiction: in this case, challenges to deprivation of citizenship, exclusion, and naturalisation. In recent years, deprivation of citizenship has been a significant, though controversial, part of the UK’s response to the threat of terrorism. The authors examine the nature of the deprivation power in s. 40 of the British Nationality Act 1981, the conduciveness test, and the mechanisms for its use. They review the main technical requirements in terms of service of notices and some of the issues to which this gives rise. They consider the exercise of the deprivation power where the subject is outside the UK. They consider the application of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the appeal jurisdiction in SIAC, and in particular, the impact of the Supreme Court’s decision in R (Begum) v SIAC. They deal with the guarantee against statelessness in s. 40(4) and the limited exception in s. 40(4A). Next, they consider the use of the power to exclude individuals from the UK. They review the source of the exclusion power, the scope of SIAC’s jurisdiction in exclusion challenges, and the approach of SIAC to reviewing exclusion decisions. They consider the impact of the ECHR and, where still relevant, European Union law. They then consider refusal of naturalisation decisions and SIAC’s jurisdiction to review the same before concluding by reviewing other appeals before the First-tier and Upper Tribunals which give rise to national security issues.
National Security and Criminal Procedure
Authors: Davidson Rosemary , Pawson-Pounds Dan
Published: July 2024

Chapter 21 considers the specialised procedural rules that apply in national security cases as well as the ways in which criminal procedural rules of general application operate in the national security context. The authors begin by considering the case management issues that arise in criminal trials involving national security matters, both in terrorism trials and trials of offences charged under the Official Secrets Act 1989 (‘OSA 1989’) and National Security Act 2023 (‘NSA 2023’). This involves consideration not only of the Criminal Procedure Rules and Practice Directions but also the Protocol on the Case Management of Terrorism Cases. Pre-trial hearings are considered, as are preparatory hearings. The authors then examine issues concerning bail and custody time limits. Disclosure in terrorism and OSA 1989/NSA 2023 cases is considered in detail, in particular applications for public interest immunity (PII). In camera proceedings are examined before the authors review applications for special measures and witness anonymity. Finally, jury panel vetting matters are examined.
Freedom of Information and National Security
Authors: Blake Julian , McCaffrey Eugene
Published: July 2024

Chapter 26 is in Part IX of the book, dealing with national security, freedom of information, and data protection. It examines, in particular, the regime introduced by the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) and its application in cases raising national security matters. The chapter begins with an overview of the key provisions and operation of FOIA: the right to information, the bodies subject to the right, exemptions, certificates, and challenges. The authors analyse in detail the security body exemption in s. 23(1), a key provision of significance in this field. They also examine other relevant exemptions: the national security exemption in s. 24, the defence exemption in s. 26, and the international relations exemption in s. 27. This provides the background to a detailed consideration of the application of the ‘neither-confirm-nor-deny’ (‘NCND’) principle and its examination in relevant case law. The application of the security body exemption to Information held by The National Archives is reviewed before consideration is given to ministerial certificates certifying that the information is covered by the security body or national security exemption. The authors then consider the extraction or redaction of information in response to an FOI request. The chapter concludes with detailed sections on enforcement and special consideration for handling sensitive material before the Information Commissioner and the Tribunal (including Closed material procedures).
Data Protection and National Security
Authors: Blake Julian , McCaffrey Eugene
Published: July 2024

Chapter 29 brings the book to a close with an examination of data protection and national security. It begins with an introduction to the development of the modern data protection regime through to the modern General Data Protection Regulation and the Data Protection Act 2018, culminating now in the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR). The authors set out a comprehensive analysis of the key terms in the UK GDPR and its regulation of general data processing in the UK. They then examine the national security exemption and the scope of law enforcement processing. The area of intelligence services processing is subject to detailed analysis before the chapter concludes with a review of the work of the Information Commissioner and the courts in this field.
Post-Truth Blame Games in Public Diplomacy and Media
Authors: Raspopina Aleksandra
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the blame-attribution mechanisms and themes in Russian public diplomacy through media by looking at the coverage by the Russian state-funded international broadcaster RT (formerly Russia Today) of the downing of Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 in eastern Ukraine in 2014 and the chemical attack in the Syrian town of Douma in 2018. By focusing on these events, this chapter takes a new look at the role of crises in blame attribution and avoidance, looking at the international rather than the domestic level. Finally, the chapter also looks at how RT’s status as a media outlet and a public diplomacy actor can be understood within the context of its blame-avoidance and -attribution narratives, and at how the channel uses media and journalistic tools to assign and avoid blame.
Algorithmic Automation of Knowledge Work
Authors: Cecez-Kecmanovic Dubravka
Published: July 2024

This chapter seeks to contribute to a better understanding of what knowledge work and decision-making become when automated by AI-powered systems and how such automation performs a brave new world of work. To do so, it first provides a critical argument about the fundamental ontological and epistemological assumptions underlying these systems and shows how they enact a pure world of ‘blobs’. In this world, knowledge work is reduced to a bounded, self-contained mechanism, an entity detached from practice that runs based on impoverished, unreliable, and questionable ‘knowledge’. It then demonstrates why, in the world of blobs, the harmful social implications of knowledge work automation cannot be addressed, no matter how ‘intelligent’ and powerful AI systems become, nor how careful and apt the developers’ endeavour to correct the ‘errors’ is. We need to pause and question the very concept of knowledge work automation. It is not inevitable and could be otherwise. Thinking in line with Ingold, imagine a different world of work in which knowledge work is open to the dynamic potential of discovery and innovation. In this world of work, knowledge workers and AI systems co-respond to each other, bounded in sympathy as they enhance knowledge work that exceeds the capacity of each. We might hope to ‘restore to life’ a world of knowledge work that is in danger of being frozen and cut off from the flows of life. If this chapter at least prompts readers to think about these opportunities, it will fulfil its purpose.
Digital Activism
Authors: Kirk Tom
Published: July 2024

In recent decades, digital technologies have come to play an increasing role in activist repertoires, as both tools and targets. Initial techno-optimism over the growing belief that the internet would erode old bastions of power and present new possibilities for those trying to create change has been tempered by growing concerns over the excessive power of Big Tech and increasing use of digital tech for the purposes of mis- and disinformation and state control. This chapter explores the ways ideas and norms spread digitally; how people express themselves, form new identities and communities, and participate in campaigns; and how initiatives can combine complementary on- and offline tactics. It also shows how other forces are skilling and catching up with new ways to constrain, police, and persecute activists.
The BSA Humean Account of the Metaphysics of Laws
Authors: Loewer Barry
Published: July 2024

David Hume is known for inspiring the regularity account of causation. According to this, a type of event C causes a type of event E when C precedes E and there is a correlation between occurrences of events of these types that satisfies some further conditions, and these further conditions don’t involve fundamental necessary connections. Humean accounts don’t posit fundamental natural necessity but claim that which propositions are laws supervenes on the distribution of the totality of fundamental perfectly natural properties and relations. Lewis calls this distribution “the Humean mosaic.” According to his Best Systems Account (BSA) laws are certain general propositions implied by the scientifically optimal systematization of the Humean mosaic. It is shown that BSA laws possess many of the features that proposals for scientific laws are claimed to have.
The Globe in Print
Authors: Orgel Stephen
Published: July 2024

All that survives from the great ages of theater is a relatively small number of texts of plays. But a play is designed to be a spectacle performed by actors. Is it reducible to its text? Every text we have of a play conceived for the theatre has been through some editorial process to render it appropriate to readers, and restoring it to the stage involves another process of translation. A number of the classics of the Elizabethan stage acknowledge that they have been revised for readers, and the eighteen Shakespeare plays that exist in multiple texts testify to the instability of those texts. What then is the relation of the book to the play? What happens to a play when it becomes a book?
The Drama of Print
Authors: Orgel Stephen
Published: July 2024

What happens to a play when it becomes a book? The translation from stage to page is not merely a matter of transforming the dialogue of a spectacle into a narrative and printing it. Theater has always been popular, but what is the audience for the book of the play? Who, beside the actors, would want to read the text of a play? The play has gone through various editorial interventions to transform it into a book, and even if it is still recognizable as a play, it is not the same play that audiences saw in the theater.
The Example of Macbeth
Authors: Orgel Stephen
Published: July 2024

The surviving text of Macbeth preserved in the first folio is demonstrably a revision, including passages, cited only as incipits, from Thomas Middleton’s play The Witch. It also seems to have been conceived and revised with King James in mind, since it includes both his ancestor Banquo and a great deal of witchcraft, a subject on which he had made himself an expert. Our text also includes a scene that suggests that the king was in the audience: the play was not only revised, but prepared for a special performance. The evidence of collaboration and revision is especially clear in this case, but they are to a lesser extent normative in most drama throughout the age.
The Protests
Authors: Das Acevedo Deepa
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the 2015–16 protests that immediately predated the Supreme Court’s accelerated engagement with the Sabarimala litigation. It describes two social movements, each of which became a part of the broader dispute over Sabarimala, and each of which was inspired by a woman operating outside formal channels of politics and law. In the first instance, Nikita Azad, a college student, posted an open letter online that generated a social media battle, while in the second, Trupti Desai, a community activist who had fought for women’s entry at other Hindu temples, tried to bodily challenge Sabarimala’s admission policies. The chapter also explores the early twentieth-century ‘temple entry’ movements influenced by Gandhi and Ambedkar that were often referenced in discussions of these recent campaigns.
Priming
Authors: Schnyer David M. , Dobbins Ian G.
Published: July 2024

Priming refers to the faciliatory processing effects of repeating a stimulus or a task. This ubiquitous phenomenon is of interest to memory researchers because its encoding and retrieval dynamics are both similar to and different from many other forms of learning examined in this volume. This chapter explores one specific domain of priming that has been extensively studied in the memory literature, namely that which occurs when one identifies or classifies a stimulus repeatedly—referred to as long-term repetition priming. This chapter reviews the mechanisms proposed for the faciliatory effects seen in priming. As the chapter explores each proposed mechanism, it will become clear to the reader that no explanation captures all aspects of priming completely, and as such, it is likely that multiple mechanisms may be working in parallel, with their relative impact on behavior highlighted by the goals of the observer and the context of retrieval. This perspective is captured in the proposed adaptive learning system model of long-term repetition priming.
Pattern Completion and the Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System
Authors: Theves Stephanie , Grande Xenia , Duzel Emrah , Doeller Christian F.
Published: July 2024

Pattern completion is a mechanism that allows humans to infer a whole unit based on partial information. Memory theorists have posited that hippocampal pattern completion underlies recollection of episodic memories. To provide an introduction to hippocampal pattern completion and to illustrate the current state of research, this chapter first addresses its psychological conceptualization for recollection and then outlines the neuroanatomy and computational models of the hippocampal circuitry relevant for pattern completion. The chapter further reviews neurophysiological investigations in rodents and studies on hippocampal pattern completion in humans. Finally, it discusses unresolved conceptual issues and open questions regarding the role of hippocampal pattern completion within and beyond episodic memory.