bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Air Void Size Distribution, Pore Pressure, and Bond Energy on Moisture Damage
Authors: Masad E , Castelblanco A , Birgisson B
Published: December 2005

The relationship between hot mix asphalt moisture damage, air void structure, pore pressure, and cohesive and adhesive bond energies was investigated in this study using mixes with two different aggregate types (limestone and granite). Each of the mixes was designed with varying gradations to obtain different air void distributions among specimens. Moisture damage was evaluated using parameters derived based on the principles of fracture mechanics. Air void distribution was analyzed using a probabilistic approach with the assistance of X-ray computed tomography and image analysis techniques. The cohesive and adhesive bond energies of the mix were calculated using experimental measurements of aggregate and asphalt surface energies. Permeability, which controls the ability of the water to infiltrate into and drain out of the mix, was expressed as a function of statistical parameters of the air void distribution. Ranges of air void distributions and permeability were identified for each of the limestone and granite mixes at which moisture damage was maximum. The difference in moisture damage between the granite and limestone mixes was explained based on air void distribution and cohesive and adhesive bond energies.
The Activation Energy of the Static Fatigue (Creep of Steel)
Authors: Graefe W
Published: December 2005

In an earlier paper [1] the relation σB = σ∞ + const. tB−1/4 has been deduced for the time dependence of the strength decrease under a static load. In the formula σ∞ means the fatigue limit and σB is the stress causing a fracture after the loading period tB. By application of this formula the activation energy of the static fatigue of glass and of the creep of steel is calculated from experimental data at different temperatures. The activation energy determined for steel corresponds to activation energy for the diffusion of sulfur in iron but corresponds also to the half of the sublimation enthalpy for iron. Therefore, the rate limiting step of the creep of steel at elevated temperatures may be a diffusion of interstitial atoms as well as a quasi-sublimation. A theoretical model is given for the defect growth due to a quasi-sublimation.
Statistical Rules for Laboratory Networks
Authors: Konnert A , Berding C , Arends S , Parvin C , Rohlfing CL , Wiedmeyer H-M , Little R , Siebelder C , Weykamp C
Published: December 2005

Within the definition of reference methods, laboratory networks and interlaboratory studies play an important role. To maintain the quality of the results statistical rules for quality control need to be defined. In this note we review statistical rules for the evaluation of laboratories participating in interlaboratory studies as well as data evaluation rules for the calculation of consensus means. The practicality of the derived rules is elaborated for a number of recent HbAlc interlaboratory studies
On Setting Testing Rate Limitations for the Master Curve Reference Temperature,To, of ASTM E 1921
Authors: Joyce JA , Tregoning RL , Roe C
Published: December 2005

Tests conducted to identify the ductile to brittle transition in ferritic steels have historically been conducted at elevated loading rates since it was understood that this transition was very dependent on the loading rate. By testing at an elevated loading rate, the researcher identified an upper bound transition temperature that could be expected to be conservative for most structural applications. In the development of the Master Curve procedure and the To reference temperature of ASTM E 1921, Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range, allowable test rates were restricted to the “quasi-static” regime typical of elastic-plastic fracture toughness standards like E 1290 and E 1820. Since this standard was developed primarily for nuclear pressure vessels in which even a pressurized thermal shock event results in relatively slow loading rates because of the large size of the structures involved, the limitation to rather slow loading rates was not considered to be important. The loading rate allowed by E 1921-03 encompasses approximately two orders of magnitude for dK/dt with dK/dt ≈ 1.0 Mpa √m/s, but the standard has not required the direct measurement of the loading rate or the reporting of the actual loading rate. The expectation is that for such a “quasi-static” loading rate the resulting To is not strongly dependent on the loading rate, and the result can be used in “quasi-static” applications without adjustment for the likely difference between test and application loading rates. Recently Hall and Yoon [1] and Wallin [2] have reported results that appear to show that tests conducted over the range of loading rates allowed by E 1921 can result in a difference in the resulting reference temperature of 30 to 50 °C. Wallin has suggested [3] reducing the allowable range of testing to a very narrow factor of 4 centered on dK/dt = 1.0 MPa√m/s, or requiring a correction procedure to account for the test machine rate used.

Based on the experimental work presented in this paper, and work of Hall and Yoon [1], a revision to E 1921 was recently approved by ASTM that reduces the allowable testing range from two orders of magnitude to effectively a range of 20, with a target test rate of dK/dt ≈ 1.0 MPa√m/s with the allowable range from dK/dt ≈ 0.1 MPa√m/s to dK/dt ≈ 2.0 MPa√m/s. Work is continuing in the E08.08.03 Task Group to develop a high loading rate procedure for E 1921, so that tests can be conducted at the rate of interest for the application.

In this work data are developed that shows that the E 1921-02 range is too generous, but it also implies that narrowing the present allow range by a factor of 5 from 100 to 20 is adequate to obtain a To measurement that is insensitive to the loading rate within 10°C.
Evaluation of a Diffused Oxygen Aeration System under On-Farm Harvest Conditions
Authors: Pearson Philip R , Duke Sara E , Green Bartholomew W , Minchew C Douglas , Beecham Rachel V , Kim Jin M
Published: December 2005

The aeration effectiveness of a diffused oxygen system was compared with that of a tractor-powered paddlewheel during eight harvests of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at Top Cat II Fishery in Chicot County, Arkansas. Dissolved oxygen and water temperature data were collected from a grading net aerated by the diffused oxygen system, from a grading net aerated by a paddlewheel, and from the open culture pond between the two grading nets and were not significantly different. However, comparison of estimated oxygen consumption by the biomass confined in each grading net indicated that the aeration effectiveness of the diffused oxygen system equaled or exceeded that of a paddlewheel during six field trials. An informal cost comparison indicated that a diffused oxygen system can be placed in service for a smaller capital investment than a tractor-powered paddlewheel and that the hourly operating expense of the diffused oxygen system is comparable to that of the paddlewheel. Results of the study indicate that the diffused oxygen system is a viable alternative to the tractor-powered paddlewheel for aeration of channel catfish held in grading nets.
Predicting ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on reinforced cohesionless soils using artificial neural networks
Authors: Soleimanbeigi A. , Hataf N.
Published: December 2005

Several experimental and theoretical investigations have been carried out to predict the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on reinforced cohesionless soils. It has been demonstrated that placing layers of reinforcement within the foundation soil increases the bearing capacity of shallow foundations remarkably. A limited number of relations has been suggested for predicting the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on reinforced cohesionless soils. In this paper two common types of artificial neural network (ANN), feedforward backpropagation (BP) and radial basis function (RBF), are used to predict the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on reinforced cohesionless soils based on laboratory and field measurements. The results are then compared with the previous traditional methods, showing a much greater degree of accuracy.
Permeating partially hydrated GCLs with jet fuel at temperatures from −20°C and 20°C
Authors: Rowe R. K. , Hurst P. , Mukunoki T.
Published: December 2005

The hydraulic conductivity of hydrated and partially hydrated geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 (Arctic diesel) is examined at −20°C, −5°C, 5°C, and 20°C. Methods developed to hydrate GCLs to specific water contents (60%, 90%, 120%) and subject them to subzero temperatures without the additional uptake of water are described. Results indicate that there are two main mechanisms that affect the hydraulic conductivity of Jet Fuel A-1. For a constant bulk void ratio, as the water content increases, the hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 decreases. Similarly, for a constant water content, as bulk void ratio decreases, the hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 decreases. GCLs at positive temperatures with an initial degree of saturation (Sr) greater then 0.77 had a hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 of less than 10−9 m/s, whereas GCLs at subzero temperatures with Sr > 0.70 had a hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 of less than 2.5 × 10−10 m/s. Highly saturated (Sr > 0.85) GCLs at subzero temperatures were essentially impermeable, having a hydraulic conductivity with respect to Jet Fuel A-1 of less than 10−12 m/s.
Apple‐ and Hop‐Polyphenols Protect Periodontal Ligament Cells Stimulated With Enamel Matrix Derivative From Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Inaba Hiroaki , Tagashira Motoyuki , Kanda Tomomasa , Ohno Takashi , Kawai Shinji , Amano Atsuo
Published: December 2005

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a tissue regenerative agent used clinically as an adjunct to periodontal surgery. It was previously demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, significantly diminished the efficacy of EMD with periodontal ligament (PDL) cells through the proteolytic actions of Arg‐ and Lys‐gingipains (Rgp and Kgp). Thus, antiproteolytic supplements are considered clinically desirable for effective periodontal regenerative therapies. In the present study, we examined apple‐ (AP) and hop‐polyphenols to determine their ability to protect EMD‐stimulated PDL cells from P. gingivalis.

Methods: AP, apple condensed tannin (ACT), hop bract polyphenol (HBP), high and low molecular weight fractions of HBP (HMW‐HBP and LMW‐HBP), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) were used. PDL cells were grown on EMD‐coated dishes and infected with P. gingivalis, and cellular migration and proliferation were evaluated with an in vitro assay of wound healing assay in the presence or absence of the polyphenols.

Results: Each polyphenol significantly enhanced the viability of PDL cells infected with P. gingivalis, whereas only EGCg demonstrated cytotoxicity. Further, all polyphenols significantly inhibited Rgp activity, with AP, ACT, and HBP more effective toward Kgp. P. gingivalis markedly diminished the migration and proliferation of EMD‐stimulated PDL cells, whereas the addition of AP, ACT, HBP, and HMW‐HBP significantly protected the cells from bacterial cytotoxicity. In contrast, EGCg and LMW‐HBP did not show protective effects.

Conclusion: These results suggest that AP, ACT, AP, HBP, and HMW‐HBP protect EMD‐stimulated PDL cells from P. gingivalis and may be therapeutically useful supplements for EMD therapy.
Relative Plaque Removal of Three Toothbrushes in a Nine‐Period Crossover Study
Authors: Terézhalmy Géza T. , Bartizek Robert D. , Biesbrock Aaron R.
Published: December 2005

Background: This study measured the ability of three toothbrushes to remove plaque following three single brushing episodes with each toothbrush.

Methods: This was a randomized, controlled, examiner‐blind, nine‐period crossover study conducted in 72 adult subjects over a 3‐month period that examined plaque removal with a rechargeable power toothbrush and two manual toothbrushes. During the course of this study, subjects brushed three times with each of the toothbrushes. Plaque was scored before and after brushing using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index.

Results: Average baseline plaque scores were between 0.373 and 0.376 for the three treatment groups. The power toothbrush delivered an adjusted (via analysis of covariance) mean difference between baseline and post‐brushing plaque scores of 0.270, whereas the manual toothbrushes delivered adjusted mean differences of 0.211 (control ADA manual toothbrush) and 0.190 (experimental manual toothbrush). The power toothbrush demonstrated a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the ADA reference manual toothbrush (P <0.001), which in turn had a statistically significantly greater reduction in plaque than the experimental manual toothbrush (P <0.001). The powered toothbrush group had, on average, 42.4% and 28.2% greater plaque removal scores than the experimental manual toothbrush and ADA reference manual toothbrush groups, respectively. Results for the interproximal and gingival regions also demonstrated statistically significantly (P <0.001) greater plaque removal for the powered toothbrush relative to the control manual toothbrushes.

Conclusion: The powered toothbrush was found to deliver greater plaque removal by 42.4% and 28.2% compared to the control manual toothbrushes.
Effect of Cyclosporin A on the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Gingiva of Rats
Authors: Gau Ching‐Hwa , Chou Tz‐Chong , Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Shen E‐Chin , Nieh Shin , Chiang Cheng‐Yang , Fu Earl
Published: December 2005

Background: The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathogenesis of cyclosporin A (CsA)‐induced gingival overgrowth is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CsA on the expression of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in the gingival tissue of rats.

Methods: Thirty male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a control and two test groups. Rats in each group received CsA (0, 10, or 30 mg/kg) daily by gastric feeding for 4 weeks. The plasma NO and the NOS enzyme activities were assayed at week 4 in the blood samples and in the gingiva and lung tissue specimens, respectively. The distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was further evaluated in tissues obtained from the gingiva and lung at the end of weeks 1 and 4 by immunohistochemistry.

Results: In the CsA‐treated animals, increased levels of plasma nitrites/nitrates were measured in comparison to those in control rats. Significantly greater iNOS enzyme activities were detected in lung and gingival tissues obtained from CsA‐treated animals than from control animals. In addition, cells positively staining for iNOS were clearly observed in both gingival and lung tissues obtained from the CsA‐treated animals by immunohistochemistry, whereas a few stained cells were found in those from the control group. The quantity of cells positively stained for iNOS was greater in tissue from week 4 than week 1.

Conclusions: The effect of CsA on gingival iNOS expression was evaluated in rats for 4 weeks. A greater iNOS expression in the gingiva was observed after CsA therapy by both enzyme activities and immunohistochemica staining. Therefore, we suggest that CsA can increase gingival iNOS expression, which may play an important role in cyclosporin‐induced gingival overgrowth.
Long‐Term Outcome Following Treatment of Multiple Miller Class I and II Recession Defects in Esthetic Areas of the Mouth
Authors: Zucchelli G. , De Sanctis M.
Published: December 2005

Background: Multiple recession defects can be successfully treated using envelope‐type coronally advanced flaps. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long‐term (5 years) stability of clinical outcomes achieved with the surgery and the association between patient variables and long‐term stability.

Methods: Seventy‐three Miller Class I and II gingival recessions affecting 22 young, systemically healthy subjects were treated with coronally advanced flaps with no releasing incisions. All patients were instructed to perform a coronally directed roll technique to minimize the toothbrushing trauma to the gingival margin. The clinical reevaluation was made 1 year after the surgery. At this point, 13 patients took part in a supportive periodontal care program consisting of oral hygiene instructions, control of toothbrushing technique, and professional tooth cleaning every 4 months. The remaining nine patients did not participate and received only sporadic care by general dentists. At 5 years post‐surgery, all patients were reexamined.

Results: At the 5‐year examination, 94% of the root surfaces initially exposed due to gingival recession were still covered with soft tissue, and 85% of the treated recession defects showed complete coverage. Complete root coverage in all recessions was maintained in 15 out of 22 patients (68%). The long‐term stability of the soft‐tissue margin in the treated sites was significantly influenced by the patient's regular participation in the recall program and the susceptibility to gingival recession in other areas of the mouth. A statistically significant increase of keratinized tissue (0.80 ± 0.64 mm) was observed between the 1‐ and 5‐year observation visits, and the average increase of keratinized tissue between the baseline and the 5‐year follow‐up amounted to 1.38 ± 0.90 mm. This increase was significantly affected by the baseline keratinized tissue (KT) and recession (REC) depth: in particular, the 5‐year increase in the amount of keratinized tissue was greater in sites with a greater recession depth and lower amount of keratinized tissue at baseline.

Conclusions: 1) The successful root coverage results obtained with the coronally advanced flap for multiple recession defects were well maintained over the 4‐year observation period. 2) Negative patient characteristics such as a lack of compliance with a supportive care program and individual susceptibility to gingival recession were significantly associated with the recurrence in gingival recession. 3) The increase in keratinized tissue height that followed the coronally advanced flap procedure may be attributed to the tendency of the mucogingival line to regain its genetically determined position.
Cytomegalovirus‐Associated Periodontitis and Guillain‐Barré Syndrome
Authors: Tabanella Giorgio , Nowzari Hessam
Published: December 2005

Background: Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system, is characterized by rapidly ascending neural paralysis, hyporeflexia, and areflexia. The polyneuropathy of the GBS affects one to four humans per 100,000 of the population annually throughout the world (adults and children). The pathogenesis of GBS remains unclear. However, there are increasing indications that the disease is triggered by a preceding well‐established febrile infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV). The present report describes active CMV within the periodontium of a 37‐year‐old patient affected by GBS.

Methods: Real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (real‐time RT‐PCR) was performed to detect CMV, Epstein‐Barr virus‐1 (EBV‐1), herpes simplex 1 (HSV‐1) and 2 (HSV‐2) virus, and enteroviruses (polio‐, coxsackie‐, echo‐, and enteroviruses 68 and 71) from periodontal sites demonstrating advanced attachment loss. Healthy sites and sites with inflamed gingival tissue were not included in the study. Anaerobic bacterial culture determined the occurrence of potential major periodontal pathogens.

Results: Real‐time RT‐PCR and microbiologic analysis revealed the presence of a dual infection of CMV and specific bacterial plaque. CMV, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, and Campylobacter species were associated with periodontitis active sites, loss of attachment, and gingival bleeding. Furthermore, periodontal sites infected by active CMV had no visible radiographic crestal lamina dura.

Conclusions: The periodontium may serve as a reservoir for CMV and a source of viral replication. However, further research is needed to test whether viral replication in the periodontium precedes the GBS symptoms.
Peripheral Odontogenic Keratocyst
Authors: Preston Rhonda D. , Narayana Nagamani
Published: December 2005

Background: An odontogenic keratocyst can develop at virtually any site in the jaws and is of concern because of its aggressive clinical behavior. It represents 3% to 12% of all odontogenic cysts. This paper describes the rare peripheral presentation of an odontogenic keratocyst localized to the maxillary anterior gingiva and its differential diagnosis.

Methods: A patient presented with a round yellow nodule on the maxillary gingiva between the left canine and first premolar. Clinical examination ruled out periapical abscess, periodontal abscess, and lateral periodontal cyst. A differential diagnosis included a gingival cyst, neuroma, neurilemoma, and mesenchymoma. The cyst ruptured during excisional biopsy revealing contents typical of an odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). Histology confirmed the peripheral OKC diagnosis. A conservative surgical treatment was performed assuming a less aggressive clinical course for the peripheral odontogenic keratocyst. Close follow‐up was planned.

Results: To our knowledge, only 13 cases of peripheral OKC have been reported in the literature. Presently it is unknown if the peripheral variant shares the aggressive clinical behavior and recurrence rate of intraosseous OKC.

Conclusion: This paper may contribute to the limited clinical knowledge base for the peripheral odontogenic keratocyst and assist clinicians in the identification and management of such lesions.
Clinical, Genetic, and Biochemical Findings in Two Siblings With Papillon‐Lefèvre Syndrome
Authors: Cagli N. Arzu , Hakki Sema S. , Dursun Recep , Toy Hatice , Gokalp Alparslan , Ryu Ok Hee , Hart P. Suzanne , Hart Thomas C.
Published: December 2005

Background: Papillon‐Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and severe periodontitis affecting both primary and secondary dentitions. Cathepsin C (CTSC) gene mutations are etiologic for PLS. The resultant loss of CTSC function is responsible for the severe periodontal destruction seen clinically.

Methods: A 4‐year‐old female (case 1) and her 10‐year‐old sister (case 2) presented with palmoplantar skin lesions, tooth mobility, and advanced periodontitis. Based on clinical findings, the cases were diagnosed with PLS. Mutational screening of the CTSC gene was conducted for the cases, and their clinically unaffected parents and brother. Biochemical analysis was performed for CTSC, cathepsin G (CTSG), and elastase activity in neutrophils for all members of the nuclear family. The initial treatment included oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root planing, and systemic amoxicillin‐metronidazole therapy.

Results: CTSC mutational screening identified a c.415G>A transition mutation. In the homozygous state, this mutation was associated with an almost complete loss of activity of CTSC, CTSG, and elastase. Although monthly visits, including scaling, polishing, and 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate irrigation were performed to stabilize the periodontal condition, case 1 lost all her primary teeth. In case 2, some of the permanent teeth could be maintained.

Conclusions: This report describes two siblings with a cathepsin C gene mutation that is associated with the inactivity of cathepsin C and several neutrophil serine proteases. The failure of patients to respond to periodontal treatment is discussed in the context of these biological findings.
The ‘Problem’ of the European Dimension in Education: A Principled Reconstruction of the Greek Cypriot Curriculum
Authors: Philippou Stavroula
Published: December 2005

The European dimension in education has been a term increasingly used by the European Union and the Council of Europe to denote some of their educational policies and initiatives. It has also been a contested term in academic writing, as some researchers critique the elitist, exclusionary and Eurocentric educational implications it may have, while others welcome its pedagogic and intercultural potential. This article explores the possibilities of using the European dimension as a tool to alleviate ethnocentrism and traditional pedagogies in curricula and textbooks. To achieve this, the essay presents some principles which have been used for the development of History and Geography curricula with a European dimension in Greek Cypriot state primary schools in Cyprus. The curriculum development process drew upon the literature around the ‘political’ history of the European dimension, as well as upon academic discussions of social constructivist approaches to the notion of Europe. The principles employed to guide the curriculum development process were structured under the perspectives of curriculum location, content and pedagogy. The curricular location principles were concerned with the European dimension as a cross-curricular innovation, the question of its form within subject-based curricula and of its contextualisation within existing educational localities and contexts. Concerning content, it is proposed that such curricula need to acknowledge the constructedness and fluidity of the frontiers of nation-states and of Europe, the multiplicity and hybridity of identities, as well as Europe's socio-cultural and conflictual past. Finally, the pedagogic principles encourage critical approaches to knowledge, the development of concepts and active learning through cooperation.
Quantification of hepatic and renal cortical echogenicity in clinically normal cats
Authors: Drost William Tod , Henry George A. , Meinkoth James H. , Woods J. Paul , Lehenbauer Terry W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To quantitatively determine echogenicity of the liver and renal cortex in clinically normal cats.

Animals—17 clinically normal adult cats.

Procedure—3 ultrasonographic images of the liver and the right kidney were digitized from video output from each cat. Without changing the ultrasound machine settings, an image of a tissue-equivalent phantom was digitized. Biopsy specimens of the right renal cortex and liver were obtained for histologic examination. Mean pixel intensities within the region of interest (ROI) on hepatic, renal cortical, and tissue-equivalent phantom ultrasonographic images were determined by histogram analysis. From ultrasonographic images, mean pixel intensities for hepatic and renal cortical ROI were standardized by dividing each mean value by the mean pixel intensity from the tissue-equivalent phantom.

Results—The mean (± SD) standardized hepatic echogenicity value was 1.06 ± 0.02 (95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.10). The mean standardized right renal cortical echogenicity value was 1.04 ± 0.02 (95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.08). The mean combined standardized hepatic and renal cortical echogenicity value was 1.02 ± 0.05 (95% confidence interval, 0.99 to 1.04).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Quantitative determination of hepatic and renal cortical echogenicity in cats is feasible, using histogram analysis, and may be useful for early detection of diffuse parenchymal disease and for serially evaluating disease progression. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1016–1020)
Concentrations of elastinolytic metalloproteinases in respiratory tract secretions of healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Raulo Saara M. , Sorsa Timo A. , Maisi Päivi S.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To determine whether samples of tracheal epithelial lining fluid (TELF) obtained from horses have elastinolytic activity characteristic of metalloproteinases, to compare elastinolytic activity in TELF obtained from healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to determine whether chemically modified tetracycline-3 (CMT-3) inhibits elastinolytic activity in TELF.

Animals—10 horses with COPD and 10 healthy control horses.

Procedure—Zymography and fluorometry were used to measure elastinolytic activity, and EDTA was used to inhibit elastinolytic activity and verify that the activity was attributable to metalloproteinases. Possible inhibition of elastinolytic activity with CMT-3 was studied in vitro.

Results—Elastinolytic activity was found in TELF obtained from all horses, and this activity was significantly higher in TELF obtained from horses with COPD than in TELF obtained from healthy horses. For all samples, EDTA and CMT-3 inhibited elastinolytic activity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Elastinolytic activity is detectable in TELF obtained from horses and seems to be attributable to metalloproteinases. Elastinolytic activity in TELF is significantly inhibited by CMT-3. Elastinolytic activity in TELF can be detected by means of zymography or fluorometry. Increased elastinolytic activity may reflect destruction of pulmonary tissue in horses with COPD. Chemically modified tetracyclines such as CMT-3 may provide an additional treatment possibility for horses with COPD. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1067–1073)
Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses
Authors: Sheoran Abhineet S. , Timoney John F. , Holmes Mark A. , Karzenski Stacey S. , Crisman Mark V.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine concentrations of IgA and IgG subclasses in serum, colostrum, milk, and nasal wash samples of adult horses and foals.

Animals—Seven 2-year-old Welsh ponies, 27 adult mixed-breed horses, and 5 Quarter Horse mares and their foals.

Procedure—Serum was obtained from ponies and adult horses. Colostrum and milk were obtained from mares and serum and nasal wash samples from their foals immediately after parturition and on days 1, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 63. Nasal wash samples were also obtained from 23 adult horses. Concentrations of immunoglobulins were determined by use of inhibition ELISA. To determine transfer of maternal isotypes to foals, concentrations in colostrum and milk were compared with those in foal serum. Serum half-lives of isotypes in foals were also determined.

Results—IgGb was the most abundant isotype in serum and colostrum from adult horses, whereas IgA was the predominant isotype in milk. The major isotype in nasal secretions of adult horses and foals ≥ 28 days old was IgA, but IgGa and IgGb were the major isotypes in nasal secretions of foals ≤ 14 days old. Serum half lives of IgGa, IgGb, IgG(T), and IgA in foals were 17.6, 32, 21, and 3.4 days, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The early immunoglobulin repertoire of neonatal foals comprised IgGa, IgG(T), and IgA; endogenous synthesis of IgGb could not be detected until 63 days after birth. The restricted repertoire of immunoglobulins in foals may influence humoral immune responses to vaccination. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1099–1105)
Molecular analysis of multidrug resistance in feline lymphoma cells
Authors: Okai Yoshiko , Nakamura Noriko , Matsushiro Haruka , Kato Hirotomo , Setoguchi Asuka , Yazawa Mitsuhiro , Okuda Masaru , Watari Toshihiro , Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Tsujimoto Hajime
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the mechanism of multidrug
resistance in feline lymphoma cell lines.

Sample Population—A feline lymphoma cell line
(FT-1) and its adriamycin (ADM)-resistant subline
(FT-1/ADM).

Procedures—The FT-1 cell line was cultivated in the
presence of a gradually increasing concentration of
ADM to generate its ADM-resistant subline
(FT-1/ADM). Susceptibility of cells from the parental
FT-1 cell line and the FT-1/ADM subline to antineoplastic
drugs was determined. From the complementary
DNA (cDNA) template of FT-1/ADM cells, feline
MDR1 cDNA was amplified by use of polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Reverse transcription
(RT)-PCR and Western blot analyses were
performed to assess expression of the MDR1 gene
and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in FT-1/ADM cells, compared
with that in FT-1 cells.

Results—A drug sensitivity assay revealed that
FT-1/ADM cells were much more resistant to ADM
and vincristine than the parental FT-1 cells. The feline
MDR1 cDNA amplified by use of PCR was 3,489
base pairs long, corresponding to approximately
90% of the whole open reading frame of human
MDR1 cDNA; its amino acid sequence was 91.5,
87.0, and 79.4% identical to that of human MDR1,
mouse mdr1a, and mdr1b cDNA, respectively. By
RT-PCR analysis, expression of MDR1 messenger
RNA was clearly detected in FT-1/ADM cells but not
in the parental FT-1 cells. Western blot analysis also
revealed the expression of P-gp encoded by the
MDR1 gene in FT-1/ADM cells but not in FT-1 cells.

Conclusions—The basic structure of the feline
MDR1 gene was essentially the same as that of multidrug-
resistance genes of other species. Expression
of P-gp appeared to be one of the mechanisms
responsible for the development of multidrug resistance
in feline lymphoma cell lines in vitro. (Am J Vet
Res 2000;61:1122–1127)
Inheritance of von Willebrand's disease in a colony of Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Riehl Joyce , Okura Mutsumi , Mignot Emmanuel , Nishino Seiji
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the mode of inheritance of von Willebrand's disease (vWD) and perform linkage analysis between vWD and coat color or narcolepsy in a colony of Doberman Pinschers.

Animals—159 Doberman Pinschers.

Procedure—von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) concentration was measured by use of ELISA, and results were used to classify dogs as having low (< 20%), intermediate (20 to 65%), or high (> 65%) vWF:Ag concentration, compared with results of analysis of standard pooled plasma. Buccal bleeding time was measured, and mode of inheritance of vWD was assessed by pedigree analysis.

Results—von Willebrand's disease was transmitted as a single autosomal gene defect. Results suggested that 27.04% of dogs were homozygous for vWD, 62.26% were heterozygous, and 10.69% did not have the defect. Most homozygous and some heterozygous dogs had prolonged bleeding times. Dogs with diluted coat colors (blue and fawn) were significantly overrepresented in the homozygous group, compared with black and red dogs, but a significant link between vWD and coat color was not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—von Willebrand's disease is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance; most dogs in this colony (89.3%) were carriers of vWD. Homozygosity for vWD is not likely to be lethal. Some heterozygous dogs have prolonged bleeding times. An association between diluted coat colors and vWD may exist. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:115–120)
Association between changes in eating and drinking behaviors and respiratory tract disease in newly arrived calves at a feedlot
Authors: Buhman Marilyn J. , Perino Louis J. , Galyean Michael L. , Wittum Thomas E. , Montgomery Ted H. , Swingle R. Spencer
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate eating and drinking behaviors and their association with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) and to evaluate methods of diagnosing BRDC.

Animals—170 newly arrived calves at a feedlot.

Procedure—Eating and drinking behaviors of calves were recorded at a feedlot. Calves with clinical signs of BRDC were removed from their pen and classified retrospectively as sick or not sick on the basis of results of physical and hematologic examinations. Pulmonary lesions of all calves were assessed at slaughter.

Results—Calves that were sick had significantly greater frequency and duration of drinking 4 to 5 days after arrival than calves that were not sick. Sick calves had significantly lower frequency and duration of eating and drinking 11 to 27 days after arrival but had significantly greater frequency of eating 28 to 57 days after arrival than calves that were not sick. Calves at slaughter that had a higher percentage of lung tissue with pneumonic lesions had significantly lower frequency and duration of eating 11 to 27 days after arrival but had significantly higher frequency and duration of eating 28 to 57 days after arrival. Agreement for calves being sick and having severe pulmonary lesions at slaughter was adequate. Agreement for calves being removed and having pulmonary lesions at slaughter was low.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Eating and drinking behaviors were associated with signs of BRDC, but there was not an obvious predictive association between signs of BRDC in calves and eating and drinking behaviors. Fair to poor agreement was observed between antemortem and postmortem disease classification. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1163–1168)
Evaluation of substance P as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum
Authors: Malone Erin D. , Kannan Mathur S. , Brown David R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether substance P (SP) functions as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum.

Sample Population—Samples of jejunum obtained from horses that did not have lesions in the gastrointestinal tract.

Procedure—Jejunal smooth muscle strips, oriented in the plane of the circular or longitudinal muscle, were suspended isometrically in muscle baths. Neurotransmitter release was induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) delivered at 2 intensities (30 and 70 V) and various frequencies on muscle strips that were maintained at low tension or were under contraction. A neurokinin-1 receptor blocker (CP- 96,345) was added to baths prior to EFS to interrupt SP neurotransmission. Additionally, direct effects of SP on muscle strips were evaluated, and SP-like immunoreactivity was localized in intestinal tissues, using indirect immunofluorescence testing.

Results—Substance P contracted circularly and longitudinally oriented muscle strips. Prior treatment with CP-96,345 altered muscle responses to SP and EFS, suggesting that SP was released from depolarized myenteric neurons. Depending on orientation of muscle strips and stimulation variables used, CP-96,345 increased or decreased the contractile response to EFS. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was detected in the myenteric plexus and circular muscle layers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Substance P appears to function as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum. It apparently modulates smooth muscle contractility, depending on preexisting conditions. Effects of SP may be altered in some forms of intestinal dysfunction. Altering SP neurotransmission in the jejunum may provide a therapeutic option for motility disorders of horses that are unresponsive to adrenergic and cholinergic drugs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 1178–1184)
Effects of intravenous administration of formaldehyde on platelet and coagulation variables in healthy horses
Authors: Taylor Erin L. , Sellon Debra C. , Wardrop K. Jane , Hines Melissa T. , Kingston Janene K.
Published: December 2005

Objectives—To assess safety and determine effects
of IV administration of formaldehyde on hemostatic
variables in healthy horses.

Animals—7 healthy adult horses.

Procedure—Clinical signs and results of CBC, serum
biochemical analyses, and coagulation testing including
template bleeding time (TBT) and activated clotting
time (ACT) were compared in horses given a
dose of 0.37% formaldehyde or lactated Ringer’s
solution (LRS), IV, in a 2-way crossover design. In a
subsequent experiment, horses received an infusion
of 0.74% formaldehyde or LRS. In another experiment,
horses were treated with aspirin to impair
platelet responses prior to infusion of formaldehyde
or LRS.

Results—Significant differences were not detected in
any variable measured between horses when given
formaldehyde or any other treatment. Infusion of
higher doses of formaldehyde resulted in adverse
effects including muscle fasciculations, tachycardia,
tachypnea, serous ocular and nasal discharge, agitation,
and restlessness.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Intravenous
infusion of formaldehyde at doses that do not induce
adverse reactions did not have a detectable effect on
measured hemostatic variables in healthy horses.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1191–1196)
Effect of all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid on growth and metastasis of xenotransplanted canine osteosarcoma cells in athymic mice
Authors: Hong Sung-Hyeok , Kadosawa Tsuyoshi , Mochizuki Manabu , Matsunaga Satoru , Nishimura Ryohei , Sasaki Nobuo
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of all-transand 9-cisretinoic acid (RA) on tumor growth and metastatic ability of canine osteosarcoma cells transplanted into athymic (nude) mice.

Animals—Forty-five 5-week-old female BALB/c nude mice.

Procedure—1 × 107POS osteosarcoma cells were transplanted subcutaneously into the intrascapular region of mice. All-transRA (3 or 30 µg/kg of body weight in 0.1 ml of sesame oil), 9-cisRA (3 or 30 mg/kg in 0.1 ml of sesame oil), or sesame oil (0.1 ml; control treatment) were administered intragastrically 5 d/wk for 4 weeks beginning 3 days after transplantation (n = 4 mice/group) or after formation of a palpable tumor (5 mice/group). Tumor weight was estimated weekly by measuring tumor length and width, and retinoid toxic effects were evaluated daily. Two weeks after the final treatment, mice were euthanatized, and number of mice with pulmonary metastases was determined.

Results—Adverse treatment effects were not detected. Tumor weight was less in mice treated with either dose of 9-cisRA than in control mice, although this difference was not significant. Treatment with 30 mg of 9-cisRA/kg initiated after tumor formation significantly reduced the incidence of pulmonary metastasis, compared with the control group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—9-cisRA decreased the incidence of pulmonary metastasis in nude mice transplanted with canine osteosarcoma cells and may be a potential adjunct therapy for treatment of osteosarcoma in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000; 61:1241–1244)
Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves during noninvasive tooth pulp stimulation in halothane-anesthetized cats
Authors: Gross Marjorie E. , Pope Eric R. , Jarboe Joli M. , O'Brien Dennis P. , Dodam John R. , Polkow-Haight Jennifer
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves abolishes reflex-evoked muscle action potentials (REMP) during tooth-pulp stimulation in halothane-anesthetized cats.

Animals—8 healthy adult cats.

Procedure—In halothane-anesthetized cats, an anodal electrode was attached to the tooth to be stimulated and a platinum needle cathodal electrode was inserted in adjacent gingival mucosa. Cathodal and anodal electrodes were moved to the upper and lower canine, upper fourth premolar, and lower first molar teeth for stimulation; baseline REMP was recorded. A 25-gauge 1-cm needle was inserted 0.5 cm into the infraorbital canal. A 25-gauge 1-cm needle was inserted 1 cm rostral to the angular process of the ramus, and advanced 0.5 cm along the medial aspect. Chloroprocaine was injected at each site. Each tooth was stimulated every 10 minutes for 90 minutes.

Results—REMP was abolished within 10 minutes for all upper teeth, except for the upper canine tooth in 1 cat, and abolished within 10 minutes for lower teeth in 4 cats. In 1 cat, REMP was not abolished in the lower first molar tooth. In 3 cats, REMP was not abolished in the lower canine and first molar teeth. At 90 minutes, REMP was restored for all teeth except the lower canine tooth in 1 cat, for which REMP was restored at 120 minutes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves may provide dental analgesia in cats. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1245–1247)
Transformation and transposition of the genome of Mycobacterium marinum
Authors: Talaat Adel M. , Trucksis Michele
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop and evaluate protocols for
genetic manipulations (transformation and transposition)
of the fish pathogen, Mycobacterium marinum.

Sample Population—Isolates of M marinum
obtained from fish and humans.

Procedure—Electrocompetent cells were prepared
from isolates of M marinum grown to various growth
phases at several temperatures and with or without
the addition of ethionamide or cycloheximide.
Mycobacterial cells were transformed by electroporation
with a replicative Escherichia coli-mycobacteria
shuttle vector (pYUB18) as well as suicide vectors
(pYUB285 and pUS252) that carried transposable elements
(IS1096 and IS6110, respectively). Mutants
from both isolates of M marinum were recovered on
7H10 agar plates supplemented with kanamycin.
Transformation and transposition efficiencies for various
protocols were compared. Southern hybridization
analysis was performed on mycobacterial mutants to
confirm transposition events.

Results—Competent cells prepared at room temperature
(23–25 C) from organisms in late-exponential
growth phase yielded higher transposition efficiency,
compared with cells prepared at 4 C or from organisms
in early- or mid-exponential growth phase.
Naturally developing kanamycin-resistant colonies of
M marinum were not detected. Only the
IS1096-derived transposition was able to efficiently
mutate M marinum. Southern hybridization of M marinum
mutants revealed random integration of IS1096
into the M marinum genome.

Conclusions—Transposition and transformation efficiencies
were comparable, suggesting that the limiting
factor in transposition is the transformation step.
Most of the experiments resulted in transposition of
IS1096; however, better approaches are needed to
improve transposition efficiency. (Am J Vet Res 2000;
61:125–128)
Effects of anesthesia, surgery, and intravenous administration of fluids on plasma antidiuretic hormone concentrations in healthy dogs
Authors: Hauptman Joe G. , Richter Marlee A. , Wood Sheri L. , Nachreiner Ray F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of anesthesia,
surgery, and intravenous administration of fluids on
plasma concentrations of antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
concentration of total solids (TS), PCV, arterial blood
pressure (BP), plasma osmolality, and urine output in
healthy dogs.

Animals—22 healthy Beagles.

Procedure—11 dogs did not receive fluids, and 11
received 20 ml of lactated Ringer's solution/kg of body
weight/h. Plasma ADH adn TS concentrations, PCV,
osmolality, and arterial BP were measured before anesthesia
(T0) and after administration of preanesthetic
agents (T1), induction of anesthesia (T2), and 1 and 2
hours of surgery (T3 and T4, respectively). Urine output
was measured at T3 and T4.

Results—ADH concentrations increased at T1, T3, and
T4, compared with concentrations at T0. Concentration
of TS and PCV decreased at all times after administration
of preanesthetic drugs. Plasma ADH concentration
was less at T3 in dogs that received fluids, compared
with those that did not. Blood pressure did not
differ between groups, and osmolality did not increase
> 1% from T0 value at any time. At T4, rate of urine production
was less in dogs that did not receive fluids,
compared with those that did.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma ADH
concentration increased and PCV and TS concentration
decreased in response to anesthesia and
surgery. Intravenous administration of fluids resulted
in increased urine output but had no effect on ADH
concentration or arterial BP. The causes and effects of
increased plasma ADH concentrations may affect efficacious
administration of fluids during the perioperative
period in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:
1273–1276)