bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvements in knee biomechanics during walking are associated with increased physical activity after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Arnold John B. , Mackintosh Shylie , Olds Timothy S. , Jones Sara , Thewlis Dominic
Published: July 2015

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in people with knee osteoarthritis increases knee‐specific and general physical function, but it has not been established if there is a relationship between changes in these elements of functional ability. This study investigated changes and relationships between knee biomechanics during walking, physical activity, and use of time after TKA. Fifteen people awaiting TKA underwent 3D gait analysis before and six months after surgery. Physical activity and use of time were determined in free‐living conditions from a high resolution 24‐h activity recall. After surgery, participants displayed significant improvements in sagittal plane knee biomechanics and improved their physical activity profiles, standing for 105 more minutes (p = 0.001) and performing 64 min more inside chores on average per day (p = 0.008). Changes in sagittal plane knee range of motion (ROM) and peak knee flexion positively correlated with changes in total daily energy expenditure, time spent undertaking moderate to vigorous physical activity, inside chores and passive transport (r = 0.52–0.66,p = 0.005–0.047). Restoration of knee function occurs in parallel and is associated with improvements in physical activity and use of time after TKA. Increased functional knee ROM is required to support improvements in total and context specific physical activity. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1818–1825, 2015.
Effect of highly purified capsaicin on articular cartilage and rotator cuff tendon healing: An in vivo rabbit study
Authors: Friel Nicole A. , McNickle Allison G. , DeFranco Michael J. , Wang FanChia , Shewman Elizabeth F. , Verma Nikhil N. , Cole Brian J. , Bach Bernard R. , Chubinskaya Susan , Kramer Susan M. , Wang Vincent M.
Published: July 2015

Highly purified capsaicin has emerged as a promising injectable compound capable of providing sustained pain relief following a single localized treatment during orthopedic surgical procedures. To further assess its reliability for clinical use, the potential effect of highly purified capsaicin on articular cartilage metabolism as well as tendon structure and function warrants clarification. In the current study, rabbits received unilateral supraspinatus transection and repair with a single 1 ml injection of capsaicin (R + C), PEG‐only placebo (R + P), or saline (R + S) into the glenohumeral joint (GHJ). An additional group received 1 ml capsaicin onto an intact rotator cuff (I + C). At 18 weeks post‐op, cartilage proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and content as well as cell viability were similar (p > 0.05) across treatment groups. Biomechanical testing revealed no differences (p > 0.05) among tendon repair treatment groups. Similarly, histologic features of both cartilage and repaired tendons showed minimal differences across groups. Hence, in this rabbit model, a single injection of highly purified capsaicin into the GHJ does not induce a deleterious response with regard to cartilage matrix metabolism and cell viability, or rotator cuff healing. These data provide further evidence supporting the use of injectable, highly purified capsaicin as a safe alternative for management of postoperative pain following GHJ surgery. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1854–1860, 2015.
Fluorescence‐guided surgery of human prostate cancer experimental bone metastasis in nude mice using anti‐CEA DyLight 650 for tumor illumination
Authors: Miwa Shinji , De Magalhães Nzola , Toneri Makoto , Zhang Yong , Cao Wenluo , Bouvet Michael , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Hoffman Robert M.
Published: July 2015

The present report demonstrates efficacy of fluorescence‐guided surgery (FGS) to resect and prevent recurrence of experimental skeletal metastasis in a nude‐mouse model of human prostate cancer. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing PC‐3 human prostate cancer cells were injected into the intramedullary cavity of the tibia in 25 nude mice. One week after implantation, monoclonal antibodies, specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), labeled with DyLight 650, were injected into the tail vein of 13 mice. Thirteen mice underwent FGS and 12 mice underwent bright‐light surgery (BLS). Weekly GFP fluorescence imaging of the mice was performed to observe tumor recurrence. The extent of residual tumor after BLS was 13‐fold greater than after FGS (p < 0.001). Time‐course imaging visualized rapid growth of the residual tumor in the BLS group, whereas the FGS group showed only slight tumor growth and significantly improved disease‐free survival of the treated mice. Our study demonstrated that FGS significantly reduced residual tumor as well as the recurrence of experimental prostate‐cancer bone metastasis. The present results suggest that FGS will be effective for resection of skeletal metastases in selected patients with prostate cancer. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:559–565, 2016.
Vitamin E reduces adipose tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress and improves metabolic profile in obesity
Authors: Alcalá Martín , Sánchez‐Vera Isabel , Sevillano Julio , Herrero Laura , Serra Dolors , Ramos M. Pilar , Viana Marta
Published: July 2015

Objective

To test whether enhancing the capability of adipose tissue to store lipids using antioxidant supplementation may prevent the lipotoxic effects and improve the metabolic profile of long‐term obesity.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice were randomized into three experimental groups for 28 weeks: control group (n = 10) fed chow diet (10% kcal from fat), obese group (O, n = 12) fed high‐fat (HF) diet (45% kcal from fat), and obese group fed HF diet and supplemented twice a week with 150 mg of α‐tocopherol (vitamin E) by oral gavage (OE, n = 12).

Results

HF diet resulted in an obese phenotype with a marked insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis in O mice. Histological analysis of obese visceral adipose tissue (VAT) revealed smaller adipocytes surrounded by a fibrotic extracellular matrix and an increased macrophage infiltration, with the consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines. Vitamin E supplementation decreased oxidative stress and reduced collagen deposition in the VAT of OE mice, allowing a further expansion of the adipocytes and increasing the storage capability. As a result, circulating cytokines were reduced and hepatic steasosis, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin sensitivity were improved.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that oxidative stress is implicated in extracellular matrix remodeling and may play an important role in metabolic regulation.
Robust H∞ control for stochastic time‐delayed Markovian switching systems under partly known transition rates and  actuator saturation via anti‐windup design
Authors: Qi Wenhai , Gao Xianwen
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with the problem of robust H∞ control for stochastic time‐delayed Markovian switching systems under partly known transition rates and actuator saturation via anti‐windup design. The problem we address is the design of anti‐windup compensators, which guarantee that the resulting closed‐loop system is robustly stochastically stable with H∞ performance. By employing local sector conditions and an appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii function, sufficient conditions for solving the problem are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the main results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dogomomo Xmas, Kwangwe's Races, and a Murder: W.E. Armstrong and the Rossel Island Money
Authors: Liep John
Published: July 2015

W.E. Armstrong, British anthropologist, visited Rossel Island in 1921 and derived a theory regarding the islanders' monetary system, which attracted much debate at the time. However, his analysis was ultimately shown to be a misunderstanding of the situation. In this examination of Armstrong's field notes, I show how the linguistic difficulties he worked under, together with the complexity of the monetary exchange and the short term of his fieldwork, combined to lead him astray.
Style inNewIreland Art and Culture: Grasping theNative's Point of View
Authors: Billings Dorothy K.
Published: July 2015

A review of definitions of style and studies of particular people suggest that while many studies of art discuss iconography, social relationships, structure, identity, form, function, and so on, few discuss style; and fewer discuss style as world view, ethos, values, or gestalt. In this paper,Ireport some findings of field work in the arts and cultures ofNewIreland andNewHanover in support of research in cultural anthropology on style in this larger sense. I will provide some documentation for ‘theNative's point of view’ on this subject, which affirms its importance in any study of culture.
Fake It Until You Make It: Searching forMimesis inBuka Village Politics
Authors: Oppermann Thiago Cintra
Published: July 2015

ContemporaryMelanesian communities face difficulties both because of the withdrawal of government services and the continued influence of clientelism within the politics of the distributive state. A notable reaction to both these problems is the organisation of a broad class of groups that may be termed ‘parastatal’: informal organisations, often evanescent, which form around the state and its absence. These may often appear as ‘mimetic’ of recognisable state forms. Characteristically, the analysis of such ‘mimesis’ in Melanesia is framed by doubt that the emulation of state forms extends to the alleged rationality or ‘interiority’ of the state. Here, a case in which villagers in theAutonomousRegion ofBougainville undertook to prosecute themselves for non‐payment of school fees is discussed in order to expose the substantial difficulties with understanding parastatal organisation in terms of ‘copying’. The case suggests integration of the villagers into the actually existing state system is much deeper than is often assumed.
RAFT made methacrylate copolymers for reversible pH‐responsive nanoparticles
Authors: Yildirim Turgay , Rinkenauer Alexandra C. , Weber Christine , Traeger Anja , Schubert Stephanie , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: July 2015

In this study, we designed and investigated pH‐responsive nanoparticles based on different ratios of monomers with primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups. For this purpose, copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with different compositions of amino methacrylates (2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), 2‐(tert‐butylamino)ethyl methacrylate (tBAEMA) and 2‐aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA·HCI)) were synthesized using the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization process. The controlled nature of the radical polymerization was demonstrated by kinetic studies. All copolymers show low dispersities (ĐM < 1.2) with amino contents between 9 and 21 mol %. For the nanoparticle formation, nanoprecipitation with subsequent solvent evaporation was used. All suspensions were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Different initial conditions of the formulations resulted in differently sized nanoparticles that have monomodal size distributions, relatively narrow polydispersity index (PDI) values and positive zeta potential values. The pH‐stability test results demonstrated that, depending on the structure and amount of the amino content, the obtained nanoparticles reveal a reversible pH‐response, such as dissolution at acidic pH values. The ability of the nanoparticles to encapsulate guest molecules was confirmed by pyrene fluorescence studies. The cytotoxicity assay results showed that the nanoparticles did not have any significant cytotoxic effect. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2711–2721
Analysis of “On/Off” Kinetics of a CETP Inhibitor Using a Mechanistic Model of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Kinetics
Authors: Lu J , Cleary Y , Maugeais C , Kiu Weber CI , Mazer NA
Published: July 2015

RG7232 is a potent inhibitor of cholesteryl‐ester transfer protein (CETP). Daily oral administration of RG7232 produces a dose‐ and time‐dependent increase in high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐C) and apolipoproteinA‐I (ApoA‐I) levels and a corresponding decrease in low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐C) and apolipoproteinB (ApoB) levels. Due to its short plasma half‐life (∼3 hours), RG7232 transiently inhibits CETP activity during each dosing interval (“on/off” kinetics), as reflected by the temporal effects on HDL‐C and LDL‐C. The influence of RG7232 on lipid‐poor ApoA‐I (i.e., pre‐β1) levels and reverse cholesterol transport rates is unclear. To investigate this, a published model of lipoprotein metabolism and kinetics was combined with a pharmacokinetic model of RG7232. After calibration and validation of the combined model, the effect of RG7232 on pre‐β1levels was simulated. A dose‐dependent oscillation of pre‐β1, driven by the “on/off” kinetics of RG7232 was observed. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
Quantifying and Communicating Uncertainty in Preclinical Human Dose‐Prediction
Authors: Sundqvist M , Lundahl A , Någård MB , Bredberg U , Gennemark P
Published: July 2015

Human dose‐prediction is fundamental for ranking lead‐optimization compounds in drug discovery and to inform design of early clinical trials. This tutorial describes how uncertainty in such predictions can be quantified and efficiently communicated to facilitate decision‐making. Using three drug‐discovery case studies, we show how several uncertain pieces of input information can be integrated into one single uncomplicated plot with key predictions, including their uncertainties, for many compounds or for many scenarios, or both.
Application of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Support Dose Selection: Report of an FDA Public Workshop on PBPK
Authors: Wagner C , Zhao P , Pan Y , Hsu V , Grillo J , Huang SM , Sinha V
Published: July 2015

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) public workshop, entitled “Application of Physiologically‐based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Modeling to Support Dose Selection focused on the role of PBPK in drug development and regulation. Representatives from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies discussed the issues within plenary and panel discussions. This report summarizes the discussions and provides current perspectives on the application of PBPK in different areas, including its utility, predictive performance, and reporting for regulatory submissions.
A New Drug Combinatory Effect Prediction Algorithm on the Cancer Cell Based on Gene Expression and Dose–Response Curve
Authors: Goswami C Pankaj , Cheng L , Alexander PS , Singal A , Li L
Published: July 2015

Gene expression data before and after treatment with an individual drug and the IC20 of dose–response data were utilized to predict two drugs' interaction effects on a diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cancer cell. A novel drug interaction scoring algorithm was developed to account for either synergistic or antagonistic effects between drug combinations. Different core gene selection schemes were investigated, which included the whole gene set, the drug‐sensitive gene set, the drug‐sensitive minus drug‐resistant gene set, and the known drug target gene set. The prediction scores were compared with the observed drug interaction data at 6, 12, and 24 hours with a probability concordance (PC) index. The test result shows the concordance between observed and predicted drug interaction ranking reaches a PC index of 0.605. The scoring reliability and efficiency was further confirmed in five drug interaction studies published in the GEO database.

CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2015) 4, 80–90; doi:10.1002/psp4.9; published online on 19 February 2015.
Carbon allotropes exhibiting negative linear compressibility
Authors: Formosa Jean Paul , Cauchi Reuben , Grima Joseph N.
Published: July 2015

Negative linear compressibility, i.e., the phenomenon of expansion rather than shrinkage in at least one direction upon the application of a hydrostatic compressive pressure is an unusual mechanical property which is attracting more interest in the recent years. Here, through analysis of published data by Hu et al. [J. Superhard Mater. 36, 257–269 (2014)] as well as through static force‐field based simulations, it is shown that it is possible to achieve this property in the novel carbon allotropes built from sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon atoms which have a two‐dimensional projection that resembles a honeycomb motif in their (001) plane. This is in accordance with earlier predictions that honeycombs deforming through a hinging‐like mechanism could exhibit this property for certain geometries.
Asymmetry in electrical properties of Al‐doped TiO2 film with respect to bias voltage
Authors: Jeon Woojin , Rha Sang Ho , Lee Woongkyu , An Cheol Hyun , Chung Min Jung , Kim Sang Hyun , Cho Cheol Jin , Kim Seong Keun , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: July 2015

The energy diagram of RuO2/Al‐doped TiO2/RuO2 structures was estimated from the capacitance–voltage and leakage current density–voltage curves. The Al‐doping profile in TiO2 film was varied by changing position of the atomic layer deposition cycle of Al2O3 during the atomic layer deposition of 9 nm‐thick TiO2 film. The interface between the TiO2 film and the RuO2 electrode containing Al‐doping layer showed a higher Schottky barrier by 0.1 eV compared with the opposite interface without the doping layer. The evolution of various leakage current profiles upon increasing the bias with opposite polarity could be well explained by the asymmetric Schottky barrier. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Impact of Hot Rolling Temperature after Reheating in the New Generation Strip Casting Process on Structure‐Property Relationship in Extra‐Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Liu Hai‐Tao , Chen Dong‐Jie , Zhang Bao‐Guang , Li Hua‐Long , Chen Ai‐Hua , Li Lei , Wang Guo‐Dong , Misra R. Devesh Kumar
Published: July 2015

There is currently a significant interest in extending the application of novel strip casting technology to a wide range of high strength steels because it allows strip to be cast directly from the liquid metal with minimal rolling. In view of the current interest in developing strip casting technology, we explore here the structure‐property relation in extra‐low carbon steel, with particular emphasis on an important parameter, the rolling temperature after reheating. The as‐cast strip exhibited continuous yielding behavior, significantly lower yield ratio and higher elongation than hot rolled sheets. Coarse and recovered microstructure with Lüders‐like deformation bands was formed when the reheating temperature was in the range of 800–900 °C and followed by one‐pass hot rolling, while coarse‐fine mixed microstructure and fine and homogeneous microstructure was formed at 950 and 1000 °C, respectively. These differences in microstructure led to a transition from continuous yielding to discontinuous yielding with increase in reheating temperature from 800 to 1000 °C and followed by hot rolling. The present study underscores that a good combination of yield strength and elongation that is comparable to conventional hot rolled sheets can be successfully obtained through optimization of hot rolling temperature after reheating in the strip casting process.
Re: Maternal cardiac function, uteroplacental Doppler flow parameters and pregnancy outcome: a systematic review. M. A. M. Kampman, C. M. Bilardo, B. J. M. Mulder, J. G. Aarnoudse, C. Ris‐Stalpers, D. J. van Veldhuisen and P. G. Pieper. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 21–28
Authors: Thilaganathan B.
Published: July 2015

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015; 46: 21–28
Integrative biomarker discovery in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Carreiro André V. , Mendonça Alexandre , de Carvalho Mamede , Madeira Sara C.
Published: July 2015

Data mining has been widely applied in biomarker discovery resulting in significant findings of different clinical and biological biomarkers. With developments in technology, from genomics to proteomics analysis, a deluge of data has become available, as well as standardized data repositories. Nonetheless, researchers are still facing important challenges in analyzing the data, especially when considering the complexity of pathways involved in biological processes and diseases. Data from single sources appear unable to explain complex processes, such as those involved in brain‐related disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, thus raising the need for a more comprehensive perspective. A possible solution relies on data and model integration, where several data types are combined to provide complementary views. This in turn can result in the discovery of previously unknown biomarkers by unraveling otherwise hidden relationships between data from different sources, and/or validate such composite biomarkers in more powerful predictive models. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2015, 7:357–379. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1310

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
“Ghost” segregation pattern and ferroelectric domains in mixed calcium‐strontium‐barium niobates
Authors: Wierzchowski W. , Wieteska K. , Malinowska A. , Wierzbicka E. , Romaniec M. , Lefeld‐Sosnowska M. , Świrkowicz M. , Łukasiewicz T. , Sakowska H. , Paulmann C.
Published: July 2015

The defect structure investigations of selected ferroelectric niobates such as SrxBa1‐xNb2O6 (SBN), CaxBa1‐xNb2O6 (CBN) and mixed (Ca0.28Ba0.72)y(Sr0.61Ba0.39)1‐yNb2O6 (CSBN) single crystals grown by the Czochralski method have been performed by means of synchrotron and conventional diffraction topography and scanning electron microscopy.

A new characteristic phenomenon has been indicated in CSBN crystals, which consisted in occurrence of two different systems of segregation fringes forming a crossing pattern. The first of them is the normal one, connected with the subsequent positions of the growth surface and coaxial with the core and the boundaries of the crystal. The second one, crossing the previous, is related to a kind of ‘ghost’ pattern reproducing some chemical composition changes in the new growing part of the crystal. Some rod‐like inclusions were also revealed around the core in the central part of samples cut out from various crystals.

The scanning electron microscopic studies of selectively chemical etched samples revealed a domain structure in the SrxBa1‐xNb2O6, CaxBa1‐xNb2O6 and CSBN crystals. The ferroelectric domains were located along [001] direction. The domains, however, have not been revealed in the presented topographic experiments because of their small sizes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous Vagal Nerve Monitoring is Dangerous and Should not Routinely be Done During Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Terris David J. , Chaung Katrina , Duke William S.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Laryngeal nerve monitoring has been increasingly embraced as a mechanism for mitigating the risk of nerve damage during thyroid and parathyroid surgery. Vagal nerve monitoring has recently been introduced as a potentially increased level of nerve integrity scrutiny. We sought to define the risks and benefits of this technology in a prospective analysis of a series of patients undergoing neck endocrine surgery.

Setting

High‐volume academic endocrine surgery practice.

Methods

A prospective, non‐controlled trial of continuous vagal nerve monitoring (CVNM) in a projected cohort of 20 non‐randomly selected patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery was planned. A commercially available nerve monitoring system with automatic periodic stimulation was utilized for both laryngeal nerve monitoring and CVNM. Demographic data were obtained, and outcome variables included surgical procedures performed, pathology, complications, incremental time required to achieve CVNM, and benefits of monitoring and stimulation.

Results

The patient accrual was aborted after 9 surgeries (12 nerves monitored) because of two serious adverse events (hemodynamic instability and reversible vagal neuropraxia attributable to the monitoring apparatus). No other complications occurred. The time to establish monitoring ranged from 3 to 26 min, with a median of 6 min (representing 2.9–12.2 % of the total surgical procedural time). The stimulation clamp became dislodged 11 times in 5 cases and was replaced in 7 of those instances. Benefits of CVNM included recognition of reduced amplitude and increased nerve latency in two patients.

Conclusions

We report the first evidence that CVNM may cause serious patient harm. This novel approach is invasive and threatens patient safety. Although it may occasionally provide meaningful information, the risk–benefit ratio does not favor widespread adoption.
Latitudinal Trends and Drivers in the CO2–Carbonic Acid System of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
Authors: Kealoha Andrea K. , Kahng Samuel E. , Mackenzie Fred T. , Alin Simone R. , Kosaki Randall K. , Brainard Russell E. , Winn Christopher D.
Published: July 2015

Emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere and the consequent effects of climate change and ocean acidification on coral reef ecosystems have motivated significant interest in describing and understanding the CO2–carbonic acid system of diverse coral reef environments. Although numerous studies have been successful in monitoring reef metabolism both in the field and in the laboratory, physical and biological forcings produce distinct conditions among environments. Due to the geographic isolation and associated difficulties with measuring marine carbon chemistry in waters of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), relatively few studies have described the CO2–carbonic acid system and carbonate saturation state gradients of these waters. Yet, PMNM remains one of the largest conservation areas in the world with extensive and diverse coral reef ecosystems that could offer valuable insight into our current and future understanding about regional and global impacts of ocean acidification. In order to provide a broad overview of latitudinal trends and features of the marine carbon system in PMNM waters, continuous measurements for surface seawater fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) and pH were collected during August 2011 and July 2012 cruises of the NOAA Ship Hi’ialakai. These measurements indicate that pH and fCO2 are three times more variable in nearshore monument waters relative to open ocean transect measurements. This variability can be observed up to 50 km away from the nearest reef and is likely the result of the direct and significant impact of coral reef metabolism on marine carbon chemistry around the islands and atolls. The relationship between total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon is consistent with net calcification which creates an alkalinity sink throughout PMNM waters. Additionally, our measurements show clear latitudinal trends in fCO2, pH, and aragonite saturation state that are influenced by environmental forcings, including temperature, wind speed, and residence time of the water. Collectively, our results suggest that coral reefs located at the northernmost atolls of PMNM may be the most susceptible to the adverse impacts of climate change and ocean acidification.
Population structure and connectivity in Indo-Pacific deep-sea mussels of the Bathymodiolus septemdierum complex
Authors: Breusing Corinna , Johnson Shannon B. , Tunnicliffe Verena , Vrijenhoek Robert C.
Published: July 2015

Current pressures to mine polymetallic sulfide deposits pose threats to the animal communities found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Management plans aimed at preserving these unusual communities require knowledge of historical and contemporary forces that shaped the distributions and connectivity of associated species. As most vent research has focused on the eastern Pacific and mid-Atlantic ridge systems less is known about Indo-Pacific vents, where mineral extraction activities are imminent. Deep-sea mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) of the genus Bathymodiolus include the morphotypic species B. septemdierum, B. brevior, B. marisindicus, and B. elongatus which are among the dominant vent taxa in western Pacific back-arc basins and the Central Indian Ridge. To assess their interpopulational relationships, we examined multilocus genotypes based on DNA sequences from four nuclear and four mitochondrial genes, and allozyme variation encoded by eleven genes. Bayesian assignment methods grouped mussels from seven widespread western Pacific localities into a single cluster, whereas the Indian Ocean mussels were clearly divergent. Thus, we designate two regional metapopulations. Notably, contemporary migration rates among all sites appeared to be low despite limited population differentiation, which highlights the necessity of obtaining realistic data on recovery times and fine-scale population structure to develop and manage conservation units effectively. Future studies using population genomic methods to address these issues in a range of species will help to inform management plans aimed at mitigating potential impacts of deep-sea mining in the Indo-Pacific region.
Concordance of the Montreal cognitive assessment with standard neuropsychological measures
Authors: Vogel Sally J. , Banks Sarah J. , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Miller Justin B.
Published: July 2015

Introduction

The concordance of the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) with more comprehensive neuropsychological measures remains unclear. This study examined the individual MoCA domains with more comprehensive and commonly used neuropsychological measures to determine the degree of overlap.

Methods

Data included individuals seen in an outpatient neurology clinic specializing in neurodegenerative disease who were administered the MoCA and also underwent neuropsychological assessment (n = 471). A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was completed using the MoCA domain scores and comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation measures.

Results

Four factors emerged accounting for 55.6% of the variance: (1) visuospatial/executive functioning; (2) memory; (3) attention; and (4) language. The individual MoCA domain scores demonstrated high factor loadings with standard neuropsychological measures purported to measure similar cognitive constructs.

Discussion

These findings provide empirical validation for the MoCA domain classifications, lending further support for the use of the MoCA as a cognitive screen that reflects similar constructs as those measured by a comprehensive battery.
Late‐onset behavioral variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration versus Alzheimer's disease: Interest of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker ratios
Authors: Marelli Cecilia , Gutierrez Laure‐Anne , Menjot de Champfleur Nicolas , Charroud Celine , De Verbizier Delphine , Touchon Jacques , Douillet Patrice , Berr Claudine , Lehmann Sylvain , Gabelle Audrey
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker ratios were never evaluated in late‐onset (>65 years) behavioral variant of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (bvFTLD) versus Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

A retrospective monocentric study on 44 clinically suspected amnestic AD or bvFTLD patients with onset after 65 years and available CSF and clinical data.

Results

The final clinical diagnosis was AD (n = 28; 64%), late‐onset bvFTLD (n = 14; 32%), and others (n = 2; 4%). Applying the CSF cutoff total‐tau/Aβ1–42 of 1.06, all the bvFTLD were in the FTLD range (<1.06, bvFTLD/FTLD), whereas the AD patients were either in the AD (>1.06, AD/AD) or in the FTLD range (<1.06, AD/FTLD); CSF biomarkers were significantly different in these three groups, but not neuroradiological features or presence of episodic memory deficit.

Discussion

Late‐onset bvFTLD is underdiagnosed. The available CSF biomarker ratio cutoff need further improvement and overestimated late‐onset bvFTLD but could potentially differentiate it from AD, notably in case of conflicting results.
National democracy, the OUN, and Dontsovism: Three ideological currents in Ukrainian Nationalism of the 1930s–40s and their shared myth-system
Authors: Shkandrij Myroslav
Published: July 2015

The ideology of Ukrainian nationalism in the 1930s and 1940s was a contested arena in which three dominant currents fought for hegemony: the national democrats grouped around the UNDO party, the authoritarian nationalists who supported the OUN movement, and the more extreme brand of authoritarianism espoused by the publicist Dmytro Dontsov. The three currents can be distinguished by analyzing both ideological writings and the myth-system that underpinned creative literature of this period. Distinguishing between the three currents allows for a better understanding of ideological shifts among those calling themselves nationalists, particularly shifts which occurred during the Second WorldWar and its aftermath. It also helps to explain some of the confusions that surround the term “Ukrainian nationalism” in the present day.
CAEP 2014 Academic symposium: “How to make research succeed in your department: How to fund your research program”
Authors: Vaillancourt Christian , Rowe Brian H. , Artz Jennifer D. , Green Robert , Émond Marcel , Thiruganasambandamoorthy Venkatesh , Innes Grant , Perry Jeffrey J. , Calder Lisa A. , Stiell Ian G.
Published: July 2015

Objective

We sought to gather a comprehensive list of funding strategies and opportunities for emergency medicine (EM) centres across Canada, and make recommendations on how to successfully fund all levels of research activity, including research projects, staff salaries, infrastructure, and researcher stipends.

Methods

We formed an expert panel consisting of volunteers recognized nationally for their scholarly work in EM. First, we conducted interviews with academic leaders and researchers to obtain a description of their local funding strategies using a standardized open-ended questionnaire. Panelists then identified emerging funding models. Second, we listed funding opportunities and initiatives at the provincial, national, and international levels. Finally, we used an iterative consensus-based approach to derive pragmatic recommendations after incorporating comments and suggestions from participants at an academic symposium.

Results

Our review of funding strategies identified four funding models: 1) investigator dependent model, 2) practice plan, 3) generous benefactor, and 4) mixed funding. Recommendations in this document include approaches for research contributors and producers (seven recommendations), for local academic leaders (five recommendations), and for national organizations, such as the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) (three recommendations).

Conclusions

Funding for research in EM varies across Canada and is largely insecure. We offer recommendations to help facilitate funding for large and small projects, for salary support, and for local and national leaders to advance EM research. We believe that these recommendations will increase funding for all levels of EM research activity, including research projects, staff salaries, infrastructure, and researcher stipends.
Perceptions and Behavioral Responses of the General Public During the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bults Marloes , Beaujean Desirée J.M.A. , Richardus Jan Hendrik , Voeten Hélène A.C.M.
Published: July 2015

The public plays an important role in controlling the spread of a virus by adopting preventive measures. This systematic literature review aimed to gain insight into public perceptions and behavioral responses to the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, with a focus on trends over time and regional differences. We screened 5498 articles and identified 70 eligible studies from PubMed, Embase, and PsychINFO. Public misconceptions were apparent regarding modes of transmission and preventive measures. Perceptions and behaviors evolved during the pandemic. In most countries, perceived vulnerability increased, but perceived severity, anxiety, self-efficacy, and vaccination intention decreased. Improved hygienic practices and social distancing were practiced most commonly. However, vaccination acceptance remained low. Marked regional differences were noted. To prevent misconceptions, it is important that health authorities provide up-to-date information about the virus and possible preventive measures during future outbreaks. Health authorities should continuously monitor public perceptions and misconceptions. Because public perceptions and behaviors varied between countries during the pandemic, risk communication should be tailored to the specific circumstances of each country. Finally, the use of health behavior theories in studies of public perceptions and behaviors during outbreaks would greatly facilitate the development of effective public health interventions that counter the effect of an outbreak. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness.2015;9:207-219)
Resilient Information Networks for Coordination of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Hossain Liaquat , Hassan Muhammad Rabiul , Wigand Rolf T.
Published: July 2015

Foodborne disease outbreaks are increasingly being seen as a greater concern by public health authorities. It has also become a global research agenda to identify improved pathways to coordinating outbreak detection. Furthermore, a significant need exists for timely coordination of the detection of potential foodborne disease outbreaks to reduce the number of infected individuals and the overall impact on public health security. This study aimed to offer an effective approach for coordinating foodborne disease outbreaks. First, we identify current coordination processes, complexities, and challenges. We then explore social media surveillance strategies, usage, and the power of these strategies to influence decision-making. Finally, based on informal (social media) and formal (organizational) surveillance approaches, we propose a hybrid information network model for improving the coordination of outbreak detection. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:186-198)
A Sex Disparity Among Earthquake Victims
Authors: Ardagh Michael , Standring Sarah , Deely Joanne M. , Johnston David , Robinson Viki , Gulliver Pauline , Richardson Sandra , Dierckx Alieke , Than Martin
Published: July 2015

Objective

Understanding who is most vulnerable during an earthquake will help health care responders prepare for future disasters. We analyzed the demography of casualties from the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand.

Methods

The demography of the total deceased, injured, and hospitalized casualties of the Christchurch earthquake was compared with that of the greater Christchurch population, the Christchurch central business district working population, and patients who presented to the single acute emergency department on the same month and day over the prior 10 years. Sex data were compared to scene of injury, context of injury, clinical characteristics of injury, and injury severity scores.

Results

Significantly more females than males were injured or killed in the entire population of casualties (P<0.001). Most of the deceased and hospitalized casualties were injured in the central business district (171/182 deceased [94%]; 33/91 hospitalized [36.2%]). Approximately half of both sexes were injured at home (1002/2032 males [49%]; 2390/4627 females [52%]) and >20% were injured at commercial or service localities (444/2032 males [22%]; 1105/4627 females [24%]). Adults aged between 20 and 69 years (1639/2032 males [81%]; 3717/4627 females [80%]) were most frequently injured.

Conclusion

Where people were and what they were doing at the time of the earthquake influenced their risk of injury. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:67-73)
Risk Factors for Recurrent Colonization With Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Community-Dwelling Adults and Children
Authors: Cluzet Valerie C. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Nachamkin Irving , Metlay Joshua P. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Davis Meghan F. , Julian Kathleen G. , Linkin Darren R. , Coffin Susan E. , Margolis David J. , Hollander Judd E. , Bilker Warren B. , Han Xiaoyan , Mistry Rakesh D. , Gavin Laurence J. , Tolomeo Pam , Wise Jacqueleen A. , Wheeler Mary K. , Hu Baofeng , Fishman Neil O. , Royer David , Lautenbach Ebbing
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVE

To identify risk factors for recurrent methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) colonization.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study conducted from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2012.

SETTING

Five adult and pediatric academic medical centers.

PARTICIPANTS

Subjects (ie, index cases) who presented with acute community-onset MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection.

METHODS

Index cases and all household members performed self-sampling for MRSA colonization every 2 weeks for 6 months. Clearance of colonization was defined as 2 consecutive sampling periods with negative surveillance cultures. Recurrent colonization was defined as any positive MRSA surveillance culture after clearance. Index cases with recurrent MRSA colonization were compared with those without recurrence on the basis of antibiotic exposure, household demographic characteristics, and presence of MRSA colonization in household members.

RESULTS

The study cohort comprised 195 index cases; recurrent MRSA colonization occurred in 85 (43.6%). Median time to recurrence was 53 days (interquartile range, 36–84 days). Treatment with clindamycin was associated with lower risk of recurrence (odds ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.29–0.93). Higher percentage of household members younger than 18 was associated with increased risk of recurrence (odds ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02). The association between MRSA colonization in household members and recurrent colonization in index cases did not reach statistical significance in primary analyses.

CONCLUSION

A large proportion of patients initially presenting with MRSA skin and soft-tissue infection will have recurrent colonization after clearance. The reduced rate of recurrent colonization associated with clindamycin may indicate a unique role for this antibiotic in the treatment of such infection.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;36(7):786–793
Revising, reforming, reframing: Report of the Expert Group on the Review of the Mental Health Act 2001 (2015)
Authors: Kelly B. D.
Published: July 2015

Involuntary psychiatric admission and treatment in Ireland is chiefly governed by the Mental Health Act 2001. The Irish government announced a review of the 2001 Act in July 2011, and the Report of the Expert Group on the Review of the Mental Health Act 2001 was published on 5 March 2015. The report, which constitutes advice to the Minister for Primary Care, Social Care (Disabilities & Older People) and Mental Health, presents 165 recommendations relating to virtually all areas of the Act. It recommends that ‘insofar as practicable, a rights based approach should be adopted throughout any revised mental health legislation’ and that the principle of ‘best interests’ should be replaced by an alternative set of principles as follows: ‘the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of mental health, with the person’s own understanding of his or her mental health being given due respect; autonomy and self-determination; dignity (there should be a presumption that the patient is the person best placed to determine what promotes/compromises his or her own dignity); bodily integrity; and least restrictive care’. The Report presents a series of other recommendations aimed at increasing multi-disciplinary involvement in key decisions, promoting human rights and strengthening inspections of community facilities. Overall, the package of measures outlined in the Report is complex, interesting and worthy of debate.
Mad, bad, and dangerous to know: psychiatric illness in film and theatre
Authors: Conway C.
Published: July 2015

Aims

To describe and discuss the portrayal of psychiatric illness in film and theatre.

Method

A review of psychiatric literature on psychiatric illness and stigma was carried out. This was combined with a review of selected films and plays. The dramatic function of mental illness, and the manner of its portrayal, were considered in a discursive manner.

Results

From Ancient Greek theatre to modern film, psychiatric illness has been used to exemplify “otherness”. This has frequently had connotations of danger and violence, either to others or to societal norms. Occasionally psychiatric illness is depicted as transformative, or an understandable reaction to an insane environment, and there is a trend towards more nuanced depictions of mental illness. However, the disproportionate association of mental illness with violence and danger is reflected in the public's perception of mental illness, and contributes to self-stigmatisation.

Conclusion

Ongoing communication between psychiatry, service users and the arts may help to challenge the stereotype of “mad, bad and dangerous to know”.
Tannakization in derived algebraic geometry
Authors: Iwanari Isamu
Published: July 2015

In this paper we begin studying tannakian constructions in ∞-categories and combine them with the theory of motivic categories developed by Hanamura, Levine, and Voevodsky. This paper is the first in a series of papers. For the purposes above, we first construct a derived affine group scheme and its representation category from a symmetric monoidal ∞-category, which we shall call the tannakization of a symmetric monoidal ∞-category. It can be viewed as an ∞-categorical generalization of work of Joyal-Street and Nori. Next we apply it to the stable ∞-category of mixed motives equipped with the realization functor of a mixed Weil cohomology. We construct a derived motivic Galois group which represents the automorphism group of the realization functor, and whose representation category satisfies an appropriate universal property. As a consequence, we construct an underived motivic Galois group of mixed motives, which is a pro-algebraic group and has nice properties. Also, we present basic properties of derived affine group schemes in the Appendix.
Sedimentation of spheroidal bodies near walls in viscous fluids: glancing, reversing, tumbling and sliding
Authors: Mitchell William H. , Spagnolie Saverio E.
Published: July 2015

The sedimentation of a rigid particle near a wall in a viscous fluid has been studied numerically by many authors, but analytical solutions have been derived only for special cases such as the motion of spherical particles. In this paper the method of images is used to derive simple ordinary differential equations describing the sedimentation of arbitrarily oriented prolate and oblate spheroids at zero Reynolds number near a vertical or inclined plane wall. The differential equations may be solved analytically in many situations, and full trajectories are predicted which compare favourably with complete numerical simulations. The simulations are performed using a novel double-layer boundary integral formulation, a method of stresslet images. The conditions under which the glancing and reversing trajectories, first observed by Russelet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 83, 1977, pp. 273–287), occur are studied for bodies of arbitrary aspect ratio. Several additional trajectories are also described: a periodic tumbling trajectory for nearly spherical bodies, a linearly stable sliding trajectory which appears when the wall is slightly inclined, and three-dimensional glancing, reversing and wobbling.