bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Telocytes‐derived extracellular vesicles alleviate aortic valve calcification by carrying miR‐30b
Authors: Yang Rong , Tang Yihu , Chen Xiaowen , Yang Yang
Published: June 2021

Aims

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is frequent in the elderly. Telocytes (TCs) are implicated in intercellular communication by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). This study investigated the role of TC‐EVs in aortic valve calcification.

Methods and results

TCs were obtained and identified using enzymolysis method and flow cytometry. EVs were isolated from TCs using differential high‐speed centrifugation method and identified using transmission electron microscope, western blot, and qNano analysis. The mouse model of CAVD was established. The changes of aortic valve activity‐related indicators were analysed by ultrasound, and the expressions of TC markers CD34 and vimentin in mouse valve tissues were detected using RT‐qPCR and western blot. The model mice were injected with TC‐derived EVs. The expressions of Runx2, osteocalcin, and caspase‐3 were detected using RT‐qPCR and western blot. The calcification model of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) was established. TC‐EVs were co‐cultured with calcified VICs, and calcium deposition was detected using alizarin red S staining. miR‐30b expression in calcified valvular tissues and cells was detected after EV treatment. miR‐30b expression in TCs was knocked down and then EVs were extracted and co‐cultured with calcified VICs. The target of miR‐30b was predicted through bioinformatics website and verified using dual‐luciferase assay. The levels of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway‐related proteins were detected. ApoE−/− mice fed with a high‐fat diet showed decreased aortic valve orifice area, increased aortic transvalvular pressure difference and velocity, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, decreased CD34 and vimentin, and increased caspase‐3, Runx2, and osteocalcin. The levels of apoptosis‐ and osteogenesis‐ related proteins were inhibited after EV treatment. TC‐EVs reduced calcium deposition and osteogenic proteins in calcified VICs. EVs could be absorbed by VICs. miR‐30b expression was promoted in calcified valvular tissues and cells after EV treatment. Knockdown of miR‐30b weakened the inhibitory effects of TC‐EVs on calcium deposition and osteogenic proteins. miR‐30b targeted Runx2. EV treatment inhibited the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, and knockdown of miR‐30b in TCs attenuated the inhibitory effect of TC‐EVs on the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway.

Conclusion

TC‐EVs played a protective role in aortic valve calcification via the miR‐30b/Runx2/Wnt/β‐catenin axis.
Interfacial Capacitance of Graphene Oxide Films Electrodes: Fundamental Studies on Electrolytes Interface Aiming (Bio)Sensing Applications
Authors: Pessanha Tatiana M. , Paschoalino Waldemir J. , Deroco Patricia B. , Kogikoski Sergio , De Moraes Ana C. M. , de Carvalho Castro Silva Cecilia , Kubota Lauro T.
Published: June 2021

The understanding of bidimensional materials dynamics and its electrolyte interface equilibrium, such as graphene oxide (GO), is critical for the development of a capacitive biosensing platform. The interfacial capacitance (Ci) of graphene‐based materials may be tuned by experimental conditions such as pH optimization and cation size playing key roles at the enhancement of their capacitive properties allowing their application as novel capacitive biosensors. Here we reported a systematic study of Ci of multilayer GO films in different aqueous electrolytes employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the application in a capacitive detection system. We demonstrated that the presence of ionizable oxygen‐containing functional groups within multilayer GO film favors the interactions and the accumulation of cations in the structure of the electrodes enhancing the GO Ci in aqueous solutions, where at pH 7.0 (the best condition) the Ci was 340 μF mg−1 at −0.01 V vs Ag/AgCl. We also established that the hydrated cation radius affects the mobility and interaction with GO functional groups and it plays a critical role in the Ci, as demonstrated in the presence of different cations Na+=640 μF mg−1, Li+=575 μF mg−1 and TMA+=477 μF mg−1. As a proof‐of‐concept, the capacitive behaviour of GO was explored as biosensing platform for standard streptavidin‐biotin systems. For this system, the Ci varied linearly with the log of the concentration of the targeting analyte in the range from 10 pg mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1, showing the promising applicability of capacitive GO based sensors for label‐free biosensing.
Large‐scale electron microscopic volume imaging of interfascicular oligodendrocytes in the mouse corpus callosum
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuhide , Ohno Nobuhiko , Osanai Yasuyuki , Saitoh Sei , Thai Truc Quynh , Nishimura Kazuya , Shinjo Takeaki , Takemura Shoko , Tatsumi Kouko , Wanaka Akio
Published: June 2021

Single oligodendrocytes produce myelin sheaths around multiple axons in the central nervous system. Interfascicular oligodendrocytes (IOs) facilitate nerve conduction, but their detailed morphologies remain largely unknown. In the present study, we three‐dimensionally reconstructed IOs in the corpus callosum of adult mouse using serial block face scanning electron microscopy. The cell bodies of IOs were morphologically polarized and extended thick processes from the cytoplasm‐rich part of the cell. Processes originating from the cell body of each IO can be classified into two types: one myelinates an axon without branching, while the other type branches and each branch myelinates a distinct axon. Myelin sheaths originating from a particular IO have biased thicknesses, wrapping axons of a limited range of diameters. Consistent with this finding, IOs transduced and visualized with a rabies viral vector expressing GFP showed statistically significant variation in their myelination patterns. We further reconstructed the sheath immediately adjacent to that derived from each of the analyzed IOs; the thicknesses of the pair of sheaths were significantly correlated despite emanating from different IOs. These results suggest that a single axon could regulate myelin sheath thicknesses, even if the sheaths are derived from distinct IOs. Collectively, our results indicate that the IOs have their own myelin profiles defined by myelin thickness and axonal diameter although axons may regulate thickness of myelin sheath.
Utility of process capability indices in assessment of quality control processes at a clinical laboratory chain
Authors: Dong Ping , Wang Yong‐Bo , Peng De‐Zhi , Wang Jia‐Jia , Cheng Ya‐Ting , Deng Xiao‐Yan , Zheng Biao , Tao Ran
Published: June 2021

Background

To evaluate the utility of the process capability indices Cp and Cpk for assessing the quality control processes at chain laboratory facilities.

Methods

In April 2020, the minimum Cp and Cpk values for 33 assays of a laboratory chain with 19 facilities were collected for further analysis and a total of 627 datasets (Cp and Cpk) were compared. In addition, standard values for Cp and Cpk, defined as the lowest of the top 20%, were obtained for comparison and the indices were used to determine whether precision or trueness improvements were required for the corresponding assay.

Results

A total of 627 datasets of 33 assays from 19 laboratory facilities were collected for further analysis. Based on the Cp results, 329 (52.5%), 211 (33.7%), 65 (10.3%), and 22 (3.5%) were rated as excellent, good, marginal, and poor, respectively. While the corresponding results for Cpk were 300 (47.8%), 216 (34.4%), 79 (12.6%), and 32 (5.1%). In addition, it was noteworthy that eight (Cp criteria) and six assays (Cpk criteria) were rated as excellent or good at all 19 facilities. Comparison of the process capability indices at the Jinan KingMed Center with the standard values revealed that total protein, albumin, and urea showed trueness individual improvement, precision individual improvement, and precision common improvement, respectively, while the results of other assays were stable.

Conclusion

Process capability indices are useful for evaluating the quality control procedures in laboratory facilities and can help improve the precision and trueness of laboratory tests.
Down‐regulation of hsa_circ_0006470 predicts tumor invasion: A new biomarker of gastric cancer
Authors: Yao Lipeng , Xie Yaoyao
Published: June 2021

Background

Gastric cancer (GC) is a common cancer. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate the pathogenesis of GC. This study aims to explore its potential as a GC biomarker.

Methods

The expression of hsa_circ_0006470 in GC tissues and GC cell lines was measured by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic value of hsa_circ_0006470 was estimated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Compared with adjacent normal tissues, the expression of hsa_circ_0006470 in GC tissues was significantly lower. The expression levels of hsa_circ_0006470 in different TNM stages and different invasion degrees were significantly different. The area under the ROC curve was 0.783, with sensitivity and specificity 0.725 and 0.750, respectively.

Conclusions

Hsa_circ_0006470 has a high value as a diagnostic biomarker for GC.
A survey of the research practice in general medicine departments of Japanese universities: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tago Masaki , Watari Takashi , Shikino Kiyoshi , Yamashita Shun , Katsuki Naoko E. , Fujiwara Motoshi , Yamashita Shu‐ichi
Published: June 2021

Background

Few studies have focused on research practice in Japanese university general medicine (GM) departments.

Methods

This is a questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional study to clarify the research achievement and associated factors of Japanese university GM department. Univariate analysis was performed to compare the number of English‐language research publications and explanatory variables.

Results

Forty‐seven universities responded. Over a 3 years period, the median number of English‐language research publications was 6. Perceived degree of research necessity, staff numbers, collaborative research, conference presentations, and obtaining research grants were significantly associated with a higher number of English‐language research publications.

Conclusions

While GM research output was found to be limited, numerous associated factors can potentially change Japanese GM departments' research environments.
Intimate partner and client‐perpetrated violence are associated with reduced HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake, depression and generalized anxiety in a cross‐sectional study of female sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Leis Maria , McDermott Miranda , Koziarz Alex , Szadkowski Leah , Kariri Antony , Beattie Tara S , Kaul Rupert , Kimani Joshua
Published: June 2021

Introduction

UNAIDS has identified female sex workers (FSW) as a key HIV at‐risk population. FSW disproportionately experience gender‐based violence, which compounds their risk of HIV acquisition and may contribute to adverse mental health outcomes. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a powerful but underused HIV prevention tool for these women. This study explored the associations between intimate partner violence (IPV) and client‐perpetrated violence against FSW, mental health outcomes and PrEP use.

Methods

An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of 220 Nairobi FSW attending dedicated clinics from June to July 2019, where PrEP was available free of charge. A modified version of the WHO Violence Against Women Instrument assessed IPV and client‐perpetrated violence, and the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7) assessed depressive and anxiety symptoms respectively. Multivariable logistic regressions evaluated predictors of depression, generalized anxiety and PrEP use.

Results

Of the total 220 women (median [IQR] age 32 [27‐39]), 56.8% (125/220) reported depression (PHQ‐9 ≥ 10) and 39.1% (86/220) reported anxiety (GAD‐7 ≥ 10). Only 41.4% (91/220) reported optimal use of PrEP (taken correctly six to seven days/week) despite the cohort pursuing sex work for a median of 7 (4 to 12) years. Most women reported experiencing any violence in the past 12 months (90%, 198/220). Any recent IPV was frequent (78.7%, 129/164), particularly emotional IPV (66.5%, 109/164), as was any client‐perpetrated violence in the past 12 months (80.9%, 178/220). Regression analyses found that violence was independently associated with depression (adjusted OR [aOR] 9.39, 95% CI 2.90 to 30.42, p = 0.0002) and generalized anxiety (aOR 3.47, 95% CI 1.10 to 10.88, p = 0.03), with the strongest associations between emotional IPV and both depression and anxiety. Recent client‐perpetrated emotional violence (aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.71, p = 0.01) was associated with decreased PrEP use, whereas client‐perpetrated physical violence was associated with increased PrEP use (aOR 3.01, 95% CI 1.16 to 7.81, p = 0.02).

Conclusions

There was a high prevalence of recent violence by different perpetrators as well as depression and anxiety among FSW from Nairobi. PrEP use was relatively infrequent, and recent client‐perpetrated emotional violence was associated with PrEP non‐use. Interventions to reduce gender‐based violence may independently enhance HIV prevention and reduce the mental health burden in this community.
Assessing longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms and the influence of symptom trajectories on HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis adherence among adolescent girls in the HPTN 082 randomized controlled trial
Authors: Velloza Jennifer , Hosek Sybil , Donnell Deborah , Anderson Peter L , Chirenje Mike , Mgodi Nyaradzo , Bekker Linda‐Gail , Delany‐Moretlwe Sinead , Celum Connie ,   HPTN 082 study group
Published: June 2021

Introduction

African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) eligible for HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) experience high levels of depressive symptoms. Depression can reduce PrEP adherence among adults, although analyses have considered depression as a time‐varying exposure rather than modelling distinct patterns of symptoms. The association between depressive symptoms and PrEP adherence has not been explored for AGYW. To address these gaps, we sought to understand depressive symptom trajectories among African AGYW initiating PrEP and the impact of time‐varying depressive symptoms and symptom trajectories on PrEP adherence.

Methods

HPTN 082 was an open‐label PrEP study among AGYW (ages 16 to 24) in Zimbabwe and South Africa from 2016 to 2018. Depressive symptoms were measured at enrolment and Weeks 13, 26 and 52, using the 10‐item Center for Epidemiologic Studies scale; a score ≥10 is indicative of elevated depressive symptoms. PrEP adherence was defined as any detectable tenofovir diphosphate (TFV‐DP) levels. Group‐based trajectory modelling was used to model longitudinal patterns of depressive symptoms. We assessed psychosocial and behavioural predictors of depressive symptom trajectory membership (e.g. PrEP stigma, intimate partner violence [IPV], sexual behaviour). We modelled associations between (1) group trajectory membership and PrEP adherence at Week 52 and (2) time‐varying depressive symptoms and PrEP adherence through follow‐up.

Results

At enrolment, 179 (41.9%) participants had elevated depressive symptoms. Group‐based trajectory models revealed persistent elevated depressive symptoms in 48.5%, declining symptoms in 9.4% and no consistent or mild depressive symptoms in 43.3%. AGYW who engaged in transactional sex, reported IPV, or had traumatic stress symptoms were more likely to be assigned to the persistent elevated symptom group compared with the consistent no/mild symptom group (Wald test p‐value all <0.01). Participants assigned to the persistent elevated depressive symptom trajectory had a significantly lower risk of detectable TFV‐DP at Week 52 than those in the no/mild symptom trajectory (adjusted prevalence ratio = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80 to 0.98). Elevated depressive symptoms were significantly inversely associated with PrEP use throughout follow‐up (adjusted relative risk = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.99).

Conclusions

Persistent depressive symptoms were common among African AGYW seeking PrEP. Integration of depressive symptom screening and treatment into PrEP programmes may improve PrEP effectiveness among African women.
Patient‐incurred costs in a differentiated service delivery club intervention compared to standard clinical care in Northwest Tanzania
Authors: Okere Nwanneka E , Corball Lucia , Kereto Dunia , Hermans Sabine , Naniche Denise , Rinke de Wit Tobias F , Gomez Gabriela B
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Placing all clients with a positive diagnosis for HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has cost implications both for patients and health systems, which could, in turn, affect feasibility, sustainability and uptake of new services. Patient‐incurred costs are recognized barriers to healthcare access. Differentiated service delivery (DSD) models in general and community‐based care in particular, could reduce these costs. We aimed to assess patient‐incurred costs of a community‐based DSD intervention (clubs) compared to clinic‐based care in the Shinyanga region, Tanzania.

Methods

Cross‐sectional survey among stable ART patients (n = 390, clinic‐based; n = 251, club‐based). For each group, we collected socio‐demographic, income and expenditure data between May and August 2019. We estimated direct and indirect patient‐incurred costs. Direct costs included out‐of‐pocket expenditures. Indirect costs included income loss due to time spent during transport, accessing services and off work during illness. Cost drivers were assessed in multivariate regression models.

Results

Overall, costs were significantly higher among clinic participants. Costs (USD) per year for clinic versus club were as follows: 11.7 versus 4.17 (p < 0.001) for direct costs, 20.9 versus 8.23 (p < 0.001) for indirect costs and 32.2 versus 12.4 (p < 0.001) for total costs. Time spent accessing care and time spent in illness (hours/year) were 38.3 versus 13.8 (p < 0.001) and 16.0 versus 6.69 (p < 0.001) respectively. The main cost drivers included transportation (clinic vs. club: 67.7% vs. 44.1%) for direct costs and income loss due to time spent accessing care (clinic vs. club: 60.4% vs. 56.7%) for indirect costs. Factors associated with higher total costs among patients attending clinic services were higher education level (coefficient [95% confidence interval]) 20.9 [5.47 to 36.3]) and formal employment (44.2 [20.0 to 68.5). Differences in mean total costs remained significantly higher with formal employment, rural residence, in addition to more frequent visits among clinic participants. The percentage of households classified as having had catastrophic expenditures in the last year was low but significantly higher among clinic participants (10.8% vs. 5.18%, p = 0.014).

Conclusions

Costs incurred by patients accessing DSD in the community are significantly lower compared to those accessing standard clinic‐based care. DSD models could improve access, especially in resource‐limited settings.
Asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed textile‐based wearable antenna for MBAN and ISM band applications
Authors: Gopi Dattatreya , Kokilagadda Phaninder Vinay , Gupta Shipli , Dodda Venkata Rama Koti Reddy
Published: June 2021

The design of portable textile‐based asymmetric coplanar strip‐fed comb‐shaped patch (CSP) antenna is proposed and analyzed for Medical Body Area Network and Industrial Scientific and Medical band applications. A thin sheet of fabric with high conductivity has been embedded on a denim textile to fabricate a flexible conductive wearable antenna. The CSP antenna is validated in both free spaces and on the body. The proposed CSP antenna resonates at an operating frequency of 2.49 GHz (2.27–3.42 GHz) for free space with a bandwidth of 1150 MHz. On‐body, the antenna resonates at 2.44 GHz (1.9–2.8 GHz) with a bandwidth of 900 MHz. The gain is 4.67 dBi for free space, and −4.82 dBi for on‐body is observed. The CSP antenna was tested under bent and crumpling conditions, and the performance remains unaffected by the deformation. The CSP antenna performance is analyzed by using the artificial human hand for the physically challenged people. Specific absorption rate is 1.4 W/kg, and values under the electromagnetic radiation exposure limits have been obtained, with a safe margin of 1.6 W/kg. There is good agreement between the simulation and measurement results for the proposed CSP antenna.
On occurrence of rapid intensification and rainfall changes in tropical cyclones over the North Indian Ocean
Authors: Vinodhkumar Buri , Busireddy Nanda Kishore Reddy , Ankur Kumar , Nadimpalli Raghu , Osuri Krishna Kishore
Published: June 2021

The present study examines the climatological characteristics and possible triggers of rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) during 1990–2019 over the North Indian Ocean (NIO). RI is defined as an increase in maximum sustained surface wind speed of 30 knots (15.4 m⋅s−1) or more in a 24 hr duration. In the NIO basin, the threshold of 24 hr intensity change represents the 93rd percentile using a 3‐min sustained wind, while, it is 95th percentile in the Atlantic basin, where 1‐min sustained wind is used. A total of 46 TCs (~38% of the total TCs) have exhibited RI at an average rate of 1–2 TCs year−1 over the NIO. A significant increase of RI‐TCs is seen from the year 2000 onwards over the region. The maximum RI‐TCs occurrence is found in the post‐monsoon season. The majority of TCs (~48%) undergo the RI phase within a 12–24 hr time during the depression stage. About ~35% (26%) of the TCs are retained in the RI phase for the duration of at least 24 hr (36 hr). Most of the RI‐TCs move northwestward (38%) and westward (31%) direction 6 hr before the RI onset with slow/normal translation speeds. During the RI phase, ~72% of TCs travels a distance of ~150–450 km. The TC inner‐core region receives heavy rainfall, and a ~ 3 mm⋅hr−1 increment is noticed 12 hr before the RI to the RI onset. Most of the RI‐TCs made landfall over eastern states of India showing the vulnerability of the regions. Composite analysis demonstrated that higher precipitable water (~55 mm), surface flux (500 W⋅m−2), cyclone heat potential (50–60 kJ⋅cm−2) in the moderate shear (6–8 m⋅s−1) environment favours the RI process. This study highlights the significance of RI‐TCs and triggering conditions for the RI onset over the NIO region.
Safety of Using Enteral Nutrition Formulations Containing Dietary Fiber in Hospitalized Critical Care Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Cara Kelly Copeland , Beauchesne Andrew R. , Wallace Taylor C. , Chung Mei
Published: June 2021

Enteral nutrition (EN) is the preferred route of nutrition support for patients with critical illness undergoing intensive care. Experts in the field caution against using fiber during EN because of perceived adverse patient outcomes; however, a comprehensive assessment of this topic is not evident to date. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we searched four databases from inception to April 20, 2020, for studies on adverse events or health outcomes associated with using EN formulations containing fiber in hospitalized adults with critical illness. Nineteen articles were included. Random‐effects meta‐analysis models showed significantly lower diarrhea scores for fiber groups compared with nonfiber groups (pooled mean difference: −2.78; 95% CI, −4.10 to −1.47) but mixed results for risk of diarrhea between groups, depending on measures used for diarrhea (Hart and Dobb scale, pooled risk ratio [RR]: 0.68; 95% CI, 0.45–1.02; other diarrhea scales, pooled RR: 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20–0.89). Models showed 39% lower risk of gastrointestinal (GI) complications overall for fiber compared with nonfiber groups (pooled RR: 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47–0.79) but no group differences for individual GI complications, mortality, and intensive care unit or hospital length of stay. Analyses stratified by soluble‐ or mixed‐fiber interventions reduced heterogeneity in models but showed identical conclusions. EN formulas with fiber may help reduce incidence and severity of diarrhea and GI complications overall in critically ill patients, without increased risk of other adverse events. Bias among specific GI measures indicates more high‐quality studies are needed to verify these conclusions.
Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer in autumn improves N utilization by spring tea (Camellia sinensis L.)
Authors: Ma Lifeng , Ruan Jianyun
Published: June 2021

Background

The efficient use of fertilizers depends very much on their proper placement, and the effects of fertilizer placement on the woody perennial plant tea (Camellia sinensis L.) are not clearly understood.

Methods

A 15N mini‐plot field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four common techniques of fertilizer placement techniques. 15N‐labeled urea was applied in October by surface broadcasting, surface broadcasting with 3–5 cm soil incorporation, shallow (3–5 cm), and deep (10–15 cm) side dressing (DSD). The proportion of N derived from 15N‐labeled fertilizer (Ndff%) was estimated in root, and soil samples were collected 15 and 43 days after fertilization (DAA15 and DAA43) and in young shoots collected in the following spring.

Results

Most fertilizer 15N was located in the soil near the placement position at DAA15 and 15N had moved downward but maintained a similar distribution in the soil profile at DAA43. The distribution of fibrous root Ndff% in the soil profile was very similar to that of soil Ndff%. DSD resulted in the highest shoot Ndff%, the estimated amount of 15N in young shoot derived from 15N‐label fertilizer (shoot 15N), and its percentage related to the amount of 15N‐labeled fertilizer input (REFN%). Thus, DSD of urea as basal application in autumn maintained a higher and prolonged N supply in the middle and deep soil layers, thereby improving fertilizer‐N absorption and utilization in the following spring tea. However, direct broadcasting of urea on the soil surface resulted in low N availability in the soil and utilization by tea plants.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that DSD of N fertilization should be recommended for tea planting to increase N use efficiency and reduce environmental losses in forms of runoff and volatilization.
Adherence to conflicts of interest policy in Cochrane reviews where authors are also editorial board members: A cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Pacheco Rafael Leite , Latorraca Carolina Oliveira Cruz , Martimbianco Ana Luiza Cabrera , Miranda Enderson , Fontes Luis Eduardo Santos , Nunan David , Riera Rachel
Published: June 2021

Cochrane devolves most editorial governance of the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), including title prioritization, protocol registration, peer‐review, editorial oversight and subsequent review deposition, to specific Cochrane Review Group (CRG) editorial boards. Current Cochrane policy stipulates authors of reviews who are also members of the supporting CRG declare this non‐financial conflict of interest and confirm no involvement in the review editorial process. The aim of this cross‐sectional analysis was to assess adherence to Cochrane's editorial conflict of interest policy. All 260 published Cochrane reviews (CR) in issues 1 to 6 from 2019 of the CDSR were reviewed. A total of 133 (51.2%, 133/260) of CRs had at least one author that was also listed as an editor in the CRG. Of these, only five (3.8%, 5/133) appropriately declared the conflict according to Cochrane policy. In 6.5% (17/133) CRs, the contact author had a leading editorial position within the CRG and in only four of 17 was this declared according to Cochrane policy. No CR with the contact author who also had a leading editorial position described methods to prevent any potential issues related to this scenario during the editorial process in accordance with Cochrane policy. We propose a specific form to improve the transparency and reliability of editorial conflict of interest reporting in CRs. The suggested form can be adapted to other contexts.
Determination of acyclovir and its metabolite 9‐carboxymethoxymethylguanide in human serum by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Urinovska Romana , Kacirova Ivana , Sagan Jiri
Published: June 2021

A simple and rapid ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method was developed for acyclovir and its metabolite 9‐carboxymethoxymethylguanine in human serum. After precipitation of serum samples with 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile/methanol (40:60, v/v), components were separated on a Luna Omega C18 column (1.6 μm; 2.1 × 150 mm) at 40°C. Mobile phase A (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 5% acetonitrile, v/v/v) and mobile phase B (2 mmol/L ammonium acetate, 0.1% formic acid in 95% acetonitrile, v/v/v) were used for gradient elution. A linear calibration curve was obtained over the range of 0.05–50 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients were better than 0.999. The limit of quantitation was 0.05 mg/L for both analytes. The intra‐ and interday accuracy and precision at three concentration levels ranged between 1.6 and 13.3%, and recoveries were achieved with a range between 92.2 and 114.2%. This method was developed and validated for the therapeutic monitoring of acyclovir in patients.
Combining Low Power Fractional CO2 With QS‐NdYAG Toning in the Treatment of Melasma Reduces the Incidence of Punctate Leukoderma
Authors: Esmat Samia , Z. Elramly Amany , Shahin Dina , Hilal Rana F.
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives

Q‐switched Nd:YAG (QS‐Nd:YAG) toning (low fluence, large spot size, and high frequency) has been used successfully for the treatment of melasma, especially in dark skin phototypes. Punctate leukoderma was found to be a frequent complication that reduced the safety of this procedure. Combining low power fractional CO2 laser, which is another effective melasma laser therapy, might improve the efficacy and safety of this procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate  the effect of combining low power fractional CO2 laser with QS‐Nd:YAG toning in the treatment of melasma.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

A randomized comparative split‐face study included a total of 30 patients with bilateral, symmetrical melasma. All patients received QS‐Nd:YAG toning on one randomly selected side of the face, while the other side randomly received either low power fractional CO2 alone (group A) or combined QS‐Nd:YAG toning with low power fractional CO2 (group B). QS‐Nd:YAG toning sessions were scheduled every two weeks for nine consecutive sessions, and low power fractional CO2 sessions were received every 4 weeks for three consecutive sessions. The assessment was done using the modified melasma area and severity index (mMASI) score, spectrophotometry (melanin index [MI] and erythema index [EI]), photography, blinded physician assessment, and patient satisfaction (at baseline, 1 week and 8‐12 weeks after the last treatment sessions).

Results

A significant reduction in the mMASI score and MI was obtained with all treatment regimens. On comparing different modalities, group A reduction in mMASI and MI was significantly greater on the side receiving QS‐ND:YAG toning (64.03% and 8.27%, respectively), than the side receiving low power fractional CO2 laser alone (36.02%. 2.64%, respectively). On the other hand, reduction of mMASI score and MI showed no statistical significance between the side receiving QS‐Nd:YAG toning alone and the combined modality. Punctate leukoderma occurred in four cases (13%) on the side receiving QS‐Nd:YAG toning.

Conclusion

QS‐Nd:YAG toning is significantly more effective than low power fractional CO2 in the treatment of melasma when used separately. Although combining low power fractional CO2 with QS‐Nd:YAG toning does not increase its efficacy, it minimizes the incidence of the undesirable punctate leukoderma complication and achieves lower recurrence. This combination can thus be recommended as a safe and effective measure for the treatment of melasma. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Participation amongst people ageing with neuromuscular disease: a qualitative study of lived experiences
Authors: Møller Louise Abildgaard , Martinsen Bente , Werlauff Ulla , Dreyer Pia
Published: June 2021

Aim

To explore the lived experiences of participation in everyday life ageing with neuromuscular disease (NMD).

Design

A qualitative study using a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach.

Methods

Data were gathered through interviews with 15 persons living with NMD in 2018. A three‐levelled analysis and interpretation influenced by Paul Ricoeur's philosophy were conducted.

The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist was used from May 2018 to December 2018.

Results

Three themes were identified: “Endless adaptations change the fundamentals of everyday life ageing with NMD,” “The ‘swamp’ of deterioration” is traversed through experiences of belonging and relationship,” “Being disabled by a professional knowledge gap and stereotypical images.” In these themes, the experience of participation in everyday life ageing with NMD appeared to depend on the ability to adapt constantly. Through participation, a sense of belonging and purpose was maintained. Lack of knowledge amongst professionals may negatively affect the ongoing participation of people ageing with NMD.
Self‐Lowering as Power and Trap: Wawa, ‘White’, and Peripheral Embrace of State Formation in Indonesian Papua
Authors: Stasch Rupert
Published: June 2021

Building on Ferguson's account of ‘declarations of dependence’ and prior Melanesianist work on ‘humiliation’, I examine how enthusiasm for state‐formation among Korowai of Papua has been shaped by their understandings of self‐lowering as a politically complex way of influencing kin and equalizing relations. I begin with media firestorms in Australia and urban Papua about the need to save two vulnerable boys. Korowai understandings of these episodes, unknown to faraway media publics, illustrate their idea that self‐lowering toward a hoped favorable benefactor is a desirable way of exercising a degree of relational control in a wider situation of being dominated. Building on the Australia‐linked Wawa affair, I look further at why sending boys to school in towns is a main strategy by which Korowai try to ameliorate their felt inferiority to city people. Transactions between schoolboys and senior relatives are politically complex, in ways that suggest the schooling strategy is an application of old egalitarian kinship techniques to new geopolitical inequalities. Finally, I look at Korowai responses to the new environment of large money flows into the countryside under government policies of redistricting and community‐driven development. Strong Korowai interest in benefactor relations with ‘Regency’ leaders, and the new embrace of divisions between ‘heads’ and ‘community’ within villages, also exemplify a strategy of seeking out a more livable relation of inequality to ease a less livable one.
A new reutilization strategy of waste printed circuit board nonmetal powders for constructing superhydrophobic coatings
Authors: Liu Wei , Hu Dechao , Liu Huaqing , Ma Wenshi
Published: June 2021

Reutilization of waste printed circuit board nonmetal powders (WPCBP) has been one of the major bottlenecks in the comprehensive utilization of electronic wastes. Herein, a new reutilization strategy of WPCBP was innovatively proposed to develop a superhydrophobic coating. Typically, WPCBP@SiO2hybrid filler was successfully prepared by the in‐situ growth of silica on WPCBP surface, and the structures and compositions of WPCBP@SiO2were systematically investigated by SEM, FTIR, and TGA. Then the obtained WPCBP@SiO2was combined with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to prepare a superhydrophobic coating. The as‐prepared PDMS/WPCBP@SiO2coatings exhibited excellent superhydrophobicity and self‐cleaning ability, whose static water contact angle (WCA) is more than 150° while the sliding angle (SA) is <10°. In summary, this study provides a green and efficient reutilization strategy of WPCBP in superhydrophobic coatings, which may open up a new opportunity for the high‐valued utilization of WPCBP.
Investigation of the Ablative Properties of an EPDM\Kevlar Insulator in a Solid Rocket Motor
Authors: Sapozhnikov Igor , Leitner Amiram , Natan Benveniste , Mograbi Elaad
Published: June 2021

A study of the influence of the reinforced fiber orientation and the propellant aluminum content on the ablation and erosion performance of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer type insulation is presented. A subscale solid rocket motor has been used, with ammonium perchlorate and hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene propellant composition. Seven static firing tests were conducted: six with low Al and one with high Al content. The EPDM articles had four different Kevlar fiber orientations: circumferential, longitudinal, diagonal (45°), and random. Numerical simulations were supplemented to decipher the experimental outcome. The numerical results exhibit an over‐prediction tendency, yet they show that the examination of post‐fire charring of the insulation is insignificant. The test results indicate that the longitudinal fiber orientation has the least ablative resistance.
Epicuticular hydrocarbons of the redbanded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): sexual dimorphism and alterations in insects collected in insecticide‐treated soybean crops
Authors: Sessa Lucía , Calderón‐Fernández Gustavo M. , Abreo Eduardo , Altier Nora , Mijailovsky Sergio J , Girotti Juan R , Pedrini Nicolás
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

The redbanded stink bug Piezodorus guildinii (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is one of the most important species affecting soybean crops in southern South America. Capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to characterize the epicuticular hydrocarbon profiles of field‐collected insects, and to identify differences in their composition between fifth‐instar nymphs and adults, males and females, and between bugs collected in insecticide‐treated and insecticide‐free soybean crops.

RESULTS

Straight chain saturated n‐C27 and n‐C29, and monomethyl and dimethyl chains of C31 and C33 were the most abundant compounds. A group of volatile hydrocarbons with n‐C13 and n‐C15 as the predominant compounds were also detected. The hydrocarbon pattern was different between nymphs and adults, either males or females. Heneicosene was almost exclusively detected in adult males and was the most important component to differentiate between both sexes, followed by tricosadiene. The total hydrocarbon amount was significantly higher in nymphs, males and females collected in insecticide‐treated fields compared with insects obtained from untreated fields.

CONCLUSION

Differences were found in the epicuticular hydrocarbon pattern among nymphs and adults, as well as sexual dimorphism in adult stink bugs. Interestingly, an alteration was also found in the hydrocarbon profile of insects collected in insecticide‐treated soybean crops and its relevance is discussed within a pest management context.
Quantitative prediction of breast cancer resistant protein mediated drug‐drug interactions using physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modeling
Authors: Costales Chester , Lin Jian , Kimoto Emi , Yamazaki Shinji , Gosset James R. , Rodrigues A. David , Lazzaro Sarah , West Mark A. , West Michael , Varma Manthena V. S.
Published: June 2021

Quantitative assessment of drug‐drug interactions (DDIs) involving breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibition is challenged by overlapping substrate/inhibitor specificity. This study used physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to delineate the effects of inhibitor drugs on BCRP‐ and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B‐mediated disposition of rosuvastatin, which is a recommended BCRP clinical probe. Initial static model analysis using in vitro inhibition data suggested BCRP/OATP1B DDI risk while considering regulatory cutoff criteria for a majority of inhibitors assessed (25 of 27), which increased rosuvastatin plasma exposure to varying degree (~ 0–600%). However, rosuvastatin area under plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) was minimally impacted by BCRP inhibitors with calculated G‐value (= gut concentration/inhibition potency) below 100. A comprehensive PBPK model accounting for intestinal (OATP2B1 and BCRP), hepatic (OATP1B, BCRP, and MRP4), and renal (OAT3) transport mechanisms was developed for rosuvastatin. Adopting in vitro inhibition data, rosuvastatin plasma AUC changes were predicted within 25% error for 9 of 12 inhibitors evaluated via PBPK modeling. This study illustrates the adequacy and utility of a mechanistic model‐informed approach in quantitatively assessing BCRP‐mediated DDIs.
A review of the research progress of interventional medical equipment and methods for prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Zhang Yongde , Zuo Sihao , Xu Yong
Published: June 2021

Background

Prostate cancer is a common disease in men and has a relatively high mortality rate. However, the interventional medical equipment used for prostate biopsy and brachytherapy has always been a social concern.

Methods

To understand interventional medical equipment for prostate cancer, the structure of manual, semi‐automatic and automatic medical equipment were considered as the mainline, while the corresponding research on these structures were the auxiliary lines. The characteristics and corresponding research status have been discussed.

Results

Interventional medical equipment for prostate cancer with different degrees of automation and its characteristics were determined, and the imaging principles and characteristics of computed tomography, transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging have been briefly described.

Conclusion

Certain feasible research suggestions have been proposed for future development from the perspective of structure, accuracy and safety. These include flexible and compact robot structures, high‐precision image recognition and guidance, accurate dose planning and monitoring, real‐time imaging monitoring without delay, high‐precision needle insertion strategy, master‐slave control, virtual reality and remote control.
Address mental health issues involving staff members
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: June 2021

Amid the ongoing changes and stressors related to COVID‐19, the mental health of staff members has become one of the top personnel concerns at colleges and universities throughout the country. To help you address these issues from both a legal and practical standpoint, a panel of experts shared strategies during a webinar hosted by the Employment Law Alliance, moderated by José A. Olivieri, Esq., Co‐Managing Partner at Michael Best & Friedrich LLP in Wisconsin.
The Effect of (3‐Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPS) Coating on the Genetic Detection Performance of Quartz Crystal Microbalance‐Dissipation (QCM‐D) Biosensor: Novel Intact Double‐Layered Surface Modification on QCM‐D
Authors: Soysaldı Furkan , Soylu Mehmet Çağrı
Published: June 2021

Biosensor's ability depends on both platform performance and surface modification. In mass sensitive biosensors, a stable coating with molecular structural dynamism increases sensitivity. Also, its orientation and smoothness directly affect the performance of cross‐linker molecules and receptors. In this study, the performance of intact double‐layered (ID) coating used on QCM−D for the first time in DNA detection of MPS was investigated. The sensitivity of the QCM−D with ID‐MPS was compared to the uncoated. At the concentrations of 1010 and 1013 copies/mL, the method with ID‐MPS was approximately 6.4 times more sensitive. A shift of 1.22(±0.42) Hz was observed at the detection limit at 108 copies/mL, while it was 0.19(±0.05) Hz in the negative control. Thus, a signal‐to‐noise‐ratio greater than 3, which is a measure of signal quality in biosensors, was exceeded with a ratio of 3.33, and it was shown that the detection signal at the sensitivity limit was sufficient. In addition, the two methods were compared visually with atomic force microscopy in terms of the amount and distribution of captured molecules, and it was determined that the ID‐MPS was more efficient.
Fabrication of Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Silver/Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Film for Reduction of 4‐Nitrophenol and Methyl Orange Dye
Authors: Sharma Keshav , Majhi Shukla , Ali Mohd. , Singh Renuka , Shekhar Pati Tripathi Chandra , Guin Debanjan
Published: June 2021

The development of ingenious technologies for the purification of wastewater containing highly toxic organic compounds is of high importance in the current research. The application of noble metal nanocatalysts in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) for the removal of these toxic compounds through chemical reduction method have become an accepted approach in the recent years. The present work reports on the development of a convenient approach to fabricate free standing, robust, and flexible reduced graphene oxide ‐ silver/polyvinyl alcohol (rGO−Ag/PVA) nanocomposite film. The morphological and structural characterizations of the as developed film have been carried out using SEM, TEM, EDAX, Raman, BET, and TGA. The performance of as developed rGO−Ag/PVA nanocomposite film is tested as heterogeneous catalyst in the reduction reaction of 4‐Nitrophenol and reduction of Methyl Orange dye. The nanocomposite film‐based catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performances as well as excellent stability in the reduction of toxic organic compounds in wastewater.
Inverted Polymer Solar Cells with Annealing‐Free Solution‐Processable NiO
Authors: Tran Hong Nhan , Dao Duc Quang , Yoon Yung Jin , Shin Yun Seop , Choi Jin San , Kim Jin Young , Cho Shinuk
Published: June 2021

Nickel oxide (NiO) offers intrinsic p‐type behavior and high thermal and chemical stability, making it promising as a hole transport layer (HTL) material in inverted organic solar cells. However, its use in this application has been rare because of a wettability problem caused by use of water as base solvent and high‐temperature annealing requirements. In the present work, an annealing‐free solution‐processable method for NiO deposition is developed and applied in both conventional and inverted non‐fullerene polymer solar cells. To overcome the wettability problem, the typical DI water solvent is replaced with a mixed solvent of DI water and isopropyl alcohol with a small amount of 2‐butanol additive. This allows a NiO nanoparticle suspension (s‐NiO) to be deposited on a hydrophobic active layer surface. An inverted non‐fullerene solar cell based on a blend of p‐type polymer PTB7‐Th and non‐fullerene acceptor IEICO‐4F exhibits the high efficiency of 11.23% with an s‐NiO HTL, comparable to the efficiency of an inverted solar cell with a MoOx HTL deposited by thermal evaporation. Conventionally structured devices including this s‐NiO layer show efficiency comparable to that of a conventional device with a PEDOT:PSS HTL.