bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grupy wsparcia, samopomocy i stowarzyszenia rodziców dzieci z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu – narzędzie wsparcia emocjonalnego, informacyjnego czy instrumentalnego?
Authors: Dobrogowska-Schlebusch Ewa
Published: September 2018

ABSTRAKTWstęp: Stwierdzenie zaburzeń ze spektrum autyzmu (ASD) u dziecka i problemy związane z wychowywaniem dziecka niepełnosprawnego mogą być dla rodziców istotnym źródłem stresu. Aby łatwiej poradzić sobie z sytuacją niepełnosprawności dziecka i mieć możliwość dzielenia się z innymi rodzicami swoimi doświadczeniami i przeżyciami, rodzice dołączają do grup wsparcia dla rodzin.Celem badania było sprawdzenie, jakie znaczenie dla rodziców dzieci z ASD mają organizowane przez nich grupy wsparcia, samopomocy i stowarzyszenia oraz jakiej formy wsparcia są one źródłem.Materiały i metody: Badanie było częścią większego projektu badawczego. W jego ramach przeprowadzonych zostało 12 wywiadów pogłębionych z rodzicami dzieci z ASD z województwa małopolskiego. Doświadczenia związane z przynależnością do różnego typu grup miało 7 z przebadanych rodziców. Transkrypty wywiadów analizowano w odwołaniu do założeń analizy fenomenologicznej.Wyniki: Wyodrębniono 7 wątków tematycznych, w których rodzice mówili o swoich odczuciach związanych z uczestnictwem w grupach wsparcia.Wnioski: Uczestnictwo w grupach wsparcia, samopomocy czy stowarzyszeniach jest przede wszystkim dla rodziców źródłem: wsparcia emocjonalnego (dając im poczucie bezpieczeństwa i przynależności do grupy), wsparcia informacyjnego i instrumentalnego (dzięki radom, ale też instruktarzowi otrzymywanemu od innych rodziców), a także wsparcia opiekuńczego (wsparcie polegające na zastępowaniu rodziców w sprawowaniu opieki nad dzieckiem). Rodzice byli nie tylko biernymi odbiorcami wsparcia, lecz także jego dawcami, udzielając wsparcia o charakterze informacyjnym, instrumentalnym i emocjonalnym innym rodzicom. Widząc innych jako punkt odniesienia, rodzice mogli też łatwiej godzić się z faktem wychowywania dziecka niepełnosprawnego, czyli osiągać fazę konstruktywnego przystosowania się.
Sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem i umiejscowienie poczucia kontroli u ofiar cyberprzemocy
Authors: Szulc Marcin
Published: September 2018

ABSTRAKT Wstęp: Wiele problemów zdrowotnych wiąże się z doświadczaniem przewlekłego stresu. Jednym z czynników zagrażających optymalnemu funkcjonowaniu człowieka i jego zdrowiu jest cyberprzemoc, która pojawiła się wraz z powstaniem nowych mediów. Wzrost tzw. zachowań przemocowych w internecie jest konsekwencją intensyfikacji cyfrowego życia towarzyskiego. Badania i obserwacje wskazują, że przemoc rówieśnicza (bullying) dezorganizuje życie i jest bardzo poważnym czynnikiem ryzyka wystąpienia myśli i prób samobójczych. Z punktu widzenia zdrowia i pozytywnego rozwoju istotny jest sposób, w jaki człowiek radzi sobie ze stresem oraz umiejscawia poczucie kontroli nad zdarzeniami. Według Kofty ważnym elementem w radzeniu sobie z trudną sytuacją jest poczucie bezpieczeństwa. Celem badania było ustalenie, w jaki sposób radzą sobie ze stresem i jaki poziom poczucia umiejscowienia kontroli przejawiają ofiary cyberprzemocy. Materiały i metody: Korzystając z Kwestionariusza Radzenia Sobie ze Stresem (CISS) oraz Kwestionariusza Badania Poczucia Kontroli (KBPK), zbadano grupę 30 osób zidentyfikowanych przez pedagogów szkolnych z 3 gimnazjów w obrębie województwa pomorskiego jako ofiary cyberprzemocy oraz 30 osób z grupy kontrolnej, również uczniów gimnazjów. Wyniki: Ofiary cyberprzemocy różnią się istotnie w zakresie stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem i umiejscowienia poczucia kontroli od osób z grupy kontrolnej. Wnioski: Osoby z grupy kryterialnej najczęściej wybierają styl radzenia sobie ze stresem skoncentrowany na emocjach i cechują się zewnętrznym nasileniem poczucia kontroli, co utrudnia poszukiwanie skutecznej pomocy oraz utwierdza je w poczuciu braku wpływu na wydarzenia.
Częstość istotnych związków wysokości i masy ciała z cechami tułowia wśród 4–6-letnich dzieci obojga płci i z dwóch różnych środowisk
Authors: Mrozkowiak Mirosław
Published: September 2018

ABSTRAKT Wstęp: Celem badań było wykazanie częstości istotnych związków masy i wysokości ciała z wybranymi cechami tułowia.Materiały i metody: Badania wśród dzieci w wieku 4–6 lat zostały przeprowadzone w okresie 3 lat, w 6 półrocznych edycjach, co pozwoliło zarejestrować 2988 obserwacji wielkości 41 cech opisujących tułów, masę i wysokość ciała. Do pomiaru wybranych cech zastosowano metodę fotogrametryczną wykorzystującą zjawisko mory projekcyjnej. Wyniki: Częstość istotnych związków wysokości ciała z cechami postawy ciała wynosi 21,42%, a masy ciała – 14,28%. Częstość istotnych związków wysokości ciała w ramach płci kształtuje się na poziomie 14,28%, a masy ciała – 4,76%, wśród dziewcząt odpowiednio: 7,14% i 9,52%. Wnioski: 1. Wśród 4–6-letnich dzieci wysokość ciała wykazuje znacząco częstszy związek z cechami tułowia niż masa ciała i są to głównie cechy płaszczyzny strzałkowej. Masa i wysokość ciała nie wykazują szczególnie częstego związku z cechami tułowia. 2. Wśród chłopców wysokość ciała wykazuje znacząco częstszy istotny związek z cechami tułowia niż masa ciała. Wśród dziewcząt częstość tych związków jest zbliżona i na niższym poziomie. Wśród dzieci mieszkających na wsi wysokość ciała wykazuje częstsze związki z cechami tułowia niż masa ciała, natomiast w mieście to masa ciała ma częstsze związki z cechami tułowia. 3. Wśród chłopców najczęstsze istotne związki wysokości ciała z cechami tułowia występują u mieszkających na wsi, natomiast w mieście nie występują. Związki masy ciała są sporadyczne. Wśród dziewcząt mieszkających w mieście i na wsi częstość tych związków jest na niskim i wyrównanym poziomie, przy czym częstość związków wysokości ciała w mieście jest najniższa.
Zakres badań naukowych w pielęgniarstwie rodzinnym. Przegląd piśmiennictwa z lat 1995–2015
Authors: Taranta Ewa , Marcinowicz Ludmiła , Ślusarska Barbara
Published: September 2018

ABSTRAKTWstęp: Pielęgniarstwo rodzinne jest rozwijającą się specjalizacją pielęgniarską podlegającą szybkim przemianom związanym z zapoczątkowaną w 1995 r. reformą podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej w Polsce. Szeroki zakres samodzielności pielęgniarek rodzinnych w realizacji świadczeń zdrowotnych wymaga od nich ustawicznego kształcenia oraz konieczności wykorzystania w codziennej praktyce wyników badań naukowych.Celem pracy jest określenie rodzaju i zakresu badań empirycznych w obszarze pielęgniarstwa rodzinnego prowadzonych w Polsce w latach 1995–2015.Materiały i metody: Zastosowano metodę analizy i krytyki piśmiennictwa. Bazę do wyszukiwania danych stanowiła Polska Bibliografia Lekarska, baza PubMed oraz wyszukiwarka Google Scholar. Poszukiwanie prac było ograniczone do artykułów opublikowanych w latach 1995–2015 i dotyczących świadczeń realizowanych przez pielęgniarki rodzinne w Polsce.Wyniki: Ustalono, że w analizowanych pracach przewagę stanowiły badania ilościowe z wykorzystaniem techniki ankiety. Opublikowane prace mieściły się w następujących grupach badawczych: 1) pacjenci – odbiorcy świadczeń; 2) realizatorzy świadczeń, tj. pielęgniarki rodzinne; 3) lekarze rodzinni oraz opiekunowie nieformalni osób objętych opieką pielęgniarki rodzinnej z uwzględnieniem relacji pielęgniarka–pacjent.Wnioski: 1. Widoczny jest brak różnorodności metodologicznej w badaniu roli pielęgniarki rodzinnej. 2. W pracach zmarginalizowana jest rola pielęgniarki rodzinnej w opiece nad osobami w wieku rozwojowym i produkcyjnym. 3. Pielęgniarki rodzinne wykonują niewiele zadań samodzielnych wynikających z posiadanych kompetencji.
Duchowość a jakość życia osób dotkniętych chorobą nowotworową
Authors: Walczak Tamara , Walczak Elżbieta , Kowalewski Wiesław
Published: September 2018

ABSTRAKTWstęp: Badanie jakości życia pacjentów chorujących na nowotwory jest przedmiotem ogromnej liczby prowadzonych badań z dziedziny psychoonkologii i psychologii zdrowia. Rzadziej podejmowana tematyka duchowości wydaje się ważną sferą życia pacjentów, która może warunkować stopień zadowolenia z życia (jakość życia). Ze względu na dużą popularność tematyki, ale małą liczbę doniesień w zakresie relacji obu aspektów życia osób dotkniętych chorobą nowotworową, w niniejszym badaniu podjęto próbę analizy związku tych zmiennych.Materiały i metody: Do badania zaproszono 94 osoby, z czego 44 w momencie badania chorowały na różne postaci nowotworu, a pozostałe 50 osób stanowiło grupę porównawczą (osoby zdrowe). Dokonano pomiaru zadowolenia z różnych aspektów życia, a także siły duchowości badanych osób, wykorzystując w tym celu metody kwestionariuszowe.Wyniki: Wykazano, że osoby chore gorzej oceniają zadowolenie ze swojego dotychczasowego życia, zadowolenie ze swojego zdrowia oraz ze sfery fizycznej. W badaniu sfery duchowości osoby chore uzyskały wyższe wyniki w skalach siły wiary oraz nasilenia postawy religijnej w porównaniu z osobami zdrowymi. Dowiedziono, że u osób zdrowych zadowolenie z życia jest uwarunkowane poczuciem harmonii życiowej i sensu życia. Natomiast u osób chorych związek zadowolenia z harmonią życiową jest silniejszy, a ponadto wyniki wskazały na znaczenie wrażliwości etycznej dla oceny własnego zadowolenia, czego nie zaobserwowano w grupie osób zdrowych.Wnioski: Mniejsze zadowolenie z życia prawdopodobnie wynika z bilansu zysków i strat dokonywanego przez chorych w obliczu ciężkiej choroby, a nawet ryzyka śmierci. Większe nasilenie wymiarów duchowości może wynikać z faktu, że osoby chorujące przewlekle lub nieuleczalnie powierzają swoje życie istocie wyższej, aby zyskać wiarę i nadzieję na dalszą walkę z chorobą. Zmianie ulega system wartości pacjenta – zadowolenie z życia, poza poczuciem harmonii życiowej, zaczyna być uwarunkowane wrażliwością etyczną chorego.
Detection of potential look-alike/sound-alike medication errors using Veterans Affairs administrative databases
Authors: Zacher Jessica M. , Cunningham Francesca E. , Zhao Xinhua , Burk Muriel L. , Moore Von R. , Good Chester B. , Glassman Peter A. , Aspinall Sherrie L.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Results of a study to estimate the prevalence of look-alike/sound-alike (LASA) medication errors through analysis of Veterans Affairs (VA) administrative data are reported.

Methods

Veterans with at least 2 filled prescriptions for 1 medication in 20 LASA drug pairs during the period April 2014–March 2015 and no history of use of both medications in the preceding 6 months were identified. First occurrences of potential LASA errors were identified by analyzing dispensing patterns and documented diagnoses. For 7 LASA drug pairs, potential errors were evaluated via chart review to determine if an actual error occurred.

Results

Among LASA drug pairs with overlapping indications, the pairs associated with the highest potential-error rates, by percentage of treated patients, were tamsulosin and terazosin (3.05%), glipizide and glyburide (2.91%), extended- and sustained-release formulations of bupropion (1.53%), and metoprolol tartrate and metoprolol succinate (1.48%). Among pairs with distinct indications, the pairs associated with the highest potential-error rates were tramadol and trazodone (2.20%) and bupropion and buspirone (1.31%). For LASA drug pairs found to be associated with actual errors, the estimated error rates were as follows: lamivudine and lamotrigine, 0.003% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0–0.01%); carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, 0.03% (95% CI, 0–0.09%); and morphine and hydromorphone, 0.02% (95% CI, 0–0.05%).

Conclusion

Through the use of administrative databases, potential LASA errors that could be reviewed for an actual error via chart review were identified. While a high rate of potential LASA errors was detected, the number of actual errors identified was low.
Does Diet Affect the Symptoms of ADHD?
Authors: Cagigal César , Silva Tánia , Jesus Mariana , Silva Carla
Published: September 2018

Introduction:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric diagnosis in childhood and adolescence, with an estimated worldwide-pooled prevalence of 5,29%. The type of treatment depends on several factors. Psychopharmacological treatment entails undesirable side effects, with unclear long-term benefits, which has led the scientific community to investigate other therapeutic approaches, such as dietary interventions.

Method:

The authors conducted a classical review on the current treatment recommended in individuals with ADHD diagnosis, their dietary patterns, as well as dietary factors possibly implicated in the etiology and treatment of this disorder. An extensive bibliographic research was carried out in the databases PubMed, The Cochrane Library and the National Guideline Clearinghouse.

Discussion:

The most common dietary interventions in the case of ADHD are food supplementation diets (e.g. PUFAs, vitamins) and elimination diets. Supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs lacks further studies that can validate them as an effective therapeutic approach in this disorder. Also, regarding vitamin supplementation, studies are not consistent as to their role in the etiology of ADHD. Elimination diets are unclear as to the benefits provided in individuals with ADHD. Children with ADHD are less likely to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors than non-ADHD youth.

Conclusion:

There is no clear evidence that supports dietary interventions for the treatment of ADHD. The effects of unhealthy diet patterns in ADHD individuals are not yet fully understood and, like the general population, children with ADHD may benefit from a healthy lifestyle.
Outcomes of Wavefront-Optimized Laser-Assisted In-Situ Keratomileusis and Photorefractive Keratectomy for correction of Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism over One Year Follow-Up
Authors: Shehadeh Mohammad M. , Akkawi Mohammad T. , Aghbar Ammar A. , Musmar Muna T. , Khabbas Malak N , Kharouf Marah F , Al-Labadi Liana
Published: September 2018

Background:

Laser corneal refractive surgery suits, technology and nomograms are improving with time. This may improve the refractive and visual outcomes of the patients.

Objectives:

To evaluate the safety, efficacy, stability, and predictability of wavefront-optimized photorefractive keratectomy and Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis in patients with myopia and myopic astigmatism over 1-year using WaveLight® EX500 Excimer Laser machine.

Methods:

In this prospective cohort study, refractive and visual outcomes in 596 eyes (365 patients), either having myopia or myopic astigmatism were assessed. Patients were divided into Two groups: 1) Patients who underwent PRK (53 eyes have myopia and 217 eyes have myopic astigmatism), 2) Patients who underwent LASIK (53 eyes have myopia and 273 eyes have myopic astigmatism).

Results:

At 12 months postoperatively 94.3% of the myopic patients reached their preoperative best corrected distance visual acuity at the final one year follow up visit post PRK and LASIK. In patients with myopic astigmatism who underwent LASIK and PRK, 95.2%, and 96.3% of the patients reached their preoperative best corrected distance visual acuity at the final one year follow up visit post LASIK and PRK, respectively. The efficacy and safety indices were 1.00 or more for all groups with no eye lost any line of best corrected distance visual acuity.

Conclusion:

Our study results confirm the excellent efficacy, safety, good predictability and stability of myopia / myopic astigmatism correction by either wavefront- optimized LASIK or PRK over 1-year follow-up without significant differences between them using the WaveLight® EX500 excimer laser system.
Atividades lúdicas de ensino: diversificação dos métodos de ensino de física
Authors: Silva Alberto Rafael da Cunha , Lima Lucas Morais de , Borges Diogo Gontijo
Published: September 2018

Por várias décadas o ensino em Física no Brasil tem guardado mais ou menos as mesmas características, calcado na transmissão de informações através de aulas quase sempre expositivas, na ausência de atividades experimentais, na aquisição de conhecimentos desvinculados da realidade. O ato de educar é complexo e envolve, principalmente, o desenvolvimento de formas de pensar, de estruturas mentais e, para isso, não basta que o professor transmita ao estudante um número enorme de informações, ele tem que assumir e utilizar novas formas para dar aula, as aulas têm que ser mais dinâmicas, participativas e que exercitam o ensinamento empírico do aluno. Sendo assim, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi buscar uma metodologia de ensino que envolva o aluno no processo de aprendizagem de forma lúdica, criativa e estimulante, fazendo com que o estudante busque o conhecimento por vontade própria e acima de tudo construa suas próprias estruturas intelectuais. O projeto foi executado em escolas públicas situadas na cidade de Apinópolis-MG, tendo como público alvo alunos do ensino fundamental II e ensino médio. As experiências foram executadas com materiais de baixo custo dentro de sala de aula, com a interação dos alunos, sendo repassado passo a passo do que estava sendo feito e relacionando a experiência com o conteúdo teórico visto em sala de aula. Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios, uma vez que foi observado maior interesse dos alunos pelos conteúdos que conceitua os experimentos. Além de ter uma linguagem de fácil entendimento e métodos simples de serem reproduzidos, os experimentos contam com certo nível de diversão e descontração a fim de causar no aluno impressões que a disciplina dentro de sala de aula não causa.
Caio, o matemago: uma abordagem para uso dos videogames como ferramenta de suporte no ensino-aprendizagem de matemática.
Authors: Melo Lucas de Aquino , Araújo Marcelo Marques
Published: September 2018

Em menos de 50 anos os videogames passaram de simples brincadeiras infantis para se tornarem símbolos culturais presentes nas mais diversas culturas ao redor do mundo e principais componentes do bilionário mercado da indústria do entretenimento. Neste trabalho é proposto o protótipo do jogo digital educativo Caio, O Matemago,com o intuito de utilizar a capacidade de engajamento e deslumbramento gerados pelos videogames para despertar o interesse de educandos para a aprendizagem de operações aritméticas na disciplina de matemática para o ensino fundamental e oferecer aos educadores interfaces para atualização de suas práticas pedagógicas e instrumentos de apoio ao ensino tradicional. Utilizando-se de uma estratégia de branding transmidiático é possível demonstrar as aplicações dos videogames nesse contexto além de estabelecer os vínculos emocionais evocados pelo jogo digital para que ele seja utilizado de forma eficaz na Educação
O paradoxo do jornalista na produção de sentido das entrevistas: entre o dilema da historicidade e o tempo de consciência histórica
Authors: Sousa Gerson de
Published: September 2018

Este artigo tem por objetivo efetivar, por meio da análise cultural, a produção de sentido de jornalistas desveladas por meio de entrevistas realizadas para compreender o significado histórico do jornalismo. Para entender esse processo de construção de si, explicita as categorias que fundaram as entrevistas e os contrapontos que levam ao entendimento deste processo de identidade do sujeito que narra a experiência vivida. A problemática está materializada ao indagar em que sentido pode-se considerar que a produção jornalista é história. A análise teórica das entrevistas se faz a partir da e na reelaboração, pela memória, do sentido da próprio viver no presente. O dilema está na exteriorização dos sujeitos de que o jornalismo é história ao mesmo tempo em que a rotina torna-se obstáculo para afirmar que o jornalista tem consciência no ato em que escreve de que está produzindo história.
Síndrome de Asperger: flexibilidad cognitiva, teoría de la mente, y lenguaje expresivo y comprensivo. Aportaciones al perfil neuropsicológico
Authors: González-Martínez Angélica-María , Yela-Torres Luisa-María , Zuluaga-Valencia Juan-Bernardo
Published: September 2018

Objetivo. caracterizar el desempeño neuropsicológico en flexibilidad cognitiva, ToM, lenguaje comprensivo y expresivo en niños diagnosticados con Síndrome de Asperger. Método. estudio de tipo no experimental de carácter descriptivo, con veinte sujetos diagnosticados con SA entre los seis y dieciséis años de edad de la ciudad de Manizales (Colombia). Los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar la flexibilidad cognitiva, la ToM y el lenguaje comprensivo y expresivo han sido el subtest de flexibilidad cognoscitiva de la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI), la batería de Baron-Cohen de falsas creencias de primer y segundo orden, las subpruebas de semejanzas, vocabulario y comprensión del WISC-IV y la subprueba de composición narrativa de la ENI. Resultados. los niños con SA obtuvieron puntajes promedios inferiores a la norma en todas las variables, sin embargo, los resultados tanto en ToM de segundo orden, flexibilidad cognitiva y lenguaje expresivo tienden a evolucionar de manera positiva en el rango de edad de once a dieciséis años. Conclusiones. se evidencia que independientemente del proceso evolutivo, continúa permaneciendo la dificultad en el desempeño de lenguaje comprensivo y falsas creencias de primer orden en los niños con este trastorno.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: How to Get Students Involved?
Authors: Giammatteo Lucila , Valdivia Adolfo Obaya
Published: September 2018

This paper shows a novel way to work with the UN’s Agenda for the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, implementing a project based approach in a chemistry high-school course. The integration of inquiry-based learning, as well as the project based strategies, allowed students to develop multicultural skills that are crucial for becoming a global citizen. What is more, it provided the opportunity to integrate the scientific method and improve scientific writing by submitting a paper at the end of the project.
Estereotipos sobre los chinos en México: de la imagen caricaturesca al meme de internet
Authors: Lisbona Guillén Miguel , Rodríguez Balam Enrique
Published: September 2018

El artículo muestra la continuidad de los estereotipos negativos creados para identificar a un grupo humano caracterizado por su condición de inmigrante en México, aunque no sea el único país receptor, como es el caso de los chinos en dos momentos distintos de la historia del país. Pero tal prolongación tiene diferencias a la hora de expresarse de manera visual, y es ahí donde las recientes y continuas transformaciones tecnológicas permiten interrogarse sobre la continuidad de las visiones de ciertos grupos humanos, a la vez que se muestran los cambios que se incorporan con las herramientas proporcionadas por las redes sociales del internet.
El efecto de la innovación en el desarrollo y crecimiento de México: una aproximación usando las patentes
Authors: Beltran Morales Luis Felipe , Almendarez Marco Antonio , Jefferson David J.
Published: September 2018

En este artículo se presenta un modelo empírico basado en datos generados
a lo largo de una década de análisis, y cuyo propósito es explicar el impacto de la propiedad intelectual utilizando los registros de patentes como un indicador. El
modelo correlaciona aún más la actividad de patentar con el desarrollo económico y el crecimiento en México. Se presenta un patrón de actividad positiva entre una mayor inversión de recursos en investigación y desarrollo (I+D) por un lado, y el desarrollo económico y el crecimiento por el otro, observado a través de aumentos en el volumen de solicitudes de patentes nacionales. La creación e implementación de políticas públicas orientadas a aumentar el capital intelectual y la innovación podrían beneficiar a una economía emergente como la de México de innumerables maneras.
Nuevas tecnologías: ¿bipolarización de empleos e ingresos del trabajo?
Authors: Salama Pierre
Published: September 2018

La revolución digital trastoca el comportamiento de las empresas, su entorno, los patrones de consumo, al tiempo que modifica la estructura de empleos y salarios en los sectores en los que opera. En sí misma, significa una importante transformación que no puede interrumpirse, por lo que se debe tratar de aprender a manejarla en lugar de negarla o frenarla. Los países latinoamericanos usan las nuevas tecnologías en diversos grados, pero no las producen. Por lo tanto, como resultado, obtienen efectos negativos sobre el empleo, el desempleo, el aumento del empleo informal, mientras que el ingreso laboral es probablemente más alto en los países avanzados y en los países asiáticos emergentes que si la producen.
THE ROLE OF CHEMOTHERAPY IN TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER
Authors: Almuradova D.M.
Published: September 2018

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent tumor worldwide. Triple-negative BCs are characterized by the negative estrogen and progesterone receptors and negative HER2, and represent 12-18%  of all BCs.Breast cancer (breast cancer) is the most common oncological disease in women in the Uzbekistan. Data from epidemiological studies show that TNBC is more common in young women (up to 50 years) before menopause. In addition, the likelihood of TNBC is higher in women with early menarche, the first pregnancy at an earlier age, a short period of breastfeeding, and an increased body mass index. It should be not that the prognosis for TNBC does not depend on the degree of differentiation of the tumor, the presence of lymph node metastases, the size of the tumor or the treatment performed. The aggressiveness of TNBC was also confirmed by the maximum risk of recurrence during the first three years after surgical treatment with a maximum mortality within the first 5 years. TNBC is a subtype of tumors with a special character of metastasis. Based on the above, we have undertaken the present work, having set ourselves the following goal: to improve immediate and long-term results of treatment of patients with locally advanced thyroid cancer by using the most effective diagnostic methods and comprehensive treatment.

Keywords: Triple negative BC, neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic chemotherapy, paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemicitabine
CHLOROFORM FRACTION OF PARKIA JAVANICA BARK POSSESSES ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST MULTIDRUG RESISTANT GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA PREDOMINANTLY FOUND IN SKIN WOUND
Authors: Saha S , Karmakar P , Sil Samir Kumar
Published: September 2018

Aim: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Parkia javanica against gram negative MDR bacterial strains which are predominantly found in skin wound. Methods: The 5 different solvent fractions of Parkia javanica were screened for antibacterial activity against gram negative multi drug resistant bacterial strains namely Enterobacter aerugenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia by serial dilution technique. Growth kinetics study was performed and percentage of ROS production was measured by NBT reduction assay. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were obtained with a range of IC100 0.08-0.31 mg/ml in case of MDR bacterial strains. The lag phase of all extract treated bacteria is extended compared to untreated cells. The normalized % of ROS is increased in presence of Parkia javanica extract. Conclusions: This study suggests that, chloroform fraction of Parkia javanica possesses promising antimicrobial substances which are having activity against MDR bacterial strains and ROS induced bacterial cell damage could be the possible mediator of its antimicrobial activity.

Keywords:   Parkia javanica, antibacterial activity, MDR bacterial strains, growth curve, ROS.
A REVIEW ON DISINTEGRATION CONTROL MATRIX TABLETS
Authors: Kanke Pralhad K. , Sawant Pankaj , Jadhav Ajit , Usman Md. Rageeb Md.
Published: September 2018

A number of sustained release formulations are available in the market which successfully sustained the drug release over a prolonged period of time by different mechanisms. The new approach for sustaining the drug release is disintegration control matrix tablet which sustained the drug release up to 24hrs by controlling the disintegration rate of tablet. Disintegration control matrix tablet (DCMT) mainly forms the granules containing drug and disintegrating agent such as low substituted hydroxyl propyl cellulose by various methods such as solid dispersion technique. The sustained release of drug is maintained by increasing the wax coating or decreasing the amount of disintegrants. The release of drug from tablet is uniform throughout till all the drug releases from tablet as it involves drug release by diffusion, dissolution and surface erosion mechanism. DCMT increases the solubility of drug and improves the bioavailability without disturbing gastrointestinal transit. BCS Class II, III, IV drugs are the best candidate for DCMT formulations.

Keywords: Disintegration control matrix tablet (DCMT), Wax, Disintegrating agent, Solid dispersion.
EVALUATION OF ANTI DIABETIC DRUG ALOGLIPTIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF OBESITY IN RATS
Authors: Ahmad Mohd. Fasih , Mani Babu D. J. , Pradhan Anup
Published: September 2018

Obesity is a complex disease caused by the interaction of a myriad of genetic, dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors, which favors a chronic positive energy balance, and leads to increased body fat mass. The incidence of obesity is rising at an alarming rate and is becoming a major public health concern with incalculable social costs. Indeed, obesity facilitates the development of metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases in addition to chronic diseases such as stroke, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, some cancers, and inflammation based pathologies. Standard reference Sibutramine produced a significant anti obesity activity in HFD induced obesity in rats. Alogliptin with medium and high doses exhibited a significant anti obesity activity by reducing the body weight, food intake, organ and fat pads weight and serum GLU, CHO, TRG, LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels with an increased HDL levels in HFD induced obesity models in rats.

Keywords: Alogliptin, Anti-obesity, Anti-diabetics, DPP-4
AN OVERVIEW OF ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT QUALIFICATION WITH REFERENCE OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Authors: Kapoor Devesh , Vyas Ruchi B. , Dadrwal Diwaker
Published: September 2018

In the most general sense, validation refers to a process that consists of at least four distinct components or steps: software, instruments, methods or procedures, and system suitability The system, the software, and the method must all be validated, and system suitability is used to keep the process in check. But while the overall process is called validation, some of the steps also are referred to by that same term, as well as other steps such as qualification and verification. Analytical instruments are used for a specific analysis. So regular performance verifications are made to ensure that the instrument to be used is suitable for its intended application. All equipments used in the production of products shall be properly Validated and Calibrated to demonstrate that it is suitable for its intended purpose. The current equipment qualification programs and procedures used within the pharmaceutical industry are based on regulatory requirements, voluntary standards, vendor practices, and industry practices. The result is considerable variation in the way pharmaceutical companies approach the qualification of laboratory equipment and the way they interpret the often vague requirements. The process for instrument qualification follows the 4Qs model approach. It include design qualification (DQ), Installation qualification (IQ), Operational qualification (OQ), Performance qualification (PQ). The goal of any regulated laboratory is to provide reliable and valid data suitable for its intended purpose. Analysts use validated methods, system suitability tests, and in-process quality control checks to ensure that the data they acquire are reliable and that there are specific guidance and procedures available to ensure compliance.

Keywords: Qualification, FDA, Instruments, Validation, Calibration, Documentation
UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF DRUG-RESISTANT AND TUMOR RECURRENCE IN LIVER CANCER
Authors: Sekar Vasanthakumar , Dhandapani Muthu , Balakrishnan Babu , Balasubramanian Kaleeswaran , Madhavan Sivalingam Azhagu , Ganesan Sivamani
Published: September 2018

Chemo-resistant and tumor recurrence are the major hurdle to overcome the cancer patients. Especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is notoriously refractory to chemotherapy because of its tendency to develop multi-drug resistance (MDR), through various mechanisms. Aim: The current research is focussed on understanding the mechanism involved in chemo-resistant and tumor recurrence in liver cancer. Methods: Human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Huh7) was used entire study. Huh7 cells were cultured with known chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5-FU, Paclitaxel and Cisplatin-based on their Cmax concentration, and then these drug-treated cells were examined for chemoresistant and tumor recurrence properties through flow cytometry analysis, spheroid formation assay, and morphological analysis. Results: In morphological analysis confirm these all the chemo drugs were shown more cytotoxic effete than control, even though there were few viable cells noticed in cisplatin treatment. In flow cytometry analysis cisplatin pre-treated cells were well expressed LCSC marker such as CD133 and stem cell transduction factors like Oct-4 & Nanog than control. In addition to this, all the CD133 expressed cells also expressed to EpCAM. In spheroid formation assay, cisplatin pre-treated cells shown well-defined spheroid than control. Conclusion: LCSC plays a major role in chemoresistant and tumor recurrence through PI3K/Akt/mTOR, wnt-β catenin signaling, NF-kB signaling. So, targeting LCSC through EpCAM targeted therapy along with chemotherapy might be the better option for enhanced prognosis.

Keywords: LCSC, Chemoresistant, Tumor recurrence, Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus, Schneider) skin extract induces apoptosis and shows cytotoxic effect on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells
Authors: Giri Biplab , Dey Sananda , Gomes Antony
Published: September 2018

Indian toad (Bufo melanostictus) skin extract (TSE) was evaluated for cytotoxic and apoptogenic activities on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells of EAC bearing Swiss albino male mice. LD50 of TSE was found to be 400 mg kg-1, (i.v.) and 750 mg kg-1, (i.p.) in mice. EAC cells (1-2 ´ 105 / mouse) were inoculated (i.p.) into mice (20.6 ± 0.14 gm) and the status of EAC cell proliferation and viability were studied in control and TSE treated groups. TSE (10, 20, 30 mg kg-1 d-1, i.p. for 10 d) significantly inhibit EAC cell growth in dose dependent manner. TSE (50, 100 mg kg-1 d-1, i.p. for 1 d) significantly reduced the viability of EAC cells and decreased the MTT values compared to control cells. TSE induced DNA breakage was reflected in DNA ladder and single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). TSE significantly (P<0.001) increased the number tailed cells and length-width ratio of DNA mass in EAC cells as compared to control. Fluorescent microscopy of TSE treated cells showed significant increase in number of early and late apoptotic cells compared to the control EAC cells. Apoptotic index of TSE treated cells was significantly (P<0.001) higher than that of the control cells. Changes in serum LDH, β2-microglobulin in TSE treated EAC mice and our earlier studies indicated the involvement of immunomodulation which may indirectly be associated with the anticancer activity of TSE.

Keywords: Toad skin extract; Bufo melanostictus; Ehrlich ascites carcinoma; Cytotoxic agent;
RANDOMISED DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED STUDY OF FOLIC ACID ADJUNCT FOR 8 WEEKS IN HYPERHOMOCYSTEINAEMIC HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
Authors: ONYEMELUKWE Obiageli U , MAIHA Bilkisu B , AYANWUYI Lydia O , DAHIRU Tukur
Published: September 2018

Objectives: This study was aimed at determining the effect of folic acid adjunct therapy on homocysteine (HCY) and blood pressure (BP) levels in hypertensive subjects.

Method: The study was a double blind placebo-controlled trial on 100 hypertensive patients randomised into 50 folate and 50 placebo groups, where the folate group had 5 mg folic acid daily for 8 weeks. Fasting plasma homocysteine, folate and blood pressure levels were determined at baseline, at 4 and at 8 weeks. The Mixed Model Repeated Measures analysis of variance was applied for data analysis.

Results: Hyperhomocysteinaemia was found at baseline in the folate (21.3 ± 5.7 µmol/L) and placebo (21.6 ± 4.9 µmol/L) groups which did not differ statistically (p > 0.05). Folic acid adjunct therapy, reduced homocysteine levels at 4 weeks by 2.0 µmol/L (9.2 %, p < 0.05) and at 8 weeks by 1.2 µmol/L (5.6 %, p < 0.05), with no significant (p > 0.05) systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering effect. High base-line folate levels were found in both folate (113.8 ± 51.2 ng/ml) and placebo groups (109.5 ± 51.4 ng/ml) with no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Short-term daily folic acid supplementation over 8 weeks had a significant homocysteine reduction effect with no significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressures of hypertensive subjects in Zaria, Nigeria. Hyperhomocysteinaemia could not be accounted for by suboptimal folate levels.

Keywords: Hypertension, Homocysteine, Blood pressure, Folate, Placebo, Nigeria.
STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF ARGENTINE STINGLESS BEE PROPOLIS
Authors: Brodkiewicz Yanina , Marcinkevicius Karenina , Reynoso Marcos , Salomon Virginia , Maldonado Luis , Vera Nancy
Published: September 2018

Meliponids are native bees of the Americas, characterized by having no sting (ANSA). Some live in the Yunga forests of northern Argentina, a place rich in a diversity of this type of bees of which at least thirty-three species may be found. Propolis is a resinous substance that bees collect from plants exudates. Chemical composition and functional properties vary according to the flora of the place where the hives are. They have been valued by humans for their biological properties for centuries. This study is aimed at investigating the antinociceptive, antioxidant and anti-biofilm activities of propolis from the stingless bees Tetragonisca fiebrigi Schwarz and Scaptotrigona jujuyensis Schrottky found in Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Famaillá of INTA, Tucumán, Argentina. Analgesic activity of the extracts was estimated against acetic acid induced writhing, tail immersion method and formalin test. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching assays. Propolis anti biofilm activity was tested on Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 6538P bacteria. Phytochemical constituents were obtained using standard chemical methods. The propolis alcoholic extracts of the studied species possess antinociceptive activity at both central and peripheral levels as demonstrated by the three algesia tests used. Both propolis extracts were effective antioxidants in DPPH and β-carotene linoleic acid model systems. S. jujuyensis propolis tested at all doses against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa presented a selective biofilm inhibition unrelated to bacterial growth inhibition, thus achieving a reduction in pathogenicity. The chemical studies revealed the presence of sterols, triterpenes, catechins, coumarins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and anthocyanidins. Chemical composition observed in the T.fiebrigi and S. jujuyensis propolis, suggest that those responsible for the activity would be chemical compounds of a non-phenolic nature. Our data indicate that geopropolis is a natural source of bioactive substances with promising beneficial properties for human health. Isolation and identification of compounds responsible for the pharmacological activities displayed by propolis has started.
Investigation of Anti-inflammatory activity of Hemedesmus indicus L. on Carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats
Authors: Pathan Javed Khan , Gautam Girendra , Gupta Arun Kumar
Published: September 2018

Hemidesmus indicus L. (Family: Apocynaceae), is commonly referred as Indian sarsaparilla, Anantamool or Nannari, commonly available perennial climbing plant had been widely used for its reported biological activities in indigenous system of medicine. The present investigation was carried out to find the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves and stem of Hemidesmus indicus for its anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acute inflammatory models viz., carrageenan induced paw oedema. Oral administration of the extract at the doses 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. exhibited dose dependent and significant anti-inflammatory activity in (p < 0.05). Hence, present investigation established pharmacological evidences to support the folklore claim that Hemidesmus indicus is used as anti-inflammatory agent.

Keywords: Hemidesmus indicus (H. indicus), Leaves, Stem, Anti-inflammatory activity
Formulation and evaluation of in situ herbal gel containing aqueous and methanolic extract of fruits of Quercus infectoria Oliv. for vaginal application
Authors: Tiwari Sarika Sharma , Gupta Shailesh K. , Dwivedi Sumeet , Dubey Raghvendra
Published: September 2018

Conventional vaginal dosage forms frequently produce leakages and drip. There is a need for the development of innovative vaginal formulation technology that fulfills certain criteria such as desirable product dispersion throughout the vagina, retention for intended intervals, and adequate release of drug. These features can be achieved by the use of bioadhesive based novel delivery systems. In-situ gelation is a process of gel formation at the site of application after the composition or formulation has been applied the site. Formulation and evaluation of one such bioadhesive based novel drug delivery system for an effective and patient friendly use of an antifungal drug to formulated In-situ gel. Quercus infectoria is medicinally important plant grown wildly in India and is useful in the treatment of fungal and microbial infection by tribal’s of India. The plant is used by tribal women to treat vaginal infection as mentioned in folk-lore. Therefore, the present plant as selected to formulate in-situ herbal gel using Quercus infectoria as active ingredients for the treatment of vaginal infection.

Keywords: Herbal Gels, Quercus infectoria, bioadhesive, vaginal drug delivery
IMPROVING THE EFFICACY OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE BY USING VERAPAMIL AS A P-GLYCOPROTEIN INHIBITOR IN BREAST CARCINOMA
Authors: Balakrishnan Babu , Dhandapani Muthu , Pitchaikutti Sasikala , Sivamani Ganesan
Published: September 2018

In women, breast carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death globally. By the combination of better screening and treatments that moderately improved the survival however much to be done for the women who are refractory to the current therapies. Among Indian females, breast cancer has ranked number one cancer with mortality 12.7 per 100,000 women and age adjusted rate as high as 25.8 per 100,000 women. Statistics reports from various recent national cancer registries were compared for incidence, mortality rates. The age adjusted incidence rate of carcinoma of the breast was found as high as 41 per 100,000 women for Delhi, followed by Chennai (37.9), Bangalore (34.4) and Thiruvananthapuram District (33.7). One of the most common factor for the drug resistance in breast cancer is high expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) which is associated with a poor prognosis in patients. Consequently, P-gp represents a potential biomarker of drug resistance. However, a direct role of P-gp as a cause of clinical drug resistance has not been adequately tested in breast cancer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cyclophosphamide with and without verapamil on P-gp expression. Verapamil was found specific and effective against P-gp expression in breast cancer. In conclusion, treatment efficacy of cyclophosphamide is increased in combination with verapamil against most advanced breast cancer.

Keywords: P-Glycoprotein; Breast Carcinoma; Verapamil; Cyclophosphamide
The POTENTIAL OF CAESALPINIA CRISTA LEAVES IN THE TREATMENT OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: Zaware Bharati , Gilhotra Ritu , Chaudhari Sanjay
Published: September 2018

The aim of present investigation was to study the Ulcerative colitis effect of extracts of Caesalpinia crista in acetic acid induced experimental colitis in Sprague Dawley rats. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into nine groups (n=6). The rats were received 7 days pretreatment with chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanolic extracts of C. crista 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Ulcerative colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 1ml of 4% acetic acid solution on 8th day. Prednisolone (2 mg/kg) was used as standard drug administered orally for 3 days. After 48 hrs of colitis induction animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation to remove colon and distal 5 cm of the colon was dissected. Macroscopical study, Ulcer index of the colon, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in colon tissue and blood were studied. Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused enhanced ulcer index, myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde. Ethanol extract of C.crista showed significant effect in lowering ulcer index as well as neutrophil infiltration at a dose of 400 mg/kg in acetic acid induced colitis. The present investigation demonstrates that the ethanol extract of C.crista is of potent therapeutic value in the amelioration of experimental colitis in rat by inhibiting the inflammatory mediator.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF AN ANTI-MIGRAINE DRUG
Authors: PADMA PRIYA S , Rajalakshmi AN , Ilaveni P
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this research work is to develop and evaluate mucoadhesive microspheres of an anti-migraine drug for sustained release. Materials and Methods:  Mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by emulsification method using Sodium alginate (SA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and Chitosan in the various drug-polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. Nine  formulations were formulated and  evaluated for  possible drug polymer interactions, percentage yield, micromeritic properties, particle size, drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading, swelling index, In-vitro wash off test, in vitro  drug release, surface morphology and release kinetics. Results: The results showed that no significant drug polymer interaction in FTIR studies. Among all the formulations SF3 containing sodium alginate showed 77.18% drug release in 6hrs. Conclusion: Amongst the developed mucoadhesive microspheres, SF3 formulation containing sodium alginate exhibited slow and sustained release in a controlled manner and it is a promising formulation for sustained release of Sumatriptan succinate.

Keywords: Mucoadhesive microspheres, Sodium alginate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Chitosan, sustained release.
DEVELOPMENT OF NANOCRYSTAL FORMULATION WITH IMPROVED DISSOLUTION
Authors: Saini Jaspreet Kaur , Kumar Sandeep
Published: September 2018

With the advancement in modern pharmaceutical technologies, Nanotechnology is the one of the most establish technology which is used to improve the therapeutic index and to overcome the formulation challenges of poorly water-soluble compounds. Nanocrystals, in nano range, is the interesting approach for poorly soluble drugs. Due to the small size, increased surface area enhanced the dissolution rate and solubility of drug. In this paper, current technologies and methods in nanocrystal preparation, stabilization, pharmaceutical applications and limitations of nanocrystal are reviewed.

Keywords: Nanocrystal, limitations, stabilization, preparation, applications