bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do People Want Members of Congress to Compromise?
Authors: Wolak Jennifer
Published: June 2020

What do people want from their elected representatives? Our traditional expectation is that people want their legislators to cast votes aligned with the ideological preferences of the district. But if people demand ideological policy representation above all else, it allows legislators little leeway to consider compromise outcomes in Congress. This chapter argues that people expect more from their representatives than congruent votes, and value legislators who are willing to strike compromises. Experimental evidence demonstrates that people offer higher evaluations of legislators who are willing to strike compromises than those who pledge to stick to their convictions. People do not punish in-party representatives for pledging to compromise, while they reward out-party legislators who are willing to seek compromises.
Gods
Authors: Aguirre Mercedes , Buxton Richard
Published: June 2020

The subject of the Cyclopes’ relationships with the gods—and the possible status of the Cyclopes themselves as gods—all this constitutes a nest of paradoxes. Here, above all, one has to investigate the matter text by text, context by context, in order to make the appropriate distinctions. Hesiod’s Cyclopes are different from Homer’s, and Euripides’ Cyclopes are different again—not to mention the fascinatingly idiosyncratic portrayal in Nonnus. Among the questions addressed in this chapter are the Cyclopes’ (im)mortality; their genealogy; their combined distance from the gods and their dependence on them, or support for them; and their partial likeness to satyrs.
Love and Song
Authors: Aguirre Mercedes , Buxton Richard
Published: June 2020

Absent from the Odyssey, and only embryonic in Euripides’ Cyclops, is the motif of Cyclopean sexuality. It is only with the arrival of Galatea, and subsequently (in Ovid) her suitor Acis, on the mythological scene, that the love life of Polyphemus takes centre stage. In this chapter Aguirre and Buxton chart the emotional triangle that links Polyphemus with the nymph he adores, and sets him in furious wrath against Acis. The authors look at the possible origin for the Polyphemus/Galatea stand-off in the poetry of Philoxenus, and go on to examine the erotic variations on the motif in classical poetry and art. Finally they listen to the songs that the Cyclops sings to his beloved—the first occurrence of the motif of Cyclopean music, which will resound through postclassical poetic and visual imagery.
Contexts and Overlaps
Authors: Aguirre Mercedes , Buxton Richard
Published: June 2020

In this final chapter of Part I of the book, Aguirre and Buxton draw together some strands of the argument relating to the portrayal of the Cyclopes in Graeco-Roman antiquity. First, they seek to demonstrate the importance of context—for example, medium and genre—as a decisive shaper of representation. This applies also to cases where the Cyclops tends to be absent, as in tragedy. Another shaper of representation is narrative voice: the authors show this using narratological examples from the Odyssey, the Aeneid, Theocritus, and Ovid. In the second part of the chapter they turn to the differences and overlaps between the three ‘types’ of Cyclopes: builders, metalworkers, pastoral ogres. One hitherto underestimated overlap concerns fire, a theme to which Aguirre and Buxton attempt to restore its due weight. Taken in combination with ideas of marginality, working with the hands, and primordiality, the notion of fire plays a major role, over time, in forging links between the homonyms, banishing the sense that all that the diverse Cyclopes share is a name.
The Modern Cyclops
Authors: Aguirre Mercedes , Buxton Richard
Published: June 2020

The period from the eighteenth century till today has witnessed the most innovative explorations of Cyclopean myths since antiquity. Indeed, in visual art, reimaginings of the Cyclopes have arguably been more innovative over the past two-and-a-half centuries than at any time in the past, including antiquity. So far as literary retellings are concerned, the case for the parity of the modern with the ancient—let alone the case for the superiority of the modern—is more difficult to sustain. Nevertheless, some major modern writers have magnificently reappropriated the figure of the Cyclops, and the variety of modern literary takes on these myths is startling. Showing how all this is so is the project of this final chapter. Earlier literary examples include Raspe (on Baron Munchausen), Vico, and Victor Hugo (treated in particular detail); their contemporaries in visual art include James Barry, Flaxman, the Romantics Füssli and Böcklin, and the Symbolists Moreau and Redon. Closer to today, modern artists such as Paolozzi, Oppenheim, and the Abstract Expressionist Baziotes receive attention. In literature, a range of significant figures is discussed, not least Joyce and Ellison. Also covered are developments in cinema, where, even if it can be hard to claim aesthetic quality for many of the screen Cyclopes who appear, their role in forming popular consciousness can hardly be doubted.
Conscience in Reproductive Health Care
Authors: McLeod Carolyn
Published: June 2020

There is a growing trend worldwide of health care professionals conscientiously refusing to provide abortions and similar reproductive health services in countries where these services are legal and professionally accepted. Carolyn McLeod responds to this problem by arguing that conscientious objectors in health care should have to prioritize the interests of patients in receiving care over their own interest in acting on their conscience. She defends this “prioritizing approach” to conscientious objection over the more popular “compromise approach” in bioethics. All the while, she is careful not to downplay the importance of health care professionals having a conscience or the moral complexity of their conscientious refusals. McLeod first describes what is at stake for the main parties to the conflicts generated by conscientious refusals in reproductive health care: the objector and the patient. She then defends the prioritizing approach to these refusals. Her central argument is that health care professionals who are charged with gatekeeping access to services like abortions are normatively fiduciaries for both their patients and the public they are licensed to serve. As such, they have a duty of loyalty to these beneficiaries and must give primacy to their interests in gaining access to care. The insights contained in the book extend beyond the ethics of conscientious refusals to other topics in ethics including the value of conscience and the fundamental moral nature of the relationships health care professionals have with current and prospective patients.
When Did Close Reading Acquire a Bad Name?
Authors: Rabaté Jean-Michel
Published: June 2020

This chapter combines theoretical reflection and disciplinary history to consider the impact of critical discourse inspired by Continental philosophy on the evolution of close reading, against the backdrop of modernist studies’ own fluctuating relationship with high theory. Can one blame French theory for a reluctance to engage with the minute stylistic details of a text? The chapter argues that the renewal of modernist studies was brought about by the combination of two factors: a wish to take into account contemporary theory, and a wish to historicize the corpus systematically. As the chapter reveals, the perceived clash between myopic close reading that postpones asking broad questions and the ample sweep of philosophical investigations had already taken place within canonical French theory. The chapter examines the historical and conceptual implications of theory’s relation to close reading for modernist studies today.
Introduction
Authors: Bove Vincenzo , Ruffa Chiara , Ruggeri Andrea
Published: June 2020

This introductory chapter starts by presenting the core focus of the book—which is about diversity of mission composition within UN peace operations—and its objectives. The book asks two questions. The first is conceptual and descriptive: what do we mean by mission composition in a peacekeeping mission? The introduction highlights the importance of focusing on diversity of mission composition against the backdrop of recent trends in UN peacekeeping. It presents the analytical framework and the four key dimensions of mission composition: field diversity, top leadership diversity, vertical leadership distance, and horizontal distance. The second question of the book is explanatory: does mission composition in United Nations peacekeeping matter? The Introduction also presents the scope of the explanatory part of the research, where we set to explore how each dimension of mission composition affects peacekeeping effectiveness. The remainder of the Introduction presents the mixed-method design adopted in the book and its strategies of data collection as well as the contributions and limitations of the book. It concludes by outlining the book structure.
Mission Composition and Mechanisms of Peacekeeping
Authors: Bove Vincenzo , Ruffa Chiara , Ruggeri Andrea
Published: June 2020

This chapter introduces the analytical and theoretical framework for the entirety of the book. First, it establishes three key concepts for this research: mission composition, diversity, and distance. These concepts are used to explore whether and how differences within peacekeepers, between the peacekeepers and the local populations, and as well as between the leaders of the operation affect the performances of the operation. Second, it reviews the current analytical toolbox of peacekeeping missions and highlights the limitations of only conceptualizing peacekeeping missions as present or absent and in terms of mission size. Third, it presents four new mechanisms through which mission diversity shapes its effectiveness: Informative Trust, Informative Communicability, Resolve Deterrence, and Skilled Persuasion.
Henry Longueville Mansel
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

Henry Longueville Mansel is today almost as neglected as William Hamilton as a thinker. He was a great supporter of Hamilton, whose work he both defended and edited, and whose basic law of the conditioned he was happy to endorse. This chapter presents an examination of the central principles of the Mansel’s metaphysics which begins by considering his relation to Kant and then explores his reasons for thinking that God or the infinite is beyond Human conceivability. Against this are set his reasons for believing in the existence of God and his positive attitude towards revelation, which famously drew the hostility of Mill. The chapter concludes with consideration of his views on space and time, substance, mind and matter, causality and freedom.
Alexander Bain and George Croom Robertson
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter highlights the empiricist school whose chief inspiration was John Stuart Mill, focusing on the once important but now neglected figures of Alexander Bain and George Croom Robertson. After examining Bain’s debt to Mill’s empiricism and his physiologically grounded developments of associationist psychology, the chapter explores his views about time and space, external material reality, causation, force, the mind–body relation, and human free will. A final consideration of Bain’s assertions about thing-in-themselves shows his position to be more subtle than might be thought. The consideration of Croom Robertson focuses on his attempts to define philosophy and to distinguish it from psychology, before briefly conserving his own metaphysical positions.
John Grote and James Hutchison Stirling
Authors: Mander W. J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the work of two less well-known idealists, John Grote and James Hutchinson Stirling. The discussion of Grote begins by uncovering his unique and curious methodology—which is the key to understanding his philosophy—before going on to detail his views about the self, about idealism, and about what he terms the ‘scale of sensations’. In order to appreciate his attitude towards the knowability of thing-in-themselves, it is necessary to explore his distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description, which was both made famous and misunderstood by Bertrand Russell. James Hutchinson Stirling’s role in ushering in the British Idealist movement has often been noted, but his own views themselves have been but rarely discussed. This chapter rectifies that by considering his position respecting the infinite, the external world, materialism, agnosticism, causality, and free will.
Equity, Justice, and Conscience
Authors: Penner JE
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses whether equity employs a distinctive moral criterion when it intervenes in people’s legal rights. It offers a different account about the extent and justification for the way in which English equity maps onto Aristotle’s second sense of equity. Combating the stickler for justice is a legitimate reason for state coercion, but it explains only a small number of equitable doctrines, for example estoppel and mistaken payment. Working within a Kantian framework, the chapter argues that the state is justified in forcing on some claimants an ethical duty to refrain from sticking to their rights in a bad way in order to protect the legal system from the damage this practice may cause. But while equity’s interventions in the parties’ rights in Aristotle’s second sense are legitimate, they are too few and far between to be counted as the intellectual foundation that sets equity apart from the common law.
Equity and the Right to Do Wrong
Authors: Gold Andrew S
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses how the ‘stickler-enjoining’ account of equity has important limits. While many distinctive doctrines of equity can be understood to limit stickler behaviour, equity in fact often turns a blind eye to, and sometimes even enables, stickler behaviour. One can sort cases in which equity restrains sticklers from those in which it is indifferent to stickler behaviour if one attends to the role of the state in private litigation. Sometimes the state’s responsibilities require it to protect plaintiffs against sticklers. Other times, it requires it to protect the stickler, as a means, for example, of keeping as open as possible each person’s sphere of choices. Ultimately, the self-regarding account of equity sheds light on the question of the relationship between equity and justice: from the distinct perspective of the judgment, sometimes equitable justice is better than legal justice and sometimes legal justice is better than equitable justice.
What’s Special about Equity?
Authors: McFarlane Ben , Stevens Robert
Published: June 2020

This chapter offers a unique formal account of what equity amounts to. Equitable rights often take the form of rights in relation to other rights. Acknowledgement of this unique structure of Equitable rights sheds light on the way they interact with common law rights, on the normative basis for creating them, and on the way one assesses the common law rights against which they arise. The chapter then exemplifies the advantages of this formal account by referencing two equitable rights in which a right-against-right structure can be identified: the beneficiary’s rights under a trust, and equitable assignment. What both the beneficiary under a trust and the equitable assignee have is a right against a right held by another; and it is the distinctive formal nature of the entitlement thus recognized by equity, rather than a different set of substantive values brought to bear by equity, which explains equity’s intervention.
The Evolving Balance of Power (1130s–1148)
Authors: Morton Nicholas
Published: June 2020

Chapter 4 The Evolving Balance of Power examines the period when the Crusader States’ military expansion was essentially over. It discusses how the Franks adjusted themselves to a new environment in which they were no longer the predominant military force, a reality which became apparent with the rise of the Turkish ruler Zangi and the rapid expansion of his empire, centred on Aleppo and Mosul. The Byzantines also made frequent incursions into Northern Syria and Cilia, compelling the Franks to address their relationship with this powerful northern neighbour. This chapter considers in particular two events of long-term significance for the Crusader States: the fall of Edessa in 1144 and the subsequent arrival of the Second Crusade. It addresses key questions including: why Zangi chose to attack Edessa in December of 1144 and why the Second Crusade’s campaign against Damascus ended in complete failure.
Hohfeldian Liberties
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the bilaterality, or bilateral structure, of Hohfeldian jural relations, and Hohfeld’s ‘disambiguation project’, that is, his project to ensure that the ambiguous term ‘right’ can be revealed to show that it covers four different sorts of ‘right’: right–duty, liberty–no right, power–liability, and immunity–disability. Consequently, according to Hohfeld, there being a right is necessary and sufficient to there being a duty and vice versa. The chapter discusses how this disambiguation of the term assists in legal, particularly judicial, reasoning. It then criticizes Hohfeld’s characterization of liberties, in particular showing that Hohfeld mischaracterized those areas of human conduct not regulated by law or morality.
The Transmissibility of Rights and the Power to Transfer Title
Authors: Penner J. E
Published: June 2020

This chapter explains the concept of transmissibility of rights and the power to transfer title to property. The chapter discusses Hohfeld’s adoption of the extinction–creation model of transmissibility and the notion of identity and sameness as it applies to norms. It shows why conceiving of transfer as a kind of ‘directional abandonment’ is incorrect. The chapter concludes that nothing that is known about property rights or the law of property is illuminated by the Hohfeldian analysis of jural relations; indeed many aspects of property law are obscured by it.
Coda
Authors: Moore Helen
Published: June 2020

Taking its cue from the Victorian periodical debates characterizing realism as a crocodile and romance as a monster or ‘catawampus’, this chapter examines the role played by Amadis in early discussions of what the novel was, or should be; how it had developed; and where its future direction lay. For literary historians, Amadis constituted a bridge between the newly constructed ‘medieval’ and the emergent ‘modern’. Philosopher-theorists (Bakhtin) and novelists (Nabokov) alike continued to be fascinated by the relationship of Amadis to Don Quixote and its implications for theories of the novel. Novelists themselves (Bulwer Lytton, Ouida, and Thackeray) enlisted Amadis in their critique of modern masculinity. The final iteration of Amadis in English takes the form of chivalric compilations and abridgements for children; this concluding transformation proves to be emblematic of the many varieties of cultural work into which romance can be enlisted.
Introduction
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

The introduction to this work gives an overview of the impact of Demetrius Poliorcetes, also known as ‘The Besieger of Cities’. His impact on the history of the Successors to Alexander the Great is profound. He had the highest profile among a group of extraordinary individuals, but details of his life are obscure, and difficult to reconstruct. They are mainly recorded by the ancient authors Diodorus and Plutarch, who both leave unsatisfactory, fragmentary, and confusing accounts. In addition to these works, some evidence is available through the archaeological record, including epigraphic and numismatic material. This is the first modern book written on Demetrius in over fifty years.
The Great Siege of Rhodes
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

In 305 BC the newly-minted King Demetrius began his most famous exploit, his year-long siege of Rhodes. This chapter looks closely at a number of aspects of this military undertaking, including Demetrius’ strategies in siege warfare. Innovative siege engines, both naval and land-based, were deployed on an absolutely unprecedented scale, including the building of the gigantic helepolis, or ‘City-Taker’. The protagonists fought each other to a standstill, and eventually peace was negotiated by external parties. It was at this time that Demetrius gained his famous nickname, Poliorcetes, ‘Besieger of Cities’. The historiography, strategies, and outcomes of this siege are discussed in detail throughout this chapter.
The Acquisition of Macedonia
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the death of Cassander, who had been the king of Macedonia. This was followed very shortly by the death of his heir and eldest son Philip. The deaths of these two kings resulted in a succession crisis, and internal strife within the Antipatrid family. The two younger sons Alexander and Antipater struggled for the kingship, and Antipater killed his mother Thessalonice for supporting Alexander’s claim to the throne over his own. This all meant that Macedonia was left vulnerable and open to attack. Demetrius took advantage by marching on the kingdom, killing the young king Alexander, and usurping the kingship for himself.
The End of the Reign of Demetrius Poliorcetes
Authors: Wheatley Pat , Dunn Charlotte
Published: June 2020

The work concludes the account of Demetrius Poliorcetes’ last campaign. With a lack of supplies, low morale, and no further options, the great Demetrius the Besieger was forced to admit defeat and surrender to Seleucus. This chapter discusses the last events of the campaign, the causes of its failure, and offers some commentary on the nature of the ancient sources for his final years. In particular, the parallels drawn by Plutarch between Demetrius and Mark Antony are investigated, as this pairing in his Parallel Lives series is critical for our understanding of Demetrius’ demise. Demetrius’ incredible career ends in imprisonment, with his death, dated to early 382 BC, following soon after.
Introduction
Authors: Szulkin Marta , Munshi-South Jason , Charmantier Anne
Published: June 2020

Urban evolutionary biology is the study of evolutionary change in organisms as a response to human built environments and all that high densities of humans entail. Put succinctly, urban evolution is the study of how features of cities drive allele, genotype, and phenotype frequency changes in populations across generations. This chapter introduces Urban Evolutionary Biology. It also emphasizes that urban evolutionary biology can—and should—have a societal impact, and a role in strengthening the drive towards more sustainable cities. An overview of chapters reporting core evidence of up-to-date urban evolutionary biology research follows. Finally, the chapter presents a brief discussion of challenges faced by the field, and outlines some inspiring future directions awaiting this nascent field of research.
Urbanization and Evolution in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Brian Langerhans R. , Kern Elizabeth M.A.
Published: June 2020

Human impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems have long been of special concern due to water’s essential role in ecosystem functioning and human civilization. Urban development causes a large number of changes in all types of aquatic environments, from small ephemeral pools to rivers to great lakes to expansive coastal habitats. These changes can strongly influence evolution of life in the water by altering selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. Yet our understanding of the evolutionary consequences of urbanization on aquatic organisms is still in early stages. This chapter reviews the impacts of urbanization on aquatic taxa, examining the evolutionary consequences (known or likely) of four major types of urban-induced changes to ecosystems: biotic interactions, physical environment, temperature, and pollution. By drawing connections between literature on ecological and evolutionary impacts in aquatic urban environments, the chapter concludes that (1) several anthropogenic factors seem to commonly drive evolutionary and phenotypic change (organic-compound pollution, altered temperature, and hydrologic shifts), (2) predictability of evolutionary changes are often taxa specific, and may commonly depend on the focal ‘scale’ (e.g., whole-organism performance, morphology, or gene), and (3) there are a few key ‘frontier topics’ (altered biotic interactions, artificial light, sound pollution, and fragmentation) where additional research on phenotypic evolution would be particularly informative.
Writing, Violence, and the Military
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: June 2020

The books examines Eighteenth Dynasty images of reading and writing with the aim of understanding how members of the elite conceptualized literacy, and how, in turn, they identified themselves with regards to it. Inspired by the approach taken by New Literacy Studies, this inquiry emphasizes the study of the social practices that involve reading and writing. This line of inquiry reveals a dynamic negotiation between various concepts of literacy among the Eighteenth Dynasty elite, who associated writing with accounting and list-making, as well as with violence and law. Building on the work of Bruno Latour and Stephen Greenblatt, the book furthermore studies the representation of literacy as a social phenomenon. This investigation suggests that in contrast most of the elite, military officials chose to represent themselves engaged in writing as a way of negotiating their place in relation to others within and without the military. Haremhab, the commander in chief who later ascended the throne is perhaps the epitome of this phenomenon, and his biography allows us to follow his path from military man to king. A close investigation of his texts and monuments reveals his unique views regarding reading and mainly writing that involve piety and historiography. Examining representations of literacy in this time period reveals, therefore, a fascinating change in the cultural history of ancient Egypt. It allows us to, moreover, to explore the relationships between art and society in ancient Egypt, between patrons and the groups they form, and the place of literacies in ancient societies.
Palette and Crown
Authors: Allon Niv
Published: June 2020

The fourth chapter accompanies Haremhab as he ascends the throne, exploring his representation of literacy in the final stage of his career. Like most other kings, Haremhab avoids representing himself reading or writing visually. Textually, however, he refers to literacy and writing in a number of sources, which this chapter closely studies: his Coronation Text, an inscription in his temple in Gebel el-Silsila, and his code of laws. While other kings define literacy as relating to history and the cosmos, his new royal representation emphasizes accounting and literacy’s close relationship with the military. In his inscriptions, therefore, Haremhab continues to employ notions of literacy which were common in his pre-royal art.
Introductory Notes
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

The P.Vindob. G 40822 is a fragment of a papyrus 38 cm high and 27 cm wide, written on both sides. The blank space on the top and at the bottom shows that no line is missing on top or at the bottom of recto col. ii and verso col. iii. First edition by Harrauer/Sijpensteijn (1985). Afterwards, ...
Three Minor Cargoes
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

This chapter assesses the last three lines of col. iii of the Muziris papyrus verso text, which evaluates the three-quarter portions of the items imported by a ship named the Hermapollon. The preceding lines of col. iii (ll. 1–26) record the evaluation process of the portions of three items in that cargo: Gangetic nard, entire tusks of sound ivory, and schidai (the trimmings of ivory tusks). The manner in which these commodities are evaluated is not the same. While the value of the Gangetic nard cargo is calculated by multiplying the price per container by the number of containers, the assessment of the two ivory types—the tusks of sound ivory and the schidai—shows a more complex pattern. Understanding the rationale for this convoluted procedure will reveal the purpose of the entire text.
Epilogue
Authors: De Romanis Federico
Published: June 2020

The epilogue summarizes what the two texts of the Muziris papyrus tell us about the pepper and ivory production of the ancient Cēra kingdom, South Indian commercial connections with the Ganges Valley, the logistics of the Red Sea–Alexandria transports, the complex relationships between the South India traders and the contractors of the Red Sea tax, and the assessment and payment of the import and export customs duties. It also looks at what the two texts do not mention—the part of pearls and precious stones in the South India trade of the mid-second century ad. Furthermore, a speculative estimate of the commercial venture final balance is attempted.
The distribution of embedded Verb Second and Verb Third in modern Icelandic
Authors: Angantýsson Ásgrímur
Published: June 2020

The aim of this chapter is to give a comprehensive and current overview of the key empirical facts regarding embedded V2 and V3 in Icelandic and to compare this to what has been shown for other Scandinavian varieties. It is shown that Icelandic is a robust symmetric V2-language, meaning that it exhibits V2 as the default word order in both matrix and subordinate clauses. In general, preposing is easier in matrix clauses than in subordinate clauses, with the exception of Stylistic Fronting (SF), which is more easily applicable in embedded contexts. It turns out that Icelandic is not as different from the other Scandinavian languages as is sometimes assumed in the literature, and also that there is considerable age-related variation with respect to embedded V2/V3 and related constructions within Icelandic. The fact that younger speakers of Icelandic do not accept embedded topicalization and SF as much as older speakers could be interpreted as an ongoing change in Icelandic. However, it must be taken into account that these constructions are more common in the written language and in a formal style of speech. If the results regarding V3 in Icelandic are taken to indicate an ongoing change, then there are two changes that must be recognized: in relative clauses the conditions for V3 are reminiscent of the conditions for Topicalization and SF (less accepted by younger people), while in complement-clauses V3 is more accepted by younger people than older (innovation).
A different perspective on embedded Verb Second
Authors: Woods Rebecca
Published: June 2020

This chapter compares embedded verb movement phenomena in English with embedded Verb Second clauses in German and Swedish. Close examination of the syntactic—but more particularly the semantic and pragmatic—properties of these phenomena reveals striking similarities, and the claim is made that these phenomena exhibit independent illocutionary force in the sense that the perspective holder for the embedded proposition or question is disambiguated—a departure from the claim that embedded verb movement structures are asserted (cf. Julien 2015 and Chapter 11 of this volume). It is proposed, following recent innovations in speech act syntax (Wiltschko and Heim 2016; Woods 2016) that these structures are dependent, as the ‘embedded’ clause contains less structure than full a root clause, yet is still structurally larger than a typical embedded clause. However, they are not selected and are instead in an apposition relation with a (usually covert) nominal complement to the matrix verb.
Rethinking Verb Second and Nominative case assignment
Authors: Bidese Ermenegildo , Padovan Andrea , Tomaselli Alessandra
Published: June 2020

Cimbrian is a German(ic) VO heritage language that does not display the linear V2 restriction: the DP subject can show up before the finite verb together with other constituents, while German-like verb-subject inversion only obtains with clitic pronouns. In recent literature on Cimbrian, pronominal subject inversion has been taken as a traditional argument in favour of mandatory V-to-C movement (assuming a split-C configuration). Building on this assumption, the syntax of the enclitic expletive subject, -da/-ta, (which shows up whenever the DP subject does not raise in the C-domain) makes the Cimbrian data particularly relevant, since it casts light on the correlation between V2 and Nominative case licensing. The stance in this chapter is that Nominative case in Cimbrian is assigned by C—as generally assumed for Germanic V2 languages—but in an idiosyncratic way: (i) it applies within the C domain, i.e. FinP; (ii) expletive -da/-ta absorbs Nominative case and acts as a defective goal with respect to the ‘low’ subject. On the basis of the feature-spreading model in Ouali (2008), the phasal head C in Cimbrian is taken to ‘KEEP’ its relevant ϕ‎- and T-features, to assign Nominative case in [Spec,FinP], and to triggering mandatory V-movement.
Rethinking auxiliary doubling in adult and child language
Authors: Woods Rebecca , Roeper Tom
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines a well-known ‘error’ in the production of English-acquiring children, namely auxiliary-doubling in questions. A new account for these structures is proposed, whereby children analyse auxiliaries as carrying multiple features, most prominently [tense] and [assertion], and may ‘unbundle’ these features onto two separately expressed auxiliaries. This allows children to ask complex non-neutral questions for which they lack adult grammatical strategies such as cleft constructions. This proposal feeds into broader questions about how illocutionary acts are constructed in English and related languages such as German; it is claimed that the insertion, via Merge or Move, of a tensed element in C is key to linking a proposition directly to a discourse context. Crucially, it is shown that the acquisition path is guided by the syntax-discourse interface and that careful consideration of acquisition data can shed light on fundamental theoretical issues.
Research Design
Authors: Moser Carolyn
Published: June 2020

This chapter explains the methodological choices made in this book on accountability in the multilevel and multi-actor environment of EU security and defence. The inquiry stretches across governance levels, while the focus lies on accountability arrangements involving the Brussels-based crisis management bureaucracy. Rooted in a constitutional perspective on accountability, which establishes a link between accountability and key concepts of constitutional law (eg the rule of law) and thus puts an emphasis on countervailing powers, the analysis covers both law and practice. The sources, hence, include legal and empirical material. The chapter also presents the criteria, according to which the appropriateness of accountability arrangements in the context of civilian crisis management is evaluated.
Legal Accountability: Beyond Jurisdictional Reach?
Authors: Moser Carolyn
Published: June 2020

This chapter deals with legal accountability arrangements in the context of EU peacebuilding activities carried out under the CSDP with a special focus on legality, access to justice, and monetary relief. It starts by illustrating why and how judicial actors were kept at a safe distance from EU foreign policy and security matters. The analysis then moves on to sketch out the limited function of national judicial actors in adjudicating matters pertaining to civilian CSDP. Subsequently, the chapter discusses the important role of the CJEU with regard to foreign policy issues (ie the implied and contingent jurisdictional competences of the Court), while concentrating on recent case law pertaining to civilian CSDP. Moreover, it measures the wider jurisdictional field, that is, the division of labour between the CJEU on the one hand, and national courts and the ECtHR on the other. Finally, the chapter draws some conclusions on the evolution and current state of legal accountability in civilian CSDP.
The Belief Model
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 is an introduction to the AGM model of belief revision. It begins with an explanation of belief and how sets of sentences are used to model psychological states of an agent. The model’s norms are shown to flow directly from Jamesian ideas that inquiry targets truth and the avoidance of error. Suspended judgement and disbelief are discussed, and the model’s treatment of them is used to spell out its transition rules. Slowly and carefully the main technical idea in the model’s transition theory—known as ‘partial meet contraction’—is explained for the beginner. The model’s postulates are then listed, its revision theorem is explained, and its approach to conditional belief is spelled out. The chapter closes by describing a notionally possible agent, Bella, whose psychology matches the Belief Model.
Force-based Attitudes
Authors: Sturgeon Scott
Published: June 2020

Chapter 11 presents a new metaphysics of confidence. The view maintains that all types of confidence—credence and thick confidence alike—are built from mixtures of cognitive force: intellectual attraction, intellectual repulsion, intellectual indifference. It is argued that such forces are recognizable elements of our everyday conception of mind, and it is shown how to model the reduction of confidence to them (with open rays in a three-dimensional volume). The resulting view is then used to reduce belief, disbelief, and suspended judgement. It is shown that the resulting view has all the good-making features of its credal-based cousin as well as good-making features of its own. Specifically, it is shown that the force-based reduction of confidence can give a much better explanation of suspended judgement than its credal-based cousin, and likewise show how the view can make good sense of mental ‘compartmentalization’.
Metaxy
Authors: Alloa Emmanuel
Published: June 2020

Ancient Greek thinking harbours surprising insights into the logics of mediation, especially when it focuses on the various figures of elementary media. Among all the Greek authors, however, the most consistent attempt to systematize a reflection on media was arguably made by Aristotle. The chapter sets out a classification of the various figures of mediation that reoccur throughout the philosopher’s body of work, singling out three main figures: the mesotês in ethics, the meson in logic, and—the most revolutionary one—the metaxy in Aristotle’s theory of perceptual environments. Given that the metaxy has no specific form (it is literally formless), it constitutes a pure potentiality to take on any form. The analyses of the diaphanous medium and the potentiality of vision point in the direction of a true philosophy of mediacy, whose central axiom can be summarized as follows: mediacy indicates the capacity to take on the form of something without being (it).
White Noise
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: June 2020

In the first study of its kind to engage media theory in addressing a particularly contentious issue—that of the supposed connections between ancient Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman elegy—this chapter investigates what is at stake in thinking about the dynamics of such a tradition, not in the familiar context of reception theory but in the context of media theory, where considerations of transmission and reception require us to consider the apparatuses of communication systems, the materials through which they achieve their discursive operations, and the noise that accompanies their broadcast. Taking Anne Carson’s Nox as a preliminary test case and then applying some of the principles of Ernst’s media archaeology to the medium of classical elegy, it argues for a new evaluation of elegy’s concerns with its own materiality and mediality, and thus its identity as an ongoing tradition.
Parmenides at his Typewriter
Authors: Lecznar Adam
Published: June 2020

This chapter seeks to explore two writers who are crucial to the history of media theory, Friedrich Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger, and to show how their appeals to the Presocratic philosophers regularly touched on issues of deep importance to understanding the connections between philosophy and materiality. Drawing on the seminal work of Friedrich Kittler, the chapter traces the constellation of the central mediating symbols of the body, the hand, and the typewriter in Nietzsche and Heidegger, and argues that both writers stage their returns to the Presocratics in order to reflect on the correct media of philosophy.
Trafficking in Cultural PropertyWhere Cultural Heritage Law and the International Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime Coincide
Authors: Blake Janet
Published: June 2020

The loss of their cultural treasures through illicit excavation, illegal export, and trafficking and the associated harm to national identity and the rights of their citizens presents a major challenge to many countries around the world. The source countries tend, on the whole, to be poorer developing States while the importing market countries are rich States such as the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. This chapter first provides a critical analysis of the international cultural heritage law governing this question, in particular the 1970 UNESCO Convention on Illicit Trade in Cultural Property and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on the Return of Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Objects. Following this discussion, and as a contrast to the purely cultural heritage-based approach, it focuses on two complementary efforts to combat cultural property trafficking as an international or transnational crime: the 2000 ‘Palermo’ UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the 2017 ‘Nicosia’ Convention on Offences Relating to Cultural Property.
Imagined Worlds
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: June 2020

Chapter 5 addresses how the Argonautica makes a world of the imagination accessible to its readers, focusing chiefly on visualization. The chapter’s central argument is that such visualizations are always temporally inflected. Although the effects that they create vary considerably, the most important is that readers are endowed with a heightened consciousness of the multitemporal aspects of objects and imaginative processes. It focuses on passages in which the narrative’s climactic events are related, such as Jason’s battle with the Earthborn and the taking of the Golden Fleece. Prominent in such passages is a tension between the development of new imaginative capabilities that enable a closer engagement with disturbing phenomena, and containment or displacement of the myth’s more violent elements.
Starvation Science and Political Economy
Authors: Mangham Andrew
Published: June 2020

This chapter suggests, contrary to views such as those expressed in Terry Eagleton’s Heathcliff and the Great Hunger (1995), that political economy was not ‘a gross, materialist language, heavy with biological ballast’, but rather a set of abstractions based on moral judgement and laissez-faire approaches to wealth and well-being. Looking at the major works that pioneered dietetics, gut physiology, and hunger therapeutics, it sets out how scientists, surgeons, and doctors offered an alternative narrative of hunger as unnecessary, unjust, and unnatural. Comparing understandings of famine and sickness during the Irish Hunger against the ill-assumed confidence of statisticians, Chapter 1 also studies how science developed a critically sophisticated, multi-textured mode of exploring the meanings, languages, and repercussions of hunger.
Asymmetric Killing
Authors: Renic Neil C.
Published: June 2020

This book offers an engaging and historically informed account of the moral challenge of radically asymmetric violence—warfare conducted by one party in the near-complete absence of physical risk, across the full scope of a conflict zone. What role does physical risk and material threat play in the justifications for killing in war? And crucially, is there a point at which battlefield violence becomes so one-directional as to undermine the moral basis for its use? In order to answers these questions, Asymmetric Killing delves into the morally contested terrain of the warrior ethos and Just War Tradition, locating the historical and contemporary role of reciprocal risk within both. This book also engages two historical episodes of battlefield asymmetry, military sniping and manned aerial bombing. Both modes of violence generated an imbalance of risk between opponents so profound as to call into question their permissibility. These now-resolved controversies will then be contrasted with the UAV-exclusive violence of the United States, robotic killing conducted in the absence of a significant military ground presence in conflict theatres such as Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia. As will be revealed, the radical asymmetry of this latter case is distinct, undermining reciprocal risk at the structural level of war. Beyond its more resolvable tension with the warrior ethos, UAV-exclusive violence represents a fundamental challenge to the very coherence of the moral justifications for killing in war.
A Union of Peoples
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos
Published: June 2020

This book offers a legal and political theory of the European Union. Many political and legal philosophers compare the EU to a federal union. They believe that its basic laws should be subject to the standards of constitutional law. They thus find it lacking or incomplete. This book offers a rival theory. If one looks more closely at the treaties and the precedents of the European courts, one sees that the substance of EU law is international, not constitutional. Just like international law, it applies primarily to the relations between states. It binds domestic institutions directly only when the local constitutions allow it. The member states have democratically chosen to adapt their constitutional arrangements in order to share legislative and executive powers with their partners. The legal architecture of the European Union is thus best understood under a theory of dualism and not pluralism. According to this internationalist view, EU law is part of the law of nations and its distinction from domestic law is a matter of substance, not form. This arrangement is supported by a cosmopolitan theory of international justice, which we may call progressive internationalism. The EU is a union of democratic peoples, that freely organize their interdependence on the basis of principles of equality and reciprocity. Its central principles are not the principles of a constitution, but cosmopolitan principles of accountability, liberty, and fairness,
A Community of Principle
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines the question of the relations between EU law and domestic law from the point of view of a political theory of the European Union. It is common to see EU law under ‘federalism’ or under a theory of ‘statism’. These two views are outlined at the start of this chapter by examining various arguments made for them. They are both rejected. The chapter defends a rival view, the ‘internationalist’ reading of the EU, according to which it is a branch of the law of nations. A careful look at the EU treaties and the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU shows that the EU endorses an internationalist model based on equality and reciprocity. The EU does not replace the relation between citizens and political power. It does not establish a new constitutional law that replaces the national ones. It is a new way of organizing the relations between the various member states whose equality it fully respects. The coherence of European Union law is therefore not provided by uniformity imposed by a single master or constitutional rule, but is given by the political coordination of the laws of the member states achieved under the treaties. Coherence is achieved because the member states have adopted similar, although not identical, constitutional principles.