bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHINA’S EARLY IMPACT ON EASTERN YUNNAN: INCORPORATION, ACCULTURATION, AND THE CONVERGENCE OF EVIDENCE
Authors: Allard Francis
Published: June 2015

In 109 BC, armies dispatched by the Han dynasty ruler Wudi reached present-day eastern Yunnan, defeating the kingdom of Dian and establishing the prefecture of Yi- zhou. Historical sources and archaeological data –mainly objects recovered from Dian burials– highlight China’s impact on the region both before and after the conquest. This paper reviews the evidence for such impact through a consideration of the relevant texts and a further analy- sis of available information on Chinese style artifacts (CSA’s) in pre- and post-conquest Dian graves. For the first century of Han occupation, the texts and grave as- semblages –whose elaborate CSA’s make up only a small percentage of elite burial goods– point to the native in- habitants’ limited acculturation and incorporation into the Han administration. In contrast, textual entries and the widespread appearance of Han style tombs and burial assemblages during the first century AD provide clearer evidence of acculturation and incorporation. However, divergent interpretations emerge in light of additional information, which includes textual evidence for continu- ing local uprisings against the Han presence, as well as evidence from later historical periods of China’s uneven and incomplete control of eastern Yunnan.
Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of horizontal transversely isotropic samples
Authors: Watson Leighton , van Wijk Kasper
Published: June 2015

Most crustal rocks present some amount of directional dependence of seismic speeds, particularly mudstones (also termed “shales”). Hence, accurate imaging of the subsurface requires anisotropic models and integration of rock physics information in order to constrain the inherent nonuniqueness of the inversion from seismic data. Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy provides estimates of the full anisotropic stiffness tensor from resonant frequencies of geological core samples, along with a measure of intrinsic attenuation. We have developed new functionality to existing codes which enable horizontal transversely isotropic samples to be analyzed. We compared and discussed estimations of the elastic properties of mudstone samples with hexagonal symmetry; one sample was drilled parallel and one perpendicular to the layering. While spatial heterogeneity in the mudstone prevented a direct correlation of the elastic parameters of each sample, time‐of‐flight measurements reveal frequency dispersion of the elastic parameters that is consistent between the samples.
Spectrally Enhanced Cloud Objects—A generalized framework for automated detection of volcanic ash and dust clouds using passive satellite measurements: 1. Multispectral analysis
Authors: Pavolonis Michael J. , Sieglaff Justin , Cintineo John
Published: June 2015

While satellites are a proven resource for detecting and tracking volcanic ash and dust clouds, existing algorithms for automatically detecting volcanic ash and dust either exhibit poor overall skill or can only be applied to a limited number of sensors and/or geographic regions. As such, existing techniques are not optimized for use in real‐time applications like volcanic eruption alerting and data assimilation. In an effort to significantly improve upon existing capabilities, the Spectrally Enhanced Cloud Objects (SECO) algorithm was developed. The SECO algorithm utilizes a combination of radiative transfer theory, a statistical model, and image processing techniques to identify volcanic ash and dust clouds in satellite imagery with a very low false alarm rate. This fully automated technique is globally applicable (day and night) and can be adapted to a wide range of low earth orbit and geostationary satellite sensors or even combinations of satellite sensors. The SECO algorithm consists of four primary components: conversion of satellite measurements into robust spectral metrics, application of a Bayesian method to estimate the probability that a given satellite pixel contains volcanic ash and/or dust, construction of cloud objects, and the selection of cloud objects deemed to have the physical attributes consistent with volcanic ash and/or dust clouds. The first two components of the SECO algorithm are described in this paper, while the final two components are described in a companion paper.
The effect of ozone depletion on the Southern Annular Mode and stratosphere‐troposphere coupling
Authors: Dennison Fraser W. , McDonald Adrian J. , Morgenstern Olaf
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of ozone depletion and recovery on the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and stratosphere‐troposphere coupling. Using the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research‐United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols chemistry‐climate model, we compare reference runs that include forcing due to greenhouse gases and ozone‐depleting substances to sensitivity simulations in which ozone‐depleting substances are fixed at their 1960 levels. We find that ozone depletion leads to an increased frequency of extreme anomalies and increased persistence of the SAM in the stratosphere as well as stronger, more persistent stratosphere‐troposphere coupling. Currently, the stratosphere provides an appreciable amount of predictability to the troposphere on timescales of 1 or 2 months; however, we find that this effect reduces over time as stratospheric ozone recovers to preozone hole levels toward the latter part of this century.
Modeling impacts of changes in temperature and water table on C gas fluxes in an Alaskan peatland
Authors: Deng Jia , Li Changsheng , Frolking Steve
Published: June 2015

Northern peatlands have accumulated a large amount of organic carbon (C) in their thick peat profile. Climate change and associated variations in soil environments are expected to have significant impacts on the C balance of these ecosystems, but the magnitude is still highly uncertain. Verifying and understanding the influences of changes in environmental factors on C gas fluxes in biogeochemical models are essential for forecasting feedbacks between C gas fluxes and climate change. In this study, we applied a biogeochemical model, DeNitrification‐DeComposition (DNDC), to assess impacts of air temperature (TA) and water table (WT) on C gas fluxes in an Alaskan peatland. DNDC was validated against field measurements of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) and CH4 fluxes under manipulated surface soil temperature and WT conditions in a moderate rich fen. The validation demonstrates that DNDC was able to capture the observed impacts of the manipulations in soil environments on C gas fluxes. To investigate responses of C gas fluxes to changes in TA and soil water condition, we conducted a series of simulations with varying TA and WT. The results demonstrate that (1) uptake rates of CO2 at the site were reduced by either too colder or warmer temperatures and generally increased with increasing soil moisture; (2) CH4 emissions showed an increasing trend as TA increased or WT rose toward the peat surface; and (3) the site could shift from a net greenhouse gas (GHG) sink into a net GHG source under some warm and/or dry conditions. A sensitivity analysis evaluated the relative importance of TA and WT to C gas fluxes. The results indicate that both TA and WT played important roles in regulating NEE and CH4 emissions and that within the investigated ranges of the variations in TA and WT, changes in WT showed a greater impact than changes in TA on NEE, CH4 fluxes, and net C gas fluxes at the study fen.
Corrosion Behaviour of Al–4Mg–1Cu (wt%) Microalloyed with Si and Ag
Authors: Gupta R. K. , Li C. , Xia J. , Zhou X. , Sha G. , Gun B. , Ringer S. P. , Birbilis N.
Published: June 2015

The microstructure, hardness, and corrosion behavior of Al–4Mg–1Cu–0.5Si and Al–4Mg–1Cu–0.5Si–0.4Ag (wt%) following various aging times is investigated. Potentiodynamic polarisation and immersion tests reveal an apparent insensitivity in corrosion rates for the alloys studied with aging, along with a higher pitting corrosion resistance for the Ag containing alloy. The addition of Ag to the base Al–4Mg–1Cu–0.5Si composition increases the age hardening response and corrosion performance by modifying the morphology, size, and chemical composition of precipitates (from S‐phase to Z‐phase).
A de novo 1.58 Mb deletion, including MAP2K6 and mapping 1.28 Mb upstream to SOX9, identified in a patient with Pierre Robin sequence and osteopenia with multiple fractures
Authors: Smyk Marta , Roeder Elizabeth , Cheung Sau Wai , Szafranski Przemyslaw , Stankiewicz Paweł
Published: June 2015

Defects of long‐range regulatory elements of dosage‐sensitive genes represent an under‐recognized mechanism underlying genetic diseases. Haploinsufficiency of SOX9, the gene essential for development of testes and differentiation of chondrocytes, results in campomelic dysplasia, a skeletal malformation syndrome often associated with sex reversal. Chromosomal rearrangements with breakpoints mapping up to 1.6 Mb up‐ and downstream to SOX9, and disrupting its distant cis‐regulatory elements, have been described in patients with milder forms of campomelic dysplasia, Pierre Robin sequence, and sex reversal. We present an ∼1.58 Mb deletion mapping ∼1.28 Mb upstream to SOX9 that encompasses its putative long‐range cis‐regulatory element(s) and MAP2K6 in a patient with Pierre Robin sequence and osteopenia with multiple fractures. Low bone mass panel testing using massively parallel sequencing of 23 nuclear genes, including COL1A1 and COL1A2 was negative. Based on the previous mouse model of Map2k6, suggesting that Sox9 is likely a downstream target of the p38 MAPK pathway, and our previous chromosome conformation capture‐on‐chip (4C) data showing potential interactions between SOX9 promoter and MAP2K6, we hypothesize that deletion of MAP2K6 might have affected SOX9 expression and contributed to our patient's phenotype. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social status and helminth infections in female forest guenons (Cercopithecus mitis)
Authors: Foerster Steffen , Kithome Kiio , Cords Marina , Monfort Steven L.
Published: June 2015

Objective:

When resource competition within primate social groups is effective, high‐ranking individuals generally gain fitness benefits. Contrary to expectations, female Cercopithecus mitis form linear dominance hierarchies without evidence for rank‐related variation in fitness‐relevant measures, raising questions about the evolution of guenon social structure. Here, we test whether social status predicts gastrointestinal helminth infections, known to influence health and morbidity in other mammalian hosts. In addition, we assess whether infections contribute to stress responses as indicated by fecal glucocorticoid (fGC) levels.

Methods:

We quantified infections and hormone levels in 382 fecal samples from 11 adult female Sykes' monkeys (C. m. albogularis) over four months in one wild study group at Gede Ruins, Kenya. Using a generalized estimating equations technique, we modeled the odds of infection, relative infection intensity, and fGC variation.

Results:

High‐ranking females were less likely infected with Trichuris and Trichostrongylus, had lower fecal egg counts for both taxa, and overall lower helminth richness than low‐ranking females. An inverse relationship between rank and Trichuris egg counts existed also in a study population of blue monkeys (C. m. stuhlmanni), where we collected comparable data over a shorter period. Regardless of rank, lactating females were more likely than non‐lactating females to be infected with Trichuris, and had higher fecal egg counts for both Trichuris and Oesophagostomum. Lastly, we report evidence that Trichuris infections exacerbated energetic stress and that food supplementation by tourists increased infection levels.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest that high‐rank may provide long‐term health and energetic benefits for female C. mitis, with potential fitness implications. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:55–66, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Your First International Arbitration: The Do's and the Don'ts
Authors: Shifman Bette
Published: June 2015

“Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.”
Organic Crystals with Near‐Infrared Amplified Spontaneous Emissions Based on 2′‐Hydroxychalcone Derivatives: Subtle Structure Modification but Great Property Change
Authors: Cheng Xiao , Wang Kai , Huang Shuo , Zhang Houyu , Zhang Hongyu , Wang Yue
Published: June 2015

A series of highly efficient deep red to near‐infrared (NIR) emissive organic crystals 1–3 based on the structurally simple 2′‐hydroxychalcone derivatives were synthesized through a simple one‐step condensation reaction. Crystal 1 displays the highest quantum yield (Φf) of 0.32 among the reported organic single crystals with an emission maximum (λem) over 710 nm. Comparison between the bright emissive crystals 1–3 and the nearly nonluminous compounds 4–7 clearly gives evidence that a subtle structure modification can arouse great property changes, which is instructive in designing new high‐efficiency organic luminescent materials. Notably, crystals 1–3 exhibit amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) with extremely low thresholds. Thus, organic deep red to NIR emissive crystals with very high Φf have been obtained and are found to display the first example of NIR fluorescent crystal ASE.
Effects of sodium precursors and gelling agents on CO2 sorption performance of sodium zirconate
Authors: Ooi Khim May , Chai Siang Piao , Mohamed Abdul Rahman , Mohammadi Maedeh
Published: June 2015

CO2 capture using solid sorbents is among the technologies to mitigate CO2 emission. Sodium zirconate (Na2ZrO3) is among the solid sorbents with very good CO2 sorption performance and stability. In this study, effects of sodium precursors and addition of citric acid (CA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as gelling agents at different molar ratios on CO2 capture properties of Na2ZrO3 were examined. CO2 capture performance of the prepared samples was tested in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). The CO2 sorption profiles of all samples reached plateau within 20 min, signifying fast sorption kinetics. The highest CO2 sorption amount of 4.905 mmol CO2/g Na2ZrO3 (91% of theoretical yield) was achieved for the Na2ZrO3 sorbent prepared with sodium citrate precursor and addition of gelling agents at CA:EG molar ratio of 2:1. This was higher than the one prepared without CA and EG (83% yield). These two samples were further tested for regeneration stability and revealed that the sample prepared with CA and EG had better stability than the one prepared without CA and EG. The results achieved in this study show that the choice of sodium precursor and addition of CA and EG have significant effects on the CO2 capture performance of Na2ZrO3. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective recognition of l‐phenylalanine based on 1‐buty‐3‐methylimidazolium ionic liquid
Authors: Yang Longfei , Hu Xiaoling , Guan Ping , Li Ji , Wu Danfeng , Gao Bo
Published: June 2015

To enhance the affinity of 4‐vinyl pyridine to l‐phenylalanine (l‐Phe) and convert the imprinting process from the aqueous phase to the organic phase, an oil‐soluble amino acid ionic liquid was introduced as a template. In this study, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium α‐aminohydrocinnamic acid salt was first applied to prepared surface molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in acetonitrile for the selective recognition of l‐Phe. Fluorescence quenching analysis of the functional monomer on the template was investigated under different conditions to study the imprinting mechanism. Several binding studies, such as the sorption kinetics, sorption thermodynamics, and solid‐phase extraction application, and the chiral resolution of racemic phenylalanine were investigated. The binding isotherms were fitted by nonlinear regression to the Freundlich model to investigate the recognition mechanism. The affinity distribution analysis revealed that polymers imprinted by ionic liquid showed higher homogeneous binding sites than those imprinted by l‐Phe. The competition tests were conducted by a molecularly imprinting solid‐phase extraction procedure to estimate the selective separation properties of the MIPs for l‐Phe. The target MIP was shown to be successfully for the separation of l‐Phe from an amino acid mixture. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42485.
Asymmetric Epoxidation Using Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant
Authors: Wang Chuan , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: June 2015

Asymmetric epoxidation is one of the most important transformations in organic synthesis. Although tremendous progress was achieved in this field in the 1980s and 1990s, it is still desirable from both economical and ecological views to develop environmentally friendly catalytic epoxidation with a broad substrate scope. Hydrogen peroxide is a safe and cheap oxidant, which is easy to handle and generates water as the sole byproduct. Therefore, asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant has been a very active research field and has been investigated by many research groups in recent years. In this review, the exciting very recent developments of this rapidly growing area are surveyed and organized according to the catalyst systems.
Three‐Dimensional NiMoO4 Nanosheets Supported on a Carbon Fibers@Pre‐Treated Ni Foam (CF@PNF) Substrate as Advanced Electrodes for Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhou Caixia , Yang Wen , Zeng Guangfeng , Lei Ying , Gu Li , Xi Xianghui , Xiao Dan
Published: June 2015

Herein, we report a nanoarchitectured nickel molybdate/carbon fibers@pre‐treated Ni foam (NiMoO4/CF@PNF) electrode for supercapacitors. The synthesis of NiMoO4/CF@PNF mainly consists of a direct chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of dense carbon fibers (CFs) onto pre‐treated Ni foam (PNF) as the substrate, followed by in situ growth of NiMoO4 nanosheets (NSs) on the CF@PNF substrate by means of a hydrothermal process. The NiMoO4/CF@PNF electrode exhibits a high areal capacitance (5.14 F cm−2 at 4 mA cm−2) and excellent cycling stability (97 % capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at 10 mA cm−2). Furthermore, we have successfully assembled NiMoO4 NSs//activated carbon (AC) asymmetric supercapacitors, which can achieve an energy density of 45.6 Wh kg−1 at 674 W kg−1, and excellent stability with 93 % capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at 5 mA cm−2. These superior properties hold great promise for energy‐storage applications.
Association between polymorphisms at the GREM1 locus and the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the Polish population
Authors: Mostowska Adrianna , Hozyasz Kamil K. , Wójcicki Piotr , Żukowski Kacper , Dąbrowska Anna , Lasota Agnieszka , Zadurska Małgorzata , Radomska Agnieszka , Dunin‐Wilczyńska Izabela , Jagodziński Paweł P.
Published: June 2015

Background

The locus on chromosome 15q13.3 containing GREM1 is correlated with the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P). The aim of the present study was to find the GREM1 functional variants implicated in the aetiology of this common developmental anomaly in the Polish population.

Methods

Eight polymorphisms were genotyped in 334 NSCL/P patients and 955 controls. In addition, the GREM1 protein‐coding region was sequenced in 96 NSCL/P patients.

Results

Significant association with a risk of oral clefts was found for 5 tested polymorphisms. The lowest ptrend values were identified for rs16969681, rs16969816, and rs1258763 (ptrend 4.09E‐05, 3.35E‐05, and 0.0002, respectively). The putative functional variant rs16969681, located in a region that has enhancer activity, was associated with a 2.6‐fold lower risk for NSCL/P (odds ratio [OR] = 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24–0.61, p = 2.37E‐05). The previously reported association of rs1258763 with NSCL/P was replicated (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.44–0.73; p = 1.10E‐05). For all tested GREM1 variants, no significant sex‐by‐genotype interaction effects were observed. The sequencing analysis did not detect any rare variants implicated in the development of oral clefts.

Conclusion

Our results might suggest that variants influencing GREM1 expression levels, rather than variants affecting the function of the encoded protein, are significant factors in NSCL/P etiology. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:847–856, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deciphering the protein‐RNA recognition code: Combining large‐scale quantitative methods with structural biology
Authors: Hennig Janosch , Sattler Michael
Published: June 2015

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are key factors for the regulation of gene expression by binding to cis elements, i.e. short sequence motifs in RNAs. Recent studies demonstrate that cooperative binding of multiple RBPs is important for the sequence‐specific recognition of RNA and thereby enables the regulation of diverse biological activities by a limited set of RBPs. Cross‐linking immuno‐precipitation (CLIP) and other recently developed high‐throughput methods provide comprehensive, genome‐wide maps of protein‐RNA interactions in the cell. Structural biology gives detailed insights into molecular mechanisms and principles of RNA recognition by RBPs, but has so far focused on single RNA binding proteins and often on single RNA binding domains. The combination of high‐throughput methods and detailed structural biology studies is expected to greatly advance our understanding of the code for protein‐RNA recognition in gene regulation, as we review in this article.
Expression of the human cytomegalovirus pentamer complex for vaccine use in a CHO system
Authors: Hofmann Irmgard , Wen Yingxia , Ciferri Claudio , Schulze Axel , Fühner Viola , Leong Megan , Gerber Andrea , Gerrein Rachel , Nandi Avishek , Lilja Anders E. , Carfi Andrea , Laux Holger
Published: June 2015

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes significant disease worldwide. Multiple HCMV vaccines have been tested in man but only partial protection has been achieved. The HCMV gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A complex (Pentamer) is the main target of neutralizing antibodies in HCMV seropositive individuals and raises high titers of neutralizing antibodies in small animals and non‐human primates (NHP). Thus, Pentamer is a promising candidate for an effective HCMV vaccine. Development of a Pentamer‐based subunit vaccine requires expression of high amounts of a functional and stable complex. We describe here the development of a mammalian expression system for large scale Pentamer production. Several approaches comprising three different CHO‐originated cell lines and multiple vector as well as selection strategies were tested. Stable cell pools expressed the HCMV Pentamer at a titer of approximately 60 mg/L at laboratory scale. A FACS‐based single cell sorting approach allowed selection of a highly expressing clone producing Pentamer at the level of approximately 400 mg/L in a laboratory scale fed‐batch culture. Expression in a 50 L bioreactor led to the production of HCMV Pentamer at comparable titers indicating the feasibility of further scale‐up for manufacturing at commercial scale. The CHO‐produced HCMV Pentamer bound to a panel of human neutralizing antibodies and raised potently neutralizing immune response in mice. Thus, we have generated an expression system for the large scale production of functional HCMV Pentamer at high titers suitable for future subunit vaccine production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2505–2515. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling the competition between PHA‐producing and non‐PHA‐producing bacteria in feast‐famine SBR and staged CSTR systems
Authors: Marang Leonie , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. , Kleerebezem Robbert
Published: June 2015

Although the enrichment of specialized microbial cultures for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is generally performed in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), the required feast‐famine conditions can also be established using two or more continuous stirred‐tank reactors (CSTRs) in series with partial biomass recirculation. The use of CSTRs offers several advantages, but will result in distributed residence times and a less strict separation between feast and famine conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the reactor configuration, and various process and biomass‐specific parameters, on the enrichment of PHA‐producing bacteria. A set of mathematical models was developed to predict the growth of Plasticicumulans acidivorans—as a model PHA producer—in competition with a non‐storing heterotroph. A macroscopic model considering lumped biomass and an agent‐based model considering individual cells were created to study the effect of residence time distribution and the resulting distributed bacterial states. The simulations showed that in the 2‐stage CSTR system the selective pressure for PHA‐producing bacteria is significantly lower than in the SBR, and strongly affected by the chosen feast‐famine ratio. This is the result of substrate competition based on both the maximum specific substrate uptake rate and substrate affinity. Although the macroscopic model overestimates the selective pressure in the 2‐stage CSTR system, it provides a quick and fairly good impression of the reactor performance and the impact of process and biomass‐specific parameters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2475–2484. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microbial Fuel Cell Application for Azoic Dye Decolorization with Simultaneous Bioenergy Production Using Stenotrophomonas sp.
Authors: Galai Said , Pérez de los Ríos Antonia , Hernández‐Fernández Francisco José , Kacem Sihem Haj , Ramírez Francisco Mateo , Quesada‐Medina Joaquín
Published: June 2015

A single‐chamber air‐cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) was successfully applied for decolorization of the diazoic dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5) with simultaneous production of electricity. An innovative low‐cost medium, the marine water‐glucose‐yeast extract medium (MWGY), was developed which appears as a textile marine effluent in terms of salinity. The anode compartment containing a single bacterial strain of Stenotrophomonas sp. showed almost complete dye decolorization with different RB5 concentrations after seven days of treatment. For the four dye concentrations used, a correlation between dye removal and production of electrical energy was found. The comparison of the decolorization process in the MFC with that in a batch reactor as control experiment highlights the efficiency of the single‐chamber air‐cathode MFC technology which improved the dye removal by the same bacterial strain.
Computational Investigation of an Industrial Cyclone Separator with Helical‐Roof Inlet
Authors: Misiulia Dzmitry , Andersson Anders G. , Lundström T. Staffan
Published: June 2015

An industrial cyclone separator with helical‐roof inlet TsN‐11 has been numerically investigated as to pressure and flow field, pressure drop, fractional efficiency, and particle trajectories inside the cyclone. The turbulence was modeled with Reynolds stresses and large eddy simulations (LES) based on three different subgrid‐scales (SGS). The results with the different setups were compared to experimental data from previous studies. For a proper calculation of the flow field, LES combined with a dynamic SGS model was used for predicting cyclone performance. Individual particles were tracked through the unsteady flow field using the Lagrangian approach. The results of the numerical calculations of the tangential and axial velocity, pressure drop, and cut size are in good agreement with experimental measurements.
Isolation of CeLu2N@Ih‐C80 through a Non‐Chromatographic, Two‐Step Chemical Process and Crystallographic Characterization of the Pyramidalized CeLu2N within the Icosahedral Cage
Authors: Stevenson Steven , Thompson Hannah R. , Arvola Kristine D. , Ghiassi Kamran B. , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Balch Alan L.
Published: June 2015

By combining two chemical methods of purification, 4 mg of purified CeLu2N@C80 was readily isolated from 500 mg of carbon soot extract without the use of recycling HPLC, a method which has previously been necessary to obtain pure samples of endohedral fullerenes. In stage 1, CeLu2N@C80 was selectively precipitated by virtue of its low first oxidation potential (+0.01 V) and the judicious choice of MgCl2 as the Lewis acid precipitant. For stage 2, we used a stir and filter approach (SAFA), which employed the electron‐rich NH2 groups immobilized on silica gel to selectively bind residual endohedrals and higher cage fullerenes that were contaminants from stage 1. Crystallographic analysis of CeLu2N@C80 in the co‐crystal CeLu2N@Ih‐C80⋅Ni(octaethylporphyrin)⋅2(toluene) reveals that the Ih‐C80 cage is present with a pyramidalized CeLu2N unit inside.
Hierarchical ZnCo2O4@NiCo2O4 Core–Sheath Nanowires: Bifunctionality towards High‐Performance Supercapacitors and the Oxygen‐Reduction Reaction
Authors: Huang Yunpeng , Miao Yue‐E. , Lu Hengyi , Liu Tianxi
Published: June 2015

Increasing energy demands and worsening environmental issues have stimulated intense research on alternative energy storage and conversion systems including supercapacitors and fuel cells. Here, a rationally designed hierarchical structure of ZnCo2O4@NiCo2O4 core–sheath nanowires synthesized through facile electrospinning combined with a simple co‐precipitation method is proposed. The obtained core–sheath nanostructures consisting of mesoporous ZnCo2O4 nanowires as the core and uniformly distributed ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets as the sheath, exhibit excellent electrochemical activity as bifunctional materials for supercapacitor electrodes and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. Compared with the single component of either ZnCo2O4 nanowires or NiCo2O4 nanosheets, the hierarchical ZnCo2O4@NiCo2O4 core–sheath nanowires demonstrate higher specific capacitance of 1476 F g−1 (1 A g−1) and better rate capability of 942 F g−1 (20 A g−1), while maintaining 98.9 % capacity after 2000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Meanwhile, the ZnCo2O4@NiCo2O4 core–sheath nanowires reveal comparable catalytic activity but superior stability and methanol tolerance over Pt/C as ORR catalyst. The impressive performance may originate from the unique hierarchical core–sheath structures that greatly facilitate enhanced reactivity, and faster ion and electron transfer.
Strain‐Induced Reactivity in the Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of Macrocyclic Imines
Authors: Ratjen Lars , Vantomme Ghislaine , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: June 2015

The displacement of molecular structures from their thermodynamically most stable state by imposition of various types of electronic and conformational constraints generates highly strained entities that tend to release the accumulated strain energy by undergoing either structural changes or chemical reactions. The latter case amounts to strain‐induced reactivity (SIR) that may enforce specific chemical transformations. A particular case concerns dynamic covalent chemistry which may present SIR, whereby reversible reactions are activated by coupling to a high‐energy state. We herewith describe such a dynamic covalent chemical (DCC) system involving the reversible imine formation reaction. It is based on the formation of strained macrocyclic bis‐imine metal complexes in which the macrocyclic ligand is in a high energy form enforced by the coordination of the metal cation. Subsequent demetallation generates a highly strained free macrocycle that releases its accumulated strain energy by hydrolysis and reassembly into a resting state. Specifically, the metal‐templated condensation of a dialdehyde with a linear diamine leads to a bis‐imine [1+1]‐macrocyclic complex in which the macrocyclic ligand is in a coordination‐enforced strained conformation. Removal of the metal cation by a competing ligand yields a highly reactive [1+1]‐macrocycle, which then undergoes hydrolysis to transient non‐cyclic aminoaldehyde species, which then recondense to a strain‐free [2+2]‐macrocyclic resting state. The process can be monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Energy differences between different conformational states have been evaluated by Hartree–Fock (HF) computations. One may note that the stabilisation of high‐energy molecular forms by metal ion coordination followed by removal of the latter, offers a general procedure for producing out‐of‐equilibrium molecular states, the fate of which may then be examined, in particular when coupled to dynamic covalent chemical processes.
Synthesis and Enantioseparation Ability of Xylan Bisphenylcarbamate Derivatives as Chiral Stationary Phases in HPLC
Authors: Li Geng , Shen Jun , Li Qiang , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: June 2015

Ten novel xylan bisphenylcarbamate derivatives bearing meta‐ and para‐substituents on their phenyl groups were synthesized and their chiral recognition abilities were evaluated as the chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after coating them on macroporous silica. The chiral recognition abilities of these CSPs depended on the nature, position, and number of the substituents on the phenyl moieties. The introduction of an electron‐donating group was more attractive than an electron‐withdrawing group to improve the chiral recognition ability of the xylan phenylcarbamate derivatives. Among the CSPs discussed in this study, xylan bis(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐based CSP seems to possess the highest resolving power for many racemates, and the meta‐substituted CSPs showed relatively better chiral recognition than the para‐substituted ones. For some racemates, the xylan bis(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) derivative exhibited higher enantioselectivity than the CSP based on cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate). Chirality 27:518–522, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of Gas‐Liquid Two‐Phase Flows Using Laser Patterns
Authors: Jagannathan Navisa , Chidambaram Balachandar , Seshadri Arunkumar , Muniyandi Venkatesan
Published: June 2015

Two‐phase flows play a vital role in refrigeration, air conditioning, and other industrial applications. This necessitates the development of precise techniques to characterize various two‐phase flow regimes. In the present work, characterization of two‐phase flow in horizontal tubes of diameters 4.7 mm and 3.4 mm is done by analyzing laser patterns. Laser patterns are recorded using a high‐speed camera. The area occupied by laser patterns for air‐water and air‐oil flows is analyzed by applying grayscale analysis and distance transformation techniques in image processing. A technique based on the movement of the centre of intensity of the laser pattern is used to characterize two‐phase flow regimes. Centre of intensity of a laser pattern is the point with maximum pixel intensity in the processed image. Probability density estimation together with the position‐time graph for centre of intensity is used to characterize two‐phase flow patterns. Bubbly, slug, and stratified flow regimes are observed and analyzed. The slug length and velocity is calculated by analyzing laser patterns. The two‐phase flow regime map is generated based on the identified two‐phase flow patterns and is validated with a flow map for conventional channels available in the literature.
A Study on the Improvement in Spatial Resolution of the Earth's Gravitational Field by the Next‐Generation ACR‐Cartwheel‐A/B Twin‐Satellite Formation
Authors: Wei ZHENG , Hou‐Tse HSU , Min ZHONG , Mei‐Juan YUN
Published: June 2015

Since the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) collinear formation has some fatal drawbacks including north‐south striping error, etc., this study carries out the feasibility demonstrations on the next‐generation Along‐Cross‐Radial(ACR)‐Cartwheel twin‐satellite formation for improving the spatial resolution of the Earth's gravitational field by the intersatellite range‐rate interpolation method. Firstly, the Earth's gravitational field from ACR‐Cartwheel‐A/B complete up to degree and order 120 is precisely recovered using the satellite orbital parameters and the measurement precision of key payloads from the twin GRACE satellites. The research results show that the accuracy of the Earth's gravitational field determination from the next‐generation ACR‐Cartwheel twin‐satellite formation is averagely improved by 2.6 times than that from the EIGEN‐GRACE02S model released by the German GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) in Potsdam, which sufficiently verifies that the next‐generation ACR‐Cartwheel twin‐satellite formation is obviously better than the current GRACE collinear formation. Secondly, the Earth's gravitational field complete up to degree and order 120 is accurately measured based on the satellite orbital parameters (e.g. orbital altitude of 350 km, intersatellite range of 100 km, orbital inclination of 89° and orbital eccentricity of 0.0046), the measurement precision of key payloads (e.g. 10−7 m·s−1 in intersatellite range‐rate, 10−3 m in orbital position, 10−6 m·s−1 in orbital velocity and 10−11 m·s−2 in non‐conservative force), an observation time of 30 days and a sampling interval of 10 s by the Longitudinal‐Along‐Radial (Lo‐AR)‐Cartwheel‐A/B, Latitudinal‐Along‐Radial (La‐AR)‐Cartwheel‐A/B and ACR‐Cartwheel‐A/B twin‐satellite formations using the intersatellite range‐rate interpolation method, and the cumulative geoid height errors are 5.115×10−4 m, 4.923×10−4 m and 3.488×10−4 m, respectively. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Since the orbital stability of the La‐AR‐Cartwheel‐A/B formation is superior to the Lo‐AR‐Cartwheel‐A/B formation, the accuracy of satellite gravity recovery from the La‐AR‐Cartwheel‐A/B formation is higher than that from the Lo‐AR‐Cartwheel‐A/B formation. (2) Because the ACR‐Cartwheel‐A/B twin‐satellite formation can synchronously obtain gravity information in the along‐track, cross‐track and radial‐track directions, satellite observation data are provided with some strong points consisting of homogeneity, isotropy, and so on. In a word, the next‐generation ACR‐Cartwheel twin‐satellite formation will prospectively play a significant role in producing the Earth gravity field model with higher accuracy and resolution.
Cytomorphology and immunohistochemistry of a recurrent clear cell odontogenic carcinoma with molecular analysis: A case report with review of literature
Authors: Harbhajanka Aparna , Lamzabi Ihab , Jain Richa , Gattuso Paolo , Kluskens Larry
Published: June 2015

Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma (CCOC) is a rare, odontogenic tumor of the jaws with mandibular involvement usually present in sixth decade of life with female preponderance. It is classified as a malignant tumor of odontogenic origin in 2005 by the World Health Organization because of its aggressive and destructive growth capacity and potential to metastasize. It needs to be distinguished from other primary and metastatic clear cell tumors of the oral and maxillofacial region. Recently, CCOCs have been noted to harbor a Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1 gene RNA‐binding protein 1 (EWSR1) and activating transcription factor (ATF) gene translocation. To date, cytologic features of only one case have been reported in the literature. We report an additional case of 55‐year‐old woman with enlarging mass in the left mandible. This report describes cytologic and immunohistochemical features of CCOC with positive EWSR1 gene rearrangements by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). As diagnosis of CCOC is challenging on fine‐needle aspiration, immunohistochemistry and FISH analysis are very useful diagnostic tool in clear cell lesions of mandible. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:743–746. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tonic nicotinic transmission enhances spinal GABAergic presynaptic release and the frequency of spontaneous network activity
Authors: Gonzalez‐Islas Carlos , Garcia‐Bereguiain Miguel Angel , O'Flaherty Brendan , Wenner Peter
Published: June 2015

Synaptically driven spontaneous network activity (SNA) is observed in virtually all developing networks. Recurrently connected spinal circuits express SNA, which drives fetal movements during a period of development when GABA is depolarizing and excitatory. Blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) activation impairs the expression of SNA and the development of the motor system. It is mechanistically unclear how nicotinic transmission influences SNA, and in this study we tested several mechanisms that could underlie the regulation of SNA by nAChRs. We find evidence that is consistent with our previous work suggesting that cholinergically driven Renshaw cells can initiate episodes of SNA. While Renshaw cells receive strong nicotinic synaptic input, we see very little evidence suggesting other spinal interneurons or motoneurons receive nicotinic input. Rather, we found that nAChR activation tonically enhanced evoked and spontaneous presynaptic release of GABA in the embryonic spinal cord. Enhanced spontaneous and/or evoked release could contribute to increased SNA frequency. Finally, our study suggests that blockade of nAChRs can reduce the frequency of SNA by reducing probability of GABAergic release. This result suggests that the baseline frequency of SNA is maintained through elevated GABA release driven by tonically active nAChRs. Nicotinic receptors regulate GABAergic transmission and SNA, which are critically important for the proper development of the embryonic network. Therefore, our results provide a better mechanistic framework for understanding the motor consequences of fetal nicotine exposure. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 298–312, 2016
Titanium‐Catalyzed [6π+2π]‐Cycloaddition of Alkynes and Allenes to 7‐Substituted 1,3,5‐Cycloheptatrienes
Authors: D'yakonov Vladimir A. , Kadikova Gulnara N. , Kolokol'tsev Dmitry I. , Ramazanov Ilfir R. , Dzhemilev Usein M.
Published: June 2015

The reaction of 7‐alkyl(allyl,phenyl)‐1,3,5‐cycloheptatrienes with alkynes and allenes, catalyzed by the two‐component Ti(acac)2Cl2–Et2AlCl system, resulting in the formation of substituted bicyclo[4.2.1]nona‐2,4‐dienes and bicyclo[4.2.1]nona‐2,4,7‐trienes in up to 90 % yield, was accomplished. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis.
Hydrazones as Productive Dienophiles in the Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder Reactions of 1,3,5‐Triazines
Authors: Yang Kai , Yang Zhen , Dang Qun , Bai Xu
Published: June 2015

Enamines, ynamines and amidines are common dienophiles for inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reactions of 1,3,5‐triazines, however, their wide utilization may be limited due to their poor stability to conventional purification methods such as silica gel chromatography. To address this limitation, oximes and hydrazones are envisioned as potential alternative dienophiles, even though they are primarily used as protecting groups due to their excellent stability or lack of reactivity. Through investigation of substituent effects and optimization of reaction conditions, oximes and hydrazones were developed as productive dienophiles for 1,3,5‐triazine IEDDA reactions, leading to the desired IEDDA products in moderate (for oximes) to excellent (for hydrazones) yields. Hydrazones are air‐stable and can be conveniently purified by conventional methods, therefore the introduction of hydrazones as productive dienophiles further expanded the scope of 1,3,5‐triazine IEDDA reactions.
Understanding local community construction through flooding: the ‘conscious community’ and the possibilities for locally based communal action
Authors: Coates Tracey
Published: June 2015

Communities, in particular geographically based local communities, have become a key site for disaster intervention, often expressed through the promotion of ‘community resilience’. However, the complexity of the community concept or the potential difficulties of such an approach are not always appreciated. Qualitative semi‐structured interviews with residents in flooded localities in both urban and rural contexts in northern England reveal a complex relationship between attachment to the locality, communal identities and local networks. This relationship is explained through the proposed concept of the ‘conscious community’, which builds on the conceptualisation of community as a structure of meaning, to show how the cultural, spatial and social elements of local community creation are inextricably linked. The local communities created by residents could take very varied forms, and so their ability to take on the tasks increasingly expected of them in a shift to a localised and community‐based approach to flood risk management (FRM) was also very varied. In the urban context the flood experience proved a significant factor in community construction, and thereby responses to subsequent flooding. Residents did much to help one another, both physically and emotionally, but it cannot be assumed that the largely informal networks of the ‘conscious community’ are able to take on more formal FRM tasks. Yet a better understanding of local community construction could allow practitioners to utilise, support or build on local structures to enable local communities to be better prepared for flooding.
Theory of Mind and Children's Trait Attributions about Average and Typically Stigmatized Peers
Authors: Lapan Candace , Boseovski Janet J.
Published: June 2015

Previous research indicates that children hold negative beliefs about peers with foreign accents, physical disabilities, and people who are obese. The current study examined skills associated with individual differences in children's social judgements about these typically stereotyped groups. Theory of mind, memory, and cognitive inhibition were assessed in 3‐ to 6‐year‐olds. Then, children were asked to make trait attributions and behavioural predictions about story characters' willingness to help a peer. Results indicated that better theory of mind skills were related to greater positive trait attributions and behavioural predictions about typically stereotyped characters. Younger children made fewer positive behavioural predictions as compared to older children, but both age groups made positive trait attributions. Overall, memory and inhibition had little to no influence on children's responses, although the results varied by story type. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mangrove dolabrane‐type of diterpenes tagalsins suppresses tumor growth viaROS‐mediated apoptosis and ATM/ATR–Chk1/Chk2‐regulated cell cycle arrest
Authors: Neumann Jennifer , Yang Yi , Köhler Rebecca , Giaisi Marco , Witzens‐Harig Mathias , Liu Dong , Krammer Peter H. , Lin Wenhan , Li‐Weber Min
Published: June 2015

Natural compounds are an important source for drug development. With an increasing cancer rate worldwide there is an urgent quest for new anti‐cancer drugs. In this study, we show that a group of dolabrane‐type of diterpenes, collectively named tagalsins, isolated from the Chinese mangrove genus Ceriops has potent cytotoxicity on a panel of hematologic cancer cells. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms by which tagalsins kill malignant cells revealed that it induces a ROS‐mediated damage of DNA. This event leads to apoptosis induction and blockage of cell cycle progression at S‐G2 phase via activation of the ATM/ATR—Chk1/Chk2 check point pathway. We further show that tagalsins suppress growth of human T‐cell leukemia xenografts in vivo. Tagalsins show only minor toxicity on healthy cells and are well tolerated by mice. Our study shows a therapeutic potential of tagalsins for the treatment of hematologic malignancies and a new source of anticancer drugs.