bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the Difference of Photochromic and Thermochromic Mechanism of Ethylenediamine Trimolybdate
Authors: Sun Dehui , Zhang Hongjie , Wang Cheng , Zhang Jilin , Yu Jiangbo , Peng Chunyun
Published: September 2006

Ethylenediamine trimolybdate ((C2H10N2)[Mo3O10], denoted as ENTMo) shows unusual photochromic and thermochromic properties. The color of the white ENTMo compounds becomes reddish brown gradually under UV irradiation, and changes gradually to blue-black upon annealing. XRD patterns and FT-IR spectra verify that the crystal structure of the colored samples is almost unchanged except distortion. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) and ESR spectra of the photochromic and the thermochromic samples could confirm that there must exist difference between thermochromic and photochromic mechanism.
Bell's palsy: Results of surgery; salivation test versus nerve excitability test as a basis of treatment
Authors: May Mark , Hawkins Calvin D.
Published: September 2006

One hundred fifty‐seven consecutive patients with Bell's palsy were evaluated between 1966 and 1971. In order to obtain a more homogenous group, the subjects were carefully screened by eliminating those with recurrent palsy, those not tested for both nerve excitability and salivary flow, those not followed until there was 100 percent return of function or for a period of 180 days, and those who were first evaluated beyond 10 days following onset of palsy. Applying these criteria, 76 patients were eliminated leaving 81 patients with Bell's palsy who were studied to evaluate the usefulness of the salivation and nerve excitability tests for selecting patients for surgery. Fifty‐four received no treatment while 22 were operated upon and five were treated with steroids.

The study considered the prognostic application of salivary flow and nerve excitability testing. Patients with salivary flow rates of over 40 percent had a 92 percent chance of complete recovery, while those patients with salivary flow rates of less than 40 percent had a 70 percent chance of incomplete recovery. The nerve excitability test was slightly more accurate in that patients who maintained a normal response to electrical stimulation had a complete recovery rate of 92 percent while those with a decreased response had an incomplete recovery rate of 91 percent.

There were six untreated patients with decreased response to nerve excitability, and all had incomplete return of facial function.

Surgery based upon a decreased response to nerve excitability in 15 patients did not alter the natural history, since all 15 had incomplete return.

There were five untreated patients with a salivary flow of 25 percent or less, and four had incomplete recovery.

Surgery based upon a salivary flow of 25 percent or less with a normal response to nerve excitability changed the predicted outcome for complete recovery in seven patients from 20 percent to 70 percent. Five of the seven had complete recovery.

Based on this study, it is doubtful that the nerve excitability test is useful as an indicator for surgery, while the salivary flow test seems to have great promise.
A search for common tumor specific antigen and serum blocking factor in head and neck epidermoid carcinomas
Authors: Kennedy John T.
Published: September 2006

In vitro, colony inhibition tests using lymphocytes and serum from 42 patients with other carcinomas, and 12 control patients with no carcinoma, were performed using cultured target cells (CALI).

Target cell colony counts were significantly diminished by lymphocytes of 2 of 12 (16.7 percent) patients with no cancer, compared with those 26 of 42 (61.9 percent) patients with epidermoid carcinoma. An unexpected finding was significant colony inhibition of lymphocytes of 23 of 27 (85.2 percent) patients tested within 24 months of diagnosis of carcinoma compared with significant inhibition in only 3 of 15 (20 percent) patients tested after 24 months of diagnosis of carcinoma.

Serum blocking factor was found in 9 of 42 (21.4 percent) patients with epidermoid carcinoma. It was found on follow‐up that four of these nine (44.4 percent) had later recurrent or new tumors compared to recurrence or new tumor incidence of only 6 of 33 (18.2 percent) patients with no serum blocking factor present in the serum.
Leiomyosarcoma of the head and neck: A review of the literature and report of two cases
Authors: Mindell Robert S. , Calcaterra Thomas C. , Ward Paul H.
Published: September 2006

Two cases of leiomyosarcoma involving structures of the head and neck area are added to the 29 cases recorded in the English literature since 1950. Review of the diagnosis, histological appearance, behavior and management of the tumor suggests that wide local excision is the therapy of choice.

Radical neck dissection is indicated for metastatic nodal disease.
Multiple malignancies in patients with primary carcinomas of the head and neck
Authors: Weichert Kathryn Ann , Schumrick Donald
Published: October 2006

Eight hundred and twenty‐five patients with primary carcinomas of the head and neck area were studied. Of these, there were 54 individuals with multiple primary neoplasms. Synchronous lesions occurred in 19 patients while nonsynchronous lesions occurred in 35. The frequency of occurrence of second neoplasms was 6.5%, which nearly doubles that of previously recorded series.

A conclusion which can be made from this study is that, as long as the carcinogenic agent (alcohol and/or tobacco) continues to be present, the patient will continue to be affected.
Nanorods of CoP, CdS, and ZnS
Authors: Thomas P. John , Christian Paul , Daniels Steven , Li Yang , Wang Y. S. , O'Brien Paul
Published: September 2006

Simple thermolysis routes to CdS, ZnS, and CoP nanorods have been developed in our laboratory. The structural properties of the nanorods obtained were elucidated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Arguments and calculations in support of the contention that intrinsic rather than extrinsic factors influence the solution-phase growth of nanorods are presented.
Large-scale production of carbon nanotubes and their applications
Authors: Endo Morinobu , Hayashi Takuya , Kim Yoong-Ahm
Published: September 2006

Carbon nanotubes consisting of a rolled graphene layer built from sp2 units have attracted the imagination of scientists as 1D macromolecules. Here, we will describe the recent progress on selective synthesis of various carbon nanotubes through the judicious control of synthetic conditions and their practical applications of these carbon nanotubes in the fields of electrochemical systems, nanocomposites, and medical devices. It is envisaged that carbon nanotubes will play an important role in the development of nanotechnology in the near future.
Collectins and Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides of the Respiratory Epithelia
Authors: Grubor B. , Meyerholz D. K. , Ackermann M. R.
Published: September 2006

The respiratory epithelium is a primary site for the deposition of microorganisms that are acquired during inspiration. The innate immune system of the respiratory tract eliminates many of these potentially harmful agents preventing their colonization. Collectins and cationic antimicrobial peptides are antimicrobial components of the pulmonary innate immune system produced by respiratory epithelia, which have integral roles in host defense and inflammation in the lung. Synthesis and secretion of these molecules are regulated by the developmental stage, hormones, as well as many growth and immunoregulatory factors. The purpose of this review is to discuss antimicrobial innate immune elements within the respiratory tract of healthy and pneumonic lung with emphasis on hydrophilic surfactant proteins and β-defensins.
Prognostic Significance of Intratumoral Microvessel Density in Canine Soft-Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Luong R. H. , Baer K. E. , Craft D. M. , Ettinger S. N. , Scase T. J. , Bergman P. J.
Published: September 2006

The prognosis of canine soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) has traditionally been based on histologic grading. We have recently demonstrated the prognostic value of cellular proliferation markers in canine STS. Another method of predicting the behavior of neoplasms is intratumoral microvessel density (IMD), which is a measure of tumor angiogenesis. The prognostic significance of IMD has been documented in many human neoplasms and in a limited number of canine and feline neoplasms. To evaluate the prognostic value of IMD in canine STS, we studied 57 STS and compared IMD with histologic features, histologic grade, cellular proliferation, metastatic propensity, and survival. Using immunohistochemistry, the STS were labeled with anti—factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RA) and anti-CD31 antibodies to determine 3 IMD parameters: mean microvessel density, high microvessel density, and microvessel area. Using FVIII-RA and CD31, increasing IMD was statistically associated with increasing histologic grade, necrosis scores, and mitotic scores. Higher FVIII-RA IMD values were significantly associated with higher median argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) values (as previously investigated) and increased metastatic propensity. Fibrosarcomas appear to be the least vascularized of STS. There is no correlation between IMD and survival. Our results indicate that IMD is of prognostic value for histologic grade, histologic features, cellular proliferation (based on AgNOR), and metastatic propensity of canine STS, specifically when using FVIII-RA as the endothelial marker. Assessing histologic grading, cellular proliferation, and IMD of canine STS at the time of diagnosis could therefore provide better prognostic information for the veterinary clinician.
Mammary Mucinous Carcinoma in the Cat
Authors: Sarli G. , Brunetti B. , Benazzi C.
Published: September 2006

Mucinous carcinoma of the mammary gland is a rare tumor characterized by excessive mucin production. In human and canine pathology, the diagnosis of mucinous carcinoma is based on the demonstration of an epithelial phenotype of mucus-producing cells and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-diastase positivity of the mucin. The histologic and immunohistologic characteristics of feline mucinous mammary carcinoma were examined. Of 656 cases of feline mammary neoplasms and dysplasias, 3.2% were found to be mucin-producing tumors. Cytokeratin 19 (16 cases positive, 4 heterogenous, and 1 negative) and vimentin (15 cases positive, 2 heterogenous, and 4 negative) expression were examined, and the mucin produced was alcian blue positive. PAS-diastase staining was variable (38.1%). Based on these findings, mucinous mammary carcinoma in the cat varies significantly from the human and canine varieties and alcian blue is the prominent stain in the diagnosis of feline mucinous carcinoma.
Monocytic/Macrophagic Pneumonitis after Intrabronchial Deposition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Neonatal Lambs
Authors: Meyerholz D. K. , Grubor B. , Lazic T. , Gallup J. M. , de Macedo M. M. A. , McCray P. B. , Ackermann M. R.
Published: September 2006

Preterm and young neonates are prone to inadequate surfactant production and are susceptible to respiratory distress syndrome characterized by alveolar damage and hyaline-membrane formation. Glucocorticoid therapy is commonly used in preterm and young infants to enhance lung maturation and surfactant synthesis. Recently, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was suggested to be a novel therapeutic agent for lung maturation that lacked adverse effects in mice. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of incremental concentration (0.0005, 0.005, and 0.05 mg/ml) and duration (16, 24, and 32 hours) of recombinant human VEGF after bronchoscopic instillation (10 ml) in neonatal lambs. High-dose VEGF caused locally extensive plum-red consolidation that was microscopically characterized by interstitial and alveolar infiltrates of cells that were morphologically and phenotypically (CD68+) consistent with monocytes/macrophages. T cells (CD3+) and B cells (CD79+) were located primarily in bronchus/bronchiole-associated lymphoid tissue and were not consistently altered by treatment with VEGF. The dose of VEGF had significant effects on both gross lesions ( P < .0047) and microscopic monocyte/macrophage recruitment scores ( P < .0001). Thus, the VEGF dose instilled into the lung greatly influenced cellular recruitment and lesion development. The post-dosing interval of VEGF in this study had minor impact (no statistical significance) on cellular recruitment. This study showed that airway deposition of VEGF in the neonatal lamb induces monocyte/macrophage recruitment to the lung and high doses can cause severe lesions. The cellular recruitment suggests further research is needed to define dosages that are efficacious in enhancing lung maturation while minimizing potential adverse effects.
Age-related and Non-age—related Changes in 100 Surveyed Horse Brains
Authors: Jahns H. , Callanan J. J. , McElroy M. C. , Sammin D. J. , Bassett H. F.
Published: September 2006

Brains from 100 horses, aged 2-25 years, were systematically examined by histopathology at 46 different neuroanatomical sites. The horses were sourced from a slaughterhouse (group A, n = 57), from a kennel that collected dead animals, and from 2 diagnostic laboratories (group B, n = 43). All horses from group A and 26 horses from group B were examined by a veterinarian in the period before death. None of the horses were known to exhibit clinical signs suggestive of neurologic disease. Among the main changes identified were vacuolation in the neuropil ( n = 73), neurons ( n = 32), white matter ( n = 31), and focal perivascular lymphoid cell infiltrates ( n = 35). Spheroids were frequently seen ( n = 91), and 10 horses each had more than 10 spheroids in the cuneate or gracile nucleus. Statistically significant age-related changes noted included intraneuronal ( n = 97) and glial or extracellular lipofuscin deposition ( n = 41), hemosiderin deposition around blood vessels ( n = 60), and calcium depositions ( n = 24). One horse had low-grade nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis; Alzheimer type II cells were detected in the brains of 2 horses. Hyalinized vessel walls in the cerebellum were observed in 1 horse. It was concluded that some histopathologic changes are a frequent feature in equine brains, which has implications for the pathologists involved in equine neurology and disease surveillance.
A Cerebral Granular Cell Tumor in a Cat
Authors: Mandara M. T. , Ricci G. , Sforna M.
Published: September 2006

A cerebral granular cell tumor is described in a 6-year-old, shorthaired, female cat. The tumor was observed above the corpus callosum and completely infiltrating the third ventricle. Histologic examination revealed that the tumor was characterized by large cells containing densely packed intracytoplasmic granules and expressed psammoma body-like patterns and cholesterinic degeneration. immunohistochemical analysis revealed granular neoplastic cells that were diffusely and strongly vimentin-positive, while they did not express cytokeratins, lysozyme, and synaptophysin. Based on morphologic and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor under study was considered to be of meningeal origin arising directly from the meninges or from meningeal elements scattered in the tela choroidea of the third ventricle roof.
Geometrical thermodynamic field theory
Authors: Sonnino Giorgio , Evslin Jarah
Published: October 2006

A manifestly covariant, coordinate independent reformulation of the thermodynamic field theory (TFT) is presented. The TFT is a covariant field theory that describes the evolution of a thermodynamic system, extending the near‐equilibrium theory established by Prigogine in 1954. We introduce the minimum rate of dissipation principle, which applies to any system relaxing toward a steady state. We also derive the thermodynamic field equations, which in the case of α–α and β–β processes have already appeared in the literature. In more general cases, the equations are notably simpler than those previously encountered, and they extend beyond the weak‐field regime. Finally, we derive the equations that determine the steady states as well as the critical values of the control parameters beyond which a steady state becomes unstable. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
A comparison of computational methods for large deformation contact problems of flexible bodies
Authors: Hesch C. , Betsch P.
Published: October 2006

In the present work we compare two methods for large deformation contact problems. On the one hand the commonly applied node‐to‐segment (NTS) method is investigated, on the other hand the newly emerging mortar method for contact problems is considered. Both approaches rely on a nonlinear finite element discretization of flexible bodies. In addition to static contact problems dynamic problems are considered as well. For both NTS and mortar methods the contact constraints are enforced by means of Lagrange multipliers. Several numerical examples are presented to compare the two alternative approaches.
Structural and mechanical properties of Sn-based intermetallics from ab initio calculations
Authors: Lee N. T. S. , Tan V. B. C. , Lim K. M.
Published: October 2006

Density functional theory calculations on the structural and mechanical properties of two intermetallic compounds, Ni3Sn4 and Ag3Sn, are reported. The first-principles calculations predict the lattice constants and elastic constants of these Sn-based compounds. The results for lattice constants are found to be within 3% error of the experimental values. Bounds on polycrystalline elastic properties were then obtained, and these are close to the range of experimental values reported. The results provide further evidence for the usefulness and applicability of first-principles calculations when experimental data are sparse or unavailable.
Charles the Simple, Robert of Neustria, and the vexilla of Saint‐Denis
Authors: Koziol Geoffrey
Published: October 2006

A recent consensus holds that the deposition of Charles the Simple by Robert of Neustria in 922 was the result of a sudden deterioration in their relationship that had nothing to do with any earlier hostilities. A close examination of contemporary diplomas suggests a very different story. In 898, Charles did not faithfully implement the agreement he had made with Robert's brother Odo that gave him the succession and he resisted recognizing Robert's lay abbacies, in particuar that of Saint‐Denis. These grievances shaped the entirety of the reign, and their memory remained quite alive at the time of the deposition.
. . . in die festivitatis: gift‐giving, power and the calendar in the Carolingian kingdoms*
Authors: Starostine Dmitri
Published: October 2006

The reckoning of time and the composing of calendars became an important part of cultural practice in the early Middle Ages. This paper asks how important were works on the reckoning of time for those who used the calendar in everyday life. It considers whether monks and scholars may have influenced royal officials in the reckoning of time. The social symbolism of calendric knowledge is also examined in the context of gift‐giving and exchange that permeated Frankish society. Representations and uses of time reckoning are actually seen to be similar in the royal court and local contexts, but were rather different from what some scholars have imagined.
BRAIN CARDIOLIPIN: ISOLATION AND FATTY ACID POSITIONS1
Authors: Yabuuchi H. , O'Brien J. S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Cardiolipin (diphosphatidyl glycerol) was isolated from bovine brain grey matter in pure form by column chromatography. A combination of a DEAE cellulose column, an acid‐silicic acid column and a bicarbonate‐treated silicic acid column was used for the isolation. Analytical data on cardiolipin (and lyso‐cardiolipin), including phosphorus and fatty ester values, infrared and ultraviolet spectra, and chromatographic behaviour of intact cardiolipin, lyso‐cardiolipin and their water‐soluble hydrolysis products gave results which were consistent with the diphosphatidylglycerol structure proposed by MacFarlane. Cardiolipin constituted 1·2 per cent of the total lipids from grey matter, or 0·43 per cent of the dry weight. No aldehydes were detected in purified cardiolipin. The major fatty acids were 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2 and 20:4. Cardiolipin contained much higher concentrations of 18:2 (17·8 per cent) than any of the other major grey matter glycerophosphatides. Cardiolipin was hydrolysed by incubation with snake venom (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) phospholipase A (phosphatide acyl‐hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) to determine the distribution of fatty acids on the carbons of its diglyceride moieties. The fatty acids were not distributed randomly; 16:0, 18:0 and 18:2 were predominantly localized in the α and α positions, while 18:1 and 20:4 were predominantly localized in the β and β positions.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF SODIUM‐POTASSIUM ACTIVATED ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE IN THE BRAIN OF THE RHESUS MONKEY*
Authors: Fahn S. , Côté L. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The activity of Na‐K ATPase was determined in twenty‐one regions of the Rhesus monkey brain. White matter contained the lowest activity. The highest activities were found in the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, thalamus, and colliculi. The activities of the enzyme in gray matter were fairly regular in distribution with only a twofold difference between highest (occipital cortex) and lowest (globus pallidus). The possibility that the regional variation in the activity of the enzyme reflects differences in electrical activity and (or) the concentration of dendritic processes was discussed.
EFFECT OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON 32P INCORPORATION INTO INDIVIDUAL PHOSPHATIDES IN SLICES FROM DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE GUINEA PIG BRAIN1
Authors: Hokin Mabel R.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Incorporation of 32P into phosphatidic acid was significantly increased in the presence of an appropriate concentration of norepinephrine, either 0.1 mm, or 1 mm, or both, in slices of guinea pig cerebellar cortex, olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and thalamus; it was not significantly affected at either concentration of norepinephrine in slices of corpus striatum and the posterior and anterior colliculi.

Incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylinositol was significantly increased in the presence of norepinephrine in a concentration of either 0.1 mm, or 1 mm, or both, in three of the areas studied—the olfactory bulbs, cerebral cortex, and thalamus.

There was no significant effect of 0.1 mm‐norepinephrine on 32P incorporation into phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylserine in any of the areas studied. Norepinephrine (1 mm) significantly inhibited 32P incorporation into phosphatidylcholine in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, corpus striatum and anterior colliculus; 32P incorporation into phosphatidylethanolamine plus phosphatidylserine was inhibited by 1 mm‐norepinephrine in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and posterior and anterior colliculi.

In slices of cerebellar cortex, 0.1 mm and 1 mm‐norpinephrine did not significantly affect either the specific activity or the level of nucleotide ∼ P in the tissue.

The physiological significance of changes in phosphatide metabolism in response to neurotransmitters in the central nervous system is discussed.
CEREBROSIDE GALACTOSIDASE: A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION AND A COMPARISON WITH OTHER LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Bowen D. M. , Radin N. S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

A method is described for assaying brain for cerebroside galactosidase activity. The enzyme was liberated by sonication and addition of sodium taurocholate, then by digestion with pancreatic enzymes. It was further purified by precipitation at pH 3. The enzyme was then incubated with an emulsion of galactose‐labelled cerebroside in taurocholate and oleate at pH 4·5, and the liberated galactose was determined by scintillation counting.

The content of cerebroside galactosidase in rat brain at various ages has been determined. The enzyme was present before cerebroside appears in noticeable amounts (4 days) and the amount rose considerably during the period of active cerebroside deposition and myelination. The amount then remained at a high concentration even in the adult.

Comparison with other lysosomal brain enzymes was made in the age study. Nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase also increased during myelination but levelled off earlier; its activity paralleled the amount of ganglioside. Nitrophenyl glucoside hydrolase started at a lower level and decreased with age. Sulphatase activity rose during myelination, then decreased somewhat after 15 days. Ceramidase followed a pattern similar to that of nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase; it is suggested that both of these enzymes reflect ganglioside metabolism.

The relative amounts of brain enzymes in different states were determined as a function of age in the case of cerebrosidase, nitrophenyl galactoside hydrolase and sulphatase. The proportion found in the high speed supernatant fraction was low but increased after myelination. The proportion that could be ‘solubilized’ by sonication decreased after myelination but the values differed greatly for the three enzymes. This treatment solubilized one‐seventh of the cerebrosidase, half the nitrophenyl galactosidase and three‐quarters of the sulphatase.
ESTIMATION OF GLYCOLIPIDS IN FOUR SELECTED LOBES OF HUMAN BRAIN IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES1
Authors: Cherayil G. D.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Glycolipid (ganglioside, cerebroside and cerebroside sulphate) and cholesterol concentrations for cerebral grey matter from frontal, occipital, temporal and hippocampal lobes of patients with neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, cerebrocortical atrophy, schizophrenia and chronic alcoholism) and controls are reported. The results indicate that the concentrations of these lipids are not uniform in the different lobes of both diseased and control brains. The concentrations of the cerebrosides and cerebroside sulphates were generally highest in the occipital lobe and lowest in the frontal lobe; ganglioside N‐acetymeuraminic acid (NANA) concentrations on the other hand were lowest in the occipital lobe and highest in the frontal lobe. About one‐half of the total NANA was found in the lipid‐free residues.

There was a general decrease in the concentrations of the glycolipids in the grey matter from the frontal, temporal and hippocampal lobes of brain obtained from patients with neurological diseases (the chronic alcoholic being excluded) below the control values from patients with no known neurological diseases. The cholesterol concentrations in the schizophrenic and alcoholic brains were reduced slightly in all the lobes studied. The general decrease in the glycolipid concentration in the diseased brain may indicate the extent of cortical degeneration.
EFFECT OF HYPOTHYROIDISM ON IONIC METABOLISM AND Na‐K ACTIVATED ATP PHOSPHOHYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Valcana Theony , Timiras Paola S.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

The effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on electrolyte contents and the Na+ and K+ activated ATPase system was studied in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of the developing rat. Neonatal hypothyroidism increased Na+ and CI− contents and decreased K+ and Mg2+ contents in both brain areas. Hypothyroidism also resulted in a decrease in the specific activity of the Na‐K ATPase extracted by deoxycholate treatment from brain homogenate as well as in the specific activity of this enzyme in the heavy microsomal fraction. The decrease in Mg2+ content and ATPase activity is discussed in relation to the changes occurring in Na+ and K+. Both enzymic and ionic changes may underlie the biochemical and physiological abnormalities observed when the brain is deprived of thyroxine at critical stages of its development.
METABOLISM OF THE ETHANOLAMINE PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES OF MOUSE BRAIN MYELIN AND MICROSOMES1
Authors: Horrocks L. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Three groups of six mice each were killed 1, 4 and 7 days after an intracerebral injection of [1,2‐14C]ethanolamine. The specific radioactivities of the acid‐labile ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (ethanolamine plasmalogens) and of the acid‐stable ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (diacyl and alkyl acyl glycerophosphoryletholamines) from myelin and microsomal fractions were determined. All of these brain ethanolamine phosphoglycerides turn over rapidly with an apparent half‐life of less than 3 days. The biosynthesis of alkenyl acyl glycerophosphorylethanolamines from diacyl glycerophosphorylethanolamines in mouse brain myelin or microsomes is unlikely.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ISOLATED HUMAN BRAIN GANGLIOSIDE COMPONENTS1
Authors: Pascal Theresa A. , Saifer A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Gangliosides G1 to G5 were isolated from human brain by means of TLC and tested with respect to their specificity to antisera against normal brain and Tay‐Sachs brain gangliosides by agar double diffusion analysis. Gangliosides G2 and G4 gave precipitation reactions with antisera to normal human gangliosides (NHG) while only ganglioside G6 reacted with antisera to Tay‐Sachs gangliosides (TSG). Additional specificity information was also obtained by use of the enzyme neuraminidase for the removal of specific sialic acid (NANA) residues. It was concluded from these data that the specificity of the anti‐NHG antibodies is determined by the presence of a galactose (β1, 3) N‐acetyl galactos‐amine–while that of anti‐TSG antibodies is due to a N‐acetyl galactosamine (β1, 4) galactose‐end sequence. By means of natural compounds of known structure it was found that both the sequence of carbohydrate residues and position of NANA residues in the molecule played a critical role in the formation of precipitation bands with NHG‐antisera. This information was utilized to distinguish one isomeric form of disialoganglioside from another, i.e. G2 from G3 and to confirm the structure of the trisialoganglioside, G1. The immunochemical method appears to be a useful one for elucidating structural differences in ganglioside molecules.
ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE HIGHLY BASIC PROTEINS OF THE RAT BRAIN FRACTION WHICH INDUCES EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Martenson R. E. , Gaitonde M. K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A purified basic protein fraction of adult rat brain when injected into guinea pigs induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The freeze‐dried preparations were subjected to electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gel at pH 10.6 in the presence of 8 m‐urea to obtain one‐step separation of highly basic proteins from other proteins. Under these conditions the highly basic proteins whose isoelectric point exceeded pH 10.0 gave seven distinct components. After staining these protein bands with naphthalene black 10B they were scanned densitometrically: the area under each peak was computed and used for calculation of the amounts of individual basic proteins. The acid extracts of rat brain contained 2.61–3.95 mg highly basic proteins/g fresh tissue.

A comparison of the electrophoretic patterns of acid extracts of rat brain and liver showed that two of the highly basic proteins (components 1 and 2) were present only in the brain and not in the liver. These two components in the brain were attributed to proteins of the myelin sheath.
STUDIES ON PHOSPHORYLASE b KINASE FROM NEUTRAL TISSUES1
Authors: Drummond G. I , Bellward Gail
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Phosphorylase b kinase (ATP: phosphorylase phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.38), the enzyme which converts phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a (α‐1,4‐glucan: orthophosphate glucosyltransferase; EC2.4.1.1) was examined in nerve tissue. Both phosphorylase and phosphorylase kinase were present in all nerve tissues tested, with central tissues about ten times as active as peripheral nerve. Exceptions were the superior cervical and stellate ganglia, tissues rich in synapses, which displayed activity similar to brain. Phosphorylase kinase in brain had properties similar to those of the enzyme in skeletal and cardiac muscle; it was activated in vitro by ATP and adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and by Ca2+. Subconvulsive doses of insulin or of amphetamine administered to mice produced some activation of the enzyme. It is concluded that the mechanism for activation of phosphorylase in nerve tissue is similar to that in muscle.
2′,3′‐CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE 3′‐PHOSPHOHYDROLASE IN BRAINS OF MUTANT MICE WITH DEFICIENT MYELINATION
Authors: Kurihara T. , Nussbaum J. L. , Mandel P.
Published: October 2006

—The brains of Jimpy and Quaking mice were compared with those of the corresponding normal controls during the course of development. The activity of 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphohydrolase (CNP) was found to be markedly reduced in the affected animals. The reduction in the Jimpy mice was greater than in the Quaking mice. The activity of CNP seems to be proportional to that of myelin in the mutant mice. A similar reduction was found in spinal cords of the mutant mice, but there was no difference in CNP activity between the sciatic nerves of the mutant mice and those of the corresponding normal controls.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS OF THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN: AN IN VIVO STUDY1
Authors: Johnson D. E. , Sellinger O. Z.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— A technique for the isolation of pure neuronal perikarya and intact glial cells from cerebral cortex has been developed for routine use. The yield of neuronal perikarya and glial cells was greater from highly immature (5–10 days) rat cerebral cortex than from the cortex of older rats (18–43 days). The perikarya/glia yield ratio decreased with age indicating that, as the glial population matured, the procedure succeeded in isolating a gradually smaller proportion of the existing neurons. The perikarya/glia ratio was highest for the 5‐day‐old cortex in which no mature glial cells could be identified.

After a 10‐min pulse in vivo of intrathecally injected [14C]phenylalanine, the specific radioactivity of the neuronal proteins was higher than that of the glial proteins in the 5‐, 10‐ and 18‐day‐old rat but was lower in the 43‐day‐old rat. The values for absolute specific radioactivity of the 14C‐labelled proteins in both cell types were greater, the younger the brain. The 14C‐labelling of neuronal and glial proteins in the 18‐day‐old rat was assessed in vivo as a function of time by determining the incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into such proteins at 5, 10, 20 and 45 min after administration of the amino acid. The rate of incorporation of [14C]phenylalanine into the glial cells was faster than into the neurons since higher specific radioactivities of the glial proteins could be achieved at earlier times. Also, a biphasic pattern of 14C‐labelling of the glial proteins was noted, suggesting, perhaps, a sequential involvement of the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.

Homogenates of prelabelled neuronal perikarya were fractionated into the nuclear, mitochondrial microsomal and soluble cell sap fractions. In the 18‐day‐old cerebral cortex, the proteins of the microsomal fraction exhibited the highest specific radioactivity at the end of 10 min, whereas by 20 min proteins of the mitochondrial fraction were most highly labelled. The specific radioactivity of the nuclear proteins increased over the entire 45‐min experimental period. On the contrary, the proteins of the soluble cell sap, in which the specific radioactivity was at all times by far the lowest, were maximally labelled by 5 min. Examination of the labelling of the neuronal subcellular fractions as a function of age revealed that at 10 min after administration of [14C]phenylalanine, the specific radioactivities of all 14C‐labelled proteins were highest in the youngest (5‐day‐old) neurons. The proteins of the microsomal fraction were most rapidly labelled at all ages. During this interval the proteins of the soluble cell sap were only moderately labelled in the 5‐day‐old neurons and were totally unlabelled in the 43‐day‐old neurons, indicating age‐dependent differences in the rate of utilization of the amino acid precursor by the neurons.
PYRIDOXINE DEFICIENCY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE RAT
Authors: Stephens M. C. , Havlicek V. , Dakshinamurti K.
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency was produced in rats during the period of development of the central nervous system. The levels of pyridoxal phosphate and y‐amino‐butyric acid in whole brains of these rats were determined, together with the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15) and γ‐aminobutyrate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19). The lowered contents of pyridoxal phosphate and γ‐aminobutyrate in the brains confirmed the existence of pyridoxine deficiency. The activity of the glutamate decarboxylase holo‐enzyme was decreased, whereas the activity of the apoenzyme was increased. However, there appeared to be no difference in the activity of γ‐aminobutyrate aminotransferase.

Concomitantly, some electrophysiological parameters, such as EEG and auditory evoked potentials, were analysed. The EEG of pyridoxine‐deficient animals showed spike activity, presumably indicative of the existence of seizures in many of the deficient rats. Evoked potentials presented abnormalities in their latency, wave form and response to repetitive stimuli, but the extent to which they were affected depended upon the intensity of the deficiency.
BRAIN ACYL‐COENZYME A HYDROLASE: DISTRIBUTION, PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES1
Authors: Anderson A. D. , Erwin V. G.
Published: October 2006

Rat brain acyl‐CoA hydrolase enzymes which hydrolyse C2, C4, C8 and C16 derivatives were localized primarily in the soluble, 144,000 g, supernatant fluid. With octanoyl‐CoA as substrate, long‐chain acyl‐CoA hydrolase activity was greater in the pons, medulla and midbrain than in the cerebral cortex and caudate nucleus. The long‐chain acyl‐CoA hydrolase enzyme was purified from bovine brain stems to a specific activity of 4‐61 n mol of palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolysed per min per mg protein. The Km values for palmitoyl‐CoA and octanoyl‐CoA were 5 μm and 14 μ/m, respectively. Activity of the enzyme was inhibited by bovine serum albumin and ρ‐chloromercuribenzoate. The partially purified enzyme protein was found to have approximately eight titratable sulphydryl residues per 105 g of protein. Studies of the molecular weight of the enzyme indicated the presence of associated and dissociated forms with molecular weights of approximately 96,000 and 46,000 respectively.
EVIDENCE FOR THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF INORGANIC POLYPHOSPHATES IN VERTEBRATE TISSUES
Authors: Gabel N. W. , Thomas Virginia
Published: October 2006

Evidence for the occurrence of polyphosphates having apparent chain‐lengths ranging from less than 10 to over 5000 orthophosphate units has been found in adult brain as well as in a number of other mammalian tissues which have been examined. There appears to be three times as much polyphosphate in rat brain as there is in rat liver. Adult rat brain appears to contain at least 15 μg of phosphorus as polyphosphate per g of fresh tissue. In addition, neural polyphosphate is extremely labile to catabolic degradation after death whereas hepatic polyphosphate is relatively more stable. The nature of this inorganic polymer was elucidated through use of the technique of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Further structural evidence was obtained by application of the isotopic dilution technique to 32P‐labelled neural polyphosphate mixed with an abiotically prepared inorganic polyphosphate. The conditions and rates of hydrolysis of the biological polyphosphate and a non‐biological polyphosphate were comparable.
THE BINDING OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TO MEMBRANE LIPIDS: SPHINGOLIPIDS, STEROIDS AND FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Simpson L. L. , Rapport M. M.
Published: October 2006

A number of lipids known to be constituents of nerve‐ending membranes were tested for their ability to inactivate botulinum toxin. Inactivation of the toxin by a lipid was taken as presumptive evidence that the lipid might be the in vivo receptor for the toxin. Several sphingolipids (sphingosine, galactosylceramide, glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, cytolipin K and cytolipin R), steroids (cholesterol and deoxycholic acid) and fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, prostaglandin E1) did not affect the potency of botulinum toxin, and thus were discounted as potential toxin receptors. However, the gangliosides did inactivate botulinum toxin rapidly (in less than 5 min), within a temperature range of 2°‐40°C, and at ionic strengths of 0.05‐0.40. Inactivation diminished as pH fell below 6. The activity of gangliosides in suppressing the potency of botulinum toxin was a function of the number of sialic acid residues in the lipid. Thus, the data suggest that a molecule containing sialic acid may be the receptor for the toxin.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AN NADH‐LINKED ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE FROM BOVINE BRAIN1
Authors: Erwin V. Gene , Heston W. D. W. , Tabakoff B.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The presence of a nonspecific NADH‐linked aldehyde reductase was demonstrated in various regions of bovine brain in vitro. With m‐nitrobenzaldehyde as substrate, the rate of NADH oxidation was approximately 4 nmol.min‐1.(mg of protein)‐1 in the cerebellum, pons and medulla; but somewhat lower rates [2–3 nmol.min‐1.(mg of protein)‐l] were obtained in the other areas of the brain examined. The enzyme was localized primarily in the soluble, supernatant fraction of rat brain homogenates.

The enzyme from the supernatant fluid fraction of bovine brain was purified approximately 350‐fold by ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on calcium phosphate‐gel, DEAE‐cellulose and Sephadex G200 columns. The partially purified enzyme catalysed the reduction of a number of aldehydes, including substituted benzaldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes of intermediate chain lengths. Short chain aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, were not reduced by the enzyme and butyraldehyde was a poor substrate. With m‐nitrobenzaldehyde as substrate, NADH was oxidized at an approximately 10‐fold faster rate than NADPH. The pH optimum for the enzyme was 6.75 for aldehyde reduction, whereas the rate of oxidation of m‐nitrobenzylalcohol was optimal at pH 10.0 with NAD as the co‐substrate. Km and K3 values ranged from 10 μM to 10 mM for various aldehydes and from 10 to 30 μM for the cofactors.

Oxidation of NADH by the partially purified enzyme was not inhibited by 10m pyrazole or by 1 mM phenobarbital. However, the enzyme activity was inhibited by approximately 60 percent by 1 mM chlorpromazine or by 5 mM 1,10‐orthophenanthroline. Our data demonstrate that the enzyme is not only separable from the NADPH‐linked aldehyde reductase described previously by TABAKOFF and ERWIN, but also is quite different in substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity from the ‘classical’, pyrazole‐sensitive, NAD‐ linked alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1).
CHARACTERIZATION OF ACIDIC PROTEINS IN CELL ACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS NUCLEI FROM RAT BRAIN BY HIGH‐RESOLUTION1
Authors: Davis R. H. , Copenhaver J. H. , Carver M. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Acidic proteins from cell nuclei of rat brain were evaluated by gel electrophoresis. By the use of a gel containing a high ratio of bis‐acrylamide to acrylamide, 31 bands were demonstrated for this protein fraction. Gels without the high concentration of copolymer lacked the resolving power to separate these proteins. Because the number of bands present in the acidic protein fraction is greater than the number of histones present in cell nuclei, the suggestion that the acidic proteins play a role in genetic regulation seems reasonable.
METAL CHELATES IN THE STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS: FORMATION OF MIXED LIGAND CHELATES OF Mg2+‐ATP WITH BIOGENIC AMINES1,2
Authors: Rajan K. S. , Davis J. M. , Colburn R. W. , Jarke F. H.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Quantitative studies on the interactions of adenosine‐triphosphate and several biogenic amines with magnesium ion have been carried out in an attempt to correlate the thermodynamic stabilities of the metal‐binding of the amines with the in vivo affinities of the amines for granule‐binding. Equilibrium data indicate that in each of the ternary chelate systems (viz. Mg2+‐ATP‐amine), the predominant reaction in the pH range 3.0–7.0 is the formation of a magnesium‐ATP chelate with a stability constant, log KML=3.22 ± 0.02. Each of the biogenic amines coordinates with Mg2+‐ATP system in the pH range 7.0–10.5 to form the mixed ligand chelate (or ternary chelate), Mg2+‐ATP‐amine(1:1:1). The stability constants for the binding of the amines with Mg2+‐ATP are: (i) norepinephrine (NE) = 2.34 ± 0.32; (ii) epinephrine (E) = 2.95 ± 0.08; (iii) dopamine (DA) = 3.05 ± 0.06; (iv) octopamine (OA) = 1.93 ± 0.12; (v) 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐HDA) = 2.42 ± 0.14; (vi) 3‐methoxynorephedrine (MeN) =2.76 ± 0.09; (vii) amphetamine (AA) =2.09 ± 0.05; (viii) tyramine (TA) = 2.60 ± 0.04; (ix) phenylethylamine (PEA) = 0.

A general correlation is indicated between the stability constants (binding strengths) of the amine chelates and the metal‐binding functionalities of the amines on the one hand and their vesicular binding characteristics in in vivo systems on the other (Carlsson and Waldeck, 1966). The Mg2+‐ATP‐dependant amine storage mechanism of KIRSHNER (1962a;b) and Carlsson, Hillårp and Waldeck (1963) is discussed both in the light of the data on metal chelate stability and of a significant modification of metal coordination hypothesis.
SOME EFFECTS OF DIETARY VITAMIN B6 DEFICIENCY ON γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID METABOLISM IN DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN
Authors: Bayoumi R. A. , Smith W. R. D.
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Severe vitamin B6 deficiency induced in pregnant rats during the last 2 weeks of gestation resulted in a reduction of brain weight in the new born rat. This indicates that the foetus was affected in utero. However, no significant changes were observed in other measured parameters in brains of the neonates at birth. Subjecting these neonates to vitamin B6 deficiency during lactation severely retarded the development of their body and brain weights. There is evidence to suggest that B6 deficiency also leads to increased levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase apoenzyme, although the in vivo activity of the enzyme appears to be reduced as a result of marked reduction in coenzyme saturation. The level of γ‐aminobutyric acid transaminase apoenzyme was reduced. Its coenzyme saturation was also reduced, but the level of reduction was less than with the decarboxylase. The progressive increase in whole brain γ‐aminobutyric acid level was also retarded by the deficiency. Five days after administration of pyridoxine hydrochloride to 2‐week‐old deficient neonates, whole brain γ‐aminobutyric acid levels and the activities of whole brain glutamic acid decarboxylase and γ‐aminobutyric acid transaminase were almost restored to normal. However, brain and body weight showed a slow recovery during the same period. It was found that in the recovering neonates both enzymes follow changes in age rather than changes in brain weight.
LIPID DEFICIENCY IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF LANDRACE PIGLETS AFFECTED WITH CONGENITAL TREMOR AIII, A FORM OF CEREBROSPINAL HYPOMYELINOGENESIS
Authors: Patterson D. S. P. , Sweasey D. , Harding J. D. J.
Published: October 2006

—Congenital tremor, type AIII, is characterized by partial agenesis of the white matter of the CNS affecting mainly the spinal cord. The percentage water content of the fresh cord is consistently higher than normal and other parts of the CNS are sporadically affected. The total lipid content (mg/g fresh tissue) is markedly decreased in the cord but brain stem and cerebellum are less severely deficient; the cerebrum is barely deficient. Total amounts of cholesterol, cerebroside and phospholipid (mmol/part) are significantly reduced predominantly in cerebellum, brain stem and cord. Total DNA and protein contents are decreased to a significant extent only in spinal cord. Broadly similar lipid changes are found in fixed tissues. The data are consistent with sub‐normal myelination, associated with a deficiency of oligodendrocytes.