bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential genotoxicity of sediments from the Great Lakes
Authors: Johnson B. Thomas
Published: October 2006

Thirty‐eight organic extracts of sediment samples collected from 28 sites in three Great Lakes priority areas (Grand Calumet River, Buffalo River, and Saginaw River) were evaluated with the new activated Mutatox Genotoxicity Assay. This in vitro procaryotic assay used rat hepatic S9 for exogenous metabolic activation and a dark mutant strain of the luminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum for detection of environmental DNA‐damaging substances (genotoxins). A genotoxic response was indicated when the test chemical restored the luminescent state in bacteria; the degree of light increase identified the relative genotoxicity of the sample. Within the three priority areas sampled, 27 sites showed evidence of genotoxins, 23 of 28 sites (82%) were designated genotoxic; 4 were suspect (14%), and 1 was negative (3%). Assay sensitivity to known progenotoxins arylamines (2‐aminoanthracene and 2‐aminofluorene) and polycyclic arylhydrocarbons [benzo(α)pyrene and pyrene] in complex sediment mixtures was ⩾1 μg per cuvette. The activated Mutatox Assay was a sensitive, specific, predictive, and short‐term test for detecting the presence of genotoxins in complex environmental sediments.
IN THIS ISSUE
Authors: MORGAN CRAIG
Published: October 2006

This issue contains two reviews, one on the findings from high-risk studies of schizophrenia, and one comparing two psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Other sets of papers examine various aspects of PTSD, psychosis, personality disorder, and common mental disorders, and four individual papers examine a variety of topics.
Preventing genocide: the role of the church
Authors: Vorster Nico
Published: October 2006

Recent events in Sudan reiterate the fact that genocide is still a real threat in the modern age, despite important developments in international law. The aim of this article is to discuss ways in which churches can help to prevent genocide. The central theoretical argument is that military and legal preventative measures cannot address the underlying causes of genocide. Social factors that usually contribute to genocidal behaviour are difficult living conditions, nationalism, ethnocentrism, collectivism, authoritarianism, a culture of impunity and the distortion of morality. The most effective way to prevent genocide is to change the moral fabric of genocidal societies by fostering caring societies that emphasize individual moral responsibility, respect for life and the universal dignity of all human beings. As a moral institution the church can play an important role in changing the moral habits of societies. Churches must not compromise themselves by seeking political power or serving secular ideologies. The Bible must be interpreted in a responsible way that does justice to the message of the gospel. Churches must also foster individual moral responsibility; proclaim reconciliation, justice and peace; try to be active bystanders in conflict situations; address difficult life conditions and promote respect for life.
Francis Watson, Paul and the Hermeneutics of Faith
Authors: Martyn J. Louis
Published: October 2006

Francis Watson has written a stunning book, bringing to us a remarkable confluence of wissenschaftlich control and interpretive imagination, a combination vigorously to be applauded. There are stretches of genuine exegesis in which ancient texts are read patiently and faithfully, whether drawn from Genesis or Ben Sira or 2 Corinthians. These carefully crafted exegetical probes are accompanied by theological analysis in which Watson listens with an imaginative ear, exploring, for example, the relations between scriptural interpretation and issues of divine and human agency. And, as though these two factors were not enough, far from being a shrinking violet, Watson has drawn from the exegesis and the imaginative listening an extraordinarily bold thesis, to which I will return. As detail is not here sacrificed to synthesis, so synthesis is not a substitute for analytical detail.
Once more a Lutheran Paul? Francis Watson, Paul and the Hermeneutics of Faith
Authors: Engberg-Pedersen Troels
Published: October 2006

Paul's ‘view of the law’ is his reading of a text – the composite text comprising the five books from Genesis to Deuteronomy. His ‘theology of justification’ is a scriptural hermeneutic, antithetical in form and itself constructed from selected scriptural texts, which aims to show how the true meaning of scripture is its testimony to God's unconditional saving action, now realized in Christ. The dynamic of Pauline scriptural interpretation comes most clearly to light within the context of other contemporary readings of the same scriptural texts. Through their common concern with the interpretation of scripture, Pauline and non-Pauline writings constitute a single intertextual field, rather than indicating an immediate ‘parting of the ways’ between two monolithic entities labelled ‘Christianity’ and ‘Judaism’.
A response from Francis Watson
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: October 2006

It is an honour and a pleasure to respond to the comments of J. Louis Martyn and Troels Engberg-Pedersen. Both of them have read my book with care, and have presented many of its central emphases with clarity and insight. The questions they raise are pertinent ones – as one would expect from the authors of two of the most interesting and innovative works of Pauline scholarship to have been published in recent years. I refer to Martyn's commentary on Galatians and Engberg-Pedersen's Paul and the Stoics – both, in their different ways, the kind of ground-breaking work that keeps the field of Pauline studies from succumbing entirely to an endless rehearsal of already familiar positions. I also note in passing that my two reviewers probably differ more sharply from each other than either of them does from me. It is not easy to harmonise Martyn's apocalyptic Paul with Engberg-Pedersen's Stoic one, and the difference tends to focus on issues of divine agency which recur in their responses to my own work.
Plasma Free Carnitine Levels in 0–12-Month-Old Infants in Relation to Feeding Styles
Authors: Hizel Selda , Kiliç Fatma Kaya , Sanli Cihat , Coskun Turgay , Önal Saniye
Published: October 2006

This study was planned to determine the blood carnitine levels of children aged 0–1 year in Kırıkkale. Blood samples were taken on Guthrie cards and plasma free carnitine levels were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. The mean free carnitine level was 25.12 ± 10.1 μmol/L (10.1–49.5 μmol/L). To assess the plasma free carnitine levels according to feeding style, babies were grouped as exclusively breastfed (n = 67, 49.3%), artificially fed (n = 24, 17.7%), and mixed fed (n = 45, 33%). The exclusively breastfed infants displayed the lowest free carnitine levels (p < 0.05). However, when this was analyzed in accordance with age, no significant change was observed in plasma free carnitine levels according to feeding style. Results of this study are important as they reveal an indication about the normal values of plasma free carnitine in Turkish infants and their relationship to feeding styles.
Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Concentrated Pomegranate Juice Consumption in Type II Diabetic Patients with Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Esmaillzadeh Ahmad , Tahbaz Farideh , Gaieni Iraj , Alavi-Majd Hamid , Azadbakht Leila
Published: October 2006

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of concentrated pomegranate juice consumption on lipid profiles of type II diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol or triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dL). In this pilot study 22 diabetic patients were recruited from the Iranian Diabetes Society. They were free of any other chronic diseases. The patients were followed for eight weeks to obtain more detailed data about their diet before concentrated pomegranate juice (CPJ) consumption period began. In this pre-study period a 24-hour food recall and a food record (containing flavonoid-rich foodstuffs) were completed every ten days. At the end of the eighth week, anthropometric and biochemical assessments were done. Thereafter the patients consumed 40 g CPJ for eight weeks. During this period, dietary assessment was continued. After completion of the study anthropometric and blood indices were evaluated again. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis. P-value was considered significant at p < 0.05. There were 14 women (63.6%) and 8 men (36.4%) in this survey. Mean (± SD) of age, weight, and duration of diabetes were 52.5 (± 5.2) years, 71.5 (± 10.3) kg, and 7.9 (± 6.6) years, respectively. After consumption of concentrated pomegranate juice significant reductions were seen in total cholesterol (p < 0.006), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) (p < 0.006), LDL-c/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) (p < 0.001), and total cholesterol/HDL-c (p < 0.001). However there were no significant changes in serum triacylglycerol and HDL-c concentrations. Anthropometric indices, physical activity level, types and doses of oral hypoglycemic agents, and the intake of nutrients and flavonoid-rich foodstuffs did not change during the CPJ consumption period. It is concluded that CPJ consumption could modify heart disease risk factors in these hyperlipidemic patients. Therefore, its inclusion in their diets may be beneficial.
A dimensionless vent number characterizing the thermal impact of fluid discharge through planar and cylindrical vents with particular application to seafloor gas vents crystallizing hydrate
Authors: Cathles Lawrence M. , Chen Duo Fu , Nicholson Benjamin F.
Published: October 2006

A dimensionless vent number is derived that characterizes the axial temperature changes caused by vertical heat advection in vent zones of planar or cylindrical shape and horizontal dimensions of meters to hundreds of meters or more. The vent number, Nv, depends on the depth extent and width of the vent zone and the rate and duration of venting and is applicable to many common geologic situations such as mud and salt diapirism and gas venting. It provides an easy way to estimate the thermal consequences of venting in cases where the geometry of the vent and its rate and duration of discharge can be estimated. Temperature perturbations are minimal for Nv < 0.1. For Nv > 2 the temperature profile along the vent zone axis follows the one‐dimensional steady state advection profile and horizontal heat losses are negligible. Use of vent numbers is illustrated by assessing the thermal impact of gas venting at the Bush Hill hydrate mound offshore Louisiana. The analysis shows that the temperature perturbations expected from the gas venting there are very small and that any subsurface temperature increase in the area was likely caused by the mud diapirism that preceded the gas venting. The subsurface should be cooling and hydrate crystallizing to progressively greater depths during the ensuing period of gas venting. These conclusions are not obvious but are easily reached using vent numbers.
A study of the seismic noise from its long‐range correlation properties
Authors: Stehly L. , Campillo M. , Shapiro N. M.
Published: October 2006

We study the origin of the background seismic noise averaged over long time by cross correlating of the vertical component of motion, which were first normalized by 1‐bit coding. We use 1 year of recording at several stations of networks located in North America, western Europe, and Tanzania. We measure normalized amplitudes of Rayleigh waves reconstructed from correlation for all available station to station paths within the networks for positive and negative correlation times to determine the seasonally averaged azimuthal distribution of normalized background energy flow (NBEF) through the networks. We perform the analysis for the two spectral bands corresponding to the primary (10–20 s) and secondary (5–10 s) microseism and also for the 20–40 s band. The direction of the NBEF for the strongest spectral peak between 5 and 10 s is found to be very stable in time with signal mostly coming from the coastline, confirming that the secondary microseism is generated by the nonlinear interaction of the ocean swell with the coast. At the same time, the NBEF in the band of the primary microseism (10–20 s) has a very clear seasonal variability very similar to the behavior of the long‐period (20–40 s) noise. This suggests that contrary to the secondary microseism, the primary microseism is not produced by a direct effect of the swell incident on coastlines but rather by the same process that generates the longer‐period noise. By simultaneously analyzing networks in California, eastern United States, Europe, and Tanzania we are able to identify main source regions of the 10–20 s noise. They are located in the northern Atlantic and in the northern Pacific during the winter and in the Indian Ocean and in southern Pacific during the summer. These distributions of sources share a great similarity with the map of average ocean wave height map obtained by TOPEX‐Poseidon. This suggests that the seismic noise for periods larger than 10 s is clearly related to ocean wave activity in deep water. The mechanism of its generation is likely to be similar to the one proposed for larger periods, namely, infragravity ocean waves.
Did the last sea level lowstand always lead to cross‐shelf valley formation and source‐to‐sink sediment flux?
Authors: Törnqvist Torbjörn E. , Wortman Santina R. , Mateo Zenon Richard P. , Milne Glenn A. , Swenson John B.
Published: October 2006

It is commonly believed that the efficiency of sediment flux from continents to oceans is maximized during relative sea level (RSL) lowstands by means of cross‐shelf valleys that are directly connected to the continental slope and deep marine environment. While such conditions have been documented for the last RSL lowstand along several continental margins, there is increasing evidence that radically different conditions persisted during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) elsewhere, with lowstand shorelines that remained on the continental shelf. Here we analyze the relationship between the LGM (21 ka) shoreline and the shelf edge for the Gulf of Mexico off the United States and the Bay of Biscay off France. A geophysical model is used to compute shoreline positions corrected for isostatic movements, and the shelf edge position is quantified by means of curvature. The conditions in the two study areas differed markedly: throughout the Gulf of Mexico study area, LGM sea level dropped to a point commonly ∼40 m below the shelf edge, consistent with conventional sequence stratigraphic models, while in the Bay of Biscay the modeled LGM shoreline remained well landward of the shelf edge, in places separated by hundreds of kilometers. These observations hint at potentially significant implications for (1) the source‐to‐sink sediment flux from continents to oceans and its variation in time and space, (2) sequence stratigraphic models that predict deep marine sedimentation as being particularly prominent during RSL lowstands, and (3) the occurrence of paleovalleys and related features on the continental shelf. In addition, our findings raise fundamental questions about the mechanics of shelf edge formation.
Indian Ocean Dipole index recorded in Kenyan coral annual density bands
Authors: Kayanne Hajime , Iijima Hiroko , Nakamura Nobuko , McClanahan Timothy R. , Behera Swadhin , Yamagata Toshio
Published: October 2006

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which governs climate variability not only over the Indian Ocean but also globally, produces precipitation anomalies in the East African short rain period from October to November. These precipitation anomalies were recorded in annual bands from a coral core obtained in the Malindi Marine Park, Kenya. A signature of the IOD in precipitation was detected in the coral core by luminescence intensity under UV light and by oxygen isotope values dated to January, a few months after the short rain period. Anomalies of the oxygen isotope values correlated well with high and low precipitation, which were related to positive and negative IOD indices, respectively. This study suggests that the coral annual band record is effective for reconstructing IOD events and should be able to reconstruct the IOD record prior to instrumental observations.
A comparison of interpolated NCEP (I‐NCEP) rainfall with high‐resolution satellite observations
Authors: Goswami P. , Ramesh K. V.
Published: October 2006

Large‐scale long‐period analyses like NCEP reanalysis have become invaluable for generating robust statistics for model validation and carrying out comprehensive diagnostics. While three strong features of these analyses are their availability for a long period with daily temporal resolution and global coverage, they suffer from coarse spatial resolution and strong model inputs, especially for variables like rainfall. This work evaluates daily NCEP rainfall as a high‐resolution analysis through comparison with high‐resolution rainfall based on satellite and GTS gauge observations. We use daily composite rainfalls over the Indian summer monsoon domain for the period 2001–2005 from satellite observations available at 10‐km resolution and 10‐km interpolated NCEP rainfall (I‐NCEP). Comparison of observed and I‐NCEP rainfall, in terms of parameters like correlation coefficient and phase synchronization, shows that the I‐NCEP rainfall provides a good representation of high‐resolution observations even at mesoscales and provides a good long‐period, high‐resolution data set for model validation and evaluation.
Proximity soundings of thundersnow in the central United States
Authors: Market Patrick S. , Oravetz Angela M. , Gaede David , Bookbinder Evan , Lupo Anthony R. , Melick Christopher J. , Smith Larry L. , Thomas Rashida , Redburn Rachel , Pettegrew Brian P. , Becker Amy E.
Published: October 2006

Proximity balloon soundings for snow events with lightning and thunder during the period 1961 through 1990 reveal a less statically stable environment than similar nonthundering snow events. When thundersnow is present, a less stable environment (and in some cases subsequent upright convection) is found aloft in all of the thundering cases examined here; all of the events feature their most unstable parcel originating above a frontal inversion. In fact, only events in the cold air north of an extratropical cyclone are included in this study. Events with a lake effect or orographic enhancement are eliminated from the sample. The basic composite derived by averaging temperatures at an established interval reveals a nearly saturated lower atmosphere, below 0°C throughout its depth, with the frontal inversion present and its most unstable parcel occurring just above the top of the inversion. The feature‐preserving composite approach of R. A. Brown (1993) better defines the frontal inversion bottom and top as well as the level and temperature of the most unstable parcel; these are the features in need of preservation, and a less statically stable environment emerges by doing so. Other salient features include the most unstable parcel originating some 30–50 mbar above the top of the frontal inversion and significant drying ∼100 mbar above the level of the most unstable parcel. The bulk sounding characteristics also favor the existence of lightning. The composite temperature at the level of the most unstable parcel is −8.7°C, which allows for enhanced amounts of supercooled water to enter any updraft that may form. The temperature of the most unstable parcel at its origin is also warmer than the charge reversal temperature; therefore convection of any appreciable depth will span that level. Moreover, the height of the composited −10°C level is 2959 m above ground level, which previous investigators have shown is sufficiently high to favor lightning production. Yet no convective available potential energy (CAPE) appears with either composite approach, which concurs with previous studies. While several of the composite members feature CAPE for elevated layers, the majority do not, suggesting that other processes (e.g., the release of symmetric instability), which are difficult to assess from a single sounding, tend to be at work.
Different roles of P1 and P2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomal stalk proteins revealed by cross‐linking
Authors: Qiu Deyi , Parada Pilar , Marcos Alberto García , Cárdenas David , Remacha Miguel , Ballesta Juan P. G.
Published: October 2006

The stalk is an essential domain of the large ribosomal subunit formed by a complex of a set of very acidic proteins bound to a core rRNA binding component. While in prokaryotes there is only one type acidic protein, L7/12, two protein families are found in eukaryotes, phosphoproteins P1 and P2, which presumably have different roles. To search for differences zero‐length cross‐linking by S‐S bridge formation was applied using Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant P1 and P2 proteins carrying single cysteine residues at various positions. The results show a more exposed location of the N‐terminal domain of the P2 proteins, which in contrast to P1, can be found as dimers when the Cys is introduced in this domain. Similarly, the Cys containing C‐terminal domain of mutant P2 proteins shows a notable capacity to form cross‐links with other proteins, which is considerably lower in the P1 type. On the other hand, mutation at the conserved C‐domain of protein P0, the eukaryotic stalk rRNA binding component, results in removal of about 14 terminal amino acids. Protein P2, but not P1, protects mutant P0 from this truncation. These results support a eukaryotic stalk structure in which P1 proteins are internally located with their C‐terminals having a restricted reactivity while P2 proteins are more external and accessible to interact with other cellular components.
Identification of the core transmembrane complex of the Legionella Dot/Icm type IV secretion system
Authors: Vincent Carr D. , Friedman Jonathan R. , Jeong Kwang Cheol , Buford Emily C. , Miller Jennifer L. , Vogel Joseph P.
Published: October 2006

Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) are utilized by a wide range of Gram negative bacteria to deliver protein and DNA substrates to recipient cells. The best characterized T4SS are the type IVA systems, which exhibit extensive similarity to the Agrobacterium VirB T4SS. In contrast, type IVB secretion systems share almost no sequence homology to the type IVA systems, are composed of approximately twice as many proteins, and remain largely uncharacterized. Type IVB systems include the Dot/Icm systems found in the pathogens Legionella and Coxiella and the conjugative apparatus of IncI plasmids. Here we report the first extensive characterization of a type IVB system, the Legionella Dot/Icm secretion apparatus. Based on biochemical and genetic analysis, we discerned the existence of a critical five‐protein subassembly that spans both bacterial membranes and comprises the core of the secretion complex. This transmembrane connection is mediated by protein dimer pairs consisting of two inner membrane proteins, DotF and DotG, which are able to independently associate with DotH/DotC/DotD in the outer membrane. The Legionella core subcomplex appears to be functionally analogous to the Agrobacterium VirB7‐10 subcomplex, suggesting a remarkable conservation of the core subassembly in these evolutionarily distant type IV secretion machines.
Prevalence and phenotypic evaluation of Candida dubliniensis in pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidosis in a university hospital in Ankara
Authors: Us E. , Cengiz S.A.
Published: October 2006

Candida dubliniensis is very similar to Candida albicans in terms of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. As the hormonal milieu of the vagina during pregnancy, characterised by a lack of maternal cell‐mediated immunity, enhances Candida colonisation and serves as a risk factor for symptomatic expression, investigation into the isolation of C. dubliniensis in vaginal discharges of pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidosis was made. A total of 77 Candida isolates obtained from 60 patients positive for vulvovaginal candidosis collected from 218 pregnant women were investigated for C. dubliniensis subsistence. In total 41 Candida species phenotypically identified as C. albicans on the basis of a positive germ tube test and carbohydrate assimilation tests were screened for the presence of C. dubliniensis. Phenotypic tests for differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans, such as growth at 42 and 45 °C on Sabouraud dextrose agar, appearance on CHROMagar and colony morphology on Cornmeal–Tween‐80 agar and Staib agar were carried out. Only one strain (2.43%) was phenotypically identified as C. dubliniensis. According to our study, a combination of at least five phenotypic methods is necessary for an exact diagnosis of C. dubliniensis. Large‐scale studies of pregnant women are required to discover the aetiological importance of this yeast.
Antifungal drug susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans from clinical sources in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Bii Christine C. , Makimura Koichi , Abe Shigeru , Taguchi Haruhiko , Mugasia Olga M. , Revathi Gutura , Wamae Njeri C. , Kamiya Shigeru
Published: October 2006

The serotypes and mating types of 80 clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from Kenya were studied and subjected to broth microdilution susceptibility testing to amphotericin B (AMP), flucytosin, fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC) and miconazole (MCZ). The isolates included C. neoformans var. grubii– 75 of 80 (serotype A; 93.7%), C. neoformans var. neoformans– three of 80 (3.8%) and C. neoformans var. gattii– two (serotype B; 2.5%). Mating experiment confirmed all the isolates to be α‐mating type. Seventy‐eight (97.5%) of the isolates had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤0.5 μg ml−1 to AMP and at 1 μg ml−1, 100% of the isolates were inhibited. Flucytosin resistance was observed in 21% with MIC in which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90) of 64 μg ml−1. Only 23.8% of the strains were susceptible to FLC with 65% susceptible dose‐dependent (SDD) and 11.2% resistant. Itraconazole susceptibility was 61.3% while the rest were either SDD or resistant. The MIC90 for ITC and MCZ were 0.5 and 2 μg ml−1 respectively.

The study reports the serotypes, mating types and highlights the existence of azoles resistance in C. neoformans in Nairobi which calls for antifungal drug resistance surveillance as prophylactic use of FLC increases because of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Dose‐finding comparative study of 2 weeks of luliconazole cream treatment for tinea pedis – comparison between three groups (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%) by a multi‐center randomised double‐blind study
Authors: Watanabe Shinichi , Takahashi Hisashi , Nishikawa Takeji , Takiuchi Iwao , Higashi Nobuhiko , Nishimoto Katsutaro , Kagawa Saburo , Yamaguchi Hideyo , Ogawa Hideoki
Published: October 2006

Luliconazole is a newly developed imidazolyl antifungal agent. A randomised double‐blind comparative study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of 1% luliconazole cream (group A), 0.5% cream (group B) and 0.1% cream (group C), in tinea pedis (interdigital type and plantar type), when used once daily for 2 weeks. Follow‐ups were performed at 4 weeks after the end of topical treatment. A total of 241 patients were enrolled and 213 patients were evaluated for efficacy. Rates of improvement of skin lesions in the A, B and C groups assessed at week 4 were 90.5%, 91.0% and 95.8%, respectively. Rates of mycological cure (negative result of microscopy) in the A, B and C groups assessed at week 4 were 79.7%, 76.1%, 72.2% and at week 6 (at 4 weeks after the end of topical treatment) were 87.7%, 94%, 88.9%, respectively. For the mycological effect on tinea pedis of the interdigital type at 2 weeks, the negative conversion of fungi showed a concentration‐dependent relationship and indicated a difference in tendency statistically 81.1% (1%– treatment), 62.9% (0.5%– treatment), 58.3% (0.1%– treatment) (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.079) and there was a trend between three groups by Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel method (P = 0.038). The incidence of adverse events in which a causal relationship to this drug could not be ruled out was low (2.6%). All of the adverse events were mild in severity and insignificant clinically.
Multiple neonatal staphylococcal cold abscesses of the large folds
Authors: Huber F , Léauté‐Labrèze C , Lina G , Sarlangue J , Taïeb A , Boralevi F
Published: October 2006

Background  We describe three neonates who presented around the tenth day of life with multiple bilateral fluctuating cold abscesses situated in the lymph node areas, with secondary fistulation but without associated fever or general symptoms.

Results  In all cases, Staphylococcus aureus was found in the abscesses and the umbilicus with similar antibiograms. The evolution was good and the children remained in good health afterwards.

Conclusion  Disseminated neonatal staphylococcal infections with a benign evolution are not commonly described in the medical literature. Clinically, cold inflammatory abscesses of the large folds associated with omphalitis may correspond to either transient bacteriemia well controlled in an immunocompetent host or more likely a local contamination process.
Burow's grafts in the facial region
Authors: Cabeza‐Martínez R , Leis V , Campos M , De La Cueva P , Suárez R , Lázaro P
Published: October 2006

Background  Full‐thickness skin grafts are an important tissue source for reconstructive surgery. Burow's grafts are full‐thickness skin grafts that use adjacent lax skin as the donor site. This technique has also been referred to as island grafts, dog‐ear grafts or adjacent‐tissue skin grafts.

Objective  The objective was to describe the technique of Burow's grafts for reconstruction of facial defects taking account of its benefits and limitations.

Methods  The operative technique is simple: after a circular excision of the cutaneous lesion, we enlarged the excision line (towards one or both sides of the defect) following the relaxed tension lines. We created a secondary triangular defect by excising skin that is then used for the graft (as donor site). After adequate undermining, we proceeded to direct linear closure of this secondary defect. Finally, the graft was placed and sutured in the remaining defect.

Results  The proximity of the donor site provides an excellent tissue match because colour, hair density, texture, sebaceous features and thickness are similar to the recipient site. A good cosmetic result is therefore ensured.

Conclusion  Burow's grafts can be a good choice for reconstruction of extensive facial surgical defects because of aesthetic results. In addition, it is a simple technique that can be performed in one sole surgical act, with local anaesthesia and without changing the operative site.
The prevalence of acne in the north of Portugal
Authors: Amado JM , Matos ME , Abreu AM , Loureiro L , Oliveira J , Verde A , Massa A
Published: October 2006

Background  Acne is a disease that affects almost all teenagers (60–90%), and it is the pathology exhibiting the highest morbidity in the 10–24 year‐olds age group. There are no consistent data at national level by which we can evaluate the preponderance of this pathology in the Portuguese population.

Objective  To estimate the prevalence of acne in teenage school students (10–12 year‐olds).

Study design  A study was carried out involving all 8 regions in the north of Portugal. One school per region was selected at random.

Results  As expected, the figure we obtained for the prevalence of this pathology was high (82.4%) with males being the most affected. Nevertheless, only 44% of the affected treated their acne, although the face is the part of the body most affected. In the females high androgenization (which is manifested by the presence of hair on the upper lip and on the side of the face) doubles the median of the degree of acne registered. Regional asymmetry was found in relation to information about the disorder. The degrees of acne are higher in schools in the interior. In the more rural areas, the pharmacist still plays an important role in prescribing treatment.

Conclusion  As a rule, individuals are correctly informed about acne, confirming that the search for treatment and awareness of its value are generally helping to gradually eliminate some of the stigmas from the past.
Medical savings accounts: opportunities for cost savings?
Authors: Zaric Gregory S. , Hoch Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2006

Interest in medical savings accounts (MSAs) as a potential tool to reduce healthcare costs has been widespread. A small number of countries have either implemented or run pilot programs of MSAs, and vigorous policy debates have taken place in several other countries about the potential merits of introducing MSAs as a method of paying for health care. In this paper we develop a model to assess the cost saving potential of MSAs in a publicly funded healthcare system. We assume that the public healthcare payer may choose between reimbursing healthcare expenditures through an MSA or through a form of third‐party payer insurance. We use the model to identify the conditions under which MSAs may reduce costs. We illustrate using data on healthcare expenditures from Canada.
Tight bounds for the identical parallel machine scheduling problem
Authors: Haouari Mohamed , Gharbi Anis , Jemmali Mahdi
Published: October 2006

We address the problem of minimizing makespan on identical parallel machines. We propose new lower bounding strategies and heuristics for this fundamental scheduling problem. The lower bounds are based on the so‐called lifting procedure. In addition, two optimization‐based heuristics are proposed. These heuristics require iteratively solving a subset‐sum problem. We present the results of computational experiments that provide strong evidence that the new proposed lower and upper bounds consistently outperform the best bounds from the literature.
Analytic network approach for selecting suppliers considering different cooperation patterns
Authors: Chen Sheu Hua , Lee Hong Tau
Published: October 2006

This paper aims to examine the weights of criteria and identify the choice of cooperation patterns simultaneously while evaluating and selecting suppliers for a manufacturing company. While the weighting process for the criteria is affected by the cooperation pattern that the company intends to pursue, the cooperation patterns are also affected by the emphasis on some specific criteria. The analytic network process that draws support from the concept of the Markov process is used to manipulate the interdependence situation. The decision‐maker becomes aware of the choice of cooperation patterns with the suppliers by analyzing the weighting process for the criteria in the supplier selection process. It is different from the general way of determining the cooperation pattern subjectively. This also gives the decision‐maker a chance to examine his previous decision. A numerical example has been used to verify the effectiveness of the approach. Although, in our example, only a single evaluator is involved in the evaluation process, the proposed approach is still applicable to the situation of multi‐evaluators provided that data have been preprocessed appropriately.
Discrete‐time spare ordering policy with randomized lead times and discounting
Authors: Giri B. C. , Dohi T. , Kaio N.
Published: October 2006

The paper considers a generalized discrete‐time order‐replacement model for a single unit system, which is subject to random failure when in operation. Two types of discrete randomized lead times are considered for a spare unit; one is for regular (preventive) order and another is for expedited (emergency) order. The model is formulated based on the discounted cost criterion. The underlying two‐dimensional optimization problem is reduced to a simple one‐dimensional one and then the optimal ordering policy for the spare unit is characterized under two extreme conditions: (i) unlimited inventory time and (ii) zero inventory time for the spare unit. A numerical example is used to determine the optimal spare‐ordering policy numerically and to examine the sensitivity of the model parameters.
Adsorption of Cytosine on a Mercury Electrode
Authors: Sieńko Dorota , Nieszporek Jolanta , Nieszporek Krzysztof , Gugała Dorota , Saba Jadwiga
Published: October 2006

The electrosorption behavior of cytosine at the mercury electrode/acetic buffer of pH 4 and 5 interfaces was determined from the double-layer differential capacity measurements extrapolated to zero frequency. Solutions of cytosine were prepared to cover the range from 1 × 10-4 to 6 × 10-3 mol dm-3. Adsorption of cytosine was described by the adsorption isotherms constants derived from the surface pressure data as a function of electrode charge density and bulk concentration. The obtained values of the relative surface excesses Γ′ were higher in the acetic buffer of pH 4 than of pH 5. Maximum of cytosine adsorption in the mentioned buffers was at -581 and -551 mV, respectively. The values of the standard Gibbs energy ∆G° obtained from the Frumkin isotherm were higher in the buffer of pH 4 than of pH 5. The values of the interaction parameter A indicated weaker repulsive interaction between adsorbed molecules of cytosine in the former buffer. The adsorption parameters obtained from the virial isotherm confirmed corresponding parameters obtained from the Frumkin isotherm. The dependences of ΦM-2 on the relative surface excess at a constant charge density were analyzed in order to calculate the electrostatic parameters of the inner layer.
Learnability in the second language acquisition of semantics: a bidirectional study of a semantic parameter
Authors: Slabakova Roumyana
Published: October 2006

The study investigates the relationship between input, UG (Universal Grammar) parameter values, and the native language in the acquisition of a purely semantic property that is superficially unrelated to its syntactic trigger, The Bare Noun/Proper Name parameter (Longobardi, 1991; 1994; 1996; 2001; 2005). On the one hand, English and Italian bare nouns have identical syntactic form and distribution, but differ in available interpretations. On the other hand, proper names display cross-linguistic constant meaning but variable word order. Variation in this respect can be accounted for by a parameter that is set to one value in English and another one in Italian. A bidirectional study of the two properties was conducted. Individual results calculated with the native speaker accuracy as the cut-off point for successful acquisition indicate that parametric restructuring is attested in both learning directions. In the English [.arrowright] Italian direction, the lack of one native interpretation in the target language (a contracting of the grammar) is achieved in the absence of negative evidence, in a Poverty of the Stimulus situation. In both directions, the semantic property is acquired based on input and/or positive evidence for the syntactic side of the parameter.
Linguistics in your inbox: a review of listservs for second language research
Authors: Adams Rebecca
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this review is to give a comparative overview of current listservs for applied linguistics researchers, with particular focus on their relevance to research on second language acquisition and use. Six listservs, based in different locations and targeted at different general audiences were selected and monitored for a simonth period. This review describes each, with particular attention to the volume of messages, the level of interaction among list users, the topics commonly discussed and the quality of information in each. This review is intended to serve both as a comparison of diferent listservs and as an introduction to the use of listservs for researchers and students who may not currently use them. It is not intended to present an exhaustive list of the many local and international listservs.
Knowledge, learning and development: a post-rationalist approach
Authors: McFarlane Colin
Published: October 2006

The relations between knowledge, learning and development are of growing importance in development, but despite the growth of interest in this area since the mid-1990s, key issues have yet to be explored. This review argues the need to attend to how knowledge and learning are conceived in development and how they are produced through organizations. Drawing on mainstream development literature, the review argues that there is a pervasive rationalist conception of knowledge and knowledge transfer as objective and universal, which has political implications. By contrast, the review argues for a post-rationalist approach that conceives development knowledge and learning as partial, social, produced through practices, and both spatially and materially relational.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hexamethyleneimine-templated TS-1 Supported by Active Seeds
Authors: Zhang Haijiao , Liu Yueming , Wu Haihong , Jiang Yongwen , Chen Li , He Mingyuan , Wu Peng
Published: October 2006

The titanosilicate of TS-1 is skillfully hydrothermally synthesized from an inorganic silica source and a cheaper structure-directing agent (SDA) of hexamethyleneimine (HMI) with the assistant of active seeds of TS-1 precursor.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metastable VO2 Nanorods as Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Fu , Zhao Xuemei , Xu Hai , Yuan Cunguang
Published: October 2006

Metastable VO2 nanorods, designated as VO2(B) with diameters of 80–250 nm were synthesized via a PEG-assisted hydrothermal approach. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The electrochemical properties of as-obtained VO2(B) nanorods were studied by galvanostatic tests. The as-synthesized VO2(B) nanorods showed an initial discharge capacity of 310 and 250 mA h g−1 in the 30th cycle in the potential range 1–3.5 V.
Electronic Patient Data Confidentiality Practices Among Surgical Trainees: Questionnaire Study
Authors: Mole Damian J , Fox Colin , Napolitano Giulio
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this work was to evaluate the safeguards implemented by surgical trainees to protect the confidentiality of electronic patient data through a structured questionnaire sent to Northern Ireland surgical trainees.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS

A group of 32 basic and higher surgical trainees attending a meeting of the Northern Ireland Association of Surgeons-in-Training were invited to complete a questionnaire regarding their computer use, UK Data Protection Act, 1988 registration and electronic data confidentiality practices.

RESULTS

Of these 32 trainees, 29 returned completed questionnaires of whom 26 trainees regularly stored sensitive patient data for audit or research purposes on a computer. Only one person was registered under the Data Protection Act, 1988. Of the computers used to store and analyse sensitive data, only 3 of 14 desktops, 8 of 19 laptops and 3 of 14 hand-held computers forced a password logon. Of the 29 trainees, 16 used the same password for all machines, and 25 of 27 passwords were less than 8 characters long. Two respondents declined to reveal details of their secure passwords. Half of all trainees had never adjusted their internet security settings, despite all 14 desktops, 16 of 19 laptops and 5 of 14 hand-helds being routinely connected to the internet. Of the 29 trainees, 28 never encrypted their sensitive data files. Ten trainees had sent unencrypted sensitive patient data over the internet, using a non-secure server.

CONCLUSIONS

Electronic data confidentiality practices amongst Northern Ireland surgical trainees are unsafe. Simple practical measures to safeguard confidentiality are recommended.
Tumour Angiogenesis: The Relevance to Surgeons
Authors: Atkin GK , Chopada A
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation from pre-existing vessels, and is a key feature of malignant tumours. Surgeons involved in the management of patients with malignant disease need to be aware of angiogenic mechanisms and their surgical implications.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A literature search was used to review recent developments in our understanding of the factors and processes involved in tumour angiogenesis, and how these will impact on the care of patients with malignant disease encountered by surgeons.

RESULTS

Angiogenesis is fundamental to all stages of the malignant process, and involves a complex interaction between mediators secreted by tumour cells and host cells. Intense investigation continues into therapies targeting components of the angiogenic cascade. Imaging modalities capable of measuring the angiogenic activity of a tumour are also being studied in order to predict prognosis and select suitable patients for anti-angiogenic therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

As the use of these anti-angiogenic therapies becomes more wide-spread, they may have implications on the healing rates of cutaneous wounds and intracorporeal anastomoses.
Centralisation of Oesophagogastric Cancer Services: Can Specialist Units Deliver?
Authors: Forshaw MJ , Gossage JA , Stephens J , Strauss D , Botha AJ , Atkinson S , Mason RC
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Oesophagogastric cancer surgery is increasingly being performed in only centralised units. The aim of the study was to examine surgical outcomes and service delivery within a specialist unit.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The case notes of all patients undergoing attempted oesophagogastrectomy between January 2000 and May 2003 were identified from a prospective consultant database.

RESULTS

A total of 187 patients (median age, 63 years; range, 29–83 years; M:F ratio, 3.9:1) underwent attempted oesophagogastrectomy. Of these, 91% were seen within 2 weeks of referral and treatment was instituted after a mean of 31 days (range, 1–109 days). More patients underwent surgery (63%) than neoadjuvant therapy (56%) within 1 month of referral. The main indication for surgery was invasive malignancy in 166 patients (89%). The 30-day mortality was 0.5% (1 death) and in-hospital mortality was 1.1% (2 deaths). The median length of hospital stay was 14 days (range, 7–69 days). Significant postoperative morbidity included: pulmonary complications (36%), cardiovascular complications (16%), wound infection (13%) and clinically significant anastomotic leaks (7%). Of the study group, 28 patients (15%) were admitted to ICU with a median stay of 10 days (range, 1–44 days); this accounted for 0.9% of ICU bed availability. Twelve patients (6.4%) were returned to theatre, most commonly for bleeding. The 1-year survival rates were 78%. During 2002–2003, national waiting list targets for both hernia repair and cholecystectomy were achieved.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite recent increases in workload, high volume specialist units can deliver an efficient and timely service with both good treatment outcomes and minimal impact upon elective surgical waiting lists and ICU provision.
An Effective Electronic Surgical Referral System
Authors: Dennison Jessica , Eisen Sarah , Towers Matthew , Clark Celia Ingham
Published: October 2006

INTRODUCTION

Electronic booking of out-patient appointments is being rolled out in England under the ‘Choose and Book’ programme. We set up and ran a local electronic surgical referral service before this. This paper assesses the effect of the electronic surgical referral service on patient waiting times and attendance rates.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 54 patients referred electronically and 189 referred on paper to a single colorectal surgical service over the same period.

RESULTS

The appointment booking was achieved on the same day as the referral was made for the majority of electronic referrals whereas it took an average of 7 days for paper referrals. There was no significant difference in the time from referral to being seen in clinic between the two groups. Patients referred electronically were much more likely to attend for their appointment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that an electronic surgical referral system can improve efficiency. This may be because this system allows enhanced patient choice of appointment date and time.