bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Federalist Program
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

On September 21, 1789, ten days after Hamilton’s appointment as secretary of the treasury, the House of Representatives, stating that “an adequate provision for the public credit ” was a “matter of high importance to the national honor and prosperity, ” directed the treasury secretary to “prepare a plan for that purpose. “1 Hamilton was more than ready. Long before he became secretary of the treasury Hamilton had been thinking about the problem of the $79 million debt from the Revolutionary War. In 1790 the amount owed foreigners—the French and Spanish governments and Dutch bankers—was about $12 million, including the arrears of interest, and was easily calculated. The domestic debt, that is, the debt the states and the federal governments owed their own citizens, was another matter. It was made up of a bewildering array of bills, notes, and certificates issued by various agencies of both the Confederation and state governments. Of the domestic debt about $42 million was owed by the federal government; the various state governments owed an estimated $25 million.
Between Slavery and Freedom
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

The greatest republican reform of the period was the anti-slavery movement. Of course, the Revolution freed only a fraction of the nearly half a million slaves in the colonies in 1776—and many modern historians have called the Revolution’s inability to free all the slaves its greatest failure. But the Revolution did accomplish a great deal: it created for the first time in American history the cultural atmosphere that made African American slavery abhorrent to many Americans.
Republican Religion
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

Cultivated gentlemen like Thomas Jefferson may have relied on the arts and sciences to help them interpret and reform the world, but that was not the case with most average Americans. Nearly all common and middling people in the early Republic still made sense of the world through religion. Devastating fires, destructive earthquakes, and bad harvests were acts of God and often considered punishments for a sinful people. As they had in the mid-eighteenth century, people still fell on their knees when struck by the grace of God. People prayed openly and often. They took religion seriously, talked about it, and habitually resorted to it in order to examine the state of their souls. Despite growing doubts of revelation and the spread of rationalism in the early Republic, most Americans remained deeply religious.
Republican Diplomacy
Authors: Wood Gordon S
Published: November 2023

The United States was born amidst a world at war. From 1792 to 1815, except for some brief armistices, Europe was torn apart by a ferocious struggle for dominance between revolutionary and later Napoleonic France and her many European enemies, especially Great Britain. It became the longest sustained global war in modern history. Before it was over, it had killed or maimed more than two million persons, overthrown numerous governments, and transformed boundaries throughout Europe. Fighting took place in nearly every part of Europe and in various regions of the world, including the Middle East, South Africa, the Indian Ocean, the West Indies, and Latin America. Almost every European country was involved at one time or another, either in alliance or at war with Britain or France.
Absolutism, Liberal Reform, and the Ideology of Preventive War: The Army between 1850 and 1914
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

It was indeed a powerful and proud army that emerged from the revolutionary wars. In 1850, when Austria nearly went to war over Prussia’s occupation of the Principality of Hesse, the monarchy was able to mobilize a well-armed force of 450,000. The outnumbered Prussians backed down; they evacuated Hesse and signed the humiliating ‘Olmiitz Punctation.’
Life in the Regiment
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

Shortly before graduation, Military Academy students were allowed to indicate which regiment they wished to join, though their choice would not necessarily be accepted. In theory, the wishes of the foremost students were to be honored; in reality, much depended on the influence of fathers and relatives. It should be remembered that in the prereform period, students at the higher military schools constituted only a minority of those who would become officers, and that only this minority enjoyed the theoretical privilege of choosing. The others, whether enlisted men on the rise or cadets, had taken their oath as soldiers long ago and were already serving in a regiment. Our discussion here, however, will focus mainly on the post-1868 period, when, with the minor exception of reserve officers turned professional, all new career officers came from the academies or cadet schools. They had been sworn in only on graduation day: the academy students as full-fledged lieutenants and the cadet school students as ensigns.
Nobles and Near-Nobles in the Officer Corps
Authors: Deak Istvan
Published: November 2023

There is hardly a more complex story than that of the nobility in the various Habsburg possessions. In some lands, such as Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia-Slavonia, and Galicia, nobles numbered historically in the tens of thousands or even in the hundreds of thousands. In pre-1848 Hungary, they made up about 5 percent of the population. In other provinces, they numbered only a few hundred or a few thousand. Some noble families predated the Habsburgs; most others were Habsburg creations, but socially it made a big difference, of course, whether one’s Adelsbrief (noble patent) dated from the sixteenth or the twentieth century.
Weapons: The h-bomb
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

The reader will recall how the 1949 meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers in Paris boosted Acheson’s optimism about his place in the administration and about the west’s edge over the Soviets. The optimism about the latter was short-lived, however, and as Acheson looked back two or three years, he could see grounds for serious worry. Four years since the British loan and now well into the working of the Marshall Plan, the economies of western Europe, especially Britain’s, still faltered in their paths toward recovery. The great Chinese nation had fallen into the hands of a disciple of Josef Stalin. NATO was a marvelous invention but still a shell as far as providing real defense for western Europe. Worst of all, the west could do almost nothing if the hundreds of thousands of Red Army artillery and infantrymen in the satellite states, backed by even more in the USSR, decided to attack westward.
At different ends of the triangle: domestic debates, european armies, british allies
Authors: Beisner Robert L
Published: November 2023

Doubts Abroad New sources of tension developing in 1950 and early 1951 raised the height of Acheson’s diplomatic hurdles. Disappointments in Korea and resentment at home of a Europe-first diplomacy brought a new spate of criticism, mostly from partisans of Chiang Kai-shek. A backlash in Europe, especially in France, resulted from concern about Washington’s MacArthurism-without-MacArthur, resentment of U.S. domination of the alliance, and anger at its relentless pressure to rearm. Truman and Acheson readily faced down the domestic challenge. Resistance to American leadership in Europe was more significant, proving again that cold war policies were made in all alliance capitals, not only Washington.
Bloody Dawn
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

The Christiana Riot occurred in Pennsylvania, near the Maryland border, in 1851. The Fugitive Slave Law, passed in 1850 as part of the famous Compromise of that year, granted the right of Southern slaveholders to recover and have returned to them runaway slaves, even if they had fled into territories in the North that were free of slavery. In this incident, four slaves escaped from the farm of Edward Gorsuch in Maryland and fled to Pennsylvania. When Gorsuch and a posse pursued them, a gun battle occurred in Christiana in which Gorsuch and several of his party were killed. The slaves subsequently escaped to Canada. The Pennsylvania courts refused to prosecute anyone involved in the riot on the slaves' side, nor were the courts prepared to enforce the Fugitive Slave Law. The Christiana Riot became a cause celebre, with the South denouncing the Pennsylvania courts and treating Gorsuch as a martyr. Slaughter sees the Riot as a key event leading to the Civil War, for it indicated that the nation was incapable of resolving disputes over slavery without resorting to force that eventually led to the sectional war. The book also puts the Riot in the context of the overt racism that existed in America, both north and south, in these pre-Civil War years.
Black Images In White Minds
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

Relations Between People Of Different Races had changed in the North during the century preceding the escape of Edward Gorsuch’s slaves. The abolition of slavery was central to this process, and the influx of fugitive slaves put an additional strain on the tolerance of whites for the blacks who lived in their midst. By the time the runaways from Retreat Farm crossed the Susquehanna River in late 1849, Pennsylvania’s gradual emancipation law of 1780 had completed its work.1 In Lancaster County, there were 348 slaves in 1790, 178 a decade later, 55 in 1830, and 2 in 1840; the last one died only a few years before Ford, Buley, and the two Hammonds arrived. Even in 1790, free blacks outnumbered slaves in Lancaster’s population 545 to 348, and African­Americans represented about 2.5 percent (1.5 percent free, 1 percent slaves) of the county’s inhabitants. At its antebellum peak in 1850, the number of blacks reached 3,614 (about 3.7 percent of the county’s population). From there the number of African-Americans in Lancaster declined to 3,459 (just under 3 percent of county residents) ten years later as fear heightened by the Fugitive Slave Law drove hundreds to emigrate farther north to Canada.
Aftermath
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P
Published: November 2023

The Day After The Christian A Riot was the hottest one in a very hot month. Thermometers in Philadelphia registered ninety-four degrees at 2 p.m. It was not only hot but also still incredibly dry; and September would be the driest month of the drought-plagued summer of 1851. The soil was parched; springs were unusually low; and the navigation of major rivers was, as one newspaper reported, “considerably impeded.” Mills, such as Castner Hanway’s, were forced to close part of the time for lack of water to propel the wheels. Farmers postponed sowing winter wheat and rye because of the lack of necessary moisture to germinate the seed, which would undoubtedly affect the size of next spring’s crop. Pastures, too, the newspapers reported, “have ceased to be green; wells that have not before been known to fail are dry, and cattle are driven several miles for water.” Leaves were falling prematurely; by the end of the month many trees were already bare. Worse yet, the heat of July and August was now replaced by conditions that were, for farmers, worse yet. September was a month of extremes, with records set for both high and low temperatures. Within the two-week period immediately following the riot, there was a swing of almost fifty degrees. Ice actually formed in some low-lying areas of the countryside.
Organized Charity, Social Workers, and the Homeless
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L
Published: November 2023

If The Officials Of Villages In The North and West adopted a minimalist policy toward tramps and beggars in the late nineteenth century, the same cannot be said for the large urban charities that grappled with this problem. While rural dwellers were becoming more sympathetic to the homeless, urban social welfare specialists often remained antagonistic well into the twentieth century. Building on the foundation of similar societies like the AICP, the Charity Organization Society (COS) movement, founded in 1877, quickly took the lead in social welfare reform. COS leaders hoped to use modern, bureaucratic means to reduce poverty by re-creating an idealized sense of urban community where class lines were less rigid and where moral values—especially the quintessential Victorian virtue of work—were unquestioned. The tramp and the beggar were the very negation of the charity reformers’ cultural system, and charity professionals expended a great deal of time and energy attempting to combat them.
Brief Solution-Focused Therapy with Adoptive Families
Authors: Schaffer Judith , Lindstrom Christina
Published: November 2023

How can you choose the right therapy when problems arise with an adoptee? If you tum to the psychiatric, psychological, or social work literature, you’ll find that most accounts of therapeutic interventions with adoptees, largely theoretical in nature, focus on the intrapsychic life of the adoptee. These accounts fail, however, to distinguish between those difficulties that may be normal complications of adoption not requiring treatment, those that may be adoption related and require adoption-specific treatment, and those that are not adoption related, but require generic treatment.
The Managed Economy: Creating the Regulatory System
Authors: Schaffer Ronald
Published: November 2023

Of all the belligerents in the First World War, the United States was potentially the best suited for waging the kind of struggle the Great War turned out to be-an extended conflict in which economic might counted at least as much as military skill. America was then the foremost industrial and financial power, with resources that seemed endless. It had a highly developed transportation network, a newly reformed national banking sys tem, productive farms, armies of workers, and a large pool of managers experienced in mass production. Yet having devoted most of its energies since the Civil War to internal development, it was unprepared for rapid mobilization and as it tried to convert its economy for war suffered terrible dislocations.
Quakers and the American Family
Authors: Levy Barry
Published: November 2023

Examining the transplantation of English Quakers to North America from the mid-seventeenth to mid-eighteenth centuries, Barry Levy looks particularly at the origins and fortunes of the domestic family.
Hard Times
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

I”Y Litvinov, wife of future Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, made a perceptive comment not long after her arrival in Russia in the hard times at the end of the Civil War. She had supposed, she wrote to a friend in England, that in revolutionary Russia “ideas” would be everything and that “things” would hardly count “because everyone would have what they wanted without superfluities.” But “when I walked about the streets of Moscow peering into ground-floor windows I saw the thinqs of Moscow huggermuggering in all the corners and realized that they had never been so important.” That insight is crucial for understanding everyday Soviet life in the l930s. Things mattered enormously in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the simple reason that they were so hard to get.
Family Problems
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: November 2023

The early 1930s were a period of great disruption and upheaval in Soviet society. Thus it is not surprising that the family was shaken too, just as it had been during the Civil War. Millions of men left home during collectivization; some kept in touch with their families in the village, others did not. Divorce was easy----one urban respondent in the Harvard Project remembered an “epidemic” of divorces at this time-and in any case there was no pressure to register marriages. The incredible difficulty of urban housing conditions forced families into miserably confined spaces and contributed to the high rate of desertion by husbands, especially after the birth of a child. Almost ten million women entered the labor market for the first time in the course of the 1930s and many of them ended up as the sole breadwinner for families that often consisted of a mother, one or nvo children, and the irreplaceable babushka (grandmother) who ran the household. The task of the woman breadwinner was not made easier by the fact that women tended to be clustered in low-skill, low-paying jobs.
Epidemiology IN Clinical Practice
Authors: Lasky Tamar
Published: November 2023

Clinicians apply the principles of epidemiology to everyday practice in three main ways: (1) clinical decision making, (2) reading and interpreting medical literature, (3) describing and understanding the etiology of disease.
Collecting Data About the Oldest Old: Problems and Procedures
Authors: Willard L. Rodgers , A. Regula Herzog
Published: November 2023

There is considerable speculation, and a more limited amount of supporting evidence, that some types of survey error are more likely to occur when surveying older respondents, particularly the oldest old, than when surveying younger respondents. Several reasons usually are cited for such possible errors, including health problems, sensory and cognitive impairments, and personality and motivational factors associated with age or cohort. Finally, many procedures were developed or modified in order to deal with those presumed problems. To learn more about what is known or speculated about the quality of data from the oldest old and what procedures are being used in surveys of the oldest old, we interviewed a number of investigators who have been actively involved in collecting data form this age group. (The list of investigators, developed in collaboration with the National Institute on Aging, included representatives of some of the major surveys of the aged, but was neither a systematic sample nor the universe of all survey researchers dealing with older adults. The list of investigators who reported on their experiences is included in the Appendix to this chapter.) The information from these interviews was combined with published reports to produce this chapter, which is intended as a working paper on cur rent practices and speculations in survey research on the oldest old. However, the document is not intended as a general review of survey errors and survey procedures; good recent reviews of a more general nature are provided by Bradburn (1983) and Groves (1989).
Mortality and Life Expectancy Changes Among the Oldest Old
Authors: Manton Kenneth G
Published: November 2023

The mortality of the oldest-old population (those aged 85 and over) has received considerable attention because large increases in life expectancy at very advanced ages have recently occurred in both the United States and other developed countries. These increases have occurred despite the expectation that mortality at advanced ages would be static relative to that at younger ages because of its closer proximity to what has typically been viewed as the probable biological limits to the human life span.
The Robust Oldest Old: Optimistic Perspectives for Increasing Healthy Life Expectancy
Authors: Suzman Richard M , Harris Tamara , Hadley Evan C , Kovar Mary Grace , Weindruch Richard
Published: November 2023

Images of the oldest old are predominantly of disability and frailty. The policy implications of the projected rapid growth of the oldest-old population have seemed unremittingly pessimistic. This reflects the expensive burden of chronic disability which in the oldest-old population often requires the everyday help of another person. Given the costs of this long-term care (LTC), research initially concentrated on de scribing both the levels of morbidity and disability that require everyday care and the trajectory of decline in functional ability. When the estimates of the burden of dis ability within the current oldest-old population generated by this research were combined with Bureau of the Census projections on the size of the oldest-old population, policy makers came to the seemingly inescapable conclusion that we must prepare for a dramatic and costly expansion of the long-term-care system.
The Changing Concept of the Ideal Physician
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

ONE DAY ABOUT ten years ago, I got a call from the Chief of Neurosurgery of an excellent upstate medical center to tell me about one of my patients who had fractured her skull in a skiing accident. He wanted to discuss not only her injury but also the behavior of her family and friends. She was unconscious and in danger of dying because of the swelling in her brain that followed the fracture. There was then no method of proven effectiveness for dealing with that common and life-threatening complication. Because her circumstance was so grave, he had proposed to her family that she be given a new and experimental treatment.
The Mysterious Relationship Between Doctor and Patient
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

SUFFERING IS PERSONAL and medicine is a personal profession-one doctor and one patient, each incomplete without the other. All medicine-all care and caregivers, all medical science and technology-rests on that special relationship, without which this book would be meaningless. Doctors could not know about sick persons or their diseases if not for this unique relationship because patients would not otherwise permit the invasion of their physical or personal privacy. Patients could not receive the extra margin of effort expected of physicians if it were not for their relationship. Current depictions of physician and patient as adversaries struggling over a commodity called medical care bear no relation to the actual care of sick persons because of this special connection.
Treating the Disease, the Body, or the Patient
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

IDEAS ABOUT CAUSE lead inevitably to considerations of intervention. Classically, doctors searched for the specific cause of each disease to find a cure, seeking something that would remove the cause and thereby remove the disease. Treatments have been developed that intervene at some point in the process of disease. Even when antibiotics are the treatment, things are rarely as direct as one might at first assume. Characteristics of the patient, social factors, or even the political or economic setting in which an illness occurs may modify treatment.
The Doctor and the Patient
Authors: Cassell Eric J
Published: November 2023

IN THE PRECEDING chapters I have emphasized the difficulties that arise in the care of sick persons when medicine’s exclusive focus is on diseases. Many have said that the solution is to train doctors to have more concern for the sick person. Two generations of attempts from within the profession of medicine to accomplish this goal have had remarkably little effect. One reason for this failure-surprising in view of the amount of time, effort, and thought expended-is that sick persons, is another way of stating that in the intellectual basis of modern medicine, patients and their diseases are not logically a part of disease-oriented medicine.
Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

Fundamentals of Genetic Epidemiology meets the need for a sophisticated approach to the investigation of the causes of complex chronic diseases. This integrated text describes the principles, methods, and approaches of epidemiology and genetics in the study of disease etiology. It provides an historical overview of genetics and epidemiology and their gradual rapprochement, describing the fundamental research strategies of genetic epidemiology including population and family studies. The authors also illustrate the increasing importance of genetic epidemiology in its application to preventive medicine, public health surveillance and the emerging ethical issues regarding the use of genetic information in society.
Heritability
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H
Published: November 2023

After documenting familial aggregation for a trait or disease, and showing that this aggregation cannot be explained completely by environmental risk factors, the next logical step is to ask how much of the familial aggregation can be attributed to genetic causes. Heritability is typically used to answer this question because it is defined as the proportion of variation directly attributable to genetic differences among individuals relative to the total variation in a population (which includes variation due to both genetic and nongenetic factors).
The Russian Research Center, 1: Informing and Surveillance
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

For Obvious Reasons, the interests of the intelligence agencies —the CIA and the State Department, in addition to the FBI —and those of Harvard were most likely to intersect at the Russian Research Center —and they did. Each side of the relationship provided opportunities for the other, and also risks. For the agencies, there was the chance to obtain information and trained personnel and, if the matter were handled with discretion, to influence the direction of scholarly research. But there was also the danger that the center would attract security risks and other unsavory characters.
Henry Kissinger and William Yandell Elliott: Mail-tampering, etc.,
Authors: Diamond Sigmund
Published: November 2023

I Did Not request the FBI document concerning Henry Kissinger that I am about to discuss. I did not know it existed. It simply showed up in a large collection of Harvard materials. Nor do I know why the FBI left Kissinger’s name undeleted. Serendipitously, the document suggests much about Kissinger and about the activities in the secret intelligence services of so many leading political and academic figures early in their careers.
Jazz Around the World
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

Of all the developments that have directly affected the ability of jazz artists to earn a living—to survive as active professionals in many cases—none looms as large as the veritable explosion worldwide of the interest, even obsession, with which the idiom is greeted in Europe, Japan, and other parts of the globe.
The Contemporary Scene
Authors: Royal Stokes W
Published: November 2023

All of the main styles and formats of jazz discussed up to this point in these pages were still, in 1990, being heard live and being recorded. In some cases the style was being re-created while, separately, a long-established format was serving as a vehicle for evolving forms of the jazz idiom. For example, the big-band format was still being utilized along the lines of the Swing Era units and the 1940s bebop big bands while at the same time serving the needs of current avant-garde expression. The same could be said of, to cite another prominent example, the bebop combo approach, which some of the pioneers in that form of expression were still playing more or less as they were over four decades ago, while younger musicians of that inclination were creating an approach dubbed “neo-bop” that has embraced “free” elements introduced in the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s.
Ellington on Washington, D.C. (1973)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Because of the fact that no one else but my sister Ruth had a mother as great and as beautiful as mine, it is difficult to put into understandable words an accurate description of my mother, Daisy. My cousins called her Aunt Daisy, and that became the name by which everyone knew her. She called my father, Edd, although he was really James Edward Ellington. The kids in the family called him Uncle Ed, but to his closest friends and cronies he was always J.E.
Ellington: Program Note for “A Concert of Sacred Music” (1965)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

In this world we presume many ambitions. We make many observations such as (a) everyone’s aloneness (there really are no categories, you know. Everyone is so alone-the basic, essential state of humankind); (b) the paradox that is communication-the built-in answer to that feeling of aloneness.
Gunther Schuller: “Ellington in the Pantheon” (1974)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

strated a rare ability to explain the inner workings of Ellington’s compositions. The authority behind Schuller’s commentary derives from several sources: his insights as a composer and arranger; his practical experience as a performer and conductor, both in the classical and jazz fields; his clarity as a writer; and, not least, his expertise as a transcriber which allows him to comment directly on Ellington’s musical language.
Gunther Schuller: “The Case for Ellington’s Music as Living Repertory” (1974)
Authors: Tucker Mark
Published: November 2023

Is it possible-and is it right-that Ellington’s music should be relegated to perpetuation solely by mechanical reproductive means? Is this remarkable musical output not to survive in live performances or perhaps only in trans mutations and improvisations by others, based on the Duke’s tunes? Since Ellington’s death, the factions have formed, in most cases rigidly affirming previously conceived notions. And curiously, much of the argumen tation directly or indirectly opposes the perpetuation of his music as a living repertory.
Changing Woman
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

Changing Woman examines the role of Indian, Mexican-American, and African-American women during the 20th century, focusing on the changes these years have brought about in their lives and comparing each group
Border Women
Authors: Anderson Karen
Published: November 2023

In Recent Decades, Chicanas have challenged and redefined their labor force and family status, entering wage work, improving their educational levels, and shifting their roles and responsibilities within families. Inevitably, their challenges have been selective—contingent on the centrality, visibility, and tractability of the problems confronted; the resources available (on an individual and social level) to resolve them; and the costs of change. As a result, the process of transformation has been gradual, uneven, and sometimes contradictory. As occupants of various borderlands—between nations and cultures as well as between past and future—they have shaped and experienced changes in a global context.

Shifts in the Mexican American gender system have been part of a larger transformation in gender relations as changes in basic institutions and in the circumstances of women’s lives in postwar America have placed conventional assumptions regarding women’s roles and rights under great strain. In the last few decades, women have entered the labor force in increasing numbers, have organized to improve the circumstances of their lives in all areas, and have substantially revised their values with regard to family, reproduction, sexuality, work, and their place in public life.
Weimar Sex Reform in Exile
Authors: Grossmann Atina
Published: November 2023

The Weimar sex reform movement ended in 1933 but the history of Weimar sex reformers did not. This chapter cannot tell whole story, for the recorded history of sex reform splinters and fades as the movement was destroyed. It does follow the life histories of some key figures in the Weimar movement, both women and men, those sho went East as well as West. Their stories are pieced together from published or unpublished memoirs or fragments of memoirs, and interviews; for the most part they offer a picture of ocntinued commitment ot social health projects but also of prodound disruption and marginalization that contrasts sharply with the sense of efficacy and possibility that these activists had experienced during the crisis-ridden Weimar years.
The Intellectual Bases of Bioethics
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram
Published: November 2023

Moral controversies appear irresolvable. Some moral controversies can surely be shown to have been conceptual confusions or misunderstandings of crucial facts about the world. Such can be dispelled by conceptual clarification and analysis or the provision of more accurate information. Established orthodoxies and norms of political correctness may suppress evidence of some controversies. But the old questions seem perennial. This is nowhere more true than in bioethics where the issues at stake bear on matters of life and death. Plato and Aristotle discussed the morality of abortion and infanticide. Plato explored the issue of the allocation of resources to health care and informed consent. We are left with similar questions, if not the same questions.
Introduction
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

This book is based on a series of simple, yet vital, questions in American labor his tory: what did the first American factory workers think about the origins of the industrial system? What did these men and women have to say, in their own words, about their experiences as technological pioneers? What was it like to be part of that first wave of workers moving from farms to factories? Did the perceptions and actions of the first operatives, at the cutting edge of a massive economic change that would spread across the nation over the nineteenth century, shape the attitudes of industrial workers in succeeding generations? In seeking to answer these basic questions, I have conducted an intensive and extensive analysis of the working lives of factory operatives in antebellum New England.
Rules, Schools, and Prisons: Workers and Factory Regulations
Authors: Zonderman David A
Published: November 2023

Antebellum factory regulations were the means by which manufacturers tried to reconcile their progressive ideas about new technology and increased productivity with their conservative ideas about social hierarchy and order. Owners were trying to promote industrial work habits while controlling any social excesses among the new industrial workers-thereby creating change and trying to control its repercussions at the same time. Factory rules were used to mold the industrial labor force into an efficient unit of production that would follow the traditional guide lines of deference, obedience, and virtue, as well as the modern requirements of punctuality, precision, and sobriety. Workers were told to follow a set of work rules and moral standards that would both prepare them to succeed in the new industrial order and still keep them in a subservient and docile position as hired labor.
Black Liberation
Authors: Fredrickson George M
Published: November 2023

When George M. Fredrickson published White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History, he met universal acclaim. David Brion Davis, writing in The New York Times Book Review, called it “one of the most brilliant and successful studies in comparative history ever written.” The book was honored with the Ralph Waldo Emerson Prize, the Merle Curti Award, and a jury nomination for the Pulitzer Prize. Now comes the sequel to that acclaimed work. In Black Liberation, George Fredrickson offers a fascinating account of how blacks in the United States and South Africa came to grips with the challenge of white supremacy. He reveals a rich history--not merely of parallel developments, but of an intricate, transatlantic web of influences and cross-fertilization. He begins with early moments of hope in both countries--Reconstruction in the United States, and the liberal colonialism of British Cape Colony--when the promise of suffrage led educated black elites to fight for color-blind equality. A rising tide of racism and discrimination at the turn of the century, however, blunted their hopes and encouraged nationalist movements in both countries. Fredrickson teases out the connections between movements and nations, examining the transatlantic appeal of black religious nationalism (known as Ethio pianism), and the pan-Africanism of Du Bois and Garvey. He brings to vivid life the decades of struggle, organizing, and debate, as blacks in the United States looked to Africa for identity and South Africans looked to America for new ideas and hope. The book traces the rise of Communist influence in black movements in the two nations in the 1920s and ‘30s, and the adoption of Gandhian nonviolent protest after World War II. The story of India’s struggle, however, was not to be repeated in either America or South Africa: in one nation, nonviolence revealed its limitations, encouraging splits in the civil rights movement; in the other, it failed, fostering an armed struggle against white supremacy. Fredrickson brings the story up through the present, exploring the divergence between African-American identity politics and the nonracialism that has triumphed in South Africa. In a career spanning thirty years, George Fredrickson has won recognition as the leading scholar of the struggle over racial domination in the United States and South Africa. In Black Liberation, he provides the essential companion volume to his award-winning White Supremacy, telling the story of how blacks fought back on both sides of the Atlantic.
Realism and National Industry Courtship in the Gilded Age
Authors: Pinson Jon W
Published: November 2023

The intensified sectional division that ended eventually in the Civil War provides more than a convenient point of division in the cultural history of the United States. By resolving the important moral and economic issues surrounding slavery, this conflict also settled certain basic matters of federal authority, and in so doing caused a reassessment in all other spheres of life. Americans increasingly came to regard themselves as constituents of a larger nation rather than residents of localities. The new national identity did not emerge without travail, and some writers view the period following the war as tragic.1 At the very least, extraordinary turbulence marked these decades, but out of what Robert Wiebe calls “the search for order”2 came the institutions and customs of twentieth-century America. The process was as influential on the industry of popular song as it was on heavy manufacturing, transportation, communication, and government.
Forestalling the ‘‘Popular Clamor”: Centrism, Class Tension, and the First Federal Income Tax Laws, 1861-1872
Authors: Stanley Robert
Published: November 2023

As Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, John Sherman was arguably the most powerful man in Congress in the spring of 1870. Charged with the formulation of national fiscal policy in the wake of the unprecedented tensions and opportunities set loose by the crisis of the Civil War, his committee, together with the House Ways and Means Committee headed by fellow Ohio Republican Robert C. Schenck, directed the application of federal power in the critical and intimately related fields of appropriation, taxation, currency, and the financing of the newly massive public debt. By that spring, the Congress’s imaginative and determined manipulation of the tax system in particular had resulted in its extension into new fields, in the interest of powerful constituencies, in the service of a very traditional and widely shared commitment to promote not only war and debt finance but also the magnificent productive economic forces glimpsed in the 1850s.
The Elizabethan Challenges
Authors: Solt Leo F
Published: November 2023

Two important challenges to the early Elizabethan settlement of religion threatened its existence during the course of the next three decades. “On the left hand with superstitious blindness,” as Robert Cecil wrote later, there were the illegal activities of some English Catholics to restore the ancient faith under papal supremacy either by force of arms from without or by religious conversion from within. “On the right with unadvised zeal,” he added, were the constitutional attempts of moderate and radical Puritans to purify the liturgy, but more especially, to reform the administrative structure of the Church either through Parliament or from within the Church itself.
Some Women’s Culture and Other Women ‘s Needs: Motivations, Maternalism, and the Language of Gratitude
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

In November of 1927, sixteen-year-old Chin Leen decided to take a chance. A rescue party of home mission women had approached her as she sat alone in a car in Reno, Nevada, waiting for her husband, Frank Wong. The missionaries told Chin Leen that her wealthy forty-year-old husband didn’t love her, that he had only married her to smuggle her into the country and sell her into prostitution. Chin Leen didn’t believe them, but she had not been happy with Frank Wong. Without informing him, she stepped into the car driven by mission women and went with them to the Chinese Mission Home in San Francisco.
Homes Outside the Rescue Homes
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

On Saturday, April 13, 1878, several home mission women at tended a wedding in San Jose, California. The bride, Ah Fah, had resided in the San Francisco Chinese Mission Home for two years. She was employed as a domestic servant; her groom, Ng Noy, was a Chinese Christian who worked in a nearby household. The white women could not understand the words of the ceremony, which was conducted in Chinese by a Presbyterian missionary. They were, however, convinced that this “organization of a home on Christian principles” was “the first step upwards from heathenism to civilization.” One of the white guests wrote a lengthy account of the event for a Christian newspaper.
The Psychological Foundations of Culture
Authors: Tooby John , Cosmides Leda
Published: November 2023

Disciplines such as astronomy, chemistry, physics, geology, and biology have developed a robust combination of logical coherence, causal description, explanatory power, and testability, and have become examples of how reliable and deeply satisfying human knowledge can become. Their extraordinary florescence throughout this century has resulted in far more than just individual progress within each field. These disciplines are becoming integrated into an increasingly seamless system of interconnected knowledge and remain nominally separated more out of educational convenience and institutional inertia than because of any genuine ruptures in the underlying unity of the achieved knowledge. In fact, this development is only an acceleration of the process of conceptual unification that has been building in science since the Renaissance. For example, Galileo and Newton broke down the then rigid (and now forgotten) division between the celestial and the terrestrial-two domains that formerly had been considered metaphysically separate-showing that the same processes and principles applied to both. Lyell broke down the distinction between the static present and the formative past, between the creative processes operating in the present and the geological processes that had operated across deep time to sculpt the earth. Maxwell uncovered the elegant principles that unified the many disparate electrical and magnetic phenomena into a single system.
Mate Preference Mechanisms: Consequences for Partner Choice and lntrasexual Competition
Authors: Buss David M
Published: November 2023

Few things are more obvious than the fact that human behavior is selective and preferential. Foods rich in fat and sugar are preferred over those that are bitter or sour. Preferential avoidance of heights, snakes, darkness, and spiders-environmental hazards in human evolutionary history-are learned more readily than are fears of environmentally novel hazards such as cars or guns. Habitats offering resources and protection simultaneously, to take another example, are preferred over those lacking these attributes (Kaplan, this volume; Orians, 1980, Orians & Heerwagen, this volume). Perhaps nowhere are preferences more apparent than in human mating decisions. Nowhere do individuals prefer to mate with all members of the opposite sex equally (Buss, 1989a; Symons, 1979).
Introduction
Authors: Murray John A
Published: November 2023

The persistent donnee of Arctic-American literature is wild nature, and for good reason: the environment is a controlling reality at higher latitudes as it is not elsewhere. Here is a polar land that is sustained by as little as one-fourth of the sunlight available at the equator, that is completely or almost wholly dark for up to three months of the year, and that endures periods of prolonged cold unsurpassed in the hemisphere. Some interior locations receive less precipitation than continental deserts. Several of the southeastern islands of Alaska, on the other hand, absorb more annual rainfall than the Amazon.
The Sea Cow
Authors: Steller Georg Wilhelm
Published: November 2023

The German naturalist Georg Wilhelm Steller (1709-1746) accompanied Vitus Jonassen Bering, a Dane in the Russian naval service, on the latter’s historic 1741-1742 expedition to discover the northwestern coast of America. Steller’s journal, published posthumously, records the perils of eighteenth century sea travel-thirty-two of the original seventy-eight crewmen died, including Bering, and forty-six spent the winter of 1741-1742 shipwrecked on a barren island in what was later named the Bering Sea.
The Bering Straits
Authors: Cook James
Published: November 2023

James Cook (1728-1779) was born the son of a farm laborer and worked his way up through the British naval ranks from common seaman to Ship’s Captain. In

1768 he was given command of the Endeavor and subsequently con ducted an historic three-year exploration of the Pacific. On August 19, 1771, he was promoted from lieutenant to commander and entrusted with the command of the Resolution, a 460-ton vessel. Cook was promoted to full captain in 1775 and departed from England on July 12, 1776, for another expedition to the Pacific aboard the Endeavor. Two years later, in 1778, Cook explored the Alaskan coast and in September sailed north of 63° north latitude into the Bering Straits, a feat recorded here.
Notes on the Islands of the Unalashka District
Authors: Venianimov Ivan
Published: November 2023

Ivan Venianimov (1797-1879), a Russian missionary born in Siberia and educated in a seminary at Irkutsk, figures prominently in the Russian-American period.

He arrived in Unalashka with his family in 1824 and immediately set to work learning about the Aleut language and culture, and developing plans to help the native people. He traveled widely in the Russian colony and as far south as California, writing several important works, the most influential of which was Notes on the Islands of the Unalashka District (St. Petersburg, 1840).
The Alexander Archipelago
Authors: Muir John
Published: November 2023

Scottish-born John Muir (1838-1914) was the great popularizer of the conservation legacy of Henry David Thoreau. The Father of botl1 Yosemite National Park and the Sierra Club, Muir was also active in movements to establish other parks in the west, including Sequoia National Park and Grand Canyon National Park, and was involved in many of the salient issues of the day, such as the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley.
Taku Inlet
Authors: Higginson Ella
Published: November 2023

Ella Higginson (1862-1940) authored nine books, in cluding From the Land of the Snow-Pearls: Tales from Puget Sound (Macmillan, 1897), When the Birds Go

North Again (Macmillan, 1898), and Mariella, of Out-West (Macmillan, 1902). It was in Alaska, the Great Country (Macmillan, 1908) that her talent reached its fullest expression. The work presents a history of Alaska in alternating chapters with personal accounts of her four trips to the region. As with Mary Austin’s The Land of Little Rain (Houghton Mifflin, 1903), a book to which it can be favorably compared, Ella Higginson’s Alaska, the Great Country focuses more on the land than on the people.
Koyukon Riddles
Authors: Jetté Julius
Published: November 2023

A riddle is a creation of ingenuity. It resembles one of those little nick nacks, which a small boy will often whittle out of a stray bit of wood, with no other tool than a common pocket-knife. In itself the trifle is worthless, void of artistic qualities, and still, despite its uncouthness, one looks at it with a feeling akin to admiration, for it bespeaks coordination and planning in the mind, and deftness in the hand ... [these] reflect, as it were, the mind-characteristics of their authors.