bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Discussion of Early Monumentality at Pacbitun, Belize
Authors: Powis Terry G. , Micheletti George J. , Spenard Jon , Skaggs Sheldon
Published: September 2020

Powis and his colleagues have gathered significant information about the Middle Preclassic period at Pacbitun, data which speak to the broader subject of architectural monumentality. In Chapter 13, they present two specific case studies pertaining to Pacbitun’s Plaza A architecture. In the first case study, the authors’ discussion begins with the low residential/workshop platforms of Plaza B, an area well-recognized for its marine shell bead craft production, and the naturally elevated area to the east of Plaza B, where the large ceremonial structure of El Quemado was built on the highest point that would later become Plaza A. Unlike any structure previously built at Pacbitun, the presence of El Quemado implies an ability to organize a significant labor force and perhaps marks the beginning of institutionalized inequality. An apparent termination event in the form of chopped corners, extensive burning, and subsequent burial marks an important transition in the organization and ideology of Pacbitun’s society at the onset of the Late Preclassic period. Succinctly, the case studies in this chapter both demonstrate that monumentality refers to more than architectural scale. The labor force, energy, and resources needed to construct El Quemado and the E Group would have greatly surpassed what was needed to build contemporary domestic structures.
Monumental Landscapes of the Maya
Authors: Chase Arlen F. , Chase Diane Z.
Published: September 2020

In chapter 16, Arlen Chase and Diane Chase reflect on the topic of monumental landscapes of the ancient Maya. They consider the myriad ways in which the word “monumental” is aptly applied to describe the landscapes of the Maya world. Although the obvious towering temples and palaces of the Classic cities first and foremost come to mind when thinking of monumentality among the ancient Maya, Chase and Chase remind us that much of the monumental character of ancient Maya landscapes is represented by the horizontal transformation of the built environment. Beyond that, other landscape features represent visible reminders that the Maya heavily altered the natural environment to a remarkable degree. Importantly, the authors also remind us that through their worldview, the ancient Maya considered their landscape to be monumental and complex, involving layered worlds with earthly transition points between realms represented by caves and lakes and manmade, symbolic access points represented by temple doorways, the opening into an allegorical mountain or witz. The concluding chapter provides a big-picture, deep-time view of the Maya world, which reaffirms the approaches and conclusions of the individual case studies in this volume—monumentality pervades ancient Maya landscapes, physically, conceptually, and symbolically.
Buenaventura Lakes
Authors: Delerme Simone
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 sets the scene in Osceola County, Florida. The chapter goes back to the 1970s, to the formation of an international consortium of real estate developers—“the Mexican Millionaires”—who used real estate marketing strategies and the visceral imagery of luxurious country club living to attract Puerto Ricans to the Buenaventura Lakes suburb. This historical chapter shows how instrumental these corporate partners were in fostering an awareness of Greater Orlando’s real estate opportunities on the island of Puerto Rico and in the Puerto Rican concentrated communities of New York and Chicago, and directing the flow of mainland and island Puerto Ricans towards Greater Orlando instead of the traditional gateway cities. As a result, they created one of the largest Puerto Rican-concentrated suburbs in Central Florida.
Conclusion
Authors: Delerme Simone
Published: September 2020

The conclusion summarizes the contributions of the Greater Orlando case study and addresses the role of Latinos in challenging the south’s historic black-white racial binary. The chapter argues that the ethnographic fieldwork provides evidence of the social construction of a distinct Hispanic race and addresses the complexity of ethnoracial identity categorizations by examining the racialization of Hispanics and how they self-idenify.
Consumption and Control in the Material Culture of Hacienda El Progreso
Authors: Stahl Peter W. , Astudillo Fernando J. , Jamieson Ross W. , Quiroga Diego , Delgado Florencio
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the material culture recovered from Hacienda El Progreso midden contexts within the broader perspective of Latin America’s participation in the global market during the later nineteenth century. Two distinct aspects of the imported manufactured goods are suggested: (1) consumption to project a modern image; and (2) technologies used to control the hacienda’s landscape and its workers. Archaeological contexts are described, and the preserved assemblage, including armaments, actuarial implements, money, fencing, alcohol containers, tableware, sewing instruments, toys, and medicaments, are analyzed and contextualized. Consumer choices made by Cobos reflect the consumption habits of a coastal Ecuadorian planter class that were transported to a remote location in time and space.
Introduction
Authors: Dawson Melanie V.
Published: September 2020

The introduction begins with a narrative of the anxieties surrounding aging, including the crisis it was believed to usher into age-obsessed characters’ lives. Historically, changing demographic patterns allowed for narratives in which age classifications raised as many problems as they attempted to solve across literary modes that included society tales, agrarian novels, anti-aging romances, and coming-into-maturity stories. This chapter introduces several narrative strands that age-based narratives took: that of circumventing the decline narratives associated with aging so as to value the middle and older aged experiences, as well as all less defined experiences between. Stories of communal aging, wherein social roles are distinguished based on qualities rather than strict chronologies, and narratives of stark intergenerational competition, which end in violence, also permeate modern literature.
The Emergence of Capitalism in Early America
Authors: Calvo Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

The first comprehensive examination of early American economic thought in over a generation, The Emergence of Capitalism in Early America challenges the traditional narrative that Americans were born committed to the principles of Adam Smith. Americans are shown to have developed a distinct brand of hybrid capitalism, suited to the nation’s unique political, intellectual, cultural, and economic histories. Given America’s primary position in the history of capitalism, its economists were well situated to comment on market phenomenon. Covering a broad range of the period’s economic literature and offering close analyses of the antebellum reception of Smith’s Wealth of Nations, this book rescues America’s first economists from historical neglect. In thematically organized chapters, the intellectual cultures of American protectionism and free trade are examined. Protectionism exercised enormous influence in the discourse, constituting what rightly has been called an ‘American political economy.’ Henry Carey is highlighted as the central thinker in protectionist thought, providing an economic blueprint for the nation’s future industrial and commercial supremacy. Sharp regional divisions existed among the nation’s strongest proponents of free-trade ideology, namely Calhoun, Wayland, McVickar, Vethake, Cardozo, and Cooper, as well as important theoretical distinctions with Smithian-inspired laissez-faire. In a separate chapter, American conservative economists—among others, Fitzhugh and Holmes—are positioned alongside antebellum socialists—Skidmore and Byllesby—illustrating the rather awkward ideological arrangements attendant to emergent capitalism. Finally, the tricky relationship Americans have held with financial institutions is explored. Beginning with Hamilton, this book analyzes the financial literature as Americans learned to live with arguably the most complex and misunderstood manifestation of capitalism—finance.
Introduction
Authors: Calvo Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

The introduction situates the concept of hybrid capitalism in the historiography of American economic thought, as well as within the literature on the history of capitalism. The influence of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations is discussed. This chapter indicates that early American economists deviated from Smith and British classicism. Protectionism is introduced as the essential expression of the American economic mind. The theoretical distinctions between antebellum liberal and conservative economists are introduced. And the literature on antebellum finance is shown to have relied heavily on the dialectic between laissez-faire and republican ideology. The methodological advantages of discussing capitalism as a form of economic intellectual culture are illustrated with discussions of more recent historical analyses.
Progress and Poverty
Authors: Calvo Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter further illustrates the split between American and British liberal political economy by analyzing the antebellum treatment of Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo. Important distinctions are shown between American liberals on population, and theories of rent and wages. American exceptionalism was the primary intellectual impetus behind liberal America’s apostasy from British classicism. This chapter showcases the various forms of laissez-faire ideology that circulated in the domestic discourse, with special attention paid to, among others, J. D. B. De Bow, George Tucker, Henry Vethake, Jacob Cardozo, and Thomas Dew. American exceptionalism, combined with the influence of regional social, political, economic and cultural attitudes, shaped Americans’ understanding of British liberalism.
The Crisis of Free Society
Authors: Calvo Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on American conservative economic thought, concentrating on George Fitzhugh, George Frederick Holmes, Thomas Skidmore, and Langton Byllesby. Material and intellectual capitalism are described as revolutionary movements that American conservatives organized against. Antebellum conservatives rejected bourgeois capitalist values, further illustrating the absence of a Smithian-inspired laissez-faire consensus. Combining these thinkers into a single chapter offers a fresh perspective on what constituted economic conservative thought in the face of capitalist revolution. Southern conservatives like Fitzhugh and Holmes reserved special animus towards Smith’s Wealth of Nations, highlighting the moral and social perils of free labor, competition, and industrialization, while celebrating the benefits of paternal slavery. In Northern industrial quarters, socialists like Skidmore and Byllesby challenged the foundational principles of bourgeois capitalism, denouncing profits, private property, the maldistribution of wealth, and the social and psychological externalities of industrialization. Skidmore and Byllesby voiced a home-grown version of socialist ideology then emerging among America’s working class.
An American Political Economy
Authors: Calvo Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

Beginning with a discussion of the historical criticisms of American protectionism, this chapter moves quickly into a systematic review of the origins and arguments of protectionist political economy. The popularity and political influence of protectionism is indicated by the emergence of America as a bastion of nineteenth-century tariffs. Protectionism dominated nineteenth-century American economic discourse and was the essential expression of antebellum hybrid capitalism. By incorporating American exceptionalism, encouraging industrialization, celebrating the harmony between capital and labor, and pursuing methodological and theoretical values that were accepted across American culture, protectionism is presented as the most authentic manifestation of the antebellum economic mind. The economic ideologies of Alexander Hamilton, Matthew Carey, Daniel Raymond, Calvin Colton, and Friedrich List are explored. Each emphasized a nationalist concern in political economy, connecting political independence, especially from Britain, to national economic sovereignty.
Henry Carey, Nature, and the Destiny of Man
Authors: Calvo Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

This chapters argues that Henry Carey was the most important economist of the antebellum period. Carey united protectionism into a single, coherent economic ideology. His most significant theoretical accomplishment is the assertion of human agency in the natural economic order, as described by Adam Smith and the British classicists. Carey inverts the relationship between man and nature, making humanity sovereign over what the British economists described as an unbending natural order. For Carey, man is no longer subject to nature’s will; rather humanity controls the natural economic order, extracting from it an economics of affluence that is distinct to the American experience.
Liberalism, Republicanism, and Finance
Authors: Calvo Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter surveys the historiography on Jacksonian finance, emphasizing the literary association between finance and capitalism. Much of the chapter addresses early American opposition to financial institutions, but this chapter also discusses the advocates of finance who sponsored government intervention in state and national financial markets. This chapter argues for the reorganization of the conventional dialectic between finance and capitalism, highlighting critical nuances in the literature. Besides Alexander Hamilton, few Americans accepted finance as a desirable or necessary feature of capitalism. Most Americans believed that financial institutions were anathema to market economies, or they imagined that market competition could be employed to slow or prevent entirely the spread of finance. The chapter also connects the antebellum opposition to classical republicanism traced to England’s South Sea Bubble. Early American opponents of finance combined republican and laissez-faire values to oppose the spread of finance.
Language as Prayer in Finnegans Wake
Authors: Jaurretche Colleen
Published: September 2020

James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake abounds with prayers from all traditions, and their echoes and cadences may be found on almost every page. Bringing together thinkers from antiquity, the Middle Ages, early Enlightenment, and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this book argues that Joyce views prayer as theory of language. It gives Joyce a verbal strategy for discussing immaterial things from which he composes his book of the night: image, magic, dreams, and speech. Beginning with the second-century theologian Origen’s treatise On Prayer, as well as the eighteenth-century philosopher and rhetorician Giambattista Vico’s theories of the formation of language and culture, the book argues that Joyce’s use of language as prayer works progressively across the four sections of the novel, creating meaning from its otherwise discrete and associative arrangement. Since Plato, the culture has recognized that religious utterances possess unique characteristics, yet analytical philosophy and literary scholarship have not produced a focused study of prayer. And although brilliant and essential work in the field of genetic criticism shows us Joyce’s building blocks and methods of creation, no book suggests why Finnegans Wake follows the finished order it does. This work meets those needs.
Book III
Authors: Jaurretche Colleen
Published: September 2020

This chapter envisions the Wake as part of the tradition of dream vision literature. Beginning with the first critical writing on the Wake that sought to contextualize the book as such, and reassessing more contemporary views that the Wake is not part of the genre, the chapter lays out the tradition from the origins of English poetry and demonstrates Joyce’s adaptation and conformity with it. Part of the chapter engages Giordano Bruno’s extensive writings on dreaming and sight. The chapter takes into consideration the end result of dreaming—awakening—and situates the Wake as an aubade as well as an example of dream vision. In so doing it connects Joyce’s work to possible sources of inspiration, such as Gerard Manley Hopkins, John Bishop, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Dream of the Rood, and Richard Rolle, and looks into the criticism of Derek Attridge, Edmund Wilson, and John Bishop.
Cahokian Exports to Spiro
Authors: Dye David H.
Published: September 2020

In the twelfth century the Spiro site emerged as a substantial northern Caddoan ritual center. The Craig Mound at Spiro reveals a long history of ritual regalia inputs from the east, especially the Mississippian urban center at Cahokia. The ritual paraphernalia indicate that the Cahokian belief system played a significant role in the religious activities associated with the great mortuary and later with the spirit lodge. Inalienable goods that reached Spiro include copper plates, flint clay sculptures, shell cups and gorgets, and symbolic weaponry. The contemporaneity of Cahokia and Spiro suggests an intrinsic ritual connection and sustained interaction over several centuries through the agency of ritual sodalities and social houses.
Cahokia-Moundville Interaction
Authors: Knight Vernon James
Published: September 2020

A 1997 chapter by the author concluded that evidence of direct interaction between Cahokia and the large Mississippian center at Moundville, Alabama, was negligible. This chapter updates that assessment, especially in light of much recent research on the earliest period at Moundville. Exotic artifacts include infrequent Mill Creek chert bifaces and hoe chips, a Missouri flint clay effigy pipe, and sheet copper objects with possible Cahokia connections. Mound architecture includes a “greathouse” arguably built in a Cahokian style. Even so, evidence of direct contact between the two centers remains minimal, and there is no evidence of Cahokian involvement in Moundville’s emergence.
Interpreting a Multiple Burial in an Early Ancestral Pueblo Village
Authors: Stodder Ann L. W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes a multiple burial on a house floor in an early Ancestral Pueblo Village in Southwestern Colorado. A survey of contemporary burials in Pueblo I (AD 700–900) villages reveals that house burials from this period are not common, but neither are they unique or uniform. Tracking thirty years of interpretation of this burial points to the importance of fine-grained contextual taphonomy, and suggests that we expand the scope of what is considered to be normative burial and body position. The changing archaeological interpretation of this Mesa Verde Region burial highlights the place of mortuary treatment in the evolving narrative of the political and social history of large early villages.
Out of Range?
Authors: Haddow Scott D. , Sadvari Joshua W. , Knüsel Christopher J. , Moore Sophie V. , Nugent Selin E. , Larsen Clark Spencer
Published: September 2020

Çatalhöyük is most well known for its Neolithic settlement, but the site also served as a cemetery during the Bronze Age, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. During the Neolithic, Çatalhöyük is distinctive as a place for both the living and the dead, but thereafter the site becomes more closely associated with the dead. This chapter discusses four examples of non-normative burials from different time periods at the site, including two Neolithic burials: one of a mature male buried with a sheep and another of a young male with a congenital deformity; a Roman period double burial with an atypical grave orientation; and an isolated twentieth-century burial of a woman from the local village, which represents the last known burial on the mound. Osteobiographical information and sociocultural context are used to assess the significance of each burial. We also question how normative and non-normative burials are typically defined in the archaeological record.
Dependent Deviance
Authors: Reusch Kathryn
Published: September 2020

Castration has a long and varied history across the Old World, as many different cultures created and used castrates for multiple reasons. Castrates’ physical state gave them liminal status in their societies, which made them ideal candidates for abnormal burial rites and methods, and a lack of direct heirs made it especially necessary for castrates to plan their burials before death. This often required them to join burial clubs or attempt to ensure that the executor of their will or adopted heirs would carry out the appropriate rituals. Comparing and contrasting what is known about normative and castrate burial rituals in two cultures: China and Early Modern to Modern Europe, this chapter will assess any prescribed burial rituals for castrates. It will then determine whether castrates were buried in a deviant manner for their culture, whether they actually had control over their method of burial, and whether a violation of prescribed rituals could be considered deviant burial.
Introduction
Authors: Donoso Macaya Ángeles
Published: September 2020

The introduction presents the book’s primary concepts: depth of field, expanding field, photographic practices. It considers the work of critics such as Rosalind Krauss, Nelly Richard, John Tagg, Susan Sontag, and Ariella Azoulay. It begins by explaining the depth of field; then, it analyses the mechanisms devised by the military and officialist media to control the visual field and the depth of field. Two publications produced by the military after the coup (Libro Blanco, Chile Ayer Hoy) are considered. The analysis underscores the prominence photography had in the fabrication of cover-ups and in the consolidation of the military message. In the second part, the terms "expanding field" and "photographic practice" are explained and the significance of the documentary mode is emphasized. I reconsider key critical formulations that emerged in the Chilean cultural field in the mid-seventies that were inspired by the incorporation of photography into artistic practices, but that were nevertheless dismissive of documentary practices that did not emerge within the artistic field. In the last part, I introduce the organizations and the different photographic practices they devised to disseminate their denunciatory work, challenge the dictatorship, and counter the spread of cover-ups and misinformation by the military and officialist media.
Forensic Matter
Authors: Donoso Macaya Ángeles
Published: September 2020

The Lonquén case, as it is known, was the first case that definitively confirmed the denied existence of the detained-disappeared. Besides establishing that fifteen men who had been detained on October 7, 1973, had been thrown into the furnace of an abandoned mine, buried, and left there in clandestine cemeteries, the forensic analysis and the inspecting judge’s investigation also revealed that the depositions given by the policemen involved in the crime were completely false. Despite the prominence of the Lonquén case, little attention has been placed on the documentary photographs that served to secure and present the physical remains found as forensic evidence. I consider two sets of photographs taken by Vicaría de la Solidaridad photographers Helen Hughes and Luis Navarro at the abandoned mine during the first days of December 1978, immediately after the findings. My analysis centers on the photos that were disseminated publicly and also considers how the unpublished photos (the vast majority) were discussed in the media. The chapter ends with a brief consideration of No Olvidar (Not To Forget) (1982) by Ignacio Agüero, and La ciudad de los fotógrafos by Sebastián Moreno, two documentary films in which the traces of Lonquén continue emerging.
Authority, Autonomy, and the Archaeology of a Mississippian Community
Authors: Nelson Erin S.
Published: September 2020

This book explores Mississippian communities in the 14th–15th century northern Yazoo Basin through an archaeological case study of Parchman Place, located in present day Coahoma County, Mississippi. Drawing on archaeological evidence for foodways, mound building, and the organization of community space, the book takes the position that community-building by Mississippian people was a process of placemaking that involved repeated re-creations of a distinct worldview in a particular place (or places). Much evidence points toward the tendency for Mississippian social relations to be strongly hierarchical. And yet, archaeological data from Parchman Place and elsewhere suggest that different Mississippian people practiced placemaking and world creation in different ways, through different media, and to achieve different goals. Despite the very visible outcomes of actions taken by powerful people (mound-top residences, palisades, community spatial organization, feasting refuse), community-building was decidedly not the exclusive purview of elite members of Mississippian communities. Rather, spatial and depositional practices indicate that leadership was routinely checked by those who wished to emphasize kin group autonomy and those who valued the maintenance of balance among distinct social groups.
Mississippian Communities in the Northern Yazoo Basin
Authors: Nelson Erin S.
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the study of Mississippian communities by reviewing archaeological evidence for Mississippi period sites; social organization and worldview among Mississippian people and their descendants; and theoretical approaches to understanding the nature of human action and constraints on that action. It also reviews what we know of Mississippi period settlement in the northern Yazoo Basin, including the Parchman phase and nearby phases, some of which have been identified as Soto-era provinces or polities. Finally, this chapter provides an overview of archaeological work done at Parchman Place in order to establish what we know of the site’s physical layout and chronology. This includes a description of surface collections, mapping, excavation, and geophysical survey conducted at the site. The radiocarbon (C14) chronology from excavated contexts at Parchman Place is also presented.
The Power of English
Authors: Barreto Amílcar Antonio
Published: September 2020

Spanish was entrenched as the language of public-school instruction with the advent of elected governors in the middle of the previous century. Since then heated exchanges over the language-education nexus subsided significantly. English is still associated with upward socio-economic mobility and facilitated migration to the US mainland. This chapter also explores the linguistic panorama and linguistic enclaves on the island. The largest pockets of English speakers are in the San Juan metropolitan area and areas adjacent to military installations. Data also reveal that since Puerto Rico’s economic downturn in the first decade of this century the percentage of English speakers on the island has dropped significantly. The drop coincides with a mass migration off the island. Consequently, English is no longer associated exclusively with Americans. It is increasingly becoming a critical medium for communication with stateside Puerto Ricans.
The Official Language Act of 1991
Authors: Barreto Amílcar Antonio
Published: September 2020

Representative Héctor López Galarza got the ball rolling in 1989 by introducing a bill declaring Spanish the island’s only official language. An ardent cultural nationalist, he drafted his proposal without consulting with the party’s leadership. The PPD leadership took its time deliberating over this matter while it also faced hearings in Washington over a proposed federal status plebiscite. PNP spokespersons insisted on inserting language that would guarantee Puerto Rico cultural autonomy under statehood. Senator J. Bennett Johnston of Louisiana strongly recommended against such an amendment, concerned that it would not sit well with many Americans. He openly revealed that the civic creed’s rhetoric of equality might not apply to those who are culturally dissimilar. Subsequently Gov. Hernández Colón signed the unilingual bill, a move that some of his PNP rivals suggested was carried out to hurt the statehood cause in Washington.
Introduction
Authors: Fox Georgia L.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the volume’s organization, and current background literature on plantation archaeology in Caribbean historical archaeology as it pertains to the study site, Betty’s Hope plantation. One theoretical perspective in examining life at Betty’s Hope is through Entanglement Theory, although it is not the only theoretical perspective discussed in the volume. The Betty’s Hope project is partially aided by the Codrington Papers archive housed in the National Archives of Antigua and Barbuda. The archive is then compared to the archaeological discoveries made at Betty’s Hope from 2007 to 2015, yielding rich comparative data from one site. The volume is not limited to site-specific information but also incorporates Betty’s Hope in the broader scheme of the Caribbean regional developments.
Agriculture at Betty’s Hope
Authors: Fox Georgia L.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 by Georgia Fox explores sugar cane agriculture at Betty’s Hope. An industrial complex, the cycle of cane cultivation, harvesting, and processing is examined in detail. One of the key questions is whether there was any true innovation, particularly with the advent of the Industrial Revolution. It is suggested that enslaved labor contributed to innovations, but to claim their contributions was subsumed under the repressive regime of the plantation hierarchy. Agricultural production is also discussed as it relates to extreme weather events such as drought and the critical need for water to run a large plantation like Betty’s Hope. Utilizing the archaeological and documentary evidence, the shift from more traditional farming techniques to steam power is demonstrated for the nineteenth century.
Reexamining the Evidence for Bear Ceremonialism in the Lower Mississippi Valley
Authors: Peles Ashley , Kassabaum Megan C.
Published: September 2020

This chapter reexamines the archaeological evidence for black bear (Ursus americanus) ceremonialism in the Lower Mississippi Valley (Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi). While the environment of the Lower Mississippi Valley was certainly favorable for black bear, we find that not only do ethnohistorical records indicate the importance of black bear but there is a particularly high amount of bear remains at sites dating to the Late Woodland period (AD 700–1200). Feltus, a Coles Creek mound center in southwest Mississippi, is then presented as a case study of black bear ceremonialism. Extensive excavations show that black bear remained a consistent focus throughout the site’s use. Although the specific nature of bear use differs when comparing off-mound and pre-mound contexts to summit-related activities, black bear is consistently found in association with feasting events and ritual activities related to the setting of freestanding posts.
Electronic Civil Disobedience
Authors: Domínguez Ricardo
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT), a group that developed virtual sit-in technologies in solidarity with the Zapatistas communities in Chiapas, Mexico, in 1998. EDT, like many artivist groups, understood that the “politics of fear” set-off by 9/11 would be used by governments to establish almost everything under the signs of cyberwar, cyberterrorism, and cybercrime in order stop the development of Digital Zapatismo, electronic civil disobedience, hacktivism, and tactical media work across the arcs of Latin America and beyond. This essay establishes the conditions that were navigated by EDT and artivists working across digital platforms to establish new network gestures that would connect and amplify new visions of social formations emerging across Latin America, especially from the indigenous communities that were not deterred by the establishment of post-9/11 planetary war.
Introduction
Authors: Blanco María del Pilar , Page Joanna
Published: September 2020

The transnational transfers of ideas, technologies, materials, and people that have shaped the history of science in Latin America are marked, as in any region, by asymmetries of power. These are often replicated or even magnified in the narratives we have forged about that history. The journeys to Latin America of some of Europe’s most famous naturalists (Humboldt and Darwin, for example) are often depicted as the heroic overcoming by European science of savage local terrains and ways of life. Those epic explorers are recast, in other narratives, as the forerunners of (neo)colonial exploitation in the history of the ransacking of Latin America’s mineral riches to pay for European imperial ventures, repeated in the often-illegal plundering of the region’s dinosaur fossils to swell museum collections in Europe and North America. In such accounts, Latin America becomes the arena for European adventures, the testing ground for new scientific theories, or the passive victim of colonial profiteering, but rarely a place of innovation. It is certainly the case that over the centuries the flow of natural resources, data, and expertise from Latin America to more developed regions has generally been to the benefit of those regions and has not reduced an imbalance of power that dates back to the colonial period.
Laboratories of Universality
Authors: Suárez Carlos Fonseca
Published: September 2020

Carlos Fonseca Suárez read Jorge Luis Borges’s short story “El Aleph” as a reflection upon the limits of technological universalism as well as a reconfiguration of modern cosmopolitanism. Carlos Fonseca Suárez then explores the figure of José Arcadio Buendía—founder of Macondo in Cien años de soledad (1967)—who in his obsession with scientific innovation takes Borges’s exploration of technological modernity and the impasses of modern progressivism even further, proposing instead a new dialectical model of universalism. Finally, Carlos Fonseca Suárez concludes by adding a final star to this constellation by exploring how the character of Luca Belladona in Ricardo Piglia’s 2010 novel Blanco nocturno allows for a rereading of this Humboldt’s plainsman scene in the contemporary socioeconomic context, where the relation between the global and the local, center and periphery, becomes intertwined in the elusive informational networks of global capital.
Introduction to Section I
Authors: Blanco María del Pilar , Page Joanna
Published: September 2020

In one of the earlier episodes related by Charles Darwin in The Voyage of the Beagle (1839), the young Englishman describes the visit to an estate on the Rio Macaé in Brazil. It was “two and a half miles long, and the owner had forgotten how many broad.”...
Um sistema para auxílio no monitoramento da febre amarela
Authors: Araujo Caio , Silva Leila , La Corte Roseli , Bittencourt Francielma
Published: September 2020

A febre amarela e uma doença transmitida por vetores, com crescimento preocupante de número de casos no Brasil. Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta para auxiliar no monitoramento dos agentes transmissores da febre amarela. A ferramenta foi desenvolvida como parte de um projeto de rastreamento da situação epidemiológica do estado de Sergipe e visa prover suporte automático às atividades de captura, manipulação, integração e visualização de dados coletados pela equipe desse projeto. O sistema foi desenvolvido seguindo a metodologia Scrum e pode ser acessado nas plataformas Web e móvel.
A Question Answering System over Chronic Diseases and Epigenetics Knowledge
Authors: Almansa Luciana , Rubio Gabriel , Macedo Alessandra
Published: September 2020

Medical records describe patients’ health conditions and help experts to decide on treatments. The scientific biomedical knowledge can improve the prevention and treatment of diseases and promote innovation and discovery in health. However, healthcare professionals may have difficulty in searching for relevant scientific information due to lack time and constant literature update. The present work proposes a Question Answering (Q&A) architecture to support a more focused search for information about chronic diseases. A user question in natural language initiates the search for answering and promoting knowledge such as a learning healthcare system. To evaluate the system, we employ a reference collection on epigenetics and chronic disease and calculate performance measures like precision, recall and F-measure.
O programa Aedes em Foco como elemento de combate a arboviroses
Authors: Monteiro André , Cavalcanti Caio , Lima Ernesto , Neto Joaquim , Coelho Ivo , Paillard Gabriel , Gomes George , Junior Francisco , Pequeno Henrique , Castro Miguel , Carmo Rafael , Maia Rubson
Published: September 2020

Este artigo apresenta a aplicação do projeto Aedes em Foco no combate à arboviroses, principalmente as causadas pelo mosquito Aedes Aegypti. Apresenta o estado atual de combate a esse problema no Brasil, o modelo proposto pelo projeto e os resultados obtidos em um estudo de caso. O estudo de caso foi realizado na cidade de Cedro - Ceará e o projeto contribuiu para mudanças na maneira como são realizadas visitas residenciais obrigatórias por Agentes de Endemias. Por meio da plataforma de software e dos elementos auxiliares introduzidos pelo projeto, os resultados observados demonstram empiricamente que o projeto contribuiu para uma melhor compreensão e controle do processo de combate ao arbovírus nesse município.
SmartRES - Uma plataforma IoT para Monitoramento Inteligente em Saúde e sua Aplicação no Contexto da COVID-19
Authors: Barbosa Vinícius , Ferreira Helen , Gomes Leonardo , Gomes Fabio , Barreto Ivana , Monteiro Odorico , Oliveira Mauro
Published: September 2020

O Ministério da Saúde no Brasil lançou o conceito de Conjunto Mínimo de Dados (CMD), ferramenta que integrara o registro dos dados do paciente em um layout único. Por outro lado, os planos de saúde privados têm adotado diferentes abordagens na implantação dos Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde (RES), utilizando diferentes padrões de interoperabilidade semântica. Nesse contexto, o SmartRES propõe uma plataforma inteligente de gestão em saúde, que permitirá a interoperabilidade de diferentes RES públicos e privados. Com o SmartRES as informações clínicas de um usuário poderão ser acessadas a qualquer hora e lugar. Serviços inteligentes do SmartRES poderão alertar o usuário na prevenção e predição de problemas clínicos a partir do cruzamento de seu histórico, com dados em tempo real. Finalmente, o trabalho apresenta o uso da plataforma SmartRES no novo contexto da COVID-19.
Polyimide Used in Space Applications
Authors: Griseri Virginie
Published: September 2020

Polyimide (PI) is an interesting material for space applications as it offers excellent thermal properties. However, due to its dielectric properties, charge storage and release can be at the origin of electrostatic discharges that are hazardous for the surrounding electrical equipment. Depending on the spacecraft orbit, it is necessary to study the impact of specific surrounding environment. In any cases, the effect of vacuum and temperature variations can be combined with electrons and protons’ irradiation, atomic oxygen erosion, and photons impact from UV exposure. On the market, there exist many types of PI, and since several years, composite are also developed. The main properties that are usually observed are the conductivity that is analyzed from surface potential decay, the photoemission and the ability to initiate and propagate surface flashover. Since several years, the space charge storage analysis by the pulse electro-acoustic method has been developed as an interesting complementary tool. It is important to remember that experimental characterization needs to be representative to the space environment especially because it has been observed that PI can recover its original properties in air in a couple of hours depending on the ageing degree.
Learning Is Visual: Why Teachers Need to Know about Vision
Authors: Birkeland Wilhelmsen Gunvor , Felder Marion
Published: September 2020

This chapter adopts an integrative literature review to describe and analyze theories and empirical research on visual development, impairment, screening, and intervention. The purpose is to inform teachers on how to influence students’ education and social growth through understanding vision. Vision is especially essential for reading, accessing classroom materials, and learning. Yet, in many countries, vision problems in children are not assessed and thus not treated. The negative consequences for individuals and society are often significant. Though there is an abundance of eye health specialists in developed countries, not all visual problems that influence learning and reading are screened or treated effectively. This is worse in developing countries where eye health infrastructure often is lacking. Even screening and treatment given through the eye healthcare system is not always sustainable, since regular follow-up is lacking. The literature review shows that vision is a developing sense important for learning and that teachers can screen children’s vision and support visual development. It can be concluded that every child in the twenty-first century school should have teachers with knowledge in vision. An example of a higher education initiative is presented to illustrate possible further education for teachers in the area of vision.
Introduction
Authors: Hee Wai-Siam
Published: September 2020

a.fangyan is not equal to ‘dialect’;

b. Chinese or Sinitic is a group and not a language …

e. Cantonese, Amoy, Hakka, Hunanese, Hainanese, Taiwanese, Dungan, etc. are distinct languages within the Chinese or Sinitic group …

g. ‘Mandarin’ is not synonymous with ‘the Chinese language’ (...
Malayan Chinese Popular Memory
Authors: Hee Wai-Siam
Published: September 2020

The second chapter examines three Chinese-language films shot in Singapore by mainland Chinese director Wu Cun after the Second World War. Through close reading of these filmic texts, and reportage and discussions of them in the 1940s’ Malayan cinema tabloids Yule and Dianying
quan, this chapter aims to reconstruct the popular memory of ‘Mahua (Malaysian Chinese) Cinemas’ and their relationship with ‘Mahua Literature’ and Chinese film culture. It also probes the naming of ‘Mahua Cinema’ in the temporal context of these films and how they represent post-war Malayan Chinese female migrants, loyalists, and foreigners, with reference to historical materials on the early migration of Chinese females to S.E. Asia. This chapter also critically employs relevant Cold War Singaporean and Malaysian theories to analyse and compare the Chineseness and political groups in these films. All three films were produced after the war, when the Malayan Communist Party, which debated aggressively about the ‘uniqueness of Malayan Chinese literature and art’, was flourishing. Besides attempting to portray the real Singapore-Malayan local colour in that time and place as advocated by the ‘uniqueness of Malaysian Chinese literature and art’, Wu Cun and his local production partners, the Shaw Brothers Company, represented the left-wing practice of Malayan Communist Party guerrillas and their supporters, which had been suppressed by mainstream historical discourse.
The Making of Malaya
Authors: Hee Wai-Siam
Published: September 2020

The third chapter examines the MFU, a film organisation affiliated with the post-war British colonial government, and its multilingual colonial films. The MFU produced a large number of historical and geographical documentaries in support of the British colonial regime and the Singaporean and Malayan autonomous governments. The film unit also directed the production and filming of many propaganda films and feature films accompanied by recordings and commentaries in different languages and Chinese topolects. These films vigorously promoted Cold War ideology to the Malayan people, and all theatres in Malaya were compelled to screen these films. The ultimate goal of the MFU was to interpellate a Malayan identity in order to eradicate the threat posed by communist ideology. This chapter considers films made by the MFU alongside Cold War archival materials gathered from The British Film Institute, The UK National Archives, Imperial War Museums, The British Library, National Archives of Singapore, the National Film Department of Malaysia, and 1950s–1960s reportage on the MFU in US, UK, and local newspapers in Chinese and English. It will explore how Chinese New Village settlers and Malayan communists were represented in semi-realistic/semi-fictional moving images during the Cold War period. This chapter aims to reconsider the question of whether the aim of the MFU really was to hasten the end of empire, or if it was an extension of the imperialist machinery of state in S.E. Asia.
A Singapore Story, Hollywood Version
Authors: Hee Wai-Siam
Published: September 2020

The fourth chapter examines anti-Communist films made by Hollywood in Cantonese and Malay in Singapore and Malaya in the Cold War context of the ‘Campaign of Truth’. In the early 1950s, the United States Information Agency, an arm of the State Department, secretly commissioned and funded New York Sound Masters Inc. to produce and shoot several anti-Communist films in Singapore and Malaya. In 1953, cinemas across Malaya and Singapore screened Singapore
Story and Kampong
Sentosa, two Cold War products of the ‘Campaign of Truth’. In addition to analysing the ideology of these films, this chapter combines declassified archive material from the US and Singaporean National Archives with primary materials from UK, US, Singaporean, and Malayan periodicals from the Cold War era, in order to explore how these two films use Malay and Cantonese to narrate a Hollywood version of the Singaporean story. As these two films have been largely passed over in scholarship and the films and archives have not been regularly accessible, records of these films are absent from histories of film and television in the US, Singapore, and Malaya. This chapter aims to remedy this absence.
Afterword
Authors: Hee Wai-Siam
Published: September 2020

There are both continuities and rupture points in the cultural production of Singaporean and Malayan Chinese-language film before and during the Cold War. Before, appeals to Chineseness were the main theme of Chinese-language cinema, as New Friend and Wu Cun’s three films embodied weakening appeals to Chineseness. During the Cold War, the theme of how Chinese identity could survive began to replace the assumed default of Chineseness in Malayanised Chinese-language film. Retreating from the battlefield of Chineseness to defend the Chinese language became the greatest common denominator in maintaining Chinese identity. Anglo-American anti-communist films, from the MFU to Hollywood, regarded Chineseness as a S.E. Asian extension of Chinese communism and regarded Chinese identity as Chinese chauvinism. This cultural production attempted to fabricate a Chinese ethnic identity, while simultaneously interpellating the local identity of Singaporean and Malayan Chinese people: bidding farewell to being ‘neither Malayan nor Chinese’ and moving towards a nationalist discourse under which Chinese people would assimilate with Malays. This created a rupture between Singaporean and Malayan Chinese people and their Chinese historical identity, and with Chinese nationalism. The cultural production of Malayanised Chinese-language cinema was a response to this assimilationist nationalist discourse. On the surface, the singing and dancing in these films seemed to gloss over the chaotic reality of Chinese marginalisation during the Malayan Emergency, but in reality they apply the strength of the contemporary discourse of independence and self-government in order to secretly support Third-World anti-imperialist, anti-colonial idealism....