bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method to Improve Experimental Validation of Finite‐Element Models of Long Bones
Authors: Juszczyk M. , Schileo E. , Martelli S. , Cristofolini L. , Viceconti M.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Finite‐element (FE) simulations are extremely sensitive to boundary conditions, including the position of applied forces. This is particularly critical for FE models of bones, where the lack of a univocal reference system makes identifying the boundary conditions difficult. The aims of this work were to design a transducer (FP‐transducer) to accurately determine the position of the resultant joint force during in vitro tests, and to assess its accuracy for future application in validating numerical models of long bones. A strain gauge‐based transducer was designed to indirectly measure the position of the force applied to the long bones during in vitro tests, by measuring the reaction moments about two perpendicular axes, generated by the force applied. Validation tests were performed to quantify the intrinsic precision of the FP‐transducer (by applying calibrated forces at known locations), and the overall accuracy when the FP‐transducer was included in a typical set‐up for long bone testing. The intrinsic accuracy of the FP‐transducer when used to calculate the position of an offset force was satisfactory (0.66 mm). The overall accuracy of the FP‐transducer in measuring the position of the applied force, when included in a typical set‐up for long bone testing was 0.85 mm. In vitro validation of FE models of long bones may, therefore, be improved, thanks to a more accurate determination of the force application point.
Basal Cell Carcinoma Arising in Nevus Sebaceous during Childhood
Authors: Altaykan Aslı , Ersoy‐Evans Sibel , Erkin Gül , Özkaya Özay
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Nevus sebaceous usually occurs as a solitary lesion located mostly on the scalp and the face. The potential for nevus sebaceous to develop malignancy is well recognized, though it is generally thought that this transformation occurs only postpubertally or later. However, few cases of basal cell carcinoma arising in nevus sebaceous before puberty were reported. Herein, we report a case of basal cell carcinoma arising in a nevus sebaceous on the scalp of a 10‐year‐old boy, and a review of the literature on prepubertal cases and the need for prophylactic surgery.
Primary Pediatric Hyperhidrosis: A Review of Current Treatment Options
Authors: Gelbard Christina M. , Epstein Hayley , Hebert Adelaide
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Hyperhidrosis is a disorder of excessive sweating beyond what is physiologically necessary for thermoregulation. Primary hyperhidrosis is localized; it can affect the axillae, palms, soles, face, and other areas and is idiopathic. The prevalence of hyperhidrosis in the United States is estimated to be 2.8% of the population, with about one‐half (1.4%) of these individuals having the axillary form. Hyperhidrosis occurs in both children and adults, with the average age of onset of primary hyperhidrosis being 14–25 years. This disorder can be detrimental to a patient’s social, professional, psychological, and physical well‐being. Early detection and management can significantly improve a patient’s quality of life, yet hyperhidrosis remains widely under diagnosed and under treated, particularly among pediatric patients. The purpose of this article is to review the treatment of pediatric hyperhidrosis, and to increase awareness and inspire further research on this important and often overlooked medical problem.
Congenital Anetoderma in a Preterm Infant
Authors: Mary Wain E. , Mellerio Jemima E. , Robson Alistair , Atherton David J.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Isolated, small lesions of anetoderma presenting at birth have been reported in twins born at 25 weeks of gestational age. We report the first case of widespread congenital anetoderma occurring in an infant born at 24 weeks of gestation weighing 640 g and discuss the potential factors in its etiology.
Henoch–Schönlein Purpura Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Child
Authors: Mytinger John R. , Patterson James W. , Thibault Erin S. , Webb Jeffrey , Saulsbury Frank T.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Henoch–Schönlein purpura is an acute leukocytoclastic vasculitis that primarily affects children. Henoch–Schönlein purpura is often associated with an infection, and a wide variety of infectious agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis. We report a child with Henoch–Schönlein purpura associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Treatment of the Helicobacter pylori infection was accompanied by prompt resolution of the Henoch–Schönlein purpura.
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy with abdominal pain and elevated transaminases
Authors: OBEID MAKRAM , HALEY JOHN , CREWS JONATHAN , PARHIZGAR ROBERT , JOHNSON LARA , CAMP TAMMY
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy is a rare type of leukocytoclastic vasculitis characterized by a triad of fever, edema, and rosette‐shaped purpura, mainly over the face, auricles, and extremities in a nontoxic infant. Visceral involvement is infrequent in acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy. We report a case of acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy with abnormal liver function tests and abdominal pain.
Childhood Discoid Lupus in Identical Twins
Authors: DEL BOZ JAVIER , MARTÍN TRINIDAD , SAMANIEGO ELIA , VERA ÁNGEL , SANZ ANDRÉS , CRESPO VICENTE
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  We report the exceptional case of 11‐year‐old identical male twins who both developed discoid lupus erythematosus lesions. Although systemic lupus erythematosus has often been reported in identical twins, discoid lupus erythematosus has only ocassionaly been described, with only one other case in twin children, as far as we are aware.
Vincristine‐induced Eccrine Squamous Syringometaplasia
Authors: Thomas Lacey Mitchell , Mohr Melinda , Smith Michael , Boyd Alan
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Eccrine squamous syringometaplasia is a histologic finding associated with chemotherapy administration and other cutaneous diseases. Concentration of the chemotherapeutic agents is believed to effect toxic changes in these epithelial structures. We report the first case of vincristine‐induced eccrine squamous syringometaplasia in a 12‐year‐old patient undergoing treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma.
Videodermoscopy: A Useful Tool for Diagnosing Congenital Triangular Alopecia
Authors: Iorizzo Matilde , Pazzaglia Massimiliano , Starace Michela , Militello Giuseppe , Tosti Antonella
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Congenital triangular alopecia, despite its name, usually presents in children between 3 and 6 years of age, but adult patients have been reported. It is not uncommon for triangular alopecia to be misdiagnosed as alopecia areata and treated for such. This is especially true when a lesion of triangular alopecia presents in an area of the scalp other than the typical fronto‐temporal hairline or later in adulthood. Videodermoscopy may serve as a useful tool to perform the right diagnosis as it can highlight signs not seen by the unaided eye and may be able to spare the patient from a biopsy.
Credit Availability and the Structure of the Homebuilding Industry
Authors: Ambrose Brent W. , Peek Joe
Published: November 2008

We investigate the role of disruptions to the structure of the homebuilding industry due to fluctuations in the availability of bank credit. We find a sustained decline in the large private homebuilder market share series over the period from 1988 to 1993 when many banks with deteriorated health reduced their lending in order to raise capital ratios. Regression analysis at the metropolitan statistical area level supports the hypothesis that, in areas where banks were less well capitalized and had more problem construction loans, the market shares of large private homebuilders that relied primarily on bank credit to finance their production suffered at the expense of the public homebuilders that had better access to external funds, in large part due to their direct access to public capital markets.
Real Estate Returns and Risk with Heterogeneous Investors
Authors: Lin Zhenguo , Liu Yingchun
Published: November 2008

This article develops a theoretical framework and formulates a unified risk metric that integrates both real estate price risk and uncertainty of time on market (TOM). We demonstrate that real estate sellers with different degrees of financial distress face not only different marketing period risks, but also receive different return distributions upon successful sales. The major findings of this article can be summarized as follows. First, we show that real estate return and risk, which account for both price and TOM risk, are investor specific, varying over investors with different financial circumstances and holding periods. Second, the traditional valuation of real estate return and risk, which is based solely on the return distribution of a successful sale without considering the uncertainty of TOM and the investor's financial circumstances, underestimates real estate risk and exaggerates real estate return. Third, our empirical applications in both residential and commercial real estate markets show that the Sharpe ratio estimated by the traditional approach is seriously overstated—to the largest extent for investors with high financial distress. In addition, we find that, given the typical 5‐ to 7‐year holding period for real estate, the Sharpe ratios estimated by integrating both price and TOM risk are much in line with the performance of financial assets. These findings can help to explain the apparent “risk‐premium puzzle” in real estate.
A Model of Time‐on‐Market and Real Estate Price Under Sequential Search with Recall
Authors: Cheng Ping , Lin Zhenguo , Liu Yingchun
Published: November 2008

This article develops a model and provides a closed‐form formula to uncover the theoretical relationship between real estate price and time on market (TOM). Our model shows a nonlinear positive price‐TOM relationship, and it identifies three economic factors that affect the impact of TOM on sale price. We demonstrate that conventional metrics for real estate return and risk, which are borrowed in a naïve fashion from finance theory, do not account for marketing period risk and tend to overestimate real estate returns and underestimate real estate risks. Our model provides a simple way to correct such bias. This theory helps to explain the apparent “risk‐premium puzzle” in real estate.
Law and Gospel, and Youth and Family Ministry
Authors: Wiersma Hans
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.
Interrogatory Theology
Authors: Hoffmeyer John F.
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Theological engagement with young people—and indeed with people of all ages—benefits when it attends to the practice of asking questions. The understanding of theological statements requires an appreciation of the questions behind them. In addition, questions are not merely instruments for getting to the answers. Good questions themselves generate insight. Questioning works best in an atmosphere of trust and freedom. This article develops these points by narrating experiences of theological engagement with young people.
Role of the Cytoskeleton in Choanoflagellate Lorica Assembly
Authors: FRÖSLER JAN , LEADBEATER BARRY S. C.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT. Cell division in Acanthoeca spectabilis produces a “naked” motile daughter cell (juvenile) that settles onto a surface and deposits siliceous costal strips that are stored extracellularly in bundles. When complete, the bundles of strips are assembled in a single continuous movement to form a basket‐like lorica. Assembly can be divided into four overlapping stages. Stage 1 entails the left‐handed rotation of strips at the anterior end while the posterior end remains stationary. Stage 2 includes the posterior protrusion of the cell to form a stalk. Stage 3 involves the anterior extension of the spines, and Stage 4 the dilation of the lorica chamber and deposition of the organic investment. Scanning electron microscopic images reveal a one‐to‐one association between the moving bundles of strips and the anterior ring of lorica‐assembling tentacles. Treatment with microtubule inhibitors produces “dwarf” cells that lack stalks, have their spines extended, and possess collars but lack flagella. Treatment with microfilament (actin) inhibitors prevents extension of the anterior spines. These experiments demonstrate that posterior cell extension is primarily mediated by microtubules whereas extension of the spines is controlled by the actin cytoskeleton. The processes of cytoskeletal rotation and extracellular costal strip movement are compared, respectively, with rotation of nuclei in animal embryos and movement of mammalian cells over surfaces.
Molecular mechanisms of IL‐18BP regulation in DLD‐1 cells: pivotal direct action of the STAT1/GAS axis on the promoter level
Authors: Bachmann Malte , Paulukat Jens , Pfeilschifter Josef , Mühl Heiko
Published: November 2008

Interleukin (IL)‐18, formerly known as interferon (IFN)‐γ‐inducing factor, is a crucial mediator of host defence and inflammation. Control of IL‐18 bioactivity by its endogenous antagonist IL‐18 binding protein (IL‐18BP) is a major objective of immunoregulation. IL‐18BP is strongly up‐regulated by IFN‐γ, thereby establishing a negative feedback mechanism detectable in cell culture and in vivo. Here we sought to investigate in D.L. Dexter (DLD) colon carcinoma cells molecular mechanisms of IL‐18BP induction under the influence of IFN‐γ. Mutational analysis revealed that a proximal γ‐activated sequence (GAS) at the IL‐18BP promoter is of pivotal importance for expression by IFN‐γ‐activated cells. Use of siRNA underscored the essential role of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)‐1 in this process. Indeed, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis proved STAT1 binding to this particular GAS site. Maximal expression of IL‐18BP was dependent on de novo protein synthesis but unaffected by silencing of interferon regulatory factor‐1. Altogether, data presented herein indicate that direct action of STAT1 on the IL‐18BP promoter at the proximal GAS element is key to IL‐18BP expression by IFN‐γ‐stimulated DLD‐1 colon carcinoma cells.
HUMANIZING EDUCATION AND THE EDUCATIONALIZATION OF HEALTH
Authors: Lambeir Bert , Ramaekers Stefan
Published: November 2008

Abstract Theorists often take a condescending stance when speaking about the educationalization of social problems. Given their confidence with postmodern and poststructuralist perspectives, the educationalization of social problems is easily perceived as a set of questionable interventions by governments into educational practices. In this essay, Bert Lambeir and Stefan Ramaekers question the extent to which one can conceive of social problems without an understanding of education or, put more sharply, the extent to which social problems are conceivable without some form of educationalization. After describing four meanings of the concept of educationalization, Lambeir and Ramaekers discuss three popular criticisms of it. With these criticisms as context, the authors use the example of concerns about and initiatives in health education to investigate whether education can be completely freed from the educationalization of social issues. They conclude that it cannot.
Microbiological and Toxicological Effects of Perla Black Bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) Extracts:In VitroandIn VivoStudies
Authors: Lara‐Díaz Víctor Javier , Gaytán‐Ramos Ángel A. , Dávalos‐Balderas Alfredo José , Santos‐Guzmán Jesús , Mata‐Cárdenas Benito David , Vargas‐Villarreal Javier , Barbosa‐Quintana Alvaro , Sanson Misu , López‐Reyes Alberto Gabriel , Moreno‐Cuevas Jorge E.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: We investigated the microbiological and toxicological effects of three Perla black bean extracts on the growth and culture of selected pathogenic microorganisms, the toxicity over Vero cell lines and anin vivorat model. Three different solvents were used to obtain Perla black bean extracts. All three Perla black bean extracts were tested for antibacterial and antiparasitic activity and further analysed for intrinsic cytotoxicity (IC50). Methanol Perla black bean extract was used for acute toxicity test in rats, with the up‐and‐down doping method. All Perla black bean extracts inhibited bacterial growth.Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Proteus vulgaris,Klebsiella oxytoca,Enterococcus faecalis,Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus epidermidisandListeria monocytogenesshowed inhibition, whileEscherichia coliandEnterobacter aerogenesdid not. Acidified water and acetic acid Perla black bean extract were tested in parasites. The best IC50was observed forGiardia lamblia, while higher concentrations were active againstEntamoeba histolyticaandTrichomonas vaginalis. The Vero cells toxicity levels (IC50) for methanol, acidified water and acetic acid Perla black bean extract were [mean ± S.D. (95% CI)]: 275 ± 6.2 (267.9–282.0), 390 ± 4.6 (384.8–395.2) and 209 ± 3.39 (205.6–212.4) µg/ml, respectively.In vivoacute toxicity assays did not show changes in absolute organ weights, gross and histological examinations of selected tissues or functional tests. The acetic acid and methanol Perla black bean extract proved to exhibit strong antibacterial activity and the acidified water Perla black bean extract exerted parasiticidal effects againstGiardia lamblia,Entamoeba hystoliticaandTrichomonas vaginalis. The three Perla black bean extracts assayed over Vero cells showed very low toxicity and the methanol Perla black bean extractin vivodid not cause toxicity.
The minimum stellar metallicity observable in the Galaxy
Authors: Frebel Anna , Johnson Jarrett L. , Bromm Volker
Published: November 2008

The first stars fundamentally transformed the early Universe through their production of energetic radiation and the first heavy chemical elements. The impact on cosmic evolution sensitively depends on their initial mass function (IMF), which can be empirically constrained through the detailed studies of ancient, metal-poor halo stars in our Galaxy. We compare the lowest magnesium and iron abundances measured in Galactic halo stars with theoretical predictions for the minimum stellar enrichment provided by Population III stars under the assumption of a top-heavy IMF. To demonstrate that abundances measured in metal-poor stars reflect the chemical conditions at their formation, and that they can thus be used to derive constraints on the primordial IMF, we carry out a detailed kinematic analysis of a large sample of metal-poor stars drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We assess whether interstellar accretion has altered their surface abundances. We find that the accretion is generally negligible, even at the extremely low levels where the primordial IMF can be tested. We conclude that the majority of the first stars were very massive, but had likely masses below ∼140 M⊙.
The Quality of Content Analyses of State Student Achievement Tests and Content Standards
Authors: Porter Andrew C. , Polikoff Morgan S. , Zeidner Tim , Smithson John
Published: November 2008

This article examines the reliability of content analyses of state student achievement tests and state content standards. We use data from two states in three grades in mathematics and English language arts and reading to explore differences by state, content area, grade level, and document type. Using a generalizability framework, we find that reliabilities for four coders are generally greater than .80. For the two problematic reliabilities, they are partly explained by an odd rater out. We conclude that the content analysis procedures, when used with at least five raters, provide reliable information to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners about the content of assessments and standards.
A Guide to Understanding and Developing Performance‐Level Descriptors
Authors: Perie Marianne
Published: November 2008

There has been much discussion recently about why the percentage of students scoring Proficient or above varies as much as it does on state assessments across the country. However, most of these discussions center on the leniency or rigor of the cut score. Yet, the cut score is developed in a standard‐setting process that depends heavily on the definition for each level of performance. Good performance‐level descriptors (PLDs) can be the foundation of an assessment program, driving everything from item development to cut scores to reporting. PLDs should be written using a multistep process. First, policymakers determine the number and names of the levels. Next, they develop policy definitions specifying the level of rigor intended by each level, regardless of the grade or subject to which it is applied. Finally, content experts and education leaders should supplement these policy definitions with specific statements related to the content standards for each assessment. This article describes a process for developing PLDs, contrasts that with current state practice, and discusses the implication for interpreting the word “proficient,” which is the keystone of No Child Left Behind.
NCME 2007 Presidential Address: The Concordance Table: An Invitation to Misuse Test Scores
Authors: Eignor Daniel R.
Published: November 2008

This article discusses a particular type of concordance table and the potential for test score misuse that may result from employing such a table. The concordance that is discussed is typically created between scores on different, nonequatable versions of a test that share the same or close to the same test title. These concordance tables often appear in the context of relating scores on computerized adaptive and paper‐and‐pencil versions of the same test. When such a table is presented in a complete point‐by‐point fashion, relating each reported score on the scale of the new version of the test to a reported score on the scale of the old version of the test, test score users will typically treat the table as if it represented an equating of scores between the two versions, and directly replace scores on the new version of the test by scores on the old version. This clearly represents a misuse of the test scores. Suggestions for avoiding this misuse of test scores from concordance tables are provided.
The Role of Fire Disturbance on Runoff and Erosion Processes – a Long‐Term Approach, Mt. Carmel Case Study, Israel
Authors: WITTENBERG LEA , INBAR MOSHE
Published: November 2008

The Mediterranean ecosystem of Mt. Carmel, Israel, is subjected to an increasing number of forest fires of various extents and severities. The impacts of forest fires on runoff and erosion are widely documented and include increased peak flows and soil loss until the return of a vegetation cover. Most studies, however, treat fire as a single event, whereas the present study is aimed at exploring the long‐term effects of repeated forest fires on eco‐geomorphic processes. The study integrates the results of plot‐based, detailed analysis of post‐fire runoff and erosion with vegetation recovery analysis, at a temporal‐spatial scale which includes the effect of reburning. Our results indicate that forest fires lead to a significant increase in runoff and sediment yields, particularly during the first two years following the disturbance, up to five orders of magnitude higher than from the adjacent unburnt control plots.
The Role of Land Management in Shaping Arid/Semi‐arid Landscapes: the Case of the Catholic Church (CICM) in Western Inner Mongolia from the 1870s (Late Qing Dynasty) to the 1940s (Republic of China)
Authors: ZHANG XIAOHONG , SUN TAO , ZHANG JINGSHU
Published: November 2008

Land management has made a strong impact on the landscapes, especially in arid environments. Based on historical data, this paper evaluates the role of Catholic churches in the shaping of the Sanshenggong area in western China in the 1870s. Sanshenggong, an arid/semi‐arid region located in western Inner Mongolia, was an important Catholic region in the west Ordos Plateau after the 1870s. After the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae) (CICM) obtained land from the Maharajah of Alashan Banner, the Belgian priests converted local Chinese (Hans) to Catholicism by lending land, houses and farm implements. By 1949 most people living there had been converted. As a result of intensive land management by the Catholic mission, the arid/semiarid landscape, formerly used as grazing lands, was changed to more intensive agricultural use. This case study exemplifies the practices and the important role an authoritarian religious organisation played in shaping oasis landscapes in arid and semiarid areas.
Uveal melanoma and macular degeneration: molecular biology and potential therapeutic applications
Authors: Economou Mario‐Alexander
Published: November 2008

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults with 30% to 50% of patients that ultimately succumb to metastatic disease, mainly to the liver. (Shields et al. 1991) Although new diagnostic and therapeutic tools have been developed during the most recent years, only the eye conservation rate has been achieved, while the survival rate remains poor. The reason for this liver‐homing is largely unknown, but it is conceivable that hepatic environmental factors may be implicated in the growth, dissemination, and progression of this malignancy. The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1) that binds to the IGF‐1 receptor (IGF‐1R) is mainly produced in the liver. It has been shown to be crucial for tumor transformation, maintenance of malignant phenotype, promotion of cell growth, and prevention of apoptosis. (Baserga 1995) The hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is another growth factor produced in the liver and exerts its biological effects through binding to the plasma membrane receptor c‐Met. The activation of this receptor by HGF/SF ligand can induce proliferation, motility, adhesion, and invasion of tumor cells. (Cruz et al. 2003) Metastasis is a process involving many components, including tumor cell adhesion, migration, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis, and invasion. The tumor cells undergo intravasation, disperse via the vascular and the lymphatic systems, and finally extravasate to invade the secondary sites. In all these steps, proteolytic enzyme systems are involved, including the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) system and the plasminogen activation system. The migration of a malignant cell through the ECM and the basement membrane requires proteolytic activities. (Stetler‐Stevenson et al. 1993). Efforts to target the IGF‐I system has been made with different types of cancer but not with uveal melanoma.
Investigation and recommendations concerning prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and promotion of hygiene in earthquake‐stricken areas
Authors: Zeng Guang
Published: November 2008

In order to identify all public hygiene problems in the Wenchuan quake‐affected areas, and also to provide relevant recommendations to local governments, the quake areas were entered for field investigation and consultation. The current situation and hidden dangers and problems of epidemic surveillance, planned immunization, drinking water hygiene, nutrition and food hygiene, environmental hygiene are discussed in the article. Some suggestions are also provided for government public hygiene policy: (i) launch a patriotic health campaign among the population; (ii) study on green agricultural policy of changing dung into manure; (iii) start from quake‐affected area to develop rural environmental hygiene work; (iv) prolong treatment of infectious diseases free of charge, and draw up a policy of free vaccination for earthquake victims; and (v) realize reform of the CDG funding system in the quake‐affected area. At last, meaning and judgment criteria of ‘no big epidemic after a great disaster’ are interpreted. The observation period is divided into three phases: forthcoming summer and autumn phase, forthcoming winter and next spring phase, and comprehensive recovery phase.
Analysis of 1856 inpatients and 33 deaths in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University from the Wenchuan earthquake*
Authors: Xie Juan , Du Liang , Xia Tian , Wang Miye , Diao Xiang , Li Youping
Published: November 2008

Objective To describe the 1861 injured inpatients and deaths in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University after the Wenchuan earthquake, to provide evidence to help improve emergency plans for earthquake, and the establishment of state‐level regional medical centers. Methods The analyses use, data provided by the Department of Information of the hospital up until 23 July 2008. Microsoft Excel for data input and SPSS 11.5 for statistical analysis were used. Results By 23 July, 2728 people from the disaster areas had been treated in the hospital, of whom 872 were admitted to the emergency department and 1856 to the inpatient department (974 men, median age 43 years; 882 women, median age 46 years). Most (82.4%) patients were sent to the hospital within the first two weeks after the earthquake, and the number of inpatients reached its peak on day 8 (976 cases). Most (60.2%) of the inpatients were discharged between day 9 and day 18. The injured patients came mainly from Deyang, Aba Prefecture and Dujiangyan. On admission, the diagnoses were mainly fracture (54.8%), craniocerebral injury (9.8%), and thoracoabdominal injury (7.5%). Thirty‐three patients died, including five who were dead on arrival at the hospital, one death in the emergency department, and 27 inpatient deaths. Conclusion The development of an emergency plan for medical rescue after an earthquake disaster is an essential step to enhance emergency response capability, to improve the scientific process of field triage, transport and transfer, and to ensure the rational allocation and application of healthcare resources after large disasters in the future.
Universal Theory of Nonlinear Luttinger Liquids
Authors: Imambekov Adilet , Glazman Leonid I.
Published: November 2008

One-dimensional quantum fluids are conventionally described by using an effective hydrodynamic approach known as Luttinger liquid theory. As the principal simplification, a generic spectrum of the constituent particles is replaced by a linear one, which leads to a linear hydrodynamic theory. We show that to describe the measurable dynamic response functions one needs to take into account the nonlinearity of the generic spectrum and thus of the resulting quantum hydrodynamic theory. This nonlinearity leads, for example, to a qualitative change in the behavior of the spectral function. The universal theory developed in this article is applicable to a wide class of one-dimensional fermionic, bosonic, and spin systems.
Generalized Spin Bases for Quantum Chemistry and Quantum Information
Authors: Kibler Maurice R.
Published: November 2008

Symmetry-adapted bases in quantum chemistry and bases adapted to quantum information share a common characteristics: both of them are constructed from subspaces of the representation space of the group SO(3) or its double group (i.e., spinor group) SU(2). We exploit this fact for generating spin bases of relevance for quantum systems with cyclic symmetry and equally well for quantum information and quantum computation. Our approach is based on the use of generalized Pauli matrices arising from a polar decomposition of SU(2). This approach leads to a complete solution for the construction of mutually unbiased bases in the case where the dimension d of the considered Hilbert subspace is a prime number. We also give the starting point for studying the case where d is the power of a prime number. A connection of this work to the unitary group U(d) and the Pauli group is briefly underlined.
Interaction of Niobium with Polycrystalline Palladium Surface. X-ray Photoemission Study
Authors: Jirka Ivan , Bastl Zdeněk
Published: November 2008

Evolution of niobium-palladium (Nb-Pd) interface alloy prepared by in situ Nb deposition on highly defect polycrystalline Pd surface at room temperature has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The binding energies of the Nb 3d5/2 and Pd 3d5/2 core-level lines and their line shapes and the kinetic energies and shapes of Pd M4,5N4,5N4,5 Auger spectrum have been used to characterize the Nb-Pd system. A two-step growth mode of the Nb adlayer has been observed: a two-dimensional (2D)-like growth in a submonolayer Nb concentration region and three-dimensional (3D) intermixing of Nb and Pd atoms at Nb loadings above the monolayer coverage. The latter growth mode resulted in appearance of rather homogeneous Nb-Pd alloy phase.
Analytic Energies and Wave Functions of Two-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation: Two-Dimensional Fourth-Order Polynomial Potential
Authors: Tichý Vladimír , Skála Lubomír
Published: November 2008

Direct method for searching analytic solutions of the two-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a two-dimensional fourth-order polynomial potential is presented. Analytic formulas for the energies and wave functions of the ground state and excited state are found. Obtained results can not be in general reduced to two one-dimensional cases.
Theoretical Study of the vdW Complex Cd···N2
Authors: Ilčin Michal , Lukeš Vladimír , Laurinc Viliam , Biskupič Stanislav
Published: November 2008

The supermolecular CCSD(T) ab initio calculations of potential energy surface for the electronic ground state of van der Waals complex formed from a cadmium atom and a nitrogen molecule are presented. Our calculations indicate the bent orientation (Jacobi coordinates are rN-N = 1.10 Å, R = 4.53 Å, angle θ = 62°) of the van der Waals (vdW) system with a well depth of De = 73.3 cm-1. This well depth was shifted to the value of 76.7 cm-1 by systematical extension of mid-bond functions. The temperature dependences of the theoretical coefficient of diffusion were evaluated from the molecular dynamics and the Enskog-Chapman theory. The theoretical values at 273 K are compared with the available experimental data.
Quasi-Exactly Solvable Models in Quantum Chemistry
Authors: Karwowski Jacek , Szewc Kamil
Published: November 2008

A separable model of N interacting particles, in which disjoint pairs of particles interact by arbitrary two-particle potentials while the remaining interactions obey the Hooke law, is discussed from a perspective of its applications in quantum chemistry. In particular, properties of three- and four-particle Hookean systems modeling He-like atoms, H2+ and H2 molecules and many exotic systems are analyzed. The energy spectra and the structure of the wavefunctions of quasi-exactly solvable Schrödinger equations which result from this analysis are investigated in some detail.
Managerial leadership and ischaemic heart disease among employees: the Swedish WOLF study
Authors: Nyberg A , Alfredsson L , Theorell T , Westerlund H , Vahtera J , Kivimäki M
Published: November 2008

Objective:

To investigate the association between managerial leadership and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) among employees.

Methods:

Data on 3122 Swedish male employees were drawn from a prospective cohort study (WOLF). Baseline screening was carried out in 1992–1995. Managerial leadership behaviours (consideration for individual employees, provision of clarity in goals and role expectations, supplying information and feedback, ability to carry out changes at work successfully, and promotion of employee participation and control) were rated by subordinates. Records of employee hospital admissions with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina and deaths from IHD or cardiac arrest to the end of 2003 were used to ascertain IHD. Cox proportional-hazards analyses were used to calculate hazard ratios for incident IHD per 1 standard deviation increase in standardised leadership score.

Results:

74 incident IHD events occurred during the mean follow-up period of 9.7 years. Higher leadership score was associated with lower IHD risk. The inverse association was stronger the longer the participant had worked in the same workplace (age-adjusted hazard ratio 0.76 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.96) for employment for 1 year, 0.77 (0.61 to 0.97) for 2 years, 0.69 (0.54 to 0.88) for 3 years, and 0.61 (0.47 to 0.80) for 4 years); this association was robust to adjustments for education, social class, income, supervisory status, perceived physical load at work, smoking, physical exercise, BMI, blood pressure, lipids, fibrinogen and diabetes. The dose–response association between perceived leadership behaviours and IHD was also evident in subsidiary analyses with only acute myocardial infarction and cardiac death as the outcome.

Conclusion:

If the observed associations were causal then workplace interventions should focus on concrete managerial behaviours in order to prevent IHD in employees.
Associations between adult and childhood secondhand smoke exposures and fecundity and fetal loss among women who visited a cancer hospital
Authors: Peppone L J , Piazza K M , Mahoney M C , Morrow G R , Mustian K M , Palesh O G , Hyland A
Published: November 2008

Background:

A large percentage of the population continues to be exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). Although studies have consistently linked active smoking to various pregnancy outcomes, results from the few studies examining SHS exposure and pregnancy difficulties have been inconsistent.

Methods:

Approximately 4800 women who presented to Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1982 and 1998 and reported being pregnant at least once were queried about their childhood and adult exposures to SHS using a standardised questionnaire. Women were asked to report on selected prenatal pregnancy outcomes (fetal loss and difficulty becoming pregnant).

Results:

Approximately 11.3% of women reported difficulty becoming pregnant, while 32% reported a fetal loss or 12.4% reported multiple fetal losses. 40% reported any prenatal pregnancy difficulty (fetal loss and/or difficulty becoming pregnant). SHS exposures from their parents were associated with difficulty becoming pregnant (OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.56) and lasting >1 year (OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.60). Exposure to SHS in both at home during childhood and at the time of survey completion was also associated with fetal loss (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.66) and multiple fetal losses (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.11). Increasing current daily hours of SHS exposure as an adult was related to the occurrence of both multiple fetal loss and reduced fecundity (ptrend<0.05).

Conclusions:

Reports of exposures to SHS during childhood and as an adult were associated with increased odds for prenatal pregnancy difficulties. These findings underscore the public health perspective that all people, especially women in their reproductive years, should be fully protected from tobacco smoke.
Wound Healing in the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Bruce-Allen L J. , Geraci J. R.
Published: November 2008

Early stages of wound healing were characterized in three bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). A total of six 10-cm-long, 2-mm-deep incisions into the dermis were infused with sterile seawater for 30 min. Biopsies representing all surfaces of the cuts were taken at 2, 6, and 12 h and 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 d. Histologically, wounds from 6 through 72 h were characterized by a mixed cell infiltrate predominated by neutrophils, and extensive areas of intraepidermal vesicles. Migrating epidermal cells bridged the incisional gap by 2 d, while elevated mitotic activity of basal cells restored full epidermal thickness by day 7. Notable was the absence of a traditional scab; its purpose was served by a transformed barrier layer of epidermal cells and vesicles. As well, an abnormal intracellular distribution of melanosomes typified new epidermal cells. The sequence and timing of healing in Tursiops are similar to those reported in terrestrial mammals; differences in the appearance of healing are most likely due to adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle.
Movements of Tagged American Lobsters, Homarus americanus, off Southwestern Nova Scotia
Authors: Campbell Alan , Stasko Aivars B.
Published: November 2008

A total of 4304 American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were tagged and released in inshore areas off southwestern Nova Scotia and on northwest Browns Bank during June–August 1975. Of the 424 lobsters recaptured within 5.4 yr of release, 385 had known recapture locations. For all release areas the average straight-line distance traveled by mature ([Formula: see text]carapace length) lobsters (15.6 km) was significantly greater than for immature (59–94 mm carapace length) lobsters (4.7 km). Most (69.3%) of the immature lobsters (N = 212) were recaptured less than 18.5 km (10 naut mi) from the release sites; for mature lobsters (N = 173) this percentage was 40.5%. Previous tagging studies off southwestern Nova Scotia revealed little evidence of long-distance movement; our study, however, shows that mature lobsters can move long distances. Many (19.7%) of the mature lobsters were recaptured more than 92.6 km (50 naut mi) from the release sites. The overall direction of travel was south, in both an east and west direction, with many lobsters moving greater than 50 km from coastal Nova Scotia and Browns Bank into the Gulf of Maine and to the slopes of the continental shelf. Thirteen lobsters moved from Browns Bank to inshore areas of southwestern Nova Scotia. The evidence of the long-distance interchange of a portion of the mature adults between southwestern Nova Scotia and the adjoining continental shelf suggests that lobsters in these areas could belong to a single stock.
Hotelling's T2 to Identify the Origin of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in a Mixed-Stock Fishery
Authors: Reddin D. G. , Misra R. K.
Published: November 2008

We used a new approach based on measurements of four scale characters, for identifying Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) caught in the commercial fishery at St. Ann's Harbour, Nova Scotia, and that were returning to North River. Utilizing Hotelling's T2, we compared the vector of observations of each member of the commercial sample (size = 29) with the vector of means of the sample from the angling fishery on North River (size = 48). Misclassification rate was estimated by the "leave-one-out" technique. The variables chosen for analysis were the measurements of the longest oral radii between each of the first three river and first sea annuli. The analysis indicated that 79–88% of the individuals in the commercial sample could have been migrating to North River. This technique is proposed for cases in which the requirement to have samples from all contributing stocks for discriminant analysis is not possible.
Morphology and Systematics of the Nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari (Hoplonemertea:Mortostilifera) from the American Lobster, Homarus americanus
Authors: Uhazy L. S. , Aiken D. E. , Campbell A.
Published: November 2008

Our study of the morphology and systematics of the nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari Fleming and Gibson, 1981 is based on specimens removed from the damaged egg masses of American lobsters, Homarus americanus, caught in the type locality at Grand Manan, N.B., in the Bay of Fundy and nearby Passamaquoddy Bay. Morphological characteristics and measurements of males, females, and developmental stages, obtained through examination of live and preserved nemerteans plus stained histological sections, revealed differences and provided additional indications of variability in measurements of taxonomic characters when compared with the original description. Specifically, female nemerteans are longer and slightly wider than males; the rhynchodael opening is subterminal; sensory bristles occur lateral to the rhynchodael and anal openings; cephalic furrows are observable on living specimens; the combined stylet–basis length is longer than reported and stylet length appears a stable character; the bulbous or sacculate foregut joins to a distinct pyloric tube; ova are large, 260 × 251 μm in length and width; and larvae retained in the membranous brood sac lack anterior and posterior cirri or tufts. Comparison of characters that define Pseudocarcinonemertes and differentiate it from Carcinonemertes with those defining free-living hoplonemerteans strongly supports its removal from the family Carcinonemertidae to the family Tetrastemmatidae.
Immunofluorescent Localization of American Lobster Egg Yolk Protein in the Alimentary Tract of the Nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari
Authors: Waddy S. L. , Aiken D. E.
Published: November 2008

A direct immunofluorescent antibody test revealed the presence of American lobster, Homarus americanus, egg yolk protein in the alimentary tract of the nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari. Nemerteans that had been in contact with lobster eggs demonstrated strong fluorescence in the area of the sections identified as the intestinal diverticula, while those nemerteans that had not been in contact with lobster eggs did not. This provides the first direct evidence that P. homari actually consumes lobster egg yolk.
Geographic Distribution and Seasonal Occurrence of the Nemertean Pseudocarcinonemertes homari on the American Lobster, Homarus americanus
Authors: Brattey J. , Campbell A. , Bagnall A. E. , Uhazy L. S.
Published: November 2008

Examination of 1041 trap-caught lobsters from the Bay of Fundy, Grand Manan, Browns and German Banks, south and east Nova Scotia, and Northumberland Strait indicated that Pseudocarcinonemertes homari occurs on American lobsters, Homarus americanus, throughout Canadian Maritime waters. Male lobsters were rarely infected and ovigerous females generally had a higher prevalence (percentage infected) and mean intensity of infection (number of nemerteans per infected lobster) than nonovigerous females. Sexually immature nemerteans were found on male and nonovigerous female lobsters, but all P. homari life history stages including brood sacs occurred on ovigerous lobsters. No seasonal trends were evident on ovigerous lobsters caught near Grand Manan; prevalence was consistently high (60–93%) and mean intensity ± SE was variable (15 ± 4.0 to 86 ± 63.1). The nemertean developed to maturity on ovigerous lobsters, reproduced on the host egg masses throughout the year, and appeared to produce three generations during a lobster egg incubation period. When lobsters completed egg incubation, nemertean reproduction ceased and some nemerteans either died, left the lobster, or perhaps were shed at molting. Prevalence and mean intensity increased with the size of ovigerous lobsters, and the distribution of nemerteans among ovigerous lobsters was highly aggregated. Ovigerous lobsters infected with >200 nemerteans had extensively damaged egg masses, but were rarely encountered (5 of 291). The impact of P. homari on the egg mortality of wild populations of H. americanus is unknown.
Synthesis of Dehydroascorbic Acid by Subadult Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Desjardins L. M. , Castell J. D. , Kean J. C.
Published: November 2008

Using radiotracer studies we assessed the ability of lobsters (Homarus americanus) (200–300 g) to synthesize ascorbic acid from [14C]glucose. No deficiency symptoms were observed in groups of 15 lobsters fed one of three semipurified diets containing 0, 1.2, and 6 g ascorbic acid/kg (diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively) for 14 wk. Six of the animals on diet 1 were studied in vivo. Five intermolt lobsters were selected from each dietary group for an in vitro study. Lobsters synthesized dehyroascorbic acid in the hepatopancreas from [14C]glucose. Dietary level of ascorbic acid had no significant effect on the amount of [14C]dehydroascorbic acid detected. We consider that the rate of synthesis and degradation may be affected by the molt cycle.