bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a new, fully automated system for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)-based large volume three-dimensional microstructure mapping using serial sectioning by mechanical polishing, and its application to the analysis of special boundaries in 316L stainless steel
Authors: Tsai Shao-Pu , Konijnenberg Peter J. , Gonzalez Ivan , Hartke Samuel , Griffiths Thomas A. , Herbig Michael , Kawano-Miyata Kaori , Taniyama Akira , Sano Naoyuki , Zaefferer Stefan
Published: September 2022

We report the development of a fully automatic large-volume 3D electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system (ELAVO 3D), consisting of a scanning electron microscope (ZEISS crossbeam XB 1540) with a dedicated sample holder, an adapted polishing automaton (Saphir X-change, QATM), a collaborative robotic arm (Universal Robots UR5), and several in-house built devices. The whole system is orchestrated by an in-house designed software, which is also able to track the process and report errors. Except for the case of error, the system runs without any user interference. For the measurement of removal thickness, the samples are featured with markers put on the perpendicular lateral surface, cut by plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) milling. The individual effects of both 1 μm diamond suspension and oxide polishing suspension polishing were studied in detail. Coherent twin grain boundaries (GBs) were used as an internal standard to check the removal rates measured by the side markers. The two methods for Z-spacing measurements disagreed by about 10%, and the inaccurate calibration of the PFIB system was found to be the most probable reason for this discrepancy. The angular accuracy of the system was determined to be ∼2.5°, which can be significantly improved with more accurate Z-spacing measurements. When reconstructed grain boundary meshes are sufficiently smoothed, an angular resolution of ±4° is achieved. In a 3D EBSD dataset of a size of 587 × 476 × 72 μm3, we focused on the investigation of coincidence site lattice ∑9 GBs. While bearing predominantly a pure tilt character, ∑9 GBs can be categorized into three groups based on correlative 3D morphologies and crystallography.
Automated reconstruction of the initial distribution of laser accelerated ion beams from radiochromic film (RCF) stacks
Authors: Schmitz Benedikt , Metternich Martin , Boine-Frankenheim Oliver
Published: September 2022

Radiochromic film (RCF) stacks are the most commonly used diagnostic of laser accelerated ion beams at Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt (GSI) and at other laboratories. So far, the evaluation of the stacks is performed using manual input for the deposited energy determination. This is usually a tedious task and introduces uncertainty in the resulting ion energy spectrum and also in the corresponding angular distribution. An automated procedure is especially important if larger data sets, containing multiple laser shots, are investigated. Here, we describe an automated procedure for the evaluation of digitized RCF stacks. RCF stacks obtained at GSI’s PHELIX laser system are evaluated as a test case. A validation of parts of the procedure is performed on generated input data.
Hard x-ray spectrometer calibrations using a portable 120 kV x-ray source
Authors: Seely John F.
Published: September 2022

A Cauchois transmission-crystal hard x-ray spectrometer was calibrated by using a portable, compact, battery-powered tungsten x-ray source having 120 peak kilovoltage. The source emission region was characterized by recording high-resolution 2D x-ray images and was found to be composed of three emission regions having a 400 µm overall extent. The absolutely calibrated source fluence was measured by using a calibrated silicon drift detector and was in good agreement with the spectrum calculated by the SpekPy code. High-resolution spectra of the W Kα and Kβ lines in the 57–70 keV energy range were recorded on image plate detectors by the Cauchois spectrometer and provided excellent calibrations of the spectrometer’s dispersion and spectral resolution. The minimal effect of the source size in the spectral lines recorded on the spectrometer’s Rowland circle and the source-size broadening of the spatial lines recorded well beyond the Rowland circle were analyzed. The integrated reflectivity of the spectrometer’s quartz (101) crystal was measured by using the absolutely calibrated 59.318 keV W Kα1 spectral line emission and was in agreement with previous integrated reflectivity measurements performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The well-characterized portable 120 kV x-ray source provides a convenient and cost-effective way to accurately calibrate the sensitivity, dispersion, spectral resolution, and source-size broadening in the spectra recorded by high-resolution x-ray spectrometers operating in the hard x-ray range. The absolutely calibrated source fluence can also be used to calibrate x-ray detectors at energies in the 40–100 keV energy range.
Semiclassical gravity with a conformally covariant field in globally hyperbolic spacetimes
Authors: Juárez-Aubry Benito A. , Modak Sujoy K.
Published: September 2022

We prove that semiclassical gravity in conformally static, globally hyperbolic spacetimes with a massless, conformally coupled Klein–Gordon field is well posed when viewed as a coupled theory for the dynamical conformal factor of the metric and the Klein–Gordon theory. Namely, it admits unique and stable solutions whenever constrained fourth-order initial data for the conformal factor and suitably defined Hadamard initial data for the Klein–Gordon state are provided on a spacelike Cauchy surface. As no spacetime symmetries are imposed on the conformal factor, the present result implies that, provided constrained initial data exist, there also exist exact solutions to the semiclassical gravity equations beyond the isotropic, homogeneous, or static cases.
The very large n2EDM magnetically shielded room with an exceptional performance for fundamental physics measurements
Authors: Ayres N. J. , Ban G. , Bison G. , Bodek K. , Bondar V. , Bouillaud T. , Clement B. , Chanel E. , Chiu P.-J. , Crawford C. B. , Daum M. , Doorenbos C. B. , Emmenegger S. , Fratangelo A. , Fertl M. , Griffith W. C. , Grujic Z. D. , Harris P. G. , Kirch K. , Krempel J. , Lauss B. , Lefort T. , Naviliat-Cuncic O. , Pais D. , Piegsa F. M. , Pignol G. , Rauscher G. , Rebreyend D. , Rienäcker I. , Ries D. , Roccia S. , Rozpedzik D. , Saenz-Arevalo W. , Schmidt-Wellenburg P. , Schnabel A. , Severijns N. , Shen B. , Staab M. , Svirina K. , Dinani R. Tavakoli , Thorne J. , Yazdandoost N. , Zejma J. , Zsigmond G. ,   The nEDM Collaboration
Published: September 2022

We present the magnetically shielded room (MSR) for the n2EDM experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute, which features an interior cubic volume with each side of length 2.92 m, thus providing an accessible space of 25 m3. The MSR has 87 openings of diameter up to 220 mm for operating the experimental apparatus inside and an intermediate space between the layers for housing sensitive signal processing electronics. The characterization measurements show a remanent magnetic field in the central 1 m3 below 100 pT and a field below 600 pT in the entire inner volume, up to 4 cm to the walls. The quasi-static shielding factor at 0.01 Hz measured with a sinusoidal 2 μT peak-to-peak signal is about 100 000 in all three spatial directions and increases rapidly with frequency to reach 108 above 1 Hz.
Experimental study on the performance of a mini-scale Y-type mixer with two liquid metal-enabled pumps
Authors: Mohammad Jafarpour A. , Rostamzadeh Khosroshahi A. , Hanifi M. , Sadegh Moghanlou F.
Published: September 2022

The mixing process of two liquids inside an open minichannel was experimentally studied in the presence of liquid metal and an electric field. The Y-type mixers under study were made of Plexiglas, and two liquid metal-enabled pumping systems (based on electrically induced surface tension gradients) were placed at the inlets of the mixer instead of conventional syringe pumps. The effects of the mixing angle, the voltage applied to the liquid metals, and the Reynolds number on the mixing process were investigated. To accurately determine the mixing index, the image processing toolbox of MATLAB software was employed. The results showed that the mixing intensity increased as the applied voltage signal increased, thereby creating a chaotic advection in the minichannel. Furthermore, although the Reynolds number of induced flow and the applied voltages were directly proportional, the input angle plays an important role in the mixing. Among the considered models, in the constant voltage, the 30° and 90° had the best and the worst mixing, respectively. The maximum mixing intensity of 94% was obtained at an input angle of 30° and voltage of 14 V, where, in the absence of an electric field, the maximum mixing intensity was 55%.
Multiconfigurational short-range density functional theory for nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants with gauge-including atomic orbitals
Authors: Jørgensen Frederik Kamper , Kjellgren Erik Rosendahl , Jensen Hans Jørgen Aagaard , Hedegård Erik Donovan
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we present the theory and implementation of nuclear magnetic resonance shielding constants with gauge-including atomic orbitals for the hybrid multiconfigurational short-range density functional theory model. As a special case, this implementation also includes Hartree–Fock srDFT (HF-srDFT). Choosing a complete-active space (CAS) wave function as the multiconfigurational parameterization of the wave function, we investigate how well CAS-srDFT reproduces experimental trends of nuclear shielding constants compared to DFT and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF). Calculations on the nucleobases adenine and thymine show that CAS-srDFT performs on average the best of the tested methods, much better than CASSCF but only marginally better than HF-srDFT. The performance, compared to regular DFT, is similar when functionals containing exact exchange are used. We generally find that the inclusion of exact exchange is important for an accurate description of the shielding constants. In cases where no exact exchange is included, we observe that the HF- and CAS-srDFT often outperform regular DFT. For calculations on transition metal nuclei in organometallic compounds with significant static correlation, the CAS-srDFT method again outperforms CASSCF compared to experimental shielding constants, and the change from HF-srDFT is substantial. In conclusion, the static correlation posed by the metal complexes seems to be captured by CAS-srDFT, which is promising since this type of correlation is not well described by regular DFT.
A comparison between the one- and two-step spin–orbit coupling approaches based on the ab initio density matrix renormalization group
Authors: Zhai Huanchen , Chan Garnet Kin-Lic
Published: September 2022

The efficient and reliable treatment of both spin–orbit coupling (SOC) and electron correlation is essential for understanding f-element chemistry. We analyze two approaches to the problem: the one-step approach, where both effects are treated simultaneously, and the two-step state interaction approach. We report an implementation of the ab initio density matrix renormalization group with a one-step treatment of the SOC effect, which can be compared to prior two-step treatments on an equal footing. Using a dysprosium octahedral complex and bridged dimer as benchmark systems, we identify characteristics of problems where the one-step approach is beneficial for obtaining the low-energy spectrum.
A perturbative approximation to DFT/MRCI: DFT/MRCI(2)
Authors: Neville Simon P. , Schuurman Michael S.
Published: September 2022

We introduce a perturbative approximation to the combined density functional theory and multireference configuration interaction (DFT/MRCI) approach. The method, termed DFT/MRCI(2), results from the application of quasi-degenerate perturbation theory (QDPT) and the Epstein–Nesbet partitioning to the DFT/MRCI Hamiltonian matrix. The application of QDPT obviates the need to diagonalize the large DFT/MRCI Hamiltonian; electronic energies are instead obtained as the eigenvalues of a small effective Hamiltonian, affording an orders of magnitude savings in the computational cost. Most importantly, the DFT/MRCI(2) approximation is found to be of excellent accuracy, furnishing excitation energies with a root mean squared deviation from the canonical DFT/MRCI values of less than 0.03 eV for an extensive test set of organic molecules.
Modeling velocity in a compound channel with co-existing emergent and submerged vegetation
Authors: Hu Ruichang , Zhang Jianmin
Published: September 2022

Vegetation on a floodplain, which contains both emergent vegetation and submerged vegetation, has a considerable influence on the velocity profile of the channel. In this study, a modified analytical model, which considers interactions within the vegetation, is developed based on the Shiono and Knight method (SKM) and the concept of the two-layer model to obtain the transverse distribution of the depth-averaged streamwise velocity in a compound channel with emergent and submerged vegetation. This analytical model includes the influence of secondary flows, lateral shear stress, bed friction, and the drag force caused by the vegetation. The aforementioned model is then employed in a straight compound channel, which contained various types of vegetation. Using suitable boundary conditions, the calculated data are found to be consistent with the experimental data. Subsequently, the effects of dimensionless eddy viscosity coefficient (λ), the depth-averaged secondary flows coefficient, and the impact coefficient β on the model are analyzed. It finds that the λ has a clear effect on the main channel region, but the depth-averaged secondary flows coefficient (K¯) has only a definite effect in the slope sub-region. The β value is significantly less than 1 for the condition of the vegetation with a variable frontal width. The model proposed in the present work can provide a guidance for the investigation of the flow characteristics of the various vegetated channel.
Frenkel exciton photodynamics of self-assembled monolayers of azobiphenyls
Authors: Sangiogo Gil Eduarda , Persico Maurizio , Granucci Giovanni
Published: September 2022

We performed computational simulations of the photodynamics of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of an azobenzene derivative (azobiphenyl, ABPT) on a gold surface. An excitonic approach was adopted in a semiempirical framework, which allowed us to consider explicitly the electronic degrees of freedom of 12 azobenzene chromophores. The surface hopping scheme was used for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. According to our results for an all trans-ABPT SAM, the excitation energy transfer between different chromophores, very fast in the ππ∗ manifold, does not occur between nπ∗ states. As a consequence, the excitation transfer does not play an important role in the quenching of the azobenzene photoisomerization in the SAM (experimentally observed and reproduced by our calculations) which, instead, has to be attributed to steric effects.
Taxonomy of the Australian
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Cauz-Santos Luiz A. , Dodsworth Steven , Christenhusz Maarten J. M.
Published: September 2022

Although some authors previously questioned the circumscription of Nicotiana benthamiana, it has never been treated taxonomically as more than a single widespread, variable species. A recent study employing phylogenetic and population genetic analyses has demonstrated that N. benthamiana comprises five species that are geographically and morphologically distinct. Here, we describe four new species in the N. benthamiana complex, namely, N. bilybara M.W.Chase & Christenh., N. candelabra M.W.Chase & Christenh., N. rupestris M.W.Chase & Christenh. and N. scopulorum M.W.Chase & Christenh., and illustrate all five. We provide descriptions, a diagnostic key and a table of morphological characters distinguishing these closely related species. The major morphological feature that distinguishes N. benthamiana from the other four species is its petiolate leaves that become sessile only near the apex of the inflorescence; N. candelabra is distinct in its bifacial branching, N. bilybara in its commonly winged petiole with an auriculate base, N. rupestris in the leafy apices of its calyx lobes, and N. scopulorum is the least morphologically divergent species, conforming most closely to the general description of the N. benthamiana species complex.
Comprehension of core grammar in diverse samples of Mandarin-acquiring preschool children with ASD
Authors: Su Yi (Esther) , Naigles Letitia R.
Published: September 2022

In this review, we summarize studies investigating comprehension of three core grammatical structures (Subject-Verb-Object word order, grammatical aspect and wh-questions) in diverse samples of Mandarin-acquiring preschoolers with ASD, all utilizing the Intermodal Preferential Looking (IPL) paradigm. Results showed that children with ASD, though they were delayed in chronological age and expressive language (including significantly lower vocabulary production scores), acquired various grammatical constructions similarly to their typically developing peers. Moreover, Mandarin-acquiring preschoolers with ASD demonstrated similar acquisition patterns of these three core grammatical structures, as has been reported in previous IPL studies among English-acquiring children with ASD (Naigles & Fein, 2017). Thus, the results testify that universal underlying mechanisms are playing vital roles in grammatical acquisition of children with ASD across languages (e.g., the setting of word order parameters, the preservation of functional morphemes, the universal operation of WH-Movement), despite their pervasive social cognition impairments. These findings suggest that core grammatical knowledge may be preserved in children with ASD, even in the face of radical differences in language environment and social/communicative deficits, supporting the contribution of the language faculty in autistic language acquisition. The results shed light on the sharp contrast between linguistic competence (governed by the internal computational system of the language faculty) vs. linguistic performance (affected by loci of impairment in the sensory-motor and the conceptual-intentional interfaces) in ASD. Furthermore, the results highlight the dissociation between the lexical vs. the grammatical modules in ASD, supporting a modular view of the diverse language domains in the language faculty.
Style of creative nonfiction
Authors: Gracheva Marianna
Published: September 2022

The study examines author style within underlying patterns of variation in nonfiction essays. The study employs
corpus linguistic methodology, building on research on style in fiction (Biber & Finegan,
1994; Biber, 2008b; Egbert,
2012), applies a multidimensional analysis to a corpus of nonfiction essays written by modern authors, a previously
unexplored domain, and identifies four unique but interrelated dimensions of variation based on linguistic co-occurrence:
Interactive vs. Informational Style, Abstract Expository vs. Concrete Descriptive Style, Immediate vs. Removed
Style, and Hypothetical Style. Authors’ works are then plotted along these dimensions, revealing
stylistic tendencies with relation to the observed patterns of variation. The study also observes that considerable within-author
variation along a given dimension results from differences in situational characteristics of individual texts rather than simply
idiosyncratic preferences for certain language. The study contributes to the field of corpus stylistics and has practical
implications for creative writing, literary analysis, and translation.
Divine mockery and laughing Rabbis
Authors: Kiperwasser Reuven
Published: September 2022

My paper is dedicated to the role of humour in expressing theological ideas in the Babylonian
Talmud. As an example, I analyse the narrative with a strong theological focus. In stories of this kind the acting
characters are God and the Other involved in an ongoing collision. God plays the role of a scoffer, exposing the Other
as an object of derision. The real objects of the mockery are theological views that the narrator would not like to
have in his own environment: therefore, he projects them on the Other. Analysing appearances of mockery through
theological debates I will show that ridicule here does not demonize the Other or minimize his importance nor does it
pursue the goal of alienating him. As a rule, the laughter opens a moment of potential rupture in the continuity of
interactions and produces some re-organization in order to steer the interaction once more towards continuity rather
than towards chaotic turbulence. With the paradox, it is thoughtfully tried to subject the system of coexistence with
the Other to the shock caused by the usage of the weapon of laughter; however, after the laughing situation, the
previously inhabited borders are sought again in order to ensure the continuity of an updated order.
Converting comedians
Authors: Dijkstra Roald
Published: September 2022

The early Christian aversion for the comic and for theatre has been much discussed. The ongoing large popularity of the theatre, predominantly comical in nature, long after the establishment of Christianity as the leading religion of the Roman empire, tells a different story. Theatre and Christianity meet in a remarkable way in reports of mimes that were originally meant to mock the Christian faith. Suddenly, the protagonist converted on stage, and died as a martyr. The mime reports that have been transmitted are briefly presented and discussed in their historical context. Instances of laughter and humorous twists in the mimes and in the mime reports are analysed separately. The reports meet most of the characteristics of comical texts and could have been written by Christians who tried to reconcile Church and theatre.
A laughing God, between Sunni approval and Shi’ite rejection
Authors: Amin Yasmin
Published: September 2022

In the Sunni Ḥadīth (henceforth: Hadith) collections a number of distinctive narrations describe
the Prophet laughing, while telling his community about various instances when God himself laughs. The reasons for
God’s laughter vary, but mostly reassure the believers that there is nothing to fear from a ‘laughing God’. God’s
laughter is generally interpreted in the commentaries to the Hadith to mean mercy and benevolence. Though two
traditions are narrated on the authority of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, the first Shi’ite imam, they are not preserved in the
Shi’ite Hadith corpus, except to challenge its veracity along with the authenticity of all the other traditions
mentioning a ‘laughing God’. This essay attempts to determine why they are rejected.
Greek and Buddhist jokes and their corresponding versions in classical Arabic literature
Authors: Marzolph Ulrich
Published: September 2022

Classical Arabic literature preserves one of the internationally largest repertoires of jokes and
humorous anecdotes. As a rule, Arab humour focuses on human foibles, particularly ignorance and stupidity, and does not
ridicule the basics of the religion of Islam. Although most of the texts relate to indigenous Arabic tradition, a
certain amount can be traced to ancient Greek and Buddhist sources. The present contribution discusses this material.
Whereas a relation between Greek and Arabic jokes, however difficult to prove with certainty, is fairly likely, the
problematic aspects of hypothesizing about any direct relationship multiply when we consider Buddhist jokes.
“Are you really serious?”
Authors: van der Velde Paul
Published: September 2022

Four possible examples of humour, jokes or puns from early India are discussed: two from Buddhism (the Khaggavisāṇa-sutta or ‘Song of the Rhinoceros’ and an example from the sermons of the Buddha on the mythical origin of the Brahmin caste system) and two from the Ṛgveda. It appears that humour quickly loses its value and meaning once the original context is forgotten. What was once maybe intended as a joke or persiflage may soon change into something serious. What was then maybe cynically intended had to be reinterpreted to fit in the authoritative tradition. For recognizing what may have been humorous, we have to reconstruct the original context, meanwhile accepting the influence of changing contexts on the reception of ancient texts.
Cholesterol promotes clustering of PI(4,5)P2 driving unconventional secretion of FGF2
Authors: Lolicato Fabio , Saleppico Roberto , Griffo Alessandra , Meyer Annalena , Scollo Federica , Pokrandt Bianca , Müller Hans-Michael , Ewers Helge , Hähl Hendrik , Fleury Jean-Baptiste , Seemann Ralf , Hof Martin , Brügger Britta , Jacobs Karin , Vattulainen Ilpo , Nickel Walter
Published: September 2022

FGF2 is a cell survival factor involved in tumor-induced angiogenesis that is secreted through an unconventional secretory pathway based upon direct protein translocation across the plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate that both PI(4,5)P2-dependent FGF2 recruitment at the inner plasma membrane leaflet and FGF2 membrane translocation into the extracellular space are positively modulated by cholesterol in living cells. We further revealed cholesterol to enhance FGF2 binding to PI(4,5)P2-containing lipid bilayers. Based on extensive atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and membrane tension experiments, we proposed cholesterol to modulate FGF2 binding to PI(4,5)P2 by (i) increasing head group visibility of PI(4,5)P2 on the membrane surface, (ii) increasing avidity by cholesterol-induced clustering of PI(4,5)P2 molecules triggering FGF2 oligomerization, and (iii) increasing membrane tension facilitating the formation of lipidic membrane pores. Our findings have general implications for phosphoinositide-dependent protein recruitment to membranes and explain the highly selective targeting of FGF2 toward the plasma membrane, the subcellular site of FGF2 membrane translocation during unconventional secretion of FGF2.
Quality assessment in light microscopy for routine use through simple tools and robust metrics
Authors: Faklaris Orestis , Bancel-Vallée Leslie , Dauphin Aurélien , Monterroso Baptiste , Frère Perrine , Geny David , Manoliu Tudor , de Rossi Sylvain , Cordelières Fabrice P. , Schapman Damien , Nitschke Roland , Cau Julien , Guilbert Thomas
Published: September 2022

Although there is a need to demonstrate reproducibility in light microscopy acquisitions, the lack of standardized guidelines monitoring microscope health status over time has so far impaired the widespread use of quality control (QC) measurements. As scientists from 10 imaging core facilities who encounter various types of projects, we provide affordable hardware and open source software tools, rigorous protocols, and define reference values to assess QC metrics for the most common fluorescence light microscopy modalities. Seven protocols specify metrics on the microscope resolution, field illumination flatness, chromatic aberrations, illumination power stability, stage drift, positioning repeatability, and spatial-temporal noise of camera sensors. We designed the MetroloJ_QC ImageJ/Fiji Java plugin to incorporate the metrics and automate analysis. Measurements allow us to propose an extensive characterization of the QC procedures that can be used by any seasoned microscope user, from research biologists with a specialized interest in fluorescence light microscopy through to core facility staff, to ensure reproducible and quantifiable microscopy results.
Supplementary comparison for the traceability of AC high voltage reference measuring systems up to 200 kV (EURAMET.EM-S33)
Authors: Simón P , Hällström J , Bergman A
Published: September 2022

Main text

The intercomparison consisted of calibrating a High Voltage Travelling Reference Measuring System, TRMS, using peak and rms voltage values, at the frequency of 50 Hz and with voltages of 750 V, 1 kV, 40 kV, 80 kV, 120 kV, 160 kV and 200 kV.

The TRMS consisted of a capacitive divider with fixed input and grounding leads, a coaxial cable, a HP 3458A digital multimeter and a computer with a printer. The TRMS had two ranges, 20 kV and 200 kV, depending on the low voltage arm connected to the high voltage capacitor. The TRMS included the low voltage digital multimeter, in such a way that the measuring error of high voltage TRMS should be measured to determine the scale factor of the high voltage divider. Intercomparison results are expressed as the scale factor of the travelling high voltage capacitive divider, the scale factor is dimensionless.

Complementary low voltage measurements were also performed to check how the peak voltage is evaluated when harmonics or distortion are superimposed to sinusoidal waveforms. To evaluate this performance an arbitrary waveform generator was included among the travelling devices in such a way that it was possible to compare the peak voltage measured by the TRMS using the provided digital multimeter and the specific intercomparison software and the peak voltage measured by each participant.

The coordinating laboratory was LCOE (Spain) and the participating institutes were LNE (France), VTT MIKES (Finland), RISE (Sweden), TÜBITAK UME (Türkiye), PTB (Germany), BIM (Bulgaria), INRiM (Italy), VSL (Netherlands), VNIMS (Russia) and LCOE (Spain).

Results of the comparison proved the calibration and measurement capabilities, CMCs, of the participants in the field of high voltage AC measurement, especially when performing peak hv measurements up to 200 kV with expanded uncertainties in the range of 40 mV/V to 80 mV/V.

The discrepancy between the results of the two labs claiming the lowest uncertainties, PTB and VTT, was on some measurements significantly larger than the respective uncertainties. One of these labs redesigned its measuring system and a subsequent bilateral comparison arranged between PTB and VTT solved the discrepancy.

Undertaking the work collaboratively through EURAMET proved to be an excellent tool to compare calibration and measurement capabilities of NMI and DI, as well as an opportunity for several institutes to improve their CMCs.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ce-139 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 139Ce to include the 2019 result of the NMISA (South Africa) and the 2022 result of the LNE-LNHB (France)
Authors: Coulon R , Michotte C , Courte S , Nonis M , Judge S , Thiam C , Bobin C , Fréchou C , Rooy M W van , Staden M J van , Lubbe J
Published: September 2022

Main text

Since 1976, 13 laboratories have submitted 27 samples of 139Ce to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ce-139. Recently, the NMISA (South Africa) and the LNE-LNHB (France) participated in the comparison and the key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been updated. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the updated KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical presentation is also given.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids—a review of recent progress and challenges
Authors: Kovačević Vesna V , Sretenović Goran B , Obradović Bratislav M , Kuraica Milorad M
Published: September 2022

The study of plasma–liquid interactions has evolved as a new interdisciplinary research field driven by the development of plasma applications for water purification, biomedicine and agriculture. Electrical discharges in contact with liquids are a rich source of reactive species in gas and in liquid phase which can be used to break polluting compounds in water or to induce healing processes in medical applications. An understanding of the fundamental processes in plasma, and of the interaction of plasma with liquid, enables the optimization of plasma chemistry in large-scale plasma devices with liquid electrodes. This article reviews recent progress and insight in the research of low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids at atmospheric pressure. The work mainly focuses on the physical processes and phenomena in these plasmas with an attempt to provide a review of the latest and the most important research outcomes in the literature. The article provides an overview of the breakdown mechanisms in discharges in contact with liquid, emphasizing the recently studied specifities of plasma jets impinging on the liquid surface, and discharge generation with a high overvoltage. It also covers innovative approaches in the generation of plasma in contact with liquids. Novel phenomena detected by the imaging techniques and measurement of discharge parameters in the reviewed discharges are also presented. The results, the techniques that are applied, and those that may be applied in further studies, are listed and discussed. A brief overview of the applications focuses on the original approaches and new application fields. Future challenges and gaps in knowledge regarding further advancement in applications are summarized.
Magnetoelectric effects in a composite ferromagnet–piezoelectric heterostructure under pulsed excitation
Authors: Savelev Dmitrii V , Fetisov Leonid Y , Chashin Dmitri V , Belan Victoria O , Fetisov Yuri K
Published: September 2022

Magnetoelectric (ME) effects in multiferroic ferromagnet–piezoelectric (PE) composite heterostructures result in a change in the electric polarization under the action of magnetic field or a change in the magnetization under the action of electric field and, therefore, are interesting from scientific point of view and for applications. In this work, the direct and converse ME effects are experimentally studied when a planar amorphous ferromagnet–PE lead zirconate–titanate structure is excited by magnetic and electrical field pulses with duration from microseconds to tens of milliseconds. Under the action of magnetic field pulses, the structure generates damped voltage oscillations with a frequency equal to the acoustic resonance frequency of the structure, as well as an exponentially decreasing dc voltage. By choosing the duration of magnetic pulses, it is possible selectively excite the linear ME effect in the structure or generate the second voltage harmonic at the resonance frequency. Electrical field pulses result in the excitation of damped magnetization oscillations at the resonance frequency of the heterostructure. The pulsed excitation method allows to estimate the ME conversion coefficients for both the direct and converse ME effects.
Accurate design of porous g-C3N4+x
with greatly extended visible-light response for enhanced photocatalytic performance and mechanism insight for environmental remediation
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Du Xing , Gu Huajun , Cheng Miao , Hu Jing , Wei Tao , Li Wanfei , Liu Bo , Dai Wei-Lin
Published: September 2022

Nitrogen-rich graphite carbon nitride has attracted considerable attention due to its low band gap and widespread potential application. Herein, a series of porous g-C3N4+x
materials are developed by pyrolysis of 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole (C2H4N4) and mesoporous silica template (KIT-6). The pore diameters can be precisely tuned by controlling the proportion of C2H4N4 and KIT-6. A variety of characterizations were conducted to analyze the correlation between structure and photocatalytic performance toward the degradation of rhodamine B. It was found that, the synthesized porous g-C3N4+x
exhibited a narrower band gap of 1.43 eV, which significantly extended its visible-light responsive range. Moreover, the enhanced N content and adjustable porous diameter effectively increased the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Therefore, remarkably improved photocatalytic activity was achieved, which was 5.2 times higher than that of bulk g-C3N4+x
, and presented super stability as well. Additionally, the possible photocatalytic mechanism was proposed and verified. These findings shed light on a new facile way to fabricate high-performance photocatalytic materials and provided new opportunities for environmental remediation.
Effects of sapphire substrate orientation on Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy using α-Cr2O3 buffers
Authors: Polyakov Alexander , Nikolaev Vladimir , Stepanov Sergey , Almaev Alexei , Pechnikov Alexei , Yakimov Eugene , Kushnarev Bogdan O , Shchemerov Ivan , Scheglov Mikhail , Chernykh Alexey , Vasilev Anton , Kochkova Anastasia , Guzilova Lyubov , Pearton Stephen J
Published: September 2022

Heavily Sn-doped films of α-Ga2O3 were grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) on basal plane c-sapphire and on (10-12) r-sapphire substrates with and without α-Cr2O3 thin buffers prepared by magnetron sputtering and annealing in air at 500 °C for 3 h. For both substrate orientations, the use of α-Cr2O3 buffers led to three major effects. The first was a substantial decrease of the half-width of the symmetric and asymmetric x-ray reflections. The second was an order of magnitude decrease of the net donor concentration produced by flowing the same amounts of Sn into the reactor. Third, there was a reduction in the concentration of the major electron trap in the films near E
c − 1 eV by more than a factor of two. These results show the major influence of sapphire substrate orientation on the electrical and structural properties of α-Ga2O3 grown by HVPE.
Strain-induced two-dimensional topological insulators in monolayer 1T′-RuO2
Authors: Lu Xin , Zhou Pan , Chen Shuhui , Sun Lizhong
Published: September 2022

Because of their unique structure and novel physical properties, two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received a lot of attention in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new 2D TMD 1T′-RuO2 with tunable topological properties. Based on first-principles calculations, we demonstrate that it has good dynamics, thermodynamic, energetic stability, and anisotropic mechanical properties. Although 1T′-RuO2 is a typical semiconductor with a direct bandgap, it can be transformed into topological insulator by applying uniaxial tensile strains. The topological phase transition is attributed to the d–d band inversion at Γ point. The nontrivial topological property is further validated by the topological edge states. We predict that monolayer 1T′-RuO2 is an excellent material for future electronic devices with tunable topological properties.
Magnetic field reversal of electric polarization and pressure-temperature-magnetic field magnetoelectric phase diagram of the hexaferrite Ba0.4Sr1.6Mg2Fe12O22
Authors: Yu Zhipeng , Zhai Kun , Wang Qingkai , Ding Hao , Nie Anmin , Wang Bochong , Xiang Jianyong , Wen Fusheng , Mu Congpu , Xue Tianyu , Shen Shipeng , Liu Zhongyuan
Published: September 2022

Pressure, as an independent thermodynamic parameter, is an effective tool to obtain novel material system and exotic physical phenomena not accessible at ambient conditions, because it profoundly modifies the charge, orbital and spin state by reducing the interatomic distance in crystal structure. However, the studies of magnetoelectricity and multiferroicity are rarely extended to high pressure dimension due to properties measured inside the high pressure vessel being a challenge. Here we reported the temperature-magnetic field-pressure magnetoelectric (ME) phase diagram of Y type hexaferrite Ba0.4Sr1.6Mg2Fe12O22 derived from static pyroelectric current measurement and dynamic magnetodielectric in diamond anvil cell and piston cylinder cell. We found that a new spin-driven ferroelectric phase emerged at P = 0.7 GPa and sequentially ME effect disappeared around P = 4.3 GPa. The external pressure may enhance easy plane anisotropy to destabilize the longitudinal conical magnetic structure with the suppression of ME coefficient. These results offer essential clues for the correlation between ME effect and magnetic structure evolution under high pressure.
Strain-induced stacking transition in bilayer graphene
Authors: Georgoulea Nina C , Power Stephen R , Caffrey Nuala M
Published: September 2022

Strain, both naturally occurring and deliberately engineered, can have a considerable effect on the structural and electronic properties of 2D and layered materials. Uniaxial or biaxial heterostrain modifies the stacking arrangement of bilayer graphene (BLG) which subsequently influences the electronic structure of the bilayer. Here, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the interplay between an external applied heterostrain and the resulting stacking in BLG. We determine how a strain applied to one layer is transferred to a second, ‘free’ layer and at what critical strain the ground-state AB-stacking is disrupted. To overcome limitations introduced by periodic boundary conditions, we consider an approximate system consisting of an infinite graphene sheet and an armchair graphene nanoribbon. We find that above a critical strain of

∼

1
%

, it is energetically favourable for the free layer to be unstrained, indicating a transition between uniform AB-stacking and non-uniform mixed stacking. This is in agreement with a simple model estimate based on the individual energy contributions of strain and stacking effects. Our findings suggest that small levels of strain provide a platform to reversibly engineer stacking order and Moiré features in bilayers, providing a viable alternative to twistronics to engineer topological and exotic physical phenomena in such systems.
A first-principles study of theoretical superconductivity on RbH by doping without applied pressure
Authors: Villa-Cortés S , Olea-Amezcua M A , De la Peña-Seaman O
Published: September 2022

The structural, electronic, lattice dynamics, electron–phonon (el–ph) coupling, and superconducting (SC) properties of the alkali-metal hydride RbH, metallized through electron-doping by the construction of the solid-solution Rb

1
−
x

Sr
x
H, are systematically analyzed as a function of Sr-content within the framework of density functional perturbation and Migdal-Eliashberg theories, taking into account the effect of zero-point energy contribution by the quasi-harmonic approximation. For the entire studied range of Sr-content, steady increments of the el–ph coupling constant and the SC critical temperature are found with progressive alkaline-earth metal content through electron-doping, reaching the values of λ = 1.92 and

T
c

=
51.3
(
66.1
)

K with

μ
∗

= 0.1(0). The steady rise of such quantities as a function of Sr-content is consequence of the metallization of the hydride as an increase of density of states at the Fermi level is observed, as well as the softening of the phonon spectrum, mainly coming from H-optical modes. Our results indicate that electron-doping on metal-hydrides is an encouraging alternative to look for superconductivity without applied pressure.
Infrared pattern based method for inspecting multi-nozzle spraying tools
Authors: Schulz Florian , Reincke Franziska , Beyrau Frank
Published: September 2022

Multi-nozzle spraying tools are applied in numerous industrial applications, one of the most common being die-casting. To ensure the quality of a cast product and to avoid production downtimes proper functioning is required, e.g. in terms of spray targeting, mass flow, or reproducibility. To enable regular functional controls of a spraying tool, we have developed a specific measuring principle based on monitoring the spray impact on a heated plate using infrared thermography. In this paper, the performance of the developed measuring principle is examined. The study is performed with a typical spraying tool from foundries, it has nine external mixing air–water nozzles, which are freely adjustable in their orientation. During an injection, the spray impacts a heated plate positioned in front of the spraying tool and creates a wetting pattern that is individual to each spraying tool, like a fingerprint. The recorded cooling pattern can be used to determine the position of the individual spray impact areas, the size of the spray impact areas, and the intensity of the cooling. Based on these parameters, conclusions can be drawn about the functionality of the water-bearing lines and the air-bearing lines—as well as the correct alignment of the individual nozzles. The result shows that the presented measuring principle leads to very high precision and reproducibility of the evaluated parameters. Thus, the developed measuring system enables detailed functional tests of complex spraying tools.
Interfacial friction of vdW heterostructures affected by in-plane strain
Authors: Zhou Xuanling , Chen Peijian , Xu Rong-Guang , Zhang Cun , Zhang Jiazhen
Published: September 2022

Interfacial properties of van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures dominate the durability and function of their booming practical and potential applications such as opoelectronic devices, superconductors and even pandemics research. However, the strain engineering modulates of interlayer friction of vdW heterostructures consisting of two distinct materials are still unclear, which hinders the applications of vdW heterostructures, as well as the design of solid lubricant and robust superlubricity. In the present paper, a molecular model between a hexagonal graphene flake and a rectangular SLMoS2 sheet is established, and the influence of biaxial and uniaxial strain on interlayer friction is explored by molecular dynamics. It is found that the interlayer friction is insensitive to applied strains. Strong robustness of superlubricity between distinct layers is owed to the structure’s intrinsic incommensurate characteristics and the existence of Moiré pattern. In engineering practice, it is of potential importance to introduce two distinct 2D materials at the sliding contact interface to reduce the interfacial friction of the contact pair and serve as ideal solid lubricants. Our research provides a further basis to explore the nanotribology and strain engineering of 2D materials and vdW heterostructures.