bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An efficient DC‐PDP cell structure with a wall cathode and wall auxiliary anode
Authors: Shin Buhm Jae , Jeong Heui Seob , Whang Ki‐Woong
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A new cell structure for a monochrome DC‐PDP with a wall cathode and a wall auxiliary anode is suggested. The wall cathode has a sufficient discharge‐electrode area to allow maximization of the discharge volume. The wall auxiliary anode surrounds the discharge region, which can effectively control the charged particles in the discharge region. We investigated the characteristics of the new cell structure with a two‐dimensional computer simulation and with experiments on a test panel and compared them with those of an earlier cell structure which has a co‐planar anode and an auxiliary anode. Special emphasis was given to the effect of the wall auxiliary anode on the discharge characteristics. The new cell structure shows high luminance and improved discharge characteristics such as a short discharge build‐up time and decreased minimum sustain voltage. The wall auxiliary anode plays the same role as in the coplanar‐anode‐type structure, but it demonstrates a better performance.
Rare‐earth chelate phosphors for organic EL devices
Authors: Li Wenlian , Yu Jiaqi , Sun Gang , Yu Yi , Zhao Yu , Tsutsui Tetsao
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The electroluminescence (EL) of the Tb complex [Tb(ACA)3phen] and the Eu complex [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] used for organic LEDs was investigated, and a luminance of 210 cd/m2 with sharp green bands for the organic LEDs containing Tb(III) was achieved. It was found that the EL properties of the devices using the Tb complex as the emitter depend on the hole‐transporting layers. We have also noticed that the Tb complex plays an electron‐transporting‐layer role when the device has the ITO/Eu complex/Tb complex/Al structure.
Growth kinetics and characterization of SrGa2S4 films prepared by deposition from binary vapors
Authors: Djazovski O. N. , Mikami T. , Ohmi K. , Tanaka S. , Kobayashi H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Thin films of Ce‐activated SrGa2S4 were prepared by combining electron‐beam evaporation of Ce‐doped SrS with direct evaporation of Ga2S3. With respect to the stoichiometry of SrGa2S4 films, a Ga2S3/SrS flux ratio in the 60–100 range was found empirically to give the best results for a substrate temperature of 460°C. Photoluminescence and decay characteristics of SrGa2S4:Ce films were investigated as a function of Ce concentration. The results indicate that increase in Ce concentration from 0.2 to 6 mol% is accompanied by a marked increase in both the cerium absorption and decay rate, whereas the emission peaks remain unchanged with cerium doping. A possible reason for the observed effects is discussed.
Investigation of the effects of process variables on the properties of europium‐doped yttrium‐oxide phosphor
Authors: Cooper Joseph A. , Paris Henry G. , Stock Stuart R. , Yang Sen , Summers Christopher J. , Hill David N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The goal of this work is to synthesize Y2O3:Eu+3 of small size and high luminous efficiency using the oxalate co‐precipitation process. We find that pH, solution temperature, and calcining temperature determine particle size and morphology. Particles with the smallest mean diameter form at a pH of 4, solution temperature of 22°C, and a calcining temperature of 1000°C. Cubic and platelet/rod‐shaped particles precipitate at a high pH and irregularly shaped particles at a low pH. Powders with 2–3 mol% Eu produce the most efficient luminescence. Efficiency increases with calcining temperate as does mean crystallite size.
Enhancement of the low‐voltage efficiency in zinc‐gallate phosphors by oxygen vacancy
Authors: Cho Sung Hee , Yoo Jae Soo , Lee Jong Duk
Published: May 2006

Abstract— ZnGa2O4:Mn powder phosphors were synthesized by a conventional combustion method. Synthesis conditions such as heat‐treatment temperature, heat‐treatment time, reduction conditions, and activator concentrations were optimized to obtain the maximum intensity of photoluminescence (PL). Then, ZnGa2O4 Mn powder phosphors were mixed with metal oxides WO3 or V2O5, which may modify the surface properties of the phosphors. It was observed that the cathodoluminescence of the phosphor screen was increased up to 20% compared to untreated phosphors. Possible mechanisms are discussed based on the electron‐transport phenomena in the phosphor. Also, a method to enhance the low‐voltage efficiency of ZnGa2O4:Mn phosphors will be proposed based on the aforementioned mechanism.
High‐performance system‐on‐silicon pixelated‐display‐controller IC
Authors: Greenberg R. , West M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A very‐high‐performance display‐controller IC for interfacing many types of flat‐panel‐display technologies to analog RGB and video has been developed. Input and output resolutions up to UXGA and HDTV are supported. The IC includes an on‐chip frame buffer, programmable image scalars, display timing controller, automatic image‐capture optimization, on‐screen‐display controller, and a 16‐bit microprocessor with peripherals.
Gyricon electric paper
Authors: Howard M. E. , Richley E. A. , Sprague R. , Sheridon N. K.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The requirements for practical electronic paper are discussed. It is shown that the Gyricon is a strong candidate for such electronic paper applications. The means for addressing Gyricon sheets using a stylus array and patterned conductive islands are discussed.
A novel method for the formation of polymer walls in liquid‐crystal/polymer displays
Authors: Kim Yoan , Bodnar Volodymyr H. , Francl Jim , Taheri Bahman , West John L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We have investigated the formation of polymer walls using a patterned electric field for rugged liquid‐crystal (LC) displays. The patterned electric field induces patterned phase separation. The LC molecules segregate in the high‐electric‐field regions, i.e., pixels, whereas the monomers segregate in the low‐field regions, i.e., inter‐pixels. Subsequent photo‐polymerization forms polymer walls between the pixels. We discuss the features of polymer walls formed by using this novel method.
Reflective color LCD composed of stacked films of encapsulated liquid crystal (SFELIC)
Authors: Sunohara K. , Naito K. , Shimizu S. , Akiyama M. , Tanaka M. , Nakai Y. , Sugahara A. , Taira K. , Iwanaga H. , Ohtake T. , Hotta A. , Enomoto S. , Yamada H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A reflective color liquid‐crystal display (LCD), which does not consume power for backlighting, is a key device for portable information equipment. A novel structure for three‐layered guest‐host (GH‐LCDs) has been proposed. The structure, called stacked films of encapsulated liquid crystal (SFELIC), has no intermediate substrates, and is expected to realize low cost and high luminance while eliminating parallax.
Screening of color phosphor powders on CRT faceplates
Authors: Ozawa Lyuji , Xinjia Li
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We studied the screening of color phosphor powders on CRT faceplates by photolithography. For photolithography, the phosphor particles should disperse perfectly in the dried PVA‐phosphor screens. The desired pattern sizes and adhesion of the patterned phosphor screens can be calculated with these dried PVA‐phosphor screens. To achieve dry screens with smooth and uniform layers of phosphor particles, phosphor powders should be made with round particles, with the sizes distributed in a narrow range. The phosphor particles perfectly disperse in PVA‐phosphor slurry without the addition of surfactant if an aging process is used. Adding surfactants to the PVA‐phosphor slurry results in the aggregation of phosphor particles in the dried PVA‐phosphor screens, contrary to expectations. Color phosphor screens with a triad pitch of 72 μm have been made with the aged PVA‐phosphor slurry.
Full‐color reflective liquid‐crystal display using internal‐reflection inverted‐scattering (IRIS) mode
Authors: Sonehara T. , Yazaki M. , Iisaka H. , Tsuchiya Y. , Sakata H. , Amako J. , Takeuchi T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We developed a bright full‐color reflective LCD which employs a newly developed IRIS mode, a scattering PDLC, and a MIM active matrix with two processes. The full‐color IRIS LCD provides high efficiency for ambient light and good color representation characteristics for battery‐driven low‐power applications.
Reflective direct‐view LCDs using polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and dielectric reflectors
Authors: Cornelissen Hugo J. , Neijzen Jaap H. M. , Paulissen Frank A. M. A. , Schlangen Luc J. M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Novel color and monochrome reflective direct‐view display configurations have been developed by combining light‐scattering PDLC layers with dielectric reflectors. Diffuse reflectances comparable to white paper were achieved.
High‐performance reflective STN‐LCD with a blazed reflector
Authors: Hiyama Ikuo , Itoh Osamu , Kondo Katsumi , Arimoto Akira
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A reflective super‐twisted‐nematic liquid‐crystal display (STN‐LCD) using a blazed reflector is proposed. Application of the blazed reflector improves luminance and contrast ratio in reflective LCDs by directing the reflected image toward the observer and also by misaligning it from the direction of the surface reflection. The reflector needs proper scattering to eliminate casting a background by a specular image. Therefore, we studied two methods: one which makes the surface of the reflector uneven and the other which applies light‐scattering material between the display and the reflector. Key features include almost a doubling in brightness and contrast ratio using the blazed reflector with the light‐scattering material. Moreover, good white representation is obtained to optimize the refractive index in the normal direction of the retardation film.
A reflective tri‐layered guest‐host color TFT‐LCD
Authors: Nakai Y. , Ohtake T. , Sugahara A. , Sunohara K. , Tsuchida K. , Tanaka M. , Iwanaga H. , Hotta A. , Taira K. , Mori M. , Hiroyasu N. , Akiyama M. , Okajima M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We have developed a new reflective tri‐layer color TFT‐LCD with CMY guest‐host LC materials. Optical improvements and optimization have resulted in high reflectance and good color image. We have shown that the tri‐layer structure has high feasibility for bright color LCDs.
Single‐polarizer reflective twisted nematics
Authors: Beynon Emma , Saynor Kirstin , Tillin Martin , Towler Mike
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A general expression for the reflectance of a single‐polariser twisted‐nematic device is given. From this, solutions of liquid‐crystal parameters that will convert linear‐to‐circular (L‐C) and linear‐to‐linear (L‐L) polarizations are derived. A comparison of the field behavior for some normally black and normally white devices made from the lower Δnd/λ solutions of the L‐C and L‐L are presented. The effect of doping on normally white devices is considered.
TFT‐addressed full‐color reflective‐type display using mixed‐mode twisted‐nematic LCD
Authors: Kuo Chen‐Lung , Chen Chieh‐Li , Ting Dai‐Liang , Wei Chung‐Kuang , Lu Yong‐Hong , Liao Bing‐Jei , Liu Biing‐Der , Hao Chia‐Wei , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A high‐performance reflective‐type TFT‐LCD with full‐color and video‐rate capabilities has been developed. This display utilizes a single‐polarizer geometry associated with a mixed‐mode twisted‐nematic (MTN) effect. The twist angle of the liquid‐crystal cell is optimized by evaluating the light efficiency, contrast ratio, chromaticity, and gray‐shading reproducibility with respect to the variation of cell‐gap uniformity. Attractive features of this display such as low driving voltage, fast response, wide viewing angle, rich gray scales with superior color reproducibility, and clear image with no parallax are demonstrated.
A 53° twisted‐nematic cell for a color reflective liquid‐crystal display
Authors: Saitoh Yukito , Yoshida Yuji , Kamiya Hiroyuki
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A 53° twisted‐nematic cell for a color reflective liquid‐crystal display was developed. It has a mirror electrode inside the panel on the TFT substrate, a twisted‐nematic alignment structure, an RGB color filter, a single polarizer, and a light‐control film covering the panel. Its advantages include gray‐scale capability, low driving voltage, and a wide viewing angle. We discuss the Δn⋅d, the twist angle, and the front‐light control film.
Comparative studies of single‐polarizer reflective liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Wu Shin‐Tson , Wu Chiung‐Sheng , Kuo Chen‐Lung
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The electro‐optic effects and viewing‐angle characteristics of some recently developed single‐polarizer reflective liquid‐crystal displays are compared under the same material parameters. The mixed‐mode twisted‐nematic cells and biaxial film‐compensated thin homogeneous cells are promising for both direct‐view and projection displays employing crossed polarizers. How to improve contrast ratio for the parallel‐polarizer displays remains a technical challenge.
Resolution and legibility: A comparison of TFT‐LCDs and CRTs
Authors: Wright S. L. , Bailey I. L. , Tuan K.‐M. , Wacker R. T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The visual performance of TFT‐LCDs and CRT displays with different pixel densities were measured using task‐oriented tests and subjective measures of visual comfort and preferences. The effect of resolution on displayed letter legibility was measured. The legibility of letters increases with increasing pixel resolution. At a viewing distance of 50 cm, no significant differences were obtained in letter‐counting rates of capital letters 24 arcmin high, or reading rates of mixed‐case letters with 16 arcmin x‐height. In a second study for small letters, differences in letter‐counting and reading speeds were obtained for the different display conditions. For capital letters about 1.5 mm high, the letter‐counting speed was about 6% faster for a 157‐ppi TFT‐LCD than for a CRT. On 83‐ppi TFT‐LCD, letters this small could not be adequately rendered and were unrecognized. At a 50‐cm viewing distance, some subject preference and improved visual comfort was obtained for the high‐resolution TFTLCD.
A 320‐dpi 4‐in. reflective stacked crossed guest‐host display
Authors: Hasegawa M. , Takeda K. , Sakaguchi Y. , Taira Y. , Egelhaaf J. , Lueder E. , Lowe A. C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We describe a 320‐dpi, 4‐in. diagonal a‐Si:H TFT‐driven monochrome reflective display panel, in which two guest‐host nematic liquid‐crystal layers separated by a thin polymer film are orthogonally aligned to realize high reflectivity and high contrast ratio simultaneously. The TFT manufacturer used a four‐mask process with a high aperture ratio. The structure and characteristics of the panel are presented.
Demonstration of the waveguide‐based LCD
Authors: Yuan H. , Palffy‐Muhoray P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We demonstrate a waveguide‐based liquid‐crystal display. Instead of using polarizers to control light intensity, high optical efficiency is obtained by using a liquid crystal to switch light out of a waveguide. Wide viewing angle is obtained by using a scattering screen.
A model of the fast‐switching polymer‐stabilized in‐plane‐switching configuration
Authors: Escuti M. , Bowley C. C. , Crawford G. P. , Zumer S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— A significant improvement in the dynamic response times of IPS‐mode LCDs is achieved through polymer stabilization. The improvement is a result of the introduction of a low‐density stabilizing polymer network that causes the LC director to favor the zero‐field orientation. We report on the effect of the polymer concentration and network orientation on the electro‐optic performance of our novel polymer‐stabilized IPS‐mode cells. Furthermore, we present a detailed model derived using elastic continuum theory to explain our observations.
Dynamics of chiral‐homeotropic liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Chen L. Y. , Chen S. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The dynamic response of the chiral‐homeotropic liquid‐crystal cell has been investigated. The well‐known optical bounce which was originally found in TN cells also appears in chiral‐homeotropic cells. We have examined this bounce phenomenon by both experiments and computer simulations.
Mimicking the sense of olfaction: A conducting‐polymer‐based electronic nose
Authors: Vaid T. , Severin E. , Doleman B. , Lewis N. S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— We describe herein the construction of a simple, low‐power, broadly responsive vapor sensor. Carbon‐black‐organic‐polymer composites have been shown to swell reversibly upon exposure to vapors. Thin films of carbon‐black‐organic‐polymer composites have been deposited across two metallic leads, with swelling‐induced resistance changes of the films signaling the presence of vapors. To identify and classify vapors, arrays of such vapor‐sensing elements have been constructed, with each element containing a different organic polymer as the insulating phase. The differing gas‐solid partition coefficients for the various polymers of the sensor array produce a pattern of resistance changes that can be used to classify vapors and vapor mixtures. This type of sensor array has been shown to resolve all organic vapors that have been analyzed, and can even resolve H2O from D2O.
Surface‐bound anti–type II collagen–containing immune complexes induce production of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1β, and interleukin‐8 from peripheral blood monocytes via fcγ receptor IIA: A potential pathophysiologic mechanism for humoral anti–type II collagen immunity in arthritis
Authors: Mullazehi Mohammed , Mathsson Linda , Lampa Jon , Rönnelid Johan
Published: May 2006

Objective

Type II collagen (CII) is a major component of hyaline cartilage, and antibodies against CII are found in a subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We undertook this study to investigate whether and how antibodies directed against CII can form solid‐phase immune complexes (ICs) with cytokine‐inducing properties in a model theoretically resembling the situation in the inflamed joint, in which CII is exposed for interaction with anti‐CII antibodies during periods of inflammation.

Methods

Sixty‐five arthritis patients with varying levels of anti–native CII antibodies and 10 healthy controls were evaluated concerning anti‐CII and cytokines induced in a solid‐phase IC model. Monocytes were either depleted or enriched to define responder cells. Antibodies blocking Fcγ receptors (FcγR) were used to define the responsible T cell surface receptors.

Results

ICs containing anti‐CII from arthritis patients induced the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐8. We found a close correlation between enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay optical density values and induction of TNFα (r = 0.862, P < 0.0001), IL‐1β (r = 0.839, P < 0.0001), and IL‐8 (r = 0.547, P < 0.0001). The anti‐CII–containing IC density threshold needed for cytokine induction differed among peripheral blood mononuclear cell donors. Anti‐CII–containing IC–induced cytokine production was almost totally abolished (>99%) after monocyte depletion, and receptor blocking studies showed significant decreases in the production of TNFα, IL‐1β, and IL‐8 after blocking FcγRIIa, but not after blocking FcγRIII.

Conclusion

These findings represent a possible mechanism for perpetuation of joint inflammation in the subgroup of arthritis patients with high levels of anti‐CII. Blockade of FcγRIIa and suppression of synovial macrophages are conceivable treatment options in such patients.
Process parameter shifting: Part II. Biphasic cultivation—A tool for enhancing the volumetric productivity of batch processes using Epo‐Fc expressing CHO cells
Authors: Trummer Evelyn , Fauland Katharina , Seidinger Silke , Schriebl Kornelia , Lattenmayer Christine , Kunert Renate , Vorauer‐Uhl Karola , Weik Robert , Borth Nicole , Katinger Hermann , Müller Dethardt
Published: May 2006

Regulation of cell growth and protein expression potentially results in a sustainable enhancement of the volumetric productivity in a fermentation process. Following a biphasic cultivation strategy the process initially passes through a cell proliferation phase to generate a sufficiently high viable cell mass. In the subsequent production phase cells are maintained viable and productive without significant cell proliferation leading to increased viable cell days and product yields. In a previous work we have shown that the well directed alteration of the process environment based on process parameter shifting is a promising tool to regulate cell growth and protein expression. In continuation of this work we investigated process parameters which have been identified to affect cell proliferation in favor of an increased specific productivity and total product yield in a series of biphasic batch cultivation experiments. In most of these processes the integral of viable cells and the specific productivity were increased leading to a significant improvement of both final product concentration and volumetric productivity. In addition, combined parameter shifts (pH 6.90/30°C and pH 6.90/33°C) exerted a synergistic effect on product quality. The loss of product sialylation which occurred at reduced temperatures was prevented by simultaneously reducing the external pH. In conclusion, biphasic cultivation based on combined shifting of process parameters is a suitable tool for controlling cell proliferation and protein expression of mammalian cells in a batch bioreactor leading to enhanced volumetric productivities and therefore offers an enormous potential for bioprocess optimization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of flavonoids for the treatment of haemorrhoids
Authors: Alonso-Coello P , Zhou Q , Martinez-Zapata M J , Mills E , Heels-Ansdell D , Johanson J F , Guyatt G
Published: May 2006

Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of flavonoids on those symptoms important to patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids.

Methods

A comprehensive search strategy was used. All published and unpublished randomized controlled trials comparing any type of flavonoid to placebo or no therapy in patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids were included. Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion, retrieved all potentially relevant studies and extracted data.

Results

Fourteen eligible trials randomized 1514 patients. Studies were of moderate quality and showed variability in the results with potential publication bias. Meta-analyses using random-effects models suggested that flavonoids decrease the risk of not improving or persisting symptoms by 58 per cent (relative risk (RR) 0·42 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·28 to 0·61)) and showed an apparent reduction in the risk of bleeding (RR 0·33 (95 per cent c.i. 0·19 to 0·57)), persistent pain (RR 0·35 (95 per cent c.i. 0·18 to 0·69)), itching (RR 0·65 (95 per cent c.i. 0·44 to 0·97)) and recurrence (RR 0·53 (95 per cent c.i. 0·41 to 0·69)).

Conclusion

Limitations in methodological quality, heterogeneity and potential publication bias raise questions about the apparent beneficial effects of flavonoids in the treatment of haemorrhoids.
Blood interleukin 12 as preoperative predictor of fatal postoperative sepsis after neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy
Authors: Novotny A R , Emmanuel K , Ulm K , Bartels H , Siewert J-R , Weighardt H , Holzmann B
Published: May 2006

Introduction

The value of preoperative whole-blood interleukin (IL) 12 levels in predicting death from postoperative sepsis was evaluated, in patients stratified by underlying malignancy, neoadjuvant tumour treatment and surgical procedure.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 1444 patients before major surgery. Whole blood was incubated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-12 production in supernatants was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The prognostic impact of ability to synthesize IL-12 before surgery was investigated in patient subgroups with respect to sepsis-related mortality using multivariate binary logistic regression analysis.

Results

IL-12 synthesizing capability in patients who survived sepsis was significantly higher than that in patients who developed fatal sepsis (P = 0·006). In multivariate analysis only IL-12 was associated with a lethal outcome from postoperative sepsis (P = 0·006). The prognostic impact of IL-12 was evident in patients with underlying malignancy (P = 0·011) and in those who had undergone neoadjuvant tumour treatment (P = 0·008). When patients were analysed according to the type of neoadjuvant therapy, preoperative ability to synthesize IL-12 had a significant prognostic impact in patients who had neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (P = 0·026), but not in those who had neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Conclusion

IL-12 production after stimulation of whole blood with LPS appears to be useful for the preoperative assessment of risk of sepsis-related death after operation in patients who have undergone neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy.
Cover Picture: Design, Synthesis, and SAR Studies of Mefloquine‐Based Ligands as Potential Antituberculosis Agents (ChemMedChem 6/2006)
Authors: Jayaprakash Sarva , Iso Yasuyoshi , Wan Baojie , Franzblau Scott G. , Kozikowski Alan P.
Published: May 2006

The cover picture shows the structure of (+)‐erythro‐mefloquine atop a fluorescence photomicrograph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (orange) residing within a macrophage cell culture. M. tuberculosis is able to grow both within macrophages and extracellularly. The strain shown was transformed with a red fluorescent protein gene, which enables easy visualization by fluorescence microscopy and assessment of viability. Mefloquine is an established antimalarial agent. See the Communication by A. P. Kozikowski et al. on p. 593 ff. for details on the activity of mefloquine and mefloquine analogues against both replicating and nonreplicating M. tuberculosis.
Effect of coinitiator and water on the photoreactivity and photopolymerization of HEMA/camphoquinone‐based reactant mixtures
Authors: Wang Yong , Spencer Paulette , Yao Xiaomei , Ye Qiang
Published: May 2006

It was reported previously that, in the presence of water, a commercially available light‐activated BisGMA/HEMA adhesive underwent physical separation into solid BisGMA‐rich particles and a fluid‐like HEMA‐rich phase. The HEMA‐rich phase exhibited limited monomer conversion suggesting that the photoinitiator is localized to the hydrophobic phase or that the photoinitiator is not compatible with the hydrophilic HEMA. The objective of the present study was to identify photoinitiators that are compatible with the hydrophilic HEMA‐rich phase, when the mixtures are prepared without and with water added. The photoinitiator was camphoquinone (CQ, 0.5 mol %), and the coinitiators (0.5 mol %) were 2,2′‐dihydroxyethyl‐para‐toluidine (DHEPT), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and N‐phenylglycine (NPG), and (1 wt %) diphenyliodonium chloride (DPIC). Reactivities were evaluated using photodifferential scanning calorimetry, at 37°C, using visible light (>418 nm), with the parameters determined being enthalpy (ΔH), the induction time (herein defined as the time for 1% of the photopolymerization to be complete), and the time at which the maximum exotherm occurred. The degree of monomer conversion was measured using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. It was shown that the reactivity ranking (based on time to exotherm peak maximum and total enthalpy) was HEMA/CQ/DHEPT < HEMA/CQ/DMAEMA < HEMA/CQ/NPG. Reactivity was dramatically increased for CQ/DMAEMA and CQ/NPG in the presence of DPIC, but not for CQ/DHEPT. Water has a major effect on HEMA conversion. At 10% of water, the conversion level of HEMA formulated with CQ/DMEMA dropped from ∼100% to 86%. In comparison, the conversion in 10% of water increased to nearly 96% when DPIC was used. The results suggest that DHEPT, which is commonly used in commercial adhesives, is not compatible with HEMA. Both NPG and DMAEMA appear compatible with the HEMA. The ionic hydrophilic iodonium salt, DPIC, enhances the polymerization of HEMA, even in the presence of water. Future studies on water‐compatible photoinitiators should be performed to address the detrimental effects of water on dentin adhesive systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Substrate porosity enhances chondrocyte attachment, spreading, and cartilage tissue formationin vitro
Authors: Spiteri C. G. , Pilliar R. M. , Kandel R. A.
Published: May 2006

Tissue engineering is being explored as a new approach to treat damaged cartilage. As the biomaterial used may influence tissue formation, the effects of substrate geometry on chondrocyte behaviorin vitrowere examined. Articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured on the surface of smooth, rough, porous‐coated, and fully porous Ti‐6Al‐4V substrates. The percentage of chondrocytes that attached to each substrate at 24 h was determined. After 24 and 72 h, chondrocytes were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and cell areas were measured. Collagen and proteoglycan accumulation within the first 24 h was determined by incorporation with [3H]‐proline and [35S]‐SO4, respectively. Chondrocyte attachment as well as matrix accumulation was enhanced as substrate surface area increased. Cell areas on the fully porous substrate were over four times greater than on any other substrate by 72 h in culture. After 8 weeks in culture, a continuous layer of cartilaginous tissue formed only on the surface of the fully porous substrate. This suggests that fully porous Ti‐6Al‐4V substrates provide the conditions that favor cartilage tissue formation by influencing cell attachment and extent of cell spreading. Understanding how substrate porosity influences chondrocyte behavior may help identify methods to further enhance cartilage tissue formationin vitro. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Bioactivity in in situ hydroxyapatite–polycaprolactone composites
Authors: Verma Devendra , Katti Kalpana , Katti Dinesh
Published: May 2006

In our previous work, hydroxyapatite (HAP) was synthesized under two conditions: one in the presence of polyacrylic acid (in situ HAP) and the other in the absence of polyacrylic acid (ex situ HAP). Composites of both HAPs with polycaprolactone (PCL) were investigated for their applicability as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In the current work, bioactivity of these composites has been investigated by soaking them in simulated body fluid for different intervals of time. Nucleation and growth mechanism of apatite on these composites has also been investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study suggests that although apatite growth starts with an intermediate phase, it completely transforms to HAP after 4 days of soaking. Nanoindentation results suggest that the apatite growing on in situ HAP/PCL composites has much higher hardness and elastic modulus as compared to the apatite growing on ex situ HAP/PCL composites. The apatite grown on the ex situ composites has a net‐like interconnected structure. The observed differences in mechanical properties and morphology of apatite have been described on the basis of nucleation mechanisms. The nucleation of apatite on the in situ HAP/PCL composites proceeds through the formation of a complex between Ca2+ and COO− groups; on the other hand, nucleation occurs because of dissolution reaction of apatite in ex situ HAP/PCL composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Rural behavioral health services for children and adolescents: An ecological and community psychology analysis
Authors: Heflinger Craig Anne , Christens Brian
Published: May 2006

While psychology has tended to focus on urban issues in research and practice, rural areas have undergone a series of changes in recent years that have increased the need for behavioral health services. A variety of social and economic factors has contributed both to the increasing needs and to the inability of the existing services to meet them. In this article, the authors survey the literature on rural behavioral health issues, focusing on children and adolescents, to highlight the status of knowledge and approaches to intervention. A conceptual rubric based on the social ecological perspective is used. First, what is known about rural behavioral health and health care for youth is described at the ontogenetic, micro‐, meso‐, and macrosystem levels. Strategies that have been proposed to address problems in rural behavioral health care are also presented at the different levels. General principles for future intervention and research are proposed that recognize the unique context of rural communities, use local knowledge and ideas, incorporate the efforts of informal systems of care using a strength‐based approach, and identify and work toward solving the macrosystem issues that underlie rural health problems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depression and welfare reform: From barriers to inclusion
Authors: Lewis Dan A. , Lee Bong Joo , Altenbernd Lisa M.
Published: May 2006

The authors identify ways to facilitate work among current and recent welfare recipients with mental illness. Their analysis assesses the relationship between a particular mental illness, depression, and labor force involvement in a statewide sample of welfare recipients, identifies the factors that promote work for those with depression, and describes the positive and negative correlates of work among this group. This study is a building block in understanding how depression and work are related among current and recent welfare recipients and what factors impede or facilitate substantive involvement in society for those with depression. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gift giving: A community paradigm
Authors: Hollenbeck Candice R. , Peters Cara , Zinkhan George M.
Published: May 2006

To date, the marketing literature on gift giving has focused on two approaches or paradigms—economic and relational exchange. This study adopts a different perspective, proposing a community paradigm to provide a holistic view of gift giving. The data (based on 20 in‐depth interviews and 2 group interviews) suggest that, on the Internet, social networks of relationships cohere into gift‐giving communities that influence the purchasing of gifts. Findings about online gift giving are presented according to three community themes: (a) shared rituals and traditions, (b) shared values, and (c) shared responsibilities. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative proteomic profiling of pancreatic cancer juice
Authors: Chen Ru , Pan Sheng , Yi Eugene C. , Donohoe Samuel , Bronner Mary P. , Potter John D. , Goodlett David R. , Aebersold Ruedi , Brentnall Teresa A.
Published: May 2006

Pancreatic juice is an exceptionally rich source of cancer‐specific proteins shed from cancerous ductal cells into the pancreatic juice. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the proteins specific to pancreatic cancer juice has not previously been reported. We used isotope‐code affinity tag (ICAT) technology and MS/MS to perform quantitative protein profiling of pancreatic juice from pancreatic cancer patients and normal controls. ICAT technology coupled with MS/MS allows the systematic study of the proteome and measures the protein abundance in pancreatic juice with the potential for development of biomarkers. A total of 105 proteins were identified and quantified in the pancreatic juice from a pancreatic cancer patient, of which 30 proteins showed abundance changes of at least twofold in pancreatic cancer juice compared to normal controls. Many of these proteins have been externally validated. This is the first comprehensive study of the pancreatic juice proteome by quantitative global protein profiling, and the study reveals numerous proteins that are shown for the first time to be associated with pancreatic cancer, providing candidates for diagnostic biomarkers. One of the identified proteins, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐2 was further validated by Western blotting to be elevated in pancreatic cancer juice and overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissue.
Proteomic analysis of Brucella abortus cell envelope and identification of immunogenic candidate proteins for vaccine development
Authors: Connolly Joseph P. , Comerci Diego , Alefantis Timothy G. , Walz Alexander , Quan Marian , Chafin Ryan , Grewal Paul , Mujer Cesar V. , Ugalde Rodolfo A. , DelVecchio Vito G.
Published: May 2006

Brucella abortus is the etiologic agent of bovine brucellosis and causes a chronic disease in humans known as undulant fever. In livestock the disease is characterized by abortion and sterility. Live, attenuated vaccines such as S19 and RB51 have been used to control the spread of the disease in animals; however, they are considered unsafe for human use and they induce abortion in pregnant cattle. For the development of a safer and equally efficacious vaccine, immunoproteomics was utilized to identify novel candidate proteins from B. abortus cell envelope (CE). A total of 163 proteins were identified using 2‐DE with MALDI‐TOF MS and LC‐MS/MS. Some of the major protein components include outer‐membrane protein (OMP) 25, OMP31, Omp2b porin, and 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL. 2‐DE Western blot analyses probed with antiserum from bovine and a human patient infected with Brucella identified several new immunogenic proteins such as fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit, F0F1‐type ATP synthase α subunit, and cysteine synthase A. The elucidation of the immunome of B. abortus CE identified a number of candidate proteins for developing vaccines against Brucella infection in bovine and humans.
Single or multiple injections of methamphetamine increased dopamine turnover but did not decrease tyrosine hydroxylase levels or cleave caspase‐3 in caudate‐putamen
Authors: Pereira Frederico Costa , Lourenço Elita Santos , Borges Fernanda , Morgadinho Teresa , Ribeiro Carlos Fontes , Macedo Tice Reis , Ali Syed F.
Published: May 2006

Methamphetamine (METH), leading to striatal dopamine (DA) nerve terminal toxicity in mammals, is also thought to induce apoptosis of striatal neurons in rodents. We investigated the acute effects induced by multiple injections of METH (4 × 5 mg/kg, i.p.) at 2‐h intervals or a single injection of METH (20 mg/kg, i.p.) on terminal dopaminergic toxicity markers, including DA levels, DA turnover, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in rat caudate‐putamen (CPu). We further investigated whether both treatment paradigms would change Bax and activate caspase‐3 expression, thus triggering striatal apoptotic mitochondria‐dependent biochemical cascades. The first injection of METH (5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant release of DA that peaked 30 min and stayed above control levels up to 1.5 h within CPu. In another set of experiments, rats were killed 1 and 24 h following the last injection, for tissue DA and metabolite content measurement and Western blot analysis (24 h). Multiple doses induced DA depletion and increased turnover at both endpoints. Single‐dose METH reproduced these effects at 24 h; however, turnover was significantly higher than that evoked by the multiple doses at 24 h. Although both paradigms evoked similar DA depletion, however, none of the dosing regimens induced changes in TH expression at 24 h. The former paradigm produced an increase in Bax expression in CPu not sufficient to induce cleavage of caspase‐3 proenzyme at 24 h. This study suggests that both paradigm induced changes in striatal dopaminergic markers that are independent of terminal degeneration and striatal apoptotic mitochondria‐dependent caspase‐3 driven cascade within 24 h. Synapse 60:185–193, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐ and postsynaptic contributions to age‐related alterations in corticostriatal synaptic plasticity
Authors: Akopian G. , Walsh J.P.
Published: May 2006

Aging creates deficits in motor performance related to changes in striatal processing of cortical information. This study describes age‐related changes in corticostriatal snaptic plasticity and associated mechanisms, which may contribute to declines in motor behavior. Intracellular recordings revealed an age‐related decrease in the expression of paired‐pulse, posttetanic, and long‐term potentiation (LTP). The age‐related difference in LTP was associated with reduced sensitivity to block of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the aged population. These age‐related changes could not be explained by increased L‐type Ca2+channel activity, since block of L‐type Ca2+ channels with nifedipine increased rather than decreased the age‐related difference in long‐term plasticity. Age‐related increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation were also ruled out, since application of H2O2 produced changes in synaptic function that were opposite to trends seen in aging, and addition of the antioxidant Trolox‐C had a larger effect on long‐term plasticity in young rats than in older rats. A robust age‐related difference in long‐term synaptic plasticity was found by studying synaptic plasticity following the blocking of D2 receptors with l‐sulpiride, which may involve age‐difference in NMDA receptor function. l‐sulpiride consistently enabled a slow development of LTP at young (but not aged) corticostriatal synapses. However, No age differences were found in the sensitivity to the addition of the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole. These findings provide evidence for age‐induced changes in the release properties of cortical terminals and in the functioning of postsynaptic striatal NMDA receptors, which may contribute to age‐related deficits in striatum control of movement. Synapse 60:223–238, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reasoning under uncertainty: heuristic judgments in patients with persecutory delusions or depression
Authors: CORCORAN RHIANNON , CUMMINS SINEAD , ROWSE GEORGINA , MOORE ROSIE , BLACKWOOD NIGEL , HOWARD ROBERT , KINDERMAN PETER , BENTALL RICHARD P.
Published: May 2006

Objective. The substantial literature examining social reasoning in people with delusions has, to date, neglected the commonest form of decision making in daily life. We address this imbalance by reporting here the findings of the first study to explore heuristic reasoning in people with persecutory delusions.

Method. People with active or remitted paranoid delusions, depressed and healthy adults performed two novel heuristic reasoning tasks that varied in emotional valence.

Results. The findings indicated that people with persecutory delusions displayed biases during heuristic reasoning that were most obvious when reasoning about threatening and positive material. Clear similarities existed between the currently paranoid group and the depressed group in terms of their reasoning about the likelihood of events happening to them, with both groups tending to believe that pleasant things would not happen to them. However, only the currently paranoid group showed an increased tendency to view other people as threatening.

Conclusion. This study has initiated the exploration of heuristic reasoning in paranoia and depression. The findings have therapeutic utility and future work could focus on the differentiation of paranoia and depression at a cognitive level.
The role of ion cyclotron motion at Ganymede: Magnetic field morphology and magnetospheric dynamics
Authors: Paty Carol , Winglee Robert
Published: May 2006

Ion cyclotron motion can play a role in shaping magnetospheres and governing magnetospheric dynamics, particularly in weakly magnetized systems such as the moons of outer planets. However, MHD explicitly neglects such effects. We demonstrate the importance of ion cyclotron motion in the near space environment of Ganymede using 3‐dimensional multi‐fluid simulations to account for Galileo magnetometer data from several flybys through various regions of Ganymede's magnetosphere. These simulations track several ion species and incorporate ion cyclotron effects through a comprehensive treatment of the plasma dynamics and the generalized Ohm's law equation. In the ideal MHD limit of the multi‐fluid formulation the size of Ganymede's magnetosphere is underestimated, while in the full multi‐fluid treatment the magnetosphere is shown to be in good agreement with magnetometer measurements from Galileo. The importance of treating the ion cyclotron motion is most noticeable near the magnetopause where magnetic field strengths approach zero.
fMRI of Delayed Albumin Treatment during Stroke Recovery in Rats: Implication for Fast Neuronal Habituation in Recovering Brains
Authors: Kim Young R , van Meer Maurits PA , Mandeville Joseph B , Tejima Emiri , Dai George , Topalkara Kamil , Qui Jianhua , Dijkhuizen Rick M , Moskowitz Michael A , Lo Eng H , Rosen Bruce R
Published: May 2006

Accumulating experimental and clinical data suggest that albumin may be neuroprotective for stroke. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of albumin and its effects on the recovery of stimuli-induced cerebral hemodynamics. For this purpose, fMRI activity in the ipsilesional somatosensory (SS) cortex was assessed using a well established rat model of transient 90 min focal ischemia and electrical forelimb stimulation. Rats were treated with either saline or albumin via intracerebroventricular injections at 12 h poststroke onset. Despite this delayed treatment time, when compared to the saline-treated rats ( n = 7), there were significant enhancements of the fMRI activation in the albumin-treated rats ( n = 6) for both blood oxygenation level dependence (BOLD) and functional cerebral blood volume (fCBV) responses. Interestingly, the temporal characteristics of the ipsilesional SS BOLD responses in the albumin-treated rats appeared considerably altered compared to those of contralesional responses while such temporal alterations were not pronounced for the fCBV responses. These characteristic fMRI temporal profiles of the albumin-treated brains may be due to altered neuronal responses rather than altered integrity of neurovascular coupling, which implies an unusually fast habituation of neuronal responses in the lesional SS cortex. The correlation between various MRI-derived structural parameters and the fMRI response magnitude was also characteristic for albumin and control groups. Taken together, these data suggest that restoration of fMRI response magnitudes, temporal profiles, and correlations with structure may reveal the extent and specific traits of albumin treatment associated stroke recovery.
Role of P450 Aromatase in Sex-Specific Astrocytic Cell Death
Authors: Liu Mingyue , Hurn Patricia D , Roselli Charles E , Alkayed Nabil J
Published: May 2006

Female animals are protected from ischemic brain damage relative to age-matched males, in part through protection provided by endogenous estradiol. In brain, estradiol is produced from testosterone by cytochrome P450 aromatase ( cyp 19), a steroid synthetic enzyme present in astrocytes. We tested the hypothesis that astrocytes derived from neonatal female rat brain are less susceptible than male cells to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD), and that this endogenous protection is associated with enhanced aromatase activity. Primary cultured cortical astrocytes were prepared from male and female rat pups separately and grown to confluence in estrogen-free media. Cell death in response to OGD, alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide, lipopolysaccharides, interleukin-1β, tissue necrosis factor-α, or nitric oxide (NO) donor diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO) was quantified as the ratio of propidium iodide to calcein AM-positive cells. Aromatase activity and cyp19 mRNA and protein levels were measured in cultures from each sex. Female astrocytes are more resistant to OGD and oxidant cell death induced by H2O2, but sustain greater cell death when inflammatory mediators are combined with OGD compared with OGD alone. Media transfer from female to male cells conferred protection against OGD-induced cell death. Aromatase activity and expression is greater in female than in male astrocytes. The aromatase inhibitor, Arimidex (100 nmol/L), abolishes sex differences in OGD-induced cell death, whereas treatment with 17β-estradiol (10 nmol/L) protects cells of either sex. We conclude that astrocytes isolated from neonatal cortex exhibit marked sex differences in sensitivity to OGD, in part because of enhanced aromatization and estradiol formation in female cells.