bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Key biological responses over two generations of the sea urchin Echinometra sp. A under future ocean conditions
Authors: Uthicke S , Patel F , Karelitz S , Luter HM , Webster NS , Lamare M
Published: January 2020

Few studies have investigated the effects of ocean warming and acidification on marine benthic organisms over ecologically relevant time scales. We used an environmentally controlled coral reef mesocosm system to assess growth and physiological responses of the sea urchin species Echinometra sp. A over 2 generations. Each mesocosm was controlled for temperature and pCO2 over 29 mo under 3 climate change scenarios (present day and predicted states in 2050 and 2100 under RCP 8.5). The system maintained treatment conditions including annual temperature cycles and a daily variation in pCO2. Over 20 mo, adult Echinometra exhibited no significant difference in size and weight among the treatments. Growth rates and respiration rates did not differ significantly among treatments. Urchins from the 2100 treatment had elevated ammonium excretion rates and reduced O2:N ratios, suggesting a change in catabolism. We detected no difference in spawning index scores or oocyte size after 20 mo in the treatments, suggesting that gonad development was not impaired by variations in pCO2 and temperature reflecting anticipated climate change scenarios. Larvae produced from experimentally exposed adults were successfully settled from all treatments and raised for 5 mo inside the mesocosm. The final size of these juveniles exhibited no significant difference among treatments. Overall, we demonstrated that the mesocosm system provided a near natural environment for this urchin species. Climate change and ocean acidification did not affect the benthic life stages investigated here. Importantly, in previous short-term (weeks to months) experiments, this species exhibited reductions in growth and gonad development, highlighting the potential for short-term experiments with non-acclimated animals to yield contrasting, possibly erroneous results.
PENYUSUNAN SKENARIO PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE SNOWBALL THROWING SEBAGAI UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PEMBELAJARAN DI SDN 001 MUARA LEMBU
Authors: Desmalina Desmalina
Published: January 2020

This study aims to improve the quality of learning through guidance in developing snowball throwing cooperative learning scenarios for elementary school teachers. This study was conducted at SDN 001 Muara Lembu from October to November 2019. The research subjects were 12 SDN 001 Muara Lembu teachers. This research is a school action research design based on the Kemmis model. The expected indicator of success is that the quality of learning reaches good categories. The results of the study in the first cycle are the average quality of learning to get a value of 61% which includes enough categories, in the second cycle increased to 77% which is classified as good. The conclusion based on the results is that the quality of learning has improved after guidance of SDN 001 Muara Lembu teachers in developing snowball throwing cooperative learning scenarios
İran’da Rant Üretici Politikaların Gelir Dağılımı Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Etnik, Mezhepsel ve Bölgesel Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi
Authors: DOĞAN Mustafa Kadir , ALİZADEH Naseraddin
Published: January 2020

Bu araştırmada İran’ın illeri etnik kökenlerine (Fars -etnik azınlık), mezheplerine (Şii -Sünni) ve coğrafi konumlarına (merkez -sınır) göre ikili kümelere bölünerek kümelerdeki farklı kesimler arasındaki eşitsizliği etkileyen etmenler incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda yapay eğim değişkenleri içeren modeller, illerin 2000-2015 yıllarına ait verileri kullanılarak tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, büyüme oranını, düşük resmi kur için ayrılan kaynaklar etkilemezken, ekonomik serbestlik olumlu yönde,enflasyon oranı ve bütçe politikası olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, bütçe politikasının Fars ve Şii kesimleri gelir dağılımı açısından diğerlerine göre daha olumsuz etkileyerek gelir eşitsizliğini azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Petrol ve doğalgaz gelirlerindeki artışın ise tüm kesimlerin refah seviyelerinin artmasına yol açmakla birlikte, ayrıcalıklı olan Fars ve Şii kesimlerin refah seviyelerini diğerlerine göre daha fazla yükselttiği ve dolayısıyla ayrıcalıklı grupların kaynaklardan daha fazla pay alacağı savının doğrulandığı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, elde edilen sonuçlar İran’da büyüme ile başlangıç gelir düzeyi arasındaki ters yönlü ilişkiyi ortaya koyarak, neoklasik büyüme modellerinin öngörülerini doğrulamaktadır.
The Problem of Secret Intelligence
Authors: Hatlebrekke Kjetil Anders
Published: January 2020

Why is intelligence so hard to define? Why is there no systematic or adequate theory of intelligence? This book argues that classic intelligence production has been premised on an ill-founded belief in an automatic inference between history and the future, and that the lack of a working theory has exacerbated this problem. The book uses classic cases of intelligence failure to demonstrate how this problem creates a restricted language in intelligence communities that undermines threat perception. From these cases it concludes that intelligence needs to be re-thought, and argues that good intelligence is the art of threat perception beyond the limits of our habitual thinking and shared experience. This book therefore argues that intelligence can never be truths, only uncertain theories about the future. Qualified intelligence work is, accordingly, ideas that lead to theories about the future. These theories should always seek to explain a comprehension of the wholeness of threats. The hypothesis derived from these theories must thereafter be tested, as tests that make the theories less uncertain. This implies that intelligence never can be anything but uncertain theories about the future that are made less uncertain through scientific, critical tests of hypotheses derived from these theories. High quality intelligence institutions conduct these tests in what is known as the intelligence cycle. This cycle works well if it mirrors good thinking.
Introduction
Authors: Schmid Marion
Published: January 2020

The introduction contextualises the French New Wave's ambivalent relationship to the older arts with regard to cinema's wider struggle for recognition in the course of the twentieth century. Surveying the debates around medium specificity, cinematic 'purity' and 'impurity' from the classical avant-garde to the Nouvelle Vague, it addresses the French New Wave's complex discursive construction in relation to the more established arts. Reframing traditional studies of the French New Wave, it argues for an intermedial approach to illuminate this seminal movement of film history. The corpus, rationale and approach of the book are also introduced and clarified.
The Contemporary Western
Authors: White John
Published: January 2020

The September 11th attacks in 2001 and the subsequent ‘War on Terror’ have had a profound effect on American cinema, and the contemporary Western reflects this situation. This book explores the various ways in which recent Westerns – Open Range (2003), The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), True Grit (2010), Django Unchained (2012), The Lone Ranger (2013), The Revenant (2015), and Jane Got a Gun (2016) – reinforce a conservative myth of America exceptionalism. As a whole, the films are seen to endorse the use of extreme force in dealing with enemies and highlight the importance of defending the homeland. Placing their characters within a dark world of confusion and horror, these films reflect the United States’ post-9/11 uncertainties, and the tension between assumed civilised values and the brutality employed to defend those values. Frequently, outside forces of singular magnitude that threaten to overwhelm either the individual, or the community, or both, are defeated by the Western hero who in these films is restored to a position of mythic power from which he is able to deliver some sense of hope for the future.
Restoring the Western Hero and Reclaiming the Classic Hollywood Experience: True Grit (2010)
Authors: White John
Published: January 2020

This chapter views the core issue for True Grit (2010) as being the unavoidable need for ‘good’ ultimately to confront ‘evil’ in physical combat, and for good to win in such a way as to safeguard the future of a shared cultural community. The film becomes a restatement of the crucial role of the (flawed) American hero in guaranteeing the future of American values and national identity. In extremis the system of law and order is shown to be left wanting. At this point what is required is the strong individual, such as ‘Rooster’ Cogburn (Jeff Bridges) who is prepared to step beyond the normal bounds of civilised behaviour in the service of a higher concept of justice.
Defending Home, Defending Homeland: Jane Got a Gun (2016)
Authors: White John
Published: January 2020

In Jane Got a Gun (2016) the home, both as the embodiment of dominant American values and as an image for the homeland, is a place under threat and in need of resolute defence post-9/11. This film operates as a post-9/11 expression of that traditional Western trope of the need to defend the home and all it stands for in American national mythology. However, there is an ambivalence over how the central character should be presented. To some extent she is the girl-power female who is able to defend her own home, but at the same time as a woman she has to be shown to be in need of male protection. As with both Open Range and True Grit there is a need for an army veteran who knows how to deploy extreme violence when the home/homeland is under intense threat.
Updating the Escapism of the Western: The Lone Ranger (2013)
Authors: White John
Published: January 2020

This chapter views The Lone Ranger (2013) as being on one level an attempt simply to provide the audience with a thrilling escapist experience. To this extent the film can be seen as a theme park ride that allows for an intense bodily experience subjecting the spectator’s senses to precipitous combinations of speed and suddenness of movement, and volume and pitch of sound, together with kaleidoscopic changes of shape and colour, a feeling of affect. However, at the same time, the spectator is thrown into uncertainty as to where to position themselves in relation to the material they are being shown. This is postmodernism in action: fact and fiction collide in such a way as to suggest the impossibility of the existence of realism as a genuine field of cultural possibility. And yet, in contradiction to this, the film cannot draw back from taking a definite position on the presence of evil in the world and on how it should be dealt with.
Employing Religious Concepts to Address the Political Situation Post-9/11: The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005)
Authors: White John
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005) in relation to its use of the key Christian concepts of forgiveness of sins and redemption. The central focus of Three Burials is seen as being its recourse to Christian ideas, not only in relation to eternal spiritual questions regarding the relationship of human beings to an all-powerful deity but also in relation to the contemporary historical/political moment. This chapter considers two types of detachment from the world: one in which the individual lives their life in a state of indifference and the other in which the individual exists within a space of thoughtful contemplation. The film moves away from the more normal Hollywood consideration of the world as a space for the contest between good and evil to encourage viewers to question the way in which the Mexican ‘Other’ is (and, by extension, all ‘Others’ are) viewed within the U.S. and represented within the media. Ultimately, however, it is argued the film neglects to consider the economics that underpins the contemporary political situation.
Introduction
Authors: Hollweg Brenda , Krstić Igor
Published: January 2020

In this introductory chapter readers are made familiar with the expanding research field of essayistic filmmaking in world cinema-contexts around the globe. Brenda Hollweg and Igor Krstíc argue that the essay film is a privileged political and ethical tool by means of which filmmakers around the world approach historically specific and locally, geographically concrete issues against larger global issues and universal concerns. The chapter also includes a genealogical overview of important moments in the development of essay filmmaking, particularly during the 1920s and 1960s, and provides readers with short abstracts on the individual chapters and their specific transnationally inflected case studies on essay film practitioners from around the world.
‘Image-Writing’: The Essayistic/Sanwen in Chinese Nonfiction Cinema and Zhao Liang’s Behemoth
Authors: Yu Kiki Tianqi
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores ‘image writing’, an independent nonfiction film practice of experimenting with and ‘writing’ through moving images as an artistic expression and cultural intervention in contemporary mainland China. As a concept similar to caméra-stylo that was advocated by Alexandre Astruc in his influential article ‘The Future of Cinema’ (1948), its motivation and aesthetic features are culturally and socially rooted in Chinese reality. The aesthetic form associated with yingxiang xiezuo can be understood as ‘essayistic’ in the sense that it is influenced by a Chinese literary essay tradition, Chinese language expression and socio-political conditions in China. Kiki Tianqi Yu argues that current criticism and theorisation around the essay film is largely rooted in western film studies; and that features of the essayistic or the ‘screen-writing’ process in cultures with different literary traditions, socio-political contexts and linguistic structures, such as those in China, require different methods of interrogation. The chapter includes a close reading of Chinese Zhao Liang’sBehemoth (2015), foremost his use of parallelism and juxtaposition.
Women Editors’ Transnational Networks in the Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine and Myra’s Journal
Authors: Remoortel Marianne Van
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the transnational collaboration between Samuel Beeton’s Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine and the French magazine Le Moniteur de la mode, run by Beeton’s French counterpart Adolphe Goubaud. Using a range of historical source material, Van Remoortel explores the behind-the-scenes contributions made by women to the success of this venture and to each magazine. In particular, she argues that Louise Goubaud’s contribution to the emergence of the cheap fashion press ‘has been consistently misunderstood’ and that Beeton’s trailblazing status was in fact indebted to her work in a range of ways (47). In democratising women’s access to fashion and design, the Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine ‘promoted a new kind of femininity’ (46). Indeed, the pattern postal service made fashion more accessible in literal terms as well, bringing international fashion into the lives of women who were unlikely to find themselves in the boutiques of Paris. Van Remoortel’s essay brings to the fore the significance of transnational exchange, a topic highlighted in a number of other essays in this volume.
Women and Family Health in the Mid-Victorian Family Magazine
Authors: Furlong Claire
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers domestic management in the family magazine, particularly representations of women’s roles in the treatment of health. Echoing the class-based tensions present in the rest of the essays in this section, Furlong demonstrates how working- and lower-middle-class readers were still encouraged to buy into middle-class ideals of womanhood. She also considers how these magazines worked to accommodate both the ideal and the reality of looking after the mental and physical health of the family. In functioning as dispensaries of health advice, correspondence columns emphasised the importance of practical nursing skills as part of women’s lives, which was not necessarily the case in all depictions of the feminine domestic ideal. Indeed, these magazines also contained more conventional representations of sickroom scenes and female care-givers, for example in the form of sentimentalised depictions in escapist romantic fiction. Yet, as Furlong notes, these two models were not necessarily mutually exclusive.
Promoting a Do-It-Yourself Spirit: Samuel Beeton’s Young Englishwoman
Authors: Phegley Jennifer
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses attention on the domestic-feminine ideal promoted in the 1860s by the Young Englishwoman (1864–77), a successful fashion and domestic magazine that has received scant scholarly attention on account of its ostensibly overt didacticism. While the magazine’s concentration on fashion, needlework, and household management may have contributed to its being overlooked by previous scholars, Phegley significantly recasts the magazine’s domestic preoccupations in more progressive terms. The Young Englishwoman emerges in this account as an important cultural space for the championing of female agency in the domestic sphere through the promotion of what Phegley calls a ‘do-it-yourself spirit’ among nascent domestic managers (104). By stressing female agency, education, and independent consumerism on the home front, the magazine trained young women to be, in the words of Isabella Beeton (1836–65), ‘the commander of an army’ (108).
Encouraging Charitable Work and Membership in the Girls’ Friendly Society through British Girls’ Periodicals
Authors: Moruzi Kristine
Published: January 2020

This chapter ecplores models of femininity with practical applications for girls outside the home. Moruzi uses the Girls’ Friendly Society as a case study to demonstrate how religious magazines aimed at girls in the 1860s and 1870s supported the work of the charity through the promotion of an idealised form of philanthropic girlhood (dutiful, moral, and virtuous) that readers were encouraged to emulate, irrespective of their class positions. Yet by tracing the promotion of the charity through magazines aimed at girls of different classes, including the Monthly Packet (1851–99), which targeted middle-class girls, and the Girls’ Own Paper (1880–1956), which largely addressed working-class and lower-middle-class girls, Moruzi shows that the specific roles and behavioural expectations assigned to girls were very much aligned with their class. In spite of these tensions, these magazines helped to foster communities of girls bound by common reading materials and active engagement with charitable pursuits.
Beauty Advertising and Advice in the Queen and Woman
Authors: Smith Michelle J.
Published: January 2020

In this essay, Michelle J. Smith explores the ‘visually spectacular’ advertisements for cosmetics that appeared in late Victorian women’s periodicals (p. 218). Focusing specifically on the Queen (1861–1970) and Woman (1890–1912), she argues that editorial and advertising content were aligned in their treatment of cosmetics, recommending natural beauty over artifice, personal hygiene over self-fashioning. Advertisements figured older actresses as models of natural beauty rather than as practitioners of the cosmetic arts. Meanwhile, editorials, along with the ‘advice provided in advice columns and articles,’ enabled the woman reader to ‘negotiate acceptable use of branded products in tandem with home-made methods and daily attention to a beauty regimen grounded in hygiene’ (p. 229). Cutting-edge cosmetic preparations and technologies of image reproduction were thus used to disseminate rather conventional ideas about women’s health, natural beauty, and artless femininity.
Women of the World: The Lady’s Pictorial and Its Sister Papers
Authors: Beegan Gerry
Published: January 2020

In this essay, Gerry Beegan examines women’s columns in the illustrated papers produced by the Ingram Brothers in the 1880s and 1890s: The Illustrated London News (1842–1900), the Sketch (1893–1959), and the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News (1874–1943). Images of women were ubiquitous in these weeklies, but it was in the women’s columns that feminist politics were most often addressed. The Illustrated London News, for example, sometimes addressed women’s employment and other topics affecting women–controversial subject matter that was safely embedded in an otherwise tame mixture of advice on fashion and cookery. The Lady’s Pictorial, founded by the Ingram Brothers in 1880, took a similar approach by mixing conventional feminine subject matter with debates on gender issues. However, while its sister papers were more likely to feature actresses and celebrities in their women’s columns, the Lady’s Pictorial depicted women ‘out in the world … enjoying the London social season, attending charitable events, participating in sports, and engaging in amateur drama’ (p. 248). Utilising both text and illustration, it defined a new brand of ‘modern mobile womanhood’ (p. 253).
Women Journalists and Periodical Spaces
Authors: Shattock Joanne
Published: January 2020

In this essay, Joanne Shattock discusses Margaret Oliphant’s mid-century work at Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine alongside the work of two lesser-known journalists: Mary Howitt (1799–1888) and Eliza Meteyard (1816–79). All three contributed copy to ‘mainstream publications on a range of subjects far beyond those often assumed to be the preserve of women journalists in the period,’ with each woman also making her own distinctive contribution to Victorian journalism: Howitt as an editor, Meteyard as a pioneering figure in the nascent field of investigative journalism, and Oliphant as one of the most prolific reviewers of the period (p. 303). Shattock’s analysis of their careers demonstrates the productive and individuated ways in which female journalists carved out a space for their work and their voices in the masculine sphere of journalism.
Gender, Anonymity, and Humour in Women’s Writing for Punch
Authors: Birch Katy
Published: January 2020

Where existing scholarship on anonymity tends to focus on its liberating effects for women who wrote on ‘serious’ (masculine) subject matter, in this essay Katy Birch considers the transgressive possibilities that the obfuscation of identity created for female humourists. The female contributors to Punch (1841–2002) discussed in this essay are shown to have harnessed the practice of anonymity in order to circumvent the gendered dictates of comic journalism. In the contributions of May Kendall (1861–1943), for example, we see the deconstruction of the masculine triptych of science, humour, and brotherhood through the strategic deployment of anonymity, which accorded Kendall and other female humourists the authority to move beyond the social limitations imposed on them by their gender. Yet as Birch cautions, women writers’ use of the anonymous voice ultimately both imprisoned and emancipated them, not only in the sense that the practice ‘prevented these writers from receiving recognition for their work’ but also because anonymity did nothing ‘to combat the societal prejudice against female-authored comedy’ (p. 362).
‘Afford[ing] me a Place’: Recovering Women Poets in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 1827–1835
Authors: Lawrence Lindsy
Published: January 2020

Drawing upon digital bibliographic resources and databases including The Periodical Poetry Index, Lindsy Lawrence presents a compelling corrective to the received opinion that women poets rarely featured in the homosocial space of Blackwood’s during the ‘Romantic Victorian’ period. In addition to demonstrating that multiple women poets contributed a considerable volume of verse to Blackwood’s, many of which were signed, Lawrence also shows that these contributors were canny professionals. Analysis of the correspondence between the poets and their editor, William Blackwood, sheds light on their business acumen, as well as their sharp understanding of the machinations of the literary marketplace. As Lawrence explains, for these poets, negotiating ‘a space within the pages of Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine granted them the kind of cultural access important to the furthering of their work and careers’ (p.400).
Gender and Genre in Reviews of the Theological Novel
Authors: DeWitt Anne
Published: January 2020

In this essay, Anne DeWitt focuses attention on the press reception of novels by Mrs Humphry Ward (1851–1920), whose writing career began at Macmillan’s Magazine (1859–1907) prior to her becoming one of the bestselling novelists of the 1880s. The gendering of the reception of Ward’s two theological novels, John Ward, Preacher (1887) and Robert Elsmere (1888), is bound up with broader concerns about women writers’ engagement with theology. As DeWitt explains, ‘Reviews of theological novels were a crucial site for the articulation of diverse and often opposed positions on the question of whether women could contribute to theology, and the related question of whether theological issues could be examined in fiction, especially fiction by women’ (p.443). Where some reviewers ‘stressed feminine inability to grapple with theology,’ others ‘often challenged female authors’ attempts to engage in theological debate’ (p. 445). Either way, the sheer volume of column inches devoted to the debate over Ward’s contribution to theological discourse accorded her work a ‘significant measure of intellectual respect’ and, ultimately, sales (p. 397).
Brewing Storms of War, Slavery, and Imperialism: Harriet Martineau’s Engagement with the Periodical Press
Authors: Scholl Lesa
Published: January 2020

Harriet Martineau’s important writings on the American Civil War and the Crimean War (1854–62) are the focus of Lesa Scholl’s essay. Scholl argues that Martineau used these conflicts to reflect on issues of ‘human freedom and economic imperial endeavour’ (p. 490). These conflicts had implications not only for Americans and Russians but also for British readers as well–connections that she carefully highlighted in essays published in the prestigious Westminster Review (1824–1914) and Edinburgh Review (1802–1929). The long-essay format provided the space she needed to contextualise contemporary conflicts within a broader historical narrative, ‘[educating] her fellow citizens regarding their own behavior on the international stage’ (p. 490). In this way, she ‘maximised the impact of periodicals as democratic media that incorporated multitudinous voices, reached international audiences, and could be used to promote broad economic and political reform’ (p. 500).
Wings and the Woman’s Signal: Reputation and Respectability in Women’s Temperance Periodicals, 1892–1899
Authors: Outen Gemma
Published: January 2020

Gemma Outen’s essay revisits a familiar genre of pressure-group periodical, the women’s temperance magazine, in order to complicate what we think we know about its political aims and effects. As Annemarie McAllister has pointed out, temperance periodicals were not just one-dimensional pressure-group publications run by ‘pious, life-denying hypocrites’ who aimed to ‘control a passive working class.’ Outen builds upon this idea by exploring how temperance periodicals reveal the ‘complexities within women’s temperance work and its relation to prevailing gender ideologies’ (p. 557). Taking Wings (1892–1925) and the Woman’s Signal (1894–9) as her case studies, she argues that women’s temperance periodicals functioned as ‘spaces in which debates about the private and public collided, where women were shaped both as reforming creatures, of both political and moral means, but also as gendered domestic beings, wives, and mothers’ (p. 566). While the Woman’s Signal was more overtly political, Wings ‘[equipped] its women readers with the tools to engage subtly in less transgressive forms of political activism’ (p. 566). Both periodicals included political columns but also implicitly addressed women’s issues in more surprising locations, such as advertising pages.
Deleuze and the Anarchist Tradition
Authors: Jun Nathan
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, the author draws on ideas from Michael Freeden’s theory of ideology to show that the so-called anarchist tradition is best regarded as a constellation of diffuse and evolving concepts rather than a bounded historical reality. This, in turn, allows one to distinguish between what he calls “anarchist” thought (i.e., thought that emerges within and in response to historical anarchist movements) and “anarchistic” thought (i.e., thought that emerges outside historical anarchist movements but is conceptually harmonious with various fundamental “anarchist” commitments).
Evil in the Western Philosophical Tradition
Authors: Rae Gavin
Published: January 2020

While Western moral, philosophical, and theological thought has historically privileged the good, this has been accompanied by profound, if subterranean, interest in evil. This book charts a history of evil as it has been thought within this tradition. Showing that the problem of evil, as a conceptual problem—that is, as a problem to be dealt with through rational means—came to the fore with the rise of monotheism, this book initially outlines the dynamics that led to it becoming the problem of Christianity, before tracing how subsequent thought, first within an explicitly theological framework, and subsequently from secular foundations, developed from this problematic. With chapters on figures in early and Medieval Christian philosophy, modern philosophy, German Idealism, Nietzsche, Arendt, post-structuralism, and contemporary analytical philosophy, it demonstrates the breadth and depth of thinking on evil within this tradition and includes discussions on thinkers not normally included in analyses of the topic, such as Jacques Lacan and Cornelius Castoriadis. These reveal that, far from being something clear and obvious as common-sense, everyday intuition tends to hold, the meaning and nature of evil has been remarkably complex, differentiated, and contested.
Raymond Aron's Philosophy of Political Responsibility
Authors: Adair-Toteff Christopher
Published: January 2020

This book explores the crucial concept of responsibility and the critical role it plays in Raymond Aron’s political philosophy. This book argues that it is a key concept that is found throughout Aron’s political thinking. Aron learned to appreciate the importance of responsibility from several authors; most notably, Max Weber and von Clausewitz and it is present throughout many of his writings. The concept is found in Aron’s discussions of war and peace, ideology and totalitarianism, and on freedom. The book also discusses Aron’s political legacy and suggests that his political thinking can help us address many of the issues of the 21st century.
Торговельні контакти населення Мангуп-Кале в V ст. за матеріалами амфор і червонолакової кераміки
Authors: Yashna Olga
Published: January 2020

У статті зроблені висновки щодо торговельних контактів населення Мангуп-Кале в V ст., які базуються на знахідках амфор і червонолакової кераміки в археологічних комплексах поселення. Простежена динаміка економічних зв’язків і висвітлені шляхи надходження товарів на територію Південно-Західного Криму.
Сексуальність і гумор у Давньому Римі: переосмислення та нові варіації
Authors: Fedchenko Yevheniia
Published: January 2020

У статті досліджується роль і місце сексуального гумору в житті Давнього Риму. На основі аналізу візуальних і писемних джерел було з’ясовано ставлення римлян до сміху та його вплив на формування суспільної думки. Прослідковано особливості сюжетного ряду та персоналії давньоримського сексуального гумору. Визначено головні функції, які виконували еротичні жарти: від релігійної до політичної. Це дозволило відкрити новий погляд на проблему та виявити взаємодію між гендерною ідентичністю та соціальним ступенем.
Статевовікові особливості повторно вінчаних наречених (за матеріалами церковних обшуків Лівобережної України 1836-1860 рр.)
Authors: Borodenko Olena
Published: January 2020

У статті порушується проблема вивчення вікових особливостей наречених, які повторно утворили сімейні союзи. Використовуючи матеріали шлюбних обшуків 1836-1860 рр. з Лівобережної України, вперше проведено історико-демографічний аналіз вікових показників повторно вінчаних осіб обох статей у п’ятирічних вікових групах. Виявлено чисельну перевагу чоловіків-повторношлюбників на відміну від жінок. Наймолодшими овдовілими нареченими були 20-річні. Найстаршими виявлено 53-річну вдову та вдівця 67 років. Високу шлюбну активність овдовілі жінки продемонстрували у віці 20-34 років. У вікових групах 35-39 років та 45-69 років у статевовіковому співвідношенні кількісно переважали чоловіки-наречені. Удови користувалися шлюбним попитом тільки перебуваючи у фертильному віці. Натомість, удівці були затребувані на шлюбному ринку навіть у літніх роках.
Боротьба з жебрацтвом у Херсонській губернії (друга половина ХІХ – початок ХХ ст.)
Authors: Mironova Iryna
Published: January 2020

У статті розкрито боротьбу уряду та благодійних товариств з жебрацтвом у Херсонській губернії в другій половині ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. Зазначено причини появи жебрацтва, його основні форми та види. Розглянуто діяльність Будинків працелюбності в Одесі, Миколаєві та Херсоні, їх допомогу у справі добровільного працевлаштування нужденних, проекти заснування робітних будинків для примусового працевлаштування жебраків, а також реформування законодавства щодо заходів боротьби з жебрацтвом.
Голодомор 1932-1933 рр. очима іноземних дипломатів
Authors: Vovchuk Liudmyla , Kornovenko Serhii
Published: January 2020

У статті розкривається роль представників іноземних консульств, які працювали на той час в УСРР (Харків, Київ, Одеса), щодо висвітлення Голодомору 1932-1933 рр. Найбільш змістовними, у даному випадку, є звіти німецьких, польських та італійських консулів.

У своїх звітах вони повідомляли про політичний та економічний стан в УСРР, жорстку політику «розкуркулення» та примусової колективізації, репресії на селі, нелюдські умови, в яких опинилося населення, про різноманітні прояви протестів серед селянства проти впровадження «совєтами» нової сільськогосподарської політики, канібалізм, результати політики хлібозаготівель тощо.
The Commercial Significance of the Venetian Tana in the 1430s
Authors: Khvalkov Evgeny
Published: January 2020

In the XIII – XV centuries medieval Europe has made progress in trade and transition to market economy, which resulted in the foundation of a number of Venetian and Genoese overseas colonies in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea area. The stability of Pax Mongolica had a positive effect on long-distance trade with the Central and Eastern Asia and India. In the XV century the goods from the Eastern Europe prevailed over those from the Central and Eastern Asia, especially the slaves. In exchange the Venetians and the Genoese imported cotton, woolen, and silk fabrics, raw cotton, rice, soap, glass, ceramics, jewelry and swords. The stabilization in the region and the rise of trade was a trend running through the first half of the fifteenth century. The 1430s were the time of the greatest prosperity of the Venetian trade in the Northern Black Sea during the whole fifteenth century.
Исследование римского военного присутствия в северном Причерноморье в новейшей зарубежной историографии
Authors: Kozlenko Roman
Published: January 2020

Рецензия на книгу: Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski R. Forty i posterunki rzymskie w Scytii i Taurydzie w okresie pryncypatu. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytet Warszawskiego, 2015. 209 s.
How Trauma Informed Care Will Revolutionalize Health Care
Authors: Beaman Nina
Published: January 2020

Patients, peers, family members, and friends have been traumatized. Research has shown that 1 in 5 Americans were sexually molested as a child, 1 in 4 were beaten by a parent so a mark was left on the body, 1 in 3 couples engage in domestic violence, 1 in 4 grew up with family members with alcohol problems, and 1 in 8 children witnessed their mothers being beaten [1]. Because of this very frequent trauma in childhood, it is important for health care professionals to be aware of the impact of trauma in childhood on adult life and to intervene appropriately. This article will address how to revolutionalize health care with trauma informed care.
Design, Modelling and Control of Novel Series-Elastic Actuators for Industrial Robots
Authors: de Gea Fernández José , Yu Bingbin , Bargsten Vinzenz , Zipper Michael , Sprengel Holger
Published: January 2020

This paper describes data-driven modelling methods and their use for the control of a novel set of series-elastic actuators (SEAs). A set of elastic actuators was developed in order to fulfill the end-user needs for tailored industrial collaborative robot manipulators of different morphologies and payloads. Three different types of elastic actuation were investigated, namely, disc springs, coil springs and torsion bars. The developed algorithms were validated both on single actuators and on a 6-DOF robotic arm composed of such actuators.
Effects of Ca(NO3)2 Stress on Mitochondria and Nitrogen Metabolism in Roots of Cucumber Seedlings
Authors: Yang Yang , Lu Zhiyuan , Li Jie , Tang Ling , Jia Shaoke , Feng Xuming , Wang Chenggang , Yuan Lingyun , Hou Jinfeng , Zhu Shidong
Published: January 2020

Cucumber is a major vegetable crop grown in facilities, and its seedlings are sensitive to salinity. Thus, it is important for cucumber cultivation to research the effects of Ca(NO3)2. In this study, we investigated salt-sensitive Chunqiu (CQ) and salt-tolerant BoMei 49 (BM) seedlings, the changes to the enzymes involved in the mitochondria antioxidant system in the seedlings, and the changes in the MPTP (Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore) opening, mitochondrial membrane fluidity, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, mitochondrial electron transfer chain, and NO metabolism in response to Ca(NO3)2. Ca(NO3)2 stresses inhibited the growth of the cucumber seedlings, which showed a reduced root length, a decreased surface area and a decreased number of root tips, but a significantly increased root diameter. The mitochondrial malondialdehyde (MDA) content, H2O2 content, and O2− producing rate of the two cucumber roots were gradually increased in the Ca(NO3)2 treatment. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidation enzyme (POD) gradually increased, and catalase (CAT) activity gradually decreased. The electron transport chain activity of “BM” was higher than “CQ” under Ca(NO3)2 stress. Ca(NO3)2 stress destroyed the membrane structure of the mitochondria, so that the mitochondrial body tended to bend, causing double-membrane digestion and a hollow interior. Under the stress of Ca(NO3)2, the NO3− content of the seedlings increased significantly. The contents of NH4+ and NO, as well as the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) decreased significantly. These findings provide physiological insights into root damage in response to salt stress for salt tolerance in cucumber.
Predation in Organic and Free-Range Egg Production
Authors: Bestman Monique , Bikker-Ouwejan Judith
Published: January 2020

On organic and free-range poultry farms, a free-range is provided for animal welfare reasons. However, farmers report sightings of birds of prey and sometimes foxes or other predators within the free-range areas. In addition to seeing actual attacks, they also find chicken carcasses in the free-range, the deaths of which they attribute to predators. In addition, and in contrast to indoor poultry farmers, organic/free-range farmers report hundreds of chickens missing, per flock, when comparing the slaughterhouse arrival numbers with farm mortality records. The farmers assume these missing animals are hens that vanished from the free-range area and that predation is the major cause for their disappearance. If so, predation may impact farm yields. This study investigated whether birds of prey kill chickens on organic/free-range egg production farms and the impact, in terms of numbers of chickens and yield losses. This study was to provide qualitative and quantitative information in support of chicken mortality caused by birds of prey. Data were collected through field observations on organic/free-range farms (n = 11) and an online survey among organic/free-range farmers. Seventy-nine field observations on 11 farms resulted in 141 sightings of birds of prey, mostly common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis). Forty-four dead hens were found, 36 of them were very likely killed by either birds of prey or foxes. Sixteen attacks on hens by goshawk or buzzard were seen. There were no reasons to assume the attacked hens were in a poor condition prior to the attack. From responses to the online survey (n = 27 farms experiencing predation), it was estimated that on average 3.7% of hens of organic/free-range flocks were killed by predators, while total mortality was 12.2%. After calculating missed yield per killed hen, it was roughly estimated that per flock, predation caused yield losses of EUR 5700 on an average organic farm (size 12,700 hens) and EUR 6700 on an average free-range farm (size 25,000 hens).
Dietary Calcium to Digestible Phosphorus Ratio for Optimal Growth Performance and Bone Mineralization in Growing and Finishing Pigs
Authors: Schlegel Patrick , Gutzwiller Andreas
Published: January 2020

Within the context of maximizing the use of dietary phosphorus, a growing-finishing pig study was conducted to determine the optimal total dietary calcium (Ca) to digestible phosphorus (dP) ratio and to verify the possibility of mineral phosphate removal during the finishing period on growth performance and mineral status. The potential for replacing chemical and mechanical bone properties by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures on non-dissected feet was also verified. Three Ca to dP ratios (2.2:1, 2.5:1 and 2.8:1) within two dP levels (P+, P–) were fed during 91 days to 84 pigs. The grower and finisher P+ diets contained 3.0 and 2.4 and P– diets contained 2.5 and 1.7 g dP/kg, respectively. Growth performance and blood serum mineral content were independent of treatments, except that 2.2:1 impaired finisher feed conversion ratio compared to 2.5:1 and 2.8:1. Urinary P concentration increased by 37% in 2.2:1 compared to 2.5:1 and 2.8:1. Maximal load on bone and DXA mineral density were reduced in 2.2:1 compared to 2.8:1. Bone ash and volumetric density were reduced in 2.2:1 and 2.5:1 compared to 2.8:1. Diet P– reduced bone ash, maximal load, volumetric density and DXA bone mineral content and density. No interaction was observed between Ca and dP level. Therefore, 2.2:1 was insufficient for an efficient metabolic use of P, 2.5:1 was sufficient to maximize growth performance and 2.8:1 further improved bone mineralization. Increasing dietary Ca did not impair bone zinc content. Diets P– without supplemented mineral phosphates during the finisher period resulted, per pig, in a decrease of its use by 65% and of the calculated P excretion by 41%, without impaired growth performance. Finally, DXA data responded to dietary treatments as did labor intensive chemical and mechanical bone properties.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Combination of Tributyrin and Essential Oil on Gut Health and Microbiota of Weaned Piglets
Authors: Zhang Wen-Xin , Zhang Yu , Zhang Xiao-Wei , Deng Zhao-Xi , Liu Jian-Xin , He Mao-Long , Wang Hai-Feng
Published: January 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of the combination of tributyrin with oregano or methyl salicylate as a substitute to antibiotics on gut health and microbiota of piglets. A total of 48 weaned crossbred piglets (Duroc × Large White × Landrace, 8.79 ± 0.97 kg, 21 ± 1 d) were randomly allocated to four experimental groups and fed for 4 weeks: the basal diet (Con); the control plus antibiotics (AB); the control plus oregano and tributyrin (OT); and the control plus methyl salicylate and tributyrin (MT). Although a numerical improvement on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was observed in the OT and MT as well as the AB group, the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The OT and MT groups were larger in villus height in the duodenum compared to the Con (p < 0.05), and were larger in relative abundance of Firmicutes/Bacaeroides in the intestine compared to Con and AB groups (p < 0.01). The amount of major different metabolites was 6, 8 and 8 for the AB, OT and MT groups when compared to the Con, respectively. In conclusion, as a substitute for antibiotics the inclusion of the combination of tributyrin with either oregano or methyl salicylate to the diet of weaned piglets improved the intestinal morphological structure and altered intestinal microbiota and metabolites, which were beneficial to the animal health.
Validation of Suitable Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies on Yak Testis Development
Authors: Zhou Xuelan , Wu Xiaoyun , Chu Min , Liang Chunnian , Ding Xuezhi , Pei Jie , Xiong Lin , Bao Pengjia , Guo Xian , Yan Ping
Published: January 2020

Testis has an important function in male reproduction. Its development is regulated by a large number of genes. The real-time reserve transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a useful tool to evaluate the gene expression levels. However, unsuitable reference genes (RGs) can cause the misinterpretation of gene expression levels. Unfortunately, the ideal RGs for yak testis development are yet to be studied. In this study, 13 commonly used RGs were selected to identify the most stable RGs in yak testis at four different developmental stages, including two immature stages (6 months and 18 months) and two mature stages (30 months and 6 years). This study used GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ∆Ct, and RefFinder programs to evaluate the stability of 13 candidate genes. The results of RefFinder showed that the stabilities of TATA box-binding protein (TBP) and ubiquitously expressed transcript protein (UXT) were ranked the top two across all developmental stages. TBP and hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) were stably expressed in immature stages, while mitochondrial ribosomal protein L39 (MRPL39) and TBP had higher stability than other candidate genes in mature stages. This study provided valuable information for gene expression studies to assist further investigation on the molecular mechanisms in underlying yak testis development.
Blind Trading: A Literature Review of Research Addressing the Welfare of Ball Pythons in the Exotic Pet Trade
Authors: Green Jennah , Coulthard Emma , Megson David , Norrey John , Norrey Laura , Rowntree Jennifer K. , Bates Jodie , Dharmpaul Becky , Auliya Mark , D’Cruze Neil
Published: January 2020

Extensive numbers of Ball pythons are caught, bred, traded and subsequently kept in captivity across the world as part of the exotic pet industry. Despite their widespread availability as pets, relatively little is known about the potential welfare challenges affecting them. We reviewed the literature for research focused on the health and welfare of Ball pythons in the international pet trade. From a total of 88 articles returned from the search criteria, our analysis showed that very few actually focused on trade (10%) or animal welfare (17%). Instead, the majority (64%) of articles focused on veterinary science. There was a considerable bias towards physical health, with most studies neglecting the four other domains of animal welfare (behaviour, nutrition, environment and mental health). Furthermore, very few studies considered Ball pythons prior to resulting pet ownership, during wild capture and transportation or captive breeding operations. Our review demonstrates that our current understanding of welfare for Ball pythons traded as exotic pets is limited. We recommend that future research should focus on aspects of the industry that are currently overlooked, including the potential consequences of genetic selection during captive-breeding and the conditions provided for snakes prior to and during international transportation.