bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between markers of health and playing golf in an Australian population
Authors: Stenner Brad , Mosewich Amber D , Buckley Jonathan D , Buckley Elizabeth S
Published: April 2019

Objective

To investigate associations between markers of health and playing golf in an Australian population.

Methods

Secondary analysis of data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey to compare selected health outcomes between golfers (n=128) and non-golfers (n=4999).

Results

Golfers were older than non-golfers (mean±SD 57.7±14.2 years, 48.5±17.6 years, p<0.05). A higher proportion of golfers were overweight or obese compared with non-golfers (76% vs 64%, p<0.05), and golfers were more likely to have been diagnosed with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) at some time in their life (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 7.8). However, neither the risk of being overweight or obese (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.2) or having been diagnosed with IHD (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.8 to 5.8), were significant after controlling for age. Golfers were more physically active than non-golfers (8870±3810 steps/day vs 7320±3640 steps/day, p<0.05) and more likely to report high health-related quality of life (HRQoL) than non-golfers (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.0 to 3.3), but not after adjusting for physical activity (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.2).

Conclusion

Compared with non-golfers, golfers were more likely to be overweight or obese and to have been diagnosed with IHD, but not after adjusting for golfers being older. Golfers were more likely to report a higher HRQoL, but not after adjusting for golfers being more physically active. There may be an association between golfers being more physically active than non-golfers and reporting a higher HRQoL.
Guide to every death and a little life
Authors: Niburski Kacper
Published: April 2019

The following is a narrativised story of my experience rotating in palliative care. It is lively.
Assessment of the healthy worker survivor effect in the relationship between psychosocial work-related factors and hypertension
Authors: Massamba Victoria Kubuta , Talbot Denis , Milot Alain , Pearce Neil , Trudel Xavier , Brisson Chantal
Published: April 2019

Objectives

The healthy worker survivor effect (HWSE) usually leads to underestimation of the effects of harmful occupational exposures. HWSE is characterised by the concomitance of three associations: (1) job status–subsequent exposure, (2) job status–disease and (3) previous exposure–job status. No study has reported the coexistence of these associations in the relationship between psychosocial work-related factors and health. We assessed if HWSE is present when measuring the effects of cumulative exposure to psychosocial work-related factors on the prevalence of hypertension in white-collar workers.

Methods

Data were obtained from two timepoints (1991–1993 at baseline and 1999–2001 at follow-up) of a prospective cohort study. At baseline, the population was composed of 9188 white-collar employees (women: 49.9%) in Quebec City. Job strain as psychosocial work-related factor and blood pressure were measured using validated methods. Job status (retirees vs employees) at follow-up was self-reported. Multiple multilevel robust Poisson regressions were used to estimate prevalence ratios of hypertension and risk ratios of retirement separately by gender. We performed multiple imputations to control selection bias due to missing values.

Results

Retirement eliminated the subsequent exposure to job strain de facto and was associated with the reduction in the prevalence of hypertension in younger (−33%) and older (−11%) men and in older women (−39%). Job strain was associated with job status in younger men and in women of any age.

Conclusion

Data showed the presence of HWSE in younger men and older women given the coexistence of the three structural associations.
High burden of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites among Thai transgender women: implications for anatomical site selection for the screening of STI
Authors: Hiransuthikul Akarin , Janamnuaysook Rena , Sungsing Thanthip , Jantarapakde Jureeporn , Trachunthong Deondara , Mills Steve , Vannakit Ravipa , Phanuphak Praphan , Phanuphak Nittaya
Published: April 2019

Objective

Comprehensive data onChlamydia trachomatis(CT) andNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) infections to guide screening services among transgender women (TGW) are limited. We studied the burden of CT/NG infections in pharyngeal, rectal and urethral sites of Thai TGW and determined missed CT/NG diagnoses if selected site screening was performed.

Methods

Thai TGW were enrolled to the community-led test and treat cohort. CT/NG screening was performed from pharyngeal swab, rectal swab and urine using nucleic acid amplification test. CT/NG prevalence in each anatomical site was analysed, along with the relationships of CT/NG among the three anatomical sites.

Results

Of 764 TGW included in the analysis, 232 (30.4%) had CT/NG infections at any anatomical site, with an overall incidence of 23.7 per 100 person-years. The most common CT/NG infections by anatomical site were rectal CT (19.5%), rectal NG (9.6%) and pharyngeal NG (8.1%). Among 232 TGW with CT/NG infections at any anatomical site, 22%–94.4% of infections would have been missed if single anatomical site testing was conducted, depending on the selected site. Among 668 TGW who tested negative at pharyngeal site, 20.4% had either rectal or urethral infections. Among 583 TGW who tested negative at the rectal site, 8.7% had either pharyngeal or urethral infections. Among 751 TGW who tested negative at the urethral site, 19.2% had either pharyngeal or rectal infections.

Conclusion

Almost one-third of Thai TGW had CT/NG infections. All-site screening is highly recommended to identify these infections, but if not feasible rectal screening provides the highest yield of CT/NG diagnoses. Affordable molecular technologies and/or CT/NG screening in pooled samples from different anatomical sites are urgently needed.

Trial registration number

NCT03580512.
Promotion of whole blood rheology after vitamin C supplementation: focus on red blood cells
Authors: Radosinska Jana , Jasenovec Tomas , Puzserova Angelika , Krajcir Juraj , Lacekova Jana , Kucerova Katarina , Kalnovicova Terezia , Tothova Lubomira , Kovacicova Ivona , Vrbjar Norbert
Published: April 2019

Hemorheological properties represent significant contributors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. As plasma vitamin C is inversely associated with blood viscosity in humans, we aimed to characterize the effect of vitamin C supplementation on hemorheology with an emphasis on erythrocyte functions. Twenty young healthy volunteers were asked to take vitamin C (1000 mg per day) for 3 weeks. We observed beneficial effect of intervention on multiple hemorheological parameters: whole blood viscosity in the range of medium to high shear rates, Casson yield stress, complex viscosity, and storage and loss moduli. As erythrocyte properties play a significant role in hemorheology, we characterized their deformability, nitric oxide production, and sodium pump activity in erythrocyte membranes. We can conclude that observed promotion in whole blood rheology may be consequence of improved erythrocyte functionality as concerns their ability to pass through narrow capillaries of the microcirculation, nitric oxide production, and sodium pump activity. Parameters reflecting oxidative stress and antioxidant status in plasma were not affected by our intervention. As improvement in hemorheology may play an important role in cardioprotection, it would be challenging to investigate the vitamin C supplementation to patients suffering from microcirculatory disturbances and worsened organ perfusion in the case of cardiovascular diseases.
The Herzog–Schönheim conjecture for finitely generated groups
Authors: Chouraqui Fabienne
Published: April 2019

Let [Formula: see text] be a group and [Formula: see text] be subgroups of [Formula: see text] of indices [Formula: see text], respectively. In 1974, Herzog and Schönheim conjectured that if [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], is a coset partition of [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] cannot be distinct. We consider the Herzog–Schönheim conjecture for free groups of finite rank and develop a new combinatorial approach, using covering spaces. We define [Formula: see text] the space of coset partitions of [Formula: see text] and show [Formula: see text] is a metric space with interesting properties. We give some sufficient conditions on the coset partition that ensure the conjecture is satisfied and moreover has a neighborhood [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] such that all the partitions in [Formula: see text] satisfy also the conjecture.
A Geometrical Analysis of Global Stability in Trained Feedback Networks
Authors: Mastrogiuseppe Francesca , Ostojic Srdjan
Published: April 2019

Recurrent neural networks have been extensively studied in the context of neuroscience and machine learning due to their ability to implement complex computations. While substantial progress in designing effective learning algorithms has been achieved, a full understanding of trained recurrent networks is still lacking. Specifically, the mechanisms that allow computations to emerge from the underlying recurrent dynamics are largely unknown. Here we focus on a simple yet underexplored computational setup: a feedback architecture trained to associate a stationary output to a stationary input. As a starting point, we derive an approximate analytical description of global dynamics in trained networks, which assumes uncorrelated connectivity weights in the feedback and in the random bulk. The resulting mean-field theory suggests that the task admits several classes of solutions, which imply different stability properties. Different classes are characterized in terms of the geometrical arrangement of the readout with respect to the input vectors, defined in the high-dimensional space spanned by the network population. We find that such an approximate theoretical approach can be used to understand how standard training techniques implement the input-output task in finite-size feedback networks. In particular, our simplified description captures the local and the global stability properties of the target solution, and thus predicts training performance.
Decoding Movements from Cortical Ensemble Activity Using a Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Network
Authors: Tseng Po-He , Urpi Núria Armengol , Lebedev Mikhail , Nicolelis Miguel
Published: April 2019

Although many real-time neural decoding algorithms have been proposed for brain-machine interface (BMI) applications over the years, an optimal, consensual approach remains elusive. Recent advances in deep learning algorithms provide new opportunities for improving the design of BMI decoders, including the use of recurrent artificial neural networks to decode neuronal ensemble activity in real time. Here, we developed a long-short term memory (LSTM) decoder for extracting movement kinematics from the activity of large ( N = 134–402) populations of neurons, sampled simultaneously from multiple cortical areas, in rhesus monkeys performing motor tasks. Recorded regions included primary motor, dorsal premotor, supplementary motor, and primary somatosensory cortical areas. The LSTM's capacity to retain information for extended periods of time enabled accurate decoding for tasks that required both movements and periods of immobility. Our LSTM algorithm significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art unscented Kalman filter when applied to three tasks: center-out arm reaching, bimanual reaching, and bipedal walking on a treadmill. Notably, LSTM units exhibited a variety of well-known physiological features of cortical neuronal activity, such as directional tuning and neuronal dynamics across task epochs. LSTM modeled several key physiological attributes of cortical circuits involved in motor tasks. These findings suggest that LSTM-based approaches could yield a better algorithm strategy for neuroprostheses that employ BMIs to restore movement in severely disabled patients.
Improving the Antinoise Ability of DNNs via a Bio-Inspired Noise Adaptive Activation Function Rand Softplus
Authors: Chen Yunhua , Mai Yingchao , Xiao Jinsheng , Zhang Ling
Published: April 2019

Although deep neural networks (DNNs) have led to many remarkable results in cognitive tasks, they are still far from catching up with human-level cognition in antinoise capability. New research indicates how brittle and susceptible current models are to small variations in data distribution. In this letter, we study the stochasticity-resistance character of biological neurons by simulating the input-output response process of a leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neuron model and proposed a novel activation function, rand softplus (RSP), to model the response process. In RSP, a scale factor [Formula: see text] is employed to mimic the stochasticity-adaptability of biological neurons, thereby enabling the antinoise capability of a DNN to be improved by the novel activation function. We validated the performance of RSP with a 19-layer residual network (ResNet) and a 19-layer visual geometry group (VGG) on facial expression recognition data sets and compared it with other popular activation functions, such as rectified linear units (ReLU), softplus, leaky ReLU (LReLU), exponential linear unit (ELU), and noisy softplus (NSP). The experimental results show that RSP is applied to VGG-19 or ResNet-19, and the average recognition accuracy under five different noise levels exceeds the other functions on both of the two facial expression data sets; in other words, RSP outperforms the other activation functions in noise resistance. Compared with the application in ResNet-19, the application of RSP in VGG-19 can improve a network's antinoise performance to a greater extent. In addition, RSP is easier to train compared to NSP because it has only one parameter to be calculated automatically according to the input data. Therefore, this work provides the deep learning community with a novel activation function that can better deal with overfitting problems.
Controlling Memory and Movement: The Early Ming Court and the Changing Chinggisid World
Authors: Robinson David
Published: April 2019

The Mongol imperial enterprise produced memories and spurred migration on a continental scale among the conquerors, the vanquished, and agents of empire. During the 14th and early 15th centuries, the Ming court of China tried to shape the memory of the Mongol empire to enhance Ming political legitimacy, dampen hopes of a Mongolian revival, and facilitate the transfer of allegiance from the Mongol empire to Ming dynasty. The Ming court also integrated former Yuan personnel, including not just Chinese subjects but hundreds of thousands of Mongols and Jurchens, into the Ming polity. In examining these processes, the essay contributes to the wider discussion of how successor polities throughout Eurasia sought to turn the legacy of the Mongol empire to their own advantage, which had the unintended consequence of keeping memory of the Chinggisid age vital long after the empire’s fall.
Recklessness and Uncertainty: Jackson Cases and Merely Apparent Asymmetry
Authors: Field Claire
Published: April 2019

Is normative uncertainty like factual uncertainty? Should it have the same effects on our actions? Some have thought not. Those who defend an asymmetry between normative and factual uncertainty typically do so as part of the claim that our moral beliefs in general are irrelevant to both the moral value and the moral worth of our actions (Weatherson 2014; Harman 2015). Here I use the consideration of Jackson cases to challenge this view, arguing that we can explain away the apparent asymmetries between normative and factual uncertainty by considering the particular features of the cases in greater detail. Such consideration shows that, in fact, normative and factual uncertainty are equally relevant to moral assessment.
osce Addresses Organized Crime through Police Co-operation
Authors: Lyzhenkov Alexey L.
Published: April 2019

Organized crime, along with terrorism, drugs, corruption and cyber-crime remain among the most significant threats to security and co-operation in the osce region. What has been achieved over these years and what else still needs to be done to ensure that organized crime does not hinder sustainable economic and social development in the area from Vancouver to Vladivostok?

To effectively defend the human rights of 1.2 billion people living in the region, the osce has to review its anti-crime toolbox from time to time, to strengthen its co-operation with other interested partners and to develop new mechanisms of co-operation among its 57 participating States. This article will focus on the ongoing efforts by the osce to combat organized crime through police co-operation.
The Purposes and Principles of the un Charter Origins, Subsequent Developments in Law and Practice and (Mis)interpretation in the Context of Unilateral Secession Claims in the osce Area
Authors: Musayev Tofig F. , Sadigbayli Rovshan
Published: April 2019

The article reviews the purposes and principles of the u.n. Charter in light of persistent claims voiced in the context of protracted conflicts in the osce area that the principle of self-determination allegedly grants the right to unilateral secession. The drafting history of the Charter indicate that States did not recognise a right to unilateral secession of a part of population of a State as a means of exercising self-determination. Subsequent development of this principle in law and in practice in the decades after the adoption of the Charter to a large extent has been shaped by the original ideas and understanding that went into the Charter. Invalidation at the international level of secessionist claims and actions, collective non-recognition of the resulting situations and abstention from aid or assistance that contributes to their consolidation are among legal and political consequences that have been applied and need to be consistently maintained with regard to the protracted conflicts in the osce area and their settlement processes.
Two Contrasting African Easterly Wave Behaviors
Authors: Cheng Yuan-Ming , Thorncroft Chris D. , Kiladis George N.
Published: April 2019

The dominant structural variability of African easterly waves (AEWs) is explored using an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) approach. The structure of AEWs is obtained by projecting the wind fields from reanalysis data and satellite-derived brightness temperature Tb onto the principal components associated with EOF patterns of filtered Tb (Tb EOF) and 700-hPa meridional wind (v700 EOF). The wave structure depicted by the Tb EOF has confined convection and circulation mostly south of the African easterly jet. It shares many characteristics with AEWs analyzed and discussed in the literature. In contrast, the v700 EOF exhibits less familiar characteristics and includes interactions with the equatorial and subtropical regions. The convective patterns are characterized by a “checkerboard” pattern of convection that has not been emphasized before. The most striking feature is the broad meridional extent, which depicts interactions with a mixed Rossby–gravity wave (MRG) in the equatorial region and interactions with the basic-state potential vorticity in the subtropics. The southern portion of the wave has a modified MRG structure, and this AEW–MRG hybrid cannot be separated using the EOF technique, indicating the prevalence of such structures. The subtropical interaction at mid- to lower levels establishes a vortex off the coast of Morocco that results in dry-air advection into the tropics in tandem with the northern vortex. At upper levels, a subtropical wave train is induced by the AEW-associated convective inflow and outflow. The contrasting AEW circulations are associated with differences in the precipitation rates and patterns over Africa. These results highlight the variability of AEW structures and their interactions with equatorial and subtropical waves.
From Insult to Estrangement and Injury: The Violence of Racist Police Jokes
Authors: Pérez Raúl , Ward Geoff
Published: April 2019

This article examines racially derogatory police jokes, what we call “racist blue humor,” as discourse that negatively targets and ridicules racial and ethnic minorities as inferior, dangerous, or as objects of symbolic and cultural violence. We argue that racist blue humor fosters the social acceptability of prejudice and discrimination among officers, normalizing a culture of dehumanization that legitimizes structural and direct violence. We analyze illustrative cases of racist blue humor in the light of critical race theory, humor studies, and other work in behavioral science to elaborate this violence and its potential for harm across multiple contexts. Racist blue humor engenders legal estrangement, diminishes protection and representation in law, and heightens exposure to police and other state violence. We conclude with considerations for research and policy, including order-maintenance policing of racist blue humor.
White Supremacy, Patriarchy, and Global Capitalism in Migration Studies
Authors: Golash-Boza Tanya , Duenas Maria D. , Xiong Chia
Published: April 2019

Ten years after sociologist Mary Romero lamented the “ideological and theoretical gulf between immigration research and the sociology of race,” researchers have begun to bridge this theoretical gulf by centering critical race theory in studies of migration. Building on these analyses, this article argues that migration flows and immigrant incorporation are shaped not only by white supremacy but also by patriarchy and global capitalism. Insofar as migrants, predominantly from the Global South, are usually racialized as non-white, and come to work in a labor market shaped by exploitation, oppression, and patriarchy, it is critical to think of migrant flows and settlement within the context of what bell hooks describes as a White supremacist capitalist patriarchy. We draw from examples from our research with a broad spectrum of migrants and their children to elucidate how these three systems of oppression shape the experiences of migrants.
Homicide patterns for the last 20 years in South and South East Delhi, India
Authors: Behera Chittaranjan , Sikary Asit Kumar , Gupta Sudhir Kumar
Published: April 2019

Homicide patterns are a useful indicator of social stress in a community, and they provide law-enforcement authorities with helpful information. This study was undertaken at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, in order to understand the regional pattern of homicide. Data from the last 20 years were analysed. There were a total of 1048 male and 323 female homicide cases. The male/female ratio was about 3:1, and the proportion of total autopsies was approximately 4% for both sexes. The most common age group was 11–40 years old. Female cases were more common during the monsoon season, but male cases did not show any such variation. Blunt-force head injury, stabbing, strangulation and shooting were the most common methods, and the head, neck and chest were the most commonly targeted areas. Defence injuries were seen in 7.9% cases, significantly more often amongst men, most of which were active and in the form of incised wounds. About 17% of cases survived in hospital for up to a month before succumbing to their injuries, with males being in their 50s and 60s and females in younger age groups. Most of these cases suffered a gunshot wound, followed by a head injury and a stab wound.
International variations in mental-health law regulating involuntary commitment of psychiatric patients as measured by the Mental Health Legislation Attitudes Scale
Authors: Georgieva Irina , Whittington Richard , Lauvrud Christian , Steinert Tilman , Wikman Sofia , Lepping Peter , Duxbury Joy , Snorrason Jon , Mihai Adriana , Berring Lene Lauge , BN Raveesh , Vesselinov Roumen
Published: April 2019

Previous research illustrated that the laws regulating involuntary placement and treatment of people with mental-health problems are diverse across countries. International studies comparing satisfaction levels between countries are rare. We compared the opinions of professionals and family members about the operation of the national mental-health law regulating forcibly admission and treatment of psychiatric patients in 11 countries: Ireland, Iceland, England and Wales, Romania, Slovenia, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Norway and India. An online survey design was adopted using a Mental Health Legislation Attitudes Scale (MHLAS). This brief nine-item questionnaire was distributed via email to psychiatrists, general practitioners, acute and community mental-health nurses, tribunal members, police officers and family members in each collaborating country. The levels of agreement/disagreement were measured on a Likert scale. Data were analysed both per question and with regard to a total MHLAS ‘approval’ score computed as a sum of the nine questions. We found that respondents in England and Wales and Denmark expressed the highest approval for their national legislation (76% and 74%, respectively), with those in India and Ireland expressing the lowest approval (65% and 64%, respectively). Almost all countries had a more positive attitude in comparison to Ireland on the admission criteria for involuntary placement and the way people are transferred to psychiatric hospitals. There are significant variations across Europe and beyond in terms of approval for how the national mental-health law framework operates in each country.
Family can endure what partnership cannot: A consideration of historical, cultural, and newly arising barriers to missions in China
Authors: Rupp D.
Published: April 2019

Relationships between American mission organizations and Chinese house church pastors are currently facing increasing difficulty and strain. To date, the dominant metaphor for how these two members of Christ’s body have related has been partnership. Rising contextual and cultural pressures render partnership inadequate to withstand what familial bonds are more suited to endure. This article first considers the overall historical and cultural context of the relationship between western missionaries and unregistered Chinese churches. Following this is an explanation of two recurring factors which place ongoing strain on their relationship: rising nationalism and government persecution of Christians. Next, new factors which compound existing relational stressors are explored: shifting economic policies and theological brain drain. Finally, initial recommendations are put forth as to how these two groups might move forward living together as family.
Conceptualizing and contextualizing with and beyond Paul Hiebert’s anthropological models: Toward a contextual trinitarian missiology in Myanmar
Authors: Moe David Thang
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this article is threefold. First, it explores Hiebert’s critiques of western missionaries’ wrong conceptualizations of non-westerners and their non-contextualization and his proposals for the double exegesis of human cultures and the gospel. Second, the article appreciatively and critically evaluates Hiebert’s approaches. Finally, the article conceptualizes cultures and contextualizes the gospel with and beyond Hiebert’s anthropological models and constructs a contextual trinitarian missiology as the middle ground between cultural anthropology and systematic theology in Myanmar. Thinking with and beyond Hiebert, the article examines three missiological models of how to rightly conceptualize and humbly approach human cultures, and explore the goals of right conceptualizations and humble approaches as the trinitarian grounds and guides for contextualizing the gospel as “good news” for both Christians and others in Myanmar.
Transformative metrics for holistic ministry in the marketplace
Authors: Lee Samuel
Published: April 2019

Holistic ministry is now the standard across global missional practice, and one manifestation of integral mission is Entrepreneurial Church Planting (ECP). This occurs when business entrepreneurs and clergy members launch spiritually and economically integrated communities of faith. While it may be conceptually inviting for spiritual and business forces to comingle in reaching the lost, ECP activities need to be evaluated as to whether they are accomplishing the goals of the Great Commission and the Creation Commission. In-depth study is needed now to consider outcomes relative to goals. To that end, this study will examine the unique data trends that emerge in the case study of Kentucky-based Meridzo Ministries. Grassroots insights from case-study research will then be applied to Clemens Sedmak’s kinship model in order to posit three proxy indicators based upon interviewee data. This article argues that rather than measuring success of missions economically or spiritually, success should be gauged on the grounds of holistic relational transformation.
Diabetes Risk Assessment, A1C Measurement, and Goal Achievement of Standards of Care in Adults Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Hadenfeldt Cynthia , Knezevich Emily , Black Susannah
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore diabetes in adults experiencing homelessness by evaluating diabetes risk, A1C measurement, and achievement of the goals of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes.

Methods

Project Homeless Connect Omaha is a 1-day health and social services event for adults who are homeless. The event seeks to meet immediate needs, identify potential future needs, and provide a connection with community resources for further follow-up for these adults. Health professions students and faculty from the university where the event is held volunteer their time to provide these services. Risk assessment for type 2 diabetes, A1C measurement, and evaluation of the ADA Standards of Medical Care were available for participants of this event.

Results

Of the 478 participants who completed a risk assessment for diabetes, 91 underwent rapid A1C testing. Four participants at the diabetes station (4%) were newly identified as having diabetes with elevated A1C, and 32% of the participants had elevated A1C levels demonstrating prediabetes. Twelve individuals reported being previously diagnosed with diabetes, and of those, 50% had A1C levels between 7.3% and >13% (56 to 119 mmol/mol). Participants whose A1Cs classified them as having prediabetes or diabetes (n = 40) completed an evaluation of standards of medical care goals. Participants identified eye, foot, and dental examinations; lipid management; and urine protein screening as some of the areas in which the standards were not yet achieved.

Conclusion

Adults experiencing homelessness have a significant need for diabetes screening and management. Diabetes educators can provide education to equip adults with the ability to effectively manage their illness and prevent complications.
Social Perception of Facial Color Appearance for Human Trichromatic Versus Dichromatic Color Vision
Authors: Thorstenson Christopher A. , Pazda Adam D. , Elliot Andrew J.
Published: April 2019

Typical human color vision is trichromatic, on the basis that we have three distinct classes of photoreceptors. A recent evolutionary account posits that trichromacy facilitates detecting subtle skin color changes to better distinguish important social states related to proceptivity, health, and emotion in others. Across two experiments, we manipulated the facial color appearance of images consistent with a skin blood perfusion response and asked participants to evaluate the perceived attractiveness, health, and anger of the face (trichromatic condition). We additionally simulated what these faces would look like for three dichromatic conditions (protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia). The results demonstrated that flushed (relative to baseline) faces were perceived as more attractive, healthy, and angry in the trichromatic and tritanopia conditions, but not in the protanopia and deuteranopia conditions. The results provide empirical support for the social perception account of trichromatic color vision evolution and lead to systematic predictions of social perception based on ecological social perception theory.
From the Profound to the Mundane: Questionnaires as Emerging Technologies in Autism Genetics
Authors: Hollin Gregory
Published: April 2019

It is widely argued that the final decades of the twentieth century saw a fundamental change, marked by terms such as biomedicalization and geneticization, within the biomedical sciences. What unites these concepts is the assertion that a vast array of emerging technologies—in genomics, bioengineering, information technology, and so forth—are transforming understandings of disease, diagnosis, therapeutics, and working practices. While clearly important, these analyses have been accused of perpetuating theoretical trends that attribute primacy to the new over the old, discontinuity over continuity, and the laboratory over the field. In this paper, I show that in the case of autism, the effects of genomic technologies can only be understood by simultaneously examining the role of questionnaires. Due to shortcomings in clinical diagnoses, genomic analyses could only progress once questionnaires had been developed to address a “reverse salient” within the “technological system.” Furthermore, I argue that questionnaires such as the Autism Quotient have a significance that surpasses the genomic classifications they were designed to undergird. I argue that to neglect the role of mundane technologies such as questionnaires in contemporary biomedicine is to miss complexity, bifurcate old and new, and do a disservice to innovation.
Broadband and uneven spatial development: The case of Cardiff City-Region
Authors: Jones Calvin , Henderson Dylan
Published: April 2019

The internet and e-connectivity more generally are increasingly held to be an important element of business success. Evidence however suggests that the productive impacts of such technologies are contingent on factors that include firm size and sector, and human capital. It follows that if companies with these characteristics are unevenly distributed across space, the increasing importance of broadband in economic activity might impact unevenly on economic outcomes across space. We examine the Cardiff City-Region in South Wales, where the distribution of businesses and skills suggests that without policy intervention the roll-out of broadband might further increase economic disparities between the relatively prosperous coastal belt and the poorer post-industrial hinterland.
Similarities in Color Preferences Between Women and Men: The Case of Hadza, the Hunter-Gatherers From Tanzania
Authors: Groyecka Agata , Witzel Christoph , Butovskaya Marina , Sorokowski Piotr
Published: April 2019

Evidence for cross-cultural patterns of sexual differences in color preferences raised the question of whether these preferences are determined by universal principles. To address this question, we investigated most- and least-favorite color choices in a nonindustrialized community, the Hadza that has an egalitarian hunter-gatherer culture, fundamentally different from those previously investigated. We also compared color preference patterns in the Hadza with published data from Poland and Papua. Our results show that Hadza have very different color preferences than Polish and Papuan Yali respondents. Unlike many industrialized and nonindustrialized cultures, Hadza color preferences are practically the same for women and men. These observations question the idea of universal differences of color preferences between sexes and raise important questions about the determinants of color preferences.
Effects of Peripheral Gradient of Color Saturation on the Feeling of Being Dazzled
Authors: Hanada Mitsuhiko
Published: April 2019

The feeling of being dazzled that is evoked by images consisting of an achromatic uniform center surrounded by regions with a luminance gradient was investigated. The effects of type of color saturation gradient in the peripheral region on the feeling of being dazzled were examined. Stimulus configuration was also varied. For the stimulus configuration of a disk-annulus, the feeling of being dazzled was lower for an increasing saturation gradient from the center to the periphery than for decreasing and no-saturation gradients when the center and the periphery maximum luminances were the same. This suggests that the presence of a chromaticity difference between the disk and the surrounding annulus strengthens the feeling of being dazzled. Similar results were obtained for the stimulus configuration of a star shape. For the stimulus configuration of a cross shape, quite different results were obtained; the chromaticity discontinuity had little or opposite effect. These results suggest that chromaticity border and stimulus configurations are factors in the feeling of being dazzled that is evoked by images with luminance gradient.
The uneven geography of crowdfunding success: Spatial capital on Indiegogo
Authors: Gallemore Caleb , Nielsen Kristian Roed , Jespersen Kristjan
Published: April 2019

Optimists contend that crowdfunding, in which project backers use online campaigns to assemble numerous small donations, can democratize access to finance, but there are legitimate concerns that this funding approach remains discriminatory. Drawing on recent readings emphasizing the geographic components of Bourdieu’s field theory, we argue the relationship between crowdfunding teams’ resources and crowdfunding success is mediated by spatial capital—the ability to draw capital from other social spaces due to geographic context. We use logistic regressions predicting success rates for 134,098 campaigns launched in the USA on the Indiegogo platform between 2009 and 2015, combined with other spatial data, to model the relationship between spatial capital and other success predictors. Our models suggest spatial context mediates the relationship between resources and success. Rural areas, in particular, have lower success rates than urban areas, and affluent areas have the highest success rates. Given that only around 10% of Indiegogo campaigns are fully funded, spatial inequalities place significant limits on who can benefit from crowdfunding campaigns, suggesting crowdfunding may not democratize access to finance, as optimists hope.
Efficacy and safety of erenumab (AMG334) in episodic migraine patients with prior preventive treatment failure: A subgroup analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Goadsby Peter J , Paemeleire Koen , Broessner Gregor , Brandes Jan , Klatt Jan , Zhang Feng , Picard Hernan , Lenz Robert , Mikol Daniel D
Published: April 2019

Background

Erenumab was effective and well tolerated in a pivotal clinical trial of episodic migraine that included subjects both naïve to, and those who had failed, previous preventives. Here we evaluated the efficacy and safety of erenumab (70 mg or 140 mg) versus placebo in the subgroup of patients who had previously failed preventive treatment(s): ≥1 or ≥2 prior failed migraine preventive categories, and in patients who had never failed.

Methods

Prespecified subgroup analyses evaluated change from baseline to months 4–6 (the primary endpoint of the blinded study phase) in monthly migraine days, achievement of ≥50% and ≥75% reduction in monthly migraine days, and change from baseline in acute migraine-specific medication days. Adverse events were also evaluated.

Results

Treatment with both doses of erenumab resulted in greater reductions in monthly migraine days at months 4–6 (treatment difference versus placebo [95% CI], never failed subgroup: −0.9 [−1.5, −0.3] for 70 mg and −1.3 [−1.9, −0.7] for 140 mg; ≥1 prior failed medication categories subgroup: −2.0 [−2.8, −1.2] for 70 mg and −2.5 [−3.4, −1.7] for 140 mg; ≥2 prior failed medication categories subgroup: −1.3 [−2.6, 0.0] for 70 mg and −2.7 [−4.0, −1.4] for 140 mg). Similar results were observed in the monthly acute migraine-specific medication days endpoint, and in the achievement of ≥50% and ≥75% reduction in monthly migraine days. For the ≥50% reduction in monthly migraine day endpoint, placebo response in the no prior treatment failed group was 32.6%, in the ≥1 failed treatment 17.5%, and in the ≥2 failed treatments 11.1%.

Conclusion

Erenumab showed consistent efficacy in episodic migraine patients who had failed prior preventive treatments and was well tolerated across subgroups. The data suggest prior patients with prior treatment failures have lower placebo response rates.
Headaches and sleep problems in US adolescents: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey – Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A)
Authors: Lateef Tarannum , Witonsky Kailyn , He Jianping , Ries Merikangas Kathleen
Published: April 2019

Background

There is limited research on the association of sleep problems with International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II)-defined headache subtypes in youth, particularly from community-based samples. This cross-sectional study examines the associations of sleep patterns, symptoms and disorders with specific headache subtypes among adolescents from the general population of the United States.

Methods

The sample includes 10,123 adolescents in the National Comorbidity Survey – Adolescent Supplement, a face-to-face survey of adolescents aged 13–18 years in the continental USA. Headache subtype diagnoses were based on modified ICHD-III criteria, and mood and anxiety disorders were based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. The associations of self-reported sleep patterns and insomnia symptoms and headache status were estimated with multivariate regression models that adjust for demographic characteristics and comorbid anxiety and mood disorders.

Results

There was no significant difference in bedtime between youth with and without headache. However, adolescents with migraine headache reported significantly shorter sleep duration ( p = .022) and earlier wakeup time ( p = .002) than those without headache. Youth with any headache, particularly migraine, had significantly more sleep disturbances than those without headache. With respect to headache subtypes, youth with migraine with aura were more likely to report difficulty maintaining sleep, early morning awakening, daytime fatigue, and persistent insomnia symptoms than those with migraine without aura. However, these associations were largely accounted for by comorbid anxiety and mood disorders. There was a monotonic increase in the number of insomnia symptoms with increasingly restrictive definitions of migraine.

Conclusion

Pervasive sleep disturbances in adolescents with headache have important implications for the evaluation, treatment and etiology of pediatric headache.
Joint Optimization Scheme for the Planning and Operations of Shared Autonomous Electric Vehicle Fleets Serving Mobility on Demand
Authors: Sheppard Colin J. R. , Bauer Gordon S. , Gerke Brian F. , Greenblatt Jeffery B. , Jenn Alan T. , Gopal Anand R.
Published: April 2019

As the transportation sector undergoes three major transformations—electrification, shared/on-demand mobility, and automation—there are new challenges to analyzing the impacts of these trends on both the transportation system and the power sector. Most models that analyze the requirements of fleets of shared autonomous electric vehicles (SAEVs) operate at the scale of an urban region, or smaller. A quadratically constrained, quadratic programming problem is formulated, designed to model the requirements of SAEVs at a national scale. The size of the SAEV fleet, the necessary charging infrastructure, the fleet charging schedule, and the dispatch required to serve demand for trips in a region are treated as decision variables. By minimizing both the amortized cost of the fleet and chargers as well as the operational costs of charging, it is possible to explore the coupled interactions between system design and operation. To apply the model at a national scale, key complications about fleet operations are simplified; but a detailed agent-based regional simulation model to parameterize those simplifications is leveraged. Preliminary results are presented, finding that all mobility in the United States (U.S.) currently served by 276 million personally owned vehicles could be served by 12.5 million SAEVs at a cost of $ 0.27/vehicle-mile or $ 0.18/passenger-mile. The energy requirements for this fleet would be 1142 GWh/day (8.5% of 2017 U.S. electricity demand) and the peak charging load 76.7 GW (11% of U.S. power peak). Several model sensitivities are explored, and it is found that sharing is a key factor in the analysis.
A Framework to Operationalize a Deep and Vast Literature for Practice: Translating Land Value Uplift Literature to Estimate Economic Impacts of Multimodal Transportation System Projects
Authors: Currans Kristina M. , Nelson Arthur C. , Chambers Sam
Published: April 2019

Traditional methods for evaluating transportation system investments typically rely heavily on one or two metrics of evaluations, such as vehicle travel time delay and level-of-service measures. Transportation projects often have substantial and significant impacts on many other aspects of society, including the economic vitality of our communities. The focus of this study was a practical one: operationalize a vast literature exploring the theories and findings that describe positive and negative economic impacts of transportation investments, in this case focused on the impacts on real estate value. It was completed with sponsorship from Smart Growth America to develop a pilot application for Washington DOT. The framework described in this manuscript allows analysts to estimate and compare changes in real estate value, and therefore changes in economic vitality, resulting from different investment decisions. The economic impacts estimated in change in U.S. dollar value of single-family residential, multifamily residential, and commercial real estate can be used in combination with other performance measures (e.g., travel time savings, environmental impacts) to evaluate a more comprehensive picture of the impacts of transportation infrastructure. Because this framework was spatially developed, the analyst will be able to more readily identify which neighborhoods and corresponding populations may see the largest impacts on the cost of housing resulting from specific transportation projects. This, in combination with housing expertise and tools developed to understand the displacement of vulnerable populations, could also help agencies anticipate where there would be increased pressure in relation to cost of housing caused by specific transportation projects.