bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nesting Biology of Urban Cooper's Hawks in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Authors: STOUT WILLIAM E. , ROSENFIELD ROBERT N. , HOLTON WILLIAM G. , BIELEFELDT JOHN
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Urban landscapes vary greatly across North America and long‐term data on the nesting biology of Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) from a variety of urban environments will improve our understanding of these poorly studied populations. We studied Cooper's hawks nesting in the metropolitan Milwaukee area, Wisconsin, USA, over a 12‐year period, 1993–2004. Nesting success for 254 first nesting attempts averaged 64.6% with means of 2.27 young per laying pair and 3.53 young per successful pair. For 8 second nesting attempts (i.e., re‐nests), nesting success averaged 87.5% with means of 2.57 young per laying pair and 3.00 young per successful pair. Productivity for first nesting attempts did not vary over the 12‐year period, and productivity for re‐nests did not differ from first nesting attempts. We documented evidence of nest predation by raccoons (Procyon lotor) and red‐tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). On average, second year (SY [i.e., 1‐yr‐old]) Cooper's hawks comprised 14.6% (43 of 295 breeding birds; 21.5% [37 of 172] of F and 4.9% [6 of 123] of M) of the known breeding population. The percentage of SY breeders within this population declined over the 12‐year period, suggesting a relatively young population. Cooper's hawks consistently reoccupied nest sites annually after initial discovery over an estimated 2 generations of breeding adults, suggesting that population density for our study was at least stable. We trapped 105 breeding adults, including 5 natal dispersal birds. Based on long‐term, relatively high reproduction, repeated re‐occupancy of nest sites, and confirmed recruitment from within this population, we suggest that these nesting areas were not marginal or inferior habitats and that urban Cooper's hawks in this study area were not a sink population. We recommend no active management of this population at this time; however, additional information for nesting Cooper's hawks from other urban environs will expand our knowledge base for these populations.
Hair Sampling Techniques for River Otters
Authors: DEPUE JOHN E. , BEN‐DAVID MERAV
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT River otter (Lontra canadensis) populations have been difficult to monitor and information on densities is lacking throughout their range. To obtain DNA‐based population estimates of river otters we developed 2 traps to capture hair; a modified body‐snare and a modified foot‐hold trap. Of 82 traps activated 77 captured hairs (94%). Traps snagged 3–20 guard hairs per capture. Our capture rates of otter hair ranged from one capture per 3.6 trap nights to one capture per 156.6 trap‐nights. Our traps provide an effective, noninvasive technique for obtaining hair DNA from individual river otters.
Gopher Tortoise Response to Habitat Management by Prescribed Burning
Authors: YAGER LISA Y. , HEISE COLLEEN D. , EPPERSON DEBORAH M. , HINDERLITER MATTHEW G.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT As quality of forested habitat declines from altered fire regimes, gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) often move into ruderal areas to the detriment of the animal and land manager. We evaluated effects of a dormant‐and‐growing‐season prescribed fire on habitat and gopher tortoise use of degraded longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) forests surrounding military training areas. We burned 4 of 8 sites in winter 2001–2002 and again in April 2003. Changes in vegetation measured during 2001–2004 indicated that burn treatments did not increase herbaceous vegetation. Similarly, movement patterns, burrow usage, and home range of tortoises radiotracked from 2002–2004 did not differ between treatments. Woody cover initially was reduced in the forests postburn, and we found more new burrows in burned forest sites. Once shrub cover was reduced, tortoises started using forested habitat that had become overgrown. However, shrub reduction may be temporary, as woody stem densities increased postburn. Thus, the one‐time use of fire to manage tortoise habitat may not rapidly restore the open canopy, sparse woody midstory, and abundant herbaceous vegetation that this species requires. Repeated prescribed fires or additional management techniques may be needed for complete restoration.
Mandibulofacial dysostosis in a patient with a de novo 2;17 translocation that disrupts the HOXD gene cluster
Authors: Stevenson David A. , Bleyl Steven B. , Maxwell Teresa , Brothman Arthur R. , South Sarah T.
Published: April 2007

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is the prototypical mandibulofacial dysostosis syndrome, but other mandibulofacial dysostosis syndromes have been described. We report an infant with mandibulofacial dysostosis and an apparently balanced de novo 2;17 translocation. She presented with severe lower eyelid colobomas requiring skin grafting, malar and mandibular hypoplasia, bilateral microtia with external auditory canal atreasia, dysplastic ossicles, hearing loss, bilateral choanal stenosis, cleft palate without cleft lip, several oral frenula of the upper lip/gum, and micrognathia requiring tracheostomy. Her limbs were normal. Chromosome analysis at the 600‐band level showed a 46,XX,t(2;17)(q24.3;q23) karyotype. Sequencing of the entire TCOF1 coding region did not show evidence of a sequence variation. High‐resolution genomic microarray analysis did not identify a cryptic imbalance. FISH mapping refined the breakpoints to 2q31.1 and 17q24.3‐25.1 and showed the 2q31.1 breakpoint likely affects the HOXD gene cluster. Several atypical findings and lack of an identifiable TCOF1 mutation suggest that this child has a provisionally unique mandibulofacial dysostosis syndrome. The apparently balanced de novo translocation provides candidate loci for atypical and TCOF1 mutation negative cases of TCS. Based on the agreement of our findings with one previous case of mandibulofacial dysostosis with a 2q31.1 transocation, we hypothesize that misexpression of genes in the HOXD gene cluster produced the described phenotype in this patient. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porous dye affinity beads for albumin separation from human plasma
Authors: Akgöl Sinan , Tüzmen Nalan , Denizli Adil
Published: April 2007

Porous polymeric beads were obtained by the suspension polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads were characterized by surfacearea measurements, swelling studies, FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis. Poly (HEMA–EGDMA) beads had a specific surface area of 56 m2/g. SEM observations showed that the poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads abounded macropores. Poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads with a swelling ratio of 55%, and containing different amounts of Reactive Red 120 (9.2–39.8 μmol/g) were used in the adsorption/desorption of human serum albumin (HSA) from aqueous solutions and human plasma. The nonspecific adsorption of HSA was very low (0.2 mg/g). The maximum HSA adsorption amount from aqueous solution in phosphate buffer was 60.1 mg/g at pH 5.0. Higher HSA adsorption value was obtained from human plasma (up to 95.7 mg/g) with a purity of 88%. The equilibrium monolayer adsorption amount, Qmax was determined as 172.4 mg/g. The dimensionless separation factor (RL) value shows that the adsorption behavior of HSA onto the Reactive Red 120 attached poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads was favorable (0 < RL < 1). Desorption of HSA from Reactive Red 120 attached poly (HEMA–EGDMA) beads was performed using 0.1M Tris/HCl buffer containing 0.5M NaCl. It was observed that HSA could be repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed with Reactive Red 120‐attached poly(HEMA–EGDMA) beads without significant loss in the adsorption amount. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
From Modeling to Medicinal Chemistry: Automatic Generation of Two‐Dimensional Complex Diagrams
Authors: Stierand Katrin , Rarey Matthias
Published: April 2007

As a result of the increasing application of structure‐based drug design, the visualization of protein–ligand complexes has become an important feature in medicinal chemistry. The large number of experimentally resolved complex structures and the further development of computer‐aided methods like docking or de novo design establishes new possibilities in this field. During lead finding and optimization, a manual investigation of many complexes and their interaction patterns is typically performed. We present an algorithm that automatically generates 2D‐protein–ligand diagrams as a possible solution for a transparent visualization of the contact partners in a complex and as a support for scientists in the evaluation of structure‐based design results. Running the software on representative test data sets, it generates collision free layouts for ∼76 % of the cases in the range of tenths of a second per complex. The success rate for complexes with ligands which have a molecular weight <500 Da is 87 %.
The scattering of sound waves by an obstacle
Authors: Lax Peter D. , Phillips Ralph S.
Published: April 2007

In this paper we study the scattering of acoustic waves by an obstacle 𝒪. We establish the following relation between the scattering kernel S(s, θ, ω) and the support function h𝒪 of the obstacle:

The right endpoint of the support of S(s, θ, ω) as function of s is h𝒪(θ‐ω); h𝒪 is defined by

For Dirichlet boundary condition the result is proved in full generality, for Neumann condition only for backscattering, i.e., for θ = ‐ω.

Since the convex hull of 𝒪 can be recovered from knowledge of h𝒪, the above result may be useful in reconstructing 𝒪 from scattering data.
The fluid dynamic limit of the nonlinear boltzmann equation
Authors: Caflisch Russel E.
Published: April 2007

Solutions of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation are constructed up to the first appearance of shocks in the corresponding fluid dynamics. This construction assumes the knowledge of solutions of the Euler equations for compressible gas flow. The Boltzmann solution is found as a truncated Hilbert expansion with a remainder, and the remainder term solves a weakly nonlinear equation which is solved by iteration. The solutions found have special initial values. They should serve as “outer expansions” to which initial layers, boundary layers and shock layers can be matched.
Transient expression of thyroid hormone nuclear receptor TRβ2 sets S opsin patterning during cone photoreceptor genesis
Authors: Applebury M.L. , Farhangfar F. , Glösmann M. , Hashimoto K. , Kage K. , Robbins J.T. , Shibusawa N. , Wondisford F.E. , Zhang H.
Published: April 2007

Cone photoreceptors in the murine retina are patterned by dorsal repression and ventral activation of S opsin. TRβ2, the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor β isoform 2, regulates dorsal repression. To determine the molecular mechanism by which TRβ2 acts, we compared the spatiotemporal expression of TRβ2 and S opsin from embryonic day (E) 13 through adulthood in C57BL/6 retinae. TRβ2 and S opsin are expressed in cone photoreceptors only. Both are transcribed by E13, and their levels increase with cone genesis. TRβ2 is expressed uniformly, but transiently, across the retina. mRNA levels are maximal by E17 at completion of cone genesis and again minimal before P5. S opsin is also transcribed by E13, but only in ventral cones. Repression in dorsal cones is established by E17, consistent with the occurrence of patterning during cone cell genesis. The uniform expression of TRβ2 suggests that repression of S opsin requires other dorsal‐specific factors in addition to TRβ2. The mechanism by which TRβ2 functions was probed in transgenic animals with TRβ2 ablated, TRβ2 that is DNA binding defective, and TRβ2 that is ligand binding defective. These studies show that TRβ2 is necessary for dorsal repression, but not ventral activation of S opsin. TRβ2 must bind DNA and the ligand T3 (thyroid hormone) to repress S opsin. Once repression is established, T3 no longer regulates dorsal S opsin repression in adult animals. The transient, embryonic action of TRβ2 is consistent with a role (direct and/or indirect) in chromatin remodeling that leads to permanent gene silencing in terminally differentiated, dorsal cone photoreceptors. Developmental Dynamics 236:1203–1212, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assembly and Formation of Biomorphic Tin Dioxide by a Biomimetic Sol–Gel Approach Involving Glycoprotein
Authors: Dong Qun , Su Huilan , Cao Wei , Zhang Di , Guo Qixin , Zhang Fangying
Published: April 2007

Three diverse layers of eggshell membrane (ESM) were introduced in a biogenic sol–gel technique for the synthesis of hierarchical SnO2nanomaterials with corresponding configurations. Typically, the biomorphic replication of the interwoven inner eggshell membrane was systematically investigated by controlling synthesis conditions such as pH value, dipping time, and calcination temperature. The as‐prepared SnO2tubes consisting of interconnected 5‐nm nanocrystallite units were successfully interwoven into ESM‐morphic films. Herein, the biomaterial ESM served both as the physical substrate and the functional macromolecule template to realize the precision replication, by the interactions between ESM macromolecules (containing carboxyl, hydroxy, amino groups, etc.) and Sn colloid ingredients. Moreover, some biomacromolecules also acted as the surfactant to yield small‐scaled and well‐distributed SnO2nanocrystallites based on the strong bondage of short‐chained amino acids within ESM glycoprotein with SnO2nuclei. This technique can be attributed to a biomimetic sol–gel process and is widely applicable to the synthesis of other functional material systems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Bridging key research dilemmas: Quantitative research using a critical eye
Authors: Carter Deborah Faye , Hurtado Sylvia
Published: April 2007

This chapter serves as a guide for quantitative researchers who seek to approach their research questions critically.
Using community and family risk and protective factors for community‐based prevention planning
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Van Horn M. Lee , Hawkins J. David , Arthur Michael
Published: April 2007

Research has identified risk and protective factors related to adolescent substance use using individual‐level data, but it is uncertain whether or not these relationships exist when data are aggregated to a community level. Using data from adolescents in 41 communities, this article found that most community and family risk and protective factors, measured at the community level, predicted student prevalences of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use 2 years later, whether using information from the same or different groups of students, although the predictive power was stronger within cohorts. The findings support community‐level prevention planning that uses epidemiological information on levels of community and family risk and protective factors to identify areas of elevated risk and low protection to be targeted for community‐based preventive interventions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 535–555, 2007.
Periarticular ligament changes following ACL/MCL transection in an ovine stifle joint model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Funakoshi Yusei , Hariu Mitsuhiro , Tapper Janet E. , Marchuk Linda L. , Shrive Nigel G. , Kanaya Fuminori , Rattner Jerome B. , Hart David A. , Frank Cyril B.
Published: April 2007

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often lead to significant functional impairment, and are associated with increased risk for induction of degenerative joint disease. However, few studies have described the effect of ligament transection on the remaining intact knee ligaments. This study sought to determine specifically what impact combined ACL/medial collateral ligament (MCL) transection had on the remaining intact knee ligaments, particularly from the histological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. Twenty weeks post‐ACL/MCL transection, the cut ends of sheep MCLs were bridged by scar, while the posterior cruciate ligaments (PCLs) and lateral collateral ligaments (LCLs) seemed gross morphologically normal. Water content and cell density increased significantly in the MCL scars and the intact PCLs but were unchanged in the LCLs. Collagen fibril diameter distribution was significantly altered in both MCL scar tissue and uninjured PCLs from transected joints. MMP‐13 mRNA levels in MCL scars and PCLs from ligament transected joints were increased, while TIMP‐1 mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the PCLs only. This study has shown that some intact ligaments in injured joints are impacted by the injury. The joint appears to behave like an integrated organ system, with injury to one component affecting the other components as the “organ” attempts to adapt to the loss of integrity. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:997–1006, 2007
Concerns of Acutely Ill, Chronically Ill, and Healthy Preschool Children
Authors: Ritchie Judith A. , Caty Suzanne , Ellerton Mary Lou
Published: April 2007

The study was designed to determine if the concerns of 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children hospitalized for chronic illness differ from the concerns of other children. Interviews were conducted with 32 short‐stay chronically ill, 10 long‐stay chronically ill, 20 acutely ill, and 20 healthy children. Narrative recordings were analyzed using a categorical system of 10 developmental and hospital‐related concerns. Differences between groups in mean proportion of concerns expressed were examined for each interview using analysis of variance techniques. The major concerns expressed by each group on all interviews were Autonomy and Exploration and, in the chronically ill children, Intrusion. Increased age was associated with increased expression of Intrusion in all groups except the long‐stay chronic illness group.
Home care for children dying of cancer
Authors: Martinson Ida M. , Moldow D. Gay , Armstrong Gordon D. , Henry William F. , Nesbit Mark E. , Kersey John H.
Published: April 2007

The feasibility of home care as an alternative to hospitalization for children dying of cancer was studied. The home care system was defined as nurse‐directed with a consultant physician and did not entail extensive participation by other health professionals. Of 58 children cared for at home during the 2‐year project, 79% died at home and 21% died in the hospital or en route to it. The findings, as shown by interview data, suggest that home care at the end stage of life is a viable alternative for children dying of cancer and for their families.
Development of a health conception scale
Authors: Laffrey Shirley Cloutier
Published: April 2007

Described in this paper are the development, reliability, and validity of an instrument, the Laffrey Health Conception Scale to measure individual perceptions of the meaning of health. The instrument measures four dimensions of health conception: clinical, functional/role performance, adaptive, and eudaimonistic. A score is obtained for each dimension as well as a total score for the four dimensions. The high levels of reliability and validity in preliminary testing indicate that the instrument warrants further development and use with different populations.
Self‐care attitude changes of nursing students enrolled in a self‐care curriculum—A longitudinal study
Authors: Hartweg Donna L. , Metcalfe Sharie A.
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this 3‐year longitudina study was to determine if nursing students' self‐care attitudes change after being socallized through a curriculum based on Orem's Self‐Care Deficit Theory. The sample cons sted of 40 baccalaureate nursing students and 71 general university students who served as a control group. Pretest‐posttest design was used employing the Linn‐Lewis Self‐Care Attitude Scale. On initial testing, nursing students had more positive attitudes toward self‐care than the general university students, but the results were not significant. At the completion of the nursing curriculum, analysis of covariance on posttest mean scores indicated nursing students had significantly higher self‐care scores (p < .001).
Disabling back injuries among nursing personnel: Research needs justification
Authors: Jensen Roger C.
Published: April 2007

The need for more research on the problem of work‐related back injuries among nursing personnel is documented by two comparisons based on the ratio of back injury workers' compensation claims to eligible employees. The first analysis of occupations across industries indicated that nursing aides, licensed practical nurses, and registered nurses all had high back injury ratios compared to other occupations. The second analysis of occupations within four parts of the health care industry indicated that aides in nursing and personal care facilities had the greatest problem with disabling back disorders. The article concludes with a list of research needs and suggested research methodologies.
Mothers' problem‐solving skill and use of help with infant‐related issues: The role of importance and need for action
Authors: Pridham Karen F. , Chang Audrey S. , Hansen Marc F.
Published: April 2007

Examination was made of the relationship of mothers' appraisal of the importance of and need for action around infant‐related issues to maternal experience (parity and time since birth), use of help, and perceived problem‐solving competence. Sixty‐two mothers (38 primiparae and 24 multiparae) kept for 90 days post‐birth a daily log of issues, rated for importance and for need for action, and of help used. Mothers also reported perceived problem‐solving competence on an 11‐item scale. Findings indicated tentativeness in ratings of importance and action. Ratings of importance were associated with action ratings, except for temperament issues. Action ratings for baby care and illness issues decreased significantly with time. Otherwise, maternal experience had no effect on ratings. More of the variance in perceived competence than use of help was explained by action and importance ratings.
Quality and quantity of social support as correlates of psychosomatic symptoms in mothers with young children
Authors: Hall Lynne A. , Schaefer Earl S. , Greenberg Raymond S.
Published: April 2007

Associations between psychosomatic symptoms and two measures of social support, the quantity of social ties and the quality of primary intimate relationships, were investigated. The sample consisted of 214 predominantly low‐income mothers of young children. The quality of relationships with family members was inversely associated with psychosomatic symptoms, whereas the quality of husband and boyfriend relationships was not. In contrast, the quantity of social ties was inversely related to psychosomatic symptoms among all the women. The quantity of social ties, the quality of relationships as modified by type of intimate, and the baseline level of symptoms measured five years earlier were significant predictors of psychosomatic symptoms among this sample of women.
Perception of daily stress and oral coping behaviors in normal, overweight, and recovering alcoholic women
Authors: Rosenfield Sharon N. , Stevenson Joanne S.
Published: April 2007

One method of coping with perceived stress is the use of oral behaviors (e.g., eating, drinking, smoking). This study addressed the influence of perceived daily stress level (day rated as pleasant, neutral, or unpleasant) on oral behaviors in three groups of women, aged 25 to 45. Subjects included 37 female normal alcohol users of normal weight, 23 recovering alcoholics of normal weight, and 37 normal alcohol users who were 25% to 100% overweight. The normals responded to daily stress levels by changing their oral behaviors in predictable and consistent ways. On unpleasant days, the normals and the recovering alcoholic women ate more sweet, starchy, and salty/spicy foods. The overweight women ate more food, especially salty/spicy and sweet foods regardless of the type of day. The alcoholic women desired alcohol and smoked more than the other two groups all the time. Hence, the alcoholics and overweight women desired to or engaged in their habituated oral behaviors regardless of fluctuating daily stress levels.
Reasons for nonparticipation in continuing nursing education
Authors: Duquette Andra , Painchaud Gisgle , Blais Jean‐Guy
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the dimensions underlying the reasons given by nurses for not participating in continuing education activities. Data were collected through a 50‐item questionnaire mailed to a stratified random sample of nurses who had not completed any credit course since entering practice. Application of exploratory factor analytic procedures revealed eight conceptually interpretable dimensions. Results indicate that nonparticipant nurses were influenced primarily by attitudinal (e.g. lack of perceived need) and situational variables (e.g. time constraints due to work) rather than by those associated with continuing education sponsors.
Sex role stereotyping and role strain of male registered nurses
Authors: Egeland James W. , Brown Julia S.
Published: April 2007

Because of sex role stereotypes, certain occupations are considered appropriate for only one sex and elicit role strain in members of the opposite sex. The role strain of males in nursing, a predominantly female profession, is described in this article. A Role Strain instrument developed by the investigators was administered through mail questionnaires to 367 randomly selected male RNs in Oregon. As a group, these men: (a) experienced only mild role strain in contacts with community members, co‐workers, and patients; (b) received support on their career choices from their families; and (c) considered inadequate pay a major source of strain in their work. Several explanations are offered for the general lack of severe role strain among these male nurses.
Role integration and health among female clerical workers
Authors: Meleis Afaf I. , Norbeck Jane S. , Laffrey Shirley C.
Published: April 2007

The effects of role identity (occupancy and involvement), sex‐role orientation, and role integration on perceived health status and psychological symptoms of women in multiple roles were examined. The sample was comprised of 87 female clerical workers who were mothers with one or more children living at home. The mean age was 37; 47% were married; 44% were black, 24% Caucasian, 15% Asian, and 17% Hispanic. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to determine the significant predictors of perceived health status and psychological symptoms. Role involvement and role integration accounted for 24% of the variance in perceived health. Income and role integration accounted for 29% of the variance in psychological symptoms.
Women's use of information regarding hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Rother Marilyn , Rovner David , Holmes Margaret , Schmitt Neal , Talarczyk Geraldine , Kroll Jill , Gogate Jagadish
Published: April 2007

For perimenopausal women, an important decision is whether or not to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The decision is complex because HRT involves judgment in weighing gains and losses related to physiological risk. Gains involve relief of hot flashes and prevention of osteoporosis; losses include cancer mortality and side effects of medication. A policy‐capturing study of 283 perimenopausal women showed that the factor of most frequent concern was relief of hot flashes. Cluster analyses identified four major groups. Group 4 had an n of 9 and the lowest R2, making interpretation of data questionable. The largest group responded to hot flashes alone; the second to hot flashes and osteoporosis; and the third to hot flashes, somewhat to osteoporosis, but also to side effects of estrogen/progestin therapy. Results indicate nursing interventions should anticipate differences in women's concerns and tailor counseling appropriately.
One dose or two? The use of polymers in drug delivery
Authors: Upton Clare E , Kelly Catherine A , Shakesheff Kevin M , Howdle Steven M
Published: April 2007

Controlled‐release delivery systems are designed to prolong the release of drugs within the body. They consist of drug molecules encapsulated within biodegradable polymers which degrade safely into small, non‐toxic fragments, resulting in the release of the drug. Because different polymers have different degradation times, the system can be tailored to achieve the desired release rate and this can be very useful in treatments where daily dosing is required, such as epilepsy. Despite this obvious advantage, there are problems with this type of delivery, including an increased risk of overdosing. This article examines the pros and cons of controlled‐release drug‐delivery systems. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The journey of self‐authorship: Why is it necessary?
Authors: Meszaros Peggy S.
Published: April 2007

This chapter presents the need for the journey of self‐authorship and an overview of key concepts and terms explored in this volume.
The Scottish perspective: A pathway to progress?
Authors: Millar Jeremy
Published: April 2007

This chapter provides an overview of the development of legislation, policies, and practices in Scotland in relation to the transition from care to independent living.
Effects of hyporheic processes on streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity in three rivers of Nebraska
Authors: Song Jinxi , Chen Xunhong , Cheng Cheng , Summerside Scott , Wen Fujiang
Published: April 2007

Streambed hydraulic conductivity is of great importance in the analysis of stream‐aquifer interactions and stream ecosystems. We investigated streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity (Kv) with two connected depths in three rivers of Nebraska. Our results demonstrated that streambed Kv in the upper sediment layer was much higher than that in the sediment of the lower layer. We speculate that hyporheic processes can result in larger streambed Kv in the upper layer. Specifically, water exchange through upwelling and downwelling zones can lead to bigger pore spaces and a more unconsolidated structure of sediments in the upper layer. The upward movement of gas produced by redox processes can loosen the sediments and further enlarge pore spaces in the upper layers. Also, permeability can increase as a result of expanded pore spaces caused by invertebrate activities in the upper part of streambed. The higher Kv will likely enhance exchange processes between stream and sediments.
Experimental evidence for a metallohydrolase mechanism in which the nucleophile is not delivered by a metal ion: EPR spectrokinetic and structural studies of aminopeptidase from Vibrio proteolyticus
Authors: Kumar Amit , Periyannan Gopal Raj , Narayanan Beena , Kittell Aaron W. , Kim Jung-Ja , Bennett Brian
Published: April 2007

Metallohydrolases catalyse some of the most important reactions in biology and are targets for numerous chemotherapeutic agents designed to combat bacterial infectivity, antibiotic resistance, HIV infectivity, tumour growth, angiogenesis and immune disorders. Rational design of inhibitors of these enzymes with chemotherapeutic potential relies on detailed knowledge of the catalytic mechanism. The roles of the catalytic transition ions in these enzymes have long been assumed to include the activation and delivery of a nucleophilic hydroxy moiety. In the present study, catalytic intermediates in the hydrolysis of L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine by Vibrio proteolyticus aminopeptidase were characterized in spectrokinetic and structural studies. Rapid-freeze-quench EPR studies of reaction products of L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine and Co(II)-substituted aminopeptidase, and comparison of the EPR data with those from structurally characterized complexes of aminopeptidase with inhibitors, indicated the formation of a catalytically competent post-Michaelis pre-transition state intermediate with a structure analogous to that of the inhibited complex with bestatin. The X-ray crystal structure of an aminopeptidase–L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine complex was also analogous to that of the bestatin complex. In these structures, no water/hydroxy group was observed bound to the essential metal ion. However, a water/hydroxy group was clearly identified that was bound to the metal-ligating oxygen atom of Glu152. This water/hydroxy group is proposed as a candidate for the active nucleophile in a novel metallohydrolase mechanism that shares features of the catalytic mechanisms of aspartic proteases and of B2 metallo-β-lactamases. Preliminary studies on site-directed variants are consistent with the proposal. Other features of the structure suggest roles for the dinuclear centre in geometrically and electrophilically activating the substrate.
Interfacial structures and electrical properties of HfAl2O5 gate dielectric film annealed with a Ti capping layer
Authors: Cheng Xinhong , Wan Li , Song Zhaorui , Yu Yuehui , Shen DaShen
Published: April 2007

Hf Al 2 O 5 gate dielectric film with an O-gettering Ti capping layer treated with rapid thermal annealing process and its interfacial structure and electrical properties were reported. X-ray reflectivity measurements and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested that the interfacial layers were composed of a 0.5nm HfAlSiO layer and a 1.5nm Six(SiO2)1−x (x<1) layer for the as-deposited film. However, for the annealed film, HfAlSiO layer was not found and the 1.5nm Six(SiO2)1−x transformed to a 1nm SiO2. The electrical measurements indicated that the equivalent oxide thickness decreased to 2.9nm, and the leakage current was only 70μA∕cm2 at the gate bias of 10MV∕cm for the annealed film.
Identification of the special pair of photosystem II in a chlorophyll
d
-dominated cyanobacterium
Authors: Tomo Tatsuya , Okubo Tatsunori , Akimoto Seiji , Yokono Makio , Miyashita Hideaki , Tsuchiya Tohru , Noguchi Takumi , Mimuro Mamoru
Published: April 2007

The composition of photosystem II (PSII) in the chlorophyll (Chl)
d
-dominated cyanobacterium
Acaryochloris marina
MBIC 11017 was investigated to enhance the general understanding of the energetics of the PSII reaction center. We first purified photochemically active complexes consisting of a 47-kDa Chl protein (CP47), CP43′ (PcbC), D1, D2, cytochrome
b
559
, PsbI, and a small polypeptide. The pigment composition per two pheophytin (Phe)
a
molecules was 55 ± 7 Chl
d
, 3.0 ± 0.4 Chl
a
, 17 ± 3 α-carotene, and 1.4 ± 0.2 plastoquinone-9. The special pair was detected by a reversible absorption change at 713 nm (P713) together with a cation radical band at 842 nm. FTIR difference spectra of the specific bands of a 3-formyl group allowed assignment of the special pair. The combined results indicate that the special pair comprises a Chl
d
homodimer. The primary electron acceptor was shown by photoaccumulation to be Phe
a
, and its potential was shifted to a higher value than that in the Chl
a
/Phe
a
system. The overall energetics of PSII in the Chl
d
system are adjusted to changes in the redox potentials, with P713 as the special pair using a lower light energy at 713 nm. Taking into account the reported downward shift in the potential of the special pair of photosystem I (P740) in
A. marina
, our findings lend support to the idea that changes in photosynthetic pigments combine with a modification of the redox potentials of electron transfer components to give rise to an energetic adjustment of the total reaction system.
Self-assembled lamellar MoS
2
, SnS
2
and SiO
2
semiconducting polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Kirmayer Saar , Aharon Eyal , Dovgolevsky Ekaterina , Kalina Michael , Frey Gitti L
Published: April 2007

Lamellar nanocomposites based on semiconducting polymers incorporated into layered inorganic matrices are prepared by the co-assembly of organic and inorganic precursors. Semiconducting polymer-incorporated silica is prepared by introducing the semiconducting polymers into a tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water homogeneous sol solution containing silica precursor species and a surface-active agent. Semiconducting polymer-incorporated MoS
2
and SnS
2
are prepared by Li intercalation into the inorganic compound, exfoliation and restack in the presence of the semiconducting polymer. All lamellar nanocomposite films are organized in domains aligned parallel to the substrate surface plane. The incorporated polymers maintain their semiconducting properties, as evident from their optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The optoelectronic properties of the nanocomposites depend on the properties of both the inorganic host and the incorporated guest polymer as demonstrated by integrating the nanocomposite films into light-emitting diodes. Devices based on polymer-incorporated silica and polymer-incorporated MoS
2
show no diode behaviour and no light emission due to the insulating and metallic properties of the silica and MoS
2
hosts. In contrast, diode performance and electroluminescence are obtained from devices based on semiconducting polymer-incorporated semiconducting SnS
2
, demonstrating that judicious selection of the composite components in combination with the optimization of material synthesis conditions allows new hierarchical structures to be tailored for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
The study of charge transport through organic thin films: mechanism, tools and applications
Authors: Weiss Emily A , Kriebel Jennah K , Rampi Maria-Anita , Whitesides George M
Published: April 2007

In this paper, we discuss the current state of organic and molecular-scale electronics, some experimental methods used to characterize charge transport through molecular junctions and some theoretical models (superexchange and barrier tunnelling models) used to explain experimental results. Junctions incorporating self-assembled monolayers of organic molecules—and, in particular, junctions with mercury-drop electrodes—are described in detail, as are the issues of irreproducibility associated with such junctions (due, in part, to defects at the metal–molecule interface).
Designing bistable [2]rotaxanes for molecular electronic devices
Authors: Dichtel William R , Heath James R , Fraser Stoddart J
Published: April 2007

The development of molecular electronic components has been accelerated by the promise of increased circuit densities and reduced power consumption. Bistable rotaxanes have been assembled into nanowire crossbar devices, where they may be switched between low- and high-conductivity states, forming the basis for a molecular memory. These memory devices have been scaled to densities of 10
11
 bits cm
−2
, the 2020 node for memory of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. Investigations of the kinetics and thermodynamics associated with the electromechanical switching processes of several bistable [2]rotaxane derivatives in solution, self-assembled monolayers on gold, polymer electrolyte gels and in molecular switch tunnel junction devices are consistent with a single, universal switching mechanism whose speed is dependent largely on the environment, as well as on the structure of the switching molecule. X-ray reflectometry studies of the bistable rotaxanes assembled into Langmuir monolayers also lend support to an oxidatively driven mechanical switching process. Structural information obtained from Fourier transform reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy of rotaxane monolayers taken before and after evaporation of a Ti top electrode confirmed that the functionality responsible for switching is not affected by the metal deposition process. All the considerable experimental data, taken together with detailed computational work, support the hypothesis that the tunnelling current hysteresis, which forms the basis of memory operation, is a direct result of the electromechanical switching of the bistable rotaxanes.
Design of robust autopilot‐output integral sliding mode controllers for guided missile systems with parameter perturbations
Authors: Jafarov Elbrous M. , Tasaltin Ramazan
Published: April 2007

The guided missile system is considered as SISO plant with parameter perturbations. The structure of the missile system is not suitable for the use of classical linear controllers. On the other hand, the missile system should be capable of good performances, such as zero steady state error, less settling time etc. Standard VSC control laws fail to control the steady state error due to the structure of the system matrices. For this reason we have proposed two new robust output integral sliding mode controllers and design procedures. An integrator is included in the sliding function, which results in the reduction and removal of the output error. The total control consists of two parts: equivalent control which compensates the nominal regime of the missile system; and VSC which compensates the parameter perturbations (changes in Mach number, altitude and mass of the vehicle, etc.) of the missile system. We have derived new constructive sliding and stability conditions for both cases by using Lyapunov’s direct method. Computer simulations indicate that this approach yields a satisfactory control performance.
Development and application of nickel alloys in aerospace engineering
Authors: Smith R.J. , Lewi G.J. , Yates D.H.
Published: April 2007

Since the development of the Nimonic1 alloys for Sir Frank Whittle’s first jet engine, Henry Wiggin Ltd, now part of Special Metals Corporation, has been involved with the design and improvement of nickel alloys for aerospace engineering. Whilst much of this work continues to be in relation to alloys for the high strength/high temperature applications of turbine blades, discs, seals, rings and casings of aero engines, nickel alloys are being utilised for other key aerospace engineering areas such as tooling for composite manufacture. The focus of this paper is on four recent developments in nickel alloys for aerospace engineering, namely: disc alloys; low expansion superalloys; Inconel alloy 718SPF – a nickel base superalloy capable of being superplastically formed; Nilo (low expansion alloys) for composite tooling.
First realistic simulation of effects of electromagnetic coupling in commercial aircraft wiring
Authors: Parmantier Jean‐Philippe
Published: April 2007

Reports on a new software package which has demonstrated for the first time the ability to simulate the effects of the internal electromagnetic radiated fields (such as EMP pulses and lightning) in commercial aircraft wiring. Electromagnetic coupling (EMC) has long been of concern to the commercial aviation industry as a pulse caused by lightning can generate spurious signals or damage electronic equipment and put the aircraft at risk. Conventional techniques were not appropriate to modelling this problem. A theory that was originally developed in the USA in the 1970s by Dr Carl Baum, called Electromagnetic Topology (EMT), has been recently used by ONERA researchers to model a Boeing 707 wiring system using a code that encapsulates this theory. The results showed excellent agreement with experiments, demonstrating for the first time that EMC can be accurately predicted.
Trust in sources of information about genetically modified food risks in the UK
Authors: Hunt Stephen , Frewer Lynn J.
Published: April 2007

Perceptions of trust have been identified as an important element in the risk communication process. This research is concerned with establishing the degree of trust the general public has in various possible sources of information about the health effects associated with consuming genetically modified food. Participants were asked directly about the degree to which they would trust information about the health effects associated with consuming genetically modified food from a variety of sources, including a fictitious source included as a control. They were also asked about the degree to which they believed each source had a vested interest in misinforming the public about the possible health effects associated with such consumption, and the degree of knowledge they believed each source had about any possible health effects. The results indicate that perceptions of “vested interest” and “degree of knowledge” are important elements in determining levels of trust, although probably not exhaustive. Furthermore, that younger consumers are likely to be the most responsive audience for risk information, but general audience response to risk information is likely to be influenced by preconceptions about the source of the information, preconceptions that can be derived entirely from the name of the information source.
Virgin Cola
Authors: Vignali Claudio
Published: April 2007

Seeks to evaluate the global position of Virgin Cola within the soft drinks industry. In order to do this, Virgin Cola’s strategy regarding the UK and the US markets is evaluated. Emphasises the importance placed upon the Virgin brand and determining whether or not this proves to be successful for Virgin Cola in relation to its global competitors. The MIXMAP model is used to critically analyse whether or not Virgin Cola have been consistent in aligning their strategy in the debate on internationalisation versus globalisation.
Opportunities to genetically modify plants to cope with environmental stress
Authors: Strid Åke , Brosché Mikael
Published: April 2007

Discusses the responses of plants to a variety of environmental stresses and considers different techniques that could potentially be used to detect and amplify such responses. Because plants may naturally produce steroids in response to raised stress levels, the paper suggests that genetic modification of crop plants to improve resistance to stress is worth investigating as a strategy. Sensitive to public concerns about the safety of transgenic crops, the authors suggest using such plants in carefully controlled locations.
Verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli 0157 infections
Authors: Chapman P.A.
Published: April 2007

Reviews the public health significance of E. coli 0157
infections and the related serious illnesses which may follow. Reviews
outbreaks and detection in food sources. Discusses prospects for control
and the need for more studies in this area, using more sensitive methods
of detection, with regard to intervention and future control.
Those who make a difference: developing businesses through developing individuals
Authors: Harvey Penny , Butcher David
Published: April 2007

The success of organisational development processes ultimately rests on individual action. A recent research study supports the argument that individual development should be the starting point for organisational development. The article takes the premiss that organisational reality is anything but rational and ordered, rather it is a world dominated by self‐interest, competing coalitions and conflicting goals. The ability to make a significant difference in this environment depends on the development of key individual meta‐abilities, those underlying learned abilities which inform effective management behaviour. Organisational development takes the form of “pockets of good practice” created by individual initiatives which serve as models for others in the organisation.
Co‐operation and networking in library and information systems of advanced countries: a framework for countries with less developed systems
Authors: Khalid H.M.
Published: April 2007

Co‐operation and networking in library and information systems provide a wider access to collections, improve public and technical services and enhance operations by sharing resources, reducing duplication and offering more cost‐effective services. These systems are frequently applied in developed countries. These countries are getting maximum benefits from these systems, for example, expanding their services, providing better user satisfaction and solving their problems. These systems are less used in LIS of developing countries. The need for the establishment of such systems is evidenced. The experience of countries with developed systems can be instructive in social, professional, technological and economic terms. Raising awareness for the potential use of these systems, giving broader roles to organisations, developing communication infrastructure and maximising the use of technologies are key components for the establishment of co‐operation and networking in library and information systems of developing countries.