bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La transformación de la vida cotidiana: la evolución de los bienes durables en Argentina, 1920-1970
Authors: Rocchi Fernando
Published: April 2022

Objective/Context: This article focuses on the evolution of the consumption of durable goods (electric refrigerators and gas stoves)—appliances for household use that save time—and entertainment goods to occupy spare time (cars and radios) in Argentina during the 1920-1970 period. It studies the social actors of this process, considering the interaction between them and the consumption of goods. Next, it analyzes the reasons for the success of entertainment goods and their subsequent slowdown between the 1920s and 1940s, as well as the technical reasons for the mass use of household appliances due to a reduction in electricity and gas prices. Methodology: The analysis of quantitative information on the production, supply, and demand of durable goods using diverse sources (visual, demographic, as well as successions and press reports) offers insight on the expectations, tastes, and transformations of the Argentine middle classes, as well as different types of relationships their members established with vehicles and electrical and gas appliances during the study period. Originality: This article suggests that the expansion of middle classes allowed an increase in demand that led to the transformation of the industry, and local productive activity, in turn, contributed to consolidating the idea that well-being was directly associated with the possession of durable goods that made life at home more comfortable. The relations established between consumption and the rise of the middle classes consolidated and transformed the industry and became decisive factors in the culture of consumption. Conclusions: The analysis of the evolution of durable goods consumption shows how different strategies were developed in the supply and demand of such items and evidences an interaction between the social actors of the period and the consumption of the studied goods. As a conclusion, it can be stated that such interaction allowed a change in the lifestyle of Argentines during the period analyzed.
Tomographic imaging for solar extreme ultraviolet He II 30.4 nm and spectral data inversion
Authors: Xing Yang-Guang , Peng Ji-Long , Duan Zi-Wen , Yan Lei , Li Lin , Liu Yue ,   School of Optoelectronic, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China,   Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering, Beijing 100094, China,   Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
Published: April 2022

Highly dynamic solar eruptive activities occurring over the corona and transition region, triggered off by magnetic field reconnection, are the driving source of disastrous space weather, and the space imaging and spectroscopic measurements of solar eruptive activities are a key data source for accurate space weather forecasting. The He II 30.4 nm resonance line comes from the Lyman α transition of singly ionized helium, which has an anomalous intensity, an order of magnitude higher than the intensities of other transition region lines. In this paper, we propose and design a two-dimensional spectroscopic tomographic imaging instrument operating at He II 30.4 nm wavelength to make up for the shortcomings of conventional solar extreme ultraviolet imager and imaging spectrometer, and adopt a slitless three-order (–1, 0, +1) simultaneous diffraction imaging configuration with a single snapshot to achieve two-dimensional spectroscopy instantaneous imaging with a large field of view. Owing to the confusion of spatial and spectral information of the three orders of images, the three-dimensional data cube I (x, y, λ) of the observed target is reconstructed using a spectral data inversion algorithm with a limited tomographic projection angle.
Molecular determinants of complexin clamping and activation function
Authors: Bera Manindra , Ramakrishnan Sathish , Coleman Jeff , Krishnakumar Shyam S , Rothman James E
Published: April 2022

Previously we reported that Synaptotagmin-1 and Complexin synergistically clamp the SNARE assembly process to generate and maintain a pool of docked vesicles that fuse rapidly and synchronously upon Ca2+ influx (Ramakrishnan et al., 2020). Here, using the same in vitro single-vesicle fusion assay, we determine the molecular details of the Complexin-mediated fusion clamp and its role in Ca2+-activation. We find that a delay in fusion kinetics, likely imparted by Synaptotagmin-1, is needed for Complexin to block fusion. Systematic truncation/mutational analyses reveal that continuous alpha-helical accessory-central domains of Complexin are essential for its inhibitory function and specific interaction of the accessory helix with the SNAREpins enhances this functionality. The C-terminal domain promotes clamping by locally elevating Complexin concentration through interactions with the membrane. Independent of their clamping functions, the accessory-central helical domains of Complexin also contribute to rapid Ca2+-synchronized vesicle release by increasing the probability of fusion from the clamped state.
Invariant neural subspaces maintained by feedback modulation
Authors: Naumann Laura B , Keijser Joram , Sprekeler Henning
Published: April 2022

Sensory systems reliably process incoming stimuli in spite of changes in context. Most recent models accredit this context invariance to an extraction of increasingly complex sensory features in hierarchical feedforward networks. Here, we study how context-invariant representations can be established by feedback rather than feedforward processing. We show that feedforward neural networks modulated by feedback can dynamically generate invariant sensory representations. The required feedback can be implemented as a slow and spatially diffuse gain modulation. The invariance is not present on the level of individual neurons, but emerges only on the population level. Mechanistically, the feedback modulation dynamically reorients the manifold of neural activity and thereby maintains an invariant neural subspace in spite of contextual variations. Our results highlight the importance of population-level analyses for understanding the role of feedback in flexible sensory processing.
Assessment of Preoperative Anxiety among Patients Attending a Preanaesthetic Check-up Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Odisha: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Mohapatra Partha Sarathi , Mishra Krishna , Mohapatra IPSA , Kumar Amit
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Anxiety during the preoperative period predisposes to postoperative complications such as increase in postoperative pain, delay of healing and prolonged hospital stay.Further, patients with a high level of preoperative anxiety require higher doses of anaesthetic agents and recover poorly. Due to these factors, each tertiary care hospital should have an idea about the prevalence of preoperative anxiety in their setting, so that appropriate preventive measures can be planned. Aim: To assess the prevalence of preoperative anxiety in patients attending the Preanaesthetic Check-up (PAC) clinic for elective surgeries and to find out the factors associated with anxiety among them. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the PAC Clinic at Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (tertiary care hospital), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India, from May to July 2018. The study included hundred patients, using convenient sampling technique, undergoing preanaesthetic check-up, before the proposed elective surgeries. A researcher made study tool, using Hamilton-A scale for assessing preoperative anxiety was used. Data was analysed using Epi Info software. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Among the sampled 100 study participants, preoperative anxiety was found to be present in 97, 72 of the study participants had mild anxiety, 14 had mild to moderate and 11 moderate to severe anxiety. Of the 97 participants who had preoperative anxiety, 7 (14.89%) of the females had moderate to severe anxiety as compared to 4 (8%) of males. The age group of 60-69 years and Christianity religion were found to be statistically significant factors associated with anxiety in the study population. Conclusion: The prevalence of preoperative anxiety among the study participants was found to be high. Preventive measures like counselling sessions to address their apprehensions should be planned to decrease the anxiety.
Effects of Corona Pandemic on Global Environment and Economy
Authors: Gaurav Naveen , Thapa Anjali , Ali Yunus , Kulshrestha Ashish , Saini Neha , Joshi Pramod Kumar , Rawat Himani , Kaur Amanpreet , Kumar Pankaj
Published: April 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic is draw into concern as the most reproving international fitness tragedy of the century since December 2019, the era of Second World War. A new transmissible respiratory disease comes in existence in Wuhan, Hubei province, China and the World Health Organization named it as COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019). For the quarter of 2020 the corona virus epidemic has swamp the international locations of the sector and changed the pace, material and nature of our lives. In this evaluation accompanying, we inspect some of the various social, environmental and economic issues influenced by COVID-19. The COVID-19 epidemic has ended in over 4.3 million confirmed instances and over 290,000 deaths globally. The Indian economy as with the global economy, was faced with multiple curtailment too when the pandemic emerged. Advance estimation recommend that the Indian economy is anticipate to witness real GDP augmentation of 9.2 per cent in 2021-22 after reducing in 2020-21. This implicit that overall economic activity has retrieve past the pre-epidemic levels. Social spacing, self-isolation and travel diminution have led to a less staff throughout all capitalism or economic sectors, and because of that many jobs to be bygone. Schools have closed down, and there is requirement for artefacts and products has reduced. In contrast, there requirement for medical essentials has significantly increases. In reaction to this global epidemic, we summarize the effect of COVID-19 on socio-economic condition on individual factors of the world economy and environment.
A Prospective Study of Leptospirosis as a Differential Diagnosis of Dengue like Illness
Authors: Makhija Hemant , . Shilakha
Published: April 2022

Background: Leptospirosis is both a zoonotic and environmental disease. The bacteria are hosted in animal kidneys for months and even years, and the bacteria are released in the environment by the urine of these animals. The transmission to humans occurs by contact with infected animals or contaminated water. There are different entry points for this contamination, it could be a skin abrasion, it could be through the mucous membranes, it can also occur through inhalation of droplets of urines for instance during farming activities and sometimes, it occurs by drinking water. Clinical presentation of leptospirosis mimics dengue as pyrexia with thrombocytopenia is common in both.

Methods: We have included all patients between age group of 0-18 years with complaints of fever. Laboratory investigation showed thrombocytopenia but negative dengue serology and raised Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase/ Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGOT/SGPT) and no other obvious cause of illness. Hence leptospira serology was done.

Results: Total of 15 patients were cases of dengue like illness, out of which Leptospira serology samples came positive in 60% (9). Total number of cases of dengue like illness are 15 out of which 66.6%patients belonged to >10 years (11-18) & 33.33 % patients were <10 years and gender ratio was 66.6% (10) male & 33.33% (5) females. The patients who were diagnosed as dengue like illness were given antibiotic- 46.6% (7) were given Doxycycline & 53.3% (8) cases were given Azithromycin. Clinical improvement with increase in their platelet count was seen within 48 hrs. of starting the antibiotic in all of them.

Conclusion: Leptospirosis should be considered as an important differential diagnosis while treating patient of dengue like illness. Consider treating such patient with doxycycline/azithromycin as this result in clinical improvement & may prevent any complications.
Reinforcement of Oral Epithelial Barrier Function by Vitamin D Induction of the Antimicrobial Peptide Cathelicidin. A Novel Therapeutic Approach in Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Bose Aditi , Santosh H. N.
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Oral epithelium forms a physical, chemical and immunological barrier against the invading microorganisms. The chemical barrier mainly comprises of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) like cathelicidins which are endogenously produced antibiotics. Transcription of the cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide (CAMP) gene is induced by binding of the bioactive form of vitamin D to the vitamin D receptor. Thus, an increase in vitamin D should significantly improve the chemical barrier function by increasing AMPs.

Through a randomized controlled trial we tend to explore a well accepted molecule like vitamin D in primary prevention of chronic periodontitis by reinforcing the oral epithelial barrier by increased action of cathelicidin.

Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin D administration systemically on levels of cathelicidin LL-37 in gingival crevicular fluid of chronic periodontitis patients.

Methodology: 40 vitamin D insufficient subjects with chronic periodontitis were divided into 2 groups. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) sampling was carried out a day after the periodontal examination. Next all patients were subjected to scaling and root planning (SRP). Test group patients were prescribed oral dose of 2000IU Vitamin D daily for a period of 3months whereas control group was devoid of any medication. GCF sampling was repeated for both the groups after three months. Cathelicidin LL-37 level was estimated using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)method for both the groups.

Results: Vitamin D administration increases the levels of cathelicidin in periodontal diseases. Cathelicidin levels in GCF increase after Vitamin D intake.

Conclusion: Periodontal diseases might be prevented by reinforcing the oral epithelial barrier (chemical barrier) by vitamin D induced production of AMPs.
Patients’ Perceptions and Satisfaction Regarding Tele-consultations during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Kamel Fatemah , Magadmi Rania , Magadmi Mawadah , Alfawaz Fawaz , Alfawaz Mohammed
Published: April 2022

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the widespread implementation of tele-consultation. Tele-consultation provides remote communication and reduces the risk of virus transmission. However, patients’ perceptions and satisfaction are relevant to ensuring the quality of the service. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate patients’ perceptions and satisfaction regarding tele-consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jeddah.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using an electronic questionnaire to assess patients’ perceptions and satisfaction regarding tele-consultations during May 2020. A total of 347 participants were included.

Results: More than one third of the sample were above 40 years, women (73.2%), and had a university education (70.8%). Patients’ perceptions of the effectiveness of tele-consultation ranged from 71.43% to 88.77% and their satisfaction level ranged between 59.40% and 83.96%. Older patients who had favorable outcomes from tele-consultation strongly agreed about the effectiveness of tele-consultation and were more satisfied. Patients with higher education levels who used the service only once were more satisfied with the experience. Moreover, those patients with greater age and educational levels and those who called for emergencies and to request medication refills were more likely to use tele-consultation in the future beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. When asked about reasons for dissatisfaction, 70% of the participants were unhappy with the wait time for a tele-consultation.

Conclusions: Most patients were satisfied with the tele-consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a better understanding of patients’ perceptions and reasons for dissatisfaction are fundamental in the planning and implementation of tele-consultations in Saudi Arabia.
Cost Minimization Study of Analgesics Prescribed to Outpatients Undergoing Periodontal Treatment
Authors: Sharma Dharmesh , Chaudhary Amit , Negi Rajan , Supehia Sakshi , Chauhan Shiva
Published: April 2022

Aims: Drug use reviews are useful quantitative tools for assessing options for drug prescribing in dental pain. Regular drug use pattern evaluations help to identify current medication usage patterns, improve treatment efficacy, reduce adverse effects, and advise prescribers. The goal of this study was to look at the analgesics prescribed to outpatients in the department of periodontics to see if they could be cut back on costs.

Methodology:  A prospective cross-sectional drug utilisation evaluation was conducted among outpatients in the department of periodontics of a dental college in Himachal Pradesh from August 2020 to July 2021. In order to determine prescriber adherence to WHO guidelines, the proportion of analgesics written in generic names and from the NLEM 2015 were determined. The costs of prescribed analgesics (brand name and generic name) were calculated to determine the patient's out-of-pocket expenses.

Result: The prescribed analgesics cost 74632.75 INR. The Aceclofenac/ paracetamol/ serratiopeptidase combination was the most commonly recommended analgesic. If all medicines were prescribed with generic names, the cost of analgesics could be cut by 85%.

Conclusion: Prescriptions for brand names were the primary cause of the prescription's high cost. The use of generic drugs should be expanded. In order to satisfy WHO requirements, it is necessary to increase the number of medications prescribed in line with NLEM.
ETNOGRAFIA DOS LAUDOS ANTROPOLÓGICOS DE RECONHECIMENTO TERRITORIAL QUILOMBOLA:
Authors: Santos Flavio Luis Assiz dos
Published: April 2022

Este artigo apresenta um recorte teórico-metodológico e ético de uma pesquisa etnográfica que tomou como objeto de análise o campo de atuação profissional da produção dos laudos antropológicos de reconhecimento dos territórios quilombolas. Tendo como referência os laudos antropológicos elaborados pela Superintendência Regional do INCRA na Bahia, de 2003 a 2018, a pesquisa consistiu em realizar uma descrição e análise desses laudos, sob a perspectiva dos processos etnográficos (Silva, 2015) que lhes deram origem, suas características e suas consequências. O método forjado pela/na pesquisa, baseado no diálogo com os agentes e documentos deste campo de atuação profissional, e lastreado pelas categorias do contexto, texto, subtexto e pós-texto, permitu fomentar uma reflexividade antropológica sobre os laudos de identificação e delimitação territorial quilombola na Bahia e fazer uma análise comparativa dos seus processos etnográficos.
“VOCÊ PODE IR PARA O FUNDO DO MUNDO, MAS SEMPRE VOLTA PARA A ALDEIA”:
Authors: Alarcon Daniela Fernandes
Published: April 2022

Este artigo descreve e analisa a mobilização contemporânea dos Tupinambá da Serra do Padeiro (Terra Indígena Tupinambá de Olivença, sul da Bahia) no quadro da recuperação territorial em curso na aldeia. Mais especificamente, ele se debruça sobre o retorno dos parentes, o processo de reversão da diáspora atrelado às retomadas de terras, ações de recuperação da posse de áreas detidas por não indígenas no interior do território tupinambá. Assentado em reconstituições de trajetórias de interlocutores e interlocutoras envolvidos na recuperação territorial, o artigo investiga o retorno dos parentes em seus aspectos gerais, como sua distribuição na aldeia, as conexões com faixa etária e gênero, as condições para os regressos, suas causas e outros elementos. Além disso, examina as dinâmicas de mobilização que precipitavam, concretizavam e sustentavam os retornos, envolvendo vivos, mortos e encantados, entidades centrais da cosmologia tupinambá.
ALGUMAS REFLEXÕES SOBRE INSERÇÃO, ANÁLISE DE DISCURSO E ANÁLISE SITUACIONAL EM UM CAMPO ETNOGRÁFICO JUNTO AO POVO KIRIRI.
Authors: Cardoso Gabriel Novais
Published: April 2022

O presente trabalho visa apontar algumas reflexões metodológicas referentes a uma pesquisa etnográfica junto ao povo indígena Kiriri, localizado na área etnográfica dos “Índios no/do Nordeste” (DANTAS et al., 2001). Essas reflexões vão em dois sentidos. O primeiro, retrospectivo, visa abordar o meu fazer etnográfico com o povo em questão entre novembro de 2016 a novembro de 2018, período no qual realizei pesquisa que fundamentou meu trabalho de conclusão de curso de graduação como Bacharel em Ciências Sociais. No segundo, reflexivo, trago algumas discussões e críticas sobre os métodos utilizados, a inserção em campo e outras questões éticas afins a essa pesquisa.
CANDOMBLÉ DE CABOCLO:
Authors: Rodrigues Marcos
Published: April 2022

Este artigo apresenta o relato de uma experiência etnográfica em um terreiro de candomblé na Ilha de Maré a partir de faces da trajetória da líder religiosa Maria do Nascimento da Encarnação, conhecida como Baia. O objetivo principal deste texto é avaliar as vertentes metodológicas aplicadas na pesquisa, com destaque para a técnica da observação participante e a ferramenta da entrevista, durante o trabalho de campo. A construção da narrativa consiste em uma versão parcial da pesquisa de mestrado em Estudos Étnicos e Africanos com apoio do caderno de campo. O relato apresenta os primeiros passos do pesquisador, o local da pesquisa, aspectos sociais e as técnicas utilizadas durante o período de estudo. O método aplicado para essa abordagem etnográfica indica a importância da atividade empírica e sinaliza possibilidades para outras investigações.
AGRADAR OS E AGRADECER AOS DEUSES:
Authors: Menta Cyril Florian
Published: April 2022

Minha experiência etnográfica caracteriza-se por uma imersão progressiva no mundo ritual dos Índios Pankararé (Estado de Bahia) e Pankararu (Estado de Pernambuco). O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar alguns dos elementos que possibilitaram essa pesquisa. As relações mantidas com o mundo invisível são essenciais nos rituais observados: através do sonho, do transe de possessão ou da visão, elas favorecem a aquisição de conhecimentos e a elaboração dos rituais. Mostrarei como habilidades pessoais para o sonho, descobertas durante meu campo, entraram em ressonância com experiências individuais indígenas. Diversas doenças menores que contraí foram interpretadas como ataques das entidades invisíveis. Eu tomava conhecimento, através do meu próprio corpo, do esquema clássico das relações com o mundo invisível, que consiste em uma oscilação constante entre, de um lado, a recusa pessoal e o ataque cósmico, e, do outro, a aceitação pessoal e proteção. Agradar os e agradecer aos Deuses aparecem como maneiras viáveis para diminuir os ataques.
SER NEGRA(O) E ASPIRANTE A ETNÓLOGA(O):
Authors: Almeida Fernanda Lima , Rodrigues Jardel Jesus Santos
Published: April 2022

O presente artigo emergiu da profícua interlocução entre os autores, ao longo da graduação em Ciências Sociais e do trabalho de campo realizado junto ao povo Kiriri, no decorrer dos quais enfrentamos diversos dilemas enquanto jovens pobres e negros advindos do interior, que ingressaram na universidade e iniciaram uma interlocução com os Kiriri. A partir da etnografia que temos produzido e, em certa medida, da nossa autoetnografia, buscamos evidenciar como os marcadores sociais da diferença — gênero, raça, classe, corpo e etc —  atravessam nossos corpos e influenciam a produção etnológica por nós elaborada. Tecer uma discussão a partir de corpos subalternos implica, sem dúvida, em  questionar a maneira pela qual o conhecimento e as escritas etnográficas são construídas. Enfatizamos  a importância das intelectuais, majoritariamente negras, para as análises feitas ao longo do texto, sobretudo defendendo a necessidade dos ditos subalternos serem vistos como produtores de conhecimento e não mais como objetos.
POVOS INDÍGENAS E PANDEMIA DE COVID-19
Authors: Santiago Fernanda Santos , Barros Paulo Marcos de Assis
Published: April 2022

Esta entrevista foi pensada a partir da necessidade urgente e contemporânea de pensar os impactos da pandemia do novo coronavírus junto aos povos indígenas no Brasil. Para isso, foi convidado o professor José Augusto Laranjeiras Sampaio, mais conhecido como Guga, professor da Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB) que vem atuando  acadêmica e politicamente em defesa dos direitos dos povos indígenas. Foi solicitado que ele apresentasse suas observações e perspectivas sobre o tema POVOS INDÍGENAS E PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 conforme pode ser identificado nas questões propostas e respostas obtidas.
No evidence that instructions to ignore nonverbal cues improve deception detection accuracy
Authors: Bogaard Glynis , Meijer Ewout H.
Published: April 2022

Research has consistently shown people predominantly rely on undiagnostic nonverbal cues when detecting deceit, whereas verbal cues are more accurate. In three experiments, we investigated whether the simple instruction not to focus on nonverbal cues would make people focus more on diagnostic verbal cues and hence more accurate in detecting lies. Participants judged the veracity of true and deceptive statements and either received (1) no instruction, (2) the instruction to ignore nonverbal cues, or (3) to ignore nonverbal cues and focus on verbal cues instead. In the second and third experiments, condition 3 was changed to an audio condition in which visual cues were inaccessible. Results showed no effect of instruction on lie detection performance. Overall, we found no evidence that the simple instruction not to focus on nonverbal cues while judging veracity is an effective strategy to make people focus more on verbal cues or to improve lie detection.
A Multitasking Flexible Sensor via Reservoir Computing
Authors: Wakabayashi Seiji , Arie Takayuki , Akita Seiji , Nakajima Kohei , Takei Kuniharu
Published: April 2022

Natural disasters are reported globally, and one source of severe damage to cities is flooding caused by locally heavy rain. Sharing of local weather information can save lives. However, it is difficult to collect local weather information in real‐time because such data collection requires bulky, expensive sensors. For local, real‐time monitoring of heavy rain and wind, a sensor system should be simple and low‐cost so that it can be attached to a variety of surfaces, including roofs, vehicles, and umbrellas. To develop simple, low‐cost multitasking sensors located on nonplanar surfaces, a flexible rain sensor to monitor waterdrop volume and wind velocity is devised. To monitor both simultaneously, a laser‐induced graphene‐based superhydrophobic conductive film is introduced. Using the superhydrophobic surface, water dynamics are measured when waterdrops collide with the sensor surface, and obtained time‐series data are processed using “reservoir computing” to extract the volume and velocity from a single sensor as multitasking electronics. As a proof‐of‐concept, it is shown that the sensor measures continuous, long‐term volume and wind‐change dynamics. The results demonstrate feasibility of multitasking electronics with reservoir computing to reduce sensor integration complexity with low power consumption for both sensor and signal processing.
Effective Passivation with Self‐Organized Molecules for Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Luo Xinhui , Shen Zhichao , Shen Yangzi , Su Zhenhuang , Gao Xingyu , Wang Yanbo , Han Qifeng , Han Liyuan
Published: April 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 25% over the past decade and effective passivation for the interface with high trap density plays a significant role in this process. Here, two organic molecules are studied as passivators, and it is demonstrated that an advantageous molecular geometry and intermolecular ordering, aside from the functional moieties, are of great significance for effective and extensive passivation. Besides, the passivation molecules spontaneously form a uniform passivation network adjacent to the bottom surface of perovskite films during a top‐down crystallization via liquid medium annealing, which greatly reduces defect‐assisted recombination throughout the whole perovskite/SnO2 interface. The champion device yields an in‐lab PCE of 25.05% (certified 24.39%). The investigation provides a more comprehensive understanding of passivation and a new avenue to achieve effective bottom‐interface engineering for perovskite photovoltaics.
Conversions from Normal to Abnormal Current‐Dependent ISC and from Abnormal to Normal Current‐Dependent RISC Processes in Exciplex‐Based OLEDs
Authors: Zhao Xi , Chen Jing , Tang Xiantong , Wu Fengjiao , Ning Yaru , Chen Xiaoli , Xiong Zuhong
Published: April 2022

Intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse ISC (RISC) are important spin‐mixing processes for obtaining high quantum efficiency in exciplex‐based organic light‐emitting diodes (EB‐OLEDs) and often show normal current (I) dependencies which weaken with increasing I. Surprisingly, herein, using magneto‐conductance (MC) as a fingerprint probing tool, an unreported conversion from normal to abnormal I‐dependent ISC processes is observed at 300 K from relatively‐unbalanced EB‐OLEDs with the low electron‐injection barrier and the high hole mobility. More amazingly, after improving carrier injection balance through replacing the hole‐injection layer, a conversion from abnormal to normal I‐dependent RISC processes with increasing I is observed from the relatively‐balanced EB‐OLEDs for the first time. These two conversions are reasonably analyzed by fitting and decomposing MC traces of the devices. Furthermore, transition I of the conversion from abnormal to normal I‐dependent RISC processes decreases from 50 to 5 μA as the temperature reduces from 300 to 150 K, and only the normal I‐dependent RISC process is observed at 100 and 20 K due to high driving voltages. Obviously, this work deepens the full understandings of I‐dependent ISC and RISC processes in EB‐OLEDs and has the potential applications for the achievement of high‐performance devices.
Promotion and tenure letters: A guide for faculty
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Chan Teresa M. , Yarris Lalena M. , Linden Judith A. , Coates Wendy C.
Published: April 2022

Promotion and tenure (P&T) letters are a key component of the academic advancement portfolio. Despite their importance, many faculty are not trained to write these letters and there is limited literature describing the approach and key components. This paper reviews the role of P&T letters and provides general guidelines for writers. We present a step‐by‐step guide, which includes how to respond to requests, the role of institutional guidelines, providing context to the letter, evaluating candidates, and delivering an overall recommendation. Finally, we discuss current controversies in P&T letters. This paper is intended to help novice and more experienced writers to enhance their P&T letters, while also helping applicants for promotion understand what is being asked of their letter writers.
Gas–liquid flows through porous media in microgravity: Packed Bed Reactor Experiment‐2
Authors: Taghavi Mahsa , Motil Brian J. , Nahra Henry , Balakotaiah Vemuri
Published: April 2022

Modifications were made to the Packed Bed Reactor Experiment (PBRE) and flown on the International Space Station as PBRE‐2 to eliminate external pressure oscillations at higher liquid flow rates and the packing diameter was reduced to increase the pressure gradient for lower flows. It is found that gas hold‐up is a function of bed history at low liquid and gas flow rates whereas higher gas hold‐up and pressure gradients are observed for the test conditions following a liquid only pre‐flow compared to the test conditions following a gas only pre‐flow period. Over the range of flow rates tested, the capillary force is the dominant contributor to the pressure gradient, which is found to be linear with the superficial liquid velocity but is a much weaker function of the superficial gas velocity and varies inversely with the particle diameter.
Efficient lamellar two‐dimensional proton channels derived from dipole interactions in a polyelectrolyte membrane
Authors: Yu Weisheng , Zhang Kaiyu , Zhang Jianjun , Liang Xian , Ge Xiaolin , Ge Zijuan , Wei Chengpeng , Song Wanjie , Xu Tongwen , Wu Liang
Published: April 2022

Precise control over the micromorphology of polyelectrolytes is the primary step toward understanding the structure–morphology–property relationships, ultimately determining the mass transfer characteristics. We report a novel polyolefin‐scaffolded proton‐exchange membrane (PEM) with the sectional installation of dipole–dipole interactions for this task. Experimental and theoretical investigations demonstrate that such noncovalent interactions drive the desired aggregation of ionic chains to form the hydrated two‐dimensional (2D) ionic nanochannels. Micromorphology studies visualize the resultant lamellar topological morphology consisting of orderly arranged hydrophilic ionic and nonionic nanophases. The resulting membrane exhibits excellent proton conductivity (176–273 mS cm−1 at the temperature ranges from 30°C to 80°C) and H2/O2 fuel cell performance (especially at the lower relative humidity, the maximum power density is doubled that of commercial Nafion 212 at 40% relative humidity). Overall, we developed a promising design of the polyelectrolyte microstructure precise regulation for efficient ion conduction.
Computational studies, antimicrobial activity, inhibition of biofilm production, and safety profile of the cadmium complex of 1,10‐phenanthroline and cyanoguanidine
Authors: Falkievich Dana B. , Martínez Medina Juan J. , Alegre Walter S. , López Tévez Libertad L. , Franca Carlos A. , Ferrer Evelina G. , Williams Patricia A. M.
Published: April 2022

We have previously determined the crystal structure of the metal complex [Cd(1,10‐phenanthroline)2(SO4)H2O]cyanoguanidine•5H2O that was characterized by spectroscopic measurements. The antibacterial activity was also determined by the agar diffusion test (zones of inhibition). In the present work, calculations based on density functional theory were performed to determine the contributions of the two different tautomers of cyanoguanidine to the vibrational IR and Raman experimental spectra. Moreover, the antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) activity of the complex and cadmium ion was assessed and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The complexation increased the antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosaATCC 27853 and inhibited the biofilm production of this pathogen. Antimicrobial studies were coupled with the evaluation of safety, using the Artemia salinaand Ames test. At the concentrations tested, the cadmium complex behaved as a non‐mutagenic and non‐toxic compound. Therefore, the interaction of cadmium (II) with N and O‐containing ligands may provide a promising strategy for the development of novel and safe drugs with antimicrobial activity.
Quinoline‐fused both non‐peripheral and peripheral ZnIIand MgIIphthalocyanines: Anti‐cholinesterase, anti‐α‐glucosidase, DNA nuclease, antioxidant activities, and in silico studies
Authors: Yalazan Halise , Tüzün Burak , Akkaya Didem , Barut Burak , Kantekin Halit , Yıldırmış Sermet
Published: April 2022

Quinoline‐fused ZnII(ZnPcp/ZnPcnp) and MgII(MgPcp/MgPcnp) phthalocyanines with four 4‐methylquinolin‐2‐ol (1) at non‐peripheral or peripheral positions of the phthalocyanine core have been synthesized via cyclotetramerization of phthalonitrile derivatives (CNp/CNnp) in the presence of zinc (II) and magnesium (II) metal ions in this study. After synthesis and characterization processes, anti‐cholinesterase, anti‐α‐glucosidase, DNA nuclease, antioxidant activities, and in silico calculations of both peripheral and non‐peripheral ZnIIand MgIIphthalocyanines were investigated. The inhibitory effects of metallated phthalocyanines on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and α‐glucosidase enzymes were tested by spectrophotometric method. Theoretical methods are used to compare both the chemical and biological activities of the studied phthalonitrile derivatives and metallated phthalocyanine compounds.
Insights into the preparation and performance of SiO2@graphene oxide/epoxidized solution‐polymerized styrene butadiene rubber composites through experiments and molecular simulations
Authors: Chen Jialiang , Li Chichao , Chen Xi , Zhang Xuming , Jia Hongbing , Luo Zhenyang , Luo Yanlong
Published: April 2022

Epoxidized solution‐polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (ESSBR) with different epoxidation degrees was prepared using formic acid as a catalyst. Experimental methods and density function theory calculation confirms that peroxyformic acid preferentially attacks trans‐1,4‐butadiene, and then cis‐1,4‐butadiene, and 1, 2‐butadiene is not epoxidated due to high energy barrier. Two SiO2/graphene oxide hybrids covalently linked with bis‐[3‐(triethoxysilyl)propyl]‐tetrasulfide or 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) were prepared and named SiO2@TESPT@GO and SiO2@KH550@GO, respectively. The results for ESSBR composites filled by hybrid fillers indicate that the increase of epoxy degree can greatly improve the wet skid resistance while maintaining rolling resistance. Besides, in the case of the same epoxy degree, the rolling resistance of composites using hybrid fillers is lower than that of using SiO2 only. Notably, the SiO2@TESPT@GO/ESSBR composite with high epoxy degree (10.09%) has a good balance between wet skid resistance and low rolling resistance. Molecular dynamics simulation was further employed to perform fixed and cyclic stretching to give the mechanism for mechanical properties. Binding energy and mean square distance illustrate that that as the epoxy degree increases, on the one hand, the strong filler‐matrix interactions will make the movement of ESSBR chains keep up with the strain. On the other hand, the strong filler‐matrix and inter‐chain interactions provide more friction. These two factors lead to an increase in hysteresis loss. Besides, only moderate filler‐matrix interaction is conducive to the improvement of wet skid resistance, and too strong or too weak interaction is unfavorable.
Environmentally friendly plant‐based waterborne polyurethane for hydrophobic and heat‐resistant films
Authors: Wang Dayang , Huang Zhixiong , Shi Shaojun , Ren Jingyu , Dong Xiangbin
Published: April 2022

Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) is an environmentally friendly material using water as dispersion medium. However, it is significantly restricted that most of the soft segments in WPUs come from oil. In this work, environmentally friendly and low‐cost castor oil is used as the soft segment of polyurethane, and KH550 modification could improve the thermal stability and flexibility of CWPU. The results show that the particle size of the modified CWPU nano‐emulsion gradually increased to 60.48 nm. Through FTIR and XPS analysis, KH550 is successfully introduced into the castor oil‐based waterborne polyurethane system. After the CWPU‐3% film is treated with NaCl, NaOH, HCl solution and high temperature, the groups in the system remain unchanged which shows CWPU‐3% film having good chemical resistance and high temperature resistance. When the addition amount of KH550 is 3%, the maximum contact angle of the CWPU film was 92.39° which reveals good hydrophobic property. The tensile strength of the films increased from 10.2 MPa to 12.8 MPa, and the elongation at break decreased from 841.3% to 658.9%. The thermal stability of the CWPU films modified by KH550 were also improved. The modified CWPU film has excellent hydrophobicity, chemical resistance and temperature resistance.
The influence of flame retardant filler on the mechanical, thermal, rheological and flame retardancy properties of silane crosslinked linear low density polyethylene/low density polyethylene blend nanocomposite
Authors: Yussuf Abdirahman A. , Al‐Saleh Mohammad A. , Al‐Enezi Salah T. , Samuel Jacob , Al‐Banna Aseel , Kadhmi Roaya , Abraham Gils
Published: April 2022

Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) blend at 70/30 wt% ratio respectively was grafted and crosslinked with aluminum hydroxide (ATH) with and without the presence of montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay using twin screw extruder. The effect of flame retardant ATH loading (5, 10, 15, 20 wt%), with and without the addition of MMT nanoclay, on the mechanical, thermal, rheological, flame retardancy and morphological properties has been studied and reported. The incorporation of ATH filler into crosslinked LLDPE/LDPE blend enhanced all the aforementioned properties; and it was found that increasing ATH content from zero to 20 wt% has improved tensile strength of the virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend by about 16 MPa. However, the addition of MMT nanoclay into the crosslinked LLDPE/LDPE blend with ATH filler, particularly at higher ATH loading (20 wt%), has not significantly increased the tensile strength. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results have shown significant thermal stability improvement for virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend due to crosslinking, increased ATH filler loading, and subsequent addition of MMT nanoclay. However, at onset temperature, lower degradation rate was observed for samples containing higher ATH loading (15 and 20 wt%). At lower frequency region, it was found that the incorporation of higher ATH filler content and MMT nanoclay into crosslinked LLDPE/LDPE blend have increased the complex viscosity, storage modulus and loss modulus for virgin LLDPE/LDPE. The FTIR results have confirmed that silane crosslinking reaction of the virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend has occurred. The results obtained from flammability test, UL‐94 tests, showed that the flame retardancy of virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend has improved significantly due to the higher ATH filler loading, with and without the presence of MMT nanoclay filler. It was found that the higher ATH filler loading (20 wt%), addition of MMT nanoclay and subsequent crosslinking in the virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend have exhibited and achieved the best flame retardancy result for virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend. Furthermore, SEM results have also shown that improved flame retardancy for crosslinked LLDPE/LDPE blend samples containing a higher ATH loading and MMT nanoclay compared to virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend due to the formation of protective char layer on the surface, which finally enhanced flame retardancy properties of virgin LLDPE/LDPE blend.
Cellulose and lignin as carbon black replacement in natural rubber
Authors: Kazemi Hossein , Parot Maxime , Stevanovic Tatjana , Mighri Frej , Rodrigue Denis
Published: April 2022

Lignocellulosic fillers have gained attention as biofillers due to their low cost, availability, and eco‐friendly nature. Various lignocellulosic fillers from different sources having different chemical compositions have been used in natural rubber (NR) without sufficient comparison. So the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of two well defined industrial fillers (lignin and cellulose) along with black spruce cellulosic pulps obtained from an organosolv process on the properties of NR. To this end, a range (0/100–100/0) of lignin/cellulose (L/C) ratios is prepared. The biobased materials are chemically extracted from black spruce sawdust to partially replace carbon black (CB) in NR composites. The results show that higher L/C ratios provide higher tensile strength and elongation break, while lower ratios produce higher tensile modulus and hardness. These results indicate that a balance between different mechanical properties can be achieved by controlling the L/C ratio. A discussion on the total replacement of CB by lignin or cellulose is also presented to produce a more biobased compound.
Growth variation in the endangered fish Zingel asper: Contribution of substrate quality, hydraulics, prey abundance, and water temperature
Authors: Monnet Gauthier , Corse Emmanuel , Archambaud‐Suard Gaït , Grenier Rémi , Chappaz Rémi , Dubut Vincent
Published: April 2022

Intraspecific variation in life histories and its environmental correlates can indicate the degree of vulnerability to extinction of endangered taxa and guide conservation actions.

Zingel asper (Percidae) is an endangered fish endemic to the Rhône catchment (France and Switzerland), where five populations subsist in separate river systems (Loue, Beaume, Durance, Verdon, and Doubs). Two populations of Z. asper differ in growth and longevity, but the existence of broader intraspecific differentiation in life histories and the environmental origins of this variation (if any) remain unknown. The age structure and growth profile of four populations of Z. asper (Loue, Beaume, Durance, and Verdon) and nine additional sub‐populations within the Durance system were determined by scale‐reading analysis, before evaluating the contribution of measured variation in substrate quality, hydraulics, prey availability, and water temperature to growth differentiation among and within populations.

A trade‐off between early growth and longevity largely differentiated the populations of Z. asper along a slow (i.e. slower growth, smaller adult size, longevity of >5 years) to fast (i.e. faster growth, larger adult size, longevity of <4 years) continuum of life histories. This continuum differentiated populations from different river catchments along a south (Durance, Verdon) to north (Beaume, Loue) latitudinal gradient, and mapped onto an upstream–downstream gradient of sub‐populations within the Durance system. Differences in prey availability, hydraulics, and water temperature explained most of the growth variation among populations from different catchments, whereas local variation in prey availability, substrate quality, and water temperature mostly contributed to within‐river growth differentiation.

These results indicate that short life cycles strongly expose all populations of Z. asper to extirpation and should motivate additional conservation actions. This study illustrates how quantifying intraspecific variation in life histories and its sensitivity to ecological context can reliably assess extinction risk and guide conservation actions by identifying endangered populations requiring priority management.
Recent Progress on Sb‐ and Bi‐based Chalcogenide Anodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chang Che‐Bin , Tuan Hsing‐Yu
Published: April 2022

Potassium ion batteries (PIBs) are potential alternative energy storage systems to lithium ion batteries (LIBs), due to elemental abundance of potassium, low cost and similar working principle to LIBs. Recently, metal chalcogenides (MCs) have gained enormous interests, especially antimony (Sb)‐, bismuth (Bi)‐based chalcogenides because they were able to undergo alloying/conversion dual mechanism, which can provide higher specific capacity and energy density (K3Sb∼660 mA h g−1, K3Bi∼385 mA h g−1). However, several challenges hinder the development of Sb‐, Bi‐based chalcogenide anode materials for PIBs, such as huge volume expansion during potassiation, unstable solid‐electrolyte interface (SEI), slow reaction kinetics, and polychalcogenide‐induced shuttle effect. In this review, the current state‐of‐the‐art Sb‐, Bi‐based chalcogenides are comprehensively summarized, including the reaction mechanism, electrochemical performance, ingenious nanostructures, electrolyte systems, and prospects for future development. This review contributes to understanding the K+ storage mechanism and the interaction between active materials and electrolytes, providing guidance and foundation for the design of next‐generation high‐performance PIBs.