bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phycoremediation of heavy metals from a point source in asa drainage systems using Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)
Authors: Adewoye S.O. , Adenigba V.O. , Adewoye A.O.
Published: February 2021

The indiscriminate release of untreated or poorly treated effluent from industries into the environment is one of major challenge of industrialization. Heavy metals remain of the components of these effluent that has a deleterious effect on both aquatic lives and man who directly or indirectly depends on the aquatic system for survival. The persistent and non-biodegradable nature of heavy metals has required extended attention to materials that have the ability to remove the non-biodegradable metals by adsorption. The potential of Eichorniacrassipes as an adsorbent in removing heavy metals present in pharmaceutical effluent was investigated. The adsorbentwas introduced to the effluent under different concentrations (1, 5 and 10 mg) and contact time (24, 48 and 72 h). The concentration of Manganese, Copper, Lead and Zinc before and after the experiment was measured using Induced Coupled Plasma –Mass Spectrophotometer. The percentage reduction in concentration of each metal was calculated, for manganese, the highest percentage reduction of 61.86 % (1 mg at 24 h), 63.09 % (1 mg at 24 h), 38.99 % (1 mg, 72 h) and 93.37% (10 mg, 48 h) was reported for Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Lead respectively. This work has presented Eichornia crassipiesas a potential adsorbent with high heavy metal removal efficiency.
Global ocean mesoscale vortex recognition based on DeeplabV3plus model
Authors: Wang Taotao , He Hongchang , Fan Donglin , Fu Bolin , Dong Shundan
Published: February 2021

Ocean mesoscale vortices play a very important role in global energy and material transport, and to a large extent affect the distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton. Traditional mesoscale vortex extraction methods have the problems of dependence on threshold and sensitivity to noise. In recent years, the machine learning methods that have emerged in recent years have also made the generalization ability of the model poor due to the limited coverage of the training data set, resulting in most methods only suitable for extraction in specific sea areas. This paper uses daily global sea level data from 2008 to 2017, combined with the py-eddy algorithm, to complete the construction of a label data set covering the entire sea. At the same time, based on the DeeplabV3plus model, by adjusting the loss function, a recognition model conforming to the mesoscale vortex characteristics is realized. Experimental results show that the verification accuracy rate of the model reaches 80.5%, and the Kappa coefficient is 0.758. Compared with the previous extraction method, the accuracy of this model is increased by 13.8%, and the Kappa coefficient is increased by 0.255. Experiments show that the mesoscale vortex recognition method proposed in this paper has good recognition accuracy for different sea areas and different scale vortices.
Remote sensing abnormal extraction of hydroxyl alteration based on PCA method
Authors: Tianshi Feng , Zhiguo Pang , Wei Jiang , Guanbo Pei , Hao Li
Published: February 2021

Anomalous geological events often occur during the formation and evolution of mineral deposits. The use of remote sensing technology to extract anomalies is one of the important contents of remote sensing prospecting. The principle is to use different minerals to show differences in the responses of different bands of remote sensing images. Landsat satellite has accumulated massive amounts of remote sensing image data since its launch, providing a research foundation for geological remote sensing. This paper takes the eastern part of Tuoli County, Tacheng District, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as the research area, and selects ENVI software for remote sensing image preprocessing and remote sensing anomaly extraction. Four bands including TM1, TM4, TM5, and TM7 of Landsat5 TM image are used as the basic bands for extracting hydroxyl remote sensing anomaly information. After preprocessing, the influence of vegetation and water bodies on remote sensing prospecting is suppressed by masking method, and then the Corsta method is used to delimit the threshold value to judge the degree of alteration. The PCA method is generally used to extract the remote sensing anomalies of hydroxyl alteration in the study area, and finally the thematic map visually displays the results of the remote sensing anomaly extraction, which proves that the PCA method based on Landsat5 TM images can provide a certain reference for geological work such as prospecting.
Initiation characteristics of tight sandstone reservoir under different fracturing fluid infiltrations
Authors: Zhang Yin , Yu Rangang , Yang Wendong , Tian Yong , Shi Zhicheng , Sheng Chengxiang , Sun Hongyuan
Published: February 2021

True triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments were carried out on artificial analogue rock samples (AARS) of tight sandstone to analyze initiation characteristics under different fracturing fluid (FF) infiltrations. Moreover, the initiation was monitored by acoustic emission (AE) system. The results show that: FF fracturing has the lowest initiation pressure (37.7MPa) and average pressurization rate (0.2MPa/s), and takes the longest time for initiation (209s). Besides, AE signal is scattered and no extension appears after initiation. FF + temporary plugging agent (TP) fracturing has the highest initiation pressure (43.5MPa) which is lower than extension pressure, and it also has higher pressurization rate and amplitude peak as well as shorter time for initiation compared with FF fracturing. As for FF + sleeve fracturing and FF + nano-organo boron crosslinking agent (NBC) fracturing, they have much shorter time for initiation as well as higher evidently average pressurization rate and amplitude peak. Extension pressure is lower than initiation and almost all AE signal is concentrated at initiation moment.
Research on Sawing Mining Technology of Soft Dimension Stone
Authors: Ronggang Lv , Jianqiao Yang , Qizhong Luo
Published: February 2021

China is the main production and consumption country of dimension stone in the world, the development of dimension stone industry is of great significance. According to the concept, types and characteristics of dimension stone, this paper analyzes the factors affecting dimension stone mining, introduces the general technological process of dimension stone mining. On the basis of analysis, comparison and comprehensive research, combined with literature and practical experience of dimension stone exploitation, the paper puts forward more advanced, efficient and safer soft dimension stone sawing technology and various concrete schemes of soft dimension stone mining, and also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sawing methods and the future development trends of sawing technology.
Source rock characteristics and sedimentary environment analysis of Lucaogou Formation in the eastern Jimusaer Sag, Junggar Basin
Authors: Feng Chengcheng , Haiguang Wu
Published: February 2021

In recent years, shale oil has gradually become the focus of oil exploration. The source rocks of Lucaogou Formation in the east of Jimusaer Sag of the Junggar basin have great shale oil potential. However, there is still much controversy regarding the sedimentary environment of the source rocks which restrict shale oil exploration. In order to address this problem, 45 mudstone samples of Jx-1 well are selected for testing and analysis. The results show that the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusaer Sag is developed with high quality source rocks, and the organic matter type is mainly type II, and the source rocks are in mature stage. Both higher terrestrial plants and aquatic algae are important sources of organic matter in source rocks, but the source of organic matter is still dominated by lower aquatic organisms. The source rocks of Lucaogou Formation are mainly deposited in reducing environment, and the water salinity is high, which is conducive to the preservation of organic matter.
Object Recognition of Urban Buildings in High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery
Authors: Liu Yuan
Published: February 2021

High-resolution remote sensing images can finely express rich surface information. Using the macroscopic and spatial-temporal full coverage advantages of high-resolution remote sensing images for urban building objectification recognition is a current research hot spot in the field of remote sensing image analysis and application. However, the current research still lacks effective technical means to convert surface elements quickly and accurately from remote sensing image space to geographic information space. In this paper, the complementary advantages between image processing and deep learning are combined to research target-level extraction of high-resolution remote sensing urban buildings based on the building element information data. The experimental results achieved the precision of 0.9481 and the recall of 0.9733, indicating that the method proposed in this paper can be applied to the effective extraction of urban-level buildings, which expands the theoretical basis of the object recognition method of remote sensing thematic features based on the idea of object image analysis.
Computer modeling of gas shale reservoirs basing on dynamic mechanical characteristics - A Case Study of Well No. 202 in Weiyuan Area of Sichuan Basin
Authors: Zhu Zhengping , Li Sheng , Zhou Yali , Chang Tianquan , Xiong Qian
Published: February 2021

Global shale oil and gas resources are very rich, are becoming an important supplement to conventional oil and gas. However, due to strong plasticity, strong reservoir stress sensitivity and poor stability, easy burst collapse, rupture, card Drilling or well leakage and other phenomena, restricting the development of shale oil and gas resources. In order to improve the safety and efficiency of the shale formation drilling project, This paper uses the rock physics, logging, geology and other disciplines as the theoretical guidance, using the dynamic model to build the method, and the No. 202 well logging data and related research results as an example, the prediction, verification and evaluation of rock mechanics parameters, in-situ stress, wellbore stability and compressibility of the shale formation were carried out respectively. The results show that the rock mechanics model provides the key information for the construction of hydraulic fracturing engineering. There are significant wall collapse phenomena in the well sections of the Well No. 202, and there are significant differences in the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses at specific parts. The results of this study are of great significance to the follow-up of shale reservoirs and the design of late fracturing.
Detection Capability and Application Analysis of the Small-Loop Transient Electromagnetic Method
Authors: Zhengyu Xu , Nengyi Fu , Longhuan Liu , Xian Liao , Xuhua Liu , Zhihong Fu
Published: February 2021

When working in the areas with strong interference and limited sites, such as cities, dams, and mountainous areas, using the conventional transient electromagnetic (TEM) devices is difficult to lay out large transmitter loops for conventional surveys. The small-loop transient electromagnetic method, which has the advantages of lightweight and high efficiency, is a new technology of current researches. First of all, A one-dimensional (1-D) layered model and a three-dimensional (3-D) homogeneous half-space model were established by using numerical simulation method. The research results show that the small-loop TEM devices can not only accurately reflect the anomaly information of deep targets, but also be more sensitive to the detection of shallow targets. By using high-current technology, the signal intensity and detection depth of multi-turn small-loop TEM devices and that of large loop device are the same. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of small-loop devices were verified through analysing the results of dam karst investigation. The research work provides a reference for the qualitative analysis of response characteristics and data interpretation of small-loop TEM.
Application research of attribute fusion technology based on principal component analysis in fracture identification
Authors: Wang Rui , Qiong Li
Published: February 2021

The seismic interpretation and analysis of a single attribute has multiple solutions and limitations, so the article proposes the technical research on the feature identification of fault structure based on the attribute fusion of principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicate that, compared with a single attribute, the integrated seismic attributes obtained by the fusion of the principal component analysis (PCA) method can more clearly reflect the development direction and boundary range of the fault, and the small fractures distributed around it can also be more obvious. The characterization proves that this technology has great application potential in fracture identification.
Simulation of seawater eddy current loss in in-situ detection system for the magnetic properties of seabed sediments
Authors: Zhao Tianxue , Pan Weidong
Published: February 2021

This paper mainly simulates and analyzes the working conditions of the in-situ detection system for the magnetic properties of seabed sediments in the marine environment. Firstly, the causes and influencing factors of eddy current loss in seawater are analyzed. Secondly, the influence of seawater eddy current loss is equivalent to seawater impedance circuit, and the influence on coil resistance, inductance and magnetic field generated by the coil is qualitatively analyzed. Finally, a COMSOL simulation model is built to verify the mentioned-above theoretical analysis. The simulation results show that compared with those in the air environment, the equivalent resistance of the coil increases, the equivalent inductance decreases and the magnetic field generated by the coil decreases in the marine environment.
The theory of drought-earthquake relationship revisited
Authors: Jinhua Zhao , Hanpeng Lu , Hong Li , Jianchang Zheng , Puyu Zhong , Feng Wang
Published: February 2021

Geng Qingguo summarized the drought-earthquake relationship data from 1956 to 1972 to derive a theoretical formula for drought-earthquake. In this paper, the area of the drought area and the duration of drought before the ½ magnitude earthquake in Tancheng in 1668 were substituted into this formula to invert the future earthquake magnitude. At the same time, the magnitude 7 earthquakes that occurred since 1972 that were related to drought were also inverted for future magnitudes. The analysis suggests that there may be a relationship between drought and earthquakes, and that the drought-earthquake relationship can also be used as one of the medium-term forecasting methods for large earthquakes when earthquake forecasting has not yet been overcome, and the possible future earthquake magnitudes in drought areas are calculated by Geng Qingguo’s empirical formula for drought-earthquakes.
Development characteristics and formation mechanism of two-phase transfer zone during rifting in Wushi Sag, Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea
Authors: Dong Fang , Wu kongyou
Published: February 2021

Based on the three-dimensional seismic dataset, we consider a key area in Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, combined with quantitative analysis method, in order to define the features of transfer zone, and its temporal spatial development mechanism is revealed. The two boundary faults in the study area constitute an S-type fault system which does not connect. During the Paleogene rifting, the fault systems and Structuralstratigraphic characteristics between Eocene and Oligocene rifting sequences are different, the ways and quantities of transfer displacement are also distinctly different: (1) The two-phase of Eocene and Oligocene generally developed transfer zones, which were controlled by the structure background and boundary conditions, the formation mechanism of the transfer zone was different in time and space, the distribution of the transfer zone was distinctly different; (2) The Ailaoshan-Honghe strike slip fault, the extension derived from the expansion of the South China Sea have a significant impact on the transfer zone formation and characteristics. The segmented growth of the fault has a direct impact on the formation of the transfer zone. This study reveals the formation mechanism of the transfer zone of superimposed basins in China offshore, which is beneficial to hydrocarbon accumulation in Eocene and Oligocene sequences.
Seismic signal denoising method based on CEEMD and improved wavelet threshold
Authors: Qiao Yun , Li Qiong , Qian Haodong , Song Xin
Published: February 2021

Seismic data usually contains a lot of noise. In order to effectively remove noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic signals, this paper proposes a method of combining complete empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) with improved wavelet threshold denoising.method. CEEMD has good adaptability to signal decomposition; the new wavelet threshold function can effectively overcome the discontinuity of hard threshold function and the deviation of wavelet coefficients in soft threshold function. The combination of the two methods can obtain better denoising effect. After processing the simulated signal with the method proposed in this paper, the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly better than the traditional single denoising method.
Research and Application of Seismic data Denoising and Reconstruction method based on Compressed Sensing
Authors: Yang Haitao , Li Qiong
Published: February 2021

The quality of seismic data has always been an important factor restricting the results of data processing and interpretation. With the development of new technologies, the amount of collected data is also increasing, and the existence of noise is inevitable. Therefore, denoising has become a major problem. Therefore, the compressed sensing theory is used in the article, and the K-SVD learning dictionary is used as a sparse base to perform denoising tests on the model data of different layers, and then the actual seismic profile of a certain work area is processed. The results show that the K-SVD learning dictionary can better denoise the signal and reconstruct the original signal, which lays a good foundation for the subsequent interpretation work.
Production of Bioelectricity from Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC) Using Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Batik Wastewater
Authors: Polontalo N F , Joelyna F A , Hadiyanto H
Published: February 2021

Nowadays, the usage of batik clothes increased would make batik wastewater more desecrate the rivers in Indonesia. Batik wastewater contained much of chemical substances, so that very dangerous. One of environmentally alternatives energy that could solve this problem was Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) which utilizes organic matter as an energy source of microbes in carrying out its metabolic activities to produce electricity. MFC system with microalgae named Microalgae Microbial Fuel Cell (MMFC). In this study, it would investigate the electrical energy produced by MMFC using Chlorella pyrenoidosa as catholyte and batik wastewater as anolyte. This study aims to evaluate performance of MMFC based on the influence of yeast variations (2 gr/L and 8 gr/L), concentration of wastewater (100%v and 50%v), and number of graphite electrode (1:1 and 2:2). The methods started from culturing microalgae. Then, MMFC simulation operated for 7 days. Every 24 hours, voltage and current were measured to be processed into polarization curve. The value of absorbance and COD level of wastewater too. The results of this study showed that 100%v batik wastewater, 2:2 bars graphite electrode, and 8 gr/L yeast addition was the best results in MMFC simulation.
Reusing of furnace bottom ash as an adsorbent for phosphate removal from water
Authors: Samaka Isra’a S. , Al-Janabi Abduljaleel , Abdulredha M , Alkandari Abdullah , Abdellatif Mawada , Yeboah David
Published: February 2021

Phosphate is a common chemical element that resides extensively in the Earth’s crust, and its presence in water results in eutrophication of water. Therefore, many studies were devoted to study the ability of phosphate removal from water and wastewater using different treatment methods. Recent studies have suggested that filtration treatment techniques are effective for phosphate removal with one disadvantage which is the high cost of industrial filtration materials used. As a result, recent studies are concentrating on minimizing the operational costs of the filtration method by using cost-effective alternatives. This study is focusing on the efficiency of using the wastes of the iron industry (furnaces bottom ashes (FBAs)) for phosphates elimination from synthetic water. Several operational conditions which are detention times, FBAs doses, and phosphate concentrations, were studied to obtain the best conditions which ensure the best possible removal rate and a reasonable operational cost. The results indicated that FBAs are an efficient alternative for phosphate removal with an optimum removal rate of 88.9% with 31 min retention time, phosphate concentration of 5 mg/L, and 550 mg/L FBAs doses. The results obtained were used to construct a model with high reliability at R2 = 0.967.
Copper removal from water using carbonized sawdust
Authors: Al-Sareji Osamah J. , Abdulredha M , Mubarak Hayfaa A. , Grmasha Ruqayah A. , Alnowaishry Abdalrahman , Kot Patryk , Al-Khaddar Rafid , AlKhayyat Ahmed
Published: February 2021

The occurrence of heavy metals in water sources is grave worldwide concerns for many reasons, firstly because the heavy metals could remain in the water for very long periods because they cannot be degraded by the microorganisms. Secondly, the heavy metals can be accumulated in the bodies of plants and other living cells to toxic levels and could affect humans through the food chain. Finally, the contaminated water by heavy metals causes severe health problems for consumers, such as kidney and brain diseases. Therefore, the development of effective water treatment methods for remediation of water from heavy metals is a vital concern for scientists nowadays. The present work uses sawdust as a chemically activated adsorbent to remove copper. The adsorption experiments were employed in a batch system to investigate the impact of different parameters such as contact time, solution pH, and adsorbent dose. The favorable pH for maximum copper removal was at neutral. After performing the batch experiments, an optimum contact time of 150 min was adopted. The findings indicated that the sawdust dosage of 2 g/L removed about 79% from the copper concentration in the aqueous solution. Sawdust has been successfully utilized as low-cost sorbents for copper removal.
Optimization of electrochemical removal of metal pollution from aqueous solution
Authors: Alkizwini Rasha S. , Alquzweeni Saif S. , Thejeel Khalida A. , Aldhafiri Homoud S. , Kot Patryk , Gkantou Michaela , AlKhayyat A. H.
Published: February 2021

Manganese (Mn) is expected in the majority of freshwater sources due to the wide usage of this element in many industries, such as steel and battery industries, where its concentration in some water bodies could exceed 9600 μg/L. High concentrations of Mn cause many diseases such as Parkinsonism, and lung diseases. The present investigation explores an electrocoagulation unit to remove manganese from water. The electrodes of the electrocoagulation unit are made from iron and aluminium (iron anode, and aluminium cathode). This cell is employed to remediate water samples with 2000 μg/L of manganese. The impacts of many different operating factors, specifically the initial pHs, electric currents, and distances between electrodes, on manganese removals was tested to attend the best performance of manganese removal. The central composite method was applied for the optimization of the operating conditions. Additionally, the estimated power consumption was calculated under the optimum conditions. The outcomes of this investigation revealed that at initial pH of 6.0, the current density of 0.5 mA/cm2, and inter-electrode distances of 5 mm, the maximum manganese removal efficiency (97.2 %) was achieved. Additionally, the reuired power consumption was 3.2 kWh/m3, while the operating cost was £0.48 per m3.
Evaluation of the Use of Lignocellusic Biomass in Thermal Insulation for Green Building
Authors: Cotterill Jacob , Ethaib Saleem , Hashim Khalid , Alqashou Faisal , Al-Hayawi Anas Y. , Abdellatif Mawada , Gkantou Michaela , Shubbar Ali
Published: February 2021

Preserving the temperature of the indoor environment within the acceptable limits during the cold weather using a minimal amount of energy consumption is an important factor in the modern housing systems and green buildings. Therefore, this study aims to provide eco-friendly insulation material (organic material). The utlised organic material in this study was Lignocellusic Biomass (it is also known as Poaceae common reed, and Phragmites australis) and straw. The insulation efficiency of this organic matter was evaluated via testing its performance under controlled conditions. The experimental work included three types of insulation, namely organic insulation (straw and reeds), industrial insulation material (fiberglass), and bricks (without insulation). The insulation level was monitored using an infrared camera. The thermal profile was created for each insulation scenario. The results showed that the efficiency of the organic insulation was similar to the fiberglass; only a 0.84% difference was noticed between the industrial and the organic insulation materials in terms of efficiency, which proves that the Lignocellusic Biomass is a potential eco-friendly alternative for the industrial insulation materials.
CFD Analysis for Different Types of Fins to Enhancement the Heat Transfer Rate Through A Cross Flow Heat Exchanger
Authors: Merdan Shatha Ali , Kadhim Zena Khalefa , Alwan Ali Arkan
Published: February 2021

The main target of this study is to find and compare the effect of fins design, surface area and air distribution on the heat transfer of the Cross-flow heat exchanger. This study includes Six different models designed using Solid work 2017 program and numerically analyzed using ANSYS 16.1. All finned tubes share similar dimensions with (24, 19 and 21) mm of outer, inner and root diameters respectively. The study clarified non-linear relationship between the increase in surface area, the rate of the heat transfer, the coefficient of the heat transfer and enhancement ratio, taking into consideration the effect of the external shape of the fin and the method of air distribution on the surface of the tubes. Circular fins with a rectangular section showed the best heat transfer rate among all others models, although the increase in surface area of circular fins was not optimal among the other fins.
A spatial and temporal comparison of Five Total Electron Content providers
Authors: Mohammed Jareer
Published: February 2021

The Total Electron Content (TEC) is an important part for the GNSS community and the users because of their effect on the obtained accuracy for computing the higher order ionospheric delay and the study of the ionosphere layer. Many analysis centres are generating those TEC values on daily basis. This can provide the users with different alternatives TEC values for the same location. Thus, this paper critically tries to investigate the generated TEC values from four scientific analysis centres (ACs). Those ACs are COD, ESA, JPL and WHU. A temporal for one year (2018), and spatial for -87.5 to 87.5 latitude and from -180 to 180 longitude TEC values statistical comparison have been investigated to understand the accuracy level of the four provided products. Those value have been compared to the international GNSS Service (IGS) TEC values for the same temporal and spatial resolution. Four-time scale in the day have been examined in this analysis to cover different times for one day. The statistical results show that all the differences from the four ACs comparing to the IGS could reach accuracies within ∼1 TECu which is equivalent to 1/3 nanosecond.
Effect of soil saturation conditions and helical configurations on compression capacity of screw piles
Authors: Mahmood Mahmood R , Salim Nahla M , Al-Gezzy Ammar A
Published: February 2021

Helical piles provide many advantages over other conventional piles system. Most studies focuses on the performance of these piles in the dry and fully saturated soils. Rare studies are curried out to evaluate the performance of helical piles in partially saturated soils. Small scale models of steel piles of 600mm length with single, double, and triple helices have been embedded in cohesion less soil a depth of 400mm, the inner pipe diameter (d) was 20 mm and the helix diameter (D) was 50mm with spacing between helices of 3D, (i.e wing ratio (S/D) of 3). The models were tested using different soil saturations conditions (dry, fully saturated, and partially saturated soils). A pipe pile model was tested as a reference for bearing capacity improvement ratio. The results showed that the helical pile models and the pipe pile in fully saturation condition have less ultimate capacity compared to other soil conditions. The increment of bearing capacity increased for partially saturated soils than that of fully saturated soil by 1.5 to 1.8 times. The percentage of improvement of bearing capacity for additional helices single double and triple, embedded within fully saturation soil were 33.3%, 45.0% and 108.3% respectively, than shaft pile only.
Removal of fluoride, nitrates and phosphor from drinking water using electrocoagulation: A Review
Authors: Abdulkhadher Rusul K , Jaeel Ali j
Published: February 2021

This paper is intended to provide a review of the published literature on the topic of electrocoagulation technology. Water treatment processes containing inorganic anions (fluoride, nitrates and phosphorous) are discussed, including electrocoagulation technology. Electrocoagulation technology is a simple and environmentally friendly electrochemical technique that produces less sludge compared to other treatments. Coagulant production from dissolution of the sacrificial anode and formation of metal hydroxides. The efficiency of the process depends on the type and arrangement of the electrodes, the distance between the electrodes, the operating time, the pH, and the temperature.
Physicochemical properties of modified epoxy used for reinforcing concrete by carbon fiber reinforced polymer
Authors: Al-Attar Alya’a A , Abdulrahman Mazin B , Dawood Eethar Thanon , Abdulla Aziz I , Juma’ah Muyasser M , Rzazk Hashim A
Published: February 2021

This work is an experimental investigation about the properties of sand-powder adhesive subjected to high temperature. Thus, three main mixtures were tested. These mixes contain three different sand to adhesive ratios; 0:1, 1:1 and 1.5:1. The Simultaneous of Thermal Analyzers (STA); represent real-time measurement, change of sample weight analysis and heat flow were investigated. The results indicated that the physicochemical properties (residual mechanical properties, residual weight, weight losing rate, glass transition temperature (Tg), Carbonate point or extrapolated onset temperature (To), and heat flow) have been remarkably enhanced by the addition of sand-powder. The addition of sand resulted in increased epoxy resistance to high heat. When the sand-powder exposed to 550 ° C, the weight loss of the epoxy was 52%, 30% and 25% for sand to adhesive ratios equal to 0, 1, and 1.5 % respectively. In other words, the epoxy containing a high proportion of sand retained 25% of its weight under the influence of a high temperature degree. Adding sand increases the temperature and time necessary to reach the first and second carbonation point. Adding sand to adhesive increase the temperature needed to reach the glazing point Tg and the point of reversal in the curve derived from loss of weight.
The evaluation of the abrasion damage in hydraulic structures using the modified test method
Authors: Hamedi Mostafa H. , Hilo Ali N. , Al-Ghasham Thaar S. , Ayoob Nadheer S. , Shirazi Hamid , Al-Mousawy Russul N.
Published: February 2021

Disastrous damages can occur in the strategic structures such as the stilling basins due to the action of waterborne solid that withdrawn by the flowing water of very high velocities. Such phenomenon can impose high maintenance efforts and costs, and minimize the service life of these structures. One of the available solutions is the improvement of the concrete mixture to resist the abrasion damage. In this paper, the abrasion resistance of normally vibrated concrete mixtures was estimated using a modified abrasion device. Accordingly, 18 specimens were cast. Three various compressive strengths (25, 35, and 55 MPa) were tested at the 7-day and 28-day ages. Furthermore, to improve the abrasion damage of the used apparatus, two paddles with angles of 30 and 60° were used in addition to the original paddle of 45°. The results revealed that for the paddle of 60°, the wearing resistance of concrete was lowered by 11.9 and 49.9% because of the enhancement of the strength from 25 to 35 and 55 MPa at the 28-day age, respectively. Additionally, the lowest abrasive ability of the apparatus was achieved by the use of the standard paddle, while the highest can be achieved by the paddle of 60°.
Oilfield-produced water characteristics and treatment technologies: a mini review
Authors: Abbas Abdulaziz Jafar , Gzar Hatem Asal , Rahi Mahdi Nuhair
Published: February 2021

The produced water considers as the largest waste stream in the oilfields and refineries, which has a high concentration of hydrocarbons, heavy metals besides other pollutants. As per the increase in the activity of industries, the generated produced water has increased all over the world and treating it for reusing becomes now important from the environmental point of view. Treatment of produced water can be achieved within different processes or methods including physical (filtration, adsorption, etc.), chemical (precipitation, oxidation), and biological (activated sludge, biological aerated filters and others) methods. The aim of this paper is to highlighting and discussing the characteristics of produced water in detail besides the physical, chemical, and biological techniques used for the treatment of the produced water.
Removal lead Pb (II) from wastewater using kaolin clay
Authors: Hussain Shaymaa Talib , Ali Seroor Atalah Khaleefa
Published: February 2021

In this experiment’s kaolin clay was applied as adsorbent material for remove lead (Pb+2) from simulated wastewater. Many experiments were done at variance conditions, such as pH, initial concentration of Pb ions and adsorbent weight. Highest removal efficiency (85.1) % was obtained at 2g adsorbent weight,10 mg/L initial metal concentration with pH5. Consequences appeared that kaolin clay is perfect in removing Pb+2 from wastewater. Adsorption isotherm of Pb+2 ions by kaolin clay was conducted with Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms which had good effects, that reported. FTIR images of kaolin clay before and after adsorption were completely verified the uptake of Pb+2 The aim of current work is to use kaolinite clay for investigating adsorption properties of Pb+2 from polluted water.
Treatment of petroleum refinery effluents and wastewater in Iraq: A mini review
Authors: Rahi Mahdi Nuhair , Jaeel Ali Jweid , Abbas Abdulaziz Jafar
Published: February 2021

In the analysis undertaken, we review waste from the crude oil and fuel refining. In addition to petrochemical intermediate products industry in Iraq in petroleum refinery effluents (PRE). The study shows the significant detrimental impacts of the Iraqi refinery effluent pollution. The research illustrated the handling of wastewater in refineries. This study shows that the emissions from Iraqi refineries comes out to the farthest extent. We were often based on environmental toxins such as Couscous Pollutants, Liquid Pollutants and Strong Pollutants in the Southern Refineries. In addition, we follow the forms in which refining waste in Iraq is treated. To date, oil refineries have struggled to meet their commitments effectively while atmospheric regulation in their fields continues to be neglected and environmental protection schemes that contribute to oil pollution mitigations are less regarded. The government, on the other hand, has shown no commitment to enact its minimum environmental legislation. As a consequence, it is clear that the area’s oil and refineries, particularly refineries, have important repercussions for livelihoods and agriculture.
Modified FIA-CL system for the on-line analysis of Pb(II) in aqueous solution, following treatment with chemically modified tomato peel as a biosorbent
Authors: Saleem Parween H. , Abdullah Hadar M. , Yasin Suhad A.
Published: February 2021

Low waste generation represents a comprehensive orientation in analytical chemistry. It also forms a goal of flow injection analysis (FIA). The current research aims at modifying the injection part of the lucigenin-H2O2-OH- Pb(II) chemiluminescence detection system with flow injection analysis (FIA-CL) for an online Pb(II) analysis. The modified system was employed to determine the Pb(II)concentration. This was followed by treatment with crude tomato peels as an absorbent as tomato peels were treated with NaOH, carbonized tomato peels with HCl, and carbonized tomato peels with H2SO4. Under optimum experimental conditions, a calibration graph, represented by peak height (mV), was constructed based on plotting the chemiluminescence (CL) intensity, against (μg.ml−1) Pb(II) concentration, 10–90 μg.ml−1 range, 0.9913 correlation coefficient. Langmuir and Freundlich, used as isotherm models to verify the equilibrium results. The adsorption of Pb(II) on crude tomato peels and treated tomato peel was followed by the Langmuir model due to the high correlation coefficient (R2).
Azo Coupling Reaction for indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Furosemide using Resorcinol as a Reagent
Authors: Abdullah Ali I. , Abass Sumayha M.
Published: February 2021

A simple and accurate method to determinate furosemide (FUR) based on converting the secondary amine to primary amine with acidic hydrolysis then azotization by nitrous acid and coupled with resorcinol as a coupling agent in aqueous medium at pH 13. The optical characteristic like beers law limit found to be (0.25-2.5) μg.ml−1, detection and quantification limits (0.0196) (0.0654) μg.ml−1respectivly and Sandel sensitivity was 0.006738 μg.cm−2. The least-square method was used to evaluate the regression equation and the correlation coefficient. The resulted azo dye has a maximum absorbance at 430 nm with light orange color. The developed method was successfully applied to determinate FUR in its formulation with 84-105 % as a recovery with a relative standard deviation not more 2% and less than 5% relative error. To validate the proposed method, the standard addition method was applied to evaluate FUR in different formulation sources.
Estimation of some active compounds in members from Cynareae tribe (Asteraceae) growing in central and northern Iraq
Authors: Hamad Wijdan S. A. , Al-Khesraji Talib O.
Published: February 2021

In this study, 8 monoterpenes compounds (α-pinene, Camphor, Cineole, Limonene, Linalool, Myrcene, Sabinen and Terpinene) were identified in volatile oils or essential oils (EOs) from leaves and flowerheads, and total carotenoids from the flowerheads of 7 Cynareae taxa (Asteraceae) growing in Iraq were studied. Linalool is the main ingredient in all leaves of the studied species (ranging 12.3 - 13.4%), while the proportion of myrcine ranged (15.0-26.8%) in the flowerheads in the rest of the studied species Cineole in both plant parts exhibited the lowest amounts in all studied species. the flowerheads showed higher EOS contents than the leaves. In all species studied Centaurea Hyalolipids showed the highest EOs content compared to the other studied species. Centaurea benedicta showed the highest carotenoid content (15.96 mg/L) while Centaurea bruguieriana exhibited the lowest (8.88 mg/L).
Correlated reconstruction for the phase-only Fourier hologram with incoherent illumination
Authors: Zhao Ya-Nan , Zhang Su-Heng , Cui Wen-Le , Cao De-Zhong , Liang Bao-Lai
Published: February 2021

Regarding a phase-only Fourier hologram, coherent illumination is required in its optical reconstruction. However, this requirement faces a challenge in lensless Fourier-transform correlated imaging with thermal sources. In this research, a correlated reconstruction scheme for the phase-only Fourier hologram with spatially incoherent illumination by utilizing intensity fluctuation correlation measurements is proposed. Numerical simulation and optical experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility of the correlated reconstruction scheme. Because the proposal requires neither a coherent light source nor a lens, holographic reconstruction can circumvent the limitation of the spatial coherence light source and the influence of lens aberrations.
Music in a global world
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: February 2021

‘Music in a global world’ discusses the relationship of music to colonization and globalization. In the colonies music contributed to the legitimizing of hegemony, while at home it functioned as a means of representing foreign cultures, generally portraying them as both different and inferior. This illustrates how music can serve the ends of cultural and political ideologies, but it can equally be a means to neutralize, resist, or interrogate power. It can also be an instrument of modernization and nation building, as illustrated by the example of China. There are many examples of cross-cultural interaction and hybridization, ranging from classical and modernist music to the development and globalization of popular musics. In addition, there are a number of alternative conceptions of ‘world music’ that range from the commercial to the speculative. Looking again at the Prudential commercial shows the value of music in contemporary society.
Marketing: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth
Published: February 2021

Marketing: A Very Short Introduction provides a general overview of the function and importance of marketing to modern organizations. Marketing is pivotal in today’s world as it stands at the interface between customers and businesses, determining and responding to customer needs, while also providing competitor and customer information to an organization. This VSI discusses how marketing remains central to creating competitive advantage, and why it needs to be forward looking and constantly reinventing itself in line with new developments in the marketplace, such as the growth of social media. It also considers the importance of ethics and responsible marketing in a globalized world.
Segmentation, targeting, and positioning, and the role of branding
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth
Published: February 2021

This chapter assesses marketing segmentation, targeting, and positioning, and considers the role of branding. Marketing segmentation ensures that the organization’s resources are directed at the customer segments that are going to provide the best returns. The four generic segmentation methods that are commonly used to group customers by their overall characteristics are described as: geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioural. Positioning concerns the act of designing the organization’s offering so that it occupies a distinct position within its customers’ minds. Meanwhile, the four types of targeted marketing strategies of undifferentiated, differentiated, focused, and customized are explored. Lastly, the importance of brand (an intangible asset of the organization that embodies their values) to marketing efforts is discussed.
Product, new product development, and service marketing
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth
Published: February 2021

This chapter highlights the product (goods or services) that the organization provides to their customers to generate money by satisfying their needs. Product characteristics can be configured or manipulated to meet the needs of various target customer groups. The concept of the product lifecycle helps marketers to decide how and when to market various products to different target groups, and to decide when the offer needs to be refreshed or repositioned in the marketplace. The chapter then explores new product development (NPD), which is how and when existing products are replaced with an improved offer. It also considers the product portfolio or product mix; market/product growth strategies; and service marketing.
4. A global Cold War, 1950–8
Authors: McMahon Robert J.
Published: February 2021

‘A global Cold War, 1950–8’ examines how the Cold War became increasingly global in scope. The Americans and the Soviets each identified crucial strategic, economic, and psychological interests in the developing nations of the Third World, and sought to gain resources, bases, allies, and influence there. Ironically, the Korean War set in motion forces that helped stabilize US–Soviet relations while institutionalizing the East–West division of Europe in a manner that decreased the likelihood of war between the superpowers.
The very idea of a military conflict there became increasingly unpalatable to Soviet and American leaders. The nuclear armaments race between the United States and the Soviet Union was an important event in this period of the Cold War.
Penal law
Authors: Baderin Mashood A.
Published: February 2021

‘Penal law’ reviews Islamic penal law, the most controversial aspect of Islamic law that often prompts heated debate about its applicability in contemporary times. Classical Islamic law classifies crimes and their punishments into three main categories: hudūd, qisās, and ta’zīr. Substantively, the hudūd and qisās offences are specifically prescribed in the Qur’an and/or the Sunnah, while the ta’zīr offences are left to the discretion of the ruling authority or judges. There are a number of evidential requirements and standard of proving criminal offences under Islamic law. The classical Islamic penal rules are now codified into the current penal codes of a few Muslim-majority states, with necessary modifications.
Putting the Appropriator Back in Cultural Appropriation
Authors: Tuvel Rebecca
Published: February 2021

This paper seeks to clear up the confusion surrounding debates over cultural appropriation. To do so, I argue for an agent-centred approach—a focus on appropriators more than appropriation. In my view, cultural misappropriation involves agents who exhibit disregard toward a relevant culture and its members. I argue further that this approach improves upon recent alternative philosophical approaches to cultural appropriation, which I divide into two camps: toleration-based and power-based.
Data Sources That Enumerate People Experiencing Homelessness in the United States: Opportunities and Challenges for Epidemiologic Research
Authors: Mosites Emily , Morris Sapna Bamrah , Self Julie , Butler Jay C
Published: February 2021

Homelessness is associated with a multitude of poor health outcomes. However, the full extent of the risks associated with homelessness is not possible to quantify without reliable population data. Here, we outline 3 federal, publicly available data sources for estimating the number of people experiencing homelessness in the United States. We describe the appropriate uses and limitations of each data source in the context of infectious disease epidemiology. These data sources provide an opportunity to expand current research and develop actionable analyses.