bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delivering the ‘new’ Canadian midwifery: the impact on midwifery of integration into the Ontario health care system
Authors: Bourgeault Ivy
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the impact on midwifery of its recent integration into the provincial health care system in Ontario, Canada. Data are derived from participant‐observation, primary and secondary source documents, and key informant interviews. Based on these data, I argue that midwifery has changed throughout the integration process but it has also successfully resisted change. Specifically, the organisation of the midwifery community evolved from an amorphous social movement to a more bureaucratically organised profession. The regulation of midwifery also shifted from direct‐regulation by clients to professional self‐regulation. The educational model of midwifery also changed from an eclectic apprentice‐based approach to a more standardised baccalaureate degree programme. The midwifery model of practice, however, was sustained. Although these changes occurred at the hands of key members of the midwifery community, they were made in response to the structural context of the health care system into which they were attempting to become integrated.
‘Everybody just freezes. Everybody is just embarrassed’: felt and enacted stigma among parents of children with high functioning autism
Authors: Gray David E.
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper reports the results of a study of felt and enacted stigma among a sample of parents of children with high functioning autism. The results indicate that a majority of the parents experienced both types of stigma, but that mothers were more likely to do so than fathers. This was especially true in the case of enacted stigma, where a majority of mothers, but only a minority of fathers, encountered avoidance, hostile staring and rude comments from others. The child's type of autistic symptoms was also related to the stigmatisation of their parents, with parents of aggressive children more likely to experience stigma than the parents of passive children. The study also found that the distinction between felt and enacted stigma was more distinct analytically than it was in practice, as many parents tended to conflate the different types of stigma. The results of the study are considered in the context of the changing conceptualisations of, and treatments for, high functioning autism and their implications for the stigmatisation of parents.
Qualitative Robustness of S*‐estimators of Multivariate Location and Dispersion
Authors: He X. , Wang G.
Published: March 2003

S‐estimators of multivariate location and dispersion are favored for their robustness against outliers. The computations of the exact S‐estimators, however, are difficult, if not impossible. We consider S*‐estimators, a variant of the S‐estimators which is commonly computed in reality. It is shown under very general conditions that S*‐estimators are qualitatively robust with respect to a wide range of metrics, including Prohorov metric and a weak affine invariant metric based on Vapnik‐Cervonenkis sets. The result follows from a continuity result of the S*‐functionals and almost everywhere continuity result of the corresponding estimators in finite‐sample cases.
Asymptotic distributions of φ‐divergences of hypothetical and observed frequencies on refined partitions
Authors: Menéndez M. L. , Morales D. , Pardo L. , Vajda I.
Published: March 2003

For a wide class of goodness‐of‐fit statistics based on φ‐divergences between hypothetical cell probabilities and observed relative frequencies, the asymptotic normality is established under the assumption n/mn→γ∈(0,∞), where n denotes sample size and mn the number of cells. Related problems of asymptotic distributions of φ‐divergence errors, and of φ‐divergence deviations of histogram estimators from their expected values, are considered too.
Statistical methods for some simple disclosure limitation rules
Authors: Pannekoek J.
Published: March 2003

To guard the confidentiality of information provided by respondents, statistical offices apply disclosure limitation techniques. An often applied technique is to ensure that there are no categories for which the population frequency is presumed to be small (‘rare’ categories). This is attained by recoding, top‐coding or setting values to ‘unknown’. Since population frequencies are usually not available, the decision that a category is rare is often based on intuitive considerations. This is a time consuming process, involving many decisions of the disclosure limitation practitioners. In this paper it will be explored to what extent the sample frequencies can be used to make such decisions. This leads to a procedure which enables to automatically scan a data set for rare category combinations, whereby ‘rare’ is defined by the disclosure limitation policy of the statistical office.
Generalized densities of order statistics
Authors: Goldie Charles M. , Maller Ross A.
Published: March 2003

Let X1, ... , Xn be independent identically distributed random variables with distribution F. We derive expressions for generalized joint ‘densities’ of order statistics of X1, ... , Xn, for arbitrary distributions F, in terms of Radon–Nikodym derivatives with respect to product measures based on F. We then give formulae for conditional distributions of order statistics and use them to derive results concerning Markov properties of order statistics, formulae for distributions of trimmed sums, and other useful representations. Our approach leads to simple and natural expressions which appear not to have been given before.
Heavy tails versus long‐range dependence in self‐similar network traffic
Authors: Stegeman A.
Published: March 2003

Empirical studies of the traffic in computer networks suggest that network traffic exhibits self‐similarity and long‐range dependence. The ON/OFF model considered in this paper gives a simple ‘physical explanation’ for these observed phenomena. The superposition of a large number of ON/OFF sources, such as workstations in a computer lab, with strictly alternating and heavy‐tailed ON‐ and OFF‐periods, can produce a cumulative workload which converges, in a certain sense, to fractional Brownian motion. Fractional Brownian motion exhibits both self‐similarity and long‐range dependence. However, there are two sequential limits involved in this limiting procedure, and if they are reversed, the limiting process is stable Levy motion, which is self‐similar but exhibits no long‐range dependence. We study simulations limit regimes and provide conditions under which either fractional Brownian motion or stable Levy motion appears as limiting process.
Variable Selection and Shrinkage: Comparison of Some Approaches
Authors: Vach K. , Sauerbrei W. , Schumacher M.
Published: March 2003

A common strategy within the framework of regression models is the selection of variables with possible predictive value, which are incorporated in the regression model. Two recently proposed methods, Breiman's Garotte (Breiman, 1995) and Tibshirani's Lasso (Tibshirani, 1996) try to combine variable selection and shrinkage. We compare these with pure variable selection and shrinkage procedures. We consider the backward elimination procedure as a typical variable selection procedure and as an example of a shrinkage procedure an approach of Van Houwelingen and Le Cessie (1990). Additionally an extension of van Houwelingens and le Cessies approach proposed by Sauerbrei (1999) is considered. The ordinary least squares method is used as a reference.

With the help of a simulation study we compare these approaches with respect to the distribution of the complexity of the selected model, the distribution of the shrinkage factors, selection bias, the bias and variance of the effect estimates and the average prediction error.
Estimating Transition Probabilities from a Time Series of Independent Cross Sections
Authors: Pelzer Ben , Eisinga Rob , Franses Philip Hans
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the implementation of a nonstationary, heterogeneous Markov model for the analysis of a binary dependent variable in a time series of independent cross sections. The model, previously considered by Moffitt (1993), offers the opportunity to estimate entry and exit transition probabilities and to examine the effects of time‐constant and time‐varying covariates on the hazards. We show how ML estimates of the parameters can be obtained by Fisher's method‐of‐scoring and how to estimate both fixed and time‐varying covariate effects. The model is exemplified with an analysis of the labor force participation decision of Dutch women using data from the Socio‐economic Panel (SEP) study conducted in the Netherlands between 1986 and 1995. We treat the panel data as independent cross sections and compare the employment status sequences predicted by the model with the observed sequences in the panel. Some open problems concerning the application of the model are also discussed.
Pronominalized Aspect
Authors: Reed Lisa A.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines a heretofore unnoticed aspectual effect in the grammar of natural language: the role aspectual considerations may play in determining the distribution of some pronouns. Based on evidence from French, it is argued that notions such as perfectivity, habituality, and temporal boundedness can have a grammatical impact on the pronominal system of a language. Two formal treatments of this phenomenon are developed: first in terms of the Conceptual Semantic framework of Moens & Steedman (1988), the second in terms of the model‐theoretic framework espoused by Richard Montague and his followers.
Thematic Parallels and Non‐parallels: Contributions of Field‐specific Properties
Authors: Iwata Seizi
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, following Jackendoff (1992), that parallelism across semantic fields is constrained by properties specific to each field, and that these field‐specific properties play a crucial role in accounting for the non‐parallels which particular lexical items exhibit across semantic fields.

Three semantic fields (Temporal, Possessional, and Identificational) are shown to have different properties with respect to three parameters, dimensionality, directedness and continuousness. These differing, field‐specific properties account for where parallelism obtains and where its does not.

The examination of field‐specific properties reveals a number of cross‐field behavioral differences that have received little recognition, as shown by case studies of spread, between, over, and extent verbs.
Much About Such
Authors: Wood Johanna L.
Published: March 2003

In traditional (e.g. Quirk style) grammars, there is confusion about the classification of the word such. This arises because there is often no clear differentiation between two such's that differ semantically and syntactically: identifying such and intensifying such. I clarify the differences and suggest that the position of such indicates that a more articulated structure, with at least a determiner phrase and a number phrase is needed to account for ‘central determiners.” Using data from the BNC I analyze intensifying such in the framework of the split‐degree‐phrase hypothesis (Corver 1997). I also consider the structure of the DP containing such, discussing the layered DP (Zamparelli 1995) and predication within the NP (Abney 1987, Bennis et al. 1998).
The Syntactic Structures of Norwegian Pseudocoordinations
Authors: Lødrup Helge
Published: March 2003

Pseudocoordinations (for example sitte og skrive‘sit and write’) look like coordinations, but do not have the syntactic properties of coordinations. Their analysis is a classical problem in Scandinavian grammar. In this article, it is argued that pseudocoordinations are not a unitary phenomenon; different first verbs take different constructions. Most pseudocoordinations are control constructions. The syntactic differences between pseudocoordination control constructions and ordinary control constructions are discussed, and shown to follow from the control theory of Lexical‐Functional Grammar. Not all pseudocoordinations are control constructions, however. There are also pseudocoordinations that are raising constructions, and pseudocoordinations that are monoclausal.
EPP: A Syntactic Device in the Service of Semantics
Authors: Rosengren Inger
Published: March 2003

It will be argued that the EPP is not feature driven, nor does it result in feature erasure. Neither is it directly related to subjecthood, there being no association between the expletive and the subject. Instead it is a syntactic device in the service of semantics. Syntactically, it is a parametrized visibility requirement on two functional specifiers, SpecFin and SpecT. The EPP is prototypically satisfied by one of the following two options: merging an expletive in, or moving it to, SpecFin or moving the subject at least to SpecT. The first option makes the existentially bound event variable e (see Davidson 1980, and Bierwisch 1988) visible, thereby giving rise to an existential reading, whereas the second option separates the subject from the rest of the proposition, thereby giving rise to a specific or generic reading of the subject. The options are exploited at the syntax‐semantics interface.

Four languages are investigated as to their exploitation of the EPP: Swedish, Icelandic, Dutch and German. The first three languages are EPP‐languages. German will be argued to be a non‐EPP‐language.

Defined in the above way, the EPP differs substantially from what has been called EPP in null‐subject languages (cf. Alexiadou & Anagnostopoulou 1998). A comparison between the two types of languages shows that null‐subject languages cannot be EPP‐languages.
A Model Equation for Water Waves
Authors: Vanden‐Broeck J. ‐M. , Agnon Y.
Published: March 2003

Water waves are usually modeled as solutions of Laplace's equation in the fluid domain with appropriate nonlinear boundary conditions. Here we present a simple differential equation on the mean free surface, whose solutions behave like water waves.
Initial Time Layers and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili‐Type Equations
Authors: Ablowitz Mark J. , Wang Xiao‐Ping
Published: March 2003

The Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation and generalizations (GKP) have temporal discontinuities at the initial instant of time. Motivated by the study of water waves, a generalized Boussinesq equation that contains the GKP equations as an “outer” limit is introduced. Within the context of matched asymptotic expansions the discontinuities are resolved. The linear system is analyzed in more detail and the limit process is rigorously established.
The Axisymmetric Deformation of a Thin, or Moderately Thick, Elastic Spherical Cap
Authors: Gregory R. Douglas , Milac Thomas I. , Wan Frederic Y. M.
Published: March 2003

A refined shell theory is developed for the elastostatics of a moderately thick spherical cap in axisymmetric deformation. This is a two‐term asymptotic theory, valid as the dimensionless shell thickness tends to zero.The theory is more accurate than “thin shell” theory, but is still much more tractable than the full three‐dimensional theory. A fundamental difficulty encountered in the formulation of shell (and plate) theories is the determination of correct two‐dimensional boundary conditions, applicable to the shell solution, from edge data prescribed for the three‐dimensional problem. A major contribution of this article is the derivation of such boundary conditions for our refined theory of the spherical cap. These conditions are more difficult to obtain than those already known for the semi‐infinite cylindrical shell, since they depend on the cap angle as well as the dimensionless thickness. For the stress boundary value problem, we find that a Saint‐Venant‐type principle does not apply in the refined theory, although it does hold in thin shell theory. We also obtain correct boundary conditions for pure displacement and mixed boundary data. In these cases, conventional formulations do not generally provide even the first approximation solution correctly.

As an illustration of the refined theory, we obtain two‐term asymptotic solutions to two problems, (i) a complete spherical shell subjected to a normally directed equatorial line loading and (ii) an unloaded spherical cap rotating about its axis of symmetry.
The Interaction of Shocks with Dispersive Waves II. Incompressible‐Integrable Limit
Authors: Axel Ralph M. , Newton Paul K.
Published: March 2003

This is the second in a two‐part series of articles in which we analyze a system similar in structure to the well‐known Zakharov equations from weak plasma turbulence theory, but with a nonlinear conservation equation allowing finite time shock formation. In this article we analyze the incompressible limit in which the shock speed is large compared to the underlying group velocity of the dispersive wave (a situation typically encountered in applications). After presenting some exact solutions of the full system, a multiscale perturbation method is used to resolve several basic wave interactions. The analysis breaks down into two categories: the nonlinear limit and the linear limit, corresponding to the form of the equations when the group velocity to shock speed ratio, denoted by ε, is zero. The former case is an integrable limit in which the model reduces to the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation governing the dispersive wave envelope. We focus on the interaction of a “fast” shock wave and a single hump soliton. In the latter case, the ε=0 problem reduces to the linear Schrödinger equation, and the focus is on a fast shock interacting with a dispersive wave whose amplitude is cusped and exponentially decaying. To motivate the time scales and structure of the shock‐dispersive wave interactions at lowest orders, we first analyze a simpler system of ordinary differential equations structurally similar to the original system. Then we return to the fully coupled partial differential equations and develop a multiscale asymptotic method to derive the effective leading‐order shock equations and the leading‐order modulation equations governing the phase and amplitude of the dispersive wave envelope. The leading‐order interaction equations admit a fairly complete analysis based on characteristic methods. Conditions are derived in which: (a) the shock passes through the soliton, (b) the shock is completely blocked by the soliton, or (c) the shock reverses direction. In the linear limit, a phenomenon is described in which the dispersive wave induces the formation of a second, transient shock front in the rapidly moving hyperbolic wave. In all cases, we can characterize the long‐time dynamics of the shock. The influence of the shock on the dispersive wave is manifested, to leading order, in the generalized frequency of the dispersive wave: the fast‐time part of the frequency is the shock wave itself. Hence, the frequency undergoes a sudden jump across the shock layer.In the last section, a sequence of numerical experiments depicting some of the interesting interactions predicted by the analysis is performed on the leading‐order shock equations.
Loewner Transformations: Adjoint and Binary Darboux Connections
Authors: Schief W. K. , Rogers C.
Published: March 2003

It is shown that a class of finite Bäcklund transformations introduced by Loewner in 1950 in a gasdynamics context may be represented as compound gauge and Darboux‐type transformations. This result is used to construct iterated versions of the Loewner transformations based on established procedures in soliton theory.
Slow Passage through a Homoclinic Orbit with Subharmonic Resonances
Authors: Brothers Jerry D. , Haberman Richard
Published: March 2003

The slow passage through a homoclinic orbit is analyzed for a periodically forced and weakly damped strongly nonlinear oscillator corresponding to a double‐well potential. Multiphase averaging fails at an infinite sequence of subharmonic resonance layers that coalesce on the homoclinic orbit. An accurate phase of the strongly nonlinear oscillator after passage through each subharmonic resonance is obtained using a time shift and a constant phase adjustment. Near the unperturbed homoclinic orbit, the solution is a large sequence of nearly homoclinic orbits in which one saddle approach is mapped into the next. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to relate the solution in subharmonic resonance layers to the solution near the unperturbed homoclinic orbit. In this way, we determine an asymptotically accurate analytic description for the boundaries of the basins of attraction corresponding to capture into each well.
Persistence of Invariant Manifolds for Nonlinear PDEs
Authors: Jones Don A. , Shkoller Steve
Published: March 2003

We prove that under certain stability and smoothing properties of the semi‐groups generated by the partial differential equations that we consider, manifolds left invariant by these flows persist under 1 perturbation. In particular, we extend well‐known finite‐dimensional results to the setting of an infinite‐dimensional Hilbert manifold with a semi‐group that leaves a submanifold invariant. We then study the persistence of global unstable manifolds of hyperbolic fixed points, and as an application consider the two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equation under a fully discrete approximation.Finally, we apply our theory to the persistence of inertial manifolds for those PDEs that possess them.
Wave‐Mean Flow Interactions in Thermally Stratified Poiseuille Flow
Authors: Denier James P. , Stott Jillian A. K.
Published: March 2003

We consider nonlinear wave motions in thermally stratified Poiseuille flow. Attention is focused on short wavelength wave modes for which the neutral Reynolds number scales as the square of the wave number. The nonlinear evolution of a single monochromatic wave is governed by a first harmonic/mean‐flow interaction theory in which the wave‐induced mean flow is comparable in size to the wave component of the flow. An integrodifferential equation is derived which governs the normal variation of the wave amplitude. This equation admits finite‐amplitude solutions which bifurcate supercritically from the linear neutral point(s).
Classification of qt=P(x, t, q, qx, qxx)
Authors: Satır Ahmet
Published: March 2003

The classification of qt=P(x, t, q, qx, qxx) is given by using linearization. Two types of integrable equations which are generalizations of the integrable equations of Fokas and Svinolupov are given. Results are compared with Fokas's symmetry and the Mikhailov–Shabat–Sokolov formal symmetry approaches.
On the Complex Differential Equation Y″+G(z)Y=0 in Banach Algebras
Authors: Spigler Renato , Vianello Marco
Published: March 2003

Asymptotic representations, as z→∞, are presented as a basis of solutions to linear complex differential equations in the framework of Banach algebras, such as dkY/dzk+G(z)Y=0, k=1, 2, z∈Ω⊆C. Here Ω is open, unbounded, and simply connected, and the coefficient G(z) is assumed to be “asymptotically negligible,” in the sense that suitable “moments” of ‖G(z)‖ are finite on certain paths in Ω. Precise pathwise as well as uniform bounds for the asymptotic error terms are obtained by exploiting the geometric properties of the paths via the successive approximations method. Such results extend to the complex domain in previous work on matrix and abstract differential equations on the real domain, and also appear new for scalar and matrix differential equations on complex domains other than sectors.
Perturbation Analysis of a Problem of Carrier's
Authors: MacGillivray A. D. , Braun R. J. , Tanoğlu G.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of a nonautonomous nonlinear problem proposed by G. F. Carrier. In addition to its historical interest, this problem presents some unusual features; the internal layers, instead of obeying an approximate equal spacing rule as in the famous “spurious solutions” problem, in fact, coalesce. This feature is revealed by unusual matching that incorporates exponentially small and large terms in the matching process. Symmetry notions also play a role in understanding this interesting phenomenon. The asymptotics are compared with full numerical solutions.
Resonances in Dispersive Wave Systems
Authors: Amundsen D. E. , Benney D. J.
Published: March 2003

Weakly nonlinear wave interactions under the assumption of a continuous, as opposed to discrete, spectrum of modes is studied. In particular, a general class of one‐dimensional (1‐D) dispersive systems containing weak quadratic nonlinearity is investigated. It is known that such systems can possess three‐wave resonances, provided certain conditions on the wavenumber and frequency of the constituent modes are met. In the case of a continuous spectrum, it has been shown that an additional condition on the group velocities is required for a resonance to occur. Nonetheless, such so‐called double resonances occur in a variety of physical regimes. A direct multiple scale analysis of a general model system is conducted. This leads to a system of three‐wave equations analogous to those for the discrete case. Key distinctions include an asymmetry between the temporal evolution of the modes and a longer time scale of as opposed to O(εt). Extensions to additional dimensions and higher‐order nonlinearities are then made. Numerical simulations are conducted for a variety of dispersions and nonlinearities providing qualitative and quantitative agreement.
A Note on a Moving Boundary Problem Arising in the American Put Option
Authors: Knessl Charles
Published: March 2003

We consider an American put option, under the Black–Scholes model. This corresponds to a moving boundary problem for a PDE. We convert the problem to a nonlinear integral equation for the moving boundary, which corresponds to the optimal exercise of the option. We use singular perturbation methods to compute the moving boundary, as well as the full solution to the PDE, in various asymptotic limits. We consider times close to the expiration date, as well as systems where the interest rate is large or small, relative to the volatility of the asset for which the option is sold.
Barotropic Instability of the Bickley Jet at High Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Burns A. G. , Maslowe S. A. , Brown S. N.
Published: March 2003

We investigate the linear stability of the Bickley jet in the framework of the beta‐plane approximation. Because singular inviscid neutral modes exist in the retrograde case , it is necessary to add viscosity to interpret them. One of these modes was found in closed form by Howard and Drazin [1]. However, its critical point is at the center of the jet and it was therefore not possible for these authors to ascertain the relationship of this mode to the stability problem or to discuss how to continue the eigenfunction across the singularity.

The viscous critical layer problem associated with this singularity is considerably more difficult than the usual one (which leads to integrals of the Airy function) because and, consequently, a second‐order turning point is involved. Our analysis shows that the Howard–Drazin mode is degenerate in the domain where it is valid as a limit of the viscous problem (wavenumber α2≤ 9/2), that is, it corresponds to both an odd and an even mode. This conclusion is confirmed by direct numerical solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld equation which shows, in addition, that viscosity is destabilizing along portions of the stability boundary. For a retrograde jet, instability is found to occur beyond the inviscid critical value of β, that is, in the region where the flow would be stable according to the Rayleigh–Kuo condition.
Weakly Nonlinear Dynamics of Interface Propagation
Authors: Gross L. K.
Published: March 2003

A simple conceptual description of condensed‐phase combustion, explosive solidification, and certain other exothermic phenomena can be given via a free‐boundary model with a nonlinear kinetic condition at the free boundary. For a wide range of parametric regimes, the reaction front exhibits a great variety of spatial patterns and instabilities. In [1], we did a linear stability analysis of interfaces that move along a two‐dimensional semi‐infinite strip with thermally insulated edges. Here we use the normal‐mode method to perform a weakly nonlinear analysis for the development of transverse instabilities in the strip. The asymptotic analysis leads to the derivation of ordinary differential equations of Landau‐Stuart type for the slowly varying amplitudes of linearly unstable modes. We focus on a strip in which two eigenmodes lose stability at the same value of a parameter related to the activation energy. Such a case gives rise to nontrivial couplings between the amplitude equations, and the two unstable modes compete for dominance. Based on the bifurcation analysis of the amplitude equations, we classify the front configurations that will emerge for any given choice of the kinetics parameter.
Community Solutions to Inclusion: Some Observations on Practice in Europe and the United Kingdom
Authors: Johnstone David , Warwick Cliff
Published: March 2003

David Johnstone and Cliff Warwick review policies for inclusion and illustrate with examples from Europe and the United Kingdom. They provide some ‘action points’ for local authorities and argue that learning support reaches beyond the simple confines of school placement and deep into the community.
What Works for Slow Readers?
Authors: Brooks Greg
Published: March 2003

Greg Brooks outlines the results of a significant piece of research undertaken by the National Foundation for Educational Research on schemes for promoting skills among ‘slow readers’. The findings will provide little comfort for the ‘phonological awareness only’ school of thought. He confirms the view most teachers would support that phonological skills should be embedded within broader approaches. Elsewhere, he questions IT techniques, unless carefully supervised. Tellingly, he concludes that none of the schemes tackled school improvement, a prerequisite for their success in the first instance.
How Effective can Reintegration be for Children with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties?
Authors: Tootill Rosemary , Spalding Bob
Published: March 2003

Following on from the issues raised by the authors of the previous two articles on aspects of teacher and learning support assistant training, this study of Rosemary Tootill and Bob Spalding illustrates tellingly just how great is the need of children and their teachers for skills in the understanding and management of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The authors track the progress of a reintegration initiative in one special school from 1994–1998 and establish that, with skilled support and positive attitudes, there has been a six‐fold increase in the number of pupils returning to mainstream since 1994. Key issues in the implementation of the programme are investigated and analysed.
Supporting the able mathematician
Authors: McClure Lynne
Published: March 2003

Lynne McClure's article on supporting able mathematicians echoes some elements in the previous article on inclusion and entitlement, equality of opportunity and quality of provision. McClure reminds us of Freeman's (1998) remark that ‘a school's policy for its brightest pupils is an indication of how it attends to the different educational requirements of all its children’ and brings us up to speed on the acceleration/enrichment debate and the range of initiatives available to support the able mathematician.
A longer road to inclusion
Authors: Bines Hazel
Published: March 2003

Hazel Bines trained as a primary teacher in 1970 after taking a first degree in social sciences. She then worked in Sheffield as a class teacher in a primary school and as a subject teacher of history, geography and social studies in a comprehensive school where her interest in working with pupils with learning and behaviour difficulties took her into special education. Following SEN diploma and masters study alongside working in an assessment centre for juvenile delinquents and in a support service for pupils with behaviour problems, she became a SENCO in a comprehensive school. This experience encouraged her to do a Ph.D. on the redefinition of remedial education into a new conceptualisation of SEN provision in mainstream schools. In 1986 she was appointed as a lecturer in SEN at Oxford Brookes University where she subsequently became deputy head of the School of Education. In 1995 she became professor and head of teacher education at the University of Northumbria, and in 1999 she moved to the UK Government's Department for International Development as a senior education adviser. She is currently working in Pakistan. During her career she has also published numerous articles and books, on both SEN and on teacher and other professional education.
Reconstructing educational psychology practice
Authors: Lown Jackie , Fox Glenys , Gersch Irvine , Morris Sue , Stoker Rob
Published: March 2003

As the authors of this article point out, clarification about what constitutes the core functions of an educational psychology service is long overdue. Their summary of the recently published DfEE Report on the current role of educational psychology services leads to a discussion of some of the implications for the future which will be of particular interest to SENCOs. In keeping with the theme of equity they discuss the dilemmas caused by, for example, the wide variation in staffing levels across EP services.
Personal constructs and the enhancement of adolescent engagement in reading
Authors: Irwin Nicole
Published: March 2003

In this article, Nicole Irwin analyses the literature concerning enhancement of reading engagement for adolescents. She argues that cognition is irrevocably linked to the affective domain, and that voluntary engaged reading can be enhanced more effectively by attention to the perceptions of learners in addition to their cognitive skills. With Personal Construct Psychology as the framework, Nicole examines the constructs that readers develop about themselves, shaped by their understanding of (1) the purpose and nature of reading, (2) gender and (3) parents’ attitudes and behaviour concerning reading. The possible implications Personal Construct Psychology might have for education policy, culture and classroom practice are considered.
The ‘Shell Game’: Why Children Never Lose
Authors: Satterfield Teresa
Published: March 2003

This paper articulates a formal solution to the puzzle of child language learnability within the Principles and Parameters–based framework. The language learning (parameter‐setting) task requires, in principle, that the selection of syntactic knowledge be sufficiently constrained for the child to arrive at the appropriate target grammar, expending a minimum of computational effort and time. Since previous L1 analyses impose very strict requirements on the learner, solutions are achieved only at a very high cost. Further, not only do the standard accounts frequently contradict fundamental empirical facts of child linguistic development, such as the degree of variability observed in the production of early grammatical structures regardless of input; the accounts also fail to consider a crucial aspect which impacts selection: the young child's innate potential to efficiently acquire multiple languages simultaneously. The primary aim of the current paper is to provide a computational model that demonstrates a “bilingual universals” (in the spirit of Roeper 1996) stage of development based on real world data. The proposed model actually reflects a more precise UG‐based representation within early monolingual grammars, as well as plausibly accounting for variability found in child L1 grammars.
Data Have No Meaning when Separated from their Context
Authors: Lillestøl Jostein
Published: March 2003

It is argued that many statisticians teach their subject without much concern about the context in which their methods will be used. This issue is illustrated by the analysis of data on cashier fraud at a supermarket. Here different contexts lead to different questions and different modes of analysis.
Dotplots and Stemplots in Excel
Authors: Hunt Neville
Published: March 2003

This article shows how to construct dotplots and stemplots using Microsoft Excel 97.
Green Statistics
Authors: Barnett Vic
Published: March 2003

Environmental statistics is an exciting and rapidly growing area of statistical application. It requires complex new approaches and methods to be developed, to enable study of the crucial environmental problems we face: whether climate change, passive smoking, industrial pollution or forest fires. For the classroom, environmental statistics can bring some reality and immediacy to our teaching.
More Happy Returns to the Birthday Problem
Authors: Bedwell Michael
Published: March 2003

This article shows how the birthday problem can be used to introduce the exponential distribution.
Voting Methods Matter
Authors: Kimber Alan
Published: March 2003

Data from a far from satisfactory election are used to illustrate the effects of changes in voting methods.
Confident in a Kiss?
Authors: Richardson Mary , Haller Susan
Published: March 2003

This article describes an interactive activity for illustrating general properties of confidence intervals and the construction of confidence intervals for proportions. In completing this activity, students generate, collect and analyse data.
Classroom Exercise: Interpreting Sacred Texts
Authors: Oden Amy G.
Published: March 2003

The author uses a contemporary functional document (a campus map) to design an imaginative exercise which teaches students the limits of map (or text) as a guide to reliable information. Through the exercise, students learn about gaps in information and the limits of what any text reveals, even one which is ostensibly designed as a reliable guide for navigating a campus.
The Ethics of Ambition: A Pedagogy of the Spirit
Authors: Mahan Brian J.
Published: March 2003

This article presents an overview of a course entitled ‘The Ethics of Ambition’ which over the period of the last fifteen years the author has taught to undergraduates and seminarians, as well as in church‐sponsored adult education programs. It summarizes and describes a number of pedagogical strategies that have evolved over time in response to the exigencies of these varying educational environments. More topically, the article offers a brief criticism of certain ‘neo‐conservative’ assumptions regarding the pedagogical efficacy of the Christian narrative as these impinge upon the actual teaching situation.
Teaching Taoism in the 1990s
Authors: Kirkland Russell
Published: March 2003

To help non‐specialists ensure that their teaching of Taoism is state‐of‐the‐art, the author offers six suggestions: (1) Teach real Chinese Taoism, as it has been revealed by the social, textual, and historical research of Asian and Western specialists since the 1970s. (2) Use textbooks that reflect current scholarship. (3) Cover all phases of the Taoist tradition, not just the long‐fetishized Lao‐tzu and Chuang‐tzu. The classical text entitled Nei‐yeh helps students understand modern forms of Taoist meditation, such as those in Ch’üan‐chen Taoism, which has been neglected in our textbooks. (4) Use reliable translations by responsible scholars. (5) Use real Taoist texts, such as now appear in Livia Kohn’s anthology, The Taoist Experience, and other new sourcebooks. (6) Make responsible choices. The author compares different pedagogical models and explains his own approach, designed to provide accurate knowledge of Taoist history and practices in a form that students will appreciate.
From Site Unseen to Experiential Learning: Religious Studies in the “Discover Chicago” Model
Authors: Carlson Jeffrey
Published: March 2003

This paper examines David Kolb’s theory of experiential learning and its usefulness in developing religious studies courses in a ‘Discover Chicago’ program, wherein students spend an intensive ‘immersion’ week before the start of the autumn quarter touring, researching, interviewing, discussing, and analyzing a variety of phenomena in the Chicago metropolitan area. Then, during the quarter, they critically revisit issues raised by the immersion week, probing more deeply and letting their initial impressions take on more mature reflective forms by engaging in extensive reading and systematically relating text with experience. Finally, research projects are developed, being outgrowths of the activities of the summer week and the readings and discussions from the first part of the quarter.
The Meaning and the Ends of Teaching Religion
Authors: Markham Ian
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relationship between assessment and ethical value. It starts by reflecting on the traditional assessment convention that distinguishes strongly between process (the ways in which a student constructs a piece of work) and conclusion. The paper then examines three case studies from Holocaust studies, feminist theology, and Providence. The argument of the paper is that these three case studies illustrate that imparting certain values is part of the teaching process, and therefore it should not be excluded from assessment.
Theological Education in Epistemological Perspective: The Significance of Michael Polanyhi's “Personal Knowledge” for a Theological Orientation of Theological Education
Authors: Martin Robert K.
Published: March 2003

Of what significance to theological education is critical reflection? Representing an influential perspective, Charles Wood seems to ascribe to critical reflection the highest priority by defining theology as “critical reflection upon the validity of the Christian witness.” This article argues that such a perspective devalues participatory modes of knowing. In contrast, the scientific epistemology of Michael Polanyi better illumines the pedagogical nature and theological orientation of theological education. Specifically, his notion of “indwelling” serves as a point of integration by which participative knowing is extended and intensified by the clarificatory power of critical reflection.
On Seeing to the Horses: Issues in Teaching and Learning in Theology and Religious Studies After Bonino and Lindbeck
Authors: Bellett Eileen , Marsh Clive
Published: March 2003

This article re‐examines so‐called “experiential approaches” to theology and religious studies. In affirming the need of the educator to attend to both cognitive and affective aspects within teaching and learning, and in using many concrete examples from classroom practice, the article critically engages with Latin American liberation theology and post‐liberalism in an attempt to clarify what “experience” is being referenced when “experiential methods” are used. The importance of the concrete worlds of individual students, the responsibility of educators to be conscious of their own power in shaping the educational experience, and the desirability of attending to issues surrounding economic disadvantage within theology and religious studies feature prominently in the study. We conclude that, though no experience is neutral, educational contexts in theology and religious studies can offer exemplary settings for profound self‐discovery, exploration, and personal development through the “hermeneutical friction” created by critical examination of the narrative worlds within which we live.
Teaching as Confessing Redeeming a Theological Trope for Pedagogy
Authors: Webb Stephen H.
Published: March 2003

By reclaiming the role of confession in the classroom, we can rethink the fundamental question of what it means to teach religion. That is, the project of thinking about the religious dimension of pedagogy should also force us to rethink religious studies in general. Pedagogy, after all, is not an incidental expression of religious commitments but is instead one significant place where the religious imagination takes shape and form. All religious reflection is confessional, because scholarship is only one form of pedagogy, and teaching is the act of saying who we are, where we are from, and where we are going.
Using Legal Materials in Teaching Religion
Authors: Sullivan Winnifred Fallers
Published: March 2003

This note argues for the importance of using primary legal sources, trial transcripts, opinions, law codes, and so forth, in teaching religion. The advantages of using legal documents in the religious studies classroom include: highlighting the importance of church/state issues, the existential givenness of law for religion; serving as mini‐ethnographies, a slice‐of‐life view of religion; and, displaying a range of voices about a particular event, tradition, or idea. The note also describes two possible courses, an introductory course in American religion and a seminar in religion and law, listing recommended sample materials and showing how legal documents could be used in the classroom.
Writing Discernment in Theological Education
Authors: McAvoy Jane , Core Deborah
Published: March 2003

How can we best address writing improvement for seminary students? This article describes the implementation of a Writing Assistance Program that teaches remedial skills in grammar structure and paper organization as well as mentors all students to develop their fullest writing potential. Four models of writing instruction are discussed and examples are given of the best use of each. The article concludes with lessons learned from the experience and tips for other seminaries.
Active Learning for the Kingdom of God
Authors: Lambert Lake
Published: March 2003

At the same time that teachers in theology and religion have been encouraged to consider how their personal identities affect their teaching, there has also been increased interest in active learning strategies. This essay argues that these two initiatives may be in conflict if the communal commitments of the instructor do not mirror the democratic commitments inherent to most active learning pedagogies. As a teacher of theology and ethics who is ultimately not committed to democracy but to the Kingdom of God, I have sought to develop learning strategies which avoid student passivity while focusing on the church as a foretaste to God's Kingdom. My consideration of this dilemma has drawn me to the educational philosophies of both John Dewey and Stanley Hauerwas, and in response to them I outline an active learning strategy which envisions the Christian church as a living tradition with students as dialogue partners and contributors to it.
Metaphorical Mapping: The Arts in Graduate Theological Education
Authors: Vann Jane Rogers
Published: March 2003

Doctoral students in Bible, theology, ethics, history, preaching, worship, pastoral care, and Christian education come together for a required seminar in teaching. Assignments include reading and discussion, student‐led teaching demonstrations, and the ‘metaphorical mapping’ of each student's field of study. In developing their ‘metaphorical maps’ students use artistic and expressive media to demonstrate their understanding of their field. The assignment has been successful in establishing an open and mutually respectful climate in the classroom, in fostering a pattern of critical reflection on teaching, and in demonstrating appropriate inclusion of personal experience in the academic classroom.
Caring about More: An Integrative Capstone Course Connecting Religious Studies with General Education
Authors: Carlson Jeffrey
Published: March 2003

This paper describes and analyzes an “Integrating Seminar” capstone course for undergraduate religious studies majors, which has the following goals for student learning: (1) to reflect on the cumulative achievement of their studies of religion; (2) to take stock of their learning in liberal studies coursework; and (3) to explore the connections between these specialized and general learning experiences. Readings provided by the instructor and the students and discussions around them lead toward a final paper on this question: “In the context of becoming an educated person, what is religion, how do you know, and why do you care?” The paper concludes with some reflections on ways to better prepare students for this kind of integrated thinking through advising and ongoing colloquia.