bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-photon excitable membrane targeting polyphenolic carbon dots for long-term imaging and pH-responsive chemotherapeutic drug delivery for synergistic tumor therapy
Authors: Dutta Sayan Deb , Hexiu Jin , Kim Jongsung , Sarkar Sourav , Mondal Jagannath , An Jeong Man , Lee Yong-kyu , Moniruzzaman Md , Lim Ki-Taek
Published: January 2022

Dynamic tracking of cancer cells with two-photon excitable polyphenolic carbon dots with superior tumor targeting properties.
Insight into fragmentation of a phosphirane to form phosphinidene complexes: an illustration with the 1-phenylselenylphosphirane W(CO)5 complex
Authors: Qiu Lingzhi , Zhang Qiaoyu , Wei Donghui , Tian Rongqiang , Duan Zheng
Published: January 2022

Both DFT calculations and experimental results revealed that the lone pair of the adjacent atom X facilitates the phosphirane fragmentation to form electrophilic phosphinidene complexes.
Designing an innovation system to support profitable electro- and bio-catalytic carbon upgrade
Authors: Ruttinger Andrew W. , Tavakkoli Sakineh , Shen Hao , Wang Chao , Jordaan Sarah M.
Published: January 2022

Carbon capture, utilisation, and storage pathways, such as renewably-powered, integrated electro+biocatalytic CO2 upgrade, can spur a market for value-added CO2-derived products like biogradeable plastics and contribute to net zero emissions targets.
The effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide VGINYW and the hydrolysate of α-lactalbumin on blood pressure, oxidative stress and gut microbiota of spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Xie Dewei , Shen Yaling , Su Erzheng , Du Lei , Xie Jingli , Wei Dongzhi
Published: January 2022

VGINYW is a highly active angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide discovered from α-lactalbumin by an in vitro–in silico high throughput screening strategy.
Expanding the toolbox of photon upconversion for emerging frontier applications
Authors: Huang Jinshu , Yan Long , Liu Songbin , Tao Lili , Zhou Bo
Published: January 2022

This review summarizes the recent progress on lanthanide-based upconversion materials, focusing on the emerging approaches to the smart control of upconversion, and their frontier applications.
A chiral aldehyde-induced tandem conjugated addition–lactamization reaction for constructing fully substituted pyroglutamic acids
Authors: Wang Wen-Zhe , Shen Hao-Ran , Liao Jian , Wen Wei , Guo Qi-Xiang
Published: January 2022

A chiral aldehyde-catalyzed tandem nucleophilic addition-lactamization reaction is described. Structurally diverse fully substituted pyroglutamic acids were generated in moderate-to-good yields and stereoselectivities.
Research about the capacitance properties of ion-induced multilayer and self-assembled monolayer Ti3C2Tx
Authors: Ma Wenwen , Tang Huaguo , Li Tongyang , Wang Lujie , Zhang Lizhi , Yu Yuan , Qiao Zhuhui , Liu Weimin
Published: January 2022

We use different ion induction methods to prepare high capacitance unilaminar and multilaminate Ti3C2Tx supercapacitor.
Novel cellulose supported 1,2-bis(4-aminophenylthio)ethane Ni(ii) complex (NiII(BAPTE)(NO3)2-Cell) as an efficient nanocatalyst for the synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives
Authors: Keshavarz Raziyeh , Farahi Mahnaz
Published: January 2022

NiII(BAPTE)(NO3)2-Cell as a novel cellulose supported catalyst has been prepared and characterized by various techniques including FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TGA and EDX.
Facile synthesis of g-C3N4quantum dots/graphene hydrogel nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitor
Authors: Liu Di , Van Tam Tran , Choi Won Mook
Published: January 2022

This work demonstrates a facile one-pot synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) quantum dots/graphene hydrogel (CNQ/GH) nanocomposites using a hydrothermal process, which shows excellent electrochemical performances for supercapacitors.
Preparation of ethyl cellulose particles with different morphologies through microfluidics
Authors: Cui Yue , Zhang Haozhe , Wang Jingtao
Published: January 2022

In this paper, a microfluidic method is proposed for fabricating ethyl cellulose particles with different morphologies through extraction and solidification.
Amorphous and crystalline cerium(iv) phosphates: biocompatible ROS-scavenging sunscreens
Authors: Kozlova T. O. , Popov A. L. , Kolesnik I. V. , Kolmanovich D. D. , Baranchikov A. E. , Shcherbakov A. B. , Ivanov V. K.
Published: January 2022

This paper reports on the good UV-shielding properties (namely, the sun protection factor and the factor of protection against UV-A radiation) and low cytotoxicity (including photocytotoxicity) of amorphous and crystalline cerium(iv) phosphates.
Reasonable design of NIR AIEgens for fluorescence imaging and effective photothermal/photodynamic cancer therapy
Authors: Wang Hongsen , Wang Yu , Zheng Zhaohui , Yang Fang , Ding Xiaobin , Wu Aiguo
Published: January 2022

On the basis of this molecular design, we obtained a TCF-SS-TPA compound. TCF-SS-TPA NPs showed a NIR fluorescence and excellent 1O2 generation ability. Notably, the photothermal conversion efficiency of TCF-SS-TPA NPs is as high as 84.5%.
The HDAC2/SP1/miR-205 feedback loop contributes to tubular epithelial cell extracellular matrix production in diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Zheng Zongji , Zhang Shuting , Chen Jiaqi , Zou Meina , Yang Yanlin , Lu Wen , Ren Shijing , Wang Xiangyu , Dong Wenhui , Zhang Zikun , Wang Ling , Guan Meiping , Cheing Gladys L.Y. , Xue Yaoming , Jia Yijie
Published: January 2022

Extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation is considered an important pathological feature of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors protect against kidney injury. However, the potential mechanisms of HDACs in DKD are still largely unknown. Here, we describe a novel feedback loop composed of HDAC2 and miR-205 that regulates ECM production in tubular epithelial cells in individuals with DKD. We found that HDAC2 mRNA expression in peripheral blood was markedly higher in patients with DKD than in patients with diabetes. Nuclear HDAC2 protein expression was increased in TGFβ1-stimulated tubular epithelial cells and db/db mice. We also found that miR-205 was regulated by HDAC2 and down-regulated in TGFβ1-treated HK2 cells and db/db mice. In addition, HDAC2 reduced histone H3K9 acetylation in the miR-205 promoter region to inhibit its promoter activity and subsequently suppressed miR-205 expression through an SP1-mediated pathway. Furthermore, miR-205 directly targeted HDAC2 and inhibited HDAC2 expression. Intriguingly, miR-205 also regulated its own transcription by inhibiting HDAC2 and increasing histone H3K9 acetylation in its promoter, forming a feedback regulatory loop. Additionally, the miR-205 agonist attenuated ECM production in HK2 cells and renal interstitial fibrosis in db/db mice. In conclusion, the HDAC2/SP1/miR-205 feedback loop may be crucial for the pathogenesis of DKD.
Judicious Arrangement of Symbols on a Simulated Augmentative and Alternative Communication Display Optimizes Visual Attention by Individuals With Down Syndrome
Authors: Wilkinson Krista M. , Gilmore Rick , Qian Yiming
Published: January 2022

Purpose:

Aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) displays are often designed as symmetrical row–column grids, with each square in the grid containing a symbol. To maximize vocabulary on displays, symbols are often placed close to one another, and background color cuing is used to signal/differentiate symbols across different grammatical categories. However, from a visual and developmental standpoint, these display features (close-set symbols and use of background color cues) may not be optimal. In particular, placing symbols quite close together may result in visual crowding, in which individual symbols cannot be distinguished due to the presence of many neighbors, or flankers. This research sought to examine the role of display arrangement and background color cuing on the efficiency of visual attention during search.

Method:

Ten adolescents and adults with Down syndrome underwent a visual search task while a research-based eye tracking system recorded their patterns of visual attention. Participants searched for symbol targets on displays with varying levels of visual crowding and background color cuing.

Results:

Spatial arrangements that reduced visual crowding and that used the spatial organization to cue the grammatical category of symbols resulted in significantly fewer fixations to nonrelevant distracters during search and reduced the likelihood of fixations away from the target once it was located. Background color was helpful in reducing the latency to find the target.

Discussion:

Spatial cues may offer a powerful means to maximize the efficiency of search within AAC displays. Background color cuing may facilitate speed to locate targets in these older individuals. Implications for AAC design, as well as future avenues for maximizing (growing) vocabulary, are discussed.
Completing the X-ray view of the recently discovered supernova remnant G53.41+0.03
Authors: Domček V. , Vink J. , Zhou P. , Sun L. , Driessen L.
Published: January 2022

Aims.We present a detailed X-ray study of the recently discovered supernova remnant (SNR) G53.41+0.03, which follows up and further expands on the previous, limited analysis of archival data covering a small portion of the SNR.

Methods.With the new dedicated 70 ksXMM-Newtonobservation we investigate the morphological structure of the SNR in X-rays, search for a presence of a young neutron star, and characterise the plasma conditions in the selected regions by means of spectral fitting.

Results.The first full view of SNR G53.41+0.03 shows an X-ray emission region well aligned with the reported half-shell radio morphology. We find two distinct regions of the remnant that differ in terms of the brightness and hardness of the spectra, and both regions are best characterised by a hot plasma model in a non-equilibrium ionisation state. Of the two regions, the brighter one contains the most mature plasma, with ionisation ageτ≈ 4 × 1010s cm−3(whereτ=net), a lower electron temperature ofkTe≈ 1 keV, and the highest estimated gas density,nH≈ 0.87 cm−3. The second, fainter but spectrally harder, region reveals a younger plasma (τ≈ 1.7 × 1010s cm−3) with a higher temperature (kTe≈ 2 keV) and a two to three times lower density (nH≈ 0.34 cm−3). No clear evidence of X-ray emission was found for emission from a complete shell, the southern part appearing to be absent. Employing several methods for age estimation, we find the remnant to bet≈ 1000–5000 yr old, confirming earlier reports of a relatively young age. The environment of the remnant also contains a number of point sources, most of which are expected to be positioned in the foreground. Of the two point sources in the geometrical centre of the remnant, one is consistent with the characteristics of a young neutron star.
Radio observations of massive stars in the Galactic centre: The Quintuplet cluster
Authors: Gallego-Calvente A. T. , Schödel R. , Alberdi A. , Najarro F. , Yusef-Zadeh F. , Shahzamanian B. , Nogueras-Lara F.
Published: January 2022

We present high-angular-resolution radio continuum observations of the Quintuplet cluster, one of the most emblematic massive clusters in the Galactic centre. Data were acquired in two epochs and at 6 and 10 GHz with theKarl G. JanskyVery Large Array. With this work we have quadrupled the number of known radio stars in the cluster. Even though the uncertainty of the measured spectral indices is relatively high, we tentatively classify the 30 detected stars. Eleven have spectral indices consistent with thermal emission from ionised stellar winds, ten have flat to inverted spectral indices indicative of non-thermal emission arising in colliding winds in binaries, and the nine remaining sources cannot be easily classified because of large uncertainties or extremely positive values of the spectral index. The mean mass-loss rate estimated for Wolf-Rayet stars agrees with previous work. Regarding variability, remarkably we find a significantly higher fraction of variable stars in the Quintuplet cluster (∼30%) than in the Arches cluster (< 15%), probably because the Quintuplet cluster is older. Our determined stellar wind mass-loss rates are in good agreement with theoretical models. Finally, we show that the radio luminosity function can be used as a tool to constrain the age and the mass function of a cluster.
Photometric signatures of corotating magnetospheres of hot stars governed by higher-order magnetic multipoles
Authors: Krtička J. , Mikulášek Z. , Kurfürst P. , Oksala M. E.
Published: January 2022

Context. The light curves of magnetic, chemically peculiar stars typically show periodic variability due to surface spots that in most cases can be modeled by low-order harmonic expansion. However, high-precision satellite photometry reveals tiny complex features in the light curves of some of these stars that are difficult to explain as caused by a surface phenomenon under reasonable assumptions. These features might originate from light extinction in corotating magnetospheric clouds supported by a complex magnetic field dominated by higher-order multipoles.

Aims. We aim to understand the photometric signatures of corotating magnetospheres that are governed by higher-order multipoles.

Methods. We determined the location of magnetospheric clouds from the minima of the effective potential along the magnetic field lines for different orders of multipoles and their combination. From the derived magnetospheric density distribution, we calculated light curves accounting for absorption and subsequent emission of light.

Results. For axisymmetric multipoles, the rigidly rotating magnetosphere model is able to explain the observed tiny features in the light curves only when the higher-order multipoles dominate the magnetic field not only at the stellar surface, but even at the Kepler radius. However, even a relatively weak nonaxisymmetric component leads to warping of equilibrium surfaces. This introduces structures that can explain the tiny features observed in the light curves of chemically peculiar stars. The light emission contributes to the light variability only if a significant fraction of light is absorbed in the magnetosphere.
The composition of massive white dwarfs and their dependence on C-burning modeling
Authors: De Gerónimo Francisco C. , Miller Bertolami Marcelo M. , Plaza Francisco , Catelan Márcio
Published: January 2022

Context. Recent computations of the interior composition of ultra-massive white dwarfs (WDs) have suggested that some WDs could be composed of neon (Ne)-dominated cores. This result is at variance with our previous understanding of the chemical structure of massive WDs, where oxygen is the predominant element. In addition, it is not clear whether some hybrid carbon (C) oxygen (O)-Ne WDs might form when convective boundary mixing is accounted for during the propagation of the C-flame in the C-burning stage. Both the Ne-dominated and hybrid CO-Ne core would have measurable consequences for asteroseismological studies based on evolutionary models.

Aims. In this work, we explore in detail to which extent differences in the adopted micro- and macro-physics can explain the different final WD compositions that have been found by different authors. Additionally, we explore the impact of such differences on the cooling times, crystallization, and pulsational properties of pulsating WDs.

Methods. We performed numerical simulations of the evolution of intermediate massive stars from the zero age main sequence to the WD stage varying the adopted physics in the modeling. In particular, we explored the impact of the intensity of convective boundary mixing during the C-flash, extreme mass-loss rates, and the size of the adopted nuclear networks on the final composition, age, as well crystallization and pulsational properties of WDs.

Results. In agreement with previous authors, we find that the inclusion of convective boundary mixing quenches the carbon flame leading to the formation of hybrid CO-Ne cores. Based on the insight coming from 3D hydro-dynamical simulations, we expect that the very slow propagation of the carbon flame will be altered by turbulent entrainment affecting the inward propagation of the flame. Also, we find that Ne-dominated chemical profiles of massive WDs recently reported appear in their modeling due to a key nuclear reaction being overlooked. We find that the inaccuracies in the chemical composition of the ultra-massive WDs recently reported lead to differences of 10% in the cooling times and degree of crystallization and about 8% in the period spacing of the models once they reach the ZZ Ceti instability strip.
A tentative detection of He I in the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b
Authors: Orell-Miquel J. , Murgas F. , Pallé E. , Lampón M. , López-Puertas M. , Sanz-Forcada J. , Nagel E. , Kaminski A. , Casasayas-Barris N. , Nortmann L. , Luque R. , Molaverdikhani K. , Sedaghati E. , Caballero J. A. , Amado P. J. , Bergond G. , Czesla S. , Hatzes A. P. , Henning Th. , Khalafinejad S. , Montes D. , Morello G. , Quirrenbach A. , Reiners A. , Ribas I. , Sánchez-López A. , Schweitzer A. , Stangret M. , Yan F. , Zapatero Osorio M. R.
Published: January 2022

The He Iλ10833 Å triplet is a powerful tool for characterising the upper atmosphere of exoplanets and tracing possible mass loss. Here, we analysed one transit of GJ 1214 b observed with the CARMENES high-resolution spectrograph to study its atmosphere via transmission spectroscopy around the He Itriplet. Although previous studies using lower resolution instruments have reported non-detections of He Iin the atmosphere of GJ 1214 b, we report here the first potential detection. We reconcile the conflicting results arguing that previous transit observations did not present good opportunities for the detection of He I, due to telluric H2O absorption and OH emission contamination. We simulated those earlier observations, and show evidence that the planetary signal was contaminated. From our single non-telluric-contaminated transit, we determined an excess absorption of 2.10−0.50+0.45% (4.6σ) with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 1.30−0.25+0.30Å. The detection of He Iis statistically significant at the 4.6σlevel, but repeatability of the detection could not be confirmed due to the availability of only one transit. By applying a hydrodynamical model and assuming an H/He composition of 98/2, we found that GJ 1214 b would undergo hydrodynamic escape in the photon-limited regime, losing its primary atmosphere with a mass-loss rate of (1.5–18) × 1010g s−1and an outflow temperature in the range of 2900–4400 K. Further high-resolution follow-up observations of GJ 1214 b are needed to confirm and fully characterise the detection of an extended atmosphere surrounding GJ 1214 b. If confirmed, this would be strong evidence that this planet has a primordial atmosphere accreted from the original planetary nebula. Despite previous intensive observations from space- and ground-based observatories, our He Iexcess absorption is the first tentative detection of a chemical species in the atmosphere of this benchmark sub-Neptune planet.
Searching for anomalous microwave emission in nearby galaxies
Authors: Bianchi S. , Murgia M. , Melis A. , Casasola V. , Galliano F. , Govoni F. , Jones A. P. , Madden S. C. , Paladino R. , Salvestrini F. , Xilouris E. M. , Ysard N.
Published: January 2022

Aims.We observed four nearby spiral galaxies (NGC 3627, NGC 4254, NGC 4736, and NGC 5055) in theKband with the 64-m Sardinia Radio Telescope, with the aim of detecting anomalous microwave emission (AME), a radiation component presumably due to spinning dust grains, which has been observed thus far in the Milky Way and only in a handful of other galaxies (most notably, M 31).

Methods.We mapped the galaxies at 18.6 and 24.6 GHz and studied their global photometry together with other radio-continuum data from the literature in order to find AME as emission in excess of the synchrotron and thermal components.

Results.We only found upper limits for AME. These nondetections, and other upper limits in the literature, are nevertheless consistent with the average AME emissivity from a few detections: it isϵ30 GHzAME= 2.4 ± 0.4 × 10−2MJy sr−1(M⊙pc−2)−1in units of dust surface density (equivalently, 1.4 ± 0.2 × 10−18Jy sr−1(H cm−2)−1in units of H column density). We finally suggest searching for AME in quiescent spirals with relatively low radio luminosity, such as M 31.
Non-star-forming molecular gas in the Abell 1367 intra-cluster multiphase orphan cloud
Authors: Jáchym Pavel , Sun Ming , Yagi Masafumi , Ge Chong , Luo Rongxin , Combes Françoise , Kabátová Anežka , Kenney Jeffrey D. P. , Scott Tom C. , Brinks Elias
Published: January 2022

We report the detection of CO emission in the recently discovered multiphase isolated gas cloud in the nearby galaxy cluster Abell 1367. The cloud is located about 800 kpc in projection from the center of the cluster and at a projected distance of > 80 kpc from any galaxy. It is the first and the only known isolated “intra-cluster” cloud detected in X-ray, Hα, and CO emission. We found a total of about 2.2 × 108 M⊙ of H2 with the IRAM 30-m telescope in two regions, one associated with the peak of Hα emission and another with the peak of X-ray emission surrounded by weak Hα filaments. The velocity of the molecular gas is offset from the underlying Hα emission by > 100 km s−1 in the region where the X-ray peaks. The molecular gas may account for about 10% of the total cloud’s mass, which is dominated by the hot X-ray component. The previously measured upper limit on the star formation rate in the cloud indicates that the molecular component is in a non-star-forming state, possibly due to a combination of low density of the gas and the observed level of velocity dispersion. The presence of the three gas phases associated with the cloud suggests that gas phase mixing with the surrounding intra-cluster medium is taking place. The possible origin of the orphan cloud is a late evolutionary stage of a ram pressure stripping event. In contrast, the nearby ram pressure stripped galaxy 2MASX J11443212+2006238 is in an early phase of stripping and we detected about 2.4 × 109 M⊙ of H2 in its main body.
Newly detected open clusters in the Galactic disk using Gaia EDR3
Authors: Hao C. J. , Xu Y. , Wu Z. Y. , Lin Z. H. , Liu D. J. , Li Y. J.
Published: January 2022

The astrometric satellite Gaia recently released part of its third data set, which provides a good opportunity to hunt for more open clusters in the Milky Way. In this work, we conduct a blind search for open clusters in the Galactic disk using a sample-based clustering search method with high spatial resolution, which is especially suited to finding hidden targets. In addition to confirming 1930 previously known open clusters and 82 known globular clusters, 704 new stellar clusters are proposed as potential open clusters at Galactic latitudes of |b|≤20°. For each of these new open clusters, we present the coordinates, detailed astrometric parameters, and ages, as well as the radial velocity, if available. Our blind search greatly increases the number of Galactic open clusters as objects of study and shows the incompleteness of the open cluster census across our Galaxy.
Anti-viral memory T cell responses in the absence of IgG production in a COVID-19 convalescent individual
Authors: Ni Ling , Ye Fang , Qiao Qin , Feng Yu , Yang Yazheng , Zhao Hui , Zhang Li-nan , Cheng Meng-Li , Zhu Gengzhen , Li Xiaoli , Zhong Xuan , Li Ruifeng , Qin Cheng-Feng , Chen Fang , Dong Chen
Published: January 2022

Cellular and humoral immunity are both important in host defense against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although defects in SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity have been found in patients with severe lung pathology, it is still largely unclear whether virus-specific T cells are sufficient for host protection. Here, we found that in a previously characterized cohort of convalescent subjects, one individual, though lacking detectable anti-viral neutralizing IgG antibodies, showed virus-specific T cell responses, both in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in this and other individuals are maintained for up to 10 months. This study thus further supports a critical role of T cells in host defense against SARS-CoV-2, offering new insights into the design and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines.
One year of COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: Cheng Meng-Li , Zhao Hui , Qin Cheng-Feng
Published: January 2022

The year 2021 saw the development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines at an unprecedented pace, which is a remarkable success in science and technology. COVID-19 vaccines based on different technology platforms have been given to billions of humans globally to minimize the infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and most importantly, to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we provide a snapshot of the current status and future challenge of COVID-19 vaccination after one year.
Digital Medical Education Empowered by Intelligent Fabric Space
Authors: Tao Guangming , Chen Min , Wang Rui , Wang Rui , Zhou Yingting , He Zicheng , Liu Xiaojuan , He Muyao , Wang Jiaxi , Huang Chaolin , Zhou Huamin , Hong Ping
Published: January 2022

Medical education plays an important role in promoting the development of global medical science. Nevertheless, the intrinsic gap existing between institutional medical teaching and practical clinical tasks causes low education efficiency and students’ weak initiative. Recent developments of sensing fabric and embedded computing, along with the advances in Artificial intelligence (AI) and digital twin technology are paving the way for the transformation of medical research towards digitization. In this work, we present an intelligent fabric space based on novel functional fabric materials and digital twin networking enabled by 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. In this space, medical students can learn knowledge with collaborative mapping of the digital and real world, cyber-physical interaction and real-time tactile feedback. And the proposed service system will evaluate and feedback students’ operational behaviors to improve their experimental skills. We provide four typical applications of intelligent fabric space for medical education, including medical education training, health and behavior tracking, operation playback and reproduction, as well as medical knowledge popularization. The proposed intelligent fabric space has the potential to promote innovative technologies for training cutting-edge medical students by effective and efficient ways.
Properties of AZO thin films prepared by stationary and rotating RF magnetized plasma sputtering source
Authors: Hossain Md. Amzad , Patwary Md Abdul Majed , Rahman Md. Mustafizur , Ohtsu Yasunori
Published: January 2022

The aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were deposited with a star-shaped plasma using a high-density radio frequency (RF) magnetized sputtering source to develop well-consistent target utilization. The deposited AZO film characteristics were investigated using stationary and rotational modes with a velocity of 40 rpm, Ar pressure of 1.0 Pa, and RF power of 40 W with a deposition time of 1.0 h. The deposition rate profile of stationary mode with a roughness of ±30.18% was more fluctuating than that of rotational mode with a roughness of ±10.90%. The lowest electrical resistivities of the AZO films were obtained as 3.8 × 10−4 and 3.6 × 10−4 Ω cm at r = 0 mm for the stationary and rotational modes, respectively. According to the AFM and SEM results, the surface profile of the rotational mode grown AZO film was more uniform and smoother than that of the stationary mode. The intensity of x-ray diffraction peaks (002) of the grown AZO film was decreased from the center to the edge of the vessel. Most of the films showed two broad Raman peaks at about 274 and 575 cm−1, representing additional mode and longitudinal optical phonons of the wurtzite ZnO crystal. All the AZO films showed a high transmittance in the visible range, and the average transmittance of the AZO films in the visible range was ∼84%.
A low-temperature quantum Fokker–Planck equation that improves the numerical stability of the hierarchical equations of motion for the Brownian oscillator spectral density
Authors: Li Tianchu , Yan Yaming , Shi Qiang
Published: January 2022

We investigate the numerical stability of the hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) method applied to systems with the Brownian oscillator (BO) and multimode BO (MBO) spectral densities. It is shown that, with the increase in the system–bath coupling strength, the standard HEOM may become unstable, and a simple increase in the truncation depth of the HEOM cannot remove the instability at long times. To solve this problem, we first show that the high-temperature approximation of the HEOM with the BO spectral density is equivalent to the celebrated quantum Fokker–Planck equation (QFPE). By starting from the HEOM, we then derive a new multidimensional phase space differential equation that generalizes the QFPE to arbitrary temperature. It is further shown that the numerical instability can be removed if the new low-temperature QFPE is expanded in a basis set different than the one that leads to the conventional HEOM. The matrix product state method is also employed to propagate the new equation based on the low-temperature QFPE and to resolve the numerical instability problem for an electron transfer model with the MBO spectral density presented in the recent literature.
Temporal realization of multimodally designed enactment in Japanese talk-in-interaction
Authors: Arita Yuki
Published: January 2022

This article explores the issue of temporality and projectability regarding the production of enactments – stretches of talk designed as there-and-then verbal and/or non-verbal behaviors – in Japanese conversations. As word order is a practice that interactants employ for projecting the shape of an upcoming turn, the predicate-final structure of Japanese leads to “delayed projectability” (Fox, Hayashi & Jasperson 1996;Tanaka 1999,2000). Japanese enactments are no exception. In English, “she said” is prototypically produced before enactment and projects a forthcoming utterance as enactment (Lerner & Takagi 1999;Schegloff 1987). In Japanese, however, syntactic markings of enactment appear after enactment and thus retrospectively indicate preceding enactment. Despite the syntactically delayed projectability, the Japanese interactants rarely exhibit difficulty in comprehending enactments. This article demonstrates that the projection of Japanese enactment is assisted by various linguistic and/or non-linguistic resources accumulated in preparation for the launch of enactment and deployed within the design of enactment.
Stage-of-life words at the crossroads of language, culture and cognition
Authors: Farese Gian Marco
Published: January 2022

Nowhere is the interface between language, culture and cognition more clearly visible than in word meanings and in cases of translational non-equivalence between words of different languages. One such case is that of the meanings of stage-of-life words in different languages. This paper presents a contrastive analysis between the Englishboyand the Italianragazzomade adopting the principles and methods of cross-linguistic semantics. The analysis demonstrates that the semantic non-equivalence between these two stage-of-life words results from the different age and time spans covered by each word and different cultural assumptions about the transition to manhood, showing how these differences are reflected in discourse in the respective languages. First, a discourse analysis is made for each word; after that, two separate semantic explications are produced with the Natural Semantic Metalanguage methodology and then contrasted to highlight the differences in meaning and the role of culture in the formation of different conceptualisations of the human life cycle.
Partitive, genitive or nominative?
Authors: Metslang Helle , Habicht Külli
Published: January 2022

The object has two variants in Estonian: partial object (in partitive, the functionally unmarked variant) and
total object (in genitive or nominative). We examine the variation in object case in Estonian texts from the 17th to the 20th
century, focusing on the 19th century and regarding this variation as an indicator in assessing the sociolinguistic variation of
Estonian in texts. The texts of Old Literary Estonian were written by German scholars for whom Estonian was a collective
interlanguage. In the 19th century the development of written Estonian came gradually into the hands of native speakers, who were
surrounded by a predominantly German-language cultural space. In the Estonian of Germans the total object was overused. The
19th-century texts written by native Estonians represent an amalgam of native language and earlier interlanguage, they show
fluctuations, and overuse of the partial object. By the turn of the 20th century, object case usage has stabilized.
Diachronic bottlenecks of the Uralic (ablative-)partitive
Authors: Grünthal Riho
Published: January 2022

This article discusses the emergence of the partitive case in the three western-most branches of the Uralic language family, which are Saamic and Finnic in North Europe, and Mordvinic in Central Russia. The Finnic languages represent the outer edge of development in the partitive from an earlier ablative case, which used to manifest ‘source’, a specific property of spatial relations. In Finnic the partitive case is a multifunctional and conceptually distinct case, an inflectional category which has developed highly specific functions in object marking, negative phrase and as a case of non-canonical subject. Traces of this development are found in Saamic and Mordvinic as well, whereas other Uralic languages don’t share this kind of secondary development and functional extension. The development of this particular affix consists of several stages, special bottlenecks, enhancing functional properties and triggering the reanalysis of an inherited affix *-ta/-tä. This article focuses on the diachrony of this particular affix with special emphasis on western Uralic.
Vascular heterogeneity: VEGF receptors make blood vessels special
Authors: Li Pin , Ferrara Napoleone
Published: January 2022

Karaman et al. (2022. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210565) examined the differential effects of the conditional deletion of genes encoding each VEGF receptor, VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR 3, as well as combinations thereof in mice. The results highlight the crosstalk between receptors in different organs and emphasize the importance of VEGF receptor expression and interplay in vascular heterogeneity.
Influence of Parameters of Optical Fibers on Optical Soliton Interactions
Authors: Zhou Qin
Published: January 2022

The interaction between optical solitons is of great significance for studying interaction between light and matter and development of all-optical devices, and is conducive to the design of integrated optical path. Optical soliton interactions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation are investigated to improve the communication quality and system integration. Solutions of the equation are derived and used to analyze the interaction of two solitons. Some suggestions are put forward to weaken their interactions.
Microwave Induced Ultralong-Range Charge Migration in a Rydberg Atom
Authors: Wang Huihui , Jiao Yuechun , Zhao Jianming , Xiao Liantuan , Jia Suotang
Published: January 2022

A microwave induced superposition of the 40S
1/2 and 40P
1/2 states of a Cs atom has been investigated in detail. Ultralong-range charge migration which spans a region more than 200 nm has been discovered. As far as we know, this is the first time to discover charge migration in such a long range. This leads to a large dipole moment which oscillates periodically. The present discovery may stimulate new applications such as quantum simulation of many body physics dominated by periodic interactions. In addition, we find an interesting phenomenon that Cs atoms in the superposition of 40S
1/2 and 40P
1/2 have a much larger blockade radius than those of Cs (40S
1/2) or Cs (40P
1/2) atoms.
Temperature Dependence of the Electronic Structure of Ca3Cu2O4Cl2 Mott Insulator
Authors: Li Haiwei , Ye Shusen , Zhao Jianfa , Jin Changqing , Wang Yayu
Published: January 2022

We use scanning tunneling microscopy to study the temperature evolution of electronic structure in Ca3Cu2O4Cl2 parent Mott insulator of cuprates. It is found that the upper Hubbard band moves towards the Fermi energy with increasing temperature, while the charge transfer band remains basically unchanged. This leads to a reduction of the charge transfer gap size at high temperatures, and the rate of reduction is much faster than that of conventional semiconductors. Across the Neel temperature for antiferromagnetic order, there is no sudden change in the electronic structure. These results shed new light on the theoretical models about the parent Mott insulator of cuprates.
Nondestructive inspection of packaged microcircuits by aperture-type terahertz near-field imaging
Authors: Wang Nan , Chang Tianying , Cui Hong-Liang
Published: January 2022

A scanning aperture-type terahertz near-field imaging system is developed to perform precise nondestructive testing on packaged aluminum etched antenna arrays, and surface imaging of a flexible gold electrode array, to obtain subsurface imaging and surface imaging. The resolution of subsurface imaging is 110 and 500 μm when the packaging (polyethylene terephthalate) thickness is 50 and 200 μm respectively, and the surface imaging resolution is 6 μm at 0.11 THz. An adaptive threshold segmentation algorithm of Hilbert scan combined with wavelet transform were employed to successfully suppress the noise of the imaging results due to the change of near-field distance. We also proposed a derivative filtering extremum threshold segmentation algorithm to effectively suppress severely uneven threshold distribution of the packaged aluminum etched antenna arrays.
Spectral and spatial characteristic behaviour of three-dimensional radiation transfer in SF6 switching arcs
Authors: Esmaeili S , Kloc P , Yan J D
Published: January 2022

The spectral and spatial characteristics of three-dimensional radiation transfer across an arc column of 0.08 m long, typical in high-voltage gas blast circuit breakers, has been studied in detail. The arc column under study corresponds to an instantaneous current of 15 kA in SF6 gas at a pressure of 10 bar. Our results show that to calculate the radiative flux divergence (as a volumetric energy source), only a segment of the arc column of 0.024 m in thickness needs to be considered to attain an accuracy of better than 90%. Photons with a frequency lower than 2 × 1015 Hz (150 nm in wavelength) can travel a considerable distance (>0.02 m) with an intensity attenuation factor of 0.2–0.8. Above 2 × 1015 Hz, only photons from the continuum spectrum can travel up to 0.015 m and line emission is absorbed within a distance of typically 0.0005 m, i.e. the arcing gas is optically thick to these photons. The gas within a cross-section of the arc column can be divided into a net emission core and a net absorption zone. The 55%–75% of the radiation emitted from the core is reabsorbed. The starting position of the net absorption zone sits within the temperature interval of 75%–80% of the maximum temperature on the axis. The quantitative information from this work is expected to serve as baseline data for developing improved approximate models for radiation transfer calculation in SF6 switching arcs.
Flat and almost flat bands in the quasi-one-dimensional Josephson junction array
Authors: Bukatova Daryna , Zolotaryuk Yaroslav
Published: January 2022

The dispersion law for the linear waves in the quasi-one-dimensional array of inductively coupled Josephson junctions (JJs) is derived. The array has a multiladder structure that consists of the finite number of rows (N ⩾ 2) in Y direction and is infinite in X direction. The spectrum of the linear waves (Josephson plasmons) consists of 2N − 1 branches. Among these branches there is an N-fold completely flat degenerate one that coincides with the Josephson plasma frequency. The remaining N − 1 branches have a standard Josephson plasmon dispersion law typical for 1D JJ arrays. Application of the uniform dc bias on the top of each vertical column of junctions lifts the degeneracy and only one flat branch remains unchanged. The rest of the previously flat branches become weakly dispersive. The parameter range where the flatness of these branches is maximal has been discussed.
Implementation of flexible virtual microchannels based on optically induced dielectrophoresis
Authors: Li Bo , Yang Huanzhou , Song Zhengxun , Xu Hongmei , Wang Jiajia , Wang Zuobin
Published: January 2022

Micro-nano particle manipulation methods in liquid environments have been widely used in the fields such as medicine, biology and material science. Nevertheless, the methods usually rely on pre-prepared physical microfluidic channels. In this work, virtual electrodes based on the optically induced dielectrophoresis (ODEP) method were used as virtual microchannels instead of traditional physical microfluidic channels. Virtual microchannels with different shapes were implemented by the designs of projected light patterns, which made the virtual microchannels have great flexibility and controllability. The theory of ODEP was verified by simulation and analysis of electric field distributions. The relationship between the manipulation force and the alternating current (AC) voltage or the AC frequency exerted on the cells was assessed. The experimental results indicated that the manipulation force was increased with the increase of the AC voltage, and it was reduced with the increase of the AC frequency. Moreover, different virtual microchannels were designed to carry out the transportation, aggregation and sorting of yeast cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3 cells) and the survival rate of the cells was evaluated. This work shows that the virtual microchannels can be flexibly realized by ODEP in liquid environments.
Direct determination of k

Q
for Farmer-type ionization chambers in a clinical scanned carbon-ion beam using water calorimetry
Authors: Holm Kim Marina , Jäkel Oliver , Krauss Achim
Published: January 2022

Within two studies, k

Q
factors for two Farmer-type ionization chambers have been experimentally determined by means of water calorimetry in the entrance channel (EC) of a monoenergetic carbon-ion beam (Osinga-Blättermann et al 2017 Phys. Med. Biol.
62 2033–54) and for a passively modulated spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) (Holm et al 2021 Phys. Med. Biol.
66 145012). Both studies were performed at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT) using the PTB portable water calorimeter but applying different initial beam energies of 429 MeV u−1 for the EC and 278 MeV u−1 for the SOBP as well as different scanning patterns of the irradiated field. Comparing their results revealed differences between the experimental k

Q
factors of up to 1.9% between the EC and the SOBP. To further investigate this unexpected difference, we performed additional k

Q
determinations for the EC of an 278 MeV u−1 monoenergetic carbon-ion beam and reevaluated the original data of Osinga-Blättermann et al (2017 Phys. Med. Biol.
62 2033–54). This new experimental data indicated no difference between the k

Q
factors for the EC and the SOBP and the reevaluation led to a substantial reduction of the originally published k

Q
factors for the EC of the 429 MeV u−1 beam (Osinga-Blättermann et al 2017 Phys. Med. Biol. 62 2033–54). Finally, no significant difference between the data for the EC and the data for the SOBP can be found within the standard measurement uncertainty of experimental k

Q
factors of 0.8%. The results presented here are intended to correct and replace the k

Q
data published by Osinga-Blättermann et al (2017 Phys. Med. Biol. 62 2033–54) and in Osinga-Blättermann and Krauss (2018 Phys. Med. Biol.
64 015009).
Generalized fifth-order nonlinear evolution equation for the Sawada-Kotera, Lax, and Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon equations in plasma physics: Painlevé analysis and multi-soliton solutions
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Mohan Brij , Kumar Amit
Published: January 2022

This research aims to investigate a generalized fifth-order nonlinear partial differential equation for the Sawada-Kotera (SK), Lax, and Caudrey-Dodd-Gibbon (CDG) equations to study the nonlinear wave phenomena in shallow water, ion-acoustic waves in plasma physics, and other nonlinear sciences. The Painlevé analysis is used to determine the integrability of the equation, and the simplified Hirota technique is applied to construct multiple soliton solutions with an investigation of the dispersion relation and phase shift of the equation. We utilize a linear combination approach to construct a system of equations to obtain a general logarithmic transformation for the dependent variable. We generate one-soliton, two-soliton, and three-soliton wave solutions using the simplified Hirota method and showcase the dynamics of these solutions graphically through interaction between one, two, and three solitons. We investigate the impact of the system’s parameters on the solitons and periodic waves. The SK, Lax, and CDG equations have a wide range of applications in nonlinear dynamics, plasma physics, oceanography, soliton theory, fluid dynamics, and other sciences.
Protecting geometric quantum discord via partially collapsing measurements of two qubits in multiple bosonic reservoirs
Authors: Bai Xue-Yun , Zhang Su-Ying
Published: January 2022

We study the dynamics of geometric quantum discord (GQD) between two qubits, each qubit interacting at the same time with K independent multiple bosonic reservoirs at zero temperature. In both weak and strong qubit–reservoirs coupling regimes, we find that the increase of the number K of reservoirs can induce the damped oscillation of GQD, and enhance the memory effects of the overall environment. And the Hilbert–Schmidt norm GQD (two-norm GQD) is always smaller than the trace norm geometric quantum discord (one-norm GQD). Therefore, the one-norm GQD is a better way to measure the quantum correlation. Finally, we propose an effective strategy to improve GQD by using partially collapsing measurements, and we find that the protection effect is better with the increase of the weak measurement strength.
Quantum fields presentation and generating functions of symplectic Schur functions and symplectic universal characters
Authors: Li Denghui , Wang Fei , Yan Zhaowen
Published: January 2022

This paper is concerned with construction of quantum fields presentation and generating functions of symplectic Schur functions and symplectic universal characters. The boson–fermion correspondence for these symmetric functions have been presented. In virtue of quantum fields, we derive a series of infinite order nonlinear integrable equations, namely, universal character hierarchy, symplectic KP hierarchy and symplectic universal character hierarchy, respectively. In addition, the solutions of these integrable systems have been discussed.