bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction of quaternary stereocentres on carbohydrate scaffolds
Authors: Bera Smritilekha , Chatterjee Bhaskar , Mondal Dhananjoy
Published: August 2016

This review describes a glimpse of the various strategies for constructing stereo-defined quaternary centres in densely functionalised carbohydrates moiety of structurally intriguing and biologically potent natural products and building blocks.
Transfer of the pedagogical transformation competence across chemistry topics
Authors: Mavhunga Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) observed in one topic is commonly understood not to be transferable to another topic. This study asked, what can then be transferred in the context of learning and acquiring PCK? The study firstly posits the existence of a generic pedagogical competence that is developed in pre-service teachers to pedagogically transform content knowledge, thereby developing their PCK exclusively in the topic, distinguished from general PCK as Topic Specific PCK (TSPCK). It then investigated the transferability of the competence learnt through an intervention on particulate nature of matter for the development of TSPCK in a subsequent, much harder topic chemical equilibrium. The location of the study was in a chemistry methodology class with 36 pre-service teachers. Mixed methods were employed in the research design. The intervention focused on developing the competence to transform concepts in the topic of particulate nature of matter. The primary data comprised a set of completed pre- and post-TSPCK tests in both topics, measuring the extent of the shifts in the quality of the construct. Additional qualitative data in the topic of the intervention was collected from class activities and Content Representations (CoRes) during the intervention, while a vignette was used in the second topic. The findings show the success of the intervention in enabling pedagogical transformation of the content knowledge in both topics, thus demonstrating a successful transfer of the learnt competence. Implications for the development of PCK in core topics in a discipline through transfer of the pedagogical transformation competence are provided.
Accuracy limit of rigid 3-point water models
Authors: Izadi Saeed , Onufriev Alexey V.
Published: August 2016

Classical 3-point rigid water models are most widely used due to their computational efficiency. Recently, we introduced a new approach to constructing classical rigid water models [S. Izadi et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 3863 (2014)], which permits a virtually exhaustive search for globally optimal model parameters in the sub-space that is most relevant to the electrostatic properties of the water molecule in liquid phase. Here we apply the approach to develop a 3-point Optimal Point Charge (OPC3) water model. OPC3 is significantly more accurate than the commonly used water models of same class (TIP3P and SPCE) in reproducing a comprehensive set of liquid bulk properties, over a wide range of temperatures. Beyond bulk properties, we show that OPC3 predicts the intrinsic charge hydration asymmetry (CHA) of water — a characteristic dependence of hydration free energy on the sign of the solute charge — in very close agreement with experiment. Two other recent 3-point rigid water models, TIP3PFB and H2ODC, each developed by its own, completely different optimization method, approach the global accuracy optimum represented by OPC3 in both the parameter space and accuracy of bulk properties. Thus, we argue that an accuracy limit of practical 3-point rigid non-polarizable models has effectively been reached; remaining accuracy issues are discussed.
Explicitly correlated coupled-cluster theory with Brueckner orbitals
Authors: Tew David P.
Published: August 2016

Brueckner orbitals are the optimal orbitals for use in F12 explicitly correlated coupled-cluster (CC) treatments. A novel approach, Brueckner coupled-cluster doubles with perturbative triples BCCD(T)(F12*) is presented that avoids the expensive re-evaluation of F12 integrals throughout the orbital optimisation and includes a newly derived basis set correction to the Brueckner reference energy. The generalisation of F12 theory to arbitrary non-Hartree–Fock references and to Fock operators that include scalar relativistic effects is also presented. The performance of the new Brueckner F12 method is assessed for a test set of 50 open- and closed-shell reactions and for the ionisation potentials and electron affinities (EAs) of the first-row transition metal atoms. Benchmark basis set limit coupled-cluster singles, doubles and perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) and BCCD(T) values are reported for all energies in the test sets. BCCD(T)(F12*) performs systematically better than CCSD(T)(F12*) for electron affinities where orbital relaxation effects are significant.
Manipulation of polar order in the “empty” tetragonal tungsten bronzes: Ba4-xSrxDy0.67□1.33Nb10O30, x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3
Authors: Gardner Jonathan , Morrison Finlay D.
Published: August 2016

A series of “empty” tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) ferroelectrics, Ba4-xSrxDy0.67□1.33Nb10O30 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3; □ = vacancy), is reported. With increasing x the unit cell contracts in both the ab plane and c-axis; x ≤ 1 compounds are normal ferroelectrics (FE) with decreasing TC as x increases, while x ≥ 2 are relaxor ferroelectrics (RFE) with associated frequency dependent permittivity peaks and with similar Tm and Tf (Vogel-Fulcher freezing temperatures) values. This observation is rationalised by differing cation occupancies: for x ≤ 1, Sr2+ principally occupies the A2-site (co-occupied by Ba2+ with the A1-site occupied by Dy3+ and vacancies); for x ≥ 2 significant Sr A1-site occupation leads to the observed RFE characteristics. This FE to RFE crossover is consistent with a previously proposed TTB crystal chemical framework where both a decrease in average A-site size and concurrent increase in A1-site tolerance factor (tA1) favour destabilization of long range polar order and relaxor behaviour. The effect of increasing tA1 as a result of Sr occupancy at the A1 site is dominant in the compounds reported here.
Schrödinger spectra and the effective Hamiltonian of weak KAM theory on the flat torus
Authors: Zanelli Lorenzo
Published: August 2016

In this paper we investigate the link between the spectrum of some periodic Schrödinger type operators and the effective Hamiltonian of the weak KAM theory. We show that the extension of some local quasimodes is linked to the localization of the Schrödinger spectrum. Such a result provides additional information with respect to the well known Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rules, here in a more general setting than the integrable or quasi-integrable ones.
Dynamics of parabolic problems with memory. Subcritical and critical nonlinearities
Authors: Li Xiaojun
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we study the long-time behavior of the solutions of non-autonomous parabolic equations with memory in cases when the nonlinear term satisfies subcritical and critical growth conditions. In order to do this, we show that the family of processes associated to original systems with heat source f(x, t) being translation bounded in Lloc2(R;L2(Ω)) is dissipative in higher energy space Mα, 0 < α ≤ 1, and possesses a compact uniform attractor in M0.
Infrared spectroscopy of the helium solvated cyclopentadienyl radical in the CH stretch region
Authors: Leicht Daniel , Kaufmann Matin , Schwaab Gerhard , Havenith Martina
Published: August 2016

Cyclopentadienyl radicals were produced by vacuum flash pyrolysis and trapped in superfluid helium nanodroplets. The infrared spectrum of the embedded radicals was recorded in the range 3020–3120 cm−1. Three bands observed at 3056.3, 3086.9, and 3117.3 cm−1 were assigned to the transitions from the ground state to the three levels of the quadratically Jahn-Teller distorted (i.e., second order Jahn-Teller active) CH stretch vibration with E1′ symmetry. Accompanying ab initio calculations showed a vibrationally averaged symmetric equilibrium structure in agreement with the observed vibronic transitions. Our results confirm a symmetric configuration of the cyclopentadienyl (cp) radical that is dynamically Jahn-Teller distorted. Density functional theory calculations and infrared data further suggest that barrier-less reactions of two cp radicals occur within the droplets.
Bootstrap embedding: An internally consistent fragment-based method
Authors: Welborn Matthew , Tsuchimochi Takashi , Van Voorhis Troy
Published: August 2016

Strong correlation poses a difficult problem for electronic structure theory, with computational cost scaling quickly with system size. Fragment embedding is an attractive approach to this problem. By dividing a large complicated system into smaller manageable fragments “embedded” in an approximate description of the rest of the system, we can hope to ameliorate the steep cost of correlated calculations. While appealing, these methods often converge slowly with fragment size because of small errors at the boundary between fragment and bath. We describe a new electronic embedding method, dubbed “Bootstrap Embedding,” a self-consistent wavefunction-in-wavefunction embedding theory that uses overlapping fragments to improve the description of fragment edges. We apply this method to the one dimensional Hubbard model and a translationally asymmetric variant, and find that it performs very well for energies and populations. We find Bootstrap Embedding converges rapidly with embedded fragment size, overcoming the surface-area-to-volume-ratio error typical of many embedding methods. We anticipate that this method may lead to a low-scaling, high accuracy treatment of electron correlation in large molecular systems.
Mode coupling in hybrid square-rectangular lasers for single mode operation
Authors: Ma Xiu-Wen , Huang Yong-Zhen , Yang Yue-De , Xiao Jin-Long , Weng Hai-Zhong , Xiao Zhi-Xiong
Published: August 2016

Mode coupling between a square microcavity and a Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity is proposed and demonstrated for realizing single mode lasers. The modulations of the mode Q factor as simulation results are observed and single mode operation is obtained with a side mode suppression ratio of 46 dB and a single mode fiber coupling loss of 3.2 dB for an AlGaInAs/InP hybrid laser as a 300-μm-length and 1.5-μm-wide FP cavity connected to a vertex of a 10-μm-side square microcavity. Furthermore, tunable single mode operation is demonstrated with a continuous wavelength tuning range over 10 nm. The simple hybrid structure may shed light on practical applications of whispering-gallery mode microcavities in large-scale photonic integrated circuits and optical communication and interconnection.
Making technological innovation work for sustainable development
Authors: Anadon Laura Diaz , Chan Gabriel , Harley Alicia G. , Matus Kira , Moon Suerie , Murthy Sharmila L. , Clark William C.
Published: August 2016

This paper presents insights and action proposals to better harness technological innovation for sustainable development. We begin with three key insights from scholarship and practice. First, technological innovation processes do not follow a set sequence but rather emerge from complex adaptive systems involving many actors and institutions operating simultaneously from local to global scales. Barriers arise at all stages of innovation, from the invention of a technology through its selection, production, adaptation, adoption, and retirement. Second, learning from past efforts to mobilize innovation for sustainable development can be greatly improved through structured cross-sectoral comparisons that recognize the socio-technical nature of innovation systems. Third, current institutions (rules, norms, and incentives) shaping technological innovation are often not aligned toward the goals of sustainable development because impoverished, marginalized, and unborn populations too often lack the economic and political power to shape innovation systems to meet their needs. However, these institutions can be reformed, and many actors have the power to do so through research, advocacy, training, convening, policymaking, and financing. We conclude with three practice-oriented recommendations to further realize the potential of innovation for sustainable development: (i) channels for regularized learning across domains of practice should be established; (ii) measures that systematically take into account the interests of underserved populations throughout the innovation process should be developed; and (iii) institutions should be reformed to reorient innovation systems toward sustainable development and ensure that all innovation stages and scales are considered at the outset.
Cilium transition zone proteome reveals compartmentalization and differential dynamics of ciliopathy complexes
Authors: Dean Samuel , Moreira-Leite Flavia , Varga Vladimir , Gull Keith
Published: August 2016

Significance

Cilia are highly conserved organelles present in most eukaryotic cell types. The transition zone (TZ) is a ciliary subdomain that acts as a “gate” to control the composition of the cilium. The importance of the TZ is reflected in the many human diseases (termed ciliopathies) that are caused by mutations in TZ complexes. Here, we use a new proteomics technique to find new components of the African trypanosome TZ. We leverage the extraordinary tractability of this system to investigate TZ proteins, localizing them to distinct subdomains within the TZ, and demonstrating their essential roles in building cilia. We show that while orthologs of some ciliopathy complexes show long-term association with the TZ, others are highly dynamic.
Stable propagation of mechanical signals in soft media using stored elastic energy
Authors: Raney Jordan R. , Nadkarni Neel , Daraio Chiara , Kochmann Dennis M. , Lewis Jennifer A. , Bertoldi Katia
Published: August 2016

Significance

Advances in nonlinear mechanics have enabled the realization of a variety of nontraditional functions in mechanical systems. Intrinsic dissipation typically limits the utility of these effects, with soft polymeric materials in particular being incompatible with meaningful wave propagation. Here we demonstrate a nonlinear soft system that is able to propagate large-amplitude signals over arbitrary distances without any signal degradation. We make use of bistable beams to store and then release elastic energy along the path of the wave, balancing both dissipative and dispersive effects. The soft and 3D printable system is highly customizable and tunable, enabling the design of mechanical logic that is relevant to soft autonomous systems (e.g., soft robotics).
Pragmatic forces in the evolution of voseo object pronouns from os to te in colonial Spanish
Authors: Collazos Ana Maria Diaz
Published: August 2016

Vos is a singular/plural second person pronoun in medieval Spanish. In object positions, vos evolves to os during the 15th century (Rini 1992). In the singular, the expansion of te at the expense of os in Colonial Spanish derives from the morphological leveling with the singular tú paradigm (Fontanella de Weinberg, 1977). Using tools from discourse analysis and pragmatics, this research analyzes 554 cases of voseo objects from different Hispanic regions (1500–1898), expanding on findings by Díaz Collazos (2015) on Colombian Spanish. Results suggest that te is introduced by 1568 in voseo contexts as a strategy of softening the commanding force in directive speech acts, a pragmatic advantage leading to the gradual extinction of os in the 18th century.
Making the case for increased prestige of the vernacular
Authors: Weyers Joseph R.
Published: August 2016

Voseo is common in conversations in Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia, but it is not commonly prescribed for written venues. Currently, voseo appears to have a burgeoning presence, which appears to mark a shift from previous trends. This study focuses on the use of the vernacular voseo and prescriptive tuteo and ustedeo in the linguistic landscape of Colombia’s second largest city. An examination of over 300 samples shows that written voseo has an increasing presence in city government communiqués and a limited presence in other domains. Given Medellín’s recent transformation, this study makes the case that increased prestige in paisa (from Antioquia) culture appears to result in increased prestige for that city’s voseo.
Linguistic Purism
Authors: Walsh Olivia
Published: August 2016

This book represents the first in-depth, comparative investigation of linguistic purism in modern French. It investigates the relative prevalence of purist ideology in France and Quebec. Both experience influence from English and have similar language legislation, but they differ in their social, political and economic history. Three different levels of society are examined (official, group and individual), allowing a comparison of the ‘voice from above’ and the ‘voice from below’. This is a key element in recent discussions of language planning but is rarely provided in studies of French. The study is also the first to apply to empirical data Thomas’s widely cited theoretical framework for describing linguistic purism (1991), and has evaluated and refined this, enhancing the theoretical underpinnings of the field. The book will be of interest not only to French scholars and sociolinguists, but also to scholars of language planning, language policy and language ideologies in all languages.
The influence of phonological factors on the expression of finiteness by children learning Dutch as their first and second language
Authors: Blom Elma , Vasić Nada
Published: August 2016

Previous research has indicated that children learning a first language (L1) and children learning a second language (L2) make errors with finiteness marking, even when they master the syntactic and morphological properties of finiteness marking in the target language. This study investigates whether such residual errors with finiteness marking are caused by phonological properties of the verb form. Three groups participated in the study: a Turkish L1 – Dutch L2 group (mean age = 7), an age-matched Dutch L1 group, and a younger Dutch L1 group (mean age = 5) that matched the L2 group on Dutch proficiency. All children took part in an elicited production task and a non-word repetition task. The results confirm the role of phonological properties of verb forms, in particular composition of the coda cluster. Accuracy was high across all groups, but the L2 children and age-matched L1 children performed slightly better than the younger L1 children. This observation suggests that L2 children can make use of L1 experience in the domain of verb inflection.
Second-language Discourse in the Digital World
Authors: Vandergriff Ilona
Published: August 2016

Second-language Discourse in the Digital World illustrates a new, practice-driven approach to technology in second-language (L2) learning that begins with what L2 users do when they connect with others online. With its rich set of examples from a number of different languages and a variety of digital platforms, in and beyond the classroom, this book provides a structured account of L2 computer-mediated discourse. The book is divided into four sections. Section I considers how new media have changed language learning. Section II is about L2 participation in digital forms and practices in online communities. Sections III centers around L2 linguistic and other semiotic practices, including the use of multimodal and multilingual resources while section IV analyzes social practices to explore how networked L2 users build, maintain and challenge relationships. Written in accessible style, the volume will be an important read to anyone interested in L2 use and learning in Web 2.0.

Finalist for the AAAL 2019 book award.
The ancient Greek and Byzantine notion of dialektos
Authors: Van Rooy Raf
Published: August 2016

By studying the different definitions from the Hellenistic era up to Byzantine times, the present paper aims at contributing to tracing the vicissitudes of the term dialektos – and the concept intertwined with it; for this aspect as yet lacks an extensive and systematic treatment. In particular, it shows that Hellenistic authors conceived of dialektos as an ethnically and/or a diatopically restricted speech form, as an anomalous variety of the koinè, and/or as a speech form vaguely characterized by a certain ‘peculiarity’. Later on, Byzantine authors both adopted and enriched this tradition. The pivotal role of the widely used image of kharaktèr also receives attention.
Voices from the field
Authors: Swiggers Pierre
Published: August 2016

Edward Sapir’s grammar of Takelma remains a model of linguistic description and insight into the deeper structure of a language. Together with his Takelma Texts it is our principal source of information on this extinct language, once spoken in southwestern Oregon. Sapir did his fieldwork on Takelma in the summer of 1906, and in less than seven weeks’ work with a single informant he was able to obtain an important number of ethnolinguistic texts and a wealth of grammatical and lexical materials. We are well informed about Sapir’s fieldwork on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon, through his correspondence with Franz Boas, in which various aspects of the Takelma language and culture are discussed. The correspondence also informs us about Sapir’s difficulties in coming to grips with the morphological complexities of the language.
Saussure et la temporalité
Authors: Chidichimo Alessandro
Published: August 2016

I analyse the occurrence of time terminology in the texts and manuscripts of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) up until the beginning of his Geneva years in 1891. This is an interesting period with regard to Saussure’s terminological research on time and language. For instance, the word diachronie doesn’t appear until 1891. I draw conclusions about this Saussurean research based on the explicit use of the term and its contexts. I survey the occurrences of the terms by analysing the corpus following a chronological criterion. Finally, I provide a hypothesis on the apparition and origins of the terms.
Compléments indirects et circonstanciels dans la grammaire française au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle
Authors: Piron Sophie
Published: August 2016

This paper explores how French grammar in the second half of the 19th century classifies prepositional phrases, in particular verbal complements. This study analyses the definitions given to prepositions, indirect complements and circumstantial ones. Approaches found in publications are semantic, logical, notional, grammatical and substitutional. The paper shows that the opposition between both complements is designed during this period on asymmetrical grounds.
Poétique saussurienne, poétique jakobsonienne
Authors: Testenoire Pierre-Yves
Published: August 2016

This article focuses on the connections between Roman Jakobson’s and Ferdinand de Saussure’s ideas about poetics. It questions the readings of the Saussurian anagrams proposed by Jakobson. It shows that, if the approaches of poetry proposed by the two linguists present undeniable similarities, regarding the phonic figures or the importance of symmetry for instance, Jakobson’s interpretations submits Saussure’s approach to important modifications. These shifts reveal fundamental differences in their respective approaches to poetry that recall their divergences in terms of linguistic theory.
A first history of Functional Grammar
Authors: Mackenzie J. Lachlan
Published: August 2016

The history is told of Functional Grammar (FG), as developed by Simon C. Dik (1940–1995) of the University of Amsterdam and his co-workers. The presentation covers the genesis of the theory, its international recognition, the early death of its originator and main protagonist as well as Dik’s Nachleben in current linguistics, including the emergence of a successor theory in the form of Functional Discourse Grammar. The article assesses FG’s reception in linguistics, emphasizing its openness to incorporating ideas from other sources, and evaluates its contribution to linguistic theory and descriptive practice.
Presupposition and implicitness in the 20th century
Authors: Godart-Wendling Béatrice , Raïd Layla
Published: August 2016

In the 1970s, when linguists began to inventory the various forms of presupposition in natural languages, they classified them under the heading of implicitness. With this classification, linguists carried out a profound shift in the analysis of presupposition that began with Frege in 1892. We propose to study the historical process that goes from the logical approach of early analytical philosophy to the first linguistic theories that included presupposition in the field of implicitness (Fillmore, Ducrot, Stalnaker). This analysis, which will show a lack of consensus, leads us to establish a correlation between each theory’s criteria for implicitness and each one’s specific way of explaining presupposition.
Typology, acquisition, and development
Authors: Berman Ruth A.
Published: August 2016

This introductory chapter presents background on the typology, acquisition, and development of Israeli Hebrew in order to provide a shared frame of reference for readers’ perusal of the eleven chapters that follow. It starts by defining the overall goal of the volume, followed by an overview of prior research on acquisition of Hebrew since the 1980s. Salient features of the language are outlined in historical perspective, characterizing Modern Hebrew as a typologically mixed language, with consequences relevant to children’s acquisition of its phonology, orthography, morphology, and syntactic structure. Then follows a brief review of two key facets of the language that figure importantly in its acquisition and in various contributions of the present volume: the role of word-internal morphological structure and the uniquely Semitic features of consonantal roots, binyan verb patterns, and nominal mishkal patterns. The chapter concludes by summarizing the contents of the book, organized by different linguistic domains – phonology, morphology, syntax, discourse, and literacy – and covering periods of development from infancy to adolescence, based on varied sources of data and research methodologies and on distinct approaches to language and language acquisition.
From opacity to transparency
Authors: Lustigman Lyle
Published: August 2016

The paper considers Hebrew-acquiring children’s transition from pervasive non-marking to productive command of grammatical systems in three linguistic domains: verb inflection, predicate elaboration, and clause-combining. The first two are examined in longitudinal samples from three children (age-range: 1;4–2;5), the third in an additional database of three children (age-range: 2;0–3;0). The following developmental patterns emerge for all three domains: (1) earliest constructions used by children are non-marked and typically opaque, that is, they lack a clear, unambiguous target; (2) opaque constructions continue to occur even after the emergence of initial productive usages that are restricted to the least specific, most neutral members of each paradigm; and (3) children’s individual preferences for certain types of opaque constructions show consistent patterns across linguistic domains. These cross-domain trends are analyzed in terms of developmental phases (Berman 1986a, 2004; KarmiloffSmith 1986), where the two initial phases in each domain rely largely on favored transitional categories, initially non-marked and subsequently neutrally-marked constructions. This phase-based approach aims at providing a new perspective on the early development of Hebrew grammar, possibly on the path of acquisition of grammatical marking in general.
Genetic Status and Conservation of Westslope Cutthroat Trout in Glacier National Park
Authors: Muhlfeld Clint C. , D'Angelo Vincent S. , Downs Christopher , Powell John , Amish Stephen , Luikart Gordon , Kovach Ryan , Boyer Matthew , Kalinowski Steven
Published: August 2016

Invasive hybridization is one of the greatest threats to the persistence of Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi. Large protected areas, where nonhybridized populations are interconnected and express historical life history and genetic diversity, provide some of the last ecological and evolutionary strongholds for conserving this species. Here, we describe the genetic status and distribution of Westslope Cutthroat Trout throughout Glacier National Park, Montana. Admixture between Westslope Cutthroat Trout and introduced Rainbow Trout O. mykiss and Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout O. clarkii bouvieri was estimated by genotyping 1,622 fish collected at 115 sites distributed throughout the Columbia, Missouri, and South Saskatchewan River drainages. Currently, Westslope Cutthroat Trout occupy an estimated 1,465 km of stream habitat and 45 lakes (9,218 ha) in Glacier National Park. There was no evidence of introgression in samples from 32 sites along 587 km of stream length (40% of the stream kilometers currently occupied) and 17 lakes (2,555 ha; 46% of the lake area currently occupied). However, nearly all (97%) of the streams and lakes that were occupied by nonhybridized populations occurred in the Columbia River basin. Based on genetic status (nonnative genetic admixture ≤ 10%), 36 Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations occupying 821 km of stream and 5,482 ha of lakes were identified as “conservation populations.” Most of the conservation populations (N = 27; 736 km of stream habitat) occurred in the Columbia River basin, whereas only a few geographically restricted populations were found in the South Saskatchewan River (N = 7; 55 km) and Missouri River (N = 2; 30 km) basins. Westslope Cutthroat Trout appear to be at imminent risk of genomic extinction in the South Saskatchewan and Missouri River basins, whereas populations in the Columbia River basin are widely distributed and conservation efforts are actively addressing threats from hybridization and other stressors. A diverse set of pro‐active management approaches will be required to conserve, protect, and restore Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations in Glacier National Park throughout the 21st century.

Received September 10, 2015; accepted March 30, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
Regional and Temporal Variation in Size at Maturity of Female Blue Crabs in Texas Coastal Waters
Authors: Olsen Zachary , Wagner Tom , Sutton Glen
Published: August 2016

From 2006 to 2014, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) personnel collected size and maturity data from female blue crabs Callinectes sapidus in all bays along the Texas coast as part of a routine fishery‐independent monitoring program. Logistic regression revealed that coastwide size at maturity was negatively impacted by salinity but that temperature had no effect. More specifically, the model estimated that coastwide size at 50% maturity was 130.5 mm at 0‰, 124.4 mm (122.7–126.0) at 10‰, 118.2 mm (117.1–119.3) at 20‰, and 112.1 mm (110.6–113.5) at 30‰. Size at maturity was found to vary substantially among bay systems in addition to the impact of environmental variables on this relationship. Finally, the logistic curve for size at maturity was found to significantly differ from a similar study (conducted by TPWD personnel; 1984 to 1987) due to higher proportions of mature crabs at smaller size‐classes in the 2006 to 2014 data set. This had a small effect on the size at 50% maturity metric, which was found to have decreased 4 mm between these two eras. Regardless of the driver behind these trends, the present analysis and explicit comparison of these results to a previous study suggests that blue crabs along the Texas coast are highly plastic in terms of size at maturity, especially spatially. Coupled with decadal declines in blue crab populations, these results may justify conservative regulation by state management agencies in terms of female spawner protection.

Received December 21, 2015; accepted April 26, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
Trends in Relative Abundance and Early Life Survival of Atlantic Menhaden during 1977–2013 from Long‐Term Ichthyoplankton Programs
Authors: Simpson Cara A. , Wilberg Michael J. , Bi Hongsheng , Schueller Amy M. , Nesslage Geneviève M. , Walsh Harvey J.
Published: August 2016

The Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, a commercially important clupeid, supports one of the oldest and largest commercial fisheries on the U.S. East Coast. Despite recent increases in adult biomass, juvenile indices have declined coastwide and have remained particularly low in Chesapeake Bay. In order to understand the underlying causes of this decline, knowledge of larval recruitment is essential. We developed an index of larval abundance by using larval data collected from two large‐scale ichthyoplankton sampling programs that occurred from Nova Scotia, Canada, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, during 1977–1987 and 1999–2013. Larval abundance data were standardized to a day‐0 age by applying an age–length key from a study of larval ingress into Chesapeake Bay; a delta‐lognormal model was used to account for spatial and temporal changes in sampling. We found that Atlantic Menhaden larval abundance increased from 1977 to 2013 and was highest in the winter; most individuals were detected at nearshore stations. Over our time series, larval abundance corresponded closely to adult spawning stock biomass. Due to the lack of a direct relationship between our larval abundance estimates and a coastwide juvenile index, we examined several environmental factors (temperature, Chesapeake Bay discharge, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation [AMO], wind speed, and wind direction) for potential effects on the relative survival of larvae. Larval abundance had a significant negative effect on relative survival. Temperature and to a lesser extent wind speed and AMO appeared to exert the greatest effects on the early life survival of Atlantic Menhaden: cooler temperatures, intermediate wind speeds, and negative‐phase AMO were the most favorable for survival. Our findings suggest that the observed reduction in recruitment is not a problem of larval supply but rather is limited by survival between the larval and juvenile stages.

Received December 17, 2015; accepted May 31, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
Seasonal Movements and Habitat Use of Potamodromous Rainbow Trout Across a Complex Alaska Riverscape
Authors: Fraley Kevin M. , Falke Jeffrey A. , Yanusz Richard , Ivey Sam
Published: August 2016

Potamodromous Rainbow TroutOncorhynchus mykissare an important ecological and recreational resource in freshwater ecosystems of Alaska, and increased human development, hydroelectric projects, and reduced escapement of Chinook SalmonOncorhynchus tshawytschamay threaten their populations. We used aerial and on‐the‐ground telemetry tracking, a digital landscape model, and resource selection functions to characterize seasonal movements and habitat use of 232 adult (>400 mm FL) Rainbow Trout across the complex, large (31,221 km2) Susitna River basin of south‐central Alaska during 2003–2004 and 2013–2014. We found that fish overwintered in main‐stem habitats near tributary mouths from November to April. After ice‐out in May, fish ascended tributaries up to 51 km to spawn and afterward moved downstream to lower tributary reaches, assumedly to intercept egg and flesh subsidies provided by spawning salmonids in July and August. Fish transitioned back to main‐stem overwintering habitats at the onset of autumn when salmonid spawning waned. Fidelity to tributaries where fish were initially tagged varied across seasons but was high (>0.75) in three out of four drainages. Model‐averaged resource selection functions suggested that Rainbow Trout habitat use varied seasonally; fish selected low‐gradient, sinuous, main‐stem stream reaches in the winter, reaches with suitably sized substrate during spawning, larger reaches during the feeding season prior to the arrival of spawning salmonids, and reaches with high Chinook Salmon spawning habitat potential following the arrival of adult fish. We found little difference in movement patterns between males and females among a subset of fish for which sex was determined using genetic analysis. As most Rainbow Trout undertake extensive movements within and among tributaries and make use of a variety of seasonal habitats to complete their life histories, it will be critical to take a basinwide approach to their management (i.e., habitat protection and angling bag limits) in light of anticipated land‐use changes.

Received February 11, 2016; accepted June 7, 2016 Published online August 12, 2016
The Role of Memory in Distinguishing Risky Decisions from Experience and Description
Authors: Madan Christopher R. , Ludvig Elliot A. , Spetch Marcia L.
Published: August 2016

People's risk preferences differ for choices based on described probabilities versus those based on information learned through experience. For decisions from description, people are typically more risk averse for gains than for losses. In contrast, for decisions from experience, people are sometimes more risk seeking for gains than losses, especially for choices with the possibility of extreme outcomes (big wins or big losses), which are systematically overweighed in memory. Using a within-subject design, this study evaluated whether this memory bias plays a role in the differences in risky choice between description and experience. As in previous studies, people were more risk seeking for losses than for gains in description but showed the opposite pattern in experience. People also more readily remembered the extreme outcomes and judged them as having occurred more frequently. These memory biases correlated with risk preferences in decisions from experience but not in decisions from description. These results suggest that systematic memory biases may be responsible for some of the differences in risk preference across description and experience.
Membrane curvature in cell biology: An integration of molecular mechanisms
Authors: Jarsch Iris K. , Daste Frederic , Gallop Jennifer L.
Published: August 2016

Curving biological membranes establishes the complex architecture of the cell and mediates membrane traffic to control flux through subcellular compartments. Common molecular mechanisms for bending membranes are evident in different cell biological contexts across eukaryotic phyla. These mechanisms can be intrinsic to the membrane bilayer (either the lipid or protein components) or can be brought about by extrinsic factors, including the cytoskeleton. Here, we review examples of membrane curvature generation in animals, fungi, and plants. We showcase the molecular mechanisms involved and how they collaborate and go on to highlight contexts of curvature that are exciting areas of future research. Lessons from how membranes are bent in yeast and mammals give hints as to the molecular mechanisms we expect to see used by plants and protists.
Actin-binding proteins: the long road to understanding the dynamic landscape of cellular actin networks
Authors: Lappalainen Pekka
Published: August 2016

The actin cytoskeleton supports a vast number of cellular processes in nonmuscle cells. It is well established that the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton are controlled by a large array of actin-binding proteins. However, it was only 40 years ago that the first nonmuscle actin-binding protein, filamin, was identified and characterized. Filamin was shown to bind and cross-link actin filaments into higher-order structures and contribute to phagocytosis in macrophages. Subsequently many other nonmuscle actin-binding proteins were identified and characterized. These proteins regulate almost all steps of the actin filament assembly and disassembly cycles, as well as the arrangement of actin filaments into diverse three-dimensional structures. Although the individual biochemical activities of most actin-regulatory proteins are relatively well understood, knowledge of how these proteins function together in a common cytoplasm to control actin dynamics and architecture is only beginning to emerge. Furthermore, understanding how signaling pathways and mechanical cues control the activities of various actin-binding proteins in different cellular, developmental, and pathological processes will keep researchers busy for decades.
Genetic structure of colline and montane populations of an endangered plant species
Authors: Maurice Tiphaine , Matthies Diethart , Muller Serge , Colling Guy
Published: August 2016

Due to land-use intensification, lowland and colline populations of many plants of nutrient-poor grasslands have been strongly fragmented in the last decades, with potentially negative consequences for their genetic diversity and persistence. Populations in mountains might represent a genetic reservoir for grassland plants, because they have been less affected by land-use changes. We studied the genetic structure and diversity of colline and montane Vosges populations of the threatened perennial plant Arnica montana in western central Europe using AFLP markers. Our results indicate that in contrast to our expectation even strongly fragmented colline populations of A. montana have conserved a considerable amount of genetic diversity. However, mean seed mass increased with the proportion of polymorphic loci, suggesting inbreeding effects in low diversity populations. At a similar small geographical scale, there was a clear IBD pattern for the montane Vosges but not for the colline populations. However, there was a strong IBD-pattern for the colline populations at a large geographical scale suggesting that this pattern is a legacy of historical gene flow, as most of the colline populations are today strongly isolated from each other. Genetic differentiation between colline and montane Vosges populations was strong. Moreover, results of a genome scan study indicated differences in loci under selection, suggesting that plants from montane Vosges populations might be maladapted to conditions at colline sites. Our results suggest caution in using material from montane populations of rare plants for the reinforcement of small genetically depauperate lowland populations.
The role of three lifestyle risk factors in reducing educational differences
in ischaemic heart disease mortality in Europe
Authors: Kulhánová Ivana , Menvielle Gwenn , Hoffmann Rasmus , Eikemo Terje A , Kulik Margarete C , Toch-Marquardt Marlen , Deboosere Patrick , Leinsalu Mall , Lundberg Olle , Regidor Enrique , Looman Caspar W N , Mackenbach Johan P ,   for the EURO-GBD-SE Consortium
Published: August 2016

Background: Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide with a higher risk of dying among people with a lower socioeconomic status. We investigated the potential for reducing educational differences in IHD mortality in 21 European populations based on two counterfactual scenarios—the upward levelling scenario and the more realistic best practice country scenario. Methods: We used a method based on the population attributable fraction to estimate the impact of a modified educational distribution of smoking, overweight/obesity, and physical inactivity on educational inequalities in IHD mortality among people aged 30–79. Risk factor prevalence was collected around the year 2000 and mortality data covered the early 2000s. Results: The potential reduction of educational inequalities in IHD mortality differed by country, sex, risk factor and scenario. Smoking was the most important risk factor among men in Nordic and eastern European populations, whereas overweight and obesity was the most important risk factor among women in the South of Europe. The effect of physical inactivity on the reduction of inequalities in IHD mortality was smaller compared with smoking and overweight/obesity. Although the reduction in inequalities in IHD mortality may seem modest, substantial reduction in IHD mortality among the least educated can be achieved under the scenarios investigated. Conclusion: Population wide strategies to reduce the prevalence of risk factors such as smoking, and overweight/obesity targeted at the lower socioeconomic groups are likely to substantially contribute to the reduction of IHD mortality and inequalities in IHD mortality in Europe.
Health information exchange associated with improved emergency department care through faster accessing of patient information from outside organizations
Authors: Everson Jordan , Kocher Keith E , Adler-Milstein Julia
Published: August 2016

Objective: To assess whether electronic health information exchange (HIE) is associated with improved emergency department (ED) care processes and utilization through more timely clinician viewing of information from outside organizations.

Materials and Methods: Our data included 2163 patients seen in the ED of a large academic medical center for whom clinicians requested and viewed outside information from February 14, 2014, to February 13, 2015. Outside information requests w.ere fulfilled via HIE (Epic’s Care Everywhere) or fax/scan to the electronic health record (EHR). We used EHR audit data to capture the time between the information request and when a clinician accessed the data. We assessed whether the relationship between method of information return and ED outcomes (length of visit, odds of imaging [computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiographs] and hospitalization, and total charges) was mediated by request-to-access time, controlling for patient demographics, case mix, and acuity.

Results: In multivariate analysis, there was no direct association between return of information via HIE vs fax/scan and ED outcomes. HIE was associated with faster outside information access (58.5 minutes on average), and faster access was associated with changes in ED care. For each 1-hour reduction in access time, visit length was 52.9 minutes shorter, the likelihood of imaging was lower (by 2.5, 1.6, and 2.4 percentage points for CT, MRI, and radiographs, respectively), the likelihood of admission was 2.4 percentage points lower, and average charges were $1187 lower (P ≤ .001 for all).

Conclusion: The relationship between HIE and improved care processes and reduced utilization in the ED is mediated by faster accessing of information from outside organizations.
NGC 5252: a pair of radio-emitting active galactic nuclei?
Authors: Yang Xiaolong , Yang Jun , Paragi Zsolt , Liu Xiang , An Tao , Bianchi Stefano , Ho Luis C. , Cui Lang , Zhao Wei , Wu Xiaocong
Published: August 2016

The X-ray source CXO J133815.6+043255 has counterparts in the UV, optical, and radio bands. Based on the multiband investigations, it has been recently proposed by Kim et al. as a rarely seen off-nucleus ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) source with a black hole mass of ≥104 M⊙ in the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 5252. To explore its radio properties at very high angular resolution, we performed very long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations with the European VLBI Network (EVN) at 1.7 GHz. We find that the radio counterpart is remarkably compact among the known ULXs. It does not show a resolved structure with a resolution of a few milliarcsecond (mas), and the total recovered flux density is comparable to that measured in earlier sub-arcsecond-resolution images. The compact radio structure, the relatively flat spectrum, and the high radio luminosity are consistent with a weakly accreting supermassive black hole in a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus. The nucleus of NGC 5252 itself has similar radio properties. We argue that the system represents a relatively rare pair of active galactic nuclei, where both components emit in the radio.