bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marriage
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Hardy now returned once more to 4 Celbridge Place. In late July 1874 he went to theatres, made some final revisions to the manuscript of Far from the Madding Crowd, and saw a good deal of Leslie Stephen. In August Miss Paterson became Mrs Allingham, and Hardy corrected proofs for the autumn numbers of the Cornhill: ‘I will speak about the November proof tomorrow, ‘ wrote Stephen on 25 August. ‘I saw nothing to alter, unless that it seemed to me in one or two cases that your rustics—specially Oak—speak rather too good English towards the end. ‘¹ By late summer Emma had come to London to stay ‘as country cousin ‘ with her brother Walter, then living in Maida Vale, and at the beginning of September—in the midst of finishing off ‘Destiny and a Blue Cloak ‘, the story he had promised to the New York Times—Hardy arranged for the wedding to be conducted by Emma ‘s uncle, Dr Edwin Hamilton Gifford, a distinguished theologian who later became Archdeacon of London.²
Illness
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Hardy went down to Bockhampton for a few days in mid-September 1880. The talk at his parents ‘ home dwelt largely upon the past disposition of family property, but much of the visit was given over to exploring with his brother Henry the possibility of finding a plot of land in or near Dorchester on which to build a house. This radical shift of direction on Hardy ‘s part marked a corresponding shift in the balance of power as between his wife and his mother. Hardy had thus far preserved the peace by keeping them almost entirely apart, but that policy had severe practical drawbacks. Throughout their six years of still childless marriage he and Emma had moved constantly from one place to another, driven primarily by economic considerations, including his own perceived needs as a literary professional, but also by Emma ‘s vague and always disappointed ambitions for a richer social life. The first serious disagreements between them had occurred, and Hardy seems to have been no longer willing to fight his wife ‘s corner as staunchly as he had done during their first years together. As he later wrote in a poem specifically called ‘The Rift ‘, ‘We faced but chancewise after that ‘.¹
Max Gate
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

On 29 June 1885 Hardy and Emma made the shortest but most important—and certainly most permanent—of all their removals, from antiquated Shire-Hall Place, in the centre of Dorchester, to the town ‘s south-east outskirts and the brand-new house they were already calling Max Gate. In Hardy ‘s early drawings for the house the name appears as ‘Mack ‘s Gate ‘, in obvious reference to Henry Mack, the last keeper of the tollgate that had stood nearby on the Wareham Road,¹ but the jokey Latinization and subtle aggrandizement soon followed. Just once, in a letter to Gosse, Hardy permitted himself the humorous indulgence of calling it ‘Porta Maxima ‘. The site itself was an open field, its situation fairly isolated—though close to the road and within sound of the railway and the whistle of the Eddison steam-plough works—and its elevation sufficient to expose it to the full rigour of the winds from almost every direction.² To the south and south-west, however, it commanded magnificent views across Fordington Field to Came Wood, the monument to Admiral Hardy, and the downs that, from their reverse slopes, overlooked
The Publication of Tess
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

Hardy returned to Dorset from London in mid-December of 1890. Encouraged by the financial prospects opened up by the American copyright law, he lay awake before dawn on Christmas Day, ‘thinking of resuming “the viewless wings of poesy” ‘ and finding, as he did so, that ‘new horizons seemed to open, and worrying pettinesses to disappear ‘.¹ In the meantime the proofs of the Tess serial had begun to arrive, ‘miserably small-typed ‘ and without as yet any indication of where each of the weekly instalments would end and the next begin. Hardy made some suggestions, but was growing impatient with the complexities and compromises of serialization: ‘It is immaterial about dividing the parts at ends of Chapters, ‘ he told the Graphic ‘s printing-office manager: ‘Any change of scene will do, the next part beginning “Chapter so & so continued.” ‘² During the early months of 1891 he attended to the Tess proofs as they arrived, completed the short stories ‘The Son ‘s Veto ‘ and ‘On the Western Circuit ‘, and prepared for Osgood, McIlvaine the first book edition of A Group of Noble Dames, adding four previously published stories to the six that had appeared in the Graphic. His stints of work were diversified by a number of visits to London—by himself in January, with Emma in March—and an increasingly busy programme of social engagements in and near Dorchester itself.³
After the Visit
Authors: Millgate Michael
Published: November 2023

On 2 January 1906 Hardy was writing to a young woman to thank her for the ‘box of sweet flowers ‘ she had sent him. They were, he said, ‘at this moment in water on the table, & look little the worse for their journey ‘.¹ His correspondent was Florence Emily Dugdale, born on 12 January 1879—six months ahead of his own fortieth birthday. The second of the five daughters of Edward Dugdale, an Enfield schoolmaster, and his wife Emma, a former governess, Florence Dugdale had been brought up in solid lower-middle-class comfort and exposed to a thoroughly conventional set of religious, moral, and domestic values. Quiet, studious, and ‘sweet-tempered ‘ as a girl and young woman, though always delicate in health, she first attended the St Andrew ‘s (Church of England) girls ‘ school in Enfield, transferred at the age of 12 to the local Upper Grade School, where she once came top of her class in ‘Composition ‘, and then, aged 15, took the almost automatic next step—given her family background and the paucity of career alternatives then available to women—of becoming a pupil-teacher.
‘Owl Empson’
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Praetoria House School stood on the western outskirts of Folkestone, near to Shorncliffe camp where troops were assembled before embarking for France. German pilots braved the Channel from Belgium, piloting small planes called Taubes (‘Crows’) with the intention of dropping a few bombs on London: if they had any left over after the dicey run across Kent and Sussex, or failed to reach the capital, they would dump their lethal cargo on Shorncliffe, Folkestone, or Dover. The school headmaster, as soon as he detected the high-pitched hum of an aeroplane, would fetch out a whistle that sounded like a siren and give several loud blasts; everyone would drop everything and make a mad dash for the air-raid shelter under the cricket pavilion.
‘Did I, I wonder, talk too much?’
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Magdalene College in 1925 was just emerging from an extremely long period in the doldrums. Established as a Benedictine Monks’ Hostel in 1428,2 the institution became, at an uncertain date in the last quarter of the fifteenth century, Buckingham College (in tribute to its lay benefactor, Henry Stafford, second Duke of Buckingham); then in 1542 it was refounded by Thomas, Lord Audley—who had ‘presided over the trials of Sir Thomas More and Anne Boleyn, and helped Henry VIII to get rid of two other wives, as well as Thomas Cromwell’—as the College of St Mary Magdalene, with the motto Garde ta foy (‘Keep faith’).
‘His presence spellbound us all’: The Experiment Group
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

‘Bill Empson is very earnest about the Experiment,’ wrote the Cambridge Gownsman (an undergraduate periodical edited at the time by a loyal and evidently well-advised Magdalene man) in October 1928.
‘Those Particular Vices’: Crisis, Expulsion, and Aftermath
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Following Empson’s death in 1984, the Magdalene College Magazine and Record published an obituary by ‘A.S.’ (Arthur Sale) which included this bland and negligent sentence:

In 1931 after election as a Bye-Fellow but before taking up his position, he was appointed to a Chair of English Literature in Tokyo and his close association with Magdalene ceased for some 45 years.

Just so, whether innocently or ingeniously, Sale got everything wrong, managing to minimize or overlook just about every melodramatic particular of Empson’s exclusion from the college, which took place in the summer vacation of 1929—just one year into his study for the English Tripos.
Seven Types of Ambiguity: The Critical Reception
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

I would like to tell you a secret 35 years old, about Ambiguity, but I can’t think of one . . . I was much supported by my pals then (Brunowski for instance) and rather enjoyed having attackers, whose folly was an interesting branch of study. I suppose a lot of the reviews praised the book more than it deserved, but that wouldn’t occur to me at the time, and I thought I was attacked. The most extravagant piece of praise came from J H P Marks, who said with Spanish magnificence that one could tell (say, on meeting them at lunch) how many chapters each of our friends had read so far, as they modelled themselves upon each revelation in turn. We had been reading the Tale of Genji, and perhaps these compliments came from Lady Murasaki rather than Gongora.
Scapegoat and Sacrifice: Some Versions of Pastoral
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

‘You suggest I am ‘‘waiting about’’ in a kind tone, and no doubt I shall start doing that in time,’ Empson wrote to a friend in Tokyo on 13 January 1935. But he hastened to explain that he had not been idle over the past five months. ‘Since getting [back] to England I have prepared three books for the press and am still busy.’1 Actually, he underestimated his own productivity: in addition to readying for publication by Chatto & Windus both Poems (for publication in May 1935) and Some Versions of Pastoral (October 1935), he had prepared Basic English ‘translations’ of two little monographs by his old hero J. B. S. Haldane, The Outlook of Science and Science and Well-Being (both published as ‘Psyche Miniatures’ in 1935).
William Empson
Authors: Haffenden John
Published: November 2023

Following the acclaimed first volume, Among the Mandarins, this is the second and concluding volume of the authorized biography of William Empson, one of the foremost poets and literary critics of the twentieth century. Against the Christians begins during the Second World War and follows Empson's turbulent years of writing wartime propaganda for the BBC. As Chinese Editor, he organised broadcasts to China and propaganda programmes for the Home Service, during which time his friends and colleagues included the prickly George Orwell. The effectiveness of Empson's work for the BBC provoked the Nazi propagandist Hans Fritzsche to call him a 'curly-headed Jew' -- a charge which gave him enormous satisfaction. In 1947 he returned to China, where he was caught up in the Communist siege of the Peking and witnessed Mao Tse-tung's triumphant entry. 'I was there for the honeymoon between the universities and the communists; we were being kept up to the mark rather firmly.' He saw 'the dragooning of independent thought and the hysteria of the confession meetings'. In the late 1940s he also taught in the USA, where he relished the irony of his situation. 'My position here really seems to me very dramatic; there can be few other people in the world who are receiving pay simultaneously and without secrecy from the Chinese Communists, the British Socialists, and the capitalist Rockefeller machine.' From 1953 to 1971 he held the Chair of English Literature at Sheffield, where he engaged more vigorously than ever before in public controversy, being driven by a desire to correct the wrong-headed orthodoxies of modern literary criticism -- most notably 'neo-Christianity'. He acquired massive publicity for his views on the wickedness of Christianity when he published Milton's God in 1961: 'The poem is wonderful because it is an awful warning. The effort of reconsidering Milton's God, who makes the poem so good just because he is so sickeningly bad, is a basic one for the European mind.' Haffenden presents a full account of the work on Milton, along with analyses of Empson's many other writings on subjects including Marlowe, Donne, Marvell, and Coleridge, and The Structure of Complex Words (1951). In a full and candid study of the public and private Empson, John Haffenden enables the reader to understand one of the most gifted, eccentric, witty, and controversial figures of our age -- a giant of modern literature and criticism.
Cottage Politics
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

In the 1770s and 1780s, at Bath and then in London, Thomas Gainsborough painted a series of landscapes in which rustic women and their children gathered in front of cottage doors.1 The cottages were not situated in villages but isolated, usually in woodland glades. The children were cherubic, and the women were well dressed, strikingly pretty, and apparently too young, one might think, to have borne so many children. These were evening scenes, and the family groups were usually waiting for the father of the household, seemingly imagined as the sole breadwinner, to return from work and complete the family circle. Often he is in view, bent and struggling towards the cottage under a burden of firewood, underwood perhaps collected from the forest floor.
Transgression and Pathology
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

The murder that Lew Griffin commits in the first chapter of Long-Legged Fly has a visceral, firsthand intensity that impresses itself indelibly on the reader ‘s mind. The protagonist in this scene becomes likethe criminal in a very disturbing way: ‘Nigger ‘s gonna carve you up like you did her[. . .] I let him see the knife in my hand then, a leatherworker ‘s knife [. . .] Then I bent down and opened his wasted belly with the knife ‘ (Sallis [1992] 1996: 4–5, my italics). Sallis ‘s intention of turning the murderer of this dark vignette into the protagonist of his series is accomplished by his authorial act of opening Lew to our view, often as brutally and degradingly as Lew has opened the terrified addict.
Black Appropriations
Authors: Horsley Lee
Published: November 2023

Chester Himes said of the creation of his Harlem-centred crime novels, ‘The detective story originally in the plain narrative form–– straightforward violence –– is an American product. I just made the faces black. ‘1 Himes touches here on one of the main issues addressed in this chapter, that is, the relevance of this form of genre fiction to the black experience of American life. He also, in his self-deprecating description of his own contribution, skirts round a crucial question: what are the ramifications, in so white-dominated a form, of ‘making the faces black ‘? The Harlem cycle is an obvious starting point for a discussion of black appropriations of the crime novel.
The Challenge of (Managing) New Risks
Authors: Zinn Jens O , Taylor-Gooby Peter
Published: November 2023

Research in the field of risk has expanded rapidly in recent years, as Chapter 2 shows. Social science approaches have developed from an initial concern with the management of technical issues, drawing on rational actor models of behaviour, to include psychological and sociological perspectives which seek to capture the complexity of the factors that influence risk responses in different settings, and the ways in which thinking about and managing risk is embedded in social and cultural contexts.
Crime and Risk
Authors: Kemshall Hazel
Published: November 2023

Crime and risk have become intrinsically linked, and contemporary penal practices have been significantly influenced by the risk society (although just how extensively is a matter of some debate [Pratt 2000a, 2000b; Rose 2000; Sparks 2000]). The key contention is that the modernist disciplinary agenda delivered through the welfare state has been replaced by a welfarepenal agenda based upon risk (Kemshall 2002a). The modernist agenda sought to rehabilitate and normalize offenders, and to discipline the wider population through the ‘soft policing’ of welfare (Donzelot 1980; Garland 1985, 1996).
Voice-Defying Lyricism
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine
Published: November 2023

The title of Les Amours jaunes, the sole volume published in Corbière’s lifetime (1873), sums up the paradoxical nature of his work as a whole. ‘Amours’ promises a prototypical lyrical collection and alludes to noble antecedents, but the pejorative ‘jaunes’ immediately undercuts any expectations of harmony. Yellow literally qualifies the love as jaundiced and unhealthy, but also connotes venality and jealousy, for it could refer to coins used to purchase sexual favours, or the expression être peint en jaune, meaning to be cuckolded. Above all, the title gives the rire jaune, the bitter forced laughter of someone pretending to find something funny when it is not. This reference to ambivalent humour hints at the predominant tone of the volume as a whole, while the juxtaposition of incongruous terms encapsulates its heteroclite style.
Uniquely!Over-Time Mapping of Party Policy Movements in Central and Eastern Europe 1990–2003
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

There are of course inevitable errors in these estimates which caution us against taking differences, especially small differences, at face value. The ‘noise’ surrounding estimates for a party at two consecutive elections may produce an impression of movement, whereas in fact no real change has actually taken place. Our estimates for error, already presented for Left-Right scores in our previous book (Budge et al. 2001: 139) and in Chapters 4 and 5, indicate however that it is limited to about 10 per cent of variation. While confidence intervals can be formed around each individual score on this basis the figure indicates more generally that estimates can be taken broadly at face value as indicating real change and movement in policy positions.
Beyond the Left-Right Dimension: Policy Profiles and Programmatic Coherence of Party Groupings in the European Parliament
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned, like Chapter 1, to see how far our manifesto-based policy estimates fit the new democracies—and new political developments—in Europe. However, it extends the inquiry from the Left-Right divisions we have been examining so far to all the issues covered by the coding frame. One of the most direct ways to see if these are relevant to contemporary politics is to use them to explain the evolution of party groupings in the European Parliament (EP). These have often been said to rest on strategic or pragmatic considerations (the arguments are reviewed in Volkens 2006). Our own feeling is that the groups— which in their present forms were formally constituted only recently (2004), after the enlargement of the EU to take in eight new CEE members—have a strong basis in the old party families and hence are grounded in their policies and ideologies rather than in situational and strategic influences.
Evaluating Validity with the Standard Left-Right Scale: Matching Measurements to Conceptual Intentions
Authors: Klingemann Hans-dieter , Volkens Andrea , Bara Judith L , Budge Ian , McDonald Michael d.
Published: November 2023

The mappings based on the standard MRG Left-Right scale distinguish between parties reasonably well and in plausible ways, grouping them to Left and Right as we would broadly expect and identifying changes which we can link to known historical events. This is true not only for the ex-Communist countries studied in Part I but also for the range of established post-war democracies examined in our previous volume (Budge et al. 2001: 24–50). Thus far, therefore, our representa tions pass the test of face validity.
Some Key Ideas
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

Experiments are conducted in order to study how the settings of certain variables affect the observed values of other variables. Figure 2.1 is one schematic representation of an experiment. A single trial consists of measuring the values of the h response, or output, variables y  1  , ..., yh. These values are believed to depend upon the values of the m factors or explanatory variables ui, ..., um, the values of which will be prescribed by the experimental design.
Optimum Design Theory
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters we have presented ideas, mostly informal, about good experimental design, leading up to a discussion in Chapters 5 and 6 of some optimum designs for linear and quadratic regression in one factor. In this chapter we begin the second part of the book with a more formal discussion of the General Equivalence Theorem, which is the central result on which the theory of the optimum design of experiments depends. The theory applies to a wide variety of design criteria, many of which are called by a letter of the alphabet, so that the subject is sometimes called ‘alphabetic optimality’.
Mixture Experiments
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

We shall chiefly consider the case when the remaining factors, if any, do not vary during the experiment. Then (16.1) defines the q components of a mixture. In mixture experiments the response will depend only on the proportions of the components in the mixture, for example an alloy, but not on the total amount. Experiments of this kind occur frequently in such areas as chemistry, medicine, and agriculture. An extensive survey of mixture experiments is given by Cornell (2002).
Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

The methods of experimental design described so far are appropriate if the response, perhaps after transformation, has independent errors with a variance that is constant over . This is the customary assumption that is made in applications of the normal theory linear model. However, it is not a characteristic of the Poisson and binomial distributions, where there is a strong relationship between mean and variance. The main emphasis of this chapter is on optimum designs for these and other generalized linear models.
Response Transformation And Structured Variances
Authors: Atkinson A C , Donev A N , Tobias R D
Published: November 2023

In the regression models that are the major subject of this book it is assumed that the error variance is constant. In 22.2 this assumption was relaxed to allow symmetrical errors with non-constant variances of the form σ/w(xi), where the w(xi) were a set of known weights. Weighted least squares was the appropriate form of analysis. We start this chapter with design when the mean–variance relationship is such that the response may be transformed to approximate normality.
Collecting and recording insects
Authors: Samways Michael J , New Tim R , McGeoch Melodie A
Published: November 2023

Specimen collection (or recording) starts once the ecological or conservation question has been identified and once the study objectives have been set. The records or specimens collected will constitute your samples or voucher specimens from which to answer the questions posed at the start. The aim is always to collect insect specimens ethically, parsimoniously, and efficiently. In other words, time and effort is directed specifically to answering the question posed. This does not necessarily mean that you are so locked in that subsequent new ideas are precluded. However, any new set of records or samples must be planned from scratch, or should be directly comparable with results already gathered. This point re-emphasizes the importance of advance planning, as well as preliminary sampling, as part of a pilot study (see Chapter 3.4).
Field planes and PG (r,F)
Authors: Casse Rey
Published: November 2023

In Definition 2.5, the extended Euclidean plane (R2 ∪l∞) was constructed, but no coordinates were assigned to the points at infinity. We now show that, by introducing the concept of homogeneous coordinates, the extended Euclidean plane can be coordinatised. Take the extended Euclidean plane.
Non-Desarguesian planes
Authors: Casse Rey
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to construct some classes of non-Desarguesian projective planes. The starting point we use here for the construction of such planes is the assumption that the planes have a certain type of collineation group.
Conics
Authors: Casse Rey
Published: November 2023

We shall be dealing with homogeneous polynomials ϕ in the variables x0, x1,..., xr over some field F , with special interest in the case where F is GF(q).
Introduction Where is ‘West Africa’?
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

On the pages of a world atlas, it is relatively easy to recognize the vast land mass which faces the Atlantic Ocean in the south and stretches inland towards the Sahara Desert in the north (Map 1.1). The region known as West Africa is composed of approximately a dozen states with clearly demarcated national boundaries. Edged by sea and desert, the postcolonial countries that make up this region are linked together by their shared history of slavery and European colonial rule: names such as ‘Freetown’ and ‘Liberia’ testify to these aspects of their collective history.
Griots with Pens in their Hands Literary Experiments with Oral Genres, 1960s–1990s
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Writers who choose to publish in the European languages are not cut of from their oral and vernacular literary heritage simply by their choice of linguistic medium. Focusing on Ghana and Nigeria, this chapter will discuss the ways in which, rather than existing in oppositional relationships, oral, vernacular, and Europhone literatures often interact with and inspire one another in West Africa. This is especially the case in the work of ‘second-generation’ English- language writers, including Ghana’s Kofi Anyidoho (1947– ), Kojo Laing (1946– ), and Atukwei Okai (1941– ), and Nigeria’s Niyi Osundare (1946– ) and Ezenwa-Ohaeto (n.dat), all of whom find inspiration in local oral genres.
Marxism and West African Literature
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

A fierce disagreement broke out in the late 1970s between Wole Soyinka and the ‘Ibadan-Ife Group’ of Nigerian intellectuals and writers, who criticized Soyinka for failing to demonstrate sufficient class awareness in his work (Jeyifo, 2004: xiii–xiv). The Ibadan-Ife Group, composed largely of young, ‘second-generation’ writers seeking ways to transform the political disaster-zone of post-Civil War Nigeria, called for a class analysis of African cultural production and criticized earlier authors for failing to secure genuine post-colonial freedom (Jeyifo, 2004).
The Three ‘Posts’: Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Marxism is a largely humanist discourse in which history is represented as the rational, dialectical working-out of human intentions.1 As such, it foregrounds the coherence and presence of human subjects, particularly people’s capacity to unite and take action on the world: as Kate Soper writes, ‘the categories of ‘‘consciousness’’, ‘‘agency’’, ‘‘choice’’, ‘‘responsibility’’, ‘‘moral value’’, etc., are indispens able’ to the understanding of humanism (1986: 12).
‘Queering’ West African Literatures: Calixthe Beyala, Werewere Liking, and Ve´ronique Tadjo
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the work of Calixthe Beyala (1961– ) from Cameroon, Werewere Liking (1950– ), who was born in Cameroon and lives in the Ivory Coast, and Ve´ronique Tadjo (1955– ) from the Ivory Coast. Of all ‘third generation’ writers, these three francophone women seem to be the most forceful in their rejection of systems of classification and ‘-isms’, including feminism and Marxism, on the grounds that such discourses conceal more than they reveal.
Introduction: Reparation: A Moral and Political Dilemma
Authors: Barkan Elazar
Published: November 2023

On December 11, 2005, the The Observer in London published a story under the headline ‘JP Morgan faces boycott over slave trade reparations’. In it, the paper reported on a campaign calling on American students to boycott the bank’s student loans business, a business reportedly worth US$9 billion a year. If the story escaped your attention, you may excuse yourself. A search on both Nexis and Google suggests that no major US media outlet reported on the proposed boycott. So while boycott may overstate the situation, nonetheless the story is interesting.
Atoms In External Fields
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

This is a classic problem concerning a hydrogen atom in the ground state immersed a uniform electric field . To second order in the electric field, the shift of the ground-state energy is where α is the polarizability. Estimate the polarizability α for the hydrogen ground state. For the purposes of this estimate, one may neglect the fine (Problem 1.3) and hyperfine (Problem 1.4) structure, i.e., ignore effects associated with the electron spin. Compare this result to the polarizability of a classical conducting sphere of radius a  0.
Interaction Of Atoms With Light
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

In this problem, we consider a system (e.g., an atom) that has two nondegenerate levels subject to a periodic perturbation that couples these two states. The goal is to describe the temporal evolution of the system, assuming that it is in the lower state initially, and that the lower state does not decay. The upper state decays to some other states with a rate Γ. This is one of the central problems in atomic and optical physics [in fact, there have been entire books written on the subject, see, for example, Allen and Eberly (1987)] arising in a great variety of situations, as will be discussed in a number of further problems. Note that the content of this problem is closely related to the phenomenon of magnetic resonance (Problem 2.6) and the discussion of the AC Stark and Zeeman shifts in Problem 2.7.
Cold Atoms
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P
Published: November 2023

Laser cooling is an elegant and important tool that has been useful in many branches of atomic physics. For example, laser cooling has enabled the creation and study of Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute atomic vapors (Anderson et al. 1995, Bradley et al. 1995, Davis et al. 1995) and is a central feature in the latest generation of atomic clocks (Santarelli et al. 1999). The creation of cold atomic gases via laser cooling has provided a new venue in which to study atomic collision processes, nonlinear optical effects, and basic quantum-mechanical phenomena. There are innumerable excellent reviews on this vast subject – good starting points are the Nobel lectures by Chu (1998), Phillips (1998), and Cohen-Tannoudji (1998), as well as the text by Metcalf and Van der Straten (1999).
Diophantine equations
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

As an appetizer, here is a typical problem of the kind Sections 1–5 should equip you to solve. You are invited to try it as soon as you wish. You may find it hard for now, but by the end of Section 5, where its solution is given, it should not look difficult to you.
Miscellaneous problems and solutions
Authors: Zawaira Alexander , Hitchcock Gavin
Published: November 2023

The problems in this last Toolchest can fairly be called a ‘miscellany’, in that they vary greatly, both in the tools needed for solution, and in difficulty. They are only roughly ordered, in that you will generally find the easier problems before the more difficult ones, but there is no guarantee of that: in any case, different people will find different problems easier.
Brideshead Relocated
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

I was struck by a huge advertisement on Dalston Lane the other day. Pasted on to a large hoarding next to the New Four Aces Club, it showed an ornate wrought-iron gate and behind it a gravel drive winding through lush sheep-dotted parkland towards a great country house that peeped out suggestively from behind ancient trees. Beneath this seigneurial prospect was printed the slogan ‘Permanence in an Age of Change’. The gate, which had the word ‘Araldite’ figured in its metal, was ajar, but despite this teasing hint of access, the image still seemed like an affront, an indication of everything that the people of this street will never attain.
The London Bus Queue Falls Apart
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

For as long as I can remember, conservatively inclined commentators have been lamenting the decline of the London bus queue. Indeed, it is said that this venerable British institution doesn’t really exist any more: its ordered and generally accepted civilities having been replaced by a brutish stampede in which the pushiest get through first, while the frail and well mannered are left standing, if they are lucky, in the gutter.
The Man with a Metal Detector
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

England’s rectory gardens may support fewer Easter egg hunts than they once did, but there are other ways of reviving a traditional sense of geography in the featureless territory of the modern State and the treasure hunt lives on. In the early Eighties we had the allegorical riddles of Kit Williams’s hugely successful Masquerade. Those who weren’t prepared to follow Williams’s pictorial clues in search of the golden hare he had buried ‘somewhere’ in deep England could always turn on the television and follow a romping young television presenter, Anneka Rice, as she chased less demanding clues round the countryside with the help of a helicopter.
Brick Lane’s Day of Killing
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

A few days ago, a poster appeared in East London’s Brick Lane proclaiming a ‘Day of Killing’ to be held once a year, or whenever ‘the population level becomes dangerously high’. The event would be open to anyone able to hold a gun, and those with disabilities would be permitted to kill by proxy, so long as they had completed the appropriate form and submitted it one week in advance. Participants could kill anyone they wanted within the 24 hour period, but revenge killings after the allotted time were strictly forbidden.
The Mesosaurus Problem
Authors: McCarthy Dennis
Published: November 2023

Many people today view scientists as somewhat timid, pedestrian, socially clumsy homebodies. In “Socializing the Engineer,” a chapter-section from Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman, James Gleick detailed efforts at MIT to bring about the “socialization of this famously awkward creature,” describing the young Feynman “and others like him” as “socially inept, athletically feeble, miserable in any but a science course ... so worried about the other sex that he trembled when he had to take the mail out past girls sitting on the stoop.” And, perhaps, the typecast is not wholly undeserved.
Making English India
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada
Published: November 2023

When the adjective ‘Indian’ attaches to a literary tradition or cultural formation, it necessitates a greater degree of scrutiny than is usual in literary discourse which, for the most part, takes the national affiliations of various literatures for granted. ‘Indian literature’, as one critic has argued, is not itself a ‘theoretically coherent category’ even if, in some sense, ‘every book written by an Indian, inside the country or abroad, is part of a thing called Indian Literature’ (Ahmad 1991: 244). Comprising many different languages and literary traditions, this literature has emerged from within shifting cultural boundaries over the centuries.
chapter 5Evolingo The Nature of the Language Faculty
Authors: Hauser Marc D
Published: November 2023

I want to begin by saying that much of what I will discuss builds tremendously on the shoulders of giants and couldn’t have been done if it hadn’t been for the thinking and experimental work of people like Noam Chomsky, Randy Gallistel, and Rochel Gelman, who significantly inform what I will be telling you about. Today I want to develop an idea of a new research path into the evolution of language, which I’ll call “evolingo,” parasitizing the discipline known as “evo-devo,” and I will tell you a little about what I think the label means. Then I want to give you a case example, some very new, largely unpublished data on quantifiers. Finally, what I will try to argue is that there is really a new way of thinking about the evolution of language that is very different from the earliest stages of working on this problem.
chapter 6Pointers to a Biology of Language?
Authors: Dover Gabriel
Published: November 2023

It cannot be denied that the faculty of language is a part of human biological development in which the particular path taken by any one individual is influenced by a unique, interactive milieu of genetics, epigenetics, and environment. The same can be said of all other features of human biology, even though the operative poetics are not known in detail for any one process. Hence, unraveling (if that were at all possible) the route through which language gets established, whether as a problem of ontogeny or evolution, needs to take note of current advances in research into the ways of biology. No matter what the specific locus of attention might be (“broad” or “narrow” language faculty; “principles” or “parameters”; “I”- or “E”-language; “core” or “peripheral” domains; and so on), the same kinds of developmental and evolutionary factors will be concerned.
chapter 8Brain Wiring Optimization and Non-genomic Nativism
Authors: Cherniak Christopher
Published: November 2023

I will talk about combinatorial network optimization – that is, minimization of connection costs among interconnected components in a system. The picture will be that such wiring minimization can be observed at various levels of nervous systems, invertebrate and vertebrate, from placement of the entire brain in the body down to the sub-cellular level of neuron arbor geometry. In some cases, the minimization appears either perfect, or as good as can be detected with current methods – a predictive success story. In addition, these instances of optimized neuroanatomy include candidates for some of the most complex biological structures known to be derivable “for free, directly from physics” – that is, purely from simple physical energy minimization processes. Such a “physics suffices” picture for some biological self-organization directs attention to innate structure via non-genomic mechanisms, an underlying leitmotif of this Conference.
chapter 13The Brain Differentiates Hierarchical and Probabilistic Grammars
Authors: Friederici Angela D
Published: November 2023

In a recent paper on the faculty of language, Marc Hauser, Noam Chomsky, and Tecumseh Fitch (2002) asked three critical questions stated already in the title: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? In their answer to the “what-is-it” question, they formulated the hypothesis that the language faculty in the narrow sense comprises the core computational mechanism of recursion. In response to the “who-has-it” question, the hypothesis was raised that only humans possess the mechanism of recursion which, interestingly, is crucial not only for language, but also, as they claim, maybe for music and mathematics – that is, three processing domains that seem to be specific to humans, at least as far as we know.
chapter 14Round Table: Language Universals: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Authors: Boeckx Cedric , Fodor Janet Dean , Glertman Lila , Rizzi Luigi
Published: November 2023

What I will be talking about is how I think generative grammar approaches syntactic universals, and I would like to start by saying that I think the topic of linguistic or syntactic universals is actually fairly odd. A legitimate reaction upon mention of this topic could be, what else? That is, basically what we are really interested in is explanation, and not so much in statements like there is something or other, but rather for all X…, such and such happens. That is, laws, or universals.
Syntax Acquisition: An Evaluation Measure After All?
Authors: Fodor Janet Dean
Published: November 2023

First I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my collaborators, especially my colleague William Sakas, and our graduate students. We are all part of the CUNY Computational Language Acquisition Group (CUNY-CoLAG), whose mission is the computational simulation of syntax acquisition. We have created a large domain of languages, similar to natural languages though simplified, which we use to test the accuracy and speed of different models of child language acquisition.
chapter 19The Illusion of Biological Variation: A Minimalist Approach to the Mind
Authors: Hauser Marc D
Published: November 2023

The topic that I want to talk about today falls under the title “The illusion of biological variation.” Let’s consider a canonical perceptual illusion, one in which the image is completely static, with nothing moving at all, except that your visual system thinks it is. Now, no matter how many times you tell the subject that the image is static, his or her visual system won’t believe it; it can’t. Illusions are interesting because, no matter how aware we are of them, they simply won’t go away. Similarly, and by way of analogy, I will suggest today that much of the variation that we see in the natural world is in some sense an illusion because at a different level of granularity, there are some core invariant mechanisms driving the variation.
Light at the End of the Tunnel: Towards a European Public Sphere?
Authors: Vreese Claes de , Boomgaarden Hajo , Banducci Susan , Semetko Holli
Published: November 2023

Questions about the democratic legitimacy of the EU, as suggested in the introductory chapter to this volume, have focused on both normative and empirical considerations both in terms of the political system itself and how its citizens view the EU. Evaluations of the democratic legitimacy of the EU as a political system tend to posit and compare descriptions of the exercise of EU power to normative ideals either in terms of accountability and representation (e.g. see Beetham and Lord 1998b), technocratic efficiency (Majone 1993), or indirect legitimacy through the authorization of member states (Moravscik 1998).
chapter 1
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

Hazlitt’s father was an extraordinary man. An Irishman born at Shronell, County Tipperary, Hazlitt Sr was educated at Glasgow University from 1756 to 1761. A bastion of free thought in the midst of sectarianism, the University boasted some of the finest minds in the United Kingdom including James Watt (who Hazlitt Sr assisted on experiments leading ultimately to the discovery of latent heat) and Adam Smith (whose lectures he attended). Despite opposition from the local synod, the professors at Glasgow encouraged students to think for themselves rather than accept the assumptions handed down by church elders. That unshakeable belief in liberty of thought and worship had a profound effect on the personality of Hazlitt Sr, and in turn on his son.
chapter 12
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

Coleridge was recovering. Crippled for years by addiction, he had recently placed himself under the care of Dr James Gillman and his wife who, by regulating his consumption of opium, managed to get him to the point at which he could begin writing again. Never one to shrink from a challenge, he produced three Lay Sermons, the first of which, The Statesman’s Manual, would appear in December 1816. Several months before this, in September, his publisher trailed it in the newspapers. Hazlitt decided to review it months before publication on the grounds that its contents were as predictable as the man himself.
chapter 16
Authors: Wu Duncan
Published: November 2023

On the evening of 31 January 1819, three men met over dinner in the back room of a small house on Ludgate Hill. One uncorked a bottle of wine, filled their glasses, and proposed a toast. ‘To Political Essays!’ ‘Political Essays!’ they cried in unison, laughing. It was a bold gesture. Seven days earlier, Hazlitt signed a contract giving William Hone publishing rights to his next book, which attacked the enemies of freedom—Lord Liverpool, the Prince Regent, George III, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the Poet Laureate. That evening he delivered printer’s copy, which sat on the table as he celebrated with his publisher. The third guest was a mutual friend—John Hunt, to whom Political Essays was dedicated. Their conversation covered a range of subjects including Daniel Defoe, of whom Hazlitt and his new publisher were admirers, as Hone later boasted to his friend John Childs: ‘Hazlitt is a De Foeite.’
‘Presence’ vs. ‘absence’
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The question of D.B.’s capacity for detecting the presence of a visual stimulus has been examined by us on at least ten occasions. The main questions have concerned his sensitivity as a function of size, intensity, duration of the visual stimulus, and its location in the visual field. As in the study of reaching, before 1976 the meridian tested was always the horizontal one, and after the contraction of his field defect a meridian off-horizontal in the lower left quadrant was used.
The immune system: an update for virologists
Authors: Virelizier Jean-Louis
Published: November 2023

Virologists are often puzzled by the immunological literature, even that which deals with immunity to virus infections. They are sometimes repelled by the odd vocabulary, the variable nomenclature and the many controversies in this field of research. They tend to believe that immunology is essentially a theoretical science, as opposed to the more exact and precise field of virology. Although immunology, especially in the past, may have deserved this bad image, things are changing and immunological approaches are becoming more molecular, drawing closer to virology. Infectious diseases may be considered as the encounter of two genomes, that of the virus and that part of the host’s which is responsible for responses in immunocompetent cells. Analysis of the functioning of genes, whether cellular or viral, implies very similar approaches, so that immunologists and virologists will soon be speaking the same language. This is timely indeed, because knowledge of immunology is needed more than ever by virologists interested in host-virus relationships in vitro and in vivo to provide a necessary basis for the understanding of the pathogenesis of any viral disease. The present communication does not intend to review all aspects of immunity to viruses, but rather to discuss, in the light of recent findings, present knowledge in the three main compartments of host defence mechanisms against viruses, namely natural immunity, antibody production and cell-mediated immunity.