bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of kinship in the formation of a primate multilevel society
Authors: Guo Songtao , Huang Kang , Ji Weihong , Garber Paul A. , Li Baoguo
Published: December 2014

A small number of mammalian species live in a modular or multilevel society in which several individual social/reproductive units called one‐male units (OMUs) are embedded within a large cohesive band. Factors that affect band composition and stability are poorly understood. In this study we examined the role of kinship in the formation and maintenance of a multilevel society in an endangered population of golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). From 2005 to 2011, we obtained genetic samples from 86 individuals (including 88.9% of leader males and 80.5% of adult females) living in a band of 8–10 OMUs. We used microsatellite genotyping to identify patterns of relatedness and individual transfer. We found that adult females residing in the same OMU were more closely related to each other than to a random set of females drawn from the band and that females tended to disperse into OMUs that contained female relatives. In addition, adult females who transferred were not more closely related to their previous leader male than to the leader male of their new OMU. These results support the contention that kin bonds contribute importantly to the formation and stability of this primate multilevel society by influencing a female's decision to remain in her current OMU, or during transfer, which new OMU to enter. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:606–613, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photocaged DNAzymes as a General Method for Sensing Metal Ions in Living Cells
Authors: Hwang Kevin , Wu Peiwen , Kim Taejin , Lei Lei , Tian Shiliang , Wang Yingxiao , Lu Yi
Published: December 2014

DNAzymes, which are sequences of DNA with catalytic activity, have been demonstrated as a potential platform for sensing a wide range of metal ions. Despite their significant promise, cellular sensing using DNAzymes has however been difficult, mainly because of the “always‐on” mode of first‐generation DNAzyme sensors. To overcome this limitation, a photoactivatable (or photocaged) DNAzyme was designed and synthesized, and its application in sensing ZnII in living cells was demonstrated. In this design, the adenosine ribonucleotide at the scissile position of the 8–17 DNAzyme was replaced by 2′‐O‐nitrobenzyl adenosine, rendering the DNAzyme inactive and thus allowing its delivery into cells intact, protected from nonspecific degradation within cells. Irradiation at 365 nm restored DNAzyme activity, thus allowing the temporal control over the sensing activity of the DNAzyme for metal ions. The same strategy was also applied to the GR‐5 DNAzyme for the detection of PbII, thus demonstrating the possible scope of the method.
Catalytic activity of 1‐methylimidazole‐based phosphine ligands in the palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction
Authors: Guan Jin Tao , Song Xiao Ming , Zhang Zhi Yong , Wei Ben Mei , Dai Zhi Qun
Published: December 2014

The catalytic activities of three N‐methylimidazole‐based phosphine ligands in the Suzuki coupling reaction were tested using PdCl2 as the catalyst. The results showed all three phosphine ligands exhibited excellent activity towards the Suzuki reaction, and the catalytic activity decreased with increasing number of imidazole groups. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐language person‐entity linking from 20 languages
Authors: Lawrie Dawn , Mayfield James , McNamee Paul , Oard Douglas W.
Published: December 2014

The goal of entity linking is to associate references to an entity that is found in unstructured natural language content to an authoritative inventory of known entities. This article describes the construction of 6 test collections for cross‐language person‐entity linking that together span 22 languages. Fully automated components were used together with 2 crowdsourced validation stages to affordably generate ground‐truth annotations with an accuracy comparable to that of a completely manual process. The resulting test collections each contain between 642 (Arabic) and 2,361 (Romanian) person references in non‐English texts for which the correct resolution in English Wikipedia is known, plus a similar number of references for which no correct resolution into English Wikipedia is believed to exist. Fully automated cross‐language person‐name linking experiments with 20 non‐English languages yielded a resolution accuracy of between 0.84 (Serbian) and 0.98 (Romanian), which compares favorably with previously reported cross‐language entity linking results for Spanish.
Multiperiodic semiregular variable stars in the ASAS data base: A pilot study
Authors: Fuentes‐Morales I. , Vogt N.
Published: December 2014

Based on a search for multi‐periodic variability among the semi‐regular red variable stars in the database of the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS), a sample of 72 typical examples is presented. Their period analysis was performed using the Discrete Fourier Transform. In 41 stars we identified two significant periods each, simultaneously present, while the remaining 31 cases revealed even three such periods per star. They occur in a range roughly between 50 and 3000 days. Inter‐relationships between these periods were analyzed using the “double period diagram” which compares adjacent periods, and the so‐called “Petersen diagram”, the period ratio vs. the shorter period. In both diagrams we could identify six sequences of accumulation of the period values. For five of these sequences (containing 97 % of all data points) we found an almost perfect coincidence with those of previous studies which were based on very different samples of semiregular red variables. Therefore, existence and locations of these sequences in the diagrams seem to be universal features, which appear in any data set of semi‐regularly variable red giants of the AGB; we conclude that they are caused by different pulsation modes as the typical and consistent properties of similar stellar AGB configurations. Stellar pulsations can be considered as the principal cause of the observed periodic variability of these stars, and not binary, rotation of a spotted surface or other possible reasons suggested in the literature. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
What SDO tells us about structure and evolution of coronal bright points
Authors: Karachik N. V. , Minenko E. , Sattarov I. , Pevtsov A. A. , Sherdonov C. T.
Published: December 2014

Using magnetograms and coronal images from two instruments on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), we study structure and evolution of a limited number of coronal bright points (CBPs). Our results show that the relation between CBPs and their magnetic footpoints is not simple. In some cases, CBP may appear as a bright portion of a larger loop (with clearly identifiable footpoints), and in some cases, an isolated CBP may develop between magnetic poles, which might not be the closest ones to each other or which might not be involved in the magnetic flux cancellation. We suggest that the magnetic connectivity responsible for formation of isolated coronal bright points is governed by the orientation of the large‐scale magnetic field. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Risks to global biodiversity from fossil‐fuel production exceed those from biofuel production
Authors: Dale Virginia H. , Parish Esther S. , Kline Keith L.
Published: December 2014

Potential global biodiversity impacts from near‐term gasoline production are compared to biofuel, a renewable liquid transportation fuel expected to substitute for gasoline in the near term (i.e., from now until c. 2030). Petroleum exploration activities are projected to extend across more than 5.8 billion ha of land and ocean worldwide (of which 3.1 billion is on land), much of which is in remote, fragile terrestrial ecosystems or off‐shore oil fields that would remain relatively undisturbed if not for interest in fossil fuel production. Future biomass production for biofuels is projected to fall within 2.0 billion ha of land, most of which is located in areas already impacted by human activities. A comparison of likely fuel‐source areas to the geospatial distribution of species reveals that both energy sources overlap with areas with high species richness and large numbers of threatened species. At the global scale, future petroleum production areas intersect more than double the area and a higher total number of threatened species than future biofuel production. Energy options should be developed to optimize provisioning of ecosystem services while minimizing negative effects, which requires information about potential impacts on critical resources. Energy conservation and identifying and effectively protecting habitats with high‐conservation value are critical first steps toward protecting biodiversity under any fuel production scenario. Published in 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Global insights into the Chinese hamster and CHO cell transcriptomes
Authors: Vishwanathan Nandita , Yongky Andrew , Johnson Kathryn C. , Fu Hsu‐Yuan , Jacob Nitya M. , Le Huong , Yusufi Faraaz N.K. , Lee Dong Yup , Hu Wei‐Shou
Published: December 2014

Transcriptomics is increasingly being used on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to unveil physiological insights related to their performance during production processes. The rich transcriptome data can be exploited to provide impetus for systems investigation such as modeling the central carbon metabolism or glycosylation pathways, or even building genome‐scale models. To harness the power of transcriptome assays, we assembled and annotated a set of RNA‐Seq data from multiple CHO cell lines and Chinese hamster tissues, and constructed a DNA microarray. The identity of genes involved in major functional pathways and their transcript levels generated in this study will serve as a reference for future studies employing kinetic models. In particular, the data on glycolysis and glycosylation pathways indicate that the variability of gene expression level among different cell lines and tissues may contribute to their differences in metabolism and glycosylation patterns. Thereby, these insights can potentially lead to opportunities for cell engineering. This repertoire of transcriptome data also enables the identification of potential sequence variants in cell lines and allows tracing of cell lineages. Overall the study is an illustration of the potential benefit of RNA‐Seq that is yet to be exploited. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 965–976. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis preceded by subacute thyroiditis
Authors: Mukae Haru , Furusyo Norihiro , Murata Masayuki , Ogawa Eiichi , Kainuma Mosaburo , Shimizu Motohiro , Ihara Takeshi , Hayashi Jun
Published: December 2014

Key Clinical Message

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis can be a complication of thyroid disease, not only autoimmune disease but also subacute thyroiditis.
Neonatal acute megakaryoblastic leukemia mimicking congenital neuroblastoma
Authors: Kawasaki Yukako , Makimoto Masami , Nomura Keiko , Hoshino Akihiro , Hamashima Takeru , Hiwatari Mitsuteru , Nakazawa Atsuko , Takita Junko , Yoshida Taketoshi , Kanegane Hirokazu
Published: December 2014

Key Clinical Message

We describe a neonate with abdominal distension, massive hepatomegaly, and high serum neuron‐specific enolase level suggestive of congenital neuroblastoma. The patient died of pulmonary hemorrhage after therapy. Autopsy revealed that the tumor cells in the liver indicated acute megakaryocytic leukemia with the RBM15‐MKL1 fusion gene.
Aufarbeitung von Polyphenolen aus Weizen mittels Zeolithen am Beispiel der Ferulasäure
Authors: Thiel Alexander , Muffler Kai , Tippkötter Nils , Suck Kirstin , Sohling Ulrich , Ruf Friedrich , Ulber Roland
Published: December 2014

Bei der Ferulasäure handelt es sich um einen Wertstoff, der aus Weizen gewonnen und in der Lebensmittel‐ und Pharmaindustrie eingesetzt werden kann. Der Einsatz von Weizen als nachwachsende Rohstoffquelle ist allerdings nur dann wirtschaftlich durchführbar, wenn eine Prozessintegration in die bestehenden industriellen Verfahren gewährleistet oder eine direkte Konkurrenz zur Mehl‐ und Stärkeindustrie vermieden werden kann. In diesem Artikel wird ein Verfahren aufgezeigt, welches hohe Ausbeuten ermöglicht und eine Konkurrenz zu bestehenden Verwertungspfaden vermeidet.
Krieg der Chemiker
Authors: Vaupel Elisabeth
Published: December 2014

Wegen des massiven Einsatzes chemischer Kampfstoffe wird der Erste Weltkrieg oft als “Krieg der Chemiker” bezeichnet. Diese Formulierung ist zwar überspitzt, weil sie die ebenfalls kriegswichtige Rolle der Physiker und der Ingenieure ausblendet, doch sie drückt zutreffend aus, dass die Chemie in diesem Krieg tatsächlich zum ersten Mal eine Schlüsselrolle spielte. Ohne die tatkräftige Unterstützung durch ihre potente chemische Industrie hätten die Deutschen schon 1915 kapitulieren müssen.
Leuchtdioden als umweltschonendes Beleuchtungskonzept
Authors: Harrer Roswitha
Published: December 2014

Rote, gelbe – (grüne), blaue: Die Entwicklung von effizienten Leuchtdioden zur Emission von blauem Licht legte den Grundstein für neue Beleuchtungskonzepte mit weißem Licht von weit höherer Effizienz. Für diese Entwicklungen wurden Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano und Shuji Nakamura mit dem Nobelpreis für Physik 2014 geehrt.
Electrochemical performance of a fluidized bed electrode fuel cell with molten carbonate electrolyte
Authors: Zhang Jubing , Zhong Zhaoping , Piao Guilin , Yang Hongmin , Jiang Xiaoxiang
Published: December 2014

Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) has been extensively studied and vigorously developed. However, the shortage in gas‐diffusion electrode limits its widely application to a large extent. Fluidized bed electrode (FBE) has been paid more and more attention all around the world due to its high mass and heat transfer coefficient. In this study, a novel fuel cell combined MCFC and FBE is proposed, which is called fluidized bed electrode fuel cell (FBEFC). Its polarization characteristics are fundamentally investigated under various experimental conditions. The optimal performance of the FBEFC is obtained under the following conditions with an open circuit voltage of 0.987 V and a peak power density of 39.6 mW cm−2: electrolyte composition, 62 % Li2CO3: 38 % K2CO3; O2/CO2 ratio, 1/2; reaction temperature, 923 K; anode gas flow rate, 402 ml min−1; and cathode gas flow rate, 1723 ml min−1
Experimental and numerical investigation of two‐phase flow patterns in magnesium electrolysis cell with non‐uniform current density distribution
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Lin , Sun Ze , Lu Gui‐Min , Song Xing‐Fu , Yu Jian‐Guo
Published: December 2014

In a magnesium electrolysis cell, the electrolyte flow pattern can be affected by the chlorine gas bubbles release from the anodes. A 2D gas‐liquid mathematical model was developed to simulate the liquid velocity and gas volume fraction. A Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experimental set‐up was employed to determine the characteristics of velocity field in a cold model and to validate the mathematical model. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental data. The local production rate of gas evolution is related to the anode current density according to Faraday's law. To make the bubble generation close to the reality, the non‐uniform current density distribution over the anode surfaces, derived from the thermoelectric model, has been added to the gas‐liquid model as initial boundary conditions. According to the analysis, the use of non‐uniform conditions is necessary. The flow patterns in the side channels are found to be quite different from that in the middle channels, where the velocity is much lower. It is noted that both current intensity and bubble size can significantly affect the velocity field and gas volume fraction distributions. The velocity can be increased with higher current intensities and larger bubble size, and the gas volume fraction can be enhanced with higher current intensities and lower bubble diameters. Additionally, the liquid velocity will decrease sharply when the bubble diameter smaller than the critical value (0.9 mm). It is better to keep the bubble diameter larger than the critical size for the electrolyte circulation.
Dynamic behaviours and control of full tower heat integrated air separation columns
Authors: Chang Liang , Liu Xinggao
Published: December 2014

The heat integrated air separation column (HIASC) is a frontier in the energy‐saving distillation research. The dynamic model of HIASC is first proposed. The dynamic behaviours such as strong asymmetric nonlinearity and distinct inverse responses are first investigated based on the simulation results of the dynamic model to give some insight into the dynamic difficulties associated with the control of a high purity HIASC. The multi‐loop PID (M‐PID) and the autoregressive exogenous (ARX) model based generic model control (GMC) scheme are then explored. Furthermore, a multivariable decoupling ARX model is proposed in order to eliminate the interaction between the two single control loops. At last, an adaptive generic model control (ADGMC) scheme for HIASC is presented. The detailed comparative research works are carried out, and the results show that the ADGMC overcomes the interaction of the control loops and the model mismatch of GMC, and hence improves the control performances.
Dominant flow structures in gas–liquid–solid fluidized beds
Authors: Arjmandi‐Tash Omid , Zarghami Reza
Published: December 2014

Effective time series analysis techniques in time and frequency domains were applied to characterize three‐phase fluidization under a wide range of gas and liquid velocities. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale fluidized bed, operated under ambient conditions. Standard deviation of pressure fluctuations successfully detected four distinct regimes, namely compacted bed, agitated bed, coalesced and discrete bubble regimes (or discrete and dispersed bubble regimes at extremely low gas velocities). A minimum in skewness and average cycle frequency and a maximum in flatness indicated a minimum deviation from larger structures of the bed. A transition between macro and finer structures occurred during agitated bed regime and accordingly, minimum liquid fluidization velocity was perceived by skewness, flatness, and average cycle frequency analyses. The results showed that at very low liquid velocities in the compacted bed regime, the power spectrum at lower frequencies slightly increased with increasing liquid velocity. This results in the consecutive appearance of single bubbles of low frequencies. With further increase in the liquid velocity at agitated bed regime the power spectrum at lower frequencies gradually decreased. At higher liquid velocities near ULmf, the peak dominant frequency is transmitted from low frequency ranges of 2 Hz to the higher frequency of about 10 Hz.
Inferring the temperature dependence of population parameters: the effects of experimental design and inference algorithm
Authors: Palamara Gian Marco , Childs Dylan Z. , Clements Christopher F. , Petchey Owen L. , Plebani Marco , Smith Matthew J.
Published: December 2014

Understanding and quantifying the temperature dependence of population parameters, such as intrinsic growth rate and carrying capacity, is critical for predicting the ecological responses to environmental change. Many studies provide empirical estimates of such temperature dependencies, but a thorough investigation of the methods used to infer them has not been performed yet. We created artificial population time series using a stochastic logistic model parameterized with the Arrhenius equation, so that activation energy drives the temperature dependence of population parameters. We simulated different experimental designs and used different inference methods, varying the likelihood functions and other aspects of the parameter estimation methods. Finally, we applied the best performing inference methods to real data for the species Paramecium caudatum. The relative error of the estimates of activation energy varied between 5% and 30%. The fraction of habitat sampled played the most important role in determining the relative error; sampling at least 1% of the habitat kept it below 50%. We found that methods that simultaneously use all time series data (direct methods) and methods that estimate population parameters separately for each temperature (indirect methods) are complementary. Indirect methods provide a clearer insight into the shape of the functional form describing the temperature dependence of population parameters; direct methods enable a more accurate estimation of the parameters of such functional forms. Using both methods, we found that growth rate and carrying capacity of Paramecium caudatum scale with temperature according to different activation energies. Our study shows how careful choice of experimental design and inference methods can increase the accuracy of the inferred relationships between temperature and population parameters. The comparison of estimation methods provided here can increase the accuracy of model predictions, with important implications in understanding and predicting the effects of temperature on the dynamics of populations.
Chromium Tricarbonyl and Chromium Benzene Complexes of Graphene, Their Properties, Stabilities, and Inter‐Ring Haptotropic Rearrangements – A DFT Investigation
Authors: Gloriozov Igor P. , Marchal Rémi , Saillard Jean‐Yves , Oprunenko Yuri F.
Published: December 2014

The structures, electronic properties, stabilities, mechanisms, and activation barriers of the intramolecular inter‐ring haptotropic rearrangements (η6,η6‐IRHRs) of chromium tricarbonyl and chromium benzene complexes of graphene were modeled by DFT calculations. All of the above calculated characteristics are in good agreement with the experimental data for related complexes with ultralarge, large, and medium‐sized polyaromatic ligands (PALs). Generally η6,η6‐IRHRs between isomer complexes with organometallic groups (OMGs) in different positions in graphene ligand proceeds via η3‐transition states with activation barriers considerably lower (<25 kcal/mol) than those of the corresponding rearrangements in medium‐sized PALs (>30 kcal/mol). This could be explained by the reduction of electron density and the increase of electron mobility inside graphene molecules, which weaken metal–ligand bonds and facilitate rearrangements.
Unexpectedly Complex Crystalline Phases in the MSO3F–Ag(SO3F)2 Phase Diagram (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Michałowski T. , Mazej Z. , Budzianowski A. , Jagličić Z. , Leszczyński P. J. , Grochala W.
Published: December 2014

The syntheses and characterizations of mixed‐cation fluorosulfates containing AgII ions are reported and add to the moderately well‐known chemistry of AgII compounds. The compounds synthesized mostly show different structures and compositions. The mixed sodium–silver fluorosulfate is isostructural with Ag3(SO3F)4 (monoclinic P21/c, a = 5.2812 Å, b = 13.0473 Å, c = 19.3557 Å, and β = 100.970°) and has the composition (Ag0.05Na0.95)(Ag0.65Na0.35)AgII(SO3F)4. The mixed potassium–silver fluorosulfate does not correspond to KI2AgII(SO3F)4 but rather to KAgI2AgII(SO3F)5 [orthorhombic P2221, a = 6.4736(3) Å, b = 7.3915(4) Å, and c = 17.7736(10) Å]. Two rubidium–silver fluorosulfates form as a mixture, one corresponds to RbAgI2AgII(SO3F)5 [orthorhombic P2221, a = 6.4828(6) Å, b = 7.3551(7) Å, c = 18.0262(17) Å], and the other corresponds to RbAgII(SO3F)3 [monoclinic P21/m, a = 15.8152(14) Å, b = 15.4861(13) Å, c = 17.0211(14) Å, and β = 101.513(5)°]. The cesium fluorosulfate/silver(II) fluorosulfate phase diagram is exemplified by the CsAgII(SO3F)3 salt [triclinic P$\bar {1}$, a = 14.9241(5) Å, b = 9.7046(3) Å, c = 17.8465(7) Å, α = 109.116(2)°, β = 84.655(3)°, and γ = 119.171(3)°]. The IR and Raman spectra of the compounds were measured, and their thermal stability and magnetic properties have been determined. The MAgI2AgII(SO3F)5 systems show antiferromagnetic behavior with absolute superexchange constants of up to 19.1 meV for M = K, and ferromagnetism can be observed below 20–40 K for the MAg(SO3F)3 derivatives (M = Rb, Cs).
Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of 2‐Fluoro‐1,3‐diketones to Nitroalkenes
Authors: Kwiatkowski Jacek , Lu Yixin
Published: December 2014

Highly enantioselective Michael addition of 2‐fluoro‐1,3 diketones to nitroalkenes was developed, and the desired adducts were obtained in good chemical yields with moderate to good diastereoselectivties and excellent enantioselectivities. Subsequent stereoselective reduction of the carbonyl groups led to the preparation of a functionalized fluoroisostere of glycerol that contains four continuous stereogenic centers.
Effects of lasofoxifene and bazedoxifene on B cell development and function
Authors: Bernardi Angelina I. , Andersson Annica , Grahnemo Louise , Nurkkala‐Karlsson Merja , Ohlsson Claes , Carlsten Hans , Islander Ulrika
Published: December 2014

The third generation selective estrogen receptor modulators lasofoxifene (las) and bazedoxifene (bza) are indicated for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. 17β‐Estradiol (E2) and the second generation SERM raloxifene (ral) have major effects on the immune system, particularly on B cells. Treatment with E2 or ral inhibits B lymphopoiesis and treatment with E2, but not ral, stimulates antibody production. The effects of las and bza on the immune system have not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate their role in B cell development, maturation, and function. C57BL/6 mice were sham‐operated or ovariectomized (ovx) and treated with vehicle, E2, ral, las, or bza. All substances increased total bone mineral density in ovx mice, as measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. In uterus, bza alone lacked agonistic effect in ovx mice and even acted as an antagonist in sham mice. As expected, E2 decreased B cell numbers at all developmental stages from pre‐BI cells (in bone marrow) to transitional 1 (T1) B cells (in spleen) and increased marginal zone (MZ) B cells as determined by flow cytometry. However, treatment with las or bza only decreased the last stages of bone marrow B cell development and splenic T1 B cells, but had no effect MZ B cells. E2 increased antibody‐producing cells quantified by ELISPOT, but las or bza did not. In conclusion, las and bza differ from E2 by retaining normal number of cells at most B cell stages during B lymphopoiesis and maturation and by not increasing antibody‐producing cells.
Storify—A Gimmick or an Engaging Research Tool?
Authors: Clayton Kara , Noe Ann Wiggins
Published: December 2014

This column features essays written by current middle school and high school teachers, media specialists, librarians, literacy coaches, curriculum specialists, administrators, preservice teachers, teacher educators, and adolescent and adult learners. They highlight diverse perspectives on teaching and/or learning with literacies to inspire reader reflection.
Print‐Based Texts
Authors: Blasingame James
Published: December 2014

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult literature and provides a valuable resource for literature selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Talking the Talk
Authors: Gillis Victoria
Published: December 2014

This article explores how research‐based principles of vocabulary instruction, embedded in the learning cycle, may be enacted through a variety of strategies across the four core curricular disciplines. Examples of the strategies are provided, drawn from English, mathematics, social studies, and science.
Visual and Digital Texts
Authors: Botzakis Stergios
Published: December 2014

This column provides reviews of adolescent and adult visual and digital texts and provides a valuable resource for visual and digital text selection in‐ and outside the classroom.
Training pouched rats to find people
Authors: La Londe Kate B. , Mahoney Amanda , Edwards Timothy L. , Cox Christophe , Weetjens Bart , Durgin Amy , Poling Alan
Published: December 2014

Giant African pouched rats equipped with video cameras may be a tenable option for locating living humans trapped under debris from collapsed structures. In the present study, 5 pouched rats were trained to contact human targets in a simulated collapsed building and to return to the release point after hearing a signal to do so. During test sessions, each rat located human targets more often than it located similar‐sized inanimate targets on which it had not previously been trained and spent more time within 1 m of the human target than within 1 m of the other targets. Overall, the rats found humans, plastic bags containing clothes, and plastic bags without clothes on 83%, 37%, and 11% of trials, respectively. These findings suggest that using pouched rats to search for survivors in collapsed structures merits further attention.
Positive effect of IGF‐1 injection on gastrocnemius of rat during distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Feng Rui , Ma Xinlong , Ma Jianxiong , Jia Haobo , Ma Baoyi , Xu Liyan , Liu Aifeng
Published: December 2014

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is used to form new bone between bone segments to lengthen the callus. Skeletal muscles frequently fail to adapt to distraction, which causes complications. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) has been implicated as a central regulator of muscle repair. We hypothesized that IGF‐1 injection could reduce muscle complications in DO. A total of 102 Sprague‐Dawley rats received DO or did not were randomly assigned into saline, IGF‐1 and normal groups. On the day before the distraction, the rats in the IGF‐1 group were injected with IGF‐1. The gastrocnemius muscles of the rats were harvested at the 0, 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th days of distraction. The weight of the muscles, cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the muscle fibers, collagen volume fraction (CVF), maximum limit load (MLL), maximum contraction forces, and gene expression of Akt, MyoD, myogenin, myostatin, and collagen I were analyzed. The results indicated that IGF‐1 injection had increased the weights, CSA of the muscle fibers, MLL and force generation of the gastrocnemius. Also, Akt, MyoD, and myogenin were upregulated, and myostatin was downregulated in the IGF‐1 group. Injection of IGF‐1 could attenuate the gastrocnemius atrophy, prevent fibrosis, increase MLL, and regulate the related mRNA. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1424–1432, 2015.
Exact solutions of some systems of fractional differential‐difference equations
Authors: Bekir Ahmet , Güner Özkan , Ayhan Burcu
Published: December 2014

In this paper, the
‐expansion method is proposed to establish hyperbolic and trigonometric function solutions for fractional differential‐difference equations with the modified Riemann–Liouville derivative. The fractional complex transform is proposed to convert a fractional partial differential‐difference equation into its differential‐difference equation of integer order. We obtain the hyperbolic and periodic function solutions of the nonlinear time‐fractional Toda lattice equations and relativistic Toda lattice system. The proposed method is more effective and powerful for obtaining exact solutions for nonlinear fractional differential–difference equations and systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On initial data problem for a periodic two‐component μ‐Hunter–Saxton system
Authors: Lv Guangying , Wang Xiaohuan
Published: December 2014

This paper is concerned with a periodic two‐component μ‐Hunter–Saxton system. We prove that the solution map of the Cauchy problem of the μ‐Hunter–Saxton system is not uniformly continuous in
, s > 5/2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bäcklund transformation of fractional Riccati equation and its applications to the space–time FDEs
Authors: Arnous A. H. , Mirzazadeh M.
Published: December 2014

In this paper, the Bäcklund transformation of fractional Riccati equation is presented to establish traveling wave solutions for two nonlinear space–time fractional differential equations in the sense of modified Riemann–Liouville derivatives, namely, the space–time fractional generalized reaction duffing equation and the space–time fractional diffusion reaction equation with cubic nonlinearity. The proposed method is effective and convenient for solving nonlinear evolution equations with fractional order. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards centralized and semi‐automatic VLAN management
Authors: Li Fuliang , Yang Jiahai , An Changqing , Wu Jianping , Wang Xingwei
Published: December 2014

Virtual local area networks (VLANs) are widely used in many enterprises, campuses, and data‐centre networks. Although VLANs can restrict broadcast domains and contain hosts in one network or separate networks, the management of VLANs is an ad hoc and error‐prone work. In this paper, we design and implement a centralized and semi‐automatic system for VLAN management (CSS‐VM). Based on the physical network topology and user group (examples are engineering, student cluster, and faculty cluster) information, CSS‐VM can decide the number of VLANs that each user group would be partitioned into. In addition, CSS‐VM can not only monitor the status of devices and links but can also calculate an optimal spanning tree for each affected VLAN after a link or device failure is detected, so that it does not need to enable the Spanning Tree Protocol on devices but still has the ability of converging from device or link failures and avoiding bridging loops. We have evaluated CSS‐VM on the topology and VLAN partition data of an operational enterprise network. Our results show that CSS‐VM can obviously keep the broadcast traffic cost reasonable, efficiently partition and configure VLANs, quickly converge from link and device failures, and intelligently make a balanced use of links. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence of sleep‐disordered breathing in children with asthma and its behavioral effects
Authors: Goldstein Nira A. , Aronin Charlotte , Kantrowitz Beth , Hershcopf Ronald , Fishkin Sherry , Lee Haesoon , Weaver Diana E. , Yip Candice , Liaw Christine , Saadia Tehila A. , Abramowitz Jason , Weedon Jeremy
Published: December 2014

Objectives

To determine the prevalence of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) in children with asthma compared to non‐asthmatic children and to determine if behavior problems are associated with asthma and SDB.

Study Design

Cross‐Sectional.

Methods

Parents of 263 children with asthma and 266 controls ages 2 to 15 years attending routine pediatric office visits completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Child Behavior Checklist. Asthma severity was classified based on NIH guidelines.

Results

The prevalence of snoring was significantly higher in asthmatic children (35.5%) than controls (15.7%) and the prevalence of a positive PSQ was significantly higher in asthmatic children (25.9%) than controls (10.6%) (P < 0.001 for both). The effect of asthma was “dose‐dependent“ as children with more severe asthma had increased odds ratios for snoring and a positive PSQ. On multivariate analysis, there were significant interactions of gender with asthma and age with gender. A positive modified PSQ along with measures of socioeconomic status and age were the only independent predictors of abnormal Child Behavior Checklist scores and score classifications.

Conclusions

There was a higher prevalence of SDB in asthmatic children compared to non‐asthmatic children and the prevalence of SDB increased with increasing asthma severity. In multivariate analysis the role of asthma was much less clear as it predicted a positive PSQ in girls but not boys. SDB, but not asthma, was an independent predictor of behavioral problems. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1128–1136. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analyzing Movements Development and Evaluation of the Body Awareness Scale Movement Quality (BAS MQ)
Authors: Sundén A. , Ekdahl C. , Horstman V. , Gyllensten A. L.
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose

Limitations in everyday movements, physical activities are/or pain are the main reasons for seeking help from a physiotherapist. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Awareness Scale Movement Quality (BAS MQ) focusing on factor structure, validity and reliability and to explore whether BAS MQ could discriminate between healthy individuals and patients. BAS MQ assesses both limitations and resources concerning functional ability and quality of movements.

Methods

The total sample in the study (n = 172) consisted of individuals with hip osteoarthritis (OA) (n = 132), individuals with psychiatric disorders (n = 33) and healthy individuals (n = 7). A factor analysis of the BAS MQ was performed for the total group. Inter‐rater reliability was tested in a group of individuals with hip OA (n = 24). Concurrent validity was tested in a group of individuals with hip OA (n = 89). The Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36), the 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and the Hip Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) were chosen in the validation process.

Results

The factor analysis revealed three factors that together explained 60.8% of the total variance of BAS MQ. The inter‐rater reliability was considered good or very good with a kappa value of 0.61. Significant correlations between BAS MQ and SF‐36, HOOS and 6MWT in the subjects with hip OA confirmed the validity. The BAS MQ was able to discriminate between healthy individuals and individuals with physical and psychiatric limitations.

Conclusion

Results of the study revealed that BAS MQ has a satisfactory factor structure. The inter‐rater reliability and validity were acceptable in a group of individuals with hip OA. BAS MQ could be a useful assessment tool for physiotherapists when evaluating the quality of everyday movements in different patient groups. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel application of t‐statistics to objectively assess the quality of IC50 fits for P‐glycoprotein and other transporters
Authors: O'Connor Michael , Lee Caroline , Ellens Harma , Bentz Joe
Published: December 2014

Current USFDA and EMA guidance for drug transporter interactions is dependent on IC50 measurements as these are utilized in determining whether a clinical interaction study is warranted. It is therefore important not only to standardize transport inhibition assay systems but also to develop uniform statistical criteria with associated probability statements for generation of robust IC50 values, which can be easily adopted across the industry. The current work provides a quantitative examination of critical factors affecting the quality of IC50 fits for P‐gp inhibition through simulations of perfect data with randomly added error as commonly observed in the large data set collected by the P‐gp IC50 initiative. The types of errors simulated were (1) variability in replicate measures of transport activity; (2) transformations of error‐contaminated transport activity data prior to IC50 fitting (such as performed when determining an IC50 for inhibition of P‐gp based on efflux ratio); and (3) the lack of well defined “no inhibition” and “complete inhibition” plateaus. The effect of the algorithm used in fitting the inhibition curve (e.g., two or three parameter fits) was also investigated. These simulations provide strong quantitative support for the recommendations provided in Bentz et al. () for the determination of IC50 values for P‐gp and demonstrate the adverse effect of data transformation prior to fitting. Furthermore, the simulations validate uniform statistical criteria for robust IC50 fits in general, which can be easily implemented across the industry. A calibration of the t‐statistic is provided through calculation of confidence intervals associated with the t‐statistic.
Cellular density‐dependent down‐regulation of EP4 prostanoid receptors via the up‐regulation of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α in HCA‐7 human colon cancer cells
Authors: Otake Sho , Yoshida Kenji , Seira Naofumi , Sanchez Christopher M. , Regan John W. , Fujino Hiromichi , Murayama Toshihiko
Published: December 2014

Increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) levels are features of colon cancer. Among the different E‐type prostanoid receptor subtypes, EP4 receptors are considered to play a crucial role in carcinogenesis by, for example, inducing COX‐2 when stimulated with PGE2. However, EP4 receptor levels and PGE2‐induced cellular responses are inconsistent among the cellular conditions. Therefore, the connections responsible for the expression of EP4 receptors were investigated in the present study by focusing on cell density‐induced hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). The expression of EP4 receptors was examined using immunoblot analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and reporter gene assays in HCA‐7 human colon cancer cells with different cellular densities. The involvement of HIF‐1α and its signaling pathways were also examined by immunoblot analysis, reporter gene assays, and with siRNA. We here demonstrated that EP4 receptors as well as EP4 receptor‐mediated COX‐2 expression levels decreased with an increase in cellular density. In contrast, HIF‐1α levels increased in a cellular density‐dependent manner. The knockdown of HIF‐1α by siRNA restored the expression of EP4 receptors and EP4 receptor‐mediated COX‐2 in cells at a high density. Thus, the cellular density‐dependent increase observed in HIF‐1α expression levels reduced the expression of COX‐2 by decreasing EP4 receptor levels. This novel regulation mechanism for the expression of EP4 receptors by HIF‐1α may provide an explanation for the inconsistent actions of PGE2. The expression levels of EP4 receptors may vary depending on cellular density, which may lead to the differential activation of their signaling pathways by PGE2. Thus, cellular density‐dependent PGE2‐mediated signaling may determine the fate/stage of cancer cells, i.e., the surrounding environments could define the fate/stage of malignancies associated with colon cancer.
Characterization of the 5‐HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin on efficacy and safety measures in a rat model of diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Higgins Guy A. , Desnoyer Jill , Van Niekerk Annalise , Silenieks Leo B. , Lau Winnie , Thevarkunnel Sandy , Izhakova Julia , DeLannoy Ines A.M. , Fletcher Paul J. , DeLay Josepha , Dobson Howard
Published: December 2014

The 5‐HT2C receptor agonist lorcaserin (Belviq®) has been Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of obesity. The present study is a back translational investigation into the effect of 28‐day lorcaserin treatment in a diet‐induced obesity (DIO) model using male, Sprague–Dawley rats. An assessment of drug effect on efficacy and multiple safety endpoints including cardiac function was undertaken. Lorcaserin (1–2 mg/kg SC b.i.d.) significantly reduced percentage body weight gain compared to vehicle‐treated controls (VEH: 10.6 ± 0.4%; LOR 1: 7.6 ± 1.2%; LOR 2: 5.4 ± 0.6%). Measurement of body composition using quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) imaging indicated this change was due to the selective reduction in body fat mass. Modest effects on food intake were recorded. At the completion of the treatment phase, echocardiography revealed no evidence for valvulopathy, that is, no aortic or mitral valve regurgitation. The pharmacokinetics of the present treatment regimen was determined over a 7‐day treatment period; plasma Cmin and Cmax were in the range 13–160 ng/mL (1 mg/kg b.i.d.) and 34–264 ng/mL (2 mg/kg b.i.d.) with no evidence for drug accumulation. In sum, these studies show an effect of lorcaserin in the DIO model, that in the context of the primary endpoint measure of % body weight change was similar to that reported clinically (i.e., 3.0–5.2% vs. 3.2%). The present studies highlight the translational value of obesity models such as DIO, and suggest that assuming consideration is paid to nonspecific drug effects such as malaise, the DIO model has reasonable forward translational value to help predict clinical outcomes of a new chemical entity.
p‐Cresyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, causes vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell damages by inducing oxidative stress
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Miyamoto Yohei , Enoki Yuki , Ishima Yu , Kadowaki Daisuke , Kotani Shunsuke , Nakajima Makoto , Tanaka Motoko , Matsushita Kazutaka , Mori Yoshitaka , Kakuta Takatoshi , Fukagawa Masafumi , Otagiri Masaki , Maruyama Toru
Published: December 2014

The major cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is cardiovascular disease. Here, p‐Cresyl sulfate (PCS), a uremic toxin, is considered to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in CKD. However, our understanding of the vascular toxicity induced by PCS and its mechanism is incomplete. The purpose of this study was to determine whether PCS enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, resulting in cytotoxicity. PCS exhibited pro‐oxidant properties in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) by enhancing NADPH oxidase expression. PCS also up‐regulates the mRNA levels and the protein secretion of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in HUVEC. In HASMC, PCS increased the mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), core‐binding factor alpha 1, and ALP activity. The knockdown of Nox4, a subunit of NADPH oxidase, suppressed the cell toxicity induced by PCS. The vascular damage induced by PCS was largely suppressed in the presence of probenecid, an inhibitor of organic anion transporters (OAT). In PCS‐overloaded 5/6‐nephrectomized rats, plasma MCP‐1 levels, OPN expression, and ALP activity of the aortic arch were increased, accompanied by the induction of Nox4 expression. Collectively, the vascular toxicity of PCS can be attributed to its intracellular accumulation via OAT, which results in an enhanced NADPH oxidase expression and increased ROS production. In conclusion, we found for the first time that PCS could play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease by inducing vascular toxicity in the CKD condition.
Common misconceptions about data analysis and statistics
Authors: Motulsky Harvey J.
Published: December 2014

Ideally, any experienced investigator with the right tools should be able to reproduce a finding published in a peer‐reviewed biomedical science journal. In fact, the reproducibility of a large percentage of published findings has been questioned. Undoubtedly, there are many reasons for this, but one reason may be that investigators fool themselves due to a poor understanding of statistical concepts. In particular, investigators often make these mistakes: (1) P‐Hacking. This is when you reanalyze a data set in many different ways, or perhaps reanalyze with additional replicates, until you get the result you want. (2) Overemphasis on P values rather than on the actual size of the observed effect. (3) Overuse of statistical hypothesis testing, and being seduced by the word “significant”. (4) Overreliance on standard errors, which are often misunderstood.
Advice on statistical analysis, and new journal guidance for experimental design and analysis
Authors: Curtis Michael J. , Abernethy Darrell R.
Published: December 2014

e00095
Chemical synthesis and biophysical applications of membrane proteins
Authors: Zuo Chao , Tang Shan , Zheng Ji‐Shen
Published: December 2014

Chemical synthesis or semi‐synthesis of membrane proteins can provide unique molecular tools, such as site‐specific isotope labeling or post‐translationally modified membrane proteins to gain insight into their biophysical and functional characteristics. However, during preparation, purification, and ligation of transmembrane peptides, tremendous challenges are encountered owing to their hydrophobic nature. This review focuses on the recent advances in chemical synthesis strategies of membrane proteins. These strategies help to solubilize the hydrophobic transmembrane peptide sequences under standard purification and chemical ligation conditions to improve their handling properties. Biophysical and functional studies of synthetic membrane proteins are reviewed as well. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.