bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social-Spatial Conditions Affecting Women's Sport: The Case in the Ruhr Area
Authors: Klein Marie-Luise
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the influence of social-spatial determinants on the involvement of women in sport. Using the framework of feminist urban sociology, the degree to which sports facilities address the needs and wants of women is analysed. Here, the central issues are how female participation in sports is affected by the location of sports facilities and opportunities for sport in urban areas, as well as by what sport is offered and who offers it.

The relationships between urban living conditions for women and their opportunities for participation in sport are illustrated using the example of the industrial Ruhr Area in Germany. The situation of women in the Ruhr Area is not fundamentally different from that of women in other parts of Germany, but it does have certain features characterised by, amongst other things, its specific economic structure.

The social-ecological perspective chosen here extends, with further differentiation, previous scientific analyses of why women participate less in sport. It opens up starting points for female political strategies on the local-government level by taking the life situation of women more into consideration in both urban and sport development planning.
Sporting Uses of the City: Urban Anthropology Applied to the Sports Practices in the Agglomeration of Lyon
Authors: Camy Jean , Adamkiewics Eric , Chantelat Pascal
Published: March 2007

How can we understand the increasing development of "sporting" practices in public urban spaces in France during the past fifteen years? It is not simply the consequence of a saturation of the specialized spaces. Our hypothesis is that those new forms of practices take place in an evolution of the contemporary urban culture. We illustrate it with an anthropologic research.
The Rhythmbody
Authors: Kaskisaari Marja
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the author's personal experience growing up as an athletic girl. The main focus is on lesbianism as a female experience. The main reference is Birgit Palzkill's research on lesbian athletics in Germany, in which becoming a lesbian enabled woman to solve the conflict between the traditional female role and their own sexual femininity. Sensuality and femininity were reflected through another woman which strengthened one's feeling of being a woman.
To Childhood Heroes
Authors: Silvennoinen Martti
Published: March 2007

Neither a microscope nor a questionnaire, not even a battery of memory tests can be used as a means of memory work. Thus, how to proceed? One possible choice represents the extreme "left" side of European cultural analysis reaching from Ernst Bloch ("Spuren" 1930) and Walter Benjamin ("Berliner Kindheit" 1952) up to Roland Barthes ("Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes" 1975). In the following fragment the experiment is writing about oneself — écriture in Barthesian meaning. This brings another personal and experimental voice into the spectrum of memory works presented in this issue.
Sport in Different Types of Life-Mode Biographies. An Alternative Analysis of Sports Habits
Authors: Ottesen Laila
Published: March 2007

First there is a presentation of Jane and Anne, two young top-level handball players from Denmark. Despite this and the fact that their daily lives are very similar, sport plays different roles in their lives. Jane regards handball as her whole life and Anne regards it as a hobby. The analysis model and framework of "the concept of life-modes" is then presented. The biographies are used to analyse the concepts specific to the life-modes which people produce and use to construct their life stories, including concepts associated with sport. This analysis of sport practice is an attempt at an alternative and supplement to the analysis of sport practice made by quantitative sociology and social psychology.
Sociology of Sport and Space a Productive Bet
Authors: Métoudi Michèle
Published: March 2007

This contribution will hint at a few characteristics, belonging to all the theories dealing with sport (in that perspective) and illustrate the fact that the sociologist cannot and must not forget the space and time context.
Realizing Ludic Rationality in Sport Competitions1
Authors: Loland Sigmund , Sandberg Per
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests a framework for rational evaluation of changes in the rules and practice of sport competitions. The framework is based on an articulation of certain fundamental, intuitive ideals viewed as latent in the sport culture. It is thus seen as an expression of a particular ludic rationality of competitive games. Through the discussion of an actual case from the sport of orienteering, it is demonstrated how such ludic rationality can be realized in practice. Firstly, three general ideal norms for sport competitions are articulated. Secondly, these norms are specified to the sport in question. Thirdly, a rational solution in the case under consideration is sought. It is argued that critical reflection on significant changes in competitive sport based on ludic rationality is of primary importance for the realization of sport as a meaningful cultural practice in the future.
Rules and Moral Norms in Sports
Authors: Lumer Christoph
Published: March 2007

First, as a foundation for the other parts, aims and secondary effects of sports are explored (1) and the general concepts of 'norm' and 'moral norm' are defined (2). Then various kinds of rules and norms in sports are differentiated: primary and secondary, punishing rules etc. (3). The following parts are devoted to applied ethics: Several components and types of fairness are analyzed as to what extent they are demanded by moral norms. Forma fairness and fairness as generosity are moral duties, whereas striving for equal chances per se is not (4). Finally some possibilities of morally reforming sports and its norms are discussed (5).
Play, Sports and Environment
Authors: Bloch Charlotte , Laursen Per F.
Published: March 2007

This article is about an evaluation study of a sports playground. It describes the sports playground and the planners' intentions, and presents the evaluation results and their implications for sports playgrounds. The article analyses the gap between the planners' intentions and the "behavior seeting" that actually emerged at the sports playground. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from ecological psychology, the gap between intentions and realities is put down to the lack of sufficient research results about the "behavior setting" period of convergence, and to the power of the already existing mental map of the physical environment. The values and preferences of the children who use the playground are discussed as well.
The Use of an Investigational Radiopharmaceutical in Neuroblastoma: A Nursing Perspective
Authors: Kelly Juliette Urtis
Published: March 2007

Children with advanced-stage neuroblastoma usually have a poor prognosis. While conventional treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation may provide some palliation, long-term survival is rare. A number of investigational therapies are being performed nationwide in an attempt to improve the progno sis for children with neuroblastoma. One such treatment is the use of 131I- metaiodobenzylguanidine. This article will review the pathophysiology of neuro blastoma, give an overview of this investigational treatment, and discuss the nursing care associated with radioactive treatment.
Is Technical Communication "Literature"? Current Writing Scholarship and Vico's Cycles of Knowledge
Authors: Samuels Marilyn Schauer
Published: March 2007

Three premises of the humanities and writing scholarship—1. that relation ships between humanitieslarts and science/technology are cyclical; 2. that a discourse continuum is a more useful way to analyze prose than a discourse taxonomy; 3. that context creates meaning—when related to the theory of knowledge in Vico's New Science (1744), enable us to view technical writing as a medium of Art and Science, and as a human activity engaging both the cognitive self and its interpretive communities.
The Impact of Innovative Communication Technologies: Online Documentation, the Reader, and the Writer
Authors: Rubens Philip
Published: March 2007

New communication technologies, based on the computer, will change the ways in which texts are written and produced. Most of these changes will re strict the writing process. While the most noticeable innovation has been the word processor, purely electronic information will soon introduce more potent challenges into the writer's task. This movement from paper-based informa tion to electronic, or online, information requires the writer to consider interaction methods, layout features, screen functions, and the like. It also re quires a reevaluation of the reader's relation to the traditional concept of "texts" and calls into question many writing strategies.
A Social View of Technical Writing
Authors: Lipson Carol
Published: March 2007

This article brings social analysis to bear on technical and professional writ ing by examining the differing conditions of professionalism in the fields of science, engineering, and, peripherally, law. The article posits a relationship between the social and political conditions of a field, and the conventions of language use in certain fields. The writing ofscience is used as an example to illustrate such a semiotic relationship.
Format in Instruction Manuals: Applications of Existing Research
Authors: Rude Carolyn D.
Published: March 2007

Research in cognitive psychology, instructional technology, and human fac tors applies to formatting complex instructions for equipment and procedures. Formatting includes typographic cueing of prose paragraphs and more graphic displays of text in flowcharts and structured writing. Format can improve both comprehension and the reader's access to selected material. While graphic displays may interfere with memorization, both typographic cueing and graphic displays can improve performance time and accuracy.
Spatial Representation for Navigation in Animats
Authors: Prescott Tony J.
Published: March 2007

This article considers the problem of spatial representation for animat navigation systems. It is proposed that the global navigation task, or "wayfinding, " is best supported by multiple interacting subsystems, each of which builds its own partial representation of relevant world knowledge. Evidence from the study of animal navigation is reviewed to demonstrate that similar principles underlie the wayfinding behavior of animals, including humans. A simulated wayfinding system is described that embodies and illustrates several of the themes identified with animat navigation. This system constructs a network of partial models of the quantitative spatial relations between groups of salient landmarks. Navigation tasks are solved by propagating egocentric view information through this network, using a simple but effective heuristic to arbitrate between multiple solutions.
Using Emergent Modularity to Develop Control Systems for Mobile Robots
Authors: Nolfi Stefano
Published: March 2007

A new way of building control systems, known as behavior-based robotics, has recently been proposed to overcome the difficulties of the traditional artificial intelligence approach to robotics. This new approach is based on the idea of providing the robot with a range of simple behaviors and letting the environment determine which behavior should have control at any given time. We will present a set of experiments in which neural networks with different architectures have been trained to control a mobile robot designed to keep an arena clear by picking up trash objects and releasing them outside the arena. Controller weights are selected using a form of genetic algorithm and do not change during the lifetime (i.e., no learning occurs). We will compare, in simulation and on a real robot, five different network architectures and will show that a network that allows for fine-grained modularity achieves significantly better performance. By comparing the functionality of each network module and its interaction with a description of the simple behavior components, we will show that it is not possible to find simple correlations; rather, module switching and interaction are correlated with low-level sensorimotor mappings. This implies that the engineering-oriented approach to behavior-based robotics might have serious limitations because it is difficult to know in advance the appropriate mappings between behavior components and sensorimotor activity for complex tasks.
Second Order Partials as a Means to Control for Diffusion
Authors: Wirsing Rolf
Published: March 2007

This paper supports Loftin's conclusion that first order partials as cur rently used in linked pair tests are inappropriate. It points out that for each cross-cultural correlation there are not one but at least two control traits: namely one constructed from each substantive variable. This sug gests that not first but second order partials are appropriate diffusion control measures. The paper applies this suggestion to Loftin's hypothetical data and discusses the results.
Residential Variation among Hunter-Gatherers
Authors: Ember Carol R.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses itself to predicting variation in residence in a world wide sample of hunter-gatherers. The findings indicate that some subsist ence, demographic, and social environmental factors, suggested by previous theory and research, predict the tendency toward patrilocality versus matrilocality and the tendency toward unilocality versus bilocality. Im plications for the reconstruction of hunter-gatherer life in the Paleolithic are briefly discussed.
Sampling and Samples in Cross-Cultural Studies
Authors: Otterbein Keith F.
Published: March 2007

The various samples and sampling universes available to the researcher about to undertake a cross-cultural study are systematically reviewed. Discussed are the Human Relations Area Files, the "World Ethnographic Sample," the Ethnographic Atlas (both the complete atlas as well as the summary version), the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample, the Quality Control Sample (or HRAF Probability Sample), and the "Standard Eth nographic Sample." Following an assessment of each sample, recom mendations are made as to the conditions and circumstances under which the samples should be utilized. The discussion concludes with recommen dations for drawing a sample from one of the samples or sampling universes.
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and Children's Reported Personality and Behavioral Dispositions: An Intracultural Test
Authors: Rohner Evelyn C.
Published: March 2007

This study provides an intracultural test of parental acceptance-rejection theory (PART) which postulates that the warmth dimension of parental behavior is related universally to the behavioral and personality disposi tions of children. The study tests PART within an American community, using self-report procedures. It asks whether perceived acceptance and rejection is related to self-reported behavior of boys and girls, as pre dicted by PART. Furthermore, it asks whether the relationship between perceived parental rejection and the reported behavioral dispositions of children varies by age and sex of the child. As postulated by PART, re sults show: that the self-reported personality and behavioral dispositions of children between the ages of eight and twelve vary directly with chil dren's perceptions of parental acceptance-rejection; and that this relation ship between perceived acceptance-rejection and children's behavior is not affected significantly by children's age or sex.
Paternal Behavior and Group Competition
Authors: Alcorta Candace Storey
Published: March 2007

Adult male participation in infant socialization in nonindustrialized societies is pos itively correlated with a high ratio of intra- to intergroup competition. Raised thresholds for male aggression and the heightened intra-societal cohesion and cooperation induced by such male caretaking of young is thought to result from hormonally mediated processes, and is selected for in ecologies of low population density or geographic isolation. The more widespread and successful male reproductive strategy based on polygyny and in tergroup warfare would be dysfunctional in such ecologies.
Population Estimation From Floor Area: a Restudy of "Naroll's Constant"
Authors: Brown Barton McCaul
Published: March 2007

This paper is a cross-cultural study of dwelling floor area and population size, which uses Naroll (1962) as a starting point and guide. Naroll's research has been used extensively by archaeologists for population prediction from dwelling floor area. At the outset, Naroll's empirical results are called into question because of data inaccuracy.

The restudy begins with a review of the critical literature. Questions of variable measurement that were not elaborated by Naroll are explored: What is dwelling floor area, what is a dwelling, and what is a typical measure of dwelling floor area for a culture? Three distributional models are used as guides to correlational analysis. A gourd-shaped model is preferred, but cannot be given unequivocal support. Never theless, one way to derive a worldwide population estimator from the restudy data is to use the predictor of 6 m 2/person. This predictor is supported by convergent validity from two other samples. A "basic needs" theory for dwelling floor area is advanced. Little support, however, is found for the two basic needs that have been postulated- the need to avoid the deleterious effects of crowding and the need for shelter from severe climate.
A Universe of Neighboring Societies Based Upon the Ethnographic Atlas
Authors: Otterbein Keith F. , LaFlamme Alan
Published: March 2007

We have developed a universe of neighboring societies using the Ethnographic Atlas. The Universe can be used in research problems where it is desirable to examine a society and its neighbor; 736 pairs of societies are listed.
Female Genital Mutilations in Africa
Authors: Ericksen Karen Paige
Published: March 2007

Codes and ratings for female genital mutilations, virginity tests, premarital sex norms, and female initiation rites are presented for the 115 cultural clusters on the continent of Africa. Documenting the prevalence of these characteristics within clusters comprising sampling provinces is crucial for research on the pattern of variability both in Africa and in the world. In addition to the 11 cultures listed in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample in which the operation is practiced, an additional 18 provinces contain cultures practicing genital mutilations. Female genital mutilations within Africa are associated with strong fraternal interest groups, virginity tests, and conservative premarital sex norms. A number of hypotheses for future cross-cultural research that are suggested by these findings are discussed.
"Blood Feuds": Cross-Cultural Variations in Kin Group Vengeance
Authors: Ericksen Karen Paige , Horton Heather
Published: March 2007

Despite the considerable research that has been carried out on cross-cultural pat terns of political conflict, little empirical attention has been devoted to the study of blood feuds. In this study, coding categories were developed to measure the legitimacy of kin group vengeance, self-redress, and formal adjudication mechanisms among societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White 1969). The empirical results strongly suggest that blood feuds occur within the context of marriage bargains and that they are most characteristic of societies studied prior to World WarI. When historical time penod and other potential external influences were considered, feuding was found to be associated primarily with premarital chastity concerns and mode of marriage. Individual self-redress and formal adjudication, however, depend on characteristics of the political economy-economic resource base, stratification, diverging devolution, and hospitable climate. It is suggested here that future analyses of political conflict should distinguish feuds from other forms and take into account the historical effects of Western incursions on the internal politics of traditional communities.
Long-Range Time Series of Culture and Society
Authors: Denton Trevor
Published: March 2007

The objective of this article is to describe a method for constructing long-range time series of culture and society extending back at least to 35, 000 B . C. The method enables indirect construction of a time series of variables that would not otherwise be observable. Rooted in the use of conditioning to compute probabilities, the method uses two different readings of a conditioning random variable Y to construct a time series ofa random variable X. The object on which observations of Y and X are made is the individual. One reading, P(Y = y), is obtained from the archaeological record. A second reading, P(X = x| Y = y), is obtained from a cross-cultural data base. The familiar unconditional probability formula P(X = x) = ΣP(X = x| Y = y)P(Y = y) (summing over Y) is used. Illustrative time series are constructed, potential uses of such time series are de scribed, and illustrative long-range forecasts are made .
The Economic Importance and Technological Complexity of Hand-Spinning and Hand-Weaving
Authors: Minturn Leigh
Published: March 2007

In the article "Factors in the Division of Labor by Sex," Murdock says that when simple artifacts are replaced by more complex ones men take over the work. The only example given is the shift from hoe to plow agriculture. With hand-spinning and -weaving, one can document the opposite trend. Both crafts have been done primarily by women from their inception in Neolithic times to the present. Over the centuries, women learned to work with new innovations. In Europe, guilds and men took over weaving. Men rioted against improved looms that made weaving easier and faster. Before mechanization of spinning and weaving in the 19th century, these were the most labor-intensive and time-consuming of all activities. Cloth has been an important trade item in a number of societies from ancient times to the present. Therefore, women spinners and weavers made significant contributions to the labor force and economies of many societies, which have often been unrecognized.
Social and Structural Differentiation: Conceptualization and Measurement
Authors: Denton Trevor
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to define a theoretical construct of social differentiation. Social differentiation is defined as the number of different structured roles in a relatively self-sufficient system of interdependent structured roles that, directly or indirectly, enable individuals in the system to meet their basic biological needs for food, shelter, clothing, safety, mobility, and so on. System is opera tionalized as an autonomous territorial political unit. A ratio measure isomorphic to this definition is constructed and may be applied uniformly to all societies ranging from the simplest to the most complex. A theoretical construct and measure of structural differentiation are also defined to measure how systems (autonomous political units) differ in the structure of their differentiation. Although much work remains to be done, this article is intended as one step in a direction that may illuminate an important subject matter.
Cooperation and Culture: Students From China and the United States in a Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Hemesath Michael , Pomponio Xun
Published: March 2007

An important question facing those interested in comparative eco nomic systems is how well the assumptions underlying market economic models fit in nonmarket contexts. Does individual eco nomic behavior vary across cultures? The authors brought together Chinese undergraduates and students from an American college to play the classic prisoner's dilemma game. Facing monetary payoffs, each student played the game several times with different partners. A probit analysis is used to examine what influenced the students' decisions to cooperate or defect in each game. The authors found that American students behaved in a more self-interested, less cooperative manner than the Chinese students did in the prisoner's dilemma experiment. They also found that when foreign students studying in the United States are included with the American students to create a sample of students who grew up in a variety of different market economies, these students also behaved in a less cooperative manner than their Chinese counterparts.
Review : c-Jun and the c-Jun Amino-Terminal Kinases: Bipotential Components of the Neuronal Stress Response
Authors: Herdegen Thomas , Mielke Kirsten , Kallunki Tuula
Published: March 2007

Expression of the inducible transcription factor c-Jun in neurons is a common finding after neuronal injury or 'stress,' such as ischemia, excitotoxicity, axon transection, UV irradiation, stimulation by cytokines, or production of such lipid messengers as ceramide. The neuronal 'stress response' displays striking similarities to the stress response of other cell types such as lymphocytes or tumor cells and is characterized by the activation of programs that lead to apoptosis or survival. It is accepted knowledge that c-Jun can act as neuronal 'killer' under in vitro conditions (with the death inducing ligand fas-ligand as novel AP-1 controlled target gene), but there is also growing evidence that c-Jun is linked to neuronal repair or survival. The control of this dichotomous function of c-Jun is not fully understood. Similar to the expression of c-Jun, the transcriptional activation of c-Jun by amino-terminal phosphorylation and the activation of the catalyzing c- Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK), also called stress activated protein kinases, can also be linked to both neuronal survival and apoptosis. We suggest a model for the control of gene transcription after neuronal stress with activation of JNK and phosphorylation of c-Jun as transcriptional prerequisites, and with asso ciated partners as transcriptional effectors, e.g., by the expression and/or suppression of other transcription factors as activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2), c-Fos, or JunD. This scenario is complicated by the observation that activity of JNK does not lead automatically to c-Jun phosphorylation. This review summa rizes the role of c-Jun and JNK as down-stream mediators of neuronal stressors and places the function of these molecules in the context of other stressful stimuli and intraneuronal responses. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:147-154, 1999
Adaptive Numerical Methods With Arbitrary Fixed Samplings
Authors: Rahrooh Alireza , Motlagh Bahman S.
Published: March 2007

The weak stability of linear multistep methods for real-time simulation of systems leads to the design of a class of linear multistep methods with varying coefficients. These methods do not suffer from weak instability and are generally very useful, especially for real-time simulation of stiff nonlinear systems. This paper presents an adaptive technique for numerical integration that allows the simulation stepsize to be chosen independently of the system eigenvalues. The method tracks most changes in the dynamics of the system and changes accordingly the integration coefficients to ensure accuracy and stability of the simulation.
On the Reduction of Nonlinear Structural Dynamics Models
Authors: Burton T.D. , Rhee Winston
Published: March 2007

The authors analyze the problem of model reduction in structural dynamics for unforced conser vative systems having static, cubic nonlinearities. The framework is the classical one of partitioning the coordinate vector into subsets of so-called master and slave coordinates, with the reduced dynamic model to contain only the masters. The objective is to compare the quality of two model-reduction methods: (1) a re duction based on the leading order calculation of the nonlinear master-slave state transformation defining the manifold containing the modes to be represented in the reduced model ("NNM-based reduction") and (2) a "linear-based reduction" utilizing the exact for the linear case master-slave state transformation; the linear- based reduction is equivalent to a modal analysis, but the reduced model is defined in terms of the physical, rather than the modal, coordinates. For the simple, low-order oscillator systems considered as examples, the authors have found the NNM-based reduction, which one would expect to be superior, to suffer degradation in quality in the presence of near (and not so near) three to one internal resonance conditions. The linear-based reduction is much simpler to implement and seems to provide competitive results over wide ranges in the system parameters. This conclusion may not carry over to other, higher degree-of-freedom systems.
Noise-Robust Parameter Estimation of Linear Systems
Authors: Emara-Shabaik Hosam E.
Published: March 2007

The parameter estimation problem of linear systems from input output measurements, corrupted with nonwhite noise of unknown covariance, is considered. Under this realistic situation, the least squares parameters estimation is known to be biased. In this paper, a recursive parameters estimation algorithm, which is unbiased for a wide class of measurement noise, is developed. Monte Carlo simulation results show the effectiveness of the developed parameters' estimator and its superiority over the least squares-based estimator.
A Maximum Principle for Optimal Boundary Control of Multiply-Connected Vibrating Plates
Authors: Sloss J.M. , Bruch J.C. , Sadek I.S. , Adali S.
Published: March 2007

A maximum principle is formulated for the active vibration control of plates of general shape with the control forces acting on the boundary. The applicability of the maximum principle is shown for plates that can have multiply-connected domains. The performance index is specified as a quadratic functional of displacement and velocity with a suitable penalty term involving the control forces. An explicit control law is derived with the help of an adjoint variable satisfying the adjoint differential equation and certain terminal conditions and the proposed maximum principle. The implementation of the theory is presented in two examples, and the effectiveness of the boundary control is investigated by a numerical example.
Robust Control Schemes for an Overhead Crane
Authors: Karkoub Mansour A. , Zribi Mohamed
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the control problem of an overhead crane. A variable structure control scheme, a variable structure controller in conjunction with a state feedback control scheme, and a μ-synthesis control scheme are proposed to control the overhead crane. The performances of the system when the different control schemes are used are compared using the simulations results. The merits and demerits of the different control schemes are highlighted.
Free and Forced Vibration of Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminated Plate Strips in Cylindrical Bending
Authors: Khdeir A.A.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic behavior of antisymmetric angle-ply laminated plate strips in cylindrical bending is examined using the classical theory and the first-order shear deformation theory. Free vibration of the plate strip is explored, and accurate natural frequencies are determined for general boundary conditions. A generalized modal approach is presented to solve the dynamic response of antisymmetric angle-ply plate strips with arbitrary boundary conditions and for arbitrary loading. The exact analytical solutions obtained are illustrated numerically in a number of figures revealing the influences of the transverse shearing deformation, of the number of layers, of the ply angles, and of the character of boundary conditions in the fundamental frequencies and the dynamic response.
Reduction of Observation Spillover in Vibration Suppression Using a Sliding Mode Observer
Authors: Kim Myung-Hyun , Inman Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study is to demonstrate that sliding mode observers can eliminate observation spillover in the vibration control of flexible structures. It is common to build a state feedback controller and a state estimator based on the mathematical model of the system with a finite number of vibration modes, but this may cause control and observation spillover due to the residual (uncontrolled) modes. This paper deals with the elimination of observation spillover using a sliding mode observer. The performance of a sliding mode observer is compared with that of a conventional Kalman filter to demonstrate robustness and disturbance decoupling characteristics. Simulation and experimental results using the sliding mode observer are presented for active vibration control of a cantilever beam.
Limits of Performance of a Tailless Fighter in the Presence of Saturation
Authors: Pena Luis E. , Voulgaris Petros G.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the authors apply l1-based methods to the pitch control of a Tail-less Advanced Fighter Aircraft (TAFA) developed by Boeing St. Louis, to directly and accurately assess the fundamental trade-offs between performance limits and saturation position and rate constraints. Linear input-output and nonlinear state-space design techniques are utilized. Although the nonlinear methods are computationally significantly more complex, they offer flexibility to accurately address performance in the presence of broader classes of constraints such as nonsymmetric saturation levels.
Cargo Pendulation Reduction on Ship-Mounted Cranes Via Boom-Luff Angle Actuation
Authors: Henry R.J. , Masoud Z.N. , Nayfeh A.H. , Mook D.T.
Published: March 2007

The wave-induced motions of a ship can cause large pendulations of cargo being hoisted by a ship-mounted crane. In this paper, the authors show that controlling the boom-luff angle can reduce these pendulations significantly. A planar pendulum with a rigid massless cable and massive point load is used to model the system. A control law using delayed position feedback is developed, and the controlled system is simulated on a computer using the full nonlinear equations of motion. The computer simulation results are verified experimentally using a three-degree-of-freedom ship-motion simulation platform and a 1/24th scale model of a T-ACS crane.
Quantifying the Correlation Between Measured and Computed Mode Shapes
Authors: Garvey S.D. , Penny J.E.T. , Friswell M.I.
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a method whereby a set of computed mode shapes for a structure and set of measured mode shapes may be compared through the mass matrix. The errors between the two are found to fall into three categories: (a) mutual orthogonality of the measured modes is not satisfied, (b) the sets of modal vectors do not span the same subspaces, and (c) the modes are not perfectly aligned with the common subspace. In all three cases, the errors emerge as a set of angles, and the number of angles associated with each class of error is the same as the number of modes in the sets being compared. The sets of angles can each be combined into a single error angle for each class and ultimately a single angle, which reflects the degree of agreement between the measured and computed mode shapes.
Rotor Whirl in Compliant Auxiliary Bearings
Authors: Maslen Eric H. , Barrett Lloyd E.
Published: March 2007

A general condition for steady circular whirl in auxiliary bearing clearances is developed for rotor/bearing systems, which are circularly isotropic. This condition is computed with a linear model and does not require transient simulation. It is established that such whirl, in the absence of other forcing mechanisms, is friction driven. As a result, the whirl must be backward and generally at a frequency that is very close to one of the resonances of the rotor/bearing system (neglecting the clearance). For lightly damped rotors, this frequency is most likely to be just below the lowest resonant frequency. Once the frequencies of interest are identified with the procedure, the bearing forces at these frequencies can readily be determined to allow computation of rotor forced response.
Natural Vibration Problem of Viscoelastic Solids as Applied to Optimization of Dissipative Properties of Constructions
Authors: Matveyenko Valeriy P. , Kligman Eugene P.
Published: March 2007

The problem formulated in this paper is concerned with studies of forced steady-state and natural vibrations of viscoelastic solids. An assessment of the dissipative properties of solids is made using a maximum resonance amplitude for the first case and a minimum rate of vibration decay, determined by analyzing the spectra of complex natural frequencies of viscoelastic solid vibrations, for the second case. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the present spectrum problem for the optimization of the dissipative properties of constructions.
Concept for Robotic Deburring Using Multipass Active Control
Authors: Tomastik Robert N. , Enomoto Atsuko , Engel Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

Deburring is a critical step in the manufacture of a machined part. The two-pass control concept of this paper removes burrs and produces a consistent chamfer, even with fixture, part, and robot errors. The approach requires a robot for gross positioning of the cutter and an around-the-arm end effector capable of measuring orthogonal force between cutter and workpiece, measuring cutter position with respect to end- effector frame of reference, and actively controlling the cutter-applied orthogonal force. In the first pass, compliance control (orthogonal to workpiece) removes burrs by programming the cutter to act as a low-pass filter on the burrs, where the cutter bandwidth is less than burr time-frequency content, while complying to the fixture, part, and robot errors. In the second pass, chamfer depth variations are smoothed out using chamfer control, where chamfer depth is controlled by computing an estimated real-time chamfer depth, and using this estimate in a feedback loop that varies the cutter-workpiece force to maintain a commanded chamfer depth. The chamfer depth estimator removes repeatable fixture, part, and robot errors by using cutter position measurements from the first pass. Cutting experiments on edges with burrs show that compliance control improved on the force control approach in compensating for burrs, and chamfer control was able to produce a consistent chamfer depth.
Active Vibration Control of Vehicles With Elastic Body, Using Model Reference Adaptive Control
Authors: Bakhtiari-Nejad F. , Karami-Mohammadi A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a discrete-continuous vibrating system has been considered, which can be treated as a half-vehicle model with an active suspension moving on a randomly profiled road. A model reference adaptive controller has been proposed for active vibration control via active suspension. The reference model is a conceptual active discrete-continuous vibrating system with structural damping for body and skyhook dampers on the suspensions and with an optimal suspension controller. This conceptual optimal active model is designed based on optimal control theory and is used as the reference for the model reference adaptive controller. The adaptive controller has been designed based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the system has been simulated on a personal computer, and responses to some realistic road signals have been obtained. The results then have been compared to the performance of optimal passive suspension system to show improvements of ride comfort and safety.
Finite Element Modeling of a Rotor Shaft Rolling Bearings System With Consideration of Bearing Nonlinearities
Authors: El-Saeidy Fawzi M.A.
Published: March 2007

Analytical procedures are developed for predicting the dynamic behavior of rotor shaft systems supported on radial rolling element bearings. In Section 3 of this article, a C° four-node isoparametric rotating-shaft finite element model is developed using the finite element displacement method, including the translational motions, rotary inertia, shear deformations, gyroscopic moments, and system proportional damping. Euler angles are employed to monitor the orientation of the deflected rotor in space. In Section 5, a nonlinear bearing model is proposed, taking into account the rolling elements speed of rotation, nonlinear stiffness, clearance(s) (with allowance for coupling between the radial clearance and deadband), and elastic interaction with the rotating shaft. The bearing nonlinear reaction forces and the gyroscopic loading vector are treated as external loads. With rigid disks included, Lagrange's equations are used to derive equations of motion that, in turn, are decoupled using modal analysis, expressed in the normal coordinates representation. The above analyses are implemented in the finite element program DAMRO 1. With results in both the time domain and frequency domain being discussed, a case study concludes that bearing clearance has apronounced effect on the system chaos and the bearing loads. The presented analyses offer a more advanced modeling tool in the field of nonlinear rotor dynamics.
Control on Dynamic Structural Response Using Active-Passive Composite-Tuned Mass Dampers
Authors: Wang C.M. , Yan N. , Balendra T.
Published: March 2007

In this article, an active-passive composite mass damper system for the vibration control of struc tures under harmonic base excitation is presented. Earlier studies by the Japanese research team of the Kajima Corporation have shown that such a composite damper system is significantly superior in reducing the peak structural response when compared to employing a single passive mass damper system. The important de sign aspects of this composite damper system are the appropriate supply of the control forcing function by the actuator and the mass damper parameters. The control forcing function is usually assumed as a linear com bination of the structural and damper responses, with the coefficients being referred to as the feedback gains. The authors propose an optimization technique for determining the optimal values of the feedback gains and the damper parameters that minimize the peak structural displacement. They show that the set of feedback gains and damper parameters obtained from the proposed method leads to a greater reduction in the peak structural displacements than those obtained by earlier researchers.
Toward an Integration of Competencies for Advanced Practice Mental Health Nursing
Authors: Williams Carol A. , Pesut Daniel J. , Boyd Mary , Russell Sheryl S. , Morrow Jan , Head Kathleen
Published: March 2007

As new models of health care delivery evolve, the work of advanced practice nurses is growing in importance. Graduate programs in nursing have traditionally prepared advanced practice nurses for separate roles as clinical nurse specialists or as nurse practitioners. However, there are increasing trends toward the blurring of bound aries between these two types of advanced practice roles. Hence, a future blended role is projected by many nurse educators. The merger of clinical nurse specialist and nurse practitioner roles, however, requires corresponding shifts in academic pro grams. The purposes of this article are to discuss the need for a blended clinical spe cialist-nurse practitioner role in mental health, to identify populations of clients who would be served by a blended role provider, to discuss the competencies associated with such a role, and to share an approach to the preparation of advanced practice mental health specialist/practitioners. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 48-56)
A Strategic Consultancy Model for Establishing a Center for Business Communication
Authors: Kuiper Shirley , Thomas Martha W.
Published: March 2007

As a result of a major revision of the undergraduate curriculum in the Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, we were given the task of establishing a center for business communication. Based on this experience, we present our strategic consultancy model for launching such a center. The model employs the strategic management paradigm of identifying the principle players in the process; identifying stakeholders; defining goals; analyzing strengths, weak nesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis); establishing consultancy relationships; and evaluating results. The model proved successful in writing a proposal for the center, implementing the center, and evaluating the center's work.
Differences in American and British Vocabulary: Implications for International Business Communication
Authors: Scott James Calvert
Published: March 2007

American English and British English vocabularies have diverged over time, result, ing in lexical differences that have the potential to confound English-language intercultural communication. The differences derive from the need to adapt the meanings of existing expressions or to find new expressions for different things and to borrow expressions from different cultures. Separation and slow means of com munication also cause differences and encourage one side to retain archaic expres sions that others have abandoned or modified. The differences in vocabulary can be grouped into four categories: the same expression with differences in style, con notation, and/or frequency; the same expression with one or more shared and dif ferent meanings; the same expression with completely different meanings; and dif ferent expressions with the same shared meaning. These differences in vocabularies affect understanding of all varieties of English. To bridge differences in Enghsh language vocabularies, international business communication teachers and trainers must devote more attention to English as the dominant language of international business, create awareness of important vocabulary differences that have the potential to confound intercultural communication, and develop and teach strate gies for bridging the vocabulary differences of English speakers.
Adapting Composition Theory to the Business Communication Course
Authors: Winter Janet K. , Winter Esther J.
Published: March 2007

Composition research provides a vast field of information from which business communication instructors can draw. Major changes in techniques for responding to student writing include teaching the process of writing and ways to teach grammar.
A Graduate Communication Course for an Era of Global Commerce: A Case Study
Authors: Cronin John J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development of a communication course for graduate business students that recognizes the emergence of global commerce using high-technology communication, while not ignoring fundamental skills. A "diagnostic assessment center" activity measures student abilities at the start of the course and again at the end. Oral and written skill-building and instruction in technologi cally mediated and intercultural communication are features of the course. The course was offered on an experi mental basis, and student progress and reactions to the course were carefully monitored. I explain the rationale behind the course content, evaluate the results, and offer advice to other schools designing such a course.
Communication Challenges and Needs: Perceptions of MBA Students
Authors: Reinsch Lamar , Shelby Annette N.
Published: March 2007

We asked each student enrolled in a graduate-level management communica tion course to describe in wrzting a work-related communication episode that had challenged him or her. Students reported most difficulties in face-to-face oral events, particularly when required to interact with someone in a different organization or with someone who ranked higher in the organization. Students also identified communication-related needs (for example, improved self-confidence and persuasiveness). Our results indicate that graduate management communication courses should include oral communication and should not conceptualize oral communication exclusively in terms of formal presentations.