bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an overview on the central argument of the book, namely, that the Catholic Church in Ireland, and especially from the time of national independence in 1922 until 1967, resisted questioning by non-clerics of its overall approach to education. As a result, it opposed involving lay people, including parents, in the exercise of what it claimed was its right and responsibility to provide secondary schooling. The State acquiesced willingly, thus allowing priests who were teachers, religious teaching brothers, and female teaching religious to promote unhindered sets of pedagogical, administrative and leadership practices aimed at the salvation of souls and the reproduction of fellow clerics and a loyal middle class. That situation, in turn, led to the promotion of piety and the upholding of class privilege as core characteristics of secondary schooling. Successive governments were pleased with the circumstances, partly because the great majority of the nation’s politicians and public servants were themselves loyal middle-class Catholics. Equally pleasing to them was the fact that the Church, for a fraction of the cost that would need to be paid by the State, was willing to fund secondary school education, and in so doing was prepared to meet the needs of the mercantile class, the public service, and the professions, for educated individuals in their late teenage years.
The Monastic Monolith in Operation
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

The general patterns established during the period 1922–67 regarding the political and administrative arrangements relating to the Irish education system began to break down after following the introduction of free second-level education in 1967 and a subsequent great increase in attendance at second-level schools. In 1965, The OECD-sponsored Investment in Education report contributed greatly to portraying the economic, social, and geographic inequalities of opportunity in Ireland at the time. In particular, it drew attention to the fact that one-third of all children left full-time education upon completion of primary schooling and only 59 per cent of all 15-year-old children were in school. What was less clear in the public mind at the time was that levels of provision had been even bleaker on the establishment of the State and had not changed substantially over the succeeding four decades. That reality constitutes the background to considerations in this chapter. It opens by elaborating on the various types of primary, second-level, and continuation schools that existed across the nation. The overall patterns of access to and attendance at secondary school are then detailed. A very general exposition of the economic and social conditions in the country that influenced the existence of these patterns follows.
Seeking Labourers for the Vineyard
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

The Catholic Church harnessed the secondary schools in Ireland in pursuit of its interest in recruiting new members for the diocesan priesthood and for the religious orders by utilizing two major sets of practices. First, the teaching members of the orders were themselves regularly reminded of the theological arguments that justified their state in life as being most elevated spiritually, thus reinforcing within them the conviction that the choice they had made was noble. This reinforcement also enthused them to respond constantly to requirements in their rules and constitutions that they encourage their students to consider seriously joining the ranks. Second, the superiors of a number of the orders dispatched ‘recruiting agents’ specially chosen for the task to visit Catholic schools with the explicit intention of ‘seeking out vocations’. These personnel supplemented their talks to potential recruits by distributing recruitment literature among them. That literature served not only to remind readers once again of the hierarchy of vocations in the Church but also to encourage them to become members of an order by appealing to various sentiments, including their sense of care, of heroism, and of adventure.
The New England Region
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the New England region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. New England contains the second-lowest number of managed taxa among U.S. marine ecosystems, including historically important groundfish species such as Atlantic cod, haddock, Atlantic halibut, commercially valuable Atlantic sea scallop and American lobster, and federally protected Atlantic salmon. The New England social-ecological system is an environment that is responding to the consequences of overfishing, habitat loss, coastal development, and nutrient loading. Overall, EBFM progress has been made at the regional and subregional levels in implementing ecosystem-level planning, advancing knowledge of ecosystem principles, and examining system trade-offs. While much information has been obtained and applied regarding ecosystem-level calculations, syntheses, and models, only partial progress has been observed in using these system-wide emergent properties in management actions. Despite many of these large-scale efforts toward greater scientific understanding of the New England ecosystem, challenges remain toward effectively implementing formalized EBFM management actions and enacting ecosystem-level control rules. Namely, this region currently lacks a completed fishery ecosystem plan (FEP), and only partial progress has occurred toward considering system catch limits for this region. This ecosystem is excelling in the socioeconomic status of its LMRs, and is relatively productive, as related to the determinants of successful LMR management.
The U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the Mid-Atlantic region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. While containing lower numbers of managed taxa among the eight regional U.S. marine ecosystems, this region has relatively well-managed state and federal fisheries that are important both nationally and along the U.S. Atlantic coast, including Atlantic menhaden, blue crab, eastern oyster, black sea bass, summer flounder, and striped bass. The Mid-Atlantic is an environment that is subject to stressors that include habitat loss, coastal development, nutrient loading, climate-related species range shifts, hurricanes, other ocean uses, and proliferation of invasive species. Overall, EBFM progress has been made at the regional and subregional level in terms of implementing ecosystem-level planning, advancing knowledge of ecosystem principles, and in assessing risks and vulnerabilities to ecosystems through ongoing investigations into climate vulnerability and species prioritizations for stock and habitat assessments. While information has been obtained and models developed, only partial progress has been observed toward applying ecosystem-level emergent properties or reference points into management frameworks. While the Mid-Atlantic is leading in many aspects of its LMR and ecosystem-centric efforts, challenges remain toward effectively implementing additional facets of EBFM, and particularly enacting ecosystem-level control rules. This ecosystem is excelling in the areas of LMR and socioeconomic status, the quality of its governance system, and is relatively productive, as related to the determinants of successful LMR management.
So What?
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This book has had eight regional chapters, one international chapter, and a synthesis chapter which all contain copious material for U.S. marine fisheries ecosystems. But what does it all mean? The overarching theme of this book is that although much work remains, much progress has occurred. This chapter provides a short synopsis of several major “so-whats” to elucidate the major lessons we have learned and the major issues still facing us regarding progress toward ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). We attempt this synopsis by posing a series of questions, questions which are routinely presented to us, and then attempt to address them. We pose the question of what happens if we don’t do EBFM, and briefly explore some considerations that question raises. We conclude by asking where we will be in 10 years with respect to EBFM? Ten years ago the debate shifted from “what and why” of EBFM to “how” we actually do EBFM. Ten years from now we hope that the EBFM debate will have shifted into “how well have we been doing.”
Interacting Fields
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

We present a simple form of the Wightman axioms in a four-dimensional Minkowski space-time which are supposed to define a physically interesting interacting quantum field theory. Two important consequences follow from these axioms. The first is the invariance under CPT which implies, in particular, the equality of masses and lifetimes for particles and anti-particles. The second is the connection between spin and statistics. We give examples of interacting field theories and develop the perturbation expansion for Green functions. We derive the Feynman rules, both in configuration and in momentum space, for some simple interacting theories. The rules are unambiguous and allow, in principle, to compute any Green function at any order in perturbation.
The Electromagnetic Interactions
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

We briefly review the birth of renormalisation theory at the 1947 Shelter Island conference. We study the particular case of quantum electrodynamics in the example of an electron scattered by an external electromagnetic field. We give the general form of the amplitude in terms of form factors. At one loop the amplitude has both ultraviolet and infrared divergences. We show how to absorb the ultraviolet divergences by means of counterterms whose values are determined by the renormalisation conditions. We also show that at one loop order the electron anomalous magnetic moment is free of divergences, ultraviolet as well as infrared, and present its explicit calculation.
The unrealized and the unheard
Authors: Asudeh Ash
Published: December 2021

There are numerous well-known cases where syntactic theory has posited a phonologically null, unrealized/unheard morphosyntactic element. Examples include: null subjects, whether in so-called ‘pro-drop’ or as the target of equi control/raising; dropped arguments, as in non-transitive uses of semantically bivalent verbs (e.g., ‘eat’), or dropped operators, as in bare relatives; morphologically zero-marked diathesis, as demonstrated by inchoatives and inchoative-like verbs; and exceptional constituency associated with particular interpretations, as in so-called ‘constructions’, like the ‘way’-construction. This chapter first argues that null morphosyntactic elements are not necessarily precluded by LFG theory, but that they can be dispensed with, since a unified, general theory of the unrealized and the unheard is offered by templates and Glue Semantics.
Decategorialization and Chinese nouns
Authors: Börjars Kersti , Payne John
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores the interaction between semantic change and morphosyntactic decategorialization in the light of the development of classifiers and measure words in Chinese. The vast majority of both classifiers and measure words ultimately derive from independent nouns. Börjars and Payne argue that the decategorialization which measure words have undergone is strikingly unusual in that they have lost the full modificational properties of independent nouns without any accompanying semantic reduction: a measure word maintains its nominal meaning. On the other hand, classifiers lose both the independent semantics and morphosyntax of independent nouns, but because their development proceeds by analogy with that of measure words, they reacquire the same very limited potential for modification. Modelling these diachronic developments from an LFG perspective, they show that, while each individual stage has its own motivation, the end result is an interesting decoupling of the semantic and syntactic aspects of change.
Collectivist semantics
Authors: Crouch Dick , Kalouli Aikaterini-Lida
Published: December 2021

The Graphical Knowledge Representation was introduced as a graph-based semantic representation for natural language. Although its computational implementation has already been presented, a formal account for the semantics behind the representation is still missing. This chapter seeks to fill this gap by proposing a formal semantics for the representation. The main proposal of the semantics is to take concepts, and not individuals, as primitive and thus achieve a fine-grained intensional semantics. This chapter explores how such a collectivist semantics can come about and how it can be employed within the Graphical Knowledge Representation.
Outsiders: Integration and Rejection
Authors: Paganini Mario C. D.
Published: December 2021

This chapter focuses on the treatment of outsiders and on the possible procedures for inclusion in the gymnasia of Hellenistic Egypt: attention is devoted in particular to Egyptians, Judaeans, and the possible role of women in gymnasia. The gymnasium was the place for the assertion of specific aspects of Greek identity and those who took part in its life, including visiting guests, were admitted on the understanding that they shared and were willing to perform specific features of Greek culture. It is shown how Egyptians and Judaeans could be welcomed into the gymnasia of Egypt but how they could not and did not advertise or express themselves in them as anything other than ‘Greeks’, adopting or at any rate coming to terms with practices (including nudity) that at times clashed with traditional Egyptian or Judaean values. Women, on the other hand, found no room in the gymnasia of Ptolemaic Egypt: the gymnasium was essentially an institution built by and for men and so it basically remained from the beginning until the end of its days.
The semantics of the Dyirbal avoidance style
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: December 2021

Alongside the everyday speech style, Dyirbal had an avoidance style called Jalnguy, which had to be used in the presence of relatives with whom direct contact should be avoided. The two styles had identical grammar, phonology, and phonetics, but every lexeme was different. Jalnguy was pitched at a more general level so that, in many cases, several lexemes in the everyday style would be grouped under one term in Jalnguy. For example, six varieties of oak tree would each have its own name in the everyday style, but fell together under one Jalnguy term.Examination of the Jalnguy correspondences given for adjectives shows that the Jalnguy lexicon is less rich and less well-developed when dealing with adjectives than with verbs and nouns. There are, of course, Jalnguy correspondents Ev adjectives expressing the most common qualities, found across languages world-wide. There are a number of many-to-one everyday-to-Jalnguy correspondences, which can be semantically revealing. Speakers provided sentential definitions for some adjectives (in terms of verbs), often quite ingenious. But for many everyday style adjectives referring to rather recondite qualities, my consultants could offer no appropriate Jalnguy term. What they did instead was provide an evaluative judgment, most often 'not good', sometimes 'good' (or occasionally a dimensional description, 'big' or 'little'). The principle of not using any everyday style words in Jalnguy discourse was thus maintained by commenting on the worth of a quality, rather that specifying what the quality is.
The integration of languages and society
Authors: Schokkin Dineke
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses traditional small-scale multilingualism in Southern New Guinea (SNG), in connection with the expression of possession in one of the languages spoken here: Idi. SNG is a high diversity region with many languages and families attested, and individuals tend to be highly multilingual. Throughout the area, patterns of language contact are grounded in established cultural practices of intermarriage. A system of symmetrical sister exchange produces many linguistically exogamous marriages. Children from such marriages usually acquire both their father’s (their primary or “emblematic” language of identification) and their mother’s language. Other languages are picked up from other family members and as people travel within the region or further afield for education, work or church activities. Practices of receptive multilingualism are widely reported. Idi has two types of possessive pronoun, termed “close” and “distant” possessive. Which type of possessive is used appears to be driven partly by semantics, based on alienability, and partly by pragmatics. The chapter looks specifically at how Idi speakers use possessives in the context of discussing the languages they speak. The linguistic landscape of the region is reflected in Idi, in the ways that possessive forms are used to refer to the different languages speakers acquire during their lifetime.
Statues, Stelai, and Turning Posts in Greece, c.565–c.465 BCE
Authors: Neer Richard
Published: December 2021

This essay is about Greek sculpture of the Archaic and Classical periods but addresses larger issues of method. It argues that iconography, while indispensable, is a limited way to study sculpture. As an alternative, it addresses some of the ways in which Greek sculptural monuments could intervene in landscapes. It examines the connections between statues, stelai, turning posts and boundary stones in the Greek imagination. A secondary goal is to advocate an approach to Greek epigraphy that goes beyond semantics to include the connotative aspects of visual features such as mise en page and the difference between epigraphic and metrical line breaks. Examples include the class of “Man-and-Dog” stelai, the “Mourning Athena” from the Athenian Acropolis, and inscriptions from Athens, Eleusis, Troezen, and elsewhere.
The Bounds of Possibility
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This book didn’t have to consist of exactly the sentences that it in fact contains: any one of its sentences could have been very different. But it could not have consisted of an entirely different collection of sentences, such as to make it a gothic novel or a treatise on wine-tasting. Other familiar objects are similarly capable of being moderately different, but not radically different, in various respects. But there are puzzling arguments which threaten these apparently obvious judgments, exploiting the fact that an appropriate sequence of small differences can add up to a radical difference. This book presents the first full-length treatment of these puzzles, using them as an entry point to a broad range of metaphysical questions about possibility, necessity, and identity. It introduces tools of higher-order modal logic which enable a rigorous treatment of the puzzles, and develops a strategy for resolving them based on a plenitudinous ontology of material objects, which induces fine-grained variability in the reference of words like ‘book’.
Logical Tools
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents the system of classical higher-order modal logic which will be employed throughout this book. Nothing more than a passing familiarity with classical first-order logic and standard systems of modal logic is presupposed. We offer some general remarks about the kind of commitment involved in endorsing this logic, and motivate some of its more non-standard features. We also discuss how talk about possible worlds can be represented within the system.
Tolerance Puzzles
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides a general schema for regimenting a broad family of puzzles of modal variation. These puzzles begin with a ‘Tolerance’ premise according to which an objects (or a certain kind of object) can differ in any small way along a certain parameter. This is supplemented with a ‘Non-contingency’ premise according to which the Tolerance premise is necessarily true if true at all, an ‘Iteration’ premise according to which anything possibly possible is possible, and a ‘Persistent Closeness’ premise according to which what counts as a ‘small difference’ is modally constant. These premises jointly imply the conclusion, ‘Hypertolerance’, that the object or objects in question can differ arbitrarily along the relevant parameter. We show how this schema is general enough to subsume puzzles involving time or objective chance, and discuss some difficulties that arise in trying to formulate compelling instantiations of the schema involving variation in originating matter.
Hypertolerance and Supervenience
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This is the second of two chapters exploring the option of resolving various Tolerance Puzzles by accepting Hypertolerance, the conclusion that the objects in question could have been arbitrarily different in the respects relevant to the puzzle. This chapter considers what seems to us to be the most promising strategy for arguing against Hypertolerance, based on a physicalist supervenience principle. We show how this principle rules out Hypertolerance in certain “fine-grained” Tolerance Puzzles, and consider to what extent this generalises to other Hypertolerance claims.
Are mandates obsolete?
Authors: Grossman Emiliano , Guinaudeau Isabelle
Published: December 2021

Representative democracy relies on elections and party government. Parties play a key role to the extent that they aggregate citizens’ preferences and that they organize political competition. This in turn implies that parties, once in power, implement the programme they were elected for. There is a growing literature arguing that it is increasingly difficult for governments to implement their electoral programmes for a variety of reasons. Growing international constraints have limited government autonomy in general. As the electorate has become more dispersed and party membership has shrunk, it has, moreover, become more difficult for parties to respond to voters. Greater electoral volatility has further complicated things. As a consequence of these trends, the distinctiveness of government parties is said to have decreased. And this, in turn, could explain the decline in turnout and the rise of populist parties. This conclusion, however, is based on limited data and analyses. This chapter calls for renewed study of competition between parties and election-to-policy linkages. It suggests revisiting the thesis of mandate decline using new empirical data, adopting an agenda-setting perspective.
Courtier, Scholar, and Man of the Sword
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

Lord Herbert of Cherbury (1582–1648) was a flamboyant Stuart courtier, county governor, soldier, and diplomat who acquired a reputation for duelling and extravagant display but also numbered among the leading intellectuals of his generation. He travelled widely in the British Isles and Europe, enjoyed the patronage of princely rulers and their consorts, acquired celebrity as the embodiment of chivalric values, and defended European Protestantism on the battlefield and in diplomatic exchanges. As a scholar and author of De veritate and The Life and Raigne of King Henry the Eighth, he commanded respect in the European Republic of Letters and accumulated a substantial library. As a courtier, he penned poetry and exchanged verses with John Donne and Ben Jonson, compiled a famous lute-book, wrote an autobiography, commissioned portraits, and built a new country house. Herbert was a Janus figure who cherished the masculine values and martial lifestyle of his ancestors but embraced the Renaissance scholarship and civility of the early modern court and anticipated the intellectual and theological liberalism of the Enlightenment. His life and writings provide a unique window into the aristocratic world and cultural mindset of the early seventeenth century and into the outbreak and impact of the Thirty Years War and British Civil Wars. This book examines his career, lifestyle, political allegiances, religious beliefs, and scholarship within their contemporary European context, challenges the reputation he has acquired as a dilettante scholar, boastful autobiographer, royalist turncoat, and early deist, and offers a new assessment of his life and achievement.
Citizen of the World
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

During 1614 to 1615, Europe teetered once again on the brink of war and the English court revelled in the rise and fall of James I’s male favourites. Chapter 5 examines Herbert’s decision to turn his back on English politics during the ascendancy of the earl of Somerset and the Howard family and to go abroad to pursue his military interests and travel in Germany and Italy. It traces his growing military reputation, his friendship with Count Maurice of Nassau, and his presence at the 1614 Jülich-Cleves campaign and then follows his journey by horse, coach, and boat through the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland. It highlights his diplomatic connections, sight-seeing interests, and scholarly activities, including his early interest in centres of religion such as Rome and Geneva, together with offers 5.P1, dof military employment, including the commission from Charles Emmanuel I, duke of Savoy, to raise a Protestant army in Languedoc which led to his arrest and temporary imprisonment in Lyon. Herbert resisted pressure from family and friends to return home to manage his estates and only set sail for England in late 1615 once European peace was temporarily secured and as the influence of Somerset and the Howards began to crumble.
Intellectual Ambitions and Interests
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

Highly educated seventeenth-century noblemen and gentlemen frequently studied theology, history, and philosophy privately for pleasure; wrote verse; and acquired libraries, but rarely wrote books and treatises. Chapter 9 builds upon the literary, philosophical, and theological interests identified in earlier chapters and provides the intellectual context for Herbert’s emergence as a respected gentleman scholar and published academic writer. It introduces the scholarly circles with which he was associated in London and Paris, his membership of the European Republic of Letters, and his links with scholarly irenicism. It establishes his scholarly connections with John Selden, William Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, Hugo Grotius, Marin Mersenne, René Descartes, Pierre Gassendi, Thomas Hobbes, Tommaso Campanella, Fortunio Liceti, Gerard Vossius, John Comenius, and others. It examines Herbert’s scholarly practices and rebuffs claims that he was a dilettante. It browses the collection of books he accumulated in his substantial libraries in London and Montgomery, which ranged across the academic spectrum from theology, history, politics, literature, and philology through the various philosophical and mathematical disciplines to the natural and physical sciences, jurisprudence, and medicine, but also included works on architecture, warfare, manners, music, and sorcery and anthologies of poetry and books of romance literature. It suggests that Herbert’s scholarship was motivated as much by intellectual curiosity and the need to reduce religious conflict as by a desire to secure personal recognition and approval.
Musician and Poet
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

Music-making was a popular leisure activity in aristocratic households in the early seventeenth century and a growing number of courtier poets wrote and exchanged verse in aristocratic salons and literary coteries. Chapter 12 continues the exploration of Herbert’s intellectual achievements and reputation as a polymath. It traces his interest in playing the lute and singing, and the musical preferences and fashions demonstrated by the music books he owned and the preludes, fantasias, pavanes, galliards, courantes, voltes, sarabands, and airs assembled in his unique manuscript lute book. It probes his inclusion among the metaphysical poets, exploring the influence of John Donne and Giambattista Marino, but also that of Ben Jonson, Thomas Carew, and Sir Philip Sidney, and of Horace, Juvenal, and Ovid. It uses the themes of love, beauty, immortality, and death to examine examples of his sonnets, elegies, epitaphs, satires, and lyrical poems, some of which were published posthumously as The Occasional Verses of Lord Herbert of Cherbury in 1665, and looks briefly at his Latin philosophical poems and his rough draft for a masque. It explores his preference for deploying verbal ingenuity and erudition rather than feelings, his deployment of metaphysical conceits and concepts, his innovative experimentation with rhyme and the extent of his participation in the literary coterie culture of the times. It claims a place for him among the leading minor poets and suggests that this was an impressive achievement for a man heavily engaged in other intellectual fields as well as political and estate matters.
Noble Preoccupations
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

The accession of Charles I exacerbated the tensions experienced between monarch and Parliament under James I and Herbert’s courtly career gradually faded following the deaths of the duke of Buckingham and earl of Pembroke. Chapter 13 examines Herbert’s attempts, after his return from France, to secure noble title, appointment to the Privy Council, and payment of his long-overdue allowances. It explores his efforts, as old age approached, to retain a place for himself among the rising stars at court, carve out a role for himself as a member of the Council of War, avoid active involvement in parliamentary criticism of the royal prerogative, offer occasional (unsolicited) advice to the king, and reassert his authority in county government in Montgomeryshire and Shropshire. It looks at his extensive remodelling of Montgomery Castle to provide a fashionable country house appropriate to his rank, his use of prestigious rental properties in London, and his efforts to increase the income derived from his neglected estates in England, Wales, and Ireland. It charts his difficult relationship with his wife and adult children and neglect of his patriarchal responsibilities, including his failure to marry his daughter and his longstanding dispute with his eldest son, Richard, over his allowance, debts, and inheritance of his mother’s estates. It briefly probes Herbert’s unsuccessful attempt to remarry in the late 1630s.
‘Treacherous Herbert’ or Man of Honour?
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

The final decade of Herbert’s life was dominated by the breakdown in relations between Charles I and the English Parliament and the outbreak of civil war throughout the British Isles. Chapter 14 traces Herbert’s support for Charles’s military campaigns against the Scots and his cautious support for the king in parliamentary debate in the House of Lords in 1642 which led to his brief imprisonment. It explores his decision to avoid involvement in civil war preparations and hostilities during 1642–3 and his refusal to accept a royalist garrison for Montgomery Castle and surrender of the strategically important fortress to a parliamentary army in 1644. It examines Herbert’s political and constitutional views and considers to what extent he genuinely supported the political agenda of either king or Parliament and whether his behaviour was typical of the nobility. It presents his perceived treachery within its wider political context, places him among the growing number of noblemen who switched their allegiance to Parliament during 1644 and 1645, and acknowledges his success in convincing Parliament of his loyalty and securing repossession of Montgomery Castle. It examines Herbert’s continuing commitment to writing and publishing academic treatises and considers the purpose of his autobiography and Latin advice poem. It explores Herbert’s declining health, parliamentary attendance, visit to Paris, and relations with friends and family during his final years and ends with his much discussed deathbed drama in August 1648.
The Origins of Technological Catch-up in China
Authors: Lee Keun
Published: December 2021

Chapter 2 examines the growth of technological capabilities in the telecommunications industry in China, with a focus on Huawei and ZTE. These companies grew rapidly by localizing the production of fixed-line telephone switches, which were earlier imported or produced by foreign joint venture (JV) companies. While the market used to be completely dominated by foreign products in the 1980s, four locally owned companies caught up with the foreign companies in market shares and became absolute leaders by the end of the 1990s. The catch-up can be explained by three factors, namely, (1) the famous Chinese strategy of technology transfer called “trading market for technology,” (2) the knowledge diffusion from the first foreign JV, Shanghai Bell, to the local R&D consortium and then to other locally owned companies including Huawei, and (3) the government’s explicit promotion measures.
Origins and Growth of Big Businesses in China
Authors: Lee Keun
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 elaborates on the origins of large businesses, particularly business groups, which have been leading the economic catch-up in China. The majority of firms listed on the stock markets in China are business groups, which are comparable to their counterparts in Japan (keiretsu) and in Korea (chaebols). However, the chief differences between large business groups in China and those in Korea and Japan are that the former are less diversified and are owned by the state, not by particular families (as in Korea) or commercial banks (as in Japan). Chinese business groups typically maintain a vertical structure, with the core company at the first tier and closely related companies at the second tier. Their performance in the 2000s also had strengths (high growth) and weaknesses (lower profitability) similar to those in neighboring countries, such as chaebols in the 1990s in Korea.
Catch-up in the IT Service Sector and the Role of the Government in China
Authors: Lee Keun
Published: December 2021

Chapter 7 analyzes the market and technological catch-up of indigenous Chinese firms in two information technology service sectors, namely, games and business software (enterprise resource planning (ERP) and security software) and focuses on two aspects. The first aspect is about how latecomer firms have been able to access and learn from foreign knowledge bases and acquire their innovation capabilities. The second aspect is the role of the government and regulation in the catch-up process. Indigenous firms in China have selected different learning and catch-up strategies in different technological regimes. For the online game sector, where imitation is easier and incremental innovation is more important than radical innovation, Chinese firms started with handling the publishing (or distribution) of games developed by foreign incumbents and later secured in-house game development capabilities by imitating the products of global leaders. In the business software sector, where imitation and creative innovation are difficult, Chinese firms acquired third-party technologies through mergers and acquisitions and then differentiated their products by taking advantage of local specificities. In general, intellectual property rights (IPRs) are critical in the business of these two segments. Despite the entry barrier effect of IPR protection by the foreign incumbents, the latecomer firms discussed in this chapter seem to have circumvented the barrier to entry and learning and to acquire their innovation capabilities. However, such learning and acquisition would not have led to commercial success without government regulation against foreign companies, such as business restrictions in online gaming and exclusive procurement of indigenous products in applied software (ERP and security software). Such restrictions against foreign companies were a critical constraining factor against their market share expansion in the Chinese market.
Possibility of a Middle-Income Trap in China
Authors: Lee Keun
Published: December 2021

Chapter 9 discusses the possibility of China falling into the middle-income trap in terms of three checkpoints: innovation capability, big businesses, and inequality. The main finding is that China is performing well in terms of the first two criteria, but there is some uncertainty in the last criterion of whether it generates Kuznets curve-type dynamics of growth leading to better equality. First, China has increasingly become innovative; thus, it differs from other middle-income countries. It has been pushing strongly for considerable R&D expenditure and has been ahead of the typical middle-income countries. Second, China has many world-class big businesses, which is more than its size predicts, not only in finance, energy, and trading as in the past but also increasingly in manufacturing. Thus, it differs from other middle-income countries with few globally competitive large businesses. Third, China faces some uncertainty in terms of inequality. The Gini coefficient continuously increased from approximately 0.3 in 1981 to reach its peak of 0.49 or so in 2008–2009 but has decreased to 0.42 since then. This recent decrease may be a sign that China is following the Kuznets curve. However, China is now facing new sources of inequality, such as wealth (including financial and real estate assets) and non-economic factors (including corruption).
Romantic Autopsy
Authors: Hegele Arden
Published: December 2021

Romantic Autopsy: Literary Form and Medical Reading charts how medicine influenced the literature of British Romanticism in its themes, motifs, and—most fundamentally—forms. Drawing on new medical specialties at the turn of the nineteenth century along with canonical poems and novels, this book shows that both fields develop analogies that saw literary works as organic bodies and anatomical features as legible texts. Such analogies invited readers and doctors to produce a shared methodology of interpretation. The book’s most distinctive contribution is protocols of diagnosis: a set of practices for interpretation that could be used by doctors to diagnose disease, and by readers to understand fiction and poetry. In Romanticism, such interpretive protocols crossed between the emergent medical fields of anatomy, pathology, psychiatry, and semiology, and the most innovative literary texts, including the lyrics of William Wordsworth and John Keats, the elegies of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Alfred Tennyson, and the novels of Mary Wollstonecraft, Jane Austen, and Mary Shelley. Romantic poems and novels were read through techniques designed for the analysis of disease, while autopsy reports and case histories employed stylistic features associated with poetry and fiction. Such practices counter the assumption of a growing specialization in Romanticism, while suggesting that symptomatic reading (treating a text’s superficial signs as evidence of deeper meaning), a practice still debated today, originated from medicine. Romantic Autopsy provides an original account of the life and afterlife of Romantic-era medicine and literature, offering an important new history underlying modern-day approaches to literary analysis.
On Authoritarian Leadership
Authors: Gill Graeme
Published: December 2021

This chapter outlines the established view of the way leadership in an authoritarian regime operates, emphasizing its arbitrary and violent dimensions. It criticizes this literature in terms of both its assumptions and its empirical accuracy. The chapter then discusses the key concepts used in the following analysis. It identifies five regime types: single party, electoral authoritarian, military, monarchy and personal dictatorship. It then discusses the nature of authoritarian leadership, conceived in terms of an oligarchy, including the bases upon which personal power can rest. The chapter discusses the nature of rules, introducing the three types of rules identified as central to the conduct of oligarch politics: operational, relational and constitutive rules. An explanation of the structure and a chapter summary of the book follows. An appendix to this chapter lists the twenty-nine rules identified as structuring leadership politics in authoritarian regimes.
Operational Rules and Communist Single-Party Regimes
Authors: Gill Graeme
Published: December 2021

Operational rules govern the interactions among individual oligarchs, including the dictator. This chapter examines how the eight such rules operated in the Soviet Union and China over the lives of both regimes. The presence at different times of both dominant and predominant leaders provides an opportunity to see how rules functioned under these different leadership types. The key activity focused upon in these rules is how decisions are made and the role of the leader and the rank-and-file oligarchs in this. Also important is the nature of the consensus that underpins the operation of these rules.
Constitutive Rules and Communist Single-Party Regimes
Authors: Gill Graeme
Published: December 2021

Constitutive rules govern how the oligarchy is constituted, principally how people are promoted into it, and how succession to the top job is handled. The chapter looks at the 10 constitutive rules and how they functioned in the Soviet Union and China over the life of both regimes. The processes governing entry to the oligarchy and succession to the top leadership post are different in some ways but overlap in others, and these are explained. A key commonality is that both are generally decided inside the oligarchy, with the broader elite playing little role. The chapter notes the greater sense of institutionalization that has characterized the Chinese succession since the closing decades of the last century.
Rules and Military Regimes
Authors: Gill Graeme
Published: December 2021

This chapter evaluates the way in which three types of rules—operational, relational and constitutive—have functioned in three corporate military regimes, Argentina (1976–83), Brazil (1964–85), and Chile (1973–88). These regimes are compared one with another and with the communist single-party states. The chapter shows how the different rules operated in these different regimes, drawing out the different patterns of operation and thereby showing the variations that can occur within the one regime type. The chapter also raises the question of the relationship between observance of rules and regime survival.
Rules and Dominant Party Regimes
Authors: Gill Graeme
Published: December 2021

This chapter examines how rules have operated in two electoral authoritarian dominant party regimes, Malaysia under Mahathir (1981–2003) and Mexico under the Institutional Revolutionary Party (1929–2000). The nature of the party, one designed to participate in a competitive electoral process (even if unfair because it is tilted in favour of the ruling party), is an important factor in shaping the rules and how they worked. The fact that one is a parliamentary and the other a presidential system also provides scope to see how institutions affect rules and their performance.
Rules and Regime Institutions
Authors: Gill Graeme
Published: December 2021

The aim of this chapter is to examine the effect institutions have on the adoption and operation of rules. It therefore explains differences in the way the rules have worked in the different regimes by aspects of the different institutional structures. The military regime with its centralized command ethos, the electoral authoritarian regime with a party designed to compete in a competitive electoral process, the personalization of power in the personal dictatorship and the family in the dynastic monarchy, all had significant impacts on the way the rules functioned in those regimes. The findings of this chapter throw doubt on the common claim that institutions are not very important in authoritarian regimes.
Appreciating Responsible Persons
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire
Published: December 2021

Given how central feeling, expressing, and receiving tokens of appreciation are in our everyday lives with others, one might wonder why these are important. Are these just instrumentally valuable because they make us happier, more satisfied with our lives, and more motivated to do good things in the future? Strawson suggested that “reactive attitudes” like resentment and gratitude are valuable because they are central to regarding others as responsible agents. This chapter takes this thought seriously and argues that if gratitude and appreciation are reactive attitudes, we will need to reconceive what it means to regard someone as a responsible agent. To be a responsible agent is not just to be someone who can be held accountable for failures, but also someone who has the capacity to take responsibility in a variety of ways. The chapter concludes with remarks about why expressing appreciation and feeling appreciated matter.
Misery Loves Company
Authors: Nefsky Julia
Published: December 2021

When one is going through a personal hardship, it is often comforting, or emotionally helpful, to hear from someone else who has gone through something similar. This is a common, familiar human phenomenon, but this chapter argues that it is philosophically puzzling. Unless one is in some sort of moment of vice, one would not want the other person to have suffered the hardship, and one should be pained to hear that they have. And yet the phenomenon is that hearing about their similar hardship makes one feel better, rather than worse. Why is that? The chapter considers a range of intuitive replies. It argues that while each might be part of the story, none resolves the puzzle. There remains a question why the phenomenon does not reflect a vice of insufficient care or concern for others. It then considers two possible answers, drawing on ideas from Adams and Bommarito, but argues that neither is satisfactory. The aim of the chapter is to bring out the puzzle and show that it is difficult to resolve. But it ends with a suggestion as to a resolution.
Impartiality, Eudaimonic Encroachment, and the Boundaries of Morality
Authors: Lord Errol
Published: December 2021

Many hold that morality is essentially impartial. Many also hold that partiality is justified. Susan Wolf argues that these commitments push us toward downgrading morality’s practical significance. To use her iconic phrase, not everyone should strive to be a moral saint. Here I argue that there is a way of pushing morality’s boundaries in a partialist direction in a way that respects Wolf’s insights. According to this theory, there is eudaimonic encroachment on morality. This means that non-moral eudaimonic considerations can impact what morality demands of us without themselves being moral. This allows us to do justice to the non-moral pursuits Wolf values and allows us to vindicate the idea that being morally ideal is compatible with being ideal.