bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeted Intervention Strategies to Increase and Maintain Mammography Utilization Among African American Women
Authors: Fouad Mona N. , Partridge Edward , Dignan Mark , Holt Cheryl , Johnson Rhoda , Nagy Chris , Person Sharina , Wynn Theresa , Scarinci Isabel
Published: November 2010

Objectives. We assessed the impact of a theory-based, culturally relevant intervention designed to increase mammography screening among African American women in 8 underserved counties in Alabama.

Methods. Using principles derived from the Stages of Change, Community Health Advisor, and Community Empowerment models, we developed strategies to increase mammography screening. Trained volunteers (N = 143) provided tailored messages to encourage adoption and maintenance of mammography screening. We collected baseline and follow-up data on 1513 women in the communities targeted for the intervention. Our goal was to decrease the number of women in stage 1 (never screened) while increasing the number of women in stage 2 (infrequently screened) and stage 3 (regularly screened).

Results. At baseline, 14% (n = 211) of the women were in stage 1, 16% (n = 247) were in stage 2, and 70% (n = 1055) were in stage 3. After the 2-year intervention, 4% (n = 61) of the women remained in stage 1, 20% (n = 306) were in stage 2, and 76% (n = 1146) were in stage 3.

Conclusions. Tailored motivational messages and peer support can increase mammography screening rates for African American women.
Testing Rival Measurement Models of the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension in Two Taiwanese Samples
Authors: Hsiao Tsung-Yuan
Published: November 2010

Some previous research has questioned the appropriateness of using McCroskey's Personal Report of Communication Apprehension with participants of non-Western countries. Rival measurement models of the scale were examined on two samples of 216 and 177 college students in Taiwan. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data showed that although a four-factor model was more representative of the data than the models with one, two, or three factors, this model did not generate an acceptable fit to the data. Further testing of discriminant validity suggested that Taiwanese college students do not differentiate a meeting setting from group, dyadic, and public speaking settings. Findings of this study suggest a re-examination of the conceptualization of communication apprehension before evaluating the relative importance of biological and environmental causes.
Depression-Related Distress in Mauritian and South African Adolescent Girls: An Exploratory Investigation
Authors: Pillay Anthony L. , Bundhoo Harshalini Y. , Bhowon Uma
Published: November 2010

Self-reports of depression-related distress were obtained from girls of 14 to 17 years of age living in communities of low socioeconomic status in Mauritius ( n = 198) and South Africa ( n = 275). Of the girls in the two samples, 26.3 and 21.5%, respectively, had thought about self-harm during the past 5 yr., while between 14.6 and 16.7% had made self-harm attempts. Also, 39.9% of the Mauritian girls and 31.0% of the South Africans reported being sad and tearful every day for more than 2 wk. over the past year. Of the girls, Mauritians (54.0%) and South Africans (32.1%) felt their problems were too much to cope with, while 20.4% of the South African girls and 44.4% of the Mauritians knew of no place to go for help when feeling sad or depressed. The findings highlight the extent of depression-related symptoms and issues related to access to mental health services. Increasing mental health services and awareness programmes are indicated.
Language and Cognitive Shifting: Evidence from Young Monolingual and Bilingual Children
Authors: Okanda Mako , Moriguchi Yusuke , Itakura Shoji
Published: November 2010

The relationship between language and cognitive shifting in young children was examined. Specifically, second language experiences from infancy as well as individual differences in monolingual language experience may affect performances on the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task. 54 Japanese-French bilingual children and two groups of Japanese monolingual children participated ( ns = 18). One monolingual group was matched to the bilingual group on verbal ability and chronological age (VC monolingual group) and the other group was matched by chronological age but had higher verbal ability (C monolingual group). The results showed that the groups of children who were bilingual and monolingual with higher verbal ability performed the task significantly better than matched monolingual children. Language experiences may affect cognitive set shifting in young children.
Exploratory Factor Analysis and Psychometric Properties of the General Health Questionnaire in Spanish Adolescents
Authors: López-Castedo A. , Domínguez J.
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study was to assess the homogeneity of items, reliability as a metric indicator of global quality (internal consistency and temporal stability), and the exploratory factor structure of the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28) in a sample of 2,010 Spanish adolescents. Mean age was 15.9 yr. (range 14-19, SD = 2.1). The test was administered twice with 20 days between responses. Answers were scored on a Likert-type scale. The internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities obtained were .93 and .94. In exploratory factor analysis, four factors explained 52.7% of the variance. These results indicated that the GHQ-28 is a psychometrically sound mental health measure in Spanish adolescents.
Educational Level Signals Unobserved Abilities of People with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Yokotani Kenji
Published: November 2010

The effect of educational level on employment of people with high functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASD) was examined. If education augments natural abilities to accomplish tasks in people with HFASD, then those with more education would have comparative advantages in both obtaining and retaining jobs. In contrast, if education did not augment natural abilities and only signaled unobservable abilities, one would expect an advantage only in obtaining a job, but not in retention. 22 people with HFASD replied to questionnaires regarding their history of education and employment. Those with job experience had higher educational levels than those with no job experience, but educational level was not significantly different between groups with and without more than one year of job experience. Educational level seems to be associated with abilities, but probably the unobserved abilities underlie both educational attainment and employment history.
The Causes of Changing Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: November 2010

The declining English suicide rate from 1960–1975 was consistent with explanations involving the reduced toxicity of domestic gas, the increase in the number of suicide prevention centers, and increasing social stress. It was impossible to ascertain which explanations were correct and which incorrect.
Aggressive Behavior in Male Offenders: Preliminary Analyses of Self-Regulatory Functions in a Sample of Criminals
Authors: Ross Thomas , Fontao María Isabel , Schneider Rainer
Published: November 2010

The functional role of self-regulation in aggressive and violent behavior continues to be an important problem in the forensic field. Theoretically, self-regulatory functions should influence other dimensions known to be related to aggressive behavior, but as of yet there is no empirical test of this assumption. Emotional self-regulation, conflict behavior, behavioral resources, and personality disorders were examined in a sample of 70 offenders with respect to the role that self-regulatory variables play in aggressive behavior. Although substantial correlations between self-regulator functions and aggressive behavior were found, these variables did not predict aggression in a subsequent regression analysis. Implications of the findings are discussed and put into relation with treatment issues of aggressive offenders.
An Iranian (Farsi) Version of the Temperament and Character Inventory: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Richter Jörg , Brändström Sven , Emami Habib , Ghazinour Mehdi
Published: November 2010

The Temperament and Character Inventory is a widely used personality questionnaire. It was developed to measure the four temperament dimensions of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence, as well as three character dimensions, such as Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, and Self-transcendence, described in Cloninger's unified biosocial theory of personality. In a sample of 300 Germans, 300 Swedes, and 316 Iranian subjects, a factorial structure analysis using the Procrustes rotation method showed the structure of personality to be generally equivalent across cultures. Noteworthy cultural differences between the overall Asian and European subjects reflected by the data were observed in various Temperament and Character dimensions. Seemingly, there are cultural differences in the expression of the various personality facets that require a replacement of many items in the Iranian version. The Temperament and Character Inventory is sensitive to age, sex, and cultural differences in personality.
Effects of Self-Enhancement Bias on Perception of Supervisory Feedback in Counseling
Authors: Sohn Nan Hee
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study was to assess how the self-enhancement bias of beginning counselors affects their perceptions of negative feedback in counseling supervision. It was predicted that the self-enhancement bias of beginning counselors would help lower the perceived threat of a counseling supervision, and lower perceived threat would mediate positive interpretation of the feedback in a negative feedback condition. In Korea, 203 volunteer beginning counselors ( M = 30.2 yr., SD = 6.7) were shown a videotaped counseling supervision session in which a counseling supervisor delivered either largely positive or largely negative feedback to a beginning counselor. After viewing the tape, these beginning counselors rated their perceptions of the supervision setting and feedback as ego-threatening. Results were consistent with predictions.
Something to Come
Authors: Steeves H. Peter
Published: November 2010

The long history of the overlap of science and philosophy finds a focal point in cosmology. In an effort to examine what happens when science and deconstruction encounter, this essay thus begins with, and follows the path of, cosmology. I start by suggesting a new solution to the oldest question in cosmology: why is there something rather than nothing? From this, I attempt to outline the way in which necessity is thought to operate by means of natural laws, tracing the sense in which science's demand for falsifiable claims creates an aporia in which its truths are not ultimately truthful and its necessity is not necessary. Focusing on the ways in which différance and the autoimmune can help us open up the work of science, I come to suggest two new tropes, that of apoptosis and the remainder, arguing that the inherent openness of science can be one of its strengths, especially if we ask the question of what remains to be asked once science has answered a question.
Phatic Touch, or The Instance of the Gadget in the Unconscious
Authors: Krzych Scott
Published: November 2010

This article draws on Lacanian theory in order to analyse the role of technology in the constitution of posthuman subjects. It does so by focussing firstly on those aspects of Lacan's teachings that engage with science and technology, particularly the concept of the ‘alethosphere’ developed in Seminar XVII, which refers to an environment of gadgets that plug directly into human desire. The article then goes on to apply this notion of the ‘alethosphere’ to a key technological, cultural and also political example: the interactive, touch-screen electoral maps made popular during the 2008 American election. Through a close analysis of one use of such maps during a CNN broadcast, the author demonstrates both the essential meaninglessness of this technology, and the support it nonetheless provides to the search for meaning, in the form of a unified American national subject emerging consensually from the spectacle of the process of democracy.
Psychoanalysis at the Time of the Posthuman: Insisting on the Outside-Sense
Authors: Voruz Véronique
Published: November 2010

This article ‘diagnoses’ the discourse of posthumanism as a contemporary symptom, and thus as a mode of the social link that attempts to deal with the real of the human condition as, precisely, non-natural. In order to then interpret this posthuman symptom, the article outlines the psychoanalytic notion of interpretation itself, not as the laying bare of a latent meaning, but as the inducement of truth-effects which are distinct from scientific understandings of truth premised upon identity and non-contradiction. Lacan's Seminar XVII is then utilized both as an example of the psychoanalytic interpretation of contemporary life, and as a resource for thinking through the reification of science and technological ‘lathouses’ that underpins the posthuman era. The article concludes with a strong defence of the capacity of psychoanalysis to hold open a space for the ‘outside-sense’, or what evades capture by the (scientific) signifier. It is argued that this ‘outside-sense’ is what truly constitutes the human insofar as humans are speaking beings.
Purification and Characterization of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Patients with Lipoaspirate Transplant
Authors: Folgiero Valentina , Migliano Emilia , Tedesco Marinella , Iacovelli Stefano , Bon Giulia , Torre Maria Luisa , Sacchi Ada , Marazzi Mario , Bucher Stefania , Falcioni Rita
Published: November 2010

Techniques for medical tissue regeneration require an abundant source of human adult stem cells. There is increasing evidence that adipose stem cells contribute to restoration of tissue vascularization and organ function. The object of our study was to isolate and characterize adult adipose-derived stem cells from patients undergoing on lipoaspirate transplant with the aim to improve tissue regeneration. Adipose-derived stem cells were isolated and purified from the lipoaspirate of 15 patients and characterized for CD markers and the ability to differentiate toward the adipogenic lineage. We found that purified adipose stem cells express high level of CD49d, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD13, and CD71 and these markers of staminality were maintained at high level for at least 3 months and seven passages of in vitro culture. As expected, these cells resulted negative for the endothelial and hematopoietic-specific markers CD31, CD106, CD34, and CD45. Differentiation towards adipogenic lineage demonstrated that purified adipose-derived stem cells are still able to become adipocytes at least 3 months after in vitro culture. The analysis of Akt and MAPK phosphorylation confirmed a modulation of their activity during differentiation. Interestingly, we established for the first time that, among the p53 family members, a strong upregulation of p63 expression occurs in adipocytic differentiation, indicating a role for this transcription factor in adipocytic differentiation. Taken together, these data indicate that purified lipoaspirate-derived stem cells maintain their characteristic of staminality for a long period of in vitro culture, suggesting that they could be applied for cell-based therapy to improve autologous lipoaspirate transplant.
Situación estimada de la zona cohesiva en el horno alto
Authors: Cores A. , Saiz de Ayala J. , Mochon J. , Ruiz-Bustinza I. , Parra R.
Published: November 2010

En planta piloto se fabrica una serie de sinterizados a partir de mezclas minerales como las utilizadas en el horno alto. Se caracterizan los sinterizados mediante análisis químico y granulométrico y determinación de las temperaturas de reblandecimiento y fusión. En el horno alto, mediante una serie de sondas, se determinan las temperaturas en el horno, lo que permite situar la posición de la isoterma de mayor temperatura de 950 °C, que corresponde a la zona de reserva térmica. Se ha desarrollado un modelo que propone una estimación indirecta de la forma de la zona cohesiva a través de la determinación de la isoterma de mayor temperatura de la zona de reserva térmica. Los valores de las temperaturas de reblandecimiento y fusión de los sinterizados permiten estimar las isotermas que limitan la zona cohesiva, en el intervalo de 1.300-1.400 °C.
Análisis micro estructural como indicador de la idoneidad de reparación por soldadura de aceros al Cr-Ni resistentes al calor
Authors: Odanović Z. , Blačić I. , Vračarić D. , Grabulov V. , Burzić M. , Katavić B.
Published: November 2010

La evaluación metalúrgica se realizó en un tubo de columna con fracturas, que es parte del horno reformador en una planta de amoníaco. Estos tubos son fundidos centrífugamente y fabricados en acero resistente al calor, de tipo HK- 40. Para el análisis microestructural de la fractura se ha utilizado microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido (SEM). La composición de los micro-constituyentes se determinó por espectrometría de rayos X de energía dispersiva (EDS). Las propiedades mecánicas se evaluaron mediante mediciones de microdureza Vickers. Las investigaciones en este estudio se han llevado a cabo con el fin de demostrar la idoneidad de reparación por soldadura de columnas en base a sus características micro-estructurales. Se ha observado que el inicio de la rotura, causada por el efecto de la oxidación/corrosión y el choque térmico ocasionado por el gradiente de temperatura, aparece en la pared interna del tubo y se propaga a lo largo de los bordes de grano. Los resultados demuestran la presencia de una microestructura irregular que contribuyó a la propagación de la rotura a lo largo de la pared del tubo. En la microestructura también se ha registrado la formación da la precipitación de fases de carburo/carbón nitrito que aparecen en forma de agujas y fase σ frágil. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que la microestructura investigada no es idónea para aplicar la reparación por soldadura.
Evaluación de resinas de intercambio iónico para el control del hierro en soluciones de electro-obtención de cobre
Authors: Parada F. , Dreisinger D. , Wilkomirsky I.
Published: November 2010

Se evaluaron dos resinas comerciales para la extracción del hierro desde una solución de electro-obtención de cobre. Ambas resinas extraen en forma eficiente el hierro, pero se diferencian en que la resina Monophosphonic tiene una mayor capacidad de carga que la resina Diphonix, mientras que la Diphonix muestra una cinética más rápida. Los resultados de la prueba interrumpida y de las pruebas para determinar el efecto del tamaño de partícula permiten concluir que el control más probable para la cinética de extracción es por la difusión en la partícula en ambas resinas. Un buen ajuste al modelo de Fick para difusión en la partícula confirman el tipo de control propuesto. Finalmente, la temperatura favorece la cinética del proceso de extracción y su efecto en el coeficiente de difusión sigue la ley de Arrhenius obteniendo un valor para la energía de activación de 4,89 kcal/mol para la resina Monophosphonic y 4,94 kcal/mol para la resina Diphonix. Estos valores están cercanos al valor típico para el control propuesto que es de 6 a 10 kcal/mol.
Estudio del mecanismo de eliminación de magnesio de aleaciones Al-Si en estado líquido mediante inyección de minerales base sílice
Authors: Muñoz-Arroyo R. , Escobedo-Bocardo J. C. , Hernández-García H. M. , Cortés-Hernández D. A. , Terrones-Maldonado M. , Rodríguez-Pulido A. , Hernández-Piñero J. L.
Published: November 2010

Se empleó el método de inyección sumergida de polvos por medio de un gas de arrastre inerte (Ar) con el fin de eliminar el magnesio de la aleación Al-Si A380 a 750 °C. Los polvos inyectados al baño de metal fundido fueron zeolita mineral, arena sílice y mezclas de ambas. Las variables de respuesta medidas fueron el contenido de magnesio en el baño metálico respecto al tiempo de inyección y las mermas de metal al final de cada experimento. En el análisis de resultados, la mezcla sílice:zeolita 66:34 % e.p. obtuvo la mayor eficiencia, lográndose una disminución en el contenido de magnesio en el baño metálico de 1 a 0.0066 % e.p. Los productos de reacción se analizaron por difracción de rayos-X, microscopía electrónica de barrido y de transmisión. Los resultados de estos análisis y el empleo del paquete termodinámico FactSage, versión 6, permitieron justificar el mecanismo de reacción entre los minerales y el aluminio líquido.
The electrical conductivity distribution of the Hallandsås Horst, Sweden: a controlled source radiomagnetotelluric study
Authors: Ismail Nazli , Pedersen Laust
Published: November 2010

We studied the behaviour of controlled source responses of 2½D synthetic models based on controlled source tensor magnetotelluric ( = 1–12 kHz) and radio magnetotelluric ( = 14–250 kHz) data sets collected along profiles on the Hallandsås Horst, Southern Sweden, with a view to study the depth extent of possible near‐surface fractures zones that might intersect a tunnel under construction. Based upon 2.5D forward modelling of the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) mode radio magnetotelluric data, a simplified 2D model was constructed such that a dipping conductor was continued down to a depth of 140 m, which is the depth of the tunnel. Based on this extended model, we calculated both plane wave and controlled source responses for the frequency range 1–250 kHz corresponding to the source location in the study. Finally, we inverted both data sets under plane wave assumptions. When comparing synthetic controlled source and plane wave data in the frequency range 1–12 kHz, we find that the controlled source tensor magnetotelluric transfer functions generally deviate from the plane wave condition for frequencies less than 6 kHz. The phases are much more distorted than apparent resistivities. The TM mode phases, in particular, are generally distorted for frequencies less than 6 kHz. Regarding the vertical magnetic fields, we find that at all frequencies the real part of tippers are distorted by source effects but the tipper component along the profile direction is much less affected by the off‐profile lying controlled source tensor magnetotelluric source than the tipper component orthogonal to the profile direction. Based upon synthetic model studies of combined controlled source tensor magnetotelluric and radio magnetotelluric responses, we find that determinant data are less distorted than individual TE‐w and TM‐mode data. On the other hand, TE‐ and TM‐responses have greater resolving power and, when used with care (selecting data that are weakly distorted by source effects), the corresponding models can resolve the conductor down to tunnel depths.
Evaluation of various observing systems for the global monitoring of CO2 surface fluxes
Authors: Hungershoefer K. , Breon F.-M. , Peylin P. , Chevallier F. , Rayner P. , Klonecki A. , Houweling S. , Marshall J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. In the context of rising greenhouse gas concentrations, and the potential feedbacks between climate and the carbon cycle, there is an urgent need to monitor the exchanges of carbon between the atmosphere and both the ocean and the land surfaces. In the so-called top-down approach, the surface fluxes of CO2 are inverted from the observed spatial and temporal concentration gradients. The concentrations of CO2 are measured in-situ at a number of surface stations unevenly distributed over the Earth while several satellite missions may be used to provide a dense and better-distributed set of observations to complement this network. In this paper, we compare the ability of different CO2 concentration observing systems to constrain surface fluxes. The various systems are based on realistic scenarios of sampling and precision for satellite and in-situ measurements. It is shown that satellite measurements based on the differential absorption technique (such as those of SCIAMACHY, GOSAT or OCO) provide more information than the thermal infrared observations (such as those of AIRS or IASI). The OCO observations will provide significantly better information than those of GOSAT. A CO2 monitoring mission based on an active (lidar) technique could potentially provide an even better constraint. This constraint can also be realized with the very dense surface network that could be built with the same funding as that of the active satellite mission. Despite the large uncertainty reductions on the surface fluxes that may be expected from these various observing systems, these reductions are still insufficient to reach the highly demanding requirements for the monitoring of anthropogenic emissions of CO2 or the oceanic fluxes at a spatial scale smaller than that of oceanic basins. The scientific objective of these observing system should therefore focus on the fluxes linked to vegetation and land ecosystem dynamics.
Aqueous chemistry and its role in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation
Authors: Lim Y. B. , Tan Y. , Perri M. J. , Seitzinger S. P. , Turpin B. J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. There is a growing understanding that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can form through reactions in atmospheric waters (i.e., clouds, fogs, and aerosol water). In clouds and wet aerosols, water-soluble organic products of gas-phase photochemistry dissolve into the aqueous phase where they can react further (e.g., with OH radicals) to form low volatility products that are largely retained in the particle phase. Organic acids, oligomers and other products form via radical and non-radical reactions, including hemiacetal formation during droplet evaporation, acid/base catalysis, and reaction of organics with other constituents (e.g., NH4+). This paper provides an overview of SOA formation through aqueous chemistry, including atmospheric evidence for this process and a review of radical and non-radical chemistry, using glyoxal as a model precursor. Previously unreported analyses and new kinetic modeling are reported herein to support the discussion of radical chemistry. Results suggest that reactions with OH radicals tend to be faster and form more SOA than non-radical reactions. In clouds these reactions yield organic acids, whereas in wet aerosols they yield large multifunctional humic-like substances formed via radical-radical reactions and their O/C ratios are near 1.
An overview of current issues in the uptake of atmospheric trace gases by aerosols and clouds
Authors: Kolb C. E. , Cox R. A. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Ammann M. , Davis E. J. , Donaldson D. J. , Garrett B. C. , George C. , Griffiths P. T. , Hanson D. R. , Kulmala M. , McFiggans G. , Pöschl U. , Riipinen I. , Rossi M. J. , Rudich Y. , Wagner P. E. , Winkler P. M. , Worsnop D. R. , O' Dowd C. D.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. A workshop was held in the framework of the ACCENT (Atmospheric Composition Change – a European Network) Joint Research Programme on "Aerosols" and the Programme on "Access to Laboratory Data". The aim of the workshop was to hold "Gordon Conference" type discussion covering accommodation and reactive uptake of water vapour and trace pollutant gases on condensed phase atmospheric materials. The scope was to review and define the current state of knowledge of accommodation coefficients for water vapour on water droplet and ice surfaces, and uptake of trace gas species on a variety of different surfaces characteristic of the atmospheric condensed phase particulate matter and cloud droplets. Twenty-six scientists participated in this meeting through presentations, discussions and the development of a consensus review. In this review we present an analysis of the state of knowledge on the thermal and mass accommodation coefficient for water vapour on aqueous droplets and ice and a survey of current state-of the-art of reactive uptake of trace gases on a range of liquid and solid atmospheric droplets and particles. The review recommends consistent definitions of the various parameters that are needed for quantitative representation of the range of gas/condensed surface kinetic processes important for the atmosphere and identifies topics that require additional research.
A new technique for the selective measurement of atmospheric peroxy radical concentrations of HO2 and RO2 using a denuding method
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Parker A. E. , Fittschen C. , Monks P. S. , Kajii Y.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. A technique for the selective measurement of atmospheric HO2 and RO2 using peroxy radical chemical amplification coupled to laser-induced fluorescence NO2 detection (PERCA-LIF) is demonstrated. By pulling the air through a filled pre-inlet advantage can be taken of the higher heterogeneous loss rate of HO2 relative to CH3O2. Pre-inlet conditions have been found where ca. 90% of HO2 was removed whereas the comparable CH3O2 loss was 15%. The dependence of loss rate on humidity and peroxy radical concentration has been investigated. When using glass beads as the surface for peroxy radical removal, the influence of the relative humidity on the removal efficiency becomes negligible. It may therefore be possible to apply this technique to the measurement of absolute concentrations of solely RO2 as well as the sum of HO2 and RO2. The practical utility of the PERCA-LIF coupled to a denuder has been demonstrated with atmospheric measurements.
Fueling export production: nutrient return pathways from the deep ocean and their dependence on the Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Palter J. B. , Sarmiento J. L. , Gnanadesikan A. , Simeon J. , Slater R. D.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. In the Southern Ocean, mixing and upwelling in the presence of heat and freshwater surface fluxes transform subpycnocline water to lighter densities as part of the upward branch of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). One hypothesized impact of this transformation is the restoration of nutrients to the global pycnocline, without which biological productivity at low latitudes would be significantly reduced. Here we use a novel set of modeling experiments to explore the causes and consequences of the Southern Ocean nutrient return pathway. Specifically, we quantify the contribution to global productivity of nutrients that rise from the ocean interior in the Southern Ocean, the northern high latitudes, and by mixing across the low latitude pycnocline. In addition, we evaluate how the strength of the Southern Ocean winds and the parameterizations of subgridscale processes change the dominant nutrient return pathways in the ocean. Our results suggest that nutrients upwelled from the deep ocean in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and subducted in Subantartic Mode Water support between 33 and 75% of global export production between 30° S and 30° N. The high end of this range results from an ocean model in which the MOC is driven primarily by wind-induced Southern Ocean upwelling, a configuration favored due to its fidelity to tracer data, while the low end results from an MOC driven by high diapycnal diffusivity in the pycnocline. In all models, nutrients exported in the SAMW layer are utilized and converted rapidly (in less than 40 years) to remineralized nutrients, explaining previous modeling results that showed little influence of the drawdown of SAMW surface nutrients on atmospheric carbon concentrations.
Relationships between cytometric characteristics of high and low nucleic-acid bacterioplankton cells, bacterial production and environmental parameters along a longitudinal gradient across the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Van Wambeke F. , Catala P. , Lebaron P.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Heterotrophic bacterioplankton abundance and production were determined along vertical (down to bathypelagic layers) and latitudinal (from 4.9° E to 32.7° E) gradients across the Mediterranean Sea in early summer 2008. Abundance and flow cytometric characteristics (green fluorescence and side scatter signals) of high nucleic acid (HNA) and low nucleic acid (LNA) bacterial cells were investigated using flow cytometry. Contrarily to what is generally observed, the percentage of total bacteria represented by HNA cells (%HNA, range 30–69%) decreased with increased bacterial production (range 0.15–44 ng C l−1 h−1) although this negative relation was poorly explained (log-log regression r2=0.19). The %HNA as well as the mean side scatter of this group increased significantly with depth in the meso and bathypelagic layers. Our results demonstrated that vertical stratification with regard to chlorophyll distribution above, within or below the deep chlorophyll maximum plays an important role in influencing the distribution of cells, and in the relationships between the flow cytometric parameters and environmental variables such as chlorophyll a or bacterial production. Relationships between green fluorescence and side scatter of both HNA and LNA cells depended largely on chlorophyll distribution over the water column, suggesting that the dynamic link between HNA and LNA cells differs vertically.
The construction of a Central Netherlands temperature
Authors: van der Schrier G. , van Ulden A. , van Oldenborgh G. J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The Central Netherlands Temperature (CNT) is a monthly daily mean temperature series constructed from homogenised time series from the centre of the Netherlands. The purpose of this series is to offer a homogeneous time series representative of a larger area to study large-scale temperature changes. It will also facilitate a comparison with climate models, which resolve similar scales. From 1906 onwards, temperature measurements in the Netherlands have been sufficiently standardised to construct a high-quality series. Long time series have been constructed by merging nearby stations, using the overlap to calibrate the differences. These long time series and a few time series of only a few decades in length, have been subjected to a homogeneity analysis in which significant breaks and artificial trends have been corrected. Many of the detected breaks correspond to changes in the observations that are documented in the station metadata. This version of the CNT, to which we attach the version number 1.1, is constructed as the unweighted average of four stations (De Bilt, Winterswijk/Hupsel, Oudenbosch/Gilze-Rijen and Gemert/Volkel) with the stations Eindhoven and Deelen added from 1951 and 1958 respectively onwards.
The Promise and Challenge of Value-Based Payment
Authors: Shenfeld Daniel K. , Navathe Amol S. , Emanuel Ezekiel J.
Published: May 2024

This Viewpoint discusses the benefits and challenges of transitioning to a value-based payment design for health care rather than a fee-for-service system.
A Case for Regularly Obtaining Nutrition History
Authors: Shyu Margaret , Pfenniger Anna , Stone Neil J.
Published: May 2024

This Teachable Moment discusses providing patients with an opportunity to initiate dietary change before prescribing statin therapy for even severely high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.
DNA‐damage RBE assessment for combined boron and gadolinium neutron capture therapy
Authors: Shamsabadi Reza , Baghani Hamid Reza
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Neutron capture therapy (NCT) by 10B and 157Gd agents is a unique irradiation‐based method which can be used to treat brain tumors. Current study aims to quantitatively evaluate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) and dose distributions during the combined BNCT and GdNCT modalities through a hybrid Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach.

Methods

Snyder head phantom as well as a cubic hypothetical tumor was at first modeled by Geant4 MC Code. Then, the energy spectra and dose distribution relevant to the released secondary particles during the combined Gd/BNCT were scored for different concentrations of 157Gd and 10B inside tumor volume. Finally, the scored energy spectra were imported to the MCDS code to estimate both RBESSB and RBEDSB values for different 157Gd concentrations.

Results

The results showed that combined Gd/BNCT increases the fluence‐averaged RBESSB values by about 1.7 times when 157Gd concentration increments from 0 to 2000 µg/g for both considered cell oxygen levels (pO2 = 10% and 100%). Besides, a reduction of about 26% was found for fluence‐averaged RBEDSB values with an increment of 157Gd concentration in tumor volume.

Conclusion

From the results, it can be concluded that combined Gd/BNCT technique can improve tumor coverage with higher dose levels but in the expense of RBEDSB reduction which can affect the clinical efficacy of the NCT technique.
Modified Synthesis of Cs4PbBr6 for Enhanced Purity and Quantum Yield and for Exploring Its Potential as a High Stokes Shift Material for Down‐Conversion in Solar Cells
Authors: Darwish Elshaimaa , Elia Jack , Barabash Anastasiia , Hu Huiying , Batentschuk Miroslaw , Osvet Andres
Published: May 2024

Energy demands have kept increasing in recent years due to expanding human activity. Silicon solar cells offer an attractive renewable energy source while their external quantum efficiency (EQE) can still be enhanced; one way of doing this is by applying a photon energy downshifting layer. Herein, Cs4PbBr6 is applied as a downshifting layer; the Cs4PbBr6 is synthesized in the form of colloidal nanoparticles, and several modifications are introduced to the synthesis process, resulting in the enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield, improving the particle size distribution and reducing the CsBr impurities which appear as a side product during the synthesis of Cs4PbBr6. The application of the produced modified particles in the form of thin films on the top of Si solar cells shows an enhancement of the (EQE) of the solar cells when compared to the unmodified particles.
Fullerene Intercalation of MXene Toward Super‐Long‐Cycle Sodium Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Xing , Wang Yizhe , Ni Kun , Guan Jian , Chen Muqing , Zhu Yanwu , Yang Shangfeng
Published: May 2024

2D layered MXene‐based materials are applied as cation‐intercalation electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to their layered structures but suffer from spontaneous restacking during Na+ insertion and deintercalation processes, resulting in sluggish reaction kinetics and poor cycling stability. Herein, fullerene C60 is intercalated covalently into the interlayer of Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets by using a low‐temperature hydrothermal reaction between a water‐soluble C60 derivative and hydrophilic MXene nanosheets, resulting in enlarged interlayer spacing of MXene nanosheets from 12.8 to 14.1 Å and consequently retarded self‐restacking. Moreover, the strong electron extraction ability of C60 facilitates electron transfer from MXene to C60, enabling faster charge transport during Na+ transportation. The as‐prepared C60@MXene hybrid is applied as a novel anode of SIBs, exhibiting outstanding electrochemical performance and super‐long cycling stability. C60@MXene‐based SIB delivers a specific capacity of 226.8 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 300 cycles, which surpasses that obtained from the pristine MXene anode, and retains 94.5% capacity at 1 A g−1 after 10 000 cycles. DFT simulations confirm that C60‐induced enlarged interlayer spacing benefits Na+ migrations, which is responsible for improved electrochemical performance and cycling stability.
Critical Review of Cu‐Based Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: From Theoretical Insights to Experimental Validation
Authors: Sun Qingde , Sadhu Anupam , Lie Stener , Wong Lydia Helena
Published: May 2024

Despite the remarkable efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), long‐term stability remains the primary barrier to their commercialization. The prospect of enhancing stability by substituting organic transport layers with suitable inorganic compounds, particularly Cu‐based inorganic hole‐transport materials (HTMs), holds promise due to their high valence band maximum (VBM) aligning with perovskite characteristics. This review assesses the advantages and disadvantages of these five types of Cu‐based HTMs. Although Cu‐based binary oxides and chalcogenides face narrow bandgap issues, the “chemical modulation of the valence band” (CMVB) strategy has successfully broadened the bandgap for Cu‐based ternary oxides and chalcogenides. However, Cu‐based ternary oxides encounter challenges with low mobility, and Cu‐based ternary chalcogenides face mismatches in VBM alignment with perovskites. Cu‐based binary halides, especially CuI, exhibit excellent properties such as wider bandgap, high mobility, and defect tolerance, but their stability remains a concern. These limitations of single anion compounds are insightfully discussed, offering solutions from the perspective of practical application. Future research can focus on Cu‐based composite anion compounds, which merge the advantages of single anion compounds. Additionally, mixed‐cation chalcogenides such as CuxM1−xS enable the customization of HTM properties by selecting and adjusting the proportions of cation M.
Room Temperature Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide on Iron Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Daturi Marco , Blasin‐Aubé Vanessa , Yoon Ji Wong , Bazin Philippe , Vimont Alexandre , Chang Jong‐San , Hwang Young Kyu , Seo You‐Kyong , Jang Seunghun , Chang Hyunju , Wuttke Stefan , Horcajada Patricia , Haneda Masaaki , Serre Christian
Published: May 2024

Nitrogen oxides represent one of the main threats for the environment. Despite decades of intensive research efforts, a sustainable solution for NOx removal under environmental conditions is still undefined. Using theoretical modelling, material design, state‐of‐the‐art investigation methods and mimicking enzymes, it is found that selected porous hybrid iron(II/III) based MOF material are able to decompose NOx, at room temperature, in the presence of water and oxygen, into N2 and O2 and without reducing agents. This paves the way to the development of new highly sustainable heterogeneous catalysts to improve air quality.
Building an Elastic Mechanical Network for Highly Efficient Silicon‐Based Anodes
Authors: Chen Benqiang , Xu Dongmin , Chang Zhi , Pan Anqiang
Published: May 2024

Silicon (Si), known for its high theoretical capacity, holds promise for developing high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, the intrinsic low conductivity and substantial volume expansion limit its commercial application. Developing a binder that can suppress the massive volume expansion while improving Si conductivity is particularly important for LIBs based on Si anode. Here, grafting natural adhesive cationic guar gum (CGG) with small molecular acrylamide (AM) is proposed and applied it to the Si‐based anode. The rigid guar gum main chain and the elastic polymerized acrylamide (pAM) side chain forms a 3D network that completely encapsulated Si nanoparticles and cross‐linked with the natural hydroxyl groups on the surface of Si particles through abundant functional groups. Numerous link anchors and robust mechanical networks facilitate lithium‐ion transport and effectively mitigated the significant stress generated by silicon during charge and discharge cycles. Based on this innovative design, the Si@CGG@pAM@SP (Super P) electrode demonstrates excellent long‐term cycle stability and rate performance. The Si@CGG@pAM@SP electrode preserves 2086 mAh g−1 discharge capacity after 100 cycles (corresponding to 91.5% capacity retention). Physical characterization and electrochemical tests confirm the rationality of the polymer binder design, serving as a valuable reference for the material design of lithium‐ion batteries.
Glucose Responsive Coacervate Protocells from Microfluidics for Diabetic Wound Healing
Authors: Wang Chong , Yang Xinyuan , Wang Qiao , Zhang Linyi , Shang Luoran
Published: May 2024

The hyperglycemic pathophysiological environment in diabetic wounds is a major obstacle that impedes the healing process. Glucose‐responsive wound healing materials are a promising approach to address this challenge. In this study, complex coacervate‐based protocells are introduced for diabetic wound healing. By employing a microfluidic chip with an external mechanical vibrator, uniform coacervate microdroplets are generated via electrostatic interactions between diethylaminoethyl‐dextran and double‐stranded DNA. The spontaneous assembly of a phospholipid membrane on the droplet surface enhances its biocompatibility. Glucose oxidase and copper peroxide nanodots are integrated into microdroplets, enabling a glucose‐responsive cascade that produces hydroxyl radicals as antibacterial agents. These features contribute to efficient antibacterial activity and wound healing in diabetic mice. The present protocells facilitate intelligent wound management, and the design of cascade catalytic coacervates can contribute to the development of various smart vehicles for drug delivery.
Nanoparticles Dysregulate the Human Placental Secretome with Consequences on Angiogenesis and Vascularization
Authors: Dugershaw‐Kurzer Battuja , Bossart Jonas , Buljan Marija , Hannig Yvette , Zehnder Sarah , Gupta Govind , Kissling Vera M. , Nowak‐Sliwinska Patrycja , van Beijnum Judy R. , Griffioen Arjan W. , Masjosthusmann Stefan , Zühr Etta , Fritsche Ellen , Hornung René , Rduch Thomas , Buerki‐Thurnherr Tina
Published: May 2024

Exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) in pregnancy is increasingly linked to adverse effects on embryo‐fetal development and health later in life. However, the developmental toxicity mechanisms of NPs are largely unknown, in particular potential effects on the placental secretome, which orchestrates many developmental processes pivotal for pregnancy success. This study demonstrates extensive material‐ and pregnancy stage‐specific deregulation of placental signaling from a single exposure of human placental explants to physiologically relevant concentrations of engineered (silica (SiO2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs) and environmental NPs (diesel exhaust particles, DEPs). This includes a multitude of secreted inflammatory, vascular, and endocrine placental factors as well as extracellular vesicle (EV)‐associated proteins. Moreover, conditioned media (CM) from NP‐exposed explants induce pronounced anti‐angiogenic and anti‐vasculogenic effects, while early neurodevelopmental processes are only marginally affected. These findings underscore the potential of metal oxide NPs and DEPs for widespread interference with the placental secretome and identify vascular morphogenesis as a sensitive outcome for the indirect developmental toxicity of different NPs. Overall, this work has profound implications for the future safety assessment of NPs for industrial, commercial, or medical applications in pregnancy, which should consider placenta‐mediated toxicity by holistic secretomics approaches to ensure the development of safe nanotechnologies.
Artificial Intelligence Assisted Smart Self‐Powered Cable Monitoring System Driven by Time‐Varying Electric Field Using Triboelectricity Based Cable Deforming Detection
Authors: Yun Jonghyeon , Cho Hyunwoo , Kim Inkyum , Kim Daewon
Published: May 2024

Cable monitoring is essential for the prevention of machine malfunctions as machines are operated dynamically. Traditional methods of cable monitoring, conducted through portable or fixed devices, possess the inherent limitations in real‐time damage detection and precise location identification. Herein, a self‐powered, smart cable monitoring system is proposed, utilizing a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a sensor for the cable and an electric field energy harvester (EFEH) as a power source of the system. Also, the generated electrical outputs from the EFEH are theoretically and experimentally investigated according to the EFEH‐layer numbers, and the optimal number of EFEH‐layers is determined, generating an average electrical power of 2.04 mW. Through hybridization of TENG and EFEH, a synergistic effect is confirmed, resulting in a remarkable 155% enhancement in electrical energy. Consequently, the proposed system is endowed with self‐powered wireless communication capabilities. Additionally, employing a pre‐trained long short‐term memory‐based model, the system can predict the remaining lifespan of the cable with an accuracy rate of 93.7%. Considering these results, the proposed system demonstrates significant potential for industrial cable monitoring applications in the near future.