bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tax Expenditures: A Criticism of the Concept as Applied to Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Gjems-Onstad Ole
Published: March 2007

The concept of tax expenditures has become increasingly important during the last decade, and it may have far-reaching consequences for tax policy on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). This article challenges the concept of tax expenditures as it is often applied to NGOs that operate as nonprofits. It argues that the concept is too vague and general to be applied to third sector organizations. Tax expenditure analysis lacks the theoretical basis necessary to classify most tax provisions. Any deviations from the chosen, so-called general (normative or reference) rules of taxa tion are too easily classified as a subsidy or transference from the govern ment to the NGO. This subsidy perspective on NGOs oversimplifies the complex economic relationship between NGOs and the government. The article suggests some guidelines that can be applied in discussions of tax provisions and exemptions of relevance to NGOs.
Themes in International Research on the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Anheier Helmut K.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines major characteristics of the nonprofit sector in civil law, common law, socialist countries, and developing countries. Largely based on an international directory of nonprofit sector research, the article introduces common and country-specific research themes on the nonprofit sector in a comparative perspective. The article concludes by delineating several implications for research in the areas of taxonomy, measurement, intersectoral relations, and comparative institutional history.
Managing Grants and Contracts: The Case of Four Nonprofit Social Service Organizations
Authors: Gronbjerg Kirsten A.
Published: March 2007

Nonprofit organizations face complex problems in managing resources on a continuing basis because their funding sources differ greatly in structure and predictability. Case studies of four nonprofit social service agencies, representing key theoretical dimensions from models of organizational behavior, show how the agencies relate to different funding sources and manage the challenges they present. Donations and government Junding vary in their predictability and in the scope of management work they demand; such funding contingencies impede strategic planning and can drain other organizational resources. Funding relationships involve gov ernment agencies and nonprofit organizations in a system of mutual dependence.
Organized Philanthropy's Response to AIDS
Authors: Seltzer Michael , Galvin Katherine M.
Published: March 2007

In many ways philanthropy, more than government, has risen to the challenge of responding to AIDS. Still, the private response has not been uniform. Instead, it has been conditioned by a number of factors, both internal and external to foundation and corporate donor communities. What can be learned from philanthropy's response to AIDS during the first decade of the epidemic?
The Volunteer Response to the AIDS Epidemic in New York City: Implications for Research on Voluntarism
Authors: Chambré Susan M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines changes in the demand for voluntary labor, focusing on how volunteers were mobilized to provide services in response to the AIDS epidemic in New York City. It considers how social change modifies the demand for voluntary labor and the distribution of unpaid workers in various types of jobs and organizations. The volunteer response to AIDS was shaped by a number of different historical, cultural, and political factors. The study also suggests ways researchers could broaden their focus on the motivations of volunteers and the place of voluntarism in American life.
Contracted Services: Issues for the Nonprofit Agency Manager
Authors: Bernstein Susan R.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of one of the few studies to examine how administrators in nonprofit agencies manage contracted services. The analytic framework for explaining and describing managers' experience is their primary metaphor: contracted services as a game.
Volunteerism: The "Self-Regarding" and "Other-Regarding" Aspects of the Human Spirit
Authors: Story Donald C.
Published: March 2007

Volunteerism develops from two fundamental human inclinations: the self-regarding inclination, which focuses on creative human powers, and the other-regarding tendency, which focuses on altruistic human powers. It is crucial to recognize the primary nature of freedom of choice in the voluntary act. In that regard, volunteering becomes an important spiritual act of human beings.
Active Members in Nuclear Repository Issues Organizations: A Demographic Research Note
Authors: Elkind Pamela D.
Published: March 2007

Leaders and active members of social movement organizations concerned with the Hanford Nuclear Repository in a rural area of eastern Washing ton State have been surveyed. To comprehend better the demographic characteristics of the active members of environmental organizations, a case study was developed. Hypotheses were formed and tested. The results suggest that well-educated, low-to-middle-income marginal persons who are underemployed and seeking meaning in their lives form the active membership of environmental movement organizations. Further in-depth analysis of membership characteristics is necessary to test the results reported in this research note.
Ideology or Pragmatism? Further Reflections on Voluntary and Public Sector Relations in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Loewenberg Frank M.
Published: March 2007

Cooperation between the public and voluntary sectors is not a new phenomenon but was already common in the nineteenth century. Then as now, the boundaries between the two sectors were not clearly defined. The extent of interpenetration and shared activities has been underesti mated or ignored by many, but there is abundant evidence to suggest that nineteenth-century Americans did not hesitate to request and use governmental help, just as government had no qualms about using pri vate organizations to carry out many of its welfare responsibilities. All levels of government (local, state, and federal) were involved in various relationships with voluntary organizations. Selected data to support this proposition are presented. This commingling of public and private sector activities has become a characteristic of American society, but the concern over the relationship between these sectors persists. Possible reasons for this continuing concern, as well as implications for contemporary welfare issues, are explored.
Differences in Personal Goals and Attitudes Among Volunteers
Authors: Sundeen Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Using data from a national survey, this article analyzes the relationship between volunteering and attitudes regarding personal goals, the role and responsibility of government, the charitable responsibility of individuals, and confidence in charitable and noncharitable institutions. It focuses on the differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers and between vol unteers to organizations operating under three different auspices (public, for-profit, and nonprofit) and in eleven different types of volunteer activ ities. The findings reveal that, when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and social roles, statistically significant differences in per sonal goals and attitudes exist between volunteers and nonvolunteers, as well as among volunteers found in the three sectors and in various types of activities.
Researchers and Practitioners in Nonprofit Organization and Voluntary Action: Applying Research to Practice?
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. , Kluesner Teresa M.
Published: March 2007

Based on a survey of the professed needs of a large sample of volunteer administrators for research and a comprehensive analysis of the topics addressed over an extended period in a leading journal on voluntarism, this article examines the correspondence between the preferences of one group of practitioners and the interests of researchers in voluntarism. The analysis shows that the relationship between the needs of these practitioners and the publication interests of the researchers is neither as tenuous as some would fear nor as strong as others would like. If increas ing the relevance of the research literature for volunteer administrators is a priority, several means lie well within reach to forge firmer ties to the practitioner community.
Merger and Acquisition Activity Between Nonprofit Social Service Organizations: A Case Study
Authors: Wernet Stephen P. , Jones Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

This article reports a case study of the process of mergering two nonprofit social service organizations. Although the event was de picted as a merger by the majority of stakeholders, it was in fact an acquisition or buyout of one organization. Although the negotiation processes were described in the language of efficiency, power issues were their focus. Awareness of power differentials and insight into outcome expectations provided leverage to the acquired group. Judi cious use of ambiguity aided participants in reaching accord in the negotiations.
Survival of the Nonprofit Spirit in a For-Profit World
Authors: Bush Richard
Published: March 2007

The author contends that nonprofit organizations can find more ap propriate administrative values in the traditions of the voluntary sector itself than in the competition-based management approach inherent in private sector administrative theory and practice. He argues that administration in the voluntary sector should be mission based and mission driven; be grounded in the historical traditions of altruism, compassion, and philanthropy; remain sensitive to the key value of volunteerism and to the phenomenon of the volunteers them selves ; continue to act as mediating structures between the individual, the community, and the public and private organizations of modern society; emphasize cooperation and collaboration over conflict and competition in the administration of sector organizations; and develop and practice a type of leadership compatible with the values and differences inherent in the independent sector.
Trustees in transition: lessons for the library service from the television industry
Authors: Green Lois V.
Published: March 2007

Currently librarians and broadcast ers are both questioning fundamen tal assumptions about their role, purpose, organizational structure and sources of finance. They are also in a state of transition from a trusteeship model of service, in which scarce assets are held in trust on behalf of society, and a more market-centred model. The differ ence between the two models underlies all decision making, affects recruitment, and determines whether the way forward is through co-operation or competition.
Politics and the public library service
Authors: Usherwood Bob
Published: March 2007

It can be argued that at the local level elected members are the prime decision-makers so far as public library services are concerned. Their views are therefore of some importance to the library profes sion. Making use of their own words, this study presents the results of a survey of the opinions of elected members on the use of voluntary organizations, contract ing out, charging, the provision of premium services, and the political and managerial decentralization of library services.
Job-sharing in British libraries: implications for the manager
Authors: Goddard Catriona
Published: March 2007

A definition and explanation of what job-sharing involves are fol lowed by some examples of why and where people job share. The advantages and disadvantages of job-sharing are explored in some depth, concentrating on the employer's viewpoint, and there is information On implementing job- sharing schemes and some of the legal implications. Finally, there is a consideration of whether all jobs are suitable for sharing and a brief investigation into the changing atti tudes of employers towards their job-sharing employees.
'The fiction nuisance' in nineteenth-century British public libraries
Authors: Sturges Paul , Barr Alison
Published: March 2007

The early decades of British public libraries were characterized by a definite prejudice against fiction reading. This article presents a study of the roots of the nineteenth- century public library's difficulties in coming to terms with the rela tionship between the realities of user demand and a more theoretical view of a library's true function. The ways in which public libraries came to terms with fiction provision are examined by considering three aspects of the topic: the perceptions of the purposes of public libraries; attitudes to fiction outside the library profession; and the profes sion's capacity to generate its own distinctive approach. The article considers three interlinked ele ments which were central to nine teenth- and early twentieth-century librarians' responses to the chal lenge : the social and educational status of entrants to librarianship; the ability of the Library Association and other professional bodies to act as an effective medi um for the evolution of an indepen dent consensus to opinion; and the progress of professional education and training.
Scarcity of tertiary books in Nigeria: a threat to academic excellence and suggestions for action
Authors: Dike Alaezi D.
Published: March 2007

Nigeria has in the past few years witnessed a continuous dearth of books, particularly at the tertiary level. The article presents a survey of the underlying variables that caused this problem and suggests strategies that can be adopted in packaging immediate future solu tions to them.
Automation routes past and present: the training implications
Authors: Cowan Barbara M. , Usherwood Bob
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of training on the information technol ogy used in public libraries in England and Canada. Semi structured interviews were held with staff at dif ferent levels in the selected libraries during late 1990 and early 1991 and the data reveals the route of automa tion taken in Canada and England and the IT (information technology) applications in use. Further applica tions these sample libraries plan or want to have in the future are also discussed. From the information gath ered, the training implications are charted, assessed and discussed.
Socio-linguistic changes in Wales
Authors: Evans Geraint I. , Griffin Elaine M.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses some of the wider issues that have arisen from the results obtained by The Teifi Library Project - an investigation of the library and information requirements of the users of mobile library services in the bi-lingual area of South Ceredigion, in Dyfed, Wales; an area which has seen significant demo graphic changes in the last ten years. The project revealed that changes in the nature of the rural communities in recent years, in particular in their lin guistic make-up has resulted in a change in borrowing patterns and library needs, which now necessitates a corresponding response from the providers of the mobile library ser vice. It is recommended that library authorities serving bi-lingual rural communities regularly monitor lin guistic changes in the communities they serve and subsequently reassess their provision sensitively in the light of community needs.
Local Management of Schools and school library services
Authors: Eyre Gayner
Published: March 2007

Reports results of a research project, undertaken between June 1991 and July 1992, to examine the Local Management of Schools (LMS) claus es of the 1988 Education Reform Act and their implications for school libraries in the UK. Concentrates on the provision of resources to sec ondary school libraries and focuses on authorities in England and Wales, but excludes London Boroughs. In a sample of six of these authorities (three metropolitan and three county), the heads, representative governors, librarians, teacher-librarians and heads of resources, were interviewed in three schools from each authority, to determine the effects of LMS and to ascertain how the attitudes of key people in the decision making process may influence the destiny of school library services.
Public libraries and community information needs in a changing South Africa
Authors: September Peter E.
Published: March 2007

Reviews the changes taking place in the library and information profes sion in South Africa as a result of the social and political changes taking place in the country as a whole and considers the degree to which the pro fession is considering its role as an agent of positive change. Argues that the provision of information in this context should be aimed at neighbor hood and communities with the cen tral idea that the public library should provide community information which is relevant and supportive of the democratic process in South Africa. Considers what is needed in a community information service in post-apartheid South Africa.
Business information developments - Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Konn Tania
Published: March 2007

Notes the transformation of the busi ness information sectors of Central and Eastern Europe brought about by the post-Gorbachev political and economic changes. The most signifi cant changes have occurred in the nature and variety of information now being made available to busi ness people. The latter developments owe everything to Western ideas of management information. Western business information sectors have also been greatly changed by the eco nomic revolutions occurring in Central and Eastern Europe. Examines the main trends within these information sectors and the important role played by the estab lishment, within these countries, of an information infrastructure increas ingly responsive to internal and for eign demands for general information. Reports that the main online hosts, such as DIALOG and Data-Star, have increased their cov erage of material from Central and Eastern Europe and these countries are tending to use this type of infor mation on an increasing scale.
Revolution in current awareness services
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: March 2007

Reviews the market-place for existing current awareness services and uses the main features of these products as standards against which to assess three new current awareness services: Inside Information; SwetScan; and UnCover. Inside Information, from the 1British Library Document Supply Centre, provides a short listing of the key features of each article in the world's principal scholarly periodicals. Approximately one million references are added to the database each year. SwetScan, from Swets Subscription Service covers 7000 periodical titles and provides title, ISSN, year-volume, some article names, authors, page numbers, and, if the library is a Swets subscriber, the library's subscription number. An average of 111073 references are added to the database each month. UnCover is a collaborative venture between Blackwells and CARL and offers access to a multidisciplinary database based on the holdings of the participating libraries. UnCover covers 14 000 periodicals representing the holdings of participating libraries together with additional titles for which Blackwells act as subscription agents. The main focus of UnCover is speed of document delivery and the intention is to provide a fax of a document within 24 hours or less (and within the hour if the document is stored on optical disc). Concludes that, if these three services are successful and lead to wider availability and use of current awareness services in the academic community, this will have a significant impact on libraries and their relationships with end users.
The integrated management of leisure directorates in UK public libraries
Authors: Asser Michael
Published: March 2007

Paper first presented at the Dawson Seminar: Public libraries in the polit ical arena, Loughborough University, September 1993. Traces the emergence of community development as a major concern of UK public libraries, as a means of enabling individuals and groups to acquire more influence over the issues that affect their lives in terms of the quality of life, education, self esteem and self confidence. Notes that this is merely an extension of the motive that led to the growth of the public library movement, the creation of parks and the emphasis given to access to the countryside. Notes the impact of these ideas on Oxfordshire County Council when, in April 1987, it resolved to establish a new com mittee to replace the former Libraries, Museums and Archives Committee. The terms of reference of the new Committee included: undertaking the functions of the Council in relation to libraries, museums, arts, archaeolo gy, archives and records; securing the adequate provision of leisure and recreational facilities throughout the county; and responsibility for the pro duction of the Oxfordshire volumes of the Victoria County History. Concludes that, with the future shape of local government still so uncertain, it is impossible to predict how these large scale leisure and heritage depart ments are likely to evolve.
We learn not from school, but from life: school librarianship in Europe
Authors: Dankert Birgit
Published: March 2007

Paper presented at the Conference: Non scholae sed vitae discimus, trans lated by Antje Cockrill. Traces the historical development of the school library in Europe, back to its roots in the traditions of the academies of Greece, the manuscripts of Christian convent schools, and the schools in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, but comments on the difficulty of finding a connection between the current, future-oriented treatment of school libraries with this tradition. Concludes that the major reasons for the lack of historical continuity in the development of European school libraries is that for centuries certain features evolved in different ways at varying speeds and in different com binations. These features include: the democratization of knowledge; the development of a mandatory school system under government control; and the combination of the concept of the public library with the demand for generally accessible book and media collections in schools.
An observational method for undertaking user needs studies
Authors: Eager Carolyn , Oppenheim Charles
Published: March 2007

The study of information needs has long been acknowledged as one of the most important factors in the design of information services but has been ham pered by the severe problem of designing user studies that will reliably measure them. Reviews the literature of previous research in this field, con cluding that time and money are the chief constraints on information seek ing behaviour. Describes a new observational technique for identifying the information needs of users and reports results of a small scale experiment to test the methodology. The observational technique involves the researcher being with the subject continuously throughout the day and observing their actions. The behaviour recorded was any action taken in order to answer a question. A small scale study was undertaken of 3 academics from the Psychology Department, University of Strathclyde, using the observational technique. The preferred technique of all the academics was to carry out their own research, followed by consultation with other individuals. One lec turer was a significantly heavier user of electronic media than the other two. The preferred physical locations of the information sources were personal col lections and the University Library. A follow up questionnaire survey exam ined the possibility that previous training in the use of the library could explain the differences in the use of electronic information sources but results were found to be negative. Concludes that the new research tool developed for this type of study is both robust and likely to yield reliable information about user information needs.
Subject specialization in British university libraries: a second survey
Authors: Martin J.V.
Published: March 2007

Reports results of a survey of UK university libraries to study the nature and degree of subject specialization practised there, as a follow up to a similar study conducted 15 years earlier ( Journtal of Librarianship, 14, (2), April 1982, 93-108, (LISA ref. 834342)). For the purposes of comparison the present sur vey, which was sent to chief librarians, covers those same institutions stud ied in 1981 and, consequently, does not include the new universities that were formerly polytechnics. Libraries are classified into the same five categories of specializations as in the previous study: functional; dual; hybrid; 3 tier; and subject divisional. The expectation from the earlier study - that subject spe cialization would become less feasible in the future - has not been realized. Whereas the question had appeared to be one of whether university libraries could afford the services of subject librarians, 15 years later the challenge to their existence appears more profound.
A Quarter Century of Progress in Library and Information Education
Authors: Stoker David
Published: March 2007

Looks back over 25 years of professional library and information science education to compare the class of 1970 at Loughborough University with the class of 1996 at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. The survey is based entirely on the author's impressions, memories and recent observations. The most obvious differences were seen to be: the courses, qualifications and teaching staff involved; methods of assessment used; teaching that is still essentially vocational but is no longer as practically oriented; fundamental changes to the student body, notably in age range, ethnic and social backgrounds; a more diverse age profile for both full time and distance learning students; changes in relative performance and overall quality of library students entering the profession; increase in the ratio of men to women; increased diversity of financial support for students; increasing disparity between relatively prosperous and poverty stricken students; and a tendency for students to take a more pragmatic and far reaching view of their career objectives. Concludes that modem library students will have a harder and more challenging working life than the author and his contemporaries but, for the best and most committed, there will be many more opportunities.
Impact of Entrepreneurs' Personality Characteristics on Employee Perception of Organisational Climate in Small-Scale Enterprises
Authors: Biswas Urmi Nanda
Published: March 2007

Based on a study of entrepreneurs in a few industrial towns in Gujarat, this article examines the effect of personality characteristics and self-efficacy expectations of entrepreneurs on employee perception of organisational climate, and explores the possible interrelationships between personality characteristics and gender. It hypothesises that employees' perception of their organisational climate would be positively correlated with the personality parameters of entrepreneurs, and would differ significantly for high efficacious and low efficacious entrepreneurs. Along with self-efficacy and organisational climate measures, five personality dimensions—security, wisdom, guidance, power and proactivity—are considered for detailed analysis. The results suggest that employees of male and female entrepreneurs do not see any difference in the leadership characteristics of their owners; nor is there any difference in their perception of organisational climate. The employees of high and low efficacious entrepreneurs did not have differential perception of the organisational climate. The employees of high efficacious entrepreneurs perceived more of control and strategic approach in the organisation's climate.
Uncertainty and Planning in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Small Firms in The South Pacific
Authors: Yusuf Attahir
Published: March 2007

This article looks into the differences in the level of entrepreneurship and sophis tication of planning between indigenous and non-indigenous firms and their strategic response to an increase in environmental uncertainty in the South Pacific. Data analyses suggest that non-indigenous firms engage in more sophisticated planning than indigenous ones. As the perceived uncertainty in the environment increases, planning activity declines among indigenous firms. However, the article does not find any significant relationship between strategic planning sophistication and entrepreneurial intensity.
Promoting African Pioneers in Business: what Makes a Context Conducive to Small-Scale Entrepreneurship?
Authors: Kristiansen Stein
Published: March 2007

This article aims at improving our understanding of the preconditions for success for the millions of unemployed workers in Africa struggling to build their own busi nesses. Based on some 'classical ' entrepreneurship theory, a simple three-step process model of business development makes the starting point for discussing empir ical findings from two case studies in Arusha, Tanzania. The case study methodology takes the advantage of the actor approach, viewing the business context from the point of view of an individual entrepreneur. The potential role of mentors is under lined for 'strengthening entrepreneurial attitudes'. A platform of knowledge and access to information is crucial for 'picking business opportunities', The role of gov ernment is limited only to providing support in 'navigating towards success'. It is underlined that policies should aim at promoting true innovators, not only copyists.
Venture Capitalists' Insight, or the Ability to Describe the Formal Rules of Business Evaluation?
Authors: Riquelme Hernan
Published: March 2007

This research tests the proposition that venture capitalists' insight and the high consensus found among venture capitalists (VCs) are based on a causal theory shared within the subculture. The methodology follows two non-overlapping approaches: conjoint analysis and a survey. In the first case, less experienced VCs (trainees) were asked to predict—with their subjective weightings of criteria—the senior VCs' holistic judgements to fund new business proposals. In the second approach, senior VCs and less experienced VCs were asked to rate their degree of agreement with seventy-three heuristics or rules of thumb collected within the British venture capital subculture. A control group was also used to test if agreement was beyond chance.

Both correlation of predictions of VC trainees about the holistic judgements of senior VCs, and comparison of the level of agreement/disagreement with the heuris tics indicate that the VCs share consensual cognitive structures.

This study discusses the implication of a consensual causal theory for the under standing of insight or introspection, attribution of blame to entrepreneurs in failed businesses, and the learning and perpetuation of the rules of thumb or heuristics within the subculture.
Bridging the Gap: Conceptual Paradigms and Training for Entrepreneurship Development
Authors: Krishna K.V.S.M.
Published: March 2007

Indian experiences have demonstrated that a well-conceived training inter vention could augment entrepreneurship. Garnished by the nuances of the newly developed conceptual paradigms perceived in a contextual setting, an intervention that is well conceived improves the sustainability as well as the growth potential of enterprises. The author makes an attempt through a conceptual review of the literary contributions to draw useful insights, which are likely to serve as inputs to design entrepreneurship training. The paper sets out that clarity on concepts like risk perception could help trainers evolve appropriate inputs and implement the same. This indicative research draws attention beyond just satisfying the research zeal. It calls upon the need to disseminate research findings to benefit training. The paper argues that updating of concepts is a necessary condition for increasing the effective ness of training and puts a caution to trainers against possible dilutions.
Sub-cultures and Entrepreneurship: The Value of Social Capital in Tanzanian Business
Authors: Jenssen Jan Inge , Kristiansen Stein
Published: March 2007

The national cultures of the African nations are fragmented and it is interesting to witness the influence that some of the sub-cultural qualities have on small- scale business development. This article is an attempt to argue how the sub- cultural characteristics affect the acquisition of entrepreneurial resources at a specific location and also to see how the same has influence on the development of social capital. The article uses a case study methodology to study the entre preneurs involved in the wood business in the coastal town of Tanga, Tanzania. The empirical research establishes that sub-cultural qualities like group cohesion, mobility and level of education have significant effects on social capital formation, and thereby also on the access to entrepreneurial resources. Entrepreneurs belonging to African and Asian sub-cultures have different preconditions for developing social networks, trust and social skills, which influence resources like motivation, information and access to capital and markets.
Indian Business Houses and Entrepreneurship: A Note on Research Trends
Authors: Tripathi Dwijendra
Published: March 2007

Empirical studiès on the entrepreneurial performance of Indian business houses are few and far between. Arguing that the earlier studies were unduly influenced by some a priori deductive formulations, the paper traces the stages through which an empirical bias has set in during recent decades. The paper also draws attention to a number of key areas that must be explored in the interest of developing a comprehensive understanding of entrepreneurial manifestations of large business groups.
Entrepreneurship and Public Enterprise: The Case Study of a Bagasse-based Newsprint Project 1
Authors: Bhatt V.V.
Published: March 2007

There are conflicting opinions about the role of the state in promoting indus trial ventures. While one school of thought believes that the state should limit itself merely to the role of 'facilitator' to the private enterprise, another group stresses the need for the state to directly mount and develop industrial ventures at least in the areas the private entrepreneurs may find unattractive or exces sively risky. This paper recounts the story of the emergence of a paper mill in India, based on a new technology, and suggests that certain conditions must be met if state-promoted enterprises are to succeed.
Women Entrepreneurs: Their Profile and Motivation
Authors: Singh K.P.
Published: March 2007

Although entrepreneurship as an area of research has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention in recent decades, most of the available studies relate to the entrepreneurial endeavours of men. Consequently, our under standing of the urges and aspirations of women promoters of business ventures is extremely limited. This paper, based on what the author regards as a pilot study centred around a major city in India, concludes that the factors impinging on the entrepreneurial manifestation of women are no different from those affecting men entrepreneurs. This may have important implications for public policies and entrepreneurship develop ment programmes.
Environment for Entrepreneurship: A Model of Public Policy and Economic Development
Authors: Dana Leo Paul
Published: March 2007

What can public policy do to create an environment conducive to entrepreneurship? What, if any, should be the extent and nature of governmental intervention in the economic sphere to achieve this purpose? These questions have been a subject of long debate. The author of this paper has attempted an answer, based on field research relating to six island economies of the Caribbean. The study, using soft concepts and measures, is exploratory in nature and is meant to provoke further research in this area.
Catching the Tiger by the Tail : Fostering Entrepreneurship among Craft Groups in Orissa
Authors: Bogaert Michael V.d. , Das S.P. , Barik S.S.
Published: March 2007

Time is long past when 'entrepreneurship' was confined to the portals of the academia, when the major concern was to understand and explain conceptual parameters. During the last few decades, attention has shifted to efforts to 'create' entrepreneurs, and the principal actors in this sphere have been gov ernmental and non-governmental agencies, training institutions and social activists, rather than scholars and thinkers. Their experiments have not only brought new entrepreneurs to the fore, but have also provided new inputs for theoretical formulations. This paper describes one such experiment conducted in one of the states in India.
Cooperation between Entrepreneurs of Developed and Developing Countries: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Evidence 1
Authors: Lambrecht Johan
Published: March 2007

In most discussions on international business cooperation, the reference is to large firms. With the growing accent on globalisation of business, cooperation between the entrepreneurs of developed and developing countries is likely to receive a new momentum. As a consequence, an increasingly larger number of firms, including relatively small ones, belonging to different countries may find it advantageous, in fact necessary, to enter into business arrangements for mutual benefit. Based on the Belgian experience, this paper discusses what could be the motive forces behind such arrangements, and what form of co operation would best serve the purposes of all parties involved.
Determinants of Entrepreneurial Start-ups: A Study of Industrial Units in India
Authors: Sabbarwal Sherry
Published: March 2007

The relationship between social background and occupational choice has long been a subject of intense debate — particularly with reference to India. This paper addresses this question in a somewhat new fashion: by analysing whether the difficulties encountered by entrepreneurs of different castes and communities at the start-up stage of their enterprises are different. The'study is based on data relating to one of the rapidly in dustrialising regions of India.
Responsiveness of Small and Tiny Enterprises to Policy Reforms in India
Authors: Krishna K.V.S.M. , Awasthi Dinesh N.
Published: March 2007

The policy environment is a decisive exogenous factor in industrial devel opment. The policy reforms launched in India since 1991 intend to integrate the economy into global transactions. A large chunk of India's industrial economy consists of small-scale enterprises, promoted and protected by the state during the last two decades. The success of the reforms would largely depend on how this large segment perceives them. The authors of this paper attempt to obtain and analyse the perceptions of small-scale entrepreneurs on the policy shifts in order to derive possible policy direc tions.
Strategic Choices of Indian Firms
Authors: Sharma R.A.
Published: March 2007

Like all critical decisions impinging on the performance of a business enterprise, the choice of strategic alternatives is time-specific and place- specific. Even though a large body of literature has accumulated around the strategic choices offirms, studies based on Indian experience are few. Using a sample representing various industries and different ownership patterns, this paper analyses the relationship between strategic choices and profitability in Indian firms.
University-based Entrepreneurship Programmes as Vehicles for State-level Economic Development: A Case Study
Authors: Miners Ian A. , Young John E.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the processes and resultant outcomes of a student- initiated and administered state-level external marketing project. The paper describes the contribution of entrepreneurship to state and regional development and discusses how university-based entrepreneurship programmes can contribute to such development. Specific recommenda tions for policy-makers wishing to replicate the initiative elsewhere are set forth. The setting of this research is a state in the United States, but the processes described here may have wider applicability.
Towards a Framework for a Comprehensive Theory of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Ray Sougata , Ramachandran K.
Published: March 2007

In the last few decades researchers with diverse disciplinary backgrounds have addressed the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, leading to the emer gence of multiple and seemingly unrelated theories. Apparently, no unify ing framework exists in the literature that can bring these diverse theories together and, thus, provide a comprehensive view of entrepreneurship. An attempt has been made in this paper to present a conceptual framework, underlining the interrelationships among various elements involved in entrepreneurship. The framework, the authors claim, can help develop a comprehensive theory.
Small Capitalists or 'Agents of Underdevelopment'? A Case Study of a Large Industrial Estate in South Gujarat
Authors: Gorter Pieter
Published: March 2007

In hardly any other country has the small-scale enterprise sector received as much official support as in India. Nevertheless, for a long time small- scale industry could not find favour with scholars dealing with the Indian process of industrialisation. For those with a modernisation theoretical frame of reference entrepreneurship was found wanting. Neo-marxists, on the other hand, saw no future for small-scale industry because of the stranglehold of large companies over the economy. The entrepreneurs were seen as commercially oriented and 'rent-seekers', living off state revenues. With the help of the data relating to a large industrial estate in Gujarat, India, the author re-examines in this paper the validity of some of these views.
Entrepreneurship Training for Women in the Indian Rural Sector: A Review of Approaches and Strategies
Authors: Nair Tara S.
Published: March 2007

There has been a perceptible increase in both the intellectual and physical resources devoted to the cause of research and action in the field of women's development. The author argues that initiatives in this realm are largely policy induced and devoid of any clear focus or strategy. Interven tions that aim at promoting entrepreneurship among women in rural India are no exception. This paper reviews the strategies and approaches fol lowed in the country over the past four decades and argues for the integration of gender as a critical parameter in the policies and program mes devised in the government as well as non-government sectors.
How Bankers and Small Households Adjust to Risk in Dryland Agriculture: A Case Study of Two Blocks in Karnataka, India
Authors: Tewari D.D. , Gupta A.K.
Published: March 2007

In India, the credit needs of dryland farmers, especially small and marginal farmers, are served largely by non-institutional sources. The formal bank ing system follows a risk-averse strategy towards lending to this segment, and does not appear to attach any significance to the generation of substantial intangible benefits to households through financial intermedia tion. After analysing the risk perceptions of households and banks in the Harihar and Mulkamuru blocks in Karnataka, the authors of this paper point to the need to develop an integrated approach to risk management while extending loans to dryland agriculture.
Indian Entrepreneurs in South Africa: Challenges and Achievements during the Apartheid Era
Authors: Bhowan K. , Tewari D.D.
Published: March 2007

South Africa in the apartheid era posed considerable challenges to non-white entrepreneurs, including Indians. However, there were a few who could successfully tide over the difficult years. This paper focuses on them. After examining their dominant motives and start-up problems, the study foresees certain new challenges unleashed by the emerging political situation and urges the Indian small business owners to upgrade their skills to be able to meet them.
Issues in Small Enterprise Development: An Overview
Authors: Van Dijk Meine Pieter
Published: March 2007

There has been a perceptible boom in the writings on small enterprises over the last three decades. A range of new concepts and paradigms have been pro- pounded to understand this sector's dynamism. Each of these relates to a set of issues and advocates certain policy interventions. This paper summarises the major theoretical issues in the field of small enterprises by arranging them across three time periods—the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.
Corporate Entrepreneurship: Changing Perspectives
Authors: Gautam Vinayshil , Verma Vinnie
Published: March 2007

Corporate entrepreneurship is an evolving area of research. Different scholars have approached the concept differently. Some have viewed it as a process and others as a set of activities. The importance of assuming an entrepreneurial stance, nevertheless, is being widely recognised by firms irrespective of their scale of operation. The authors attempt in this paper to bring together the varying perceptions about corporate entrepreneurship and critically analyse each of them. They argue that despite the realisation that entrepreneurship occurs at various levels within an organisation, no attempt has so far been made to derive any coherent framework of analysis. Using the insights from an exhaustive review of writings, they propose a conceptual model of corporate entrepreneurship that integrates the influences of individual, organisational and environmental factors.
Small Business Development and Survival in the South Pacific: Barriers and Strategic Responses
Authors: Yusuf Attahir B.
Published: March 2007

This paper looks at the small enterprise sector in six developing countries in the South Pacific region with a view to identify the barriers to enterprise creation, survival and development. The barriers brought to light by the study include insufficient industry and market information, lack of tech nological and managerial knowledge and skills, insufficient infrastructure, cultural practices inhibiting entrepreneurship, lack of acquisitiveness, dearth of planning skills, inadequate access to capital and supportive systems, and inability to manage growth. With the help of a matrix that segments the small enterprise sector into four parts based on the intensity of the barriers, the author develops certain response strategies to deal with these barriers. He asserts that through a systematic direction of supportive public and private policies and programmes this sector can be infused with the much needed vigour and vitality.
Entrepreneurs in Export Business: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Thakur Sanjay
Published: March 2007

The determinants of participation in international business is a well- researched area within both economics and business management disci plines. Such studies have largely highlighted factors external to the firm. A few enquiries in the small and medium sector have looked into person- specific factors as explaining the difference in behaviour between exporters and non-exporters. Taking off from these two streams, this paper delves deep into the exporting behaviour of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in two specific sectors after considering the dimensions of entre preneur, enterprise and environment.
Succession-Related Mortality Among Small Firms in Nigeria
Authors: Sam Monibo A. , Kilby Peter
Published: March 2007

A strong consensus exists among analysts of the small business sector of developing economies that this sector is characterised by phenomenally high business mortality. Extant efforts at explaining this volatility have focused pre-eminently on economic factors. Such preoccupation with economic factors in the analysis of the instability of the small business sector has had a crippling effect on the ability of analysts to explore other potential but non-economic sources of instability. In this article, the authors venture into the relatively uncharted terrain of succession analysis using longitudinal data on small firms in Nigeria. They found that most of the closures were succession-related, occurring in the mature age of firms. These firms exhibited longevity uncharacteristic of firms in this sector: the instability that typifies the sector may coexist with extraordinary survival capacity. These are preliminary findings that, if sustained by subsequent studies, portend major implicationsfor research and policy in this sector.