bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of the Indian Ocean since the Late Cretaceous
Authors: McKenzie Dan , Sclater John G.
Published: April 2007

All available ship and aeroplane tracks across the Indian Ocean were searched for identifiable magnetic anomalies and transform faults, and hence the age and direction of motion at the time of formation of about two-thirds of the floor of the ocean established. The magnetic lineations show that India moved away from Antarctica at about 18 cm/y for 20 My in the Early Tertiary. This rapid motion ceased in the Eocene and was followed by a period in which little or no spreading took place west of the Ninety East Ridge. Australia separated from Antarctica during this period. The present spreading episode began about 36 My ago. This detailed study has permitted instantaneous poles of rotation to be obtained, and has established that Africa is now moving northward at 2cm/y relative to Antarctica in the South West Indian Ocean. The evolution of the triple junction between the South East, South West and Central Indian Ridges is clearly reflected in the topography and magnetic lineations. The depth of parts of the ocean formed since the Late Cretaceous increases with age in the manner expected from the temperature structure of a cooling plate, and supports the evolution determined from the magnetic lineations in a most remarkable way. Heat flow observations are more scattered but also consistent with the same thermal model. The proposed evolution agrees with the distribution of known continental fragments and with the Late Cretaceous palaeomagnetic poles from surrounding continents and one obtained from the shape of the magnetic lineations south of India. It is, however, not yet clear how to reconstruct Gondwanaland from the Late Cretaceous reconstructions.
Iterative most-squares inversion: application to magnetotelluric data
Authors: Meju M. A. , Hutton V. R. S.
Published: April 2007

Conventional least-squares inversion of geophysical observational data yields a model that fits the data best or within a specified tolerance. Due to the nature of practical data, bounding values of the optimal model parameters are often sought and routinely calculated from the covariance matrix of the least-squares solution. Jackson (1976) proposed the most-squares method as an alternative approach to determining bounding values in linear inversion. As an extension of Jackson's method, we present a stable iterative scheme for obtaining extreme parameter sets in non-linear inversion. The scheme is hybrid and combines the useful properties of the ridge regression (Marquardt 1970) and most-squares methods to solve the non-linear inverse problem. The observational errors and the inherent non-uniqueness in the inversion process are accounted for using a class of models that is consistent with the data. The method is flexible and the use of Twomey-Tikhonov type constraints also enables us to define and seek a preferred class of smooth models, especially for cases in which the sought subsurface physical properties show gradational changes. It is applied to magnetotelluric depth sounding data to demonstrate its potential as an appraisal tool for conventional least-squares models.
Geophysical parametrization and interpolation of irregular data using natural neighbours
Authors: Sambridge Malcolm , Braun Jean , McQueen Herbert
Published: April 2007

An approach is presented for interpolating a property of the Earth (for example temperature or seismic velocity) specified at a series of ‘reference’ points with arbitrary distribution in two or three dimensions. The method makes use of some powerful algorithms from the field of computational geometry to efficiently partition the medium into ‘Delaunay’ triangles (in 2-D) or tetrahedra (in 3-D) constructed around the irregularly spaced reference points. The field can then be smoothly interpolated anywhere in the medium using a method known as natural-neighbour interpolation. This method has the following useful properties: (1) the original function values are recovered exactly at the reference points; (2) the interpolation is entirely local (every point is only influenced by its natural-neighbour nodes); and (3) the derivatives of the interpolated function are continuous everywhere except at the reference points. In addition, the ability to handle highly irregular distributions of nodes means that large variations in the scale-lengths of the interpolated function can be represented easily. These properties make the procedure ideally suited for ‘gridding’ of irregularly spaced geophysical data, or as the basis of parametrization in inverse problems such as seismic tomography.

We have extended the theory to produce expressions for the derivatives of the interpolated function. These may be calculated efficiently by modifying an existing algorithm which calculates the interpolated function using only local information. Full details of the theory and numerical algorithms are given. The new theory for function and derivative interpolation has applications to a range of geophysical interpolation and parametrization problems. In addition, it shows much promise when used as the basis of a finite-element procedure for numerical solution of partial differential equations.
Undifferentiated carcinoma of the large intestine
Authors: GIBBS N. M.
Published: April 2007

Eight cases of the rare undifferentiated carcinoma of the large intestine are described. The histological distinction between undifferentiated and poorly differentiated colonic adenocarcinoma and malignant carcinoid is discussed. It is concluded that undifferentiated carcinoma is a variant of adenocarcinoma which tends to grow to a large size before symptoms are produced but which nevertheless has a good prognosis when locally resectable. Five patients survived between 6 and 28 years, one is well 6 months after operation and two cases where local removal could not be achieved, died within a year.
Morphology and staining patterns of endocrine cell tumours in the gut, pancreas and bronchus and their possible significance
Authors: JONES R. A. , DAWSON I. M. P.
Published: April 2007

We have studied 109 endocrine cell tumours of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and bronchus in terms of histological pattern and histochemical staining with immunocytochemical studies on seven tumours. As a result we believe that previous histological classifications need modification. 5‐Hydroxytryptamine secreting tumours have a carcinoid (A1) pattern with in some cases, an additional tubuloacinar element (A1A2) and definable histochemical reactions; well differentiated gastrinomas, insulinomas and glucagonomas are associated commonly, but not exclusively, with particular histological patterns and argyrophilia, but no such association exists for less differentiated tumours, This may be related to the synthesis of precursor hormones by less differentiated tumours. Mixed patterns are common, partcularly in tumours of foregut derivation. Prospective studies planned to correlate histology, histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and ultrastructure are needed on all endocrine cell tumours.
Monophasic synovial sarcoma–a histological entity?
Authors: MACKENZIE D. H.
Published: April 2007

Consideration is given to the concept of a histologically identifiable monophasic type of synovial sarcoma. It is accepted that a sarcomatous tumour may be encountered where the spindle cells assume a somewhat epithelioid appearance associated with a reticulin pattern unlike that of most other spindle cell sarcomas. This appearance should alert a histopathologist to the possibility of a synovial sarcoma and prompt the examination of multiple additional sections in an attempt to find the pathognomonic biphasic pattern. It is not, however, believed that an entire tumour composed of cells of a single type could be identified with certainty as a synovial sarcoma by light microscopy. The term monophasic synovial sarcoma is worthy of retention, but only as a guide towards the establishment of a definite diagnosis by further sampling of the specimen. Other features suggestive of this diagnosis are discussed.
Hyperplasia and prolapse of hepatocytes into hepatic veins during longterm methyltestosteronetherapy: possible relationships of these changes to the development of peliosis hepatis and liver tumours
Authors: PARADINAS F. J. , BULL T. B. , WESTABY D. , MURRAY‐LYON I. M.
Published: April 2007

We report the pathological changes in liver biopsies from io patients (four female transexuals and six impotent males) after treatment with 150 mg methyltestosterone daily for periods of up to 3 years, and in a hemihepatectomy specimen from a female transexual who developed a liver adenoma after 37 months of this treatment. Hepatocyte hyperplasia and mild focal sinusoidal dilatation was found in most cases. In some cases there were microcysts and dissociation of hepatocytes. In nine patients there was accumulation of hepatocytes between the endothelium and the supporting collagen of hepatic veins which often resulted in either partial occlusion of their lumina or disruption of their walls. These vascular changes do not appear to have been reported before. It is postulated that a single pathological process‐hyperplasia, perhaps related to the anabolic effect of methyltesterone‐could be partly responsible both for the formation of cysts through mechanical obstruction of hepatic veins and for the formation of nodules and tumours.
The surgical pathology of thoracic aortic aneurysms
Authors: POMERANCE ARIELA , YACOUB M. H. , GULA G.
Published: April 2007

In 63 resected thoracic aortic aneurysms, the commonest histological finding (45 cases, 71.4%) was cystic medionecrosis. These cases formed two groups, 29 with widespread fragmentation and loss of elastic tissue (elastopathy) and 16 cases without elastopathy who were older and included most of the 18 cases of dissecting aneurysms. Thirteen patients had the Marfan syndrome, Io showing cystic medionecrosis with elastopathy, indistinguishable form the cases with no Marfan stigmata although partial ‘dissections’ were mainly found in the Marfan patients, Histological appearances ranged from normal to complete loss of media. Cystic changes in muscle fibres apparently preceded elastic fragmentation. Fourteen cases (22%) had aortitis: 4 were syphilitic and 3 of other known aetiology. In 7 patients the aetiology of the inflammatory process was unknown and appearances included granulomatous infarct‐like lesions and necrotizing aortitis or changes indistinguishable histologically from syphilis.
Methyl‐methacrylate as an embedding medium in histopathology
Authors: TE VELDE J. , BURKHARDT R. , KLEIVERDA KARIN , LEENHEERS‐BINNENDIJK LINEKE , SOMMERFELD WILTRUD
Published: April 2007

Methyl‐methacrylate embedding makes it possible to obtain semi‐thin sections rich in detail and without tissue shrinkage. The procedure requires considerable time and labour, and great care must be taken to prevent heat damage to the tissue during the exothermic polymerization process. The original method given by Burkhardt (1966) and later modifications are described and discussed, with special attention to the practical problems encountered and their solutions.
Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the breast
Authors: HARRIS M. , WELLS S. , VASUDEV K. S.
Published: April 2007

Three examples of primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the breast are described. This form of breast carcinoma deserves recognition as an entity because its prognosis may differ from colloid carcinoma of the breast and because of potential difficulty in distinguishing it from metastatic carcinoma.
A comparison of the use of the ‘Tru‐Cut’ needle and fine needle aspiration cytology in the pre‐operative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast
Authors: ELSTON C. W. , COTTON R. E. , DAVIES C. J. , BLAMEY R. W.
Published: April 2007

Two methods of obtaining a pre‐operative diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast are compared. Tru‐Cut needle biopsy was carried out on 368 consecutive patients with palpable breast lumps, and both Tru‐Cut biopsy and fine needle aspiration cytology were performed during part of this study on 163 of the patients. A final histological diagnosis was obtained in each patient, at excision biopsy or mastectomy. There were 278 patients with carcinoma and 90 with benign breast disease. A correct positive diagnosis of carcinoma was made by the Tru‐Cut method in 73.5% of cases, but in only 52% of cases by aspiration cytology. More importantly, there were no false positive diagnoses of carcinoma with Tru‐Cut biopsy, but five cases of benign breast disease were incorrectly diagnosed as carcinoma by aspiration cytology. It is concluded that Tru‐Cut biopsy is sufficiently reliable to be able to proceed direct to mastectomy following a positive diagnosis of carcinoma, in distinction to aspiration cytology with which an unacceptably high number of false positives occurs. The benefits of a pre‐operative Tru‐Cut biopsy diagnosis are identified.
Morphology and immunohistochemically‐defined endocrine function of pancreatic islet cell tumours
Authors: KRUSEMAN A. C. NIEUWENHUIJZEN , KNIJNENBURG GEORGETTE , DE LA RIVIERE G. BRUTEL , BOSMAN F. T.
Published: April 2007

Thirty pancreatic islet cell tumours were histologically classified and analysed for their possible peptide hormone content using the immunohistoperoxidase method. Seven tumours contained insulin, six tumours contained gastrin and eight tumours contained glucagon. One tumour contained all three hormones. In the insulin and gastrin‐containing tumours, the cells were usually arranged in solid nests of cells, with tubular and acinar formations in about half the cases. In the glucagon‐containing tumours the cells were mainly arranged in anastomosing ribbons consisting of one or two layers of small cells. Most of the hormone‐containing tumours were argyrophilic using Grimelius’ silver reaction. All but one of the glucagon‐containing tumours were incidental findings at autopsy. About half of the other tumours had metastasized. It is concluded that a relation exists between the histological pattern of growth and immunohistochemically defined endocrine function of pancreatic islet cell tumours.
Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome with pseudoinvasion of hamartomatous polyps and multiple epithelial neoplasms
Authors: BOLWELL J. S. , JAMES P. D.
Published: April 2007

The risk of malignant change developing in the hamartomatous polyps in Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome is widely held to be negligible. However an association with tumours of the upper gastro‐intestinal tract, ovary and other diverse multiple neoplasms is now recognized. Previously reported cases of malignant change in Peutz‐Jeghers polyps may represent ‘pseudoinvasion’ and we report such a case. This was associated with carcinomas of the bile ducts, left tonsil and a papillary adenoma of the pancreatic duct. It lends further support to the view that there may be a genetic predisposition to the development of neoplasms in this condition. Pathologists and clinicians must be aware of this entity of ‘pseudoinvasion’ in order to avoid unnecessarily radical surgery in Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome.
Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterine body: a report of nine cases
Authors: FOX H. , HARILAL K. R. , YOUELL A.
Published: April 2007

Nine cases of Müllerian adenosarcoma of the uterine body, first defined in 1974 by Clement & Scully, are described. The tumour usually occurs in elderly women and appears macroscopically as a polypoid mass filling the uterine cavity. Histologically these neoplasms are characterized by having a benign epithelial component set in a sarcomatous stroma. The epithelial element consists of tubular glands, cystically dilated glands and a surface epithelium. The glandular and surface epithelium usually resembles that of proliferative endometrium but may be of mucinous type and can undergo squamous metaplasia. Occasional mitotic figures, multilayering and intraluminal tufting are seen in the actively growing but benign glands which are considered to be an integral component of the tumour. The sarcomatous stroma contains spindle cells, round cells and, less frequently, multinucleated giant cells and rhabdomyoblasts. The Müllerian adenosarcoma represents a relatively benign variant of the mixed mesenchymal sarcoma of the uterus an is probably more common than is generally realized. Myometrial invasion is rarely deep and the majority of patients with this neoplasm survive. Vaginal recurrence occurs only in a minority of patients and distant metastasis is exceptional.
Prognostic significance of the histological features of malignant melanoma
Authors: MCGOVERN V. J. , SHAW H. M. , MILTON G. W. , FARAGO G. A.
Published: April 2007

A review of 694 patients with localized cutaneous malignant melanoma (clinical stage I) revealed that three histological features of the primary lesion had no effect of their own on survival rate but derived their prognostic significance only because of their close correlation with tumour thickness. Primary lesions of superficial spreading histogenetic type, or of low mitotic activity or showing evidence of partial regression appeared to have a more favourable prognosis than lesions of nodular histogenetic type or of high mitotic activity or showing no regression. However, the former three histological features were predominant in thin lesions which had a better prognosis than thicker lesions. It was concluded that these features exerted only an indirect effect upon survival, tumour thickness being the most important prognostic determinant.
Tubular carcinoma: a variant of secretory breast carcinoma
Authors: EUSEBI V. , BETTS C. M. , BUSSOLATI G.
Published: April 2007

Fifteen cases of tubular carcinoma of the breast have been studied using histochemical methods for mucosubstances, immunocytochemical methods for casein and actin and conventional electron microscopy. Mucosubstances and casein were demonstrated lying freely in the lumina of the tubules. Occasionally, mucosubstances and casein assumed the form of target‐like intracytoplasmic ‘inclusions’ like those characteristically seen in lobular carcinoma. The neoplastic cells did not react with antisera specific against actin. Even at ultrastructural level no myoepithelial cells were observed, whilst villi were revealed along the tubular luminal surface. It appears that, in addition to distinctive biological, histological and ultrastructural features, tubular carcinoma has an almost constant histochemical pattern. This suggests a differentiation towards epithelial secretory cells engaged in intensive milk protein production which has also been shown to be a feature of lobular carcinoma. It is concluded that though lobular carcinoma and tubular carcinoma of the breast have been traditionally regarded as two distinct entities, they have certain similar functional characteristics and it is postulated that these two tumours could represent the extreme variants of the same entity: the infiltrative lobular carcinoma being the most undifferentiated and tubular carcinoma the most highly differentiated.
Myospherulosis: further ultrastructural observations
Authors: ROSE A. G. , TIMME A. H. , PRICE S. K. , EMMS M. , DALE J.
Published: April 2007

The changes of myospherulosis were observed in masses from the buttocks of three patients. Ultrastructural examination of parent bodies and spherules from two patients revealed some spherules to contain dense bodies and filaments. Spherules had a double electron dense wall: the outer layer had a thickness corresponding to that of a cell membrane. Incubation of packed red blood cells with tetracycline ointment produced a similar electron dense deposit on the inner aspect of the cell membrane of the erythrocytes. No filaments or parent bodies were seen. Our findings support the hypothesis that myospherulosis represents altered red blood cells. The filaments seen in our patients may represent polymers of haemoglobin. It is suggested that parent bodies may be derived from histiocytes.
Invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: incidence and variants
Authors: MARTINEZ V. , AZZOPARDI J. G.
Published: April 2007

The criteria for the separation of invasive lobular and ductal carcinomas are analysed. Lobular tumours account for 14% of invasive cancers in our material. The widely differing figures given in the literature are mainly attributable to intrinsic difficulties of classification. In addition to the classical dissociated‐cell patterns with single filing, a targetoid appearance and related features, variants with trabecular, loose alveolar and tubular features are recognized; a ‘solid’ variant requires further investigation. The variants either represent better differentiated forms, or in some cases, an ‘earlier’ phase in the production of the more traditional Indian file formations and dartboard patterns. Focal signet‐ring cell differentiation is another newly‐recognized feature. The theoretical and practical implications of these variants are considered. The division into invasive lobular and ductal carcinomas is not as easy as most of the literature implies. Five per cent of cases could not be so classified and, in some of these unclassified cases, both ductal and lobular differentiation may be present. In the diagnosis of problem cases, no single parameter proved reliable but a combination of several parameters enables one to make an objective diagnosis in about 95% of cases.
Demonstration of calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) by immunoperoxidase technique
Authors: TALERMAN A. , LINDEMAN J. , KIEVIT‐TYSON P. A. , DRÖGE‐DROPPERT C.
Published: April 2007

The presence of calcitonin and of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was studied in six cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid using an immunoperoxidase technique. In five cases the material was obtained surgically and in one at autopsy. Tissue from primary tumours as well as from metastases was studied. Calcitonin and CEA were identified within all the tumours studied, although their pattern of distribution and staining intensity varied both within the cells and within the tumour. Some parts of the tumour contained both CEA and calcitonin, while others stained positively only for one of these substances. In some parts of the tumour there was no positive staining for either substance. Within the cells, CEA showed a typical linear distribution along cell surfaces, while calcitonin showed a more even cytoplasmic distribution and the deposits were more granular. Normal tissue surrounding tumour deposits did not show positive staining. It is considered that cells of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid contain both calcitonin and CEA. Identification of CEA and calcitonin in tumour tissue can be used as a diagnostic aid to identify medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. It is considered that these substances are being produced by this tumour and can be used as tumour markers.
The histopathology of prolymphocytic leukaemia with particular reference to the spleen: a comparison with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: LAMPERT I. , CATOVSKY D. , MARSH G.W. , CHILD J.A. , GALTON D.A.G.
Published: April 2007

The histological features of prolymphocytic leukaemia are described in spleen, lymph nodes, liver and bone marrow from nine cases. Eight patients had B‐PLL one had T‐PLL. These features were compared with those of six cases of B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL) with massive splenomegaly. Both PLL and B‐CLL showed enlargement of the white pulp with nodule formation and diffuse infiltration of the red pulp. In both PLL and CLL larger cells were found in the white pulp nodules often concentrated on the periphery producing a bizonal appearance. The extent of involvement of the white pulp was greater in PLL than in uncomplicated CLL. However, this was not so in two cases of B‐CLL in prolymphocytoid transformation in which the heavy replacement of the white pulp by large cells without a bizonal arrangement had effaced the red pulp. The cytological differences between PLL and CLL were best appreciated in splenic red pulp. The cells of CLL were small lymphocytes with clumped chromatin, those of PLL were larger with bigger nuclei, often indented in some cases, and distinct nucleoli. The pattern of infiltration in the bone marrow, liver and lymph nodes was similar in PLL and CLL. In conclusion, PLL can be distinguished from CLL by morphological and immunological features. The distinction is important clinically, because the survival of PLL is shorter than that of CLL.
Fine structure of nuclei and cytoplasm of osteoclasts in Paget's disease of bone
Authors: GHERARDI G. , CASCIO V.LO , BONUCCI E.
Published: April 2007

To investigate the fine structural features of nuclei and cytoplasm in osteoclasts from patients with Paget's disease of bone, eight bone biopsies were examined. Unusual paracrystalline filamentous formations were found within the nuclei of both actively resorbing and degenerating osteoclasts. These formations were made up of parallel arranged filaments which, in most cases, clustered together regularly. The filaments were slightly argyrophilic and this helped to differentiate them from the surrounding nuclear matrix, even when they were not aggregated in clusters. Argyrophilic filaments were also found loosely aggregated inside the cytoplasm of osteoclasts. In three biopsies two additional and unusual cytoplasmic inclusions were found. The first consisted of irregularly branching, highly argyrophilic membranous strands which were located inside membrane‐bound vacuoles. The second consisted of spindle‐shaped structures enclosed by two membranes and containing three or more tubules. It is suggested that these results stand as further morphological evidence in favour of the view that a virus, possibly of the paramyxovirus class, has a pathogenetic role in Paget's disease of bone.
The changing pattern of paraquat poisoning in man
Authors: PARKINSON CONSTANCE
Published: April 2007

The clinical and pathological findings are described in 14 patients who died between 6 hours and 26 days after drinking paraquat. Respiratory failure and delayed pulmonary fibrosis have become the hallmark of this poison, but were not the common mode of death in this series. Toxic myocarditis, renal tubular necrosis and centrilobular liver cell damage were significant factors in the eight deaths which occurred within 5 days of paraquat ingestion. Similar abnormalities plus respiratory failure caused the two deaths which occurred 5 and 6 days after consumption of the poison. Respiratory failure was the sole cause of death in only four patients who died 8 to 26 days after drinking paraquat, although the lungs showed pathological changes in all cases. The patients who died in multisystem failure, with one exception, had drunk larger quantities of paraquat than those who survived for a longer period and died in respiratory failure.
Retrospective histochemical study of mucosubstances in adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: MONTERO C. , SEGURA D. I.
Published: April 2007

Use of the PATS/KOH/PAS and PB/KOH/PAS techniques and the diamine method (Spicer 1965) together with the demonstration of metachromasia with toluidine blue pH 3.0, for the study of carbohydrates in a retrospective study of gastric and colorectal adenocarcinomas, disclosed an increase in the sulphate content and the absence of O‐acylated sialomucins in the majority of gastric adenocarcinomas. In the colorectal tumours there is no change in the degree of sulphation normally present in this area, but the degree of acylation of the sialic acid in adenocarcinoma is very different to that of normal mucosa and appears related to the degree of differentiation of the tumour. The mucosa adjacent to tumours from both areas were also studied, as well as gastric intestinal metaplasia.
Cystadenoma of the pancreas: a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study of seven cases
Authors: BOGOMOLETZ W. V. , ADNET J. J. , WIDGREN S. , STAVROU M. , McLAUGHLIN J. E.
Published: April 2007

Seven cases of cystadenoma of the pancreas were examined in detail histologically and histochemically and two variants were identified: a microcyst type lined by glycogen‐rich cuboidal epithelium which also secretes some neutral mucins; and macrocystic type lined exclusively by mucus‐secreting columnar cells which secrete predominantly sulphated acidic mucins with some neutral mucins. Electron microscopy of two cases of the microcystic variant showed neoplastic cells with an ultrastructure comparable to that of centroacinar cells of the normal exocrine pancreas.
Colonic polyps complicating ureterosigmoidostomy
Authors: ANSELL I. D. , VELLACOTT K. D.
Published: April 2007

Polypoid tumours of the small and large intestine have been recognized as a complication of the implantation of ureters into the bowel for many years. Some cases could be recurrences of the urothelial tumour which necessitated the original operation or alternatively others may be tumours arising from the bowel epithelium itself. Malignant and benign varieties of such bowel tumours have been reported, although the description of some of the latter have suggested that they were not true tumours but some variety of ‘polyp’. We describe here two polyps arising in the colon some 22 years after ureterosigmoidostomy and discuss the probably mixed nature with elements of both juvenile polyp and tubular adenoma.
Vaginal rhabdomyoma
Authors: CHABREL C. M. , BEILBY J. O. W.
Published: April 2007

Three cases of vaginal rhabdomyoma are reported. Their macroscopic and microscopic appearances with ultrastructural features are described. Aetiological aspects and differential diagnoses are discussed. Simple excision of these rare, benign lesions is curative.
Ectopic adrenal cortex in neonatal liver
Authors: VESTFRID M. A.
Published: April 2007

A small nodule of tissue, found deep within the liver parenchyma of a 3‐day‐old neonate, proved to be composed of adrenal cortical tissue of both fetal and adult types. Whilst ectopic adrenal tissue is widely recognized in many sites in the body, an intrahepatic localization does not previously appear to have been recorded. The possible mechanisms involved in the ectopia are discussed as is the potential relevance to neoplastic change.
Malignant granular cell tumour (myoblastoma) of the vulva: report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: ROBERTSON A. J. , McINTOSH W. , LAMONT P. , GUTHRIE W.
Published: April 2007

A case of malignant granular cell tumour (myoblastoma) which metastasized from the vulva to the regional lymph nodes is presented. Electron microscopy of the metastases demonstrated the presence of numerous intra‐cytoplasmic lysosomes, a feature characteristic of these neoplasms, and the neoplasm was shown to stain strongly for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) using the immunoperoxidase technique. Previous reports in the literature of malignant granular cell tumours are reviewed and discussed.
Invasion of veins by carcinoma of rectum: method of detection, histological features and significance
Authors: TALBOT I. C. , RITCHIE SHEILA , LEIGHTON MONICA , HUGHES A. O. , BUSSEY H. J. R. , MORSON B. C.
Published: April 2007

Histopathological material from operation specimens of rectal adenocarcinoma was reviewed and invasion of veins identified in 51.9% of 703 cases. The extent of venous invasion, thickness of the walls of invaded veins and various other histological features were examined in detail. By follow‐up studies recurrence rates, incidence of distant metastases and corrected 5‐year survival rates were obtained; correlation with the histopathological results showed that invasion of extramural and thick‐walled veins is associated with a poor prognosis independent of the degree of differentiation of the adenocarcinoma. Prognosis is not significantly related to the presence of necrosis of intravenous growth. Aneurysmal distension and inflammatory damage of the walls of invaded veins, a thrombus cap or endothelial cell mantle covering intravenous tumour and a clearly defined stroma in the intravenous growth all appear to exert a protective influence on patient survival, whereas permeation of capillaries in vein walls, the presence of loose clumps of tumour cells in veins and direct contact between tumour cells and venous blood appear to adversely affect survival. Venous invasion is shown to be related to local invasiveness of rectal carcinoma. Suggested modes of venous spread and interaction with host tissues are proposed, with implications for general attitudes to the spread of cancer and metastasis.
Pathogenesis of generalized melanosis with melanuria and melanoptysis secondary to malignant melanoma
Authors: EIDE J.
Published: April 2007

A case of disseminated malignant melanoma with generalized melanosis of the skin and other tissues, melanuria, melanoptysis, and a dark brown blood serum is reported. The reticuloendothelial system contained large amounts of melanin pigment. Lysis of degenerating pigment‐loaded melanoma cells in peripheral blood vessels seemed to be of considerable importance in the pigmentation of tissues. Focal pigmentation of capillary endothelium and perivascular deposition of melanin pigment in macrophages and, occasionally, in other cells, was noted. Single cell metastases contributed to melanin pigmentation of most organs, but were not found in sections of the skin. Melanoptysis (black sputum) was due to diffuse melanoma cell infiltration of the lungs, with secondary pigment deposition in macrophages and in bronchial epithelial cells. In this case the ‘glomerular melanoma cell emboli’ recorded by previous authors consisted of melanin pigment and cell debris. Focal damage of glomeruli affected by pigment emboli is described allowing access of melanoma cell debris (including melanin pigment granules) into glomerular tubules.
A sensitive method for the demonstration of senile plaques in the dementing brain
Authors: DOWSON J. H.
Published: April 2007

Senile plaques occur mainly in the cerebral grey matter and are increased in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. A new method for the demonstration of senile plaques is described which consists of irradiating unstained paraffin wax embedded sections with ultraviolet light. Senile plaques exhibit blue autofluorescence which is usually clearly visible against the background autofluorescence of the neuropil.
Primary chondrosarcoma of the ovary
Authors: TALERMAN A. , AUERBACH W. M. , VAN MEURS A. J.
Published: April 2007

A case of a large, completely excised left‐sided primary ovarian chondrosarcoma occurring in a 61‐year‐old woman is described. There was no evidence of metastases. Histologically the tumour was a pure chondrosarcoma, which was mainly well differentiated. The patient is well and disease free at 4 years. Review of the literature revealed no other reported cases of pure chondrosarcoma of the ovary. The possible histogenetic origin of this neoplasm is discussed.
Yolk sac and allied tumours of the ovary
Authors: LANGLEY F. A. , GOVAN A. D. T. , ANDERSON M. C. , GOWING N. F. C. , WOODCOCK A. S. , HARILAL K. R.
Published: April 2007

A review is presented of the histological appearances of 38 yolk sac tumours of the ovary and four so‐called embryonal carcinomas together with the associated clinical features. It is suggested that these neoplasms belong to a single taxonomic group of embryonal ovarian tumours differing only in the concomitant types of differentiation. One yolk sac tumour occurred in an individual of 46 XY chromosome constitution and another in a patient with a gonadoblastoma in the contralateral ovary. The value of post‐operative serial assays of serum AFP is stressed.
Carcinoma (epithelioma) cuniculatum: a clinico‐pathological study of nineteen cases and review of the literature
Authors: McKEE P. H. , WILKINSON J. D. , BLACK M. M. , WHIMSTER I. W.
Published: April 2007

Nineteen patients with carcinoma cuniculatum are presented. Of these, 17 were male and two were female. The age range was from 26 to 73 years with a mean of approximately 54 years. Sixteen tumours were located on the foot, the other three were situated on the knee, wrist and finger respectively. The pathological features of carcinoma cuniculatum are described and the aetiology of the tumour is discussed.
Blue naevus of lymph node capsule: report of a unique case
Authors: GOLDMAN R. L.
Published: April 2007

This paper is the second report dealing with blue naevus of a lymph node, and represents only the third case of this entity. It is unique in that it is the first example in which more than one node was involved. The lesion is discussed in relation to the apparently somewhat more common presence of naevus‐cell aggregates of lymph nodes, and in relation to blue naevi located in other unusual locations. The occurrence of these various naevoid lesions favours the concept that blue naevi of lymph nodes represent an arrest of migration of melanocytes from the neural crest, rather than a form of ‘benign metastasis’ from a cutaneous site.
Hepatic copper in Indian childhood cirrhosis
Authors: MEHROTRA RAJ , PANDEY R. K. , NATH P.
Published: April 2007

Forty‐three liver biopsies histologically diagnosed as Indian childhood cirrhosis were studied with the object of investigating accumulation of copper and copperassociated protein in the hepatocytes as demonstrated by the rhodanine and orcein stains respectively. The findings reveal that, in almost all cases, there was an increased accumulation of copper and copper‐associated protein, accompanied by the presence of numerous Mallory bodies. It is postulated that the accumulation of copper in the hepatocytes might be the result of a metabolic defect and might be aetiologically related to the liver cell injury and the subsequent development of Indian childhood cirrhosis.
Dendritic reticulum cell sarcoma? Four cases of a lymphoma probably derived from dendritic reticulum cells of the follicular compartment
Authors: VAN DER VALK P. , RUITER D. J. , DEN OTTOLANDER G. J. , TE VELDE J. , SPAANDER P. J. , MEIJER C. J. L. M.
Published: April 2007

This paper describes the histological picture of four tumours of the follicular compartment of the lymph node, in which the proliferating cell appeared to be the dendritic reticulum cell (DRC). This assumption was based on the results of light microscopical, ultrastructural, immunological, and enzymehistochemical investigations. The tumour cells resembled DRC's closely in (1) the striking pattern of interdigitations and occasional tight junction‐like contacts between the neo‐plastic cells on electron microscopical analysis; (2) presence of receptors for the activated third component of complement on the membrane of the cells; (3) absence of monoclonal immunoglobulins and T‐cell antigen on the surface and of lysozyme, α1‐antitrypsin or α1‐antichymotrypsin in the cytoplasm of the neo‐plastic cells. Moreover, (4) the tumour cells showed moderate α‐naphtyl acetate esterase, weak to absent acid phosphatase and (with one exception) strong 5‐nucleotidase activity. Furthermore, (5) the neoplastic cells expressed la‐like antigens on the surface in all four cases. The relation with follicle centre cell lymphomas, the differential diagnosis and clinical data are discussed.
Biopsy appearances easily mistaken for malignancy in gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: ISAACSON P.
Published: April 2007

A series of 10 cases is described which were characterized by the occurrence, in gastrointestinal endoscopic biopsies, of benign lesions which bore a close resemblance to malignancy. In three cases an erroneous diagnosis of carcinoma was made and major resections were performed unnecessarily. The lesions fall into two histological types, one of which is seen only in gastric biopsies and the other at any level of the gastrointestinal tract. The histopathology of these lesions is described in detail.
Lysozyme in human gastric carcinoma: a retrospective immunohistochemical study
Authors: TAHARA E. , ITO H. , SHIMAMOTO F. , IWAMOTO T. , NAKAGAMI K. , NIIMOTO H.
Published: April 2007

A total of 171 gastric carcinomas comprising 69 advanced cancers and 102 early cancers were examined immunohistochemically for lysozyme. Tumour cells containing lysozyme were detected in 65 cases or 38% of the 171 gastric cancer cases. The incidence of these cells did not differ remarkably by histological type and infiltrative growth of gastric carcinoma. Of the foregoing 65 cases, two well‐differentiated adenocarcinomas and three signet ring cell carcinomas had numerous lysozyme‐containing tumour cells, 13 had many argentaffin or argyrophil cells, and 40 had various amounts of several types of mucin. In addition, tumour cells containing both lysozyme and mucin could be identified. No correlation could be observed between lysozyme immunoreactivity in the tumour cells and cellular infiltration of granulocytes or macrophages around the tumour. The lysozyme appeared to be produced by tumour cells. The two year survival rates indicate a tendency for advanced gastric cancers containing lysozyme to have a poor prognosis.
Warthin‐Finkeldey‐like cells in benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations
Authors: DELSOL G. , PRADERE M. , VOIGT J. J. , NESPOULOUS M. , GORGUET B. , MARTY C. , FABRE J.
Published: April 2007

Multinucleate giant cells resembling Warthin‐Finkeldey cells have been described in various lymphoid disorders. These Warthin‐Finkeldey‐like cells (WFLC) with as many as 50 nuclei are of three main types: reticular, lymphocyte and intermediary. In reactive lymphoid proliferations (34 cases) WFLC were mainly observed inside germinal centres and to a lesser extent in the interfollicular zones. In neoplastic lymphoid proliferations (33 cases) WFLC were most commonly found in the lymphocytic predominance type of Hodgkin's disease (16/25 cases). All non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (13 cases) in which WFLC were detected proved to be of low grade malignancy (lymphocytic: one case, lymphoplasmacytic‐plasmacytoid: six cases; and centroblastic‐centrocytic, six cases). They were also found in two cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Immunoperoxidase and electron microscopic studies could not elucidate the exact histogenesis of these cells, but it is assumed that they are associated with B cell proliferations.
Intestinal spirochaetosis: an electron microscopic study of an unusual case
Authors: ANTONAKOPOULOS G. , NEWMAN J. , WILKINSON M.
Published: April 2007

An unusual case of intestinal spirochaetosis is described. The rectum of a 34‐year‐old male, suffering from Crohn's disease and ankylosing spondylitis, was heavily infested by spirochaetes. Both absorptive and goblet cells were colonized. Spiro‐chaetes were found not only on the luminal surface of these cells, but also within the cytoplasm, in occasional macrophages within the lamina propria and, even more surprisingly, within the occasional Schwann cell. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Large paraffin sections and chemical clearance of axillary tissues as a routine procedure in the pathological examination of the breast
Authors: GIBBS N. M.
Published: April 2007

The technique of large paraffin sections of the breast and lymph node dissection of axillary tissues after chemical clearance as used in a routine histology laboratory is described and discussed. The findings in 155 cases of breast malignancy derived from routine surgical patients and also from the breast screening clinic are described and analysed. There were 21 cases of in‐situ carcinoma alone and an additional 17 cases with minimal invasive carcinoma (MIC). The maximum area of each lesion in one plane was measured and the size varied between < 1 cm2 and 30 cm2, with an average of 7 cm2. The large lesions had the highest incidence of MIC. There were 117 palpable invasive carcinomas and they were divided into two groups, namely single quadrant (80%) and multiquadrant malignancy (20%). The clinical implications of this are discussed. Lymph node metastases were found in 36 (27%) of all invasive carcinomas but no metastases were found in either in‐situ carcinoma alone or when combined with MIC in the eight cases which had a radical operation.
The endoscopically abnormal duodenum in patients with dyspepsia: biopsy findings in 60 cases
Authors: SHOUSHA S. , SPILLER R.C. , PARKINS R.A.
Published: April 2007

Biopsies from 60 patients with dyspepsia and endoscopically abnormal first part of duodenum were examined. The main endoscopic findings were duodenitis (35 cases), chronic ulceration (eight) and abnormal mucosal patterns (17). The latter included mucosal atrophy, thickening, irregularity, nodularity and polypoid formation. The main histological findings were duodenitis (40), gastric metaplasia (42) and gastric heterotopia (seven). The first two were commonly seen together. Heterotopia was not associated with inflammation. Good correlation existed between endoscopic and histological findings.
Granular cell myoblastoma: an immunoperoxidase study using a variety of antisera to human carcinoembroyonic antigen
Authors: MATTHEWS J.B. , MASON GILLIAN I.
Published: April 2007

Immunoperoxidase staining using five antisera to human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), including a mouse monoclonal antibody, was performed to investigate the expression of CEA reactivity in ten cases of granular cell myoblastoma. The granular cells were negative with four of the antisera although control sections of CEA producing colon carcinoma were positive. The single positive antiserum gave intense granular cytoplasmic staining of all tumour cells in the ten specimens studied. This reactivity was abolished after absorption of the antiserum with a perchloric acid extract of human lung to remove cross‐reacting antibodies against non‐specific cross‐reacting antigen (NCA); a procedure which did not affect the staining of colon carcinoma specimens. The results indicate that the granular cells do not contain CEA but express a related antigen and that care in the choice of primary antiserum is important if the immunocytochemical detection of this antigen is to be used as a diagnostic aid.
Glandular (tubular and follicular) variants of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: HARACH H.R. , WILLIAMS E.D.
Published: April 2007

The original descriptions of medullary carcinoma stressed the lack of papillary and follicular differentiation and the presence of amyloid. During the last few years, the spectrum of histological features seen in tumours of C cell origin has broadened, and papillary and anaplastic forms have been reported. We have recently studied three cases of medullary carcinoma with a major ‘tubular’ or ‘follicular’ component, giving a microscopic picture suggestive of follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. These cases were studied with routine techniques, electron microscopy, and immunohistological methods using antibodies to calcitonin and thyroglobulin. In all three cases the calcitonin localization was positive, and apart from included peripheral thyroid follicles, the thyroglobulin was negativeeven in the tumour with large follicles containing PAS positive colloid. In the cases with tubular lumina, electron microscopy showed a concentration of granules in the apical portion of the cells, with corresponding immunolocalization of calcitonin in a ring about the lumen. We conclude that medullary carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every unusual thyroid carcinoma, even those showing glandular differentiation and containing apparent follicles, and that immunolocalization techniques using calcitonin and thyroglobulin are essential for accurate diagnosis of thyroid carcinomas.
An unusual variant of squamous cell carcinoma (inverted verrucous carcinoma) arising in a pilonidal sinus
Authors: ANSCOMBE A.M. , ISAACSON P.
Published: April 2007

A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a chronic pilonidal sinus in a 59‐year‐old man is described. Twenty‐seven instances of malignant change in a pilonidal sinus have been previously documented, none of which showed the pattern seen in this case. The possibility of malignant change in longstanding pilonidal sinus is emphasized.