bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haemobartonella canis(Kiküth, 1928) in the blood of dogs with parvovirus disease
Authors: GRETILLAT SIMON
Published: April 2008

In the Tours area of the Val‐de Loire, haemograms carried out in 40 dogs with canine parvovirus disease showed that in 30 cases the viral infection was complicated by canine haemobartonellosis. To the picture, typical of the former infection, were added very severe anaemia, fever, locomotor difficulties, arthralgia, adenopathy, respiratory difficulties (dyspnoea, polypnoea and anoxia) and circulatory disorders (tachycardia and capillary fragility). The blood picture was markedly abnormal, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis and anisochromia, being found together with alterations in the blood counts (neutrophils 85 to 90% high; leucocytes, 400 to 500 mm3; erythrocytes, 0·6 to 1·5 × 106mm3).

Symptomatic treatment and serotherapy (equine hyperimmune serum against feline panleucopenia) were given for the parvovirus infection. Of the antimicrobial agents, only chloramphenicol, a spiramycin metronidazole association and sulphamethoxypyridazine gave good results.

A high dose of intramuscular chlorpromazine (2 to 4 mg/kg b.w.) repeated 48 h later, followed by an 8‐day course of oral treatment at a moderate dosage (1 mg/kg b.w. daily) produced complete clinical cure and disappearance ofHaemobartonella canisfrom the peripheral blood.

It is considered that these results support the view that an intercurrent infection may upset the balance existing between the host and parasite in carriers ofH. canisand produce a virulent infection (see Fig. 1).
Hair growth in the greyhound
Authors: BUTLER W. F. , WRIGHT A. I.
Published: April 2008

Monthly regrowth of clipped hair was measured in greyhounds over a two‐year period; plasma progesterone and testosterone were measured at the time of clipping.

Entire males and females showed virtually no growth in late winter and late summer while maximal growth occurred in mid‐summer. Oestrus, and its associated hormones, appeared to suppress hair growth in entire females while spayed females showed good growth throughout most of the year.

Low environmental temperature was considered to depress growth in late winter.
Weight loss in cats which eat well
Authors: WATSON A. D. J. , CHURCH D. B. , MIDDLETON D. J. , ROTHWELL T. L. W.
Published: April 2008

Four cats were investigated because they lost weight while eating well. One cat was found to have hypoinsulinaemic diabetes mellitus, and another had maldigestion caused by exocrine pancreatic atrophy. An enteropathy with presumed intestinal malabsorption was diagnosed in the third case. The fourth cat had hyperthyroidism and disseminated amyloidosis. The diabetic animal has been maintained satisfactorily on daily insulin injections for 2 ½ years, but treatment in the other three cases was either unsuccessful or not attempted.

Weight loss is uncommon in cats which are eating well. In investigating this syndrome, it is suggested that initially urine should be tested for glucose and faeces examined for maldigestion or malabsorption. More specific tests for diabetes mellitus, pancreatic maldigestion, intestinal malabsorption or hyperthyroidism might then be indicated.
Successful conservative treatment of cervical discospondylitis in a dog
Authors: BREE H. VAN , RICK A. DE , VERSCHOOTEN F. , MATTHEEUWS D.
Published: April 2008

A discospondylitis between C6 and C7 was treated with trimethoprim* for two months. Spontaneous fusion of the involved vertebrae was observed within 6 months. Neurological symptoms disappeared completely at that time.
Necrotizing pulmonary arteritis in a dog with patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: TURK J. R. , MILLER L. M. , MILLER J. B. , SANDE R. D.
Published: April 2008

A 4‐month‐old, male Cocker Spaniel was examined because of exercise intolerance. A grade IV/V holosystolic diastolic murmur was auscultated. Increased pulmonary arterial pressure was measured via cardiac catheterization. A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) was diagnosed radio‐graphically by injection of contrast media into the sinus of Valsalva with the immediate appearance of contrast in the pulmonary artery. The dog was destroyed at the owner's request. The presence of a PDA was confirmed by necropsy examination. Medial hypertrophy and necrotizing arteritis of muscular pulmonary arteries were observed on histopathologic examination.
Primary lymphoedema in a dog—a case report
Authors: GILL JAMES , LEE ROBIN
Published: April 2008

Primary lymphoedema is a swelling of a part or parts of the body due to a congenital defect in the lymphatic system. This report describes our experience with a case in a Rough Collie.
Euthanasia in the dog and cat
Authors: STEAD A. C.
Published: April 2008

A survey was made of the euthanasia of dogs and cats in the Scottish Region of BSAVA. The reasons for euthanasia were classified and major differences were found between the two species in the numbers destroyed on veterinary, behavioural and convenience grounds. Methods of destruction and body disposal were also considered.
Gastric dilatation and torsion in small or miniature breeds of dogs—three case reports
Authors: THOMAS R. E.
Published: April 2008

Three cases of gastric dilatation with or without torsion are described in small or miniature breeds of dog. Gastric neoplasia in the form of leiomyomata was present in two cases.
Some observations on the aerobic bacterial flora of the genital tract of the dog and bitch
Authors: ALLEN W. EDWARD , DAGNALL G. J. R.
Published: April 2008

The aerobic bacterial flora from the genital tracts of 143 bitches and 51 dogs was investigated. Beta haemolytic streptococci (group G), Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were among the organisms isolated from normal bitches in heat, abnormal bitches and normal dogs. Repeated sampling of two bitches during oestrus, and the dog to which they were mated, showed that bacteria were transmitted from bitch to dog, but did not become established. Guarded swab samples taken from the vagina collected less bacteria than samples from the vestibule. Numerous bacteria were seen in vaginal smears taken from bitches during oestrus, but numbers fell rapidly with the appearance of leucocytes in the smear at the onset of metoestrus.
Canine lymphosarcoma and hypercalcaemia: clinical, laboratory and pathologic evaluation of twenty‐four cases
Authors: WELLER R. E. , HOLMBERG C. A. , THEILEN G. H. , MADEWELL B. R.
Published: April 2008

Twenty‐four dogs with lymphosarcoma and hypercalcaemia were studied clinically, haematologically and biochemically. There was no age or breed predilection, although the St Bernard dog appeared to be over‐represented. Male dogs were more frequently affected (62 per cent) than female dogs. Anorexia, weight loss, muscular weakness, depression, polydipsia, polyuria, and bilateral peripheral lymphadenopathy were the most frequently observed clinical signs and physical findings. Hypercalcaemia, creatinaemia, azotaemia, hypercalciuria, hyposthenuria, and decreased endogenous creatinine clearance were the most frequent laboratory abnormalities. Detailed gross and histopathologic examinations of 10 dogs revealed the multicentric anatomic form of lymphosarcoma, absence of skeletal metastases, and normal parathyroid glands. The dogs were clinically staged, and ten were histologically classified. Histologic staging revealed five diffuse histiocytic lymphomas, and five diffuse lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphomas.
Distribution of infused artificial filariae within the pulmonary arteries of dogs
Authors: ATWELL R. B. , CARLISLE CAROL H.
Published: April 2008

Artificial filariae, infused into the venous system in dogs, were preferentially distributed within the pulmonary arteries to the right side, in particular, the right caudal artery. These findings are discussed in relation to the distribution of natural filariae (D. immitis).
Nervous disorders in dogs associated with levamisole therapy
Authors: SUTTON R. H. , ATWELL R. B.
Published: April 2008

The onset of nervous disorders associated with levamisole hydrochloride therapy is described in five dogs. Distemper and granulomatous encephalomyelitis were diagnosed in four cases. Possible stimulation of the cellular immune response by levamisole, with resultant secondary tissue damage, was believed to be associated with the time of onset and the severity of these disorders. The neuronal degeneration in the fifth case was not consistent with an inflammatory disorder. The possible role of levamisole in this case is unknown.
Thyroid function tests in dogs using radioimmunoassay kits
Authors: ECKERSALL P. D. , WILLIAMS M. E.
Published: April 2008

Thyroid function has been assessed using radioimmunoassay kits for total and free thyroxine (T4). A radioimmunoassay kit for total T4, designed for human samples, was unable to detect total T4 in 35 per cent of normal canine serum tested, due to the kit being designed to measure total T4 over the normal human range which is four times the canine normal range. The canine normal range for free T4 (7.5–50 pmol/1) was found to be of the same order as the human range and therefore a free T4 kit was suitable for measuring the free hormone in dogs. In response to thyroid stimulating hormone in normal dogs, total T4 rose 6.2 times whereas free T4 rose only 2.6 times.

Hypothyroid animals could be distinguished from normal dogs by free T4 assay whereas they were indistinguishable from many normal dogs by total T4 assay. Response to thyroid stimulating hormone was used to confirm hypothyroidism, but also revealed one animal with normal total and free T4 but which had a negligible response on stimulation.
Splenic torsion in dogs
Authors: STEAD A. C. , FRANKLAND A. L. , BORTHWICK R.
Published: April 2008

The clinical and radiographic signs of torsion of the splenic pedicle in three German Shepherd dogs are described. Massive, uniform splenomegaly with distinct outlines was a characteristic finding at radiography. In two cases density of the spleen was greatly increased whilst in the third, in addition to the splenomegaly, there was an associated folding and displacement of the body and pylorus of the stomach.
Review of results of airway obstruction surgery in the dog
Authors: HARVEY COLIN E.
Published: April 2008

In a recent series of papers (Harvey, 1982a–e; Harvey & Goldschmidt, 1982; Harvey & O'Brien, 1982a–c; Harvey, 1983a, b), several aspects of airway obstruction surgery in dogs were examined in detail, including results of all airway procedures performed during a 10‐year period at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. This paper summarizes the results of those studies.
Cardiovascular effects of epidural blocks in dogs
Authors: NOLTE INGO , WATNEY G. C. G. , HALL L. W.
Published: April 2008

Cardiovascular and respiratory function was studied after epidural injection of lignocaine hydrochloride (3 mg kg1) at the lumbosacral space in dogs premedicated with methadone (0–8 mg kg1), acepromazine (0.3 mg kg1) and atropine (0.6 to 1.2 mg). Analgesia was produced caudal to the third to fifth thoracic dermatomes; there was no significant change in cardiovascular function, respiratory rate, arterial blood pH or blood gas tensions. Relaxation of the hind leg and abdominal muscles was profound and haemorrhage caused a rapid fall in arterial blood pressure accompanied by tachycardia.
An evaluation of two ‘Over the Top’ techniques for anterior cruciate ligament replacement in the dog
Authors: DENNY H. R. , BARR A. R. S.
Published: April 2008

Two modifications of the ‘Over the Top’ (OTT) technique (Arnoczky et al., 1979) for anterior cruciate ligament replacement are evaluated in 112 cases. In 78 dogs (average weight 48 kg) part of the patellar tendon ligament complex was used as a graft to replace the ruptured ligament. The graft consisted of the middle third of the straight patellar ligament, the superficial layers of the patella, patellar tendon and fascia lata. In the other 34 dogs (average weight 30 kg) the lateral third of the straight patellar ligament and fascia lata were used as the graft. The average recovery time was 12 weeks with both techniques.
Intervertebral disc protrusion in a cat
Authors: LITTLEWOOD J. D. , HERRTAGE M. E. , PALMER A. C.
Published: April 2008

A case of prolapsed intervertebral disc at C5–6 is described in an adult cat with a history of quadriparesis and two episodes of quadriplegia in a two year period. Plain radiographs showed no abnormality, there was no narrowing of the intervertebral space, but the protrusion was detected by myelography. Severe degeneration was found in the spinal cord.
Cryotherapy (N2O) of canine distichiasis and trichiasis: an experimental and clinical report
Authors: CHAMBERS ELIZABETH D. , SLATTER DOUGLAS H.
Published: April 2008

Aberrant lashes in the dog have been destroyed by a number of surgical methods. Cryotherapy (N2O) for the treatment of distichiasis and trichiasis in the dog is reviewed. Histologic examination of the lids and adnexa in four control dogs revealed a return to normal appearance in 14 days. The high success rate and minimal complications associated with the clinical technique in eight cases contrast with other methods of treatment.
Canine mycetoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: COYLE VALERIE , ISAACS JOSEPHINE P. , O'BOYLE DENISE A.
Published: April 2008

This paper describes a mycetoma of the fourth tarsal bone of a 5‐year‐old spayed Corgi‐cross bitch caused by the eumycete Curvularia geniculata. The condition was treated successfully by surgical excision, followed by chemotherapy using iodine, trimethoprim‐sulphadiazine, amphotericin B. dimethyl sulphoxide. thiabendazole and nystatin. An attempt was made to establish the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of various antifungal drugs on the causative organism. No clinical or radiological evidence of recurrence was found 3 years after initiation of treatment, despite the original poor prognosis.
The aerobic bacterial flora of the middle and external ears in normal dogs
Authors: MATSUDA HIROSHI , TOJO MASAHIKO , FUKUI KAZUNORI , IMORI TATSUO , BABA EIICHIROH
Published: April 2008

The aerobic bacterial flora of the middle and external ears was elucidated in 30 normal dogs (60 ears). Bacterial swab samples were obtained by rubbing the surface of the tympanic cavity and external ear canal. In the middle ear, bacteria were cultured from 48 per cent of the total ears and mainly included Escherichia coli (8 per cent), yeasts (8 per cent), staphylococci (7 per cent) and branhamella (7 per cent). In the external ear, bacteria were found in 46 per cent of the total ears and staphylococci (19 per cent) and yeasts (7 per cent) were the main isolates. Mycoplasma was found in one external ear sample, but in no middle ear samples in an examination of 20 ears. The same type of bacterium was hardly ever found in both the middle and external parts of each ear.
The place of the post‐mortem room in the training of the small animal veterinarian
Authors: KELLY D. F.
Published: April 2008

The post‐mortem room can be an important focal point in the training of the small animal veterinarian. Repetitive necropsy demonstrations are necessary to provide a firm foundation of gross pathology for the clinician. More importantly, collaborative post‐mortem demonstration/discussions involving clinicians, pathologist and laboratory diagnosticians are necessary to develop understanding of clinico‐pathological correlation and this has an important function in developing clinical diagnostic skills and confidence.
An evaluation of positive contrast vaginourethrography as a diagnostic aid in the bitch
Authors: HOLT P. E. , GIBBS CHRISTINE , LATHAM JEANNE
Published: April 2008

The contribution of vagino‐urethrography to the diagnosis of disorders of the lower urogenital tract in 123 bitches was evaluated. It was found to be particularly valuable in animals with urinary incontinence, vaginal discharge, dysuria and physical vaginal abnormalities. Determination of vaginal volume in 69 bitches has enabled a dosage of contrast medium to be suggested.
Cutaneous xanthomata associated with diabetes mellitus in a cat
Authors: JONES B. R. , WALLACE A. , HANCOCK W. , HARDING D. R. K. , JOHNSTONE A. C.
Published: April 2008

A 1,1/2 year‐old neutered male cat was presented with a non pruritic skin disease. Pale plaque‐like lesions were present on the face, head, axillae and ventral abdomen. Hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hyperglycaemia and glycosuria were all present and histopathological examination confirmed that the skin lesions were xanthomata. A lipoprotein profile revealed an increase in chylomicrons, very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins, and low post heparin lipoprotein lipase activity was present. A diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was made and following treatment with insulin and a change to a low fat, low carbohydrate diet the cat had normal values for blood lipids and glucose and the skin lesions had resolved within a month.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog: a review of two hundred cases
Authors: SANSOM JANE , BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

Two hundred consecutive referred cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in the dog were examined over a 9 year period. The clinical signs are described and the cases discussed in sections relating to the aetiology and in particular, the age and sex incidence in the West Highland White Terrier. The suitability of this animal as a model for Sjögrens syndrome in man is discussed.
The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cataract in the dog
Authors: BARNETT K. C.
Published: April 2008

Cataract is a common eye condition in the dog, classified in several ways and with a varied aetiology. The clinical appearance of hereditary cataract is described in the Boston Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Large Munsterlander, English Cocker Spaniel, American Cocker Spaniel, Afghan Hound, Welsh Springer Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Standard Poodle. Cataracts secondary to other eye diseases, both hereditary and non‐hereditary, and to systemic conditions are also discussed, as well as the differential diagnosis of cataract.
Cardiovascular effects of rapid infusion of crystalloid in the hypovolaemic cat
Authors: Jr HARRY W. BOOTHE , CLARK DONALD R. , MERTON DAWN A.
Published: April 2008

The effects of rapidly infused lactated Ringer's solution were studied in ten cats made hypovolaemic by acute bleeding and subsequently given, intravenously, crystalloid in an amount approximately equal to 1 blood volume (five cats) or 2 blood volumes (five cats). Fluid administration was begun approximately 30 min after the cats were bled and completed in 1 hour. A control group of three cats was instrumented but not bled or treated. Cardiovascular haemodynamics were measured before bleeding, 30 min after bleeding, at the half‐way point of fluid administration, and immediately after total fluid administration.

While the catheterization and vessel ligation had minimal effects, both blood removal and fluid administration had marked effects on haemodynamics. Cats which received fluids equal to 2 blood volumes were severely affected by hypervolaemia. Central venous pressures in these cats were significantly higher during and after fluid administration. Seventy per cent of the experimental cats survived long term; however, several surviving cats had complicated or prolonged recoveries in which clinical signs consistent with acute pulmonary oedema were seen during the treatment and recovery period.
The diagnosis of brachial plexus disorders in dogs: a review of twenty‐two cases
Authors: WHEELER S. J. , JONES D. G. CLAYTON , WRIGHT J. A.
Published: April 2008

Conditions affecting the brachial plexus in dogs are described. The clinical details of 22 cases are reviewed, of which 16 were traumatic lesions and six were tumours. The salient features of the neurological examination which provide the diagnosis and the signs which reveal the extent and nature of the lesion are described. The role of other ancillary diagnostic aids including electromyography, radiography and myelography are discussed.
The assessment of corrective surgery for canine laryngeal paralysis by blood gas analysis: a review of thirty‐five cases
Authors: LOVE S. , WATERMAN A. E. , LANE J. G.
Published: April 2008

Arterial blood samples were collected under sedation, from the femoral artery of 35 dogs suffering from laryngeal paralysis. Pre‐operatively, the dogs showed a moderate degree of arterial hypoxaemia (mean PaO2 77 mmHg), with the worst affected clinically showing the most severe hypoxia. Following corrective surgery there was a significant improvement in PaO2 tensions (90 mmHg). A group of 20 control dogs were also sedated and sampled. Their mean arterial oxygen tension was 91 mmHg, indicating that the pre‐operative hypoxaemia found in the dogs with laryngeal paralysis was not the result of sedation.
A clinical trial of propofol infusion anaesthesia in dogs
Authors: HALL L. W. , CHAMBERS J. P.
Published: April 2008

Studies were carried out on 40 dogs premedicated with acepromazine (0·05 mg. kg‐1) and atropine (0·02 mg. kg‐1) to determine the minimum infusion rate of propofol needed to maintain anaesthesia and to compare the quality of the anaesthesia with that produced by halothane/nitrous oxide/oxygen. In 30 dogs anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with a continuous infusion and in the other ten dogs anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with the inhalation agents. An infusion rate of 0·4 mg. kg‐1 min‐1 of propofol produced surgical anaesthesia in dogs breathing oxygen or oxygen‐enriched air. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects were similar to those in dogs anaesthetized with halothane/nitrous oxide and with both anaesthetic regimens myocardial oxygen consumption appeared to increase with increasing duration of anaesthesia. A possible familial susceptibility resulting in a more prolonged recovery was revealed and propofol infusion was associated with a 16 per cent incidence of vomiting in the recovery period. It was concluded that in canine anaesthesia the continuous infusion of propofol to maintain anaesthesia in healthy dogs was safe but less satisfactory than the use of halothane/nitrous oxide.
Immune‐based non‐erosive inflammatory joint disease of the dog. 3. Canine idiopathic polyarthritis
Authors: BENNETT DAVID
Published: April 2008

The features of 67 cases of canine idiopathic polyarthritis are described. Idiopathic polyarthritis includes cases of non‐infective polysynovitis which cannot be classified into more defined groups. It most often affects young adult dogs, and pyrexia, inappetence and lethargy are exhibited as well as lameness. Radiography usually shows soft tissue changes. Four types are identified according to certain associations; Type I (uncomplicated), Type II (infection elsewhere in the body), Type III (gastro‐intestinal disease) and Type IV (neoplastic disease elsewhere in the body). Steroids and/or cytotoxic drugs are used for treatment.
Reversible mega‐oesophagus in a dog with hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: BURROWS COLIN F.
Published: April 2008

Mega‐oesophagus was diagnosed in a nine‐month‐old male Shar Pei with hypoadrenocorticism in which anorexia persisted despite appropriate initial therapy. Endoscopy confirmed the mega‐oesophagus and revealed oesophagitis, gastritis and gastric haemorrhage. There was a dramatic improvement in clinical signs following treatment with metoclopramide and cimetidine and the mega‐oesophagus resolved with treatment for the hypoadrenocorticism.
BSAVA Education Committee Commissioned Article Contrast media and their use in small animal radiology
Authors: HERRTAGE MICHAEL E. , DENNIS RUTH
Published: April 2008

Recent developments have led to the production of an increased range of radiographic contrast media. The different types of contrast media currently available are reviewed and their applications in small animal radiography discussed.
Inherited copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier: a report of two clinical cases
Authors: HERRTAGE M. E. , SEYMOUR C. A. , JEFFERIES A. R. , BLAKEMORE W. F. , PALMER A. C.
Published: April 2008

The clinical signs, laboratory findings and pathological changes are described in two cases of inherited copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier. The first case presented with acute signs of depression, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss and jaundice while the second case followed a more chronic course with less severe clinical signs which included weight loss and ascites. Both dogs had elevated circulating levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), however other haematological and biochemical parameters, while reflecting liver involvement, varied between the two cases. Chemical analysis of the liver revealed elevated copper levels in both cases (951·7 and 1093·4 μg/g wet weight respectively; normal less than 150 μg/g). These levels, however, are less than some affected but asymptomatic Bedlington terriers. Pathologically the first case had micronodular cirrhosis, while the second had focal hepatitis with fibrosis. Both dogs showed vacuolation of the white matter in the cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. Attention is drawn to the similarities and differences between copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier and Wilson's disease in man.
Obese appearance, mammary development and retardation of hair growth following megestrol acetate administration to cats
Authors: CHEN J. C. , BELLENGER C. R.
Published: April 2008

Prepubertally ovariectomized kittens were given megestrol acetate orally, 5 mg or 15 mg twice weekly for 12–13 weeks. The higher dose treated animals were generally fatter and some showed marked abdominal distention, but there were no statistical differences in body weight gain when compared with controls. Subsequent laparotomy was followed by hair growth retardation when kittens were given 2·5 mg megestrol acetate weekly for a further 12 weeks. Another two ovariectomized kittens had very rapid mammary development after 4 weeks of 2·5 mg megestrol acetate administration weekly.
Pregnancy diagnosis and assessment of fetal viability in the dog: A review
Authors: BARR F. J.
Published: April 2008

Abdominal palpation and radiography are the techniques generally used by the veterinary surgeon for pregnancy diagnosis in the dog. Diagnostic ultrasound is an imaging modality which has been widely used in human obstetrics for many years. It is now clear that ultrasound can provide useful information about the canine pregnancy, particularly with respect to fetal viability. The advantages and limitations of abdominal palpation, radiography and ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis and assessment of fetal viability in the dog are discussed.
Vitamin D‐dependent rickets in a Saint Bernard dog
Authors: JOHNSON K. A. , CHURCH D. B. , BARTON R. J. , WOOD A. K. W.
Published: April 2008

Rickets diagnosed in a 12‐week‐old female St Bernard was attributed to an inborn error in vitamin D metabolism. Radiographically the physes were enlarged radially and axially, and metaphyseal bone adjacent to the physes was widened and cup‐shaped. Serum biochemical abnormalities were hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, and hyperparathyroidism. Treatment was given with dihydrotachysterol, a synthetic sterol that is metabolised to a pharmacologically active analogue of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol by the liver. This resolved the rachitic skeletal lesions completely in six weeks, as assessed radiographically, and maintained the serum calcium at the lower end of the normal range.
Treatment of acute and chronic thoracolumbar disc disease by ‘mini hemilaminectomy’
Authors: JEFFERY N. D.
Published: April 2008

The operative procedure and results of a new form of hemilaminectomy are described for both acute and chronic thoracolumbar disc disease. The recovery rate compares favourably to that obtained by traditional surgery.
Conditions of the eyelids in the dog
Authors: BEDFORD P. G. C.
Published: April 2008

Several congenital, inherited and acquired conditions of the eyelid occur in the dog, and their presence may result in disease of the conjunctiva or cornea caused by irritation or exposure. Treatment involves either the permanent relief of irritation or the construction of a palpebral fissure in which there is adequate apposition between eyelid and globe.
A new method for recording and analysing evoked motor potentials from dogs
Authors: Malik R. , Ho S. , Church D. B.
Published: April 2008

Normal values for motor conduction in the tibial, ulnar and fibular nerves of dogs have been determined using a new method for recording and analysing evoked motor potentials. The use of an alligator clip as a roving surface electrode for recording, and a personal computer to analyse the evoked potentials has facilitated faster and more reproducible motor conduction studies. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor nerve conduction velocity data are in good agreement with previous studies. Normal values for CMAP area, residual latency and proximal to distal ratios for CMAP area and amplitude are presented for the first time.
Essential fatty acids and skin disease
Authors: Lloyd D. H.
Published: April 2008

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are important in the maintenance of epidermal barrier function, as components of cell membranes and as precursors of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes and other substances involved in mediating inflammation. There is increasing evidence that dietary supplementation with certain EFAs, notably gamma‐linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), can have anti‐inflammatory actions. In man, it has been shown that supplementation with evening primrose oil (EPO), a source of GLA, can ameliorate atopy. Recent studies in the dog indicate that both EPO and cold water marine fish oil (containing EPA) can ameliorate allergic skin disease and improve skin and coat condition. EFA supplementation also promises to be useful in the treatment of seborrhoea and other conditions in the cat.
Pathology of two possible genodermatoses
Authors: Rest J. R.
Published: April 2008

A United Kingdom bred Shetland sheepdog puppy was presented with crusting, hyper‐ and hypopigmented alopecic skin lesions on the face, nose, tail and extensor surfaces of the lower limbs. Histologically, the lesions were characterised by vacuolation of the basal epidermis with formation of colloid bodies and vesication. There was accompanying dermal oedema with moderate infiltrates of predominantly mononuclear cells. Hyperpigmentation, acanthosis and follicular atrophy correlated with the clinical appearance of chronic lesions. Skin scrapings for ringworm and mites were negative as was direct immunofluorescence. A full post mortem examination was conducted. Histological examination of five muscle sites, including the temporalis and masseter muscles did not show any significant abnormality. The condition is discussed in relation to the pathological criteria required for diagnosis and compared with published reports of epidermolysis bullosa and dermatomyositis in collies and Shetland sheepdogs. Confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of cutaneous asthenia (Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome) was made pathologically in two domestic shorthaired cats from the same area of the United Kingdom. Histological and electron microscopic findings are described and compared with other published reports.
Medetomidine, a new sedative‐analgesic for use in the dog and its reversal with atipamezole
Authors: Clarke K. W. , England G. C. W.
Published: April 2008

The sedative and physiological effects of intramuscular medetomidine (20 and 40 μg/kg) in dogs were compared with those of xylazine (2 mg/kg). The efficacy of atipamezole (200 μg/kg), as an antagonist given 15 or 45 minutes after medetomidine (40 μg/kg) was studied. Following medetomidine, onset of sedation was rapid, and depth and duration of sedation were dose dependent. The higher dose produced jaw relaxation, depression of the pedal reflex, downward rotation of the eye and dogs could be positioned for radiography of the hips. Side effects were similar after either medetomidine or xylazine, and included bradycardia, a fall in respiratory rate and muscle tremor. Vomiting during induction was less frequent after medetomidine than after xylazine. Intramuscular administration of atipamezole rapidly reversed the sedative effects of medetomidine. Signs of arousal were seen within three minutes; all dogs could stand within 10 minutes and appeared clinically normal. Heart and respiratory rates rose, but did not return to presedation values. Relapse to sedation was not noted.
Medial patellar luxation in the cat
Authors: Houlton J. E. F. , Meynink S. E.
Published: April 2008

The clinical features and treatment of eight cats with medial patellar luxation are described. In six cases the condition was bilateral. The luxation was surgically treated in 10 instances and four joints were treated conservatively. Patellar function following surgery was good in 90 per cent of the cases while the results of the conservatively managed joints were disappointing.
Canine intervertebral disc disease: Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Thomson C. E. , Kornegay J. N. , Stevens J. B.
Published: April 2008

Data was obtained from 118 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from dogs with intervertebral disc disease. The effect of lesion location and the severity and duration of clinical signs was studied. Ninety‐seven samples were obtained from the cerebellomedullary cistern and 21 from the lumbar cistern. Changes in CSF were identified in 84.7 per cent of the lumbar samples, compared with only 37.1 per cent of the cerebellomedullary samples. More pronounced pleocytosis and protein level increases were seen in dogs with acute and clinically severe lesions. The protein concentration was more commonly elevated than the total white blood cell count. These results indicate that marked protein and white blood cell count elevations can occur in association with intervertebral disc extrusion. Such findings, therefore, should not necessarily preclude myelographic examination in dogs presented for paralysis.
Total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy in the dog
Authors: White R. A. S. , Pomeroy C. J.
Published: April 2008

One hundred total ear canal ablation/lateral bulla osteotomy procedures were performed in 71 dogs over a four year period. The main indication for surgery was advanced disease of the aural canal or middle ear resulting from prolonged inflammatory disease of the outer ear. Complications of surgery included facial nerve injury, inner ear injury, retroglenoid vein haemorrhage and wound dehiscion. The incidence of complications (29 per cent) was, however, substantially lower than has previously been recorded following this procedure. Meticulous dissection technique and increasing familiarity with the procedure were thought to be responsible for lower complication rates than have previously been recorded. Surgery was considered to have resolved the original aural condition in 92 per cent of cases and only infrequently resulted in complete loss of hearing function.
Evaluation of ultrasound as a method of assessing renal size in the dog
Authors: Barr F. J.
Published: April 2008

The aim of this study was first to determine the reproducibility and accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of linear renal parameters in the dog. It was determined that renal length, width and depth could all be measured with a high degree of reproducibility, assuming a careful scanning technique. These measurements were found to be an accurate reflection of the true dimensions of the kidney, although there was a tendency for renal length to be underestimated. A simple method of renal volumetry was then evaluated, assuming that the kidney approaches the shape of an ellipsoid. This technique proved to be quick and simple to perform. The volume estimated in this way proved to be a good indicator of the true renal volume, although the estimated volume tended to be lower than the true volume measured by water displacement.
Magnetic resonance imaging in a dog with a choroid plexus carcinoma
Authors: Hammer A. S. , Couto C. G. , Getzy D. , Hunter W.
Published: April 2008

Magnetic resonance imaging was used ante mortem to confirm the anatomic location of an intracranial lesion in a dog with neurological signs. Necropsy revealed the lesion to be a choroid plexus carcinoma with thalamic invasion. A review of the literature on choroid plexus carcinomas in the dog is included.
Canine trichinosis with signs of neuromuscular disease
Authors: Lindberg R. , Bornstein S. , Landerholm A. , Zakrisson G.
Published: April 2008

A six‐year‐old fox terrier bitch, used for badger hunting, developed acutely progressive painless disturbance of locomotion with pronounced weakness. Evidence of central nervous disease or myasthenia gravis was not present. Muscle histology revealed trichinella larvae and changes consistent with a combined inflammatory myopathy and neuropathy. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed significantly increased serum levels of antibodies toTrichinella spiralisantigen. It is likely that the signs of neuromuscular disease shown by the dog were due to the trichinella infection. The case illustrates that symptomatic trichinosis should be considered in the clinical workup of myopathies in dogs with access to potentially trichinella‐infected wildlife.
A field investigation of kennel cough: Incubation period and clinical signs
Authors: Thrusfield M. V. , Aitken C. G. G. , Muirhead R. H.
Published: April 2008

A study of the incubation period and clinical signs of kennel cough was undertaken by collating and analysing information obtained by postal questionnaires from a random sample of general veterinary practitioners in the United Kingdom. Agent‐specific incubation periods were inferred from the vaccinal status of affected dogs. The mean and range of the incubation period for Bordetella bronchiseptica infection were 6‐5 days and two to 14 days, respectively; similar descriptive statistics for canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) infection were 4–5 days and one to eight days. Local clinical signs (cough, nasal discharge and gagging/retching) were present in animals in all vaccinal categories. One or more systemic clinical signs (pyrexia and anorexia) were identified in 32 per cent of cases. No association was detected between vaccinal status against B bronchiseptica and CPIV, and clinical signs.
Proteinuria as an indicator of early renal disease in bull terriers with hereditary nephritis
Authors: Hood J. C. , Robinson W. F. , Clark W. T. , Sutherland R. J. , James L. , Thomas M. A. B. , Huxtable C. R.
Published: April 2008

A group of non‐azotaemic bull terriers from families with hereditary nephritis had significant subclinical renal disease. Of the renal function tests carried out, proteinuria, almost exclusively albumin, was a reliable and early indicator of glomerular abnormality. While 24‐hour urinary protein excretion (24 UPE) in the bull terriers was significantly higher than in a group of normal dogs of other breeds, urinary protein excretion (UPE) was also significantly higher when measured by simple single sample tests such as the urinary protein to urinary creatinine ratio (UP/C). UPE in bull terriers was correlated with increasing age, in contrast to lack of correlation in the normal dogs. The degree of proteinuria in affected bull terriers from which renal biopsies were taken correlated with the severity of histopathological changes which mainly affected glomeruli. Light microscopic examination revealed segmentally thickened glomerular and tubular basement membranes, thickened Bowman's capsules and adhesions between glomerular capillaries and Bowman's capsules. Other renal function tests were performed but failed to detect subclinical disease. It is suggested that hereditary nephritis (HN) in bull terriers is similar to that seen in samoyeds, dober‐mann pinschers and humans.
The external fixator in small animal orthopaedics
Authors: Carmichael S.
Published: April 2008

The external fixator is an increasingly popular means of fracture fixation in small animals. Pins inserted into the affected bone are clamped to a rigid metal rod adjacent to the limb, thus neutralising forces through the bone. This system of fixation is versatile and inexpensive, and is well suited to treatment of a variety of small animal and exotic injuries including open or comminuted fractures, fractures of the mandible and joint instability.
Metastatic aortic body tumour causing neck pain in a dog
Authors: Callanan J. J. , McNeil P. E. , Anderson T. J. , Laird H.
Published: April 2008

An aortic body tumour in an 11‐year‐old male Jack Russell terrier with acute onset neck pain is described. Clinical signs were related to a metastatic lesion present in the spinal column and involving the vertebral body of the fifth cervical vertebra. Radiographic and post mortem findings are described including histopathologi‐cal features of the tumour and ultrastructural observations.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of exophthalmos
Authors: Boydell P.
Published: April 2008

Fine needle aspiration biopsy was used as part of the diagnostic protocol in a series of cases of exophthalmos in domestic species. This technique eliminated the necessity for exploratory surgery.
Relationship between ultrasonographic appearance, testicular size, spermatozoal output and testicular lesions in the dog
Authors: England G. C. W.
Published: April 2008

The ultrasonographic appearance of the dog testis and epididymis was examined in vivo and in vitro. The relationship between specific testicular and epididymal dimensions was studied in normal animals. Assessment of testicular volume using ultrasound compared favourably to the volume calculated by water displacement. The correlation between testicular volume, epididymal cross‐sectional area and semen parameters was, however, poor. Changes in the normal testicular architecture were identified in a variety of pathological conditions including testicular cysts and neoplasia.
Introduction to computed tomography of the canine brain
Authors: Jeffery N. D. , Thakkar C. H. , Yarrow T. G.
Published: April 2008

Computed tomography (CT) is an important part of the investigation of intracranial disease in man and over the last decade has become more readily available to veterinarians, CT scanning has a central role in the detection and accurate localisation of intracranial masses in the dog and has supplanted conventional contrast radiographic procedures previously used for this purpose. This paper is an introduction to CT scanning of the canine brain, containing illustrations of scans of the brain in health and disease.
Neurological manifestations of canine distemper virus infection
Authors: Tipold A. , Vandevelde M. , Jaggy A.
Published: April 2008

Canine distemper virus causes a multi systemic disease in dogs often with severe neurological signs. These signs are the result of viral replication in neurons and glial cells leading to grey matter lesions and demyelination. Inflammation leads to further destruction of the tissue. As extraneural signs are often lacking and only one localisation may be found on neurological examination, distemper may be difficult to diagnose. Myoclonus is almost pathognomonic for this disease but occurs in less than half of the cases. The inflammation of the central nervous system that occurs during the chronic stage of the disease can be detected on examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, in particular by determination of the IgG index. Viral antigen can be demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid cells by fluorescent antibody techniques. The prognosis of nervous distemper is generally poor although dogs can recover from this disease. Treatment is largely supportive and symptomatic. The importance of regular vaccination is stressed.
Chronic dermatophytosis due to Microsporum persicolor infection in three dogs
Authors: Bond R. , Middleton D. J. , Scarff D. H. , Lamport A. I.
Published: April 2008

Microsporum persicolor, a rare zoophilic dermatophyte, was isolated from three dogs with skin disease of between three and five years duration. Skin lesions consisted of scaling with minimal alopecia or erythema. Severe inflammatory changes were not observed clinically and pruritus was absent or mild. The face was affected in all three cases and more widespread lesions were found in two. The diagnosis of dermatophytosis was confirmed in each case by the demonstration of fungal hyphae in the epidermal stratum corneum on examination of skin biopsies. However, hair shaft invasion was not observed in either skin scrapings or histological sections. Of the three dogs, one partially improved following repeated courses of treatment, a second completely recovered with 11 weeks of combined topical and systemic therapy. Response to therapy could not be assessed in the remaining case.
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Advances in aetiology, pathogenesis and management
Authors: Cobb M. A.
Published: April 2008

In most cases of dilated cardiomyopathy in the dog (and in man) the aetiology is unknown; these cases are designated idiopathic. Recent advances, particularly in the field of molecular biology, are providing a better understanding of the natural history of the disease and are shedding light on possible primary causes of dilated cardiomyopathy as well as some of the factors which may be responsible for the progressive nature of the disease process. Armed with this information, more specific therapeutic regimes can be developed with the aim of stopping or reversing myocardial damage. The use of skeletal muscle to assist the failing myocardium may offer a practical means of improving a patient's cardiovascular status, particularly in cases where conventional medical therapy is failing to control the progression of the clinical signs.
Transducer orientation for Doppler echocardiography in dogs
Authors: Darke P. G. G. , Bonagura J. D. , Miller M.
Published: April 2008

The orientation of an ultrasound transducer required to provide standard echocardiographic views of the heart valves that would permit optimal alignment with blood flow for pulsed‐wave Doppler studies, was investigated in 20 normal dogs. Orientation was defined by the site on the thoracic wall at which the transducer was placed and by the angulation and rotation required to produce a two‐dimensional image in which the pulsed‐wave Doppler beam could be aligned with flow through each of the four heart valves. Two views, each a relatively short‐axis projection at the heart base, from either side of the thorax, gave alignment with the pulmonary artery. Three views gave reliable alignment with the aortic valve, from the cardiac apex on each side of the thorax and subcostally. One view was available for the mitral and tricuspid valves, from the left side of the thorax. Definition of these sites should help clinicians and technicians to develop a systematic routine for Doppler investigations in dogs and facilitate communication between investigators.
A modified technique for surgical repair of oesophageal hiatal herniation in the dog
Authors: White R. N.
Published: April 2008

The surgical repair of oesophageal hiatal herniation in five dogs is described. The initial presenting signs included regurgitation, vomiting, hypersalivation, anorexia, coughing, dyspnoea and exercise intolerance. Diagnosis was based upon the clinical signs, plain radiography and contrast fluoroscopic examination. The hernias were corrected by a hiatal plication technique which moved the diaphragmatic oesophagus to a new anatomical position, a 360° oesophagopexy and a proximal fundic gastropexy. Surgical results were considered excellent in all cases.