bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Single‐Image SVBRDF Estimation with Hybrid Training
Authors: Zhou Xilong , Kalantari Nima Khademi
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach for estimating the spatially‐varying BRDFs (SVBRDF) from a single image. Most existing deep learning techniques use pixel‐wise loss functions which limits the flexibility of the networks in handling this highly unconstrained problem. Moreover, since obtaining ground truth SVBRDF parameters is difficult, most methods typically train their networks on synthetic images and, therefore, do not effectively generalize to real examples. To avoid these limitations, we propose an adversarial framework to handle this application. Specifically, we estimate the material properties using an encoder‐decoder convolutional neural network (CNN) and train it through a series of discriminators that distinguish the output of the network from ground truth. To address the gap in data distribution of synthetic and real images, we train our network on both synthetic and real examples. Specifically, we propose a strategy to train our network on pairs of real images of the same object with different lighting. We demonstrate that our approach is able to handle a variety of cases better than the state‐of‐the‐art methods.
SnakeBinning: Efficient Temporally Coherent Triangle Packing for Shading Streaming
Authors: Hladky J. , Seidel H.P. , Steinberger M.
Published: June 2021

Streaming rendering, e.g., rendering in the cloud and streaming via a mobile connection, suffers from increased latency and unreliable connections. High quality framerate upsampling can hide these issues, especially when capturing shading into an atlas and transmitting it alongside geometric information. The captured shading information must consider triangle footprints and temporal stability to ensure efficient video encoding. Previous approaches only consider either temporal stability or sample distributions, but none focuses on both. With SnakeBinning, we present an efficient triangle packing approach that adjusts sample distributions and caters for temporal coherence. Using a multi‐dimensional binning approach, we enforce tight packing among triangles while creating optimal sample distributions. Our binning is built on top of hardware supported real‐time rendering where bins are mapped to individual pixels in a virtual framebuffer. Fragment shader interlock and atomic operations enforce global ordering of triangles within each bin, and thus temporal coherence according to the primitive order is achieved. Resampling the bin distribution guarantees high occupancy among all bins and a dense atlas packing. Shading samples are directly captured into the atlas using a rasterization pass, adjusting samples for perspective effects and creating a tight packing. Comparison to previous atlas packing approaches shows that our approach is faster than previous work and achieves the best sample distributions while maintaining temporal coherence. In this way, SnakeBinning achieves the highest rendering quality under equal atlas memory requirements. At the same time, its temporal coherence ensures that we require equal or less bandwidth than previous state‐of‐the‐art. As SnakeBinning outperforms previous approach in all relevant aspects, it is the preferred choice for texture‐based streaming rendering.
MultiResGNet: Approximating Nonlinear Deformation via Multi‐Resolution Graphs
Authors: Li Tianxing , Shi Rui , Kanai Takashi
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a graph‐learning‐based, powerfully generalized method for automatically generating nonlinear deformation for characters with an arbitrary number of vertices. Large‐scale character datasets with a significant number of poses are normally required for training to learn such automatic generalization tasks. There are two key contributions that enable us to address this challenge while making our network generalized to achieve realistic deformation approximation. First, after the automatic linear‐based deformation step, we encode the roughly deformed meshes by constructing graphs where we propose a novel graph feature representation method with three descriptors to represent meshes of arbitrary characters in varying poses. Second, we design a multi‐resolution graph network (MultiResGNet) that takes the constructed graphs as input, and end‐to‐end outputs the offset adjustments of each vertex. By processing multi‐resolution graphs, general features can be better extracted, and the network training no longer heavily relies on large amounts of training data. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance than prior studies in deformation approximation for unseen characters and poses.
Skeletal muscle regeneration in post‐myofascial flap reconstruction specimens mimicking sarcoma: A potential diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Patrick Ashley P. , Swick Brian L.
Published: June 2021

Skeletal muscle regeneration (SMR) encompasses a sequence of events that unfolds after injury to muscle fibers. Nearby satellite cells become activated and function as precursor muscle cells by proliferating and differentiating into myoblasts, which eventually fuse to form myotubes and ultimately mature muscle fibers. Compared to other forms of mesenchymal repair, SMR has higher morphologic heterogeneity with the potential to show histopathologic similarities to sarcomas and other malignancies. It is important to recognize SMR and settings in which this can occur to avoid misdiagnosis. We report two cases where a diagnosis of SMR was made from tissue taken from locations previously treated with Mohs micrographic surgery followed by myofascial flap reconstruction. In both cases, histopathologic features identified with hematoxylin and eosin as well as immunostaining were used to support the diagnosis of SMR. These cases highlight the importance of recognizing this clinic entity to ensure accurate diagnosis.
Internalism and externalism in transcendental phenomenology
Authors: Skirke Christian
Published: June 2021

In this paper, I discuss an alternative conception of internalism and externalism for transcendental phenomenology. Recent debates of internalism and externalism in phenomenology start from familiar notions of internalism and externalism about content. This, I believe, is an unhappy match: internalism and externalism in common philosophical usage are perspectives on representational content; yet phenomenology deals with intentionality, which is not primarily representational. I argue that phenomenology is better served by understanding the distinction between internalism and externalism as a distinction about constitution. Drawing on Kant and Davidson for inspiration, I explore varieties of this alternative—transcendental—understanding of internalism and externalism in the classical phenomenological literature. I conclude with a suggestion on how this alternative conception of internalism and externalism could be put to use. As its founders noted, phenomenology occupies an uneasy place between idealism and realism because idealism and realism are metaphysical positions with distinctive ontological commitments; yet phenomenology purports to examine structures of subjectivity without committing to any specific ontology. To this day, the phenomenological literature is divided on whether this is a weakness or strength. Siding with the latter view, I suggest that transcendental internalism and transcendental externalism allow us to explain, and potentially to challenge, ontological commitments such as those of transcendental idealism and eliminative materialism.
Development of an antiepileptogenesis drug screening platform: Effects of everolimus and phenobarbital
Authors: Barker‐Haliski Melissa , Knox Kevin , Zierath Dannielle , Koneval Zachery , Metcalf Cameron , Wilcox Karen S. , White H. Steve
Published: June 2021

Objective

The kainic acid (KA)‐induced status epilepticus (SE) model in rats is a well‐defined model of epileptogenesis. This model closely recapitulates many of the clinical and pathological characteristics of human temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) that arise following SE or another neurological insult. Spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in TLE can present after a latent period following a neurological insult (traumatic brain injury, SE event, viral infection, etc.). Moreover, this model is suitable for preclinical studies to evaluate the long‐term process of epileptogenesis and screen putative disease‐modifying/antiepileptogenic agents. The burden of human TLE is highly variable, similar to the post‐KA SE rat model. In this regard, this model may have broad translational relevance. This report thus details the pharmacological characterization and methodological refinement of a moderate‐throughput drug screening program using the post‐KA‐induced SE model of epileptogenesis in male Sprague Dawley rats to identify potential agents that may prevent or modify the burden of SRS. Specifically, we sought to demonstrate whether our protocol could prevent the development of SRS or lead to a reduced frequency/severity of SRS.

Methods

Rats were administered either everolimus (2–3 mg/kg po) beginning 1, 2, or 24 h after SE onset, or phenobarbital (60 mg/kg ip) beginning 1 h after SE onset. All treatments were administered once/day for 5–7 days. Rats in all studies (n = 12/treatment dose/study) were then monitored intermittently by video‐electroencephalography (2 weeks on, 2 weeks off, 2 weeks on epochs) to determine latency to onset of SRS and disease burden.

Results

Although no adverse side effects were observed in our studies, no treatment significantly modified disease or prevented the presentation of SRS by 6 weeks after SE onset.

Significance

Neither phenobarbital nor everolimus administered at several time points after SE onset prevented the development of SRS. Nonetheless, we demonstrate a practical and moderate‐throughput screen for potential antiepileptogenic agents in a rat model of TLE.
Ecological vulnerability of the chondrichthyan fauna of southern Australia to the stressors of climate change, fishing and other anthropogenic hazards
Authors: Walker Terence I. , Day Robert W. , Awruch Cynthia A. , Bell Justin D. , Braccini Juan Matias , Dapp Derek R. , Finotto Licia , Frick Lorenz H. , Garcés‐García Karla C. , Guida Leonardo , Huveneers Charlie , Martins Camila L. , Rochowski Bastien E.A. , Tovar‐Ávila Javier , Trinnie Fabian I. , Reina Richard D.
Published: June 2021

We develop a potentially widely applicable framework for analysing the vulnerability, resilience risk and exposure of chondrichthyan species to all types of anthropogenic stressors in the marine environment. The approach combines the three components of widely applied vulnerability analysis (exposure, sensitivity and adaptability) (ESA) with three components (exposure, susceptibility and productivity) (ESP) of our adaptation of productivity–susceptibility analysis (PSA). We apply our 12‐step ESA‒ESP analysis to evaluate the vulnerability (risk of a marked reduction of the population) of each of 132 chondrichthyan species in the Exclusive Economic Zone of southern Australia. The vulnerability relates to a species’ resilience to a spatial (or suitability) reduction of its habitats from exposure to up to eight climate change stressors. Vulnerability also relates to anthropogenic mortality added to natural mortality from exposure to the stressors of five types of fishing and seven other types of anthropogenic hazards. We use biological attributes as risk factors to evaluate risk related to resilience at the species or higher taxonomic level. We evaluate each species’ exposure to anthropogenic stressors by assigning it to one of six ecological groups based on its lifestyle (demersal versus pelagic) and habitat, defined by bathymetric range and substrates. We evaluate vulnerability for 11 scenarios: 2000–2006 when fishing effort peaked; 2018 following a decade of fisheries management reforms; low, medium and high standard future carbon dioxide equivalent emissions scenarios; and their six possible climate–fishing combinations. Our results demonstrate the value of refugia from fishing and how climate change exacerbates the risks from fishing.
Red light‐regulated interaction of Per‐Arnt‐Sim histidine kinases with partner histidine‐containing phosphotransfer proteins in Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Anami Shu , Yamashino Takafumi , Suzuki Ryo , Nakai Kota , Sato Kensuke , Wu Bowen , Ryo Masashi , Sugita Mamoru , Aoki Setsuyuki
Published: June 2021

Multi‐step phosphorelay (MSP) is a broadly distributed signaling system in organisms. In MSP, histidine kinases (HKs) receive various environmental signals and transmit them by autophosphorylation followed by phosphotransfer to partner histidine‐containing phosphotransfer proteins (HPts). Previously, we reported that Per‐Arnt‐Sim (PAS) domain‐containing HK1 (PHK1) and PHK2 of the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens repressed red light‐induced protonema branching, a critical step in the moss life cycle. In plants, PHK homolog‐encoding genes are conserved only in early‐diverging lineages such as bryophytes and lycophytes. PHKs‐mediated signaling machineries attract attention especially from an evolutionary viewpoint, but they remain uninvestigated. Here, we studied the P. patens PHKs focusing on their subcellular patterns of localization and interaction with HPts. Yeast two‐hybrid analysis, a localization assay with a green fluorescent protein, and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis together showed that PHKs are localized and interact with partner HPts mostly in the nucleus, as unprecedented features for plant HKs. Additionally, red light triggered the interactions between PHKs and HPts in the cytoplasm, and light co‐repressed the expression of PHK1 and PHK2 as well as genes encoding their partner HPts. Our results emphasize the uniqueness of PHKs‐mediated signaling machineries, and functional implications of this uniqueness are discussed.
Nocturnal dipping of heart rate and blood pressure in people with HIV in Tanzania
Authors: Nolan Cody , Reis Karl , Fadhil Salama , Etyang Anthony , Ezeomah Chiomah , Kingery Justin R. , Desderius Bernard , Lee Myung‐Hee , Kapiga Saidi , Peck Robert N.
Published: June 2021

People with HIV (PWH) have a >2‐fold greater risk for development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which may be associated with abnormalities in 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) profile. We conducted a nested case‐control study of ABPM in 137 PWH and HIV‐uninfected controls with normal and high clinic blood pressure (BP) in Tanzania. Nocturnal non‐dipping of heart rate (HR) was significantly more common among PWH than HIV‐uninfected controls (p = .01). Nocturnal non‐dipping of BP was significantly more common in PWH with normal clinic BP (p = .048). Clinical correlates of nocturnal non‐dipping were similar in PWH and HIV‐uninfected adults and included higher BMI, higher CD4+ cell count, and high C‐reactive protein for HR and markers of renal disease for BP. In conclusion, nocturnal non‐dipping of both BP and HR was more common in PWH but further research is needed to determine causes and consequences of this difference.
Editorial Perspective: Psychosis risk in adolescence – outcomes, comorbidity, and antipsychotics
Authors: Raballo Andrea , Poletti Michele , Preti Antonio
Published: June 2021

Research on Clinical High‐Risk for Psychosis (CHR‐P) has led to a vigorous change in the field of early detection in psychiatry and is gradually expanding its focus toward early development. The Annual Research Review on psychosis risk in adolescents (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62, 2020 and 657) offers a wide‐angle meta‐analytical picture of such emerging trends in all areas relevant to CHR‐P Research, that is, detection, prognosis, and intervention. This editorial perspective is meant to expand the clinical and conceptual reach of these meta‐analytic findings in relation to (a) the influence of age on transition rate and scalability of the early detection model across the child–adolescent vs adult periods; (b) potential latent heterogeneity of the pathogenetic trajectories leading to CHR‐P as suggested by comorbid psychopathologies; (c) controversial (or at least problematic) prognostic significance of antipsychotic exposure in CHR‐P subjects, especially in children and adolescents.
Monopolistic supply of sorting, inequality, and welfare
Authors: Windsteiger Lisa
Published: June 2021

Why is an increase in income inequality often accompanied by an increase in socioeconomic segregation? And what are the welfare implications of this comovement? This paper uses a theoretical model to analyze the relationship between income inequality and socioeconomic segregation. It shows that rising inequality can trigger sorting according to income, as a monopolist's profits from offering sorting increase with income inequality. It also examines the relationship between sorting and social welfare and shows that profit‐maximizing sorting patterns are not necessarily optimal from a welfare perspective. In fact, for a broad field of income distributions (monopolist) profits increase with inequality, while at the same time total welfare from sorting decreases.
Linguistic issues behind visual question answering
Authors: Bernardi Raffaella , Pezzelle Sandro
Published: June 2021

Answering a question that is grounded in an image is a crucial ability that requires understanding the question, the visual context, and their interaction at many linguistic levels: among others, semantics, syntax and pragmatics. As such, visually‐grounded questions have long been of interest to theoretical linguists and cognitive scientists. Moreover, they have inspired the first attempts to computationally model natural language understanding, where pioneering systems were faced with the highly challenging task—still unsolved—of jointly dealing with syntax, semantics and inference whilst understanding a visual context. Boosted by impressive advancements in machine learning, the task of answering visually‐grounded questions has experienced a renewed interest in recent years, to the point of becoming a research sub‐field at the intersection of computational linguistics and computer vision. In this paper, we review current approaches to the problem which encompass the development of datasets, models and frameworks. We conduct our investigation from the perspective of the theoretical linguists; we extract from pioneering computational linguistic work a list of desiderata that we use to review current computational achievements. We acknowledge that impressive progress has been made to reconcile the engineering with the theoretical view. At the same time, we claim that further research is needed to get to a unified approach which jointly encompasses all the underlying linguistic problems. We conclude the paper by sharing our own desiderata for the future.
Narrating Masculinity in the Dance Contest from Ravel'sDaphnis et Chloé
Authors: Millard Russell
Published: June 2021

The scenario of the dance contest from Ravel'sDaphnis et Chloépresents a narrative in which the hero, Daphnis – in typical patriarchal fashion – is rewarded with Chloé as a prize. The period ofDaphnis’s creation saw widespread anxiety over the proper performance of masculinity. Given the ‘duel’ fought between Daphnis and Dorcon, I employ the gendered connotations of duelling narratives as an interpretative lens through which to view the ballet's scene. I propose a methodology developed from the conceptually similar praxes of A. J. Greimas and Heinrich Schenker for the analysis of narrative structures in different media from within the same theoretical framework. Central to my narrative analysis is the conceptualisation of a desiring musical subject who seeks to establish a state of conjunction with an object of value, in this case a specific tonal centre. I consider the inflection of underlying tonal processes by voice‐leading structures in relation to an examination of the expressive course of the narrative discourse, leading to an interpretation in which Daphnis's victory can be understood to express and emphasise the tensions at the heart of French masculinity at the fin de siècle.
Generation of unequal nuclear genotype proportions in Rhizophagus irregularis progeny causes allelic imbalance in gene transcription
Authors: Robbins Chanz , Cruz Corella Joaquim , Aletti Consolée , Seiler Réjane , Mateus Ivan D. , Lee Soon‐Jae , Masclaux Frédéric G. , Sanders Ian R.
Published: June 2021

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form mutualisms with most plant species. The model AMF Rhizophagus irregularis is common in many ecosystems and naturally forms homokaryons and dikaryons. Quantitative variation in allele frequencies in clonally dikaryon offspring suggests they disproportionately inherit two distinct nuclear genotypes from their parent. This is interesting, because such progeny strongly and differentially affect plant growth. Neither the frequency and magnitude of this occurrence nor its effect on gene transcription are known.

Using reduced representation genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and quantitative analysis tools, we show that progeny of homokaryons and dikaryons are qualitatively genetically identical to the parent. However, dikaryon progeny differ quantitatively due to unequal inheritance of nuclear genotypes. Allele frequencies of actively transcribed biallelic genes resembled the frequencies of the two nuclear genotypes.

More biallelic genes showed transcription of both alleles than monoallelic transcription, but biallelic transcription was less likely with greater allelic divergence. Monoallelic transcription levels of biallelic genes were reduced compared with biallelic gene transcription, a finding consistent with genomic conflict.

Given that genetic variation in R. irregularis is associated with plant growth, our results establish quantitative genetic variation as a future consideration when selecting AMF lines to improve plant production.
Applicant initial preferences: The relationship with job choices
Authors: Swider Brian W. , Steed Laurens Bujold
Published: June 2021

Although the various factors that predict applicant attitudes and decisions during recruitment have been explored, far less is known about the decision‐making process applicants go through to develop attitudes to facilitate job choice decisions. In a field sample (Study 1), applicant initial preferences across four firms predicted the trajectory of subsequent organizational attraction toward the firms over the 5‐month recruiting cycle. Further, these initial preferences significantly predicted job choice decisions at the end of the recruiting cycle. Applicants’ organizational attraction trajectories that developed during the entire recruiting process mediated this relationship. Findings in a laboratory sample (Study 2) were consistent with research on predecisional information distortion (PID). Applicants evaluated the information presented about two hypothetical recruiting companies and overly favored the company that was installed as applicants’ initial preference. Initial preferences had a significant indirect effect on job choice through total PID when the information about the two companies was equivalent and when the initially preferred company was moderately worse. However, the indirect effect was not significant when the initially preferred company was presented as severely worse. Applicants arriving at job choice decisions using biased information evaluations driven by initial preferences can adversely affect both organizations and applicants’ careers.
Evolution of a gradually abandoned Oligocene fluvial palaeovalley fill: Abu‐Roash area, north Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Selim Selim Saber
Published: June 2021

Little is known about the evolution and gradual abandonment of the fluvial channel and associated sedimentary architecture preserved in the ancient sedimentary rock record. This research aims to analyze the changes and evolution of a gradually abandoned fluvial valley and associated within‐channel deposits and architecture from the rock record. This is achieved through detailed photogrammetry, outcrop sedimentology and quantification of palaeochannel parameters for the Oligocene palaeovalley fill of the north Western Desert basin of Egypt. The three‐dimensional vertical Oligocene outcrops and trenches of the study area provide the opportunity to analyze sedimentary facies, ichnology, architectural elements and evolution of the gradually abandoned fluvial channel belt. This paper presents a detailed model for the gradual abandonment and evolution of the fluvial palaeovalley through the stepwise transition from braided to meandering channel systems. This includes the transition from a bedload‐dominated, low sinuosity, braided channel that prominently features downstream‐accreted, mid‐channel and compound bars, to a small, mixed and suspended load‐dominated intermediate sinuosity (underfit) channel that is characterized by heterolithic‐dominated point bars, floodplain and mud‐plugs via a large, sand‐dominated, intermediate sinuosity channel with laterally accreted bars of transitional stage. The gradual abandonment of the fluvial palaeovalley is also associated with a successive decrease of the channel width and depth from >800 to 166 m and from 12 to 5 m, respectively. The successive abandonment is also associated with a gradual increase in the diversity and abundance of Scoyenia–Termitichnus ichnofacies groups, and vice versa in the Skolithos ichnofacies group. The successive decrease in channel width with gradual abandonment of the Oligocene palaeovalley is probably attributed to autogenic gradual avulsion, rather than allogenic. Comparison between the Oligocene palaeovalley fill and the modern analogues indicate the similarities in channel pattern changes and channel dimension through filling stages and differ from most modern counterparts because it is aggradational. This research enhances the understanding of the sedimentological characteristics and stratigraphic architecture of the gradually abandoned fluvial channels in the rock record and introduces insights for prediction of within‐channel facies and architectural heterogeneities of the fluvial channel reservoirs.
Finitude and the Precritical Imagination: Heidegger's Confrontation with Idealism in Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics and its Bearing on his Philosophy of Art
Authors: Phillips James
Published: June 2021

Heidegger’s Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics (1929) turns on a reading of the productive imagination in the first edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (1781). In siding with the imagination, Heidegger declares his dissent from the neo‐Kantianism of his contemporaries. Yet, when Heidegger subsequently elaborates his philosophy of art in the 1930s, he is dismissive of the imagination altogether. His earlier partisanship was qualified. In Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, Heidegger treats the productive imagination of Kant’s critical period as still a step short of Heidegger’s own problem of the time of finite human beings. German Idealism’s step past Kant is, for Heidegger, a step beyond, but in the wrong direction. The aesthetics of German Idealism builds on the unification of experience and conceptuality wrought by the productive imagination in its transcendental use, thereby inscribing in the work of art a neglect of finitude that Heidegger will dispute. If what Heidegger holds against the imagination is its transcendental use, the fully empirical concept of the imagination in Kant’s precritical writings invites reassessment in light of an engagement with finitude. I will show it has particular promise for rehabilitating the imagination in a Heideggerian philosophy of art.
Maintenance work: Interrogating the sociology of art
Authors: Darrow Sonya
Published: June 2021

The following article explores the different ways art sociologists investigate art that is based in the participatory arts. The aim is to shift the empirical focus to the art practice, which speaks for itself, and to place the work of the artist and all who cooperate or collaborate in the making of the artwork at the center of sociological analysis. By allowing the artist to speak fully about their work, art sociologists can uncover new social and cultural phenomena and better understand the different motivations underlying art‐making. The following literature highlights the recent tendencies in the sociology of art, explores the “social turn” in art and presents different sociologists who focus on the art practice and the art’s voice. For further development of the field, I suggest the sociology of art needs to catch‐up with the recent tendencies in art by placing the empirical focus on participatory art practices that will not only give us a better understanding about the intricate actions taking place in the art making, but it will also illuminate new layers of social life that are hidden. To conclude, I suggest that sociologists engage with participatory‐based artists to enhance sociology through a public sociology of art.
Treatment effects of the combination of ceftriaxone and valproic acid on neuronal and behavioural functions in a rat model of epilepsy
Authors: Li Hsin‐Hua , Lin Pin‐Jiun , Wang Wei‐Han , Tseng Li‐Ho , Tung Hsin , Liu Wen‐Yuan , Lin Chih‐Li , Liu Chiung‐Hui , Liao Wen‐Chieh , Hung Ching‐Sui , Ho Ying‐Jui
Published: June 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Imbalance of activities between GABAergic and glutamatergic systems is involved in epilepsy. It is not known whether simultaneously increasing GABAergic and decreasing glutamatergic activity using valproic acid and ceftriaxone, respectively, leads to better seizure control.

What is the central question of this study?

Ceftriaxone suppressed seizure and cognitive deficits and restored neuronal density and the number of newborn cells in the hippocampus in a rat model of epilepsy. Combined treatment with ceftriaxone and valproic acid showed additive effects in seizure suppression.

The pathophysiology of epilepsy is typically considered as an imbalance between inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate neurotransmission. Valproic acid (Val), a GABA agonist, is one of the first‐line antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy, but it exhibits adverse effects. Ceftriaxone (CEF) elevates expression of glutamate transporter‐1, enhances the reuptake of synaptic glutamate, increases the number of newborn cells and exhibits neuroprotective effects in animal studies. In this study, we evaluated effects of the combination of CEF and Val on behavioural and neuronal measures in a rat epilepsy model. Male Wistar rats were injected i.p. with pentylenetetrazol (35 mg/kg, every other day for 13 days) to induce the epilepsy model. Ceftriaxone (10 or 50 mg/kg), Val (50 or 100 mg/kg) or the combination of CEF and Val were injected daily after the fourth pentylenetetrazol injection for seven consecutive days. Epileptic rats exhibited seizure and impairments in motor and cognitive functions. Treatment with CEF and Val reduced the seizure and enhanced motor and cognitive functions in a dose‐dependent manner. The combination of CEF (10 mg/kg) and Val (50 mg/kg) improved behaviours considerably. Histologically, compared with control animals, epileptic rats exhibited lower neuronal density and a reduction in hippocampal newborn cells but higher apoptosis in the basolateral amygdala, all of which were restored by the treatment with CEF, Val or the combination of CEF and Val. The study findings demonstrated that the combination of low doses of CEF and Val has beneficial effects on seizure suppression, neuroprotection and improvement in motor and cognitive functions in epilepsy.
Smart cities and innovative governance systems: a reflection on urban living labs and action research
Authors: Soeiro Diana
Published: June 2021

Urban Living Labs (ULL) are sites that allow different urban actors to design, test and learn from socio-technical innovations. In this article, I investigate the epistemological roots of ULL, claiming that this new instrument in the realm of urban planning strongly relies on action research, a methodology designed in the 1940s. I explore to what extent ULL and action research are different, identifying past obstacles of action research to design more successful ULL. This paper establishes that ULL are a key element to implement social innovation and that social innovation should lead technological innovation and the recent smart city model to promote smart sustainable cities. The article was prepared in the aftermath of the project “ROCK” (2017–2020) on cultural heritage as a driver for urban regeneration, where ULL played a central role being highly relevant in the context of urban regeneration policies. Key findings support that ULL can contribute to finding a balance between top-down and bottom-up strategies and its comparative qualitative analysis would improve the methodology. Moreover, public and private cooperation should be encouraged and government should lead and act as a key player in innovation strategies. Lastly, geography can contribute to these new challenges by framing past approaches, projecting the future of cities, and finding ways to make them become a reality.
Topics in Gyroscopic Motion
Authors: Poritsky H.
Published: June 2021

After a brief review of the fundamental kinetic equations of gyroscope motion, the following topics are considered: (a) The erection of an electrically driven gyroscope when an electrical torque is applied. (b) The effect of inequality of the principal moments of inertia normal to the spin axis, on gyroscope motion. (c) The effect of inertia of the gimbals on motion of the gyroscope.
The Forced Oscillation of the Centrifugal Pendulum With Wide Angles
Authors: Crossley F. R. E.
Published: June 2021

The simple pendulum mounted to a rotor suffering torsional oscillation is used as an effective dynamic damper which may be tuned to any one harmonic order of vibration. The nonlinear equations of motion are here developed to investigate whether wider angles of swing, or whether larger or smaller sizes of pendulum relative to its carrier, are more effective. Resonance-type curves are drawn by assuming a single harmonic excitation and hyperelliptic pendulum motion without damping; it is shown that theoretically oscillations up to 90 deg may be used which are predictable, and that in all cases the tuning must be higher than that indicated by small-angle theory.
A Nondestructive Differential-Pressure Test for Thin Shells
Authors: New J. C.
Published: June 2021

The differential-pressure test is an original, nondestructive, experimental technique for determining incipient buckling pressures of thin shells subjected to external pressure. Extensions of the basic test permit study of many buckling parameters as well as other mechanical factors in thin-shell design and evaluation. The salient feature of the technique is the filling of the internal volume of the shell with a compressible fluid, such as water, to control the magnitude and rate of shell deformation. The incipient buckling pressure is detected by noting the point at which the difference in internal and external pressure becomes constant. Experimental verification of the technique and its nondestructive aspect is presented. Applications and limitations of the test are discussed.
Symmetric Turbulent Mixing of Two Parallel Streams
Authors: Torda T. P. , Ackermann W. O. , Burnett H. R.
Published: June 2021

The analysis of turbulent, incompressible, symmetric mixing of two parallel streams is presented. The influence of the upstream boundary layers on the mixing process is taken into account. The von Kármán integral concept is applied to a momentum and energy equation. These equations are used to evaluate the thickness of the mixing region and the velocity distribution in it. The results are presented in nondimensional form. A numerical illustrative example is given. Comparison with Tollmien’s analytical results and with experimental data of Liepmann and Laufer is made.
Influence Coefficients of Tapered Cantilever Beams Computed on SEAC
Authors: Levy Samuel
Published: June 2021

A description is given of a method for computing the influence coefficients in bending of a nonuniform cantilever beam using a basic code devised for the National Bureau of Standards electronic automatic computer SEAC. The given data for a particular problem are n, the number of stations at which influence coefficients are desired; EI0, EI1, … EIn, the bending stiffnesses at the root and at successive stations; and l1, l2, … ln, the distances between these stations. The basic code can be used in any case where the number of stations n is fewer than 23. In an example for a beam having 9 stations, the computing time was 3 min.
Axisymmetric Flexural Temperature Stresses in Circular Plates
Authors: Goldberg J. E.
Published: June 2021

The problem to be considered is that of determining the flexural stresses which result from temperature differences T between corresponding points on the upper and lower faces of circular plates (T = temperature at lower face minus temperature at upper face), when T is assumed to vary only with the distance from the center of the plate. This problem arises, for example, in the design of heated or cooled cylindrical processing tanks or vessels. In such cases, heat may be applied to the circular bottom of the vessel by a single concentric burner or heating element or by a ring of burners or elements, and the resulting temperature distribution will be approximately axisymmetric.
Some New Types of Orthotropic Plates Laminated of Orthotropic Material
Authors: Smith C. Bassel
Published: June 2021

Plywood plates are usually constructed so that the grain of adjacent plies is perpendicular. Such laminated plates possess two perpendicular axes of elastic symmetry. In this discussion plywood plates having other than 90 degree angles between the grain of adjacent plies are considered. First, a two-ply plate with the grain of one ply making any arbitrary angle with the grain of the other ply is discussed. It is shown that this plate, when in a state of plane stress or when subjected to small deflections, possesses the same two perpendicular axes of elastic symmetry. By making use of the formulas obtained for the two-ply plate, it is shown how to construct a plate of any number of plies (the adjacent plies not necessarily having their grain perpendicular) possessing the same type of elastic symmetry as the two-ply plate.
Graphical-Numerical Solution of Problems of Saint-Venant Torsion and Bending
Authors: Boley B. A.
Published: June 2021

A simple successive-approximations procedure for the solution of the problems of Saint-Venant torsion and bending of beams of arbitrary cross section is presented. The shear stresses in a cross section of the beam are first calculated from the formulas valid for thin-walled sections, on the basis of an assumed set of lines of shearing stress. From these a first approximation to the stress function of either the torsion or the bending problem is found. The second approximation to the stress function is then obtained from the governing equation of the problem, expressed in finite-difference form; this in turn allows the determination of an improved set of lines of shearing stress, and hence of the shearing stress itself. The procedure can be repeated until the results of two successive steps are sufficiently close. Applications are presented for a beam cross section for which the exact solutions are known, and it is shown that no further difficulties arise in applications to more complicated shapes.
The Application of Limit Analysis to Punch-Indentation Problems
Authors: Shield R. T. , Drucker D. C.
Published: June 2021

Limit analysis is applied to obtain upper and lower bounds for the punch pressure in the indentation of the plane surface of an elastic-perfectly plastic material by a flat rigid punch. The two-dimensional flat punch and the three-dimensional flat square and rectangular punch problems are considered. The analysis assumes Tresca’s yield criterion of constant maximum shearing stress k, during plastic deformation. It is shown that the pressure required to produce indentation in the two-dimensional problem lies between 5k and (2 + π)k. The lower bound obtained for any rectangular punch is again 5k while the upper bound for a smooth punch lies between 5.71k for a square and (2 + π)k for a very long rectangle. A value of 5.36k is found for a ratio of length to breadth of 3. The limit pressure for a uniformly loaded area, as distinguished from an area loaded by a punch, is bracketed by 5k and (2 + π)k when the area is convex.
Buckling of Multiple-Bay Ring-Reinforced Cylindrical Shells Subject to Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Nash W. A.
Published: June 2021

An analytical solution is presented for the problem of the elastic instability of a multiple-bay ring-reinforced cylindrical shell subject to hydrostatic pressure applied in both the radial and axial directions. The method used is that of minimization of the total potential. Expressions for the elastic strain energy in the shell and also in the rings are written in terms of displacement components of a point in the middle surface of the shell. Expressions for the work done by the external forces acting on the cylinder likewise are written in terms of these displacement components. A displacement configuration for the buckled shell is introduced which is in agreement with experimental evidence, in contrast to the arbitrary patterns assumed by previous investigators. The total potential is expressed in terms of these displacement components and is then minimized. As a result of this minimization a set of linear homogeneous equations is obtained. In order that a nontrivial solution to this system of equations exists, it is necessary that the determinant of the coefficients vanish. This condition determines the critical pressure at which elastic buckling of the cylindrical shell will occur.
Flexibility of Piping Systems Supported by Equally Spaced Rigid Hangers
Authors: Brock J. E.
Published: June 2021

Exact methods are developed for the analysis of single-plane piping configurations in which there occur long horizontal runs supported on equally spaced hangers of rigid type. Two important cases are treated in detail and are illustrated by examples.
Dynamic Behavior of Reinforced Cylindrical Shells in a Vacuum and in a Fluid
Authors: Junger Miguel C.
Published: June 2021

The vibrations of an infinite cylindrical shell reinforced with periodically spaced septa and stiffening rings are studied in a vacuum and in a fluid medium. Lagrange equations are used to derive the dynamic equations; the fluid reaction is obtained from the solution of the wave equation. The solution gives the dynamic characteristics of the shell, the amplitude of forced vibration, and the sound field generated thereby. The theory can be extended to shells embodying complex stiffening structures and load distributions. Certain features of the fluid reaction suggest interesting applications: Its inertial component becomes extremely large under certain conditions, thus tending to eliminate some modes of vibration; also, the resistive, i.e., damping, component may vanish for certain modes, which therefore do not radiate any sound.
Stresses and Deformations of Flanged Shells
Authors: Horvay G. , Clausen I. M.
Published: June 2021

Simple formulas are given for the effect of a flange on the deformations and stresses of an attached shell.
Free and Forced Vibrations of an Infinitely Long Cylindrical Shell in an Infinite Acoustic Medium
Authors: Bleich H. H. , Baron M. L.
Published: June 2021

The paper presents a general method for the treatment of free and forced-vibration problems of infinitely long thin cylindrical shells. Surprisingly simple results are obtained by utilizing the known and tabulated modes of the shell in vacuo as generalized co-ordinates describing the response of the shell. The frequencies of free vibrations of submerged shells are obtained, and the response of the shell and medium to sinusoidally distributed, periodic, radial forces is determined. The results indicate that there is a low-frequency range where no radiation occurs and a high-frequency range where energy is radiated. Free vibration, or resonance in the case of forced vibrations, occurs only in the low-frequency range. The results of the paper may be applied to obtain the response to arbitrarily distributed, periodic, or nonperiodic forces by expanding such forces in Fourier series and/or integrals. The results for free and forced vibrations are discussed in general and for the specific case of steel shells in water. Tables are provided to facilitate numerical computations. With limitations the method is also applicable to ring-stiffened shells, and to the case of a static pressure in the surrounding medium.
Creep Tests of Rotating Disks at Elevated Temperature and Comparison With Theory
Authors: Wahl A. M. , Sankey G. O. , Manjoine M. J. , Shoemaker E.
Published: June 2021

A theoretical and experimental program involving methods of calculating creep in rotating disks at elevated temperatures is described. This program consisted primarily of the following: (a) Obtaining forged disks from the same ingot of 12 per cent chrome steel, all disks being forged and heat-treated in the same manner; (b) making spin tests at 1000 F on three of these disks for periods up to about 1000 hr; ( ) making long-time tension-creep tests at 1000 F on many specimens cut out circumferentially from several of the other disks at stresses approximating those of the spin tests; (d) investigating theoretical methods of calculation of creep deformation in such disks; and (e) comparison of spin-test results with those calculated theoretically using average tension-creep data. It was found that available methods of calculating rotating disks based on the Mises criterion gave creep deformations too low compared to the test values, i.e., on the unsafe side for design. Considerably better agreement between test and theoretical results is obtained if the latter is based on the maximum-shear theory. Some discussion is given of the reasons for the better agreement obtained using the latter theory; these are believed to be related in part to the anisotropy of the forged material tested. Further tests on other materials are necessary before general conclusions can be drawn; however, in the absence of test data it is suggested that a conservative course in design for such disks is to apply the maximum-shear theory.
Experimental Measurement of Mechanical Impedance or Mobility
Authors: Plunkett R.
Published: June 2021

A device for the experimental measurement of mechanical impedance as a function of frequency is described. The measured values for two systems are shown. It is also shown that the performance of a modified system may be predicted in some respects. These measurements show that this function is extremely complex and that the systems are very limber at audio frequencies.
On Bending of a Flat Slab Supported by Square-Shaped Columns and Clamped
Authors: Woinowsky-Krieger S.
Published: June 2021

A solution is given in this paper for the problem of bending of an infinite flat slab loaded uniformly and rigidly clamped in square-shaped columns arranged to form the square panels of the slab. The complex variable method in connection with conformal mapping is used for this aim. Although not perfectly rigorous, the solution obtained is sufficiently accurate for practical purposes and, besides, it can be improved at will. Stress diagrams traced in a particular case of column dimensions do not wholly confirm the stress distribution, generally accepted in design of flat slabs.
Influence Coefficients for Hemispherical Shells With Small Openings at the Vertex
Authors: Galletly G. D.
Published: June 2021

Three methods of obtaining the influence coefficients for a thin, constant-thickness, hemispherical shell with a circular opening at the vertex were investigated and utilized in a numerical example. Bearing in mind both accuracy and calculation time, it was concluded that when the total central angle subtended by the opening is less than approximately 30 deg, good results for the influence coefficient calculation will be obtained by using Method II in the text of the paper.