bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The physical state of agrochernozem when using natural salt with herbicidal activity on spring wheat
Authors:   ООО ", Saakian Alexander ,   БАЛАНС ПРОФИ"
Published: September 2021

The studies were carried out in order to assess the effect of a 30 % solution of natural salt with herbicidal activity on the physical state of agrochernozem during the cultivation of spring wheat. In a field experiment in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, crude natural brines of the Troitsk deposit of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were used, containing in their composition, g/l: sodium – 77,07; magnesium – 0,49; iron – 3,68; calcium – 2,56; potassium – 2,36; chlorides – 131,00; sulfates – 1,51. The concentration of natural salt was obtained by diluting the original base brine. Studies have established that sodium chloride, being the main component of the brines of the Troitskoye deposit, has a migration ability in the "plant-soil" system. A single use of natural salt as a herbicide on spring wheat crops determined a significant transformation of the physical parameters of agrochernozem. It manifested itself in poor reserves of productive moisture, their decrease by 9-12 mm (НСР05 = 3,5) during the period of active growth of spring wheat and an increase in the seasonal variability of the indicator to 46-52 %. Studies have established an increase in the density of the addition of agrochernozem on average for the growing season by 0,07-0,09 g/cm3 while maintaining the loose addition of the arable layer (0,77-0,79 g/cm3). An increase in the content of agronomically valuable fractions 10-0,25 mm in size by 10-12% with the formation of an excellent structural state (74-76 %) of the arable layer is accompanied by intensive destruction of blocky structural units> 10 mm and a significant increase in structural units 5-3 in size; 3-2 m 2-1 mm, which is a consequence of peptization of soil colloids. Keywords: NATURAL BRINE, TROITSKOE DEPOSIT, HERBICIDE, AGROCHERNOZEM, PRODUCTIVE MOISTURE RESERVES, DENSITY OF COMPOSITION, STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION
ОЦЕНКА СОВРЕМЕННОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПАСТБИЩНЫХ УГОДИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ АНАЛИЗА СПУТНИКОВЫХ ДАННЫХ
Authors: С.К. Макенова  , В.В. Акимов  , М.Р. Шаяхметов  , О.С.Музыка
Published: September 2021

В данной работе рассматриваются принципиально новые для Республики Казахстан принципы получения данных о развитии и деградации сенокосно-пастбищных угодий на основе пространственно-временного анализа спутниковых данных различного разрешения (TerraModis, Landsat 8, Sentinel 2).Принципиальное отличие - это одновременное использование разных спутниковых данных и полученных на их основе различных вегетационныхиндексов. Данный пространственно-временной анализ позволяет минимизировать систематические ошибки при получении сведений о развитии естественныхэкосистем и произвести более точный анализ и прогноз дальнейшего развития. Было установлено, что данная территория сильно подвержена процессу опустынивания, так как индексы биомассы во все периоды показывают значения либо полного отсутствия наземной растительности, либо ее минимальное накопление.Результаты сравнения степени повреждения пастбищ, полученныхдистанционными методами и на основе наземных обследований,выявили, что достоверность правильного определения слабой степени повреждения соответствует 75%, средней степени повреждения - 85% и сильной степени повреждения - 90%.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ФЕЛУЦЕНА И АЙСИДИВИТА НА ВОСПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНУЮ ФУНКЦИЮ БЫКОВ-ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЕЙ
Authors: И.Т. Джакупов  , Г.Б. Турысбаева  , Б.Е., Момбеков  , Б.С. Сейсенов
Published: September 2021

Быки-производители содержащиеся в племенных центрах несут собой огромный потенциал желаемых качеств как у молочных, так у мясных и комбинированных пород, в связи с чем научные исследования направленные на повышение воспроизводительной способности у этих животных имеет большую практическую значимость. Наши исследования направлены на изучение воздействия совместного использования кормового комплекса Фелуцен и комплексного иммуностимулирующего препарата Айсидивит на воспроизводительную функцию, а также на биохимический состав кровеносной системы быков-производителей. Исследования проводились в АО «РЦПЖ «Асыл Түлік»» расположенного в Акмолинской области. Сперму и кровь у быков-производителей брали с соблюдением техники безопасности в манеже племенного центра Асыл Түлік. В последующем исследования спермы и крови проводились в соответствующих аккредитованных лабораториях. Исследуемые быки по своим воспроизводительным способностям были распределены на 4 группы (высокой (I), хорошей (II), пониженной воспроизводительной способностью (III) и неспособные к воспроизводству (IV)). Быкам группы с хорошей воспроизводительной способностью (II) был назначен препарат Фелуцен в виде гранул по 350-400 грамм ежедневно вместе с концентратами, а группам животных с пониженной воспроизводительной способностью (III) и неспособным к воспроизводству (IV) были назначены препарат Фелуцен в той же дозе, а так же комплексный иммунодепрессивный препарат Айсидивит, который применяли внутримышечно 5 раз с интервалом 3 дня по 10 мл. После применения вышеуказанных препаратов у быков II группы произошло увеличение объема эякулята в 1,03-1,5 раза, а у 66,6% быков III и IV групп – в 1,03-1,2 разаПо подвижности спермиев у быков II группы наблюдалось повышение на 1,01-1,2 раза, а III и IV групп только у 33,3% повысилась на 1,2-1,4 раза. Концентрация спермиев в эякуляте у быков II группы повысилась на 1,1- 1,2 раза. При применении кормовой добавки и введении комплексноговитамина из III и IV групп только у 16,6% быков наблюдалось повышение на 1,3 раза. В результате назначения быкам II группы Фелуцена повысились содержание глюкозы на 3,29 раза, кальция на 1,86 раза. При применении Фелуцена и Айсидивита у быков III группы наблюдалось повышение содержания в крови глюкозы на 2,64 раза, кальция на 1,1 раза, а у животных IV группы глюкозы в 2,8 раза и кальция в 2 раза.
FOREIGN LANGUAGE MOBILE LEARNING DESIGN
Authors: Омарова С. К
Published: September 2021

The formation of artificial virtual environments and their implementation in the educational environment of human activity is a current trend. Various textbooks, reference books, and dictionaries are created with virtual objects and interactive applications included in their content.The expanding capabilities and diversity of mobile devices support increasingly large-scale and interesting learningprojects.Mobile technologies provide new opportunities for curriculum development that differ from those provided by other e-learning technologies. They serve to support such a learning model, where the priorities are: free access to learning technologies, inclusiveness, and enhancing the students’ activity. In mobile learning, the central role is given to students with their individual technology preferences, while mobile learning is synonymous with unpredictability and constant change.Mobile-digital communication environments have huge number of tools and software to influence various cognitive and psychological aspects of students ' motivation to learn a foreign language. When using these environments, the learner's perceptual skills improve, since interaction with mobile devices with a learning purpose is most often initiated by the learner himself, at a convenient time and place for them.
Gone in 90 Seconds
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

This MRTA’s early armed actions in 1984 involve symbolic gestures, as the rebels seek to appropriate names like Tupac Amaru and Micaela Bastidas, places like Cuzco, and other sights of national historical memory. These actions culminate in the kidnapping of “90 Seconds” reporter Vicky Pelaez, in which MRTA leaders Nestor Cerpa and Victor Polay play a direct role.
Captured
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Lucero Cumpa, now under the command of MRTA leader Peter Cardenas, plans a series of daring actions, one of which leads to her arrest. Former MIR leader Alberto Galvez, now an MRTA leader, is captured by Marco Miyashiro, head of a special task force within DINCOTE, Peru’s counterterrorism police agency.
Freedom Tunnel
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

Victor Polay, Alberto Galvez, Lucero Cumpa, and other MRTA members remain locked up in Canto Grande prison. Nestor Cerpa and Peter Cardenas coordinate a successful effort to build an underground tunnel into the prison, allowing the MRTA prisoners to escape.
Mary Is Sick!
Authors: La Serna Miguel
Published: September 2021

In the months before Operation Chavin de Huantar, hostage Luis Giampietri gathers intel on his captors and establishes secret contact with SIN, the national intelligence force headed up by Vladimiro Montesinos. Giampietri, Marco Miyashiro, and Francisco Tudela, the Peruvian chancellor, are among the hostages rescued in the operation. Fujimori greets the rescued hostages as a national hero.
“The Star-Spangled Banner” and the Development of a Federalist Musical Tradition
Authors: Coleman Billy
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a new account of the political lineage of “The Star-Spangled Banner” that ties its composition to the identification of a distinctively Federalist conception of music in early national American politics. By connecting Francis Scott Key and “The Star-Spangled Banner” to an older Federalist conception of music in politics–populated by the likes of George Washington, Francis Hopkinson, John Adams, Joseph Hopkinson and others–the chapter argues that Federalism may bear more responsibility for the rise of popular American political culture than commonly thought. Influenced by contemporaneous English debates, Federalists justified their top-down approach to popular patriotic music by appealing to music’s capacity to moderate the temperament, to instill support in the nation’s leaders, and to soothe rather than inflame factional differences. Meaning that the composition of “The Star-Spangled Banner,” in effect, represented a culmination of Federalist efforts to use music as part of a political strategy to ensure their elite values were reflected in national culture. The chapter also differentiates Federalist from Republican party understandings of musical power and examines contemporary debate over the partisan purposes of “Hail Columbia.”
Secreting Baraka
Authors: Knight Michael Muhammad
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses Muhammad’s postmortem remains and his daughter Fatima, examining the ways that hadith sources enable and/or limit their potential as sites of baraka’s circulation between bodies.
Introduction
Authors: Lin Tony Tian-Ren
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the reader to Prosperity Gospel Pentecostalism and Latin American immigrants. It shows how religious devotion and spiritual transformation are actually a form of assimilation that leads some to be Americans. What is meant by assimilation is explained. This chapter lays out the roadmap for this book and shows why Latino Prosperity Gospel Pentecostalism is an important topic of study, not just as a religious phenomenon but as a cultural one as well.
Prologue
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

This sets the scene for the story of North Carolina music, with the author’s introduction to the state’s music via the 1952 compilation “Anthology of American Folk Music.” Through vignettes and interviews with an array of figures, historical as well as contemporary, it sets the stage for a narrative of musical history with a through-line of underdog working-class populism. Old-time legend Alice Gerrard, Piedmont blues guitarist Etta Baker, pianist Ben Folds, Kruger Brothers Uwe Kruger, and Hiss Golden Messenger leader M.C. Taylor all figure prominently.
How to Make It in the Music Business without Really Trying
Authors: Menconi David
Published: September 2021

Superchunk never hit it big, but their label Merge Records did, scoring chart-topping records and an Album Of The Year Grammy Award with Montreal’s Arcade Fire. They were just the latest and greatest label in local history, going back to Colonial Records, which released Andy Griffith’s 1953 hit routine “What It Was, Was Football.” In Durham, Sugar Hill Records became one of the top bluegrass labels in the 1980s. But while other labels came and went, Merge was the one with the most staying power of all.
Decision Time
Authors: Taylor Brian
Published: September 2021

This chapter covers the months when US officials first authorized black enlistment on a large scale. This forced black men to decide whether they wanted to fight for the United States, and immediate-enlistment advocates had to combat fierce resistance from those who argued that the US had not yet done enough to convince black men to enlist. Prominent black Northerners like Frederick Douglass became government recruiters, and they explained why it made sense for black men to fight for the United States. This chapter covers the factors that black men had to consider when they decided whether or not to enlist, the reasons why the debate over service faded in late summer of 1863, and the reasons why African Americans saw in the Civil War a chance to “re-found” the United States. This chapter also pays attention to the importance of the opinion on black citizenship issued in late 1862 by Attorney General Edward Bates.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Brian
Published: September 2021

This chapter evaluates the gains won by black military service in the Civil War. Black soldiers won formal citizenship that was undermined by pervasive white racism, which impacted the ways in which laws related to citizenship and black rights were administered and interpreted. It looks at the relationship that black service created between black veterans and the US government, as well as between African Americans who came under direct federal purview and the federal government. It explains why African Americans considering serving the US in subsequent conflicts have faced the same dilemma that black men faced during the Civil War – why fight for a country that mistreats members of your community?
Compositions of No Ordinary Merit and the Struggle for Black Rights
Authors: Gonzalez Aston
Published: September 2021

This chapter studies the process by which Robert Douglass Jr. and Patrick Henry Reason expanded their activist networks through their artistic production during the 1840s. Reason joined the campaign to secure voting rights for free black men in New York, and both he and Douglass protested plans for black colonization. Douglass returned from Haiti and traveled to England, where he strengthened his antislavery networks and developed his artistic skills. The images and lectures resulting from Douglass’s trip to Haiti celebrated it as a model for black leadership, self-determination, and the building of black cultural institutions in the United States. The paintings he completed in Haiti communicated the possibilities of black rights, leadership, and political organization that might serve as an example for those in the United States. Likewise, Reason created prints of black leaders to highlight domestic black achievement and commemorate role models who worked to overcome and eradicate racial prejudice. Douglass and Reason’s adoption of different business strategies and new visual technologies provided avenues to critique and correct racial inequalities.
Dismay and Bewilderment
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

The big Federal attack of May 22 began at 10 a.m. and the most striking part of it was the assault by Frank P. Blair’s division against the Stockade Redan. It was led by Hugh Ewing’s brigade, commanded by William T. Sherman’s foster brother and brother-in-law. The brigade, leading Fifteenth Corps action that day, advanced in column formation along Graveyard Road into the teeth of heavy Confederate rifle and artillery fire from one of the strongest forts on the Confederate line of earthworks. Led by 150 volunteers called the Forlorn Hope, the attack faltered. Only a handful of the members of the Forlorn Hope managed to get into the ditch and onto the outside slope of the parapet of the Stockade Redan and could go no farther. Many members of the 37th Ohio lost their will to continue after getting stuck inside a road cut only 100 yards from the redan and blocked up the line of approach of the regiments behind them. The rest of Ewing’s brigade left the exposed Graveyard Road and formed in a ravine to the south where it prepared to continue the advance later that day.
Am Holding Position but Suffering Awfully
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

McClernand’s messages led to another round of Federal attacks on the afternoon of May 22. First, at 2 p. m., two brigades from Frank P. Blair’s Fifteenth Corps division, led by Giles A. Smith and Thomas Kilby Smith, combined with Thomas Ransom’s brigade of the Seventeenth Corps to attack the Confederate line between Stockade Redan and 3rd Louisiana Redan. They made it as close as twenty-five yards from the parapet before enemy fire stopped them. Then Joseph A. Mower’s brigade of James M. Tuttle’s Fifteenth Corps division attacked in column along Graveyard Road toward Stockade Redan. It faired about as well as Hugh Ewing’s brigade had done that morning, with only a handful of its members making it to the exterior slope of the redan. These afternoon attacks only served to prove that frontal assaults against this part of Samuel H. Lockett’s defence line, well manned by Confederates who were on the alert, were futile. These attacks completely failed to draw defenders from the Thirteenth Corps sector because the division commanders here had enough men to hold their works.
It Is Absolutely Necessary That They Be Dislodged
Authors: Hess Earl J.
Published: September 2021

The partial penetration of Railroad Redoubt by Sgt. Joseph E. Griffith and twelve men of the 22nd Iowa had never really threatened to capture that work for the Federals. Nor could the Confederates easily evict those Unionists. The work constituted part of no-man’s-land for most of May 22 until orders arrived from Pemberton to reclaim the entire redoubt. Brigade leader Stephen D. Lee assigned the task to Col. Thomas N. Waul, who organized a small band of volunteers from his Texas Legion. Helped by Col. Edmund W. Pettus of the 20th Alabama, who volunteered to lend his services to the group, they counterattacked along the parapet that extended toward the southeast corner of the work where Griffith’s party had been ensconced. By this time, late in the afternoon, Griffith and his men had quietly evacuated the work but there were still Federal troops taking shelter in the ditch in front of it. Pettus’ counterattack not only reclaimed all of Railroad Redoubt but soon drove the Federals out of the ditch as well. Far from a campaign-winning opportunity, as McClernand portrayed Griffith’s penetration to Grant earlier that day, the struggle for Railroad Redoubt ended with a relatively easy Confederate defensive success.
Introduction
Authors: Crawford Sharika D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces readers to the men who hunted green and hawksbill turtles from the Cayman Islands during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It connects the turtlemen's labor and long-distance hunting trips to diplomatic disputes over maritime boundaries with numerous Spanish-speaking states in Central and South America. The chapter argues that turtle hunters or turtlemen transformed the natural environment with their pursuit of sea turtles, which will have devastating ecological consequences. It also situates these men as part of an entangled maritime world often underexplored in histories of the Caribbean, where studies on the cultivation of agro-export commodities from sugar to bananas from the periods of slavery to post-emancipation dominate existing scholarship. Finally, it introduces an array of familiar and unfamiliar Caribbean locales linked to the turtle trade and its markets in the wider Atlantic world.
Introduction
Authors: Gussow Adam
Published: September 2021

This chapter sketches the outlines of Whose Blues?, framing it as a contemporary conversation between Black bluesism (blues as Black music, Black history, and Black cultural property) and blues universalism (blues as globalized culture and a scene of enlivening interracial cooperation). The author grounds his study in a moment of personal awakening prompted by a 2012 blues conference at which harmonica players Sugar Blue, Billy Branch, and other Chicago-area blues musicians voiced a litany of complaints about racial inequities and slights they had suffered over the years. The postmodern flux of contemporary blues registers in the wide range of discourses, both academic and vernacular, through which scholars, fans, musicians, teachers, and other cultural custodians seek to make sense of the music and its legacy. Finally, this chapter offers an overview of the book’s content in a series of brief synopses. (The chapters are called “bars” and there are twelve of them, so that the book’s structure replicates the 12-bar format of the blues’ most familiar musical structure.)
The Blues Revival and the Black Arts Movement
Authors: Gussow Adam
Published: September 2021

This chapter, which originally appeared in somewhat different form in New Thoughts on the Black Arts Movement (2006), places that Black literary and cultural revolution in dialogue with another cultural earthquake of the 1960s, the emergence of a mass white audience for blues music. For some Black Arts writers and thinkers like Ron Karenga, Sonia Sanchez, and Haki Madhubuti (Don L. Lee), the blues savored of black southern abjection and were, in Karenga’s dismissive judgment, “invalid,” an outmoded form without the political utility urgently needed in a time of Black revolution. Yet for many others, led by Larry Neal, the blues were a cherished ancestral rootsock and inalienably Black cultural inheritance—“the essential vector of the Afro-American sensibility and identity.” Even as the blues were being debated within the Black intelligentsia, a white blues revolution was transpiring, one in which white fans imagined themselves forming a beloved community with aged Black blues players who had been brought back into national circulation at festivals and college gigs, and in which white blues artists like Paul Butterfield and Janis Joplin, enjoying mass popularity, drew the fierce condemnation of Black Arts writers Ron Welburn and Stephen E. Henderson.
Black Fire, White Pixels, and Golden Threads
Authors: Eichler-Levine Jodi
Published: September 2021

Craft and technology are intimately intertwined. This chapter exams how craft happens in a digital age. Through interviews with Jewish craft bloggers, studies of Jewish knitters whose work has gone viral, and meditations on how the history of craft is in fact connected to the history of computers, the author shows that the combination of material crafting and digital communication tethers communities together across a sea of pixels.
Introduction
Authors: Hilde Libra R.
Published: September 2021

The introduction presents an overview of the literature on the family and masculinity within slavery, arguing that in order to appreciate the adaptability and multiplicity of enslaved families, scholars should focus on how kin units functioned rather than on the form of households. To fully understand fatherhood within slavery, it is critical to recognize multilocal kin networks and to assess the contributions of non-resident, but engaged fathers. This book builds on recent scholarship that posits multiple masculinities in enslaved communities and explores the masculine hierarchy of slavery. In the Old South, masculinity took on a public and private dichotomy with public expressions of manhood available only to white men. Enslaved men could at times exhibit masculinity privately and within the bounds of the plantation and slave quarters. One consistent ideal of manhood in African American communities was that of caretaker. The introduction refutes misperceptions of African American families and missing Black fathers, arguing that because enslaved and postwar freedmen lacked access to recognized patriarchal power, their hidden caretaking behavior has long been obscured.
This Great Object of My Life
Authors: Hilde Libra R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores enslaved men’s attempts to provide for their families, focusing on men who purchased or endeavored to purchase freedom for themselves and their family members. The second half of the chapter looks at enslaved men who became fugitives, the painful decision some made to run away and leave loved ones behind, and their commentary on family once free. In failure and in the infrequent cases of success, former slaves’ words, choices, and actions as they sought to free self and family underscored the centrality of kinship and slave communities’ definition of paternal duty.
To Make the Wounded Whole
Authors: Royles Dan
Published: September 2021

In the decades since it was identified in 1981, HIV/AIDS has devastated African American communities. Members of those communities mobilized to fight the epidemic and its consequences from the beginning of the AIDS activist movement. They struggled not only to overcome the stigma and denial surrounding a “white gay disease” in Black America, but also to bring resources to struggling communities that were often dismissed as too “hard to reach.” To Make the Wounded Whole offers the first history of African American AIDS activism in all of its depth and breadth. Dan Royles introduces a diverse constellation of activists, including medical professionals, Black gay intellectuals, church pastors, Nation of Islam leaders, recovering drug users, and Black feminists who pursued a wide array of grassroots approaches to slow the epidemic's spread and address its impacts. Through interlinked stories from Philadelphia and Atlanta to South Africa and back again, Royles documents the diverse, creative, and global work of African American activists in the decades-long battle against HIV/AIDS.
There Is a Balm in Gilead
Authors: Royles Dan
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the work of The Balm in Gilead, which grew out of the efforts of Pernessa Seele, an immunologist at Harlem Hospital, to organize local Black faith leaders to address AIDS through the Harlem Week of Prayer for the Healing of AIDS. As Seele trained African American clergy to incorporate AIDS education into their ministry, she also confronted entrenched homophobia in Black religious institutions. Accordingly, The Balm in Gilead designed programs that would help churches accept and include gay members. In 2001, Seele contracted with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to extend her work with Black churches to sub-Saharan Africa, setting up programs in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. She argued that because of Black people’s particular relationship with church and faith, the approach that The Balm in Gilead had developed in the United States would work in Africa as well. At the same time, this work intersected with a growing interest in addressing “global AIDS” among U.S. leaders, including Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, who saw the spread of the disease in Africa as a growing threat to international security.
Aristocratic Education and the Making of the American Republic
Authors: Boonshoft Mark
Published: September 2021

Following the American Revolution, it was a cliché that the new republic's future depended on widespread, informed citizenship. However, instead of immediately creating the common schools--accessible, elementary education--that seemed necessary to create such a citizenry, the Federalists in power founded one of the most ubiquitous but forgotten institutions of early American life: academies, privately run but state-chartered secondary schools that offered European-style education primarily for elites. By 1800, academies had become the most widely incorporated institutions besides churches and transportation projects in nearly every state.In this book, Mark Boonshoft shows how many Americans saw the academy as a caricature of aristocratic European education and how their political reaction against the academy led to a first era of school reform in the United States, helping transform education from a tool of elite privilege into a key component of self-government and citizenship. And yet the very anti-aristocratic critique that propelled democratic education was conspicuously silent on the persistence of racial and gender inequality in public schooling. By tracing the history of academies in the revolutionary era, Boonshoft offers a new understanding of political power and the origins of public education and segregation in the United States.
Rebuilding Academies
Authors: Boonshoft Mark
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 turns to the Confederation era. Though calls for new forms of public education abounded immediately after the American Revolution, none of them came to fruition. Instead, Americans rebuilt academies, and built new ones. This chapter explains why academy boosters succeeded where public school advocates failed. It also explains how those Americans who hoped to direct academies to civic and political problems wrested control over the institutions from the denominational authorities who wished to keep academies as sites of religious education. American nationalists—members of the Society of the Cincinnati, Freemasons, and opponents of things like debt relief and Shays’ Rebellion—were at the forefront of spreading academies.
Creating Consensus
Authors: Boonshoft Mark
Published: September 2021

This chapter explains how Federalists tried to marshal state support both to subsidize academies, and build the sense that the schools were patriotic, not merely partisan, institutions. State governments granted many charters of incorporation to academies, which lent weight to claims that they served the public good. States also offered direct financial support and granted academies permission to run lotteries. Yet a critique of academies as aristocratic institutions built up by the mid-1790s, along with opposition to the Federalists. Academies survived this assault, as the Moderate wing of the Jeffersonian Republican coalition absorbed many erstwhile Federalists by the end of the decade, ensuring some bipartisan support for academies.
Epilogue
Authors: Boonshoft Mark
Published: September 2021

The epilogue briefly charts how Americans forgot about academies, but also how their legacy continues to shape educational inequality in the United States. In particular, it looks at how private schools and charter schools allow the elite to continue to educate their children at the expense of education for all.
Arteriovenous shunt as the best hemodialysis access in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients: a literature review
Authors: Sebayang Abed Nego Okthara , Hidayat Niko Azhari
Published: September 2021

Arteriovenous Shunt (AV Shunt) is a minor surgical operation that connects (creating anastomoses) the arteries and veins in the arm or other body part for the purpose of making connection access for hemodialysis. AV shunt is the primary choice in establishing vascular access for hemodialysis in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Therefore, this study aims to review the arteriovenous shunt as a hemodialysis access option in CKD patients. The literature study was conducted by searching various written sources, whether in the form of books, archives, articles and journals, or documents relevant to the problem being studied. The mortality rate after AV shunt is 0%, even though it still has postoperative complications. Based on the location of the operation, making the AV shunt is prioritized on the distal part that is not dominant to minimize the damage to the AV shunt. The location of the wrist, namely the brachiocephalic, is a top priority in making an AV shunt because it has many advantages. AV shunt is the primary choice of vascular access for hemodialysis in patients with chronic kidney disease. It is hoped that through the AV shunt, the life expectancy of patients with CKD can be increased, and patients with CKD must receive support from other disciplines such as interns, psychologists, and the patient's family.
O COORDENADOR E A HIDROCEFALIA: UM ELO ENTRE O ATENDIMENTO EDUCACIONAL ESPECIALIZADO, DOCENTES, COORDENADORES E A EQUIPE DE SAÚDE
Authors: Silva Luiz Flávio da , Melo Rosângela Maria Marinho de , Silva Alexandro Lucas da , Santos Allison José dos , Oliveira Leandro Rafael Cunha de , Coutinho Diogenes José Gusmão
Published: September 2021

O presente trabalho objetivou analisar a importância do coordenador e a hidrocefalia: um elo entre o atendimento educacional especializado, docentes, coordenadores e a equipe de saúde. A palavra hidrocefalia se define como dilatação das cavidades ventriculares cerebrais, ocasionado por um aumento de volume da pressão do líquido céfalo raquidiano (LCR). Ocorre o crescimento excessivo do perímetro cefálico, decorrendo em fontanelas tensas, vômitos, cefaléia, déficits cognitivos e visuais. O procedimento cirúrgico consiste na introdução de um dreno, sendo mais utilizado ventrículo-peritoneal, onde os riscos de infecção estão ressaltados. A fisioterapia dever ser realizada freqüentemente, com objetivo de ajudar na habilidade e movimento da criança. A assistência prestada à criança portadora desta doença deve ser realizada com sólido conhecimento técnico-científico, para que as ações sejam praticadas de forma segura. Considerando a importância da assistência do coordenador, docente, AEE, enfermeiro e outros profissionais neste caso da área de saúde frente a está patologia, objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, descrever as ações do coordenador, docente, AEE, enfermeiro e outros profissionais durante a assistência ao portador de hidroceefalia. Neste contexto, cabe ao coordenador, docente, AEE, enfermeiro e outros profissinais elaborar e implementar estratégia que venha melhorar não somente o quadro clínico da doença, bem como promover a saúde e adaptação dessas crianças. Esta pesquisa tratar-se de um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica.
The response of the Amazon ecosystem to the photosynthetically active radiation fields: integrating impacts of biomass burning aerosol and clouds in the NASA GEOS Earth system model
Authors: Bian Huisheng , Lee Eunjee , Koster Randal D. , Barahona Donifan , Chin Mian , Colarco Peter R. , Darmenov Anton , Mahanama Sarith , Manyin Michael , Norris Peter , Shilling John , Yu Hongbin , Zeng Fanwei
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Amazon experiences fires every year, and the resulting biomass burning
aerosols, together with cloud particles, influence the penetration of
sunlight through the atmosphere, increasing the ratio of diffuse to direct
photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the vegetation canopy and
thereby potentially increasing ecosystem productivity. In this study, we use
the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model with coupled aerosol,
cloud, radiation, and ecosystem modules to investigate the impact of Amazon
biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem productivity, as well as the role of
the Amazon's clouds in tempering this impact. The study focuses on a
7-year period (2010–2016) during which the Amazon experienced a variety
of dynamic environments (e.g., La Niña, normal years, and El Niño).
The direct radiative impact of biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem
productivity – called here the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization
effect – is found to increase Amazonian gross primary production (GPP) by
2.6 % via a 3.8 % increase in diffuse PAR (DFPAR) despite a 5.4 %
decrease in direct PAR (DRPAR) on multiyear average during burning seasons.
On a monthly basis, this increase in GPP can be as large as 9.9 %
(occurring in August 2010). Consequently, the net primary production (NPP)
in the Amazon is increased by 1.5 %, or ∼92 Tg C yr−1 –
equivalent to ∼37 % of the average carbon lost due to
Amazon fires over the 7 years considered. Clouds, however, strongly
regulate the effectiveness of the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization
effect. The efficiency of this fertilization effect is the highest in
cloud-free conditions and linearly decreases with increasing cloud amount
until the cloud fraction reaches ∼0.8, at which point the
aerosol-influenced light changes from being a stimulator to an inhibitor of
plant growth. Nevertheless, interannual changes in the overall strength of
the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization effect are primarily controlled
by the large interannual changes in biomass burning aerosols rather than by
changes in cloudiness during the studied period.
4K versus 3D total laparoscopic hysterectomy by resident in training: a prospective randomised trial
Authors: Restaino S , Vargiu V , Rosati A , Bruno M , Dinoi G , Cola E , Moroni R , Scambia G , Fanfani F
Published: September 2021

Background: The introduction of ultra-high-definition laparoscopic cameras (4K), by providing stronger monocular depth perception, could challenge the existing 3D technology. There are few available studies on this topic, especially in gynaecological setting.

Objectives: Prospective, single institution, randomised clinical trial (NCT04209036).

Materials and Methods: The two laparoscopes utilised were the 0°ULTRA Telescopes with 4K technology and the 0°3D-HD by Olympus. The surgeons were all trainees and in their last year of residency and who had obtained the certificate of first or second level of the Gynaecological Endoscopic Surgical Education and Assessment program - GESEA program. Twenty-nine patients with benign uterine pathology were enrolled.

Main outcome measures: To compare if the use three-dimensional (3D) versus ultra-high-definition laparoscopic vision system (4K) for total laparoscopic hysterectomy performed by trainees was associated with a shorter operative time.

Results: The 3D vision system did not prove to be superior to the 4K vision system. Operators reported significantly more vision-related side effects when using 3D than 4K. Completing the GESEA training program was the only factor with a positive and statistically significant impact on the overall time of the procedure, especially when greater dexterity and tissue handling were required.

Conclusions: Neither technology used proved superior to the other, although operators showed a preference for 4K over 3D due to the lower number of visual side effects. Attendance at courses on laparoscopic simulators and training programs allowed trainees to demonstrate excellent surgical skills.
Minimally invasive management of juvenile cystic adenomyoma: report of three cases
Authors: Said M.R. , Afaneh H , Zaghmout O , Moses K , Young O.J. , Abuzeid M.I.
Published: September 2021

Background: Juvenile cystic adenomyosis (JCA) represents a rare form of focal adenomyosis in young women.

Objectives: To determine safety and effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery (MIS for JCA).

Materials and Methods: Three patients aged 16-30 years old presented with chronic pelvic pain [2016 - 2019]. Hormonal treatment failed in two cases. Cystic lesions in the myometrium (n=2), and the broad ligament (n=1) was detected on transvaginal 2D ultrasound (TV 2D US) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The cyst was separate from the endometrium in all the cases, within the myometrium in two patients and in the right broad ligament in one case. The cystic lesions were confirmed on laparoscopy; and laparoscopic excision of the cysts with adequate repair of the myometrial beds were performed in all cases with fertility preservation. Robotic assistance was chosen in one case in an attempt to avoid injury of the fallopian tube based on the cyst location during a previous laparoscopy. The endometrial cavity was entered in one case.

Main outcome measures: Absence of intraoperative complications and relief of presenting symptoms postoperatively.

Results: Pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of JCA is all cases. There were no intraoperative complications. All three patients reported relief of their symptoms 6 to 8 months after surgery. No recurrence of the JCA was reported using TV 2D US in all cases.

Conclusions: MIS could be the treatment of choice for patients with JCA. The technique described in our study is safe, effective, and easy to master in experienced hands.

What is new? Value of MIS in treatment of patients with JCA.
A role for genre-based pedagogy in academic writing instruction?: an EAP perspective
Authors: Bruce Ian
Published: September 2021

In this paper I discuss the use of genre as a theoretical construct in academic writing

instruction in the context of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses. I begin

by considering the notion of discourse competence as a concept that accounts for the

knowledge elements and skills employed by expert academic writers, and then

consider genre as a way of operationalizing the different elements of discourse

competence knowledge for the purpose of writing instruction. I review briefly the

diversity of approaches to theorizing genre knowledge, and then present the dual

social genre/cognitive genre approach that I have used as a basis for research and

course design in an EAP context. I exemplify this model by summarizing the key

elements of two studies of research genres in which I have used this model. I

conclude with a brief theoretical discussion of the issue of construct validity in

relation to using the concept of genre in research that relates to writing instruction.
Ceruminous Adenoma: A Rare Mass that Impair Hearing
Authors: Mohd Ramli Siti Sarah , Abdullah Asma , Md Pauzi Suria Hayati , Ramli Masturah
Published: September 2021

Ceruminous adenoma is described as a glandular neoplasm of ceruminous glands. It is seen for less than one percent of all external ear tumours. Ceruminous adenoma cases were reported to have recurrence and residual tumour, however there was no malignant transformation known in ceruminous adenoma up to this date. Here, we report a young adult woman with two years history of progressive reduced hearing and tinnitus of the right ear. She was proven to have right moderate conductive hearing loss with pure tone audiometry. There was a cystic mass with serous content arising from the posterior wall of the right ear canal. We proceeded with wide local excision of the mass via trans-canal approach. Ceruminous adenoma was confirmed with histopathology and immunohistochemistry of CK7 staining. The hearing impairment was resolved completely post excision and there was no recurrence of the tumour on one year follow-up. We concluded wide local excision with appropriate margin of the mass is adequate to prevent recurrence in ceruminous adenoma cases.
Problemáticas urbano ambientales en torno a la expansión urbana en el partido de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Rodríguez Tarducci Rocío , Cortizo Daniela , Frediani Julieta Costanza
Published: September 2021

The process of urbanization unfolds transformations that have a direct impact on land use and land cover. In the partido of La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, residential development and occupation of non-urban areas in the peri-urban sector have been intensified for the last decade, leading to the increase in urban environmental problems that are detrimental to the territory and its population. The objective of this work is to throw a spotlight on some of the problems arising from the occupation of undeveloped areas with a high-water hazard. The methodology consists of the analysis of the thematic cartography, the crossing of existing data and variables. The results of the research show the complexity of territorial processes, such as dispersion, urban informality, incompatibility of residential and productive activities, as well as environmental hazards of flooding and soil degradation. These conflicts might increase in the future as long as measures are not taken to include adequate regulation and urban planning. For these reasons, this article highlights the need to know and study these issues in depth in order to devise possible strategies for approaching the territory when planning cities.
Habitar en pandemia. Aislamiento social y desigualdades urbanas en asentamientos y barrios populares de la ciudad de Tandil (provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina)
Authors: Valente Ezcurra Dana , Jacinto Guillermina
Published: September 2021

In this article we reflect upon the implications that the analysis of the Right to the city has acquired in the current context of the Covid-19 pandemic and delve into the study of urban inequalities. To this end, we seek to reconstruct the differential nature of the experience of inhabiting, as well as the different socio-spatial problems and practices that emerged as a result of the stay-at-home order in the settlements and popular neighborhoods of Tandil city. Given the fact that during the stages of preventive and compulsory isolation and social distancing (in Spanish ASPO - DISPO) urban inequalities acted as a vector of deepening social inequalities, we wonder what dimensions and relations of inhabiting were transformed by the pandemic. Besides, we are also interested in knowing what aspects emerge or are (re)configured and how these aspects can be theoretically analyzed. Thereto, we employed a flexible methodological strategy that articulates different information records with the use of documentary analysis techniques and interviews with key informants. By means of a qualitative analysis, we studied the features of the experience of inhabiting in settlements and popular neighborhoods of the city of Tandil during the pandemic in 2020, identifying difficulties and transformations caused by the ASPO and DISPO policies.
Causative Pathogen of Fire Blight of Fruit Trees in Georgia
Authors: Amashukeli Nanuli , Gaganidze Dali , Aznarashvili Mariam , Kharadze Shorena , Sturua Neli , Sadunishvili Tinatin
Published: September 2021

Fire blight is a devastating disease of fruit trees that first appeared in Georgia in 2016. Above 40 samples – fruit trees twigs, buds, flowers and fruitlets, suspected on the fire blight disease were collected in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Shida Kartli Regions, eastern Georgia in Summer of 2020. Based on visual observation and immunological test (Ea AgriStrip), 20 plant samples were selected for further study. PCR analysis was performed to detect pathogen in these samples with primers pair A: 5′-CGG TTT TTA ACG CTG GG-3′ and B: 5′-GGG CAA ATA CTC GGA TT-3 ′ and 2XPCR BIOTAG Mix using PCR BIOSYSTEMS. The pathogen Erwinia amylovora was detected in 6 samples: N10 and N11 apple samples (Ksovrisi);
For the Symbolics and Semantics of “Fire” in German Phraseologisms
Authors: Modebadze Tsisana
Published: September 2021

Phraseologisms represent the important and valuable legacy of the nation as they reflect not only cultural and historical ideology, but customs and traditions as well. The given research deals with the establishment of symbolics and semantic context of “Fire” in German phraseological units. German phraseological dictionaries are used as the research object. Fire is a guarantee of improving human lives. It is the symbol of creative energy and destructive force as well. When the fire flame is under the human control it brings warmth, light and kindness. As soon as human reveals less care towards it the fire instantly turns into a dangerous, destructive force bringing death and collapse. Fire has different symbols in different religions. In Hinduism, fire is the symbol of creativity, absolution and demolition, in Islam – birth and destruction, in Buddhism – wisdom, in Christianity it is the symbol of reanimation. Human ensures his/her welfare and safety with the help of fire. Fire is the symbol of native home, native land and family: Das heimische Feuer – native fire/hearth. Fire can figuratively express different emotions. Phraseologisms expressing love are mostly found out: Feuer der Liebe – fire of love. In a figurative way, fire also indicates such human traits as intrepidity, bravery, sympathy, goodwill, hatred, anger, enthusiasm and hope. Figuratively fire also has the mission of increasing the power of trait.