bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abdominal obesity and its association with socioeconomic factors among adolescents from different living environments
Authors: Costa de Oliveira Forkert E. , de Moraes A. C. F. , Carvalho H. B. , Kafatos A. , Manios Y. , Sjöström M. , González‐Gross M. , Gottrand F. , Beghin L. , Censi L. , Kersting M. , Moreno L. A.
Published: February 2016

Background

Socioeconomic status has been associated with obesity in children and adolescents. This association may be dependent according with where adolescents lives.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between different socioeconomic indicators such as parental education and occupation and socioeconomic status with abdominal obesity in adolescents from two observational studies: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence cross‐sectional study (HELENA‐CSS) and the Brazilian Cardiovascular Adolescent Health (BRACAH) study.

Methods

European (n = 3192, aged 12.5–17.5 years, with 53.1% girls from HELENA‐CSS) and Brazilian (n = 991, aged 14–18 years, with 54.5% girls from BRACAH study) adolescents from two cross‐sectional studies were included in this analysis. Complete data on waist circumference (WC), height, socioeconomic status indicators and several confounders were collected. Socioeconomic indicators were measured using a self‐reported questionnaire in order to assess the family social status of the adolescents. Multilevel linear regression models were used to examine associations, and results were adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Adjusted results showed inverse associations between mother's and father's education levels (p < 0.001) and father's occupation level (p < 0.001) with waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) and WC in HELENA‐CSS girls. Similarly in European girls, socioeconomic indicators by socioeconomic status and maternal occupation level were associated with WHtR. In HELENA‐CSS boys, the same significant association was found between WHtR and WC with maternal occupation level. Moreover, in European boys WHtR was also associated with parental education. In Brazilian adolescents, both indicators of abdominal obesity did not remain associated with the independents variables, after adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions

Abdominal obesity was associated with socioeconomic indicators in higher‐income countries, but this association was not observed in a lower‐middle‐income country.
The limitations in implementing and operating a rapid response system
Authors: Subramaniam A. , Botha J. , Tiruvoipati R.
Published: February 2016

Despite the widespread introduction of rapid response systems (RRS)/medical emergency teams (MET), there is still controversy regarding how effective they are. While there are some observational studies showing improved outcomes with RRS, there are no data from randomised controlled trials to support the effectiveness. Nevertheless, the MET system has become a standard of care in many healthcare organisations. In this review, we present an overview of the limitations in implementing and operating a RRS in modern healthcare.
Kin Discrimination in Dictyostelium Social Amoebae
Authors: Strassmann Joan E.
Published: February 2016

Evolved cooperation is stable only when the benefactor is compensated, either directly or through its relatives. Social amoebae cooperate by forming a mobile multicellular body in which, about 20% of participants ultimately die to form a stalk. This benefits the remaining individuals that become hardy spores at the top of the stalk, together making up the fruiting body. In studied species with stalked migration, P. violaceum, D. purpureum, and D. giganteum, sorting based on clone identity occurs in laboratory mixes, maintaining high relatedness within the fruiting bodies. D. discoideum has unstalked migration, where cell fate is not fixed until the slug forms a fruiting body. Laboratory mixes show some degree of both spatial and genotype‐based sorting, yet most laboratory fruiting bodies remain chimeric. However, wild fruiting bodies are made up mostly of clonemates. A genetic mechanism for sorting is likely to be cell adhesion genes tgrB1 and tgrC1, which bind to each other. They are highly variable, as expected for a kin discrimination gene. It is a puzzle that these genes do not cause stronger discrimination between mixed wild clones, but laboratory conditions or strong sorting early in the social stage diminished by later slug fusion could be explanations.
Duration of sleep at 3 years of age is associated with fat and fat‐free mass at 4 years of age: the Southampton Women's Survey
Authors: Baird Janis , Hill Catherine M. , Harvey Nicholas C. , Crozier Sarah , Robinson Sian M. , Godfrey Keith M. , Cooper Cyrus , Inskip Hazel ,   The SWS Study Group
Published: February 2016

Many studies have shown that shorter sleep duration in childhood is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), and have proposed that it is due to an effect of sleep on adiposity. There is little evidence about the association of sleep with fat‐free mass. This study examined the association between child's sleep duration at age 3 years and fat and fat‐free mass at 4 years of age in a prospective cohort study of 302 boys and 285 girls. Study participants were taking part in the Southampton Women's Survey, a longitudinal study of mothers and children from preconception onwards. Total sleep duration at age 3 years was derived from parental report of night sleep and nap duration. Body composition was assessed by Dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry (DXA) at 4 years. Mean total sleep duration was 11.5 hours. In linear regression analyses, adjusted for potentially confounding factors (maternal educational attainment, prepregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, child's gestational age at birth, age at DXA, sex, age last breastfed, dietary quality at 3 years, TV watching and hours actively on the move and parental social class), shorter sleep in hours was associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) [β: −0.2340, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.373 to −0.096], a greater fat mass index (kg) (β: −0.1182, 95% CI: −0.218 to −0.018) and a greater fat‐free mass index (kg) (β: −0.100, 95% CI: −0.185 to −0.015). Previous research suggested that the association between shorter sleep and higher body mass index is due to an effect on adiposity. Our findings are novel, suggesting that the relationship between sleep and BMI is also determined by an effect on muscle.
Tendon Volume Determination on Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Supraspinatus Tendinopathy
Authors: Spall Benjamin F. , Fransson Boel A. , Martinez Steve A. , Wilkinson Thomas E.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To determine the supraspinatus tendon volume using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in dogs with non‐calcified supraspinatus tendinopathy (NCST), in dogs with orthopedic disease other than NCST, and in healthy dogs.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Twenty‐two dogs (18 client‐owned dogs; 4 purpose‐bred dogs).

Methods

Dogs undergoing shoulder MRI were categorized as NCST if they were diagnosed with NCST only, had histologic confirmed diagnosis, underwent surgical treatment, and were available for follow‐up longer than 4 months. Dogs with MRI performed for a forelimb lameness because of a diagnosis other than NCST were categorized as orthopedic control (OC). Healthy dogs from an unrelated study were categorized as healthy controls (HC). Tendon volume was determined from MRI using public domain software and compared across categories.

Results

The study included 9 NCST dogs, 9 OC dogs, and 4 HC dogs. The median tendon volume for NCST was 1,323 mm3, OC was 630 mm3, and HC was 512 mm3. The volume was significantly higher in the NCST than OC (P = .0012) and HC (P = .003). There was no difference between OC and HC (P = .76).

Conclusion

Dogs diagnosed with NCST had higher supraspinatus tendon volumes compared to dogs with other orthopedic disorders and healthy dogs.
Application of a Thermodynamically Based Wear Estimation Methodology
Authors: Aghdam A. B. , Khonsari M. M.
Published: February 2016

Entropic and energy-based approaches are employed for prediction of wear in dry sliding contact between crossed cylinders. The methodology requires measurement or estimation of the temperature rise in the sliding system. The results of experimental tests reported in literature in conjunction with measured degradation coefficients are used to examine the validity of the proposed methodology. The approach presented is shown to be capable of predicting the wear rate for different tribopairs and under different loading conditions.
On the Prediction of Transient Wear
Authors: Mortazavi Vahid , Khonsari M. M.
Published: February 2016

During the running-in process, a friction pair experiences drastic evolution in many of its tribological parameters, such as surface roughness, wear rate, and coefficient of friction until steady-state is attained. In this paper, we present a model for predicting the behavior of the running-in process. Specifically, we determine a general relationship between the wear loss and surface roughness during the running-in stage and test the validity of its prediction of wear rate by comparing to available experimental results. We show, by using a dimensional analysis and applying the Buckingham Pi theorem, that there exists a linear relationship between the transient dimensionless wear, the dimensionless initial surface roughness, and dimensionless running-in time.
Flagship accelerators bid for better beams
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: February 2016

DOE considers wish list of upgrades to x-ray and neutron sources.
Power play on the Nile
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: February 2016

Ethiopia stunned neighbors with a colossal dam on the Blue Nile. Could it spread prosperity, not turmoil?
Moving forward
The Road Taken The History and Future of America's Infrastructure
Henry Petroski
Bloomsbury, 2016. 335 pp.
Authors: Vinsel Lee
Published: February 2016

A history of America's bridges and roadways offers lessons for the future of physical infrastructure
KIST at 50, beyond the miracle
Authors: Lee Byung Gwon
Published: February 2016

This month marks the 50th anniversary of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST). Remarkably, half a century ago, South Korea was one of the poorest countries in the world, recovering from the Korean War and facing serious economic difficulties. Today, it is a member of the G20 major global economies with a market value that ranks 11th in the world. Investment in science and technology as a development strategy is what made South Korea one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Now, as the nation promotes its new Creative Economy plan, KIST moves into its next 50 years, ensuring that science and technology remain the foundation of this new era of innovation.
Concurrent cryptococcal meningitis and disseminated tuberculosis occurring in an immunocompetent male
Authors: Musabende Marcellin , Mukabatsinda Constance , Riviello Elisabeth D , Ogbuagu Onyema
Published: February 2016

A 61-year-old man living in rural Rwanda presented with a 2-month history of fevers, headaches, dry cough, weight loss and confusion. A cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed neutrophilic pleocytosis, yeast and a positive cryptococcal antigen (CrAg). An HIV antibody test was negative. The patient's cough worsened while on antifungal induction therapy with intravenous conventional amphotericin B and high-dose oral fluconazole. Computerised tomography (CT) scan of the chest showed extensive miliary infiltrates. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed acid-fast bacilli on smear and a positive GeneXpert test without rifampicin resistance. The patient improved with the addition of antitubercular therapy. In this case report, we describe an unusual presentation of two opportunistic infections occurring together in an HIV-negative man with no other known immunocompromising conditions. The case highlights the fact that, in disease endemic areas, multiple disseminated infections can occur in individuals without obvious immunocompromise.
Response of glyphosate-resistant soybean to dicamba spray tank contamination during vegetative and reproductive growth stages
Authors: Soltani Nader , Nurse Robert E. , Sikkema Peter H.
Published: February 2016

The anticipated availability of dicamba-resistant crops will increase the potential for crop injury to non-dicamba-resistant soybean due to dicamba spray tank contamination. A total of eight field trials were conducted at various locations in Ontario, Canada during 2012–2014 to determine the response of non-dicamba-resistant soybean to dicamba spray tank contamination at 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 15, 30, and 60 g a.e. ha−1 applied postemergence (POST) at the V2-3 (2–3 trifoliate) or R1 (1st flower) stage. At one week after treatment (WAT), dicamba applied at 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 15, 30, and 60 g a.e. ha−1 at V2-3 caused 12, 18, 25, 31, 43, 53, and 66% visible injury in soybean, respectively. Injury increased at 2 and 4 WAT and decreased by 8 WAT with 68% visible injury observed at the highest dose. Dicamba applied at R1 caused 23, 28, 36, 40, 48, 61, and 73% visible injury in soybean at 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 15, 30, and 60 g a.e. ha−1, respectively. The predicted dose of dicamba to reduce soybean seed yield 1, 5, 10, 20 or 50% was 1.1, 5.8, 11.8, 25.2, and >60 g a.e. ha−1 when applied at V2-3 and <0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 4.3, and 11.5 g a.e. ha−1 when applied at R1, respectively. Results show that dicamba spray tank contamination of as little as 0.75 g a.e. ha−1 can cause significant crop injury in non-dicamba-resistant soybean when applied during the vegetative or reproductive stages.
An Evolutionary Sequential Sampling Algorithm for Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Thanos Aristotelis E. , Celik Nurcin , Sáenz Juan P.
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we present a novel sequential sampling methodology for solving multi-objective optimization problems. Random sequential sampling is performed using the information from within the non-dominated solution set generated by the algorithm, while resampling is performed using the extreme points of the non-dominated solution set. The proposed approach has been benchmarked against well-known multi-objective optimization algorithms that exist in the literature through a series of problem instances. The proposed algorithm has been demonstrated to perform at least as good as the alternatives found in the literature in problems where the Pareto front presents convexity, nonconvexity, or discontinuity; while producing very promising results in problem instances where there is multi-modality or nonuniform distribution of the solutions along the Pareto front.
Scalar and fermion representations of the Lorentz group in Minkowski plane, QFT correlators, pair creation in electric field and the Unruh effect
Authors: Fedotov Alexander M. , Narozhny Nikolay B.
Published: February 2016

Boost modes [Formula: see text] are eigenfunctions of the Lorentz transformations generator in two-dimensional (2D) Minkowski space (MS). We demonstrate and discuss deep interrelation between the boost modes and the field correlators, also known as Wightman functions. In the case of a massive scalar field, the boost modes, as functions of the spectral parameter [Formula: see text], contain the Dirac delta-function singularity [Formula: see text] at the light cone. The zero boost mode coincides up to a constant factor with the Wightman function. The light cone singularity of boost modes for a fermion field is stronger. For this case, they contain the Gelfand [Formula: see text]-function of complex argument [Formula: see text], while the Wightman function components coincide with analytical continuation of the boost modes set towards the spectral values [Formula: see text]. We argue that due to the discovered properties of the boost modes the so-called Unruh modes, which are at the core of the Unruh effect derivation, do not constitute a complete set in MS and thus cannot be used for quantization of neither scalar, nor fermion field. Finally, we discuss boost modes for the case of the constant electric background and rederive the well-known result for spontaneous pair creation rate. Solution of this problem in the boost modes representation reveals distinctions between the Unruh problem and the effect of pair creation by an electric field in vacuum.
Properties of infrared extrapolations in a harmonic oscillator basis
Authors: Coon Sidney A. , Kruse Michael K. G.
Published: February 2016

The success and utility of effective field theory (EFT) in explaining the structure and reactions of few-nucleon systems has prompted the initiation of EFT-inspired extrapolations to larger model spaces in ab initio methods such as the no-core shell model (NCSM). In this contribution, we review and continue our studies of infrared (ir) and ultraviolet (uv) regulators of NCSM calculations in which the input is phenomenological [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] interactions fitted to data. We extend our previous findings that an extrapolation in the ir cutoff with the uv cutoff above the intrinsic uv scale of the interaction is quite successful, not only for the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian but also for expectation values of operators, such as [Formula: see text], considered long range. The latter results are obtained with Hamiltonians transformed by the similarity renormalization group (SRG) evolution. On the other hand, a possible extrapolation of ground state energies in the uv cutoff when the ir cutoff is below the intrinsic ir scale is not robust and does not agree with the ir extrapolation of the same data or with independent calculations using other methods.
Concomitant use of rapamycin and rosiglitazone delays the progression of polycystic kidney disease in Han:SPRD rats: a study of the mechanism of action
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Li Hongdong , Gao Xiang , Yang Ming , Yuan Li , Fu Lili , Wang Xueqi , Mei Changlin
Published: February 2016

Attributing to their antiproliferative effect, both rapamycin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) can halt the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Whether combined use could enhance this effect is unknown. The present study used rapamycin and the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone concomitantly to observe their combined effects on the proliferation of ADPKD cyst-lining epithelial cells and the progression of ADPKD in Han:SPRD rats. Concomitant use of the two drugs inhibited the proliferation of WT9–12 cells significantly through a superimposition effect. Rosiglitazone inhibited the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin p70S6K. Concomitant use of rosiglitazone and rapamycin further downregulated the p-p70S6K level. Rosiglitazone also inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and antagonized the activation of Akt induced by rapamycin. Concomitant use of rosiglitazone and rapamycin significantly retarded the deterioration of renal function, decreased cyst cell proliferation and interstitial fibrosis in Han:SPRD rats. Rapamycin significantly increased cholesterol levels in the blood, whereas rosiglitazone mitigated rapamycin-induced hyperlipidemia. These results indicate that the effects of concomitant use of rosiglitazone and rapamycin in inhibiting the proliferation of WT9–12 cells and delaying the progression of ADPKD in Han:SPRD rats are stronger than those of either drug alone. The present study may provide a new strategy for the long-term treatment of ADPKD.
Large-scale imaging of cortical dynamics during sensory perception and behavior
Authors: Wekselblatt Joseph B. , Flister Erik D. , Piscopo Denise M. , Niell Cristopher M.
Published: February 2016

Sensory-driven behaviors engage a cascade of cortical regions to process sensory input and generate motor output. To investigate the temporal dynamics of neural activity at this global scale, we have improved and integrated tools to perform functional imaging across large areas of cortex using a transgenic mouse expressing the genetically encoded calcium sensor GCaMP6s, together with a head-fixed visual discrimination behavior. This technique allows imaging of activity across the dorsal surface of cortex, with spatial resolution adequate to detect differential activity in local regions at least as small as 100 μm. Imaging during an orientation discrimination task reveals a progression of activity in different cortical regions associated with different phases of the task. After cortex-wide patterns of activity are determined, we demonstrate the ability to select a region that displayed conspicuous responses for two-photon microscopy and find that activity in populations of individual neurons in that region correlates with locomotion in trained mice. We expect that this paradigm will be a useful probe of information flow and network processing in brain-wide circuits involved in many sensory and cognitive processes.
Optimization of Conductive Thin Film Epoxy Composites Properties Using Desirability Optimization Methodology
Authors: Khor C. P. , Jaafar Mariatti bt , Ramakrishnan Sivakumar
Published: February 2016

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/epoxy thin film nanocomposites were prepared using spin coating technique. The effects of process parameters such as sonication duration (5–35 min) and filler loadings (1-2 vol%) were studied using the design of experiment (DOE). Full factorial design was used to create the design matrix for the two factors with three-level experimentation, resulting in a total of 9 runs (32) of experimentation. Response surface methodology (RSM) combined with E.C. Harrington’s desirability function called desirability optimization methodology (DOM) was used to optimize the multiple properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation at break, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity) of MWCNTs/epoxy thin film composites. Based on response surface analysis, quadratic model was developed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA),R-squared (R-Sq), and normal plot of residuals were applied to determine the accuracy of the models. The range of lower and upper limits was determined in an overlaid contour plot. Desirability function was used to optimize the multiple responses of MWCNTs/epoxy thin film composites. A global solution of 12.88 min sonication and 1.67 vol% filler loadings was obtained to have maximum desired responses with composite desirability of 1.
Cementless Titanium Mesh Fixation of Osteoporotic Burst Fractures of the Lumbar Spine Leads to Bony Healing: Results of an Experimental Sheep Model
Authors: Eschler Anica , Roepenack Paula , Roesner Jan , Herlyn Philipp Karl Ewald , Martin Heiner , Reichel Martin , Rotter Robert , Vollmar Brigitte , Mittlmeier Thomas , Gradl Georg
Published: February 2016

Introduction. Current treatment strategies for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) focus on cement-associated solutions. Complications associated with cement application are leakage, embolism, adjacent fractures, and compromise in bony healing. This study comprises a validated VCF model in osteoporotic sheep in order to (1) evaluate a new cementless fracture fixation technique using titanium mesh implants (TMIs) and (2) demonstrate the healing capabilities in osteoporotic VCFs.Methods. Twelve 5-year-old Merino sheep received ovariectomy, corticosteroid injections, and a calcium/phosphorus/vitamin D-deficient diet for osteoporosis induction. Standardized VCFs (type AO A3.1) were created, reduced, and fixed using intravertebral TMIs. Randomly additional autologous spongiosa grafting (G1) or no augmentation was performed (G2,n=6each). Two months postoperatively, macroscopic, micro-CT and biomechanical evaluation assessed bony consolidation.Results. Fracture reduction succeeded in all cases without intraoperative complications. Bony consolidation was proven for all cases with increased amounts of callus development for G2 (58.3%). Micro-CT revealed cage integration. Neither group showed improved results with biomechanical testing.Conclusions. Fracture reduction/fixation using TMIs without cement in osteoporotic sheep lumbar VCF resulted in bony fracture healing. Intravertebral application of autologous spongiosa showed no beneficial effects. The technique is now available for clinical use; thus, it offers an opportunity to abandon cement-associated complications.
Bile Acids, FXR, and Metabolic Effects of Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Noel Olivier F. , Still Christopher D. , Argyropoulos George , Edwards Michael , Gerhard Glenn S.
Published: February 2016

Overweight and obesity represent major risk factors for diabetes and related metabolic diseases. Obesity is associated with a chronic and progressive inflammatory response leading to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus, although the precise mechanism mediating this inflammatory process remains poorly understood. The most effective intervention for the treatment of obesity, bariatric surgery, leads to glucose normalization and remission of T2D. Recent work in both clinical studies and animal models supports bile acids (BAs) as key mediators of these effects. BAs are involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis primarily via the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) transcription factor. BAs are also involved in regulating genes involved in inflammation, obesity, and lipid metabolism. Here, we review the novel role of BAs in bariatric surgery and the intersection between BAs and immune, obesity, weight loss, and lipid metabolism genes.
Mass Transfer Studies on Adsorption of Phenol from Wastewater UsingLantana camara, Forest Waste
Authors: Girish C. R. , Murty V. Ramachandra
Published: February 2016

Adsorption is one of the important treatment methods for the removal of pollutants from wastewater. The determination of rate controlling step in the process is important in the design of the process. Therefore, in the present work, mass transfer studies were done to evaluate the rate-limiting step in the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution ontoLantana camara. Different mass transfer models were used to find the rate-limiting step and also to find the values of external mass transfer coefficient and diffusion coefficient. The Biot number was found to investigate the importance of external mass transfer to intraparticle diffusion. From the various models studied and the Biot numbers obtained, it was found that the adsorption onLantana camarawas controlled by film diffusion. The sensitivity analysis was performed to study the significance of the model parameters on the adsorption process.
Iyengar‐Yoga Compared to Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention during (Neo)adjuvant Therapy in Women with Stage I–III Breast Cancer: Health‐Related Quality of Life, Mindfulness, Spirituality, Life Satisfaction, and Cancer‐Related Fatigue
Authors: Lötzke Désirée , Wiedemann Florian , Rodrigues Recchia Daniela , Ostermann Thomas , Sattler Daniel , Ettl Johannes , Kiechle Marion , Büssing Arndt
Published: February 2016

This study aims to test the effects of yoga on health‐related quality of life, life satisfaction, cancer‐related fatigue, mindfulness, and spirituality compared to conventional therapeutic exercises during (neo)adjuvant cytotoxic and endocrine therapy in women with breast cancer. In a randomized controlled trial 92 women with breast cancer undergoing oncological treatment were randomly enrolled for a yoga intervention (YI) (n = 45) or for a physical exercise intervention (PEI) (n = 47). Measurements were obtained before (t0) and after the intervention (t1) as well as 3 months after finishing intervention (t2) using standardized questionnaires. Life satisfaction and fatigue improved under PEI (p < 0.05) but not under YI (t0 to t2). Regarding quality of life (EORTC QLQ‐C30) a direct effect (t0 to t1; p < 0.001) of YI was found on role and emotional functioning, while under PEI only emotional functioning improved. Significant improvements (p < 0.001) were observed at both t1 and t2 also for symptom scales in both groups: dyspnea, appetite loss, constipation, and diarrhea. There was no significant difference between therapies for none of the analyzed variables neither for t1 nor for t2. During chemotherapy, yoga was not seen as more helpful than conventional therapeutic exercises. This does not argue against its use in the recovery phase.
Identification of Deleterious Mutations inMyostatinGene of Rohu Carp (Labeo rohita) Using Modeling and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Approaches
Authors: Rasal Kiran Dashrath , Chakrapani Vemulawada , Patra Swagat Kumar , Mohapatra Shibani D. , Nayak Swapnarani , Jena Sasmita , Sundaray Jitendra Kumar , Jayasankar Pallipuram , Barman Hirak Kumar
Published: February 2016

The myostatin (MSTN) is a known negative growth regulator of skeletal muscle. The mutated myostatin showed a double-muscular phenotype having a positive significance for the farmed animals. Consequently, adequate information is not available in the teleosts, including farmed rohu carp,Labeo rohita. In the absence of experimental evidence, computational algorithms were utilized in predicting the impact of point mutation of rohu myostatin, especially its structural and functional relationships. The four mutations were generated at different positions (p.D76A, p.Q204P, p.C312Y, and p.D313A) of MSTN protein of rohu. The impacts of each mutant were analyzed using SIFT, I-Mutant 2.0, PANTHER, and PROVEAN, wherein two substitutions (p.D76A and p.Q204P) were predicted as deleterious. The comparative structural analysis of each mutant protein with the native was explored using 3D modeling as well as molecular-dynamic simulation techniques. The simulation showed altered dynamic behaviors concerning RMSD and RMSF, for either p.D76A or p.Q204P substitution, when compared with the native counterpart. Interestingly, incorporated two mutations imposed a significant negative impact on protein structure and stability. The present study provided the first-hand information in identifying possible amino acids, where mutations could be incorporated into MSTN gene of rohu carp including other carps for undertaking furtherin vivostudies.
Safety and Effectiveness of Total Thyroidectomy and Its Comparison with Subtotal Thyroidectomy and Other Thyroid Surgeries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Padur Ashwini Aithal , Kumar Naveen , Guru Anitha , Badagabettu Satheesha Nayak , Shanthakumar Swamy Ravindra , Virupakshamurthy Murlimanju Bukkambudhi , Patil Jyothsna
Published: February 2016

Diseases associated with the thyroid gland are one of the most frequently seen endocrine disorders across the globe. Total thyroidectomy is currently the preferred treatment for many thyroid diseases. Controversies exist among surgeons regarding safety of total thyroidectomy due to the risk associated with it like postoperative hypoparathyroidism or recurrent laryngeal nerve damage. Since, in the recent years, the incidence of thyroidectomy is in increasing trend in south Indian population, this review aims to study the available data regarding the appropriateness and safety of total thyroidectomy and compares it with subtotal thyroidectomy and other thyroid surgeries. This is a retrospective comprehensive review of various articles and publications regarding total and partial thyroidectomy performed across the world. Many retrospective studies and few prospective studies suggest that the incidence of transient hypocalcemia is higher after total thyroidectomy than after subtotal thyroidectomy, but the incidence of other complications including recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and postoperative hematoma is not significantly different between the two procedures. Hence in our review we found that total thyroidectomy is safe and cost effective with low complication rates and provides little significant advantage of being safer procedure compared to subtotal thyroidectomy.
VGSC: A Web-Based Vector Graph Toolkit of Genome Synteny and Collinearity
Authors: Xu Yiqing , Bi Changwei , Wu Guoxin , Wei Suyun , Dai Xiaogang , Yin Tongming , Ye Ning
Published: February 2016

Background. In order to understand the colocalization of genetic loci amongst species, synteny and collinearity analysis is a frequent task in comparative genomics research. However many analysis software packages are not effective in visualizing results. Problems include lack of graphic visualization, simple representation, or inextensible format of outputs. Moreover, higher throughput sequencing technology requires higher resolution image output. Implementation. To fill this gap, this paper publishes VGSC, the Vector Graph toolkit of genome Synteny and Collinearity, and its online service, to visualize the synteny and collinearity in the common graphical format, including both raster (JPEG, Bitmap, and PNG) and vector graphic (SVG, EPS, and PDF). Result. Users can upload sequence alignments from blast and collinearity relationship from the synteny analysis tools. The website can generate the vector or raster graphical results automatically. We also provide a java-based bytecode binary to enable the command-line execution.
Selenium Inhibits Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Apoptosis via Activation of AKT
Authors: Ren Hui , Mu Jianjun , Ma Jingjing , Gong Jie , Li Jing , Wang Jiawen , Gao Tianlin , Zhu Peng , Zheng Shikang , Xie Jing , Yuan Bo
Published: February 2016

Background/Aims: Endothelial cells are crucial in vascular homeostasis. Dysfunction of endothelial cells is involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). High plasma homocysteine (Hcy) correlates with CVD while selenium supplementation counteracts development of CVD. However, the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of selenium on homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Methods: An animal model of Hcy-induced endothelial dysfunction was established by intragastric administration of L-methionine. Plasma NO and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were quantified using NO assay and ELISA kit respectively. Relaxation was measured in thoracic aortic ring assays. Cell viability and migration were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 and Bio-Coat cell migration chambers respectively. Cellular apoptosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC apoptosis kit. Results: Selenium prevented homocysteine-induced endothelial injury and impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation. Selenium reversed the impaired viability and migration of endothelial cells induced by homocysteine in a dose-dependent manner. Selenium inhibited the apoptosis of endothelial cells induced by homocysteine, through downregulating of Caspase-3 activity and expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, and by stimulating Bcl-2 expression. Selenium reversed the homocysteine-induced reduction of NO release, and increased the expression and phosphoylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, selenium enhanced AKT phosphorylation, and selenium-induced phosphorylation and expression of eNOS were inhibited by AKT inhibition. NO production, cell viability and migration rescued by selenium were inhibited, while cell apoptosis was reversed by AKT inhibition. Conclusion: Selenium protected against homocysteine-induced dysfunction and apoptosis of endothelial cells through AKT pathway. The observations may provide novel therapeutic opportunities in the treatment of CVD.
Integrating Topographic Measures to Explore the Protective Effects of Peonidin Against the N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration
Authors: Tao Ye , Chen Tao , Liu Zhongyu , Xu Weiwei , Qin Limin , Peng Guanghua , Huang Yi Fei
Published: February 2016

Background/Aims: The pathphysiological properties of N-Methyl -N -nitrosourea (MNU) induced photoreceptor degeneration are similar to the hereditary retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The present study sought to explore the beneficial effects of the peonidin, a common aglycone form of anthocyanin, on the MNU induced photoreceptor degeneration via topographic measurements. Methods: The MNU administrated mouse received peonidin or vehicle injections, and then they were examined by electroretinography (ERG), multi electrode array (MEA), histological and immunohistochemistry studies. Results: The protective effects of peonidin on the MNU administrated retinas were systematically verified and quantified by topographic measures. The peonidin treatment could protect the photoreceptor against the MNU toxicity both functionally and morphologicaly. The most sensitive zone to peonidin therapy was sorted out, indicating that different rescuing kinetics existed between the retinal hemispheres and retinal quadrants. Moreover, the hyperactive spontaneous firing response and the debilitated light induced response in MNU administrated retinas could be partially reversed by peonidin treatment. To our knowledge, this was the first study to explore the pharmacological effects of peonidin on the electrophysiological properties of inner visual signal pathways. Conclusion: The peonidin could ameliorate the MNU induced photoreceptors degeneration and rectify the abnormities in the inner visual signal pathways. Future refinements of the knowledge cast insights into the discovery of a novel treatment for human RP.
Association between Hemodialysis Patient Outcomes and Compliance with KDOQI and KDIGO Targets for Mineral and Bone Metabolism
Authors: Djukanović Ljubica , Dimković Nada , Marinković Jelena , Djurić Živka , Knežević Violeta , Lazarević Tatjana , Ljubenović Stanimir , Marković Rodoljub , Rabrenović Violeta
Published: February 2016

Background: Increased mortality of hemodialysis (HD) patients is associated with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD), and therefore, their correction may improve patient survival. Differences in targets recommended by KDOQI and KDIGO CKD-MBD guidelines directed us to compare the relative numbers of patients achieving these targets and to examine possible associations between compliance with the targets and patient outcome. Methods: A total of 1,744 patients (61.2% males, aged 58.7 ± 12.5 years) dialyzed in 20 HD centers in Serbia were monitored for 3 years. The number of participants achieving KDOQI/KDIGO guideline targets for serum phosphorus, calcium, and iPTH was determined. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to select variables significantly associated with risk of time to death. Results: A majority of patients were dialyzed thrice weekly for 4 h; 86.3% of them used phosphate binders and 49.3% vitamin D3. Proportions of patients achieving KDOQI and KDIGO targets were 49.5 and 44.4% for phosphorus, 53.2 and 76.7% for calcium, 21 and 42.8% for iPTH. Multivariate Cox analysis selected serum phosphorus level outside the KDIGO target, as well as serum iPTH levels outside KDOQI and KDIGO targets as significant mortality predictors. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves showed that achievement of both guideline targets for iPTH had similar survival predictive values. Conclusion: Serum phosphorus levels outside KDIGO targets and iPTH levels outside both KDOQI and KDIGO targets were associated with a significantly higher risk of death. These findings may be useful in the management of CKD-MBD and for establishing local guidelines.
Psychological Distress and Hypertension: Results from the National Health Interview Survey for 2004-2013
Authors: Ojike Nwakile , Sowers James R. , Seixas Azizi , Ravenell Joseph , Rodriguez-Figueroa G. , Awadallah M. , Zizi F. , Jean-Louis Girardin , Ogedegbe Olugbenga , McFarlane Samy I.
Published: February 2016

Background/Aims: Psychological conditions are increasingly linked with cardiovascular disorders. We aimed to examine the association between psychological distress and hypertension. Methods: We used data from the National Health Interview Survey for 2004-2013. Hypertension was self-reported and the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale was used to assess psychological distress (a score ≥13 indicated distress). We used a logistic regression model to test the assumption that hypertension was associated with psychological distress. Results: Among the study participants completing the survey (n = 288,784), 51% were female; the overall mean age (±SEM) was 35.3 ± 0.02 years and the mean body mass index was 27.5 ± 0.01. In the entire sample, the prevalence of psychological distress was 3.2%. The adjusted odds of reporting hypertension in psychologically distressed individuals was 1.53 (95% CI = 1.31-1.80, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The findings suggest that psychological distress is associated with higher odds of hypertension after adjusting for other risk factors for high blood pressure. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate the mechanisms by which stress increases hypertension risk.
History, Natality, Ecstasy: Derrida’s First Seminar on Heidegger, 1964–1965
Authors: Krell David Farrell
Published: February 2016

The article, based on a course taught at the Collegium Phaenomenologicum in 2015, has three sections: 1) Derrida’s first major seminar on Heidegger (“Heidegger: The Question of Being and History”), taught in 1964–65, asks whether the language of Sein is ontological or mere “ontic metaphor”; 2) Derrida notes that the first paragraphs on historicity in Being and Time (section 72) offer an intriguing interpretation of birth as “the other end of Dasein”; 3) Derrida focuses on the theme of the past as an ekstasis, which is literally “une sortie hors de soi.”
“Philosophy is also an Architecture of Signs”: On Merleau-Ponty and Cavaillès
Authors: Watson Stephen
Published: February 2016

In a letter written at the end of July 1930, Jean Cavaillès singled out two of his successful students (agrégatifs) at the Ecole Normale, Merleau-Ponty and Lautman, “full of interest in the philosophy of mathematics”. While both would play an important role in French philosophy in the coming decades, one almost never thinks of their names together. Indeed, only rarely do we think of Merleau-Ponty and Cavaillès together. This paper will argue against this rarity. Cavaillès would write a treatise on logic that in retrospect is often viewed to advance French philosophy—but precisely at the expense phenomenology. I will argue that this evaluation is overblown. Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy, on the other hand, is often viewed in opposition to this as defending a Husserlian account of perception, a view equally too narrow. Between them, instead, I argue, we can see both transforming the Husserlian account of a transcendental logic and a transcendental aesthetic. Both provide resources for understanding phenomenology as a dialectical and historically emergent theory. Notwithstanding Cavaillès initial characterization of Husserl’s “exhorbitant use of the Cogito”, or his “aggressive” description of acts, to use Merleau-Ponty’s term, the result, in both cases, focuses on phenomenology as an emergent experience of philosophy as an “architecture” of signs.
The Laws of Territorial Acquisition as Applied to Claims to Antarctic Territory: A Review of Legal Scholarship
Authors: Hodgson-Johnston Indi
Published: February 2016

Three substantive areas of analysis have emerged in the legal scholarship of the validity in international law of Antarctic territorial claims. The first is the physical amenability of the Antarctic continent to claims of territory. The second, and largest, is the application of traditional laws of territorial acquisition to Antarctic claims. The alternative argument of Antarctica as res communis is the final substantive thread of discussion.

These threads of discussion have dominant arguments. They do not, however, have definite conclusions, leaving the academic conjecture as to the validity of Antarctic territorial claims unresolved. Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty makes an urgent definitive answer unnecessary. However, with new issues emerging related to sovereignty in Antarctica, such as Marine Protected Areas, and more activity from growing Antarctic Treaty membership, public discourse consistently raises the issue.

As we enter this new discursive environment, a review of the main arguments of the three substantive areas of legal scholarship is timely. This article will also attempt to identify the dominant attitudes regarding the validity of territorial claims to Antarctica.
Neoplasta Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Hemerodromiinae) from Brazil:
new species and male description of N. fortiseta Smith
Authors: CÂMARA JOSENIR T. , RAFAEL JOSÉ A.
Published: February 2016

Neoplasta Coquillett is distributed in the New World. The male of N. fortiseta Smith and five new species collected in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and São Paulo (N. lobata sp. nov., N. longicornis sp. nov., N. macdonaldi sp. nov., N. nigrithorax sp. nov., and N. spinulosa sp. nov.), are described and illustrated. A key to Brazilian species is provided.
Studies in Guatemalan Ensifera: Mayacephalus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) a new cone-headed katydid genus
Authors: CADENA-CASTAÑEDA OSCAR J. , MONZÓN-SIERRA JOSÉ , CORTÉS-TORRES CAROLINA
Published: February 2016

Mayacephalus dickmanorum n. gen. et n. sp., from eastern Guatemala is described in this contribution. This new genus highlights from other related ones by its short tegmina; unusual for the tribe Copiphorini, and only present in three neotropical genera: Toledopizia, Brachycaulopsis and Daedalellus, being closer to the first one.
A single dose of the γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat alters the cerebrospinal fluid peptidome in humans
Authors: Hölttä Mikko , Dean Robert A. , Siemers Eric , Mawuenyega Kwasi G. , Sigurdson Wendy , May Patrick C. , Holtzman David M. , Portelius Erik , Zetterberg Henrik , Bateman Randall J. , Blennow Kaj , Gobom Johan
Published: February 2016

Background

In Alzheimer’s disease, beta-amyloid peptides in the brain aggregate into toxic oligomers and plaques, a process which is associated with neuronal degeneration, memory loss, and cognitive decline. One therapeutic strategy is to decrease the production of potentially toxic beta-amyloid species by the use of inhibitors or modulators of the enzymes that produce beta-amyloid from amyloid precursor protein (APP). The failures of several such drug candidates by lack of effect or undesired side-effects underscore the importance to monitor the drug effects in the brain on a molecular level. Here we evaluate if peptidomic analysis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be used for this purpose.

Methods

Fifteen human healthy volunteers, divided into three groups, received a single dose of placebo or either 140 mg or 280 mg of the γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat (LY450139). Endogenous peptides in CSF, sampled prior to administration of the drug and at six subsequent time points, were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, using isobaric labeling based on the tandem mass tag approach for relative quantification.

Results

Out of 302 reproducibly detected peptides, 11 were affected by the treatment. Among these, one was derived from APP and one from amyloid precursor-like protein 1. Nine peptides were derived from proteins that may not be γ-secretase substrates per se, but that are regulated in a γ-secretase-dependent manner.

Conclusions

These results indicate that a CSF peptidomic approach may be a valuable tool both to verify target engagement and to identify other pharmacodynamic effects of the drug. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003075.

Trial registration

NCT00765115, registered 30/09/2008.
Nonfactual Know-How and the Boundaries of Semantics
Authors: Santorio Paolo
Published: February 2016

Know-how and expressivism are usually regarded as disjoint topics, belonging to distant areas of philosophy. This paper argues that, despite obvious differences, the two debates have important similarities. In particular, semantic and conceptual tools developed by expressivists can be exported to the know-how debate. On the one hand, some of the expressivists' semantic resources can be used to deflect Stanley and Williamson's influential argument for factualism about know-how: the claim that knowing how to do something consists in knowing a fact. On the other, expressivism provides the resources to formulate a nonfactualist account of know-how. On this account, know-how has a kind of nonpropositional content and plays the role of guiding performance of action, rather than recording information from the environment.