bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Coalition Life-cycle in Central Eastern Europe
Authors: Bergman Torbjörn , Ilonszki Gabriella , Müller Wolfgang C.
Published: January 2020

This volume analyses the coalition life-cycle in ten countries in Central Eastern Europe, from pre-electoral alliances to government formation and portfolio distribution, to governing in coalitions, the events that eventually lead to a government termination, and electoral performance of coalition parties. This final chapter summarizes the main patterns of coalition politics and compares among the ten countries. In terms of the three models of coalition governance Hungary comes closest to the Dominant Prime Minister Model, Lithuania and Latvia approach the Ministerial Government Model, and Slovenia comes closest to the Coalition Compromise Model. The chapter also discusses how these findings contrast with the general patterns known from the literature on coalition politics in Western Europe. A few of the patterns of coalition politics are similar, including the relative frequency of different types of coalition governments and the increase and spread of the use of coalition governance mechanisms, such as written coalition contracts. Other features are more distinct: there have been fewer single-party governments and there is a stronger tendency to the Ministerial Government Model than in Western Europe. Over time, processes of learning and adjustment to coalition governance can be identified, however without a linear and general trend. Much of the change is rooted in party system changes, for instance the reversal of the initial growth of new political parties and the recent decline of the effective number of parties (ENP). While a less tangible result, the chapters also stress the role of personalities and animosities to impact coalition considerations.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Lucy C. M. M.
Published: January 2020

There has been no focused study of the chorus in fourth-century drama. This may be, in part, explained by the difficult and diffuse evidence for its presence and activity. Two phenomena may also have discouraged scholars from attempting any such focused study: Aristotle’s castigation of later dramatic odes as embolima, and the replacement of choral odes in papyri with the mark χοροῦ‎, or χοροῦ μέλος‎—‘song of the chorus’. The notion that the chorus of drama in the fourth century was a pale shadow of its fifth-century self has flourished for well over a century. In order to do so, however, much positive evidence for the quantity and quality of the dramatic chorus has had to be explained away. An examination of the chorus itself, and the way contemporary thinkers used the idea of the chorus, will allow the re-writing of the history of Attic drama and its development.
Chorus and Festival
Authors: Jackson Lucy C. M. M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter and the next considers the ‘snapshot’ of choral performance (dramatic and non-dramatic) that is presented by Aeschines, Demosthenes, Xenophon, Plato, comic poets, and historians and other fourth-century artists and writers. This allows for the contextualization of the evidence for fourth-century dramatic choruses in the choral culture of the time, but it also allows the examination of the cultural weight and impact of alluding to ‘a chorus’ in the fourth century. Here the chapter focuses on the chorus’ close associations with festival and how those associations are used by individuals for literary and rhetorical effect. Special attention is paid to the ways in which choral imagery can be separated out from imagery celebrating and commemorating choregoi and, in doing so, the chapter displays how important it is to be sensitive to the tendency in the sources to blur the boundaries between chorus and individual.
The Chorus and Society
Authors: Jackson Lucy C. M. M.
Published: January 2020

The chorus is frequently used as an analogue for the dynamics between a leader and those who follow. Chapter 7 focuses on two early ‘political theorists’, Xenophon and Plato, and the way they often reach for the image of a chorus as a means to illustrate and elucidate their arguments about leadership and the ideal society. While Xenophon tends towards a practical application of the dynamics between leader and led, found in choral training and performance, Plato is shown to go much further in his delineation of these dynamics, and their proposed practical use in his construction of the ‘second-best city’ in his Laws. Plato’s peculiar picture of the chorus, as a place where individuals lose their rationality and give themselves over to a child-like, ductile state, suits his overall aims in his construction of the city of Magnesia, but, the chapter argues, necessitates a profoundly distorted picture of ancient choreia.
Conclusions
Authors: Jackson Lucy C. M. M.
Published: January 2020

As well as bringing together all the relevant evidence for the quality and activity of the chorus of drama in the fourth century, this monograph has raised certain key questions about the current understanding of the nature and development of Attic drama as a whole. First, it shows that the supposed ‘civic’ quality of the chorus of drama is, in fact, an association loaned, inappropriately, from the genre of circular, ‘dithyrambic’, choral performance. Being attentive to the cultural differences between these two genres should prompt a further re-evaluation of how to read dramatic choruses more generally. Second, the way in which key fourth-century authors such as Plato and Xenophon use the image of the chorus to discuss the concept of leadership has profoundly shaped ways of construing choreia in ancient Greek drama, and the ancient Mediterranean more generally. Armed with this knowledge, it is possible to retell the story and history of the chorus in drama.
Introduction
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

A central question in the early history of the common law is how much influence Roman and canon law exerted over the common law in its first century. The debates over Roman- and canon-law influence have largely stalled, however. This chapter introduces a new way forward in those debates. Most scholars who have looked for Roman- and canon-law influence on the common law have looked for similarities in particular rules and have argued that common lawyers adopted those rules from Roman or canon law. Priests of the Law argues that we are more likely to find borrowings in the context of more fundamental questions. The early thirteenth century was a time before the common law was the common law. There was debate over its nature and who should control it. In their attempts to answer these questions, the authors of Bracton turned to Roman and canon law.
Setting the Stage
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides a synthesis of the literature on the writing of the Bracton treatise and brief biographies of the justices and clerks who wrote it. A number of scholars have written about Bracton and the process by which it was written and re-written over a period of roughly half a century. There is a great deal of scholarly debate about who wrote Bracton and when it was written. This chapter synthesizes that research into a narrative of the various stages of writing the treatise, and then attempts to connect those stages to the careers of the royal justices who we know or suspect worked on it.
From Classroom to Courtroom
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines another set of texts produced by the authors of Bracton, case collections, and argues that these justices were trying to transform the records of the courts into a type of legal literature. William of Raleigh and Henry of Bratton produced several collections of cases drawn from the plea rolls, one of which, known today as Bracton’s Note Book, survives. It provides a fascinating window into the ways in which these justices were transforming, through the production of certain types of texts, the mundane administrative work of the royal courts into a type of learned discourse. Raleigh and Bratton took plea roll entries out of their original context and remade them in the image of the texts they had encountered in the schools of Roman and canon law.
Peacekeeping and the Problem of Civil War
Authors: Hultman Lisa , Kathman Jacob D. , Shannon Megan
Published: January 2020

Does United Nations peacekeeping reduce violence in civil wars? This chapter discusses the scope of problem posed by civil conflicts around the world, and illustrates the human suffering caused by internal political violence. It then introduces United Nations peacekeeping as one of the primary tools used by the international community to reduce civil war brutality. Though UN peacekeeping is frequently used in the world’s most intractable conflicts, little is known about how effectively it mitigates hostilities. This chapter presents the research strategy used in the book, which is designed to give a better understanding of peacekeeping’s effect on violence. It then discusses the intellectual and humanitarian benefits of broadly and systemically analyzing the effect of United Nations peacekeeping on violence in civil war.
Measuring Peacekeeping Effectiveness
Authors: Hultman Lisa , Kathman Jacob D. , Shannon Megan
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes how United Nations peacekeeping effectiveness has previously been studied and measured in the academic literature. Peacekeeping is designed to first reduce the violence of civil conflicts before pursuing higher-order goals such as political stability, democratization, and peace consolidation. Yet much research on peacekeeping makes “absolutist” judgements about success or failure in achieving higher-order outcomes without recognizing that peacekeeping must first stop violence. The chapter establishes a metric for peacekeeping effectiveness that is used throughout the book: the reduction of violence in civil wars. It then discusses that peacekeepers often intervene while violence is ongoing, which makes mitigating hostilities a challenging task for the United Nations.
Reducing Battlefield Violence
Authors: Hultman Lisa , Kathman Jacob D. , Shannon Megan
Published: January 2020

Battle-related violence results from fighting between organized belligerent groups. This chapter proposes that peacekeepers can reduce such violence in civil wars by making violence more costly and helping belligerents commit to giving up the use of violence. Peacekeeping missions with greater capacity are better able to impede battle-related violence, as are missions constituting greater amounts of armed troops. Large-n quantitative analyses of peacekeeping deployments on battle-related violence in civil wars from 1992 to 2014 reveal that as the number of armed peacekeeping troops deployed to a civil war increases, fewer deaths occur from battle-related violence. The chapter concludes that UN peacekeeping missions with greater capacity in terms of armed troops are effective in reducing battle-related hostilities.
Saving Humanity from Hell?
Authors: Hultman Lisa , Kathman Jacob D. , Shannon Megan
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes the book, highlighting the importance of a holistic assessment of UN peacekeeping’s effect on conflict dynamics. It discusses many of the potential detriments and weaknesses of peacekeeping. Though the book identifies a normatively positive relationship between increasingly large peacekeeping missions and the reduction of civil war violence, UN peacekeeping is not unconditionally valuable. Substantial missions also come with negative consequences discussed in this chapter. However, these same issues are exacerbated by enduring civil war violence. The positive influence of large peacekeeping deployments then becomes even more valuable, as reduced violence is likely to have positive downstream consequences in these same areas. Relying on additional existing research, the chapter presents informal analyses to provide a fuller picture of the violence reduction associated with UN peacekeeping. The chapter concludes by revisiting the complexity of civil conflict, the challenges of peacekeeping, and the potential for reduced violence.
“I,” Singular and Universal
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice
Published: January 2020

In each instance of its use, “I” refers to just one individual: the individual currently saying the sentence or thinking the proposition in which “I” (or, as the case may be, the first-person inflection of the verb) is in use. At the same time, having available the concept and word “I” is understanding that any other person using “I” thereby refers to herself, the thinker or speaker. Moreover, uses of “I” are not necessarily the expression of an egoistic obsession with our individual person. Some of the sentences in which “I” is in use display a striking combination of the singular character of the word and concept “I” and the universality of the claim we make on others, using the singular term and concept “I.” The chapter explores these contrasting features of “I” in relation to our cognitive and agential access to the world.
“I” in Morality
Authors: Longuenesse Béatrice
Published: January 2020

The chapter explores the contrasting analyses of the moral standpoint offered by the eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant, on the one hand; and, on the other, the pessimistic observer of human moral frailty, Sigmund Freud. The lecture explores the similarities and contrasts between Freud’s and Kant’s respective conceptions of the structure of mental life and the place in that structure of the categorical imperative of morality. From this confrontation, new lessons emerge concerning the relation between the radically individual nature of the first-person pronoun “I” (considered here in the phrase “I—morally—ought to”) and the claim to universal validity of at least some of the pronouncements we make in our own name or from what we call “the first-person standpoint.”
Economists at War
Authors: Bollard Alan
Published: January 2020

Economists at War tells the story of a group of remarkable economists, and how they used their skills to help their countries fight their battles during the turbulent period covering the Chinese–Japanese War, World War I, and the Cold War. Politicians and generals cannot win wars if they do not have resources. This book focuses on the lives and achievements of seven finance ministers, advisors, and central bankers from Japan, China, Germany, the UK, the USSR, and the US. They all had connections, and their stories are interlinked. 1935–55 was a time of conflict, confrontation and destruction. It was also the time when the skills of economists were called upon to finance the military, to identify economic vulnerabilities, to help reconstruction. Economics was first used as a policy tool, and economists started to gain importance: macroeconomics, managerial economics, and computing were all born during this time. The reader sees the struggle to raise funds by taxing peasants, controlling banks, working in disrupted debt markets, inflating currencies, and cajoling aid-givers. There is tension between civilian resources and military requirements. There are desperate attempts to control economies wracked with inflation, depression, political argument, and fighting. There are clever schemes to evade sanctions, develop barter trade, and use economic espionage.There are struggles to apply good economic policy in the regimes of despots like Stalin, Hitler, and Chiang Kai-shek.. This book will interest economists, devotees of military history, and interested lay readers alike. It is a book about economics, but it is also a human story.
The Stock Market as a Value-Extracting Institution
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup
Published: January 2020

This chapter debunks the conventional wisdom that the primary function of the stock market is to be a value-creating institution, raising cash for corporations by pointing to the fact that the separation of ownership and control in the past occurred because of a managerial constraint, not a capital constraint, as well as the fact that, throughout the twentieth century and continuing in the twenty-first century, the U.S. stock markets have been net extractors of money from the corporate sector. The chapter explains the five general functions of the stock market: Control; Cash; Creation; Combination; and Compensation. It then analyzes how a broad adoption of the MSV view changed the relative importance of those functions and eventually brought about the imbalance between value creation and value extraction.
The Value-Extracting Outsiders
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup
Published: January 2020

This chapter exposes a particularly aggressive species of activist shareholder, hedge-fund activists, who are ready to take advantage of changes in proxy-voting and engagement rules to enhance their value-extracting power and to build private “war chests” that serve to enhance their value-extracting power even more. It examines the evolution and the current state of hedge-fund activism. After explaining this phenomenon’s origin and expansion, it investigates in particular Carl Icahn’s transition from the most representative corporate raider to one of the most “successful” hedge-fund activists in order to delineate vividly the characteristics and methods of the new value-extracting outsiders. It also examines how “co-investments” between hedge-fund activists and institutional investors are carried out.
Introduction
Authors: Moody Simon J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the historiography of the post-war British Army. It demonstrates that the Army’s nuclear mission in Germany is underrepresented in the mainstream literature, in spite of this being its most important commitment after 1945. The chapter explains how the Army became a potential agent of nuclear warfare and its role in national and alliance strategy. It argues that the Army was largely successful in overcoming the conceptual difficulties of planning for future war, but that it displayed a cognitive dissonance when faced with uncomfortable realities about the nature of nuclear warfare.
Military Publicists and Theories of Tactical Nuclear War
Authors: Moody Simon J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 considers some of the first attempts by the Army to imagine nuclear warfare. It provides a survey of the types of articles that appeared in the seven most popular service journals during the 1950s to determine how speculation about the nuclear battlefield shaped organizational thinking about the nuclear battlefield. This body of work, which constituted the emerging theory of tactical nuclear warfare, defined the parameters of the debate about the use of nuclear weapons in the land battle for the remainder of the Cold War. Critical analysis of this text, in addition to that of other published work and unpublished typescripts, suggests an officer corps that possessed the intellectual capacity for organizational innovation. The chapter maintains that the intellectual reference points for thinking about future warfare reflected the culture of an officer corps bloodied in two world wars and struggling to find a role in a changing world.
Body and Tradition in Nineteenth-Century France
Authors: Pooley William G.
Published: January 2020

The moorlands of Gascony are often considered one of the most dramatic examples of top-down rural modernization in nineteenth-century Europe. From an area of open moors, they were transformed in one generation into the largest man-made forest in Europe. This book explores how these changes were experienced and negotiated by the people who lived there, drawing on the immense ethnographic archive of Félix Arnaudin (1844–1921). The book replaces the songs, stories, and everyday speech that Arnaudin collected, as well as the photographs he took, in the everyday lives of agricultural workers and artisans. It argues that the changes are understood as a gradual revolution in bodily experiences, as men and women forged new working habits, new sexual relations, and new ways of conceiving of their own bodies. Rather than just a story of top-down reform, this is an account of the flexibility and creativity of the cultural traditions of the working population. The book begins with a biographical sketch of the folklorist Arnaudin and an overview of the men and women whose cultural traditions he recorded. The following chapters explore everyday speech about the body, stories of werewolves and shapeshifters, tales of animal cunning and exploitation, and songs about love and courtship. The book focuses on the lives of a handful of the most talented storytellers and singers Arnaudin encountered, showing how their cultural choices reflect wider patterns of behaviour in the region, and across rural Europe.
Arnaudin and the Moorlands
Authors: Pooley William G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides an overview of Félix Arnaudin’s life. Born into a moderately wealthy family in the Landes de Gascogne, Arnaudin struggled with his place in local society. Unwilling and unable to go into working to exploit the business opportunities of forestation, he dedicated most of his life instead to documenting the folk traditions and language of his native region. A meticulous and thorough ethnographer and photographer, he embraced the newer fieldwork methods of the golden generation of French folklorists. Unlike many of his more famous contemporaries, however, Arnaudin published very little of the material he collected during his own lifetime.
Singing Love
Authors: Pooley William G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the folk songs Arnaudin collected. It discusses them by drawing attention to two key features: firstly, to the bawdiness of the songs of the moorlands, and secondly, to the dominance of female singers. The chapter argues that women used the shared culture of singing about making love in order to criticize the constraints they felt on their bodily autonomy. Whether or not there had ever been a time of freer romantic relations, the chapter discusses how songs allowed women to complain about things they found painful in the present, such as gossip and a culture of shaming.
The Path Towards the Supreme Good in the Treatise on the Emendation
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 focuses on Spinoza’s account of the Supreme Good in the Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect. It argues that epistemic means are the only strictly necessary means of achieving the Supreme Good. Section 1.2 presents the central tenets of Spinoza’s early ethical view. Section 1.3 discusses the role that Spinoza attributes to social factors and why they are ultimately inessential for attaining the Supreme Good. Section 1.4 reconstructs Spinoza’s account of the passions and argues that Spinoza treats passions as inadequate ideas and potential obstacles in reaching the Supreme Good. Section 1.5 discusses some interpretative issues entailed by Spinoza’s account of ethical progress towards the Supreme Good. Section 1.6 investigates the epistemological underpinnings of Spinoza’s position in order to clarify why adequate ideas are such that they necessitate the mind to embrace them as true and adequate.
Common Notions in the Ethics
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on Spinoza’s account of reason and common notions introduced in the Ethics, and interprets common notions as an expression of the degree of agreement in nature between the individual and the external causes that determine it. After some preliminaries in Section 4.2, Section 4.3 introduces the conceptual machinery relevant to the notions of parts and wholes, and agreement in nature that Spinoza presents in Letter 32. Section 4.4 argues that this mereological account of parthood and the notion of agreement in nature underpin his discussion of reason in the Ethics. Section 4.5 contends that this reading of reason in terms of agreement in nature leads to a better understanding of his distinction between universal and proper common notions. Section 4.6 presents some alternative readings of his account of reason in the Ethics, and possible objections that might be raised against the interpretation developed in this chapter.
Cultivating Passionate Agreement
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 discusses how Spinoza implements his account of passions and reason, developed in the Ethics, in the context of the political theory presented in the Political Treatise. Section 6.2 reconstructs his account of reason in this work, in which he distinguishes between a descriptive and normative use of the notion of reason. Section 6.3 introduces the interpretative problems that this account raises. These problems can be solved by implementing the cooperative account of reason introduced in Chapters 4 and 5. This requires using Spinoza’s distinction between universal and proper common notions to account for the descriptive and normative uses of reason respectively. Sections 6.4 and 6.5 illustrate how this reading applies to his detailed discussion of monarchy and aristocracy. Section 6.6 develops the implications of this reading of Spinoza’s political science in order to fully address the threat that oppressive societies pose to an individual’s power of developing reason.
Ps.-Longinus on Ecstasy
Authors: de Jonge Casper C.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines what the ancient treatise On the Sublime tells us about the experience of Greek narrative. The author of the treatise, who is commonly referred to as Longinus, builds on the ideas of Gorgias and Plato when he describes the experience of the sublime in terms of ecstasy or displacement (ekstasis). The concept of ecstasy has aesthetic, psychological, and linguistic dimensions. It connects three aspects of sublime narrative: the author, the audience, and the linguistic organization of the text itself. Ps.-Longinus suggests that there is a direct communication between these three corners of the triangle of (sublime) communication: the stirred mind of the author, the overwhelming experience of the listener, and the disrupted style and syntax of a sublime moment in narrative. Dislocation, displacement, and transportation are characteristic of all three levels. The chapter compares the ancient theory of sublime ecstasy with the modern theory of ‘immersion’, as formulated by Marie-Laure Ryan and Rutger Allan (in Chapter 1 of this volume). While there are striking similarities between Ps.-Longinus and Ryan, there are also notable differences. Reading Ps.-Longinus next to Ryan and comparing ‘ecstasy’ with ‘immersion’ can, therefore, sharpen our understanding of the experience of narrative.
Lived Aesthetics and the Inner Narrative
Authors: Peponi Anastasia-Erasmia
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that the prolonged inner processes whereby aesthetic stimuli are reworked and incorporated within usually disjointed, often inarticulate narratives of one’s self, are key for our understanding of the nature of aesthetic experience and its relationship to lived experience at large. Such a notion of lived aesthetics, entangled in autobiographical micro-narratives and incorporated into one’s sense of selfhood, has not been a priority for modern philosophical thought, ever since the terms aesthetic and aesthetics were established in the eighteenth century. Unlike modern philosophy, which tends to isolate aesthetic experience within a very limited spatio-temporal vacuum, modern novels (such as Proust’s In Search of Lost Time) and quotidian narratives in diaries (such as that by Dorothy Wordsworth) support the model of a lived aesthetics. Furthermore, the chapter suggests that ancient texts provide particularly rich and stimulating material to illustrate the symbiotic processing of aesthetic stimuli within quotidian life and one’s inner narratives. An inclusive model of aesthetic symbiosis can indeed be traced in several fascinating instances of ancient aesthetic thought.
Associating Emotions and Internationalism with the Alps
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 provides an overview of the forces that led to both the internationalization and the sentimentalization of the Alps in the interwar period. It argues that changes in demography, the appropriation of the mountains on the part of political movements across the political spectrum, the tension between modernity and anti-modernity and also between nationalism and internationalism all played an important role in this context. Moreover, a vast array of cultural productions—ranging from film, to novels (e.g. Heidi), to “typical” alpine products (e.g. fondue), to the news coverage of major events such as the Winter Olympics—contributed to the construction of the Alps as a quintessential site for international cooperation.
International Mountaineering while Talking about Emotions
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria
Published: January 2020

By looking at the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA, or International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation), an international organization created in 1932 “to promote mountaineering and climbing worldwide,” this chapter explores the “moral economy” of internationalism, or the dynamics through which internationalist groups used feelings to attribute moral values to specific beliefs and behaviors. It demonstrates that the UIAA used emotions to promote both its image and its mission. It presented alpinism as a means to engender “friendship” among nations, mimicking the League of Nations’ rhetoric and activities in this period. It also employed emotions as a tool to manage its relationships and as an essential ingredient to stage its events (e.g. international congresses and exhibitions). As such, it inaugurated a set of ideas and practices which would become normative in the subsequent decades.
Background
Authors: Vanaik Anish
Published: January 2020

Chapter 1 traces the transformations of Delhi after the Rebellion of 1857. It draws attention to four crucial phenomena between 1857 and 1911: the demolition and reconstruction of the city after the rebellion, the process of building the railways, administering garden lands around Delhi, and the economic activity that developed around these transformations. These phenomena constituted an extended form of primitive accumulation in Delhi over the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite important differences, It incorporated the classic features of such a process: displacement of people, the creation of funds of wealth for future investment, and the employment of force to achieve this. On the eve of the shift of the capital to Delhi in 1911, the railways, commerce, finance, and the actions of the colonial state had between them generated a cityscape in which properties were bought and sold and suburban land was being built over.
Landlords, Tenants, and Real Estate Firms
Authors: Vanaik Anish
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 studies the changing nature of ownership and tenancy in Delhi. It examines the property market at a number of different levels: the poor, the suburban ex-farmer, women, and the wide variety of intermediate groups, from petty traders to the emerging professional middle classes. Patterns of ownership and speculation in the property market were transformed by depression of credit in the 1920s. New actors in the property market emerged from the mid-1930s onwards. Large firms specializing in real estate and cooperative housing societies were two new kinds of entity that made their initial beginnings in this period. While often unsuccessful, these entities reflected a larger structural dilemma: the need to solve the problem of access to easy credit.
Intimacy in Four Registers
Authors: Vanaik Anish
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 outlines the convergence between the state and the property market in Delhi during this period. This convergence can be understood in terms of four registers of intimacy between the state and the market. For one, the state internalized market valuations into its own everyday practice—a kind of ingestion of the property market. A second register might be thought of as affinity—an attraction towards the property market as an opportunity and means to make profits and boost income. A third register resembles something more like symbiosis—a coming together of state and urban property to the point where it becomes impossible to think about the latter except inasmuch as it was mediated by the state. The fourth register is that of the property market as nightmare, thwarting efforts of the state to serve the ‘common good’.
Introduction
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

The Introduction begins by detailing the emergence of the nouveau roman in its own place and time, looking at the political and cultural history of postwar France. The publisher Les Éditions de Minuit—the main sponsor of the nouveau roman—is introduced, and the earliest articulations of the nouveau roman are presented. Then, the works and signature styles of six writers are briefly surveyed, namely Michel Butor, Marguerite Duras, Robert Pinget, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Nathalie Sarraute, and Claude Simon. The ends of the nouveau roman and the rise of Tel Quel are considered. Then the particular force of the nouveau roman in the British literary field is introduced, with modernism and the end of empire as key determinants. Finally, each of the book’s chapters is summarized.
Reception
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

In surveying the reception of the nouveau roman in Britain from its initial emergence in the late 1950s, this chapter begins by looking at the various names given to the phenomenon of the nouveau roman, and their significations. The predominance of Alain Robbe-Grillet and his notion of chosisme is considered. Then a number of vituperative conservative critiques are discussed. Existentialism, the nouvelle vague, and modernism are shown to be major points of reference in the reception of the nouveau roman. The chapter concludes with two codas. The first considers the edges of a reception history of the nouveau roman in Britain by looking to creative responses from the cinema (Tony Richardson, Peter Brook), visual media (Martin Vaughn-James, Ian Hamilton Finlay), life-writing (W. G. Sebald), and music (Harrison Birtwistle). The second looks at the adoption of the nouveau roman in British academe, and the rise of Theory.
The ‘tedium of interest’
Authors: Guy Adam
Published: January 2020

This chapter looks at Michel Butor’s L’Emploi du temps (1956) and Degrés (1960) alongside B. S. Johnson’s Trawl (1966), Alan Sheridan’s Vacation (1972), and Eva Figes’s B (1972). All five works are seen to be novels of the ‘project’, a concept that is introduced at the start of the chapter. In particular, these examples of the project-novel are understood through Sianne Ngai’s notion of the category of the ‘interesting’. As a consequence, Butor, Johnson, Sheridan, and Figes are all shown to challenge conventional periodizations of midcentury innovative prose fiction, specifically by troubling received accounts of the postmodern novel.
Imagining Inheritance from Chaucer to Shakespeare
Authors: Davis Alex
Published: January 2020

This book explores how inheritance was imagined between the lifetimes of Chaucer and Shakespeare. The writing composed during this period was the product of what the historian Georges Duby has called a ‘society of heirs’, in which inheritance functioned as a key instrument of social reproduction, acting to ensure that existing structures of status, wealth, familial power, political influence, and gender relations were projected from the present into the future. In poetry, prose, and drama—in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde and his Canterbury Tales; in Spenser’s Faerie Queene; in plays by Shakespeare such as Macbeth, As You Like It, and The Merchant of Venice; and in a host of other works—we encounter a range of texts that attests to the extraordinary imaginative reach of questions of inheritance between the fourteenth and the seventeenth centuries. The prominence of inheritance within this society cuts across conventional period distinctions. This book offers a literary history within which medieval and Renaissance writing are seen as a ‘premodern’ whole, set in opposition to the modern world that succeeded it, in which practices of inheritance are delegitimized without being fully abandoned. Imagining Inheritance thus argues that an exploration of the ways in which inheritance was imagined between the fourteenth and the sixteenth centuries makes legible the deep structures of power that modernity wants to forget.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Alex
Published: January 2020

This Introduction lays the groundwork for the succeeding discussion. It argues that practices of inheritance were a key vehicle for social reproduction in English society between the fourteenth and the seventeenth centuries—roughly, between the lifetimes of Chaucer and Shakespeare. This fact is used to argue for a literary history that joins together what are often regarded as separate periods: the medieval and the Renaissance or early modern. This category of the premodern, in turn, signifies in relation to an idea of the modern, understood as a period in which practices of inheritance are disavowed but not abolished. Imagining Inheritance offers an account of structures of power and imagination that remain interior to modernity, even whilst they function as modernity’s defining opposite.
The System of the World
Authors: Davis Alex
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins with Chaucer’s Man of Law’s Tale, an account of an heiress that imagines a relationship between genealogical narrative and international trade, as Custance’s passage away from, and back towards, her identity as daughter of the Emperor of Rome is initiated by the intervention of a group of Syrian merchants. I also consider a variety of late-medieval texts preoccupied with the relationship between England’s burgeoning wool trade and traditional aristocratic ideologies. From here, I pass forward to consider Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice. Shakespeare’s play presents us with a world of inheritance, of fathers and heiresses and their suitors; and with a world in which money grows through trade or by being lent at interest. It thus offers an account of the relationship between inheritance and an emergent world of capital, in which inheritance is not displaced but instead transformed by its passage into modernity.
Acquiring the Practice Sensibility
Authors: Trowler Paul
Published: January 2020

This chapter tells the reader why they should read the book and explains its purposes and underlying principles. It outlines the purpose of developing a practice sensibility and elaborates on the concept, giving examples from higher education and elsewhere. It also sets out the structure of the book and describes each chapter’s contents. The opening chapters refresh the idea of teaching and learning regimes (TLRs) and discuss the ways in which they can be investigated; the ethnographic approach is explored and a case is made for a more practice-focused methodology.
Teaching and Learning Regimes
Authors: Trowler Paul
Published: January 2020

weThe central purpose of Chapter 2 is to refresh, finesse, and make more sophisticated the idea of teaching and learning regimes (TLRs) in higher education which I first developed in 2002, and which was subsequently deployed globally by higher education researchers and practitioners. Underlying the development of understanding TLRs in universities is social practice theory, which concentrates on recurrent behaviours in group contexts and the ways these are underpinned by tacit theories and sets of assumptions, meanings, and emotional responses. This is elaborated with a particular focus on issues around change processes.
Teaching and Learning Regimes
Authors: Trowler Paul
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 unpicks the different moments of teaching and learning regimes, illustrating them through two case studies. One concerns a merged university in South Africa dealing with difficult issues around merging disciplines and curricula in a context of continuing structured disadvantage. The second centres on a Danish university in which discourses were shifting in line with an increasingly dominant neo-liberal ideology permeating national policy-making. As well as illustrating the different moments of teaching and learning regimes in transition, these case studies are used to enrich the depiction of social practices as both bundled and nested. This is very significant both conceptually and for understanding and enacting change processes.
Disciplines and the Generation of Teaching and Learning Regimes
Authors: Trowler Paul
Published: January 2020

This chapter develops a theoretical understanding of how teaching and learning regimes come about—their genesis and their evolution. It begins with a discussion of the power of disciplines in conditioning practices in university departments, a strong theme in the literature. While disciplinary differences are often important in conditioning local cultures, other factors are also at play. The genesis of teaching and learning regimes is multi-causal, dynamic, contextually contingent, and conditioned by history and its selective deployment. These characteristics are illustrated through vignettes and case studies. This chapter sets the scene for the one which follows.
The Practice Sensibility and the Challenges of Change
Authors: Trowler Paul
Published: January 2020

Chapter 7 sets out synoptically the conceptual, analytical, and theoretical contribution of the book. Readers who want a concise summary of the theoretical position set out here can turn to the first few pages of this chapter. The contribution to research and for professional action is summarized, and some suggestions for research with a practice sensibility are offered. The chapter shows how the characteristics and functions of theory in general are specifically addressed in the approach taken here. It summarizes what this approach offers and outlines the areas that need supplementary theories and designs—those less amenable to the social practice approach.
The Basic Structure
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 sets out a framework and associated terminology for expressing how private law orders differ from other legal phenomena, and how they differ from one another. In developing this framework, Chapter 4 also provides a preview of the book’s main conclusions. The framework is organised around three questions: (1) How are remedies related to other parts of the law? (2) On what grounds are remedies issued; and (3) What kinds of remedies are issued? In responding to these questions, the framework distinguishes, respectively, between; (1) substantive rights, action rights, court-ordered rights, and enforcement rights; (2) right-threats, wrongs, and injustices; and (3) replicative orders and creative orders, and as subcategories of creative orders, substitutionary orders, wrong-responding orders, and free-standing orders. Substantively, the framework expresses two of the book’s main themes. First, while court orders are connected in important ways to substantive rules and sanctions, they are, in the end, qualitatively different from both. Second, the relationship between court orders and rule-based (‘substantive’) rights is complex: although some orders replicate existing substantive duties, others create new duties-and they do this in different ways and for different reasons.
Philosophical Foundations
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Enacting rules is an obvious way for authorities to guide behaviour and set standards for large numbers of people. Imposing sanctions, in turn, is an obvious way to help ensure compliance with rules. The role of judicial orders (remedies) is less obvious. What is the point of ordering defendants to do things when the law has, or could have, rules that tell individuals to do the same things and sanctions that it can impose when rules fail to motivate? Chapter 5 explores this question. It argues that judicial orders provide distinctive reasons to perform the actions they stipulate, reasons that differ in kind from those provided by either rules or sanctions. Like duty-imposing rules—but unlike sanctions—orders purport to give rise to duties to perform the actions they describe. However, the explanation of how such duties arise differs as between rules and orders. Duty-imposing rules are propositions about, and constitutive of, the existence of duties. When courts assert such rules, they presume ‘declarative authority’—the authority to declare that, by virtue of the assertion (or ‘declaration’), something is the case, here that a certain duty exists. In contrast, orders are imperative statements: they command the performance of particular actions. Insofar as orders give rise to duties to perform the actions they stipulate, they do so indirectly, by virtue of a presumed general duty to obey orders. In presuming this general duty, the law invokes ‘directive authority’—the authority to command obedience. Because these forms of authority are different, orders can provide new reasons to do things that rules already require and, as well, reasons to do things that are not a proper subject matter for rules.
Injustices
Authors: Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 8 explores the most controversial of the three private law causes of action discussed in the book: injustices. For the purposes of remedial law, an injustice is, roughly, an unfair loss or gain that has arisen from a transaction between the claimant and defendant. The chapter argues that an injustice is the cause of action for, inter alia, orders to make restitution following defective transfers (‘restitutionary orders’) and orders to pay damages for consequential pecuniary losses (‘compensatory orders’). This argument rests primarily on two propositions: (1) restitutionary and compensatory awards are duty-creating (and therefore the law governing them is remedial, not substantive); and, (2) notwithstanding that claimants who obtain restitutionary and compensatory orders have often suffered a wrong (particularly in the case of compensatory awards), the cause of action for such awards is neither a rights-threat nor a wrong. Chapter 8 also argues that the cause of action for restitutionary and compensatory orders is appropriately characterized as an injustice. But this argument is relatively brief because, assuming the above propositions are accepted, it is difficult to describe the cause of action for these orders without invoking injustice or a closely related concept.
Introduction
Authors: Cheyne Peter , Hamilton Andy , Paddison Max
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces The Philosophy of Rhythm: Aesthetics, Music, Poetics, which brings together philosophical (analytic, historical, and Continental), musicological, literary, and empirical approaches to offer critical perspectives on the hitherto neglected philosophy of rhythm. Section 1 outlines some key historical debates in the philosophical treatment of rhythm, providing historical precedents for the problems addressed by the essays in the book. Section 2 then discusses the extent of recent attention to rhythm and the puzzling neglect of the field, especially in philosophy. Section 3 concludes the introduction by providing an outline of the chapters, describing the conceptual space of the book.
Rhythm and Movement
Authors: Nudds Matthew
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 argues that to hear musical grouping involves experiencing sounds as produced by extra-musical events that include movement, and that we can therefore experience literal movement in rhythm. In this account, experiencing sounds as grouped is to experience them as apparently produced by a sequence of extra-musical events that are related as parts of an ongoing process. Grouping, the chapter argues, is central to our experience of rhythm in music, so understanding the role of extra-musical events in our experience of grouping is central to understanding that experience. Movement heard in music can be literal, perceived (or apparently perceived) in the music. This account is of the content of one element of our experience of music and rhythm—our experience of music may be related to movement in other ways, for example through metaphorical content. Indeed, it might have metaphorical content in virtue of having content concerning literal movement.