bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implicit Authentication Approach by Generating Strong Password through Visual Key Cryptography
Authors:   Assiatnt Professor, Department of Computer Science  ; Engg., P.R.Pote C.O.E.  ; M, Gadicha Dr. Ajay B. ,   Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science  ; Engg., G.H.Raisoni Academy of Engg.  ; Tech, Nagpur, Gadicha Dr. Vijay B.
Published: October 2021

In this era of digitization where literally everything is available at the tip of the finger. Huge amount of data used to flow day in day out, where users used to work with various applications like internet websites, cloud applications, various data servers, web servers, etc. This paper provide idea about access control or authentication used to be acting as first line of defense for preserving data secrecy and its integrity, so far it is learned that the usual login password based methods are easy to implement and to use as well but it is also observed that they are more subjected to be get attacked therefore to preserve authentication on the basis of simple alphanumeric passwords is a challenging task now a days. Hence new methods which bring more strength for authentication and access control are so very expected and desirable.
Red Palm Weevil Detection Methods: A Survey
Authors:   Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Fayoum University, Egypt, Ahmed Hanan
Published: October 2021

Many pests affect plants, and these have a negatively affected agricultural production and cause a lack of quality. These causes an economic loses and high poverty rates. Many types of pests infest trees like insects, viruses, bacteria, and harmful parasitic plants. One of the most dangerous insects that infest trees such as [date, canary, sago, oil, coconut, etc…] is the Red Palm Weevil (RPW). RPW is currently considered as a global pest, killing trees, increases the tree temperature and causes water stress. It lays the eggs inside the trunk of the tree and starts feeding on the tissue of the plant, then begins to move inside the tree and still inside it until the tree dies, then begin move to the neighboring plants. The early detection of this destructive weevil is not easy; because the visible infection symptoms appear only when the infection stage is dangerous. There are many detection methods for discovering the infected trees, a Visual Inspection, Acoustic Detection, Chemical Detection, and Thermal remote sensing. In this research, we will discuss the different methods used for the early detection of this harmful weevil.
Remote Laboratory System for Automatic Engineering
Authors:   University of Computer Sciences, Cuba, .. Omar Mar ,   University of Computer Sciences, Cuba,   Marta Abreu Central University of the Villas, Cuba,   University of Computer Sciences, Cuba, .. Jorge Gulín Gonz , .. Ivan Santana , Fonseca Barbara Bron
Published: October 2021

The training of specialists in automation in Cuba is carried out through the career of Automation Engineering that has within its fundamental disciplines, the Control Systems discipline. For the development of laboratory practices, students work on physical or remote devices, in person or remotely, in the latter using Remote Laboratory Systems. The present investigation proposes a Remote Laboratory System for the practice of control of the Automatic Engineering career. A scale thermal process model is designed for experimentation. The main result was the availability of practices for system identification, controller design and controller execution in real processes. In addition, the implemented solution allows students to carry out studies of the behavior of the temperature variable, the controller's response in the designed process, the establishment times, among other variables.
Energy efficient Laser based embedded system for blind turn traffic control
Authors:   Department of CSE, School of Computer Science  ; Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India, Prashar Deepak ,   Department of CSE, School of Computer Science  ; Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India, Chakraborty Gouri Shankar ,   Department of CSE, School of Computer Science  ; Engineering, Lovely Professional University, India, Jha Sudan
Published: October 2021

The usage of embedded system in the traffic control unit is not new. Many advanced intelligent systems are being used to reduce the human effort, and wasting time. As a result, road congestion and accident rate are being decreased. But in some critical spots like blind turn in the hill areas where the turn is too much sharp that it’s impossible to identify the existence of coming vehicles and the result may be very dangerous which need to be improved more with advance traffic controlling system. In this paper, we are going to propose a laser based embedded system which can efficiently control the traffic in the blind turn areas through giving proper signals in any situation. A driver can easily identify both the types and numbers of the vehicles coming from the other side by getting signals from the signal terminal. The proposed system is flexible and cost effective so that it can play a vital role by being widely used in the near future.
Pre-Cursor microRNAs from Different Species classification based on features extracted from the image
Authors:   Post-Doctoral position, University of Tunis El Manar, LR99ES10 Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis (FMT), Tunisia, Touati Rabeb ,   Post-Doctoral position, University of Tunis El Manar, LR99ES10 Human Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis (FMT), Tunisia,   Assiatnt Professor, University of Carthage, Higher Institute of Information Technologies and Communications, Industrial Computing Department, Tunisia,   Associate Professor, University of Carthage, National School of Engineers of Cartage, Electrical Engineering Department,  Tunisia,   Professor, University Tunis El Manar, SITI Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Tunis, Tunisia, Ferchichi Dr. Imen , Messaoudi Dr. Imen , Oueslati Dr.Afef Elloumi , Lachiri Dr. Zied
Published: October 2021

The first MicroRNAs was discovered 27 years ago in the nematode C.elegans genomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) sequences are small and are expressed in various genomes to affect the translation or the stability of target mRNAs. These short RNA sequences are involved in targeting post-transcriptional gene regulation. The mature miRNAs are derived from longer sequence precursors (pre-miRNAs). Previous works have shown that pre-miRNAs can be classified by their species of origin using bioinformatics techniques combined with machine learning tools. In this study, we focus on the classification of Precursor microRNAs sequences, from 16 different species ranging from animals, plants, and viruses, based on the combination of the features extracted from images corresponding to DNA sequences and machine learning algorithms. As a result, our classification shows that the system based on features correspond to energy images of pre-miRNAs signals using the PNUC coding technique corresponding to the DNA sequence is very efficient in terms of miRNAs inter-genomics recognition
Incremental Research on Cyber Security metrics in Android applications by implementing the ML algorithms in Malware Classification and Detection
Authors:   Associate Professor   ; Head – Corporate Relations, J.K.K.Nattraja College of Engineering and Technology, India, P Dr.Sreejith Vignesh B
Published: October 2021

Cyber attacks are prevailing to be a great headache for the technical advancements especially when dealt with mobile usage in an android application environment. For a new user, it is difficult to identify the set of harmful permissions. This could be an advantage for malware intruders to access the data or infect the mobile device by introducing malware applications. Thus the face of Cybersecurity has changed in recent times with the advent of new technologies such as the Cloud, the internet of things, mobile/wireless, and wearable technology. The technological advances in data science which help develop contemporary cybersecurity solutions are storage, computing, and behavior. In this paper, the possible investigations are done on the cyber attacks in android by adopting the various malware classification and detection techniques. Various Classifications and Detections are done on various malware prevailing in the android applications.
Clustering Tindak Kekerasan Pada Anak Menggunakan Algoritma K-Means Dengan Perbandingan Jarak Kedekatan Manhattan City Dan Euclidean
Authors: Buaton Relita , Sundari Yeni , Maulita Yani
Published: October 2021

ABSTRAK

Kekerasan terhadap anak dari tahun ketahun semakin meningkat dan menjadi perhatian di kalangan masyarakat. Hasil pemantauan Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI) terhadap kekerasan pada anak dari tahun 2011 sampai 2014, terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan. Tahun 2011 terjadi 2178 kasus kekerasan, tahun 2012 ada 3512 kasus, tahun 2013 ada 4311 kasus dan tahun 2014 ada 5066 kasus kekerasan pada anak. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengclusterkan tindak kekerasan pada anak adalah algoritma k-means menggunakan 2 jarak kedekatan yakni Manhattan City dan Euclidean dengan jumlah data 280 kejadian yang diperoleh dari POLRES BINJAI bekerja sama dengan Badan KBPP Kab.Langkat dengan variable usia korban, jenis kekerasan dan faktor penyebab. Hasil cluster menunjukkan dengan jarak kedekatan Manhattan City bahwa korban kekerasan anak cenderung terjadi pada remaja dengan jenis kekerasan psikis dan pelecehan seksual karena faktor ekonomi dan kesempatan, sedangkan dengan jarak kedekatan Euclidean bahwa korban kekerasan anak cenderung terjadi pada anak-anak dengan usia 5 sampai 12 tahun mengalami kekerasan seksual karena faktor ekonomi.
The Level of School Violence among Secondary-Level Students in the Schools of Al-Qasr Directorate of Education: A Teacher and Administrator-Based Assessment
Authors: Almasarweh Sami Salameh , Almasarwah Yousef Aref
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this descriptive survey study was to measure, from the perspective of teachers and administrators, the level of school violence among secondary-level students in all schools in Al-Qasr Directorate of Education in Kerak, Jordan. Both gender and experience were used as the variables of this study. An 18-item questionnaire was developed and distributed to school teachers and school administrators. A total number of (216) participants completed the survey questionnaire. Findings showed that the degree of school violence was moderate. However, the results from the viewpoint of teachers highlighted an important association between school violence and gender (but not experience), whereas there was no link between school violence and either gender or experience from the administrators’ point of view. The study recommended emphasizing the role the school administrators and teachers play in reducing the phenomenon of school violence.
Pharmacokinetics of high-dose isoniazid in children affected by multidrug-resistant TB
Authors: Winckler J. L. , Schaaf H. S. , Draper H. R. , McIlleron H. , Norman J. , van der Laan L. E. , Wiesner L. , Donald P. R. , Hesseling A. C. , Garcia-Prats A. J.
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: High-dose isoniazid (INHH) (15–20 mg/kg/day) could be administered to overcome low-level INH resistance, but pharmacokinetic data are sparse.METHODS: This observational study included South African children (<15 years) receiving INHH
as preventive therapy, or treatment for multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) exposure or disease. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed after an INH dose of 20 mg/kg. Non-compartmental analysis and multivariable regression models were used to evaluate associations of key covariates with area under
the curve (AUC0–24) and maximum concentration (Cmax). AUC and Cmax values were compared against proposed adult targets.RESULTS: Seventy-seven children were included, with median age of 3.7 years; 51 (66%) had MDR-TB disease and 26 (34%) had
MDR-TB exposure. Five were HIV-positive, of whom four were ≥5 years old. The median AUC0–24 was 19.46 µgh/mL (IQR 10.76–50.06) and Cmax was 5.14 µg/mL (IQR 2.69–13.2). In multivariable analysis of children aged <5 years, MDR-TB disease
(vs. exposure) was associated with considerably lower AUC0–24 (geometric mean ratio GMR 0.19, 95% CI 0.15–0.26; P < 0.001) and Cmax (GMR 0.20, 95% CI 0.15–0.26; P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: INH concentrations in children with
MDR-TB disease were much lower than expected, but comparable to previous reports in children with MDR-TB exposure. Further studies should confirm these findings and explore possible causes.
The economic burden of TB-affected households in DR Congo
Authors: Kaswa M. , Minga G. , Nkiere N. , Mingiedi B. , Eloko G. , Nguhiu P. , Baena I. Garcia
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: The Democratic Republic of Congo´s free TB care policy and recent progress with universal health coverage are insufficient to remove barriers to TB care access and adherence. As there were no nationally representative data on the economic burden borne by TB
patients, the TB programme conducted a national survey to assess the proportion of TB patients facing catastrophic costs, which could also serve as a baseline for monitoring progress.METHODS: A national survey with retrospective data collection and projection, following WHO methods,
was administered to 1,118 patients in 43 treatment zones. Each patient was interviewed once on costs, time loss, coping measures, income, household expenditure and asset ownership. Total costs were expressed as a percentage of annual household expenditure.RESULTS: In 2019, 56.5%
of households affected by TB experienced costs above 20% of their annual household expenditure. Mean costs amounted to respectively US$400 (range: 328–471) and US$1,224 (range: 762–1,686) per episode of first-line and drug-resistant TB. The risk of catastrophic costs
increased with hospitalisation, drug resistance status and lower economic status. Half of households resorted to coping strategies and experienced food insecurity. Only 7.5% received social support.CONCLUSION: TB-affected households incur on average a cost of US$549, despite
free TB care policy. Mitigating this burden with medical cost reductions, social and labour market measures will be key.
Advancing TB research using digitized programmatic data
Authors: Taaffe J. , Croda J. , Moultrie H. , Silva D. S. , Rosenthal A. , Farhat M.
Published: October 2021

The use of real-world data from national TB care programs has great potential to answer key research questions in TB control and is now opportune due to increasing digital data collection and storage. We summarize an expert stakeholder workshop conducted on this topic in October 2019,
with perspectives from academics, national TB program officers, and data managers. We discuss challenges and opportunities in the use of TB programmatic data for research and describe digital data availability in two large, high TB burden countries, Brazil and South Africa. From this, we posit
that with a standardized data collection set, improved data management, and greater collaboration, more TB programmatic data can be used for research with measurable public health impact.
Crocin Possesses Excellent Hepatoprotective Effects Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice
Authors: Fouladi Leila , Kalantar Hadi , Khodayar Mohammad Javad , Shirani Maryam , Khorsandi Layasadat , Mahdavinia Masoud
Published: October 2021

Background: Acetaminophen (APAP) is a common analgesic and antipyretic medicine that can lead to acute liver injury at high doses. Crocin, a Crocus sativus’ ingredient, has potent antioxidant effects. Objectives: This study examined the protective effects of crocin against APAP-induced oxidative stress in mice. Methods: In this study, 56 mice were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 8 per group), including the negative (normal saline, 10 mL/kg) and positive (oral normal saline for five days + a single dose of APAP (300 mg/kg) on day 6th) control groups. The third group (NAC) received normal saline for up to five days, and on the 6th day, immediately after the administration of acetaminophen, received NAC (50 mg/kg). Groups fourth to sixth received respectively 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg of crocin (orally for six days), followed by a single dose of APAP (300 mg/kg) on 6th day. The last group received crocin (50 mg/kg) for six days. Then 24 h after the last injection, the animals were sacrificed, and samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Results: The levels of ALT, AST, and MDA increased, and the activity of CAT, GSH, and GPX decreased in the APAP-treated group compared to the control group. In APAP-treated groups, the administration of crocin decreased the serum levels of AST, ALT, and MDA and increased the activity of CAT, GSH, and GPX. Histopathological evaluations confirmed the above findings. Conclusions: According to our results, it seems that crocin has a protective effect against acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity and can be used as a therapeutic agent to treat APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
The Impacts of Excessive Use of Social Media on Iranian Adolescents’ Health: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kamalikhah Tahereh , Bajalan Masoumeh , Sabzmakan Leila , Mehri Ali
Published: October 2021

Background: The widespread use of social media (SM) is an emerging phenomenon in today’s world, especially among adolescents. Objectives: The present study was designed to examine the impacts of excessive use of SM on adolescents’ health. Methods: This was a qualitative study conducted in 2018 on 27 high school students (14 boys and 13 girls) in Tehran, Iran. To explain the experience of using SM, six open-ended questions along with some follow-up questions were asked through in-depth interviews by two interviewers. The content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of the students was 16.5 ± 1.34 years. The mean duration of having a smartphone was 3.11 ± 0.97years. Moreover, the duration of using smartphone in a day was 4 ± 1.5 hours. In this study, the themes emerged from 1,273 phrases, sentences, or semantic units separated from the interviews. After refining the semantic units, 861 refined units were created; these phrases of sentences or paragraphs appeared in the form of 7 themes, 18 main categories, and 38 sub-categories. The themes included the reasons for using SM (educational and non-educational, avoidance of negative emotions), emotional (changes in moods, academic failure), social (problems with family and society, relationships with relatives, cultural changes), physical (sensorineural hearing loss, changes in the sleep cycle, musculoskeletal pain), sexual (sexual fantasies, high-risk sexual behaviors), mental health (changes in mental powers and processing, loss of concentration), and the process of using SM (beliefs in the use and pattern of using SM). Conclusions: Most of the complaints and impacts were related to emotional health, mostly with the experience of mood changes and academic failure and social health, respectively. The results indicated the need for planning educational and social interventions to increase media literacy in adolescents.
Was it Polarization or Propaganda?
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2021

Here are two different explanations for the apocalyptic state of American politics. According to one story, we have been subject to systemic polarization. Social mobility and media filtering have divided us into like-minded enclaves, which irrationally boosts our self-confidence. This turns out to be a deeply symmetrical story. According to the other story, we have been subject to propaganda. Certain media sources have been systematically spreading misinformation. This story is usually told asymmetrically. I argue that current evidence better supports the asymmetrical propaganda story. I then diagnose the popularity of the polarization story. Though many are eager to accept debunking accounts of the political extremes, they often fail to adequately consider analogous debunking accounts of the political center. But the mechanisms of polarization should also effect the center. And the tendency to leap to accept a systemic polarization story, without sufficient empirical evidence, itself bears the mark of motivated reasoning.
“A Crise na Educação”, De Hannah Arendt
Authors: Silva e Sousa David ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2021

“A Crisis on Education” was written in the same period (1956-57) of The Human Condition and might be read as a complementary text, reflecting upon an institution that had been left out of the book albeit its critical role in linking the private and public spheres: the school. This reading of Hannah Arendt’s “A Crisis on Education” follows closely the arguments of the author, establishing connections with other authors whenever appropriate. The presences of Kant and Hegel are signaled in particular, as predecessors of some of the key arguments in Arendt’s essay. The final paragraphs offer an analysis of, and a reply to Alain Renaut’s criticism to that essay in his La Fin de l'Autorité (Flammarion, 2004).
Desafios da Sociedade de Risco Global
Authors: Rego Bruno ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2021

As in no other age of human history, the beginning of the 21st Century faces challenges in which both the human race and the planet Earth are at stake. The main note of these challenges is its planetary scope, what leads Ulrich Beck to define our society as a World Risk Society. According to Beck, the problems faced by the World Risk Society can only corne to an end through an effort of international cooperation in political institutions and through a new interpretation of the concept of cosmopolitanism as an element of a new political culture. In this article, we intend to expose the way Beck approaches the concept of Cosmopolitanism suited to the reality of the 21st Century’s challenges.
Mundanidade e Secularização
Authors: de Paula Márcio Gimenes ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2021

The aim of this article is to analyse the concept of mundanity (verdslighed) in Kierkegaard’s works and his dialogue with the Augustine tradition. This concept can be too secularization in Kierkegaard’s thought, for this motive we use it in double sense. For our purpose we analyse specially the Augustine’s book XV of City of God (The two cities in the Land) and the Kierkegaard’s discourse The Changelessness of God (1855).
Kierkegaard e o Idealismo Alemão
Authors: Redyson dos Santos Deyve ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2021

The article proposes a thought reading of Kierkegaard about the subjectivity problem inside the historical period that in the philosophy was known as German idealism, talking with the three German thought larger representatives: Fichte, Schelling and Hegel.
Creating Poetry: Reinforcing Mathematical Concepts
Authors: Altieri Jennifer
Published: October 2021

How two different types of poetry, definition poetry and list poetry, can be adapted for use in the mathematics classroom to integrate reading, writing, and mathematics. Teachers will learn to use poetry to integrate writing and mathematical concepts to help children write about different parts of math and improve conceptual understanding.
From Simple Questions to Powerful Connections: A Two-Year Conversation about Negative Numbers
Authors: Behrend Jean L. , Mohs Laura C.
Published: October 2021

“Do kids learn from teachers, or do teachers learn from kids?” asked a first grader of her teacher. She was a member of a class in which students were encouraged to use natural strategies to solve a variety of mathematics tasks, and to ask questions. The power of a problem-solving classroom is generated by an environment in which both teachers and students continually learn from one another.
Desempenho zootécnico de tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) em diferentes densidades
Authors: Farias Flávia Dayane Félix , Nakauth Ana Carolina Souza Sampaio , Nakauth Rogério Ferreira , Campos Tárick Freitas Leite , Lima Frank Seixas
Published: October 2021

O tambaqui abatido com 450 a 500 gramas é regionalmente conhecido como “tambaqui curumim” ou tambaqui baby. Existem muitas informações sobre sua tecnologia de produção em sistema de criação especificamente em tanques rede, entretanto em Parintins, a principal estrutura predominantemente utilizada na piscicultura é o viveiro escavado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a densidade de estocagem mais adequada para produção de tambaqui curumim em viveiro escavado. Juvenis de tambaqui foram estocados com peso médio inicial de 22,11±8,89g e distribuídos nas densidades: T1(0,5 peixes/m2); T2(0,75 peixes/m2 ) e T3( 1 peixes/m2) em duplicata. Os parâmetros limnológicos avaliados não diferiram entre as densidades de estocagem testadas. Os tratamentos T1 e T2 não apresentaram os maiores valores de ganho de peso. O T3 diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) dos demais. O comprimento final (29,37±2,45 cm) e a TCE (3,09%) foram maiores em T2. Apesar do menor ganho individual, o T3 apresentou maior produtividade (41,78 kg/m²). A conversão alimentar aparente apresentou os melhores resultados para T2 (1,55±0,025) e T3 (1,52±0,089) em relação a T1 (1,73±0,053).
Association of Low Physical Activity Levels With Gait Patterns Considered at Risk for Clinical Knee Osteoarthritis Progression
Authors: Costello Kerry E. , Astephen Wilson Janie L. , Hubley‐Kozey Cheryl L.
Published: October 2021

Objective

Although gait analysis provides an estimate of joint loading magnitude and patterns during a typical step, accelerometry provides information about loading frequency. Understanding the relationships between these components of loading and knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression may improve conservative management, as gait interventions may need to account for physical activity levels or vice versa. The primary objective was to examine relationships between gait patterns that have previously been associated with OA progression and accelerometer‐derived metrics of loading frequency. The secondary objective examined the association of accelerometer‐derived metrics and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at a mean follow‐up of 3.5 years.

Methods

Fifty‐seven individuals with knee OA underwent gait analysis and 1 week of accelerometer wear. Spearman correlations were calculated between accelerometer‐derived metrics and gait patterns. Differences across quartiles of step count were examined with Jonckheere‐Terpstra tests. In a subsample, baseline differences between TKA and no TKA groups were examined with Mann‐Whitney U‐tests.

Results

Gait variables previously related to progression were correlated to both step count and moderate‐ to vigorous‐intensity, but not lower‐intensity, physical activity. Individuals in the lowest quartile (~4000 steps/day) exhibited gait patterns previously related to progression. There were no differences in any baseline accelerometer‐derived metrics between those that did and did not undergo TKA at follow‐up.

Conclusion

Complex relationships exist between gait, physical activity, and OA progression. Accelerometer‐derived metrics may contribute unique information about overall loading for individuals above a certain activity threshold, but for those with lower activity levels, gait may be sufficient to predict clinical progression risk, at least over the short term.
Challenges and Opportunities in Understanding Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Materials Degradation Using In‐Situ Electrochemical Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Soleymani Amir Peyman , Parent Lucas R. , Jankovic Jasna
Published: October 2021

Environmental pollution at the current state of fossil fuel consumption has led clean energy devices like proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to emerge as alternative energy generation solutions. However, the performance, durability, and efficiency limitations of PEMFCs have hindered their widespread adoption. Improving their performance and durability can be achieved by fundamentally understanding and tuning their catalyst layer structures and compositions. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy have proven to be among the best characterization tools available to analyze the microstructural features of the catalyst layers of PEMFC devices. The ability to directly observe changes in catalyst materials during operation with high spatial and temporal resolutions by the means of In‐situ techniques can accelerate material development in the PEMFC field. In this article, structure, properties, and performance of PEMFC materials are reviewed, and their known degradation mechanisms are introduced. Available In‐situ TEM techniques are presented to guide the selection of suitable methods and approaches for studying the PEMFC systems. Finally, the current literature is presented on PEMFC research that has used In‐situ electrochemical liquid cell TEM to study materials evolution and degradation, highlighting the specific challenges and opportunities for applying the technique in the PEMFCs’ field.
What Drives the Kinetics and Doping Level in the Electrochemical Reactions of PEDOT:PSS?
Authors: Rebetez Gonzague , Bardagot Olivier , Affolter Joël , Réhault Julien , Banerji Natalie
Published: October 2021

The electrochemical dedoping and redoping processes of a thin poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film immersed in an electrolyte are studied at different temperatures with time‐resolved spectroelectrochemistry in the visible and near‐infrared range. The spectral signatures of neutral, polaronic, and bipolaronic states of PEDOT are resolved using multivariate curve resolution analysis. Kinetic modeling of their dynamics reveals that both the dedoping and redoping are sequential processes and occur within a few hundred milliseconds in the system. Evaluation of the temperature‐dependence with the Van't Hoff, Arrhenius, and Eyring formalisms highlights the role of entropy in both the establishment of the redox equilibrium at a given voltage bias and the reaction rates. This study provides a significant understanding of the fundamental mechanisms determining the level and rate of the electrochemical processes in PEDOT:PSS and will help tailor the design of faster and more efficient bioelectronic devices based on mixed ionic–electronic conductors.
Halide Perovskites: Advanced Photovoltaic Materials Empowered by a Unique Bonding Mechanism
Authors: Wuttig Matthias , Schön Carl‐Friedrich , Schumacher Mathias , Robertson John , Golub Pavlo , Bousquet Eric , Gatti Carlo , Raty Jean‐Yves
Published: October 2021

Outstanding photovoltaic (PV) materials combine a set of advantageous properties including large optical absorption and high charge carrier mobility, facilitated by small effective masses. Halide perovskites (ABX3, where X = I, Br, or Cl) are among the most promising PV materials. Their optoelectronic properties are governed by the BX bond, which is responsible for the pronounced optical absorption and the small effective masses of the charge carriers. These properties are frequently attributed to the ns2 configuration of the B atom, i.e., Pb 6s2 or Sn 5s2 (“lone‐pair”) states. The analysis of the PV properties in conjunction with a quantum‐chemical bond analysis reveals a different scenario. The BX bond differs significantly from ionic, metallic, or conventional 2c2e covalent bonds. Instead it is better regarded as metavalent, since it shares about one p‐electron between adjacent atoms. The resulting σ‐bond, formally a 2c1e bond, is half‐filled, causing pronounced optical absorption. Electron transfer between B and X atoms and lattice distortions open a moderate bandgap resulting in charge carriers with small effective masses. Hence, metavalent bonding explains favorable PV properties of halide perovskites, as summarized in a map for different bond types, which provides a blueprint to design PV materials.
Stabilizing Fe–N–C Catalysts as Model for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Ma Qianli , Jin Huihui , Zhu Jiawei , Li Zilan , Xu Hanwen , Liu Bingshuai , Zhang Zhiwei , Ma Jingjing , Mu Shichun
Published: October 2021

The highly efficient energy conversion of the polymer‐electrolyte‐membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is extremely limited by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics and poor electrochemical stability of catalysts. Hitherto, to replace costly Pt‐based catalysts, non‐noble‐metal ORR catalysts are developed, among which transition metal–heteroatoms–carbon (TM–H–C) materials present great potential for industrial applications due to their outstanding catalytic activity and low expense. However, their poor stability during testing in a two‐electrode system and their high complexity have become a big barrier for commercial applications. Thus, herein, to simplify the research, the typical Fe–N–C material with the relatively simple constitution and structure, is selected as a model catalyst for TM–H–C to explore and improve the stability of such a kind of catalysts. Then, different types of active sites (centers) and coordination in Fe–N–C are systematically summarized and discussed, and the possible attenuation mechanism and strategies are analyzed. Finally, some challenges faced by such catalysts and their prospects are proposed to shed some light on the future development trend of TM–H–C materials for advanced ORR catalysis.
Magneto‐Optogenetic Deep‐Brain Multimodal Neurostimulation
Authors: Walton Finlay , McGlynn Eve , Das Rupam , Zhong Hongze , Heidari Hadi , Degenaar Patrick
Published: October 2021

Electrical neurostimulation has been used successfully as a technique in both research and clinical contexts for over a century. Despite significant progress, inherent problems remain, hence there has been a drive for novel neurostimulation modalities including ultrasonic, magnetic, and optical, which have the potential to be less invasive, have enhanced biointegration, deeper stimulus penetration from the probe, and higher spatiotemporal resolution. Optogenetics—the optical stimulation of genetically photosensitized neurons, enables highly precise genetic targeting of the stimulus. Specifically, it allows for selective optical excitation and inhibition via different wavelengths. As such, optogenetics has become a prominent tool for neuroscience. Herein, the complementarity between different forms of neurostimulation is explored with a focus on cranial magnetic and optogenetic stimulation. Magnetic stimulation is complementary to optogenetics in that it does not require an electrochemical tissue interface like in the case of electrical stimulation. Furthermore, if incorporated onto the same probe as one with light emitters, its stimulation field can be orthogonal to the light emission field—allowing for complementary stimulus fields. Herein, dual optogenetic and magnetic modalities are proposed that can unite to yield a powerful and versatile tool for neural engineering.
Light‐Fueled Climbing of Monolithic Torsional Soft Robots via Molecular Engineering
Authors: Kim Jae Gwang , Jeon Jisoo , Sivakumar Rajamanickam , Lee Jonggeon , Kim Yun Ho , Cho Maenghyo , Youk Ji Ho , Wie Jeong Jae
Published: October 2021

Azobenzene‐functionalized liquid crystalline polymer networks (azo‐LCNs) are promising candidates for light‐fueled contactless manipulation of miniaturized soft robots through embedding photoactive molecular switches into alignment‐programmable LCNs. In particular, the 3D helical geometry of azo‐LCNs is reported to achieve rapid photomotility by introducing rolling resistance. However, the maximum height of the obstacle that soft robot can overcome is limited by the helix diameter and the stress–strain responsivity. Herein, the helical diameter per unit length and photogenerated stress through molecular engineering of photoactive molecular switches are maximized. The carbon number of aliphatic spacers in the photoactive molecular switches is varied from two to eight to systematically investigate the structure–property–performance relations by studying the molecular geometry, physical properties of polymers, and photomotility of polymers. Furthermore, a finite‐element analysis simulation is presented to understand the rolling locomotion of helical torsional soft robots. Through molecular engineering, the helix diameter per unit length of 0.2 mg soft robots is maximized, demonstrating high Young's modulus (≈2 GPa) and photogenerated stress (>1 MPa), as well as large velocity per body length, compared with the previously reported soft robots. Finally, the molecularly engineered soft robots successfully climb stairs, which is a key task in robotic systems.
Advancing information practices theoretical discourses centered on marginality, community, and embodiment: Learning from the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual (LGBTQIA+) communities
Authors: Kitzie Vanessa L. , Wagner Travis L. , Lookingbill Valerie , Vera Nicolas
Published: October 2021

This conceptual paper identifies future directions for information practices theoretical discourses addressing marginality, community, and embodiment. We extend arguments from critical research identifying how existing discourses fail to capture the nuanced, lived experiences of people and communities confronting marginalization, predominantly via their reinforcement of deficit narratives. We then connect a series of qualitative projects examining the information practices of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual communities in the American South with relevant Library and Information Science (LIS) research to examine how marginality, community, and embodiment shape these practices. Specifically, we introduce a conceptual model that describes marginality by framing information practices as tactical and agentic responses to and refutations of social and structural barriers and risks. While some of the information practices of participants and communities appear to be uninformed or unsafe, they represent the products of community sharing and vetting. Embodied navigations further inform participant practices as they navigate information worlds produced and informed by their intersectional identities. These arguments coincide with key categories established within our model that describe information practices: defensive and protective, and community and self. Based on these insights, we offer directions for future research and theory to reorient existing discourses in ways that inspire middle‐range theory building that fully captures people's lived experiences.
A retinoic acid receptor β2 agonist protects against alcohol liver disease and modulates hepatic expression of canonical retinoid metabolism genes
Authors: Melis Marta , Tang Xiao‐Han , Attarwala Nabeel , Chen Qiuying , Prishker Carlos , Qin Lihui , Gross Steven S. , Gudas Lorraine J. , Trasino Steven E.
Published: October 2021

Alcohol abuse reduces hepatic vitamin A (retinoids), reductions that are associated with progression of alcohol liver disease (ALD). Restoring hepatic retinoids through diet is contraindicated in ALD due to the negative effects of alcohol on retinoid metabolism. There are currently no drugs that can both mitigate alcohol‐driven hepatic retinoid losses and progression of ALD. Using a mouse model of alcohol intake, we examined if an agonist for the retinoic acid (RA) receptor β2 (RARβ2), AC261066 (AC261) could prevent alcohol‐driven hepatic retinoid losses and protect against ALD. Our results show that mice co‐treated with AC261 and alcohol displayed mitigation of ALD, including reduced macro, and microvesicular steatosis, and liver damage. Alcohol intake led to increases in hepatic centrilobular levels of ALDH1A1, a rate‐limiting enzyme in RA synthesis, and co‐localization of ALDH1A1 with the alcohol‐metabolizing enzyme CYP2E1, and 4‐HNE, a marker of oxidative stress; expression of these targets was abrogated in mice co‐treated with AC261 and alcohol. By RNA sequencing technology, we found that AC261 treatments opposed alcohol modulation of 68 transcripts involved in canonical retinoid metabolism. Alcohol modulation of these transcripts, including CES1D, CES1G, RBP1, RDH10, and CYP26A1, collectively favor hepatic retinoid hydrolysis and catabolism. However, despite this, co‐administration of AC261 with alcohol did not mitigate alcohol‐mediated depletions of hepatic retinoids, but did reduce alcohol‐driven increases in serum retinol. Our data show that AC261 protected mice against ALD, even though AC261 did not prevent alcohol‐mediated reductions in hepatic retinoids. These data warrant further studies of the anti‐ALD properties of AC261.
Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy in African American cancer survivors: Risk factors and quality of life outcomes
Authors: Trendowski Matthew R. , Lusk Christine M. , Ruterbusch Julie J. , Seaton Randell , Simon Michael S. , Greenwald Mark K. , Harper Felicity W. K. , Beebe‐Dimmer Jennifer L. , Schwartz Ann G.
Published: October 2021

Background

Epidemiological studies of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) have predominantly focused on non‐Hispanic White patients, despite the observation that African Americans are more likely to experience CIPN. To address this health disparities gap, we sought to identify non‐genetic risk factors and comorbidities associated with CIPN in African American cancer survivors using the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors study.

Methods

Logistic regression was used to evaluate relationships between presence of self‐reported CIPN and relevant clinical characteristics in 1045 chemotherapy‐treated African American cancer survivors. Linear regression was used to evaluate risk factors for CIPN and quality of life outcomes that reflect physical, social, emotional, and functional domains of health.

Results

Patients with CIPN were more likely to report hypertension (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.98–1.67, p = 0.07), hypercholesterolemia (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.001–1.73, p = 0.05), history of depression (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.18–2.25, p = 0.003), and diabetes (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.98–1.82, p = 0.06) after adjustment for age at diagnosis, sex, and cancer site. BMI (OR = 1.02 kg/m2, 95% CI: 1.006–1.04 kg/m2, p = 0.008) was also positively associated with CIPN. In addition, CIPN status was significantly associated with quality of life (FACT‐G total: β = −8.60, 95% CI: −10.88, −6.32) p < 0.0001) and mood (PROMIS® Anxiety: β = 4.18, 95% CI: 2.92–5.45, p < 0.0001; PROMIS® Depression: β = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.53–3.84, p < 0.0001) after adjustment for age at diagnosis, sex, cancer site, and comorbidities. Neither alcohol consumption (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.68–1.14, p = 0.32) nor tobacco use (ever smoked: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.80–1.35, p = 0.76; currently smoke: OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.90–1.82, p = 0.18) was associated with increased CIPN risk.

Conclusion

Risk factor profiles in African Americans are not entirely consistent with those previously reported for non‐Hispanic White patients. Neglecting to understand the correlates of common chemotherapy‐induced toxicities for this patient population may further contribute to the health disparities these individuals face in receiving adequate healthcare.
Customer retention: Exploring the effects of relationship layers and perceived indifference
Authors: Quach Sara
Published: October 2021

Informed by the social orientation of loyalty, the study extends the current body of knowledge by integrating multiple relationship layers (i.e., personal loyalty, relationship with online consumption communities and local network effects) as antecedents of various states of firm‐customer interactions including habitual loyalty, fanaticism, and retaliation. Data collection was carried out in the mobile telecommunications market using a paper‐based survey. A total of 600 completed survey responses were collected. The respondents were 18 or older and had been mobile service users for at least 1 year. Overall, it was found that personal loyalty, relationship with online consumption communities and local network effects were significant antecedents of fanaticism. Personal loyalty and local network effects can reinforce habitual loyalty whereas the relationship with online consumption communities can increase retaliation. The role of relationship with online consumption communities becomes more significant as customers perceive a higher level of indifference among service providers. Further, local network effects were significantly and negatively related to retaliation. The findings of this study provide important theoretical and practical implications for academics and practitioners alike, especially in the contractual, network industries.
Design of 150‐μV input‐referred voltage 1‐GHz comparison frequency dual offset cancelation comparator for pH biomarker system‐on‐chip
Authors: Lin Wei‐Cheng , Chang Ming‐Chiu , Liao Chien‐Hung
Published: October 2021

The highlight of in vivo or ex vivo measurement to monitor the pH value from blood or saliva is emerging in these years since changes in pH suggest that hidden diseases are about to occur. In this paper, we design and implement a SoC for pH measurement, and a dual offset cancelation technique in comparator featured with 150‐uV input referred voltage and 1‐GHz comparison bandwidth is verified. The SoC by utilizing proposed dual offset cancelation technique can sense 8 femto farad capacitance change in the deionized water, 12 femto farad change in the glucose liquid, and 14 femto farad in the 0.5% hydrochloric acid. The SoC for pH measurement is not only used to detect pH change in blood or saliva, but can also extend to wearable device to monitor human's biomarkers such as pH and Na+ in sweat to prevent the disease in advance.
Day‐hospital enhanced cognitive behavior therapy for adults with eating disorders: Immediate and follow‐up effects
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo , Dametti Laura , Conti Maddalena , Bersan Chiara , Dalle Grave Anna , Calugi Simona
Published: October 2021

Objective

To assess outcomes in adult patients with eating disorders administered enhanced cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT‐E) in a day‐hospital setting.

Method

Forty‐three consecutive patients with eating disorders (86% females; mean age 28.8 [SD = 11.8]) were admitted to a 13‐week day‐hospital CBT‐E program. Twenty‐five (58.1%) patients were underweight (i.e., body mass index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m2; BMI 15.4 [SD = 2.2]) and 18 not (mean BMI 23.1 [SD = 6.3]) at baseline. All patients responded poorly to prior outpatient treatment. Body mass index and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE‐Q), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) scores were recorded at baseline, end of treatment, and 20‐week follow‐up.

Results

In 37 patients (86.0%) who completed the treatment, there were substantial improvements in eating‐disorder features, general psychopathology, clinical impairment, and body weight (only in underweight patients), which were well maintained at follow‐up.

Discussion

Day‐hospital CBT‐E is a promising treatment for adults with eating disorders.