bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the hydrolysis of sodium aluminate solutions. XIX.x‐ray diffraction studies of the crystals precipitated by seeded decomposition of sodium aluminate solution in the presence of some carbohydrates
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

X‐Ray diffraction studies were carried out on the hydrated alumina precipitated during the seeded decomposition of sodium aluminate solution in the presence of glucose, cane sugar and starch (white potato), and the results are considered in relation to the rate of decomposition.

Glucose and sugar suppress bayerite formation, may increase crystallite size, and slow down decomposition. Starch is without effect on bayerite formation and increases the rate and extent of decomposition.
The antioxidant action of phenols and related reactions
Authors: McGowan J. C. , Powell T.
Published: July 2010

Recent work on the reactions of phenols with peroxy radicals and with α α‐diphenyl‐β‐picryl‐hydrazyl is considered. The effects of extension of the conjugation of phenol on both reactions can be correlated with a simple molecular orbital theory. These effects on the logarithms of the rate constants are for reactions with α α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl about twice as great as for reactions with peroxy radicals. This may mean that two electrons are involved in the reactions of the hydrazyl with these reactive phenols and one electron is involved in the reactions of the peroxy radicals. The substitution of electron‐withdrawing groups in phenol may however result in only one electron being removed in the hydrazyl reaction. Rough measures of the intensities of light absorption of the coloured products from reactions of phenols with α α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl are given since they may be some guide in the search for non‐staining antioxidants.
Fungitoxicity of rhodanine derivatives
Authors: Allan F. J. , Allan G. G. , Crank G. , Thomson J. B.
Published: July 2010

The effect on the rot‐proofiing activity towards cotton of condensation products of Rhodanine and some of its N‐substituted derivatives with pyridine aldehydes is investigated.
Preparation of ethylenethiuram monosulphide
Authors: Thorn G. D. , Ludwig R. A.
Published: July 2010

Optimum conditions have been found for the production of ethylenethiuram from nabam.
Reactions between solids. V. Uncatalysed, catalysed and inhibited reaction of potassium chlorate with polydivinylbenzene
Authors: Patai S. , Albeck M. , Cross H.
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the solid–solid reaction between potassium chlorate and a cross‐linked divinyl‐benzene/p‐ethylstyrene copolymer (pDVB) was studied, both in the absence and in the presence of various additives, some of which catalysed the reaction and others inhibited it. The reaction was found to follow zero‐order kinetics. The effects of various catalysts are discussed and the reaction of potassium chlorate is compared with that of other oxidants studied previously.
Effects of sonic vibrations on the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide in gas bubble‐beds
Authors: Harbaum K. L. , Houghton G.
Published: July 2010

The effect of sonic vibrations of frequencies 20–2000 c/s on the rate of absorption in water of carbon dioxide by a countercurrent bubble‐type absorber has been measured in terms of KLa. Increases in KLa of up to 70% have been observed for the expenditure of relatively small amounts of sonic power. By determining the bed density and the average bubble diameter in the bed as a function of frequency, it has been possible to show that the effect of sound is primarily to increase the number of bubbles present without affecting their diameter appreciably. The effects of temperature and bed height on the performance at various frequencies are also evaluated.
Effect of temperature on the inhibited and accelerated hydration of calcined gypsum
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Boell G. R.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the effect of initial temperature on the kinetics of the inhibited and accelerated hydration of some samples of calcined gypsum. The inhibitors used were borax, calcium acetate, egg albumin and a commercial organic retarder; the accelerators were sodium sulphate, sodium chloride and precipitated gypsum.

Acceleration by salts decreased the induction period by the same amount over the range examined, whereas acceleration by precipitated gypsum decreased the induction period more markedly as the temperature increased. Inhibition by calcium acetate, egg albumin and the commercial organic retarder did not greatly increase the dependence of the induction period on initial temperature. Inhibition by borax rendered the induction period strongly dependent upon initial temperature.

The results are discussed in terms of theories already advanced to explain the rate of hydration.
Studies in adsorption. XVI The measurement of specific surface areas of finely divided solids by solution adsorption
Authors: Giles C. H. , Nakhwa S. N.
Published: July 2010

Solution adsorption of p‐nitrophenol at room temperature is suitable for specific surface‐area measurements on a wide variety of solids, including carbon, cement, coal, fibres, organic pigments and water‐soluble materials, e.g., sugar. The experimental procedure is simple, and the results with a variety of organic and inorganic solids are generally in good agreement with those given by the nitrogen adsorption method. With most materials, water is the most suitable solvent, but a non‐aqueous solvent, e.g., xylene, is used with water‐soluble solids.

An anthraquinone acid wool dye (C.I. Acid Blue 25) gives good results from water on inorganic oxides and with these it is simpler to use than p‐nitrophenol. In general, however, dyes though convenient in use, do not give reliable results except for comparison of the areas of different samples of the same material.
Silica powders of respirable size. II. Dissolution rates in dilute hydrofluoric acid
Authors: Bergman I.
Published: July 2010

As part of fundamental studies in silicosis research, the rates of dissolution in 0.1 M‐hydrofluoric acid of size‐graded powders of quartz, tridymite, cristobalite and vitreous silica, having particle diameters in the range 0.2–5.0 μ, have been measured by a conductimetric micromethod. The rates of dissolution per unit area of the vitreous silica powders were an order of magnitude larger than those of the tridymite or cristobalite powders, and two orders of magnitude larger than those of the quartz powders. Quartz, unlike the other polymorphic forms of silica, showed an increase in rate (per unit area) with decreasing particle size as well as an increase in the relative amount of ‘easily soluble layer’.

These results are adduced as evidence against the ‘solubility theory of silicosis’ and in favour of a biological activity dependent on the surface structure.
Energetic criteria for oxychlorination catalysts
Authors: Allen J. A.
Published: July 2010

The energetic criteria for oxychlorination catalysts are reduced under stated assumptions to energetic criteria associated with catalysts for the Deacon process. The analysis is mainly concerned with the standard free‐energy changes as a function of temperature, associated with the reactions of metal chlorides with oxygen, and of metal oxychlorides and oxides with hydrogen chloride. Using the known catalytic activity of the copper(II) chloride/oxide catalyst pair as a guide, the possible value of other divalent, monovalent, trivalent and tetravalent chloride/oxide pairs alone and in combination is assessed energetically. The results are shown to explain a number of technological facts concerning active catalysts given in the patent literature.
Preparation of magnesium borohydride and diborane
Authors: Batha H. D. , Whitney E. D. , Heying T. L. , Faust J. P. , Papetti S.
Published: July 2010

A good yield (97%) of MgBH4 is obtained by interaction of magnesium hydrides with diborane in a glycol ether medium or a mixture of glycol ether and benzene (1:3) at 80°. Interaction of the borohydride with boron trichloride in benzene at ∼80° gives a 94% yield of diborane.
Surface properties of silica gels. IV. Influence of acid concentration in the preparation from sodium silicate and acetic acid
Authors: Madeley J. D. , Sing K. S. W.
Published: July 2010

Silica gels were prepared by adding sodium silicate to acetic acid, or acetic acid‐sodium acetate buffer, until the pH reached 4.64, the addition of silicate being made rapidly (over 1–2 min.) or slowly (over about 30 min.). Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen were determined on the outgassed samples at − 195.8° and used for the calculation of surface areas and pore volumes.

The gels prepared either by rapid addition of silicate to acid, over the concentration range 2–30%, or from the buffer (initial pH 3.78), were all microporous and had very similar surface properties. On the other hand, the surface properties of those gels prepared by the slow addition of silicate depended on the concentration of acid used, the surface area of the sample prepared from 30% acetic acid being half that of the one from 10% acid. It is suggested that this effect is associated with the loss of some of the smaller primary particles, which occurs as the concentration of polysilicic acid is increased and the pH allowed to change slowly during the reaction.
Field and laboratory studies on the durability of road bitumen
Authors: Lammiman K. A. , Les T. , Way P. J.
Published: July 2010

The post‐war pattern of petroleum refining in Europe resulted in a large increase in the running of Middle East crudes, from which were obtained bitumens of relatively unknown quality. For this reason, a field experiment was initiated in 1954 to compare on the road in an open‐textured carpet, the performance of seven bitumens from Middle East and traditionally accepted Western Hemisphere sources. Two types of stone were used in the experiment.

The road surface was assessed annually by an independent evaluation panel, and samples periodically taken from the road were examined in the laboratory for changes in properties occurring during the life of the road.

The differences in road performance given by the seven bitumens were small but, taken over all, bitumens from one of the Middle East sources gave rather better service than the two binders from the Western Hemisphere.
Thermal transformation of alumina trihydrate, bayerite
Authors: Sato Taichi
Published: July 2010

The thermal transformation of bayerite (alumina trihydrate) to α‐alumina has been studied by X‐ray diffraction and infra‐red spectra. The bayerite was prepared by treatment of sodium aluminate solution with carbon dioxide.

It is concluded that the thermal transformation of bayerite proceeds in the following sequence:
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The coagulation process. II. Effect of pH on the precipitation of aluminium hydroxide
Authors: Packham R. F.
Published: July 2010

The precipitation of aluminium hydroxide following the addition of aluminium sulphate to solutions containing sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride was investigated. The degree of precipitation was determined both by measuring the amount of residual soluble aluminium and the change of turbidity.

The optimum pH for the coagulation of dilute clay suspensions with aluminium sulphate corresponds to that at which aluminium hydroxide is most rapidly precipitated and coagulated in the absence of clay. It is concluded that mutual coagulation of aluminium hydroxide and clay must be insignificant. The clay particles are probably removed by enmeshment in the mass of flocculating aluminium hydroxide.
Size and rate of growth of crystals on aluminium oxide films
Authors: Greenblatt J. H. , Copps T. P.
Published: July 2010

The sizes of crystals on aluminium oxide films formed by exposing commercial aluminium (2S) and two nickel‐ and iron‐containing alloys to pure water at high temperature were determined by measuring and counting crystals on electron micrographs of surface replicas. The mean crystal size was determined for eight different times at five temperatures over the range 150–350°. The increase in crystal size followed a law of the type D = Ain and the values of n found were in the range 0.18–0.26. The size distributions for various times at 300° and for various temperatures after 7 h. of exposure are discussed.
Electrolytic oxidation of strong cyanide wastes
Authors: Dart M. C. , Gentles J. D. , Renton D. G.
Published: July 2010

Solutions of sodium cyanide and solutions containing the complex cyanides of copper, cadmium and zinc have been electrolysed with anodes of graphite or platinised titanium at temperatures in the range 50–90°, and at anode current densities of 0–88 A/ft.2 Cyanide was destroyed at rates of 14.0–15.9 g. of HCN/Faraday (0.5–0.6 mole/Faraday), 1 kWh electricity destroying 146–201 g. of HCN. The rate of destruction was directly proportional to current passed and increased with increase in temperature. Increase in the electrolyte pH decreased the rate of destruction of cyanide. The chief reaction products were ammonium carbonate, and cyanate ions and urea. Stainless steel (EN 58A) was not an efficient anode material. A method for the continuous destruction of solid cyanide waste, on a laboratory scale, by electrolytic oxidation is described. The only products of the process are gaseous (ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen) and solid (sodium carbonate containing 0.05% cyanide and 0.26% sodium oxalate), 1 kWh of electricity destroying 111–143 g. of HCN.
Permeability to oxygen of cellophane laminates
Authors: Notley N. T.
Published: July 2010

The effect of water vapour on the oxygen permeability of Cellophane laminates has been measured. A dimensionally stable coating can restrain the swelling of a water‐sensitive substrate to give a greater oxygen barrier than expected from the sum of the component barriers. This is discussed particularly for Saran on Cellophane. The permeability apparatus that has been designed depends on a commercial Pirani gauge. This allows accurate measurement and is very versatile.
Mechanism of fatty soil removal
Authors: Scott B. A.
Published: July 2010

The effects of temperature, detergents, electrolyte, agitation and fabric structure on the removal from cotton of octadecane, tripalmitin, stearyl alcohol and stearic acid labelled with carbon‐14 have been studied. The following mechanisms appear to be operative in the removal of these materials: (1) the rolling‐up mechanism; (2) mesomorphic phase formation; (3) soap formation; (4) break‐up of polycrystalline aggregates.

In general, the addition of electrolyte in the presence of surface‐active agents increases the amount of fatty soil removed. The magnitude of the electrolyte effect depends on (a) the degree of ionisation, (b) the pH of the solution and (c) the valency of the added cation.

By means of a chopped fibre technique it has been possible to show that about 35% of the fatty soil is held on the surface of the threads, about 30% between the fibres of which the threads are composed, about 30% inside the tubular fibres while about 5% is held in the fibrile structure of the fibres.
Phase equilibria in the system phenol, o‐cresol, water, sodium hydroxide
Authors: Ting J. Y. , Forsyth J. S.
Published: July 2010

Solubilities and equilibria at 20° in the system phenol, o‐cresol, water, sodium hydroxide have been determined: solubilities up to rather more than 3% of sodium hydroxide (complete miscibility), and equilibria to a lower value. The measurements indicate that the separation factor of the phenols between aqueous and phenolic phases is not sensitive to the alkali content of the solution.
Separation of the light lanthanons from Egyptian monazite
Authors: Tobia S. K.
Published: July 2010

A flow sheet is given for the separation process described. The lanthanons are isolated as sulphates and converted to hydroxides. Thorium and cerium are insoluble in hydrochloric acid at pH 3·5. The other lanthanons are adsorbed on Dowex‐50 ion‐exchanger, samarium, neodymium and praseodymium being eluted with a 0·025M solution of the diammonium salt of EDTA, and lanthanum with N‐ammonium chloride.
Crystal imperfections in solid‐state polymerisation
Authors: Eastmond G. G.
Published: July 2010

A number of previous suggestions concerning the rǒle of the monomer crystal in solid‐state polymerisations are reviewed. Some results of an investigation of the ultra‐violet‐initiated solid‐state polymerisations of acrylic and methacrylic acids are quoted. It is demonstrated that the course of the reaction is similar to that in many other solid‐state reactions, the accepted mechanisms of which are based on crystal imperfections. The results show that the reaction is remarkably sensitive to mechanical stress, and a proposed mechanism based on crystal dislocations is discussed. The dangers of simple kinetic schemes, and the necessity of considering the environment of the active centres, are pointed out.
The electrochemical preparation of glycine
Authors: Rapson H. D. C. , Bird A. E.
Published: July 2010

Glycine can be made by electro‐reduction of glyoxylic oxime which may either be used as the starting material, or be prepared in situ by reaction of glyoxylic acid with hydroxylamine. These two compounds are made in the same cell by electro‐reduction of oxalic acid and nitric acid. Thus when glycine is made from glyoxylic oxime prepared in situ, three reductions take place at the same electrode. This process, which gives a good yield of glycine, is discussed, and an account is given of the experimental technique and analytical methods used. The current efficiencies for the three reductions appear to be adversely affected when they are carried out simultaneously and at the same electrode.
New products from wheat flour and wheat starch
Authors: Thewlis B. H.
Published: July 2010

Block polymers have been obtained by masticating either wheat flour or wheat starch with typical unsaturated monomers such as styrene or methyl methacrylate. The products are hard, and insoluble in most solvents. They may be extruded as filaments, but these are brittle and of low tensile strength.

The behaviour of wheat flour and of wheat starch during mastication with various other substances which are not monomers has also been investigated. In many cases products similar to the block polymers were obtained, the reaction apparently involving gelatinisation of the starch granules. In general this was promoted by substances containing more than one hydroxyl group per molecule, such as glycols and polyphenols, but not by simple alcohols.
Precipitation of neutral sulphates from aqueous solutions of the corresponding acid sulphates by addition of organic liquids
Authors: Kohn D. H. , Yaron I. , Wolf D.
Published: July 2010

The precipitation of potassium and sodium sulphate from aqueous solutions of their acid salts by addition of acetone or alcohols has been studied.

Conversion of acid salt to neutral salt and the subsequent precipitation of the neutral salt as a function of the organic liquid/aqueous solution ratio exhibit an initial rapid rise followed by a slower approach to a maximum value; higher initial concentration and lower temperatures facilitate conversion and precipitation; the extent of precipitation and conversion varies according to the organic substance used.
An X‐ray examination of internal corrosion products from power station boilers
Authors: Bullen E. , Jeffrey J. W.
Published: July 2010

The composition and structure of corrosion products from Power Station boilers have been investigated, mainly by X‐ray diffraction methods, but employing also petrographic and polarising metallurgical microscopes and optical and X‐ray spectrographic techniques. Particular emphasis has been given to the investigation of pit formation in high‐pressure boiler tubes.

The results from the experimental boiler indicate that magnetite would be the main coating formed on a clean steam generating tube, and that the haematite found on the power station tubes derives from manufacturing heat treatment.

The number of specimens showing pitting corrosion was very limited, but a number of very thin films (∼ 1μ thick) were found in the hard black material (mainly magnetite) filling the pit. Layers of copper and copper‐iron sulphides were identified as well as sodium sulphate and a small pocket of cuprite (Cu2O) crystals. Delafossite (CuFeO2) was also present in small amounts, but copper metal— very prevalent in mud drum deposits—was not detected.

There were no striking differences between the scale and deposits on uncorroded parts of tubes and those in or near pits. The variation in the composition and structures of the scale is considerable in both cases.

The most frequently occurring phases present in tube deposits, other than magnetite and haematite, were copper, cuprite, hydroxyapatite, delafossite and zinc‐iron spinel. The experimental boiler has shown that apatite may be formed when the calcium ion concentration is very low.
Inert diluents for use in nuclear energy plants. III. Comparison of the stability of some conjunct polymers of simple olefins with odourless kerosene
Authors: Lane E. S. , Holdoway M. J.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of some steam‐volatile fractions of conjunct polymers of some readily available olefins is described. Assessment as inert diluents indicated that these fractions were more stable towards nitric acid than odourless kerosene but less stable than n‐dodecane.

The main constituents in the steam‐volatile fraction of the conjunct polymer from dodec‐1‐ene were identified as isomeric monomethylundecanes by means of the methylene insertion reaction.

The occurrence of a series of isomeric monomethylalkanes in a kerosene fraction and in a fully hydrogenated fraction from a Fischer‐Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis (Mepasin) was also demonstrated.
Silica powders of respirable size. III. Dialysis of quartz powders against dilute sodium hydroxide
Authors: Bergman I.
Published: July 2010

Earlier studies of the dissolution of quartz powders of respirable size in dilute alkali have been extended to a period of over 2 months at three temperatures, by the use of a dialysis through membrane filters. The results confirm that the ‘easily soluble layer’ on quartz has an average calculated thickness of less than 50 A even on the finest powders studied.
Alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds as inhibitors of the acid corrosion of steel
Authors: Meakins R. J.
Published: July 2010

N‐Alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds inhibit the acid corrosion of steel, the effectiveness increasing regularly with alkyl chain length between 4 and 16 carbon atoms. The inhibition obtained with the longer chain compounds shows considerable persistence after treated samples are transferred to a pure acid bath.

Steel samples in these inhibitor solutions give more positive potentials than in pure acid, indicating that they are mainly anodic inhibitors.

No inhibition is obtained in neutral solutions or against atmospheric corrosion.
Distribution of UO2 particles prepared from variously calcinated U3O8 investigated by sedimentation analysis
Authors: Imriš P. , Landsperský H. , Vobořil M.
Published: July 2010

The size distribution is determined of UO2 particles with a specific surface area of 1 to 6 m.2/g., prepared from U3O8 by reduction in hydrogen and calcined at temperatures between 610° and 1000°. of the U3O8 and UO2, 90% by wt. was within the particle size range 4 to 90μ. The narrowest spectrum —4—56μ—was found in the product of calcination at 700° which was—in comparison with all the other samples—easiest to sinter. After being pressed at 2.5 tons/cm.2 and sintered at 1600° the pellets attained a density of 96% of the theoretical. The object of the work was to find a connexion between the physical, physico‐chemical and sintering properties of UO2.
Prediction of the drying times of porous granular and fibrous materials. II. Drying in a through‐circulation dryer
Authors: Kirkwood K. C. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: July 2010

The application of the empirical method of predicting drying times of porous granular and fibrous materials in a tray dryer described in Part I is extended to predicting the drying times of these materials in a through‐circulation dryer. The predicted drying times in the through‐circulation dryer were within ±10% of the experimental values.
Measurement of water regain and macropore volume of ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Parrish J. R.
Published: July 2010

Various modifications of the method of centrifuging have been critically studied. The correction for interstitial water is complicated by finite angles of contact, compression of the resin bed, and slow attainment of equilibrium. The use of a non‐ionic detergent of high molecular weight has led to a procedure which eliminates errors caused by these effects, and which is convenient and rapid. It can be adapted to the measurement of the volume of macropores in macroporous resins.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. XIV. Sulphating of carbonated lime
Authors: Glasson D. R.
Published: July 2010

Samples of carbonated lime (calcitic and vateritic) have been sulphated by N‐H2SO4 and by 0.5M‐Na2SO4 at 22°. Rates of sulphating, changes in surface area and phase composition and crystallite size have been correlated with the surface properties of the initial carbonates. The products have been compared with gypsums obtained by (1) dissolving ground dolomite in N‐H2SO4, and (2) directly precipitating from solution by double decomposition and subsequently ageing.

The acid sulphatings are not seriously impeded by the newly formed gypsum; evolution of carbon dioxide evidently prevents the layers becoming impervious. The less active calcium carbonates yield gypsum of surface activity (and average crystallite size) similar to that directly precipitated from 0.5M‐Ca(NO3)2 and N‐H2SO4. The more active calcitic and vateritic samples initially give gelatinous products, before the gypsum crystallises and ages similarly.

Sulphating with 0.5M‐Na2SO4 slowly produces increasing alkalinity until about 10% of the calcium carbonate has been converted to gypsum; its crystallinity remains ill‐defined and inferior even to gypsum from hydrated lime.
The reactions occurring during the refining of benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid. I. Removal of olefins
Authors: Roberts D. , Gore P. H.
Published: July 2010

The effects of temperature, acid concentration, and amount of acid on the rate of removal of olefins from benzene solution by means of sulphuric acid have been examined. The results show that the reaction follows first‐order kinetics and they are interpreted on the basis that rates of removal are controlled both by diffusion and by reaction in the acid phase.
The preparation of some novel diphosphorus compounds. II. The preparation of some p‐xylylenediphosphorus compounds
Authors: Chantrell P. G. , Pearce C. A. , Toyer C. R. , Twaits R.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of the tetraethyl and tetraphenyl esters of p‐xylylenediphosphonic acid is described, and methods for the conversion of the tetraethyl ester to the corresponding acids, chlorides and amide are given.
The separation of glucose and fructose by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Hatt H. H. , Triffett A. C. K.
Published: July 2010

Some organic solvents, miscible with water, become partially miscible in the presence of either glucose or fructose, and the partition ratios of these sugars between the resulting phases then differ. This difference is considered as the basis for a separation of the glucose and fructose of invert sugar. An examination of binodal curves and tie‐lines of the two systems: solvent‐water‐glucose and solvent‐water‐fructose has been made in respect of eleven organic solvents. Among these n‐propanol and t‐butanol were found the most suitable for the separation of glucose and fructose. The concentrations of sugars in their solvent‐rich phases are much greater with these two solvents than in the corresponding phases of the best solvents partially miscible with water in absence of sugars. The quantities of the two alcohols needed to process a given weight of sugars are, correspondingly, very much smaller. About 40 theoretical stages would be needed to produce glucose and fructose of 90% purity.

In the one liquid‐liquid extraction column used, fractionation of glucose and fructose was small, possibly because of the low rates of diffusion of the sugars, or because of column characteristics.

Glucose was the more effective sugar in making the solvent and water partially miscible, except with aqueous 2,6‐dimethylpyridine, when fructose was more effective.

An improved method of preparation of 2‐methyl‐1,4‐dioxan, one of the solvents examined in more detail, is described.
The separation of aluminium from beryllium by ion flotation of an oxalato‐aluminate complex
Authors: Lusher J. A. , Sebba F.
Published: July 2010

Good recovery (∼90%) of aluminium contaminated with up to 7% beryllium from a 2:1 molar aluminium/beryllium mixture is possible by flotation of the oxalate complexes at pH 4 with long‐chain fatty amines (especially tetradecylamine).
Catalytic synthesis of n‐propyl acrylate from acetylene, carbon monoxide and n‐propanol under pressure
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Bhattacharyya D. P.
Published: July 2010

The high‐pressure synthesis of n‐propyl acrylate from acetylene, carbon monoxide and n‐propanol has been studied in detail. Nickel iodide–silica gel (Ni : SiO2 = 50 : 50) and nickel acetate–silica gel (Ni : SiO2 = 50 : 50) were the most active catalysts (yields 58.78%, 55.54% respectively on acetylene input basis). Besides n‐propyl acrylate, the reaction product contains acrylic acid, acetaldehyde, liquid hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ethylene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. V. Interaction terms for solubilities and partition coefficients
Authors: McGowan J. C. , Atkinson P. N. , Ruddle L. H.
Published: July 2010

The solubilities of anisole, phenetole, 1,3‐dimethoxybenzene and benzonitrile in water at 25° have been measured, and the partition coefficients of these compounds together withp‐toluonitrile between cyclohexane and water have been determined. Aromatic ether groups interact less with water than do aliphatic ether groups. Aromatic nitriles interact with water and appear to be associated in the liquid state and in concentrated solutions. The use of partition coefficients and solubilities for interpretation and prediction of toxicities is discussed.
Separation of aluminium from beryllium in aqueous solutions by precipitate flotation
Authors: Lusher J. A. , Sebba F.
Published: July 2010

A fluoro‐complex of aluminium is selectively precipitated by sodium ion from a dilute aqueous solution aluminium, beryllium, fluoride and potassium ions at a pH near 3. Subsequent flotation of this precipitate with long‐chain alkylamines is affected by carbon chain length, pH, concentration of fluoride ion, rate of gas flow into the flotation cell and micellar form of the collector. Temperature has little effect on recovery.
Flotation of rutile with anionic and cationic collectors
Authors: Madeley J. D. , Graham K.
Published: July 2010

Results are presented which indicate the effect of pH and flotation‐collector type upon the flotation rates of natural rutile particles. Above pH ∼2.5, flotation rate decreases with increasing pH for anionic collectors and increases with increasing pH for a cationic collector. These results are in agreement with expectations from the known electrokinetic properties of the mineral. Also, for a fixed pH, the rate of flotation is influenced by the length of the carbon chain associated with the collecting ion, and, for any one collector, by its concentration in solution. Below pH ∼2.5, the flotation rate with anionic collectors decreases with fall in pH, whereas with the cationic type a small increase in rate is shown as pH1 is approached.
The reaction between hydrazine and oxygen in water
Authors: Gaunt H. , Wetton E. A. M.
Published: July 2010

Studies of the reaction between hydrazine and oxygen at 25° and 70° in alkaline solution have shown that the observed rate is due to catalysis by traces of impurities. It has been found that copper(II) and manganese (II) are the most active catalysts, and, under certain conditions, the copper(II)‐catalysed reaction appears to be homogeneous. Evidence is presented that catalysis occurs by redox reactions. The copper(II)‐catalysed reaction has been studied in some detail, but only the earlier stages fit a simple kinetic equation.
The selection of methods of separation
Authors: Ellis S. R. M.
Published: July 2010

A brief review is presented of the classification of methods of separation and of the selection of the best method.
Catalytic synthesis of n‐butyl acrylate from acetylene, carbon monoxide and n‐butanol under high pressure
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Bhattacharyya D. P.
Published: July 2010

The reaction of acetylene, carbon monoxide and n‐butanol to form n‐butyl acrylate has been studied with several catalysts under a wide range of operating variables. Nickel iodide‐silica gel (Ni:SiO2 = 50:50) is the most effective catalyst with 80.3% conversion of acetylene to the ester. Nickel acetate‐silica gel (Ni:SiO2 = 50:50) is also a good catalyst (63% conversion). Other reaction products found were carbon dioxide, acrylic acid, acetaldehyde, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and polymeric products.
Catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene by two‐step process in fluidised bed
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Avasthi B. N.
Published: July 2010

A detailed investigation on the two‐step conversion of ethanol to butadiene has been carried out in a fluidised bed using a large number of single and binary oxide catalyst systems. Al2O3 was the best catalyst among the single oxide catalyst systems whereas Al2O3‐ZnO (60 : 40) was most active among binary oxide catalysts. A maximum conversion of 43.8% was obtained with Al2O3‐ZnO (60 : 40) at a temperatures of 375° and a feed rate of 1.0 ml per h per ml of catalyst, the mole ratio of ethanol to acetaldehyde being 2.75 : 1.
The corrosion of zinc by vapours from polyester resins
Authors: Cawthorne R. , Flavell W. , Ross N. C.
Published: July 2010

The corrosion of zinc metal by vapours from cured styrene‐based polyester resins has been studied. The production of corrosive vapours has been found to be greatly influenced by the curing system. Peroxides of different types have been examined, some in the presence of accelerators. Resins cured by γ‐radiation, and by azodi‐isobutyronitrile, showed very low corrosion rates. Zinc formate was present in the corrosion products. It is suggested that the corrosion is due, at least in part, to the production of formic acid through oxidation of styrene monomer by the peroxidic catalysts, and the slow release of this acid by the cured resin.
Molecular engineering and validation of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 transcriptionally targeted to midkine‐positive tumors
Authors: Maldonado Arturo R. , Klanke Chuck , Jegga Anil G. , Aronow Bruce J. , Mahller Yonatan Y. , Cripe Timothy P. , Crombleholme Timothy M.
Published: July 2010

Background

Expression profile analyses of midkine (MDK), a multifunctional protein important in development but repressed postnataly, indicate that it is highly expressed in approximately 80% of adult carcinomas and many childhood cancers including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). In the present study, we sought to leverage its selective expression to develop a novel oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) capable of targeting developmentally primitive cancers that express MDK.

Methods

We sought to increase the oncolytic efficacy of the virus by fusing the human MDK promoter to the HSV type 1 neurovirulence gene, γ134.5, whose protein product increases viral replication.

Results

Tissue‐specific MDK promoter activity in human tumor cells and transgene biological activity was confirmed in human MPNST tumor cells. In vitro replication and cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts and MPNST cells by plaque and MTT assays showed that oHSV‐MDK‐34.5 increased replication and cytotoxicity compared to oHSV‐MDK‐Luc. By contrast, no significant difference in cytotoxicity was detected between these viruses in normal human fibroblasts. oHSV‐MDK‐34.5 impaired in vivo tumor growth and increased median survival of MPNST tumor‐bearing nude mice.

Conclusions

The transcriptional targeting of HSV lytic infection to MDK‐expressing tumor cells is feasible. oHSV‐MDK‐34.5 shows enhanced anti‐tumor effects both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies are warranted and may lead to its use in clinical trials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation behavior of a thiourea‐based reagent for protein structure analysis by collision‐induced dissociative chemical cross‐linking
Authors: Müller Mathias Q. , Dreiocker Frank , Ihling Christian H. , Schäfer Mathias , Sinz Andrea
Published: July 2010

The fragmentation behavior of a novel thiourea‐based cross‐linker molecule specifically designed for collision‐induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS experiments is described. The development of this cross‐linker is part of our ongoing efforts to synthesize novel reagents, which create either characteristic fragment ions or indicative constant neutral losses (CNLs) during tandem mass spectrometry allowing a selective and sensitive analysis of cross‐linked products. The new derivatizing reagent for chemical cross‐linking solely contains a thiourea moiety that is flanked by two amine‐reactive N‐hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester moieties for reaction with lysines or free N‐termini in proteins. The new reagent offers simple synthetic access and easy structural variation of either length or functionalities at both ends. The thiourea moiety exhibits specifically tailored CID fragmentation capabilities—a characteristic CNL of 85 u—ensuring a reliable detection of derivatized peptides by both electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem mass spectrometry and as such possesses a versatile applicability for chemical cross‐linking studies. A detailed examination of the CID behavior of the presented thiourea‐based reagent reveals that slight structural variations of the reagent will be necessary to ensure its comprehensive and efficient application for chemical cross‐linking of proteins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mehrphasiges Wachstum von Mikroorganismen: Modellierung und Computersimulation linearer Wachstumsphasen
Authors: Knorre W. A. , Guthke R. , Bergter F.
Published: July 2010

A phenomenological and a more causal model are developed for the multiphasic discontinuous growth. The first model distinguished between the lag‐phase, the exponential phase, the transient phase from the exponential to the linear phase, the linear phase, the transient phase from the linear to the stationary phase, and the stationary phase. The parameters are rate constants, critical values of biomass, and time constants. The parameters are estimated for experimental data of growth of Candida lipolytica under limitation of thiamine (MÜLLER et al. 1978).

These data are fitted also by a more causal model. This second model is in agreement with Monod's idea that a linear growth phase may be due to an enzyme or enzyme system which has a constant activity. In the analysed case of limitation of thiamine the constancy of the dehydrogenase activity is caused by a constant level of the coenzymethiaminepyrophosphate. Thus, when such a thiamine requiring enzymatic step becomes to the „bottle‐neck”︁, bacterial culture switches over from exponential to linear growth. The end of linear phase is discussed more hypothetically by the high cooperativity of activity of dehydrogenases and the existence of a minimal specific growth rate.

The results of modeling and parameter estimation are compared with experimental data of C. lipolytica. These two models are able to interpret the growth kinetic of these multiphasic growth.
Kinetics of petite mutation and thermal death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae growing at superoptimal temperatures
Authors: Simões‐Mendes B. , Madeira‐Lopes A. , van Uden N.
Published: July 2010

Mass formation of petite mutants took place in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae when grown at superoptimal temperatures. After an initial period of exponential growth, a second period followed during which exponential death and net exponential petite mutation concurred with exponential growth. The specific rates of the three exponential processes were of the same order of magnitude and varied with the temperature. Net exponential petite mutation did not occur during the deathless first period of growth at superoptimal temperatures nor at any time during growth at suboptimal temperatures. Mitochondria are discussed as possible targets of thermal death in mesophilic yeasts.
Oxygen and „strictly anaerobic”︁ intestinal bacteria I. Effects of dissolved oxygen on growth
Authors: Uesugi I. , Yajima M.
Published: July 2010

The effects of oxygen on 29 strains of „strictly anaerobic„ bacteria, which are often found in human intestinal tracts, were studied. The initiation and rate of growth, together with the maximum extent of growth, in sealed L‐shaped tubes containing a medium through which a gas mixture containing 5% O2 had been bubbled were compared with those under anaerobic conditions. On the basis of the results, these anaerobic bacteria could be divided into three general types: Type A; strains which grew in almost the same way as under anaerobic conditions, type B; strains which grew less well than under anaerobic conditions, and type C; strains incapable of growth initiation in the initial presence of the dissolved O2. After the experiments no residual O2 was found in the medium of type A strains. The decrease in O2 concentration was small, if any, in media of type B and C strains.

Using representative examples of these three types, physical changes in the culture medium accompanying growth were observed in a stirred fermenter equipped with three electrodes; Eh, oxygen, and pH. The results were as follows: Type A: Growth of Veillonella alcalescens in the fermenter started after the complete comsumption of dissolved oxygen and when Eh had dropped below ‐ 300 mV. A slight drop in pH occurred in parallel with the growth. Type B: In the culture of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, growth was simultaneous with the changes in O2 concentration, Eh, and pH. Type C: Growth of Bacteroides vulgatus was not initiated in the presence of the dissolved O2. Little change in O2 concentration, Eh or pH was observed.

When bacterial cells which had grown in the medium initially containing dissolved O2 were subjected to serial transfer to similar fresh media, growth activity appeared to decrease progressively.
Suche nach pH‐abhängig wirkenden α‐L‐Arabino‐furanosidasen unter Vertretern derActinomycetales
Authors: Fleck W. , Passarge Margrit
Published: July 2010

Die im Screening‐Programm eingesetzten Enzymsubstrate wurden ausgewählt auf Grund der Erfahrungen, wonach eine Reihe α‐l‐Arabinofuranoside cytotoxischer Phenole synthetisiert werden konnten, die wesentlich ungiftiger als die entsprechenden Aglykone sind (ARNDTu.GRAFFI1975,ARNDTY et al. 1976). Hinzu kommt, daß esSCHWABEet al.(1976) gelungen ist, ein relativ unwirksames α‐l‐Arabinofuranosid der cytotoxischen Substanz β‐Peltatin A zu synthetisieren. Im Screening‐Programm untersuchte Vertreter derActinomycetaleswurden der IMET‐Stammsammlung des Zentralinstituts für Mikrobiologie und experimentelle Therapie, Jena‐DDR, entnommen bzw. frisch aus Erdproben isoliert. Die Vorzucht der Mikroorganismen erfolgte für die Dauer von 2 Tagen bei 28 °C auf Schütteltischen in einem Flüssig‐Medium folgender Zusammensetzung: 1,5% Sojamehl, 1,5% Glucose, 0,1% CaCO3, 0,5% NaCl in Leitungswasser. Der Vorzucht folgte eine 4tägige Fermentation in einem Produktions‐Medium folgender Zusammensetzung: 2% Soja‐.
Metabolism of fructose in Thiocapsa roseopersicina
Authors: Conrad R. , Schlegel H. G.
Published: July 2010

Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain 6311 grew phototrophically in a mineral medium containing fructose as sole electron donor and carbon source with a doubling time of 11‐13 h, provided the mineral medium contained vitamine B12 (50 ng/ml), not more than 20 mM phosphate, and the culture was preincubated in the dark for 24 h. In fructose‐grown cells but not in autotrophically grown cells, the cell‐protein content was strongly reduced when vitamine B12 was growth limiting, while the carbohydrate content was increased. Growth on fructose as sole carbon source was inhibited by the addition of sulfide or thiosulfate; growth inhibition was relieved in the presence of bicarbonate. No growth on fructose was observed anaerobically in the dark; aerobic growth in the dark was poor. Analysis of enzyme activities in fructose‐ and acetate‐grown cells indicated that fructose was catabolized via fructose‐1‐phosphate and the EMBDEN‐MEYERHOF pathway. The operation of the EMBDEN‐MEYERHOF pathway was confirmed by incorporation of 1‐14C‐, 3‐14C‐, and 6‐14C‐fructose into the spirilloxanthin fraction and analysis of its specific radioactivity.
Eisenoxydierende, stäbchenförmige Bakterien II. Quantitative Untersuchungen zum Stoffwechsel und zur Eisenoxydation mit Eisen(II)‐oxalat
Authors: Kullmann K.‐H. , Schweisfurth R.
Published: July 2010

Die von Schulze (1973) isolierten, auf Eisenoxalatmedium mit braunen Kolonien wachsenden Bakterien, St. 31 (ähnlich Pseudomonas denitrificans) und St. 68 (Protaminobacter ruber) wurden auf ihren Stoffwechseltyp hin untersucht. Dabei konnte keine autotrophe Lebensweise nachgewiesen werden. Die untersuchten Bakterien gehören zur Gruppe der heterotrophen Bakterien, die Eisen indirekt durch Verwertung der organischen Komplexbildner oxydieren, ohne die bei der Eisenoxydation freiwerdene Energie zu nutzen.

Pseudomonas denitrificans gehört nach BERGEY (1974) zu den nicht identifizierten Arten und Stämmen, Protaminobacter ruber ist nach BERGEY (1974) wahrscheinlich identisch mit Bacillus extorquens (BASSALIK 1913).
Site of ATPase activity in Myxococcus xanthus: Lipid requirement for enzyme activity
Authors: Voelz H.
Published: July 2010

Treatment of cells with lysophosphatidylcholine, lysozyme, and phospholipase D removed most of their phospholipids and reduced ATPase activity to near zero. Addition of a microdispersion of phospholipids restored enzyme activity to various degrees. Phosphatidylcholine was most effective in reconstitution experiments, less effective were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Lipid analyses of cell fractions were possible through separation of cell wall and cell membrane in a sucrose gradient after differentiated treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed cells with lysophosphatidylcholine, lysozyme, and pronase. Phosphatidylcholine was almost exclusively a component of the cell membrane, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was that of the wall. It is concluded that lipids are necessary for in vivo function of a Mg‐dependent ATPase, and that membrane‐associated phosphatidylcholine may serve as a matrix for the enzyme. Lipid extracts made from cells or cell fractions contained plasmologens, not previously reported to occur in Gram‐negative, aerobic bacteria.
Lysinbiosynthese bei Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 I. Einfluß von Cetyl‐trimethyl‐ammoniumbromid auf P. aeruginosa PAO 1 bei der Bestimmung der DAP‐Decarboxylaseaktivität
Authors: Schröder D. , Wölfel L. , Schroeter A. , Mach F.
Published: July 2010

Methoden zur Permeabilisierung von Bakterienzellen wurden in letzter Zeit verstärkt zur enzymatischen Charakterisierung herangezogen. Derartige Verfahren erfordern den Zusatz von Detergenzien oder anderer oberflächenwirksamer Substanzen, so daß eine normale Enzymreaktion ermöglicht wird (BARNES et al. 1969, DRAŽIČ u. VITALE 1975, VOLD et al. 1975, JACKSON u. DE MOOS 1969). Die hier beschriebenen Versuche wurden am Wildstamm von Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 1 durchgeführt und verfolgten das Ziel, die Einwirkung von Cetyl‐trimethylammoniumbromid (CTAB) auf die Zellen dieses Stammes bei der Untersuchung der Diaminopimelinsäure‐Decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.20, meso‐2,6 diaminopimelate carboxylase) zu charakterisieren.