bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatores antinutricionais da casca e da polpa desidratada de café (Coffea arabica L.) armazenadas em diferentes períodos
Authors: Barcelos Adauto Ferreira , Paiva Paulo César de Aguiar , Olalquiaga Pérez Juan Ramón , Santos Vander Bruno dos , Cardoso Roberto Maciel
Published: April 2007

Avaliaram-se os teores de cafeína, taninos, lignina e sílica, na casca e polpa de café das cultivares Catuaí, Rubi e Mundo Novo. A polpa foi obtida pela despolpa úmida em despolpador mecânico e, em seguida, seca ao sol até 13% de umidade. Os materiais foram armazenados em sacos de ráfia, em ambiente coberto, ventilado e seco, com amostragem em triplicata a cada 90 dias. A regressão mostrou aumento quadrático de 11,7% no teor de cafeína ao longo de 360 dias de armazenamento. O teor de taninos reduziu-se linearmente ao longo do armazenamento. Os valores de taninos foram de 1,70% comparado a 2,77% nos materiais sem armazenamento, redução de aproximadamente 38,6% no período de um ano. Os teores de lignina reduziram linearmente em 2,6% para a porcentagem de lignina na MS (11,7 para 11,4%) e 5,8% na porcentagem de lignina da FDN (10,4 para 9,8%), nos materiais sem armazenagem comparados a doze meses de armazenamento. Houve diferença significativa entre casca e polpa para a variável sílica. Maior valor de sílica na casca comparado à polpa pode ser decorrente da presença do pergaminho, uma vez que a polpa não o possui. A armazenagem da casca e polpa por um período de doze meses melhora as qualidades destes materiais, uma vez que reduziu os teores de taninos e lignina. Os teores de cafeína encontrados são limitantes na utilização de grandes quantidades desses materiais para ruminantes.
Suplementação de novilhos mestiços durante a época das águas: parâmetros ingestivos e digestivos
Authors: Detmann Edenio , Paulino Mário Fonseca , Zervoudakis Joanis Tilemahos , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Lana Rogério de Paula , Queiroz Domingos Sávio de
Published: April 2007

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da suplementação durante o período das águas sobre os consumos de matéria seca total (CMS), forragem (CF), fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN) e proteína bruta (CPB); a digestibilidade da MS (DMS), FDN (DFDN) e PB (DPB); a taxa de passagem de partículas ruminal (TPR) e o tempo médio de retenção total (TMRT) da digesta; o pH e as concentrações de N-amoniacal do rúmen, em novilhos mestiços, sob regime de pastejo. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos F1 Limousin x Nelore, fistulados no rúmen e esôfago, manejados em pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens. O experimento foi conduzido em três períodos experimentais, seguindo um modelo de blocos casualizados, sendo os períodos considerados blocos. Foram fornecidos os seguintes suplementos: sal mineral (SAL), suplementos à base de milho e farelo de soja, com 20% PB, nos níveis de 1,0 e 2,0 kg/dia (MS1 e MS2), suplementos à base de farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, com 20% PB, nos níveis de 1,0 e 2,0 kg/dia (TS1 e TS2), fornecidos diariamente às 10 h. A suplementação reduziu o CMS, CF e CFDN, em média, de 21,2, 33,6 e28,9%, sendo aparentemente mais proeminentes para os tratamentos à base de milho, embora sem efeitos estatisticamente significativos. A TPR, TMRT e o pH ruminal não diferiram entre suplementos. Houve interação suplemento x tempo de coleta sobre a concentração de N-amoniacal, não havendo elevação dos níveis basais. Os tratamentos SAL e MS1 não diferiram entre si, não variando com o tempo. Os tratamentos MS2 e TS1 não diferiram entre si dentro de cada tempo, apresentando perfis quadráticos semelhantes ao de TS2, o qual demonstrou os maiores valores de concentração de N-amoniacal nos tempos maiores que zero.
Estimativas da produção de leite por vacas holandesas mestiças, segundo o sistema CNCPS, em dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar com diferentes valores nutritivos
Authors: Fernandes Alberto Magno , Queiroz Augusto César de , Lana Rogério de Paula , Pereira José Carlos , Cabral Luciano da Silva , Vittori Andréa , Pereira Elzânia Sales
Published: April 2007

O objetivo do presente estudo foi usar os dados observados sobre as variações nos teores da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), lignina e das frações de carboidratos e das correspondentes taxas de degradação de 15 variedades de cana-de-açúcar, para avaliar a disponibilidade destes nutrientes em promover produção de leite de vacas holandesas mestiças, usando o sistema CNCPS. Um suplemento nutricional composto de silagem de milho, caroço de algodão, farelo de soja e uréia foi usado para complementar as exigências nutricionais destes animais na produção de 10 kg de leite diário. Os valores utilizados para predizer as respostas na produção de leite foram: FDN (%MS) -- 40, 50 e 60, lignina (%FDN) 10,14 e 18, taxas de digestão (%/h) dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) -- 10,20 e 30 e taxa de digestão (%/h) dos carboidratos fibrosos (CF) -- 1, 2,5 e 4. A cana-de-açúcar, quando usada como principal volumoso da dieta, acarretou redução na ingestão de matéria seca e energia, limitando a produção de leite destes animais. A predição da quantidade de leite que poderia ser produzida em função da quantidade de energia metabolizável (EM), fornecida pela dieta, decresceu 24%, quando o teor de FDN aumentou de 40 para 60%, para um percentual de 14% de lignina. Também houve acréscimo de 14% na produção de leite, quando a taxa de digestão dos CF aumentou de 1 para 2,5%/h. Embora as variações nos teores de FDN e lignina e nas taxas de digestão dos carboidratos, das variedades de cana-de-açúcar, tenham promovido grande efeito sobre a produção de leite das vacas mestiças, torna-se necessária a validação destes resultados.
Farinhas de peixe, carne e ossos, vísceras e crisálida como atractantes em dietas para alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Boscolo Wilson Rogério , Hayashi Carmino , Meurer Fábio , Soares Claudemir Martins
Published: April 2007

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de comparar a utilização de 5% de inclusão das farinhas de peixe (FP), vísceras (FV), carne e ossos (FO), crisálida (FC) e controle (farelo de soja e milho) como atractantes sobre o consumo de ração e desempenho de alevinos tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 168 alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (linhagem tailandesa) revertidos sexualmente, com peso inicial médio de 0,72 ± 0,18g, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por um aquário de 50 L com sete animais. As rações foram formuladas com 32% de proteína bruta e 3000 kcal de energia digestível/kg, sendo as mesmas isoprotéicas, isocalóricas, isofíbricas e isoaminoacídicas para lisina e metionina + cistina. Os valores médios de ganho de peso observados nos tratamentos controle ou com FV e FP como atractantes foram superiores aos dos tratamentos FC ou FO. A conversão alimentar dos animais alimentados com ração contendo FV foi melhor que os tratamentos FC ou FO, porém não diferiu significativamente dos tratamentos controle e FP. O comprimento final médio dos animais do tratamento controle foi superior, quando comparados ao tratamento FC, não diferindo dos demais. O consumo alimentar e a taxa de sobrevivência não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que não seria necessária a utilização dos alimentos testados, a 5% de inclusão, para estimular o consumo alimentar ou promover o crescimento de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo.
Qualidade da forragem e participação relativa na produção de matéria seca de diferentes frações de cultivares de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.)
Authors: Deschamps Francisco Carlos , Brito Cláudio José Freixieiro Alves de
Published: April 2007

A digestão das forragens é determinada por fatores químicos e anatômicos, os quais são afetados pelo estádio de crescimento da espécie. Como as plantas em crescimento apresentam tecidos diversos em composição e anatomia, torna-se importante conhecer sua participação na produção total de matéria seca, bem como seus níveis de digestão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a composição química e a digestibilidade das frações colmo, limbo, quilha e bainha foliar, das regiões apical, mediana e basal, dos cultivares 307-TESTO, 309-AREIA e ROXO de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), após 10 semanas de período de crescimento. O cv. AREIA apresentou porte mais elevado com lâminas e bainhas foliares mais curtas, o que acabou acarretando menor participação destas frações no peso seco total. Observou-se que as frações apresentaram teor de lignina, proteína e digestibilidade distintos. O colmo da região basal e a quilha são as frações que mais comprometem a qualidade do capim-elefante, principalmente pelo alto grau de lignificação destas partes. No mesmo estádio de crescimento, poucas diferenças foram observadas entre os cultivares. Foi possível observar que o cv. AREIA apresentou melhor qualidade, já que foram maiores os valores de digestibilidade e proteína bruta do limbo, da quilha e da bainha. A fração mais restritiva para a qualidade da forrageira, em termos de participação e valor nutricional, foi o colmo seguido pela quilha.
Qualidade da silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) emurchecido ou acrescido de farelo de mandioca
Authors: Ferrari Júnior Evaldo , Lavezzo Wagner
Published: April 2007

Realizou-se um experimento para avaliar a silagem de capim-elefante cv. Taiwan A-146, submetida a seis tratamentos e quatro repetições: A - capim-elefante emurchecido ao sol por 8 horas; B - capim-elefante sem emurchecimento; C - capim-elefante (98%) mais farelo de mandioca (2%); D - capim-elefante (96%) mais farelo de mandioca (4%); E - capim-elefante (92%) mais farelo de mandioca (8%) e F - capim-elefante (88%) mais farelo de mandioca (12%). A adição de 12% de farelo de mandioca mostrou-se mais eficiente que o emurchecimento em aumentar o teor de matéria seca da silagem. A adição de farelo de mandioca promoveu decréscimo no teor de proteína bruta, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e hemicelulose de forma linear, porém aumentou os teores de extrativo não nitrogenado, matéria mineral e carboidratos solúveis das silagens. Os teores de ácido lático mostraram-se baixos, indicando que o farelo de mandioca não foi utilizado de forma eficiente pelos lactobacilos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as porcentagens dos ácidos acético, propiônico, butírico e lático nas silagens. O emurchecimento e a adição de farelo de mandioca podem ser utilizados como alternativas para aumentar o teor de matéria seca da silagem.
Período de serviço em rebanho Nelore na Amazônia Oriental
Authors: Cavalcante Francisco Aloísio , Martins Filho Raimundo , Campello Claudio Cabral , Lobo Raimundo Nonato Braga , Martins Gabrimar Araujo
Published: April 2007

Os animais avaliados foram criados em regime de pasto, sem suplementação na época da estiagem, no período compreendido entre 1988 e 1996. Foram analisadas 587 observações de período de serviço (PS), obtidas dos arquivos do Escritório Técnico Regional da ABCZ, em Fortaleza - CE e dos registros zootécnicos da Fazenda Entre Rios. Para as análises estatísticas, foi usado o Programa SAS (Statistical Analysis System, 1990), por meio do procedimento GLM. Foram incluídos no modelo o efeito aleatório do pai da vaca, os efeitos fixos de grupo genético da cria anterior, do mês e do ano do parto anterior e as interações entre grupo genético anterior e mês do parto anterior, grupo genético anterior e ano do parto anterior, além da idade da vaca ao parto como covariável. O PS foi influenciado apenas pelo efeito do pai da vaca. A média estimada por quadrado mínimo e seu respectivo erro-padrão (EP) e coeficiente de variação (CV) foram 146,51 ± 43,05 dias e 97,63%, respectivamente. O período de serviço de praticamente cinco meses é longo, em se tratando de rebanho submetido à inseminação artificial, mesmo em regime de pasto. Os resultados elevados de EP e CV podem ser atribuídos à grande variabilidade da característica em estudo, que é extremamente influenciada por variações decorrentes do ambiente.
Avaliação dos fatores ambientais no desenvolvimento corporal de cordeiros deslanados da raça Morada Nova
Authors: Fernandes Antônio Amaury Oriá , Buchanan David , Selaive-Villarroel Arturo Bernardo
Published: April 2007

Foram analisados registros de um rebanho de ovinos da raça Morada Nova, coletados num período de 11 anos (1981 a 1991), com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de ambiente sobre as características de crescimento dos cordeiros. Os efeitos de ano de nascimento (A), sexo do cordeiro (S), tipo de nascimento (T) e peso da ovelha ao parto (P) foram importantes fontes de variação para explicar as diferenças nos pesos corporais ao nascimento (PN), ao desmame (PD), aos seis meses (PM6) e aos 12 meses de idade (PM12). Os cordeiros machos foram mais pesados que as fêmeas em todas as idades estudadas. Cordeiros nascidos e criados como simples (SS) pesaram mais que os nascidos duplos e criados como simples (GS) e os nascidos e criados como duplos (GG). A idade da ovelha (I) teve efeito significativo sobre PN, PD e PM6. Concluiu-se que práticas de manejo alimentar devem ser utilizadas para reduzir os efeitos dos fatores ambientais, como ano de nascimento, tipo de nascimento e peso da matriz ao parto, no desenvolvimento corporal dos cordeiros. Fatores de ajuste para sexo do cordeiro, tipo de nascimento e idade da ovelha devem ser estimados e considerados em programas de seleção, a fim de avaliar melhor o crescimento dos cordeiros da raça Morada Nova.
Citizens of Memory: Refiguring the Past in Postdictatorship Argentina
Authors: Tandeciarz Silvia R.
Published: April 2007

If, as Angel Rama claims in The Lettered City, the city dictates everything one must think, forcing its inhabitants to repeat its discourse, how might shifts in the city's contours affect the construction of civil society? How might urban designs that facilitate the work of recollection help inform conceptions of citizenship for historical actors emerging from dictatorship? These are the questions cultural practitioners in Argentina address through interventions in the Buenos Aires cityscape that honor victims of state terrorism (1976–83). By analyzing three memorial sites that illuminate the complex relation between space and democratic practices, this essay traces how geography, architecture, trauma, and memory interface in the rearticulation of a collective Argentine national identity.
Reading the City: The Urban Book from Mercier to Mitterand
Authors: Vidler Anthony
Published: April 2007

From the city as an eighteenth-century version of the philosophical Encyclopédie through its depiction as mystery novel, modernist collage, and complex of virtual networks, the image of the city as a book or collection of books to be read has persisted in the imaginary of modern writers. The literary works of Sébastien Mercier and Charles Nodier provide a window into the intersection of modes of literary interpretation with physical urban rebuilding that began in Paris after 1770. This evolving relation continues to play out in the Bibliothèque de France, completed in 1995, and in controversial plans to scan the world's collections of books for online access.
Bucharest at the Crossroads
Authors: Verona Roxana
Published: April 2007

When, at the beginning of the twentieth century, bucharest was called “little Paris,” the nickname implicitly measured the distance that Romania had covered on the road to modernization and westernization. The process was slow, because there were huge discrepancies between the efforts of a minority elite pushing for the entrance of the country “into Europe” and the indifference of a majority population with minimal standards of living. Despite important events favorable to the country's development—the union of the Romanian principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) in 1859 and its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878—Romania was, for most of the nineteenth century, still a province of the Ottoman Empire.
Mammon, Magic, Mimicry, and Meaning in Public Postapartheid Johannesburg
Authors: Braude Claudia B.
Published: April 2007

Twenty-five kilometers west of my Suburban Johannesburg apartment lies maropeng, the cradle of humankind World Heritage Site. Recently, twelve years since South Africa's first nonracial democratic elections, Mrs. Ples and the Taung Child, two of the paleoanthropological world's oldest skulls, were jointly exhibited. Considered to be the originators of all humanity, they are the global signifier of humanity shared. They are also foundational in forging a postapartheid united South African nationhood and in underpinning President Thabo Mbeki's continent-wide African Renaissance movement. Maropeng's proximity to Johannesburg, in its day “the model apartheid city” (Czeglédy 23), renders additionally acute past policies of racial segregation that shaped the city and, until the demise of apartheid, robbed me and my fellow citizens of the capacity to shape or interpret a shared experience of the city.
Readable City
Authors: Bowlby Rachel
Published: April 2007

“Reading the city” is so commonplace a metaphor that we tend not to see or hear it as such: It is an indifferent building in the lexicographical landscape, something we see and pass by every day without giving it a second look. Geographers, sociologists, and architects, as well as literary critics, all speak of—and write about, and design courses on—the “legibility” of the city, usually taking the phrase for granted, taking “reading” as read. But why should it seem so obvious to speak of reading in relation to urban experience? (Or, putting this from another direction, why does “reading the village” sound like a contradiction in terms?) And what kind of reading is being evoked when we go about “reading” the city?
Metropolitan Life and Uncivil Death
Authors: Tadiar Neferti
Published: April 2007

Metro manila in 2006 is a labyrinthine, megalopolitan fortress of foreclosure. Almost all the main arteries of the metropolis have become virtually enclosed corridors of free-flowing vehicular traffic, without regulated crossings where pedestrians and cross-street flow might momentarily interrupt the stream of hundreds of thousands of cars, buses, and trucks careening down these roads every day. With the help of numerous “flyovers,” or overpasses, and underpasses built by the metropolitan government over the last decade and a half, these ten-lane roads have become highways that coast and tunnel through the thick of the city, connecting the scattered, archipelagic commercial centers and gated communities where the upper-class and upwardly mobile sectors work, live, shop, and socialize.
A “Glimpse through an Interstice Caught”: Fictional Portrayals of Male Homosexual Life in Twentieth-Century Sydney
Authors: Wotherspoon Garry
Published: April 2007

Sydney is probably best known nowadays for its annual gay and lesbian mardi gras parade, beamed worldwide to millions of TV and Internet viewers, marking it as one of the iconic gay cities of the contemporary world. And while Sydney also had a reputation from its earliest convict-colony days as a city with high levels of homosexual activity—one early chief justice damned it as a “Sodom” in the South Pacific (UK, Parliament, 18 Apr. 1837, 518; question 505)—only in the last two or three decades have Sydney's homosexual or gay subcultures openly flourished and, perhaps grudgingly, been accepted. Indeed, from its earliest days until some years after World War II, Australia was in the grip of Victorian moralistic attitudes, only finally broken by the countercultural revolution of the 1960s and the social movements from the 1970s.
Stadtwollen: Benjamin's Arcades Project and the Problem of Method
Authors: Arens Katherine
Published: April 2007

Walter Benjamin's Arcades Project (Passagen-Werk) is discussed here as an unacknowledged treatise on methodology: a hermeneutics of the modern city that aims to interpret how a city is evidence of an era's Wollen, its drive to manifest its self–understanding in distinctive material forms. My coinage Stadtwollen alludes to an undervalued source for Benjamin: Alois Riegl's Historical Grammar of the Visual Arts (1897–98), which discusses a Kunstwollen, a collective will to art, or a drive leading a culture to create works of art revealing and predicating its self–understanding. This essay sets Riegl's treatise next to Convolute N of the Passagen-Werk and the project's two Exposés (1931 and 1933) in order to illuminate Benjamin's critical–materialist phenomenology and hermeneutics of the city as encompassing new classes of technical–industrial artifacts–a discourse on method sensitive to the political critiques initiated by Marxism but far outdistancing the claims to epistemological critique made by his era's Marxisms.
Clean coal technologies for power generation
Authors: Farley J. M.
Published: April 2007

In the course of a little less than a year from the end of 2005 to late 2006, there was a significant change in the perception of the future for coal-fired power generation in Britain, Europe and worldwide. There has been widespread recognition that coal will continue to be used in increasing, not diminishing, quantities for power generation. In parallel, it has become increasingly urgent to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide because of its impact as a greenhouse gas on climate change and it is now widely recognised, for example in the Stern Review, that coal-fired generation needs to be cleaned up by the use of clean-coal technology and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), rather than substituted. This paper elaborates further on these changes and describes the available clean coal technologies (including CO2 capture) and their economics. Scenarios for investment in coal-fired generation in the UK are described and some of the actions needed by government and supporting bodies are defined.
Renewables and the grid: understanding intermittency
Authors: Gross R. , Heptonstall P. , Leach M. , Anderson D. , Green T. , Skea J.
Published: April 2007

This paper reviews the key issues and fndings of the UK Energy Research Centre report on the costs and impacts of intermittent or variable renewable electricity-generating technologies. The relevant principles of managing electricity networks are examined and aspects that change when significant intermittent generation is added are analysed. The impacts and costs of intermittent generators can be quantificed only in the context of the characteristics of the system of which they form part. The principal reasons why these impacts differ from one system to another are examined and explained. The evidence for likely impacts and costs in the UK, at intermittent penetration levels up to 20% of total electricity supplied, is analysed. The two main categories of impact are on system balancing and system reliability, and costs are quanti.ed for these factors. Estimates are in the range of an additional £2–3/MWh for system balancing and £3–5/MWh for system reliability.
Peracetic Acid Disinfection: A Feasible Alternative to Wastewater Chlorination
Authors: Rossi S. , Antonelli M. , Mezzanotte V. , Nurizzo C.
Published: April 2007

The paper summarizes the results of a bench‐scale study to evaluate the feasibility of using peracetic acid (PAA) as a substitute for sodium hypochlorite both for discharge into surface water and for agricultural reuse. Trials were carried out with increasing doses (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 15 mg/L) and contact times (6, 12, 18, 36, 42, and 54 minutes) to study disinfectant decay and bacterial removal and regrowth, using fecal coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) as process efficiency indicators. Peracetic acid decay kinetics was evaluated in tap water and wastewater; in both cases, PAA decays according to first‐order kinetics with respect to time, and a correlation was found between PAA oxidative initial consumption and wastewater characteristics.     The PAA disinfection efficiency was correlated with operating parameters (active concentration and contact time), testing different kinetic models. Two data groups displaying a different behavior on the basis of initial active concentration ranges (1 to 2 mg/L and 5 to 15 mg/L, respectively) can be outlined. Both groups had a “tailing‐off” inactivation curve with respect to time, but the second one showed a greater inactivation rate. Moreover, the effect of contact time was greater at the lower doses.    Hom's model, used separately for the two data groups, was found to best fit experimental data, and the disinfectant active concentration appears to be the main factor affecting log‐survival ratios. Moreover, the S‐model better explains the initial resistance of E. coli, especially at low active concentrations (<2 mg/L) and short contact times (<12 minutes).     Microbial counts, performed by both traditional methods and flow cytometry, immediately and 5 hours after sample collection (both with or without residual PAA inactivation), showed that no appreciable regrowth took place after 5 hours, neither for coliform group bacteria, nor for total heterotrophic bacteria.
Influence of Ultrasonication on Anaerobic Bioconversion of Sludge
Authors: Mao Taohong , Show Kuan‐Yeow
Published: April 2007

The influence of ultrasonication on hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis in anaerobic decomposition of sludge was investigated. The sonicated sludge exhibited prehydrolysis and preacidogenesis effects in the anaerobic decomposition process. First‐order hydrolysis rates increased from 0.0384 day −1 in the control digester to 0.0672 day −1 in the digester fed, with sludge sonicated at 0.52 W/mL. The sonication appeared to be ineffective in relation to acidogenesis reaction rates, but it provided a better buffering capacity to diminish the adverse effect of acidification. Digesters fed with sonicated sludge demonstrated enhanced methanogenesis over the control unit. Determination by coenzyme F420 verified that sonication is able to promote the growth of methanogenic biomass and facilitate a positive methanogenic microbial development in suppressing the initial methanogenesis limitation. The results suggest that ultrasonication could enhance anaerobic decomposition of sludge, resulting in an accelerated bioconversion, improved organics degradation, improved biogas production, and increased methane content.
Urinary biomarkers to assess exposure of cats to environmental tobacco smoke
Authors: McNiel Elizabeth A. , Carmella Steven G. , Heath Lori A. , Bliss Robin L. , Le Ky-Anh , Hecht Stephen S.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To evaluate the use of urinary biomarkers to assess exposure of cats to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

Animals—61 healthy client-owned cats (19 from households in which smoking was reported and 42 from households in which there was no smoking).

Procedures—Urine samples were obtained from each cat and assayed for total nicotine (nicotine plus nicotine glucuronide) and total cotinine (cotinine plus cotinine glucuronide) content by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, total urinary content of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a major metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, was measured by use of gas chromatography with nitrosamine-selective detection.

Results—Cats from households in which smoking was reported had significantly higher concentrations of total nicotine (70.4 ng/mL), total cotinine (8.53 ng/mL), and total NNAL (0.0562 pmol/mL) in urine, compared with concentrations for cats that lived in households in which there was no smoking (4.89 ng/mL, 0.74 ng/mL, and 0.0182 pmol/mL, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of these data provided biochemical evidence of exposure to ETS and uptake of tobacco-specific carcinogens by cats that live in households with smokers. Biomarkers could facilitate investigation of the health effects of ETS in cats and other species.
Evaluation of agreement between two instruments in measurements of radiation dose rates in cats that underwent iodine I 131 treatment
Authors: Chalmers Heather J. , Scrivani Peter V. , Dykes Nathan L. , Hubble Lorna J. , Hobbs Jeff M. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To assess agreement between a commercially available Geiger-Meuller (GM) survey meter and millirem tissue-equivalent (TE) meter for measuring radioactivity in cats treated with sodium iodine I 131 (131I).

Animals—15 cats with hyperthyroidism and undergoing 131I treatment.

Procedures—Duplicate measurements were obtained at a distance of 30 cm from the thyroid region of each cat's neck by 2 observers who used both meters on day 3 or 5 after131I administration. Comparisons of measurements between meters and observers were made, with limits of agreement defined as the mean difference ± 2 SDs of the differences.

Results—For observer 1, the mean of the differences in the 2 meters' measurements in all cats was 0.012 mSv/h (SD, 0.011 mSv/h). For observer 2, the mean of the differences in measurements was 0.012 mSv/h (SD, 0.010 mSv/h). For the GM meter, the mean of the differences of the 2 observers for all cats was 0.003 mSv/h (SD, 0.011 mSv/h). For the TE meter, the mean of the differences of the 2 observers for all cats was 0.003 mSv/h (SD, 0.007 mSv/h).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that there was considerable agreement between meters and observers in measurements of radioactivity in cats treated with 131I. Measurements obtained by use of the GM meter may be approximately 0.01 mSv/h less than or 0.03 mSv/h higher than those obtained with the TE meter. If this range is acceptable for an institution's release criteria, the 2 meters should be considered interchangeable and acceptable for clinical use.
Comparison of cardiopulmonary responses during sedation with epidural and local anesthesia for laparoscopic-assisted jejunostomy feeding tube placement with cardiopulmonary responses during general anesthesia for laparoscopic-assisted or open surgical jejunostomy feeding tube placement in healthy dogs
Authors: Hewitt Saundra A. , Brisson Brigitte A. , Sinclair Melissa D. , Sears William C.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To evaluate the use of laparoscopic-assistedjejunostomy feeding tube (J-tube) placement in healthy dogs under sedation with epidural and local anesthesia and compare cardiopulmonary responses during this epidural anesthetic protocol with cardiopulmonary responses during general anesthesia for laparoscopic-assisted or open surgical J-tube placement.

Animals—15 healthy mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were randomly assigned to receive open surgical J-tube placement under general anesthesia (n = 5dogs; group 1), laparoscopic-assisted J-tube placement under general anesthesia (5; group 2), or laparoscopic-assisted J-tube placement under sedation with epidural and local anesthesia (5; group 3). Cardiopulmonary responses were measured at baseline (time 0), every 5 minutes during the procedure (times 5 to 30 minutes), and after the procedure (after desufflation [groups 2 and 3] or at the start of abdominal closure [group 1]). Stroke volume, cardiac index, and O2 delivery were calculated.

Results—All group 3 dogs tolerated laparoscopic-assisted J-tube placement under sedation with epidural and local anesthesia. Comparison of cardiovascular parameters revealed a significantly higher cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, and O2 delivery in group 3 dogs, compared with group 1 and 2 dogs. Minimal differences in hemodynamic parameters were foundbetween groups undergoing laparoscopic-assistedandopen surgical J-tube placement under general anesthesia (ie, groups 1 and 2); these differences were not considered to be clinically important in healthy research dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sedation with epidural and local anesthesia provided satisfactory conditions for laparoscopic-assisted J-tube placement in healthy dogs; this anesthetic protocol caused less cardiopulmonary depression than general anesthesia and may represent a better choice for J-tube placement in critically ill patients.
Effects of a magnesium adhesive cement on bone stability and healing following a metatarsal osteotomy in horses
Authors: Waselau Martin , Samii Valerie F. , Weisbrode Steven E. , Litsky Alan S. , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To compare biodegradable magnesium phosphate cement (Mg-cement), calcium phosphate cement (Ca-cement), and no cement on bone repair, biocompatibility, and bone adhesive characteristics in vivo in horses.

Animals—8 clinically normal adulthorses.

Procedures—Triangular fragments (1-cm-long arms) were created by Y-shaped osteotomy of the second and fourth metatarsal bones (MTII and MTIV, respectively). Fragments were replaced in pairs to compare Mg-cement (MTII, n = 8; MTIV, 8) with Ca-cement (MTIV, 8) or with no cement (MTII, 8). Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed for 7 weeks, at which time osteotomy sites were harvested for computed tomographic measurement of bone density and callus amount, 3-point mechanical testing, and histologic evaluation of healing pattern and biodegradation.

Results—All horses tolerated the procedure without clinical problems. Radiographically, Mg-cement secured fragments significantly closer to parent bone, compared with Ca-cement or no treatment. Callus amount and bone remodeling and healing were significantly greater with Mg-cement, compared with Ca-cement or no cement. Biomechanical testing results and callus density among treatments were not significantly different. Significantly greater woven bone was observed adjacent to the Mg-cement without foreign body reac-tion, compared with Ca-cement or no cement. The Mg-cement was not fully degraded and was still adhered to the fragment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Both bone cements were biocompatible in horses, and Mg-cementmay assistfracture repair by osteogenesis and fragmentstabilization. Fur ther studies are warranted on other applications and to define degradation characteristics.
Assessment of cartilage degradation effects of matrix metalloproteinase-13 in equine cartilage cocultured with synoviocytes
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Schnabel Lauren V. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Mayr Karen G.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine the effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, compared with interleukin (IL)-1α, on cartilage matrix molecule gene expression in a coculture system of equine cartilage explants and synoviocytes.

Sample Population—Articular cartilage and synovium specimens harvested from femoropatellar joints of 4 horses, aged 3 to 5 years.

Procedures—Synoviocytes were isolated and cocultured with cartilage explants. Cultures were treated with human recombinant MMP-13 (1, 25, or 100 ng/mL) or IL-1α (0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 ng/mL) for 96 hours, with medium exchange at 48 hours. Cartilage extracts and media were analyzed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, and results were adjusted to cartilage DNA content. Quantitative PCR was performed on mRNA from cartilage (MMP-3, MMP-13, aggrecan, and collagen type IIB [COL2A1]) and synoviocytes (MMP-3 and MMP-13), and results were adjusted to 18S ribosomal subunit mRNA expression. Treatments were performed in triplicate, and the experiment was repeated 4 times.

Results—Cultures treated with MMP-13 or IL-1α had increased media GAG concentration at 48 and 96 hours. Aggrecan and COL2A1 mRNA expression were increased by application of MMP-13 or IL-1α. Gene expression of the catabolic mediator, MMP-3, in cartilage and synoviocytes was increased in cultures treated with MMP-13 or IL-1α. Expression of MMP-13 mRNA in cartilage was increased by IL-1α, but decreased in synoviocytes by MMP-13 treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results support the use of recombinant MMP-13 in a coculture system of synoviocytes and cartilage explants for the study of osteoarthritis.
Changes in the myocardial performance index during dobutamine administration in anesthetized cats
Authors: Hori Yasutomo , Uechi Masami , Indou Atsuko , Yamano Shigeki , Ebisawa Takashi , Teshima Kenji , Asano Kazushi
Published: April 2007

Objective—To investigate the relationship between myocardial performance index (MPI; also known as the Tei index) and cardiac function in anesthetized cats administered dobutamine.

Animals—6 adult cats.

Procedures—Cats were anesthetized by administration of propofol (6 mg/kg, IV), and anesthesia was maintained by administration of isoflurane. Heart rate and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) were monitored. Stroke volume, cardiac output, and aortic blood flow (ABF) were measured by use of transesophageal ultrasonography. Left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), mitral E-wave velocity-to-A-wave velocity (E:A) ratio, and ejection time were measured by use of transthoracic echocardiography. Dobutamine was administrated via a cephalic vein at rates of 2.5, 5.0, and 10 μg/kg/min.

Results—Heart rate, SAP, cardiac output, and ABF increased with dobutamine administration, whereas stroke volume significantly decreased. The LVFS significantly increased, and the E:A ratio significantly decreased. Total isovolumic time and the MPI significantly decreased. The MPI was negatively correlated (r = −0.63) with LVFS. Conversely, the MPI was positively correlated with the E:A ratio (r = 0.47), stroke volume (r = 0.66), and total isovolumic time (r = 0.95). However, the MPI was not significantly correlated with heart rate, SAP, cardiac output, or ABF.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Analysis suggested that the MPI provides a sensitive clinical assessment of cardiac response to medication in cats, which may be similar to the usefulness of the MPI reported in humans.
Prevalence of obese dogs in a population of dogs with cancer
Authors: Weeth Lisa P. , Fascetti Andrea J. , Kass Philip H. , Suter Steven E. , Santos Aniel M. , Delaney Sean J.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine the body condition score (BCS) distribution for dogs examined at a teaching hospital and examine whether the BCS distribution for dogs with cancer differed significantly from the distribution for dogs without cancer.

Sample Population—1,777 dogs with cancer and 12,893 dogs without cancer.

Procedures—A retrospective prevalence case-control study was conducted that used medical records from 1999 to 2004. Information was collected on BCS (9-point system), age, breed, sex, neuter status, diagnosis, and corticosteroid administration. Body condition score at the time of examination for cancer (dogs with cancer) or first chronologic visit (dogs without cancer) was recorded. Logistic regression was used to compare BCS prevalence distributions between groups.

Results—The overall prevalence of obese dogs (BCS ≥ 7/9) was 14.8% (2,169/14,670), and the overall prevalence of overweight dogs (BCS ≥ 6/9 to < 7/9) was 21.6% (3,174/14,670). There was a significant difference in the BCS distribution between dogs with and without cancer, with a slightly lower prevalence of being overweight and obese in dogs with cancer. The prevalence of obese and overweight dogs varied with specific cancer types when compared with the prevalence for dogs without cancer.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in obesity prevalence among cancer types is suggestive of an incongruous effect of this variable on cancer expression or a differential effect of specific cancer types on weight status. Systematic use of BCSs will help elucidate the association between obesity and cancer development.
Phase I clinical trial of the use of zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in dogs
Authors: Borgatti-Jeffreys Antonella , Hooser Stephen B. , Miller Margaret A. , Lucroy Michael D.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To determine the threshold for acute toxicosis of parenterally administered zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (ZnPcS4), a candidate second-generation photosensitizer, in mice and evaluate the compound's safety in a phase I clinical trial of ZnPcS4-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) in pet dogs with naturally occurring tumors.

Animals—Male Swiss-Webster mice and client-owned dogs with naturally occurring neoplasms.

Procedures—For the study of acute toxicosis, mice were given graded doses of ZnPcS4. To determine safety, a rapid-titration phase I clinical trial of ZnPcS4-based PDT in tumor-bearing dogs was conducted.

Results—In mice, administration of ≥ 100 mg of ZnPcS4/kg resulted in renal tubular necrosis 24 hours after IP injection. In tumor-bearing dogs, ZnPcS4 doses ≤ 4 mg/kg induced no signs of toxicosis and resulted in partial to complete tumor responses in 10 of 12 dogs 4 weeks after PDT. Tumor remission was observed with ZnPcS4 doses as low as 0.25 mg/kg.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A conservative starting dose of ZnPcS4 was arrived at on the basis of mouse toxicosis findings. Zinc phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate–based PDT was tolerated well by all dogs and warrants further study. The identification of the maximum tolerated dose through traditional phase I clinical trials may be unnecessary for evaluating novel PDT protocols.
Identification of serum biomarkers for canine B-cell lymphoma by use of surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Gaines Patrick J. , Powell Timothy D. , Walmsley Scott J. , Estredge Kevin L. , Wisnewski Nancy , Stinchcomb Dan T. , Withrow Stephen J. , Lana Susan E.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To identify biomarker proteins for B-cell lymphoma in canine serum by use of surface-enhanced laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and build classification trees with multiple biomarkers that have high sensitivity and specificity for that tumor type.

Sample Population—Sera from 29 dogs with B-cell lymphoma and 87 control dogs (approx equal numbers of healthy dogs, dogs with malignant cancers other than B-cell lymphoma, and dogs with various nonneoplastic diseases or conditions).

Procedures—Serum samples were fractionated chromatographically and analyzed via SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Peak amplitudes of the spectra from the 2 sample groups were compared to identify potential biomarker peaks, and classification trees were built by use of computer software to detect patterns formed by multiple biomarkers among SELDI data sets.

Results—Several biomarker protein peaks in canine serum were identified, and a classification tree was built on the basis of 3 biomarker protein peaks. With 10-fold cross-validation of the sample set, the best individual serum biomarker peak had 75% sensitivity and 86% specificity and the classification tree had 97% sensitivity and 91% specificity for the classification of B-cell lymphoma.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of biomarker proteins identified in canine serum, classification trees were constructed, which may be useful for the development of a diagnostic test for B-cell lymphoma in dogs. Further investigation is needed to determine whether these biomarkers are useful for screening susceptible dog populations or for monitoring disease status during treatment and remission of B-cell lymphoma in dogs.
Effect of the VP3 gene of chicken anemia virus on canine mammary tumor cells
Authors: Lee Jih-Jong , Chen Poshen B. , Yang Su-Hua , Cheng Chiung-Hsiang , Chueh Ling-Ling , Pang Victor F. , Hsiao Michael , Lin Chung-Tien
Published: April 2007

Objective—To investigate the antitumor effect of the chicken anemia virus (CAV) VP3 gene in canine mammary tumor (CMT) cells.

Sample Populations—Established primary canine cell lines that originated from epithelial cells of resected CMTs and nonneoplastic mammary gland epithelial (MGE) cells.

Procedures—Expression vectors and lentiviral vectors encoding the VP3 gene from a Taiwan-Ilan isolate of CAV were used to deliver the VP3 gene into CMT cells and nonneoplastic MGE cells. Ectopic gene expression and the pro-apoptotic effect of the VP3 gene on CMT and nonneoplastic MGE cells by either transfection or viral infection were evaluated via immunofluorescence microscopy, western blot analysis, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick-end labeling analysis.

Results—Overexpression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein–VP3 fusion protein was detected predominantly in the nuclei of CMT cells. In contrast, the VP3 protein was localized to the cytoplasm of nonneoplastic MGE cells. Among the fusion protein–expressing CMT cells, most underwent characteristic changes of apoptosis, whereas apoptosis was not detected in fusion protein–expressing, nonneoplastic MGE cells. Induction of apoptosis by VP3 gene overexpression in CMT cells was associated with the caspase-9–, but not the caspase-8–, mediated apoptosis pathway.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These data indicate that the VP3 gene of the CAV induces apoptosis in malignant CMT cells, but not in nonneoplastic canine MGE cells. On the basis of such tumor cell–specific killing, the VP3 gene may be a promising agent for the treatment of malignant mammary gland tumors in dogs.
Effects of urine alkalization and activated charcoal on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered carprofen in dogs
Authors: Raekallio Marja R. , Honkavaara Juhana M. , Säkkinen Mia S. , Peltoniemi S. Marikki
Published: April 2007

Objective—To investigate the effects of oral administration of activated charcoal (AC) and urine alkalinization via oral administration of sodium bicarbonate on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered carprofen in dogs.

Animals—6 neutered male Beagles.

Procedures—Each dog underwent 3 experiments (6-week interval between experiments). The dogs received a single dose of carprofen (16 mg/kg) orally at the beginning of each experiment; after 30 minutes, sodium bicarbonate (40 mg/kg, PO), AC solution (2.5 g/kg, PO), or no other treatments were administered. Plasma concentrations of unchanged carprofen were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography at intervals until 48 hours after carprofen administration. Data were analyzed by use of a Student paired t test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs rank test.

Results—Compared with the control treatment, administration of AC decreased plasma carprofen concentrations (mean ± SD maximum concentration was 85.9 ± 11.9 mg/L and 58.1 ± 17.6 mg/L, and area under the time-concentration curve was 960 ± 233 mg/L•h and 373 ± 133 mg/L•h after control and AC treatment, respectively). The elimination half-life remained constant. Administration of sodium bicarbonate had no effect on plasma drug concentrations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After oral administration of carprofen in dogs, administration of AC effectively decreased maximum plasma carprofen concentration, compared with the control treatment, probably by decreasing carprofen absorption. Results suggest that AC can be used to reduce systemic carprofen absorption in dogs receiving an overdose of carprofen. Oral administration of 1 dose of sodium bicarbonate had no apparent impact on carprofen kinetics in dogs.
Computed tomography of the lungs of Indian pythons (Python molurus)
Authors: Pees Michael C. , Kiefer Ingmar , Ludewig Eberhard W. , Schumacher Juergen P. , Krautwald-Junghanns Maria-Elisabeth R. , Oechtering Gerhard U.
Published: April 2007

Objective—To evaluate the use of computed tomography (CT) for detection of pneumonia in snakes.

Animals—8 clinically normal Indian pythons (Python molurus) and 5 pythons with evidence of respiratory tract disease.

Procedures—Preliminary examinations (clinical examination, conventional radiography, and microbiologic examination of a transtracheal wash sample) were performed. The lungs of each snake were then examined by use of CT performed in accordance with a standardized protocol. Structures of the lungs were assessed, and thickness and attenuation of the parenchyma were determined.

Results—It was possible to assess lung parenchyma in all pythons. Mean ± SD attenuation in healthy pythons was −744.4 ± 47.1 Hounsfield units. Significant differences were not evident between the right and left lungs or among measurement areas within a lung. In all Indian pythons with clinical signs of dyspnea and microbiologic detection of pathogens, hyperattenuation of the alveolar tissue was evident.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of the results revealed the benefit of CT for use in the diagnosis of pneumonia in snakes. A standardized protocol and reference values were established as a basis for CT assessment of the lungs of snakes.