bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient and Magnetically Recoverable “Click” PEGylated γ‐Fe2O3–Pd Nanoparticle Catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, and Heck Reactions with Positive Dendritic Effects
Authors: Wang Dong , Deraedt Christophe , Salmon Lionel , Labrugère Christine , Etienne Laetitia , Ruiz Jaime , Astruc Didier
Published: November 2014

The engineering of novel catalytic nanomaterials that are highly active for crucial carbon–carbon bond formations, easily recoverable many times, and biocompatible is highly desirable in terms of sustainable and green chemistry. To this end, catalysts comprising dendritic “click” ligands that are immobilized on a magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) core, terminated by triethylene glycol (TEG) groups, and incorporate Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) have been prepared. These nanomaterials are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM, inductively coupled plasma analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectra and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. They are shown to be highly active, dispersible, and magnetically recoverable many times in Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Heck reactions. In addition, a series of pharmacologically relevant or natural products were successfully synthesized using these magnetic PdNPs as catalyst. For comparison, related PdNP catalysts deposited on MNPs bearing linear “click” PEGylated ligands are also prepared. Strong positive dendritic effects concerning ligand loading, catalyst loading, catalytic activity, and recyclability are observed, that is, the dendritic catalysts are much more efficient than non‐dendritic analogues.
B(C6F5)3‐Mediated Transformations and Hydrogenation of Carbodiimides
Authors: Holthausen Michael H. , Colussi Mariah , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: November 2014

The reactivity of a series of carbodiimides RNCNR (R=tBu (1 a), iPr (1 b), SiMe3 (1 c), and Dipp (2,6‐di‐iso‐propylphenyl (1 d)) with B(C6F5)3 was investigated. After initial adduct formation, several distinct reaction pathways were identified. These pathways involve either isomerization of the carbodiimide to cyanamide derivatives or insertion of a carbodiimide into a BC bond of B(C6F5)3 to yield four‐membered heterocycles. In the presence of dihydrogen, stepwise hydrogenation of the heteroallene moiety in the carbodiimides was achieved, which yielded the respective amidine–B(C6F5)3 adducts and amidinium borate salts upon reaction with one or two equivalents of H2, respectively.
Claisen‐Umlagerung im Rühr‐ und Durchflussbetrieb: Verständnis des Mechanismus und Steuerung der Einflussgrößen
Authors: Hessel Volker , Shahbazali Elnaz , Noël Timothy , Zelentsov Sergei
Published: November 2014

Die Claisen‐Umlagerung wurde in über 100 Jahren durch zahlreiche Forscher äußerst eingehend im Rührbetrieb untersucht. Insbesondere der Reaktionsmechanismus wurde in allen Details erforscht. Quantenmechanische Modellierung und moderne Kurzzeit‐Spektroskopie haben hier ganz neue Impulse gegeben. Auch wurden schon erste Erfahrungen im Durchflussbetrieb in Mikroreaktoren gesammelt. Wie für viele andere Reaktionen so konnte eine massive Beschleunigung in neuen Prozessfenstern erreicht werden. Dieser Übersichtsartikel zeigt, dass das wahre Potenzial dennoch darauf wartet, für den Mikroreaktorbetrieb entdeckt zu werden.
Respiratory‐related outputs of glutamatergic, hypercapnia‐responsive parabrachial neurons in mice
Authors: Yokota Shigefumi , Kaur Satvinder , VanderHorst Veronique G. , Saper Clifford B. , Chamberlin Nancy L.
Published: November 2014

In patients with obstructive sleep apnea, airway obstruction during sleep produces hypercapnia, which in turn activates respiratory muscles that pump air into the lungs (e.g., the diaphragm) and that dilate and stabilize the upper airway (e.g., the genioglossus). We hypothesized that these responses are facilitated by glutamatergic neurons in the parabrachial complex (PB) that respond to hypercapnia and project to premotor and motor neurons that innervate the diaphragm and genioglossus muscles. To test this hypothesis, we combined c‐Fos immunohistochemistry with in situ hybridization for vGluT2 or GAD67 or with retrograde tracing from the ventrolateral medullary region that contains phrenic premotor neurons, the phrenic motor nucleus in the C3–C5 spinal ventral horn, or the hypoglossal motor nucleus. We found that hypercapnia (10% CO2 for 2 hours) activated c‐Fos expression in neurons in the external lateral, lateral crescent (PBcr), and Kölliker‐Fuse (KF) PB subnuclei and that most of these neurons were glutamatergic and virtually none γ‐aminobutyric acidergic. Numerous CO2‐responsive neurons in the KF and PBcr were labeled after retrograde tracer injection into the ventrolateral medulla or hypoglossal motor nuclei, and in the KF after injections into the spinal cord, making them candidates for mediating respiratory‐facilitatory and upper‐airway‐stabilizing effects of hypercapnia. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:907–920, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preadaptation and post‐introduction evolution facilitate the invasion ofPhragmites australisin North America
Authors: Guo Wen‐Yong , Lambertini Carla , Nguyen Loc Xuan , Li Xiu‐Zhen , Brix Hans
Published: November 2014

Compared with non‐invasive species, invasive plant species may benefit from certain advantageous traits, for example, higher photosynthesis capacity and resource/energy‐use efficiency. These traits can be preadapted prior to introduction, but can also be acquired through evolution following introduction to the new range. Disentangling the origins of these advantageous traits is a fundamental and emerging question in invasion ecology. We conducted a multiple comparative experiment under identical environmental condition with the invasive haplotype M lineage of the wetland grassPhragmites australisand compared the ecophysiological traits of this invasive haplotype M in North America with those of the European ancestor and the conspecific North American native haplotype E lineage,P. australisssp. americanus. The invasive haplotype M differed significantly from the native North American conspecific haplotype E in several ecophysiological and morphological traits, and the European haplotype M had a more efficient photosynthetic apparatus than the native North AmericanP. australisssp. americanus. Within the haplotype M lineage, the introduced North AmericanP. australisexhibited different biomass allocation patterns and resource/energy‐use strategies compared to its European ancestor group. A discriminant analysis of principal components separated the haplotype M and the haplotype E lineages completely along the first canonical axis, highly related to photosynthetic gas‐exchange parameters, photosynthetic energy‐use efficiency and payback time. The second canonical axis, highly related to photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and construction costs, significantly separated the introducedP. australisin North America from its European ancestor.Synthesis. We conclude that the EuropeanP. australislineage was preadapted to be invasive prior to its introduction, and that the invasion in North America is further stimulated by rapid post‐introduction evolution in several advantageous traits. The multicomparison approach used in this study could be an effective approach for distinguishing preadaptation and post‐introduction evolution of invasive species. Further research is needed to link the observed changes in invasive traits to the genetic variation and the interaction with the environment.
Internally Self‐Sustaining Electric Power Generation
Authors: Ono Katsutoshi
Published: November 2014

The electrical double layer capacitor‐electrostatic induction electric power generation system (EDLC‐ESIG) undergoes an electric cycle consisting of three steps: energy storage by electrostatic induction, power generation, and initialization by electromechanical coupling. An internally self‐sustaining electric power can be generated by repetition of cycles with periods of the order of seconds. The objective of this paper is to show the design of EDLC‐cell configuration for practical use to produce constant power output. On the basis of energy densities of the conventional EDLCs for energy storage, the volumetric power density has been estimated to be 450 W/L for the discharge time of 10 s. Possibilities of commercial applications of the EDLC‐ESIG system to vehicles and high power generations in central station have been considered with respect to the power densities of the EDLC‐cells consolidated into a generation system.
Synthesis and Characterization of Barium Tetrafluoridobromate(III) Ba(BrF4)2
Authors: Ivlev Sergey , Sobolev Vasily , Hoelzel Markus , Karttunen Antti J. , Müller Thomas , Gerin Ivan , Ostvald Roman , Kraus Florian
Published: November 2014

Alkali and alkaline earth metal tetrafluoridobromates MIBrF4, MII(BrF4)2 (MI = Na–Cs, MII = Sr, Ba) can be synthesized from the respective fluorides and BrF3. The reaction of BaF2 with liquid BrF3 under Freon‐113 leads to the formation of Ba(BrF4)2 as a colorless microcrystalline powder. Here, we discuss its formation kinetics and thermodynamics. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal space group I$\bar {4}$ with a = 9.65081(11) Å, c = 8.03453(13) Å, V = 748.32(2) Å3, and Z = 4 at 27 °C, and it is isotypic to Ba(AuF4)2. The structure contains square planar BrF4– anions. The compound is stable at ambient conditions excluding moisture and at temperatures up to approximately 200 °C. Solid‐state computational calculations of the Raman and IR spectra are in good agreement with the experimentally obtained ones, and in combination with its powder X‐ray diffraction pattern, density measurement, thermodynamics, elemental and EDXRF analyses, this shows that the compound is pure.
trans‐1,2‐Cyclohexanedisulfonic Acid: An Optically Active Linker for Coordination Polymers
Authors: Behler Florian , Zitzer Christina , Wickleder Mathias S. , Christoffers Jens
Published: November 2014

Racemic 1,2‐cyclohexanedisulfonic acid was prepared from cyclohexene oxide via the cyclic trithiocarbonate and isolated as its barium salt. Optical resolution was achieved by crystallization with (–)‐(R,R)‐1,2‐cyclohexane diamine; the absolute configuration was established by X‐ray crystallography of this salt, [C6H10(NH3)2][C6H10(SO3)2]. Solid‐state structures were investigated of the racemic acidic sodium disulfonate Na(H5O2)[C6H10(SO3)2] and the optically active disulfonates Na2[C6H10(SO3)2]·1.8H2O and Ag(NH2Me2)[C6H10(SO3)2].
Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐2,6‐Disubstituted Morpholines and 1,4‐Oxathianes by Intramolecular Reductive Etherification of 1,5‐Diketones
Authors: Gharpure Santosh J. , Anuradha Dandela , Prasad Jonnalagadda V. K. , Srinivasa Rao Pidugu
Published: November 2014

A simple and efficient, Lewis acid catalysed reductive etherification strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of cis‐2,6‐disubstituted morpholines and 1,4‐oxathianes starting from readily available 1,5‐diketones has been developed. The strategy is used in the total synthesis of morpholine‐based natural products (±)‐chelonin A and formal total synthesis of (±)‐chelonin C.
The Demand for Warrants and Issuer Pricing Strategies
Authors: Baule Rainer , Blonski Philip
Published: November 2014

We develop a model for the demand of warrants by individual investors with regard to their sensitivity to issuer margins, defined as the relative overpricing with respect to the theoretical value. Based on an empirical data set we show that investors are relatively margin‐sensitive; that is, given similar warrants from different issuers or warrants with similar characteristics, investors tend to buy those with the lowest margin. Investors are, however, not absolutely margin‐sensitive; that is, demand is not influenced by the overall margin level. Our model suggests an equilibrium with different issuer pricing strategies for different warrants in such a situation. Consistent with the model's predictions, we find that issuers vary their pricing with the moneyness of a warrant. We thus give an explanation for the dependence of issuer margins on a product's moneyness, which has been documented in the literature for several retail derivative products. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:1195–1219, 2015
Low amyloid‐β deposition correlates with high education in cognitively normal older adults: a pilot study
Authors: Yasuno Fumihiko , Kazui Hiroaki , Morita Naomi , Kajimoto Katsufumi , Ihara Masafumi , Taguchi Akihiko , Yamamoto Akihide , Matsuoka Kiwamu , Kosaka Jun , Kudo Takashi , Iida Hidehiro , Kishimoto Toshifumi
Published: November 2014

Objective

Several epidemiological studies have found a lower incidence of Alzheimer's disease in highly educated populations, but the protective mechanism of education against the disease is still unclear. Our objective was to investigate the association between education and 11C‐labeled Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) uptake with positron emission tomography in participants with normal cognitive ability.

Methods

We performed 11C‐labeled PIB positron emission tomography and neuropsychological testing in 30 cognitively normal older participants. Of the participants, 16 had a period of education less than 12 years (low‐education group) and 14 had more than 13 years (high‐education group). Amyloid‐β deposition was quantified by binding potential (BPND) in several brain regions and was compared between the groups with different education levels.

Results

We found significantly higher cortical PIB‐BPND in the cognitively normal participants with low education compared with the ones with high education. None of the brain regions in low‐education group showed significantly lower BPND values. This finding was not affected by the inclusion of possible confounding variables such as age, sex, and general intelligence. Our findings indicated a reduced amyloid pathology in highly educated, cognitively normal, participants.

Conclusions

Our findings lead to the proposal that early‐life education has a negative association with Alzheimer's disease pathology. This proposal is not in opposition to the brain reserve hypothesis. People with more education might be prone to a greater inhibitory effect against amyloid‐β deposition before the preclinical stage. At the same time, they have a greater reserve capacity, and greater pathological changes are required for dementia to manifest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved pretreatments applied to the sugarcane bagasse and release of lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose‐enriched fractions by sulfuric acid hydrolysis
Authors: Miranda Ismael , Masiero Maria O , Zamai Thamyres , Capella Marisa , Laluce Cecilia
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

A number of pretreatments have been reported in the literature aiming to improve yields with increases in degree of digestibility of the cellulose‐enriched fractions, in reducing the process time recalcitrance and costs of a variety of chemicals reagents and physical processes were used. Nevertheless, none of them was considered completely satisfactory.

RESULTS

Modifications and simplifications were made in pretreatments to increase gravimetric yields and to decrease the losses of mass. The highest gravimetric yields and the lowest loss of mass were obtained for cellulose‐enriched fractions resulting from microwave pretreatments. Loss of mass during treatments with sulfuric acid were due to dehydration of sugars forming furan aldehydes. Cellulose‐enriched fractions PT6 and PT7 are certainly more easily by commercial enzymes as indicated by loss of mass.

CONCLUSIONS

Pretreatments with sulfuric acid resulted in less recalcitrant cellulose‐enriched fractions that will give enzymatic hydrolysates containing less inhibitors of yeast cells. FeCl3 greatly modified the yields of total reducing sugars, glucose, furan aldehydes and phenolic compounds released from the cellulose‐enriched fractions by sulfuric acid. However, the co‐catalytic effect on the sulfuric acid hydrolysis was dependent on the pretreatment used and acid concentration. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of tenascin‐C on the repair of full‐thickness osteochondral defects of articular cartilage in rabbits
Authors: Ikemura Shigeto , Hasegawa Masahiro , Iino Takahiro , Miyamoto Keiichi , Imanaka‐Yoshida Kyoko , Yoshida Toshimichi , Sudo Akihiro
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tenascin‐C (TNC) on the repair of full‐thickness osteochondral defects of articular cartilage in vivo. We used a gellan–gellan–sulfate sponge (Gellan–GS) to maintain a TNC‐rich environment in the cartilage defects. We implanted Gellan‐GS soaked in PBS only (Group 1), Gellan‐GS soaked in 10 µg/ml of TNC (Group 2), and Gellan‐GS soaked in 100 µg/ml of TNC (Group 3) into a full‐thickness osteochondral defect of the patellar groove of rabbits. The defect area was examined grossly and histologically 4–12 weeks after surgery. Sections of synovium were also immunohistochemically investigated. Histologically as well as macroscopically, the defects in Group 2 showed better repair than the other groups at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. Inflammation of the synovium tended to diminish over time in all groups, and the degree of synovitis was the same for all three groups at each time point. In conclusion, Gellan–GS soaked in TNC can be used as a novel scaffold for the repair of articular cartilage defects. This study also indicates that TNC promotes the repair of full‐thickness osteochondral defects in vivo. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:563–571, 2015.
Lipoic acid mitigates oxidative stress and recovers metabolic distortions in salt‐stressed wheat seedlings by modulating ion homeostasis, the osmo‐regulator level and antioxidant system
Authors: Gorcek Zeynep , Erdal Serkan
Published: November 2014

BACKROUND

Soil salinity is one of the most detrimental environmental factors affecting the growth of plants and limiting their agricultural productivity. This study investigated whether exogenous lipoic acid (LA) pretreatment plays a role in promoting salt tolerance in wheat seedlings. The seedlings were treated with LA (1.75 mmol L−1) and salt (100 mmol L−1 NaCl) separately and a combination of them.

RESULTS

Salt stress significantly reduced relative water content, leaf surface area, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase expression, and chlorophyll content but increased the content of osmo‐regulator protein, carbohydrates and proline. In addition, salinity led to an imbalance in the inorganic composition of wheat leaves. While it elevated Na+ content compared to control, Ca content and K+/Na+ ratio were reduced. Under saline conditions, despite increases in antioxidant enzyme activity and levels of antioxidant compounds (ascorbate and glutathione), the content of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide) and malondialdehyde were higher than in control seedlings. LA significantly promoted osmo‐regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone. Also, it both increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione and regenerated their oxidised forms, thus contributing to maintaining cellular redox status. Similarly, LA prevented excessive accumulation of Na+ and promoted K+/Na+ ratio and Ca content. Reactive oxygen species content was significantly reduced, and the inhibitions in the above parameters markedly recovered.

CONCLUSION

LA reduced salinity‐induced oxidative damage and thus contributed to the growth and development of plants in saline soils by modulating ion homeostasis between plant and soil as well as in osmo‐regulator content and antioxidant system. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Ring‐System‐Based Exhaustive Structure Generation for Inverse‐QSPR/QSAR
Authors: Miyao Tomoyuki , Kaneko Hiromasa , Funatsu Kimito
Published: November 2014

Inverse‐QSPR/QSAR aims to solve the inverse problem of chemical structure generation based on QSPR/QSAR models, once the properties or activities are specified. To efficiently solve this problem, an exhaustive ring‐system‐based structure generation methodology was developed. The concept of the applicability domain (AD) is automatically acknowledged within the proposed strategy. The local AD is considered by introducing the probability distribution of a given data set, and the universal AD is considered using ring‐system‐based fragments in the training data set. Structures with desired properties or activities are enumerated by assembling fragments, including atomic elements, in a tree‐like way. The usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated through a case study of ligand design for the human alpha 2A adrenergic receptor (ADR2A_HUMAN). We succeeded in generating structures focusing only on a pre‐defined region in chemical space, resulting in structures whose desired activity has a high likelihood being efficiently generated. In addition, the limitations of our proposed method and future challenges are discussed.
Supremizer stabilization of POD–Galerkin approximation of parametrized steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Ballarin Francesco , Manzoni Andrea , Quarteroni Alfio , Rozza Gianluigi
Published: November 2014

In this work, we present a stable proper orthogonal decomposition–Galerkin approximation for parametrized steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with low Reynolds number. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of urbanisation on the climatology of thunderstorm initiation
Authors: Haberlie Alex M. , Ashley Walker S. , Pingel Thomas J.
Published: November 2014

This study assesses the impact of urban land use on the climatological distribution of thunderstorm initiation occurrences in the humid subtropical region of the southeast United States, which includes the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. Initially, an automated technique is developed to extract the locations of isolated convective initiation (ICI) events from 17 years (1997–2013) of composite reflectivity radar data for the study area. Nearly 26 000 ICI points were detected during 85 warm‐season months, providing the foundation for first long‐term, systematic assessment of the influence of urban land use on thunderstorm development. Results reveal that ICI events occur more often over the urban area compared to its surrounding rural counterparts, confirming that anthropogenic‐induced changes in land cover in moist tropical environments lead to more initiation events, resulting thunderstorms and affiliated hazards over the developed area. The ICI risk for Atlanta is greatest during the late afternoon and early evening in July and August in synoptically benign conditions. Greater ICI counts downwind of Atlanta suggest that prevailing wind direction also influences the location of these events. Moreover, ICI occurrences over the city were significantly higher on weekdays compared to weekend days—a result that was not apparent in a rural control region located west of the city. This suggests that the weekly commuting cycle and associated aerosol levels of Atlanta may amplify ICI rates. The investigation provides a methodological framework for future studies that examine the effect of land use, land cover, and terrain discontinuities on the spatio‐temporal character of ICI events.
Public Perspectives on Nuclear Security
Authors: Herron Kerry G. , Jenkins‐Smith Hank C.
Published: November 2014

Employing data from two dozen national surveys of the American people conducted between 1993 and 2011, we analyze trends in mass views on key dimensions of nuclear security. We specifically address four questions. (a) How are the risks of nuclear conflict and further nuclear proliferation assessed? (b) How does the public view the relevance and value of US nuclear weapons? (c) What future directions are preferred for the US nuclear weapons stockpile? (d) How are public views about retaining US nuclear weapons structured? Our data show that nuclear conflict with Iran and North Korea and the risks of nuclear weapons or materials being acquired by transnational terrorist groups are seen as the greatest nuclear threats. Most Americans continue to value the efficacy of nuclear deterrence, consider nuclear abolition to be desirable but not yet feasible, and support modest mutual reductions in nuclear weapons. Employing causal modeling, we find that mass beliefs about the importance of retaining US nuclear weapons are hierarchically structured in coherent ways, and therefore are likely to be both resilient and relevant to policy debates on nuclear security.
Climate Change as a Policy Development and Public Management Challenge: An Introduction to Key Themes
Authors: Gerber Brian J.
Published: November 2014

Climate science has established the underlying pattern of a warming climate on a global scale—along with the implications of such changes. The reality of global warming thus leads inevitably to questions of public policy: how can governments, both across the international system and within individual nation states, regulate activities to help mitigate those factors contributing to global warming? And how can they design systems to become more adaptable to the effects of a changing climate in order to enhance community and national resilience? This symposium issue addresses policy choices and public management efforts by considering the nature of mass and elite opinion on what climate change means and how to address it, how policy innovations are developed, including the utilization of research evidence, and how operational management systems function in practice, particularly at a subnational level.
Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties of BiCu2(TeO3)(SO4)(OH)3
Authors: Chen Fengting , Zhao Jiachang , Xu Jingli , Wu Yuandong
Published: November 2014

The hetero‐bimetallic polyanionic compound BiCu2(TeO3)(SO4)(OH)3 was synthesized using hydrothermal techniques. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14) with lattice parameters a = 9.5513(15), b = 6.3022(10), c = 13.955(2) Å, β = 102.845(3)°, and Z = 4. The structure of title compound is a three‐dimensional tunnel framework consisting of edge‐sharing two‐dimensional [Cu3O10]14– layers linked by BiO8bicapped trigonal prisms, TeO32– trigonal pyramids and SO42– tetrahedra. Along [010], each Cu(1)O6 octahedron shares two edges with adjacent Cu(1)O6 units to form infinite one‐dimensional zigzag chains, which are connected by double inverted Cu(2)O6 octahedral units via edge sharing (O9···O8). The suitability of crystal for optical applications was investigated by UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy. Raman and FTIR spectra were used to confirm the presence of various functional groups such as TeO32–, SO42–, OH– in the crystals.
Armored scale insect endosymbiont diversity at the species level: genealogical patterns of Uzinura diasipipdicola in the Chionaspis pinifoliae–Chionaspis heterophyllae species complex (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
Authors: Andersen J.C. , Gwiazdowski R.A. , Gdanetz K. , Gruwell M.E.
Published: November 2014

Armored scale insects and their primary bacterial endosymbionts show nearly identical patterns of co-diversification when viewed at the family level, though the persistence of these patterns at the species level has not been explored in this group. Therefore we investigated genealogical patterns of co-diversification near the species level between the primary endosymbiont Uzinura diaspidicola and its hosts in the Chionaspis pinifoliae–Chionaspis heterophyllae species complex. To do this we generated DNA sequence data from three endosymbiont loci (rspB, GroEL, and 16S) and analyzed each locus independently using statistical parsimony network analyses and as a concatenated dataset using Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions. We found that for two endosymbiont loci, 16S and GroEL, sequences from U. diaspidicola were broadly associated with host species designations, while for rspB this pattern was less clear as C. heterophyllae (species S1) shared haplotypes with several other Chionaspis species. We then compared the topological congruence of the phylogenetic reconstructions generated from a concatenated dataset of endosymbiont loci (including all three loci, above) to that from a concatenated dataset of armored scale hosts, using published data from two nuclear loci (28S and EF1α) and one mitochondrial locus (COI–COII) from the armored scale hosts. We calculated whether the two topologies were congruent using the Shimodaira–Hasegawa test. We found no significant differences (P = 0.4892) between the topologies suggesting that, at least at this level of resolution, co-diversification of U. diaspidicola with its armored scale hosts also occurs near the species level. This is the first such study of co-speciation at the species level between U. diaspidicola and a group of armored scale insects.
“The Most Progressive and Forward Looking Race Relations Experiment in Existence”: Race “Militancy”, Whiteness, and DRRI in the Early 1970s
Authors: BURGIN SAY
Published: November 2014

At the end of the 1960s, the United States military was rocked by race-related violence and riots. Growing fears of black “militancy” eventually compelled the military's largely white leadership to implement policies aimed at ameliorating racial disparities. One of the most significant changes was the establishment of the Defense Race Relations Institute (DRRI) and the requirement that all troops partake in race relations education. Largely overlooked in histories of military race relations and rarely viewed in terms of its place in the larger landscape of US race relations, DRRI was founded to train the military's race relations educators. Its original curriculum and methodology, during the years 1971–74, represented a radical response to the problems of racism in the military, and central to its framework was a critique of whiteness as a nexus of racialized power. This paper attempts to present a complex understanding of the motivations involved in the founding of the DRRI as it historicizes the military's quest to contain race “militancy” through the establishment of DRRI.
Symplectella rowi(Porifera: Hexactinellida: Lyssacinosida) is a rossellid, not a euplectellid
Authors: Dohrmann Martin
Published: November 2014

The monospecific hexactinellid sponge genus Symplectella endemic to New Zealand waters was originally assigned to family Rossellidae within the order Lyssacinosida (subclass Hexasterophora), although affinities to family Euplectellidae were also noted. Seventy-eight years later, the genus was transferred to Euplectellidae (subfamily Corbitellinae) on rather subjective grounds. Here, I test these two competing taxonomic hypotheses with molecular phylogenetic methods and demonstrate thatSymplectella rowiis indeed a rossellid, as was originally suggested. The genus is officially transferred back to Rossellidae (subfamily Rossellinae), which represents another small step towards a more natural classification system of glass sponges.
Placing pits: Landscape Occupation and Depositional Practice During the Neolithic in East Anglia
Authors: Garrow Duncan
Published: November 2014

This paper takes Neolithic pits as a starting point from which to investigate the broader issues of settlement and deposition in Britain at that time. It suggests that while sites made up primarily, and often only, of pits have recently been incorporated much more readily into accounts of the period, they are still not well understood. It is only by investigating the character of occupation across the landscape as a whole, and the nature of deposits in a variety of different contexts, that we will be able to understand pits, settlement, or deposition fully. On the basis of a study of this kind, it is suggested that pits were sited in specific locations which might be considered suitable for ‘settlement’; it is also demonstrated that deposition varied considerably between contexts and over time. By including large numbers of sites known only through ‘grey’ reports and Historic Environment Records, the study draws on an important body of work which has been under-used in the past. The paper focuses primarily on East Anglia, a region well-known for its pit sites but not well-known for its monuments; in doing so, it aims to counterbalance the weight of previous narratives which have tended to focus on other parts of Britain.
Editorial: Foreword for special issue on rehabilitation robotics and human–robot interaction – ROBOTICA
Authors: Artemiadis Panagiotis , Santello Marco
Published: November 2014

The demand for motor rehabilitation is growing apace with the graying of the population. The utilization of robotic devices in sensorimotor rehabilitation therapy has received increased attention during the last decade. Despite the growing interest in using robotic devices for rehabilitation of sensorimotor function, their widespread use remains somewhat limited by a number of factors, including the assessment of the true cost-to-benefit ratio relative to other types of rehabilitation approaches and parameters that would optimize their long-term efficacy. Understanding human sensorimotor control and brain plasticity can provide insight into the design of robot hardware and controllers with the appropriate reference or desired output. On the other hand, the control of the physical interaction of the therapeutic device with the subject to effectively accelerate recovery is of paramount importance. This special issue focuses on the current state of knowledge about sensorimotor control and brain plasticity, models of sensorimotor functional recovery, and use of intelligent robot controllers to provide robotic-assisted therapy for motor rehabilitation.
Gait planning for a hopping robot
Authors: Shabestari S. S. , Emami M. R.
Published: November 2014

An optimization model is developed in this paper for the joint trajectories of a hopping robot with a four-bar linkage leg. The dynamic behaviour of the one-legged robot is investigated during the stance and swing phases, and their impacts on gait planning are analysed. Certain constraints characterizing the continuous and cyclic motion of the robot are obtained. The optimization model is solved for the minimum torque and maximum velocity objective functions separately, and the results are compared with those in nature.
Rewriting the ecclesiastical landscape of early medieval Northumbria in the Lives of Cuthbert
Authors: McMullen A. Joseph
Published: November 2014

This article re-examines the use of place-names in the early prose Lives of Cuthbert and provides an additional explanation for Bede's removal of many of the place-names that greatly localize the events in the anonymous Life. I argue that the author of the anonymous Life was following a common Irish hagiographic practice of using place-names as propaganda to create a network of churches, monasteries, or lands under the authority of the paruchia of a saint's leading church. Bede's deliberate choice to remove certain place-names that were outside Lindisfarne's diocese, or even its immediate sphere of influence, suggests that he was aware of this agenda and intentionally revised these details in order to set right the Northumbrian ecclesiastical landscape.
Constructing the monstrous body in Beowulf
Authors: Cavell Megan
Published: November 2014

The monstrosity of Grendel and his mother have long held the interest of Beowulf-scholars. Examining the bodily attributes of both figures in order to detect inter-textual patterns of diction, this article focuses on depictions of the monsters' skin, hands and blood. In analysing these attributes, it becomes clear that the Beowulf-poet's chosen descriptors align the monstrous body with manmade objects in general and with weapons and armour in particular. This blurring of body and human artifact creates an environment for monstrous existence that is between and outside of both human culture and nature.
The sevenfold-fivefold-threefold litany of the saints in the Leofric Missal and beyond
Authors: Norris Robin
Published: November 2014

The brief litany of saints in the Leofric Missal is the oldest complete extant specimen of the sevenfold-fivefold-threefold prayer used for baptism on Holy Saturday. This continental innovation became widespread in Anglo-Saxon England, and was used in Ireland into the twelfth century. The petitions of this special form, probably from an English source, appear in the brief litany of the Corpus Irish Missal, alongside invocations either standardized by the scribe or adapted from a continental source. Through the evolution of the sevenfold-fivefold-threefold litany over time and across cultures, we see concrete evidence of the patterns of cultural transmission that shaped early medieval Europe.
Univalence for inverse diagrams and homotopy canonicity
Authors: SHULMAN MICHAEL
Published: November 2014

We describe a homotopical version of the relational and gluing models of type theory, and generalize it to inverse diagrams and oplax limits. Our method uses the Reedy homotopy theory on inverse diagrams, and relies on the fact that Reedy fibrant diagrams correspond to contexts of a certain shape in type theory. This has two main applications. First, by considering inverse diagrams in Voevodsky's univalent model in simplicial sets, we obtain new models of univalence in a number of (∞, 1)-toposes; this answers a question raised at the Oberwolfach workshop on homotopical type theory. Second, by gluing the syntactic category of univalent type theory along its global sections functor to groupoids, we obtain a partial answer to Voevodsky's homotopy-canonicity conjecture: in 1-truncated type theory with one univalent universe of sets, any closed term of natural number type is homotopic to a numeral.
Disruption of exogenous eGFP gene using RNA-guided endonuclease in bovine transgenic somatic cells
Authors: Choi WooJae , Yum SooYoung , Lee SongJeon , Lee WonWu , Lee JiHyun , Kim SeokJoong , Koo OkJae , Lee ByeongChun , Jang Goo
Published: November 2014

Genome-editing technologies are considered to be an important tool for generating gene knockout cattle models. Here, we report highly efficient disruption of a chromosomally integrated eGFP gene in bovine somatic cells using RNA-guided endonucleases, a new class of programmable nucleases developed from a bacterial Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system. In the present study, we obtained homogenously eGFP-expressing primary fibroblasts from cloned bovine transgenic embryonic tissues and employed them for further analysis. CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids specifically targeting the eGFP gene were transfected into the eGFP fibroblasts by electroporation. After 10 days of culture, more than 40% of the cells had lost eGFP expression in fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Targeted sequences of the transfected cells were analyzed, and various small indel mutations (6–203 bp deletions) in the target sequence were found. The fibroblasts mutated with the CRISPR/Cas9 system were applied for somatic cell nuclear transfer, and the reconstructed embryos were successfully developed into the blastocyst stage. In conclusion, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was successfully utilized in bovine cells and cloned embryos. This will be a useful technique to develop livestock transgenesis for agricultural science.
On the agency of rivers
Authors: Edgeworth Matt
Published: November 2014

Veronica Strang has written an excellent account of the fluid relationships between humans and the non-human materiality of water. The very idea of anthropology of water challenges our commonly held assumptions about water being just a material or economic resource (or, conversely, about anthropology being just the study of people). It holds that water is socially, politically and ritually constituted, while acknowledging at the same time that water also has an existence outside the human domain. There is much to agree with and to be inspired by in the paper, which is especially strong on ‘fluidity and consistency at every level of human–non-human engagement’ (p. 133). By virtue of the emphasis on that specific aspect, however, there are some aspects which are underemphasized, and it is these which I focus on in my comments.
Holy water. The universal and the particular
Authors: Oestigaard Terje
Published: November 2014

Veronica Strang's ‘Fluid consistences. Material relationality in human engagements with water’ is a highly welcome theoretical discussion regarding the role of water in society and social theories. As a discussion article, Strang's piece opens up a number of fields of enquiry where water empirically and theoretically challenges current theories, but given the limitations of an article there are still other spheres where water may contest dominant theories, and I will briefly address some of these aspects with an emphasis on holy water.
Interface Magnetism in LaMnO3 / SrTiO3 Superlattices: Influence of Oxygen Octahedral Tilts
Authors: Roldan M.A. , Siemons W. , Salafranca J. , Varela M. , Lupini A.R. , Pennycook S.J. , Crishten H.M.
Published: November 2014

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2013 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, August 4 – August 8, 2013.
Lactate Transport and Signaling in the Brain: Potential Therapeutic Targets and Roles in Body—Brain Interaction
Authors: Bergersen Linda Hildegard
Published: November 2014

Lactate acts as a ‘buffer’ between glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. In addition to being exchanged as a fuel by the monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) between cells and tissues with different glycolytic and oxidative rates, lactate may be a ‘volume transmitter’ of brain signals. According to some, lactate is a preferred fuel for brain metabolism. Immediately after brain activation, the rate of glycolysis exceeds oxidation, leading to net production of lactate. At physical rest, there is a net efflux of lactate from the brain into the blood stream. But when blood lactate levels rise, such as in physical exercise, there is net influx of lactate from blood to brain, where the lactate is used for energy production and myelin formation. Lactate binds to the lactate receptor GPR81 aka hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor (HCAR1) on brain cells and cerebral blood vessels, and regulates the levels of cAMP. The localization and function of HCAR1 and the three MCTs (MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4) expressed in brain constitute the focus of this review. They are possible targets for new therapeutic drugs and interventions. The author proposes that lactate actions in the brain through MCTs and the lactate receptor underlie part of the favorable effects on the brain resulting from physical exercise.
Biomolecular characterization of adrenal gland tumors by means of SR-FTIR
Authors: Dudala J. , Bialas M. , Surowka A. , Bereza-Buziak M. , Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A. , Budzynski A. , Pedziwiatr M. , Kolodziej M. , Wehbe K. , Lankosz M.
Published: November 2014

Preliminary FTIR measurements of adrenal gland biocomposition as the first step to find a spectral biomarker of malignancy phenotype.
Determination of fluoroquinolone drugs in meat by ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wang Geng Nan , Feng Cheng , Zhang Hui Cai , Zhang Ying Qun , Zhang Lei , Wang Jian Ping
Published: November 2014

Ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography was used to determine four fluoroquinolone drugs in meat.
Phosphine-catalyzed dearomatizing [3+2] annulations of isoquinolinium methylides with allenes
Authors: Jia Zhi-Jun , Daniliuc Constantin Gabriel , Antonchick Andrey P. , Waldmann Herbert
Published: November 2014

A phosphine-catalyzed annulation provides an access to highly functionalized pyrroloisoquinolines with high regioselectivity.
Bimodal crystallization at polymer–fullerene interfaces
Authors: Môn Dyfrig , Higgins Anthony M. , James David , Hampton Mark , Macdonald J. Emyr , Ward Michael B. , Gutfreund Philipp , Lilliu Samuele , Rawle Jonathan
Published: November 2014

The growth-kinetics of PCBM crystals, on two different length-scales, is controlled by the thickness of the polymer layer within a PCBM–polymer bilayer.
Ab initio quantum dynamical analysis of ultrafast nonradiative transitions via conical intersections in pyrazine
Authors: Kanno Manabu , Ito Yuta , Shimakura Noriyuki , Koseki Shiro , Kono Hirohiko , Fujimura Yuichi
Published: November 2014

Ab initio quantum dynamical calculations reveal the contributions of the optically dark S1 (1B3u), S3 (1Au), and S4 (1B2g) states to ultrafast nonradiative transition from the optically bright S2 (1B2u) state in pyrazine and suggest a much faster transition rate than previously believed.
Valence tautomeric dinuclear adducts of Co(ii) diketonates with redox-active diquinones for the design of spin qubits: computational modeling
Authors: Minkin Vladimir I. , Starikova Alyona A. , Starikov Andrey G.
Published: November 2014

DFT calculations performed on dinuclear adducts of Co(ii) diketonates with redox-active diquinones showed that with the proper structural tuning of the ligands, these paramagnetic complexes possess the properties required in a 2-qubit molecular system.
Sustainable synthetic route for γ-Fe2O3/C hybrid as anode material for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Qin Furong , Zhang Kai , Zhang Liyuan , Li Jie , Lu Hai , Lai Yanqing , Zhang Zhian , Zhou Yaming , Li Yiwei , Fang Jing
Published: November 2014

A sustainable synthesis has been developed for γ-Fe2O3/C hybrid, which showed superior electrochemical performance as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.
Tris(triazole) tripodal receptors as selective probes for citrate anion recognition and multichannel transition and heavy metal cation sensing
Authors: González María del Carmen , Otón Francisco , Espinosa Arturo , Tárraga Alberto , Molina Pedro
Published: November 2014

The preparation and binding properties towards citrate anions and cations of two three-armed triazole based receptors are described.
Amphiphilic fluorescent copolymers via one-pot combination of chemoenzymatic transesterification and RAFT polymerization: synthesis, self-assembly and cell imaging
Authors: Huang Zengfang , Zhang Xiqi , Zhang Xiaoyong , Fu Changkui , Wang Ke , Yuan Jinying , Tao Lei , Wei Yen
Published: November 2014

A novel one-pot strategy for the fabrication of AIE-based FONs has been developed via a combination of RAFT polymerization and enzymatic transesterification.
Modulating the electron-transfer properties of a mixed-valence system through host–guest chemistry
Authors: Zubi Ahmed , Wragg Ashley , Turega Simon , Adams Harry , Costa Paulo J. , Félix Vítor , Thomas Jim A.
Published: November 2014

Herein, we report that the interplay between the binding properties and redox activity of a self-assembled trinuclear RuII macrocycle leads to an hitherto unreported phenomenon, in which access to specific MV states is gated by host–guest chemistry.
Supramolecular ionic networks with superior thermal and transport properties based on novel delocalized di-anionic compounds
Authors: Aboudzadeh M. Ali , Shaplov Alexander S. , Hernandez Guiomar , Vlasov Petr S. , Lozinskaya Elena I. , Pozo-Gonzalo Cristina , Forsyth Maria , Vygodskii Yakov S. , Mecerreyes David
Published: November 2014

Supramolecular ionic networks based on delocalized di-anionic compounds combined ionic conductivity and self-healing properties into the same material.
Toward reliable and accurate evaluation of polymer solar cells based on low band gap polymers
Authors: Ye Long , Zhou Chengyue , Meng Haifeng , Wu Heng-Hsin , Lin Chi-Ching , Liao Hua-Hsien , Zhang Shaoqing , Hou Jianhui
Published: November 2014

To accurately evaluate the power conversion efficiencies, a general set of procedures were provided for low band gap polymers.
Synergistic electrical bistability in a conductive spin crossover heterostructure
Authors: Chen Yan-Cong , Meng Yan , Ni Zhao-Ping , Tong Ming-Liang
Published: November 2014

A flexible heterostructure is reported herein, which elastically couples the volumetric variation during SCO to the electrical conductivity of a strain-sensitive metallic conductor, thereby resulting in synergistic electrical bistability.