bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental diffuse brain injury and a model of Alzheimer's disease exhibit disease‐specific changes in sleep and incongruous peripheral inflammation
Authors: Saber Maha , Murphy Sean M. , Cho Yerin , Lifshitz Jonathan , Rowe Rachel K.
Published: December 2020

Elderly populations (≥65 years old) have the highest risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and/or obtaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using translational mouse models, we investigated sleep disturbances and inflammation associated with normal aging, TBI and aging, and AD. We hypothesized that aging results in marked changes in sleep compared with adult mice, and that TBI and aging would result in sleep and inflammation levels similar to AD mice. We used female 16‐month‐old wild‐type (WT Aged) and 3xTg‐AD mice, as well as a 2‐month‐old reference group (WT Adult), to evaluate sleep changes. WT Aged mice received diffuse TBI by midline fluid percussion, and blood was collected from both WT Aged (pre‐ and post‐TBI) and 3xTg‐AD mice to evaluate inflammation. Cognitive behavior was tested, and tissue was collected for histology. Bayesian generalized additive and mixed‐effects models were used for analyses. Both normal aging and AD led to increases in sleep compared with adult mice. WT Aged mice with TBI slept substantially more, with fragmented shorter bouts, than they did pre‐TBI and compared with AD mice. However, differences between WT Aged and 3xTg‐AD mice in immune cell populations and plasma cytokine levels were incongruous, cognitive deficits were similar, and cumulative sleep was not predictive of inflammation or behavior for either group. Our results suggest that in similarly aged individuals, TBI immediately induces more profound sleep alterations than in AD, although both diseases likely include cognitive impairments. Unique pathological sleep pathways may exist in elderly individuals who incur TBI compared with similarly aged individuals who have AD, which may warrant disease‐specific treatments in clinical settings.
Microbial carbon source utilization in rice rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soils in a 34‐year fertilized paddy field
Authors: Tang Haiming , Li Chao , Wen Li , Li Weiyan , Shi Lihong , Cheng Kaikai , Xiao Xiaoping
Published: December 2020

Carbon (C) is playing an important role in regulating soil nutrient cycling, maintaining soil fertility and crop yield, but there is still need to further study on how C source utilization characteristic respond to soil physical and chemical properties change with different fertilizer treatments under a double‐cropping rice (Oryza sativa L.) field in southern China. Therefore, the effects of 34‐year long‐term fertilizer regime on C source utilization characteristic in rice rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soils under a double‐cropping rice field in southern China were studied by using 18O–H2O method in the present paper. The field experiments were included four fertilizer treatments: mineral fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw and mineral fertilizer (RF), 30% organic manure and 70% mineral fertilizer (OM), and without fertilizer input as control (CK). The results showed that microbial biomass C content, basal respiration of soil microorganism and microbial growth rate in rice rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soils with OM and RF treatments were significantly higher (p < .05) than that of CK treatment. The microbial C utilization efficiency (CUE) in rhizosphere soil with MF and CK treatments were significantly higher (p < .05) than that of OM treatment, but there was no significantly difference (p > .05) in microbial CUE in non‐rhizosphere soil between MF, RF, OM, and CK treatments. In the different parts of soil, the microbial biomass C content and basal respiration of soil microorganism in rhizosphere soil were higher than that of non‐rhizosphere soil, but the microbial growth rate and microbial CUE in non‐rhizosphere soil were higher than that of rhizosphere soil. Compared with CK and MF treatments, the metabolic capacity of soil microorganism to exogenic C source with RF and OM treatments were significantly higher (p < .05) than that of MF and CK treatments. The largest type of exogenic C source used by soil microorganism was carboxylic acids, followed by amino acid and carbohydrate, and complex compounds was the smallest. In the different parts of soil, the metabolic capacity of soil microorganism to the types of exogenic C source in non‐rhizosphere soil was higher than that of rhizosphere soil. The redundancy analysis results indicated that there had obvious difference in utilization characteristic of soil microorganism to exogenic C source among different fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, this results indicated that characteristic of soil C source utilization were significantly changed under different long‐term fertilizer condition.
Deeper below the surface—transcriptional changes in selected genes ofClostridium beijerinckiiin response to butanol shock
Authors: Patakova Petra , Kolek Jan , Jureckova Katerina , Branska Barbora , Sedlar Karel , Vasylkivska Maryna , Provaznik Ivo
Published: December 2020

The main bottleneck in the return of industrial butanol production from renewable feedstock through acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation by clostridia, such asClostridium beijerinckii, is the low final butanol concentration. The problem is caused by the high toxicity of butanol to the production cells, and therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which clostridia react to butanol shock is of key importance. Detailed analyses of transcriptome data that were obtained after butanol shock and their comparison with data from standard ABE fermentation have resulted in new findings, while confirmed expected population responses. Although butanol shock resulted in upregulation of heat shock protein genes, their regulation is different than was assumed based on standard ABE fermentation transcriptome data. While glucose uptake, glycolysis, and acidogenesis genes were downregulated after butanol shock, solventogenesis genes were upregulated. Cyclopropanation of fatty acids and formation of plasmalogens seem to be significant processes involved in cell membrane stabilization in the presence of butanol. Surprisingly, one of the three identified Agr quorum‐sensing system genes was upregulated. Upregulation of several putative butanol efflux pumps was described after butanol addition and a large putative polyketide gene cluster was found, the transcription of which seemed to depend on the concentration of butanol.
Local mild solutions to three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic system in Morrey spaces
Authors: Zeng Zirong
Published: December 2020

In this article, we study the Cauchy problem of three‐dimensional (3‐D) incompressible magnetohydrodynamic system with infinite energy initial data. Via some elaborate analysis of the time evolution of both the vorticity
and the current density
, the local‐in‐time well‐posedness of mild solutions with arbitrarily large initial data in Morrey spaces is established.
An interactive technology enhanced coaching intervention for Black women with hypertension: Randomized controlled trial study protocol
Authors: Abel Willie M. , DeHaven Mark J.
Published: December 2020

In the United States, hypertension (HTN) is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and a more significant health problem for Blacks compared with other racial/ethnic groups. The prevalence of HTN in Black women is among the highest in the world, underscoring the need for effective prevention and management approaches for blood pressure (BP) control. We developed a two‐arm randomized controlled trial repeated measures design study for improving HTN self‐management among Black women. The study tests whether the Chronic Disease Self‐Management Program (CDSMP) combined with interactive technology‐enhanced coaching, can improve BP control and adherence to treatment (e.g., medication‐taking, physical activity, calorie intake, and weight management) compared with the CDSMP alone. Repeated measurements were conducted at 3, 6, and 9 months. A sample of 90 community‐dwelling Black women with uncontrolled Stage 1 HTN (BP ≥ 130/80) were enrolled, completed CDSMP training, and randomized. This study will contribute to our understanding of novel methods to empower Black women to increase their active involvement in self‐care management of HTN.
Implementing remote triage in large health systems: A qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Lewinski Allison A. , Rushton Sharron , Van Voorhees Elizabeth , Boggan Joel C. , Whited John D. , Shoup John P. , Tabriz Amir A. , Adam Soheir , Fulton Jessica , Gordon Adelaide M. , Ear Belinda , Williams  John W. , Goldstein Karen M. , Van Noord Megan G. , Gierisch Jennifer M.
Published: December 2020

Remote triage (RT) allows interprofessional teams (e.g., nurses and physicians) to assess patients and make clinical decisions remotely. RT use has developed widespread interest due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, and has future potential to address the needs of a rapidly aging population, improve access to care, facilitate interprofessional team care, and ensure appropriate use of resources. However, despite rapid and increasing interest in implementation of RT, there is little research concerning practices for successful implementation. We conducted a systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis of practices that impact the implementation of RT for adults seeking clinical care advice. We searched MEDLINE®, EMBASE, and CINAHL from inception through July 2018. We included 32 studies in this review. Our review identified four themes impacting the implementation of RT: characteristics of staff who use RT, influence of RT on staff, considerations in selecting RT tools, and environmental and contextual factors impacting RT. The findings of our systemic review underscore the need for a careful consideration of (a) organizational and stakeholder buy‐in before launch, (b) physical and psychological workplace environment, (c) staff training and ongoing support, and (d) optimal metrics to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of implementation. Our findings indicate that preimplementation planning, as well as evaluating RT by collecting data during and after implementation, is essential to ensuring successful implementation and continued adoption of RT in a health care system.
Tracing craniovascular traits in artificially modified pre‐Columbian crania from Cuba, the largest Caribbean archipelago
Authors: Rangel‐de Lázaro Gizéh
Published: December 2020

The impressions left by the vascular system on the surface of the skull, like those of the middle meningeal vessels, the dural venous sinuses, and the emissary veins, are a unique source of vascular and anatomical evidence when working with osteological collections, as is the case with bioarchaeological, forensic, and paleoanthropological investigations. Craniovascular features have been investigated in multiple modern human populations; however, no information is available on their analysis in artificially modified pre‐Hispanic Caribbean skulls. To shed light on this matter, this report provides a reference for the prevalence, characterization, and distribution of craniovascular traits using a collection of fronto‐occipital tabular oblique artificially shaped pre‐Columbian crania from Cuba (the largest archipelago in the Caribbean) as a case study. Results suggest that changes produced by intentional head‐shaping may have affected the pattern and direction of endocranial vascular structures, whereas emissary foramina placed in less‐affected areas appear to be less influenced by changes in cranial morphology. Future work will investigate the consequences of artificial modification on the cranial and endocranial vascular systems and compare them with unmodified pre‐Columbian specimens. Also, the effects of head shaping in endocranial thermoregulation should be explored in the future. Providing new knowledge about the prevalence and variation of the craniovascular traits may be useful not only in research based on osteoarcheological collections but also in medicine.
Social accountability in local government: Lessons from Vuwani (South Africa) and Gweru (Zimbabwe)
Authors: Kanyane Modimowabarwa , Mutema Edson P. , Zikhali Thobekile
Published: December 2020

What do experiences in South Africa and Zimbabwe teach us about the relationship between social accountability and public participation? The relationship between social accountability and public participation is widely acknowledged as important, yet the nuances that inform such a relationship are not critically discussed. To understand such nuances, this paper critically engages two cases: Vuwani (South Africa) and Gweru (Zimbabwe). The study underscores the importance of social accountability and public participation in local governance. Robust and open citizen engagement is critical to hold the state accountable. Thus, the two cases show how lack of a constructive participatory framework, wherein all relevant stakeholders are given a voice and informed about all developments, is problematic and can cause destructive outcomes in one case and sustained political frustrations in another. Using interviews with various social actors, document analysis and observations to bring to the fore social accountability and public participation nuances, this paper argues that public participation applies in different contexts and forms part of social accountability initiatives which largely depend on the extent of public engagement with non‐state actors.
Correlations between phytochemical fingerprints of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and their antioxidant activities revealed by chemometric analysis
Authors: Xu Yongbing , Chen Guilin , Guo Mingquan
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Moringa oleifera Lam. is widely cultivated and applied in tropical and subtropical areas. Numerous studies have been focused on the antioxidant capacity of M. oleifera leaves, but its correlated bioactive phytochemicals remain elusive.

Objective

In order to search for the corresponding chemical compounds from M. oleifera leaves responsible for their antioxidant activity, the correlations between phytochemical fingerprints of 15 batches of M. oleifera leaves and their antioxidant activities were investigated by using chemometric analysis.

Material and Methods

Fifteen batches of M. oleifera leaves were extracted with 90% ethanol solution, and their phytochemical fingerprints and antioxidant activities were estimated by using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet‐electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐UV/ESI‐MS/MS), and three detected methods, namely 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. Chemometric analysis was then applied to reveal the correlations between their phytochemical fingerprints and corresponding antioxidant capacity.

Results

Fifteen M. oleifera leaf extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities, in which 24 common compounds were identified by LC–MS. Furthermore, the partial least squares (PLS) analysis indicated that compounds 14, 16, 18 and 23 were the main potential effective components in at least two antioxidant tests. They were identified as kaempferol 3‐O‐rutinoside, quercetin 3‐O‐(6″‐malonyl‐glucoside), kaempferol 3‐O‐glucoside, and quercetin derivative, respectively.

Conclusion

The correlations between phytochemical fingerprints of M. oleifera leaf extracts and their corresponding antioxidant capacities were revealed by chemometric analysis, which provides an alternative method for screening for potential bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity from M. oleifera leaves.
The emotion management of transnational living
Authors: Engbersen Godfried , Snel Erik
Published: December 2020

This article explores how individuals with transnational lives handle emotion management in the form of cognitive and behavioural strategies. Transnational living is defined as spending substantial amounts of time and resources in two or more countries over a longer period. We use data derived through the ‘Transnational Lives in the Welfare State’ (TRANSWEL) research project, for which we conducted 91 semistructured interviews with 85 individuals and six couples leading transnational lives. These respondents include immigrants living in Norway or the Netherlands as well as native‐born residents of both countries who live parts of the year abroad. While the emergent literature highlights how migration and transnationalism generally evoke feelings of nonbelonging, loss, homelessness, sorrow and guilt, we found that for many respondents, transnational living has predominantly positive attributes and that they could manage the emotional challenges of a transnational life. These results can be explained by our respondents' backgrounds, being relatively highly educated and embedded in an advanced welfare state.
Longitudinal Tumor Size and Neutrophil‐to‐Lymphocyte Ratio Are Prognostic Biomarkers for Overall Survival in Patients With Advanced Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Durvalumab
Authors: Gavrilov Sergey , Zhudenkov Kirill , Helmlinger Gabriel , Dunyak James , Peskov Kirill , Aksenov Sergey
Published: December 2020

Therapy optimization remains an important challenge in the treatment of advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated tumor size (sum of the longest diameters (SLD) of target lesions) and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as longitudinal biomarkers for survival prediction. Data sets from 335 patients with NSCLC from study NCT02087423 and 202 patients with NSCLC from study NCT01693562 of durvalumab were used for model qualification and validation, respectively. Nonlinear Bayesian joint models were designed to assess the impact of longitudinal measurements of SLD and NLR on patient subgrouping (by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors 1.1 criteria at 3 months after therapy start), long‐term survival, and precision of survival predictions. Various validation scenarios were investigated. We determined a more distinct patient subgrouping and a substantial increase in the precision of survival estimates after the incorporation of longitudinal measurements. The highest performance was achieved using a multivariate SLD and NLR model, which enabled predictions of NSCLC clinical outcomes.
5,6,7,4′‐Tetramethoxyflavanone alleviates neurodegeneration in a dexamethasone‐induced neurodegenerative mouse model through promotion of neurogenesis via the Raf/ERK1/2 pathway
Authors: Pakdeepak Kanet , Chokchaisiri Ratchanaporn , Govitrapong Piyarat , Tocharus Chainarong , Suksamrarn Apichart , Tocharus Jiraporn
Published: December 2020

Adult neurogenesis plays an important role in improving cognitive functions. Neurogenesis generates new neurons, a process mediated by neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Long‐term exposure to high levels of glucocorticoid results in the suppression of neurogenesis pathways and leads to the onset of cognitive impairment. The induction of neurogenesis by a potent bioactive compound is considered the most promising treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. 5,6,7,4′‐Tetramethoxyflavanone (TMF) is a flavonoid compound isolated from Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Previous study showed that TMF improved cognitive impairment by attenuating Aβ production and pTau expression, thereby increased cell survival and promoted synaptic plasticity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TMF on dexamethasone (DEX)‐suppressed neurogenesis in mice. Mice received DEX for 28 days before being treated with TMF for additional 30 days. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TMF, DEX, and DEX + TMF. TMF promoted neurogenesis by increasing BrdU‐positive cells, Prox1, doublecortin, and Nestin expression. TMF also upregulated the expression of Raf and extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, which are pivotal for neurogenesis signaling. In conclusion, TMF promoted neurogenesis‐related protein expression in the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation phases via Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Robust output regulation for Timoshenko beam equation with two inputs and two outputs
Authors: Guo Bao‐Zhu , Meng Tingting
Published: December 2020

In this article, we consider two‐dimensional robust output tracking for a Timoshenko beam equation where the disturbances and references are produced by a finite‐dimensional exosystem. This requires at least two controls from basic output regulation theory of linear systems. The observer‐based error feedback control approach is adopted in investigation through the following steps: (a) for the plant with no systematic uncertainties, choose a set of disturbances and references to obtain a nominal system; (b) for the nominal system, design an observer to realize 2‐copy of the exosystem; (c) find a feedforward control for nominal system; and (d) allocate proportionally the states in feedforward control by those of the observer to obtain an observer based error feedback control also for nominal system. Since the control contains a 2‐copy of the exo‐system and the states of the observer are proportionally allocated in control, the problem is significantly different from SISO cases. The error feedback control is then proved to be bounded and also robust to systematic uncertainties and all disturbances and references produced from the exo‐system. The numerical simulations validate the theoretical results.
Schedule‐Aware Bundle Routing: Analysis and enhancements
Authors: Caini Carlo , De Cola Gian Marco , Persampieri Lorenzo
Published: December 2020

The Delay‐/Disruption‐Tolerant Networking (DTN) architecture was designed to cope with challenges such as long delays and intermittent connectivity. To exploit the a priori knowledge of contacts, typical of space networks, NASA‐JPL designed and included in ION (its DTN protocol suite) the Contact Graph Routing (CGR) algorithm. This paper studies the latest version, recently standardized as Schedule‐Aware Bundle Routing (SABR) within the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS). The first part of the paper is devoted to the algorithm analysis, which distinguishes three logical phases to examine sequentially. Following this comprehensive study, three enhancements are proposed, which aim to improve SABR accuracy and resistance against possible loops. They are studied on a simple but challenging DTN topology, implemented on a virtual GNU/Linux testbed. Tests are performed by running the latest version of ION and an independent implementation of SABR developed by the authors, Unibo‐CGR. The numerical results are then examined in detail to highlight both SABR mechanisms and the advantages offered by the proposed enhancements.
Brain-derived neurotropic factor mediates neuroprotection of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles against severe intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn rats
Authors: Ahn So Yoon , Sung Dong Kyung , Kim Young Eun , Sung Sein , Chang Yun Sil , Park Won Soon
Published: December 2020

Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), which is secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), protects against severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)-induced brain injuries. Although the paracrine protective effects of MSCs are mediated primarily by extracellular vesicles (EVs), the therapeutic efficacy of MSC-derived EVs and the role of the BDNF in the EVs have not been studied. This study aimed to determine whether MSC-derived EVs attenuate severe IVH-induced brain injuries, and if so, whether this protection is mediated by BDNF transfer. We compared the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs, MSC-derived EVs with or without BDNF knockdown, and fibroblast-derived EVs in vitro in rat cortical neuronal cells challenged with thrombin and in vivo in newborn rats by injecting 200 μL of blood at postnatal day (P) 4 and transplanting 1 × 105 MSCs or 20 μg of EVs at P6. The MSCs and MSC-derived EVs, but not the EVs derived from BDNF-knockdown MSCs or fibroblasts, significantly attenuated in vitro thrombin-induced neuronal cell death and in vivo severe IVH-induced brain injuries such as increased neuronal cell death, astrogliosis, and inflammatory responses; reduced myelin basic protein and neurogenesis; led to progression of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus; and impaired behavioral test performance. Our data indicate that MSC-derived EVs are as effective as parental MSCs in attenuating severe IVH-induced brain injuries, and this neuroprotection is primarily mediated by BDNF transfer via EVs.
Determination of correlations in multivariate longitudinal data with modified Cholesky and hypersphere decomposition using Bayesian variable selection approach
Authors: Lee Kuo‐Jung , Chen Ray‐Bing , Kwak Min‐Sun , Lee Keunbaik
Published: December 2020

In this article, we present a Bayesian framework for multivariate longitudinal data analysis with a focus on selection of important elements in the generalized autoregressive matrix. An efficient Gibbs sampling algorithm was developed for the proposed model and its implementation in a comprehensive R package calledMLModelSelectionis available on the comprehensive R archive network. The performance of the proposed approach was studied via a comprehensive simulation study. The effectiveness of the methodology was illustrated using a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease dataset to study correlations in multiple responses over time to explain the joint variability of lung functions and body mass index. Supplementary materials for this article, including a standardized description of the materials needed to reproduce the work, are available as an online supplement.
Does inflammation link stress to poor COVID‐19 outcome?
Authors: Lamontagne Steven J. , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Olmstead Mary C.
Published: December 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) continues to ravage communities across the world. Despite its primary effect on the respiratory system, the virus does not solely impact those with underlying lung conditions as initially predicted. Indeed, prognosis is worsened (often fatal) in patients with pre‐existing hyperinflammatory responses (e.g., hypertension, obesity and diabetes), yet the mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. A number of psychological conditions are associated with inflammation, suggesting that these may also be significant risk factors for negative outcomes of COVID‐19. In this review, we evaluate preclinical and clinical literature suggesting that chronic stress‐induced hyperinflammation interacts synergistically with COVID‐19‐related inflammation, contributing to a potentially fatal cytokine storm syndrome. In particular, we hypothesize that both chronic stress and COVID‐19‐related hyperinflammation are a product of glucocorticoid insufficiency. We discuss the devastating effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 on structural and functional aspects of the biological stress response and how these induce exaggerated inflammatory responses, particularly interleukin (IL)‐6 hypersecretion. We postulate that chronic stress should be considered a significant risk factor for adverse COVID‐19‐related health outcomes, given overlapping peripheral and central immune dysregulation in both conditions. We conclude by discussing how people with a history of chronic stress could mitigate their risk for COVID‐19 complications, identifying specific strategies that can be implemented during self‐isolation.
Scaffolding Literacy Learning Through Talk: Stance as a Pedagogical Tool
Authors: Taylor Laura A.
Published: December 2020

Scaffolding serves as an important instructional tool for supporting students’ literacy development. To be effective, however, teachers must continually adapt the scaffolding offered to students to provide appropriate levels of both support and challenge. In this article, the sociolinguistic concept of stance is used to conceptualize how elementary teachers interactionally scaffolded their students’ literacy development. Highlighting the findings from a discourse analysis of 48 reading and writing conferences between six teacher–student pairs, the author identifies four stances taken by teachers and students in their interactions—feedback, instruction, collaboration, and management—and describes the different kinds of scaffolding made possible by each stance. Through two vignettes of teacher–student literacy conferences, the author also illustrates how teachers strove to avoid overscaffolding by shifting stance within these interactions. These findings situate stance as a useful instructional tool, illustrating how different stances allow not only different levels of scaffolding but also qualitatively different kinds of support and challenge.
Perspectives on additives for polymers. Part 2. Aspects of photostabilization and role of fillers and pigments
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Edge Michele
Published: December 2020

In Part I of this two‐part series the most important aspects of antioxidants (primary and secondary), processing aids, metal deactivators and some light stabilizers were described and highlighted together with their mechanisms, problems, and interactions. Emphasis was placed on synergism and antagonism in performances and color problems with a special insight regarding PVC. Part 2 of this article presents in a similar way general perspective on the type, mode of action, properties, uses, problems (and circumvention) of light stabilizers and of some important fillers and pigments. Montmorillonites, silica, carbon blacks, and titanium dioxide will be the main features with an emphasis on structure, activity, and formulations in polymer systems. Additive interactions between stabilizers and fillers/pigments is a major controlling factor in the end use performance from a physical, esthetic, structural, mechanical, and chemical point of view. Indeed, with filled polymers one enters an overly complex world of interactions giving rise to some extreme synergistic and often antagonistic problems which can in many cases destroy or even enhance the activity of functional processing additives. Several of these will be highlighted to provide the technologist with at least some experience such that one can be alert to any potential issues in formulating more complex packages where not just color but high performance is also required.
Immobilized phosphate‐binding protein can effectively discriminate against arsenate during phosphate adsorption and recovery
Authors: Venkiteshwaran Kaushik , Wells Erin , Mayer Brooke K.
Published: December 2020

There is a strong impetus to establish a circular phosphorus economy by securing internally renewable phosphate (Pi) resources for use as agricultural fertilizers. Reversible Pi adsorption technologies such as ion exchange can remove and recover Pi from water/wastewater for reuse. However, existing reversible adsorbents cannot effectively discriminate against arsenate (As(V)) due to the similarity between As(V) and Pi chemical structure. If As(V) is co‐recovered with Pi, the value of the recovered products for agricultural reuse is low. The objective of this study was to construct an immobilized phosphate‐binding protein (PBP)‐based Pi removal and recovery system and analyze its selectivity for Pi adsorption in the presence of As(V). A range of conditions was tested, including independent, sequential, and simultaneous exposure of the two oxyanions to immobilized PBP (PBP resin). The purity of the recovered Pi product was assessed after inducing controlled desorption of the adsorbed oxyanions at high pH (pH 12.5). Pi constituted more than 97% of the adsorbed oxyanions in the recovered product, even when As(V) was initially present at twofold higher concentrations than Pi. Therefore, PBP resin has potential to selectively remove Pi, as well as release high‐purity Pi free of As(V) contamination suitable for subsequent agricultural reuse.

Practitioner points

Existing reversible phosphate (Pi) adsorbents cannot effectively discriminate against arsenate (As(V)) due to the similarity in their chemical structure.

Co‐recovery of As(V) with Pi can reduce the recovered product's reuse as a fertilizer.

An immobilized phosphate‐binding protein (PBP)‐based system can be highly selective for Pi even in the presence of As(V).

Pi constituted more than 97% of the recovered product, even when As(V) was present at 2‐fold higher concentrations than Pi.

Immobilized PBP offers advantages over existing Pi adsorbents by providing high‐purity Pi products free of As(V) contamination for reuse.
A Pulse Before Shelf Life: Literary Advice on Notebook-Writing as Event
Authors: Vanraes Arne
Published: December 2020

This contribution analyzes guidebooks that deal specifically with keeping a writer’s notebook, a process-document that may elude the common association of creative writing with its published literary commodities. Creative writing’s pedagogical question “can it be taught?” is complicated since this “it” is so poorly codified by the notebook. I consider three groupings of advice in the notebook-guidebooks in relation to that complexity and discuss theiruselessnesswhere writing invents part of its pedagogical needs only in the process of its own happening. Firstly, the guidebooks take on a radical process-pedagogical approach. They promote a kind of irresolute and unpredictable (“end-less”) writing that discovers its objects in the event of their coming-to-be, instead of hypothesizing them beforehand. Note-taking appears here as a self-creative event rather than a preplanned act—a meanswithoutan end. Secondly, rather than providing poietic writing recipes, the guidebooks give advice on writerly attitudes or dispositions. The elements of art are presented as existing latently in the world and the practice of note-keeping orients their drawing-out and literary becoming since its technology straddles the contextual and the textual (“creative receptivity”). Thirdly, when addressing the move from the notebook’s writing-for-writing’s sake toward an eventual literary commodity, the guidebooks resist concluding writing’s “invention phase” absolutely. Rereading and rewriting in the notebook continue to inform events that exceed and requalify the intermediate junctures of the literary work’s development (“besideness”).
Reproduction as Literary Production: Self-Expression and the Index in Kenneth Goldsmith’s Uncreative Writing
Authors: Tsitsovits Ioannis
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses Kenneth Goldsmith’sUncreative Writing, a collection of essays that includes an account of his Uncreative Writing course at the University of Pennsylvania. Championing various forms of literary automatism and appropriation, which are often treated as a much-needed response to our contemporary digital environment, the book is offered as a counter-model to established notions of authentic, self-expressive writing. The article takes this position as a springboard into thinking about Goldsmith’s writing exercises in relation to a longer history of indexical artistic practices, most notably analog photography. Despite its own positioning vis-à-vis the digital, I claim, Goldsmith’s writing model can best be understood as an extension of a proto-photographic logic into the ambit of contemporary literature. At the same time, as I show, the use of textual reproduction central to his project has been a longstanding ingredient of self-expressive literary advice. I conclude by arguing that Goldsmith’s model is just as tied to a form of personal expression, albeit one following a less obviously self-expressive logic that resonates with online forms of indexical performativity.
Creative Writing Crosses the Atlantic: An Attempt at Creating a Minor French Literature
Authors: Meyntjens Gert-Jan
Published: December 2020

This chapter analyzes literary advice culture from a transnational-comparative perspective. It sheds light on the reception of the American poetics of creative writing in contemporary France by examining the specific case ofOutils du roman: Avec Malt Olbren sur les pistes et exercices du creative writing à l’américaine(2016, Tools of the Novel. Exploring American Creative Writing with Malt Olbren) by the experimental prose-writer François Bon. This text represents a broader dynamic in which French authors of literary advice resort to a repertoire of American writing techniques in an attempt to revive French literature. To conceptualize this process of transfer, I use Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of “minor literature.” This notion conveys how literary advice in France must constantly position itself vis-à-vis its American counterpart, but also how it appropriates and transforms this same body of ideas and techniques. More generally, this chapter makes a case for an increased consideration of supranational transfers in the domain of literary advice when studying processes of local literary change.
Work and the Writing Life: Shifts in the Relationship Between ‘Work’ and ‘The Work’ in Twenty-First-Century Literary-Advice Memoirs
Authors: Kovach Elizabeth
Published: December 2020

This article focuses on memoirs that grapple with how to resolve tensions between ‘work,’ labor performed for a wage or salary, and ‘the Work,’ a creative pursuit performed for reasons beyond material necessity. Dorothea Brande’sBecoming a Writer(1934) andWake up and Live!(1936), like many self-help publications of their kind, position writing and other creative pursuits as acts of living that stand in opposition to the necessity of making a living. Recently, however, a number of publications on “the writing life” have begun to complicate this opposition. When considering works ranging from Annie Dillard’s 1989The Writing Lifeto Deborah Levy’sThings I Don’t Want to Know(2013) andThe Cost of Living(2018) and Alexander Chee’sHow to Write and Autobiographical Novel(2018), it seems that the dichotomy of work vs. writing life is not simply undergoing demystification but also reconceptualization. These contemporary literary-advice memoirs thematize dissolutions between work, personal, and writing lives, thereby also disrupting generic patterns in issuing literary advice. They push the literary advice genre away from technicalities and visions of artistic autonomy and toward accounts of creative production that is subject to the demands placed on creative workers throughout the white-collar labor market of late capitalism.
Learning Fiction by Subscription: The Art and Business of Literary Advice 1884–1895
Authors: Caughey John S.
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the rise of literary advice in Anglo-American periodical culture from 1884 to 1895. Capitalizing on a moment when fiction became both more self-consciously artistic and more potentially lucrative, literary advice of this era addressed the full range of literary practice and the attendant practical activities that made it possible. The chapter resituates the landmark “Art of Fiction” debate (1884)—an event crucially sponsored by the magazines—as the opening of an era of practical discussion that was soon after taken up in trade journals devoted specifically to authorship. The practical advice dispensed by these journals—including tools, tricks, tips, and gossip—focuses on the form of the short story, creating a loop with a form that was itself a magazine staple. This interactive looping is considered in the conclusion, where the chapter examines a systematic course in literary art offered byAtalanta, a late-Victorian “Girl’s Magazine.”
“You Will Be Surprised that Fiction Has Become an Art”: The Language of Craft and the Legacy of Henry James
Authors: Atwell Mary Stewart
Published: December 2020

As some scholars have noted, the technical principles that modern creative writing workshops identify as “the craft of fiction” owe a great deal to Henry James and the prefaces to the New York edition of his novels, later published in a single volume as The Art of the Novel. However, James, far from setting out to help aspiring writers to develop their technical knowledge, was in fact fairly hostile to the very idea of craft, famously declaring that he “cannot imagine composition existing in a series of blocks.” The prefaces were instead intended to provide a sort of Cliff’s Notes to his own work, naming the tricks of his trade for the edification of his most dedicated readers, and it was these readers, most notably including Percy Lubbock, Joseph Warren Beach, and Caroline Gordon, who adapted James’s principles in some of the first literary handbooks used in the creative writing classroom. Though Lubbock, Beach, and Gordon borrowed significantly from James, they balanced his emphasis on aesthetics with the more accessible and egalitarian approach of earlier authors of fiction-writing handbooks, including the work of Walter Besant. This essay argues that a scholarly examination of the historical development of the discourse of the craft of writing serves not only to correct an over-emphasis on James’s influence, but also to address the equally erroneous assumption that principles of technique are eternal and universal, and thus exist apart from subject position and historical contingency.
“Your Successful Man of Letters Is Your Successful Tradesman”: Fiction and the Marketplace in British Author’s Guides of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Vlitos Paul
Published: December 2020

As Christopher Hilliard has noted, the 1890s and 1900s saw in Britain the development of a flourishing “literary advice industry” of which the “first goods were guidebooks” (Hilliard in To Exercise Our Talents: The Democratization of Writing in Britain. Harvard University Press, London and Cambridge, MA, 2006, p. 20). Examples include Arnold Bennett’s How to Become an Author (1903), Walter Besant’s The Pen and the Book (1899), E. H. Lacon Watson’s Hints to Young Authors (1902), and Leopold Wagner’s How to Publish a Book (1898). As this chapter will explore, these authors’ guides mix technical advice on the rules of fiction with practical advice on the workings of the publishing industry and the financial side of authorship—and in so doing, I shall argue, both reflect and help contribute to dramatic changes in public understandings of the nature of authorship and the relationship between the writer and marketplace.
“Stand Out from the Crowd!”: Literary Advice in Online Writing Communities
Authors: Thomas Bronwen
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the different levels of advice online writing communities offer aspiring writers, from the overt provision of “writing tips” and guidelines, to the role of authoritative intermediaries such as moderators and beta readers, and the peer-to-peer feedback provided by way of ongoing informal comments. Case studies will be taken from bespoke writing platforms such as Wattpad, but will also consider the role of fan communities and the kinds of support structures they offer. Analysis will focus on the extent to which advice is predicated on the traditional formal features of the writing (dialogue, characterization) or on reader engagement and self-promotion. It will also explore whether such advice is prescriptive and reflective of practices and norms inherited from traditional cultural gatekeepers, and the degree to which the work produced within these communities can ever be described as experimental, playful, or subversive.
Taking Self-Help Books Seriously: The Informal Aesthetic Education of Writers
Authors: Peary Alexandria
Published: December 2020

Aesthetic education with a writing focus has occurred in the United States through two vehicles: textbooks in classroom-based instruction or self-help books in extracurricular instruction. Writing self-help books, or texts which address a readership interested in learning about writing independent of a teacher or university, played a significant role in guiding countless individuals during the twentieth century and continue to do so today (For the purposes of this article, “self-help” refers exclusively to self-help literature offering advice about the act of writing and not to any of the myriad of other self-help topics [dieting, relationships, and so forth]). The evolution of these self-help books paralleled the development of college and university writing courses that arose early in the twentieth century: indeed, a powerfulinformalaesthetic education has been occurring through self-help books. In this chapter, I perform a textual analysis of five twentieth-century self-help books, all attracting substantial readership: Dorothea Brande’sBecoming a Writer(1934); Brenda Ueland’sIf You Want to Write(1938); Peter Elbow’sWriting Without Teachers(1973); Natalie Goldberg’sWriting Down the Bones(1986); and Anne Lamott’sBird by Bird(1995). An examination of these popular twentieth-century self-help books reveals four areas of overlapping content. Collectively, self-help books on writing address the role of the unconscious in composing, issues of control, the holistic nature of composing, and failures in traditional teaching, and they all formulate a broader argument about the universal ability of humans to be creative.
Development of Sensory Images
Authors: Engeness Irina
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In this lecture, Galperin presents a case study of the development of sensory images in learners by tasking them with the analysis of medieval Armenian churches. Both target and control groups participated in the study.
Psychological Grounds of the Process of Automation
Authors: Engeness Irina
Published: December 2020

Galperin starts by referring to the previous lecture, in which the process of skill development was considered.
Soziale Arbeit als unverzichtbarer Bestandteil in der Opioidagonistischen Therapie
Authors: Hälg Regula
Published: December 2020

Heroin wurde in der Schweiz in grösseren Mengen ab Mitte der 1970er‐Jahre konsumiert. Ab den 1980er‐Jahren wurde die Problematik der steigenden Anzahl Heroinkonsumierender zunehmend sichtbar: öffentliche Drogenszenen gekennzeichnet durch Verwahrlosung und Gewalt, eine Zunahme der Drogentoten und von HIV‐Ansteckungen resp. Aidserkrankungen. Zahlen zur Anzahl Konsumierender sind nicht vorhanden. Eine Schätzung des Bundesamtes für Gesundheit (BAG) für das Jahr 2002 kommt auf 18 500 bis 25 500 Heroinabhängige (Sucht Schweiz 2013).
Aufsuchende Soziale Arbeit als sozialräumliche und lebensweltorientierte Schadensminderung
Authors: Arbogast Mathias
Published: December 2020

In ihrem Selbstverständnis ist aufsuchende Soziale Arbeit (aSa) professionelles Handeln im öffentlichen bzw. halböffentlichen Raum – d. h. sie vertritt klare Haltungen und handelt methodisch. Doch der Weg hin zu einem eigenständigen, reflektierten Arbeitsfeld innerhalb der Sozialen Arbeit war weit.
Von umstrittenen Pionierprojekten zum Erfolgsmodell
Authors: Schicker Franziska , Inauen Natascha
Published: December 2020

Nach Jahren erfolgloser, repressiver Drogenpolitik und den Erfahrungen mit den offenen Drogenszenen in vielen Städten der (Deutsch‐) Schweiz – als bekanntestes Beispiel sind der Platzspitz und der Letten in Zürich zu erwähnen – wurde in den 1990er‐Jahren die Vier‐Säulen‐Drogenpolitik schweizweit eingeführt. In enger Zusammenarbeit entwickelten Fachleute und Politiker das Modell der vier Säulen. Das bisherige Drei‐Säulen‐Modell, bestehend aus Prävention, Therapie und Repression, wurde mit der vierten Säule Überlebenshilfe (später Schadensminderung) ergänzt.
Soziale Arbeit bei der Bewährungshilfe ‐ von Wünschen und Realitäten
Authors: Ospelt Carolin , Müller Marcel
Published: December 2020

Die Bewährungshilfe St. Gallen ist eine Abteilung des Amtes für Justizvollzug im Sicherheits‐ und Justizdepartement. Der Gesetzgeber legt den Grundauftrag für Bewährungshilfe im Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) in Art. 93 und in Art. 376 fest. Die Grundlagen für unsere Tätigkeit sind weiter in der Strafprozessordnung, der kantonalen Verordnung über die Bewährungshilfe und in den Richtlinien des Ostschweizer Strafvollzugskonkordates verortet.
Über die Krankheit hinaus: die Rückkehr der Sozialen Arbeit
Authors: Savary Jean‐Félix , Tharin Ann , Bach Romain , Fazan Cédric , Durgnat Hervé , Periard Cédric
Published: December 2020

Die Viersäulenpolitik hat die Schweiz zu einer Pionierin in der Suchthilfe gemacht. Die Einführung der neuen Suchtpolitik hat insbesondere dazu beigetragen, die Anzahl der Drogentoten drastisch zu senken. In den 2000er‐Jahren haben mehrere Gesetzesänderungen die Rahmenbedingungen erneut verändert.