bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic dimension of tree communities reveals high conservation value of disturbed tropical rain forests
Authors: Santo‐Silva Edgar E. , Santos Bráulio A. , Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Melo Felipe P. L. , Faria Deborah , Cazetta Eliana , Mariano‐Neto Eduardo , Hernández‐Ruedas Manuel A. , Tabarelli Marcelo
Published: February 2018

Aim

The conversion of old‐growth tropical forests into human‐modified landscapes threatens biodiversity worldwide, but its impact on the phylogenetic dimension of remaining communities is still poorly known. Negative and neutral responses of tree phylogenetic diversity to land use change have been reported at local and landscape scales. Here, we hypothesized that such variable responses to disturbance depend on the regional context, being stronger in more degraded rain forest regions with a longer history of land use.

Location

Six regions in Mexico and Brazil.

Methods

We used a large vegetation database (6,923 trees from 686 species) recorded in 98 50‐ha landscapes distributed across two Brazilian and four Mexican regions, which exhibit different degrees of disturbance. In each region, we assessed whether phylogenetic alpha and beta diversities were related to landscape‐scale forest loss, the percentage of shade‐intolerant species (a proxy of local disturbance) and/or the relatedness of decreasing (losers) and increasing (winners) taxa.

Results

Contrary to our expectations, the percentage of forest cover and shade‐intolerant species were weakly related to phylogenetic alpha and beta diversities in all but one region. Loser species were generally as dispersed across the phylogeny as winner species, allowing more degraded, deforested and species‐poorer forests to sustain relatively high levels of evolutionary (phylogenetic) diversity.

Main conclusion

Our findings support previous evidence indicating that traits related to high susceptibility to forest disturbances are convergent or have low phylogenetic signal. More importantly, they reveal that the evolutionary value of disturbed forests is (at least in a phylogenetic sense) much greater than previously thought.
Ethnicity, income, and disaster preparedness in Deep South Texas, United States
Authors: Donner William R. , Lavariega‐Montforti Jessica
Published: February 2018

This paper examines the influence of a series of demographic and socioeconomic factors on preparedness outcomes for a sample of residents of the Rio Grande Valley in the southernmost part of Texas, United States. Data were collected as part of the regional Pulse of the Valley Study, a general social survey of south Texas residents conducted by the Center for Survey Research at the University of Texas‐Rio Grande Valley. The purpose of this investigation is to understand better the effects of ethnicity and income on preparedness within a region of the US that suffers from widespread poverty and limited infrastructure and is prone to flooding and hurricanes. Taken together, the results suggest that while age, disaster experience, and income are associated with preparedness, the relationship between preparedness and ethnicity remains complex. Furthermore, policymakers should consider initiatives that address the socioeconomic and other issues that shape preparedness for a disaster.
Endogenous trade policy in general equilibrium: An interaction of redistribution rule, trade openness, and labor market condition
Authors: Acharya Ram C.
Published: February 2018

Using a general equilibrium framework, the paper derives trade policy endogenously for a small country. It shows that, contrary to the existing literature, a lobbying industry is not guaranteed trade protection; it may even face trade taxes. Besides lobbying, trade policy depends on other factors such as the trade revenue distribution rule, income distribution across groups, trade openness, factor substitutability in production, industry employment size, and labor market flexibility. The paper also shows that the observed phenomenon of government preference for import tariffs over export subsidies—a long overdue puzzle—is an inherent outcome of lobbying equilibrium. It also shows that trade policies such as import tariffs and export taxes that have the same impact on economic market—Lerner symmetry (1936)—are driven by the same forces in the political market.
Use of a clinical decision support tool for the management of traumatic dental injuries in the primary dentition by novice and expert clinicians
Authors: Machado Jessica P. , Lam Xuan T. , Chen Jung‐Wei
Published: February 2018

Background/Aim

Studies reveal many dental students and general dentists have inadequate knowledge about treating children who sustain traumatic dental injuries. The aims of this study were to assess dental trauma knowledge among novice clinicians and expert pediatric dentists and determine the effectiveness of a clinical decision support tool (CDST) for the management of trauma scenarios. A secondary purpose was to compare the effects of a print and mobile app format of the CDST.

Methods

A print and mobile app CDST was developed based upon current AAPD and IADT clinical guidelines. Baseline knowledge for dental students (n = 84) and pediatric dentists (n = 60) was assessed using a multiple‐choice Pre‐test. A Post‐test was used to evaluate changes in the knowledge level following the random assignment of participants into 3 groups: Group A (control) had no CDST provided; Group B (print CDST) had access to the print paper pamphlet; and Group C (mobile app CDST) had access to the mobile app on a handheld device for use during the Post‐test. Test scores and time required to complete each test were recorded.

Results

Pediatric dentists scored significantly higher and required less time on both the Pre‐test (P < .001) and Post‐test (P < .05) compared to dental students. Dental students and pediatric dentists who had access to the mobile app CDST scored significantly higher (P < .05) in the Post‐test compared to the control and the print CDST groups. Post‐test time for the dental students in the mobile app group was significantly longer (P < .001) compared to the control and print format.

Conclusion

Expert pediatric dentists demonstrated greater knowledge of dental trauma compared to novice clinicians. The mobile app clinical decision support tool was a more effective means of improving the diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries by both dental students and pediatric dentists than the print CDST.
Citrus gummosis incidence and role of ants (Lasius grandis) and snails (Helix aspersa) as vectors of the disease in Tunisia
Authors: Benfradj N. , Vettraino A. M. , Tomassini A. , Bruni N. , Vannini A. , Boughalleb‐M'Hamdi N.
Published: February 2018

Surveys were conducted between November 2011 and December 2013 to determine the distribution and the incidence of citrus gummosis in Tunisia. Forty‐two citrus orchards in three different citrus areas were surveyed. Symptoms of gummosis were observed in 59.52% of the orchards. The highest incidence was observed in the Cap Bon area. The involvement of some invertebrates in the epidemiology of citrus gummosis was also confirmed. Species of ants (Lasius grandis), snails (Helix aspersa and Rumina decollata) and worms (Armadillidium vulgare) collected from 2012 until 2014 were tested for the presence of Oomycetes. Phytophthora nicotianae and Phytopythium vexans were isolated from the bodies of Lasius grandis and also from bodies and faeces of Helix aspersa. However, no Oomycetes were isolated from the bodies of Rumina decollata and Armadillidium vulgare. In vitro assays, Helix aspersa was fed with P. nicotianae‐ and Ph. vexans‐infected citrus bark showed the existence of those pathogens in 79.1% of the faeces of snails. In vivo assays, snails and ants were able to transmit the pathogens vertically from the base of potted 2‐year‐old trees citrus variety Clementine Mandarin cv. Hernandina, to other parts of the tree.
Synaptic function and plasticity in identified inhibitory inputs onto VTA dopamine neurons
Authors: Polter Abigail M. , Barcomb Kelsey , Tsuda Ayumi C. , Kauer Julie A.
Published: February 2018

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons are key components of the reward pathway, and their activity is powerfully controlled by a diverse array of inhibitory GABAergic inputs. Two major sources of GABAergic nerve terminals within the VTA are local VTA interneurons and neurons in the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). Here, using optogenetics, we compared synaptic properties of GABAergic synapses on VTA dopamine neurons using selective activation of afferents that originate from these two cell populations. We found little evidence of co‐release of glutamate from either input, but RMTg‐originating synaptic currents were reduced by strychnine, suggesting co‐release of glycine and GABA. VTA‐originating synapses displayed a lower initial release probability, and at higher frequency stimulation, short‐term depression was more marked in VTA‐ but not RMTg‐originating synapses. We previously reported that nitric oxide (NO)‐induced potentiation of GABAergic synapses on VTA dopaminergic cells is lost after exposure to drugs of abuse or acute stress; in these experiments, multiple GABAergic afferents were simultaneously activated by electrical stimulation. Here we found that optogenetically‐activated VTA‐originating synapses on presumptive dopamine neurons also exhibited NO‐induced potentiation, whereas RMTg‐originating synapses did not. Despite providing a robust inhibitory input to the VTA, RMTg GABAergic synapses are most likely not those previously shown by our work to be persistently altered by addictive drugs and stress. Our work emphasises the idea that dopamine neuron excitability is controlled by diverse inhibitory inputs expected to exert varying degrees of inhibition and to participate differently in a range of behaviours.
Evaluation of a pinhole castration technique in ponies: Comparing single with double ligation (using silk or catgut) of the spermatic cord
Authors: Mir M. Y. , Fazili M. R. , Dar K. H. , Mir M. S. , Qureshi S.
Published: February 2018

The objective of the study was to evaluate a pinhole castration technique in male ponies. Adult ponies (n = 12) were randomly allotted to one of the two equal groups. Both of the groups were anaesthetised with xylazine–ketamine–diazepam and had single (SLS,SLC) ligation of the spermatic cord on one side and double (DLS,DLC) ligation on the other side using silk (Group T1) and catgut (Group T2). Single ligation whether using silk or catgut (SLSandSLC) was completed in 3.50 ± 0.34 min.DLStook 6.66 ± 0.49 min andDLC7.16 ± 0.47 min. Scrotal oedema was noticed in all of the ponies from Day 1 to Day 15. The scrotal circumference and testicular volume in animals of both of the groups showed a significant (P<0.05) increase from Day 1 to Day 4. Orchiectomy to recover testicular remnants was performed in all of the animals on Day 41. Straw‐coloured fluid accumulation was noticed in seven testicular remnants (4 T1 and 3 T2). One testicle from GroupDLSshowed suppuration. Multiple gross and histological abnormalities were detected in all double ligated testes. The changes were more severe in theDLSthan theDLCgroup and their epididymis (n = 3) also showed necrosis, fibroplasia and an obstructed lumen. Severe adhesions had developed in three and one testicle only fromthe SLSandSLCgroups respectively. The remaining testes and epididymis in both of these groups showed only mild‐to‐moderate adhesions. From this study, it was concluded that castration may not be achieved by percutaneous single ligation of the spermatic cord in ponies. Although double ligation induces marked gross and histopathological changes, assessments of the testosterone levels and sperm analysis are required before recommending this procedure. Use of silk for ligation of the spermatic cord is advantageous over catgut but maintenance of strict asepsis is mandatory.
Idiopathic renal haematuria in an Egyptian Arabian stallion
Authors: Martin L. M. , Jochems B. C. , Lattimer J. C. , Johnson P. J. , Whelchel D. D.
Published: February 2018

A 17‐year‐old Egyptian Arabian stallion was presented for haematuria and blood clots in the urine of 4 days’ duration. During micturition, haematuria was noted mid‐stream with passage of blood clots occurring at the end of urination. Physical examination findings were unremarkable aside from pale mucous membranes. Cystoscopic examination revealed intermittent passage of frank blood (with clots) from the left ureteral orifice compared to grossly normal‐appearing urine issuing from the right ureteral orifice. Transcutaneous ultrasonographic evaluation of the right kidney yielded normal findings while the left kidney exhibited pyelectasia, a decreased cortico‐medullary ratio, and markedly increased echogenicity of the renal pelvis. Diagnosis of idiopathic renal haematuria was confirmed at necropsy.
Crystal structures of sampatrilat and sampatrilat‐Asp in complex with human ACE – a molecular basis for domain selectivity
Authors: Cozier Gyles E. , Schwager Sylva L. , Sharma Rajni K. , Chibale Kelly , Sturrock Edward D. , Acharya K. Ravi
Published: February 2018

Angiotensin‐1‐converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc metallopeptidase that consists of two homologous catalytic domains (known as nACE and cACE) with different substrate specificities. Based on kinetic studies it was previously reported that sampatrilat, a tight‐binding inhibitor of ACE, Ki = 13.8 nm and 171.9 nm for cACE and nACE respectively [Sharma et al., Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (2016), 56, 2486–2494], was 12.4‐fold more selective for cACE. In addition, samAsp, in which an aspartate group replaces the sampatrilat lysine, was found to be a nonspecific and lower micromolar affinity inhibitor. Here, we report a detailed three‐dimensional structural analysis of sampatrilat and samAsp binding to ACE using high‐resolution crystal structures elucidated by X‐ray crystallography, which provides a molecular basis for differences in inhibitor affinity and selectivity for nACE and cACE. The structures show that the specificity of sampatrilat can be explained by increased hydrophobic interactions and a H‐bond from Glu403 of cACE with the lysine side chain of sampatrilat that are not observed in nACE. In addition, the structures clearly show a significantly greater number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions with sampatrilat compared to samAsp in both cACE and nACE consistent with the difference in affinities. Our findings provide new experimental insights into ligand binding at the active site pockets that are important for the design of highly specific domain selective inhibitors of ACE.

Database

The atomic coordinates and structure factors for N‐ and C‐domains of ACE bound to sampatrilat and sampatrilat‐Asp complexes (6F9V, 6F9R, 6F9T and 6F9U respectively) have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank, Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ (http://www.rcsb.org/).
Global patterns of nonanalogous climates in the past and future derived from thermal and hydraulic factors
Authors: Li Qin , Kou Xiaojun , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Liu Shirong , Ge Jianping
Published: February 2018

Nonanalogous climates (NACs), climates without modern analogs on Earth, challenge our understanding of eco‐evolutionary processes that shape global biodiversity, particularly because of their propensity to promote novel ecosystems. However, NAC studies are generally inadequate and partial. Specifically, systematic comparisons between the future and the past are generally lacking, and hydraulic NACs tend to be underemphasized. In the present study, by adopting a frequency distribution‐based method that facilitates the procedures of contributions parsing and conducting multiple comparisons, we provide a global overview of multidimensional NACs for both the past and the future within a unified framework. We show that NACs are globally prevalent, covering roughly half of the land area across the time‐periods under investigation, and have a high degree of spatial structure. Patterns of NACs differ dramatically between the past and the future. Hydraulic NACs are more complex both in spatial patterns and in major contributions of variables than are thermal NACs. However, hydraulic NACs are more predictable than originally thought. Generally, hydraulic NACs in the future (2100 AD) exhibit comparable predictability to thermal NACs in the last glacial maximum (LGM) (21k BP). Identifying these NAC patterns has potential implications on climate‐adaptive managements and preparing in advance to possibly frequent novel ecosystems. However, a learning‐from‐the‐past strategy might be of limited utility for management under present circumstances.
Carbon quality and soil microbial property control the latitudinal pattern in temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration across Chinese forest ecosystems
Authors: Wang Qingkui , Liu Shengen , Tian Peng
Published: February 2018

Understanding the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil organic C (SOC) decomposition is critical to quantifying the climate–carbon cycle feedback and predicting the response of ecosystems to climate change. However, the driving factors of the spatial variation inQ10at a continental scale are fully unidentified. In this study, we conducted a novel incubation experiment with periodically varying temperature based on the mean annual temperature of the soil origin sites. A total of 140 soil samples were collected from 22 sites along a 3,800 km long north–south transect of forests in China, and theQ10of soil microbial respiration and corresponding environmental variables were measured. Results showed that changes in theQ10values were nonlinear with latitude, particularly showing lowQ10values in subtropical forests and highQ10values in temperate forests. The soil C:N ratio was positively related to theQ10values, and coniferous forest soils with lowSOCquality had higherQ10values than broadleaved forest soils with highSOCquality, which supported the “C quality temperature” hypothesis. Out of the spatial variations inQ10across all ecosystems, gram‐negative bacteria exhibited the most importance in regulating the variation inQ10and contributed 25.1%, followed by the C:N ratio (C quality), fungi, and the fungi:bacteria ratio. However, the dominant factors that regulate the regional variations inQ10differed among the tropical, subtropical, and temperate forest ecosystems. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of C quality and microbial controls overQ10value in China's forest ecosystems. Meanwhile, C dynamics in temperate forests under a global warming scenario can be robustly predicted through the incorporation of substrate quality and microbial property into models.
Sound the alarm: A meta‐analysis on the effect of aquatic noise on fish behavior and physiology
Authors: Cox Kieran , Brennan Lawrence P. , Gerwing Travis G. , Dudas Sarah E. , Juanes Francis
Published: February 2018

The aquatic environment is increasingly bombarded by a wide variety of noise pollutants whose range and intensity are increasing with each passing decade. Yet, little is known about how aquatic noise affects marine communities. To determine the implications that changes to the soundscape may have on fishes, a meta‐analysis was conducted focusing on the ramifications of noise on fish behavior and physiology. Our meta‐analysis identified 42 studies that produced 2,354 data points, which in turn indicated that anthropogenic noise negatively affects fish behavior and physiology. The most predominate responses occurred within foraging ability, predation risk, and reproductive success. Additionally, anthropogenic noise was shown to increase the hearing thresholds and cortisol levels of numerous species while tones, biological, and environmental noise were most likely to affect complex movements and swimming abilities. These findings suggest that the majority of fish species are sensitive to changes in the aquatic soundscape, and depending on the noise source, species responses may have extreme and negative fitness consequences. As such, this global synthesis should serve as a warning of the potentially dire consequences facing marine ecosystems if alterations to aquatic soundscapes continue on their current trajectory.
Why does the choice of dialysate sodium concentration remain controversial?
Authors: Tangvoraphonkchai Kamonwan , Davenport Andrew
Published: February 2018

The choice of the ideal dialysate sodium concentration remains controversial. Most dialysis centers have a standard dialysate concentration. In theory, choosing a dialysate sodium concentration lower than serum sodium should result in an additional loss of sodium by diffusion with a reduction in the prevalence of hypertension and interdialytic weight gains (IDWGs) on one hand, but with potential increased risk of intradialytic hypotension and cramps on the other hand, and the opposite effects may accompany the choice of dialysate sodium concentrations greater than serum concentration. Although most studies have reported a reduction in IDWG with lower dialysate sodium concentrations, the effects on blood pressure control, and adverse intradialytic events have been variable. Different outcomes between studies may be partially explained by patient selection, with differences in dietary sodium intake, urinary sodium losses, and sodium stores in the body. In addition, multicenter trials potentially introduce additional confounders, including differences in local quality control of delivered dialysate sodium concentration and sodium measurements. Although there may be advantages for lower dialysate sodium concentration, observational studies have reported a survival advantage for higher dialysate sodium concentrations for those patients with lower serum sodium concentrations pre‐dialysis. As there is no current consensus for a universal dialysate sodium concentration, attention has turned to considering an individualized approach to choosing a dialysate sodium concentration.
Research Imaging of Brain Structure and Function After Concussion
Authors: Chong Catherine D. , Schwedt Todd J.
Published: February 2018

Even when concussions are associated with prolonged physical and cognitive sequelae, concussions are typically “invisible” on diagnostic brain imaging, indicating that the neuropathology associated with concussion lies under the detection threshold of routine imaging. However, data from brain structural and functional research imaging studies using diffusion tensor imaging, resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging, and brain perfusion imaging indicate that these imaging sequences have a role in identifying concussion‐related neuropathology. These advanced imaging techniques provide insights into concussion neuropathology and might be useful for differentiating concussed patients from healthy controls. In this review article, we provide an overview of research findings from brain structural and functional imaging studies of concussion, and discuss the accuracy of classification models developed via machine‐learning algorithms for identifying individual patients with concussion based on imaging data.
Effects of Low‐Intensity Contractions of Different Craniofacial Muscles in Healthy Participants – An Experimental Cross‐Over Study
Authors: Ikoma Tomoko , Bendixen Karina Haugaard , Arima Taro , Dawson Andreas , Yamaguchi Taihiko , List Thomas , Svensson Peter
Published: February 2018

Objective

Repetitive jaw‐muscle activity characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible, ie, bruxism, is traditionally linked to pain and unpleasantness in the active muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of standardized craniofacial muscle contractions on self‐reported symptoms.

Methods

Sixteen healthy volunteers performed six 5‐minute bouts of 20% maximal voluntary contraction task of the jaw‐closing (Jaw), the orbicularis‐oris (O‐oris), and the orbicularis‐oculi (O‐oculi) muscles. Participants rated their perceived pain, unpleasantness, fatigue, and mental stress levels before, during, and after the contraction tasks on 0‐10 Numeric Rating Scales (NRS). Each muscle contraction task (= 1 session) was separated by at least 1 week and the order of the sessions was randomized in each subject.

Results

All muscle contraction tasks evoked significant increases in NRS scores of pain (mean ± SD: Jaw; 3.8 ± 2.7, O‐oris; 1.9 ± 2.2, O‐oculi; 1.4 ± 1.3, P < .014), unpleasantness (Jaw; 4.1 ± 2.5, O‐oris; 2.1 ± 1.9, O‐oculi; 2.9 ± 1.8, P < .001), fatigue (Jaw; 5.8 ± 2.0, O‐oris; 3.2 ± 2.3, O‐oculi; 3.6 ± 1.9, P < .001), and mental stress (Jaw; 4.1 ± 2.1, O‐oris; 2.2 ± 2.7, O‐oculi; 2.9 ± 2.2, P < .001). The Jaw contractions were associated with higher NRS scores compared with the O‐oris and the O‐oculi contractions (P < .005) without differences between the O‐oris and the O‐oculi (P > .063). All symptoms disappeared within 1 day (P > .469).

Conclusions

The results showed that submaximal static contractions of different craniofacial muscle groups could evoke transient, mild to moderate levels of muscle pain and fatigue and increased stress scores. The fatigue resistance may differ between different muscle groups. Further studies are warranted to better understand the contribution of specific craniofacial muscle groups for the characteristic presentation of musculoskeletal pain conditions in the head.
High prevalence of Helicobacter pylori clarithromycin resistance mutations among Seattle patients measured by droplet digital PCR
Authors: Talarico Sarah , Korson Andrew S. , Leverich Christina K. , Park Stephanie , Jalikis Florencia G. , Upton Melissa P. , Broussard Elizabeth , Salama Nina R.
Published: February 2018

Background

Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection is often empiric; however, current guidelines for management of Helicobacter pylori infection advise against the use of standard triple therapy (clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and proton‐pump inhibitor) when clarithromycin resistance exceeds 20%. We developed and tested a new culture‐free assay to detect clarithromycin resistance‐conferring mutations to determine the prevalence of H. pylori clarithromycin resistance in patients from the United States Pacific Northwest.

Materials and Methods

Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to detect the H. pylori 23S rRNA gene, and resistance‐conferring mutations, in archived, formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) gastric tissue and to retrospectively determine the prevalence of clarithromycin‐resistant H. pylori among 110 patients at an academic medical center in the Northwest United States between 2012 and 2014.

Results

Of 102 patients with the H. pylori 23S rRNA gene detected by the ddPCR assay, 45 (44%) had clarithromycin resistance mutations. Thirty‐three of the 45 patients with clarithromycin resistance mutations had a mix of wild‐type and resistance alleles. Prevalence of clarithromycin resistance mutations differed among racial groups and was highest among Asians, with mutations detected in 14 (67%) of the 21 patient samples.

Conclusions

The prevalence of clarithromycin resistance detected in this region exceeds 20%, indicating that standard triple therapy should not be the first‐line antibiotic treatment for H. pylori infection. Culture‐free assays for detecting clarithromycin resistance mutations can be performed on archived tissue samples and will aid in informing tailored treatment for effective H. pylori eradication.
Reactivity between rare‐earth oxides based thermal barrier coatings and a silicate melt
Authors: Costa Gustavo C. C. , Zhu Dongming , Kulis Michael J. , Acosta Waldo A. , Ghoshal Anindya
Published: February 2018

The reactivity between rare‐earth (RE‐) oxide stabilized ZrO2 or HfO2 thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and a calcium‐magnesium‐aluminum‐silicate (CMAS) melt was studied at 1310°C. These reactions are representative of the ingestion of siliceous materials by the intake air of gas turbines (e.g., in aircraft engines) at high temperatures (>1200°C). These materials can melt and react with coated components in the hot section, resulting in premature failure. The goal of this work was to probe the effect of various RE (RE = Y, Yb, Dy, Gd, Nd, and Sm) oxides in the melt phase equilibrium and stability of the top‐coating system. Thermodynamic calculations of the phase assemblage of the (1−x) ZrO2‐xY2O3 coating materials and CMAS melt are compared with the experimental findings. CMAS was found to penetrate the samples at the grain boundaries and dissolve the coating materials to form silicate phases containing the RE elements. Furthermore, apatite and garnet crystalline phases formed in the samples with total RE‐oxide content higher than 16 mol% in the reaction zone for the ZrO2 system. In general, samples with nominal compositions ZrO2‐9Dy2O3, HfO2‐7Dy2O3, ZrO2‐8Y2O3, HfO2‐6Er2O3, ZrO2‐9.5Y2O3‐2.25Gd2O3‐2.25Yb2O3, and ZrO2‐30Y2O3 exhibited lower reactivity, or more resistance, to CMAS than the other coating compositions.
Transforming CSDP? Feminist Triangles and Gender Regimes
Authors: Guerrina Roberta , Chappell Laura , Wright Katharine A.M.
Published: February 2018

Despite equality being considered one of the key normative foundations of the EU, gender has not yet been mainstreamed within the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). This article investigates the impact of institutional structures on the inclusion of a gender dimension in this policy area. The article engages with the concept of feminist triangles to unpack the role of actors and processes; specifically, highlighting key innovations and missed opportunities to integrate gender into CSDP. Focusing in particular on femocrats, the article argues that for gender mainstreaming to take place, the office of the Gender Advisor needs to bridge the division between the military and civilian dimension of CSDP. It concludes that CSDP remains largely gender blind in spite of the EU's adoption of an action plan for the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security.
Retrospective evaluation of extended heat‐pressed ceramic veneers after a mean observational period of 7 years
Authors: Rinke Sven , Pabel Anne‐Kathrin , Schulz Xenia , Rödiger Matthias , Schmalz Gerhard , Ziebolz Dirk
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Retrospective evaluation of extended anterior glass–ceramic veneers 7 years after placement in a private practice.

Materials and methods

A total of 31 patients (20 females/11 males) underwent restoration with adhesively luted extended veneers that were fabricated using heat‐pressed glass–ceramic (Cergo, Dentsply Sirona). A single dentist restored 101 teeth (maxilla, n = 65; mandible, n = 36). Adhesive cementation was performed using an etch‐and‐rinse adhesive (OptibondFL, Kerr Corporation), and two different dual‐curing composite cements (Variolink, Ivoclar Vivadent/Calibra, Dentsply Sirona).

Results

After 7 years, the Kaplan‐Meier survival rate (in situ criteria) was 93.6% (95% CI: 0.89; 0.98). The observed failures were caused by ceramic fractures for seven restorations and biological failure for one restoration. In total 80 of the 101 restorations were still in service and did not require any clinical intervention (7‐year success rate: 84.3% [95% CI]: 0.76; 0.93). Interventions were necessary in 13 cases (8 recementations, 2 endodontic treatments, 2 composite fillings (caries), and 1 polishing of minor fractures). The clinical performance was not influenced by the veneer position (maxilla/mandible, survival P = .56/success P = .30). The veneers that covered large areas of exposed dentin (>50%) exhibited a significantly increased risk (hazard ratio 3.71, P = .0041) for requiring a clinical intervention; however, no effect on the survival rate was observed for these veneers (P = .35).

Conclusions

Following 7 years of clinical service, extended anterior ceramic veneer restorations exhibited comparable survival and success rates for the upper and lower jaw. Large areas of exposed dentin (>50%) were associated with significantly lower success rates.

Clinical Significance

Dentin exposure (more than 50% of the preparation surface) during preparation significantly affects the clinical performance of extended heat‐pressed glass–ceramic veneers.
Effect of fish length and nutritional condition on the fecundity of distressed Atlantic cod Gadus morhua from the Baltic Sea
Authors: Mion M. , Thorsen A. , Vitale F. , Dierking J. , Herrmann J. P. , Huwer B. , von Dewitz B. , Casini M.
Published: February 2018

The disappearance of larger individuals and the decrease in individual body condition suffered by Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the eastern Baltic during the past two decades can be expected to affect the stock reproductive output. To investigate this, female G. morhua were collected during the spawning and pre‐spawning period in 2015−2016. The current individual potential fecundity (FP) of eastern Baltic G. morhua was estimated and analysed in relation to total length (LT) and indices of nutritional status such as body condition (K) and hepato‐somatic index (IH) using generalized linear models. In addition, the current prevalence of atresia and its potential relation to K were investigated. Moreover, a calibration curve to estimate FP from oocyte diameter, based on the autodiametric oocyte counting method, was established for the first time for eastern Baltic G. morhua and can be used for future fecundity studies on this stock. The results showed that FP was mainly positively related to fish length, but K and IH also contributed significantly to the variation in FP. The model predicted that fish with K = 1·2 have a FP 51% higher than fish of the same LT with K = 0·8. The prevalence of fecundity regulation by atresia was 5·8%, but it was found only in fish in the pre‐spawning maturity stage and with low K. Temporal changes in biological features such as the length composition and individual body condition of eastern Baltic G. morhua, should be accounted for when estimating stock reproductive potential.
Family Development Theory 30 Years Later
Authors: Martin Todd F.
Published: February 2018

Mattessich and Hill (1987) charted an historical overview of the family life cycle and development perspective inThe Handbook of Marriage and the Family. That same year Evelyn Duvall presented a distinguished lecture at the National Council on Family Relations meeting titled, “Family Development's First Forty Years.” These academic works capture the historical foundation of family development theory by two pioneers of the theory and provide a reference point for discussing the history, current state, and future of the theory. In this article, Hill's and Duvall's historical accounts are summarized, contextualized, and used as a reference point to present four challenges to the future relevance of family development theory. Recommendations for future theory, research and practice are suggested.
Strong Relationality and Ethical Responsiveness: A Framework and Conceptual Model for Family Science
Authors: Galovan Adam M. , Schramm David G.
Published: February 2018

Family scholars and practitioners rely on theories of relationships to guide our understanding and promotion of healthy intimate relationships; however, assumptions about the self are often implicit and unquestioned. This article describes a strongly relational view of the self that can transform family science by accounting for partners' ethical responsiveness and dialogical way of being (I–It vs. I–Thou), concepts long understood in philosophy but largely neglected in family science. We emphasize the importance of ethical responsiveness and way of being as fundamental to both understanding and improving intimate relationships and propose a framework and conceptual model to guide both research and practice. We integrate empirical evidence with the work of Martin Buber and Emmanuel Levinas to provide an understanding of factors that may lead to meaningful and flourishing relationships. We discuss implications for empirical research and practice to advance family science.
Do Changes to Family Structure Affect Child and Family Outcomes? A Systematic Review of the Instability Hypothesis
Authors: Hadfield Kristin , Amos Margaret , Ungar Michael , Gosselin Julie , Ganong Lawrence
Published: February 2018

Many children experience multiple family transitions as their parents move into and out of romantic relationships. The instability hypothesis is a stress mediation model that suggests that family transitions cause stress and that this stress leads to worse developmental outcomes. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the evidence base for this hypothesis. Thirty‐nine articles met the inclusion criteria. Most reports were secondary analyses of American longitudinal data sets. The support for the instability hypothesis was mixed, with many studies finding no evidence, or evidence only for certain groups, types of transitions, or outcomes. Protective factors and processes that prevent transitions from being stressful may explain some of the variability. Results suggest the need to empirically and theoretically differentiate relationship formation from dissolution, to examine effects of fathers' transitions, to include more and different types of outcomes, and to conduct this research within a broader variety of contexts.
Stalled or Uneven Gender Revolution? A Long‐Term Processual Framework for Understanding Why Change Is Slow
Authors: Sullivan Oriel , Gershuny Jonathan , Robinson John P.
Published: February 2018

Recently much attention has been focused on whether the gender transformation of paid and unpaid work in society referred to as the gender revolution has hit a wall, or at least stalled. In this article, we discuss key trends in the gender division of labor across 13 developed countries over a 50‐year period. These trends show little decisive evidence for a stall but rather a continuing, if uneven, long‐term trend in the direction of greater gender equality. We set out a theoretical framework for understanding slow change in the division of unpaid work and care (lagged generational change). We argue that, through a long‐term view of the processes of change, this framework can help address why progress in the convergence in paid and unpaid work promised by the gender revolution has been so slow.
Toward a Theory of Gendered Projectivity and Linked Lives in the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Wong Jaclyn S.
Published: February 2018

Entering a cohabiting union, getting married, and/or having children are all considered defining features of the transition to adulthood. Life course research has shown that contemporary youth are taking longer to achieve these traditional milestones and are showing increased variability in completing these transitions. To better theorize this heterogeneity, this article draws on theories of purposive action to conceptualize agency in family formation and suggests turning to critical scholarship to link family formation in emerging adulthood to broader patterns of social inequality. Carefully theorizing gender in the context of linked lives also enables an understanding of how coordinated family behaviors among heterosexual couples can produce variability within and across families and ultimately challenge or reproduce gender inequality. A conceptual framework for gendered projectivity and linked lives is proposed as an example of how to expand life course thinking.
Deep, helical, communal nesting and emergence in the sand monitor: ecology informing paleoecology?
Authors: Doody J. Sean , McHenry Colin , Brown Mike , Canning Gordon , Vas Gary , Clulow Simon
Published: February 2018

Dating back to 255 Mya, a diversity of vertebrates created mysterious deep helical burrows, often called Daimonelix (devil's corkscrews). A consensus function for these unique structures has not been reached, but the recent discovery of deep helical nesting burrows created by (extant) monitor lizards provides a unique opportunity to interpret Daimonelix and morphologically similar fossil burrows. We excavated a communal nesting warren of the Sand Monitor (Varanus gouldii) to test hypotheses for nesting and emergence behavior. First, we hypothesized that the nests of V. gouldii (in desert) would be deeper than those of the closely related V. panoptes (in savannah), because lower annual rainfall in the former (~350 mm vs. ~1000 mm) increases the threat of egg desiccation during the extremely long, dry season incubation period (~8 months). Second, we predicted that hatchlings would follow the nesting burrows of their mothers during emergence, because excavating their own emergence burrows would be energetically prohibitive due to the extreme depth and soil hardness. We excavated the warren to a depth of 4 m, finding 97 nests. As predicted, nest depth in V. gouldii (mean = 3.0 m, N = 73) was significantly greater than in V. panoptes (mean = 2.3 m, N = 52) from a previous study, and represents the deepest excavated ground nests of any vertebrate in the world. Contrary to our hypothesis, hatchlings ignored their mothers’ nesting burrows, instead remarkably excavating their own emergence burrows. The communal nesting warrens and deep burrows of V. gouldii must have profound implications for the energetics of mothers and hatchlings, and perhaps for the social biology of the species. Although the function of the helix itself remains elusive, our results support the hypothesis that the extreme deep burrowing of Palaeocastor, Diictodon and other extinct animals was a response to arid conditions rather than temperature.
Hukou Status and Sentencing in the Wake of Internal Migration: The Penalty Effect of Being Rural‐to‐Urban Migrants in China
Authors: Jiang Jize , Kuang Kai
Published: February 2018

While the disparate legal treatment of immigrants in Western jurisdictions has been well documented in sociolegal scholarship, the potential legal inequality experienced by rural‐to‐urban migrants in China, who have become China's largest disadvantaged social group, has not garnered much attention. To fill the gap, this article empirically examines sentencing disparities related to the Hukou status of criminal offenders by employing quantitative data on criminal case processing in China. The results of our analysis reveal that rural‐to‐urban migrant defendants are more likely to be sentenced to prison than their urban counterparts. In addition, the penalty effect of being a rural‐to‐urban migrant is further magnified in jurisdictions with a larger concentration of migrants. Our findings suggest that discrimination against rural‐to‐urban migrants has become an emerging, significant form of legal inequality in China's criminal justice system, refracting and reinforcing the deep‐seated structural inequality associated with Hukou status in China. The research and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Osteoporosis in chronic liver disease
Authors: Guañabens Núria , Parés Albert
Published: February 2018

Osteoporosis is a frequent complication in patients with chronic liver disease, especially in end‐stages and in chronic cholestasis, in addition to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, haemochromatosis and alcoholism. Mechanisms underlying osteoporosis are poorly understood, but osteoporosis mainly results from low bone formation. In this setting, sclerostin, a key regulator of the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway which regulates bone formation, in addition to the effects of the retained substances of cholestasis such as bilirubin and bile acids on osteoblastic cells, may influence the decreased bone formation in chronic cholestasis. Similarly, the damaging effects of iron and alcohol on osteoblastic cells may partially explain bone disease in haemochromatosis and alcoholism. A role for proinflammatory cytokines has been proposed in different conditions. Increased bone resorption may occur in cholestatic women with advanced disease. Low vitamin D, poor nutrition and hypogonadism, may be contributing factors to the full picture of bone disorders in chronic liver disease.
Studies on the resting behaviour and host choice of Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis from Muleba, Tanzania
Authors: Charlwood J. D. , Kessy E. , Yohannes K. , Protopopoff N. , Rowland M. , LeClair C.
Published: February 2018

The relative efficacy of a mechanical (Prokopack) collection method vs. manual aspiration in the collection of resting mosquitoes was evaluated in northern Tanzania before and after an intervention using indoor residual spraying and longlasting insecticide‐treated nets. In smoke‐free houses mosquitoes were collected from the roof and walls, but in smoky houses mosquitoes were found predominantly on the walls. Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) constituted 97.7% of the 312 An. gambiae complex specimens identified before but only 19.3% of the 183 identified after the intervention. A single sampling with the Prokopack collected a third of the available insects. Anopheles gambiae completed its gonotrophic development indoors, whereas Anopheles arabiensis did so outdoors. In both species gonotrophic development took 2 days. Most unfed resting An. arabiensis collected outdoors were virgins, whereas the majority of engorged insects were parous (with well‐contracted sacs). Daily survival was estimated to be 80.0%. Only 9.4% of the engorged An. arabiensis collected outdoors and 47.1% of those collected indoors had fed on humans. Using the Prokopack sampler is more efficient than manual methods for the collection of resting mosquitoes. Malaria transmission may have been affected by a change in vector composition resulting from a change in feeding, rather than reduced survival. Monitoring the proportions of members of the An. gambiae complex may provide signals of an impending breakdown in control.
OsSPL regulates meiotic fate acquisition in rice
Authors: Ren Lijun , Tang Ding , Zhao Tingting , Zhang Fanfan , Liu Changzhen , Xue Zhihui , Shi Wenqing , Du Guijie , Shen Yi , Li Yafei , Cheng Zhukuan
Published: February 2018

In angiosperms, the key step in sexual reproduction is successful acquisition of meiotic fate. However, the molecular mechanism determining meiotic fate remains largely unknown. Here, we report that OsSPOROCYTELESS (OsSPL) is critical for meiotic entry in rice (Oryza sativa).

We performed a large‐scale genetic screen of rice sterile mutants aimed to identify genes regulating meiotic entry and identified OsSPL using map‐based cloning.

We showed that meiosis‐specific callose deposition, chromatin organization, and centromere‐specific histone H3 loading were altered in the cells corresponding to pollen mother cells in Osspl anthers. Global transcriptome analysis showed that the enriched differentially expressed genes in Osspl were mainly related to redox status, meiotic process, and parietal cell development. OsSPL might form homodimers and interact with TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) transcription factor OsTCP5 via the SPL dimerization and TCP interaction domain. OsSPL also interacts with TPL (TOPLESS) corepressors, OsTPL2 and OsTPL3, via the EAR motif.

Our results suggest that the OsSPL‐mediated signaling pathway plays a crucial role in rice meiotic entry, which appears to be a conserved regulatory mechanism for meiotic fate acquisition in angiosperms.