bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perkembangan Five Power Defence Arranggements dalam Menanggapi Dinamika Keamanan Asia Tenggara pasca Perang Dingin
Authors: Pratama Caroline Putri , Candra Darang Sahdana
Published: September 2017

The Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) is a regional security institution in Southeast Asia, with Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom as its members. As one of the oldest, and still existing, regional security institution in the Southeast Asia region, FPDA’s existence seems to be unheard of, compared to the region’s Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) or even the Cold War’s Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). Although FPDA was created in the height of the Cold War, as well as in response to the potential hegemonic Indonesian threat to former British colonies, the institution is still exist even after both original existential threat wanes. In the end, how the FPDA can maintain its existence in the changing security dynamics in the region, especially after the end of the Cold War, is an interesting piece of puzzle to be solved.
Problems in Accepting Indonesian Candidates for Nurses and Certified Caregivers in Japan: Career Achievement of the Candidates Based on Qualitative Interviews
Authors: Saito Ayami
Published: September 2017

Under the Japan-Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreement (JIEPA), the Japanese Government allows nurses and caregivers from Indonesia to join a training program in Japan. These nurses and caregivers are obliged to take an examination by the end of the training program, and if they pass the exam, they will get a work permit for a couple of years in Japan. However, there are cases where these nurses and caregivers have passed the examination and received the work permit, yet they opted to go back to Indonesia rather than continued to work in Japan.  This paper seeks to explain how and why such case happened. This paper also tries to see how the former participants of JIEPA applied their previous experience in Japan to their current life in Indonesia. By interviewing the nurses and caregivers that once joined JIEPA program, it was discovered that family matters and inappropriate treatment from fellow colleagues at work are the two main reasons why these participants decided to go back to Indonesia after they passed the examination. As for their current life in Indonesia, many of these participants do not really feel the benefit from their previous experience, mostly because the demand for skilled nurses and caregivers is limited in Indonesia. Also, their Japanese language skill may only be useful if they are willing to work in a Japanese company.
Vascular anatomy is a determining factor of successful submental flap raising: a retrospective study of 70 clinical cases
Authors: Lin Hung-Che , Huang Yuahn-Sieh , Chu Yueng-Hsiang , Liu Shao-Cheng , Shangkuan Wei-Chuan , Lai Wen-Sen , Yang Jinn-Moon , Lin Yaoh-Shiang , Ma Kuo-Hsing , Lee Jih-Chin
Published: September 2017

The vascular anatomy of submental flaps (SFs) represents a determining factor in successful SF raising. However, little attention has been focused on the venous return of SFs. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate SF venous return. This study enrolled patients who underwent SF reconstructive surgery in a tertiary referral center between November 2009 and October 2016. The drainage pathway of the SF venous return was routinely identified during the course of our operations to prevent damage during head and neck surgery. The venous return data of 70 patients were reviewed. The size of the flaps ranged from 15 to 84 cm2, and total flap loss was not observed in the case series. All of the submental arteries originated from the facial artery; however, the submental veins of 70 patients returned to either the internal jugular vein (IJV, 72.9%) or the external jugular vein (EJV, 27.1%). Our data suggest that drainage of the submental vein into the EJV, which has been previously overlooked, should receive greater attention during SF surgeries. The results support mandatory preservation of the EJV and IJV and indicate that vascular anatomy is a determining factor for successful SF raising.
Ring Current He Ion Control by Bounce Resonant ULF Waves
Authors: Kim Hyomin , Gerrard Andrew J. , Lanzerotti Louis J. , Soto‐Chavez Rualdo , Cohen Ross J. , Manweiler Jerry W.
Published: September 2017

Ring current energy He ion (∼65 keV to ∼520 keV) differential flux data from the Radiation Belt Storm Probe Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) instrument aboard the Van Allan Probes spacecraft show considerable variability during quiet solar wind and geomagnetic time periods. Such variability is apparent from orbit to orbit (∼9 h) of the spacecraft and is observed to be ∼50–100% of the nominal flux. Using data from the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) instrument, also aboard the Van Allen Probes spacecraft, we identify that a dominant source of this variability is from ULF waveforms with periods of tens of seconds. These periods correspond to the bounce resonant timescales of the ring current He ions being measured by RBSPICE. A statistical survey using the particle and field data for one full spacecraft precession period (approximately 2 years) shows that the wave and He ion flux variations are generally anticorrelated, suggesting the bounce resonant pitch angle scattering process as a major component in the scattering of He ions.
Scaling Features of High‐Latitude Geomagnetic Field Fluctuations at Swarm Altitude: Impact of IMF Orientation
Authors: De Michelis Paola , Consolini Giuseppe , Tozzi Roberta , Marcucci Maria Federica
Published: September 2017

This paper attempts to explore the statistical scaling features of high‐latitude geomagnetic field fluctuations at Swarm altitude. Data for this study are low‐resolution (1 Hz) magnetic data recorded by the vector field magnetometer on board Swarm A satellite over 1 year (from 15 April 2014 to 15 April 2015). The first‐ and second‐order structure function scaling exponents and the degree of intermittency of the fluctuations of the intensity of the horizontal component of the magnetic field at high northern latitudes have been evaluated for different interplanetary magnetic field orientations in the GSM Y‐Z plane and seasons. In the case of the first‐order structure function scaling exponent, a comparison between the average spatial distributions of the obtained values and the statistical convection patterns obtained using a Super Dual Auroral Radar Network dynamic model (CS10 model) has been also considered. The obtained results support the idea that the knowledge of the scaling features of the geomagnetic field fluctuations can help in the characterization of the different ionospheric turbulence regimes of the medium crossed by Swarm A satellite. This study shows that different turbulent regimes of the geomagnetic field fluctuations exist in the regions characterized by a double‐cell convection pattern and in those regions near the border of the convective structures.
Fault Segmentation as Constraint to the Occurrence of the Main Shocks of the 2016 Central Italy Seismic Sequence
Authors: Pizzi A. , Di Domenica A. , Gallovič F. , Luzi L. , Puglia R.
Published: September 2017

We perform the finite‐extent fault inversion of the three main events of the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence using near‐source strong motion records. We demonstrate that both earthquake nucleation and rupture propagation were controlled by segmentation of the (N)NW‐(S)SE trending Quaternary normal faults. The first shock of the sequence (24 August,Mw6.0) ruptured at the relay zone between the Laga Mts (LF) and the Cordone del Vettore (CVF) normal faults. The second shock (26 October,Mw5.9) nucleated at a minor relay zone within the Mt. Vettore‐Mt. Bove fault (VBF), while the third and largest one (30 October,Mw6.5) initiated at the relay zone between the VBF and CVF, triggering the multiple rupture of the VBF, CVF, and probably LF. We show that this latter relay zone corresponds to the deeper, high‐angle, fault zone of the Sibillini Mts cross structure, a thrust‐ramp inherited from the Miocene‐Pliocene contractional phase of the Apennines. This structure acted as a barrier to rupture propagation of the first two events thus defining an area of large stress concentration until it acted as the initiator of the rupture originating the largestMw6.5 event that crossed the barrier itself. We suggest that the “young” CVF have started to cut through the barrier acting as a soft‐linkage between the two long‐lived LF and VBF. The evidence that coseismic cumulative slip shows a maximum at the CVF, provided by both slip inversion and original surface rupture data, suggests that the CVF is growing faster than the adjacent faults.
Evolution of Plasmodesmata
Authors: Raven John A.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Distribution of Plasmodesmata among Extant Photosynthetic Organisms

The Phylogeny of Photosynthetic Organisms and its Relation to the Occurrence of Plasmodesmata

Functional Aspects of the Distribution and Evolution of Plasmodesmata

Functioning of Complex Photosynthetic Organisms Which Lack Plasmodesmata

Conclusions

Note
MicroRNAs: Micro‐Managing the Plant Genome
Authors: Floyd Sandra K. , Bowman John L.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Discovery ofmiRNAs

miRNAsVersussiRNAs

Biogenesis ofmiRNAs: Pri‐miRNA, Pre‐miRNA, MaturemiRNAs

miRNANomenclature

Modes of Gene Regulation bymiRNAs: Translation VersusmRNACleavage Versus Chromatin

miRNAsand Their Targets

Functional Characterization ofmiRNAs– Case Studies

Evolution ofmiRNA‐Mediated Gene Regulation

Acknowledgments
Effect of Topical Application of Black Seed Oil on Imiquimod‐Induced Psoriasis‐like Lesions in the Thin Skin of Adult Male Albino Rats
Authors: Okasha Ebtsam F. , Bayomy Naglaa A. , Abdelaziz Eman Z.
Published: September 2017

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects about 1%–3% of the world's population. Black seed oil, i.e., the oil extracted from black seeds (Nigella sativa seeds), possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological actions including anti‐inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of black seed oil on imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriasis‐like skin lesions. To this end, 30 male albino rats were divided into three groups: group I, control group; group II, psoriasis‐induced group receiving daily topical applications of IMQ cream (5%) on the shaved back skin for 10 consecutive days; and group III, black seed oil group receiving a daily topical dose of black seed oil 5 mg/kg body weight for 10 days after induction of psoriasis. Animals of all groups were sacrificed and specimens obtained from the skin of the central part of the back were processed for histological and immunohistochemical staining with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). IMQ application led to epidermal inflammation, hyperplasia and alterations in the normal appearance of keratinocytes with degenerative changes observed at both light and electron microscopic levels. Collagenous fibers were abundant in the dermis and PCNA‐positive cells were detected in all layers of the epidermis. However, topical use of black seed oil strongly inhibited IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like inflammation and alleviated all epidermal and dermal changes observed after IMQ application, allowing us to conclude that black seed oil can be used as an adjuvant topical therapy for treating psoriasis. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:166–174, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Take an opportunity whenever you get it”: Information sharing among African‐American women with hypertension
Authors: Jones Lenette M. , Wright Kathy D. , Wallace McKenzie K. , Veinot Tiffany
Published: September 2017

Nearly half of African‐American women have hypertension, which increases their risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke. A plethora of consumer health information products and services exist to inform people with hypertension and to promote self‐management among them. Promotion of information sharing by African‐American women represents a promising, culturally applicable strategy for consumer health information services focused on hypertension self‐management. Yet how African‐American women share hypertension information with others is unclear. The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive study was to examine practices of information sharing in African‐American women with hypertension. Thirteen women (mean age = 73, SD = 9.87) participated in one of 2 focus groups held at an urban community health center. Thematic analysis revealed that the women shared information about how they self‐managed their blood pressure i) with female family members and friends, ii) about ways in which they adapted self‐management strategies to work for them, iii) mostly in group settings, and iv) because they wanted to prevent others from suffering and reinforce their own knowledge about hypertension self‐management. New findings emerged regarding assessing “readiness” for information. Study findings will be used to inform the design of an information‐sharing intervention to support self‐management of hypertension in African‐American women.
On the Design of Event‐Triggered Suboptimal Controllers for Nonlinear Systems
Authors: Batmani Yazdan
Published: September 2017

In this paper, two suboptimal event‐triggered control techniques are proposed for both the regulation and the tracking problems in a broad class of nonlinear networked control systems. The proposed techniques are based on the state‐dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) methodology. In the case of the regulation problem, the asymptotic stability of the origin of the closed‐loop system under the proposed event‐triggered control law is investigated. In addition, for the tracking problem, it is proved that the tracking error between the system output and its desired trajectory converges asymptotically to zero under some mild conditions. It is shown that the proposed methods can considerably reduce the information exchange between the controller and the actuator. Due to the implementation procedures of the proposed techniques, no Zeno behavior is occurred. Three numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the design procedure and the flexibility of the proposed event‐triggered control techniques.
Working at the membrane interface: Ligand‐induced changes in dynamic conformation and oligomeric structure in human aromatase
Authors: Di Nardo Giovanna , Cimicata Giuseppe , Baravalle Roberta , Dell'Angelo Valentina , Ciaramella Alberto , Catucci Gianluca , Ugliengo Piero , Gilardi Gianfranco
Published: September 2017

Aromatase catalyzes the biosynthesis of estrogens from androgens. Owing to the physiological importance of this conversion of lipophilic substrates, the interaction with the lipid bilayer for this cytochrome P450 is crucial for its dynamics that must allow an easy access to substrates and inhibitors. Here, the aromatase–anastrozole interaction is studied by combining computational methods to identify possible access/egress routes with the protein inserted in the membrane and experimental tools aimed at the investigation of the effect of the inhibitor on the protein conformation. By means of molecular dynamics simulations of the protein inserted in the membrane, two channels, not detected in the starting crystal structure, are found after a 20‐nSec simulation. Trypsin digestion on the recombinant protein shows that the enzyme is strongly protected by the presence of the substrate and even more by the inhibitor. DSC experiments show an increase in the melting temperature of the protein in complex with the substrate (49.3 °C) and the inhibitor (58.7 °C) compared to the ligand‐free enzyme (45.9 °C), consistent with a decrease of flexibility of the protein. The inhibitor anastrozole enters the active site of the protein through a channel different from that used from the substrate and promotes a conformational change that stiffens the protein conformation and decreases the protein–protein interaction between different aromatase molecules.
Clinical predictive factors of long‐term survival after curative resection of pancreatic cancer: a retrospective study
Authors: Nakano Yutaka , Kitago Minoru , Shinoda Masahiro , Abe Yuta , Yagi Hiroshi , Hibi Taizo , Takeuchi Ayano , Aiura Koichi , Itano Osamu , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: September 2017

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to have the poorest prognosis of all gastrointestinal malignancies, even after the tumor has been completely resected. However, only a proportion of patients achieve 5‐year survival after resection. The factors predictive of achieving 5‐year survival remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the pre‐ and postoperative clinicopathological characteristics of PDAC patients with a >5‐year survival after curative resection. We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent pancreatectomy for PDAC between January 1995 and December 2011. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictive factors for 5‐year survival. One hundred and fifty‐one patients were enrolled, including 38 patients with 5‐year survival (actual 5‐year survival rate, 25.2%). The independent preoperative factors predictive of achieving 5‐year survival included serum albumin levels (odds ratio [OR]: 5.06, 95.0% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49–17.19; P = 0.009) and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (OR: 3.02, 95.0% CI: 1.00–9.08; P = 0.049). Venous infiltration (OR: 2.99, 95.0% CI: 1.09–8.25; P = 0.034), liver recurrence (OR: 0.17, 95.0% CI: 0.04–0.69; P = 0.013), and perioperative portal vein infusion chemotherapy (OR: 3.06, 95.0% CI: 1.09–8.25; P = 0.028) were found to be independent postoperative predictive factors for achieving 5‐year survival. Serum albumin levels could be a biomarker for predicting the prognosis of PDAC patients after curative resection. Liver recurrence and perioperative portal vein infusion chemotherapy were independent postoperative factors, suggesting that perioperative portal vein infusion chemotherapy could be promising for improving the survival rate of PDAC patients after curative resection.
Copper‐Catalysed Aminoboration of Vinylarenes with Hydroxylamine Esters—A Computational Mechanistic Study
Authors: Tobisch Sven
Published: September 2017

An in‐depth computational probe of the copper‐mediated formal aminoboration of β‐alkylstyrenes with bis(pinacolato)diboron B2pin2 and an archetype hydroxylamine ester by a dppbz‐ligated {P^P}CuI boryl catalyst (dppbz≡{P^P}≡1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene) is presented. This first comprehensive computational study of the copper‐mediated formal aminoboration utilising an electrophilic strategy has identified the most accessible pathway for productive catalysis. The mechanistic picture derived from smooth energy profiles acquired by employing a reliable computational protocol applied to a realistic catalyst model conforms to all available experimental data. The high degree of regio‐ and stereoselectivity achieved in syn‐borylcupration and Umpolung electrophilic amination is instrumental to the exclusive generation of the (syn)‐β‐aminoalkylborane product. On the one hand, syn‐borylcupration furnishes exclusively β‐borylalkylcopper nucleophile upon boryl addition onto the vinylarene β‐carbon. Its subsequent approach by the hydroxylamine electrophile to deliver the product with the release of {P^P}CuI benzoate favours a stepwise stereoretentive SN2‐type oxidative addition/N−C bond‐forming reductive elimination sequence. The copper benzoate species represents the catalyst resting state, and its transformation into the catalytically active borylcopper species upon salt metathesis with Li(OtBu) base and transmetallation with B2pin2 is turnover limiting. Electronically modified β‐alkylstyrenes featuring a para‐CF3 substituted phenyl ring render the borylcupration faster, and more electron‐rich hydroxylamine agents decelerate the electrophilic amination.
Kymograph analysis with high temporal resolution reveals new features of neurofilament transport kinetics
Authors: Fenn J. Daniel , Johnson Christopher M. , Peng Juan , Jung Peter , Brown Anthony
Published: September 2017

We have used kymograph analysis combined with edge detection and an automated computational algorithm to analyze the axonal transport kinetics of neurofilament polymers in cultured neurons at 30 ms temporal resolution. We generated 301 kymographs from 136 movies and analyzed 726 filaments ranging from 0.6 to 42 µm in length, representing ∼37,000 distinct moving and pausing events. We found that the movement is even more intermittent than previously reported and that the filaments undergo frequent, often transient, reversals which suggest that they can engage simultaneously with both anterograde and retrograde motors. Average anterograde and retrograde bout velocities (0.9 and 1.2 µm s−1, respectively) were faster than previously reported, with maximum sustained bout velocities of up to 6.6 and 7.8 µm s−1, respectively. Average run lengths (∼1.1 µm) and run times (∼1.4 s) were in the range reported for molecular motor processivity in vitro, suggesting that the runs could represent the individual processive bouts of the neurofilament motors. Notably, we found no decrease in run velocity, run length or run time with increasing filament length, which suggests that either the drag on the moving filaments is negligible or that longer filaments recruit more motors.
Ring‐Opening Polymerization of l‐Lactide to Cyclic Poly(Lactide) by Zeolitic Imidazole Framework ZIF‐8 Catalyst
Authors: Luo Zhixiong , Chaemchuen Somboon , Zhou Kui , Verpoort Francis
Published: September 2017

The catalytic activity of ZIF‐8 in the ring‐opening polymerization of l‐lactide without solvents or cocatalysts is presented for the first time. Two different synthetic strategies have been applied for synthesizing ZIF‐8, either under solvothermal condition or by spray‐drying procedure. Their catalytic activities are found to be correlating with the presence of open active sites in ZIF‐8 structure. The structural defects that afford active acid and basic sites are supposed to cooperatively catalyze the reaction. ZIF‐8 assembled by spray‐drying technique, displays a superior catalytic activity at temperature of 160 °C, leading to the formation of high molecular weight cyclic polylactide. The ZIF‐8 catalysts could be recycled and reused without any significant loss of catalytic activity.
CH3NH3Br Additive for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance and Air Stability of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells prepared by Two‐Step Dipping Method
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Xuezhen , Xu Xiaoxia , Tang Jie , Wu Jihuai , Lan Zhang
Published: September 2017

The biggest challenge for the pursuit of potentially available perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is to achieve both high power conversion efficiency and good long‐term stability. Here we report a facile CH3NH3Br (MABr) additive route to achieve the aim. We demonstrate that the application of MABr additive can greatly improve the quality of the perovskite film by diminishing the number of small crystal grains to form large ones, which can substantially decrease grain boundaries and enable direct connection of electron‐ and hole‐transport layers with one large crystal grain. These changes lead to enhanced electron transport rate, suppressed recombination, improved photovoltaic performance, and reduced hysteresis of the device assembled using the perovskite film with MABr additive compared to the device without the MABr additive. Furthermore, the large crystal grains and their compact stacking can effectively withstand moisture corrosion, thereby contributing to significantly enhanced air stability for the perovskite film with MABr additive and the corresponding device. This work highlights the valuable MABr additive route for developing potentially available, efficient, and stable PSCs.
Isotopic and chemical characteristics of mercury in organs and tissues of fish in a mercury-polluted lake: Evidence for fractionation of mercury isotopes by physiological processes
Authors: Jackson Togwell A.
Published: September 2017

Organs and tissues of whitefish and trout from mercury (Hg)-polluted Lake Ontario were analyzed for Hg isotopes, methylmercury (CH3Hg+), and inorganic Hg to investigate possible mass-dependent fractionation (MDF) and mass-independent fractionation (MIF) of Hg isotopes by physiological processes of the fish. Isotope signatures of different body parts were defined by δ-values of 198Hg/202Hg, 199Hg/202Hg, 200Hg/202Hg, and 201Hg/202Hg ratios and by Δ-values representing effects of MIF on 199Hg/202Hg and 201Hg/202Hg ratios. The research yielded the following evidence for MDF and MIF, including MIF of isotopes with even as well as odd mass numbers, by metabolic activities: 1) anomalously low δ-values for whitefish kidneys but not for trout kidneys; 2) widely varying differences between the δ-values of different body parts of whitefish but practically uniform differences for those of trout; 3) different relationships between Δ199Hg and Δ201Hg for whitefish than for trout; 4) nonlinear correlation between δ198Hg and δ200Hg for whitefish but linear correlation for trout; 5) an inverse correlation between the δ199Hg values and CH3Hg+ concentrations of whitefish and trout; 6) an inverse correlation between the δ201Hg/δ199Hg and CH3Hg+/inorganic Hg ratios of trout kidneys and gills (and lipids of trout near the sources of pollution) but a positive correlation for muscle, liver, and gut; and 7) inverse correlations between Δ199Hg and the CH3Hg+/inorganic Hg ratio for trout liver, kidneys, and gut. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:515–529. © 2017 SETAC
Freirean Pedagogy in Street Education: Unveiling the Impact on Street Children in Brazil
Authors: Firme Thereza Penna , Stone Vathsala Iyengar
Published: September 2017

This chapter reports an evaluation of programs serving street children in Brazil during the mid‐1980s. At the time, several hundred independent programs for street children had emerged all over Brazil. Paulo Freire's views and concern for an appropriate educational process that regards the cultural identity of these children and youth as well as their self‐acceptance were fundamental to the conception and development of many of these programs. UNICEF commissioned a groundbreaking study that would provide a methodological basis for more comprehensive evaluations in the future. This chapter shows how Freirean pedagogy influenced both the interventions and the evaluation.
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for hepatitis C virus genotype 3 patients with cirrhosis and/or prior treatment experience: A partially randomized phase 3 clinical trial
Authors: Wyles David , Poordad Fred , Wang Stanley , Alric Laurent , Felizarta Franco , Kwo Paul Y. , Maliakkal Benedict , Agarwal Kosh , Hassanein Tarek , Weilert Frank , Lee Samuel S. , Kort Jens , Lovell Sandra S. , Liu Ran , Lin Chih‐Wei , Pilot‐Matias Tami , Krishnan Preethi , Mensa Federico J.
Published: September 2017

This study assessed the efficacy and safety of ribavirin‐free coformulated glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (G/P) in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection with prior treatment experience and/or compensated cirrhosis, a patient population with limited treatment options. SURVEYOR‐II, Part 3 was a partially randomized, open‐label, multicenter, phase 3 study. Treatment‐experienced (prior interferon or pegylated interferon ± ribavirin or sofosbuvir plus ribavirin ± pegylated interferon therapy) patients without cirrhosis were randomized 1:1 to receive 12 or 16 weeks of G/P (300 mg/120 mg) once daily. Treatment‐naive or treatment‐experienced patients with compensated cirrhosis were treated with G/P for 12 or 16 weeks, respectively. The primary efficacy endpoint was the percentage of patients with sustained virologic response at posttreatment week 12 (SVR12). Safety was evaluated throughout the study. There were 131 patients enrolled and treated. Among treatment‐experienced patients without cirrhosis, SVR12 was achieved by 91% (20/22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 72‐97) and 95% (21/22; 95% CI, 78‐99) of patients treated with G/P for 12 or 16 weeks, respectively. Among those with cirrhosis, SVR12 was achieved by 98% (39/40; 95% CI, 87‐99) of treatment‐naive patients treated for 12 weeks and 96% (45/47; 95% CI, 86‐99) of patients with prior treatment experience treated for 16 weeks. No adverse events led to discontinuation of study drug, and no serious adverse events were related to study drug. Conclusion: Patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection with prior treatment experience and/or compensated cirrhosis achieved high SVR12 rates following 12 or 16 weeks of treatment with G/P. The regimen was well tolerated. (Hepatology 2018;67:514‐523).
New pediatric percentiles of liver enzyme serum levels (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyltransferase): Effects of age, sex, body mass index, and pubertal stage
Authors: Bussler Sarah , Vogel Mandy , Pietzner Diana , Harms Kristian , Buzek Theresa , Penke Melanie , Händel Norman , Körner Antje , Baumann Ulrich , Kiess Wieland , Flemming Gunter
Published: September 2017

The present study aims to clarify the effects of sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and puberty on transaminase serum levels in children and adolescents and to provide new age‐ and sex‐related percentiles for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT). Venous blood and anthropometric data were collected from 4,126 cases. Excluded were cases of participants with potential hepatotoxic medication, with evidence of potential illness at the time of blood sampling and non‐normal BMI (BMI <10th or >90th). The resulting data (N = 3,131 cases) were used for the calculations of ALT, AST, and GGT percentiles. Age‐ and sex‐related reference intervals were established by using an LMS method of Cole–type method. Serum levels of transaminases follow age‐specific patterns and relate to the onset of puberty. This observation is more pronounced in girls than in boys. ALT percentiles showed similar‐shaped patterns in both sexes. Multivariate regression confirmed significant effects of puberty and BMI‐SDS (β = 2.21) on ALT. Surprisingly, AST serum levels were negatively influenced by age (β = −1.42) and BMI‐SDS (β = −0.15). GGT percentiles revealed significant sex‐specific differences, correlated positively with age (β = 0.37) and showed significant association with BMI‐SDS (β = 1.16). Conclusion: Current reference values of ALT, AST, and GGT serum levels were calculated for children between 11 months and 16.0 years, using modern analytical and statistical methods. This study extends the current knowledge about transaminases by revealing influences of age, sex, BMI, and puberty on serum concentrations of all three parameters and has for these parameters one of the largest sample sizes published so far. (Hepatology 2017).
Nickel‐Catalyzed Benzylation of C−H Bonds in Aromatic Amides with Benzyltrimethylammonium Halides
Authors: Sasagawa Akane , Yamaguchi Mao , Ano Yusuke , Chatani Naoto
Published: September 2017

Nickel‐catalyzed benzylation reactions of C−H bonds in aromatic amides with benzyltrimethylammonium halides are developed by using a 5‐chloro‐8‐aminoquinoline derivative as a bidentate directing group. Benzylation occurs selectively at the ortho‐C−H bonds in aromatic amides, and no methylation was detected. The presence of a 5‐chloro‐8‐aminoquinoline moiety is essential for the success of this reaction, in which a variety of functional groups can be tolerated.
Dual‐wavelength‐assisted thermal hemostasis for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia
Authors: Hwang Jieun , Kim Hyejin , Truong Gia V. , Xuan Jason , Hasenberg Thomas , Kang Hyun Wook
Published: September 2017

Laser treatment on a large size of prostate gland often encounters significant bleeding that can prolong the entire procedure and cause urinary complications. The current study investigates the feasibility of dual‐wavelength (532 and 980 nm) application to achieve rapid hemostasis for 532‐nm laser prostatectomy. Porcine kidney and bleeding phantom models were tested to quantify the degree of the irreversible tissue coagulation and to estimate the time for the complete hemostasis, respectively. The ex vivo kidney testing verifies that the dual‐wavelength created up to 40% deeper and 25% wider coagulation regions than a single wavelength does. The bleeding phantom testing demonstrates that due to the enhanced thermal effects, the simultaneous irradiation yields the complete photocoagulation (~11 seconds) whereas 532 or 980 nm hardly stops bleeders. Numerical simulations validate that the combined optical‐thermal characteristics of both the wavelengths account for the augmented thermal coagulation. The dual‐wavelength‐assisted coagulation can be a feasible treatment to entail the rapid hemostasis and to facilitate the laser prostatectomy in an effective manner.
Inverse response of osteoblasts and fibroblasts to growth on carbon‐deposited titanium surfaces
Authors: Yoshihara Chie , Ueno Takeshi , Chen Peng , Tsutsumi Yusuke , Hanawa Takao , Wakabayashi Noriyuki
Published: September 2017

Titanium implant surfaces may serve as attachment substrates for various cell types. Since carbon adsorption on titanium is inevitable, this study examined the negative/positive biological reaction of osteoblasts and fibroblasts on carbon‐deposited titanium surfaces. Osteogenic MC3T3‐E1 and fibrogenic NIH/3T3 cells were separately cultured on titanium disks on which carbon deposition was experimentally regulated to achieve titanium/carbon ratios of 6.5, 0.02, 0.005, and 0. The initial attachment of cells demonstrated that the quantity of attached osteoblasts on Ti/C (0.005) surfaces was 20% lower than that on Ti/C (6.5) surfaces at 4 h of culture. A 40% reduction in cell attachment at 24 h transferring from Ti/C (6.5) to Ti/C (0.005) surfaces highlighted the negative effect of carbon deposition on osteoblast attachment. However, the initial attachment of fibroblasts, which depended on carbon deposition, increased, and the quantity of cells on Ti/C (0.005) surfaces was almost twice that on Ti/C (6.5) surfaces at 4 h of culture. The levels of common differentiation markers of collagen synthesis were also differentially carbon‐dependent as total collagen deposition on Ti/C (0.005) decreased by > 30% compared to that on Ti/C (6.5) in osteoblasts after 7 days of culture. In contrast, collagen synthesis in fibroblasts markedly increased as was evident by the increase in carbon deposition. These inverse effects indicate that carbon deposition on a titanium surface would likely be a disadvantage for bone formation, but might represent an effective option for achieving better wound healing and soft tissue sealing around the surface of an implant‐neck region. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1869–1877, 2018.
Testing of a bioactive, moldable bone graft substitute in an infected, critically sized segmental defect model
Authors: Brown Matt E. , Zou Yuan , Peyyala Rebecca , Huja Sarandeep S. , Cunningham Larry L. , Milbrandt Todd A. , Dziubla Thomas D. , Puleo David A.
Published: September 2017

Large infected bone defects, often resulting from high energy traumas, are difficult to treat due to their variability in complexity and location. Standard treatment for infected bone defects begins with a protocol that includes a series of debridements in conjunction with an extended course of systemic antibiotics. Only after the infection has been eliminated will repair of the defect commence, typically with implantation of autologous bone. To address some of the shortcomings of the standard treatment methods, such as serial procedures, limited grafting material, and the need for a second surgical site for autologous bone, a sequential, dual drug‐releasing, moldable, calcium sulfate‐based bone graft substitute was developed previously. In the present studies, the effectiveness of the material for treating both the infection with vancomycin and bone defect with simvastatin was evaluated in vivo using a critically sized, infected segmental defect model in rat femurs. Although the infection was not fully eliminated, the local release of vancomycin increased survivorship of infected animals by 464% compared to nontreated controls. Infected animals receiving antimicrobial treatment showed comparable amounts of new bone formation within the defect site when compared to noninfected controls. Incorporating agents capable of disrupting established biofilms into bone graft substitutes may enhance effectiveness in treating a biofilm infection within a bone defect. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1878–1886, 2018.
Cork processing wastewaters components fractioned by ultrafiltration membranes – studies of antioxidant and antitumoral activity
Authors: Gomes Luís , Borges Carlos , Serralheiro M Luísa M , Minhalma Miguel , Pacheco Rita
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Cork processing wastewater is an environmental problem due to its high content of organic matter, such as sugars and non‐biodegradable compounds such as polyphenols (PPs), namely tannins. Membrane technology aimed at valorisation of the wastewaters components, concentrate stream, and simultaneously offer a pre‐treatment of the wastewater, permeate stream. In this work, the identification of bioactive PPs was also envisaged. Several fractions of cork processing wastewaters were generated using two cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes of 3 kDa and 74 kDa for PPs isolation according to nature and molecular weights. The membranes were prepared by the phase inversion method and fractionation was made in concentration and diafiltration modes. The wastewater and the fractions were analyzed in terms of total organic carbon, total phenols, tannins and total polysaccharides content and the compounds present were identified by FTIR, LC–MS and quantified by HPLC‐DAD.

RESULTS

Compounds such as quinic, gallic, protocatechuic, brevifolin carboxylic and ellagic acids were identified as the major compounds in cork wastewater. The wastewater and the fractions were tested for antioxidant activity and for capacity to inhibit the proliferation of the growth of human breast carcinoma cell lines, MCF‐7. The fractions revealed high antioxidant activity with EC50 values ranging from 1.174 ± 0.069 to 1.943 ± 0.179 mg/mgDPPH. The fractions demonstrated to be efficient as cell proliferation inhibitors, with values of IC50 ranging from 0.20 ± 0.003 to 0.46 ± 0.02 mg mL‐1.

CONCLUSION

The process reported demonstrates that PPs compounds can be recovered from cork effluent and further reused as high‐value bioactive compounds. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Complete characterization of new isolates of Neptunomonas phycophila leads to emend its description and opens possibilities of biotechnological applications
Authors: Diéguez Ana L. , Pichon Phillip , Balboa Sabela , Magnesen Thorolf , Romalde Jesús L.
Published: September 2017

Five strains were isolated from gonad of Great scallop (Pecten maximus) broodstock in a Norwegian hatchery. The study of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these isolates belong to Neptunomonas phycophila, a bacterium originally isolated from a symbiont of the anemone Aiptasia tagetes from Puerto Rico. The gyrB and rpoB genes sequences confirmed the affiliation of the scallop isolates to this species. Phenotypic characterization was performed and some differences between the Norwegian isolates and the type strain of N. phycophila were detected, such as ranges of temperature, pH, and tolerance to salinity or the use of several substrates as sole carbon source which lead to an emended description of the species. The strain 3CM2.5 showed phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. The whole genomes of the scallop strain 3CM2.5 and type strain of the species CECT 8716T were obtained and the annotation of these genomes revealed the presence of genes involved in degradation of aromatic compounds in both strains. Results obtained not only widen the geographical and host ranges of N. phycophila, but also point out possible biotechnological applications for this bacterial species.
Influence of a Gas Exchange Correction Procedure on Resting Metabolic Rate and Respiratory Quotient in Humans
Authors: Galgani Jose E. , Castro‐Sepulveda Mauricio A.
Published: September 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a gas exchange correction protocol on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ), assessed by a Vmax Encore 29n metabolic cart (SensorMedics Co., Yorba Linda, California) in overnight fasted and fed humans, and to assess the predictive power of body size for corrected and uncorrected RMR.

Methods

Healthy participants (23 M/29 F; 34 ± 9 years old; 26.3 ± 3.7 kg/m2) ingested two 3‐hour‐apart glucose loads (75 g). Indirect calorimetry was conducted before and hourly over a 6‐hour period. Immediately after indirect calorimetry assessment, gas exchange was simulated through high‐precision mass‐flow regulators, which permitted the correction of RMR and RQ values.

Results

Uncorrected and corrected RMR and RQ were directly related at each time over the 6‐hour period. However, uncorrected versus corrected RMR was 6.9% ± 0.5% higher (128 ± 7 kcal/d; P < 0.0001), while RQ was 14.0 ± 0.4% lower (−0.114 ± 0.003; P < 0.0001) when compared throughout the whole period. Body weight, sex, and age explained a larger fraction of the variance when corrected RMR was considered (adjusted R2 = 0.71; P < 0.0001) versus uncorrected RMR (adjusted R2 = 0.59; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Applying a protocol to correct gas exchange in humans over a 6‐hour period is feasible and provides information of improved accuracy.
Effect of Crystal Quality and Particle Size of HMX on the Creep Resistance for TATB/HMX Composites
Authors: Lin Congmei , Liu Jiahui , He Guansong , Yang Zhijian , Pan Liping , Liu Shijun , Li Jiang , Guo Shaoyun
Published: September 2017

Two kinds of reduced sensitivity high explosive 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane (RS‐HMX) with different particle sizes were selected to enhance the energy output and the mechanical properties of insensitive high explosive 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB). Mechanical sensitivities, dynamic mechanical analysis, and non‐linear time dependent creep behaviors of TATB/HMX composites were investigated and discussed in relation to the structural characteristics. Compared with TATB/conventional HMX (C‐HMX) sample, both the impact and friction sensitivities of TATB/RS‐HMX were reduced. It revealed that TATB/fine grains RS‐HMX composites had the highest storage modulus and minimum steady‐state creep strain rate due to the increased coherence strength and the inhibited slide of the single layer of TATB crystal. The creep resistance also showed clear dependence on the particle size of RS‐HMX. The overall results indicated that RS‐HMX had good potential in high energetic, safe, and load‐bearing material applications.
Analysis of Defect‐Free Graphene Blocks in Nitrogen‐Doped Bamboo‐Like Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Podyacheva Olga Yu. , Suboch Arina N. , Bokova‐Sirosh Sofya N. , Romanenko Anatoly I. , Kibis Lidiya S. , Obraztsova Elena D. , Kuznetsov Vladimir L.
Published: September 2017

The structure and electronic properties of the N‐doped bamboo‐like carbon nanotubes with different nitrogen content (N‐CNTs) are studied by the use of transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy supplemented by measurements of the temperature dependence of conductivity. XPS data are used to estimate the content of nitrogen represented by pyridinic, pyrrolic, graphitic, and oxidized N species and encapsulated molecular nitrogen. The graphene blocks surrounded by borders containing hole defects and N‐species are considered as building blocks of N‐CNT walls. The intensity ratio of D, G, and 2D bands in Raman spectra and XPS data on the concentration of N‐species are used to analyze the size of defect‐free graphene blocks in N‐CNTs. The size of such blocks depends on the N‐defect content and is estimated to be 1–2 nm. The increase of N‐species content resulting in a decrease of graphene block size correlates with the decrease of current carrier concentration (nES) estimated within the Efros–Shklovskii model.
The Changing Face of Qualitative Research
Authors: Arn Sven
Published: September 2017

Georges Guelfand talks about connecting with consumers for over 40 years.
The Shape of Things to Come
Authors: Bowman Jo
Published: September 2017

As we contemplate 70 years of ESOMAR history, Jo Bowman asks three client‐side researchers to do the almost‐impossible: predict how things will change in the 70 years ahead.
W.A.I.T?
Authors: Hamilton‐Clark Steve
Published: September 2017

Executive coaching green shoots in market research
Self‐Powered Ultraviolet Photodetectors Driven by Built‐In Electric Field
Authors: Su Longxing , Yang Wei , Cai Jian , Chen Hongyu , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: September 2017

Self‐powered ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors, which have vast applications in the military and for civilian purposes, have become particularly attractive in recent years due to their advantages of high sensitivity, ultrasmall size, and low power consumption. In particular, self‐powered UV photodetectors driven by a built‐in electric field cannot only detect UV signals but also be powered by the incident signals instead of external power. In this concept, the key issues and most recent developments on photovoltaic type UV photodetectors driven by p–n homojunction, heterojunction, and Schottky junction are surveyed. This should generate extensive interest in this field and encourage more researchers to engage in and tackle the scientific challenges.
Synthesis of a Novel Double Salt: Ammonium 3,4‐Diamino‐1,2,4‐triazolium Styphnate
Authors: Wu Le , Wu Jin‐Ting , He Piao , Yin Xin , Zhang Jian‐Guo
Published: September 2017

Nitrogen‐rich double salt ammonium 3,4‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazoliumstyphnate (NH4·DATr·TNR) (2) with good thermal stability was successfully synthesized by reacting 3,4‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazolium chloride aqueous solution with styphnic acid methanol solution under the reaction medium of aqueous ammonia. The title double salt was characterized by elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transformation infrared spectrum (FT‐IR), and X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction. It crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system with space group P21/n. Its density is 1.780 g·cm–3. Compound 2 is thermal stable below 200 °C by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test. The non‐isothermal kinetics parameters were calculated by the Kissinger's method and Ozawa‐Doyle's method, respectively. In addition, compound 2 showed low friction and impact sensitivities.
Unprecedented Connection Mode of [V16Sb4O42(H2O)]8– Cluster Anions by Mn2+ Centered Complexes: Solvothermal Synthesis and Properties of {[Mn(teta)]4V16Sb4O42(H2O}n·[(H2O)12]n
Authors: Rasmussen Maren , Näther Christian , van Leusen Jan , Kögerler Paul , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: September 2017

The new compound {[Mn(teta)]4V16Sb4O42}n·[(H2O)12]n (1) was synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The crystal structure features the high nuclearity [V16IVSb4IIIO42(H2O)]8– cluster anion, which consists of two rings composed of 8 edge‐sharing VO5 polyhedra. The rings are perpendicular to each other generating four niches, which are occupied by two VO5 pyramids and two handle‐like Sb2O5 units. The two unique anions are each surrounded by eight Mn2+ centered complexes via Mn–Oterm–V bonds. Such an expansion has never been observed in heterometal polyoxovanadate chemistry. The connection mode between cluster anions and complex cations generates two individual layers stacked onto each other. Between the layers weak Sb···O contacts are observed. The crystal water molecules are mainly located in the empty space between the layers. Upon heating H2O molecules are removed, while the crystal structure remains intact. The magnetic behavior is dominated by strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the central V4+ ions, while the interaction between the cluster anion and central Mn2+ ions is significantly less pronounced.