bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE WITH METHALLYLSILANES
Authors: KORMACHEV V. V. , MITRASOV YU. N. , KUKHTIN V. A.
Published: April 2016

Das Silan (I) liefert mit Phosphorpentachlorid und SO2 ein Gemisch der Verbindungen (II), (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ACID CATALYSIS IN THE HYDROPHOSPHORYLATION OF OLEFINS
Authors: NIFANT'EV E. E. , MAGDEEVA R. K. , SHCHEPTET'EVA K. P.
Published: April 2016

Die Propyl‐phosphonigsäure (III) erhält man durch Einwirkung von Natrium‐hypophosphit (I) auf Propen in Gegenwart von Wasserstoffsuperoxid und konz. Schwefelsäure.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC COMPOUNDS FROM TRIPHENYL(PHENYLIMINOVINYLIDENE)PHOSPHORANE AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Authors: BESTMANN H. J. , SCHADE G. , SCHMID G.
Published: April 2016

Das Phosphoran (I) addiert Carbonsäuren (II) prim. zu den nicht isolierbaren Phosphoranen (III), die sich durch O ‐ N‐Acylwanderung in (IV) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: FOUR‐ AND FIVE‐MEMBERED PHOSPHORUS HETEROCYCLES. 46. DOUBLE CYCLOADDITION TO A TRICYCLIC DIPHOSPHORANE
Authors: SCHMIDPETER A. , ZEISS W. , SCHOMBURG D. , SCHELDRICK W. S.
Published: April 2016

Die 1:1‐molare Umsetzung des Dimethoxyaminophosphins (I) mit p‐Nitrobenzaldehyd (II) führt zu einem 2 : 2‐Additionsprodukt, dem tricyclischen Diphosphoran (III), und zu einem 1:2‐Additionsprodukt, dem Phosphat (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF AMINOGALLANES. PART 31. REACTIONS OF METAL AND METALLOID COMPOUNDS WITH POLYFUNCTIONAL MOLECULES
Authors: MELLER A. , MARINGGELE W. , OESTERLE R.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der N‐Silyl‐trifluoracetamide (I) mit Ga‐trichlorid oder ‐bromid führt zu den Trifluoracetamidogallanen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)FLUOROGERMANATES
Authors: BRAUER D. J. , BUERGER H. + , EUJEN R.
Published: April 2016

Trifluormethylgermaniumhalogenide (II) sind gegen H2O beständig und zersetzen sich erst in Gegenwart von OH‐Ionen.
ChemInform Abstract: GERMATRANES. II. SYNTHESIS OF (TRIORGANYLSILYLMETHYL)GERMATRANES
Authors: GAR T. K. , KHROMOVA N. YU. , NOSOVA V. M. , MIRONOV V. F.
Published: April 2016

Aus den bekannten Chlorgermanen (I) werden die Alkoxygermane (II) hergestellt, von denen die Verbindungen (IIa) und (IIc) mit Triethanolamin (IV) die Organyl‐ silyl‐methyl‐germatrane (III) und (V) bilden.
ChemInform Abstract: QUENCHING OF EMISSION AND OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PENTACARBONYL(4‐CYANOPYRIDINO)TUNGSTEN(0)
Authors: LEES A. J. , ADAMSON A. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Anregung des Titelkomplexes bei 353 oder 530 nm in Methylcyclohexan bei Raumtemp. führt zu einer schwachen Emission, die eine Zerfallszeit von 360 i 30 ns besitzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RADICAL CATIONS RESULTING FROM THE OXIDATION OF METHYL AND ACETYL IRON COMPLEXES
Authors: MAGNUSON R. H. , ZULU S. , T'SAI W.‐M. , GIERING W. P.
Published: April 2016

Lösungen der Eisenkomplexe (I) und (IIIa) in Alkoholen, Aceton oder THF liefern bei Oxidation mit Cer‐Ammoniumnitrat oder wasserfreiem Cu‐trifluormethansulfonat bei ‐78°C eine nur kurze Zeit auftretende grüne Lösung.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOME POLYNUCLEAR MIXED CARBOXYLATE COMPLEXES OF NICKEL(II)
Authors: BARANWAL B. P. , PARASHAR G. K. , MEHROTRA R. C.
Published: April 2016

Durch Transacylierung von wasserfreiem Nickelacetat mit höheren Carbonsäuren in verschiedenen stöchiometrischen Verhältnissen in siedendem Toluol werden die Komplexe (I) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND REARRANGEMENT OF TRICHOTHECANE‐LIKE COMPOUNDS. SYNTHESIS OF APLYSIN AND FILIFORMIN
Authors: GOLDSMITH D. J. , JOHN T. K. , KWONG C. D. , PAINTER G. R. III
Published: April 2016

Die Herstellung der Verbindungen (I)‐(III) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: NITROGENOUS ANALOGS OF STEROIDS. PART XV. SYNTHESIS OF THE DE‐A‐19‐NOR‐10‐AZA A DERIVATIVE OF 17α‐METHYLTESTOSTERONE
Authors: RODEWALD W. J. , JAGODZINSKA B. M.
Published: April 2016

Die Synthese der Titelverbindung (VI) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NONREDUCIBLE BICYCLIC ANALOGS OF SOMATOSTATIN
Authors: NUTT R. F. , VEBER D. F. , SAPERSTEIN R.
Published: April 2016

Die Bis‐carba‐ Analogen (VI a) und (VIb) des bicyclischen Somatostatin‐Analogen (VIc) bzw. des Analogons (VId) werden synthetisiert: Das aus der Vorstufe (Ia) (Darstellung beschrieben) erhältliche Peptid (Ib) wird mit der Säure (II) N‐acyliert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS IN THE 6‐DEOXY‐4‐THIO‐α‐D‐TALOPYRANOSE AND ‐β‐L‐ALLOPYRANOSE SERIES VIA THE CORRESPONDING 4‐THIOULOSES AND THEIR REDUCTION
Authors: SIMON P. , ZIEGLER J.‐C. , GROSS B.
Published: April 2016

Auf den im Formelschema angegebenen Wegen werden die Thioderivate (VIIa), (VIIb) sowie die Thiohexenosen (III), (VIIIa) und (VIIIb) synthetisiert [Darstellung von (Ib) durch Li‐triethylboranat‐ Reduktion von (Ia)].
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF BISINDOLE ALKALOIDS WITHIN THE VOACAMINE FAMILY
Authors: KUTNEY J. P. , HORINAKA A. , WARD R. S. , WORTH B. R.
Published: April 2016

Im Rahmen synthetischer Untersuchungen zur Gewinnung von mit Voacamin strukturverwandten Alkaloiden wird Perivinol (I) mit Voacangin (II) bzw. Catharanth′ (IV) in methanolischer HCl‐Lösung erhitzt: Gebildet werden die Isomerenpaare (IIIa)/(IIIb) bzw. (VIa)/(VIb), wobei mit (IV) überwiegend das Alken (V) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF THE LYTHRACEAE ALKALOIDS. REGIO AND STEREOSELECTIVE METHOXYLATIONS AND HYDROXYLATIONS OF LYTHRINE
Authors: LANTOS I. , RAZGAITIS C. , LOEV B. , DOUGLAS B.
Published: April 2016

Der durch Methylierung von Lythrin (Ia) erhaltene Ether (Ib) wird mit Hg(O‐Ac)2 in Me‐OH bzw. in THF/HQO und anschließend mit NaBH4 behandelt, wobei regio‐ und stereoselektiv das Methoxy‐Derivat (IIa) bzw. der Alkohol (IIb) gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: (‐)‐4‐HYDROXY‐N‐FORMYLMORPHINAN‐6‐ONE, A VERSATILE INTERMEDIATE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 3‐DEOXYOPIOIDS
Authors: ROZWADOWSKA M. D. , HSU F.‐L. , JACOBSON A. E. , RICE K. C. , BROSSI A.
Published: April 2016

Kondensation des Oxomorphinanepoxides (I) mit dem Chlorformiat (II) gibt das Carbamat (III), das bei der Reduktion mit Zn in NH4Cl/Et‐OH unter Eliminierung der Carbamat‐Gruppe und Öffnung des Epoxidringes in das Norketon (IVa) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTIVE DEBROMINATION OF SOME PURINE AND PURINE‐LIKE NUCLEOSIDES
Authors: CHUNG F.‐L. , EARL R. A. , TOWNSEND L. B.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit N,O‐Bis‐trimethylsilyl‐acetamid, Kaliumfluorid und Kronenether erhält man aus der Brom‐Verbindung (I) das Reduktionsprodukt (IIb) anstelle der Fluorverbindung (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF DAUNOSAMINYL ε‐RHODOMYCINONE, DAUNOSAMINYL 10‐EPI‐ε‐RHODOMYCINONE, DAUNOSAMINYL ε‐PYRROMYCINONE, AND 10‐DESCARBOMETHOXY‐ε‐PYRROMYCIN
Authors: ESSERY J. M. , DOYLE T. W.
Published: April 2016

Kondensation von e‐Rhodomycinon (Ia) mit dem Glycosylbromid (IIa) nach A) und anschließende Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen aus dem Zucker liefern Daunosaminyle‐rhodomycinon (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF PYRAZOFURIN
Authors: BUCHANAN J. G. , STOBIE A. , WIGHTMAN R. H.
Published: April 2016

Durch Diazotierung und anschließende Neutralisation erhält man aus dem Pyrazolderivat (I) das kristalline Diazopyrazol (II), das bei der Photolyse in das Pyrazol (III) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID. THE HYDROFLUORENE ROUTE
Authors: HOOK J. M. , MANDER L. N. , URECH R.
Published: April 2016

Das Lacton (VI), eine wichtige Zwischenverbindung bei der Synthese von Gibberellsäure, wird ausgehend vom Ketol (Ia) ‐ das nach bekannten Verfahren, jedoch mit verbesserten Bedingungen, aus dem Fluoren‐Derivat (VII) dargestellt wird ‐ sukzessiv über die angegebenen Stufen synthetisiert (z.T.
ChemInform Abstract: SIMPLE, EFFICIENT TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF CANTHARIDIN VIA A HIGH‐PRESSURE DIELS‐ALDER REACTION
Authors: DAUBEN W. G. , KESSEL C. R. , TAKEMURA K. H.
Published: April 2016

Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion von Furan (I) mit dem Dienophilen (II) unter Hochdruck gibt die isomeren 1 zl‐Cycloaddukte (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐METHYLISOGUANOSINE, A PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE AGENT FROM A MARINE SPONGE
Authors: COOK A. F. , BARTLETT R. T. , GREGSON R. P. , QUINN R. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Meeresschwamm Tedania digitata wird als pharmakologisch wirksamer Inhaltsstoff das 1‐Methyl‐isoguanosin (I) isoliert, das zu (II) bzw. (III) je nach den Bedingungen hydrolysiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: FREE‐RADICAL CLOCKS
Authors: GRILLER D. , INGOLD K. U.
Published: April 2016

Review: Free‐Radical Clocks.
Alteration of the Enantioselective Toxicity of Diclofop Acid by Nonylphenol: Effect on Ascorbate‐Glutathione Cycle inMicrocystis Aeruginosa
Authors: Zhang Qiong , Song Qin , Li Jialiang , Zou Meiling , Zhang Chenxi , Zhang Quan
Published: April 2016

The enantioselective effects of chiral compounds have been the subject of extensive studies in recent years due to their important implications for contaminant behavior and risk as well as the design of drug and pesticide formulations. The potential alterations of enantioselectivity, however, still remain elusive from the available data suggesting the effects of numerous environmental factors and the coexisting achiral and chiral compounds. Herein we studied the effect of nonylphenol (NP), a ubiquitous contaminant and ingredient in pesticide formulation, on the enantioselectivity of diclofop acid (DC) through ascorbate‐glutathione (AsA‐GSH) cycle inMicrocystis aeruginosa. The enantioselectivity of DC in the AsA and GSH antioxidant defense system ofM.aeruginosawas affected significantly by the addition of NP. Specifically, although R‐ DC and S‐DC were added with an equal toxic concentration (at their EC50values), NP addition to the DC treatments altered the enantiomeric ratios of the activities of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), key enzymes in the regeneration of AsA and GSH, respectively. NP also modified the enantiomeric ratios of AsA and GSH levels in both the AsA and GSH antioxidant defense systems ofM.aeruginosa. Overall, the oxidative damage induced by R‐DC was further deteriorated, whereas that induced by S‐DC was alleviated after NP addition. These altered enantioselectivities indicate a need to reexamine the risks and biological effects of chiral compounds in the complex environmental matrices containing a multitude of other chemicals, including commercial chiral agricultural chemicals.Chirality 28:475–481, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enantioselectivity in Developmental Toxicity of rac‐metalaxyl and R‐metalaxyl in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo
Authors: Zhang Yinjun , Zhang Yi , Chen An , Zhang Wei , Chen Hao , Zhang Quan
Published: April 2016

Enantioselectivity of chiral pesticides in environmental safety has attracted more and more attention. In this study, we evaluated the enantioselective toxicity of rac‐metalaxyl and R‐metalaxyl to zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos through various malformations including pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, crooked body, and short tails. The results showed that there were significant differences in toxicity to zebrafish embryos caused by rac‐metalaxyl and R‐metalaxyl, and the LC50s at 96 h are 416.41 (353.91, 499.29) mg · L‐1 and 320.650 (279.80, 363.46) mg · L‐1, respectively. In order to explore the possible mechanism of the development defects, the genes involved in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (vtg1, vtg2, cyp17, cyp19a, cyp19b) and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (dio1, dio2, nis, tg, tpo) were quantified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the expression of vtg1, vtg2, cyp17, cyp19a, and cyp19b after exposure to rac‐metalaxyl. However, the expression of vtg1, cyp19a, and cyp19b decreased significantly after exposure to R‐metalaxyl. And likewise, rac‐metalaxyl only caused the upregulation of dio2, while R‐metalaxyl suppressed the expression of dio1 and tpo and induced the expression of dio2 and nis. The change of gene expression may cause the enantioselectivity in developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryo. The data provided here will be helpful for us to comprehensively understand the potential ecological risks of the currently used chiral fungicides. Chirality 28:489–494, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Building a winning academic affairs leadership team is no secret
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: April 2016

Nearly six years ago two colleges merged into one. A few months later when I came to be their vice president of academic affairs, I formed the academic affairs leadership team and created meetings we called the 2D meetings. Not long after, we re‐formed the department chairs group and included them in our meetings. We now have regular 3D meetings too.
Association of transketolase polymorphisms with measures of polyneuropathy in patients with recently diagnosed diabetes
Authors: Ziegler Dan , Schleicher Erwin , Strom Alexander , Knebel Birgit , Fleming Thomas , Nawroth Peter , Häring Hans‐Ulrich , Papanas Nikolaos , Szendrödi Julia , Müssig Karsten , Al‐Hasani Hadi , Roden Michael ,   for the GDS Group
Published: April 2016

Background

Shunting of glycolytic intermediates into the pentose phosphate pathway has been suggested to protect from hyperglycaemia‐induced microvascular damage. We hypothesized that genetic variability in the gene encoding transketolase, a key pentose phosphate pathway enzyme, contributes to early nerve dysfunction in recent‐onset diabetes.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, we assessed nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the transketolase gene, plasma methylglyoxal concentrations, and clinical and quantitative measures of peripheral nerve function in 165 type 1 and 373 type 2 diabetic patients with a diabetes duration up to 1 year.

Results

The Total Symptom Score was associated with transketolase SNPs rs7648309, rs62255988, and rs7633966, while peroneal motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) correlated only with rs7648309 (P < 0.01). Cold thermal detection threshold (TDT) (foot) was associated with transketolase SNPs rs11130362 and rs7648309, while warm TDT (hand) correlated with rs62255988 and rs7648309 (P < 0.01). After Bonferroni correction, the correlations of transketolase SNP rs7648309 with Total Symptom Score and rs62255988 with warm TDT (hand) remained statistically significant. Among subgroups, men with type 2 diabetes showed the strongest associations. No associations were observed between each of the nine tagged transketolase SNPs and plasma methylglyoxal concentrations.

Conclusions

The observed associations of genetic variation in transketolase enzyme with neuropathic symptoms and reduced thermal sensation in recent‐onset diabetes suggest a role of pathways metabolizing glycolytic intermediates in early diabetic neuropathy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vitamin D‐binding protein and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy in mothers whose children later developed type 1 diabetes
Authors: Sørensen Ingvild M. , Joner Geir , Jenum Pål A. , Eskild Anne , Brunborg Cathrine , Torjesen Peter A. , Stene Lars C.
Published: April 2016

Background

Levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OH D) during late pregnancy have been linked to type 1 diabetes risk in the offspring. Vitamin D‐binding protein increases in concentration during pregnancy. We aimed to test whether concentrations of vitamin D‐binding protein and 25‐OH D throughout pregnancy differed between women whose offspring later developed type 1 diabetes (cases) and controls.

Methods

A nested case–control study was conducted within a cohort of pregnant women from all over Norway in 1992–1994. Offspring registered in The Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry, diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before age 15, defined the case women, giving 113 cases in the study. Two hundred twenty controls were randomly selected within the same cohort. One to four serum samples from each participant drawn at different time points during pregnancy were analysed for vitamin D‐binding protein and 25‐OH D by radioimmunoassay.

Results

Vitamin D‐binding protein and 25‐OH D significantly increased by gestational week (p < 0.001) and tended to be lower in cases than in controls, −0.27 µmol/L (95% CI −0.57, 0.03) and −5.01 nmol/L (95% CI −8.03, −0.73), respectively. While first and second trimester concentrations of vitamin D‐binding protein and 25‐OH D alone were not significantly different, lower third trimester concentrations tended to be associated with higher risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring, albeit at borderline significance after mutual adjustment.

Conclusions

In this first study of maternal vitamin D‐binding protein measured throughout pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in offspring, lower concentration, particularly in the third trimester, tended to be associated with type 1 diabetes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Window into brain development: hdEEG methods to track visual development in nonhuman primates
Authors: Voyles Angela C. , Kiorpes Lynne
Published: April 2016

Electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used to study human brain activity, and is a useful tool for bridging the gap between invasive neural recording assays and behavioral data. High‐density EEG (hdEEG) methods currently used for human subjects for use with infant macaque monkeys, a species that exhibits similar visual development to humans over a shorter time course was adapted. Unlike monkeys, human subjects were difficult to study longitudinally and were not appropriate for direct within‐species comparison to neuronal data. About 27‐channel electrode caps, which allowed collection of hdEEG data from infant monkeys across development were designed. Acuity and contrast sweep VEP responses to grating stimuli was obtained and a new method for objective threshold estimation based on response signal‐to‐noise ratios at different stimulus levels was established. The developmental trajectories of VEP‐measured contrast sensitivity and acuity to previously collected behavioral and neuronal data were compared. The VEP measures showed similar rates of development to behavioral measures, both of which were slower than direct neuronal measures; VEP thresholds were higher than other measures. This is the first usage of non‐invasive technology in non‐human primates. Other means to assess neural sensitivity in infants were all invasive. Use of hdEEG with infant monkeys opens many possibilities for tracking development of vision and other functions in non‐human primates, and can expand our understanding of the relationship between neuronal activity and behavioral capabilities across various sensory and cognitive domains. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1342–1359, 2016
Optimization of conformational stability and catalytic efficiency in chondroitinase ABC Ι by protein engineering methods
Authors: Shamsi Masoumeh , Shirdel S. Akram , Jafarian Vahab , Jafari S. Shahrbanoo , Khalifeh Khosrow , Golestani Abolfazl
Published: April 2016

Chondroitinase ABC Ι can promote the recovery of spinal cord injuries by depolimerization of glycosaminoglycans. However, low thermal stability is one of the limitations regarding its clinical application. In order to increase the conformational stability of the enzyme, Leu679 at the starting point of a short helix located at the C‐terminal domain of the protein was replaced by serine (L679S mutant) and aspartic acid (L679D mutant). Theoretical and spectroscopic studies showed that the stability of enzyme increased upon mutation. Based on the activity measurements, the catalytic efficiency of L679S was improved in comparison with the wild‐type protein; while that of L679D (a more stabilized protein) was not changed. According to the structural and kinetic data, we proposed a model in which a higher conformational stability results in a slower rate of the formation of the open conformation. On the other hand, a higher flexibility slows down the rate of the formation and holding of the closed conformation. Therefore, the L679S mutant, which is structurally stable relative to the wild‐type protein and is destabilized compared to the L679D mutant, exhibited the best catalytic efficiency. However, it was also found that the L679D mutant was more suitable for long‐term storage of the enzyme.
Nickel Oxide Nanosheets for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Li Lei , Dai Haitao , Luo Dan , Wang Shuguo , Sun Xiaowei
Published: April 2016

A photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell for water splitting comprises hematite (α‐Fe2O3) nanowire arrays covered by nickel oxide (NiO) nanosheets. The cell has increased efficiency because during photoelectrical catalysis, the NiO nanosheets function as proton reduction sites and make a major contribution to water oxidation. According to experimental data the photocurrent of NiO@α‐Fe2O3 is enhanced by 43.5 % compared to pristine hematite. The current density of pristine hematite is 2.3 μA cm−2 while that of NiO@α‐Fe2O3 is 3.3 μA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE (under AM 1.5 solar irradiance, in NaOH solution).
A rate‐dependent constitutive model of high damping rubber bearings: modeling and experimental verification
Authors: Yuan Yong , Wei Wei , Tan Ping , Igarashi Akira , Zhu Hongping , Iemura Hirokazu , Aoki Tetsuhiko
Published: April 2016

In this study, a constitutive model of high damping rubber bearings (HDRBs) is developed that allows the accurate representation of the force–displacement relationship including rate‐dependence for shear deformation. The proposed constitutive model consists of two hyperelastic springs and a nonlinear dashpot element and expresses the finite deformation viscoelasticity laws based on the classical Zener model. The Fletcher–Gent effect, manifested as high horizontal stiffness at small strains and caused by the carbon fillers in HDRBs, is accurately expressed through an additional stiffness correction factor α in the novel strain energy function. Several material parameters are used to simulate the responses of high damping rubber at various strain levels, and a nonlinear viscosity coefficient η is introduced to characterize the rate‐dependent property. A parameter identification scheme is applied to the results of the multi‐step relaxation tests and the cyclic shear tests, and a three‐dimensional function of the nonlinear viscosity coefficient η with respect to the strain, and strain rate is thus obtained. Finally, to investigate the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed model for application to the seismic response assessment of bridges equipped with HDRBs, an improved real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) test system based on the velocity loading method is developed. A single‐column bridge was used as a test bed and HDRBs was physically tested. Comparing the numerical and RTHS results, advantage of the proposed model in the accuracy of the predicted seismic response over comparable hysteretic models is demonstrated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and dissipation of the antiparasitic agent ivermectin in cattle dung under different field conditions
Authors: Wohde Manuel , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Floate Kevin D. , Lahr Joost , Lumaret Jean-Pierre , Römbke Jörg , Scheffczyk Adam , Tixier Thomas , Düring Rolf-Alexander
Published: April 2016

Cattle treated with the veterinary parasiticide ivermectin fecally excrete residues. The authors report the exposition and dissipation characteristics of these residues in dung of ivermectin-treated cattle and in soil beneath this dung on pastures in Canada, France, Switzerland, and The Netherlands. Residues were quantified for dung collected from cattle after 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d posttreatment and subsequently exposed in the field for up to 13 mo. The authors optimized a high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection method to detect ivermectin residues in dung and soil matrices. They showed that a solid phase extraction and purification step generally can be eliminated to reduce the time and cost of these analyses. They also found that the addition of water to relatively dry samples improves the extraction efficiency of residues. They then analyzed the field samples to document differences in ivermectin dissipation in cattle dung among sites, with 50% dissipation times of up to 32 d and 90% dissipation times >396 d. They further showed that the dissipation characteristics of residues are comparable between dung of ivermectin-treated cattle and dung to which ivermectin has been added directly. Lastly, they report the first use of a desorption electrospray ionization–high-resolution–mass spectrometric method to detect residues of metabolites in a dung matrix. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1924–1933. © 2016 SETAC
Development of a nutrient‐dense complementary food using amaranth‐sorghum grains
Authors: Okoth Judith Kanensi , Ochola Sophie Atieno , Gikonyo Nicholas K. , Makokha Anselimo
Published: April 2016

Thin porridge from cereals and starchy tubers is a common complementary food in Sub Saharan Africa. It may be high in antinutrients, low in energy, and nutrient density hence inadequate in providing infants' high energy and nutrients requirements per unit body weight. Consequently, undernourishment levels among children under 5 years are high. Therefore, there is need to avail nutrient‐dense complementary foods especially for children in low‐resource settings. The study was aimed at developing a nutrient‐dense complementary food from amaranth and sorghum grains. Amaranth grain, a pseudocereal, though rarely used as a complementary food in Kenya has a higher nutritional quality than other staples. Plant‐based foods are known to have high levels of antinutrients. Steeping and germination were used to reduce the levels of antinutrients and enhance the bioavailability of minerals in the grains. Various steeped and germinated amaranth and sorghum grains formulations were made to find the ratio with the highest nutrient content and lowest antinutrient levels. The 90% amaranth‐sorghum grains formulation had significantly (F = 32.133, P < 0.05) higher energy (5 kcal per g on dry weight basis) than the other formulations and a protein content of 14.4%. This is higher than the estimated protein needs from complementary foods even for a 12–23 months child of low breast milk intake (9.1 g/d). Antinutrients could not be detected which could imply enhanced nutrient bioavailability. Therefore, a nutrient‐dense complementary food product was developed from steeped and germinated amaranth and sorghum grains with 90% amaranth grain. In ready to eat form, it would give an energy content of 1.7 kcal per g (dilution of 1:2 amaranth‐sorghum flour to water) and 1.2 kcal per g (dilution of 1:4 amaranth‐sorghum flour to water). It can be used as a nutrient‐dense complementary food and for other vulnerable groups.
A Novel Composite Nafion/Anodized Aluminium Oxide Proton Exchange Membrane
Authors: Gloukhovski R. , Freger V. , Tsur Y.
Published: April 2016

The high proton conductivity of proton exchange membranes (PEMs) made of Nafion® is attributed to a random 3D network of elongated water channels formed by bundles of rod‐like inverted micelles. Alignment of bundles, e.g., by stretching, is known to significantly enhance the in‐plane conductivity, yet achieving alignment normal to the membrane surface, desired for most applications, is challenging. A few attempts to obtain such alignment by confining Nafion in nanometric trans‐membrane pores of solid anodized aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes were reported, so far with limited success. Here we demonstrate that considerable pore filling of AAO with 200 nm pores by Nafion could be achieved through (i) use of Nafion concentrations below the threshold concentration C*, above which Nafion molecules form large aggregates; and (ii) control of filling rate through a combination of thermal and vacuum evaporation of Nafion solution through the membrane. The proton conductivity and NaCl diffusion permeability (sodium chloride diffusivity) tested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated superior intrinsic conductivity and selectivity of the composite membrane as compared to commercial Nafion membranes.
Evaluation of Using LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3–δ Contact Layer Between La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 Cathode and Crofer22APU Interconnect for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Morán‐Ruiz A. , Vidal K. , Larrañaga A. , Arriortua M. I.
Published: April 2016

Interconnect‐cathode interfacial adhesion is important for the durability of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Thus, the use of a conductive contact layer between interconnect and cathode could reduce the cell area specific resistance (ASR). The use of La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 (LSF) cathode, LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3–δ (LNF) contact layer and Crofer22APU interconnect was proposed as an alternative cathode side. LNF‐LSF powder mixtures were heated at 800 °C for 1,000 h and at 1,050 °C for 2 h and analyzed by X‐Ray power diffraction (XRD). The results indicated a low reactivity between the materials. The degradation occurring between the components of the half‐cell (LSF/LNF/Crofer22APU) was studied. XRD results indicated the formation of secondary phases, mainly: SrCrO4, A(B, Cr)O3 (A = La, Sr; B = Ni, Fe) and SrFe12O19. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐Ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX) and the X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes confirmed the interaction between LSF/LNF and the metallic interconnect due to the Cr vaporization/migration. An increment of the resistance of ∼0.007 Ω cm2 in 1,000 h is observed for (LSF/LNF/Crofer22APU) sample. However, the ASR values of the cell without contact coating, (LSF/Crofer22APU), were higher (0.31(1) Ω cm2) than those of the system with LNF coated interconnect (0.054(7) Ω cm2), which makes the proposed materials combination interesting for SOFC.
Spatial memory extinction differentially affects dorsal and ventral hippocampal metabolic activity and associated functional brain networks
Authors: Méndez‐Couz Marta , González‐Pardo Héctor , Vallejo Guillermo , Arias Jorge L. , Conejo Nélida M.
Published: April 2016

Previous studies showed the involvement of brain regions associated with both spatial learning and associative learning in spatial memory extinction, although the specific role of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and the extended hippocampal system including the mammillary body in the process is still controversial. The present study aimed to identify the involvement of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, together with cortical regions, the amygdaloid nuclei, and the mammillary bodies in the extinction of a spatial memory task. To address these issues, quantitative cytochrome c oxidase histochemistry was applied as a metabolic brain mapping method. Rats were trained in a reference memory task using the Morris water maze, followed by an extinction procedure of the previously acquired memory task. Results show that rats learned successfully the spatial memory task as shown by the progressive decrease in measured latencies to reach the escape platform and the results obtained in the probe test. Spatial memory was subsequently extinguished as shown by the descending preference for the previously reinforced location. A control naïve group was added to ensure that brain metabolic changes were specifically related with performance in the spatial memory extinction task. Extinction of the original spatial learning task significantly modified the metabolic activity in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, the amygdala and the mammillary bodies. Moreover, the ventral hippocampus, the lateral mammillary body and the retrosplenial cortex were differentially recruited in the spatial memory extinction task, as shown by group differences in brain metabolic networks. These findings provide new insights on the brain regions and functional brain networks underlying spatial memory, and specifically spatial memory extinction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stillbirth and neonatal death among female cancer survivors: A national cohort study
Authors: Ji Jianguang , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina
Published: April 2016

The number of cancer survivors continues to increase worldwide. Many of these survivors have had children of their own. It is less well‐known whether radiation therapy or chemotherapy could affect the risk of stillbirth and neonatal death for these children. To explore this research questions, we identified all women diagnosed with cancer between 1958 and 2012 from the Swedish Cancer Register and they were further linked to the Swedish Medical Birth Register to identify their subsequent child birth between 1973 and 2012. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between stillbirth and neonatal death and maternal cancer diagnosis. As compared to the children without maternal cancer, the risk of stillbirth was significantly higher among children of female cancer survivors born within three years after cancer diagnosis with an OR of 1.92 (95% CI 1.03–3.57). The incidence of neonatal death did not show a significant change. For women with more than one pregnancy after cancer diagnosis, the risk of stillbirth and neonatal death was lower for the second child birth compared to the first child birth. Our study suggested that the risk of stillbirth was negatively associated with the time after cancer diagnosis, providing evidence that the adverse effect associated with cancer treatment may diminish with time.
Cell layer‐electrospun mesh composites for coronary artery bypass grafts
Authors: Erndt‐Marino Josh D. , Becerra‐Bayona Silvia , McMahon Rebecca E. , Goldstein Aaron S. , Hahn Mariah S.
Published: April 2016

This work investigates the potential of cell layer‐electrospun mesh constructs as coronary artery bypass grafts. These cell‐mesh constructs were generated by first culturing a confluent layer of 10T½ smooth muscle progenitor cells on a high strength electrospun mesh with uniaxially aligned fibers. Cell‐laden mesh sheets were then wrapped around a cylindrical mandrel such that the mesh fibers were aligned circumferentially. The resulting multi‐layered constructs were then cultured for 4 wks in media supplemented with TGF‐β1 and ascorbic acid to support 10T½ differentiation toward a smooth muscle cell‐like fate as well as to support elastin and collagen production. The underlying hypothesis of this work was that extracellular matrix (ECM) deposited by the cell layers would act as an adhesive agent between the individual mesh layers, providing strength to the construct as well as a source for structural elasticity at low strains. In addition, the structural anisotropy of the mesh would inherently guide desired circumferential cell and ECM alignment. Results demonstrate that the cell‐mesh constructs exhibited a J‐shaped circumferential stress‐strain response similar to that of native coronary artery, while also displaying acceptable tensile strength. Furthermore, associated 10T½ cells and deposited collagen fibers showed a high degree of circumferential alignment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2200–2209, 2016.
Therapeutic Alliance during Prolonged Exposure Versus Client‐Centered Therapy for Adolescent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Capaldi Sandra , Asnaani Anu , Zandberg Laurie J. , Carpenter Joseph K. , Foa Edna B.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To examine the relationship between improvements in adolescent ratings of therapeutic alliance and reductions in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity over time among adolescent girls during prolonged exposure therapy for adolescents (PE‐A) versus client‐centered therapy (CCT), as well as to examine differences in changes in alliance between treatment groups.

Method

A total of 61 adolescent girls (aged 13–18 years) with sexual assault‐related PTSD received PE‐A or CCT in a randomized controlled trial. Participants rated alliance at session 3, midtreatment, and posttreatment.

Results

The rate of improvement in adolescent‐rated alliance was greater in PE‐A than CCT over the course of treatment. In addition, improvement in adolescent‐rated alliance significantly contributed to improvements in PTSD (regardless of treatment condition), but not vice versa.

Conclusions

Contrary to beliefs that trauma‐focused treatments fail to establish strong therapeutic alliance in sexually abused adolescents, improvement in adolescent ratings of alliance were greater in PE‐A compared to CCT, and improvements in adolescent‐rated alliance were significantly associated with better treatment outcome across both types of treatments.
Highly efficient bioconversion of methane to methanol using a novel type I Methylomonas sp. DH‐1 newly isolated from brewery waste sludge
Authors: Hur Dong Hoon , Na Jeong‐Geol , Lee Eun Yeol
Published: April 2016

Background

Methane is the major component of natural and shale gas. Methane can be converted into methanol via a bioprocess using methanotrophs, and methanol is a valuable chemical feedstock for the production of value‐added chemicals. This work demonstrates highly effective bioconversion of methane to methanol using a newly isolated novel methanotroph, Methylomonas sp. DH‐1.

Results

A novel methanotroph strain was isolated from activated sludge from a brewery plant and characterized using phylogenetic analysis, electron microscopy and chemotaxonomic analysis. This aerobic, Gram‐negative, non‐motile rod‐shaped type I methanotroph was designated as Methylomonas sp. DH‐1. The growth condition of Methylomonas sp. DH‐1 and batch methane‐to‐methanol bioconversion conditions such as methane concentration, pH, biocatalyst loading, concentration of formate and MDH inhibitor were analyzed and optimized. Methanol was produced from methane with a 1.340 g L−1 titer, a 0.332 g L−1 h−1 volumetric conversion rate and a 0.0752 g g−1 cell h−1 specific methanol conversion rate.

Conclusion

It was demonstrated that isolation and application of a new methanotroph strain is a practical way of improving bioconversion efficiency in the conversion of methane to methanol. Moreover, one promising feature of Methylomonas sp. DH‐1 for methanol production was its extremely high tolerance to methanol up to 7%(v/v), which is advantageous for high‐titer methanol production. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A microfluidic platform for physical entrapment of yeast cells with continuous production of invertase
Authors: Brás Eduardo JS , Chu Virginia , Aires‐Barros Maria R , Conde João P , Fernandes Pedro
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND

The rapidly increasing use of biotechnology in many industries has led to the need for novel methods for cell culture which provide an efficient way to either optimize or perform fermentation operations. In parallel, microfabrication techniques allowed the development of microfluidic chips for complex handling of fluids and cells.

RESULTS

This work presents a microfluidic platform to trap non‐adherent cells for the continuous production of a biomolecule of interest. The biological system chosen as a model was the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the extracellular protein invertase. The use of the appropriate combination of the flow rate of the medium, medium dilution rate, and pH allowed effective control of the cell growth in the microfluidic bioreactor while at the same time maximizing the invertase activity per cell. The microfluidic bioreactor allowed for continuous cell culture for 32 h and its productivity both per cell (3.22 × 10−8 U cell−1) and per consumed nutrient (3.79 U mg−1 sucrose) was consistently higher than its macroscale batch and continuous reactor counterparts.

CONCLUSION

This work demonstrated that a microfluidic bioreactor can be used for continuous production of an extracellular protein using hydrodynamically trapped non‐adherent yeast cells. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Propionibacterium acnes infected intervertebral discs cause vertebral bone marrow lesions consistent with Modic changes
Authors: Dudli Stefan , Liebenberg Ellen , Magnitsky Sergey , Miller Steve , Demir‐Deviren Sibel , Lotz Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2016

Modic type I change (MC1) are vertebral bone marrow lesions adjacent to degenerated discs that are specific for discogenic low back pain. The etiopathogenesis is unknown, but occult discitis, in particular with Propionibacteria acnes (P. acnes), has been suggested as a possible etiology. If true, antibiotic therapy should be considered for patients with MC1. However, this hypothesis is controversial. While some studies report up to 40% infection rate in herniated discs, others fail to detect infected discs and attribute reports of positive cultures to contamination during sampling procedure. Irrespective of the clinical controversy, whether it is biologically plausible for P. acnes to cause MC1 has never been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test if P. acnes can proliferate within discs and cause reactive changes in the adjacent bone marrow. P. acnes was aseptically isolated from a symptomatic human L4/5 disc with MC1 and injected into rat tail discs. We demonstrate proliferation of P. acnes and up‐regulation of IL‐1 and IL‐6 within three days of inoculation. At day‐7, disc degeneration was apparent along with fibrotic endplate erosion. TNF‐α immunoreactivity was enhanced within the effected endplates along with cellular infiltrates. The bone marrow appeared normal. At day‐14, endplates and trabecular bone close to the disc were almost completely resorbed and fibrotic tissue extended into the bone marrow. T‐cells and TNF‐α immunoreactivity were identified at the disc/marrow junction. On MRI, bone marrow showed MC1‐like changes. In conclusion, P. acnes proliferate within the disc, induce degeneration, and cause MC1‐like changes in the adjacent bone marrow. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1447–1455, 2016.
A pretreatment to improve the quality metrics performance for encoding H264/AVC
Authors: Ben Amor Mohamed , Kammoun Fahmi , Masmoudi Nouri
Published: April 2016

The study of the human visual system is very interesting to quantify the quality of an image or to predict perceived information. The contrast sensitivity function is one of the main ways to incorporate the human visual system properties in an imaging system. It characterizes its sensitivity to spatial frequencies. In this paper, we are interested in establishing a pretreatment for existing metrics with full reference (“peak signal‐to‐noise ratio”, “digital video quality”) for the H.264/MPEG‐4 (Motion Picture Expert Group) advanced video coding standard. We realize in our algorithm the FFT transformation to apply the contrast sensitivity function. Our method is applicable to any size of image and video sequence by increasing its size at powers of two. This increase is achieved by adding “mirror image.” We evaluate the performance of the proposed pretreatment by using subjective “LIVE” video databases. The performance metrics, that is, Pearson (PLCC), Spearman correlation coefficients (SROCC) and root mean square prediction error (RMSE) indicate that the proposed method gives a good performance in H264 codec distortions.
The application of boundary element method to the resistance calculation problem in designing flat panel displays
Authors: Yu Wenjian , Zhao Chensu , Yang Siyu , Lu Taotao
Published: April 2016

Several techniques are presented for the efficient resistance calculation of wiring structures in flat panel display (FPD). The techniques are based on two‐dimensional boundary element method (BEM), suitable for the geometry characteristics of the FPD structures. With an automatic strategy for boundary element partition and the analytical BEM‐coupled approach, the proposed resistance solver shows good accuracy and fast computational speed. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the solver can be more than 10,000 times faster than the finite difference solverraphaelwhile preserving good accuracy. And the proposed techniques accelerate the original BEM remarkably. Structures from real FPD designs have validated the efficiency of the proposed techniques.
Oral administration of polyamines ameliorates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury and promotes liver regeneration in rats
Authors: Okumura Shinya , Teratani Takumi , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Zhao Xiangdong , Tsuruyama Tatsuaki , Masano Yuki , Kasahara Naoya , Iida Taku , Yagi Shintaro , Uemura Tadahiro , Kaido Toshimi , Uemoto Shinji
Published: April 2016

Polyamines are essential for cell growth and differentiation. They play important roles in protection from liver damage and promotion of liver regeneration. However, little is known about the effect of oral exogenous polyamine administration on liver damage and regeneration. This study investigated the impact of polyamines (spermidine and spermine) on ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and liver regeneration. We used a rat model in which a 70% hepatectomy after 40 minutes of ischemia was performed to mimic the clinical condition of living donor partial liver transplantation (LT). Male Lewis rats were separated into 2 groups: a polyamine group given polyamines before and after operation as treatment and a vehicle group given distilled water as placebo. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase at 6, 24, and 48 hours after reperfusion were significantly lower in the polyamine group compared with those in the vehicle group. Polyamine treatment reduced the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines at 6 hours after reperfusion. Histological analysis showed significantly less necrosis and apoptosis in the polyamine group at 6 hours after reperfusion. Sinusoidal endothelial cells were also well preserved in the polyamine group. In addition, the regeneration of the remnant liver at 24, 48, and 168 hours after reperfusion was significantly accelerated, and the Ki‐67 labeling index and the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein at 24 hours after reperfusion were significantly higher in the polyamine group compared with those in the vehicle group. In conclusion, perioperative oral polyamine administration attenuates liver IRI and promotes liver regeneration. It might be a new therapeutic option to improve the outcomes of partial LT. Liver Transplantation 22 1231–1244 2016 AASLD
Acoustic emission behavior of 316LN stainless steel during oxide film formation in high temperature aqueous environment
Authors: Chai M.‐Y. , Duan Q. , Wang D.‐D. , Zhang Z.‐X.
Published: April 2016

Acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to study the oxide film formation of 316LN stainless steel (SS) in high temperature aqueous environment. The morphology and chemical compositions of oxide films of 316LN SS base metal and weld were also investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that 316LN SS weld had a higher oxidation resistance than that of base metal due to higher amount of chromium and nickel in the weld material. AE activity and intensity were high during the oxide film formation and decreased gradually with increasing immersion time. The evolution of AE hits was consistent with the oxidation kinetics of 316LN SS base metal and weld. The formation of Cr‐enrichment layer and Ni(OH)2 contributed to the enhancement of oxidation resistance, leading to a continuous decrease of AE activity and intensity. Two types of AE waveforms were detected and the frequency spectra of both types mainly ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 MHz. According to the analyses of AE based b‐values and parameters, it could be deduced that AE sources during oxide film formation were the plastic deformation of base metal/weld and oxide film.