bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESPAÇOS PARA O FAZER-SE PROFESSOR (A): A EXPERIÊNCIA DO PIBID-DIVERSIDADE EM ESCOLAS INDÍGENAS DE SANTA CATARINA E DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Paim Elison Antonio , Nagle Liane Maria , Hentz Maria Izabel de Bortolli
Published: September 2015

Em virtude das necessidades das últimas décadas no que se refere à educação escolar indígena, assim como da formação de professores, intensificou-se a política de respeito às diversidades culturais, dando origem a propostas de formação de professores indígenas em nível superior. Na Universidade Federal – UFSC, o curso Licenciatura Intercultural Indígena do Sul da Mata Atlântica propõe-se à formação de professores indígenas para atuarem em aldeias Guarani, Kaingang e Xokleng/Laklãnõ. Entre os projetos de pesquisa desenvolvidos com os alunos desse curso destaca-se o PIBID Diversidade projeto de Extensão Universitária, através do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência. As ações do projeto visam qualificar os acadêmicos para o exercício da docência e da pesquisa. Neste artigo narramos a experiência de pesquisa e produção de materiais didáticos desenvolvida em escolas indígenas do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Destaca-se o diálogo entre saberes tradicionais e saberes científicos na produção dos materiais. Os acadêmicos trabalharam no registro de histórias e memórias de suas etnias, considerando que as sociedades indígenas, de modo geral, vivenciam sistema singular de educação. As atividades desenvolvidas contribuíram para o empoderamento de todos os atores envolvidos, mas particularmente das comunidades indígenas, representadas pelos anciãos, que socializaram os conhecimentos tradicionais; pelos acadêmicos bolsistas e professores das escolas nas quais se desenvolveu o projeto.
On the suitability of North Brazil Current transport estimates for monitoring basin‐scale AMOC changes
Authors: Rühs Siren , Getzlaff Klaus , Durgadoo Jonathan V. , Biastoch Arne , Böning Claus W.
Published: September 2015

The North Brazil Current (NBC) constitutes a bottleneck for the mean northward return flow of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the tropical South Atlantic. Previous studies suggested a link between interannual to multidecadal NBC and AMOC transport variability and proposed to use NBC observations as an index for the AMOC. Here we use a set of hindcast, sensitivity, and perturbation experiments performed within a hierarchy of ocean general circulation models to show that decadal to multidecadal buoyancy‐forced changes in the basin‐scale AMOC transport indeed manifest themselves in the NBC. The relation is, however, masked by a strong interannual to decadal wind‐driven gyre variability of the NBC. While questioning the NBC transport as a “direct” index for the AMOC, the results support its potential merit for an AMOC monitoring system, provided that the wind‐driven circulation variability is properly accounted for.
Iron supply and demand in an Antarctic shelf ecosystem
Authors: McGillicuddy D. J. , Sedwick P. N. , Dinniman M. S. , Arrigo K. R. , Bibby T. S. , Greenan B. J. W. , Hofmann E. E. , Klinck J. M. , Smith W. O. , Mack S. L. , Marsay C. M. , Sohst B. M. , van Dijken G. L.
Published: September 2015

The Ross Sea sustains a rich ecosystem and is the most productive sector of the Southern Ocean. Most of this production occurs within a polynya during the November–February period, when the availability of dissolved iron (dFe) is thought to exert the major control on phytoplankton growth. Here we combine new data on the distribution of dFe, high‐resolution model simulations of ice melt and regional circulation, and satellite‐based estimates of primary production to quantify iron supply and demand over the Ross Sea continental shelf. Our analysis suggests that the largest sources of dFe to the euphotic zone are wintertime mixing and melting sea ice, with a lesser input from intrusions of Circumpolar Deep Water and a small amount from melting glacial ice. Together these sources are in approximate balance with the annual biological dFe demand inferred from satellite‐based productivity algorithms, although both the supply and demand estimates have large uncertainties.
Effects of Saturn's magnetospheric dynamics on Titan's ionosphere
Authors: Edberg N. J. T. , Andrews D. J. , Bertucci C. , Gurnett D. A. , Holmberg M. K. G. , Jackman C. M , Kurth W. S. , Menietti J. D. , Opgenoorth H. J. , Shebanits O. , Vigren E. , Wahlund J.‐E.
Published: September 2015

We use the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science/Langmuir probe measurements of the electron density from the first 110 flybys of Titan to study how Saturn's magnetosphere influences Titan's ionosphere. The data is first corrected for biased sampling due to varying solar zenith angle and solar energy flux (solar cycle effects). We then present results showing that the electron density in Titan's ionosphere, in the altitude range 1600–2400 km, is increased by about a factor of 2.5 when Titan is located on the nightside of Saturn (Saturn local time (SLT) 21–03 h) compared to when on the dayside (SLT 09‐15 h). For lower altitudes (1100–1600 km) the main dividing factor for the ionospheric density is the ambient magnetospheric conditions. When Titan is located in the magnetospheric current sheet, the electron density in Titan's ionosphere is about a factor of 1.4 higher compared to when Titan is located in the magnetospheric lobes. The factor of 1.4 increase in between sheet and lobe flybys is interpreted as an effect of increased particle impact ionization from ∼200 eV sheet electrons. The factor of 2.5 increase in electron density between flybys on Saturn's nightside and dayside is suggested to be an effect of the pressure balance between thermal plus magnetic pressure in Titan's ionosphere against the dynamic pressure and energetic particle pressure in Saturn's magnetosphere.
Cosmic ray heliospheric transport study with neutron monitor data
Authors: Ahluwalia H. S. , Ygbuhay R. C. , Modzelewska R. , Dorman L. I. , Alania M. V.
Published: September 2015

Determining transport coefficients for galactic cosmic ray (GCR) propagation in the turbulent interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) poses a fundamental challenge in modeling cosmic ray modulation processes. GCR scattering in the solar wind involves wave‐particle interaction, the waves being Alfven waves which propagate along the ambient field (B). Empirical values at 1 AU are determined for the components of the diffusion tensor for GCR propagation in the heliosphere using neutron monitor (NM) data. At high rigidities, particle density gradients and mean free paths at 1 AU in B can only be computed from the solar diurnal anisotropy (SDA) represented by a vectorA (componentsAr,Aϕ, andAθ) in a heliospherical polar coordinate system. Long‐term changes in SDA components of NMs (with long track record and the median rigidity of responseRm ~ 20 GV) are used to compute yearly values of the transport coefficients for 1963–2013. We confirm the previously reported result that the product of the parallel (toB) mean free path (λ||) and radial density gradient (Gr) computed from NM data exhibits a weak Schwabe cycle (11y) but strong Hale magnetic cycle (22y) dependence. Its value is most depressed in solar activity minima for positive (p) polarity intervals (solar magnetic field in the Northern Hemisphere points outward from the Sun) when GCRs drift from the polar regions toward the helioequatorial plane and out along the heliospheric current sheet (HCS), setting up a symmetric gradientGθspointing away from HCS.Grdrives all SDA components andλ||Grcontributes to the diffusive component (Ad) of the ecliptic plane anisotropy (A). GCR transport is commonly discussed in terms of an isotropic hard sphere scattering (also known as billiard‐ball scattering) in the solar wind plasma. We use it with a flat HCS model and the Ahluwalia‐Dorman master equations to compute the coefficientsα(=λ⊥/λ∥) andωτ(a measure of turbulence in the solar wind) and transport parametersλ||,λ⊥,Gr,Gθs, and an asymmetric gradient Gθanormal to the ecliptic plane. We study their dependence on rigidity (R), p/n intervals, sunspot numbers (SSNs), and solar wind parameters at 1 AU.λ||exhibits a strong 22y dependence butGrdoes not, explaining solar polarity dependence ofλ||Gr. The computedGrvalues are an order of magnitude greater than those reported by our colleagues making an ad hoc assumption thatαis low (0.01). At high rigidities, the drift contribution at 1 AU is small and unsteady. A new methodology is outlined to compute yearly GCR north‐south anisotropy (Aθ) from the data for a single detector sorted for p/n intervals. We show that Gθais the main contributor toAθin the steady state, and Gθais shown not correlated with the north‐south excess SSNs.
α‐Hydroxyboronate Esters: Formation and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Clark Timothy B.
Published: September 2015

The synthesis of α‐oxyboronate esters by the copper‐catalyzed diboration of carbonyls provides a facile method to access these versatile intermediates. The evolution of diboration conditions and approaches to allow the isolation of products derived from α‐hydroxyboronate esters is discussed. Both experimental and computational evidence for the mechanism of the copper‐catalyzed diboration reaction distinguishes the potential pathways of the key migratory insertion of the carbonyl into the copper–boron bond. α‐Hydroxyboronate esters and their derivatives have been used in a number of synthetic transformations, including homologation, coupling, and elimination reactions.
Rabbit syndrome after taking herbicide containing 2‐(4‐chloro2‐methylphenoxypropionic) acid
Authors: Kitamoto Takeshi , Kamijo Yoshito
Published: September 2015

Case

A 48‐year‐old woman attempted to commit suicide by ingesting a herbicide containing 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxypropionic acid. She was transferred to the emergency center. During this time, involuntary movements of her lips at approximately 5 Hz were observed, mimicking the chewing movements of a rabbit.

Outcome

The symptom resolved in concert with the decrease in her blood concentration of the herbicide.

Conclusion

It was suspected that the ingestion of 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxypropionic acid may have been associated with development of the rabbit syndrome.
Highly Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Annulations with N‐Allenamides at the Proximal CC Bond
Authors: Wang Yidong , Zhang Peichao , Qian Deyun , Zhang Junliang
Published: September 2015

A highly enantioselective gold(I)‐catalyzed intermolecular annulation of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with N‐allenamides is presented. The present work represents the first example of a gold‐catalyzed annulation with the proximal CC bond of an N‐allenamide, and is distinctly different from the previously observed annulations at the distal CC bond. Interestingly, both enantiomers of the products could be obtained in good yields with high regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselectivity by using either diastereomer of a binol‐derived phosphoramidite as a chiral ligand.
Trimethylaluminum: Bonding by Charge and Current Topology
Authors: Stammler Hans‐Georg , Blomeyer Sebastian , Berger Raphael J. F. , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: September 2015

The charge density distribution of the trimethylaluminum dimer was determined by high‐angle X‐ray diffraction of a single crystal and quantum‐chemical methods and analyzed using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules. The data can be interpreted as Al2Me6being predominantly ionically bonded, with clear indications of topological asymmetry for the bridging AlC bonds owing to delocalized multicenter bonding. This interpretation is supported by the calculated magnetic response currents. The data shed new light on the bonding situation in this basic organometallic molecule, which was previously described by contradicting interpretations of bonding.
Palladium complex containing two sterically hindered ligands as highly efficient catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction
Authors: Shahnaz Nasifa , Das Pankaj
Published: September 2015

A new palladium(II) complex containing two sterically hindered ligands, a P,P‐bonded diphosphine and N,N‐bonded Schiff base, within the same coordination sphere has been synthesized and investigated as a catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides with arylboronic acids. The reaction was highly efficient with aryl bromides in water at room temperature and aryl chlorides in dimethylformamide under relatively mild conditions. Excellent yields of coupling products were obtained for a wide range of aryl halides including heteroaryl halides with a low loading of catalyst. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Determinants for Protein Stabilization by Insertional Fusion to a Thermophilic Host Protein
Authors: Pierre Brennal , Labonte Jason W. , Xiong Tina , Aoraha Edwin , Williams Asher , Shah Vandan , Chau Edward , Helal Kazi Yasin , Gray Jeffrey J. , Kim Jin Ryoun
Published: September 2015

A universal method that improves protein stability and evolution has thus far eluded discovery. Recently, however, studies have shown that insertional fusion to a protein chaperone stabilized various target proteins with minimal negative effects. The improved stability was derived from insertion into a hyperthermophilic protein, Pyrococcus furiosus maltodextrin‐binding protein (PfMBP), rather than from changes to the target protein sequence. In this report, by evaluating the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of various inserted β‐lactamase (BLA) homologues, we were able to examine the molecular determinants of stability realized by insertional fusion to PfMBP. Results indicated that enhanced stability and suppressed aggregation of BLA stemmed from enthalpic and entropic mechanisms. This report also suggests that insertional fusion to a stable protein scaffold has the potential to be a useful method for improving protein stability, as well as functional protein evolution.
Structural Optimizations of U‐ and Z‐Type Manifolds for Uniform Flow Distribution by Applying an Increaser and Baffle Plates
Authors: Xie Junliang , Shao Yong , Xu Yumei , Yang Jian , Zhang Shuwen
Published: September 2015

Based on previous experiments for U‐ and Z‐type manifolds, numerical models were established; then, investigations were conducted on the effect of the optimized designs on the flow distribution. An increaser and baffle plates were attached to the distribution header for the U‐ and Z‐type manifolds, respectively, considering various configurations and sizes. The results indicate that an increaser could markedly reduce the non‐uniformity with a simultaneous decrease of the pressure drop, and baffle plates could also drastically improve the flow distribution, but at the cost of a slight pressure drop increase. By comprehensively applying an increaser and baffle plates in the Z‐type manifold, this adverse effect could be eliminated.
Progress toward Electrochemistry Intensified by using Supergravity Fields
Authors: Wang Mingyong , Wang Zhi , Gong Xuzhong , Guo Zhancheng
Published: September 2015

Supergravity fields with high gravity acceleration can promote interphase ship velocity and convection velocity. Over the past decade, research has been devoted to enhancing electrochemical reactions by using supergravity fields. The enhancement of electrochemical reactions is ascribed to the acceleration of mass transfer and bubble separation. In this Minireview, the intensification kinetics of a supergravity field on mass transfer and bubble separation during electrochemical reactions are analyzed theoretically. The progress in terms the enhancement of electrochemical reactions (such as metal electrodeposition, water electrolysis, and chloralkali electrolysis) under a supergravity field is reviewed. The structures and properties of functional films electrodeposited under a supergravity field on both the cathode and the anode are summarized. The Minireview is helpful to understand the effect of the mechanism of the supergravity field on electrochemical reactions and to expand potential applications.
Bipolar Electrografting on the Inner Wall of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kumsapaya Chawanwit , Limtrakul Jumras , Kuhn Alexander , Zigah Dodzi , Warakulwit Chompunuch
Published: September 2015

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) were grown on the inner wall of the pores of an anodic aluminum oxide template by using chemical vapor deposition. The versatile bipolar electrochemistry approach was applied to selectively modify the tubes at one end with an organic layer of 4‐aminophenyl moieties. The presence of the template during the bipolar experiments intrinsically protects the outer surface of the tubes from the grafting of the organic layer. The layer is, thus, not only selectively grafted at the cathodic side of the tubes, but also exclusively onto the inner surface of the tubes. For longer deposition times, one end of the tubes was completely capped with a dense organic layer. Thus, bipolar electrochemistry can not only generate CNTs bearing organic functionalities on the tube surface for biosensing or bio‐electrocatalytic applications, but can also create a dense organic layer as a cap at one end of the tubes, opening up applications in the fields of drug storage and delivery.
Unequivocal Enantiomeric Identification and Analysis of 10 Chiral Pesticides in Fruit and Vegetables by QuEChERS Method Combined With Liquid Chromatography‐Quadruple/Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Determination
Authors: He Zeying , Peng Yi , Wang Lu , Luo Ming , Liu Xiaowei
Published: September 2015

In this research, 10 chiral pesticides in fruits and vegetables were simultaneously determined using chiral liquid chromatography triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap hybrid mass spectrometry (LC‐QqLIT). The QuEChERS method was applied for sample preparation, and an enhanced product ion (EPI) scan was used to acquire tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra for the library search. Parameters including limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, relative standard deviation (RSD), and matrix effects were evaluated in five representative matrices (strawberry, leek, cowpea, tomato, and eggplant). Good linearity with coefficient of determination (r2) ≥0.997 was obtained for all 20 enantiomers in these five matrices over the range from 1.0 to 250 µg L‐1. All the recoveries at 5 and 50 µg kg‐1 (n = 5) ranged between 70% and 120% with RSD below 20%, indicating satisfactory precision. The LOQ for the enantiomers ranged between 0.05 and 1 µg kg‐1. Based on the proposed method, 135 commonly consumed fruits and vegetables taken from markets in Guizhou province, China, were analyzed. Enantioselective degradation for the selected chiral pesticides was observed in most of the positive samples. Chirality 27:958–964, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetics and Optimization of Refractory Metal Alloy Oxidation and Sublimation
Authors: Ratschbacher Karin , Luidold Stefan
Published: September 2015

In order to develop an industrial‐size recycling process for new materials, which are designed to satisfy the ever‐changing demands of technological innovation, the conversion properties have to be thoroughly studied. The complex conversion of a molybdenum‐tantalum alloy as well as a tungsten‐rhenium alloy is fitted to two different theoretical approaches, leading to a deeper understanding of the predominant chemical mechanism in a future recycling process. The most important process parameters temperature, grainsize of the input material and oxygen content were optimized as to minimizing the impurities in the recycled product and the oxidation time.
Pyrometallurgical Magnesium Recycling by Precipitation of Intermetallic Phases
Authors: Duwe Stephanie
Published: September 2015

Due to its high affinity to noble metals the recycling of magnesium is not trivial and the removal of corrosion promoting elements a challenge. Especially for the separation of nickel no industrially efficient method exists. In this work a reduction of the nickel content in contaminated magnesium‐aluminum alloys down to 100 ppmw could be achieved by the combined use of aluminum and zirconium. Although this residual content does not satisfy the highest purity grade of standard magnesium‐aluminum alloys (10 – 50 ppm) this still remains a great step towards an efficient magnesium recycling process.
Case‐linked analysis of clinical trial enrollment among adolescents and young adults at a National Cancer Institute‐Designated comprehensive cancer center
Authors: Collins Chelsea L. , Malvar Jemily , Hamilton Ann S. , Deapen Dennis M. , Freyer David R.
Published: September 2015

BACKGROUND

Poor accrual to cancer clinical trials may contribute to the lower improvement in survival observed for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) (those aged 15‐39 years) with cancer. This has been difficult to quantify without reliable mechanisms to link incident cases with study enrollments. Using unique resources available at their National Cancer Institute‐designated comprehensive cancer center, the authors compared the percentage of AYAs, children, and older adults enrolled onto cancer clinical trials and determined predictors of enrollment.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with cancer from January 2008 through December 2012 at 1 pediatric and 2 adult University of Southern California hospitals were identified through the California Cancer Registry and individually linked to institutional trial enrollment databases. The availability of clinical trials was assessed.

RESULTS

Across the center, the enrollment percentage for AYAs (6%) was equal to that of older adults (6%), but was less than that for children (22%) (P < .01). Within the children's hospital, the AYA enrollment percentage was also less than that for children (15% vs 23%, respectively; P<.01). On multivariate analysis, diagnosis and site of care were found to be predictive of AYA enrollment onto therapeutic and nontherapeutic studies. Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander individuals were more likely to enroll onto nontherapeutic studies compared with non‐Hispanic whites, but no racial/ethnic difference was observed for therapeutic studies.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current study, the percentages of AYAs and older adults enrolled onto therapeutic trials were low but similar. Diagnosis, site of care, and race/ethnicity appear to be predictive of enrollment. Prospective mechanisms must be instituted to capture reasons for nonenrollment of AYAs and develop corrective interventions. Cancer 2015;121:4398–406. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
A Degenerate Isoperimetric Problem and Traveling Waves to a Bistable Hamiltonian System
Authors: Alama Stan , Bronsard Lia , Contreras Andres , Dadok Jiri , Sternberg Peter
Published: September 2015

We analyze a nonstandard isoperimetric problem in the plane associated with a metric having degenerate conformal factor at two points. Under certain assumptions on the conformal factor, we establish the existence of curves of least length under a constraint associated with enclosed euclidean area. As a motivation for and application of this isoperimetric problem, we identify these isoperimetric curves, appropriately parametrized, as traveling wave solutions to a bistable Hamiltonian system of PDEs. We also determine the existence of a maximal propagation speed for these traveling waves through an explicit upper bound depending on the conformal factor.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Phase 1, Randomized, Single‐Dose Crossover Pharmacokinetic Study to Investigate the Effect of Food Intake on Absorption of Orteronel (TAK‐700) in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Suri Ajit , Pham Theresa , MacLean David B.
Published: September 2015

This study aimed to determine the impact of food on the pharmacokinetics of orteronel, an investigational nonsteroidal, reversible selective inhibitor of 17,20‐lyase. In this open‐label, randomized crossover study, healthy subjects received single doses of orteronel 400 mg with a low‐fat meal, a high‐fat meal, and under fasting conditions in a randomized sequence. Plasma concentrations of orteronel and its primary M‐I metabolite were determined by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography, and pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated using mixed‐effects analysis of variance model. Compared with fasting conditions, the oral bioavailability of orteronel was increased under fed conditions. The least‐squares mean ratio for area under the plasma concentration–time curve after a low‐fat breakfast was 135% (90% confidence interval [CI], 126%–145%) compared with fasting conditions. Similarly, after a high‐fat breakfast, the corresponding value was 142% (90%CI, 132%–152%). No unexpected safety concerns were raised with orteronel 400 mg administered in the fasted state or after either a high‐fat or a low‐fat meal; mild adverse events were experienced by 36% of the healthy male subjects.
Asynchronous delay doubler and binary low‐pass filter for a time‐delay chaotic circuit
Authors: Yeniçeri Ramazan , Yalçın Müştak E.
Published: September 2015

In this paper, an asynchronous digital circuit is introduced for increasing the amount of delay in binary delay lines in an area efficient way. The circuit that uses its slave delay line twice per delay event is called asynchronous delay doubler (ADD). The delay increases exponentially, while the number of components increases linearly in the recursive utilization of ADD. An assumption on the event interval of the input 2signal helps to design the ADD in a very simple form. Therefore, the ADD can be implemented with a small amount of logical resource (gates or look‐up tables). For proper operation, interval between the events (positive edge or negative edge) on the binary input signal should be larger than the delay provided by the recursive ADD block. In order to satisfy this assumption, an auxiliary asynchronous circuit, which is called binary low‐pass filter (BLPF), is also proposed. The BLPF filters out the pulses narrower than the delay generated by its recursive ADD block. The proposed ADD design is suitable especially for the applications, like random number generation, in which the deviation in amount of delay is useful as an entropy source. In order to prove the concept, a chain of recursive ADD block is implemented with BLPFs on a field‐programmable gate array and utilized in a true random bit generator. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fascinating story of urine examination: From uroscopy to the era of microscopy and beyond
Authors: Magiorkinis Emmanouil , Diamantis Aristidis
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this study was to present the evolution of ideas on the examination of urine from antiquity till our days. A thorough study of texts, medical books from antiquity till twentieth century along with a thorough review of the available literature in PubMed was conducted. The first observation on urine examination can be traced back to the Babylonian and Sumerian texts. Almost all physicians in antiquity including Hippocrates referred to the value of urine examination in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. The construction of first compound microscope lead to the examination of urine sediment and the development of Urine Cytology which was revolutionized during the twentieth century with the studies of important cytologists such as George Papanicolaou, Geoffrey Krabbe, and Leopold Koss. The introduction of molecular tests in the diagnosis of urothelial cancer inaugurated a new era in the study of urine cytology. The history of urine examination spans a period of 6,000 years. The application of microscope in the examination of urine sediment during the nineteenth century established urine analysis as an important diagnostic tool in clinical practice. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:1020–1036. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Simple System Based on a Thiourea‐Modified Fluorescein for ω‐Amino Acid Discrimination
Authors: Martí Almudena , Costero Ana M. , Gaviña Pablo , Parra Margarita
Published: September 2015

A thiourea‐modified fluorescein derivative was synthesized by reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate with 2‐(2‐aminoethoxy)ethan‐1‐ol. UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy studies demonstrated that this heteroditopic receptor was able to discriminate among linear aliphatic ω‐amino acids with different chain lengths.
A monoclonal antibody against the receptor for advanced glycation end products attenuates inflammatory and neuropathic pain in the mouse
Authors: Brederson J.‐D. , Strakhova M. , Mills C. , Barlow E. , Meyer A. , Nimmrich V. , Leddy M. , Simler G. , Schmidt M. , Jarvis M. , Lacy S.
Published: September 2015

Background

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multi‐ligand receptor in the immunoglobulin superfamily. RAGE is localized throughout ascending sensory pathways (skin, peripheral nerve, dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord), and in cell types interacting with sensory neurons (endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, monocytes and macrophages). Neuronal RAGE expression increases in pathological pain states in humans and rodents, and soluble RAGE attenuates thermal hypoalgesia in diabetic mice. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether pharmacological modulation of RAGE could attenuate mechanical allodynia in rodent pain models.

Methods

We developed an anti‐RAGE monoclonal antibody (11E6) that binds to the C2 immunoglobulin domain of human RAGE, binds to mouse RAGE, and presumably to the same domain in mouse RAGE. The antinociceptive activity of 11E6 was investigated in mouse models of inflammatory (complete Freund's adjuvant) and neuropathic (chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve) pain. Mice were dosed intraperitoneally with 11E6 or IgG (negative control).

Results

Increased mechanical thresholds were observed following a single dose of 11E6 in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. Similar treatment with IgG did not alter nociceptive sensitivity. Repeated dosing with 11E6 significantly attenuated established mechanical hypersensitivity in a neuropathic pain model in a dose‐related fashion.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that specific modulation of RAGE effectively attenuates nociceptive sensitivity associated with chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain states.
Make drafting university policy a Mickey Mouse affair
Authors: Butcher Daniel
Published: September 2015

Have you ever explained to someone that you write university policy and then watch him quickly turn his attention to someone else? Do you struggle to share excitement about your assignment to craft policy? Do you share the perception that policy writing is boring and dull? But should it be?
Learn 4 ways admission officers can think like marketers
Authors: Mallen Scott
Published: September 2015

At many institutions, admissions departments are struggling to meet their enrollment goals. According to the 2014 Inside Higher Ed Survey of College and University Admissions Directors, 61 percent of admissions directors said they had not filled their fall class by the traditional May 1 deadline, and nearly half were “very concerned” about meeting enrollment goals for the year.
Influence of clone and deletion size on outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with an isolated deletion 13q in a population‐based analysis in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Huang Steven J. T. , Gillan Tanya L. , Gerrie Alina S. , Hrynchak Monica , Karsan Aly , Ramadan Khaled , Smith Adam C. , Toze Cynthia L. , Bruyere Helene
Published: September 2015

Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 (del(13q)) as the sole abnormality in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) portends a good prognosis; however, there is great outcome heterogeneity within this subgroup. The percentage of cells with a del(13q) (clone size) and the extent of the deletion are two factors that may affect outcome in CLL patients with isolated del(13q). We analyzed 248 CLL patients from the BC Provincial CLL database identified as having isolated del(13q) detected pretreatment by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization to determine what impact clone and deletion size had on overall survival (OS) and treatment free survival (TFS). Patients with 60% or more of nuclei with a del(13q) had shorter TFS and shorter OS. A large deletion, encompassing the RB1 gene locus, was detected in half of the 90 cases with available specimens for testing, and there was no significant difference in OS and TFS between RB1‐deleted and RB1‐not‐deleted cases. Further study in a larger sample size is required to determine the clinical interest of RB1 locus testing; however, clone size of del(13q) does predict TFS and OS and may better refine prognosis in this clinically heterogeneous population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and validation of WISP1 as an epigenetic regulator of metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Clausen Martijn J. A. M. , Melchers Lieuwe J. , Mastik Mirjam F. , Slagter‐Menkema Lorian , Groen Harry J. M. , van der Laan Bernard F. A. M. , van Criekinge Wim , de Meyer Tim , Denil Simon , Wisman G. Bea A. , Roodenburg Jan L. N. , Schuuring Ed
Published: September 2015

Lymph node (LN) metastasis is the most important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. However, in approximately one third of OSCC patients nodal metastases remain undetected, and thus are not adequately treated. Therefore, clinical assessment of LN metastasis needs to be improved. The purpose of this study was to identify DNA methylation biomarkers to predict LN metastases in OSCC. Genome wide methylation assessment was performed on six OSCC with (N+) and six without LN metastases (N0). Differentially methylated sequences were selected based on the likelihood of differential methylation and validated using an independent OSCC cohort as well as OSCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Expression of WISP1 using immunohistochemistry was analyzed on a large OSCC cohort (n = 204). MethylCap‐Seq analysis revealed 268 differentially methylated markers. WISP1 was the highest ranking annotated gene that showed hypomethylation in the N+ group. Bisulfite pyrosequencing confirmed significant hypomethylation within the WISP1 promoter region in N+ OSCC (P = 0.03) and showed an association between WISP1 hypomethylation and high WISP1 expression (P = 0.01). Both these results were confirmed using 148 OSCC retrieved from the TCGA database. In a large OSCC cohort, high WISP1 expression was associated with LN metastasis (P = 0.05), disease‐specific survival (P = 0.022), and regional disease‐free survival (P = 0.027). These data suggest that WISP1 expression is regulated by methylation and WISP1 hypomethylation contributes to LN metastasis in OSCC. WISP1 is a potential biomarker to predict the presence of LN metastases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is globalization really good for public health?
Authors: Tausch Arno
Published: September 2015

Objectives

In the light of recent very prominent studies, especially that of Mukherjee and Krieckhaus (), one should be initially tempted to assume that nowadays globalization is a driver of a good public health performance in the entire world system. Most of these studies use time series analyses based on the KOF Index of Globalization. We attempt to re‐analyze the entire question, using a variety of methodological approaches and data. Our re‐analysis shows that neoliberal globalization has resulted in very important implosions of public health development in various regions of the world and in increasing inequality in the countries of the world system, which in turn negatively affect health performance.

Design

We use standardibm/spssordinary least squares (OLS) regressions, time series and cross‐correlation analyses based on aggregate, freely available data.

Main outcomes

Different components of the KOF Index, most notably actual capital inflows, affect public health negatively. The “decomposition” of the available data suggests that for most of the time period of the last four decades, globalization inflows even implied an aggregate deterioration of public health, quite in line with globalization critical studies. We introduce the effects of inequality on public health, widely debated in global public health research. Our annual time series for 99 countries show that globalization indeed leads to increased inequality, and this, in turn, leads to a deteriorating public health performance. In only 19 of the surveyed 99 nations with complete data (i.e., 19.1%), globalization actually preceded an improvement in the public health performance. Far from falsifying globalization critical research, our analyses show the basic weaknesses of the new “pro‐globalization” literature in the public health profession. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological impacts of seismic lines in the wetland‐dominated zone of thawing, discontinuous permafrost, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Braverman Michael , Quinton William L.
Published: September 2015

Intensive seismic exploration in the Northwest Territories began in the late 1960s. Since that time, the legacy of seismic surveys – i.e. straight lines cutting through boreal forest and tundra – has remained visible throughout northern Canada and Alaska. The removal of trees and compaction of the ground surface alter the thermophysical properties of the active (i.e. seasonally thawed) layer to such an extent that the underlying permafrost seriously degrades or even disappears completely. Such a transformation along linear corridors that cut indiscriminately across different terrain types with contrasting hydrological functions has potentially serious implications to the redistribution of water and energy within and among landscape units with feedbacks to permafrost thaw, land cover change and run‐off generation. This paper characterizes the flow and storage of water and energy along a seismic cut line in the high boreal zone of discontinuous permafrost in order to improve the understanding of these processes, their interactions and hydrological implications. As such, this paper lays a conceptual foundation for the development of numerical models needed to predict the hydrological and thermal impact of seismic lines in this sensitive region. We used ground‐penetrating radar and multi‐year ground temperatures and water levels along a seismic line to estimate the degree of permafrost degradation below it. The seismic line studied extends from a permafrost‐free wetland (flat bog), over a permafrost body (peat plateau) and into another permafrost‐free wetland (channel fen). It was found that once thaw had lowered the permafrost table below the ground surface elevation of the flat bog and channel fen, the seismic line forms a hydrological connection between them. It was also shown that during the permafrost thaw process, seismic lines develop a perennially thawed layer (talik) between the overlying active layer and underlying permafrost and that the talik conveys water as a conduit throughout the year. The implications of such drainage through seismic lines and networks on basin drainage in peatland‐dominated regions with discontinuous permafrost are also discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between positive mental health and appreciation in Korean individuals
Authors: Lim Young‐Jin
Published: September 2015

Appreciation is a key component of subjective well‐being and may contribute to positive mental health. Few studies have examined relationships between specific aspects of appreciation and the 3 dimensions of positive mental health, and thus, the aim of this study was to identify associations between aspects of appreciation and positive mental health. Appreciation and positive mental health were measured in 266 Korean university students (50% females) using the Appreciation Inventory and the Mental Health Continuum‐Short Form. The results obtained showed that Have Focus significantly predicted Emotional Well‐being; Have Focus and Loss/Adversity significantly predicted Social Well‐being and Have Focus, Expression and Nature/Daily Life significantly predicted Psychological Well‐being. The implications of results that might enable positive mental health to be enhanced are discussed.
Odanacatib Restores Trabecular Bone of Skeletally Mature Female Rabbits With Osteopenia but Induces Brittleness of Cortical Bone: A Comparative Study of the Investigational Drug With PTH, Estrogen, and Alendronate
Authors: Khan Mohd Parvez , Singh Atul Kumar , Singh Abhishek Kumar , Shrivastava Pragya , Tiwari Mahesh Chandra , Nagar Geet Kumar , Bora Himangshu Kousik , Parameswaran Venkitanarayanan , Sanyal Sabyasachi , Bellare Jayesh R , Chattopadhyay Naibedya
Published: September 2015

Cathepsin K (CK), a lysosomal cysteine protease, is highly expressed in mature osteoclasts and degrades type 1 collagen. Odanacatib (ODN) is a selective and reversible CK inhibitor that inhibits bone loss in preclinical and clinical studies. Although an antiresorptive, ODN does not suppress bone formation, which led us to hypothesize that ODN may display restorative effect on the osteopenic bones. In a curative study, skeletally mature New Zealand rabbits were ovarectomized (OVX) and after induction of bone loss were given a steady-state exposure of ODN (9 mM/d) for 14 weeks. Sham-operated and OVX rabbits treated with alendronate (ALD), 17b-estradiol (E2), or parathyroid hormone (PTH) served as various controls. Efficacy was evaluated by assessing bone mineral density (BMD), bone microarchitecture (using micro-computed tomography), fluorescent labeling of bone, and biomechanical strength. Skeletal Ca/P ratio was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with X-ray microanalysis, crystallinity by X-ray diffraction, and bone mineral density distribution (tissue mineralization) by backscattered SEM. Between the sham and ODN-treated osteopenic groups, lumbar and femur metaphyseal BMD, Ca/P ratio, trabecular microstructure and geometric indices, vertebral compressive strength, trabecular lining cells, cortical parameters (femoral area and thickness and periosteal deposition), and serum P1NP were largely comparable. Skeletal improvements in ALD-treated or E2-treated groups fell significantly short of the sham/ODN/PTH group. However, the ODN group displayed reduced ductility and enhanced brittleness of central femur, which might have been contributed by higher crytallinity and tissue mineralization. Rabbit bone marrow stromal cells expressed CK and when treated with ODN displayed increased formation of mineralized nodules and decreased apoptosis in serum-deficient medium compared with control. In vivo, ODN did not suppress remodeling but inhibited osteoclast activity more than ALD. Taken together, we show that ODN reverses BMD, skeletal architecture, and compressive strength in osteopenic rabbits; however, it increases crystallinity and tissue mineralization, thus leading to increased cortical bone brittleness. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Germanium, carbon‐germanium, and silicon‐germanium triangulenes
Authors: Gapurenko Olga A. , Starikov Andrey G. , Minyaev Ruslan M. , Minkin Vladimir I.
Published: September 2015

A series of germanium‐containing triangular molecules have been studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The triangulene topology of the compounds provides for their high‐spin ground states and strong sign alternation of spin density and atomic charge distributions. High values of the exchange coupling constants witness ferromagnetic ordering of electronic structures of all studied triangulenes. The compounds bearing more electronegative atoms in a‐positions of the triangular networks possess higher aromatic character and stronger ferromagnetic ordering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low‐frequency variability of precipitation in the North American monsoon region as diagnosed through earlywood and latewood tree‐ring chronologies in the southwestern US
Authors: Carrillo Carlos M. , Castro Christopher L. , Woodhouse Connie A. , Griffin Daniel
Published: September 2015

Recent studies have pointed out the statistical occurrence of dual‐season droughts detected in tree‐ring chronologies over the southwestern US region that is not well described by instrumental observed records of the 20th century. In this study, a multi‐statistical approach that evaluates persistent dual‐season drought using a mode‐of‐variability oriented approach is proposed, considering a new network of tree‐ring earlywood (EW)‐ and latewood‐adjusted (LWadj) chronologies from throughout southwestern North America. To determine dominant patterns of spatiotemporal variability, empirical, orthogonal functions, canonical correlation analysis, and multi‐taper‐method singular value decomposition analyses were applied, with focus on variability from inter‐annual to centennial periods and highlighting the multi‐decadal signals inherent to proxy record network. During the instrumental period, we demonstrate that EW and LWadj networks of tree‐ring chronologies are able to capture the associated precipitation responses of cool and warm season atmospheric teleconnections. Considering the four‐century period of the complete tree‐ring network, we explore the possibility of a dual summer–winter variability signal in the low‐frequency climate regime. EW and LWadj seem to be coherent in‐phase at the very low‐frequency scale (50–100 years spectral band). This provocative result is supported by major historic documented multi‐year droughts of the region since 1650. Thus, the temporal variation of these chronologies time series and its associated spatial pattern strongly suggest that this low‐frequency mode might represents an important spatiotemporal variation of droughts in the Southwest; however, the source of this signal is still an open question and of great interest for drought planning and resource management in the region.
Entropy‐based spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation regimes in the Huai River basin, China
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Zheng Yongjie , Singh Vijay P. , Xiao Mingzhong , Liu Lin
Published: September 2015

Spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation regimes in terms of precipitation amount and number of precipitation days at different time scales are investigated using the entropy‐based methodologies in the Huai River basin, China. Trends of precipitation variability are quantitatively evaluated using the modified Mann–Kendall trend test method. Correlations between the largest 7‐day precipitation amount (R × 7day) and precipitation variability within 1 year are also analysed. Results indicate the following: (1) there is increasing nonuniformity of annual precipitation amount and annual precipitation days from south to north in the Huai River basin, indicating larger precipitation variability in the northern parts. Transition of precipitation changes is evident in the basin which is reflected by decreasing precipitation variability in the north and increasing precipitation variability in the south. (2) The disorder indices (DIs) exhibit variations at different time scales. In general, precipitation variability is larger at shorter time scales, such as daily, and is smaller at longer time scales, such as annual. (3) Significant relations are identified between the DI and extreme precipitation events, i.e. significant relations between apportionment DI and the largest 7‐day precipitation amount and it is particularly the case in the central and southwestern parts. Thus, it can be said that higher precipitation variability is due to higher frequency of extreme precipitation regimes. Results of this study are of practical significance for planning and management of water resources and agricultural irrigation and agricultural activities during climate change and particularly for enhancement of measures for mitigation of consequences of climate change.