bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rituximab decreases the risk of lymphoma in patients with HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Gérard Laurence , Michot Jean-Marie , Burcheri Sara , Fieschi Claire , Longuet Pacale , Delcey Véronique , Meignin Véronique , Agbalika Felix , Chevret Sylvie , Oksenhendler Eric , Galicier Lionel
Published: January 2012

HIV-associated multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is associated with a high risk of developing nonHodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Rituximab is effective in HIV-MCD, but its impact on NHL incidence remains unknown. From a single-center prospective cohort, 113 patients were identified with a diagnosis of HIV-MCD for the present study. To compare the incidence of NHL between patients who had received a rituximab-based treatment (R+ group) and those who had not (R− group), data were analyzed before and after matching on propensity scores and after multiple imputation. The mean follow-up was 4.2 years. In the R− group (n = 65), 17 patients developed NHL (incidence, 69.6 of 1000 person years). In the R+ group (n = 48), only 1 patient developed NHL (incidence, 4.2 of 1000 person years). Based on the propensity score-matching method, a significant decrease in the incidence of NHL was observed in patients who had been treated with rituximab (hazard ratio, 0.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.70). Ten Kaposi sarcoma (KS) exacerbations and 1 newly diagnosed KS were observed in 9 patients after rituximab therapy. Rituximab was associated with an 11-fold lower risk of developing lymphoma. KS exacerbation was the most challenging adverse event after rituximab therapy.
Effects of phorbol myristate acetate and sivelestat on the lung injury caused by fat embolism in isolated lungs
Authors: Lin Chia-Chih , Liu Pei-Hsin , Kao Shang Jyh , Chen Hsing I
Published: January 2012

Background

Fat embolism syndrome (FES) associated with acute lung injury (ALI) is a clinical condition following long bone fracture. We have reported 14 victims due to ALI with FES. Our laboratory has developed an animal model that produced fat emboli (FE). The major purpose of this study was to test whether neutrophil activation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and inhibition with sivelestat (SVT) exert protection on the lung.

Methods

The lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and perfused. FE was produced by addition of corn oil micelles into the lung perfusate. PMA and SVT were given simultaneously with FE. Parameters such as lung weight/body weight ratio, LW gain, exhaled nitric oxide (NO), protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage relating to ALI were measured. The neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and phopholipase A2 activity were determined. We also measured the nitrate/nitrite, methyl guanidine (MG), and cytokines. Pulmonary arterial pressure and microvascular permeability were assessed. Lung pathology was examined and scored. The inducible and endothelial NO synthase (iNOS and eNOS) were detected.

Results

FE caused ALI and increased biochemical factors. The challenge also resulted in pulmonary hypertension and increased microvascular permeability. The NE appeared to be the first to reach its peak at 1 hr, followed by other factors. Coadministration with PMA exacerbated the FE-induced changes, while SVT attenuated the effects of FE.

Conclusions

The FE-induced lung changes were enhanced by PMA, while SVT had the opposite effect. Sivelestat, a neutrophil inhibitor may be a therapeutic choice for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following fat embolism.
Differential effects of AdOx on gene expression in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells
Authors: Yan Li , Zhao Hai-yong , Zhang Ye , Shen Yu-fei
Published: January 2012

Background

Pluripotent cells maintain a unique gene expression pattern and specific chromatin signature. In this study, we explored the effect of the methyltransferase inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde (AdOx) on pluripotency maintenance and gene expression in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells.

Results

After AdOx treatment, the pluripotency-related gene network became disordered, and the early developmental genes were released from the repression. Remarkably, AdOx caused contrasting effects on the expression of two key pluripotency genes, nanog and oct3/4, with the reduction of the repressive histone marks H3K27me3, H3K9me3 and H3K9me2 only in the nanog gene.

Conclusions

Key pluripotency genes were controlled by different mechanisms, including the differential enrichment of repressive histone methylation marks. These data provided novel clues regarding the critical role of histone methylation in the maintenance of pluripotency and the determination of cell fate in P19 pluripotent cells.
Comparison of acute versus convalescent stage high-sensitivity C-Reactive protein level in predicting clinical outcome after acute ischemic stroke and impact of erythropoietin
Authors: Yeh Kuo-Ho , Tsai Tzu-Hsien , Chai Han-Tan , Leu Steve , Chung Sheng-Ying , Chua Sarah , Chen Yung-Lung , Lin Hung-Sheng , Yuen Chun-Man , Yip Hon-Kan
Published: January 2012

Background and Aim

Currently, no data on the optimal time point after acute ischemic stroke (IS) at which high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level is most predictive of unfavorable outcome. We tested the hypothesis that hs-CRP levels during both acute (48 h after IS) and convalescent (21 days after IS) phases are equally important in predicting 90-day clinical outcome after acute IS. We further evaluated the impact of erythropoietin (EPO), an anti-inflammatory agent, on level of hs-CRP after acute IS.

Methods

Totally 160 patients were prospectively randomized to receive either EPO therapy (group 1, n = 80) (5,000 IU each time, subcutaneously) at 48 h and 72 h after acute IS, or placebo (group 2, n = 80). Serum level of hs-CRP was determined using ELISA at 48 h and on day 21 after IS and once in 60 healthy volunteers.

Results

Serum level of hs-CRP was substantially higher in all patients with IS than in healthy controls at 48 h and day 21 after IS (all p < 0.001). Levels of hs-CRP did not differ between group 1 and 2 at 48 h and day 21 after IS (all p > 0.5). Multivariate analysis showed that hs-CRP levels (at 48 h and day 21) were independently predictive of 90-day major adverse neurological event (MANE) (defined as recurrent stroke, NIHSS≥8, or death) (all p < 0.03), whereas EPO therapy was independently predictive of reduced 90-day MANE (all p < 0.02).

Conclusion

EPO therapy which was independently predictive of freedom from 90-day MANE did not alter the crucial role of hs-CRP levels measured at 48 h and 21-day in predicting unfavorable clinical outcome after IS.
Facile synthesis of nano-Li4 Ti5O12 for high-rate Li-ion battery anodes
Authors: Jin Yun-Ho , Min Kyung-Mi , Shim Hyun-Woo , Seo Seung-Deok , Hwang In-Sung , Park Kyung-Soo , Kim Dong-Wan
Published: January 2012

One of the most promising anode materials for Li-ion batteries, Li4Ti5O12, has attracted attention because it is a zero-strain Li insertion host having a stable insertion potential. In this study, we suggest two different synthetic processes to prepare Li4Ti5O12 using anatase TiO2 nanoprecursors. TiO2 powders, which have extraordinarily large surface areas of more than 250 m2 g-1, were initially prepared through the urea-forced hydrolysis/precipitation route below 100°C. For the synthesis of Li4Ti5O12, LiOH and Li2CO3 were added to TiO2 solutions prepared in water and ethanol media, respectively. The powders were subsequently dried and calcined at various temperatures. The phase and morphological transitions from TiO2 to Li4Ti5O12 were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance of nanosized Li4Ti5O12 was evaluated in detail by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling. Furthermore, the high-rate performance and long-term cycle stability of Li4Ti5O12 anodes for use in Li-ion batteries were discussed.
Fabrication and characterization of silicon wire solar cells having ZnO nanorod antireflection coating on Al-doped ZnO seed layer
Authors: Baek Seong-Ho , Noh Bum-Young , Park Il-Kyu , Kim Jae Hyun
Published: January 2012

In this study, we have fabricated and characterized the silicon [Si] wire solar cells with conformal ZnO nanorod antireflection coating [ARC] grown on a Al-doped ZnO [AZO] seed layer. Vertically aligned Si wire arrays were fabricated by electrochemical etching and, the p-n junction was prepared by spin-on dopant diffusion method. Hydrothermal growth of the ZnO nanorods was followed by AZO film deposition on high aspect ratio Si microwire arrays by atomic layer deposition [ALD]. The introduction of an ALD-deposited AZO film on Si wire arrays not only helps to create the ZnO nanorod arrays, but also has a strong impact on the reduction of surface recombination. The reflectance spectra show that ZnO nanorods were used as an efficient ARC to enhance light absorption by multiple scattering. Also, from the current-voltage results, we found that the combination of the AZO film and ZnO nanorods on Si wire solar cells leads to an increased power conversion efficiency by more than 27% compared to the cells without it.
Low-temperature synthesis of LiFePO4 nanocrystals by solvothermal route
Authors: Lim Jinsub , Kang Sung-Won , Moon Jieh , Kim Sungjin , Park Hyosun , Baboo Joseph Paul , Kim Jaekook
Published: January 2012

LiFePO4 nanocrystals were synthesized at a very low temperature of 170°C using carbon nanoparticles by a solvothermal process in a polyol medium, namely diethylene glycol without any heat treatment as a post procedure. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of the LiFePO4 was indexed well to a pure orthorhombic system of olivine structure (space group: Pnma) with no undesirable impurities. The LiFePO4 nanocrystals synthesized at low temperature exhibited mono-dispersed and carbon-mixed plate-type LiFePO4 nanoparticles with average length, width, and thickness of approximately 100 to 300 nm, 100 to 200 nm, and 50 nm, respectively. It also appeared to reveal considerably enhanced electrochemical properties when compared to those of pristine LiFePO4. These observed results clearly indicate the effect of carbon in improving the reactivity and synthesis of LiFePO4 nanoparticles at a significantly lower temperature.
Electrochemical performance of Ni
x
Co1-xMoO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanowire anodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Park Kyung-Soo , Seo Seung-Deok , Shim Hyun-Woo , Kim Dong-Wan
Published: January 2012

Ni
x
Co1-x
MoO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanowire electrodes for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries have been synthesized via a hydrothermal method, followed by thermal post-annealing at 500°C for 2 h. The chemical composition of the nanowires was varied, and their morphological features and crystalline structures were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The reversible capacity of NiMoO4 and Ni0.75Co0.25MoO4 nanowire electrodes was larger (≈520 mA h/g after 20 cycles at a rate of 196 mA/g) than that of the other nanowires. This enhanced electrochemical performance of Ni
x
Co1-x
MoO4 nanowires with high Ni content was ascribed to their larger surface area and efficient electron transport path facilitated by their one-dimensional nanostructure.
Effective surface oxidation of polymer replica molds for nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Ryu Ilhwan , Hong Dajung , Yim Sanggyu
Published: January 2012

In nanoimprint lithography, a surface oxidation process is needed to produce an effective poly(dimethylsiloxane) coating that can be used as an anti-adhesive surface of template molds. However, the conventional photooxidation technique or acidic oxidative treatment cannot be easily applied to polymer molds with nanostructures since surface etching by UV radiation or strong acids significantly damages the surface nanostructures in a short space of time. In this study, we developed a basic oxidative treatment method and consequently, an effective generation of hydroxyl groups on a nanostructured surface of polymer replica molds. The surface morphologies and water contact angles of the polymer molds indicate that this new method is relatively nondestructive and more efficient than conventional oxidation treatments.
Magnetization reversal of Co/Pd multilayers on nanoporous templates
Authors: Huang Chien-Chih , Yu Chin-Chung , Chen Shih-Yuan , Yao Yeong-Der , Lai Jun-Yang
Published: January 2012

By making use of an e-beam deposition system, the [Co(2 Å)/Pd(10 Å)]15 multilayers were prepared on a Si(100) substrate and anodized aluminum oxide [AAO] templates with average pore diameters of around 185, 95, and 40 nm. The mechanism of magnetization reversal of the Co/Pd multilayers was investigated. Wall motion was observed on the Co/Pd multilayers grown on the Si substrate. A combination of wall motion and domain rotation was found in the sample grown on the AAO template with a 185-nm pore diameter. For the samples grown on the AAO templates with pore diameters of around 95 and 40 nm, the reversal mechanism was dominated by domain rotation. The rotational reversal was mainly contributed from the underlying nanoporous AAO templates that provided an additional pinning effect.

PACS: 75.30.Gw, magnetic anisotropy; 78.67.Rb, nanoporous materials; 75.60.Jk, magnetization reversal mechanisms.
Structure-property relations of co-doped bismuth layer-structured Bi3.25La0.75(Ti1-xMo
x
)3O12 ceramics
Authors: Siriprapa Pasinee , Watcharapasorn Anucha , Jiansirisomboon Sukanda
Published: January 2012

In this work, the fabrication and investigation of substituting higher-valence Mo6+ for Ti4+ ion on the B-site of La3+-doped Bi4Ti3O12 [BLT] structure to form Bi3.25La0.75(Ti1-x
Mo
x
)3O12 [BLTM] (when x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 0.07, 0.09, and 0.10) ceramics were carried out. X-ray diffraction patterns of BLTM ceramics indicated an orthorhombic structure with lattice distortion, especially with a higher concentration of a MoO3 dopant. Microstructural investigation showed that all ceramics composed mainly of plate-like grains. An increase in MoO3 doping content increased the length and thickness of the grain but reduced the density of the ceramics. Electrical conductivity was found to decrease, while the dielectric constant increased with Mo6+ doping concentration. Ferroelectric properties were found to be improved with increasing MoO3 content and were optimized at x = 0.1.
Lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites containing various nanoparticles as additives
Authors: Sim Kyoseung , Sung Shi-Joon , Jung Eun-Ae , Son Dae-Ho , Kim Dae-Hwan , Kang Jin-Kyu , Cho Kuk Young
Published: January 2012

In this study, we show the effect of various nanoparticle additives on phase separation behavior of a lattice-patterned liquid crystal [LC]-polymer composite system and on interfacial properties between the LC and polymer. Lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites were fabricated by exposing to UV light a mixture of a prepolymer, an LC, and SiO2 nanoparticles positioned under a patterned photomask. This resulted in the formation of an LC and prepolymer region through phase separation. We found that the incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles significantly affected the electro-optical properties of the lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites. This effect is a fundamental characteristic of flexible displays. The electro-optical properties depend on the size and surface functional groups of the SiO2 nanoparticles. Compared with untreated pristine SiO2 nanoparticles, which adversely affect the performance of LC molecules surrounded by polymer walls, SiO2 nanoparticles with surface functional groups were found to improve the electro-optical properties of the lattice-patterned LC-polymer composites by increasing the quantity of SiO2 nanoparticles. The surface functional groups of the SiO2 nanoparticles were closely related to the distribution of SiO2 nanoparticles in the LC-polymer composites, and they influenced the electro-optical properties of the LC molecules. It is clear from our work that the introduction of nanoparticles into a lattice-patterned LC-polymer composite provides a method for controlling and improving the composite's electro-optical properties. This technique can be used to produce flexible substrates for various flexible electronic devices.
Electrospray deposition of polymer thin films for organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Hwang Wontae , Xin Guoqing , Cho Minjun , Cho Sung Min , Chae Heeyeop
Published: January 2012

Electrospray process was developed for organic layer deposition onto polymer organic light-emitting diode [PLED] devices in this work. An electrospray can be used to produce nanometer-scale thin films by electric repulsion of microscale fine droplets. PLED devices made by an electrospray process were compared with spin-coated ones. The PLED device fabricated by the electrospray process showed maximum current efficiency of 24 cd/A, which was comparable with that of the spin-coating process. The electrospray process required a higher concentration of hole and electron transport materials in the inks than spin-coating processes to achieve PLED maximum performance. Photoluminescence [PL] at 407 nm was observed using electrosprayed poly(N-vinyl carbazole) films, whereas a peak at 410 nm was observed with the spin-coated ones. Similar difference in peak position was observed between aromatic and nonaromatic solvents in the spin-coating process. PLED devices made by the electrospray process showed lower current density than that of spin-coated ones. The PL peak shift and reduced current of electrosprayed films can therefore be attributed to the conformation of the polymer.
Ferroelectric properties of PZT/BFO multilayer thin films prepared using the sol-gel method
Authors: Jo Seo-Hyeon , Lee Sung-Gap , Lee Young-Hie
Published: January 2012

In this study, Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3/BiFeO3 [PZT/BFO] multilayer thin films were fabricated using the spin-coating method on a Pt(200 nm)/Ti(10 nm)/SiO2(100 nm)/p-Si(100) substrate alternately using BFO and PZT metal alkoxide solutions. The coating-and-heating procedure was repeated several times to form the multilayer thin films. All PZT/BFO multilayer thin films show a void-free, uniform grain structure without the presence of rosette structures. The relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the six-coated PZT/BFO [PZT/BFO-6] thin film were approximately 405 and 0.03%, respectively. As the number of coatings increased, the remanent polarization and coercive field increased. The values for the BFO-6 multilayer thin film were 41.3 C/cm2 and 15.1 MV/cm, respectively. The leakage current density of the BFO-6 multilayer thin film at 5 V was 2.52 × 10-7 A/cm2.
Crystal structure and electrical properties of bismuth sodium titanate zirconate ceramics
Authors: Rachakom Ampika , Jaiban Panupong , Jiansirisomboon Sukanda , Watcharapasorn Anucha
Published: January 2012

Lead-free bismuth sodium titanate zirconate (Bi0.5Na0.5Ti1-xZrxO3 where x = 0.20, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.80 mole fraction) [BNTZ] ceramics were successfully prepared using the conventional mixed-oxide method. The samples were sintered for 2 h at temperatures lower than 1,000°C. The density of the BNTZ samples was at least 95% of the theoretical values. The scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that small grains were embedded between large grains, causing a relatively wide grain size distribution. The density and grain size increased with increasing Zr concentration. A peak shift in X-ray diffraction patterns as well as the disappearance of several hkl reflections indicated some significant crystal-structure changes in these materials. Preliminary crystal-structure analysis indicated the existence of phase transition from a rhombohedral to an orthorhombic structure. The dielectric and ferroelectric properties were also found to correlate well with the observed phase transition.
Fabrication of a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid superlattice films combined with titanium oxide and polydiacetylene
Authors: Yoon Kwan-Hyuck , Han Kyu-Seok , Sung Myung-Mo
Published: January 2012

We fabricated a new organic-inorganic hybrid superlattice film using molecular layer deposition [MLD] combined with atomic layer deposition [ALD]. In the molecular layer deposition process, polydiacetylene [PDA] layers were grown by repeated sequential adsorption of titanium tetrachloride and 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol with ultraviolet polymerization under a substrate temperature of 100°C. Titanium oxide [TiO2] inorganic layers were deposited at the same temperatures with alternating surface-saturating reactions of titanium tetrachloride and water. Ellipsometry analysis showed a self-limiting surface reaction process and linear growth of the nanohybrid films. The transmission electron microscopy analysis of the titanium oxide cross-linked polydiacetylene [TiOPDA]-TiO2 thin films confirmed the MLD growth rate and showed that the films are amorphous superlattices. Composition and polymerization of the films were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The TiOPDA-TiO2 nanohybrid superlattice films exhibited good thermal and mechanical stabilities.

PACS: 81.07.Pr, organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures; 82.35.-x, polymerization; 81.15.-z, film deposition; 81.15.Gh, chemical vapor deposition (including plasma enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.).
Development and application of an antigen capture ELISA assay for diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in swine, human and mosquito
Authors: Mei Li , Wu Peng , Ye Jing , Gao Guangping , Shao Lin , Huang Shaomei , Li Yaoming , Yang Xiaohong , Chen Huanchun , Cao Shengbo
Published: January 2012

Background

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious zoonosis caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) which is a mosquito-borne pathogen of the family Flavivirus. However, the application of several developed laboratory methods for the detection of JEV antigens or antibodies are limited by their requirements of laboratory operations, skilled technicians and special facilities.

Results

To develop a method for detecting JEV antigen in swine, human, mosquito and other clinical specimens specifically, conveniently and effectively, an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established in this study. Sensitivity, specificity, repeatability and stability of the developed method were evaluated, and 60 clinical samples were tested in this study. The results demonstrated that the antigen capture ELISA was capable in detecting JEV antigen with high sensitivity and specificity compared with conventional methods. 14 samples showed the positive result with coincidence rate of 70%, and 46 displayed negative result with coincidence rate of 100% as compared to that of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Conclusions

The developed ELISA assay provides a convenient and specific method for the large-scale determination of JEV antigen in infected swine, human and mosquito samples with high sensitivity and specificity.
Stromal micropapillary component as a novel unfavorable prognostic factor of lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ohe Miki , Yokose Tomoyuki , Sakuma Yuji , Miyagi Yohei , Okamoto Naoyuki , Osanai Sachie , Hasegawa Chikako , Nakayama Haruhiko , Kameda Yoichi , Yamada Kouzo , Isobe Takeshi
Published: January 2012

Background

Pulmonary adenocarcinomas with a micropapillary component having small papillary tufts and lacking a central fibrovascular core are thought to result in poor prognosis. However, the component consists of tumor cells often floating within alveolar spaces (aerogenous micropapillary component [AMPC]) rather than invading fibrotic stroma observed in other organs like breast (stromal invasive micropapillary component [SMPC]). We previously observed cases of lung adenocarcinoma with predominant SMPC that was associated with micropapillary growth of tumors in fibrotic stroma observed in other organs. We evaluated the incidence and clinicopathological characteristics of SMPC in lung adenocarcinoma cases.

Patients and Methods

We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic significance of SMPC in lung adenocarcinoma cases by reviewing 559 patients who had undergone surgical resection. We examined the SMPC by performing immunohistochemical analysis with 17 antibodies and by genetic analysis with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS mutations.

Results

SMPC-positive (SMPC(+)) tumors were observed in 19 cases (3.4%). The presence of SMPC was significantly associated with tumor size, advanced-stage disease, lymph node metastasis, pleural invasion, lymphatic invasion, and vascular invasion. Patients with SMPC(+) tumors had significantly poorer outcomes than those with SMPC-negative tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed that SMPC was a significant independent prognostic factor of lung adenocarcinoma, especially for disease-free survival of pathological stage I patients (p = 0.035). SMPC showed significantly higher expression of E-cadherin and lower expression of CD44 than the corresponding expression levels shown by AMPC and showed lower surfactant apoprotein A and phospho-c-Met expression level than corresponding expression levels shown by tumor cell components without a micropapillary component. Fourteen cases with SMPC(+) tumors (74%) showed EGFR mutations, and none of them showed KRAS mutations.

Conclusions

SMPC(+) tumors are rare, but they may be associated with a poor prognosis and have different phenotypic and genotypic characteristics from those of AMPC(+) tumors.

Virtual Slides

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/9433341526290040.
Policy implications for familial searching
Authors: Kim Joyce , Mammo Danny , Siegel Marni B , Katsanis Sara H
Published: January 2012

In the United States, several states have made policy decisions regarding whether and how to use familial searching of the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) database in criminal investigations. Familial searching pushes DNA typing beyond merely identifying individuals to detecting genetic relatedness, an application previously reserved for missing persons identifications and custody battles. The intentional search of CODIS for partial matches to an item of evidence offers law enforcement agencies a powerful tool for developing investigative leads, apprehending criminals, revitalizing cold cases and exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals. As familial searching involves a range of logistical, social, ethical and legal considerations, states are now grappling with policy options for implementing familial searching to balance crime fighting with its potential impact on society. When developing policies for familial searching, legislators should take into account the impact of familial searching on select populations and the need to minimize personal intrusion on relatives of individuals in the DNA database. This review describes the approaches used to narrow a suspect pool from a partial match search of CODIS and summarizes the economic, ethical, logistical and political challenges of implementing familial searching. We examine particular US state policies and the policy options adopted to address these issues. The aim of this review is to provide objective background information on the controversial approach of familial searching to inform policy decisions in this area. Herein we highlight key policy options and recommendations regarding effective utilization of familial searching that minimize harm to and afford maximum protection of US citizens.
International cohort study of 73 anti-Ku-positive patients: association of p70/p80 anti-Ku antibodies with joint/bone features and differentiation of disease populations by using principal-components analysis
Authors: Lakota Katja , Thallinger Gerhard G , Sodin-Semrl Snezna , Rozman Blaz , Ambrozic Ales , Tomsic Matija , Praprotnik Sonja , Cucnik Sasa , Mrak-Poljsak Katjusa , Ceribelli Angela , Cavazzana Ilaria , Franceschini Franco , Vencovsky Jiri , Czirják Laszlo , Varjú Cecilia , Steiner Gunther , Aringer Martin , Stamenkovic Bojana , Distler Oliver , Matucci-Cerinic Marco , Kveder Tanja
Published: January 2012

Introduction

An international cohort study of 73 anti-Ku-positive patients with different connective tissue diseases was conducted to differentiate the anti-Ku-positive populations of patients based on their autoantibody profile and clinical signs/symptoms and to establish possible correlations between antibodies against Ku p70 and Ku p80 with autoimmune diseases.

Methods

Sera of anti-Ku-positive patients were collected from six European centers and were all secondarily tested (in the reference center); 73 were confirmed as positive. Anti-Ku antibodies were detected with counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), line immunoassay (LIA), and immunoblot analyses. All clinical and laboratory data were follow-up cumulative data, except for anti-Ku antibodies. Statistical analyses were performed by using R (V 2.12.1). The Fisher Exact test was used to evaluate the association between anti-Ku antibodies and diagnosis, gender, clinical signs, and other observed antibodies. The P values were adjusted for multiple testing. Separation of disease populations based on the presence of antibodies and clinical signs was investigated by principal-components analysis, which was performed by using thr// R's prcomp function with standard parameters.

Results

A 16% higher prevalence of anti-Ku p70 was found over anti-Ku p80 antibodies. In 41 (57%) patients, a combination of both was detected. Five (7%) patients, who were CIE and/or LIA anti-Ku positive, were negative for both subsets, as detected with the immunoblot; 31% of the patients had undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD); 29% had systemic sclerosis (SSc); 18% had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); 11% had rheumatoid arthritis; 7% had polymyositis; and 3% had Sjögren syndrome.

Conclusions

A significant positive association was found between female patients with anti-Ku p70 and joint/bone features, and a significant negative association was found between female patients with anti-Ku p80 only and joint/bone features (P = 0.05, respectively). By using the first and the third components of the principal-component analysis (PCA) with 29 parameters evaluated, we observed that the anti-Ku-positive population of UCTD patients had overlapping parameters, especially with SLE, as opposed to SSc, which could be helpful in delineating UCTD patients.
Effect of dietary patterns differing in carbohydrate and fat content on blood lipidand glucose profiles based on weight-loss success of breast-cancer survivors
Authors: Thompson Henry J , Sedlacek Scot M , Paul Devchand , Wolfe Pamela , McGinley John N , Playdon Mary C , Daeninck Elizabeth A , Bartels Sara N , Wisthoff Mark R
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Healthy body weight is an important factor for prevention of breast cancerrecurrence. Yet, weight loss and weight gain are not currently included inclinical-practice guidelines for posttreatment of breast cancer. The work reportedaddresses one of the questions that must be considered in recommending weight lossto patients: does it matter what diet plan is used, a question of particularimportance because breast cancer treatment can increase risk for cardiovasculardisease.

Methods

Women who completed treatment for breast cancer were enrolled in a nonrandomized,controlled study investigating effects of weight loss achieved by using twodietary patterns at the extremes of macronutrient composition, although both dietarms were equivalent in protein: high fat, low carbohydrate versus low fat, highcarbohydrate. A nonintervention group served as the control arm; women wereassigned to intervention arms based on dietary preferences. During the 6-monthweight-loss program, which was menu and recipe defined, participants had monthlyclinical visits at which anthropometric data were collected and fasting blood wasobtained for safety monitoring for plasma lipid profiles and fasting glucose.Results from 142 participants are reported.

Results

Adverse effects on fasting blood lipids or glucose were not observed in eitherdietary arm. A decrease in fasting glucose was observed with progressive weightloss and was greater in participants who lost more weight, but the effect was notstatistically significant, even though it was observed across both diet groups(P = 0.21). Beneficial effects of weight loss on cholesterol (4.7%;P = 0.001), triglycerides (21.8%; P = 0.01), and low-densitylipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (5.8%; P = 0.06) were observed in bothgroups. For cholesterol (P = 0.07) and LDL cholesterol (P =0.13), greater reduction trends were seen on the low-fat diet pattern; whereas,for triglycerides (P = 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)cholesterol (P = 0.08), a decrease or increase, respectively, was greateron the low-carbohydrate diet pattern.

Conclusions

Because an individual's dietary preferences can affect dietary adherence andweight-loss success, the lack of evidence of a negative effect of dietary patternon biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk is an important consideration inthe development of breast cancer practice guidelines for physicians who recommendthat their patients lose weight. Whether dietary pattern affects biomarkers thatpredict long-term survival is a primary question in this ongoing clinicaltrial.
Prognostic value of proliferation assay in the luminal, HER2-positive, and triple-negative biologic classes of breast cancer
Authors: Aleskandarany Mohammed A , Green Andrew R , Benhasouna Ahmed A , Barros Fabricio F , Neal Keith , Reis-Filho Jorge S , Ellis Ian O , Rakha Emad A
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Although the prognostic significance of proliferation in early invasive breast cancer has been recognized for a long time, recent gene-expression profiling studies have reemphasized its biologic and prognostic value and the potential application of its assessment in routine practice, particularly to define prognostic subgroups of luminal/hormone receptor-positive (HR+) tumors. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of a proliferation assay by using Ki-67 immunohistochemistry as compared with mitotic count scores.

Method

Proliferation was assessed by using Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67LI) and mitotic scores in a large (n = 1,550) and well-characterized series of clinically annotated primary operable invasive breast cancer with long-term follow-up. Tumors were phenotyped based on their IHC profiles into luminal/HR+, HER2+, and triple-negative (TN) classes. We used a split-sample development and validation approach to determine the optimal Ki-67LI cut-offs.

Results

The optimal cut-points of Ki-67LI were 10% and 50% for the luminal class. Both Ki7LI and MS were able to split luminal tumors into subgroups with significantly variable outcomes, independent of other variables. Neither mitotic count scores nor Ki-67LI was associated with outcome in the HER2+ or the TN classes.

Conclusions

Assessment of proliferation by using Ki-67LI and MS can distinguish subgroups of patients within luminal/hormone receptor-positive breast cancer significantly different in clinical outcomes. Overall, both Ki-67 LI and mitotic-count scores showed comparable results. The method described could provide a cost-effective method for prognostic subclassification of luminal/hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in routine clinical practice.
Stochastic inversion for electromagnetic geophysics: Practical challenges and improving convergence efficiency
Authors: Trainor-Guitton Whitney , Hoversten G. Michael
Published: January 2012

Traditional deterministic geophysical inversion algorithms are not designed to provide a robust evaluation of uncertainty that reflects the limitations of the geophysical technique. Stochastic inversions, which do provide a sampling-based measure of uncertainty, are computationally expensive and not straightforward to implement for nonexperts (nonstatisticians). Our results include stochastic inversion for magnetotelluric and controlled source electromagnetic data. Two Markov Chain sampling algorithms (Metropolis-Hastings and Slice Sampler) can significantly decrease the computational expense compared to using either sampler alone. The statistics of the stochastic inversion allow for (1) variances that better reveal the measurement sensitivities of the two different electromagnetic techniques than traditional techniques and (2) models defined by the median and modes of parameter probability density functions, which produce amplitude and phase data that are consistent with the observed data. In general, parameter error estimates from the covariance matrix significantly underestimate the true parameter error, whereas the parameter variance derived from Markov chains accurately encompass the error.
Placing Human Constants within Literary History: Generic Revision and Affective Sociality inThe Winter’s TaleandThe Tempest
Authors: Wehrs Donald R.
Published: January 2012

This essay explores Shakespeare’s qualification of romance conventions as a significant event in Western literary history. It may be seen as part of a sustained challenge to the subordination of somatic and affective sense to intellectual, conceptual significance advocated or assumed by dominant hermeneutic and poetic theories since late antiquity. Shakespeare’s final romances move toward making an ethical sense—one rooted in human constants of embodied responsiveness to others—the source and ultimate judge of literary significance or poetic truth. By making the ethical rather than the metaphysical primary in romance, Shakespeare suggests that receptivity to affective upheaval disrupts ideological consolidations of elite complacency, awakening us to a redemptive sociality that is implicitly experienced by protagonists and audiences together (characters in the course of the action, audiences in the course of mental and bodily reception of artistically rendered action). Shakespeare’s revision of romance, in challenging inherited regulation of what and how literature can signify, dramatizes relations between somatic, affective experiences and social, ethical life that illuminate the role played by human constants in literary communication.
Reading Intended Meaning Where None Is Intended: A Cognitivist Reappraisal of the Implied Author
Authors: Abbott H. Porter
Published: January 2012

From a cognitivist perspective, I defend the utility of the implied author for the interpretation of fictional texts that support more than one intentional reading. David Herman (2008) provides a foil in his opposition to the implied author as object-like source and his promotion of the reading of intentionality as it appears in a distributed field of cues. This understanding of intentionality, he argues, is embedded in our “folk psychology” and is triggered when any configuration of marks is apprehended as artifactual. I argue that the intentionality of an originating cause is equally an element of our folk psychology and inseparable from the value placed on the particularity of artistic achievement. My defense of the implied author is unorthodox in that it applies to fictional texts that are susceptible to multiple intentional interpretations. To make this case, I switch my cognitivist perspective from the reader reading to the writer writing, drawing on commentary by authors regarding the autonomy of their characters and the work of Marjorie Taylor on “imaginary friends.” I argue that the free, unpredictable element of fictional world creation is matched by a freedom of fiction to accommodate competing intentional interpretations. The principal exchange value of my hypothesis for the sciences of cognition lies in the questions it raises regarding the complexity of reader response.
MAL/MRTF-A controls migration of non-invasive cells by upregulation of cytoskeleton-associated proteins
Authors: Leitner Laura , Shaposhnikov Dmitry , Mengel Alexander , Descot Arnaud , Julien Sylvia , Hoffmann Reinhard , Posern Guido
Published: January 2012

Monomeric actin regulates gene expression through serum response factor (SRF) by inhibiting its transcriptional coactivator myocardin-related transcription factor (MAL/MRTF). Many affected genes encode cytoskeletal components. We have analysed the migratory effects of actin–MAL signalling and of new target genes in non-invasive highly adherent cells. Expression of active MAL impaired migration of both fibroblasts and epithelial cells, whereas dominant-negative constructs and partial knockdown of MAL/MRTF enhanced motility. Knockdown of three newly characterised G-actin-regulated MAL targets, integrin α5, plakophilin 2 (Pkp2) and FHL1, enhanced cell migration. All three were upregulated by external stimulation through actin–MAL–SRF signalling, and MAL and SRF were inducibly recruited to cis-regulatory elements of the integrin α5 and Pkp2 genes. Finally, the reduced migration of epithelial cells stably expressing MAL was partially reversed by knockdown of Pkp2 and FHL1. We conclude that the actin–MAL pathway promotes adhesive gene expression, including integrin α5, Pkp2 and FHL1, and that this is anti-motile for non-invasive cells harbouring high basal activity.
Displacement and statecraft in Iraq: Recent trends, older roots
Authors: ALI ALI
Published: January 2012

This article discusses the relationship between state formation and refugees, linking statecraft – the 'art' of state building – and displacement in post-2003 Iraq. It uses the testimonies of displaced Iraqis now living in Syria to show how parties and militias in Iraq targeted
specific groups, including religious minorities such as the Mandaeans. They created new forms of exclusion, forcing some communities to flee. In some cases, they compelled people to leave abruptly; in others, hostile forces gradually encroached upon the target groups. Some organizations had
their origins in pre-2003 dynamics and were not the first in Iraq to use displacement as a means to implement a political design.
Towards the hybrid essay: The 'Visual Essay Project'
Authors: McCANNON DESDEMONA
Published: January 2012

This article describes a series of workshops that documented and analysed art and design students' use of drawing and visual strategies within the written 'critical studies' modules at North Wales School of Art and Design, part of Glyndwr University. Hybrid forms of expressing knowledge
and understanding were explored. The aim was to find ways to foster critical thinking that organized information, vocabularies and ideas in a more visual way.
Razing Arizona: Migrant labour and the 'Mexican avenger' of Machete
Authors: BRAYTON SEAN
Published: January 2012

This article focuses on representations of Latinas/os and labour in US cinema. It is particularly interested in Robert Rodriguez's Machete, a 'Mexican avenger' film that debuted less than three months after the passing of a controversial immigration bill in Arizona (Senate Bill 1070).
Although many reviews snubbed the film's 'trivial' delivery of immigration politics, I argue that Machete's strength as a social commentary lies in its ability to borrow narrative traits from different genres. The political importance of the film emerges from a dialogue with ethnic exploitation
cinema, Chicana/o 'labour films', racial parody and liberal multiculturalism in Hollywood as well as current debates concerning the racialization of citizenship and the exploitation of migrant workers in the United States. Machete's threat of a Latina/o uprising against conservative immigration
reform is disguised as 'light' entertainment, providing an oblique critique of 'whiteness' not often found in 'serious' genres of Hollywood.
The enduring allure of proximity-based political campaign communication strategies in Cameroon
Authors: NGOMBA TEKE
Published: January 2012

Like most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, since 1990, the political and media landscapes in Cameroon have changed significantly. Unlike in the West, where developments in the media sector have been directly tied to parties' adoption of media-based campaign communication strategies,
in Cameroon the proliferation of the media and changes in legislation to allow for a more media-based campaign communication scenario have been accompanied not by parties' prioritization of media-based campaign communication strategies but rather by a prioritization of proximity-based campaign
communication strategies. This article examines this emerging paradox and offers an analytical perspective to understand this phenomenon.
Hope and Fear in The Interrupters
Authors: Tyree J. M.
Published: January 2012

A review of The Interrupters, Steve James's documentary about the CeaseFire NGO that works in the South Side of Chicago attempting to dissuade young gang members from violence. It is argued that the film reveals a tension between uplifting ideals and reality.
The Smiley Factor
Authors: Fisher Mark
Published: January 2012

A review of the Tomas Alfredson film Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, adapted from John le Carré's novel and starring Gary Oldman as the British spymaster. The film is compared with the 1979 BBC TV adaptation starring Alec Guinness and the character of Smiley probed.
Nuri Bilge Ceylan: An Introduction and Interview
Authors: White Rob
Published: January 2012

An interview with Turkish film director Nuri Bilge Ceylan about his film Once Upon a Time in Anatolia, which won the 2011 Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival. Ceylan discusses his cinematic technique as well as his characters' “inner violence” and complex motivations.
Research Participants' Perspectives on Genotype-Driven Research Recruitment
Authors: Beskow Laura M. , Namey Emily E. , Cadigan R. Jean , Brazg Tracy , Crouch Julia , Henderson Gail E. , Michie Marsha , Nelson Daniel K. , Tabor Holly K. , Wilfond Benjamin S.
Published: January 2012

Genotype-driven recruitment is a potentially powerful approach for studying human genetic variation but presents ethical challenges. We conducted in-depth interviews with research participants in six studies where such recruitment occurred. Nearly all responded favorably to the acceptability of recontact for research recruitment, and genotype-driven recruitment was viewed as a positive sign of scientific advancement. Reactions to questions about the disclosure of individual genetic research results varied. Common themes included explaining the purpose of recontact, informing decisions about further participation, reciprocity, “information is valuable,” and the possibility of benefit, as well as concerns about undue distress and misunderstanding. Our findings suggest contact about additional research may be least concerning if it involves a known element (e.g., trusted researchers). Also, for genotype-driven recruitment, it may be appropriate to set a lower bar for disclosure of individual results than the clinical utility threshold recommended more generally.
Perspectivas para o cuidado de enfermagem às mulheres que denunciam a violência vivida
Authors: Vieira Letícia Becker , Padoin Stela Maris de Mello , Souza Ívis Emília de Oliveira , Paula Cristiane Cardoso de
Published: January 2012

Objetivou-se apresentar perspectivas para o cuidado de enfermagem, a partir da apreensão do significado da ação das mulheres que denunciam a violência vivida. Pesquisa fenomenológica, à luz de Schütz. Cenário: Delegacia de Polícia para Mulher e de Pronto Atendimento de um município do Rio Grande do Sul. Participantes: mulheres de 18-59 anos que realizaram a denúncia da violência do companheiro. Projeto aprovado pelo CEP (n.23081.015518/2009-66). Foram desenvolvidas entrevistas com 13 mulheres. Apreendeu-se que a mulher significa uma relação de anonimato com o companheiro e busca relações de familiaridade para enfrentamento da violência. O anonimato acontece pela decisão de romper costumes, sofrimento e história em comum. Quer conduzir a denúncia até o final, acreditar na justiça e proteger/criar seu(s) filho(s). A busca por familiaridade aponta a necessidade de um cuidado de enfermagem a partir da realidade social das mulheres, para reconhecer demandas de saúde e romper a naturalização/aceitação da violência.