bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of (Poly‐Si/Air)n Distributed Bragg Reflectors in a 150 mm Bulk Micromachined Wafer‐Level MOEMS Fabrication Process
Authors: Helke Christian , Seiler Jan , Meinig Marco , Großmann Toni Dirk , Bonitz Jens , Haase Micha , Zimmermann Sven , Ebermann Martin , Kurth Steffen , Reuter Danny , Hiller Karla
Published: December 2023

This paper reports the development and integration of (Poly‐Si/Air)n Distributed BRAGG Reflectors (DBR) in a MOEMS Fabry‐Pérot‐Interferometer (FPI) concept. The realized reflectors constitute a promising and resource‐efficient alternative to complex Ion‐Assisted Deposition based DBRs while maintaining their advantages. Compared to state of the art MOEMS FPIs the (Poly‐Si/Air)n DBRs can be integrated into two moveable reflector carriers based on two individually fabricated wafers which are bonded. The (Poly‐Si/Air)n DBRs are investigated as (HL) and (HL)2 reflector stacks showing a reflectance above 91% within the wavelength range of 2.8–5.7 μm. © 2023 The Authors. IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering published by Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
A multimodal translingual approach to study a young learner's willingness to communicate
Authors: Wong Nickie
Published: December 2023

Contrary to prevailing research on willingness to communicate (WTC) which treats spoken second language (L2) as the predominant indicator of WTC, this study examines a young English as a second language (ESL) learner's WTC expressed through multimodal means and her utilization of multimodal and multilingual resources for mediating WTC in translingual environments. Data were collected from videotaped ESL lessons and an interview. Adopting a multimodal conversation analysis (CA) approach, this cross‐disciplinary study analyzes the ESL novice's WTC expressions in two communicative settings: small‐group interactions in ESL class and a multilingual triad conversation in an interview. Findings reveal that (1) gestural WTC display can signify more than one's intention to enter discourse, (2) contrary to previous WTC studies, first language (L1) use can indicate L2 WTC, and (3) the learner used diverse semiotic resources to mediate WTC and sustain discursive engagement. Implications are discussed with respect to the findings. This study extends the understanding of WTC beyond spoken L2 expressions, emphasizing embodied display and L1 use in the learner's communicative repertoire. Additionally, it sheds light on the learner's strategic use of multimodal resources to sustain engagement in translingual environments, contributing to the broader field of language education and multimodal analysis.
Preparation of thermochromic bioplastic composite filaments for 3D printing process
Authors: Khankhuean Anchan , Sukthavorn Kankavee , Nootsuwan Nollapan , Veranitisagul Chatchai , Laobuthee Apirat
Published: December 2023

This research aimed to produce thermochromic composite filaments by utilizing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a matrix and two distinct thermochromic additives (red and yellow colors). To produce thermochromic composite filaments with ratios ranging from 10 to 40 phr, different quantities of a thermochromic masterbatch were integrated into the PLA matrix through an extrusion process. The physical, mechanical, thermal properties, and thermochromic behavior of the composite filaments were further examined. The results indicated that the thermochromic additives had minimal impact on thermal and mechanical properties, while also revealing a two‐phase separation between the smooth matrix and the spherical particle additives in the thermochromic composite filaments. Moreover, the analysis of thermochromic behavior revealed that an increase in the ratio of thermochromic masterbatches led to more pronounced coloration and clearer color changes, especially with red and yellow thermochromics indicating temperature variations below 22°C and over 65°C, respectively. The sample containing 40 phr exhibited the most intense color and noticeable color change. Furthermore, these thermochromic composite filaments can be utilized to 3D print various prototype products.

Highlights

Thermochromic bioplastic composite filaments for 3D printing were successfully prepared.

The thermochromic behavior analysis unveiled vivid coloration with distinct and more pronounced color changes.
Markov chain‐assisted stochastic model of crack growth rate
Authors: Guo Kaimin , Liu Hongzhuo , Yan Han , Song Ziyuan , Guo Zixu , Huang Dawei , Yan Xiaojun
Published: December 2023

One of the most essential tasks in probabilistic damage tolerance assessment is to describe the scatter in crack growth accurately. This study proposes a stochastic model of the crack growth rate, which calculates the critical parameters of a random distribution accurately by combining the Markov chain and data fitting algorithms. The proposed method is validated by the crack growth test data of Ni‐based superalloy GH4710Li at 550°C. The validation results show that the proposed method is a robust and efficient stochastic model for the crack growth rate.
Military Design in European Defense Forces: An Evolving Niche
Authors: Heltberg Therese , Krogh Andreas Hagedorn , Kyne Karena
Published: December 2023

Faced with increasingly unpredictable, dynamic, and complex threats and adversaries, European defense forces experiment with design thinking as an alternative to more traditional military planning perspectives and methodologies. Reviewing the current state of military design in Europe, this chapter provides an overview of recent design developments in doctrines, European military organizations, and European defense colleges. It explains these developments and provides examples of recent design practices in a European military context. Currently, military design is still a niche in Europe, but the chapter shows how the design approach continues to evolve as military scholars, strategists, and planners explore and develop new and innovative ways of deploying design methodologies in military practice.
From Particular Sociologies to Interdisiplinary Studies
Authors: Zabludovsky Gina
Published: December 2023

As in other parts of the world, at the beginning of the 1980s, sociology in Mexico confronted new theoretical and methodological challenges. From 1980 to 2000, sociology passed through an increasing specialization, a renewed attention to the study of new actors, social identities, subjectivities, and social movements. In line with the transformation of Mexico’s democratic institutions, sociology studies centered on the state, democracy, power, and the political system. During the first decades of the new century, facing the new complex, national, and global circumstances, such as increasing violence, the ecological problems, new migrations and the pandemic, sociology made a shift from the previous emphasis on specialization towards interdisciplinary studies with a more comprehensive approach.
Technologieakzeptanz in der Digitalisierung der ambulanten Pflege – eine Fallstudie
Authors: Frings Katrin , Güsken Sarah Ranjana , Schütz Benedikt , Bitter-Krahe Jan
Published: December 2023

In den letzten Jahren ist die Arbeitsbelastung in der deutschen Pflegebranche durch einen zunehmenden Fachkräftemangel und den gleichzeitig stattfindenden demografischen Wandel massiv gestiegen. Zur Reduktion der Arbeitsbelastung werden Arbeitsprozesse zunehmend digitalisiert. Allerdings zeigt sich in ausbleibender Technikakzeptanz die Folge eines unzureichenden Einbezugs von Pflegekräften und ihren heterogenen Kompetenzprofilen in diesem Digitalisierungsprozess. Zur Erweiterung eines fallbeispielbezogenen pflegespezifischen Technologieakzeptanzmodells wurde eine qualitative Studie mittels teilstrukturierter Interviews mit zwölf ambulanten Pflegekräften durchgeführt. Durch eine qualitative Inhaltsanalyse dieser Interviews konnten neun weitere, die Nutzungsintention von digitalen Technologien in der Pflege beeinflussenden Faktoren herausgearbeitet werden, z. B. Passung der digitalen Technologie zum Anwendungskontext und Überwachung durch digitale Technologien. Die Ergebnisse der Studie tragen dazu bei, branchenspezifische Faktoren für eine erfolgreiche Technologieimplementierung zu definieren. Diese können auch als Grundlage einer digitalen Kompetenzentwicklung ambulanter Pflegekräfte dienen.
Expansion and Collapse of Spherically Symmetric Isotropic Elastic Bodies Surrounded by Vacuum
Authors: Sideris Thomas C.
Published: December 2023

A class of isotropic and scale-invariant strain energy functions is given for which the corresponding spherically symmetric elastic motion includes bodies whose diameter becomes infinite with time or collapses to zero in finite time, depending on the sign of the residual pressure. The bodies are surrounded by vacuum so that the boundary surface forces vanish, while the density remains strictly positive. The body is subject only to internal elastic stress.
On the Fourier Analysis of the Einstein–Klein–Gordon System: Growth and Decay of the Fourier Constants
Authors: Chatzikaleas Athanasios
Published: December 2023

We consider the $$(1+3)$$

(
1
+
3
)

-dimensional Einstein equations with negative cosmological constant coupled to a spherically symmetric, massless scalar field and study perturbations around the anti-de Sitter spacetime. We derive the resonant systems, pick out vanishing secular terms and discuss issues related to small divisors. Most importantly, we rigorously establish (sharp, in most of the cases) asymptotic behaviour for all the interaction coefficients. The latter is based on uniform estimates for the eigenfunctions associated to the linearized operator as well as on some oscillatory integrals.
Anatomical variation between the muscles of mastication in black-tip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) and shovelnose ray Fish (Glaucostegus typus)
Authors: Shaker Nora A. , Ibrahium Asmaa M.
Published: December 2023

The current study aims to differentiate, morphologically, between the masticatory muscles in black-tip sharks and shovelnose ray fish, which control the opening and closure of jaws. This work was applied to four specimens of each species, obtained from the Red Sea in Suez. Anatomical dissection was conducted on the cephalic region is order to expose the musculature. The obtained results illustrate each muscle's position, origin, and insertion. The common muscles involved in the feeding of both species were the muscles of mandibular arch: adductor mandibulae, levator palatoquadrati, while the muscles of hyoid arch were levator hyomandibulae, also the hypobranchial arch contained coracomandibularis, coracohyoideus, and coracoarcualis. All muscles of the jaws are responsible for the abduction of mouth except Adductor mandibulae M, Intermandibularis M. involved in closing the mouth, in addition, Preorbitalis M. assists in protruding of upper jaw.
Fleming–Viot couples live forever
Authors: Kwaśnicki Mateusz
Published: December 2023

We prove a non-extinction result for Fleming–Viot-type systems of two particles with dynamics described by an arbitrary symmetric Hunt process under the assumption that the reference measure is finite. Additionally, we describe an invariant measure for the system, we discuss its ergodicity, and we prove that the reference measure is a stationary measure for the embedded Markov chain of positions of the surviving particle at successive branching times.
Server Cloud Scheduling
Authors: Maack Marten , Meyer auf der Heide Friedhelm , Pukrop Simon
Published: December 2023

Consider a set of jobs connected to a directed acyclic task graph with a fixed source and sink. The edges of this graph model precedence constraints and the jobs have to be scheduled with respect to those. We introduce the server cloud scheduling problem, in which the jobs have to be processed either on a single local machine or on one of infinitely many cloud machines. For each job, processing times both on the server and in the cloud are given. Furthermore, for each edge in the task graph, a communication delay is included in the input and has to be taken into account if one of the two jobs is scheduled on the server and the other in the cloud. The server processes jobs sequentially, whereas the cloud can serve as many as needed in parallel, but induces costs. We consider both makespan and cost minimization. The main results are an FPTAS for the makespan objective for graphs with a constant source and sink dividing cut and strong hardness for the case with unit processing times and delays.
Expanding the Scene of Tunnel Behaviour Through the DEM Model: a Case Study from ZaB-Zentrum Am Berg
Authors: Promneewat Khomchan , Leelasukseree Cheowchan , Villeneuve Marlene , Galler Robert
Published: December 2023

The displacement of a tunnel plays a crucial role in conventional tunneling methods, serving as a key parameter for support requirement. Therefore, analyzing tunnel displacement is important for ensuring safety and optimizing costs by determining the appropriate level of tunnel support and installation time. Numerical analysis methods are commonly employed for assessing tunnel displacement, and two widely recognized approaches used worldwide are the continuum and discontinuum methods. While previous studies have highlighted differences in the analysis results obtained from these two methods, the magnitude of such disparities has not been extensively explored. Hence, the objective of this study is to quantify the extent of variation between the two methods through various scenarios, encompassing unsupported and supported excavated ground. Specifically, the focus is on tunnel displacement and the tensile force generated on axial tunnel supports, such as rock bolts. To facilitate this investigation, three tunnel sections from the Zentrum am Berg, tunnel research centre located in Austria, are utilized. The results show that discontinuum models exhibit higher displacements and higher tensile loads on axial support than continuum numerical models of the same tunnel geometry and equivalent rock masses. We show that discontinuum models can also capture asymmetric behaviour, and thus should be preferentially used in fractured rock masses where displacement of rock blocks dominate the rock mass behaviour.
Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Neurodivergent Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mahjoob Maryam , Paul Tithi , Carbone Julia , Bokadia Harshit , Cardy Robyn E. , Kassam Souraiya , Anagnostou Evdokia , Andrade Brendan F. , Penner Melanie , Kushki Azadeh
Published: December 2023

Health-related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is a multi-faceted construct influenced by a myriad of environmental, demographic, and individual characteristics. Our understanding of these influencers remains highly limited in neurodevelopmental conditions. Existing research in this area is sparse, highly siloed by diagnosis labels, and focused on symptoms. This review synthesized the evidence in this area using a multi-dimensional model of HRQoL and trans-diagnostically across neurodevelopmental conditions. The systematic review, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Checklist, was completed in June 2023 using Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Our search revealed 78 studies that examined predictors of HRQoL in neurodevelopmental conditions. The majority of these studies focused on autism and ADHD with a paucity of literature in other conditions. Cross-diagnosis investigations were limited despite the fact that many of the examined predictors transcend diagnostic boundaries. Significant gaps were revealed in domains of biology/physiology, functioning, health perceptions, and environmental factors. Very preliminary evidence suggested potentially shared predictors of HRQoL across conditions including positive associations between HRQoL and adaptive functioning, male sex/gender, positive self-perception, physical activity, resources, and positive family context, and negative associations with diagnostic features and mental health symptoms. Studies of transdiagnostic predictors across neurodevelopmental conditions are critically needed to enable care models that address shared needs of neurodivergent individuals beyond diagnostic boundaries. Further understanding of HRQoL from the perspective of neurodivergent communities is a critical area of future work.
Fire performance, toxicity, and thermal diffusivity of wastepaper mixed with magnesium hydroxide, depending on the particle size of expandable graphite
Authors: Ahn Chansol , Park Dongin , Kim Yongjoo , Rie Dongho
Published: December 2023

As the construction of high-rise buildings increases to solve residential spaces caused by high density population concentration, the occurrence of fire accidents in high-rise buildings is also increasing. The primary cause of fire damage in high-rise buildings is the spread of fire caused by exterior wall finishes. Therefore, it is essential to develop semi-non-combustible finishes that can be applied to high-rise buildings to prevent the spread of fire due to exterior wall finishes. To address this issue, numerous studies are being conducted to develop flame retardant finishing materials that reduce heat release rate and total heat release. A double flame retardant mixed waste paper with expandable graphite and magnesium hydroxide was manufactured to improve the fire performance of cellulose building finishing materials. Total heat release (THR), CO, and CO2 Generation changes were measured using a cone calorimeter, and thermal diffusion rate was measured through the LFA 1000 experiment. The correlation of total heat release, CO generation, CO2 generation, and mass reduction rate by variation of expandable graphite's mesh size at double flame-retardant waste paper were secured through a cone calorimeter test. The thermal diffusion rate data of the specimen were secured through the LFA 1000 experiment. Through experiments, it has been confirmed that specimens using specific expandable graphite particles can be utilized as fire-resistant finishing materials in construction, ensuring fire resistance performance.
Combination of polylactide with cellulose for biomedical applications: a recent overview
Authors: Kopańska Aneta , Brzeziński Marek , Draczyński Zbigniew
Published: December 2023

This review summarizes the use of cellulose and polylactide for medical applications with particular emphasis on modern dressings. Although classic cotton and viscose dressings are still available and popular, the usefulness of new forms of cellulose (Cel) and its derivatives opens new wound treatment options. Therefore, trends in functionalizing traditional cellulose dressings, including products made of bacterial cellulose, and dressings from cellulose derivatives, are discussed. Polylactide (PLA), in turn, is a biodegradable and biocompatible polyester that fulfills plenty of tasks in many medical fields, from surgery to modern diagnostic methods. However, polylactide dressings can still be advantageous to the market. Thus, the next part of the article contains a recent update of available knowledge about PLA and its applications in regenerative medicine and drug-delivery systems. The last part is devoted to the possibilities of combining both materials in dressings and related problems and benefits. Methods for compatibilization with the surface of both polymers and new techniques for producing Cel/PLA composite materials are also described.
Dendroclimatological study of Sabina saltuaria and Abies faxoniana in the mixed forests of the Qionglai Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Teng , Peng Jianfeng , Au Tsun Fung , Li Jingru , Li Jinbao , Zhang Yue
Published: December 2023

Tree-ring chronologies were developed for Sabina saltuaria and Abies faxoniana in mixed forests in the Qionglai Mountains of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Climate-growth relationship analysis indicated that the two co-existing species reponded similarly to climate factors, although S. saltuaria was more sensitive than A. faxoniana. The strongest correlation was between S. saltuaria chronology and regional mean temperatures from June to November. Based on this relationship, a regional mean temperature from June to November for the period 1605–2016 was constructed. Reconstruction explained 37.3% of the temperature variance during th period 1961–2016. Six major warm periods and five major cold periods were identified. Spectral analysis detected significant interannual and multi-decadal cycles. Reconstruction also revealed the influence of the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation, confirming its importance on climate change on the eastern Tibetan Plateau.
Perioperative complication incidence and risk factors for retroperitoneal neuroblastoma in children: analysis of 571 patients
Authors: He Min , Cai Jia-Bin , Wu Xuan , Tang Yin-Bing , Wang Jin-Yan , Mao Jun-Qin , Chen Ji-Jun , Zhang Li-Feng , Guan Zhong-Hai , Xiong Jie-Ni , Peng Wan-Xin , Wang Jin-Hu , Tao Ting
Published: December 2023

Background

Surgery plays an important role in the treatment of neuroblastoma. Perioperative complications may impact the course of neuroblastoma treatment. To date, comprehensive analyses of complications and risk factors have been lacking.

Methods

Patients with retroperitoneal neuroblastoma undergoing tumor resection were retrospectively analyzed between 2014 and 2021. The data collected included clinical characteristics, operative details, operative complications and postoperative outcomes. Risk factors for perioperative complications of retroperitoneal neuroblastoma were analyzed.

Results

A total of 571 patients were enrolled in this study. Perioperative complications were observed in 255 (44.7%) patients. Lymphatic leakage (28.4%), diarrhea (13.5%), and injury (vascular, nerve and organ; 7.5%) were the most frequent complications. There were three operation-related deaths (0.53%): massive hemorrhage (n = 1), biliary tract perforation (n = 1) and intestinal necrosis (n = 1). The presence of image-defined risk factors (IDRFs) [odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, P < 0.01], high stage of the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group staging system (INRGSS) (OR = 0.454, P = 0.04), retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis (OR = 2.433, P = 0.026), superior mesenteric artery encasement (OR = 3.346, P = 0.003), and inferior mesenteric artery encasement (OR = 2.218, P = 0.019) were identified as independent risk factors for perioperative complications.

Conclusions

Despite the high incidence of perioperative complications, the associated mortality rate was quite low. Perioperative complications of retroperitoneal neuroblastoma were associated with IDRFs, INRGSS, retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis and vascular encasement. Patients with high-risk factors should receive more serious attention during surgery but should not discourage the determination to pursue total resection of neuroblastoma.
ECEC Professionals’ Views on Partnerships with Parents in Multicultural Classrooms in Four European Countries
Authors: Norheim Helga , Broekhuizen Martine , Moser Thomas , Pastori Giulia
Published: December 2023

Partnerships between parents and professionals in early childhood education and care (ECEC) are widely acknowledged as important for children’s well-being, learning, and development. As children with immigrant backgrounds often experience cultural and linguistic differences between their home and ECEC-environments, bridges between these two contexts might be especially significant for these children. Although European ECEC-classrooms are becoming increasingly multicultural, little is known about how professionals view their partnerships with parents in multicultural classrooms in Europe. The current paper investigates the partnerships views of professionals working in multicultural classrooms and how these are related to the professionals’ practices and characteristics. Findings suggest that professionals have rather positive partnership views, although they reveal a potential for higher levels of shared beliefs with parents about the child. Furthermore, the findings indicate that several partnership aspects are predicted by professionals’ multicultural practices, their diversity related self-efficacy and their own cultural background.
Isometries, direct sum decompositions, analytic type function spaces, and radial operators
Authors: Vasilevski Nikolai
Published: December 2023

The paper connects rather general statements about the direct sum decomposition of a Hilbert space generated by isometries with the study of analytic type subspaces in weighted $$L_2$$

L
2

-spaces over the unit disk $${\mathbb {D}}$$
D
or the complex plane $${\mathbb {C}}$$
C
, and with characterization of the so-called radial operators acting on these spaces. We characterize the properties of the so-called (m, n)-analytic functions, those that are annihilated by $$\frac{\partial ^m }{\partial z^m}\frac{\partial ^n }{\partial {{\overline{z}}}^n}$$

∂
m

∂

z
m

∂
n

∂

z
¯

n

, which as particular cases include analytic, anti-analytic, harmonic, and various related to them functions. We characterize also the so-called radial operators, with a particular attention to Toeplitz ones, that act on different subspaces of our weighted $$L_2$$

L
2

-spaces.
Molecular interactions in ternary system of K-contin and (2-Aminoacetamido)acetic acid at various temperatures–ultrasonic and viscometric analysis
Authors: Geetha R. , Padmavathy R. , Muhamed R. Raj
Published: December 2023

Ultrasonic techniques are frequently used in organic molecule conformation analysis. Mixtures of ternary liquid complexes are extensively used for comprehending the strength as well as the characteristics of the interactions between molecules. Experimentally, the thermo physical properties of ternary liquid mixtures such as viscosity (η), density (ρ) and velocity (u) of K-contin, (2-Aminoacetamido)acetic acid and non-aqueous medium were determined over temperature ranges of 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K. The experimental data were used to ascertain the thermoacoustic parameters such as free volume, internal pressure, adiabatic compressibility, solvation number, specific acoustic impedance and intermolecular free length. These parameters are more useful for predicting and validating molecular interactions.
Three‐Dimensional Ionospheric Evolution and Asymmetry of the Electron Density Depletion Generated by the 21 June 2020 Annular Solar Eclipse
Authors: Zhai Changzhi , Dang Tong , Yao Yibin , Kong Jian , Chen Yutian , Cheng Xiaoyun
Published: December 2023

The three‐dimensional computerized ionospheric tomography (3DCIT) technique has been used to reconstruct the ionospheric response to the 21 June 2020 annular solar eclipse and the results are evaluated by constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate observations. The 3DCIT‐derived electron density (Ne) difference between the eclipse and quiet days showed that the Ne depletion was between 200 and 550 km and the maximum magnitude was about −3.0 × 1011 el/m3 which was at 280 km in altitude. The contributions from below 250 and 350 km altitudes to Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) depletion were ∼30% and ∼60%, respectively. Significant asymmetry of Ne depletion with respect to the eclipse path was captured in 3DCIT results, and the deviation conditions between the Ne depletion central line and eclipse path varied at different altitudes. Simulations with the thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model generally showed consistent ionospheric variations with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) VTEC and 3DCIT electron density. Furthermore, term analysis on the ion continuity equation indicates that the asymmetry of Ne depletion was mainly induced by the neutral wind disturbance which converged toward the eclipse region and caused opposite transport effects on both sides of the eclipse path. The thermospheric composition was also changed by disturbed neutral wind and impacted plasma production and loss rates, contributing to the Ne depletion asymmetry.
Air‐Sea Gas Exchange and Its Potential Influence on the Regional Fate of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the East China Marginal Sea
Authors: Cao Yibo , Yu Huimin , Lin Tian , Guo Tianfeng , Sun Xiang , Duan Lian , Guo Zhigang
Published: December 2023

To investigate the air‐sea gas exchange and its potential influence on the regional fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the East China Marginal Seas (ECMS), which consist of the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS), we collected air and surface seawater samples of this area in the summer 2018 and winter 2019, respectively. Generally, PAHs underwent a strong volatilization process in the ECMS in both summer and winter. Good correlations between wind speed and the magnitude of air‐sea gas exchange were found for low molecular weight PAHs, suggesting the rate of their air‐sea gas exchange was influenced by the static stability of overlying atmosphere. However, such an influence for high molecular weight PAHs was constrained by their low Henry's law constant. Dissolved concentration of PAHs in surface seawater was another key factor regulating their air‐sea gas exchange, which not only influenced the rate of air‐sea gas exchange but also was involved in the exchange direction. Higher air‐sea gas exchange fluxes of PAHs in winter were attributed to their increasing dissolved concentrations in seawater during this season. A mass conservation analysis revealed a huge volatilization loss of PAHs from seawater to atmosphere, suggesting air‐sea gas exchange might be a key process to modulate the distribution and occurrence of PAHs in the ECS and YS. Such a loss of PAHs in seawater might be compensated by the sediment resuspension, which implied that the sedimentary deposit could serve as a secondary source of PAHs in seawater and overlying atmosphere.
Aerosol Effects on Water Cloud Properties in Different Atmospheric Regimes
Authors: Khatri P. , Yoshida K. , Hayasaka T.
Published: December 2023

Aerosol‐cloud interaction remains one of the least understood processes in climate science arena, despite its profound impacts in radiation and water budget perturbations. The aerosol effects on clouds largely depend on aerosol characteristics. Here, we implemented 17‐year (2003–2020) data set of aerosol, cloud, and meteorological factors collected over East Asia—a highly polluted region with recent decreasing trend of air pollution due to control measures—to elucidate atmospheric regime‐dependent aerosol effects on water cloud properties by simultaneously accessing the response of air pollution control measures in cloud field. The study found a very close relationship between aerosol loading and cloud properties modifications in the continental region of East Asia with a significant response of air pollution control measures in the cloud field. The study further revealed that aerosols of the polluted continental atmosphere affected cloud micro‐ and macro‐physics differently than aerosols of the clean maritime atmosphere: in the former, increased aerosol loading increased the stability under cloud base and then enhanced cloud droplet collision‐coalescence process, resulting to increase cloud droplet size by decreasing cloud top height; whereas in the latter, increased aerosol loading decreased cloud droplet size without notable influence in the atmosphere thermodynamics and cloud top height. This study further showed a complex aerosol‐cloud interaction process in the polluted maritime atmosphere due to the mixed effect of polluted continental and clean maritime atmospheres. In all atmospheric regimes, cloud fraction was found to increase with the increase of aerosol loading.
Mid‐Infrared Spectroscopy of Sulfidation Reaction Products and Implications for Sulfur on Mercury
Authors: Renggli Christian J. , Stojic Aleksandra N. , Morlok Andreas , Berndt Jasper , Weber Iris , Klemme Stephan , Hiesinger Harald
Published: December 2023

We propose that the observed enrichment of sulfur at the surface of Mercury (up to 4 wt.%) is the product of silicate sulfidation reactions with a S‐rich reduced volcanogenic gas phase. Here, we present new experiments on the sulfidation behavior of olivine, diopside, and anorthite. We investigate these reaction products, and those of sulfidized glasses with Mercury compositions previously reported, by mid‐IR reflectance spectroscopy. We investigate both the reacted bulk materials as powders as well as cross‐sections of the reaction products by in situ micro‐IR spectroscopy. The mid‐IR spectra confirm the presence of predicted reaction products including quartz. The mid‐IR reflectance of sulfide reaction products, such as CaS (oldhamite) or MgS (niningerite), is insufficient to be observed in the complex run products. However, the ESA/JAXA BepiColombo mission to Mercury will be able to test our hypothesis by investigating the correlated abundances of sulfides with other reaction products such as quartz.
Identification of Source Faults of Large Earthquakes in the Turkey‐Syria Border Region Between 1000 CE and the Present, and Their Relevance for the 2023 Mw 7.8 Pazarcık Earthquake
Authors: Carena S. , Friedrich A. M. , Verdecchia A. , Kahle B. , Rieger S. , Kübler S.
Published: December 2023

The 6 February 2023, Mw 7.8 Pazarcık earthquake in the Turkey‐Syria border region raises the question of whether such a large earthquake could have been foreseen, as well as what is the maximum possible magnitude (Mmax) of earthquakes on the East Anatolian Fault (EAF) system and on continental transform faults in general. To answer such questions, knowledge of past earthquakes and of their causative faults is necessary. Here, we integrate data from historical seismology, paleoseismology, archeoseismology, and remote sensing to identify the likely source faults of fourteen Mw ≥ 7 earthquakes between 1000 CE and the present in the region. We find that the 2023 Pazarcık earthquake could have been foreseen in terms of location (the EAF) and timing (an earthquake along this fault was if anything overdue), but not magnitude. We hypothesize that the maximum earthquake magnitude for the EAF is in fact 8.2, that is, a single end‐to‐end rupture of the entire fault, and that the 2023 Pazarcık earthquake did not reach Mmax by a fortuitous combination of circumstances. We conclude that such unusually large events are hard to model in terms of recurrence intervals, and that seismic hazard assessment along continental transforms cannot be done on individual fault systems but must include neighboring systems as well, because they are not kinematically independent at any time scale.
Altered oral microbiota and immune dysfunction in Chinese elderly patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ling Zongxin , Cheng Yiwen , Liu Xia , Yan Xiumei , Wu Lingbin , Shao Li , Gao Jie , Lei Wenhui , Song Qinghai , Zhao Longyou , Jin Guolin
Published: December 2023

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric neurodevelopmental disorder with uncertain etiology and pathogenesis. Increasing evidence has recognized the key role of the gut microbiota in SZ. However, few studies have investigated the potential link between oral microbiota and SZ. We studied the tongue coating microbiota and inflammatory profiles of 118 elderly SZ patients and 97 age-matched healthy controls using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and multiplex immunoassays, respectively. Reduced α-diversity, along with a significant difference in β-diversity, were observed in patients with SZ. We have identified SZ-associated oral dysbiosis, characterized by increased Streptococcus and Fusobacterium, as well as decreased Prevotella and Veillonella. These differential genera could potentially serve as biomarkers for SZ, either alone or in combination. Additionally, an elevated Streptococcus/Prevotella ratio could indicate oral dysbiosis. These differential genera formed two distinct clusters: Streptococcus-dominated and Prevotella-dominated, which exhibited different correlations with the altered immunological profiles. Furthermore, we also observed disruptions in the inferred microbiota functions in SZ-associated microbiota, particularly in lipid and amino acid metabolism. Our study provides novel insights into the characteristics of tongue coating microbiota and its associations with immunological disturbances in elderly SZ patients, which offer new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of SZ in the elderly.
Long-term follow-up of patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after primary induction failure
Authors: Mozaffari Jovein Miriam , Ihorst Gabriele , Duque-Afonso Jesús , Wäsch Ralph , Bertz Hartmut , Wehr Claudia , Duyster Justus , Zeiser Robert , Finke Jürgen , Scherer Florian
Published: December 2023

Primary induction failure (PIF) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients is associated with poor outcome, with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) being the sole curative therapeutic option. Here, we retrospectively evaluated long-term outcomes of 220 AML patients undergoing allogeneic HCT after PIF who never achieved remission, and identified clinical and molecular risk factors associated with treatment response and ultimate prognosis. In this high-risk population, disease-free survival was 25.2% after 5 years and 18.7% after 10 years, while overall survival rates were 29.8% and 21.6% after 5 and 10 years of HCT, respectively. 10-year non-relapse mortality was 32.5%, and 48.8% of patients showed disease relapse within 10 years after allogeneic HCT. Adverse molecular risk features determined at initial diagnosis, poor performance status at the time of allogeneic HCT, and long diagnosis-to-HCT intervals were associated with unfavorable prognosis. Collectively, our data suggests that immediate allogeneic HCT after PIF offers long-term survival and cure in a substantial subset of cases and that high-risk AML patients who never achieved complete response during induction might benefit from early donor search.
A minority of final stacks yields superior amplitude in single-particle cryo-EM
Authors: Zhu Jianying , Zhang Qi , Zhang Hui , Shi Zuoqiang , Hu Mingxu , Bao Chenglong
Published: December 2023

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is widely used to determine near-atomic resolution structures of biological macromolecules. Due to the low signal-to-noise ratio, cryo-EM relies on averaging many images. However, a crucial question in the field of cryo-EM remains unanswered: how close can we get to the minimum number of particles required to reach a specific resolution in practice? The absence of an answer to this question has impeded progress in understanding sample behavior and the performance of sample preparation methods. To address this issue, we develop an iterative particle sorting and/or sieving method called CryoSieve. Extensive experiments demonstrate that CryoSieve outperforms other cryo-EM particle sorting algorithms, revealing that most particles are unnecessary in final stacks. The minority of particles remaining in the final stacks yield superior high-resolution amplitude in reconstructed density maps. For some datasets, the size of the finest subset approaches the theoretical limit.
Geometric constraint-triggered collagen expression mediates bacterial-host adhesion
Authors: Feng Yuting , Wang Shuyi , Liu Xiaoye , Han Yiming , Xu Hongwei , Duan Xiaocen , Xie Wenyue , Tian Zhuoling , Yuan Zuoying , Wan Zhuo , Xu Liang , Qin Siying , He Kangmin , Huang Jianyong
Published: December 2023

Cells living in geometrically confined microenvironments are ubiquitous in various physiological processes, e.g., wound closure. However, it remains unclear whether and how spatially geometric constraints on host cells regulate bacteria-host interactions. Here, we reveal that interactions between bacteria and spatially constrained cell monolayers exhibit strong spatial heterogeneity, and that bacteria tend to adhere to these cells near the outer edges of confined monolayers. The bacterial adhesion force near the edges of the micropatterned monolayers is up to 75 nN, which is ~3 times higher than that at the centers, depending on the underlying substrate rigidities. Single-cell RNA sequencing experiments indicate that spatially heterogeneous expression of collagen IV with significant edge effects is responsible for the location-dependent bacterial adhesion. Finally, we show that collagen IV inhibitors can potentially be utilized as adjuvants to reduce bacterial adhesion and thus markedly enhance the efficacy of antibiotics, as demonstrated in animal experiments.
Resin acids play key roles in shaping microbial communities during degradation of spruce bark
Authors: Ristinmaa Amanda Sörensen , Tafur Rangel Albert , Idström Alexander , Valenzuela Sebastian , Kerkhoven Eduard J. , Pope Phillip B. , Hasani Merima , Larsbrink Johan
Published: December 2023

The bark is the outermost defense of trees against microbial attack, largely thanks to toxicity and prevalence of extractive compounds. Nevertheless, bark decomposes in nature, though by which species and mechanisms remains unknown. Here, we have followed the development of microbial enrichments growing on spruce bark over six months, by monitoring both chemical changes in the material and performing community and metagenomic analyses. Carbohydrate metabolism was unexpectedly limited, and instead a key activity was metabolism of extractives. Resin acid degradation was principally linked to community diversification with specific bacteria revealed to dominate the process. Metagenome-guided isolation facilitated the recovery of the dominant enrichment strain in pure culture, which represents a new species (Pseudomonas abieticivorans sp. nov.), that can grow on resin acids as a sole carbon source. Our results illuminate key stages in degradation of an abundant renewable resource, and how defensive extractive compounds have major roles in shaping microbiomes.
Inhibition of host PARP1 contributes to the anti-inflammatory and antitubercular activity of pyrazinamide
Authors: Krug Stefanie , Gupta Manish , Kumar Pankaj , Feller Laine , Ihms Elizabeth A. , Kang Bong Gu , Srikrishna Geetha , Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L. , Bishai William R.
Published: December 2023

The antibiotic pyrazinamide (PZA) is a cornerstone of tuberculosis (TB) therapy that shortens treatment durations by several months despite being only weakly bactericidal. Intriguingly, PZA is also an anti-inflammatory molecule shown to specifically reduce inflammatory cytokine signaling and lesion activity in TB patients. However, the target and clinical importance of PZA’s host-directed activity during TB therapy remain unclear. Here, we identify the host enzyme Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (PARP1), a pro-inflammatory master regulator strongly activated in TB, as a functionally relevant host target of PZA. We show that PZA inhibits PARP1 enzymatic activity in macrophages and in mice where it reverses TB-induced PARP1 activity in lungs to uninfected levels. Utilizing a PZA-resistant mutant, we demonstrate that PZA’s immune-modulatory effects are PARP1-dependent but independent of its bactericidal activity. Importantly, PZA’s bactericidal efficacy is impaired in PARP1-deficient mice, suggesting that immune modulation may be an integral component of PZA’s antitubercular activity. In addition, adjunctive PARP1 inhibition dramatically reduces inflammation and lesion size in mice and may be a means to reduce lung damage and shorten TB treatment duration. Together, these findings provide insight into PZA’s mechanism of action and the therapeutic potential of PARP1 inhibition in the treatment of TB.
Strong and ductile high temperature soft magnets through Widmanstätten precipitates
Authors: Han Liuliu , Maccari Fernando , Soldatov Ivan , Peter Nicolas J. , Souza Filho Isnaldi R. , Schäfer Rudolf , Gutfleisch Oliver , Li Zhiming , Raabe Dierk
Published: December 2023

Fast growth of sustainable energy production requires massive electrification of transport, industry and households, with electrical motors as key components. These need soft magnets with high saturation magnetization, mechanical strength, and thermal stability to operate efficiently and safely. Reconciling these properties in one material is challenging because thermally-stable microstructures for strength increase conflict with magnetic performance. Here, we present a material concept that combines thermal stability, soft magnetic response, and high mechanical strength. The strong and ductile soft ferromagnet is realized as a multicomponent alloy in which precipitates with a large aspect ratio form a Widmanstätten pattern. The material shows excellent magnetic and mechanical properties at high temperatures while the reference alloy with identical composition devoid of precipitates significantly loses its magnetization and strength at identical temperatures. The work provides a new avenue to develop soft magnets for high-temperature applications, enabling efficient use of sustainable electrical energy under harsh operating conditions.
One-dimensionally oriented self-assembly of ordered mesoporous nanofibers featuring tailorable mesophases via kinetic control
Authors: Peng Liang , Peng Huarong , Wang Steven , Li Xingjin , Mo Jiaying , Wang Xiong , Tang Yun , Che Renchao , Wang Zuankai , Li Wei , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: December 2023

One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials have sparked widespread research interest owing to their fascinating physicochemical properties, however, the direct self-assembly of 1D porous nanomaterials and control over their porosity still presents a grand challenge. Herein, we report a monomicelle oriented self-assembly approach to fabricate 1D mesoporous nanostructures with uniform diameter, high aspect ratio and ordered mesostructure. This strategy features the introduction of hexamethylenetetramine as a curing agent, which can subtly control the monomicelle self-assembly kinetics, thus enabling formation of high-quality 1D ordered mesostructures. Meanwhile, the micellar structure can be precisely manipulated by changing the reactant stoichiometric ratio, resulting in tailorable mesophases from 3D cubic (Im-3m) to 2D hexagonal (p6mm) symmetries. More interestingly, the resultant mesoporous nanofibers can be assembled into 3D hierarchical cryogels on a large scale. The 1D nanoscale of the mesoporous nanofibers, in combination with small diameter (~65 nm), high aspect ratio (~154), large surface area (~452 m2 g−1), and 3D open mesopores (~6 nm), endows them with excellent performances for sodium ion storage and water purification. Our methodology opens up an exciting way to develop next-generation ordered mesoporous materials for various applications.
Single cell multi-omics reveal intra-cell-line heterogeneity across human cancer cell lines
Authors: Zhu Qionghua , Zhao Xin , Zhang Yuanhang , Li Yanping , Liu Shang , Han Jingxuan , Sun Zhiyuan , Wang Chunqing , Deng Daqi , Wang Shanshan , Tang Yisen , Huang Yaling , Jiang Siyuan , Tian Chi , Chen Xi , Yuan Yue , Li Zeyu , Yang Tao , Lai Tingting , Liu Yiqun , Yang Wenzhen , Zou Xuanxuan , Zhang Mingyuan , Cui Huanhuan , Liu Chuanyu , Jin Xin , Hu Yuhui , Chen Ao , Xu Xun , Li Guipeng , Hou Yong , Liu Longqi , Liu Shiping , Fang Liang , Chen Wei , Wu Liang
Published: December 2023

Human cancer cell lines have long served as tools for cancer research and drug discovery, but the presence and the source of intra-cell-line heterogeneity remain elusive. Here, we perform single-cell RNA-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing on 42 and 39 human cell lines, respectively, to illustrate both transcriptomic and epigenetic heterogeneity within individual cell lines. Our data reveal that transcriptomic heterogeneity is frequently observed in cancer cell lines of different tissue origins, often driven by multiple common transcriptional programs. Copy number variation, as well as epigenetic variation and extrachromosomal DNA distribution all contribute to the detected intra-cell-line heterogeneity. Using hypoxia treatment as an example, we demonstrate that transcriptomic heterogeneity could be reshaped by environmental stress. Overall, our study performs single-cell multi-omics of commonly used human cancer cell lines and offers mechanistic insights into the intra-cell-line heterogeneity and its dynamics, which would serve as an important resource for future cancer cell line-based studies.