bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Timing of erythropoietin modified mesenchymal stromal cell transplantation for the treatment of experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Zhang Zhaohua , Sun Chao , Wang Jue , Jiang Wen , Xin Qian , Luan Yun
Published: August 2018

The aim of this study is to optimize the timing of erythropoietin gene modified mesenchymal stem cells (EPO‐MSCs) transplantation for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Three weeks post‐operation, the results indicated that the damage of airway structure and apoptosis were significantly decreased, the proliferation was increased in three EPO‐MSCs transplantation groups as compared with BPD mice. Moreover, the inflammation cytokines were improvement in early EPO‐MSCs injection mice than in BPD mice, but there was no significant difference between late injection and BPD groups. Furthermore, the protein expression ratio of p‐p38/p38MAPK was down‐regulation in early mice but not in late transplantation mice. Our findings suggest that EPO‐MSCs maybe attenuate BPD injury in early than in late administration by inhibiting inflammation response through down‐regulation of the p38MAPK signalling pathway.
Helicobacter pylori‐induced exosomal MET educates tumour‐associated macrophages to promote gastric cancer progression
Authors: Che Ying , Geng Biao , Xu Yue , Miao Xin , Chen Ling , Mu Xianmin , Pan Jinshun , Zhang Chen , Zhao Ting , Wang Chao , Li Xiang , Wen Hao , Liu Zheng , You Qiang
Published: August 2018

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection triggers chronic inflammation that has been associated with gastric cancer (GC). Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that have become the key mediators of intercellular communication. In this study, we investigated exosome‐mediated communication between H. pylori‐infected GC cells and macrophages, focusing on the transfer of activated mesenchymal‐epithelial transition factor (MET). We observed a significant decrease in MET protein expression in GC cells after infection with H. pylori, whereas MET mRNA levels remained unchanged. Intriguingly, MET expression, specifically the phosphorylated active form, was increased in exosomes released from H. pylori‐infected GC cells. Confocal microscopy and Western blotting analyses showed that these exosomes containing MET were delivered to and internalized by macrophages. Indeed, in human GC tissues positive for H. pylori, we also observed that activated MET was highly expressed in tumour‐infiltrating macrophages. After internalization, exosomal MET then appeared to educate the macrophages towards a pro‐tumorigenesis phenotype. This included exosomal MET‐mediated stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine secretion IL‐1β, which subsequently promoted tumour growth and progression in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these data were the first to demonstrate H. pylori infection‐induced upregulation of activated MET in exosomes and the pro‐tumorigenic effect on tumour‐associated macrophages.
Diffusion of water and caffeine in coffee beans using the hemispherical geometry approach
Authors: Huamaní‐Meléndez Víctor J. , Darros‐Barbosa Roger
Published: August 2018

Geometrical, morphological, and shape factors are crucial for the accurate prediction of mass transfer rate of caffeine and water in the extraction of caffeine in aqueous medium from coffee beans. A new expression for the sphericity was deduced considering the hydrated coffee bean as a triaxial semilipsoid with moving boundaries applied to a nonsteady state analytical solution to describe the diffusion phenomena for the hemispherical geometry to best represent the morphology of the coffee bean during the caffeine extraction at varying temperatures from 30 to 60 °C. The sphericity increases with moisture in a power law trend. The hemisphere mathematical model presented an excellent adjustment to the data, with diffusion coefficients between 1.03 ×·10−11 and 9.00 ×·10−10 m2/s for caffeine and 0.69 ×·10−10 and 2.03 ×·10−10 m2/s for water; strongly influenced by temperature with activation energy of 59.93 and 41.24 kJ/mol, respectively, for caffeine and water.

Practical applications

The decaffeination of coffee beans satisfies an important segment of the coffee market. Currently, many industries use the decaffeination technology based on organic solvents; others extract caffeine in aqueous medium and on a smaller scale the supercritical fluid extraction process. The present research provides important properties and a mathematical model to better represent the mass transfer phenomena, with the associated diffusion coefficients, along with a suitable expression for the size and shape of the coffee beans changing with the process, which can be used for the proper and accurate design and control of the extraction process. The proposed model used the hemispherical geometry approach with a reduced number of variables (e.g., only one equivalent radius), unlike other approaches that need three dimensions to represent the coffee bean size and the associated shape factor, which makes it time consuming, requiring more complex calculations, and not necessarily more accurate.
A novel kimchi container with an atmosphere actively controlled by time‐programmed vacuumizing and CO2 flushing
Authors: Lee Hye Lim , Park Su Yeon , An Duck Soon , Lee Dong Sun
Published: August 2018

A kimchi (a Korean lactic acid fermented vegetable) storage container system to actively maintain an internal high CO2 concentration by time‐controlled CO2 flushing was developed and tested to improve the preservation quality and consumer preferences of the product. The proof‐of‐concept was constructed initially with a 2 L glass jar storage at 5 °C and then with a trial storage of prototype 10 L stainless steel container at 5 and 10 °C. The container filled with kimchi underwent an initial four cycles of vacuumizing and CO2 flushing and then timed CO2 flushes in the later storage. The same procedure was used when the container was opened and closed for the partial removal of kimchi during subsequent storage. The developed container system was effective at granting better sensory carbonic flavor of ripened kimchi and inhibiting the growth of spoilage yeasts with the extended storage compared to a simple hermetically closed container (control).

Practical applications

In these days, household refrigerators are equipped with CO2 cylinder to make carbonated water on site. Food container system connected to the CO2 cylinder can also be used to preserve a variety of food products widening application boundary of the home appliances in people's food life. Container system developed in this study for kimchi, a popular Korean fermented vegetable can be used in specialty refrigerators of high end to enhance the consumer preference and extend its storage life. Benefits are cool carbonic flavor and long product preservation without yeast spoilage.
Effects of high hydrostatic pressure, dense phase carbon dioxide, and thermal processing on the quality of Hami melon juice
Authors: Pei Longying , Hou Sihan , Wang Linlin , Chen Jiluan
Published: August 2018

This article investigates how high hydrostatic pressure (HHP; 400 MPa, 45 °C, 10 min), dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD; 30 MPa, 65 °C, 15 min), and thermal processing (TP; 85 °C, 10 min) affect the quality of Hami melon juice in storage. After HHP treatment, the total plate counts, yeasts, and molds were undetectable during storage (28 days) while microorganisms were observed at 14 and 21 days in DPCD‐ and TP‐treated samples, respectively. It seems that the total soluble solids (TSS) and the color parameters, that is, a*, b*, and L* were less affected by different processing methods. However, the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) remarkably decreased after TP, whereas residual activities of these three enzymes (>70%) were detected after HHP treatment. The glucose and fructose of Hami melon juice remained at the same level after HHP treatment, while sucrose decreased in HHP‐treated juice. Additionally, the reduction of organic acids after HHP treatment was less than that after TP. In general, the overall quality of Hami melon juice after HHP treatment was much better than that of the TP‐ and DPCD‐treated juice, suggesting that HHP treatment could be an optimal way to maintain the quality of Hami melon juice.

Practical application

From this work, the effects of three different treatments (HHP, DPCD, TP) on the microorganisms, enzyme activities, sugars, organic acids and sensory quality of Hami melon juice was studied, and HHP showed the great potential. Thus, it can be optional new techniques for the industrial production of Hami melon juice.
Effects of Thymus daenensis and Satureja hortensis L. essential oils on quality properties of Iranian Doogh
Authors: Sasanian Negar , Sari Abbas A. , Mortazavian Amir M.
Published: August 2018

Antifungal activity of Thymus daenensis and Satureja hortensis essential oils (EOs) (0, 50, 100, and 150 ppm) were evaluated against Aspergillus fumigatus in vitro and in the Food model system (un‐heat and heat‐treated Doogh) during 21 days. In vitro results showed that minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of T. daenensis and S. hortensis oils were 6.25 and 12.5%, respectively. In un‐heat treated samples, both EOs showed a significant inhibitory effects rather than the control group at 25 °C than 4 °C. Treatments containing 100 and 150 ppm of T. daenensis EO on the 21st day and treatment containing 50 ppm of S. hortensis EO on the 15th day had maximum inhibitory effect. No growth was observed in the heat‐treated samples and control group. The findings revealed that both EOs had noticeable antifungal activity and can be considered as a natural preservative in the food industry.

Practical applications

Doogh is a traditional Iranian dairy‐based drink which is the same as other dairy fermented products prone to fungal contamination. As a result, application of chemical and synthetic preservatives is common to control microbial growth and increase the shelf life. But, due to their harmful side effects, much research has been being conducted to find a suitable substitute like plant EOs, as natural preservatives in the food industry. This study assessed the antifungal activity of T. daenensis and S. hortensis EOs and their potential applications in food model system.
Higgler Tactics: Techniques of Intermediary Market Traders in Jamaica
Authors: Tantam William
Published: August 2018

Basado en trabajo de campo en Black River, un pueblo rural en Jamaica, este artículo amplifica y actualiza trabajos anteriores sobre higglers (puesteras o vendedoras ambulantes en mercados callejeros) en el Caribe a través de material etnográfico contemporáneo y del análisis detallado de las técnicas de vendedoras intermediarias individuales, y de sus espacios más próximos dentro del mercado. Se sostiene que las tácticas de las vendedoras intermediarias demuestran tanto continuidad con las prácticas que ellas emplearon durante y después del período de la esclavitud de la plantación, como respuestas dinámicas a la precariedad contemporánea de sus subsistencias. En su papel, se demuestra tanto la competencia como la cooperación para asegurar su viabilidad económica en medio de una situación económica precaria. También se presta atención a las técnicas individuales a través de las cuales las vendedoras intermediarias maximizan sus escasas oportunidades.
Arrested Development: Theory and Evidence of Supply‐Side Speculation in the Housing Market
Authors: NATHANSON CHARLES G. , ZWICK ERIC
Published: August 2018

This paper studies the role of disagreement in amplifying housing cycles. Speculation is easier in the land market than in the housing market due to frictions that make renting less efficient than owner‐occupancy. As a result, undeveloped land facilitates construction and intensifies the speculation that causes booms and busts in house prices. This observation challenges the standard intuition that in cities where construction is easier, house price booms are smaller. It can also explain why the largest house price booms in the United States between 2000 and 2006 occurred in areas with elastic housing supply.
Community pharmacist's knowledge, attitude, roles and practices towards patient-centred care in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Rasheed Muhammad Kamran , Hasan Syed Shahzad , Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din
Published: August 2018

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate published original studies in Saudi Arabia about knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in providing patient-centred care services.

Methods

Systematic searching of original studies published between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017 using electronic databases: PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, TRiP database, Springer Link and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they outlined community pharmacist's knowledge, role, attitude and professional practice behaviours towards patient-centred care provided by pharmacists alone or in collaboration with other healthcare professional (s). The studies were identified, and data were extracted independently by two reviewers. The modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of each study.

Key findings

Twenty-four original studies conducted in Saudi Arabia were included. Majority of studies were questionnaire-based surveys (62.5%). One quarter of the studies investigated knowledge, roles and attitude of community pharmacists about irrational dispensing and prescribing of antibiotics and prescription only medicines. Included studies highlighted numerous gaps in knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia in providing efficient patient-centred care services. Lack of knowledge and time, absence of pharmacy information database, deficiency of continued professional development training, unavailability of adverse drug reaction reporting forms and professional and cultural issues were some of the barriers in providing patient-centred care.

Conclusions

The studies showed that although community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia do provide medicine counselling and other patient-centred care services; however, these services need substantial improvement. This review may be useful for policy makers, regulators, pharmacy educators and researchers in understanding the work being performed in the community pharmacy setting in Saudi Arabia.
Forecasting the amount and cost of medicine to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nepal using knowledge on medicine usage from a developed country
Authors: Khanal Saval , Veerman Lennert , Nissen Lisa , Hollingworth Samantha
Published: August 2018

Objectives

This research was aimed to forecast the amount and cost of medicines required to treat people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Nepal over 30 years.

Methods

We modelled the financial burden of T2DM medicines by estimating the cost of medicines to treat all cases of T2DM in Nepal over three decades based on the prevalence of T2DM in Nepal, the Nepalese costs of medicine and the T2DM medicine use profile of Australia.

Key findings

With the current T2DM prevalence trend, it would cost US$63–95 million in 2013 to purchase T2DM medicines for Nepal, if Nepalese receive the same mix of T2DM medicines as used in Australia. This cost is almost one-quarter of the total health budget of Nepal (US$308 million). The cost of medicines to treat T2DM is projected to triple between 2013 and 2043.

Conclusions

With the medicines for only T2DM projected to cost about 25% of the entire health budget, the planned health insurance seems unaffordable if patients are treated with the same medicines as those in one of the best healthcare systems in the world. The government needs to stimulate rational prescribing and secure additional funding through taxation, health insurance or health levy to provide such medicines and services.
The Age of Neuroergonomics: Towards Ubiquitous and Continuous Measurement of Brain Function with fNIRS
Authors: Curtin Adrian , Ayaz Hasan
Published: August 2018

Neuroergonomics is an emerging field that investigates the human brain in relation to behavioral performance in natural environments and everyday settings. Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a noninvasive brain‐monitoring technology that relies on optical techniques to detect changes of cortical hemodynamic responses to human perceptual, cognitive, and motor functioning, is an ideal candidate tool. Ultraportable wearable and wireless fNIRS sensors are already breaking the limitations of traditional neuroimaging approaches that have imposed limitations on experimental protocols, data‐collection settings, and task conditions at the expense of ecological validity. This review summarizes emerging trends for fNIRS applications, from aerospace to medicine, with diverse populations and towards clinical solutions. We will review recent studies, such as mental workload assessment of specialized operators performing standardized and complex cognitive tasks and development of expertise during practice of complex cognitive and visuomotor tasks (ranging from aircraft piloting and robot control). Various recent synergistic fNIRS applications for human–human and human–machine interaction, including synthetic speech perception, interpersonal neural synchronization, and brain computer interfaces, highlight the potential use and are ushering the dawn of a new age in applied neuroscience and neuroengineering.
Technology Transfer in a Stackelberg Structure: Licensing Contracts and Welfare – Corrigendum
Authors: Cao Jiyun , Kabiraj Tarun
Published: August 2018

This corrigendum seeks to correct the mistake in Kabiraj (2005, The Manchester School) in calculation of the optimal royalty rate when leader is the patent holder. This calls for modifying some results.
Effects of Aquatic Motor Intervention on Verbal Working Memory and Brain Activity—A Pilot Study
Authors: Nissim Michal , Ram‐Tsur Ronit , Glicksohn Joseph , Zion Michal , Mevarech Zemira , Harpaz Yuval , Dotan Ben‐Soussan Tal
Published: August 2018

Aquatic motor activity (AMA) has been reported to affect motor and cognitive abilities. However, the neural mechanisms that may mediate this relationship have never been explored. The traditional functions of the cerebellum include involvement in coordination and balance. Recent studies have shown cerebellar activity during verbal working memory (VWM) tasks.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of AMA on VWM and changes in cerebellar activity. Twenty‐four subjects were allocated to 1 month of AMA, on‐land motor activity or nonmotor activity intervention. We examined the effects of intervention on VWM ability using the digit span task. Using magnetoencephalography, we measured changes in alpha power.

Our results demonstrate that the AMA significantly improved VWM. Moreover, improved VWM was positively correlated with increased right cerebellar alpha power.

These results support previous studies regarding the cerebellar region's role in VWM, and demonstrate that VWM can be improved by AMA.
Research strategy for health sciences: Facebook friend request is non‐differentially accepted in a diverse, young adult population
Authors: Adrian Molly , Moreno Megan , Nicodimos Semret , McCauley Elizabeth , Vander Stoep Ann
Published: August 2018

Social media is being used for recruitment and the study of health‐care choices and behavior, and could be particularly helpful to reach young adult populations outside of a 4 year college setting. The aim of this study was to report on overall success of recruiting young adults in diverse settings with respect to education and employment into a study using Facebook (FB). Young adults (n = 380, 50% male, 44% white) who had been involved in a longitudinal research project received a friend request from the research study group's profile. Acceptance rates of friend requests and sociodemographic and mental health factors associated with acceptance were evaluated. Approximately 67% of 318 participants who received a friend request accepted the request. Sociodemographic and mental health characteristics were similar between those who did and did not accept friend requests, suggesting non‐differential recruitment through FB. Friending through FB is a feasible way to reach young adults involved in health and behavioral research, and could be a way to expand the populations that are studied in health science research to maximize generalizability of the conclusions drawn.
Four Es of caring in contemporary nursing: Exploring novice to experienced nurses
Authors: Tang Fiona Wing Ki , Ling Gigi Cheuk Chi , Lai Adela Shuet Fun , Chair Sek Ying , So Winnie Kwok Wei
Published: August 2018

Caring seems to be undervalued in the technologically‐advanced and fast‐paced clinical environment. To improve nursing practice, it is important to understand the meanings of caring to nurses. The aim of the present study was to explore nurses' perspectives of caring in the contemporary clinical environment. A focus group exploration was employed. Multiple perspectives were elicited from 80 nurses with different backgrounds: nursing students, nurse educators, registered nurses, advanced clinical nurses, and nurse executives. The qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Nurses' understanding of caring could be described using four Es: engaging in reciprocal relationships, embracing the essence of caring, engendering instances of caring, and embodying caring in practice. Participants described nurses as having the dual roles of caregiver and care recipient. The centrality of caring in nursing and the necessity of caring for caregivers were emphasized. The nurses also described various caring behaviors in daily practice. The present study revealed that nurses need empowerment to sustain their compassion. The findings provide new insights, which indicate that the revitalization of nurses' passion for caring in the contemporary clinical environment should begin with caring for caregivers.
Stress‐induced secondary leaves of a boreal deciduous shrub (Vaccinium myrtillus) overwinter then regain activity the following growing season
Authors: Bjerke Jarle W. , Wierzbinski Grzegorz , Tømmervik Hans , Phoenix Gareth K. , Bokhorst Stef
Published: August 2018

The ericoid shrub Vaccinium myrtillus is one of several deciduous boreal plants that respond to larval defoliation by compensatory production of a new set of leaves within the same growing season soon after defoliation. This new set is termed as ‘secondary leaves’. The physiological performance and longevity of secondary leaves is poorly understood. Following a multi‐year larval outbreak in boreal Norway, we therefore monitored the fate of the secondary leaves from 2014 to 2016. We observed that secondary leaves were still green upon onset of snow season and that the same leaves were still attached and green when snow melted in spring. During the early growing season of 2015, the overwintering leaves were consumed by moth larvae, but the secondary leaves produced in mid‐July 2015 overwintered and were not consumed by larvae the next growing season. Our monitoring shows that most of these leaves remained attached until late August, while the contents of chlorophyll and nitrogen remained high until July. The flavonoid (anthocyanin) content of overwintering leaves increased shortly after snowmelt, and this coincided with a short‐lasting colour change from green to violet‐bronze. This was probably a protective response to the abrupt increase in solar radiation. Overall, secondary, overwintering leaves were free of snow and physiologically active for ca 6.5 months, which is 2–3 months more than the longevity of primary leaves in the study area. We conclude that wintergreen leaves probably rendered an important carbon sequestration contribution in the critical first phase of the growing season until new side branches with new leaves were developed. Hence, the novel results reported here on the facultative wintergreen growth habit of V. myrtillus appears to be a successful strategy.
Carnap's Noncognitivism about Ontology
Authors: Flocke Vera
Published: August 2018

Do numbers exist? Carnap (1956 [1950]) famously argues that this question can be understood in an “internal” and in an “external” sense, and calls “external” questions “non‐cognitive”. Carnap also says that external questions are raised “only by philosophers” (p. 207), which means that, in his view, philosophers raise ”non‐cognitive” questions. However, it is not clear how the internal/external distinction and Carnap's related views about philosophy should be understood. This paper provides a new interpretation. I draw attention to Carnap's distinction betweenpurelyexternal statements, which are independent from all frameworks, andpragmaticexternal statements, which concern which framework one should adopt, and argue that the latter express noncognitive mental states. Specifically, I argue that “frameworks” are systems of rules for the assessment of statements, which are utterances of ordinary language sentences. Pragmatic external statements express noncognitive dispositions to follow only certain rules of assessment. For instance, “numbers exist” understood as a pragmatic external statement expresses a noncognitive disposition to use only rules of assessment according to which numbers do exist. Carnap can thereby be understood as proposing a distinctive form of noncognitivism about ontology that is in some respects analogous to norm‐expressivism in metaethics.
Surgical and Clinical Results of Minimally Invasive Spinal Fusion Surgery in an Unselected Patient Cohort of a Spinal Care Unit
Authors: Senker Wolfgang , Gruber Andreas , Gmeiner Matthias , Stefanits Harald , Sander Kirsten , Rössler Philipp , Pflugmacher Robert
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To review the surgical results and to identify possible parameters influencing the clinical outcomes in an unselected patient collective undergoing minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion in a spinal care unit.

Methods

A total of 229 adult patients who underwent minimally invasive lumbar spinal fusion between 2008 and 2016 were included in this retrospective analysis. Lumbar fusion was performed using transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF) devices and posterolateral fusion. To eliminate confounding parameters, in all patients interbody fusion was indicated by lumbar degenerative pathologies, and surgery was performed using the same fusion device. Treatment efficacy was evaluated using scores describing pain (visual analogue scale [VAS]) and health impairment (EQ‐5D, Oswestry Disability Index [ODI]). The influence of patient age, obesity, active smoking status, and co‐morbidities on clinical outcome and perioperative complications was analyzed.

Results

The patient population reviewed had improved VAS (P(leg pain) ≤ 0.0001, P(back pain) ≤ 0.0001), ODI (P ≤ 0.0001), EQ‐VAS (P ≤ 0.0001), and EQ‐5D subscales “mobility”, “self‐care”, “pain”, and “anxiety” (P(mobility) ≤ 0.0001, P(self‐care) = 0.41, P(pain) ≤ 0.0001, P(anxiety) = 0.011) postoperatively. Neither advanced patient age, nor increased body mass index (BMI), hypertension, or active smoking status had a significantly limiting influence on the success of minimally invasive spinal surgeries (MIS). Duration of surgery strongly correlated with the number of spinal levels treated and with intraoperative blood loss (r = 0.774, P ≤ 0.0001, n = 208). Weak positive correlations were found between patient age and duration of surgery (r = 0.184, P = 0.005, n = 229), intraoperative blood loss (r = 0.165, P = 0.012, n = 229), and duration of hospitalization (r = 0.270, P ≤ 0.0001, n = 228), respectively. When compared to non‐smokers, smokers were younger (P ≤ 0.0001), and had a significantly lower BMI (P = 0.001), shorter durations of surgery (P ≤ 0.0001), decreased intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.022), and shorter hospital stays (P = 0.006), respectively. Complications occurred in 17 patients (7%) and were not affected by patient age, BMI, hypertension, or active smoking status.

Conclusion

Minimally invasive spinal surgery is a safe and effective treatment option and may be superior to open surgery in subpopulations with significant co‐morbidities and risk factors, such as elderly and obese patients as well as patients with an active smoking status.
Lateral Subcutaneous Locking Compression Plate and Small Incision Reduction for Distal‐third Diaphyseal Humerus Fractures
Authors: Chang Hong , Yao Zi‐Long , Hou Yi‐Long , Cao Yang , Guo Xin‐Hui , Li Guan‐Jun , Yu Bin
Published: August 2018

Objective

Iatrogenic radial nerve injury is a great challenge for orthopaedic surgeons who deal with distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures. Conventional open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) remains the gold standard, but complications such as nonunion and iatrogenic radial nerve injury still occur. We fixed the fractures with a lateral locking compression plate (LCP) subcutaneously after small incision reduction to protect the radial nerve. This study reports the clinical and radiographic outcomes of our modified method.

Methods

Thirty‐eight patients with distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures were treated with lateral subcutaneous LCP and small incision reduction at our department between September 2013 and August 2016. There were 33 males and 5 females, with an average age of 30.3 years (range, 17 to 49 years). All the cases were types A or B (AO/OTA classification, type A, 24 cases; type B, 14 cases). Among them, 6 cases were combined with preoperative radial nerve palsy. All patients were diagnosed with closed humeral fractures after X‐ray examination, and had typical upper limb pain, swelling, and movement disorders. The operations were performed by a single surgeons’ team. Union time, range of motion (ROM), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, and Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI) scores were assessed to evaluate the postoperative results.

Results

All patients were followed up for an average of 11.4 months (range, 3 to 36 months). The average operation time was 75.5 min (range, 60 to 150 min) and average intraoperative radiation exposure was 10.5 s (range, 8 to 18 s). Bony union was achieved in all cases after an average of 16.2 weeks (range, 12 to 25 weeks). No complications such as infection or screw and plate fracture occurred, and no iatrogenic radial nerve injury was observed. According to the UCLA shoulder rating scale, the average score was 33.7 (range, 31 to 35), with 33 excellent (86.8%) and 5 good cases (13.2%). They were all excellent according to their MEPI scores (ranging, 94 to 100, with an average of 97.4). The average operation time for secondary removal of the plate was 15.2 min (range, 10 to 20 min), and no complications such as infection or secondary radial nerve injury occurred.

Conclusions

Lateral subcutaneous LCP and small incision reduction may reduce the risk of iatrogenic radial nerve injury significantly in the treatment of distal‐third diaphyseal humerus fractures. It also leads to solid fixation, good postoperative function, and convenient removal of the plate without injuring the radial nerve.
The Rapoport effect and the climatic variability hypothesis in Early Jurassic ammonites
Authors: Zacaï Axelle , Brayard Arnaud , Laffont Rémi , Dommergues Jean‐Louis , Meister Christian , Fara Emmanuel
Published: August 2018

The increase in species range size towards high latitudes, known as Rapoport's rule, remains one of the most debated and poorly understood macroecological patterns. Numerous studies have challenged both its universality and the main mechanism originally proposed to explain it: the climatic variability hypothesis. Here, we study this pattern using a group of fossil marine organisms: the early Pliensbachian ammonites of the western Tethys. We further take into account the influence of the marked provincialism prevailing at that time, with a Mediterranean province (MED) and a north‐west European province (NWE) located on each side of a latitudinally oriented palaeobiogeographical barrier. We find that only species from theNWEprovince display a Rapoport effect, whereas species from the more tropicalMEDprovince show a boundary effect and have larger range sizes on average. This dual pattern can be explained by an alternative climatic variability hypothesis that better captures latitudinal seasonal variations and outlines the influence of the intertropical zone, characterized by stable and homogeneous climate that allows species to disperse over very large areas, regardless of their thermal tolerance. Accordingly, theNWEprovince probably displayed a gradient of seasonal climatic variations which caused the emergence of a Rapoport effect, whereas theMEDprovince was probably located in the intertropical zone where no gradient in species range size is expected. Our multiscale approach further shows that the Rapoport effect is scale‐dependent and may be labile through time. This probably explains the conflicting results of previous studies carried out at various spatiotemporal scales.
The tumor suppressor BAP1 cooperates with BRAFV600E to promote tumor formation in cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Webster Joshua D. , Pham Trang H. , Wu Xiumin , Hughes Nicolas W. , Li Zhongwu , Totpal Klara , Lee Ho‐June , Calses Philamer C. , Chaurushiya Mira S. , Stawiski Eric W. , Modrusan Zora , Chang Matthew T. , Tran Christopher , Lee Wyne P. , Chalasani Sreedevi , Hung Jeffrey , Sharma Neeraj , Chan Sara , Hotzel Kathy , Talevich Eric , Shain Alan , Xu Mengshu , Lill Jennie , Dixit Vishva M. , Bastian Boris C. , Dey Anwesha
Published: August 2018

The deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is mutated in a hereditary cancer syndrome with a high risk of mesothelioma and melanocytic tumors. Here, we show that Bap1 deletion in melanocytes cooperates with the constitutively active, oncogenic form of BRAF (BRAFV600E) and UV to cause melanoma in mice, albeit at very low frequency. In addition, Bap1‐null melanoma cells derived from mouse tumors are more aggressive and colonize and grow at distant sites more than their wild‐type counterparts. Molecularly, Bap1‐null melanoma cell lines have increased DNA damage measured by γH2aX and hyperubiquitination of histone H2a. Therapeutically, these Bap1‐null tumors are completely responsive to BRAF‐ and MEK‐targeted therapies. Therefore, BAP1 functions as a tumor suppressor and limits tumor progression in melanoma.
Aging in Asia: Introduction to Symposium
Authors: Horioka Charles Yuji , Morgan Peter J. , Niimi Yoko , Wan Guanghua
Published: August 2018

Population aging (an increase in the share of the elderly in total population) is occurring in many, if not most, countries in the world, including those in Asia. Both economists and policymakers warn that population aging can have many deleterious effects on a country's economy including a decline in its saving rate, the emergence of a labor shortage, a deterioration in government finances owing to increased spending on old‐age related programs, and reduced innovation and productivity growth. It is therefore imperative for countries to prepare themselves for the advent of an aged society. The emerging and developing countries in Asia are no exception, with the region generally lacking adequate systems in such areas as long‐term care, public pensions, and health insurance. Against this background, an international workshop on “Aging in Asia” was held in Kitakyushu City, Japan, on November 15 to 16, 2016. The workshop was jointly sponsored by the Asian Development Bank Institute and the Asian Growth Research Institute and was organized by Charles Yuji Horioka, Peter J. Morgan, Yoko Niimi, and Guanghua Wan. This special issue of the Review includes nine papers presented at this workshop plus one paper that was not presented there but was written by one of the workshop participants. All of these papers underwent the usual rigorous refereeing process of this Review.
Political ecology of tiger conservation in India: Adverse effects of banning customary practices in a protected area
Authors: Rai Nitin D. , Benjaminsen Tor A. , Krishnan Siddhartha , Madegowda C.
Published: August 2018

Protected areas have had significant impacts on local communities primarily through the physical removal of people. In some instances, people continue to live within protected areas due to the inability of the state to evict them. The restrictions on livelihoods placed on people living inside protected areas lead to in situ displacement. We show how conservation enclosures in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve have produced a class of people that the state ‘lets die’ by banning customary practices such as fire use, hunting and harvesting of forest produce. Using longitudinal ethnographic, socio‐economic and ecological data, we demonstrate that conservation policy has alienated indigenous forest dwellers from their agricultural and forest‐land. The outcomes of conservation policy include dispossession through increased crop losses, reduced income from agriculture and forest produce, as well as a forest that is dominated by weeds due to fire suppression. The ban on hunting in particular has increased wildlife densities, which has enabled the state to accumulate revenues through the establishment of wildlife tourism facilities. All in all, centralized protected area governance has changed the relationships among people, forest and the state in a way that has produced adverse effects for both livelihoods and the ecosystem.
I Want You to Want Me: Interpersonal Stress and Affective Experiences as Within‐Person Predictors of Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury and Suicide Urges in Daily Life
Authors: Victor Sarah E. , Scott Lori N. , Stepp Stephanie D. , Goldstein Tina R.
Published: August 2018

Objective

To investigate near‐term risk for self‐injurious urges, we evaluated how within‐person changes in internalizing and externalizing negative affect, as well as interpersonal rejection and criticism, impact subsequent nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and suicide urges in daily life.

Method

Young adult women (N = 62) from an ongoing community cohort study with past‐year self‐injurious thoughts completed a 21‐day ecological momentary assessment protocol. We used multilevel path analyses to model within‐person effects of negative affect and interpersonal stress on subsequent suicide and NSSI urges within several hours.

Results

When modeled simultaneously, within‐person changes in internalizing, but not externalizing, negative affect predicted later self‐injurious urges. Rejection and criticism predicted later self‐injurious urges, with rejection showing a unique relationship to NSSI urges specifically. Effects of rejection and criticism on later NSSI and suicide urges were mediated by internalizing negative affect; rejection also retained a significant direct effect on NSSI urges.

Conclusion

Interpersonal stressors may be potent near‐term risk factors for self‐injurious urges by increasing internalizing negative affect among vulnerable individuals. The direct role of rejection and criticism on self‐injurious urges is less clear, particularly for suicide. These findings have implications for understanding processes underlying self‐injurious urges, as well as designing real‐time interventions for these experiences in daily life.
Child‐centered social policies in Argentina: Expansion, segmentation, and social stratification
Authors: Arza Camila
Published: August 2018

Over the last two decades or so, social policy has expanded in many Latin American countries. In Argentina, public social expenditures increased, and new social programs were implemented to extend access to previously excluded populations. These developments also involved three child‐centered social policies: child benefits in cash, maternal and infant health care, and early child education and care. Looking at key institutional features of new programs and policies, and using data on the distribution of children's access to benefits across socio‐economic strata, this article evaluates the progress and limits of recent social policy developments to reduce segmentation and social stratification in child‐centered social policies and promote egalitarian social investment for all children.
Interplay between urban communities and human‐crowd mobility: A study using contributed geospatial data sources
Authors: Forghani Mohammad , Karimipour Farid
Published: August 2018

An intense process of urbanization, witnessed particularly in the last decade, has stressed the need to comprehend human mobility behavior in urban settings. Although the emergence of contributed geospatial data (i.e., pervasive activity‐based data) has contributed to substantial progress toward understanding human activity, the relationship between human‐crowd mobility and the functional structure of a city is not yet well understood. In this context, the present research focuses on the intra‐urban origin–destination matrix modeling founded on a combination of two major crowdsourced datasets as well as the inclusion of urban communities’ structure. Specifically, the well‐known “radiation” and “PWO” models were modified through first, identifying the communities embedded in the cyberspace network then employing the identified hierarchical structure of the spatial‐interaction network for the formulation of the users’ movement network and second, imposing proper input variables including the telecommunication activity volume and check‐in frequency. The results obtained by various empirical analyses suggest that the modified community‐constrained origin–destination flow estimation models exhibit better performance levels than those of alternative conventional mobility models.
Analytical quality goals—a review
Authors: Flatland Bente , Camus Melinda S. , Baral Randolph M.
Published: August 2018

Analytical quality goals indicate how laboratory tests must perform to be clinically useful for their intended purpose. These goals have historically focused on analytical error assessment for quantitative methods and vary with measurand concentration or activity, and species. Although formalized quality goal models have been developed in human medicine, quality goals in veterinary medicine, to date, have not been formalized; use of human regulatory‐based goals, consensus‐based goals, or biologic variation‐based goals have been reported most often. This review provides an overview of how quality goals are derived, how these may be used, and highlights challenges. Pending formal recommendations, individual veterinary laboratories should select quality goals that make the most sense clinically, logistically, and financially based on their individual needs and the needs of the clients that they serve.
Horses with solar foot penetration, deep digital flexor tendon injury, and absence of concurrent synovial sepsis can have a positive outcome
Authors: Schiavo Stefano , Cillán‐García Eugenio , Elce Yvonne , Liuti Tiziana , Taylor Sarah E.
Published: August 2018

Solar foot penetration is one of the causes of deep digital flexor tendon injuries in horses, however, limited information is available on the prognosis for return to soundness in the absence of synovial sepsis. Objectives of this retrospective observational study were to describe low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and long‐term outcome for a group of horses with this combination of clinical problems. Horses were included if low‐field standing MRI of the foot was performed following puncture wounds, injury of the deep digital flexor tendon was diagnosed, and sepsis was confirmed to be absent in all adjacent synovial structures (distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bursa, and digital flexor tendon sheath). Medical records were reviewed and MRI studies were re‐interpreted. Follow‐up information was obtained via a telephone questionnaire at a minimum of 6 months post‐injury. A total of 11 horses met inclusion criteria. In three horses, the deep digital flexor tendon injury was only visible in the T2 fast spin echo sequence and contrast radiography improved diagnostic certainty. The most commonly affected area was between the distal border of the distal sesamoid bone and the facies flexoria of the distal phalanx (6/11, 55%). Six horses (60%) had an excellent outcome (5, show jumping; 1, general purpose) and returned to full athletic function. Five horses (40%) were sound but had not yet resumed full work at the time of follow‐up. Findings indicated that the prognosis for return to soundness can be good for horses with solar penetration, deep digital flexor injury, and absence of synovial sepsis.
Dewatering characteristics of sludge conditioned by surfactant with bioleaching pretreatment
Authors: Liu Changgeng , Zhang Xuefeng , Wu Bin , Chen Xiao’e , Xie Sicai
Published: August 2018

In view of the merits of bioleaching and surfactant for sludge treatment, the possibility of surfactant with bioleaching pretreatment applied to improve sludge dewaterability was investigated in this work. The results showed that cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) with bioleaching pretreatment was highly efficient in dewatering sludge. The optimal CTAC dosage and bioleaching pH for this combination were 120 mg/g (dry solids) and 3.55, respectively, under which the water content of filtrated cake was 68.94% and the specific resistance to filtration was 0.12 × 1013 m/kg with a reduction of 94.92%. Although CTAC and bioleaching both had positive effects on sludge dewatering, their combination was more efficient. The significant enhancement of sludge dewaterability was mainly contributed from the breakage and charge neutralization of sludge flocs, and the release of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In addition, the positive correlation between supernatant EPS concentration and sludge dewaterability was observed under experimental conditions.
ON SOCIAL EVIL AND NATURAL EVIL: IN CONVERSATION WITH CHRISTOPHER SOUTHGATE
Authors: Conradie Ernst M.
Published: August 2018

In this contribution, the author engages in a conversation with Christopher Southgate on the relationship between social evil and what is called natural “evil.” Theologically, this centers around an understanding of creation and fall. It is argued that Southgate typically treats soteriology and eschatology as themes pertaining to an evolutionary theodicy, whereas an adequate ecotheology would discuss the problem of natural suffering under the rubric of the narrative of God's economy. The question is then how that story is best told.
GOD, HUMANITY AND THE COSMOS: CHALLENGING A CHALLENGING TEXTBOOK
Authors: Drees Willem B.
Published: August 2018

Christopher Southgate has been the editor of the textbook God, Humanity and the Cosmos. I consider this textbook fair on science and wise in intertwining issues in theology and science with ecology, climate change, and technology. It might also be challenging for students, as it introduces them to a variety of perspectives and a rich palette of literature. I wonder whether such a book, with its strong theological, “cognitive,” orientation will remain relevant in European contexts, given shifts in society away from Christianity and changes in understanding what it is to be religious.
EVOLUTION AND THEODICY: HOW (NOT) TO DO SCIENCE AND THEOLOGY
Authors: Messer Neil
Published: August 2018

This article uses Christopher Southgate's work and engagement with other scholars on the topic of evolutionary theodicy as a case study in the dialogue of science and Christian theology. A typology is outlined of ways in which the voices of science and the Christian tradition may be related in a science–theology dialogue, and examples of each position on the typology are given from the literature on evolution and natural evil. The main focus is on Southgate's evolutionary theodicy and the alternative proposal by Neil Messer. By bringing these two accounts into dialogue, some key methodological issues are brought into focus, enabling some conclusions to be drawn about the range and limits of fruitful methodological possibilities for dialogues between science and Christian theology.