bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiyear Statistical Prediction of ENSO Enhanced by the Tropical Pacific Observing System
Authors: Petrova Desislava , Ballester Joan , Koopman Siem Jan , Rodó Xavier
Published: October 2019

The theoretical predictability limit of El Niño–Southern Oscillation has been shown to be on the order of years, but long-lead predictions of El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) are still lacking. State-of-the-art forecasting schemes traditionally do not predict beyond the spring barrier. Recent efforts have been dedicated to the improvement of dynamical models, while statistical schemes still need to take full advantage of the availability of ocean subsurface variables, provided regularly for the last few decades as a result of the Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere Program (TOGA). Here we use a number of predictor variables, including temperature at different depths and regions of the equatorial ocean, in a flexible statistical dynamic components model to make skillful long-lead retrospective predictions (hindcasts) of the Niño-3.4 index in the period 1970–2016. The model hindcasts the major EN episodes up to 2.5 years in advance, including the recent extreme 2015/16 EN. The analysis demonstrates that events are predicted more accurately after the completion of the observational array in the tropical Pacific in 1994, as a result of the improved data quality and coverage achieved by TOGA. Therefore, there is potential to issue long-lead predictions of this climatic phenomenon at a low computational cost.
The Response of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean to Climate Change
Authors: Alexander Michael A. , Shin Sang-ik , Scott James D. , Curchitser Enrique , Stock Charles
Published: October 2019

ROMS, a high-resolution regional ocean model, was used to study how climate change may affect the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. A control (CTRL) simulation was conducted for the recent past (1976–2005), and simulations with additional forcing at the surface and lateral boundaries, obtained from three different global climate models (GCMs) using the RCP8.5 scenario, were conducted to represent the future (2070–99). The climate change response was obtained from the difference between the CTRL and each of the three future simulations. All three ROMS simulations indicated large increases in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over most of the domain except off the eastern U.S. seaboard resulting from weakening of the Gulf Stream. There are also substantial intermodel differences in the response, including a southward shift of the Gulf Stream in one simulation and a slight northward shift in the other two, with corresponding changes in eddy activity. The depth of maximum warming varied among the three simulations, resulting in differences in the bottom temperature response in coastal regions, including the Gulf of Maine and the West Florida Shelf. The surface salinity decreased in the northern part of the domain and increased in the south in all three experiments, although the freshening extended much farther south in one ROMS simulation relative to the other two, and also relative to the GCM that provided the large-scale forcing. Thus, while high resolution allows for a better representation of currents and bathymetry, the response to climate change can vary considerably depending on the large-scale forcing.
On the Steadiness and Instability of the Intermediate Western Boundary Current between 24° and 18°S
Authors: Napolitano Dante C. , da Silveira Ilson C. A. , Rocha Cesar B. , Flierl Glenn R. , Calil Paulo H. R. , Martins Renato P.
Published: October 2019

The Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC) transports Antarctic Intermediate Water across the Vitória–Trindade Ridge (VTR), a seamount chain at ~20°S off Brazil. Recent studies suggest that the IWBC develops a strong cyclonic recirculation in Tubarão Bight, upstream of the VTR, with weak time dependency. We herein use new quasi-synoptic observations, data from the Argo array, and a regional numerical model to describe the structure and variability of the IWBC and to investigate its dynamics. Both shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data and trajectories of Argo floats confirm the existence of the IWBC recirculation, which is also captured by our Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) simulation. An “intermediate-layer” quasigeostrophic (QG) model indicates that the ROMS time-mean flow is a good proxy for the IWBC steady state, as revealed by largely parallel isolines of streamfunctionand potential vorticity; ascatter diagram also shows that the IWBC is potentially unstable. Further analysis of the ROMS simulation reveals that remotely generated, westward-propagating nonlinear eddies are the main source of variability in the region. These eddies enter the domain through the Tubarão Bight eastern edge and strongly interact with the IWBC. As they are advected downstream and negotiate the local topography, the eddies grow explosively through horizontal shear production.
Cultural adaptation framework of social interventions in mental health: Evidence-based case studies from low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Fendt-Newlin Meredith , Jagannathan Aarti , Webber Martin
Published: October 2019

Background:

Evidence-based strategies for treating mental health conditions need to be scaled up to address the mental health treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries. Most medical and psychological interventions for the treatment of mental health conditions have been developed and evaluated in high-income countries. However, the imperative of scaling up such interventions potentially ignores local realities, and may also discredit or replace local frameworks for responding to distress.

Aims:

This article aims to develop a framework for the cultural adaptation of social interventions which are developed within, and draw upon, local contexts, to ensure they are acceptable, feasible and effective.

Method:

A case study approach is used to discuss the feasibility of developing and adapting psychosocial interventions which are embedded in local knowledge, values and practices.

Results:

The first case study introduces yoga as an alternative and/or complementary, and culturally relevant, approach for people experiencing mental health conditions in India. The second case study is a cross-cultural adaptation of a psychosocial intervention from the United Kingdom to fit the local idioms of distress and service context in Sierra Leone, as the country battled with the Ebola outbreak. We use these case studies to develop a Cultural Adaptation Framework, which recognises that people and their mental health are products of their culture and society, to inform the future development, adaptation and evaluation of sociocultural interventions for people experiencing mental health conditions in low- and middle-income countries.

Conclusion:

The Cultural Adaptation Framework can be used to ensure interventions are culturally relevant and responsive to local conditions prior to evaluating in experimental studies.
Patients’ informed consent to medical services in Georgia
Authors: Verulava Tengiz , Jorbenadze Revaz , Surguladze Vakhtang
Published: October 2019

Informed consent requires that a patient understands the purpose, benefits and potential risks of a medical or surgical intervention and then agrees to it. It is important not only ethically and legally but for the effectiveness of care. Studies show that, in some cases, patients have no real information on the medical service to be provided so their informed consent is just a formality. This study aims to determine problems arising from a patient’s informed consent. As part of a cross-sectional study, surgical patients were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. 34% of patients (n = 68) did not know what the surgical intervention was; 57% (n = 114) received sufficient information on their diagnosis and methods of treatment; however, 26% (n = 52) agreed with it only partially; 62% (n = 124) of patients knew they needed surgery; 66% (n = 132) were adequately informed on risks and benefits of alternative ways of treatment; 58% (n = 116) were informed of potential risks during surgery. The study demonstrated patients need to be better informed about different treatment options, consequences of treatment refusal. Doctors have to provide information to patients in a manner understandable to them. Medical personnel need to be educated as to what constitutes informed consent and the importance of adhering to such requirements.
A novel functional disperse dye doped with graphene oxide for improving antistatic properties of polyester fabric using one-bath dyeing method
Authors: Fan Lihua , Tan Yongsong , Amesimeku Jeremiah , Yin Yunjie , Wang Chaoxia
Published: October 2019

A novel functional disperse dye doped with graphene oxide for antistatic properties of polyester fabric was achieved, which means that the dyeing and antistatic finishing can be simultaneously obtained by a one-bath method. Functional dyes were used to dye polyester fabric by a high-temperature, high-pressure dyeing method. The surface microscopic morphology of the dyed polyester fabric, and the dispersion properties of the disperse dye, graphene oxide, and the functional disperse dye, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the dyeing temperature on the particle sizes of three dyeing liquors were explored; this revealed that the temperature of the dyeing process had no effect on particle size. The dosage and reduction time of graphene oxide were investigated. The surface electrical resistance of the dyed fabric, 9.8 × 106 Ω, obtained at a condition of 2% (o.m.f) graphene oxide with a reduction time of 30 min, achieved A-grade antistatic standard. Furthermore, the rubbing and washing fastness of the treated fabric were 4- and 4 ∼ 5 grades, respectively. This preparation of the functional disperse dye provides a possibility in one-bath dyeing and antistatic finishing of polyester fabric.
Sustainable ultrasonic dyeing of wool using coconut coir extract
Authors: Adeel Shahid , Kiran Shumaila , Habib Noman , Hassan Atya , Kamal Shagufta , Qayyum M Abdul , Tariq Kinza
Published: October 2019

Due to an increasing awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic dyes among the global community, the demand for natural dyes in the textile sector has increased. The current study has been conducted to explore coconut coir, that is, Cocos nucifera, as a new dye yielding plant for wool dyeing under ultrasonic (US) radiation. Unirradiated and US-irradiated extracts of coconut coir were utilized to dye unirradiated and US-irradiated wool fabrics. To make the process more sustainable, acacia, henna, turmeric and pomegranate extracts as biomordants were used to dye wool fabric at 65℃ for 45 min. It was found that a good color yield was achieved by dyeing US-treated wool with US-treated acidic methanolic extract at 65℃ for 45 min. It is found that biomordanting profoundly added value in coloration and also enhanced the fastness rating of the dyed wool fabrics. It is concluded that US rays have excellent efficacy for exploring the coloring wealth of plants for dyeing of natural fabrics.
Morphometry of the Digastric Ridge and Its Significance for Mastoid Surgeries—A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Irugu David Victor Kumar , Singh Anup , Kumar Rajeev
Published: October 2019

Objective:

Digastric ridge (DR) is an important landmark to locate facial nerve (FN) and sigmoid sinus for mastoid surgeries and transmastoid approaches. We aim to look for the effect of temporal bone pneumatization on the morphometry of the DR and its relation to the adjoining structures.

Methods:

Temporal bones were harvested from unclaimed cadavers after the approval of the ethical committee. The dissection of the temporal bones was performed under a microscope, and the length of the DR and the distance between the mastoid segment of the FN and the anterior end of DR (FN-DR distance) were measured using a digital caliper. Stata version 14.0 was used to perform the statistical calculations.

Results:

Ninety-three temporal bones were microdissected (right:left = 47:46; well pneumatized:poorly pneumatized = 58:35). Mean length of the DR was 17.1 mm and was significantly longer in well-pneumatized bones ( P = .0000). The mean distance between the anterior end of the digastric ridge and the mastoid part of the facial nerve was 4 mm. The distance was significantly more in well-pneumatized bones.

Conclusion:

Prominence and the length of the DR, as well as the FN-DR distance, are significantly more in well-pneumatized bones compared to poorly pneumatized bones. This finding has potential surgical implications with reduced risk of injury to the FN resulting from a conspicuous DR in well-pneumatized bones.
How Ambient Cues Facilitate Political Segregation
Authors: Motyl Matt , Prims J. P. , Iyer Ravi
Published: October 2019

People increasingly self-segregate into politically homogeneous communities. How they do this remains unclear. We propose that people use ambient cues correlated with political values to infer whether they would like to live in those communities. We test this hypothesis in five studies. In Studies 1 ( n = 3,543) and 2 ( n = 5,609), participants rated community cues; liberals and conservatives’ preferences differed. In Studies 3a ( n = 1,643) and 3b ( n = 1,840), participants read about communities with liberal or conservative cues. Even without explicit information about the communities’ politics, participants preferred communities with politically congenial cues. In Study 4 ( n = 282), participants preferred politically congenial communities and wanted to leave politically uncongenial communities. In Study 5 ( n = 370), people selectively navigated their communities in a politically congenial way. These studies suggest that peoples’ perceptions of communities can be shaped by subtle, not necessarily political, cues that may facilitate growing political segregation.
Internalizing symptoms and loneliness: Direct effects of mindfulness and protection against the negative effects of peer victimization and exclusion
Authors: Clear Sarah J. , Zimmer-Gembeck Melanie J. , Duffy Amanda L. , Barber Bonnie L.
Published: October 2019

Drawing from dispositional mindfulness research and stress and coping theories, we tested whether adolescents’ dispositional mindfulness was associated with perceptions of peer victimization and exclusion and internalizing symptoms. We further explored the role of dispositional mindfulness as a protective factor buffering the impact of peer victimization and exclusion (PVE) on internalizing symptoms. Participants were 361 (40% boys) adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years ( M = 14.9, SD = 1.4) who completed a questionnaire to assess dispositional mindfulness, perceptions of PVE, social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and loneliness. As expected, more frequent experience of PVE was associated with reporting more symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Further, adolescents who reported higher dispositional mindfulness also reported fewer symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and loneliness, even after controlling for gender and experiences of PVE. Dispositional mindfulness was not protective against (i.e., did not buffer) the effects of PVE on internalizing symptoms. Instead, we found that PVE had a stronger association with symptoms of social anxiety, depression, and loneliness when mindfulness was high relative to when it was medium or low. Yet, victimization was associated with greater social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and loneliness at all levels of mindfulness.
Hemodynamics of neonatal double lumen cannula malposition
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Rezaeimoghaddam Mohammad , Cakmak Bilgesu , Yildiz Yahya , Rasooli Reza , Pekkan Kerem , Salihoglu Ece
Published: October 2019

Objective:

Malposition of dual lumen cannula is a frequent and challenging complication in neonates and plays a significant role in shaping the in vitro device hemodynamics. This study aims to analyze the effect of the dual lumen cannula malposition on right-atrial hemodynamics in neonatal patients using an experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics model.

Methods:

A computer model was developed for clinically approved dual lumen cannula (13Fr Origen Biomedical, Austin, Texas, USA) oriented inside the atrium of a 3-kg neonate with normal venous return. Atrial hemodynamics and dual lumen cannula malposition were systematically simulated for two rotations (antero-atrial and atrio-septal) and four translations (two intravascular movements along inferior vena cava and two dislodged configurations in the atrium). A multi-domain compartmentalized mesh was prepared to allow the site-specific evaluation of important hemodynamic parameters. Transport of each blood stream, blood damage levels, and recirculation times are quantified and compared to dual lumen cannula in proper position.

Results:

High recirculation levels (39 ± 4%) in malpositioned cases resulted in poor oxygen saturation where maximum recirculation of up to 42% was observed. Apparently, Origen dual lumen cannula showed poor inferior vena cava blood–capturing efficiency (48 ± 8%) but high superior vena cava blood–capturing efficiency (86 ± 10%). Dual lumen cannula malposition resulted in corresponding changes in residence time (1.7 ± 0.5 seconds through the tricuspid). No significant differences in blood damage were observed among the simulated cases compared to normal orientation. Compared to the correct dual lumen cannula position, both rotational and translational displacements of the dual lumen cannula resulted in significant hemodynamic differences.

Conclusion:

Rotational or translational movement of dual lumen cannula is the determining factor for atrial hemodynamics, venous capturing efficiency, blood residence time, and oxygenated blood delivery. Results obtained through computational fluid dynamics methodology can provide valuable foresight in assessing the performance of the dual lumen cannula in patient-specific configurations.
Using Films to Achieve Diversity Goals in Marketing Education
Authors: Chang Dae Ryun
Published: October 2019

Visual communication, especially films, can be an effective way to teach complex topics. The use of films in business schools, however, has been limited even though demand for such content is increasing. This article takes a focused look at how educators can take advantage of films to teach diversity in business. Despite the importance of diversity in business and marketing education, there is not enough written materials such as case studies to teach it. Even when they do exist, written content may not be adequate in communicating the issues involved in diversity because of difficulties related to representing a given diversity group only using text. This article discusses how films can help overcome the limitations of text-only representation of a specific diversity group—intellectually disabled workers. The empirical study shows that film can be more effective than text in eliciting consumer responses such as emotions and a positive attitude to an identified disabled personality as well as to the employer brand. This article also provides practical steps that educators can take in gradually integrating visual materials such as film to their traditional method and contents of instruction when teaching diversity in business.
Practical Nutrition Knowledge Mediates the Relationship Between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Diet Quality in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Deroover Kristine , Bucher Tamara , Vandelanotte Corneel , de Vries Hein , Duncan Mitch J.
Published: October 2019

Purpose:

To investigate the direct and indirect effects of sociodemographic/health factors on diet quality through practical nutrition knowledge (PNK) about how to compose a balanced meal.

Design:

A cross-sectional study using data from an online survey of the 10 000 Steps cohort (data collected November-December 2016).

Setting:

Australia.

Participants:

Adults (n = 8161). Response rate was 16.7%.

Measures:

Self-reported lifestyle, health, and sociodemographic characteristics, including diet quality and PNK.

Analysis:

The PROCESS macro for SPSS was used to conduct the mediation analyses.

Results:

Better diet quality was associated with being female, older, more highly educated, and having a lower body mass index. Mediation analysis showed that PNK significantly mediated the associations between sex (a*b = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39-0.70) and education (vocational education: a*b = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.12-0.35, university: a*b = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.35-0.64), and diet quality. Practical nutrition knowledge suppressed the association between age and diet quality (a*b = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.04 to −0.03).

Conclusion:

Variations in diet quality between sociodemographic groups were partially explained by differences in PNK, suggesting that focusing public health efforts on increasing this specific knowledge type might be promising.
Super Strong Versus Group Strong Countries: China’s Role in Development and Changing World Pattern
Authors: Hongfei Liu , Guang Tian , Tian Kathy
Published: October 2019

China’s national strength alone does not ensure its position as a “world leader” or a “competent leader.” It would be prudent for China to consider the international situation. The question arises, “Will China become a super strong or a member of group strong or are we seeing a reversal to the bipolar era?” This article explores the role China can play in the development and change in the world order. Will China police the world along with the United States. The article discusses the background of the super strong and the group strong; how the country could evolve into a “group of strong.” Furthermore, it analyzes the current situation of the world pattern and presents the outlook for the future. Results indicate that peace and development are current themes, and the pattern of future world would depend on the gambling stratagem among the major powers.
Evaluating Unitec’s ALLY workshop on diverse sexuality and gender inclusivity
Authors: Gremillion Helen , Powell Catherine
Published: October 2019

This article presents findings from a mixed-method, utilisation-focused evaluation of an education workshop on diverse sexuality and gender (DSG) inclusivity offered at Unitec Institute of Technology in Auckland, New Zealand. Workshop completion enables participants to make a public commitment to DSG inclusivity by joining Unitec’s ALLY Network. A questionnaire was designed to ascertain whether workshop participation achieves the following outcomes: increased awareness of systemic discrimination and greater confidence to act in ways that promote DSG inclusion. The study also draws on findings from semi-structured interviews with current ALLY members. Data analysis included testing the statistical significance of differences between participants’ responses to pre-workshop questions and their responses to identical questions posed post-workshop (these questions were answered using Likert-type scales). Narrative data were analysed thematically. Findings indicate that the ALLY workshop is effective in achieving its goals. Emergent themes highlight areas of significant learning and growth for workshop participants as well as particularly valuable workshop practices and conditions. This study addresses a gap in the literature on evaluations of DSG diversity education and provides evidence supporting the continuation – and the informed, potential expansion – of a unique initiative within a New Zealand tertiary provider.
Cognitive Training and Remediation in First-Episode Psychosis: A Literature Review
Authors: Miley Kathleen , Hadidi Niloufar , Kaas Merrie , Yu Fang
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND: Neurocognitive and social cognitive impairments are core characteristics of psychotic disorders, which are present in the first episode of psychosis (FEP) and strongly predict poor social functioning. Addressing cognitive impairments through cognitive training and remediation (CTR) may be a crucial component of recovery-oriented treatment. AIMS: The objectives of this review were to (1) evaluate the CTR theoretical basis and intervention components and (2) examine the effects of CTR on cognition and social functioning in FEP. METHOD: A combined search of Ovid Medline, Embase, and Psych Info databases was conducted using keywords. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. Quality and risk of bias were assessed using established instruments. RESULTS: Ten randomized controlled trials were included in this review and had an overall fair to poor quality. CTR interventions in FEP utilize a range of theoretical backgrounds, with most including a focus on higher order cognitive processes. Varied doses and intervention components are used. All but one study found improvements in at least one cognitive domain. Global cognition, verbal learning, and memory and executive function were most commonly improved. Three studies found an effect on a range of functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: A broad range of CTR interventions have promising effects for addressing cognitive impairments in FEP. Evidence of functional impact is less consistent. Further research is needed in FEP on CTR targeting sensory and perceptual processes, and to identify CTR intervention targets and treatment components that will lead to robust improvements in cognition and functioning.
Disciplinary Literacy: From Infusion to Hybridity
Authors: Hinchman Kathleen A. , O’Brien David G.
Published: October 2019

This article argues that for disciplinary literacy to be addressed successfully by subject-area teachers and students, it needs to choose a different path than the one it has been on. It explains how the road disciplinary literacy has traveled to date has been marked by justifiable subject-area teacher resistance to requirements to infuse literacy teaching and learning strategies into their teaching without regard for disciplinary epistemologies or local perspectives. It argues for an alternative approach that immerses literacy experts in the hybridity of classroom disciplinary learning spaces with respect for literacy and disciplinary discourses as well as school and community subcultural beliefs, practices, and resources. It examines the ways such hybridity has been addressed by disciplinary literacy researchers in the Journal of Literacy Research to date, and it offers recommendations for advancing research, practice, and policy.
Translingual Writing in a Linguistically Diverse Primary Classroom
Authors: Machado Emily , Hartman Paul
Published: October 2019

Growing numbers of scholars in composition studies support translingual orientations in their postsecondary writing classrooms. However, translingual orientations are rarely extended to elementary school writers, who are often asked to compose exclusively in Dominant American English. Drawing on theories of translingualism and emergent biliteracy, we use case study methods to examine children’s translingual writing in a highly linguistically diverse second-grade classroom. We pay particular attention to students who had not had formal instruction in languages they tended to use orally, documenting the creative and strategic ways in which they wrote. Among other strategies, students repurposed English sound–symbol correspondences in developmental spelling, composed strings of non-Roman symbols, and remixed multilingual environmental print. They also engaged in translingual writing for a range of purposes, such as expressing pride, connecting with audiences, and indexing identities. Our findings suggest the potential of moving translingual perspectives beyond postsecondary contexts and into elementary classrooms.
When Sales Becomes Service: The Evolution of the Professional Selling Role and an Organic Model of Frontline Ambidexterity
Authors: Hughes Douglas E. , Ogilvie Jessica L.
Published: October 2019

Building on new theoretical foundations in the professional selling domain, growing bodies of research on frontline ambidexterity, and an increasingly demanding and dynamic frontline role, this article advances frontline ambidexterity through three focal goals. We first provide an in-depth discussion of the evolution of the professional selling role. This foundation allows us to identify and explore the implications of a market-driven model of ambidexterity that can manifest organically within certain professional selling contexts. In so doing, we espouse a new model of individual-level ambidexterity—organic frontline ambidexterity. Next, we discern existing models of frontline ambidexterity (characterized as inorganic) and compare these to the organic model proposed. Finally, we provide an organizational framework of frontline ambidexterity enablement to provide context for organizations to best align and enable ambidexterity as a dynamic capability. We provide corresponding research questions in an effort to aid in the systematic expansion of frontline ambidexterity research.
The Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Isoform B Drives Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Kundu Namita , Ma Xinrong , Brox Regine , Fan Xiaoxuan , Kochel Tyler , Reader Jocelyn , Tschammer Nuska , Fulton Amy
Published: October 2019

We are seeking to identify molecular targets that are relevant to breast cancer cells with stem-like properties. There is growing evidence that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are supported by inflammatory mediators expressed in the tumor microenvironment. The chemokine receptor CXCR3 binds the interferon-γ-inducible, ELR-negative CXC chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 and malignant cells have co-opted this receptor to promote tumor cell migration and invasion. There are 2 major isoforms of CXCR3: CXCR3A and CXCR3B. The latter is generated from alternative splicing and results in a protein with a longer N-terminal domain. CXCR3 isoform A is generally considered to play a major role in tumor metastasis. When the entire tumor cell population is examined, CXCR3 isoform B is usually detected at much lower levels than CXCR3A and for this, and other reasons, was not considered to drive tumor progression. We have shown that CXCR3B is significantly upregulated in the subpopulation of breast CSCs in comparison with the bulk tumor cell population in 3 independent breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SUM159, and T47D). Modulation of CXCR3B levels by knock in strategies increases CSC populations identified by aldehyde dehydrogenase activity or CD44+CD24− phenotype as well as tumorsphere-forming capacity. The reverse is seen when CXCR3B is gene-silenced. CXCL11 and CXCL10 directly induce CSC. We also report that novel CXCR3 allosteric modulators BD064 and BD103 prevent the induction of CSCs. BD103 inhibited experimental metastasis. This protective effect is associated with the reversal of CXCR3 ligand-mediated activation of STAT3, ERK1/2, CREB, and NOTCH1 pathways. We propose that CXCR3B, expressed on CSC, should be explored further as a novel therapeutic target.
Event classification for natural gas pipeline safety monitoring based on long short-term memory network and Adam algorithm
Authors: An Yang , Wang Xiaocen , Chu Ronghe , Yue Bin , Wu Liqun , Cui Jingjing , Qu Zhigang
Published: October 2019

Hydrate plugging and pipeline leak can impair the normal operation of natural gas pipeline and may lead to serious accidents. Since natural gas pipeline safety monitoring based on active acoustic excitation can detect and locate not only the two abnormal events but also normal components such as valves and pipeline elbows, recognition and classification of these events are of great importance to provide maintenance guidance for the pipeline operators and avoid false alarm. In this article, long short-term memory (LSTM) network is introduced and applied to classify detection signals of hydrate plugging, pipeline leak, and elbow. Adaptive moment estimation (Adam) algorithm is introduced and utilized to accelerate the long short-term memory network convergence in training. Experimental results demonstrate that the network with three layers and 64 units per cell performs the best. The cross-entropy loss in training is 0.0005, and classification accuracies are all 100% in training, validation, and testing which verify the validity of the long short-term memory network. Therefore, the method based on the long short-term memory network and adaptive moment estimation algorithm can work efficiently on pipeline events classification and has great guiding significance for safety assurance of natural gas transmission.
Benefit, burden, and impact for a cohort of post-approval cancer combination trials
Authors: Carlisle Benjamin Gregory , Doussau Adélaïde , Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: October 2019

Background:

After approval, drug developers often pursue trials aimed at extending the uses of a new drug by combining it with other drugs. Little is known about the risk and benefits associated with such research.

Methods:

To establish a historic benchmark of risk and benefit, we searched Medline and Embase for clinical trials testing anti-cancer drugs in combination within 5 years of approval by the Food and Drug Administration of 12 anti-cancer “index” drugs first licensed 2005–2007 inclusive. Risk was assessed based on grade 3 or above drug-related adverse events; benefit was assessed based on efficacy outcomes and advancement of combinations into clinical practice guidelines or approval by the Food and Drug Administration.

Results:

We captured 323 published post-approval trials exploring combinations, including 266 unique combination–indication pairings and enrolling 29,835 patients. The pooled risk ratios for treatment-related grade 3–4 severe adverse events and deaths attributed to the study drugs for trials randomized between a combination arm and a comparator were 1.54 (1.33–1.79) and 1.51 (1.16–1.97), respectively. The pooled hazard ratios for overall survival and progression-free survival were 0.99 (0.92–1.05) and 0.85 (0.79–0.93), respectively. None of the combination–indication pairings launched after initial drug approval received approval by the Food and Drug Administration, and 13 pairings (4.9%) were recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network within 5 years of the first trial within that pairing. The proportion of patients in our sample who participated in trials leading to an approval by the Food and Drug Administration or a National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline recommendation was 12.7% with 5 years of follow-up, and 22.3% among pairings for which there were 8 years of follow-up.

Conclusion:

Patients were just as likely to benefit in the treatment arm as the control arm in terms of overall survival, but they were more likely to experience a treatment-related severe adverse event in post-approval trials of combination therapy.
Economic Cooperation Between Latvia and China on the Background of Belt and Road Initiative with Focus on Cargo Potential
Authors: Bulis Aldis , Kabiraj Sajal , Siddik Md Nur Alam
Published: October 2019

Latvia is a Belt and Road Initiative country and can contribute to its Eurasian Land Bridge. The existing railway infrastructure can be used for establishing the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch via Latvia, but the problem is a lack of cargo for this route. It can be integrated into the existing Eurasian Land Bridge with specialization to connect China and some European countries—the Scandinavian countries. The aim of the study is to assess the potential volume of Latvian cargo for the Eurasian Land Bridge Northern Branch through Latvia. The methods of the study are statistical analyses and the forecasts of experts. Forecast of experts is an innovative method for investigating this topic. The study contributes to the discussion regarding One Belt One Road and Eurasian Land Bridge. The research shows that it is possible to establish regular container block train between Latvia and China for distribution of Chinese goods in the Scandinavian countries and vice versa because cargo potential for this route is growing, the seaport of Riga in Latvia is the shortest route to the seaport in the European Union and previous demonstration trains were successful.
Effects of the Matter of Balance Program on Self-Reported Physical Activity in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Palmer Walter E. , Mercer Vicki S.
Published: October 2019

Objective: To (a) evaluate effects of the Matter of Balance (MOB) program on self-reported physical activity (PA) in older adults as measured by the program’s activity (MOB-PA) measure and the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity, Part 1 (RAPA1) and (b) for a separate Community cohort, explore correlations between MOB-PA and RAPA1 scores and step counts obtained using accelerometry. Methods: Community-dwelling older adults recruited from upcoming MOB classes and from in-person contacts comprised MOB ( N = 56) and Community ( N = 23) cohorts, respectively. For the MOB cohort, paired t tests were computed for baseline and follow-up MOB-PA and RAPA1 scores. For the Community cohort, Pearson’s correlations between self-reported PA and step counter measures were calculated. Results: Self-reported PA did not change following MOB participation. The MOB-PA had substantial ceiling effects, which weakened relationships with step counter data. Discussion: No evidence was found that MOB participation increased PA. The MOB-PA may not be appropriate for measuring activity levels.
Visioning African lionscapes: Securing space, mobilizing capital, and fostering subjects
Authors: McCubbin Sandra G , Hovorka Alice J
Published: October 2019

In September 2016, 14 months after the illegal killing of Cecil the lion raised an international furore over trophy hunting, 58 individuals gathered at Oxford University for the Cecil Summit, a meeting of experts designed to vision the future of lion conservation in honor of Cecil. This paper explores the Cecil Summit through an analytic of government as a means to provide new insights into securitized and neoliberal conservation governance in action. On this basis, we show how the actors emboldened by the Cecil Moment claimed the authority to vision the Cecil Movement. Using video and document review, and semi-structured interviews, our discourse analysis highlights three components of intervention into African lionscapes emerging from the summit—securing space, mobilizing capital, and producing subjects—that are founded upon claims to scientific and economic rationality as well as specific representations of lions and rural Africans. Our analysis of the vision contributes to recent discussions in political ecology about the dovetailing of conservation, security, the economy—and we add—subjectivity. We conclude by pointing to the way in which militarized conservation appears to be inching closer to the lion and offering a critique of the vision for lion conservation put forward at the Cecil Summit.
Alphavirus-based hepatitis C virus therapeutic vaccines: can universal helper epitopes enhance HCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses?
Authors: Koutsoumpli Georgia , Ip Peng Peng , Schepel Ilona , Hoogeboom Baukje Nynke , Boerma Annemarie , Daemen Toos
Published: October 2019

Background:

Antigen-specific T cell immune responses play a pivotal role in resolving acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Currently, no prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against HCV are available. We previously demonstrated the preclinical potency of therapeutic HCV vaccines based on recombinant Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicon particles. However, clinical trials do not always meet the high expectations of preclinical studies, thus, optimization of vaccine strategies is crucial. In efforts to further increase the frequency of HCV-specific immune responses in the candidate SFV-based vaccines, the authors assessed whether inclusion of three strong, so-called universal helper T cell epitopes, and an endoplasmic reticulum localization, and retention signal (collectively termed sigHELP-KDEL cassette) could enhance HCV-specific immune responses.

Methods:

We included the sigHELP-KDEL cassette in two of the candidate SFV-based HCV vaccines, targeting NS3/4A and NS5A/B proteins. We characterized the new constructs in vitro for the expression and stability of the transgene-encoded proteins. Their immune efficacy with respect to HCV-specific immune responses in vivo was compared with the parental SFV vaccine expressing the corresponding HCV antigen. Further characterization of the functionality of the HCV-specific CD8+ T cells was assessed by surface and intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry analysis.

Results:

Moderate, but significantly, enhanced frequencies of antigen-specific immune responses were achieved upon lower/suboptimal dosage immunization. In optimal dosage immunization, the inclusion of the cassette did not further increase the frequencies of HCV-specific CD8+ T cells when compared with the parental vaccines and the frequencies of effector and memory populations were identical.

Conclusion:

We hypothesize that the additional effect of the sigHELP-KDEL cassette in SFV-based vaccines depends on the immunogenicity, nature, and stability of the target antigen expressed by the vaccine.
High-efficiency CRISPR induction of t(9;11) chromosomal translocations and acute leukemias in human blood stem cells
Authors: Jeong Johan , Jager Astraea , Domizi Pablo , Pavel-Dinu Mara , Gojenola Linda , Iwasaki Masayuki , Wei Michael C. , Pan Feng , Zehnder James L. , Porteus Matthew H. , Davis Kara L. , Cleary Michael L.
Published: October 2019

Key Points

CRISPR gene editing of blood stem and progenitor cells induces high-efficiency t(9;11) chromosomal translocation and MLLr leukemia. Gene-edited leukemia analysis documents clonal selection in leukemia progression and similarity of MLLr MPALs to AMLs vs ALLs.
Engineering Escherichia coli FAB system using synthetic plant genes for the production of long chain fatty acids
Authors: Kassab Elias , Fuchs Monika , Haack Martina , Mehlmer Norbert , Brueck Thomas B.
Published: October 2019

Background

Sustainable production of microbial fatty acids derivatives has the potential to replace petroleum based equivalents in the chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Most fatty acid sources for production oleochemicals are currently plant derived. However, utilization of these crops are associated with land use change and food competition. Microbial oils could be an alternative source of fatty acids, which circumvents the issue with agricultural competition.

Results

In this study, we generated a chimeric microbial production system that features aspects of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic fatty acid biosynthetic pathways targeted towards the generation of long chain fatty acids. We redirected the type-II fatty acid biosynthetic pathway ofEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3) strain by incorporating two homologues of the beta-ketoacyl-[acyl carrier protein] synthase I and II from the chloroplastic fatty acid biosynthetic pathway ofArabidopsis thaliana. The microbial clones harboring the heterologous pathway yielded 292 mg/g and 220 mg/g DCW for KAS I and KAS II harboring plasmids respectively. Surprisingly, beta-ketoacyl synthases KASI/II isolated fromA. thalianashowed compatibility with the FAB pathway inE. coli.

Conclusion

The efficiency of the heterologous plant enzymes supersedes the overexpression of the native enzyme in theE. coliproduction system, which leads to cell death infabFoverexpression andfabBdeletion mutants. The utilization of our plasmid based system would allow generation of plant like fatty acids inE. coliand their subsequent chemical or enzymatic conversion to high end oleochemical products.
Impact of nano-morphology, lattice defects and conductivity on the performance of graphene based electrochemical biosensors
Authors: Tite Teddy , Chiticaru Elena Alina , Burns Jorge S. , Ioniţă Mariana
Published: October 2019

Diverse properties of graphenic materials have been extensively explored to determine properties that make good electrochemical nanomaterial-based biosensors. These are reviewed by critically examining the influence of graphene nano-morphology, lattice defects and conductivity. Stability, reproducibility and fabrication are discussed together with sensitivity and selectivity. We provide an outlook on future directions for building efficient electrochemical biosensors.
Targeted delivery of antibiotics to the infected pulmonary tissues using ROS-responsive nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Yu , Yuan Qian , Feng Wei , Pu Wendan , Ding Jun , Zhang Hongjun , Li Xiaoyu , Yang Bo , Dai Qing , Cheng Lin , Wang Jinyu , Sun Fengjun , Zhang Dinglin
Published: October 2019

Background

Immunocompromised individuals and those with lung dysfunction readily acquire pulmonary bacterial infections, which may cause serious diseases and carry a heavy economic burden. Maintaining adequate antibiotic concentrations in the infected tissues is necessary to eradicate resident bacteria. To specifically deliver therapeutics to the infected pulmonary tissues and enable controlled release of payloads at the infection site, a ROS-responsive material, i.e. 4-(hydroxymethyl) phenylboronic acid pinacol ester-modified α-cyclodextrin (Oxi-αCD), was employed to encapsulate moxifloxacin (MXF), generating ROS-responsive MXF-containing nanoparticles (MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs).

Results

MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs were coated with DSPE-PEG and DSPE-PEG-folic acid, facilitating penetration of the sputum secreted by the infected lung and enabling the active targeting of macrophages in the inflammatory tissues. In vitro drug release experiments indicated that MXF release from Oxi-αCD NPs was accelerated in the presence of 0.5 mM H2O2. In vitro assay with Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated that MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than MXF. In vitro cellular study also indicated that folic acid-modified MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs could be effectively internalized by bacteria-infected macrophages, thereby significantly eradicating resident bacteria in macrophages compared to non-targeted MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs. In a mouse model of pulmonary P. aeruginosa infection, folic acid-modified MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs showed better antibacterial efficacy than MXF and non-targeted MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs. Meanwhile, the survival time of mice was prolonged by treatment with targeting MXF/Oxi-αCD NPs.

Conclusions

Our work provides a strategy to overcome the mucus barrier, control drug release, and improve the targeting capability of NPs for the treatment of pulmonary bacterial infections.
Are persistent organic pollutants important in the etiology of feline hyperthyroidism? A review
Authors: Jones Bernt , Engdahl Jessica Norrgran , Weiss Jana
Published: October 2019

Feline hyperthyroidism is a rather new disease, first reported from the North American east coast in 1979. The prevalence is increasing, especially in older cats, and hyperthyroidism is now reported worldwide as the most common feline endocrinopathy. Several studies have been performed trying to identify important etiological factors such as exposure to persistent organic pollutants, and especially brominated flame retardants, have been suggested to be of importance for the development of the disease. Recent studies have shown higher concentrations of these contaminants in serum of hyperthyroid cats in comparison to cats with normal thyroid status. However, other still unknown factors are most probably of importance for the development of this disease.