bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METTL14 attenuates cancer stemness by suppressing ATF5/WDR74/β‐catenin axis in gastric cancer
Authors: Zhang Peiling , Xiang Hong , Peng Qian , Ma Lujuan , Weng Chengyin , Liu Guolong , Lu Lin
Published: November 2024

Stemness is a key factor contributing to treatment failure in gastric cancer (GC). Methyltransferase‐like 14 (METTL14) has been linked to various cancers, though its specific role in regulating stemness in GC remains undefined. In this study, we assessed METTL14 expression levels in GC tissues using public datasets and clinical specimens and investigated its impact on cell proliferation, metastasis, and stemness both in vitro and in vivo. Through m6A RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) and luciferase reporter assays, we identified downstream targets of METTL14. Rescue assays were performed to examine whether METTL14 overexpression could reverse stemness in GC. We also explored the underlying mechanisms using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and western blot analysis, focusing on the role of ATF5 and the upstream regulation of METTL14. Our findings show that lower METTL14 expression is associated with poorer overall survival in GC patients. Functionally, METTL14 knockdown enhanced stemness traits in GC cells. Mechanistically, METTL14 facilitated m6A modification, promoting the degradation of ATF5 mRNA. Overexpression of ATF5 reversed the stemness inhibition caused by METTL14 overexpression by increasing WDR74 transcription and enhancing β‐catenin nuclear translocation. Furthermore, histone H3 lactylation at Lys18 was found to upregulate METTL14 expression. In conclusion, METTL14 knockdown promotes stemness in GC by mediating m6A modification of ATF5 mRNA, which activates the WDR74/β‐catenin axis, making METTL14 a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer treatment.
CB1 Receptor Activation Provides Neuroprotection in an Animal Model of Glutamate‐Induced Excitotoxicity Through a Reduction of NOX‐2 Activity and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Martínez‐Torres Ari Misael , Morán Julio
Published: November 2024

Background

Excitotoxicity is a process in which NADPH oxidase‐2 (NOX‐2) plays a pivotal role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress influences the expression of Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel implicated in blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and edema formation. The endocannabinoid system is widely distributed in the brain, particularly through the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2), which have been shown to have a neuroprotective function in brain injury. Given the significant involvement of NOX‐2 in ROS production during excitotoxicity, our research aims to assess the participation of NOX‐2 in the neuroprotective effect of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212‐2 against glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity damage in the striatum using in vivo model.

Methods

Wild‐type mice (C57BL/6) and NOX‐2 KO (gp91Cybbtm1Din/J) were stereotactically injected in the striatum with monosodium glutamate or vehicle. Subsequently, a group of mice was administered an intraperitoneal dose of WIN55,212‐2, AM251, or AM251/WIN55,212‐2 following the intracerebral injection. Motor activity was assessed, and the lesion was examined through histological sections stained with cresyl violet. Additionally, brain water content and Evans blue assay were conducted. The activity of NOX was quantified, and the protein expression of CB1, gp91phox, AQP4, Iba‐1, TNF‐α, and NF‐κB was analyzed using Western blot. Furthermore, ROS formation was measured through the DHE assay.

Results

The activation of the endocannabinoid receptors demonstrated a neuroprotective response during excitotoxicity, meditated by NOX‐2. The reduction in ROS production led to a decrease in neuroinflammation, and AQP4 expression, resulting in reduced edema formation, and BBB permeability.

Conclusions

During excitotoxic damage, WIN55,212‐2 inhibits NOX‐2‐induced ROS production, reducing brain injury.
Improving recovery after bowel cancer surgery: mixed methods feasibility study of a co‐produced information intervention (Recover Together)
Authors: Chapman Stephen J. , Ahmed Sadia , Cave Laurie , Morton Kate , Tiernan James P. , Limbert Samantha , Naylor Maureen , Vargas‐Palacios Armando , Lonsdale Maria D. S. , Davies Claire L. , Rousseau Nikki , Stocken Deborah D. , Jayne David G.
Published: November 2024

Aim

Recovery after surgery for colorectal cancer is a complex process, involving numerous physiological, emotional, social and economic challenges. Good information is a key factor for enabling patients to recover well, but there is a paucity of evidence to guide how this should be done. A new information intervention (Recover Together) comprising a booklet, an online video and an inpatient goal board has been developed. This study explores its feasibility, as well as the feasibility of key study methods, during its first use in the United Kingdom National Health Service (NHS).

Methods

This is a mixed methods, multi‐centre, feasibility study of a complex intervention. A total of 105 participants undergoing oncological colorectal surgery will be recruited across three to four study sites in the UK. Participants will receive each component of the Recover Together intervention at defined timepoints before and during hospital admission. A series of patient‐centred outcome instruments will be administered in hospital and during follow‐up at 30 days and 6 months. Outcomes of feasibility will comprise the time taken to establish the intervention at participating sites, assessments of intervention fidelity and acceptability, as well as return rates of key clinical outcome instruments. The mixed methods design will comprise interviews and focus groups with patients and health professionals, non‐participant observation in ward areas and clinics, user‐specific video analytics and daily photographs of the goal boards.

Discussion

The findings of this study will provide a feasibility assessment of the Recover Together intervention when used for the first time in NHS practice. If shown to be feasible, this will guide the development of a future definitive study to explore the clinical and cost effectiveness of the Recover Together intervention to improve recovery after surgery.

Clinical Trials Registration

ISRCTN62430915.
Australian psychologists' attitudes towards psychedelic‐assisted therapy and training following a world‐first drug down‐scheduling
Authors: Negrine Jordan J. , Puljević Cheneal , Ferris Jason , Liknaitzky Paul , Perlman Christopher , Piatkowski Timothy
Published: November 2024

Introduction

This study explores the attitudes of psychologists towards psychedelics and psychedelic‐assisted therapy (PAT) following the world‐first regulatory changes in 2023 in Australia which permitted psilocybin and 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐methamphetamine (MDMA) to be used in clinical services.

Methods

A purposive sample of 20 Australian psychologists was recruited using snowball sampling. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted which explored participants' attitudes, knowledge and concerns about PAT. Data were coded and analysed to identify and develop theme categories.

Results

Most psychologists exhibited positive attitudes towards psychedelics and their therapeutic potential, viewing them as promising for addressing chronic mental health conditions like depression. However, there was a notable concern regarding the limited evidence on efficacy and potential adverse experiences, as well as the complexity of the individualised treatment protocol. Despite enthusiasm, many psychologists had limited detailed knowledge about the interventions themselves. The need for comprehensive education and training programs, including exposure to psychedelic experiences and credible higher education institutions, was emphasised to ensure competence in administering PAT.

Discussion and Conclusions

Psychologists displayed notably positive attitudes towards PAT, likely reflecting both shifting perceptions of psychedelics and self‐selection bias within the sample. Despite this optimism, concerns were raised about psychiatric risks and the necessity for comprehensive and reputable training and supervision. The cohort showed openness to both novel treatments and innovative training methods, underscoring the importance of enhancing educational frameworks to ensure effective implementation of PAT.
Psychometric properties of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory – Patient Reported Outcome: A cognitively accessible measure of functional performance
Authors: Kramer Jessica M. , Ni Pengsheng , Pfeiffer Beth , Persch Andrew , Guerrero Calle Fiorella , Schwartz Ariel , Barbour Elizabeth , Davies Daniel K.
Published: November 2024

Aim

To evaluate the structural validity, internal reliability, and measurement invariance of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory – Patient Reported Outcome (PEDI‐PRO), a measure of functional performance of discrete tasks required to participate in everyday life situations important for adulthood.

Method

This was a cross‐sectional study with 306 young people aged 14 to 22 years (mean 18 years 10 months, SD 2 years 5 months) with developmental disabilities (43.1% autism spectrum disorder only, 23.9% intellectual disability, 17.6% other disability, 11.4% both autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, 3.9% missing) completed the PEDI‐PRO. Following COnsensus‐based Standards for selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) criteria, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis, applied a Rasch rating‐scale model, examined Cronbach's alpha, Rasch person reliability and separation coefficients, and differential item functioning (DIF).

Results

Structural validity was good for the daily activities and mobility domains, and acceptable for the social/cognitive domain. The 3‐point Likert response scale functioned as intended. All domains demonstrated acceptable internal consistency on all criteria. One or two items in each domain demonstrated DIF, but the impact on all domain scores was less than 1.0 threshold.

Interpretation

The cognitively accessible design and innovative conceptual measurement framework probably contributed to these promising findings. The PEDI‐PRO addresses a gap in high‐quality patient‐reported outcome measures that assess priority outcomes for young people with developmental disabilities.
Pathophysiology of vascular ageing and the effect of novel cardio‐renal protective medications in preventing progression of chronic kidney disease in people living with diabetes
Authors: Fountoulakis Nikolaos , Miyamoto Yoshihisa , Pavkov Meda E. , Karalliedde Janaka , Maltese Giuseppe
Published: November 2024

Aim

Among people with diabetes those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a reduced life expectancy with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. CKD related to diabetes is growing worldwide and is one of the leading causes of kidney failure globally. Diabetes is associated with accelerated vascular ageing and the related mechanisms and mediators that drive the progression of CKD and CVD disease in people with diabetes may help provide insights into the pathophysiology of cardio‐renal complications and guide treatment interventions in people with diabetes.

Methods

We conducted a narrative review of the literature using PubMed for English language articles that contained keywords that related to diabetes, chronic or diabetic kidney disease, ageing, cellular senescence, arterial stiffness, Klotho and sirtuins, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors, renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists.

Results

Progressive kidney disease in diabetes is associated with accelerated ageing driven in part by multiple processes such as cellular senescence, inflammation, oxidative stress and circulating uremic toxins. This accelerated ageing phenotype contributes to increased arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, cognitive decline and muscle wasting, thereby elevating morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes and CKD. Deficiency of the kidney‐derived anti‐ageing hormone Klotho and reduced sirtuin levels play pivotal roles in these ageing pathways. Dietary, lifestyle and pharmacological interventions targeting vascular ageing may help reduce the progression of CKD and associated CVD in people with diabetes. The current standard of care and pillars of treatment for kidney disease such as RAAS inhibitors, SGLT‐2 inhibitors and GLP‐1 receptor agonists all influence pathways involved in vascular ageing.

Conclusions

A multifactorial intervention to prevent the development of CKD by targeting traditional risk factors as well as treatment with novel agents with cardio‐renal beneficial effects can prevent accelerated ageing and extend lifespan in people with diabetes.
Association between weight reduction achieved with tirzepatide and quality of life in adults with obesity: Results from the SURMOUNT‐1 study
Authors: Gudzune Kimberly A. , Stefanski Adam , Cao Dachuang , Mojdami Donna , Wang Fangyu , Ahmad Nadia , Ling Poon Jiat
Published: November 2024

Aims

The SURMOUNT‐1 trial investigated effects of tirzepatide, a glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, on body weight in participants with obesity or overweight. This analysis evaluated changes in patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) assessing physical function, psychosocial well‐being, and overall health aspects of participants' health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in SURMOUNT‐1.

Methods

PRO instruments included the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Lite Clinical Trials version (IWQOL‐Lite‐CT), Short Form Survey‐36 version 2 (SF‐36v2) and EQ‐5D‐5L. Scores were analysed by treatment group and by categorical degree of weight reduction group: >0 to <5%, ≥5 to <10%, ≥10 to <20% and ≥20%. Relevant PROs were evaluated for participants with or without physical or psychosocial limitations at baseline, as measured by Patient Global Impression of Status for physical activity (PGIS) and Patient Health Questionnaire‐2 (PHQ‐2), respectively.

Results

All tirzepatide groups demonstrated significant improvements in PRO scores versus placebo. There was a consistent trend of incremental PRO improvement with greater degrees of weight reduction, starting from ≥5% weight reduction. Participants achieving ≥20% weight reduction demonstrated the greatest changes from baseline to week 72 (SF‐36v2 Physical Component Summary, 4.60; SF‐36v2 Mental Component Summary, 0.80; IWQOL‐Lite CT Total score, 24.7). Those with baseline physical and psychosocial limitations experienced greater improvements than those without.

Conclusions

Tirzepatide treatment was associated with improved HRQoL compared to placebo in people with overweight or obesity. Higher percentages of weight reduction were associated with greater improvements.

Clinical trial registration number for SURMOUNT‐1: NCT04184622.
People or predators? Comparing habitat‐dependent effects of hunting and large carnivores on the abundance of North America's top mesocarnivore
Authors: Moll Remington J. , Green Austin M. , Allen Maximilian L. , Kays Roland
Published: November 2024

Variation in animal abundance is shaped by scale‐dependent habitat, competition, and anthropogenic influences. Coyotes Canis latrans have dramatically increased in abundance while expanding their range over the past 100 years. Management goals typically seek to lower coyote populations to reduce their threats to humans, pets, livestock and sensitive prey. Despite their outsized ecological and social roles in the Americas, the factors affecting coyote abundance across their range remain unclear. We fit Royle–Nichols abundance models at two spatial scales in a Bayesian hierarchical framework to three years of data from 4587 camera trap sites arranged in 254 arrays across the contiguous USA to assess how habitat, large carnivores, anthropogenic development and hunting regulations affect coyote abundance. Coyote abundance was highest in southwestern USA and lowest in the northeast. Abundance responded to some factors as expected, including positive (soft mast, agriculture, grass/shrub habitat, urban–natural edge) and negative (latitude and forest cover) relationships. Colonization date had a negative relationship, suggesting coyote populations have not reached carrying capacity in recently colonized regions. Several relationships were scale‐dependent, including urban development, which was negative at local (100‐m) scales but positive at larger (5‐km) scales. Large carnivore effects were habitat‐dependent, with sometimes opposing relationships manifesting across variation in forest cover and urban development. Coyote abundance was higher where human hunting was permitted, and this relationship was strongest at local scales. These results, including a national map of coyote abundance, update ecological understanding of coyotes and can inform coyote management at local and landscape scales. These findings expand results from local studies suggesting that directly hunting coyotes does not decrease their abundance and may actually increase it. Ongoing large carnivore recoveries globally will likely affect subordinate carnivore abundance, but not in universally negative ways, and our work demonstrates how such effects can be habitat and scale dependent.
Glacier retreat decreases mutualistic network robustness over spacetime
Authors: Conti Matteo , Cerretti Pierfilippo , Ferrari Andrea , Gabrieli Paolo , Paone Francesco , Polidori Carlo , Sommaggio Daniele , Losapio Gianalberto
Published: November 2024

Glaciers are retreating worldwide at an ever‐increasing rate, exposing new ice‐free areas to ecological succession. This process leads to changes in biodiversity and potentially to novel species interactions. However, we still have a limited understanding of how glacier retreat influences species interaction networks, particularly the structure and robustness of mutualistic networks. After reconstructing plant–pollinator networks along a 140‐years chronosequence on a glacier foreland, we address the effects of glacier retreat on network structure and robustness. Our results show that the prevalence of different network motifs changes over spacetime, leading to a decrease of network robustness. With glacier retreat, mutualistic networks shift from highly connected with diverse specialist interactions to loosely connected with few generalist interactions. Furthermore, despite the turnover of plant species, we find that species structural roles remain constant over spacetime while depending on species identity. Our findings suggest that glacier retreat reshuffles mutualistic networks with motifs posing low robustness, leading to increased fragility. Understanding the assembly and breaking down of species interaction networks provides novel insights into the development and stability of novel, post‐glacial ecological systems facing glacier extinction.
Heritage Transmission From Past to Future: A Practice‐Based Exploration of Value Education Through Oral History
Authors: Dölek Emine Demirci , Dere İlker , Sarı Muhammed
Published: November 2024

Studies connecting oral history and value education as a method of learning and teaching are a few, and most are based on theoretical knowledge. There are limited studies that practically apply value education, using oral history as an example for researchers and readers. We designed this research to fill the gap between theory and practice. The current study aims to integrate oral history practices into value education and provide a practice‐based example. Our problem statement: “Can the oral history method contribute to students' learning of the values?” To answer this question, we conducted collaborative action research with 20 students studying in a public secondary school over nine weeks to teach them the values of attaching importance to family unity, solidarity, respect, and responsibility, which we determined to be within the scope of the social studies course. At all stages, we collaborated with the social studies teacher, students, and family members of the students. We used various data collection tools, including knowledge assessment forms (pre and post), implementation assessment forms, and semi‐structured interview forms with the students. After the data collection, we used the content analysis method. The study results showed that implementing value education through oral history effectively taught the objectives' values. In addition, thanks to the practice, students could perceive the change and continuity of values and develop their skills. Based on the research results, we can say that oral history should be used more as an innovative method in value education.
Unlocking the Beat: How AI Tools Drive Music Students' Motivation, Engagement, Creativity and Learning Success
Authors: Chen Lixia
Published: November 2024

This study explores the relationships among music students' artificial intelligence (AI) perceptions, motivation, engagement, creativity and learning success. Through a random sampling method, 521 Chinese music students participated in the research, which employed a range of questionnaires to assess AI perceptions, motivation, engagement, learning outcomes and creativity. The study utilised SPSS (version 27) and AMOS (version 24) for comprehensive statistical analysis. Findings reveal a significant relationship between students' perceptions of AI in music education and their motivation, engagement and learning success. Positive AI perceptions were found to enhance motivation by increasing interest in innovative learning tools and fostering engagement through interactive AI‐based learning environments. Moreover, these perceptions were predictive of higher motivation, engagement and learning success. The study suggests that AI can play a crucial role in enhancing educational outcomes by making learning more interactive, personalised and engaging, thus improving overall student performance and creativity in music education.
Navigating the Future of Pedagogy: The Integration of AI Tools in Developing Educational Assessment Rubrics
Authors: Fernández‐Sánchez Andrea , Lorenzo‐Castiñeiras Juan José , Sánchez‐Bello Ana
Published: November 2024

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies heralds a transformative era in education. This study investigates the integration of AI tools in developing educational assessment rubrics within the ‘Curriculum Design Development and Evaluation’ course at the University of A Coruña during the 2023–2024 academic year. Employing an action–research methodological approach, 27 comprehensive evaluation rubrics were developed using AI tools like ChatGPT. The findings highlight AI's ability to enhance rubric precision, efficiency and alignment with curricular objectives, thus facilitating personalised learning experiences. This research underscores AI's transformative potential in education, advocating for broader adoption and the necessity for educators to acquire AI proficiency. The study demonstrates how AI tools can streamline the rubric development process, making it more accurate and time efficient while also ensuring the inclusion of essential curricular elements. Through this approach, AI can support innovative assessment strategies that are both effective and adaptable to diverse educational contexts.
The Influence of Big Data on the Core Literacy Development of Elementary Music Students in the New Media Era
Authors: Teng Teng
Published: November 2024

The application of big data in education sparks debates on its effects. Researchers explore its impact on learning outcomes, with divergent views on neural networks' potential and negative consequences. This study assesses big data's influence on basic literacy skills in music education for 5th graders. Using clustering and k‐density analyses, scholars monitored changes over 5 months at [Music College of Jimei University] Elementary School. Results show big data technologies helped maintain motivation and improved academic success. Musical performance and the Sounddraw app garnered the most interest and effectiveness. These results indicate that the use of big data technologies is not only effective in increasing engagement but also in enhancing the cognitive understanding of musical concepts. This adaptability is crucial in music education, where students’ individual learning paces and creative inclinations vary widely. Moreover, by leveraging data‐driven insights, educators can track progress more precisely, identifying areas where students excel and where they may need additional support. Future research should delve into the psycho‐emotional impact of regular big data use in music learning. This study underscores the practical application of modern educational programs to meet evolving needs and advocates interactive learning to mitigate traditional methods’ drawbacks.
Biomarkers to Differentiate Acute Chest Syndrome From Vaso‐Occlusive Crisis in Children With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Wang Karen , Olave Nelida , Aggarwal Saurabh , Oh Joo‐Yeun , Patel Rakesh P. , Rahman A. K. M. Fazlur , Lebensburger Jeffrey , Alishlash Ammar Saadoon
Published: November 2024

Background

Acute Chest Syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of death in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) in the US—about half of the children who develop ACS present initially with pain.

Methods

Here, we studied biomarkers to differentiate ACS from vaso‐occlusive crises (VOC) in children with SCD who presented with pain to the emergency department (ED). We conducted a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients who presented to the ED with pain and were discharged with ACS or VOC between March, 2017 and February, 2020.

Results

We identified 7 patients with ACS and 19 patients with VOC. The two groups were comparable in age and sex. All patients with ACS had asthma versus 42% of the VOC group. The ACS group had lower weight and BMI z‐scores. Patients with ACS compared to VOC had significantly higher respiratory rates, lower O2 saturation, and longer hospital stays. They also had higher white blood cell count, glucose level (> 99 mg/dL), anion gap (> 9 mEq/L), sPLA2 (> 7 pg/mL), IFN‐γ (> 17.8 pg/mL), IL‐10 (1.54 pg/mL), and IL‐12 (> 0.5 pg/mL) levels.

Conclusions

We identified biomarkers associated with ACS development in children with SCD presenting with pain that allow for earlier ACS interventions to reduce mortality and morbidity.
Implementing a novel process for solving contentious conservation problems: The genetic status of K'gari wongari (Fraser Island Dingoes) as a case study
Authors: Allen Benjamin L. , Ross Helen
Published: November 2024

Many conservation problems remain intractable because of conflicting views between policymakers, managers, researchers, conservationists and community stakeholders. Novel approaches to resolving these conflicts are required to achieve conservation outcomes that are more broadly acceptable. The conservation and management of K'gari wongari (Fraser Island's Dingoes) is emblematic of such a situation. Here we describe the successful implementation of a novel approach to advancing one such formerly intractable issue – assessing the genetic health and status of the island's Dingoes to resolve latent conflicts and assist protected area managers with their conservation activities. We developed a participatory, independent approach centred on community workshops to identify research priorities, expert workshops to identify appropriate research methods, then the commissioning of independent scientific research to address community priorities in accordance with the experts' suggested methods. The overall aim of the project was to provide managers with robust and policy‐ready information on the genetic health and status of the Dingoes – information that also met community expectations and was widely supported by subject matter experts. The participatory approach of the project achieved this aim and was completed successfully and satisfactorily for all involved despite the occurrence of some expected challenges and necessary compromises. Here we describe the background to the problem, how the project was designed, the key challenges the project faced during implementation, and the key learnings from the exercise, thereby highlighting its innovative features as a participatory conflict resolution process. This process could be applied to advance other conservation problems hampered by conflicting stakeholder views.
Mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease eligibility for disease modification therapies in a tertiary centre for cognitive disorders: A simultaneous real‐word study on aducanumab and lecanemab
Authors: Logroscino G. , Urso D. , Gnoni V. , Giugno A. , Vilella D. , Castri A. , Barone R. , Nigro S. , Zecca C. , De Blasi R. , Introna A.
Published: November 2024

Background and purpose

The Food and Drug Administration approved two disease‐modifying treatments (DMTs) for Alzheimer's disease (AD), aducanumab and lecanemab, with limited clinical impact but significant biomarker changes. Identifying suitable candidates for these DMTs outside randomized clinical trials (RCTs) remains uncertain.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study, conducted in an Italian tertiary centre for cognitive disorders, aimed to evaluate how the RCT eligibility criteria for DMT treatments applies to participants with early AD. The broader Cummings et al. (Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 2021, 2023) criteria and the clinical differences between DMT candidates were also assessed.

Results

The study involved 408 participants (mean age 71.1 ± 8.5 years, 48% male) with a clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (161/408, 39.5%) or mild dementia (247/408, 60.5%). Amongst them, 169 individuals (41%) showed positive AD pathology biomarkers. Eligibility RCT assessment revealed 14 patients eligible for aducanumab (3.43% of 408) and 28 for lecanemab (6.86% of 408). Following Cummings' real‐world criteria, aducanumab eligibility increased to 9.56%, whereas lecanemab eligibility rose to 8.33%. Applying selection criteria to only the amyloid positive (169 out of 408), the selection for DMTs was 8.3% for aducanumab and 16.5% for lecanemab.

Conclusion

Amongst subjects diagnosed with mild AD and mild cognitive impairment in a tertiary centre for cognitive disorders, only a small percentage of patients using RCT diagnostic criteria are eligible for DMT. The application of Cummings criteria strongly increased the DMT candidates. Nevertheless, the majority of patients with cognitive disorders have been excluded from DMTs approved so far.
Which proxy: Capturing lottery feature through aggregation
Authors: Jiang Lei , Zhou Guofu , Zhu Yifeng
Published: November 2024

We develop a lottery factor from five commonly utilized lottery measures and find this factor substantially enhances the well‐known factor models concerning market anomalies, particularly those related to skewness and value. Our findings emphasize that stocks exhibiting high lottery characteristics display considerable anomaly returns, primarily due to the short position of these stocks rather than their financial distress. Moreover, our research consistently indicates that lottery stocks frequently correlate with low short volume and higher shorting fees. This implies that the preference of retail investors to hold onto lottery stocks results in a reduced supply of these shares available for lending.
Rapid Zooplankton Assessment: Evaluating a Tool for Ecosystem‐Based Fisheries Management in the Large Marine Ecosystems of Alaska
Authors: Kimmel David G. , Crouser Deana C. , Harpold Colleen E. , Lamb Jesse F. , Spear Adam H.
Published: November 2024

Ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) remains an aspirational goal for management throughout the world. One of the primary limitations of EBFM is the incorporation of basic lower trophic level information, particularly for zooplankton, despite the importance of zooplankton to fish. The generation of zooplankton abundance estimates requires significant time and expertise to generate. The rapid zooplankton assessment (RZA) is introduced as a tool whereby nontaxonomic experts may produce rapid zooplankton counts shipboard that can be applied to management in near real time. Zooplankton are rapidly counted shipboard and placed into three broad groups of zooplankton relevant to higher trophic levels: large copepods (> 2 mm), small copepods (< 2 mm), and euphausiids. A Bayesian, hierarchical linear regression modeling approach was used to validate the relationship between RZA abundances and laboratory‐processed abundances to ensure the rapid method is a reliable indicator. Additional factors likely to impact the accuracy of the RZA abundance predictions were added to the initial regression model: RZA sorter, survey, season, and large marine ecosystem (Bering Sea, Chukchi/Beaufort Sea, and Gulf of Alaska). We tested models that included the random effect of sorter nested within survey, which improved fits for both large copepods (Bayes R2 = 0.80) and euphausiids (Bayes R2 = 0.84). These factors also improved the fit for small copepods when the fixed effect of season was also included (Bayes R2 = 0.65). Additional RZA data were used to predict laboratory‐processed abundances for each zooplankton category and the results were consistent with model training data: large copepods (Bayes R2 = 0.80), small copepods (Bayes R2 = 0.64), and euphausiids (Bayes R2 = 0.88). The Bayesian models were therefore able to predict laboratory‐processed abundances with an associated error when accounting for these fixed and random effects. To demonstrate the utility of zooplankton data in management, zooplankton time series from the Bering Sea shelf were shown to vary in relation to warm and cold conditions. This variability impacted commercially important fish, notably Walleye Pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), and these time series were used by managers using a risk table approach. The RZA method provides a rapid zooplankton population estimation in near real time that can be applied to the management process quickly, thus helping to fill a gap in EBFM.
Advanced Biofuel Value Chains Sourced by New Cropping Systems With Low iLUC Risk
Authors: Parenti Andrea , Zegada‐Lizarazu Walter , Dussan Karla , López‐Contreras Ana M. , de Vrije Truus , Staritsky Igor , Elbersen Berien , Annevelink Bert , Di Fulvio Fulvio , Oehmichen Katja , Dögnitz Niels , Monti Andrea
Published: November 2024

Increasing lignocellulosic feedstock for advanced biofuels can tackle the decarbonization of the transport sector. Dedicated biomass produced alongside food systems with low indirect land use change (iLUC) impact can broaden the feedstock availability, thus streamlining the supply chains. The objective of this study was the design and evaluation of advanced ethanol value chains for the Emilia‐Romagna region based on low iLUC feedstock. Two dedicated lignocellulosic crops (biomass sorghum and sunn hemp) were evaluated in double cropping systems alongside food crop residues (corn stover and wheat straw) as sources to simulate the value chains. A parcel‐level regional analysis was carried out, then the LocaGIStics2.0 model was used for the spatial design and review of the biomass delivery chain options regarding cost and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the different feedstock mixes. Literature data on bioethanol production from similar feedstocks were used to estimate yields, process costs, and GHG emissions of a biorefinery process based on these biomasses. Within the chain options, GHG emissions were overly sensitive to cultivation input, mostly N‐fertilization. This considered, GHG emissions resulted similar across different feedstock with straw/stover (averaging 13 g CO2eq MJ−1 fuel), sunn hemp (14 g CO2eq MJ−1 fuel), and biomass sorghum (16 g CO2eq MJ−1 fuel). On the other hand, the bioethanol produced from biomass sorghum (608 € Mg−1 of bioethanol) was cheaper compared with straw (632 € Mg−1), sunn hemp (672 € Mg−1), and stover (710 € Mg−1). The bioethanol cost ranged from 0.0017 to 0.020 € MJ−1 fuel depending on the feedstock, with operations and maintenance impacting up to 90% of the final cost. In summary, a single bioethanol plant with an annual capacity of 250,000 Mg of biomass could replace from 5% to 7% of the Emilia‐Romagna's ethanol fuel consumption, depending on the applied sourcing scenario.
GGR Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis Chapter 1 (Part 2) Sampling as Part of the Measurement Process
Authors: Ramsey Michael H.
Published: November 2024

This chapter (Sampling as Part of the Measurement Process) is a contribution to the Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research Handbook of Rock and Mineral Analysis – an online textbook that is a fully revised and updated edition of A Handbook of Silicate Rock Analysis (P. J. Potts, 1987, Blackie, Glasgow).

Chapter 1 (Part 2) forms part of Section 1 of the handbook dealing with fundamentals of measurement and instrument design. The geochemical measurement process is considered to begin when the primary sample is taken from the sampling target, rather than when that sample arrives at the laboratory. This integration of sampling within the measurement procedure enables both sampling and chemical analysis to be optimised in order to achieve a measurement procedure that is fit for its intended geochemical purpose. The key metric in judging this fitness for purpose, and hence validating a measurement procedure, is the uncertainty of each measurement value. This measurement uncertainty is explained, together with methods to estimate and express it in a way that includes the contribution from sampling, with a worked example. The resultant more realistic estimates of measurement uncertainty are shown to improve the reliability of the geochemical interpretation of measurement values.
Distinct characteristics of MetALD (metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease with greater alcohol consumption) in the general population
Authors: Yoon Eileen L. , Park Huiyul , Hong Han Pyo , Lee Chul‐Min , Kim Mimi , Kang Bo‐Kyeong , Jun Dae Won
Published: November 2024

Aim

The term MetALD has been introduced to describe individuals who have metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) with greater alcohol consumption, according to the new nomenclature for steatotic liver disease (SLD). This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of MetALD in the general population.

Methods

This study is a retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis that utilizes the population‐based data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) undertaken between 2019 and 2021. A total of 16 521 participants aged over 18 years were included in the analysis. The presence of hepatic steatosis was determined based on a hepatic steatosis index of 36 or higher.

Results

The prevalence of MetALD was 2.8% (95% confidence interval, 2.5–3.2). Individuals with MetALD were predominantly men (85.4%) and tended to be younger compared to those with MASLD. They showed a higher prevalence of hypertension and had significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine compared to individuals with MASLD. The average daily total energy intake was higher in the MetALD group. In addition, the MetALD group had a lower proportion of unemployment with higher income compared to the MASLD group.

Conclusion

Patients with MetALD showed distinct clinical characteristics from those with MASLD. The characteristics of MetALD were similar to those with alcohol‐related liver disease. Further analysis of MetALD across various regions and ethnic groups would be needed.
Daily requests and complaints in Spanish prisons: Looking beyond legal regulation
Authors: Larrauri Elena
Published: November 2024

This article deals with the right to make requests and complaints (RCs) inside Spanish prisons. It discusses the European Prison Rules and the principles set forward by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT), examining how the Spanish system respects these. It then introduces the RCs system in Spain. Through research carried out in four prisons, interviews with the directors and with 21 inmates and taking as an example one prison, we were able to discover that the number of requests in one year is 55,000. This result reveals the formalised character of Spanish prisons and raises the question as to how to respond to RCs inside prison. The last part of the article draws on interviews with three Penitentiary Judges and discusses their role in reviewing RCs. In our analysis of 626 of the final decisions we found that 98.6% were denied. Finally, the article provides some explanations for this result and questions whether judges can be said to provide an effective remedy in such cases.
Effect of extraction and purification on the structure and activity of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides: a review
Authors: Song Wanying , Li Mohan , Yue Xiqing , Zheng Yan
Published: November 2024

Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) is one of the most widely consumed edible mushrooms worldwide. The growth of F. velutipes involves two primary stages: the mycelium and fruiting body. Unique polysaccharides are produced in each stage; mycelial polysaccharides (FVMPs) are produced during the mycelial fermentation stage, while fruiting body polysaccharides (FVFBPs) are produced during the fruiting stage. These polysaccharides, the major bioactive components of F. velutipes, have garnered significant attention due to their various functions and activities. Notably, they exert functional activities by mediating gut flora, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, reduce blood sugar and lipid levels, and enhance cognitive performance. This study examined the variations in FVMPs and FVFBPs resulting from different extraction and purification methods, with a specific focus on delineating their distinct structural characteristics. This study further explored the impact of the structural composition of FVMPs and FVFBPs on their health‐promoting properties, focusing on the relationship between their structures and their functional and biological effects. Finally, this study outlines future research avenues designed to contribute to the ongoing research in the field of bioactive FVMPs and FVFBPs.
NPF and sNPF can regulate the feeding behaviour and affect the growth and antioxidant levels of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Duan Rui‐Chuan , Zhang Yu‐Ning , Wang Yan‐Hui , Xie Bo‐Xuan , Du Zheng‐Ze , Chen Fa‐Jun
Published: November 2024

Neuropeptide F (NPF) and short neuropeptide F (sNPF) are important neuropeptides and mainly affect feeding behaviour of insects. However, the regulation of insect feeding behaviour by NPF and sNPF appears to differ between species, and it is not clear how NPF and sNPF regulate the food intake of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens). Therefore, the functions of NPF and sNPF in regulating food intake and affecting the growth and antioxidant levels of N. lugens fed on host rice plants were investigated by knocking down NPF and sNPF respectively and simultaneously knocking down both of them by RNA interference. The results showed that NPF and sNPF were mainly expressed in the head of N. lugens, and N. lugens increased food intake after NPF and sNPF were knocked down, which was reflected in the prolonged duration of N4a and N4b waves in the electrical penetration graph (EPG) experiment after knocking down NPF and sNPF. In addition, knocking down NPF and sNPF led to the increase of body weight and mortality of N. lugens, and also led to the increase of antioxidant level of N. lugens. So it was concluded that NPF and sNPF could regulate food intake, maintain body weight stability and oxidative balance in N. lugens. Our study clarified the molecular mechanism of NPF and sNPF regulating feeding behaviour and affect the growth and antioxidant level of N. lugens.
The Organisational Characteristics That Enable Successful Employment Transition for People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Joyce Andrew , Campbell Perri , Crosbie Jenny , Wilson Erin
Published: November 2024

Background

Social enterprises have the potential to address some of the current barriers that people with an intellectual disability experience in transitioning to open employment opportunities. However, it is unknown in detail how social enterprises are able to facilitate this transition, which limits ability to scale‐up these organisational characteristics and strategies.

Method

Twenty‐seven in‐depth interviews were conducted with staff, supported employees and partner organisations of a social enterprise to understand the organisational characteristics that enables successful transitions.

Results

The organisational characteristics of the social enterprise that enabled transitions included offering a variety of roles and workplace environments for people with intellectual disabilities. Organisational characteristics also included having dedicated staff roles to support people with intellectual disabilities to develop skills to transition and for these support staff to network with open employers to facilitate the transition.

Conclusions

The results provide an adaptable model for other social enterprises in how to structure their organisation to facilitate transition to open employment opportunities.
Genome Dynamics of Adaptation and Introgression in Neotropical Palms
Authors: Pantoja Pauline O. , Vieira Lucas D. , de Lima Natácia E. , Sobral‐Souza Thadeu , Bacon Christine D. , Collevatti Rosane G.
Published: November 2024

Aim

The combined influences of demographic dynamics and gene flow on local adaptation in plants is still poorly understood. Here, we used a genome scan approach on three closely related Neotropical palms, Acrocomia aculeata, A. intumescens and A. totai, to identify the evolutionary processes generating shared and lineage‐specific patterns of differentiation and selection across the genomic landscape.

Location

Amazonia, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Caatinga ecoregions of Brazil.

Taxa

Arecaceae.

Methods

We used target sequence capture and analysis of climatic correlation, detection of selective sweeps, balancing selection, and spatial and non‐spatial models to identify signatures of natural selection and admixture. We also determined temporal dynamics in spatial distribution and demographic changes.

Results

We found a higher number of lineage‐specific than shared adaptive sites (SNPs) and no evidence of selective sweeps in shared genes, suggesting lineage specific natural selection across species. Further, evidence of balancing selection in several genes was also identified in the three species. Niche‐based and coalescent models suggest that shifts in spatial range during the Quaternary caused overlapping distributions between species, leading to hybridisation between parapatric localities.

Main Conclusions

Interspecific hybridisation may have spread both neutral and adaptive SNPs, which may explain the shared adaptive genes between species. Taken together, we show how genomic adaptation can occur despite introgression, through evolutionary processes that likely drive similar patterns of adaptation in other organisms.