bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extraordinary corrosion inhibition efficiency of omeprazole in 1 M HCl solution: Experimental and theoretical investigation
Authors: Wang Pengjie , Xiong Liping , He Zhongyi , Xu Xin , Hu Jianqiang , Chen Qi , Zhang Renhui , Pu Jibin , Guo Lei
Published: December 2022

Omeprazole (OL) as a green and efficient drug corrosion inhibitor was first investigated for the corrosion inhibition of Q235 carbon steel at 298, 308, and 318 K. Open circuit potential, Tafel, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss were used to evaluate the inhibition performance toward Q235 carbon steel in HCl medium. The results showed that OL exhibited excellent corrosion protection to carbon steel at different temperatures because of forming the compact and ordered OL adsorption film on Q235 surface. Especially, the inhibition efficiency increased to 96.11%, 95.12%, and 94.04% for 40‐mg/L OL in Tafel at 298, 308, and 318 K. Meanwhile, N–Fe and S–Fe bonds determined from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the multiple anchoring interactions between steel and OL with S and N atoms as the active sites. Density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations showed the low energy gap
and high adsorption energy values, besides the radial distribution function (RDF) indicating the strong chemical sorption of OL on Fe surface, which proved the superior corrosion inhibition efficiency of OL at a molecular or atomic level.
Near‐Infrared‐Triggered On‐Demand Controlled Release of Adeno‐Associated Virus from Alginate Hydrogel Microbeads with Heat Transducer for Gene Therapy
Authors: Takatsuka Shuhei , Kubota Takeshi , Kurashina Yuta , Onoe Hiroaki
Published: December 2022

Gene therapy using adeno‐associated virus (AAV) has potential as a radical treatment modality for genetic diseases such as sensorineural deafness. To establish clinical applications, it is necessary to avoid immune response to AAV by controlled release system of AAV. Here, a near‐infrared (NIR)‐triggered on‐demand AAV release system using alginate hydrogel microbeads with a heat transducer is proposed. By using a centrifuge‐based microdroplet shooting device, the microbeads encapsulating AAV with Fe3O4 microparticles (Fe3O4‐MPs) as a heat transducer are fabricated. Fe3O4‐MPs generated heat by NIR enhanced the diffusion speed of the AAV, resulting in the AAV being released from the microbeads. By irradiating the microbeads encapsulating fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles (FP‐NPs) (viral model) with NIR, the fluorescence intensity decreased only for FP‐NPs with a diameter of 20 nm and not for 100 or 200 nm, confirming that this system can release virus with a diameter of several tens of nanometers. By irradiating NIR to the AAV‐encapsulating microbeads with Fe3O4‐MPs, the AAV is released on demand, and gene transfection to cells by AAV is confirmed without loss of viral activity. The NIR‐triggered AAV release system proposed in this study increases the number of alternatives for the method of drug release in gene therapy.
Silicon Cutting Waste Derived Silicon Nanosheets with Adjustable Native SiO2 Shell for Highly‐Stable Lithiation/Delithiation
Authors: Hu Tingjie , Zhou Haochen , Zhou Xiangyang , Tang Jingjing , Chen Song , Fan Sicheng , Luo Chucheng , Ma Yayun , Yang Juan
Published: December 2022

Silicon is an excellent candidate for the next generation of ultra‐high performance anode materials, with the rapid iteration of the lithium‐ion battery industry. High‐quality silicon sources are the cornerstone of the development of silicon anodes, and silicon cutting waste (SCW) is one of them while still faces the problems of poor performance and unclear structure‐activity relationship. Herein, a simple, efficient, and inexpensive purification method is implemented to reduce impurities in SCW and expose the morphology of nanosheets therein. Furthermore, HF is used to modulate the abundant native O in SCW after thermodynamic and kinetic considerations, realizing the mechanical support for the internal Si in the form of an amorphous SiO2 shell. Afterward, SCNS@SiO2‐2.5 with a 1.0 nm thick SiO2 shell exhibits a reversible capacity of 1583.3 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.8 A g−1. Ultimately, the molecular dynamics simulations profoundly reveal that the amorphous SiO2 shell is transformed into the extremely ductile LixSiOy shell to ditch stress and relieve strain during the lithiation/delithiation process.
Continuous Flow Microfluidic Production of Arbitrarily Long Tubular Liquid Crystal Elastomer Peristaltic Pump Actuators
Authors: Najiya Najiya , Popov Nikolay , Jampani Venkata Subba Rao , Lagerwall Jan P. F.
Published: December 2022

While liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are ideal materials for soft‐robotic actuators, filling the role of muscle and shape‐defining material simultaneously, it is non‐trivial to give them ground state shapes beyond simple sheets or fibers. Here tubular LCE actuators scalable to arbitrary length are produced using a continuous three‐phase coaxial flow microfluidic process. By pumping an oligomeric precursor solution between inner and outer aqueous phases in a cylindrically symmetric nested capillary set‐up, and by reducing the interfacial tension to negligible values using surfactants adapted to each phase, the tubular liquid flow is stabilized over distances more than 200 times the diameter or 2000 times the thickness. In situ photocrosslinking of the middle phase turns it into an LCE network that is flow‐aligned by the shear gradient over the phase. The reversible actuation of the tubes upon heating yields a reduction of the interior space, pumping out enclosed fluid, and the relaxation upon cooling leads to the fluid being sucked back in. By moving a local heat source along the tube, it acts as a peristaltic pump. It is proposed that the tubes could, pending functionalization for light‐triggered actuation, function as active synthetic vasculature in biological contexts.
Aerosol Spray Drying Guided Synthesis of Ultrasmall Alloyed Bimetallic Nanoparticles Supported on Silica for Catalytic Semihydrogenation
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhang Yi , Zhang Yali , Li Yunqing , Wang Xiaoning , Wang Huifang , Wu Winston Duo , Bao Xiaoguang , Wu Zhangxiong
Published: December 2022

Supported bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with ultrasmall sizes and homogeneous alloying are attractive for catalysis. However, facile synthesis of this type of material remains very challenging. Here, the aerosol drying impregnation method for rapid, scalable, and general synthesis of silica‐supported bimetallic NPs is proposed. The method relies on aerosol spray drying to promote the mixing and dispersing of binary metal precursors on SiO2. It is capable of controlling the composition and size of bimetallic NPs and avoids the use of expensive metal complex salts and complicated experiment procedures. Twelve permutations combining a noble metal (Pd, Ru, and Pt) and a base one (Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) with ultrasmall sizes (1.4–2.2 nm in average size), uniform dispersion, and good alloying are synthesized. Interesting activity and selectivity trends in catalytic semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene over the supported Pd‐based NPs can be observed. The silica‐supported PdNi NPs deliver both high activity and styrene selectivity. Spectroscopic and density functional theory calculation results reveal the improved chemoselectivity originated from the suitably down‐shifted d‐band center of the PdNi NPs inducing an increased energy barrier for overhydrogenation and a weakened styrene adsorption.
Small Molecules Functionalized Zinc Oxide Interlayers for High Performance Low‐Temperature Carbon‐Based CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Dan , Zhang Xiang , Guo Tonghui , Zou Junjie , Zhou Yuan , Jin Junjun , Zhu Zhenkun , Cao Qiang , Zhang Jing , Tai Qidong
Published: December 2022

The charge recombination resulting from bulk defects and interfacial energy level mismatch hinders the improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of carbon‐based inorganic perovskite solar cells (C‐IPSCs). Herein, a series of small molecules including ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and its derivatives (EDTA‐Na and EDTA‐K) are studied to functionalize the zinc oxide (ZnO) interlayers at the SnO2/CsPbI2Br buried interface to boost the photovoltaic performance of low‐temperature C‐IPSCs. This strategy can simultaneously passivate defects in ZnO and perovskite films, adjust interfacial energy level alignment, and release interfacial tensile stress, thereby improving interfacial contact, inhibiting ion migration, alleviating charge recombination, and promoting electron transport. As a result, a maximum PCE of 13.94% with a negligible hysteresis effect is obtained, which is one of the best results reported for low‐temperature CsPbI2Br C‐IPSCs so far. Moreover, the optimized devices without encapsulation demonstrate greatly improved operational stability.
Highly Efficient Tin Perovskite Solar Cells via Suppressing Superoxide Generation
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhou Jianheng , Ma Xue , Dong Jianchao , Wang Jie , Han Dongyuan , Zang Ziang , Ju Ming-Gang , Zhang Qichun , Wang Ning
Published: December 2022

Power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of tin perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) are major concerns in developing lead‐free photovoltaics. Photovoltaic performance of TPSCs often suffers from the oxidation of Sn2+, organic degradation, and ion migration, which inevitably cause plenty of trap states and render inferior device parameters. Herein, a natural ascorbic acid is first introduced for high‐performance TPSCs as a multifunctional reductant to suppress the oxidation of Sn2+ and regulate trap states accordingly. Interestingly, it is found that the ascorbic acid reduces Sn4+ to Sn2+ by CC double bonds and forms a complex with Cs0.05FA0.95SnI3 perovskites via strong hydrogen bonding interactions. By virtue of theoretical calculations, the mechanism of the ascorbic acid role is further clarified. Apart from effective passivation and suppressing trap density, a superoxide interaction between perovskite and ascorbic acid is proposed. The existence of ascorbic acid successfully improved the energy barrier for O2
− generation. As a result, a significantly improved PCE from 8.95% to 13.32% is achieved for Cs0.05FA0.95SnI3 TPSCs with 0.5% ascorbic acid incorporation under AM 1.5 G illumination. In addition, our devices maintain 90% value of initial PCE after 500 h storage.
A Novel Continuous Cooling Treatment Based on the Carbon Diffusion Process During Nanobainite Transformation in High‐Carbon Steel
Authors: Fan Shichao , Guo Dong , Deng Xiaohu , Wang Han
Published: December 2022

A novel methodology of carbon‐diffusion‐dominated continuous cooling treatment (CC) during the bainite transformation is proposed and implemented on a high‐carbon nanobainitic steel. Nanobainite (NB) microstructure composed of bainitic ferrite lath with a thickness of ≈36 nm is obtained by successive heat treatment processes, including cooling the sample from 240 to 216 °C at a rate of 0.1 °C min−1, then cooling down to 120 °C at a rate of 0.2 °C min−1 followed by austempering at 120 °C for 12 h. Several technological routines involving oil quenching + tempering, single‐stage austempering + tempering, and two‐stage austempering + tempering are compared. The effects of heat treatment processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties are unveiled. Importantly, after the CC process, the tensile strength is 2049 MPa, the yield strength is 1552 MPa, the elongation is 2.5%, the impact toughness is 11.5 J, and the hardness is 60.7 HRC. Notably, the comprehensive mechanical properties of CC‐processed samples are superior to that of other heat‐treated samples. Microstructure analyses reveal that the CC process significantly refines the bainitic ferrite lath thickness while increasing the volume fraction of NB. Thereby, effectively shrink blocky retained austenite, and finally enhancing the overall mechanical properties.
Failure characteristics of concrete pipes with pre‐existing cracks
Authors: Liu Liping , Tan Fei , Tian Shugao , Hong Zhikai , Lv Jiahe
Published: December 2022

Urban ground subsidence accidents have become frequent in recent years, mainly due to cracked concrete sewer pipes. Based on the discrete element method (DEM), the process from crack‐initiation to the formation of penetrating macrocracks were investigated and crack‐initiation load and failure load were calculated. The results showed that numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental results, thus verifying the effectiveness of the DEM calculation results. The crack‐initiation load and failure load of concrete pipes varied when different parameters were involved. The diameter of pipe had the greatest impact on the crack‐initiation load and failure load, followed by the crack position. The crack dip angle did not show any significant influence on the failure load. The crack depth significantly affected the deformation characteristics prior to crack initiation. The diameter of pipe and crack depth had a minor impact on the failure mode of concrete pipes. However, the crack dip angle determined the path of crack propagation while the crack position determined the crack initiation location and failure mode of the concrete pipes.
An experimental study on bond behaviors of reinforced concrete under fatigue loading and corrosion
Authors: Zhou Haijun , Qi Xuan , Lin Zhiyao , De Filippo Michele , Liu Jian , Ma Cong , Xing Feng
Published: December 2022

Corrosion and fatigue loading would inevitably degrade bond between rebar and concrete. However, there were only a few related test results available, and confinement of rebar was different from case to case. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of corrosion and fatigue loading on bond behaviors between strong confined rebar and concrete. A total of 72 cube specimens with 13 target corrosion levels from 0% to 30% with a step of 2.5% were made and tested. Seven specimens were tested with monotonic pull‐out load. Sixty‐five specimens were tested with fatigue loads and divided into two groups according to corrosion level with two different loaded upper limits. Bond strength, corresponding slip value, residual slip value, and residual bond stress of tested specimens with different corrosion levels and stress levels are studied. Three typical failure modes were observed during fatigue loading processes: rebar fracture, bond fatigue failure, and pull‐out splitting failure, respectively. Test results indicated the residual slip continued to accumulate under fatigue load, and corrosion further increased the residual slip value. Specimens began to show bond fatigue failure when the actual stress level was >50%. The results of this study can provide reference for service life evaluation of reinforced concrete structures in coastal area under repeated loading.
Farm characteristics and sero‐prevalence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies in pigs of Nepal
Authors: Prajapati Meera , Acharya Madhav Prasad , Yadav Prakash , Frossard Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2022

Background

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is a highly infectious disease of swine caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV).

Objectives

To evaluate the prevalence of PRRSV antibodies in the four districts of hilly and terai regions of Nepal. Toassess the farm characteristics through a questionnaire interview of farmersregarding management practices and PRRS.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to June 2021 to determine the sero‐prevalence of PRRSV in pigs. A total of 180 porcine serum samples were collected from 23 pig farms and tested for PRRSV antibodies by ELISA. Alongside, farm characteristics were also assessed through questionnaire to determine the level of biosecurity measures in the farm, knowledge of the disease and possible control mechanisms.

Results

Out of 180 samples, 37 were tested positive resulting the overall sero‐prevalence of 20.5%. There was significant association between different districts (p< 0.05) and PRRS prevalence. Prevalence of PRRSV antibody was found higher in Kaski district (10.5%) followed by Sunsari (8.8%) district. Based on age groups, highest prevalence was found in age groups of above 18 months (9.4%), followed by 13–18 months age groups (7.7%). Regarding the knowledge level of the disease, 43% of the farmers responded that they have heard about the disease. Biosecurity practices in the farm was found very poor where only 40% of the farms had disinfectant at the entrance of the farm and 25% pig farmers were found using separate boots while dealing with pigs.

Conclusions

The findings of this study reveal the presence of PRRSV antibodies in pigs of Nepal. In addition poor biosecurity measures, management practices and poor knowledge level about the disease among farmers highly affect in the control and prevention of disease thereby affecting the pig production and productivity. Therefore, government should develop and implement effective control measures and biosecurity programs.
The effect of dietary pioglitazone supplementation on milk yield, insulin sensitivity and GH–IGF‐I axis in Holstein dairy cows during the transition period
Authors: Mirzaie Saeed , Yousefi Ali Reza , Masoumi Reza , Rostami Behnam , Amanlou Hamid
Published: December 2022

Background

High‐yielding dairy cows develop insulin resistance during late gestation associated with disruption of the growth hormone (GH)–insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I axis and cause metabolic and reproductive disorders.

Objective

This study aimed to determine the effects of dietary pioglitazone (PIO) supplementation as an insulin sensitizer agent on milk yield, plasma metabolite status and GH–IGF‐I axis in transition Holstein dairy cows.

Methods

Twenty multiparous cows were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (n = 10 animals per group) and either fed with a basal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with 6 mg PIO/kg body weight (BW) from day 14 before parturition to day 21 postpartum. The BW and body condition score (BCS), non‐esterified fatty acids, beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), insulin, glucose, GH and IGF‐I concentrations, milk production and composition were measured weekly.

Results

BW and BCS losses were lower in PIO than in control cows (p < 0.05). The percentage and amount of milk fat were decreased, and the amount of protein increased only in the first post‐calving week in the PIO‐treated cows compared to the control (p < 0.05). Dietary PIO supplementation increased glucose concentration at calving, but insulin concentration was increased at calving and in the first post‐calving week (p < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of IGF‐I and the ratio of IGF to GH were increased in the PIO group (p < 0.05). The mean revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index with BHBA, as an insulin sensitivity index, was greater in PIO‐supplemented cows (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our results showed beneficial effects of PIO supplementation on improving insulin sensitivity and the GH–IGF‐I axis that may cause lower negative energy balance and better metabolic and health status in transition dairy cows.
Molecular screening of SARS‐CoV‐2 in dogs and cats from households with infected owners diagnosed with COVID‐19 during Delta and Omicron variant waves in Iran
Authors: Akhtardanesh Baharak , Jajarmi Maziar , Shojaee Mohammadreza , Salajegheh Tazerji Sina , Khalili Mahani Maziar , Hajipour Pouneh , Gharieb Rasha
Published: December 2022

Objective

The emergence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in dogs and cats in different countries worldwide raises concerns that pets are at a higher risk for spreading or transmitting of SARS‐CoV‐2 to humans and other pets and increased the research works about the zoonotic aspects and natural routes of infection in companion animals. The current study aimed to detect the SARS‐CoV‐2 in household dogs and cats living with COVID‐19 positive owners.

Methods

Deep oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were collected from 30 household pets (20 cats and 10 dogs) living with COVID‐19 positive owners from April 2021 to 2022 in Kerman, Iran. All dogs’ and cats’ samples were tested by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of SARS‐CoV‐2.

Results

Two household cats out of 20 examined (10%) were positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, whereas none of the examined dogs were positive for SARS‐CoV‐2. The two cats positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 were symptomatic and suffered from severe anorexia with maximum contact with their infected owners.

Conclusion

This study reported the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in household cats in close contact with COVID‐19 positive owners during the circulation of new SARS‐CoV‐2 variants (Delta and Omicron) in Iran and suggested that the transmission may have occurred from owners to their cats. Therefore, infected owners should eagerly limit close contact with their pets during COVID‐19 illness.
Copromicroscopic study of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals at Central Zoo, Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Dhakal Pitambar , Sharma Hari Prasad , Shah Rachana , Thapa Parbat Jung , Pokheral Chiranjibi Prasad
Published: December 2022

Background

Zoological gardens (Zoo) provide abode to various threatened animals or trafficked animals seized by the authorities, and injured and orphaned animals. Captive animals are more susceptible to infection as they are under significant stress due to diet and space which further dwindle their resistance to parasitic infections.

Objectives

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal parasites in captive mammals housed at Central Zoo.

Methods

Fresh faecal samples from three orders of mammals including carnivora (n = 24), rodentia (n = 28) and artiodactyla (n = 35) were examined by direct smear, faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques, and the McMaster technique was applied to quantify parasite eggs per gram (EPG)/oocysts per gram (OPG) of a faecal sample.

Results

One or more parasite taxa were detected in 19.54% of the examined samples and five types of GIPs including one protozoon (Eimeria spp.) and four helminths (Strongyloides spp., Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. and hookworm) were recorded. The protozoan prevalence (6.89 %) was lower than helminths (12.64%). The Eimeria spp. was the most prevalent parasite (6.89%) with the highest OPG (427.77 ± 25.45SD) in spotted deer (Axis axis), and the highest prevalence was noticed among artiodactyla (34.28%) followed by carnivora (12.5%) and rodentia (7.14%). Artiodactyla had both single infection (25.71%) and double (8.57%) infection. The percentage of single infection (16.09%) was found to be higher than double infection (3.44%) among the captive mammals. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) had the highest EPG of 383.33 ± 76.37SD (Strongyloides spp.), while the spotted deer had the lowest EPG of 216.66 ± 76.37SD (hookworm).

Conclusions

Despite careful management practices, the parasitic infection may be attributed to the narrow enclosure, group housing and environmental contamination. The present finding provides baseline information on the parasitic infection in captive mammals, and can be used by zoo managers for the better life of captive animals.
Markers for internal neoplasia in the horse
Authors: Drozdzewska Karolina , Gehlen Heidrun
Published: December 2022

The diagnosis of internal neoplasia in horses is challenging. Increased production of hormones physiologic for adult animals (e.g., adrenocorticotropin, norepinephrine, and erythropoietin) or typical for the foetal phase (alpha‐fetoprotein, anti‐Müllerian hormone, and parathyroid‐hormone‐related protein) might aid in tumour diagnostics. Thymidine kinase‐1 and alkaline phosphatase are examples of intracellular enzymes, whose activity in the blood may increase in some neoplasia cases. Furthermore, inappropriate production of abnormal monoclonal or autologous antibodies can accompany lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Many of those tumour markers lead to clinical or laboratory changes, called paraneoplastic syndromes, such as hypercalcaemia and erythrocytosis.

The interpretation of the results of the tumour marker measurements in horses is complicated due to many factors affecting the markers’ concentration or activity (e.g., young age, pregnancy, and inflammation) and other diseases triggering the same changes. Moreover, the presence of paraneoplastic syndromes is inconsistent, which leads to low sensitivity of those substances as tumour markers.

In conclusion, screening for neoplasia in horses is not recommended. The measurement of tumour markers should be performed only in risk groups with suspicious clinical or laboratory findings, and the results should be interpreted with caution. It is advisable to add inflammatory markers to the tumour profile or repeat the measurements.
Descriptive epidemiology of dermatophytosis in rodents
Authors: Nikaein Donya , Yaghuti Pegah , Sharifzadeh Aghil , Khosravi Alireza , Balal Asad
Published: December 2022

Introduction

Dermatophytosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi called dermatophytes.

Objectives

Since the epidemiology of diseases revolves over time, this research studies the incidence of dermatophytosis among rodents referred to mycology laboratory during 2019–2021.

Methods

A total of 163 rodents including rabbits, guinea pigs, and hamsters suspecting having dermatophytosis were sampled by scraping lesions. Direct microscopic examination, culture, and polymerase chain reaction were done for diagnosis of dermatophytosis and identification of the etiologic agent.

Results

The results of this study showed that 37.4% of rodents were involved with dermatophytosis, among which 41.13% of rabbits, 25% of guinea pigs, and 26.3% of hamsters were included. Microsporum canis (52.7%) was the most isolated agent. Incidence of dermatophytosis was higher in female in rabbits while in hamsters and guinea pigs male were mostly infected. Rodents less than 6 months were more susceptible for dermatophytosis except for hamsters in which 6–12 months animals had a higher prevalence.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is significant to update our knowledge about the epidemiology of dermatophytosis in rodents and other animals every few years to define valid preventive strategies. Moreover, since dermatophytes are contagious and zoonotic, it is also a priority to apply preventing methods for dermatophytosis and treat infected rodents with appropriate antifungal agents to decrease the risk of infection.
Beyond the classical amyloid hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease: Molecular insights into current concepts of pathogenesis, therapeutic targets, and study models
Authors: Theerasri Atsadang , Janpaijit Sakawrat , Tencomnao Tewin , Prasansuklab Anchalee
Published: December 2022

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the progressive neurodegenerative disorders and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly worldwide causing difficulties in the daily life of the patient. AD is characterized by the aberrant accumulation of β‐amyloid plaques and tau protein‐containing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain giving rise to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic failure, and eventual neuronal cell death. The total cost of care in AD treatment and related health care activities is enormous and pharmaceutical drugs approved by Food and Drug Administration have not manifested sufficient efficacy in protection and therapy. In recent years, there are growing studies that contribute a fundamental understanding to AD pathogenesis, AD‐associated risk factors, and pharmacological intervention. However, greater molecular process‐oriented research in company with suitable experimental models is still of the essence to enhance the prospects for AD therapy and cell lines as a disease model are still the major part of this milestone. In this review, we provide an insight into molecular mechanisms, particularly the recent concept in gut‐brain axis, vascular dysfunction and autophagy, and current models used in the study of AD. Here, we emphasized the importance of therapeutic strategy targeting multiple mechanisms together with utilizing appropriate models for the discovery of novel effective AD therapy.

This article is categorized under:

Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
Melting heat transport in a mixed convective squeeze flow of a hybrid nanofluid with interfacial nanolayer effects
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Sharma Tanya , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle
Published: December 2022

The interfacial nanolayer effect on a mixed convection flow of single wall CNT (carbon nanotube) and CuO (cupric oxide) water based hybrid nanofluid inside a squeezed channel is studied. To maintain the flow, hybrid nanofluid under consideration is either squeezed or dilated in the parallel plate channel. Melting heat condition on one side of the channel is taken. Generalized thermophysical models which include the interfacial nanolayer effects are proposed for the hybrid nanofluid. Governing equations for the flow are tackled via similarity mappings and bvp4c technique. Statistical analysis revealed a strong significance of the interfacial ratio parameters with Nusselt numbers and skin friction coefficients at both ends of the channel. In case of squeezing flow, it is interestingly noted that the melting parameter uplifted the heat transfer rate, however reverse trend prevailed for dilating flow regime. Mixed convection parameter declined the rate of heat transfer in the squeezing channel, but elevated the coefficient of skin friction.
Geodetic Analyses at the National Geographic Institute of Spain
Authors: Rodríguez José C. , Azcue Esther , Puente Víctor , López-F. José A. , López-P. José A. , Martínez Elena , Sobrino José A. Sánchez , Valdés Marcelino , Vaquero Beatriz , Vicente Pablo de
Published: December 2022

The National Geographic Institute of Spain (IGN Spain) develops, operates, and exploits the Spanish national geodetic networks and their associated infrastructure. This includes the permanent networks of reference GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) receivers, VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry) telescopes, and a new SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) station under construction at the Yebes Observatory. In order to fully exploit the opportunities offered by the availability of these space geodetic techniques, IGN has been operating Analysis Centres of GNSS and VLBI for a number of years, with the recent addition of an Associated Analysis Centre of the International Laser Ranging Service.

IGN Spain is a EUREF Analysis Centre since 2001, contributing with their weekly and daily coordinate solutions to the realisation of the European Terrestrial Reference System. The activities of the AC include projects such as IBERRED, for geodynamic purposes, and the participation in the European E-GVAP programme for meteorological applications. Over the last years, IGN Spain has expanded its contribution to geodetic VLBI analysis, starting in 2019 the operational analysis of VLBI sessions and the submission of the respective solutions (containing consistently estimated Earth Orientation Parameters, station coordinates and source positions) to the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS). Additionally, the reprocessing of the historical VLBI data since 1979 is ongoing, which is the basis for future contributions to the IVS combination series that will be provided for future realisations of the international terrestrial reference frame (ITRF). The latest addition to IGN Spain analysis capabilities is the IGN-Yebes Associated Analysis Centre. Highlights of its activities are the participation in the ITRF2020 reprocessing in collaboration with the Analysis Centre NSGF in the UK, and the computation of SLR centre-of-mass corrections for spherical geodetic satellites.

IGN strives to further exploit the synergies between these groups and work towards the combined analysis of the data. A description of the analysis activities of IGN Spain, along with its future prospects, is presented.
Einführung
Authors: Fries Martin , Deutlmoser Ralf
Published: December 2022

Das Streiten lernen wir schon als kleine Kinder. Insofern ist es wenig verwunderlich, wenn auch Erwachsene bei ihren Auseinandersetzungen intuitiv Richtung Konfrontation steuern. Auf den Gedanken, Konflikte als Chance zu begreifen und sie konstruktiv und kooperativ zu lösen, muss man erst einmal kommen. In erbrechtlichen Streitigkeiten lohnt sich dieses Nachdenken über alternative Wege der Konfliktlösung ganz besonders, weil die klassische Rechtsdurchsetzung hier außerordentlich mühsam ist. Im Grunde muss man nur die Zeitung aufschlagen, um am Beispiel öffentlich ausgetragener Erbstreitigkeiten zu erkennen, wie viel in solchen Konflikten schiefgehen kann. Zugleich lässt sich mit Blick auf diese Fälle bereits erahnen, wie viel eine konstruktive Konfliktlösung für alle Beteiligten wert sein kann.
Der erbrechtliche Streitfall
Authors: Fries Martin , Deutlmoser Ralf
Published: December 2022

Erbstreitigkeiten sind eine spezielle Materie. Es ist in der Regel zu spät, um die Erblasserin noch zu fragen, wie sie sich ihre Rechtsnachfolge genau vorgestellt hat. Bei Fällen mit internationalen Bezügen spielen unter Umständen die Erbrechte mehrerer Staaten eine Rolle. Häufig geht es aber auch gar nicht vorrangig um Tatsachen- oder Rechtsfragen, sondern um unterschiedliche Überzeugungen und Präferenzen der Nachfahren. Dabei spielen womöglich Personen eine entscheidende Rolle, die in die erbrechtliche Auseinandersetzung nicht unmittelbar mit einbezogen sind. Während ein klassischer Zivilprozess hier regelmäßig nur einen Ausschnitt des Falls würdigen kann, interessiert sich ein Mediationsverfahren für das ganze Bild.
Mediation als Konfliktlösungsverfahren
Authors: Fries Martin , Deutlmoser Ralf
Published: December 2022

Seit dem Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts hat sich die Mediation in Deutschland als ernstzunehmendes Streitbeilegungsverfahren etabliert. Im Kern handelt es sich um eine Verhandlung unter Leitung eines neutralen Dritten, der das Gespräch nach einem bestimmten Schema strukturiert und deeskalierend moderiert. Dabei unterbreitet eine Mediatorin den Parteien anders als ein Schlichter oder Schiedsrichter keine Vorschläge, wie sie den Streit beilegen können, sondern beschränkt sich darauf, die eigenverantwortliche Konfliktlösung zu unterstützen. Das hat den Vorteil, dass die Parteien das Ergebnis des Verfahrens nicht als eine aufgezwungene Entscheidung erleben, sondern als eine selbst erarbeitete und selbst gewählte Lösung begreifen können.
Der Nutzen einer Mediation im Erbstreit
Authors: Fries Martin , Deutlmoser Ralf
Published: December 2022

Ein Mediationsverfahren ist keine altruistische Besinnungsveranstaltung, sondern ein ernstzunehmendes Verfahren mit dem Ziel, den Streitparteien zur bestmöglichen Befriedigung ihrer individuellen und regelmäßig eigennützigen Interessen zu verhelfen. Die Durchsetzung bestehender Rechte im Lichte etwaiger Rechtsunsicherheit kann dabei durchaus eine Rolle spielen. Ein zentraler Unterschied zum Zivilprozess: Mediationsverfahren sind im Kern nicht konfrontativ strukturiert; sie wirbeln daher nicht zusätzlich Staub auf, sondern zielen auf eine zügige und pragmatische Lösung. Viele Erbinnen und Erben wissen das sehr zu schätzen.
Mediationsanaloge Nachfolgeplanung
Authors: Fries Martin , Deutlmoser Ralf
Published: December 2022

Gutes Konfliktmanagement ist frühes Konfliktmanagement. Die klassische Mediation kommt im Idealfall der mit einem Prozess notwendig verbundenen Polarisierung der Streitigkeit zuvor und kann so den guten Willen der Beteiligten aufrecht erhalten. Zeichnet sich Streit zwischen den Erben allerdings schon zu Lebzeiten der Erblasserin ab, spricht viel dafür, bereits zu diesem Zeitpunkt ein Mediationsgespräch zu führen. Es versteht sich von selbst, dass die Erblasserin dann mit am Tisch sitzt. In ihrer Anwesenheit werden sich ihre Erben vergleichsweise kooperativ verhalten. Und zuweilen kann die Erblasserin in einem solchen Setting sogar Missverständnisse ausräumen, die sonst nach ihrem Tod einen Konflikt hervorrufen oder verschärfen würden.
Mediationsklauseln
Authors: Fries Martin , Deutlmoser Ralf
Published: December 2022

Unabhängig davon, ob die Erblasserin zu Lebzeiten das Gespräch mit ihren Erben und Pflichtteilsberechtigten sucht, lassen sich nach ihrem Tod neu aufkeimende Konflikte nie sicher vermeiden. Um hier für die Nachfahren zumindest einen kooperativen Impuls zu geben, können Erblasser ihren letzten Willen mit einer Mediationsklausel versehen. Eine solche Klausel kann die Erben nicht zur Teilnahme an einer mehrtägigen Mediationssitzung zwingen, aber sie kann die Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine friedliche Konfliktlösung deutlich erhöhen. In einer professionellen Erbrechtskanzlei wie auch im einschlägig spezialisierten Notariat gehört ein ausführlicher Hinweis auf Nutzen und Grenzen einer solchen Klausel daher zum Standardrepertoire der Testaments- und Erbvertragsberatung.
Random Lattice Theory
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Tian Kun , Liu Fengxia
Published: December 2022

In this chapter, we introduce the basic random theory of lattice, including Fourier transform, discrete Gauss measure, smoothing parameter and some properties of discrete Gauss distribution. Random lattice is a new research topic in lattice theory. However, only a special class of random lattices named Gauss lattice has been defined and studied. We will introduce Gauss lattice, define the smoothing parameter on Gauss lattice, and calculate the statistical distance based on the smoothing parameter
LWE Public Key Cryptosystem
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Tian Kun , Liu Fengxia
Published: December 2022

In 2005, O.Regev proposed the first LWE public key cryptosystem at Tel Aviv University in Israel based on LWE distribution $$A_{s,\chi }$$. Because of this paper, Regev won the highest award for theoretical computer science in 2018—the Godel Award. The size of public key is $$\tilde{O}(n^2)$$ bits, and the size of private key s and ciphertext is $$\tilde{O}(n)$$ bits. The plaintext encrypted each time is 1 bit. In fact, the LWE public key cryptosystem is a probabilistic cryptosystem, which depends on a high probability algorithm. Since the security of LWE problem has been clearly proved (see Chap. 3), the LWE cryptosystem has received extensive attention as soon as it was proposed, and it becomes the most cutting-edge research topic in the lattice-based cryptosystem study.
A Generalization of NTRUencrypt
Authors: Zheng Zhiyong , Tian Kun , Liu Fengxia
Published: December 2022

NTRU cryptosystem is a new public key cryptosystem based on lattice hard problem proposed in 1996 by three digit theorists Hoffstein, Piper and Silverman of Brown University in the United States. The essence of NTRU cryptographic design is the generalization of RSA on polynomials, so it is called the cryptosystem based on polynomial rings. Its main feature is that the key generation is very simple, and the encryption and decryption algorithm is much faster than the commonly used RSA and elliptic curve cryptography. In particular, NTRU can resist quantum computing attacks and is considered to be a potential public key cryptography that can replace RSA in the post-quantum cryptography era.
Supersymmetry of the D3/D5 defect field theory
Authors: Domokos Sophia K. , Royston Andrew B.
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills, with a codimension-one defect breaking half of the supersymmetry, arises as the field theory description of the D3/D5 intersection in the holographic limit. This is one of the earliest, most extensively studied, and commonly used systems in holography. In this note we give the full R-symmetry-covariant supersymmetry variations for this system. We also provide the supercurrents and compute the algebra of the corresponding supercharges, obtaining the full set of central charges. We show that magnetically charged finite-energy field configurations preserving half of the supersymmetry are solutions to a new form of the extended Bogomolny equations, in which the defect fields play the role of jumping data for the Nahm-like part of the equations. In the appendices, we explain the connection between our results and the superspace-based formulations in the literature.
Local analytic sector subtraction for initial- and final-state radiation at NLO in massless QCD
Authors: Bertolotti Gloria , Torrielli Paolo , Uccirati Sandro , Zaro Marco
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Within the framework of local analytic sector subtraction, we present the subtraction of next-to-leading-order QCD singularities for processes featuring massless coloured particles in the initial as well as in the final state. The features of the method are explained in detail, including the introduction of an optimisation procedure aiming at improving numerical stability at the cost of no extra analytic complexity. A numerical validation is provided for a variety of processes relevant to lepton as well as hadron colliders. This work constitutes a relevant step in view of the application of our subtraction method to processes involving initial-state radiation at next-to-next-to-leading order in QCD.
What lies beyond the horizon of a holographic p-wave superconductor
Authors: Sword Lewis , Vegh David
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We study the planar anti-de Sitter black hole in the p-wave holographic superconductor model. We identify a critical coupling value which determines the type of phase transition. Beyond the horizon, at specific temperatures flat spacetime emerges. Numerical analysis close to these temperatures demonstrates the appearance of a large number of alternating Kasner epochs.
Why is the Weyl double copy local in position space?
Authors: Luna Andres , Moynihan Nathan , White Chris D.
Published: December 2022

Abstract

The double copy relates momentum-space scattering amplitudes in gauge and gravity theories. It has also been extended to classical solutions, where in some cases an exact double copy can be formulated directly in terms of products of fields in position space. This is seemingly at odds with the momentum-space origins of the double copy, and the question of why exact double copies are possible in position space — and when this form will break — has remained largely unanswered. In this paper, we provide an answer to this question, using a recently developed twistorial formulation of the double copy. We show that for certain vacuum type-D solutions, the momentum-space, twistor-space and position-space double copies amount to the same thing, and are directly related by integral transforms. Locality in position space is ultimately a consequence of the very special form of momentum-space three-point amplitudes, and we thus confirm suspicions that local position-space double copies are possible only for highly algebraically-special spacetimes.
Distinguishing two dark matter component particles at e+e− colliders
Authors: Bhattacharya Subhaditya , Ghosh Purusottam , Lahiri Jayita , Mukhopadhyaya Biswarup
Published: December 2022

Abstract

We investigate ways of identifying two kinds of dark matter (DM) component particles at high-energy colliders. The strategy is to notice and distinguish double-peaks(humps) in the missing energy/transverse energy distribution. The relative advantage of looking for missing energy is pointed out, in view of the fact that the longitudinal component of the momentum imbalance becomes an added input. It thus turns out that an electron-positron collider is better suited for discovering a two-component DM scenario, so long as both of the components are kinematically accessible. This and a number of associated conclusions are established, using for illustration a scenario including a scalar and a spin-1/2 particle. We also formulate a set of measurable quantities which quantify the distinguishability of the two humps, defined in terms of double-Gaussian fits to the missing energy distribution. The efficacy of these variables in various regions of the parameter space is discussed, using the aforesaid model as illustration.
The general Two-Higgs Doublet Model in a gauge-invariant form
Authors: Sartore L. , Maniatis M. , Schienbein I. , Herrmann B.
Published: December 2022

Abstract

In the general Two-Higgs Doublet Model it has been shown that the Higgs potential can be expressed in terms of gauge-independent quantities that transform covariantly under unitary mixing of the doublets. In particular, stability, electroweak symmetry breaking, and CP symmetry can be understood in a concise way, avoiding unphysical gauge degrees of freedom. We complete this program and show how all the masses, the trilinear and quartic scalar interactions, the gauge-boson-Higgs interactions, as well as the Yukawa couplings in the general THDM can be expressed in a gauge-invariant way.
Extra-large type Artin groups are hierarchically hyperbolic
Authors: Hagen Mark , Martin Alexandre , Sisto Alessandro
Published: December 2022

We show that Artin groups of extra-large type, and more generally Artin groups of large and hyperbolic type, are hierarchically hyperbolic. This implies in particular that these groups have finite asymptotic dimension and uniform exponential growth. We prove these results by using a combinatorial approach to hierarchical hyperbolicity, via the action of these groups on a new complex that is quasi-isometric both to the coned-off Deligne complex introduced by Martin–Przytycki and to a generalisation due to Morris-Wright of the graph of irreducible parabolic subgroups of finite type introduced by Cumplido–Gebhardt–González-Meneses–Wiest.
High-Throughput Absolute Quantification Sequencing Reveals that a Combination of Leguminous Shrubs Is Effective in Driving Soil Bacterial Diversity During the Process of Desertification Reversal
Authors: Liu Wangsuo , Qiu Kaiyang , Xie Yingzhong , Huang Yeyun , Wang Ruixia , Li Haichao , Meng Wenfen , He Yi , Li Yayuan , Li Haiquan , Zhao Pengbo , Yang Yi
Published: December 2022

Desertification leads to the extreme fragility of ecosystems and seriously threatens ecosystem functioning in desert areas. The planting of xerophytes, especially leguminous shrubs, is an effective and common means to reverse desertification. Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and energy flow in ecosystems. However, the effects of introducing leguminous shrubs on soil microbial diversity and the relevant mechanisms are not clear. Here, we employed the high-throughput absolute quantification 16S rRNA sequencing method to analyze the diversity of soil bacteria in sand-fixing areas of mixed shrublands with three combinations of shrubs, i.e., C. korshinskii × Corethrodendron scoparium (CaKCoS), C. korshinskii × Calligonum mongolicum (CaKCaM), and C. scoparium × C. mongolicum (CoSCaM), in the south of the Mu Us Sandy Land, China. This area suffered from moving dunes 20 years ago, but after introducing these shrubs to fix the dunes, the ecosystem was restored. Additionally, the effects of soil physicochemical properties on soil bacterial composition and diversity were analyzed with redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). It was found that the Shannon index of soil bacteria in CaKCoS was significantly higher than that in CaKCaM and CoSCaM, and the abundance of the dominant phyla, including Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Thaumarchaeota, Armatimonadetes, candidate_division_WPS-1, and Nitrospirae, increased significantly in CaKCoS and CaKCaM compared to that in CoSCaM. RDA showed that the majority of soil properties, such as total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), N:P ratio, soil moisture (SM), and available phosphorus (AP), were important soil environmental factors affecting the abundance of the dominant phyla, and RDA1 and RDA2 accounted for 56.66% and 2.35% of the total variation, respectively. SEM showed that the soil bacterial α-diversity was positively affected by the soil organic carbon (SOC), N:P ratio, and total phosphorus (TP). Moreover, CaKCoS had higher SM, total carbon (TC), total potassium (TK), and AP than CaKCaM and CoSCaM. Collectively, these results highlight a conceptual framework in which the combination of leguminous shrubs can effectively drive soil bacterial diversity by improving soil physicochemical properties and maintaining ecosystem functioning during desertification reversal.

Graphical Abstract