bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Takotsubo’ Cardiomyopathy in a Maintenance Hemodialysis Patient
Authors: Fukui Masayoshi , Mori Yasukiyo , Tsujimoto Satoshi , Takehana Kazuya , Sakamoto Norihiko , Kishimoto Noriko , Imada Takanobu , Maeba Hirofumi , Nose Atsuko , Yamahara Hideki , Kijima Yasuaki , Kitamura Tetsuya , Ueyama Takanao , Kikuchi Sanae , Tokoro Toshiko , Masaki Hiroya , Nishikawa Mitsushige , Iwasaka Toshiji
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  An 84‐year‐old woman undergoing maintenance hemodialysis presented with chest discomfort lasting several days and electrocardiographic abnormalities. She had stopped smoking 2 weeks earlier and was experiencing irritability. Upon admission, electrocardiography showed ST‐segment elevation in leads I, II, aVF, and V2‐6 and an abnormal Q wave in leads II, III, and aVF. Ultrasound cardiography showed left ventricular anteroapical akinesia and basal hyperkinesia. The chest discomfort disappeared without specific therapy. During hospital days 1–5, the ST‐segment elevation gradually improved. Giant negative T waves then developed. The left ventricular asynergy resolved by day 8. Radionuclide imaging with iodine‐123‐beta‐methyl‐p‐iodophenyl pentadecanoic acid, but not with technetium‐99 m‐sestamibi, showed an apical defect. Elective coronary angiography showed no stenosis. ‘Takotsubo’ cardiomyopathy was diagnosed. After discharge, the patient continued regular dialysis without cardiac symptoms. We concluded that endogenously activated sympathetic nerve action in hemodialysis patients, especially those under emotional or physical stress, might be a causative factor for Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED: An Australian Experience With the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS)
Authors: Kurtovic Jelica , Boyle Martin , Bihari David , Riordan Stephen M
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  The molecular adsorbents recirculating system (MARS) is a form of artificial extracorporeal liver support which has the potential to remove substantial quantities of albumin‐bound toxins postulated to contribute to the pathogenesis of liver cell damage, hemodynamic instability and multi‐organ failure in patients with acute liver failure and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (AoCLF). We assessed the efficacy of MARS therapy in a cohort of patients with severe liver damage unresponsive to intensive medical therapy. MARS therapy was instituted late in the clinical course of six patients with severely impaired liver function refractory to intensive medical therapy, including four with AoCLF precipitated by sepsis and two with liver dysfunction due to sepsis in the absence of pre‐existing chronic liver disease. Outcome measures included markers of hemodynamic stability, renal function, serum bilirubin and bile acid levels, arterial ammonia levels, the arterial ketone body (acetoacetate/β‐hydroxybutyrate) ratio, hepatic encephalopathy grade and the plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green. The rates of discharge from the intensive care unit and in‐hospital mortality were determined. Our findings suggest that MARS treatment might be associated with some clinical efficacy even in patients with advanced multi‐organ dysfunction occurring in the setting of severe liver damage and in whom treatment is instituted late in the clinical course. However, the overall survival rate (1/6; 17%) was poor. More data obtained from larger cohorts of patients enrolled in randomized controlled studies will be required in order to identify categories of liver failure patients who might benefit most from MARS treatment and to ascertain the most appropriate timing of intervention.
Endotoxin Adsorption Therapy for Septic Shock Using Polymyxin B‐Immobilized Fibers (PMX): Evaluation by High‐sensitivity Endotoxin Assay and Measurement of the Cytokine Production Capacity
Authors: Kojika Masahiro , Sato Nobuhiro , Yaegashi Yasunori , Suzuki Yasusi , Suzuki Kenji , Nakae Hajime , Endo Sigeatu
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  Because of its low sensitivity, the conventional measurement method for endotoxin (ET) is not the most appropriate for monitoring the effect of ET adsorption therapy. Thus, the efficacy of ET adsorption therapy was investigated using a newly developed high‐sensitivity ET assay method. The changes in the cytokine production capacity of whole blood were also examined. We treated 24 peritonitis patients who had developed postoperative septic shock with ET adsorption therapy using a column of polymyxin B‐immobilized fibers (PMX) and their serum ET levels were measured using the high‐sensitivity ET assay based on the kinetic turbidimetric Limulus assay. In addition, the changes in the tumor necrosis factor‐(TNF‐α) production capacity of whole blood following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and clinical outcome in the study patients were also examined. The 28‐day mortality rate was 12%. PMX‐direct hemoperfusion (PMX‐DHP) was associated with elevation of the mean arterial pressure and urine output, reduction in the mean dose requirement of vasopressor agents, and recovery from the shock state in all the patients. The PaO2/FIO2 ratio also showed significant improvement. Using the high‐sensitivity ET assay, ET was detected in the blood of 20 out of the 24 patients (80%) before the PMX‐DHP, and a significant reduction in the ET level was noted after the PMX‐DHP. The TNF‐α production capacity of whole blood, which was found to be lower in the septic shock patients than in healthy subjects, was significantly increased after PMX‐DHP. Elimination of ET by PMX‐DHP in septic shock patients was confirmed by the high‐sensitivity ET assay. PMX‐DHP is thus considered to be a useful adjuvant therapeutic technique in the treatment of septic shock. Also, PMX‐DHP might alleviate the immunosuppression associated with severe sepsis.
Combining Continuous Endotoxin Apheresis and Continuous Hemodiafiltration in the Treatment of Patients With Septic Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: Yonekawa Chikara , Nakae Hajime , Tajimi Kimitaka , Asanuma Yoshihiro
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  When septic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) occurs as a result of endotoxemia, diverse chemical mediators are excessively produced, and the patient becomes seriously ill. Under such circumstances, it is difficult to improve the patient's condition by endotoxin apheresis alone and hemodiafiltration should be carried out to remove excessive chemical mediators. Series‐parallel treatment combining continuous endotoxin apheresis and hemodiafiltration is recommended for patients with septic MODS.
Inhibition of the Progression of Aortic Calcification by Etidronate Treatment in Hemodialysis Patients: Long‐Term Effects
Authors: Hashiba Hirotake , Aizawa Sumio , Tamura Kazuhiro , Kogo Hiroshi
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  To confirm the inhibitory effect of etidronate on the progression of vascular calcification (VC), 21 patients were randomly enrolled. All 21 patients had end‐stage renal disease and were undergoing hemodialysis (HD) three times per week. Patients were observed clinically for 12 months before etidronate treatment and then etidronate was given orally just prior to sleep on the days of dialysis for 23 months. The aortic calcification area (ACA) increased significantly during the 12 months before etidronate treatment. While the ACA of the drug‐treated group did not change 12 and 23 months after the initiation of etidronate treatment, the ACA in the control group was significantly elevated 23 months later. These results strongly indicate that etidronate inhibits the progression of VC. Bone mineral density did not change during etidronate treatment. Our findings suggest that etidronate might effectively protect against progressive VC in HD patients.
The Influence of Uremic Serum on Interleukin‐1β and Interleukin‐1 Receptor Antagonist Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Authors: Higuchi Terumi , Fukuda Noboru , Yamamoto Chii , Yamazaki Toshio , Oikawa Osamu , Ohnishi Yoshihiko , Okada Kazuyoshi , Soma Masayoshi , Matsumoto Koichi
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  We investigated whether or not uremic serum has an influence on IL‐1β and IL‐1Ra production by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Four groups of subjects were divided into healthy controls and non‐dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients. We examined cytokine concentrations and cytokine production by PBMC from a normal subject at the density of 2.5 × 106 cells/mL incubated with 25% serum in the medium and serum containing polymyxin‐B or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IL‐1Ra concentrations in the serum of the uremic groups were significantly higher than those of the controls. In IL‐1β production by PBMC in medium with both serum and serum containing polymyxin‐B, these values in the uremic groups were significantly higher than in the controls. In IL‐1Ra production with serum containing polymyxin‐B, these values in the uremic groups were significantly higher than in the controls. In contrast, in IL‐1Ra production by PBMC in medium with serum containing LPS, these values in the uremic groups were significantly lower than in the controls. It was concluded that uremic serum not only contains nonendotoxemic cytokine‐inducing substances, but also shows impaired cytokine production by PBMC in response to LPS.
Effect of Plasma Exchange on the Circulating IL‐6 Levels in a Patient With Fatal Hemophagocytic Syndrome Associated With Bile Ductopenia
Authors: Song Kyung Soon , Sung Hyun Joo
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  We report here the case of a patient suffering from hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) associated with bile ductopenia. A 24‐year old man was admitted after suffering fever, sore throat and general malaise for 7 days and jaundice for 2 days. Clinical studies showed hepatic dysfunction with hyperbilirubinemia. Epstein‐Barr viral DNA from two bone marrow samples was detected. Bone marrow aspiration disclosed findings of HPS. Liver biopsy showed centrilobular cholestasis with lack of interlobular bile duct. Repeated therapeutic plasma exchange was effective for decreasing serum bilirubin and interleukin‐6 levels. The patient received liver transplantation, however, he finally died of alveolar hemorrhage resulting from disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute rejection.
A Case Report of Plasmapheresis in Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Ataxia Associated With Anti‐Tr Antibody
Authors: Taniguchi Yoshihiko , Tanji Chie , Kawai Toru , Saito Hidetoshi , Marubayashi Seiji , Yorioka Noriaki
Published: March 2006

Abstract:  A 53‐year‐old‐male patient was admitted to the Hiroshima University Hospital in August 2001, with a history of progressive cerebellar ataxia, notable by standing and gait disturbances. Brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no signs of ischemic damage. Two weeks later, left axillary lymphadenopathy developed. The pathological finding was Hodgkin's disease (HD; a classical malignant lymphoma in an early stage). Serum antibodies against Purkinje's cells (anti‐Tr antibody) were detected by immunohistochemical study. Thus, we diagnosed this as paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) associated HD. We immediately carried out chemotherapy (ABVD therapy), radiotherapy with 20–30 Gy, steroid pulse and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) without neurologic improvement. The patient was subsequently treated by double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), leading to a marked improvement of standing and gait disturbances and to a reduction of autoantibodies, which became undetectable. We conclude that DFPP might be useful in treating patients with cerebellar ataxia, and should be considered as a therapeutic choice for it.
A Tribute to Robert L. Ebel: Scholar, Teacher, Mentor, and Statesman
Authors: Cizek Gregory J. , Crocker Linda , Frisbie David A. , Mehrens William A. , Stiggins Richard J.
Published: March 2006

The authors describe the significant contributions of Robert Ebel to educational measurement theory and its applications. A biographical sketch details Ebel's roots and professional résumé. His influence on classroom assessment views and procedures are explored. Classic publications associated with validity, reliability, and score interpretation are described in terms of their contributions to the field and their relevance to current practice. An analysis of the diversity of Ebel's contributions over his career projects a model of “psychometric statesman” for contemporary measurement specialists to emulate.
Making Accountability Really Count
Authors: Resnick Lauren B.
Published: March 2006

Standards‐based education has now reached a stage where it is possible to evaluate its overall effectiveness. Several earlier papers in the special issue of Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice on “Test Scores and State Accountability” (Volume 24, Number 4) examined specific state policies and their effects on schools and students. This paper provides a context for understanding state accountability policies by briefly sketching the history of America's standards movement. It then situates the findings of the four special issue papers in the context of theories of how state policies exert their influence, focusing on school capacity building, governmental authority, and educator motivation. Broader forms of assessment may be needed to meet the goals of the standards effort. Several kinds of evidence that could better ground state decisions in knowledge of the actual functioning of schools and districts are suggested.
Causation, homicide and the supply of drugs
Authors: Jones Timothy H
Published: March 2006

This paper examines the significance of the issue of causation where a death results from the supply of an illegal drug. The characterisation of the drug user’s conduct by means of a principle of voluntary intervention, as favoured in English and Welsh law, is questioned. The customary academic reliance upon the work of Hart and Honoré is doubted. The possibility of a new statutory offence of causing death by the supply of a controlled drug is considered.
The rule against inalienability – a rule without a purpose?
Authors: Dawson Ian
Published: March 2006

Promoting alienability has been a policy of the law for many years. The rule against inalienability is one aspect of that policy. This paper seeks to demonstrate that that rule throws doubt on the validity of useful provisions such as the asset-lock provisions of the new breed of community-interest companies; that, historically, it has not been applied where logically it should have been; that the related rules restricting the imposition of conditions on transfers can readily, and better, be based upon secure doctrine rather than uncertain policy; and that, overall, its repeal, if thought necessary with concurrent reforms, would be welcome.
How we do it: A new ‘one stop’ ear wick
Authors: Badran K. , Jani P.
Published: March 2006

Keypoints

• In some practices, otitis externa is treated with ear wick and patient is asked to remove it independently without re‐attending clinic.

• Although this method reduces workload on aural care services, it can be unhygienic and difficult to perform.

• We propose a new design whereby the wick is tied to a string to facilitate its later removal.

• Out of 18 patients treated with this method, only 4 opted to re‐attend for further aural care.
How we do it: Surgery should be considered equally with I131 and thionamide treatment as first‐line therapy for thyrotoxicosis
Authors: England R.J.A. , Kamath M.B. , Jabreel A. , Dunne G. , Atkin S.L.
Published: March 2006

Keypoints

• Radioiodine and thionamide treatment are the most frequently used treatment modalities for thyrotoxicosis in Europe and North America with surgery being reserved for selected cases.

• In our clinic patients were offered all three modalities via simultaneous interview with an endocrinologist and a surgeon, with international risk benefit data for radioiodine and thionamide therapy, and local risk benefit data for total thyroidectomy provided.

• When given the choice, at least 15% of patients opted for total thyroidectomy over the other modalities.

• In our series of 100 consecutive surgical patients there was a 4% malignancy rate.

• Total thyroidectomy should be offered equally, with radioiodine and thionamide treatment, as a first line treatment modality in the management of thyrotoxicosis.
Cochlear implant outcomes and quality of life in the elderly: Manchester experience over 13 years1
Authors: Orabi A.A. , Mawman D. , Al‐Zoubi F. , Saeed S.R. , Ramsden R.T.
Published: March 2006

Objectives:  To objectively evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of cochlear implantation in an elderly population.

Design:  Retrospective comparative study.

Setting:  Neurotology unit at Manchester Royal Infirmary, a supraregional tertiary referral centre in collaboration with Adult Cochlear Implant Programme at The University of Manchester.

Participants:  All cochlear implant procedures (38) undertaken on post‐lingually deafened elderly patients (age range at the time of implantation 65–80 years, n = 34) in the period from 1989 to 2002.

Main outcome measures:  Medical and surgical outcomes. Audiological performance outcomes for isolated words, words in sentences in quiet and noise. Functional outcome measures used are self‐reported measures of the social, psychological and emotional aspects of quality of life, and the differences between expectations for functional outcomes and the realization of functional outcomes. They included expectation profiles, Glasgow Benefit inventory (GBI) and Glasgow Health Status Inventory Questionnaire (GHSI).

Results:  There was statistically significant improvement post‐implantation of both open and closed set test scores (P < 0.01). Eighty‐two percentage of patients were completely satisfied with their cochlear implants. Patients judged that implantation restored half the loss of quality of life that they had experienced as a result of severe‐profound deafness with a highly significant (P < 0.001) improvement in overall quality of life after implantation. The commonest post‐operative observation was transient mild pyrexia.

Conclusions:  The age of a cochlear implant candidate should not be a factor in the candidacy decision‐making process. The quality of life of our elderly recipients was significantly improved after cochlear implant.
Reproducibility of volume measurements of vestibular schwannomas – a preliminary study
Authors: Cross J.J. , Baguley D.M. , Antoun N.M. , Moffat D.A. , Prevost A.T.
Published: March 2006

Objective:  A preliminary study to investigate the intra‐observer and inter‐observer variability of measurements of vestibular schwannoma volume using an area‐tracing and linear dimension measurement method.

Design:  Prospective blinded measurements by two observers (one a consultant and one a sub‐specialty trainee in neuroradiology).

Setting:  Ambulatory patients with known vestibular schwannoma attending a tertiary referral centre.

Participants:  Twenty‐three patients with 26 vestibular schwannomas aged 29–80 years old.

Main outcome measure:  Quantification of the variability in measured volume due to intra‐ and inter‐observer measurement differences, expressed as reliability coefficients within which 95% of repeated measurements are calculated to lie from each other in relative percentage terms.

Results:  For the linear measurement method, intraobserver variability was calculated to have a reliability coefficient of 65% and for interobserver variability this was 155%. For the area tracing method, the corresponding coefficients were 26% for intraobserver variability and 44% for interobserver variability.

Conclusions:  Volume measurements in vestibular schwannoma are variable even when the measurements are made by the same observer on identical images. The area tracing method, commonly regarded as the gold standard, is less variable than a linear method but still introduces more variability than commonly realized (for 95% of patients, repeated measurements by the same observer lie within around 25% of each other). Manual area tracing is not widely used in practice because it is time consuming and reliable automated methods are eagerly awaited.
Systematic review of the safety of electrosurgery for tonsillectomy
Authors: Mowatt G. , Cook J.A. , Fraser C. , McKerrow W.S. , Burr J.M.
Published: March 2006

Keypoints

• In the meta‐analysis models, compared with cold steel dissection with ties/packs haemostasis (reference technique):

• Bipolar diathermy dissection and haemostasis was associated with statistically significant lower odds of primary haemorrhage (OR 0.13, 95% CrI 0.03 to 0.51), including primary haemorrhage requiring return to theatre (OR 0.002, 95% CrI <0.001 to 0.26).

• Coblation was associated with statistically significant higher odds of secondary haemorrhage requiring return to theatre (OR 33.82, 95% CrI 1.25 to 5676.00).

• Monopolar and bipolar diathermy dissection and haemostasis (OR 4.12, 95% CrI 1.12 to 14.67; OR 2.86, 95% CrI 1.12 to 8.02, respectively), coblation (OR 3.75, 95% CrI 1.29 to 12.12), and cold steel dissection with monopolar or bipolar diathermy haemostasis (OR 4.83, 95% CrI 1.56 to 15.95; OR 9.18, 95% CrI 3.09 to 30.53, respectively) were all associated with statistically significant higher odds of secondary haemorrhage.

• In deciding which technique to employ, factors to consider include patient characteristics, the underlying risk of primary or secondary haemorrhage, which is regarded as likely to be more serious, and the clinical significance of the observed differences in haemorrhage rates across techniques.
Prognostic value of electroneurography in Bell's palsy and Ramsay–Hunt's syndrome
Authors: Lee D.‐H. , Chae S.‐Y. , Park Y.‐S. , Yeo S.‐W.
Published: March 2006

Objectives:  This study evaluated the accuracy of electroneurography to predict the prognosis of Bell's palsy and Ramsay–Hunt's syndrome.

Design:  A retrospective, institutional review board‐approved study.

Setting:  A secondary referral and a university‐based centre.

Participants:  The patients had been treated for a sudden onset unilateral facial paralysis over the past 10 years (1994–2004). This retrospective study included only those patients who had been followed up for at least 3 months or if they had reached a complete recovery before then.

Main outcomes measures:  House–Backmann grade versus electroneurography value.

Results:  The recovery rates to House–Brackmann grade II or better were 95% in those with Bell's palsy and 84% in those with herpes zoster oticus. The electroneurography value of the recovery and non‐recovery groups from those with either Bell's palsy or herpes zoster oticus was similar. The logistic regression model between the electroneurography values and the probability of recovery showed no correlation in those with Bell's palsy or with herpes zoster oticus. This study did not identify the proper electroneurography value that had enough appropriate sensitivity and specificity to predict the prognosis of paralysis accurately in Bell's palsy or in herpes zoster oticus patients.

Conclusion:  Electroneurography performed between day 7 and 10 for Bell's palsy or day 10 and 14 for herpes zoster oticus does not provide accurate information on the prognosis or recovery rate of the facial paralysis.
How we do it: Coblation tonsillectomy complication rates from a single ENT department compared with the National Prospective Tonsillectomy Audit
Authors: Clark M.P.A. , Smithard A. , Jervis P.
Published: March 2006

Keypoints

• Coblation tonsillectomy is a relatively new technique, the results of which need auditing within practising units, to justify its continued usage.

• The National Prospective Tonsillectomy Audit provides an excellent source of data for individual units to compare their results to.

• This retrospective audit of 391 coblation tonsillectomies shows that our units haemorrhage and return to theatre rates are similar to the National rates for cold steel & ties data.

• Resolution of training issues and patient selection may lead to increased use of this technique.
Flame Radiation and Soot Emission From Partially Premixed Methane Counterflow Flames
Authors: Mungekar Hemant P. , Atreya Arvind
Published: March 2006

Motivated by heat transfer and environmental concerns, a study of flame radiation and soot particulate emission is reported for partial premixing in low strain-rate (<20s−1) methane counterflow flames. Temperature, OH concentration, and soot volume fraction distributions were measured along the stagnation streamline for progressive addition of oxygen to methane. These measurements along with an optically thin model for soot and gas radiation were used to study the effect of partial premixing on flame radiation and soot emission. It was found that with progressive partial premixing, the peak soot loading and the thickness of the soot zone first decreased and then increased, and while the gas radiation was enhanced, the gas radiative fraction (gas radiation per unit chemical energy release) showed a systematic decrease. The net radiative fraction (soot+gas), however, first decreased and then increased. A configuration with the soot zone spatially entrapped between the premixed and non-premixed reaction zones was experimentally found. This flame configuration has the potential to enhance radiative heat transfer while simultaneously reducing soot and NOx emissions.
Spectral-Directional Emittance of CuO at High Temperatures
Authors: Jones Peter D. , Teodorescu George , Overfelt Ruel A.
Published: March 2006

Spectral-directional emittance measurements for cupric oxide (CuO) are presented. The data cover polar angles of 0-84deg from the surface normal, wavelengths between 1.5 and 8μm, and temperatures between 400 and 700°C. The data were generated using a radiometric, direct emission measurement method. The oxide was grown on a very clean, smooth, and mirror-like copper surface, heated in air at 700°C until emission measurements became constant (270h). X-ray diffraction and EDS analyses were performed to characterize the spatial and molecular composition of the copper oxide layer. It is generally found that CuO emittance decreases with increasing polar angle, increases with increasing wavelength, and increases with increasing temperature. Spectral-directional emittance values calculated from the Fresnel relations show good agreement with the measurements up to polar angles of 72deg.
Medium Resolution Transmission Measurements of Water Vapor at High Temperature
Authors: Bharadwaj Sudarshan P. , Modest Michael F. , Riazzi Robert J.
Published: March 2006

Medium-resolution transmissivities of water vapor were measured at temperatures between 600 and 1550 K for all-important vibration-rotation bands as well as part of the purely rotational band. Measurements were made with an improved drop tube design, which ensures a relatively isothermal high-temperature gas column. Data were collected with a Fourier-transform-infrared-spectrometer, allowing for much better spectral resolution than most previous high-temperature measurements. The measured data were compared to the HITEMP database, as well as with the data of Phillips for the 2.7μm band of H2O. The data show minor discrepancies with the high-resolution database, particularly at higher temperatures, but, in general, agreement is acceptable.
Analysis of Pulsed Thermography Methods for Defect Depth Prediction
Authors: Sun J. G.
Published: March 2006

Pulsed thermography is an effective technique for quantitative prediction of defect depth within a specimen. Several methods have been reported in the literature. In this paper, using an analysis based on a theoretical one-dimensional solution of pulsed thermography, we analyzed four representative methods. We show that all of the methods are accurate and converge to the theoretical solution under ideal conditions. Three methods can be directly used to predict defect depth. However, because defect features that appear on the surface during a pulsed thermography test are always affected by three-dimensional heat conduction within the test specimen, the performance and accuracy of these methods differs for defects of various sizes and depths. This difference is demonstrated and evaluated from a set of pulsed thermography data obtained from a specimen with several flat-bottom holes as simulated defects.
Highly Accurate Solutions of a Laminar Square Duct Flow in a Transverse Magnetic Field With Heat Transfer Using Spectral Method
Authors: Al-Khawaja Mohammed J. , Selmi Mohammed
Published: March 2006

A liquid metal forced-convection fully developed laminar flow inside a square duct, whose surfaces are electrically insulated and subjected to a constant temperature in a transverse magnetic field, is solved numerically using the spectral method. The axial momentum, induction, and nonlinear energy equations are solved by expanding the axial velocity, magnetic field, and temperature in double Chebyshev series and are collocated at Gauss points. The resulting system of equations is solved numerically by Gauss elimination for the expansion coefficients. The velocity and the magnetic field coefficients are directly solved for, while the temperature coefficients are solved for iteratively. Results show that the velocity profile is flattened in the direction of the magnetic field, but it is more round in the direction normal to it, in a similar fashion to the case of circular tube studied previously. The powerful spectral method resolves the sharp velocity gradient near the duct walls very well leading to accurate calculation of friction factor and Nusselt number. These parameters increase with the strength of the magnetic field due to the increasing flatness of the velocity profile. Comparison with the results for the circular tube shows that the effect of magnetic field on square duct flow is slightly lower from that one for circular pipe flow.
Mutation Pressure and the Evolution of Organelle Genomic Architecture
Authors: Lynch Michael , Koskella Britt , Schaack Sarah
Published: March 2006

The nuclear genomes of multicellular animals and plants contain large amounts of noncoding DNA, the disadvantages of which can be too weak to be effectively countered by selection in lineages with reduced effective population sizes. In contrast, the organelle genomes of these two lineages evolved to opposite ends of the spectrum of genomic complexity, despite similar effective population sizes. This pattern and other puzzling aspects of organelle evolution appear to be consequences of differences in organelle mutation rates. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that the fundamental features of genome evolution are largely defined by the relative power of two nonadaptive forces: random genetic drift and mutation pressure.
Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Immune Cell-Viral Biotherapy
Authors: Thorne Steve H. , Negrin Robert S. , Contag Christopher H.
Published: March 2006

Targeted biological therapies hold tremendous potential for treatment of cancer, yet their use has been limited by constraints on delivery and effective tumor targeting. We combined an immune effector cell population [cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells] with an oncolytic viral therapy to achieve directed delivery to, and regression of, tumors in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models. Preinfection of CIK cells with modified vaccinia virus resulted in a prolonged eclipse phase with the virus remaining hidden until interaction with the tumor. Whole-body imaging revealed that the cells retained their ability to traffic to and to infiltrate the tumor effectively before releasing the virus. These results illustrate the potential of combining biotherapeutics for synergistic effects that more effectively treat cancer.
Response to Comment on "Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment"
Authors: Webster P. J. , Curry J. A. , Liu J. , Holland G. J.
Published: March 2006

Although Chan makes several valid points, his analysis confuses relationships associated with the long-term variations with those associated with shorter term variability (interannual and decadal). We present an analysis that clarifies the observations from the western North Pacific.
Structure of Tracheal Cytotoxin in Complex with a Heterodimeric Pattern-Recognition Receptor
Authors: Chang Chung-I , Chelliah Yogarany , Borek Dominika , Mengin-Lecreulx Dominique , Deisenhofer Johann
Published: March 2006

Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a naturally occurring fragment of Gram-negative peptidoglycan, is a potent elicitor of innate immune responses in
Drosophila.
It induces the heterodimerization of its recognition receptors, the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) LCa and LCx, which activates the immune deficiency pathway. The crystal structure at 2.1 angstrom resolution of TCT in complex with the ectodomains of PGRP-LCa and PGRP-LCx shows that TCT is bound to and presented by the LCx ectodomain for recognition by the LCa ectodomain; the latter lacks a canonical peptidoglycan-docking groove conserved in other PGRPs. The interface, revealed in atomic detail, between TCT and the receptor complex highlights the importance of the anhydro-containing disaccharide in bridging the two ectodomains together and the critical role of diaminopimelic acid as the specificity determinant for PGRP interaction.
Islet Recovery and Reversal of Murine Type 1 Diabetes in the Absence of Any Infused Spleen Cell Contribution
Authors: Nishio Junko , Gaglia Jason L. , Turvey Stuart E. , Campbell Christopher , Benoist Christophe , Mathis Diane
Published: March 2006

A cure for type 1 diabetes will probably require the provision or elicitation of new pancreatic islet β cells as well as the reestablishment of immunological tolerance. A 2003 study reported achievement of both advances in the NOD mouse model by coupling injection of Freund's complete adjuvant with infusion of allogeneic spleen cells. It was concluded that the adjuvant eliminated anti-islet autoimmunity and the donor splenocytes differentiated into insulin-producing (presumably β) cells, culminating in islet regeneration. Here, we provide data indicating that the recovered islets were all of host origin, reflecting that the diabetic NOD mice actually retain substantial β cell mass, which can be rejuvenated/regenerated to reverse disease upon adjuvant-dependent dampening of autoimmunity.
Conservation Lessons from Herbaria
Authors: Maunder Mike
Published: March 2006

Plant Conservation
. A Natural History Approach.
Gary A. Krupnick and W. John Kress, Eds.
. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005. 380 pp. $75, £47.50. ISBN 0-226-45512-2. Paper, $30, £21. ISBN 0-226-45513-0.

The contributors present a natural history perspective on plant biodiversity and discuss its implications for efforts to conserve plant species and communities.
Synthesis of 1-Alkanoyl-1'-(trifluoroacetyl)ferrocenes
Authors: Sobociková Marie , Štěpnička Petr , Ramella Daniele , Kotora Martin
Published: March 2006

Synthesis of the first representatives of mixed acyl(perfluoroacyl)ferrocenes, 1-acetyl-1'-(trifluoroacetyl)ferrocene (3a) and 1-propionyl-1'-(trifluoroacetyl)ferrocene (3b), by stepwise Friedel-Crafts acylation is described. A comparison of redox potentials of acetylferrocene, (trifluoroacetyl)ferrocene, and 3a as determined by cyclic voltammetry shows that the substitution effect is not purely additive.
Diphosphinoazine Rhodium(I) and Iridium(I) Complexes
Authors: Pošta Martin , Čermák Jan , Vojtíšek Pavel , Císařová Ivana
Published: March 2006

The first rhodium complexes of diphosphinoazines [{RhCl(1,2-η:5,6-η-CH=CHCH2CH2CH=CHCH2CH2)}2 {μ-R2PCH2C(But)=NN=C(But)CH2PR2] (R = Ph, Cy, Pri) were prepared by cleavage of the bridge in chloro(cycloocta-1,5-diene)rhodium(I) dimer, the analogous iridium(I) complexes were also prepared for the first time. The X-ray structures of isostructural rhodium and iridium complexes with bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)pinacoloneazine were determined. Diphosphinoazine ligands in the complexes remained in (Z,Z) configuration bridging two RhCl(C8H12) units.
Multistep Electrochemical Reduction Path of Clusters [Os3(CO)10(α-diimine)]: Comparison of Electrochemical and Photochemical Os-Os(α-diimine) Bond Cleavage
Authors: Hartl František , Outersterp Josephina W. M. van
Published: March 2006

Electrochemical reduction of the triangular clusters [Os3(CO)10(α-diimine)] (α-diimine = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpym)) and [Os3(CO)10(μ-bpym)ReBr(CO)3] produces primarily the corresponding radical anions. Their stability is strongly determined by the π-acceptor ability of the reducible α-diimine ligand, which decreases in the order μ-bpym > bpym >> bpy. Along this series, increasing delocalisation of the odd electron density in the radical anion over the Os(α-diimine) chelate ring causes weakening of the axial (CO)4Os-Os(CO)2(α-diimine) bond and its facile cleavage for α-diimine = bpy. In contrast, the cluster radical anion is inherently stable for the bridging bpym ligand, the strongest π-acceptor in the studied series. In the absence of the partial delocalisation of the unpaired electron over the Re(bpym) chelate bond, the Os3-core of the radical anion remains intact only at low temperatures. Subsequent one-electron reduction of [Os3(CO)10(bpym)]•- at T = 223 K gives the open-triosmium core (= Os3*) dianion, [Os3*(CO)10(bpym)]2-. Its oxidation leads to the recovery of parent [Os3(CO)10(bpym)]. At room temperature, [Os3*(CO)10(bpym)]2- is formed along a two-electron (ECE) reduction path. The chemical step (C) results in the formation of an open-core radical anion that is directly reducible at the cathodic potential of the parent cluster in the second electrochemical (E) step. In weakly coordinating tetrahydrofuran, [Os3*(CO)10(bpym)]2- rapidly attacks yet non-reduced parent cluster molecules, producing the relatively stable open-core dimer [Os3*(CO)10(bpym)]22- featuring two open-triangle cluster moieties connected with an (bpym)Os-Os(bpym) bond. In butyronitrile, [Os3*(CO)10(bpym)]2- is stabilised by the solvent and the dimer [Os3*(CO)10(bpym)]22- is then mainly formed by reoxidation of the dianion on reverse potential scan. The more reactive cluster [Os3(CO)10(bpy)] follows the same reduction path, as supported by spectroelectrochemical results and additional valuable evidence obtained from cyclic voltammetric scans. The ultimate process in the reduction mechanism is fragmentation of the cluster core triggered by the reduction of the dimer [Os3*(CO)10(α-diimine)]22-. The products formed are [Os2(CO)8]2- and {Os(CO)2(α-diimine)}2. The latter dinuclear fragments constitute a linear polymeric chain [Os(CO)2(α-diimine)]n that is further reducible at the α-diimine ligands. For α-diimine = bpy, the charged polymer is capable of reducing carbon dioxide. The electrochemical opening of the triosmium core in the [Os3(CO)10(α-diimine)] clusters exhibits several common features with their photochemistry. The same Os-α-diimine bond dissociates in both cases but the intimate mechanisms are different.
Preparation and Structural Characterization of the Intermediate Complex [Er{H2C8H16N4(CH2COO)3(CH2(Ph)PO2)}(H2O)2]2Cl2·xH2O in the Reaction of Er3+ and the dota-Type Ligand. an Interesting Example of Two Stereoforms of a Lanthanide Complex
Authors: Vojtíšek Pavel , Rohovec Jan
Published: March 2006

The synthesis of a new H4do3aPPh ligand related to the 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate (dota) family is described together with its erbium(III) complexes. The complexes constitute a new type of coordination compounds within the Ln-dota family, with the macrocycle protonated and erbium ions above the ring. They represent an intermediate stage on the way from the ligand to the classical in-cavity complexes. In addition, the erbium complexes have been isolated in two stereoforms, differing mainly in the arrangement on the erbium ion. The coordination polyhedra found are dodecahedron and square antiprism.
Adolescent butterfly swimmer with bilateral subluxing sternoclavicular joints
Authors: Echlin P S , Michaelson J E
Published: March 2006

Sternoclavicular joint subluxation/dislocation injuries in the athlete are uncommon. They can be organised by degree (subluxation, dislocation), timing (acute, chronic, recurrent, congenital), direction (anterior, posterior), and cause (traumatic, atraumatic). The unusual case reported is an adolescent butterfly swimmer with recurrent bilateral sternoclavicular subluxation associated with pain and discomfort. The condition was treated and resolved with conservative management. The diagnosis, investigations, and treatment options are discussed.
Relation between preferred and optimal cadences during two hours of cycling in triathletes
Authors: Argentin S , Hausswirth C , Bernard T , Bieuzen F , Leveque J-M , Couturier A , Lepers R
Published: March 2006

Objectives:To determine whether the integrated electromyographic signal of two lower limb muscles indicates preferred cadence during a two hour cycling task.

Methods:Eight male triathletes performed right isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) knee extension and plantar flexion before (P1) and after (P2) a two hour laboratory cycle at 65% of maximal aerobic power. Freely chosen cadence (FCC) was also determined, also at 65% of maximal aerobic power, from five randomised three minute sessions at 50, 65, 80, 95, and 110 rpm. The integrated electromyographic signal of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles was recorded during MVC and the cycle task.

Results:The FCC decreased significantly (p<0.01) from P1 (87.4 rpm) to P2 (68.6 rpm), towards the energetically optimal cadence. The latter did not vary significantly during the cycle task. MVC of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius lateralis decreased significantly (p<0.01) between P1 and P2 (by 13.5% and 9.6% respectively). The results indicate that muscle activation at constant power was not minimised at specific cadences. Only the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle was affected by a two hour cycling task (especially at 95 and 110 rpm), whereas vastus lateralis remained stable.

Conclusion:The decrease in FCC observed at the end of the cycle task may be due to changes in the muscle fibre recruitment pattern with increasing exercise duration and cadence.
Carotid artery dissection after treadmill running
Authors: Macdonald D J M , McKillop E C A
Published: March 2006

The case is presented of carotid artery dissection causing Horner’s syndrome in a 25 year old woman after treadmill running. She presented with characteristic eye signs and mild pain. Early diagnosis and treatment was associated with no long term, serious complications. It is now recognised that carotid artery dissection is more common than previously thought. Better imaging of the carotid artery has facilitated the diagnosis, and it is now essential to rule out this potentially fatal condition in patients presenting with postganglionic Horner’s syndrome. It is accepted that relatively trivial trauma can cause a carotid artery dissection, and many sporting activities may place young, fit, healthy people at risk.
Incidence of sports injuries in elite competitive and recreational windsurfers
Authors: Dyson R , Buchanan M , Hale T
Published: March 2006

Objective:To investigate the incidence of injury in windsurfing and to consider methods of prevention.

Methods:A total of 107 raceboard (RB) and wave/slalom (WS) national/international competitors and recreational (REC) windsurfers completed a questionnaire on injury incidence over two years. Recurrent injury, ability level, and any preventive measures taken were noted.

Results:Overall the injury incidence was 1.5/person/year. The WS group suffered more injuries (2.0/person/year) than the RB (1.0) or REC (1.2) group. The most common injury was muscle strain at 35% of new injuries, much higher than in earlier studies. Overall 45% of new injuries were muscle/tendon strains (RB 55%, WS 42%, and REC 43%) and 8% were ligament sprains. In the WS group cuts and abrasions were common. The WS and REC groups reported five and one case of concussion respectively. Nearly a quarter (22%) of new lower body injuries were lower back muscular strain, with 34% of recurrent injuries. Approximately 60% of the remaining lower body soft tissue injuries involved the knee or lower leg, with the ankle/foot most often involved. The shoulder, upper arm, and elbow were the sites of 41% of new upper body soft tissue injuries. The WS group reported 250% more recurrent muscular strains than the RB group. Recurrent ligament injuries (particularly knee) were most common in the WS group. The RB group reported recurrent serious bruising to the lower leg.

Conclusion:The injury incidence was 1.5/person/year with a high incidence of new and recurrent muscular strain. Lower back muscular strain was prevalent, indicating the need for preventive measures. Wave/slalom was associated with more new and recurrent injuries and the need for head protection.
Reversal in fatigued athletes of a defect in interferon γ secretion after administration ofLactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: Clancy R L , Gleeson M , Cox A , Callister R , Dorrington M , D’Este C , Pang G , Pyne D , Fricker P , Henriksson A
Published: March 2006

Background:Fatigue and impaired performance in athletes is well recognised and has been loosely linked to “overtraining”. Reduced concentration of IgA in the saliva and increased shedding of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) have been associated with intense training in elite athletes.

Objective:To determine whether athletes presenting with fatigue and impaired performance had an immune defect relevant to defective containment of EBV infection, and whether a probiotic preparation (Lactobacillus acidophilus) shown to enhance mucosal immunity in animal models could reverse any detected abnormality.

Results:The fatigued athletes had clinical characteristics consistent with re-activation of EBV infection and significantly (p  =  0.02) less secretion of interferon (IFN) γ from blood CD4 positive T cells. After one month of daily capsules containing 2 × 1010colony forming units ofL acidophilus, secretion of IFNγ from T cells had increased significantly (p  =  0.01) to levels found in healthy control athletes. A significant (p  =  0.03) increase in salivary IFNγ concentrations in healthy control athletes after the one month course ofL acidophilusdemonstrated in man the capacity for this probiotic to enhance the mucosal IFNγ concentration.

Conclusion:This is the first evidence of a T cell defect in fatigued athletes, and of its reversal following probiotic therapy.
Attitudes towards exercise and physical activity behaviours in Greek schoolchildren after a year long health education intervention
Authors: Christodoulos A D , Douda H T , Polykratis M , Tokmakidis S P
Published: March 2006

Objective:To examine the short term effects of a health education programme on Greek primary schoolchildren

Methods:The school based intervention programme was applied to 29 children in the 6th grade of the 2nd Primary School of Agios Stefanos (∼12 000 inhabitants); 49 pupils from the 1st Primary School constituted the control group. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, attitude and behavioural variables were measured before and after the intervention.

Results:After adjustment for initial differences in the assessed variables, pupils who took part in the intervention had more positive attitudes towards physical activity than the control group and scored significantly more highly on their intention to participate in physical activity. Moreover, pupils in the intervention group reported more hours/week spent in organised physical activities than pupils in the control group (mean (SD) 3.54 (0.32)v2.54 (0.26), p<0.020). Finally, a higher proportion of pupils in the intervention classes matched the recommendations of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily (77.4%v55.1%, p<0.043).

Conclusions:Within the limitations of the study, the data show that school health education programmes have the potential to slow the age related decline in physical activity and help pupils establish lifelong, healthy physical activity patterns. Promoting healthy habits and physical activity behaviours during childhood may prevent some of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Greek population, and also decrease direct healthcare costs and improve quality of life.