bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biome changes in Asia since the mid-Holocene – an analysis of different transient Earth system model simulations
Authors: Dallmeyer Anne , Claussen Martin , Ni Jian , Cao Xianyong , Wang Yongbo , Fischer Nils , Pfeiffer Madlene , Jin Liya , Khon Vyacheslav , Wagner Sebastian , Haberkorn Kerstin , Herzschuh Ulrike
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The large variety of atmospheric circulation systems affecting the eastern Asian climate is reflected by the complex Asian vegetation distribution. Particularly in the transition zones of these circulation systems, vegetation is supposed to be very sensitive to climate change. Since proxy records are scarce, hitherto a mechanistic understanding of the past spatio-temporal climate–vegetation relationship is lacking. To assess the Holocene vegetation change and to obtain an ensemble of potential mid-Holocene biome distributions for eastern Asia, we forced the diagnostic biome model BIOME4 with climate anomalies of different transient Holocene climate simulations performed in coupled atmosphere–ocean(–vegetation) models. The simulated biome changes are compared with pollen-based biome records for different key regions.In all simulations, substantial biome shifts during the last 6000 years are confined to the high northern latitudes and the monsoon–westerly wind transition zone, but the temporal evolution and amplitude of change strongly depend on the climate forcing. Large parts of the southern tundra are replaced by taiga during the mid-Holocene due to a warmer growing season and the boreal treeline in northern Asia is shifted northward by approx. 4° in the ensemble mean, ranging from 1.5 to 6° in the individual simulations, respectively. This simulated treeline shift is in agreement with pollen-based reconstructions from northern Siberia. The desert fraction in the transition zone is reduced by 21 % during the mid-Holocene compared to pre-industrial due to enhanced precipitation. The desert–steppe margin is shifted westward by 5° (1–9° in the individual simulations). The forest biomes are expanded north-westward by 2°, ranging from 0 to 4° in the single simulations. These results corroborate pollen-based reconstructions indicating an extended forest area in north-central China during the mid-Holocene. According to the model, the forest-to-non-forest and steppe-to-desert changes in the climate transition zones are spatially not uniform and not linear since the mid-Holocene.
Efficient retention of mud drives land building on the Mississippi
Delta plain
Authors: Esposito Christopher R. , Shen Zhixiong , Törnqvist Torbjörn E. , Marshak Jonathan , White Christopher
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Many of the world's deltas – home to major population centers – are rapidly degrading due to reduced sediment supply, making these systems less resilient to increasing rates of relative sea-level rise. The Mississippi Delta faces some of the highest rates of wetland loss in the world. As a result, multi-billion dollar plans for coastal restoration by means of river diversions are currently nearing implementation. River diversions aim to bring sediment back to the presently sediment-starved delta plain. Within this context, sediment retention efficiency (SRE) is a critical parameter because it dictates the effectiveness of river diversions. Several recent studies have focused on land building along the open coast, showing SREs as low as 5 %. Here we measure the SRE of a large relict crevasse splay in an inland, vegetated setting that serves as an appropriate model for river diversions. By comparing the mass fraction of sand in the splay deposit to the estimated sand fraction that entered it during its life cycle we find that this mud-dominated sediment body has an SRE of ≥ 75 %, i.e., dramatically higher than its counterparts on the open coast. Our results show that transport pathways for mud are critical for delta evolution and that SRE is highly variable across a delta. We conclude that sediment diversions located in settings that are currently still vegetated are likely to be the most effective in reversing land loss and providing long-term sustainability.
Reading Aloud to Children: Benefits and Implications for Acquiring Literacy Before Schooling Begins
Authors: Massaro Dominic W.
Published: February 2017

Extensive experience in written language might provide children the opportunity to learn to read in the same manner they learn spoken language. One potential type of written language immersion is reading aloud to children, which is additionally valuable because the vocabulary in picture books is richer and more extensive than that found in child-directed speech. This study continues a comparison between these 2 communication media by evaluating their relative linguistic and cognitive complexity. Although reading grade level has been used only to assess the complexity of written language, it was also applied to both child-directed and adult-directed speech. Five measures of reading grade level gave an average grade level of 4.2 for picture books, 1.9 for child-directed speech, and 3.0 for adult-directed speech. The language in picture books is more challenging than that found in both child-directed and adult-directed speech. It is proposed that this difference between written and spoken language is the formal versus informal genre of their occurrence rather than their text or oral medium. The value of reading books aloud therefore exposes children to a linguistic and cognitive complexity not typically found in speech to children.
“Here is our man”: Dundes Discovered, The Development of the Folklore Program at the University of California, Berkeley
Authors: Zumwalt Rosemary Lévy
Published: February 2017

This paper focuses on the recruitment of Alan Dundes to the University of California, Berkeley, and his work with William Bascom in founding the Folklore Program. Using primarily the William Bascom Papers and the Alan Dundes Papers housed in the Bancroft Library, the paper stresses the personal voice in the history of folklore, which draws on the spoken word of the participants in the making of academic history. Here, the term “spoken word” is used broadly to encompass correspondence, interviews, and personal reflections. The goal is to present the immediacy and the excitement of the participants who created this program in folklore.
Telling New Myths: Contemporary Native American Animal Narratives from Michigan
Authors: Magoulick Mary
Published: February 2017

Telling new myths (“teachings”), Ojibwe people in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan engage in creative processes of cultural renewal, like many Native Americans today. These narratives fit the genre of myth from a folkloristic perspective, but are newly shaped to speak to contemporary experiences of a resurgent, emergent culture. These new myths involve animals (such as wolves, coyotes, and buffalo) as main characters and demonstrate a mythic structure of movement from chaos (the period of post-European/American dominance and destruction of traditional cultures) toward cosmos (the “good road” of a Native-centered worldview).
A Comparison between Students' Self-Assessment and Teachers' Assessment
Authors: Thawabieh Ahmad Mahmoud
Published: February 2017

This study aimed to compare between the students' self-assessment and teachers’ assessment. The study sampleconsisted of 71 students at Tafila Technical University studying Introduction to Psychology course. The researcherused 2 students' self-assessment tools and 2 tests. The results indicated that students can assess themselves accuratelyif they are trained how to implement self-assessment.
Integrated Approach for Sustainable Hydropower Development in the Mekong River Basin
Authors: Ngoc Bao Pham , Mitra Bijon Kumer , Kuyama Tetsuo
Published: February 2017

This paper analyses roles of integrated approach to establish a regional mechanism for sustainable hydropower development in the Mekong River Basin. Based on a critical review of the current trend of hydropower development, it argued that existing approach of uncoordinated Mekong mainstream hydropower development cannot ensure sustainable development; rather it causes negative impacts on food security, livelihoods, biodiversity, and ecosystem across the river basin, especially countries in Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), including Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. As a result, it fails to bring positive net benefits at both national and regional level. Specifically, if all proposed mainstream dams are constructed and fully operated, Lao PDR is the only economically winner of billions USD after 20 years, while Thailand, Cambodia, and Viet Nam are losers, and total net value will be minus 275 billion USD. Early recognition of the “nexus” interactions amongst hydropower development and cross-border food security, water security and livelihoods can minimise the risk of diplomatic conflicts and social unrest, and is only enabled when member states are willing to divert high-level government priorities from national interests to transboundary interests, as implementing the nexus approach throughout the river basin could contribute to reducing trade-offs between hydropower development and basin-wide socio-economy, and increase synergies through implementation of benefit-sharing mechanisms towards a win-win outcome. It recommends strengthening the Mekong River Commission via bolstered resources and coordinating authority, and encourages China to participate as a full member. It also argues that transboundary Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) of river projects should be conducted to reflect the synergic and trade-off nexus effect across the whole river basin.
Successful vs. Less Successful Iranian EFL Learners: Cognitive Styles, Cognitive Flexibility, and Experience Evaluation
Authors: Avarzamani Farnaz , Farahian Majid
Published: February 2017

The present study aimed to compare successful with less successful English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners regarding their cognitive styles and flexibility, together with the learners’ evaluation of their experience of doing an unfamiliar cognitive test. The sample consists of 60 adult EFL learners (30 successful and 30 less successful), both males and females symmetrically. The homogeneity of participants’ age of onset, socio-economic class, and motivation was also considered. The data was analyzed, using Chi-square and Gamma correlation. Overall, it was revealed that analytical, logical reasoning, reflective, and learning were the most prominent cognitive styles among successful learners. They also showed a considerable cognitive flexibility. On the other hand, less successful learners were inclined to the random style, along with a lower cognitive flexibility. With respect to gender groups, it turned out that females in the successful group were significantly inclined to the reflective and logical reasoning styles and less successful females adopted a random style. Finally, no significant result was found concerning the cognitive test evaluation. The findings of this study may contribute to a wider understanding of EFL success and failure from the viewpoint of cognitive preferences.
Difficulties in Inter-lingual Subtitling and the Strategies to Deal with: A Case Study of English Translation into Persian
Authors: Vazifehkhah Ahmad Ezzati
Published: February 2017

This paper examines the obstacles in translating inter-lingual subtitling, and then suggests some weighty theoretical strategies to deal with such difficulties from English translation into Persian. The present study makes an effort to analyze three main strategies such as deleting, condensing and adapting in the subtitling translation (Baker & Saldanha, 2009). This study is a corpus-based, comparative, descriptive and non-judgmental analysis of English-Persian parallel corpus. Moreover, this research is comprised of English audio scripts of four American movies with Persian subtitles. The result indicates that Baker and Saldanha’s proposed strategies are applicable, and the most frequent strategy is deleting at 53.47%.
Variables Influencing the Depth of Conscious Sedation in Plastic Surgery: A Prospective Study
Authors: Yeo Hyeonjung , Kim Wonwoo , Park Hyochun , Kim Hoonnam
Published: February 2017

Background Conscious sedation has been widely utilized in plastic surgery. However, inadequate research has been published evaluating adequate drug dosage and depth of sedation. In clinical practice, sedation is often inadequate or accompanied by complications when sedatives are administered according to body weight alone. The purpose of this study was to identify variables influencing the depth of sedation during conscious sedation for plastic surgery.

Methods This prospective study evaluated 97 patients who underwent plastic surgical procedures under conscious sedation. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and glucose levels were measured. Midazolam and ketamine were administered intravenously according to a preset protocol. Bispectral index (BIS) recordings were obtained to evaluate the depth of sedation 4, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after midazolam administration. Associations between variables and the BIS were assessed using multiple regression analysis.

Results Alcohol intake and female sex were positively associated with the mean BIS (P<0.01). Age was negatively associated with the mean BIS (P<0.01). Body mass index (P=0.263), creatinine clearance (P=0.832), smoking history (P=0.398), glucose (P=0.718), AST (P=0.729), and ALT (P=0.423) were not associated with the BIS.

Conclusions Older patients tended to have a greater depth of sedation, whereas females and patients with greater alcohol intake had a shallower depth of sedation. Thus, precise dose adjustments of sedatives, accounting for not only weight but also age, sex, and alcohol consumption, are required to achieve safe, effective, and predictable conscious sedation.
Labia Majora Share
Authors: Lee Hanjing , Yap Yan Lin , Low Jeffrey Jen Hui , Lim Jane
Published: February 2017

Defects involving specialised areas with characteristic anatomical features, such as the nipple, upper eyelid, and lip, benefit greatly from the use of sharing procedures. The vulva, a complex 3-dimensional structure, can also be reconstructed through a sharing procedure drawing upon the contralateral vulva. In this report, we present the interesting case of a patient with chronic, massive, localised lymphedema of her left labia majora that was resected in 2011. Five years later, she presented with squamous cell carcinoma over the left vulva region, which is rarely associated with chronic lymphedema. To the best of our knowledge, our management of the radical vulvectomy defect with a labia majora sharing procedure is novel and has not been previously described. The labia major flap presented in this report is a shared flap; that is, a transposition flap based on the dorsal clitoral artery, which has consistent vascular anatomy, making this flap durable and reliable. This procedure epitomises the principle of replacing like with like, does not interfere with leg movement or patient positioning, has minimal donor site morbidity, and preserves other locoregional flap options for future reconstruction. One limitation is the need for a lax contralateral vulva. This labia majora sharing procedure is a viable option in carefully selected patients.
Linguistic competence and cross-cultural negotiations: A Mexican-Norwegian example
Authors: Bjørge Anne Kari , Natlandsmyr Jan Halvor
Published: February 2017

In the present paper we look at the connection between level of linguistic competence and negotiation outcome in cross-cultural negotiations. The corpus consists of six Mexican-Norwegian dyads participating in a negotiation simulation. The language of communication was English, which means that none of the participants negotiated in their native language. The negotiation transcripts were submitted to a qualitative linguistic analysis and graded according to level of competence. These results were coupled to negotiation outcome, which was calculated according to a cost matrix. The findings showed no statistically significant connection between language competence and outcome.
Research and bilingualism and its relevance for interpreting
Authors: Williams Sarah
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Primena informacionih tehnologija u fazi deljenja znanja u organizacijama
Authors: Kaljević Jelena
Published: February 2017

Ovaj rad definiše pojam menadžmenta znanja, kao i njegov značaj i sticanje konkurentske prednosti organizacija koje uvode koncept menadžment znanja. Pažnja je posvećena distribuiranom menadžmentu znanja, hijerarhijskom modelitetu menadžmenta znanja, deljenju i transferu znanja. Naglasak u istraživanju stavljen je na softverska rešenja kao podrška menadžmentu znanja, kojima se u savremenoj teoriji i praksi pridaje veliki značaj.
Ekonomija Republike Srpske u globalnim ekonomskim procesima: nužnost ili izbor
Authors: Vukadinović Predrag , Knežević Goranka , Mizdraković Vule
Published: February 2017

Informatička ekonomija je relativno novi pojam i pojava koja je nastala 90-tih godina prošlog veka, ali koja je unela mnoge promene u ekonomske procese, posebno na globalnom nivou. Ovaj rad prezentuje pre svega novi termin koji se pojavio u kontekstu globalne i informatičke ekonomije a to je nova ekonomija. Ovaj termin je već postao opšteprihvaćeni termin u terminologiji izučavanja novih globalnih procesa u ekonomiji koji su bazirani na informatičkoj ekonomiji. Sadržaj termina nove ekonomije određuje one elemente i faktora uticaja na brži ekonomski razvoj na novim osnovama koji za sada pokazuje pun uspeh u zemljama razvijenih ekonomija. Međutim i zemlje ekonomija u razvoju takođe imaju svoju šansu da se u kontekstu novih promena prilagode novinama i na taj način na brži način dostignu viši stepen razvoja ekonomije što bi bio slučaj i sa ekonomijom Republike Srpske.
Modelovanje rizika na Banjalučkoj berzi
Authors: Terzić Ivica , Jeremić Zoran , Milojević Marko
Published: February 2017

Globalna finansijska kriza je pokazala da mnoge metrike rizika nisu uspele da predvide krahove finansijskih tržišta širom sveta. Posledice krize su se poput domino efekta prenele i na manje razvijena tržišta, učinivši ih praktično nelikvidnim. Cilj ovog rada je da testiramo metrike rizika zasnovane na VaR pristupu na manje likvidnim tržištima na primeru Banjalučke berze. Testirana je aplikativnost nekoliko najčešće korišćenih VaR modela i njihova verifikacija. Glavni nalazi istraživanja pokazuju da model VaR-a zasnovan na pristupima istorijskoe simulacije i Risk Metrics metodologije daje zadovoljavajuću procenu izloženosti tržišnom riziku kada je u pitanju investiranje na tržištu kapitala Republike Srpske.
Primenjena informatika i obrazovanje Applied Informatics and Education
Authors: Ćorić Goran , Jović Zoran
Published: February 2017

Osposobljenost nastavnika prvi je korak u adekvatnoj primeni informatike u obrazovnom sistemu jedne zemlje. Drugi korak je obezbeđivanje finansija za nesmetano funcionisanje i usavršavanje obrazovnog sistema. Treći, ali ne i manje važan korak jeste prihvatanje i implementacija savremenih Informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija (IKT). Ovo su tri presudna uslova kada je reč o unapređivanju obrazovanja, a samim tim, i stvaranju preduslova za razvoj najvažnijih resusrsa jedne zemlje – ljudskih resursa. To je ujedno i jedini način da zemlje koje nemaju povoljne geografske, prirodne i druge resurse uspešno pariraju i budu konkurentne razvijenim zemljama. Ekonomska budućnost i razvoj jedne zemlje sve manje zavisi od prirodnih bogatstava, a sve više od ljudi koji rade u njoj i za nju. Koliko će biti uspešni u svom poslu, umnogome zavisi od znanja koje su stekli tokom školovanja i koja neprekidno stiču tokom svog života i rada. Ključni segment savremenog obrazovanja jeste primena informatike i Informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija.
Towards demand-driven industry: supprot system proposal for Factories of Future (FoF)
Authors: Vasin Sanja , Živković Srdjan
Published: February 2017

EU platform called Manufuture aims goal to support manufacturing engineering and technology development in nearer and distant future. Manufacturing technologies are key for sustainable development of EU member states. Serbia as native part of this european nations union, needs to follow these european trends. This article presents an importance of national Manufuture platform adoptation - basic principles of Factories of Future are shown, Cyber-physical manufacturing systems, as well as Customer-oriented decision support systems. All together creating elements of new industrial revolution, called „Industrija 4.0“
Ispitivanje kvaliteta vazduha na području grada Bijeljina
Authors: Arsenović Božidarka , Đurić Dijana , Đurić Neđo , Senić Miodrag
Published: February 2017

U radu su prikazani rezultati kontinuiranih mjerenja sadržaja sumpordioksida, SO2 mjerenih na tri lokacije u gradu Bijeljina. Istraživanja su vršena sa ciljem utvrđivanja uticaja emisije iz domaćinstava, industrijskih i energetskih postrojenja u toku 2010.-2014. godine na kvalitet vazduha. Kao neophodan uslov za ocjenu kvaliteta vazduha, praćeni su i meteorološki parametri bitni za utvrđivanje veze između stanja atmosfere i zagađenosti vazduha.
CHITAS - a mouse tracking system in a web environment
Authors: Jevremović Aleksandar , Ristić Nenad , Veinović Mladen
Published: February 2017

Eye tracking may be very effective and has great potential in user interface optimisation. The main disadvantage of tracking what a user is looking at is the need for complex and expensive equipment, and a controlled laboratory environment. Mouse tracking is a widely applicable alternative to eye tracking. This paper presents the architecture of CHITAS (Computer-Human Interaction Tracking and Analytics System) which enables information to be gathered about mouse movement in a web environment, and analytical processing of the collected data.
Primjena ekonomsko finansijske analize u turizmu
Authors: Savić Mirko
Published: February 2017

Da bi jedno preduzeće uspješno poslovalo na tržištu mora imati stalni tok: prikupljanja, obračuna, kontrole i analize podataka. Sve složeniji uslovi tržišnog poslovanja u kojima posluju privredni subjekti a posebno je to izraženo u turizmu daju značaj ekonomsko finansijskoj analizi. Primjenom analize omogućava se bolje sagledavanje postojećeg i predviđanje budućeg ekonomskog stanja jednog privrednog subjekta. Finansijski pokazatelji dobijeni analizom pomažu turističkim organizacijama da se bolje upoznaju sa svojim poslovanjem i da na taj način poboljšaju svoj položaj u poslovnom okruženju.
Turizam kao komponenta ruralnog razvoja – šansa za nerazvijene opštine Republike Srpske
Authors: Lošić Slavko , Novaković Darko
Published: February 2017

U ovom radu ćemo pisati o Turizamu kaokomponenti i šansi ruralnog razvoja opština Republike Srpske.U razvijenim zemljama ova komponenta predstavlja jedan odpokretača ekonomskog razvoja, kako mikro lokacija tako iregija. Ako samo uzmemo u obzir podatak da u razvijenimzemljama u okviru BDP turizam učestvuje sa 14 %,1 (tajpostotak u BiH se kreće oko 2,08 %), vidimo koliki(neiskorišćeni) potencijali BiH i Republika Srpska imaju uovoj privrednoj djelatnosti.Aktuelna zakonska regulativa u Republici Srpskoj, o čemu ćebiti riječi u radu, stavlja u neravnopravan položaj razvijene inerazvijene opštine i na taj način usporava rast i razvojturizma kao jednog od pokretača ruralnog razvoja u ovojkategoriji opština. Turizam, kao djelatnost koja koristi svaprirodna i privredna bogatstva jedne zemlje i obezbjeđujepriliv sredstava, zahtijeva neophodnost njenog unapređenja irazvoja u cilju stvaranja jednakih uslova razvoja ruralnih iurbanih naselja.
Optimizacija zaštite turističkih agencija od kompjuterskog kriminala
Authors: Grubor Gojko , Ristić Nenad , Simeunović Nataša , Adamović Saša
Published: February 2017

Nauka i praksa bezbednosti informacija na Internetu ušla je u svoju zreliju fazu. Dostupni su brojne metodologije za procenu rizika (preko 200), standardi zaštite, katalozi ranjivosti, pretnji i mera (kontrola) zaštite. Metodologija za procenu rizika informacija (ISO/IEC 27005:2008) usvojena je i u finansijskom sektoru u sporazumu BASEL II za procenu operativnog rizika. Iako standardizacija značajno smanjuje kompleksnost uvođenja sistema zaštite, implementacija osnovnih mera zaštite za smanjenje rizika na prihvatljiv nivo, još uvek je složena, skupa i zahteva specifična znanja i iskustva. Problem online krađe ličnih podataka i brojeva platnih kartica odnosi se upravo na turističke agencije gde klijenti masovno plaćaju račune platnim karticama. U ovom radu autori sugerišu optimalan okvir za upravljanje zaštitom informacija u Internet okruženju u turističkim agencijama, sa ciljem da se smanji kompleksnost i da se iste ohrabre da organizovano uvode sistem i praksu zaštite informacija, prema svojim potrebama i resursima.
The interplay of stiffness and force anisotropies drives embryo elongation
Authors: Vuong-Brender Thanh Thi Kim , Ben Amar Martine , Pontabry Julien , Labouesse Michel
Published: February 2017

The morphogenesis of tissues, like the deformation of an object, results from the interplay between their material properties and the mechanical forces exerted on them. The importance of mechanical forces in influencing cell behaviour is widely recognized, whereas the importance of tissue material properties, in particular stiffness, has received much less attention. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, we examine how both aspects contribute to embryonic elongation. Measuring the opening shape of the epidermal actin cortex after laser nano-ablation, we assess the spatiotemporal changes of actomyosin-dependent force and stiffness along the antero-posterior and dorso-ventral axis. Experimental data and analytical modelling show that myosin-II-dependent force anisotropy within the lateral epidermis, and stiffness anisotropy within the fiber-reinforced dorso-ventral epidermis are critical in driving embryonic elongation. Together, our results establish a quantitative link between cortical tension, material properties and morphogenesis of an entire embryo.
Phylogenetic factorization of compositional data yields lineage-level associations in microbiome datasets
Authors: Washburne Alex D. , Silverman Justin D. , Leff Jonathan W. , Bennett Dominic J. , Darcy John L. , Mukherjee Sayan , Fierer Noah , David Lawrence A.
Published: February 2017

Marker gene sequencing of microbial communities has generated big datasets of microbial relative abundances varying across environmental conditions, sample sites and treatments. These data often come with putative phylogenies, providing unique opportunities to investigate how shared evolutionary history affects microbial abundance patterns. Here, we present a method to identify the phylogenetic factors driving patterns in microbial community composition. We use the method, “phylofactorization,” to re-analyze datasets from the human body and soil microbial communities, demonstrating how phylofactorization is a dimensionality-reducing tool, an ordination-visualization tool, and an inferential tool for identifying edges in the phylogeny along which putative functional ecological traits may have arisen.
Collapse and recovery of forage fish populations prior to commercial exploitation
Authors: McClatchie S. , Hendy I. L. , Thompson A. R. , Watson W.
Published: February 2017

We use a new, well‐calibrated 500 year paleorecord off southern California to determine collapse frequency, cross correlation, persistence, and return times of exploited forage fish populations. The paleorecord shows that “collapse” (defined as <10% of the mean peak biomass) is a normal state repeatedly experienced by northern anchovy, Pacific hake, and Pacific sardine which were collapsed 29–40% of the time, prior to commercial fishing exploitation. Mean (± SD) persistence of “fishable biomass” (defined as one third mean peak biomass from the paleorecord) was 19 ± 18, 15 ± 17, and 12 ± 7 years for anchovy, hake, and sardine. Mean return times to the same biomass was 8 years for anchovy but 22 years for sardine and hake. Further, we find that sardine and anchovy are positively correlated over 400 years, consistent with coherent declines of both species off California. Persistence and return times combined with positive sardine‐anchovy correlation indicate that on average 1–2 decades of fishable biomass will be followed by 1–2 decades of low forage. Forage populations are resilient on the 500 year time scale, but their collapse and recovery cycle (based on the paleorecord) are suited to alternating periods of high fishing mortality and periods of little or no fishing.
Observing subsurface changes of two anticyclonic eddies passing over the Izu‐Ogasawara Ridge
Authors: Xu Lixiao , Xie Shang‐Ping , Jing Zhao , Wu Lixin , Liu Qinyu , Li Peiliang , Du Yan
Published: February 2017

Eddy‐bathymetry interactions are common in the ocean, but the full evolution of the interaction is difficult to observe below the surface. Using 17 Iridium Argo floats, we continually track two anticyclonic eddies (AEs) in the North Pacific that migrate westward and encounter the Izu‐Ogasawara Ridge. Based on over 5000 Argo profiles following the two AEs, this study presents the first detailed descriptions of changes in eddy vertical structure and diapycnal mixing as the two AEs pass the Ridge. There, we find that isopycnals dome up and the eddy diameter increases, while the diapycnal mixing is enhanced—to the order of 10−4 m2 s−1 or larger, in comparison with an ambient of 10−5 m2 s−1. The enhanced mixing around the AE center in the upper −1000 m appears where the underlying bathymetry is shallower than −4000 m and is mainly sustained by tidally generated internal waves.
Ceres interaction with the solar wind
Authors: Lindkvist Jesper , Holmström Mats , Fatemi Shahab , Wieser Martin , Barabash Stas
Published: February 2017

The solar wind interaction with Ceres is studied for a high water vapor release from its surface using a hybrid model including photoionization. We use a water vapor production rate of 6 kg/s, thought to be due to subsurface sublimation, corresponding to a detection on 6 March 2013 by the Herschel Space Observatory. We present the general morphology of the plasma interactions, both close to Ceres and on a larger scale. Mass loading of water ions causes a magnetic pileup region in front of Ceres, where the solar wind deflects up to 15° and slows down by 15%. The global plasma interaction with Ceres is not greatly affected by the source location of water vapor nor on gravity, only on the production rate of water vapor. On a global scale, Ceres has a comet‐like interaction with the solar wind with observable perturbations farther than 250 Ceres radii downstream of the body.
Comparative Effectiveness of Mycophenolate Mofetil for the Treatment of Juvenile‐Onset Proliferative Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Tian Simon Y. , Silverman Earl D. , Pullenayegum Eleanor , Brown Patrick E. , Beyene Joseph , Feldman Brian M.
Published: February 2017

Objective

Although juvenile‐onset proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN) leads to significant morbidity and mortality, there is no clinical trials–based evidence to support the treatment effectiveness of any therapy for juvenile‐onset PLN. Marginal structural models enable us to estimate treatment effectiveness using observational data while accounting for confounding by indication.

Methods

We used prospectively collected data to examine the effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), compared to the use of other therapies, on the long‐term outcome of a juvenile‐onset PLN cohort (age at PLN onset <18 years). The major outcome variable was the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the revised Schwartz formula. Confounding by indication was corrected for marginal structural model.

Results

A total of 172 subjects with juvenile‐onset PLN, with a mean followup duration of approximately 4 years, were included. Overall, MMF was superior to other therapies, with a relative effect estimate for MMF of 1.06, i.e., 6% better estimated GFR on average (95% confidence interval 0.7, 11.3), corrected for potential confounding by indication. We found that beginning in year 4 there was a significant improvement in estimated GFR in the patients who were treated with MMF versus other therapies. This improvement was maintained until the end of the study.

Conclusion

MMF was more beneficial than other therapies in improving/maintaining long‐term renal function in patients with juvenile‐onset PLN up to a maximum followup of 7 years. This finding is consistent with evidence from adult PLN clinical trials.
Segmented sleep in a nonelectric, small‐scale agricultural society in Madagascar
Authors: Samson David R. , Manus Melissa B. , Krystal Andrew D. , Fakir Efe , Yu James J. , Nunn Charles L.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

We studied sleep in a rural population in Madagascar to (i) characterize sleep in an equatorial small‐scale agricultural population without electricity, (ii) assess whether sleep is linked to noise levels in a dense population, and (iii) examine the effects of experimentally introduced artificial light on sleep timing.

Methods

Using actigraphy, sleep–wake patterns were analyzed for both daytime napping and nighttime wakefulness in 21 participants for a sum total of 292 days. Functional linear modeling was used to characterize 24‐h time‐averaged circadian patterns and to investigate the effect of experimentally introduced mobile field lights on sleep timing. We also obtained the first polysomnography (PSG) recordings of sleep in a traditional population.

Results

In every measure of sleep duration and quality, the Malagasy population experienced shorter and lower quality sleep when compared to similarly measured postindustrial values. The population slept for a total of 6.5 h per night and napped during 89% of recorded days. We observed a peak in activity after midnight for both sexes on 49% of nights, consistent with segmented sleep. Access to mobile field lights had no statistical effect on nighttime sleep timing. From PSG, we documented relatively short rapid eye movement (14%), poor sleep efficiency (66%), and high wake after sleep onset (162 min).

Conclusions

Sleep in this population is segmented, similar to the “first” sleep and “second” sleep reported in the historical record. Moreover, although average sleep duration and quality were lower than documented in Western populations, circadian rhythms were more stable across days.
Utility of intraoperative frozen sections in surgical decision making for acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis
Authors: Papagiannopoulos Peter , Lin Diana Murro , Al‐Khudari Samer , Rajan Kumar , Reddy Swathi , Gattuso Paulo , Tajudeen Bobby , Batra Pete S.
Published: February 2017

Background

Acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (AIFRS) represents a fulminant, potentially fatal, disease process in immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis often rests on high index of clinical suspicion, with relative paucity of data on the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of intraoperative frozen sections.

Methods

Retrospective review was performed for 18 cases undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for AIFRS. Reliability of intraoperative frozen section diagnosis was evaluated for all patients using final pathology as the gold standard.

Results

A total of 66 frozen sections were performed. Diagnostic accuracy of frozen sections illustrated sensitivity of 72.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57 to 0.85), specificity of 100% (95% CI, 0.85 to 1.00), positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% (95% CI, 0.89 to 1.00), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 64.7% (95% CI, 0.46 to 0.80). There was no statistically significant difference in sensitivity of frozen sections in cases of Mucor and Aspergillus at 68.8%% and 76.2%, respectively (p = 0.61).

Conclusion

This study represents the largest series assessing the diagnostic accuracy of frozen section analysis in AIFRS. Frozen section analysis is an effective tool for guiding intraoperative decision making in patients with AIFRS with a high PPV. A Low NPV underscores the importance of clinical suspicion and intraoperative decision making based on endoscopic findings when negative frozen section results are encountered. Further, frozen section analysis appears to be equally effective in detecting either Mucor or Aspergillus.
Macroscopic and microscopic thermal equilibrium
Authors: Goldstein Sheldon , Huse David A. , Lebowitz Joel L. , Tumulka Roderich
Published: February 2017

We study the nature of and approach to thermal equilibrium in isolated quantum systems. An individual isolated macroscopic quantum system in a pure or mixed state is regarded as being in thermal equilibrium if all macroscopic observables assume rather sharply the values obtained from thermodynamics. Of such a system (or state) we say that it is in macroscopic thermal equilibrium (MATE). A stronger requirement than MATE is that even microscopic observables (i.e., ones referring to a small subsystem) have a probability distribution in agreement with that obtained from the micro‐canonical, or equivalently the canonical, ensemble for the whole system. Of such a system we say that it is in microscopic thermal equilibrium (MITE). The distinction between MITE and MATE is particularly relevant for systems with many‐body localization (MBL) for which the energy eigenfuctions fail to be in MITE while necessarily most of them, but not all, are in MATE. However, if we consider superpositions of energy eigenfunctions (i.e., typical wave functions ψ) in an energy shell, then for generic macroscopic systems, including those with MBL, most ψ are in both MATE and MITE. We explore here the properties of MATE and MITE and compare the two notions, thereby elaborating on ideas introduced in .

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Ein naphthoverschmolzenes Doppel‐[7]Helicen aus einem maleatverbrückten Chrysentrimer
Authors: Ferreira Marli , Naulet Guillaume , Gallardo Hugo , Dechambenoit Pierre , Bock Harald , Durola Fabien
Published: February 2017

Perkin‐Kondensation von Chrysenyl‐6‐essigsäure mit Chrysenylen‐6,12‐diglyoxylsäure gefolgt von In‐situ‐Veresterung ergibt ein Bismaleat, dessen konjugierte Stilbeneinheiten gut gegen intermolekulare Kondensationen abgeschirmt sind und mit Licht in Toluol iodkatalysiert oxidativ cyclisieren, ohne hohe Verdünnung zu benötigen. Die Konzentration ist durch die mäßige Löslichkeit des Bismaleats bei Raumtemperatur begrenzt. Das so erhaltene Doppel‐[7]Helicen kristallisiert in der nichtchiralen Mesoform. Es ist löslicher als seine flexible Vorstufe, da es sich nicht falten kann, um seine Arenblöcke zu stapeln.
Manganese‐Catalyzed C−H Alkynylation: Expedient Peptide Synthesis and Modification
Authors: Ruan Zhixiong , Sauermann Nicolas , Manoni Elisabetta , Ackermann Lutz
Published: February 2017

Manganese(I)‐catalyzed C−H alkynylations with organic halides occurred with unparalleled substrate scope, and thus enabled step‐economical C−H functionalizations with silyl, aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl haloalkynes. The versatility of the manganese(I) catalysis manifold enabled C−H couplings with haloalkynes featuring, among others, fluorescent labels, steroids, and amino acids, thereby setting the stage for peptide ligation as well as the efficient molecular assembly of acyclic and cyclic peptides. A plausible catalytic cycle was proposed.
Morphometry and Variability of the Brain Arterial Circle in Chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger, Molina)
Authors: Kuchinka Jacek
Published: February 2017

Arterial circles of brains from 70 adult chinchillas were filled with synthetic latex. The arterial circle of the brain is formed as the result of vertebral arteries being merged into the basilar artery. Caudally, both vertebral arteries gave rise to the ventral spinal artery. The ventral spinal artery splits into tiny cerebellar vessels, the pontine and cochlear branches. Distally, the basilar artery ramified into two terminal branches that formed the arterial circle of brain, rostrally open in most cases (75%). The observed variability of the arterial circle of brain of chinchillas pertained to all elements of that circle. The greatest variability within the vessels of the circle of Willis in chinchillas was observed in 22 cases (31.4%) of internal ophthalmic arteries. In chinchillas, a trend toward slight variability within the arteries comprising the arterial circle of the brain was observed in 44 animals. This accounted for 62.8% of all cases. Only in three cases was the arterial circle of brain clearly symmetrical. At the same time, 23 animals (32.8%) revealed features of significant vascular variability within the brain base region. These consisted of disturbed geometry of the entire arterial circle, different levels of ramifications into individual arteries, as well as the number and diameter of arteries. No internal carotid arteries were observed in chinchillas apart from one atypical case in which the carotid artery extended unilaterally into the basilar artery. These investigations indicate on the significant variability of arterial circle in rodents. Anat Rec, 300:1472–1480, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced photoluminescence of the Ca0.8Zn0.2TiO3:0.05% Pr3+ phosphor by optimized hydrothermal conditions
Authors: Xia Mao , Wang Guanhua , Gu Zhiqiang , Qiu Zhongxian , Rong Chunying , Zhang Jilin , Zhou Wenli , Yu Liping , Lian Shixun
Published: February 2017

The red‐emitting phosphor Ca0.8Zn0.2TiO3:Pr3+ was synthesized using an ethylene glycol (EG)‐assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of additional amounts of and order of adding EG, plus hydrothermal temperature, time, and pH on the composition, morphology and optical properties of the titanate phosphors were studied. The crystalline phases of the titanate phosphors were confirmed to be constituted of a series of co‐existing CaTiO3, Zn2TiO4 and Ca2Zn4Ti16O38 compounds in various proportions that were visualized using an X‐ray diffractometer (XRD). The optical properties of the phosphors were studied using photoluminescence spectra and UV–visible spectroscopy. The results show that the impurities Zn2TiO4:Pr3+ and Ca2Zn4Ti16O38:Pr3+ significantly contributed to the enhancement of an absorption band around 380 nm. The optimum Ca0.8Zn0.2TiO3:Pr3+ phosphor consisting of appropriate amounts of CaTiO3, Ca2Zn4Ti16O38 and Zn2TiO4 in three phases was achieved by controlling the hydrothermal conditions, and the obtained red phosphor exhibited the highest red emission (1D2 → 3H4 transition of Pr3+) with an ideal chromaticity coordinate located at (x = 0.667, y = 0.332) under 380 nm excitation.
The software engineering of a three‐tier web‐based student information system (MyGJU)
Authors: Al‐Hawari Feras , Alufeishat Anoud , Alshawabkeh Mai , Barham Hala , Habahbeh Mohammad
Published: February 2017

This paper discusses how the software development team at the German Jordanian University (GJU) adopted the project management and software development processes in the ISO/IEC 29110 series to implement a complex Student Information System (SIS). Specifically, it identifies the key points to be taken into consideration in the analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment phases during the iterative and incremental SIS development process. The SIS is a distributed three‐tier web‐based application that enables registrars to perform various tasks such as system setup, admission, registration, grades processing, graduation, and reporting. It was launched in the first 2015/2016 semester and enabled administration to maintain a comfortable learning environment, assess instructor performance, enhance teaching practices, and improve course content. The results of the system measurements and user survey assert that the SIS is feature rich, easy to use, fast, reliable, stable, highly available, and scalable. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:242–263, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21794
Educational framework for a motor drive control systems: Design and performance assessment
Authors: Porobic Vlado , Adzic Evgenije , Vekic Marko , Grabic Stevan , Ivanovic Zoran
Published: February 2017

In this paper, an emulation based electrical drive laboratory for graduate and undergraduate power engineering students and practicing engineers is presented. The virtual laboratory is realized by means of Hardware‐In‐the‐Loop (HIL) system, which is increasingly recognized as an effective approach in the design of power electronics control. Control of induction motor, as the most widely used machine including main and side effects is examined. In order to perform experiments gradually, software development framework which provides modular and incremental DSP programming possibilities (from basic to advanced levels) is given. Digital controller design procedure combined with appropriate emulated power stage, and followed by experimental results is presented in detail. In addition to conventional test procedure, scripting method implemented through Application Programming Interface (API) is shown. The benefits of remote laboratory approach is described in the case of collaboration of multiple teams. The proposed approach can be used as additional or completely self‐contained tool for research and education of electrical drive control. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 25:264–276, 2017; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21795
Population Balance Equation of Cohesive Particle Flow in a Circulating Fluidized Bed
Authors: Sun Liyan , Luo Kun , Fan Jianren
Published: February 2017

A novel model coupled with a population balance equation is adopted for simulating the aggregation process and flow behavior of cohesive powders in a full‐loop circulating fluidized bed. The agglomerate diameter is calculated according to the change of particle number by a population balance equation which is solved as a part of computational fluid dynamics simulation. The solid pressure and viscosity are redefined by taking the effect of interparticle force into consideration based on the kinetic theory of granular flow. Simulation results of time‐averaged solid volume fraction and diameter of agglomerate are predicted by a numerical method and are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. The variation of mass flux, solid pressure, and viscosity under different operating conditions are analyzed based on the proposed model.
Enhanced Electrochemical Capability of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Cathode Materials Coated with Fluoroborate Glass for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Qibing , Wang Lei , Zhu Chunhua , Sun Zhipeng , Cheng Wenhua , Lv Dingding , Ren Wei , Bian Liang , Xu Jinbao , Chang Aimin
Published: February 2017

A LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) cathode material is coated with fluoroborate glass (xLi2O‐yB2O3‐zLiF) to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion batteries. An xLi2O‐yB2O3‐zLiF layer was successfully coated onto the surface of NCM by using a solution‐phase method. The resulting materials are characterized by using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The xLi2O‐yB2O3‐zLiF‐coated NCM exhibits a superior discharge capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability than those of the uncoated material. Notably, the initial discharge capacity of bare and 2Li2O‐B2O3‐LiF‐coated NCM were 182.1 and 207.5 mAhg−1, respectively, in the voltage range from 2.5 to 4.5 V. At a rate of 5C, the discharge capacity of Li2O‐B2O3‐LiF‐coated NCM is 144.4 mAhg−1, whereas that of bare NCM is 76.7 mAhg−1. After 50 cycles at a rate of 0.2C, the capacity retentions of Li2O‐B2O3‐LiF‐, 2Li2O‐B2O3‐LiF‐, Li2O‐2B2O3‐LiF‐, and Li2O‐B2O3‐2LiF‐coated NCM are 96.8, 97.2, 95.6, and 95.2%, respectively, whereas the capacity retention of bare NCM is 81.4%. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicate that the xLi2O‐yB2O3‐zLiF coating reduces electrode polarization and decreases charge‐transfer resistance at the electrolyte–electrode interface, further improving the electrochemical activity of the NCM cathode material.