bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saving Animals, Saving Ourselves
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2022

In 2020, COVID-19, the Australia bushfires, and other global threats served as vivid reminders that human and nonhuman fates are increasingly linked. Human use of nonhuman animals is contributing to pandemics, climate change, and other global threats. And these global threats are, in turn, contributing to biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse, and nonhuman suffering. In this book, Jeff Sebo argues that humans have a moral responsibility to include animals in global health and environmental policy, by reducing our use of animals as part of our mitigation efforts and increasing our support for animals as part of our adaptation efforts. Applying and extending frameworks such as One Health and the Green New Deal, Sebo calls for reducing support for factory farming, deforestation, and the wildlife trade; increasing support for humane, healthful, and sustainable alternatives; and considering human and nonhuman needs holistically when we do. Sebo also considers connections with practical issues such as education, employment, social services, and infrastructure, as well as with theoretical issues such as well-being, moral status, political status, and population ethics. In all cases, he shows that these issues are both important and complex, and that we should neither underestimate our responsibilities because of our limitations nor underestimate our limitations because of our responsibilities. Both an urgent call to action and a survey of what ethical and effective action will require, this book will be invaluable for everyone interested in what kind of world we should attempt to build and how.
Animals, conflict, and politics
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores some of the difficult moral and political questions that we need to answer to make our duties to animals more concrete. How can we resolve trade-offs between human, nonhuman, and environmental impacts? When, if ever, are invasive methods of control such as population control or genetic control acceptable in modern political society? What kind of legal and political standing should nonhuman animals have, and how should we represent their interests in political decisions? Generally speaking, to what degree should we attempt to integrate humans and nonhumans in a single political framework? This chapter argues that we can make progress on these issues by thinking about them holistically and structurally, and that we should think contextually to resolve conflicts beyond that.
Hope for a Warming Planet
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

Despite objections to the contrary, there are good reasons for policymakers to aim toward the goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C. Two reasons for not making this temperature target a policy goal are rejected. One is the Uncertainty Objection, which stresses our ignorance about how much warming is produced by our emissions and what the broader effects of that warming will be. The second is the Priority to Global Poverty Eradication, which claims that we should pursue development first and deal with climate change later. This chapter introduces and defends the Anti-Poverty Principle. Finally, the chapter introduces the idea of hope-makers, bits of evidence or explanation of the likelihood of our hopes coming to pass. These may be states of affairs or theories, or even human action capable of contributing to the outcome. The most important among these is the upsurge in climate activism by young people around the world.
Hope for the Paris Agreement
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

To realize the goal of Paris, mitigation pledges will have to become more ambitious. This chapter details four Problems of Political Economy that slow mitigation progress. The most serious political problem among these is due to the power of the fossil fuel industry to influence politics according to its interests. The chapter highlights Martin Luther King Jr.’s theory of mass mobilization to argue that countering the power of the fossil fuel industry requires popular mobilization. Inspirations for the politics of mobilization can be found in hopeful visions of a sustainable and prosperous world. The Green New Deal, based on an expansion of employment and income through green growth, constitutes such a vision. The politics of green growth is superior to zero growth on several counts. A hopeful politics that combines a vision of prosperity with sustainability can help to motivate a politics of mass mobilization for rapid de-carbonization.
Supplementing Mitigation
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

Efforts to mitigate are constrained by the Geo-Physical Limit, the upper limit on concentration of CO2eq in the atmosphere for maintaining a reasonable likelihood of keeping warming within the Paris Agreement targets. The Problems of Political Economy further add to the doubts that mitigation alone can avoid dangerous climate change. The difference between 1.5°C and 2°C is the impoverishment of hundreds of millions of people. Policy should encourage the research and development of forms of Negative Emissions Technology to draw CO2 out of the atmosphere. Because the prospect of having this technology at sufficient scale is uncertain, and deployment could lead to a temporary temperature overshoot, research into Solar Radiation Management should be carried out. The chapter rejects the criticism that intentionally manipulating the planetary climate shows improper regard for nature. Because mitigation policies alone are unlikely to prevent dangerous climate change, promoting technological innovation is a pro-poor policy.
Reflection
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: April 2022

In medieval Christian philosophy, Incarnation was understood as a relationship between the divine person and a particular human nature. This raises several questions: What kind of relationship between person and nature might secure the divine person’s being a human being? What might distinguish a person from a particular human nature, given that Christ cannot be composed of two persons? What kind of human nature might be appropriate for such a privilege? Could nonhuman natures be likewise suitable? Could there be multiple incarnations, or even one incarnation of multiple divine persons? All of these issues received detailed treatment by the medieval theologians. The essay examines some of the answers.
Reflection
Authors: Botting Eileen Hunt
Published: April 2022

Prominent critics and skeptics of genetic engineering have treated the ethical issue of human germline genetic modification as if it were still science fiction, like the artificially made Creature imagined in Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein. In light of the two-decade history and fast-paced trajectory of human germline genetic modification, the most pressing bioethical question for political theory is no longer “Should science genetically engineer children?” An equally difficult and less explored question is “What are the rights of the genetically modified child?” The source of all speculative fiction, Frankenstein presciently bears on the latter question by having the Creature articulate a child’s fundamental and universal rights to both parental love and nondiscrimination, regardless of reproductive circumstances or features of genesis.
Reflection
Authors: Brassier Ray
Published: April 2022

This essay contrasts two subversions of philosophical humanism in twentieth-century philosophy: from below and from above. The first reinscribes the human into nature by reducing the specificity of human difference to specific capacities that humans share with other animals. The second decenters the human subject so that it is no longer a different kind of being but the site of another kind of difference. While the first rejects transcendence as supernatural, the second rejects naturalism as metaphysical. I argue that the human is an ontological anomaly not because it indexes a supernatural difference but because of the way in which libidinal repetition and social reproduction are entwined in being human. This entwinement reveals the “negative universality” of the human as that which is not only mutable but the source of a mutability that is sui generis.
Reflection
Authors: Robbins Christa Noel
Published: April 2022

This essay describes the treatment of the anthropomorphic in late 1960s art criticism. Focusing on the writings of Donald Judd and Michael Fried, the essay demonstrates that the perception of anthropomorphism in sculpture—whether it is acknowledged, how it is represented, where it is located—had by the late 1960s become chief among the factors to be considered in making aesthetic judgments, particularly when it came to distinguishing between modernist and minimalist sculpture. Discussing works by the modernist sculptor Anthony Caro and the minimalist sculptor Tony Smith, the essay demonstrates that the divergent views expressed by Judd and Fried are actually united in their mutual need to preserve a stable concept of the human and the clear terms by which it is granted and grants value in the world. The essay concludes with a discussion of the work of Anne Truitt, whose sculptures were difficult to classify as either modernist or minimalist. Diverging from this debate, her work, in its particular address to the viewing and making subject, shifts the stakes of the anthropomorphic away from its role in preserving aesthetic values and toward an inquiry into the politics of personhood.
Privilege and Prophecy
Authors: Tobin Robert
Published: April 2022

For much of its history, the Episcopal Church has been regarded as the religion of choice for American elites. Alongside other mainline denominations, Episcopalianism formed part of an unofficial Protestant establishment that set the tone for public life in the United States well into the 1960s. Since the close of the Second World War, however, the Episcopal Church increasingly began to experience a crisis of identity, as its leaders sought to make it more responsive to the rapid changes underway in American society. Shaped by their exposure to the Great Depression and the war, this group of predominantly liberal white men ensured that social action became a defining feature of the church’s agenda during this period. Educated, energetic, and well-resourced, these leaders pursued a range of experimental ministries, learning programs, and policy reforms that would gradually shift the church’s self-image from that of custodian of tradition to catalyst for change. Certain ironies attended this process, not least the propensity of these men to take for granted their own privileged status while lobbying assiduously against the established order. Still, whatever their shortcomings and contradictions, this generation of liberal leaders oversaw the transformation of the Episcopal Church during the years 1945–1979. The church they inherited was widely regarded as a bastion of WASP wealth and respectability; the one they eventually handed over was known for its commitment to progressive causes.
An Establishment Church
Authors: Tobin Robert
Published: April 2022

As the Anglican church in the United States after the Revolutionary War, the Episcopal Church was forced to reconcile its inheritance as a form of religious establishment with its status as one denomination among many in a pluralistic setting. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the church found its place within the unofficial Protestant establishment that dominated the nation’s educational and philanthropic life and shaped its public mores. Episcopalians took a leading role in the Social Gospel movement, even as their church became the preferred religious affiliation of the ruling classes. In this way, Episcopalianism’s establishmentarian impulses continued to find expression well into the twentieth century. Those who led the Episcopal Church following the Second World War were shaped by this sensibility but recognized that the church must find new ways of relating to a rapidly changing society.
A Prophetic Church?
Authors: Tobin Robert
Published: April 2022

When the Second World War ended, the Episcopal Church still exercised a recognized role in shaping the public ethos of the United States. By the start of the 1980s, many Episcopal progressives felt fundamentally out of sympathy with the sensibilities of the nation at large. The turmoil of the intervening decades caused them to re-evaluate their establishment heritage and seek out ways to reconcile it with the social idealism of the 1960s. This process exposed Episcopalianism’s vulnerability to secularization, as well as highlighted ironies at work in its preoccupation with social liberation and radical inclusion. Having devoted so much attention to dismantling inherited notions of authority and belonging in the name of social relevance, Episcopalians now face the challenge of developing a new framework that will give their church a clear identity and purpose in a post-religious world.
Early Works (1890–1901)
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

Vaughan Williams’s marginalization of his early compositions—and self-deprecating references to his abilities as a young composer—has led many biographers and researchers to do the same. Doing so has created the erroneous impression that, with a handful of exceptions, he spent most of a decade passively assimilating elements from post-Wagnerian tonality, English folk song, Anglican hymnody, Tudor church music, and French impressionism rather than actively composing, or deliberately limited himself only to small-scale genres like songs, chamber works, and hymn tunes. While solo and part songs dominated Vaughan Williams’s student compositions, and two significant chamber compositions resulted from his study with Bruch, about half of Vaughan Williams’s works written between 1897 and 1902 come from large-scale choral and instrumental genres (including the Serenade for Small Orchestra, A Cambridge Mass, The Garden of Proserpine, the Bucolic Suite, and the Heroic Elegy and Triumphal Epilogue) that demonstrate considerable technical facility and creative depth. While most compositions from this period are not especially reminiscent of Vaughan Williams’s mature idiom, they are competent and often engaging works that show the musical influences that were especially important to him, and reveal a composer whose wide-ranging study, conscientious work habits, and dogged persistence would serve him well in years to come.
“New Heights and Depths and Mysteries” (1923–1929)
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

By the mid-1920s, Vaughan Williams had emerged as the most significant and influential British composer of his generation. Far from resting on his laurels, he threw himself into a wide range of musical activities. In addition to accepting the conductorship of the Bach Choir, he oversaw several productions of new stage works (including the ballet Old King Cole, the masque On Christmas Night, and the operas Hugh the Drover and Sir John in Love), undertook the editorship of a new hymnbook (Songs of Praise) with Martin Shaw, and began adopting an increasingly complex and modernist idiom in certain works, now encouraged by an informal publication agreement with the new head of music at Oxford University Press, Hubert Foss. These disruptive musical tendencies may reflect the tumultuous period. Several of Vaughan Williams’s friends and colleagues had died (including Stanford, Sharp, Ivor Gurney, Lucy Broadwood, and Frank Kidson), he faced personal crises with Holst and Ivor Gurney, and the General Strike put his left-leaning principles to the test. When Adeline’s ongoing battle with rheumatoid arthritis made living in London too difficult, the couple moved to the Surrey village of Dorking, where their new house, White Gates, provided a quiet and largely distraction-free setting for him to work. Vaughan Williams’s remove from the city forced him to rely on his own resources and creativity, which—judging by the compositions of the next several years—remained not only vigorous, but also advanced toward unfamiliar and exciting new frontiers.
“One Has to Write as One Feels” (1937–1943)
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

The strain of work and recent events—Holst’s death, deadline pressures, and the unsettled political climate, culminating in the outbreak of the Second World War—all contributed to Vaughan Williams “feeling that I shall never again write a note of music” by the late 1930s. Yet inspiration came unexpectedly in the form of Ursula Wood, a young woman whom he met in 1938 and with whom he began a passionate affair soon after. The complex personal dynamics between Ralph, Ursula, and Adeline—who almost certainly knew about the affair, and who herself built a close relationship with Wood in spite of that knowledge—have only recently become public knowledge, and are examined here. Unsurprisingly, the war also had a profound impact on Vaughan Williams’s life. Though too old to serve, he was vehemently opposed to the Nazi regime (despite his acceptance of an arts prize in Hamburg in 1938), and worked on behalf of refugees both in Dorking and as Chair of the Home Office Committee for the Release of Interned Alien Musicians. He also contributed to the war effort in a host of other ways, most significantly by writing music intended to boost morale at home and abroad, making his first forays into writing music for film as an outgrowth of such activities. His wartime compositional efforts culminated with the Symphony No. 5 in D Major, which glimpsed both the peace Britain fought for and the creative fire he felt had eluded him for so many years.
An Opinion
Authors: Al-Obaidi Jabbar A.
Published: April 2022

This chapter offers a basic theological, historical, and cultural analysis as to what is stated in the Qur’an and what was promoted and enforced by the Hadith sayings and practices of Prophet Mohammad and scholars. It shows how the shifted interpretations by extremists who adopted radical theological preaching and applied nontraditional and peaceful religious practice have contributed to the misunderstanding of Islam and Muslims. Subsequently, it explains how the Western reaction escalated against Muslim community after September 11, 2001, without recognizing the fact that Muslims themselves are also subject to the terror and destruction caused by radicals and extremists not only in the West but also in the Islamic world. Education and working together offer the softest path forward.
Epistemological and Cultural Perspectives in African Psychology
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This chapter highlights the philosophical, epistemological, and cultural perspectives in African psychology. The principal goal of the chapter is to illustrate some of the efforts that scholars of continental African psychology are making to unbind themselves from the restrictive ways of doing psychology propagated by mainstream Western psychology. The chapter presents continental African psychology as a legitimate and autonomous postcolonial field of psychology endowed with its own critical orientation to psychological scholarship. The key themes discussed include the epistemological stances of African psychology, the methodological philosophy of constructive alternativism that advances the processes of research and scholarship in African psychology, the notion of African psychology as a human science, the idea of human beings as cultural-historical beings, and the notion of the modern African child as a child of the “middle ground.” The chapter shows that African psychology favors an open philosophy approach to the study of psychology.
Dreaming in Africa
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

Chapter 8 introduces the notion that although as understood in mainstream Western psychology people only dream for themselves and are essentially self-contained in their overall mechanism of dreaming, in the African perspective dreams are understood as possible to emanate from other sources than the self. The chapter argues that while the Western perspective on dreaming should not to be ignored, it must be recognized alongside other dream perspectives. The chapter examines the concept of dreaming from an African perspective, suggesting that, in the Africentric paradigm, the individual can dream not only for him- or herself but also for others. In the African perspective, there at times occurs the phenomenon of triangulation in dreaming, which means that dreams as understood in Africa often originate from another source to give messages to the individual for the benefit of others.
A Rainbow Theory of Marriage Development
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

Chapter 10 presents a rainbow theory of eight stages of African marriage development. The theory is constructed within the framework of the Africentric paradigm and proposes that a rainbow of roles and expectations, challenges/tasks, tensions, joys and crises, conflicts, strengths, and opportunities constitute and determine the psychology and experience of the typical marital pair in Africa, from the mate selection stage to the last stage of marital life. Contributing such a theory was deemed necessary as a practical effort to respond to the current demand for the decolonization of scholarship in African universities. The chapter argues that one important way that African scholars could break away from the spells of colonialism and neo-colonialism and the current limitation of overdependence on foreign-based theories in the study of psychology is to generate home-based theories endogenously sourced from their African practice and experience.
Moving Beyond the BPS
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

Chapter 12 offers a four-factor theory of psychopathology intended to extend the limited model for understanding the basis for psychological disturbances in human beings propagated in the Eurocentric paradigm of mental illness. The chapter problematizes the prevailing BioPsychoSocial (BPS) theory of psychopathology that forms the canon for understanding mental illness and treatment within Western psychological literature, and demonstrates that in contrast to the Eurocentric paradigm of mental illness, the Africentric paradigm which proposes the BioPsychoSocial-Spiritual (BPS-S) theory of mental illness traces causality for misfortune beyond the visible world. This follows from the assumption in African culture and worldview that the visible and the invisible worlds are highly interconnected and do influence one another. The ultimate goal of the chapter is to enable clinicians in Africa and the global world to recognize the strength and limits of Western psychology, particularly when working with Black African clients with difficult illness presentations.
A Collaborative and Narrative Approach to Child and Family Therapy in Africa
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This chapter illustrates how Harlene Anderson’s collaborative therapy approach and Karl Tomm’s method of interventive interviewing could be used to promote the psychological management of a Black African child with psychosomatic presentations. The chapter shows that in practising psychotherapy through the collaborative approach, emphasis should be placed on the notion of clinical interviewing as an interventive practice. Five listening stances that promote the notion of clinical interviewing as intervention are offered encompassing empathic listening, credulous listening, deconstructive listening, negative listening, and hermeneutic listening. Additionally, since in collaborative and narrative therapy problems are believed to dissolve in dialogue, the chapter suggests that successful therapy can be organized among rural African clients who cannot read and write through dialogical conversations with them.
Expectations and Dilemmas of African Immigrants in Europe and North America
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This chapter offers a four-dimensional perspective for understanding the psychologies and perturbations of the green-carded African Immigrants in Europe and North America. This four-dimensional framework is proposed to draw attention to the complexities of the inner worlds of these immigrants and to widen the scope of the literature to gain a proper appreciation of the tensions and challenges that confront African immigrants who emigrate to Europe or the United States, not as students/minors, refugees, or asylum seekers, but as the “lucky” beneficiaries of official government-sponsored visa lotteries. The central aim of the chapter is to open clinicians’ eyes to perspectives they might not consider in the context of bringing therapeutic interventions to African immigrants in Europe and North America. Three levels of career counseling practice are proposed for working with clients from the African immigrant population.
Science Reform
Authors: Suh Annabell , Krosnick Jon A. , Jussim Lee J. , Stevens Sean T. , Anglin Stephanie
Published: April 2022

This chapter identifies useful directions for research addressing potentially problematic practices, the causes of such behaviors, and possible solutions. Problems in science in recent years are not limited to studies not replicating. Other pervasive problems that decrease the accuracy of scientific findings include, but are not limited to, errors leading to inaccurate findings, questionable research practices in which researchers are motivated to report certain types of findings that are significant while excluding mention of others, misleading generalizations and interpretations of findings, and doing many studies or analyses until a significant effect is found. The chapter begins with an overview, explaining the source of inspiration for the ideas in this report and outlining suboptimal behaviors on the part of scientists, their causes, and effects, as well as solutions that have been raised for some of these behaviors and issues. It assesses why empirical research is necessary, before exploring testable empirical research questions for suboptimal behaviors, their causes, and solutions. The chapter then discusses some study designs that could be used to examine these research questions.
Let’s Peer Review Peer Review
Authors: Vazire Simine
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents opinions about how peer review could be improved. It presents the author’s perspective as a journal editor and member of various boards that shape journal policies and practices (e.g., professional societies).
Impact and Influence of the Institutional Review Board
Authors: Renteln Alison Dundes
Published: April 2022

This chapter offers a critical analysis of the role that institutional review boards (IRBs) play in the research process. It identifies some of the main flaws and biases in the IRB review process. Particular emphasis is placed on the problem of ensuring that human subjects have given informed consent. The challenges may include language barriers, lack of familiarity with scientific research protocols, and overt or subtle forms of coercion. Some of notorious historical examples of failure to obtain informed human subjects in scientific experimentation are considered. When scholars collaborate on projects with colleagues overseas, serious questions arise as to whether the researchers should be required to make occasional on-site visits to monitor compliance with ethics standards, whether failure to fulfill this responsibility should require IRBs of universities to withhold approval for such research, and finally, how to evaluate human rights conditions in countries that do not adhere to international standards. As research is becoming more transnational, the challenges posed by these collaborations across borders deserve much more attention. To address widely recognized problems in the research process, more and more world conferences on scientific integrity are being convened. There is an urgent need to find legitimate ways to protect scientific integrity and human subjects via policies that can be enforced.
Privilege and Courage
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 1 begins with the relationship between George Washington and his younger brother Jack, who was Bushrod Washington’s father and managed Mount Vernon during the French and Indian War. The discussion then turns to Bushrod’s mother Hannah, his youth at Bushfield, the family estate; his legal education at William and Mary under George Wythe; and his military service when the British invaded Virginia in 1781. Bushrod’s formative years are set against the backdrop of the American Revolution and the political roles that George and Jack Washington both played during that period.
Riding Circuit
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 8 explores Washington’s role as a circuit judge holding trials and hearing appeals outside of the Supreme Court. In this era, Supreme Court justices spent most of their time on a lower federal court, as there were no separate federal circuit judges. Washington’s circuit was primarily in Philadelphia, and so the chapter delves into the practice of that court, the lawyers who appeared there, the way the justice conducted jury trials, and some of his major opinions. The chapter also assesses how Washington thought through problems as a judge, with the aid of one of his journals and his rough notes on cases and draft opinions.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Catherine
Published: April 2022

The introduction lays out the core objective of the book: to examine how ethnographic mapmaking shaped popular ideas about ethnicity, nationhood, and territory in imperial Russia from the 1840s to the early 1920s. It introduces the book’s major arguments about the socially diverse groups of imperial subjects who both laboured on and consumed cartographic print culture as part of their everyday lives and the role of imperial peripheries as spaces of scientific innovation and productivity. The chapter places the study in the wider context of the multi level construction of the Russian Empire and its various territories. Finally, it provides an outline of the geographical scope of the study, types of sources used, and historical context of the Baltic area of focus. It provides an overview of the book’s structure, which moves from a discussion of the relationship between ethnographic cartography and imperial statecraft beginning in the 1840s towards an examination of the proliferation of ethnographic mapmaking through the nineteenth century by an array of actors with diverse agendas up to 1920.
Intimate Empire
Authors: von Winning Alexa
Published: April 2022

After a humiliating defeat in the Crimean War, the Russian Empire struggled to reassert its position as a global power. A small noble family returned from the siege of Sevastopol and joined the rulers’ efforts to advance Russian standing in the decades before 1917. Leaving Home tells the story of the Mansurovs, who were known to nineteenth-century observers as resourceful imperial agents and staunch supporters of Orthodoxy. In close interplay with scholarship and the media, they built churches and pilgrim hostels to increase Russian dominance within its borders and in the Ottoman Empire. They facilitated communication between the Russian Empire and the wider Orthodox world and expanded its institutional infrastructure in areas of religion and scholarship outside Russia. Some of the family’s achievements stand to this day: the Russian complex in Jerusalem and an impressive Orthodox convent in Riga. When the Revolution came, they faced stigmatization as former nobles, believers, and monarchists. Impoverishment and arrests became part of their daily lives in Soviet Russia. Leaving Home is a study of the momentous role played by elite families in Russia’s international involvement in the age of empire. It shows how three generations of a mobile noble family advanced the intertwined causes of the Russian Empire and Orthodoxy, using family resources and tools of intimacy. Women were crucial for the family’s efforts, both behind the scenes and in public. Russia, Orthodoxy, and noble family life emerge as part of the European trans-imperial scene.
Moscow
Authors: von Winning Alexa
Published: April 2022

The chapter examines a case of religious activism in Silver Age Moscow, arguing that transconfessional ties and transnational religious exchange were a key feature of Russian Orthodoxy at the turn of the centuries. Pavel Mansurov (1860–1932), a former diplomat at the Russian embassy in Constantinople, returned with his family to Moscow at the eve of the revolution of 1905. Besides his involvement in conservative noble associations, he became known as an advocate of Orthodoxy’s Eastern roots. Continuing his family’s tradition of religious activism in service of the state, he ultimately joined an Orthodox-Anglican religious society that was devoted to ecumenical Christianity and active in a number of countries across the world. The chapter shows that these activities illuminate a crucial feature of Orthodoxy that has received little scholarly attention: the international reach of Russian Orthodoxy in the nineteenth century. Religious globalization, a result of secular globalization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, enabled a new and unprecedented scale of interaction by religious structures in different countries, as Gregory Freeze has noted. The chapter argues that these transconfessional ties included Western Christianity, but also extended east and south.
Introduction to Data Science Ethics
Authors: Martens David
Published: April 2022

As the ethical aspects of data science become ever more important, business people and data scientists alike need to be aware of the concepts, techniques, and cautionary tales of data science ethics, as motivated by this introductory chapter. Data science ethics is about what is right and what is wrong when conducting data science. Such moral behaviour can be found on the ‘golden mean’ (dixit Aristotle) between using no data at all (deficiency) and using all available data for any possible application (excess). The chapter describes why you should care about data science ethics, what it actually is, and introduces the FAT Flow Framework which has three dimensions: stage in the data science process, evaluation criterion (fair, accountable, and transparent) and the role of the human.
Digitalization and the Welfare State
Authors: Busemeyer Marius R. , Kemmerling Achim , Marx Paul , Kersbergen Kees van
Published: April 2022

This chapter introduces the volume’s research questions, goal, and approach, as well as the various contributing chapters. The overarching research question of this volume is: to what extent and how will the politics and policies of welfare states respond to the new challenges of digitalization? The chapter outlines two constituent sub-questions. First, to what extent and under what conditions will digitalization trigger a (paradigmatic) reconfiguration of the welfare state’s policy space? Second, to what extent and under what conditions will digitalization generate a reconfiguration of the welfare state’s political space? Besides defining the core research questions of the volume, this chapter also provides definitions of core terms and discusses the various dimensions of technological change that are usually subsumed under the term digitalization.
The Data Revolution and the Transformation of Social Protection
Authors: Iversen Torben , Rehm Philipp
Published: April 2022

A central function of the welfare state is to provide social insurance. Most scholarship assumes that social insurance cannot be provided effectively through the market, mainly due to incomplete and asymmetric information. But, while this assumption may have held in the past, the data revolution is making it untenable today. This chapter asks what happens to the politics of social protection, and to inequality, when information about risks to health, life, employment, credit, and so on, becomes more widely available and shareable. It offers a framework to help us better understand the consequences of big data for social policy and inequality. The information revolution has the potential to undermine majority support for public social policy programs, but due to some countervailing forces, we expect variation across social policy domains.
Social Solidarity in the Age of the Internet
Authors: Marx Paul
Published: April 2022

The Internet massively stimulates social comparisons and status competition. It therefore tends to produce negative emotions that are typically associated with inequality, such as envy and anxiety. These emotional repercussions of inequality can have corrosive effects on social trust and solidarity. This chapter sets out the socio-psychological mechanisms that undergird this link and argues that the effect of the Internet goes beyond a mere intensification of real-world inequality. Three specific elements lend online social comparisons a sui-generis character. The Internet makes social comparisons and status seeking habitual, if not addictive; it turns the reference point for social comparisons into a moving target so that desires become insatiable; and it provides an inbuilt coping mechanism through online shopping. The chapter concludes that social coalitions supporting welfare states might become harder to sustain if experiences of inequality on the Internet socialize people into being primarily concerned with their own relative status.
The EASA Board of Appeal in Search of Identity: An Effective Filter between Administration and Courts?
Authors: Simoncini Marta , Verissimo Micaela
Published: April 2022

This chapter deals with the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which has been equipped with a Board of Appeal (BoA) responsible for deciding on appeals against the decisions of the Agency. It illustrates the additional layer of administrative protection against the decisions of EASA that has to be exhausted before the avenue of judicial review before the Courts is opened. The chapter analyses the role and the powers of the EASA BoA, emphasizing its potential added value compared to judicial remedies. The chapter highlights how in theory the protection offered by the EASA BoA could be very effective but that the 2018 revision of the EASA mandate and the low number of cases has meant that the EASA BoA has not fully found its identity between the administrative and the judicial levels yet.
The Boards of Appeal as Hybrid Adjudicators: On Some Shortcomings of Article 58a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: De Lucia Luca
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines Article 58a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) that was introduced through Regulation 2019/629 and established a filtering mechanism for appeals brought before the Court of Justice (ECJ) against General Court (GC) decisions concerning the decisions of the Boards of Appeal (BoAs) set up within the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), the Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO), the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). It reviews some aspects of the legal regime of the four BoAs mentioned in Article 58a of the Statute of the CJEU and aims to demonstrate that the new legislative framework underlines the need for procedural and organizational legislative rules for these BoAs (and especially those of EUIPO) that are more in line with the principles laid down in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR)..
Who Litigates before the Boards of Appeal?
Authors: Muzi Laura
Published: April 2022

This chapter looks into the nature and features of litigants that decide to lodge a claim before the Boards of Appeal of a number of EU agencies. It verifies whether there are ‘typical’ appellants who meet the admissibility criteria or are more likely to make use of the first instance review offered by the BoA. It also assesses typical arguments that litigants rely on, in order to clarify the nature of the review offered by the Boards of Appeal. The chapter further scrutinizes the nature of the appellants and possible interveners whenever they are allowed to take part in the proceedings. It takes into account relevant arguments when considering the main distinguishing feature between BoAs and the EU courts.
The Position of Boards of Appeal: Between Functional Continuity and Independence
Authors: Alberti Jacopo
Published: April 2022

This chapter illustrates the peculiar nature of the Boards of Appeal (BoA) of EU agencies, which has been affected by two fundamental changes in the general landscape of the EU system of judicial protection. The changes include the fall of the specialized tribunals, which resulted in greater room for the development of the BoAs and the introduction of the filter mechanism in Article 58a of the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). It evaluates how these changes have affected the institutional position of the BoAs of the EU agencies and elaborates how they might evolve over the next few years. The chapter discusses the traditional understanding of the BoAs, framing the misleading principle of functional continuity and its relationship with that of independence. It also reviews the main elements of the functional, institutional, personal, and financial independence of the different BoAs in place.
Boards of Appeal of EU Agencies and Article 47 of the Charter: Uneasy Bedfellows?
Authors: Ritleng Dominique
Published: April 2022

This chapter starts from the premise that the Boards of Appeal as a remedy mechanism has become a standard institutional device for all EU agencies endowed with decision-making powers and explores the question how they should be assessed from the perspective of the right to an effective remedy under Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. The chapter argues that Boards of Appeal are administrative bodies which offer an administrative remedy. For that reason, they do not come under Article 47 of the Charter and they cannot be used to replace the judicial remedy offered by the EU judicature. Overall however, they may still compensate for the weaknesses in relation to the right to an effective remedy of the judicial review and, thereby, strengthen the judicial protection afforded by EU Courts.
All Chorus and No Plot
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

In Euthydemus and Dionysodorus’ initial conversation with Cleinias, their arguments unfold as if they were the strophe and antistrophe of a choral ode. This goes together with their apparently divine character—Socrates refers to them as “gods”—since gods are the only beings for which a perfect reflection on life might be possible, because they are not alive. “Reflecting” is connected to taking a pause from life, but it is not available to mortals without “breathing.” The rough breathing in Greek, h-, becomes significant in Euthydemus and Dionysodorus’ second argument with Cleinias, when the pair treats the distinction between ha-panta and panta as if it were irrelevant. This mirrors their disregard for the difference between living particulars and dead generics. Socrates must breathe life back into Cleinias by claiming that they are performing a Corybantic initiation on him: first they dance and play, then they get serious. One is reminded of the mysterious ending of Plato’s Crito, in which Socrates says he seems to hear the laws as the Corybants hear the flutes.
Death by Humor
Authors: Grewal Gwenda-lin
Published: April 2022

In the Euthydemus Socrates descends into a hell of sophistry and claims to encounter wisdom incarnate. This is the disembodied shadow of a ghastly two-headed Socrates, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus, whose wisdom is “wisdom” and whose art consists in terminating all conversation by sucking the blood out of each and every one of their interlocutors. But Socrates’ narration to Crito, and Crito’s veiled suspicions about Socratic philosophy, have been directing the dialogue from the beginning. Socrates closes his report of their conversation by suggesting to Euthydemus and Dionysodorus that their wisdom is too contagious; they ought to regulate it with silver. Is this a Socratic second thought delivered to himself from an afterlife? The tension between the philosophical and the political, between Socrates and Crito, is reflected in the singular double playfully taunting Socrates from the grave. Crito is searching for reassurance about teachers of philosophy, but Socrates continually undermines it. This culminates in the final word of the dialogue, paidia, “children,” but also “play.” If philosophy is as Socrates supposes it, Crito must be bold and pursue and practice—that is, think seriously about—the playful. When put to the test, the serious play of Euthydemus and Dionysodorus reveals itself as the inversion of thinking’s playful seriousness.
Introduction
Authors: Yousef Nancy
Published: April 2022

The entwining of aesthetics and ethics under the rubric of the ordinary, which originates with Wordsworth, is rendered more overt by George Eliot, and manifests itself anew in Wittgenstein, is the subject of The Aesthetic Commonplace. William Wordsworth’s defense of a poetry composed in “ordinary language” and concerned with incidents of “common life”; George Eliot’s commitment to the fictional rendering of “commonplace” people and things; and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s resolution to “stick to matters of everyday thought” in his philosophical work: these are memorable, culturally influential, and powerful imaginations of the commonplace as a vital but neglected region for reflection on thinking, feeling, and communicating. This Introduction to the book provides the historical context and conceptual rationale for including Wittgenstein in a study of nineteenth-century literary aesthetics, and for bringing literary precedents to bear on the philosopher’s revolutionary turn to the “ordinary.” The question of philosophical significance presses upon the novelist who warns against the prospect of commonplace people and things being “quite left out” of “our philosophy,” and upon the poet who claims that everyday language is also the most philosophic, thereby inviting his reader to understand how those terms—language, philosophy, everyday—mutually inform one another. The Introduction also addresses the eclipse of hermeneutical and exegetical practices in scientifically oriented departments of philosophy and raises the question of where the reading of philosophy currently belongs in the academy. The Aesthetic Commonplace aims to model the generative possibilities of an emotionally attentive, ethically engaged, and rigorously interdisciplinary approach to the study of literature and philosophy.
“No Better than a Brothel”
Authors: Plummer Marjorie Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

Chapter 1 argues that reformers initially used a rhetorical dichotomy between the “false Christians” and “true Christians” that inverted the traditional spiritual hierarchy of nuns and laywomen by using “spiritual women” and “common women” (whores) in an unconventional way. This inversion produced verbal, sporadic physical, and then organized community violence against the nuns from the first rhetorical calls for the “storming” of convents in the early 1520s until the Peasants’ War. The impulse to use of force to implement reforms in convents grew as officials, visitors, rulers, and even the nuns resorted to new forms of verbal and physical violence to defend their confessional position. This chapter shows how the discussion by Luther and his followers about nuns morphed into a unique form of iconoclasm directed against convents, including violence against nuns.
From Capture to Slave Market
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: April 2022

Chapter 2 opens with the dilemma facing ships pursued by corsairs, whether to fight, flee, or surrender, and the tactics employed by their attackers. It shows how fight and flight were often not realistic options, and how prompt submission might result in less harsh treatment. But the chapter shows how other crews put up fierce resistance, sometimes suicidal, sometimes successful and celebrated in printed accounts. It then explores the traumatic experience of capture, and explains the deliberately harsh treatment meted out to new captives. It ends with an account of the dehumanizing humiliations of the slave market, where former slaves recalled being treated like animals. The chapter also explores the particular treatment of children, adolescents, and women.