bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral health‐related quality of life following peri‐implantitis surgery: A prospective study
Authors: Rustand Kristin , Aass Anne Merete , Sen Abhijit , Koldsland Odd Carsten
Published: June 2022

Aim

The aim of this prospective study was to describe long‐term patient‐reported outcomes following surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis.

Methods

Oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 43 patients diagnosed with peri‐implantitis was recorded using the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14), where low scores indicate low impact. A Norwegian version of the OHIP‐14 form was filled out 1 week before and 6‐, 18‐ and 36 months after the peri‐implant surgery. The mean and median OHIP‐14 scores were calculated for its seven domains (i.e., Functional limitation, Physical pain, Psychological discomfort, Physical disability, Psychological disability, Social disability, and Handicap) across four different time points. The dataset was analyzed to find correlations between independent variables and the OHIP‐scores.

Results

The OHIP‐14 scores were at a low level from baseline to 36 months post‐surgery. The mean scores at specific time points were at baseline 7.2 (SD 7.3), 6 months post‐surgery 6.0 (SD 6.9), 18 months post‐surgery 6.8 (SD 9.7), and 3 years post‐surgery 7.0 (SD 9.4). None of these changes were statistically significant. Specific domains of OHRQoL did not significantly differ across different time points (pre‐ and post‐surgery) in males (except for domain “Handicap”) or females (except for domain “Functional limitation”).

Conclusions

The reported OHIP‐14 measures were initially low and stayed low up to 3 years after peri‐implant surgery. This may indicate that neither the disease nor the treatment deteriorated or improved the OHRQoL.
Systemic oxidative stress in children with cystic fibrosis with bacterial infection including Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Authors: Bennemann Gabriela Datsch , Moreira Emilia Addison Machado , Pereira Leticia Cristina Radin , de Freitas Maiara Brusco , de Oliveira Diane , Ventura Julia Carvalho , Parisotto Eduardo Benedetti , Moreno Yara Maria Franco , Trindade Erasmo Benicio Santos Moraes , Barbosa Eliana , Ludwig Neto Norberto , Wilhelm Filho Danilo
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Oxidative stress (OS) occurs in cystic fibrosis (CF).

Objective

The objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of bacterial infection on biomarkers of OS (catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidade [GPx], reduced glutathione [GSH]), markers of oxidative damage (protein carbonyls [PC], thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]), together with the nutritional status and lung function in children with CF.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study including CF group (CFG, n = 55) and control group (CG, n = 31), median age: 3.89 and 4.62 years, respectively. CFG was distributed into CFG negative bacteriology (CFGB−, n = 27) or CFG positive bacteriology (CFGB+, n = 28), and CFG negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CFGPa−, n = 36) or CFG positive Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CFGPa+, n = 19).

Results

Compared with CG, CFG (P = .034) and CFGB+ (P = .042) had lower body mass index‐for‐age z‐score; forced expiratory volume in the first second was lower in CFGB+ and CFGPa+ (both P < .001). After adjusting for confounders and compared with CG: CFG showed higher TBARS (P ≤ .001) and PC (P = .048), and lower CAT (P = .004) and GPx (P = .003); the increase in PC levels was observed in CFGB+ (P = .011) and CFGPa+ (P = .001) but not in CFGB− (P = .510) and CFGPa− (P = .460).

Conclusions

These results indicate a systemic OS in children with CF. The presence of bacterial infection particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to be determinant to exacerbate the oxidative damage to proteins, in which PC may be a useful biomarker of OS in CF.
S1 guideline: Differential diagnosis of acute and chronic redness of the lower legs
Authors: Zidane Miriam , Jungkunz Hans‐Wilfried , Kahle Birgit , Miller Anya , Ochsendorf Falk , Sunderkötter Cord , Traidl‐Hoffmann Claudia , Wurpts Gerda , Nast Alexander
Published: June 2022

Acute or chronic redness of the lower leg is a frequent reason for visits to clinics and practices. The differential diagnosis is often challenging. The aim of this guideline is to define criteria and procedures for the differential diagnosis of acute or chronic, unilateral or bilateral redness of the lower leg. Finding the correct diagnosis is essential for selecting an appropriate treatment and can help to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics. The guideline committee identified the most relevant differential diagnoses: 1. erysipelas, 2. stasis dermatitis, 3. hyperergic ictus reaction, 4. superficial and deep vein thrombosis, 5. gout, 6. chronic allergic contact dermatitis, and 7. acute toxic or allergic contact dermatitis. Algorithms/diagnostic pathways, each of which can be broken down into anamnesis, clinical examination, and diagnostics, have been developed for these seven diagnoses. In addition, the guideline group identified over 40 other relevant diagnoses and summarized their characteristics in a table to facilitate further differential diagnoses.
Brook trout occupancy in rivers and streams of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone, Ontario
Authors: Smith Darren A. , Giacomini Henrique Corrêa , de Kerckhove Derrick T. , Ball Helen , Gutowsky Lee F. G. , Chu Cindy
Published: June 2022

Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are an iconic freshwater salmonid native to northeastern North America. They prefer cold, clean rivers and lakes, and have been culturally, socially and economically valued for decades. Overharvest and deforestation associated with European settlement in southern Ontario, Canada led to notable declines in brook trout abundance in rivers and streams by the late 1800s. Today, they are threatened by further habitat degradation, non‐native species, and climate change. In this study, we document brook trout occupancy in rivers and streams of the Mixedwood Plains Ecozone in southern Ontario, between 1970–1980 and 2000–2010. We used generalised linear models to determine occupancy variation between the two time periods at five spatial scales spanning multiple watershed levels. We detected a decline in occupancy between time periods for the tertiary (from 23% to 17%) and quaternary (from 35% to 22%) watershed scales. In the Credit River‐Sixteen Mile Creek watershed, mean occupancy decreased to a third of past estimate (from 31% to 10%). For a subset of 86 sites with overlapping sampling in both periods no temporal trend was detected, but a post‐hoc analysis indicated low statistical power (0.07), which suggested that more intensive sampling would be needed to better quantify brook trout occupancy changes at this scale. The occupancies quantified for the past period in our study may serve as benchmarks for brook trout restoration efforts.
Body size responses to the combined effects of climate and land use changes within an urban framework
Authors: Martin Amanda K. , Sheridan Jennifer A.
Published: June 2022

Alterations in body size can have profound impacts on an organism's life history and ecology with long‐lasting effects that span multiple biological scales. Animal body size is influenced by environmental drivers, including climate change and land use change, the two largest current threats to biodiversity. Climate warming has led to smaller body sizes of many species due to impacts on growth (i.e., Bergmann's rule and temperature‐size rule). Conversely, urbanization, which serves as a model for investigating the effects of land use changes, has largely been demonstrated to cause size increases, but few studies have examined the combined influences of climate and land use changes on organism size. We present here the background theory on how each of these factors is expected to influence body size, summarize existing evidence of how size has recently been impacted by climate and land use changes, and make several recommendations to guide future research uniting these areas of focus. Given the rapid pace of climate change and urbanization, understanding the combined effects of climate and land use changes on body size is imperative for biodiversity preservation.
A Subset of SMARCB1 (INI‐1)‐deficient vulvar neoplasms express germ cell markers
Authors: Hammer Phoebe M , Kolin David L , Charville Gregory W , McCluggage W Glenn , Howitt Brooke E
Published: June 2022

Aims

SMARCB1 (INI‐1)‐deficient vulvar neoplasms comprise a group of rare tumours that include epithelioid sarcoma (ES), myoepithelial carcinoma (MEC), the recently described myoepithelioma‐like tumour of the vulvar region (MELTVR), and sarcomas that are difficult to classify. It has been suggested that so‐called vulvar yolk sac tumours (YST) may represent morphologic variants of SMARCB1‐deficient tumours; thus, we investigated the immunoreactivity of germ cell markers in SMARCB1‐deficient vulvar neoplasms.

Methods and results

Ten SMARCB1‐deficient vulvar neoplasms were stained with germ cell tumour markers (SALL4, glypican‐3, OCT3/4, and AFP) and re‐reviewed for morphologic features. The tumours occurred in adult females (median age 41 years) and included ES (n = 7), MELTVR (n = 2), and MEC (n = 1). All cases showed loss of SMARCB1 expression. Four cases (40%) were focally positive for SALL4 in areas with morphology of typical‐appearing ES. One of these cases also showed focal staining for OCT3/4. One ES showed a transition from typical‐appearing ES to YST‐like morphology, with diffuse expression of SALL4 and glypican‐3, and focal expression of AFP, in these latter areas. All other tested cases were negative for AFP.

Conclusion

Our study reveals that SALL4, glypican‐3, and OCT3/4 are positive in a subset of SMARCB1‐deficient vulvar neoplasms, which may pose a diagnostic challenge and result in consideration of a germ cell tumour. We also highlight a case with transition from ES to YST‐like morphology, lending further support that YSTs of the vulva are somatically derived SMARCB1‐deficient neoplasms and do not represent true germ‐cell neoplasia.
Microsatellite instability in rectal cancer: what does it mean? A study of two randomized trials and a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Swets Marloes , Graham Martinez Cristina , van Vliet Shannon , van Tilburg Arjan , Gelderblom Hans , Marijnen Corrie A M , van de Velde Cornelis J H , Nagtegaal Iris D
Published: June 2022

Aim

Currently, compelling evidence illustrates the significance of determining microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer (CRC). The association of MSI with proximal CRC is well established, however, its implications in patients with rectal cancer remain undefined. We therefore aimed to determine the role of MSI with respect to incidence and outcome in patients with rectal cancer.

Methods and Results

For this we examined patients from two prospective phase III trials: TME trial and PROCTOR‐SCRIPT trial (n = 1250). In addition, we performed a literature review to evaluate the overall prevalence, the effect on survival and the response to neo‐adjuvant treatment in patients with MSI rectal cancer compared with microsatellite stable (MSS) rectal cancer. Our TME and PROCTOR‐SCRIPT cohort showed no differences in terms of overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69–1.47) and disease‐free survival (DFS) (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.68–1.45) in patients with MSI compared to MSS rectal cancer. The total number of MSI cases in all included studies (including our own) was 1220 (out of 16,526 rectal cancer patients), with an overall prevalence of 6.7% (standard error 1.19%). Both for OS as for DFS there was no impact of MSI status on prognosis (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.77–1.29 and HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.60–1.22, respectively). The risk ratio (RR) for downstaging and pathological complete response showed also no impact of MSI status (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.86–1.55 and RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.54–1.22, respectively).

Conclusion

Rectal cancer patients with MSI form a distinct and rare subcategory, however, there is no prognostic effect of MSI in rectal cancer patients.
Harmonizing platelet function analyzer testing and reporting in a large laboratory network
Authors: Favaloro Emmanuel J. , Mohammed Soma , Vong Ronny , Chapman Kent , Kershaw Geoffrey , Just Sarah , Connelly Lynne , Ryan Michael , Zebeljan Diane , Brighton Timothy , Pasalic Leonardo
Published: June 2022

Introduction

The platelet function analyzer (PFA) is a popular platelet function screening instrument, highly sensitive to von Willebrand disease (VWD) and to aspirin therapy, with moderate sensitivity to defects in platelet function and/or deficiencies in platelet number. There are two models, the original PFA‐100 and the contemporary PFA‐200. Normal reference ranges (NRRs) provided by the manufacturer are the same for both models, instead being based on the type of test cartridge, for which there are two main ones: collagen/epinephrine (C/Epi) and collagen/adenosine diphosphate (C/ADP).

Methods

Comparative evaluations of PFA testing and reporting in six different sites of a large pathology network, aiming to harmonize NRRs and test reporting across all network sites. A separate comparative study of testing a range of samples (n > 150) on a PFA‐100 versus that on a PFA‐200. Review of contemporary literature.

Results

Each site was identified to have a different reporting NRR, which after consolidating data permitted establishment of an agreed harmonized NRR for use across the network (C/Epi: 90–160; C/ADP: 70–124; based on n > 180). Similarly, each site reported and interpreted results in different ways, and after discussion and consolidation, a harmonized approach to interpretation and reporting was achieved. The separate comparative study of PFA‐100 versus PFA‐200 testing confirmed instrument equivalence.

Conclusion

We achieved harmonized NRRs and reporting for PFA testing across a large pathology network. Our approach may be useful for other laboratory networks wishing to harmonize PFA testing.
Genomic and phenotypic divergence‐with‐gene‐flow across an ecological and elevational gradient in a neotropical bird
Authors: Rodríguez‐Cajarville María José , Campagna Leonardo , Lima‐Rezende Cássia Alves , Carboni Martín , Tubaro Pablo L. , Cabanne Gustavo Sebastián
Published: June 2022

Aim

Some species have populations that vary in ecologically relevant traits along environmental gradients, which is a pattern often generated by secondary contact post divergence in allopatry. However, an alternative explanation for such a pattern would be primary contact, where populations diverge in the presence of gene flow through the action of strong natural selection. We aimed to test the divergence‐with‐gene‐flow model across an environmental gradient in a Chaco‐Andes dry forest bird.

Location

Central Andes Mountain range and Chaco region of Argentina and Bolivia.

Taxon

Phytotoma rutila (Aves, Cotingidae).

Methods

We generated ddRADseq loci for 23 individuals and obtained body size variation data for 146 museum specimens. We evaluated population genetic structure and tested the effects of elevation and isolation by geographic distance on genomic divergence. To distinguish divergence in allopatry from divergence‐with‐gene‐flow, we compared the divergence of phenotypic traits (bill, tarsus and wing) with neutral genomic variation (S‐test and PST–FST comparisons), conducted coalescent analyses to estimate gene flow and divergence time, and calculated relative (FST) versus absolute (DXY) genomic divergence.

Results

We found (a) P. rutila differs genomically and phenotypically following the highland‐lowland axis of the study region, with altitudinal variation explaining genomic variation; (b) larger phenotypic than neutral genomic divergence; (c) asymmetric gene flow between Andean and Chacoan populations; and (d) a pattern of relative and absolute genomic differentiation compatible with divergence‐with‐gene‐flow.

Main conclusions

The mechanism behind the morphological and genomic diversification along the Chaco‐Andes dry forest belt in P. rutila is divergence‐with‐gene‐flow. Diversification in South America implicates gene flow between populations and natural selection following environmental gradients, as well as vicariance. This complex combination contrasts with the traditional idea that speciation in birds occurred primarily in allopatry.
On the necessity (or lack thereof) of digital proctoring: Drawbacks, perceptions, and alternatives
Authors: Duncan Alex , Joyner David
Published: June 2022

Background

It is important for institutions of higher education to maintain academic integrity, both for students and the institutions themselves. Proctoring is one way of accomplishing this, and with the increasing popularity of online courses—along with the sudden shift to online education sparked by the COVID‐19 pandemic—digital proctoring has seen an increase in use. However, there are privacy and bias concerns related to digital proctoring, so it is important to critically examine its role in higher education—when it should and should not be used, and how it is perceived among those who interact with it.

Objectives

In this paper, we: examine the features of and concerns about digital proctoring; analyse the results of a survey regarding student and teaching assistant (TA) attitudes towards digital proctoring; and present alternatives to digital proctoring and a framework for evaluating the need for a digital proctoring tool.

Methods

We surveyed students and TAs in an online graduate computer science program, asking them to provide their agreement or disagreement with 20 statements related to digital proctoring. For each response option on each statement, we calculated overall percentages as well as percentages broken out by demographics. We compared these percentages to develop a picture of student and TA perceptions.

Results and Conclusions

Students and TAs alike are generally tolerant of digital proctoring software and perceive some benefits to using it, including adding integrity to course grades and value to degree programs. However, they have some concerns in the areas of privacy, equity, and technical difficulties.

Takeaways

Digital proctoring software should be used only when necessary, with thought devoted to its impact on students and TAs and any concerns they may have. There exist alternative methods for maintaining academic integrity in a course. The framework we have presented can help with determining the need for digital proctoring.
The Differentiation Paradox of European Integration: Why Going it Alone Produces Suboptimal Results1
Authors: Biermann Felix
Published: June 2022

Differentiation is not only a design feature of European integration, it is also a Member State strategy to overcome preference divergence. However, putting together an optimal group is difficult: Either the resulting club lacks the capacity to produce the club good efficiently; or differentiation attempts lead to an equally suboptimal outcome of a club too large and too heterogeneous to be effective. This paper develops an explanation of this differentiation paradox. When an avant‐garde group proposes differentiation, the presence or absence of its go‐it‐alone power determines the outcome. The former leads to suboptimally large clubs due to the bandwagoning dynamic that produces a cascade. By contrast, the absence of go‐it‐alone power triggers a blockade and results in suboptimally small clubs. This actor‐centred approach to differentiated integration is tested by analysing the establishment of Permanent Structured Co‐operation in security and defence, which declined from an ambitious idea into a diluted reality.
Endogeneity in pharmaceutical knowledge generation: An instrument‐free copula approach for Poisson frontier models
Authors: Haschka Rouven E. , Herwartz Helmut
Published: June 2022

This study provides an assessment of the R&D–patent relation of European pharmaceutical firms that are not flawed by endogeneity biases. Firms invest in R&D and generate latent knowledge which then manifests in observable patent outcomes through a Poisson model. The process of turning R&D into knowledge is described by a production process subject to inefficiency and endogeneity. To estimate a Poisson stochastic frontier model, the suggested novel copula‐based approach directly accounts for the dependence between the endogenous regressors and the inefficiency component. Hence, its implementation does not require any instrumental variables. Simulation results underline that the proposed estimator outperforms conventional instrumental variable estimators. Neglecting endogeneity leads to a substantial underestimation of the R&D elasticity of patents generated in the European pharmaceutical industry.
Effects of fruit tissue pH value on the Penicillium expansum growth, patulin accumulation and distribution
Authors: Wang Min , Du Yamin , Jiao Wenxiao , Fu Maorun
Published: June 2022

pH is an important environmental factor for the virulence of fungi. To explore the effect of tissue pH on the diffusion behavior of Penicillium expansum and patulin, pear (pH 4.98), apple (pH 3.72) and kiwifruit (pH 3.31) were selected to inoculate P. expansum. When the diameter of the lesion was 1 cm or 2 cm, tissues within a certain distance (0, 1, 2, and 3 cm) from the lesion were sampled. Results showed that low pH could inhibit the growth of P. expansum and hinder patulin accumulation in the decayed parts. The quantity of P. expansum was 1.99 × 105 CFU/g and patulin content was 13.84 mg/kg in pear, which were 6.86 times and 92.89 times of that in kiwi‐fruit (lesion diameter 2 cm). In addition, the P. expansum colonies and patulin content decreased with the distance from the lesion, but there was no correlation between tissue pH and patulin distribution.

Novelty impact statement

Low fruit tissue pH (pH < 4.98 ± 0.08) would inhibit the growth of Penicillium expansum and hinder the accumulation of patulin in the decayed parts.

The pH value of the fruit tissue affects the diffusion behavior of P. expansum and patulin in different decayed fruits.
How can advance care planning tools help young people's voices be heard?
Authors: Trang Jacinta , Herbert Anthony , Sansom‐Daly Ursula M
Published: June 2022

The integration of the child or young person (CYP) in conversations around advance care planning (ACP) is an important area of paediatric practice. These discussions provide CYP with the opportunity to voice their values, goals and preferences, enabling health‐care professionals to ensure they are aligned with their planned course of treatment. This process, often undertaken within the context of the child's family, empowers children to participate in decisions and experience the dignity of self‐determination. It also facilitates an increased understanding between the CYP and those involved in their care. The objectives of this paper are to highlight the importance of these conversations for paediatricians and identify barriers, both real and perceived, that may prevent them from engaging with a CYP about their preferences for future care including focusing more on discussion with the parents, and concern about or not having the skills to engage the child in such sensitive conversations. Triggers that can prompt clinicians to undertake ACP are also discussed. A further complexity is that after seeking their perspective, it may become apparent that the CYP may hold different views and perspectives to their parents and/or clinician. This review article will especially examine elements of end‐of‐life conversations that are critical to support the important goal of listening to the voice of the CYP. This includes considerations around timing, legal aspects, ethical tensions that arise when amplifying a child's voice, clinician/team‐member roles, clinical process considerations, and the use of specific interventions and ACP tools to facilitate these conversations with CYP.
Carbonic anhydrase isoforms of Neopyropia yezoensis: Intracellular localization and expression profiles in response to inorganic carbon concentration and life stage
Authors: Zhang Baoyu , Liu Xueying , Huan Li , Shao Zhizhuo , Zheng Zhenbing , Wang Guangce
Published: June 2022

Macroalgae, particularly commercially grown seaweed, substantially contribute to CO2 removal and carbon storage. However, knowledge regarding the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) of macroalgae is limited. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), a key component of the biophysical CCM, plays important roles in many physiological reactions in various organisms. Few characteristics of CA in Neopyropia yezoensis are known, particularly its intracellular location and responses to different concentrations of Ci. We identified, amplified, and characterized 11 putative genes encoding N. yezoensis CA. The predicted corresponding proteins clustered into three subfamilies: α‐, β‐, and γ‐type. The intracellular localization of seven CA isoforms—one in the chloroplasts, three in the cytoplasm, and three in the mitochondria—was elucidated with fusion proteins. Higher NyCA expression, particularly of certain chloroplastic, cytosolic, and mitochondrial CAs, is observed more often during the foliose stage, thus suggesting that CAs play important roles in development in N. yezoensis.
The concept of epitypes in theory and practice
Authors: Sennikov Alexander N.
Published: June 2022

The concept of epitypes was introduced to resolve the cases when the primary type of a plant name (holotype, lectotype or neotype) is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be identified to the appropriate taxonomic level. In spite of the original intention, epitypes have been widely used as a means to complement the primary type with other morphological characters or as a ‘phylogenetic type' (a reference specimen used for DNA sequencing). The lack of any procedure to control or supersede the designated epitypes opens the possibility for their gross misuse as a replacement type, which has already taken place. The current usage of epitypes is discussed and a possible solution is suggested to amend the concept of epitypes in conformity with their dominant usage and the traditions of botanical history.
Simulation of the improving effect of graphene visible‐light photocatalysis using the MIKE11 model of an urban landscape river in the Chaohu Lake Basin, China
Authors: Xiong Hongbin , Liu Tianxin , Wang Haiyun , Feng Chenxiao
Published: June 2022

We selected the Tanchong River in Hefei as the site to test the efficacy of graphene visible‐light photocatalysis (GVLP), a new water treatment technology to improve water quality in black‐odorous rivers in urban landscapes. A model coupling the hydrodynamic force and water quality of the Tanchong River was constructed using the MIKE11 model. The numerical simulation method was used to model the concentrations of the main pollutants—chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. The simulation of water quality in the river section treated by GVLP was verified by the Tanchong River water quality improvement project experiment. The results showed that the MIKE11 model can effectively simulate the effect of GVLP technology on water quality improvement. The removal rates of the main pollutants'—COD, NH3–N, and TP by GVLP were 43.9%, 82.1%, and 76.8%, respectively, thus proving GVLP's viability as a treatment for controlling water pollution in similar black‐odorous rivers.
Responses of sperm mitochondria functionality in animals to thermal stress: The mitigating effects of dietary natural antioxidants
Authors: Abdelnour Sameh A. , Swelum Ayman A. , Sindi Ramya A. , Barkat Rasha A. , Khalifa Norhan E. , Amin Ahmed A. , El‐Raghi Ali Ali , Tufarelli Vincenzo , Losacco Caterina , Abd El‐Hack Mohamed E.
Published: June 2022

The reproductive consequences of global warming representing heat stress (HS) have been widely received more attention in the last decades. HS induced significant influence on the male reproductive cell, especially sperm functionally. Reduction in the sperm function induced by HS leads to failure of fertility potential. The main effects of HS on sperm are reducing sperm motility, increased abnormalities and changes in the fluidity of the membrane as well as cell morphology. Moreover, the destruction of mitochondrial function could be the result of adverse influences of HS. The protein contents and enzymes of mitochondria were lowered after the exposure of sperm to HS. Some natural antioxidants were used for improving sperm mitochondrial function under HS conditions. In this review, it was highlighted the potential influences of HS on sperm function through reduction in ATP Synthesis yield, mitochondrial activity, mitochondrial protein contents and mitochondrial enzymes, which involves the interference of mitochondrial remodelling in sperm of animals.
Socio‐ecological evidence highlights that native Prosopis species are better for arid land restoration than non‐native ones
Authors: Sharifian Abolfazl , Niknahad–Gharmakher Hamid , Foladizada Mehdi , Tabe Auob , Shackleton Ross T.
Published: June 2022

The selection of species for restoration projects requires decision‐making to be based on scientific evidence as well as input and approval from local communities. To better guide future restoration initiatives, this study assessed the socio‐ecological effects of two Prosopis congeners including the native Prosopis cineraria and the non‐native P. juliflora (mesquite) in two different sites in Southern Iran. Soil parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and total nitrogen as well as vegetation indices including native vegetation cover, diversity, and density were measured under both of the congener tree species. Furthermore, pastoralists' perceptions toward the colonizing ability of both Prosopis congeners, their impacts on ecosystem services, and people's livelihoods and human well‐being were assessed through interviews and semi‐structured questionnaires. The ecological results showed that areas with native P. cineraria had higher native vegetation cover, density, and diversity as compared to sites with the non‐native P. juliflora. Soils under P. cineraria and P. juliflora generally showed similar properties, with some small differences between sites (especially for pH and nitrogen). The social results showed that pastoralists in both study regions perceived P. cineraria to be better for local ecosystem services and livelihoods and viewed it to have lower colonizing or invasion potential. It can be concluded that native P. cineraria is a better candidate for restoration because it provides more ecological and social benefits and poses fewer long‐term threats. Caution should be taken when promoting non‐native species such as P. juliflora for restoration.
Fake news, real risks: How online discussion and sources of fact‐check influence public risk perceptions toward nuclear energy
Authors: Ho Shirley S. , Chuah Agnes S. F. , Kim Nuri , Tandoc Edson C.
Published: June 2022

This study seeks to understand how online discussion, fact‐checking, and sources of fact‐checks will influence individuals’ risk perceptions toward nuclear energy when they are exposed to fake news. Using a 2 × 3 experimental design, 320 participants were randomly assigned to one of the six experimental conditions. Results showed an interaction effect between online discussion and exposure to fact‐checking, in which online discussion lowered individuals’ risk perception toward nuclear energy when a fact‐check was unavailable. Of those who participated in the online discussion, those who viewed a fact‐check posted by traditional media have higher risk perception as compared to those who viewed a fact‐check posted by a fact‐check organization. Our findings indicate that different fact‐checking sources can have differential effects on public risk perceptions, depending on whether online discussion is involved. To curb the spread of fake news, different fact‐checking strategies will need to be deployed depending on the situation.
Why not? Explaining sympathizers' non‐participation: The example of Hong Kong's 2019 social movement
Authors: Fiedler Anna Julia , Tsang Amy Yuen‐lam , Reichert Frank
Published: June 2022

Over the last 2 decades, youth‐led protests have increased. However, whereas youth mobilization has been widely examined, why some youth participate while others remain on the sidelines has not been adequately explored and remains not well understood. In 2019, protests against an extradition bill amendment led to unprecedented mass demonstrations, riots, and electoral turnout in Hong Kong. Young people were among the largest and most engaged participant groups during the movement. Yet even though protest action became a part of daily life on campuses, some students who sympathized with the movement did not become active supporters. This analysis examined reasons for non‐participation using survey and interview data from undergraduate students. In particular, this study analyzed possible causes for the non‐conversion of sympathizers into participants and the erosion of protest participants. Differences among students were explored based on their origin. The findings showed that non‐participation was not merely a result of the ineffective mobilization of otherwise highly sympathetic individuals. Instead, perceived (in)effectiveness, identity conflicts, and barriers played an important role in individuals' decisions not to participate in protest action. The findings further our understanding of non‐participation and are discussed with respect to students' networked participation, the processual nature and individual agency in non‐participation, and the implications for culturally diverse societies.
“The Panorama of Conquest”: A Cultural Approach to National Emotions
Authors: Karakaya Yagmur
Published: June 2022

This article examines the Panorama Museum of Conquest in Istanbul, a triumphalist example of state‐led nostalgia, to understand how a national emotional attachment is sustained or contested through new forms of engagement with history. Using the dual‐process model of cognition, particularly the differentiation between declarative and nondeclarative personal and public cultures, I take the museum as a manifestation of neo‐Ottomanist public culture where national identities are performed, to delve into the process of emotional meaning making. I complicate the link between affective experience at the museum and national emotions, and theorize the different coupling possibilities among the two. When the personal and public culture seamlessly match, with people following the highly schematized cues, visitors understand their emotions as pride and gratitude. When the personal and public culture are loosely coupled, a group of visitors lament the bygone glorious era—which does not reflect the felt state at the museum. Some visitors are able to synthesize different political projects during their visit, where others want to sanitize public discourse from neo‐Ottomanist emotions altogether. The dual‐process model helps answer why in the same national‐sensory setting, people emote differently, whereby complicating our understanding of national‐attachment to the state.
Effect of interaction of adjacent unit-cells on wave propagation in coupled mass-in-mass metamaterials
Authors: Zhao Pengcheng , Zhang Kai , Fu Yunchan , Deng Zichen
Published: June 2022

This paper aims to study the effect of the interaction of adjacent unit-cells in coupled mass-in-mass metamaterial on wave behaviors, which enables us to achieve a wavy dispersion relationship. Elastic wave propagation in a coupled mass-in-mass metamaterial is investigated to clarify the effect of the interaction of adjacent unit-cells on the dispersion relation and wave velocity. Elastic wave behavior based on an infinite system is studied in terms of the band structure and group velocity. The dynamic responses in frequency domain and time domain of the finite mass-in-mass lattice are calculated by using Laplace transform and numerical methods. The band structures and transmittances show that the coupled mass-in-mass metamaterial has a bandgap, which can be used to suppress and isolate vibration. The parameter study shows that changing the stiffness and location of the coupled springs can adjust the distribution of the bandgap. Importantly, we also calculate the ratio of group velocity to phase velocity that indicates the negative group velocity appearing in the wavy dispersion relation of coupled mass-in-mass metamaterials. These results show that the interaction of adjacent unit-cells plays a crucial role in the wave behavior of the coupled mass-in-mass metamaterial.
HIV Coinfection Provides Insights for the Design of Vaccine Cocktails to Elicit Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Sheward Daniel J. , Hermanus Tandile , Murrell Ben , Garrett Nigel , Abdool Karim Salim S. , Morris Lynn , Moore Penny L. , Williamson Carolyn
Published: June 2022

Despite being the focus of extensive research, we still do not know how to reproducibly elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies against variable pathogens by vaccination. Here, we characterize the antibody responses in people coinfected with more than one HIV variant, providing insights into how the use of antigen “cocktails” might affect the breadth of the elicited neutralizing antibody response and how the relatedness of the antigens may shape this.
Draft Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens SSA1, Isolated from Dioxin-Polluted Soil
Authors: Saibu Salametu , Akinyemi Nwanneka M. , Odunsi Ayodeji A. , Nsa Imade Y. , Oyetibo Ganiyu O. , Adebusoye Sunday A.
Published: June 2022

Serratia marcescens
SSA1 was isolated from a dump site with a history of incineration. Its DNA of 5.05 Mbp has a GC content of 59.65%, with 77 tRNA genes and 3 rRNA genes. Its 4,909 putative PATRIC protein-coding genes include genes responsible for the degradation of dioxins and other xenobiotics and total consumption of benzoate.
Membrane Integrity Contributes to Resistance of Cryptococcus neoformans to the Cell Wall Inhibitor Caspofungin
Authors: Moreira-Walsh Brenda , Ragsdale Abigail , Lam Woei , Upadhya Rajendra , Xu Evan , Lodge Jennifer K. , Donlin Maureen J.
Published: June 2022

The intrinsic resistance of
Cryptococcus neoformans
to the cell wall inhibitor caspofungin limits the available therapies for treating cryptococcal infections. We screened a collection of more than 4,000 gene deletion strains for altered caspofungin sensitivity to identify biological processes that could be targeted to render the cell more susceptible to caspofungin.
Construction of a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus with Nanoluc Luciferase Reporter: a Stable and Highly Efficient Tool for Viral Quantification Both
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Authors: Wang Yang , Ge Xinna , Zhang Yongning , Guo Xin , Han Jun , Zhou Lei , Yang Hanchun
Published: June 2022

Luciferase reporter tagged virus is crucial to viral quantification in the study of viral replication, pathogenesis and exploring antiviral reagents. It is urgently needed for PRRSV academia to construct a stable, fast, and high-throughput reporting system, which can be used both
in vitro
and
in vivo.
Here, an 11-amino-acid luciferase subunit was successfully inserted into the PRRSV genome; the feasibility, genetic stability, and efficiency for viral quantification both
in vitro
and
in vivo
were characterized; and the results demonstrated it has greatly improved the convenience and efficiency for screening the anti-PRRSV reagents.
Authorship representation in global emergency medicine: a bibliometric analysis from 2016 to 2020
Authors: Garbern Stephanie Chow , Hyuha Gimbo , González Marqués Catalina , Baig Noor , Chan Jennifer L , Dutta Sanjukta , Gulamhussein Masuma A , López Terán Gloria Paulina , Manji Hussein Karim , Mdundo Winnie K , Moresky Rachel T , Mussa Raya Yusuph , Noste Erin E , Nyirenda Mulinda , Osei-Ampofo Maxwell , Rajeev Sindhya , Sawe Hendry R , Simbila Alphonce Nsabi , Thilakasiri M.C. Kaushila , Turgeon Nikkole , Wachira Benjamin W , Yang Rebecca S , Yussuf Amne , Zhang Raina , Zyer Alishia , Rees Chris A
Published: June 2022

Introduction

High-income country (HIC) authors are disproportionately represented in authorship bylines compared with those affiliated with low and middle-income countries (LMICs) in global health research. An assessment of authorship representation in the global emergency medicine (GEM) literature is lacking but may inform equitable academic collaborations in this relatively new field.

Methods

We conducted a bibliometric analysis of original research articles reporting studies conducted in LMICs from the annual GEM Literature Review from 2016 to 2020. Data extracted included study topic, journal, study country(s) and region, country income classification, author order, country(s) of authors’ affiliations and funding sources. We compared the proportion of authors affiliated with each income bracket using Χ2analysis. We conducted logistic regression to identify factors associated with first or last authorship affiliated with the study country.

Results

There were 14 113 authors in 1751 articles. Nearly half (45.5%) of the articles reported work conducted in lower middle-income countries (MICs), 23.6% in upper MICs, 22.5% in low-income countries (LICs). Authors affiliated with HICs were most represented (40.7%); 26.4% were affiliated with lower MICs, 17.4% with upper MICs, 10.3% with LICs and 5.1% with mixed affiliations. Among single-country studies, those without any local authors (8.7%) were most common among those conducted in LICs (14.4%). Only 31.0% of first authors and 21.3% of last authors were affiliated with LIC study countries. Studies in upper MICs (adjusted OR (aOR) 3.6, 95% CI 2.46 to 5.26) and those funded by the study country (aOR 2.94, 95% CI 2.05 to 4.20) had greater odds of having a local first author.

Conclusions

There were significant disparities in authorship representation. Authors affiliated with HICs more commonly occupied the most prominent authorship positions. Recognising and addressing power imbalances in international, collaborative emergency medicine (EM) research is warranted. Innovative methods are needed to increase funding opportunities and other support for EM researchers in LMICs, particularly in LICs.
Preferences and access to community-based HIV testing sites among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Inghels Maxime , Kouassi Arsène Kra , Niangoran Serge , Bekelynck Anne , Carilon Séverine , Sika Lazare , Koné Mariatou , Danel Christine , Degrées du Loû Annabel , Larmarange Joseph
Published: June 2022

Objective

Measuring access and preferences to Men who have Sex with Men focused community-based HIV testing sites (MSM-CBTS) in Côte d’Ivoire.

Design

A respondent-driven sampling telephone survey.

Setting

National survey conducted in 2018 in Côte d’Ivoire.

Participants

518 MSM aged over 18 years old.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Knowledge, practices, satisfaction and preferences regarding MSM-CBTS. Factors associated with MSM-CTBS access or knowledge and with HIV testing venue preferences were examined.

Results

Only half of the respondents (47%) reported knowing of an MSM-CBTS. Of these, 79% had already attended one. Both knowing of and ever visiting an MSM-CBTS were significantly associated with a higher number of HIV tests performed in the past 12 months and having disclosed sexual orientation to one family member.

In terms of preferences, 37% of respondents said they preferred undifferentiated HIV testing sites (ie, ‘all patients’ HIV testing sites), 34% preferred MSM-CBTS and 29% had no preference.

Those who reported being sexually attracted to women, being bisexual and those who did not know an MSM non-governmental organisation were less likely to prefer MSM-CBTS. MSM who preferred undifferentiated HIV testing sites mentioned the lack of discretion and anonymity of community-based sites and the desire to avoid the gaze of others.

Conclusion

Community-based HIV testing is well suited for MSM who identify as homosexual and those close to the MSM community, while maintaining undifferentiated HIV testing is essential for others. Both types of activities need to be maintained and developed. Healthcare professionals in undifferentiated HIV testing sites need to be properly trained in the non-judgemental reception of MSM.
Clinical outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an 11-year follow-up study
Authors: Tang Xiaoping , Shi Yanyan , Du Juan , Hu Keming , Zhou Tingting , Chen Lan , Zhang Yanming , Li Fujun , Zhang Huier , Liebe Roman , Meyer Christoph , Dooley Steven , Zhu Zhongwei , Weng Hong-Lei , Jia Jinzhu , Huang Tong
Published: June 2022

Objectives

To clarify non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence, risk factors and clinical outcome in an exemplary Chinese population, a cohort of company employees was followed up for 11 years.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Between 2006 and 2016 in Ning bo, China.

Participants

13 032 company employees.

Results

Over 11 years, the prevalence of NAFLD increased from 17.2% to 32.4% (men 20.5%–37% vs women 9.8%–22.2%). Male peak prevalence was between 40 and 60 years of age, whereas highest prevalence in women was at an age of 60 years and older. Logistic and Cox regression revealed 16 risk factors, including body mass index (BMI), albumin, white blood cell, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein, glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, urea acid, glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, blood sedimentation, haemoglobin, platelet and apolipoprotein B2 (p<0.05 for all factors). The area under the curve of these variables for NAFLD is 0.88. However, cause-effect analyses showed that only BMI, gender and TG directly contributed to NAFLD development. Over an 11-year follow-up period, 12.6%, 37.7% and 14.2% of male patients with NAFLD and 11.6%, 44.7% and 22.6% of female patients with NAFLD developed diabetes, hypertension and hyperuricaemia, respectively. Except one male patient who developed cirrhosis, no patients with NAFLD progressed into severe liver disease.

Conclusion

Diabetes, hypertension and hyperuricaemia are the main clinical outcomes of NAFLD. Eleven years of NAFLD are not sufficient to cause severe liver disease. Age and obesity are direct risk factors for NAFLD. BMI, gender and TG are three parameters directly reflecting the occurrence of NAFLD.