bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rotavirus infections in children in Turkey: A systematic review
Authors: Tapisiz Anil , Bedir Demirdag Tugba , Cura Yayla Burcu Ceylan , Gunes Cemalettin , Ugraş Dikmen Asiye , Tezer Hasan , Baran Aksakal Nur , Bozdayi Gulendam , Ozkan Secil
Published: December 2018

We aimed to describe rotavirus epidemiology and clinical findings including extraintestinal manifestations in a setting that has yet to introduce rotavirus vaccines in the national immunization program. A literature search was performed by using the key words “Turkey” and “rotavirus.” Ninety‐eight studies published between 1987 and 2016 including epidemiological, clinical, and genotypical data at least 1 year duration were included. There were a total of 117 741 children with diarrhea and 26 566 rotavirus gastroenteritis with a median detection rate 31.8% (95% CI, 31.3‐32.4) under 5 years of age. The rate of dehydration was 47% (95% CI, 23.4‐91.6). There were 328 cases reported to be presenting with a various complication related to rotavirus in 2750 children in eight studies. The overall complication rate was 11.7% (95% CI, 10.7‐12.9). The cumulative incidence of the most common genotypical combinations circulating worldwide was only 59.7% (G9[P8], 25%; G1[P8], 22%; G2[P4], 5.6%; G3[P8], 2.6%; G4[P8], 4.5%) whereas mixed, untypeable, and other genotypes were 2.4%, 15%, and 22.9% respectively. Our results point out the importance of rotavirus vaccination by presenting that rotavirus may cause severe complications besides severe gastroenteritis. The role of strain diversity in the variability of clinical presentations of rotavirus infections needs to be further investigated.
Auxiliary variable–enriched biomarker‐stratified design
Authors: Wang Ting , Wang Xiaofei , Zhou Haibo , Cai Jianwen , George Stephen L.
Published: December 2018

Clinical trials in the era of precision medicine require assessment of biomarkers to identify appropriate subgroups of patients for targeted therapy. In a biomarker‐stratified design (BSD), biomarkers are measured on all patients and used as stratification variables. However, such a trial can be both inefficient and costly, especially when the prevalence of the subgroup of primary interest is low and the cost of assessing the biomarkers is high. Efficiency can be improved and costs reduced by using enriched biomarker‐stratified designs, in which patients of primary interest, typically the biomarker‐positive patients, are oversampled. We consider a special type of enrichment design, an auxiliary variable–enriched design (AEBSD), in which enrichment is based on some inexpensive auxiliary variable that is positively correlated with the true biomarker. The proposed AEBSD reduces the total cost of the trial compared with a standard BSD when the prevalence rate of true biomarker positivity is small and the positive predictive value (PPV) of the auxiliary biomarker is larger than the prevalence rate. In addition, for an AEBSD, we can immediately randomize the patients selected in the screening process without waiting for the result of the true biomarker test, reducing the treatment waiting time. We propose an adaptive Bayesian method to adjust the assumed PPV while the trial is ongoing. Numerical studies and an example illustrate the approach. An R package is available.
A Spectroscopic Study of the Interaction between Cyanine Dyes with Different Skeleton Structures and Transferrin
Authors: Lang Yunhe , Shi Lei , Lan Ling , Zhao Zheng , Yang Qianfan , Chen Lei , Sun Xiaoran , Tang Yalin , Zhang Xiufeng
Published: December 2018

Human serum transferrin (hTf) has been exploited as a bio‐carrier for targeted drugs to cancer cells where transferrin receptors are expressed at high levels. In this study, cyanine dyes DMSA and DMSB with a similar main core structure were selected to evaluate the effects of heterocycle on binding with hTf by spectroscopic methods. Fluorescence spectral results have shown that DMSB, which contains a selenazole ring, had a strong affinity binding with transferrin, up to 104‐fold higher than DMSA, which contains a thiazole ring. This difference may be attributed to the larger molecular volume of selenazole compared with DMSA. Binding distance between cyanine dyes and hTf demonstrated that the non‐radioactive energy transfer mechanism was also involved in the fluorescence quenching of protein. Furthermore, DMSB‐binding gave rise to a greater decrease of the α‐helix content of hTf than DMSA suggesting that hTf, which shows a looser structure binding with DMSB, increased polarity around the tryptophan residues of hTf, which was confirmed by circular dichroism and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. The study provides a certain theoretical basis for the design of cyanine dyes as biomolecular probe to target drugs for hTf.
Age, Growth, and Mortality Rates of the Giant Cichlid in Guatemala
Authors: Barrientos Christian A. , Murie Debra J. , Hill Jeffrey E.
Published: December 2018

Age, growth, and mortality were assessed in Giant Cichlids Petenia splendida from lakes in northern Guatemala by using cross‐sectioned sagittal otoliths. Marginal increment and edge analyses of Giant Cichlid otoliths indicated that one annulus formed per 12‐month period in Lakes Yaxhá and Petén Itza. Opaque zone formation was associated with the peak of the rainy season from May to September. Ages ranged from 0 to 8 years for Giant Cichlids in Lake Yaxhá and from 0 to 5 years in Lake Petén Itza. Within both lakes, males were larger than females, although the difference was slight in Lake Petén Itza. Lake Yaxhá Giant Cichlids had faster growth rates than those from Lake Petén Itza, and fish over 2 years old from Lake Yaxhá were larger at age than fish from Lake Petén Itza. This is counter‐intuitive because Lake Petén Itza is heavily exploited, whereas Lake Yaxhá is unfished. However, long‐term exploitation in Lake Petén Itza may have resulted in selection for fish with reduced growth rates. Alternatively, the mesotrophic state of Lake Yaxhá may explain the differences in growth, although areas of Lake Petén Itza are changing from oligotrophic to meso‐eutrophic due to rapid cultural eutrophication. Total mortality (Z) estimates for Giant Cichlids were 0.81 for Lake Yaxhá, with most of the age structured on 2–4‐year‐old fish, and 1.05 for Lake Petén Itzá, where the age structure was dominated by 0–2‐year‐old fish; these results were consistent with expectations based on the low fishing pressure in Lake Yaxhá.
Development of Organic Dye‐Based Molecular Materials for Use in Fullerene‐Free Organic Solar Cells
Authors: McAfee Seth M. , Welch Gregory C.
Published: December 2018

This personal account describes the pursuit of non‐fullerene acceptors designed from simple and accessible organic pi‐conjugated building blocks and assembled through efficient direct (hetero)arylation cross‐coupling protocols. Initial materials development focused on isoindigo and diketopyrrolopyrrole organic dyes flanked by imide‐based terminal acceptors. Efficiencies in solution‐processed organic solar cells were modest but highlighted the potential of the material design. Materials performance was improved through structural engineering to pair perylene diimide with these organic dyes. Optimization of active layer processing and solar cell device fabrication identified the perylene diimide flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole structure as the best framework, with fullerene‐free organic solar cells achieving power conversion efficiencies above 6 %. This material has met our criteria for a simple wide band gap fullerene alternative for pairing with a range of donor polymers.
Design and Synthesis of Conjugated Starburst Molecules for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Liu Cheng‐Fang , Liu Xu , Lai Wen‐Yong , Huang Wei
Published: December 2018

In recent years, conjugated starburst molecules, which possess a core unit with radial arms linked to the central axle, have become the research topic owing to their well‐defined chemical structures, good solution processability, excellent reproducibility, and superior optoelectronic properties. The increasing interest in starburst systems is evidenced by progressively more frequent investigation on the use of these materials in optoelectronics. The ability to modify chemical structures through control over the core and arms on a molecular level can directly affect the electronic and electroluminescent characteristics of the resulting materials. In this review, we summarize and discuss main progress in our group concerning the rapidly developing field, in which strategies for the design and construction of starbursts are presented at length. Moreover, their application in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs) are demonstrated as well, exploring the influence of molecular structures on the optoelectronic properties. Challenges and outlooks are also given at last.
Star‐Shaped Molecules as Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Multiscale Simulation
Authors: Zhang Yue , Heng Panpan , Su Huishuang , Li Junfeng , Guo Jia , Ning Pan , Wu Wenpeng , Ren Tiegang , Wang Li , Zhang Jinglai
Published: December 2018

On the reported TCP‐OH (See Scheme 1), other two star‐shaped molecules are theoretically designed by replacement of side group of TCP‐OH by N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)aniline for TPAP‐OH and oxygen‐bridged triarylamine for TBOPP‐OH. The core group, phenol, is kept in three molecules. Their potential to be hole transport material in perovskite solar cells without dopants is evaluated by multiscale simulations. The properties of isolated molecules are estimated by the frontier molecular orbital, absorption spectrum, and hole mobility. After that, the HTM@CH3NH3PbI3 adsorbed system is studied to consider the influence of adsorption on HTM performance. Besides the primary judgment, the glass transition temperature is also simulated to determine the stability of amorphous film. Not only the chemical stability is evaluated but also the amorphous film stability is considered. The latter is almost neglected in previous theoretical studies to evaluate the properties of HTMs. The performance of a designed molecule is evaluated from both the isolated molecules and HTM@CH3NH3PbI3 adsorbed system including aforementioned items, which is favorable to build reliable structure‐property relationship.
Recent Advances in Conjugated TADF Polymer Featuring in Backbone‐Donor/Pendant‐Acceptor Structure: Material and Device Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Baohua , Cheng Yanxiang
Published: December 2018

Along with the persistent research interest in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display and lighting technology, a new studying topic is now focused on developing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) polymer emitters, with the purpose to achieve high‐performance cost‐effective, solution‐processed OLEDs (s‐OLEDs) purely from fluorescent‐type materials. However, research in this topic is in its infancy about the designing rules of polymer structures, photophysical mechanisms and the correlated devices. In this Personal Account, mainly from our personal experience we will shortly introduce the historical developments, status and perspectives about one representative kinds of TADF polymers, i. e. the conjugated TADF polymers featuring in backbone‐donor/pendant‐acceptor (BDPA) structure scaffold, which shows very promising electroluminescent (EL) performance even using simple s‐OLED structure. Special attention is focused on illustrate the molecular designing & synthesis motivation, chemistry & device tactics towards solving the limiting factors about the quantum yields and aggregation‐quenching tendency in solid states. Further challenges and strategies towards optimizing their overall EL performance, e. g. simultaneous achieving extremely high external quantum efficiency, power efficiency and low roll‐off rate, are also discussed.
Bayesian unmixing using sparse dirichlet prior with polynomial post‐nonlinear mixing model
Authors: Amiri Fahime , Kahaei Mohammad Hossein
Published: December 2018

A sparse Dirichlet prior is proposed for estimating the abundance vector of hyperspectral images with a nonlinear mixing model. This sparse prior leads to an unmixing procedure in a semisupervised scenario in which exact materials are unknown. The nonlinear model is a polynomial post‐nonlinear mixing model, which represents each hyperspectral pixel as a nonlinear function of pure spectral signatures corrupted by additive white noise. Simulation results show more than 50% reduction in the estimation error. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Conjunction Conditionalization and Irrelevant Semifactuals
Authors: Gundersen Lars B. , Gundersen Eline Busck ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2018

Are counterfactuals with true antecedents and consequents trivially true? The principle of Conjunction Conditionalization ((A˄C)→(A>C)) is highly controversial. Many philosophers view it as an attractive feature of Lewis’s semantics for counterfactuals that it can easily be modified to avoid this principle. However, Walters and Williams (2013) beg to differ. They argue that Conjunction Conditionalization is an indispensable ingredient of any Lewisian semantics, since CC is entailed by standard Lewisian theorems and a plausible semantic claim about irrelevant semifactuals. If this is true, the entire tradition of revisionist counterfactual semantics is misguided, and so are many philosophical theories in which counterfactuals play a role. We argue, in defense of the revisionist tradition, that Walters and Williams’ ‘plausible semantic claim’ is in fact anything but plausible. It turns out to entail semantic principles far more controversial than Conjunction Conditionalization.
Forecasting resuspended ash clouds in Iceland at the London VAAC
Authors: Hammond Krista , Beckett Frances
Published: December 2018

Explosive volcanic eruptions can leave behind widespread ash deposits that can subsequently be remobilised during strong winds. The London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC), based at the Met Office UK, provides forecasts for resuspended ash clouds in southern Iceland. In this article we consider a significant resuspended ash event on 24 April 2017, which was captured by the London VAAC forecast. We examine the meteorological observations and NWP data from the event and identify specific synoptic conditions conducive to significant remobilisation of volcanic ash in southern Iceland. These criteria will help forecasters to predict resuspended ash events in the future.
Women Empowering Women to Eliminate the Clergy Gender Gap
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D.
Published: December 2018

This exploratory study of 122 female Episcopal priests addresses the effectiveness of three types of grassroots mentoring and empowerment sessions in order to reduce women's underrepresentation in senor leadership positions. Two questionnaires administered prior to participation and about 2 months after the session(s) ended showed increased vocational clarity in discerning a call or not to senior leadership, greater confidence in ability to succeed, and upward job mobility. Women focused on executive leadership meeting together periodically over a longer duration showed the strongest effects. The results suggest that a supply-side or trickle-up approach can improve attainment among women participating in such groups, and support the need for further comparative and longitudinal research on the prospect of organizational change.
Dyslipidemia Is a Major Factor in Stem Cell Damage Induced by Uncontrolled Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity in the Rat, as Suggested by the Effects on Stem Cell Culture
Authors: Masouminia Maryam , Gelfand Robert , Kovanecz Istvan , Vernet Dolores , Tsao James , Salas Ruben , Castro Kenny , Loni Leila , Rajfer Jacob , Gonzalez-Cadavid Nestor F.
Published: December 2018

Background

Previous work showed that muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) exposed long-term to the milieu of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (UC-T2D) in male obese Zucker (OZ) rats, were unable to correct the associated erectile dysfunction and the underlying histopathology when implanted into the corpora cavernosa, and were also imprinted with a noxious gene global transcriptional signature (gene-GTS), suggesting that this may interfere with their use as autografts in stem cell therapy.

Aim

To ascertain the respective contributions of dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia to this MDSC damage, clarify its mechanism, and design a bioassay to identify the damaged stem cells. Methods: Early diabetes MDSCs and late diabetes MDSCs were respectively isolated from nearly normal young OZ rats and moderately hyperglycemic and severely dyslipidemic/obese aged rats with erectile dysfunction. Monolayer cultures of early diabetic MDSCs were incubated 4 days in DMEM/10% fetal calf serum + or − aged OZ or lean Zucker serum from non-diabetic lean Zucker rats (0.5–5%) or with soluble palmitic acid (PA) (0.5–2 mM), cholesterol (CHOL) (50–400 mg/dL), or glucose (10–25 mM).

Main Outcome Measure

Fat infiltration was estimated by Oil red O, apoptosis by TUNEL, protein expression by Western blots, and gene-GTS and microRNA (miR)-GTS were determined in these stem cells’ RNA.

Results

Aged OZ serum caused fat infiltration, apoptosis, myostatin overexpression, and impaired differentiation. Some of these changes, and also a proliferation decrease occurred with PA and CHOL. The gene-GTS changes by OZ serum did not resemble the in vivo changes, but some occurred with PA and CHOL. The miR-GTS changes by OZ serum, PA, and CHOL resembled most of the in vivo changes. Hyperglycemia did not replicate most alterations. Clinical Implications: MDSCs may be damaged in long-term UC-T2D/obese patients and be ineffective in autologous human stem cell therapy, which may be prevented by excluding the damaged MDSCs.

Strength & Limitations

The in vitro test of MDSCs is innovative and fast to define dyslipidemic factors inducing stem cell damage, its mechanism, prevention, and counteraction. Confirmation is required in other T2D/obesity rat models and stem cells (including human), as well as miR-GTS biomarker validation as a stem cell damage biomarker.

Conclusion

Serum from long-term UC-T2D/obese rats or dyslipidemic factors induces a noxious phenotype and miR-GTS on normal MDSCs, which may lead in vivo to the repair inefficacy of late diabetic MDSCs. This suggests that autograft therapy with MDSCs in long-term UT-T2D obese patients may be ineffective, albeit this may be predictable by prior stem cell miR-GTS tests.
Narrative Review of the Pathophysiology of Headaches and Photosensitivity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion
Authors: Mares Christopher , Dagher Jehane H. , Harissi-Dagher Mona
Published: December 2018

The most common symptom of post-concussive syndrome (PCS) is post-traumatic headache (PTH) accompanied by photophobia. Post-traumatic headache is currently categorized as a secondary headache disorder with a clinical phenotype described by its main features and resembling one of the primary headache disorders: tension, migraine, migraine-like cluster. Although PTH is often treated with medication used for primary headache disorders, the underlying mechanism for PTH has yet to be elucidated. The goal of this narrative literature review is to determine the current level of knowledge of these PTHs and photophobia in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in order to guide further research and attempt to discover the underlying mechanism to both symptoms. The ultimate purpose is to better understand the pathophysiology of these symptoms in order to provide better and more targeted care to afflicted patients. A review of the literature was conducted using the databases CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed. All papers were screened for sections on pathophysiology of PTH or photophobia in mTBI patients. Our paper summarizes current hypotheses. Although the exact pathophysiology of PTH and photophobia in mTBI remains to be determined, we highlight several interesting findings and avenues for future research, including central and peripheral explanations for PTH, neuroinflammation, cortical spreading depolarization and the role of glutamate excitotoxicity. We discuss the possible neuroanatomical pathways for photophobia and hypothesize a possible common pathophysiological basis between PTH and photophobia.
La norme de prononciation québécoise en changement (1970–2008) ? L'affrication de /t, d/ et l'antériorisation de /ɑ̃/ chez les présentateurs des journaux télévisés de Radio-Canada
Authors: Chalier Marc
Published: December 2018

Cet article présente une étude diachronique portant sur le changement de la norme de prononciation québécoise entre 1970 et 2008 sur la base d'un corpus de quatre heures et trente minutes de journaux télévisés de Radio-Canada, 52 à 58 minutes d'enregistrements ayant été prises en compte tous les dix ans durant cette période. L’étude compare la perspective sociolinguistique externe sur la norme (de prononciation) à la perspective interne de la phonétique sur cette même norme en se basant sur une analyse quantitative de deux traits de prononciation particulièrement saillants du français québécois : l'affrication de /t, d/ ainsi que la réalisation antériorisée de /ɑ̃/. Les résultats indiquent – du moins pour ces deux traits de prononciation – un changement significatif partant du standard de prononciation parisien et débouchant sur un standard québécois, les changements les plus frappants pouvant être observés entre les années 1970 et 1990.
Proof of Life: Mark-Making Practices on the Island of Alderney
Authors: Sturdy Colls Caroline , Bolton-King Rachel , Colls Kevin , Harris Tim , Weston Czelsie
Published: December 2018

Currently, mark-making practices as a form of identification and proof of life are an unrealized resource. Over a three-year period, systematic walkover surveys were conducted on and within fortifications and other structures on the island of Alderney to locate historic and modern marks. The investigations presented in this article demonstrate the importance of non-invasive recording and examination of marks to identify evidence connected to forced and slave labourers, and soldiers present on the island of Alderney during the German occupation in World War II. Names, hand and footwear impressions, slogans, artworks, dates, and counting mechanisms were recorded electronically and investigated by using international databases, archives, and translation services. We discuss the value and challenges of interpreting traces of human life in the contexts of conflict archaeology and missing person investigations and underline the need for greater recognition of marks as evidence of past lives.
Modeling the effects of war exposure and daily stressors on maternal mental health, parenting, and child psychosocial adjustment: a cross-sectional study with Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Authors: Sim Amanda , Bowes Lucy , Gardner Frances
Published: December 2018

Background.

The psychological effects of war trauma are well-documented, but comparatively little research has focused on the mechanisms underlying intergenerational impacts of war and displacement. Specifically, the effects of armed conflict on family processes such as parenting behavior, and subsequent impacts on child psychosocial outcomes, are less understood.

Methods.

This study tests a conceptual model linking past war trauma and current displacement-related stressors to maternal mental health, parenting behavior, and child psychosocial problems. Cross-sectional data were collected in 2016–2017 from a sample of 291 Syrian refugee mothers in Lebanon. We used structural equation modeling to examine associations between war trauma, daily stressors, mothers’ general psychological distress and post-traumatic stress (PTS), negative parenting, and child psychosocial problems.

Results.

Exposure to war-related events was directly associated with maternal PTS and general psychological distress, as well as indirectly via daily stressors. Mothers’ general psychological distress, but not PTS, was directly associated with negative parenting and child psychosocial difficulties. Negative parenting mediated the association between maternal general psychological distress and child psychosocial problems. Model fit statistics indicate that the measurement and structural models provided a good fit to the data.

Conclusions.

Results suggest that the adverse effects of past war trauma and ongoing displacement on refugee mothers’ general mental health can increase the risk of negative parenting behavior, and in turn contribute to poorer psychosocial outcomes for children. Interventions should focus on psychosocial and parenting support for war-affected caregivers, as well as address structural challenges that debilitate caregiver and child mental health.
Not so Harmless After All: The Fixed-Effects Model
Authors: Plümper Thomas , Troeger Vera E.
Published: December 2018

The fixed-effects estimator is biased in the presence of dynamic misspecification and omitted within variation correlated with one of the regressors. We argue and demonstrate that fixed-effects estimates can amplify the bias from dynamic misspecification and that with omitted time-invariant variablesanddynamic misspecifications, the fixed-effects estimator can be more biased than the ‘naïve’ OLS model. We also demonstrate that the Hausman test does not reliably identify the least biased estimator when time-invariant and time-varying omitted variables or dynamic misspecifications exist. Accordingly, empirical researchers are ill-advised to rely on the Hausman test for model selection or use the fixed-effects model as default unless they can convincingly justify the assumption of correctly specified dynamics. Our findings caution applied researchers to not overlook the potential drawbacks of relying on the fixed-effects estimator as a default. The results presented here also call upon methodologists to study the properties of estimators in the presence of multiple model misspecifications. Our results suggest that scholars ought to devote much more attention to modeling dynamics appropriately instead of relying on a default solution before they control for potentially omitted variables with constant effects using a fixed-effects specification.
Enhancing Electoral Equality: Can Education Compensate for Family Background Differences in Voting Participation?
Authors: LINDGREN KARL-OSKAR , OSKARSSON SVEN , PERSSON MIKAEL
Published: December 2018

It is well documented that voter turnout is lower among persons who grow up in families from a low socioeconomic status compared with persons from high-status families. This paper examines whether reforms in education can help reduce this gap. We establish causality by exploiting a pilot scheme preceding a large reform of Swedish upper secondary education in the early 1990s, which gave rise to exogenous variation in educational attainment between individuals living in different municipalities or born in different years. Similar to recent studies employing credible identification strategies, we fail to find a statistically significant average effect of education on political participation. We move past previous studies, however, and show that the reform nevertheless contributed to narrowing the voting gap between individuals of different social backgrounds by raising turnout among those from low socioeconomic status households. The results thus square well with other recent studies arguing that education is particularly important for uplifting politically marginalized groups.
From human desire to divine desire in John of the Cross
Authors: HOWELLS EDWARD
Published: December 2018

John of the Cross presents a spiritual journey of desire in which desire changes from a painful yearning for an infinite other, always out of reach (human desire), to the satisfaction of desire in mutual love and rest (the goal of union with God, conforming human to divine desire). John asserts a continuity of desire between these two states, and that it is possible for human desire to grow from one into the other. Yet they are very different. John's treatment of desire and how he asserts this continuity are assessed through a critical reading of hisSpiritual Canticle.
MORAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND SOCIAL NORMS
Authors: Van Schoelandt Chad
Published: December 2018

This essay argues that moral accountability depends upon having a shared system of social norms. In particular, it argues that the Strawsonian reactive attitude of resentment is only fitting when people can reasonably expect a mutual recognition of the justified demands to which they are being held. Though such recognition should not typically be expected of moral demands that are thought to be independent of any social practice, social norms can ground such mutual recognition. On this account, a significant part of a society’s social norms are also properly seen as moral norms. The essay defends this overlap of social and moral norms in contrast to views on which moral norms and social norms are sharply distinguished. Lastly, the essay concludes by addressing challenges for accountability in circumstances of norm change.
SHRIEKING SIRENS: SCHEMATA, SCRIPTS, AND SOCIAL NORMS. HOW CHANGE OCCURS
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina , McNally Peter
Published: December 2018

This essay investigates the relationships among scripts, schemata, and social norms. The authors examine how social norms are triggered by particular schemata and are grounded in scripts. Just as schemata are embedded in a network, so too are social norms, and they can be primed through spreading activation. Moreover, the expectations that allow a social norm’s existence are inherently grounded in particular scripts and schemata. Using interventions that have targeted gender norms, open defecation, female genital cutting, and other collective issues as examples, the authors argue that ignoring the cognitive underpinnings of a social norm can hamper the effectiveness of behavioral interventions.
LEARNING BARGAINING CONVENTIONS
Authors: Vanderschraaf Peter
Published: December 2018

I examine from a conventionalist perspective the Nash bargaining problem that philosophers use as a tool for analyzing fair division. From this perspective, the solutions to bargaining problems are conventions that can emerge from inductive learning and focal point effects. I contrast the conventionalist approach to analyzing the bargaining problem with the better-known rational choice approach, which I criticize for having overly demanding epistemic presuppositions and for producing disappointing results. I apply a simple model of inductive learning to specific bargaining problems to show that agents can learn from repeated experience to follow a variety of bargaining conventions in a given problem. I conclude that such agents can come to regard two such conventions as focal for the bargaining problem, one that assigns claimants equal shares of a good and another egalitarian solution of equal payoff gains, and that the egalitarian solution tends to prevail when these two solutions differ. I conclude further that the above analysis lends support for admitting interpersonal utility comparisons into the analysis of fair division problems, and also suggests a focal point explanation of the wide acceptance of the Aristotelian proportionality principle of distributive justice.
SOCIAL NORMS AND HUMAN NORMATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Davis Taylor
Published: December 2018

Our primary aim in this paper is to sketch a cognitive evolutionary approach for developing explanations of social change that is anchored in the psychological mechanisms underlying normative cognition and the transmission of social norms. We throw the relevant features of this approach into relief by comparing it with the self-fulfilling social expectations account developed by Bicchieri and colleagues. After describing both accounts, we argue that the two approaches are largely compatible, but that the cognitive evolutionary approach is well suited to encompass much of the social expectations view, whose focus on a narrow range of norms comes at the expense of the breadth the cognitive evolutionary approach can provide.
Post-exposure prophylaxis vaccination rate and risk factors of human rabies in mainland China: a meta-analysis
Authors: Wang D. L. , Zhang X. F. , Jin H. , Cheng X. Q. , Duan C. X. , Wang X. C. , Bao C. J. , Zhou M. H. , Ahmad T.
Published: December 2018

Rabies is one of the major public health problems in China, and the mortality rate of rabies remains the highest among all notifiable infectious diseases. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccination rate and risk factors for human rabies in mainland China. The PubMed, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Periodical and Wanfang databases were searched for articles on rabies vaccination status (published between 2007 and 2017). In total, 10 174 human rabies cases from 136 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Approximately 97.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 95.1–98.7%) of rabies cases occurred in rural areas and 72.6% (95% CI 70.0–75.1%) occurred in farmers. Overall, the vaccination rate in the reported human rabies cases was 15.4% (95% CI 13.7–17.4%). However, among vaccinated individuals, 85.5% (95% CI 79.8%–83.4%) did not complete the vaccination regimen. In a subgroup analysis, the PEP vaccination rate in the eastern region (18.8%, 95% CI 15.9–22.1%) was higher than that in the western region (13.3%, 95% CI 11.1–15.8%) and this rate decreased after 2007. Approximately 68.9% (95% CI 63.6–73.8%) of rabies cases experienced category-III exposures, but their PEP vaccination rate was 27.0% (95% CI 14.4–44.9%) and only 6.1% (95% CI 4.4–8.4%) received rabies immunoglobulin. Together, these results suggested that the PEP vaccination rate among human rabies cases was low in mainland China. Therefore, standardised treatment and vaccination programs of dog bites need to be further strengthened, particularly in rural areas.
The use of capture-recapture methods to provide better estimates of the burden of norovirus outbreaks from seafood in England, 2004–2011
Authors: Hardstaff J.L. , Clough H.E. , Harris J.P. , Lowther J.A. , Lees D.N. , O'Brien S.J.
Published: December 2018

Norovirus (NoV) is the greatest cause of infectious intestinal disease in the UK. The burden associated with foodborne outbreaks is underestimated in part because data are dispersed across different organisations. Each looks at outbreaks through a different lens. To estimate the burden of NoV from seafood including shellfish we used a capture-recapture technique using datasets from three different organisations currently involved in collecting information on outbreaks. The number of outbreaks of NoV related to seafood including shellfish in England was estimated for the period of 2004–2011. The combined estimates were more than three times as high (N= 360 using Chao's sample coverage approach) as the individual count from organisation three (N= 115), which captured more outbreaks than the other two organisations. The estimates were calculated for both independence and dependence between the datasets. There was evidence of under-reporting of NoV outbreaks and inconsistency of reporting between organisations, which means that, currently, more than one data source needs to be used to estimate as accurately as possible the total number of NoV outbreaks and associated cases. Furthermore, either the integration of reporting mechanisms or simplifying the process of reporting outbreaks to organisations is essential for understanding and, hence, controlling disease burden.
Further percutaneous dilation of a Melody® valve in the mitral position to accommodate somatic growth in a small child: lessons learned
Authors: Sullivan Patrick M. , Wong Pierre C. , Kim Richard , Ing Frank F.
Published: December 2018

A 15-month-old child underwent percutaneous expansion of a Melody transcatheter pulmonary valve in the mitral position to accommodate growth after initial surgical implantation during infancy, but transiently decompensated after valvuloplasty owing to stent malformation. The Melody valve in the mitral position of small patients can be further expanded by percutaneous dilation, but there are a number of potential complications and technical improvements to consider.
Efficiently Coupling the I-DLV Grounder with ASP Solvers
Authors: CALIMERI FRANCESCO , DODARO CARMINE , FUSCÀ DAVIDE , PERRI SIMONA , ZANGARI JESSICA
Published: December 2018

We present ${{{{$\mathscr{I}$}-}\textsc{dlv}}+{{$\mathscr{MS}$}}}$, a new answer set programming (ASP) system that integrates an efficient grounder, namely ${{{$\mathscr{I}$}-}\textsc{dlv}}$, with an automatic selector that inductively chooses a solver: depending on some inherent features of the instantiation produced by ${{{$\mathscr{I}$}-}\textsc{dlv}}$, machine learning techniques guide the selection of the most appropriate solver. The system participated in the latest (7th) ASP competition, winning the regular track, category SP (i.e., one processor allowed).
Frequency and characteristics of drowsiness, somnolence, or daytime sleepiness in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Yennurajalingam Sriram , Barla Srikanth Reddy , Arthur Joseph , Chisholm Gary B. , Bruera Eduardo
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Cancer-related drowsiness (CRD) is a distressing symptom in advanced cancer patients (ACP). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated with severity of CRD. We also evaluated the screening performance of Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale-drowsiness (ESAS-D) item against the Epworth Sedation Scale (ESS).

Method

We prospectively assessed 180 consecutive ACP at a tertiary cancer hospital. Patients were surveyed using ESAS, ESS, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Insomnia Severity Index, and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale.

Result

Ninety of 150 evaluable patients had clinically significant CRD (ESS); median (interquartile ratio): ESS. 11 (7–14); ESAS-D. 5 (2–6); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. 8 (5–11); Insomnia Severity Index. 13 (5–19); Stop Bang Scoring 3 (2–4), and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale-D 6 (3–10). ESAS-D was associated with ESAS (r, p) sleep (0.38, <0.0001); pain (0.3, <0.0001); fatigue (0.51, <0.0001); depression (0.39, <0.0001); anxiety (0.44, <0.0001); shortness of breath (0.32, <0.0001); anorexia (0.36, <0.0001), feeling of well-being [(0.41, <0.0001), ESS (0.24, 0.001), and opioid daily dose (0.19, 0.01). Multivariate-analysis showed ESAS-D was associated with fatigue (odds ratio [OR] = 9.08, p < 0.0001), anxiety (3.0, p = 0.009); feeling of well-being (OR = 2.27, p = 0.04), and insomnia (OR = 2.35; p = 0.036). Insomnia (OR = 2.35; p = 0.036) cutoff score ≥3 (of 10) resulted in a sensitivity of 81% and 32% and specificity of 70% and 44% in the training and validation samples, respectively.

Significance of results

Clinically significant CRD is frequent and seen in 50% of ACP. CRD was associated with severity of insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, and worse feeling of well-being. An ESAS-D score of ≥3 is likely to identify most of the ACP with significant CRD.
Development of novel polymorphic nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)
Authors: Breidenbach Natalie , Gailing Oliver , Krutovsky Konstantin V.
Published: December 2018

The range-wide genetic structure of the highly productive and valuable timber speciesSequoia sempervirens(D. Don) Endl. is still insufficiently studied, although published data based on different genetic markers (nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites, AFLP, RFLP and isozymes) demonstrated relatively low population structure. However, more genetic markers are needed to increase the efficiency of population genetic studies in coast redwood. Therefore, we developed seven nuclear and five chloroplast microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and the complete chloroplast genome sequence, respectively. All selected markers were tested in a range-wide sample representing trees from 16 locations. They are highly polymorphic microsatellite loci with the number of alleles ranging from 3 to 17, and the number of effective alleles from 1.1 to 2.48. Coast redwood is a hexaploid species, and its chloroplasts are paternally inherited. Therefore, the chloroplast SSR markers are especially useful for this species, because their genotyping is not affected by nuclear genome ploidy. Moreover, they showed high gene diversity for each locus within and across all populations and can be used to study range-wide population genetic structure, pollen-based gene flow and long-distance gene transfer. Coast redwood can propagate clonally, and nuclear polymorphic EST-SSRs can be used for clonal identification. They are linked with expressed genes and their variation can reflect variation in genes under selection, including those that could be potentially important for local adaptation of coast redwood considering the threat of climate change.
An improved gain-phase error self-calibration method for robust DOA estimation
Authors: Peng Wencan , Guo Chenjiang , Wang Min , Gao Yuteng
Published: December 2018

A novel online antenna array calibration method is presented in this paper for estimating direction-of-arrival (DOA) in the case of uncorrelated and coherent signals with unknown gain-phase errors. Conventional calibration methods mainly consider incoherent signals for uniform linear arrays with gain-phase errors. The proposed method has better performance not only for uncorrelated signals but also for coherent signals. First, an on-grid sparse technique based on the covariance fitting criteria is reformulated aiming at gain-phase errors to obtain DOA and the corresponding source power, which is robust to coherent sources. Second, the gain-phase errors are estimated in the case of uncorrelated and coherent signals via introducing an exchange matrix as the pre-processing of a covariance matrix and then decomposing the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix. Those parameters estimate values converge to the real values by an alternate iteration process. The proposed method does not require the presence of calibration sources and previous calibration information unlike offline ways. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method which outperforms the traditional approaches.
Violence Exposure and Support for State Use of Force in a Non-Democracy
Authors: Hou Yue , Quek Kai
Published: December 2018

How do individuals respond to internal security threats in non-democracies? Does violence make individuals more supportive of a strong state? Are the effects of violence on individual attitudes uniform, or are they heterogeneous with respect to the identity of the perpetrators? We field an online survey experiment on a national sample of Chinese citizens, in which respondents were randomly selected to view reports on violent acts in China. We show that exposure to violence makes individuals more supportive of a strong state: respondents randomly exposed to violence are more likely to approve police use of lethal force, and this effect is particularly strong among the less wealthy Han Chinese. We also find suggestive evidence that individuals exhibit intergroup biases in their reaction to violence.
Increased Frequency of Extreme Tropical Deep Convection: AIRS Observations and Climate Model Predictions
Authors: Aumann Hartmut H. , Behrangi Ali , Wang Yuan
Published: December 2018

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data from the tropical oceans (30°N to 30°S) are used to derive the probability of the process resulting in deep convective clouds (DCCs) as function of the sea surface temperature (SST). For DCC at or below the tropopause the onset temperature of this process shifts at the same rate as the increase in the mean SST. For tropopause overshooting DCC, which are associated with extreme rain events, the shift of the onset temperature is slower, causing their frequency to increase by about 21%/K of warming of the oceans. This sensitivity is not inconsistent with the sensitivity of the increase of extreme deep convective rain in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5 model for a warmer SST. The mean of the 36 fifth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models predicts a 2.7 K warmer tropical SST by the end of this century, resulting in a 60% increases in the frequency of tropopause overshooting DCC.
Statistical Distributions of Dayside ECH Waves Observed by MMS
Authors: Lou Yuequn , Gu Xudong , Summers Danny , Ni Binbin , Liu Kaijun , Fu Song , Xiang Zheng , Zou Zhengyang , Cao Xing , Zhang Wenxun , Huang He , He Ying
Published: December 2018

Strong electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves on the dayside magnetosphere have been reported based on observations of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. In this study, we analyze high‐quality wave data from the four MMS satellites between 1 September 2015 and 30 August 2018 to investigate the statistical properties of dayside ECH emissions. The results show that dayside ECH waves are preferentially observed on the prenoon side in the outer magnetosphere (L = 8–12), with average wave amplitude Ew > 0.1 mV/m. In addition, besides the typical near‐equatorial (|MLAT| ≤ 15°) region, dayside ECH waves exhibit moderate occurrence rate and wave amplitude in higher latitudinal regions (i.e., 15 < |MLAT| ≤ 40°), possibly due to the off‐equatorial geomagnetic field minimum. Our reported double peaks of dayside ECH wave occurrence zone and considerable occurrence rates of prenoonside ECH waves suggest that dayside ECH waves can be a potentially important contributor to the formation of dayside diffuse aurora.
Estimating Transient Climate Response in a Large‐Ensemble Global Climate Model Simulation
Authors: Adams B. K. , Dessler A. E.
Published: December 2018

The transient climate response (TCR), defined to be the warming in near‐surface air temperature after 70 years of a 1% per year increase in CO2, can be estimated from observed warming over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Such analyses yield lower values than TCR estimated from global climate models (GCMs). This disagreement has been used to suggest that GCMs' climate may be too sensitive to increases in CO2. Here we critically evaluate the methodology of the comparison using a large ensemble of a fully coupled GCM simulating the historical period, 1850–2005. We find that TCR estimated from model simulations of the historical period can be much lower than the model's true TCR, replicating the disagreement seen between observations and GCM estimates of TCR. This suggests that the disagreement could be explained entirely by the methodology of the comparison and undercuts the suggestions that GCMs overestimate TCR.
What Caused the Accelerated Sea Level Changes Along the U.S. East Coast During 2010–2015?
Authors: Domingues Ricardo , Goni Gustavo , Baringer Molly , Volkov Denis
Published: December 2018

Accelerated sea level rise was observed along the U.S. eastern seaboard south of Cape Hatteras during 2010–2015 with rates 5 times larger than the global average for the same time period. Simultaneously, sea levels decreased rapidly north of Cape Hatteras. In this study, we show that accelerated sea level rise recorded between Key West and Cape Hatteras was predominantly caused by a ~1 °C (0.2 °C/year) warming of the Florida Current during 2010–2015 that was linked to large‐scale changes in the Atlantic Warm Pool. We also show that sea level decline north of Cape Hatteras was caused by an increase in atmospheric pressure combined with shifting wind patterns, with a small contribution from cooling of the water column over the continental shelf. Results presented here emphasize that planning and adaptation efforts may benefit from a more thorough assessment of sea level changes induced by regional processes.