bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asian and Pacific Islander women scientists and engineers: A narrative exploration of model minority, gender, and racial stereotypes
Authors: Chinn Pauline W.U.
Published: August 2002

This qualitative study uses narrative methodology to understand what becoming a scientist or engineer entails for women stereotyped as “model minorities.” Interviews with four Chinese and Japanese women focused on the social contexts in which science is encountered in classrooms, families, and community. Interpretation was guided by theories that individuals construct personal narratives mediated by cultural symbolic systems to make meaning of experiences. Narratives revealed that Confucian cultural scripts shaped gender expectations even in families several generations in America. Regardless of parents' level of education, country of birth, and number of children, educational expectations, and resources were lower for daughters. Parents expected daughters to be compliant, feminine, and educated enough to be marriageable. Findings suggest K–12 gender equity science practices encouraged development of the women's interests and abilities but did not affect parental beliefs. The author's 1999 study of Hawaiians/Pacific Islander and Filipina female engineers is included in implications for teacher education programs sensitive to gender, culture, ethnicity, and language. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 302–323, 2002
Interactive animation of cloth‐like objects in virtual reality
Authors: Meyer Mark , Debunne Gilles , Desbrun Mathieu , Barr Alan H.
Published: August 2002

Modeling and animation of cloth have experienced important developments in recent years. As a consequence, complex textile models can be used to realistically drape objects or human characters in a fairly efficient way. However, real‐time realistic simulation remains a major challenge, even if applications are numerous, from rapid prototyping to e‐commerce. In this paper, we present a stable, real‐time algorithm for animating cloth‐like materials. Using a hybrid explicit/implicit algorithm, we perform fast and stable time integration of a physically based model with rapid collision detection and response, as well as wind or liquid drag effects to enhance realism. We demonstrate our approach through a series of examples in virtual reality environments, proving that real‐time animation of cloth, even on low‐end computers, is now achievable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualization techniques for 3D vector fields: an application to electrostatic fields of molecules
Authors: Handa Susumu , Kashiwagi Hiroshi , Takada Toshikazu
Published: August 2002

In chemistry, computer graphics is now well established as a tool to interpret simulation results, since molecules are complicated in their structures and mutual interactions. As a probe to study such molecular interactions, electrostatic fields are considered to be useful. However, since they are given as 3D vector fields having cusps in the fields, conventional drawing techniques are not applicable. In this article, two new approaches are presented to visualize the electrostatic fields of molecules. One is an extension of topological skeletons, by which interactions between atoms having opposite charges are expressed, which is not shown with the conventional methods. The other is to define new functions called selective functions to select regions of interest only from the geometrical features of the fields. Furthermore, from the definition of the new functions, mathematical relations between the topological skeletons and selective functions are discussed. An example is presented in applications to chemical reactions to show how the scheme is used. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid modeling of animated faces from video
Authors: Liu Zicheng , Zhang Zhengyou , Jacobs Chuck , Cohen Michael
Published: August 2002

Generating realistic 3D human face models and facial animations has been a persistent challenge in computer graphics. We have developed a system that constructs textured 3Dface models from videos with minimal user interaction. Our system takes images andvideo sequences of a face with an ordinary video camera. After five manual clicks ontwo images to tell the system where the eye corners, nose top and mouth corners are, thesystem automatically generates a realistic looking 3D human head model and the constructed model can be animated immediately. A user with a PC and an ordinary camera can use our system to generate his/her face model in a few minutes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of Doppler spread and signal strength in mobile communications with applications to handoff and adaptive transmission
Authors: Tepedelenlioğlu Cihan , Abdi Ali , Giannakis Georgios B. , Kaveh Mostafa
Published: August 2002

Estimation of signal strength, a measure of channel quality, and Doppler spread which is proportional to the mobile speed, are important for handoff algorithms and optimal tuning of system parameters to changing channel conditions in adaptive transmission systems. This paper provides a survey of existing techniques for estimating the statistical parameters of the mobile channel. We discuss the current state of the art in estimation of the received signal strength, mobile velocity, and other related statistical channel parameters, illustrate their performance, and compare existing techniques. The sensitivity of these schemes to modeling error owing to the presence of line of sight, directional reception, and noise is characterized analytically and illustrated by simulations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wireless application protocol overview
Authors: Ralph D. , Aghvami H.
Published: August 2002

Wireless application protocol (WAP) is being heralded as the standard for communication of mobile Internet services to smart phone and personal digital assistant devices. The protocol utilises the low bandwidth, short battery power, quality of service and limited display facilities which are characteristic of current types of mobile device. This paper will examine the WAP architecture and the drivers and issues surrounding the development of services for this environment including the requirements for addressing, quality of service, security, billing, interoperability and performance engineering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ad hoc mobile multicast routing using the concept of long‐lived routes
Authors: Toh C.‐K. , Bunchua S.
Published: August 2002

Mobile ad hoc networks are recognized by their abilities to form, sustain, and deform networks on‐the‐fly without the need for any pre‐established and fixed infrastructures. This wireless multi‐hop technology requires adaptive networking protocols with low control overhead and low power consumption to operate efficiently. Existing research so far are mainly concerned with unicast routing for ad hoc mobile networks. There is a growing interest in supporting multicast communication in an ad hoc mobile environment. In this paper, the associativity‐based ad hoc multicast (ABAM) routing protocol is proposed. The concept of association stability is utilized during multicast tree discovery, selection, and reconfiguration. This allows routes that are long‐lived to be selected, thereby reducing the frequency of route reconstructions. ABAM employs a localized route reconstruction strategy in response to migrations by source, receiver, and tree nodes. It can repair an affected subtree via a single route reconstruction operation. ABAM is robust since the repair can be triggered by a node in the tree or by the migrated node itself. ABAM is also capable of handling multicast group dynamics when mobile hosts decide to join and leave an existing multicast group. Our simulation results reveal that under different mobility scenarios and multicast group size, ABAM has low communication overhead and yields better throughput performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Load‐balancing channel assignment for dual‐band PCS networks
Authors: Chang Ming‐Feng , Li Long‐Sheng
Published: August 2002

This paper investigates the channel assignment problem of dual‐band PCS systems where single‐band and dual‐band handsets co‐exist. Load‐balancing channel assignment schemes are proposed to improve the system performance. To balance the loads of both bands, the BSC selects a band to serve a call request of a dual‐band handset based on the loads of both bands. In addition, a channel re‐assignment scheme is used to further improve the system capacity. Analytic models and computer simulations have been developed to evaluate the performance of the load‐balancing schemes. The results indicate that both load‐balancing and channel re‐assignment techniques significantly increase the system capacity as the percentage of dual‐band handsets increases. Furthermore, the load‐balancing with channel re‐assignment scheme that combines both techniques achieves the best system performance even when the percentage of dual‐band handset is as low as 25%. In addition, we describe an approach to reduce the signal overhead of the load‐balancing schemes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A robust µopt‐LMS algorithm for the tracking of fading channels
Authors: Sheikh A. U. H. , Shah S. Faisal A.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents an application of LMS algorithm with optimum step size (µopt‐LMS) for fading channel estimation. The expression for optimum step size of the LMS algorithm is modified for use in the fading channel estimation problem. The robustness of the proposed µopt‐LMS algorithm is demonstrated via simulation in different channel conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind Energy literature survey no.1
Authors: Hird Martin
Published: August 2002

In order to help keep readers up‐to‐date in the field, Wind Energy contains a list of recently published articles drawn from issues of the following periodicals: IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, International Journal of Energy Research, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal and Transactions of the ASME: Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control. The list is arranged alphabetically by author. Compiled by Martin Hird, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, UK. Please e‐mail any suggestions to martin.hird@stud.umist.ac.ukmartin.hird@stud.umist.ac.uk. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of genes that are synthetically lethal with ade3 or leu2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nigavekar Shraddha S. , Cannon John F.
Published: August 2002

Combinations of two non‐lethal mutations that result in cell death are synthetically lethal. Such a genetic relationship suggests a functional interaction between the corresponding gene products. Frequently, an ade2 ade3 colony‐sectoring assay is used to screen for synthetic lethal mutants. In these screens, mutants are sought that fail to lose a plasmid that bears a gene of interest. However, a subset of mutants is often found that is dependent on plasmid components other than the target gene. To understand the mechanism of this dependence, we characterized those mutants that, although prevalent in most mutant hunts, are usually discarded. Using a LEU2–ADE3 plasmid, plasmid‐dependent mutations were found in the SHM2, PTR3, BAP2 and SSY1 genes. Double shm2 ade3 mutants are non‐viable because the two pathways for tetrahydrofolate synthesis are blocked. Mutations in PTR3, BAP2 and SSY1 disrupt sensing and transport of extracellular leucine. Therefore, ptr3, bap2 or ssy1 mutants must be leucine prototrophs to grow on rich media. In light of these findings, we propose modifications that should improve the efficiency of synthetic lethal screening procedures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Factors and True Incidence of Pouchitis in Patients after Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomoses
Authors: Simchuk Erik J. , Thirlby Richard C.
Published: August 2002

Total colectomy, mucosal proctectomy, and ileal J pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the procedure of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. The purpose of this study was to determine the short‐ and long‐term outcomes of patients undergoing IPAA by a single surgeon, correlating intraoperative technical aspects with outcomes, and to characterize better the clinical syndrome of pouchitis. A retrospective review was performed of 114 consecutive patients who underwent IPAA by a single surgeon between December 1987 and August 1996. Clinical follow‐up and operative notes were reviewed, and patient questionnaires were obtained for all patients. The mean follow‐up was 3 years (range 0.5–8.0 years). The average age of the patients was 39 years (range 16–72 years). There were 64 males and 50 females. Indications for operation were ulcerative colitis (n= 101) and familial polyposis coli (n= 13). Long‐term morbidity occurred in 41% of patients (small bowel obstruction 10%, anastomotic stricture 9%). Pouch excision was required in only three patients. Stool frequency (mean ± SE) was 6.1 ± 0.2 and did not change with duration of follow‐up. Only 7% of patients reported fecal soilage. The incidence of pouchitis was 59% (n= 67), with 4.2 ± 0.3 episodes of pouchitis per patient. Using multivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with the incidence of pouchitis were gender (p= 0.008) and duration of follow‐up (p= 0.02). A total of 37 of 50 women (74%) but only 30 of 64 men (47%) developed pouchitis. The incidence of pouchitis increased with the duration of follow‐up. The incidences of pouchitis in patients followed for 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years were 25%, 37%, and 50%, respectively. Of patients followed more than 6 years, the incidence of pouchitis was 94% (15/16). There was not a significant correlation between anastomotic tension or the extent of arterial dissection of the ileal mesentery required to achieve IPAA and the incidence of pouchitis. The best antibiotics for pouchitis were metronidazole (54% of patients) and ciprofloxacin (37%). Eleven patients have required nearly continuous antibiotics. Patient satisfaction with the outcome is high, with a mean satisfaction of 8.4 (0, dissatisfied; 10, extremely satisfied). This review demonstrates a high incidence of pouchitis in patients after IPAA, which is due to the more liberal definition of the syndrome and the complete follow‐up achieved in this report compared to previous series. This study also is unique in identifying the significantly higher incidence of pouchitis in women, although the overall satisfaction with the clinical outcome in patients undergoing IPAA remains high.
Surgery for Graves' Disease: Total versus Subtotal Thyroidectomy—Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial
Authors: Witte Jürgen , Goretzki Peter E. , Dotzenrath Cornelia , Simon Dietmar , Felis Petra , Neubauer Mareike , Röher Hans D.
Published: August 2002

The effect of surgery on Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is still controversial. Retrospective analyses of many authors (including our own group) demonstrated GO improvement after subtotal thyroid resection in up to 70% of operated patients, so the question arose whether total thyroidectomy could add anything to this pronounced positive effect on GO. We therefore performed a prospective randomized trial on 150 patients with Graves' disease (125 women, 25 men; mean thyroid volume 80.5 ml) comparing three surgical procedures (bilateral subtotal thyroid resection—total remnant < 4 ml; unilateral hemithyroidectomy with contralateral subtotal thyroid resection—remnant < 4 ml; total thyroidectomy) and their effect on postoperative GO changes, postoperative thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor (TSH‐R) antibody titers, and postoperative complication rates. After a period of at least 6 months (6–36 months) GO had improved in 71% to 74% of all patients regardless of whether total or subtotal thyroidectomy was performed. TSH‐R antibody titers showed no differences for the three surgical groups. Postoperative recurrent hyperthyroidism occurred in two patients with subtotal resections, and early postoperative hypoparathyroidism was more frequently detected in patients with total thyroidectomy than in those with subtotal thyroid resection (28% vs. 12%; p < 0.002). In respect to possible postoperative hypoparathyroidism and a lack of difference in postoperative GO changes, we do not advocate total thyroidectomy for patients with Graves' disease and Graves' orbitopathy but prefer radical subtotal thyroid resection with a remnant of less than 4 ml.
Surgical Treatment of Chest Wall Tumors
Authors: Incarbone Matteo , Pastorino Ugo
Published: August 2002

Chest wall tumors have long represented challenging clinical entities for surgeons. Until recently, incorrect diagnosis, incomplete resection, or inability to perform successful reconstruction of large thoracic wall defects led to high rates of perioperative morbidity and mortality. The latter were primarily associated with infections of the pleural cavity, respiratory failure, and paradoxical breathing. The long‐term prognosis was also poor owing to a high percentage of local relapse. During the same operating procedure wide resection and reconstruction of the thoracic wall are performed successfully. Improvement of the prognosis reported in large series of patients with resection leads to surgical treatment being considered the best option for primary tumors and for selected secondary tumors of the chest wall. Because positive margins are the most important risk factor for local recurrence, adequate margins of healthy tissue surrounding the tumors have a considerable impact on disease‐free and overall survival. Involvement of ribs, sternum, superior sulcus, or spine is not considered a technical limitation to surgical resection. Nowadays correct management cannot be precluded by tumor size, site, or contiguous structure involvement because concurrent reconstruction with prosthetic materials and myocutaneous flaps is feasible. Surgery provides the best chance of cure in patients with chest wall tumors. Therefore the surgical strategy must be based on the features of the individual’s disease.
Metabolism of Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure
Authors: Michie Hamish R.
Published: August 2002

“Septic autocannabalism” been coined to describe the metabolic response that follows severe sepsis in humans. The normal protein‐ and energy‐conserving mechanisms evoked during simple starvation are not observed following the onset of sepsis. The metabolic response to sepsis entails rapid breakdown of the body’s reserves of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Hyperglycemia with insulin resistance, profound negative nitrogen balance, and diversion of protein from skeletal muscle to splanchnic tissues are prominent features. These responses are believed to be mediated in large part by inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐6. Secondary induction of catecholamines, cortisol, and glucagon by cytokines is likely to be another important effector mechanism. Infection and inflammation elicit a complex network of interwoven responses, and no single mediator alone accounts for the responses observed. Sepsis also commonly involves alterations in cardiovascular function with altered flow to key metabolic sites, hypoxia, damage to the gut’s mucosal barrier, secondary organ failure, and alterations in capillary permeability. These structural and functional alterations also strongly influence the metabolic profile during infection. If these catabolic responses persist for more than a few days, severe malnutrition results and is likely to be an important risk factor for mortality in these patients. The altered metabolic milieu during sepsis prevents effective use of exogeneously delivered glucose and protein; at best, administration of these agents ameliorates but does not prevent the persistence of catabolism. Delivery of agents that antagonize cytokines and other moieties such as glutamine and growth hormone may, in the future, help to restore nitrogen balance during sepsis.
Application of Formaldehyde for Treatment of Hemorrhagic Radiation‐Induced Proctitis
Authors: Roche B. , Chautems R. , Marti M.C.
Published: August 2002

Radiation‐induced proctitis with hemorrhage is not a common complication of radiotherapy to the pelvis for carcinoma. In the most severe forms, massive hemorrhage may necessitate repeated transfusions and inpatient treatment. In severe cases medical treatment has not been proved effective. Surgery may lead to serious complications and is technically difficult. Six patients who showed a hemorrhagic radiation‐induced proctitis have been treated as outpatients with application of formaldehyde 4%. In four cases the bleeding ceased after the first formaldehyde application; two patients continued to bleed, but another application of formaldehyde 3 weeks later definitively controlled the hemorrhage. Follow‐up evaluation at 12 months showed in each case that the hemorrhage was controlled and treated. There were no complications, such as burns or late stenoses of the deep layers of the rectum. This inexpensive technique is well tolerated by the patient, gives good long‐term results, and is available at every hospital. Local application of formaldehyde 4% to the rectum may be the treatment of choice for hemorrhagic radiation‐induced proctitis.
Incisional Hernia Recurrence following “Vest‐Over‐Pants” or Vertical Mayo Repair of Primary Hernias of the Midline
Authors: Luijendijk Roland W. , Lemmen Margot H.M. , Hop Wim C.J. , Wereldsma Jack C.J.
Published: August 2002

A series of 68 primary midline incisional hernias with a vertical Mayo repair was evaluated retrospectively. Patients without documented hernia recurrence following this repair were invited for physical examination. Life‐table methods were used for statistical analysis. The 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year cumulative recurrence rates were 35%, 46%, 48%, and 54%, respectively. Also, generally accepted risk factors were studied. Multivariate analysis identified the size of the hernia (p= 0.02) and the use of steroids (p= 0.04) as the most important independent risk factors of first time recurrent incisional hernia. Considering the high recurrence rates found, the results of this study strongly suggest that the vest‐over‐pants repair should no longer be used for closure of midline incisional hernias.
Antibiotic Therapy for Abdominal Infection
Authors: Bohnen John M.A.
Published: August 2002

Abdominal infections are treated by resuscitation, abdominal drainage, control of the source of infection, and antimicrobial agents. Ideally, antimicrobial therapy is active against expected pathogens, safe and effective in clinical trials, inexpensive, and unlikely to promote drug resistance. Numerous single‐agent and combination‐drug regimens have been efficacious in clinical trials, based on coverage of Escherichia coli andBacteroides species, the predominant pathogens isolated. Whether expanded antimicrobial coverage is required, especially in hospital‐acquired infections, is controversial. Candidainfections should be treated with antifungal therapy in patients with recurrent abdominal infections, immunosuppressed patients, and those with candidal abscesses. Most agents have few serious adverse effects; aminoglycosides are the least expensive agents but cause nephro‐ and ototoxicity. There is little information on the promotion of drug resistance in this condition. Recent developments include the introduction of ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, aztreonam/clindamycin, and ciprofloxacin/metronidazole; success with once‐daily aminoglycosides; evidence that antibiotics limit infectious complications of pancreatitis; controversy over the value of diagnostic cultures; the use of oral therapy; evidence in favor of shorter courses of treatment; and the introduction of pharmacoeconomic studies. Clinical investigators are challenged to improve drug trials by stratifying and controlling for the adequacy of surgical intervention.
Experimental Studies on the Effect of Lidocaine on Wound Healing
Authors: Drucker Monica , Cardenas Eduardo , Arizti Pablo , Valenzuela Arturo , Gamboa Armando
Published: August 2002

Local anesthetics have several effects on wound healing. In experimental studies, procaine at high concentrations has been proved to retard healing in surgical wounds by diminishing the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and hence probably collagen. Other studies have shown that lidocaine and bupivacaine inhibit collagen synthesis in fibroblast tissue cultures in rats. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of lidocaine on wound healing. An experimental, prospective, comparative, crossover and double‐blind study was designed. Forty male guinea pigs, weighing 300 to 600 g, were randomly assigned to two groups. In control group A (20 animals), skin and subcutaneous tissue in a clean wound were incised and infiltrated with regular saline solution; in group B 20 animals were infiltrated with 1% lidocaine. All animals were sacrificed on day 8 and evaluated for breaking strength, number of collagen fibers by morphometry, and histologic examination of collagenization, edema, vascularity, and presence of acute and chronic inflammatory cells. The histopathologic appearance of tissues infiltrated with lidocaine did not vary consistently in relation to collagenization, edema, or acute and chronic inflammatory processes. The mean breaking strength between both groups was not statistically significant (p= 0.120). Important statistical differences were observed in vascularity (p < 0.003) and morphometric results (p < 0.001), where collagen was found in small amounts in the lidocaine group. The results of this study suggest that local infiltration of lidocaine produces significant histopathologic changes, but it does not substantially alter wound healing as there were no differences in the breaking strength of the wounds.
A Model to Predict Survival in Patients With End–Stage Liver Disease
Authors: Kamath Patrick S. , Wiesner Russell H. , Malinchoc Michael , Kremers Walter , Therneau Terry M. , Kosberg Catherine L. , D'Amico Gennaro , Dickson Rolland E. , Kim Ray W.
Published: August 2002

A recent mandate emphasizes severity of liver disease to determine priorities in allocating organs for liver transplantation and necessitates a disease severity index based on generalizable, verifiable, and easily obtained variables. The aim of the study was to examine the generalizability of a model previously created to estimate survival of patients undergoing the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure in patient groups with a broader range of disease severity and etiology. The Model for End–Stage Liver Disease (MELD) consists of serum bilirubin and creatinine levels, International Normalized Ratio (INR) for prothrombin time, and etiology of liver disease. The model's validity was tested in 4 independent data sets, including (1) patients hospitalized for hepatic decompensation (referred to as “hospitalized” patients), (2) ambulatory patients with noncholestatic cirrhosis, (3) patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and (4) unselected patients from the 1980s with cirrhosis (referred to as “historical” patients). In these patients, the model's ability to classify patients according to their risk of death was examined using the concordance (c)–statistic. The MELD scale performed well in predicting death within 3 months with a c–statistic of (1) 0.87 for hospitalized patients, (2) 0.80 for noncholestatic ambulatory patients, (3) 0.87 for PBC patients, and (4) 0.78 for historical cirrhotic patients. Individual complications of portal hypertension had minimal impact on the model's prediction (range of improvement in c–statistic: <.01 for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and variceal hemorrhage to ascites: 0.01–0.03). The MELD scale is a reliable measure of mortality risk in patients with end–stage liver disease and suitable for use as a disease severity index to determine organ allocation priorities.
The Hemodynamic Effects of Intrathecal Oxytocin in Normal Dogs
Authors: Neath Prudence J. , Brown Dorothy Cimino , Hughes Derek , Perkowski Sandra Z.
Published: August 2002

Objective— To evaluate the hemodynamic effects produced by intrathecal administration of oxytocin in healthy isoflurane‐anesthetized dogs.

Study Design— Prospective single‐dose trial.

Animal Population— Six healthy purpose‐bred adult dogs weighing between 7.3 and 14.5 kg.

Methods— Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and instrumented. Oxytocin at a dosage of 1.6 μg/kg was administered intrathecally at the cisternal space at time 0. Hemodynamic data were recorded immediately before and at 1, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after oxytocin administration. Statistical analysis included an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures over time. A P < .05 was considered significant.

Results— Baseline values ± standard error of the mean for heart rate, mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance were 101 ± 11 beats/minute, 76 ± 7 mm Hg, 4 ± 4 mm Hg, 1.9 ± 0.7 L/min, 3834 ± 2556 dynes.sec/cm5, 14 ± 3 mm Hg, 4 ± 2 mm Hg, and 430 ± 201 dynes.sec/cm5, respectively. Variations from the baseline values were seen in all parameters after intrathecal oxytocin administration, but no statistically significant differences were found.

Conclusion— The intrathecal injection of 1.6 μg/kg of oxytocin is associated with minimal hemodynamic effects during isoflurane anesthesia.

Clinical Relevance— This study revealed no clinically significant deleterious effects from the intrathecal administration of oxytocin, and investigations into its use as a perioperative analgesic are therefore warranted.
Evaluation of a Canine Total‐Elbow Arthroplasty System: A Preliminary Study in Normal Dogs
Authors: Conzemius Michael G. , Aper Rhonda L. , Hill Christopher M.
Published: August 2002

Objective—Short‐term, in vivo evaluation of a total‐elbow arthroplasty (TEA) system in normal dogs.

Study Design—Prospective evaluation comparing pre‐ and postoperative findings.

Animals—Six normal, skeletally mature, large‐breed dogs.

Methods—Physical, radiographic, and force‐plate gait examinations were performed on all dogs before surgery. TEA was performed in the dogs using a canine TEA system. Examinations were repeated every 8 weeks for 24 weeks, with an additional examination at 52 weeks. Pre‐ and postoperative findings were compared.

Results—The TEA led to an excellent outcome in 3 of 6 dogs. Force‐plate gait examination found that the dogs continued to improve over time and had a peak vertical force (PVF) in the surgical limb that was 99.6% of normal (range, 95.8% to 106.4%) 52 weeks after surgery. Major problems encountered during the postoperative time period were non‐weight‐bearing lameness (1 dog), osteomyelitis (1 dog), and fracture of the ulna (1 dog).

Conclusions—TEA can be successfully performed in dogs.

Clinical Relevance—Based on 1‐year data, TEA can be successfully performed in dogs and could be considered as a treatment alternative for adult dogs with severe osteoarthritis and lameness of the elbow joint.
Respiratory Reflexes in Response to Upper‐Airway Administration of Sevoflurane and Isoflurane in Anesthetized, Spontaneously Breathing Dogs
Authors: Mutoh Tatsushi , Kanamaru Arata , Tsubone Hirokazu , Nishimura Ryohei , Sasaki Nobuo
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the respiratory effects occurring during administration of sevoflurane or isoflurane to the upper airway in dogs.

Study Design—A prospective, randomized study.

Animals—Twelve healthy adult beagles (6 males, 6 females).

Methods—At least 2 weeks after undergoing permanent tracheostomy, dogs were premedicated with acepromazine‐buprenorphine, and anesthesia was induced with thiopental and maintained with α‐chloralose. The upper airway was functionally isolated so that the inhalant could be administered to the upper airway while dogs were breathing 100% O2via the tracheostomy. Respiratory reflexes in response to the administration of sevoflurane or isoflurane at concentrations of 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 times the minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) (administered in 100% O2at a flow rate of 5 L/min) were recorded. Reflexes in response to administration of each anesthetic were also recorded following upper‐airway administration of lidocaine.

Results—Respiratory reflexes elicited by upper‐airway administration of each anesthetic were characterized by a dose‐dependent increase in expiration time, with a resultant decrease in respiratory minute ventilation and increase in end‐tidal PCO2. The magnitude of these responses was greater with isoflurane than with sevoflurane at 1.8 and 2.4 MAC. These reflexes were abolished after lidocaine nebulization into the upper airway.

Conclusion—Isoflurane induces greater reflex inhibition of breathing than does sevoflurane when the anesthetic is inhaled into the upper airway at concentrations used for mask induction.
Effect of Tibial Plateau Leveling on Cranial and Caudal Tibial Thrusts in Canine Cranial Cruciate–Deficient Stifles: An In Vitro Experimental Study
Authors: Warzee Christine C. , Dejardin Loïc M. , Arnoczky Steven P. , Perry Ruby L.
Published: August 2002

Objectives—To investigate the effect of tibial plateau leveling (TPL) on tibial subluxation and tibial axial rotation; to determine the minimal tibial plateau rotation (MinTPR) angle that provides stifle stability; and to evaluate caudal cruciate ligament (CaCL) strain following tibial plateau rotation in cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)‐deficient stifles.

Animals—Fifteen canine cadaver hind limbs.

Methods—Tibial subluxation was measured from lateral radiographs in intact, loaded stifles and after sequential CrCL transection, MinTPR, TPL, and CaCL transection. The MinTPR angle was determined using a custom‐made hinge plate and compared with the TPL angle. Tibial axial rotation was evaluated in CrCL‐deficient stifles before and after TPL. Finally, CaCL strain was recorded in intact, loaded stifles, and following MinTPR, TPL, and tibial plateau over‐rotation (MaxTPR) using a force probe.

Results—Cranial tibial subluxation in CrCL‐deficient stifles was eliminated with TPL. Tibial plateau rotation, however, induced caudal tibial subluxation, which significantly increased from MinTPR to TPL before and after CaCL transection. The MinTPR angle was 6.5°± 0.9° less than the TPL angle (P< .05). Tibial internal rotation decreased significantly after TPL in CrCL‐deficient stifles. Finally, CaCL strain increased with increasing tibial plateau rotation.

Conclusions—This study suggests that, during stance phase, TPL transforms cranial tibial thrust into caudal tibial thrust, thereby stabilizing the stifle in the cranio‐caudal plane via the constraint of the CaCL. The increase in CaCL stress, which results from tibial plateau rotation, could predispose the CaCL to fatigue failure and therefore would caution against tibial plateau over‐rotation.
Expression of Transforming Growth Factor β1, β3, and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Full‐Thickness Skin Wounds of Equine Limbs and Thorax
Authors: Theoret Christine L. , Barber Spencer M. , Moyana Terence N. , Gordon John R.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To map the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, TGF‐β3, and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in full‐thickness skin wounds of the horse. To determine whether their expression differs between limbs and thorax, to understand the pathogenesis of exuberant granulation tissue.

Study Design—Six wounds were created on one lateral metacarpal area and one midthoracic area of each horse. Sequential wound biopsies allowed comparison of the temporal expression of growth factors between limb and thoracic wounds.

Animals—Four 2‐ to 4‐year‐old horses.

Methods—Wounds were assessed grossly and histologically at 12 and 24 hours, and 2, 5, 10, and 14 days postoperatively. ELISAs were used to measure the growth factor concentrations of homogenates of wound biopsies taken at the same timepoints.

Results—TGF‐β1peaked at 24 hours in both locations and returned to baseline in thoracic wounds by 14 days but remained elevated in limb wounds for the duration of the study. Expression kinetics of TGF‐β3differed from those of TGF‐β1. TGF‐β3concentrations gradually increased over time, showing a trend toward an earlier and higher peak in thoracic compared with limb wounds. bFGF expression kinetics resembled those of TGF‐β1, but no statistically significant differences existed between limb and thoracic wounds.

Conclusions—Growth factor expression is up‐regulated during normal equine wound repair. TGF‐β1and TGF‐β3show a reciprocal temporal regulation. Statistically significant differences exist between limb and thoracic wounds with respect to TGF‐β1expression.

Clinical Relevance—The persistence of TGF‐β1expression in leg wounds may be related to the development of exuberant granulation tissue in this location, because TGF‐β1is profibrotic.
Laparoscopic surgical technique for repair of rectal and colonic tears in horses: An experimental study
Authors: Brugmans Frederick , Deegen Eckehard
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine the efficacy of laparoscopic surgical techniques for repair of rectal lacerations in horses.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animal or Sample Population—Thirty‐two segments of equine bowel placed in an equine pelvitrainer, 8 equine cadavers, and 3 normal horses.

Methods—In experiment 1, 3 laparoscopic intestinal‐repair techniques were evaluated in an equine pelvitrainer: suturing with needle holders, with an automatic suture device, and stapling with a hernia stapler. In experiment 2, descending colon lacerations were sutured laparoscopically using needle holders in a pelvitrainer and in equine cadavers. In experiment 3, iatrogenic rectal lacerations were sutured laparoscopically with needle holders in horses under general anesthesia. These horses were evaluated for 7 days' postoperatively by clinical examination and blood and peritoneal fluid analysis. The horses were euthanatized 7 days' postoperatively and necropsied. The repaired colonic segments were collected for determination of bursting pressures, degree of luminal narrowing, and microscopic examination of the suture line.

Results—For the 3 techniques, there was no significant difference in repair time or degree of luminal narrowing, but bursting pressure was higher in segments repaired by use of needle holders or with the suture device. Colonic and rectal lacerations were sutured successfully with laparoscopic needle holders. No major complications were recorded. At necropsy, adequate healing was confirmed by a high bursting strength (>140 mm Hg) and by histologic examination.

Clinical Relevance—A novel laparoscopic method can be used to repair iatrogenic rectal lacerations in horses. Whether this method may be used for clinical cases of rectal tears must be investigated.
The effect of recurrent laryngeal neurectomy in conjunction with laryngoplasty and unilateral ventriculocordectomy in thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Davenport Celia L.M. , Tulleners Eric P. , Parente Eric J.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To investigate the effects of recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (RLN) in combination with laryngoplasty and ventriculocordectomy on the postoperative performance of Thoroughbred racehorses treated for grade III left laryngeal hemiparesis (LLH).

Study Design—Retrospective study.

Sample Population—Fifty‐five Thoroughbred racehorses.

Methods—Medical records for Thoroughbred racehorses treated surgically by laryngoplasty and laser ventriculocordectomy with or without RLN between June 1993 and December 1996 were reviewed. Outcome was evaluated subjectively by assessment of performance obtained from telephone interviews with owners and trainers, and objectively by assessment of racing performance for 3 races before and after surgery using a performance index (PI).

Results—Fifty‐five Thoroughbred racehorses with resting endoscopic grade III LLH were treated by laryngoplasty and ventriculocordectomy either with (39 horses) or without (16 horses) RLN. For RLN horses, respondents for 38 horses believed performance was improved in 19 horses, unchanged in 16 horses, and decreased in 3 horses. For horses without RLN, respondents for 9 horses reported that performance was improved in 5 horses, unchanged in 2 horses, and decreased in 2 horses. PI scores were improved in 18 RLN horses and in 6 horses without RLN; there was no statistical difference in outcome.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of RLN in combination with laryngoplasty and ventriculocordectomy for treatment of grade III LLH may not improve postoperative racing performance.
Skin‐fold advancement flaps for closing large proximal limb and trunk defects in dogs and cats
Authors: Hunt Geraldine B. , Tisdall Penelope L.C. , Liptak Julius M. , Beck Jason A. , Swinney Graham R. , Malik Richard
Published: August 2002

Objective—To describe the use of skin‐fold advancement flaps for covering large skin defects in dogs and cats.

Study Design—Clinical study.

Animals—Eight client‐owned animals: 6 dogs and 2 cats.

Methods—Six dogs and 2 cats underwent reconstruction of soft‐tissue wounds resulting from traumatic, neoplastic, or infectious lesions. Skin‐fold flaps were created by division of the medial and lateral attachment to the proximal limb or the dorsal and ventral attachment to the trunk, enabling closure of adjacent defects on the trunk or proximal limb, respectively.

Results—Skin‐fold flaps proved effective for closing defects in all animals. Necrosis of a portion of the flap occurred in 2 dogs due to technical errors, but the resultant defects remained amenable to primary closure. All wounds ultimately healed primarily, without major complications.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The skin‐fold advancement flap is a versatile technique that lends itself to use in a variety of locations, depending on which attachments are divided. The clinical results are comparable with those reported for axial pattern and subdermal plexus flaps.
Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in 34 horses using two parallel 5.5‐mm cortical bone screws
Authors: MacLellan Kelly N.M. , Crawford William H. , MacDonald David G.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To report clinical experience with arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in horses using two parallel 5.5‐mm cortical bone screws placed in lag fashion.

Study Design—Retrospective, clinical study.

Animals—Thirty‐four horses, aged 1 to 19 years.

Methods—Medical records for all horses admitted (1991–1997) for pastern arthrodesis using two 5.5‐mm ASIF cortical bone screws, in parallel orientation, and placed in lag fashion by use of a combined aiming device to facilitate accuracy were reviewed. Signalment, lameness diagnosis, duration of lameness, limb(s) involved, and outcome were recorded. Criteria for successful outcome were determined as return to previous level of function or future intended athletic use.

Results—Thirty‐nine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodeses were performed on 34 horses. One horse was euthanatized in the recovery room and was excluded from data analysis. Successful outcome occurred in 85% of frontlimbs and 89% of hindlimbs. Failure occurred in 5 joints; 1 horse had lameness directly associated with surgery, whereas 4 horses had unrelated lameness.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Age, breed, and initial disease did not affect outcome. Arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint by use of two 5.5‐mm ASIF cortical bone screws, in parallel orientation, placed in lag fashion by use of a combined aiming device, resulted in sound use of the limb in >85% of the joints with shortened postoperative coaptation.
Diagnostic Predictors of Complications and Survival after Renal Transplantation in Cats
Authors: Adin Christopher A. , Gregory Clare R. , Kyles Andrew E. , Cowgill Larry
Published: August 2002

Objective—To identify preoperative diagnostic results that predict postoperative complications and survival in feline renal‐transplant recipients.

Study Design—Retrospective clinical study.

Animals—Sixty‐one feline renal allograft recipients.

Methods—Medical records for 61 consecutive cats that underwent renal allograft transplantation between January 1, 1996, and December 1, 1999, were reviewed. Age, diagnosis, body weight, body condition score, preoperative medical treatment, systolic blood pressure, packed cell volume, biochemical parameters at admission and at the time of surgery, postoperative complications, and postoperative survival were recorded. Associations of preoperative data with the occurrence of postoperative complications were determined using logistic regression. Postoperative survival was graphed using a Kaplan‐Meier cumulative‐survival plot. Associations of covariates with postoperative survival were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results—Two parameters were significantly associated with occurrence of postoperative central nervous system (CNS) disorders: blood urea nitrogen concentration (odds ratio = 1.083; 95% CI = 1.018 to 1.148) and serum creatinine concentration (odds ratio = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.413 to 2.187) at the time of surgery. Postoperative survival 6 months after transplantation was 59%, though 3‐year survival remained at 42%. Of all covariates investigated, only recipient age (relative hazard = 1.183; 95% CI = 1.039 to 1.334) was significantly associated with survival.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Standard measures of preoperative renal dysfunction do not predict postoperative survival in cats after renal transplantation, although an increase in the degree of preoperative azotemia is associated with an increased risk of CNS disorders after surgery. Increased recipient age is associated with decreased survival after renal transplantation.
Evaluation of Lameness Associated with Arthroscopy and Arthrotomy of the Normal Canine Cubital Joint
Authors: Bubenik Loretta J. , Johnson Spencer A. , Smith Mark M. , Howard Rick D. , Broadstone Richard V.
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate gait, range of motion (ROM), and lameness in normal dogs after arthroscopy or arthrotomy of the cubital joint.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Fourteen mature, healthy dogs.

Methods—Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Seven underwent arthrotomy and 7 underwent arthroscopy of the left cubital joint. Dogs were evaluated using kinetic gait assessment, subjective evaluation scores, and cubital joint ROM. Evaluations were performed before and on days 2, 4, 7, 15, 22, and 29 after surgery. Radiographs made before and after the surgical procedures were evaluated.

Results—Significant differences in peak vertical force and vertical impulse force were not observed between surgery groups (P= .88 and .49, respectively). Joint ROM was not significantly different between groups (P= .09for flexion and .91 for extension). For all dogs, joint ROM and radiographic evaluations remained normal throughout the study period. Significant differences in subjective lameness scores, weight bearing, or pain were not observed between groups (P≥ .19 for all variables).

Conclusions—In this study population, significant differences between dogs undergoing arthroscopy or arthrotomy of the cubital joint with respect to postoperative pain, weight bearing, joint ROM, or temporal improvement of ground reaction forces were not observed.

Clinical Relevance—The results of this study suggest that postoperative morbidity should not be a factor when making a decision to perform either arthroscopy or arthrotomy for exploration of the medial compartment of the canine cubital joint.