bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendered Cultures and Performance Appraisal: The Experience of Women Academics
Authors: Thomas Robyn
Published: August 2007

This paper examines women academics' experiences of appraisal within one English university. Adopting the Foucauldian concepts of discourse and disciplinary power, the paper illustrates how appraisal functions as a disciplinary technology within the organization. Semi‐structured interviews, carried out on women academics, reveal how the power relations operating in appraisal work to ‘normalize’ the academic role as a highly competitive, productive unit focused on identifiable, quantitative outputs. The case illustrates the difficulties which women face in trying to put forward alternative discourses which accommodate domestic commitments or different career structures. The research concludes that women academics have only gained limited visibility and voice in the gendered academy through opting in to the new competitive and highly gendered macho culture. The possibilities for women in offering alternative discourses have not materialized, emphasizing the difficulties in changing gendered cultures and challenging the ubiquity of male power.
Women in Procrustean Beds: Strength Testing and the Workplace
Authors: Messing Karen , Stevenson Joan
Published: August 2007

Pre‐employment strength testing in its present form supports employment practices which exclude women from manual handling tasks traditionally assigned to men. However, several lines of reasoning lead us to think that pre‐employment testing is a Procrustean bed which imposes unreasonable requirements on most women. Examination of some tests and their scientific underpinnings leads us to conclude that they may result in discrimination. Women often approach manual tasks in ways different from men, so that pre‐employment tests developed around the ways men usually perform these tasks are poor predictors of women's performance at real‐life jobs. We also question the fact that pre‐employment testing involves the types of requirements imposed in men's traditional work, but not women's. This perspective leads us to propose a less rigid notion of physical strength and to introduce the concept of human‐task interaction. Representations of human capacity based on sexual stereotypes may conceal health and safety problems in job requirements which should be addressed directly, leading to more constructive propositions regarding job design and employee selection. We propose that standards be set for job requirements, such that all manual handling jobs become physically accessible to at least 75% of all workers.
C. S. LEWIS & CHRISTOLOGICAL PREFIGUREMENT
Authors: BRAZIER P. H.
Published: August 2007

This paper is an examination of the Christology and Pneumatology that C. S. Lewis read from the apparent prefiguring of elements of the Incarnation‐Resurrection narrative in religious myths, and also his assertion that the incarnation‐resurrection narrative operates on us both as fact and myth. After an initial examination of the term myth and mythopoeia, Lewis' writings on the myth that became reality (the Christ event) are discussed along with examples of prefigurement. Through his understanding of natural theology (rooted in that of Augustine, though fed by Lewis' daily reading of the Summa Theologiae) and his cautious respect for human imagination (from the poet, theologian and philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge) and in contrast to his earlier deference for the conclusions of the Victorian religionist and social anthropologist James George Frazer, Lewis came to regard these prefigurements as the work of the Holy Spirit – intimations of God's salvific action in Christ – though Lewis' orthodoxy saw human imagination as flawed through original sin. This leads us to ask three questions: first, how do these prefigured ideas come to be in these myths and how do these intimations, splintered fragments of the true light, relate to Lewis' understanding of Christ as the light of the world; second, how does the Incarnation‐Resurrection narrative act/operate on us as a myth, whether spoken or read (a baptized imagination is crucial here for Lewis in both the creation and receiving/hearing of such narratives); and third, is there internal evidence for a mythopoeic interpretation within the Incarnation‐Resurrection narrative? Our conclusions can be illustrated by a brief examination of Lewis' own Christian myth – Aslan from The Chronicles of Narnia– originally written for a Christian audience but now read by mainly non‐Christian/post‐Christian children and adults.
A pragmatic randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of low concentrated saline spa water baths followed by ultraviolet B (UVB) compared to UVB only in moderate to severe psoriasis
Authors: Brockow T , Schiener R , Franke A , Resch KL , Peter RU
Published: August 2007

Objective  To evaluate whether low concentrated saline spa water baths followed by ultraviolet B (LC‐SSW‐UVB) are superior to UVB alone in moderate to severe psoriasis.

Background  There is a lack of sufficiently large randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the additional benefit of saltwater baths followed by UVB compared to UVB only in psoriasis.

Study design  Partly evaluator blind, multicentre, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial.

Setting  Five German spa centres.

Subjects  One hundred and forty‐three adults with stable psoriasis during the last month and a Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) of > 10 and/or an affected body surface area of > 15%.

Interventions  LC‐SSW‐UVB or UVB thrice a week until remission (PASI < 5) or for a maximum of 6 weeks. Sodium chloride concentrations of natural springs varied between 4.5% and 12%. Conventional UVB (broadband UVB or selective UVB phototherapy) was used as irradiation source.

Main outcome  Reduction of PASI and/or affected body surface area of 50% at the end of the intervention period (PASI‐50). Only participants receiving at least one intervention were included in the primary analysis.

Results  Patients allocated to LC‐SSP‐UVB attained a statistically significantly higher rate of PASI‐50 at the end of the intervention period than patients allocated to UVB [58/79 (73%) vs. 32/64 (50%); P = 0.01; NNT, 4.3, 95% CI, 2.4–18.1]. Benefit persisted until 3 months only for one of two secondary outcomes considered.

Conclusions  In routine clinical practice balneophototherapy using conventional UVB is superior to conventional UVB only at the end of a 6‐week treatment course.
Three‐dimensional morphology of the pericellular matrix of intervertebral disc cells in the rat
Authors: Cao Li , Guilak Farshid , Setton Lori A.
Published: August 2007

Intervertebral disc cells are surrounded by a pericellular matrix that is biochemically and morphologically distinct from other extracellular matrix regions. Although the function of the pericellular matrix is not fully understood, prior studies of pericellular matrix‐chondrocyte regions in articular cartilage (termed ‘chondrons’) suggest that the size, shape, and mechanical properties of the pericellular matrix significantly influence the micromechanical environment of the contained cells. A first step in understanding the role of the pericellular matrix in the intervertebral disc is to quantify the three‐dimensional morphology and zonal variations of these regions across the disc. In this study, three‐dimensional reconstructions and morphometric measurements of pericellular matrix‐cell regions were obtained in situ using fluorescence confocal microscopy of en bloc sections of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus of the rat disc immunolabeled for type VI collagen. The morphology of the pericellular matrix and cells varied significantly across regions, with distinct pericellular matrix aspect ratios (largest/smallest diameter) showing shapes that were generally large and rounded in the nucleus pulposus (average of 1.9), and ellipsoidal and discoidal in the inner (2.4) and outer anulus fibrosus (2.8). The average pericellular matrix volume per cell was found to be significantly larger in the nucleus (6424 µm3) than that of inner (1903 µm3) and outer (1433 µm3) anulus. Pericellular matrix regions containing 1 or 2 cells were the dominant subgroup in the rat intervertebral disc at both 1 and 12 months of age. Multicellular pericellular matrix regions were present more often in the younger nucleus pulposus and outer anulus fibrosus. The orientation of the pericellular matrix regions further varied significantly across the disc, reflecting local collagen matrix architecture. These studies provide new information on the organization and shape of intervertebral disc cells and their surrounding pericellular matrix, which may provide new insights into the mechanisms that regulate cell‐matrix interactions.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the raccoon (Procyon lotor)
Authors: SIRIPUNKAW C. , KONGRIT C. , FARIES K. M. , MONELLO R. J. , GOMPPER M. E. , EGGERT L. S.
Published: August 2007

We report the isolation and characterization of 17 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the North American raccoon (Procyon lotor). These loci exhibit high levels of allelic diversity, with between four and 13 alleles per locus, and heterozygosity, with observed values of 0.500–1.000 in a sample of 20 individuals. All genotypes conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations and there were no instances of linkage disequilibrium detected.
Geographies of age: thinking relationally
Authors: Hopkins Peter , Pain Rachel
Published: August 2007

In contrast to recent treatment of other social identities, geographers’ work on age still focuses disproportionately on the social‐chronological margins – the very young and (to a far lesser extent) the very old – and rarely connects them directly. We outline the benefits of creating relational geographies of age, in order to build out from the recent explosion of children's geographies, and discuss three helpful concepts: intergenerationality, intersectionality and lifecourse. We suggest that participation provides one epistemological vehicle for getting beyond geographies which are mainly adults’.
Questioning community as a collective antidote to fear: Jean‐Luc Nancy's ‘singularity’ and ‘being singular plural’
Authors: Welch Richard V , Panelli Ruth
Published: August 2007

Community has long been a key academic concept and lay narrative, especially in commentaries of rural as opposed to urban life. Although community is proffered as an antidote for a plethora of emotional, social and policy challenges in contemporary Western societies, we argue that it is problematic. Previously, we suggested that community is a device mobilised in response to fears surrounding finitude. In this paper, we again draw on Nancy's theorising of singularity and being‐in‐common, but also engage with his yet more fundamental conceptualisation of ‘being singular plural’ to suggest directions for new geographies of singular and collective life.
Competition and co‐operation in the semi‐periphery: closer economic partnership and sectoral transformations in Chile and New Zealand
Authors: BARTON JONATHAN R , GWYNNE ROBERT N , MURRAY WARWICK E
Published: August 2007

The signing of a strategic economic partnership (the Trans‐Pacific SEP or P4) between Chile, New Zealand, Singapore and Brunei Darussalam in 2005 reveals the emergence of a new generation of trade agreements that seek to promote longer‐term synergies and cooperation. This is in marked contrast with a purely competitive, market‐based model of agreements whereby economies are opened up to oligopsonistic capital. The orientation is clearly more neostructural and strategic in construction, emphasizing the opportunities within the global economy of improved relations with similarly positioned economies within the semi‐periphery. This article analyses both the basis for and implications of the P4 for Chile and New Zealand by looking at three sectors in which both countries are competitive in export markets: dairy, wine and fisheries. By assessing similarities and differences, and the ways in which competition or co‐operation might be established, the potential impacts of the agreement can be posited. Within a global context of bilateral and multilateral commercial agreements, it is this type of agreement that perhaps best fits the needs of smaller economies in the periphery that seek to establish greater competitive space for their exports in core economies without engaging in a mutually destructive war of competition in similar sectors and products.
Editorial: The Optimal Hemoglobin in Dialysis Patients— A Critical Review
Authors: Singh Ajay K. , Fishbane Steven
Published: August 2007

The introduction of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment has been one of the most important advances in the treatment of dialysis patients and others with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Treatment of CKD anemia has been shown to reduce the need for blood transfusions and to improve quality of life. However, the target hemoglobin level in treating patients is currently controversial. This is because of the recent publication of two randomized controlled studies in nondialysis CKD patients, the CREATE and CHOIR studies, as well as an accompanying meta‐analysis. These studies demonstrate increase risk for death and cardiovascular complications when aiming for a hemoglobin (Hgb) level of >12 g/dl. In light of this new data, the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative anemia guidelines are being revised. The Food and Drug Administration has issued a Black Box warning and indicated that hemoglobin levels do not exceed 12 g/dl. While observational data suggest a benefit for higher hemoglobin levels, these studies have limitations because of their retrospective design and the potential effect of confounding factors. Hence, reliance on observational studies to guide CKD anemia treatment is a potentially flawed and hazardous process. In this editorial we propose that the current literature does not support an upper Hgb target above 12 g/dl. We also suggest that the current reimbursement system for erythropoiesis stimulating agent treatment potentially encourages unsafe overtreatment.
Cycle Testing of the MagScrew Total Artificial Heart External Battery Pack
Authors: Casas Fernando , Weber Stephan , Klatte Ryan , Luangphakdy Viviane , Smith William A.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  MagScrew total artificial heart (TAH) external battery pack (EBP) cycle bench testing was conducted on two Wilson Greatbatch (Clarence, NY, USA) lithium ion EBPs over a period of 22 months during continuous charge and discharge cycles under a simulated TAH system current requirement. A custom electronic load was developed to simulate the MagScrew current waveforms typically observed during nominal operation. These current load profiles were applied to the EBP under test during a voltage‐defined discharge cycle. EBP endurance indicated a 240‐min discharge cycle on a new battery diminishing linearly to 175 min after 800 cycles. A second linear trend started at this knee with 150 min of discharge time at 850 cycles until 10 min at 1600 cycles. Even at 1300 cycles, the EBP could still provide enough power for 60 min of nominal operation. In conclusion, the endurance performance of this EBP was satisfactory while exhibiting a predictable wear‐out trend.
Body Movement Induced by Electrical Stimulation of Toe Muscles During Standing
Authors: Tortolero Xavier , Masani Kei , Maluly Carla , Popovic Milos R.
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether artificially induced muscle contractions of toe muscles using functional electrical stimulation (FES) would cause center of pressure (COP) displacement and corresponding body acceleration. Ten able‐bodied subjects were asked to stand still on force plates. The flexor digitorum brevis and the flexor hallucis brevis in both legs were simultaneously stimulated using a transcutaneous FES device. The muscles were stimulated 20 times at random intervals with four different stimulation intensities. We demonstrated that the toe muscle activity induced by electrical stimulation evoked COP displacement, which generated body acceleration. As expected, a larger stimulation induced a larger COP movement and acceleration. Therefore, we propose the use of FES‐induced contractions of the toe muscles as a means to control balance during FES‐assisted quiet standing. Spinal cord‐injured and severe‐stroke patients could benefit from this electrical stimulation technique for improving FES‐assisted standing.
Investigation on Wear of Knee Prostheses Under Fixed Kinematic Conditions
Authors: Affatato Saverio , Leardini Walther , Rocchi Mirko , Toni Aldo , Viceconti Marco
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Although polyethylene components have been used in the human joint for over 30 years, wear simulation studies are fundamental to assess wear resistance of total joint replacements. This assessment will help to obtain quality control and acquire further knowledge of the tribological processes that involve joint prostheses. As a result, the risk of implant failure of innovative prostheses will be reduced. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence on wear of the polyethylene tibial inserts against metallic femoral components using a knee simulator following a standardized kinematics protocol (ISO/CD 14243‐3.2). Four intact “small” size specimens of the tibial MP 913 were tested in a four‐station knee wear simulator for two million cycles. The volumetric weight loss for the ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight‐polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial inserts was 44 ± 2, 45 ± 3, and 47 ± 3 mg for the specimens #1–3, respectively. This study demonstrated a good repeatability among the stations of the knee simulator obtaining weight loss values congruent with those found by other authors using similar test conditions.
Effect of Osteogenic Induction on the in Vitro Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Cocultured With Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts
Authors: Inanç Bülend , Elçin A. Eser , Elçin Y. Murat
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Osteogenesis is one of the principal components of periodontal tissue development as well as regeneration. As pluripotent cells with unlimited proliferative potential and differentiation ability to all germ layer representatives, embryonic stem cells also hold the promise to become a cell source in bone tissue engineering. Our aim was to investigate osteogenic differentiation potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) under the inductive influence of human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF) monolayers. After being expanded and characterized morphologically and immunohistochemically, hESCs (HUES‐9) were cocultured with hPDLFs for 28 days. Two groups were established: (i) osteogenic induction group with ascorbic acid, β‐glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone containing hESC differentiation medium; and (ii) spontaneous differentiation group cultured in hESC differentiation medium. Morphological shift in cells was analyzed under an inverted microscope, and immunohistochemistry was performed on fixed specimens at days 1 and 28 using antibodies against alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OSC). Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was utilized for the detection of octameric binding protein‐4, BSP, and OSC expression at mRNA level. Mineralization was assessed using alizarin red, and the surface topology shift in colonies was demonstrated with scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate the feasibility of osteogenic differentiation of hESCs in coculture, and suggest a role of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in their differentiation patterns. Advances in the field could allow for potential utilization of hESCs in periodontal tissue engineering applications involving regeneration of bone in periodontal compartment lost as a result of destructive periodontal diseases.
Flow Visualization Through Two Types of Aortic Prosthetic Heart Valves Using Stereoscopic High‐speed Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Kaminsky Radoslav , Kallweit Stephan , Weber Hans‐Joachim , Claessens Tom , Jozwik Krzysztof , Verdonck Pascal
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  The number of candidates waiting for a heart valve replacement rises yearly. Even though there is a trend toward implantation of biological valves or reconstruction, the prosthetic heart valves (PHVs) are still commonly used for implantation or as a part of cardiac assist devices in many countries worldwide. However, the hemodynamic consequences of these valves are still not completely understood. Unfortunately, these devices currently do not perform sufficiently on a long‐term basis and may lead to several complications, many of them are related to fluid mechanical aspects. A novel method, stereoscopic high‐speed particle image velocimetry, was applied to quantify all three velocity components behind a PHV in detailed time domain. In this study, we compared clinically used bileaflet aortic prosthetic (ATS) valve and monoleaflet prototype of tilting disk PHV. The absolute velocities calculated out of two and three velocity components were compared to each other to estimate the overall difference in the desired region of interest. The most significant discrepancies between the two‐ and three‐component absolute velocities were found at the regions of Valsalva sinuses and in a major jet stream of monoleaflet PHV.
Fear of Falling in Older Women: A Longitudinal Study of Incidence, Persistence, and Predictors
Authors: Austin Nicole , Devine Amanda , Dick Ian , Prince Richard , Bruce David
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVES: To determine longitudinal predictors of incident and persistent fear of falling (FOF) in older women.

DESIGN: Longitudinal study.

SETTING: Clinical research center based at a university hospital.

PARTICIPANTS: One thousand two hundred eighty‐two community‐dwelling women aged 70 to 85.

MEASUREMENTS: FOF at baseline and after 3 years of follow‐up; a range of baseline demographic and clinical variables, including mobility, balance, and depression.

RESULTS: FOF was present in 418 subjects (33%) at baseline, developed in 30% of women who had been free of the symptom at baseline, and was reported by a total of 46% of the sample after 3 years of follow‐up. In cross‐sectional multivariable analysis, baseline FOF was independently associated with a range of variables, including living alone, obesity, cognitive impairment, depression, and impairments in balance and mobility. Baseline predictors of FOF that persisted after 3 years were similar, whereas obesity and slower timed up and go test scores predicted new‐onset FOF.

CONCLUSION: FOF in older women is a common and persistent complaint that is caused mainly by impairments of balance and mobility. A range of social, psychological, and physical risk factors for disability are associated with persistence of FOF. These results imply that early intervention may be important for the prevention of persistent FOF.
Physical Properties of Denture Base Resins Potentially Resistant to Candida Adhesion
Authors: Dhir Gunjan , Berzins David W. , Dhuru Virendra B. , Periathamby A. Raj , Dentino Andrew
Published: August 2007

Purpose:
The addition of anionic charge on denture base resins has been shown to inhibit Candida albicans adhesion and to facilitate adsorption of salivary defense molecules. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical properties of a modified denture base resin for denture fabrication.

Materials and Methods:
Specimens made from heat polymerizing resin Lucitone 199 were used as the control group. The two experimental groups, E‐10 and E‐20, had 10% and 20%, respectively, of the monomer substituted with an experimental phosphate‐containing monomer. Flexural strength and modulus, water sorption, solubility, and color stability tests were conducted to ensure compliance with ADA specification No. 12. Water diffusion coefficient into the resins and stainability were also assessed. ANOVA and Scheffé tests were performed for statistical significance.

Results:
There was an overall decline in all properties with the addition of the experimental phosphate compound. The flexural strength and modulus, water sorption and solubility for E‐10, as well as the control were, however, within the ADA specifications. The diffusion coefficients were significantly different (p < 0.05) for the three groups. Staining and color specimens showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the three groups.

Conclusions:
Within the limitations of this study, the physical properties of the phosphate denture base resin at 10% should be suitable for denture fabrication based on the properties assessed.
Compressive Fracture Resistance of Porcelain Laminates Bonded to Enamel or Dentin with Four Adhesive Systems
Authors: Piemjai Morakot , Arksornnukit Mansuang
Published: August 2007

Purpose:
To measure the compressive strength of porcelain laminates of 0.5 or 1.0 mm thickness when bonded to enamel or dentin using these resin cements: All‐Bond 2 + Choice, Panavia 21, Scotchbond + Opal, and Super‐Bond C&B.

Materials and Methods:
The buccal and lingual aspects of human molars were sectioned to prepare specimens at least 3 × 3 × 3 mm in size. Thirty horizontally flat enamel surfaces were prepared with a diamond disc for each group using a milling machine. Ten enamel specimens were randomly selected to test the fracture strength of 0.5‐mm thick porcelain laminates without resin cement, and the data were recorded for a control group. The enamel specimens of each group were divided into two subgroups of 15 specimens to bond with either 0.5‐ or 1.0‐mm thick porcelain laminates. Four resin cements were used for bonding of individual groups. All bonded specimens were stored in 37°C for 24 hours before fracture testing. The horizontally flat dentin surfaces were prepared on the fractured bonded specimens using a diamond disc for each group. Ten 0.5 mm porcelain laminates were randomly selected to test the fracture strength on dentin (control group). The bonded laminates to dentin were prepared using the same procedure as for enamel. The fracture strengths were statistically analyzed at α= 0.05.

Results:
Statistically significant differences in mean fracture strengths between groups were revealed. No significant difference in fracture strengths of control specimens between enamel and dentin was found. Super‐Bond C&B provided a higher fracture resistance of porcelain than the other resin cements. Increasing the thickness of porcelain laminate increased the fracture strength. The 0.5‐mm thick porcelain bonded to enamel had higher fracture strength than that of 1.0‐mm thick porcelain bonded to dentin when using Super‐Bond C&B and Scotchbond + Opal cements.

Conclusions:
Bonding techniques and curing systems of resin cements influenced the fracture resistance of porcelain laminates. Dry bonding with auto‐polymerization of Super‐Bond C&B resin provided the highest fracture resistance of porcelain. Porcelain bonded to enamel with this resin had a much higher fracture strength than when bonded to dentin.
Exclusion of Patients with Arteriosclerosis Reduces Long‐Term Recurrence Rate of Presumed Arterial Embolism after PFO Closure
Authors: DUBIEL MARK , BRUCH LEONHARD , LIEBNER MATTHIAS , SCHMEHL INGO , WINKELMANN ANNE , RUX SASCHA , SONNTAG STEFFEN , WULFF HILDEGARD , GRAD MARC OLIVER , KLEBER FRANZ XAVER
Published: August 2007

Background:

Percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent interatrial communications after presumed paradoxical embolism is used as an alternative to surgery or long‐term anticoagulation for the treatment of patients who are at risk for recurrent thromboembolism. To avoid atherosclerotic events to be judged as recurrent paradoxical embolism, we prospectively excluded all patients with detectable arteriosclerosis from our series and investigated long‐term results.

Methods and Results:

We report the outcome of 180 patients who underwent percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO), PFO like atrial septal defect (ASD), or an ASD because of paradoxical embolism. One hundred four patients had cerebral embolism, 57 had transient ischemic attacks, 16 coronary embolism, and 3 had peripheral embolism. Twenty‐three patients experienced multilocal arterial embolism. One hundred twenty‐five patients had a PFO, 63 of them with an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), 24 a PFO‐like ASD (7 of them with an ASA), and 31 had an ASD. After 18 months, only 5 patients (2.8%) showed a trivial residual shunt. At a mean follow‐up of 40 months (range 4 to 88), resulting in 602 observed patient‐years, only 1 patient experienced a presumed paradoxical (coronary) embolism (calculated annual risk to suffer a recurrent thromboembolic event: 0.16%).

Conclusions:

Percutaneous transcatheter closure of PFO/ASD is a safe and effective therapeutic option for the secondary prevention of presumed paradoxical embolism. It is associated with a high success rate, low incidence of hospital complications, and very low frequency of recurrent systemic embolic events.
Composition Induced Reducing Effects on Eu Ions in Borophosphate Glasses
Authors: Zhu Chaofeng , Yang Yunxia , Liang Xiaoluan , Yuan Shuanglong , Chen Guorong
Published: August 2007

Europium‐doped borophosphate glasses were prepared by the melt quenching method for application in light‐emitting diodes. Emission spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance were studied for the glass samples. The relative intensity ratio of Eu2+ to Eu3+ emissions is composition dependent, especially the B2O3/P2O5 (B/P) ratio and the type of alkaline earth cations. The possible mechanisms are discussed.
How to optimize patch testing with diphenylmethane diisocyanate
Authors: Frick‐Engfeldt Malin , Isaksson Marléne , Zimerson Erik , Bruze Magnus
Published: August 2007

We have previously shown that patch test preparations of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) are more stable than preparations of diphenylmethane‐4,4’‐diisocyanate (4,4’‐MDI). This study was conducted to (i) investigate whether PMDIs yield as many positive reactions as 4,4’‐MDI, (ii) study concurrent reactions to 4,4’‐MDI and 4,4’‐diaminodiphenylmethane (4,4’‐MDA), and (iii) follow the course of positive reactions during 4 weeks. It was shown that PMDIs detect as many positive reactions as 4,4’‐MDI. Thus, they are better patch test agents being more stable than preparations of 4,4’‐MDI. We recommend that PMDIs with a monomer content of at least 35% is used in 2.0% petrolatum (pet.) (i.e. monomer patch test concentration approximately 0.7%). It was shown that reactions to 4,4’‐MDI and PMDIs appear late and we recommend readings on both day (D) 3/4 and D7. 4,4’‐MDA was shown to be a good marker for 4,4’‐MDI and patch testing with 4,4’‐MDA in 0.25% pet. can be used instead of PMDI. Concomitant reactions to 4,4’‐MDI and 4,4’‐MDA are probably not caused by conversion of 4,4’‐MDI into 4,4’‐MDA by reaction with water. Another explanation is a path of reactions leading to ureas and MDI conjugates with skin constituents, which are hydrolysed into 4,4’‐MDA. This complex process depends upon several factors and might explain why positive MDI reactions appear after D7.
Hatching success of walleye embryos in relation to maternal and ova characteristics
Authors: Johnston T. A. , Wiegand M. D. , Leggett W. C. , Pronyk R. J. , Dyal S. D. , Watchorn K. E. , Kollar S. , Casselman J. M.
Published: August 2007

Abstract – Understanding how maternal and ova traits influence offspring quality is a key issue in both ecological research and fish culture. We examined the survival and size at hatch of walleye embryos in relation to a suite of maternal and ova traits in laboratory incubation trials involving two native walleye populations. Ova were analysed for size, lipid content, fatty acid composition, soluble protein content and size composition, and mineral (Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn) content. Embryonic survival (egg hatching success) varied most consistently with respect to spawning date and maternal age. Embryonic survival increased with maternal age, but other indices of maternal health, such as condition (residual mass at length) or somatic lipid content, did not account for significant amounts of variation. Indices of ova total lipid content, fatty acid composition and mineral composition explained significant variation in embryonic survival not accounted for by maternal age and spawning date, whereas indices of protein content and composition generally explained less variance. Both larval mass and length at hatch were primarily determined by ovum size, but length at hatch was also related to some aspects of ova fatty acid and mineral composition.
Lateral migration of Arapaima gigas in floodplains of the Amazon
Authors: Castello L.
Published: August 2007

Abstract –  This study deduced in detail the lateral migration –those between river channels and floodplain habitats – of the pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), a giant, obligate air‐breathing species of the Amazon Basin. Over a thousand samples of the pirarucu were taken through counts of the individuals performed at the moment of aerial breathing; these samples were taken in eight habitats of a floodplain near the Amazon River every week throughout an entire flood cycle. The lateral migration of the pirarucu accompanied water level fluctuations closely. As water levels rose, the pirarucu migrated to increasingly higher habitats in flooded forests and remained there during high water levels. As water levels declined, the pirarucu migrated first back to lower habitats of flooded forests, then to communicating channels, and, eventually, to the lakes, where they remained during low water levels. These results allow for a conceptual model of lateral migration of floodplain fishes.
Influence of High-Power Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate on Erectile Function: A Short-Term Follow-Up Study
Authors: Paick Jae-Seung , Um Jin Mo , Kim Soo Woong , Ku Ja Hyeon
Published: August 2007

Introduction

Erectile function after high-power potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) photoselective laser vaporization of the prostate has not been investigated systemically.

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of high-power KTP photoselective laser vaporization of the prostate on erectile function in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)/benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Methods

A total of 45 patients with mean age of 68.3 years (range 56–86) were included in the primary analysis. At baseline and at 6-month postoperative visit, the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum flow rate (Qmax), and post-void residual urine (PVR) volume were evaluated.

Main Outcome Measures

The primary efficacy outcome was changes in the “erectile function” domain and other sexual functions. The secondary outcome was changes in LUTS.

Results

Six months after surgery, data of the IPSS, Qmax, and PVR volume improved (P <0.05). All IIEF domains also improved 6 months after surgery (P <0.05). “Erectile function” domain increased from a baseline of 11.3 ± 1.8 to 14.7 ± 1.7 (P =0.015). Overall, the IIEF total sum increased from a baseline mean of 27.4 ± 3.8 to 34.9 ± 3.7 after KTP photoselective vaporization of the prostate (P =0.010).

Conclusions

The present results suggest that 6 months after high-power KTP laser vaporization, sexual functions including erectile function improved. However, as with any new technique, a longer follow-up and a larger cohort are needed further to validate these findings.
Influence of genotype and texture on zein content in endosperm of maize grains
Authors: Landry J. , Delhaye S.
Published: August 2007

The effect of genotypes and texture on the content of proteins in maize grains was examined by assessing absolute amounts of six protein fractions in the whole endosperms of four wild‐type lines with high protein content and four quality protein maize (QPM) varieties and for hand‐dissected hard and soft endosperm regions from eight other lines. As previously reported for six wild‐type lines and their opaque‐2(o2) versions, zeins were predominant for all genetic backgrounds and all types of endosperms. From these data and others the amounts of zeins and true proteins (crude proteins free of non‐protein nitrogen) in developing and mature endosperms of wild‐type lines were correlated. The data points for zeins from hard endosperms lay between the regression line and the upper limit of confidence area. Those for zeins from soft endosperms were located at the lower part of confidence area and on a level with the points corresponding to the most immature endosperms. Furthermore, some data points for zeins from o2 and QPM samples lay near the lower limit while the others were outside the confidence area. This suggested an initial zein accumulation dependent on the genotype at a low relative rate, followed by an accumulation at higher rate. The conditions used for isolating and quantitating zeins are discussed.
Clinical implications of C‐reactive protein as a predictor of vascular risk
Authors: Katrinchak Carolyn , Fritz Kathryn
Published: August 2007

Purpose: To describe the role of C‐reactive protein (CRP) as a marker of risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and its role in risk reduction and disease prevention for the primary care provider.

Data sources: Extensive review of scientific literature on CRP and CHD.

Conclusions: Despite the scientific knowledge we have gained about prevention, risk factors, detection, and treatment, there are still high rates of CHD and acute coronary syndromes in the United States. With greater understanding of the role of inflammation in atherothrombotic disease, much attention has been given to monitoring CRP as a marker of risk for CHD. Guidelines for the use of CRP in clinical practice have been developed by the American Heart Association and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; however, there is little specific guidance on how primary care providers should apply pharmaceutical strategies to reduce elevated levels of CRP.

Implications for practice: There is increasing evidence that CRP is an independent risk factor for CHD, can be a valuable tool in assessing at‐risk populations, and provide additional information for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, which can assist the nurse practitioner target patients who may need lifestyle modifications that traditional screening tests may not identify.
Fibromyalgia—Management of a misunderstood disorder
Authors: Peterson Erin L.
Published: August 2007

Purpose:The purpose of this article is to review (a) what is currently known about the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia (FM), (b) how to identify patients who are susceptible to this disorder, and (c) the recommended pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options.

Data sources:Data sources include reviews and original research from scholarly journals and Internet sites.

Conclusions:There are approximately 6 million individuals in the United States diagnosed with FM, making it the third most prevalent rheumatologic disorder in this country. Failure to identify a specific causal mechanism for FM has resulted in a shift in the focus of research from etiology to treatment (Baumstark & Buckelew, 2002). Based on the literature, the most successful interventions for reduction of chronic symptoms in the FM patient is a combination of education, psychological assistance, and exercise, along with medications. It is essential that nurse practitioners (NPs) understand the issues and concerns of patients afflicted with this complex disorder. Although the organic etiology of FM syndrome remains unclear, the goals of treatment are to control pain and improve adjustment, well‐being, and daily functioning of these patients to the maximum extent possible.

Implications for practice:NPs are in a unique position to help identify patients who may be suffering from FM or those diagnosed with FM reporting inadequate relief of symptoms. The incomplete understanding of the biological underpinnings, as well as the multiple symptoms that characterize FM syndrome, make it a challenging disorder to diagnose and treat. It takes time and patience to care for FM patients, and there are no “quick fixes.” Diagnosis is made by a combination of patient history, physical examination, laboratory evaluations, and exclusion of other causes of symptoms confused with FM. Understanding the symptomology and recommended treatments will allow NPs to give appropriate care that may include making referrals for multidisciplinary treatment of these complex patients.
Lay beliefs about hypertension: An interpretive synthesis of the qualitative research
Authors: Schlomann Pam , Schmitke Joan
Published: August 2007

Purpose:The purpose of this interpretive synthesis was to explore lay beliefs about high blood pressure and its treatment in order to develop a foundation for better partnering with clients.

Data sources:Meta‐interpretation was used to analyze 11 qualitative research studies published in the United States between 2000 and 2005.

Conclusions:Professional and lay beliefs about hypertension are not congruent. Historical factors, lack of congruence between belief systems, and poor relationships with providers lead many clients, especially African Americans, to distrust providers and impede the effectiveness of treatment plans. The most problematic discrepancies were related to beliefs about (a) the presence of symptoms, (b) the need to take medications for the rest of life, and (c) race‐specific treatment plans. The interactions between nurse practitioners and hypertensive clients have not been explored.

Implications for practice:Professional–client interactions based on partnership models, with specific consideration for the above‐stated discrepancies in beliefs, are necessary to improve hypertension control.
THE YEN‐DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE AND MALAYSIAN MACROECONOMIC DYNAMICS
Authors: IBRAHIM Mansor H.
Published: August 2007

This paper empirically assesses the effect of the yen‐dollar exchange rate on selected macroeconomic variables, namely, real output, price level, and money supply, for Malaysia. The results, which are based on a vector autoregressive framework, suggest that variations in the yen‐dollar rate can have significant influences on Malaysia's macroeconomic variables. More specifically, the yen‐dollar depreciation leads to contraction in real GDP and money supply. These results are fairly robust to alternative model specifications. We believe that, apart from providing important insights into the interactions between the yen‐dollar rate and domestic macroeconomic variables, our results contribute to the debate on choice of exchange rate regimes for Malaysia.
Sexual Attitudes and Risk‐Taking Behaviors of High School Students in Turkey*
Authors: Aras Sahbal , Semin Semih , Gunay Turkan , Orcin Esmahan , Ozan Sema
Published: August 2007

Background:  The risk of sexually transmitted diseases is high but opportunities of sexual education for adolescents are limited in Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual attitudes and behaviors and to determine the predictors of sexual initiation among adolescents.

Methods:  A questionnaire designed by the researchers was administered to 861 senior year high school students in their classrooms.

Results:  The rates of masturbation and sexual intercourse and the median partner numbers among males were higher than females. The rates of having negative feelings after the first sex among females were higher than males. The rates of having sexual intercourse and the mean age at first sexual intercourse among males were similar to developed countries. However, the use of a condom at first intercourse was low. Lower academic performance and grade repetition experience among males and cigarette smoking among both gender groups were related to having sexual intercourse.

Conclusions:  This is one of the first studies about sexual risk–taking behaviors among high school students in Turkey. Differences found between gender groups regarding attitudes and behaviors reflect the social structure in Turkey. These findings may be helpful in producing effective solutions for improving education and preventive health care.
The Strength of School Wellness Policies: One State’s Experience
Authors: Metos Julie , Nanney Marilyn S.
Published: August 2007

Background:  This study examines the results of federal legislation on the content and quality of policies written in 2005‐2006 by Utah school districts (n = 30).

Methods:  Policies were gathered by phone call requests to school districts or obtained on district Web pages. Content was compared to requirements outlined in the Child Nutrition Reauthorization Act (CNRA) of 2004 and recommendations made by a state coalition of health and education agencies. The strength of the language was assessed (mandate vs recommendation), and characteristics of school districts that adopted strong policies were identified.

Results:  The majority of Utah school districts (78%) complied with the federal guidelines, and a variety of state recommended nutrition and physical activity policy statements were included. The strength of the language used in the policies revealed that districts were more likely to mandate items already required by other entities or well established in the district. School districts with high participation in free‐ and reduced‐price programs had significantly more mandatory policies (mean = 9.2) versus low (mean = 7.1) and medium enrollment (mean = 4.7). Urban school districts were more likely to indicate mandatory competitive food policies than rural and suburban (mean = 2.3 vs 0.93, 0.83). There were no differences in policy language between school districts based on race or size.

Conclusions:  Compliance with the CNRA may be a positive step toward improving the school nutrition and physical activity environment, but it does not ensure a comprehensive or powerful policy. Schools and community partners must continue to work together to strengthen wellness policies and programs.
Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Identifies Insulin Signaling Targets in
C. elegans
Authors: Dong Meng-Qiu , Venable John D. , Au Nora , Xu Tao , Park Sung Kyu , Cociorva Daniel , Johnson Jeffrey R. , Dillin Andrew , Yates John R.
Published: August 2007

DAF-2, an insulin receptor–like protein, regulates metabolism, development, and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. In a quantitative proteomic study, we identified 86 proteins that were more or less abundant in long-lived daf-2 mutant worms than in wild-type worms. Genetic studies on a subset of these proteins indicated that they act in one or more processes regulated by DAF-2, including entry into the dauer developmental stage and aging. In particular, we discovered a compensatory mechanism activated in response to reduced DAF-2 signaling, which involves the protein phosphatase calcineurin.
Monitoring of Blood Vessels and Tissues by a Population of Monocytes with Patrolling Behavior
Authors: Auffray Cedric , Fogg Darin , Garfa Meriem , Elain Gaelle , Join-Lambert Olivier , Kayal Samer , Sarnacki Sabine , Cumano Ana , Lauvau Gregoire , Geissmann Frederic
Published: August 2007

The cellular immune response to tissue damage and infection requires the recruitment of blood leukocytes. This process is mediated through a classical multistep mechanism, which involves transient rolling on the endothelium and recognition of inflammation followed by extravasation. We have shown, by direct examination of blood monocyte functions in vivo, that a subset of monocytes patrols healthy tissues through long-range crawling on the resting endothelium. This patrolling behavior depended on the integrin LFA-1 and the chemokine receptor CX
3
CR1 and was required for rapid tissue invasion at the site of an infection by this “resident” monocyte population, which initiated an early immune response and differentiated into macrophages.