bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estatísticas de citações
Authors: Adler Robert , Ewing John , Taylor Peter
Published: April 2014

Este artigo é um relatório acerca do emprego e uso de citações na avaliação de pesquisas científicas. A idéia de que a avaliação da pesquisa deve ser feita empregando métodos “simples e objetivos” é cada vez mais prevalecente hoje no mundo acadêmico, o que tem gerado uma “cultura de números”, sustentada no pressuposto de que tais avaliações são mais precisas e buscam superar julgamentos subjetivos da revisão por pares. No entanto, tais considerações são analisadas por profissionais que “lidam com números” – os matemáticos e os estatísticos. A convicção nas estatísticas deixa de ter fundamento quando estas são mal aplicadas ou mal interpretadas, como pode ocorrer no caso de uso de estatística para classificar periódicos, documentos, pessoas, programas e disciplinas. Os autores chamam a atenção para a objetividade ilusória dos números e para o fato de que a avaliação baseada em dados de citações pode fornecer uma visão limitada, superficial e incompleta da qualidade da pesquisa.
Etnografia, gênero e poder: antropologia feminista em ação
Authors: Bonetti Alinne de Lima
Published: April 2014

Do contato com o vasto e multidisciplinar campo da teoria feminista surgiu a necessidade de compreender quais seriam as contribuições e as especificidades da Antropologia para o desenvolvimento desse campo. Foi assim que se possibilitou o encontro com uma certa Antropologia Feminista, caracterizada pelo grande apego à etnografia e à reflexão acerca do poder. Esta vertente teórico-metodológica foi a base para a pesquisa etnográfica sobre o campo político feminista e o ativismo feminino popular contemporâneo em Recife-PE. A partir de alguns dados etnográficos da referida pesquisa, neste texto busca-se demonstrar o que se entende por Antropologia Feminista, bem como refletir sobre a sua rentabilidade analíticoteórica e os desafios em que implica. Conclui-se esta reflexão problematizando-se a viabilidade dessa vertente disciplinar no Brasil.
Beleza, construção do self e reflexividade entre as mulheres
Authors: Campos Veridiana Parahyba
Published: April 2014

A relação direta entre beleza e mulheres é bastante naturalizada na nossa sociedade. Utilizando o pensamento sociológico para transformar essa naturalização numa questão sociológica, chegamos ao problema agencia-estrutura. A maioria das teorias sobre a relação entre mulheres e beleza aponta ou para o poder da estrutura (na forma de padrões estéticos hegemônicos), ou para o poder da agência individual. Nesse artigo, a partir do conceito de reflexividade, pretendo examinar como funciona a agencia das mulheres diante da centralidade da beleza e em que medida a estrutura influencia na construção de seus selves.
Imprensa, movimento de mulheres, feminismo e violência de gênero no oeste do Paraná nas décadas de 1970 e 1980
Authors: Zimmermann Tânia Regina
Published: April 2014

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar algumas representações sobre o movimento de mulheres, feminismo e violência de gênero em diversos jornais impressos que circulavam na região Oeste do Paraná nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. Em relação a estes temas, esses veículos de comunicação entrecruzavam as relações de gênero e formas de violência contra e de mulheres. Os discursos em relação ao feminismo, em grande parte, eram ambíguos e relutavam entre o movimento da história e as mudanças nas relações de gênero. Assim, algumas permanências eram representadas como a submissão, resignação e bondade na construção do feminino, a violência como exclusividade masculina, além da aceitação da honra para justificar a violência contra as mulheres, presente em edições regionais sobre o caso Doca Street.
O consumo como investimento: a teoria do capital humano e o capital humano como ethos
Authors: López-Ruiz Osvaldo Javier
Published: April 2014

O artigo propõe discutir a diluição da fronteira conceitual entre “consumo e “investimento”, argumentado que ela é uma peça fundamental para a compreensão do capitalismo na sua etapa atual e dos valores que orientam a sociedade contemporânea. Conceitos cunhados pela teoria do capital humano – teoria econômica dos anos 1960 – são difundidos hoje como valores que orientam a conduta dos indivíduos. Produz-se, assim, um deslocamento conceitual-valorativo do consumo para o investimento que permite inusitadas formas de “postergar satisfações consumindo agora”. A área difusa que é criada entre “consumo” e “investimento” ajuda a entender como a ética protestante do trabalho é reeditada numa “ética do trabalho empresarial”, isto é, do trabalho entendido em termos de “empreendimento” individual.
Sindicalismo no ramo de telecomunicações do Paraná: A atuação do SINTTEL frente à Sercomtel nas décadas de 1980 e 1990
Authors: Silva Gilvaldo Alves da
Published: April 2014

No presente trabalho são apresentados dados e análises acerca da atuação do Sindicato dos Telefônicos do Paraná (SINTTEL) em relação à Sercomtel, empresa de telefonia que presta serviços na cidade de Londrina. A construção do texto foi possível a partir de investigação de campo, pesquisa documental e pesquisa bibliográfica. Os resultados apontam que as ações do sindicato em relação à empresa têm especificidades em relação à política de confronto adotada com as demais empresas do ramo de telecomunicações e que, tais estratégias resultaram em prejuízos para a categoria, apesar de terem sido importantes para a manutenção da Sercomtel como empresa pública.
Religião e metáfora social: a semana santa como memória e encenação da hierarquia em Mariana- MG
Authors: Gracino Júnior Paulo
Published: April 2014

Neste trabalho, recupero a perspectiva de análise durkheimiana, que vê o fenômeno religioso tanto como uma projeção das relações sociais quanto uma fonte normativa para a sociedade. Mais especificamente, pretendo descrever, através da etnografia da Sexta-Feira Santa, a forma como a hierarquia e as disputas por poder vividas pela cidade mineira de Mariana são projetadas em sua vida religiosa. Para esse intento, baseei-me em um leque amplo de pesquisa, que contou com trabalho de campo, documental e entrevistas, através dos quais observei de que forma, a partir de um intenso processo de urbanização ocorrido dentre as décadas de 1970-1980, a cidade viu seu cenário marcado por uma contundente polarização sócio-espacial, envolvendo a população já estabelecida e o contingente recém-chegado. Em meu entendimento, essa polarização incidiu de forma crucial na vida religiosa da cidade, sendo a religião não só uma projeção desse contexto, mas lugar privilegiado onde se encenam e re-atualizam as disputas de poder e dilemas dessa sociedade.
Debates feministas sobre direito, justiça e reconhecimento: uma reflexão a partir do modelo teórico de Nancy Fraser
Authors: Mariano Silvana
Published: April 2014

Post-structuralist feminism is the theoretical perspective that guides this analysis. The debate concerning the notions of “law”, “justice” and “recognition” illustrates the discussion. Our intention is to conduct a feminist-oriented conceptual sociological reflection, in order to constitute a theoretical basis for analyses concerning social policies, with the purpose of investigating the citizenship conditions of poor women and grasping the determinants of gender that are present in government-sponsored programs. We adopt the model proposed by Nancy Fraser, which combines the struggle for redistributive justice with the struggle for recognition justice.
Stomatal Conductance of Potato Grown under Sub-tropical Conditions
Authors: De Biman , Ghosh Mayukh , Das Banani , Das Bimal
Published: April 2014

Production of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under sub-tropical conditions may be feasible. However, suitable cultivars need to be evaluated to maximize yield. A characteristic that could be used to identify superior cultivars is high stomatal conductance. A field experiment was carried out at the institutional farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India, from November to February of 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 to determine how stomatal conductance, and other factors, affected yield of potato. The cultivars Kufri Pukhraj (V1), TPS 92 PT 27 (V2), Kufri Ashoka (V3), HPS II/13 (V4), Kufri Jyoti (non-certified, after 6th generation of V8; locally available from the plain source of Dhupguri) (V5), Kufri Chipsona 2 (V6), Kufri Chandramukhi (V7), Kufri Jyoti (certified seed, hill source cultivar of Solan) (V8), Local Cultivar (V9) and Kufri Jyoti (2nd generation saved seed of V8) (V10) were used. Yield of Kufri Jyoti (V8) had among the highest stomatal conductance, internal humidity and internal CO2 levels in leaves. Kufri Jyoti (V8) had the highest tuber bulking and final tuber yield followed by Kufri Pukhraj and 92 PT 27. Stomatal conductance can be used as a criterion to identify potato cultivars suited for production under sub-tropical conditions.
Micropropagation and in Vitro Flowering of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.- an Important Vegetable Crop
Authors: Saha Partha Sarathi , Ghosh Biswajit
Published: April 2014

An efficient protocol has been established for micropropagation and in vitro flowering of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. in the present study. Maximum numbers of shoots (8.2±0.29/ nodal explants) were obtained in the MS medium supplemented with 4.44 μM of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA). Doubling of 40 mM of FeSO4 and Na2EDTA resulted in chlorosis prevention of in vitro leaves. Nearly 100% of in vitro plants induced roots in presence of ½ MS medium containing 4.90 μM of IBA within 12.4±0.40 days of culture. Cytological analysis of the donor and regenerated plantlets revealed chromosome stability with 2n=26 chromosomes. About 100 % of the in vitro grown plants induced both male and female flower buds in MS medium (with 3% sucrose). Nearly 90.5% of the pollen grains formed in the in vitro male flowers were viable. The survival rate of acclimatized plants reached 94.5% when transferred to field conditions. Therefore, the present study can be considered as a promising system for efficient micropropagation and in vitro flowering of L. acutangula, which can also be a source of viable aseptic anthers, and thus can be directly used for haploid culture.
Wildfires Affect Water Quality, Quantity
Authors: Sham Chi Ho , Ozekin Kenan
Published: April 2014

Wildfire is an integral part of a healthy environment, but it can have significant consequences for water utilities because of drastic effects on source water quality and associated treatment needs.
Prepare for the Revised Total Coliform Rule
Authors: Lechevallier Mark W.
Published: April 2014

Public health is protected when system operators can respond quickly to correct situations in which coliform bacteria occur in drinking water. A key to success is being aware of where and how such events can occur.
Regional Collaboration Can Ease Challenges
Authors: Bielefeldt Angela R. , Yep Ray
Published: April 2014

Water and wastewater utilities face an increasingly complex array of challenges, spanning economic, regulatory, environmental, and social issues. Challenges likely to persist into the future include tight budgets, flat or decreasing revenue, and declining water use, thereby increasing regulation, rate pressures, and the need for better public communication. Regional collaboration can help utilities address some of these challenges.
The Dechlori‐nate‐r Saves Time and Chemicals
Authors: Calm Adam
Published: April 2014

The Dechlori‐nate‐r was created to remove chlorine when dewatering the last 1‐4 ft of a reservoir in preparation for annual cleaning. It uses a length of PVC pipe and a fabricated, angled metal plate with a series of holes that limit the water's contact with the dechlor tablets.
The Translation of Wordplay from the Perspective of Relevance Theory: Translating Sexual Puns in two Shakespearian Tragedies into Galician and Spanish
Authors: Díaz-Pérez Francisco Javier
Published: April 2014

The present paper aims to analyse the translation of puns from a relevance-theory perspective. According to such theoretical framework, the relation between a translation and its source text is considered to be based on interpretive resemblance, rather than on equivalence. The translator would try to seek optimal relevance, in such a way that he or she would use different strategies to try to recreate the cognitive effects intended by the source writer with the lowest possible processing effort on the part of the target addressee. The analysis carried out in this study is based on two tragedies by Shakespeare – namely,HamletandOthello– and on five Spanish and two Galician versions of those two plays. The strategies used by the translators of those versions to render sexual puns have been analysed, focusing not only on the product but also on the process. The selection of strategy is determined, among other factors, by the specific context and by the principle of relevance. In those cases in which there is a coincidence in the relation between the levels of signifier and signified across source and target language, translators normally opt to translate literally and reproduce a pun based on the same linguistic phenomenon as the source text pun and semantically equivalent to it. In the rest of the cases, the translator will have to assess what is more relevant, either content or the effect produced by the pun.
SIR-2.1 integrates metabolic homeostasis with the reproductive neuromuscular excitability in early aging male Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Guo Xiaoyan , García L René
Published: April 2014

The decline of aging C. elegans male’s mating behavior is correlated with the increased excitability of the cholinergic circuitry that executes copulation. In this study, we show that the mating circuits’ functional durability depends on the metabolic regulator SIR-2.1, a NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase. Aging sir-2.1(0) males display accelerated mating behavior decline due to premature hyperexcitability of cholinergic circuits used for intromission and ejaculation. In sir-2.1(0) males, the hypercontraction of the spicule-associated muscles pinch the vas deferens opening, thus blocking sperm release. The hyperexcitability is aggravated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our genetic, pharmacological, and behavioral analyses suggest that in sir-2.1(0) and older wild-type males, enhanced catabolic enzymes expression, coupled with the reduced expression of ROS-scavengers contribute to the behavioral decline. However, as a compensatory response to reduce altered catabolism/ROS production, anabolic enzymes expression levels are also increased, resulting in higher gluconeogenesis and lipid synthesis.
RGS7/Gβ5/R7BP complex regulates synaptic plasticity and memory by modulating hippocampal GABABR-GIRK signaling
Authors: Ostrovskaya Olga , Xie Keqiang , Masuho Ikuo , Fajardo-Serrano Ana , Lujan Rafael , Wickman Kevin , Martemyanov Kirill A
Published: April 2014

In the hippocampus, the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA shapes the activity of the output pyramidal neurons and plays important role in cognition. Most of its inhibitory effects are mediated by signaling from GABAB receptor to the G protein-gated Inwardly-rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels. Here, we show that RGS7, in cooperation with its binding partner R7BP, regulates GABABR-GIRK signaling in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Deletion of RGS7 in mice dramatically sensitizes GIRK responses to GABAB receptor stimulation and markedly slows channel deactivation kinetics. Enhanced activity of this signaling pathway leads to decreased neuronal excitability and selective disruption of inhibitory forms of synaptic plasticity. As a result, mice lacking RGS7 exhibit deficits in learning and memory. We further report that RGS7 is selectively modulated by its membrane anchoring subunit R7BP, which sets the dynamic range of GIRK responses. Together, these results demonstrate a novel role of RGS7 in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
A new spanner in the works of bacterial transcription
Authors: Arnvig Kristine B , Werner Finn
Published: April 2014

A promising molecular target that is unlikely to develop antibiotic resistance has been identified in bacteria.
Langevin and Trap‐Assisted Recombination in Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Hwan , Lee Sunghun , Yoo Seung‐Jun , Kim Kwon‐Hyeon , Kim Jang‐Joo
Published: April 2014

Bimolecular and trap‐assisted recombination mechanisms are investigated in small molecule‐based phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) using the current−voltage−luminance characteristics in the diffusion current region, along with transient electroluminescence and capacitance measurements. Two different PhOLEDs, one with a single host, 4,4′‐Bis(carbazol‐9‐yl)biphenyl, and the other with an exciplex‐forming co‐host, are studied. Trap‐assisted recombination with a large number of trapped charges is dominant in the PhOLED with the single host because of the large energy gap between the host and the dopant state. In contrast, bimolecular Langevin recombination is dominant in the PhOLED with the exciplex forming co‐host, where a phosphorescent dye is doped in the co‐host. As a result, the accumulated charge density is lower in the co‐host system than in the single host emission layer, leading to high efficiency that approaches the theoretical limit, with an extremely low efficiency roll‐off.
Hierarchically Structured Magnetic Nanoconstructs with Enhanced Relaxivity and Cooperative Tumor Accumulation
Authors: Gizzatov Ayrat , Key Jaehong , Aryal Santosh , Ananta Jeyarama , Cervadoro Antonio , Palange Anna Lisa , Fasano Matteo , Stigliano Cinzia , Zhong Meng , Di Mascolo Daniele , Guven Adem , Chiavazzo Eliodoro , Asinari Pietro , Liu Xuewu , Ferrari Mauro , Wilson Lon J. , Decuzzi Paolo
Published: April 2014

Iron oxide nanoparticles are formidable multifunctional systems capable of contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging, guidance under remote fields, heat generation, and biodegradation. Yet, this potential is underutilized in that each function manifests at different nanoparticle sizes. Here, sub‐micrometer discoidal magnetic nanoconstructs are realized by confining 5 nm ultra‐small super‐paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIOs) within two different mesoporous structures, made out of silicon and polymers. These nanoconstructs exhibit transversal relaxivities up to ≈10 times (r
2 ≈ 835 mm
−1 s−1) higher than conventional USPIOs and, under external magnetic fields, collectively cooperate to amplify tumor accumulation. The boost in r
2 relaxivity arises from the formation of mesoscopic USPIO clusters within the porous matrix, inducing a local reduction in water molecule mobility as demonstrated via molecular dynamics simulations. The cooperative accumulation under static magnetic field derives from the large amount of iron that can be loaded per nanoconstuct (up to ≈65 fg) and the consequential generation of significant inter‐particle magnetic dipole interactions. In tumor bearing mice, the silicon‐based nanoconstructs provide MRI contrast enhancement at much smaller doses of iron (≈0.5 mg of Fe kg−1 animal) as compared to current practice.
Toll‐like receptor 2/4 heterodimer mediates inflammatory injury in intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Wang Yan‐Chun , Zhou Yu , Fang Huang , Lin Sen , Wang Peng‐Fei , Xiong Ren‐Ping , Chen Jing , Xiong Xiao‐Yi , Lv Feng‐Lin , Liang Qiao‐Li , Yang Qing‐Wu
Published: April 2014

Objective

Inflammatory injury plays a critical role in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)‐induced secondary brain injury. However, the upstream events that initiate inflammatory responses following ICH remain elusive. Our previous studies suggested that Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) may be the upstream signal that triggers inflammatory injury in ICH. In addition, recent clinical findings indicated that both TLR2 and TLR4 may participate in ICH‐induced brain injury. However, it is unclear how TLR2 functions in ICH‐induced inflammatory injury and how TLR2 interacts with TLR4.

Methods

The role of TLR2 and TLR2/TLR4 heterodimerization in ICH‐induced inflammatory injury was investigated in both in vivo and in vitro models of ICH.

Results

TLR2 mediated ICH‐induced inflammatory injury, which forms a heterodimer with TLR4 in both in vivo and in vitro models of ICH. Hemoglobin (Hb), but not other blood components, triggered inflammatory injury in ICH via assembly of TLR2/TLR4 heterodimers. MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88), but not TRIF (Toll/IR‐1 domain–containing adaptor protein inducing interferon‐beta), was required for ICH‐induced TLR2/TLR4 heterodimerization. Mutation of MyD88 Arg196 abolished the TLR2/TLR4 heterodimerization.

Interpretation

Our results suggest that a novel TLR2/TLR4 heterodimer induced by Hb initiates inflammatory injury in ICH. Interfering with the assembly of the TLR2/TLR4 heterodimer may be a novel target for developing effective treatment of ICH. Ann Neurol 2014;75:876–889
Transition‐Metal‐Free BF3‐Mediated Oxidative and Non‐Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Pyridines
Authors: Chen Quan , León Thierry , Knochel Paul
Published: April 2014

We report a BF3‐mediated direct alkynylation of pyridines at C(2) by using a variety of alkynyllithium reagents (oxidative cross‐coupling). Moreover, we have developed a novel transition‐metal‐free cross‐coupling method between alkylmagnesium reagents and 4‐substituted pyridines, such as isonicotinonitrile and 4‐chloropyridine, by employing BF3⋅OEt2 as a promoter. The combination of these methods enabled us to efficiently prepare a range of di‐, tri‐, and tetrasubstituted pyridines.
Offline prediction of process windows for robust injection molding
Authors: Yu Shengrui , Zhang Yun , Yang Ding , Zhou Huamin , Li Juncong
Published: April 2014

Process parameters play a highly significant role in the final quality of parts produced using dynamic injection molding. Many researches have made great efforts in obtaining an optimum set of process parameters for improving molded part qualities with various optimization methods. However, this work has failed to provide sufficient information to adjust process parameters in the face of variable environmental conditions and various injection machines to ensure robust, high‐quality injection moldings. Current conditions are too cumbersome and require technologists to perform repeated, detailed optimization procedures on the mass production plant floor. An offline method for prediction of process windows is proposed in this article. The process window is significant for robust manufacturing, and optimization of process parameters. Considering that it is an irregular region in a multi‐dimensional space respecting to process parameters, numerical simulations based on DOE method were designed to offline build relationships between process parameters and part qualities. Then the simulation results were classified as positive or negative class, thereby yielding simulation sample data. Finally, the process window was verified using an SVM classifier and a set of simulation samples. Injection molding of an experimental production plate using various process parameters was conducted to verify the reliability of the predicted process window. The results show that, within tolerable deviations, the predicted window of experimental parts is in accordance with verification experiments. The proposed method demonstrates an ability to rapidly obtain a suitable set of process parameters for achieving consistency in part quality with low cost and high efficiency. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40804.
Superabsorbent polymer prepared using carboxymethyl cellulose derived from Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok) cotton
Authors: Khoo Jennifer Meei Yun , Chee Swee Yong , Lee Chee Leong , Nagalingam Saravanan
Published: April 2014

Superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were synthesized by grafting acrylic acid and butyl acrylate onto carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) modified from Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok) cotton, with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulphate as initiator. The effect of distilled water, saline solution, and applied pressure on superabsorbent was investigated. The product exhibited the maximum water absorbency of 554 g/g in distilled water and 96 g/g in saline solution. The SAP achieved the highest water absorbency under load of 83 g/g under applied pressure of 7.6 g/cm2. The kapok cotton modified cellulose‐based SAP exhibited stronger gel strength than the SAP based on commercial CMC. This is probably due to the higher grafting efficiency (78.3%) of the former. The SAP was characterized by FTIR analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the SAP, with AA and BA grafted onto CMC, had better thermal stability than CMC alone. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40808.
Redox‐Controlled Hydrogen Bonding: Turning a Superbase into a Strong Hydrogen‐Bond Donor
Authors: Wild Ute , Neuhäuser Christiane , Wiesner Sven , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: April 2014

Herein the synthesis, structures and properties of hydrogen‐bonded aggregates involving redox‐active guanidine superbases are reported. Reversible hydrogen bonding is switched on by oxidation of the hydrogen‐donor unit, and leads to formation of aggregates in which the hydrogen‐bond donor unit is sandwiched by two hydrogen‐bond acceptor units. Further oxidation (of the acceptor units) leads again to deaggregation. Aggregate formation is associated with a distinct color change, and the electronic situation could be described as a frozen stage on the way to hydrogen transfer. A further increase in the basicity of the hydrogen‐bond acceptor leads to deprotonation reactions.
Characterizing conversion points and complex infrastructure systems: Creating a system representation for agent‐based modeling
Authors: Varga Liz , Grubic Tonci , Greening Philip , Varga Stephen , Camci Fatih , Dolan Tom
Published: April 2014

Infrastructure, which is used to extract, transport, store, and transform resources into products or services to meet our utility needs faces numerous challenges caused by the agency of the various actors in the system. To understand these challenges, we propose it is necessary to move beyond considering each utility system as a distinct silo. In this paper, a conversion points approach is developed to characterize multiutility systems at any scale and for any specific or theoretical location. The story is told of the development of a conversion points approach and its application is examined using an agent‐based model. Transport, energy, water, waste, and telecommunications systems are governed and run independently but in practice are highly interdependent. A way to represent all utility systems in an integrated way is described and the benefits of this representation are applied to UK household consumers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 19: 30–43, 2014
A look into the cockpit of the developing locust: Looming detectors and predator avoidance
Authors: Sztarker Julieta , Rind F. Claire
Published: April 2014

For many animals, the visual detection of looming stimuli is crucial at any stage of their lives. For example, human babies of only 6 days old display evasive responses to looming stimuli (Bower et al. [1971]: Percept Psychophys 9: 193–196). This means the neuronal pathways involved in looming detection should mature early in life. Locusts have been used extensively to examine the neural circuits and mechanisms involved in sensing looming stimuli and triggering visually evoked evasive actions, making them ideal subjects in which to investigate the development of looming sensitivity. Two lobula giant movement detectors (LGMD) neurons have been identified in the lobula region of the locust visual system: the LGMD1 neuron responds selectively to looming stimuli and provides information that contributes to evasive responses such as jumping and emergency glides. The LGMD2 responds to looming stimuli and shares many response properties with the LGMD1. Both neurons have only been described in the adult. In this study, we describe a practical method combining classical staining techniques and 3D neuronal reconstructions that can be used, even in small insects, to reveal detailed anatomy of individual neurons. We have used it to analyze the anatomy of the fan‐shaped dendritic tree of the LGMD1 and the LGMD2 neurons in all stages of the post‐embryonic development of Locusta migratoria. We also analyze changes seen during the ontogeny of escape behaviors triggered by looming stimuli, specially the hiding response. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 1078–1095, 2014
Urinary detection of conjugated and unconjugated anabolic steroids by dilute‐and‐shoot liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Tudela Eva , Deventer Koen , Geldof Lore , Van Eenoo Peter
Published: April 2014

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are an important class of doping agents. The metabolism of these substances is generally very extensive and includes phase‐I and phase‐II pathways. In this work, a comprehensive detection of these metabolites is described using a 2‐fold dilution of urine and subsequent analysis by liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS). The method was applied to study 32 different metabolites, excreted free or conjugated (glucuronide or sulfate), which permit the detection of misuse of at least 21 anabolic steroids. The method has been fully validated for 21 target compounds (8 glucuronide, 1 sulfate and 12 free steroids) and 18 out of 21 compounds had detection limits in the range of 1–10 ng mL−1 in urine. For the conjugated compounds, for which no reference standards are available, metabolites were synthesized in vitro or excretion studies were investigated. The detection limits for these compounds ranged between 0.5 and 18 ng mL−1 in urine.

The simple and straightforward methodology complements the traditional methods based on hydrolysis, liquid‐liquid extraction, derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel domains of expression for orphan receptor tyrosine kinase Ror2 in the human and mouse reproductive system
Authors: Arora Ripla , Altman Eran , Tran Nam D. , Laird Diana J.
Published: April 2014

Background: The noncanonical Wnt receptor and tyrosine kinase Ror2 has been associated with recessive Robinow syndrome (RRS) and dominant brachydactyly type B1. The phenotypes of mouse mutants implicate Ror2 in the development of the heart, lungs, bone, and craniofacial structures, which are affected in RRS. Following a recently identified role of Ror2 in the migration of mouse primordial germ cells, we extensively characterized its expression throughout the fetal internal reproductive system and the postnatal ductal system. Results: We show that Ror2 gene products are present in the germ cells and somatic cells of the testis and the ovary of both the mouse and human fetus. In reproductive tract structures, we find that Ror2 is expressed in the mesonephros, developing Wolffian and Müllerian ducts, and later in their derivatives, the epididymal epithelium and uterine epithelium. Conclusions: This study sets the stage to explore function for this tyrosine kinase receptor in novel regions of expression in the developing reproductive system in both mouse and human. Developmental Dynamics 243:1037–1045, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in optic disc and stalk morphogenesis
Authors: Cai Zhigang , Grobe Kay , Zhang Xin
Published: April 2014

Background: Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are important for embryonic development by means of the regulation of gradient formation and signaling of multiple growth factors and morphogens. Previous studies have shown that Bmp/Shh/Fgf signaling are required for the regionalization of the optic vesicle (OV) and for the closure of the optic fissure (OF), the disturbance of which underlie ocular anomalies such as microphthalmia, coloboma, and optic nerve hypoplasia. Results:To study HSPG‐dependent coordination of these signaling pathways during mammalian visual system development, we have generated a series of OV‐specific mutations in the heparan sulfate (HS) N‐sulfotransferase genes (Ndst1 and Ndst2) and HS O‐sulfotransferase genes (Hs2st, Hs6st1, and Hs6st2) in mice. Of interest, the resulting HS undersulfation still allowed for normal retinal neurogenesis and optic fissure closure, but led to defective optic disc and stalk development. The adult mutant animals further developed optic nerve aplasia/hypoplasia and displayed retinal degeneration. We observed that MAPK/ERK signaling was down‐regulated in Ndst mutants, and consistent with this, HS‐related optic nerve morphogenesis defects in mutant mice could partially be rescued by constitutive Kras activation. Conclusions: These results suggest that HSPGs, depending on their HS sulfation pattern, regulate multiple signaling pathways in optic disc and stalk morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 243:1310–1316, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomic DNA recombination with cell‐penetrating peptide‐tagged cre protein in mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle
Authors: Chien Wei‐Ming , Liu Yonggang , Chin Michael T.
Published: April 2014

The Cre‐loxP recombination system has been used to promote DNA recombination both in vitro and in vivo. For in vivo delivery, Cre expression is commonly achieved through the use of tissue/cell type‐specific promoters, viral infection, or drug inducible transcription and protein translocation to promote targeted DNA excision. The development of cell permeable (or penetrating) peptide tagged proteins has facilitated the delivery of Cre recombinase protein into cells in culture, organotypic slide culture, or in living animals. In this report, we generated bacterially expressed, his‐tagged Cre protein with either a cardiac targeting peptide or an antennapedia peptide at the C‐terminus and demonstrated efficient uptake and recombination in both cell culture and mice. To facilitate delivery to cardiac and skeletal muscle, we mixed proteins with pluronic F‐127 hydrogel and delivered Cre protein into reporter Rosa26mTmG mouse skeletal muscle or Rosa26LacZ cardiac muscle via ultrasound guided injection. Activation of reporter gene expression indicated that these Cre proteins were enzymatically active. Recombination events were detected only in the vicinity of injection areas. In conclusion, we have developed a method to deliver enzymatically active Cre protein locally to skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle that may be adapted for use with other proteins. genesis 52:695–701, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new Adamts9 conditional mouse allele identifies its non‐redundant role in interdigital web regression
Authors: Dubail Johanne , Aramaki‐Hattori Noriko , Bader Hannah L. , Nelson Courtney M. , Katebi Negin , Matuska Brittany , Olsen Bjorn R. , Apte Suneel S.
Published: April 2014

ADAMTS9 is the most conserved member of a large family of secreted metalloproteases having diverse functions. Adamts9 null mice die before gastrulation, precluding investigations of its roles later in embryogenesis, in adult mice or disease models. We therefore generated a floxed Adamts9 allele to bypass embryonic lethality. In this mutant, unidirectional loxP sites flank exons 5–8, which encode the catalytic domain, including the protease active site. Mice homozygous for the floxed allele were viable, lacked an overt phenotype, and were fertile. Conversely, mice homozygous for a germ‐line deletion produced from the floxed allele by Cre‐lox recombination did not survive past gastrulation. Hemizygosity of the deleted Adamts9 in combination with mutant Adamts20 led to cleft palate and severe white spotting as previously described. Previously, Adamts9 haploinsufficiency combined with either Adamts20 or Adamts5 nullizygosity suggested a cooperative role in interdigital web regression, but the outcome of deletion of Adamts9 alone remained unknown. Here, Adamts9 was conditionally deleted in limb mesoderm using Prx1‐Cre mice. Unlike other ADAMTS single knockouts, limb‐specific Adamts9 deletion resulted in soft‐tissue syndactyly (STS) with 100% penetrance and concurrent deletion of Adamts5 increased the severity of STS. Thus, Adamts9 has both non‐redundant and cooperative roles in ensuring interdigital web regression. This new allele will be useful for investigating other biological functions of ADAMTS9. genesis 52:702–712, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological and ecological effects of increasing temperature on fish production in lakes of Arctic Alaska
Authors: Carey Michael P. , Zimmerman Christian E.
Published: April 2014

Lake ecosystems in the Arctic are changing rapidly due to climate warming. Lakes are sensitive integrators of climate‐induced changes and prominent features across the Arctic landscape, especially in lowland permafrost regions such as the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Despite many studies on the implications of climate warming, how fish populations will respond to lake changes is uncertain for Arctic ecosystems. Least Cisco (Coregonus sardinella) is a bellwether for Arctic lakes as an important consumer and prey resource. To explore the consequences of climate warming, we used a bioenergetics model to simulate changes in Least Cisco production under future climate scenarios for lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain. First, we used current temperatures to fit Least Cisco consumption to observed annual growth. We then estimated growth, holding food availability, and then feeding rate constant, for future projections of temperature. Projected warmer water temperatures resulted in reduced Least Cisco production, especially for larger size classes, when food availability was held constant. While holding feeding rate constant, production of Least Cisco increased under all future scenarios with progressively more growth in warmer temperatures. Higher variability occurred with longer projections of time mirroring the expanding uncertainty in climate predictions further into the future. In addition to direct temperature effects on Least Cisco growth, we also considered changes in lake ice phenology and prey resources for Least Cisco. A shorter period of ice cover resulted in increased production, similar to warming temperatures. Altering prey quality had a larger effect on fish production in summer than winter and increased relative growth of younger rather than older age classes of Least Cisco. Overall, we predicted increased production of Least Cisco due to climate warming in lakes of Arctic Alaska. Understanding the implications of increased production of Least Cisco to the entire food web will be necessary to predict ecosystem responses in lakes of the Arctic.
Quality control of used deep‐frying oils
Authors: Weisshaar Rüdiger
Published: April 2014

Quality of deep‐fried food is inseparably attached to the quality of the used deep‐frying oil. Taste, flavor, shelf life, consumer acceptance, and safety of fried food essentially depend on frying oil quality. Evaluation of frying oil quality therefore is an important issue for both frying operators and official food control agencies. Organoleptic evaluation is an essential step in the monitoring of frying fat quality. Several official laboratory methods are available to support the sensory evaluation. Total polar materials (TPM) and polymer TAGs (PTG) are the most reliable parameters for this purpose. Recommended and widely accepted limits are 24% for TPM and 12% for PTG. When oxidative alterations strongly predominate over thermal alterations, sensory defects can appear before TPM and PTG reach recommended values. In that case additional parameters like anisidine value, carbonyl value, or epoxy fatty acids should be considered. A number of physical and chemical rapid methods are available. Despite the limited informative value and the possibility of error of rapid tests, they are essential for fryer operators, because they deliver information about fat quality in real‐time. Most reliable for most applications are quick tests measuring TPM. A unique and powerful tool for the simultaneous detection of multiple parameters corresponding to thermal and oxidative alterations is near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), which will become more and more important in future.
Utility and appropriateness of the fatty liver inhibition of progression (FLIP) algorithm and steatosis, activity, and fibrosis (SAF) score in the evaluation of biopsies of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Bedossa Pierre
Published: April 2014

Biopsy is still the gold standard for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis but the definition may vary among pathologists, a drawback especially in evaluation of biopsies for clinical trials. We previously developed a scoring system (steatosis, activity, fibrosis [SAF]) allowing the use of an algorithm (fatty liver inhibition of progression [FLIP]) for the classification of liver injury in morbid obesity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of the SAF score and FLIP algorithm can decrease interobserver variations among pathologists. In a first session, pathologists categorized 40 liver biopsies of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) according to their own experience. In a second reading session, each pathologist reclassified the same slides by using the FLIP algorithm and SAF score, blinded to their first evaluation. The experiment was repeated with two different groups of pathologists at varying levels of training in liver pathology. The percentage of biopsy interpretation concordant with reference evaluation increased from 77% to 97% in Group 1 and from 42% to 75% in Group 2 after the use of the SAF score and FLIP algorithm. The strength of concordance in classification increased in Group 1 from moderate (κ = 0.54) to substantial (κ = 0.66) and from fair (κ = 0.35) to substantial (κ = 0.61) in Group 2 with application of the algorithm. With regard to the SAF score, concordance was substantial in Group 1 for steatosis (κ = 0.61), activity (κ = 0.75), and almost perfect for fibrosis (κ = 0.83 after pooling 1a, 1b, and 1c together into a single score F1). Similar trends were observed in Group 2 (κ = 0.54 for S, κ = 0.68 for A, and κ = 0.72 for F). Conclusion: The FLIP algorithm based on the SAF score should decrease interobserver variations among pathologists and are likely to be implemented in pathology practice. (Hepatology 2014;60:565–575)
Dopamine D2 receptor controls hilar mossy cells excitability
Authors: Etter Guillaume , Krezel Wojciech
Published: April 2014

Hippocampal control of memory formation is regulated by dopaminergic signaling. Whereas the role of dopamine D1 receptors is well documented in such regulations, functions of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2) are not fully understood. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization we demonstrate that Drd2 expression in the hippocampus of wild‐type mice is limited to glutamatergic hilar mossy cells. Using whole cell electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal slice preparations, we provide evidence that unlike in basal ganglia, activation of DRD2 by the selective agonist, quinpirole, induces a long‐lasting increase in excitability of hilar mossy cells, which can be blocked by the DRD2 antagonist raclopride. Such activity is mediated by the Akt/GSK pathway, as application of specific inhibitors such as A1070722 or SB216763 prevented quinpirole activity. Long‐term effects of acute DRD2 activation in vitro suggest that volume transmission of dopamine may modulate mossy cell activities in vivo. This is supported by the presence of dense tyrosine hydroxylase positive varicosities in the hilus, which are rarely seen in the vicinity of mossy cell dendrites. From these data we discuss how dopamine could control mossy cell activity and thus dentate gyrus functions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contributions of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex to rapid visuomotor learning in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Yang Tianming , Bavley Rachel L. , Fomalont Kevin , Blomstrom Kevin J. , Mitz Andrew R. , Turchi Janita , Rudebeck Peter H. , Murray Elisabeth A.
Published: April 2014

The hippocampus and adjacent structures in the medial temporal lobe are essential for establishing new associative memories. Despite this knowledge, it is not known whether the hippocampus proper is essential for establishing such memories, nor is it known whether adjacent regions like the entorhinal cortex might contribute. To test the contributions of these regions to the formation of new associative memories, we trained rhesus monkeys to rapidly acquire arbitrary visuomotor associations, i.e., associations between visual stimuli and spatially directed actions. We then assessed the effects of reversible inactivations of either the hippocampus (Experiment 1) or entorhinal cortex (Experiment 2) on the within‐session rate of learning. For comparison, we also evaluated the effects of the inactivations on performance of problems of the same type that had been well learned prior to any inactivations. We found that inactivation of the entorhinal cortex but not hippocampus produced impairments in acquiring novel arbitrary associations. The impairment did not extend to the familiar, previously established associations. These data indicate that the entorhinal cortex is causally involved in establishing new associations, as opposed to retrieving previously learned associations. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The maintenance of long‐term memory in the hippocampus depends on the interaction between N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor and GluA2
Authors: Migues Paola Virginia , Hardt Oliver , Finnie Peter , Wang Yu Wang , Nader Karim
Published: April 2014

The maintenance of established memories has recently been shown to involve the stabilization of GluA2‐containing AMPA receptors (GluA2/AMPARs) at postsynaptic membranes. Previous studies have suggested that N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor (NSF) regulates the stabilization of AMPARs at the synaptic membrane. We therefore disrupted the interaction between GluA2 and NSF in the dorsal hippocampus and examined its effect on the maintenance of object location and contextual fear memory. We used two interference peptides, pep2m and pepR845A, that have been shown to block the binding of NSF to GluA2 and reduce GluA2 synaptic content. Either peptide disrupted consolidated memory, and these effects persisted for at least 5 or 28 days after peptide administration. Following peptide administration and long‐term memory disruption, rats were able to acquire new memories. Memory acquisition or consolidation was not impaired when pepR845A was given immediately before the training sessions. Blocking GluA2 endocytosis with the peptide GluA23Y prevented the memory impairment effect of pepR845A. Taken together, our results indicate that the persistence of long‐term memory depends on the maintenance of a steady‐state level of synaptic GluA2/AMPARs, which requires the interaction of NSF with GluA2. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.