bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Protease Inhibitor Inhibit Complement Activation Caused by the Immune Complex Associated with Islet Cell Surface Antibody?
Authors: Okada S. , Sato K. , Ichiki K. , Tanokuchi S. , Ishii K. , Ota Z. , Takeda A.
Published: January 2017

Sera containing islet cell surface antibody were obtained from seven children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus soon after the onset of disease. After incubation of 51Cr-labelled rat islet cells with islet cell surface antibody, human AB-type serum with or without nafamostat mesylate was added before further incubation. Radioactivity in the supernatant was measured to determine complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity in untreated sera [mean (± SD) 19.4 ± 4.0%] was significantly ( P < 0.001) inhibited by ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA) (7.1 ± 4.9%), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (2.5 ± 0.9%) and nafamostat mesylate (2.8 ± 1.8%). Cytotoxicity of nafamostat mesylate-treated serum was significantly ( P < 0.05) lower than that of EGTA-treated serum but not significantly different from that of EDTA-treated serum. There was no difference in cytotoxicity between nafamostat mesylate-treated and untreated, inactivated human serum. The results indicate that the protease inhibitor nafamostat mesylate completely inhibited the complement activation of the immune complex associated with islet cell surface antibody by the classical and alternative pathways.
Effects of Orally Administered 5-Fluorouracil and Its Derivative 5′-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[β]Anthracene-Induced Breast Carcinomas in Rats
Authors: Sawada Y. , Ohno T. , Shimoyama T. , Uematsu K. , Odagiri H.
Published: January 2017

Antitumour activity of 20 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 100 or 200 mg/kg 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5′-DFUR) was assessed by tumour regression, light and electron microscopic changes, and immunohistochemical variations in broxuridine labelling in 7,12-dimethylbenz[β]anthracene- (DMBA-) induced breast carcinomas in rats. The relative regression of tumours was significantly ( P < 0.05) greater in animals receiving 5-FU or 5′-DFUR than in control animals. Light microscopic changes became apparent after 3 or 4 days' treatment and were more evident after 4–21 days. Electron microscopic degeneration of tumours was observed after 1 day. The broxuridine labelling index decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) in rats receiving 5-FU and especially in those receiving 5′-DFUR. Concentrations of 5-FU in DMB A-induced breast carcinomas were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in rats treated with 5′-DFUR than in those treated with 5-FU, and the histological degeneration was significantly ( P < 0.05) more advanced in 5′-DFUR-than in 5-FU-treated animals, possibly due to the higher pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in the former treatment group.
Accumulation of New Quinolones in the Blood of Elderly Patients
Authors: Morita M , Hasuda A , Nakagawa H , Abe Y , Suzuki K
Published: January 2017

The correlation between serum levels of five new quinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin and lomefloxacin), age and 24 h creatinine clearance was studied in 180 patients. One of five new quinolones was orally administered, before transurethral resection of the prostate, at the dosage of 200 mg three times daily for 3 consecutive days. Serum levels were checked 5.5 h or about 17 h after the final administration. Creatinine clearance was found to be negatively correlated with aging ( P < 0.001). After oral administration, the level of certain accumulated new quinolones in serum increased with the age of patients ( P < 0.001 – 0.1). This tendency was more marked for ofloxacin, lomefloxacin and enoxacin than for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The investigators concluded that the level of accumulated new quinolones in serum with aging is correlated to the 24 h urinary excretion rate of each new quinolone. These results indicate that ofloxacin, lomefloxacin and enoxacin, which have higher 24 h urinary excretion rates, should be administered at lower doses according to the age of the patient, in order to prevent adverse reactions
Growth Factors and HIV-Infection in Children
Authors: Zuccotti G V , Flumine P , Locatelli V , Banderali G , Riva E
Published: January 2017

Three children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and chronic anaemia and leucopenia were treated with 5 μg/kg recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor subcutaneously three times a week and 50 IU/kg erythropoietin subcutaneously twice a week. The therapy was not interrupted during the follow-up period. All children showed an increase of leukocyte count and haemoglobin levels. No transfusion was necessary and the number of admissions into hospital fell. These results suggest that combined therapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and erythropoietin may improve leukopenia and anaemia, which is not zidovudine-related, in children who have AIDS.
Effects of Cyclosporine A on Experimental Hepatic Metastases of Mouse Colon-26 Tumour
Authors: Suzaki N , Fuchimoto S , Iwagaki H , Orita K
Published: January 2017

Cyclosporine A (CSA), an immunosuppressive agent with apparently selective effects on T lymphocytes and little myelotoxicity, was tested for its effects on hepatic metastases by inoculation of mouse colon-26 tumour cells into the portal vein in male CDF1 mice. CSA, given subcutaneously in daily doses of 10 – 50 mg/kg/day, for 22 days, significantly increased the incidence of hepatic nodules. This increase was positively correlated with the CSA dose. When 5-fluorouracil was injected at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day every other day after the inoculation of tumour cells a highly significant reduction in the incidence of metastases was seen (compared with the controls). This strong inhibitory effect of 5-fluorouracil on metastasis was almost completely suppressed when mice were treated with CSA concomitantly. The results suggest that CSA affects the host immune system, accelerating the production of hepatic metastases.
Detection of Noradrenaline-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibres in Rat Liver by Immunoelectron Microscopy
Authors: Fukuda Y , Imoto M , Nakano I , Katano Y , Hayakawa T
Published: January 2017

Noradrenergic innervation of rat liver was studied immunohistochemically using antibody to noradrenaline at the electron-microscopic level. Noradrenaline-immunoreactive nerve fibres were located in the portal tract and some were in close contact with the portal vein and hepatic artery. Noradrenaline-immunoreactive fibres were found to contain many vesicles that were reactive to anti-noradrenaline antibody. This preliminary study suggests that the method for detecting noradrenaline-immunoreactive fibres using the antibody is useful for studies at the electron-microscopic level.
Allergic Epididymo-Orchitis in Guinea Pigs and Bulls
Authors: Parsonson I. M. , Winter A. J. , McEntee K.
Published: January 2017

Guinea pigs were isoimmunized with ammonium-sulphate-precipitated testicular material (ASPM) in Freund's complete adjuvant and killed 5, 10, 15, 20. or 60 days later. Bulls were isoimmunized once or more with ASPM or testicular homogenate in complete adjuvant and killed 10 to 70 days later. Acute inflammatory lesions occurred first in the rete testis and ductus efferens of guinea pigs and in the ductus efferens and ampulla of bulls, spread rapidly to the caput epididymidis, and then to seminiferous tubules. A chronic interstitial orchitis followed, with degeneration of germinal epithelium more marked in guinea pigs, more severe in younger animals, and more readily produced in Guernsey then in Holstein-Friesian bulls. Minor inflammations of the cauda epididymidis, accessory glands, and pelvic urethra occurred in bulls. Delayed hypersensitivity toward ASPM was measurable in all animals tested 10 or more days after immunization; humoral ASPM antibodies were detected in all guinea pigs by 15 days and in most bulls 10 or more days after immunization.
Thrombosis Complicating Renal Amyloidosis in Dogs
Authors: Slauson D. O. , Gribble D. H.
Published: January 2017

Thrombosis, sometimes with infarction, occurred in 20 of 52 dogs with renal amyloidosis. Pulmonary thrombosis was most commonly encountered, although the heart, kidneys, intestine, and other tissues were occasionally affected. Recent thrombi and older, organized thrombi occurred, sometimes in the same animal. The possible role of dehydration, hemoconcentration, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperglobulinemia. and clot-promoting factors in producing a hypercoagulable state is discussed.
Ultrastructure of a Vaginal Myxoma of a Rat
Authors: Klein-Szanto A. J. P. , Conti C. J. , Cartagenova R. E.
Published: January 2017

Ultrastructural study of a vaginal myxoma of an adult Wistar rat showed that the stroma consisted mainly of finely granular material with some fibers. The tumor cells contained numerous mitochondria, Golgi complexes, and associated vesicles, and moderate to abundant endoplasmic reticulum. Intracytoplasmic filaments and virus-like particles of about 120 nm were seen.
Comparison of Naturally Occurring and Tryptophan-Induced Bovine Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Schiefer B. , Jayasekara M. U. , Mills J. H. L.
Published: January 2017

Pulmonary changes in field cases of bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia from Saskatchewan and Alberta were reviewed and compared with those in cattle with the same condition caused by either tryptophan or 3-methylindole. The experimentally produced changes were characterized by diffuse proliferation of alveolar pneumocytes. Similar lesions occurred in 48 field cases in animals with a history of a change in pasture or diet, whereas 107 other animals had focal exudative alveolitis, comparable to a hypersensitivity reaction. The two groups of cases are referred to as ‘dietary’ and ‘hypersensitivity atypical interstitial pneumonia', respectively. The dietary type occurred most commonly from September to November in animals 2 years and older. The hypersensitivity type occurred in younger animals throughout the year, with a peak incidence in January.
Enzyme Histochemical Studies of Adipose Tissue in Porcine Yellow Fat Disease
Authors: Danse L. H. J. C. , Steenbergen-Botterweg W. A.
Published: January 2017

Adipose tissue of piglets with yellow fat disease had increased activity of nonspecific esterase, 5-nucleotidase, and acid phosphatase. Since these enzymes are associated with different cell structures and damage to these structures can result in increased enzyme activity, they are criteria for pathogenetic study of yellow fat disease.
Arteriovenous Fistula of the Bovine Heart
Authors: Gruys E. , Koeman J. P. , Janmaat A.
Published: January 2017

A nodular, tumor-like mass attached to the wall of the right atrium and bulging into the lumen was found in three calves. It consisted of cardiac muscle, connective tissue, and communicating blood-filled spaces. There were small thick-walled spaces that communicated with coronary arteries and wide thin-walled spaces that communicated with the atrial lumina. In one calf an anastomosis between both types of spaces was found.
Equine Granulomatous Enteritis
Authors: Cimprich R. E.
Published: January 2017

The gross abnormalities in the intestines of 10 horses with a history of chronic weight loss varied greatly. The principal microscopic change was granulomatous inflammation characterized by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, epithelioid cells and giant cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, avian type, was isolated from the gut content of one horse, but no cause was found in the others. Horses previously reported to have tuberculosis had lesions similar to those described here. These lesions are also similar to those in Crohn's disease of man.
Hepatozelluläre Karzinome beim Rind und ihre Beziehung zur biliären Zirrhose fasziolären Ursprungs
Authors: Vítovec J.
Published: January 2017

Of 279 tumors collected from cattle from 1964 to 1971 the commonest malignant epithelial tumor was liver cell carcinoma. It occurred in 0.014% of slaughtered cattle and in 0.081% of slaughtered cows. The concurrence of carcinoma and biliary cirrhosis in all our cases where there was damage caused by Fasciola hepatica suggests a causal pathogenetic relationship. This could also explain the frequent localisation of carcinoma in the left lobe, which is often the site of most damage in fascioliasis.
Feline Anaplastic Giant Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Thyroid
Authors: Patnaik A. K. , Lieberman P. H.
Published: January 2017

An 8-year-old castrated, male, domestic short-haired cat had anaplastic giant cell adenocarcinoma in the thyroid gland. The cat had difficulty in breathing and swallowing because of a rapidly growing mass in the left thyroid region that partially enclosed the trachea and esophagus and had evidence of diffuse discrete interstitial pulmonary metastases. The neoplasm, which was locally invasive, was formed by groups of pleomorphic cells arranged in an endocrine-like pattern. The cells were round, spindle, fusiform or irregular; some were large and multinucleated with up to 50 nuclei. Metastases were in the lungs, pleura and regional lymph nodes. Microscopically, both thyroid glands were involved; areas of transition from a well differentiated papillary adenocarcinoma to an anaplastic form were seen.
Reversal by Testosterone of Atrophy of Accessory Genital Glands of Castrated Male Sheep
Authors: Tryphonas L. , Hidiroglou M. , Collins B.
Published: January 2017

The histologic features of male accessory genital glands of entire sheep (group I), castrated sheep (group II), castrated sheep treated with 40 daily intramuscular injections of 50 milligrams testosterone propionate (group III), and castrated sheep treated with 600 milligrams testosterone propionate 72 hours before death (group IV) were compared. Sheep were castrated at 3 months old and all sheep were killed when 15 months old.

Volume fractions of glandular tissue, intralobular fibromuscular tissue and perilobular fibromuscular tissue of the seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands fluctuated significantly ( P < 0.05) during postcastration atrophy and after repeated testosterone treatment.

Atrophy in sheep in group II was least in the prostate but greatest in Cowper's glands, seminal vesicles and ampullae of vasa deferentia. Seminal vesicle plexi, whose cytons had a statistically significant ( P < 0.05) degree of shrinkage, also were atrophied. After treatment with testosterone the postcastration atrophy of plexal neurons was almost reversed in sheep in group III. There also was hypertrophy of epithelial cells but the testosterone treatment failed to reduce to normal the fibromuscular volume fraction of the accessory genital glands. Testosterone propionate treatment of sheep in group IV failed to elicit appreciable morphologic changes.

These results are compared with our previous findings on the content and uptake of zinc by the accessory genital glands. It is suggested that accumulation of zinc in the accessory genital glands of sheep is not necessarily closely linked to normal histologic appearance.
Syncytial Cells in Canine Parathyroid Glands
Authors: Meuten D. J. , Capen C. C. , Thompson K. G. , Segre G. V.
Published: January 2017

Multinucleated syncytial cells consisting of clusters of closely apposed, darkly staining nuclei and densely eosinophilic cytoplasm were present in parathyroid glands from 25 of 36 dogs (69%). They were most often located either peripherally in the parathyroid gland or adjacent to blood vessels. The numbers of nuclei per syncytial cell ranged from two to greater than 30. Syncytial cells had degenerative changes as suggested by vacuolated mitochondria, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, irregular nuclear outlines, and condensed nuclear chromatin. These ultrastructural changes contrasted sharply with adjacent chief cells that had well-preserved organelles. The presence of desmosomes and fragments of cell membranes between nuclei suggested that syncytial cells were derived from fusion of adjacent chief cells rather than nuclear division without cytokinesis. Syncytial cells were present in normal, hyperplastic, and inactive parathyroid glands from dogs. There were no significant correlations between the presence of multinucleated cells and age of dog, parathyroid histology, and changes in the concentrations of serum calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, or plasma parathyroid hormone. Syncytial cells occurred frequently in canine parathyroid glands regardless of the state of activity of the gland or the concentration of plasma parathyroid hormone or serum calcium.
Canine Sinonasal Skeletal Neoplasms: Chondrosarcomas and Osteosarcomas
Authors: Patnaik A. K. , Lieberman P. H. , Erlandson R. A. , Liu S. K.
Published: January 2017

We studied 34 chondrosarcomas and 17 osteosarcomas among 285 sinonasal neoplasms in the dog. Mesenchymal chondrosarcomas (24) were more common than ordinary chondrosarcomas. Ultrastructural studies done in one case confirmed mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Of the osteosarcomas, fibroblastic osteosarcoma (7) was the most common. In contrast to non-sinonasal skeletal neoplasms which are composed mostly (80%) of osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas (66%) and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas (47%) were predominant among the sinonasal skeletal neoplasms of this study. The average age (ten years) of the dogs with sinonasal osteosarcoma was higher than that of dogs with non-sinonasal skeletal osteosarcoma, and there was a distinct male predominance in the dogs with osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Large breed dogs and boxers, frequently affected with skeletal neoplasms, were not affected commonly with sinonasal osteosarcoma. The frequency of metastasis in the dogs with chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma was much lower than that seen in dogs with nonsinonasal skeletal neoplasms.
Pathomorphology and Pathogenesis of Bacterial Meningoventriculitis of Neonatal Ungulates
Authors: Cordy D. R.
Published: January 2017

Bacterial meningoventriculitis was studied in 26 neonatal ungulates. Preceded by a substantial bacteremia, usually due to Escherichia coli, the fibrinopurulent inflammation involved leptomeninges, choroid plexuses, and ventricle walls, but largely spared the neuraxial parenchyma. It is proposed that this surface-relatedness results from the transport of bacteria by monocytes of low bactericidal power, migrating by normal pathways to maintain significant surface populations of macrophages. The neuraxial parenchyma is spared because of its normal lack of a macrophage population. A similar pathogenesis would hold for the frequent concurrent appearance of serositis and synovitis.
Lesions and Saliva-Specific Antibody Responses in Rabbits with Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to the Bites of Glossina morsitans centralis
Authors: Ellis J. A. , Shapiro S. Z. , Moi-Yoi O. Ole , Moloo S. K.
Published: January 2017

Rabbits exposed to feeding tsetse flies developed cutaneous hypersensitivity responses to fly bites. These responses had characteristics of immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity. Saliva components from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans centralis were electrophoretically separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Major salivary proteins of 160, 92, 66, 64, 55, 42, 33, 28, and 15 kilodaltons were identified. Separated salivary components were transferred to nitrocellulose filters and probed with lectins and with whole sera and purified IgG from rabbits which had been exposed, via fly feeding, to tsetse antigens for variable periods. Many of the salivary proteins were identified as glycoproteins. Several major salivary proteins were recognized by antibodies from sensitized rabbits.
The Pathology of Experimental Schistosoma curassoni Infections in Mice and Hamsters
Authors: Vercruysse J. , Fransen J. , Southgate V. R. , Rollinson D.
Published: January 2017

The histopathology of experimental Schistosoma curassoni infections in white mice and hamsters was studied. In mice, hepatic lesions were severe with characteristic extensive perilobular fibrosis and large perilobular granulomas throughout the parenchyma. Only a few granulomas were detected in the lung, small intestine, and rectum of mice. In hamsters, lesions in the liver were limited. Few granulomas were found but the giant cell reaction was pronounced. Lesions in the lung and small intestine were minimal. Many subserosal and submucosal epithelioid cell granulomas were in the colon and rectum of hamsters. Parasites were not detected in the bladder of either mice or hamsters.
Effects of Mithramycin on Transplantable Canine Perianal Gland Carcinoma (CAC-9) in Nude Mice: Biochemical, Histomorphometric, and Ultrastructural Investigations
Authors: Nishikawa S. , Rosol T. J. , Capen C. C.
Published: January 2017

A serially transplantable perianal gland carcinoma (CAC-9) was developed in nude mice from a hypercalcemic dog that has been maintained through passage 20. Tumor doubling rate of CAC-9 was 3.1 ± 0.4 days. Mithramycin (MMC) injected intraperitoneally (8 mg/kg) into nude mice bearing CAC-9 markedly decreased the tumor volume 2 weeks post-injection. MMC returned the elevated serum and urine calcium levels in mice with CAC-9 back to similar values as controls. The few remaining viable tumor cells after MMC were large and had numerous aggregations of intermediate filaments that displaced cytoplasmic organelles. Histomorphometric evaluation of lumbar vertebrae reveled no significant differences in bone resorption of nude mice bearing CAC-9 compared to saline-treated controls. This rapidly growing tumor line in nude mice associated with mild hypercalcemia will be a useful animal model to evaluate combinations of chemotherapy for cancer-associated hypercalcemia.
Shift of Trust from Words to Deeds: Implications of the Proliferation of Epigraphs in the Tamil South
Authors: Gurukkal Rajan
Published: January 2017

This article seeks to examine the social implications of the proliferation of epigraphs from a specific point of time onwards in the Tamil South. Though the presence of writing goes back to c. 200 b.c., it was during the fourth-fifth centuries that inscriptions in the form of brahmadēya deeds begin to appear indicating the emergence of a stratified agrarian society and its political structure, namely the consecrated monarchy. Through the sixth-seventh centuries issuing of brahmadeya deeds involving exemptions, privileges, rights and powers not known to the pre-agrarian social formation characterized by different economies with the dominance of agro-pastoralism, became more frequent. The increase of brahmadeyas meant expansion of rice-fields, which in its turn presupposed consolidation of relations in plough agriculture through of the system of hereditary specialization of occupations and their ordering into a hierarchy. By the close of ninth century the number of deeds became several hundreds, which in a couple of centuries, rose to several thousands. The use of writing seems to have become essential for legalizing the new rights, privileges and powers ordained from above, which were beyond the purview of conventions based on oral traditions. Further, the spread of the use of writing as a necessary component of the administration meant the rise of bureaucracy and document-based governance. The central argument of the article is that there is a direct link between the emergence of a class of landlords with non-traditional rights, privileges and powers, and the social widening of the use of deeds in early medieval south India, evident in the form of the proliferation of epigraphs.
Gendering the Rebellion of 1857: The ‘Loyal Indian Woman’ in ‘Mutiny Fiction’
Authors: Sen Indrani
Published: January 2017

The colonial ‘Mutiny novel’ was a highly popular literary genre in the nineteenth century. An important trope that recurrently appeared in these writings was that of the ‘loyal Indian woman’. This was constituted in the figure of the devoted ayah, the loyal dancing girl and the English hero's faithful concubine/wife. Additionally, there was the trope of female friendship across the race divide. Far from being a reflection of existing social relations, however, this trope was a textual construct, shaped and reinforced by the exigencies of empire. It formed a part of the textual strategies deployed to address post-Rebellion insecurities and reinforce the hegemony of empire which the events of 1857 had seriously contested.
Courtesans and the 1857 Revolt: Role of Azeezun in Kanpur
Authors: Singh Lata
Published: January 2017

In history voice of the common people has been invisiblized for a long time. However, in recent times attempts have been made to bring the common people to the forefront of history. But still, a significant section of women's history, especially of those on the margins, considered the ‘other’ women in the construction of middle class women, remains invisible. The ‘other’ women represented common women, considered to be coarse, vulgar, loud, morally degraded and sexually promiscuous. Having greater access to public sphere, these women were relatively independent, outside rigid formations and not so clearly contained by caste, class, gender or a demarcated space, and so considered threatening. Bringing these women as subjects in history would unsettle the middle class ‘respectable’ discourse. One important section that has been excluded from history are women performers. Nationalist discourses have always negated or erased their creative aspect by putting them out of the framework of the respectable nation. This article brings to the forefront one such performing community, that is, courtesans, a section of women belonging to singing and dancing community. Unfortunately, little remains of the writings of these women, considered to be the most educated women of their times. Compounding the silence of these women has been the silence of scholars, thus leaving gaping holes in social history.
The Proscription of an Irish Text and the Chittagong Rising of 1930
Authors: Sen Arpita
Published: January 2017

It is fairly well known that the Chittagong Rising of 1930 was an attempt made by Surya Sen and his followers to re-enact the Easter Rising of Dublin, 1916, in Chittagong. However, what has been grossly overlooked by nationalist historians is the role of an inflammatory Irish Text in providing the Chittagong revolutionaries with ideas and trajectories to carry on their struggle against the British government. Nor has any attempt been made so far to assess the extent to which the Rising in Chittagong can actually be regarded as a re-enactment of the Easter Rebellion and in what ways it differed from its Irish counterpart. This article therefore focusses on one hand on the Irish text, My Fight for Irish Freedom, written by Dan Breen, an Irish guerilla fighter, that inspired the Chittagong revolutionaries to undertake the armoury raid. On the other hand, it describes the Chittagong Rising, the influence it derived from Dan Breen's book, and how far the Rising was influenced by Ireland. The article adopts an integrated approach and is divided into two sections. In the first it describes briefly the Easter Rising in Ireland, situates Dan Breen's activities in the wider canvas of Ireland's freedom struggle by taking into account the Irish War of Independence, followed by the Irish Civil War. In the second section, it describes the Chittagong Rising and critically analyses it by a description of the events in order to ascertain how far the Rising can actually be regarded as an emulation of what happened in Ireland between the years 1916 and 1921. It also tries to establish the relationship between the Irish Text and the Rising and highlights the circumstances under which the British Government was compelled to take the drastic step of proscribing Breen's book.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Circadian Rhythm and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Impairment
Authors: Racciatti D. , Guagnano M. T. , Vecchiet J. , De Remigis P. L. , Pizzigallo E. , Della Vecchia R. , Di Sciascio T. , Merlitti D. , Sensi S.
Published: January 2017

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is a clinical condition characterized by a persistent or relapsing debilitating fatigue at rest, lasting > 6 months, and made worse by exercise. At the present moment, there are three potential etiopathogenic factors: immunologic, viral and neuroendocrine. The purpose of our study was to evaluate possible alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in our CFS patients by studying the circadian rhythms of prolactin (PRL), thyrotropic hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and Cortisol (CS). A total of 36 patients were enrolled according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention case-definition criteria. Twenty healthy subjects were included as controls. Blood samples were taken every 4 hours during a single 24-hour period. We performed a fluorometric enzyme immunoassay with serum PRL, Cortisol and TSH, and an immunoradiometric assay with plasma ACTH. The circadian rhythms of PRL, TSH, ACTH and CS were statistically significant in both CFS and control groups. At 24:00 and 04:00 hrs the CFS patients showed lower ACTH levels than healthy subjects (p < 0.001); the PRL levels were higher at 04.00 h in CFS patients than in healthy subjects.
Angiotensin II: A Regulator of Inflammation during Renal Disease?
Authors: Antus B. , Exton M.S. , Rosivall L.
Published: January 2017

It has been recently recognized that besides its vasoactive actions Angiotensin II (Ang II) exerts various immunomodulatory effects that may contribute to renal injury and to the progression of renal disease. Consistent with this concept, Ang II facilitates macrophage recruitment into the kidney either directly or through the upregulation of different chemotactic molecules such as RANTES (Regulated on Activation Normal T Expressed and Secreted), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and osteopontin. Infiltrating macrophages not only produce a number of cytokines, growth factors and proinflammatory mediators, but also synthesize Ang II intacellularly which increases tissue levels of the hormone within the kidney. Finally, specific binding sites for Ang II have been demonstrated on macrophages and increasing evidence indicates that Ang II directly modulates many of the cellular functions of these cells during the course of renal disease. Together, these data suggest that Ang II plays an important role in modulating inflammatory responses in the kidney.
Effects and Degradable Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr Alloy on Osteoblastic Cell Function
Authors: Wang Y. , Ouyang Y , Peng X. , Mao L. , Yuan G. , Jiang Y , He Y
Published: January 2017

This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel patented Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-0.4Zr (weight %, JDBM) alloy on osteoblastic cell function, as these cells play an important role in bone repair and remodeling. The associated effects of the JDBM alloy on osteoblastic cell function involving cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and mineralization were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MTT assay and ambramycin staining, respectively. At the same time, the in vitro degradation behavior of the JDBM alloy in cell culture medium was evaluated by the weight-loss method and SEM. Pure magnesium was used as control. The results showed that osteoblastic cells cultured on JDBM alloy samples manifested better cell adhesion, improved cell proliferation and increased mineralization ability, compared with cells seeded on pure magnesium samples. Our data indicate that the JDBM alloy has excellent bioactivity, improving the cell function of osteoblastic cells seeded on it.
Sub-Micrometric Liposomes as Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment and Periodontitis
Authors: Di Turi G. , Riggio C. , Vittorio O. , Marconcini S. , Briguglio F. , Funel N. , Campani D. , Barone A. , Raffa V. , Covani U.
Published: January 2017

Periodontitis is a complex disease and bacterial infection is one of the most common factors involved in this disease. Current strategies for the local delivery of antibiotics do not allow a complete clearance of bacteria filling dentinal tubules and this limits their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there is a strong need for the development of new delivery strategies aimed at improving the efficacy of antibiotic therapy for periodontitis with special reference to their ability to penetrate into the tubules. The aim of the present study is to develop liposome-based delivery systems of sub-micron dimension, able to diffuse into the dentinal tubules. A further aim of the research is to develop a protocol for enhanced diffusion based on the use of magnetic liposomes and magnetic fields. Liposomes were produced by hydration of a pre-liposomal formulation. The vesicles were stabilised with PEG and their re-sizing was achieved by extrusion. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized inside the vesicles, i.e., the chemical reaction involving FeCl2, FeCl3 and NH3 occurred within the core of the newly formed liposomes. Dynamic Light Scattering analysis was performed for size characterization. A mathematical model was implemented to predict the diffusion of the liposomes in dentinal tubules. Ex-vivo validation was performed on extracted human teeth. We produced PEG-ylated liposomes (average size 204.3 nm) and PEG-ylated magnetic liposomes (average size 286 nm) and an iron content of 4.2μg/ml. Through mathematical modelling, we deduced that sub-micrometer vesicles are able to penetrate into dentinal tubules. This penetration is considerably more effective when the vesicles are magnetized and subjected to an external magnetic field which accelerates their movement within the tubules. The liposome-based delivery systems developed by the present study are able to penetrate deeply into the tubules, sometimes reaching their terminal ends.
Osteonecrosis and the Jaws and Bevacizumab Therapy: A Case Report
Authors: Binello P. Brunamonti , Bandelloni R. , Labanca M. , Buffoli B. , Rezzani R. , Rodella L.F.
Published: January 2017

Bevacizumab is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody that blocks Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Recently, its use has been related with osteneocrosis of the jaws (ONJ), a disease showing a histological pattern similar to bisphosphonate-related ONJ. The aim of this study is to describe an ONJ case-report following bevacizumab chemotherapy without bisphosphonate therapy. We monitored ONJ development associated with the use of bevacizumab in a 47-year-old male with primitive adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland. Our results could suggest a possible correlation between the eruption of the lower third molar tooth and ONJ development following bevacizumab therapy. Clinicians should be aware of the potential risk of bevacizumab-related ONJ complication; moreover, since there are no effective therapeutic protocols for ONJ treatment, it is very important that patients develop good oral hygiene habits and undergo regular dental status evaluation by dentists.
Co-Expression and Multiple Cytokines and Their Receptors in Primary Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Pubic Bone with Features of a Small round Cell Tumor
Authors: Nakayama S. , Yokote T. , Iwaki K. , Hirata Y , Akioka T. , Miyoshi T. , Takayama A. , Nishiwaki U. , Masuda Y. , Tsuji M. , Hanafusa T.
Published: January 2017

We present the case of an 81-year-old man with primary clear cell sarcoma (CCS) of the pubic bone with an associated aggressive clinical course. The patient's laboratory tests showed marked leukocytosis, elevated levels of C-reactive protein and multiple cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Histological examination showed monomorphic small cells predominantly arranged as a diffuse sheet with morphological features of a small round cell tumor (SRCT). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that the tumor cells were positive for HMB45, S100, Melan A, IL-6, IL-6 receptor, G-CSF, and G-CSF receptor and negative for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and epithelial membrane antigen. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of aggressive primary CCS of the pubic bone with features of SRCT showing the production and co-expression of multiple cytokines and their receptors. Thus, we suggest that proliferation through an IL-6- and G-CSF-associated autocrine mechanism may play an important role in the aggressive clinical course and poor prognosis of some CCSs showing features of SRCT.
Hematopoietic Growth Factors Expression in Normal Human Phagocytic Cells
Authors: Lanfrancone Luisa , Grignani F. , Pelicci P. G.
Published: January 2017

The regulation of the production and release of specific GPs by hemopoietic cells is still under investigation (1,2). In particular their role in the steady state control of hemopoiesis has always been open to discussion because no constitutive GF expression has been identified in any normal cell type (1,2,3,). Our data indicate for the first time tissue macrophages constitutively express M-CSP, GM-CSP and IL1, suggesting that M-CSP, GM-CSP and IL1 production by monocytes is involved in the steady state control of hemopoiesis.
John Stuart Mill and The Economic Rationale for Organized Labor
Authors: King John T. , Yanochik Mark A.
Published: January 2017

The Classical School of economics is generally credited with providing the ideological foundation for the study of labor unions in the United States. In particular, one passage from Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations is believed to be the catalyst for the systematic study of organized labor. Smith and other classical economists wrote extensively of “labor's disadvantage” with capital, which allowed for unfair negotiations between workers and management. In this paper, we suggest that, although Adam Smith was the first economist to identify the problems that labor has in its dealings with management, he did not offer a truly theoretical explanation for these difficulties. The economist who first studied the labor/capital nexus from an economic perspective was John Stuart Mill. Mill's pioneering treatment of labor and capital provided an economic justification for the existence of labor unions.
A Monopolist Can Never Price in the Inelastic Range of a Demand Curve or Can It?1
Authors: Yang C. W. , Hawley C. B. , Huang B. N. , Hwang M. J.
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we expand the double price elasticity theory developed by Greenhut, Hwang, and Ohta (1974) by including a general cost condition for a profit-maximizing monopolist, cartel, or price leader. Our model generalizes the conventional second-order condition as it incorporates the non-converging price elasticity. Contrary to the textbook prediction, a structural changes or an income effect in tobacco, crude oil and other demand inelastic markets can render the price elasticity of demand to oscillate for a long time but never reach its theoretical limit even in a very long time.
Cutting at the Wrong Edge: Gender, Part-Time Work and the Irish Retail Sector
Authors: Tormey Roland
Published: January 2017

Part-time work has often been championed as a mechanism for facilitating women's entry into the labour force. Research based on large scale surveys has theorised that employers and women employees can both benefit from part time work. Ethnographic research, on the other hand, has often focused more on the difficult working conditions for part time workers. This paper combines data from a quantitative survey carried out at national level and a locally based qualitative study to examine these issues. It shows that in the retail sector part time work does not just contribute to bringing women into the labour force. It also serves to marginalise them within the labour force. It also shows that forms of part time work being adopted are those most suitable to employers rather than those which might be of use to both employers and female employees. Finally, while women have often chosen to work part time, the conditions of part time workers studied are deteriorating.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Focal Cortical Dysplasia and Hemimegalencephaly
Authors: Crino Peter B.
Published: January 2017

My laboratory recently demonstrated that there is selective expression of phosphoribosomal S6 protein in balloon cells in focal cortical dysplasia and hemimegalencephaly but no expression of the upstream kinase, phospho-p70S6 kinase. Two proteins activated by phospho-p70S6 kinase, phospho-STAT3 and phospho-4EBP1, were not detected in balloon cells. Using complementary DNA arrays in hemimegalencephaly specimens, we found increased expression of cyclin D1 and c-myc messenger ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Expression of cyclin D1 and c-myc genes is transcriptionally activated by βcatenin. Western analysis demonstrated increased levels of nonphosphorylated β-catenin in hemimegalencephalic cortex. Reduced levels of Ser33, Ser37, and Thr41 phospho-β-catenin, sites known to be phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase 3 and to be essential for β-catenin inactivation, were detected in hemimegalencephaly. Enhanced transcription of cyclin D1 and c-myc messenger RNAs, increased transcriptionally active β-catenin, and decreased Ser33/Ser37/Thr41 phospho-β-catenin suggest activation of the Wnt-1/β-catenin cascade in hemimegalencephaly, which can lead to aberrant cell proliferation and hemispheric enlargement during brain development. Enhanced activation of phospho-S6 and β-catenin suggests two converging cell pathways that can be pivotal in the pathogenesis of focal cortical dysplasia and hemimegalencephaly. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:330—336).
Long-Term Prognosis of Epilepsies and Related Seizure Disorders in Fukuyama-Type Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Yoshioka Mieko , Higuchi Yoshihisa
Published: January 2017

Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy is an autosomal recessive disorder prevalent in Japan that is characterized by congenital muscular dystrophy, cobblestone lissencephaly, and eye anomalies. We examined 46 patients with Fukuyama-type congenital muscular dystrophy and followed their progress for more than 3 years, with special reference to long-term prognosis of seizure disorders and the relationship between seizures and neuropathologic abnormalities. Seizures were observed in 37 patients (80%). The average age at onset was 3 years, 1 month. Initial seizures usually occurred after a febrile episode, although one third of patients had afebrile seizures from the onset. All patients had generalized tonic-clonic convulsions at febrile disorders, and these were followed by complex partial seizures or secondary generalized seizures. Later these seizures developed into Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in three patients. Electroencephalography (EEG) showed paroxysmal discharges in 22 of 37 patients with seizures (59%). The main focus was in the frontal, temporal, or central region. Lesions with marked cortical dysplasia detected by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or autopsy showed focal paroxysmal discharges on EEG. ( J Child Neurol 2005;20:385—391).
Theophylline Toxicokinetics
Authors: Paloucek Frank P.
Published: January 2017

Toxicokinetics, the application of pharmacokinetic principles in the assessment and management of the poisoned patient, is demonstrated for theophylline poisonings. Theophylline intoxication and its treatment is briefly reviewed and differentiated for acute or chronic etiologies. A toxicokinetic strategy for the simple calculation and evaluation of serum theophylline concentrations following sustained-release products overdosage is presented. A toxicokinetic basis for treatment durations of activated charcoal, hemoperfusion, or hemodialysis is described. Common toxicokinetic factors responsible for presentation with chronic theophylline intoxication are mentioned.
Update on Antidotal Therapy
Authors: Schauben Jay L. , Frenia Maureen L.
Published: January 2017

Antidotal therapy is useful for only a meager number of poisonous agents in which reversal of the effects of the toxin, or treatment of the toxin-induced pathophysiologic derangements, is possible. This review of selected antidotes is meant to acquaint the reader with some of the new and/or controversial uses for a few of our older agents, to introduce two new agents recently marketed, and to refresh information on antidotes not often used.
The Ultrasound Investigation of Scrotal Swelling
Authors: Micallef M , Torreggiani W C , Hurley M , Dinsmore W W , Hogan B
Published: January 2017

The objectives of this study were to: (1) establish the causes of scrotal swelling in the hospital catchment population; (2) define the role of high frequency ultrasound examination in the management of scrotal swelling.

A retrospective study of 582 patients who had high frequency ultrasound examination was carried out. Those requiring more information on perfusion had colour doppler examination. Forty-four per cent of examinations were performed for scrotal swelling. The cause of the scrotal swelling was mainly extratesticular (75% of all scrotal swellings), hydrocele being the commonest. Of the intratesticular causes, infection (50.8%) and tumour (20.6%) were the commonest.

In conclusion ultrasound examination distinguishes extratesticular (almost always benign) from intratesticular (potentially malignant) causes of scrotal swelling. Infection, trauma and torsion mimic the ultrasound appearance of tumour as do rare benign entities.
Late Onset Hepatitis and Prolonged Deterioration in Hepatic Function Associated with Nevirapine Therapy
Authors: Clarke S , Harrington P , Condon C , Kelleher D , Smith O P , Mulcahy F
Published: January 2017

The aetiology of hepatic dysfunction in patients with HIV infection is multifactorial. Re-activation of hepatitis C infection, drug toxicity, and opportunistic infections are all potential causes. Nevirapine (NVP) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used as part of combination antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. It is associated with a significant incidence of hepatotoxicity, usually occurring in the initial month of therapy. We report the case of a 49-year-old man who developed NVP-induced prolonged hepatotoxicity 5 months after commencing antiretroviral therapy.
Immunological Study of Condylomata Acuminata in Men Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Bishop P E , McMillan A , Fletcher S
Published: January 2017

As condylomata acuminata often persist in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an immunohistological study of warts from infected men was undertaken to further knowledge about human papillomavirus persistence in this group. Using an indirect immunoperoxidase method and a panel of monoclonal antibodies, the phenotypes of cells were studied in cryostat sections of perianal or anal warts removed from 14 HIV-infected men (10 homosexual and 4 heterosexual) and from 16 non-infected men (10 homosexual and 6 heterosexual). Although the median numbers of CD1+ CD3+ and CD4+ cells per unit area were similar in each group of individuals, the number of CD8+ cells was significantly higher in HIV-infected homosexual men when compared with non-infected individuals and HIV-infected heterosexual men. The median CD4+ cell count in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in HIV-infected heterosexual men than in HIV-infected homosexual men ( P<0.05). These findings may reflect differences in duration of HIV infection between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cells expressing interleukin-2 receptors between HIV-infected and non-infected individuals. Natural killer (CD16+) cells were not identified in any of the condylomata.
Effectiveness of Intradermal Hepatitis B Immunization of Hospital Staff
Authors: McKee C M , Duke P , McEvoy M B , Kelsey M C
Published: January 2017

Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine were administered via an intradermal route to 316 health service staff. One month after the final dose, 89.9% of subjects had antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen at levels of 10 IU/l or greater. A programme of hepatitis B immunization based upon the intradermal route is substantially less expensive than one using an intramuscular technique, and can enable health authorities to provide protection for increased numbers of staff without diverting resources from other programmes of health care.