bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Genetically Determined Molecular Form of Erythrocyte Esterase in Man
Authors: Shaw Charles R. , Syner Frank N. , Tashian Richard E.
Published: October 2006

An altered molecular form of erythrocyte esterase was discovered in hemolysates from two males and one female in three generations of the same family. This indicates that the alternate enzyme form is under the control of a single autosomal gene. Evidence suggests that the atypical esterase is a variant form of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase.
Interplanetary Magnetic Fields
Authors: Coleman P. J. , Davis Leverett , Smith E. J. , Sonett C. P.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary analysis of Mariner II magnetometer data indicates a persistent interplanetary field varying between a least 2 and 10 gamma (1γ = 10
-5
gauss). The interplanetary field appears to lie mainly in the ecliptic plane, although there is a substantial, fluctuating, transverse component. The Mariner II data agree reasonably well with the prior Pioneer V observations. Typically, variations as large as 5 to 10 gamma in the field component radial from the sun are measured. Correlations with the Mariner II plasma measurements have been observed.
Antarctica: The Microbiology of an Unfrozen Saline Pond
Authors: Meyer George H. , Morrow Marie B. , Wyss Orville , Berg Thomas E. , Littlepage Jack L.
Published: October 2006

A saline pond in a region in Antarctica where other lakes and ponds are frozen remains unfrozen at the prevailing low temperatures. The ecology of the pond is unique. A distinctive aerobic microbial population, though restricted to this natural habitat, adapts to growth in artificial culture. The growth habit of these organisms, as seen in nature and in laboratory culture, indicates a possible relationship between growth at high salt concentration, at low temperatures, and in media of low organic content.
Increased Sensitivity of Taste and Smell in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Henkin R. I. , Powell G. F.
Published: October 2006

Cystic fibrosis is consistently accompanied by the ability to taste and smell salt, sweet, sour, and bitter substances in solution at concentrations much more dilute than those at which the substances are detectable by normal persons. These abnormal thresholds are not affected by the administration of carbohydrate-active steroids.
Biochemical Tests Indicative of Reaction of Castor Bean to
Botrytis
Authors: Thomas C. A. , Orellana R. G.
Published: October 2006

Pectic and cellulolytic enzymes caused browning and maceration of capsules of susceptible varieties of castor bean but not of resistant varieties. Results of tests in which pericarp tissue of the capsule was treated with vanillin and H
2
SO
4
and with an aqueous solution of FeCl
3
and K
3
Fe(CN)
6
showed that resistance to the hydrolytic enzymes was correlated with both a low concentration of flavanols and related compounds and the presence of oxidized compounds in injured tissue. Resistance appeared to be due to inactivation of pectic, cellulolytic, and other hydrolytic enzymes by oxidation products of phenolic compounds. The biochemical tests made rapid measurement of resistance possible.
Self-Maintained Visual Stimulation in Monkeys after Long-Term Visual Deprivation
Authors: Wendt Richard H. , Lindsley David F. , Adey W. Ross , Fox Stephen S.
Published: October 2006

Newborn monkeys reared in darkness for 16 months, except for daily 1-hour periods of exposure to unpatterned light, were allowed to press a lever to obtain unpatterned light. The animals showed apparently insatiable responding, at rates that were extremely high as compared with rates for normally reared control animals.
Azeotrope of Isopropyl Alcohol and Isopropyl Borate
Authors: English W. David , Kidwell Roger L.
Published: October 2006

An azeotrope which boils at 82.0°C (corrected) is formed from
i
-propyl alcohol and
i
-propyl borate. The azeotrope contains at least 5.4 percent by weight of ester.
Specific Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens
Authors: Sela Michael , Fuchs Sara , Feldman Michael
Published: October 2006

The injection of two synthetic polypeptide antigens into adult rabbits treated with 6-mercaptopurine, or into newborn rabbits, resulted in immunological "unresponsiveness" to subsequent immunizations with these antigens. The "tolerant" animals were shown to be reactive toward the non-related antigen ovalbumin.
Perception of Ultrasound
Authors: Haeff Andrew V. , Knox Cameron
Published: October 2006

Ultrasonic vibrations can be perceived as audible sounds when a piezoelectric transducer is pressed against certain areas of the human body. In the range of frequencies investigated (20 to 108 kcy/sec), the threshold of perception seemed to lie near the threshold of feeling (about 10
-4
watt/cm
2
), and the perceived audible sound appeared to be between 8 and 9 kcy/sec, as judged by six test subjects. The threshold of perception and the perceived frequency appear to be dependent upon the hearing characteristics of the individual.
Amoeba proteus
: Studying the Contractile Vacuole by Micropuncture
Authors: Schmidt-Nielsen Bodil , Schrauger Carolyn Ruth
Published: October 2006

Direct measurements of the freezing point depression of the protoplasm and of the fluid from the contractile vacuole of fresh-water amoebae showed that the fluid in the vacuole is distinctly hypoosmotic to the protoplasm. Fourteen samples of protoplasm from amoebae, placed in a medium with a milliosmolality of 7, had an average osmolality of 101 milliosmoles with a range of 73 to 116. Eleven samples of vacuolar fluid had an average osmolality of 32 milliosmoles, with a range of 24 to 38. It is suggested that the fluid may be isoosmotic to the protoplasm when secreted and that salt is subsequently reabsorbed, leaving the vacuolar fluid hypoosmotic to the protoplasm.
Crystal Structures at High Pressures of Metallic Modifications of Silicon and Germanium
Authors: Jamieson John C.
Published: October 2006

Studies of germanium and silicon by x-ray diffraction reveal that their crystal structure changes at high pressures from the semiconducting diamond-type structure to the metallic white tin structure, in analogy to the known "gray" to "white" transition in tin itself.
Calcite-Aragonite Equilibrium
Authors: Simmons Gene , Bell Peter
Published: October 2006

Calcite-aragonite equilibrium, determined with an oscillating Griggs-Kennedy squeezer over the range 100° to 575°C, is given by
P
= 5500 (± 500) + 12.6 (± 1.5)
T
where pressure is in bars and temperature is in degrees Celsius. Our new determination agrees with earlier high-temperature work but is significantly different from previous low-temperature work. The equilibrium curve obtained can be used to interpret formation of aragonite during metamorphism.
Chelation of Calcium by Lactose: Its Role in Transport Mechanisms
Authors: Charley Philip , Saltman Paul
Published: October 2006

Lactose, like other sugars and polyols, prevents or delays the precipitation of calcium ion in the presence of bicarbonate buffer. That an uncharged calcium-lactose complex is formed was demonstrated by the use of paper electrophoresis and of calcium-45 as a label for the complex. Enhancement of the intestinal absorption of calcium ion by sugars could result from a complex of low molecular weight.
Alcohol and Caffeine: Effect on Inferred Visual Dreaming
Authors: Gresham Samuel C. , Webb Wilse B. , Williams Robert L.
Published: October 2006

In seven subjects, a large amount of alcohol, taken at bedtime, reduced the total duration of stage 1 electroencephalographic-rapid-eye-movement periods in the first 5 hours of sleep; a moderate amount of caffeine produced no significant change.
Rubella Virus: Neutralizing Antibody in Commercial Gamma Globulin
Authors: Schiff Gilbert M. , Sever John L. , Huebner Robert J.
Published: October 2006

In 19 lots of standard commercial gamma globulin from humans, the titers of antibody neutralizing rubella virus varied from 256 to 2048. The titers could not be correlated with geographic location of the donors, method of extraction, or tissue source. Samples of gamma globulin from rubella convalescents had titers of 4096. These titers were approximately 20 times higher than those in serum specimens from patients ill with natural or experimental infection. Serum antibody appears to persist for a number of years at nearly the original titers.
Febrile Convulsions in Infant Rats, and Later Behavior
Authors: Werboff Jack , Havlena Joan
Published: October 2006

At 3 days of age, rats were (i) subjected to a febrile convulsion, or (ii) were handled, or (iii) were not handled. Evaluation at 30 days of age revealed that animals in the first group were heaviest and most resistant to audiogenic seizure stimuli. No differences were found in maze-learning ability or activity level.
Cutaneous Slowly Adapting Mechanoreceptors in the Cat
Authors: Tapper Daniel N.
Published: October 2006

Cutaneous mechanoreceptors have been anatomically delineated, and the physiological characteristics of the nerve fibers and receptor terminals have been studied. Frequency analysis of spike trains showed two rate processes associated with the rising and plateau phases of the mechanical stimulus. Natural stimulation is capable of evoking firing frequencies which saturate the carrying capacities of the fiber.
Iodine-131 Fallout from Underground Tests
Authors: Martell E. A.
Published: October 2006

Evidence that the fallout of iodine-131 in the Midwest during May 1962 originated in Nevada is provided by data on air trajectories, radioactivity in milk, and other findings. Selective escape of radioiodine from vented explosions, and the rapid transfer of iodine from the lower atmosphere to the biosphere, place significance on even minor releases of radioactive fission products from subsurface nuclear explosions.
Antibody Suppression by Antigen Heavily Labeled with Iodine-131
Authors: Webber Milo M.
Published: October 2006

Antibody formation in rabbits was suppressed by tobacco mosaic virus heavily labeled with iodine-131. Animals were injected intravenously with virus containing 0.5 to 4.4 mc of I
131
and after a period of 6 days were challenged with a new antigen, γ-globulin. Most irradiated animals did not produce detectable antibody. No signs of radiation sickness were noted.
Bacteriophage: An Unusual Hybrid of Serologically Unrelated Phages P22 and P221
Authors: Yamamoto Nobuto
Published: October 2006

Serologically unrelated bacteriophages P22 and P221 that grow on
Salmonella typhimurium
are described. The phage P22 and a mutant P22
h
have short tails with hexagonal base plates, whereas P221 has a long, flexible tail without a base plate. P22
h
and P221 can recombine to exchange genetic markers. In the course of the recombination experiment, an unusual hybrid, P22-221Hy, was found. It mutates to P221 and P22
S
at a frequency of 10
-4
and 10
-5
, respectively. Unlike P22
h
, P22
S
gives clear plaques on both
S. typhimurium
, St, and its mutant, St/22, but is morphologically and serologically indistinguishable from P22 and P22
h
. The use of single-clone technique on P22-221Hy proved that a P22-221Hy genome consists of a P22
h
and a P221 genome and is carried by the P22
h
capsid. However, it seems probable that the information for synthesizing the P221 capsid may be suppressed by the information for synthesizing the P22
h
capsid. P22-221Hy is a stable hybrid rather than a heterozygote, because it does not segregate by passing through host cells. Thus, one bacteriophage can carry the genetic information for two distinct bacteriophages.
Structure of Lipoproteins: Covalently Bound Fatty Acids
Authors: Fisher Waldo R. , Gurin Samuel
Published: October 2006

Plasma lipoproteins, extensively extracted with organic solvents, contain small quantities of firmly bound long-chain fatty acids. Upon enzymatic digestion of the protein and partial purification of the resulting peptides, fatty acids are found associated with a peptide fraction which contains organic phosphate. The nature of the linkage between the fatty acid and peptide is unknown.
Iodine-131 Thyroid Dose from Milk in Italy during the Period September 1962 to February 1963
Authors: Cigna Arrigo A. , Giorcelli Franco G.
Published: October 2006

During the period September 1962 to February 1963, iodine-131 was measured in milk sampled in 14 Italian cities. At the end of the period the average intake was 9100 pc, corresponding to a thyroid dose of 0.31 rad; the maximum intake (at Bari) was 16,300 pc, corresponding to a thyroid dose of 0.56 rad.
Radiation-Induced Mouse Leukemia: Consistent Occurrence of an Extra and a Marker Chromosome
Authors: Wald Niel , Upton Arthur C. , Jenkins Vernon K. , Borges Wayne H.
Published: October 2006

Granulocytic leukemia, induced in the primary mouse by x-irradiation, was serially transmitted to RF/Up mice. An extra chromosome, as well as a morphologicaly unusual chromosome, was found in the bone marrow cells of all the leukemic mice that had been injected previously either with leukemic spleen cells or with cell-free ultracentrifugates. This suggests that the changes in the chromosomes are caused by a virus.
Atmospheric Aldehydes Related to Petunia Leaf Damage
Authors: Brennan Eileen G. , Leone Ida A. , Daines Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Snowstorm petunias grown in the greenhouse developed a necrotic banding of the actively expanding foliage characteristic of injury ascribed to various photochemically produced pollutants in the atmosphere. In this case the damage appeared to be related to the high aldehyde content of the ambient air. Each time the aldehyde concentration exceeded 0.20 parts per million for 2 hours, injury appeared within a day or two. From July to September 1963 such plant injury was observed on seven occasions.
Cell Wall Replication in
Salmonella typhosa
Authors: Cole Roger M.
Published: October 2006

Changes in the fluorescence of the cell wall of
Salmonella typhosa
(TY2W) were studied during growth after direct labeling with fluorescein conjugated homologous or "anti-O" globulins. Fluorescence decreased evenly with culture growth and cell division, but the addition of chloramphenicol resulted in large, nondividing cells that showed increasing interruption of fluorescence of the wall marker. The process thus differs from the equatorial origin and discrete hemispherical addition of new wall previously described in
Streptococcus pyogenes
. These findings, in addition to demonstrating the formation of new wall in the presence of chloramphenicol, appear consistent only with the concept that wall replication in the salmonellas occurs by means of diffuse intercalation of new materials among old.
Computer Program for Printing Undeformed Fourier Maps
Authors: Donnay J. D. H. , Takeda Hiroshi
Published: October 2006

The program calculates the values of the function at those points where the computer can print them.
Natural Carbon-14 Activity of Organic Substances in Streams
Authors: Rosen A. A. , Rubin Meyer
Published: October 2006

Carbon-14 measurements made on organic contaminants extracted from streams show percentages of industrial waste and domestic sewage. The method, used previously for studies of the atmosphere, can be used in studies of pollution sources.
Overlap of Photoreactivation and Liquid Holding Recovery in
Escherichia coli
B
Authors: Castellani A. , Jagger J. , Setlow R. B.
Published: October 2006

It is known that cells of
Escherichia coli
B exposed to 2537-Å ultraviolet radiation will show a higher survival (photoreactivation) if subsequently irradiated at 3650 Å, and that they will also show a higher survival (liquid holding recovery) if subsequently held in a liquid. We find that cells given an optimal recovery treatment of one type show no further recovery if also subjected to the other type of treatment. It is concluded that liquid holding treatment acts only upon photoreactivable damage.
Amino Acid Code in
Alcaligenes faecalis
Authors: Protass Jay J. , Speyer Joseph F. , Lengyel Peter
Published: October 2006

Amino acid incorporation into protein, promoted by synthetic polynucleotides, was studied in a cell-free extract of
Alcaligenes faecalis
(combined guanine and cytosine content of DNA, 66 percent). In the limited survey, 18 code triplets were found to specify the amino acids as in
Escherichia coli
(combined guanine and cytosine content of DNA, 52 percent). At least six of the eight possible triplets containing adenine and uracil were meaningful. No exceptions to the universality of the amino acid code were found.
First Linkage of a Species Antigen in the Genus
Streptopelia
Authors: Miller Wilmer J.
Published: October 2006

Twenty-two progeny in a single backcross family of a species hybrid between the dwarf turtle dove and the ring-neck dove exhibited strong association in a repulsion phase of linkage between the silky feather trait and the species-specific hu-8 blood character. This family constituted a test cross for six characters: sex, peanut reactivity, silky feathering, and the three independent species-specific blood characters, hu-1, hu-4, and hu-8.
Pollen Wettability as a Factor in Washout by Raindrops
Authors: McDonald James E.
Published: October 2006

Easily wettable pollen particles (contact angle θ < 90 °) can be distinguished from poorly wettable particles (θ > 90 °) by a simple laboratory test. Although some differences in degree of wettability were observed among the 15 pollens tested, all were wettable and most were strongly wettable. Grain wettability is not likely to suppress rain-scavenging efficiencies
Inheritance of Avoidance Conditioning in Mice: A Diallel Study
Authors: Collins Robert L.
Published: October 2006

Significant genetic differences were demonstrated in the rate of avoidance conditioning among offspring from all 25 mating combinations of 5 highly inbred mouse strains. Hybrids of C3H parents learned fastest, while those of A/JAX parents learned slowest. Most hybrids learned better than either parent. Evidence that differential influences of the early maternal environment affected the rate of learning was not supported.
Nerve Fibers and Terminals: Electron Microscopy after Nauta Staining
Authors: Guillery R. W. , Ralston H. J.
Published: October 2006

Sections of cat spinal cord and rat mammillary body in which degenerating nerve fibers were stained by the Nauta silver method have been examined with the electron microscope. Silver granules were present in the axoplasm of some myelinated fibers and in some of the axon terminals.
Olfactory Discrimination: Electrophysiological Spatiotemporal Basis
Authors: Mozell Maxwell Mark
Published: October 2006

Simultaneous recordings were taken from two widely separated branches of the olfactory nerve of the frog. Odors from a variety of chemical substances were blown into the nares, and each elicited a different response magnitude ratio between the two branches. In addition, the time lapse between the two nerve responses differed for different chemicals. This suggests a time-space encoding of the mucosal response to odors.
Induction of Papillary Growths in the Heart
Authors: Rodbard S. , Kinoshita Y. , Montes M.
Published: October 2006

Papillary growths appeared on the atrial endocardium of dogs at sites where adjacent surfaces presumably came into contact with a reciprocating motion. It is suggested that the resulting friction stimulates the growth of papillae which then act as pedunculated ballbearings, reducing the friction.
Starch Formation Induced by a Plant Parasitic Nematode
Authors: Schuster M. L. , Sandstedt Robert , Estes Larry W.
Published: October 2006

This is the first report that a nematode causes plant tissues to produce starch. The formation of starch granules in the syncytial cells of several plant species is induced by
Nacobbus batatiformis
. The starch, which is associated with the feeding of the nematode, appears within a few days after the animal has become situated in the plant roots and diminishes in amount during nematode reproduction. The starch granules show the usual optical properties.
Thalidomide: Effects on Enzymes of Glutamic Acid Metabolism in Mice
Authors: Hirschberg Erich , Osnos Martha , Bryant Sylvia , Ultmann John E.
Published: October 2006

Thalidomide caused no significant alteration in the activity of glutamic decarboxylase in extracts of brain or of glutamic dehydrogenase or glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in extracts of brain or liver when added in vitro or injected into normal mice. Administered to pregnant mice, thalidomide had no effect on the activity of the latter enzymes in extracts of embryos with adhering uterus tissue.
Actinomycin D: Suppression of Recovery in X-Irradiated Mammalian Cells
Authors: Elkind M. M. , Whitmore G. F. , Alescio T.
Published: October 2006

The lethal effect of two x-ray doses can be considerably enhanced if cultured cells are exposed to actinomycin D between doses. Net survival can be modified by temperature as well as actinomycin treatment. These effects are related to repair of sublethal damage and to cell kinetics between doses.
Conditioned Discrimination in the Planarian
Authors: Griffard C. D. , Peirce J. Trevor
Published: October 2006

To demonstrate classical conditioning in the planarian in a situation uncontaminated by the possible artifacts of pseudoconditioning or sensitization 30
Phagocata gracilis
were successfully trained, by the use of directional shock as the unconditioned stimulus, to turn in one direction to a light, and in the opposite direction to vibration. Ten similarly trained planaria tested by an independent observer who did not know the previous training conditions experienced by any animal showed similar results.
Faraday Rotation on Decametric Radio Emissions from Jupiter
Authors: Warwick James W. , Dulk George A.
Published: October 2006

Some decametric radio emissions from Jupiter observed recently exhibit effects which are attributable to Faraday rotation within the earth's ionosphere. We present the evidence for the presence of Faraday rotation and discuss its origin. Identification of the magnetoionic mode in which the emission is generated at Jupiter appears possible, although near the limit of accuracy of our present observations. The emission seems to be generated in the extraordinary mode.
High-Pressure Polymorph of Iron
Authors: Takahashi Taro , Bassett William A.
Published: October 2006

An x-ray diffraction study of iron under pressure has shown that alpha-iron (body-centered cubic) transforms to hexagonal-close-packing (designated epsilon-iron) at 130 kb, room temperature. The volume change for the transformation is -0.20 ± 0.03 cm
3
/mole. The slope for the gamma-epsilon phase boundary has been calculated to be 2 ± 1°C/kb. The molar volume of iron decreases from 7.10 cm
3
/mole (density = 7.85 g/cm
3
) at room pressure to 6.10 ± 0.08 cm
3
/mole (density = 9.1 ± 0.1 g/cm
3
) at 200 kb and room temperature. The extrapolation of the gamma-epsilon phase boundary, consistent with shock wave data, suggests that it may have an influence on the properties of the earth's core.
Duplexity Theory of Taste
Authors: von Békésy Georg
Published: October 2006

When two different taste stimuli are presented, one to the left and the other to the right side of the tongue, they may add together to a sensation in the middle of the tongue, or they may stay separated. This phenomenon can be used to show that the four primary taste sensations seem to form two well-differentiated groups. Warm and cold stimuli act similarly to the four primary taste stimuli, thus separating the sensations on the tongue into two groups: bitter, warm, sweet; and sour, cold, salty.
C-Phycocyanin: Minimum Molecular Weight
Authors: Berns Donald S. , Scott Edith , O'Reilly Kathleen T.
Published: October 2006

Sedimentation and immunodiffusion experiments indicate that the molecular weight for the minimum molecular unit of C-phycocyanin is 30,000. This result agrees with an analysis of available data on amino acid content for C-phycocyanins from several different algae.
Genetic Studies on the Mixed Leukocyte Reaction
Authors: Bain Barbara , Lowenstein Louis
Published: October 2006

When leukocytes from pairs of unrelated human subjects are mixed and cultured for several days, blast-like cells appear that are capable of DNA synthesis and mitosis. This reaction can be estimated quantitatively by measuring the uptake of tritiated thymidine in the cultures. In experiments with 15 sibling pairs, the leukocytes of most individuals reacted less strongly with those of their siblings than with those of an unrelated subject.
Radiation Action on DNA in Bacteria: Effect of Oxygen
Authors: Pollard Ernest C. , Achey Phillip M.
Published: October 2006

In
Escherichia coli
cells ionizing radiation produces a degradation of DNA to approximately 50 percent of the total amount originally insoluble in trichloroacetic acid. There is also a reduction of synthesis. Oxygen inhibits the degradation process by a dose reduction factor of 4 and the synthesis process by a factor of approximately 1.5. Thus, at relatively low doses, radiation action on bacteria is very probably mediated through the DNA.
Thyrocalcitonin: Hypocalcemic Hypophosphatemic Principle of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Hirsch Philip F. , Voelkel Edward F. , Munson Paul L.
Published: October 2006

A factor that lowers serum calcium and inorganic phosphate in rats has been purified 500-fold from 0.1
N
HCl extracts of hog thyroid glands. It is distinct from thyroxine and triiodothyronine and appears to be a polypeptide.
Human Wart Virus: In vitro Cultivation
Authors: Oroszlan Stephen , Rich Marvin A.
Published: October 2006

Inoculation of cell cultures of fetal skin of human and murine origin with virus extracted from human wart tissue resulted in the appearance of intracellular wart virus specific antigen, as demonstrated by fluorescent antibody techniques. Appearance of antigen was accompanied by cytopathogenicity and the accumulation of large numbers of characteristic virus particles.
Antibody Formation in vitro by Separated Spleen Cells: Inhibition by Actinomycin or Chloramphenicol
Authors: Svehag Sven-Erik
Published: October 2006

The formation of 19
S
antibody to poliovirus by rabbit spleen cells in vitro was interrupted by adding actinomycin D (1 to 10 micrograms per milliliter) for 30 minutes or longer. Shorter treatment (5 to 15 minutes) caused partial suppression. Antibody formation was slowly renewed upon removal of the drug. These results suggest that 19
S
antibody formation is contingent upon DNA-dependent RNA synthesis and that the genetic messenger has an average lifetime of one-half day or less. Treatment with chloramphenicol (20 to 50 micrograms per milliliter) for 3 days caused the cessation of 19
S
antibody formation.
Variations of Nitrogen-15 Abundance in Soils
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Bremner J. M. , Edwards A. P.
Published: October 2006

A survey of the isotopic composition of soil nitrogen has shown that there is variation in the abundance of nitrogen-15 in soils and in different forms of soil nitrogen. The variation detected is small, but it cannot be attributed to analytical errors and should be considered in studies of nitrogen transformation in soils when nitrogen-15 is used as a tracer.
Acid Phosphatase-Rich Granules in Human Lymphocytes Induced by Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Hirschhorn Rochelle , Kaplan J. Martin , Goldberg Arthur F. , Hirschhorn Kurt , Weissmann Gerald
Published: October 2006

Human lymphocytes, cultured in the presence of phytohemagglutinin, undergo morphologic transformation and subsequent mitosis. Before mitosis (48 to 72 hours), a sharp increase in acid phosphatase activity occurs in cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Histochemical examination of these cells demonstrates that innumerable granules containing acid phosphatase develop in the cytoplasm before mitosis. It is possible that enzymes present in granules which stain for acid phosphatase activity (lysosome-like) may play a role in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cell division.
Bacteria on Leaf Surfaces and in Intercellular Leaf Spaces
Authors: Barnes Ervin H.
Published: October 2006

Ultraviolet irradiation kills bacteria on the leaf surface but not those in the intercellular leaf spaces.
Metabolic Controls in Cultured Mammalian Cells
Authors: Eagle Harry
Published: October 2006

A number of apparently unrelated factors are known to have a profound effect on the metabolism of cultured mammalian cells; and some of these may be operative as metabolic controls in the whole animal as well. The more complete exploration of (i) homotypic and heterotypic cellular interactions, (ii) the spontaneous transformations sometimes observed in cultured cells, (iii) the mode of action of cytotoxic agents, (iv) the multiple metabolic effects of viral infection, and (v) the conditions necessary for the maintenance of specialized function in cultured cells, can be expected to throw light on the basic mechanisms underlying such complex processes as differentiation, senescence, and cancer.
Rubella Complement Fixation Test
Authors: Sever John L. , Huebner Robert J. , Castellano Gabriel A. , Sarma Padman S. , Fabiyi Akinyele , Schiff Gilbert M. , Cusumano Charles L.
Published: October 2006

Complement-fixing antigens specific for rubella were made in tissue cultures of RK-13 rabbit kidney cells and primary cultures of kidney from the African green monkey. The antigens were prepared with the infected cell monolayer diluted to 30 percent with supernatant fluid and frozen and thawed three times. Complement-fixing antibody appeared in patients with rubella soon after the termination of rash and persisted for at least 8 months. In 8 out of 12 individuals who had the disease 10 to 20 years before they were tested, no complement-fixing antibody was found, but neutralizing antibody was present.
Germanium and Silicon Disulfides: Structure and Synthesis
Authors: Prewitt C. T. , Young H. S.
Published: October 2006

Crystal structures of the tetragonal forms of germanium and silicon disulfide are similar and consist of (SiS
4
)
4-
and (GeS
4
)
4-
tetrahedra which share vertices to form three-dimensional networks. These tetragonal materials, synthesized at high pressure and temperature, are different from the previously known germanium and silicon disulfides.
Insect Mating Behavior: Endocrine Control of a Chemical Communication System
Authors: Barth Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Experiments on several species of moths and cockroaches indicate that the production of sex pheromone (a male attractant) in virgin females is under endocrine control in some species but not in others. The presence or absence of endocrine control over pheromone production may be correlated with the type of life cycle exhibited.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Spectinomycin
Authors: Davies Julian , Anderson Porter , Davis Bernard D.
Published: October 2006

Spectinomycin selectively inhibits protein synthesis in cells and in extracts of
Escherichia coli
. Mutations to high-level resistance to this antibiotic map close to the streptomycin locus, and the site of action of spectinomycin, like that of streptomycin, is the 30
S
ribosomal subunit, as shown by experiments with reconstituted 70
S
ribosomes containing subunits from sensitive and from resistant ribosomes. In contrast to streptomycin, however, spectinomycin is not bactericidal and causes no detectable misreading of polyribonucleotides.
A Protein Kinase Substrate Identified by the Two-Hybrid System
Authors: Yang Xiaolu , Hubbard E. Jane Albert , Carlson Marian
Published: October 2006

A genetic method, the two-hybrid system, was used to identify four genes encoding proteins that interact with the SNF1 protein kinase from yeast. One of the genes,
SIP1
, was independently isolated as a multicopy suppressor of defects caused by reduced SNF1 kinase activity, and genetic evidence supports its function in the SNF1 pathway. The SIP1 protein co-immunoprecipitated with SNF1 and was phosphorylated in vitro. Thus, the two-hybrid system, which is applicable to any cloned gene, can be used to detect physical interactions between protein kinases and functionally related substrate proteins.
Stagnation in the Decline of the World Population Growth Rate During the 1980s
Authors: Horiuchi Shiro
Published: October 2006

The world human population growth rate after World War II passed through three phases: the rise in the 1950s and 1960s, the fall (though still at a positive level) in the 1970s, and the plateau in the 1980s. The rise was produced by the global decline in death rates, the fall was mainly due to the reduction of fertility in a number of developing countries, and the stagnation of growth rate decline was attributable to three major factors. First, substantial fertility declines started around 1970 and stalled around 1980 in both China and India. Second, the age structure of population changed in favor of higher birth rates. Third, although fertility started to decline significantly around 1970 mainly in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America, few countries have begun fertility declines since then. Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have not started substantial fertility reductions, deepening the gap between developing countries that are moving to lower fertility levels and those that are left behind.
Igneous Rocks of the Indian Ocean Floor
Authors: Engel Celeste G. , Fischer Robert L. , Engel A. E. J.
Published: October 2006

Four dredge hauls from near the crest and from the eastern flank of the seismically active Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge at 23° to 24°S, at depths of 3700 to 4300 meters, produced only low-potassium tholeiitic basalt similar in chemical and mineralogic composition to basalts characteristic of ridges and rises in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A fifth haul, from a depth of 4000 meters on the lower flank of a seamount on the ocean side of the Indonesian Trench, recovered tholeiitic basalt with higher concentrations of K and Ti and slightly lower amounts of Si and Ca than the typical-oceanic tholeiite of the ridge. The last sample is vesicular, suggesting depression of the area since the basalt was emplaced. Many of the rocks dredged are variously decomposed and hydrated, but there is no evidence of important chemical modification toward conversion of the lava flows to spilite during extrusion or solidification.
Soluble Proteins of a Melanoma and Normal Skin from the Swordtail, Platyfish, and Their Hybrids
Authors: Humm Douglas G. , Sylvia Avis L.
Published: October 2006

Acrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to make comparisons of the distribution of soluble protein and the activity of esterase in skin and melanoma extracts of the swordtail, the platyfish, and their hybrids. There is a striking difference between the extracts of normal skin and tumor tissue derived from the same cytological elements. Several prominent protein bands are found only in the tumor tissue. Their origin and function are unknown.
Strontium and Magnesium in Water and in
Crassostrea
Calcite
Authors: Lerman Abraham
Published: October 2006

Distribution of magnesium and strontium was determined between waters and calcites secreted by the oyster species
Crassostrea virginica
and
C. rhizophorae
in natural habitats at eight localities, from Maine to Puerto Rico. The concentration of strontium in the calcite shells increases with increasing temperature in the range 13° to 25°C, and also with increasing Sr
++
/Ca
++
molal ratio in the water. The concentration of magnesium in the shells increases irregularly with temperature, and it is apparently independent of the Mg
++
/Ca
++
ratio in the water. The greater variation with temperature in the distribution factor for magnesium may be related to genetic differences between semi-isolated populations.
Eimeria tenella
: Cultivation of the Asexual Stages in Cultured Animal Cells
Authors: Patton W. H.
Published: October 2006

Eimeria tenella
, an intracellular protozoan parasite of the cecal epithelium of chickens, developed asexually in monolayer cultures of mammalian fibroblasts, mammalian epithelial cells, and avian fibroblasts maintained under various mediums at 41°C. Sexual stages of the parasite were not seen. Established cell lines and secondary cell cultures were equally suitable for cultivation of the parasite.
Efficiency of the Conditioned Eyelid Response
Authors: Martin Irene , Levey A. B.
Published: October 2006

A method for estimating directly the efficiency of the conditioned eyelid response is capable of reflecting marked changes in response efficiency during acquisition of the conditioned response.
Frog Retina: Detection of Movement
Authors: Finkelstein Daniel , Grüsser Otto-Joachim
Published: October 2006

The response of class 2 ganglion cells in the frog retina is dependent on the angular velocity of a black visual stimulus whose size (1.2°) and contrast against a background are held constant. The relation between neuronal discharge rate and the angular velocity of the stimulus may be expressed as a power function.
Energy Intake of the Mourning Dove
Zenaidura macroura marginella
Authors: Schmid William D.
Published: October 2006

Wild mourning doves follow a discrete cycle of feeding activity. Analysis of their food habits has provided an estimate for their average daily caloric intake.
Heterothallism in Biflagellate Aquatic Fungi: Preliminary Genetic Analysis
Authors: Mullins J. Thomas , Raper John R.
Published: October 2006

Genetic analysis of several hundred progeny from crosses of two heterothallic species of
Achlya
and
Dictyuchus
provides preliminary information about the life cycle and pattern of sexuality in the biflagellate Phycomycetes. Extensive testing of mycelial progeny indicates a diploid life cycle. Control of sexual expression and mating competence appears to be based on a complex genetic system.
Immunoglobulin A Production in Ataxia Telangiectasia
Authors: McFarlin D. E. , Strober W. , Wochner R. D. , Waldmann T. A.
Published: October 2006

Serum from five patients with ataxia telangiectasia contained no detectable immunoglobulin A (IgA). However, there was evidence (by immunofluorescence) of IgA in the bone marrow of the three patients so examined, suggesting that the defect in IgA production was not complete. IgA was in the saliva of all five patients and in the parotid gland of the one patient studied. This is further evidence of IgA synthesis by the salivary glands.
Immunogenicity and Role of Size: Response of Guinea Pigs to Oligotyrosine and Tyrosine Derivatives
Authors: Borek Felix , Stupp Yehudit , Sela Michael
Published: October 2006

Guinea pigs injected with 100 micrograms of
p
-azobenzenearsonate derivatives of hexa-L-tyrosine, tri-L-tyrosine, or
N
-acetyl-L-tyrosine amide, in complete Freund's adjuvant, developed, after 10 to 19 days, delayed-type hypersensitivity to these substances. This was shown by skin reactions, followed by the formation of circulating antibodies that were detectable by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Experiments with
p
-azobenzenearsonate-hexa-L-tyrosine labeled with iodine-131 showed that this substance was bound in vitro to proteins of normal guinea pig serum. Binding was similar with the nonantigenic hexa-L-tyrosine and its
p
-azobenzoate derivative.
Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis
Identified as Vector of Simian Malaria in Malaysia
Authors: Cheong W. H. , Warren McWilson , Omar A. H. , Mahadevan S.
Published: October 2006

The mosquito
Anopheles balabacensis balabacensis
has been identified as a natural vector of at least two species of simian malaria in the monsoon forests of the northern Malay States. This mosquito is also a serious vector of human malaria from Viet Nam to northern Malaya. This is the first report of a mosquito which transmits both human and simian malaria in nature.
Atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Johnson F. S.
Published: October 2006

The Martian ionospheric observations made by Mariner IV are interpreted in terms of an atmospheric model. The ion peak is identified as an F2 peak, that is, as a maximum whose profile is controlled by ambipolar diffusion. The principal features of the resulting atmospheric model are that the atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide, the temperature is very low, and there is no thermosphere. Surface temperature is 210°K. The tropopause occurs at an altitude of 14 kilometers and has a temperature of 140°K. Above the tropopause, the temperature decreases with altitude at the rate of 0.64°C km
-1
, following the solid carbon dioxide vapor-pressure curve up to 100 km, where the temperature is 85°K; at higher altitudes the temperature is isothermal.
Comparison of Messenger RNA in Photoperiodically Induced and Noninduced
Xanthium
Buds
Authors: Cherry Joe H. , van Huystee Robert B.
Published: October 2006

In response to the floral stimulus,
Xanthium
buds synthesize relatively more messenger RNA than do vegetative buds. This is demonstrated by fractionation, on methylated albumin-kieselguhr columns, of a mixture of nucleic acids from vegetative and induced buds, one being labeled with uridine-H
3
and the other with uridine-2-C
14
. While floral induction stimulates a small increase in messenger RNA synthesis as revealed by labeling intact plants, this difference can be magnified by labeling excised buds in solution. From experiments with excised buds from
Xanthium
plants, it is concluded that buds from photoperiodically induced plants contain more messenger RNA than buds from noninduced ones do.
Myelin Membrane: A Molecular Abnormality
Authors: O'Brien John S. , Sampson E. Lois
Published: October 2006

Myelin was isolated from cerebral white matter from a patient who had died of metachromatic leukodystrophy, and its lipid composition was analyzed. Although the lipid content was nearly normal, the myelin contained a three- to fourfold excess of cerebroside sulfate and a threefold deficiency of cerebroside compared to normal myelin. The deficiency of cerebroside and the excess of cerebroside sulfate may account for defective myelination in this disease.
Electrostatic Aspects of Physical Adsorption: Implications for Molecular Sieves and Gaseous Anesthesia
Authors: Benson Sidney W. , King James W.
Published: October 2006

The equations of electrostatics are applied to the adsorption of gases on molecular sieves; separations on sieves are caused not by the size of molecules but by electrostatic forces between the gases and the strong electric fields of the sieves. Electrostatic interactions can also explain the phenomenon of general anesthesia.
Mars: Radar Observations
Authors: Goldstein R. M.
Published: October 2006

Radar studies of Mars indicate that certain areas are quite smooth. Rough, strongly reflecting regions have also been found, as well as poorly reflecting ones. Mars as a whole is significantly smoother to radiation of 12.5-centimeter wavelength than Venus.
Photopic Spectral Sensitivity in the Monkey: Methods for Determining, and Initial Results
Authors: Sidley N. A. , Sperling H. G. , Bedarf E. W. , Hiss R. H.
Published: October 2006

Data were obtained on the spectral sensitivity of the light-adapted monkey by two operant conditioning techniques adapted to use with brief duration stimuli: cued avoidance conditioning, and a positive reinforcement-reaction time method. The results are compared with human photopic spectral sensitivity, and detailed similarities are found.
Pseudo—Half-Knot Formation with RNA
Authors: Ecker D. J. , Vickers T. A. , Bruice T. W. , Freier S. M. , Jenison R. D. , Manoharan M. , Zounes M.
Published: October 2006

A pseudo—half-knot can be formed by binding an oligonucleotide asymmetrically to an RNA hairpin loop. This binding motif was used to target the human immunodeficiency virus TAR element, an important viral RNA structure that is the receptor for Tat, the major viral transactivator protein. Oligonucleotides complementary to different halves of the TAR structure bound with greater affinity than molecules designed to bind symmetrically around the hairpin. The pseudo—half-knot—forming oligonucleotides altered the TAR structure so that specific recognition and binding of a Tat-derived peptide was disrupted. This general binding motif may be used to disrupt the structure of regulatory RNA hairpins.
Combining Experimental Information from Crystal and Solution Studies: Joint X-Ray and NMR Refinement
Authors: Shaanan Boaz , Gronenborn Angela M. , Cohen Gerson H. , Gilliland Gary L. , Veerapandian B. , Davies David R. , Clore G. Marius
Published: October 2006

Joint refinement of macromolecules against crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) observations is presented as a way of combining experimental information from the two methods. The model of interleukin-1β derived by the joint x-ray and NMR refinement is shown to be consistent with the experimental observations of both methods and to have crystallographic
R
value and geometrical parameters that are of the same quality as or better than those of models obtained by conventional crystallographic studies. The few NMR observations that are violated by the model serve as an indicator for genuine differences between the crystal and solution structures. The joint x-ray-NMR refinement can resolve structural ambiguities encountered in studies of multidomain proteins, in which low- to medium-resolution diffraction data can be complemented by higher resolution NMR data obtained for the individual domains.
Bradykinin: Effect on Ureteral Peristalsis
Authors: Catacutan-Labay Peregrina , Boyarsky Saul
Published: October 2006

Bradykinin, a known smooth-muscle stimulant, affects ureteral peristalsis in the dog; the changes were judged by cinefluorography, peristaltic pressures, and ureteral perfusions. No effect on urine flow was detected. Experiments with rats also demonstrated the effect of the drug on the ureter.
Analysis of Copper and Brass Coins of the Early Roman Empire
Authors: Carter Giles F.
Published: October 2006

X-ray fluorescence analysis of 14 copper and brass coins of the early Roman Empire shows differences in composition between coins minted in Rome and in France. Concentrations of tin, lead, and antimony are nearly always less than in coins minted before 29 B.C. or after 54 A.D. Older coins were not melted to make copper coins of the early empire.
Proteins and Disulfide Groups in the Aggregation of Dissociated Cells of Sea Sponges
Authors: Gasic Gabriel J. , Galanti Norbel L.
Published: October 2006

A sponge extract that produced specific aggregation of dissociated cells was treated with various enzyme preparations to determine which enzymes would destroy its aggregating properties. The results indicate that proteins play a key role in the aggregating effect of the extract on dissociated, glutaraldehyde-fixed sponge cells. Further studies confirm the necessity of calcium for the aggregation and indicate the necessity of intact disulfide groups.
Conidia of
Botrytis cinerea
: Labeling by Fluorescent Vital Staining
Authors: Wilson H. M.
Published: October 2006

As a model system, conidia of
Botrytis cinerea
have been vitally stained with optical brighteners to facilitate their location in plant tissue.
Thermal Stability of Threonine in the Presence of a Marine Polyphenolic Material
Authors: Vallentyne J. R.
Published: October 2006

The rate of decomposition of threonine in 0.01
M
aqueous solution is unaffected by an equimolar concentration of pyrocatechol, but is increased by the addition of an extracellular polyphenolic material (3 mg/ml) produced by
Fucus vesiculosus
. Glycine, a pyrolytic product of threonine, behaves similarly.
Serum Concentration: Effects on Cycle and X-ray Sensitivity of Mammalian Cells
Authors: Hahn George M. , Bagshaw Malcolm A.
Published: October 2006

If the content of serum in the culture medium of exponentially growing Chinese hamster cells is below optimum (15 percent), the doubling time and the resistance to x-irradiation of the cells are increased. In synchronously dividing populations the increase in doubling time is primarily caused by increase in duration of the postmitotic (G
1
) phase of the cells; this phase is relatively radiation resistant. The response of the cells growing synchronously is related quantitatively to the response of the cells dividing randomly.