bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The in vitro Uptake of Lysine and Alanine by Human Jejunal Mucosa in Nutritional Rickets
Authors: Woodd-Walker R.B. , Hansen J.D.L. , Saunders S.J.
Published: November 2008

In some congenital and acquired conditions, aminoaciduria is associated with defective absorption by the mucosa of the small intestine. There is generalised aminoaciduria in nutritional rickets; thus, jejunal function was investigated. Epithelium from six patients was incubated with a dilute solution of radioactively labelled lysine and alanine. The concentration in the tissue, compared with that in the medium, was a measure of the uptake which, in turn, was thought to parallel the absorptive capacity of the gut. In the conditions of these observations, no impairment of uptake was demonstrated.
Effet de I’acide tannique sur la sécrétion gastrique chez le rat
Authors: Mitjavila S. , de Saint Blanquat G. , Derache R.
Published: November 2008

We have studied the effect of tannic acid on gastric secretion in the stomach of the rat [Shay et al., 1945]. Using both single and repeated dosages, our findings disclose: The administration of a single dose (30 mg/kg body weight) of tannic acid has no influence on the secretory capacity of the stomach, but inhibits the peptic activity of the gastric juice and partly precipitates the mucin which, normally, plays a protective role. Tannic acid administered at repeated dosages increases the secretion of pepsin and free acidity and reduces the concentration of mucin in the gastric juice; we have detected no case of gastric ulceration. On the whole, however, these results can be compared with ulcerogenic conditions observed in denutrition; it must be mentioned that rats subjected to diets containing tannic acid, despite a very rich diet from the point of view of growth resemble under-nourished animals in their behavior.
Serum Total Lipids and Lipid Fractions in Marasmus
Authors: Gürson C.T. , Kurdoglu G. , Saner G.
Published: November 2008

Plasma total lipid, lipid fractions, total protein protein fractions and α-amino nitrogen were studied in 30 cases of marasmic protein-calorie malnutrition and 10 control cases. Repeated determinations were done after the patients had gained at least 10% of their admission weight. With the exception of lipoproteins and phospholipids, no major differences existed in plasma lipid and lipid fractions in cases of marasmus at admission and in the recovery phase.
Abnormalities of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Experimentally Induced Acute Uremia
Authors: Nitzan M.
Published: November 2008

The effects of acute uremic syndrome on serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides and cholesterol were studied in the fasted rat 24 h following bilateral nephrectomy. The mean levels of serum glucose and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) as well as insulin to glucose ratio were significantly higher in the uremic animals than in the shamoperated controls. The fasting hyperglycemia in the presence of high levels of circulating IRI observed in the nephrectomized rats reflects a decrease in the efficiency of insulin-mediated glucose transport. The acutely anephric rat develops both significant hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, accompanied by a prominent increase in all lipoprotein classes. The generalized nature of the hyperlipoproteinemia as well as the lack of any positive correlation between serum lipids and circulating IRI or insulin to glucose ratio suggest that the observed hyperlipidemia must be attributed to factors other than hyperinsulinemia or insulin insensitivity alone.
Passage des inhibiteurs trypsiques à travers la paroi intestinale de rat in vitro
Authors: Faudemay F. , Laporte J.C. , Trémolières J.
Published: November 2008

Rat intestines were freed of their content and filled with a Krebs-Ringer phosphate glucose (KRPG) solution, either alone or added with egg or soybean trypsin inhibitors. Then, they were incubated in oxygenated KRPG medium at 37° C, for 2 h. Trypsin inhibitors appeared in the external incubation medium. When trypsin inhibitors were not added inside, the amount of trypsin inhibitors appeared outside was low and more so in fasted than fed rats. It remained almost constant during the whole incubation and originated from the intestinal wall. When egg or soybean trypsin inhibitors were added inside, increasing amount of trypsin inhibitors appeared outside, raising from the level previously observed to 1/1000 of the initial inside amount after 60 min, and 1/100 after 120 min. It originated, from the lumen, and was part, having crossed the wall, of the amount initially added inside.
Short-Term and Long-Term Pathological Effects of Glyceryl Trierucate and of Increasing Levels of Dietary Rapeseed Oil in Rats
Authors: Abdellatif A.M.M. , Vles R.O.
Published: November 2008

Diets containing rapeseed oil (RSO) or glyceryl trierucate (GTE), each supplying 25 cal% erucic acid, were compared for their effect on the cardiac morphology in male Wistar rats after 1 week, and on growth, pathology and heart and kidney weights after 24 weeks. Sunflowerseed oil (SSO) and a rapeseed oil supplying ca. 4 cal% erucic acid (LER) served as control fats. The RSO and GTE diets produced similar effects. After 1 week, cardiac lipidosis was observed in both dietary groups; after 24 weeks, lipidosis had decreased remarkably and cellular scars were the main pathological feature. The severity of the lipidosis and of the fibrotic changes was similar in both groups. Growth and the relative weights of the heart and kidneys were significantly different – mutually as well as in comparison with the control rats fed SSO. It was concluded that erucic acid is the main pathogenic fatty acid in RSO, but other long-chain fatty acids may also play a minor role. The animals fed LER showed normal growth and organ weights compared with the SSO group. Slight cardiac lipidosis was observed after 1 week. After 24 weeks, some animals showed cardiac cellular scars varying in intensity from slight to moderate. In a second experiment, Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 cal% RSO in diets made isocaloric in fat by addition of SSO. The rats were killed after 3 and 6 days and 32 weeks. All rats fed RSO for 3 and 6 days showed a dose-related lipidosis of the heart. The groups fed RSO for 32 weeks showed myocardial changes which were already manifest in a few animals on the 5 cal% RSO diet. Incidence and severity of these changes increased according as the RSO content of the diet was increased.
The Effect of Starch, Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose on Lipid Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Laube H. , Klör H.U. , Fussgänger R. , Pfeiffer E.F.
Published: November 2008

This study records slower weight gain, greater body and liver fat, higher serum triglycerides and free fatty acids in rats fed a high sucrose diet or a mixture of an equivalent amount of glucose and fructose given as monosaccharides, in comparison to rats on high starch diets. There was no significant difference, however, between rats fed the sucrose-rich diet compared to the glucose/fructose diet. There seems to be good evidence that there is no specific effect of sucrose on lipid metabolism. Rather hypertriglyceridemia is due to the fructose and increased lipogenesis due to the glucose moietyof the sucrose molecule.
Elaidic Acid and Serum Lipoproteins in Starved and Fed Rats
Authors: Sgoutas Demetrios , Jones Rosanne , Befanis Paul
Published: November 2008

The lipids of serum lipoproteins as well as the elaidate content of the lipoprotein major lipid classes were compared in fasted and fed rats which were maintained on a diet rich in elaidate. The results suggest that, following each meal, substantial amounts of cholesteryl elaidate formed in the intestinal mucosa pass into the circulation and are mainly transported by very low density lipoproteins.
Effect of Dietary Pectin and Algin on Blood Cholesterol Level in Growing Rats Fed a Cholesterol-Free Diet
Authors: Mokady Shoshana
Published: November 2008

The effect of dietary pectin and algin on blood cholesterol level of growing rats fed a cholesterol-free diet was studied. Pectin was found to lower blood cholesterol significantly while the effect of algin was very small. It was shown that the level of endogenic cholesterol in rats was lowered by feeding them a pectin which had a high content of methoxy groups and was highly viscous.
Weight Reduction in Adolescents
Authors: Heyden Siegfried , DeMaria William , Barbee Shirley , Morris Mae
Published: November 2008

A weight reduction diet with 700 kcal (90 g protein, 50 g carbohydrates and 15 g fat) and one to two intermittent fasting days per week proved successful for 15 obese, physically inactive adolescents: weight loss averaged 31.4 lb. within 4 months. Intensive dietary instructions of youngsters with their mothers were carried out on an individual basis, with weekly follow-up visits and review of dietary diaries. In contrast, a group therapy approach toward obesity control in 27 adolescents with the help of former adolescent patients as ‘instructors’ proved disappointing (average loss of 10 lb. within 2 months). Reasons for a lower success rate were boredom of three long summer vacation months, lack of transportation, frequent disinterest among the families and disruptive family units, ignorance in basic knowledge about nutrition and failure to take advantage of previous experience of other adolescents who had completed their weight reduction.
Effect of Dietary Fructose on Fatty Acid Synthesis in Adipose Tissue and on Triglyceride Concentration in Blood in the Rat
Authors: Vrána A. , Fábry P. , Kazdová L.
Published: November 2008

Experiments where the inhibition of lipid synthesis from glucose in adipose tissue of rats fed sucrose was analyzed led to the following conclusions:The nutritional factor leading to inhibited fatty acid synthesis from glucose in adipose tissue is fructose, ingested either as such or as part of sucrose. A high fructose intake inhibits in addition to glucose incorporation also acetate incorporation into fatty acids. This indicates that fructose-induced inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue takes place in some step(s) between acetate and fatty acids. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue is not caused by the direct effect of the fructose molecule on adipose tissue, but is probably the result of hypertriglyceridemia and the ensuing enhanced supply of fatty acids from triglycerides of blood lipoproteins. The chronological course of changes of hypertriglyceridemia and fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissue, as well as experiments where the effect of diets with a rising fructose ratio was investigated, provide indirect evidence that the factor which determines quantitatively the inhibitory effect of fructose ingestion is probably rather the actual uptake of preformed fatty acids in adipose tissue than the magnitude of hypertriglyceridemia per se.
Atherogenic Effect of Cholesterol-Enriched Diets in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Plenk jr. H. , Rudas Barbara , Scheiber V.
Published: November 2008

Healthy and alloxan-diabetic rats were fed various fat-enriched diets for 6 weeks, and the thoracic aorta as well as the ascending arteries were examined histologically for atherosclerotic lesions Lipid infiltrations and cellular changes in the walls of the respective vessels were observed only in the diabetic rats and only after supplementing the diet with cholesterol. The occurrence and severity of the vascular lesions showed a positive correlation to the elevation of the serum cholesterol levels. The pathogenic role of the diabetic state in atherogenesis seems to be related primarily to its serum cholesterol-raising effect. Furthermore, the possibility is discussed that the lipophages, which may be involved in atherogenesis, originate in the reticuloendothelial system of the liver.
Etude expérimentale chez l’homme et chez l’animal du méta bolisme de l’acide érucique: extraction myocardique chez l’homme, après surcharge en huile de colza et lipides tissulaires chez le rat, après surcharge en triérucine
Authors: Jaillard J. , Sezille G. , Dewailly P. , Fruchart J.C. , Bertrand M.
Published: November 2008

Erucic acid (22:1) metabolism was studied in human and in rats. We explored, in seven subjects, the myocardial extraction of free erucic acid, 3 h after a rapeseed oil meal; we concluded that 22:1 is extracted as other fatty acids, but oleic acid (18:1). Rat tissues Jipoprotein lipase activity was measured; it appeared that heart muscle and epididymal fat pad preparation of lipoprotein lipase liberate similarly erucic acid from chylomicrons. Then, during triérucine administration in rats, we examined the fatty acid content of triglycerides from heart, kidneys and adipose tissue; we found a tremendous accumulation of 22:1 in heart muscle in comparison with kidney. This fact is related to a slow catabolism of 22:1 in myocardium; on these results, an extra-mitochondrial oxidation of 22:1 to lower fatty acids and the secundary enzymatic adaptation of heart are discussed.
Nephrocalcinosis in Adolescent Sprague-Dawley Rats Fed Casein and Different Salt Mixtures
Authors: Eklund Anders , Ågren Gunnar , Nordgren Hans , Stenram Unne
Published: November 2008

Young Sprague-Dawley rats fed on semi-purified casein-containing diets developed nephrocalcinosis. The incidence of renal calculi was higher in females than in males and higher for diets containing 10% protein than those containing 20% protein. The nephrocalcinosis was more severe when a salt mixture containing rather high amounts of iodine and possibly deficient in magnesium and zinc was employed.
Aspects of Threonine and Glycine Metabolism in the Chick (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: D’Mello J.P.F.
Published: November 2008

Two assays were conducted with young chicks to assess the nutritional implications of the degradation of excess threonine to glycine and acetaldehyde. In the first experiment, 1.0% threonine added to a semi-purified diet depressed growth and food intake severely, and also lowered the circulating levels of glycine. In the second assay, 0.5% threonine added to a crystalline amino acid diet lacking in glycine and serine but, containing 0.3% threonine, enhanced weight gain and efficiency of food conversion but had no appreciable influence on plasma glycine levels. Addition of 1.0% threonine to the crystalline amino acid diet did not augment growth further. Combinations of 1.2% glycine and threonine supplements increased growth markedly, 0.5% additional threonine producing the best performance. The plasma amino acid data, therefore, suggest that threonine is not readily degraded to glycine and, therefore, cannot act as a precursor of this amino acid for the chick.
Effect of Lipid Peroxides on Fat Absorption and Folic Acid Status in the Rat
Authors: Cutler M.G. , Hayward M.A.
Published: November 2008

Addition of oxidized linoleate to the diet of rats resulted in a decreased rate of weight gain, an increased calorie requirement for each gram of weight gained, an impairment of fat absorption and an increase in the weight and length of the small intestine. The white cell count, blood haemoglobin levels and the concentration of folic acid in serum and urine were found to be reduced. Of the two metabolically active derivatives of folic acid examined in urine specimens, folinic acid levels showed a significant reduction but not those of N-10-formyltetrahydrofolic acid. Administration of folic acid to these animals resulted in a reticulocyte response and return of the white cell count to normal values.
Effect of Milk Formulae on Acid Balance
Authors: Chan James C.M.
Published: November 2008

A 3-week-old septicemic full-term infant developed severe metabolic acidosis (total CO2 < 5 mEq/l) and underwent intravenous antibiotic and bicarbonate therapy with good response. Attempts to introduce milk formulae triggered recurrence of metabolic acidosis (total CO2 < 11 mEq/l) which was spontaneously corrected without bicarbonate therapy during periods when only glucose and water or PM 60/40 were given. One month after apparent recovery from the septicemia, the technique of net acid balance was applied to study the effects of Nutramigen on each component of endogenous net acid production and net acid excretion. Comparison was made with similar balance periods on glucose-water and Similac formulae. When metabolic acidosis developed during feedings on Nutramigen and Similac, the acid balance was positive. Spontaneous recovery occurred when glucosewater was substituted and acid balance reverted to zero.The data indicated that the acidogenic properties of Nutramigen and Similac played an important part in the development of acidosis; whereas, glucose-water was shown to be compatible with zero to negative hydrogen ion balance and recovery from systemic acidosis. It was postulated that as a sequelae of the septicemia, the renal acidification mechanism was temporary impaired, resulting in the development of metabolic acidosis when the milk formulae with greater hydrogen ion loads were used. It was recommended that, besides correction with sodium bicarbonate, substitution of milk formula with glucose-water for a few days should be considered in infants who develop systemic acidosis without apparent cause.
Renal Response to a Water Load in Normal Fasting Subjects
Authors: Kuhn E. , Stříbrná J. , Schück O. , Brodan V. , Válek J.
Published: November 2008

Five days fasting in 12 non-obese, healthy volunteers caused a reduced capacity to excrete a single water load and to form maximally hypotonic urine. The minimum value of osmolarity of urine after fasting was on average 113mOsm/l, while it was 63 mOsm/l under control conditions. This abnormality in the formation of hypotonic urine could not be explained as the consequence of reduced glomerular filtration or enhanced solute excretion. The reduced diluting capacity is associated with an inadequate reduction of tubular water reabsorption.
The Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Essential Fatty Acids on Body Composition of the Rat
Authors: Alling Christer , Bruce Åke , Karlsson Ingvar , Svennerholm Lars
Published: November 2008

Three dietary levels of essential fatty acids (EFA) 3.0, 0.75, and 0.07 cal% were studied for their influence on the concentration of lipids, linoleic and arachidonic acids, water, nitrogen, potassium, and ash of the whole body of rats. The animals were sacrificed and examined at 60, 90, and 120 days of age. They were fed the experimental diets and kept under standardized conditions for two generations or more before the actual experiment. The total body concentration of lipids increased and that of water decreased with increasing age independently of the dietary EFA level. In the rats fed 0.75 cal% EFA, the lipid concentration was higher than in those fed 3.0 cal% EFA, while in rats fed 0.07 cal% EFA the lipid concentration was lower than in those fed 0.75 cal% EFA. The concentration of water varied inversely with that of lipids. The differences were most pronounced at the highest age (120 days), and larger in the female rats than in the males. Nitrogen, potassium, and ash did not differ between the groups at any age. The role of EFA for the amount of the adipose tissue is discussed.
Effects of Corticotrophin, Starvation and Glucose on Ascorbic Acid Levels in the Blood Plasma and Liver of Piglets
Authors: Dvořák M.
Published: November 2008

Total fasting and thirsting of piglets for 48 h produced a decrease in the ascorbic acid (AA) content of the liver, while the blood plasma AA levels remained unchanged or were increased. The changes were more marked in piglets less than 1 week old than in piglets aged 6–7 weeks. Administration of glucose to newborn fasted piglets restricted the decrease in AA levels in the liver. Administration of ACTH to conventionally fed piglets produced no adverse effects on their AA metabolism. It is concluded that the level of glucose is an important positive factor determining the degree of endogenous synthesis of AA. Possible effects of stress are discussed.
Effect of Low, Normal and High Dietary Protein Intake on Urinary Amino Acid Excretion and Plasma Aminogram in Children
Authors: Holmgren Gösta
Published: November 2008

The influence of dietary protein intake on the urinary amino acid excretion, the plasma amino acid concentrations and the renal clearance of amino acids was studied in 14 children fed a low (LPD), a normal (NPD), and a high protein diet (HPD). A significant decrease in the quantitative urinary excretion of most amino acids was observed when the children were fed LPD instead of NPD, while no changes in the quantitative urinary amino acid excretion were seen when NPD and HPD were compared. No significant decrease in the plasma amino acid concentrations was seen when the protein intake was changed from NPD to LPD, while a significant increase in several amino acids was seen when HPD replaced NPD. The renal clearance of amino acids when on LPD, NPD and HPD, were compared in 11 children. On LPD, the renal clearances of many amino acids were low when compared with NPD but there were no changes in the renal clearances when HPD was given instead of NPD. The quantitative urinary amino acid excretions and plasma amino acid concentrations at a normal protein intake are presented as well.
Myocardial Changes in Monkeys Fed Mustard Oil
Authors: Gopalan C. , Krishnamurthi D. , Shenolikar I.S. , Krishnamachari K.A.V.R.
Published: November 2008

Three groups, each of eight adult male monkeys were maintained for a little over 1 year on diets containing 20% mustard oil, peanut oil or hydrogenated peanut fat, respectively. Animals of the mustard oil group showed sarcoplasmic vacuolation of right and left ventricular myocardium. Half the number of monkeys also exhibited a variable degree of myocardial fibrosis which involved the subepicardial zone of the right ventricular wall between the tricuspid valve and apical region. That these changes were not the manifestations of a high fat intake per se was shown by the absence of such changes in the hearts of the animals consuming similar amounts of peanut oil or hydrogenated peanut fat. The results indicated the possible hazards of consuming diets rich in mustard oil for prolonged periods, which like rapeseed oil contains high amounts of erucic acid.
Nutritional and Metabolic Aspects of Heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum’s Syndrome)
Authors: Lenk W.
Published: November 2008

In this review on heredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis (Refsum’s syndrome), special emphasis is put on the nutritional and metabolic aspects of the genetically determined disease. In patients afflicted with Refsum’s syndrome, 3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic (phytanic) acid is accumulated in the body lipids and in the plasma due to a partial defect in the α-oxidation mechanism. Phytanic acid which is present in the diet itself, is also readily formed in the organism from phytol ubiquitously present in foodstuffs. Biochemical and dietary studies have not yet elucidated whether the neurological symptoms of the disease are caused by high concentrations of phytanic acid or by a deranged metabolism of nerve tissue.
Role of Gastric Acid in the Utilization of Dietary Calcium by the Rat
Authors: Mahoney Arthur W. , Hendricks Deloy G.
Published: November 2008

Because bone demineralization frequently occurs in man and other animals following gastrectomy, it was postulated that gastric acid is necessary for the solubilization and absorption of dietary calcium. In experiment 1, all rats ate ad libitum, but in experiment 2, the control animals were pair-fed with the achlorhydric experimental rats. Following a 3-week calcium balance trial in experiment 1, the fasting gastric pH of the experimental rats was 6.6 ± 1.8 as compared to pH of 2.4 ± 1.1 for the control rats. During this period, the experimental rats absorbed less dietary calcium than did the controls, and had less bone ash and phosphorus. These differences occurred even though the experimental rats consumed approximately 65 mg calcium daily. Similar results were obtained in the pair-fed experiment, confirming the importance of normal gastric functioning to calcium metabolism.
Carcass Composition and Weight Gain Response of Rats Fed Various Carbohydrates at Two Dietary Levels of Carbohydrate and Protein
Authors: MacRae A.R. , Nickel Irene , Slinger S.J. , Neudoerffer T.S.
Published: November 2008

A study was made of weight gains and carcass compositions in response to dietary sucrose, glucose, fructose, and corn starch at two dietary levels (40 and 60 %). Protein in the diets was either minimally adequate (12 %) or in excess of the requirement (18 %). At both carbohydrate and protein levels, sucrose-fed rats showed significantly greater weight gains than those animals receiving the other carbohydrates. At the 40-percent level, corn starch-fed animals gained more weight than animals receiving either glucose or fructose. At the 60-percent level, animals presented with fructose gained less weight than animals receiving the other carbohydrates. The animals receiving sucrose at both dietary levels had more carcass fat than those receiving either glucose or corn starch, and more carcass fat than those receiving fructose at the 60-percent level. An inverse relationship existed between carcass fat and carcass protein when both were expressed as a percentage of carcass dry weight. The fructose diets had protein retention values intermediate to those seen on the other diets. Protein retention on the sucrose diets was at least as high or higher than that on the starch diets. The results are consistent with the concept that different dietary carbohydrates elicit differing metabolic responses as measured by both weight gains and carcass analyses.
Methionine Metabolism in Pyridoxine Deficiency
Authors: Krishnaswamy Kamala
Published: November 2008

Methionine metabolism was studied in a group of subjects having clinical signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Following a load of methionine, these subjects excreted higher amounts of cystathionine, and the ratio of cystathionine/ cysteine sulfinic acid was elevated suggesting a block in the conversion of cystathionine to cysteine sulfinic acid. The load return of methionine as cystathionine was significantly more. These results indicate that the activity of enzyme cystathionase, a pyridoxal-dependant enzyme, is low in pyridoxine deficiency. With pyridoxine therapy, there was a significant improvement in the clinical status, and the biochemical abnormalities were corrected.
Influence of Hormones on Free α-Amino Nitrogen Alterations in Plasma, Erythrocyte and Leucocyte in Rats
Authors: Lal H. , Agarwal K.N.
Published: November 2008

The administration of hydrocortisone, insulin, testosterone propionate or thyroxine did not alter the free Α-amino nitrogen (FΑ-AN) concentration in plasma. The FΑ-AN concentration in erythrocyte was significantly decreased (p < 0.01) by insulin, whereas after thyroidectomy the value increased (p < 0.02). The FΑ-AN concentration in leucocyte was significantly altered when insulin or thyroxine were administered in rats.
The Resistance of the Mature Female Rat to Protein Deficiency
Authors: Jefferys D.B. , White I.R.
Published: November 2008

Mature male and female rats were given ad libitum either control diet or low protein-high carbohydrate diets (starch or sucrose) for 4 weeks. Serum proteins, serum lipids and liver lipids were estimated. The adult females were more resistant to weight change than the males. Serum albumin concentrations in the females were higher than in the males. The males showed higher serum and liver lipid levels. There was a difference in serum protein and lipid levels between the males eating sucrose and those consuming starch, but no such differences were found in the females.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Hyperlipoproteinemia
Authors: Svanberg Ulf , Gustafson Anders , Ohlson Ragnar
Published: November 2008

The daily oral administration of 2 mM (1,700 mg) lecithin linoleate, as Lipostabil®, to five males with hypertriglyceridemia, caused after 5 weeks a mean increase (p < 0.05) of α-lipoproteins (measured as cholesterol content), a mean increase in relative linoleic acid (18:2) content of α-lipoprotein phosphoglycerides and a tendency to serum triglyceride reduction (by 16 %). Linoleic acid containing α-lipoprotein phosphoglycerides (estimated on absolute amounts) were inversely related (r = -0.68; p < 0.001) to log serum triglyceride values. It is suggested that one beneficial effect of linoleic acid (and lecithin linoleate) in hypertriglyceridemia might be mediated through an increase in α-lipoproteins and specifically in α-lipoprotein lecithin linoleic acid, i.e. a substrate in the lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) reaction.
Quantitative Determination of the Content of Available Methionine and Cysteine in Food Proteins
Authors: Pienią;zek Danuta , Grabarek Z. , Rakowska Maria
Published: November 2008

The content of available sulphur amino acids in food proteins has been determined by the chemical methods after preliminary digestion of proteins with pancreatin. The values for the available methionine and cysteine contents of pure protein (casein, bovine serum albumin) and protein of food (fresh milk, whey, mackerel, beef, pork, wheat flour) estimated by the specific chemical methods were similar to those for the total content determined by the method of Moore et al. (6). Differences between total and available methionine and cysteine contents of heated casein were found.
Calcium and Phosphorus Change of the Apollo 17 Crew Members
Authors: Rambaut Paul C. , Leach Carolyn S. , Johnson Philip C.
Published: November 2008

In association with the 12.6-day lunar flight of Apollo 17, calcium and phosphorus intake and excretion were determined for the crew members before and during the mission. The study showed increased urinary and fecal phosphorus and increased fecal calcium during weightlessness. The calculated mean calcium ‘loss’ for the three crew members was 0.2 % of estimated total body calcium and phosphorus ‘loss’ was 0.7 % of estimated total body phosphorus. The ratio of phosphorus lost compared to calcium indicated a reduction in both bone and soft tissue. These changes may be attributed not only to the hypogravia of the lunar and circumlunar environment, but possibly also to disturbances in gastrointestinal absorption.
Effect of Repletion with Dietary Calcium on Composition and Mechanical Properties of Bone of Calcium-Deprived Rats
Authors: Galfsky I. , Wolinsky I. , Simkin A. , Guggenheim K.
Published: November 2008

Four groups of rats were fed a low-calcium diet (0.02 %) and two groups a normal calcium diet (0.50 %). After 2 weeks one group from each dietary calcium level was sacrificed and the femurs examined. The remaining three groups which had been kept on the low-calcium diet were then given diets richer in calcium: 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5 %. The remaining group on the normal calcium diet continued receiving it. After two more weeks all animals were sacrificed and their femurs examined. Rats fed the low-calcium diet lagged behind in weight gain; ash content, breaking strength, and modulus of elasticity of their femurs were much lower than those of animals on the normal calcium diet. Feeding diets with increasing calcium content increased bone ash and improved mechanical properties. However, improvement of breaking strength and elasticity did not parallel strictly increases in mineralization. Repletion with a normal calcium diet (0.50 %) failed to increase bone ash to normal levels but mechanical properties were improved by repletion with substantially lower dietary calcium levels. Maximal breaking strength was obtained by repletion feeding with a dietary calcium level which failed to increase bone ash. It seems that factors other than mineralization determine breaking strength and elasticity of bone recovering from calcium deprivation.
Vitamin E and Sex Behavior in Mice
Authors: Thiessen Delbert D. , Ondrusek Gene , Coleman Robin V.
Published: November 2008

C57BL/6J male mice responded to dietary deficiency of vitamin E with reduction in spermatogenesis. Sex behavior and seminal vesicle weight were unaffected. Supplements of αβ-tocopherol (vitamin E) at 0.33 or 72 IU per day maintained spermatogenesis but did not affect seminal vesicles or sex behavior.
Cholesterol Esterification and Lipids in Plasma and Liver from Newborn and Young Guinea Pigs Raised on Milk and Non-Milk Diet
Authors: Drevon Christian A. , Norum Kaare R.
Published: November 2008

Plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransfer (LCAT), liver acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransfer (ACAT) and plasma and liver lipids were examined in newborn and young guinea pigs fed ordinary or a non-milk diet. LCAT in newborns was about 70 % of the adult value, increased the first 3 days to values about three times the adult value, and decreased during the next 3 weeks to about adult value. Plasma lipids varied in a similar way. Liver ACAT in newborns was considerably higher than in adults. In young animals on non-milk diet the LCAT and ACAT were lower than in normally fed animals. LCAT was positively correlated to free cholesterol in plasma.
Food and Nutrient Consumption of Two Rural Population Groups of Italy Followed for Ten Years
Authors: Fidanza Flaminio , Fidanza Alberti Adalberta
Published: November 2008

Two groups of men, 40 through 59 years old, from two rural areas of Italy (one in the north and one in the centre) were subjects of dietary surveys on three occasions over 10 years, using the individual weighing technique. Over the 10 years, changes in the consumption of some foods were observed; these were most striking in respect to cereals and legumes, which decreased, and to animal protein and fats, which increased. The decrease of energy was much greater than expected (partly explained by the current mechanization in agriculture in Italy). In one area a low intake of riboflavin was observed, but otherwise the diets could be considered to be nutritionally good. There was no correlation between some dietary variables and anthropometric and blood lipid data, as observed previously. This was probably because the population groups examined were practically homogeneous in regard to habits.
Protein Metabolism in Rats with Ventromedial Hypothalamic Lesions: Dietary Effects on Nitrogen Retention
Authors: Holm H. , Hustvedt B.E. , Løvo A.
Published: November 2008

The protein metabolism of rats bearing bilateral lesions in the ventromedial area of hypothalamus (VMH) was studied in nitrogen balance experiments employing high protein and high fat diets. The catabolic effect of VMH destruction was to a great extent counterbalanced by increased protein intake. This indicates that increased amino acid catabolism, rather than impaired mechanisms for protein synthesis, is responsible for the poor nitrogen retention of VMH-lesioned rats fed normal amounts of protein. A trend of increasing nitrogen excretion with increasing dietary fat was found when the caloric intake of VMH-lesioned animals was elevated by substitution of dietary carbohydrates with fat. Persistent liponeogenesis in spite of the high fat intake, is suggested as a possible explanation for this observation.
Bulking Agents in the Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Miller D.S.
Published: November 2008

The effect of two bulk-forming appetite depressants, methylcellulose and gum guar, on food intake has been studied in 11 (4 male, 7 female) healthy volunteers – 3 of whom were overweight. 10 g of active ingredient were given in two equal doses daily for periods of 1 week for each agent. Individually weighed dietary intakes were obtained over four consecutive weeks; the first and third weeks were without medication. Both gum guar and methylcellulose were equally effective in reducing appetite by 10 %.
Effect of a Low Protein Diet and Isoenergetic Amounts of a High Protein Diet in the Weanling Rat on the Free Amino Acids of the Brain
Authors: Pao S.-K. , Dickerson J.W.T.
Published: November 2008

Giving weanling rats a low protein diet for 56 days retarded the growth of the brain, whereas giving isoenergetic amounts of a high protein diet did not. The low protein diet resulted in higher concentrations of aspartic acid, glycine, alanine and histidine in the plasma and of glycine and histidine in the brain. The concentration of methionine was unchanged in the plasma, but raised in the brain. Isoenergetic amounts of the high protein diet did not change the concentration of plasma amino acids, but resulted in some changes in brain amino acids. On rehabilitation the plasma and brain amino acids of the low protein animals returned to normal.
Effect of Chlorogenic Acid in a Casein Diet for Rats
Authors: Eklund Anders
Published: November 2008

3-week-old male rats were fed on a casein diet containing 1 % (w/w) of chlorogenic acid in order to find out if the ingestion of chlorogenic acid may be associated with a reduced utilization of dietary proteins or with causing other adverse effects. The protein efficiency ratio, biological value and digestibility of this diet did not differ from a corresponding casein diet free from chlorogenic acid. No change was observed in the nitrogen balance of the experimental rats. Neither did the rats show any change in hematological values or volumes and pH of the urine. Some deviation was noticed in the weights of kidneys and adrenals of the chlorogenic acid-treated animals when compared with rats on the chlorogenic acid-free casein diet. The findings that were made were normal in the microscopic examinations of various organs. Chlorogenic acid did not seem to influence the ultrastructure of the liver as revealed by electron microscopy.
Effect of Pantothenic Acid Deficiency on Microsomal Lipids of Rat Liver
Authors: Mahboob S.
Published: November 2008

Microsomal lipids of the liver from control rats and pantothenic acid (PA)-deficient rats, kept on a diet for a period of 75–116 days, were examined. Separation of individual phospholipids revealed a significant decrease in phosphatidyl choline in PA deficiency.
Effets comparés, à très court terme, des acides n-9, trans-docosénoïque (brassidique) et n-9, cis-docosénoïque (érucique) sur les lipides cardiaques du rat sevré
Authors: Rocquelin G. , Juanéda P. , Péleran J.C. , Astorg P.O.
Published: November 2008

Cardiac lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) of weanling rats fed diets containing 15 % by weight of rapeseed oil (RSO), hydrogenated rapeseed oil (HRSO), trierucin (TE) or tribassidin (TB) were analyzed after 3 and 7 days of feeding. The amount of C22:1 was made equal in the 4 diets. Tarns-isomers of erucic acid found in HRSO and TB do not cause as high an accumulation of lipids and docosenoic acids in the heart as erucic acid. Digestibility of brassidic acid (46 %) is lower than that or erucic acid (83 %) but even then, the amount of brassidic acid found in cardiac lipids (calculated per gram of absorbed fatty acid) after 7 days of feeding is 10 times less than that of erucic acid. Brassidic acid, like erucic acid, can be converted into shorter monoenes (C20:1 and C18:1) since trans-CIS :1 has been found in cardiac phospholipids of rats fed trans-docosenoic acid as the only source of trans-acid in the diet.
Some Metabolic Effects of Prolonged Feeding of Starch, Sucrose, Fructose and Carbohydrate-Free Diet in the Rat
Authors: Tuovinen C.G.R. , Bender A.E.
Published: November 2008

Male rats of the ASL Wistar strain were fed from weaning on starch, fructose or carbohydrate-free diets for 4 and 12 weeks. In addition, further groups were fed for 24 weeks on starch, sucrose or carbohydrate-free diets. Livers were examined for gross composition, glucose-6-phosphatase activity and in vitro lipogenesis and glucose oxidation. Intestinal sucrase was also measured. Dietary fructose and the carbohydrate-free diet induced an enlargement of the livers after 12 weeks feeding, when expressed per 100 g body weight, and at the same time, an increased fat content. Fructose caused an increase in liver glucose-6-ρhosphatase after 4 weeks, which persisted after 12 weeks, and a similar increase was observed after 24 weeks feeding on sucrose. Fructose produced an increase in intestinal sucrase after 4 weeks, but this did not persist and there was no increase evident after 12 weeks feeding, nor after 24 weeks feeding on sucrose. Fructose markedly depressed the in vitro lipogenesis and glucose oxidation in liver slices. This was evident after 4 weeks feeding and also after 12 weeks when the effect of age showed as a fall in both these parameters in the control group of animals. The carbohydrate-free diet caused an increase in liver glucose-6-phosρhatase after 4 weeks, a smaller increase after 12 weeks, and there was no increase apparent when feeding was continued for 24 weeks. Apparently due to the absence of substrate, the intestinal sucrase activity fell to less than half after 4 weeks and to negligible levels after 12 and 24 weeks on carbohydrate-free diet. In vitro liver lipogenesis and glucose oxidation were depressed after 4 and 12 weeks in a similar way to the fructose diet. On both these diets the rise in liver glucose-6-phosphatase appeared to parallel the fall in liver lipogenesis and glucose oxidation.
Effect of Lipid Emulsions on the Plasma Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransfer in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Drevon Christian A. , Norum Kaare R.
Published: November 2008

Addition of triglyceride/phospholipid emulsion to adult guinea pig plasma more than doubled the cholesteryl ester (CE) production. Plasma from newborn guinea pigs was stimulated to a lower degree. The increase in CE production was dependant on the type and amount of phospholipids in the lipid emulsions. Egg phospholipids stimulated the cholesterol esterification while partially hydrogenated soy phospholipids (with high content of saturated fatty acids) inhibited the reaction. The stimulation of CE formation was probably due to transfer of phosphatidyl choline (PC) from the emulsion to the high density lipoproteins since the stimulation was: (a) dependant on a preincubation time, (b) less pronounced in newborn animals with high plasma PC levels, and (c) detected in plasma fractions from which the lipid emulsion had been removed.
Investigations into the Optimum Nitrogen and Caloric Requirements and Comparative Nutritive Value of Three Intravenous Amino Acid Solutions in the Post-Operative Period
Authors: Hartley T.F. , Lee H.A.
Published: November 2008

Complete nitrogen balance studies have been conducted in 17 patients undergoing vagotomy and pyloroplasty during the first 6 post-operative days. All patients received only intravenous nutrition during this period and there were no metabolic complications. These studies have shown that the optimum nitrogen and energy intake in the post-operative period in adults are 0.24 g nitrogen and 46 kcal/kg body weight/day, respectively. These studies throw further doubt on the use of the E/T ratio as a predictor of nitrogen source solution efficiency in intravenous nutrition regimes. It is suggested that more attention should be directed to the non-essential nitrogen constituents in those solutions where the essential amino acid nitrogen contributes 30 % of the total nitrogen. A new solution, Amodex, with an E/T ratio of 2.62 and an essential amino acid nitrogen content of 30 % of the total nitrogen content has been found to compare favourably with two other well-established solutions in the post-operative period. These studies suggest that of the three solutions, Vamin 7 %may be marginally more efficient.
Lipid Metabolism of Developing Central Nervous Tissues in Organotypic Cultures
Authors: Giesing M. , Neumann G. , Egge H. , Zilliken F.
Published: November 2008

The distribution and concentration of lipid components of different media used for organotypic cultures of rat brain cortex have been measured quantitatively. Five cholesterol ester species have been fractionated from chicken embryonic extract. Their fatty acid profiles have been determined by combined gas liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry. The depletion characteristics of medium cholesterol esters and some fatty acids during development of brain cortex were not symmetrical. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of the medium were lowered prior to the saturated and monoenoic fatty acids. The phenomenon of depletion may be correlated with enhanced esterase activity mediated by the tissue.
Etude métabolique de trois émulsions lipidiques utilisées dans l’alimentation parentérale
Authors: Dewailly P. , Trupin N. , Nouvelot A. , Fruchart J.C. , Jaillard J. , Sezille G.
Published: November 2008

With a model of isolated rat liver perfusion, the authors study the removal kinetic of three different fat emulsions. In experiments done with Lipiphysan, triglyceride uptake by liver is linear with a rate of 30 mg/h until the 60th minute; after blockade of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), triglyceride uptake is greatly reduced. In standard experiments done with Intralipid and Trive 1000, triglyceride content of the perfusate does not vary significantly; however, the study of free fatty acids removal done before and after liberation of hepatic triglyceride lipase by heparin seems to show that Intralipid triglycerides are slightly hydrolyzed by hepatic triglyceride lipase. The particles of Lipiphysan might be capted directly by RES cells (fast removal), whereas Intralipid might be slightly hydrolyzed (slow removal); Trive 1000 removal appears to be slow and similar to Intralipid. Those results give some explanations on data obtained in vivo in minipigs and agree with a better use of Intralipid and Trive 1000 triglycerides by extrahepatic sites.
Circulating Lipophages and Aortic Foam Cells in Experimental Atherosclerosis of Rabbits under Altered Reticuloendothelial Activity
Authors: Pachauri S.P. , Jacotot B. , Beaumont J.L.
Published: November 2008

Administration of Freund’s adjuvant to cholesterol-fed rabbits inhibited the induction of atheroma in the aorta of rabbits when compared with cholesterol-fed india-ink-treated animals and cholesterol-fed saline-treated controls. Simultanously the blockade of the reticuloendothelial system by india ink caused a greater degree of atheromatous lesions in these rabbits. Smears of peripheral blood studied by light microscopy revealed the presence of circulating lipophages which were morphologically similar to the aortic foam cells isolated from the same animal. Isolation of mononuclear lipid-containing foam cells from aortic intima and the presence of a morphologically similar type of cell in circulating blood indicate that the blood might be the most likely source of intimal foam cells.
Biotin Status and Lipid Metabolism in Adult Obese Hypercholesterolemic Inbred Rats
Authors: Marshall Mary W. , Haubrich Margaret , Washington Vestine A. , Chang Mei-Ling W. , Young Calvert W. , Wheeler Marcia A.
Published: November 2008

A statistically significant inverse association was generally found between plasma total lipid, cholesterol, or phospholipid and biotin status of 300-day-old male inbred BHE (IN-BHE) rats. Plasma, liver, and carcass lipid of both sexes generally had a significant direct association with liver lactate dehydrogenase activity; an inverse association in males resulted with improved biotin status. Elevated plasma lactate indicative of anaerobic glycolysis was found. It is proposed that an increased reductive environment – a consequence of accumulated NADH – could account for enhanced triglyceride synthesis and that this effect could explain the obesity in the IN-BHE rats. After the injection of 300 µg of biotin, plasma levels of lactate and pyruvate fell in male rats, indicating a stimulatory effect of biotin upon the oxidative pathways in these animals.