bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suscetibilidade do cedro ao ataque de pragas em Floresta Estacional Decidual
Authors: Pereira Lílian Daniel , Fleig Frederico Dimas , Meyer Evandro Alcir , Lanzarin Karina , Wolf Karina
Published: August 2016

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características das plantas de cedro (Cedrela fissilis) atacadas por pragas, os danos causados e as condições em que estes foram mais pronunciados. Realizou-se um censo dos indivíduos de cedro por caminhamento em uma área total de 5,55 ha de floresta nativa, no município de Silveira Martins, RS. Cedros com altura total superior a 15 cm e diâmetro do coleto inferior a 12 cm foram medidos, e foi avaliado seu estado fitossanitário em relação às pragas. Foram confeccionados histogramas de frequência de diâmetro do coleto, e analisou-se a relação hipsométrica das árvores atacadas e sadias por meio da análise de covariância. Para a análise espacial dos indivíduos, foram feitos mapas de densidade de cedros e mapas de taxa de risco do serrador e da mariposa. As árvores com maior probabilidade de ataque foram aquelas com diâmetro de coleto entre 2 e 6 cm. As clareiras ou áreas com baixa densidade total de árvores foram as áreas mais suscetíveis aos ataques da lagarta Hypsipyla grandella, e locais com elevada densidade de indivíduos cujo diâmetro de coleto mede entre 8 e 12 cm são os mais suscetíveis ao ataque de larvas do Oncideres sp.
Occurrence and molecular analysis of quarantine virus in lily cultivation areas in Brazil
Authors: Rivas Eliana Borges , Bôdi Estevão Cardoso de Almeida , Harakava Ricardo , Gregori Fabio , Gonçalves Marcos Cesar
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The objective of this work was to describe the occurrence of quarantine Tulip breaking virus (TBV, synonym Lily mottle virus - LMoV) and Lily symptomless virus (LSV), and their respective molecular analyses, to provide data for supporting TBV removal from the Brazilian A1 quarantine pest list, since this virus has spread among the main commercial lily crops in Brazil. The occurrence of these viruses was detected in 12 cultivation areas through multiplex reverse transcription (RT-PCR), using specific primers to genes encoding the respective coat proteins (CP). Eight fragments of 800 nucleotides (nt) obtained from the LMoV-infected lilies and nine fragments of 600 nt from LSV-infected lilies were sequenced. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction showed a robust branch containing the LMoV Brazilian sequences, other LMoV isolates, TBV, and Tulip band breaking virus, suggesting that all are LMoV isolates, although they are clustered into two subgroups. Phylogenetic analysis also showed a robust branch supporting all Brazilian and other LSV sequences, except for an LSV Japanese isolate. Recombination analyses also showed an LMoV recombinant isolate, whereas no recombination events were found among LSV isolates. Lily mottle virus is the prevalent virus in lily crops in Brazil, in single and mixed infections with LSV or Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).
Micotoxinas en harinas derivadas de trigo y soja detectadas por prueba de Elisa
Authors: Peruzzo Alejandra María , Pioli Rosanna Nora
Published: August 2016

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la presencia de micotoxinas en las harinas derivadas de trigo y soja expuestos a la infección de Fusarium graminearum y detectadas por prueba de Elisa. La contaminación fue evaluada durante 2010 y 2012, en condiciones de invernadero, a través de inoculaciones artificiales, y en lotes de producción en campo, expuestos a infecciones naturales. Se utilizaron 26 muestras de harinas derivadas de cariopsis de trigo y semillas de soja. La detección de micotoxinas deoxinivalenol y zearalenona se realizó por kit de Elisa. En harinas de trigo de diversos ambientes, se detectaron ambas micotoxinas - deoxinivalenol y zearalenona -, mientras que en harinas de soja sólo se detectó zearalenona. Las concentraciones de esas micotoxinas observadas en las harinas no son admisibles para el consumo humano y animal. El kit de Elisa constituyó una herramienta biotecnológica efectiva para la detección de la contaminación predominante de zearalenona, producida por F. graminearum, en harinas de trigo y soja de diferentes ambientes semicontrolados y naturales.
Fatores de risco na transmissão e soroprevalência da infecção de Chlamydophila abortus a ovinos e caprinos
Authors: Leopoldo Tadeu Bezerra , Pinheiro Raymundo Rizaldo , Alves Francisco Selmo Fernandes , Porfirio Kenney de Paiva , Rêgo Wagner Martins Fontes do , Diniz Bruno Leandro Maranhão , Cardoso Janaina de Fátima Saraiva , Paula Ney Rômulo de Oliveira
Published: August 2016

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fatores de risco envolvidos na transmissão de Chlamydophila abortus a ovinos e caprinos, bem como verificar a soroprevalência da infecção. Foram selecionadas 110 propriedades, com um total de 500 amostras de ovinos - 350 da Microrregião do Alto Médio Gurgueia (MRAMG) e 150 da Microrregião Homogênea de Teresina (MRHT), ambas do Estado do Piauí - e 600 amostras de caprinos - 300 da MRAMG e 300 da MRHT. Um questionário epidemiológico foi empregado para identificar os principais fatores de risco. Os anticorpos anti-C. abortus foram detectados pela técnica de fixação de complemento. A prevalência geral da infecção por C. abortus foi de 7,2% (79/1.100). A prevalência em caprinos e ovinos na MRAMG foi de 7,9% (51/650) e, na MRHT, foi de 6,2% (28/450). Nas microrregiões estudadas, a prevalência em ovinos foi de 8,2% (41/500) e, em caprinos, de 6,3% (38/600). O sistema de criação, as práticas reprodutivas e o tipo racial foram fatores de risco relevantes para a infecção em ovinos. Também foram relevantes em caprinos as práticas reprodutivas e a origem das matrizes e dos reprodutores. A raça Dorper apresenta maior suscetibilidade à infecção por C. abortus.
Mapping the likelihood of foot-and-mouth disease introduction along the border between Brazil and Paraguay
Authors: Amaral Thaís Basso , Gond Valery , Tran Annelise
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The objective of this work was to apply fuzzy majority multicriteria group decision-making to determine risk areas for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) introduction along the border between Brazil and Paraguay. The study was conducted in three municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, located along the border with Paraguay. Four scenarios were built, applying the following linguistic quantifiers to describe risk factors: few, half, many, and most. The three criteria considered to be most likely to affect the vulnerability to introduction of FMD, according to experts' opinions, were: the introduction of animals in the farm, the distance from the border, and the type of property settlements. The resulting maps show a strong spatial heterogeneity in the risk of FMD introduction. The used methodology brings out a new approach that can be helpful to policy makers in the combat and eradication of FMD.
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 in cumulus-oocyte complexes collected from naturally infected cows
Authors: Oliveira Andre Penido , Heinemann Marcos Bryan , Cortez Adriana , Nascimento Paula Maria Pires do , Leite Romulo Cerqueira , Viana João Henrique Moreira
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The objective of this work was to investigate the presence of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) in follicular fluid and in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) recovered from naturally infected cows but with no clinical signs of the disease. Cows that were seropositive (n=38) or seronegative (n=8, control) to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis were selected after a serum neutralization test in microplates. The presence of the virus was investigated by PCR in COC and in follicular fluid. Viral DNA was not found in any of the samples. The obtained results suggest that serologically positive cows with no clinical signs of the disease offer negligible risk of transmitting BoHV-1 by COC or follicular fluid.
Extrato de tabaco no controle do besouro cascudinho de aviário
Authors: Jacomini Débora , Temponi Lívia Godinho , Alves Luis Francisco Angeli , Silva Edson Antonio Alves da , Jorge Tereza Cristina Marinho
Published: August 2016

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de tabaco no controle do besouro cascudinho [Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)] de aviário. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tempos de contato (21/2, 5, 71/2 e 10 min) e quatro concentrações do extrato de tabaco (0, 25, 50 e 75% de diluição). O tempo de contato e as diluições do extrato foram independentes; entretanto, o tempo de contato exerceu maior influência na mortalidade do inseto. O extrato de tabaco tem potencial inseticida no manejo de aviários, mas testes de toxicidade devem ser realizados com as aves.
Genotypic profile of Pantanal creole sheep regarding susceptibility or resistance to scrapie
Authors: Gonçalves Aline Najara Domingos , Soares Cleber Oliveira , Sanches Simone Camargo , Reis Fernando Alvarenga , Rosinha Grácia Maria Soares
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the genotypic profile specific to scrapie in codons 136, 154, and 171 of the PRNP gene of the Pantanal creole sheep. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 66 sheep, and the regions of interest on the DNA strand were amplified by PCR. Five haplotypes were identified: ARR, alanine, arginine, arginine; ARQ, alanine, arginine, glutamine; AHQ, alanine, histidine, glutamine; ARH, alanine, arginine, histidine; and VRQ, valine, arginine, glutamine. The most common genotypes were ARQ/ARQ (27%) and ARR/ARQ (24%). The genotypic profile of the Pantanal creole sheep shows low to moderate susceptibility.
Interception of Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) in Brazil in maize seeds from the United States
Authors: Botelho Stephanie Regina Alves , Duarte Macária Ferreira , Barbosa Andreza Viveiros , Lau Douglas , Sanches Márcio Martinello , Fernandes Fernanda Rausch
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytosanitary aspect of two accessions of maize (Zea mays) seeds from the United States introduced to Brazil, regarding the presence of Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV). Two to three weeks after sowing, symptomatic leaves were tested by Elisa using specific antiserum to WMoV. The reaction was positive, and leaf samples were analyzed by real-time PCR and amplified PCR products were sequenced. The WMoV isolates had 99 to 100% nucleotide identity with isolates from Australia and the United States. Until now, there is no report of the presence of this virus in Brazil. According to the federal law on plant protection, the plants were burned to avoid the introduction of this exotic pest in the country. The obtained results show WMoV interception in Brazil.
Mitochondrial markers to distinguish Spodoptera frugiperda populations associated with corn and cotton crops
Authors: Queiroz Paulo Roberto , Ramiro Carolina Almeida , Martins Érica Soares , Soberón Mário , Bravo Alejandra , Monnerat Rose Gomes
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic variability of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations collected from corn and cotton crops in Brazil. The samples were analyzed by DNA markers. The dendrogram produced by the 20 RAPD primers evaluated showed a correlation between genetic profile and feeding behavior. The analysis of the mitochondrial ND1 gene allowed identifying the insect populations in both crops, and, in corn, in several geographical regions. The presented strategy allows the identification of Spodoptera frugiperda populations associated with corn and cotton crops.
Priorização de regiões do Cerrado brasileiro para o monitoramento de Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Pessoa Maria Conceição Peres Young , Marinho-Prado Jeanne Scardini , Sá Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de , Mingoti Rafael , Holler Wilson Anderson , Spadotto Cláudio Aparecido
Published: August 2016

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar regiões prioritárias do Cerrado para o monitoramento de Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Foram considerados, em 2012, os municípios com alta produção de algodão, soja, milho, tomate, feijão, café, laranja, pinus e eucalipto, a partir de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Essas informações foram espacializadas e cruzadas com as de áreas de ocorrência de Cerrado, em ArcGIS 10.3. Foram priorizados 141 municípios, localizados em oito estados e no Distrito Federal. As culturas avaliadas e encontradas nesses locais devem estar em constante monitoramento, mesmo quando fora da faixa de ação, por estarem potencialmente sujeitas às migrações das mariposas.
A abstração do risco e a concretude dos sujeitos: uma reflexão sobre os comportamentos de risco no contexto da adolescência
Authors: Chimeli Isabela Vilela , Nogueira Maria José , Pimenta Denise Nacif , Schall Virgínia Torres
Published: August 2016

Resumo Em tempos em que se multiplicam as enfermidades decorrentes de hábitos de vida poucos saudáveis, característicos do estilo de vida moderno, a noção de comportamento de risco faz-se cada vez mais presente no discurso e nas práticas em saúde. No contexto da adolescência, esse tema vem sendo estudado através de investigações relacionadas ao consumo de álcool e outras drogas, ao tabagismo, à alimentação inadequada, ao sedentarismo, à atividade sexual desprotegida, entre outros comportamentos que, observados entre os adolescentes, somam-se ao risco atribuído a essa fase do desenvolvimento. Este artigo objetiva discutir criticamente a construção do risco e da adolescência enquanto objetos de investigação e intervenção na área da saúde, a partir de um estudo qualitativo realizado por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com 12 adolescentes de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. Os resultados apontam para diferentes aspectos pessoais e emocionais geralmente não contemplados nas pesquisas na área, que, no entanto, influenciam sobremaneira as condutas dos adolescentes. Conclui-se que, para o aprimoramento e a resolutividade das políticas públicas e ações voltadas para a temática dos comportamentos de risco, torna-se necessário ampliar o escopo de investigações sobre os riscos e as perspectivas teóricas que lhes dão sustentação.
Análise de estudos qualitativos conduzidos por médicos publicados em periódicos científicos brasileiros entre 2004 e 2013
Authors: Taquette Stella Regina , Minayo Maria Cecília
Published: August 2016

Resumo Analisamos artigos de pesquisas realizadas por médicos que utilizaram método qualitativo. A busca bibliográfica foi feita na base SciELO do Brasil no período de 2004 a 2013 com as palavras-chave: pesquisa qualitativa, entrevista, grupo focal, observação participante, análise de conteúdo, análise de discurso, representação social, hermenêutica-dialética. Abordamos os textos por meio de constructo teórico baseado nas diretrizes RATS para revisão de estudos qualitativos. Classificamos o material nas categorias: consistente, pouco consistente e inconsistente. Selecionamos 135 artigos de 28 periódicos. Consideramos a maioria consistente (64,4%). Os principais problemas encontrados foram: ausência de informações sobre percurso metodológico; análise parcial e descritiva, sem diálogo com a literatura; conclusões que não avançam além do senso comum; resultados descontextualizados e limitações do estudo não consideradas. Concluímos que a maior parte dos artigos analisados tem validade científica e sugerimos a inclusão de normas para esse tipo de publicação nos periódicos da área de saúde.
Apoio Matricial como articulador das relações interprofissionais entre serviços especializados e atenção primária à saúde
Authors: Castro Cristiane Pereira de , Campos Gastão Wagner de Sousa
Published: August 2016

Resumo Este artigo buscou realizar uma revisão integrativa da produção nacional sobre a metodologia de Apoio Matricial, abrangendo tanto estudos empíricos sobre sua efetividade quanto artigos de revisão teórico-metodológica. Foram utilizados artigos indexados nas bases PubMed, NLM e BVS, no período de 1999 a 2013, em português, inglês e espanhol. Foram incluídos 28 artigos, cuja análise permitiu a identificação de três categorias: 1) Artigos de fundação e consolidação do conceito de Apoio Matricial; 2) Artigos de revisão sobre o Apoio Matricial; 3) Artigos decorrentes de pesquisas empíricas envolvendo o conceito de Apoio Matricial. As publicações evidenciaram que o Apoio Matricial traz uma proposta inovadora e importante para transformação do modelo assistencial. Entretanto, para atingir seus objetivos é necessária a superação de alguns impasses, vários ligados diretamente à implementação de suas diretrizes e outros à superação de problemas estruturais do SUS.
A competência para Educação Permanente em Saúde: percepções de coordenadores de graduações da saúde
Authors: Lima Luciana Portes de Souza , Ribeiro Mara Regina Rosa
Published: August 2016

Resumo Estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa. Teve como objetivo compreender a percepção dos coordenadores de cursos da saúde - Nutrição, Enfermagem, Medicina e Psicologia - sobre Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS) e identificar quais habilidades, conhecimentos e atitudes compõem essa competência. Abordamos nossos resultados em dois momentos, a saber: 1) Concepções acerca da EPS, e 2) A composição da competência para EPS. Entendemos que os desafios para a incorporação dos princípios da EPS são os mesmos encontrados para a ruptura dos processos tradicionais de ensino-aprendizagem.
Saúde bucal em usuários da atenção primária: análise qualitativa da autopercepção relacionada ao uso e necessidade de prótese dentária
Authors: Corrêa Helena Weschenfelder , Bitencourt Fernando Valentim , Nogueira Alex Vettori , Toassi Ramona Fernanda Ceriotti
Published: August 2016

Resumo Este estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa propôs-se a analisar a autopercepção da saúde bucal em usuários da Atenção Primária de Porto Alegre que usam e/ou necessitam de prótese dentária. A coleta de dados aconteceu por meio da análise de prontuários odontológicos, diários de campo e entrevistas domiciliares semiestruturadas com 70 usuários do serviço de saúde nas faixas etárias de 15 a 19, 35 a 44 e 65 a 74 anos, que usam e/ou necessitam de prótese dentária (amostra intencional por saturação). Os relatos das entrevistas foram interpretados pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin com o apoio do software ATLAS.ti. A autopercepção positiva de saúde bucal foi percebida por adultos e idosos usuários de próteses bem adaptadas, que não machucavam a boca e não interferiam na mastigação, na fala e na comunicação. Houve grande valorização do uso de próteses pela possibilidade da reabilitação bucal. O desejo do uso de próteses esbarrou em seu alto custo e no acesso limitado a tal procedimento no serviço público do município. Essas informações permitem a análise do significado da saúde bucal para os usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, podendo ser utilizadas como uma ferramenta de avaliação complementar da necessidade de tratamento odontológico.
A satisfação do beneficiário da saúde suplementar sob a perspectiva da qualidade e integralidade
Authors: Daros Raphaella Fagundes , Gomes Rafael da Silveira , Silva Fabio Hebert da , Lopes Tatiana Coelho
Published: August 2016

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o conceito de qualidade a partir da demanda dos beneficiários da Saúde Suplementar, na perspectiva da integralidade, considerando as relações entre satisfação, assimetria de informação e cuidado em saúde. Foi realizada a análise de uma amostragem de 1.013 e-mails enviados para a Central de Relacionamento da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar de beneficiários da região sudeste, o que resultou na categorização Acesso aos Serviços e Continuidade do Cuidado, com as seguintes subcategorias: Negação; Dificuldade e/ou Imposição de Condicionantes; e Rede de Prestadores Restrita. Os beneficiários enfatizaram aspectos relacionados ao acesso aos serviços e à continuidade do cuidado que explicitam que as estratégias de redução de custos das operadoras têm afetado a qualidade e a integralidade do cuidado. Os relatos apontam que, para além da negação do acesso aos serviços e procedimentos, os beneficiários se vêem diante da restrição da continuidade do cuidado. Os resultados nos colocam o desafio de questionar a estruturação desse setor, cujos contratos se baseiam na definição de um rol de procedimentos e as estratégias de redução de custos se configuram como instrumento de restrição ao próprio direito à saúde, para além do respeito necessário ao direito do consumidor.
Una lectura socio-antropológica sobre las sobredosis y los cortes en la piel
Authors: Candil Ana Laura
Published: August 2016

Resumen Este artículo busca aportar a la problematización de las interpretaciones biomédicas y psi clásicas acerca de las sobredosis y los cortes en la piel que, en ocasiones, afectan a los/as jóvenes y adultos/as que usan intensivamente drogas. Mientras que los cortes en la piel han sido prioritariamente enunciados como parte de la sintomatología que definiría a los trastornos "borderline", las sobredosis han sido explicadas como un exceso de sustancias ingeridas de las que el cuerpo puede metabolizar. Partiendo de una aproximación etnográfica sobre los tratamientos ambulatorios a los/as usuarios/as intensivos/as de drogas en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, se busca colaborar al cuestionamiento de los saberes expertos clásicos, exponiendo diversas dimensiones que se enlazan en ambas prácticas: deterioro corporal, saturación en los modos de sentir dolor, barreras de acceso al sistema de salud y estrategias de supervivencia en contextos hostiles.
El derecho a una muerte digna en Argentina: la judicialización de la toma de decisiones médicas en el final de la vida
Authors: Alonso Juan Pedro
Published: August 2016

Resumen El artículo discute desde una perspectiva socio-histórica el contexto y las implicancias de los procesos de judicialización en torno a la gestión médica de la muerte y el morir. El objetivo del artículo es describir y analizar la judicialización de la toma de decisiones médicas en el final de la vida en Argentina, a partir de fallos judiciales producidos entre 1975 y 2015. Se examina el contexto y las principales características de la litigación respecto a estas decisiones, así como los cambios producidos en el periodo: los casos que son objeto de disputa (desde el rechazo de transfusiones al pedido de retiro de medidas de soporte vital), los argumentos y leguajes utilizados (de la objeción de conciencia a la autonomía) y la emergencia de nuevos derechos. Por último se discuten las consecuencias y las perspectivas futuras de la judicialización en este campo.
Apontamentos críticos para o desenvolvimento da vigilância civil da saúde
Authors: Sevalho Gil
Published: August 2016

Resumo Apresentam-se, em um ensaio crítico, a ideia e os fundamentos da vigilância civil da saúde. Trata-se de proposta elaborada por Victor Valla na década de 1990, que incorpora à vigilância em saúde a participação da população por meio da educação popular de Paulo Freire. Com o aporte de recursos da Antropologia Interpretativa e da História Nova, faz-se um contraponto entre a vigilância em saúde tradicional, modelada pela vigilância epidemiológica, e a vigilância civil da saúde. Evidenciam-se, então, permanências culturais marcantes na prática da vigilância em saúde desenvolvida hegemonicamente no Brasil. A prerrogativa de cientificidade, que leva à subordinação ao modelo clínico biomédico, a vinculação política à ideia de segurança social e o critério imperativo de urgência, características da vigilância em saúde tradicional, bloqueiam ou dificultam a participação popular. Ao final, vincula-se a vigilância civil da saúde à epistemologia do sul de Boaventura de Sousa Santos. O desenvolvimento da vigilância civil da saúde, que incorpora a participação popular à vigilância em saúde, vem ao encontro das propostas historicamente inscritas na concepção e na evolução da saúde coletiva e do SUS.
Da organização do sistema à fragmentação do cuidado: a percepção de usuários, médicos e farmacêuticos sobre o Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica
Authors: Rover Marina Raijche Mattozo , Vargas-Peláez Claudia Marcela , Farias Mareni Rocha , Leite Silvana Nair
Published: August 2016

Resumo O Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) do Sistema Único de Saúde tem como objetivo garantir a integralidade do tratamento medicamentoso em nível ambulatorial. Visando analisar a percepção dos atores envolvidos sobre o Componente, foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa (grupo focal e entrevistas semiestruturadas). Observou-se que há forte dependência do CEAF em relação às outras ações estruturantes na política de saúde. Segundo os atores, a forma de organização e gestão dos serviços não propicia a continuidade da atenção, o que resulta em um cuidado fragmentado. Destacaram-se fatores como falta de articulação entre serviços e profissionais, problemas na organização dos fluxos e oferta insuficiente de serviços. Ainda o foco dos serviços farmacêuticos no medicamento, ou seja, visão minimalista da assistência farmacêutica, tem impactado de diferentes formas no cuidado ao usuário. É necessária a coordenação dos serviços adequados às necessidades em saúde, que deve se traduzir na percepção de continuidade dos cuidados na perspectiva do usuário. Desta forma, o entendimento é: o medicamento tem sido garantido, mas a integralidade do atendimento preconizada nas linhas de cuidado se vê comprometida.
Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part IV: Perciformes (Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Serranidae, Priacanthidae, Malacanthidae, Pomatomidae, Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Gerreidae and Haemulidae)
Authors: Brenha-Nunes Marina Rito , Santificetur César , Conversani Valéria Regina Martins , Giaretta Marcella Bockis , Rossi-Wongtschowski Carmen Lucia Del Bianco , Siliprandi Carolina Correia
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT This publication is part of a series that will constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths for the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian area. It presents the results of the morphological and morphometric analyses of 31 Perciformes (two species of Centropomidae; two of Acropomatidae; two of Serranidae; two of Priacanthidae; two of Malacanthidae; one of Pomatomidae; six of Carangidae; three of Lutjanidae; five of Gerreidae and six of Haemulidae). Whenever available in the collection, otoliths from three distinct specimen sizes were illustrated and photographed in order to show their variation during development. For each characteristic the frequency of occurrence was calculated within each length class (TL) and among length classes (during development) and differences were analyzed by a multiple χ² test (significance 0.05).
Preventing and Managing Toxicities of High-Dose Methotrexate
Authors: Howard Scott C. , McCormick John , Pui Ching-Hon , Buddington Randall K. , Harvey R. Donald
Published: August 2016

High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX), defined as a dose higher than 500 mg/m2, is used to treat a range of adult and childhood cancers. Although HDMTX is safely administered to most patients, it can cause significant toxicity, including acute kidney injury (AKI) in 2%–12% of patients. Nephrotoxicity results from crystallization of methotrexate in the renal tubular lumen, leading to tubular toxicity. AKI and other toxicities of high-dose methotrexate can lead to significant morbidity, treatment delays, and diminished renal function. Risk factors for methotrexate-associated toxicity include a history of renal dysfunction, volume depletion, acidic urine, and drug interactions. Renal toxicity leads to impaired methotrexate clearance and prolonged exposure to toxic concentrations, which further worsen renal function and exacerbate nonrenal adverse events, including myelosuppression, mucositis, dermatologic toxicity, and hepatotoxicity. Serum creatinine, urine output, and serum methotrexate concentration are monitored to assess renal clearance, with concurrent hydration, urinary alkalinization, and leucovorin rescue to prevent and mitigate AKI and subsequent toxicity. When delayed methotrexate excretion or AKI occurs despite preventive strategies, increased hydration, high-dose leucovorin, and glucarpidase are usually sufficient to allow renal recovery without the need for dialysis. Prompt recognition and effective treatment of AKI and associated toxicities mitigate further toxicity, facilitate renal recovery, and permit patients to receive other chemotherapy or resume HDMTX therapy when additional courses are indicated.
Prognostic Value of the Cumulative Cisplatin Dose During Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Phase III Clinical Trial
Authors: Peng Hao , Chen Lei , Zhang Yuan , Li Wen-Fei , Mao Yan-Ping , Zhang Fan , Guo Rui , Liu Li-Zhi , Lin Ai-Hua , Sun Ying , Ma Jun
Published: August 2016

Background.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the cumulative cisplatin dose (CCD) for long-term survival outcomes after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods.

Patients were included in an open-label phase III multicenter randomized controlled trial performed at seven institutions in China, and the 298 patients receiving CCRT only were assessed. Patient survival between different CCD groups were compared.

Results.

Median CCD for the 298 patients was 240 mg/m2 (range, 40–320 mg/m2); 113 (37.9%) patients received a CCD of <240 (≤200) mg/m2, and 185 (62.1%) received a CCD of ≥240 mg/m2. For CCD of ≥240 mg/m2 vs. <240 mg/m2, the estimated 5-year overall survival, disease-free survival, locoregional relapse-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rates were 83.2% vs. 76.2% (p = .403), 73.5% vs. 67.8% (p = .461), 90.4% vs. 86.8% (p = .551), and 82.6% vs. 79.7% (p = .632), respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that CCD (240 mg/m2) was not an independent prognostic factor in either the entire cohort or stage III/IV subgroup.

Conclusion.

A CCD of ≥240 mg/m2 was not an independent prognostic factor in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC at high risk of distant metastasis, and 200 mg/m2 cisplatin may be adequate to achieve a survival benefit.
The Association Between Body Size and Breast Cancer in Han Women in Northern and Eastern China
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Liang , Gao Jidong , Liu Jiaqi , Guo Mingming , Liu Liyuan , Wang Wenyan , Wang Jie , Xing Zeyu , Yu Zhigang , Wang Xiang
Published: August 2016

Introduction.

Although obesity has been reported worldwide as a risk factor for breast cancer, there are still some inconsistencies regarding the association between obesity and breast cancer. Body mass index (BMI) is used most to assess the extent of obesity; however, the association of other body size characteristics, such as waist and hip circumference, with susceptibility to breast cancer in Chinese Han women needs to be better assessed.

Patients and Methods.

Female Chinese Han patients (N = 2,800) were recruited from 21 hospitals in northern and eastern China from April 2012 to April 2013 for a case-control study. The significant differences of factors related to body size between the breast-cancer case and control groups were determined by Student’s t test and chi-square tests.

Results.

Premenopausal women with breast cancer had higher BMI and larger waist and hip circumferences (p = 2 × 10−4, <1 × 10−6, and 2 × 10−5, respectively). However, these body-size factors were not associated with postmenopausal breast cancer (p = .45, 0.32, and 0.12, respectively). BMI between 28 and 30 kg/m2 or greater than 32 kg/m2 was related to breast cancer incidence in the overall study population and in premenopausal women but not in the postmenopausal group.

Conclusion.

Obesity is significantly associated with breast cancer in Chinese Han premenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women. Thus, it is important to realize that weight control, as well as avoiding abdominal obesity, should be considered as one of the most effective methods of reducing breast cancer risk.
A review of first-in-human small molecule oncology clinical trials
Authors: Greenwood Daniel , Stratford Ian , Booth Steven
Published: August 2016

First-in-human (FIH) oncology clinical trials are crucial to the development of small-molecule oncology candidates. However, there is a dearth of research investigating how these trials vary from one-another and therefore whether one approach may be better than another. This review aims to investigate variation of FIH trials published over the last decade with respect to four areas: publication particulars; trial design; patient particulars and drug administration and formulation.
Implementation of quality and risk management strategies in wound care trials
Authors: Krafcik Brianna M. , Malikova Marina
Published: August 2016

Background: Systematic analysis of risk factors in multiple wound care clinical trials was performed to develop proactive risk mitigation strategies and improve the quality of trials conducted.

Methods: This internal, single center internal quality control (QC) audit of eight recently completed prospective, randomized wound care clinical trials assessed the rate of serious adverse events (SAEs) and compared two wound indications: diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) and venous leg ulcers (VLU).  Additionally, adherence to study protocol and compliance with current regulatory requirements was examined based on the rate of protocol deviations over time.

Results: A comparison of SAE occurrences between DFU and VLU studies showed twice as many SAEs per subject in the DFU studies as compared to the VLU studies. The most common categories were infections, both of the wound and of other anatomic locations. The onboarding of new study coordinators and multiple coordinators working independently on one trial over time consistently showed an increase in the number of deviations per active subject, particularly immediately following the date of hire. The most common categories for deviations were out-of-window visits and missed study procedures.  

Conclusions: Assessment of potential issues in prospective wound care studies can lead to earlier mitigation of risks, quality improvement in data obtained and increased efficiency of studies conducted in this field. Effective training and retention of research coordinators can reduce the number of deviations, and an understanding of the frequency and types of adverse events can provide an expectation for those conducting trials in a particular indication.
A multicenter, prospective, randomized study protocol to demonstrate the superiority of a bone-anchored prosthesis for anular closure used in conjunction with limited discectomy to limited discectomy alone for primary lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Klassen Peter Douglas , Hes Robert , Bouma Gerrit Joan , Eustacchio Sandro , Barth Martin , Kursumovic Adisa , Jadik Senol , Heidecke Volkmar , Bostelmann Richard , Thomé Claudius , Vajkoczy Peter , Köhler Hans Peter , Fandino Javier , Assaker Richard , Van de Kelft Erik , Fröhlich Susanne , Van den Brink Wimar , Perrin Jason , Wolfs Jasper , Arts Mark , Martens Frederic
Published: August 2016

Background: Same-level reherniation and progressive degeneration with disc height loss are main causes of poor outcome after discectomy and may necessitate reoperation.  A novel prosthesis for anular closure was developed to address these causes.

Methods: The design of a multicenter, prospective, randomized, post-market superiority trial comparing limited lumbar discectomy augmented with this device (intervention group) with limited lumbar discectomy alone (control group) is presented.

Results: Patients with single-level (L1-S1) posterior or posterolateral disc herniation and radiologic confirmation of neural compression for whom at least six weeks of conservative treatment has failed are eligible.  Patients must have posterior disc height ≥5 mm at index level and baseline Oswestry and VAS leg pain scores of ≥40/100.  Intraoperatively, subjects meeting anular defect size criteria post-discectomy (4-6 mm tall and 6-10 mm wide) will be randomized to study groups in a 1:1 ratio using centralized, web-based software. A Bayesian statistical approach will be used to enroll 400 to 800 subjects who will be followed for at least 24 months.  Two co-primary endpoints will be assessed at 24 months: 1) a composite of leg pain, clinical function, disc height maintenance, and absence of reherniation, reoperation, and device failure; and 2) absence of reherniation based upon independent radiologic analysis.  
Conclusions: This type of analysis is becoming increasingly important as governments and health insurers continue to be pressured to spend limited healthcare funding wisely.
Comparison between high dose hyperbaric Bupivacaine (12.5 mg) alone versus low dose hyperbaric Bupivacaine (7.5 mg) with Fentanyl (25 µg) in spinal anaesthesia for inguinal hernia surgery
Authors: Kotwani Manish B. , Rupwate Kanchan , Shivananda Prashanth , Magar Jyoti
Published: August 2016

Background: For performing inguinal hernia surgeries, giving spinal anesthesia is a well known technique as it easy and provides fast onset, effective sensory and motor blockade in an awake patient. Now-a-days Bupivacaine is gaining importance as an effective spinal anaesthetic agent in combination with opioid analgesic Fentanyl to reduce the postoperative pain and side effects associated with surgery. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of intrathecal Bupivacaine alone versus combination of Bupivacaine with Fentanyl.

Methods: The study designed was a prospective, randomized, double blinded comparative study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of 25 each. Group B received hyperbaric intrathecal Bupivacaine 12.5 mg and Group BF received diluted hyperbaric intrathecal Bupivacaine 7.5 mg and Fentanyl 25 µg for spinal anesthesia . Parameters like sensory and motor block were assessed. Side effects produced during perioperative and postoperative period were observed and noted. Satisfactory criteria by the surgeons and patients were considered.

Results: The time taken to attain surgical anesthesia and peak sensory levels in minutes was statistically significant in Group B compared to Group BF. Due to higher dose of Bupivacaine, it was observed that degree of motor blockade is also higher in group B when compared to group BF. The incidence of hypotension, nausea, vomiting and hypothermia are significantly higher in group B due to high dose of Bupivacaine. The surgeons and patients satisfaction was good in both the groups.  

Conclusions: Low dose Bupivacaine in combination with Fentanyl is safe and effective alternative for spinal anesthesia for inguinal herniorrphaphy as compared to conventional high dose Bupivacaine alone.
Clinical evaluation of polyherbal formulation (Uricare Tablet) in benign prostatic hyperplasia: randomized, placebo controlled, single blinded clinical study
Authors: Patel Hardik R. , Patel Manish , Patel Mansi M. , Patel Janmjay H. , Patel Payal G. , Patel Apurva N.
Published: August 2016

Background: This was a randomized, placebo controlled, single blinded clinical trial undertaken in 60 male patients in the age group of 18-70 years diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the department of at P.D. Patel Kayachikitsha, Ayurveda Hospital, India.

Methods: A medical history, especially on urinary symptoms was obtained from all patients on first visit along with Blood tests. 60 Patients were randomized into two groups. Uricare tablet was administered at the dose of 2 tablets twice a day for the period of 6 weeks to treatment group and Placebo tablet was administered with same doses to the remaining patients group. They were evaluated on BPH assessment parameters, IPSS (International prostate symptom score), quality of life (QOL), level of serum PSA and the prostate volume.

Results: Percentage reduction in IPSS score was observed 25.62% and 1.80% in treatment and placebo group respectively. Percentage improvement in QOL was also observed 31.67% and 2.82% in treatment and placebo groups respectively. BPH assessment parameters also show moderate changes in before and after treatment in both groups. However, the reduction in prostate volume was identified up to -4.612cc and -1.427cc in treatment and placebo group respectively at the end of the trial. Prostate significant antigen (PSA) was significantly reduced in the treatment group than Placebo group.  
Conclusions:There were no serious adverse effects observed during the study. Hence, the therapy was assumed to be well tolerated by patients and can be considered as a drug of choice in the management of BPH.
 
An analysis of clinical trials registered with CTRI in India from 2007 to 2015
Authors: Chawan Vihang S. , Badwane Sagar V. , Gawand Kalpesh V. , Chhaya Maheshi U.
Published: August 2016

Background: Clinical trials are gold standard in the field of evidence based medicine. Registration of clinical trials facilitates the dissemination of information among clinicians, researchers and patients. Earlier, researchers were interested only in publishing positive results of their study. The negative results were never published resulting in bias in reporting the results of such clinical trials. It is now mandatory to register all clinical trials done in India at National Institute of Medical Statistics (NIMS) hosted at Clinical Trial Registry - India (CTRI) website to ensure transparency, accountability and accessibility of clinical trials. This study was planned to analyze the number of clinical trials registered under CTRI from 2007 to 2015. The information regarding the registration of clinical trials was accessed from the website www.ctri.nic.in.

Methods: The information on registered clinical trials was obtained from the website www.ctri.nic.in. The clinical trials registered with CTRI from 2007 to 2015 were noted for analysis.

Results: Maximum number of clinical trials registered in the year 2015 (1113), followed by year 2014 (1089), 2013 (990), 2012 (959) and 2011 (748) while least number of clinical trials registered in the year 2007 (32). Results revealed that there is wide gap the number of clinical trials registered in between year 2007 to 2015 and also revealed that number of clinical trials registered are increasing in order from year 2007 to year 2015.  
Conclusions: The registrations of clinical trials improve the reliability of data generated, assist clinicians to interpret research, minimizes duplication of trials and prevents exposure of volunteers to potential risks.
A study on antibacterial effect of grape seed extracts in common clinical and drug resistant isolates
Authors: Kandasamy Mohanakrishnan , Nasimuddin Sowmya , Malayan Jeevan , J Nithyalakshmi , Gnanadesikan Sumathi , Chandrasekar Mayuri
Published: August 2016

Background: Grape seeds are proposed to have antimicrobial activity, antioxidant effect and various other benefits to mankind. A study was done to assess the antibacterial effect of grape seed extract against common clinical isolates and drug resistant pathogenic strains.

Methods: Grape seed extract prepared was investigated for its antibacterial effect against 65 bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens by agar well diffusion assay and the results were compared with routinely used antibiotics namely, Gentamicin for the common clinical isolates, Vancomycin for MRSA strains and Amikacin for ESBL organisms respectively.

Results: Grape seed extract produced moderate zone of inhibition ranging between 11-15 mm among the 35 test common clinical isolates namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.  E.coli showed the highest susceptibility with zone ranging from 12-14 mm with increasing concentration of the extract starting from2 mg/ml to the highest being 20 mg/ml. Among the 30 drug resistant pathogenic strains like MRSA and ESBL producing organisms, the grape seed extract was found to be effective against 3 out of the 10 of MRSA and 2 out of the 10 of ESBL-E.coli at the highest concentration of 20 mg/ml. However, ESBL producing Klebsiella species were found to be resistant even to the highest concentration of the extract.  

Conclusions: The results provide evidence that the grape seed extract could be a potential antibacterial agent and this effect can further be made evident with improved methodologies.
Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures strength in diabetic and normal serum glucose elevated male mice
Authors: Khalili Mohsen , Kiasalari Zahra , Abdullahi Payman Raise
Published: August 2016

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most important neurological disorders, afflicting both genders during their lifetime. Metabolic disturbances, including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, are one of the main reasons of seizures in which frequently have been seen in diabetes mellitus. A large body of literature has investigated correlation between hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and seizure. However, a definitive conclusion has not been taken, yet. Hence, we developed a rodent model of PTZ-induced seizure in order to investigate about relation between PTZ-induced seizures and glycemic changes, including diabetic and non-diabetic hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.

Methods: We chose 50 naive, adult male inbred mice of the Balb/c strain (aged 8–10 weeks, weighted 25-35 grams) and divided them into 5 groups, randomly (n=10 in each groups): 1. Control (received saline and citrate buffer). 2. Diabetic group (received STZ 140 mg/kg I.P). 3. Diabetic+Glibenclamide group (received STZ 140 mg/kg I.P and treated with Glibenclamide 1 mg/kg I.P daily). 4. Non-diabetic hyperglycemic group (received glucose "D-dextrose" 2 g/kg I.P 30 min before PTZ administration. 5. Hypoglycemic group (the animals were fasted one day other days during experimental period). Chemical kindling was induced by PTZ injection (35 mg/kg, I.P), every other days (11 periods that lasted 22 days).  

Results: Our data shown non-diabetic hyperglycemic mice that had elevated blood glucose levels, were more resistant to seizures compared to control group (p<0.05). Threshold and duration of the second phase of the seizures in non-diabetic hyperglycemic mice were increased (p<0.001). Moreover, threshold of the phase 5 was enhanced (p<0.001). Again, hypoglycemic mice had statistically significant decrease in threshold of phase 5 compared to control group (p<0.05).
Conclusions: We found that acute non-diabetic hyperglycemia not only have had no aggravating effects on seizure susceptibility but also have shown anticonvulsive effects. As well, we found that hypoglycemia has decreased threshold of phase 5 in challenge dose, i.e. onset of the most severe phase of the seizures was accelerated.
Analysis of undergraduate pharmacology question papers at Goa medical college as regards to their content areas
Authors: Narvekar Rajal S. , Bhandare Nikhil N. , Bhandare Padma N.
Published: August 2016

Background: Undergraduate medical education aims at sculpting the future physicians. Knowledge gained during this period helps the physician to deal with human ailments and thus human life. It is necessary to ensure that students learn what is important and thus it is very important to ask the right questions in the examinations.

Methods: This is a retrospective analytical study involving evaluation of university theory examination question papers of pharmacology of IInd MBBS at our institute. Question papers from the year 2000 to 2016 were analyzed for weightage to content areas as regards to the syllabus.  

Results: Autonomic nervous system (25.28%) and cardiovascular system (22.30%) in paper I and chemotherapy (33.50%) and central nervous system (23.76%) in paper II are the maximum weightage content areas. Some aspects which are of clinical importance remained uncovered in a few papers, example: autacoids, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, miscellaneous.

Conclusions: For consistency of validity in the assessment, we suggest that it should be based on structured guidelines. Methods like test blueprinting and table of specifications may be used.