bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective Well-being and Its Determinants in China: An Empirical Study Based on Survey Data
Authors: Liang Yaling , Shen Junyi
Published: September 2016

Using household survey data collected in 2013, this paper empirically investigates the determinants of individual subjective well-being in China, where there has been rapid economic development over the past three decades. The main results are as follows. First, factors such as good health, marital status, life satisfaction, body mass index, physical exercise, and expectations of inflation are all significantly correlated with the reported level of happiness. Second, income has no significant effect on the level of happiness, and happiness has an inverted U-shaped relationship to wealth. Third, increased education decreases the level of happiness. To some extent, these findings can explain why subjective well-being has declined in China, despite its spectacular economic growth. 
Matices cronológicos de la violencia escolar en El Salvador (Apuntes críticos para la comprensión del fenómeno)
Authors: Oliva Herberth Alexander
Published: September 2016

Matices cronológicos de la violencia escolar en El Salvador, es un artículo de connotación académica que pretende plasmar una concepción cronológica y epistemológica del surgimiento de la violencia escolar y su evolución hasta convertirse en criminalidad escolar, recogiendo además las diversas experiencias que el sistema educativo salvadoreño ha llevado a cabo como parte del abordaje y seguimiento a dicho fenómeno.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 11-38
Regulación jurídico-penal de los delitos sexuales en Honduras
Authors: Bolaños Vásquez Hazel Jasmín
Published: September 2016

El artículo hace un estudio de los delitos que protegen el bien jurídico libertad e indemnidad sexual en la legislación hondureña, comenzando con el análisis del contexto social del país en relación con la violencia sexual, para luego analizar la actual legislación constitucional y secundaria que busca erradicar este tipo de violencia. En específico, se analiza a la legislación penal que sanciona la vulneración de los bienes jurídicos en estudio, para identificar si en los tipos penales persisten estereotipos de género que puedan incidir de forma negativa en la protección del derecho de las víctimas a ser tratadas con igualdad.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 55-88
Los primeros diputados salvadoreños en redes sociales. Parlamentarios sin interacción
Authors: Aguilar Ana Evangelina
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo busca contribuir con el análisis de las redes sociales digitales en el ámbito político, específicamente el parlamentario. Fue realizado a partir de un seguimiento de 3 años de los perfiles de Facebook, Twitter y YouTube de los diputados salvadoreños; y mediante el cual se llegó a la conclusión de que la mayoría de parlamentarios están desaprovechando esa herramienta de comunicación.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 89-99
Polos de desarrollo económico en el departamento de Usulután en El Salvador
Authors: Sancho Eduardo
Published: September 2016

En la presente investigación se expone el potencial nacional de los recursos renovables en microrregiones, dentro de la bahía Jiquilisco y la Sierra Tecapa Chinameca del departamento de Usulután en El Salvador. La acumulación de investigación biotecnológica del Ministerio de Agricultura, el Centro de Investigación de Café, el Consejo de Salvadoreño de Café, el Centro Nacional de investigación Agrícola y la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, muestra la existencia de recursos naturales renovables y la capacidad tecnológica necesaria para su explotación de forma responsable, en donde las dislocaciones de pesca, coco, camarón, hortalizas, micro ganadería, cobran especial importancia como polos potenciales de desarrollo económico, incluyéndose la producción e industrialización del café en pequeños beneficios.

Realidad y Reflexión Año 15, N° 42, 2015; 117-138
Panorama general de las desigualdades de género en la economía salvadoreña
Authors: Lara López Edgar
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo tiene como propósito hacer una aproximación al estado de la igualdad de género en la economía. La concepción de género se entiende a partir de dos dimensiones: la primera, para entender las relaciones de poder y, la segunda, para comprender que el sujeto en la economía transciende la concepción binaria del mismo.TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 3-41
Claves filosóficas de Ignacio Ellacuria para reorientar la realidad histórica
Authors: Romero García David Jacob
Published: September 2016

Es imperiosa la necesidad de discutir sobre el rumbo que tendrá nuestro país: El Salvador; pero el rumbo debe tener bases sólidas, no ideologías falaces. Ellacuría nos ilumina el rumbo: Sólo a través de la civilización de la pobreza se pueden desarrollar todos los pueblos de la Tierra.TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 65-82
Balance de 2012 y desafíos para 2013
Authors: González Luis Armando
Published: September 2016

TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 95-99
Effects of Learners’ English Proficiency Level in Learning English Prepositions through the Schema-Based Instruction
Authors: Fujii Kazuma
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this paper is to compare the efficiency of the core schema-based instruction (SBI) in learning English prepositions between two groups that were placed depending on learners’ level of English proficiency. The SBI in the present study refers to a way of teaching in which the schematic core meaning of a given lexical item is provided. This is essentially different from the translation-based instruction (TBI) in that the SBI, which takes cognitive linguistics (CL) as its theoretical basis, provides learners with a single abstract core meaning in vocabulary learning, whereas the TBI provides a list of several meanings and learners memorize it without a chance of paying attention to the semantic connection among its meanings. The efficiency of the SBI in comparison with the TBI has been investigated in the previous studies with high expectation, but not all of them have shown its significant achievement over the TBI. For this reason, several researchers have pointed out that the effects of the SBI may be influenced by learners’ English proficiency level (e.g., Cho, 2016; Imai, 2016). However, this issue has not been fully explored empirically. The participants of this study, 41 students at a technical college in Japan, learned the six English prepositions (at, in, on, to, for, with) in accordance with the SBI. Then the participants were divided into two groups depending on the results of their TOEIC Bridge scores that they took about one month before this study. In order to assess the difference in efficiency between the two groups, pre- and post-tests targeting the six prepositions were used. The results of the pre- and post-test scores and t-tests suggested that the SBI worked more effectively for the learners with higher English proficiency than the ones with lower English proficiency.
Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells for Ex Vivo Gene Therapy of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Authors: Meneghini Vasco , Frati Giacomo , Sala Davide , De Cicco Silvia , Luciani Marco , Cavazzin Chiara , Paulis Marianna , Mentzen Wieslawa , Morena Francesco , Giannelli Serena , Sanvito Francesca , Villa Anna , Bulfone Alessandro , Broccoli Vania , Martino Sabata , Gritti Angela
Published: September 2016

Allogeneic fetal-derived human neural stem cells (hfNSCs) that are under clinical evaluation for several neurodegenerative diseases display a favorable safety profile, but require immunosuppression upon transplantation in patients. Neural progenitors derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be relevant for autologous ex vivo gene-therapy applications to treat genetic diseases with unmet medical need. In this scenario, obtaining iPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) showing a reliable “NSC signature” is mandatory. Here, we generated human iPSC (hiPSC) clones via reprogramming of skin fibroblasts derived from normal donors and patients affected by metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease caused by genetic defects of the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme. We differentiated hiPSCs into NSCs (hiPS-NSCs) sharing molecular, phenotypic, and functional identity with hfNSCs, which we used as a “gold standard” in a side-by-side comparison when validating the phenotype of hiPS-NSCs and predicting their performance after intracerebral transplantation. Using lentiviral vectors, we efficiently transduced MLD hiPSCs, achieving supraphysiological ARSA activity that further increased upon neural differentiation. Intracerebral transplantation of hiPS-NSCs into neonatal and adult immunodeficient MLD mice stably restored ARSA activity in the whole central nervous system. Importantly, we observed a significant decrease of sulfatide storage when ARSA-overexpressing cells were used, with a clear advantage in those mice receiving neonatal as compared with adult intervention. Thus, we generated a renewable source of ARSA-overexpressing iPSC-derived bona fide hNSCs with improved features compared with clinically approved hfNSCs. Patient-specific ARSA-overexpressing hiPS-NSCs may be used in autologous ex vivo gene therapy protocols to provide long-lasting enzymatic supply in MLD-affected brains.
Concise Review: The Potential Use of Intestinal Stem Cells to Treat Patients with Intestinal Failure
Authors: Hong Sung Noh , Dunn James C.Y. , Stelzner Matthias , Martín Martín G.
Published: September 2016

Intestinal failure is a rare life-threatening condition that results in the inability to maintain normal growth and hydration status by enteral nutrition alone. Although parenteral nutrition and whole organ allogeneic transplantation have improved the survival of these patients, current therapies are associated with a high risk for morbidity and mortality. Development of methods to propagate adult human intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and pluripotent stem cells raises the possibility of using stem cell-based therapy for patients with monogenic and polygenic forms of intestinal failure. Organoids have demonstrated the capacity to proliferate indefinitely and differentiate into the various cellular lineages of the gut. Genome-editing techniques, including the overexpression of the corrected form of the defective gene, or the use of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 to selectively correct the monogenic disease-causing variant within the stem cell, make autologous ISC transplantation a feasible approach. However, numerous techniques still need to be further optimized, including more robust ex vivo ISC expansion, native ISC ablation, and engraftment protocols. Large-animal models can to be used to develop such techniques and protocols and to establish the safety of autologous ISC transplantation because outcomes in such models can be extrapolated more readily to humans.
The Rieti Land Reclamation Authority relevance in the management of surface waters for the irrigation purposes of the Rieti Plain (Central Italy)
Authors: Martarelli Lucio , Iacuitto Marcello , Gregori Vincenzo , Menotti Riccardo Massimiliano , Petitta Marco , Scalise Anna Rosa
Published: September 2016

The Rieti Plain is crowned by calcareous-marly reliefs (Rieti and Sabini Mountains) and represents an intra-Apennine Plio- Quaternary alluvial and fluvial-lacustrine basin formed after multistage extensional tectonic processes. This territory presents huge amounts of water resources (Velino and Turano rivers; several springs; Lungo and Ripasottile lakes, relics of ancient Lacus Velinus). The aquifers occurring in the reliefs often have hydraulic continuity with the Rieti plain groundwater (detected at about 1-4 m below ground surface), which has general flow directions converging from the reliefs to the lake sector. Hydraulic exchanges between groundwater and surface waters are variable in space and time and play a relevant role for groundwater resource distribution. The Rieti Land Reclamation Authority was instituted in 1929 by Royal Decree N. 34171-3835, and integrates eight former authorities, dating the end of 1800s. It contributes to maintain the reclamation actions in the Rieti Plain, which started with the realization of the Salto and Turano artificial reservoirs, along two left tributaries of Velino River. The hydroelectric energy production purposes struggle with the reclamation and flood mitigation activities in the plain. The Land Reclamation Authority actuated the Integrated Reclamation General Project through the realization of pumping stations, connection and drainage canals, forestry-hydraulic works, rural roads, movable dams along Velino River and irrigation ditches. The irrigation activities, granted by the derivation of 5 m3/s from the Velino River, are carried out through 194,000 hectares within the territory of 42 municipalities of the Rieti Province. The Rieti Land Reclamation Authority contributes to the irrigation needs and to the environmental and hydrogeological protection and monitoring.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Rathie Neha , Okram Birbala , Mangla Lavi , Saini Pragya
Published: September 2016

Retinopathy of prematurity is a vasoproliferative disease affecting the retina of premature infants. The manifestations of the disease can range from mild with no visual defects to severe with new vessel formation (neovascularisation) and progress to retinal detachment and blindness.

There are various risk factors for the disease, the most important ones being prematurity and low birth weight. Proper screening of babies is important for early detection and prompt management. There are various treatment options available depending on the stage and extent of disease. Laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy have been the accepted modalities for uncomplicated disease. Intravitreal bevacizumab and its effect on retinopathy of prematurity has been evaluated in few studies but no conclusive results have been found. This article aims to provide a comprehensive information about the disease to aid in timely screening, early detection and management.
Dysphotopsia-Unraveling the Enigma
Authors: Bhalla J. S. , Gupta Surbhi
Published: September 2016

Dysphotopsia is an aberrant optical phenomenon occurring after the implantation of an IOL (Intra-ocular lens). It has become a common problem after an otherwise uncomplicated, successful cataract surgery. It presents as unwanted images as flashes, arcs etc. as in positive dysphotopsia (PD) and as a dark shadow or a crescent in negative dysphotopsia (ND). The etiology of the condition remains speculative, and we are still unsure about how to prevent or effectively treat this frustrating side effect of cataract surgery. Patient counselling is important in its management. In case of persistence of symptoms, the surgeon needs to intervene surgically.
Pattern of Refractive Errors in Primary School Children in Dehradun City of Uttrakhand State
Authors: Shakeel Tarannum , Mittal Sanjeev Kumar
Published: September 2016

Objective:

To assess the pattern of refractive errors in primary school children in Dehradun city of Uttrakhand region.

Settings and Design:

Cross sectional descriptive study.

Materials and Methods:

All school going children of both genders aged 5 to 16 years attending the eye OPD of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Dehradun, under the school screening programme underwent visual acuity assessment, ocular motility evaluation and cover uncover test. Children with defective vision were further examined employing objective refraction using autorefractometer followed by streak retinoscopy after instilling 1% cyclopentolate eye drops. Children with any kind of refractive errors were evaluated and categorized according to the type of refractive error on post mydriatic examination.

Statistical Analysis done by:

Chi square test.

Results:

The prevalence of refractive error in primary school children in Dehradun was 13%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of refractive error between males and females. The prevalence increased with age. The single most common refractive error was myopia, followed by astigmatism and then hypermetropia.

Conclusions:

Refractive error is one of the leading causes of treatable blindness in school age children. There is a need to have regular vision testing in school children. Cost effective strategies are required to eliminate this easily treatable cause of vision impairment.
Manitoba Oculotrichoanal Syndrome: First Case Report From India
Authors: Karanam Sai Rani , Konana Vinay Kumar , Sreenivasaiah Shruthi , Potti Sudhakar
Published: September 2016

Manitoba-oculo-tricho-anal (MOTA) syndrome is very rare syndrome characterized by aberrant hairline, eye anomalies (ocular hypertelorism, cryptophthalmos, and upper eyelid colobomas), bifid nose, omphalocele and anorectal anomalies. MOTA syndrome was first reported in 1992 in Oji-cree community from the Island Lake region of Manitoba, Canada. Till date very few cases of MOTA have been reported and none from India. We report first case of MOTA syndrome from India. A two month old male baby was brought with complaints of defect in right upper eye lid since birth. He was the second born child of a second degree consanguineously married couple at 37 weeks of gestation. On physical examination, the baby had right upper eyelid coloboma, ocular hypertelorism, bifid nose, small nasal ala and bilateral undescended testis. Investigations revealed high anorectal anomaly and right renal agenesis. Whole exome sequencing showed homozygous nonsense variation in exon 25 of the FREM1 gene that resulted in a stop codon. This case gains importance as it is the first case of MOTA being reported from India and bilateral undescended testis which was seen this case is an addition to the variable clinical spectrum of MOTA.
Multisystem Tuberculosis: Importance of Clinical Signs, Neuroimaging and Drug Compliance
Authors: Bhandari Sahil , Balamurugan S. , Verma Gajendra Kumar , Kenia Hemal
Published: September 2016

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, primarily affects the pulmonary system and is characterized pathologically by caseating granulomas. Extrapulmonary systems can get involved primarily or secondarily. We report a subject who presented initially with subretinal abscess (intraocular tuberculosis) and papulonecrotic tuberculids (cutaneous tuberculosis). He responded well to medical treatment but discontinued it only to present with right sided pupil sparing complete third cranial nerve palsy (neuro-tuberculosis) and testicular hydrocele (genitourinary tuberculosis). Re-initiation of medical treatment completely resolved both. Significance of this case highlights the fact that four different extrapulmonary systems were involved in a single subject in continuum with no evidence of obvious pulmonary tuberculosis. It also shows the role of strict drug compliance which otherwise can lead to recurrences or secondary multi-system involvement.
Fungal Keratitis Caused By Epicoccum Sorghi - A Case Report
Authors: Dudeja Lakshey , Lakshmipriya Jeganathan , Karpagam R , Prajna N Venkatesh , Prajna Lalitha
Published: September 2016

A 40 year old male presented with redness, pain and watering in his right eye since 3 days. He did not give any history of ocular trauma. A slit lamp evaluation showed a corneal ulcer with feathery margins suggestive of fungal keratitis which was confirmed by microscopic evaluation of the corneal smear. The species of the organism could not be identified by conventional phenotypic methods. A subsequent DNA sequencing identified it to be Epicoccum sorghi, a known plant pathogen. The keratitis healed with topical voriconazole (1%) eye drops in about 4 weeks with a residual scar.
Managing Descemet Membrane Detachment by HELP Algorithm
Authors: Kumar Dhivya Ashok , Agarwal Amar
Published: September 2016

Descemet’s membrane detachment (DMD) is a known intraoperative complication following a complicated cataract surgery. We present an anterior segment coherence tomography based algorithm using Height, length, extent and pupil (HELP) for management of post operative DMD. If the DMD length is less than 1mm and height < 100 microns in any zone (Zone 1 =central 5mm, Zone 2 =5-8mm & Zone 3 = >8mm), medical management is sufficient. When the detachment is 1-2mm with height of 100-300 microns in zone 1(with or without pupillary axis involvement), a surgical repositioning has to be considered. DMD with length 1-2mm and height 100-300 μm in zone 2 and 3 are managed medically. DMD >2mm long and height >300 μm in zone 1 & 2 are surgically treated; while the same in zone 3 are managed medically. With non improvement by 4 weeks under medical management, surgical intervention can be opted. Through early surgical intervention, even in cases with small Descemet membrane detachments and timely switch of treatment, the visual loss caused by Descemet membrane scarring can be prevented.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and Juvenile Open Angle Glaucoma - A Rare Association
Authors: Dangda Sonal , Yadava Usha
Published: September 2016

A young female diagnosed as juvenile open angle glaucoma was noted to have disc collaterals, retinal venous tortuosity and lens subluxation. Serum homocysteine levels were raised while vitamin B12 was found to be low. A genetic work up showed polymorphism of MTHFR 1298C gene. Heterozygous mutations like these when influenced by various lifestyle or nutritional factors i.e., nutrigenomic presentation, may show subtle manifestations and severe form of systemic disease is rarely present.
The RNA polymerase I subunit Rpa12p interacts with the stress‐responsive transcription factor Msn4p to regulate lipid metabolism in budding yeast
Authors: Yadav Kamlesh Kumar , Singh Neelima , Rajvanshi Praveen Kumar , Rajasekharan Ram
Published: September 2016

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, RPA12 encodes the small subunit of RNA polymerase I. Here, we demonstrate that Rpa12p interacts with the transcription factor Msn4p and prevents its binding to the promoter of AYR1 encoding Ayr1p (1‐acyldihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase), a key enzyme involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis and mobilization of nonpolar lipids. Deletion of RPA12 leads to triacylglycerol accumulation due to the binding of Msn4p to the promoter of AYR1 and activation of its transcription. The double deletion rpa12Δ::ayr1Δ caused a reduction in triacylglycerol levels. Our findings reveal that Rpa12p functions as a negative regulator of lipid metabolism by modulating nonpolar lipid biosynthesis through its interaction with Msn4p.
Fragmented patterns of flood change across the United States
Authors: Archfield S. A. , Hirsch R. M. , Viglione A. , Blöschl G.
Published: September 2016

Trends in the peak magnitude, frequency, duration, and volume of frequent floods (floods occurring at an average of two events per year relative to a base period) across the United States show large changes; however, few trends are found to be statistically significant. The multidimensional behavior of flood change across the United States can be described by four distinct groups, with streamgages experiencing (1) minimal change, (2) increasing frequency, (3) decreasing frequency, or (4) increases in all flood properties. Yet group membership shows only weak geographic cohesion. Lack of geographic cohesion is further demonstrated by weak correlations between the temporal patterns of flood change and large‐scale climate indices. These findings reveal a complex, fragmented pattern of flood change that, therefore, clouds the ability to make meaningful generalizations about flood change across the United States.
The size distribution of spatiotemporal extreme rainfall clusters around the globe
Authors: Traxl D. , Boers N. , Rheinwalt A. , Goswami B. , Kurths J.
Published: September 2016

The scaling behavior of rainfall has been extensively studied both in terms of event magnitudes and in terms of spatial extents of the events. Different heavy‐tailed distributions have been proposed as candidates for both instances, but statistically rigorous treatments are rare. Here we combine the domains of event magnitudes and event area sizes by a spatiotemporal integration of 3‐hourly rain rates corresponding to extreme events derived from the quasi‐global high‐resolution rainfall product Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42. A maximum likelihood evaluation reveals that the distribution of spatiotemporally integrated extreme rainfall cluster sizes over the oceans is best described by a truncated power law, calling into question previous statements about scale‐free distributions. The observed subpower law behavior of the distribution's tail is evaluated with a simple generative model, which indicates that the exponential truncation of an otherwise scale‐free spatiotemporal cluster size distribution over the oceans could be explained by the existence of land masses on the globe.
Dependence of global radiative feedbacks on evolving patterns of surface heat fluxes
Authors: Rugenstein Maria A. A. , Caldeira Ken , Knutti Reto
Published: September 2016

In most climate models, after an abrupt increase in radiative forcing the climate feedback parameter magnitude decreases with time. We demonstrate how the evolution of the pattern of ocean heat uptake—moving from a more homogeneous toward a heterogeneous and high‐latitude‐enhanced pattern—influences not only regional but also global climate feedbacks. We force a slab ocean model with scaled patterns of ocean heat uptake derived from a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model. Steady state results from the slab ocean approximate transient results from the dynamic ocean configuration. Our results indicate that cloud radiative effects play an important role in decreasing the magnitude of the climate feedback parameter. The ocean strongly affects atmospheric temperatures through both heat uptake and through influencing atmospheric feedbacks. This highlights the challenges associated with reliably predicting transient or equilibrated climate system states from shorter‐term climate simulations and observed climate variability.
Observing the magnetosphere through global auroral imaging: 1. Observables
Authors: Mende Stephen B.
Published: September 2016

Over the years, it has become clear that there are fundamental limitations in observing magnetospheric processes through their auroral footprints. Most electron auroras are formed in the auroral acceleration region relatively close to the Earth at altitudes (<2 RE). There are four distinct auroral types: (1) downward field‐aligned current (FAC) regions where ion precipitation is dominant, (2) pitch angle diffusion aurora (or briefly “diffusion aurora”) region without significant FAC, (3) upward FAC regions of precipitating electrons and monoenergetic auroral arc formations, and (4) Alfvénic auroral regions, where low‐energy electrons from the ionosphere are accelerated by incoming Alfvén waves. Alfvénic auroras are the footprints of magnetospheric regions where waves are produced by dynamic events such as reconnection, substorm onset initiation, and magnetic field dipolarization. Based on the mean energy and density of the precipitating electrons, ground‐based and spacecraft‐based optical observations can be used to distinguish between auroras where the source is the plasma sheet (types 1, 2, and 3) and Alfvénic auroras, where the source is the ionosphere (type 4). Imaging of the Alfvénic auroral region could be used to map the dynamically active regions of the magnetosphere. The energy distribution of the most significant precipitating ions, protons, can be measured from the Doppler profile of the hydrogen emission lines. Mapping of the time dependent global energy distribution of proton precipitation would allow the observation of the associated magnetospheric boundaries.
Observing the magnetosphere through global auroral imaging: 2. Observing techniques
Authors: Mende Stephen B.
Published: September 2016

In a companion paper four auroral regions were identified. The source of the first three regions is the plasma sheet, whereas the source of the fourth, the region of Alfvenic auroras, is the ionosphere. It is a primary goal of global auroral imaging to identify these source regions. Space‐based imaging can be used to obtain ion and electron, mean energy, and energy flux as a basis for such identification. Measurement of direct emission from precipitating ions or their charge exchange products can be used to determine the ion precipitation characteristics. For electrons, it is necessary to use the atmosphere as a spectrometer. Total precipitated energy can be derived from the luminosity of spectral features where the production cross sections are known. The mean energy of precipitation is inferred from the luminosity height profile deduced from (1) collisional quenching of long lifetime emitters, (2) atmospheric composition, (3) degree of O2 absorption in the UV, or (4) the local atmospheric neutral temperature. There are fundamental advantages in viewing the aurora from space; for example, auroras can be observed in the far ultraviolet range where daylight contamination is much less severe. The various approaches to spaceborne auroral imaging depend on the wavelength selection requirements. UV interferometers show promise of improved light collection efficiency and higher spectral resolution.
Influence of ion outflow in coupled geospace simulations: 1. Physics‐based ion outflow model development and sensitivity study
Authors: Varney R. H. , Wiltberger M. , Zhang B. , Lotko W. , Lyon J.
Published: September 2016

We describe a coupled geospace model that includes causally regulated ion outflow from a physics‐based ionosphere/polar wind model. The model two‐way couples the multifluid Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model to the ionosphere/polar wind model (IPWM). IPWM includes the H+ and O+ polar wind as well as a phenomenological treatment of energetic O+ accelerated by wave‐particle interactions (WPI). Alfvénic Poynting flux from the MHD simulation causally regulates the ion acceleration. The wave‐particle interactions (WPI) model has been tuned and validated with comparisons to particle‐in‐cell simulations and empirical relationships derived from Fast Auroral Snapshot satellite data. IPWM captures many aspects of the ion outflow that empirical relationships miss. First, the entire coupled model conserves mass between the ionospheric and magnetospheric portions, meaning the amount of outflow produced is limited by realistic photochemistry in the ionosphere. Second, under intense driving conditions, the outflow becomes flux limited by what the ionosphere is capable of providing. Furthermore, the outflows produced exhibit realistic temporal and spatial delays relative to the magnetospheric energy inputs. The coupled model provides a flexible way to explore the impacts of dynamic heavy ion outflow on the coupled geospace system. Some of the example simulations presented exhibit internally driven sawtooth oscillations associated with the outflow, and the properties of these oscillations are analyzed further in a companion paper.
Seismic and infrasonic eruption tremors and their relation to magma discharge rate: A case study for sub‐Plinian events in the 2011 eruption of Shinmoe‐dake, Japan
Authors: Ichihara Mie
Published: September 2016

Magma discharge rate is one of the most important parameters in quantifying volcanic activity. Many previous works have attempted to connect observations of seismic and infrasonic eruption tremors with magma discharge rate. Power law scaling relations with different power indices have been proposed based on various data sets and models. The 2011 eruption of Shinmoe‐dake, Japan, provides an excellent data set with which to investigate these relationships for a sustained explosive eruption sequence. Magma discharge rates are well constrained by geodetic, geologic, and remote sensing methods. Seismic and infrasonic data were recorded close to the vent. Moreover, contributions to ground shaking from infrasound can be distinguished from seismic signals in the seismometer records. As a result, linear power law relationships are found to fit all pairs of variables (seismic eruption tremor power, infrasonic eruption tremor power, and magma discharge rate) in the quasi‐stable or slowly growing stages of the sub‐Plinian events. Similar relations have been reported for other eruptions but only between seismic eruption tremors and magma discharge rate or between seismic and infrasonic eruption tremors. Existing models do not fully explain the observed relationships. The possibility is proposed that Plinian‐type eruptions generate both seismic and infrasonic eruption tremors by successive explosions at the fragmentation surface in the conduit; these linear relationships can therefore be observed only under conditions where flow and fragmentation in the conduit are stable.
Convectively coupled Kelvin waves in aquachannel simulations: 1. Propagation speeds, composite structures, and comparison with aquaplanets
Authors: Blanco Joaquín E. , Nolan David S. , Tulich Stefan N.
Published: September 2016

Convectively coupled Kelvin waves (CCKWs) represent a significant contribution to the total variability of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This study analyzes the structure and propagation of CCKWs simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using two types of idealized domains. These are the “aquachannel,” a flat rectangle on a beta plane with zonally periodic boundary conditions and length equal to the Earth's circumference at the equator, and the “aquapatch,” a square domain with zonal extent equal to one third of the aquachannel's length. A series of simulations are performed, including a doubly nested aquapatch, in which convection is solved explicitly along the equator. The model intercomparison is carried out throughout the use of several techniques such as power spectra, filtering, wave tracking, and compositing, and it is extended to some simulations from the Aquaplanet Experiment (APE). Results show that despite the equatorial superrotation bias produced by the WRF simulations, the CCKWs simulated with this model propagate with similar phase speeds (relative to the low‐level mean flow) as the corresponding waves from the APE simulations. Horizontal and vertical structures of the CCKWs simulated with aquachannels are also in overall good agreement with those from aquaplanet simulations and observations, although there is a distortion of the zonal extent of anomalies when the shorter aquapatch is used.
Convectively coupled Kelvin waves in aquachannel simulations: 2. Life cycle and dynamical‐convective coupling
Authors: Blanco Joaquín E. , Nolan David S. , Mapes Brian E.
Published: September 2016

This second part of a two‐part study uses Weather Research and Forecasting simulations with aquachannel and aquapatch domains to investigate the time evolution of convectively coupled Kelvin waves (CCKWs). Power spectra, filtering, and compositing are combined with object‐tracking methods to assess the structure and phase speed propagation of CCKWs during their strengthening, mature, and decaying phases. In this regard, we introduce an innovative approach to more closely investigate the wave (Kelvin) versus entity (super cloud cluster or “SCC”) dualism. In general, the composite CCKW structures represent a dynamical response to the organized convective activity. However, pressure and thermodynamic fields in the boundary layer behave differently. Further analysis of the time evolution of pressure and low‐level moist static energy finds that these fields propagate eastward as a “moist” Kelvin wave (MKW), faster than the envelope of organized convection or SCC. When the separation is sufficiently large the SCC dissipates, and a new SCC generates to the east, in the region of strongest negative pressure perturbations. We revisit the concept itself of the “coupling” between convection and dynamics, and we also propose a conceptual model for CCKWs, with a clear distinction between the SCC and the MKW components.
The impact of standard and hard‐coded parameters on the hydrologic fluxes in the Noah‐MP land surface model
Authors: Cuntz Matthias , Mai Juliane , Samaniego Luis , Clark Martyn , Wulfmeyer Volker , Branch Oliver , Attinger Sabine , Thober Stephan
Published: September 2016

Land surface models incorporate a large number of process descriptions, containing a multitude of parameters. These parameters are typically read from tabulated input files. Some of these parameters might be fixed numbers in the computer code though, which hinder model agility during calibration. Here we identified 139 hard‐coded parameters in the model code of the Noah land surface model with multiple process options (Noah‐MP). We performed a Sobol' global sensitivity analysis of Noah‐MP for a specific set of process options, which includes 42 out of the 71 standard parameters and 75 out of the 139 hard‐coded parameters. The sensitivities of the hydrologic output fluxes latent heat and total runoff as well as their component fluxes were evaluated at 12 catchments within the United States with very different hydrometeorological regimes. Noah‐MP's hydrologic output fluxes are sensitive to two thirds of its applicable standard parameters (i.e., Sobol' indexes above 1%). The most sensitive parameter is, however, a hard‐coded value in the formulation of soil surface resistance for direct evaporation, which proved to be oversensitive in other land surface models as well. Surface runoff is sensitive to almost all hard‐coded parameters of the snow processes and the meteorological inputs. These parameter sensitivities diminish in total runoff. Assessing these parameters in model calibration would require detailed snow observations or the calculation of hydrologic signatures of the runoff data. Latent heat and total runoff exhibit very similar sensitivities because of their tight coupling via the water balance. A calibration of Noah‐MP against either of these fluxes should therefore give comparable results. Moreover, these fluxes are sensitive to both plant and soil parameters. Calibrating, for example, only soil parameters hence limit the ability to derive realistic model parameters. It is thus recommended to include the most sensitive hard‐coded model parameters that were exposed in this study when calibrating Noah‐MP.
Rrp15 affects cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells
Authors: Wu Tao , Ren Mei‐Xia , Chen Guo‐ping , Jin Zheng‐ming , Wang Gang
Published: September 2016

Riken 2810430M08 (hereinafter referred to as Rrp15) is a newly identified and reported gene from the mouse genome. In our previous work, we found that the gene had a relationship with the proliferation and activation of T cells. Rrp15 protein is highly homologous with RRP15 (budding yeast), which has an important role in ribosomal RNA processing. We explored the potential function of Rrp15 in apoptosis, cell proliferation, and its involvement with RNA in the nucleus. We constructed a knockdown of the Rrp15 gene in NIH3T3 cells and then performed real‐time PCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence to determine the function of the Rrp15 gene. Knockdown of the Rrp15 gene suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis. We also found that the Rrp15 protein was normally distributed in the nucleus and bound to RNA or pre‐RNA in the nucleus. Additionally, Rrp15 altered the activity of the 20S proteasome. Rrp15 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells and may have a relationship with RNA in the nucleus.
Expanding the phenotype of Triple X syndrome: A comparison of prenatal versus postnatal diagnosis
Authors: Wigby Kristen , D'Epagnier Cheryl , Howell Susan , Reicks Amy , Wilson Rebecca , Cordeiro Lisa , Tartaglia Nicole
Published: September 2016

Triple X syndrome (47, XXX) occurs in approximately 1:1,000 female births and has a variable phenotype of physical and psychological features. Prenatal diagnosis rates of 47, XXX are increasing due to non‐invasive prenatal genetic testing. Previous studies suggest that prenatal diagnosed females have better neurodevelopmental outcomes. This cross‐sectional study describes diagnosis, physical features, medical problems, and neurodevelopmental features in a large cohort of females with 47, XXX. Evaluation included review of medical and developmental history, physical exam, cognitive, and adaptive testing. Medical and developmental features were compared between the prenatal and postnatal diagnosis groups using rate calculations and Fisher's exact test. Cognitive and adaptive tests scores were compared using t‐tests. Seventy‐four females age 6 months–24 years (mean 8.3 years) participated. Forty‐four (59.5%) females were in the prenatal diagnosis group. Mean age of postnatal diagnosis was 5.9 years; developmental delay was the most common indication for postnatal genetic testing. Common physical features included hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, clinodactyly, and hypotonia. Medical problems included dental disorders (44.4%), seizure disorders (16.2%), genitourinary malformations (12.2%). The prenatal diagnosis group had higher verbal (P < 0.001), general ability index (P = 0.004), and adaptive functioning scores (P < 0.001). Rates of ADHD (52.2% vs. 45.5%, P = 0.77) and learning disabilities (39.1% vs. 36.3%, P = 1.00) were similar between the two groups. These findings expand on the phenotypic features in females with Triple X syndrome and support that prenatally ascertained females have better cognitive and functional outcomes. However, prenatally diagnosed females are still at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Genetic counseling and treatment recommendations are summarized. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of polydopamine‐mediated PP hollow fibrous membranes with good hydrophilicity and antifouling properties
Authors: Jin Jinbo , Zhang Kaizhou , Du Xilan , Yang Jingkui
Published: September 2016

Membrane fouling remains a major barrier to membrane separation, particularly obvious in polymer membranes. Dopamine (DA) is of great value as a precursor for conjugation hydrophilic molecules. In this study, PP hollow fibrous membranes were first modified by DA to form a layer of polydopamine (PDA) coating. Then taurine and glycidol were introduced respectively with assisted by PDA reactive layer, the prepared membranes corresponding to PP‐T and PP‐G membranes, respectively. PP and the modified PP membranes were confirmed by a thorough membrane characterization of ATR‐FTIR, XPS, and FESEM measurements. The hydrophilic properties and permeability were measured by water contact angle (WCA) and permeation flux test. BSA was used to as model protein to evaluate the antifouling properties of the membranes. The results showed that taurine and glycidol were successfully introduced onto the membrane surface. The WCA of PP‐T and PP‐G membranes can be reduced to 32° and 26°, and the flux recovery ratio increased around 90.6% and 89.8%, respectively. Based on the experimental results, taurine and glycidol effectively improved the hydrophilic and anti‐fouling performance of PP membrane. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44430.
p53 in the game of transposons
Authors: Wylie Annika , Jones Amanda E. , Abrams John M.
Published: September 2016

Throughout the animal kingdom, p53 genes function to restrain mobile elements and recent observations indicate that transposons become derepressed in human cancers. Together, these emerging lines of evidence suggest that cancers driven by p53 mutations could represent “transpospoathies,” i.e. disease states linked to eruptions of mobile elements. The transposopathy hypothesis predicts that p53 acts through conserved mechanisms to contain transposon movement, and in this way, prevents tumor formation. How transposon eruptions provoke neoplasias is not well understood but, from a broader perspective, this hypothesis also provides an attractive framework to explore unrestrained mobile elements as inciters of late‐onset idiopathic disease.

Also see the video abstract here.
Genetic engineering of CHO cells for viral resistance to minute virus of mice
Authors: Mascarenhas Joaquina X. , Korokhov Nikolay , Burger Lisa , Kassim Ademola , Tuter Jason , Miller Daniel , Borgschulte Trissa , George Henry J. , Chang Audrey , Pintel David J. , Onions David , Kayser Kevin J.
Published: September 2016

Contamination by the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) remains a challenge in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) biopharmaceutical production processes. Although infrequent, infection of a bioreactor can be catastrophic for a manufacturer, can impact patient drug supply and safety, and can have regulatory implications. We evaluated engineering a CHO parental cell line (CHOZN® GS‐/‐) to create a new host cell line that is resistant to MVM infection by modifying the major receptors used by the virus to enter cells. Attachment to a cell surface receptor is a key first step in the infection cycle for many viruses. While the exact functional receptor for MVM binding to CHO cell surface is unknown, sialic acid on the cell surface has been implicated. In this work, we used the zinc finger nuclease gene editing technology to validate the role of sialic acid on the cell surface in the binding and internalization of the MVM virus. Our approach was to systematically mutate genes involved in cell surface sialylation and then challenge each cell line for their ability to resist viral entry and propagation. To test the importance of sialylation, the following genes were knocked out: the CMP‐sialic acid transporter, solute carrier family 35A1 (Slc35a1), the core 1‐β‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase‐1 specific chaperone (Cosmc), and mannosyl (α‐1,3‐)‐glycoprotein β‐1,2‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase (Mgat1) as well as members of the sialyltransferase family. Slc35a1 is responsible for transporting sialic acid into the Golgi. Knocking out function of this gene in a cell results in asialylated glycan structures, thus eliminating the ability of MVM to bind to and enter the cell. The complete absence of sialic acid on the Slc35a1 knockout cell line led to complete resistance to MVM infection. The Cosmc and Mgat1 knockouts also show significant inhibition of infection likely due to their effect on decreasing cell surface sialic acid. Previously in vitro glycan analysis has been used to elucidate the precise sialic acid structures required for MVM binding and internalization. In this work, we performed the sequential knockout of various sialyltransferases that add terminal sialic acid to glycans with different linkage specificities. Cell lines with modifications of the various genes included in this study resulted in varying effects on MVM infection expanding on the knowledge of MVM receptors. MVM resistant host cell lines were also tested for the production of model recombinant proteins. Our data demonstrate that resistance against the MVM virus can be incorporated into CHO production cell lines, adding another level of defense against the devastating financial consequences of MVM infection without compromising recombinant protein yield or quality. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 576–588. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.