bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of anatomical learning and developing clinical competence of first‐year medical and allied health profession students
Authors: Keim Janssen Sarah A. , VanderMeulen Stephane P. , Shostrom Valerie K. , Lomneth Carol S.
Published: September 2013

Hands‐on educational experiences can stimulate student interest, increase knowledge retention, and enhance development of clinical skills. The Lachman test, used to assess the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), is commonly performed by health care professionals and is relatively easy to teach to first‐year health profession students. This study integrated teaching the Lachman test into a first‐year anatomy laboratory and examined if students receiving the training would be more confident, competent, and if the training would enhance anatomical learning. First‐year medical, physician assistant and physical therapy students were randomly assigned into either the intervention (Group A) or control group (Group B). Both groups received the course lecture on knee anatomy and training on how to perform the Lachman test during a surface anatomy class. Group A received an additional 15 minutes hands‐on training for the Lachman test utilizing a lightly embalmed cadaver as a simulated patient. One week later, both groups performed the Lachman test on a lightly embalmed cadaver and later completed a post‐test and survey. Students with hands‐on training performed significantly better than students with lecture‐only training in completing the checklist, a post‐test, and correctly diagnosing an ACL tear. Students in Group A also reported being more confident after hands‐on training compared to students receiving lecture‐only training. Both groups reported that incorporating clinical skill activities facilitated learning and created excitement for learning. Hands‐on training using lightly embalmed cadavers as patient simulators increased confidence and competence in performing the Lachman test and aided in learning anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 7: 181–190. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
Mechanistic Insight into the CO2 Capture by Amidophosphoranes: Interplay of the Ring Strain and the trans Influence Determines the Reactivity of the Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Zhu Jun , An Ke
Published: September 2013

CO2 capture has attracted increasing attention owing to its contribution to global warming and climate change as a greenhouse gas. As an alternative strategy to transition‐metal‐based chemistry and catalysis, frustrated Lewis pairs have been developed to sequester CO2 efficiently under mild conditions. However, the mechanism of CO2 sequestration with amidophosphoranes remains unclear. Herein, we present a thorough density functional theory study on a series of amidophosphoranes. Our results reveal that the interplay of the ring strain and the trans influence determines the reactivities, thus opening a new avenue to the design of frustrated Lewis pairs for CO2 capture.
Freud's “Core of our Being” Between Cytology and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Bock von Wülfingen Bettina
Published: September 2013

Freuds „Kern unseres Wesens”︁ zwischen Zytologie und Psychoanalyse. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit einem Aspekt in Sigmund Freuds Werk, der zentral ist für seine psychoanalytische Theorie: die biologischen Anleihen im “Kern unseres Wesens”. Dies ist der Begriff, den Freud in seiner ersten und letzten Beschreibung des Unbewussten wählte. Dieser Begriff ist nicht nur von maßgeblicher Bedeutung für Freuds Werk, sondern auch für die miteinander verwobene Geschichte der Biologie, der Hirnforschung und der Psychoanalyse. Trotz der wachsenden Anzahl von Studien zu Freuds biologischem Hintergrund blieben die zellbiologischen Aspekte des “Kerns unseres Wesens” bisher allerdings unberührt. Bevor Freud seine therapeutische Praxis eröffnete, arbeitete er über ein Jahrzehnt als medizinischer Biologe. Im Labor zunächst von Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke, im Einflussbereich von Hermann von Helmholtz, sowie im Labor des Neurologen Theodor Meynert verbrachte er den überwiegenden Teil seiner Zeit mit der Visualisierung von (primär neuronalen) Zellen. Unter den über 100 Artikeln, die er während dieser Jahre produzierte, findet sich eine Publikation, die erstmals Bilder zu einem Phänomen präsentiert, das später als ‘nuclear motility’ in die Lehrbücher eingeht. Um darin zu beschreiben, was er im Zellkern sah, verwendete Freud den in der Mikroskopie gängigen Begriff der ‘Verdichtungen’ und führte einen weiteren, den der ‘Verschiebungen’, ein. Dies sind essentielle Termini, die Freud später nutzte, um die Traumarbeit des Unbewussten zu erläutern. Gemeinsam gelesen mit der Tatsache, dass Freud selbst sich als von Darwin inspiriert darstellte, motiviert dies dazu, die Beziehung zwischen seiner visuellen Erfahrung mit dem Zellkern und seinem Konzept des „Kerns unseres Wesens”︁ zu untersuchen. Seine Zeichnungen und die in Wort gefassten Bilder (Metaphern) bezogen auf den Kern sind so sehr miteinander verwickelt, dass viele seiner metaphorischen Ausdrücke sich ontologisch verstehen lassen. Freud wandte sich stets gegen die Unterstellung, seine Modelle seien materiell‐biologisch deutbar. Es ist daher nicht anzunehmen, Freud hätte von seinen biologischen Vorverständnissen und Vor‐Ansichten Gebrauch gemacht, ohne sich dessen gewahr zu sein. Stattdessen spricht sein Engagement in der zeitgenössischen Auseinandersetzung zwischen plasmatischen und nucleo‐zentrischen Theorien des Gedächtnisses für eine absichtsvolle Verwendung dieser machtvollen Rhetorik.
Der Ökonom als “engineer in the design sense” – Modellierungspraxis und professionelles Selbstverständnis in Robert Solows “Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”
Authors: Halsmayer Verena
Published: September 2013

The Economist as “Engineer in the Design Sense” – Modeling Practices and Professional Identity in Robert Solow's “Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”. Robert Solow's retrospective description of his way of modeling as “engineering in the design sense” will be used to investigate the modeling practices that led to his 1956 “simple growth model” and involved the image of the economist as a craftsman and a technical expert. Constructing and manipulating a simple, transparent and tractable model served as a field of expertise and legitimized the scientific authority of the modeler‐economist.
Major depressive disorder: A loss of circadian synchrony?
Authors: Edgar Nicole , McClung Colleen A.
Published: September 2013

Circadian rhythms in the sleep/wake cycle, along with a range of physiological measures, are severely disrupted in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Moreover, several central circadian genes have been implicated as potential genetic factors underlying the illness through candidate gene studies and some genome wide association studies. However, investigations into the molecular underpinnings of circadian disturbances in the human brain have been quite challenging. In their recent publication, Li and colleagues have used a novel approach to determine the rhythmic patterns of circadian gene expression in several regions of the human brain, and how these patterns are disrupted in MDD. Their findings demonstrate that in healthy subjects, several brain regions outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus (the master clock) exhibit diurnal gene expression patterns that are disrupted in the brains of MDD subjects. These findings will provide the foundation for future studies of gene‐specific drug targets, and biomarkers for the disease.
Modeling zero‐inflated count data when exposure varies: With an application to tumor counts
Authors: Baetschmann Gregori , Winkelmann Rainer
Published: September 2013

This paper is concerned with the analysis of zero‐inflated count data when time of exposure varies. It proposes a modified zero‐inflated count data model where the probability of an extra zero is derived from an underlying duration model with Weibull hazard rate. The new model is compared to the standard Poisson model with logit zero inflation in an application to the effect of treatment with thiotepa on the number of new bladder tumors.
Investigations of Two Bidirectional Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans by Protein Film Electrochemistry
Authors: Wang Vincent C.‐C. , Ragsdale Stephen W. , Armstrong Fraser A.
Published: September 2013

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs) catalyse the reversible conversion between CO and CO2. Several small molecules or ions are inhibitors and probes for different oxidation states of the unusual [Ni‐4 Fe‐4 S] cluster that forms the active site. The actions of these small probes on two enzymes—CODH ICh and CODH IICh—produced by Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans have been studied by protein film voltammetry to compare their behaviour and to establish general characteristics. Whereas CODH ICh is, so far, the better studied of the two isozymes in terms of its electrocatalytic properties, it is CODH IICh that has been characterised by X‐ray crystallography. The two isozymes, which share 58.3 % sequence identity and 73.9 % sequence similarity, show similar patterns of behaviour with regard to selective inhibition of CO2 reduction by CO (product) and cyanate, potent and selective inhibition of CO oxidation by cyanide, and the action of sulfide, which promotes oxidative inactivation of the enzyme. For both isozymes, rates of binding of substrate analogues CN− (for CO) and NCO− (for CO2) are orders of magnitude lower than turnover, a feature that is clearly revealed through hysteresis of cyclic voltammetry. Inhibition by CN− and CO is much stronger for CODH IICh than for CODH ICh, a property that has relevance for applying these enzymes as model catalysts in solar‐driven CO2 reduction.
Heterogenisation of a C‐Scorpionate FeII Complex on Carbon Materials for Cyclohexane Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Martins L. M. D. R. S. , de Almeida M. Peixoto , Carabineiro S. A. C. , Figueiredo J. L. , Pombeiro A. J. L.
Published: September 2013

The hydrotris(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane iron(II) complex [FeCl2{η3‐HC(pz)3}] (pz=pyrazol‐1‐yl) (1) was immobilized on three different carbon materials (activated carbon, carbon xerogel and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes) with three different surface treatments (original, treated with nitric acid, and treated with nitric acid followed by sodium hydroxide) to produce active, selective and recyclable catalysts. The heterogenisation process was more efficient for carbon nanotubes treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide. An outstanding improved catalytic performance of complex 1 upon heterogenisation on carbon nanotubes treated with nitric acid and sodium hydroxide (turnover numbers up to 5.6×103 and overall yield of 21 %), relative to the homogeneous system, was achieved for the single‐pot peroxidative oxidation of cyclohexane to the cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol mixture. The heterogenised systems allowed their easy recovery and reuse, at least for five consecutive cycles, maintaining 96 % of the initial activity and concomitant rather high selectivity to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of Cobalt(III)–Oxygen Complexes Bearing a Macrocyclic N‐Tetramethylated Cyclam Ligand
Authors: Kim Doyeon , Cho Jaeheung , Lee Yong‐Min , Sarangi Ritimukta , Nam Wonwoo
Published: September 2013

Mononuclear metal–dioxygen species are key intermediates that are frequently observed in the catalytic cycles of dioxygen activation by metalloenzymes and their biomimetic compounds. In this work, a side‐on cobalt(III)–peroxo complex bearing a macrocyclic N‐tetramethylated cyclam (TMC) ligand, [CoIII(15‐TMC)(O2)]+, was synthesized and characterized with various spectroscopic methods. Upon protonation, this cobalt(III)–peroxo complex was cleanly converted into an end‐on cobalt(III)–hydroperoxo complex, [CoIII(15‐TMC)(OOH)]2+. The cobalt(III)–hydroperoxo complex was further converted to [CoIII(15‐TMC‐CH2‐O)]2+ by hydroxylation of a methyl group of the 15‐TMC ligand. Kinetic studies and 18O‐labeling experiments proposed that the aliphatic hydroxylation occurred via a CoIV–oxo (or CoIII–oxyl) species, which was formed by OO bond homolysis of the cobalt(III)–hydroperoxo complex. In conclusion, we have shown the synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization, and reactivities of mononuclear cobalt complexes with peroxo, hydroperoxo, and oxo ligands.
Longitudinal Relaxation Enhancement in 1H NMR Spectroscopy of Tissue Metabolites via Spectrally Selective Excitation
Authors: Shemesh Noam , Dumez Jean‐Nicolas , Frydman Lucio
Published: September 2013

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is governed by longitudinal (T1) relaxation. For protein and nucleic acid experiments in solutions, it is well established that apparent T1 values can be enhanced by selective excitation of targeted resonances. The present study explores such longitudinal relaxation enhancement (LRE) effects for molecules residing in biological tissues. The longitudinal relaxation recovery of tissue resonances positioned both down‐ and upfield of the water peak were measured by spectrally selective excitation/refocusing pulses, and compared with conventional water‐suppressed, broadband‐excited counterparts at 9.4 T. Marked LRE effects with up to threefold reductions in apparent T1 values were observed as expected for resonances in the 6–9 ppm region; remarkably, statistically significant LRE effects were also found for several non‐exchanging metabolite resonances in the 1–4 ppm region, encompassing 30–50 % decreases in apparent T1 values. These LRE effects suggest a novel means of increasing the sensitivity of tissue‐oriented experiments, and open new vistas to investigate the nature of interactions among metabolites, water and macromolecules at a molecular level.
Studies on Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over NH2‐Uio‐66(Zr) and Its Derivatives: Towards a Better Understanding of Photocatalysis on Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Sun Dengrong , Fu Yanghe , Liu Wenjun , Ye Lin , Wang Dengke , Yang Lin , Fu Xianzhi , Li Zhaohui
Published: September 2013

Metal–organic framework (MOF) NH2‐Uio‐66(Zr) exhibits photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction in the presence of triethanolamine as sacrificial agent under visible‐light irradiation. Photoinduced electron transfer from the excited 2‐aminoterephthalate (ATA) to Zr oxo clusters in NH2‐Uio‐66(Zr) was for the first time revealed by photoluminescence studies. Generation of ZrIII and its involvement in photocatalytic CO2 reduction was confirmed by ESR analysis. Moreover, NH2‐Uio‐66(Zr) with mixed ATA and 2,5‐diaminoterephthalate (DTA) ligands was prepared and shown to exhibit higher performance for photocatalytic CO2 reduction due to its enhanced light adsorption and increased adsorption of CO2. This study provides a better understanding of photocatalytic CO2 reduction over MOF‐based photocatalysts and also demonstrates the great potential of using MOFs as highly stable, molecularly tunable, and recyclable photocatalysts in CO2 reduction.
σ‐Hole Bond Versus Hydrogen Bond: From Tetravalent to Pentavalent N, P, and As Atoms
Authors: Grabowski Sławomir J.
Published: September 2013

Ab initio calculations were performed on complexes of ZH4+(Z=N, P, As) and their fluoro derivatives, ZFH3+and ZF4+, with a HCN (or LiCN) molecule acting as the Lewis base through the nitrogen electronegative center. It was found that the complexes are linked by the ZH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond or another type of noncovalent interaction in which the tetravalent heavy atom of the cation acts as the Lewis acid center, that is, when the Z⋅⋅⋅N link exists, which may be classified as the σ‐hole bond. The formation of the latter interaction is usually preferable to the formation of the corresponding hydrogen bond. The Z⋅⋅⋅N interaction may be also considered as the preliminary stage of the SN2 reaction. This is supported by the observation that for a short Z⋅⋅⋅N contact, the corresponding complex geometry coincides with the trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry typical for the transition state of the SN2 reaction. The Z⋅⋅⋅N interaction for some of complexes analyzed here possesses characteristics typical for covalent bonds. Numerous interrelations between geometrical, topological and energetic parameters are discussed. The natural bond orbital method as well as the Quantum Theory of “Atoms in Molecules” is applied to characterize interactions in the analyzed complexes. The experimental evidences of the existence of these interactions, based on the Cambridge Structure Database search, are also presented. In addition, it is justified that mechanisms of the formation of the Z⋅⋅⋅N interactions are similar to the processes occurring for the other noncovalent links. The formation of Z⋅⋅⋅N interaction as well as of other interactions may be explained with the use of the σ‐hole concept.
Cyclization of Homopropargyl Chalcogenides by Copper(II) Salts: Selective Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroselenophenes, 3‐Arylselenophenes, and 3‐Haloselenophenes/thiophenes
Authors: Schumacher Ricardo F. , Rosário Alisson R. , Leite Marlon R. , Zeni Gilson
Published: September 2013

Copper(II) halide mediated cyclization of homopropargyl chalcogenides gave three types of chalcogenophene derivatives. Selective product formation was achieved by controlling solvent, temperature, and atmosphere. By using CuBr2 and 1,2‐dichloroethane at room temperature under ambient atmosphere, 4‐bromo dihydroselenophene derivatives were obtained, whereas CuBr2 and 1,2‐dichloroethane at reflux gave selectively 2‐substituted selenophenes. When 1,2‐dichloroethane was replaced by dimethylacetamide, 3‐halo‐selenophenes were obtained exclusively. The versatility of chalcogenophenes was also studied by reaction of 3‐haloselenophenes with terminal alkynes under Sonogashira conditions affording the cross‐coupled products. In addition, the reaction of 3‐haloselenophenes with boronic acids gave the corresponding Suzuki‐type products in good yields.
Electrografting of Diazonium‐Functionalized Polyoxometalates: Synthesis, Immobilisation and Electron‐Transfer Characterisation from Glassy Carbon
Authors: Rinfray Corentin , Izzet Guillaume , Pinson Jean , Gam Derouich Sarra , Ganem Jean‐Jacques , Combellas Catherine , Kanoufi Frédéric , Proust Anna
Published: September 2013

Polyoxometalates (POMs) are attractive candidates for the rational design of multi‐level charge‐storage materials because they display reversible multi‐step reduction processes in a narrow range of potentials. The functionalization of POMs allows for their integration in hybrid complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)/molecular devices, provided that fine control of their immobilisation on various substrates can be achieved. Owing to the wide applicability of the diazonium route to surface modification, a functionalized Keggin‐type POM [PW11O39{Ge(p‐C6H4‐CC‐C6H4‐${{\rm N}{{+\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}}$)}]3− bearing a pending diazonium group was prepared and subsequently covalently anchored onto a glassy carbon electrode. Electron transfer with the immobilised POM was thoroughly investigated and compared to that of the free POM in solution.
Hard X‐ray Spectroscopic Nano‐Imaging of Hierarchical Functional Materials at Work
Authors: Andrews Joy C. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: September 2013

Heterogeneous catalysts often consist of an active metal (oxide) in close contact with a support material and various promoter elements. Although macroscopic properties, such as activity, selectivity and stability, can be assessed with catalyst performance testing, the development of relevant, preferably quantitative structure–performance relationships require the use of advanced characterisation methods. Spectroscopic imaging in the hard X‐ray region with nanometer‐scale resolution has very recently emerged as a powerful approach to elucidate the hierarchical structure and related chemistry of catalytic solids in action under realistic reaction conditions. This X‐ray‐based chemical imaging method benefits from the combination of high resolution (∼30 nm) with large X‐ray penetration and depth of focus, and the possibility for probing large areas with mosaic imaging. These capabilities make it possible to obtain spatial and temporal information on chemical changes in catalytic solids as well as a wide variety of other functional materials, such as fuel cells and batteries, in their full complexity and integrity. In this concept article we provide details on the method and setup of full‐field hard X‐ray spectroscopic imaging, illustrate its potential for spatiotemporal chemical imaging by making use of recent showcases, outline the pros and cons of this experimental approach and discuss some future directions for hierarchical functional materials research.
Optimization of Reaction Conditions towards Multiple Types of Framework Isomers and Periodic‐Increased Porosity: Luminescence Properties and Selective CO2 Adsorption over N2
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Liu , Luo Feng , Sun Gong‐Ming , Zheng An‐Min , Zhang Jian , Luo Ming‐Biao , Xu Wen‐Yuan , Zhu Yan , Zhang Xiao‐Min , Huang Shu‐Yun
Published: September 2013

Three new metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) were prepared by solvo(hydro)thermolysis and further characterized as framework isomers. The structural transformation from non‐porous to porous MOFs and the purity of these products can be modulated by controlling the reaction temperature. The periodic‐increased porosity observed was further confirmed by CO2 adsorption isotherms. Owing to the presence of acylamide groups in the pore walls and the flexible nature of the skeleton of these MOFs, highly selective CO2 adsorption over N2 was observed, as well as structure‐dependent periodic varieties in luminescence properties.
The Anxiety Severity Interview for Children and Adolescents: An Individualized Repeated Measure of Anxiety Severity
Authors: Hogendoorn Sanne M. , de Haan Else , Wolters Lidewij H. , Vervoort Leentje , Prins Pier J. M. , de Bourgraaf Annika , Scheerman Nicolien A. C. , Nauta Maaike H. , Hartman Catharina A. , Boer Frits , Goodman Wayne K.
Published: September 2013

The Anxiety Severity Interview for Children and Adolescents (ASICA) was developed for the repeated assessment of the impact of anxiety and control over anxiety symptoms. The ASICA incorporates three main components of anxiety: physical response, avoidant behaviour and anxious thoughts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ASICA in children with anxiety disorder (n = 139, age 8–18 years) and a non‐anxious control group (n = 40, age 8–18 years). A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the intended factor structure. Internal reliability was moderate to good; inter‐rater reliability was excellent. Four‐week test‐retest reliability was good. The ASICA discriminated between anxious and non‐anxious children and appeared sensitive to treatment change. A cut‐off score of 13 was determined. Convergent validity with anxiety symptoms was moderate; discriminant validity with depressive symptoms was less strong. The results suggest that the ASICA is a reliable instrument that could be used in clinical practice to repeatedly monitor anxiety severity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The ASICA was developed to repeatedly assess anxiety severity in children.

The clinician assesses anxious feelings, avoidant behaviour and anxious thoughts.

The ASICA discriminates well between anxious and non‐anxious children.

The ASICA has good psychometric properties and is treatment sensitive.

The ASICA can be used in clinical practice to repeatedly monitor anxiety severity.
Organophosphorus Catalysis to Bypass Phosphine Oxide Waste
Authors: van Kalkeren Henri A. , van Delft Floris L. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: September 2013

The conversion of oxygen‐containing compounds is often achieved by the use of phosphorus reagents. The newly formed phosphine oxide bond delivers the enthalpic gain that drives reactions, such as the Wittig, Mitsunobu, and Appel reaction, to completion. However, phosphine oxides are recognized as undesirable waste products and in the past decade several methods have emerged that address this issue by in situ regeneration of the phosphorus reagent. This Minireview outlines the two distinct strategies and underpinning research that led to these advances. The potential of the emerging field of phosphorus catalysis in chemistry is shown and new developments that may stimulate further research are described.
Bauwerksabdichtungen im Mauerwerksbau unter den Herausforderungen des Klimawandels
Authors: Oswald Rainer
Published: September 2013

Der Klimawandel hat selbstverständlich Auswirkungen auf die Bauwerksabdichtungen – schließlich soll die Bauwerksabdichtung die Gebäudehülle gegen die wesentliche Klimabeanspruchung durch Niederschläge schützen. Den Mauerwerksbau betreffen unmittelbar die Klimabeanspruchungen im Fassadenbereich sowie im Bereich der erdberührten Bauteile. Hier wird versucht, durch eine klarere Differenzierung und Klassifizierung der zu erwartenden Beanspruchungen angemessen auf die veränderten Bedingungen zu reagieren, ohne durch eine pauschale Verschärfung der Anforderungen die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Bauens zu beeinträchtigen.

Über die Änderungen in der Normenstruktur von DIN 18195 und über einige beabsichtigte Neuregelungen in einer neuen DIN 18533 wird im Folgenden berichtet.

Waterproofing of masonry constructions under the challenges of climate change. Climate change obviously effects the waterproofing of buildings, since the envelope of a building must be protected against the prevailing climate stresses caused by precipitation. In this context masonry construction has to deal with the climate effects especially on the façade and on below‐ground building components. This essay aims to present clear distinctions and classifications of the predominant stresses, so that one can adequately react to the changing conditions without raising general requirements for buildings and thus making their construction less economical.

The following text reports on the structural changes of DIN 18195 and on some new regulations planned for an entirely new DIN 18 533.
Vergabe‐ und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistungen (VOB) – Entwicklung, Bedeutung, Zukunft
Authors: Nolte Johannes
Published: September 2013

Der Vortrag beleuchtet neben der Geschichte der VOB und des Deutschen Vergabe‐ und Vertragsausschuss für Bauleistungen (DVA) auch dessen Organisation und seine satzungsgemäßen Aufgaben sowie das Verfahren der Erstellung oder Überarbeitung einer ATV.

Zentrales Thema ist die aktuelle Überarbeitung der Allgemeinen Technischen Vertragsbedingungen (ATV) des Hochbaus im Abschnitt 5 “Abrechnung“. Im Auftrag des DVA wurde im Hauptausschuss Hochbau eine neue Struktur für diesen Abschnitt erarbeitet, durch die mehr Klarheit und Transparenz bei den Aufmaßregelungen und der Abrechnung erzielt werden soll.
Auswirkungen künftiger Energiestrukturen auf den Wohnungs‐ und Städtebau
Authors: Sahner Georg , Plachta Timo
Published: September 2013

Auf Gebäudeebene hat die Revision der DIN 4108‐2 das Verfahren zum Nachweis des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes verschärft. In der Praxis bedeutet dies, auch für den Wohnungsbau reduzierte Fensterflächenanteile, erhöhte Verschattung, massivere Konstruktionen und Konzepte für eine erhöhte Nachtlüftung. Während durch schwerere Bauweisen auch der Primärenergiebedarf positiv beeinflusst werden kann, wirken sich Reduzierungen der Fensterflächen oft negativ auf die minimalen Anforderungen an die natürliche Belichtung aus.

Auf städtebaulicher Ebene werden Energienutzungspläne und Klimaschutzkonzepte immer wichtiger für die Energiewende. Diese legen nach einer genauen bzw. verorteten Bedarfs‐ und Potentialanalyse erhöhte Anforderungen an Neubaustandards sowie Sanierungsquoten fest, um die jeweiligen Klimaschutzziele der einzelnen Kommunen bzw. Regionen zu erreichen.

Energy structures of the future and their impact on housing and urban design. For housing, the revision of DIN 4108‐2 has tightened the procedure for the detection of thermal insulation in summer. This means reduced window area ratios, increased shading, massive structures and concepts for increased night ventilation. The primary energy demand can be positively influenced by heavier constructions, but reduced window area ratios may often act negatively on the minimum requirements for natural lighting.

So called “energy use plans” and climate protection concepts are becoming increasingly important for the German energy turnaround. After determining exact and rooted needs and potentials, these concepts appoint requirements for new housing and remidiation rates.

Municipalities or regions need such concpets to achieve their goals of climate protection.
Ursachen und Folgen des Klimawandels – ein kurzer Überblick über den Wissensstand mit historischem Kontext
Authors: Rahmstorf Stefan
Published: September 2013

Schon fast 200 Jahre kennen Wissenschaftler den Treibhauseffekt. Entstehung, Ausmaß und Folgen der Erderwärmung werden seitdem immer genauer beschrieben. Doch Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft nehmen alle Warnungen nicht ernst genug. Zunächst gilt es, den globalen Temperaturanstieg gegenüber dem vorindustriellen Niveau im Mittel auf unter zwei Grad Celsius zu begrenzen – eigentlich ein eher bescheidenes Ziel. Es ist ein Kompromiss zwischen dem aus der Sicht der Wissenschaftler Erforderlichen und dem politisch Erreichbaren. Heute sind die Optionen für eine klimafreundlichere Gewinnung und Nutzung von Energie klarer denn je – wir müssen sie nur mit aller Kraft verfolgen, denn die Zeit für ihre Umsetzung läuft uns davon.
Ocean acidification and responses to predators: can sensory redundancy reduce the apparent impacts of elevated CO2 on fish?
Authors: Lönnstedt Oona M. , Munday Philip L. , McCormick Mark I. , Ferrari Maud C. O. , Chivers Douglas P.
Published: September 2013

Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere and surface ocean are rising at an unprecedented rate due to sustained and accelerating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Previous studies have documented that exposure to elevated CO2 causes impaired antipredator behavior by coral reef fish in response to chemical cues associated with predation. However, whether ocean acidification will impair visual recognition of common predators is currently unknown. This study examined whether sensory compensation in the presence of multiple sensory cues could reduce the impacts of ocean acidification on antipredator responses. When exposed to seawater enriched with levels of CO2 predicted for the end of this century (880 μatm CO2), prey fish completely lost their response to conspecific alarm cues. While the visual response to a predator was also affected by high CO2, it was not entirely lost. Fish exposed to elevated CO2, spent less time in shelter than current‐day controls and did not exhibit antipredator signaling behavior (bobbing) when multiple predator cues were present. They did, however, reduce feeding rate and activity levels to the same level as controls. The results suggest that the response of fish to visual cues may partially compensate for the lack of response to chemical cues. Fish subjected to elevated CO2 levels, and exposed to chemical and visual predation cues simultaneously, responded with the same intensity as controls exposed to visual cues alone. However, these responses were still less than control fish simultaneously exposed to chemical and visual predation cues. Consequently, visual cues improve antipredator behavior of CO2 exposed fish, but do not fully compensate for the loss of response to chemical cues. The reduced ability to correctly respond to a predator will have ramifications for survival in encounters with predators in the field, which could have repercussions for population replenishment in acidified oceans.
Quantitative genetic analysis of responses to larval food limitation in a polyphenic butterfly indicates environment‐ and trait‐specific effects
Authors: Saastamoinen Marjo , Brommer Jon E. , Brakefield Paul M. , Zwaan Bas J.
Published: September 2013

Different components of heritability, including genetic variance (VG), are influenced by environmental conditions. Here, we assessed phenotypic responses of life‐history traits to two different developmental conditions, temperature and food limitation. The former represents an environment that defines seasonal polyphenism in our study organism, the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana, whereas the latter represents a more unpredictable environment. We quantified heritabilities using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures within an “Information Theoretical” framework in a full‐sib design. Whereas development time, pupal mass, and resting metabolic rate showed no genotype‐by‐environment interaction for genetic variation, for thorax ratio and fat percentage the heritability increased under the cool temperature, dry season environment. Additionally, for fat percentage heritability estimates increased under food limitation. Hence, the traits most intimately related to polyphenism in B. anynana show the most environmental‐specific heritabilities as well as some indication of cross‐environmental genetic correlations. This may reflect a footprint of natural selection and our future research is aimed to uncover the genes and processes involved in this through studying season and condition‐dependent gene expression.
Multivariate sexual selection on male song structure in wild populations of sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans (Orthoptera: Haglidae)
Authors: Ower Geoffrey D. , Judge Kevin A. , Steiger Sandra , Caron Kyle J. , Smith Rebecca A. , Hunt John , Sakaluk Scott K.
Published: September 2013

While a number of studies have measured multivariate sexual selection acting on sexual signals in wild populations, few have confirmed these findings with experimental manipulation. Sagebrush crickets are ideally suited to such investigations because mating imposes an unambiguous phenotypic marker on males arising from nuptial feeding by females. We quantified sexual selection operating on male song by recording songs of virgin and mated males captured from three wild populations. To determine the extent to which selection on male song is influenced by female preference, we conducted a companion study in which we synthesized male songs and broadcast them to females in choice trials. Multivariate selection analysis revealed a saddle‐shaped fitness surface, the highest peak of which corresponded to longer train and pulse durations, and longer intertrain intervals. Longer trains and pulses likely promote greater mate attraction, but selection for longer intertrain durations suggests that energetic constraints may necessitate “time outs”. Playback trials confirmed the selection for longer train and pulse durations, and revealed significant stabilizing selection on dominant frequency, suggesting that the female auditory system is tightly tuned to the species‐specific call frequency. Collectively, our results revealed a complex pattern of multivariate nonlinear selection characterized primarily by strong stabilizing and disruptive selection on male song traits.
Grazer exclusion alters plant spatial organization at multiple scales, increasing diversity
Authors: Zhang Hui , Gilbert Benjamin , Wang Wenbin , Liu Junjie , Zhou Shurong
Published: September 2013

Grazing is one of the most important factors influencing community structure and productivity in natural grasslands. Understanding why and how grazing pressure changes species diversity is essential for the preservation and restoration of biodiversity in grasslands. We use heavily grazed subalpine meadows in the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau to test the hypothesis that grazer exclusion alters plant diversity by changing inter‐ and intraspecific species distributions. Using recently developed spatial analyses combined with detailed ramet mapping of entire plant communities (91 species), we show striking differences between grazed and fenced areas that emerged at scales of just one meter. Species richness was similar at very small scales (0.0625 m2), but at larger scales diversity in grazed areas fell below 75% of corresponding fenced areas. These differences were explained by differences in spatial distributions; intra‐ and interspecific associations changed from aggregated at small scales to overdispersed in the fenced plots, but were consistently aggregated in the grazed ones. We conclude that grazing enhanced inter‐ and intraspecific aggregations and maintained high diversity at small scales, but caused decreased turnover in species at larger scales, resulting in lower species richness. Our study provides strong support to the theoretical prediction that inter‐ and intraspecific aggregation produces local spatial patterns that scale‐up to affect species diversity in a community. It also demonstrates that the impacts of grazing can manifest through this mechanism, lowering diversity by reducing spatial turnover in species. Finally, it highlights the ecological and physiological plant processes that are likely responding to grazing and thereby altering aggregation patterns, providing new insights for monitoring, and mediating the impacts of grazing.
Histamine synthesis is required for granule maturation in murine mast cells
Authors: Nakazawa Shunsuke , Sakanaka Mariko , Furuta Kazuyuki , Natsuhara Mayuko , Takano Hirotsugu , Tsuchiya Soken , Okuno Yasushi , Ohtsu Hiroshi , Nishibori Masahiro , Thurmond Robin L. , Hirasawa Noriyasu , Nakayama Kazuhisa , Ichikawa Atsushi , Sugimoto Yukihiko , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: September 2013

Mast cells are the major sources of histamine, which is released in response to immunological stimulations. The synthesis of histamine is catalyzed by histidine decarboxylase (HDC). Previous studies have shown that Hdc−/− mast cells exhibit aberrant granule morphology with severely decreased granule content. Here, we investigated whether the histamine synthesized in mast cells regulates the granule maturation of murine mast cells. Several genes, including those encoding granule proteases and enzymes involved in heparin biosynthesis, were downregulated in Hdc−/− peritoneal mast cells. Impaired granule maturation was also found in Hdc−/− BM‐derived cultured mast cells when they were cocultured with fibroblasts in the presence of c‐kit ligand. Exogenous application of histamine and several H4 receptor agonists restored the granule maturation of Hdc−/− cultured mast cells. However, the maturation of granules was largely normal in Hrh4−/− peritoneal mast cells. Depletion of cellular histamine with tetrabenazine, an inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter‐2, did not affect granule maturation. In vivo experiments with mast cell deficient KitW/KitW‐v mice indicated that the expression of the Hdc gene in mast cells is required for granule maturation. These results suggest that histamine promotes granule maturation in mast cells and acts as an proinflammatory mediator.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formate with Nickel Diphosphine Dipeptide Complexes: Effect of Ligands Modified with Amino Acids
Authors: Galan Brandon R. , Reback Matthew L. , Jain Avijita , Appel Aaron M. , Shaw Wendy J.
Published: September 2013

A series of nickel bis(diphosphine) complexes with dipeptides appended to the ligands were investigated for the catalytic oxidation of formate to carbon dioxide, a proton, and two electrons. Typical rates of approximately 7 s–1 were found, similar to that for the parent complex (ca. 8 s–1), with amino acid size and positioning contributing very little to the rate or operating potential. Hydroxy functionalities did result in lower rates, which were recovered by protecting the hydroxy group. The results suggest that the overall dielectric properties introduced by the dipeptides do not play an important role in catalysis, but free hydroxy groups do influence activity, implying contributions from intra‐ or intermolecular interactions. These observations are important in developing a fundamental understanding of the effect that an enzyme‐like outer coordination sphere can have upon molecular catalysts.
Microfluidic chip capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence for enantioseparation of racemic drugs using central composite design optimization
Authors: Guo Wen Peng , Rong Zhi Bin , Li Ying Hong , Fung Ying Sing , Gao Guo Quan , Cai Zhi Ming
Published: September 2013

Optimization based on central composite design (CCD) for enantioseparation of anisodamine (AN), atenolol (AT), and metoprolol (ME) in human urine was developed using a microfluidic chip‐CE device. Coupling the flexible and wide working range of microfluidic chip‐CE device to CCD for chiral separation of AN, AT, and ME in human urine, a total of 15 experiments is needed for the optimization procedure as compared to 75 experiments using the normal one variable at a time optimization. The optimum conditions obtained are found to be more robust as shown by the curvature effects of the interaction factors. The developed microfluidic chip‐CE‐ECL system with adjustable dilution ratios has been validated by satisfactory recoveries (89.5–99% for six enanotiomers) in urine sample analysis. The working range (0.3–600 μM), repeatability (3.1–4.9% RSD for peak height and 4.0–5.2% RSD for peak area), and detection limit (0.3–0.6 μM) of the method developed are found to meet the requirements for bedside monitoring of AN, AT, and ME in patients under critical conditions. In summary, the hyphenation of CCD with the microfluidic chip‐CE device is shown to offer a rapid means for optimizing the working conditions on simultaneous separation of three racemic drugs using the microfluidic chip‐CE device developed.
Fixing a Leaky Fixing: Short‐Term Market Reactions to the London PM Gold Price Fixing
Authors: Caminschi Andrew , Heaney Richard
Published: September 2013

This article investigates the impact of the London PM gold price fixing on two exchange‐traded gold instruments: the GC gold futures contract and the GLD exchange‐traded fund. We find significantly elevated levels of trade volume and price volatility immediately following the fixing's start, well before the conclusion of the fixing and the publication of its results. Similarly, we find statistically significant return advantages in the 4 minutes following the start of the fixing for informed traders. We find no significant impacts or returns following the publication of the fixing results. Trades in the opening minutes of the fixing are significantly predictive of the price direction of the fixings, in some cases exceeding 90%. Combined, these findings support the following conclusions: that the London PM gold price fixing does have material impact on the exchange traded gold instruments, information from the fixing is leaking into markets prior the fixing results being published, and there exist economic returns for trading on these information leaks. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:1003–1039, 2014
The Pattern of Price Linkages Among Commodities
Authors: Dorfman Jeffrey H. , Karali Berna
Published: September 2013

We investigate the linkages between commodity futures prices to determine whether the price patterns have changed during time periods with major changes in the markets. Examining data from 1990 through 2011 we search for changing patterns in correlation coefficients, (non)stationarity, and cointegration among a set of commodities with widely traded futures markets. We find that simple correlation coefficients between futures prices and the probability of nonstationarity of the series have increased over time. However, our cointegration test results show no evidence for an increase in cointegration. This mixed evidence suggests that futures markets have become more efficient over time, but that previously unrelated commodities have not seen equilibrium relationships established. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:1062–1076, 2014
The G Protein‐Coupled Receptor 55 Ligand l‐α‐Lysophosphatidylinositol Exerts Microglia‐Dependent Neuroprotection After Excitotoxic Lesion
Authors: Kallendrusch Sonja , Kremzow Stine , Nowicki Marcin , Grabiec Urszula , Winkelmann Ria , Benz Alexander , Kraft Robert , Bechmann Ingo , Dehghani Faramarz , Koch Marco
Published: September 2013

Searching for chemical agents and molecular targets protecting against secondary neuronal damage reflects one major issue in neuroscience. Cannabinoids limit neurodegeneration by activation of neuronal G protein‐coupled cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and microglial G protein‐coupled cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2). However, pharmacological experiments with CB1/CB2‐deficient mice unraveled the existence of further, so‐called non‐CB1/non‐CB2 G protein‐coupled receptor (GPR) subtypes. GPR55, whose function in the brain is still poorly understood, represents a novel target for various cannabinoids. Here, we investigated whether GPR55 reflects a potential beneficial target in neurodegeneration by using the excitotoxicity in vitro model of rat organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC). l‐α‐Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), so far representing the most selective agonist for GPR55, protected dentate gyrus granule cells and reduced the number of activated microglia after NMDA (50 µM) induced lesions. The relevance of GPR55 activation for LPI‐mediated neuroprotection was determined by using Gpr55 siRNA. Microglia seems to mediate the observed neuroprotection since their depletion in OHSC attenuated the beneficial effects of LPI. Moreover, LPI alone induced microglia chemotaxis but conversely significantly attenuated ATP triggered microglia migration. These effects seemed to be independent from intracellular Ca2+ and p38 or p44/p42 MAPK phosphorylation. In conclusion, this study unmasked a yet unknown role for GPR55 in neuroprotection driven by LPI‐mediated modulation of microglia function. GLIA 2013;61:1822–1831
Inhibitory saccadic dysfunction is associated with cerebellar injury in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kolbe Scott C. , Kilpatrick Trevor J. , Mitchell Peter J. , White Owen , Egan Gary F. , Fielding Joanne
Published: September 2013

Cognitive dysfunction is common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Saccadic eye movement paradigms such as antisaccades (AS) can sensitively interrogate cognitive function, in particular, the executive and attentional processes of response selection and inhibition. Although we have previously demonstrated significant deficits in the generation of AS in MS patients, the neuropathological changes underlying these deficits were not elucidated. In this study, 24 patients with relapsing–remitting MS underwent testing using an AS paradigm. Rank correlation and multiple regression analyses were subsequently used to determine whether AS errors in these patients were associated with: (i) neurological and radiological abnormalities, as measured by standard clinical techniques, (ii) cognitive dysfunction, and (iii) regionally specific cerebral white and gray‐matter damage. Although AS error rates in MS patients did not correlate with clinical disability (using the Expanded Disability Status Score), T2 lesion load or brain parenchymal fraction, AS error rate did correlate with performance on the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, neuropsychological tests commonly used in MS. Further, voxel‐wise regression analyses revealed associations between AS errors and reduced fractional anisotropy throughout most of the cerebellum, and increased mean diffusivity in the cerebellar vermis. Region‐wise regression analyses confirmed that AS errors also correlated with gray‐matter atrophy in the cerebellum right VI subregion. These results support the use of the AS paradigm as a marker for cognitive dysfunction in MS and implicate structural and microstructural changes to the cerebellum as a contributing mechanism for AS deficits in these patients. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2310–2319, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.