bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A preliminary study of intensivist-performed DVT ultrasound screening in trauma ICU patients (APSIT Study)
Authors: Roberts Lloyd , Rozen Tom , Murphy Deirdre , Lawler Adam , Fitzgerald Mark , Gibbs Harry , Brooks Kyle , Ihle Joshua F. , Leong Tim , Orosz Judit , Paul Eldho , Nanjayya Vinodh Bhagyalakshmi
Published: September 2020

Background

Multiple screening Duplex ultrasound scans (DUS) are performed in trauma patients at high risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the intensive care unit (ICU). Intensive care physician performed compression ultrasound (IP-CUS) has shown promise as a diagnostic test for DVT in a non-trauma setting. Whether IP-CUS can be used as a screening test in trauma patients is unknown. Our study aimed to assess the agreement between IP-CUS and vascular sonographer performed DUS for proximal lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (PLEDVT) screening in high-risk trauma patients in ICU.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted at the ICU of Alfred Hospital, a major trauma center in Melbourne, Australia, between Feb and Nov 2015. All adult major trauma patients admitted with high risk for DVT were eligible for inclusion. IP-CUS was performed immediately before or after DUS for PLEDVT screening. The paired studies were repeated twice weekly until the DVT diagnosis, death or ICU discharge. Written informed consent from the patient, or person responsible, or procedural authorisation, was obtained. The individuals performing the scans were blinded to the others’ results. The agreement analysis was performed using Cohen’s Kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient for repeated binary measurements.

Results

During the study period, 117 patients had 193 pairs of scans, and 45 (39%) patients had more than one pair of scans. The median age (IQR) was 47 (28–68) years with 77% males, mean (SD) injury severity score 27.5 (9.53), and a median (IQR) ICU length of stay 7 (3.2–11.6) days. There were 16 cases (13.6%) of PLEDVT with an incidence rate of 2.6 (1.6–4.2) cases per 100 patient-days in ICU. The overall agreement was 96.7% (95% CI 94.15–99.33). The Cohen’s Kappa between the IP-CUS and DUS was 0.77 (95% CI 0.59–0.95), and the intraclass correlation coefficient for repeated binary measures was 0.75 (95% CI 0.67–0.81).

Conclusions

There is a substantial agreement between IP-CUS and DUS for PLEDVT screening in trauma patients in ICU with high risk for DVT. Large multicentre studies are needed to confirm this finding.
A self-adaptive single underwater image restoration algorithm for improving graphic quality
Authors: Chang Herng-Hua , Chen Po-Fang , Guo Jun-Kai , Sung Chia-Chi
Published: September 2020

A high-quality underwater image is essential to many industrial and academic applications in the field of image processing and analysis. Unfortunately, underwater images frequently demonstrate poor visual quality of low contrast, blurring, darkness, and color diminishing. This paper develops a new underwater image restoration framework that consists of four major phases: color correction, local contrast enhancement, haze diminution, and global contrast enhancement. A self-adaptive mechanism is designed to guide the image to either processing route based on a red deficiency measure. In the color correction phase, the histogram in each RGB channel is transformed for balancing the image color. An adaptive histogram equalization method is exploited to enhance the local contrast in the CIE-Lab color space. The dark channel prior haze removal scheme is modified for dehazing in the haze diminution phase. Finally, a histogram stretching method is applied in the HSI color space to make the image more natural. A wide variety of underwater images with various scenarios were employed to evaluate this new restoration algorithm. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of our image restoration scheme as compared with state-of-the-art methods. It was suggested that our framework dramatically eliminated the haze and improved visual interpretation of underwater images.
Biosynthesis of fraxetin from three different substrates using engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: An Seung Hoon , Choi Gyu-Sik , Ahn Joong-Hoon
Published: September 2020

Fraxetin, which is a simple coumarin, is a phytochemical present in medicinal plants, such as Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Cortex Fraxini. In plants, it serves as a controller of iron homeostasis. The health-enhancing activities of fraxetin, such as anticancer, neuroprotective and antibacterial activities, are known. Scopoletin 8-hydroxylase (S8H) is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of fraxetin from scopoletin. Scopoletin can be synthesized either from esculetin by O-methylation or from ferulic acid by feruloyl CoA 6′-hydroxylase (F6′H) and 4-coumaric acid CoA ligase (4CL). To enable fraxetin synthesis, the fraxetin biosynthesis pathway was introduced into Escherichia coli. Three distinct routes, from ferulic acid, esculetin, and scopoletin, were designed for the synthesis of fraxetin. In the first approach, E. coli strain harboring S8H was used and found to synthesize 84.8 μM fraxetin from 100 μM scopoletin. Two E. coli strains were used for the other two approaches because these approaches required at least two enzymatic reactions. Through this approach, 41.4 μM fraxetin was synthesized from 100 μM esculetin, while 33.3 μM fraxetin was synthesized from 100 μM ferulic acid.
The universal sample holders of microanalytical instruments of FIB, TEM, NanoSIMS, and STXM-NEXAFS for the coordinated analysis of extraterrestrial materials
Authors: Ito Motoo , Tomioka Naotaka , Uesugi Kentaro , Uesugi Masayuki , Kodama Yu , Sakurai Ikuya , Okada Ikuo , Ohigashi Takuji , Yuzawa Hayato , Yamaguchi Akira , Imae Naoya , Karouji Yuzuru , Shirai Naoki , Yada Toru , Abe Masanao
Published: September 2020

We developed universal sample holders [the Kochi grid, Kochi clamp, and Okazaki cell) and a transfer vessel (facility-to-facility transfer container (FFTC)] to analyze sensitive and fragile samples, such as extremely small extraterrestrial materials. The holders and container prevent degradation, contamination due to the terrestrial atmosphere (water vapor and oxygen gas) and small particles, as well as mechanical sample damage. The FFTC can isolate the samples from the effects of the atmosphere for more than a week. The Kochi grid and clamp were made for a coordinated micro/nano-analysis that utilizes a focused-ion beam apparatus, transmission electron microscope, and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry. The Okazaki cell was developed as an additional attachment for a scanning transmission X-ray microscope that uses near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). These new apparatuses help to minimize possible alterations from the exposure of the samples to air. The coordinated analysis involving these holders was successfully carried out without any sample damage or loss, thereby enabling us to obtain sufficient analytical datasets of textures, crystallography, elemental/isotopic abundances, and molecular functional groups for µm-sized minerals and organics in both the Antarctic micrometeorite and a carbonaceous chondrite. We will apply the coordinated analysis to acquire the complex characteristics in samples obtained by the future spacecraft sample return mission.
Improvement of near-field tsunami forecasting method using ocean-bottom pressure sensor network (S-net)
Authors: Tanioka Yuichiro
Published: September 2020

Since the installation of a dense cabled observation network around the Japan Trench (S-net) by the Japanese government that includes 150 sensors, several tsunami forecasting methods that use the data collected from the ocean floor sensors were developed. One of such methods is the tsunami forecasting method which assimilates the data without any information of earthquakes. The tsunami forecasting method based on the assimilation of the ocean-bottom pressure data near the source area was developed by Tanioka in 2018. However, the method is too simple to be used for an actual station distribution of S-net. To overcome its limitation, we developed an interpolation method to generate the appropriate data at the equally spaced positions for the assimilation from the data observed at sensors in S-net. The method was numerically tested for two large underthrust fault models, a giant earthquake (Mw8.8) and the Nemuro-oki earthquake (Mw8.0) models. Those fault models off Hokkaido in Japan are expected to be ruptured in the future. The weighted interpolation method, in which weights of data are inversely proportional to the square of the distance, showed good results for the tsunami forecast method with the data assimilation. Furthermore, results indicated that the method is applicable to the actual observed data at the S-net stations. The only limitation of the weighted interpolation method is that the computed tsunami wavelengths tend to be longer than the actual tsunamis wavelength.
Sedimentation and sediment geochemistry in a tropical mangrove channel meander, Sungai Kerteh, Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Shaari Hasrizal , Mohd Nasir Qatrunnada , Pan Hui-Juan , Mohamed Che Abd Rahim , Yusoff Abdul Hafidz , Wan Mohd Khalik Wan Mohd Afiq , Naim Erick , Setiawan Riza Yuliratno , Anthony Edward J.
Published: September 2020

Tropical mangrove swamps are commonly characterized by dense networks of tidal channels that may show pronounced meandering and dendritic patterns. Channel meanders are sometimes accompanied by cut-offs, and, like classical fluvial meanders, record changes in hydrology and sedimentation over time. Channel meandering can, thus, be an important process that contributes to spatial and temporal variability in the preserved record of the sedimentology and geochemistry of mangrove sediments. The aim of this study is to highlight changes in channel meander sedimentation in response to a meander cut-off in a tropical mangrove swamp. Two short sediment cores were sampled, respectively from a point bar (core KR1, 122 cm) at the junction with the neck cut-off and inside the cut-off (core KR2, 98 cm) in the Sungai Kerteh mangroves of Peninsular Malaysia. The profile comparison was based on sediment characteristics, total organic carbon (TOC), and selected elements (Fe, Na, Mg, Mn, Ba, and Sr). A smaller standard deviation of mean grain size (MGS) was found at the point bar (4.37 ± 0.51 ϕ) than in the cut-off (4.43 ± 1.76 ϕ), indicating a difference in flow velocity between the two settings. In turn, these changes in grain size influence channel meander evolution via associated changes in TOC and heavy metals. In order to clarify these relationships, we used principal components analysis and factor analysis. An increased accumulation of selected elements and TOC at the cut-off site from a depth of ~ 60 cm to the core-top segment was probably associated with a slowing down of sediment settling. A higher TOC recorded in the cut-off (2.74 ± 1.42%) compared to the point bar (1.14 ± 0.46%) suggests a propensity for prolonged in situ accumulation of organic matter in the abandoned meander bend. This study provides grain size and sediment geochemical information that is consistent with patterns of active and inactive sedimentation in the meander bends of mangrove channels.
A new insight into isotopic fractionation associated with decarboxylation in organisms: implications for amino acid isotope approaches in biogeoscience
Authors: Takizawa Yuko , Takano Yoshinori , Choi Bohyung , Dharampal Prarthana S. , Steffan Shawn A. , Ogawa Nanako O. , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Chikaraishi Yoshito
Published: September 2020

Stable nitrogen (15N/14N) and carbon (13C/12C) isotopic compositions of amino acids in organisms have widely been employed as a powerful tool to evaluate resource utilization and trophic connection among organisms in diverse ecosystems. However, little is known about the physiological factors or mechanisms responsible for determining the isotopic discrimination (particularly for carbon) within amino acids of organisms. In the present study, we investigated the inter-trophic discrimination of nitrogen and carbon isotopes within amino acids (Δδ15NAAand Δδ13CAA, respectively) using four consumer–diet pairs. Each pairing illustrates a metabolic perspective of isotopic fractionation of amino acids. The Δδ15NAAvalues in these combinations reveal a trend consistent with those observed in many other combinations in previous studies. This further validates a standard scenario: the deamination preferentially removes14N amino group from diet-derived amino acids, leaving behind the15N-enriched amino acids in consumer biomass. The Δδ15NAAvalues thus mirror the activity of amino acid deamination in consumers. In contrast, the trends in the Δδ13CAAvalue suggest a different metabolic fate for the amino acid carbon isotope. Based on our results, we predict the following scenario: decarboxylation preferentially removes12Cα-carbon (i.e., carbonyl-carbon) from pyruvic acid in glycolysis, and fromα-ketoglutaric acid in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, leaving behind the13C-enriched both pyruvic andα-ketoglutaric acids. The13C is then transferred to amino acids that are synthesized from the13C-enriched precursor molecules within consumers. The Δδ13CAAvalues therefore mirror the pathways of de novo amino acid synthesis in consumers. The proposed link between nitrogen and carbon isotopes can refine our knowledge of the potential processes affecting the isotopic fractionation within diet and consumer compartments, as well as environmental samples.

Graphical abstract
Palmatine ameliorates high fat diet induced impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Tian Xusheng , Zhang Yukun , Li Han , Li Yunfeng , Wang Ning , Zhang Wei , Ma Boyan
Published: September 2020

Background

The impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a representative prediabetes characterized by defective glucose homeostasis, and palmatine (PAL) is a natural isoquinoline alkaloid with multiple pharmacological effects. Our study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of PAL on the impaired glucose tolerance.

Methods

Male Sprague–Dawley rats were used to establish an IGT model with high fat diet (HFD). Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and further biochemical analysis were conducted to determine the effect of PAL on glucose intolerance in vivo. Molecular details were clarified in a cellular model of IGT induced by Palmitate (PA) on INS-1 cells.

Results

Our study demonstrated a relief of IGT with improved insulin resistance in HFD induced rats after PAL treatment. Besides, promoted pancreas islets function was validated with significantly increased β cell mass after the treatment of PAL. We further found out that PAL could alleviate the β cell apoptosis that accounts for β cell mass loss in IGT model. Moreover, MAPK signaling was investigated in vivo and vitro with the discovery that PAL regulated the MAPK signaling by restricting the ERK and JNK cascades. The insulin secretion assay indicated that PAL significantly promoted the defective insulin secretion in PA-induced INS-1 cells via JNK rather than ERK signaling. Furthermore, PAL treatment was determined to significantly suppress β cell apoptosis in PA-induced cells. We thus thought that PAL promoted the PA-induced impaired insulin release by inhibiting the β cell apoptosis and JNK signaling in vitro.

Conclusion

In summary, PAL ameliorates HFD-induced IGT with novel mechanisms.
The relationship between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players: a systematic review
Authors: Farley Jessica B. , Barrett Lily M. , Keogh Justin W. L. , Woods Carl T. , Milne Nikki
Published: September 2020

Background

Understanding the relationships between physical fitness characteristics and sports injury may assist with the development of injury minimisation programs. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between physical fitness attributes and sports injury in female, team ball sport players.

Methods

Four scientific databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus) and reference lists of relevant research were searched for eligible studies up to September 2, 2019. Full-text articles examining the relationship between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players were included. A modified Downs and Black checklist was used to assess methodological quality. Data synthesis determined summary conclusions based on the number of significant relationships divided by the total relationships investigated and reported as a percentage. Level of certainty was identified for summary conclusions based on level of evidence. Sub-analyses regarding competition level, age, and single injury types were also conducted.

Results

A total of 44 studies were included. Data synthesis revealed no associations (low to moderate certainty) between body composition (1/9; 11%), flexibility (18–20%), and balance (2/8; 25%) and ‘any injury’ classification. No associations (mostly of moderate certainty) were found between flexibility (0–27%), muscular strength (0–27%), and body composition (14–33%) and various body region injury classifications, whereas mixed summary conclusions were shown for balance (0-48%). Many associations between physical fitness and sports injury were deemed ‘unknown’ or with an insufficient level of certainty. Sub-analyses revealed no association between strength and noncontact ACL injuries (0/5; 0%) or ankle sprains (0/12; 0%), and between flexibility and ankle sprains (1/5; 20%); however, insufficient certainty of these results exists. Clear associations were concluded between balance and lower body injuries in female, non-elite (10/16; 63%) and junior (9/12; 75%) team ball sport players, with moderate and insufficient certainty of these results, respectively.

Conclusion

Limited evidence is available to demonstrate relationships between physical fitness and sports injury in female, team ball sport players. High-quality evidence investigating the multifactorial nature of sports injury, including the interactions physical fitness qualities have with other injury determinants, is needed to better understand the role of physical fitness in minimising sports injuries in female, team ball sport players.

Trial Registration

CRD42017077374 (PROSPERO on September 14, 2017).
Injera (An Ethnic, Traditional Staple Food of Ethiopia): A review on Traditional Practice to Scientific Developments
Authors: Neela Satheesh , Fanta Solomon Workneh
Published: September 2020

Injera is fermented Ethiopian ethnic traditional staple food prepared usually form teff flour [Eragrostis tef(Zucc.) Trotter]. Almost all the Ethiopians consume this food at least once in a day. Injera preparation composed of many steps, starting from grain preparation to baking; these all steps are still performing with indigenous knowledge with traditional practices. This Ethiopian national super food appreciating in many western countries due to the superior nutritional properties, especially lack of gluten and good mineral compositions (Rich of Iron). Research on injera preparation from composite flours for nutritional enhancement and sensory quality improvements were took lion share in reported scientific research. However, limited research was reported on preservation of injera by chemical ingredients and natural species, microbes involved in fermentation and spoilage. In addition, very fewer studies were reported on effect of milling quality of injera seed and role of fermentation on anti-nutritional factors degradation. However, scientific review to show the injera traditional practice and scientific research undertaken in this area is hardly found. In considering above all, this review is under taken with objective to review the traditional ethnic practice and scientific research reported on injera preparation.
Pilot Study of Patients’ Preferences for Immediate Resection Versus a Watch and Wait Approach After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Gunjur Ashray , Chazan Grace , Newnham Genni , McLachlan Sue-Anne
Published: September 2020

PURPOSE:

In patients with rectal cancer who achieve a clinical complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation, it may be reasonable to adopt a watch-and-wait (W&W) strategy rather than proceed to immediate resection of the rectum. Patient preferences for this strategy are unknown. The primary aim of the current study was to determine the feasibility of assessing hypothetical recurrence and survival differences that relevant patients would tolerate to avoid immediate resection of the rectum. A secondary aim included estimating patients’ tolerance thresholds and the factors that might predict them.

METHODS:

We developed a study-specific written questionnaire based on a previously validated instrument. Hypothetical time tradeoff tasks were used to determine the recurrence rate patients would accept to adopt a W&W strategy and the survival benefit that would be needed to justify choosing immediate resection over W&W. Feasibility was measured on the basis of response rate, the stated ease of completion and the satisfaction of task, and time used.

RESULTS:

Twenty of 31 potentially eligible patients completed the study-specific questionnaire. The majority of respondents felt that questions were clear (70%) and not hard to understand (65%). The median acceptable recurrence risk to adopt a W&W strategy was 20% (interquartile range [IQR], 10%-35%). Patients required a median of 2.0 extra years of survival (IQR, 1.0-3.0 years) over a baseline 7.0 years, and they required a median extra 10% (IQR, 4%-19%) over baseline 70% survival rates to justify immediate resection.

CONCLUSION:

Measuring the preferences of patients with rectal cancer using time tradeoff methods seemed to be feasible. Larger studies are needed to confirm how acceptable a W&W strategy would be for relevant patients.
The Renal Extraction and the Natriuretic Action of GLP-1 in Humans Depend on Interaction With the GLP-1 Receptor
Authors: Asmar Ali , Cramon Per K , Asmar Meena , Simonsen Lene , Sorensen Charlotte M , Madsbad Sten , Hartmann Bolette , Holst Jens J , Hovind Peter , Jensen Boye L , Bülow Jens
Published: September 2020

Purpose

The natriuretic effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in humans is independent of changes in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) but may involve suppression of angiotensin II (ANG II) and a significant (~45%) renal extraction of GLP-1. The current study was designed to investigate the consequences for the renal extraction and the natriuretic effect of blocking GLP-1 receptors with the specific GLP-1 receptor antagonist, Exendin 9–39 (Ex 9–39).

Methods

Under fixed sodium intake for 4 days before each study day, 6 healthy male participants were recruited from our recent study where GLP-1 or vehicle was infused (1). In the present new experiments, participants were examined during a 3-hour infusion of GLP-1 (1.5 pmol/kg/min) together with a 3.5-hour infusion of Ex 9–39 (900 pmol/kg/min). Timed urine collections were conducted throughout the experiments. Renal extraction of GLP-1 as well as RPF and GFR were measured via Fick’s principle after catheterization of a renal vein. Arterial plasma renin, ANG II, and aldosterone concentrations were measured.

Results

Co-infusion of Ex 9–39 significantly reduced renal extraction of GLP-1 to ~25% compared with GLP-1 infusion alone (~45%). Urinary sodium excretions remained at baseline levels during co-infusion of Ex 9–39 as well as vehicle. By contrast, GLP-1 infusion alone resulted in a 2-fold increase in natriuresis. Ex 9–39 abolished the GLP-1-induced decrease in arterial ANG II concentrations. RPF and GFR remained unchanged during all experiments.

Conclusions

Renal extraction of GLP-1 and its effect on natriuresis are both dependent on GLP-1 receptor activation in healthy humans.
Fluoroscopy-Guided Transfacet Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injection for Symptomatic Synovial Cyst Treatment: A Case Report
Authors: Al-Saidi Ibrahim , Pascoe Maeve , Tabbaa Kutaiba
Published: September 2020

We report the case of a patient with a right-sided L4 synovial cyst, which had been causing significant pain, who had a successful transfacet epidural steroid injection to rupture the cyst. Using fluoroscopy, the needle was advanced through the right L4 facet joint and the cyst was ruptured using saline. The needle was then advanced into the epidural space and a transfacet epidural steroid injection was done. The patient’s symptoms resolved. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) done 2 years later showed no recurrence of the cyst. We discuss the role of transfacet epidural steroid injection in synovial cysts treatment.
Arabidopsis O-fucosyltransferase SPINDLY regulates root hair patterning independently of gibberellin signaling
Authors: Mutanwad Krishna Vasant , Zangl Isabella , Lucyshyn Doris
Published: September 2020

Root hairs are able to sense soil composition and play an important role for water and nutrient uptake. In Arabidopsis thaliana, root hairs are distributed in the epidermis in a specific pattern, regularly alternating with non-root hair cells in continuous cell files. This patterning is regulated by internal factors such as a number of hormones, as well as external factors like nutrient availability. Thus, root hair patterning is an excellent model for studying the plasticity of cell fate determination in response to environmental changes. Here, we report that loss-of-function mutants in the Protein O-fucosyltransferase, SPINDLY (SPY) show defects in root hair patterning. Using transcriptional reporters, we show that patterning in spy-22 is affected upstream of the GLABRA2 (GL2) and WEREWOLF (WER). O-fucosylation of nuclear and cytosolic proteins is an important post-translational modification that is still not very well understood. So far, SPY is best characterized for its role in gibberellin signaling via fucosylation of the growth-repressing DELLA protein REPRESSOR OF ga1-3 (RGA). Our data suggests that the epidermal patterning defects in spy-22 are independent of RGA and gibberellin signaling.
Tek/Tie2 is not required for cardiovascular development in zebrafish
Authors: Jiang Zhen , Carlantoni Claudia , Allanki Srinivas , Ebersberger Ingo , Stainier Didier Y. R.
Published: September 2020

Angiopoietin/TIE signalling plays a major role in blood and lymphatic vessel development. In mouse, Tek/Tie2 mutants die prenatally due to a severely underdeveloped cardiovascular system. In contrast, in zebrafish, previous studies have reported that while embryos injected with tek morpholinos (MOs) exhibit severe vascular defects, tek mutants display no obvious vascular malformations. To further investigate the function of zebrafish Tek, we generated a panel of loss-of-function tek mutants, including RNA-less alleles, an allele lacking the MO-binding site, an in-frame deletion allele, and a premature termination codon-containing allele. Our data show that all these mutants survive to adulthood with no obvious cardiovascular defects. MO injections into tek mutants lacking the MO-binding site or the entire tek locus cause similar vascular defects as those observed in MO-injected +/+ siblings, indicating off-target effects of the MOs. Surprisingly, comprehensive phylogenetic profiling and synteny analyses reveal that Tek was lost in the largest teleost clade, suggesting a lineage-specific shift in the function of TEK during vertebrate evolution. Altogether, these data show that Tek is dispensable for zebrafish development, and probably dispensable in most teleost species.
Crisis, what crisis? Addiction neuroscience and the challenges of translation
Authors: McLean Samuel , Rose Nikolas
Published: September 2020

In this article we interrogate the claim that there is an opioid crisis: a dramatic rise in drug overdose fatalities in the United States over the past two decades that is also spreading to other countries.  The usual argument is that this crisis is largely explained by errant prescription practices leading to an oversupply of opioids, leading to addiction, premature mortality and drug overdose deaths, both among those prescribed opioids for pain relief, and those obtaining them on the illegal market.  We argue, that this view is highly problematic and that it is likely to entrench deeper problems with how substance addiction has been perceived and known. In this article, we develop an alternative picture of the addiction crisis based on four years of research and collaboration with addiction neuroscientists. Drug overdose deaths, we claim, are symptoms of what we term the ‘structural distribution of social despair.’ We argue that this is compounded by a translation crisis at the heart of addiction neuroscience. For all its dominance, the ‘dopamine hypothesis’ of addiction that shaped understandings for some three decades, has still not produced a single effective treatment. However, this translation crisis also represents an opportunity for ‘the memory turn’ in addiction neuroscience as it seeks to translate its emerging conception of addiction as a problem of memory into effective forms of treatment. We conclude by arguing that, for the ‘memory turn’ to underpin effective interventions into ‘the opioid crisis’, a new relation between neuroscientists and social scientists of addiction is needed, one that proceeds from the lived experience of human beings.
Computer science
Authors: Gurikov Sergey
Published: September 2020

The textbook covers the theoretical and practical foundations of the computer science course. The content of the book, examples and tasks are aimed at training a specialist with a modern set of competencies in the field of computer science and information and communication technologies.
The textbook has an applied orientation and meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying undergraduate programs, it will also be useful for students of secondary vocational education institutions, teachers, and people who want to study computer science independently.
Data management in transport systems
Authors: Gvozdeva Valentina
Published: September 2020

Topics on the theoretical and practical foundations of data management, primarily in transport, are presented. They are devoted to the basic concepts and definitions, the history of development, and the basics of data management in transport systems. The main methods and models of data management are presented. The issues of data management in the systems of various types of transport: water, rail, road, air, pipeline, as well as specialized and non-traditional ones are considered.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For training University and College students in specialties involving the study of disciplines related to data management in information and transport systems.
Documentation of business operations and accounting of the organization's property
Authors: Akat'eva Marina
Published: September 2020

The textbook covers the entire range of issues of documenting business operations and accounting for the organization's property, taking into account current regulations and legislation. The textbook allows you not only to understand the essence of documenting business operations and accounting for the organization's property, but also to develop practical skills on these issues.
The presentation of the material is illustrated by structural and logical diagrams, generalizing analytical tables, and many practical examples. In order to consolidate knowledge, self-control questions and test tasks are provided at the end of each Chapter.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of secondary professional education of the latest generation.
The textbook is aimed at students in the specialty 38.02.01 "Economics and accounting (by industry)", as well as teachers of economic educational institutions of secondary vocational education, specialists of economic and financial services organizations, auditors.
Isolamento social: consequências físicas e mentais da inatividade física em crianças e adolescentes
Authors: Florêncio Júnior Públio Gomes , Paiano Ronê , Costa André dos Santos
Published: September 2020

Este documento de opinião apresenta as possíveis consequências para saúde física e mental de crianças e adolescentes, que fcarão longos períodos em quarenta por conta da pandemia do COVID-19. A quarentena é uma estratégia necessária e implementada por vários governos em diversos países, no entanto, o isolamento social pode diminuir de forma profunda os níveis de atividade física e aumentar os níveis de comportamento sedentário em jovens que estão sem aulas presenciais neste momento. Tudo isso aumenta o risco de ganho de peso, obesidade, ansiedade, depressão e até modifcações na estrutura cerebral dessa população. Acreditamos que este documento indica possibilidades de aumentar os níveis de atividade física em crianças e adolescentes neste período de isolamento social.
Integrating Practice into Accounting Research
Authors: Rajgopal Shiva
Published: September 2020

I argue that academic research in accounting has strayed from producing work that is useful to either practitioners or policy makers. I use three criteria to arrive at that assessment: (i) How many products and processes have accounting research produced in the last 50 years? (ii) How much overlap do we observe between issues that Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) worry about and our published research? (iii) Is the science or the knowhow in academe in a particular area ahead of that in practice? I conjecture that tuition-funded research drives this problem. I review several initiatives that have been tried at Columbia and elsewhere (i) to better integrate academic research and practice and (ii) to disseminate our findings to practitioners. I suggest that Management Science set up a forum to encourage submissions of papers that use rigorous methods to address pressing applied problems.

This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, Special Section of Management Science: 65th Anniversary.
Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program Does Not Provide the Right Incentives: Issues and Remedies
Authors: Arifoğlu Kenan , Ren Hang , Tezcan Tolga
Published: September 2020

The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) reduces Medicare payments to hospitals with higher than expected readmission rates where the expected readmission rate for each hospital is determined based on the readmission levels at other hospitals. Although similar relative performance-based schemes are shown to lead to socially optimal outcomes in other settings (e.g., cost-cutting efforts), HRRP differs from these schemes in three respects: (i) deviation from the targets is adjusted using a multiplier; (ii) the total financial penalty for a hospital with higher than expected readmission rate is capped; and (iii) hospitals with lower than expected readmission rates do not receive bonus payments. We study three regulatory schemes derived from HRRP to determine the impact of each feature and use a principal-agent model to show that (i) HRRP overpenalizes hospitals with excess readmissions because of the multiplier and its effect can be substantial; (ii) having a penalty cap can curtail the effect of financial incentives and result in a no equilibrium outcome when the cap is too low; and (iii) not allowing bonus payments leads to many alternative symmetric equilibria, including one where hospitals exert no effort to reduce readmissions. These results show that HRRP does not provide the right incentives for hospitals to reduce readmissions. Next, we show that a bundled payment-type reimbursement method, which reimburses hospitals once for each episode of care (including readmissions), leads to socially optimal cost and readmissions reduction efforts. Finally, we show that, when delays to accessing care are inevitable, the reimbursement schemes need to provide additional incentives for hospitals to invest sufficiently in capacity.

This paper was accepted by Stefan Scholtes, healthcare management.
A Note on “The Facility Location Problem with Limited Distances”
Authors: Venkateshan Prahalad
Published: September 2020

In this paper, it is shown that the polynomially bounded enumerative procedure to solve the facility location problem with limited distances, originally described by Drezner, Mehrez, and Wesolowsky [Drezner Z, Mehrez A, Wesolowsky GO (1991) The facility location problem with limited distances. Transportation Sci. 25(3):183–187.], and subsequently corrected by Aloise, Hansen, and Liberti [Aloise D, Hansen P, Liberti L (2012) An improved column generation algorithm for minimum sum-of-squares clustering. Math. Programming 131(1–2):195–220.], can still fail to optimally solve the problem. Conditions under which the procedures succeed are identified. A new modified algorithm is presented that solves the facility location problem with limited distances. It is further shown that the proposed correction is complete in that it does not require further corrections.
Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of combination inhalers for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Taylor Matthew , Green Michelle
Published: September 2020

Matthew Taylor and Michelle Green provide a valuable insight into methods of vital cost-effectiveness analysis of combination inhalers for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A dual compression system: preliminary clinical insights from the US
Authors: Lantis John C , Barrett Christopher , Couch Kara S , Ehmann Suzie , Greenstein Emily , Ostler Marta , Tickner Anthony
Published: September 2020

There is growing evidence on an interconnection between the venous and lymphatic systems in venous leg ulceration, and the possible effects of prolonged oedema and lymphatic impairment in delayed wound healing. Compression therapy is a widely accepted treatment for venous and lymphatic disorders, as it decreases recurrence rates and prolongs the interval between recurrences. Compression bandages improve venous return, increase the volume and rate of venous flow, reduce oedema and stimulate anti-inflammatory processes. The pressure at the interface (IP) of the bandage and the skin is related to the elastic recoil of the product used and its resistance to expansion. The pressure difference between the IP in the supine and standing positions is called the static stiffness index (SSI). Elastic materials provide little resistance to muscle expansion during physical activity, resulting in small pressure differences between resting and activity, with an SSI <10mmHg. Stiff, inelastic materials with a stretch of <100% resist the increase of muscle volume during physical activity, producing higher peak pressures, an SSI of >10mmHg and a greater haemodynamic benefit than elastic systems. UrgoK2 is a novel dual-layer high-compression system consisting of an inelastic (short stretch) and elastic (long stretch) bandage, resulting in sustained tolerable resting pressure and elevated working pressures over extended wear times. It is indicated for the treatment of active venous leg ulcers and the reduction of chronic venous oedema. Each bandage layer has a visual aid to enable application at the correct pressure level. Published European studies have assessed this compression system, exploring its consistency of application, tolerability and efficacy. This article presents the first reports of health professionals' clinical experience of using the compression system in the US, where it has been recently launched. Initial feedback is promising.
High Sensitivity Non-split Drain MAGFET for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Nakachai Rattapong , Poyai Amporn , Phetchakul Toempong
Published: September 2020

The non-split drain MAGFET proposed in this paper is aspossess an ideal, highest sensitivity in the same type of device, current mode for low power, and low voltage that can be embedded within a system for wireless sensor networks application. It is a split-drain MAGFET that is designed to have no gap between drains so that there is no loss from the gap. There are two split contacts in one drain to represent the split drains for current difference that induced from due to magnetic field. The relative sensitivity comparison among all the gaps (3, 2, 1, and 0 μm) with all aspect ratio of width (W)/length (L) (L/W = 1, 0.6, and 0.2) at biased current 0.25 mA shows that the zero gap or the non-split drain MAGFET structure gives the highest sensitivity. The sensitivities of the non-split drain at the aspect ratios L/W = 1, 0.6, and 0.2 in this study are 0.0595, 0.0479, and 0.0231 T−1, respectively. It is proved that the gap is not necessary for the MAGFET. It is a new, smart way to design the MAGFET for the highest sensitivity and gap lossless for modern sensor applications.
REGRESSION-IN-RATIO ESTIMATORS IN THE PRESENCE OF OUTLIERS BASED ON REDESCENDINGM-ESTIMATOR
Authors: Raza Aamir , Noor-ul-Amin Muhmmad , Hanif Muhammad
Published: September 2020

In this paper, a robust redescending M-estimator is used to construct the regression-inratio estimators to estimate population when data contain outliers. The expression of mean square error of proposed estimators is derived using Taylor series approximation up to order one. Extensive simulation study is conducted for the comparison between the proposed and existing class of ratio estimators. It is revealed form the results that proposed regression-in-ratio estimators have high relative efficiency (R.E) as compared to previously developed estimators. Practical examples are also cited to validate the performance of proposed estimators.
A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING APPROACH IN OPTIMUM STRATIFICATION UNDER NEYMAN ALLOCATION FOR TWO STRATIFYING VARIABLES
Authors: Danish Faizan , Rizvi S.E.H. , Sharma Manish Kumar , Dwivedi Sudhakar , Kumar Bupesh , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: September 2020

The current study discusses the solution for obtaining stratification points under Neyman allocation having one study variable and two auxiliary variables. Using dynamic programming approach non-linear programming problem has been solved. The proposed technique has gained in precision rather than using only one auxiliary variable. Numerical illustration has been given in which each of the auxiliary variable is supposed to follow different distribution. Through the empirical study, the proposed method has been compared with the Ravindra and Sukhatme (1969) and Khan et al.(2005) methods with the conclusion of having its more relative efficiency.
LITERATE LIFE EXPECTANCY AND ITS GENDER DIFFERENTIALS IN OMAN
Authors: Islam M. Mazharul , Khan Md. Hasinur Rahaman
Published: September 2020

Measuring human quality and well-being by the human development index (HDI) is very challenging as it is a composite index of many socio-economic variables. However, a simple index called literate life expectancy (LLE) by combining life expectancy and literacy only can be used as an alternative measure, which is less data intensive than HDI. LLE is the average life expectancy that a person lives under literate state. Length of life in literate state has many positive implications on social, economic and political aspects of life. In this paper an attempt has been made to construct LLE for Omani population with its gender differentials. The data for the study were extracted from the 2015 Statistical Year Book and the 2010 Population and Census report of Oman published by the National Centre for Statistics & Information. Despite socioeconomic progress, levels of education among women in Oman are not the same as men. The analysis shows the remarkable differences in the LLE between men and women for almost all age groups. The Omani female population is much lag behind in literate life expectancy than the Omani male population. The results underscore the need to take necessary steps for reducing gender gap in LLE in Oman.
FORECASTING OF AREA AND PRODUCTION OF CASHEW NUT IN DAKSHINA KANNADA USING ARIMA AND EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING MODELS
Authors: Chaithra M.  , Pandit Pramit , Bakshi Bishvajit
Published: September 2020

The cultivation and marketing of cashew nut involve a considerable amount of work force. Hence, it plays a vital role in the Indian economic scenario. In this context, an attempt has been made to forecast the area and production of cashew nut with a view to help the planners in recommending policies regarding cashew nut. Due to autocorrelation in the data, time series forecasting models such as ARIMA and exponential smoothing models were adopted. Detection and removal of 3 significant outliers, i.e. 1 for area under cashew nut and 2 in case of cashew nut production, were done before fitting the models. Holt’s model was found to have better forecasting ability with lowest RMSE value (1386.13) among the different models fitted for forecasting the area under cashew nut. From this model, area (ha) under cashew nut was forecasted to be 34492.10, 34974.81 and 35474.87 for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. In case of cashew nut production, Brown’s linear trend model, with RMSE value (10020.19), was observed to have better forecasting ability among the tried models. Production of cashew nut (in tonnes) was forecasted to be 10230.20, 10996.81 and 11833.00 for the year 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.
EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF RATIO ESTIMATORS IN SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Authors: Tanu  , Kumar Manoj , Jaslam P K Muhammed
Published: September 2020

In literature, several ratio type estimators of population mean were proposed by statisticians but none of them made pair wise comparison of these estimators. In this paper an attempt has been made for pair wise efficiency comparison of the same and find out the different conditions on which one estimator performed better than the other. Depending on the structure of data used, the efficiency comparison of these estimators is varied in certain circumstances. In this study we have revealed the efficiency conditions of the existing ratio estimators, through pair wise comparisons and examine the relative performance of ratio estimators in terms of efficiency and unbiasedness empirically.
The Optimal Resource Self-configuration Method of Cognitive Network for Survivability Enhancement
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhao Guosheng , Zhao Zhongnan , Li Zhixin
Published: September 2020

In view of that general lack of intelligence and flexibility of the existing network resource allocation methods in the case of time-varying environments and diversified requirements, an efficient self-configuration method is put forward to optimize the allocation of resources and improve the survivability of system. First of all, the utility function of consumption domain is introduced as an indicator to pre-arrange the priority of user’s QoS, as a result, the utility maximization of the system under resource constraint is obtained. Then, based on this definition, a multidimensional dynamic programming framework is proposed to define and describe the self-configuration process, and the problem model is constructed under certain constraints. Furthermore, the adaptive adjustment and configuration of resources are implemented by determining the priority sequence of user services, finding the optimal resource configuration scheme, and optimizing the time configuration window. Finally, The simulation results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional resource allocation scheme in terms of system reliability, connectivity, broadband utilization, average response time and transmission rate, which improves the system’s ability to adapt to the environment intelligently and survivability effectively.
Fabry Perot Laser Arrays Covering C+L Band Obtained by Selective Area Growth on InP-SiO2/Si Substrate
Authors: Besancon C. , Néel D. , Cerulo G. , Vaissiere N. , Make D. , Mekhazni K , Pommereau F. , Fournel F. , Dupré C. , Jany C. , Bassani F. , David S. , Baron T. , Decobert J.
Published: September 2020

Fabry-Perot laser arrays based on vertical p-i-n laser diode structures grown on InP layer directly bonded to Si wafer is presented. Lasing emission covering the C+L bands is achieved by means of a single-epitaxy Selective Area Growth (SAG) technology.