bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Type-Specific Antigens in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group of Organisms
Authors: Fraser C. E. Ovid , Berman David T.
Published: January 2020

Fraser, C. E. Ovid(University of Wisconsin, Madison),and David T. Berman. Type-specific antigens in the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group of organisms. J. Bacteriol.89:943–948. 1965.—Antigens of 14 strains of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum (PLV) group of organisms were prepared by treating purified particles with deoxycholate and trypsin. In complement-fixation tests of these antigens with the homologous and heterologous antisera, specific serotype differences were observed. Application of the method of specificity differences permitted placement of the 14 strains into 7 subgroups. The possible value of these techniques in immunology, epizootiology, and taxonomy of the PLV group is discussed.
Drug Resistance of Staphylococci I. Transduction of Tetracycline Resistance with Phage Lysates Obtained from Multiply Resistant Staphylococci
Authors: Mitsuhashi Susumu , Oshima Hiroshi , Kawaharada Umeko , Hashimoto Hajime
Published: January 2020

Mitsuhashi, Susumu
(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
Hiroshi Oshima, Umeko Kawaharada, and Hajime Hashimoto
. Drug resistance of staphylococci. I. Transduction of tetracycline resistance with phage lysates obtained from multiply resistant staphylococci. J. Bacteriol.
89:
967–976. 1965.—Tetracycline resistance was found to be transduced with phage lysates obtained from multiply resistant strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
of human origin. With various combinations of multiply resistant donors and tetracycline (TC)-sensitive recipients, almost all of the strains were found to be competent donors. A greater percentage of group 1 staphylococci were competent recipients. Most of the TC
+
transductants were not lysogenic for the transducing phage and were unable to transduce TC resistance with their own phage lysates obtained by ultraviolet irradiation. However, the TC
+
transductants, lysogenized with transducing phage, were capable of transducing TC resistance, and some of the lysogenizations were accompanied by changes in phage type. These results suggest that the emergence of the multiply resistant staphylococci (consistently resistant to TC) can be accounted for by transduction among various strains accompanied sometimes by changes in phage typing pattern after lysogenization, and by selection through extensive use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.
Repression of Tryptophanase Synthesis in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Beggs William H. , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: January 2020

Beggs, William
H. (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and Herman C. Lichstein
. Repression of tryptophanase synthesis in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
996–1004. 1965.—The nature of the glucose effect on tryptophanase in
Escherichia coli
(Crookes) was investigated to test the catabolite-repression hypothesis. Under static conditions of growth in the presence of 0.005
m
glucose, tryptophanase was repressed and remained so upon continued static incubation subsequent to glucose exhaustion. Aeration following glucose exhaustion under static cultural conditions resulted in rapid enzyme synthesis. In the absence of glucose, certain amino acids repressed tryptophanase synthesis early in the growth cycle under aerated conditions. An inverse relationship was observed between the concentration of acid-hydrolyzed casein and the level of tryptophanase. At 3 hr, enzyme activity in cells grown in media containing 0.05% acid-hydrolyzed casein was at least five times that of cells grown in the presence of 1% casein. Addition of 0.005
m d
- or
l
-serine to a 0.05% acid-hydrolyzed casein medium rendered the medium capable of strongly repressing tryptophanase. Glucose-expended medium was prepared by allowing cells to grow and exhaust glucose in static culture. When this expended medium was recovered and inoculated with fresh cells not previously exposed to glucose, tryptophanase synthesis was repressed for a short period in shake culture, but in static culture enzyme synthesis was only slightly affected. When the expended medium was prepared from shake cultures, fresh cells were not repressed strongly when subsequent incubation was carried out aerobically. The tryptophan pool in glucose-repressed cells grown in shake culture was appreciably less than in cells grown in the absence of glucose or in cells undergoing synthesis of tryptophanase after exhaustion of the sugar.
Influence of Aeration and of Pantothenate on Growth Yields of
Zymomonas mobilis
Authors: Belaïch Jean-Pierre , Senez Jacques C.
Published: January 2020

Belaïch, Jean-Pierre
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France),
and Jacques C. Senez
. Influence of aeration and of pantothenate on growth yields of
Zymomonas mobilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1195–1200. 1965.—The growth yields and rates of
Zymomonas mobilis
were measured in aerobic and anaerobic cultures on glucose medium containing yeast extract, amino acids, or ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source. In the absence of yeast extract, pantothenate was required. The growth yield and rate of the cultures in synthetic (amino acids) or minimal (NH
4
Cl) medium supplemented with pantothenate corresponded only to about one-half the “normal” values obtained in the presence of yeast extract, suggesting a situation of energetically uncoupled growth. Attempts to restore normal growth by the addition of various compounds were unsuccessful. Aeration of the cultures resulted in a partial oxidation of ethyl alcohol to acetate, but did not modify the growth yield nor the division time. Both aerobic and anaerobic cells, however, contained cytochrome
c
and a cytochrome oxidase of the
a
2
type, which was completely inhibited by 10
−4
m
cyanide. In anaerobically grown cells, an additional cytochrome of the
b
type was present. The absence of a Pasteur effect suggests that the transfer of electrons by the respiratory chain of
Z. mobilis
may not be coupled with oxidative phosphorylation. Aeration had no effect on the catalase content of the cells. As shown by C
14
-glucose incorporation, 2 to 3% of the glucose metabolized was assimilated by the cells in both synthetic and rich complex medium. No intracellular glycogen nor poly-β-hydroxybutyrate was accumulated when growth was limited by nitrogen or by phosphate in the presence of excess glucose.
Transduction of
Staphylococcus aureus
to Tetracycline Resistance In Vivo
Authors: Jarolmen Howard , Bondi Amedeo , Crowell Richard L.
Published: January 2020

Jarolmen, Howard
(Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Amedeo Bondi, and Richard L. Crowell
. Transduction of
Staphylococcus aureus
to tetracycline resistance in vivo. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1286–1290. 1965.—Staphylophage 80, propagated on a hospital strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
80/81, has been shown to transduce antibiotic resistance markers to a variety of staphylococcal recipient strains in vitro. In an attempt to demonstrate transduction of penicillin and tetracycline resistance in mice, experiments were performed in which mice were injected intravenously with a pathogenic recipient strain,
S. aureus
N135, and subsequently with transducing phage by the same route. Periodic assays of organs from infected mice revealed that maximal bacterial concentrations were attained in kidneys 6 days after infection, at which time the transducing lysate, containing approximately 5 × 10
10
plaque-forming particles, was introduced. Isolation of tetracycline-resistant transductants from the kidneys of infected animals was facilitated by the therapeutic administration of tetracycline. In contrast, penicillin-resistant transductants, which produced penicillinase, were not found even when penicillin therapy was administered. Results showed that tetracycline-resistant transductants were recovered from as many as 40% of test animals in repeated experiments. Furthermore, in some of these mice the entire staphylococcal population of the kidneys was found to be tetracycline-resistant. Control infected animals which did not receive phage were uniformly negative for tetracycline-resistant staphylococci. The finding that phage levels were low or undetectable at a time when tetracycline-resistant organisms were recovered from test animals provided evidence that transduction had occurred in vivo.
Isolation of L Forms from Group A Streptococci Exposed to Bacitracin
Authors: Rotta Jiri , Karakawa Walter W. , Krause Richard M.
Published: January 2020

Rotta, Jiri
(Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo.),
Walter W. Karakawa, and Richard M. Krause
. Isolation of L forms from group A streptococci exposed to bacitracin. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1581–1585. 1965.—L forms were obtained from group A streptococci by exposure to bacitracin on gradient plates, although novobiocin was ineffective in this respect. Subcultures of these L forms had morphological and bacteriological properties similar to those obtained with penicillin. M protein was detected in L-form colony smears by immunofluorescent staining with type-specific conjugate. The L forms were not stained with group-specific conjugate. Parallel precipitin tests performed with extracts from a heavy growth of L forms on agar confirmed these findings. Thus, the L forms obtained with bacitracin continue to produce M protein but are devoid of the group-specific carbohydrate which is a major component of cell-wall structure.
Carbon and Energy Sources for the Nitrifying Autotroph
Nitrobacter
Authors: Delwiche C. C. , Finstein M. S.
Published: January 2020

Delwiche
, C. C. (University of California, Davis),
and M. S. Finstein
. Carbon and energy sources for the nitrifying autotroph
Nitrobacter
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
102–107. 1965.—The effect of various organic compounds on the growth and metabolism of the obligatively autotrophic nitrifying organism
Nitrobacter
was studied. A slight stimulation of both nitrification and growth was obtainable with a number of organic amendments, including yeast extract, Vitamin Free Casamino Acids, and some amino acids. Depending upon culture conditions, a strong stimulation of growth was obtained with acetate as an amendment to the culture solution. Several compounds, including valine, hydroxyproline, and threonine, were inhibitory at concentrations of 10
−3
m
. The incorporation of carbon from isotopically labeled organic compounds was demonstrated. Acetate and glycine were particularly strong contributors to cell carbons. These could not substitute for carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source for growth, however, nor could any other of the carbon compounds that were tried.
Fatty Acid Composition of
Escherichia coli
as a Possible Controlling Factor of the Minimal Growth Temperature
Authors: Shaw Maxwell K. , Ingraham John L.
Published: January 2020

Shaw, Maxwell
K. (University of California, Davis),
and John L. Ingraham
. Fatty acid composition of
Escherichia coli
as a possible controlling factor of the minimal growth temperature. J. Bacteriol.
90:
141–146. 1965.—If
Escherichia coli
ML30 is shifted from 37 to 10 C during exponential growth in glucose minimal medium, a 4.5-hr lag results. During this lag, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increases in the cellular lipids. However, the adjustment of the fatty acid composition does not appear to be prerequisite to growth at 10 C. If shifts are made to 10 C into minimal medium containing glucose after starvation for glucose at 37 C for 0.5 and 16 hr, the lag periods at 10 C are 4.5 and 6 hr, respectively. Withholding glucose during the lag periods does not affect the duration of the lag periods, but no change in fatty acid composition occurs if glucose is not present. Supplementing the medium with glucose after the lag period permits immediate growth at 10 C; however, the fatty acid composition is still typical of cells grown at 37 C. It is concluded that the fatty acid composition of cells does not determine the minimal temperature of growth.
Kinetics of Utilization of Organic Compounds in the Growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Bowles Jean A. , Segal William
Published: January 2020

Bowles, JeanA. (University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver),and William Segal. Kinetics of utilization of organic compounds in the growth ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. J.Bacteriol.90:157–163. 1965.—To obtain a workable system for a study of the kinetics of nutrient utilization (based on specific quantitative assay) byMycobacterium tuberculosis, several cultural refinements were introduced: the use of shake culture, a 40-fold increase in the size of inoculum, substitution of glutamate for asparagine as nitrogen source, and elimination of glucose from the medium with glycerol remaining as carbon source. These modifications resulted in reduction to a tenth of the lag phase of glycerol utilization (from 40 to 4 days), and in a greatly increased rate of growth. Both coordinate and sequential patterns of nutrient utilization were in evidence, except in the case of citrate, which was never utilized under a variety of conditions of culture. The coordinate pattern of glucose-glutamate and glucose-glycerol utilization would appear to rule out catabolite repression by glucose. However, elimination of glucose from the medium resulted in elimination of the 4-day lag period before glutamate utilization was initiated, leaving open to question the role of glucose in this system. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that the sequential pattern of glutamate-glycerol utilization is a function of glutamate repression of glycerol oxidation in the growth ofM. tuberculosis, although no diauxie effect is apparent. In a determination of which nutrient-utilization systems were regulated by induction, only in the case of glycerol was evidence obtained for an inducible system. The enzymatic mechanisms underlying these patterns of nutrient utilization are presently being investigated.
Ultrastructure and Ribosomes of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Authors: Maniloff Jack , Morowitz Harold J. , Barrnett Russell J.
Published: January 2020

Maniloff, Jack
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.),
Harold J. Morowitz, and Russell J. Barrnett
. Ultrastructure and ribosomes of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
193–204. 1965.—The ultrastructure of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
strain A5969 has been studied by electron microscopy (thin-section and negative staining), ultracentrifugation, and chemical analysis. The list of ultrastructure is: membrane, nuclear material, ribosomes, ribosomal structures, infra-bleb region, and blebs. The nuclear material, containing the cell's deoxyribonucleic acid, appears as an unbounded region containing 30-A fibrils. The ribosomes have a diameter of about 140 A, a ribonucleic acid-protein ratio of 0.68, and an uncorrected sedimentation coefficient of 70.2
S
. The 70.2
S
particle can be broken into 49.3
S
and 32.4
S
particles. Ribosomal arrays were found filling the intracytoplasmic space between the nuclear material and the membrane. Under certain conditions, these arrays formed cylindrical arrangements of ribosomes. The infra-bleb region is composed of a granular material, although little internal structure could be found. The bleb was highly structured.
Architecture of the Adenovirus Capsid
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Gehle Warren D. , Trousdale Melvin D.
Published: January 2020

Smith, Kendall
O. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),
Warren D. Gehle, and Melvin D. Trousdale
. Architecture of the adenovirus capsid. J. Bacteriol.
90:
254–261. 1965.—The capsids of adenovirus type 2 were fragmented by treatment with low concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate. The clusters of capsomeres resulting from this treatment displayed characteristic patterns. Some of these clusters, each consisting of nine capsomeres, interlocked so as to form the triangular facets of the viral icosahedron. There is some evidence which suggests that the capsomeres are connected to each other by filamentous structures located near their bases. Connections between capsomeres along the edges and at the vertices of the triangular facets were the first to break when particles were treated with sodium lauryl sulfate. Further treatment broke connections between other capsomeres. These data provide additional information concerning the capsomere arrangements and the fine structure of adenoviruses.
Dominance of the Inducible State in Strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
Containing Two Distinct Penicillinase Plasmids
Authors: Richmond Mark H.
Published: January 2020

Richmond, Mark
H. (National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, England). Dominance of the inducible state in strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
containing two distinct penicillinase plasmids. J. Bacteriol.
90:
370–374. 1965.—The phenotypic expression of penicillinase synthesis is studied in a strain of
S. aureus
containing two distinct plasmids, each carrying the penicillinase structural gene and its associated control (inducibility) gene. One plasmid in the heterodiploid carries the genes responsible for the normal, fully inducible synthesis of a structural mutant of type A penicillinase, and the second plasmid carries the genes required for constitutive synthesis of C-type enzyme. The heterodiploid is phenotypically fully inducible, indicating that the inducible state dominates the constitutive in penicillinase synthesis. The heterodiploid synthesizes approximately equal quantities of A- and C-type enzyme when fully induced. Parental types are obtained from the heterodiploid by spontaneous segregation at a frequency of about 1 per 1,000 divisions of each character. Recombination between the two plasmids in such a persistent heterodiploid is a rare event.
Formation of Ribosomes from Precursor Ribonucleoprotein Particles
Authors: Sypherd Paul S.
Published: January 2020

Sypherd, Paul
S. (University of California, San Diego). Formation of ribosomes from precursor ribonucleoprotein particles. J. Bacteriol.
90:
411–417. 1965.—Amino acid deprivation of a “relaxed” mutant leads to the accumulation of ribonucleoprotein particles. The possibility that these particles are equivalent to normal ribosome precursors was investigated. This was accomplished by determining the fate of such particles after the termination of starvation, and subsequent growth. It was found that both the nucleic acid and the protein moieties of the “relaxed” particles were converted to mature ribosomes during the recovery phase. From kinetic measurements with “relaxed” particles and normal ribosome precursors, it was shown that they were metabolically indistinguishable. It was concluded that the ribonucleoprotein “relaxed” particles accumulated by the relaxed mutant are immature ribosomes, and equivalent to ribosome precursors which occur under normal growth conditions.
Effects of Lactic Acid-Forming Bacteria on
Vibrio comma
Inoculated into Intestinal Segments of Rabbits
Authors: Hattori Zenpachiro , Misawa Hiroshi , Igarashi Isamu , Sugiya Yukio
Published: January 2020

Hattori
, H. (Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), H.
Misawa, I. Igarashi, and Y. Sugiya
. Effects of lactic acid-forming bacteria on
Vibrio comma
inoculated into intestinal segments of rabbits. J. Bacteriol.
90:
541–545. 1965.—Mixed inocula of
Vibrio comma
KC-4 and various lactic acid-forming bacteria were injected into the intestinal segments of rabbits (De and Chatterje, 1953) to observe the effects of the latter agents in altering the changes produced by strain KC-4. The animals were sacrificed 10 and 20 hr after inoculation. The inoculated intestinal segments were first examined grossly, and the amount of exudate in the segments, if any, was measured, after which the tissues were subjected to pathological examination. When KC-4 cells together with spore-bearing lactic acid-forming bacilli, strain P-22, or
Lactobacillus casei
were introduced, the intestinal segments showed few or no macroscopic and microscopic changes, and no accumulation of exudate. With mixed inoculation with lactic acid bacteria such as
L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, Streptococcus lactis
, and
S. faecalis
, changes were produced by strain KC-4. Macroscopically, no difference was discernible between the changes caused by mixed inoculation and those produced by single inoculation of KC-4. Upon pathological examination, however, it was seen that changes resulting from mixed inoculation were slightly less severe than those produced by inoculation with strain KC-4 only.
Plaque Development and Induction of Interferon Synthesis by RMC Poliovirus
Authors: Johnson Terry C. , McLaren Leroy C.
Published: January 2020

Johnson, Terry
C. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Leroy C. McLaren
. Plaque development and induction of interferon synthesis by RMC poliovirus. J. Bacteriol.
90:
565–570. 1965.—Plaque development by RMC poliovirus on human amnion cell monolayers was investigated with regard to autointerference and to the effect of acid-agar overlay on plaquing efficiency. The virus was inhibited by acid-agar overlay, thereby exhibiting the
d
−
marker typical of attenuated poliovirus strains. In addition, a lack of RMC poliovirus plaque development on HeLa cell monolayers was shown to be the result of an agar inhibitor which could be removed by NaCl extraction. By use of a simplified plaque reduction assay, it was shown that interferon production was responsible for the autointerference phenomenon. Interferon synthesis did not correlate with the ages in vitro of human amnion cell cultures. Fibroblasts originating from the chorionic membrane produced negligible amounts of the inhibitor. Interferon synthesis by human amnion cells infected with RMC poliovirus was inhibited by actinomycin D. The addition of guanidine hydrochloride to infected cultures immediately after RMC poliovirus adsorption markedly inhibited interferon synthesis, although after 2 hr (postadsorption) guanidine had no effect on interferon production.
In Vivo Studies on Staphylococcal Penicillinase
Authors: Eyckmans Luc , Tompsett Ralph
Published: January 2020

Eyckmans, Luc(Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.),and Ralph Tompsett. In vivo studies on staphylococcal penicillinase. J. Bacteriol.90:589–593. 1965.—The amounts of staphylococcal penicillinase present in tissue of mice with well-established infections due to penicillin-resistant staphylococci were determined. The data indicate that, in the presence of such infection, penicillinase can be found in amounts adequate to destroy large amounts of penicillin. These results are found in the absence of any conditions which are known to induce penicillinase. Although it has been generally assumed that penicillinase does account for the penicillin resistance of certain staphylococci in vivo, the data presented here document the quantitative aspects of this phenomenon, and indicate that the amounts of penicillinase produced are sufficient to account for the high degrees of resistance observed.
Heterogeneity of the Glyoxylate-Condensing Enzymes
Authors: Wegener Warner S. , Reeves Henry C. , Ajl Samuel J.
Published: January 2020

Wegener, Warner
S. (Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Henry C. Reeves, and Samuel J. Ajl
. Heterogeneity of the glyoxylate-condensing enzymes. J. Bacteriol.
90:
594–598. 1965.—Evidence is presented that the enzymatic condensations of glyoxylate with acetyl-CoA (malate synthase), propionyl-CoA (α-hydroxyglutarate synthase), butyryl-CoA (β-ethylmalate synthase), and valeryl-CoA (β-
n
-propylmalate synthase) are catalyzed by different enzymes. The possibility that these activities resulted from a single enzyme possessing a broad fatty acid acyl-CoA substrate specificity was ruled out. The latter was suggested by the fact that cells grown on a number of short-chain fatty acids exhibited all the above activities. The conclusion that these reactions are catalyzed by different enzymes is based on the following considerations: (i) the enzymes can be differentially inactivated by heat; (ii) under various growth conditions, where all the condensing enzymes are present, their respective activities do not show a constant ratio, as would be expected if they were catalyzed by a single enzyme; and (iii) under appropriate growth conditions, one or more of these enzymes has been shown to be present to the exclusion of others.
Localization of Enzymes in
Mycoplasma
Authors: Pollack J. D. , Razin Shmuel , Cleverdon Robert C.
Published: January 2020

Pollack
, J. D. (University of Connecticut, Storrs),
Shmuel Razin, and Robert C. Cleverdon
. Localization of enzymes in
Mycoplasma
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
617–622. 1965.—Cells of eight parasitic and two saprophytic
Mycoplasma
strains were lysed by use of osmotic shock, and the membranes were separated from the soluble fraction by use of differential centrifugation. Cell fractions were tested for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH
2
) oxidase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH
2
) oxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, ribonuclease, and deoxyribonuclease activities. Adenosine triphosphatase was confined to the membrane fraction of all
Mycoplasma
strains. The NADH
2
oxidase activity was associated with the membranes of the saprophytic
M. laidlawii
and with the soluble fraction of the parasitic
Mycoplasma
strains. NADPH
2
oxidase activity was detected only in the soluble fraction of the parasitic strains. Glusose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was demonstrated only in the soluble fraction of
M. laidlawii
. Ribonuclease activity was found usually in both membrane and soluble fractions, but was generally higher in the membrane fraction. In the human and bovine
Mycoplasma
strains, deoxyribonuclease activity could not be demonstrated in the soluble fraction; in the remaining strains, activity was highest in the soluble fraction. Dissolution of
M. laidlawii
strain B membranes by sodium deoxycholate significantly increased membrane-NADH
2
oxidase and adenosine triphosphatase activities.
Oxidative Metabolism in
Pediococcus pentosaceus
III. Glucose Dehydrogenase System
Authors: Lee Chin K. , Dobrogosz Walter J.
Published: January 2020

Lee, Chin
K. (North Carolina State of the University of North Carolina, Raleigh),
and Walter J. Dobrogosz
. Oxidative metabolism in
Pediococcus pentosaceus
. III. Glucose dehydrogenase system. J. Bacteriol.
90:
653–660. 1965.—A method was developed for the purification of glucose dehydrogenase from
Pediococcus pentosaceus
Az-25-5. The procedures included treatments with protamine sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and heat in addition to acid precipitation, calcium phosphate adsorption and elution, and diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex column chromatography. The final preparation thus obtained was purified 255-fold and exhibited both similarities and dissimilarities to the same enzyme isolated from other sources. The enzyme is absolutely specific for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) as a cofactor, and oxidizes only glucose or its analogue 2-deoxyglucose via the following reversible reaction: β-
d
-glucose + NADP ⇌
d
-glucono-δ-lactone + NADPH
2
+ H
+
.
K
m
values were 2.3 × 10
−2
for glucose and 2 × 10
−4
for NADP. Monovalent cations were required for stability of the enzyme and stimulated activity. The
p
H optimum was 7.0, and the equilibrium constant was determined to be 13.4 × 10
−7
at
p
H 6.4. Among the Lactobacillaceae, glucose dehydrogenase activity was found to be essentially limited to members of the genus
Pediococcus
. Studies on the enzymatic composition of
P. pentosaceus
viewed in conjunction with other available data led to the conclusion that this enzyme is not involved to any significant extent in the energy metabolism of this organism.
Induced Biosynthesis of Formic Hydrogenlyase in Iron-Deficient Cells of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Fukuyama T. , Ordal E. J.
Published: January 2020

Fukuyama
, T. (University of Washington, Seattle),
and E. J. Ordal
. Induced biosynthesis of formic hydrogenlyase in iron-deficient cells of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
673–680. 1965.—
Escherichia coli
cells were grown aerobically on a lactate-mineral salts medium from which iron had been removed by extraction with 8-hydroxyquinoline and chloroform. These cells carried out induced biosynthesis of formic hydrogenlyase in a reaction mixture containing glucose, formate, and phosphate without the addition of amino acids, providing adequate amounts of iron salts were present. In the absence of iron, glucose was fermented and acids were produced, but no formic hydrogenlyase developed. When iron-deficient
E. coli
cells were repeatedly washed, the property of carrying out induced biosynthesis of formic hydrogenlyase with glucose, formate, phosphate, and iron was lost, but was restored on addition of acid-hydrolyzed casein to the reaction mixture. An energy source (provided as glucose) was necessary for enzyme production. Iron-deficient cells were devoid of hydrogenase and formic hydrogenlyase but showed formic dehydrogenase activity when adequate amounts of selenium and molybdenum were present in the growth medium. Hydrogenase was consistently absent in iron-deficient cells but appeared concomitantly with formic hydrogenlyase during induced biosynthesis of the latter in iron-deficient cells of
E. coli
.
Mechanism Studies of Suppressor-Gene Action
Authors: Brody Stuart , Yanofsky Charles
Published: January 2020

Brody, Stuart
(Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.),
and Charles Yanofsky
. Mechanism studies of suppressor-gene action. J. Bacteriol.
90:
687–695. 1965.—Mutations which change the primary structure of the A protein of the tryptophan synthetase of
Escherichia coli
can be reversed by allele-specific suppressor mutations. Normally, the suppressors of a particular A mutant lead to the appearance of small amounts of a wild-type-like A protein (su-A protein), in addition to the cross-reacting material antigenically similar to the normal A protein (CRM-A protein). In some cases, the particular ratio of su-A protein to CRM-A protein, indicative of a given suppressor gene, was increased when that suppressor gene was transduced into a different strain, such as a K-12 Hfr stock of
E. coli
. In these cases, there was a general correlation between an increased ratio and a marked instability of the suppressor gene. However, stable suppressed stocks were isolated in the Hfr strain, which also produced a high proportion of su-A protein. The ratios of su-A protein to CRM-A protein remained relatively constant under conditions of tryptophan repression in three different suppressor stocks, suggesting that the formation of each of the su-A proteins does not involve the interaction of a CRM-A protein with any other cellular constituent. It would appear, then, that the changes in the primary structure of the A protein which lead to the formation of the su-A proteins are determined before or during, but not after, the synthesis of the polypeptide chain. The specificity of amino acid activation was investigated in strains bearing one of the suppressor genes. These studies failed to reveal any significant alteration in the amino acyl ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthetases or the transfer RNA molecules for arginine, glycine, histidine, and tyrosine.
Cell Division in a Species of
Erwinia
IX. Electron Microscopy of Normally Dividing Cells
Authors: Grula E. A. , Smith Gerald L.
Published: January 2020

Grula
, E. A. (Oklahoma State University, Stillwater),
and Gerald L. Smith
. Cell division in a species of
Erwinia
. IX. Electron microscopy of normally dividing cells. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1054–1058. 1965.—Cells of an
Erwinia
species (an Enterobacteriaceae) divide by concomitant invagination of the cell wall and membrane. It is concluded that the process is initiated and sustained by the cell membrane.
Protein Turnover in the Cell Cycle of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Nishi Arasuke , Kogoma Tokio
Published: January 2020

Nishi, Arasuke
(University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan),
and Tokio Kogoma
. Protein turnover in the cell cycle of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
884–890. 1965.—Protein metabolism and enzyme formation throughout the cell cycle were investigated in synchronized cultures of
Escherichia coli
. The cells showed a temporary cessation of the net increase of bulk protein and of constitutive β-galactosidase activity during the division period. By contrast, when tested by short-term experiments performed with cells at different growth stages, the bacteria displayed a constant incorporation of labeled protein precursors into the protein fraction, even during the fission period. Similar results were obtained with respect to the capacities for induced enzyme formation. On the other hand, when the cells were previously labeled and then subjected to synchronization in a nonradioactive medium, the radioactivity of the protein fraction decreased temporarily by nearly 10% during the fission period and then regained its previous level at the beginning of the ensuing phase of growth. This indicates that the products of partial degradation of protein were again utilized for protein synthesis in the next cell cycle. It was concluded that the temporary lagging of net increase of bulk protein may be due to the partial breakdown of protein occurring during the fission period.
Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of the Endotoxin ofBrucella abortus
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Wilson J. B.
Published: January 2020

Baker, PhillipJ. (University of Wisconsin, Madison),and J. B. Wilson. Chemical composition and biological properties of the endotoxin ofBrucella abortus. J. Bacteriol.90:895–902. 1965.—The ability of endotoxin to induce hypoferremia in mice was used to measure the specific activity of various endotoxin preparations ofEscherichia coliandBrucella abortusand to determine the endotoxin content of several strains ofB. abortusdiffering in virulence for guinea pigs. The endotoxin preparations fromE. colipossessed greater biological activity than those fromB. abortus. The same types ofB. abortusendotoxin preparations, whether obtained from strains of high or low virulence, had about the same activity. Although differences in endotoxin content were noted among several strains ofB. abortusof different virulence, there appeared to be no correlation between endotoxin content and virulence. Chemical analyses ofB. abortusandE. coliendotoxins, based upon nitrogen, phosphorus, fatty acid ester, fatty acid amide, total fatty acids, hexose, and hexosamine content, revealed differences in chemical composition; however, these differences could not be correlated with differences in biological activity. The same types of endotoxin preparations, whether obtained from strains ofB. abortusof high or low virulence, were similar in chemical composition and in biological activity. A correlation between the ability of endotoxin to induce hypoferremia and its lethal effects in mice is suggested. In general, endotoxin preparations of high hypoferremic activity had low mouseld50values.
Positive Control of Enzyme Synthesis by Gene C in the
l
-Arabinose System
Authors: Englesberg Ellis , Irr Joseph , Power Joseph , Lee Nancy
Published: January 2020

Englesberg, Ellis
(University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.),
Joseph Irr, Joseph Power, and Nancy Lee
. Positive control of enzyme synthesis by gene C in the
l
-arabinose system. J. Bacteriol
90:
946–957. 1965.—The
l
-arabinose gene complex consists of genes D, A, B, and C, linked in that order between the markers
thr
and
leu
, and an unlinked gene E. Genes D, A, B, and E are the structural genes for three inducible enzymes and permease, respectively. Gene C, with two mutant alleles, C
−
and C
c
, is the regulatory gene exhibiting positive and negative control. C
−
mutants are deficient and C
c
mutants are constitutive for all three enzymes and permease. Complementation analysis, employing sexual merozygotes (A
−
C
+
× A
+
C
−
), with six different C
−
mutants, demonstrates that C
−
is recessive to C
+
(positive control). A total of 61 C
c
mutants, isolated as clones resistant to
d
-fucose inhibition, are linked to the
leu ara
region of the chromosome, and the 22 C
c
mutants that were analyzed in detail mapped within the C gene among the C
−
mutant sites. C
c
mutants produce various but coordinate levels of the two enzymes measured, and permease. Complementation analysis (A
−
C
c
× A
+
C
−
, A
−
C
c
× A
+
C
+
) shows that C
c
is dominant to C
−
(positive control) and recessive to C
+
(negative control). Deletion mutants that extend into the C gene are
l
-arabinose permease-negative, thus supporting the positive regulatory role of the C gene. The name “activator gene” is proposed for genes of the C type to accentuate their positive role in gene expression. A working model consistent with these results is presented.
Kinetic and Genetic Analyses of
d
-Cycloserine Inhibition and Resistance in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Curtiss Roy , Charamella Leigh J. , Berg Claire M. , Harris Paula E.
Published: January 2020

Curtiss, Roy
, III (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.),
Leigh J. Charamella, Claire M. Berg, and Paula E. Harris
. Kinetic and genetic analyses of
d
-cycloserine inhibition and resistance in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1238–1250.1965.—Wild-type cells of
Escherichia coli
growing at 37 C in mineral salts-glucose medium with vigorous aeration were lysed at maximal exponential rates by 10
−4
to 10
−2
m
d
-cycloserine. At concentrations above 2 × 10
−2
m
,
d
-cycloserine was bacteriostatic. Low levels of
d
-cycloserine (10
−5
m
) and pencillin G (10 units per ml) interacted synergistically to cause a rapid exponential rate of lysis. Spontaneous mutations to
d
-cycloserine resistance occurred in discrete steps at frequencies of 10
−6
to 10
−7
for each step. First-, second-, and third-step
d
-cycloserine-resistant mutants were lysed at maximal exponential rates by
d
-cycloserine concentrations of 10
−3
, 3 × 10
−3
, and 5 × 10
−3
m
, respectively.
d
-Alanine,
l
-alanine, and
dl
-alanyl-
dl
-alanine reversed
d
-cycloserine-induced lysis, in that order of effectiveness. On the basis of these observations, a
d
-cycloserine-enrichment cycling technique was developed for isolation of auxotrophic mutants.
d
-Cycloserine at 2 × 10
−3
m
was as efficient as penicillin G (1,000 units per ml) for mutant enrichment in
E. coli
and should be useful for isolation of mutants in penicillin-resistant microorganisms. Bacterial conjugation experiments indicated that all three mutations conferring
d
-cycloserine resistance were linked to the
met
1
locus. Transduction experiments showed that the mutation conferring first-step resistance was at least 0.5 min away from the mutations conferring second- and third-step resistance. The latter two mutations possibly occurred in the same gene, since they were sometimes carried in the same transducing phage. Studies on expression of
d
-cycloserine resistance indicated that these mutations were neither dominant nor recessive to each other nor to the
d
-cycloserine-sensitivity allele. Each allelic state exerted its influence on the phenotype independently of the others. These results are discussed in terms of the known inhibition of alanine racemase and
d
-alanyl-
d
-alanine synthetase by
d
-cycloserine.
Interaction Between Colicinogenic Factor V and the Integrated F Factor in an Hfr Strain of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Kahn Phyllis L. , Helinski Donald R.
Published: January 2020

Kahn, Phyllis
L. (Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.),
and Donald R. Helinski
. Interaction between colicinogenic factor V and the integrated F factor in an Hfr strain of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1276–1282. 1965.—The production of colicin V by strains of
Escherichia coli
is determined by a colicinogenic factor,
colV
. The
colV
factor possesses a genetic determinant of fertility,
F
v
. V
+
F
v
+
cells are characteristically susceptible to a male-specific phage, μ, and able to transfer the
colV
factor and chromosomal markers to recipient cells. The present work describes an interaction of the
colV
factor with the chromosome of the Hfr strain, HfrH. A
colV
-containing HfrH strain, designated HfrHV
+
F
v
+
(l), was isolated and shown to be insensitive to phage μ and impaired in its fertility properties. Loss of the
colV
factor by this strain, either spontaneous or induced by acridine orange, resulted in a further 10
3
- or 10
4
-fold loss in fertility. This additional loss of fertility was restored by reinfection of these strains with the
colV
factor. The
colV
interaction with the HfrH chromosome also can result in defects in the fertility properties of the
colV
factor. Altered
colV
factors were found in recombinants isolated from a cross between the HfrHV
+
F
v
+
(l) strain and F
−
recipients. It is postulated that in the HfrHV
+
F
v
+
(l) strain an interaction of the
colV
episome with the integrated F region of the chromosome occurs, with a resulting modification of the fertility properties of the HfrH strain. This interaction can also result in a defect in certain properties of the
colV
factor.
Glutamate Transport in Wild-Type and Mutant Strains of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Halpern Yeheskel S. , Lupo Meir
Published: January 2020

Halpern, Yeheskel
S. (Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel),
and Meir Lupo
. Glutamate transport in wild-type and mutant strains of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1288–1295. 1965.—Mutants of
Escherichia coli
able to grow on glutamate as their source of carbon showed glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activities similar to those possessed by the parent strain. The mutants took up glutamate at a much faster rate and showed a several-fold greater capacity for concentrating the amino acid than did the corresponding parent strains. Curvilinear double reciprocal plots of velocity of uptake versus glutamate concentration were obtained with the
E. coli
H strains. A break in the curve of glutamate uptake was observed with the
E. coli
K-12 strains when incubated in a glucose medium. It is suggested that these findings may be due to allosteric activation of glutamate permease by its substrate.
Growth of
Allescheria boydii
in Antibiotic-Containing Media
Authors: Cazin John , Decker David W.
Published: January 2020

Cazin, John, Jr.
(University of Iowa, Iowa City),
and David W. Decker
. Growth of
Allescheria boydii
in antibiotic-containing media. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1308–1313. 1965.—Thirteen isolates of
Allescheria boydii
were surveyed for their ability to grow and sporulate on media containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. The fungus grew well in the presence of 4 to 8 mg/ml of cycloheximide, whereas ascocarps and coremia were always inhibited at a concentration of the drug lower than that required to inhibit growth and conidial production. In certain strains, ascocarp production was inhibited by concentrations of cycloheximide (0.4 mg/ml) normally used in selective media; however, two strains produced mature ascocarps at a concentration of 1 mg/ml of the antibiotic, and two strains produced immature ascocarps at a concentration of 4 mg/ml. Growth inhibition was not observed with concentrations of chloramphenicol as high as 1,000 mg per liter in any of eight strains tested.
Growth Stasis by Accumulated
l
-α-Glycerophosphate in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Cozzarelli N. R. , Koch J. P. , Hayashi S. , Lin E. C. C.
Published: January 2020

Cozzarelli
, N. R. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.), J. P.
Koch, S. Hayashi, and E. C. C. Lin
. Growth stasis by accumulated
l
-α-glycerophosphate in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1325–1329.1965.—Cells of
Escherichia coli
K-12 can grow on either glycerol or
l
-α-glycerophosphate as the sole source of carbon and energy. The first step in the dissimilation of glycerol requires a kinase, and the initial process of utilization of
l
-α-glycerophosphate involves an active transport system. In either case, intracellular
l
-α-glycerophosphate is an intermediate whose further metabolism depends upon a dehydrogenase. When this enzyme is lost by mutation, the cells not only fail to grow on glycerol or
l
-α-glycerophosphate, but are subject to growth inhibition in the presence of either compound. Resistance to inhibition by glycerol can be achieved by the loss of glycerol kinase. Such cells are still susceptible to growth inhibition by
l
-α-glycerophosphate. Similarly, in dehydrogenase-deficient cells, immunity to exogenous
l
-α-glycerophosphate can be achieved by genetic blocking of the active transport system. Such cells are still sensitive to free glycerol in the growth medium. Reversal of inhibition by glycerol or
l
-α-glycerophosphate in cells lacking the dehydrogenase can also be brought about by the addition of glucose. Glucose achieves this effect without recourse to catabolite repression. Our results suggest that growth stasis associated with the over-accumulation of
l
-α-glycerophosphate is due to interference with other cellular processes by competition with physiological substrates rather than to depletion of cellular stores of adenosine triphosphate or inorganic phosphate.
Sedimentation Counting and Morphology of
Mycoplasma
Authors: Clark Harold W.
Published: January 2020

Clark, Harold
W. (The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.). Sedimentation counting and morphology of
Mycoplasma
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1373–1386. 1965.—The sedimentation technique for counting viral particles was applied to the quantitation and morphological identification of
Mycoplasma
in broth cultures.
Mycoplasma
, apparently in their native form, firmly adhered to the surface, when sedimented on glass cover slips or onto electron microscope grids. The sedimented cover slip preparations stained with crystal violet could be readily counted in the light microscope. The cultures sedimented onto electron microscope grids were readily counted at low magnification and provided excellent preparations for morphological examination at higher magnifications. It was found that air-dried
Mycoplasma
particles were enlarged considerably because of excessive flattening. Fixation of sedimented
Mycoplasma
particles in diluted OsO
4
prior to air drying yielded a more realistic morphology, with various sizes and shapes in the stages of the growth cycle exhibited. A new technique of differentially staining
Mycoplasma
colonies on agar plates was developed to facilitate the quantitation of viable colony-forming units for comparison with total counts. The use of plastic or Parafilm gaskets for dry mounting was developed to facilitate the handling and examination of the stained cover slip preparations. The results of this investigation indicated that the growth cycle of some
Mycoplasma
species includes a stage of hexadic fission with the cleavage of minimal reproductive units (less than 100 mμ) containing a limited deoxyribonucleic acid genetic coding molecule (approximately 4 × 10
6
).
Ureidoglycolate Synthetase of
Streptococcus allantoicus
I. Measurement of Glyoxylate and Enzyme Purification
Authors: Gaudy Elizabeth T. , Bojanowski R. , Valentine R. C. , Wolfe R. S.
Published: January 2020

Gaudy, Elizabeth
T. (University of Illinois, Urbana), R.
Bojanowski, R. C. Valentine, and R. S. Wolfe
. Ureidoglycolate synthetase of
Streptococcus allantoicus
. I. Measurement of glyoxylate and enzyme purification. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1525–1530. 1965.—A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of glyoxylate is described. The technique is based on measurement of the initial rate of formation of glyoxylic acid phenylhydrazone in neutral solution. Its advantages include rapidity and convenience, suitability for use with mixtures containing acid-labile substrates, and elimination of possibly inhibitory reagents from the enzyme incubation mixture. Ureidoglycolate synthetase, which cleaves ureidoglycolate to glyoxylate and urea, was purified from crude extracts of
Streptococcus allantoicus
grown on allantoin-containing medium. The purification procedures include treatment with MnCl
2
, fractionation on calcium phosphate gel, fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and column chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The final enzyme preparation was purified 77-fold and contained 35% of the total activity of the extract.