bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SUPPRESSION OF GROWTH OF BROWN-PEARCE TUMOR CELLS BY A SPECIFIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Kidd John G.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in detail which show that an antibody which appears in the blood of certain rabbits implanted with the Brown-Pearce tumor or injected with cell-free extracts of it is capable of suppressing the growth of the tumor cells under a variety of experimental conditions, the effects of the antibody being wholly distinct from those of unknown factors that frequently bring about regression of the growth. The implications of the findings are discussed with particular reference to facts indicating that the distinctive cell constituent with which the antibody reacts may play a significant part in the proliferative activities of the Brown-Pearce tumor cell.
A NEUROPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ACUTE HUMAN POLIO-MYELITIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INITIAL LESION AND TO VARIOUS POTENTIAL PORTALS OF ENTRY
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J.
Published: June 2004

The peripheral and central nervous tissues of eight patients dying of acute poliomyelitis were examined histologically to discover whether and to what extent the distribution of lesions was consistent with the hypothesis that virus enters the mucous membranes through the superficial nerve fibers, infects the neurons in peripheral ganglia, and proceeds thence into the central nervous system to infect connecting centers. Evidence consistent with this hypothesis was found in all cases. Based on concurrent lesions in the primary and secondary centers, the frequency of involvement of the various systems and the probability of their having acted as primary pathways for entering infection may be summarized as follows:—

(a) Trigeminal afferent system (V cranial): very frequent.

(b) Visceral afferent system (IX and X cranial): fairly common but less than V.

(c) Gustatory system (VII, IX, and X cranial): occasional.

(d) Sympathetic system, upper levels (pharynx, bronchial tree, upper esophagus): occasional.

(e) Sympathetic system, lower (intestine): occasional or doubtful.

(f) Vagal efferent (parasympathetic) system (X cranial) and olfactory (I cranial) system: uninvolved.

In general, the evidence of penetration through the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts was more conspicuous and consistent than through the lower alimentary tract. The pharynx appears to be an especially favorable site for the primary penetration of virus into the body.

Our data suggest that the primary lesion of poliomyelitis occurs in the peripheral ganglia.

Primary invasion through the sympathetics results in initial involvement of the central nervous system at the spinal level; invasion through all the other channels described results in initial involvement of the central nervous system at the level of the brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla). In neither instance does the level of initial involvement necessarily determine the site of initial paralysis.
THE ACTIVATION OF SKIN GRAFTS
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

Rabbit skin rendered hyperplastic by various agents showed less tendency than normal skin to contract when sliced off, and when used for grafts it united with the bed more rapidly and was vascularized sooner. The stimulated epidermis proliferated practically at once, and abundantly, to cover adjacent raw surfaces. Also the donor area healed much more swiftly than usual and became infected less often.

Certain grave limitations and hazards encountered during the experiments with hyperplastic grafts are considered.
FRACTIONATION OF MAMMALIAN LIVER CELLS BY DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION
Authors: Claude Albert
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described whereby the major components of liver suspensions are segregated according to size into three main fractions: (a) a large granule fraction composed of elements approximately 0.5 to 2 µ in diameter; (b) a microsome fraction composed of submicroscopic elements approximately 80 to 150 mµ in diameter; and, (c) a supernate fraction containing the soluble components of the extract.

2. The nature and origin of the constituents of liver extract is discussed. The large granule fraction is deemed to consist mostly of mitochondria and liver secretory granules, whereas the microsome fraction corresponds to the chromophilic ground substance of the hepatic cell. Phosphorus distribution in the supernate fraction, and ultraviolet absorption of the solution suggests that practically all the ribose nucleoproteins of liver extract are sedimentable, and occur in association with the large granules and microsomes.

3. The method of fractionation of liver suspension by differential centrifugation is being used as a means to investigate the chemical constitution of the morphological constituents of cytoplasm, and the distribution of biochemical activities in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cell.

4. The method of differential centrifugation is found to be applicable not only to the fractionation of cells but also, with the aid of auxiliary techniques, to the fractionation of much smaller elements, such as mitochondria.
THE SPECIFICITY OF SEROLOGICAL PRECIPITATION
Authors: Lanni Frank
Published: June 2004

Precipitative mixing experiments have been conducted with the aid of a turbidimeter and a darkfield microscope. The results of these experiments, correlated with observations of macroscopic features, indicate that serological precipitation is largely governed by a highly specific mechanism except in the terminal period, when the operation of non-specific forces becomes apparent. The findings are used as the basis for a new description of precipitation in terms of the formation and aggregation of elementary particles of specific precipitate, called seromicrons.
THE PRODUCTION OF CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN RATS BY THE INJECTION OF RABBIT ANTI-RAT-PLACENTA SERUM
Authors: Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Loeb Emily Nichols
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of rabbit anti-rat-placenta serums in young adult rats produced chronic glomerulonephritis in 18 of 32 animals.

2. The course of the nephritis and the renal lesions were indistinguishable from those obtained in 11 of 13 animals injected with rabbit anti-rat-kidney serum.

3. Six instances of similar renal lesions occurred among 99 control animals. In 2 the rats had been injected with rabbit anti-rat-erythrocyte serum, in 2 with rabbit anti-rat-serum serum, while in 2 others the lesions were found among normal stock.
REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS, GROUP C, INFECTION
Authors: Saslaw Samuel , Wilson H. E. , Doan Charles A. , Woolpert O. C. , Schwab J. L.
Published: June 2004

Macaca mulatta on a normal diet proved to be resistant on intranasal inoculation with Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C.

More than half of the monkeys maintained for various periods on a modified dietary regimen deficient in vitamin B became more or less anemic. All developed a granulopenic leucopenia during which many developed spontaneous infections, and all were extremely susceptible on intranasal instillation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C.

In normal monkeys, primary inoculation with the streptococcus resulted in an immediate marked neutrophilic leucocytosis. In the nutritionally deficient animals with leucopenia, only an abortive transitory leucocytosis was observed.

Following reinoculation with the same strain of hemolytic streptococci in normal healthy monkeys, the prompt leucocytic response originally observed, failed to develop, yet the animals remained asymptomatic. In the first instance the opsonic index remained low at the preinoculation base line level, but in the second, a sharp increase in the opsonic index occurred in several days. This humoral response apparently rendered unnecessary the quantitative granulocytic leucocytosis associated with survival in the first instance. There was no demonstrable difference in time of appearance or titer of the antibody responses, i.e. precipitins, antistreptolysins, and opsonins between the normal and nutritionally deficient monkeys.

Synthetic folic acid (L. casei factor) relieved both leucopenia and anemia promptly in the "vitamin M"-deficient monkeys, with increase in resistance to endogenous infection when this supplement was given sufficiently promptly.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Irons Edwin N.
Published: June 2004

Experimental pneumococcal pneumonia was produced in albino rats by intrabronchial inoculation of Type I pneumococci suspended in mucin. The resulting pneumonia was uniformly fatal in untreated rats. Eighty per cent of the animals so infected and treated with sulfonamide drugs 6 hours after inoculation survived the pneumonia. At the end of 1 week the surviving animals were sacrificed, and examination of the lungs showed sharply demarcated localized pulmonary lesions containing no pneumococci.

Microscopic study of the lungs of treated animals sacrificed at 6, 18, 42, 66, 96, and 168 hours after the start of treatment revealed the following sequence of events. During the first 18 hours the drug apparently had little effect upon the pneumonic lesion, but at the end of 18 hours pneumococci in the edema zone began to show striking changes in their morphology, indicating bacteriostesis. Forty-two hours after the start of treatment the edema zone had disappeared, the pneumonia had ceased to spread, and the pneumococci at the margin of the lesion had been overtaken by leucocytes. Careful examination of the exudate in the periphery of the lesion revealed definite phagocytosis of pneumococci. By the 4th day no pneumococci could be found in the stained sections, and after 1 week there remained only macrophages in the rapidly clearing alveoli.

In order to demonstrate the phagocytic reaction more clearly the effect of sulfonamide drugs was studied in pneumonic rats previously rendered leucopenic by exposure to x-ray. The pneumonia in these animals was relatively acellular, and the few macrophages present in each alveolus could be seen to have phagocyted large numbers of pneumococci after 18 to 42 hours of treatment. The macrophages not only phagocyted the pneumococci but ultimately destroyed them, the pneumonic lesion later going on to complete resolution. The fact that this phagocytic reaction was observed in the lungs of animals with bacteremia suggests that the phagocytosis is independent of circulating type-specific opsonins.
THE PRESSURE AND INTERSTITIAL RESISTANCE PREVAILING IN THE NORMAL AND EDEMATOUS SKIN OF ANIMALS AND MAN
Authors: McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Means have been described for the study of pressure conditions in normal and pathological skin of living human beings and mice. The true pressure in normal skin cannot be measured directly by any of the means hitherto described, because there is insufficient free fluid to make manometric determinations. However, for practical purposes, the intracutaneous pressure has been approximately estimated by introducing into skin exceedingly small amounts of a relatively unabsorbable fluid, a mixture of Locke's solution and a vital dye, and then finding the least pressure required to overcome the resistance of the skin to the passage of this fluid through it at the lowest rate measurable with accuracy by the apparatus at hand. In the present paper measurements of this pressure have been termed the interstitial resistance.

In normal skin the interstitial pressure, as estimated by measurements of the interstitial resistance, is low, slightly less, on the average, than 1.7 cm. of water in the skin of the mouse, and less than 3.1 cm. of water in human skin. It remains unchanged in states of active hyperemia.

In edematous skin the interstitial pressure can be directly measured by determination of the edema fluid pressure. It has been compared with determinations of the interstitial resistance and found to be only 0.5 cm. of water lower in both the mouse and man.

Under the conditions of our experiments, in skin rendered slowly edematous by the introduction of irritant chemicals or their topical application, little rise in pressure took place. On the other hand, in rapidly forming edema of the skin the edema fluid pressure and the intradermal interstitial resistance rose and became great enough to hinder materially the further escape of fluid from the blood vessels. The edema fluid pressure rose in proportion to the rapidity with which the edema formed. When a rapidly formed edema subsided, the edema fluid pressure and interstitial resistance fell, but if inflammation and induration followed later, the interstitial resistance became high again. As these conditions subsided the interstitial resistance fell, at times to normal levels, even in the presence of edema.

In mouse skin injured by squeezing according to a standard procedure, with result in pronounced edema, the intradermal interstitial resistance rose within a few hours to levels of 10 to 15 cm. of water. In those instances in which the injury progressed to induration, the interstitial resistance rose to such high levels that it seemed impossible that fluid could continue to escape from the capillaries. Such a state of affairs may be of great importance in determining whether necrosis follows trauma.
FLUORESCEIN CIRCULATION TIME AS A PROGNOSTIC SIGN IN EXPERIMENTAL TRAUMATIC SHOCK
Authors: Wang S. C. , Painter E. E. , Overman R. R.
Published: June 2004

Repeated determinations of the circulation time by the fluorescein method were made in normal and shocked dogs. In normal animals the circulation time ranges from 9 to 16 seconds with an average of 12.6 seconds. In traumatic shock the circulation time is invariably prolonged.

For prognosis in the traumatized animal two determinations of fluorescein circulation time separated by an interval of 1 hour are essential. If the second circulation time is longer than the first and both are over 30 seconds, the animal will not survive without therapy. On the other hand, if the second circulation time is below 25 seconds or is considerably shorter than the first, the prognosis is good. In many of these experiments the change in circulation time appeared to be the earliest index of eventual recovery or death. It gave a clue to the fate of the animal when no decisive judgment could be made from the blood pressure and heart rate.

In three dogs the cyanide and fluorescein circulation times were compared during shock. It was found that the cyanide circulation time, though increased in shock, remained at a fairly constant value while over the same period the fluorescein circulation time showed progressive changes. This discrepancy between the cyanide and fluorescein methods may be explained by the fact that the former does not include the minute peripheral systemic circulation. Since the study of shock is concerned with tissue anoxia and is primarily a phenomenon of the failure of the peripheral circulation, it is important to choose procedures such as the fluorescein method as a measure of the condition of the peripheral vascular system.
CENTRIFUGATION STUDIES ON PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Curnen Edward C. , Pickels Edward G. , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

A technique has been devised for obtaining free or uncombined pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Free PVM, liberated from infected mouse lungs by means of this technique, is infectious and causes hemagglutination directly. The results of quantitative studies carried out in the high speed angle centrifuge indicate that the free virus is relatively small, with dimensions of the order of 40 millimicrons. When it is in combination with lung tissue particles, PVM appears to be a relatively large virus with minimal dimensions of the order of 140 millimicrons. Non-infectious virus particles, released from combination with lung tissue particles by heating, are similar to the infectious free virus in size.
THE VARYING BLOOD LEVELS AFFORDED BY PENICILLINS F, G, K, AND X IN RABBITS AND MAN
Authors: Eagle Harry ,   With the Technical Assistance of Arlyne D. Musselman
Published: June 2004

1. In both man and rabbit, penicillin X provided higher and more sustained blood levels than did penicillins F or G similarly administered in equal dosage (0.6 mg. per kg.); while penicillin K gave lower and evanescent levels.

(a) One hour after intramuscular injection, the blood levels in rabbits averaged 0.11, 0.18, 0.02, and 0.33 for F, G, K, and X, respectively; and levels of 0.1 mg. per kg. were sustained for 1, 1.4,0.5, and 2.1 hours, respectively.

(b) In man, the blood levels of G, K, and X averaged 0.23, 0.16, and 0.37 mg. per kg. 1 hour after intramuscular injections at 0.6 mg. per kg., and 0.11, 0.02, and 0.15 mg. per kg. 1 hour after intravenous injection.

(c) In man, a level of 0.1 microgram per cc. was sustained for 1.6, 1.2, and 2.3 hours after the intramuscular injection of G, K, and X, respectively, and for 1, 0.5, and 1.3 hours after their intravenous injection.

2. The total urinary recovery of penicillins F, G, and X varied between 68 and 100 per cent, averaging 61, 87, and 74 per cent, respectively, in rabbits. In man, the urinary recovery of G and X averaged 86 and 93 per cent, respectively. In sharp contrast, the urinary recovery of penicillin K averaged 33 per cent in seven rabbits and 28 per cent in six human volunteers. The major portion of the penicillin appeared in the first 30 to 60 minutes. This suggests a rapid inactivation of penicillin K in vivo.

3. The therapeutic significance of these data is discussed in the text, and in greater detail in the following paper.
THE THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF PENICILLINS F, G, K, AND X IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I AND STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Eagle Harry ,   With the Technical Assistance of Arlyne D. Musselman
Published: June 2004

1. The relative bactericidal activities of penicillins F, G, K, and X against Type I pneumococcus in vitro were 60, 100, 180, and 135. The corresponding activities against Streptococcus pyogenes, strain C-203, were 75, 100, 115, and 145, respectively.

2. The total curative doses (CD50) of penicillins F, G, K, and X in pneumococcal infections of white mice (ten injections at 3 hour intervals) were 4.6, 3.8, 20, and 2.4 mg. per kg., respectively, or relative activities of 83, 100, 19, and 160, referred to G as 100.

3. The corresponding curative doses in streptococcal infections of white mice were 2.6, 1.3, 14.0, and 0.5 mg. per kg., or relative activities of 50, 100, 9, and 260.

4. Penicillin K was therefore one-tenth as active in vivo as would be implied by its bactericidal activity in vitro. This probably reflects its rapid inactivation in vivo, evidenced by the low and evanescent blood levels observed in both rabbits and man, and the low urinary recovery of this species of penicillin.

5. Penicillin X was significantly more active therapeutically than its bactericidal activity in vitro would imply. This probably reflects its slower inactivation in vivo, evidenced by the somewhat higher and more prolonged blood levels afforded by this penicillin in comparison with penicillin G. Judged by the mouse infections with the strains here used, penicillin X is the penicillin of choice in the treatment of infections with pneumococcus Type I and hemolytic streptococci.

6. The curative dose of penicillin in streptococcal and pneumococcal infections paralleled the varying susceptibility of these organisms to penicillin in vitro.
NORMAL STRUCTURE AND DEGENERATIVE CHANGES OF THE CYTOPLASM OF LIVER CELLS AND OF TUMOR CELLS DERIVED FROM THEM
Authors: Opie Eugene L.
Published: June 2004

Discrete bodies which may be designated cytochondria occupy the greater part of the cytoplasm of liver cells. A part, but not all, of these bodies have the characteristics of mitochondria. They consist of a rim which stains deeply and a central part which stains faintly or remains unstained.

In liver cells about portal spaces, in foci of regeneration, and in tumor cells the rims of the cytochondria stain with basic dyes and contain ribonucleic acid or related substances.

With increasing accumulation of basophile substances about cytochondria as the central veins are approached, these bodies aggregate to form clumps or orient themselves with palisade-like arrangment in two rows just within the margins of the liver cell columns.

With aggregation of the cytochondria that are surrounded by basophile material, other cytochondria in the same cells are devoid of this material and wholly acidophile.

With chromatolysis (disappearance of basophile substance) caused by dimethylaminoazobeiizene (butter yellow) cytochondria lose their peripheral basophilia and stain only with acid dyes. When ribonucleic acid is removed from fixed liver tissue by ribonuclease, cytochondria lose their affinity for basic stains and become acidophile.

Of the cytochondria that are surrounded by ribonucleic acid or related substances part have the characteristics of mitochondria.

Under the influence of butter yellow cytochondria may become greatly swollen and intensely acidophile in the center though they retain their basophile rim. These swollen bodies in part at least have the reactions of mitochondria.

In tumor cells of hepatomas mitochondria are smaller and less abundant than in parenchymatous cells of the liver, and accompanying them are bodies of similar size which do not react as mitochondria.

The cytochondria of hepatomas produced by butter yellow undergo acidophile degeneration similar to that of liver cells and form swollen spherical bodies with basophile rims. With partial or complete loss of basophile substance, these altered cytochondria may form conspicuous cell inclusions.
A MANOMETRIC METHOD FOR MEASURING THE ACTIVITY OF THE CL. WELCHII LECITHINASE AND A DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF THIS ENZYME
Authors: Zamecnik Paul C. , Brewster Lydia E. , Lipmann Fritz
Published: June 2004

A manometric method has been described for measurement of the activity of Cl. welchii lecithinase. The method depends on displacement of carbon dioxide from a bicarbonate-carbon dioxide-buffered medium by the phosphorylcholine liberated during the enzymatic hydrolysis.
AN EPIDEMIC DIARRHEAL DISEASE OF SUCKLING MICE
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

Intranuclear inclusions were found in 75 per cent of young mice suffering from a spontaneous diarrheal disease. They were confined to the epithelial cells of the small intestine, and to the intestinal and mesenteric lymphadenoid tissue. They were seen only between the 10th and 15th days after birth, in apparently healthy control mice of the same age group, they were found in only two of thirty-six animals (5.5 per cent) and these were in mice from the same room and stock as the diseased animals.

Nursing mice experimentally infected by feeding unfiltered diarrheal feces, also showed inclusion bodies from the 10th to the 14th day inclusive. The inclusions were not present during a corresponding age period, in the healthy stock used for these experiments.

Inclusions have also been found in the cytoplasm of the intestinal epithelial cells of young mice but without any significant relation to the disease under study. No conclusions as to their nature are warranted at this time.
RELATION OF THE SIZE OF THE INOCULUM AND THE AGE OF THE INFECTION TO THE CURATIVE DOSE OF PENICILLIN IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE FEASIBILITY OF ITS PROPHYLACTIC USE
Authors: Eagle Harry , Magnuson H. J. , Fleischman Ralph
Published: June 2004

1. A relatively small amount of penicillin sufficed to abort syphilitic infection in rabbits when administered during the incubation period of the disease.

2. The abortive dose, given as a single intramuscular injection in oil and beeswax, varied with the age of the infection.

(a) With a fixed intratesticular inoculum, the amount of penicillin necessary to prevent infection in half the animals remained at a constant level for 4 days. By the end of the 2nd week more than seven times this dosage was needed; and by the 6th week, after the chancre had appeared, more than thirty times the amount was needed to obtain the same result. The progressive increase in the abortive dose of penicillin with the passage of time probably reflects the interim multiplication of organisms.

(b) Qualitatively similar results were obtained in rabbits inoculated intracutaneously.

3. The abortive dose varied also with the size of the inoculum. In animals inoculated intracutaneously with 20, 2,000, and 200,000 spirochetes, and treated 4 days later, it required 200, 500, and 3,500 units per kg., respectively, to protect half the animals, and the corresponding PD90 dosages were 500, 2,000, and 16,000 units per kg.

4. The present observations, indicating the ease of aborting experimental rabbit syphilis during the incubation period by a single injection of penicillin, are perhaps applicable to the prevention of the disease in man.

5. Asymptomatic infections were rare in animals receiving inadequate doses of penicillin during the incubation period. Sixty-four of sixty-five such animals developed darkfield-positive lesions at the inoculated site. In animals treated 6 weeks after inoculation, however, after the development of lesions, inadequate treatment was usually manifested by an asymptomatic redissemination of organisms demonstrable only by lymph node transfer. The difference in the two groups probably reflects the beginning development of immunity in the rabbits treated 6 weeks after inoculation.

6. As suggested by Rake and Dunham (11), the treatment of animals during the incubation period permits a rapid assay of antisyphilitic agents, and one which requires only small amounts of material. Possible limitations of the method are discussed in the text.
THE NEOPLASTIC POTENTIALITIES OF MOUSE EMBRYO TISSUES
Authors: Smith William E.
Published: June 2004

Epithelial tumors have been readily obtained by the implantation of embryo stomach tissue together with olive oil containing methylcholanthrene (with or without Scharlach R) in adult mice of homologous strain. The implanted tissue from the squamous portion of the stomach rapidly encysted the oil, and benign and malignant papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas soon arose from the stratified squamous lining of the cysts. Bits of the glandular portion of the stomach also formed cysts, but the gland cells underwent metaplasia in response to the carcinogen, altering first to transitional epithelium and then to a stratified squamous layer. So swiftly did these changes take place that nearly all of the tumors took origin from epithelium that had already become stratified and squamous, and the growths themselves were of this type. A single transitional cell carcinoma and an adenoacanthoma were procured, but no adenocarcinomas; nor did any benign papillomas develop, though they often resulted from the action of methylcholanthrene on the squamous portion of the embryo stomach. Search failed to disclose any distinctive precancerous changes in the gastric tissue. Five of the cancers were transplanted and they grew in every host.

No tumors arose from any of the numerous control implants. Those consisting of glandular tissue formed cysts lined partly with columnar epithelium secreting mucus and partly with tubular glands equipped with chief and parietal cells in good condition. Pepsin and rennin were found in the fluid contained in these cysts, but no free hydrochloric acid. The enzymes were present also when the cysts contained methylcholanthrene and the glands had not yet been wholly replaced by metaplastic epithelium.

The tumors appeared months sooner than when methylcholanthrene is injected into the stomach of adult animals or given by mouth; some of them were well established after 5 or 6 weeks. They arose regularly when the requisite experimental conditions were provided. The utilization of transplanted embryo tissue provides a means whereby gastric tumors free from bacterial infection can be procured swiftly and easily.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR
Authors: Weld Julia T. , Gunther Anne
Published: June 2004

1. Saturated solutions of sulfur in alcohol (alcohol-sulfur) when diluted with broth are inhibitory to the growth of various Gram-positive bacteria and to C. hominis. By an arbitrary method of unitage with S. aureus as the test organism, our alcohol-sulfur contains 1,600 to 2,000 units per cc. and one unit contains between 0.24 and 0.34 gamma sulfur. The activity of a preparation is in general directly proportional to its sulfur content.

2. Solutions of sulfur in carbowax (carbowax-sulfur) when diluted with broth are likewise inhibitory to the growth of various Gram-positive bacteria and to C. hominis. When S. aureus is used as test organism, 1 unit contains between 0.1 and 0.2 gamma sulfur. The activity of these preparations is also in general directly proportional to their sulfur content.

3. Carbowax-sulfur when incorporated in agar in 1–500 to 1–2,000 dilution inhibits the growth of various Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, C. hominis, and certain dermatophytes.

4. Our experiments appear to show that both alcohol-sulfur and carbowax-sulfur owe their inhibitory properties to the sulfur particles that are dispersed throughout the medium when these sulfur preparations are diluted with broth. The inhibitory effect of these particles may or may not be due to a combination of the sulfur particles with substances in the medium in which they are suspended.

5. Evidence suggests that the activity of both alcohol-sulfur and carbowax-sulfur is due to sulfur in the same form. The inhibitory effect is characterized by prolonged bacteriostasis with similar activity over a wide range of dilutions.

There is no evidence of true bactericidal action even with the highest concentrations used.
INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Sulkin S. Edward , Zarafonetis Christine
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental neurotropic virus infections previously shown to be altered by ether anesthesia are caused by viruses destroyed in vitro by anesthetic ether; this group includes the viruses of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, Western equine encephalomyelitis, and St. Louis encephalitis.

2. Experimental neurotropic virus infections which were not altered by ether anesthesia are caused by viruses which are refractory to the in vitro virucidal activity of even large amounts of anesthetic ether; this group includes the viruses of poliomyelitis (Lansing) and rabies.

3. Quantitative studies of the in vitro virucidal activity of ether indicate that concentrations of this anesthetic within the range found in central nervous system tissues of anesthetized animals possess no virucidal activity.

4. The lowest concentration of ether possessing significant virucidal capacity is more than fifteen times the maximum concentration of the anesthetic tolerated by the experimental animal.

5. Concentrations of ether 50 to 100 times the maximum amount tolerated by the anesthetized animal are capable of destroying large amounts of susceptible viruses, the average lethal dose (LD50) being reduced more than 5 log units.

6. On the basis of the studies presented in this report, it cannot be concluded that direct virucidal activity of ether is not the underlying mechanism of the inhibition by anesthesia of certain experimental neurotropic virus infections. Indirect inhibition of the virus by the anesthetic through an alteration in the metabolism of either the host cell or the host animal as a whole appears at this point to be a more likely possibility.
THE MODIFYING EFFECTS OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES OF BACTERIAL ORIGIN ON THE COURSE OF INFECTION WITH PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , McCarty Maclyn
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented which indicates that certain polysaccharide preparations derived from various bacterial species, as well as similar materials not of bacterial origin, are capable of lessening the severity of infection with pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) and inhibiting multiplication of the virus in mouse lungs infected with this agent. It seems probable that modification with respect to the virus is mediated by a substance which may be polysaccharide in nature.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Bendich Aaron , Bezer Ada E. , Beiser Sam M.
Published: June 2004

1. Blood group substances have been prepared from human saliva, stomach, and amniotic fluid from individuals of blood group A1 and A2. Several of the saliva samples were obtained from individuals shown to be heterozygous, A1O.

2. The purified blood group A substances from human sources were similar in nitrogen, glucosamine, reducing sugar, and acetyl content. The A1 and A2 substances differed in optical rotation. All of the human A samples were levorotatory while those from hog stomach were dextrorotatory.

3. By two immunochemical criteria the various human preparations could be shown to fall into distinct groups, with respect to purity. The best products showed maximal activity and almost all of their glucosamine was specifically precipitable by anti-A. These samples of human A substance were only about one-half as effective in precipitating antibody to hog A substance formed in man as was homologous hog A substance although the same total amount of antibody was precipitable by excess of either antigen.

4. Human blood group A1 substance was found to be antigenic in individuals of blood groups B and O but was not as good an antigen as hog A substance.
RELATION OF IRON SALTS TO INHIBITION OF GLYCOLYSIS BY THEILER FA VIRUS OF MOUSE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Racker E. , Krimsky I.
Published: June 2004

1. Brain homogenates of mice infected with the Theiler FA strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus show marked inhibition of glucose phosphorylation.

2. A similar effect can be obtained by incubating normal brain homogenates with small amounts of ferrous sulfate.

3. Partially purified preparations of Theiler FA virus contain iron in amounts corresponding to their inhibitory effect on brain glycolysis. The virus preparations were purified by chemical fractionation and differential centrifugation and were dialyzed against potassium cyanide or pyrophosphate and potassium chloride for several days before they were analyzed for iron content.

4. The inhibitory effect of the virus preparations and of ferrous sulfate has been shown to be dependent on a heat-labile factor present in normal brain ("inactivating factor").

5. The glycolytic activity of brain homogenates of mice infected with the Theiler FA virus can be restored by addition of a factor prepared from rabbit muscle extract. This "restoring factor" is non-dialyzable and is heat-labile. It has no hexokinase or phosphohexokinase activity. Its restoring activity is destroyed by the "inactivating factor" present in brain.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Fowler Catherine B.
Published: June 2004

The inhibition of virus multiplication by 5-methyl tryptophane can be specifically reversed by tryptophane. The conditions of reversal indicate that 5MT specifically interferes with tryptophane utilization. The tryptophane requirements of virus multiplication appear to exist throughout the latent period and determine the time of lysis and amount of virus liberated. A latent period may be interrupted for 15 minutes or more and be resumed on addition of tryptophane. Extended inhibition with 5MT results in a somewhat variable "killing" effect, the extent of which determines aspects of the reversal of the inhibition by tryptophane. The implications of these phenomena have been discussed.
TOLERANCE TO BACTERIAL PYROGENS
Authors: Beeson Paul B. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elizabeth Roberts
Published: June 2004

In experiments designed to elucidate the mechanism by which tolerance to bacterial pyrogens is developed, the following observations were made:

1. Animals whose febrile reactions to bacterial pyrogens were markedly diminished, as a result of repeated injections, showed increases in response following R-E blockade.

2. Pyrogenic substances disappeared from the circulating blood more rapidly in rabbits rendered pyrogen-tolerant than in normal animals. Lack of specificity was shown by the fact that rabbits previously injected with Eberthella typhosa bacterial vaccine were able to remove the pyrogens of Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from their blood more rapidly than normal animals.

3. R-E blockade-retarded the speed of disappearance of pyrogens from the circulating blood of animals which had been rendered relatively tolerant by previous injections of these substances.

A possible mechanism for the development of unresponsiveness to bacterial pyrogens is suggested.
INHIBITION BY CERTAIN POLYSACCHARIDES OF HEMAGGLUTINATION AND OF MULTIPLICATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Green R. H. , Woolley D. W.
Published: June 2004

The complex carbohydrates apple pectin, citrus pectin, flaxseed mucilage, blood group A substance, gum acacia, and gum myrrh as well as an extract of RBC, when examined in a pattern test, were shown to inhibit the agglutination of chicken RBC by influenza A virus. A number of other simple and complex carbohydrates showed no inhibitory effect. The hemagglutination-inhibiting action of apple pectin was examined in some detail and evidence was adduced to show that it affected both virus and red cell. Apple pectin was also found to inhibit the multiplication of influenza A virus in embryonated eggs.
CHANGES IN THE PLASMA PROTEIN PATTERN (TISELIUS ELECTROPHORETIC TECHNIC) OF PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION AND DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Lewis Lena A. , Page Irvine H.
Published: June 2004

The plasma protein pattern of patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension showed only slight variations from the normal while that of patients with severely malignant hypertension showed marked shifts. The fibrinogen and ß-globulins were usually elevated beyond the normal range and the albumin decreased. In less severely malignant hypertension, the changes were less marked.

In dogs with experimental renal hypertension, the γ-globulin level was greatly elevated, and in one animal exhibiting the malignant syndrome ß-globulin and fibrinogen were also increased.

Elevation of ß-globulin seems in some manner associated with the occurrence of severe vascular disease.
ANTIPROTEINS IN HORSE SERA
Authors: Treffers Henry P. , Heidelberger Michael , Freund Jules
Published: June 2004

1. Two horses were injected subcutaneously with alum-precipitated rabbit serum albumin.

2. The resulting antibody resembled diphtheria antitoxin and anti-egg albumin in the horse in giving a sharp zone of flocculation with antigen, in being water-soluble, in reactivity toward an anti-antibody rabbit serum, and in its electrophoretic properties.

3. The effect of continued immunization, and of variation in volume and temperature on the reactivity of the antibody are discussed.

4. Intravenous injection of the same antigen into horses did not give rise to detectable amounts of antibody of the same type.
THE TOXIC ACTION OF PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THE OXYGEN-LABILE HEMOLYSIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Cantoni G. L.
Published: June 2004

1. The susceptibility of mice to the lethal effect of preparations containing the oxygen-labile hemolysin (streptolysin O) of group A hemolytic streptococci has been studied. Injection of a single sublethal dose of the streptococcal preparation causes the development of resistance to the effect of a lethal dose injected subsequently.

2. Resistance is demonstrable 3 to 6 hours after the injection of the streptococcal preparation, persists for approximately 30 hours, and then disappears.

3. Resistance induced by the streptococcal preparation, although relatively specific, is directed not only against the streptococcal preparation but also against saponin. Mice made refractory to the streptococcal preparation and to saponin exhibit normal susceptibility to a number of other toxic agents, with the possible exception of the alpha toxin of Cl. welchii.

4. Mice injected with a sublethal dose of saponin develop resistance to the effect of a lethal dose of either saponin or the streptococcal preparation.

5. Resistance depends upon processes distinct from those underlying classical antitoxic immunity.
ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Smith Margaret G. , Blattner Russell J. , Heys Florence M.
Published: June 2004

Transmission of the virus of St. Louis encephalitis to normal chickens by the bite of infected mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) has been demonstrated. Both experimentally infected and naturally infected mites were shown to be capable of transferring the virus of St. Louis encephalitis to chickens by bite. Virus is present in the blood of such chickens in small amounts, so that demonstration of viremia was possible only by utilizing chorioallantoic passage in hens' eggs. However, there is sufficient virus present in the blood for uninfected chicken mites to acquire the virus by feeding on chickens in which viremia has resulted from previous bite of infected mites. Thus it has been shown that the arachnid vector Dermanyssus gallinae is capable of transmitting the virus of St. Louis encephalitis to normal chickens by bite and that such chickens can serve as a source of virus for uninfected mites.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INFANT RHESUS MONKEYS TO POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS ADMINISTERED BY MOUTH
Authors: Horstmann Dorothy M. , Melnick Joseph L. , Ward Robert , Sá Fleitas M. José
Published: June 2004

Although rhesus monkeys have been generally regarded as refractory to infection with poliomyelitis virus administered by the oral route, two of seven infant rhesus developed paralytic poliomyelitis when fed murine-adapted strains of virus. Preliminary intranasal treatment with zinc sulfate and negative serial sections of the olfactory bulbs of the positive animals ruled out the possibility that infection occurred by way of the olfactory pathway.

Studies on the distribution of virus in the tissues of the infected animals yielded positive results in one animal only. In this instance, virus was widely distributed throughout the body being isolated from spinal cord, buccal mucosa, duodenal wall, colon contents, superficial lymph nodes, spleen, heart, and adrenals.
STEPWISE INTRATYPE TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS FROM R TO S BY WAY OF A VARIANT INTERMEDIATE IN CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCTION
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Krauss Marjorie R.
Published: June 2004

1. A variant intermediate between the classical R and S forms has been isolated by selective procedures from a rough strain of pneumococcus originally derived from Type II S.

2. The intermediate variant D39/Int53 is avirulent for mice, forms rough colonies, and does not possess a demonstrable capsule. However, it synthesizes SSSII which is immunologically indistinguishable from that produced by fully encapsulated pneumococcus Type II, though in much smaller amount. The polysaccharide is present as a surface component and as it exists in the cell is highly antigenic for rabbits.

3. An extract of the intermediate variant causes the transformation in vitro of an R strain into a variant resembling the intermediate in SSSII production but without any apparent alteration in the colonial characteristics of the R variant.

4. The intermediate variant is convertible in vivo, into a fully encapsulated strain of pneumococcus Type II. Transformation of the intermediate to a heterologous type of pneumococcus (Type III) was unsuccessful.

5. A method is described for the preparation of transforming extracts of pneumococci utilizing the massive growth of the organisms obtained in the presence of a large concentration of glucose.
PREPARATION FROM HUMAN RED CELLS OF A SUBSTANCE INHIBITING VIRUS HEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: deBurgh Patrick M. , Yu Pen-Chung , Howe Calderon , Bovarnick Max
Published: June 2004

Methods have been described for the extraction and purification of an agent inhibiting the hemagglutination of red cells by influenza (PR8) and mumps viruses. Human red cells have served as the chief source of the inhibitor but the latter has also been found in human lung.

The active extracts have been purified to the extent that 0.1 gamma of material suffices to inhibit one hemagglutinating dose of virus. Incomplete chemical characterization of the most highly purified fractions available indicates the presence of 2.6 per cent nitrogen, at least 50 per cent of polysaccharide, and no phosphorus. In the ultracentrifuge the purified preparation behaves as a polydisperse macromolecular substance.

The active material can be obtained from red cell stroma in an ether- and chloroform-soluble form which, on further treatment, can be converted into chloroform-insoluble material. It is possible that the former represents more closely the virus receptor as it exists in the red cell.

The purified inhibitor is inactivated on incubation with the virus at 37°C. The nature of this effect is being investigated.
STUDIES IN THE RELATION OF THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Harris T. N.
Published: June 2004

Complement-fixing antibodies to the cytoplasmic particles (CP) and to the S fraction of streptococcal nucleoproteins are present in normal human sera, the range of concentrations varying among the age groups.

The titer of these antibodies rises between the first half-week and the 3rd week of scarlet fever, in more than 80 per cent of the cases. The titers then remain elevated for at least 4 months.

In children, 91 per cent of the normal sera examined showed anti-CP titers up to 32; 87 per cent of sera in active rheumatic disease had titers above this level. Corresponding data with S fell in the same range of percentage distribution.

Anti-CP and anti-S titers remained elevated long after the rheumatic process had reached quiescence. No correlation of serologic titer with the degree of clinical activity was found in the case of either antibody.
NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Schneider Howard A.
Published: June 2004

The observation has been confirmed that the property of a "natural" diet of whole wheat and whole dried milk to promote a higher survival rate among a stock of outbred, genetically heterogeneous W-Swiss mice subjected to S. typhimurium infection, over that promoted by a "synthetic" diet, is dependent upon a relationship between avirulent and virulent members of the pathogen population.

This relationship has now been analyzed in terms of number (interacting doses) and time (interval between interacting doses). On any given diet survivorship has been demonstrated to be a function of the host's experience of the avirulent pathogen; increasing experience, either in dose or time, resulted in increasing survivorship. For a given set of interacting avirulent-virulent doses the rate at which survivorship rose was greater when the "natural" diet was fed than when the "synthetic" diet was fed. This difference in survivorship-increase rates gave rise to differences in survivorship between the two diets. These dietary differences ranged from minimal to maximal with increasing time, and then, as still more time elapsed, back to minimal again. In consequence an optimum time interval was found at which the dietary effect was maximal. This time interval was chosen for assay purposes. The assay method thus arrived at was tested repeatedly for reproducibility, and statistical analysis showed it to be reliable and capable of demonstrating a mean dietary difference in survivorship of 55 per cent.

The nature of the relationship established between avirulent and virulent S. typhimurium in mice has been discussed.