bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide meta-analysis of cognitive empathy: heritability, and correlates with sex, neuropsychiatric conditions and brain anatomy
Authors: Warrier Varun , Grasby Katrina , Uzefovsky Florina , Toro Roberto , Smith Paula , Chakrabarti Bhismadev , Khadake Jyoti , Mawbey-Adamson Eleanor , Litterman Nadia , Hottenga Jouke-Jan , Lubke Gitta , Boomsma Dorret I , Martin Nicholas G , Hatemi Peter K , Medland Sarah E , Hinds David A , Bourgeron Thomas , Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: October 2016

We conducted a genome-wide meta-analysis of cognitive empathy using the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test (Eyes Test) in 88,056 research volunteers of European Ancestry (44,574 females and 43,482 males) from 23andMe Inc., and an additional 1,497 research volunteers of European Ancestry (891 females and 606 males) from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study (BLTS). We confirmed a female advantage on the Eyes Test (Cohen’s d = 0.21, P < 2.2x10−16), and identified a locus in 3p26.1 that is associated with scores on the Eyes Test in females (rs7641347, Pmeta= 1.58 x 10−8). Common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explained 5.8% (95% CI: 0.45 - 0.72; P = 1.00 x 10−17) of the total trait variance in both sexes, and we identified a twin heritability of 0.28 (95% CI: 0.13-0.42). Finally, we identified significant genetic correlation between the Eyes Test and anorexia nervosa, measures of empathy (the Empathy Quotient), openness (NEO-Five Factor Inventory), and different measures of educational attainment and cognitive aptitude, and show that the genetic determinants of volumes of the dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) are positively correlated with the genetic determinants of performance on the Eyes Test.
Combining transcription factor binding affinities with open-chromatin data for accurate gene expression prediction
Authors: Schmidt Florian , Gasparoni Nina , Gasparoni Gilles , Gianmoena Kathrin , Cadenas Cristina , Polansky Julia K. , Ebert Peter , Nordström Karl , Barann Matthias , Sinha Anupam , Fröhler Sebastian , Xiong Jieyi , Amirabad Azim Dehghani , Ardakani Fatemeh Behjati , Hutter Barbara , Zipprich Gideon , Felder Bärbel , Eils Jürgen , Brors Benedikt , Chen Wei , Hengstler Jan G. , Hamann Alf , Lengauer Thomas , Rosenstiel Philip , Walter Jörn , Schulz Marcel H.
Published: October 2016

The binding and contribution of transcription factors (TF) to cell specific gene expression is often deduced from open-chromatin measurements to avoid costly TF ChIP-seq assays. Thus, it is important to develop computational methods for accurate TF binding prediction in open-chromatin regions (OCRs). Here, we report a novel segmentation-based method, TEPIC, to predict TF binding by combining sets of OCRs with position weight matrices. TEPIC can be applied to various open-chromatin data, e.g. DNaseI-seq and NOMe-seq. Additionally, Histone-Marks (HMs) can be used to identify candidate TF binding sites. TEPIC computes TF affinities and uses open-chromatin/HM signal intensity as quantitative measures of TF binding strength. Using machine learning, we find low affinity binding sites to improve our ability to explain gene expression variability compared to the standard presence/absence classification of binding sites. Further, we show that both footprints and peaks capture essential TF binding events and lead to a good prediction performance. In our application, gene-based scores computed by TEPIC with one open-chromatin assay nearly reach the quality of several TF ChIP-seq datasets. Finally, these scores correctly predict known transcriptional regulators as illustrated by the application to novel DNaseI-seq and NOMe-seq data for primary human hepatocytes and CD4+ T-cells, respectively.
Ultrafast Laser-Probing Spectrocopy for Studying Molecular Structure of Polymeric Proteins
Authors: Jung Huihun , Szwejkowski Chester J. , Pena-Francesch Abdon , Allen Benjamin , Özdemir Şahin Kaya , Hopkins Patrick , Demirel Melik C.
Published: October 2016

We report the development of a new technique to screen protein crystallinity quantitatively based on laser-probing spectroscopy with sub-picosecond resolution. First, we show theoretically that the temperature dependence of the refractive index of a polymeric protein is correlated to its crystallinity. Then, we performed time-domain thermo-transmission experiments on purified semi-crystalline proteins, both native and recombinant (i.e., silk and squid ring teeth), and also on intactE. colicells bearing overexpressed recombinant protein. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, quantification of crystallinity in real time for polymeric proteins. Our approach can potentially be used for screening an ultra-large number of polymeric proteinsin vivo.
Reactive Oxygen Species Regulate Activity-Dependent Neuronal Structural Plasticity inDrosophila
Authors: Oswald Matthew C. W. , Brooks Paul S. , Zwart Maarten F. , Mukherjee Amrita , West Ryan J. H. , Morarach Khomgrit , Sweeney Sean T. , Landgraf Matthias
Published: October 2016

Neurons are inherently plastic, adjusting their structure, connectivity and excitability in response to changes in activity. How neurons sense changes in their activity level and then transduce these to structural changes remains to be fully elucidated. Working with theDrosophilalarval locomotor network, we show that neurons use reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolic byproducts, to monitor their activity. ROS signals are both necessary and sufficient for activity-dependent structural adjustments of both pre- and postsynaptic terminals and for network output, as measured by larval crawling behavior. We find the highly conserved Parkinson’s disease-linked protein DJ-1ß acts as a redox sensor in neurons where it regulates pre- and postsynaptic structural plasticity, in part via modulation of the PTEN-PI3Kinase pathway. Neuronal ROS thus play an important physiological role as second messengers required for neuronal and network tuning, whose dysregulation in the ageing brain and under neurodegenerative conditions may contribute to synaptic dysfunction.
Market potential and determinants for eco-smart furniture attending consumers of the third age
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis , Trigkas Marios , Karagouni Glykeria , Papadopoulou Aikaterini , Moraiti Vasiliki , Tripolitsioti Aikaterini , Platogianni Evanthia
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to discuss some of the findings of an ongoing “Green & Smart Furniture” (GSF) research project. It actually focuses on third-age consumers’ behavior and interest in purchasing smart and eco-friendly wooden furniture, providing some critical implications for the successful design and production of GSF products in the framework of innovation and differentiation.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology is based on empirical data gathered from consumer research across Greece. The target group for “smart and eco furniture”, under the context of the present research, has to do with the third age, following the claims of many researchers that market orientation is essential for innovation success.

Findings

The present research promotes the development of innovation for furniture manufacturing industries, opening a new pathway in confronting the difficulties and strong competition. Firms should redesign their strategy, focusing on differentiation by including innovative products in their portfolio with high added value.

Originality/value

The present research is a prototype for the Greek and European furniture market, one designed to answer certain relevant questions regarding the drivers of innovation for the specific sector and the specific target group.
Internationalisation of firms from Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Caputo Andrea , Matteo Pellegrini Massimiliano , Dabic Marina , Paul Dana Leo
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the literature addressing internationalisation of firms from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents an inter-disciplinary systematic review of literature about the internationalisation of firms from CEE.

Findings

Three different clusters of research were identified. In the “Internationalisation Processes” cluster, containing many comparative studies, the focus is on specific approaches adopted by local firms in the process of internationalisation. One of the leitmotivs is the dichotomy between hostile home-country factors that create the need for internationalisation and market-seeking motives that guide the search for international expansion. The “Internationalisation Variables” cluster aims to explain the reasons of success or failure of internationalisation processes and strategies; this cluster focuses on possible facilitating or hindering aspects experienced by CEE firms and one often-cited element is the firm’s network. Finally, the “Internationalisation Outcomes” cluster assumes a reverse approach when compared to the other two clusters. Indeed, the internationalisation phenomenon can also be studied in terms of its effect on the firm; the elements sought in these types of studies are both potential benefits and risks associated with internationalisation in CEE countries. The latter category in particular gives rise to interesting questions for future research.

Originality/value

Given that large, developed economies tend to receive much academic interest and that smaller transitional economies are not always adequately represented in the scientific discussion, this paper contributes to the literature on internationalisation.
Understanding social enterprises in the United Kingdom: the case of South Yorkshire
Authors: Mswaka Walter , Armindo dos Santos de Sousa Teodósio , Cai Huifen , Louws Margie
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This study aims to analyse the development of social enterprises in the UK, in the context of the increased need for creative solutions to ameliorate deprivation and deliver effective public services.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation draws on a mixed method approach from a postal survey of 102 social enterprises complemented by detailed analysis of two selected cases and key informant interviews.

Findings

The results of the study show that there is a paradigm shift in the practice and conceptualisation of social enterprises in South Yorkshire, as they are increasingly taking a more corporate approach to achieve their outcomes.

Research limitations/implications

The study is limited to social enterprises in South Yorkshire, UK. Further comparative analysis in other regions and social contexts is required to explore if these results are widely applicable.

Practical implications

This study is of potential benefit to researchers and those involved in formulating policies for the development and support of social enterprise.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the extant literature by investigation of the development of social enterprise in competitive markets, which is an area that requires further academic scrutiny. The South Yorkshire region presents an interesting case that extends our understanding of the operations of social enterprises in the UK, given the high levels of deprivation because of the steady decline of its industrial base (Bache and Chapman, 2008).
Application of learning technologies to promote holistic thinking and consensus building in global studies
Authors: Trieb Carolin-Anna
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Acting in an increasingly complex and dynamic global world requires students to analyze and discuss professionally many of the international challenges that the world is facing due to globalization. The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the implementation of information and learning technologies (ILTs) in the practical case of the web-based negotiation game “Surfing Global Change (SGC),” which fosters holistic thinking and consensus building. The paper analyzes the technological and social processes during the game and provides a brief overview of its content, in this case the migration and refugee crisis in Austria in 2015.

Design/methodology/approach

Review and evaluation of the social and technological processes connected to SGC by one participating student, in this case the author of this paper, to enhance students’ points of view on ILTs.

Findings

The implementation of ILTs in university learning environments enhances student motivation and optimizes learning experiences. By slipping into different roles, taking perspectives and finding a consensus, SGC fosters holistic thinking, sensitivity, negotiation and problem-solving skills, which are essential in a variety of multi-cultural settings.

Research limitations/implications

The results obtained are based on a single case study and a single student’s viewpoint. According to the rules of SGC, the chapter that focuses on the case study, i.e., the refugee and migration crisis in Austria, is written from the perspective of the stakeholder “concerned citizen” and does not necessarily reflect the personal opinion of the author.

Originality/value

Participants’ perspectives of, experiences with and evaluations of ILTs are essential to improve the quality of web-based learning tools, such as SGC.
A hybrid approach for supporting adaptivity in e-learning environments
Authors: Al-Omari Mohammad , Carter Jenny , Chiclana Francisco
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify a framework to support adaptivity in e-learning environments. The framework reflects a novel hybrid approach incorporating the concept of the event-condition-action (ECA) model and intelligent agents. Moreover, a system prototype is developed reflecting the hybrid approach to supporting adaptivity in any given learning management system based on learners’ learning styles.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper offers a brief review of current frameworks and systems to support adaptivity in e-learning environments. A framework to support adaptivity is designed and discussed, reflecting the hybrid approach in detail. A system prototype is developed incorporating different adaptive features based on the Felder-Silverman learning styles model. Finally, the prototype is implemented in Moodle.

Findings

The system prototype supports real-time adaptivity in any given learning management system based on learners’ learning styles. It can deal with any type of content provided by course designers and instructors in the learning management system. Moreover, it can support adaptivity at both course and learner levels.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous work has been done incorporating the concept of the ECA model and intelligent agents as hybrid architecture to support adaptivity in e-learning environments. The system prototype has wider applicability and can be adapted to support different types of adaptivity.
Testing moderating effects in PLS path models with composite variables
Authors: Fassott Georg , Henseler Jörg , Coelho Pedro S.
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain how to model moderating effects of composites using partial least squares (PLS) path modeling. It provides the methodological underpinning of moderating effects in general and describes the various approaches for forming the interaction term, i.e., the product indicator approach, the two-stage approach, and orthogonalization.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses the use of standardized vs unstandardized construct scores and introduces spotlight analysis as a useful way to report findings.

Findings

Researchers should rely on unstandardized estimates when analyzing moderating effects. Centering or orthogonalization can help improve the interpretability of path coefficients.

Practical implications

PLS software implementations should facilitate unstandardized estimates.

Originality/value

This paper formulates step by step guidelines for analyzing moderating effects of composites using PLS path modeling. It is the first to propose spotlight analysis for PLS path modeling.
Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results
Authors: Ringle Christian M. , Sarstedt Marko
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) and explain how to use it in the context of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). A case study, drawing on the IPMA module implemented in the SmartPLS 3 software, illustrates the results generation and interpretation.

Design/methodology/approach

The explications first address the principles of the IPMA and introduce a systematic procedure for its use, followed by a detailed discussion of each step. Finally, a case study on the use of technology shows how to apply the IPMA in empirical PLS-SEM studies.

Findings

The IPMA gives researchers the opportunity to enrich their PLS-SEM analysis and, thereby, gain additional results and findings. More specifically, instead of only analyzing the path coefficients (i.e. the importance dimension), the IPMA also considers the average value of the latent variables and their indicators (i.e. performance dimension).

Research limitations/implications

An IPMA is tied to certain requirements, which relate to the measurement scales, variable coding, and indicator weights estimates. Moreover, the IPMA presumes linear relationships. This research does not address the computation and interpretation of non-linear dependencies.

Practical implications

The IPMA is particularly useful for generating additional findings and conclusions by combining the analysis of the importance and performance dimensions in practical PLS-SEM applications. Thereby, the IPMA allows for prioritizing constructs to improve a certain target construct. Expanding the analysis to the indicator level facilitates identifying the most important areas of specific actions. These results are, for example, particularly important in practical studies identifying the differing impacts that certain construct dimensions have on phenomena such as technology acceptance, corporate reputation, or customer satisfaction.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to offer researchers a tutorial and annotated example of an IPMA. Based on a state-of-the-art review of the technique and a detailed explanation of the method, this paper introduces a systematic procedure for running an IPMA. A case study illustrates the analysis, using the SmartPLS 3 software.
Insights into the complexity of behaviours: the MOAB framework
Authors: Parkinson Joy , Schuster Lisa , Russell-Bennett Rebekah
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to integrate existing thinking and provide new insights into the complexity of behaviours to improve understanding of the nature of these behaviours. This paper expands social marketing theory by introducing the Motivation–Opportunity–Ability–Behaviour (MOAB) framework to assist in understanding the nature of social marketing behaviours by extending the Motivation–Opportunity–Ability (MOA) framework.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper that proposes the MOAB framework to understand the complexity of behaviours.

Findings

This new tool will provide social marketers with an improved understanding of the differences between behaviours targeted by social marketers. Specifically, it provides a definition and application of complexity in social marketing that will facilitate the development of consumer insights and subsequent social marketing programs that more sufficiently account for the complexity of target behaviours.

Research limitations/implications

This proposed MOAB framework offers a foundation for future research to expand upon. Further research is recommended to empirically test the proposed framework.

Originality/value

This paper seeks to advance the theoretical base of social marketing by providing new insights to understand the nature of the behaviour in social marketing to assist social marketers to move beyond attempts to treat all behaviours as if they are the same.
HDMR technology for the aircraft metal part
Authors: Hai-ou Zhang , Wang Rui , Liang Liye , Gui-lan Wang
Published: October 2016

Purpose

The paper aims to introduce the fabrication of a medium steel aircraft part by hybrid deposition and micro-rolling technology (HDMR) and illustrate its advantages, microstructure features and mechanical properties of the part.

Design/methodology/approach

The HDMR technology contains two procedures happening almost at the same time: the welding deposition procedure and then the micro-rolling procedure. It takes the gas metal arc welding as the heat source to melt a metal wire and deposit metal in the welding deposition procedure. The metal just deposited is rolled synchronously by a micro roller following the welding torch in micro-rolling procedure almost at the same time layer by layer. The paper presents a contrast of the grain morphology of metal parts produced respectively by HDMR and freedom arc deposition (FAD) and the mechanical properties of metal parts of the same metal from HDMR casting, forging and FAD methods.

Findings

HDMR breaks the dendrite grain of welding beads into the fine crisscross grains. The mechanical properties of metal parts are improved distinctly by the micro-rolling procedure compared to casting, forging and FAD.

Practical implications

In addition, the application of HDMR technology has succeeded in the fabrication of an eligible aircraft metal part, which is quite difficult to achieve using other additive manufacturing (AM) or casting technologies.

Originality/value

HDMR has the advantage of equiponderance manufacturing by micro-rolling compared to other AM technologies. The metal part fabricated by HDMR technology obtains the fine crisscross grains and brings hope for AM metal components with excellent mechanical properties for aircraft applications.
Observation of impact energy absorption performance on idealised trabecular forms in laser sintered nylon
Authors: McCardle John Richard , Bunyan Joe
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate whether the trabecular architecture found in natural bone can be effectively replicated through the selective laser sintering process of Nylon P2200.

Design/methodology/approach

Trabecular bone was idealised into a scaled up hexagonal cell proven to replicate the natural structure. The structure was modelled in Solidworks 2013 to form a network of interlinking cells. The specific property analysed was the structure toughness through the measurement of the energy absorbed before sample fracture.

Findings

It was found that the impact absorption can be increased with the integration of a greater number of trabecular cells producing a finer resolution and not necessarily by increasing the trabecular size. The information gained from this research may be useful in the design of impact and shock absorbing components, with an emphasis on efficient use of material mass.

Research limitations/implications

Designers and engineers may find biomimetic methods of absorbing shock and impact an efficient alternative consideration in design applications.

Practical implications

The trabecular architecture should be designed so as to be weaker than the bounding surfaces, ensuring that the individual trabecular experience failure first, maximising their energy absorbing capability through increasing the period of deceleration. The simplest way of doing this is to ensure the rod thickness is less than the bounding material thickness.

Originality/value

This work documents original testing of both the RP material and consolidated design of samples of idealised bone structures. It builds on previous work in the area and through the results of empirical testing, derives recommendations for further considerations in this area of design and manufacture of biomimetic structures.
Agile, online supply chains
Authors: Weeks Kelly
Published: October 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach

Viewpoint.

Findings

Fisher reports an increase in mobile and work-at-home jobs occurred in 2013. This trend is expected to continue as companies strive to be more competitive on a global scale. Service-oriented firms are not the only ones to benefit from supply chain flexibility strategies. Apple and Dell are both wildly successful and are considered highly flexible firms. One general complaint from all virtual workers is connectivity issues. This is inherent with the position. Locations in third world countries are more susceptible to online issues. If a constant source of electricity or internet availability is an issue, it goes without saying that workers’ productivity will be affected. So far, this potential downfall has not proven a major problem for companies. Will other companies follow the leader and begin using more remote access positions within their firms? If they value the knowledge from benchmarking, then yes. Rather they should, as long as they possess the needed resources.

Practical implications

The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations.

Originality/value

The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
Association of IL‐37 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Saudi subjects
Authors: Allam Gamal , Mohamed Imad A.A. , Alswat Khaled A. , Abbadi Said H. , Nassif Raad , Alharthi Bader J. , Nasr Amre
Published: October 2016

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide. IL‐37, a novel member of the IL‐1 family, has anti‐inflammatory activity. Various cytokine genes polymorphisms are reportedly associated with susceptibility to TB infection. However, an association between genetic variations in the IL‐37 gene and susceptibility to TB infection has not been investigated. The aim of this case‐control study was therefore to identify such an association in Saudi subjects, in which five single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL‐37 gene were assessed. Serum concentrations of IL‐37 were evaluated using ELISA, and genetic variants genotyped by multiplex PCR and ligase detection reaction. It was found that the C/C genotype of rs2723176 (–6962 A/C) occurs significantly more frequently in patients with active TB and that the C allele of this SNP is associated with TB. In addition, the C allele of rs2723176 SNP was associated with high circulating concentrations of IL‐37. However, the genotype and allele frequency of the other four SNPs (rs3811046, rs3811047, rs2723186 and rs2723187) were not significantly associated with TB infection. In conclusion, the present data suggest that rs2723176 SNP of IL‐37 is involved in the development of TB infection. Furthermore, high circulating concentrations of IL‐37 may have a negative effect on protective immunity against TB infection.
Brexit, Private Equity and Management
Authors: Wright Mike , Wilson Nick , Gilligan John , Bacon Nick , Amess Kevin
Published: October 2016

We analyse the expected impact of Brexit on private equity and its implications for management research. Specifically, we explore the implications for private equity funds and funding, and at the portfolio firm level with respect to employment and performance.
How adults with a profound intellectual disability engage others in interaction
Authors: Antaki Charles , Crompton Rebecca J. , Walton Chris , Finlay W.M.L.
Published: October 2016

Using video records of everyday life in a residential home, we report on what interactional practices are used by people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities to initiate encounters. There were very few initiations, and all presented difficulties to the interlocutor (support staff; the recording researcher); one (which we call ‘blank recipiency’) gave the interlocutor virtually no information at all on which to base a response. Only when the initiation was of a new phase in an interaction already under way (for example, the initiation of an alternative trajectory of a proposed physical move) was it likely to be successfully sustained. We show how interlocutors responded to initiations verbally, as if to neuro‐typical speakers – but inappropriately for people unable to comprehend, or to produce well‐fitted next turns. This mis‐reliance on ordinary speakers’ conversational practices was one factor that contributed to residents abandoning the interaction in almost all cases. We discuss the dilemma confronting care workers.
Conceptual Framework for the National Flood Interoperability Experiment
Authors: Maidment David R.
Published: October 2016

The National Flood Interoperability Experiment is a research collaboration among academia, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Weather Service, and government and commercial partners to advance the application of the National Water Model for flood forecasting. In preparation for a Summer Institute at the National Water Center in June‐July 2015, a demonstration version of a near real‐time, high spatial resolution flood forecasting model was developed for the continental United States. The river and stream network was divided into 2.7 million reaches using the National Hydrography Dataset Plus geospatial dataset and it was demonstrated that the runoff into these stream reaches and the discharge within them could be computed in 10 min at the Texas Advanced Computing Center. This study presents a conceptual framework to connect information from high‐resolution flood forecasting with real‐time observations and flood inundation mapping and planning for local flood emergency response.
Characterizing restriction enzyme‐associated loci in historic ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) voucher specimens using custom‐designed RNA probes
Authors: Sánchez Barreiro Fátima , Vieira Filipe G. , Martin Michael D. , Haile James , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Wales Nathan
Published: October 2016

Population genetic studies of nonmodel organisms frequently employ reduced representation library (RRL) methodologies, many of which rely on protocols in which genomic DNA is digested by one or more restriction enzymes. However, because high molecular weight DNA is recommended for these protocols, samples with degraded DNA are generally unsuitable for RRL methods. Given that ancient and historic specimens can provide key temporal perspectives to evolutionary questions, we explored how custom‐designed RNA probes could enrich for RRL loci (Restriction Enzyme‐Associated Loci baits, or REALbaits). Starting with genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data generated on modern common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) specimens, we designed 20 000 RNA probes to target well‐characterized genomic loci in herbarium voucher specimens dating from 1835 to 1913. Compared to shotgun sequencing, we observed enrichment of the targeted loci at 19‐ to 151‐fold. Using our GBS capture pipeline on a data set of 38 herbarium samples, we discovered 22 813 SNPs, providing sufficient genomic resolution to distinguish geographic populations. For these samples, we found that dilution of REALbaits to 10% of their original concentration still yielded sufficient data for downstream analyses and that a sequencing depth of ~7m reads was sufficient to characterize most loci without wasting sequencing capacity. In addition, we observed that targeted loci had highly variable rates of success, which we primarily attribute to similarity between loci, a trait that ultimately interferes with unambiguous read mapping. Our findings can help researchers design capture experiments for RRL loci, thereby providing an efficient means to integrate samples with degraded DNA into existing RRL data sets.
Long‐term declines of native trees in an oceanic island's tropical forests invaded by alien plants
Authors: Florens F.B. Vincent , Baider Cláudia , Seegoolam Nooshruth B. , Zmanay Zeyn , Strasberg Dominique
Published: October 2016

Question

How did the native and alien woody plant communities of protected lowland wet forests of a tropical oceanic island change in the presence of understorey invasive alien plants over the medium (21–27 yrs) and longer term (68 yrs)?

Location

Bel Ombre, Brise Fer and Macchabé forests in the Black River Gorges National Park (BRGNP), Mauritius (20°22′10″–20°28′17″ S, 57°24′45″–57°27′12″ E).

Methods

Random and replicated vegetation plots were sampled in two protected forest areas whose communities of woody plants were surveyed 21 and 27 yrs previously, and in another protected and similar forest that was surveyed 68 yrs earlier, to identify species and measure stem diameters so as to permit comparisons at the three sites over these time periods.

Results

Invasion by woody alien plants has progressed through time at all three sites, comprised mostly of the understorey and shade‐tolerant Strawberry guava (Psidium cattleianum). Concomitantly, although reductions in native woody plant species richness of large trees (≥10 cmDBH) were not statistically significant at the community level, their densities and basal area had roughly halved in 68 yrs. Comparisons with the studies 21–27 yrs previously confirmed the tendency towards a reduction in density of larger trees, besides indicating a trend towards decline in species richness of smaller understorey trees.

Conclusion

An unabated replacement of native by alien trees over the longer term is occurring in protected areas of the lowland wet forests of theBRGNPand presumably in other similarly invaded areas. Our work stresses the importance of long‐term monitoring in elucidating impacts of invasive alien plants at the community level, particularly when dealing with slow‐growing and long‐lived species. Plausible mechanisms bringing about the observed changes and that have been found at the same or similar sites, include reduced regeneration, growth, production of flowers and fruits and increased mortality of native trees when these grow among invasive alien plants. The control of invasive alien plants, where they invade tropical forests, should be a central conservation objective even in better preserved and well protected areas.
Changes in the tumor microenvironment during lymphatic metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ikemura Shinnosuke , Aramaki Nao , Fujii Satoshi , Kirita Keisuke , Umemura Shigeki , Matsumoto Shingo , Yoh Kiyotaka , Niho Seiji , Ohmatsu Hironobu , Kuwata Takeshi , Kojima Motohiro , Ochiai Atsushi , Betsuyaku Tomoko , Tsuboi Masahiro , Goto Koichi , Ishii Genichiro
Published: October 2016

Metastasis and growth in neoplastic lesions requires the multistep regulation of microenvironmental factors. We aimed to elucidate the microenvironmental changes in the process of lymphatic metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma. We examined the morphological characteristics of 102 cases of primary tumor (PT), 50 of intralymphatic tumor (ILT), 51 of lymph node (LN) micrometastasis (LN‐Mic; ≤2 mm in size), and 82 of LN macrometastasis (LN‐Mac; ≥10 mm in size). Afterwards we evaluated the expression of nine molecules (epidermal growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, CD44, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, Podoplanin, E‐cadherin, S100A4, geminin, and ezrin) in matched PT, ILT, LN‐Mic, and LN‐Mac from 23 of these cases. The number of smooth muscle actin α‐positive fibroblasts, CD34‐positive microvessels and CD204‐positive macrophages were also examined. As a result, the mitotic index of tumor cells was significantly lower in ILT and LN‐Mic than PT and LN‐Mac (P < 0.001). Moreover, stromal reaction in ILT and LN‐Mic was less prominent than in PT and LN‐Mac (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical study revealed that epidermal growth factor receptor expression level and frequency of geminin‐positive cells in ILT and LN‐Mic were significantly lower than in PT and LN‐Mac (P < 0.05). The number of stromal cells indicated by staining of CD34, CD204, and smooth muscle actin α in ILT and LN‐Mic was also significantly lower than in PT and LN‐Mac (P < 0.05). In lung squamous cell carcinoma, drastic microenvironmental changes (e.g., growth factor receptor expression and proliferative capacity of tumor cells and structural changes in stromal cells) occur during both the process of lymphatic permeation and the progression into macrometastases.
Power Difference and Risk Perception: Mapping Vulnerability within the Decision Process of Pregnant Women towards Clinical Trial Participation in an Urban Middle‐Income Setting
Authors: Den hollander Geerte C. , Browne Joyce l. , Arhinful Daniel , van der Graaf Rieke , Klipstein‐Grobusch Kerstin
Published: October 2016

To address the burden of maternal morbidity and mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), research with pregnant women in these settings is increasingly common. Pregnant women in LMIC‐context may experience vulnerability related to giving consent to participate in a clinical trial. To recognize possible layers of vulnerability this study aims to identify factors that influence the decision process towards clinical trial participation of pregnant women in an urban middle‐income setting. This qualitative research used participant observation, in‐depth interviews, and focus group discussion with medical staff and pregnant women eligible for trial participation, at a regional hospital in Accra, Ghana. Besides lack of familiarity with modern scientific concepts, specific factors influencing the decision‐making process were identified. These include a wide power difference between health provider and patient, and a different perception of risk through externalization of responsibility of risk management within a religious context as well as a context shaped by authority. Also, therapeutic misconception was observed. The combination of these factors ensued women to rely on the opinion of the medical professional, rather than being guided by their own motivation to participation. Although being a (pregnant) woman per se should not render the label of being vulnerable, this study shows there are factors that influence the decision process of pregnant woman towards trial participation in a LMIC context that can result in vulnerability. The identification of context‐specific factors that can create vulnerability facilitates adaptation of the design and conduct of research in a culturally competent manner.
Effects of advanced carbohydrate counting guided by an automated bolus calculator in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (StenoABC): a 12‐month, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Hommel E. , Schmidt S. , Vistisen D. , Neergaard K. , Gribhild M. , Almdal T. , Nørgaard K.
Published: October 2016

Aims

To test whether concomitant use of an automated bolus calculator for people with Type 1 diabetes carrying out advanced carbohydrate counting would induce further improvements in metabolic control.

Methods

We conducted a 12‐month, randomized, parallel‐group, open‐label, single‐centre, investigator‐initiated clinical study. We enrolled advanced carbohydrate counting‐naïve adults with Type 1 diabetes and HbA1c levels 64–100 mmol/mol (8.0–11.3%), who were receiving multiple daily insulin injection therapy. In a 1:1‐ratio, participants were randomized to receive training in either advanced carbohydrate counting using mental calculations (MC group) or advanced carbohydrate counting using an automated bolus calculator (ABC group) during a 3.5‐h group training course. For 12 months after training, participants attended a specialized diabetes centre quarterly. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c from baseline to 12 months.

Results

Between August 2012 and September 2013, 168 participants (96 men and 72 women) were recruited and randomly assigned to the MC group (n = 84) and the ABC group (n = 84). Drop‐out rates were 23.8 and 21.4%, respectively (P = 0.712); 130 participants completed the study. The baseline HbA1c was 75 ± 9 mmol/mol (9.0 ± 0.8%) in the MC group and 74 ± 8 mmol/mol (8.9 ± 0.7%) in the ABC group. At 12 months, change in HbA1c was significant within both groups: MC group: ‐2 mmol/mol (95% CI ‐4 to ‐1) or ‐0.2% (95% CI ‐0.4 to ‐0.1; P = 0.017) and ABC group: ‐5 mmol/mol (95% CI ‐6 to ‐3) or ‐0.5% (95% CI ‐0.6 to ‐0.3; P < 0.0001), but HbA1c reductions were significantly greater in the ABC group (P = 0.033). No episodes of severe hypoglycaemia were reported.

Conclusions

People with Type 1 diabetes initiating advanced carbohydrate counting obtained significantly greater HbA1c reductions when guided by an automated bolus calculator (NCT02084498).
BRIDES FOR SALE: CROSS‐BORDER MARRIAGES AND FEMALE IMMIGRATION
Authors: Kawaguchi Daiji , Lee Soohyung
Published: October 2016

Developed East Asian countries import a large number of women from abroad as brides every year, although such cross‐border marriages virtually did not exist 20 years ago. With a theoretical framework and empirical evidence, we argue that developed Asian countries' demand for foreign brides is the consequence of improvement in women's economic status and gender‐discriminative household arrangements that insufficiently incorporate women's improved status in marriage. We offer sets of empirical evidence in line with our argument, using various macro‐ and microlevel datasets. (JEL A12, J12, J61)
Progesterone analogue protects stressed photoreceptors via bFGF‐mediated calcium influx
Authors: Wyse‐Jackson Alice C. , Roche Sarah L. , Ruiz‐Lopez Ana M. , Moloney Jennifer N. , Byrne Ashleigh M. , Cotter Thomas G.
Published: October 2016

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a degenerative retinal disease leading to photoreceptor cell loss. In 2011, our group identified the synthetic progesterone ‘Norgestrel’ as a potential treatment for RP. Subsequent research showed Norgestrel to work through progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) activation and upregulation of neuroprotective basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Using trophic factor deprivation of 661W photoreceptor‐like cells, we aimed to further elucidate the mechanism leading to Norgestrel‐induced neuroprotection. In the present manuscript, we show by flow cytometry and live‐cell immunofluorescence that Norgestrel induces an increase in cytosolic calcium in both healthy and stressed 661Ws over 24 h. Specific PGRMC1 inhibition by AG205 (1 μm) showed this rise to be PGRMC1‐dependent, primarily utilizing calcium from extracellular sources, for blockade of L‐type calcium channels by verapamil (50 μm) prevented a Norgestrel‐induced calcium influx in stressed cells. Calcium influx was also shown to be bFGF‐dependent, for siRNA knock down of bFGF prevented Norgestrel‐PGRMC1 induced changes in cytosolic calcium. Notably, we demonstrate PGRMC1‐activation is necessary for Norgestrel‐induced bFGF upregulation. We propose that Norgestrel protects through the following pathway: binding to and activating PGRMC1 expressed on the surface of photoreceptor cells, PGRMC1 activation drives bFGF upregulation and subsequent calcium influx. Importantly, raised intracellular calcium is critical to Norgestrel's protective efficacy, for extracellular calcium chelation by EGTA abrogates the protective effects of Norgestrel on stressed 661W cells in vitro.
Joint Action and the Expression of Shared Intentions: An Expanded Taylorian Account
Authors: Bowden Sean
Published: October 2016

After having identified several shortcomings of the so‐called ‘standard accounts’ of shared intentions, this paper will develop a novel framework for understanding such intentions. The framework to be advanced hinges on a notion of ‘expression’, as well as on the claim that shared intentions are expressed—that is, manifested, grasped, shaped and clarified—throughout the unfolding of the joint actions they animate, as well as in the various expressive activities and behaviours that accompany joint action. This claim will be defended with particular reference to the work of Charles Taylor on expression, as well as recent work on embodied cognition.
TLR4‐induced B7‐H1 on keratinocytes negatively regulates CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells responses in oral lichen planus
Authors: Zhang Jing , Tan Ya‐qin , Wei Ming‐hui , Ye Xiao‐jing , Chen Guan‐ying , Lu Rui , Du Ge‐fei , Zhou Gang
Published: October 2016

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune mucocutaneous disease affected by the interactions among the keratinocytes, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells. B7‐H1 induced by Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) can suppress T‐cell immune reaction, thereby resulting in immune tolerance. However, the role of TLR‐mediated B7‐H1 on keratinocytes in the immune response of OLP is still unknown. The present study showed that TLR4 could induce time‐coursed B7‐H1 expression on oral keratinocytes, and blocking NF‐κB or PI3K/mTOR pathway downregulated B7‐H1 transcriptional expression. Moreover, TLR4‐stimulated oral keratinocytes inhibited the proliferation of OLP CD4+ T cells and OLP CD8+ T cells, and simultaneously prompted their apoptosis. Blockade of keratinocyte‐associated B7‐H1 restored the declined proliferation of OLP CD4+ T cells and OLP CD8+ T cells, and prevented their increased apoptosis. Therefore, TLR4‐upregulated B7‐H1 on keratinocytes could decelerate immune responses of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in OLP.
A methodology for assessing the effect of portfolio management on NPD performance based on Bayesian network scenarios
Authors: Yang Ying , Xu Dong‐Ling
Published: October 2016

Firm growth and profitability come primarily from new product development. Portfolio management has been emphasized in improving new product development (NPD) performance under multiple project environments. However, few researchers have demonstrated the consequence of different combinations of portfolio management practices on NPD performance. In this study, a decision support methodology based on Bayesian network scenarios is used to simulate the effect of portfolio management on NPD performance in uncertain environments. Firstly, portfolio management factors are identified and performance criteria determined. And then, the causal relationships among the factors are modelled within similar time frames, and a Bayesian network model is developed by parameter learning from data. A case study is carried out for project/portfolio managers in Chinese firms. The most informative factors affecting NPD performance are identified by sensitive analysis, and the best and worst scenarios with different combinations of portfolio management practices are analysed. The study extends the application of Bayesian networks to assess the performance under changing conditions and highlights some managerial suggestions to improve NPD performance.
Catching Them Before Too Much Damage is Done: Early Intervention with Resistance‐Refusal Dynamics
Authors: Greenberg Lyn R. , Doi Fick Lynda , Schnider Hon. Robert A.
Published: October 2016

Children often need help before their parents are ready to stop fighting. Children at the center of high‐conflict disputes, particularly those who resist contact with a parent, face extraordinary risks of maladjustment. Years of investigation and litigation may precede any meaningful attempt at intervention, based on the questionable belief that all elements of causality (or blame) must be established before any effective treatment can occur. Children's functioning may continue to deteriorate during this time, undermining their future adjustment and reducing the chance of successful intervention later. We illustrate the application of the coping‐focused, multisystemic Child Centered Conjoint Therapy model to assisting these families. Methods to assist children without compromising external investigations are discussed.