bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking the pith out of reality: a reflexive methodology for psychiatric nursing research
Authors: STEVENSON C.
Published: February 2008

Taking the pith out of reality: a reflexive methodology for psychiatric nursing research

Positivist knowledge, although well respected, is only one kind of knowing. Positivist methodology has made a partial contribution to knowledge of psychiatric nursing practice. Knowledge that relates directly to practice is the most sought after by practitioners themselves. Practitioners are in the best position to undertake ‘insider’ research that allows the process, rather than the outcome, of practice to be explored. A social constructionist approach is congruent with an insider research position. Social constructionism entails more tolerance concerning how we know our world. However, this tolerance breeds difficulty in evaluating research findings. Overall, knowing from practice is problematic. Tacit knowledge acquired through professional socialization is, by definition, difficult to articulate. Social realism deals with this issue by theorizing about mechanisms that would account for practice phenomena. However, social realism may simply represent a dilution of other inquiry positions without offering enough compensating strengths. A new methodology, based on reflexivity, is suggested. The researcher is required to continually reflect on her/his relation to the research process, both in relation to the choice of method and in the gathering and interpretation of data.
Literature and psychiatry: a mutually interested view
Authors: SMALE R.
Published: February 2008

Literature and psychiatry: a mutually interested view

This discussion paper addresses a perceived gap between nurses and literature. The author contends that nurses are suspicious of literature. As a consequence nurses are disadvantaged when works of fiction are dismissed in relation to their thinking and to elements of their professional practice in emotional work with the people who use mental health services. The author contends that a cloud of suspicion hangs over literature in many nurses' minds, and that a long conditioning of a practical, problem‐solving discipline obviates the need to read widely. Therefore the practical necessity of distinguishing between good or bad books, well or badly‐written books, and useful books is often not addressed. A parallel is to be drawn between a creative writer's construction of his/her characters and the psychiatric nurse/therapist's efforts to empathize with clients' experience, as either activity can be an emotional experience.
Behavioural and instrumental stressors in Dementia (BISID): refocussing the assessment of caregiver need in dementia
Authors: KEADY J. , NOLAN M.
Published: February 2008

Behavioural and Instrumental Stressors in Dementia (BISID): refocusing the assessment of caregiver need in dementia

The importance of supporting family carers of people with dementia is well accepted and is likely to remain one of the primary areas of intervention for mental health practitioners. This article argues for a holistic assessment of need prior to designing intervention strategies Such an assessment should include both objective and subjective stressors. Following discussion of a relevant theoretical approach to assessment, a new index for measuring behavioural and instrumental stressors is presented.
An equal struggle (psychodynamic assessment following repeated episodes of deliberate self harm)
Authors: JONES A.
Published: February 2008

An equal struggle (psychodynamic assessment following repeated episodes of deliberate self harm)

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a complex method of enabling a person to engage with life difficulties. This narrative paper investigates the value of psychodynamic psychotherapy within the framework of the ‘Health of the Nation’ document (Department of Health 1992). The paper explores an encounter with a young gay man who was admitted to the medical unit following an episode of deliberate self harm, in response to profound and thematic relationship difficulties. The writer (a liaison mental health nurse, working in a general hospital setting) examines the complexities of the transference, countertransference relationship. A case is made for the facilitation of choice as a primary goal of therapy. It is suggested that the inauguration of transference resolution is determined through an equitable relationship, in which therapist and client are engaged equally in the struggle toward understanding.

The paper concludes with the suggestion that psychotherapy is an appropriate and effective method for dealing with relational conflict. However, personal, temporal and social resources may not provide the client with what is, in Kleinian terms, a necessary holding environment. The assessment process nevertheless can provide important learning and enable significant changes to be made in supportive networks.
User involvement in the nursing curriculum: seeking users' views1
Authors: RUDMAN M. J.
Published: February 2008

User involvement in the nursing curriculum: seeking users' views

This qualitative study considers the views of users of mental health services on a pre‐registration nursing curriculum. Semistructured group interviews were used to gain the (illustrative of twenty members of two user groups on nursing knowledge, skills and qualities.

Interest in users' views has generally been belated or reluctant. In more recent literature, statements emerge about the need to develop a climate of respect, acceptance and sensitivity. While nurses have a central role in mental health care, a detailed examination from the user's perspective has been lacking. Despite the rhetoric of involvement, commentaries on nursing practice suggest little has changed.

Findings suggest an eclectic knowledge base that respects individual differences and the user's experience, knowledge of local communities, and better recognition of physical illness is required. ‘Knowledge of life’ is seen as important. An emphasis on interpersonal skills is suggested, including flexible responses, information‐giving, and sensitive handling of tense situations. This should be balanced against ‘practical’ nursing. Traditional teaching in relation to ‘psychotic’ experiences is challenged. It is suggested that caring should be emphasized as much as ‘rational knowledge’. Developing responsive qualities that minimize ‘distancing’ may demand a reevaluation of boundaries between user and professional.
Food and humidity affect sex pheromone ratios in the stink bug, Euschistus heros
Authors: MORAES MARIA C. B. , BORGES MIGUEL , PAREJA MARTÍN , VIEIRA HUGO G. , DE SOUZA SERENO FABIANA T. P. , LAUMANN RAÚL A.
Published: February 2008

Abstract Male stink bugs, Euschistus heros, only produce the three‐component sex pheromone blend consisting of methyl‐(2E,4Z)‐decadienoate, methyl‐2,4,6‐trimethyldodecanoate and methyl‐2,4,6‐trimethyltridecanoate in a constant ratio of 53 : 3 : 44, respectively, when provided with a food source (green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris). When volatiles are collected from insects with drinking water, humidified air, or under dry conditions, the insects stop producing two components (methyl‐2,4,6‐trimethyldodecanoate and methyl‐2,4,6‐trimethyltridecanoate) after 1 day and increase the amount of defensive compounds produced [e.g. (E)‐2‐hexenal, decane]. Methyl‐2,4,6‐trimethyltridecanoate is able to change the behaviour of females but not males. Dual‐choice olfactometer bioassays with synthetic standards of all three components, as well as the ternary mixture in the correct ratio, induce a response from females but not males, indicating that all three components have a role in sexual communication. Thus, the dietary conditions under which volatile collections are carried out are crucial for determination of the precise sex pheromone blend.
The accumulation of a Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from chickpea (TPI‐2) located in cell walls is increased in wounded leaves and elongating epicotyls
Authors: Jiménez Teresa , Martín Ignacio , Hernández‐Nistal Josefina , Labrador Emilia , Dopico Berta
Published: February 2008

Here, we report the identification and characterization of CaTPI‐2, which is a member of a Cicer arietinum gene family encoding Kunitz‐type proteinase inhibitors with at least two members –CaTPI‐1 and CaTPI‐2. The widespread mRNA accumulation of CaTPI‐2 in all the different organs of 4‐day‐old etiolated seedlings and in stem internodes differs from the more specific Cicer arietinum Trypsin Proteinase Inhibitor‐1 (CaTPI‐1) transcription. After the generation of polyclonal antibodies against the recombinant Trypsin Proteinase Inhibitor‐2 (TPI‐2) protein, the protein was located in the cell walls of vegetative organs. The decrease found in both transcription and TPI‐2 protein levels when the epicotyls aged, together with the wider and more intensive immunostaining of the protein in apical zones of epicotyls and radicles, in consonance with their higher elongation rate, indicated a relationship of the TPI‐2 protein with the elongation process. CaTPI‐2 mRNA levels were increased by wounding in both epicotyls and leaves. The accumulation of CaTPI‐2 mRNA in seedlings, which was further amplified by mechanical wounding in epicotyls and leaves, suggests the involvement of TPI‐2 in the response to wounds. Our results indicate that TPI‐2 protein has features different from those of the former characterized Trypsin Proteinase Inhibitor‐1 (TPI‐1), such as its different gene regulation under light, a different cellular location and its upregulation by wounding, which implies a function different from that of TPI‐1 in chickpea metabolism.
Activation pattern of the limbic system following spatial learning under stress
Authors: Kogan Inna , Richter‐Levin Gal
Published: February 2008

Anatomical evidence suggests an interplay between the dorsal CA1 of the hippocampus (CA1), the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and the entorhinal cortex (EC), but their specific interactions in the context of emotional memory remain obscure. Here, we sought to elucidate the activation pattern in these areas following spatial learning under different stress conditions in the Morris water maze, using cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) activation as a marker. Stress levels were manipulated by maintaining the water maze at one of two different temperatures: lower stress (warm water) or higher stress (cold water). Three groups of animals were tested under each condition: a Learning group, trained in the water maze with a hidden escape platform; a No‐Platform group, subjected to the maze without an escape platform; and a Naïve group. To evaluate the quality of the spatial memory formed, we also tested long‐term memory retention of the initial location of the platform following an interference procedure (reversal training). In the CA1 and EC, we found different CREB activation patterns for the lower‐ and higher‐stress groups. By contrast, in the BLA a similar pattern of activation was detected under both stress levels. The data reveal a difference in the sensitivity of the memory to interference, with reversal training interference affecting the memory of the initial platform location only under the higher‐stress condition. The results suggest that stress‐dependent alterations in limbic system activation patterns underlie differences in the quality of the memory formed.
COLONIALISM AND INDUSTRIALISATION: FACTORY LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY OF COLONIAL KOREA, 1913–37
Authors: Kim Duol , Park Ki‐Joo
Published: February 2008

Unlike other colonial economies, Korea industrialised rapidly during its colonial period, which past scholars attributed to the industrialisation policy directed by the Japanese colonial government between 1930 and 1945. Our analysis of factory labour productivity from 1913 to 1937 suggests significant revisions to this claim. Factory labour productivity as well as total production grew rapidly before the active intervention of the colonial government. In addition, Korean entrepreneurs invested heavily in their firms and successfully competed with Japanese entrepreneurs. We conjecture that the pre‐war experience of Korean entrepreneurs provided a critical foundation for the post‐colonial economic growth.
Selecting a Bond‐Pricing Model for Trading: Benchmarking, Pooling, and Other Issues
Authors: Sercu Piet , Vinaimont Tom
Published: February 2008

Abstract:  Does one make money trading on the deviations between observed bond prices and values proposed by bond‐pricing models? We extend Sercu and Wu's (1997) work to more models and more data, but we especially refine the methodology. In particular, we provide a normal‐return benchmark that markedly improves upon the Sercu‐Wu ones in terms of noisiness and bias, and we demonstrate that model errors contribute more to the variance of residuals—actual minus fitted prices—than pricing errors made by the market. Trading on the basis of deemed mispricing is profitable indeed no matter what model one uses. But there is remarkably little difference across models, at least when one re‐estimates and trades daily; and with pooling and/or longer holding periods the results seem to be all over the place, without any relation to various measures of fit in the estimation stage. We also derive and implement an estimator of how much of the typical deviation consists of mispricing and how much is model mis‐estimation or mis‐specification. Lastly, we find that pooled time‐series and cross‐sectional estimation, as applied by e.g., De Munnik and Schotman (1994), does help in stabilizing the parameter, but; hardly improves the trader's profits.
Can Voluntary Environmental Regulation Work in Developing Countries? Lessons from Case Studies
Authors: Blackman Allen
Published: February 2008

Hamstrung by weak institutions that undermine conventional environmental regulatory tools, policymakers in developing countries are increasingly turning to voluntary approaches. To date, however, there have appeared few evaluations of these policy experiments. To help fill this gap, we summarize arguments for and against the use of voluntary regulation in developing countries, review the nascent literature on the topic, and present case studies of agreements negotiated between regulators and leather tanners in an industrial city in Mexico, a national environmental audit program in Mexico, and a national public disclosure program in India. Admittedly few in number, these three case studies nevertheless suggest that although voluntary environmental regulation in developing countries is a risky endeavor, it is by no means doomed to failure. The risks can be minimized by emphasizing the dissemination of information about pollution and pollution abatement options and by avoiding voluntary approaches in certain situations—those where regulatory and nonregulatory pressures for improved environmental performance are weak and where polluters can block quantified targets, individual sanctions for noncompliance, and other widely accepted prerequisites of effective voluntary initiatives.
A New Role for Nuclear Transport Factor 2 and Ran: Nuclear Import of CapG
Authors: Van Impe Katrien , Hubert Thomas , De Corte Veerle , Vanloo Berlinda , Boucherie Ciska , Vandekerckhove Joël , Gettemans Jan
Published: February 2008

The small GTPase Ran plays a central role in nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nuclear transport of Ran itself depends on nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2). Here, we report that NTF2 and Ran control nuclear import of the filamentous actin capping protein CapG. In digitonin‐permeabilized cells, neither GTPγS nor the GTP hydrolysis‐deficient Ran mutant RanQ69L affect transit of CapG to the nucleus in the presence of cytosol. Obstruction of nucleoporins prevents nuclear transport of CapG, and we show that CapG binds to nucleoporin62. In addition, CapG interacts with NTF2, associates with Ran and is furthermore able to bind the NTF2–Ran complex. NTF2–Ran interaction is required for CapG nuclear import. This is corroborated by a NTF2 mutant with reduced affinity for Ran and a Ran mutant that does not bind NTF2, both of which prevent CapG import. Thus, a ubiquitously expressed protein shuttles to the nucleus through direct association with NTF2 and Ran. The role of NTF2 may therefore not be solely confined to sustaining the Ran gradient in cells.
Stellar explosions powered by the Blandford–Znajek mechanism
Authors: Barkov Maxim V. , Komissarov Serguei S.
Published: February 2008

In this Letter, we briefly describe the first results of our numerical study on the possibility of magnetic origin of relativistic jets of long-duration gamma-ray bursters within the collapsar scenario. We track the collapse of massive rotating stars on to a rotating central black hole using axisymmetric general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic code that utilizes a realistic equation of state of stellar matter, and takes into account the cooling associated with emission of neutrinos and the energy losses due to dissociation of nuclei. The neutrino heating is not included. We describe the solution for one particular model where the progenitor star has magnetic field B= 3 × 1010 G. The solution exhibits strong explosion driven by the Poynting-dominated jets whose power exceeds 2 × 1051 erg s−1. The jets originate mainly from the black hole, and they are powered via the Blandford–Znajek mechanism.
Duration of untreated negative symptoms and duration of active negative symptoms: proof of concepts
Authors: Murphy Brendan P. , Stuart Antonia H. , McGorry Patrick D.
Published: February 2008

Aim: Negative symptoms are responsible for enormous burden in schizophrenia; yet they remain under‐recognized and under‐treated. There is mounting evidence that early intervention is crucial and that response to treatment falls away with chronicity. Current measures of illness duration fail to adequately capture the true time course of negative symptoms and new concepts are required to correct this and to focus clinical attention. The aim of this paper is to introduce accurate measures of negative symptom duration.

Methods: Two new concepts, the duration of untreated negative symptoms (DUNS) and the duration of active negative symptoms (DANS), were trialled in a first‐episode sample with primary negative symptoms.

Results: The new measures were easy to calculate and more accurately reflected the total duration of negative symptoms than currently available measures. The mean duration of untreated psychosis was 23 weeks, whereas the DUNS was 93.79 weeks.

Conclusions: Applicability of the concepts needs confirming by replication with a larger cohort. Introduction of these concepts may have widespread implications for the timely and efficient treatment of negative symptoms and the reduction of the total burden of illness of schizophrenia within society.
Energy and the Confused Student III: Language
Authors: Jewett John W.
Published: February 2008

Energy is a critical concept in physics problem-solving, but is often a major source of confusion for students if the presentation is not carefully crafted by the instructor or the textbook. Confusion can be caused by the careless use of language in energy discussions. Students consciously or unconsciously imitate a teacher in their use of language and so can confuse themselves and others if they employ or pass on incorrect usage of words and concepts. In this third article in the series, we look at some common examples.
Comparison of growth model and harvest yields of short rotation intensively cultured Populus: a case study
Authors: Isebrands J. G. , Ek A. R. , Meldahl R. S.
Published: February 2008

Growth model projections were compared with actual harvest data of 5-year-old short rotation intensively cultured Populus. Several factors were identified that influence the accuracy of growth and yield predictions, including: (i) plot design and establishment techniques; (ii) cultural and environmental factors; (iii) measurement procedures, and (iv) model limitations. Knowledge of these factors helped explain observed differences between the projections and the actual harvest. Such knowledge also provided useful feedback information in model recalibration as well as a better understanding of the experimental, sampling, and operational errors.
Enhanced colonization by the blue stain fungus Ophiostomaclavigerum in glyphosate-treated sapwood of lodgepole pine
Authors: Bergvinson D.J. , Borden J.H.
Published: February 2008

The herbicide glyphosate was administered into the sapwood around the root collar of lodgepole pine trees, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm., to determine its effect on invasion by the blue stain fungus Ophiostomaclavigerum (Robinson-Jeffrey & R.W. Davidson) T.C. Harrington. In two experiments, lesions in the sapwood were longer and wider in trees treated with glyphosate before inoculation with O. clavigerum than in untreated, control trees. Ophiostomaclavigerum was recovered in a third experiment at seven times the distance from the point of inoculation in trees treated with glyphosate 3 weeks before inoculation as in untreated, control trees. We conclude that previously observed enhancement of brood development of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonusponderosae Hopk., was caused by glyphosate--induced inhibition of the trees' secondary defense response to invasion by the beetle's symbiotic fungi.
Patterns of gas exchange, photosynthate allocation, and root growth during a root growth capacity test
Authors: Thompson B. , Puttonen P.
Published: February 2008

Shoot and root growth, net assimilation, leaf conductance and transpiration rates, and carbon allocation were measured on 1.5-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) seedlings during a 28-day root growth capacity test. The aim was to determine whether current rates of assimilation, carbon allocation, or shoot growth were related to root growth during the test. Carbon allocation was determined using 14C tracer techniques by exposing the seedlings to, 14CO2 for 24 h, while gas exchange was measured with a LI-COR 6200 meter seven times during the 28-day test. Both species broke bud and displayed substantial root growth. However, the species displayed very different gas exchange and allocation patterns during the test period. In Scots pine, assimilation and leaf conductance increased to a peak at 14–21 days and then began to decrease. Norway spruce showed almost constant and low net assimilation rates and leaf conductance. In both species, the 14C fraction transported to the root increased throughout the 28-day test. Correlations between gas exchange and 14C allocation were insignificant. The correlation between 14C accumulation in roots and increase in number of new roots was significant starting on day 14 in pine and day 23 in spruce.
Evidence for Automatic On-Line Adjustments of Hand Orientation During Natural Reaching Movements to Stationary Targets
Authors: Gosselin-Kessiby N. , Messier J. , Kalaska J. F.
Published: February 2008

Control of the spatial orientation of the hand is an important component of reaching and grasping movements. We studied the contribution of vision and proprioception to the perception and control of hand orientation in orientation-matching and letter-posting tasks. In the orientation-matching task, subjects aligned a “match” handle to a “target” handle that was fixed in different orientations. In letter-posting task 1, subjects simultaneously reached and rotated the right hand to insert a match handle into a target slot fixed in the same orientations. Similar sensory conditions produced different error patterns in the two tasks. Furthermore, without vision of the hand, final hand-orientation errors were smaller overall in letter-posting task 1 than in the orientation-matching task. In letter-posting task 2, subjects first aligned their hand to the angle of the target and then reached to it with the instruction not to change their initial hand orientation. Nevertheless, hand orientation changed during reaching in a way that reduced the initial orientation errors. This did not occur when there was no explicitly defined target toward which the subjects reached (letter-posting task 3). The reduction in hand-orientation errors during reach, even when told not to change it, suggests the engagement of an automatic error correction mechanism for hand orientation during reaching movements toward stationary targets. The correction mechanism was engaged when the task involved transitive actions directed at the target object. The on-line adjustments can occur without vision of the hand and even when target orientation is defined only by proprioceptive inputs.
Distinctive Marketing and Information Technology Capabilities and Strategic Types: A Cross-National Investigation
Authors: Song Michael , Nason Robert W. , Di Benedetto C. Anthony
Published: February 2008

The authors examine the relationship between strategic type and development of distinctive marketing, market-linking, technology, and information technology (IT) capabilities to implement innovation strategy. They hypothesize that prospectors must build technical and IT capabilities, whereas defenders develop market-linking and marketing capabilities. The authors collect data from 709 firms across the United States, Japan, and China. They find support for their capability hypotheses, as well as for some of their cross-national hypotheses that are based on cultural and business environment differences among the three countries. In particular, they find support for the hypotheses that Japanese firms have greater technology and IT capabilities than U.S. firms of the same strategic type. They conclude with implications for management.
Model of fatigue damage in strain-rate-sensitive composite materials
Authors: Lee Sanboh , Nguyen Tinh , Chuang Tze-jer
Published: February 2008

A fatigue damage accumulation model based on the Paris law is proposed for strain-rate-sensitive polymer composite materials. A pre-exponent factorc2/fand strain-rate-sensitive exponentnare introduced. Numerical analysis of the model was performed using experimental data obtained in the literature. Both factors were found to enhance fatigue damage accumulation. The analysis also revealed that the extent of damage increases with decreasing frequency and that the damage rate is more sensitive to the applied maximum stress than to the stiffness of the material.
Phase stability of B2O3-added Ba2Ti9O20 ceramic: Processing effects
Authors: Wang Sea-Fue , Chiang Chuang-Chung , Wang Chai-Hui , Chu Jinn P.
Published: February 2008

Preparation of dense and phase-pure Ba2Ti9O20 is generally difficult to achieve using solid-state reaction, since there are several thermodynamically stable compounds in the vicinity of the desired composition. This study investigated the effects of B2O3 on the densification, microstructural evolution, and phase stability of Ba2Ti9O20. Samples from the host material (2BaO · 9TiO2) with and without the addition of 5 wt% B2O3 were prepared through different processing routes. For the pure host material sintered at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 °C, the reaction products followed the sequence of BaTi2O5 → BaTi4O9 → BaTi5O11 → Ba2Ti9O20. The phase transformation proceeded faster in the bulk compared to the free surface of the sample. BaTi5O11 and BaTi4O9 with a minor amount of Ba2Ti9O20 were found in the ground powder of ceramics sintered at 1100 °C. For the samples prepared from host material with the addition of 5 wt% B2O3, Ba2Ti9O20 started to form at temperatures as low as 800 °C. The sequence of reaction products followed Ba4Ti13O30 → BaTi4O9 → BaTi5O11 → Ba2Ti9O20. Sintering at above 1000 °C yielded pure Ba2Ti9O20 phase, suggesting the effective role of B2O3 on the phase stability of Ba2Ti9O20. It was found that precalcination of host material before the addition of B2O3 gives an additional benefit to the Ba2Ti9O20 formation. Crystallization of pure Ba2Ti9O20 phase was completed at a sintering temperature as low as 900 °C without any solid solution additive such as SnO2 or ZrO2, due to the fact that the phase transformation of the samples began with BaTi4O9 and BaTi5O11 during sintering. Also, B2O3 was found to be unstable during the high-temperature sintering at 1200 °C, and the results are discussed.
Effect of an adhesive interlayer on the fracture of a brittle coating on a supporting substrate
Authors: Kim Jong Ho , Miranda Pedro , Kim Do Kyung , Lawn Brian R.
Published: February 2008

The role of a compliant adhesive interlayer in determining critical conditions for radial fracture at the undersurfaces of brittle coatings bonded to substrates of dissimilar materials is investigated. Semi-empirical relations for the critical loads are derived by treating the adhesive as part of an effective substrate, thereby reducing the problem to that of a bilayer. A finite-element analysis of a model silicon/epoxy/glass system is used to evaluate adjustable parameters in the analytical relations.In situexperimental observations of crack initiation on the same material system are used to verify these relations. The critical loads depend sensitively on the adhesive thickness and modulus. Delamination at the interface in poorly bonded specimens greatly reduces the critical loads. This analysis affords a basis for predicting the prospective fracture resistance of brittle coatings joined by adhesives.
No Mycenaean Centaurs Yet
Authors: Pilafidis-Williams Korinna
Published: February 2008

IONE Mylonas Shear claims in her article in JHS 2002 that two Mycenaean animal figurines from Ugarit, only one of which has been previously published, represent Mycenaean centaurs and are thus predecessors of centaurs of the historical period. It is quite clear, however, that both belong to the so-called ‘abbreviated group’ figurines, which consist of driven oxen – ‘plough’ (PLATE 8a) – or single chariots, as identified by E.B. French and further defined by me in my work on the terracottas from the Sanctuary of Aphaia on Aigina. In an abbreviated group there is only one animal instead of two, with one human, sometimes two, standing at the rear of the animal, in or behind a small or almost non-existent box or balustrade. According to what animal head is at the front of the figurine, either horse or bovine, it is an abbreviated chariot or, much more commonly, a driven ox. In the fully preserved pieces the head of the driver always faces towards the animal head.
Formal analysis of recognition scenes in theOdyssey
Authors: Gainsford Peter
Published: February 2008

Type-scenes have been studied and analysed for over seventy years. This paper presents a more detailed analysis of one type-scene, the ‘recognition scene’, than has previously been attempted, with the aim of moving towards a better-structured understanding of the ‘syntax’ of type-scenes generally. The structure of the recognition scene is dissected into motifs and ‘moves’, all of which are tabulated; this is the core of the analysis. The ensuing points of clarification elaborate on the definitions and assumptions built into the analysis. Following this is an assessment of the ‘syntax’ and quantifiable elements of the recognition scene. The discussion closes with a general assessment of the more literary face of recognition scenes, discussing them in the context of the plan of the second half of theOdyssey.
Deconvolution of supersmooth densities with smooth noise
Authors: Butucea Cristina
Published: February 2008

The author considers the estimation of the common probability density of independent and identically distributed random variables observed with added white noise. She assumes that the unknown density belongs to some class of supersmooth functions, and that the error distribution is ordinarily smooth, meaning that its characteristic function decays polynomially asymptotically. In this context, the author evaluates the minimax rate of convergence of the pointwise risk and describes a kernel estimator having this rate. She computes upper bounds for the L2 risk of this estimator.
Triangular numbers and perfect squares
Authors: Beldon Tom , Gardiner Tony
Published: February 2008

The nth triangular number is defined to be the sum of the first n positive integers:

Thus

In a letter to Mersenne in 1638 [1, p. 61], Fermat claimed that every positive integer can be written as a sum of at most three triangular numbers. This remarkable result was eventually proved by Gauss in 1796, at the age of 19.
‘Intégrate, longueur, aire’ the centenary of the Lebesgue integral
Authors: Hoare G. T. Q. , Lord N. J.
Published: February 2008

‘After Jordan came Lebesgue, and we enter on the subject of another Book’, declared Bourbaki. J.C. Burkill remarked in, ‘It cannot be doubted that (Lebesgue's thesis) is one of the finest which any mathematician has ever written.’ Loève in picturesquely sets the scene for us thus, ‘… the Archimedes of the extension (i.e. modern theory of measure) period was Henri Lebesgue. He took the decisive step in his thesis … . In fact contemporary (measure theory) still dances to Lebesgue's tunes.’ Arguably, before 1902, mathematicians had yet to develop a theory of integration; Lebesgue's great thesis of that year changed this state of affairs irrevocably. In it, difficulties which had begun to plague the Riemannn integral were swept away as Lebesgue boldly extended the concept of the integral by what later came to be regarded as a completion process as profound as that leading from the rational numbers to the reals. Lebesgue created no School but his influence on twentieth century mathematics was profound. In this article celebrating the centenary of Lebesgue's thesis, we look first at Lebesgue's life and then in more detail at his seminal work on integration.
Expression de l'Agressivité et Processus de Médiation dans la Socialisation de l'Enfant Wolof (Sénégal)
Authors: Zempleni-Rabain J.
Published: February 2008

Opening Paragraph

Aen croire les documents anciens, l'histoire des Wolof jusqu'à la conquête coloniale aurait surtout consisté en une succession de pillages, de razzias, de révoltes, d'usurpations sur un territoire divisé en plusieurs royaumes et en état de guerre quasi-permanent. Pour échapper aux razzias des mercenaires ceddo, nombre de paysans badolo se sont convertis à l'Islam et regroupés derrière des marabouts par l'acte de ‘Jibulu’, serment d'allégeance. Pourtant à l'heure actuelle, les Wolof offrent l'image d'une société relativement paisible. Ce que l'opinion publique occidentale considère généralement comme des indices d'agressivité sociale—la criminalité, la délinquance—semble peu développé. Les suicides comme les meurtres sont relativement rares. Des combats d'antan, on ne trouve plus que les compétitions sportives et parmi elles, seule la lutte sénégalaise (lamba) semble susciter quelque intérêt. Il faut encore préciser ce qu'est la lutte sénégalaise. Ses séances se déroulent de la manière suivante: après des heures d'attente pendant lesquelles on parle, les lutteurs (mbör) arrivent, équipés d'un arsenal magique spécifique, avec leurs assistants (suhö) sur un rythme de tambour qui leur est propre. Ils exécutent alors une chorégraphie étrange qui consiste en des simulacres de gestes de saisir, d'attraper qui sont à mi-chemin entre la danse et le simulacre d'empoignade. Les assistants du mbör font les mêmes gestes que lui. Au bout d'un certain temps, se produit la lutte proprement dite, très courte, au terme de laquelle, sans que le spectateur européen comprenne pourquoi, l'un des protagonistes est proclamé vainqueur.
Pastors and Prophets in Winneba, Ghana: their Social Background and Career Development
Authors: Wyllie R. W.
Published: February 2008

Opening Paragraph

The town of Winneba is situated on the coast of Ghana some forty miles west of Accra and fifty miles east of Cape Coast. It is the seat of the paramount chief (Omanhene) of the Effutu people and was formerly an important seaport providing storage and loading facilities for cocoa produce. Since the construction of modern harbours at Takoradi and Tema, however, Winneba's maritime importance has declined. With a population of over 25,000, its major sources of income are fishing and farming and it also serves as a market centre for the people of the local area.
The Art of Orthogonal Planning: Laparelli's Trigonometric Design of Valletta
Authors: Jäger Thomas
Published: February 2008

The fortified city of Valletta, founded in 1566 by the Knights of Malta, is one of the few Renaissance ideal cities to be built. Planned from the beginning and constructed on virgin ground, it follows a rigid gridiron scheme designed by the Italian architect Francesco Laparelli da Cortona (1521-1570) that is an exemplar of Neoplatonic planning principles of the age of humanism and constitutes a model of modern urban design. Although the founding and development of the city has been well investigated historically, the formal essence of its urban design has not yet been examined satisfactorily from an architectural perspective. While the executed plan has been interpreted until now as an imperfect materialization of one of the four known preparatory drawings by Laparelli, in this article I suggest the possibility that the town built is a further evolutionary step in a fully traceable design process based on a coherent system of trigonometric proportions. In addition to the physical evidence of the city's current digital terrain model, the method of design proposed here is largely supported not only by sixteenth-century architectural theory (as advanced by Albrecht Dürer, Sebastiano Serlio, and Pietro Cataneo) but also historically by a group of new Florentine towns founded in the late Middle Ages that exhibit the same compositional principles.
Creating a Model for the National Mall: The Design of the National Museum of Natural History
Authors: Field Cynthia R. , Tilman Jeffrey T.
Published: February 2008

The story of the design of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History belies its quietly restrained appearance. The building's architects, Hornblower & Marshall, were not responsible for the prominent Mall façade of the museum and its low Roman dome; rather, these were a secret effort of Charles Follen McKim, who, in turn, asked Daniel II. Burnham to add his ideas to the final composition. This history is entwined with McKim and Burnham's work on the Senate Park Commission (McMillan) plan of 1902. For them, the museum represented the model for all the buildings to be erected on the new National Mall. Although functional needs were an important part of the dialogue, Hornblower & Marshall and McKim and Burnham were most concerned with identifying the appropriate character for the new structure, the former admiring modern French style, the latter advocating a Roman Revival aesthetic. The finished building, the work of all these hands, demonstrates that many practicing architects at the turn of the century valued compromise and collaboration as least as much as they did creativity and independence.
A Second Drilled Tooth from Prehistoric Western North America
Authors: Turner Christy G.
Published: February 2008

The burial of a young adult woman with a drilled molar tooth was excavated in 1965 in northern Arizona (Museum of Northern Arizona NA9099.B5; Pueblo IV, A.D. 1300–1600). The drilling angle and location suggest that the therapeutic or palliative procedure was done while the woman was alive, and probably in pain because the drilled hole occurred at the bottom of a large necrotic cavity involving about one quarter of the occlusal surface. The drilled hole exited at the crown-root junction near a small alveolar buccal abscess. With painful and unhealthy dental caries on the rise as dependency on agriculture increased through time, it is suggested that this case and one other mark the beginning practice of primitive technical dentistry in prehistoric western North America.
Is subtribe Solidagininae (Asteraceae) monophyletic?
Authors: Beck James B. , Nesom Guy L. , Calie Patrick J. , Baird Gary I. , Small Randall , Schilling Edward L.E.
Published: February 2008

As currently delimited, Solidagininae are a large (approximately 190 species) subtribe of tribe Astereae. Recent molecular and morphological studies have prompted a new definition of the subtribe, but the lack of absolute morphological synapomorphies raises the possibility that this assemblage may not be monophyletic. Cladistic and likelihood­based analyses were conducted on a nuclear rDNA ITS sequence dataset derived from 23 of the 24 genera included in recent Solidagininae circumscriptions. Cladistic analyses identified two clades entirely composed of proposed Solidagininae genera. The data were not able to support deeper relationships, and these two clades might or might not form one monophyletic lineage. Topology testing indicated compatibility between the taxonomic definition of Solidagininae and molecular data.
Nomenclature of Soldanella L. (Primulaceae)
Authors: Zhang Li-Bing , Kadereit Joachim W.
Published: February 2008

Following a revision of Soldanella, we here synonymize 109 non­hybrid names of this genus. We also lectotypify or neotypify 17 names of Soldanella. These are S. alpina L., S. alpina F. W. Schmidt, S. alpina L. var. carestiae Cristofolini et Pignatti, S. alpina L. f. major Cristofolini et Pignatti, S. austriaca Vierh., S. carpatica Vierh., S. marmarossiensis Kldst., S. minima Hoppe, S. minima Hoppe subsp. samnitica Cristofolini et Pignatti, S. minima Hoppe f. latifolia Cristofolini et Pignatti, S. montana Mikan, S. montana Willd., S. montana Willd. subsp. faceta Kress, S. occidentalis Vierh., S. pusilla Baumg., S. pusilla Baumg. f. calcicola Vierh., and S. pusilla Baumg. var. chrysosplenifolia J. Murr.
Typification of Linnaean plant names in Boraginaceae
Authors: Cafferty Steve , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2008

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 14 specialists for 42 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Boraginaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.
Pterogoniadelphus M. Fleisch., the correct name for Felipponea Broth. (Leucodontaceae)
Authors: Ochyra Ryszard , Zijlstra Gea
Published: February 2008

Even though it has been generally accepted that the generic name Felipponea Broth. (Bryophyta, Leucodontaceae) was validly published in 1912, this appears not to be the case, due to the lack of a generic description. The subsequent description of this genus in 1925 by Brotherus in the second edition of the Musci in Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien created a superfluous name because in the meanwhile the genus Pterogoniadelphus M. Fleisch. was established in 1917 to accommodate the same species, Cladomnion montevidense Müll. Hal., and this generic name has priority. Three new combinations, P. assimilis (Müll. Hal.) Ochyra & Zijlstra, P. esquirolii (Thér.) Ochyra & Zijlstra and P. hollermayeri (Thér.) Ochyra & Zijlstra, are proposed.
Linnaean nomenclature in the 21st Century: a report from a workshop on integrating traditional nomenclature and phylogenetic classification
Authors: Barkley Theodore M. , DePriest Paula , Funk Vicki , Kiger Robert W. , Kress W. John , Moore Gerry
Published: February 2008

As a follow­up to the 2001 Smithsonian Botanical Symposium, in late June of 2002 a group of 15 taxonomists took part in a Workshop entitled "Linnaean Nomenclature in the 21st Century" at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation in Pittsburgh to discuss integrating phylogenetic information into the current systems of naming plants, animals, and microorganisms. The Hunt Group included a diversity of taxonomists, including traditional and phylogenetic practitioners as well as authorities on the current codes and end­users of nomenclatural rules. The discussion ranged from identifying problems and possible solutions to devising strategies for implementing change. It was concluded that the central problems revolve around the concepts of (1) circumscribing taxa, (2) hierarchical ranking, and (3) the use of binomials. In a critical article­by­article examination of the current edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature it was found that only 14 of the total 62 articles (plus appendices) are relevant to whether or not classification is phylogenetic. Furthermore, each of these potentially problematic articles is either amenable to conveying phylogenetic information or neutral to phylogenetic considerations. There is nothing in the current Linnaean nomenclature that prevents cladistic information from being incorporated into the naming procedure. We suggest that a major effort is needed to educate the botanical community as well as lay persons on the implications and use of these pertinent articles in phylogenetic nomenclature.
Neotypification of Prunus recurviflora Koehne (Rosaceae)
Authors: Aymard C. Gerardo A.
Published: February 2008

During the elaboration of a treatment of Rosaceae for the Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, a new species of Prunus L. (P. lichoana Aymard), closely related to P. recurviflora Koehne, was discovered. A search for type material of P. recurviflora to assist in the interpretation of this new species was unsuccessful; therefore a neotype is designated for P. recurviflora, a species previously described from Colombia.
Typification of Linnaean plant names in Caryophyllaceae
Authors: Cafferty Steve , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2008

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 20 specialists for 45 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed.
The demise of the name Astragalus tenellus Pursh (Fabaceae)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Gandhi Kanchi N. , Nicolson Dan H.
Published: February 2008

Rupert Barneby (1964) expressed “doubts of the legality” in adopting “Astragalus tenellus Pursh” (1813) over A. multiflorus (Pursh) A. Gray (1864). His concern was justified since Pursh invalidated his own name when he simultaneously published Ervum multiflorum (the basionym of A. multiflorus) on a different page in the same work and cited “A. tenellus” in synonymy. By the time Astragalus tenellus Pursh ex E. Sheld. (1894) was validly published, it was a later homonym as well as superfluous. Given the status of A. tenellus Bunge (1869), the name of an Old World species in current use, conservation of A. tenellus Pursh ex E. Sheld. is unlikely, and we recommend adoption of A. multiflorus for the North American plant.
Slavery and the Law: A Reply
Authors: de la Fuente Alejandro
Published: February 2008

I have come to learn that unless one does it in unabashedly critical terms, including “slavery” and “Tannenbaum” in the same sentence is an intellectual exercise fraught with perils. The sole mention of Tannenbaum elicits images of benevolent Spanish and Portuguese masters in contrast to cruel Anglo-Saxon slaveowners, or of rigid dichotomies between racist North America and racially harmonious Latin America. These images clearly influence the comments of my critics, even though they have limited relevance for the central arguments of my article.
Preparing for Fusion: Reforming the Nineteenth-Century Court of Chancery, Part II
Authors: Lobban Michael
Published: February 2008

As demonstrated in Part I, the question of Chancery reform before 1827 was much debated in party terms and focused largely on Lord Eldon's shortcomings as a decision-maker. After Eldon's departure, it largely ceased to be a party-political issue, although by 1830 law reform in general was firmly on the political agenda. With Eldon gone, there was much common ground on the outlines of Chancery reform. This can be seen from the plan proposed in the Commons by the conservative Sir Edward Sugden in December 1830. Sugden suggested creating a court of appeal for equity, on which the Lord Chancellor, Master of the Rolls, Chief Baron, and Vice Chancellor would sit. He proposed reforms in the masters' offices, under which they would be paid salaries rather than fees, and he wanted masters to sit in open court, with limited judicial functions. He also advocated retrenchment of sinecures and the removal of payment by fees. These ideas were all echoed in the new reformist Chancellor Brougham's proposals for the court, which he elaborated in the spring of 1831.