bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Praise of Good Sense
Authors: Erasmus
Published: September 2018

Thank you for asking me to join this discussion. Your invitation has charm and just the touch of beleaguered optimism I always loved. After all the blood your century has spilled, at least a few of you believe that reasonable men might yet persuade the world that war must never come again. It warms and heartens me that the plight of Peace still touches some minds. You really seem to believe that some argument, even one called up from the past, might yet move the warrior heart. Do I believe that this might happen? Of course I will try again. The native good sense of men might yet listen. I never despaired of mankind, no matter how much evidence might have overwhelmed my faith in it.

At least this discussion can be carried on safely in public. There was a time when speaking out against war was dangerous, and I constantly spoke against it.
On Foxes and Orioles: The Newer Worries of Europe
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: September 2018

In one of James Thurber's tales, “The Birds and the Foxes,” the shrewd foxes (for the highest of ethical motives, of course) finally succeed in having torn down the cages that protected the Baltimore orioles. The fox leader gives a memorable speech about how those poor but juicy birds, though eaten, are now “liberated” from their unjust confinement. Thurber's moral parodies Lincoln: “Government of the orioles, by the foxes, and for the foxes, must perish from the earth,“ His reinterpretations of Lincoln—another being “You can fool too many people too much of the time”—are perhaps too severe. But they come closer to what politics deals with than we usually care to admit.

I begin thus because the general prognosis for the Western world is decidedly not cheery. I should like to think that the spate of unrestrained self-criticism Americans are now undergoing is a sign of strength.
Food or Fuel—Will We Have to Choose?
Authors: Rask Norman
Published: September 2018

Milton Freidman is said to have defined economics in its simplest form with the expression, “there is no such thing as a free lunch.” Recent energy price increases have raised the production cost of food, making that lunch even more expensive. In addition, high energy prices have created incentives for several countries to turn directly to agriculture as a source of energy, extracting alcohol from several crops, including sugar cane and corn. Continued political instability in the Middle East intensifies this interest in domestic alternatives to oil. But most countries do not have the agricultural ability to produce a significant portion of liquidfuel needs and still provide adequate food supplies. This raises concern about how agricultural resources should be used. The resulting food/fuel choice depends on a unique set of conditions in each country.

The United States has a key role to play in both energy and food matters. The U.S. consumes almost a third of all petroleum produced in the world, imports almost 50 per cent of its domestic petroleum needs, and is the major exporter of agricultural products. The sheer magnitude of both the U.S.'demand for liquid fuels and its share of world agricultural trade makes U.S. policy choices on the food/fuel interface of critical importance domestically and in other areas as well.
Suppressed in Taiwan
Authors: Black Jan Knippers
Published: September 2018

Lu Hsui-lien, thirty six, holds advanced law degrees from the University of Illinois and Harvard. She not only practiced law but was also, until recently, a writer and editor, a dedicated campaigner for human rights in general and women's rights in particular, and a candidate for the Yuan,'Taiwan's national legislative assembly. Lu now spends her days in a cramped and musty cell, her spirit broken by sixty days of grueling interro gation during which not even her family knew of her whereabouts. Threatened with the murder of family and friends as well as her own execution, she ultimately signed a prefabricated confession of sedition.

The threat to murder members of her family was not one that Lu could afford to dismiss lightly. One of her co-defendants, Lin Yi hsuing, thirty nine, a provincial assemblyman who had studied law at Berkeley, had lost his mother and his seven-year-old twin daughters, all three stabbed to death by a nameless nighttime intruder while his interrogation was under way. When Lin continued uncooperative, his interrogators reminded him that he had still another daughter and a wife.
Liberation Street
Authors: White Robert J.
Published: September 2018

One November afternoo|i in the heart of a Third World city a (farmer began the difficult exercise of leading his horse through a halfcircle. It was difficult because the cart drawn by the horse required a sizable turning radius, because the farmer made the turn while responding to a traffic policeman's choleric gestures, and because no man or horse can be complacent when conducting such a maneuver on the pavement of Sharia Tahrir against Onrushing waves of automobiles. Like many other Egyptian place names this one has political significance. Sharia Tahrir means Liberation Street—which would be an equally ironic designation for another street on another continent in another part of the Third World.
OPEC Speaks Out
Authors: Allen Loring
Published: September 2018

Ali Mohammed Jaidah, the former secretary general of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is a soft-spoken man of thirty-seven. He speaks as one comfortable with authority. His B.S. in economics and his M.S. in petroleum economics are from London University. His birthplace and home are in the capital, Doha, of Qatar, a tiny oil-rich peninsular country jutting into the Persian Gulf. He has served his country in many positions of responsibility in the Ministry of Finance and Petroleum and the Qatar General Petroleum Corporation. In January, 1977, he became OPEC secretary general. My meeting with Ali Jaidah took place at the OPEC secretariat in Vienna, Austria, in the summer of 1978.

The secretary general and I chatted about Vienna, music, and the Spanish Riding School. He took a call from London—he would be heading there in a few hours—and referred the caller to a colleague in Kuwait. He told me I was sitting where President Carlos Andrés Pérez of Venezuela had sat recently on his first visit to OPEC headquarters. We spoke of Venezuela's leading role in the founding of OPEC. He inquired about my university, the course in energy economics I teach, and my interest in OPEC. Coffee served and the amenities observed, we got down to business.
A Soviet Inquiry
Authors: Weisskopf Victor F.
Published: September 2018

On March 23, 1981, I received a telephone call from Mr. Victor Tagashov, an official at the Soviet embassy .in Washington. He asked me to respond to four questions (see below), the replies to be published by TASS. I asked for a written copy of the questions and promised a written answer. He agreed, and after receipt I sent him my answers with a specific request to publish them in full and to send me copies of the papers in which they were published.
The U.S. and Angola: Policy Choice
Authors: Marcum John A.
Published: September 2018

Contrary to popular perceptions, the governments of the United States and Angola share a core of compatible foreign policy objectives. Each government, for its own reasons, believes that its national interests may be best served by reducing border conflict and external intervention in highly flammable Southwest Africa. This congruence of interests became increasingly apparent and even led to a measure of bilateral cooperation dur ing the last years of the Carter administration.
W. Germany: Looking at Gotterdammerung
Authors: Guertner Gary L.
Published: September 2018

If a war broke out today, much of the combat in open spaces would have to take place in the West German national park system.

—Paul Bracken, On Theater Warfare (The Hudson Institute, July 1, 1979)

In the time of the Roman historian Tacitus (circa 55-117 A.D.), the area now watched over by NATO and Warsaw Pact armies was covered by a vast forest penetrated only by a network of narrow trails. A traveler could walk from Poland to the Rhine without even glimpsing the sun. As populations grew, forests gradually gave way to pastures and arable land. By the beginning of the twentieth century German geography—and military strategy—had undergone such radical transformation that Field Marshal von Schlieffen could see the North German Plain as a corridor for maneuvering thirty-four of the kaiser's divisions to outflank the French “if the last man on the right brushed the [English] Channel with his sleeve.”
The Story of Kim Chi Ha
Authors: Sunoo Harold Hakwon
Published: September 2018

In a dark prison cell where he is probably awaiting a death sentence Kim Chi Ha, a noted Korean Catholic poet, has written a twelve thousand-word memorandum he calls “Declaration of Conscience.” The “Declaration” was smuggled out of the prison and the country, and recorded in the U.S. Congressional Record on October 22, 1975, through the efforts of Congressmen Donald M. Fraser of Minnesota and Frederick W. Richmond of New York. Since the smuggling incident of the “Declaration” took place, Kim Chi Ha has been confined in a cell surrounded by several empty cells in order to avoid any outside contact. It has also been reported that ten prison guards have been dismissed, that Kim is watched twenty-four hours a day through TV camera, and that no one is allowed to see him except assigned guards.
What We Should Do About Korea
Authors: Ranard Donald L.
Published: September 2018

With the end of the U.S. involvement in Vietnam and Indochina attention has turned to the Korean Peninsula. For the past two decades an uneasy peace has been maintained between two Korean governments—the one Communist, totalitarian, and revolutionary; the other non-Communist, yet authoritarian, undemocratic, and indeed almost as totalitarian in its lack of regard for opposition political voices and the rights of the individual. Probably nowhere else is American power and influence so greatly exposed as on the Korean Peninsula—with all the attendant risks for involving the U.S. in a land war on the Asian mainland.

Any sensible discussion of alternatives to U.S. policy in Korea should begin with consideration of the commitment of the U.S. to the defense of Korea, as embodied in the treaty between the U.S. and Korea that entered into force in November, 1954.
Historians of the Future
Authors: Rebovich David Paul
Published: September 2018

Science fiction, the literature about the future, is a genre of considerable age and distinguished lineage—or so say its practitioners and afficionados, who have inducted Plato, Thomas More, Campanella, and Poe posthumously into their ranks. This can be seen as a charming historical corrective, but it is more: an invocation of great minds of the past to draw attention to serious discussion of the future and make it worthy of our consideration.
Secular Discontents
Authors: Finn James
Published: September 2018

The West is today what it has been for a number of decades, the center and source of powerful ideas incarnated in institutions and practices from whose effects no corner of the globe is wholly immune. It is the great disturber of other cultures. Thus, mutatis mutandis, the West takes its place with the ancient Orient, with classical Greece, with Islam, with the great civilizations that extended and imposed themselves through differing proportions of military power, commerce, and high cultural confidence.

In its development the West has been informed by the profound contributions of the Greco-Roman and JudeoChristian traditions, and it cannot be understood without reference to them. But the factors that allowed the West first to become a great economic force and second to extend that force into the ecumene have their immediate causes in the eighteenth century. This period in Europe, variously termed the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason, elevated to prominence and gave particular meaning to such abstract social concepts as “liberty,” “equality,” “rights,” and “authority.”
Defining the Democrats
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: September 2018

A public philosophy is the ectoplasm of a political party. Candidates represent die party, but, in a larger sense, they are epiphenomenal; if die parry's principles and organizing concepts are shopworn, even die most presentable candidate will have difficulty transcending diem. In such cases victory is not impossible, just unwarranted.
Understanding George Kennan
Authors: Magstadt Thomas M.
Published: September 2018

On February 16, 1984, George Frost Kennan, the eminent historian, Russianologist, and antinuclear gadfly, reached eighty, that milestone at which former high-ranking American diplomats are customarily canonized as "elder statesman." Mr. Kennan is now a certified elder, but the nature of his statesmanship raises interesting questions—not simply because of Kennan's great notoriety but because any serious attempt to answer them cuts to the very core of the most profound issues facing the nation in the final quarter of the twentieth century.

For over thirty years now Kennan has been one of the most controversial public figures in the West. His critique of American diplomacy, especially in the areas of Soviet-American relations and strategic arms control, has had an ironic edge, emanating as it does from the architect of containment—America's historic response to the Soviet challenge.
Being Skeptical About "Internal Colonialism"
Authors: O'Neil Daniel J.
Published: September 2018

Internal colonialism has beeome a popular term in academic parlance. Although suggested in the writings of Lenin, it was probably first developed by the Mexican intellectual Pablo Gonzales Casanova, who employed the term in his Democracy in Mexico to describe the relationship between the Mexican Government and the Indian population. In the United States it has since been used to characterize the status of virtually every minority. The charge is made that blacks, Mexican- Americans, Indians, and even women have been colonized. Virtually all culturally pluralistic societies— outside the socialist bloc—are now stigmatized as instances of internal colonialism.
What Next for the Philippines?
Authors: Tagle Lino
Published: September 2018

The government of the Philippines finds itself in the midst of a major political crisis, brought on by long-standing popular discontent and increasing economic difficulties. The rising tide of disaffection with the Marcos regime over suspicions of its complicity in the assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino has not yet reached its crest. The present situation is fraught with danger and opportunity.
Border Impasse: The U.S. and Mexico
Authors: Alexander Robert J.
Published: September 2018

“Poor Mexico! So far from God, and so close to the United States!” So goes a popular Mexican lament, true for more than a century-and-ahalf and still appropriate today. In recent years, however, important factors in U.S.-Mexican relations have altered sharply; and when President Reagan meets with Mexican President Jose Lopez Portillo and other American leaders in Cancun, Mexico, this October for a conference on world development, it is likely that a number of thorny issues will arise. What is unlikely is that they will result in any quick resolutions.
The World, the Text & Edward Said
Authors: Sicker Philip
Published: September 2018

Jorge Luis Borges, in his disquieting story “The Library of Babel,” describes a mythical institution in which all books, all verbal structures, all symbols, all human knowledge is labeled and catalogued. This library, whose stacks contain everything expressed in language—from chronicles of the ancient past to imaginary histories of the future:— inspires, at first glimpse, an “extravagant joy”; each man feels himself to be “lord of a secret, intact treasure.” But the library, like the human experience it records, is constantly expanding; its periodic inventory extends so far beyond the range of man's individual or cultural comprehension that the library becomes identical, not with the finite world of a single volume, but with the limitless, protean universe itself.
Can Money Buy Victory?
Authors: Summers Harry G.
Published: September 2018

As is perhaps fitting for a "capitalist" society, Americans tend to address national security issues in monetary terms. In the early 1950s, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles counseled that "the Soviet Communists are planning what they call 'an entire historical era,' and we should do the same. They seek, through many types of maneuvers, gradually to divide and weaken the free nations by overextending them in efforts which, as Lenin put it, are 'beyond their Strength, so that they come to practical bankruptcy.'"
Making Sense of Central America
Authors: Treverton Gregory F.
Published: September 2018

Most discussions of U.S. policy in Central America have focused on operational questions: Should the United States support the Contras seeking to overthrow the Sandinista government of Nicaragua? Should we condition military aid to El Salvador on curbing the death squads? These are the issues debated too by the Kissinger Commission on Central America, whose report was presented to President Reagan earlier this year. They are important, vexing, and decisive. But they are also essentially unanswerable on their own terms.
India: Voices of Dissent
Authors: Dasgupta Ananda
Published: September 2018

Opposition politics in India have come to resemble those celebrated marriages of film stars: the initial blaze of publicity, the enormous public attention, the fervent oaths of fealty, then the brief honeymoon, when past recriminations are forgotten, areas of commonality are discovered, and each party tries to convince a credulous media and a skeptical public that this time around it can work. And through it all (to push the metaphor a little further) the "other woman"—she who wrecked the previous marriage—looks on with a quiet smile.
Carlos Fuentes on Politics, Language, and Literature
Authors: Anadón Jose
Published: September 2018

Carlos Fuentes, Mexico s former ambassador to France and famed novelist, short story writer, and essayist, spent the 197980 academic year teaching at Princeton. While Fuentes was visiting the University of Notre Dame at the invitation of the Spanish Department, Jose Anadbn had the opportunity to ask him several ques tions, as did some of the students.
To Success and Good Friends
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: September 2018

Seventy-three-year-old Sam Fischman, while not a poor man, is certainly not rich, and is never going to be rich. Over and over he insists that this fact doesn't bother him, for he's had all the rich friends a man ever needed. But it takes no special sensitivity to recognize how disappointed he is with his own lack of success, and what he perceives as his son's preordained series of failures.
The Man Who Was Not Napoleon
Authors: Erdman David V.
Published: September 2018

William Wordsworth, born in 1770 and a "blissful" twentytwo when in Paris in the Year One of the new Republic, has given us The Prelude (1805), a very intelligible retrospective account of his enthusiasm and commitment during the heavenly dawn of the great Rebellion called the French Revolution. But he also hints, rather ambiguously, at involvement in some pathetic abortive rebellion during his "Residence in France," some murderous scheme of action in which, if he had continued in France, he might have "perished.... A poor mistaken and bewildered offering."
They and We Have Not Paid Dues
Authors: Dobel J. Patrick
Published: September 2018

On May 22 the University of Chicago named Robert S. McNamara winner of the first Albert Pick, Jr., Award for International Understanding. Under the terms of the award the sum of $25,000 and a sculpture will be presented to an individual who has made outstanding contributions to international peace and understanding. The citation recognizes McNamara's contribution as president of the World Bank for the last decade and pointedly ignores his seven-year service as secretary of defense during the escalation of the Vietnam war. Implicit in the university's choice and its defense of that choice is the assumption that McNamara has paid his dues and made up for Vietnam.

The award matters because it is part of a groping for a national recollection of Vietnam. We congratulate ourselves on our ability to make movies like The Deer Hunter or novels like Dispatches. A reception by President Carter for veterans and Congress's belated passage of Vietnam Veterans’ Counseling legislation also contribute to our self-satisfied awakening.
Forgiveness and Political Community
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley
Published: September 2018

Mr. Dobel is right—as a society we act as if the war in Vietnam was just a nasty little mistake. This not only excuses those who, for a variety of good and evil reasons, unwarrantedly perpetuated that war; but, more important, it dishonors those who conscientiously served there and those who conscientiously refused to serve there. If there is any forgiving to be done, people in those two groups must lead the way; they alone know what such forgiveness might mean.

Mr. Dobel is also right in stating that Vietnam continues to lie uneasily on our national conscience. Our inability to explain why we were in Vietnam and why we stayed there indicates the moral limits of our political self-understanding. We simply lack the moral means to recognize and understand what we did there. But then it would be a mistake to single out Vietnam—have we recognized or understood any better what we did to the Indians or that we were a slave nation?
Tibetans Wait for China's Next Move
Authors: Tseten Kesang
Published: September 2018

It has been twenty years since the Tibetan uprising. Last March, Tibetans and their American supporters rallied outside the United Nations building to commemorate that uprising against Chinese troops occupying the Tibetan homeland.

Roger Baldwin, founder of the American Civil Liberties Union and honorary president of the International League for Human Rights, was there calling for support of resolutions passed three times by the U.S. General Assembly, in 1959, 1961, and 1965. The U.S. called “for respect for the fundamental human rights of the Tibetan people and for their right to self-determination.” The rally, Baldwin said, was to protest the “subjection of six million people to foreign rule” and to uphold “the right to live in your own house.” The nonagenarian champion of civil liberties expressed some hope: “It may be that autonomy, semi-independence in Tibet, may be granted when China settles down into the modernization it seeks.”
5 International Debt Crisis: Borrowers, Banks & The IMF
Authors: Rousseas Stephen
Published: September 2018

The current international debt crisis is a relatively new phenomenon and one that, imposed on a malfunctioning international monetary system, threatens a catastrophe far worse than that of the 1930s. Already several Third World countries are facing total economic collapse and political anarchy. How this came about, how the problem is being diagnosed, and what is being proposed to meet the crisis makes a sorry story indeed.
8 International Drug Can it Be Stopped?
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick
Published: September 2018

According to a 1982 report prepared for the governor of New York by Joseph A. Califano, Jr., former secretary of health, education, and welfare, the number of heroin addicts in New York City had increased by 50 per cent since 1978. A Rand Corporation study quoted in the Califano report indicated that heroin addicts averaged 167 crimes a year. And the trends in both were upward.
Progress on a Small Planet
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

“The environment today is threatened not primarily by lack of knowledge about our problems and what to do about them, but by a massive failure of will.” So said Maurice F. Strong, chairman of the International Convocation for World Environmental Regeneration held in New York City this past February. Mr. Strong, it may be recalled, had served as the secretary-general of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm in 1972, and later as the first executive director of the United Nations Environment Program when this agency was established to give effect to the many-sided resolution adopted at Stockholm.
A Perplexed Ally
Authors: Pannenberg Wolfhart
Published: September 2018

For many years the German people liked to consider themselves America's closest allies on the European continent. Since the late 1940s, when former foes joined ranks against further Russian expansion, the Germans could be counted as one of the more solid rocks in the Western defense system. Within decades of a devasting war they not only surprised the world with a strong economy, but they took pride in developing a model democratic society. Even most East Germans (unofficially, of course) used to look to the young Federal Republic as an example and testing ground for the future of the entire country, although the East German state tried desperately to promote a model of its own. The general feeling was—and to some extent still is— that the Eastern model did not work, while the Western one did.
That Person Should Be the Next President Who…
Authors: Ruether Rosemary Radford , Witonski Peter P. , Falk Richard A.
Published: September 2018

The question mark over the American political system is this: whether those women and men who best understand the crises of the times and the directions that are needed in American and world policy could even remotely hope to be elected President, Congresspersons, mayors, or to any other public office. This question has several layers. First, we have seen that popular elective offices have become so captive to the financial power of great corporations that critical and independent thinkers are almost automatically excluded. We come almost full circle in democracy to preferring those with inherited wealth and leadership tradition as the least corruptible, since at least they and their “interests” coincide. The efforts to create reforms that would publicly finance political campaigns produce such contradictions that we have the spectacle of Eugene McCarthy and James Buckley teaming up against them on the grounds that they would underwrite only the incumbents.
The CIA in Chile
Authors: Sigmund Paul E.
Published: September 2018

To what degree was the U.S. responsible for the tragic end of Chilean democracy in the September, 1973, coup? Congressional investigations, press leaks, and the publication of the secret Chile files of ITT have continued to provide new evidence for those on all sides of the question. Now, through the investigations of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Activities, we have important new information about U.S. policy toward Chile.

The Committee has released an interim report, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, which includes a detailed study of the U.S. relation to the kidnapping-murder of General René Schneider, Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, in October, 1970.
India's Fragmented Democracy
Authors: Singh B. P.
Published: September 2018

Events of recent years have focused considerable attention on northeast India, particularly on tribal uprisings, insurgency, the problem of aliens, the involvement of foreign agencies, political horse trading, and natural disasters. At the same tune, ethnic and religious factors have been almost wholly ignored—this despite the fact that they have a decisive influence on the institutions of democracy and, since India's independence, have acquired quite new and different nuances.

In 1950 northeast India consisted of the State of Assam and the Union Territories of Manipur and Tripura. With the passage of the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act of 1971, the northeast emerged as a significant administrative concept. The more familiar unit of Assam was replaced by a North-Eastem Council (NEC) to deal with planning and security.
The Present Chance for Mideast Peace
Authors: Goldmann Nahum
Published: September 2018

Since the proclamation of the State of Israel thirty-one years ago, the Middle East has been in permanent crisis, more or less violent, with one war following another. It is no exaggeration to say, however, that no crisis in the past was as menancing as the present one. Some of my Israeli friends know more about the details of the situation from the Israeli point of view than I—inflation going beyond 100 per cent, the growing abyss between a small, rich minority that is getting richer and the vast majority getting poorer, the growing polarization of the inner political scene and, internationally, the total isolation of Israel, supported only by the USA, primarily for internal political reasons, especially in view of the approaching presidential election.
Hope and Realism Between Egypt and Israel
Authors: Gruen George E.
Published: September 2018

The Egyptian-Israeli peace process is 95 per cent irreversible.” That is the professional assessment of Hedayat Abdel Nabi, the American- educated diplomatic, correspondent for Al-Ahram and interviewer for Cairo's “Voice of Peace” radio program, with whom I spoke in Cairo some months ago.

Peace is indeed very popular In Egypt. While the 99.9 per cent approval President Anwar el-Sadat received in a recent referendum understates the opposition, his peace policy enjoys the backing of a substantial majority of the general population. This includes, to all indications, the armed forces, whose loyalty remains a crucial element in the stability of the regime.
Contending With God, Fidelity, and Freedom
Authors: McWilliams Wilson Carey
Published: September 2018

The world of espionage, we have been given to understand, is drab, sordid, and lumpenbourgeois. Base motives dominate, vile acts are common, and agents bespeak cynicism and weariness. This is the tradition of spy fiction, developed long ago by masters like Conrad. It is also, however, no more than a milieu, and in spying it is important not to be misled by appearances.

Spies deceive, and the fictions a spy novelist writes are deceptions about deceivers. Subterfuge is the business of the art, and John le Carre's political teaching is a good deal subtler than many critics imagine. It is not true, for example, that le Carre's heroes are—as Michael Wood described them—all “glum, deceived…[and] tired of spying.” In fact, George Smiley's people yearn for the harness. “Thank you,” Otto Leipzig tells the widow Ostrakova, who sets the plot in motion, “for calling me to arms.” General Vladimir, the old emigre, almost races to his doom.
Human Rights & the National Interest
Authors: Bryan Hehir J.
Published: September 2018

The philosophical discussions about the nature and origins of human rights are learned, complex and fascinating; it can certainly be argued that before a statesman decides to make a national goal of their promotion he should have a firm moral theory about their essence and their foundations. But much of the literature has a tendency to overcomplicate what is already a formidably difficult subject.

—Stanley Hoffmann, Duties Beyond Borders

Heeding this cautionary note from a perceptive theorist who has explored the philosophical dimensions of rights policy, my limited purpose here is to examine three concepts from Roman Catholic theory that structure the Church's participation in the human rights debate. These concepts are: (1) the foundation of human rights; (2) the range of human rights claims; and (3) the conception of the state in international relations today.
The Palestinian Debate
Authors: Roeder Larry W. , Marcus Franklin C. , Sizer Henry S.
Published: September 2018

People seeking a settlement of the Palestinian question have focused on several options during the past few years. These proposals cover a wide range of choices from annexation by Israel of the West Bank and Gaza, to a Palestinian semiautonomy in the same territories, to some kind of union with Jordan. However, the only viable proposal is an arrangement that satisfies the population most directly involved; i.e., the Palestinians. And they will be satisfied with nothing less than true independence from both Israel and Jordan for the territories occupied by Israel since 1967. Just as other “peoples” have done before them, the Palestinians today are struggling for one thing above all else: the powerful idea of “self-determination” or “sovereignty.” In the twentieth century that means an independent state.
Farewell to Foreign Aid: At the United Nations
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

To say that there is room tor improvement in the U.N. development operations would be the understatement of this Development Decade. The truth is that the U.N. launched its development program without an overall policy or a sound strategy III organized for the task, it is still stumbling along an uncharted path.

The Expanded Program of Technical Assistance, or EPTA (so called because it had some modest precursors), was the first program of significant size that brought together the entire U.N. family, i.e.. the United Nations and its specialized agencies. Almost from birth it was caught in a procedural tangle. Expediency, compromises, ad hoc decisions—especially to accommodate the conflicting agency interests and viewpoints—became its hallmark.
The Library of America
Authors: Rand Richard A.
Published: September 2018

If Publicity has done its job, then everyone will have heard by now of the Library of America–an ambitious series of books being funded by the Lord Foundation and the National Endowment lor the Humanities. Everyone will have heard of the project's attenuated arrival (it was first proposed by the late Edmund Wilson in the early 1960s); of its plan to furnish the world with the works of the greater and lesser authors of this country, set forth in elegant volumes, and, finally, of the extraordinary collaboration that the project has prompted between forces normally opposed or estranged: The series is to be edited by the academic community. on the one hand, and manufactured and distributed by “the Trade” on the other.
The Third World in V. S. Naipaul
Authors: Clemens Walter C.
Published: September 2018

I first heard of V. S. Naipaul in 1977. Preparing for a Fulbright lectureship in Trinidad, I asked State Department experts what to read. Their answer: V. S. Naipaul. Today, if a student were to ask me what author to read to learn about the Third World, my answer would be the same: Naipaul.

What is the Third World? Political sociologists and economists proffer definitions and statistics. Naipaul gives us vivid images and stories about people who live there. His purposes have been literary and reportorial. They have also been deeply personal, for Naipaul has sought to escape and transcend the Hindu-Trinidad milieu in which he was raised.
Terrorists in the Safest City
Authors: Ringwald George B.
Published: September 2018

I met Makoto Matsuo, leader of the group mat cuts down its rivals with steel pipes in tea parlors and that rampages, with staves and rocks, among innocent train passengers, in a tiny cubicle of a room on the ground floor of a three-story business office building that would normally have no trouble blending into the gray alikeness of a hundred nondescript neighborhoods of Tokyo.

The room was tightly if crudely sealed off from the rest of the building, its walls a patchwork of odd-shaped cardboard pieces and old blankets with patterns you were likely to find in the tourist shop of a Navajo reservation. We entered from the street, ducking our heads under a steel shutter that had been raised part way to let us in and that was then quickly lowered to seal us off from the outside.
Agriculture, Development & “the Enduring Error”
Authors: Sen Sudhir
Published: September 2018

At a special gathering of the General Assembly, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations celebrated its thirty-ninth birthday. At the same time, the Assembly observed the annual World Food Day, which was inaugurated by an FAO conference four years ago. This year's keynote speaker was Professor John Kenneth Galbraith. The subject he chose was characteristically titled: “The Agricultural System and the Enduring Error.”
The State of the Soviet Union
Authors: Jackson William D.
Published: September 2018

The 1980s have become and are likely to remain a new “time of troubles” for the Soviet Union. Principal among these troubles is a faltering economy. The average rate of annual growth for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (1981-86) is likely to be just over 2 per cent, half the rate achieved a decade ago; and die productivity of both labor and capital in industry during the first three years of the present Plan actually declined. Although investment in machinery production has increased by more than 20 per cent—a key element of a strategy designed to accelerate the modernization of an aged industrial plant—the growth in production of new machinery remains at a postwar low. Increased investment in agriculture has also produced disappointing results, and food shortages in cities are likely to recur in '85. The Soviet leadership must be equally troubled by the fact that, despite rising consumer expectations, growth in per capita consumption during the first three years of the present Plan has averaged a mere 1 per cent—a sharp contrast to the 4-5 per cent realized during the 1970s.
Debt & Trade: The View From Africa
Authors: Browne Robert S.
Published: September 2018

Prodded by flickering images on the evening news—images of human wastage and suffering on a scale difficult to conceive—the world's attention has finally been drawn to the tragic famine that has been plaguing Africa for the past two years. Meanwhile, another disaster is brewing in Africa, one the world may fail to recognize until it is too late to remedy. Unnoticed because of the more compelling nature of famine, and also because most of the world has had its own problems with recession and sluggish economic growth, Africa's economy has been deteriorating at an alarming rate for most of the last ten years.
Game Theory & the Nuclear Standoff
Authors: Hardin Russell
Published: September 2018

Game theory in both popular and academic circles is prominently associated with the nuclear standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union. But game theory, unfortunately, is not easy to use, and much of its application to the nuclear dilemma has only fathered confusion. Two of these confusions are particularly destructive.

The first comes from thinking of strategic interactions as games, to be won like chess and poker. We owe this confusion directly to John von Neumann, who gave the name “game theory” to his analysis of the logical structures of strategic interactions. It is too late to change the name, but it may not be too late to quit thinking of poker and chess when we are involved in the more crucial strategic interactions that fill our lives.
Brazil's Fragile Democracy
Authors: Levinson Marc
Published: September 2018

The events surrounding the tragic illness and death of President-elect Tancredo Neves have led some observers to ascribe a new political maturity to Brazil. Nevis, the grandfatherly figure who was to become the first civilian president most Brazilians had ever known, never took the oath of office. Instead, it fell to an unlikely and unpredictable politician named José Sarney to break the string of generals who have ruled the country since a bloodless military coup in 1964. During the five weeks of Neves's lingering intestinal ailment, Sarney ruled as acting president with the collaboration of the country's entire political and civilian leadership. Now, without a figure of national unity to rely upon, Sarney—a former head of the military governments's party, who only last summer became a convert to the democratic opposition—holds in his hands the fate of the government that Brazilians have labeled hopefully the New Republic.
W. Berlin: Forty Years After
Authors: Crandall Hollick Julian
Published: September 2018

If you want to understand West Berlin's history and present political reality, take the train from Hanover or Hamburg. The border crossing from West to East Germany gives the first clue. Barbed wire and high fences line the track; police line the station platform. The few East German civilians who are waiting for their own trains seem to look right through you as though you were invisible—a ghost train heading for Berlin.
Political Theatre in the '80s
Authors: Syna Sy
Published: September 2018

Outside a tiny loft on downtown Church Street, a group of people are clustered, hoping for late ticket cancellations for the current production at The Theatre Exchange, a new OffOff Broadway group whose space seats about fifty. The settings and, indeed, the very platform upon which the audience sits are ingeniously fashioned from scrap lumber found along Canal Street. The cast is young, but Alex Demetriev has directed them with such intensity that they successfully capture the spirit and savagery of post W.W.I Germany.

On Broadway, Christopher Reeve, formerly of Superman fame, now plays a legless, homosexual Vietnam veteran in a comedy-drama that is part of a series of plays about the Talley family, written by Pulitzer Prize-winner Lanford Wilson. The production is supported by extensive publicity and a full ad campaign in the media.
China, Japan, and Their Neighbors
Authors: Barnett Robert W.
Published: September 2018

Two countries in East Asia prompt students and visitors to think of them as likely to occupy, in the twenty-first century, a commanding world position. I have in mind, of course, that writers like Norman Macrae of the Economist and Herman Kahn of the Hudson Institute look at the Japanese system and project performance that will place Japan in the very forefront of world economies within the next twenty-five years—and this despite the relatively small size of the country and its almost total lack of natural resources. On the other hand, visitors like former Supreme Court Justice Douglas, Kenneth Scott Galbraith of Harvard, and many others have visited China and left it saying, in effect: “I have seen the future, and it works!”
Anschluss in the Sahara
Authors: Hollick Julian Crandall
Published: September 2018

Three thousand years ago the Cheshnuk dynasty of Libyan nomadic tribesmen ruled over a vast North African empire stretching from Morocco to the Red Sea. With his recent annexation ot neighboring Chad, openly claimed as part of Libya's “vital living space,” Colonel Qaddafi has taken the first successful step toward his much-publicized aim of recreating that empire. If his seizure of Chad is consummated by the planned political union between the two states, Qaddafi at last will be able to strut around as a latter-day duce, lord and master of four million people and an arid mass of sand and mountain the size of Western Europe.

Undoubtedly the colonel has a problem. Libya is a vast country, rich in oil, but with a population of only a million and a half–scarcely adequate for a would-be successor to Garnal Abdul Nasser or the Cheshnuk emperors.
Population: The Gathering Crisis
Authors: Keely Charles B.
Published: September 2018

Ten years ago the United Nations sponsored the first conference of governments on global population. Held in Bucharest, the conference was spearheaded by the United States and planned as a rally in support of the notion that population was growing too rapidly around the world and that the right prescription was family planning. But Bucharest did not turn out as planned. Such developing giants as India and China questioned the cure, and the rallying cry became, rather, that development is the best contraceptive. The conferees produced a grandly-named World Population Plan of Action which, though it acknowledged the role of family planning and contraception, had more than one plan in its platform.
Grenada Revisited: An Interview with Caldwell Taylor
Authors: Worthington Richard
Published: September 2018

Caldwell Taylor, a former teacher and journalist, was Grenada's Ambassador to the United Nations from September, 1980, to October, 1983, and Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1982 to October, 1983. Grenada's president, Maurice Bishop, was deposed by a military coup on October 13 and murdered on October 19. The United States invaded Grenada on October 25. —Eds.
Vietnam in America: Our longest war comes home
Authors: Finn James
Published: September 2018

On September 2, 1945, the Vietnamese Communists raised their red flag in Hanoi to proclaim the independent Republic of Vietnam. The group that saluted the flag included the Communist leader Ho Chi Minh and American officers in uniform.

On April 30, 1975, the last helicopter of an evacuation airlift rose from the U.S. embassy in Saigon. As the Americans fled Saigon, forces of the North Vietnam Army entered the city and renamed it Ho Chi Minh. South Vietnam ceased to exist as a separate state; the last official vestiges of American participation in a disastrous, losing war disappeared; and the Communists of North Vietnam consolidated their control over the entire country.
Tales of the Pacific
Authors: Chapman Patricia Luce
Published: September 2018

The American “strategic trusteeship” of Micronesia, awarded by the United Nations after the Japanese defeat in World War II, is today giving way to a new political status for the islands. Tucked under the wing of the Federal Government since 1947—first as a ward of the Navy and* then of the Interior Department—the two thousand islands and atolls extending over three million-square miles of the Western Pacific are familiar only to those Americans old enough to have followed news of the war in the Pacific and of early A-bomb tests.

The Micronesian chain begins with the Marshalls, 2,200 miles southwest of Hawaii—Bikini, Enewetak, and Kwajalein are here—and ends with the U.S. Territory of Guam, 1,600 mile east of Manila. To the west of the Marshalls are the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)—Truk and Yap among them. Above Guam stretch the islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), and below, the Republic of Palau.
Elections, Haiti-Style
Authors: Joseph Raymond Alcide
Published: September 2018

If all goes according to the latest plan, “free and honest” municipal elections will have been held in Haiti's capital of Port-au-Prince on August 14, capping a three-phase process that began in the provinces six months ago. Can a quarter-century-old dictatorship hold “free” elections? What are the advantages of staggered balloting in a country the size of Maryland and with a mere five million inhabitants?

Plans for any type of election in a poverty-stricken, politically repressed island nation ruled by a “president for- life” are subject to skepticism. Yet an analysis of the “elections” may indicate something of the mood of Haiti's citizens and also reveal the nature of a regime that claims to be a “bulwark against communism” in the Caribbean and Central America.

On April 22, 1982, Jean-Claude (“Baby Doc“) Duvalier was commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of Duvalierist rule and wishing his subjects many more years of the same, when he dropped a bombshell.
SALT and Carter's Dilemma
Authors: Guertner Gary L.
Published: September 2018

SALT, the strategic arms limitation talks between the United States and the Soviet Union, has been formally in progress since 1969, spanning the administrations of three American presidents. The often understated emphasis has been on maintaining strategic stability through quantitative limits and qualitative shaping of forces, present and future, and through formally agreed-upon ceilings rather than on the reduction of existing systems or inventories.