bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of microalga Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) on hippocampus lipoperoxidation and lipid profile in rats with induced hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Bertolin Telma Elita , Pilatti Dayane , Giacomini Ana Cristina Vendrametto Varrone , Bavaresco Caren Serra , Colla Luciane Maria , Costa Jorge Alberto Vieira
Published: January 2010

Studies have been conducted on microalga Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) due to its therapeutic potential in several areas, including the capacity for preventing and decreasing the damages caused by hyperlipidemia and the antioxidant activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of microalga Spirulina platensis on hippocampus lipoperoxidation and lipid profile in rats with induced hypercholesterolemia during 60 days. The measurement of hippocampus lipoperoxidation did not demonstrate significant difference (p>0.05) when Spirulina platensis was added to hypercholesterolemic diet. The evaluation of lipid profile showed that the administration of the microalga in therapeutic and preventive ways led to a significant protective effect (p<0.05) from hypercholesterolemia.
Ionizing radiation effects on food vitamins: a review
Authors: Dionísio Ana Paula , Gomes Renata Takassugui , Oetterer Marília
Published: January 2010

Ionizing radiation has been widely used in industrial processes, especially in the sterilization of medicals, pharmaceuticals, cosmetic products, and in food processing. Similar to other techniques of food processing, irradiation can induce certain alterations that can modify both the chemical composition and the nutritional value of foods. These changes depend on the food composition, the irradiation dose and factors such as temperature and presence or absence of oxygen in the irradiating environment. The sensitivity of vitamins to radiation is unpredictable and food vitamin losses during the irradiation are often substantial. The aim of this study was to discuss retention or loss of vitamins in several food products submitted to an irradiation process.
Biodegradation of stored jet fuel by a Nocardia sp. isolated from contaminated soil
Authors: Gomes Edelvio de Barros , Soriano Adriana Ururahy , Miranda Rita de Cássia Mendonça de , Sousa Maria de Fátima Vieira de Queiroz , Pereira Jr. Nei
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of degradation of an autochthonous bacterial strain, isolated from petroleum derivatives contaminated soil samples against jet fuel hydrocarbons. The autochthonous bacterial strain was characterized as Nocardia sp. Evaluation of their degrading abilities was carried out by presumptive assays as redox indicator test and by observations of surface tension decreases in aqueous medium. Degradation of jet fuel hydrocarbons was evaluated by chromatographic methods. Experiments were performed in flasks at two biostimulation rates. A bacterial strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa UFPEDA 39 was utilized as a reference microorganism. The bacterial strain, identified as Nocardia sp, demonstrate high ability to degrade jet fuel compounds as well as to produce surface active compounds when compared to the reference microrganism.
Evaluation of the biodegradation of different types of lubricant oils in liquid medium
Authors: Lopes Paulo Renato Matos , Bidoia Ederio Dino
Published: January 2010

The aim of this work was to study the biodegradation of different types of automotive lubricant oils adapted to the aqueous medium using a base inoculum and an aqueous inoculum. Four treatments were carried out in two consecutive and similar experiments: T1 (control); T2 (half-synthetic oil); T3 (mineral oil); T4 (used oil). The results showed the following decreasing order of CO2 production in the Bartha and Pramer respirometers: T4 > T2 > T3 > T1. Thus, the used lubricant oil showed with highest biodegradability, followed by the half-synthetic one and the mineral oil. It was also observed that the mineral lubricant presented a longer period of adaptation compared to the half-synthetic one.
Investigation about the efficiency of the bioaugmentation technique when applied to diesel oil contaminated soils
Authors: Mariano Adriano Pinto , Angelis Dejanira de Franceschi de , Pirôllo Maria Paula Santos , Contiero Jonas , Bonotto Daniel Marcos
Published: January 2010

This work investigated the efficiency of the bioaugmentation technique when applied to diesel oil contaminated soils collected at three service stations. Batch biodegradation experiments were carried out in Bartha biometer flasks (250 mL) used to measure the microbial CO2 production. Biodegradation efficiency was also measured by quantifying the concentration of hydrocarbons. In addition to the biodegradation experiments, the capability of the studied cultures and the native microorganisms to biodegrade the diesel oil purchased from a local service station, was verified using a technique based on the redox indicator 2,6 -dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP). Results obtained with this test showed that the inocula used in the biodegradation experiments were able to degrade the diesel oil and the tests carried out with the native microorganisms indicated that these soils had a microbiota adapted to degrade the hydrocarbons. In general, no gain was obtained with the addition of microorganisms or even negative effects were observed in the biodegradation experiments.
Escola versus cultura?
Authors: Canêdo Letícia Bicalho
Published: January 2010

Originariamente uma aula magna proferida num concurso para professor titular, o artigo reúne instrumentos para uma reflexão sobre a relação entre escola e cultura, tendo em vista a coincidência que se costuma estabelecer entre a instituição escolar e a cultura. Essa coincidência, à priori impossível, realiza-se na prática, ainda que seja contestada, pois como a história registra, ela é feita com o uso de recursos de grande brutalidade. Primeiramente discute-se como a cultura (definida como o conjunto de atividades que fornece descrições do mundo por meio da "livre expressão") é vivida na prática da instituição escolar. Em seguida, são mostradas as fórmulas políticas que escondem a relação de força por trás da obra da institucionalização da escola, a qual, fundando-se na premissa de que só ela é eficiente para educar os indivíduos, vem se apresentando como solução duradoura para o dilema. Procura-se demonstrar que o dilema da coincidência entre escola e cultura existe porque fórmulas sedutoras conseguem esconder o segredo de uma lógica que repousa nas relações de força existentes na obra de construção do Estado Nacional da qual nós, assim como a escola, somos produto. Nesse contexto, a análise da relação escola versus cultura é feita em analogia com a que vincula Estado versus nação.
Problema proposto ou problema resolvido: qual a diferença?
Authors: Dalto Jader Otavio , Buriasco Regina Luzia Corio de
Published: January 2010

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a produção escrita presente na questão comum à 8ª série do ensino fundamental e à 3ª série do ensino médio da Prova de Questões Abertas de Matemática da Avaliação do Rendimento Escolar do Estado do Paraná - AVA/2002. A abordagem metodológica adotada é predominantemente qualitativa, orientando-se pelas técnicas da análise de conteúdo como ferramenta de compreensão e inferência da produção escrita dos alunos em uma amostra de 97 provas. Após a correção e a realização de agrupamentos, foram identificadas quatro categorias de resolução da questão. Em cada categoria, foram inferidos enunciados de problemas que os estudantes parecem ter compreendido e resolvido a partir da interpretação que fizeram do enunciado da questão proposta. Como resultados gerais, tem-se que: a) as estratégias utilizadas pelos estudantes para resolver a questão não diferem muito de uma série para outra; b) o desempenho dos estudantes da 3ª série do ensino médio é melhor que o desempenho dos estudantes da 8ª série do ensino fundamental; c) a maioria dos estudantes resolveu a questão utilizando operações aritméticas como adição, subtração, multiplicação e divisão, o que está sendo considerado aqui como uma estratégia aritmética. A análise aponta ainda indícios de que o baixo desempenho dos estudantes está mais associado à dificuldade de compreender o enunciado da questão, e que eles 'dominam' parte do 'conteúdo matemático' necessário à resolução desta.
Educador social: uma identidade a caminho da profissionalização?
Authors: Silva Gerson Heidrich da
Published: January 2010

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma síntese da pesquisa de mestrado A construção de identidade do educador social na sua prática cotidiana: a pluralidade de um sujeito singular, na qual se buscou conhecer características da identidade que o educador social, de nível universitário, da cidade de São Paulo, vem construindo na sua prática cotidiana. A metodologia desenvolvida para este estudo constou de um instrumento elaborado pelo pesquisador e preenchido, entre início de março e final de setembro de 2006, por quinze educadores sociais de áreas de formação diversas: Psicologia, Serviço Social e Pedagogia. Verificou-se, dessa maneira, o perfil socioeconômico e cultural desses educadores, complementando com aspectos qualitativos de sua prática cotidiana relatada mediante questões semidirigidas e duas cartas propiciadoras de livre expressão. Para a análise, contou-se com a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e o diálogo com autores da Sociologia, Pedagogia e Serviço Social. Os resultados analisados apontaram a desvalorização, a impotência e a resignação como características marcantes dessa identidade em construção. A precariedade para o desenvolvimento do trabalho e a descontinuidade (principalmente dos Programas de Assistência Social) sustentam a queixa instaurada no discurso desses sujeitos. Constatou-se também certo apelo à necessidade de aprimoramento da formação (especialização, qualificação etc.), o que nos levou a pensar na profissionalização desse educador. Apontou-se, então, a universidade como campo dinâmico de reflexão, discussão, acolhimento e construção de saberes específicos e facilitadores de ressignificação do trabalho desenvolvido. Isso destituiria, assim pensamos, o caráter "missionário" dessa prática como um dos álibis da desesperança.
Conhecimento técnico e atitude no ensino de língua portuguesa
Authors: Fairchild Thomas Massao
Published: January 2010

Contra a ideia de que os conhecimentos técnicos do professor de língua materna sirvam prioritariamente ao conteúdo de seu ensino ou ao planejamento de suas aulas, neste artigo, discute-se o preceito de que tal conhecimento seja assumido também como base para a elaboração de uma atitude a ser mantida nas interações face a face da sala de aula. Essa atitude diz respeito à constante necessidade de tomar decisões diante do inesperado e aponta para a construção de um lugar discursivo específico do professor de língua - o de quem escuta a palavra do aluno e a enlaça à sua, de maneira a garantir que a assunção de um lugar de sujeito passe por uma reflexão sobre os meios linguísticos disponíveis para tanto. Toma-se como exemplo para esse debate a interpretação inusitada que alguns alunos fazem da palavra "rataria", presente num texto de Monteiro Lobato. Discutem-se certas atitudes que poderiam ser tomadas em relação a esse erro de leitura e suas implicações: requisitar a modificação da resposta, modificar o material didático, explicitar o trabalho linguístico subjacente ao erro ou utilizar o erro como pretexto para outras atividades. Os encaminhamentos discutidos fundamentam-se na premissa de que erros e outras manifestações imprevistas não apenas revelam procedimentos de construção do conhecimento, mas também oferecem oportunidades importantes para que o professor se faça incluir na palavra do aluno, sendo, portanto, um aspecto fundamental na construção de uma relação em que o ensino se torne possível.
A agenda do Legislativo Federal para as políticas curriculares no Brasil (1995-2007)
Authors: Oliveira Rosimar de Fátima
Published: January 2010

Considerando a organização do Congresso Nacional instituída a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988, este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar o papel do Poder Legislativo na formulação das políticas curriculares no Brasil, destacando e discutindo a agenda proposta no âmbito desse Poder para as matérias sobre esse tema. Para consecução desse objetivo, foram identificadas todas as proposições sobre educação apresentadas e concluídas no processo legislativo durante as 50ª, 51ª e 52ª legislaturas (1995-2007), analisando-se, entre estas, aquelas que tomam como objeto o currículo escolar. Dessa maneira, o trabalho analisa o processo legislativo de 29 proposições sobre currículo escolar, 3 das quais transformadas em norma jurídica. Conclui-se que o Poder Legislativo apresenta um fraco poder de agenda em relação às políticas curriculares, limitando suas propostas à criação ou à modificação de disciplinas escolares. Na concepção de política curricular expressa por meio das proposições apresentadas, é como se o currículo escolar se instituísse de fora para dentro das escolas, pelo somatório desarticulado de disciplinas pretensamente importantes para a minimização das mazelas sociais. Não são preocupações de tais projetos os objetivos precípuos da instituição escolar, mas as próprias problemáticas sociais que os inspiraram. Desconsideram o contexto da prática, revelando procedimentos para os quais o texto da política curricular parece fazer sentido em si mesmo, fora dos processos de recontextualização e hibridismo fundamentais para o entendimento das políticas curriculares como políticas culturais.
Educar sem reprovar: desafio de uma escola para todos
Authors: Jacomini Márcia Aparecida
Published: January 2010

Neste artigo, discute-se a realização do direito à educação e a forma de organização do ensino na perspectiva de democratizá-la. Tem-se como pressuposto que os ciclos e a progressão continuada podem ser uma forma de organização do ensino que favorece a construção de um processo educacional capaz de incluir e oferecer condições de aprendizagem a todos. No entanto, para que o ensino organizado em ciclos e a progressão continuada contribuam para o atendimento das demandas de uma escola universal, faz-se necessário que, juntamente com a ruptura de uma prática educacional seriada, fragmentada e permeada pela reprovação anual, discuta-se um conceito de educação que leve em consideração a apropriação da cultura de forma ampla. Isso implica numa mudança paradigmática que envolve o campo da teoria, da política e da prática educacionais. Essa discussão é importante porque, embora nos últimos 30 anos algumas propostas educacionais tenham questionado a reprovação, ela continua presente na concepção de educação escolar dos educadores. Assim, para superar a reprovação escolar, é fundamental buscar, nos pressupostos de um processo educativo contínuo, concepções e práticas que rompam com a dicotomia promoção/reprovação. Nessa perspectiva, os ciclos e a progressão continuada precisam ser compreendidos como parte de uma política educacional mais ampla de construção da qualidade social de uma escola para todos.
O predomínio dos negros nas escolas de Minas Gerais do século XIX
Authors: Fonseca Marcus Vinícius
Published: January 2010

O período que compreende os anos de 1820 a 1850 marca o início da construção e da estruturação de uma política de instrução pública com objetivo de educar o povo da província de Minas Gerais. Este artigo procura analisar o nível de relação entre esse processo e o segmento mais expressivo dentro da estrutura demográfica de Minas Gerais, ou seja, a população negra livre. Para realizar a análise, utilizamos como referência uma documentação censitária que tentou contabilizar a população de todos os distritos mineiros e registrou as crianças que estavam nas escolas. A partir do registro censitário, construímos um perfil racial das escolas, confrontando-o com informações fornecidas por outros documentos (listas de professores, relatos de viajantes, memórias) que revelaram uma presença majoritária dos negros nas escolas de instrução elementar. A interpretação que produzimos em relação à presença dos negros nas escolas mineira indica que essa instituição era um dos elementos acionados por esse grupo com objetivo de afirmação no espaço social. Em relação a isso, destaca-se o fato de que a escolarização adquiriu significados específicos em meio à população negra, ou seja, representava a sua inserção na cultura letrada, mas também uma forma de demarcar um distanciamento do mundo da escravidão e uma demonstração de domínio dos códigos de conduta das pessoas livres.
A redescription of Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish from the rio Iguaçu basin, Brazil
Authors: Pavanelli Carla Simone , Oliveira Carlos Alexandre Miranda
Published: January 2010

Astyanax gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911), new combination, a polymorphic characid fish endemic to the Rio Iguaçu basin in Southern Brazil, is redescribed. The species was originally described as belonging to the monotypic genus Psalidodon, distinguished from Astyanax by the possession of a single series of teeth on the premaxilla (vs. two series), by the presence of relatively compressed teeth on the premaxillary and dentary bones (vs. relatively bulky teeth), and by the absence of lips (vs. lips present). Examination of a large number of specimens from the rio Iguaçu basin that present dental and lip features that were intermediate between Psalidodon and Astyanax indicated that specimens attributed to Psalidodon show extreme characters observed within a polymorphic Astyanax species. Accordingly, the genus Psalidodon is synonymized under Astyanax. Specimens of "Astyanax sp. F" morphotype from the rio Iguaçu basin belong to the species Astyanax gymnodontus and display a regular tooth arrangement and morphology, and their lip development is similar to that of other Astyanax species.
Chromosome polymorphism in Ancistrus cuiabae Knaack, 1999 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Ancistrini)
Authors: Mariotto Sandra , Centofante Liano , Miyazawa Carlos S. , Bertollo Luiz Antonio Carlos , Moreira Filho Orlando
Published: January 2010

Cytogenetic and FISH analyses were performed in 30 Ancistrus cuiabae specimens from a bay near the town of Poconé, in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The observed diploid number was 2n = 34 chromosomes for both sexes and three distinct katyotypic formulae were found, namely cytotype A (20m, 8sm, 6st, Fundamental Number/FN = 68; 6 males and 11 females), cytotype B (19m, 8sm, 6st, 1a, FN = 67; 8 males and 4 females) and cytotype C (18m, 8sm, 6st, 2a, FN = 66; a single male). NORs's analyses showed that these regions were located in distinct sites on the NOR-bearing chromosome pair, according to cytotypes. Thus, in cytotype A, NORs were located in the terminal region of the short arm of the second metacentric chromosome pair; in cytotype B, they were detected in the short arm of the metacentric chromosome and interstitially on the acrocentric chromosome and, in cytotype C, NORs were observed in the interstitial region of the acrocentric chromosome pair. C-positive heterochromatic bands were adjacent to the rDNA sites in the corresponding chromosomes. Thus, the chromosomal polymorphism of A. cuiabae was probably originated through a pericentric inversion in chromosome pair nº 2 involving the NOR sites, which represents a novelty in the Ancistrini tribe. The results also broaden the knowledge of the chromosomal evolution in Ancistrus, the most derived genus of the Ancistrini tribe.
Population genetic structuring in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) across the Paraná-Paraguay basin: evidence from microsatellites
Authors: Calcagnotto Daniela , DeSalle Rob
Published: January 2010

The Paraná-Paraguay basin encompasses central western Brazil, northeastern Paraguay, eastern Bolivia and northern Argentina. The Pantanal is a flooded plain with marked dry and rainy seasons that, due to its soil characteristics and low declivity, has a great water holding capacity supporting abundant fish fauna. Piaractus mesopotamicus, or pacu, endemic of the Paraná-Paraguay basin, is a migratory species economically important in fisheries and ecologically as a potential seed disperser. In this paper we employ eight microsatellite loci to assess the population structure of 120 pacu sampled inside and outside the Pantanal of Mato Grosso. Our main objective was to test the null hypothesis of panmixia and to verify if there was a different structuring pattern between the Pantanal were there were no physical barriers to fish movement and the heavily impounded Paraná and Paranapanema rivers. All loci had moderate to high levels of polymorphism, the number of alleles varied from three to 18. The average observed heterozygosity varied from 0.068 to 0.911. After the Bonferroni correction three loci remained significant for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg, and for those the frequency of null alleles was estimated. F ST and R ST pairwise comparisons detected low divergence among sampling sites, and differentiation was significant only between Paranapanema and Cuiabá and Paranapanema and Taquari. No correlation between genetic distance and the natural logarithm of the geographic distance was detected. Results indicate that for conservation purposes and for restoration programs small genetic differences detected in the Cuiabá and Paranapanema rivers should be taken in consideration.
Biogeography and comparative cytogenetics between two populations of Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) (Ostariophysi: Erythrinidae) from coastal basins in the State of Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Jacobina Uedson Pereira , Affonso Paulo Roberto Antunes de Mello , Carneiro Paulo Luiz Souza , Dergam Jorge Abdala
Published: January 2010

The species Hoplias malabaricus is a predator fish found in nearly all cis-Andean basins. From a cytogenetic point of view, this species comprises, at least, seven differentiated karyomorphs. Several localities have been formerly analyzed in Brazil, however, some regions, such as Bahia State, remain underrepresented. Recently, the Brazilian Environment Ministry classified both Itapicuru and Contas river basins (entirely located within Bahia territory) as priority conservation areas, whose biodiversity status lacks enough information. Therefore, the goal of the present work was to characterize, cytogenetically, populations of H. malabaricus from both basins, by using conventional staining, Ag-NOR and C-banding techniques. All specimens presented a diploid number of 2n = 40 with metacentric/submetacentric chromosomes, without differences between sexes, thereby representing the so-called "karyomorph F". The first metacentric pair presented a remarkably larger size in relation to the other pairs. The NORs were multiple, comprising the terminal region on long arms of two chromosomal pairs in both populations. However, the C-banding pattern was somewhat distinguishable between samples. Although sharing heterochromatic blocks at centromeric region of all chromosomes, the population from Itapicuru River basin appeared to have some more conspicuous blocks than those observed in the population from Contas River basin. The similar karyotype observed in both populations suggests a common geological history between them. The present results represent an advance in the knowledge about the cytogenetic pattern of H. malabaricus populations from poorly studied basins.
Genetic variability in three species of Gymnotus Linnaeus, 1758 (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from Caracu stream of the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil
Authors: Rezende Judy Ruiz , Renesto Erasmo , Zawadzki Cláudio Henrique
Published: January 2010

The genetic variability of three Gymnotus species from the Caracu stream, a small tributary of the left margin of Paraná River (Brazilian upper Paraná River floodplain), was estimated with data of 17 putative allozyme loci, which were obtained by using corn starch gel electrophoresis of 10 enzymatic systems: Aspartate aminotransferase (E. C. 2.6.1.1), Alcohol dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.1), Esterase (E. C. 3.1.1.1), Glucose dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.118), Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.8), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.42), L-Lactate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.27), Malate dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.37), Superoxide dismutase (E. C. 1.15.1.1) and Sorbitol dehydrogenase (E. C. 1.1.1.14). The genetic diversity was estimated as He = 0.3458 for G. pantanal, He = 0.2481 for G. inaequilabiatus, and He = 0.3152 for G. sylvius. The most divergent species were G. sylvius and G. pantanal (D = 0.117), and the most similar were G. inaequilabiatus and G. pantanal (D = 0.051). The data indicates that the observed genetic variability was very low and the expected variability estimated for these three species is very high, and the genetic differences among them are small. The data suggest that the process of speciation which produced these three species is recent.
NTPDase and acetylcholinesterase activities in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Heptapteridae) exposed to interaction of oxygen and ammonia levels
Authors: Kaizer Rosilene Rodrigues , Loro Vania Lúcia , Schetinger Maria Rosa Chitolina , Morsch Vera Maria , Tabaldi Luciane Almeri , Rosa Cíntia Saydelles da , Garcia Luciano de Oliveira , Becker Alexssandro G. , Baldisserotto Bernardo
Published: January 2010

The effects of various levels of oxygen saturation and ammonia concentration on NTPDase (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.5) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) activities in whole brain of teleost fish (Rhamdia quelen) were investigated. The fish were exposed to one of two different dissolved oxygen levels, including high oxygen (6.5 mg.L-1) or low oxygen (3.5 mg.L-1), and one of two different ammonia levels, including high ammonia (0.1 mg.L-1) or low ammonia (0.03 mg.L-1) levels. The four experimental groups included the following (A) control, or high dissolved oxygen plus low NH3; (B) low dissolved oxygen plus low NH3; (C) high dissolved oxygen plus high NH3; (D) low dissolved oxygen plus high NH3. We found that enzyme activities were altered after 24 h exposure in groups C and D. ATP and ADP hydrolysis in whole brain of fish was enhanced in group D after 24 h exposure by 100% and 119%, respectively, compared to the control group. After 24 h exposure, AChE activity presented an increase of 34% and 39% in groups C and D, respectively, when compared to the control group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that low oxygen levels increase ammonia toxicity. Moreover, the hypoxic events may increase blood flow by hypoxia increasing NTPDase activity, thus producing adenosine, a potent vasodilator.
Statistical distribution models for migratory fish in Jacuí basin, South Brazil
Authors: Alves Thaís P. , Fontoura Nelson F.
Published: January 2010

The aim of the present study was to identify the distribution patterns of migratory fishes in the Jacuí river basin (Rio Grande do Sul, South Brazil), proposing a statistical model of presumed distribution based on geomorphologic environmental data. Through maps of occurrence probability, we hope to contribute to decisions regarding basin environmental management. The analyzed species were: Salminus brasiliensis (dourado), Leporinus obtusidens (piava), Prochilodus lineatus (grumatã) and Pimelodus pintado (pintado). Samples were made through interviews with fishermen and local inhabitants, covering the main channel and tributaries of the rivers Jacuí, Taquari-Antas, Vacacaí, Vacacaí-Mirim, Pardo, Pardinho, Sinos, and Caí. The sampling program resulted in 204 interviews, being 187 considered as valid in 155 different sampling points. The probability of migratory fish occurrence was adjusted through the LOGIT routine of the Idrisi Andes Software: P = e(b0 + b1 . altitude + b2 . basin area) . (1 + e(b0 + b1 . altitude + b2 . basin area))-1, where P is the occurrence probability of the species (0-1) and b0, b1 and b2 are the equation parameters. Model accuracy, for estimating presence, ranged from 82% to 93%. Pimelodus pintado was cited to occur in 121 points among the 155 sampled (78.06%), Prochilodus lineatus in 72 (46.45%), L. obtusidens in 62 (40.00%) and S. brasiliensis in 58 (37.42%). Equation parameters were estimated (± standard error) as follow: S. brasiliensis: b0 = -2.8762 ± 0.2597; b1 = 1.3028 ± 0.0332; b2 = 1.1487 ± 0.0301; L. obtusidens: b0 = -0.8364 ± 0.2213; b1 = -1.5564 ± 0.0462; b2 = 0.9947 ± 0.0206; Prochilodus lineatus: b0= 0; b1= -1.3067 ± 0.0544; b2= 0.8128 ± 0.0177; Pimelodus pintado: b0= -0.9487 ± 0.3688; b1= -0.8269 ± 0.0496; b2= 0.9255 ± 0.0304.
The ichthyofauna of upper rio Capivari: defining conservation strategies based on the composition and distribution of fish species
Authors: Pompeu Paulo dos Santos , Reis Liana Sisi dos , Gandini Cíntia Veloso , Souza Rafael Couto Rosa de , Favero Jana Menegassi del
Published: January 2010

Although the rio Capivari basin is recognized as an area of great importance for the ichthyofauna, it lacks virtually every basic requirement for the definition of appropriate conservation strategies, since not even its species composition is known. The objective of this work is to determine the composition and distribution of fish species in the upper rio Capivari basin, relating them to the local physical features, and to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed conservations units, delimited based on areas of native vegetation remains, on the conservation of local ichthyofauna. During 2007, 50 different watercourses were sampled with gillnets, cast nets and kick nets. A total of 1308 individuals belonging to 41 species were captured. Degree of conservation, altitude and width were the parameters that best explained fish species richness. Considering the recently proposed boundaries for potential conservation units in the region only 15 or 20 out of 41 species would be found in the State Park and Environmental Protection Area respectively. In practice, the proposed conservation units would not be effective tools for fish conservation, since it would be located in mountainous areas of high altitude, of headwaters streams and where few species are found. In such context, the conservation of specific stretches of larger rivers is critical.
Cost of territorial maintenance by Parodon nasus (Osteichthyes: Parodontidae) in a Neotropical stream
Authors: Silva Samuel Elias , Assunção Wilhan R. C. , Duca Charles , Penha Jerry
Published: January 2010

The combined demand over a certain resource may exceed its immediate supply, which can then lead to competition between individuals. This competition may result in territorial behavior. In this study we determine the density and spatial distribution, describe the interactions arising from territorial behavior and evaluate the costs of keeping the territories defended by adults of Parodon nasus. The study was conducted in Camarinha Stream located in the Serra das Araras Ecological Station, Porto Estrela, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The density was constant throughout the length of the stream, with a mean (± standard deviation) of 1.01 ind./m² (± 0.14). Our results show that the spatial distribution of individuals in the area ranged between uniform and random. The territories were defended more often against intraspecific than interspecific intruders. The time that the owners of the territories devoted to defending them was not influenced by the size of the territories. However, owners of larger territories spent more time foraging than owners of smaller territories. As a result, owners of larger territories had less time to rest than owners of smaller territories. The results of this study show behavioral patterns relevant to understanding the relationship between size and territorial maintenance cost of P. nasus and other species of fish with territorial behavior.
How does diet influence the reproductive seasonality of tropical freshwater fish?: A case study of a characin in a tropical mountain river
Authors: Ballesteros Tania M. , Torres-Mejia Mauricio , Ramírez-Pinilla Martha P.
Published: January 2010

Seasonal breeding of tropical freshwater fish may be synchronized with periods of high food consumption. We explored this hypothesis by studying the relationship between diet and reproductive activity of Creagrutus guanes (Teleostei, Characidae). Our results showed that C. guanes had a generalist and omnivorous diet dominated by aquatic insects (mainly Diptera larvae) and seeds. Creagrutus guanes did not show intersexual or ontogenetic variation in diet. Peaks of feeding activity during rainy months were not synchronized with breeding in dry months. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the reproductive season has to be synchronized with high food consumption. We discussed the hypothesis fat reserves may be an important factor for the desynchronization of peaks of feeding and reproduction as explanation of seasonal breeding of this species.
A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin
Authors: Júlio Júnior Horácio Ferreira , Tós Claudenice Dei , Agostinho Ângelo Antonio , Pavanelli Carla Simone
Published: January 2010

Based on long-term studies in the upper rio Paraná basin, in addition to a broad review of literature and other information, we were able to identify 33 species of native fishes in the lower rio Paraná basin that successfully colonized the upper rio Paraná after Itaipu impoundment, that flooded the natural geographic barrier constituted by the Sete Quedas Falls. These species belong to six Orders, encompassing two of Myliobatiformes, six of Characiformes, 17 of Siluriformes, six of Gymnotiformes, one of Perciformes, and one of Pleuronectiformes. Extensive remarks regarding each species, including their influence upon the native assemblage, in addition to comments on other non-indigenous species, are also provided. We conclude that, in spite of its widespread neglected by environmental impact studies, massive invasion of species is a real possibility when natural barriers are suppressed by reservoirs.
Stability and spatio-temporal structure in fish assemblages of two floodplain lagoons of the lower Orinoco River
Authors: González Nirson , Lasso Carlos , Rosales Judith
Published: January 2010

Fish assemblage structure and variability were analyzed in two floodplain lagoons (Las Arhuacas and Los Cardonales) along the lower Orinoco over a hydrological cycle. Every three months during continuous three-day sampling, experimental gill nets (5 to 12.5 cm of mesh opening) and 1 mm-mesh seine nets were utilized according to the types of habitats presents. A total of 133 fish species were found in Las Arhuacas and 95 species in Cardonales. Fifty five and 17 species were exclusive to Las Arhuacas and Los Cardonales respectively, and 77 were common to both lagoons. In Las Arhuacas, the most speciesrich orders were Characiformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes and Gymnotiformes and in Los Cardonales, the most species-rich orders were Characiformes, Siluriformes, Clupeiformes and Perciformes. The richness, abundance and biomass were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in Arhuacas than in Cardonales. In general, the fishes assemblage was highly variable during the high water phase and moderately stable during low water phase in both lagoons, with more stability or less variability in Cardonales than Arhuacas. Also, there were significant differences in the fish assemblages between the two lagoons, mainly during low waters (ANOSIM; p < 0.001). The species that contributed most to the mean dissimilarity between the lagoons were Hypostomus argus, Aphanotorulus ammophilus, Potamorhina altamazonica, Prochilodus mariae, Loricaria gr. cataphracta, Oxydoras sifontesi, Hydrolycus armatus, Hyphopthalmus edentatus and Pterodoras rivasi. The last four species were more commonly collected in Los Cardonales. Also, the species of small size (mainly SL < 5 cm) such as Rhinosardinia amazonica, Moenkhausia sp. 1 "lepidura", Moenkhausia sp. 2, Aphyocharax alburnus, Characidium sp. 1, Moenkhausia sp. 3, Exodon paradoxus and Roeboides dientonito contributed to the mean dissimilarity among the beach and aquatic vegetation habitats. The patterns of the species assemblage organization were related to the dynamics of the floods. Non-random (i. e., deterministic) associations between species caused by the selection of habitats and/or to biological interactions, apparently were more common during low waters when there is an increased density of fish and so the biotic interactions are intensified. Stochastic associations, on the other hand, seemed to be more common during high water when species are more dispersed.
Reproductive biology of the Neotropical electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco (Teleostei: Hypopomidae) from southern Brazil
Authors: Schaan Andrea B. , Giora Júlia , Fialho Clarice B.
Published: January 2010

The reproductive biology of a population of the weakly electric fish Brachyhypopomus draco from southern Brazil is described. Information is provided on the establishment of the reproductive period in this species and its relations with environmental and feeding factors, as well as on the absolute and relative fecundities, spawning type, sex ratio and sexual dimorphism. The species exhibits a relatively long reproductive period, a relative fecundity of 0.173 oocytes per mg of female total weight, and fractional spawning. The sex ratio did not differ from 1:1 during all sampled months. Sexual dimorphism related to hypertrophy of the male's distal portion of caudal filament was observed and males grew to greater lengths than females. Male gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly related to water depth, oxygen saturation and temperature. Female GSI was significantly related to water depth and hepatosomatic index.
Reproductive biology of the peacock bass Cichla piquiti (Perciformes: Cichlidae), an exotic species in a Neotropical reservoir
Authors: Vieira Augusto B. C. , Salvador-Jr. Luiz F. , Melo Rafael M. C. , Santos Gilmar B. , Bazzoli Nilo
Published: January 2010

To analyze the reproductive biology of the peacock bass Cichla piquiti, 361 specimens were collected bimonthly in the Itumbiara Reservoir, southeast Brazil, from December 2004 to November 2005. Males and females in reproductive activity occurred during almost the entire year, with reproductive peak occurring before the beginning of the rains when the water temperature remained low, indicating that these environmental variables do not directly influence in the reproduction of C. piquiti. The long reproductive period, partially spent ovaries contained postovulatory follicles and oocytes in all developmental stages, indicate asynchronous development of oocytes and multiple spawning. The mean total lengthand body weigth were, respectively, 38.2 ± 7 cm and 965.0 ± 654.0 g for males and 37.4 ± 6.1 cm and 899.0 ± 495.0 g for females, statistically showing no sexual dimorphism in size. The smallest male and female found in advanced maturation stage measured 31.0 cm and 29.0 cm of total length, respectively. The body condition (K) of males and females did not present significant differences during the reproductive cycle and the slope (b) of the length-weight relationship was 3.22, suggesting that reproduction and the annual hydrology cycle do not interfere in the health condition. Cichla piquiti is an exotic piscivore fish that is well adapted to this Neotropical reservoir, which exhibits environmental conditions considerably different from its original habitat. This study indicates that the species presents plasticity in reproduction and in allocation of resources, probably due the aseasonality of the reservoir and the exploitation of native species.
Mercury distribution in different tissues and trophic levels of fish from a tropical reservoir, Brazil
Authors: Kasper Daniele , Palermo Elisabete Fernandes Albuquerque , Dias Ana Carolina Monteiro Iozzi , Ferreira Gustavo Luiz , Leitão Rafael Pereira , Branco Christina Wyss Castelo , Malm Olaf
Published: January 2010

Concentrations of organic (OrgHg) and inorganic mercury (InorgHg) were assessed in different fish tissues (liver, muscle, kidney, gut and gonads) and trophic levels collected in an impacted tropical reservoir in southeastern Brazil. Organic mercury concentrations in muscle were remarkably higher in the carnivorous species Hoplias malabaricus and Oligosarcus hepsetus. The ratios of OrgHg in relation to total mercury (%OrgHg) in muscle also varied according to the species trophic level: 93% for carnivores, 84% for omnivores, 73% for algivores/planktivores and 58% for detritivores. The %OrgHg in the gut tissue of carnivores (78%) was much higher than that found in omnivores (30%), possibly reflecting a process of trophic biomagnification in the reservoir. On the other hand, the InorgHg concentrations in muscle decreased with the trophic level increase, suggesting that this form of mercury did not biomagnify through the food web. Gonads contained the least total mercury, and approximately all of this mercury was represented by the organic form (83 to 98%). The kidney and the liver of all fish species contained less than 50% OrgHg. We suggest that the low %OrgHg in the liver is related to different capacities or strategies of OrgHg detoxification by the fish.
Mapeamento e avaliação do risco a inundação do Rio Cachoeira em trecho da área urbana do Município de Itabuna/BA
Authors: Hora Silmara Borges da , Gomes Ronaldo Lima
Published: January 2010

Os mapas de inundação se configuram em um instrumento importante na prevenção, controle e gestão das inundações, pois através deles é possível definir as áreas de risco. Itabuna município localizado ao sul da Bahia, com cerca de 97,20% (IBGE, 2000) de sua população vivendo na zona urbana , vem sofrendo com as constantes cheias do rio Cachoeira. Em geral, ocorrem cheias anuais que inundam, principalmente, trechos de ocupação subnormal ao longo do rio. Dessa forma, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi reconhecer e mapear os aspectos físico-ambientais de trecho do rio Cachoeira que engloba os aglomerados subnormais do Bananeira, Rua Beira Rio e Jaçanã, tendo em vista a sua avaliação frente ao fenômeno de inundação e enfatizando a definição das áreas potenciais de risco. Assim, com a utilização do programa ArcView foi possível elaborar um mapa de risco com manchas de inundação para vários períodos de retorno. As áreas de risco com maiores problemas em relação ás inundações são as áreas subnormais, principalmente, em função da vulnerabilidade habitacional e da ocupação desordenada, onde a maioria das habitações é constituída por barracos.
Dinâmica de ocupação espacial de áreas contíguas (período 1987-2008) e sua relação com tensores de origem antrópica no manguezal do Rio Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia
Authors: Martins Patrick Thomaz de Aquino , Wanderley Lilian de Lins
Published: January 2010

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar, por meio de técnicas de geoprocessamento, alterações espaciais ocorridas no manguezal do Rio Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, e áreas adjacentes, no período de 21 anos, correlacionando-as com elementos de origem antrópica. Foram identificadas e mapeadas quatro classes temáticas: manguezal, água, urbano e sistemas adjacentes. Ao longo dos anos houve o avanço da área urbana em detrimento das de manguezal e dos demais sistemas adjacentes, aumentando concomitantemente a pressão antrópica sobre os mangues. Problemas de ordem econômica e conseqüente flutuação da população no município ocasionaram a ocorrência de diversas formas de supressão do mangue, através de corte e aterramento, além de lançamento de resíduos de resíduos sólidos e outras intervenções associadas à baixa qualidade de vida no entorno do manguezal. Em contrapartida, houve a conservação de parte do mangue, devido ao difícil acesso na margem oposta à cidade e à presença de Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural. O avanço das pressões antrópicas identificados no período e a atual situação vão contra a possibilidade de regeneração natural do ecossistema. Mesmo se eliminando o fator estresse, o metabolismo do sistema poderá apresentar implicações negativas irreversíveis. Permanecendo o ritmo e a forma de alteração registrada nos últimos anos, o ganho de território sobre os manguezais do Rio Cachoeira dificilmente será interrompido. Assim, o município ganha território, e perde um ecossistema de inestimável valor, podendo acarretar problemas sociais em futuro próximo.
Análise do suprimento atual e potencial de água potável para os municípios cearenses
Authors: Pinheiro José César Vieira , Carvalho Rosemeiry Melo , Freitas Kelly Silva de
Published: January 2010

Este trabalho analisa a situação de suprimento de água potável para as populações que residem nas sedes dos municípios cearenses com menores e maiores IDH e, respectivamente, com maiores e menores taxas de crescimento desse índice. O principal objetivo dessa análise é identificar os principais contrastes e semelhanças entre os municípios em relação às condições de suprimento de água potável, principalmente, no que se refere a oferta atual; níveis críticos de abastecimentos; e, investimentos no setor. Os dados utilizados foram coletados junto à Agência Nacional da Água (ANA). Com base nos resultados obtidos pôde-se concluir que nos municípios com maior IDH há uma maior expectativa de satisfação no suprimento de água para o ano de 2015; apresentam uma melhor distribuição de mananciais; a gestão dos sistemas de suprimento de água é mais descentralizada; e, há uma menor freqüência de conflitos pelo uso da água. Em todos os municípios analisados, porém, a principal causa de conflitos pelo uso da água é o assoreamento dos mananciais, principalmente dos açudes.
Rill and gully erosion risk of lateritic terrain in South-Western Birbhum District, West Bengal, India
Authors: Jha V. C. , Kapat S.
Published: January 2010

It is a known fact that no part of the earth surface is free from threat.It applies to Birbhum District, West Bengal, Indian Lateritic Terrain also. The existing terrain is characterized by mainly climatogenetic processes. Though the impact of climate change is vital in the shaping of the lesser topographies in the study-area. The study-area is characterized by micro landforms e. g. rills, gullies, water falls, terraces, gorges type features and limestone topographic type features. The denudational processes are very significant in the area in general but the differential erosion is evident in particular. It resembles the topographies with the African and the Brazillian Highlands. This paper interprets the rill and gully erosion risk in the lateritic terrain and their consequences in regional sustainable development and environmental management
Gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos em Tarumã e Teodoro Sampaio - SP
Authors: Fagundes Diana da Cruz
Published: January 2010

Nesta pesquisa estabeleceu-se como objetivo geral analisar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares gerados nas cidades de Tarumã e Teodoro Sampaio-SP, com a finalidade de propor ações para o gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Foram investigados a geração, o tratamento e a destinação dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares, além daqueles gerados no processo de produção da Usina de Açúcar e Álcool Nova América, e sua participação na vida econômica da Usina de Triagem e Compostagem de Tarumã. Esta pesquisa permitiu compreender a importância de uma gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos visando a combater e minimizar impactos ambientais associados aos mesmos, bem como enfatizar a necessidade de articular a usina de triagem de resíduos sólidos domiciliares com a coleta seletiva em Tarumã e viabilizar a coleta seletiva em Teodoro Sampaio, garantindo assim, ganhos sociais, operacionais, econômicos, educacionais e ambientais para os municípios.