bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of myrmekite coronas by contact metamorphism of granitic mylonites in the aureole of Cima di Vila, Eastern Alps, Italy
Authors: Cesare B. , Marchesi C. , Connolly J. A. D.
Published: March 2003

In the contact aureole of the Oligocene granodiorite of Cima di Vila, granitic pegmatites of Variscan age were strongly deformed during eo‐Alpine regional metamorphism, with local development of ultramylonites. In the ultramylonite matrix, consisting of quartz, plagioclase, muscovite and biotite, microstructures show grain growth of quartz within quartz ribbons, and development of decussate arrangements of mica. These features indicate that dynamic recrystallization related to mylonite development was followed by extensive static growth during contact metamorphism. K‐feldspar porphyroclasts up to 1.5 cm are mantled by myrmekite that forms a continuous corona with thickness of about 1 mm. In both XZ and YZ sections, myrmekite tubules are undeformed, and symmetrically distributed in the corona, and oligoclase‐andesine hosts have random crystallographic orientation. Myrmekite development has been modelled from the P–T–t evolution of the ultramylonites, assuming that the development of the ultramylonites occurred during eo‐Alpine metamorphism at c. 450 °C, 7.5 kbar, followed by contact metamorphism at c. 530 °C, 2.75 kbar. Phase diagram pseudosections calculated from the measured bulk composition of granitic pegmatite protolith indicate that the equilibrium assemblage changes from Qtz–Phe–Ab ± Zo ± Cpx ± Kfs during the ultramylonite stage to Qtz–Pl(An30–40)–Ms–Kfs–Bt(Ann55) during the contact metamorphic stage. The thermodynamic prediction of increasing plagioclase mode and anorthite content, change of white mica composition and growth of biotite, occurring during the end of the heating path, are in agreement with the observed microstructures and analysed phase compositions of ultramylonites. Along with microstructural evidence, this supports the model that K‐feldspar replacement by myrmekite took place under static conditions, and was coeval with the static growth accompanying contact metamorphism. Myrmekite associated with muscovite can develop under prograde (up‐temperature) conditions in granites involved in polymetamorphism.
Long‐term thermal consequences of the redistribution of heat‐producing elements associated with large‐scale granitic complexes
Authors: Sandiford M. , Mclaren S. , Neumann N.
Published: March 2003

Crustal thermal regimes are sensitive to both the amount and distribution of heat producing elements (HPEs). Since a significant proportion of the crustal complement of HPEs is contained within granites, granite generation and emplacement should lead to significant long‐term changes in the thermal structure of the crust. Using HPE concentrations appropriate to representative Australian Proterozoic granites we show that granite segregation leads to changes in the temperature field of the crust of up to c. 50 °C, producing long‐term cooling in the source regions and heating at emplacement levels, relative to the pre‐granite conductive thermal regime. Because of the intimate connection between thermal regime and lithospheric strength, granite‐assisted redistribution of HPEs is likely to be fundamental to cratonisation.
Formats and prior knowledge on learning in a computer‐based lesson
Authors: ChanLin L.
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study investigated the effects of presentation format (animation, still graphics, text) and the students' prior knowledge on learning a computer‐based physics lesson. A total of 357 eighth‐grade (novice learners) and ninth‐grade students (experienced learners) were randomly assigned to different treatments on a class basis. A 3 x 2 ancova (Animation/Still graphics/Text x Novice/Experienced) (control‐led by covariants, physics and mathematics scores) was used to determine the effect of these two variables. The significant interaction effect found between presentation format and prior knowledge in both descriptive and procedural learning (p < 0.05 and p < 0.005, respectively) reveals that the use of specific presentation format (animation or still graphics) is not equally effective for the different prior knowledge groups. Among novices, the use of still graphics was better than text (p < 0.05) in descriptive learning, and better than text and animation in procedural learning (p < 0.05). While among experienced students, no significant differences were found among treatments (p > 0.05).
A review of web‐based collaborative learning: factors beyond technology
Authors: Hron A. , Friedrich H.F.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Web‐based collaborative learning has a large potential for knowledge acquisition. However, it has different characteristics compared with conventional learning scenarios; especially with respect to the social communication situation, message exchange, cognitive load and participation of the learners. To cope with possible problems resulting from these characteristics suitable instructional means have to be considered, like collaborative learning methods, on‐line moderation, appropriate learning tasks or computer‐based visualisation tools.
Developing an educational software framework for distance‐less learning
Authors: Batanov D.N. , Dimmitt N.J. , Chookittikul W.
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper considers educational technology as both a tool and process. The focus is on a strategy to develop a software framework with reusable components to support a specific teaching/learning (the Question‐and‐Answer) model. It demonstrates how such a software framework can be used for building educational software systems which can be adapted easily to different levels and subjects of education on top of Internet/Intranet and web technologies. As a result, the developed educational environment is called distance‐less, allowing students to have instant support from teachers by way of an existing virtual permanent connection. An example is provided of a teaching/learning model which was built based on the development principles and guidelines proposed in the paper and which shows one possible application for use with an existing learning and teaching system.
Supporting scientific discovery learning in a simulation environment
Authors: Reid D.J. , Zhang J. , Chen Q.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Until recent times, most studies on supporting simulation‐based scientific discovery learning adopted the ad hoc strategies‐oriented approach. This paper makes a systematic analysis of the internal conditions of scientific discovery learning to propose a triple scheme for learning support design that includes interpretative support (IS), experimental support (ES), and reflective support (RS). The experiment was conducted with 78 students (aged from 12 to 13 years) to examine the effects of the IS and ES using a 2x2 between‐subjects design. The main results were: significant effects were observed for IS on the post‐test of intuitive understanding, flexible application and knowledge integration; no main effect was demonstrated for ES, and there was a marginally significant interactive effect for ES and IS on the intuitive understanding test. A process analysis showed that the successful learners had designed more well‐controlled experiments than the failing ones. Learning support in a simulation environment should be directed toward the three perspectives to invite meaningful, systematic and reflective discovery learning.
Molecular individuality and adaptation of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in changed feeding environments
Authors: Wang H. , Kaufman W. R. , Cui W. W. , Nuttall P. A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. The tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann (Acari: Ixodidae) naturally infests many host species. However, the mechanisms that enable it to feed on such a wide range of hosts are unclear. One possibility is that a tick population maintains molecular (genotypic and/or phenotypic) diversity among individuals such that individuals vary in their competency in taking bloodmeals under different feeding conditions. As a first step in testing this hypothesis, we showed that the polymorphism of salivary gland proteins, previously demonstrated in unfed ticks, was maintained during feeding on guinea‐pigs. We then compared feeding performance under standard laboratory rearing conditions: one instar (adults or nymphs) feeding on guinea‐pigs, with three changed conditions: (1) two instars (adults and nymphs) feeding together on guinea‐pigs; (2) one instar (adults or nymphs) feeding on hamsters; and (3) two instars (adults and nymphs) feeding together on hamsters. The mean engorged weight of adult females was significantly reduced under all changed conditions, indicating that most of the adult individuals were significantly challenged by the changed conditions. However, some individuals achieved successful engorgement, indicating competence to the changed condition, and demonstrating variation in adaptive ability among individuals. Engorged females produced egg masses positively correlated to the engorged weights. More interestingly, the correlation coefficient (R) increased when feeding condition was changed. This may lead to more efficient selection for population adaptation under the changed conditions. As the feeding success of ixodid ticks depends on the efficiency of the cocktail of immunomodulatory saliva, the relevance of the polymorphism of salivary gland proteins and host adaptation is discussed.
Methods for the recovery of mitochondrial DNA sequences from museum specimens of myiasis‐causing flies
Authors: Junqueira A. C. M. , Lessinger A. C. , Azeredo‐Espin A. M. L.
Published: March 2003

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from eight species of myiasis‐causing flies, stored for up to 50 years, were amplified successfully. Universal primers were used to amplify six specific regions from total genomic DNA, including five mtDNA genes. The comparison of phenol/chloroform, DNAzol® and Chelex techniques for DNA extraction showed that the DNAzol® reagent was the most efficient in retrieving DNA from museum specimens, although the Chelex extraction procedure is currently the most frequently reported method. Comparison of the universal primer sequences with the homologous sequences of Cochliomyia hominivorax Coquerel and Chrysomya putoria Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae) revealed mismatches that could contribute to the low recovery of a short sequence from subunit II of cytochrome oxidase. The ability to characterize mtDNA markers from museum specimens should be useful in comparative studies of contemporary samples and should help in elucidating species introduction, colonization and dispersal.
The integral role of topical and oral retinoids in the early treatment of acne
Authors: Shalita A
Published: March 2003

This article will review the rationale for early use of topical retinoids alone or in combination with topical antimicrobials in light of the pathogenesis of microcomedones and later lesions. Knowledge of the pathogenic processes in acne vulgaris has risen dramatically over the last three decades. It is now widely accepted that acne is the result of four distinct processes: increased proliferation, cornification, and shedding of follicular epithelium; increased sebum production; colonization of the follicle with Propionibacterium acnes; and induction of inflammatory responses by bacterial antigens and cell signals. Clinical focus of disease management has shifted toward earlier treatment targeting these fundamental processes. Elimination of microcomedones, the precursor to all subsequent lesions, would optimize acne therapy by preventing the later inflammatory stages of disease. With the exception of oral isotretinoin, no single first‐line agent addresses all pathogenic mechanisms. Topical retinoids have comedolytic and in some cases anti‐inflammatory effects, but have no direct impact on P. acnes. Thus treatment with a combination of topical retinoid and topical antimicrobial is warranted. The former can also enhance penetration of the latter by increasing microcomedonal extrusion. In selecting a combination, one must consider efficacy, cost, and likelihood of compliance. Once thought to be effective primarily for treating comedones, topical retinoids have also been demonstrated to be effective in reducing inflammatory lesions. The activity of a topical retinoid combined with an antimicrobial agent has been shown to clear more lesions and to clear them more rapidly than antimicrobial therapy alone. Topical retinoids are also used effectively to maintain remissions.
Case Report. Monascus purpureus—a new fungus of allergologic relevance
Authors: Hipler Uta‐Christina , Wigger‐Alberti W. , Bauer A. , Elsner P.
Published: March 2003

Summary.  Anaphylactic reactions to food containing allergens in the consumption or preparation of food are well known. However, allergy in the preparation of sausages has rarely been described. In the present study a 26‐year‐old‐butcher was investigated who had a severe anaphylactic reaction developing sneezing, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, generalised pruritus, followed by widespread urticaria, Quincke's oedema and dyspnoe after starting to prepare sausages containing red yield rice. Red yield rice is produced by the fungus Monascus purpureus. It was the first time that Monascus purpureus could be shown as allergic agent by means of prick‐to‐prick test, Cellular Antigen Stimulation Test (CAST) and different immunoblots.
Histopathological study of feline eosinophilic dermatoses
Authors: Fondati Alessandra , Fondevila Dolores , Ferrer Luis
Published: March 2003

A retrospective study was conducted on skin specimens from 24 cats with eosinophilic granuloma complex. The specimens were stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Gallego’s trichrome stain. In all specimens, flame figures and/or large foci of so‐called ‘collagen degeneration’ were detected and histopathological features were not predictive of the clinical picture. Use of the term eosinophilic dermatosis was advocated in diagnostic dermatopathology. On trichrome‐stained sections, normally stained collagen fibres were identified in the middle of both flame figures and large foci of ‘collagen degeneration’ and the debris surrounding collagen bundles showed the same tinctorial properties as eosinophil granules. Eosinophil degranulation around collagen bundles seemed to represent the major pathogenetic event in these lesions, analogous with human flame figures. The term flame figures might therefore be more accurately used to designate those foci of eosinophilic to partly basophilic debris commonly referred to as ‘collagen degeneration’.
Heterologous complementation of yeast reveals a new putative function for chloroplast m‐type thioredoxin
Authors: Issakidis‐Bourguet Emmanuelle , Mouaheb Nabil , Meyer Yves , Miginiac‐Maslow Myroslawa
Published: March 2003

In the chloroplast of higher plants, two types of thioredoxins (TRX), namely TRX m which shows high similarity to prokaryotic thioredoxins and TRX f which is more closely related to eukaryotic thioredoxins, have been found and biochemically characterized, but little is known about their physiological specificity with respect to their target(s). Here, we tested, in vivo, the ability of organelle‐specific TRX from Arabidopsis thaliana to compensate for TRX deficiency of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain. Seven plant organellar TRX (four of the m type, two of the f type and a newly discovered TRX x of prokaryotic type) were expressed in yeast in a putative mature form. None of these heterologous TRX were able to restore growth on sulphate or methionine sulphoxide of the mutant cells. When we tested their ability to rescue the oxidant‐hypersensitive phenotype of the TRX‐deficient strain, we found that TRX m and TRX x, but not TRX f, affected the tolerance to oxidative stress induced by either hydrogen peroxide or an alkyl hydroperoxide. Athm1, Athm2, Athm4 and Athx induced hydrogen peroxide tolerance like the endogenous yeast thioredoxins. Unexpectedly, Athm3 had a hypersensitizing effect towards oxidative stress. The presence of functional heterologous TRX was checked in the recombinant clones tested, supporting distinct abilities for organelle‐specific plant TRX to compensate for TRX deficiency in yeast. We propose a new function for the prokaryotic‐type chloroplastic TRX as an anti‐oxidant and provide in vivo evidence for different roles of chloroplastic TRX isoforms.
Tooth size and morphology in twins
Authors: Kabban M. , Fearne J. , Jovanovski V. , Zou L.
Published: March 2003

Objective. To assess concordance of tooth size and occlusal morphology in monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (non‐identical) twins compared to unrelated controls in order to determine how much these dental traits are related to inheritance.

Methods. Mesiodistal and bucco‐lingual dimensions of tooth size in 34 pairs of twins were measured with dial callipers. In addition, the occlusal morphology of nine pairs of teeth was assessed using a co‐ordinate measuring machine with a non‐contact laser probe.

Results. The results showed greater concordance in tooth size for both mesiodistal and bucco‐lingual dimensions within twin pairs compared to twin and unrelated controls. Furthermore, monozygotic (MZ) twins showed greater concordance than dizygotic (DZ) twins for all permanent teeth with statistically significant variance for the mesiodistal dimension (P = 0·01) but not bucco‐lingual dimension.

Superimposed computer models of the digitized occlusal surfaces showed a high degree of similarity for MZ twins compared to DZ twins. The mean intrapair deviation was 147 µm for MZ, 209 µm for DZ and 258 µm for unrelated controls.

Conclusions. The remarkable similarity in the tooth size and morphology of monozygotic twins suggests a strong inheritability factor to tooth size and shape and that these may be useful as additional tools for zygosity determination along with other dental traits.
Oral findings in Carpenter Syndrome
Authors: Blankenstein R. , Brook A. H. , Smith R. N. , Patrick D. , Russell J. M.
Published: March 2003

Acrocephalopolysyndactyly Type II (Carpenter Syndrome) is determined by autosomal recessive inheritance. Only some 40 cases have been described. Variable clinical signs have been described including prolonged retention of primary teeth and hypodontia. This paper describes the oral and dental findings in a family containing two affected brothers. The family pedigree is informative, as the mother has had children by three partners. The two affected individuals are full brothers. The first affected brother has delayed dental development, severe hypodontia and small tooth crown size. Mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual dimensions were measured on the study models and compared with population data. The younger brother also has delayed dental development but only mild hypodontia. Their half sister has severe hypodontia but no signs of Carpenter Syndrome.

This family study demonstrates two affected individuals with typical clinical features and a pedigree compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance. Small tooth crown size has been shown by standardized measurement and evidence advanced that hypodontia is not part of the syndrome but a coincidental finding which segregates independently. We have also shown that the marked delay in emergence of teeth is associated more with problems of tooth eruption, possibly related to the bony abnormalities, than to a generalized delay in dental development.
The role of the mouthguard in the prevention of sports‐related dental injuries: a review
Authors: Newsome P. R. H. , Tran D. C. , Cooke M. S.
Published: March 2003

Objectives.

This paper examines the literature dealing with oral–facial injuries received during participation in sport and the possibilities open to athletes for their prevention. In particular, the paper examines five different aspects of this topic: the risk of dental injury while playing sports, the role of the mouthguard in preventing injury, types of athletic mouthguard, implications for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment and behavioural aspects of mouthguard wear.

Results.

It is clear from this review that participation in a number of sports does carry a considerable risk of sustaining dental injury, not only in the so‐called contact sports such as rugby and hockey, but also in less obviously dangerous sports such as basketball. Although some evidence exists to the contrary, the majority of studies have found the mouthguard to be the most effective way of preventing such injuries. It is also clear that the custom‐fabricated mouthguard, in particular the pressure‐laminated variety, is seen to afford most protection. Athletes undergoing orthodontic treatment present a particular problem as they are potentially at greater risk of injury because of increased tooth mobility and the presence of orthodontic appliances. The fabrication of mouthguards for these patients is also problematic and the literature covering this is reviewed. As with other preventive measures, mouthguard usage is often less than the dental profession would like; the reasons for this are explored in a small number of studies.

Conclusion.

While much progress has been made in this area, the profession could do much more to promote the greater use of mouthguards.
Delayed eruption of premolars with periodontitis of primary predecessors and a cystic lesion: a case report
Authors: Yawaka Y. , Kaga M. , Osanai M. , Fukui A. , Oguchi H.
Published: March 2003

Summary. Apical periodontitis after pulp therapy in a primary tooth can cause delayed eruption of the permanent successor. A case of bilateral delayed eruption of mandibular premolars is presented. The patient, a 13‐year‐old girl, was referred by her dentist. Oral findings showed that the right first and left second primary molars were retained. Other premolars had erupted. An orthopantomogram revealed apical periodontitis, affecting both retained primary molars. The right first mandibular premolar was impacted against the alveolar bone and root of the second premolar, and there was a large cystic lesion in close association with the left second mandibular premolar. Both primary molars were extracted, and the cystic lesion was treated by marsupialization. Fenestration and traction were performed on the right first premolar. Correct tooth alignment was achieved with orthodontic appliances. If the problem had been detected earlier, treatment of the premolars might have been easier. Clinical and radiological follow‐up, therefore, of primary teeth that have undergone pulp therapy procedures should be performed until eruption of succedaneous teeth.
Poor prenatal detection rate of cardiac anomalies in Noonan syndrome
Authors: Menashe M. , Arbel R. , Raveh D. , Achiron R. , Yagel S.
Published: March 2003

Background

The wide variation and nonspecific nature of many of the associated ultrasonographic findings complicate prenatal diagnosis of Noonan syndrome. The aim of the present study was to define the rate of prenatal diagnosis of heart malformations in cases diagnosed postnatally with Noonan syndrome.

Methods

English‐language literature review of 29 cases of Noonan syndrome examined prenatally with confirmed postnatal diagnosis and four case reports from our center.

Results

Cases were evaluated for cervical spine pathologies, cardiac anomalies and other pathological findings, including hydrops fetalis and polyhydramnios. Cardiac anomalies were suspected in only nine of 33 cases; three of these were associated with cystic hygroma. Cardiac anomalies were eventually diagnosed in 31/33 cases postnatally. Polyhydramnios was diagnosed in 19/33 cases in the third trimester, and hydrops fetalis was detected in eight of 33. Cystic hygroma was present in a total of nine cases at mid‐trimester.

Conclusions

Noonan syndrome is characterized by late‐onset and progressive pathologies, particularly the associated cardiac anomalies, which develop through the course of gestation and postnatal life. This complicates or precludes prenatal diagnosis at mid‐trimester or at any time in the prenatal period, and partly explains the low rate of detection of fetal cardiac lesions in this syndrome. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Rebleeding and endometrial growth in women with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickness <5 mm managed by dilatation and curettage or ultrasound follow‐up: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Epstein E. , Valentin L.
Published: March 2003

Objective

To compare the frequency of rebleeding and endometrial growth during a 12‐month follow‐up period between women with postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial thickness < 5 mm managed by dilatation and curettage, and those managed by ultrasound follow‐up.

Design

Consecutive women with postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial thickness < 5 mm were randomized to ultrasound follow‐up after 3, 6, and 12 months (n = 48) or to primary dilatation and curettage with ultrasound follow‐up at 12 months (n = 49). At all follow‐up examinations, the endometrial thickness was measured and the women were asked about rebleeding. The endometrium was sampled at the 12‐month examination, if sampling had not been performed previously because of rebleeding or endometrial growth.

Results

Rebleeding was reported by 33% (16/48) of the women in the ultrasound group and by 21% (10/48) of those in the dilatation and curettage group (P = 0.17). Endometrial growth to ≥ 5 mm was found in 21% (10/48) of the women in the ultrasound group and in 10% (5/48) of those in the dilatation and curettage group (P = 0.16). No endometrial pathology was found in women with isolated rebleeding. Endometrial pathology during follow‐up was found more often in women with endometrial growth than in those without (33% vs. 4%; P = 0.008).

Conclusion

Rebleeding and endometrial growth are common during a follow‐up period of 12 months in women with postmenopausal bleeding and an endometrial thickness < 5 mm, irrespective of whether or not dilatation and curettage is primarily carried out. If these women are managed by ultrasound follow‐up, endometrial sampling should be performed if the endometrium grows, but not necessarily in the case of rebleeding without endometrial growth. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Maternal uterine artery Doppler studies at high altitude and sea level
Authors: Krampl E. R. , Espinoza‐Dorado J. , Lees C. C. , Moscoso G. , Bland J. M. , Campbell S.
Published: March 2003

Objective

To determine uterine artery impedance using Doppler in the second and third trimesters at sea level and at high altitude.

Methods

Uterine artery resistance and pulsatility indices (RI and PI, respectively) were obtained by Doppler velocimetry from 242 women in Cerro de Pasco (4300 m altitude) and 200 women in Lima (sea level), all with normal singleton pregnancies between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation. Impedance indices at high altitude and sea level were compared using fractional polynomial regression analysis.

Results

Impedance to uterine artery blood flow was lower at high altitude than at sea level (for PI ratio Lima/Cerro de Pasco = 1.06; P = 0.011). If gestation bands were compared, the difference was significant up to 25 weeks.

Conclusion

At high altitude, pregnancy is associated with lower uteroplacental impedance than at sea level. This may reflect a compensatory mechanism of uteroplacental development to lower oxygen tension associated with altitude.Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The reproducibility of endometrial volume acquisition and measurement with the VOCAL‐imaging program
Authors: Raine‐Fenning N. , Campbell B. , Collier J. , Brincat M. , Johnson I.
Published: March 2003

Objectives

To determine the intraobserver reproducibility of volume acquisition and repeatability of endometrial volume measurements using the VOCAL™‐imaging program (Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis).

Methods

Ten three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound datasets of the same endometrium were obtained from one patient during one scan session. For every 3D dataset, the endometrial volume was calculated by four different measurement techniques; three rotational methods and one conventional method. A single observer acquired each dataset and conducted all measurements. For the rotational technique, the manual mode was used to trace the myometrial–endometrial border through three different predefined rotations of 30°, 15° and 9°. Endometrial volume was also measured in a conventional manner by scrolling through one of the multiplanar images and outlining the contour in another. Ten consecutive measurements were taken for each of the four measurement techniques so that 40 endometrial volume readings were obtained for each of the 10 3D‐ultrasound datasets.

Results

Endometrial volume measurements were more reproducible with the rotational technique. Rotational methods employing a rotation step of less than 30° were associated with coefficients of variation below 1% and intraclass correlation coefficients above 0.94. Within each of the 10 different scans, the homogeneity of the variance of measurements was significantly different according to the method of measurement (P = 0.022 to <0.001). Post‐hoc tests revealed that both the conventional and 30° rotational methods resulted in a significantly smaller mean endometrial volume than both the 15° and the 9° rotational methods.

Conclusions

Endometrial volume acquisition is reproducible and endometrial volume measurements are repeatable but they depend upon the technique of volume calculation in so much as rotational methods employing a rotation step of less than 30° are associated with a significantly smaller variance in measurements and a significantly greater mean endometrial volume. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
A multiplex PCR‐based method derived from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for the identification of species of theAnopheles minimusgroup in Southeast Asia
Authors: Kengne P. , Trung H. D. , Baimai V. , Coosemans M. , Manguin S.
Published: March 2003

Effective control ofAnopheles minimuss.l., an important malaria vector in Southeast Asia, is based on the accurate identification of species withinAn. minimuscomplex, which cannot be distinguished using morphological characters. Derived from individual random amplified polymorphic DNA markers, sequence characterized amplified regions were analysed for the design of species‐specific paired‐primers. Combination of these primers resulted in the development of a simple, robust multiplex PCR able to identify both speciesAn. minimusA and C belonging to the complex, hybrids AC, and three sympatric and closely related species,An. aconitus,An. pampanaiandAn. varuna. Hybrids AC do not possess alleles of both parents but exhibit novel adaptive potentials resulting from recombination among parental genes leading to hybrizyme.
Acid–base and respiratory effects of confinement in Atlantic salmon affected with amoebic gill disease
Authors: Powell M. D. , Nowak B. F.
Published: March 2003

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) in cultured salmonids causes severe multifocal hyperplastic lesions in the gills with the potential to influence respiratory and acid–base physiology. Atlantic salmon Salmo salar affected with AGD were surgically implanted with dorsal aortic catheters and, following recovery, were confined for 5 min (n = 16) or left undisturbed (n = 8). Confinement caused an acute extracellular acidosis that was corrected in 6 h amongst surviving fish. There was a gradual increase in plasma lactate concentrations that peaked at 1 h post‐confinement then declined by 9 h recovery. In a second experiment, AGD‐affected fish were confined then recovered either in a tank of static water (n = 9) or while being forced to swim at 1·5 body lengths s−1 (n = 6). There was no significant difference between fish recovered by swimming and those in static water in terms of recovery of the acute extracellular acidosis and lactate accumulations coincident with exhaustive exercise. Confinement severely compromised the survival of AGD‐affected Atlantic salmon, although survivors appeared to recover similarly to other studies. Forced swimming of AGD‐affected Atlantic salmon following confinement did not facilitate recovery and is unlikely to be a useful strategy for mitigating the effects of stressful episodes such as crowding and fish movement and commercial handling.
Rhythmic changes in testicular activity with lunar cycle in the forktail rabbitfish
Authors: Rahman M. S. , Takemura A. , Nakamura S. , Takano K.
Published: March 2003

Testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone and 17α ,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one in the forktail rabbitfish Siganus argenteus peaked around the full moon and the last quarter moon, respectively. Since changes in these hormones were correlated with histological change in the testis, the present study provided conclusive evidence for importance of the lunar periodicity in the reproductive activity of the forktail rabbitfish.
Mizoribine: Mode of action and effects in clinical use
Authors: Yokota Shumpei
Published: March 2003

Mizoribine is a new immunosuppressive drug and was authorized by the Japanese Government in 1984. The strong immunosuppressive activity of mizoribine was already demonstrated in various animal models, in renal transplantation and in steriod‐resistant nephrotic syndrome. Recently, the remarkable clinical advantages of an imidazole for adults with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis and other rheumatic diseases were reported. Mizoribine is an imidazole nucleoside and the metabolites, MZ‐5‐P, exerts its activity through selective inhibition of inosine monophosphate synthetase and guanosine monophosphate synthetase, resulting in the complete inhibition of guanine nucleotide synthesis without incorporation into nucleotides. Thus, mizoribine is superior to azathioprine, in that it may not cause damages to normal cells and normal nucleic acid.
Placental protein 17b overexpression in human uterine cervical cancer
Authors: Than Gábor N. , Sümegi Balázs , Szekeres György , Bellyei Szabolcs , Than Nándor G. , Szigeti Andras , Bohn Hans
Published: March 2003

We found overexpression of placental protein 17b (PP17b), cloned by us, in human squamous cervical carcinomas. Patients’ PP17b serum levels were elevated and declined after surgery. Healthy cervical epithelium was PP17 negative; in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma, basal‐type cells were negative, but squamous‐type cells were positive, for PP17. In HeLa cells, expression of PP17b correlated with cell differentiation and apoptosis.
Maternal death cases in the top referral hospital in Cambodia
Authors: Koum Kanal , Tiv Say , Sann Chan Soeung , Matsui Mitsuaki , Obara Hiromi , Kudo Yoshiko , Fujita Noriko
Published: March 2003

Objective: To analyze maternal death cases and their risk factors at the top referral hospital in Cambodia in order to develop appropriate strategies to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Cambodia.

Methods: A total of 47 maternal deaths among 6089 delivery cases were analyzed retrospectively through patient documents.

Results: The MMR in the top referral hospital was 785 per 100 000 live births. Three main direct causes of maternal mortality were hemorrhage, infection and hypertensive disorders. Risk factors for maternal death were age (older than 35 years), parity (four or more), no antenatal care attendance and residence in the provinces. The major characteristic of cases of maternal death was delayed arrival at the referral hospital.

Conclusions: Necessary strategies to reduce MMR are: (i) to avoid delayed arrival at the referral hospital (i.e. health promotion for awareness in the community, risk detection and early transfer by skilled personnel after competency based training); and (ii) provision of adequate health‐care facilities in the country with human resources and materials, including blood transfusion.
Concentrations of ovarian proteohormones as biological markers for the outcome of assisted reproductive technology
Authors: Casper Fritz W. , Seufert Rudolf J. , Schaffrath Michael , Pollow Kunhard
Published: March 2003

Objective: To assess whether the ovarian proteohormones inhibin A and B, pro‐alpha‐C and activin A could act as direct biological markers of a poorer or better response to ovulation induction or clinical conception through assisted reproductive technology (ART).

Methods: Seventy‐seven women who underwent ART were included in the study and were divided

into two groups: (i) 46 women with sonographically documented follicular maturation;

and (ii) 36 women who demonstrated inadequate follicle development. Blood samples

were analyzed for inhibin A, inhibin B, pro‐alpha‐C, activin A and estradiol (E2) at day 3 of stimulation with recombinant follicle‐stimulating hormone (rFSH) after pituitary downregulation.

Results: Women with sonographically documented follicular maturation compared with those

with inadequate follicle development showed a highly significant (P < 0.001),

more than double, increase in inhibin B. The level of pro‐alpha‐C was 1.5‐fold as

high (P = 0.007), while E2, at a factor of 2.1‐fold, exhibited

a borderline significant increase (P = 0.028). Activin A and inhibin A levels exhibited no change under rFSH stimulation.

Conclusions: The present study showed, in a small number of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment with rFSH stimulation, that inhibin B acts as a reliable marker for biochemical monitoring at day 3 of stimulation with rFSH in ART.
Pneumomediastinum following esophageal rupture associated with hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Liang Shan‐Guang , Ooka Fumiko , Santo Akiko , Kaibara Manabu
Published: March 2003

A patient was diagnosed with pneumomediastinum caused by an esophageal rupture during hyperemesis gravidarum. The woman, at 15 weeks’ gestation, presented with hyperemesis gravidarum complicated by an episode of chest pain and disturbance of consciousness. Radiological examination revealed pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. They are normally caused by either pulmonary or esophageal rupture. The esophageal etiology was suspected as more likely because of the severe vomiting accompanied with it. Although the clinical feature was quite complicated and esophageal rupture is generally a life‐threatening disease, we chose conservative therapy which resulted in rapid recovery. The final diagnosis was confirmed by endoscopic examination performed after recovery. Pneumomediastinum during pregnancy is rare but it could be lethal. Careful and considerate assessments including surgical treatment should be necessary.
Laparoscopic excision of large ovarian cysts
Authors: Salem Hesham A.F.
Published: March 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to check the ability of operative laparoscopy to help in the management of large ovarian cysts that may reach above the level of the umbilicus.

Material and methods: Fifteen cases oflarge ovarian cysts reaching above the level of the umbilicus were chosen. Clinical and ultrasonic diagnosis denied any signs of malignancy. Pneumoperitoneum and a 5 mm trocar were inserted safely in the left midclavicular line below the ninth costal margin. This trocar allowed us to inspect the peritoneal cavity thoroughly. Another 5 mm trocar was inserted suprapubically in the contralateral side of the cyst and better inspection of the cyst and peritoneal cavity was then done. In the case of an apparently benign cyst, aspiration of the cyst fluid was done after puncturing its wall, then the cyst was removed as usual.

Results: In all of these cases, there was no laparoconversion and no other complications were recorded. Nine cases were mucinous and six were serous cystadenomas. The mean operation time was 53.66 ± 14.7 min.

Conclusion: Laparoscopic excision of large ovarian cysts is possible, and safe in suitable conditions, with immediate laparoconversion at hand at any time.
Type‐1 transforming growth factor‐beta differentially modulates tumoricidal activity of murine peritoneal macrophages against metastatic variants of the B16 murine melanoma
Authors: Fan Dominic , Liaw Amy , Denkins Yvonne M. , Collins James H. , Van Arsdall Melissa , Lien Chang Jolie , Chakrabarty Subhas , Nguyen Dieuthu , Kruzel Ewa , Fidler Isaiah J.
Published: March 2003

Transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) renders mouse peritoneal macrophages tumoricidal against metastatic variants of the B16 mouse melanoma in vitro. Both direct cytotoxicity and indirect cytotoxicity were observed. A subthreshold concentration (10 U/ml) of recombinant murine interferon‐gamma (rMuIFN‐γ) enhanced the direct tumoricidal activity of TGF‐β1–activated macrophages from 29% to 88% but did not change their indirect tumoricidal profile. Data obtained from macrophages preincubated with either TGF‐β1 or rMuIFN‐γ showed that TGF‐b1 can initiate tumoricidal activity better than rMuIFN‐γ. These effects were plasma‐membrane mediated because targeting macrophages with liposomal TGF‐β1 was ineffective. The order of tumoricidal susceptibility of the B16 melanoma lines to activated macrophages was B16F1 > B16F10 > B16BL6, in inverse order of metastatic potential.
Enhancement of the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide with the hypoxia‐selective cytotoxin NLCQ‐1 against murine tumors and human xenografts
Authors: Papadopoulou Maria V. , Ji Ming , Bloomer William D. , Hollingshead Melinda G.
Published: March 2003

The antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide (CPM) was investigated against SCCVII murine tumors and PC‐3 human xenografts in combination with the hypoxia‐selective cytotoxin 4‐[3‐(2‐nitro‐1‐imidazolyl)‐propylamino]‐7‐chloroquinoline hydrochloride (NLCQ‐1). The in vivo‐in vitro and the tumor regrowth assays were used, respectively, as end points. In certain cases the hypoxia‐selective cytotoxin tirapazamine (TPZ) was included for comparison purposes. In the SCCVII/C3H model, bone marrow toxicity studies were performed in parallel by using a modified CFU‐GM assay. In the SCCVII/C3H model, when NLCQ‐1 (10 mg/kg i.p.) was given 1 h before cyclophosphamide (CPM; 75–200 mg/kg i.p.), dose‐modification factors (DMFs) of 1.9 and 1.0 were achieved for the antitumor effect and bone marrow toxicity, respectively. The corresponding DMF values obtained with TPZ (23 mg/kg) given 2.5 h (optimal time) before CPM were 1.3 and 1.0, respectively. Thus, therapeutic indices (T.I.) of 1.9 and 1.3 were achieved with NLCQ‐1 and TPZ, respectively. In the PC‐3/athymic nude mouse model, NLCQ‐1 (10 mg/kg) given 90 min before CPM (36 mg/kg), qd × 4, increased tumor regrowth delay by 8.7 days compared to CPM alone, at 16‐fold the original tumor size. The corresponding log cell kill was 0.86 and −0.03 for NLCQ‐1 + CPM and CPM alone, respectively. In general, NLCQ‐1 in combination with nontoxic but inactive CPM doses (36 or 54 mg/kg, qd × 4) elicited good antitumor activity without subsequent additive systemic toxicity, whereas NLCQ‐1 had minimal effect in combination with the active but toxic (>10% mean net weight loss) CPM dose of 80 mg/kg. These results suggest a potential use of NLCQ‐1 in the clinic as an adjuvant to chemotherapy with CPM.
A comparison between virus replication and abiotic stress (heat) as modifiers of host gene expression in pea
Authors: Escaler Margarita , Aranda Miguel A. , Roberts Ian M. , Thomas Carole L. , Maule Andrew J.
Published: March 2003

Pea embryonic tissues respond to active replication of pea seed‐borne mosaic potyvirus (PSbMV) by the down‐regulation of a range of genes and the induction of others. Both of these responses can be seen when tissues are subjected to abiotic stress, particularly heat. We have compared the effects of the two inducers to assess whether the host alterations following virus replication represent generic responses to stress, or more specific effects. Five classes of response were identified: (i) genes induced by both stresses (e.g. heat shock protein 70,hsp70); (ii) genes induced by virus replication but unaffected by heat (e.g. glutathione reductase 2,gor2); (iii) genes induced by heat but unaffected by virus replication (e.g. heat shock factor,hsf); (iv) genes down‐regulated by virus replication and unaffected by heat (e.g. vicilin,vic); and (v) genes unaffected by both inducers (e.g. actin,actand β‐tubulin,tub). A change in the appearance and organization of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was also seen in cells actively replicating PSbMV RNA. Heat treatment of pea embryonic tissues also produced altered ER, although the changes were different from those seen following virus infection. Collectively, these data show that, while there are some common features of the responses to virus infection and heat, there are also substantial differences. Hence, it appears that the host response to virus replication is not a general stress response.
Comparison between nuclear localization of nopaline‐ and octopine‐specific Agrobacterium VirE2 proteins in plant, yeast and mammalian cells
Authors: Tzfira Tzvi , Citovsky Vitaly
Published: March 2003

In a unique case of trans‐kingdom DNA transfer, Agrobacterium genetically transforms plants by transferring its DNA segment into the host cell nucleus and integrating it into the plant genome. One of the central players in this process is the bacterial virulence protein, VirE2, which binds the transported DNA molecule and facilitates its nuclear import. Nuclear import of VirE2 proteins encoded by two major Agrobacterium strains, nopaline and octopine, has been hypothesized to occur by different mechanisms, i.e. the nopaline VirE2 was imported only into the nuclei of plant cells while the octopine VirE2 also accumulated in the nuclei of animal cells. Here, this notion was tested by a systematic comparison of nuclear import of nopaline‐ and octopine‐specific VirE2 in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants and in living mammalian and yeast cells. These experiments showed that nuclear import of both nopaline and octopine VirE2 proteins is plant‐specific, occurring in plant but not in non‐plant systems.
Location and activity of members of a family of virPphA homologues in pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and P. savastanoi
Authors: Jackson Robert W. , Mansfield John W. , Ammouneh Hassan , Dutton Lindsay C. , Wharton Becky , Ortiz‐Barredo Amaya , Arnold Dawn L. , Tsiamis George , Sesma Ane , Butcher Diane , Boch Jens , Kim Young Jin , Martin Gregory B. , Tegli Stefania , Murillo Jesús , Vivian Alan
Published: March 2003

virPphA
is a major determinant of the pathogenicity of
Pseudomonas savastanoi
pv.
phaseolicola
to
Phaseolus
bean. A family of homologues of
virPphA
was detected in pathovars of
P
.
savastanoi
and
P
.
syringae
. We examined the structure and activity of alleles designated
virPphA
,
virPphA

Pgy

, and
virPphA

Psv

from
P
.
savastanoi
pathovars
phaseolicola
,
glycinea
, and
savastanoi
, respectively, and
avrPtoB
from
P
.
syringae
pv.
tomato
. Sequencing showed that the
virPphA

Pgy

homologue had a 48‐bp central deletion in the open reading frame (ORF) compared with
virPphA
and
virPphA

Psv

, but otherwise all three
P
.
savastanoi
alleles had > 98% identity at the DNA level. By contrast, AvrPtoB from
P
.
syringae
pv.
tomato
strain DC3000 was predicted to have only 51% amino acid similarity with VirPphA. All ORFs have an upstream
hrp
‐box promoter indicating potential regulation by HrpL. Each cloned homologue was introduced into the
P. savastanoi
pv.
phaseolicola
strain RW60, which lacks a native plasmid carrying
virPphA
as part of a pathogenicity island (PAI), and which is not pathogenic on bean. The homologues all restored virulence, as measured by the development of water‐soaked lesions in bean pods, and increased bacterial populations in leaves compared with RW60 alone. RW60 harbouring
virPphA
or
virPphA

Psv

elicited a strong hypersensitive reaction (HR) in soybean cv. Osumi; the presence of
avrPtoB
caused a weak HR, but
virPphA

Pgy

did not affect the null reaction observed in soybean with RW60 alone. A second effector gene,
avrPphD
, was detected on the genomic clones carrying
virPphA

Pgy

and
virPphA

Psv

.
avrPphD
was also present in both
P
.
savastanoi
pv.
phaseolicola
and
P
.
syringae
pv.
tomato
, but elsewhere in their genomes. Comparison of the genomic locations of
virPphA
and other effectors found in the
P. savastanoi
pv.
phaseolicola
PAI revealed the greatest divergence of the sequences surrounding
virPphA
to be in
P
.
syringae
pv.
tomato .