bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Distribution of Minor Elements in the Tazlău River Sediments: Source Identification and Evaluation of Ecological Risk
Authors: Maftei Andreea E. , Buzatu Andrei , Buzgar Nicolae , Apopei Andrei I.
Published: November 2019

Minor elements received more attention in recent years due to their contamination susceptibility and environmental impact. Surface sediment samples were collected from 29 sites and total contents of eight minor elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were investigated in order to determine the geostatistical distribution and to predict ecological implications. The relationship between metals and ecological implications was analyzed by using the geochemical normalization approach and ecological prediction indicators such as the enrichment factor (EF), the contamination degree (CD), the environmental toxicity quotient (ETQ), and the health risk assessment. Based on the studied toxic metals, it was observed that the most toxic element in Tazlău River sediments is Cr. The assessment results of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks via dermal contact indicate that the study area shows no human health risk. The correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) provide an overview of the major sources, anthropogenic versus geogenic, where Cr and Cd mainly originate from anthropogenic sources, while Pb is derived from a geogenic source. The approaches used in this study will provide a baseline regarding the accumulation of minor elements in the sediment and will be useful for other studies to easily identify the major contaminates and to estimate the health human risk.
mTOR Links Tumor Immunity and Bone Metabolism: What are the Clinical Implications?
Authors: Irelli Azzurra , Sirufo Maria Maddalena , Scipioni Teresa , De Pietro Francesca , Pancotti Amedeo , Ginaldi Lia , De Martinis Massimo
Published: November 2019

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a crucial role in the control of cellular growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, angiogenesis, transcription, and translation. In most human cancers, alterations to this pathway are common and cause activation of other downstream signaling pathways linked with oncogenesis. The mTOR pathway modulates the interactions between the stroma and the tumor, thereby affecting both tumor immunity and angiogenesis. Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer, playing a central role in the tumor dynamics, and immune cells can exert antitumor functions or promote the growth of cancer cells. In this context, mTOR may regulate the activity of macrophages and T cells by regulating the expression of cytokines/chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and/or membrane receptors, such as cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Death 1 (PD-1). Furthermore, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin are demonstrated to actively modulate osteoclastogenesis, exert antiapoptotic and pro-differentiative activities in osteoclasts, and reduce the number of lytic bone metastases, increasing bone mass in tumor-bearing mice. With regard to the many actions in which mTOR is involved, the aim of this review is to describe its role in the immune system and bone metabolism in an attempt to identify the best strategy for therapeutic opportunities in the metastatic phase of solid tumors.
Self-Assembling Peptides and Their Application in the Treatment of Diseases
Authors: Lee Sungeun , Trinh Trang H.T. , Yoo Miryeong , Shin Junwu , Lee Hakmin , Kim Jaehyeon , Hwang Euimin , Lim Yong-beom , Ryou Chongsuk
Published: November 2019

Self-assembling peptides are biomedical materials with unique structures that are formed in response to various environmental conditions. Governed by their physicochemical characteristics, the peptides can form a variety of structures with greater reactivity than conventional non-biological materials. The structural divergence of self-assembling peptides allows for various functional possibilities; when assembled, they can be used as scaffolds for cell and tissue regeneration, and vehicles for drug delivery, conferring controlled release, stability, and targeting, and avoiding side effects of drugs. These peptides can also be used as drugs themselves. In this review, we describe the basic structure and characteristics of self-assembling peptides and the various factors that affect the formation of peptide-based structures. We also summarize the applications of self-assembling peptides in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Furthermore, the in-cell self-assembly of peptides, termed reverse self-assembly, is discussed as a novel paradigm for self-assembling peptide-based nanovehicles and nanomedicines.
Insect Cecropins, Antimicrobial Peptides with Potential Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Brady Daniel , Grapputo Alessandro , Romoli Ottavia , Sandrelli Federica
Published: November 2019

The alarming escalation of infectious diseases resistant to conventional antibiotics requires urgent global actions, including the development of new therapeutics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent potential alternatives in the treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections. Here, we focus on Cecropins (Cecs), a group of naturally occurring AMPs in insects, and on synthetic Cec-analogs. We describe their action mechanisms and antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria and other pathogens. We report several data suggesting that Cec and Cec-analog peptides are promising antibacterial therapeutic candidates, including their low toxicity against mammalian cells, and anti-inflammatory activity. We highlight limitations linked to the use of peptides as therapeutics and discuss methods overcoming these constraints, particularly regarding the introduction of nanotechnologies. New formulations based on natural Cecs would allow the development of drugs active against Gram-negative bacteria, and those based on Cec-analogs would give rise to therapeutics effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Cecs and Cec-analogs might be also employed to coat biomaterials for medical devices as an approach to prevent biomaterial-associated infections. The cost of large-scale production is discussed in comparison with the economic and social burden resulting from the progressive diffusion of MDR infectious diseases.
Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Factors Profile after Dietary Bioactive Compound Weight Reduction Treatments in a Mice Obesity Model
Authors: Cassanye Anna , Martín-Gari Meritxell , Portero-Otin Manuel , Serrano José CE
Published: November 2019

Prolonged caloric intake above energy needs disturbs the body’s ability to store and manage the excess of energy intake, leading to the onset of chronic degenerative diseases. This study aimed to compare the effect of three foods, which contain demonstrated bioactive compounds in the treatment of obesity and as an adjuvant in obesity energy restriction treatments. In a mice obesity model induced through a high-fat diet; fish oil, soluble fibre, and soy were incorporated to evaluate its capacity to modulate metabolic factors in adipose tissue during a continued fat intake or weight reduction through a normocaloric diet. As a result, fish oil improved mitochondrial related, adipose tissue hormone expression, and oxidation products when high-fat diets are consumed; while soluble fibre improved glucose and inflammation pathways during high-fat diet intake. In weight reduction treatments few differential features, as a treatment adjuvant, were observed for fish oil and soy; while soluble fibre was able to improve the weight reduction effects induced by a normocaloric diet. As a conclusion, soluble fibre supplementation compared to an energy reduction program, was the only treatment able to induce a significant additional effect in the improvement of weight loss and adipose tissue metabolism.
Recycled Waste Powders for Alkali-Activated Paving Blocks for Urban Pavements: A Full Laboratory Characterization
Authors: Tataranni Piergiorgio
Published: November 2019

Paving blocks are today a popular paving solution for urban surfaces. Considering the wide variety of products currently on the market, it is possible to build pavements that differ in terms of functionality, bearing capacity, skid resistance, visual impact, and aesthetic integration with the surrounding landscape. Interlocking concrete paving block is the most common construction technology considering its low cost and its easy installation. Different wastes and second-hand materials have recently been tested in order to completely or partially replace the raw materials used for the production of paving blocks. In this paper, a waste basalt powder is used for the production of alternative paving blocks through the alkali-activation process. Two different synthetic blocks were produced, with and without aggregates. Taking into account the EN 1338 standard for concrete paving blocks, a complete laboratory characterization is proposed for the two experimental blocks. Tests highlighted positive results and downsides that need to be optimized in order to convert the laboratory production to an industrial scale.
Pathophysiological Implication of Fetuin-A Glycoprotein in the Development of Metabolic Disorders: A Concise Review
Authors: Bourebaba Lynda , Marycz Krzysztof
Published: November 2019

Alpha 2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein, also known as fetuin-A (Fet-A), is a multifunctional plasma glycoprotein that has been identified in both animal and human beings. The protein is a hepatokine predominantly synthesized in the liver, which is considered as an important component of diverse normal and pathological processes, including bone metabolism regulation, vascular calcification, insulin resistance, and protease activity control. Epidemiological studies have already consistently demonstrated significant elevated circulating Fet-A in the course of obesity and related complications, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disorder (NAFLD). Moreover, Fet-A has been strongly correlated with many parameters related to metabolic homeostasis dysregulation, such as insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, circulating lipid levels (non-esterified free fatty acids and triglycerides), and circulating levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory factors (C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6). Metabolic-interfering effects of Fet-A have thus been shown to highly exacerbate insulin resistance (IR) through blocking insulin-stimulated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) translocation and protein kinase B (Akt) activation. Furthermore, the protein appeared to interfere with downstream phosphorylation events in insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate signaling. The emerging importance of Fet-A for both diagnosis and therapeutics has therefore come to the attention of researchers and the pharmaceutical industry, in the prospect of developing new therapeutic strategies and diagnosis methods for metabolic disorders.
Interstitial Lung Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis Remains a Challenge for Clinicians
Authors: Bendstrup Elisabeth , Møller Janne , Kronborg-White Sissel , Prior Thomas Skovhus , Hyldgaard Charlotte
Published: November 2019

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contributing to significantly increased morbidity and mortality. Other respiratory complications, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis, are frequent in RA. Infections and drug toxicity are important differential diagnoses and should be considered in the diagnostic work-up of patients with RA presenting with respiratory symptoms. This review provides an overview of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of RA-ILD, the radiological and histopathological characteristics of the disease as well as the current and future treatment options. Currently, there is no available evidence-based therapy for RA-ILD, and immunosuppressants are the mainstay of therapy. Ongoing studies are exploring the role of antifibrotic therapy in patients with progressive fibrotic ILD, which may lead to a new treatment approach for subgroups of patients with RA-ILD.
Preparation of Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2/CaF2@Al(OH)3 Ceramic Tools and Cutting Performance in Turning
Authors: Chen Zhaoqiang , Zhang Shuai , Guo Runxin , Ji Lianggang , Guo Niansheng , Li Qi , Xu Chonghai
Published: November 2019

Aiming at the contradiction between the lubricating performance and mechanical performance of self-lubricating ceramic tools. CaF2@Al(OH)3 particles were prepared by the heterogeneous nucleation method. An Al2O3/Ti(C,N) ceramic tool with CaF2@Al2(OH)3 particles and ZrO2 whiskers was prepared by hot press sintering (frittage). The cutting performances and wear mechanisms of this ceramic tool were investigated. Compared with the Al2O3/Ti(C,N) ceramic tool, the Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2/CaF2@Al(OH)3 ceramic tool had lower cutting temperatures and surface roughness. When the cutting speed was increased from 100 m/min to 300 m/min, a lot of CaF2 was smeared onto the surface of the ceramic tool, and the flank wear of the Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2/CaF2@Al(OH)3 ceramic tool was reduced. The main wear mechanisms of the Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2/CaF2@Al(OH)3 ceramic tool were adhesive wear and micro-chipping. The formation of solid lubricating film and the improvement of fracture toughness by adding ZrO2 whiskers and CaF2@Al(OH)3 were important factors for the Al2O3/Ti(C,N)/ZrO2/CaF2@Al(OH)3 ceramic tool to have better cutting performances.
Influence of Temperature and Moisture Content on Pavement Bearing Capacity with Improved Subgrade
Authors: Vaitkus Audrius , Žalimienė Laura , Židanavičiūtė Jurgita , Žilionienė Daiva
Published: November 2019

Environmental conditions (temperature, moisture and the intensity of the sun) influence variation in asphalt pavement strength during the year. Lithuania is situated in a zone by average warm summers and average cold winters, and the most important climatic factor is the variation of the air temperature. This study presents the influence of temperature (of asphalt concrete (AC) and subgrade layers) and moisture content (of subgrade layers) to the pavement bearing capacity. The experimental research was obtained in five pavement sections of the experimental road. This experimental road was constructed in 2007 in Lithuania and is operated for more than 12 years. This paper presents a statistical analysis between the bearing capacity and the thickness of the asphalt concrete layers, the temperature and moisture content of different pavement layers, among sections, loaded and unloaded lanes (right and left wheel paths and tracks). The bearing capacity was evaluated by a falling weight deflectometer (FWD), temperature and moisture content by electronic sensors and thickness of AC layers by Georadar. Analysis of overall E0 and E0,h9 (bearing capacity at a depth of 9 cm from asphalt surface) data declares that seasonal impact on pavement structural strength due to a change of subgrade bearing capacity remains after correction of asphalt stiffness dependent on the temperature in the layer. However, it was detected that neither E0 nor E0,h9 are related to moisture content at a depths of 100 cm, 130 cm and 150 cm.
Effect of the Organic Functional Group on the Grafting Ability of Trialkoxysilanes onto Graphene Oxide: A Combined NMR, XRD, and ESR Study
Authors: Calovi Massimo , Callone Emanuela , Ceccato Riccardo , Deflorian Flavio , Rossi Stefano , Dirè Sandra
Published: November 2019

The functional properties displayed by graphene oxide (GO)-polymer nanocomposites are strongly affected by the dispersion ability of GO sheets in the polymeric matrix, which can be largely improved by functionalization with organosilanes. The grafting to GO of organosilanes with the general formula RSi(OCH3)3 is generally explained by the condensation reactions of silanols with GO reactive groups. In this study, the influence of the organic group on the RSi(OCH3)3 grafting ability was analyzed in depth, taking into account the interactions of the R end chain group with GO oxidized groups. Model systems composed of commercial graphene oxide reacted with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS), and 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, (MaPTMS), respectively, were characterized by natural abundance 13C, 15N and 29Si solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron spin resonance (ESR). The silane organic tail significantly impacts the grafting, both in terms of the degree of functionalization and direct interaction with GO reactive sites. Both the NMR and XRD proved that this is particularly relevant for APTMS and to a lower extent for MPTMS. Moreover, the epoxy functional groups on the GO sheets appeared to be the preferential anchoring sites for the silane condensation reaction. The characterization approach was applied to the GO samples prepared by the nitric acid etching of graphene and functionalized with the same organosilanes, which were used as a filler in acrylic coatings obtained by cataphoresis, making it possible to correlate the structural properties and the corrosion protection ability of the layers.
3D Cytocompatible Composites of PCL/Magnetite
Authors: Díaz Esperanza , Valle María Blanca , Ribeiro Sylvie , Lanceros-Mendez Senentxu , Barandiarán José Manuel
Published: November 2019

A study of Magnetite (Fe3O4) as a suitable matrix for the improved adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells in bone regeneration is presented. Biodegradable and magnetic polycaprolactone (PCL)/magnetite (Fe3O4) scaffolds, which were fabricated by Thermally Induced Phase Separation, are likewise analyzed. Various techniques are used to investigate in vitro degradation at 37 °C, over 104 weeks, in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. Magnetic measurements that were performed at physiological temperature (310 K) indicated that degradation neither modified the nature nor the distribution of the magnetite nanoparticles. The coercive field strength of the porous matrices demonstrated ferromagnetic behavior and the probable presence of particle interactions. The added nanoparticles facilitated the absorption of PBS, with no considerable increase in matrix degradation rates, as shown by the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) results for Mw, Mn, and I. There was no collapse of the scaffold structures that maintained their structural integrity. Their suitability for bone regeneration was also supported by the absence of matrix cytotoxicity in assays, even after additions of up to 20% magnetite.
The Role of Electric Current-Associated Free Energy and Forced Convection on Grain Refinement in Pure Aluminum under Electropulsing
Authors: Li Ning , Zhang Limin , Zhang Rong , Yin Pengfei , Wu Hongjing , Song Kaikai , Xing Hui
Published: November 2019

An experimental study with respect to the effect of an alternating electropulsing on grain refinement in pure aluminum was reported. The macrostructural observation with the mold preheated to different temperature and embedded the metal mesh indicated that the change of electric current-associated free energy related with the position of crystal nuclei (ΔGem) and forced convection dominated the generation of fine equiaxed grains (FEG). Under electropulsing with 480 A, ΔGem induced the dissociation of crystal nuclei from the upper interface of the electrode and the melt, leading to the generation of FEG. For a larger current intensity, FEG originated from the dissociation of crystal nuclei on the side wall besides the upper interface due to ΔGem and the forced convection. Furthermore, the model coupling the dissociation of crystal nuclei and dendrite fragmentation due to the forced convection and the dissociation of crystal nuclei due to ΔGem was presented to explain the formation mechanism of FEG in pure aluminum under electropulsing.
Properties of Mortar with Recycled Aggregates, and Polyacrylonitrile Microfibers Synthesized by Electrospinning
Authors: Chinchillas-Chinchillas Manuel J. , Pellegrini-Cervantes Manuel J. , Castro-Beltrán Andrés , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Margarita , Orozco-Carmona Víctor M. , Peinado-Guevara Héctor J.
Published: November 2019

Currently it is necessary to find alternatives towards a sustainable construction, in order to optimize the management of natural resources. Thus, using recycled fine aggregate (RFA) is a viable recycling option for the production of new cementitious materials. In addition, the use of polymeric microfibers would cause an increase in the properties of these materials. In this work, mortars were studied with 25% of RFA and an addition of polyacrylonitrile PAN microfibers of 0.05% in cement weight. The microfibers were obtained by the electrospinning method, which had an average diameter of 1.024 µm and were separated by means of a homogenizer to be added to the mortar. Cementing materials under study were evaluated for compressive strength, flexural strength, total porosity, effective porosity and capillary absorption, resistance to water penetration, sorptivity and carbonation. The results showed that using 25% of RFA causes decreases mechanical properties and durability, but adding PAN microfibers in 0.05% caused an increase of 2.9% and 30.8% of compressive strength and flexural strength respectively (with respect to the reference sample); a decrease in total porosity of 5.8% and effective porosity of 7.4%; and significant decreases in capillary absorption (approximately 23.3%), resistance to water penetration (25%) and carbonation (14.3% after 28 days of exposure). The results showed that the use of PAN microfibers in recycled mortars allowed it to increase the mechanical properties (because they increase the tensile strength), helped to fill pores or cavities and this causes them to be mortars with greater durability. Therefore, the use of PAN microfibers as a reinforcement in recycled cementitious materials would be a viable option to increase their applications.
Facile Preparative Access to Bioactive Silicon Oxycarbides with Tunable Porosity
Authors: Xie Fangtong , Ionescu Emanuel , Arango-Ospina Marcela , Riedel Ralf , Boccaccini Aldo R. , Gonzalo-Juan Isabel
Published: November 2019

In the present work, Ca-containing silicon oxycarbides (SiCaOC) with varying Ca content have been synthesized via sol-gel processing and thermal treatment in inert gas atmosphere (pyrolysis). It has been shown that the as-prepared SiCaOC materials with low Ca loadings (Ca/Si molar ratios = 0.05 or 0.12) were X-ray amorphous; their glassy network contains Q3 sites, indicating the presence of Ca2+ at non-bridging-oxygen sites. SiCaOC with high Ca content (i.e., Ca/Si molar ratio = 0.50) exhibits the presence of crystalline calcium silicate (mainly pseudowollastonite). Furthermore, it has been shown that the incorporation of Ca into the SiOC glassy network has a significant effect on its porosity and specific surface area. Thus, the as-prepared Ca-free SiOC material is shown to be non-porous and having a specific surface area (SSA) of 22.5 m2/g; whereas SiCaOC with Ca/Si molar ratio of 0.05 exhibits mesoporosity and a SSA value of 123.4 m2/g. The further increase of Ca content leads to a decrease of the SSA and the generation of macroporosity in SiCaOC; thus, SiCaOC with Ca/Si molar ratio of 0.12 is macroporous and exhibits a SSA value of 39.5 m2/g. Bioactivity assessment in simulated body fluid (SBF) confirms the hydroxyapatite formation on all SiCaOC samples after seven days soaking, unlike the relatively inert ternary silicon oxycarbide reference. In particular, SiCaOC with a Ca/Si molar ratio of 0.05 shows an increased apatite forming ability compared to that of SiCaOC with Ca/Si molar ratio of 0.12; this difference is considered to be a direct consequence of the significantly higher SSA of the sample with the Ca/Si ratio of 0.05. The present work indicates two effects of Ca incorporation into the silicon oxycarbide glassy network on its bioactivity: Firstly, Ca2+ is shown to contribute to the slight depolymerization of the network, which clearly triggers the hydroxyapatite formation (compare the bioactive behavior of SiOC to that of SiCaOC with Ca/Si molar ratio 0.12 upon SBF exposure); secondly, the Ca2+ incorporation seems to strongly affect the porosity and SSA in the prepared SiCaOC materials. There is an optimum of Ca loading into the silicon oxycarbide glassy network (at a Ca/Si molar ration of 0.05), which provides mesoporosity and reaches maximum SSA, both highly beneficial for the bioactive behavior of the materials. An increase of the Ca loading leads, in addition to the crystallization of calcium silicates, to a coarsening of the pores (i.e., macroporosity) and a significant decrease of the SSA, both negatively affecting the bioactivity.
Semi-Empirical Prediction of Residual Stress Profiles in Machining IN718 Alloy Using Bimodal Gaussian Curve
Authors: Dong Penghao , Peng Huachen , Cheng Xianqiang , Xing Yan , Tang Wencheng , Zhou Xin
Published: November 2019

Residual stresses are often imposed on the end-product due to mechanical and thermal loading during the machining process, influencing the distortion and fatigue life. This paper proposed an original semi-empirical method to predict the residual stress distribution along the depth direction. In the statistical model of the method, the bimodal Gaussian function was innovatively used to fit Inconel 718 alloy residual stress profiles obtained from the finite element model, achieving a great fit precision from 89.0% to 99.6%. The coefficients of the bimodal Gaussian function were regressed with cutting parameters by the random forest algorithm. The regression precision was controlled between 80% and 85% to prevent overfitting. Experiments, compromising cylindrical turning and residual stress measurements, were conducted to modify the finite element results. The finite element results were convincing after the experiment modification, ensuring the rationality of the statistical model. It turns out that predicted residual stresses are consistent with simulations and predicted data points are within the range of error bars. The max error of predicted surface residual stress (SRS) is 113.156 MPa, while the min error is 23.047 MPa. As for the maximum compressive residual stress (MCRS), the max error is 93.025 MPa, and the min error is 22.233 MPa. Considering the large residual stress value of Inconel 718, the predicted error is acceptable. According to the semi-empirical model, the influence of cutting parameters on the residual stress distribution was investigated. It shows that the cutting speed influences circumferential and axial MCRS, circumferential and axial depth of settling significantly, and thus has the most considerable influence on the residual stress distribution. Meanwhile, the depth of cut has the least impact because it only affects axial MCRS and axial depth of settling significantly.
Design of Robust Trackers and Unknown Nonlinear Perturbation Estimators for a Class of Nonlinear Systems: HTRDNA Algorithm for Tracker Optimization
Authors: Fang Jiunn-Shiou , Tsai Jason Sheng-Hong , Yan Jun-Juh , Tzou Chang-He , Guo Shu-Mei
Published: November 2019

A robust linear quadratic analog tracker (LQAT) consisting of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, sliding mode control (SMC), and perturbation estimator is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown nonlinear perturbation and direct feed-through term. Since the derivative type (D-type) controller is very sensitive to the state varying, a new D-type controller design algorithm is developed to avoid an unreasonable large value of the controller gain. Moreover, the boundary of D-type controller is discussed. To cope with the unknown perturbation effect, SMC is utilized. Based on the fast response of SMC controlled systems, the proposed perturbation estimator can estimate unknown nonlinear perturbation and improve the tracking performance. Furthermore, in order to tune the PID controller gains in the designed tracker, the nonlinear perturbation is eliminated by the SMC-based perturbation estimator first, then a hybrid Taguchi real coded DNA (HTRDNA) algorithm is newly proposed for the PID controller optimization. Compared with traditional DNA, a new HTRDNA is developed to improve the convergence performance and effectiveness. Numerical simulations are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Q-rung Orthopair Normal Fuzzy Aggregation Operators and Their Application in Multi-Attribute Decision-Making
Authors: Yang Zaoli , Li Xin , Cao Zehong , Li Jinqiu
Published: November 2019

Q-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q-ROFS) is a powerful tool to describe uncertain information in the process of subjective decision-making, but not express vast objective phenomenons that obey normal distribution. For this situation, by combining the q-ROFS with the normal fuzzy number, we proposed a new concept of q-rung orthopair normal fuzzy (q-RONF) set. Firstly, we defined the conception, the operational laws, score function, and accuracy function of q-RONF set. Secondly, we presented some new aggregation operators to aggregate the q-RONF information, including the q-RONF weighted operators, the q-RONF ordered weighted operators, the q-RONF hybrid operator, and the generalized form of these operators. Furthermore, we discussed some desirable properties of the above operators, such as monotonicity, commutativity, and idempotency. Meanwhile, we applied the proposed operators to the multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) problem and established a novel MADM method. Finally, the proposed MADM method was applied in a numerical example on enterprise partner selection, the numerical result showed the proposed method can effectively handle the objective phenomena with obeying normal distribution and complicated fuzzy information, and has high practicality. The results of comparative and sensitive analysis indicated that our proposed method based on q-RONF aggregation operators over existing methods have stronger information aggregation ability, and are more suitable and flexible for MADM problems.
Two New Neo-debromoaplysiatoxins—A Pair of Stereoisomers Exhibiting Potent Kv1.5 Ion Channel Inhibition Activities
Authors: Fan Ting-Ting , Zhang Hui-Hui , Tang Yang-Hua , Zhang Fan-Zhong , Han Bing-Nan
Published: November 2019

A pair of stereoisomers possessing novel structures with 6/6/5 fused-ring systems, neo-debromoaplysiatoxin E (1) and neo-debromoaplysiatoxin F (2), were isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. Their structures were elucidated using various spectroscopic techniques including high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The absolute stereochemistry was determined by calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR shift calculation followed by DP4+ analysis. Significantly, this is the first report on aplysiatoxin derivatives with different absolute configurations at C9–C12 (1: 9S, 10R, 11S, 12S; 2: 9R, 10S, 11R, 12R). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent blocking activities against Kv1.5 with IC50 values of 1.22 ± 0.22 μM and 2.85 ± 0.29 μM, respectively.
Fungal Pigments and Their Prospects in Different Industries
Authors: Lagashetti Ajay C. , Dufossé Laurent , Singh Sanjay K. , Singh Paras N.
Published: November 2019

The public’s demand for natural, eco-friendly, and safe pigments is significantly increasing in the current era. Natural pigments, especially fungal pigments, are receiving more attention and seem to be in high demand worldwide. The immense advantages of fungal pigments over other natural or synthetic pigments have opened new avenues in the market for a wide range of applications in different industries. In addition to coloring properties, other beneficial attributes of fungal pigments, such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activity, have expanded their use in different sectors. This review deals with the study of fungal pigments and their applications and sheds light on future prospects and challenges in the field of fungal pigments. Furthermore, the possible application of fungal pigments in the textile industry is also addressed.
Adherence to Time-Restricted Feeding and Impact on Abdominal Obesity in Primary Care Patients: Results of a Pilot Study in a Pre–Post Design
Authors: Kesztyüs Dorothea , Cermak Petra , Gulich Markus , Kesztyüs Tibor
Published: November 2019

The epidemic of lifestyle-dependent diseases and the failure of previous interventions to combat the main causes demand an alternative approach. Abdominal obesity is associated with most of these diseases and is a good target for therapeutic and preventive measures. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) offers a low-threshold, easy-to-implement lifestyle-modification concept with promising results from animal testing. Here, we describe a pilot study of TRF with abdominally obese participants (waist-to-height ratio, WHtR ≥0.5) in a general practitioner’s office. Participants (n = 40, aged 49.1 ± 12.4, 31 females) were asked to restrict their daily eating time to 8–9 hours in order to prolong their overnight fasting period to 15–16 hours. Questionnaires, anthropometrics, and blood samples were used at baseline and at follow-up. After three months of TRF, participants had reached the fasting target, on average, on 85.5 ± 15.2% of all days recorded. Waist circumference (WC) was reduced by −5.3 ± 3.1cm (p < 0.001), and three participants reached a WHtR <0.5. HbA1c was diminished by −1.4 ± 3.5 mmol/mol (p = 0.003). TRF may be an easily understandable and readily adoptable lifestyle change with the potential to reduce abdominal obesity and lower the risk for cardiometabolic diseases. Further well-designed studies are necessary to investigate the applicability and usefulness of TRF for public health.
Making Sense of Information Overload: Consumer Ranking of Nutritional Claims in Cereal Based Products
Authors: Gracia Azucena , Barreiro-Hurlé Jesús
Published: November 2019

As a result of increased consumer awareness, demand for healthier food products is increasing day by day. Consumers seek healthier versions of food products which they relate to reduced presence of unhealthy components or increased presence of healthy ones. As a result, the food industry has not only increased the variety of products available but also uses nutritional claims to signal the presence of more substances. As an average consumer at the supermarket devotes just a few seconds to selecting each product, they are only able or willing to process that information that immediately attracts their attention or that is felt to be more important to them. This paper analyses how consumers rank different nutritional claims for two processed cereal products. Five claims were chosen to reflect the current market landscape of availability, and that relates to both “healthy” (i.e., fiber) and “unhealthy” (i.e., fat) substances. We use a direct ranking preference method with data from a survey conducted with consumers in a Spanish region in 2017. Results show that the ranking of claims differs between the two products (biscuits and pastries) and across consumers. However, consumers prefer those that show reduced presence of unhealthy substances above those that highlight the presence of healthy ones. Therefore, policy to maximize the impact of nutritional labelling should be product-specific.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Sarcopenia in Older Persons
Authors: Remelli Francesca , Vitali Aurora , Zurlo Amedeo , Volpato Stefano
Published: November 2019

Vitamin D deficiency is a common health problem worldwide, in particular among older people. Vitamin D regulates and modulates the physiology and function of multiple human systems, including the skeletal muscle. The effect of vitamin D on the muscle has been widely investigated, suggesting that this hormone can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle fibers, maintaining and improving muscle strength and physical performance. Older persons have a higher prevalence of low Vitamin D levels as a consequence of low dietary intake and reduced ultraviolet irradiation of the skin. Therefore, older people with vitamin D deficiency might be at risk of sarcopenia, a geriatric syndrome characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength often complicated by adverse events, such as falls, disability hospitalization and death. Several randomized clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the effect of oral vitamin D supplementation in older patients to prevent or treat sarcopenia, but results are still controversial. In this narrative review we summarize the biological, clinical and epidemiological evidence supporting the hypothesis of a causal association between Vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of sarcopenia in older people.
Trends in Magnesium Intake among Hispanic Adults, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2014
Authors: Liu Jialiang , Huang Yuhan , Dai Qi , Fulda Kimberly G. , Chen Shande , Tao Meng-Hua
Published: November 2019

This study aimed at examining trends in magnesium intake among U.S. Hispanic adults stratified by gender, Hispanic origins, age, and poverty income ratio (PIR) level. Data on 9304 Hispanic adults aged ≥20 years from eight National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles (1999–2014) were included in this study. For each cycle, survey-weighted mean dietary and total magnesium intakes were estimated. The prevalence of dietary and total magnesium intake below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) was further estimated stratified by gender and age groups. Linear regression was used to test trend. Over the survey cycles, both dietary and total magnesium intakes were significantly increased among Hispanic adults. In the study period, magnesium intake tended to be lower in females, adults in other Hispanic-origin group, those aged ≥65 years old, and those with a PIR <1.0. The prevalence of magnesium intake inadequacy decreased among Hispanic adults; however, more than 70% of Hispanic males and females continued to have magnesium intake below the RDA in 2013–2014. From 1999/2000 to 2013/2014, despite several improvements in magnesium intake having been identified, additional findings showed insufficient intake in Hispanic males and females, suggesting the need to improve magnesium intake through diet and dietary supplementation for U.S. Hispanics.
Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Dampens Allergic Rhinitis via Eosinophilic Production of the Anti-Allergic Lipid Mediator 15-Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic Acid in Mice
Authors: Sawane Kento , Nagatake Takahiro , Hosomi Koji , Hirata So-ichiro , Adachi Jun , Abe Yuichi , Isoyama Junko , Suzuki Hidehiko , Matsunaga Ayu , Fukumitsu Satoshi , Aida Kazuhiko , Tomonaga Takeshi , Arita Makoto , Kunisawa Jun
Published: November 2019

The metabolism and generation of bioactive lipid mediators are key events in the exertion of the beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids in the regulation of allergic inflammation. Here, we found that dietary linseed oil, which contains high amounts of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) dampened allergic rhinitis through eosinophilic production of 15-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15-HEPE), a metabolite of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Lipidomic analysis revealed that 15-HEPE was particularly accumulated in the nasal passage of linseed oil-fed mice after the development of allergic rhinitis with the increasing number of eosinophils. Indeed, the conversion of EPA to 15-HEPE was mediated by the 15-lipoxygenase activity of eosinophils. Intranasal injection of 15-HEPE dampened allergic symptoms by inhibiting mast cell degranulation, which was mediated by the action of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. These findings identify 15-HEPE as a novel EPA-derived, and eosinophil-dependent anti-allergic metabolite, and provide a preventive and therapeutic strategy against allergic rhinitis.
3D Bioprinting of Novel Biocompatible Scaffolds for Endothelial Cell Repair
Authors: Wu Yan , Heikal Lamia , Ferns Gordon , Ghezzi Pietro , Nokhodchi Ali , Maniruzzaman Mohammed
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an optimized 3D bioprinting technology in order to fabricate novel scaffolds for the application of endothelial cell repair. Various biocompatible and biodegradable macroporous scaffolds (D = 10 mm) with interconnected pores (D = ~500 µm) were fabricated using a commercially available 3D bioprinter (r3bEL mini, SE3D, USA). The resolution of the printing layers was set at ~100 µm for all scaffolds. Various compositions of polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and pluronic F127 (F127) formulations were prepared and optimized to develop semi-solid viscous bioinks. Either dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) or erythroprotein (EPO) was used as a model drug and loaded in the viscous biocompatible ink formulations with a final concentration of 30% (w/w). The surface analysis of the bioinks via a spectroscopic analysis revealed a homogenous distribution of the forming materials throughout the surface, whereas SEM imaging of the scaffolds showed a smooth surface with homogenous macro-porous texture and precise pore size. The rheological and mechanical analyses showed optimum rheological and mechanical properties of each scaffold. As the drug, DMOG, is a HIF-1 inducer, its release from the scaffolds into PBS solution was measured indirectly using a bioassay for HIF-1α. This showed that the release of DMOG was sustained over 48 h. The release of DMOG was enough to cause a significant increase in HIF-1α levels in the bioassay, and when incubated with rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) for 2 h resulted in transcriptional activation of a HIF-1α target gene (VEGF). The optimum time for the increased expression of VEGF gene was approximately 30 min and was a 3-4-fold increase above baseline. This study provides a proof of concept, that a novel bioprinting platform can be exploited to develop biodegradable composite scaffolds for potential clinical applications in endothelial cell repair in cardiovascular disease (CVD), or in other conditions in which endothelial damage occurs.
Lignin Redistribution for Enhancing Barrier Properties of Cellulose-Based Materials
Authors: Wang Wangxia , Guo Tianyu , Sun Kaiyong , Jin Yongcan , Gu Feng , Xiao Huining
Published: November 2019

Renewable cellulose-based materials have gained increasing interest in food packaging because of its favorable biodegradability and biocompatibility, whereas the barrier properties of hydrophilic and porous fibers are inadequate for most applications. Exploration of lignin redistribution for enhancing barrier properties of paper packaging material was carried out in this work. The redistribution of nanolized alkali lignin on paper surface showed excellent water, grease, and water vapor barrier. It provided persisted water (contact angle decrease rate at 0.05°/s) and grease (stained area undetectable at 72 h) resistance under long-term moisture or oil direct contact conditions, which also inhibited the bacterial growth to certain degree. Tough water vapor transmission rate can be lowered 82% from 528 to 97 g/m2/d by lignin redistribution. The result suggests that alkali lignin, with multiple barrier properties, has great potential in bio-based application considering the biodegradability, biocompatibility, and recyclability.
In Silico Tools and Phosphoproteomic Software Exclusives
Authors: Paul Piby , Muthu Manikandan , Chilukuri Yojitha , Haga Steve W. , Chun Sechul , Oh Jae-Wook
Published: November 2019

Proteomics and phosphoproteomics have been emerging as new dimensions of omics. Phosphorylation has a profound impact on the biological functions and applications of proteins. It influences everything from intrinsic activity and extrinsic executions to cellular localization. This post-translational modification has been subjected to detailed study and has been an object of analytical curiosity with the advent of faster instrumentation. The major strength of phosphoproteomic research lies in the fact that it gives an overall picture of the workforce of the cell. Phosphoproteomics gives deeper insights into understanding the mechanism behind development and progression of a disease. This review for the first time consolidates the list of existing bioinformatics tools developed for phosphoproteomics. The gap between development of bioinformatics tools and their implementation in clinical research is highlighted. The challenge facing progress is ideally believed to be the interdisciplinary arena this field of research is associated with. For meaningful solutions and deliverables, these tools need to be implemented in clinical studies for obtaining answers to pharmacodynamic questions, saving time, costs and energy. This review hopes to invoke some thought in this direction.
The Buddha’s Empirically Testable “Ten Criteria” Challenges the Authenticity of Truth Claims: A Critical Review and Its Potential Applicability to Debunking the Various Post-Truths
Authors: Choi Jay J. , Choo B. Hyun
Published: November 2019

Modern readers who investigate religious theories and practices are exposed to diverse truth claims and worldviews. Such claims are often conflicting and subject the readers to various misconceptions and misguidance. In Buddhism, the Buddha is said to have awakened to the true nature of existence and attained final liberation from suffering, referred to as “enlightenment.” How was he able to convince his disciples of his self-claimed enlightenment? Can his reasoning be applied to modern readers, who are well-educated, but overloaded with the incessant proliferation of digital information? The Buddha, specifically in the Kālāma Sutta, presents empirically testable guidelines, termed the “Ten Criteria,” which were formulated as an integrated interplay of reasoning and morality. This essay examines the Buddha’s strategy, which is empirical and pragmatic in nature and embraces the fundamental principles of modern science. We contend that his proposed methodology is verifiably evocative of a moral discipline, while presenting a pedagogical approach to the teacher–student dynamic. Serving as a reference point, this view may help modern readers in differentiating the right truth from the biased post-truths, which appeal to emotion and personal belief.
Statistical Observation of Thunderstorm-Induced Ionospheric Gravity Waves above Low-Latitude Areas in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Tang Long , Chen Wu , Chen Mingli , Louis Osei-Poku
Published: November 2019

Gravity waves (GWs) generated in the lower atmosphere can propagate upwards to ionospheric height. In this study, we investigated the correlation between ionospheric GWs detected by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-derived total electron content data and thunderstorm events recorded by a local lightning-detection network in the low-latitude region of Southern China during a four-year period, from 2014 to 2017. Ionospheric GWs were detected on both thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days. Daytime ionospheric GW activity on high-thunderstorm days showed a similar convex-function-like diurnal variation to thunderstorm activity, which is different to the concave-function-like pattern on non-thunderstorm days. Daytime ionospheric GW activity on low-thunderstorm days showed an approximately linear rising trend and was of a larger magnitude than that of high-thunderstorm days, suggesting it may be mixed by non-thunderstorm origins. Night-time enhancement of ionospheric GW activity was observed on thunderstorm days but not on non-thunderstorm days. Furthermore, ionospheric GW activity on thunderstorm days showed a positive correlation to solar activity. These findings can effectively distinguish thunderstorm-related ionospheric GWs from those of non-thunderstorm origins and provide more comprehensive knowledge of thunderstorm–ionosphere coupling in low-latitude areas.