bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and morphological characteristics of native seashore paspalum in Indonesia
Authors: Rahayu Rahayu , Suwardjo Fatimah , Eun Ji Bae , Yang Geun Mo , Joon Soo Choi
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Rahayu, Fatimah, Bae EJ, Mo YG, Choi JS. 2020. Genetic diversity and morphological characteristics of native seashore paspalum in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4981-4989. Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a warm-season turfgrass indigenous to tropical and coastal areas worldwide. The objectives of this study were to measure the genetic diversity and genetic variation of Indonesian seashore paspalum germplasm. Three turf quality, six morphological characters, and ten SSR (microsatellite) markers were used to assess genetic relationships and genetic variation among 22 germplasm resources from Indonesia and one commercial variety (Salam) from United States of America. The results showed significant variation for five morphological characters among 23 tested seashore paspalum accessions. The cluster analysis of morphological characters of 23 seashore paspalum accessions using 0,6 cut off divided into three morphological types: tall high-density, intermediate, and dwarf low-density ecotype. The genetic variation revealed 22 alleles with average number of alleles per locus was 2 and polymorphism information content (PIC) values average was 0.33. The microsatellite marker cluster analysis showed that 23 seashore paspalum accessions were grouped into two major groups, with a genetic similarity coefficient was 0,72. The low level of genetic diversity occurred among Indonesia natural grass germplasm and the genetic distance was relatively low between Indonesian germplasm and Salam variety. The genetic diversity and morphological characteristics will be useful for further study and utilization of Indonesian seashore paspalum germplasm.
Effects of fertilizer type and harvesting age on species composition, yield and chemical composition of natural pasture in the highlands of Ethiopia
Authors: Yalew Shiferaw , Asmare Bimrew , Mekuriaw Yeshambel
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Yalew S, Asmare B, Mekuriaw Y. 2020. Effects of fertilizer type and harvesting age on species composition, yield, and chemical composition of natural pasture in the highlands of Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 21: 4999-5007. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fertilizer type and harvesting age on species composition, yield, and chemical composition of natural pasture in the highlands of Ethiopia. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of two factors (fertilizer and harvesting age) with five replications. The data collected from the current study were forage species composition, dry matter yield, and chemical composition of natural pasture at different ages of harvesting. Forage species composition was determined by taking representative samples and identifying species from each sampling site. The samples of natural pasture were harvested at 90 and 120 days of age, weighed, dried, and then ground after that subsamples were taken for analyses of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). All the collected data were subjected to GLM ANOVA procedures of SAS version 9.0. The result indicated that all species composition and dry matter yield were significantly affected (P<0.001) by fertilizer type and harvesting ages. Higher forbs (0.66%) were found in control plot at 90 days of harvesting age. Natural pasture harvested at 120 days of harvesting and urea fertilizer application results the highest dry matter yield (DMY) (8.26 t/ha) while the lowest level (3.20 t/ha) from unfertilized plot at 90 and 120 days of harvesting. The relative proportion of legumes in the natural pasture attained its climax stage at 90 days while grass attained at 120 days of harvesting. The highest mean DMY (6.24 tone/ha) was obtained at 120 days of harvesting and the lowest (4.71 ton/ha) at 90 days of harvesting. Among the chemical composition parameters, DM, ash and CP were significantly affected (P<0.001) by both fertilizer type and harvesting age. The content of CP and ash were increased with manure fertilizer at early harvest age and were decreased with delayed harvest age. The application of fertilizer type did not significantly affect (P>0.05) NDF content of the natural pasture rather affected by stage of harvesting (P<0.001). Regardless of DM yield, better quality pasture was recorded for early (90 days) harvesting age and use of compost recommended for future natural pasture improvements as use of chemical fertilizer is relatively expensive for the majority of smallholder farmers in the highlands.
The effect of slope level and hydroseeding formula on the growth of Cyperus brevifolius and Pueraria javanica seedlings
Authors: Anisa Zairina , Mondiana Yani Quarta
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Zairina A, Mondiana YQ. 2020. The effect of slope level and hydroseeding formula on the growth of Cyperus brevifolius and Pueraria javanica seedlings. Biodiversitas 21: 5008-5012. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the slope level on the growth of green kyllinga (Cyperus brevifolius) and puero (Pueraria javanica) seedling in a hydroseeding formula. The hydroseeding mixture consists of plant seeds, compost, soil conditioner, manure, and water. In addition, to all hydroseeding compositions, guar gum and a local microorganism mix were mixed until colloidal mulch was obtained. This study applied factorial design with slope level dan hydroseeding treatment as independent variables, while seed height, number of shoots, and number of leaves were the dependent variables. Data were replicated four times. The hydroseeding formula had a significant effect on all variables, except for the height of C. brevifolius seedlings. There was a significant interaction effect between the slope level and hydroseeding treatment on the germination rate of both species but the effect of this interaction was not significant on plant height and leaf number. The best germination rates were found in boxes with a slope of 100%. This situation was consistent for both species. This indicated that both species had the potential to be used as pioneer plants in post-landslide reclamation with a slope of 100%.
The fabrication of the complex bio-fertilizer for wheat cultivation based on collection bacteria of the PGPR group
Authors: AIPOVA RAKHILYA , ABDYKADYROVA AIZHAN , SILAYEV DMITRY , TAZABEKOVA ERKIN , OSHERGINA IRINA , TEN EVGENIY , KURMANBAYEV ASKAR
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Aipova R, Abdykadyrova A, Silayev D, Tazabekova E, Oshergina I, Ten E, Kurmanbaye A. 2020. The fabrication of the complex bio-fertilizer for wheat cultivation based on collection bacteria of the PGPR group. Biodiversitas 21: 5021-5028. The development of new types of biological products based on microbial complexes from local bacterial strains is a great theoretical and practical interest for agriculture. It can provide an opportunity for better preservation of the natural properties of the wheat products under extreme conditions. The aim of this study was to obtain and test a biological product to increase wheat productivity in northern Kazakhstan. Our data indicate the potential of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) group bacteria for the development of biofertilizers and biopesticides. For instance, the bacteria B. mojavensis showed effectiveness in the experiments with the wheat (Astana-2 type). We observed an increase in wheat yield by 15% under conditions of artificial infection of crops with snow mold (by 2.5fold compared with the control). The results demonstrated that the B. mojavensis Lhv 97 strain can be used as an ingredient of biological products due to its activity against plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi.
Review: The conservation of Tengger indigenous people's traditional knowledge of biological natural resource‐based disease treatments
Authors: KUSPRANINGRUM EMILDA , LUTH THOHIR , YULIATI YULIATI , SAFA’AT RACHMAD , Kuspradini Harlinda
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Kuspraningrum E, Luth T, Yuliati, Safa'at R, Kuspradini H. 2020. Review: The conservation of Tengger indigenous people's traditional knowledge of biological natural resource‐based disease treatments. Biodiversitas 21: 5040-5053. The indigenous people of Tengger, a community living around Bromo Mountain in East Java, frequently use ethnic knowledge to process biological natural resources into medicines used to cure diseases. These include Foeniculum vulgare Mill. tree, Tithonia diversifolia/insulin tree, Mikania cordata L. and Bidens pilosa tree, Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn., and Acorus calamus L. This intelligence is acquired consciously to solve health problems. In addition, the bond between the community and nature is highly philosophical, hence the presence of respect and maintaining the harmony of Knowledge obtained from nature ensures life continuity. Therefore, the belief is passed on through the generations, and traditional knowledge is attained following the gain of existence. This phenomenon is proven by numerous modern researches with scientific methods that admit the plant healing properties. In addition, traditional knowledge is a significant topic of interest in the United Nations' Convention on Biological Diversity, and was thus ratified by Law Number 5 of 1994. The object of this research is potential medicinal plants for healing and tengger indigenous people’s conservation model is to provide a platform to protect the interest of biological resources, including their use in the field of medicines belonging to indigenous peoples. Therefore, the empirical interdisciplinary research involves the compilation of data from the collection of similar scientific journals, for use as evidence. This is important to ascertain the existence of traditional medicine based on natural resources, followed by integrations with other disciplines, including the laws to be developed concerning the best protection methods. Furthermore, this investigation is essential for identifying the philosophical values of Tengger people, the importance of knowledge conservation, and recognizing the laws and regulations-based efforts aimed at protecting information on plant-based medicine production from extinction and biopiracy. These considerations are important because the absence of government intervention, alongside the preservation of plant species and traditional knowledge on treatment predisposes the possibility of destruction.
Effect of mare’s milk prebiotic supplementation on the gut microbiome and the immune system following antibiotic therapy
Authors: Nurgaziyev Madiyar , AITENOV YERMEK , KHASSENBEKOVA ZHANAGUL , AKPANOVA SANIYA , RYSBEKOV KAIRAT , KOZHAKHMETOV SAMAT , NURGOZHINA AYAULYM , SERGAZY SHYNGGYS , CHULENBAYEVA LAURA , OSPANOVA ZHANNA , TUYAKOVA ALTYNAI , MUKHAMBETGANOV NURISLAM , SATTYBAYEVA RASHIDA , URAZOVA SALTANAT , GALYMGOZHINA NAZYM , ZHUMADILOVA ANARA , GULYAEV ALEXANDR , KUSHUGULOVA ALMAGUL
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Nurgaziyev M, Atenov Y, Khassenbekova Z, Akpanova S, Rysbekov K, Kozhakhmetov S, Nurgozhina A, Sergazy S, Chulenbayeva L, Ospanova Z, Tuyakova A, Mukhambetganov N, Sattybayeva R, Urazova S, Galymgozhina N, Zhumadilova A, Gulyaev A, Kushugulova A. 2020. Effect of mare’s milk prebiotic supplementation on the gut microbiome and the immune system following antibiotic therapy. Biodiversitas 21: 5065-5071. Antibiotic treatment can severely affect the gut microbiome for short-term and long-term consequences. Probiotic and prebiotic supplements are widely prescribed to modulate the composition and function of the human gut microbiome. The current study aims to determine the impacts of mare’s milk prebiotics on the diversity of gut bacterial communities and the local immune system when administered during and after a course of antibiotic therapy. Six children aged 4 to 5 years diagnosed with bilateral bronchopneumonia were prescribed cephalosporin (cefuroxime) antibiotics. During the 60 days of the study, three children consumed mare’s milk prebiotics, while the other three did not. Fecal samples were collected daily during antibiotic therapy and every five days after the last day of antibiotic treatment. Total DNA was isolated, and the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome was analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 region). The MULTIPLEX MAP platform was used to evaluate the local immune status. The relative abundance of 11 genera was reduced and did not recover until the last day of the study. The abundance of Bacteroides was not significantly altered in either group. Christensenella, Rothia, Abiotrophia, Acinetobacter, Anaerotruncus, Holdemania, and Turicibacter numbers were significantly increased on day five and remained at the same level during the study period. Cephalosporin administration also reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (MIP1α, TNFα, GMCSF, GCSF, sCD40L, FGF2, TGFα, IL1α, and IP10).
Short Communication: Cross-species amplification of microsatellite markers developed for Jatropha curcas within five species of Jatropha
Authors: Saptadi Darmawan , Heliyanto Bambang , Sudarsono Sudarsono
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Saptadi D, Heliyanto B, Sudarsono. 2020. Short Communication: Cross-species amplification of microsatellite markers developed for Jatropha curcas within five species of Jatropha. Biodiversitas 21: 5072-5076. The transferability of SSR markers can be used to access the genetic diversity of related species. There are four close relatives of Jatropha curcas L in Indonesia, which can be utilized as a new diversity source through the interspecific crossing. This research was conducted to determine the ability of cross-species amplification of SSR markers developed from J. curcas to other Jatropha species (J. integerrima, J. multifida, J. gossypifolia, J. podagrica). It also investigated the relationship between these species. Out of 28 primers checked,11 primers showed cross-species amplification in all the species tested. Primer pairs EU099519, EU099528, and EU099525 have no transferability to other species. The overall percentage of polymorphism (PP) among all species tested was 95%, with the mean genetic similarity (GS) was 0.34. Least PP (17.35%) and highest GS (0.60) was found between pairs of J. podagrica and J. multifida. The correlation between the PP with GS was relatively high (0.75). The farthest and closest genetic distance was found between J. curcas/J. gossypifolia and J. podagrica/J. multifida, respectively. Further, selected primers from this study can be utilized in species differentiation, molecular identification of interspecific hybrids, and exploiting the genetic resource.
Morphological Study of the Heart of the Indonesian Short-Nosed Fruit Bat (Cynopterus titthaecheilus)
Authors: Anisa Rahma  , Hanadhita Desrayni , Prawira Andhika Yudha , KASMONO SUPRATIKNO , MAHESHWARI HERA , Satyanintijas Aryani Sismin , Agungpriyono Srihadi
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Rahma A, Hanadhita D, Prawira AY, Kasmono S, Maheshwari H, Satyaningtijas AS, Agungpriyono S. 2020. Morphological study of the heart of the Indonesian short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus titthaecheilus Temminck, 1825). Biodiversitas 21: 5094-5101. The energy demand of an animal becomes an important factor that affects the adaptation of cardiac or heart anatomy. As the largest Cynopterus bat in Indonesia, Cynopterus titthaecheilus (Temminck, 1825) is one of the flying mammals that need a lot of energy to accommodate its flying activity. This study aims to acknowledge the anatomical adaptation of the heart in C.titthaecheilus, which includes the weight ratio of the heart, heart structure, and primary blood vessel branches. This study conducted of 10 juvenile C. titthaecheilus (56.15±13.43 g), 13 females (74.38±10.34 g), and 18 males (73.27±13.54 g). Bats ware killed by ketamine overdoses, then the thoracic cavity was opened and the heart was removed from the thoracic cavity for observation. The results of this study revealed that the ratio of heart mass to body mass of adult female C. titthaecheilus was 0.014, male adult C. titthaecheilus was 0.015 and juvenile C. titthaecheilus was 0.015. The heart-shaped was an oval, located in the thoracic cavity, tilted to the left. On the other hand, the heart structure of C. titthaecheilus consisted of a thicker left ventricle compared to the right ventricle, but the musculi pectinati, musculus papillaris, and trabecula septomarginalis were well developed on the right side of the heart compared to the left side. Subsequently, the branches of the primary blood vessels in the heart consisted of an aortae ascendens, three arteria pulmonalis dextra and one arteria pulmonalis sinistra, a vena pulmonalis, the vena cava anterior dextra et sinistra, and a single vena cava posterior. In addition, the conus arteriosus, which is an enlarged space of the pulmonary artery, was observed in a large size. Based on this study, it was concluded that the heart structure of C. titthaecheilus was very important in supporting their ability to fly.
Short Communication: The phenomenon of nipah (Nypa fruticans) invasion in the Air Telang Protected Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: EDDY SYAIFUL , Basyuni Mohammad
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Eddy S, Basyuni M. 2020. The phenomenon of nipah (Nypa fruticans) invasion in the Air Telang Protected Forest, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5114-5118. Disturbed mangrove forests such as the Air Telang Protected Forest (ATPF) do not have plant formation as natural mangrove forests and tend to be invaded by Nypa fruticans locally called nipah. The purpose of this study was to describe the phenomenon of nipah invasion in ATPF as a result of anthropogenic activities and its effects. The field survey was carried out by determining several sampling points according to the actual conditions of the area using the Geographic Information System/GPS. During field survey, data were collected in the form of descriptions and documentation of forest conditions, especially the distribution of nipah plants along with interviews with the local communities. It was known that nipah invasion occurred in the ATPF area due to anthropogenic activities where nipah thrives in open areas, both in tidal and land zones, as well as in pond areas. The invasion of nipah will have an impact on disturbing the balance of mangrove forest ecosystem functions due to changes in the physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the environment. However, nipah has various benefits that can be used by the local community, including the leaves, stems, and fruit, as well as the presence of worms that are associated with the nipah plant.
Diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera) across rainforest transformation systems in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: PANJAITAN RAWATI , DRESCHER JOCHEN , BUCHORI DAMAYANTI , PEGGIE DJUNIJANTI , HARAHAP IDHAM SAKTI , SCHEU STEFAN , HIDAYAT PURNAMA
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Panjaitan R, Drescher J, Buchori D, Peggie D, Harahap IS, Scheu S, Hidayat P. 2020. Diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera) across rainforest transformation systems in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5119-5127. The high rate of land conversion has put pressure on biodiversity, especially in the tropics. The lowlands of Sumatra, for example, are dominated by increasingly extensive areas of oil palm and rubber monoculture plantations, while rainforests are continuously vanishing. The status of many rainforest animal populations, including iconic insect groups such as butterflies, is largely unclear. With a rapid assessment approach, we studied butterflies along land-use gradients from lowland rainforest, via jungle rubber plantations (rubber agroforest system), to monocultures of rubber and oil palm in Jambi Province, Sumatra. Butterflies were caught in a nested replication design at eight research plots at each of the forest, jungle rubber, and rubber and oil palm locations. Butterfly abundance was the highest in the rainforest (204.3±82.1), slightly lower in the jungle rubber and oil palm areas (164.9±61 and 169.3±94.9, respectively), and the lowest in the rubber plantation (108.8±38.5). Similarly, butterfly species richness was the highest in the forest and jungle rubber areas (47.1±7.7 and 38.8±7.6, respectively), followed by the oil palm area (33.3±9.8), and the lowest in the rubber plantation (26.1±9.1). Likewise, Shannon-Wiener diversity was the highest in the rainforest, at an intermediate level in the jungle rubber, and lowest in the oil palm and rubber plantations. Butterfly community composition in the rainforest was very different from that in the other three land-use systems, in which it was similar. Overall, the study demonstrates that rainforest butterfly communities cannot be sustained in agricultural systems, highlighting the importance of rainforests for conserving the diversity of arthropods.
Intergeneric hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ showing maternal inheritance: Genetic analysis based on ndhE partial gene
Authors: Dwiati Murni , Susanto Agus , Prayoga Lucky
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Dwiati M, Susanto AH, Prayoga L. 2020. Intergeneric hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ showing maternal inheritance: Genetic analysis based on ndhE partial gene. Biodiversitas 21: 5138-5145. Genetic characterization in the intergeneric hybridization of orchids employing a particular molecular marker, such as ndhE gene, is needed to avoid phenotypic plasticity. The hybridization between Phalaenopsis 2166 as a female parent and Vanda ‘Saint Valentine'as a male parent has been successfully made to produce various leaf shapes and colors of the hybrid seedlings, which tend to resemble those of the female parent. This study aims to assess whether the maternally phenotypic traits of the hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ are congruent with the inheritance pattern of ndhE partial sequences. The result reveals that the ndhE partial sequences of the hybrids are seemingly similar to that of Phalaenopsis 2166 as the female parent rather than to that of Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’. It is also found that three hybrids, i.e. F1.9, F1.11, and F1.14 show slightly different ndhE partial sequences from those of the other hybrids in that some base substitutions are observed. In general, the ndhE partial sequences of the hybrids are maternally inherited. This finding provides a fact that maternally phenotypic traits of the hybrids of Phalaenopsis 2166 x Vanda ‘Saint Valentine’ have strong genetic background rather than environmental involvement.
Salinity-induced changes in the morphology, physiology, and anatomy of seeds and seedlings of smooth narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd. f. indicus)
Authors: MANIPOL MARJORIE M. , TINIO CRUSTY E. , MALDIA LERMA SJ. , Combalicer Marilyn S.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Manipol MM, Tinio CE, Maldia LSJ, Combalicer MS. 2020. Salinity-induced changes in the morphology, physiology, and anatomy of seeds and seedlings of smooth narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd. f. indicus). Biodiversitas 21: 5146-5154. Pterocarpus indicus Willd. forma indicus is a commonly planted species for reforestation in the Philippines regardless of the area’s condition. Since the species could survive in areas even with harsh conditions, it was hypothesized that the species may also thrive in areas having substantial amount of salt, especially during its early growth. This study assessed the morphological, physiological, and anatomical responses of seeds and seedlings of P. indicus Willd. f. indicus (Fabaceae), a native species in the Philippines to varying salt (NaCl) concentrations (0-300 mM). Based on the results, P. indicus f. indicus grew significantly in terms of height, number of leaves, leaf area, root collar diameter (RCD), root nodules, and root-shoot ratio in the control and at 100 mM NaCl. On the other hand, the growth of the species was suppressed at 300 mM NaCl. The physiological characteristics (germination, survival, and photosynthetic rates) were also high in the control compared to the NaCl treatments. As for the seed anatomical characteristics, the radicle cells remained undamaged, with high cell number and longer cells in the control, but showed damaged and reduced cell number and length at 300 mM NaCl. This indicates that P. indicus f. indicus can only tolerate moderate saline soil conditions. Hence, this result needs to be considered in reforestation efforts of the country using this species.
Habitat suitability of Proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Berau Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: Atmoko Tri , Mardiastuti Ani , Bismark Muhammad , Prasetyo Lilik Budi , Iskandar Entang
Published: November 2020

The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) is an endemic species to Borneos’ island and is largely confined to mangrove, riverine, and swamp forest. Most of their habitat is outside the conservation due to degraded and habitat converted. Habitat loss is a significant threat to a decreased in the monkey's population. Berau Delta is an unprotected habitat of proboscis monkey, lacking in attention and experiencing a lot of disturbances. This study was conducted on April – August 2019; with aims of the study is to determine Species Distribution Modeling (SDM) for identifying proboscis monkey habitat suitability in Delta Berau, East Kalimantan. The MaxEnt algorithm was used to produce a habitat suitability map based on this species’ occurrence records and environmental predictors. We built the models using 208 points of proboscis monkey presence and 12 environment variables within the study area. Model performance was assessed by examining the area under the curve. The variables most influencing the habitat suitability model were the riverine habitat (60.9%), distance from the pond (16.0%), and distance from the coastline (5.2%). The proboscis monkey suitable habitat is only 9.32% (8,726.58 ha) from 93,631.41 ha total area. The appropriate habitat areas are Sapinang Island, Bungkung Island, Sambuayan Island, Saodang Kecil Island, Besing Island, Lati River, Bebanir Lama, Batu-Batu, and Semanting Bay. We provide some suggestions for the proboscis monkey conservation, which are local protection of uninhabited islands, participatory ecotourism management, and company involvement in protection and management efforts.
The contribution of phytoplankton in the carbon adsorption and stock during shrimp culture in brackishwater ponds
Authors: Widigdo Bambang , RIFQI MUHAMMAD , MASHAR ALI , NAZAR FITRINA , WARDIATNO YUSLI
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Widigdo B, Rifqi M, Mashar A, Nazar F, Wardiatno Y. 2020. The contribution of phytoplankton in the carbon adsorption and stock during shrimp culture in brackishwater ponds. Biodiversitas 21: 5170-5177. In environmental point of view, it is important to determine the potential of adsorption and stock of blue carbon during shrimp farming in ponds with three cultivation technologies namely: extensive/traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive. The aquatic primary productivity approach is used to measure the potential of carbon adsorption in shrimp ponds, while the carbon conversion of chlorophyll-a content is used to measure its stock. The primary productivity and chlorophyll-a content were measured using three ponds for each cultivation technology every ten days from stocking (DOC 0) until the harvest period. The sampling location is in the BLUPPB shrimp pond area of Karawang, West Java - Indonesia. The study concluded that the adsorption and stock of blue carbon varied during shrimp farming in ponds. The primary productivity and chlorophyll-a content of the three cultivation technologies were the significant difference as the results of ANOVA Single Factor. Carbon adsorption average during extensive/traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive shrimp farming in ponds was 1.912832 g C m-3 day-1, 7.097145 g C m-3 day-1 and 8.250195 g C m-3 day-1, respectively. While, the average carbon stock during shrimp farming in extensive/traditional, semi-intensive, and intensive ponds were 0.64896 g m-3, 14.97473 g m-3, and 25.11102 g m-3, respectively.
The chlorophyll contents and growth performances of West Java (Indonesia) jobtears (Coix lacryma-jobi) accessions under low light intensity conditions
Authors: Juhaeti Titi , SETYOWATI NINIK , SYARIF FAUZIA
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Juhaeti T, Setyowati N, Syarif F. 2020. The chlorophyll contents and growth performances of West Java (Indonesia)  jobtears (Coix lacryma-jobi) accessions under low light intensity conditions. Biodiversitas 21: 5178-5185. The research was carried out to study the shading tolerance of five jobtears (Coix lacryma-jobi L) accession collected from Bandung, Kuningan, Garut, Sukabumi, and Sumedang West Java Indonesia. The existence of shade-tolerant jobtears was important to increasing its cultivation for food diversification effort. The research was conducted in the Botany Division, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors. The first factors were 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% shading intensity. The second factors were five West Java jobtears accession, namely Bandung, Kuningan, Garut, Sukabumi, and Sumedang accession. The shading intensity set up artificially by the black plastic net. Jobtears seeds planted on planting beds on 70x100 planting distance. The variable observed included microclimate, plant growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and grain production. The result indicated that jobtears accession showed differences in growth and production characters. Low light intensity significantly affected plant growth and production. The plant height, leaf number, and chlorophyll content variables increased until 50% shading intensity and then decreased by 75% shading. Plant production decreased by the increased of shading intensity. The Bandung and Garut accessions can be determined as a potential low-light tolerant accession due to its better growth and production compared with others and the lowest percentage of decreased production. For further research, the Garut and Bandung accession can be used as a genetic biodiversity source for shading tolerance breeding efforts.
Screening of plant collection of Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesia with anticancer properties
Authors: Pratiwi Risha , Nurlaeni Yati
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Pratiwi RA, Nurlaeni Y. 2020. Screening of plant collection of Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesia with anticancer properties. Biodiversitas 21: 5186-5229. Cancer is a life-threatening disease worldwide. One approach to developing effective treatment in fighting cancerous cells is to obtain anticancer drug candidates from natural resources, such as plants. This study aimed to inventory and categorize plant collections in Cibodas Botanic Gardens (CBG), West Java, Indonesia that has anticancer properties in a detailed and comprehensive manner. Literature research was conducted in international scientific databases using several keywords expressing anticancer properties to produce list of plant species potential for anticancer. The results of this research were then cross-checked with the plant collection database of CBG. List of plants exhibits anticancer activities were then categorized based on the IC50 values (an indicator of cytotoxicity). Our result showed 291 species from 90 families of CBG plant collection harbor anticancer properties. Among them, 93, 100, 36, and 62 species have IC50 values under Class I (strong), Class II (moderate), Class III (inactive), and Class IV (insufficient IC50 data), respectively. The families with the highest number of potential anticancer plants are Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Cupressaceae, Asparagaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Compositae, Clusiaceae, Lamiaceae, Apocynaceae, Adoxaceae, Amaryllidaceae, and Elaeocarpaceae. Species that have strong anticancer activities include Acacia farnesiana, Aglaia edulis, A. elliptica, A. silvestris, Artocarpus elasticus, Bauhinia strychnifolia, Buxus microphylla, Calophyllum soulattri, Cerbera manghas, Cocculus orbiculatus, Cryptocarya chinensis, C. konishii, C. laevigata, Dalbergia parviflora, Diospyros discolor, Erythrina abyssinica, Etlingera elatior, Ficus fistulosa, Garcinia x mangostana, Hemerocallis fulva, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Panax ginseng, Podocarpus macrophyllus, Psidium cattleianum, Sansevieria ehrenbergii, Tacca chantrieri, Toona sinensis, Viburnum odoratissimum, and V. Sambucinum. Even Serenoa repens and Taxus sumatrana contain active compounds that have been commercialized as anticancer drugs. The data resulted from this study can serve as baseline information for further research in drug discovery and development for anticancer treatments using living plant specimens collected in CBG. CBG has a great prospect of medicinal plants that require further studies for formulating anticancer drug as an alternative natural resource.
India and the Changing Dynamics of the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Chinoy Sujan R.
Published: November 2020

executive summary: This essay examines issues relating to India’s unique geography, interests, and potential role in the Indo-Pacific region against the backdrop of a rapidly evolving geostrategic environment occasioned by the rise of China as an economic and military power. main argumentThe Indo-Pacific reflects two realities. The first is the fact that economic growth and prosperity, which was confined to the Asia-Pacific region following World War II, has now spread across a broader community to envelope Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the littoral nations of the Indian Ocean. The second is China’s effort to foist its supply chains and influence onto the broader region using infrastructure, connectivity, and debt diplomacy as part of its stratagem. A core group of states—the United States, Japan, Australia, and India, all engaged in a dialogue known as the Quad—is propagating an open, transparent, and rules-based order, with emphasis on freedom of navigation and overflight. For many nations, there are now growing alternatives to China’s Belt and Road Initiative. India is the only country in the Quad to face both maritime and land boundary challenges from China. policy implications• Though India does not have an alliance partnership with any country, its engagement with the other Quad countries is deepening, including in defense. For India, the disruption caused by China’s forays into the Indian Ocean and South Asia and aggressive actions on its borders will remain its priority. • China’s unilateralism, especially in the South China Sea, is uniting the opposition; its efforts to evict established stakeholders from the region have resulted in a renewed global commitment to a rules-based order. • The optimal way forward is for China to acknowledge that multipolarity has a better chance of building enduring structures for peace and prosperity in a post-pandemic world.
Is It Time for Australia to Adopt a “Free and Open” Middle-Power Foreign Policy?
Authors: Wallis Joanne
Published: November 2020

executive summary: This essay examines Australia’s understanding of the concepts of the “Indo-Pacific” and “rules-based order” and analyzes how Australia pursues its geostrategic interests in the Indo-Pacific, particularly its increased emphasis on minilateralism. main argumentAustralia and other regional countries confront the threat that U.S.-China tension could escalate from competition to outright confrontation. To address this challenge, Australia should adopt a more “free and open” strategic and foreign policy by partnering with other middle powers and smaller states to create a new Indo-Pacific security order that seeks to rebalance regional power dynamics. This security order would be better guided by rules than by values, but given the limitations of the existing rules-based order, Australia should recognize problems with the current rules and work to make them attractive to smaller states. This may involve middle powers compromising some of their “shared values” and making sacrifices to their national interests (narrowly defined) in service of the overriding interest in preserving regional peace and security based on rules that are seen as legitimate and respect-worthy by many states, not just the most powerful ones. policy implications• Behind closed doors, middle powers are questioning whether the U.S. should continue to take the lead in securing order in the Indo-Pacific, and in fact do not necessarily trust that it is capable of doing so. Many Indo-Pacific states are wary of being caught between an activist China and an unpredictable U.S. and are reluctant to make a strategic choice. • Over the last two decades, Australia has demonstrated its capacity as a middle power by leading interventions in Timor-Leste and the Solomon Islands, and most recently by implementing its cross-government policy to “step up” its engagement in the Pacific Islands. Australia should draw confidence from these and other efforts. • Creating an Indo-Pacific security order negotiated and led by middle powers and small states will strain alliance relationships and strategic partnerships, and it will be challenged by Southeast Asian states’ emphasis on ASEAN centrality and the preference of regional states for nonalignment and autonomy. This suggests that creating this order will require sustained diplomatic commitment and compromise and necessarily be an iterative process.
Opportunity Seldom Knocks Twice: Influencing China’s Trajectory via Defend Forward and Persistent Engagement in Cyberspace
Authors: Fischerkeller Michael P.
Published: November 2020

executive summary: This article challenges the conventional wisdom regarding the strategic motivation and significance of China’s cyber-enabled theft of U.S. intellectual property (IP) and suggests that the U.S. has a unique opportunity via its cyber strategy to influence the trajectory of China’s rise. main argumentCommon refrains regarding the strategic significance of China’s theft of U.S. IP include concerns of immediate economic losses, with estimates ranging from $250 billion to $600 billion annually, and the potential longer-term threat of disincentivizing innovation investments. But a focus on these consequences obscures the true strategic intent of China’s cyber-enabled IP-theft campaign. Around 2010, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership perceived that China was approaching a history-informed time limit to transition from a middle- to high-income economy, and that slowing growth or economic stagnation and sociopolitical upheaval could put at risk both the CCP’s legitimacy and China’s great-power status. In response, the CCP adopted a multifaceted technology transfer policy to counter the expected slowing growth by stimulating indigenous innovation. Only one facet of that policy—a centrally directed, significant cyber-enabled campaign of IP theft—was able to produce results in time, with certainty, and at a scale necessary to ensure China avoided economic stagnation. In 2018 the CCP again ramped up cyber-enabled IP theft to help mitigate pressure by jump-starting additional innovation-based growth. U.S. Cyber Command is a mature combatant command, and the U.S. Department of Defense is implementing a cyber strategy of “defend forward” and “persistent engagement” that intends to inhibit such illicit, cyber-enabled strategic gains by adversaries. policy implications• The U.S. has a second opportunity to use cyber strategy to shape China’s rise while the Chinese economy is vulnerable. U.S. Cyber Command is now better aligned to the challenge of countering Chinese IP theft and has an improved capability to execute U.S. strategy. • China may still avoid long-term stagnation, but Xi Jinping’s predilection for cyber-enabled IP theft for mitigating economic pressure currently gives the U.S. a strategic advantage. • By denying China’s cyber-enabled IP theft, the U.S. could slow China’s rise or, given its current state, potentially influence the country to backslide into enduring stagnation.
Russia–South Korea Relations and the U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy
Authors: Rinna Anthony V.
Published: November 2020

executive summary: This essay analyzes Russia–South Korea relations in the context of Russia-U.S. great-power tensions and the U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy. main argumentAs part of its Indo-Pacific strategy, the U.S. considers Russia to be a “revitalized malign actor.” Given that the U.S. alliance with South Korea is critical for the strategy, the Russia–South Korea strategic partnership affects broader Russia-U.S. great-power competition. Moscow’s pursuit of increased influence in East Asia, combined with Seoul’s middle-power foreign policy, has created a situation where Russia and South Korea have reached a degree of policy alignment that contrasts with U.S. policies, such as those regarding North Korea. Although this alignment has not created a situation in which South Korea will be forced to balance between Russia and the U.S. in the same way that it must navigate the China-U.S. rivalry, it nevertheless potentially poses complications for the relationship between South Korea and the U.S. policy implications• The Korean Peninsula is one of the Indo-Pacific strategy’s geographic areas where Russia-U.S. great-power tensions have notably manifested. This has the potential to expand friction between Moscow and Washington—originating primarily in Europe—into the Indo-Pacific region. • South Korea’s economic prowess and Moscow’s desire for sound ties with Seoul for the purposes of economic development have promoted a situation in which South Korea enjoys considerable leverage in its ties with Russia, thus mitigating Seoul’s vulnerability to Moscow in terms of great-power tensions between Russia and the U.S. • If Moscow and Seoul increase their economic collaboration, policy alignment between Russia and South Korea that includes economic cooperation with North Korea could place stress on the U.S.–South Korea alliance, particularly because of the economic-security nexus built into South Korea–Russia relations.
Planar multi-angle retro-reflectors based on the wave-vector-reversion of spoof surface plasmon polaritons
Authors: Jia Yuxiang , Wang Jiafu , Yang Jie , Meng Yueyu , Han Yajuan , Li Yongfeng , Pang Yongqiang , Shen Yang , Fan Ya , Qu Shaobo
Published: November 2020

Spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) is kind of sub-wavelength electromagnetic (EM) mode, which is favorable for miniaturization and thinning of EM devices. In this paper, we propose a method of designing thin planar retro-reflector that can operate under multiple incidence angles at the same frequency. The retro-reflector is composed of a transmissive phase gradient metasurface (TPGM) placed above a metallic patch array (MPA), where the former couples and decouples SSPPs while the latter supports eigen-mode propagation of SSPPs. Under oblique incident angles, the TGPM can impart 0 and π Pancharatnam–Berry (P-B) phases alternatively, producing P-B phase gradients along its surface. Incident waves can be coupled as SSPPs propagating on the MPA which will be reflected at the borders of the MPA, thus the wave-vector of SSPPs is reversed. In this way, retro-reflection can be realized under the two incidence angles θ=±45.0°. Moreover, due to mode mismatch between the TPGM and MPA under normal incidence, the retro-reflector acts like a planar metallic plate under θ=0°. To verify this method, a prototype was designed, fabricated and measured. Both the simulation and measurement results verify significant backscattering enhancement under θ=±45.0° and 0° at 10.0 GHz. This work provides an alternative method of designing planar retro-reflectors and may find applications in wireless communication, target tracking, etc.
Flexible multipoint-to-multipoint communication in semiconductor laser networks using one-way isolation
Authors: Liu Shiqin , Jiang Ning , Zhao Anke , Zhang Yiqun , Qiu Kun
Published: November 2020

We propose a type of semiconductor laser (SL) network that supports flexible chaos synchronization and multipoint-to-multipoint communications by using one-way isolation (OWI). The properties of chaos synchronization, influences of coupling strength and time delay mismatches on the quality of chaos synchronization, and the performance as well as the security of the SL network-based chaotic communications are systematically discussed. The numerical results demonstrate that, with the introduction of OWI, flexible chaos synchronization can be easily achieved in arbitrary-size SL clusters over wide parameter spaces of coupling strength and current factor. Based on the high-quality flexible chaos synchronization, satisfactory performance for Gb/s chaotic communications can be achieved in arbitrary-size clusters in the SL networks. Moreover, it is also indicated that in the SL networks, the security of intra-cluster communications can be guaranteed in three aspects. Firstly, the eavesdroppers cannot intercept any useful information by using a typical illegal attack. Secondly, due to the OWI, the chaotic carriers are only transmitted in the corresponding clusters, not transmitted among clusters, as such the security can be further improved. Thirdly, the high sensitivity of cross-correlation coefficient to the injection delay mismatches indicates that the injection delays of idle SLs to communicating SLs can be regarded as the keys of the communication clusters. The proposed scheme offers an alternative solution to flexible secure network-type communications.
Educação de, por e para a democracia: a relação meio-fim na filosofia de John Dewey.
Authors: Mercau Horacio Héctor
Published: November 2020

La intensión del presente trabajo es la de explorar la relación medios-fines exponiendo que la misma se presenta en la obra de John Dewey como camino y horizonte coherente y consistente de su propuesta filosófica y educativa. La relación medios-fines dirige la investigación llevándonos a una comprensión del conocimiento como practica evaluativa y transformadora. Esta concepción epistemológica sienta las bases para repensar la educación y la democracia y brinda elementos suficientes para superar las dicotomías pensamiento - emoción, hechos - valores y sociedad-individuo.  El método utilizado es la investigación.  La educación y la democracia son los espacios en los cuales la relación medios-fines, ya sea en su fase natural o adaptativa, ya sea en su fase moral o critica, ya sea en su fase social o publica, encuentra unidad y continuidad. En la educación de, por y para la democracia la inteligencia y la actividad se interrelacionan mutuamente.
Analisis Kerentanan Serangan Cross Site Scripting (XSS) pada Aplikasi Smart Payment Menggunakan Framework OWASP
Authors: Riadi Imam , Umar Rusydi , Lestari Tri
Published: November 2020

E-commerce that is growing so rapidly can provide space for unauthorized parties in carrying out cybercrime, security anticipation is needed so that e-commerce applications can be protected from harassment or hacking attacks such as cross-site scripting (XSS), malware, exploits, and database injection. This research was conducted to determine the vulnerability of the Smart Payment application by self-test using the ZAP tool. This test is carried out to secure applications that serve as recommendations for follow-up in securing the Smart Payment application. The results of this study found vulnerabilities in the Smart Payment application. Vulnerabilities found were Information Disclosure-Suspicious Comments, X-Frame-Options Header not Set, X-Content-Type-Options Header Missing, Timestamp Disclosure-Unix, XSS Protection Not Enabled Web Browsers, and Directory Browsing. In addition to obtaining vulnerabilities from the Smart Payment application, solutions are also provided to overcome vulnerabilities in the Smart Payment application.