bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new concept of actively controlled rate of diesel combustion (ACCORDIC): Part II—simultaneous improvements in brake thermal efficiency and heat loss with modified nozzles
Authors: Uchida Noboru , Watanabe Hiroki
Published: December 2018

A new diffusion-based combustion concept (named it as Actively Controlled Rate of Diesel Combustion) for the confirmation of brake thermal efficiency optimum heat release rate profile based on multiple fuel injectors has been investigated. The outstanding results are; it is possible to achieve desired heat release rate profile only by the independent control of injection timing and duration of three injectors installed to a cylinder. The optimum brake thermal efficiency was not achieved with the Otto-like cycle but with the Sabathe-like cycle as predicted by a zero-dimensional thermodynamic model. Furthermore, smoke emissions were concurrently reduced with NOx emissions by increasing fuel amount from the side injectors without any deterioration in CO and total hydrocarbon emissions. On the other hand, brake thermal efficiency itself was not so improved than expected, because of lower heat release in the late part of combustion and unexpected less heat loss reduction. To solve these issues, combustion visualization and numerical simulation analysis were carried out. The results suggested that the adjacent sprays with narrower angle from each side injector deteriorated air entrainment and mixture formation, which might also result in the deterioration in wall heat loss in the expansion stroke. To solve both issues simultaneously, modified nozzle to inject against the swirl from the side injectors was utilized and achieved an improvement in both brake thermal efficiency and heat loss. That is the interdependent and reciprocal control of in-cylinder flow and fuel injection will be one of the breakthrough technologies for current trade-offs by the temporal and spatial spray flame optimization. Furthermore, the nozzle having higher flow rate with less number of orifice was utilized for the side injectors. Even though the smoke emissions were not optimized yet, brake thermal efficiency was much improved with higher heat release rate in the late part of combustion.
Paying off a fine by working outside prison: On the origins and diffusion of community service
Authors: Faraldo Cabana Patricia
Published: December 2018

Community service is today one of the most significant alternatives to imprisonment, but there is still much discussion and conflicting accounts of its origins, and little is known about the ideology that helped to introduce and spread this criminal justice innovation. Throughout the 19th century, unpaid work without deprivation of liberty was conceived and promoted as a way of paying off fines when offenders’ insolvency precluded payment in money, thus avoiding imprisonment for defaulters. This article intends to highlight these liberal precedents, but also to explain the ideology and mechanisms that helped to spread this criminal justice innovation, taking into account that its diffusion has occurred in different ways, at different times and for varied reasons in each country. The implementation of community work in Europe has not been linear and progressive, but rather has been marked by historical differences that have culminated in varying degrees of success – and relative failure.
Nursing in Chilean Hospitals: A Research Agenda to Inform Health Policies and Improve Patient Outcomes
Authors: Simonetti Marta , Aiken Linda H. , Lake Eileen T.
Published: December 2018

Introduction:

The ongoing challenge for Chilean hospitals of meeting population health needs merits attention to the health care workforce. No studies have explored how nursing might contribute to addressing this challenge. International research shows that organizational characteristics of the nursing workforce and practice environment are associated with patient outcomes. Chile lacks actionable evidence that applies to its context of care.

Method:

First, a review of international literature was developed to synthesize evidence on the association between organizational characteristics of the nursing workforce and patient outcomes. Second, a review of literature and other nonacademic sources was performed to describe the context of care and data pertaining to nurses in Chilean hospitals. Third, a research agenda for efficient utilization of the hospital nursing workforce in Chile was proposed.

Results:

International evidence shows that low patient-to-nurse ratios, high skill mix, and good practice environments are associated with better patient outcomes. Chilean hospitals have financial constraints that greatly influence the context of nursing practice and the scarce data about nursing organization call for greater attention.

Conclusion:

The establishment and implementation of a research agenda is needed to build local evidence regarding effective organization of nurses to inform policies and to improve patient outcomes in Chile.
Gadolinium to the rescue for mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Male Shailesh , Mehta Tapan , Tore Huseyin , Quinn Coridon , Grande Andrew W , Tummala Ramachandra P , Jagadeesan Bharathi D
Published: December 2018

Introduction

Mechanical thrombectomy in the setting of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) requires cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA), typically performed with iodinated contrast medium. We present a case of emergent cerebral DSA and mechanical thrombectomy using gadolinium-based contrast for cerebral DSA in a patient with a history of anaphylaxis to iodinated contrast agents (ICs).

Case report

A 72-year-old man developed left ventricle assist device thrombus while on anticoagulation. During hospitalization he suffered right middle cerebral artery occlusion with a National Institutes of Health stroke scale score of 10. He had a history of anaphylaxis and the advanced directives revealed do not resuscitate/do not intubate status. We performed an emergent DSA as part of thrombectomy procedure using gadolinium-based contrast mixed in 1:1 proportion with normal saline. The images obtained were of adequate quality and the patient underwent successful thrombectomy with modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2B recanalization.

Conclusion

Gadolinium-based contrast agents could be effective alternatives for cerebral DSA in patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy for AIS who have a history of anaphylactic reaction to ICs.
Hits Close to Home: Repeated Persecution of King Cobras (Ophiophagus hannah) in Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Marshall Benjamin M. , Strine Colin T. , Jones Max D. , Theodorou Alexandros , Amber Evan , Waengsothorn Surachit , Suwanwaree Pongthep , Goode Matt
Published: December 2018

Protected areas are often promoted as an important solution to preserving biodiversity. However, permeable edges can undermine the effectiveness of preserves because animals may move into adjacent human-dominated unprotected areas. We investigated attitudes toward, and sources of mortality of, a far-ranging apex predator, the king cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah; Cantor 1836), in a biosphere reserve in northeastern Thailand. Our questionnaire revealed marked fear of snakes and hostility toward king cobras. Using radiotelemetry, we followed 23 king cobras over a 4-year period, during which time we documented the mortality of 14 individuals. We considered 10 of the deaths to be anthropogenic in origin, including road mortality, pollution, fish traps, and direct persecution; these deaths disproportionately occurred in unprotected areas. Our results highlight how dangerous human-dominated landscapes are for king cobras. Because king cobras move long distances and maintain large home ranges, it is likely that successful conservation of the species cannot be satisfactorily met by protected areas alone; a more holistic, education-focused conservation strategy is required. We stress the importance of a human dimensions approach that leads toward greater understanding of human attitudes toward king cobras, and snakes in general, combined with ecological research for more effective conservation.
Parity and risk of maternal cardiovascular disease: A dose–response meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Li Wenzhen , Ruan Wenyu , Lu Zuxun , Wang Dongming
Published: December 2018

Background

Parity has been reported to play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease; however, the results are still controversial. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of cohort studies to assess quantitatively the association between parity and cardiovascular disease risk.

Methods

PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched to 1 June 2018, supplemented by manual searches of the bibliographies of retrieved articles. And multivariate-adjusted relative risks were pooled by using random-effects models. Restricted cubic spline analysis with four knots was used to explore the relationship of parity and the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Results

Ten cohort studies involving 150,512 incident cases of cardiovascular disease among 3,089,929 participants were included in the meta-analysis. A significant association between parity and cardiovascular disease risk was observed while comparing parity with nulliparity, with a summarised relative risk of 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.18; I2 = 62.0%, P = 0.002). In the dose–response analysis, we observed a potential non-linear J-shaped dose–response relationship between the number of parity and cardiovascular disease risk, the summary risk estimates for an increase of one live birth was 1.04 (95% CI 1.02–1.05), with significant heterogeneity ( I2 = 89.6%). In addition, the similar J-shaped associations between parturition number and cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease or stroke risk were also observed.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that ever parity is related to cardiovascular disease risk and there is an association between the number of pregnancies and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Since the number of included studies was limited, further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
Use of EN Snare device for successful repositioning of the newest self-expanding transcatheter heart valve
Authors: Beute Tyler J , Nolan Mark A , Merhi William M , Leung Wai Sang Stephane
Published: December 2018

Once a self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve replacement is fully deployed, a snare device must be used to retrieve it. Minimal data are available regarding technique, efficacy, and complications associated with the retrieval of such valves. Here, we present two patients in which an EN Snare® Device (Merit Medical System, South Jordan, UT, USA) was safely and effectively used to retrieve and reposition the latest generation self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve replacement.
Introducing new multilevel datasets: Party systems at the district and national levels
Authors: Struthers Cory L. , Li Yuhui , Shugart Matthew S.
Published: December 2018

For decades, datasets on national-level elections have contributed to knowledge on what shapes national party systems. More recently, datasets on elections at the district level have advanced research on subnational party competition. Yet, to our knowledge, no publicly accessible dataset with observations of the party system at both national and district levels exists, limiting the ease with which cross-level comparisons can be made. To fill this gap, we release two corresponding datasets, the National Level Party Systems dataset and the District Level Party Systems dataset, where the unit of analysis is the party system within either the national or district jurisdiction. More than 50 elections in the two datasets are overlapping, meaning they include observations for a single election at both the district and national levels. In addition to conventional measures such as the effective number of parties, we also include underutilized variables, such as the size of the largest party, list type, and the vote shares for presidential candidates in corresponding elections.
When digital health meets digital capitalism, how many common goods are at stake?
Authors: Sharon Tamar
Published: December 2018

In recent years, all major consumer technology corporations have moved into the domain of health research. This ‘Googlization of health research’ (‘GHR’) begs the question of how the common good will be served in this research. As critical data scholars contend, such phenomena must be situated within the political economy of digital capitalism in order to foreground the question of public interest and the common good. Here, trends like GHR are framed within a double, incommensurable logic, where private gain and economic value are pitted against public good and societal value. While helpful for highlighting the exploitative potential of digital capitalism, this framing is limiting, insofar as it acknowledges only one conception of the common good. This article uses the analytical framework of modes of justification developed by Boltanksi and Thévenot to identify a plurality of orders of worth and conceptualizations of the common good at work in GHR. Not just the ‘civic’ (doing good for society) and ‘market’ (enhancing wealth creation) orders, but also an ‘industrial’ (increasing efficiency), a ‘project’ (innovation and experimentation), and what I call a ‘vitalist’ (proliferating life) order. Using promotional material of GHR initiatives and preliminary interviews with participants in GHR projects, I ask what moral orientations guide different actors in GHR. Engaging seriously with these different conceptions of the common good is paramount. First, in order to critically evaluate them and explicate what is at stake in the move towards GHR, and ultimately, in order to develop viable governance solutions that ensure strong ‘civic’ components.
Plasma energy substrates at two stages of Alzheimer’s disease in humans
Authors: Verri Manuela , Aquilani Roberto , Ricevuti Giovanni , Rondanelli Mariangela , Ghitti Michele , Bongiorno Andria Innocenza , Venturini Letizia , Buonocore Daniela , Boschi Federica , Dossena Maurizia
Published: December 2018

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the presence of amyloid-β peptide may impair cell energy formation by altering both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism. This study aimed to estimate possible alterations in circulating energy substrates. In 54 community-dwelling AD subjects, fasting peripheral venous blood samples were drawn in the morning to determine the energy substrates lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies (KBs, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate). Plasma lactate levels in the entire AD population were significantly lower than in healthy controls ( P < 0.01), whereas pyruvate concentrations were similar. This is particularly evident in AD subjects with diagnosis time  >5 years. Moreover, both plasma lactate and pyruvate were lower in subjects with AD >5 years than in subjects with AD ⩽5 years ( P < 0.001 for lactate; P = 0.04 for pyruvate). KB concentrations were normal in both subgroups. Lactate was inversely related to diagnosis time (r = −0.42; P = 0.002). In conclusion, subjects with AD, particularly those with a longer diagnosis time, show considerable reductions in circulating lactate and pyruvate as an expression of altered muscular metabolic pathways that generate energy.
“We Are a Football Family”: Making Sense of Parents’ Decisions to Allow Their Children to Play Tackle Football
Authors: Boneau Rebecca D. , Richardson Brian K. , McGlynn Joseph
Published: December 2018

Parents of middle school–aged children face a true dilemma as they consider whether to allow their children to play tackle football. The sport is cited as one that fosters a number of intangible benefits but is increasingly mentioned as dangerous for youth participants. This study employed a sensemaking theory framework to explore the family, community, and media dynamics that influence how parents made sense of their football decisions. We interviewed 12 married couples about their decisions allowing their child to play middle school football. Results indicate parents were affected by family identities, community and social influences, and information sources in their football decisions. We developed a typology describing three parental approaches to the football decision: the football-first family, the safety-first family, and the laissez-faire family. We drew connections between family type, decision agency, and risk assessment for the pro-football decision. To conclude, we offer theoretical and practical implications related to this key parental decision.
Emerging Adulthood MoA/IDEA-8 Scale Characteristics From Multiple Institutions
Authors: Faas Caitlin , McFall Joseph , Peer Justin W. , Schmolesky Matthew T. , Chalk Holly M. , Hermann Anthony , Chopik William J. , Leighton Dana C. , Lazzara Julie , Kemp Andrew , DiLillio Vicki , Grahe Jon
Published: December 2018

We tested psychometric properties of the Markers of Adulthood (MoA) importance scale and a revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-8) in a large, diverse multisite and multinational sample the Emerging Adulthood Measured at Multiple Institutions 2 project. We used multilevel confirmatory factor analyses and multilevel alphas to examine external validity and internal consistency of the scales. We also performed correlational and exploratory multilevel analyses to determine the extent to which emerging adulthood dimensions overlap across scales. The IDEA-8 subscales demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Our research suggests that recent approaches to combine the MoA markers provide four modestly reliable factors, but perceptions of adulthood varied considerably as a function of sample. We recommend that the structure of these marker items be examined for any given sample, since their relative importance seems to vary, not just across time but also sample location.
When Did Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Get So Many Factors? Confirmatory Factor Models Since DSM–5
Authors: Rasmussen Andrew , Verkuilen Jay , Jayawickreme Nuwan , Wu Zebing , McCluskey Sydne T.
Published: December 2018

For over three decades confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been used to test the construct validity of models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The four symptom dimensions of PTSD in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM–5) are based on CFA. Since the publication of DSM–5, the number of proposed factors has grown from four to seven. We review these models, focusing on (a) the number of symptoms per factor, indicating how well factors are identified; (b) correlations between factors, indicating how distinct they are; and (c) their external validation. Of the 27 CFAs published since 2013, almost all included factors composed of only two symptoms, and most relied on more than one. High factor correlations were the norm. Two thirds of models provided external validation. Discussion concerns implications for PTSD’s measurement and construct validity and recommendations for improving CFA in the PTSD literature.
Patient With a 42-Year History of Coccidioidal Meningitis
Authors: D’Assumpcao Carlos , Heidari Arash , Johnson Royce H.
Published: December 2018

This is a case of a 56-year-old man diagnosed with coccidioidal meningitis 42 years ago at the age of 14. He was treated with intrathecal amphotericin B deoxycholate by cisternal puncture for 15 years before switching to fluconazole once it became available in 1991. Over 42 years of treatment, he developed hearing loss due to auditory nerve neurotoxicity, hydrocephalus requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunting with associated malfunctions, lumbar arachnoiditis, and hypokalemic paralysis. Regular cerebrospinal fluid studies to this day do not show disease clearance. Many of the lessons from his clinical history are enshrined in the current iteration of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Coccidioidomycosis Treatment Guidelines. To our knowledge, he is the longest surviving coccidioidal meningitis patient.
Conflict Management, Team Coordination, and Performance Within Multicultural Temporary Projects: Evidence From the Construction Industry
Authors: Tabassi Amin Akhavan , Abdullah Aldrin , Bryde David James
Published: December 2018

The purpose of our study is to enhance the understanding of relationships between conflict management style, team coordination, and performance in multicultural project team contexts. We investigate how conflict management can contribute to team effectiveness through the mediation of the level of team coordination by collecting data from 126 team leaders and supervisors and 378 members nested in different multicultural projects in the construction industry. Our results show that, contrary to the findings from prior research in other team contexts, an avoiding style of conflict management can have a positive impact on the performance of multicultural project teams.
Silicone breast implant modification review: overcoming capsular contracture
Authors: Shin Byung Ho , Kim Byung Hwi , Kim Sujin , Lee Kangwon , Choy Young Bin , Heo Chan Yeong
Published: December 2018

Background

Silicone implants are biomaterials that are frequently used in the medical industry due to their physiological inertness and low toxicity. However, capsular contracture remains a concern in long-term transplantation. To date, several studies have been conducted to overcome this problem. This review summarizes and explores these trends.

Main body

First, we examined the overall foreign body response from initial inflammation to fibrosis capsule formation in detail and introduced various studies to overcome capsular contracture. Secondly, we introduced that the main research approaches are to inhibit fibrosis with anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics, to control the topography of the surface of silicone implants, and to administer plasma treatment. Each study examined aspects of the various mechanisms by which capsular contracture could occur, and addressed the effects of inhibiting fibrosis.

Conclusion

This review introduces various silicone surface modification methods to date and examines their limitations. This review will help identify new directions in inhibiting the fibrosis of silicone implants.
CirculatingBRAFV600E Cell-Free DNA as a Biomarker in the Management of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Iyer Priyanka C. , Cote Gilbert J. , Hai Tao , Gule-Monroe Maria , Bui-Griffith Jacquelin , Williams Michelle D. , Hess Kenneth , Hofmann Marie-Claude , Dadu Ramona , Zafereo Mark , Busaidy Naifa L. , Ferrarotto Renata , Subbiah Vivek , Gross Neil , Gunn Brandon G. , Skinner Heath D. , Garden Adam S. , Cabanillas Maria E.
Published: December 2018

Purpose

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a deadly form of thyroid cancer. BRAF V600E is the only actionable mutation for which there is a Food and Drug Administration–approved drug combination. Rapid detection of BRAF V600E and initiation of therapy is critical. We explored the ability of droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) to identify this mutation in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma.

Materials and Methods

The ddPCR assay was evaluated for its sensitivity, specificity for detection of BRAF V600E cfDNA, and concordance with tumor tissue. The assay also was used to evaluate its potential role as a biomarker of response.

Results

Forty-four patients with ATC who were tested for the BRAF mutation by tumor tissue DNA sequencing or immunohistochemistry were included. Sixteen BRAF V600E–positive patients had treatment samples to evaluate cfDNA levels as a biomarker of response in correlation with restaging scans. Concordance of ddPCR with tumor tissue was 93%, with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 100%. Area under the curve by Wilcoxon rank sum test was 0.9 (95% CI, 0.80 to 0.99; P < .001). As a biomarker of response to treatment, 94% of ddPCR samples were concordant with tumor shrinkage in restaging scans, and 47% were concordant with tumor growth (Fisher’s exact test P = .0061). In addition, cfDNA levels by ddPCR were predictive of treatment response in 71% of samples.

Conclusion

cfDNA detection by ddPCR is highly sensitive, specific, and concordant with mutation status on ATC tumors. ddPCR also can be used for monitoring cfDNA levels in conjunction with imaging scans in patients with ATC.
Effect of Endurance Training on Hemoglobin Mass and V˙O2max in Male Adolescent Athletes
Authors: STEINER THOMAS , MAIER THOMAS , WEHRLIN JON PETER
Published: December 2018

Purpose

It is unknown, whether endurance training stimulates hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) increases during late adolescence. Therefore, this study assessed the influence of endurance training on Hbmass, blood volume parameters, and V˙O2max in endurance athletes and control subjects from age 16 to 19 yr.

Methods

Hemoglobin mass, blood volume parameters, V˙O2max and anthropometric parameters were measured in male elite endurance athletes from age 16 to 19 yr in 6-month intervals (n = 10), as well as in age-matched male controls (n = 12).

Results

Neither the level of Hbmass per lean body mass (LBM) (P = 0.80) nor the development of Hbmass during the 3 yr (P = 0.97) differed between athletes and controls. Hbmass at age 16 yr was 13.24 ± 0.89 g·kg−1 LBM and increased by 0.74 ± 0.58 g·kg−1 LBM (P < 0.01) from age 16 to 19 yr. There was a high correlation between Hbmass at age 16 and 19 yr (r = 0.77; P < 0.001). Plasma volume, blood volume, and V˙O2max were higher in athletes compared to controls (P < 0.05). Blood volume and V˙O2max increased with age (P < 0.01, similarly in both groups).

Conclusions

Endurance training volumes do not explain individual differences in Hbmass levels nor Hbmass and V˙O2max development in the age period from 16 to 19 yr. The higher V˙O2max levels of athletes may be partially explained by training-induced higher plasma and blood volumes, as well as other training adaptations. Since Hbmass at age 16 yr varies substantially and the development of Hbmass in late adolescence is comparably small and not influenced by endurance training, Hbmass at age 16 yr is an important predictor for Hbmass at adult age and possibly for the aptitude for high-level endurance performance.
Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit
Authors: Ostadi Zohreh , Shadvar Kamran , Sanaie Sarvin , Mahmoodpoor Ata , Saghaleini Seied Hadi
Published: December 2018

Thrombocytopenia is a frequent finding in intensive care unit especially among adults and medical ICU patients.Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count less than 100×109/l in ICU setting. Platelets are made in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes. Although not fully understood, proplatelets transform into platelets in the lung. The body tries to maintain platelet count relatively constant throughout life. Pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia can be defined by hemodilution, elevated levels of platelet consumption, compromise of platelet production, increased platelet sequestration and increased platelet destruction. Unlike in other situations, absolute platelet count alone does not provide sufficient data in characterizing thrombocytopenia in ICU patients. In such cases, the time course of changes in platelet count is also pivotal. The dynamics of platelet count decrease vary considerably between different ICU patient populations including trauma, major surgery and minor surgery/medical conditions.There are strong evidences available that delay in platelet count restoration in ICU patients is an indicator of a bad outcome.

How to cite this:Ostadi Z, Shadvar K, Sanaie S, Mahmoodpoor A, Saghaleini SH. Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(1):282-287. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.1.19

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Pulpotomy versus pulpectomy in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Authors: Gadallah Lamia , Hamdy Mahmoud , El Bardissy Adel , Abou El Yazeed Mohamed
Published: December 2018

Background: Early childhood caries is a serious public health problem in both developing and industrialized countries. When caries extend to involve the pulp, various forms of pulp treatment are tried to stimulate tooth repair. Although pulpotomy is the treatment of choice for vital primary tooth pulp exposure but there is a trend among many dentists to perform pulpectomies for pulp treatment of vital primary anterior teeth. This study aimed to assess the effect of pulpotomy and pulpecomy in treatment of carious vital pulp exposure in primary incisors.

Methods: We searched Pubmed and Cochrane library databases up to March, 2018, OpenGrey for grey literature and ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing trials. Randomized controlled trials comparing between pulpotomy and pulpectomy in treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors were included. Primary outcomes were clinical failure and radiological failure. 

Results: Four trials were identified for qualitative assessment, only three trials were included in meta-analysis after exclusion of one trial due to its high risk of bias. The pooled results of the longest follow up period for clinical failure showed no statistically significant difference between pulpotomy and pulpectomy. The relative risk (RR) was e 2.69, 95% CI 0.76 to 9.58 for clinical failure. For radiographic failure, the sensitivity analysis showed RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.83 with a higher risk for radiographic failure in pulpectomy. The evidence was limited by the small number of trials included in the meta-analysis.

Conclusions: Both pulpotomy and pulpectomy can be used successfully in the treatment of vital pulp exposure in primary incisors. Further high quality studies comparing between pulpotomy and pulpectomy in primary incisors with longer follow up period till exfoliation time are needed.
Embryonic zebrafish xenograft assay of human cancer metastasis
Authors: Hill David , Chen Lanpeng , Snaar-Jagalska Ewe , Chaudhry Bill
Published: December 2018

Cancer metastasis is the most important prognostic factor determining patient survival, but currently there are very few drugs or therapies that specifically inhibit the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Currently, human cancer metastasis is largely studied using transgenic and immunocompromised mouse xenograft models, which are useful for analysing end-point tumour growth but are unable to accurately and reliably monitor in vivo invasion, intravasation, extravasation or secondary tumour formation of human cancer cells. Furthermore, limits in our ability to accurately monitor early stages of tumour growth and detect micro-metastases likely results in pain and suffering to the mice used for cancer xenograft experiments. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, however, offer many advantages as a model system for studying the complex, multi-step processes involved during cancer metastasis. This article describes a detailed method for the analysis of human cancer cell invasion and metastasis in zebrafish embryos before they reach protected status at 5 days post fertilisation. Results demonstrate that human cancer cells actively invade within a zebrafish microenvironment, and form metastatic tumours at secondary tissue sites, suggesting that the mechanisms involved during the different stages of metastasis are conserved between humans and zebrafish, supporting the use of zebrafish embryos as a viable model of human cancer metastasis. We suggest that the embryonic zebrafish xenograft model of human cancer is a tractable laboratory model that can be used to understand cancer biology, and as a direct replacement of mice for the analysis of drugs that target cancer invasion and metastasis.
pdb-tools: a swiss army knife for molecular structures
Authors: Rodrigues João P. G. L. M. , Teixeira João M.C. , Trellet Mikaël , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J.
Published: December 2018

The pdb-tools are a collection of Python scripts for working with molecular structure data in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) format. They allow users to edit, convert, and validate PDB files, from the command-line, in a simple but efficient manner. The pdb-tools are implemented in Python, without any external dependencies, and are freely available under the open-source Apache License at https://github.com/haddocking/pdb-tools/ and on PyPI.
Definition of Rational Structure of Financing of Process of Innovative Reproduction of the Basic Means of the Enterprise
Authors: Хлынин Э. , Khlynin E. , Борисов А. , Borisov A. , Фатуев В. , Fatuev V.
Published: December 2018

The mechanism of formation of rational structure of financing of process of innovative reproduction of the basic means of the enterprise is developed, allowing to define the most expedient ratio between own and extra sources of financing of process of innovative reproduction of means of work which provides realization of effective financial activity of the enterprise. For this purpose, it is offered to form two clusters financial assets of the enterprise, one of which includes own sources of financing of process of innovative reproduction of the basic means, and another — extra sources of financing. The hypothesis of existence of the most preferable ratio between the sizes of the first and the second clusters is put forward and proved. For confirmation of the put forward hypothesis the nonlinear economic-mathematical model of criterion of formation of rational structure of financing of process of innovative reproduction of the basic means of the enterprise is developed. As the important parameters nonlinear economic-mathematical model of criterion it is offered to take into account not only size of own and extra financial assets, but also their cost.
Status and Main Problems of Forest Industrial Complex Development of the European North Regions of Russia
Authors: Секушина Ирина , Sekushina Irina
Published: December 2018

The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators of the state of the le-related complex of the regions of the European North of Russia in the period from 2005 to 2016. The characteristics of the forest fund are given, the dynamics of volumes and shares of timber actually harvested in the regions is presented. The indicators of the average number of employees of organizations of the forest-industrial complex in the context of industries have been analyzed, as well as the share of profitable organizations. On the example of the Vologda region, statistical data characterizing the state of the basic production assets of enterprises of the timber industry complex are considered. An analysis of the structure of shipped goods of its own production, which revealed the presence of certain structural changes in the production of the main types of products in the timber industry. The obtained results of the research testify to the availability of resource potential in the timber industry complex of the regions of the European North and the availability of opportunities to increase production volumes. Among the main problems hampering the dynamic development of logging, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, the unsatisfactory condition of the basic production assets of enterprises, the underdevelopment of transport infrastructure, the lack of qualified personnel, as well as the high level of illegal harvesting of timber are indicated.
Evolution of the conceptual apparatus of pedagogy and education
Authors: Галагузова Минненур , Galaguzova Minnenur , Штинова Галина , Shtinova Galina
Published: December 2018

The article summarizes the results of many years of research of the authors on various aspects of the development and improvement of the conceptual apparatus of pedagogy in terms of social and ideological transformations that periodically shook Russia throughout its history. The material is structured in accordance with the main periods in the development of the domestic sphere of education, which determined the substantive and functional evolution of the basic categories of pedagogical science and its conceptual apparatus as a whole.
It is addressed to scientific and practical workers of education, a wide range of specialists involved in the problems of education, all interested in this problem
Detecting groups of equidistant frequencies in spectra of geomagnetic pulsations
Authors: Поляков Андрей , Polyakov Andrey
Published: December 2018

This paper presents a revised version of the new signal processing method based on the analysis of a specially constructed correlation function of amplitude and phase fluctuations (APCF). This method allows us to detect the presence of a group of equidistant frequencies in the spectrum of the original signal and to measure the difference of two adjacent frequencies Δf in such a group. The end product of the processing is a histogram of a set of Δf. The effect of noise that may be present in the original signal has been examined. It has been shown that even with a very high level of noise when its component in the spectrum completely absorbs and masks spectral peaks of equidistant frequencies of the desired signal, the APCF method copes with the problem of detecting these frequencies. This method was first applied to processing of natural signals, for which recordings of geomagnetic field disturbances of an ultralow frequency (ULF) range were used. The comparison of one of the histograms with the traditional spectrum indicates that the chaotic spectrum, which has always been considered to be a noise spectrum, actually has a strictly ordered structure. It has been found that most spectral peaks belong to one of the sets (more than 10) of equidistant frequency groups. In the entire spectrum, peaks of these groups are superimposed on each other and form a complex chaotic sequence. The analysis of peaks of all histograms allows us to conclude that the equidistant frequency groups, which correspond to peaks in each histogram, are eigenfrequencies of the 2D Alfvén wave resonator. The existence of such a resonator in the magnetosphere in the vicinity of the outer edge of the plasmopause has been predicted in theoretical studies [Guglielmi, Polyakov, 1983; Leonovich, Mazur, 1987]. The processing method APCF enables us to experimentally confirm this prediction.
Accounting, reporting and analysis in crisis management
Authors: Хоружий Людмила , KHoruzhiy Lyudmila , Турчаева Ирина , Turchaeva Irina , Кокорев Николай , Kokorev Nikolay
Published: December 2018

The tutorial is designed for students of internal, correspondence and remote forms of education on directions "Economy", "Management" and specialization "Economic security". The issues of legal regulation of insolvency (bankruptcy), especially the bankruptcy of agricultural organizations, the organization of accounting and reporting in crisis management, including accounting processes of sales of the enterprise as a property complex, domestic and foreign methods of analysis, allowing to monitor the insolvency of organizations. The manual includes control questions for self-examination, tasks for practical training and independent work of students.
For teachers of economic disciplines, heads of accounting and financial services of organizations, specialists in crisis management, students of training courses for accounting and financial workers.
Assessing borderline personality disorder based
on the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology
(HiTOP): Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory
2 – BPD
Authors: de Francisco Carvalho Lucas , Pianowski Giselle , Bacciotti Jonatha Tiago , Reis Ana Maria
Published: December 2018

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to develop a specific version of the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2), a self-reported measure developed in Brazil to pathological personality traits assessment, focused on the assessment of traits related to BPD in accordance to the HiTOP model.

Subject or material and methods

. In step 1 we developed new factors to cover all the BPD traits according to HiTOP. In step 2, data were collected from 207 adults from the community (N = 207; Mage = 35.9). Participants completed the developed measure (IDCP Borderline Personality Disorder Scale; IDCP-BPD), and factors from IDCP-2, PID-5, FFBI, and FFHI.

Results

Exploratory structural equation modeling (E-SEM) suggested a 3-solution for the grouping of the fifteen factors of the IDCP-BPD. Factors and total score reliability was good. Correlations between IDCP-BPD factors and external measures were coherent, corroborating expectations. The bootstrap two-sample t test comparing healthy and pathological group suggested good discrimination capacity of the IDCP-BPD factors, mainly Fragility and Impotency feelings factors.

Discussion

Favorable evidences were find for the use of IDCP-BPD to BPD traits measurement. New factors composing this measure seems to extend the coverage of the IDCP-2 factors in measuring BPD symptoms. Correlations suggest that the factors composing IDCP-BPD measure the traits considered as relevant according to HiTOP.

Conclusions

Discriminant capacity of the factors also indicate the use of the measure, although future studies must to replicate the verifications in samples composed by BPD patients.
A Bayesian Stochastic Kriging Optimization Model Dealing with Heteroscedastic Simulation Noise for Freeway Traffic Management
Authors: Chen Xiqun (Michael) , He Xiang , Xiong Chenfeng , Zhu Zheng , Zhang Lei
Published: December 2018

Since advanced traveler information and traffic management systems have become popular, it is vital to capture the joint impact of various strategies on transportation systems. Developing analytical models to incorporate traffic dynamics and travel behavior is challenging. Based on observation of the heteroscedasticity of the simulation noise in the stochastic simulator, this paper develops the Bayesian stochastic Kriging (BSK) model to adapt for the heteroscedastic noise and metamodel parameter uncertainty in a Bayesian framework, which enhances the existing surrogate-based optimization methods. This paper presents a metamodel for large scale simulation-based freeway traffic management optimization problems. Simulation-based optimization combines the advantages of simulation models and mathematical optimization methods. The parameter estimation of the BSK model is accomplished by the Bayesian inference. The proposed methodology enables the efficient use of large scale high-resolution traffic simulation models for simulation-based optimization, while accounting for travelers’ behavioral responses to information provision. We demonstrate the advantages of BSK compared to other existing metamodels using a numerical example of a synthetic network and a mathematical example. In a work zone scenario on a real-world freeway/arterial corridor of I-270 and MD-355 in the State of Maryland, the BSK model is applied to the freeway traffic management via optimizing the high-occupancy/toll rate and deploying dynamic message signs. Field traffic measurements by loop/microwave detections are used to calibrate travel demand and to supply the simulation parameters. The optimization results are promising in reducing the corridor-wide travel delay and enhancing the vehicle throughput.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2018.0819 .
Burnout in Australian paramedics
Authors: Thyer Liz , Simpson Paul , Nugteren Benjamin Van
Published: December 2018

Background:

Burnout has consistently been identified as an issue in health professionals, with paramedics in particular frequently noted to have high burnout rates.

Aims:

The current study aimed to describe the prevalence of total work burnout in Australian paramedics and of three subcategories: personal, work-related and patient-related burnout.

Methods:

This cross-sectional online survey presented the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) to a national convenience sample (n=893) over a 5-week period from April–May 2015. The primary outcome was prevalence of total burnout (%). Secondary outcomes were prevalence of subgroups of burnout and predictive factors.

Findings:

More than half (55.9%) of respondents were determined to have total burnout at the time of completing the survey; 43.4% had patient-related burnout; 62.7% had work-related burnout; and 69.1% had personal-related burnout. Females, metropolitan work location, and having worked for 15–19 years as a paramedic were all predictive of total burnout.

Conclusions:

The study showed high prevalence of total burnout among this sample of Australian paramedics.
The role of bone in glenohumeral stability
Authors: Di Giacomo Giovanni , Piscitelli Luigi , Pugliese Mattia
Published: December 2018

Shoulder stability depends on several factors, either anatomical or functional. Anatomical factors can be further subclassified under soft tissue (shoulder capsule, glenoid rim, glenohumeral ligaments etc) and bony structures (glenoid cavity and humeral head). Normal glenohumeral stability is maintained through factors mostly pertaining to the scapular side: glenoid version, depth and inclination, along with scapular dynamic positioning, can potentially cause decreased stability depending on the direction of said variables in the different planes. No significant factors in normal humeral anatomy seem to play a tangible role in affecting glenohumeral stability. When the glenohumeral joint suffers an episode of acute dislocation, either anterior (more frequent) or posterior, bony lesions often develop on both sides: a compression fracture of the humeral head (or Hill–Sachs lesion) and a bone loss of the glenoid rim. Interaction of such lesions can determine ‘re-engagement’ and recurrence. The concept of ‘glenoid track’ can help quantify an increased risk of recurrence: when the Hill–Sachs lesion engages the anterior glenoid rim, it is defined as ‘off-track’; if it does not, it is an ‘on-track’ lesion. The position of the Hill–Sachs lesion and the percentage of glenoid bone loss are critical factors in determining the likelihood of recurrent instability and in managing treatment. In terms of posterior glenohumeral instability, the ‘gamma angle concept’ can help ascertain which lesions are prone to recurrence based on the sum of specific angles and millimetres of posterior glenoid bone loss, in a similar fashion to what happens in anterior shoulder instability.

Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:632-640. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180028
Geografia da religião em Portugal: minorias e diversidade religiosa
Authors: Franca Margarida Cunha , Fernandes João Luis , Cravidão Fernanda Delgado
Published: December 2018

O estudo geográfico dos grupos religiosos minoritários em Portugal assume particular importância na atualidade, período no qual o país consolida a imagem de uma sociedade pós-moderna, cada vez mais aberta, híbrida e plural, mas também fragmentada. As alterações ocorridas no território nacional, sobretudo após o 25 de abril de 1974 e a integração de Portugal na União Europeia a 1 de janeiro de 1986, com as consequentes alterações em muitos setores da sociedade, mostraram um país mais diverso e multicultural, fruto de uma sociedade mais permeável no domínio interno, dotada de maior liberdade de expressão, associação e manifestação. Neste contexto, ocorreu uma maior abertura a outras identidades e culturas, assim como à partilha de valores, comportamentos, atitudes e crenças religiosas. Nos nossos dias, a problemática da(s) espacialidade(s) da religião é igualmente importante quando se pretende entender, de forma mais abrangente, as questões estruturantes da sociedade portuguesa, sendo evidente a integração de Portugal nos grandes ciclos ou movimentos migratórios do século XXI.