bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gebrauch geschlechtsübergreifender Personenbezeichnungen in der „Sprache · Stimme · Gehör“ im Jahr 2016
Authors: Tiemeyer Tabea , Ptok Martin
Published: June 2018

Hintergrund Stereotype sind früh erlernte und hoch automatisierte kognitive Strukturen, die Erwartungen und Vermutungen über eine soziale Gruppe, ihre Verhaltensweisen, Charakteristika und Einstellungen repräsentieren. Der Zusammenhang von Sprache und Kognition führt zu der Annahme, dass Stereotype sich in der Sprache widerspiegeln und umgekehrt Sprache Stereotype stärkt. Ein Einfluss geschlechtergerechter Sprache auf die – im ersten Schritt gedankliche – Gleichstellung von Männern und Frauen in verschiedenen Kontexten ist somit naheliegend. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Variationen im Gebrauch unterschiedlicher Realisierungstypen geschlechtsübergreifender Personenbezeichnungen untersucht. Von besonderem Interesse ist dabei der aktuelle Sprachgebrauch sowie die Herausarbeitung von möglichen Einflussfaktoren auf die Verwendung von geschlechtsübergreifenden Personenbezeichnungen.

Methodik Eine Korpusanalyse aller Texte aus 4 Ausgaben des Jahrgangs 2016 der Zeitschrift „Sprache · Stimme · Gehör“.

Ergebnisse Ein Gebrauch geschlechtergerechter Sprache konnte in einigen Texten festgestellt werden. Anwendungskonsequenz und -art variierten stark und zeigten sich nicht nur autorinnen- und autorenabhängig. Ebenso zeigte sich eine Abhängigkeit der Art der geschlechtsübergreifenden Personenbezeichnungen von Geschlechtsstereotypen bezüglich der Geschlechterverteilung in verschiedenen Berufen und in der erwarteten Leserschaft.
30.3 Product Class 3: S,S-Acetals
Authors: Luh T.-Y. , Leung M.-k.
Published: June 2018

This section introduces acyclic and cyclic dithioacetals (S,S-acetals) and describes their use as protective groups or alternative functional groups for further transformations.
30.3.3.2 1,3-Dithiolanes (Update 2018)
Authors: Leung M.-k. , Chou C.-M. , Luh T.-Y.
Published: June 2018

This section is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (30.3.3) describing the synthesis of 1,3-dithiolanes. As 1,3-dithiolanes are stable under various conditions and are easily converted back into carbonyl groups under mild conditions, they have been widely explored as protecting groups. This section explores newer catalysts as well as solid-supported catalysts for the conversion of carbonyl groups into 1,3-dithiolanes.
2.1 Reduction of Aldehydes
Authors: Steinfeldt N. , Junge K.
Published: June 2018

Alcohols are valuable chemical intermediates and products that can be obtained by reduction of aldehydes. This chapter describes methods where the aldehyde reduction is performed in the liquid phase with hydrogen delivered directly from a cylinder or by hydrogen-donor molecules. Since they are both widely applied, both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyzed reactions are considered.
2.5.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids, Anhydrides, Esters, Amino Acids, and Amides
Authors: Besson M. , Pinel C.
Published: June 2018

The reduction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives (i.e., anhydrides, esters, amino acids, and amides) is a highly relevant transformation in synthetic organic chemistry and for biomass conversion. Interest in this area has recently increased thanks to the large-scale production of bio-based platform molecules. This chapter describes methods for the hydrogenation of carboxylic acids and derivatives using heterogeneous catalysts. The methods selected have generally been reported within the last ten years, and the focus is on those approaches that give high selectivity toward the desired products and on those employing highly stable catalysts.
2.6 Reduction of Imines and Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Claver C. , Peñafiel I. , Urrutigoïty M. , Kalck P.
Published: June 2018

Amines are powerful building blocks in the chemical industry due to their high reactivity. They also find various applications in fine chemistry. In the context of sustainable chemistry, the hydrogenation of imines and reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones represent efficient tools to give direct access to amines. For the asymmetric hydrogenation of imines, many catalyst precursors containing a transition metal and chiral phosphorus- or nitrogen-based ligands give rise to high yields and enantioselectivities. The one-pot reductive amination reaction involves the condensation of carbonyl and amine groups, followed by the hydrogenation of the resulting imine or enamine, performed by either heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysis. Molecular hydrogen or organic donors providing hydrogen by transfer can be used in both reactions. The more economical and environmentally friendly catalysts based on iron or copper offer attractive options in these two synthetic pathways.
Measurement of doping profiles by a contactless method of IR reflectance under grazing incidence
Authors: Holovský Jakub , Remeš Zdeněk , Poruba Aleš , Franta Daniel , Conrad Brianna , Abelová Lucie , Bušek David
Published: June 2018

An improved contactless method of the measurement and evaluation of charge carrier profiles in polished wafers by infrared reflectance was developed. The sensitivity of optical reflectance to the incidence angle was theoretically analyzed. A grazing incident angle enhances sensitivity to doping profile parameters. At the same time, the sensitivity to experimental errors sharply increases around the Brewster angle. Therefore, the optimal angle of 65° was chosen. Experimental errors such as unintentional polarization of the measurement beam were minimized by division by reference spectra taken on an undoped sample and further by normalization to a fixed value in the region of 4000 cm−1 to 7000 cm−1. The carrier profile in boron-doped samples was parametrized by 3 parameters and that in phosphorous-doped samples was parametrized by 4 parameters, using additional empirically determined assumptions. As a physical model, the Drude equation is used with two parameters assumed to be concentration-dependent: relaxation time and contribution from band-to-band excitations. The model parameters were calibrated independently by infrared ellipsometry. The presented method gives results in satisfactory agreement with the profiles measured by the electrochemical capacitance-voltage method.
Singlet-triplet minus mixing and relaxation lifetimes in a double donor dot
Authors: Gorman S. K. , Broome M. A. , House M. G. , Hile S. J. , Keizer J. G. , Keith D. , Watson T. F. , Baker W. J. , Simmons M. Y.
Published: June 2018

We measure singlet-triplet mixing in a precision fabricated double donor dot comprising 2 and 1 phosphorus atoms separated by 16 ± 1 nm. We identify singlet and triplet-minus states by performing a sequential independent spin readout of the two electron system and probe its dependence on magnetic field strength. The relaxation of singlet and triplet states is measured to be 12.4 ± 1.0 s and 22.1 ± 1.0 s, respectively, at Bz = 2.5 T.
Three-dimensional particle-in-cell model of Hall thruster: The discharge channel
Authors: Taccogna Francesco , Minelli Pierpaolo
Published: June 2018

There are still many missing elements to complete the physical picture at the basis of the Hall thruster functioning. The origin of the anomalous electron cross-field transport often ascribed to azimuthal electron E × B drift instability remains decoupled from self-consistent ion axial acceleration and radial boundary conditions, at the same time. This study represents the first attempt to correlate the different mechanisms contributing to the electron transport by means of a fully kinetic three-dimensional Particle-in-Cell model. A geometrical scaling scheme has been used to make the simulation possible. This scheme irremediably changes what are some salient characteristics of the discharge, such as the wall interaction and the axial component of the electric field. For this reason, a critical assessment of the effects of reducing dimensions has been addressed. The present paper deals with the physics of discharge channel. Results confirm the occurrence of E × B drift instability along the azimuthal direction. The modulation is almost standing wave: it moves back and forth travelling only a short distance before being axially convected away. In addition, the dielectric floating potential nature of the lateral walls gives to the azimuthal modulation an important radial component creating an oblique pattern in the radial-azimuthal plane. As a consequence, the azimuthal electric field presents a double alternating structure: two phase-opposing waves are present in the first and second half of the radial extension between the two lateral walls. Finally, the effect of secondary electron emission from walls is not sufficient to guarantee the right electron current to neutralize the ion beam, but rather it works as an auxiliary mechanism (together with ion heating and azimuthal rotation) to saturate the electron drift instability leading to smaller amplitude oscillations.
An ultra-wideband, polarization insensitive, and wide incident angle absorber based on an irregular metamaterial structure with layers of water
Authors: Shen Zhaoyang , Huang Xiaojun , Yang Helin , Xiang Tianyu , Wang Chengwen , Yu Zetai , Wu Jiong
Published: June 2018

We present the design of a new type of irregular metamaterial structure that can achieve ultra-wideband absorption. The structure is created using 3D-printing to create a shell and contains multiple layers of water. The structure can achieve absorption levels greater than 0.9 in the 6.8–21.0 GHz range, with a relative bandwidth of 101.93%. The absorber also works in a wide range of incidence angles with different modes and is polarization insensitive. Measurement results obtained from a microwave experiment coincide well with the simulation results. The proposed metamaterial could be broadly applied in various civilian and military products in the future.
Impurity density gradient influence on trapped particle modes
Authors: Idouakass M. , Gravier E. , Lesur M. , Médina J. , Réveillé T. , Drouot T. , Garbet X. , Sarazin Y.
Published: June 2018

The effect of the presence of an impurity species on the trapped particle turbulence is studied using the gyro-bounce kinetic code TERESA, which allows the study of Trapped Electron Modes and Trapped Ion Modes. The impurity species is treated self-consistently and its influence on the nature of the turbulence, ion driven or electron driven, is investigated. It is found that the presence of heavy impurities with a flat density profile tends to stabilize the both electron and ion modes, whereas a peaked or hollow impurity density profile can change the turbulence from an electron driven turbulence to an ion driven turbulence. The effect of the turbulence regime on impurity transport is studied.
Study on linear-zigzag transition in dielectric barrier discharge with rectangular frames
Authors: Liu Binbin , Dong Lifang , Mi Yanlin , Sun Haoyang , Du Tian , Hao Fang , Cui Yiqian , Han Rong , Huang Jiayu , Pan Yuyang
Published: June 2018

The linear-zigzag transition is observed and studied in dielectric barrier discharge with rectangular frames for the first time by two photomultipliers, an intensified charge-coupled device, and a high-speed video camera. The unstable linear spot pattern transforms into a stable zigzag superlattice pattern with increasing voltage. The zigzag superlattice pattern is made up of dim spots at each corner, light spots between dim spots, and a zigzag line which is composed of moving spots and zigzag halos. All the spots in the linear spot pattern discharge simultaneously, and they have equal electric quantities, while the discharge sequence in the zigzag superlattice pattern is light spots, dim spots, halos, moving spots, and electric quantities of light spots are more than that of dim spots. The difference in the electric quantities leads to the formation of zigzag halos. In a word, the zigzag superlattice pattern results from unequal wall charge quantities of different sublattices and statistical self-organization of moving spots.
Studying molecular dynamics of the slow, structural, and secondary relaxation processes in series of substituted ibuprofens
Authors: Minecka A. , Kaminska E. , Heczko D. , Tarnacka M. , Grudzka-Flak I. , Bartoszek M. , Zięba A. , Wrzalik R. , Śmiszek-Lindert W. E. , Dulski M. , Kaminski K. , Paluch M.
Published: June 2018

In this paper, the molecular dynamics of a series of ester derivatives of ibuprofen (IBU), in which the hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group was substituted by the methyl, isopropyl, hexyl, and benzyl moieties, has been investigated using Broadband dielectric (BD), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Raman spectroscopies. We found that except for benzyl IBU (Ben-IBU), an additional process (slow mode, SM) appears in dielectric spectra in all examined compounds. It is worth noting that this relaxation process was observed for the first time in non-modified IBU (a Debye relaxation). According to suggestions by Affouard and Correia [J. Phys. Chem. B. 114, 11397 (2010)] as well as further studies by Adrjanowicz et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 111103 (2013)] on Met-IBU, it was attributed to synperiplanar–antiperiplanar conformational changes within the molecule. Herein, we have shown that with an increasing molecular weight of the substituent, the relaxation times of the SM become longer and its activation energy significantly increases. Moreover, this new relaxation mode was found to be broader than a simple Debye relaxation in Iso-IBU and Hex-IBU. Additional complementary NMR studies indicated that either there is a significant slowdown of the rotation around the O=C—O—R moiety or this kind of movement is completely suppressed in the case of Ben-IBU. Therefore, the SM is not observed in the dielectric loss spectra of this compound. Finally, we carried out isothermal experiments on the samples which have a different thermal history. Interestingly, it turned out that the relaxation times of the structural processes are slightly shorter with respect to those obtained from temperature dependent measurements. This effect was the most prominent in the case of Hex-IBU, while for Ben-IBU, it was not observed at all. Additional time-dependent measurements revealed the ongoing equilibration manifested by the continuous shift of the structural process, until it finally reached its equilibrium position. Further Raman investigations showed that this effect may be related to the rotational/conformational equilibration of the long hexyl chains. Our results are the first ones demonstrating that the structural process is sensitive to the conformational equilibration occurring in the specific highly viscous systems.
A fiber-optic bolometer based on a high-finesse silicon Fabry-Pérot interferometer
Authors: Sheng Qiwen , Liu Guigen , Reinke Matthew L. , Han Ming
Published: June 2018

We report a fiber-optic bolometer based on a high-finesse silicon Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). The silicon FPI absorbs and converts the incident radiation into temperature variations, which are interrogated by the shift of the reflection spectrum of the FPI. The FPI is a silicon pillar with one side coated with a high-reflectivity dielectric mirror and the other side coated with a gold mirror. A multimode fiber collimator is applied between the FPI and lead-in single-mode fiber to reduce the round-trip diffraction loss, giving rise to a high-finesse of 35 of the FPI. The sensor is demodulated using a low-cost distributed feedback diode laser. A dummy bolometer was used to effectively reduce the common noises from the laser wavelength drift and ambient temperature variations. Experimental results show that, compared with a previously reported fiber-optic bolometer, the one reported here has a 5-fold decrease in noise and a 7-fold increase in responsivity with a noise equivalent power density (NEPD) of 0.27 W/m2, which is comparable with the NEPDs of the state-of-the-art resistive bolometers.
Cation distribution and magnetic properties of Zn-substituted CoCr2O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Jagadish Kumar G. , Banerjee Alok , Sinha A. S. K. , Su Y. , Nemkovski K. , Rath Chandana
Published: June 2018

CoCr2O4 is a normal spinel where Co occupies the tetrahedral (A) site and Cr occupies the octahedral (B) site; it is important to examine the cation distribution and magnetic properties by substituting a non-magnetic ion like Zn. In this context, we have synthesized pure phase ZnxCo1-xCr2O4 (x = 0.05, 0.1) of crystallite size 10 nm through conventional co-precipitation technique. Fourier transform of Co, Zn, and Cr K-edge spectra obtained from extended X-ray absorption fine structure demonstrates that while Co and Zn prefer the A site, Cr strongly occupies the B site. The paramagnetic to long range ferrimagnetic transition, TC, decreases from 97 K in CoCr2O4 (bulk) to 87.4 K at x = 0.1 with an intermediate TC of 90 K at x = 0.05. The decrease in TC is ascribed to decrease in A-B exchange interaction confirming the preferential occupation of Zn2+ ions towards the A site. The spin-spiral transition, TS, decreases from 27 K in bulk (CoCr2O4) to 24 K at x = 0.1 followed by a spin lock-in transition, TL, observed at 10 K which remains unchanged with increase in Zn concentration. The diffuse neutron scattering in both compositions shows the evidence of long range spiral ordering in contrast to the simultaneous formation of long and short range order in single crystals of CoCr2O4. The decrease in maximum magnetization from 9 to 8 emu/g and an increase in coercivity from 3.2 to 5.2 kOe at 2 K with an increasing Zn concentration from 0.05 to 0.1 have been explained by considering the Yafet-Kittel model.
Nanoindentation tests of heavy-ion-irradiated Au foams—molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Ruestes Carlos J. , Anders Christian , Bringa Eduardo M. , Urbassek Herbert M.
Published: June 2018

Irradiation by light ions may change the mechanical properties of nanofoams. Using molecular-dynamics simulation, we study the effect of irradiating a Au foam (porosity, 50%, and ligament diameter, 3 nm) with heavy ions: here, 10 keV Au ions up to a dose of 4 × 1016 m−2. We demonstrate that in consequence, the ligament morphology changes in the irradiated region, caused by local melting. The changes in mechanical properties are monitored by simulated nanoindentation tests. We find that the foam hardness is only around 1/3 of the hardness of a bulk Au crystal. Irradiation increases the hardness of the foam by around 10% in the central irradiated area. The plastic zone extends to only 1.5 ac, where ac denotes the contact radius; this value is unchanged under irradiation. The hardness increase after irradiation is attributed to two concurring effects. To begin with, irradiation induces melting and annealing of the ligaments, leading to their coarsening and alleviating surface stress, which in turn increases the dislocation nucleation threshold. In addition, irradiation introduces a stacking fault forest that acts as an obstacle to dislocation motion.
Enhanced ferromagnetism in mechanically exfoliated CVD-carbon films prepared by using adamantane as precursor
Authors: Sangphet S. , Siriroj S. , Sriplai N. , Doonyapisut D. , Thila S. , Lowpa S. , Nakajima H. , Maensiri S. , Pinitsoontorn S. , Meevasana W.
Published: June 2018

In this work, room-temperature ferromagnetism, which is not caused by conventional magnetic elements (e.g., Fe, Co, and Ni), is observed in carbon films prepared by using adamantane (C10H16): the smallest member of the so called diamondoid series (nano-diamond structures). These chemical-vapor-deposition films exhibit a moderately strong ferromagnetism which can be further enhanced by mechanically exfoliating the top layers of the films off; the saturated magnetization can be as large as 4.4 emu/cm3 at room temperature. Magnetic force microscopy measurements show a clear contrast in magnetization between the original and exfoliated regions, indicating that the magnetic origin likely comes from the broken “dangling” bonds at the exfoliated surface. This work suggests an inexpensive method for creating carbon films whose magnetization can be activated from mechanical exfoliation.
Effective collecting area of a cylindrical Langmuir probe in magnetized plasma
Authors: Usoltceva Mariia , Faudot Eric , Devaux Stéphane , Heuraux Stéphane , Ledig Jordan , Zadvitskiy Georgiy V. , Ochoukov Roman , Crombé Kristel , Noterdaeme Jean-Marie
Published: June 2018

Langmuir probe diagnostic on magnetic plasma devices often encounters more challenges in data processing than in non-magnetized plasmas, the latest itself being far from simple. In this paper, a theory of particle collection by a probe at the plasma potential in collisionless weakly ionized plasmas is constructed, accounting for velocities distributed according to the Maxwell equation and different mechanisms of particle collection depending on their speed. Experimental validation of the presented theory has been done with 2 cylindrical probes (rpr = 75 μm and Lpr = 1 cm and rpr = 0.5 mm and Lpr = 1 cm) parallel to B→ on a linear plasma device Aline, with magnetic fields of 0.0024–0.1 T and plasma densities of 1015–1017 m−3 in helium. Cylindrical probe measurements are compared to data from a planar probe perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the results for electron density, temperature, and plasma potential are presented. The introduced theory is initially constructed for a cylindrical probe but is applicable to various probe sizes, shapes, and orientations. Alongside the main subject, a number of associated issues are addressed with different details: a probe design issue relative to the magnetized environment, the “intersection” method of plasma potential evaluation, and the robustness of the conventional “1st derivative” method, a current bump near the plasma potential, lower limit for electron temperature estimation, and self-consistent calculation of electron temperature and density.
Ultra-broadband coplanar waveguide for optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
Authors: Jia Wenfei , Shi Zhifu , Qin Xi , Rong Xing , Du Jiangfeng
Published: June 2018

We report on coplanar waveguides (CPWs) designed for optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds. A broad band up to 15.8 GHz has been realized, which ensures that the electron spins can be manipulated under external magnetic fields up to 5000 G. The conversion factor of CPW has been measured by Rabi nutation experiments, which ranges from 6.64 G W−1/2 to 10.60 G W−1/2 in the frequency band from 0.76 GHz to 17.3 GHz. Broadband CPWs also provide high quality control pulses due to the minimization of the distortion. These characteristics will find potential applications in NV-based quantum information processing and single spin magnetometry.
CO adsorption on nanoislands: Ni on Au(111)
Authors: Cohen Joshua I. , Tobin R. G.
Published: June 2018

The adsorption behavior of CO on Ni islands grown on Au(111) was studied with a combination of temperature programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface resistivity measurements. The Au(111) herringbone reconstruction provides a template for the growth of ordered Ni islands, with evidence for the presence of strain and Au atoms within the islands. The islands grow radially until θNi ≈ 0.3 ML, after which subsequent Ni atoms contribute primarily to a second layer. We study saturated CO adsorption at 227 K over a range of Ni island sizes and find layer-dependent adsorption properties. For single-layer islands at low Ni coverage, CO adsorbs primarily in the atop position and desorbs at lower temperatures than on pure Ni, with a saturation CO coverage of about 0.5 CO/Ni. As second layer Ni grows, saturated CO coverages on the Ni approach unity, with higher desorption temperatures, but still with primarily atop CO. Based on previous studies, we propose that in the first Ni layer, ligand effects from the Au substrate and possibly Au in the islands and strain due to the Ni/Au lattice mismatch affect the Ni—CO bonds. CO adsorption behavior on the two-layer islands is qualitatively explained by a decrease in Au nearest neighbors and the presence of a more expanded/corrugated structure.
Communication: An efficient stochastic algorithm for the perturbative density matrix renormalization group in large active spaces
Authors: Guo Sheng , Li Zhendong , Chan Garnet Kin-Lic
Published: June 2018

We present an efficient stochastic algorithm for the recently introduced perturbative density matrix renormalization group method for large active spaces. The stochastic implementation bypasses the computational bottleneck involved in solving the first order equation in the earlier deterministic algorithm. We demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm on the C2 and Cr2 molecular benchmark systems.
Electrostatically motivated design of biomimetic nanoparticles: Promoting specific adhesion and preventing nonspecific adhesion simultaneously
Authors: Sinha Shayandev , Sachar Harnoor Singh , Das Siddhartha
Published: June 2018

Receptor-ligand (RL) interaction mediated specific adhesion of nanoparticles (NPs) to plasma membranes (PMs) is significant for targeted drug delivery, imaging of cellular processes, etc. A major challenge associated with any specific adhesion process is the possible nonspecific adhesion (NSA) of the introduced NPs to healthy, non-targeted cells leading to cytotoxicity and other problems. In this letter, we propose an electrostatically motivated design of biomimetic NPs where the promotion of specific adhesion and the prevention of NSA may be simultaneously ensured. We consider a lipid bilayer (LBL) encapsulated NP (LBLENP) that interacts with the plasma membrane (PM) of any cell in a manner such that at physiological conditions, the LBLENP-PM electrostatic repulsion outweighs attractive influences (e.g., thermal fluctuations and van der Waals effect) at a critical separation distance dg,c,1. We argue that the very presence of a finite dg,c,1 will suffice to prevent the NSA, while designing ligands on the LBLENP in a manner such that dRL > dg,c,1 (dRL being the length of the R-L complex formed by the interaction of the ligands with the membrane receptors) will ensure a R-L mediated specific adhesion.
Communication: Coupled cluster and many-body perturbation theory for fractional charges and spins
Authors: Margraf Johannes T. , Bartlett Rodney
Published: June 2018

The study of systems with fractional charges and spins has become an extremely important tool to understand errors in approximate electronic structure methods, particularly in the context of density functional theory. Meanwhile, similar studies with wavefunction (WF)-based methods beyond second-order perturbation theory have been lacking. In this contribution, we study the performance of different coupled cluster (CC) and many-body perturbation theory (MBPT)-based methods for fractional charges. The use of the conventional and renormalized formulations of fractional-charge MBPT is discussed. The fractional spin behavior of the coupled cluster doubles (CCD) method is also investigated. Overall, all tested WF methods show very promising performance for the fractional charge problem. CCD is also quite accurate for the fractional spin problem in He+ across most of the range, although it breaks down to near Hartree-Fock quality in the strongly correlated limit. Beyond the study of fractional charge and spin curves, the implementation of CC methods with fractional occupation numbers offers a promising route to treating problems with multi-reference character in a single-reference framework.
Health status of people who have provided informal care or support to an adult with chronic disease in the last 5 years: results from a population-based cross-sectional survey in South Australia
Authors: Luckett Tim , Agar Meera , DiGiacomo Michelle , Ferguson Caleb , Lam Lawrence , Phillips Jane
Published: June 2018

Objective
The aim of the present study was to compare the health status of South Australians with recent experience of caring for an adult with chronic disease with non-carers drawn from the same population.

Methods
Data were collected via the South Australian Health Omnibus, an annual population-based, cross-sectional survey. Respondents were asked whether they had provided care or support in the last 5 years to someone with cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, mental illness, neurological disease or dementia. Health status was measured using the Short Form-12 version 1 (SF-12) physical and mental component scale summary scores (PCS and MCS respectively), with poor health status defined as ≥0.5 standard deviation below the normative mean. Logistic regression explored characteristics associated with poor health status.

Results
Of 3033 respondents analysed, 987 (32.5%) reported caring experience. Poor PCS and MCS were associated with carer status, lower-than-degree-level education, employment status other than employed and annual household income less than A$60000. Being Australian born was a protective factor for PCS, whereas factors protective for MCS were being married or in a de facto relationship and age ≥65 years.

Conclusions
Providing care or support in the last 5 years is independently associated with poorer health status, but not with the magnitude found in studies of current carers. Future research should explore health status recovery after completion of the caring role, and investigate whether relationships between health and socioeconomic status differ for carers versus non-carers.

What is known about the topic?
Population-based survey studies in Australia and overseas have consistently found that informal carers have worse health status than non-carers.

What does this paper add?
Including recent as well as current carers in a population-based sample was associated with less effect on health status compared with studies focused on current carers only. This finding is consistent with the possibility that health status recovers during the 5 years after caring.

What are the implications for practitioners?
Support for Australian carers is warranted to ensure their continuing contributions to society and return to productivity after their caring role is completed.
Click Synthesis of Shape-Persistent Azodendrimers and their Orthogonal Self-Assembly to Nanofibres
Authors: El Malah Tamer , Nour Hany F.
Published: June 2018

The copper(i)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction has been efficiently utilized to synthesize a series of dendrons with amino functionalities. The aminodendrons successfully underwent azodimerization to furnish a series of pyridyl- and phenyl-based azodendrimers with peripheral alkyl or ether side chain substituents. The molecular structures of the azodendrimers were fully assigned using different spectroscopic techniques, such as 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and the molecular weights were determined using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The molecular self-assembly of the azodendrimers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of highly ordered and uniform self-assembled nanofibres.
Telling the Bionarrative: a Museum of Environmental Ideas
Authors: Robin Libby , Boyden Stephen
Published: June 2018

This paper explores the history of a proposal for an ideas-based museum of ecological concepts, a ‘National Biological Centre' for Canberra in 1965, and its successors.2 The background to the proposal came from changing ideas about zoos in the 1960s, and the emerging discipline of human ecology. The mission of the centre was to explore the relations between humans, other life-forms and their physical environment through what its chief protagonist, Stephen Boyden, called a comprehensive ‘bionarrative'.3 The centre was to facilitate the understanding of biophysical and social worlds as interrelated dynamic systems. The Biological Centre was conceived as a ‘major cultural institution' for the nation, reflecting relations between science and society, and informing culture with science.4 Unlike traditional natural history museums and zoos, collections of objects (or animals) were not its primary mission. This paper considers how the 1965 proposal for the Biological Centre anticipated later ‘museums of ideas', and reviews its relevance to new twenty-first-century museums of the Anthropocene, and how museums and related institutions can shed light on the role of science in society.
Content and activity of the testis-specific isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme are reduced in frozen–thawed bull spermatozoa
Authors: Ojaghi Mina , Johnson Chinju , Rizzoto Guilherme , Kastelic John , Thundathil Jacob C.
Published: June 2018

Sperm cryopreservation and thawing reduces fertility and alters the content and function of various sperm proteins. Previously, we reported that a testes-specific isoform of angiotensin-converting enzyme (tACE) was required for capacitation of bovine spermatozoa. The aim of the present study was to determine effects of sperm cryopreservation and thawing on the content, activity and localisation of tACE in bovine spermatozoa. Relative median fluorescence intensity (flow cytometry) was greater (P < 0.01), tACE content (110 kDa protein) in sperm proteins was higher (P < 0.01) and there was greater tACE enzyme activity (mean (±s.e.m.) 0.16 ± 0.01 vs 0.06 ± 0.02 U mL−1; P < 0.01) in fresh versus frozen–thawed spermatozoa (n = 6 bulls). In fresh spermatozoa, tACE was immunolocalised in the acrosomal and principal piece regions of the sperm head and tail respectively. However, in frozen–thawed spermatozoa, there were four patterns of localisation: most frozen–thawed spermatozoa (64%) had fluorescence in the acrosomal ridge, whereas in 17% and 9% of spermatozoa the signal was limited to the post-acrosomal region and the equatorial segment respectively; in the remainder (10%), there was no signal. We conclude that cryopreservation and thawing decrease the content and activity of tACE and cause it to be translocated to other parts of the sperm head.
A novel approach to prevent decarburisation through electroless plating
Authors: Johari Teymoori R. , Shahidi M. , Taji I. , Sharifalhoseini Z. , Beidokhti B.
Published: June 2018

Decarburisation is found as an undesirable consequence of the heat treatment cycle in hot work tool steels. In this work, an increase in the decarburisation resistance of tool steel through the electroless technique is subjected. For this purpose, the surface of the H13 tool steel was deposited by the electrodes Ni–P, Ni–B and Ni–P–B coatings. Since the carbon loss leads to a decrease in the hardness, the micro-hardness method is applied to find the influence of the mentioned coatings on the decarburisation resistance. The measurements show that all the electroless-plated steels possess higher resistance to the loss of carbon compared to the bare surface (as the reference). The results also confirmed that the incorporation of boron in the matrix of the Ni-plated layer, including Ni–B and especially Ni–P–B, prevents metal from decarburisation more effectively. The Ni–P–B coating could reduce the decarburisation depth from 0.15 to 0.035 mm.
Tribological properties of electrodeposited Ni–ZrO2 nanocomposite coatings on copperplate of crystallizer
Authors: Geng Zhe , Liu Yang , Zhang Hongjie
Published: June 2018

Electrodeposited Ni–ZrO2 nanocomposite coatings containing ZrO2 nanoparticles with a mass fraction of 1%, 2% and 4% in wt-% separately used for the copperplate of crystallizer in the continuous casting mould were investigated. Their microstructure and hardness were characterized by OM, SEM, XRD and Vickers hardness tests. The tribological properties of Ni–ZrO2 coatings rubbing with 35CrMo steel pins were evaluated by a pin-on-disc tribometer at 280°C. The results show that the ZrO2 nanoparticles with the mass fraction of 2% in the coating have the fine size, high number density and uniform distribution. They could refine the grain of coating and have the dispersion strengthening effect; thus, they could increase the hardness of coating. The wear mechanism of Ni–1%ZrO2 coating is the abrasive wear, adhesive wear and plastic deformation. The wear mechanism of Ni–2%ZrO2 coating is the abrasive wear. The wear mechanism of Ni–4%ZrO2 coating is the abrasive wear and spallation.
Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content of seston and zooplankton in tropical Lake Malawi: Implications for zooplankton nutrient cycling
Authors: Ngochera Maxon J. , Bootsma Harvey A.
Published: June 2018

Differences in chemical composition among zooplankton and their food sources can have important consequences for nutrient cycling in lakes. To date, studies of the interaction between plankton stoichiometry and nutrient cycling have focused primarily on temperate lakes. Here we explore the implications of plankton stoichiometry for nutrient cycling in tropical Lake Malawi. Three seston size fractions (picoplankton, nanoplankton and net plankton) displayed seasonal variations in C:P, C:N and N:P ratios. On average, picoplankton displayed lower C:P, C:N, and N:P ratios than nanoplankton and net plankton. Average C:N and C:P ratios for all seston size classes were much higher than Redfield ratios (C:N:P = 106:16:1). The elemental composition of individual species of crustacean zooplankton showed little temporal variation. However, there were large inter-species differences in P and N content, which can be expected to result in differences in N:P recycling ratios. The zooplankton community of Lake Malawi is dominated by copepods (>80% of total zooplankton biomass), which have a relatively low P content and high N:P ratio, resulting in a relatively low N:P recycling ratio. This might be expected to promote N limitation of phytoplankton and dominance of N-fixing cyanobacteria, but in some seasons the effects of zooplankton nutrient cycling appears to be masked by nutrient inputs from rivers, the atmosphere and vertical mixing.
Reproductive biology and size structure of Lethrinops gossei (Teleostei:Cichlidae) in the demersal trawl fishery of the southeast arm of Lake Malaŵi, Malaŵi
Authors: Bulirani Alexander E. M. , Kaunda Emmanuel K. W. H. , Likongwe Jeremy , Turner George F. , Weyl Olaf F.
Published: June 2018

The reproductive biology and size structure was determined for Lethrinops gossei, one of the most abundant fish species contributing 26% of the catch in the demersal trawl fishery of the Southeast Arm of Lake Malaŵi. Breeding seasonality was analyzed on the basis of monthly variation of gonado-somatic index and gonadal appearance, while sexual maturity was determined by fitting the logistic model to the proportions of sexually mature individuals. Length frequency data were used to characterize size structure of the population and to derive a selection ogive for the species based on the currently used cod-end mesh size of 38 mm in the fishery. Results suggest that even though mature individuals were encountered all year round, the main breeding events for L. gossei occur in March and September. It was also determined that the size at which 50% of female L. gossei reached maturity (L50%) was 137 mm total length, while 100% sexual maturity was reached at 170 mm total length. The size at first maturity was 122 mm total length, while the steepness parameter of the maturity ogive, (δ) was 7 mm. Distribution of sizes in the sample was roughly symmetric about a mean of 145 mm total length, while the size at 50% selection was 120 mm total length. These results are discussed in the context of their implications on the management of the demersal trawl fishery in the Southeast Arm currently dominated by L. gossei, given the misalignment of the closed season currently in October to December and the inadequacy of the cod-end mesh size of 38 mm. The main conclusion of this study was that the current cod-end mesh size in the fishery is too small and should be adjusted to prevent growth overfishing. A proposal is made for a closed season for the trawl fishery from March to April.
The role of spiritual leadership in reducing healthcare worker burnout
Authors: Yang Mari , Fry Louis. W.
Published: June 2018

Healthcare workers are especially at risk for burnout because of increased efficiency demands, reduced operations budgets, expedited turnaround times, and the consequences associated with patient errors. They also experience a number of negative personal and organizational outcomes from burnout, such as psychological distress, poor health, negative work attitudes, work conflict, absenteeism, turnover, job dissatisfaction, and medical errors, all of which have the potential to negatively affect the quality of healthcare. However, to date no empirical studies examined the influence of spiritual leadership on burnout in medical laboratories, whose workers are especially at risk for burnout. This study explores the extent to which spiritual leadership reduces burnout among medical laboratory personnel while positively influencing organizational commitment, work unit productivity, and employee life satisfaction. Results revealed spiritual leadership exhibited both direct and mediating effects on study outcomes. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Interaction of heterotrimeric kinesin-II with IFT-B–connecting tetramer is crucial for ciliogenesis
Authors: Funabashi Teruki , Katoh Yohei , Okazaki Misato , Sugawa Maho , Nakayama Kazuhisa
Published: June 2018

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is crucial for the assembly and maintenance of cilia and is mediated by IFT particles containing IFT-A and IFT-B complexes. IFT-B powered by heterotrimeric kinesin-II and IFT-A powered by the dynein-2 complex are responsible for anterograde and retrograde protein trafficking, respectively. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the trafficking of these IFT particles regulated by kinesin and dynein motors. Using the visible immunoprecipitation assay, we identified in this study a three-to-four protein interaction involving the kinesin-II trimer KIF3A–KIF3B–KAP3 and the IFT-B–connecting tetramer IFT38–IFT52–IFT57–IFT88; among the kinesin-II subunits, KIF3B contributed mainly to IFT-B binding. Furthermore, we showed that the ciliogenesis defect of KIF3B-knockout cells can be rescued by the exogenous expression of wild-type KIF3B but not by that of its mutant compromised with respect to IFT-B binding. Thus, interaction of heterotrimeric kinesin-II with the IFT-B–connecting tetramer is crucial for ciliogenesis via the powering of IFT particles to move in the anterograde direction.
Angle comparison using an autocollimator
Authors: Thalmann Rudolf , Just Andreas , Geckeler Ralf
Published: June 2018

Results of a bilateral key comparison between PTB and METAS on the calibration of an autocollimator are reported. Due to a technical problem, METAS had to withdraw measurement results from the preceding key comparison EURAMET.L-K3.2009, therefore a bilateral follow-up comparison based the same protocol using the same type of instrument was carried out. PTB provided the autocollimator, made stability measurements, collected the results and made a first analysis. METAS drafted the technical protocol, analysed the results and wrote the report. PTB provides the link to the preceding comparison. In this regard PTB's results are considered as reference results, in particular since it declares considerably smaller uncertainties than METAS and its results were consistent with the key comparison reference values of EURAMET.LK3.2009. The measurements included the range of ±1000" in steps of 10" and ±10" in steps of 0.1". The results for the smaller range were entirely satisfactory, the results of the larger range were mostly satisfactory but showed some not yet explained instabilities of the METAS measurements.

KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH

Angle calibration, autocollimator

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Khovanov homology from Floer cohomology
Authors: Abouzaid Mohammed , Smith Ivan
Published: June 2018

This paper realises the Khovanov homology of a link in

S
3

S^3

as a Lagrangian Floer cohomology group, establishing a conjecture of Seidel and the second author. The starting point is the previously established formality theorem for the symplectic arc algebra over a field

k

\mathbf {k}

of characteristic zero. Here we prove the symplectic cup and cap bimodules, which relate different symplectic arc algebras, are themselves formal over

k

\mathbf {k}

, and we construct a long exact triangle for symplectic Khovanov cohomology. We then prove the symplectic and combinatorial arc algebras are isomorphic over

Z

\mathbb {Z}

in a manner compatible with the cup bimodules. It follows that Khovanov cohomology and symplectic Khovanov cohomology co-incide in characteristic zero.
Approach to the patient with hypernatraemia
Authors: Zietse Robert , Hoorn Ewout
Published: June 2018

Hypernatraemia is much less common than hyponatraemia, and its prevalence is higher in certain populations, including children, the elderly, and critically ill patients. A common feature is that patients affected have been unable to drink water to correct the disorder.
Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia are both primarily disorders of water balance. Hypernatraemia is caused by a relative deficit of total body water in comparison to total body sodium. Both disorders are often associated with disturbances in the hormone governing water balance, arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). Hypernatraemia may be due to an inability to secrete vasopressin or a resistance to its actions in the kidney.
The diagnostic approach relies on the assessment of the time of development, symptoms, and volume status, along with laboratory parameters such as urine sodium and urine osmolality. If hypernatraemia develop acutely, treatment should be directed towards counteracting the water shift to or from brain cells. In more chronic cases, treatment should be directed to the underlying cause while avoiding overcorrection.
Minimal change disease
Authors: Niaudet Patrick , Meyrier Alain
Published: June 2018

Minimal change disease is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in childhood but is not rare in adults. The factors altering permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier are not known, but podocyte structure is significantly altered in the condition and it seems certain that this cell is the target of whatever factors are responsible for the condition. It is still not clear that it is immunologically mediated and many of the agents used to treat it have direct effects on the podocyte.
The differential diagnosis includes any other disease causing nephrotic syndrome, and a renal biopsy narrows this down. In children, steroid unresponsiveness is often used as a diagnostic test, and consideration of genetic or other pathologies reserved for patients who show no or poor steroid responsiveness.
Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Meyrier Alain , Niaudet Patrick
Published: June 2018

The proportion of cases of primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis responsive to treatment with corticosteroids is variable and depends on histological type, patient age and duration, and dose of steroid treatment, but overall complete remission rate is estimated at 20–25% in white and Asian patients, and lower in black patients. Partial response dependent on a high dose of steroids is common.
Despite anxieties about nephrotoxicity, there may be justification for adding calcineurin inhibitors to control nephrotic syndrome if it is severe. Data for additional agents is not very encouraging. Plasma exchange appears to remove a circulating factor that causes proteinuria in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, as illustrated by responses to this treatment when proteinuria recurs acutely after kidney transplantation. This is rarely pursued clinically except after transplantation, in advance of severe glomerular injury.