bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informative Characteristics of 12 Divergent Domains in Complete Large Subunit rDNA Sequences from the Harmful Dinoflagellate Genus, Alexandrium (Dinophyceae)
Authors: KI JANG‐SEU , HAN MYUNG‐SOO
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT. The genus Alexandrium includes organisms of interest, both for the study of dinoflagellate evolution and for their impacts as toxic algae affecting human health and fisheries. Only partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA sequences of Alexandrium and other dinoflagellates are available, although they contain much genetic information. Here, we report complete LSU rDNA sequences from 11 strains of Alexandrium, including Alexandrium affine, Alexandrium catenella, Alexandrium fundyense, Alexandrium minutum, and Alexandrium tamarense, and discuss their segmented domains and structure. Putative LSU rRNA coding regions were recorded to be around 3,400bp long. Their GC content (about 43.7%) is among the lowest when compared with other organisms. Furthermore, no AT‐rich regions were found in Alexandrium LSU rDNA, although a low GC content was recorded within the LSU rDNA. No intron‐like sequences were found. The secondary structure of the LSU rDNA and parsimony analyses showed that most variation in LSU rDNA is found in the divergent (D) domains with the D2 region being the most informative. This high D domain variability can allow members of the diverse Alexandrium genus to be categorized at the species level. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the alveolate group using the complete LSU sequences strongly supported previous findings that the dinoflagellates and apicomplexans form a clade.
Diapause status of females affects attraction of male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, to volatiles from female‐infested pear shoots
Authors: Horton David R. , Guédot Christelle , Landolt Peter J.
Published: March 2007

A companion study showed that male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) were attracted to volatiles from pear shoots infested with post‐diapause females. The present study compared the behavioral response of males to diapause and post‐diapause females. Assays were done using a Y‐tube olfactometer. We collected male and female winterform psylla from pear orchards at regular intervals between late October (early diapause) and late February (post‐diapause). Female‐infested shoots were not attractive to males until the February samples, coinciding with ovarian maturation and onset of mating in the field. A second set of assays was done in which we manipulated diapause status in the laboratory either by exposing psylla to a long‐day photoperiod or by treating insects with an insect growth regulator, fenoxycarb. In the photoperiod experiments, both short‐day and long‐day males preferentially selected long‐day (post‐diapause) females over short‐day (diapause) females. Fenoxycarb‐treated males preferred fenoxycarb‐treated (post‐diapause) females over untreated (diapause) females; untreated males showed no preferences. Results support observations made elsewhere that male winterform pear psylla perceive and are attracted to volatile odors associated with pear shoots infested with post‐diapause females.
Attraction of male pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola, to female‐infested pear shoots
Authors: Horton David R. , Landolt Peter J.
Published: March 2007

Post‐diapause winterform pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster) (Homoptera: Psyllidae), exhibit a highly clumped distribution in late winter in pear orchards. The behaviors leading to clumped distributions in this species are unknown, but could include aggregation for mating activities. Choice tests and assays with an olfactometer were done to test whether male psylla of the overwintering morphotype are attracted to pear shoots infested by post‐diapause females and to shoots previously occupied by females. Paired choice tests in small arenas showed that males accumulated on pear shoots currently occupied or previously occupied by females if those shoots were paired with uninfested shoots or shoots previously occupied only by males. Assays with an olfactometer showed that males were attracted to volatile odors from female‐infested or previously infested shoots. The exact source of the attractants (i.e., the female psylla, the pear shoot, or a combination of these sources) remains to be determined.
Thrips‐induced damage of chrysanthemum inflorescences: evidence for enhanced leakage of carotenoid pigments
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Doyon Josée , Rivoal Jean , Brodeur Jacques
Published: March 2007

The present study quantifies the leakage of carotenoid pigments in senescing inflorescences of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora Tzelev (Asteraceae), infested or not with western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). The extractability of pigments was evaluated at repeated intervals by measuring the absorbance of immersion and crude extracts of inflorescences, using 447 nm as a diagnostic wavelength (absorption peak of lutein, a predominant carotenoid pigment in chrysanthemum with yellow inflorescences). The absorbance of immersion extracts increased over time and was higher for inflorescences infested with thrips than control inflorescences; the opposite trends were observed for crude extracts of inflorescences. These results suggest that both natural and thrips‐induced senescence of chrysanthemum inflorescences are characterized by enhanced extractability of pigments in organic solvents, most likely resulting from a disruption of cellular membranes. Thin layer chromatography analysis confirmed the presence of lutein in immersion extracts of thrips‐infested inflorescences, providing further support to the hypothesis that the mechanical damage caused by thrips is linked with a leakage of cellular content. An enhanced extractability of pigments in organic solvents may be a widespread phenomenon characterizing floral senescence in non‐climacteric plants.
Relationships between neurokinin receptor‐expressing interstitial cells of Cajal and tachykininergic nerves in the gut
Authors: Faussone‐Pellegrini Maria‐Simonetta
Published: March 2007

The so‐called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are distributed throughout the muscle coat of the alimentary tract with characteristic intramual location and species‐variations in structure and staining. Several ICC sub‐types have been identified: ICC‐DMP, ICC‐MP, ICC‐IM, ICC‐SM. Gut motility is regulated by ICC and each sub‐type is responsible for the electrical activities typical of each gut region and/or muscle layer. The interstitial position of the ICC between nerve endings contain tachykinins. Three distinct tachykinin receptors (NK1r, NK2r and NK3r) have been demonstrated by molecular biology. Each of them binds with different affinities to a series of tachykinins (SP, NKA and NKB). In the ileum, SP‐immunoreactive (SP‐IR) nerve fibers form a rich plexus at the deep muscular plexus (DMP), distributed around SP‐negative cells, and ICC‐DMP intensely express the SP‐preffered receptor NK1r; conversely a faint NK1r‐IR is detected on the ICC‐MP and mainly after receptor internalization was induced by agonists. ICC‐IM are never stained in laboratory mammals, while those of the human, antrum are NK1r‐IR. RT‐PCR conducted on isolated idleal ICC‐MP and gastric ICC‐IM showed that these cells express NK1r and NK3r. Colonic ICC, except those in humans, do not express NK1r‐IR, at least in resting conditions. Outside the gut, NK1r‐IR cells were seen in the arterial wall and exocrine pancreas. In the mouse gut only, NK1r‐IR is present in non‐neuronal cells located within the intestinal villi, so‐called myoid cells, which are c‐kit‐negative and α‐smooth muscle actin‐positive. Immunohistochemistry and functional studies confirmed that ICC receive input from SP‐IR terminals, with differences between ICC sub‐types. In the rat, very early after birth, NK1r is expressed by the ICC‐DMP and SP by the related nerve varicosities. Studies on pathological conditions are few and those on mutant strains practically absent. It has only been reported that in the inflamed ileum of rats the NK1r‐IR ICC‐DMP disappear and that at the peak of inflammatory conditions ICC‐MP are NK1r‐IR. In ileum of mice with a mutation in the W locus, ICC‐DMP were seen to express c‐kit‐IR but not NK1‐IR, and SP‐IR innervation seems unchanged. In summary, there are distinct ICC populations, each of them under a different tachkininergic control and, likely, having different functions. Further studies are recommended at the aim of understanding ICC involvement in modulating/transmitting tachykininergic inputs.
Neuroglia in the inferior olivary nucleus during normal aging and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Lasn H. , Winblad B. , Bogdanovic N.
Published: March 2007

It is likely that neuronal loss occurs in certain brain regions in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) without any neurofibrillary pathology. In the human principle inferior olivary nucleus (PO), we have shown that neuronal loss is about 34% (Lasn et al. Journal of Alzheimer Disease, 2001; 3: 159–168), but the fate of the neuroglial cells is unknown. Since the unique network of neurons and neuroglial cells and their cohabitation are essential for normal functioning of CNS, we designed a study to estimate the total number of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in normally aged and AD brains. The study is based on 10 control and 11 AD post‐mortem human brains. An unbiased stereological fractionator method was used. We found significant oligodendroglial cell loss (46%) in AD as compared to control brains, while the total number of astrocytes showed a tendency to decrease. It is likely that the ratio of oligodendroglial cells to neurons remains unchanged even in degenerative states, indicating that oligodendroglial cells parallel neuronal loss. Astroglial cells did not increase in total number, but the ratio to neurons was significantly increased due to the neuronal loss. Using a novel unbiased quantitative method, we were able to describe significant oligodendroglial loss in the PO but the pathogenic mechanism behind remains unknown.
Caveolin‐3 inhibits growth signal in cardiac myoblasts in a Ca2+‐dependent manner
Authors: Fujita Takayuki , Otsu Kouji , Oshikawa Jin , Hori Hideaki , Kitamura Hitoshi , Ito Takaaki , Umemura Satoshi , Minamisawa Susumu , Ishikawa Yoshihiro
Published: March 2007

Caveolin, a major protein component of caveolae, directly interacts with multiple signaling molecules, such as Ras and growth factor receptors, and inhibits their function. However, the role of the second messenger system in mediating this inhibition by caveolin remains poorly understood. We examined the role of Ca2+ ‐dependent signal in caveloin‐mediated growth inhibition using a rat cardiac myoblast cell line (H9C2), in which the expression of caveolin‐3, the muscle specific subtype, can be induced using the LacSwitch system. Upon induction with IPTG and serum‐starvation, the expression of caveolin‐3 was increased by 3.3‐fold relative to that of mock‐induced cells. The recombinant caveolin‐3 was localized to the same subcellular fraction as endogenous caveolin‐3 after sucrose gradient purification. Angiotensin II enhanced ERK phosphorylation, but this enhancement was significantly decreased in caveolin‐3‐induced cells in comparison to that in mock‐induced cells. Similarly, when cells were stimulated with fetal calf serum, DNA synthesis, as determined by [3H]‐thymidine incorporation, was significantly decreased in caveolin‐3‐induced cells. When cells were treated with Ca2+ chelator (BAPTA and EGTA), however, this attenuation was blunted. Calphostin (PKC inhibitor), but not cyclosporine A treatment (calcineurin inhibitor), blunted this attenuation in caveolin‐3 induced cells. Our findings suggest that caveolin exhibits growth inhibition in a Ca2+‐dependent manner, most likely through PKC, in cardiac myoblasts.
Interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLC) in atrial myocardium: ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characterization
Authors: Hinescu M. E. , Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Mandache E. , Ciontea Sanda M. , Popescu L. M.
Published: March 2007

We have previously reported (Hinescu & Popescu, 2005) the existence of interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLC), by transmission electron microscopy, in human atrial myocardium. In the present study, ICLC were identified with non‐conventional light microscopy (NCLM) on semi‐thin sections stained with toluidine blue and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD117/c‐kit, CD34, vimentin and other additional antigens for differential diagnosis. Quantitatively, on semi‐thin sections, ICLC represent about 1–1.5% of the atrial myocardial volume (vs.±45% working myocytes, ˜2% endothelial cells, 3–4% for other interstitial cells, and the remaining percentage: extracellular matrix). Roughly, there is one ICLC for 8–10 working atrial myocytes in the intercellular space, beneath the epicardium, with a characteristic (pyriform, spindle or triangular) shape. These ICLC usually have 2–3 definitory processes, emerging from cell body, which usually embrace atrial myocytes (260 nm average distance plasmalemma/sarcolemma) or establish close contact with nerve fibers or capillaries (˜420 nm average distance to endothelial cells). Cell prolongations are characteristic: very thin (mean thickness = 0.150±0.1 μm), very long for a non‐nervous cell (several tens of μm) and moniliform (uneven caliber). Stromal synapses between ICLC and other interstitial cells (macrophages) were found (e.g. in a multicontact type synapse, the average synaptic cleft was ˜65 nm). Naturally, the usual cell organelles (mitochondria, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, intermediate filaments) are relatively well developed. Caveolae were also visible on cell prolongations. No thick filaments were detected. IHC showed that ICLC were slightly and inconsistently positive for CD117/c‐kit, variously co‐expressed CD34 and EGF receptor, but appeared strongly positive for vimentin, along their prolongations. Some ICLC seemed positive for α‐smooth muscle actin and tau protein, but were negative for nestin, desmin, CD13 and S‐100.

In conclusion, we provide further evidence of the existence of ICLC in human atrial myocardium, supporting the possible ICLC role in pacemaking, secretion (juxta‐ and/or paracrine), intercellular signaling (neurons and myocytes). For pathology, ICLC might as well be ‘players’ in arrhythmogenesis and atrial remodeling.
Blocking translocation of cell surface molecules from the ER to the cell surface by intracellular antibodies targeted to the ER
Authors: Böldicke Thomas
Published: March 2007

Introduction

Generation of ER‐targeted intrabodies

Blocking translocation of growth factor receptors

ER intrabodies against infectious diseases

Abrogation of MHC I molecules

ER intrabodies targeting integrins

ER intrabodies targeting secretory proteins involved in Alzheimer's and Prion disease

Intrabody gene delivery

Conclusions

Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) constitute a potent tool to neutralize the function of target proteins inside specific cell compartments (cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria and ER). The intrabody technology is an attractive alternative to the generation of gene‐targeted knockout animals and complements or replaces knockdown techniques such as antisense‐RNA, RNAi and RNA aptamers. This article focuses on intrabodies targeted to the ER. Intracellular anti‐bodies expressed and retained inside the ER (ER intrabodies) are shown to be highly efficient in blocking the translocation of secreted and cell surface molecules from the ER to the cell surface.The advantage of ER intrabodies over cytoplasmic intrabodies is that they are correctly folded and easier to select. A particular advantage of the intrabody technology over existing ones is the possibility of inhibiting selectively post‐translational modifications of proteins.The main applications of ER intrabodies so far have been (i) inactivation of oncogenic receptors and (ii) functional inhibition of virus envelope proteins and virus‐receptor molecules on the surface of host cells.In cancer research, the number of in vivo mouse models for evaluation of the therapeutic potential of intrabodies is increasing.In the future, endosomal localized receptors involved in bacterial and viral infections, intracellular oncogenic receptors and enzymes involved in glycosylation of tumour antigens might be new targets for ER intrabodies.
Correlation between cardiac oxidative stress and myocardial pathology due to acute and chronic norepinephrine administration in rats
Authors: Neri Margherita , Cerretani Daniela , Fiaschi Anna Ida , Laghi Pasini Franco , Lazzerini Pietro Euea , Maffione Angela Bruna , Micheli Lucia , Bruni Giancarlo , Nencini Cristina , Giorgi Giorgio , D'Errico Stefano , Fiore Carmela , Pomara Cristoforo , Riezzo Irene , Turillazzi Emanuela , Fineschi Vittorio
Published: March 2007

Background: To investigate the cardiotoxic role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and of products derived from catecholamines auto‐oxidation, we studied: (1) the response of antioxidant cardiac cellular defence systems to oxidative stress induced by norepinephrine (NE) administration, (2) the effect of NE administration on cardiac β1‐adrenergic receptors by means of receptor binding assay, (3) the cellular morphological alterations related to the biologically cross‐talk between the NE administration and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), interleukins IL6, IL8, IL10]Methods and Results: A total of 195 male rats was used in the experiment. All animals underwent electrocardiogram (EKG) before being sacrificed. The results obtained show that NE administration influences the antioxidant cellular defence system significantly increasing glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio significantly decreases and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increase showing a state of lipoperoxidation of cardiac tissue. We describe a significant apoptotic process randomly sparse in the damaged myocardium and the effect of ROS on the NE‐mediated TNF‐α, MCP‐1, and IL6, IL8, IL10 production. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that catecholamines may induce oxidative damage through reactive intermediates resulting from their auto‐oxidation, irrespective of their interaction with adrenergic receptors, thus representing an important factor in the pathogenesis of catecholamines‐induced cardiotoxicity. The rise of the cardioinhibitory cytokines may be interpreted as the adaptive response of jeopardized myocardium with respect to the cardiac dysfunction resulting from NE injection.
Autonomously vascularized cellular constructs in tissue engineering: opening a new perspective for biomedical science
Authors: Polykandriotis E. , Arkudas A. , Horch R.E. , Stürzl M. , Kneser U.
Published: March 2007

Introduction

Cellular homeostasis and vascularization

Importance of vascularization: historical review

Multicellular implants in vivo

Models of axial vascular induction

Development of the AV loop model

Angiogenesis in multicellular implants in vivo: authors' experience

Physiology of angiogenesis in the AV loop

Axially vascularized constructs as tools for research

Conclusion

In tissue engineering cell cultures play a crucial role besides the matrix materials for the end of substituting lost tissue functions. The cell itself is situated at the cross‐roads leading to different orders of scale, from molecule to organism and different levels of function, from biochemistry to macrophysiology. Extensive in vitro investigations have dissected a vast amount of cellular phenomena and the role of a number of bioactive substances has been elucidated in the past. Further, recombinant DNA technologies allow modulation of the expression profiles of virtually all kinds of cells. However, issues of vascularization in vivo limit transferability of these observations and restrict upscaling into clinical applications. Novel in vivo models of vascularization have evolved inspired from reconstructive microsurgical concepts and they encompass axial neovascularization by means of vascular induction. This work represents a brief description of latest developments and potential applications of neovascularization and angiogenesis in tissue engineering.
PIKE GTPase are phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase enhancers, suppressing programmed cell deathPIKE GTPase are phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase enhancers, suppressing programmed cell death
Authors: Chan Chi Bun , Ye Keqiang , Chan Chi Bun , Ye Keqiang
Published: March 2007

Introduction

The structure, tissue distribution and cellular localization of PIKEs

Mitogenic PIKE‐S signaling in the nucleus

Anti‐apoptotic function of PIKE‐L in neurons

Role of PIKE‐L in merlin inhibited growth suppression

Phosphoinositol lipids as a feedback regulator to PIKE‐L activation and translocation

Anti‐apoptotic activity of PIKE‐A in cancers

PIKE‐A as the physiological substrate of Fyn

Perspective remarks

Phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase enhancers (PIKE) are GTP‐binding proteins that posses anti‐apoptotic functions. The PIKE family includes three members, PIKE‐L, PIKE‐S and PIKE‐A, which are originated from a single gene (CENTG1) through alternative splicing or differential transcription initiation. Both PIKE‐S and PIKE‐L bind to phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K) and enhance its activity. PIKE‐A does not interplay with PI3K. Instead, it interacts with the downstream effector Akt and promotes its activity. These actions are mediated by their GTPase activity. Because both PI3K and Akt are important effectors in the growth factor‐mediated signaling which triggers cellular growth and acts against apoptosis, PIKEs therefore serve as the molecular switch that their activation are crucial for growth factors to exert their physiological functions. In this review, the current understanding of different PIKE isoforms in growth factors‐induced anti‐apoptotic function will be discussed. Moreover, the role of PIKE in the survival and invasion activity of cancer cells will also be introduced.
Reversible transfection of human melanocytes mediated by Cre/loxP site‐specific recombination system and SV40 large T antigen
Authors: Ying Wang , Fei Hao , Jun Deng , Xi‐chuan Yang , Bai‐yu Zhong , Qing‐yi Ye
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Objective:  To study the reversible transfection of human melanocytes mediated by simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LTAg) and Cre/loxP site‐specific recombination system.

Methods:  The reconstructed SV40LTAg‐EGFP‐neo‐loxP vector was transfected into primary cultured human melanocytes with SofastTM transfection reagent and the positive cells were selected using G418. After expanding culture of these positive cell clones, the expression of SV40LTAg was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunofluorescent method. After that, these positive cells were infected by virus supernatant of Cre‐ERT2 retrovirus vector and Cre recombinase was induced to act by tamoxifen. On the 6th and 10th day after Cre recombinase acting, the expression of SV40LTAg was detected using the same methods as above, and cell tumorigenicity was studied using soft agar assay, athymic mouse study and karyotype analysis. On 10th day after tamoxifen treatment, cell biological characters were identified with immunofluorescent staining and transmission electron microscopy. Then these cells were transplanted into vitiligo animal model to observe their melanogenesis ability in vivo.

Results:  The genome DNA and total RNA were isolated from the positive cells transfected by SV40LTAg (designated as MCT) and specific 288 bp fragment was amplificated using PCR and RT‐PCR methods. The results of immunofluorescence confirmed the expression of SV40LTAg in cell nucleus. On the 6th day after tamoxifen treatment in infected cells by Cre‐ERT2 retrovirus vector (designated as MCT‐Cre), there could be detected SV40LTAg expression, but on 10th day, there could not be detected SV40LTAg expression in cells. These results showed that the excised efficiency of Cre recombinase increased along with time prolongation, and would obtain complete recombination efficiency. The identification of MCT‐Cre cell biological characters showed that these cells had normal parent‐cell‐like cell phenotype and no tumorigenicity in vitro. The pigmentation started in 4 weeks and formed black macula in 3 months after grafting. The pathological results showed that there had been significant melanocytes and melanin accumulation in epidermis and some hair follicle in transplanted area, which confirmed that MCT‐Cre had melanogenesis function in vivo.

Conclusion:  Human melanocytes could be mediated by reversible transfection by SV40LTAg and Cre/loxP site‐specific recombination system, which had stable parent‐cell‐like phenotypic characters and no tumorigenicity in vitro; moreover, these cells still had melanogenesis function in vivo.
Role of prostaglandins on mechanical scratching‐induced cutaneous barrier disruption in mice
Authors: Futaki N. , Arai I. , Sugimoto M. , Honma Y. , Hashimoto Y. , Sakurai T. , Nakanishi Y. , Tanaka M. , Nakaike S.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  The role of prostaglandins (PGs) on mechanical scratching‐induced cutaneous barrier disruption in mice was investigated by comparing the observed effects of arachidonic acid (AA) application. Scratching of the mouse skin with a stainless‐steel wire brush (mechanical scratching) was associated with significant, scratch‐count‐dependent elevation of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin PG levels (especially PGD2 and PGE2). Histological evidence of inflammation (crusta, acanthosis and neutrophilic infiltration) in the skin also became evident 24 h after mechanical scratching. On the other hand, while topical application of 0.1% AA to the mouse skin also increased the skin PG levels, but did not produce any increase of TEWL or histological evidence of inflammation in the skin. Topical application of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (indomethacin, piroxicam, aspirin, diclofenac and ketoprofen) decreased the spontaneous recovery rates from cutaneous barrier disruption. These results suggest that the elevation of cutaneous PG production induced by mechanical scratching is involved in the repair of the skin damage caused by the scratching.
The expression pattern of prostaglandin E synthase and EP receptor isoforms in normal mouse skin and preinvasive skin neoplasms
Authors: Neumann Melanie , Dülsner Erik , Fürstenberger Gerhard , Müller‐Decker Karin
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Prostaglandin (PG) E2, the predominant PG in skin, accumulates in experimentally produced mouse skin tumors. PGE2 induces proliferation of mouse keratinocytes in vitro, epidermal hyperplasia and dysplasia, a promoted epidermis phenotype, and angiogenesis in keratin 5 promoter (K5) cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2‐transgenic NMRI mouse skin in vivo. PGE2 is synthesized by COX‐catalysed oxygenation of arachidonic acid to PGH2 and its conversion to PGE2 by prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) isoforms. PGE2 signals via PGE2 receptor isoforms EP1–EP4. Here, we investigated the expression profiles of PGES and EP receptors in wild type NMRI mouse skin constitutively expressing COX‐1 when compared with the hyperplastic/dysplastic skin of homozygous K5 COX‐2‐transgenic mice and papillomas of both genotypes, which, in addition to COX‐1, overexpress COX‐2. The three PGES are constitutively expressed in normal and transgenic skin independent of the COX expression status. In papillomas, the increased PGE2 levels correlate with an increased expression of mPGES‐1 and cPGES. All four EP receptors were expressed in normal and transgenic skin. Only EP3 was slightly increased in transgenic skin. In papillomas of both genotypes, the expression levels of EP1 and EP4 were low when compared with those in wild type back skin. EP2 was the predominant receptor in papillomas of wild type and transgenic mice. In papillomas of wild type mice EP3 levels were slightly elevated when compared with transgenic tumors. EP1 and EP2 were localized in basal keratinocytes, sebaceous glands and CD31‐positive vessels. Thus, normal and preinvasive mouse skin express the complete protein repertoire for PGE2 biosynthesis and signalling.
Squamous cell carcinoma induced by ultraviolet radiation originates from cells of the hair follicle in mice
Authors: Faurschou Annesofie , Haedersdal Merete , Poulsen Thomas , Wulf Hans Christian
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Short‐wave ultraviolet radiation (UVB) is the most carcinogenic part of the ultraviolet spectrum. The target cells of skin cancer are believed to be the bulge stem cells and/or their offspring, the transit‐amplifying cells that reside in the epidermis. However, the amount of UVB penetrating epidermis and reaching the bulge cells is very low, which questions if these cells suffer sufficient DNA damage to transform into cancer stem cells. We performed this study to determine whether UV‐induced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) originates from the epidermis or the hair follicles in mice. Hairless mice had their epidermis removed at different levels using CO2 laser ablation. Simulated solar irradiations were administered either preoperatively (in total 7 weeks) or pre‐ and postoperatively (in total 30 weeks). Control groups were untreated or treated only with solar‐simulated radiation or with laser. Blinded clinical assessments of skin tumors were carried out weekly during 12 months observation. Only mice irradiated with solar‐simulated radiation both pre‐ and postoperatively developed tumors. Median time to first, second and third tumor ranged from 19 to 20.5 weeks and was not significantly different between the non‐laser and laser‐treated groups (P > 0.05). The tumor response was thus similar in UV‐exposed mice whether they had their epidermis removed or not. No tumors appeared in control groups. Hence, UV‐induced SCC of mice originates from cells of the hair follicle, presumably the bulge stem cells, indicating that ultraviolet radiation penetrates epidermis sufficiently to cause irreversible DNA damage in cells located beneath the epidermis.
Immunological responses and viral modulatory effects of vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing structural and regulatory transgenes of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac32H/J5M)
Authors: Berry N. , Stebbings R. , Brown S. , Christian P. , Thorstensson R. , Ahmed R.K. , Davis L. , Ferguson D. , D'Arcy N. , Elsley W. , Hull R. , Lines J. , Wade‐Evans A. , Stott J. , Almond N.
Published: March 2007

Background  The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) vectors expressing structural (gag/pol, env) and regulatory (tat, rev, nef) genes of SIVmac251/32H‐J5 (rMVA‐J5) were assessed.

Methods  Immunization with rMVA constructs (2.5 × 107 IU) 32, 20 and 8 weeks pre‐challenge was compared with 32 and 20 weeks but with a final boost 8 weeks pre‐challenge with 2 × 106 fixed‐inactivated HSC‐F4 cells infected with SIVmac32H. Controls received rMVA vectors expressing an irrelevant transgene or were naïve challenge controls. All received 10 MID50 SIVmac32H/J5 intravenously.

Results  Vaccinates immunized with rMVA‐J5 exhibited significant, albeit transient, control of peak primary viraemia despite inconsistent and variable immune responses elicted by vaccination. Humoral and cellular responses to Env were most consistent, with lower responses to Nef, Rev and Tat. Increasing titres of anti‐vaccinia neutralizing antibodies reflected the number and dose of rMVA inoculations.

Conclusions  Improved combinations of viral vectors are required to elicit appropriate immune responses to control viral replication.
Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. I. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth
Authors: Flores Marie Therese , Andersson Lars , Andreasen Jens Ove , Bakland Leif K. , Malmgren Barbro , Barnett Frederick , Bourguignon Cecilia , DiAngelis Anthony , Hicks Lamar , Sigurdsson Asgeir , Trope Martin , Tsukiboshi Mitsuhiro , Von Arx Thomas
Published: March 2007

Abstract –  Crown fractures and luxations occur most frequently of all dental injuries. An appropriate treatment plan after an injury is important for a good prognosis. Guidelines are useful for delivering the best care possible in an efficient manner. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed a consensus statement after a review of the dental literature and group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties were included in the group. In cases where the data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinion of the IADT board members. The guidelines represent the current best evidence, based on literature research and professional opinion. In this first article of three, the IADT Guidelines for management of fractures and luxations of permanent teeth will be presented.
Behavioural Effects in Mice and Intoxication Symptomatology of Weak Neurotoxin from Cobra Naja kaouthia
Authors: Mordvintsev Dmitry Y. , Rodionov Dmitry I. , Makarova Mariya V. , Kamensky Andrey A. , Levitskaya Natalya G. , Ogay Alexey Y. , Rzhevsky Dmitry I. , Murashev Arkady N. , Tsetlin Victor I. , Utkin Yuri N.
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Weak neurotoxins belong to the superfamily of three‐finger toxins from snake venoms. In general, weak toxins have a low toxicity and, contrary to other three‐finger toxins, their molecular targets are not well characterized: in vitro tests indicate that these may be nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Here, we report the influence of intraperitoneal and intravenous injections of weak neurotoxin from Naja kaouthia venom on mouse behaviour. Dose‐dependent suppression of orientation‐exploration and locomotion activities as well as relatively weak neurotropic effects of weak neurotoxin were observed. The myorelaxation effect suggests a weak antagonistic activity against muscle‐type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurotoxic effects of weak neurotoxin were related to its influence on peripheral nervous system. The symptomatology of the intoxication was shown to resemble that of muscarinic agonists. Our data suggest that, in addition to interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors observed earlier in vitro, weak neurotoxin interacts in vivo with some other molecular targets. The results of behavioural experiments are in accord with the pharmacological profile of weak neurotoxin effects on haemodynamics in mice and rat indicating the involvement of both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
Induction of Apoptosis by Ginger in HEp‐2 Cell Line Is Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Vijaya Padma Viswanadha , Arul Diana Christie Swamidurai , Ramkuma Kunga Mohan
Published: March 2007

Abstract:   Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae) is a commonly used medicinal herb throughout the world. Although some studies have demonstrated its antitumour activities on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, the exact mechanism is not fully elucidated. Hence, the present study was designed to examine the in vitro cytotoxic activities of saline extract prepared from ginger extract on HEp‐2 cell line. The cytotoxic effect of the drug was confirmed by 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl thiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and cell counting and estimation of protein, DNA and RNA. Meanwhile, propidium iodide staining and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed for determining the induction of apoptosis. In addition, superoxide radical generation, nitrite formation and glutathione studies show involvement of free radicals. The present results show that the extract exerts dose‐dependent suppression of cell proliferation; the IC50 value was found to be 900 µg/ml. At a dose of 250 µg/ml, marked morphological changes including cell shrinkage and condensation of chromosomes were observed. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from HEp‐2 cells treated with 250 µg/ml ginger powder for 24 hr showed marked DNA ladder pattern. The involvement of free radicals was confirmed by increased superoxide production, decreased nitrate formation and depletion of glutathione in ginger‐treated cells. Further screening of active components using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses showed the presence of clavatol, geraniol and pinostrobin in the extract. The results of the present study suggest that ginger might be useful as a potential antitumour agent.
Modulation of ERG Channels by XE991
Authors: Elmedyb Pernille , Calloe Kirstine , Schmitt Nicole , Hansen Rie Schultz , Grunnet Morten , Olesen Søren‐Peter
Published: March 2007

Abstract: In neuronal tissue, KCNQ2–5 channels conduct the physiologically important M‐current. In some neurones, the M‐current may in addition be conducted partly by ERG potassium channels, which have widely overlapping expression with the KCNQ channel subunits. XE991 and linopiridine are known to be standard KCNQ potassium channel blockers. These compounds have been used in many different tissues as specific pharmacological tools to discern native currents conducted by KCNQ channels from other potassium currents. In this article, we demonstrate that ERG1–2 channels are also reversibly inhibited by XE991 in the micromolar range (EC50107 µM for ERG1). The effect has been characterized inXenopus laevisoocytes expressing ERG1–2 and in the mammalian HEK293 cell line stably expressing ERG1 channels. The IC50values for block of KCNQ channels by XE991 range 1–65 µM. In conclusion, great care should be taken when choosing the concentration of XE991 to use for experiments on native potassium channels or animal studies in order to be able to conclude on selective KCNQ channel‐mediated effects.
Effect of Interleukin‐10 on Tissue Damage Caused by Organophosphate Poisoning*
Authors: Yurumez Yusuf , Ikizceli Ibrahim , Sozuer Erdogan Mutevelli , Soyuer Isın , Yavuz Yucel , Avsarogullari Levent , Durukan Polat
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Organophosphate poisoning is a common cause of severe morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to emergency departments. Tissue damages as a consequence of organophosphate poisoning are frequently reported, but preventing this potentially severe complication has not been the subject of much research. We tested whether interleukin‐10, a cytoprotective agent, could prevent or diminish pathological signs of tissue damages caused by organophosphate poisoning. Thirty rats were divided into three equal groups (n = 10). Group 1 (sham) did not receive any agent during the experiment. Group 2 (control) received 0.8 g/kg of fenthion intraperitoneally, followed by 6 ml/kg of intraperitoneal normal saline 30 min. and 3 hr later. Group 3 (treatment) received 0.8 g/kg of fenthion intraperitoneally, followed by 2 µg/kg of interleukin‐10 intraperitoneally 30 min. and 3 hr later. All rats were killed under anaesthesia after 6 hr and tissue samples were obtained from liver, kidneys and lungs. Even organophosphate poisonings do not cause significant clinical problems; several degrees of damages could be observed in liver, kidneys and lungs. These damages could be reduced by interleukin‐10 treatment.
A61603‐Induced Contractions of the Porcine Meningeal Artery Are Mediated by α1‐ and α2‐Adrenoceptors
Authors: Mehrotra Suneet , Gupta Saurabh , Centurión David , Villalón Carlos M. , Saxena Pramod R. , VandenBrink Antoinette Maassen
Published: March 2007

Abstract: It has recently been shown that A61603 (N‐[5‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2yl)‐2‐hydroxy‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐naphthalen‐1‐yl]methane sulphonamide), a potent α1A‐adrenoceptor agonist, decreased carotid artery conductance in anaesthetized pigs by a novel non‐adrenergic mechanism. In this study, we set out to pharmacologically characterize A61603‐induced contractions of the porcine isolated meningeal artery. While the maximum contractile responses of the artery were similar, A61603 (Emax: 183 ± 23% of 100 mM KCl; pEC50: 7.25 ± 0.18) was more potent than noradrenaline (Emax: 156 ± 16%; pEC50: 5.75 ± 0.17) or phenylephrine (Emax: 163 ± 20%; pEC50: 5.63 ± 0.02). Prazosin (pA2: 9.36 ± 0.23) and, to a lesser extent, rauwolscine (pKb: 6.36 ± 0.38) and yohimbine (pKb: 7.30 ± 0.15) antagonised the contractions to A61603. The 5‐HT1B(GR127935; N‐[4‐methoxy‐3‐(4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl) phenyl]‐2′‐methyl‐4′‐(5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)[1,1‐biphenyl]‐4‐carboxamide) and 5‐HT2(ritanserin) receptor antagonists failed to affect the responses to A61603, but methiothepin, which, in addition, has a high affinity for α‐adrenoceptors, proved an effective antagonist. The A61603‐induced responses were suppressed by the cAMP stimulator forskolin, but not by the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine. Our results suggest that the contraction of porcine isolated meningeal artery by A61603 is mediated via mainly α1‐(probably α1A) and, to a lesser extent, α2‐adrenoceptors, involving the adenylyl cyclase, but not the diacylglycerol pathway.
Evaluation of the Effect of Cola Drinks on Bone Mineral Density and Associated Factors
Authors: Ogur Recai , Uysal Bulent , Ogur Torel , Yaman Halil , Oztas Emin , Ozdemir Aysegul , Hasde Metin
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  The aim of the study was to determine bone mineral density changes caused by consumption of cola drinks and the associated factors. Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Groups 1 and 2, consisting of 10 male and 10 female rats, respectively, were provided with as much food, water and cola drinks as they wanted. Groups 3 and 4, consisting of five rats each, received only rat chow and water. The bone mineral density of the rats was measured using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry at the end of 30 days. The blood values and weights of the animals were also determined. The oesophagus and kidneys were removed for histopathological examination. The weight gain was higher in the groups consuming cola drinks than the control group rats (P < 0.05). Water consumption decreased 5.9 times while total fluid consumption increased 1.6–1.9 times in the group consuming cola drinks. No significant change was detected in the blood calcium levels. There was a significant decrease in the bone mineral density of test groups when compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). While we did not detect any pathological oesophageal changes in the rats consuming cola drinks, examination of the kidneys revealed general glomerular congestion and intertubular bleeding. We suggest that the decrease in bone mineral density might be related to the renal damage caused by cola drinks in addition to other related factors.
Dry Weather Water Quality Loadings in Arid, Urban Watersheds of the Los Angeles Basin, California, USA1
Authors: Stein Eric D. , Ackerman Drew
Published: March 2007

Abstract:  Dry weather runoff in arid, urban watersheds may consist entirely of treated wastewater effluent and/or urban nonpoint source runoff, which can be a source of bacteria, nutrients, and metals to receiving waters. Most studies of urban runoff focus on stormwater, and few have evaluated the relative contribution and sources of dry weather pollutant loading for a range of constituents across multiple watersheds. This study assessed dry weather loading of nutrients, metals, and bacteria in six urban watersheds in the Los Angeles region of southern California to estimate relative sources of each constituent class and the proportion of total annual load that can be attributed to dry weather discharge. In each watershed, flow and water quality were sampled from storm drain and treated wastewater inputs, as well as from in‐stream locations during at least two time periods. Data were used to calculate mean concentrations and loads for various sources. Dry weather loads were compared with modeled wet weather loads under a range of annual rainfall volumes to estimate the relative contribution of dry weather load. Mean storm drain flows were comparable between all watersheds, and in all cases, approximately 20% of the flowing storm drains accounted for 80% of the daily volume. Wastewater reclamation plants (WRP) were the main source of nutrients, storm drains accounted for almost all the bacteria, and metals sources varied by constituent. In‐stream concentrations reflected major sources, for example nutrient concentrations were highest downstream of WRP discharges, while in‐stream metals concentrations were highest downstream of the storm drains with high metals loads. Comparison of wet vs. dry weather loading indicates that dry weather loading can be a significant source of metals, ranging from less than 20% during wet years to greater than 50% during dry years.
Nylon 6,6 (N66) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra
Authors: Louette Pierre , Bodino Frederic , Pireaux Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2007

XPS measurements of nylon 6,6 recorded with a SSX-100 spectrometer in standardized experimental conditions are presented: survey scan, high resolution core level spectra as well as the energy loss regions of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen peaks are analyzed. This is part of a contract work aiming to record spectra in the very same conditions of some 40 different polymers.
Poly(diallyl phthalate) (PDAP) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra
Authors: Louette Pierre , Bodino Frederic , Pireaux Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2007

XPS measurements of poly(diallyl phthalate) recorded with a SSX-100 spectrometer in standardized experimental conditions are presented: survey scan, high resolution core level spectra as well as the energy loss regions of carbon and oxygen peaks are analyzed. This is part of a contract work aiming to record spectra in the very same conditions of some forty different polymers.
Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra
Authors: Louette Pierre , Bodino Frederic , Pireaux Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2007

XPS measurements of poly(ethylene imine) recorded with a SSX-100 spectrometer in standardized experimental conditions are presented: survey scan, high resolution core level spectra as well as the energy loss regions of carbon and nitrogen peaks are analyzed. This is part of a contract work aiming to record spectra in the very same conditions of some 40 different polymers.
Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra
Authors: Louette Pierre , Bodino Frederic , Pireaux Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2007

XPS measurements of poly(phenylene sulfide) recorded with a SSX-100 spectrometer in standardized experimental conditions are presented: survey scan, high resolution core level spectra as well as the energy loss regions of carbon and sulfur peaks are analyzed. This is part of a contract work aiming to record spectra in the very same conditions of some 40 different polymers.
Poly(sulfone resin) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra
Authors: Louette Pierre , Bodino Frederic , Pireaux Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2007

XPS measurements of poly(sulfone resin) recorded with a SSX-100 spectrometer in standardized experimental conditions are presented: survey scan, high resolution core level spectra as well as the energy loss regions of carbon, sulphur and oxygen peaks are analyzed. This is part of a contract work aiming to record spectra in the very same conditions of some 40 different polymers.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra
Authors: Louette Pierre , Bodino Frederic , Pireaux Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2007

XPS measurements of poly(vinyl alcohol) recorded with a SSX-100 spectrometer in standardized experimental conditions are presented: survey scan, high resolution core level spectra as well as the energy loss regions of carbon and oxygen peaks are analyzed. This is part of a contract work aiming to record spectra in the very same conditions of some 40 different polymers.
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) XPS Reference Core Level and Energy Loss Spectra
Authors: Louette Pierre , Bodino Frederic , Pireaux Jean-Jacques
Published: March 2007

XPS measurements of poly(vinyl chloride) recorded with a SSX-100 spectrometer in standardized experimental conditions are presented: survey scan, high resolution core level spectra as well as the energy loss regions of carbon and chlorine peaks are analyzed. This is part of a contract work aiming to record spectra in the very same conditions of some 40 different polymers.