bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Plasma Adiponectin Concentration and Visceral Fat Accumulation in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Odamaki Mari , Furuya Ryuichi , Kinumura Yumie , Ikegaya Naoki , Kumagai Hiromichi
Published: September 2005

Background: Cardiovascular diseases resulting from atherosclerotic complications are major causes of death in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Adiponectin (ADPN) is a recently discovered adipocyte-derived protein that appears to have protective role against atherosclerosis. HD patients have an excess accumulation of intra-abdominal fat mass in association with an atherogenic serum lipid profile despite low body mass index; however, the role of intra-abdominal fat mass in the progress of atherosclerosis remains to be clarified. Methods: We evaluated visceral (VFA) and subcutaneous fat areas (SFA) by computed tomography and measured the plasma ADPN in 47 HD patients. We also examined the relationship between visceral fat accumulation and plasma ADPN levels and clinical parameters related to atherosclerosis. Results: Plasma ADPN was 29.0 ± 12.5 µg/ml in HD patients (mean ± SD), two-fold higher than that in control subjects (14.0 ± 9.1 µg/ml). Plasma ADPN correlated significantly and negatively with visceral fat area (VFA) (r = –0.49, p < 0.001) and subcutaneous fat area (SFA) (r = –0.42, p < 0.01) in HD patients. Plasma ADPN also correlated significantly and positively with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.45, p < 0.005) and significantly and negatively with atherosclerotic index (AI, r = –0.39, p < 0.01) and triglycerides (r = –0.32, p < 0.05) in HD patients. Multiple stepwise regression analysis identified VFA as a significant independent predictor of plasma ADPN concentration in HD patients. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that visceral fat is a major determinant of plasma ADPN level, suggesting that visceral fat accumulation might be closely associated with the progression of atherosclerotic vascular disease in HD patients.
Calcitriol Regresses Cardiac Hypertrophy and QT Dispersion in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism on Hemodialysis
Authors: Kim Hyung Wook , Park Cheol Whee , Shin Young Shin , Kim Young Soo , Shin Seok Jun , Kim Yong-Soo , Choi Euy Jin , Chang Yoon Sik , Bang Byung Kee
Published: September 2005

Background: Sudden cardiac death is common in patients on hemodialysis (HD), and its rate is as high as 25% of all cardiac deaths associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and secondary hyperparathyroidism. A prolonged QT interval on standard electrocardiography is related to an increase in sudden death in various patient groups. It is also well known that LVH has been noted in uremic patients with high parathyroid hormone levels. Methods: To evaluate the response of intravenous calcitriol treatment on the QT interval and LVH in HD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (intact parathyroid hormone, iPTH, >450 ng/ml), echocardiographic, electrocardiographic (ECG), and biochemical assessments were performed over a 15-week period in 25 HD patients before and after intravenous calcitriol treatment. We also evaluated 25 age-, sex-, HD duration-, and BMI-matched HD control patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Results: In patients receiving intravenous calcitriol, a significant reduction in iPTH levels (p < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase levels (p < 0.01) was found without changes in values of serum calcium and ionized Ca2+, phosphorus, Na+, K+, Mg2+, hematocrit, blood pressure, or other hemodynamic changes. Echocardiograms showed significant decreases in the thickness of the interventricular septum (p < 0.05), left posterior wall thickness (p < 0.05), and left ventricle mass index (LVMi, p < 0.01). In addition, sequential ECG measurement in patients with calcitriol treatment showed significant reductions in QTcmax (QTmax interval corrected for heart rates, p < 0.01) and QTc dispersion (QT dispersion corrected for heart rates, p < 0.01). However, in the control patients, biochemical, hemodynamic, and ECG changes, as well as myocardial structural and functional changes were not seen. Multiple regression analysis in all patients indicated that iPTH and LVMi levels were independent predictors of QTcmax while the LVMi level was the only independent predictor of QTc dispersion (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study showed a significant correlation between LVMi and QT dispersion in HD patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Intravenous calcitriol treatment, to be used for the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism, was found to cause regression of myocardial hypertrophy and a reduction in the QTc interval and dispersion, without biochemical and hemodynamic changes. These findings suggest that an active vitamin D metabolite has a cardioprotective action in HD patients.
APOE Genotype, Vascular Risk Factors, Memory Test Performance and the Five-Year Risk of Vascular Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Klages Jennifer D. , Fisk John D. , Rockwood Kenneth
Published: September 2005

The APOE ε4 gene and poor memory test performance have each been associated with an increased risk of developing dementia, but the relationship between these risk factors in predicting dementia is unclear. We examined the multivariate effects of APOE genotype, memory test performance and vascular risk factors in predicting incident Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Delayed free recall was measured by the Buschke Cued Recall Test (BCRT). The study sample included 223 people who were identified as having no cognitive impairment (NCI) and either APOE ε3/ε3 or ε3/ε4 genotypes at the baseline clinical assessment. After 5 years, 182 (82%) still had NCI, 21 developed VCI (9%) and 20 AD (9%). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that APOE ε4 increased the risk of AD (OR, 3.48; CI, 1.15–10.48) but not VCI (OR, 0.89; CI, 0.24–3.27). Vascular risk factors increased the risk of VCI (OR, 2.18; CI, 1.36–3.51) but not AD (OR, 0.68; CI, 0.38–1.20). Lower BCRT scores conferred an increased risk of both VCI (OR, 1.75; CI, 1.27–2.42) and AD (OR, 1.86; CI, 1.29–2.67) but attenuated the APOE ε4 effect in AD. VCI and AD have different risk profiles and outcomes, but subtle memory difficulties may be an early feature of both.
Lower Gait Speed in Older Women with Dementia Compared with Controls
Authors: Bramell-Risberg E. , Jarnlo G.-B. , Minthon L. , Elmståhl S.
Published: September 2005

Movement time is increased in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Objectives: To study differences in movement time and ability to increase speed in older women with dementia. Methods: Four tests were performed at self-selected and maximal speed: walking 2 ×15 m, walking between parallel lines, ‘get up and go’ (GUG) and rising from lying supine. Twenty-two patients and 22 controls (mean ages 81 and 86 years, respectively) were included in the study. Results: In the groups over 80 years, walking and GUG at both speeds and rising from lying supine from the left at self-selected speed were significantly slower among patients (20–30%). Both patients and controls were able to increase movement speed when changing from self-selected to maximal speed (13–27%). Patients with Alzheimer’s disease had lower self-selected walking speed compared with patients with other types of dementia (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Testing physical performance in two different speeds was feasible in patients with dementia. Patients had slower gait speed and were slower in the functional tests, such as GUG, but the capacity to increase speed seemed intact.
Why Rolls are Prevalent in the Hurricane Boundary Layer
Authors: Foster Ralph C.
Published: September 2005

Recent remote sensing observations show that the hurricane boundary layer flow, although energetic, is not a region of homogeneous turbulence. In fact, the observations convincingly demonstrate that a large fraction of the turbulent flow in the regions away from the deep convective rainbands is highly organized into intense horizontal roll vortices that are approximately aligned with the mean wind and span the depth of the boundary layer. These observations show that rolls strongly increase the flux of momentum between the underlying surface and the main body of the storm compared to an equivalent hurricane boundary layer flow without rolls. The linear and nonlinear dynamics of hurricane boundary layer roll formation are outlined and it is shown why rolls are, in fact, the expected basic hurricane boundary layer state. The model presented here explains the hurricane roll features currently documented in field programs and makes predictions that can be tested in future experiments. The primary effects of rolls on the boundary layer fluxes are inherently nonlocal and nongradient and hence cannot be captured by standard downgradient turbulence parameterizations used in hurricane simulations. However, the nonlinear theory is the proper starting point for developing boundary layer parameterizations that include roll modification of the turbulent fluxes.
An Assessment of the Parameterization of Subgrid-Scale Cloud Effects on Radiative Transfer. Part II: Horizontal Inhomogeneity
Authors: Wood Norman B. , Gabriel Philip M. , Stephens Graeme L.
Published: September 2005

The role of horizontal inhomogeneity in radiative transfer through cloud fields is investigated within the context of the two-stream approximation. Spatial correlations between cloud optical properties and the radiance field are introduced in the three-dimensional radiative transfer equation and lead to a two-stream model in which the correlations are represented by parameterizations. The behavior of the model is examined using simple single-layer single-column atmospheres. Positive correlations between extinction or scattering and the radiance field are shown to decrease transmission, increase reflection, and increase absorption within inhomogeneous media. The parameterization is used to evaluate the characteristics of inhomogeneous cloud fields observed by radar and lidar over a number of different locations and seasons, revealing that shortwave transfer is generally characterized by negative correlations between extinction and radiance, while longwave transfer is characterized by positive correlations. The results from this characterization are applied to the integration of an atmospheric general circulation model. Model surface temperatures are significantly affected, largely in response to changes in downwelling radiative fluxes at the surface induced by changes in cloud cover and water vapor distributions.
Tracer Transport in Deep Convective Updrafts: Plume Ensemble versus Bulk Formulations
Authors: Lawrence Mark G. , Rasch Philip J.
Published: September 2005

Two widely used approaches for parameterizing tracer transport based on convective mass fluxes are the plume ensemble formulation (PEF) and the bulk formulation (BF). Here the behavior of these two is contrasted for the specific case in which the BF airmass fluxes are derived as a direct simplification of an explicit PEF. Relative to the PEF, the BF has a greater rate of entrainment of midtropospheric air into the parcels that reach the highest altitudes, and thus is expected to compute less efficient transport of surface-layer tracers to the upper troposphere. In this study, this difference is quantified using a new algorithm for computing mass conserving, monotonic tracer transport for both the BF and PEF, along with a technique for decomposing a bulk mass flux profile into a set of consistent, discrete plumes for use in the PEF. Runs with a 3D global chemistry transport model (MATCH) show that the BF is likely to be an adequate approximation for most tracers with lifetimes of a week or longer. However, for short-lived tracers (lifetimes of a couple days or less) the BF results in significantly less efficient transport to the upper troposphere than the PEF, with differences exceeding 30% on a monthly zonal mean basis. Implications of these results for tropospheric chemistry are discussed.
Predictability in a Model of Geophysical Turbulence
Authors: Kleeman Richard , Majda Andrew
Published: September 2005

The nature of predictability is examined in a numerical model relevant to the midlatitude atmosphere and oceans. The approach followed is novel and uses new theoretical tools from information theory, namely entropy functionals, as measures of information content and their application to finite ensembles. Particular attention is paid here to the practical application of these methods to the problem of ensemble prediction in dynamical systems with state spaces of high dimensionality. In this case, typically only an estimate of the prediction probability distribution function is available at coarse resolution. A methodology for estimating the information loss implied by this limited knowledge is introduced and applied to the practical problem of measuring prediction information content in a model able to generate geophysical turbulence. The application studied here generates such turbulence through the mechanism of baroclinic instability via an imposed and constant mean vertical shear. In traditional studies in this area, considerable attention has been paid to variations in ensemble spread as the major determinant of how predictability may change as prediction initial conditions vary. The analysis here reveals that such a scenario neglects the important role of the so-called ensemble signal, which is related to the difference in the first moments of the prediction and climatological distributions. It is found, in fact, that this quantity is often a strong control over variations in predictability of the large-scale barotropic flow. An initial investigation of the role of non-Gaussian effects shows that for the univariate large-scale barotropic case, they are only of minor importance to variations in predictability.
Embedded Cellular Convection in Moist Flow past Topography
Authors: Fuhrer Oliver , Schär Christoph
Published: September 2005

Marginally unstable air masses impinging upon a mountain ridge may lead to the development of a nominally stratiform orographic cloud with shallow embedded convection. Rainfall amounts and distribution are then strongly influenced by the convective dynamics. In this study, the transition from purely stratiform orographic precipitation to flow regimes with embedded convection is systematically investigated. To this end, idealized cloud-resolving numerical simulations of moist flow past a two-dimensional mountain ridge are performed in a three-dimensional domain. A series of simulations with increasing upstream potential instability shows that the convective dynamics may significantly increase precipitation amounts, intensity, and efficiency, to an extent that cannot be replicated by two-dimensional simulations. Under conditions of uniform upstream flow, the embedded convection is of the cellular type. It is demonstrated that simple stability measures of the upstream profile are poor predictors for the occurrence and depth of embedded convection. A linear stability analysis is performed to understand the linear growth of the developing convective instabilities. Embedded convection results if the growth rates of convective instabilities are compatible with the advective time scale (the time an air parcel spends inside the orographic cloud) and the microphysical time scale (time for rain production and fallout). Individual convective updrafts are anchored to the mean flow. Additional simulations serve to demonstrate that the development of embedded convection and associated precipitation may strongly depend on small-amplitude upstream perturbations. Such perturbations enhance the efficacy of the convective circulations and lead to overall stronger precipitation. The potential implications of this result for the predictability of quantitative precipitation are also discussed.
Why Restaurants Fail
Authors: Parsa H. G. , Self John T. , Njite David , King Tiffany
Published: September 2005

Past research on restaurant failures has focused mostly on quantitative factors and bankruptcy rates. This study explored restaurant ownership turnover rates using qualitative data, longitudinal data (1996-1999), and data from Dun and Bradstreet reports. In contrast to frequently repeated statistics, a relatively modest 26.16 percent of independent restaurants failed during the first year of operation. Results from this study indicated marginal differences in restaurant failures between franchise chains (57.2 percent) and independent operators (61.4 percent). Restaurant density and ownership turnover were strongly correlated (.9919). A qualitative analysis indicated that effective management of family life cycle and quality-of-life issues is more important than previously believed in the growth and development of a restaurant.
Let Me Count the Words
Authors: Pullman Madeleine , McGuire Kelly , Cleveland Charles
Published: September 2005

Customer surveys and comment cards are all well and good, but the best way to gain a full understanding of a customer’s feelings about a hotel is to analyze the context of the customer’s comments. Heretofore a laborious process, qualitative data analysis is rapidly becoming feasible for hoteliers, using software applications that support content analysis and data linking and those that offer advanced linguistic analysis. The content-analysis applications allow an analyst to assess the number of times a customer uses a particular word or phrase in written material or transcribed remarks. By counting the frequency ofwords and noting the association of certain words, one can categorize themes and concepts. By thus “quantifying” the qualitative communication, an analyst can associate the resulting information with demographic or other quantitative data. A more sophisticated analysis is possible with linguistic analysis, which examines the semantics, syntax, and context of customers’ verbal communications. Linguistic analysis applications help the analyst identify the key ideas in a text, gain an indication of the relative importance of each idea, and then develop a prediction of a customer’s behavior based on the context of the remarks. Thus, unlike the typical five-point customer survey, the resulting analysis gives a strong indication of a customer’s emotional connection to a particular hotel.
Emerging Alternatives or Traditional News Gates
Authors: Fahmy Shahira
Published: September 2005

This study examines news sources used to visually portray the 11 September 2001 attack and the war in Afghanistan in the English-language newspaper The International Herald Tribune and the Arabic-language newspaper Al-Hayat. Differences were noted between news sources of images depicting the 9/11 attack and the Afghan War. However, despite these differences, the vast majority of photographs were from the main western news agencies: AP, AFP and Reuters. Results overall suggest, while there is no indication of changes in patterns of information flow, western news agencies provide a variety of news to be framed differently by different media.
Mission Accomplished? Framing of the Iraq War in the Elite Newspapers in Sweden and the United States
Authors: Dimitrova Daniela V. , Strömbäck Jesper
Published: September 2005

This study investigates the framing of the 2003 Iraq War in the elite newspapers in Sweden and the US, Dagens Nyheter and The New York Times. The content analysis revealed significant differences between the two papers: the military conflict frame was more common for the US war coverage while the responsibility and anti-war protest frames were more common for the Swedish war coverage. Both newspapers offered human interest stories and media self-references. The US newspaper, however, relied more heavily on official government and military sources. In addition, the tone of war coverage differed across the two nations, with Swedish reporting being more negative overall. Implications of the differences in war coverage as well as possible reasons rooted in the national media and political systems are discussed.
Framing the Battle for the White House
Authors: Gan Faith , Teo Joo Leng , Detenber Benjamin H.
Published: September 2005

The unprecedented 2000 US Presidential Election provided the context for this study, which investigates patterns of news framing in two leading national newspapers. A comparative content analysis was conducted on all the election articles published in Singapore’s The Straits Times and France’s Le Monde between 7 October and 20 December 2000 ( N = 484). Significant differences in dominant frames employed in the two newspapers were found, suggesting a link between journalistic ideology and framing. Although both papers used the horse race frame frequently, the authors observed in tandem with this frame an unexpectedly high use of the issue/policy frame in Le Monde, which casts doubt on the assumption that the horse race frame is emphasized at the expense of issue coverage. The study also found that routine framing procedures were disrupted with the inability of the US to elect its president, and a new event-specific constitutional crisis frame emerged.
High-Poverty Nonmetropolitan Counties in America: Can Economic Development Help?
Authors: Partridge Mark D. , Rickman Dan S.
Published: September 2005

Despite significant poverty reductions in nonmetropolitan America during the 1990s, Census 2000 reports that hundreds of counties still possess high poverty rates. They have not only populations that are disproportionately minority, lack education, and live in single-parent households, but also weak job growth and low levels of labor force participation. To assess the potential antipoverty benefits of economic development in high-poverty counties, the authors compare their poverty-generating process with that of remaining nonmetropolitan counties. A primary finding is employment growth reduces poverty more in high-poverty counties. Likewise, completion of high school and obtaining an associate degree reduce poverty more in these counties. These patterns also hold for counties with persistently high poverty across decades. Thus, the authors are guardedly optimistic that high-poverty counties, even those where poverty has been persistent, will experience reduced poverty if economic development policies successfully stimulate job growth and increase human capital.
In the National Interest: Defining Rural and Urban Correctly in Research and Public Policy
Authors: Isserman Andrew M.
Published: September 2005

Researchers and policy makers depend on two federal systems when defining urban and rural. One, designed by the U.S. Census Bureau, separates the territory of the nation into urban and rural. Its intent is to differentiate urban and rural. The other, designed under the leadership of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), focuses on the integration of urban and rural within metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Forgetting the distinction between separation and integration is dangerous, for example, when (mis)using the OMB system as if it differentiated between urban and rural. At stake is the misunderstanding of rural conditions, the misdirection of federal programs and funds, and a breakdown of communication that confuses people. This article presents two alternatives that can strengthen the foundations of research and policy and uses one of them to analyze rural distress and prosperity. Much can be gained by using these better rural definitions to replicate important research to see whether key findings hold true and to review eligibility requirements and funding procedures to determine whether government programs are reaching the rural people and places they are intended to serve.
Preference-Based Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Man-Son-Hing Malcolm , Gage Brian F. , Montgomery Alan A. , Howitt Alistair , Thomson Richard , Devereaux P. J. , Protheroe Joanne , Fahey Tom , Armstrong David , Laupacis Andreas
Published: September 2005

Background. Patient preferences and expert-generated clinical practice guidelines regarding treatment decisions may not be identical. The authors compared the thresholds for antithrombotic treatment from studies that determined or modeled the treatment preferences of patients with atrial fibrillation with recommendations from clinical practice guidelines. Methods. Methods included MEDLINE identification, systematic review, and pooling with some reanalysis of primary data from relevant studies. Results. Eight pertinent studies, including 890 patients, were identified. These studies used 3 methods (decision analysis, probability tradeoff, and decision aids) to determine or model patient preferences. All methods highlighted that the threshold above which warfarin was preferred over aspirin was highly variable. In 6 of 8 studies, patient preferences indicated that fewer patients would take warfarin compared to the recommendations of the guidelines. In general, at a stroke rate of 1% with aspirin, half of the participants would prefer warfarin, and at a rate of 2% with aspirin, two thirds would prefer warfarin. In 3 studies, warfarin must provide at least a 0.9% to 3.0% per year absolute reduction in stroke risk for patients to be willing to take it, corresponding to a stroke rate of 2% to 6% on aspirin. Conclusions. For patients with atrial fibrillation, treatment recommendations from clinical practice guidelines often differ from patient preferences, with substantial heterogeneity in their individual preferences. Since patient preferences can have a substantial impact on the clinical decision-making process, acknowledgment of their importance should be incorporated into clinical practice guidelines. Practicing physicians need to balance the patient preferences with the treatment recommendations from clinical practice guidelines.
Comparing the Standard Rating Scale and the Magnifier Scale for Assessing Risk Perceptions
Authors: Gurmankin Andrea D. , Helweg-Larsen Marie , Armstrong Katrina , Kimmel Stephen E. , Volpp Kevin G. M.
Published: September 2005

Objective. A new risk perception rating scale (“magnifier scale”) was recently developed to reduce elevated perceptions of low-probability health events, but little is known about its performance. The authors tested whether the magnifier scale lowers risk perceptions for low-probability (in 0%–1% magnifying glass section of scale) but not high-probability (>1%) events compared to a standard rating scale (SRS). Method. In studies 1 (n = 463) and 2 (n = 105), undergraduates completed a survey assessing risk perceptions of high- and low-probability events in a randomized 2X 2 design: in study 1 using the magnifier scale or SRS, numeric risk information provided or not, and in study 2 using the magnifier scale or SRS, high- or low-probability event. In study 3, hypertension patients at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs hospital completed a similar survey (n = 222) assessing risk perceptions of 2 self-relevant high-probability events—heart attack and stroke—with the magnifier scale or the SRS. Results. In study 1, when no risk information was provided, risk perceptions for both high- and low-probability events were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) when using the magnifier scale compared to the SRS, but risk perceptions were no different by scale when risk information was provided (interaction term: P = 0.003). In studies 2 and 3, risk perceptions for the high-probability events were significantly lower using the magnifier scale than the SRS (P = 0.015 and P = 0.014, respectively). Conclusions. The magnifier scale lowered risk perceptions but did so for low- and high-probability events, suggesting that the magnifier scale should not be used for assessments of risk perceptions for high-probability events.
Sexual Abuse in Childhood and Interpersonal Violence in Adulthood
Authors: McGuigan William M. , Middlemiss Wendy
Published: September 2005

This study investigates the cumulative impact of sexual abuse in childhood and adult interpersonal violence in the past year on depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample of 265 primarily African American (74%) women. The frequency of depressive symptoms, measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), was highest for women who experienced both forms of victimization. Women who reported greater stress over life’s daily hassles reported more depressive symptoms. Women with higher levels of family support and a sense of personal mastery reported fewer depressive symptoms. The final model explained 42% of the variance in CES-D scores. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
A Prospective Analysis of Sexual Assault Perpetration
Authors: Loh Catherine , Gidycz Christine A. , Lobo Tracy R. , Luthra Rohini
Published: September 2005

This study prospectively evaluated perpetrator risk factors for sexual assault perpetration, including peer influences, beliefs and attitudes about sexuality, alcohol use, and token resistance. Perpetration of sexual assault was evaluated at three time periods: pretest, 3-month follow-up, and 7-month follow-up. Retrospective and prospective analyses yielded differential predictors of sexually aggressive behavior. However, perpetration of sexual assault at any particular assessment period was a predictor of perpetration during the subsequent follow-up period. Furthermore, several variables that have previously been demonstrated in the literature to be related to the perpetration of sexual assault were not significant in regression analyses, indicating that these variables may be rendered insignificant when accounting for past perpetration in prospective analyses. These findings may have significant potential impact on development of sexual assault prevention programming with men.
Attitudes and Beliefs About Domestic Violence: Results of a Public Opinion Survey
Authors: Carlson Bonnie E. , Worden Alissa Pollitz
Published: September 2005

This study reports analyses and findings from a public opinion survey designed to explore beliefs about domestic violence (DV)—what it is, when it is against the law, and how prevalent it is. The project interviewed 1,200 residents from six New York communities. The analyses reveal substantial firsthand and secondhand experience with DV and strong consensus that acts of physical aggression should be labeled as DV, but substantially less certainty about the illegality of the abusive behaviors. Overall, the respondents were less inclined to define women’s aggressive behavior in pejorative or unlawful terms than men’s. Respondents believed that DV was common in their communities, and that it affected a significant minority of couples. Multivariate analyses provide little support for conventional wisdom about the impact of socioeconomic background on tolerance for or knowledge about DV, although gender, generation, and secondhand familiarity with DV incidents play a role in opinions and beliefs.
Attitudes and Beliefs About Domestic Violence: Results of a Public Opinion Survey
Authors: Worden Alissa Pollitz , Carlson Bonnie E.
Published: September 2005

This report presents findings from a public opinion survey designed to measure beliefs about the causes of domestic violence (DV) based on telephone interviews with 1,200 residents across six New York State communities. Findings reveal substantial diversity and complexity among beliefs and interesting similarities and differences across open- and close-ended questions regarding explanations for partner abuse. Most respondents think about the causes of violence in the context of individual problems, relationships, and families, not as a problem with roots in our society or culture. Few believe that women are the cause of their own abuse, one fourth still believe that some women want to be abused, and most believe that women can end abusive relationships. Secondhand experiences with DV were associated with some beliefs about causes of abuse, and gender, age, education, and race were associated with certain beliefs in predictable ways.
Pathways to Sexual Offense Recidivism Following Treatment
Authors: Webster Stephen D.
Published: September 2005

Ward and Hudson (1998, 2000) proposed a self-regulation model of relapse in sexual offenders, which classifies offenders into one of four pathways. This study examined the validity of the model, whether sexual recidivists are characterized by one predominant pathway and offense type, and whether participants would change pathway pre- to posttreatment intervention. Twenty-five sexual offenders who had participated in a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral treatment program during a prison sentence, but committed a further sexual offense on their release from custody, participated in the study. Results supported the content validity of the model. The predominant pathway pre- and posttreatment was approach explicit. The hypothesis that participants would change pathway posttreatment was not supported. These results may have implications for the efficacy of treatment of approach-explicit sexual offenders.
“It’s the Little Things”
Authors: Stenius Vanja M. K. , Veysey Bonita M.
Published: September 2005

Women recover and heal from traumatic violent experiences in many different ways. This study, which is part of the Franklin County Women and Violence Project, explores the healing experiences of 18 women who have histories of violence, substance abuse, and involvement in the mental health and/or substance abuse treatment system. Ethnographic interviews suggest that while professional intervention can be beneficial, it may not be adequate. In fact, it can be retruamatizing. The means of service delivery and treatment by individuals, service providers and others, may be more important than the actual service. Often women find that caring individuals and a safe environment yield the greatest benefit. It is not so much what people do to help, but how they do it.
Partner Killing by Men in Cohabiting and Marital Relationships
Authors: Shackelford Todd K. , Mouzos Jenny
Published: September 2005

Using a national-level U.S. database, T. K. Shackelford (2001) calculated rates of uxoricide (the murder of a woman by her romantic partner) by relationship type (cohabiting or marital), by ages of the partners, and by the age difference between partners. Women in cohabiting relationships were 9 times more likely to be killed by their partner than were married women. Within marriages, the risk of uxoricide decreases with a woman’s age. Within cohabiting relationships, middle-aged women were at greatest risk of uxoricide. The risk of uxoricide increased with greater age difference between partners. We sought to replicate the findings of Shackelford (2001) using a national-level database that includes information on more than 4,400 homicides that occurred in Australia between 1989 and 2002. Despite the higher rate of partner killing in the United States, and despite other cultural differences between the two countries, we replicated key patterns with the Australian data.
Exploring the Links between Performance Appraisals and Pay Satisfaction
Authors: Ducharme Mary Jo , Singh Parbudyal , Podolsky Mark
Published: September 2005

Pay satisfaction is a key goal of an organization’s reward system because it affects employee behaviors and organizational outcomes, such as job satisfaction, turnover, absenteeism, work stoppages, and employee performance. Given limited resources and a finite ability to increase pay, how can organizations increase employee satisfaction with their compensation? This article examines the effects of performance appraisals on pay satisfaction. Using a sample of more than 15,000 employees, we found that pay satisfaction is the highest when performance pay is tied to the employee’s performance and the lowest when there are no performance appraisals in organizations, even if there is performance pay. Implications for management are discussed.
Plan Fiduciaries’Duties after the Mutual Fund Scandals
Authors: Gould Jay B. , Goldstein David A.
Published: September 2005

The mutual fund scandals of the past year and a half have not only affected the mutual fund managers who flagrantly breached their obligations to their investors but have also imposed new and uncertain duties on plan fiduciaries who must now navigate an increasingly complex web of regulatory actions and pronouncements. Plan fiduciaries must be aware of the nature of the investment manager and mutual fund abuses, the harm such behavior can cause to plan participants and beneficiaries, the duty the Department of Labor has placed on them with respect to these matters, and the ever-widening investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission, various state attorneys general, and the Department of Labor.
Supporting Pay for Performance with the Right Technology
Authors: Bowley James , Link David A.
Published: September 2005

Most pay-for-performance initiatives fail to deliver results. Close examination of failed initiatives by early adopters reveals several common causes. Foremost, HR departments are often burdened by traditional administrative challenges and therefore unable to find the necessary time to adequately execute a strategic initiative like pay for performance. Also, once companies deploy a pay-for-performance technology solution, they rarely follow through with the education and training necessary to ensure that managers understand the value of the initiative and how to use the technology properly. The technology solution itself can also be a roadblock to success if it does not integrate tightly with other critical HR applications and support a robust array of functionality. Without these three elements—strategic HR, management buy-in, and the right technology solution—pay for performance is unlikely to succeed and often leads to a series of negative consequences for HR and the entire organization.
Humanitarian Intervention in an Era of Pre-emptive Self-Defence
Authors: Whitman Jim
Published: September 2005

The dichotomy between prohibitive law and moral responsibility is at the centre of debates about the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. However, political interests remain an important factor not only in determining and tempering the humanitarian impulses of states, but also for gauging their more general adherence to the rule of law. The humanitarian intervention debate only has meaning in a context in which there is general, routine adherence to the non-interventionist norm of the international system, codified as Article 2(4) of the UN Charter. The ‘Bush Doctrine’ of pre-emptive self-defence alters the political and politico-legal context that has until now given the humanitarian intervention debate its meaning and importance. Given this, together with a more general loosening of the strictures prohibiting or limiting the use of force, there is good cause for concern about the foundations of the post-1945 international order. The debate about humanitarian intervention can no longer abstract the tension between law and morality from a political arena that is facing such profound challenges.
Securing the Ground Through Securitized 'Foreign' Policy: The Cyprus Case
Authors: Kaliber Alper
Published: September 2005

Particularly since the beginning of the new millennium, the Cyprus issue that had hitherto been successfully securitized and bureaucratized has turned out to be the main ‘discursive battlefield’ of the polarization among ruling elites in Turkey. Framed within a historical perspective, the present article re-examines Turkey’s security discourse on Cyprus with particular reference to its implications for the (re)configuration of political balances and power relations between the conservative state elite - namely, the civilian and military bureaucracy - and the reformist political elite in Turkey. It concludes that the security language devised by the Turkish ‘foreign’ policy and security establishment has been operational in both inscribing the legitimate boundaries of the political sphere and crippling the manoeuvring ability of governments vis-à-vis the strong bureaucratic establishment in Turkey. The article also aims at encouraging the reader to critically reflect on power politics of ‘foreign’ policymaking in Turkey and its implications for domestic politics.
Public Sector Sport Policy
Authors: Houlihan Barrie
Published: September 2005

Despite the increasing involvement of governments in sport, and the high level of academic interest in sports-related public policy issues such as equity, doping, harassment and violence, there is remarkably little analysis of sport policy that utilizes the major models and frameworks for analysis widely adopted in other policy areas. Following the development of a set of criteria for assessing the adequacy of analytic frameworks, four major meso-level analytic frameworks are examined: the stages model, institutional analysis, multiple streams model, and the advocacy coalition framework. These are assessed for their internal coherence and applicability to the study of sport policy. None of the four frameworks reviewed is considered to be sufficiently persuasive and, consequently, a modified version of the advocacy coalition framework is developed and suggested as the most promising point of departure for the analysis of sport policy.
Seishin Habitus
Authors: McDonald Brent , Hallinan Chris
Published: September 2005

Sport, including club activities in Japanese schools and universities, occupies an important place in educational curricula; but is it imbued with what Bourdieu suggests are guaranteed capital properties? That is, can sport and physical education help to accrue capital, and can such capital become cultural and economic capital? Further, is this capital similar to that resulting from academic education? Although western culture recognizes Cartesian differentiation, mind and body are seen as one in the Japanese understanding of the individual, unified by the concept of spirit (this is different to the concept of soul). Recognizing this concept of the body is crucial in addressing the question of transferring educational (in this case physical) capital into forms of cultural capital. This article investigates the responses of members of a Japanese University Rowing club when addressing questions dealing with various uses of the body in rowing and perceived opportunities for future employment.
Emotions, Interaction and the Injured Sporting Body
Authors: Collinson Jacquelyn Allen
Published: September 2005

Based on a collaborative autoethnographic research project, this article explores the emotional dimension of the injured sporting body. It takes as its analytic focus the journey, rehabilitative, emotional and narrative, of two middle-aged, non-elite, middle/long-distance runners who experienced serious, long-term knee injuries. The study examines the interactional and narrative elements of the rehabilitative journey, focusing on dimensions of the emotion management, emotion work, and emotional intersubjectivity of the researcher/author and her training partner as they struggled to contend with the liminality of the injured athletic role, and to maintain positive identities in the face of serious threat to their running selves.
Short Communication
Authors: Thomson Rex W. , Soós István
Published: September 2005

Among the most persecuted peoples in the world, Rroma (Gypsies) have sometimes struggled to retain their ethnic identity, and have suffered from a lack of formal education and high rates of illiteracy. This article examines the education and sport involvement of Rroma youth in Hungary. Results suggest that while Rroma youth are from severely disadvantaged backgrounds, their educational achievements are impressive. The sports in which Rroma youth are involved are generally similar to other Hungarian youth; however, the different rates of participation appear to be related both to differences in income and education and to ethnicity. Education and sports participation may well serve as vehicles for assimilating Rroma into the dominant Magyar (Hungarian) culture, but in schools that cater predominantly for Rroma students and include instruction in Rroma language and culture, they may also serve to consolidate ethnic differences and strengthen ethnic identity.
Separating Trust from Cooperation in a Dynamic Relationship
Authors: Yamagishi Toshio , Kanazawa Satoshi , Mashima Rie , Terai Shigeru
Published: September 2005

In this article we introduce a new experimental game called Prisoner’s Dilemma with Variable Dependence (PD/D), which allows players to separate their trust in their exchange partners from their cooperation with them in an ongoing relationship. The game allows researchers to observe the emergence of trust and cooperation separately, and ascertain the causal relationship between them. In six studies that use the PD/D design, we find that the players of PD/D consistently achieve very high cooperation rates, sometimes mean cooperation rates of about 95%, which are higher than in standard PD games sharing similar design features. These findings demonstrate that separating trust from cooperation is critical for building trust relations. They also show that the GRIT (Graduated Reciprocation In Tension reduction) strategy helps build such relations in the absence of mutual trust. Our results suggest that it is cooperation which leads to trust, not the other way around.
The moral ambiguity of social control in cyberspace: a retro-assessment of the ‘golden age’ of hacking
Authors: Thomas Jim
Published: September 2005

The tension between doing right and doing the opposite often blends into blurry boundaries where the two merge and a dialectical dance between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ plays out. Computer hacking helps to illustrate this tension. Here, the dual ethical frameworks underlying the enterprise both of computer hackers and law enforcement agents in the late 1980s and early 1990s is examined. It is suggested that the moral nature of ‘computer deviance’ is slightly more ambiguous and far more complex than we often recognize. The article concludes by suggesting that the broader issue raised here is not so much whether the hackers’ behaviors were wrong, but in determining where the line between right and wrong lies and how this line is defended.
From hackers to hacktivists: speed bumps on the global superhighway?
Authors: Taylor Paul A.
Published: September 2005

This article traces the emergence of the new social movement of hacktivism from hacking and questions its potential as a source of technologically-mediated radical political action. It assesses hacktivism in the light of critical theories of technology that question the feasibility of re-engineering technical systems to more humane ends. The predecessor of hacktivism, hacking, is shown to contain certain parasitical elements that provide a barrier to more politically-orientated goals. Examples are provided of how such goals are much more in evidence within hacktivism. Its alternative conceptualization of the human-technology relationship is examined in terms of a purported development from conceptualizations of networks to webs that incorporate new ways of producing online solidarity and oppositional practices to global capital.
Outing PlanetOut: surveillance, gay marketing and internet affinity portals
Authors: Campbell John Edward
Published: September 2005

This study uses an examination of the two largest internet affinity portals serving lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered (LGBT) communities - PlanetOut.com and Gay.com - as an entry point into a broader discussion of gay marketing and surveillance in cyberspace. Informing this examination are arguments that the newfound courting of the ‘gay community’ by mainstream marketers represents a repositioning of gays and lesbians in commercial panoptic formations based on the perceived desirability of these populations as niche markets. This position is supported by the Janus-faced design of these online portals, which present themselves as inclusive communities to gay and lesbian consumers while simultaneously presenting themselves as surveilling entities to corporate clients. The marketing strategies deployed by these portals suggest that corporate actors believe that gays and lesbians can be enticed into self-surveillance by distancing solicitations for personal information from their economic aims and rearticulating them with images of community and romance.