bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acral melanoma with satellitosis, disguised as a longstanding diabetic ulcer: a great mimicry
Authors: Mansur A Tulin , Demirci Gulsen T , Ozel Omer , Ozker Emre , Yıldız Semsi
Published: September 2015

Acral lentiginous melanoma affects the palms, soles, and nail apparatus. Around 3–15% of all cutaneous melanomas are located on the foot and have a poorer prognosis than melanoma elsewhere. Possible reasons for this prognostic difference may be omitting this area during routine skin check by both the patient and the physicians, in addition to misdiagnosis of melanoma as other benign skin lesions. We describe here an elderly female patient treated for a non‐healing foot ulcer interpreted as a diabetic ulcer, which after 2 years was diagnosed as acral melanoma with satellitosis. Histopathological examination of the amputated distal phalanx revealed an advanced stage melanoma with 1·2 cm Breslow thickness and of Clark level 5. Dermoscopy of the bluish papulonodules scattered on the dorsal foot showed characteristic findings described for metastasis of skin melanoma.

This case underlines the importance of considering skin malignancies in case of chronic, non‐healing ulcers in diabetic patients. Furthermore, we point out the critical significance of skin examination as a whole, and dermoscopy being an important tool in the diagnosis of melanoma and/or cutaneous melanoma metastasis.
A Novel One‐Step Flame Synthesis Method for Tungsten‐Doped CCTO
Authors: Singh Laxman , Sin Byung Cheol , Kim Ill Won , Mandal K.D. , Chung Hoeil , Lee Youngil
Published: September 2015

An efficient synthesis is used for the first time to prepare CaCu3Ti4−xWxO12 (x = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) electroceramics for energy storage capacitors. CaCu3Ti4−xWxO12 ceramics are synthesized via flame synthesis of metal nitrates precursors in nonaqueous solution using cheap, stable, and insoluble solid TiO2 powder. The pathway yielded a CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) phase with the traces of CuO and CaTiO3 sintered at 1050°C for 30 h. The SEM micrograph shows the grains with smooth surfaces associated with cubical appearance and the size range of 1.5–7, 2.0–7.5, and 2.0–8.0 μm for CCTWO01, CCTWO03, and CCTWO05, respectively. The EDX and XPS analyses show the presence of Ca, Cu, Ti, W, and O elements confirming the purity of these ceramics. The complex impedance and modulus (M) spectroscopy show that the dielectric constant (εr) values of the W‐doped CCTO were dominantly affected by the electrical properties of the grain boundary, which is also evident from the SEM micrographs. The grain‐boundary resistance decreased with increasing tungsten content. The activation energies for the grain boundaries were calculated from the impedance and modulus data using the slope of the ln τ versus 1/T and were found to be in the range 0.62–0.67 eV.
Is the Requirement of Sexual Exclusivity Consistent with Romantic Love?
Authors: McKeever Natasha
Published: September 2015

In some cultures, people tend to believe that it is very important to be sexually exclusive in romantic relationships and idealise monogamous romantic relationships; but there is a tension in this ideal. Sex is generally considered to have value, and usually when we love someone we want to increase the amount of value in their lives, not restrict it without good reason. There is thus a call, not yet adequately responded to by philosophers, for greater clarity in the reasons §why it might be reasonable for a couple to adopt a policy of sexual exclusivity.

This article argues that we cannot justify the demand for sexual exclusivity by a need to protect the relationship from the risk of one partner ‘trading‐up’, or by appealing to jealousy. However, sexual exclusivity can be intelligible if it supports the romantic relationship and helps to distinguish it from other relationships. Nonetheless, sexual exclusivity ought not to be the hegemonic social norm that it currently is in some societies because this diminishes the potential value it might have and gives the idea of faithfulness the wrong focus.
Complex migration and breeding strategies in an elusive bird species illuminated by genetic and isotopic markers
Authors: Seifert Nina , Haase Martin , Van Wilgenburg Steven L. , Voigt Christian C. , Schmitz Ornés Angela
Published: September 2015

Unlike the annual bi‐directional movements of over 200 bird species within the Palaearctic–Afrotropical region, irregular movements such as irruptive migration with a low degree of philopatry are reported for a variety of species depending on highly seasonal and unpredictable resources. These flexible movements allow for itinerant breeding – consecutive breeding attempts in two or more geographically different regions during the same annual reproductive cycle. In order to illuminate migratory and breeding strategies of the erratic wetland species Baillon's crake Zapornia pusilla across the W‐Palaearctic–Afrotropical region, we used a set of six DNA microsatellites as well as δ2Hf values of individuals sampled at one African and four European breeding sites. We investigated the degree of genetic population structure within and among different sites and assigned individuals’ feathers of unknown origin to their probable moulting (hence breeding) site using a likelihood approach.

We found three genetic clusters, differentiating into one ‘European’ and two ‘African’ populations. Connectivity between the sampling sites was probable as genetic ‘African’ individuals were found in breeding conditions in Europe and vice versa. Likewise, assigned moulting locations based on δ2H isoscapes suggested trans‐continental movements as well as moulting and possibly breeding by the same individual both in African and European breeding grounds. Both isotopic and genetic data reveal the Baillon's crake pursue a complex migration and breeding strategy, allowing as well for irruptive movements and itinerant breeding across the W‐Palaearctic–Afrotropical region. However, a better knowledge about the species’ distribution as well as a more comprehensive data set, including samples from the southern and eastern boundaries of the distribution area would be necessary to improve the spatial resolution to the precision required to unambiguously infer migration directions and extent of exchange between African and European breeding grounds.
Landscape effects in the intertidal around the coastline of Great Britain
Authors: Johnson Mark P. , Maggs Christine A. , Allcock A. Louise , Blight Andrew J.
Published: September 2015

Aim

We tested whether the size of habitat patches along the coastline of Great Britain influences molluscan species richness.

Location

Coastline of Great Britain.

Methods

Intertidal mollusc data were compiled from the National Biodiversity Network to derive a matrix of species presence/absence in 10 km × 10 km squares (hectads). Major groupings within the coastal fauna were identified using clustering based on Simpson's dissimilarity index. Contiguous hectads assigned to the same cluster were considered as patches. Potential island biogeographical effects were investigated using regressions of species density against patch size.

Results

598 hectads were clustered into 15 groups, with the three largest groups (94% of hectads) having broad associations consistent with hectad dominance by rocky shore habitat, sheltered sediment or sediment on exposed coasts. For all three main groups, there were fewer species in larger patches than would be expected from a random sampling of hectads. Species densities (species hectad−1) increased with patch size in rocky shore‐dominated habitat. There was no support for a similar effect in sedimentary habitats, with higher than expected species richness in isolated hectads of sheltered habitat.

Main conclusions

The increases in mollusc species density with patch size in rocky shore‐dominated habitat are consistent with island biogeographical processes. The absence of similar effects in sedimentary habitats may reflect more overlap between the species of intertidal and subtidal in these habitats. Subtidal habitat may therefore act to change the hostility of the matrix between intertidal patches of sedimentary habitat, diluting any island effects. As landscape effects may change species richness at the scale examined, concerns that increased building of artificial habitats will change the local patterns of species richness may be justified for rocky habitats.
Evaluation of trichodynia (hair pain) during chemotherapy or tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer patients
Authors: Kanti V. , Nuwayhid R. , Lindner J. , Hillmann K. , Bangemann N. , Kleine‐Tebbe A. , Blume‐Peytavi U. , Garcia Bartels N.
Published: September 2015

Introduction

In women receiving antineoplastic therapy, hair loss is often accompanied by distressing hair or scalp sensations, such as hair pain (trichodynia) and pruritus. A scientific approach to objectively evaluate the course and characteristics of these unpleasant sensations is of great importance for the establishment of treatment strategies.

Methods

An observational cohort study was conducted in 34 female breast cancer patients, postoperatively undergoing chemotherapy (group C, n = 17) or endocrine therapy with tamoxifen (group T, n = 17). For 28 weeks after therapy initiation, patients experiencing hair pain and/or scalp pruritus were required to complete a specially developed diary, based on a modification of pain questionnaires. Sensations were journalized in terms of time of onset, duration, intensity on a numeric rating scale, dependence on touching the scalp or hair and character of the sensation, chosen from given descriptors or using own words.

Results

In group C, all patients who completed the questionnaire experienced hair and scalp sensations: 87% both trichodynia and pruritus, 13% trichodynia only. Reported intensities ranged between 1 and 10. In group T, 31% of participants reported hair and scalp sensations: 12% both trichodynia and pruritus, 12% pruritus only, 7% trichodynia only. Intensities were rated between 1 and 5. No sensations were reported after week 11 in either group.

Conclusions

Hair and scalp sensations in group C were significantly more common, lasted longer, and were of greater intensity and more differentiated qualities than in group T. The occurrence of trichodynia in chemotherapy patients corresponded with the onset and duration of hair loss, thus suggesting a possible correlation.
Fascial bundles of the infraspinatus fascia: anatomy, function, and clinical considerations
Authors: Moccia David , Nackashi Andrew A. , Schilling Rebecca , Ward Peter J.
Published: September 2015

The infraspinatus fascia is a tough sheet of connective tissue that covers the infraspinatus fossa of the scapula and the muscle within. Muscle fibers originate from the fossa and fascia and then travel laterally to insert on the greater tubercle of the humerus. Frequently the infraspinatus fascia is quickly removed to appreciate the underlying muscle, but the fascia is an interesting and complex structure in its own right. Despite having a characteristic set of fascial bundles, no contemporary anatomy texts or atlases describe the fascia in detail. The infraspinatus fascia was dissected in detail in 11 shoulders, to characterize the fascial bundles and connections that contribute to it. Thereafter, 70 shoulders were dissected to tabulate the variability of the fascial bundles and connections. Six characteristic features of the infraspinatus fascia were noted: a medial band, an inferior‐lateral band, and superior‐lateral band of fascia, insertion of the posterior deltoid into the infraspinatus fascia, a transverse connection from the posterior deltoid muscle to the infraspinatus fascia, and a retinacular sheet deep to the deltoid and superficial to the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Although other structures of the shoulder are more frequently injured, the infraspinatus fascia is involved in compartment syndromes and the fascial bundles of this structure are certain to impact the biomechanical function of the muscles of the posterior shoulder.
Biosimilars in immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases: initial lessons from the first approved biosimilar anti‐tumour necrosis factor monoclonal antibody
Authors: Isaacs J. D. , Cutolo M. , Keystone E. C. , Park W. , Braun J.
Published: September 2015

The introduction of targeted biological therapies has revolutionised the management of immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Following treatment with these therapies, many patients experience significant improvements in different aspects of their disease, including symptoms, work productivity and other outcomes relevant for individuals and society. However, due to the complexity of biological drug development and manufacturing processes, the costs of these therapies are relatively high. Indeed, the financial burden on healthcare systems due to biological therapies is considerable and lack of patient access to effective treatment remains a concern in many parts of the world. As many reference biological therapies have now reached or are near to patent expiry, a number of ‘biosimilar’ drugs have been developed for use in various clinical settings, and some of these drugs are already in use in several countries. While the potential pharmacoeconomic benefits of cost‐effective biosimilars seem clear, several issues have been raised regarding, for example, the definition of biosimilarity and the validity of indication extrapolation, as well as the ‘switchability’ and relative immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference drugs. In this review, these issues will be discussed with reference to CT‐P13, a biosimilar of the anti‐tumour necrosis factor monoclonal antibody infliximab, which is approved in Europe and elsewhere for the treatment of various IMIDs. Other important issues, including those related to data collection during nonclinical and clinical development of biosimilars, are also discussed.
3D evaluation of maxillary arches in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients treated with nasoalveolar moulding vs. Hotz′s plate
Authors: Cerón‐Zapata A. M. , López‐Palacio A. M. , Rodriguez‐Ardila M. J. , Berrio‐Gutiérrez L. M. , De Menezes M. , Sforza C.
Published: September 2015

To compare the three‐dimensional changes occurring in the maxillary arch during the use of modified pre‐surgical nasoalveolar moulding (PNAM) and Hotz′s plate. A clinical trial including 32 children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 16 treated with Hotz′s plate and 16 with PNAM, was performed. Impressions of the maxillary arches were taken: A. prior to pre‐surgical orthopaedics, B. before cheiloplasty and C. after cheiloplasty. Models were digitised using a stereophotogrammetric instrument, and geodesic distances were calculated: anterior, canine and posterior widths of the arch, and lengths and cleft depths of the larger and shorter segments. The time and treatment effects were assessed by two‐factor anova. A significant effect of treatment was found for cleft depth at the larger segment: children treated with Hotz′s plate had significantly deeper cleft than children treated with PNAM. All distances significantly changed during time: the anterior and canine widths decreased, while the posterior width, the lengths and depths of the cleft segments increased. Significant treatment per time interactions was found. The anterior and canine widths reduced more with PNAM between time points A and B while Hotz's treatment was more effective between B and C. The shorter segment depth increased more between B and C with PNAM, and between A and B with Hotz's plate. During pre‐surgical orthopaedics, therapy with PNAM obtained the best results in reducing the width at the anterior segment of the cleft. This treatment gave a lower increase in cleft depth than treatment with Hotz′s plate.
Cognitive, Noncognitive, and Family Background Contributions to College Attainment: A Behavioral Genetic Perspective
Authors: McGue Matt , Rustichini Aldo , Iacono William G.
Published: September 2015

There is considerable evidence that college attainment is associated with family background and cognitive and noncognitive skills. Behavioral genetic methods are used to determine whether the family background effect is mediated through cognitive and noncognitive skill development. We analyze data from two longitudinal behavioral genetic studies: the Minnesota Twin Family Study, consisting of 1,382 pairs of like‐sex twins and their parents, and the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study, consisting of 409 adoptive and 208 nonadoptive families with two offspring and their rearing parents. Cognitive ability, noncognitive skills, and family background are all associated with offspring college attainment. Biometric analysis shows that the intergenerational transmission of college attainment owes to both genetic and shared environmental factors. The shared environmental influence was not due to highly educated parents fostering noncognitive skill development in their children, and there was limited evidence that they foster cognitive skill development. The environmental transmission of educational attainment does not appear to be a consequence of highly educated parents fostering cognitive and noncognitive skill development. Alternative mechanisms are needed to explain the strong shared environmental influence on college attainment. Possibilities include academic expectations, social network effects, and the economic benefits of having wealthy parents.
Model‐Reference Health Monitoring of Hysteretic Building Structure Using Acceleration Measurement with Test Validation
Authors: Shan Jiazeng , Shi Weixing , Lu Xilin
Published: September 2015

A model‐reference health monitoring algorithm with two damage sensitive features is presented in this study, utilizing structural acceleration measurements from earthquake‐damaged building structure. A virtual linear healthy model, representing linear behavior of the instrumented structure, is used to generate real‐time reference response signals for health monitoring during a disastrous earthquake. The tracking error of acceleration and a relevant statistical factor are first proposed for identifying damage occurrence and location at story level. The severity of the hysteretic damage is estimated numerically using a model‐based prediction curve in an equivalent stiffness reduction manner with the implementation of robust Kalman filtering. The performance of damage detection and evaluation in the presented algorithm are illustrated by numerical simulation of structural models with different hysteretic characteristics, and further validated by experimental investigation employing a base‐isolated three‐story structure and real‐world case study of a seven‐story frame structure. The influence of measurement noise and uncertain stiffness in linear healthy model is also discussed through a parametric study.
Characterisation and Expression Analysis of MrLip1, a Class 3 Family Lipase of Malassezia restricta
Authors: Park Minji , Jung Won Hee , Han Song Hee , Lee Young Hoon , Lee Yang Won
Published: September 2015

The genus Malassezia is associated with a wide range of skin diseases and is the predominant fungal genus isolated from human skin. Of the 14 Malassezia species identified, M. restricta is the most abundant fungal species found from both healthy and diseased skin. Emerging evidences have suggested that extracellular lipases of Malassezia play a critical role in its survival on the host skin surface. This study aimed to characterise the lipase 1 homologue (MrLip1) in M. restricta and to analyse its expression under different environmental conditions. The full sequence of the gene encoding MrLip1 was determined by rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and it was then heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. MrLip1 protein was successfully purified and used for lipase assay and specific antibody generation for use in expression analysis. The optimum pH and temperature for the activity of purified MrLip1 were pH 5.0 and 34 °C respectively. Furthermore, the expression of MrLip1 peaked at a similar pH and temperature, suggesting that the optimal conditions for MrLip1 protein activity and expression are similar to that found on the human skin surface. This study provides data to improve our understanding of the role and characteristics of lipase 1 in M. restricta.
The prevalence of pain at home and its consequences in children following two types of short stay surgery: a multicenter observational cohort study
Authors: Williams Glyn , Bell Graham , Buys Justin , Moriarty Tony , Patel Anil , Sunderland Robin , Shepherd Liz , Brooks Peter , Polhill Sara
Published: September 2015

Background

The potential for pain at home in children following day case surgery has long been recognized. Pain has also been associated with behavioral disturbances and sleep disruption in children following surgery and may also impact negatively on recovery, parental and patient satisfaction, family life, healthcare use, and have an economic cost.

Aim

To investigate the prevalence of pain at home, and its consequences, in children following two types of short stay surgery across eight pediatric centers in the UK in an observational cohort study. Reporting of the study was done in adherence with STROBE guidelines.

Method

Two hundred and forty‐one children undergoing either Tonsillectomy with or without Adenoidectomy (T's ± A's) or Orchidopexy surgery (either by Open or Laparoscopic) were recruited. Data collection was via three structured telephone interviews [Day (D) 2, 7 and 14] conducted from a clinical research facility. The normal clinical practices of the centers involved in the study were not altered in any way. Outcomes studied were (i) Pain incidence and severity; (ii) Associated consequences—incidence of psychological disturbances, unplanned use of healthcare services, and social/economic cost to families; and (iii) Comparative pain and associated outcomes for two types of surgery (T's ± A's vs Orchidopexy).

Results

The incidence of pain following both operative models was high though it differed between the two groups. In the T's ± A's group, the incidence of pain was high throughout the study period (D2 90.1%, D3‐7 88.1%, D8‐14 61.8%). The Orchidopexy group demonstrated a similar pattern, though with decreased rates (D2 70.4%, D3‐7 34.7%, D8‐14 17.1%). Both groups showed similar patterns for the rates of behavioral disturbances (T's & A's: D2 76%, D3‐7 73%, D8‐14 30% and Orchidopexy: D2 37%, D3‐7 20%, D8‐14 10%). Seventy percent of the families reported unplanned healthcare use with pain the primary reason in 79% of these.

Conclusions

The prevalence of pain at home, and its potential associated consequences, is high following short stay surgery in children in the UK. In both groups, high incidences were seen for longer periods than is commonly perceived. These findings were consistent between the centers involved suggesting that this is a significant national healthcare issue with potential short‐ and long‐term consequences for the child, their family, and health services.
Indigenous microbiota and Leishmaniasis
Authors: Lopes M. E. M. , Carneiro M. B. H. , dos Santos L. M. , Vieira L. Q.
Published: September 2015

Animals are colonized by their indigenous microbiota from the early days of life. The estimated number of associated bacterial cells in humans is around of 1014 per individual, most of them in the gut. Several studies have investigated the microbiota–host relationship, and the use of germfree animals has been an important tool in these studies. These animals, when infected with a pathogen, have shown to be sometimes more resistant and other times more susceptible than conventional animals. Leishmaniasis is a worldwide public health problem and presents a spectrum of clinical manifestations. However, very few studies have addressed the role of the indigenous microbiota on the outcome of this disease. In this review, we will highlight and discuss the data available on the ways by which the microbiota can influence the outcome of the disease in murine experimental models of cutaneous infection with Leishmania.
Phenotypic Correlations of Testes Size with Semen Traits and the Productive Traits of Young Boars
Authors: Jacyno E , Kawęcka M , Pietruszka A , Sosnowska A
Published: September 2015

Contents

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship of young boar testes size with semen traits and with productive traits. The dimensions (length, width and volume) of each testis and semen traits (semen volume, percentage of sperm with progressive motility, sperm concentration, total number of sperm in semen, percentage of sperm with normal acrosome, percentage of sperm with major and minor morphological defects, osmotic resistance test value and activity of aspartate aminotransferase in seminal plasma) were determined on 120 young boars aged 6 months. At 180 day of age, the boars backfat thickness and leanness (by ultrasonic apparatus) and body weight were also measured. The average daily gain was determined in the period from 70 to 180 days of age of the boars. The results showed that the sperm concentration, total number of sperm in semen and percentage of progressive motile sperm were a significantly positively correlated with width and volume of the left (p ≤ 0.01) and right testis (p ≤ 0.05) and with total volume of both testes (p ≤ 0.01). But the highest values of correlation coefficients were found between the width of the left testis and sperm concentration, total number of sperm in semen and percentage of progressive motile sperm. A correlations of dimensions (length and width) and volume of testes with other semen traits were very low and statistically non‐significant. The volume of testes (left and right testis and total testes) was significantly positively correlated with body weight at 180 days of age and daily gain (p ≤ 0.01), but lower correlation coefficient was between left testis and daily gain (p ≤ 0.05), whereas correlations were low and non‐significant with leanness and backfat thickness.
Immanuel Kant and Endogenous Growth Theory
Authors: Fagan Gabriel , Gaspar Vitor , McAdam Peter
Published: September 2015

Despite the modern origins of endogenous growth theory, we argue that the ‘Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim’ written by Immanuel Kant in 1784 provides an early and coherent example of such a theory. Kant's endogenous growth mechanism is driven by the inherent rivalry that exists between agents which increases effort and strengthens the accumulation of knowledge, which in turn is carried through generations. In an exercise in ‘rational reconstruction’, we present a mathematical model of Kant's mechanism. We use the model to contribute to the contemporary policy debate as to whether ‘keeping up with the Joneses’ leads to excessive effort.
Investigating Differences in How the News Media Views Homosexuality Across Nations: An Analysis of the United States, South Africa, and Uganda
Authors: Adamczyk Amy , Kim Chunrye , Paradis Lauren
Published: September 2015

While there is a wealth of information about the extent to which people across the world disapprove of homosexuality, we know a lot less about the lenses through which they view same‐sex relations. The aim of this study is to understand better how homosexuality is framed in the public press, and how religion and economic development may combine to shape this discourse. Through an analysis of almost 400 newspaper articles, this study compares how homosexuality is framed in Uganda, South Africa, and the United States. Because these nations have high levels of religious belief, but differ in their level of economic development and democracy, we can assess how these factors interact to shape portrayals. Drawing on work from cultural sociology and the sociology of religion, this study shows that the United States is much more likely than Uganda to frame homosexuality as a civil rights issue and use entertainers as claimsmakers. Conversely, articles from Uganda are more likely than those from the United States or South Africa to frame homosexuality as a religious issue and draw on religious claimsmakers. Likewise, Uganda is much more likely than South Africa to discuss homosexuality in the context of Western influences.
Munc18‐2 is required for Syntaxin 11 Localization on the Plasma Membrane in Cytotoxic T‐Lymphocytes
Authors: Dieckmann Nele M.G. , Hackmann Yvonne , Aricò Maurizio , Griffiths Gillian M.
Published: September 2015

Cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTL) kill their targets by cytolytic granule secretion at the immunological synapse. The Sec/Munc protein, Munc18‐2, and its binding partner Syntaxin 11 (STX11) are both required for granule secretion, with mutations in either leading to the primary immunodeficiency, Familial Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (FHL4 and 5). Understanding how Munc18‐2 and STX11 function in CTL has been hampered by not knowing the endogenous localization of these proteins. Using a novel FHL5 Munc18‐2 mutation that results in loss of protein, cytotoxicity and degranulation together with CTL from an FHL4 patient lacking STX11, enabled us to localize endogenous STX11 and Munc18‐2 in CTL. Munc18‐2 localized predominantly to cytolytic granules with low levels associated with the plasma membrane where STX11 localized. Importantly, while Munc18‐2 localization is unaffected by the absence of STX11 in FHL4 CTL, STX11 is lost from the plasma membrane in FHL5 CTL lacking Munc18‐2. These findings support a role for Munc18‐2 in chaperoning STX11 to the plasma membrane where the final fusion events involved in secretion occur.
Epidemiology of Salmonella on the Paws and in the Faeces of Free‐Ranging Raccoons (Procyon Lotor) in Southern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Bondo K. J. , Pearl D. L. , Janecko N. , Boerlin P. , Reid‐Smith R. J. , Parmley J. , Jardine C. M.
Published: September 2015

Raccoons are common in urban and rural environments and can carry a wide range of bacteria, including Salmonella, that can negatively affect human and livestock health. Although previous studies have reported that raccoons shed a variety of Salmonella serovars in their faeces, it is unknown whether Salmonella is carried on raccoon paws. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of Salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of raccoons in south‐western Ontario. Raccoons were sampled in a repeat cross‐sectional study on five swine farms and five conservation areas from May to October 2012. A total of 416 paired faecal and paw samples were collected from 285 individual raccoons. Salmonella was detected in 18% (75/416; 95% CI, 14–22%) and 27% (111/416; 95% CI, 22–31%) of paw and faecal samples, respectively. Salmonella was detected only on paws in 8% (35/416; 95% CI, 5.9–11.5%), only in faeces in 17% (71/416; 95% CI, 13.6–21.0%) and on both paws and in faeces in 10% (40/416; 95% CI, 7.0–12.9%) of raccoon captures. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the presence of Salmonella and age (adult, juvenile), sex (male, female), location type (swine farm, conservation area), sample type (faeces, paw) and season (May–July and August–October). Random intercepts were included to account for clustering by individual animal and location. Significant differences, that varied by sample type and season, were noted in the prevalence of Salmonella carriage between sexes. Raccoons can carry Salmonella serovars known to infect humans and livestock on their paws and/or in their faeces and therefore have the potential to mechanically and biologically disseminate Salmonella among livestock facilities and human recreational areas.
Critical Biot Number of a Periodic Array of Rectangular Fins
Authors: Fyrillas Marios M. , Leontiou Theodoros
Published: September 2015

We consider the heat transfer problem associated with a periodic array of rectangular fins subjected to convection heat transfer with a uniform heat transfer coefficient. Our analysis differs from the classical approach as (i) we consider two-dimensional (2D) heat conduction and (ii) the wall, to which the fins are attached, is included in the analysis. The problem is modeled as a 2D channel whose upper surface is flat and isothermal, while the lower surface has a periodic array of rectangular extensions/fins which are subjected to heat convection. The Biot number (Bi=h t/k) characterizing the heat transfer process is defined with respect to the thickness of the fins (t). Numerical results suggest that the fins would enhance the heat transfer rate only if the Biot number is less than a critical value which is independent of the thickness of the wall, the length of the fins, and the period; the critical Biot number is approximately equal to 1.64. The optimum fins are infinitely thin and long, and densely packed, i.e., hairlike.
Similarity Solutions of Cylindrical Shock Waves in Magnetogasdynamics With Thermal Radiation
Authors: Arora Rajan , Sharma Ankita
Published: September 2015

Using Lie group of transformations, here we consider the problem of finding similarity solutions to the system of partial differential equations (PDEs) governing one-dimensional unsteady motion of an ideal gas in the presence of radiative cooling and idealized azimuthal magnetic field. The similarity solutions are investigated behind a cylindrical shock wave which is produced as a result of a sudden explosion or driven out by an expanding piston. The shock is assumed to be strong and propagates into a medium which is at rest, with nonuniform density. The total energy of the wave is assumed to be time dependent obeying a power law. Indeed, with the use of the similarity solution, the problem is transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which in general is nonlinear; in some cases, it is possible to solve these ODEs to determine some special exact solutions.
Tool Load Sensitivity Against Multidimensional Process Influences in Microblanking of Thin Metal Foils With Silicon Punches
Authors: Hildering Sven , Michalski Markus , Engel Ulf , Merklein Marion
Published: September 2015

The continuous trend towards miniaturization of metallic micro parts of high quality at low costs results in the need of appropriate production methods. Mechanical manufacturing processes like forming and blanking meet these demands. One major challenge for the application of them are so called size effects. Especially the downsizing of the required manufacturing tools and adequate positioning causes higher effort with increasing miniaturization. One promising approach for downsizing of tools is the transfer of knowledge from microsystems technology. This study shows the process behavior of etched silicon punches in microblanking operations. For the application as tool material especially the brittle material behavior and sensitivity against tensile stresses have to be considered. These mechanical loads favor wear in form of cracks and breaks at the cutting edge of the punch and decrease tool life. In a special test rig these wear phenomena were observed in microblanking of copper foils. Although high positioning accuracy between tools and workpiece can be assured within this test rig, scatter of tool life is observable. Therefore, a finite element analysis of the tool load in the microblanking process with special respect to tensile stresses was performed. Within the 3D finite element model multidimensional positioning errors like tilting between punch and die were integrated. Their influence on the tool load in form of increasing tensile stresses is evaluated with respect to the type and magnitude of positioning error. Furthermore, the effects of small outbreaks at the cutting edge on the process behavior and tool load are analyzed.
Development of a Die Compensation Algorithm for Sheet Metal Stamping With Deformable Tools
Authors: Iorio Lorenzo , Strano Matteo , Monno Michele
Published: September 2015

The numerous sheet forming technologies that use rubber or flexible tools are generally based on one rigid (metallic) die or punch, in order to ensure a geometrical precision and repeatability of the parts. If, on the contrary, the complete tooling setup is based on deformable tools, the final part quality and geometry can be hardly predicted and only a prototypal production is generally possible. The aim of this paper is to present the development of an automatic tool design procedure, based on the explicit FEM simulation of a stamping process, coupled to a geometrical tool compensation algorithm. The implemented procedure is demonstrated with a tooling setup made of machined thermoset polyurethane punch, die and blankholder, for the production of an aluminum deep drawn part. With respect to conventional steel dies, the plastic tools used in the test case are significantly more economic than steel. The proposed procedure is able, within a limited number of iterations, or even after the first step, to reduce the geometrical deviation between the actual stamped geometry and the reference part. This methodology represents one step towards the transformation of the investigated process from a prototyping technique into an industrial process for small and medium batch sizes.
Recurrence Quantification Analysis of System Signals for Detecting Tool Wear in a Lathe
Authors: Govindan Rajesh Vazhayil , Narayanan Narayanan Namboothiri Velimamkovil
Published: September 2015

The work investigates applicability of recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) in metal cutting with an objective to detect tool wear. The effectiveness of applying a system input signal; the drive motor current, in relation to a system output signal; the tool vibration, for the analysis is also explored. The work establishes conclusively that three of the RQA variables, percent determinism, percent recurrence and entropy are sensitive to tool wear.
Contact Forces in Unguided Vibratory Finishing
Authors: Brocker Richard , Vits Frederik , Mattfeld Patrick , Klocke Fritz
Published: September 2015

In vibratory finishing the material removal rate is influenced by the contact forces between work piece and media. In this paper a measurement system is presented which is capable of measuring the contact forces between work piece and media in unguided vibratory finishing. The unique feature of the measurement system is its completely wireless construction. The measurement results are not influenced by wires of the force sensor system including the electrical power supply and the data logging. By means of this measurement system, contact forces can be measured in unguided vibratory finishing processes for the first time. Furthermore, the influence of media size and adjustment of the unbalance motor like revolution speed, phase angle and mass distribution between the upper and the lower eccentric weight was investigated.
An Optimal Allocation Method for Virtual Resource Considering Variable Metrics of Cloud Manufacturing Service
Authors: Cui Jin , Ren Lei , Zhang Lin , Wu Qiong
Published: September 2015

Based on the concept of Cloud Computing, a new service-oriented, high efficiency low consumption, knowledge-based, and intelligent networked agile manufacturing model Cloud Manufacturing (CMfg) has been proposed recently. The manufacturing resources optimization allocation model (MROAM) is one of the core parts for implementing CMfg. In this paper, a new MROAM is proposed in the background of CMfg system. In this model, variable metrics such as a variety of evaluation indicators for different types of manufacturing services are taken into account. In addition, time, cost, virtual manufacturing resource interface, and so on constrains are considered as well. To solve the manufacturing resources optimization allocation problem, a new improved intelligent algorithm named Kmeans-PSO was presented by combining the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and the K-means clustering. Experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed algorithm and show Kmeans-PSO’s high performances for addressing the manufacturing resources allocation problem compared with other intelligent algorithms.
Fatigue Behaviour of Lead-Free Solder Interconnections in Life Prediction of Trilayer Structures Subjected to Thermal Cycling
Authors: Shirazi Alireza , Lu Hua , Varvani-Farahani Ahmad
Published: September 2015

Trilayer structures such as flip chip plastic ball grid array (FC-PBGA) packages are bodies made of a large variety of dissimilar materials. Due to the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatches between and temperature gradients within the layers, thermally induced interaction becomes a typical type of the loads for the joint layer made of lead-free solder joint interconnections. Thermal stresses and strains at the interfaces of solder joints and neighboring adhesive layers are the cause for solder joint fatigue failures, which account for the most common package failures. The current study puts forward a fatigue life prediction method for a trilayer structure using the critical plane-energy fatigue damage parameter in combination with the modified Coffin-Manson life model.

The proposed method of calculated fatigue damage parameter for the samples of study, along with their experimental life (Nf50%) under two different thermal conditions is presented. The values of life in (0–100°C) condition and (25–125°C) with the same temperature ramp rate and dwell conditions are found to differ by a factor of 1.3 where the structures tested under (0–100°C) condition show lower lives.

The present study further correlated the fatigue damage parameters with the Coffin-Manson type equation to calculate/predict the fatigue life of structures under (25–125°C) condition. The results of the Nf50 fatigue life prediction versus the experimental cycles show that the predicted lives of samples with SAC305 solder joints fall apart with a factor ranging from (1.24)∼(−1.45).

The advantage of the proposed method in comparison with the existing methods in life prediction of the trilayer structure with solder alloy is that there are no empirical parameters involved in energy-critical plane damage parameter in life prediction of the trilayer structure. Parameters within the proposed approach purely involves mechanical and fatigue properties of the midlayer alloy.
Markov Decision Models for Optimal Decision Making in Bottlenecks Identification and Mitigation
Authors: Li Yang , Chang Qing , Jin Xiaoning , Ni Jun
Published: September 2015

Existing methods for bottleneck detection can be categorized into two: methods based on stochastic analysis and methods based on data-driven analysis. The stochastic methods are accurate in estimating bottlenecks in long term, ignoring the current improvement opportunities, while the data-driven methods tend to do the opposite. In this paper, we develop an optimal policy to integrate the two methods based on Markov decision theory. The characterization of the optimal policy is provided. In addition, to implement the policy, the optimal frequency for carrying out bottleneck analysis is investigated. Numerical experiment is performed to validate the effectiveness of the optimal policy and compare it to the existing methods.
Stochastic Energy Opportunity Windows in Advanced Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Li Yang , Chang Qing , Jin Xiaoning , Ni Jun
Published: September 2015

To improve energy efficiency is becoming more and more critical for manufacturing enterprises because of the rising energy costs, increased global competitiveness, environmental concern and more government regulations. Production control has been considered as one of the most cost-effective methods to achieve the goal. This paper discusses the energy saving opportunities in a multistage manufacturing system through strategically shut down machines to reduce their running time. We start from the investigation on what is the longest time that machines can be shut down or turn to energy saving mode without affecting system production. Then, energy opportunity windows (EOWs) of machines are defined. A Markov chain model is developed to estimate the EOWs. A case study is conducted to demonstrate the proposed model and its potential on energy saving in multistage manufacturing systems.
Investigations Into the Removal of EDM Recast Layer With Magnetic Abrasive Machining
Authors: Khangura Sehijpal Singh , Sran Lakhvir Singh , Srivastava Anil K. , Singh Harinder
Published: September 2015

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non conventional machining process capable of accurately machining parts with high hardness and of complex shapes. The sparks produced during the EDM process cause localized melting on the work surface. The formation of recast layer is very common on EDMed surfaces. The recast layer reduces the service life of the die or mould surfaces, especially under fatigue loads. In the present work, Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) process has been explored as a method to remove the recast layer formed on a EN 31 steel cylindrical specimen machined by EDM. MAF process is one of promising methods capable of removing the material at micro/nano level under gentle mechanical forces. The diamond based sintered magnetic abrasives have been used to machine the EDMed surface. The experimental results indicate that the EDMed surface of EN-31 steel can be successfully finished with diamond sintered magnetic abrasives. On the finished surfaces, no evidence of micro cracks, voids and recast layer has been seen. Moreover, an average improvement in the surface finish up to 80% over the initial surface finish has been obtained. The micro hardness measurement on MAFed surface shows that brittle and hard layer has been removed. SEM photographs indicate the success of MAF for removal of EDMed surface.
Electrochemical Corrosion Resistance of AISI H13 Steel Machined by Electro Discharge Machining
Authors: Yan Xufan , Zhang Song , Li Jianfeng , Wang Gaoqi
Published: September 2015

Electro discharge machining (EDM) technique is widely used in the die and mold industries for its distinct advantages in machining hard metals. Nevertheless, the properties of EDM treated steel, especially its corrosion resistance, have not been well understood or clearly identified. In this paper, electrochemical corrosion behavior of EDM treated AISI H13 steel in NaOH solution was investigated, with the diamond polished being reference specimen. The corrosion resistance of the specimens was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests. The morphology and microstructure of the machined surface layer were also observed. Electrochemical experimental results revealed that EDM treated specimen has a weaker resistance to corrosion compared with diamond polished one. This weakening is considered to be correlated to differences in surface morphology and subsurface microstructure.
Computational and Experimental Study of Vibrational Motions on Tissue Cutting for Solid Biopsy Needles
Authors: Giovannini Marco , Moser Newell , Wang Xingsheng , Ehmann Kornel
Published: September 2015

This paper reports on a study of the effects of vibrational motions on tissue cutting to reduce the insertion force for commercial solid needles with a bevel cutting tip. The proposed concept mimics a mosquito’s maxilla, which adopts a vibrational motion in order to painlessly penetrate human skin. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vibrational motion and its application to commercial solid needles. The ultimate goal consists in the minimization of the insertion force at puncture. Several insertion tests have been performed at different insertion speeds, vibrational frequencies and vibrational amplitudes. As also predicted by a 3D finite element simulation, reductions of almost 20% in the insertion force can be achieved, and encourages further studies and applications of vibrational motions in biomedical devices.