bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses of Glucosinolates in Two Broccoli Cultivars Following Jasmonate Treatment for the Induction of Glucosinolate Defense to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)
Authors: Ku Kang-Mo , Becker Talon , Juvik John
Published: July 2016

Lepidopteran larvae growth is influenced by host plant glucosinolate (GS) concentrations, which are, in turn, influenced by the phytohormone jasmonate (JA). In order to elucidate insect resistance biomarkers to lepidopteran pests, transcriptome and metabolome analyses following JA treatments were conducted with two broccoli cultivars, Green Magic and VI-158, which have differentially induced indole GSs, neoglucobrassicin and glucobrassicin, respectively. To test these two inducible GSs on growth of cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), eight neonate cabbage looper larvae were placed onto each of three plants per JA treatments (0, 100, 200, 400 µM) three days after treatment. After five days of feeding, weight of larvae and their survival rate was found to decrease with increasing JA concentrations in both broccoli cultivars. JA-inducible GSs were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Neoglucobrassicin in Green Magic and glucobrassicin in VI-158 leaves were increased in a dose-dependent manner. One or both of these glucosinolates and/or their hydrolysis products showed significant inverse correlations with larval weight and survival (five days after treatment) while being positively correlated with the number of days to pupation. This implies that these two JA-inducible glucosinolates can influence the growth and survival of cabbage looper larvae. Transcriptome profiling supported the observed changes in glucosinolate and their hydrolysis product concentrations following JA treatments. Several genes related to GS metabolism differentiate the two broccoli cultivars in their pattern of transcriptional response to JA treatments. Indicative of the corresponding change in indole GS concentrations, transcripts of the transcription factor MYB122, core structure biosynthesis genes (CYP79B2, UGT74B1, SUR1, SOT16, SOT17, and SOT18), an indole glucosinolate side chain modification gene (IGMT1), and several glucosinolate hydrolysis genes (TGG1, TGG2, and ESM1) were significantly increased in Green Magic (statistically significant in most cases at 400 µM) while UGT74B1 and MYB122 were significantly increased in VI-158. Therefore, these metabolite and transcript biomarker results indicate that transcriptome profiling can identify genes associated with the formation of two different indole GS and their hydrolysis products. Therefore, these metabolite and transcript biomarkers could be useful in an effective marker-assisted breeding strategy for resistance to generalist lepidopteran pests in broccoli and potentially other Brassica vegetables.
Pneumococcus and the Elderly in Italy: A Summary of Available Evidence Regarding Carriage, Clinical Burden of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and On-Field Effectiveness of PCV13 Vaccination
Authors: Orsi Andrea , Ansaldi Filippo , Trucchi Cecilia , Rosselli Roberto , Icardi Giancarlo
Published: July 2016

Streptococcus pneumoniae is currently the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in adults, elderly and high-risk subjects worldwide. The clear benefits of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in childhood have been accompanied by a decrease of vaccine-serotype invasive diseases among adults in several countries, mainly due to the herd effect mediated by the reduction of vaccine-serotype nasopharyngeal colonization in both age groups, but this reduction in the incidence of pneumonia has not been observed. The “Community Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults” (CAPITA) study provided conclusive evidence about 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) efficacy in preventing CAP in adults and led Western countries to issue new recommendations for pneumococcal immunization targeting subjects >50 years and high-risk groups, with marked differences with respect to age and/or risk groups immunized, eligibility for reimbursement and national, regional or local implementation. Several Italian regions implemented PCV13 immunization programs in adults and interesting data have been come available in the last years, especially from Liguria, a Northern region with a high and long-lasting pneumococcal vaccine immunological pressure in infants. In this review, currently available evidence from Italy and Liguria regarding pneumococcal carriage, burden of CAP and LRTI, and on-field effectiveness of PCV13 immunization in adults and elderly will be summarized.
Ligand and Structure-Based Approaches for the Identification of Peptide Deformylase Inhibitors as Antibacterial Drugs
Authors: Gao Jian , Liang Li , Zhu Yasheng , Qiu Shengzhi , Wang Tao , Zhang Ling
Published: July 2016

Peptide deformylase (PDF) is a metalloprotease catalyzing the removal of a formyl group from newly synthesized proteins, which makes it an important antibacterial drug target. Given the importance of PDF inhibitors like actinonin in antibacterial drug discovery, several reported potent PDF inhibitors were used to develop pharmacophore models using the Galahad module of Sybyl 7.1 software. Generated pharmacophore models were composed of two donor atom centers, four acceptor atom centers and two hydrophobic groups. Model-1 was screened against the Zinc database and several compounds were retrieved as hits. Compounds with Qfit values of more than 60 were employed to perform a molecular docking study with the receptor Escherichia coli PDF, then compounds with docking score values of more than 6 were used to predict the in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity risk via OSIRIS property explorer. Two known PDF inhibitors were also used to perform a molecular docking study with E. coli PDF as reference molecules. The results of the molecular docking study were validated by reproducing the crystal structure of actinonin. Molecular docking and in silico pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction studies suggested that ZINC08740166 has a relatively high docking score of 7.44 and a drug score of 0.78.
Physico-Chemical Alternatives in Lignocellulosic Materials in Relation to the Kind of Component for Fermenting Purposes
Authors: Coz Alberto , Llano Tamara , Cifrián Eva , Viguri Javier , Maican Edmond , Sixta Herbert
Published: July 2016

The complete bioconversion of the carbohydrate fraction is of great importance for a lignocellulosic-based biorefinery. However, due to the structure of the lignocellulosic materials, and depending basically on the main parameters within the pretreatment steps, numerous byproducts are generated and they act as inhibitors in the fermentation operations. In this sense, the impact of inhibitory compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials is one of the major challenges for a sustainable biomass-to-biofuel and -bioproduct industry. In order to minimise the negative effects of these compounds, numerous methodologies have been tested including physical, chemical, and biological processes. The main physical and chemical treatments have been studied in this work in relation to the lignocellulosic material and the inhibitor in order to point out the best mechanisms for fermenting purposes. In addition, special attention has been made in the case of lignocellulosic hydrolysates obtained by chemical processes with SO2, due to the complex matrix of these materials and the increase in these methodologies in future biorefinery markets. Recommendations of different detoxification methods have been given.
Chamigrane Sesquiterpenes from a Basidiomycetous Endophytic Fungus XG8D Associated with Thai Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum
Authors: Choodej Siwattra , Teerawatananond Thapong , Mitsunaga Tohru , Pudhom Khanitha
Published: July 2016

Six new chamigrane sesquiterpenes, merulinols A‒F (1‒6), and four known metabolites (7‒10) were isolated from the culture of the basidiomycetous fungus XG8D, a mangrove-derived endophyte. Their structures were elucidated mainly by 1D and 2D NMR, while the structures of 1 and 2 were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The in vitro cytotoxicity of all compounds was evaluated against three human cancer cell lines, MCF-7, Hep-G2, and KATO-3. Compounds 3 and 4 selectively displayed cytotoxicity against KATO-3 cells with IC50 values of 35.0 and 25.3 μM, respectively.
Guanidine Alkaloids from the Marine Sponge Monanchora pulchra Show Cytotoxic Properties and Prevent EGF-Induced Neoplastic Transformation in Vitro
Authors: Dyshlovoy Sergey , Tabakmakher Kseniya , Hauschild Jessica , Shchekaleva Regina , Otte Katharina , Guzii Alla , Makarieva Tatyana , Kudryashova Ekaterina , Fedorov Sergey , Shubina Larisa , Bokemeyer Carsten , Honecker Friedemann , Stonik Valentin , Von Amsberg Gunhild
Published: July 2016

Guanidine alkaloids from sponges Monanchora spp. represent diverse bioactive compounds, however, the mechanisms underlying bioactivity are very poorly understood. Here, we report results of studies on cytotoxic action, the ability to inhibit EGF-induced neoplastic transformation, and the effects on MAPK/AP-1 signaling of eight rare guanidine alkaloids, recently isolated from the marine sponge Monanchora pulchra, namely: monanchocidin A (1), monanchocidin B (2), monanchomycalin C (3), ptilomycalin A (4), monanchomycalin B (5), normonanchocidin D (6), urupocidin A (7), and pulchranin A (8). All of the compounds induced cell cycle arrest (apart from 8) and programmed death of cancer cells. Ptilomycalin A-like compounds 1–6 activated JNK1/2 and ERK1/2, following AP-1 activation and caused p53-independent programmed cell death. Compound 7 induced p53-independent cell death without activation of AP-1 or caspase-3/7, and the observed JNK1/2 activation did not contribute to the cytotoxic effect of the compound. Alkaloid 8 induced JNK1/2 (but not ERK1/2) activation leading to p53-independent cell death and strong suppression of AP-1 activity. Alkaloids 1–4, 7, and 8 were able to inhibit the EGF-induced neoplastic transformation of JB6 P+ Cl41 cells. Our results suggest that investigated guanidine marine alkaloids hold potential to eliminate human cancer cells and prevent cancer cell formation and spreading.
Relaxation Dynamics of Semiflexible Fractal Macromolecules
Authors: Mielke Jonas , Dolgushev Maxim
Published: July 2016

We study the dynamics of semiflexible hyperbranched macromolecules having only dendritic units and no linear spacers, while the structure of these macromolecules is modeled through T-fractals. We construct a full set of eigenmodes of the dynamical matrix, which couples the set of Langevin equations. Based on the ensuing relaxation spectra, we analyze the mechanical relaxation moduli. The fractal character of the macromolecules reveals itself in the storage and loss moduli in the intermediate region of frequencies through scaling, whereas at higher frequencies, we observe the locally-dendritic structure that is more pronounced for higher stiffness.
How Universal Is the Relationship between Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices and Crop Leaf Area Index? A Global Assessment
Authors: Kang Yanghui , Özdoğan Mutlu , Zipper Samuel , Román Miguel , Walker Jeff , Hong Suk , Marshall Michael , Magliulo Vincenzo , Moreno José , Alonso Luis , Miyata Akira , Kimball Bruce , Loheide Steven
Published: July 2016

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a key variable that bridges remote sensing observations to the quantification of agroecosystem processes. In this study, we assessed the universality of the relationships between crop LAI and remotely sensed Vegetation Indices (VIs). We first compiled a global dataset of 1459 in situ quality-controlled crop LAI measurements and collected Landsat satellite images to derive five different VIs including Simple Ratio (SR), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), two versions of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI and EVI2), and Green Chlorophyll Index (CIGreen). Based on this dataset, we developed global LAI-VI relationships for each crop type and VI using symbolic regression and Theil-Sen (TS) robust estimator. Results suggest that the global LAI-VI relationships are statistically significant, crop-specific, and mostly non-linear. These relationships explain more than half of the total variance in ground LAI observations (R2 > 0.5), and provide LAI estimates with RMSE below 1.2 m2/m2. Among the five VIs, EVI/EVI2 are the most effective, and the crop-specific LAI-EVI and LAI-EVI2 relationships constructed by TS, are robust when tested by three independent validation datasets of varied spatial scales. While the heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes leads to a diverse set of local LAI-VI relationships, the relationships provided here represent global universality on an average basis, allowing the generation of large-scale spatial-explicit LAI maps. This study contributes to the operationalization of large-area crop modeling and, by extension, has relevance to both fundamental and applied agroecosystem research.
Glacier Remote Sensing Using Sentinel-2. Part I: Radiometric and Geometric Performance, and Application to Ice Velocity
Authors: Kääb Andreas , Winsvold Solveig , Altena Bas , Nuth Christopher , Nagler Thomas , Wuite Jan
Published: July 2016

With its temporal resolution of 10 days (five days with two satellites, and significantly more at high latitudes), its swath width of 290 km, and its 10 m and 20 m spatial resolution bands from the visible to the shortwave infrared, the European Sentinel-2 satellites have significant potential for glacier remote sensing, in particular mapping of glacier outlines and facies, and velocity measurements. Testing Level 1C commissioning and ramp-up phase data for initial sensor quality experiences, we find a high radiometric performance, but with slight striping effects under certain conditions. Through co-registration of repeat Sentinal-2 data we also find lateral offset patterns and noise on the order of a few metres. Neither of these issues will complicate most typical glaciological applications. Absolute geo-location of the data investigated was on the order of one pixel at the time of writing. The most severe geometric problem stems from vertical errors of the DEM used for ortho-rectifying Sentinel-2 data. These errors propagate into locally varying lateral offsets in the images, up to several pixels with respect to other georeferenced data, or between Sentinel-2 data from different orbits. Finally, we characterize the potential and limitations of tracking glacier flow from repeat Sentinel-2 data using a set of typical glaciers in different environments: Aletsch Glacier, Swiss Alps; Fox Glacier, New Zealand; Jakobshavn Isbree, Greenland; Antarctic Peninsula at the Larsen C ice shelf.
Nanomechanical Pyrolytic Carbon Resonators: Novel Fabrication Method and Characterization of Mechanical Properties
Authors: Kurek Maksymilian , Larsen Frederik , Larsen Peter , Schmid Silvan , Boisen Anja , Keller Stephan
Published: July 2016

Micro- and nanomechanical string resonators, which essentially are highly stressed bridges, are of particular interest for micro- and nanomechanical sensing because they exhibit resonant behavior with exceptionally high quality factors. Here, we fabricated and characterized nanomechanical pyrolytic carbon resonators (strings and cantilevers) obtained through pyrolysis of photoresist precursors. The developed fabrication process consists of only three processing steps: photolithography, dry etching and pyrolysis. Two different fabrication strategies with two different photoresists, namely SU-8 2005 (negative) and AZ 5214e (positive), were compared. The resonant behavior of the pyrolytic resonators was characterized at room temperature and in high vacuum using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The experimental data was used to estimate the Young’s modulus of pyrolytic carbon and the tensile stress in the string resonators. The Young’s moduli were calculated to be 74 ± 8 GPa with SU-8 and 115 ± 8 GPa with AZ 5214e as the precursor. The tensile stress in the string resonators was 33 ± 7 MPa with AZ 5214e as the precursor. The string resonators displayed maximal quality factor values of up to 3000 for 525-µm-long structures.
Sensing Urban Patterns with Antenna Mappings: The Case of Santiago, Chile
Authors: Graells-Garrido Eduardo , Peredo Oscar , García José
Published: July 2016

Mobile data has allowed us to sense urban dynamics at scales and granularities not known before, helping urban planners to cope with urban growth. A frequently used kind of dataset are Call Detail Records (CDR), used by telecommunication operators for billing purposes. Being an already extracted and processed dataset, it is inexpensive and reliable. A common assumption with respect to geography when working with CDR data is that the position of a device is the same as the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) it is connected to. Because the city is divided into a square grid, or by coverage zones approximated by Voronoi tessellations, CDR network events are assigned to corresponding areas according to BTS position. This geolocation may suffer from non negligible error in almost all cases. In this paper we propose “Antenna Virtual Placement” (AVP), a method to geolocate mobile devices according to their connections to BTS, based on decoupling antennas from its corresponding BTS according to its physical configuration (height, downtilt, and azimuth). We use AVP applied to CDR data as input for two different tasks: first, from an individual perspective, what places are meaningful for them? And second, from a global perspective, how to cluster city areas to understand land use using floating population flows? For both tasks we propose methods that complement or improve prior work in the literature. Our proposed methods are simple, yet not trivial, and work with daily CDR data from the biggest telecommunication operator in Chile. We evaluate them in Santiago, the capital of Chile, with data from working days from June 2015. We find that: (1) AVP improves city coverage of CDR data by geolocating devices to more city areas than using standard methods; (2) we find important places (home and work) for a 10% of the sample using just daily information, and recreate the population distribution as well as commuting trips; (3) the daily rhythms of floating population allow to cluster areas of the city, and explain them from a land use perspective by finding signature points of interest from crowdsourced geographical information. These results have implications for the design of applications based on CDR data like recommendation of places and routes, retail store placement, and estimation of transport effects from pollution alerts.
Quantitative Determination of Fusarium proliferatum Concentration in Intact Garlic Cloves Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Tamburini Elena , Mamolini Elisabetta , De Bastiani Morena , Marchetti Maria
Published: July 2016

Fusarium proliferatum is considered to be a pathogen of many economically important plants, including garlic. The objective of this research was to apply near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to rapidly determine fungal concentration in intact garlic cloves, avoiding the laborious and time-consuming procedures of traditional assays. Preventive detection of infection before seeding is of great interest for farmers, because it could avoid serious losses of yield during harvesting and storage. Spectra were collected on 95 garlic cloves, divided in five classes of infection (from 1-healthy to 5-very highly infected) in the range of fungal concentration 0.34–7231.15 ppb. Calibration and cross validation models were developed with partial least squares regression (PLSR) on pretreated spectra (standard normal variate, SNV, and derivatives), providing good accuracy in prediction, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.829 and 0.774, respectively, a standard error of calibration (SEC) of 615.17 ppb, and a standard error of cross validation (SECV) of 717.41 ppb. The calibration model was then used to predict fungal concentration in unknown samples, peeled and unpeeled. The results showed that NIRS could be used as a reliable tool to directly detect and quantify F. proliferatum infection in peeled intact garlic cloves, but the presence of the external peel strongly affected the prediction reliability.
Impact of CDT Toxin on Human Diseases
Authors: Faïs Tiphanie , Delmas Julien , Serres Arnaud , Bonnet Richard , Dalmasso Guillaume
Published: July 2016

Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is found in Gram-negative bacteria, especially in certain Proteobacteria such as the Pasteurellaceae family, including Haemophilus ducreyi and Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, in the Enterobacteriaceae family and the Campylobacterales order, including the Campylobacter and Helicobacter species. In vitro and in vivo studies have clearly shown that this toxin has a strong effect on cellular physiology (inflammation, immune response modulation, tissue damage). Some works even suggest a potential involvement of CDT in cancers. In this review, we will discuss these different aspects.
Semicarbazone EGA Inhibits Uptake of Diphtheria Toxin into Human Cells and Protects Cells from Intoxication
Authors: Schnell Leonie , Mittler Ann-Katrin , Mattarei Andrea , Tehran Domenico , Montecucco Cesare , Barth Holger
Published: July 2016

Diphtheria toxin is a single-chain protein toxin that invades human cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. In acidic endosomes, its translocation domain inserts into endosomal membranes and facilitates the transport of the catalytic domain (DTA) from endosomal lumen into the host cell cytosol. Here, DTA ADP-ribosylates elongation factor 2 inhibits protein synthesis and leads to cell death. The compound 4-bromobenzaldehyde N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)semicarbazone (EGA) has been previously shown to protect cells from various bacterial protein toxins which deliver their enzymatic subunits from acidic endosomes to the cytosol, including Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin and the binary clostridial actin ADP-ribosylating toxins C2, iota and Clostridium difficile binary toxin (CDT). Here, we demonstrate that EGA also protects human cells from diphtheria toxin by inhibiting the pH-dependent translocation of DTA across cell membranes. The results suggest that EGA might serve for treatment and/or prevention of the severe disease diphtheria.
Development of Field Pollutant Load Estimation Module and Linkage of QUAL2E with Watershed-Scale L-THIA ACN Model
Authors: Ryu Jichul , Jang Won , Kim Jonggun , Jung Younghun , Engel Bernard , Lim Kyoung
Published: July 2016

The Long Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model was previously improved by incorporating direct runoff lag time and baseflow. However, the improved model, called the L-THIA asymptotic curve number (ACN) model cannot simulate pollutant loads from a watershed or instream water quality. In this study, a module for calculating pollutant loads from fields and through stream networks was developed, and the L-THIA ACN model was combined with the QUAL2E model (The enhanced stream water quality model) to predict instream water quality at a watershed scale. The new model (L-THIA ACN-WQ) was applied to two watersheds within the Korean total maximum daily loads management system. To evaluate the model, simulated results of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were compared with observed water quality data collected at eight-day intervals. Between simulated and observed data for TN pollutant loads in Dalcheon A watershed, the R2 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) were 0.81 and 0.79, respectively, and those for TP were 0.79 and 0.78, respectively. In the Pyungchang A watershed, the R2 and NSE were 0.66 and 0.64, respectively, for TN and both statistics were 0.66 for TP, indicating that model performed satisfactorily for both watersheds. Thus, the L-THIA ACN-WQ model can accurately simulate streamflow, instream pollutant loads, and water quality.
Sea Level Acceleration in the China Seas
Authors: Cheng Yongcun , Ezer Tal , Hamlington Benjamin
Published: July 2016

While global mean sea level rise (SLR) and acceleration (SLA) are indicators of climate change and are informative regarding the current state of the climate, assessments of regional and local SLR are essential for policy makers responding to, and preparing for, changes in sea level. In this work, three acceleration detection techniques are used to demonstrate the robust SLA in the China Seas. Interannual to multidecadal sea level variations (periods >2 years), which are mainly related to natural internal climate variability and significantly affect estimation of sea level acceleration, are removed with empirical mode decomposition (EMD) analysis prior to the acceleration determination. Consistent SLAs of 0.085 ± 0.020 mm·yr−2 (1950–2013) and 0.074 ± 0.032 mm·yr−2 (1959–2013) in regional tide gauge records are shown to result from the three applied approaches in the Bohai Sea (BS) and East China Sea (ECS), respectively. The SLAs can be detected in records as short as 20 years if long-term sea level variability is adequately removed. The spatial distribution of SLA derived from a sea level reconstruction shows significant SLA in the BS, Yellow Sea (YS) and Yangtze River Estuary.
Stormwater Management: Calculation of Traffic Area Runoff Loads and Traffic Related Emissions
Authors: Huber Maximilian , Helmreich Brigitte
Published: July 2016

Metals such as antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc can be highly relevant pollutants in stormwater runoff from traffic areas because of their occurrence, toxicity, and non-degradability. Long-term measurements of their concentrations, the corresponding water volumes, the catchment areas, and the traffic volumes can be used to calculate specific emission loads and annual runoff loads that are necessary for mass balances. In the literature, the annual runoff loads are often specified by a distinct catchment area (e.g., g/ha). These loads were summarized and discussed in this paper for all seven metals and three types of traffic areas (highways, parking lots, and roads; 45 sites). For example, the calculated median annual runoff loads of all sites are 355 g/ha for copper, 110 g/ha for lead (only data of the 21st century), and 1960 g/ha for zinc. In addition, historical trends, annual variations, and site-specific factors were evaluated for the runoff loads. For Germany, mass balances of traffic related emissions and annual heavy metal runoff loads from highways and total traffic areas were calculated. The influences on the mass fluxes of the heavy metal emissions and the runoff pollution were discussed. However, a statistical analysis of the annual traffic related metal fluxes, in particular for different traffic area categories and land uses, is currently not possible because of a lack of monitoring data.
Articulation Recherche-Formation à partir d'une expérience dans le domaine de l'éducation physique et sportive dans l'académie de Grenoble
Authors: Laurin Louis , Ne Robert , Refuggi Richard , Vallet Bernard
Published: July 2016

Teachers, instructors, researchers of the institute of teacher training at Grenoble are examing the connection between research and training : in what light is their relationship to be seen ? Is it a question of bringing together those elements of each which may be useful to the other, or merely of delimiting the space of their intersection ?

For the authors of the article, and according to their experience of research and training, it is more a question of working for the link which at once unites and separates the two fields and to consider this link as an object of scientific study and practice in its own right, identifiable, in this respect, as an object of research. But, for this purpose, an effort of « critical distancing » is indispensable ; one still needs to define, to elaborate, to concretise.
Les conceptions et les formes de la formation : vers une nouvelle typologie
Authors: Adamczewski Georges
Published: July 2016

Les conceptions et les formes de la formation ont fortement évolué au cours des dix dernières années. Les typologies utilisées jusqu'à présent ne permettent pas d'inclure aisément les nouvelles pratiques, notamment celles liées à la recherche-action ou à la co-formation. La catégorisation proposée ici est une manière d'élargir le champ en proposant une vision à la fois synthétique et critique de la variété des approches actuelles de la formation.
Progrès technologique et pédagogie pragmatique : le rôle de la recherche en éducation
Authors: Reguzzoni Mario
Published: July 2016

To understand and modify the present tendancies of teaching, Mario Reguzzoni uses as a starting point a study of technological progress. The institutions (generated by human conscience) are always behind the technological progress. And the more the progress accelerates the more institutions fall behind. The educational institution is not an exception to this rule. Its adaptation will not be realized through the political power, but through the professional activity of the teachers.

To be connected with the needs of the school community (defined as a « cultural ecosystem »), the teacher has to develop a «pragmatic educational practice » based on a contract between the pupil and him, concerning the projects proposed by the pupil himself.
Paradoxes d'une opération institutionnelle d'évaluation qui s'appuie sur une démarche de recherche : l'évaluation au CE2
Authors: Colnet Adrien
Published: July 2016

En septembre 1986, la Direction des Écoles lance une opération « Évaluation au CE2 », qui vise à faire s'approprier par les maîtres de l'école élémentaire une démarche d'évaluation formative, démarche nouvelle pour une grande majorité d'entre eux.

Un enseignant qui a participé à l'opération nous explique les difficultés à faire passer les démarches de la recherche dans une opération menée institutionnellement. En effet, la démarche de recherche se vit dans l'intimité de la conviction ; fruit d'initiative personnelle, elle se déroule dans le temps sans échéances. L'opération institutionnelle requiert d'être structurée à l'aide de directives imposées sur un calendrier précis à des moments donnés du cursus scolaire.

L'auteur nous invite à réfléchir sur les conditions d'une véritable articulation entre la recherche et l'institution.
Formation professionnelle des jeunes et formation des formateurs en RFA — à propos de l'efficacité du « système dual »
Authors: Hörner Wolfgang
Published: July 2016

L'auteur nous situe la formation des enseignants du secteur professionnel dans le système scolaire norvégien.

L'enseignement professionnel est intégré à l'enseignement secondaire dispensé par le lycée pour les jeunes de 16 à 19 ans. Enseignement caractérisé par une très grande hétérogénéité qui se retrouve dans la formation des enseignants ; et ce sont les enseignants du secteur professionnel qui ont les niveaux de qualification les plus bas. L'École Normale Supérieure pour la Formation des Professeurs de l'Enseignement Professionnel dispense une formation pédagogique ; mais l'accent est à mettre aussi sur la formation disciplinaire. Les réformes pour la formation des enseignants en Norvège doivent maintenant être consolidées si le pays veut relever les défis technologiques.
Une intervention institutionnelle à long terme en maison d'enfants : Essai de reconstruction méthodologique a posteriori
Authors: Pain Jacques , Vander Borght Christine
Published: July 2016

Les auteurs nous montrent dans cet article la dynamique de la formation des personnels créée par l'intervention institutionnelle ; dynamique qui est déterminante dans révolution de l'institution.

Organisée autour d'un plan d'intervention, l'intervention institutionnelle se déroule sur 3 à 5 ans, visant principalement dans les maisons d'enfants, à former des éducateurs capables d'analyser leurs propres démarches. A cet effet, toute une série de réunions sont mises en place : l'intervention consiste à faire circuler la parole. En complément, sont dispensées des formations techniques à la conduite de réunions, l'observation, l'entretien... Mais dans l'intervention institutionnelle, la phase d'évaluation est aussi importante, tant interne qu'externe.
La formation des professeurs d'éducation physique sportive par la recherche : vers l'élaboration des savoirs professionnels
Authors: Amade-Escot Chantal , Barrue J.-P. , Dugrand M. , Terrisse André
Published: July 2016

This training aims at making the trainee capable of analysing his PE teaching methods from a didactic viewpoint through a research activity. The writing of the teacher training report affards an opportunity of training alternating with research. Each trainee has to carry out an experiment starting from the identification of a research hypothesis connected with a professional problem. Evaluation reveals that an initiation into research can bring solutions to concrete teaching problems through controlled praxeological knowledge. It requires a theorization of this type of training.
Images de soi dans la fonction enseignante. Compte rendu d'une expérience
Authors: Claquin Michelle , Goldberg Jacques
Published: July 2016

L'article comprend deux contributions.

La première contribution est un diagnostic des psychopathologies des enseignants en partant des facteurs de fragilisation : perte de prestige, évolution de la population élèves, la durée de la carrière..., le mal être de ces enseignants se traduit par divers symptômes, épuisement, anxiété..., exprimés ou non mais qui à moyen terme peuvent dériver vers des troubles du comportement relevant de la maladie, d'où l'idée d'établir une prévention d'apparition de ces troubles.

La deuxième contribution relate une expérience de prévention. A partir d'une expérience de groupe menée avec des enseignants et animée par le jeu psychodramatique, des préoccupations communes telles que la remise des copies ou le rapport avec des collègues, trouvent un lieu d'expression et de verbalisation.

Au fur et à mesure des séances, les auteurs constatent que les enseignants restaurent leurs propres images professionnelles.
Les premiers instituteurs laïcs : des clercs au rabais
Authors: Hiu Janine
Published: July 2016

L 'image idéalisée de l'Instituteur de la République, pierre angulaire de l'édifice social, pétri de rigueur morale et de compétence professionnelle ne s'impose pas d'emblée — loin s'en faut. L 'État doit faire face, dès le début, à des difficultés de recrutement aiguës. La loi nouvelle rend obligatoire la scolarisation de tous les enfants, quel que soit leur sexe : on devra donc s'habituer à voir des femmes exercer le métier d'institutrice selon les critères nouveaux de l'école laïque. Or l'idéologie de l'époque associe forcément savoir et virilité. . . Qui plus est l'étiquette dépréciative de "primaires" restera longtemps accolée aux instituteurs qu'on ne reconnaît pas comme intellectuels ; toutes sortes de barrières seront longtemps maintenues pour leur interdire l'accès à l'enseignement supérieur. La dernière vient de tomber avec la disparition des Écoles normales et la création des IUFM.
Déontologie et formation morale des enseignants
Authors: Estrela Maria-Teresa
Published: July 2016

« Le milieu professoral au Portugal a été fortement marqué, sinon déformé, par des moules socio-culturels et politiques. M. T. Estrela considère que la disparition des anciennes structures contraignantes ne doit pas entraîner l'effondrement des valeurs permanentes, de l'éthique personnelle ou professionnelle. Elle estime qu'il est indispensable de pourvoir les futurs maîtres d'un code de déontologie, dont elle évalue les stratégies de production et dessine les grandes lignes. »
Développement de la recherche dans les institutions de formation d'enseignants en Norvège. Expériences. Difficultés. Solutions
Authors: Høstmark-Tarrou Anne-Lise
Published: July 2016

Cet article présente une expérience étrangère avec description du développement de la recherche comme partie intégrante dans les institutions de formation d'enseignants en Norvège. L'article situe d'abord la formation d'enseignants comme enseignement supérieur, en partie dispensée par les universités et en partie issue des écoles supérieures régionales, par les écoles normales supérieures. Après une brève présentation du développement de la recherche en éducation en Norvège, l'auteur argumente la motivation pour le développement de la recherche dans les institutions de formation d'enseignants, présente l'évolution de la formation, les difficultés rencontrées et les solutions choisies. L'article souligne enfin l'importance de la recherche comme facteur clé pour promouvoir la qualité de la formation d'enseignants et son importance pour pouvoir consolider sa place dans l'enseignement supérieur.
Écoles associées et formation par la pratique
Authors: Carbonneau Michel , Hétu Jean-Claude
Published: July 2016

Une tension s'est développée entre savoir académique et formation pratique depuis l'universitarisation de la formation des enseignants au Québec. En vue d'assurer la mise en perspective du savoir académique et contribuer à la construction d'un savoir issu de la pratique, un projet centré sur l'articulation matérielle et conceptuelle d'un nouveau mode de collaboration avec les enseignants des écoles primaires s'est traduit, depuis trois ans, par la création d'écoles associées. Le texte présente les résultats d'une évaluation, menée de janvier à juin 1990, du processus d'appropriation par les acteurs du milieu scolaire d'un tel projet de collaboration.
Le recrutement des enseignants en Grande-Bretagne. Les récentes initiatives du TASC (Teaching as a career)
Authors: Giles Jones Marian
Published: July 2016

Ce texte cherche à définir les mesures prises par le gouvernement britannique pour améliorer le recrutement des professeurs en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles. Le problème est présenté à l'aide de statistiques publiées dans la presse et qui suggèrent que ce recrutement pose surtout des problèmes dans certaines disciplines et dans l'enseignement secondaire.

Même avant l'établissement du TASC, certaines solutions ont été proposées : bourses supplémentaires pour la formation dans certaines disciplines, recrutement de professeurs originaires d'autres pays d'Europe, formation en deux ans au lieu de quatre, etc.

Il est fait une brève mention du rôle du CATE (Council for the accreditation of teacher education) et du projet des « professeurs certifiés et stagiaires ». L'essentiel du texte décrit et analyse les stratégies adoptées par le gouvernement lors de l'établissement du TASC et comment fonctionne cet organisme. La conclusion suggère que toutes ces mesures peuvent offrir une solution à court terme, mais que le problème a ses origines dans des questions morales et dans le statut reconnu aux professeurs par la société dans son ensemble.
Alternance et rapport théorie/pratique : un itinéraire de réflexion
Authors: Chaix Marie-Laure
Published: July 2016

Cet article se présente comme un itinéraire de réflexion sur la signification du rapport théorie/pratique dans les dispositifs alternants utilisés dans la formation des enseignants et des formateurs et, plus particulièrement, le stage" et l'étude de terrain". C'est un itinéraire qui oscille entre une activité de formation auprès d'ingénieurs-formateurs du ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Forêt et une activité de recherche sur les dispositifs de stage intégrés dans la formation initiale des lycées agricoles. Chaque étape a fourni des hypothèses pour la recherche ou des propositions de dispositif pour l'enseignement Alors que, dans l'étude de terrain", le rapport théorie/pratique prend le sens d'un rapport social expert/praticien, ce positionnement de leur savoir et de leur parcours amène les élèves-ingénieurs dont il sera question ici. à s'interroger sur leur projet professionnel et sur l'institution qui les forme. Le "stage", en tant que situation plus impliquée, réactive les enjeux à plusieurs niveaux : enjeux de pouvoir déjà présents dans l'étude de terrain et nécessitant des formes de contractualisation. enjeux épistémologiques et de formation de l'identité professionnelle pris en compte dans les dispositifs d'implication et de distanciation.
Les ateliers de formation professionnelle : une proposition pour les IUFM
Authors: Mottet Gérard
Published: July 2016

Quand il s'agit de repenser la formation des enseignants, ses contenus, méthodes et structures, l'un des principes le plus généralement affirmé est la nécessaire articulation de la théorie et de la pratique. Mais affirmer un principe n 'équivaut pas à le mettre en application ; cela ne dispense pas. à tout le moins, d'en expliciter les conceptions sous-jacentes ni d'en examiner les conditions d'une réelle application.

Cet article doit d'abord être lu comme une proposition concrète faite aux IUFM. À travers le concept d"« Ateliers de formation professionnelle ». Gérard Mottet tente ici de cerner les propriétés méthodologiques communes à ces espaces de formation « intermédiaires » dont la visée essentielle est de permettre l'élaboration conjointe des savoirs et des savoir-faire nécessaires à la pratique enseignante.

L'exemple de la vidéo-formation, avec ses différents niveaux méthodologiques et ses contraintes spécifiques, est plus particulièrement développé.

Sont évoqués enfin les enjeux cognitifs d'une telle conception de la formation. Construire plutôt qu'assimiler : pour l'auteur, seule la perspective d'une « construction active ». donne sens au rapport théorie/pratique.
Vers une approche pragmatique du lien théorie-pratique
Authors: Guigue-Durning Michèle
Published: July 2016

Cette étude prend pour objet les manières de faire mises en œuvre dans des mémoires élaborés au cours de « formations par la recherche». L'analyse de l'usage des citations, dans la perspective d'interactions dynamiques ouverte par M. Bakhtine, permet une approche de pratiques locales qui concernent la situation d'énonciation c'est-à-dire le rapport auteur citant-auteurs cités, et le développement thématique c'est-à-dire le rapport texte citant- textes cités, elle ouvre aussi, plus largement, sur un repérage des choix théoriques et des stratégies d'articulation théorie-pratique.
Changer de peau ? Enseignant en IUFM : une rupture et une recomposition d'identité
Authors: Sarfati Andrée
Published: July 2016

La rencontre de cultures professionnelles différentes à l'intérieur de cette nouvelle institution que représente l'IUFM, entraîne pour ses acteurs un ébranlement de leur identité antérieure ; cette hypothèse est appliquée ici aux ex-professeurs d'EN. Pour autant les tiraillements et conflits, éventuellement articulés à un réinvestissement professionnel, n'engendrent-ils pas la formation d'une * nouvelle peau », d'une identité nouvelle d'enseignant, fût-ce à l'état naissant ?
Les rôles anciens et nouveaux des chefs d'établissement
Authors: Guillaume François-Régis
Published: July 2016

L'évolution rapide des représentations des chefs d'établissement reçoit ici un cadrage statistique. L'obligation de réussite qui pèse sur l'école et l'émergence des établissements qui en résulte, amènent les chefs d'établissements à sortir de leur domaine le plus légitime « la vie scolaire ». en donnant des finalités nouvelles à une gestion modernisée, mais surtout en intervenant dans le champ pédagogique. Ce nouveau rôle leur est prescrit et ils le revendiquent, mais les nouvelles relations aux enseignants ne sont pas redéfinies et la question de l'évaluation des enseignants cristallise les contre-indications. Le contenu d'un nouveau métier, qui repose encore sur l'engagement personnel, s'esquisse à peine.
Le chef d'établissement : une culture du paradoxe
Authors: Navarro Michel , Pain Jacques
Published: July 2016

Est-il possible autour de l'école, de reconstruire les liens sociaux, le tissu social quasiment détruits dans les zones les plus difficiles telles que les ZEP ?

C'est pour les chefs d'établissement, notamment de lycée professionnel situé dans ces zones dites sensibles, qui doivent assurer gestion, enseignement, formation des personnels, partenariat, une tâche qui tient du paradoxe.

Toutefois cette reconstruction, cette restructuration autour de l'école est possible à condition de se doter des moyens de gestion, d'enseignement, de formation adaptés, tels qu'ils permettent de répondre à l'urgence et à l'évolution des problèmes au quotidien.
Former des chefs d'établissement
Authors: Sivirine Jean-Michel
Published: July 2016

L'idée qu'on puisse former des chefs d'établissement n'est apparue que récemment et n'a reçu sa concrétisation en France que depuis une vingtaine d'années. Le premier modèle de formation fondé sur le modèle du « pair » n'a cependant pas résisté à la prise de conscience progressive de la complexité de l'établissement scolaire et de la nécessité de confier sa direction à un professionnel qui, dans l'idéal, devait être à la fois pédagogue, administrateur et manager.

Le nouveau modèle de formation institué en 1989 qui prévoit un mode unique de recrutement par concours et l'allongement important de la durée de la formation pose encore de nombreuses questions. Celle des rapports entre institution et formation, celle du mode de recrutement, mais surtout celle du contenu de la formation. Il n'est pas suffisant et sans doute illusoire de faire appel à des référentiels de métier s' agissant de personnes qui ont pour la plupart un long passé d'enseignant. Il est sans doute en revanche utile de réfléchir à la série de passages par lesquels « on devient chef d'établissement » et la théorie des champs de tension peut être un outil précieux.
Quelle place pour les nouvelles technologies dans la formation initiale des enseignants ?
Authors: Baron Georges-Louis , Bruillard Eric
Published: July 2016

Cet article présente d'abord des considérations générales sur la prise en compte de l'informatique dans la formation des enseignants. Puis il fournit les premiers résultats d'une étude de cas menée en 199 J -1992 dans un IUFM de la région parisienne, en reprenant certains éléments d'un texte paru au printemps 1993 dans le bulletin de l'association EPI. Étant donné le temps qui s'est écoulé entre la soumission de l'article à la revue et sa publication, de nouveaux résultats ont été obtenus, qui vont être publiés fin 1993 dans le rapport technique INRP n°93-4092.
La professionnalité dans l'enseignement et la formation des enseignants : notes sur son histoire, son idéologie et son potentiel
Authors: Popkewitz Thomas S.
Published: July 2016

The more recent calls for school reform have focused on a re-visioning of the work of teachings and teacher education. A central rhetoric in the current climate is related to the professional ization of teaching. We can view the public discourses as not simply a formal mechanism for describing events but as part of their context serving to align loyalty and social solidarity with particular values and social interests. My intent in this discussion is to raise questions about how the word, professionalization, is used within the social and political contexts in which teaching occurs. At the same time, I propose that there are certain issues in teaching that professionalization can address. In particular, I examine tensions of modernity and a post-modernity for considering the power relations in which the professional production of knowledge and the development of expert-mediated systems of ideas occurs.