bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ice phenomena on the rivers of Russia: the role of academic expeditions
Authors: Savenkova V M
Published: November 2019

The systematic study of the ice regime of the Russian rivers began with the organization of gauges at the end of the XIX century. It was preceded by a long preparatory period of expeditionary works performed from the second half of the XVIII century. The article discusses the contribution of members of academic expeditions of the second half of the XVIII century to the study of ice phenomena on the rivers of Russia. Special attention is paid to the dangerous phenomena that often accompany opening and freezing of rivers, ice jams, floods, etc. The author summarized and systematized data and observation materials obtained during the journeys. They can be used for studying ice phenomena on the rivers.
First plan of the area near the source of the river Don (1701)
Authors: Yurkin I N
Published: November 2019

We have found records on the drawing of the map of Ivan-ozero (Ivan lake) and the upper course of the River Don dated 1701 in the archive of Razriadnyi prikaz, RGADA. These records are the earliest evidence of mapping of the region of Don in its upper course at the moment. We outline the circumstances of drawing of a plan. We reconstruct geographic information of the plan according the revealed description. We compare data of the description to data from later cartographic sources. We conclude that sizes and distances reported in the description are reliable data. We surmise about the authorship of the plan.
Influence of direct seeding technology on typical chernozem structure
Authors: Belobrov V P , Yudin S A , Ermolaev N R , Dridiger V K , Stukalov R S , Kholodov V A , Yaroslavtseva N V , Yu Aidiev A
Published: November 2019

The paper discusses the impact of direct seeding technology on volumetric weight of arable layer, content (%) of air-dry and water-resistant aggregates (mm), as well as agronomically valuable aggregates during dry sifting The fact of using the direct seeding technology for four years in grain crop rotation did not lead to an increase in volumetric weight of an arable horizon. This increases the content of dry agronomically valuable aggregates and the coefficient of structure increases. The direct sowing positively affects the water-resistant structure of typical chernozem, increasing the content of water-resistant aggregates in dry fraction > 10 mm from 68.7% (plowing option) to 80.7%.
Removal of sulfides from tannery-sourced wastewaters
Authors: Bykovsky N A , Kantor E A , Rahman P A , Puchkova L N , Fanakova N N
Published: November 2019

The paper presents the study results for the treatment of sulfide wastewater generated by tanneries. Wastewater treatment was carried out by electrolysis with a sacrificial ferrous anode. It is shown that during the treatment process, the ferrous anode dissolves and deposition of iron sulfide is formed. The process of effluent treatment is determined by the anode current density. The most efficient effluent treatment is carried out at a current density of 133 A/m2. In this case, the purification efficiency reaches 99.2%, and the cost per unit of electricity makes 169.2 kW·h/kg.
Geo-ecological factor of water influence on the relief of steppe zones and semi-deserts of Kalmykia
Authors: Sangadzhiev M M , Rubeko L M , Onkaev V A , Kazakov K G , Sh Kedeeva O
Published: November 2019

The Republic of Kalmykia is the only region in Russia with up to 10% of deserts and semi-deserts. Geographically, it is located in the western part of the Caspian lowland. One of the problems of the residents is the lack of fresh water. The aim of the work is to show the influence of the geo-ecological factor on the relief and its connection with surface and groundwater, human health. To solve the problem, results of the expedition routes in Kalmykia were analyzed. Expeditionary and laboratory studies of water resources, express analysis of water, soil and plants was carried out. The decision-making hypothesis adopted a synergistic algorithm for the interconnection system of the water system, the steppe relief and human health. This approach identified that values of the environmental impact are interrelated. Changes in one or several parameters cause instability of the entropy of equilibrium in environmental management. The results can be used to assess the relationship between the relief, water quality, the ecological situation and human health.
Layout for drilling seismic wells by vibration method
Authors: Zaripova L M , Gabdrakhimov M S
Published: November 2019

More and more common methods are used to reduce the cost of drilling wells and extracting oil and gas. One of these methods is the increase of energy capacity of drilling rigs through the use of dynamic methods of drill bits loading. Various vibro-mechanisms are used as vibration exciters with helpful use of vibration. Vibro-mechanisms by type of drive are divided into mechanical, electromechanical and magnetostrictive. All of them are intended for the excitation of forced oscillations in the elements attached to them that provide the desired technological effect. The authors have carried out the work to solve the problem of studying the transfer of dynamic load on the drill string. In this case the effectiveness of bottomhole vibration is largely determined by layout parameters of the drilling tool. Oscillations of the drill string are described by a wave equation in partial derivatives. With the solution of the problem, conditions for the transfer of bottomhole vibration load are being determined. The solution shows that dynamic bottomhole load can be effectively transferred from the mouth up to 100 m; the frequency may be greater at lower striker weights.
Features of townland management
Authors: Varlamov A A , Galchenko S A , Antropov D V , Kuznetsova S G , Sinitsa Yu S
Published: November 2019

The town is a complex social and economic system that has significant land, social and other resources. An integrated approach should be used to solve townland management problems. Improvement of the efficiency of land management should be based on the comprehensive analysis of the land management system from the planning process to the control over the use of land plots taking into account financial and investment opportunities of land management facilities. Successful development of urban and rural settlements depends on the effectiveness of land management. These issues determine the significance of the present article. The article describes problems and features of townland management in Russia. Directions of the public land policy were determined.
Ecological and biological features of adaptation of deciduous plants to chemical stress
Authors: Larina G E , Seraya L G , Polyakova N N , Baranova E N , Beloshapkina O O
Published: November 2019

In the urbanized environment, young plants lack moisture due to the limited space. This violates photosynthesis and respiration. To normalize respiration, the plant reduces excessive evaporation and evens out the water balance showing signs of xeromorphy. For the human environment, decorative and appearance of greenery are crucial. The purpose of the article is to study adaptive abilities of deciduous plants when using glyphosate-based herbicidal preparations, 2, 4-D, dicamba, triasulfuron, and clopyralid. Anatomical and morphological changes at the cellular and organismic levels in young Tilia cordata Mill plants were identified: the size and density of stomata; frequency of stop cells of stomata; plant height; the number of shoots. The use of glyphosate, 2, 4-D, dicamba, triasulfuron, clopyralid stimulated the height of shoots and increased the frequency of occurrence of guard cells with a length “0.15-0.19” mm. When using herbicides as a factor of chemical stress, the number of stomata per 1 mm2 of the leaf surface increased. Ecological and biological plasticity of Tilia cordata Mill under environmental pollution (chemical stress) was identified. It is useful for directed formation of xeromorphic signs in young plants and further planting in urbanized conditions.
Modern technologies of digital land management
Authors: Papaskiri T V , Kasyanov A E , Alekseenko N N , Semochkin V N , Ananicheva E P , Volkov I V
Published: November 2019

The article deals with the issues of digital land management based on the use of modern information technologies. The digital land management system is created by digitalizing the agricultural industry and other economic sectors. Along with a digital land management system, staff training is should be carried out.
Rural development in the Far Eastern Federal District
Authors: Khlystun V N , Vdovenko A V , Stolyarov V M , Chepurin E M
Published: November 2019

The article presents the material relating to the current state and prospects of development of rural areas in the Far Eastern Federal district of Russia. It is shown which factors are restraining and which factors are stimulating, as well as the degree of influence of each group on the development of rural areas of the Far East of Russia. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results of the study can be useful in the development and justification of rural development programs and regional agricultural policy.
Urban Green Network - Synthesis of Environmental, Social and Economic Linkages in Urban Landscape
Authors: Zareba Anna Danuta , Krzeminska Alicja Edyta , Dzikowska Anna
Published: November 2019

The city sprawl phenomenon, responsible for incorporating new suburbs into cities, is constantly changing our landscape. The results of this phenomenon are the rapid decrease of forest cover, fragmentation of green areas and loss of biodiversity. The paper examines studies and contemporary Green Infrastructure practices in response to find a solution for an increasing demand for new residential and recreational green areas in urban environment. The subject of the analysis is related to the problems of, both, nature protection and well-balanced development of the built-up areas. This paper was motivated by the three pillars of sustainability – environmental, economic, and social to take an interdisciplinary approach to GI in the context of system of GI linkages. It is focused on the role of green linkages in the integrity of GI network, and their influence on ecological, cultural and landscape functions, in extremely transformed and polluted urban environment. The research makes an attempt to define the role of landscape linkages in the Green Infrastructure.
Sulphate Ion Interference on Oil Recovery Mechanism of Low Salinity Waterflooding in Dolomite Reservoirs
Authors: Charoentanaworakun Chanapol , Srisuriyachai Falan
Published: November 2019

This study focused on the sulphate ion concentration interference with different divalent cations ratio, used in low salinity water flooding in dolomite reservoirs by comparing the oil recovery with the altered amount of divalent cations dissolved in brine, occurred from rock surface equilibrium shifting. The oil recovery from injecting different potential determining ions concentration is measured by core flood experiment. The process of detecting the amount of divalent cations begins with establishing oil adsorption on the dolomite grain surface. Then, the grain is stirred in brine with different formula, which is later titrated in order to gather the desired data. Finally, the phenomena occurred during flooding with different potential determining ion concentration is described by combining the result of oil recovery with altered amount of divalent ions. The results showed that at high temperature (70°C), the oil recovery from each case is not much different because high amount of calcium sulphate precipitation can be compensated by high rate of rock dissolution and magnesium carboxylate complex formation. However, at low temperature (30°C), the oil recovery tends to be lower when the sulphate concentration is higher because calcium ion tends to form or precipitate with sulphate ion rather than forming the carboxylate complex. Due to low dissolution rate, the amount of calcium ion is insufficient for oil recovery mechanism, especially when the sulphate ion concentration exceeds the solubility limit. Furthermore, for the case that the ratio of magnesium to calcium ion is high, it is observed that some amount of magnesium ion can form the carboxylate complex to compensate the lost amount of calcium ion. From the result, it can be concluded that at low temperature, which the dissolution reaction occurs slowly, the effect of changing the divalent cation ratio, including sulphate concentration, is large because the formation of magnesium carboxylate complex is not much at this temperature, however calcium sulphate precipitation reduces the number of active calcium ions in oil recovery mechanism. On the other hand, because the dissolution reaction occurs faster and the formation of magnesium carboxylate complex is more favourable at high temperature, therefore the values of oil recovery, even at different concentration of potential determining ions, are not much different at this temperature. Furthermore, it is also found that the carboxylate complex formation can be induced by high concentration of either type of divalent ions when the sulphate ion concentration is not too high.
Hydrogeological Conceptual Model of Geothermal Waters in Baklaci (Alasehir, Manisa), Western Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Ozgur Nevzat , Anilir Ezgi Yuruk
Published: November 2019

Geothermal waters of Alaşehir are located in the southern part of the Gediz rift zone within the Menderes Massif and form biggest potential in the area with a capacity of up to 200 MWe. Geologically, Paleozoic metamorphic rocks with intercalations of micaschists, quartzites and marbles the gneisses from impermeable basement in the area underlying Precambriann to Cambrian gneisses. The both rocks are overlain by a Miocene intercalation of sedimentary rocks consisting of conglomerates, sandstones and clay stones and Plio-Quaternary intercalation of sedimentary rocks composed of conglomerates, sandstones and claystones discordantly. In the study area, Paleozoic quartzites and marbles form the main reservoir hydrogeologically. Geothermal waters with Na+K>Ca>Mg cations and HCO3>Cl> anions are of Na-HCO3 type and partial equilibrated waters. Geochemical thermometers show reservoir temperatures of up to 185 °C in accordance with measured temperatures in the production wells. Plot of δ18O versus δ2H in geothermal waters of Alaşehir deviate from the GMWL indication an intensive water-rock interaction. In the area of Alaşehir, geothermal waters are of meteoric origin. Finally, geothermal waters of Alaşehir are distinguished by a 2,0 percent CO2 of productions in geothermal power plants especially which can represent an environmental danger in the area for future unless the steams with CO2 contents do not reinjcct into the geothermal reservoir.
Is the Vegetation Succession a Threat for Rare and Protected Species in a Sand Quarry? Case Study of the Kuźnica Warężyńska Sand Quarry (Southern Poland)
Authors: Rahmonov Oimahmad , Rozkowski Jacek , Szymczyk Artur
Published: November 2019

The work focuses on analyzing and reason of occurrences of rare and protected species by European and Polish low. These species are growing in the areas of former sand exploitations quarry and have different ecological requirements. The origin of such quarries is strictly connected strictly connection with development of coal mining in the Silesian Upland (Southern Poland). From the end of exploitation the processes of spontaneous vegetation ecosystems have been observed. The research was conducted in Southern Poland in the area of the Kuznica Warężyńska sand quarry with an area of approximately 8 km2, exploited in the years 1972 - 2003. In results of work has been confirmed by 2 types of habitats which are included in I Annex Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora forms in zone of groundwater outflow. They are 7140-transition mires and quaking bogs and 7230 - alkaline fens. In these communities, numerous population of 22 protects spiecies as Dactylorhiza maculata, D. majalis, Epipactis atrorubens, E. helleborine, E. palustris, Malaxis monophyllos, Lycopodiella inundata, Pinguicula vulgaris, including Liparis loeselii found in Annex II of the Habitats Directive occur. These are early-successional species, whose numbers in next successions phases decrease or after several years completely disappear. The analyzed flora differs in terms of life forms, ecological requirements related to the habitat mosaics. The fragments of sand quarry that were where are not reclaimed can play important role in nature conservation not only in local level but even on supra-regional scale. Hence, this object is a place for many rare, threatened with extinction species and plant communities as substitute habitats. The conservation of such species and plant communities in sand quarry needed active protection. It consists in maintaining the initial stages of succession and preventing the formation of the forest.
Implementation of a GIS-based pilot application for roads management applied to the conservation and maintenance of unpaved low traffic roads
Authors: Vega Johnny , Rodriguez Mario , Alarcon Luisa
Published: November 2019

The lack of updating and unreliability of information has become one of the main problems that occur in the area of management of unpaved roads in developing countries as Colombia. Therefore, a GIS-based application was developed which allows keeping updated all the information at the structural and functional level of the road, and to control the premature pavement deterioration favouring the support for making decisions in management activities of the unpaved road network. In the municipality of Urrao (Antioquia), a research proposal on “La Encarnación” road was proposed. The Road Trial Section (RTS) is part of a bidirectional 3rd level road, which has 240 m-length and a 4 m-width. The RTS was divided into eight segments or cells (30 m-length), where each of them was stabilized with different conventional and unconventional materials (cement, hydrated lime, coal ash, brick dust, sulfonated oil, polymer and sugarcane sludge). Based on the results gathered in six pavement performance follow-up and evaluation campaigns, a geospatial database (GDB) was designed. This GDB is the core of the application “SGVVT Urrao v1.0” which is able to represent graphically the behaviour of the tests of functionality and the bearing capacity carried out (International Roughness Index, slip resistance, surface macro texture, lightweight deflectometer and visual inspection). The application is able to forecast the deterioration values allowing the prioritization of rehabilitation activities for the most affected sections in a given time period which is possible to extend the useful life of the roads, reduce the operation cost of the vehicles, and guarantee the road safety and the comfort of the unpaved road network users.
Foundation of the Building on Short Concrete Piles in a Thin Layer of Non-Cohesive Soils
Authors: Gaska Piotr , Straz Grzegorz
Published: November 2019

The paper presents measurable benefits resulting from optimization of selection, appropriate for local ground-water conditions, type of foundation of a high residential and service building with ten residential floors, two service and two underground ones. The original design solution expected the replacement of up to 8.5 m p.p.t. soft cohesive soils (including organic ones) on gravel mixed with sands. The foundation of the high building is planned as a direct foundation on depth of 6.9 m below ground surface on a foundation slab under a residential part and the service part on a foundation framework on the prepared substitute-subsoil. After a detailed analysis of the data, the contractor reported the possibility of engineering optimization initially the pre-engineering adopted in the project foundation, significantly reducing the investment costs. It was proposed to change the direct foundation on indirect on short foundation piles with a diameter of 600 mm, the base of which is located in the subsoil, shallowly located layer of gravel mixed with coarse sands, about 2,0 m thick. Below the granular soilslayer there is at least several dozen meter thick layer of Krakowiec clays. Numerical simulations of the foundation were made, from which it appears that due to the settlement of the building, it is more advantageous to form the piles shallowly in the non-cohesive soils layer rather than deeper. An additional benefit of the adopted solution - foundation of the building on concrete piles - allowed to reduce the trench by 1.5 m and to protect the sheet piles with only one level of struts inside the trench. The settlements values predicted in the numerical model, have been verified by monitoring, which was carried out during construction as well as during the five-year operation of the building. The real settlements of the building reached the level of 45.8% of settlements values of the numerical model, of which 37.5% of real settlements occurred at the stage of completion shell of the building. The discrepancy between the real and model values of settlements may result from the underestimation of the soil medium parameters in the numerical model.
Attenuation of Macroseismic Intensity for Crustal Romanian Earthquakes: Calibrating the Bakun-Wentworth’s Method
Authors: Oros Eugen , Placinta Anica Otilia , Popa Mihaela , Rogozea Maria , Paulescu Daniel
Published: November 2019

The purpose of the present study is to elaborate a new model of the macroseismic intensity attenuation using all observed intensities data for the crustal earthquakes in Romania and then, based on this relationship, to calibrate the Bakun-Wentworth method, one of the modern methods most used to estimate the parameters of the historical earthquakes (localization, moment magnitude-Mw). The study is based on 14 calibrating earthquakes (4.5 < Mw < 5.7, 811 IDPs, II < Ii< VIIIO EMS) and 7 validation earthquakes (3.5 < Mw < 5.4, 215 IDPs, II <Ii< VIIIO EMS) produced mainly in western part of Romania and for which the reported macroseismic intensities were revised in a homogeneous manner and their locations and moment magnitudes were instrumentally determined. The method was tested using earthquakes produced in neighbouring regions, expanding its application space for earthquakes produced, for example, in the extra-Carpathian areas and Pannonian Depression. The comparative analysis with the results obtained with other methods confirms the high performance and the scientific rigour of the new attenuation relationship and of the Bakun-Wentworth method and their effective applicability for testing and validation of the results obtained in the process of the Romanian earthquakes catalogue revision.
Study of Cleaning the Horizontal Drains during the Under Balanced Drilling Well in the South Algeria Fields
Authors: Benyounes Khaled , Mellak Abderrahmane , Flih Amin , Azizi Youcef
Published: November 2019

Many difficulties can occur during the well is being drilled directionally, as cuttings may accumulate either in a bed at hole high angles. It is to highlight that the speed of the cuttings depends on the geometry of the drilling and the amplitude of the ROP. Hole cleaning is still among the most important problems to solve during the drilling operations. The difficulty in removing cuttings bed during drilling appears due to the interaction between drilling mud and the cuttings in cuttings bed leading to the formation of a cuttings bed gel. Inefficient cleaning of the wellbore can cause decrement in the stuck pipe, lost circulation, wellbore instability, high torque and drag, loose control on density, bad quality cement jobs, etc. These problems have a major impact on the economics of the drilling process. Optimization of the hole cleaning during the drilling operations is very important to enhance the drilling rate. In this study, the Rubiandini and Zhou models have been applied to the well for the prediction of the flow rate required to the ascent of cuttings to the day and to prevent the formation of the beds. The results show the critical flow rate value calculated by the Zhou model (544 l/min) to be lower than the in-situ applied flow rate (720 l/min), while for the Rubiandini model, the critical flow is higher (843.16 l/min for the rotary and 783.01 l/min for the sliding). The model of Rubiandini was chosen to make the sensitivity study because the flow rate calculated by this model is close to reality. We highlighted the effect of major drilling parameters, such as ROP, mud rheology, specific gravity of fluid, density of cuttings, dimension of cuttings, flow rate, flow regime, androtating speed of the drill stringon cuttings transport efficiency are analysed.
Hydrogeological Features of Geothermal Waters in Havran (Balıkesir), Turkey
Authors: Arici Mehmet , Ozgur Nevzat , Ugurlu Zehra
Published: November 2019

In this study, geothermal waters of Havran were studied in detail. In the area, Karakaya formation in Early Triassic age is the basement consisting volcanic and sedimentary rocks such as of basalts, mudstones, and radiolarites in which there are intercalations of limestone, sandstones and conglomerates. Granodiorite intrusions in Oligocene to Miocene age occur in association with intense volcanic events in the area. From Upper Oligocene to Early Miocene, andesitic and dacitic pyroclastics occur due to intensively volcanism in the area. Later, lacustrine sediments consisting of conglomerates, sandstones, claystones, marls and limestones form from Middle to Upper Miocene. Geothermal waters in the area of Havran are of Na-Ca-(SO4)-HCO3, Na-(SO4)-HCO3 and Na-SO4 type. The geothermal waters display immature waters and were represented within this study as a hydrogeological model.
Mobility Behavior and Environmental Implications of Trace Elements Associated With Suburban Soils from the Steel Industry
Authors: Sestinova Olga , Hanculak Jozef , Spaldon Tomislav , Danka Gesperova
Published: November 2019

Our work was aimed on the study of mobility of steel trace elements (STEs), using single-step extraction procedure (Na2EDTA) and ecotoxicity in suburban soils from the Košice, Slovakia. The total element contents were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and As in extracts and elements contents in earthworms tissues by the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after 7 days bioassays (chronic tests of mortality). An ecotoxicological study was performed with earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) for the screening evaluation of element mobility of urban grass and agricultural soils samples. Elements concentrations (Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni and As) in the suburban soils of Košice, indicating the significant contamination with Cd, and As were measured at sites located south of the ironworks. From the results of Pearson correlation analysis of yields, it can be seen that Pb - Zn, Cd, As; Cd - Zn, As; and As - Zn have obvious correlation, and the correlation between chemical parameters and nickel is not relevant.
Radiation Effect on the Parameters of Field Effect Transistors with Schottky Barrier on GaAs
Authors: Bibilashvili A. , Kushitashvili Z.
Published: November 2019

In the present work, we report the result of the study of electron and γ-radiation effect on the parameters of normally open and normally closed field effect transistors with Shottky barrier on GaAs. It has been shown that normally closed transistors are more sensitive to the action of radiation than normally opened transistors. Both transistors are more sensitive to the electron radiation. As substrates ware used epitaxial structures of GaAs of n-type conductivity doped with tellurium with ND
=2×1017 cm3 with surface orientation [100]. Electron irradiation was conducted on the linear accelerator of RELUS type with electron energy 4 MeV at the room temperature, with the intensity of electrons flow of 2.5×1012 e/cm2 sec. Integral doses made 1×1014 e/cm2, 5×1014 e/cm2, 1×1015 e/cm2 and 3×1015 e/cm2. The γ-radiation was conducted using the source 60Co at the room temperature with the intensity of 5×103 P/sec. For the γ-radiation, visible changes of saturation flow current are observed at the doses of more than 105 Grey (GaAs). As whole, the γ-radiation makes an action on the parameters of MESFET in the less degree than electron irradiation. The annealing of the irradiated samples of MESFET at the temperature of 573 K in the nitrogen atmosphere for 45 min provides complete restoration of their parameters. The possible reasons for the mentioned effects are given.
Analysis of the Diversity of Microscopic Fungi in the Soils of Adjara, Georgia
Authors: Shainidze Otar , Lominadze Shota , GuramChkubadze  , Lamparadze Shota , Beridze Nodar , Diasamidze Jimsher
Published: November 2019

The publication deals with the studies on the diversity of species composition of fungi in various layers of soils (red, sod-podzolic, marsh, urban) of the Adjara. The aim of the study was to identify and determine the composition of fungi; Establishment of the scale of development and spread of fungi in adverse and favorable conditions; Ecological status evaluation of soils in Batumi City. For the isolation of fungi in various soil samples, a sterilization method, serial dilution, and a scattering method were used. The presence of fungi was detected in various soil samples based on morphological characteristics, percentage frequency, growth rate, and colony forming units. The study has found 59 species taxa of soil fungi, belonging to the divisions of Ascomyota (39 species), Zygomyta (15 species), Basidiomycota (2 species), Deuteromycota (3 species). 7 species of fungi involved in forming of the consortium have been specified as well. The most widely distributed fungi in soil samples were of the genera Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger, A. versicolor), Paecilomyces (P. variotii), Trichoderma (T. koningii, T. hamatum, T. polysporum, T. viride), Mucor (M. circinelloides, M. hiemalis, M. racemosus, Mucor sp.), Rhizopus (R. oryzae) the genus of phytopathogens Fusarium (F. oxysporum, F. solani), Verticilium (V. lateritium, V. sp.), Phytophthora (Ph. Sp.), Rhizoctonia (R. sp.), Pythium (P. sp) and of genus Sporothrix (S. schenckii). Mong them Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Chaetomium sp. And Acremonium sp. were dominant fungi in all soil samples. Frequency percentage showed that marsh soil is rich in fungal population as compared to red and sod-podzolic soils, yet the greatest biomass is inorganic soil. A lower level of biological activity in the urban soils was found. Morphometric trait differences in test objects activated on the soil samples have been observed. The study was found specialized species of fungi from each ecotype of soil. The soil samples collected from polluted sites were more affected by waste water which affected the population densities of fungi. Experiments have shown that Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma koningii, T. Hamatum and T. Viride grew well on contaminated soil containing heavy metals. On this basis, we will study them further in order to determine their stability to heavy metals.
The Experimental Proof of Non - Thermal Nature of the Mechanism of Pulse-Photon Annealing in Semiconductor Materials
Authors: Jibuti Zurab , Bibilashvili Amiran , Jibuti Lado , Dolidze Nugzar
Published: November 2019

Nanosecond laser annealing of GaAs amorphized with B+ ions implantation was investigated. The recrystallization process observed in the experiment does not depend on the initial temperature of the samples (77K or 300K) and can be additive; the efficiency of laser annealing (LA) is determined by the light generated nonequilibrium charge carriers (NCC) rather than by crystal heating; the results of the experiments cannot be explained by the purely thermal mechanism of LA. The hypotheses for the low-temperature LA of semiconductors based on the concept of the change in the quantum state of valence electrons affecting a chemical bond are proposed. If the power of LA ensures light generation of antibonding quasiparticles with a concentration of ncr in the thickness equal to or greater than the amorphous (defective) layer, melting occurs with further epitaxial growth on the substrate, which agrees well with the results of the experiment where the concentration of light generated NCC was Δn≈ 4·5 1019cm-3.
New Data on the Formation Conditions of the Dyvok Ore Occurrence (South Yakutia, Russia)
Authors: Kardashevskaia Veronika , Anisimova Galina
Published: November 2019

The article presents new data on the mineralogical and thermobarogeochemical research of Dyvok ore occurrence. The aim of the research is to learn about the mineral-geochemical characteristics of the ore occurrence as well as about the formation of auriferous mineralogical associations at the occurrence. At the moment, Verkhnealgominsk auriferous area consists of several ore occurrences and a deposit. The area is located within famous Stanovaya auriferous area, South Yakutia. Dyvok ore occurrence is subjected to the influence of Tyrkandinski fault. The host rocks are Early-Archaean K-spar-quartz metasomatites, beresited and argillated rocks with sulphide-quartz veins and mineralised zones of beresited rocks with sulphide and quartz-sulphide mineralisation. Now, there are 3 productive ore zones at the ore occurrence. We found mineral associations that contain native gold and described the variety of its forms, seizes and composition. The mineral associations are 1) gold-arsenopyrite-pyrite-quartz; 2) gold-sphalerite-chalcopyrite; 3) quartz-boulangerite; 4) quartz-telluride. We carried out thermobarogeochemical investigation of fluid inclusions in quartz to learn about the formation conditions of productive mineral associations, the quartz was extracted from gold-arsenopyrite-pyrite-quartz, gold-sphalerite-chalcopyrite and quartz-telluride associations. Microanalyses helped to discover monophase, diphase and three-phase inclusions. Early association had the temperature of 270-335°C. The rated pressure is 0.4 kbar. The inclusions contain carbon dioxide, water, methane and carbonate ion. The solid phase contains dawsonite and native sulphur. The deposition temperature of gold-sphalerite-chalcopyrite association is 186-219°C, and the one of quartz-telluride association is 199-200°C. The pressure of the latter two associations remains unknown due to the lack of coexisting three-phase inclusions. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of carbon dioxide and methane in early association, as well as of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen (impurity) in late-phase quartz. Therefore, we claim that all the associations in question were formed in shallow- and mid-depth and oxidizing conditions with the involvement of deeper sources for the ore constituents.
Survey on Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Vernacular Houses in Madeira (Portugal)
Authors: Martins Ana M.T. , Vieira Elma , Carlos Jorge S.
Published: November 2019

Vernacular housing in the Island of Madeira (Archipelago of Madeira, Portugal) is built anonymously. This architecture is made by the people and for the people without the aid of an architect. This built heritage demonstrates the relationship between the population and its surroundings, through the care with which they treated the climatic constraints and that is clearly related to the seasonal variation of temperature, regardless of cultural differences and of the level of development of each community. The Island of Madeira has temperate climates characterized by mild temperatures all year round. The climate is largely influenced by the Eastern branch of the Azores anticyclone especially from spring to autumn. These buildings are strongly marked by an agricultural economy and are characterized by great regional diversity. The agricultural feature took care of the fertile alluvial land, giving rise to the first settlements. However, with the growth of the population began the conquest of the coast, occupying the dense forest that provided them with good timber for local consumption and for export. With the land tamed, the next challenge was to control the waters, the first paths between the places of difficult access, which carried the waters of irrigation at various locations, including the north and the south shores. The built vernacular heritage of the Island of Madeira had a primary function of shelter, and then housing and nowadays new uses are being implemented. The research and study of the essence, the behaviour, the possibilities of traditional technologies used in a specific territory are like the rediscovery, always renewed, of the profound meaning of the Portuguese architecture. This paper analyses through surveys whether a very specific type of vernacular heritage housing in the Island of Madeira provides comfort. In fact, questionnaire responses from the initial survey regarding 66 vernacular houses were analysed to understand the residents’ satisfaction with the existing conditions through post-occupancy evaluation. Several variables were associated with dwelling and thermal comfort. This way, a post-occupancy evaluation is proposed including energy monitoring for fine-tuning and increasing energy efficiency as well as for gathering knowledge for planners and developers. This study not only provides valuable information for future housing sustainable rehabilitation but also it may enable the identification by the Local Authority of ways of improving the quality of life for residents.
Structure and Geochemical Features of the Volcanic Rocks in the Tunguska Syneclise (Siberian Trap Province)
Authors: Krivolutskaya Nadezhda , Krasilnikov Alexander , Gongalsky Bronislav , Yakushev Anton , Svirskaya Natalia
Published: November 2019

To understand the origin of the Siberian trap province, it is necessary to know its internal structure in detail. Only two areas were described, the Noril’sk and Maimecha-Kotuy, while the most important part of the province, the Tunguska syneclise, is still poorly characterized. The main goal of our study is an investigation of the structure and geochemistry of volcanic rocks located in the central part of the province. We have studied basalts and tuffs and compared them with the rocks of the Noril’sk area. All studied rocks belong to three formations: Korvunchansky, Nidymsky and Kochechumsky. The whole thickness of this cross-section is around 1,000 m. Our geochemical data demonstrate that the lower part of the cross-section comprises basalts with TiO2=1 wt% while the upper part consists of the basalts with the average TiO2 content 1.4-1.5wt%. Based on this data, these rocks can be correlated with Morongovsky and Mokulaevsky formations located in the Noril’sk area. Despite many similarities between the volcanic rocks of these two areas, the basalts and tuffs of the Tunguska syneclise have their specific features, i.e. many tuff horizons, small thickness of flows and their poikiloophitic structure that reflect the rock formation near the boundary of the Tunguska syneclise.
Coal Calorific Value after Physical and Chemical Cleaning
Authors: Yilmaz Serdar , Toroglu Ihsan , Cuhadaroglu Dilek
Published: November 2019

In this study a total of 12 coal sample was collected. 7 of these samples are local coal samples and 5 of them is exported coals. These coals samples were fractionated into two size groups, i.e. -10+3.15, -3.15+05. Float and sink analysis was performed on this two size groups of samples with Ca(NO3)2 medium at the density of 1.50 g/cm3. Latter within the scope of this study, chemical cleaning was employed on this samples. Chemical cleaning on coal samples was carried out with acids (HF and HNO3) at specific conditions. Samples have different calorific values after physical and chemical cleaning. Although some impurities have been removed with both cleaning methods, physical cleaning resulted in higher ash content coals at the end while with chemical cleaning almost no ash content coals were obtained. However, it was observed the fact that chemical cleaning resulted lower calorific values of samples. This might be because of chemical cleaning results in the decomposition of the coal matrix structure.
Unfavourable seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures due to soil structure interaction
Authors: Barnaure Mircea , Manoli Daniel
Published: November 2019

The soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects can substantially alter the behaviour of structures during earthquakes. Implementation of SSI within the seismic analysis often leads to lower stresses in the structure and therefore a more economical design. The recently introduced provisions in European and American codes allow for this type of approach. However, consideration of SSI can also lead to the observation of unfavourable effects (undetectable in a fixed-base analysis) due to the modification of the structure’s dynamic properties. Examples of unfavourable effects include higher global displacements or story drifts, increases of the base or story shear forces, higher post-elastic demands in the structural members or the collision of adjacent buildings separated by an insufficient structural joint. These unfavourable effects can be related to various parameters such as the structural system (frames or shear walls), foundation type (shallow or piles), geometry of the foundation, height of the building, soil type, seismic input, presence of adjacent buildings, etc. Under these circumstances, the integration of SSI into the current structural design becomes essential. As the mathematical formulation of the phenomenon is very complex and involves many parameters, the definition of complete numerical models is difficult. The provisions in the codes are often general and do not give the practicing engineers clear modelling solutions. An analysis of the current situation in the field of SSI is carried out, with a focus on the design of reinforced concrete structures. Based on an extensive literature review, the unfavourable seismic effects and the main parameters that determine them are identified. Conclusions are drawn regarding the situations when SSI should be mandatory and on the different possibilities of implementing SSI in the structural design.
Evaluation of Factors, Influencing the Accuracy of the Digital Model, Obtained by Laser Scanning
Authors: Antova Gergana
Published: November 2019

Measurements in terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) are not perfect and are subject to errors caused by various factors affecting the quality of the capture process and the resulting final product. Careful consideration of all these factors and errors provides a good basis for assessing the quality of the data and the information received. The accuracy of the 3D model obtained from laser scanning is influenced by the density of the measurements and the modelling methods. 3D modelling algorithms allow accuracy to be improved, but modelling software cannot solve all the problems, and it is impossible to achieve high quality 3D modelling without taking into account the factors that affect the accuracy of the measurements. The investigation of error sources in TLS measurements is rather complicated due to the large number of influencing factors that are interconnected. In addition to angular and longitudinal measurements, most scanning systems also offer a measure of the intensity of the reflected signal. Because the TLS is a non-reflective geodetic technology, it means that the measurement results are highly dependent on the reflectivity of the materials. The energy of the reflected signal depends on the following physical factors: object material properties, surface colour of the object, surface temperature, surface humidity, illumination. From the experimental studies it has been confirmed that the illumination and humidity of the scanned surfaces have a significant impact on their reflecting ability and the density of the received point cloud. Evaluation of digital model accuracy is made with a plane approximation and comparison with control points. Areas with different point densities were created in order to analyse the accuracy of 3D model and to determine the optimum scanning density.
Composting solid municipal waste, a determinant process for an integrated waste management
Authors: Ioana-Alina Cretan
Published: November 2019

Composting municipal solid waste is a beneficial recycling tool. Its use in safe conditions in agriculture depends on the quality of the compost. Composting a maximum amount of greenery and food waste (from households and institutions, courtyards, gardens, parks, markets and street waste) is one of the proposed targets for reducing biodegradable waste. The paper aims at presenting a model of the composting process in the best technical and environmental conditions. Considering that for Romania, the most important issue to be addressed is the reduction of the amount of waste to be deposited; this can be done through a real selective collection and the production of compost from biodegradable waste. If the sorting of biodegradable waste is done at the site of production to obtain compost, that means not only the reduction of the amount of waste to be deposited but also a source of money, and the amount of leachate and biogas produced would be much diminished. Also, the presence of the specific creatures of this ecosystem would decrease considerably. Taking into account the limited nature of natural resources, the recovery, regeneration and sustainable use of resources are the essential elements of an environmental policy. Composting thus provides the opportunity to create SMEs as well as to increase employment and professional qualifications. Not all wastes have to be dumped, they can be utilized, separated and thus large amounts of raw materials and energy resources can be saved, and the area occupied by landfills can be reduced. In the waste management process, an important role is played by the local public authorities (municipalities and local councils), who have the obligation to collect selectively and transport in time the entire quantity of waste produced.
Paleogeographic and Age Findings on Planktonic Foraminiferal Assemblages of Yuksekova Complex in the Northeast of Elazig (Eastern Turkey)
Authors: Ural Melek , Kaya Sari Meral
Published: November 2019

The Yüksekova Complex is one of the parts of oceanic crust representing the Bitlis-Zagros suture zone in the eastern Turkey. The volcanosedimentary rocks of the unit, which is widely exposed around the Elaziğ (E-NE Turkey) province are located in the Seki-Hacihasan district (E Elazığ) and Asker Mountains (NE of Elazığ). In this area, the planktonic foraminifera bearing pink-red micritic limestones and related volcanogenic rocks were examined and aged. The volcanogenic rocks related to the micritic limestones are mainly spilitic and pillow shaped basalts. The volcanogenic rocks contain mainly of plagioclase ± pyroxene ± partly olivine set in amygdaloidal, intersertal, hyalo-microlitic porphyric textures. The sediments consist mainly of thin- to- medium-bedded muddy limestones. The pelagic red limestones are represented mostly by biomicrite and contain a large quantity of planktonic foraminifera and slight amount of thin shelled bivalve fragments, radiolaria, and echinoderm fragments. The planktonic foraminifera are composed mainly of Globotruncana arca, G. gagnebini, G. lapparenti, G. cf. falsostuarti, Globotruncanita stuarti, Gt. stuartiformis, Gt. conica, Globotruncanella citae and Rosita fornicata scattered into a micritic matrix. Small amounts of silt and sandsized quartz grains are also observed in some thin sections. Accordingly, based on planktonic foraminifera bearing micritic limestones, the age of the Yüksekova Complex is proposed Late Campanian-Late Maastrichtian. Thus, the Late Campanian-Late Maastrichtian aged red pelagic limestones of the Yüksekova Complex were deposited in the deeper parts of the Late Cretaceous Ocean, probably a deep shelf edge.