bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH MOTIVASI DAN MODAL USAHA TERHADAP MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA DI PASAR KOMPLEK MMTC KOTA MEDAN
Authors: Siagian Nalom , Manalu Darma
Published: July 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of motivation and working capital on interest in entrepreneurship through research with a quantitative approach. The object of the research is entrepreneurs in the MMTC Complex Market, Medan City, totaling 100 entrepreneurs, using primary and secondary data through a liskert scale questionnaire. The research data was processed through validity testing, reliability testing, multiple regression and hypothesis testing through partial and simultaneous tests.Based on the results of the validity and reliability tests, the variables Motivation (X₁), Business capital (X₂) and Entrepreneurial Interest (Y) can be concluded as valid and reliable based on the test criteria rcount rtable and combrach alpha 0.6 of all indicators of each variable . Based on the ttable test criteria, the calculated t value for the Motivation variable (X₁) = 6.264 > t table (α = 0.05/2; n-k-1) = 1.985. It means that the motivation variable (X₁) has a positive effect on entrepreneurial interest. Based on the t-table test criteria, the calculated t-value generated on the variable Business Capital (X₂) = -0.288 < t table (α = 0.05/2; n-k-1) = 1.985. This means that the working capital variable (X₂) has a negative effect on entrepreneurial interest. Based on Table 4.18, the calculated F value is 20.802 > F table (α = k; n-k) = 2.70 with F sig. 0.000 where F sig. 0.000 < 0.05 then H0 is rejected. It can be interpreted that motivation (X₁) and working capital (X₂) have a positive and significant effect simultaneously on interest in entrepreneurship (Y).
Oxidation pathways and emission sources of atmospheric particulate nitrate in Seoul: based on δ15N and Δ 17O of PM2.5
Authors: Lim Saehee , Lee Meehye , Savarino Joel , Laj Paolo
Published: July 2021

Abstract. PM2.5 haze pollution driven by secondary inorganic NO3− has been a great concern in East Asia. It is, therefore, imperative to identify its sources and oxidation processes, for which nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes are powerful tracers. Here, we determined the δ15N (NO3−) and Δ17O (NO3−) of PM2.5 in Seoul from 2018 to 2019, and estimated quantitatively the relative contribution of oxidation pathways for particulate NO3− and major NOx emission sources. In the range of PM2.5 mass concentration from 7.5 g m−3 (summer) to 139.0 g m−3 (winter), the mean δ15N was −0.7 ± 3.3 ‰ and 3.8 ± 3.7 ‰, and the mean Δ17O was 23.2 ± 2.2 ‰ and 27.7 ± 2.2 ‰ in the summer and winter, respectively. While OH oxidation was the dominant pathway for NO3− during the summer (87 %), nighttime formation via N2O5 and NO3 was more important (38 %) during the winter, when aerosol liquid water content (AWLC) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) were higher. Interestingly, the highest Δ17O was coupled with the lowest δ 15N and highest NOR in record-breaking winter PM2.5 episodes, revealing the critical role of photochemical oxidation process in severe winter haze development. For NOx sources, vehicle emissions were confirmed as a main contributor, followed by biomass combustion from various activities. The contribution from biogenic soil and coal combustion was slightly increased in summer and winter, respectively. Our results built on multiple-isotope approach provide the first explicit evidence for NO3− formation processes and major NOx emission sources in Seoul megacity and suggest an effective mitigation measure to improve PM2.5 pollution.
Air quality impacts of COVID-19 lockdown measures detected from space using high spatial resolution observations of multiple trace gases from Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI
Authors: Levelt Pieternel F. , Stein Zweers Deborah C. , Aben Ilse , Bauwens Maite , Borsdorff Tobias , De Smedt Isabelle , Eskes Henk J. , Lerot Christophe , Loyola Diego G. , Romahn Fabian , Stavrakou Trissevgeni , Theys Nicolas , Van Roozendael Michel , Veefkind J. Pepijn , Verhoelst Tijl
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The aim of this paper is two-fold: to provide guidance on how to best interpret TROPOMI trace gas retrievals and to highlight how TROPOMI trace gas data can be used to understand event-based impacts on air quality from regional to city-scales around the globe. For this study, we present the observed changes in the atmospheric column amounts of five trace gases (NO2, SO2, CO, HCHO and CHOCHO) detected by the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI instrument, driven by reductions of anthropogenic emissions due to COVID-19 lockdown measures in 2020. We report clear COVID-19-related decreases in NO2 concentrations on all continents. For megacities, reductions in column amounts of tropospheric NO2 range between 14 % and 63 %. For China and India supported by NO2 observations, where the primary source of anthropogenic SO2 is coal-fired power generation, we were able to detect sector-specific emission changes using the SO2 data. For HCHO and CHOCHO, we consistently observe anthropogenic changes in two-week averaged column amounts over China and India during the early phases of the lockdown periods. That these variations over such a short time scale are detectable from space, is due to the high resolution and improved sensitivity of the TROPOMI instrument. For CO, we observe a small reduction over China which is in concert with the other trace gas reductions observed during lockdown, however large, interannual differences prevent firm conclusions from being drawn. The joint analysis of COVID-19 lockdown-driven reductions in satellite observed trace gas column amounts, using the latest operational and scientific retrieval techniques for five species concomitantly is unprecedented. However, the meteorologically and seasonally driven variability of the five trace gases does not allow for drawing fully quantitative conclusions on the reduction of anthropogenic emissions based on TROPOMI observations alone. We anticipate that in future, the combined use of inverse modelling techniques with the high spatial resolution data from S5P/TROPOMI for all observed trace gases presented here, will yield a significantly improved sector-specific, space-based analysis of the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures as compared to other existing satellite observations. Such analyses will further enhance the scientific impact and societal relevance of the TROPOMI mission.
On the cross-tropopause transport of water by tropical convective overshoots: a mesoscale modelling study constrained by in-situ observations during TRO-Pico field campaign in Brazil
Authors: Behera Abhinna K. , Riviere Emmanuel D. , Khaykin Sergey M. , Marecal Virginie , Ghysels Melanie , Burgalat Jérémie , Held Gerhard
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Deep convection overshooting the lowermost stratosphere is well known for its role in the local stratospheric water vapour (WV) budget. While it is seldom the case, local enhancements of WV associated with stratospheric overshoots are often published. Nevertheless, one debatable topic prevails on the global impact of this event with respect to the temperature-driven dehydration of air parcels entering the stratosphere. As a first step, it is crucial to quantify their role at a local scale before assessing their impact at a large-scale in a meteorological model. It would lead to a forcing scheme for overshoots in the global models. This paper reports on the local enhancements of WV linked to stratospheric overshoots, observed during the TRO-Pico campaign conducted in March 2012 in Bauru, Brazil, using the BRAMS (Brazilian version of RAMS) mesoscale model. Since numerical simulation depends on the choice of several preferred parameters, each having its uncertainties, we vary the microphysics or the vertical resolution while simulating the overshoots. Thus, we produce a set of simulations illustrating the possible variations in representing the stratospheric overshoots. To resolve better the stratospheric hydration, we opt for simulations with the 800-m-horizontal-grid-point presentation. Next, we validate these simulations against the Bauru S-band radar echo tops and the TRO-Pico balloon-borne observations of WV and particles. Two of the three simulations' setups yield results compatible with the TRO-Pico observations. From these two simulations, we determine approximately 333 t to 2000 t of WV mass prevailing in the stratosphere due to an overshooting plume depending on the simulation setup. About 70 % of the ice mass remains between the 380 K to 385 K isentropic levels. The overshooting top comprises pristine ice and snow, while aggregates only play a role just above the tropopause. Interestingly, the horizontal cross-section of the overshooting top is about 450 km2 at 380 K isentrope, which is similar to the horizontal-grid-point resolution of a simulation that cannot compute overshoots explicitly. These results could establish a forcing scheme of overshooting hydration or dehydration in a large-scale simulation.
Surface ozone impacts on major crop production in China from 2010 to 2017
Authors: Li Dianyi , Shindell Drew , Ding Dian , Lu Xiao , Zhang Lin , Zhang Yuqiang
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Exposure to elevated surface ozone is damaging to crops. In this study, we performed an analysis of temporal and spatial distributions of relative yield losses (RYLs) attributable to surface ozone for major crops in China from 2010 to 2017, by applying the AOT40 metrics (hourly ozone concentration over a threshold of 40 ppbv during the growing season) simulated by chemical transport model. The major crops in China include wheat, rice (including double early & late rice, and single rice), maize (including north and south maize) and soybean. The aggregated production and associated economic losses in China and major provinces were evaluated by combing annual crop production yields with crop purchase prices. We estimated that, from our model simulations, the national annual average AOT40 in China increased from 21.98 ppm h in 2010 to 23.85 ppm h 2017, with a peak value of 35.69 ppm h in 2014. There exists significant spatial heterogeneity for the AOT40 and RYLs across the four crops due to the different growing seasons for each crop. We estimated that national mean RYLs were 11.45 %–19.74 % for wheat, 7.59 %–9.29 % for rice, 0.07 %–3.35 % for maize, and 0.87 %–2.74 % for soybean during 2010 to 2017. The associated ozone-induced annual average crop yield losses were estimated 13.81–36.51 million metric tons (Mt) for wheat, 16.89–20.03 million Mt for rice, 4.59–8.17 million Mt for maize, and 0.27–0.34 million Mt for soybean, which accounted for annual average economic loss of $9.55 billion, $8.53 billion, $2.23 billion, and $0.22 billion individually over the 8 years. Our results provide first, long-term quantitative estimation of crops yield losses and their economic cost from surface ozone exposure in China before and after the China Clean Air Act, and improve the understanding of the spatial sensitivity of Chinese crops to ozone impacts.
Quantification of the dust optical depth across spatiotemporal scales with the MIDAS global dataset (2003–2017)
Authors: Gkikas Antonis , Proestakis Emmanouil , Amiridis Vassilis , Kazadzis Stelios , Di Tomaso Enza , Marinou Eleni , Hatzianastassiou Nikos , Kok Jasper F. , García-Pando Carlos Pérez
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Quantifying the dust optical depth (DOD) and its uncertainty across spatiotemporal scales is key to understanding and constraining the dust cycle and its interactions with the Earth System. This study quantifies the DOD along with its monthly and year-to-year variability between 2003 and 2017 at global and regional levels based on the MIDAS (ModIs Dust AeroSol) dataset, which combines MODIS-Aqua retrievals and MERRA-2 reanalysis products. We also describe the annual and seasonal geographical distributions of DOD across the main dust source regions and transport pathways. MIDAS provides columnar mid-visible (550 nm) DOD at fine spatial resolution (0.1° × 0.1°), expanding the current observational capabilities for monitoring the highly variable spatiotemporal features of the dust burden. We obtain a global DOD of 0.032 ± 0.003 – approximately a quarter (23.4 % ± 2.4 %) of the global AOD – with about one order of magnitude more DOD in the northern hemisphere (0.056 ± 0.004; 31.8 % ± 2.7 %) than in the southern hemisphere (0.008 ± 0.001; 8.2 % ± 1.1 %) and about 3.5 times more DOD over land (0.070 ± 0.005) than over ocean (0.019 ± 0.002). The northern hemisphere monthly DOD is highly correlated with the corresponding monthly AOD (R2 = 0.94) and contributes 20 % to 48 % of it, both indicating a dominant dust contribution. In contrast, the contribution of dust to the monthly AOD does not exceed 17 % in the southern hemisphere, although the uncertainty in this region is larger. Among the major dust sources of the planet, the maximum DODs (~1.2) are recorded in the Bodélé Depression of the northern Lake Chad Basin, whereas moderate-to-high intensities are encountered in the Western Sahara (boreal summer), along the eastern parts of the Middle East (boreal summer) and in the Taklamakan Desert (spring). Over oceans, major long-range dust transport is observed primarily along the Tropical Atlantic (intensified during boreal summer) and secondarily in the North Pacific (intensified during boreal spring). Our calculated global and regional averages and associated uncertainties are consistent with some but not all recent observationally based studies. Our work provides a simple, yet flexible method to estimate consistent uncertainties across spatiotemporal scales, which will enhance the use of the MIDAS dataset in future studies.
Updraft dynamics and microphysics: on the added value of the cumulus thermal reference frame in simulations of aerosol-deep convection interactions
Authors: Hernandez-Deckers Daniel , Matsui Toshihisa , Fridlind Ann M.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. One fundamental question about atmospheric moist convection processes that remains debated is whether or under what conditions a relevant variability in background aerosol concentrations may have a significant dynamical impact on convective clouds and their associated precipitation. Furthermore, current climate models must parameterize both the microphysical and the cumulus convection processes, but this is usually implemented separately, whereas in nature there is a strong coupling between them. As a first step to improve our understanding of these two problems, we investigate how aerosol concentrations modify key properties of updrafts in eight large-eddy permitting regional simulations of a case study of scattered convection over Houston, Texas, in which convection is explicitly simulated and microphysical processes are parameterized. Dynamical and liquid-phase microphysical responses are investigated using two different reference frames: static cloudy-updraft grid cells versus tracked cumulus thermals. In both frameworks we observe the expected microphysical responses to higher aerosol concentrations, such as higher cloud number concentrations and lower rain number concentrations. In terms of the dynamical responses, both frameworks indicate weak impacts of varying aerosol concentrations relative to the noise between simulations over the observationally derived range of aerosol variability for this case study. On the other hand, results suggest that analysis of thermals can provide a better pathway to sample the most relevant convective processes. For instance, vertical velocity from thermals is significantly higher at upper levels than when sampled from cloudy-updraft grid points, and several microphysical variables have higher average values in the cumulus thermal framework than in the cloudy-updraft framework. In addition, the thermal analysis is seen to add rich quantitative information about the rates and covariability of microphysical processes spatially and throughout tracked thermal lifecycles, which can serve as a stronger foundation for improving subgrid-scale parameterizations. These results suggest that cumulus thermals are more realistic dynamical building blocks of cumulus convection, acting as natural cloud chambers for microphysical processes.
Climate Change Detection and Attribution using observed and simulated Tree-Ring Width
Authors: Franke Jörg , Evans Michael Neil , Schurer Andrew , Hegerl Gabriele Clarissa
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The detection and attribution (D&A) of paleoclimatic change to external radiative forcing relies on regression of statistical reconstructions on simulations. However, this procedure may be biased by assumptions of stationarity and univariate linear response of the underlying paleoclimatic observations. Here we perform a D&A study via regression of tree ring width (TRW) observations on TRW simulations which are forward modeled from climate simulations. Temperature and moisture-sensitive TRW simulations show distinct patterns in time and space. Temperature-sensitive TRW observations and simulations are significantly correlated for northern hemisphere averages, and their variation is attributed most closely to volcanically forced simulations. In decadally smoothed temporal fingerprints, we find the observed responses to be significantly larger and/or more persistent than the simulated responses. The pattern of simulated TRW of moisture-limited trees is consistent with the observed anomalies in the two years following major volcanic eruptions. We can for the first time attribute this spatiotemporal fingerprint in moisture limited tree-ring records to volcanic forcing. These results suggest that use of nonlinear and multivariate proxy system models in paleoclimatic detection and attribution studies may permit more realistic, spatially resolved and multivariate fingerprint detection studies, and evaluation of the climate sensitivity to external radiative forcing, than has previously been possible.
Event controls on intermittent streamflow in a temperate climate
Authors: Kaplan Nils Hinrich , Blume Theresa , Weiler Markus
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Intermittent streams represent a substantial part of the worldwide stream network and their occurrence is expected to increase due to climate change. Thus, it is of high relevance to provide detailed information of the temporal and spatial controls of streamflow intermittency to support management decisions. This study presents an event-based analysis of streamflow responses in intermittent streams in a meso-scale catchment with temperate climate. According to the streamflow responses, events were classified into flow or no-flow classes. Response controls like precipitation, soil moisture, and temperature were used as predictors in a random forest model to identify temporal controls of streamflow intermittency at the event-scale. Soil moisture was revealed as the most important predictor in the catchment. However, different patterns of predictor importance were found among the three dominant geologies in the catchment. Streamflow responses in the slate geology were controlled by soil moisture in the shallow and deep soil layers, while streamflow in the marl geology was primarily controlled by the soil moisture in the upper soil layer. Streamflow responses in catchments covering both marls and sandstone were dependent on soil moisture whereas streamflow in the only catchment with pure sandstone geology depended on precipitation characteristics. In both the slate and marl geology, streamflow intermittency also showed a relationship with seasonal fluctuations of soil temperature, probably as a proxy-variable of seasonal changes in evapotranspiration as well as an indicator of freezing conditions.
Statistical characterization of environmental hot spots and hot moments and applications in groundwater hydrology
Authors: Chen Jiancong , Arora Bhavna , Bellin Alberto , Rubin Yoram
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Environmental hot spots and hot moments (HSHMs) represent rare locations and events that exert disproportionate influence over the environment. While several mechanistic models have been used to characterize HSHM behavior at specific sites, a critical missing component of research on HSHMs has been the development of clear, conventional statistical models. In this paper, we introduced a novel stochastic framework for analyzing HSHMs and the uncertainties. This framework can easily incorporate heterogeneous features into the spatiotemporal domain and can offer inexpensive solutions for testing future scenarios. The proposed approach utilizes indicator random variables (RVs) to construct a statistical model for HSHMs. The HSHM indicator RVs are comprised of spatial and temporal components, which can be used to represent the unique characteristics of HSHMs. We identified three categories of HSHMs and demonstrated how our statistical framework is adjusted for each category. The three categories are (1) HSHMs defined only by spatial (static) components, (2) HSHMs defined by both spatial and temporal (dynamic) components, and (3) HSHMs defined by multiple dynamic components. The representation of an HSHM through its spatial and temporal components allows researchers to relate the HSHM's uncertainty to the uncertainty of its components. We illustrated the proposed statistical framework through several HSHM case studies covering a variety of surface, subsurface, and coupled systems.
Structural diagenesis in ultra-deep tight sandstones in Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Lai Jin , Li Dong , Ai Yong , Liu Hongkun , Cai Deyang , Chen Kangjun , Xie Yuqiang , Wang Guiwen
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation of Kuqa depression is ultra-deeply buried sandstone in fold-and-thrust belts. Few researches link diagenetic processes with structure. To fill this gap, a comprehensive analysis integrating diagenesis with structure pattern, fracture and in situ stress is performed following a structural diagenetic approach. The results show that the pore spaces include residual intergranular pores, intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores, and micro-fractures. The sandstones experienced a high degree of mechanical compaction, and compaction is limited in well-sorted rocks or abundant in rigid quartz grains. The most volumetrically important diagenetic minerals are calcites. The framework grains experienced a varied degree of dissolution, and intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores are formed. Special aims are paid on the dissolution associated with the fracture planes. Most natural fractures are cemented by carbonate cements, which limit fluid flow. In addition, presences of fracture enhance dissolution, and the fracture planes are enlarged by dissolution. Cementation and dissolution can occur simultaneously in fracture surfaces, and the enlarged fracture surfaces can be cemented by late-stage cements. The in situ stress magnitudes are calculated using well logs. The horizontal stress difference (Δσ) determines the degree of mechanical compaction, and rocks associated with low Δσ experienced a low degree of compaction, and there contain preserved intergranular pores. Natural fractures are mainly related to the low Δσ layers. The presences of intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores are mainly associated with the fractured zones. The high quality reservoirs with intergranular pores or fractures are related to low Δσ layers. The structural diagenesis researches above help the prediction of reservoir quality in ultra-deep sandstones, and reduce the uncertainty in deep natural gas exploration in Kuqa depression.
A Clinical and Radiographic Assessment of Sodium Hypochlorite Versus Formocresol Pulpotomy in Primary Molar Teeth: 12-month Follow-up.
Authors: Bahrololoomi Zahra , Zarebidoki Fatemeh , Shakib Atefeh
Published: July 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic success rates of pulpotomy in primary molars using formocresol versus sodium hypochlorite.Methods:  Twenty-three children aged 4-9 years with at least two primary molars requiring pulpotomy were randomly allocated into two groups. All teeth received stainless steel crown after conventional pulpotomy procedure with either NaOCl or formocresol. Clinical and radiographic signs/symptoms were recorded at six and 12 months. Outcomes were statistically analyzed using Fisher’s exact test and Chi-squaretest.Results: Clinical success rates at 6 and 12-month follow-up in both groups was 100%. At 6-month follow-up, radiographic success rate for NaOCl and formocresol groups was 100%. At 12-month recalls, in NaOCl group, 20 teeth (87%) and in formocresol group, 21 teeth (91.3%) had radiographic success. No significant difference was found in the radiographic success rates at 12 months (P=1.00). Internal root resorption was the most common radiographic pathologic finding in both groups.Conclusion:Clinical and radiographic success rates in NaOCl group was comparable with formocresol group, so NaOCL can be suggested as an alternative for primary teeth pulpotomies. However further clinical studies with long-term follow-ups are needed.
Addressing Contemporary Challenges to Hermeneutics
Authors: Taylor George H.
Published: July 2021

Hermeneutics encounters three current challenges: by more quantitative orientations, by stances that reject pluralism, and by criticism that the hermeneutic field is elitist and esoteric.  The article offers a response through Ricœur. The hermeneutic “choice in favor of meaning” insists upon the ontological value of the human condition. It shows the insufficiency of the quantitative approach, the remaining value of pluralistic consideration of what human meaning entails, and the real world consequences of interpretation. Examples in Ricœur show how a hermeneutic choice in favor of meaning is not passive but instead reads texts with a particular orientation even when the text seems engaged in another project. The article’s final part undertakes an internal critique, raising the adequacy of Ricœur’s emphasis on meaning as an affirmation of “being.” The example of Buddhist insistence on “emptiness” is offered as one counterexample. The article concludes by arguing that in our contentious times hermeneutics confirms its contemporary vitality through its choice in favor of meaning even as it retains pluralistic consideration of what that meaning entails.
The Question of the Colonies
Authors: Ricœur Paul
Published: July 2021

In this anti-colonial treatise, Ricœur reflects on the responsibility of every French citizen and of the French state with respect to colonialism. He establishes five principles that should guide his readers in their reflection on this issue and expresses his support for the independence of the colonies.
Effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy on speech intelligibility in individuals with persistent articulatory impairments
Authors:   Washington State University, Ray Jayanti
Published: July 2021

This study examined the effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) on speech intelligibility in adults with persistent articulation impairments. Six adults in the age range of 18-23 years were selected to receive orofacial myofunctional therapy for a period of six weeks. The results showed that five out of six clients made significant progress in oral postures and speech sound production across all three speech production tasks: single words, sentences, and spontaneous speech. Speech intelligibility increased significantly in all clients except the one diagnosed with developmental apraxia of speech. Orofacial myofunctional therapists, speech-language pathologists, and other professionals need to rule out underlying orofacial myofunctional variables when targeting speech sounds for intervention. Speech production tasks may be considered as important measures to understand the efficacy of OMT in clinical settings.
Oral structures and sleep disorders: A literature review
Authors: Coceani Licia
Published: July 2021

In recent years, a wealth of studies revealed the many physiological and histological changes the oropharyngeal muscles go through as a result of sleep disorders, in particular, as a result of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). This article presents a literature review of the most recent findings regarding sleep disorders and their effect on oropharyngeal structures. The article includes classifications and definitions of various sleep disorders; explains the negative implications of sleep disorders in children, as well as in adults; reviews the viable options to treat sleep disorders; suggests steps in which the orofacial myologists could be instrumental in identifying and referring patients with possible sleep disorders; and suggests further studies on the subject conducted by orofacial myologists.
Early lingual frenectomy assisted by CO2 laser helps prevention and treatment of functional alterations caused by ankyloglossia
Authors:   School of Medical Sciences – State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Brazil., Fiorotti Renata , Bertolini Milene , Nicola Jorge , Nicola Ester
Published: July 2021

Incorrectly produced speech sounds, the presence of dentofacial alterations and acquired functional adaptations may be due to a short and inadequate lingual frenum. When frenectomy is indicated, it should be performed as early as possible to prevent functional alterations. This study presents a literature review on correct lingual positioning in relation to orthodontic and phonetic function as well as an assessment of 15 patients who underwent frenectomy utilizing the carbon dioxide laser. The results demonstrated that this technique is safe, effective and perfect for use in young children and can be performed in an outpatient unit.
The prose poem and the microessay
Authors: Delville Michel
Published: July 2021

Despite the growing popularity of such new generic labels as the ‘microessay’, the

proximity of the prose poem to neighbouring speculative prose genres has been the

focus of little critical attention. This paper investigates the interplay between lyricopoetic and expository prose while bearing special attention to the specific historical and

cultural circumstances of the birth of the Baudelairian prose poem.
Erasure and gift: Alan Loney’s prose poetry
Authors: Bullock Owen
Published: July 2021

Characteristics of the prose poem emphasised by Stephen Fredman include a focus on

language for its own sake, openness and the employment of the long poem. These facets

are strongly present in Alan Loney’s prose poem sequences ‘The erasure tapes’ (1994)

and ‘Gifts’ (2005). The paper argues that these concepts are intimately connected. It

evaluates the link between prose poetry and postmodernism and between language and

the idea of open writing as it relates to postmodernism and its appropriation of the long

poem. The erasure in question in Loney’s masterwork could be that of memory,

meaning, or connection; yet meaning and connectivity are handled differently in the

long poem form, and build sense and connection in different ways, through

juxtaposition, accumulation and the questioning of perspective in the individual’s

response to language and its unavoidable wedding with memory. The prose poem offers

a diversity of tools and structures, via the sentence and sentence fragment, supremely

useful for practitioners of poetry who wish to extend their range.
Poetry after the epic: Migratory prose/questing poetics
Authors: Johnson A Frances
Published: July 2021

This essay offers an exegetical reflection on research that underpinned poems drafted

over a six-month period. For a recent writing residency at the Australia Council BR

Whiting Studio in Rome, I devised a prose poetry project critiquing the often negative

representational politics of recent global population movements into southern Italy. I

researched the Italian political context and undertook field trips in order to evoke the

influx of refugees and asylum seekers into Italy’s urban centres. The challenge was to

portray individual human stories in poetical yet ethically activated ways in relation to

depictions of others. This essay therefore explores what ‘counter-framing’ (Maley

2016: 193) of journeys and experiences of refugees and asylum seekers might be

possible through the contemporary ‘voice’ of the prose poem. How might the prose

poem, over and above, or in tandem with, other poetic modes, enact poetic and political

counterframing of people movements?
Found poetry as literary cartography: Mapping Australia with prose poems
Authors: Joseph Sue
Published: July 2021

Found poetry is lyrical collage, with rules. Borrowing from other writers – from

different writings, artefacts, sources – it must always attribute and reference accurately.

This paper is derived from the beginnings of a research project into Australian legacy

newspaper stories and found poetry as prose poetry, explaining the rationale behind the

bigger project. Ethnographic in texture at its edges, the research project sets out to

create poetic renditions of regional news of the day, circumnavigating the continent.

My aim is to produce a cadenced and lyrical nonfiction transcript of Australian life,

inspired by and appropriated from regional legacy media, while it still exists.

The beginning of the research was a recce journey to the centre of Australia in 2016.

Currently, the outcomes of the recce are six poems, five of which are nonfiction prose

poems. Contextualising found poetry within the prose poetry genre – a long debated

and hybrid space – the theoretical elements of this paper underpin its creative offerings.
Earmarks: Fragments from the notebooks
Authors: Anderson PQR
Published: July 2021

That a poet needs to be a mathematician, absorbed in the quantity and quality of sounds,

the platonic properties behind their actual electronic spin, their chemical behaviours –

and by that absorption to absorb these elements, this mathematics. This ability we

recognise differently, and call it ‘ear’, which every poet must have. Some, as with

musicians, are born with it – perfect pitch; most must learn it by singing in the choir,

by taking their note from the tradition, the music they make themselves among.
Eyes inside words: Prose poetry, imagism, aesthetic empathy and autobiographical memory
Authors: Hetherington Paul , Atherton Cassandra
Published: July 2021

One of the features of contemporary prose poetry is that it often makes conspicuous

use of imagery, in some cases drawing on techniques pursued by the Imagist movement

in the early 20th century. In Ezra Pound’s words, the Imagists were interested in ’art

that bears true witness … art that is most precise’. Contemporary prose poets frequently

try to honour the spirit of Pound’s comment as they make images in their prose poems

and, in doing so, providing readers with a way of imaginatively entering their works,

enabling them to read them ‘from within’. Visual imagery in prose poetry provides a

pathway through which readers are able to achieve aesthetic empathy with such works,

allowing them to read these works as if their propositions are actually and presently

the case. While the same may be said for poetry more generally, we argue that it is

especially the case in prose poetry, where the rectangular form draws the reader into a

room-like space. This tends to generate a compressed sense of timespace and thus

intensify the effects of imagery and its connections to autobiographical memory. In the

absence of line breaks and the kinds of closure associated with lineated poetry, visual

imagery also helps crystallise the utterance of prose poems, bringing it into focus –

almost as if prose poems see and, in turn, are able to be seen through.
Formless form, or the return of form? Prose poetry in practice and theory
Authors: Strange Shane
Published: July 2021

Any study of prose poetry almost inevitably invokes the problem of genre. That is,

generic uncertainty will always be of interest in a form that crosses a supposed

boundary between prose and poetry and brings into play attempts at sharp demarcations

and taxonomies with the aim of marking out territories of the poetic and the prosaic

(and all stops between). In this paper, I would like to suggest that discussions of form

in relation to prose poetry are symptomatic of larger struggles around form that have

taken place at the level of critical practice. To do this, I suggest rather than a return of

the prose poem form taken from a retro-fitting of poetic literary history, we might see

the prose poem as a convergence with very short forms of prose fiction, and to look at

the varying ways that these forms have been specified in their traditions. Secondly, I

will look at the rise of ‘new formalism’ as a way of contextualising the critical

background around which these arguments might be seen.
The potential of the exegesis and the challenge of symbiosis
Authors: Finlayson Katrina , Kroll Jeri , Murphy Annabelle
Published: July 2021

The three contributors to this article believe that a symbiotic relationship between

creative and critical aspects of a project function most effectively. Research for the

exegesis – whether conventional or experimental – can enhance the creative work’s

possibilities, raising more pertinent research questions or refining those already

identified. In addition, the thesis as a coherent entity has the potential of making an

original contribution to knowledge through the connection of the exegesis and creative

work. The case study dissertations demonstrate this point of view, occupying two

positions on Krauth’s ‘radical trajectory continuum’ (2011). The first graduate, a

filmmaker and academic, chose a conventional exegesis-novel split, as the subject itself,

reverse adaptation of a film script to literary young adult novel, is an emerging research

discipline. The second candidate chose a braided essay format (Krauth’s ‘plaited’

structure) that reflects the research she undertook into theory of the Uncanny and the

consequent destabilisation and fragmentation it encourages. The supervisor as fellow

traveller of these doctoral journeys drew on her experience in order to help them to select

the most effective thesis structure and to realise the potential of symbiosis. They

discovered that in each case the resultant symbiosis did not silence their individual voices

but enhanced their individuality.
Fated intervention: Gracing, musing and the wishing well
Authors: John-Krol Louisa
Published: July 2021

Fairy visitation has inspired Australia’s fairy-tale revival, through an abiding belief in

Muses or Graces. This essay explores the plurality, plasticity and fecundity of classical

iconography, through interpretations of fairies, and avouches that fairy tales cannot do

without them. A fairy tale may entail rewards, vindications, riddles or quests, and may

end happily, yet one of its most distinctive, vital ingredients is fated intervention. That

is what ignites the magic. This paper explores this aspect of traditional fairy tales

through a literary-historical discussion of the Fates, Graces and Muses, through

intercultural, cross-era fertilisation, alongside the paradox of destiny and luck in wish

fulfilment. In doing so, I’ll call upon my artistic experience and reading.
Cuba-America Relations Present, Past & Future
Authors: Fatima Agha Shah
Published: July 2021

“Time can never be the same”. This verdict suits on international affairs. On 17th December, president of USA proclaims that they are reinstating their diplomatic relationship with Cuba. This announcement terminates the half-century dispute between America and Cuba. Cuba is one of those five countries which are still communist. For a better understanding of current relations between Cuba and America, we should first put a glance on its historical background.
Saudi Stance on Potential Iranian Threat in the Middle East
Authors: Muhammad Abdul, Mughis Irfan Siddeqi
Published: July 2021

This study examines the Saudis foreign policy towards Iran and the situation in Middle East due to Saudis proxies in Syria, Bahrain and Yemen. It also seeks the growing Iranian influence and interest in Middle East causing a sense of unrest for Gulf States. This article also encompasses the factors under which great Sunni alliance has been formed and the Saudis attempt to isolate Iran at least in the Islamic world. This article is conceptual in nature as it relies to a large extent on secondary sources of data i.e Print and electronic media. It also throws light on the current situation in Middle East and the religious, ideological, geostrategic concerns and geopolitical rivalry of two great nations i.e of Iran and Saudis. This paper also discusses the Saudis expectations from the west and particularly from America and growing ties of Iran with America and the west. It also highlights on silent character of Israel and the rising threat of ISIS in Middle East.
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN PAKISTAN: CASE OF ZIA REGIME
Authors: Dr. Shahnila Naz
Published: July 2021

Martial law is considered to be a political disaster in any country and its survival then depends on the military government. Founder of Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah also advised the military to remain loyal to the government and the constitution of the country. He never even thought about any constitutional role of the military which clearly indicates that Jinnah favoured democracy as the system of government for Pakistan. In this article, I focussed that military is a constitutional part of the government and can tell the president about the disorder in the country where the crisis is and what result there will be for the government. The military intervention of the army is subject to a few things, if these specific circumstances are not faced, then the military cannot intervene because their basic task is to protect the borders and to run the government is the task of the nation, I would like to highlight the violence of freedom of Expression and constraints for fiction writers during Zia ul Haq regime in Pakistan.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION IN A CONTEST WITH THE STATE AND NATIONALISM
Authors: Ms. Samreen Bari, Ms.Sidra Ahmed
Published: July 2021

What is globalization? It is difficult to define globalization with a single definition although it is a buzz word of this century; this term has mesmerized and fascinated the world significantly. It is considered as the large scale convergence process, it is a multidimensional phenomenon the main agent to activate the merger of economy and culture of the local and distant as a result growing interdependence in all walk of life is eradicating the cultural, social, territorial and religious barriers. The advocates of globalization predict that that through this process poor or developing countries can improve their economies and can raise the standard of living of their common people while the opponents of globalization claim that uncontrolled or free international market economy is benefitting the multinational corporations mostly operated by the entrepreneurs of the western world at the expense of local businesses, local cultures and common people. The advancement of technology and free market economy are working together to create a new globalized and interconnected world. The dynamic and ever-changing technological revolution involving the creation of a computerized network of communication, transportations, and exchange the acceptance of a globalized economy, the enlargement of world capitalist market system is absorbing ever more areas of the world and orbit of production, exchange, and consumption. As the world is experiencing and exploring the massive waves of ideas, norms, values, beliefs and hard products through direct as well as indirect channels not only media but tourists, businessmen, NGO’s, migrants are transferring their ideas, beliefs, and ideas from one part of the world to another.
ALWAYS AT WAR: AN ANALYSIS OF FEAR IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICS
Authors: Dr. Lubna Ahsan
Published: July 2021

A culture always at war, America’s political discourse has become saturated with hatred and fear. The establishment media, which once thrived on gathering information, exists solely for anxiety promotion. Confirmation of our greatest fears, from economic collapse to nuclear annihilation, is projected unfiltered on every platform, tailored to match what scares us most. As we like and we share, our fears grow exponentially, leaving us stuck in a frozen state of paranoia. Fear is everywhere. We are afraid Trump will start a war with North Korea, relying on Kim Jong-Un to be a rational actor. We’re also afraid Kim will unleash his nuclear arsenal on America and rely on Trump’s rational diplomacy to keep international security in check. We’re afraid Trump is a Russian puppet and hope the Mueller probe will save us from the death of our democracy. We fear the political goals of Democrats, who hope to overturn a legitimate election using a fake Russia investigation. We’re worried the fascist government will suppress free speech and we’re worried the government isn’t doing enough to suppress free speech to stop hate. There are too many guns for children to be safe, and not enough guns for teachers to protect us. We want to elect more women, people of color, LGBTQ individuals, and Muslims to preserve their rights. We fear women, people of color, LGBTQ individuals, and Muslims as we want to preserve our rights. We are afraid of migrants leaping into our borders and we are terrified of the government cracking down on innocent refugees on the border. As we hyperventilate over an infinite amount of threats, we lash out and grasp whatever form of defense lies closest.
Fundamental Human Rights Violations in European Union: An Overview
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan, Dr. Rizwana Jabeen, Safia A. Khan
Published: July 2021

This research piece is written on “Globalization and Fundamental Human Rights Violations in Europe”. It deals with very important issue of Human rights, violation being carried out in different kinds of its nature such as forcefully deport of immigrants from different European countries as like Italy, Greece. Moreover, a burning issue prevailing in most of the European countries in the recent times is the issue of wearing Hijab which means covering of Muslim women face with veil which is in most of the cases intolerable in European society. The significance of this topic stems from the fact that European continent was given Nobel Prize for peace in 2012 and keeping an eye that ward, Europe was supposed to be ideal continent for its inhabitants, but unfortunately for the last several years incidents of human rights violations are being noticed by
Pakistan-India Relations: An overview of Foreign Policy during Pervez Musharraf Regime
Authors: Afshan Iqbal, Dr. Asghar Dashti
Published: July 2021

In this article, Pakistan-India relations are analysed with special reference to the era of Pervez Musharraf, regarding his foreign policy. In this article, all the key factors are highlighted and discussed involving the conflicts between the two nuclear powered arch-rivals. The Kashmir conflict is at the centre of all of them. When General Pervez Musharraf took military power in Pakistan, many problems arose, including those related to the economy and foreign policy towards its neighbour, particularly India. The war in Kargil was still hot and Musharraf had to deal with the situation. Before a policy towards India was defined and implemented to save the people of these regions from the destruction of a nuclear war, the situation deteriorated further after the September 11, 2001 attack on the United States. In September 2006, President Musharraf and Prime Minister Singh agreed to establish an Indo-Pakistani counter-terrorism institutional mechanism to identify and conduct counter-terrorism initiatives