bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESEARCH OF THE MORTALITY IN 2018, 2019, 2020 AND EFFECTS OF COVID-19 ON MORTALITY
Authors: Teker Kenan , Gönülal Melis , Emiroğlu Mustafa
Published: December 2020

Background
In the literature, there are different studies about the mortality and epidemiology of COVID-19 and such researchs are expected to increase even more. We purposed in our study to compare data about the mortality and epidemiology of patients who died from COVID-19 and another disease in January, February, March, April, May and June of 2020 with data of patients who died because of other diseases in the same months of 2018, 2019 and 2020 .

Materials and Methods
We evaluated the files of the patients who died in the months of January, February, March, April, May and June of 2018, 2019 and 2020 retrospectively. Patients died from COVID-19 were exact cases whose reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was positive. We noted age, gender, nationality, marital status, social security, place of residence of all patients. Mortality in our study describes number of deaths / inpatients.

Results
The number of inpatients in 2018 was 49831, in 2019 was 46429, in 2020 was 37843 and totally was 134103. 1421 of them were inpatients from COVID-19. 39 of 1421 inpatients died because of COVID-19. Average number of mortality in 2018 was 0.92%, in 2019 1.14% and in 2020 1.47% and there was significant relationship between groups (p < 0.0001). The mortality of COVID-19 was determined 2.74 % in our hospital.

Conclusion
In conclusion, in our study, average number of deaths and mortality in 2020 were more than in 2018 and 2019. In addition, COVID-19 may have begun in February 2020, not in March, in Turkey according to the number of deaths in February and March in 2020 of our hospital. Mortality in June 2020 was less than June 2019 and June 2018. We think that our study can contribute to the last epidemiologic data in the world.
Keywords: COVID-19, 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV-2, mortality, epidemiology
INFORMATION SUPPORTING SYSTEM ABOUT TAX CAPACITY OF A COMPANY AND ITS EFFICIENCY: PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION AND EVALUATION
Authors: Kuzmenko Halyna
Published: December 2020

The principles of forming the system of information about tax capacity are grouped and the directions of activity of the enterprise are identified, in view of which it is expedient to establish criteria for assessing its efficiency. The formation of information about tax capacity of an enterprise should occur not chaotically, but according to certain principles. The lists of basic principles (unity, objectivity, competence, probability and periodicity) and additional principles (dynamism, rationality, conformity, control) have been substantiated. The system of indicators and criteria of the formalized expression of efficiency is offered. The list of indicators made it possible to build the system (vector) of criteria requirements to ensure the effectiveness of information about the tax capacity of a business entity. It has been proved that in assessing the effectiveness of the information supporting system on tax capacity of the entity, the impact of time and cost criteria, as well as other non-measurable parameters should be taken into account. The proposed approach to assessing the effectiveness of the current information supporting system on the taxpayer's capacity will allow assessing alternative information systems in terms of the effectiveness of their implementation.
Keywords: information supporting system; taxation; tax capacity; efficiency; principles; criteria; assessment; evaluation
Counting the Uncountable
Authors: Michalski Daniel , Adam Radomyski
Published: December 2020

The aim of the research was to create such a calculation model for the air defense efficiency that will enable to determine the degree of implementation of the task by anti-aircraft defense forces in combat conditions. The innovative approach to the efficiency of air defense presented in the article focuses on the methods and algorithms enabling the assessment of the feasibility of the air defense task. In its general form, it is based on the determination of the probable number of air assault assets intended for the implementation of an air task (destruction, incapacitation, disorganization of the cover object) and the possibility of air defense sets (means) to repel an air attack. The research was conducted with the use of qualitative methods – when determining the elements of protection or tactical and technical data. The results of the presented research can be implemented in the command process in air defense.
İsviçre’de Yaşayan Türk Çocuklarının Ana Dili Eğitiminde Karşılaştıkları Problemlerin İncelenmesi
Authors: SARIBAŞ Murat , DEMİR Necati
Published: December 2020

Bu araştırmada, İsviçre’de yaşayan Türk öğrencilerin, Türk okullarında ana dili eğitimi konusunda karşılaştıkları problemlerin ne olduğu ile ilgili öğrenci görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan fenomenoloji deseniyle yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme soruları kullanılmıştır. Örneklem grubu amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme ile oluşturulmuş ve İsviçre’de Türk nüfusunun bin ve üzeri olduğu 13 kantondaki Türk okullarında öğrenim görmekte olan 30 öğrenci araştırmanın örneklemini meydana getirmiştir. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak verilerin çözümlemesi yapılmıştır. Öğrencilerin Türk okullarında ana dili eğitiminde karşılaştıkları problemler öğrenci görüşleri doğrultusunda öğretmenlerden, öğrencilerin kendilerinden, fiziksel yetersizliklerden ve süreden kaynaklanan sorunlar olarak beş alt temaya ayrılmıştır. Öğretmenler konusunda problem yaşayan çocukların öğretmenlerin yetersizliklerinden, ilgisizliklerinden, tutum ve davranışlarından şikâyetçi oldukları görülmüştür. Öğrenciler kendileri ile ilgili sorunlardan bahsederken anlama ve anlatma problemleri olduğunu ve bu sorunların kendi ilgisizliklerinden kaynaklandığını ifade etmişlerdir. Yine fiziksel problemler içinde, öğrencilerin daha çok üzerinde durdukları konular, okulların uzaklığı, materyal eksikliği ve sınıf mevcudunun fazla olduğu olmuştur. Ayrıca öğrenciler, derslerin süresinin konuları öğrenmek için yeterli olmadığını da ifade etmişlerdir. Ek olarak araştırmada, bu problemler doğrultusunda öğrenci çözümlerine de yer verilmiş; sonuçlar ve öğrenci çözümleri ışığında önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Benlik Saygısı ve İlişkisel Faktörler: Bir Meta-Analiz Çalışması
Authors: SEKİ Tolga , DİLMAÇ Bülent
Published: December 2020

Araştırmada, benlik saygısı ile ilişkisi incelenen risk faktörleri ile koruyucu faktörlerin benlik saygısı üzerinde etki büyüklüğüne ilişkin genel bir sonuç elde etmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, 2010-2019 yılları arasında yapılan çalışmalar incelenerek korelasyonel çalışmaların meta-analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmada on dört faktörün benlik saygısı ile ilişkisinin etki büyüklüğü ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre yalnızlık (r=-0.54) ile benlik saygısı arasında negatif yönlü güçlü düzeyde etki büyüklüğü elde edilmiştir. Çocukluk çağı travması (r=-0.47), sosyal görünüş kaygısı (r=-0.46), depresyon (r=-0.44), stres (r=-0.35) ile benlik saygısı arasında negatif yönlü orta düzeyde etki büyüklüğü elde edilmiştir. Anksiyete (r=-0.27), güvenli olmayan bağlanma (r=-0.18) ile benlik saygısı arasında negatif yönlü zayıf düzeyde etki büyüklüğü elde edilmiştir. Benlik saygısı ile koruyucu faktörler arasındaki ilişkilerin etki büyüklükleri incelendiğinde; psikolojik sağlamlık (r=0.47), öz yeterlik (r=0.41), yaşam doyumu (r=0.39), algılanan sosyal destek (r=0.32), problem çözme becerisi (r=0.32), empati (r=0.31) ile benlik saygısı arasında pozitif yönlü orta düzeyde etki büyüklüğü elde edilmiştir. Güvenli bağlanma (r=0.16) ile benlik saygısı arasında pozitif yönlü zayıf düzeyde etki büyüklüğü elde edilmiştir.
Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Bilgi İletişim Teknolojilerine Yönelik Tutumlarının İncelenmesi: Kültürlerarası Bir Karşılaştırma
Authors: GÜL Yavuz Ercan , KARATAŞ Kasım
Published: December 2020

Bu araştırmada Kırgız ve Türk üniversite öğrencilerinin bilgi iletişim teknolojilerine yönelik tutumlarını inceleyerek karşılaştırma yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma genel tarama yönteminde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri Türkiye ve Kırgızistan’da öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinden elde edilmiştir. Çalışma grubu, Türkiye’den 543 öğrenci ve Kırgızistan’dan 543 öğrenci olmak üzere toplamda 1086 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Bilgi İletişim Teknolojilerine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Kırgızistan’dan ve Türkiye’den araştırmaya katılan öğrencilerin bilgi iletişim teknolojilerine yönelik tutum puan ortalamaları cinsiyet ve etnik köken değişkenlerine göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara bakıldığında her iki cinsiyet grubu (Kadın-Erkek) için de Kırgız öğrenciler lehine BİT tutum puan ortalamalarında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Aynı şekilde Türk ve Kırgız öğrencilerinin BİT’e ilişkin tutum puan ortalamaları etnik köken açısından karşılaştırıldığında Kırgız öğrencilerinin puan ortalamalarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür.
Duyguları Yönetme Becerileri Eğitim Programının Çocukların Duyguları Yönetme ve Bakış Açısı Alma Becerilerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi
Authors: CANTEKİN Dicle , GÜLTEKİN AKDUMAN Gülümser
Published: December 2020

Bu araştırma, okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının “Duyguları Yönetme Becerileri Eğitim Programının (DYBEP)” çocukların duyguları yönetme ve bakış açısı alma becerisine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak çocuk ve aile genel bilgi formu, Aslan ve Köksal Akyol (2016) tarafından geliştirilen Çocuklar için Bakış Açısı Alma Testi (ÇBT), TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenen Okul Öncesi Sosyal Beceri Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin (OSBED) duyguları yönetme becerileri alt ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubuna 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılında, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı bir anaokulunun iki sınıfından 20 deney, 20 kontrol olmak üzere 40 çocuk dahil edilmiştir. Deney ve kontrol grubuna ön testler uygulandıktan sonra, deney grubuna haftada iki gün, 12 haftada 24 oturum şeklinde Duyguları Yönetme Becerileri Eğitim Programı (DYBEP) uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonrasında deney ve kontrol gruplarına son test uygulaması ve 5 hafta sonra kalıcılık testi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda; deney grubuna uygulanan Duyguları Yönetme Becerileri Eğitimi Programının, duyguları yönetme becerileri üzerinde etkili olduğu ve bu etkinin kalıcı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bakış açısı alma becerilerine ilişkin sonuçlar incelendiğinde, eğitim programının etkili olduğu ve bu etkinin kalıcı olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda deney grubundaki çocukların duygusal bakış açısı alma ve toplam puanlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılığın bulunduğu saptanmıştır.
Biyoloji Eğitiminde Araştırmaya Dayalı Öğretim Stratejisinin Öğrenme Çıktılarına Etkileri Üzerine Sistematik Literatür Taraması
Authors: ÖDÜN-BAŞKIRAN Sinem , KORKMAZ Hunkar
Published: December 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı biyoloji eğitiminde araştırmaya dayalı öğretim stratejisinin (ADÖS) ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin öğrenme çıktıları üzerine etkilerini inceleyen çalışmaları sistematik bir literatür taraması yaparak incelemek ve çalışmaların yöntem niteliklerini bu çalışma kapsamında uyarlanan makale değerlendirme ölçütüne göre değerlendirmektir. Bu amaç kapsamında EBSCOhost, Australian Education Index, Wiley Online Library ve TR Dizin veri tabanlarına erişilmiştir. Toplam 452 makale veri havuzuna alınmış olup, 14 makale nihai inceleme sürecine dahil edilmiştir. İncelenen makaleleri değerlendirmek amacıyla makale değerlendirme formu iki farklı çalışmadan uyarlanarak geliştirilmiştir. Yapılan sistematik literatür taraması sonucunda, yapılan çalışmalarda ortaöğretim biyoloji eğitiminde ADÖS’ün, öğrencilerin konu ile ilgili öğrenmelerini, üst bilişsel becerilerini, eleştirel düşünme becerilerini, analitik düşünme becerilerini, kavramsal anlamalarını, bilimsel akıl yürütme becerilerini, gözlem becerilerini, bilimsel süreç becerilerini, duyuşsal becerilerini, takım çalışması yapabilme ve öğrenmeleri üzerinde denetim geliştirme gibi farklı alanlardaki öğrenme becerilerini geliştirdiği ve ayrıca araştırmaya dayalı biyoloji öğretiminin bilginin kalıcılığına da olumlu etkisi olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu makalede tanımlanan metodolojik sınırlılıklar çerçevesinde ve yapılan çalışma içeriklerinin analizi sonucunda ileride yapılacak ADÖS ile biyoloji öğretimi içeren çalışmalarda istatistiksel önem ile birlikte etki büyüklüğünün rapor edilmesi ve uygulama basamaklarının detaylandırılması önerilmiştir.
Local stresses in the keel when the ship is docked
Authors: Манухин В.А.
Published: December 2020

При постановке судна в док на днищевые перекрытия со стороны килевой дорожки действуют значительные реактивные усилия, вызывающие местные деформации и напряжения в киле, стрингерах и флорах. С днищевых связей усилия передаются в основном на поперечные переборки и в меньшей степени на бортовые перекрытия, что вызывает общий изгиб корпуса судна. Расчеты общей прочности при постановке судов и кораблей в док показывают, что напряжения от общего изгиба корпуса незначительны. Дополнительные локальные напряжения от местного изгиба продольных днищевых связей, и в первую очередь в киле, при использовании балочных моделей либо не учитываются совсем, либо определяются достаточно условно. Альтернативой является использование метода конечных элементов (МКЭ) при достаточно подробном пространственном моделировании связей судна, дока и опорного устройства, что весьма затратно. В данной работе предлагается достаточно простая методика оценки локальных напряжений в киле при постановке судна в сухой док. Методика основана на использовании теории изгиба балок на сплошном упругом основании. Приводится пример расчета баржи-площадки. Показано, что напряжения в киле баржи вблизи поперечных переборок могут достигать недопустимо больших значений. Полученные результаты подтверждаются расчетом по МКЭ трехмерной модели баржи.

When the ship is docked, significant reactive forces act on the bottom slabs from the keel track side, causing local deformations and stresses in the keel, stringers and floras. From the bottom braces, forces are transmitted mainly to the transverse bulkheads and, to a lesser extent, to the side floors, which causes a general bending of the ship's hull. Calculations of the total strength when ships and ships are docked show that the stresses from the general bending of the hull are insignificant. Additional local stresses from local bending of longitudinal bottom ties, and primarily in the keel, when using beam models, are either not taken into account at all, or are determined rather conditionally. An alternative is to use the finite element method (FEM) with a sufficiently detailed spatial modeling of the ship, dock and support device connections, which is very costly. This paper proposes a fairly simple method for assessing local stresses in the keel when the ship is in dry dock. The technique is based on the use of the theory of bending of beams on a solid elastic foundation. An example of calculation of the platform barge is given. It is shown that stresses in the keel of a barge near transverse bulkheads can reach unacceptably high values. The results obtained are confirmed by FEM calculations of a three-dimensional model of the barge.
How to improve an onboard stability and strength calculations in intact and damage mode
Authors: Одегова О.В. , Суслов А.Н.
Published: December 2020

В статье анализируются требования к бортовым программам для расчетов параметров безопасного мореплавания, а также определяются типы судов, для которых бортовые программы регламентируются Правилами классификационных обществ, что является актуальным в связи с необходимостью для проектантов и судовладельцев оперативного отслеживания изменений, вносимых в Правила. Авторы продолжают обсуждение актуального вопроса динамического мониторинга остойчивости по параметрам, определяемым в режиме реального времени при эксплуатации судна, а также предлагают и обосновывают внесение в Правила некоторых корректировок, обращая внимание на то, что отсутствие приемлемой для разработки математической модели или устаревшей проектной документации ведет к невозможности воссоздания первоначальной модели судна, заложенной проектантом, и, как следствие, к расхождениям в вычислениях с расчетами проектанта. Предлагаемые в данной статье подходы определяют новые направления научных исследований в теории корабля, проектировании и эксплуатации судов.

The article analyzes the requirements for onboard programs for calculating the parameters of safe navigation, and also defines the types of vessels for which onboard programs are regulated by the Rules of Classification Societies, which is relevant due to the need for designers and shipowners to promptly track changes to the Rules. The authors continue to discuss the topical issue of dynamic stability monitoring by parameters determined in real time during ship operation, and also propose and justify the introduction of some adjustments into the Rules, drawing attention to the fact that the absence of an acceptable mathematical model or outdated design documentation leads to the impossibility reconstruction of the original ship model laid down by the designer, and, as a result, to deviations with the designer's calculations. Authors approaches define the new direction for research investigation in a theory of the vessel design and safety exploitation.
Probability justification for a minimum margin of safety when calculating ship machine parts and endurance mechanisms
Authors: Румб В.К.
Published: December 2020

Расчеты прочности при проектировании и создании современной техники являются одним из главных критериев качества и конкурентоспособности изделий машиностроения. Неотъемлемой частью расчета прочности на выносливость является оценка минимально допустимого запаса прочности. Существующая оценка этого запаса на основе данных по отказам деталей несет в себе большую долю субъективизма. Предлагается методика определения минимально допустимого коэффициента запаса прочности. Ее принципиальное отличие от существующих заключается в том, что здесь этот коэффициент запаса прочности подсчитывается с учетом рассеяния характеристик прочности детали и действующих в ней напряжений при заданной вероятности отсутствия усталостного разрушения. Это позволяет исключить многие условности при прогнозировании прочностной надежности деталей и создает предпосылки для получения проектных решений, оптимальных по прочности и массе.

Strength calculations in the design and creation of modern technology are one of the main criteria for the quality and competitiveness of engineering products. An integral part of the endurance strength calculation is the assessment of the minimum allowable margin of strength. The existing assessment of this stock, based on data on the failure of parts, carries a large share of subjectivism. It is proposed a method of determining the minimum allowable safety factor. Its fundamental difference from the existing one is that here this strength factor is calculated taking into account the scattering of the characteristics of the strength of the part and the stresses in it at a given probability of absence of fatigue destruction. This eliminates many conventions when predicting the strength of the reliability of parts and creates the prerequisites for obtaining design solutions that are optimal in strength and mass.
Hydrogen and oxygen recirculation control system for an electric power plant based on an electrochemical generator
Authors: Галушин С.Я. , Шаманов Д.Н.
Published: December 2020

Развитие водородной энергетики ведет к увеличению использования электрохимических генераторов (ЭХГ) в морских транспортных средствах в качестве вспомогательных и основных энергоустановок. Топливом для таких энергетических установок являются водород и кислород. Важной для таких энергетических установок является экологическая составляющая При прямом преобразовании химической энергии топлива в электрическую в топливных элементах, побочным продуктом реакции является только вода. В статье рассматривается система управления рециркуляцией рабочих газов - водорода и кислорода в электрохимическом генераторе. Система управления состоит из двух независимых субблоков - контура рециркуляции водорода и контура рециркуляции кислорода. Каждый субблок, работающий по своему алгоритму, построен на программируемом логическом контроллере и управляемой арматуре. В статье также приведены режимы работы системы управления рециркуляцией газов.

The development of hydrogen energy increases electrochemical generators (ECG) using in marine vehicles as an auxiliary and main power plants. The fuel for such power plants are hydrogen and oxygen. The environmental component is important for such power plants. When the chemical energy of a fuel is directly converted into electrical energy in fuel cells, there are only water is a by-product of the reaction. The article discusses the control system of the working gases recirculation - hydrogen and oxygen in an electrochemical generator. The control system consists of two independent subunits - a hydrogen recirculation loop and an oxygen recirculation loop. Each subunit is built on a programmable logic controller and controlled armature, working according to its own algorithm. The article also describes the operating modes of the gas recirculation control system.
Predicting the durability of ship's machine parts and mechanisms on the criterion of material fatigue
Authors: Румб В.К.
Published: December 2020

На основе теории о кристаллическом строении металлов рассмотрена физика усталостного разрушения. Показано, что зарождение и развитие усталостных трещин является случайным процессом, состоящим из двух фаз: первая – образование макроскопической (видимой) трещины; вторая – рост трещины до критических размеров, после которых наступает поломка детали. Приведены критерии работоспособности деталей по критерию усталости материала. Особое внимание уделено методическим положениям, позволяющим расчетным путем прогнозировать долговечность деталей для первой фазы усталости материала. Предлагаемая методика базируется на кривой усталости материала и корректированной гипотезе линейного суммирования повреждений. Отличительной особенностью методики является ее применимость для различных видов нагружения, в частности, показано как с ее помощью можно определять усталостную долговечность для режимного и блочного нагружений деталей. Отмечено, что для повышения точности прогнозирования долговечности необходимы дополнительные экспериментальные исследования прочности материала при циклическом нагружении, равном 1010 ÷ 1012циклов. В перспективе разработанная методика позволяет рассчитывать остаточную долговечность деталей как разность между расчетной долговечностью новой детали и ее наработкой до момента нового использования.

Based on the theory about the crystalline structure of metals, the physics of fatigue destruction is considered. It is shown that the origin and development of fatigue cracks is a random process consisting of two phases: the first - the formation of a macroscopic (visible) crack; The second phase is the growth of the crack to critical dimensions, after which the part breaks. The criteria for the health of the parts are given on the criterion of material fatigue. Particular attention is paid to the methodical provisions, allowing the calculated way to predict the durability of parts for the first phase of material fatigue. The proposed technique is based on the material fatigue curve and the corrected hypothesis of linear summation of damage. A distinctive feature of the technique is its applicability for different types of loading, in particular, it shows how it can determine fatigue durability for the mode and block loading of parts. It is noted that additional experimental studies of the strength of the material in the cyclical load equal to 1010 ÷ 1012 cycles are needed to improve the accuracy of longevity prediction. In the long term, the developed technique allows to calculate the residual durability of parts as the difference between the calculated durability of the new part and its development until the moment of new use.
Marine integral water cooled reactors with steam-condensate process in the primary circuit
Authors: Кудинович И.В.
Published: December 2020

Одним из путей улучшения массо-габаритных характеристик судовых водоохлаждаемых реакторов интегрального типа с естественной циркуляцией теплоносителя является реализация пароконденсатного цикла в первом контуре, при котором насыщенный пар с высокой степенью сухости генерируется непосредственно в активной зоне и затем конденсируется в парогенера­торе, отдавая тепло рабочему телу второго контура. Тепловыделяющий канал активной зоны с непосредственной генерацией насыщенного пара состоит из кольцевого твэла и установленной в его полости нетепловыделяющей трубки с навивкой для закрутки потока теплоносителя. Закрутка потока внутри твэла предотвращает кризис кипения на его внутренней поверхности (на наружной поверхности твэла имеет место закризисный режим теплоотдачи), что обеспечивает допустимые значения температур топлива и оболочек твэла при достаточно высокой плотности энерговыделений, характерных для активных зон судовых реакторов. В статье описаны особенности теплогидравлического расчета каналов активной зоны, парогенератора-конденсатора и контура естественной циркуляции интегрального реактора с пароконденсатным циклом в первом контуре. Представлены результаты расчета характеристик реакторов тепловой мощностью 150 и 25 МВт. Показано, что размеры интегральных реакторов с естественной циркуляцией теплоносителя при реализации пароконденсатного цикла в первом контуре не превышают размеры характерные для интегральных водоохлаждаемых реакторов с принудительной циркуляцией теплоносителя, предназначенных к использованию на объектах морской техники.

One of the ways to improve the weight and size characteristics of integrated water-cooled reactors with natural coolant circulation is to implement a steam condensate cycle in the primary circuit, in which dry saturated steam is generated directly in the core and then condenses in the steam generator. The fuel channel of the core with the direct generation of saturated steam consists of an annular fuel rod and a non-fuel pipe installed in its cavity with a winding for swirling the coolant flow. The swirling of the flow inside the fuel element prevents a burn up its internal surface (there is a post-crisis heat transfer regime on the external surface of the fuel element), which ensures acceptable temperatures of the fuel and its cladding at a sufficiently high energy density typical for marine reactor core. The article discusses the features of thermal-hydraulic calculations of the core channel, steam generator – condenser and natural circulation circuit of integral type reactor with the steam-condensate cycle in the primary circuit. It is presents the characteristics of marine reactors with a thermal capacity of 150 and 25 MW. It is shown that size of the marine integrated reactors with natural coolant circulation and a steam condensate cycle in the primary circuit is similar to size of reactor with enforced coolant circulation.
Studies of excitation modes of thermoacoustic emitters of sound – of thermophones
Authors: Легуша Ф.Ф. , Григорьева Н.С. , Лукьянов В.Д. , Разрезова К.В. , Троицкий А.В.
Published: December 2020

В работе проведён анализ влияния режимов возбуждения термофона на его акустическую эффективность. В настоящее время для возбуждения современных термофонов используют два режима возбуждения соответствующих случаям, когда в активном элементе термофона текут: 1) постоянный электрический ток I0 и переменный электрический ток i(f) = Imsin(ωt); 2) только переменный ток i(f) = Imsin(ωt). В этих случаях термофон излучает звуковые волны, амплитуды колебательных скоростей которых um1 и um2 соответствуют номерам режимов.
При этом показано, если выполняется неравенство I0 >> Im, то отношение колебательных скоростей um1 / um2 ≥ 28. Как следствие этого, уровень излучения звука при 1 режиме возбуждения более чем на 29 дБ выше, а мощность акустического излучения в 860 раз выше по сравнению со вторым режимом возбуждения. Таким образом, для создания мобильных эхолокационных систем, работающих в газах, могут быть использованы термофоны, в которых реализован первый режим возбуждения, имеющий более сложную схему электрического питания.

The paper analyzes the influence of thermophone excitation modes on its acoustic efficiency. Currently, to excite modern thermophones, two excitation modes are used corresponding to cases when in the active element of the thermophone flows: 1) direct electric current I0 and alternating electric current i(f) = Imsin(ωt); 2) only alternating current i(f) = Imsin(ωt). In these cases, the thermophone emits sound waves whose vibrational speed amplitudes um1 and um2 correspond to the mode numbers.
It is shown that if the inequality I0 >> Im, is satisfied, then the ratio of vibrational speeds um1 / um2 ≥ 28. As a result, the sound radiation level at 1 excitation mode is more than 29 dB higher, and the acoustic radiation power is 860 times higher compared to the second excitation mode. Thus, to create mobile echolocation systems operating in gases, thermophones can be used, in which the first excitation mode is implemented, which has a more complex electrical power supply scheme.
Deficyty polskiego ustawodawstwa w zakresie przeciwdziałania mowie nienawiści i przestępstwom z nienawiści
Authors: Gliszczyńska-Grabias Aleksanda
Published: December 2020

The phenomenon of hate speech and hate crimes is not easily captured in the legal definitions and is often described as controversial due to the difficulties with identifying the “hateful element” of words and deeds. Another significant reason for the difficulties concerning penalisation in the area in question is the strict (and for many unjustified) limitation imposed on freedom of speech, assembly and association, which are the freedoms most often affected by the anti-hate provisions of law. Nevertheless the obligations included in the international human rights law oblige Polish legislators to introduce and implement proper mechanisms of counteracting these extremely negative and socially dangerous phenomenon. However, many questions arise: Are the international standards of human rights law fully reflected in the Polish legal provisions and practice? How are the areas demanding alteration and endorsement being defined? What are the obstacles that unable the process of protecting all groups particularly endangered by hate speech and hate crimes? Are the provisions of law a sufficient and effective barrier against spreading hatred in the public sphere? This article seeks to answer all the questions posed above. It also attempts to demonstrate the complexity of the analysed problems, placing them in the centre of the gene-ral discussion on tolerance, minorities protection and the functions of the antidiscrimination law within democratic state and society.
Przesłanki oraz tryb pozbawienia właściciela prawa do lokalu w prawie polskim i niemieckim
Authors: Sikorska-Lewandowska Aleksandra
Published: December 2020

In Polish and also in German law a housing community is entitled to sue the owner of premises and demand their sale by public auction. In both legal systems a resolution must be taken by a housing community and then the case must be referred to court. Grounds for an action, in accordance with Polish law, are as follows: long-term default by the owner on the payment of charges due, flagrant or persistent offence against the applicable order of house rules, inappropriate behaviour that makes the use of other premises or the common property burdensome. Under German law, grounds for a claim may be breach of the obligations incumbent on an owner to other owners of premises in such a blatant way that one cannot expect them to continue to maintain community with him. In both legal regimes, that legal remedy is of a unique and final nature and, therefore, is used when other solutions have produced no effect.
Rozstrzyganie wątpliwości intertemporalnych w prawie zobowiązań
Authors: Słotwiński Szymon
Published: December 2020

It is not an easy task to resolve intertemporal problems. This publication is an attempt to create a theory of solving such concerns, accompanying any changes in legal system, as quickly and correctly. as possible. The author focuses on regulations belonging to the contract law. The starting point of this article was an analysis of transitional provisions contained in amendments to Civil Code and in the introductory regulations of the Civil Code. This procedure leads up to a method of managing intertemporal conflicts between undergone significant changes of the legal system which is used by the legislature itself. Considerations begin with an introduction to the issues of the private intertemporal law by a brief characterization of intertemporal law basic rules approved by literature and jurisdiction. Then, the basic principles of the intertemporal law on the basis of the introductory regulations of the Civil Code have been discussed. At the end of this publication a theory of resolving intertemporal conflicts based on law of contract, which corresponds to the nature of obligations has been indicated.
Własność i zarząd urządzeniami wodnymi w orzecznictwie sądów administracyjnych
Authors: Rotko Jerzy
Published: December 2020

The analysis undertaken in this article covers two issues: the legal status of water facilities and the methods of management of those devices that are owned by the State Treasury. The first one has not been the subject of interest of legal sciences for a long time. The doubts related to it were present in legal debate only through the case law of the administrative courts. The ground-breaking importance is held mainly by the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of 16 January 2009. It is the first judgment that settled on the legal status of the water facilities. The Administrative Court in Warsaw opined that the weir on the river was a part of the soil surface covered with fl owing water (river), however the Supreme Administrative Court questioned this view by affirming that such devices were subject to separate ownership and thus formed an exception to the principle of superficies solo cedit. Equally controversial is the governance of the water facilities owned by the State Treasury. The provisions of the Act on Water Law are inconsistent and incoherent. The problems arising in this context remain largely unnoticed in the case law of the administrative courts. The article is summed up by complex de lege ferenda conclusions, designed to remove incoherent and inconsistent provisions of the Water Law.
Zasada jawności a uzasadnienie orzeczenia Trybunału Konstytucyjnego
Authors: Syryt Aleksandra
Published: December 2020

The Constitutional Tribunal is called a “court of law”. The proceedings before that body of law must meet the requirements of a fair procedure. Guarantee of a fair trial is its openness and transparency. Openness and transparency is implemented for example by public hearing or through the publication of decisions of this body in the appropriate set of official.

The principle of openness is implemented by justify rulings of Constitutional Tribunal which contain specific reasons of taking the decision. Justification of a ruling protects against arbitrary action of the Constitutional Tribunal. A justification of a ruling is an admissible voice of Constitutional Tribunal in the public debate. Openness and transparency implemented by justification of decisions of the Constitutional Tribunal allows to build the authority of that body in the country.

Matters which are in the judgments can be informative and educational. Way of describing the issues in the justifications of rulings can also trendsetting understanding of certain bodies of constitutional law in a democratic state ruled by law.
Aplicación de un programa de educación para la salud en mujeres con dolor crónico de espalda: estudio cuasi-experimental
Authors: López Bravo María Dolores , Botica Martínez Irene
Published: December 2020

Antecedentes y objetivo: Existe ya una tradición, en el ámbito clínico, de programas de educación para la salud dirigidos a pacientes con dolor crónico de espalda. Así mismo hay evidencia acerca de su impacto en sobre la disminución del dolor, mejora en la percepción de autoeficacia y aumento de habilidades de afrontamiento para el manejo del dolor. Este estudio pretende profundizar sobre estos aspectos. Por ello, tiene como propósito analizar la influencia de un programa educativo, dirigido a mujeres mayores de 50 años con dolor lumbar, dorsal y/o cervical crónico, sobre la percepción del dolor, percepción de autoeficacia, mejora de hábitos de higiene postural y aumento en el repertorio de habilidades de afrontamiento.

Material y métodos: El tipo de diseño utilizado fue Cuasi-experimental antes-después. La muestra está compuesta por ocho pacientes del Centro de Atención Primaria Integral de Salud de Especialidades Colmenar Viejo Sur. Las variables primarias evaluadas fueron el Dolor (EVN), percepción de la Autoeficacia (Escala de Autoeficacia del dolor crónico), habilidades de Afrontamiento al dolor (Cuestionario de Afrontamiento al dolor -CAD-R) y hábitos de Higiene postural (Cuestionario de la Guía para el Cuidado de la Espalda – FREMAP). El programa educativo constó de seis sesiones de hora y cuarto, a razón de 2 sesiones semanales. Los contenidos del mismo incluyeron los apartados de: (1) Conocimiento y Educación del dolor, (2) Higiene postural, (3) Autoeficacia y (4) Estrategias de Afrontamiento.

Resultados: Se obtuvieron cambios significativos en la variable de “Higiene postural”, en la sub-escala “Autoeficacia en el control de síntomas” y en las sub-escalas de “Habilidades de Afrontamiento”, “Autocontrol mental” y “Distracción”. En cuanto al dolor, no se obtuvieron resultados significativos en ninguno de los parámetros evaluados de intensidad, frecuencia y duración del dolor.

Conclusiones: El programa de educación para la salud aplicado no ha mostrado cambios significativos en la intensidad, frecuencia y duración del dolor. Sin embargo, sí ha mostrado un impacto en el aumento de habilidades de afrontamiento utilizadas, en la percepción de autoeficacia y en el seguimiento de medidas de higiene postural.
A New Exponentially Fitted Numerical Integration Scheme for Solving Singularly Perturbed Two Point Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Alam Mohammad Javed , Prasad Hari Shankar , Ranjan Rakesh
Published: December 2020

: This article is concerned with an exponentially fitted numerical integration method based on uniform mesh for solving singularly perturbed two point boundary value problems. Exact and approximate rule of integration with finite difference approximation of first derivatives are used to derive a three term scheme. Theory of singular perturbation is used to introduce a fitting factor in the derived scheme. Thomas algorithm is employed to solve the resulting tridiagonal system of equations. Convergence of the proposed method is also analyzed. Solutions of several linear and nonlinear example problems are presented in terms of maximum absolute errors (MAE) to show the applicability of the proposed scheme. It is easily observed that the proposed method is able to approximate the solution very well.
Mistä syntyvät onnekkaat löydöt asiantuntijatyössä?
Authors: Toivanen Minna
Published: December 2020

Uudistuminen ja uudet ratkaisut voivat syntyä yllättävien sattumien kautta. Tähän liittyy käsite serendipisyys, jolla tarkoitetaan yksilön kohtaamaa yllättävää, sattuman ja viisauden ohjaamaa hyödyllistä havaintoa, ideaa, tietoa, esinettä tai ilmiötä. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa serendipisyyskokemuksia eli onnekkaita löytöjä asiantuntijatyössä Suomessa sekä selvittää, missä onnekkaita löytöjä tehdään ja missä määrin ne liittyvät yksilön toimintatapaan ja missä määrin taas työyhteisön ilmapiiriin (psykologiseen turvallisuuteen) ja organisaatiokulttuuriin. Tutkimus pohjautuu vuonna 2019 toteutettuun asiantuntijakyselyyn (N = 1197). Aineiston analysoinnissa käytettiin muun muassa logistisia regressiomalleja. Tutkimuksen mukaan asiantuntijoista 54 prosenttia oli kohdannut onnekkaita löytöjä työssään melko tai hyvin usein, naiset miehiä useammin. Lisäksi serendipisyyskokemukset olivat selvästi yhteydessä työn sidoksisuuteen ja sosiaalisen median käyttöön työssä. Onnekkaita löytöjä tehtiin erityisesti työpaikan epämuodollisissa kohtaamisissa. Tutkimus osoitti, että serendipisyyskokemukset ovat vahvasti yhteydessä yksilön uudistavaan toimintatapaan mutta myös psykologiseen turvallisuuteen ja uudistavaan työkulttuuriin.
Työvoimapolitiikka ja hyvinvointi - kuka hyötyy toimenpiteistä?
Authors: Niemelä Jukka , Koivusilta Leena , Elonen Noora , Saloniemi Antti
Published: December 2020

Tutkimme aktiivisten työvoimapoliittisten toimenpiteiden (palkkatuetun työn, kuntouttavan työtoiminnan, työkokeilun ja työvoimakoulutuksen) yhteyttä pitkäaikaistyöttömien hyvinvoinnin muutokseen. Hyvinvoinnin mittareina käytimme psyykkistä toimintakykyä (GHQ:ta) ja itsearvioitua terveyttä. Selittävät muuttujat olivat sukupuoli, ikä, perherakenne, koulutus, toimenpiteen tyyppi ja kokemus sen hyödyllisyydestä sekä hyvinvointi ennen toimenpiteisiin osallistumista. Aineisto kerättiin kyselytutkimuksella ennen henkilön osallistumista toimenpiteeseen ja sen jälkeen (n = 138). Koko aineiston tasolla muutokset eivät olleet tilastollisesti merkitseviä. Sen sijaan alaryhmittäisessä tarkastelussa tilanne muuttui. Hyvinvointi parani merkitsevästi niillä, joilla se ennen toimenpiteeseen osallistumista oli luokiteltavissa heikentyneeksi. Työvoimapolitiikan normaaleilla toimenpiteillä on suotuisia vaikutuksia hyvinvointiin juuri niiden ihmisten keskuudessa, joilla hyvinvoinnin vajeet ovat lähtötilanteessa ilmeisimmät. Tässä mielessä siis hyöty näyttää kohdentuvan oikeudenmukaisesti. Lisäksi toimenpiteiden laadulla oli merkitystä. Positiivisia hyvinvointivaikutuksia oli nimenomaan toimenpiteillä, joita työttömät pitivät omaa osaamistaan, työllistymismahdollisuuksiaan, itseluottamustaan, elämäntilannettaan ja taloudellista tilannettaan parantavina. Tällaisia kokemuksia oli palkkatukityötä tehneillä enemmän kuin muihin toimenpiteisiin osallistuneilla. Kokonaisuudessaan tulokset korostavat työttömien omien toiveiden ja tavoitteiden vakavasti ottamista toimenpiteiden tehokkuuden takaamiseksi. Lisäksi tutkimustuloksemme täydentävät ja täsmentävät aikaisempia teorioita ja havaintoja aktivointitoimenpiteiden merkityksestä.
A violência sexual intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes e o trabalho profissional do assistente social
Authors: Simon Bezerra Mayara , Piana Maria Cristina , Jacinto Adriana Giaqueto
Published: December 2020

A violência é algo que está se tornando cada vez mais presente na história da sociedade. Um dos tipos que ela se apresenta é a violência sexual intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes, cometida por aqueles que teriam a função de protegê-los contra toda e qualquer forma de violência. Atuando diretamente com a criança e o adolescente vítimas desta violação e seus familiares, o assistente social busca a efetivação dos direitos, a reflexão de que todos são sujeitos de direitos, protagonistas de sua história. Realiza encaminhamentos e intervenções que buscam fortalecer a família e “superar a situação de violência”.
An Analysis of the Turkish Translation of Literary and Religious Allusions as a Means of Characterization in Simpsons Comics
Authors: TARAKCIOĞLU Aslı Özlem , KALIPCI Müge
Published: December 2020

In translating a text, a translator will have to take several elements into account among which allusions play a significant role. Allusion is a literary device that many authors employ in their writing for various purposes. Usually defined as a brief, indirect reference in text to something that is typically well-known, an allusion can refer to anything from a literary work to a famous person, a significant event in history, famous products, or catchphrases. The interweaving of the allusive meanings and the intended effects with the source culture render the translation of allusions a challenging process as those special effects and implied meanings are not necessarily the same in other cultures or languages. Considering this fact, the present study aims to investigate the literary and religious allusions in five books selected from Simpsons Comics series to find out the most common strategies used in their translations into Turkish language. In accordance with this purpose, the study also aims to contribute to the less widely examined aspect of allusion studies in Turkey by addressing the way the above-mentioned allusions are used as a device for characterization. To this end, first the literary and religious allusions in the source text are identified and categorized into PN (Proper-name) and KP (Key-phrase) allusions according to Leppihalme’s (1997) classification for translating allusions, and analyzed to see what specific strategies are used in their Turkish translations. Finally, the allusions used to establish characters through implicit means are examined with selected examples from the data. The analyses reveal that the distribution of the strategies preferred in the translation of PN and KP allusions differ. While there is a more or less balanced distribution among the strategies preferred in translating PN allusions, KP allusions are predominantly rendered through literal translation. The result of the research shows that 41 % of the allusions in the study serve a function in indirect characterization. Thus, it can be suggested that allusion is an important tool employed by the author for building characters implicitly.
Özolguların Türkçeden Rusçaya Çevirisi Sorunu
Authors: YAPICI Fatih
Published: December 2020

Çeviri etkinliği, biçem, sözdizimi ve anlam parçacıklarından meydana gelmiş kaynak metni, anılan unsurların hedef dildeki eşdeğerleriyle yeniden oluşturmak olarak tanımlanabilir. Çeviri etkinliği basitçe bu şekilde tanımlansa da çeviriyi güçleştiren birçok unsur bulunmaktadır. Bunların başında da özolgular sayılabilir. Zira özolgular çevrilemez sözcük ya da sözcük grupları anlamına gelir. Özolguların çevrilemez olmasının temel nedeni bu sözcük ya da kavramların sadece bir kültürde bulunmasıdır. Çevirmenler, en başta karşılarına çıkan özolguları tespit etmekle yükümlüdürler. Ancak ondan sonra özolguların çevirisinde ne tür bir yol izleneceği konusunda kafa yorabilir ve çözümler ortaya koyabilirler. Kültüre has birimler olarak özolgulara en fazla rastlanan metinlerden biri masallardır. Türk masalları birçok farklı kültürden esintiler taşısalar da, Türk kültürünün en güzel taşıyıcılarından biri olarak kabul edilirler. Masallarda Türk kültürüne özgü günlük yaşam, inanışlar, birey toplum ilişkisi, örf ve adetler gibi pek çok alana ait kültürel unsurları gözlemlemek mümkündür. Masalların Türk kültüründeki yeri dikkate alınarak çalışmamızda Oğuz Tansel’e ait Al’lı ile Fırfırı adlı masallar kitabının Rusçaya çevirisi incelendi. Eserde geçen özolguların çevirmen tarafından hangi yöntemler izlenerek aktarıldığı araştırıldı. Özolguların sınıflandırılması konusunda Batı’da da sıkça başvurulan S.İ. Vlahov ve S.P. Florin’in [Çeviride Çevrilemeyen] (Neperevodimoye v perevode) adlı çalışmasından yararlanıldı. Karşılaştırmalı bir yöntem izlediğimiz çalışmamız sonucunda özolguların çevrisinde en çok yaklaşık anlam çevirisinin uygulandığını tespit ettik. Bununla birlikte diğer yöntemlerden de örnekler incelenmiştir.