bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Report of the Special Subcommittee on Governance of the Code with Respect to Fungi
Authors: May Tom W.
Published: August 2016

The Special Subcommittee on Governance of the Code with Respect to Fungi was established at the XVIII International Botanical Congress (IBC) in Melbourne in 2011, with the mandate to consider what specialized procedures and by‐laws may be desirable for dealing with changes to fungal nomenclature, and to report to the XIX IBC in Shenzhen in 2017. The Subcommittee conducted extensive discussions, summarized in this report. A majority view (80%) within the Subcommittee and a majority of mycologists polled at the International Mycological Congress (IMC) in Bangkok in 2014 support changes to governance of the Code encapsulated in two proposals published in this issue. These proposals cover election of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi by an IMC and establishment of Fungal Nomenclature Sessions at IMCs to deal with proposals that relate solely to fungi, with procedures replicating those of the Nomenclature Sections of IBCs, excluding institutional votes. This report provides the supporting documentation for the two proposals. The report and the proposals should be read alongside each other.
Phylogeny, morphology and circumscription of Myrcia sect. Sympodiomyrcia (Myrcia s.l., Myrtaceae)
Authors: Santos Matheus F. , Sano Paulo T. , Forest Félix , Lucas Eve
Published: August 2016

Myrcia s.l. comprises ca. 780 species distributed in nine numbered, informal monophyletic groups. The aims of this work are to improve the phylogenetic and morphological knowledge of one of these clades. The phylogenetic analyses included 24 of the 29 inferred species of "clade 7", plus 80 samples of other clades of Myrcia s.l. and outgroup taxa. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were conducted using the markers ITS, ndhF, psbA‐trnH, trnL‐trnF and trnQ‐rps16. The morphological study employed a maximum‐parsimony algorithm to reconstruct the evolution of selected characters on the Bayesian topology. Myrcia sect. Sympodiomyrcia ("clade 7") is formally described and 28 species are assigned to the group. The new section is defined by the presence of cataphylls, an inflorescence with sympodial basal branching and opposite apical branching, a hypanthium elongated above the ovary and not tearing during anthesis, and calyx lobes free and deciduous. Statistical support for internal relationships is low and there is little congruence with morphology or geographical distribution. A clade corresponding to Calyptranthes appears to be the sister group of Myrcia sect. Sympodiomyrcia and sympodial branching (in vegetative and basal inflorescence branches), presence of cataphylls and deciduous calyx lobes are putative synapomorphies of this clade. Exclusive to Calyptranthes is the calyx with completely fused lobes. Results increase systematic understanding in the large genus Myrcia s.l. but highlight the need for further phylogenetic and morphological studies.
Aerosol Particles Capture by Filters Made of Porous Mesh Metals
Authors: Спиридонов  , Spiridonov V. , Девисилов  , Devisilov Vladimir , Крыловский  , Krylovskiy A.
Published: August 2016

Results of experimental investigations related to filtration efficiency of aerosol particles from a dusty air flow by filtering

baffles made of porous mesh materials by multiply packages of wire meshes hot rolling in vacuum have been represented. It

has been found that capture of aerosol particles in these materials is mainly carried out by mechanisms of inertial capture

and contact. The functional connection for particles’ fractional breakthrough coefficient from number of mesh layers in the

package and its material porosity has been obtained. The analytical relation between fractional breakthrough coefficient

and material porosity and Stokes number has been obtained based on experimental data processing. These studies results

allow by appropriate selection of mesh number, quantity of meshes layers in the package and the package compression

degree during rolling obtain a filter material with desired performance characteristics.
Technical Regulation of Industrial Facilities Safety: Tolerable Risk Definition
Authors: Грановский  , Granovskiy E.
Published: August 2016

Basic principles for definition of a tolerable risk as a criterion for decision-making in risk management are considered. It

has been shown that the principle of common sense (ALARP) allows define boundaries for justifiable costs of risk reduction.

Examples for definition of tolerable risk to hazardous production facilities personnel, population, and environment are

presented. It has been demonstrated that regardless of hazardous production facilities management for tolerable risk

definition may be used risks of natural, man-made or other nature of the impact on people, property and environment. These

risks may be evaluated either by objective statistics or by other methods. Tolerable risk level definition by stakeholders

with participation of concerned parties, and not by formal approval this level by government agencies, makes the decision

more effective.
The Calculation of the Cut-in Length of the End Hole of Channel Without Clamping Shoulder by the Acoustic Design Development
Authors: Тупов  , Tupov Vladimir
Published: August 2016

The analysis of known calculated dependences for determining the relative cut-in length of the end hole of the channel

without clamping shoulder (end correction) needed to perform applicative acoustic calculation, in particular by the design

of jet noise mufflers. The accuracy of the results obtained by calculating with the known dependencies is estimated.

The method of calculating of the end correction with machine method is offered, the basis of which was used by the

development of analytical dependence for calculating the values of the cut-in length of the holes without clamping shoulder

with high accuracy adopted in this article as a reference. These values are calculated in Matlab system with relative and

absolute accuracy 10–7 and 10–12, in particular, it was found that when ka=0l/a=0,6127, but not 0.6133 as it was previously

thought in the world acoustics. A computer approach of calculation of the modified Bessel functions for large values of the

argument was developed. A correction of design equations which are widely used in acoustic engineering development,

which increases the accuracy of calculating the cut-in length of the end channels holes without clamping shoulder. The

results are intended for use in both basic acoustic investigations and in their numerous practical applications.
Retention of Moisture in Soil With Organic Amendments Cultivated with Amaranthus Hypochondriacus
Authors: Gabriela Aquino , Juárez Dionicio , Hernández Fernando , Patrón José , Albores Miguel
Published: August 2016

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different organic amendments (corn stubble and amaranth stubble, goat manure, compost, and green fertilizer (Medicago sativa)), alone and in combination with a hydrogel, into the moisture retention of the soil, deposited over the soil surface and mixed with surface soil, making a total of 14 treatments. To test their effects, the amaranth plants (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.), were subjected to different periods of drought. Considered as tolerant to the drought and estimating their vegetative development for leaf production, the treatments were proven under random arrays with 10 repetitions. The agronomic variables considered were, height and survival of the plants as well as their stem diameter. The amendments do not present significant effects on the retention of moisture at 5 cm soil depth. In relation to the vegetative parameters, the hydrogel application demonstrates significant statistical differences for the survey of the plants (p>0.05). The amendments evaluated under the organic padding conditions with corn stubble, in conjunction with the green Medicago sativa fertilizer and the corn stubble mixed with soil, were the treatments which present the best results, in both stem diameter and plant height (Tukey`s test, α=0.05). All the variables show significant statistical differences according to the drought periods of between 0 and 15 days, applied to the different essays.
Nitrification Inhibitors: A Perspective tool to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emission from Rice Soils
Authors: Malyan Sandeep
Published: August 2016

Rice fields are significant contributors of greenhouse gases mainly methane and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere. Increasing concentrations of these greenhouse gases play significant role in changing atmospheric chemistry such as mean air temperature, rainfall pattern, drought, and flood frequency. Mitigation of greenhouse gases for achieving sustainable agriculture without affecting economical production is one the biggest challenge of twenty first century at national and global scale. On the basis of published scientific studies, we hereby assess the use of nitrification inhibitors for greenhouse gas mitigation from rice soil. Biologically oxidation of ammonium to nitrate is termed as nitrification and materials which suppress this process are known as nitrification inhibitors. Soil amendment by addition of certain nitrification inhibitors such as neem oil coated urea, nimin-coated urea; dicyandiamide, encapsulated calcium carbide, and hydroquinone reduce cumulative methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice. Firstly, these inhibitors reduce nitrous oxide emissions both directly by nitrification (by reducing NH4+ to NO3-) as well as indirectly by de-nitrification (by reducing NO3- availability in soil). Secondly, methane emission from rice soil can be reduced by enhancing methane oxidation and suppressing methane production and further by reducing the aerenchymal transportation through rice plant. Application of some of the nitrification inhibitors such as calcium carbide and encapsulated calcium carbide reduce methane production by releasing acetylene gas which helps in reducing the population of methanogenic microbes in the soil. Application of nitrification inhibitors also helps to maintain soil redox potential at higher level subsequently reducing cumulative methane emission from soil. Plant derived organic nitrification inhibitors (neem oil, neem cake, karanja seed extract) are eco-friendly and possess substantial greenhouse gas mitigation potential from rice. In the current scenario of global warming and environmental pollution, application of organic plant derived nitrification inhibitors is much needed for sustainable agriculture.
Assessment of River and Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Domestic Uses in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Shinde S.D , Patil K. A , Sadgir P. A
Published: August 2016

The ongoing degradation of the water quality of central Maharashtra’s basaltic aquifer is of great concern for different authorities and agencies involved in the water sector in the Maharashtra, India. The Kham river, which is one of the major tributaries of the Godavari river, receives all domestic and industrial waste water from the Aurangabad city. The river, with no natural flow in the dry season, is extensively used for irrigation. In order to evaluate the quality of river and groundwater in the study area, eight river water and forty groundwater samples along right and left bank of the Kham river were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Physical and chemical parameters of the river and groundwater such as pH, TDS, EC, SO4, NO3 and heavy metals like Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, and Cu were determined. The results show that the river and groundwater of the area is generally unfit for domestic uses. Most of the physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in the river and groundwater samples have higher value than the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2003) guidelines.
Temporal Geomorphological Changes in Nanak Sagar Reservoir (INDIA) Using Satellite Data
Authors: A. Ingole Nandkishor , Ram R. N , Nain A. S , Kumar Prem
Published: August 2016

An attempt was made to assess the sedimentation in Nanak Sagar reservoir using multi-dated Remote Sensing (RS) images. IRS LISS III and Landsat-8 (OLI) remote sensing data were taken in the year 2007 and 2015, respectively. The original capacity curve (1962) was optimized for the study of the capacity loss to various water levels. Results showed that the morphology of the reservoir has been changed significantly due to sedimentation from 1962 to 2015. The reservoir has lost a total of 2934.64 hectares (ha) by dint of sedimentation which is accounted for 59.89 % of the total water spread area during last 53 years and average deposition was computed as 1.13% per year. From the year1962 to 2007 maximum siltation deposited in Full Storage Level (FRL) of the reservoir and from 2007 to 2015 in Dead Storage Level (DRL)in the period 2007 to 2015. It can be concluded that multi-dated remote sensing images can be used as a valuable tool for the study of temporal as well as spatial changes in any large water body.
Stand Structure, Productivity and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Oak Dominated Forests in Kumaun Himalaya
Authors: Lal Bijendra , Lodhiyal L.S.
Published: August 2016

Present study deals with stand structure, biomass, productivity and carbon sequestration in oak dominated forests mixed with other broad leaved tree species. The sites of studied forests were located in Nainital region between 29058’ N lat. and 79028’ E long at 1500-2150 m elevation. Tree density of forests ranged from 980-1100 ind.ha-1. Of this, oak trees shared 69-97%. The basal area of trees was 31.81 to 63.93 m2 ha-1. R. arboreum and Q. floribunda shared maximum basal area 16.45 and 16.32 m2 ha-1, respectively in forest site-1 and 2 while Quercus leucotrichophora shared maximum (35.69 m2 ha-1) in site-3. The biomass and primary productivity of tree species ranged from 481-569 t ha-1 and 16.9-20.9 t ha-1yr-1, respectively. Of this, biomass and primary productivity of oak tree species accounted for 81 to 95 and 78 to 98%, respectively. Carbon stock and carbon sequestration ranged from 228 to 270 t ha-1 and 8.0 to 9.9 t ha-1yr-1, respectively. The share of oak tree species ranged from 81 to 94.7 and 79 to 97%, respectively. The diversity of tree species ranged from 0.03 to 0.16 in forest sites-1, 2 and 3. The diversity of oak species was 0.08-0.16 in all the forest sites. Thus it is concluded that among the oak tree species, Quercus floribunda and Quercus leucotrichophora were highly dominated in the studied forests. The climax form of oak dominated trees in the studied forest sites depicted slightly lower richness and diversity of tree species compared to the forests in the region and elsewhere. As far as dry matter and carbon of forests is concerned, these estimates are close to the earlier reports of forests in the region. Therefore, studied forests have the potential to increase the diversity, productivity and carbon sequestration of forest tree species by providing the adequate scientific conservation and management inputs.
Investigation of Cultural Eco-Technology in Iranian Traditional Architecture: The way of Achieving a Comprehensive Viewpoint Regarding Contemporary Architecture of Iran
Authors: Feizabadi Mahmood , Rezaei Nazanin , Raisianzadeh Farzaneh
Published: August 2016

After industrial revolution many of visionaries deal with technology in underdeveloped communities; but dealing with technology did not lead to preserving identity and culture in cities and caused unconsidered deployment of technology for response to construction needs and made environmental damages. Today, the lack of attention to the cultural aspects of the architecture in developing countries is become a common issue .This despite the fact that many of these countries, such as Iran, have rich culture and glorious history in art, engineering and architecture. So, extensive study on Iranian Traditional architecture and its technologic solutions to solve ecological issues in a cultural context have been carried out. This paper aims to find how technology and ecology were influenced by Iranian culture and how come together in contemporary architecture. This investigation was carried out based on library and field studies. Here, the concept of sustainability and position of ecology, technology and culture in it, Relationship between culture and eco-tech architecture in developing countries will be explained. Then, Iranian traditional architecture and its eco-technologic solutions in a cultural context will be discussed.
Rainfall Profile of Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Sathyamoorthy N. K , Jagannathan R , Ramaraj A. P
Published: August 2016

Thanjavur and Nagapattinam districts of Cauvery Delta Zone (CDZ) depend on canal irrigation for agriculture and are subjected to the vagaries of monsoon. This creates water crisis and affects agriculture of the region considered as rice bowl of Tamil Nadu. This necessitated the study of rainfall to plan and mitigate water scarcity. Rainfall data from Adhirampattinam, Aduthurai stations of Thanjavur district (Inland) and Nagapattinam station (Coastal area of Nagapattinam district) were utilized for the study. Normal rainfall of CDZ is 956 mm; Nagapattinam receives highest (1350 mm) and aduthurai (994 mm) recorded lowest. November is the wettest month for all locations while driest month differs among locations. Northeast monsoon (NEM) was considered as stable monsoon for CDZ as could be seen from the seasonal mean of 641 mm, 620 mm and 919 mm recorded by Adhirampattinam, Aduthurai and Nagapattinam, respectively. Trend analysis of seasons revealed that Adhirampattinam and Nagapattinam follow a decreasing trend for rainfall and rainydays during NEM and Southwest monsoon (SWM), with an increasing trend for Hot weather period (HWP) and Cold weather period (CWP). An interesting deviation is that Aduthurai recording an increasing trend for NEM while it followed same trend for HWP and SWM.
DTPA-Extractable Zinc in Rice Soils and Its Availability to Rice
Authors: Padhan Dhaneshwar , Sen Arup , Pal Biplab
Published: August 2016

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a fairly wide spread agronomic constraint in many of the world rice production regions. Information on soil Zn distribution is essential for understanding its chemical reactions and bioavailability. In this backdrop, we tried to find out the relationship between physic-chemical properties and DTPA-extractable Zn (available Zn) content of rice soils. For this eighty four (84) surface soil samples (0-20cm) were collected from three villages (viz. Saharapali, Nuagarh and Adgaon) of Bargarh district under the Hirakud Command Area of Odisha. Analytical observations revealed that the soils were slightly acidic in reaction with moderately high content of soil organic carbon. Considering the critical limit of available Zn in soils to be 0.6 mg kg-1, all soils of the study area were found to be well supplied with DTPA-extractable Zn. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content maintained positive and significant correlation with available zinc content in soils. However, soil pH showed significant but negative correlation with available zinc content of soils.
Africa and the Global Economic and Financial Crisis
Authors: Iwebunor Okwechime  , Joshua Tavershima Yange  , Ayodeji Anthony Aduloju
Published: August 2016

Capitalist economic and financial activities at the metropolitan centers reached the summit, overheated the world economy and exploded in 2007 in the form of economic meltdown. This unfortunate event had severe economic consequences on the world economy which, initially, African economies, being misconstrued as slightly exposed to global financial system, were thought to be the exceptions to the economic distress. The unfolding event, however, refuted this assumption owing to the interconnectedness of global economies. The coercive integration of African economies into the international capitalist economic system has meant that they are vulnerable to and more often than not buffeted by economic developments in the capitalist centers. This article examines the gross impact of one such development as the recent global economic recession on dependent economies of Africa, with a view that Africa's economic development and robustness, which could provide the necessary buffer against externally induced economic distress, are achievable only through self-diversification and industrialization.
Tinker, soldier, sailor, thief: The visual representations and appropriations of the male sexual outlaw as a gay fantasy figure in the Arts and in fashion imagery
Authors: Doron Itai
Published: August 2016

This article examines the subject and visual representation of the gay fantasy figure, with specific reference to the male sexual outlaw character and its embodiment in the archetypes of the sailor and male hustler, and their fantasmatic performance in fashion editorials and advertising campaigns. It will focus on themes of homoeroticism, narratives of sexual danger, duality and adornment (with specific reference to tattooed bodies), and will provide an overview of the fascination with the rough trade type that gay artists and audiences share, and the dichotomy of ‘good and evil’ and ‘tragic and comic’ in these artists’ subversive rendition of homo-hetero desire. The starting points for this article are two seminal works on the Male Sexual Outlaw as a central focal point for their audiences’ desire: Jean Genet’s novel Querelle de Brest (1947, illustrated by Jean Cocteau) and Philip-Lorca diCorcia’s series of photographs titled Hustlers (1990–1992). By focusing on the figures of the professional mariner and the male prostitute, and incorporating underlying references to the male-dominated shady underworlds they supposedly inhabit and a life lived on the margins of society, the work investigates the representation and desire for a sexually dominant man from within the canon of western white gay male art.
The rough riders: An exploration of theatricality, masculinity, identities and voyeurism in Canadian football
Authors: Sandoval Jorge
Published: August 2016

This article explores the notions of performance and performativity through the activities of the male fan base of the Canadian football team, the Saskatchewan Roughriders (CFL /Regina Saskatchewan). It considers the carnivalization of fandom through the lens of the theatrical event and examines how normative gender identities are simultaneously constructed and reconstructed on the field and in the stands. Saskatchewan’s football team, The Roughriders, has the biggest fan base within the Canadian Football League. Male fans practice orthodox masculinity by cheering the team with cultish fervor fuelled by alcohol, chants and, paradoxically, by costuming their bodies in forms of high camp drag. This action transforms the traditional football field into a spectacle in which inverted forms of gender display and voyeurism form no small part. Green body make-up, wigs, masks, watermelon helmets and fake breasts queer fans’ bodies through performative gestures that temporarily reconstruct genders. Finally, the article considers these actions in relation to the celebration of the hyper-masculinized body of the athletes positioning the football stadium as a highly theatricalized third space in which two representations of masculinity are performed simultaneously.
Serum C-reactive protein levels in severe and very severe pneumonia in children
Authors: Dewi Ni Putu Sucita Wahyu , Purniti Putu Siadi , Naning Roni
Published: August 2016

Background Pneumonia is a major cause of death in children fromdeveloping countries. It is difficult to assess pneumonia severity ifclinical symptoms of pneumonia are unclear, co-morbidities occursimultaneously, or there is an absence of consolidation or infiltrateson chest radiograph. Examination of C-reactive protein (CRP)levels can help to determine the severity of pneumonia.Objective To compare serum CRP levels in severe and very severepneumonia cases.Methods This was a cross-sectional study on pediatric patientsaged> 28 days up to 60 months v.ith a diagnosis of severe or verysevere pneumonia. Subjects were hospitalized at the Departmentof Child Health, Udayana University Medical SchooliSanglahHospital, Denpasar from May 2010 to January 2011. There were30 subjects in each group, severe or very severe pneumonia. Datawere analyzed using Mann-Whitney and ANCOVA tests withstatistical significance set at P < 0.05.Results There were significant differences in median serum CRPlevels in the severe and very severe pneumonia groups. The verysevere pneumonia group had a median CRP level of 54.75 mgiL(lQrange 0.22 to 216.00) and the severe pneumonia group had amedian CRP level ofl6.06 mgiL (IQ range 0.97 to 89.35). SerumCRP levels were influenced by the severity of pneumonia (P =0.002) and the timing of the CRP examination (P = 0.001).Conclusion Subjects with very severe pneumonia hadsignificantly higher median CRP level compared to that of subjectswith severe pneumonia. [Paediatr Indones. 2012;52:161A].
Predicting PICU patient survival prognosis: Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction vs Pediatric Index of Mortality scores
Authors: Winiarti Edwina , Kosim Muhammad Sholeh , Supriatna Mohammad
Published: August 2016

Background Determining prognosis of patients using scoringsystems have been done in many pediatric intensive care units(PICU). The scoring systems frequently used are pediatric logisticorgan dy sfunction (PELOD), pediatric index of mortality (PIM)and pediatric risk of mortality (PRISM).Objective To compare the performance of PELOD and PIM scoresin predicting the prognosis of survival vs death in PICU patients.Methods A prognostic test in this prospective, cohort study wasconducted in the PICU of the Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang.PELOD and PIM calculations were performed using formulae frompreviously published articles. Statistical analyses included receiveroperating curve (ROC) characteristics to describe discriminationcapacity, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negativepredictive value and accuracy.Results Thirty-three patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria wereenrolled in the study. PELOD score for area under the ROCwas 0.87 (95% CI 0.73 to 1.0; P=0.003), while that for PIMwas 0.65 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.90; P=0.2). PELOD scores showedsensitivity 85.7% (95% CI 59.8 to 100), specificity 84.6% (95%CI 70.7 to 98.5), positive predictive value 60.0% (95% CI 29.6to 90.4) negative predictive value 95.6% (95% CI 87.3 to 100)and accuracy 84.8%. PIM scores showed sensitivity 85.7% (95%CI 59.8 to 100), specificity 50.0% (95% CI 30.8 to 69.2), positivepredictive value 31.6% (95% CI 10,7 to 52.5), negative predictivevalue 92.9% (95% CI 79.4 to 100) and accuracy 57.6%.Conclusion PELOD scoring had better specificity, positive predictivevalue, negative predictive value, accuracy and discrimination capacitythan PIM scoring for predicting the survival prognosis of patients inthe PICU. [Paediatr Indones. 2012;52:165-9].
Peripheral blood examination to assess bleeding risk in children with dengue infections
Authors: Huwae Irene , Kadafi Kurniawan
Published: August 2016

Background Dengue viral infection may cause mild to severeclinical manifestations, with or without bleeding. A number offactors may cause bleeding in patients with dengue. However,health providers may be unable to perform the examinationsrequired to sufficiently predict the risk of bleeding.Objective To find risk factors for bleeding using peripheral bloodexaminations in children with dengue infection.Methods This cross􀁐sectional study was conducted at thePediatric Ward of the Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital,Malang, from January 2010 to December 2011. We includedchildren aged 1 to 18 years with dengue viral infection, asconfirmed by the 1997 WHO criteria and serology. Peripheralblood examinations were made daily, depending on the patient'scondition. We classified the bleeding status into non􀁐bleeding,petechial bleeding (mild hemorrhage), and mucosal bleeding(severe hemorrhage). We recorded subjects' bleeding status atthe time of their highest packed cell volume (PCV), and recordedtheir leukocyte and platelet counts at that time. We computedthe parameters' medians and compared them to bleeding statusby Chi􀁐square test. For significant (P<0.05) associations wecalculated the OR (odds ratio) \\lith a 95% confidence interval.All patients were treated according to the 1997 WHO dengueguidelines.Results There were all 294 subjects with dengue and 282subjects had complete data, 202 \\lith bleeding (120 petechial,82 mucosal bleeding) and 80 without bleeding. The medianPCV was 36.8%, while median platelet count was 51,000/,uLand median leukocyte count was 3,400/,uL. The OR of PCV> 36.8% for bleeding was 2.31 (95%CI 1.35 to 3.95). The ORof platelet count <51,000/ ,uL for bleeding was 2.34 (95%CI1.37 to 3.99) compared to platelet count> 51,000/ ,uL. TheOR of platelet count < 51,000/ ,uL for mucosal bleeding was3.39 (95%CI 1.78 to 6.48). Chi􀁐square analysis for leukocytecount showed it was not associated with bleeding in dengue(P􀁑 0.186).Conclusion The PCV level > 36.8% increased the risk forbleeding by 2.31 times, for both petechial and mucosal bleeding.Platelet count < 51,000/ ,uL increased the risk for bleeding 2.34times and for mucosal bleeding by 3.4 times. Leukocytes countwas not associated with bleeding. Basic laboratory examinationsof PCV and platelet count may, therefore, be used as a predictorof bleeding in children with dengue infection. [paediatr lndones.2012;52:175-80].
Ibuprofen vs. indomethacin for persistent ductus arteriosus closure in preterm infants
Authors: Yosy Deny Salverra , Nova Ria , Tasli Julniar M. , Theodorus Theodorus
Published: August 2016

Background Indomethacin and ibuprofen are anti-prostaglandinE2 agents administered for persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA)closure. Ibuprofen has weaker cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor affinitythan that of indomethacin, causes decreased gastrointestinalcirculation, as well as brain and kidney side effects.Objective To compare the efficacy of oral ibuprofen andindomethacin for PDA closure in preterm infants.Methods A randomized double-blind controlled trial on preterminfants with PDA was performed in Moehammad HoesinHospital, Palembang, from October to December 2011. Persistentductus arteriosus was diagnosed by echocardiography. Subjectswere divided into two groups, and received either ibuprofen orindomethacin. Ibuprofen was given at a dose of 10 mg/kgBW /don day 1 and 5 mg/kgBW /d on days 2 and 3. Indomethacin wasgiven in three doses over 24 hour-intervals; the first dose was 0.2mg/kg, and the second and third doses were 0.1 mg/kg each.Results Sixty infants were enrolled in this study, 36 boys (60%)and 24 girls ( 40%). Fifty-two subjects completed the study protocol.Ductus arteriosus (DA) closure after treatment was observed in 22out of 26 subjects in the ibuprofen group and 19 out of 26 subjectsin the indomethacin group (P= 0.04). The mean DA diameterreductions after administration of ibuprofen or indomethacin were0.40 (SD 0.16) mm and 0.30 (SD 0.21) mm, respectively (95%CIof differences0.05 to0.17; P= 0.04). Serum creatinine was elevatedin the indomethacin group following treatment compared to theibuprofen group [P = 0.002, 95% CI of differences 0.06 to 0.27].Ductus arteriosus reopening occurred in 4 out of 19 subjects in theindomethacin group, while n one in the ibuprofen group .Conclusions Ibuprofen is better than indomethacin, in terms ofhigher PDA closure rate and mean DA diameter reduction aftertreatment. In additional, indomethacin has significantly greaterincrease in mean serum creatinine level after treatment thanibuprofen.
Azithromycin vs. chloramphenicol for uncomplicated typhoid fever in children
Authors: Antolis Yulia , Rampengan Tony , Wilar Rocky , Rampengan Novie Homenta
Published: August 2016

Background The emergence of multiple-drug-resistantSalmonella typhi strains has made it necessary to evaluate newagents for the treatment of typhoid fever. Azithromycin has in vitroactivity against many enteric pathogens, including Salmonella spp.However, there is not enough evidence to compare azithromycinwith first-line antibiotics currently used.Objective To analyze the efficacy of azithromycin comparedto that of chloramphenicol as a first-line drug in the therapy ofuncomplicated typhoid fever in children.Methods We conducted a randomized open trial from November2011 to March 2012 on 60 children aged 2-13 years withuncomplicated typhoid fever. Subjects were randomly assignedto receive either azithromycin (10 mg/kgBW /day orally oncedaily) or chloramphenicol (100 mg/kgBW/day orally in fourdivided doses) for 7 days. Efficacy was measured by recordingclinical cures and fever clearance times. Data was analyzed withChi-square and T-tests.Results All of 30 patients in the azithromycin group and 28out of the 30 patients in the chloramphenicol group were cured(P= 0.246). Fever clearance time was shorter in the azithromycingroup (mean 37.9 (SD 32.75) hours, 95%CI 25.67 to 50.13)than in the chloramphenicol group (mean 49 (SD 45.83) hours,95%CI 3 1.89 to 66.11).Conclusions The efficacy of azithromycin is similar to that ofchoramphenicol in the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid feverin children. Azithromycin has shorter fever clearance time andhigher cure rate compared to those of chloramphenicol, althoughthese results are n ot statistically significant.
Hepatitis B antibody titers in Indonesian adolescents who received the primary hepatitis B vaccine during infancy
Authors: Gunardi Hartono , Firmansyah Adra , Harun Sri Rezeki S , Sastroasmoro Sudigdo
Published: August 2016

Backgi-ound Hepatitis B (HB) has been classified as moderate-tohighlyendemic in Indonesia. HB vaccination, the most effectivemethod to prevent HB viral transmission, induces protectiveantibodies against HB surface antigen (anti-HBs). However, theseantibodies decline in titer over time. Studies on the duration ofprotection and the prevalence of n on-responders in Indonesianadolescents have been limited.Objectives To determine anti-HBs titers in 15-17-year oldIndonesian adolescents given primary HB vaccine during infancyand the prevalence of non-responders after a HB vaccine boosterdosage.Methods This cross-sectional study was performed from Februaryto September 2008 on adolescents aged 15-17 years in threesenior high schools in Jakarta who received complete primary HBvaccines during infancy, based on parents' recall. Investigationsincluded HB vaccination history, anthropometric measurements,and blood tests for anti-HBs before and 4-6 weeks after a boosterdose ofHB vaccine.Results Of 94 subjects, 35 had protective anti-HBs and 59 hadundetectable anti-HBs. A booster dose was administered to 5 8 of then on-protected subjects, of which 33 showed anamnestic responses.However, 25 subjects failed to generate protective anti-HBs. Takinginto consideration the adolescents with protective anti-HBs beforeand after the booster dose, serologic protection was demonstratedin 73%. Non-responder prevalence was 27%. The high prevalenceof non-responders may indicate bias of parents' recall.Conclusion Protective anti-HBs is detected in less than half ofIndonesian adolescents given primary HB vaccine during infancy.Following booster dosage, anamnestic responses are n oted in onethirdof subjects. The prevalence of non-responders is 27%, butconfirmation with further study is needed.
Heart size, heart function, and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels after transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Djer Mulyadi M. , Sastroasmoro Sudigdo , Madiyono Bambang
Published: August 2016

Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a commoncongenital heart disease causing some blood in the aorta to flowinto the pulmonary artery (PA), resulting in dilatation of the leftatrium (IA) and left ventricle (LY), increased B-type natriureticpeptide (BNP) level, and the development of h eart failure.Objectives To evaluate the clinical course, changes in heart sizeand function, and BNP level after transcatheter closure of PDAusing the Amplatzer® duct occluder (ADO).Methods This quasi-experimental study used a one-group, pretestposttestdesign, and was done on PDA patients who underwenttranscatheter closure using ADO. The outcomes measurementswere performed four times, namely, before the procedure andat one, three, and six months after the procedure. Results werecompared using a serial time analysis. Outcomes measured wereheart failure scores, chest x-ray (CXR) and echocardiographyfindings, and plasma BNP level.Results There were 23 PDA patients enrolled, of which 12 werefemales. Subjects' median bodyweight was 11 (range 6.6 to 55) kg.Prior to PDA closure, 12 subjects had mild heart fa ilure (class II)and 7 had moderate heart failure (class III). On follow-up at onemonth after the procedure, all subjects had improved heart failurescores (P<0.0001), and no heart failure was found on furtherfollow up. Likewise, there was a decreased mean cardiothoracicratio (CTR) from 58 to 55% at 1-month (P = 0.001), and alsofrom 55 to 52% at3-month follow up (P<0.0001), but no furtherdecrease was found afterwards (P = 0.798). The left atrium/aorta(LA/Ao) ratio measured by echocardiography also showed astatistically significant decrease from 1.6 prior to the procedureto 1.3 (P<0.0001) in the first month, but it remained stableafterwards. Diastolic function, represented by peak E and A wavesalso significantly decreased from 127 and 91 cm/sec, before theprocedure, to 90 and 68 cm/sec, respectively, at 1 month follow-up(P <0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) . However, there were nostatistically significant changes in E/ A ratio, ejection fract ion andfractional shortening. Plasma BNP level significantly decreasedfrom 58 pg/mL before the procedure to 28 pg/mL at 1 monthfollow-up (P= 0 .001), but no further significant decrease wasobserved afterwards.Conclusion After PDA closure with ADO, we observe significantimprovements in heart failure scores, heart size, diastolic function,and BNP level of our subjects especially in the first month afterthe procedure.
Proteinuria and malaria parasite counts in children
Authors: Lubis Mahrani , Rusdidjas Rusdidjas , Ramayati Rafita , Ramayani Oke Rina , Siregar Rosmayanti S , Supriatmo Supriatmo
Published: August 2016

Background Malaria-induced proteinuria has been observed insevere cases of malaria. Few studies have been done to assess foran association between proteinuria and malaria parasite countsbefore the disease becomes severe.Objective To investigate a possible association between proteinuriaand malaria parasite counts in children .Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on school-agedchildren in Panyabungan, Mandailing Natal, between Septemberto November 2010. Malaria was diagnosed by microscopicexamination of peripheral blood smears. Children with malariaunderwent proteinuria t ests by urine dipstick method. Anassociation between proteinuria and malaria parasite counts wasanalyzed using linear regression test.Results Of 181 participants with Plasmodium fak:iparum malaria,53.6% were female and had a mean age of 7.8 years. Subjects'nutritional status were as follows: 50.8% normoweight, 28.2%mild malnutrition, 3 .3% moderate malnutrition, and 17. 7% severemalnutrition. Clinical manifestations showed 36.5% suffered fromsubfebrile temperatures and 29.8% had pallor. Proteinuria occurredin 45.9% participants and there was a weak association betweenproteinuria and malaria parasite counts (raa .261, Paa .0001).Conclusion There is a weak association between proteinuria andmalaria parasite counts in children.
Validation of the Signs of Inflammation in Children that can Kill (SICK) score for assessment of illness severity
Authors: Mandei Jose M. , Runtunuwu Ari L. , Daryanani Chandni
Published: August 2016

Background The Signs of Inflammation in Children that can Kill(SICK) score has been developed in the search for a practicaltriage tool in settings with limited resources for immediate, noninvasiveassessment of illness severity. Its seven parameters areheart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, temperature,blood oxygen saturation (Sp02), capillary refill time (CRT), andlevel of consciousness. The SICK score also takes into accountthe age of the child.Objective To assess the validity of SICK scores for differentiatingbetween high and low probabilities of death in children.Methods We performed a prospective evaluation of all childrenaged between one month to twelve years admitted to the PediatricEmergency Care Unit at Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital, Manadobetween October 2011 to January 2012. We calculated SICKscores at the time of presentation and assessed their correlationwith subsequent in-hospital mortality using logis tic regressionanalysis.Results During the study period, we observed 230 patients,of whom 199 survived and 31 died. There were 134 males, ofwhom 117 survived and 17 died. The remaining 96 subjects werefemale, of whom 82 survived and 14 died. Logistic regressionanalysis revealed a significant relationship between SICK scoreand mortality (P< 0.001). With a probability of 0.5, we attaineda cut off score of 4.74 points, with 96.8% sensitivity and 99.5%specificity for the prediction of mortality.Conclusion T he high SICK score is associated with higherprobability of death. A cut off score of 4. 74 has high sensitivity andspecificity for predicting the probability of death. The SICK scoremay be useful as a triage tool at the patient's initial presentation,particularly in settings with limited resources.
Safety and immunogenicity of the DTP/HB /Hib combination vaccine: phase I study
Authors: Rusmil Kusnandi , Fadlyana Eddy , Bachtiar Novilia Sjafri , Hadyana Hadyana
Published: August 2016

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) hasrecommended the introduction ofhepatitis B (HB) and Haemophilusinfluenza type b (Hib) vaccines into routine childhood vaccinationprograms. A new diptheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTP) /hepatitis B/Hibpentavalent combination vaccine has been developed.Objective To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a newcombination DTP/HB/Hib liquid vaccin e in infants.Met hods An open-label, uncontrolled, prospective interventionphase I study was con ducted on 30 healthy infants aged 6- 11weeks. Each subject received 3 doses of DTP/HB/Hib vaccine,formulated by Bio Fanna, 0.5 mL intramuscularly at the leftanterolateral thigh region using a 25-gauge n eedle of 25 mmlength . Subjects were followed for 1 month after administration ofeach vaccine dose to evaluate its safety, while serum anti-diphteria,tetanus, HB, Hib, and per tussis antibodies were measured priorto the l '' dose and 1 month after the Jtd dose.Results Among 30 vaccinated subjects, 18 infants had fever within24 hours after the first vaccination. Most cases of fever were mildin intensity and resolved within 24 hours. No other systemic orlocal reactions, or serious adverse events were observed in oursubjects during the study. The immunogenicity results after Jtdvaccine dose showed that the geometric mean titer of the antipolyribosylribitolphosphate (PRP) antibody levels increasedsignificantly from 0.0041μ,g/mL to 4.3 7 μ,g/mL after vaccination,and most infants h ad a fourfo ld or greater rise in antibody levelsover their pre-injection levels . All subjects who received DTP/HB/Hib liquid vaccine had seropro tective antibodies againsttetanus, diphtheria,a and hepatitis B, while 29/30 infants hadseroprotective antibodies against pertussis.Conclusion This new diphtheria/tetanus/pertusis/hepatitis B/Hibcombination vaccine has excellent safety profile and antibodyresponses in infants. These results encourage further clinicalevaluation in phase II.
On the stability of L4,5 in the perturbed relativistic R3BP with a triaxial bigger primary
Authors: Nakone Bello , Singh Jagadish
Published: August 2016

In the present paper, we endeavor to study the stability of triangular points under the influence of small perturbations in the Coriolis and centrifugal forces, together with the triaxiality of the bigger primary in the framework of the relativistic R3BP. It is observed that the locations of these points are affected by the relativistic factor, triaxiality and a small perturbation in the centrifugal force, but are unaffected by that of the Coriolis force. It is also seen that for these points the range of stability region increases or decreases according as equation (14) without is greater or less than zero.
Numerical behavior of a fractional order dynamical model of RNA silencing
Authors: El-Sayed A.M.A. , Khalil M. , Arafa A.A.M. , Sayed Amaal
Published: August 2016

A class of fractional-order differential models of RNA silencing with memory is presented in this paper. We also carry out a detailed analysis on the stability of equilibrium and we show that the model established in this paper possesses non-negative solutions. Numerical solutions are obtained using a predictor-corrector method to handle the fractional derivatives. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the results. Also, the numerical simulations show that, modeling the phenomena of RNA silencing by fractional ordinary differential equations (FODE) has more advantages than classical integer-order modeling.
Examining the political literacy levels of pre-service teachers according to some variables
Öğretmen adaylarının siyaset okuryazarlık düzeylerinin bazı değişkinlere göre incelenmesi
Authors: Faiz Melike , Dönmez Cengiz
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study; is to determine the political literacy levels of pre-service teachers of social studies and to demonstrate the effects of the several variables over the components of political literacy (knowledge and understanding- dispositions and values-skills and aptitudes). Researchers use political literacy scale which have 3 components for gathering data. The sample is 1187 pre-service teachers from 7 geographical regions and this sample chosen wia maximum variation sampling. After collecting the data, researchers found that pre-service teacher’s knowledge, disposition and skills were at a medium level. When the averages of total scores that pre-service teachers obtained from three different components forming the political literacy were examined, it was seen that their political literacy levels were at a medium level. When the relationship among the components forming the political literacy, it was found that there was a positive, low level and significant relationship between knowledge and disposition; a positive high level and significant relationship between knowledge and skill; a positive, high level and significant relationship between disposition and skill. ÖzetAraştırmanın amacı, sosyal bilgiler eğitiminde öğrenim gören öğretmen adaylarının mevcut siyasi okuryazarlık düzeylerini belirlemek, siyaset okuryazarlığını oluşturan bileşenler (bilgi- duyuşsal eğilim- davranış/beceri) üzerinde çeşitli değişkenlerin etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Bu araştırmanın örneklemini, 2014-2015 eğitim öğretim yılında 13 farklı üniversitenin sosyal bilgiler eğitiminin 3. ve 4. sınıflarında öğrenim gören 1187 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem seçilirken maksimum örnekleme türü kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının bilgileri, duyuşsal eğilimleri ve beceri/davranışları orta düzeyde bulunmuştur. Öğretmen adaylarının siyaset okuryazarlığını oluşturan bu üç ayrı bileşenden aldıkları toplam puanların ortalamasına bakıldığında ise siyaset okuryazarlık düzeylerinin orta seviyede olduğu görülmektedir. Siyaset okuryazarlığını oluşturan bileşenler arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında; bilgi ile duyuşsal eğilim arasında pozitif yönde, düşük düzeyde anlamlı; bilgi ile beceri/davranış arasında pozitif yönde, yüksek düzeyde; beceri/davranış ile duyuşsal eğilim arasında pozitif yönde, yüksek düzeyde ilişki bulunmuştur.