bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of low baseline parathyroid hormone levels on surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Clark M. Jonathan , Pellitteri Phillip K.
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To compare patients with a parathyroid hormone index (iPTH) level less than 100 pg/mL (low baseline) with patients with an index level greater than 100 pg/mL (high baseline) relative to intraoperative iPTH levels (IOPTH), surgical findings, imaging, and outcome.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Methods:

The medical records of 284 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroid exploration utilizing IOPTH were reviewed. One hundred fifty‐eight patients with a low baseline iPTH level were compared with 144 patients with a high baseline iPTH level. Patients were correlated in regard to IOPTH results, surgical findings, preoperative localization imaging, and surgical outcome.

Results:

There was no significant difference between the two groups in regard to recalcitrant disease. Twenty percent of the low baseline group of patients had multigland disease, versus 8% of the high baseline patients. The kinetic profile of iPTH degradation differed between the two groups, with the low baseline group demonstrating a significantly lower percentage drop compared to the high baseline group.

Conclusions:

Patients with preoperative low baseline iPTH levels are over two times more likely to have multigland disease than patients with high baseline levels. Preoperative imaging in this group appears to be less likely to yield a solitary adenoma, even in the absence of multigland disease. IOPTH degradation kinetics is variable between groups, resulting in the possibility of inconsistent correlation with complete resection. These findings suggest that the current IOPTH guidelines, with reference to adequacy of resection, may need to be amended, especially for patients with low baseline iPTH levels. Laryngoscope, 2009
Cigarette smoke condensate inhibits transepithelial chloride transport and ciliary beat frequency
Authors: Cohen Noam A. , Zhang Shaoyan , Sharp Dawn B. , Tamashiro Edwin , Chen Bei , Sorscher Eric J. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Although the pathophysiology leading to rhinosinusitis is complex, evidence indicates that decreased mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a major contributing feature. Normal respiratory epithelial MCC is an important host defense mechanism that is dependent on proper ciliary beating and the biological properties of the airway surface liquid (ASL). The role that tobacco smoke exposure plays as an inhibitor of MCC has yet to be elucidated. The present study investigates the consequences of cigarette smoke exposure on ciliary function and transepithelial chloride (Cl−) secretion, a major determinant of ASL.

Study Design:

In vitro investigation.

Methods:

Well‐characterized primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cultures were exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and compared to control cultures. Effects on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and Cl− secretion were investigated using pharmacologic manipulation.

Results:

Change in forskolin‐stimulated current (ΔISC), representing transepithelial Cl− secretion, was significantly decreased in CSC exposed MNSE (14.97 ± 1.2 μA/cm2 vs. control, 19.1 ± 1.56 μA/cm2 [P = .04]) and HSNE (2.68 ± 0.79 μA/cm2 vs. control, 10.8 ± 1.73 μA/cm2) cultures (P = .001). Forskolin‐stimulated CBF was also significantly reduced when acutely exposed to CSC (5.64 ± 0.06 Hz vs. control 7.15 ± 0.18 Hz).

Conclusions:

The present study provides direct evidence that tobacco smoke diminishes two major components of MCC. This links tobacco smoke as a potential contributing and/or exacerbating factor in exposed individuals with chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope, 2009
Correlation between SN‐5 and computed tomography in children with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Terrell Andrew M. , Ramadan Hassan H.
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Symptom score questionnaires for evaluation of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in adults does not correlate with computed tomography (CT) scan scores of paranasal sinuses. The SN‐5 is a validated symptom score questionnaire for the evaluation of CRS in children. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation of the SN‐5 with the CT score in children.

Study Design:

Retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Methods:

Thirty‐two children between the ages of 2 years and 12 years were seen prospectively for symptoms of CRS. The mean age was 7.7 years (range, 3.6–11.5; SD = 2.4). The caretakers completed the SN‐5 during their visit when a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses was obtained.

Results:

The mean SN‐5 score was 4.1 (SD = 1.03) and the mean Lund‐Mackay CT score was 6.8 (SD = 4.3). There was a significant correlation between the SN‐5 score and Lund‐MacKay CT score (ρ = 0.68; P < .0001) for all children in the study. Twelve (38%) children had asthma, and for those children the correlation was poorer and did not reach statistical significance (ρ = 0 .57; P = .057). For nonasthmatics the correlation was stronger (ρ = 0.73; P = .0003).

Conclusions:

Symptom score questionnaire (SN‐5) correlated to the disease severity as measured by the Lund‐MacKay CT scan score. This is different from what has been found in adults. These findings have positive implications for the follow‐up of treatment of CRS in children because the frequent use of CT scans in children is discouraged due to concern for radiation exposure. Laryngoscope, 2009
Effects of smoking on otologic surgery outcomes
Authors: Kaylie David M. , Bennett Marc L. , Davis Bryan , Jackson C. Gary
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To determine whether smokers and former smokers have different outcomes of otologic surgery compared to nonsmokers. Smokers have been shown to have worse outcomes in other surgeries, including facial plastics procedures, and it is hypothesized that they will have worse outcomes after ear surgery. Former smokers benefit from reduced risk of heart disease and lung disease after quitting for a period of time. It is also hypothesized that former smokers' risk of ear disease will be reduced over time.

Study Design:

Retrospective review.

Methods:

All patients undergoing otologic surgery are included in this study. Smoking status of all patients was determined and patients are classified as nonsmokers, current smokers, and former smokers. Final hearing is determined after a minimum 12 months follow‐up. The rates of complications, subsequent surgery, extent of disease, and canal wall status were measured and compared between smokers and nonsmokers, and smokers and former smokers. The former smoker group was further divided into those that quit <5 years and those that quit >5 years. These groups were compared to nonsmokers.

Results:

A total of 1,531 surgeries were performed on 1,183 patients. Sixty‐three percent of the population were nonsmokers, 21% of patients were current smokers, 5% were former smokers, and 11% unknown. Smokers had more cholesteatomas and required more canal wall down surgeries than nonsmokers. Smokers had a significantly higher incidence of ossicular chain involvement with cholesteatoma or discontinuity requiring reconstructions. They required more revision surgeries, and had overall worse final hearing than nonsmokers. Former smokers, regardless of how long they had quit, had significantly more ossicular chain reconstructions than nonsmokers. Former smokers who quit smoking <5 years had results similar to current smokers. Those former smokers who quit >5 years had results similar to nonsmokers.

Conclusions:

Smokers have significantly worse chronic ear disease than nonsmokers. Surgery in smokers is more extensive and leads to worse hearing outcomes than nonsmokers. Subsequent surgeries are more common in smokers. Former smokers who quit <5 years are similar to current smokers, whereas those who quit >5 years were similar to nonsmokers. Laryngoscope, 2009
The challenge of rangeland degradation in a temperate semiarid region of Argentina: The Caldenal
Authors: Fernández O. A. , Gil M. E. , Distel R. A.
Published: May 2009

The phytogeographical region known as the Caldenal comprises an area of approximately 10 million ha in the central temperate part of Argentina (35–40° S, 62–66° W). The original physiognomy of the vegetation consisted of a gramineous steppe with isolated shrubs and trees. Rangeland deterioration was initiated in the early‐1900s with the introduction of livestock by the colonizing European ranchers. After a few decades of inappropriate use, the Caldenal proved to be a fragile environment. Major environmental impacts were: (a) The replacement of the most abundant palatable grasses Poa ligularis, Stipa clarazii, S. tenuis, Piptochaetium napostaense and Digitaria californica by low nutritive unpalatable grasses such as Stipa gynerioides, S. tenuissima, S. ambigua, S. bracychaeta and Elyonurus muticus; (b) The conversion of extensive areas dominated by grasses to a scrubland. There, frequent species are: Condalia microphylla, Lycium chilense, Prosopis alpataco, Larrea divaricata and Chuquiraga erinacea; (c) Depletion of plant cover resulting in incipient but increasing soil erosion in extensive areas. With the purpose of reversing this situation, the remit initiated 25 years ago was to develop management guidelines conducive to sustainable productivity while preserving the natural resources of the region. This work provides a comprehensive assessment of the impact of major stresses (drought, herbivory, fire) on grass and shrub responses, as well as more basic studies on the ecophysiology of these species. We have gained knowledge which is extremely useful to initiate rangeland utilization based on scientific information, facilitating increased sustainable rangeland productivity while preserving the natural resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and quantification of water‐soluble metabolites by cryoprobe‐assisted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy applied to microbial fermentation
Authors: Carrieri Damian , McNeely Kelsey , De Roo Ana C , Bennette Nicholas , Pelczer István , Dismukes G. Charles
Published: May 2009

We highlight a range of cryoprobe‐assisted NMR methods for studying metabolite production by cyanobacteria, which should be valuable for a wide range of biological applications requiring ultrasensitivity and precise concentration determination over a large dynamic range. Cyroprobe‐assisted 1H and 13C NMR have been applied to precise determination of metabolic products excreted during autofermentation in two cyanobacterial species: filamentous Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima CS‐328 and unicellular Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Several fermentative end products were identified and quantified in concentrations ranging from 50 to 3000 µM in cell‐free media (a direct measurement of native‐like samples) with less than 5.5% relative error in under 10 min of acquisition per sample with the assistance of an efficient water‐suppression protocol. Relaxation times (T1) of these metabolites in aqueous (1H2O) solution were measured and found to vary by nearly threefold, necessitating generation of individual calibration curves for each species for highest precision. However, using a 4.5 × longer overall recycle delay between scans, the metabolite concentrations can be predicted within 25% error by calibrating only to a single calibration standard (succinate); other metabolites are then calculated on the basis of their signal integrals and known proton degeneracies. Precise ratios of concentrations of 13C‐labeled versus unlabeled metabolites were determined from integral ratios of 1H peaks that exhibit 13C1H J‐couplings and independently confirmed by direct measurement of areas of corresponding 13C resonances. 13C NMR was used to identify and quantify production of osmolytes, trehalose, and glucosylglycerol by A. maxima. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of caveolin‐3 immunoreactivities in the developing sciatic nerve of the rat
Authors: Lee Ho J. , Park Choong H. , Lee Seong J. , Park Jin W. , Choi Jong H. , Ryu Gi H. , Kwon Bum S.
Published: May 2009

Caveolae are formed by the caveolin (CAV) family of proteins, CAV‐1, ‐2, and ‐3. CAV‐1 and ‐2 are co‐expressed in many cell types, whereas CAV‐3 is muscle‐specific and mutation of the CAV‐3 gene causes muscular dystrophy. CAV‐3 has also been detected in brain astroglial cells and in peripheral nerves along with CAV‐1. Therefore, we sought to determine whether CAV‐3 protein is expressed in developing peripheral nerves by using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). We found that CAV‐3 immunoreactivities (IRs) were localized in the myelin sheath during peripheral nerve development. CAV‐3 IRs were intense during the early postnatal stage, but decreased as the peripheral nerves matured at postnatal weeks 3–5. CAV‐3 mRNA expression was also markedly decreased during postnatal development. Because the expression pattern of CAV‐3 IRs was opposite that of CAV‐1 IRs, CAV‐1 and ‐3 might be involved in different phases of peripheral nerve myelination and play complementary roles in myelin maturation and peripheral nerve development. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 2008
OMA DM‐based remote software fault management for mobile devices
Authors: Kang Joon‐Myung , Ju Hong‐Taek , Choi Mi‐Jung , Hong James Won‐Ki , Kim Jun‐Gu
Published: May 2009

Mobile devices (e.g. mobile handsets or PDAs) have gained much functionality and intelligence with the growth of mobile network technologies and the increased use of mobile services. As a consequence, mobile devices have become more complex and many related problems have occurred. Specifically, sudden rebooting and freezing problems caused by software faults decrease the availability of the mobile device and cause inconvenience to end‐users. To solve such problems, academia and industry have focused on Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Device Management (DM); this method is the internationalde factostandard for mobile device management. In this paper, we propose a software fault management method to remotely determine and correct problems of mobile devices based on OMA DM. We present a definition of management objects and a method to collect them from mobile devices using the OMA DM protocol. We also present a method for debugging and correcting software faults using the collected information. Finally, we present a prototype implementation and performance evaluation to validate our proposed method. Results of the performance evaluation show that our proposed method is efficient and scalable in regard to network traffic overhead and response time. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust sliding mode design for uncertain stochastic systems based onH∞control method
Authors: Niu Yugang , Wang Zidong , Wang Xingyu
Published: May 2009

In this paper, the design problem of sliding mode control (SMC) is addressed for uncertain stochastic systems modeled by Itô differential equations. There exist the parameter uncertainties in both the state and input matrices, as well as theunmatchedexternal disturbance. The key feature of this work is the integration of SMC method withH∞technique such that the robust stochastic stability with a prescribed disturbance attenuation levelγcan be achieved. A sufficient condition for the existence of the desired sliding mode controller is obtained via linear matrix inequalities. The reachability of the specified sliding surface is proven. Finally, a numerical simulation example is presented to illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal‐power control of hydrogen evolution reactions
Authors: Costanza Vicente , Rivadeneira Pablo S.
Published: May 2009

An integral approach to solve finite‐horizon optimal control problems posed by set‐point changes in electrochemical hydrogen reactions is developed. The methodology extends to nonlinear problems with regular, convex Hamiltonians that cannot be explicitly minimized, i.e. where the functional dependence of the H‐minimal control on the state and costate variables is not known. The Lagrangian functions determining trajectory costs will not have special restrictions other than positiveness, but for simplicity the final penalty will be assumed quadratic. The answer to the problem is constructed through the solution to a coupled system of three first‐order quasi‐linear partial differential equations (PDEs) for the missing boundary conditions x(T), λ(0) of the Hamiltonian equations, and for the final value of the control variable u(T). The independent variables of these PDEs are the time‐duration T of the process and the characteristic parameter S of the final penalty. The solution provides information on the whole (T, S)‐family of control problems, which can be used not only to construct the individual optimal control strategies online, but also for global design purposes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma as a second malignancy in osteosarcoma survivors
Authors: Lebensburger Jeffrey , Katzenstein Howard , Jenkins Jesse J. , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos
Published: May 2009

Second malignancies occur in 2–3% of survivors of pediatric osteosarcoma; treatment‐related hematologic and solid malignancies have both been described. We present two cases of patients with pulmonary nodules that developed more than 2 years after treatment of osteosarcoma. Both lesions were completely resected and pathology revealed bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC). Primary BAC is extremely rare in children; however, cases of this malignancy have been described in survivors of pediatric cancer. BAC may present as a solitary pulmonary nodule indistinguishable from a metastatic lesion and should be included in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in survivors of pediatric cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:499–501. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of medicinal drugs on traffic safety: a systematic review of epidemiological studies
Authors: Orriols Ludivine , Salmi Louis‐Rachid , Philip Pierre , Moore Nicholas , Delorme Bernard , Castot Anne , Lagarde Emmanuel
Published: May 2009

Purpose

To evaluate the quality of epidemiological research into effects of medicinal drugs on traffic safety and the current knowledge in this area.

Data sources

The bibliographic search was done in Medline electronic database using the keywords: ((accident* or crash*) and traffic and drug*) leading to 1141 references. Additional references were retrieved from the Safetylit website and the reference lists of selected studies. Original articles published in English or French, between 1 April 1979 and 31 July 2008, were considered for inclusion. We excluded descriptive studies, studies limited to alcohol or illicit drug involvement and investigations of injuries other than from traffic crashes. Studies based on laboratory tests, driving simulators or on‐the‐road driving tests were also excluded. Eligible studies had to evaluate the causal relationship between the use of medicinal drugs and the risk of traffic crashes. Study quality was assessed by two independent experts, according to a grid adapted from the strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement.

Results

Twenty two studies of variable methodological quality were included. Definition of drug exposure varied across studies and depended on the data sources. Potential confounding due to the interaction between the effects of the medicinal drug and disease‐related symptoms was often not controlled. The risk of motor‐vehicle crashes related to benzodiazepines has been amply studied and demonstrated. Results for other medicinal drugs remain controversial.

Conclusion

There is a need for large studies, investigating the role of individual substances in the risk of road traffic crashes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and photophysical behavior of a water‐soluble coumarin‐bearing polymer for proton and Ni2+ ion sensing
Authors: Wang Bao‐Yan , Liu Xing‐Yu , Hu Yu‐Lin , Su Zhi‐Xing
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: In recent years, many fluorescent chemosensors with various macromolecular structures have been prepared for the detection of protons or metal cations in the environment. Most of this research is focused on polymer sensors with fluorescent recognition sites in the main chain. In this case, the fluorescent recognition sites are covalently bonded to the polymer chain, and thus the polymer shows photophysical properties as a chemosensor for protons and metal ions.

RESULTS: An acrylic monomer bearing coumarin moieties, 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐8‐(4′‐acryloylpiperazin‐1′‐yl)methylcoumarin, was synthesized. This was then copolymerized with N‐vinylpyrrolidone to obtain a blue fluorescent material. The fluorescent copolymer has good solubility in aqueous solution. Its main photophysical properties were determined in relation to its use as a sensor for protons and metal cations. It is an efficient ‘off‐on’ switcher for pH between 3.02 and 12.08. Additionally, the polymer sensor is selective to Ni2+ ions, with the increase in the fluorescence intensity depending on Ni2+ ion concentrations in the range 0.33 × 10−5–7.67 × 10−5 mol L−1.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that this copolymer may offer potential as a reusable polymer sensor for protons and Ni2+ ions in aqueous solution. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A qualitative study evaluating parental attitudes towards the creation of a female youth cohort (LEGACY) in the Breast Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Glendon Gord , Frost Caren J. , Andrulis Irene L. , Hanna Danielle , John Esther M. , Phipps Amanda I. , Thompson Amy , Venne Vickie , Ritvo Paul
Published: May 2009

Objectives: Expanding the existing Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR) to enrol daughters aged 6–17 years in a prospective cohort study named LEGACY (Lessons in Epidemiology and Genetics of Adult Cancer from Youth) offers the opportunity to study the effects of genetic and environmental exposures in youth on adult breast cancer risk. Few studies have assessed parents' willingness to enrol their daughters in genetic epidemiological cohort studies. Since BCFR parents are the gatekeepers of their daughters' future enrolment, it is important to explore their interests and attitudes towards LEGACY.

Methods: Semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted with 85 BCFR participant parents at 3 BCFR sites in Ontario, Canada, and in Utah and Northern California. We explored parents' thoughts and feelings (interests and attitudes) regarding their daughters' enrolment in LEGACY and different data collection modalities. Qualitative analysis of audiotaped interviews was carried out utilizing an inductive content analysis.

Results: Parents' acceptance of three data collection modalities were 92% (78/85) for questionnaire data, 87% (74/85) for biological samples and 63% (46/73) for physical examination for pubertal staging. The parents' primary motivation for participation was altruistic. Their concerns regarding their daughters' participation centered on exacerbating awkward pubertal feelings, increasing cancer anxiety, respecting autonomy and maturity, privacy and future use of data and logistical impediments.

Conclusion: Parents demonstrated a high level of interest in the creation of LEGACY. Their motivation to participate was balanced by their desire to protect daughters from undue harm. These interviews contributed valuable information for the design of LEGACY. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of the pediatric organ donor to optimize lung donation
Authors: Mallory George B. , Schecter Marc G. , Elidemir Okan
Published: May 2009

Lung transplantation in childhood is a highly specialized clinical practice confined to a few centers around the world. Organ availability remains an important limiting factor in extending the application of this procedure to more infants, children and adolescents. The lungs are the organ most vulnerable to injury, infection and dysfunction among transplantable organs in the brain dead deceased donor. In this manuscript, we review the pathophysiology of the most common and important disease states that affect the lungs in potential donors. Furthermore, we herein provide recommendations for optimal management of the pediatric organ donor with an emphasis on strategies to improve the opportunity for the lungs to be placed in candidates on the transplant list. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:536–546. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retracted: Analysis of a serum test for prostate cancer that detects a second epitope of EPCA‐2
Authors: Leman Eddy S. , Magheli Ahmed , Cannon Grant W. , Mangold Leslie , Partin Alan W. , Getzenberg Robert H.
Published: May 2009

The following article from The Prostate, ‘Analysis of a Serum Test for Prostate Cancer That Detects a Second Epitope of EPCA‐2’ by Eddy S. Leman, Ahmed Magheli, Grant W. Cannon, Leslie Mangold, Alan W. Partin, and Robert H. Getzenberg, Published online 5 May 2009 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and in Volume 69, pp. 1188–1194, has been retracted at the request of the authors, and by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, John T. Isaacs, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. As the authors re‐reviewed the data presented in the article, they identified differences between some of the plate reader values and those that were reported in the article. For some of the data the values were indeed from the plate reader data, whereas the source of other values is not easily apparent. Therefore, the article may contain data falsification. Furthermore, the values were not blanked. Taken together, the inconsistencies in the data collection and recordation warrant retraction of the article. The authors sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this might cause.
Rapid method for detecting resistance to a QoI fungicide in Plasmopara viticola populations
Authors: Furuya Seiichi , Suzuki Shunji , Kobayashi Hironori , Saito Seiya , Takayanagi Tsutomu
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: The increasing occurrence of Qo inhibitor (QoI)‐fungicide‐resistant Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & MA Curtis) Berl. & DeToni populations is becoming a serious problem in the control of grapevine downy mildew worldwide.

RESULTS: The authors have developed a rapid method for detecting resistance to a QoI fungicide, azoxystrobin, in P. viticola populations using the nested PCR‐RFLP method. With this method, a glycine‐to‐alanine substitution was discovered at codon 143 in the cytochrome b gene of P. viticola populations found in Japan.

CONCLUSION: It is proposed that the nested PCR‐RFLP method is a high‐speed, sensitive and reliable tool for detecting azoxystrobin‐resistant P. viticola populations. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Baseline sensitivity to proquinazid in Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici and Erysiphe necator and cross‐resistance with other fungicides
Authors: Genet Jean‐Luc , Jaworska Grazyna
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Proquinazid is a new quinazolinone fungicide from DuPont registered in most European countries for powdery mildew control in cereals and vines. The aim of this paper is to present baseline sensitivity data in populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici EM Marchal and Erysiphe necator (Schw) Burr as well as results from cross‐resistance studies with other fungicides.

RESULTS: Proquinazid exhibited a high intrinsic activity on B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates at rates ranging from 0.000078 to 0.02 mg L−1. Erysiphe necator isolates were comparatively less sensitive to proquinazid, with EC50 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.3 mg L−1. Proquinazid controlled equally well B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates sensitive and resistant or less sensitive to tebuconazole, fenpropimorph, fenpropidin, cyprodinil and kresoxim‐methyl. A positive correlation (r = 0.617) between quinoxyfen and proquinazid sensitivities was found among 51 B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates. Quinoxyfen‐resistant B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were slightly less sensitive to proquinazid than the quinoxyfen‐sensitive isolates; however, proquinazid remained much more active than quinoxyfen on these isolates. A stronger sensitivity relationship (r = 0.874) between proquinazid and quinoxyfen was found among 65 E. necator isolates tested in a leaf disc assay. The sensitivity values for proquinazid were significantly lower than those for quinoxyfen, confirming the higher intrinsic activity of proquinazid on both pathogens.

CONCLUSION: Given the history of resistance development in powdery mildew and the observed sensitivity relationship with quinoxyfen, specifically in E. necator, we conclude that the risk of resistance developing to proquinazid might be influenced by the use of quinoxyfen. Based on these results, the authors recommend that proquinazid and quinoxyfen be managed together for resistance management. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Insecticide resistance status of Bemisia tabaci Q‐biotype in south‐eastern Spain
Authors: Fernández Esther , Grávalos Carolina , Haro Pedro Javier , Cifuentes Dina , Bielza Pablo
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius Q‐biotype has readily developed resistance to numerous insecticide classes. Studies in the Mediterranean area are needed to clarify the resistance status and cross‐resistance patterns in this invasive whitefly biotype. The levels of resistance in nymphs of seven strains of B. tabaci Q‐biotype from south‐eastern Spain to representative insecticides were determined.

RESULTS: Six populations had low to moderate levels of resistance to azadirachtin (0.2‐ to 7‐fold), buprofezin (11‐ to 59‐fold), imidacloprid (1‐ to 15‐fold), methomyl (3‐ to 55‐fold), pyridaben (0.9‐ to 9‐fold), pyriproxyfen (0.7‐ to 15‐fold) and spiromesifen (1‐ to 7‐fold), when compared with a contemporary Spanish Q‐biotype reference population (LC50 = 2.7, 8.7, 15.2, 19.9, 0.34, 20.9 and 1.1 mg L−1 respectively). A single population collected from a greenhouse subject to intensive insecticide use exhibited generally higher resistance levels to the same array of compounds (31‐, 1164‐, 3‐, 52‐, 9‐, 19‐ and 3‐fold respectively). Pyridaben and spiromesifen were extremely effective against nymphs of all strains, with LC50 values significantly below recommended application rates.

CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous reports, high rates of efficacy exist for numerous insecticide classes against B. tabaci Q‐biotype populations in these intensive agricultural regions of south‐eastern Spain. This probably reflects the recent and significant reductions in exposure that have resulted from a wider uptake of IPM technologies and strategies. However, the continued presence of resistance genes also suggests that a reversion to levels of high insecticide exposure could result in a rapid selection for resistance. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of new pyrethroids
Authors: Silvério Flaviano O , de Alvarenga Elson S , Moreno Shaiene C , Picanço Marcelo C
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Pyrethroids are among the most potent pesticides known, with great potential for structural variation with retention or enhancement of potency. The simple methyl ester is easier to prepare (at least one step shorter) than the more complex pyrethroids modified on the alcohol moiety. The objective was to synthesise methyl esters of pyrethroid acids containing an aromatic ring on the acid moiety and evaluate their biological activity against Ascia monuste orseis Latr., Tuta absoluta Meyrick, Periplaneta americana (L.), Musca domestica L. and Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.).

RESULTS: The synthetic sequence required seven steps: protection of the hydroxyl groups of D‐mannitol, diol oxidative cleavage with sodium metaperiodate, alkene formation by Wittig reaction with methoxycarbonylmethylidene(triphenyl)phosphorane, cyclopropanation, acetal hydrolysis with perchloric acid and oxidative cleavage with sodium metaperiodate gave methyl (1S, 3S)‐3‐formyl‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate. The final step comprised reaction of the aldehyde with five different aromatic phosphorus ylides to give the pyrethroids.

CONCLUSION: An efficient and versatile synthesis of ten new pyrethroid methyl esters has been accomplished from the readily available D‐mannitol in seven steps. All compounds showed insecticidal activity, and methyl (1S, 3S)‐3‐[(Z)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)vinyl]‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate was the most active, killing 90% of A. monuste orseis and 100% of T. absoluta and P. americana. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Preface: Phys. Status Solidi A 206/5
Authors: Misiewicz Jan , Sitarek Piotr
Published: May 2009

The 3rd International Workshop on Modulation Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Structures – 3rd MS3 Workshop took place at the Wrocław University of Technology (Wrocław, Poland) between 3rd and 5th July 2008.

For a third time, the MS3 Workshop became the forum for discussing the advances of photoreflectance, electroreflectance, contactless electroreflectance, thermoreflectance, differential reflectance and wavelength‐modulated surface photovoltage spectroscopy.

In this special issue of physica status solidi (a), it is our great pleasure to present the most interesting of the 3rd MS3 Workshop contributions.

The organizers acknowledge Wrocław University of Technology and Foundation for Polish Science for the financial support of the Workshop.

A very sad news reached all scientists during the Workshop. Professor Fred H. Pollak, great scientist and Honorary Chairman of the 1st MS3 Workshop, passed away on June 19, 2008 at the age of seventy‐three. Wishing to honor his memory, we include in this issue a short note by M. Muñoz and Y.‐S. Huang, his former students and friends (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rapid screening and characterization of drug metabolites using multiple ion monitoring dependent product ion scan and postacquisition data mining on a hybrid triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap mass spectrometer
Authors: Yao Ming , Ma Li , Duchoslav Eva , Zhu Mingshe
Published: May 2009

Multiple ion monitoring (MIM)‐dependent acquisition with a triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap mass spectrometer (Q‐trap) was previously developed for drug metabolite profiling. In the analysis, multiple predicted metabolite ions are monitored in both Q1 and Q3 regardless of their fragmentations. The collision energy in Q2 is set to a low value to minimize fragmentation. Once an expected metabolite is detected by MIM, enhanced product ion (EPI) spectral acquisition of the metabolite is triggered. To analyze in vitro metabolites, MIM‐EPI retains the sensitivity and selectivity similar to that of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)‐EPI in the analysis of in vitro metabolites. Here we present an improved approach utilizing MIM‐EPI for data acquisition and multiple data mining techniques for detection of metabolite ions and recovery of their MS/MS spectra. The postacquisition data processing tools included extracted ion chromatographic analysis, product ion filtering and neutral loss filtering. The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated by analyzing oxidative metabolites of indinavir and glutathione (GSH) conjugates of clozapine and 4‐ethylphenol in liver microsome incubations. Results showed that the MIM‐EPI‐based data mining approach allowed for comprehensive detection of metabolites based on predicted protonated molecules, product ions or neutral losses without predetermination of the parent drug MS/MS spectra. Additionally, it enabled metabolite detection and MS/MS acquisition in a single injection. This approach is potentially useful in high‐throughout screening of metabolic soft spots and reactive metabolites at the drug discovery stage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MDPA: multidimensional privacy‐preserving aggregation scheme for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Lin Xiaodong , Lu Rongxing , Shen Xuemin (Sherman)
Published: May 2009

In this paper, we propose a novel multidimensional privacy‐preserving data aggregation scheme for improving security and saving energy consumption in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed scheme integrates the super‐increasing sequence and perturbation techniques into compressed data aggregation, and has the ability to combine more than one aggregated data into one. Compared with the traditional data aggregation schemes, the proposed scheme not only enhances the privacy preservation in data aggregation, but also is more efficient in terms of energy costs due to its unique multidimensional aggregation. Extensive analyses and experiments are given to demonstrate its energy efficiency and practicability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active control of flow separation and structural vibrations of wind turbine blades
Authors: Maldonado Victor , Farnsworth John , Gressick William , Amitay Michael
Published: May 2009

The feasibility of using synthetic jet actuators to enhance the performance of wind turbine blades was explored in wind tunnel experiments on a small scale model blade. Using this technique, the global flow field over the blade was altered such that flow separation was mitigated. Consequently, this resulted in a significant decrease in the vibration of the blade. Global flow measurements were conducted, where the moments and forces on the blade were measured using a six component wall‐mounted load cell. The effect of the actuation was also examined on the surface static pressure at two spanwise locations; near the blade's root and near its tip. In addition, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to quantify the flow field over the blade. Using synthetic jets, the flow over the blade was either fully or partially reattached, depending on the angle of attack, and the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the changes induced on the moments and forces, as well as on the blade vibrations were found to be proportionally controllable by either changing the momentum coefficient, the number of synthetic jets used, or by the driving waveform. Finally, a proof‐of‐concept closed‐loop control system was developed to test the ability of using synthetic jet actuators to restore and maintain flow attachment and reduce the vibrations in the blade during dynamic pitching maneuvers. The control system demonstrated the ability of synthetic jet actuators to reduce blade vibrations during dynamic motion depending upon their control concept, which might be either pitch or active stall control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind turbine extreme gust control
Authors: Kanev Stoyan , van Engelen Tim
Published: May 2009

This paper focuses on the problem of extreme wind gust and direction change recognition (EG&DR) and control (EEC). An extreme wind gust with direction change can lead to large loads on the turbine (causing fatigue) and unnecessary turbine shutdowns by the supervisory system caused by rotor overspeed. The proposed EG&DR algorithm is based on a non‐linear observer (extended Kalman filter) that estimates the oblique wind inflow angle and the blade effective wind speed signals, which are then used by a detection algorithm (cumulative sum test) to recognize extreme events. The non‐linear observer requires that blade root bending moments measurements (in‐plane and out‐of‐plane) are available. Once an extreme event is detected, an EEC algorithm is activated that: (i) tries to prevent the rotor speed from exceeding the overspeed limit by fast collective blade pitching; and (ii) reduces 1p blade loads by means of individual pitch control algorithm, designed in an ℋ∞optimal control setting. The method is demonstrated on a complex non‐linear test turbine model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four‐dimensional dynamics of MAPK information‐processing systems
Authors: Kholodenko Boris N. , Birtwistle Marc R.
Published: May 2009

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades process a myriad of stimuli received by cell‐surface receptors and generate precise spatiotemporal guidance for multiple target proteins, dictating receptor‐specific cellular outcomes. Computational modeling reveals that the intrinsic topology of MAPK cascades enables them to amplify signal sensitivity and amplitude, reduce noise, and display intricate dynamic properties, which include toggle switches, excitation pulses, and oscillations. Specificity of signaling responses can be brought about by signal‐induced feedback and feedforward wiring imposed on the MAPK cascade backbone. Intracellular gradients of protein activities arise from the spatial separation of opposing reactions in kinase‐phosphatase cycles. The membrane confinement of the initiating kinase in MAPK cascades and cytosolic localization of phosphatases can result in precipitous gradients of phosphorylated signal‐transducers if they spread solely by diffusion. Endocytotic trafficking of active kinases driven by molecular motors and traveling waves of protein phosphorylation can propagate phosphorylation signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, especially in large cells, such as Xenopus eggs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Design principles of the bacterial quorum sensing gene networks
Authors: Goryachev Andrew B.
Published: May 2009

Bacterial quorum sensing (QS) has attracted much interest as the manifestation of collective behavior in prokaryotic organisms once considered strictly solitary. Significant amount of genetic, biochemical, and structural data which, has been accumulated in studies on QS in many species allows us to map properties of specific molecules and their interactions on the observed population‐wide bacterial behavior. The present review attempts to give a systems biology perspective on the structure of genetic regulatory networks that control QS and considers functional implications of a variety of design principles that recur in the organization of these networks across species Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
A systems biology approach to defining metastatic biomarkers and signaling pathways
Authors: Goldberger Natalie E. , Hunter Kent W.
Published: May 2009

Metastasis is the final stage of cancer and the primary cause of mortality for most solid malignancies. This terminal phase of cancer progression has been investigated using a variety of high‐throughput technologies (i.e., gene expression arrays, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and proteomics) to identify prognostic expression profiles and better characterize the metastatic process. For decades, the predominant model for the metastatic process has been the ‘progression model’, yet recent microarray results tend to support an inherent metastatic capability within primary tumors. Moreover, studies using a highly metastatic transgenic mammary tumor model suggest that germline polymorphisms are significant determinants of metastatic efficiency. Likewise, a strong concordance of survival has been observed between family members with cancer, further supporting the link between genetic inheritance and survival. In addition, chromosomal aberrations and signaling pathways related to metastatic capacity have been identified by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and proteomic studies, respectively. Lastly, carcinoma enzyme activity profiles using activity‐based proteomics (ABPP), may be more clinically useful than expression‐based proteomics for certain cancers. Most importantly, the application of these high‐throughput techniques should expedite the search for additional biomarkers, germline polymorphisms, and expression signatures with greater prognostic value. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Integrin activation in the immune system
Authors: Laudanna Carlo , Bolomini‐Vittori Matteo
Published: May 2009

Modulation of leukocyte adhesiveness is critical to leukocyte function during the immune response. A central paradigm in this phenomenon is represented by integrin activation, which is controlled by inside‐out signal transduction mechanisms triggered by selectins, chemoattractants and TcR‐bound Ag and facilitated by mechanochemical forces. Integrins are heterodimeric adhesive receptors differently expressed on all leukocyte subtypes. At least two distinct modalities of integrin activation are known, namely conformational changes, leading to increased affinity, and lateral mobility leading to increased valency, both enhancing cell avidity (adhesiveness). Several signal transduction events have been correlated to integrin activation in leukocytes. The complexity of intracellular signaling networks leading to leukocyte integrin activation is likely functional to generate robustness and fine tuning of integrin activation allowing integration of qualitative and quantitative variations of extracellular signals leading to leukocyte‐, agonist‐ and integrin‐specific control of adhesion. In this context, the recent modular abstraction proposed for the functional architecture of biological networks may provide a powerful paradigm to understand regulation and specificity of signaling events. Accordingly, pro‐adhesive intracellular signaling networks may be organized in regulatory signalosomes, or modules, corresponding to discrete clusters of interacting signaling proteins, with some devoted to context‐dependent regulation of specificity and dynamics of integrin activation. The principles and technologies of systems biology, and more specifically of network theory, may help to address this complexity and unveil the inner logic governing leukocyte recruitment during the immune response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
A Hydrogen‐Bonded Framework Complex without Lattice Solvents: Synthesis Reversible Crystal‐to‐Amorphous Transformation and Chromic Properties
Authors: Xiao Weiming , Zhang Ning , Deng Shengjun , Mao Xuejin , Chen Chao
Published: May 2009

Reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with H4BPTC (H4BPTC = Biphenyl‐3,3′,4,4′‐tetracarboxylic acid) produced a 3D hydrogen‐bonded framework complex 1, not containing lattice solvents, with empirical formula [Ni(H2O)6]·H2BPTC. The complex exhibits an interesting reversible crystal‐to‐amorphous transformation property unaccompanied by lattice solvents release/loading and shows selective and reversible chromic response to methanol.
GPS assessment of the use of exhibit space and resources by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)
Authors: Leighty Katherine A. , Soltis Joseph , Savage Anne
Published: May 2009

In public discussions of animal rights and welfare, we as members and proponents of zoological institutions often face significant challenges addressing the concerns of our detractors due to an unfortunate deficiency in systematically collected and published data on the animals in our collections. In the case of elephants, there has been a paucity of information describing their use of space within captive environments. Here, using collar‐mounted GPS recording devices, we documented the use of exhibit space and resources by a herd of five adult female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) housed at Disney's Animal Kingdom®. We found that dominant animals within the herd used a greater percentage of the available space and subordinate females avoided narrow or enclosed regions of the enclosure that we termed “restricted flow areas.” In their use of other resources, dominant females demonstrated increased occupation of the watering hole over subordinate females, but all females demonstrated relatively equivalent use of the mud wallow. Overall, our results provide preliminary evidence that position within the dominancy hierarchy impacts the percentage of space occupied in a captive setting and may contribute to resource accessibility. These findings can be applied to future decisions on exhibit design and resource distribution for this species. Zoo Biol 29:210–220, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.