bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Roughness and Residual Compression Stresses on the Ultrasonic Fatigue Endurance of Aluminum Alloy AISI 6061-T6
Authors: Dominguez Almaraz Gonzalo M.
Published: May 2015

Ultrasonic fatigue tests were carried out on the aluminum alloy AISI 6061-T6, presenting different values for the principal surface roughness parameters: Ra, Rq, and Rz. For fatigue life comprised between 3 × 105 ∼ 6 × 106 cycles, crack initiates at the specimen surface induced by stress-concentration and micro-plastic deformation (micro-void coalescence); whereas for the very high cycle fatigue (>107 cycles), the mechanism of crack initiation moves to subsurface or inside the specimen and is associated with internal imperfections such as micro-porosities or nonmetallic inclusions. For the first fatigue life regime, compression residual stresses induced by the work-hardening machining process and the associated micro-plastic deformation are the principal factors controlling the fatigue endurance on this aluminum alloy. Experimental results show that fatigue endurance is higher for the high surface roughness in the 3 × 105 ∼ 6 × 106 cycles of fatigue life, whereas this behavior is inversed in the very high-cycle fatigue regime. These results are analyzed in terms of residual compression stresses induced by the work-hardening machining process, the surface roughness, and the reverse yielding or Bauschinger effect.
Editorial
Authors: Tatnall Arthur
Published: May 2015

This is the first issue of a new journal by the Centre for International Corporate Governance Research and Graduate School of Business at Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. The goal of the Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics is to span important areas of business research, and in doing so to offer a different perspective on systems, governance and ethics as they relate to business.
Designing and Implementing Curriculum for Students with Special Needs: A Case Study of a Thinking Curriculum
Authors: Adam Tas , Rigoni Anna , Tatnall Arthur
Published: May 2015

Over the years, ICT has emerged as a platform that is seen to enhance the knowledge and skills of students in mainstream learning environments. A growing number of schools however, now provide a separate alternative enrolment for students with special needs. Although there are valid opinions on what is the best method of educating these students (integration vs. segregation) it has been noted by many researchers that technology can play a major role in the learning process. In this paper, an e-learning paradigm is applied in a holistic manner to a special learning community with the aim of determining an appropriate e-learning model and platform to support curriculum design. The paper focuses on a pilot project at a suburban school for students with special needs. The aims of the project are to observe the level of immersion and engagement and its impact on curriculum outcomes of the group. This research project further investigates the transition issues and approaches for this group and the links and relationships beyond the normal school environment. The project has been funded by the School of Information Systems and the School Community.
Comparing Cross-Cultural Dimensions of the Experiences of International Tourists in Vietnam
Authors: Truong Thuy-Huong , King Brian
Published: May 2015

Vietnam’s location in South East Asia places it well to benefit from tourism growth trends regionally and globally. It appeals to international tourists because of its long history, its culture and its unique customs and habits. Vietnam is experiencing rapid international tourism growth of visitors from different cultural backgrounds which places pressure on tourism service providers. If development is to be well managed, tourism professionals will need to broaden their understanding of both Western and Asian visitors, and managers need to encourage an atmosphere of familiarity and comfort amongst tourist groups, thus enhancing visitor satisfaction. However, appealing to diverse tourists markets is difficult because the needs of visitors are culturally determined and complex. Despite the importance of tourism for Vietnam, no research has attempted to measure tourist satisfaction in a cross-cultural context. In the present paper, a conceptual framework is proposed to explain the determinants of satisfaction amongst international tourists from different cultures when holidaying in Vietnam. In developing the proposed model, a review is undertaken of the concepts of culture, rules of behaviour, tourist perception and satisfaction. A range of factors are take into account including internal factors (such as cultural values, rules of behaviour, socio-demographics, behavioural and other travel characteristics) and external factors including tourist perceptions of their hosts and of products and services.
Determinants of FDI: Does democracy matter?
Authors: Farazmand Hasan , Moradi Mahvash
Published: May 2015

Having access to foreign investments allows a country to take advantage of opportunities to which they would otherwise not have access. Many factors interfere with the ability to attract investments in developing countries, but there is lack of consensus on which factors play an unambiguous role. Using different econometric techniques for a data sample of 5 developing countries and the period 1990 to 2012, this study identifies those factors that most explain the determinants of foreign direct investment. Based on results, democracy can positively affect investors’ decisions about where to locate capital. The findings also show that foreign direct investment as a share of GDP, is significantly associated with low corruption, inflation, high openness, literacy rate and infrastructure.
Electrostatic gating of hybrid halide perovskite field-effect transistors: balanced ambipolar transport at room-temperature
Authors: Mei Y. , Zhang C. , Vardeny Z. V. , Jurchescu O. D.
Published: May 2015

The hybrid halide perovskites combine the low-cost processing characteristics of organic materials with the performance factors of inorganic compounds. Recently the power conversion efficiencies of perovskite photovoltaic solar cells have reached a respective value of ∼20%. The charge transport properties were indirectly approximated in these compounds because of lack of available field-effect transistors (FETs). Here we report the fabrication and room-temperature operation of FETs based on the hybrid perovskites. We obtained balanced electron and hole transport with mobilities of ∼1 cm2/Vs. We also found that the yield, as well as the operational and environmental stability of the fabricated transistors is limited.
Analiza konstrukcijskih i radnih veličina lančane sjekačice
Authors: Korman Tomislav , Klanfar Mario
Published: May 2015

Učinkovit način eksploatacije blokova kamena ostvaruje se kombiniranjem lančane sjekačice i dijamantne žične pile zbog mogućnosti korištenja prednosti jednog ili drugog stroja. Lančane sjekačice se koriste za izradu horizontalnih i vertikalnih rezova, a primjenu su našle u površinskoj i podzemnoj eksploataciji u slabo do srednje abrazivnim i mekim do srednje tvrdim stijenama. Učinkovitost lančane sjekačice pri eksploataciji arhitektonskog kamena ovisi o pravilnom izboru radnih veličina stroja, reznih elemenata te uvjeta i načina eksploatacije u određenoj vrsti stijene. Iako su lančane sjekačice tehnološki napredovale, one još uvijek rade uz određene nedostatke. Dosadašnjim istraživanjima ustanovljeno je da sjekačice ne rade pri optimalnim radnim veličinama, a postojeće konstrukcije lanca nisu dovoljno optimalne. U radu su prikazane postojeće metode za određivanje učinka lančanih sjekačica, a na temelju dosadašnjih istraživanja izložene su smjernice za daljnja istraživanja.
Common Data Elements and Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System for TBI Research
Authors: Thompson Hilaire J. , Vavilala Monica S. , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: May 2015

Despite increased attention to traumatic brain injury (TBI), there remains no specific treatment and available interventions focus rather on the prevention of secondary injury. One of the reasons posited for the lack of a successful therapy is the amalgamation of various types of injuries under the same severity category in clinical trials. Informatics approaches have been suggested as a means to develop an improved classification system for TBI. As a result of federal interagency efforts, common data elements (CDEs) for TBI have now been developed. Further, the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System (FITBIR) has been created and is now available for TBI researchers to both add and retrieve data. This chapter will discuss the goals, development, and evolution of the CDEs and FITBIR and discuss how these tools can be used to support TBI research. A specific exemplar using the CDEs and lessons learned from working with the CDEs and FITBIR are included to aid future researchers.
Traumatic Brain Injury Research in Military Populations
Authors: Kasper Christine E.
Published: May 2015

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in all of its forms—blast, concussive, and penetrating—has been an unfortunate sequela of warfare since ancient times. The continued evolution of military munitions and armor on the battlefield, as well as the insurgent use of improvised explosive devices, has led to blast-related TBI whose long-term effects on behavior and cognition are not yet known. Advances in medical care have greatly increased survival from these types of injuries. Therefore, an understanding of the potential health effects of TBI is essential. This review focuses on specific aspects of military-related TBI. There exists a large body of literature reporting the environmental conditions, forces, and staging of injury. Many of these studies are focused on the neuropathology of TBI, due to blast overpressure waves, and the emergence of large numbers of mild blast-related TBI cases.
Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There an Optimal Model That Parallels Human Brain Injury?
Authors: Briones Teresita L.
Published: May 2015

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the younger population worldwide. Survivors of TBI often experience long-term disability in the form of cognitive, sensorimotor, and affective impairments. Despite the high prevalence in, and cost of TBI to, both individuals and society, some of its underlying pathophysiology is not completely understood. Animal models have been developed over the past few decades to closely replicate the different facets of TBI in humans to better understand the underlying pathophysiology and behavioral impairments and assess potential therapies that can promote neuroprotection. However, no effective treatment for TBI has been established to date in the clinical setting, despite promising results generated in preclinical studies in the use of neuroprotective strategies. The failure to translate results from preclinical studies to the clinical setting underscores a compelling need to revisit the current state of knowledge in the use of animal models in TBI.
Synthesis of anatase nanopowders by sol-gel method and influence of temperatures of calcination to their photocatalitic properties
Authors: Golubovic A. , Simovic B. , Scepanovic M. , Mijin D. , Matkovic A. , Grujic-Brojcin M. , Babic B.
Published: May 2015

The titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowders were produced by sol-gel technique
from tetrabutyl titanate as a precursor, varying the temperature ?f
calcination (from 500 to 550?C with the step of 10 ?C). XRPD results have
shown that all synthesized nanopowders are dominantly in anatase phase. The
analysis of the shift and linewidth of the most intensive anatase Eg Raman
mode confirmed the XRPD results and added the presence of small amount of
highly disordered brookite phase in all samples. The analysis of pore
structure from nitrogen sorption experimental data described all samples as
mesoporous, with mean pore diameters in the range of 1.5 and 4.5 nm.
Nanopowder properties have been related to the photocatalytic activity,
tested in degradation of the textile dye (C.I. Reactive Orange 16). The
sample calcined at temperature of 510?C showed the best photocatalytic
performance.
Investigations of the changes in the bentonite structure caused by the different treatments
Authors: Stojiljkovic S. , Stamenkovic M. , Kostic D. , Miljkovic M. , Arsic B. , Savic I. , Savic I.
Published: May 2015

The bentonite was treated in different ways and the changes in structure were
monitored. Acid activation with sulphuric acid of investigated bentonite
caused the increase in specific volume of micropore-mesopore. It was shown
that activation by acid obtained at a constant temperature and constant
period of time provides the possibility to obtain samples of bentonite of
searched porosity only by changing the concentration of sulphuric and
hydrochloric acid. By thermal activation of bentonite clay in the temperature
range 100-1100 0C, samples of desired porosity were acquired.
Enthalpy-entropy compensation for n-hexane adsorption on Y zeolite containing transition metal cations
Authors: Hercigonja R. , Rakic V.
Published: May 2015

In this work, the values of entropy changes related to n-hexane adsorption
onto cation exchanged Y zeolite were calculated from differential heats.
Various transition metal cations (Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+) were introduced
into the lattice of the parent NaY, and the existence of enthalpy-entropy
compensation effect related to n-hexane adsorption, id. est, the linearity of
-?H vs. -?S plots was examined. The compensation effect was confirmed for all
investigated zeolites. The compensation effect can be comprehended as
governed by ion-induced dipole interaction between highly polarizing cationic
centers in zeolite and nonopolar n-hexane molecules. Finally, the
compensation effect and so the compensation temperature were found to depend
on the type of charge-balancing cation (charge, size and electronic
configuration).
Topological Properties of Real Normed Space
Authors: Nakasho Kazuhisa , Futa Yuichi , Shidama Yasunari
Published: May 2015

In this article, we formalize topological properties of real normed spaces. In the first part, open and closed, density, separability and sequence and its convergence are discussed. Then we argue properties of real normed subspace. Then we discuss linear functions between real normed speces. Several kinds of subspaces induced by linear functions such as kernel, image and inverse image are considered here. The fact that Lipschitz continuity operators preserve convergence of sequences is also refered here. Then we argue the condition when real normed subspaces become Banach’s spaces. We also formalize quotient vector space. In the last session, we argue the properties of the closure of real normed space. These formalizations are based on [19](p.3-41), [2] and [34](p.3-67).
Algebraic Approach to Algorithmic Logic
Authors: Bancerek Grzegorz
Published: May 2015

We introduce algorithmic logic - an algebraic approach according to [25]. It is done in three stages: propositional calculus, quantifier calculus with equality, and finally proper algorithmic logic. For each stage appropriate signature and theory are defined. Propositional calculus and quantifier calculus with equality are explored according to [24]. A language is introduced with language signature including free variables, substitution, and equality. Algorithmic logic requires a bialgebra structure which is an extension of language signature and program algebra. While-if algebra of generator set and algebraic signature is bialgebra with appropriate properties and is used as basic type of algebraic logic.
Difference of Function on Vector Space over F
Authors: Arai Kenichi , Wakabayashi Ken , Okazaki Hiroyuki
Published: May 2015

In [11], the definitions of forward difference, backward difference, and central difference as difference operations for functions on R were formalized. However, the definitions of forward difference, backward difference, and central difference for functions on vector spaces over F have not been formalized. In cryptology, these definitions are very important in evaluating the security of cryptographic systems [3], [10]. Differential cryptanalysis [4] that undertakes a general purpose attack against block ciphers [13] can be formalized using these definitions. In this article, we formalize the definitions of forward difference, backward difference, and central difference for functions on vector spaces over F. Moreover, we formalize some facts about these definitions.
Looking up: Recent advances in understanding and treating peritoneal carcinomatosis
Authors: Lambert Laura A.
Published: May 2015

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE

Until recently, a diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis was uniformly accompanied by a grim prognosis that was typically measured in weeks to months. Consequently, the management of carcinomatosis revolves largely around palliation of symptoms such as bowel obstruction, nausea, pain, fatigue, and cachexia. A prior lack of effective treatment options created the nihilistic view that currently exists and persists despite improvements in the efficacy of systemic therapy and the evolution of multimodality approaches including surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy. This article reviews the evolution and current state of treatment options for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. In addition, it highlights recent advances in understanding the molecular biology of carcinomatosis and the focus of current and future clinical trials. Finally, this article provides practical management options for the palliation of common complications of carcinomatosis. It is hoped that the reader will recognize that carcinomatosis is no longer an imminent death sentence and that through continued research and therapeutic innovation, clinicians can make an even greater impact on this form of metastatic cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2015;65:283–298. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Humanitarian Intervention and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Hjorth Ronnie
Published: May 2015

This essay investigates the moral aspects of humanitarian intervention. Humanitarian intervention involves the balancing of at least three sometimes contradictory principles – the autonomy of states, the prohibition of war and the reduction of harm and human suffering – and hence requires not merely a legal and political approach to the matter but renders a moral viewpoint necessary. It is argued that P.F. Strawson’s concept Moral Reactive Attitudes MRA) contributes to analysing the moral dilemmas and priorities involved. First, MRA underlines the moral aspects of international society that are essential for dealing with the moral conflict inherent in international society. Secondly, MRA helps to balance between competing claims of justification and legitimacy in cases of humanitarian intervention.
In Defence of Just War: Christian Tradition, Controversies, and Cases
Authors: Biggar Nigel
Published: May 2015

This article presents four controversial issues that are raised by the articulation of just war thinking in my book, In Defence of War (2013, 2014): the conception of just war as punitive, the penultimate nature of the authority of international law, the morality of national interest, and the elasticity of the requirement of proportionality. It then proceeds to illustrate the interpretation of some of the criteria of just war in terms of three topical cases: Britain’s belligerency against Germany in 1914, the Syrian rebellion against the Assad regime in 2011, and Israe’s Operation Protective Edge against Hamas in Gaza in 2013.
It is often claimed that just war thinking has been rendered obsolete by novel phenomena such as nuclear weapons, wars ‘among the people’, war-by-remote-control, and cyber-aggression. The presentation of issues and cases in this article, notwithstanding its brevity, is sufficient to show that just war thinking continues to develop by wrestling with controversial conceptual problems and thinking its way through novel sets of circumstances.
Trajectory Management of the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) in Emergency Situation
Authors: Majka Andrzej
Published: May 2015

Unmanned aircraft must be characterized by a level of safety, similar to that of manned aircraft, when performing flights over densely populated areas. Dangerous situations or emergencies are frequently connected with the necessity to change the profiles and parameters of a flight as well as the flight plans. The aim of this work is to present the methods used to determine an Unmanned Aircraft System’s (UAS) flight profile after a dangerous situation or emergency occurs. The analysis was limited to the possibility of an engine system emergency and further flight continuing along a trajectory of which the shape depends on the type of the emergency. The suggested method also enables the determination of an optimal flying trajectory, based on the territory of a special protection zone (for example, large populated areas), in the case of an emergency that would disable continuation of the performed task. The method used in this work allows researchers, in a simplified way, to solve a variation task using the Ritz–Galerkin method, consisting of an approximate solution of the boundary value problem to determine the optimal flight path. The worked out method can become an element of the on-board system supporting UAS flight control.
Effects of Trehalose on Thermodynamic Properties of Alpha-synuclein Revealed through Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism
Authors: Ruzza Paolo , Hussain Rohanah , Biondi Barbara , Calderan Andrea , Tessari Isabella , Bubacco Luigi , Siligardi Giuliano
Published: May 2015

Many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, are characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation. The capability of trehalose to interfere with protein misfolding and aggregation has been recently evaluated by several research groups. In the present work, we studied, by means of synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy, the dose-effect of trehalose on α-synuclein conformation and/or stability to probe the capability of this osmolyte to interfere with α-synuclein’s aggregation. Our study indicated that a low trehalose concentration stabilized α-synuclein folding much better than at high concentration by blocking in vitro α-synuclein’s polymerisation. These results suggested that trehalose could be associated with other drugs leading to a new approach for treating Parkinson’s and other brain-related diseases.
Rumble: Prevalence and Correlates of Group Fighting among Adolescents in the United States
Authors: DeLisi Matt , Vaughn Michael , Salas-Wright Christopher
Published: May 2015

Objective. Group fighting is portrayed as a piece of Americana among delinquent youth, but the behavior produces significant multifaceted negative consequences. The current study examines the heterogeneity and correlates of group fighting using national-level data. Method. Employing data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health between 2002 and 2013 (n = 216,852), we examine links between group fighting and temperamental, parental, and academic factors as well as other externalizing behaviors (i.e., violence, crime, substance use). Results. The prevalence of group fighting in the United States is 14.8% with 11.33% reporting 1–2 group fights and 3.46% reporting 3+ group fights. A clear severity gradient in school functioning and academic performance, sensation seeking, parental disengagement, violence and delinquency, and substance use disorders is seen in the normative, episodic, and repeat offender groups. Conclusions. Youths who participate in 3+ group fights display the exceptionality and severity of other serious/chronic/habitual antisocial youth which suggests that group fighting should be considered a significant indicator of developing criminality.
Electrochemical Oxidation of the Carbon Support to Synthesize Pt(Cu) and Pt-Ru(Cu) Core-Shell Electrocatalysts for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells
Authors: Caballero-Manrique Griselda , Brillas Enric , Centellas Francesc , Garrido José , Rodríguez Rosa , Cabot Pere-Lluís
Published: May 2015

The synthesis of core-shell Pt(Cu) and Pt-Ru(Cu) electrocatalysts allows for a reduction in the amount of precious metal and, as was previously shown, a better CO oxidation performance can be achieved when compared to the nanoparticulated Pt and Pt-Ru ones. In this paper, the carbon black used as the support was previously submitted to electrochemical oxidation and characterized by XPS. The new catalysts thus prepared were characterized by HRTEM, FFT, EDX, and electrochemical techniques. Cu nanoparticles were generated by electrodeposition and were further transformed into Pt(Cu) and Pt-Ru(Cu) core-shell nanoparticles by successive galvanic exchange with Pt and spontaneous deposition of Ru species, the smallest ones being 3.3 nm in mean size. The onset potential for CO oxidation was as good as that obtained for the untreated carbon, with CO stripping peak potentials about 0.1 and 0.2 V more negative than those corresponding to Pt/C and Ru-decorated Pt/C, respectively. Carbon oxidation yielded an additional improvement in the catalyst performance, because the ECSA values for hydrogen adsorption/desorption were much higher than those obtained for the non-oxidized carbon. This suggested a higher accessibility of the Pt sites in spite of having the same nanoparticle structure and mean size.
Influence of Experimental Parameters Using the Dip-Coating Method on the Barrier Performance of Hybrid Sol-Gel Coatings in Strong Alkaline Environments
Authors: Figueira Rita , Silva Carlos , Pereira Elsa
Published: May 2015

Previous studies have shown that the barrier effect and the performance of organic-inorganic hybrid (OIH) sol-gel coatings are highly dependent on the coating deposition method as well as on the processing conditions. However, studies on how the coating deposition method influences the barrier properties in alkaline environments are scarce. The aim of this experimental research was to study the influence of experimental parameters using the dip-coating method on the barrier performance of an OIH sol-gel coating in contact with simulated concrete pore solutions (SCPS). The influence of residence time (Rt), a curing step between each dip step and the number of layers of sol-gel OIH films deposited on hot-dip galvanized steel to prevent corrosion in highly alkaline environments was studied. The barrier performance of these OIH sol-gel coatings, named U(400), was assessed in the first instants of contact with SCPS, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic methods. The durability and stability of the OIH coatings in SCPS was monitored during eight days by macrocell current density. The morphological characterization of the surface was performed by Scanning Electronic Microscopy before and after exposure to SCPS. Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy was used to investigate the thickness of the U(400) sol-gel coatings as a function of the number of layers deposited with and without Rt in the coatings thickness.
On the κ-Deformed Cyclic Functions and the Generalized Fourier Series in the Framework of the κ-Algebra
Authors: Scarfone Antonio
Published: May 2015

We explore two possible generalizations of the Euler formula for the complex \(\kappa\)-exponential, which give two different sets of \(\kappa\)-deformed cyclic functions endowed with different analytical properties. In a case, the \(\kappa\)-sine and \(\kappa\)-cosine functions take real values on \(\Re\) and are characterized by an asymptotic log-periodic behavior. In the other case, the \(\kappa\)-cyclic functions take real values only in the region \(|x|\leq1/|\kappa|\), while, for \(|x|>1/|\kappa|\), they assume purely imaginary values with an increasing modulus. However, the main mathematical properties of the standard cyclic functions, opportunely reformulated in the formalism of the \(\kappa\)-mathematics, are fulfilled by the two sets of the \(\kappa\)-trigonometric functions. In both cases, we study the orthogonality and the completeness relations and introduce their respective generalized Fourier series for square integrable functions.
Can Novel Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Be Developed by Better Understanding of Sorsby’s Fundus Dystrophy
Authors: Gourier Hanae , Chong N.
Published: May 2015

Sorsby’s Fundus Dystrophy (SFD) is a rare autosomal dominant maculopathy that shares many clinical features with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). It is caused by a mutation in a single gene, TIMP-3, which accumulates in Bruch’s membrane (BM). BM thickening and TIMP-3 accumulation can also be found in AMD. From our understanding of the pathophysiology of SFD we hypothesize that BM thickening could be responsible for making the elastic layer vulnerable to invasion by choriocapillaris, thereby leading to choroidal neovascularization in some cases of AMD, whilst in others it could deprive the retinal pigment epithelium of its blood supply, thereby causing geographic atrophy.
On the Duality of Discrete and Periodic Functions
Authors: Fischer Jens
Published: May 2015

Although versions of Poisson’s Summation Formula (PSF) have already been studied extensively, there seems to be no theorem that relates discretization to periodization and periodization to discretization in a simple manner. In this study, we show that two complementary formulas, both closely related to the classical Poisson Summation Formula, are needed to form a reciprocal Discretization-Periodization Theorem on generalized functions. We define discretization and periodization on generalized functions and show that the Fourier transform of periodic functions are discrete functions and, vice versa, the Fourier transform of discrete functions are periodic functions.
Carbon Dioxide Sorption Isotherm Study on Pristine and Acid-Treated Olivine and Its Application in the Vacuum Swing Adsorption Process
Authors: Li Jiajie , Hitch Michael
Published: May 2015

This paper investigates the potential of pristine and acid-treated olivine as a substrate for CO2 capture using a vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) process from the gas-solid phase. The experiments tested the isotherm of pure CO2 adsorption with partial pressure from 10−5 to 1 bar at ambient temperature. The CO2 adsorption capacity and actual expected working capacity (EWC) curves of pristine and acid-treated olivine were determined. Isotherm studies predict that physisorption dominates chemisorptions at ambient temperatures. The adsorption capacity enhances with the increase of specific surface area, pore volume, and the appearance of Mg complexed on the mineral’s surface. Actual EWC studies showed that acid-treated olivine is an adsorbent choice for the VSA process, due to enhanced CO2 adsorption capacities compared to olivine and the potential for 100% recovery of CO2 during the regeneration process. Pristine olivine is not suitable for the VSA process because of bad regenerability, but it can be used in capturing and sequestering dilute CO2 in process streams. Our research reveals excellent viability for the application of VSA in the area of CO2 capture using pristine olivine and acid-treated olivine.
Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils from Zanthoxylum dissitum Leaves and Roots against Three Species of Storage Pests
Authors: Wang Cheng-Fang , Yang Kai , You Chun-Xue , Zhang Wen-Juan , Guo Shan-Shan , Geng Zhu-Feng , Du Shu-Shan , Wang Yong-Yan
Published: May 2015

This work aimed to investigate chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Zanthoxylum dissitum leaves and roots and their insecticidal activities against several stored product pests, namely the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and black carpet beetle (Attagenus piceus). The analysis by GC-MS of the essential oils allowed the identification of 28 and 22 components, respectively. It was found that sesquiterpenoids comprised a fairly high portion of the two essential oils, with percentages of 74.0% and 80.9% in the leaves and roots, respectively. The main constituents identified in the essential oil of Z. dissitum leaves were δ-cadinol (12.8%), caryophyllene (12.7%), β-cubebene (7.9%), 4-terpineol (7.5%) and germacrene D-4-ol (5.7%), while humulene epoxide II (29.4%), caryophyllene oxide (24.0%), diepicedrene-1-oxide (10.7%) and Z,Z,Z-1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene (8.7%) were the major components in the essential oil of Z. dissitum roots. The insecticidal activity results indicated that the essential oil of Z. dissitum roots exhibited moderate contact toxicity against three species of storage pests, L. serricorne,T. castaneum and A. piceus, with LD50 values of 13.8, 43.7 and 96.8 µg/adult, respectively.
Compressive Behavior of Concrete Confined with GFRP Tubes and Steel Spirals
Authors: Huang Liang , Sun Xiaoxun , Yan Libo , Zhu Deju
Published: May 2015

This paper presents the experimental results and analytical modeling of the axial compressive behavior of concrete cylinders confined by both glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) tube and inner steel spiral reinforcement (SR). The concrete structure is termed as GFRP–SR confined concrete. The number of GFRP layers (1, 2, and 3 layers) and volumetric ratios of SR (1.5% and 3%) were the experimental variables. Test results indicate that both GFRP tube and SR confinement remarkably increase the ultimate compressive strength, energy dissipation capacity, and ductility of concrete. The volumetric ratio of SR has a more pronounced influence on the energy dissipation capacity of confined concrete with more GFRP layers. In addition, a stress–strain model is presented to predict the axial compressive behavior of GFRP–SR confined concrete. Comparisons between the analytical results obtained using the proposed model and experimental results are also presented.
Automatic Extraction of Railroad Centerlines from Mobile Laser Scanning Data
Authors: Elberink Sander , Khoshelham Kourosh
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we describe the automatic extraction of centerlines of railroads. Mobile Laser Scanning systems are able to capture the 3D environment of the rail tracks with a high level of detail. Our approach first detects laser points that were reflected by the rail tracks, by making use of local properties such as parallelism and height in relation to neighboring objects. In the modeling stage, we present two approaches to determine the centerline location. The first approach generates center points in a data-driven manner by projecting rail track points to the parallel track, and taking the midpoint as initial center point. Next, a piecewise linear function is fitted through the center points to generate center points at a regular interval. The second approach models the rail track by fitting piecewise 3D track models to the rail track points. The model consists of a pair of two parallel rail tracks. The fitted pieces are smoothened by a Fourier series interpolation function. After that the centerline is implicitly determined by the geometric center of the pair of tracks. Reference data has been used to analyze the quality of our results, confirming that the position of the centerlines can be determined with an accuracy of 2–3 cm.
Early Detection and Quantification of Verticillium Wilt in Olive Using Hyperspectral and Thermal Imagery over Large Areas
Authors: Calderón Rocío , Navas-Cortés Juan , Zarco-Tejada Pablo
Published: May 2015

Automatic methods for an early detection of plant diseases (i.e., visible symptoms at early stages of disease development) using remote sensing are critical for precision crop protection. Verticillium wilt (VW) of olive caused by Verticillium dahliae can be controlled only if detected at early stages of development. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) classification methods were applied to classify V. dahliae severity using remote sensing at large scale. High-resolution thermal and hyperspectral imagery were acquired with a manned platform which flew a 3000-ha commercial olive area. LDA reached an overall accuracy of 59.0% and a κ of 0.487 while SVM obtained a higher overall accuracy, 79.2% with a similar κ, 0.495. However, LDA better classified trees at initial and low severity levels, reaching accuracies of 71.4 and 75.0%, respectively, in comparison with the 14.3% and 40.6% obtained by SVM. Normalized canopy temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, structural, xanthophyll, chlorophyll, carotenoid and disease indices were found to be the best indicators for early and advanced stage infection by VW. These results demonstrate that the methods developed in other studies at orchard scale are valid for flights in large areas comprising several olive orchards differing in soil and crop management characteristics.
Field Effect Sensors for Nucleic Acid Detection: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Authors: Veigas Bruno , Fortunato Elvira , Baptista Pedro
Published: May 2015

In the last decade the use of field-effect-based devices has become a basic structural element in a new generation of biosensors that allow label-free DNA analysis. In particular, ion sensitive field effect transistors (FET) are the basis for the development of radical new approaches for the specific detection and characterization of DNA due to FETs’ greater signal-to-noise ratio, fast measurement capabilities, and possibility to be included in portable instrumentation. Reliable molecular characterization of DNA and/or RNA is vital for disease diagnostics and to follow up alterations in gene expression profiles. FET biosensors may become a relevant tool for molecular diagnostics and at point-of-care. The development of these devices and strategies should be carefully designed, as biomolecular recognition and detection events must occur within the Debye length. This limitation is sometimes considered to be fundamental for FET devices and considerable efforts have been made to develop better architectures. Herein we review the use of field effect sensors for nucleic acid detection strategies—from production and functionalization to integration in molecular diagnostics platforms, with special focus on those that have made their way into the diagnostics lab.
Social Media and Social Capital: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Utz Sonja , Muscanell Nicole
Published: May 2015

Social media, especially social network sites (SNS) such as Facebook have grown rapidly in popularity in the last ten years. [...]
Comparative Analysis between Conventional PI and Fuzzy LogicPI Controllers for Indoor Benzene Concentrations
Authors: Pitalúa-Díaz Nun , Herrera-López Enrique , Valencia-Palomo Guillermo , González-Angeles Alvaro , Rodríguez-Carvajal Ricardo , Cazarez-Castro Nohe
Published: May 2015

Exposure to hazardous concentrations of volatile organic compounds indoors in small workshops could affect the health of workers, resulting in respirative diseases, severe intoxication or even cancer. Controlling the concentration of volatile organic compounds is required to prevent harmful conditions for workers in indoor environments. In this document, PI and fuzzy PI controllers were used to reduce hazardous indoor air benzene concentrations in small workplaces. The workshop is represented by means of a well-mixed room model. From the knowledge obtained from the model, PI and fuzzy PI controllers were designed and their performances were compared. Both controllers were able to maintain the benzene concentration within secure levels for the workers. The fuzzy PI controller performed more efficiently than the PI controller. Both approaches could be expanded to control multiple extractor fans in order to reduce the air pollution in a shorter time. The results from the comparative analysis showed that implementing a fuzzy logic PI controller is promising for assuring indoor air quality in this kind of hazardous work environment.
El reconocimiento de las sociedades multiculturales. Relaciones intergrupales y reconomiento de segundo orden
Authors: Herzog Benno
Published: May 2015

Desde los años 90, la noción de reconocimiento social se ha convertido en un concepto clave para la teoría sociológica. La teoría del reconocimiento parece especialmente prometedora para entender conflictos interculturales puesto que la sociología de las relaciones interculturales a menudo aborda reivindicaciones de reconocimiento de identidades particulares, diferentes de las del resto de la sociedad.
El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que la teoría del reconocimiento puede ser utilizada como concepto clave para analizar la inclusión de grupos en sociedades multiculturales. No obstante, los enfoques teóricos existentes son insuficientes para este cometido. Por ello desarrollaré mi propio enfoque de reconocimiento de grupos minoritarios como reconocimiento de segundo-orden.
El concepto de reconocimiento de segundo orden ayuda a analizar, entender y evaluar conflictos en sociedades multiculturales. Permite diferenciar entre conflictos dentro de grupos (reconocimiento de primer orden) y conflictos entre minorías culturales y el resto de la sociedad, como luchas de reconocimiento de segundo orden.
The Inherent Difficulties and Complexities of Voting Electronically
Authors: Zissis Dimitrios , Lekkas Dimitrios
Published: May 2015

Countries worldwide have been conducting trials and holding pilots to evaluate the benefits and detriments of introducing electronic voting; while some have successfully implemented state of the art voting solutions, others have decided to abandon such attempts altogether. Across the field, one can see a multitude of different approaches, revealing the wide diversification of political cultures, legal regulations, social requirements, and contexts, within which this technology must be deployed. The approaches adopted can thus seem to be contradictory or indeed diametrically opposed. The purpose of this chapter is thus twofold. Firstly, it attempts to provide an introduction to the field of electronic voting while reviewing the most recent advances and related literature. Secondly, it attempts to evaluate under a perspicacious vision the level of maturity of the technology.
Delineating Three Dimensions of E-Government Success
Authors: Roman Alexandru V.
Published: May 2015

This chapter draws upon the historical evolution of e-government and at the extant body of knowledge in order to delineate the dimensions that are critical for the success of the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) for purposes of governance. Evaluating the impacts of technology adoption in the public sector is an intrinsically complex process. However, given that currently governmental spending on ICT projects rivals and at times even surpasses allocations for capital developments, the need for an evaluative framework becomes rather obvious. Based on multiple scholarly accounts and practical examples, this chapter suggests that the success of e-government should be examined along three chief dimensions: security, functionality, and transformation. All three vectors are highly interdependent, and it can be argued that the success of e-government in the long run is not possible if significant shortcomings are observed along any one of the three aspects.
E-Participation for Equity in Low-Income Neighborhoods
Authors: Padrós Albert
Published: May 2015

New Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs), in particular mobile phones, have proved effective in increasing participation of some sectors of the population in public affairs. ICT are helping to take government closer to the people, making it more transparent and responsive. However, little has been done to help citizens participate online throughout the policy cycle and even less to engage the most vulnerable communities in such processes in order to increase equity. This chapter presents the conceptual framework for e-participation in low- and middle-income neighborhoods, reviewing first the main features of traditional participation and later the strengths and weaknesses of e-participation. As with traditional participation mechanisms, e-participation can be effective if it increases political equality and therefore needs to help engage all social groups including the most vulnerable. However, ICTs can also be limiting and even backfire as they cannot replace a broader participatory process and an institutional design that needs to enhance political equality, avoid elite capture, count on expert opinion, and build on traditional methods of participation. This chapter ends by applying this framework to a slum-upgrading project in Mtwapa, Kenya. The Mtwapa e-participation platform is presented as a proposed institutional design in a low-income context that aims to facilitate an effective process through comprehensive and inexpensive ICT-enabled citizen participation.
Sustainability of E-Government Success
Authors: Klischewski Ralf , Lessa Lemma
Published: May 2015

The long-term success of e-government initiatives is of paramount importance, especially for developing countries, which face challenges such as limited budget, donor dependence, transfer of technology, short-term involvement of non-local agents, and relatively unstable political and economic environment. Although e-government success and sustainability are both relevant concepts to assess IT-enabled administrative processes in practice, e-government research has not yet elaborated the two concepts in an integrated fashion. Depending on review of the extant literature, this chapter (1) clarifies the concepts of e-government success and sustainability, (2) provides a conceptualization, which unfolds for both concepts the most used sub-concepts and constructs in terms of enablers and evaluation criteria, and (3) proposes an integrated research agenda for studying the interrelation of both concepts in detail.
Elections and Social Media
Authors: Sarıtaş Ahmet , Aydın Elif Esra
Published: May 2015

Today, using of the internet extended social media by individuals habitually enables both the business firms and politicians to reach their target mass at any time. In this context, internet has become a popular place recently where political communication and campaigns are realized by ensuring a new dimension to political campaigns. When we examine the posts and discussions in the social media, we can say that they are converted into open political sessions. As there are no censorship in such channels, individuals have a freedom to reach to any partial/impartial information and obtain transparent and fast feedback, and with this regard, political parties, leaders and candidates have a chance to be closer to electors. In this study, it is aimed to give information about the social media, present what medium has been used for election campaigns from the past until today and besides, by considering the effects of effective and efficient use of social media and new trends related to the internet by politicians, together with their applications in the world, to make suggestions about its situation and application in Turkey.
E-Government Considerations
Authors: Singh Shawren
Published: May 2015

Governments are faced with a number of challenges that are due to the increase in the size of the population and the increase in demands from the population for efficient and effective access to services. While the needs of the citizens have evolved, government structures still reflect industrial-age organisational thinking based on a command-and-control model (Tapscott, 2010). In order to deliver services, substantial funding is required; at the same time, there has been a feeling that government has consumed too large a portion of the national income and that in general the payments made by the citizens have got to be curtailed. In this dilemma of being able to balance the supply and demand for services, government has looked at using ICT to modernise the service-delivery process. The South African government is using ICT to modernise its process; this chapter is an overview of the South African context.