bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AWARENESS OF LYME BORRELIOSIS OF THE PATIENTS OF TERNOPIL REGIONAL TB DISPENSARY
Authors: Melnyk L. P. , Hryshchuk L. A. , Koziol–Montewka M. , Tabas P. S. , Klos R. O.
Published: July 2017

Background. Lyme disease has many clinical features similar tothose in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Epidemiological data in the world, in particular in Ukraine, proves the increase in Lyme borreliosis incidence. Ternopil region is endemic with Lyme borreliosis.Objective. The research was aimed to investigate the prevalence of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and epidemiology features of borreliosis among the patients of Ternopil Regional TB Dispensary.Methods. In total, 29 patients were admitted to Departments of Differential Diagnostic, TB Therapy and TB Surgery of Ternopil Regional TB Dispensary in October 2016-January 2017. All the surveyed answered the questions of an integrated international questionnaire, where they noted the area and a number of tick bites, described the removal method, noted the survey for borreliosis pathogen and complaints after tick bites.Results. It was established that 5 respondents had a history of tick bites episodes, but only in one case the patient was examined of borreliosis. Tick bites were noticed in 3 patients with sarcoidosis and 1 with tuberculosis (TB) and exudative pleurisy, respectively.Conclusions. The absence of appeals for medical care, lack of sufficient information on Lyme borreliosis and disuse of preventive measures for tick bites by the interviewed patients of Ternopil regional TB dispensary departments proves the need of improvement of health education on Lyme borreliosis (LB) among this category of population. 24 (82.7%) of 29 respondents did not remember the tick bite. The symptoms of (LB) are similar to those in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis (pleural lesions, heart, joints, nervous system, skin), and the presence of tick bites gives the reasons to examine these patients of Borrelia burgdorferi senso lato.
FREE RADICALS AND INFLAMMATION IN RATS OF DIFFERENT AGE IN CASES OF SODIUM NITRITES AND TOBACCO SMOKE POISONING
Authors: Lyhatskyy P. H. , Fira L. S.
Published: July 2017

Background. Due to the wide use of nitrate fertilizers in agriculture and their migration into groundwater and food, the spreading of nitrate poisoning has become epidemic. However, people in the process of life get into bad habits: smoking, alcohol, drugs abuse. All these factors affect health and can cause fatal outcome. In real life, people are often exposed to more toxic factors that lead to general poisoning of the body and damage of many organs.Objective. The research was aimed to study the activity of free radicals and inflammation in rats of different age in cases of sodium nitrite affection with underlying 45-day tobacco intoxication.Methods. The content of nitrite ion (NO2-) was evaluated by Gris reaction. The level of pro-inflammatory (interleukin 6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (interleukin 4 (IL-4) cytokines was determined in serum by ELISA method using test kits.Results. It was proved that in rats of different age affected by sodium nitrite with underlying 45-day tobacco smoke intoxication, the content of nitrite ion in serum, liver, lungs and myocardium is increased. After poisoning the animals with the studied toxicants, inflammation was activated in the body that was evidenced by the increased pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and decreased inflammatory cytokine IL-4 in serum.Conclusions. The nitrite ion content in organs was the most significant and inflammation was manifested in the immature rats. In these animals the content of anti-inflammatory cytokines was the lowest.
A relação educativa e a ética no trabalho social à luz das concepções lacanianas da educação
Authors: Ponnou Sébastien
Published: July 2017

A relação entre educação e psicanálise foi amplamente debatida na literatura profissional, universitária e psicanalítica de língua francesa. A comparação entre esses campos mostra que as concepções lacanianas da educação nunca foram objeto de estudo aprofundado na França. Desse modo, procedemos à análise sistemática da totalidade do corpus lacaniano, publicado e inédito, para dele deduzir as ocorrências pertinentes sobre o tema da educação. Apresentamos os resultados obtidos para discutir seus determinantes em termos de relação educativa e de ética no setor do trabalho social que constitui nosso campo principal de pesquisa.
Phospholipase Cγ1 Mediates Intima Formation Through Akt‐Notch1 Signaling Independent of the Phospholipase Activity
Authors: Jiang Dongyang , Zhuang Jianhui , Peng Wenhui , Lu Yuyan , Liu Hao , Zhao Qian , Chi Chen , Li Xiankai , Zhu Guofu , Xu Xiangbin , Yan Chen , Xu Yawei , Ge Junbo , Pang Jinjiang
Published: July 2017

Background

Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation are critical for vascular diseases. Recently, it was demonstrated that Notch receptors have opposing effects on intima formation after vessel injury. Therefore, it is important to investigate the specific regulatory pathways that activate the different Notch receptors.

Methods and Results

There was a time‐ and dose‐dependent activation of Notch1 by angiotensin
II
and platelet‐derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells. When phospholipase Cγ1 (
PLC
γ1) expression was reduced by small interfering RNA, Notch1 activation and Hey2 expression (Notch target gene) induced by angiotensin
II
or platelet‐derived growth factor were remarkably inhibited, while Notch2 degradation was not affected. Mechanistically, we observed an association of
PLC
γ1 and Akt, which increased after angiotensin
II
or platelet‐derived growth factor stimulation.
PLC
γ1 knockdown significantly inhibited Akt activation. Importantly,
PLC
γ1 phospholipase site mutation (no phospholipase activity) did not affect Akt activation. Furthermore,
PLC
γ1 depletion inhibited platelet‐derived growth factor–induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and dedifferentiation, while it increased apoptosis. In vivo,
PLC
γ1 and control small interfering RNA were delivered periadventitially in pluronic gel and complete carotid artery ligation was performed. Morphometric analysis 21 days after ligation demonstrated that
PLC
γ1 small interfering RNA robustly attenuated intima area and intima/media ratio compared with the control group.

Conclusions

PLC
γ1‐Akt–mediated Notch1 signaling is crucial for intima formation. This effect is attributable to
PLC
γ1‐Akt interaction but not
PLC
γ1 phospholipase activity. Specific inhibition of the
PLC
γ1 and Akt interaction will be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing vascular remodeling.
Biology and immature stages of a lonchaeid fly, Earomyia crystallophila (Becker, 1895) (Diptera, Lochaeidae), developing in stems of Veratrum album L.
Authors: OZEROV A.L. , KRIVOSHEINA M.G.
Published: July 2017

The development of lonchaeid flies of the genus Earomyia Zetterstedt, 1842 (Diptera: Lochaeidae) in Veratrum album L. stems is reported for the first time. Larvae were collected in July 2015 in Serbia (Crni Vrh) in mountains at 988 m a.s.l. from inside a blackened decaying part of the stem at a point 1/3 from the apex. No other insects were discovered in the same part of stem. Emergence of adult E. crystallophila (Becker, 1895) occurred under laboratory conditions in January 2016. The larva and puparia are described for the first time.
New genus and species of silky lacewing (Insecta: Neuroptera: Psychopsidae) from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
Authors: LU XIUMEI , ZHANG WEIWEI , OHL MICHAEL , LIU XINGYUE
Published: July 2017

A new genus and species of the lacewing family Psychopsidae, Electropsychops handlirschi gen. et sp. nov., is described based on a well preserved male specimen from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. The new genus possesses a number of diagnostic characters of Psychopsidae, i.e., the lack of a forewing median nygma, the presence of a vena triplica, and the straight and barely forked RA. However, it also exhibits some remarkable characters that are present in Osmylopsychopidae, such as the distally narrowed forewing costal space and the sigmoid MA stem in the hind wing. The relationship between Psychopsidae and Osmylopsychopidae is briefly discussed.
Drugs in Schools
Authors: Venturelli Peter J.
Published: July 2017

Between 1996 and 1999, use of licit and illicit drugs among the nation's youths was increasing. Not surprisingly, this has led some to speculate about the extent to which drug use and abuse by youths is related to the recent wave of school violence. This article will first discuss what is meant by drug use in schools, briefly describe the effects of the drugs most frequently used, and go on to examine the statistics about the extent and trends of drug use. In the context of discussing some of the myths about drugs, the author will examine the relationship between drug use or abuse and violence, especially among youths. Finally, the author will offer an explanation of why today's youths are using drugs and what our response to such use might be.
African American Males in Dance, Music, Theater, and Film
Authors: Ukpokodu I. Peter
Published: July 2017

The history of African American males in the entertainment industry begins with the African background and extends through the transatlantic slave trade and to the various aspects of the black presence in the Americas. African American males have contributed enormously to the American cultural wealth in dance, music, theater, and film. Minstrelsy, the cakewalk, the Charleston, the lindy hop, the twist, the break dance, rap, jazz, blues, spirituals, soul-these and many others have enriched the American cultural experience at various stages of American history. African American male performers, directors, producers, musicians, playwrights, dancers, choreographers, and filmmakers, working individually or as a group, have made an indelible mark both on the American stage and in the American collective memory. These entertainers, especially those who began their profession at a time of social inequality, prejudice, and the ever present threat of physical violence, laid the foundation for African Americans of a later age to realize their potential and be called stars of Hollywood and Broadway. Their accomplishments have made it possible to look positively toward the future.
The Health of African American Men
Authors: Rich John A.
Published: July 2017

The health of African American men and the role of African American men in the health care system constitute a complex story of historical oppression combined with incredible resilience and dedication. Social forces of racism and discrimination coupled with economic disadvantage have worked against the health of black men for centuries. Yet throughout the history of black people in America, black men and women have been the principal providers of care to one another, relying upon training at segregated yet proud medical institutions of higher learning. African American physicians and scientists have made substantial yet unappreciated contributions to medical science and practice. Still, the health status of African Americans lags behind that of whites, and the health of African American men in particular has reached crisis proportions. Future improvement in the health status of African American men will depend upon improving access to effective medical insurance, eliminating biases in the health care system that alienate black men from health care, increasing the representation of people of color as medical providers, and developing health education approaches that address health risks that are unique to men.
Coping with Globalization: A Suggested Policy Package for Small Countries
Authors: Rampersad Frank B.
Published: July 2017

This article identifies the specific problems that small countries have to grapple with as a consequence of globalization. It argues that developing countries with limited population size have tended to give inadequate attention to the pressures that globalization places on their institutional structures, particularly with regard to finance. In discussing survival tactics for such nations, the article identifies three possible scenarios that might be adopted. It concludes that small states must play a much more active role than they have in the past in defending their interests in the emerging global economy.
Corporate Governance and Globalization
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary
Published: July 2017

There is growing interest in pressures on national systems of corporate governance to converge that are allegedly being generated by the process of globalization, especially the global integration of financial markets. Advocates of the merits of globalization contend that the trend will lead to a more efficient allocation of capital. Drawing on the cases of the United States and Germany, the author argues that considerable change has indeed occurred recently in national governance systems. These changes cannot be understood, however, as the outcome of a market-driven, efficiency-enhancing process. Rather, realignments in corporate governance reflect the growing economic and political power of those who have accumulated financial assets, a trend that is highly dependent on the extent of population aging and the social arrangements for pension provision in domestic economies.
Feminism and Family Studies for a New Century
Authors: Zinn Maxine Baca
Published: July 2017

Feminism has revolutionized family studies. This article traces the impact of feminism on the family field in the last quarter of the twentieth century, focusing on (1) academic representations of the family before feminism; (2) second-wave feminism's unmasking of the gender-structured family; (3) how feminist pluralism enlarged the family field; (4) current feminist debates on family diversity and change; and (5) connections between feminist scholarship on the family and public policy.
Feminist Media Criticism and Feminist Media Practices
Authors: Watkins S. Craig , Emerson Rana A.
Published: July 2017

This article explores four thematic areas in feminist media criticism. First, it considers how gender informs norms and values that pattern industry production practices and conventions. Next, it explores how feminist criticism has influenced one of the emergent areas in media scholarship: reception studies. This particular subgenre of media studies examines how audiences actively engage the mediascape around them. Third, the focus shifts to the rising influence of black feminist criticism, which has identified many of the tensions within feminism and also has pointed toward new modes of media criticism and practice. Fourth, the article examines how feminism has informed the study of masculinity. The final section of the article identifies and briefly discusses two areas that will forge new directions in feminist media studies: the burgeoning sex industry and globalization.
Individualism, Collectivism, and Economic Development
Authors: Ball Richard
Published: July 2017

This article investigates how the prevalence of collectivism or individualism in a society relates to the economic development of the society. The central premise of the article is that causality runs in two directions: the collectivist or individualist character of a society will influence the course of economic development, and simultaneously economic growth and changes in economic structure will alter the orientation of the society toward individualism or collectivism. The recognition of this two-way causality suggests four broad hypotheses concerning the interaction between economic and cultural factors: (1) economic development is impeded by collectivism and facilitated by individualism; (2) economic development is facilitated by collectivism and impeded by individualism; (3) economic development promotes collectivism and erodes individualism; and (4) economic development erodes collectivism and promotes individualism. The arguments and evidence that have been marshaled in support of each of these hypotheses are examined, and the general themes and implications that emerge are discussed.
Poverty and Public Celebrations in Rural India
Authors: Rao Vijayendra
Published: July 2017

This article examines the paradox that very poor households spend large sums of money on celebrations. Using qualitative and quantitative data from South India, it demonstrates that expenditures on weddings and festivals can be explained by integrating an understanding of how identity is shaped in the Indian context with an economic analysis of decision making under conditions of extreme poverty and risk. It argues that publicly observable celebrations have two functions: they provide a space for maintaining social reputations and webs of obligation, and they serve as arenas for status-enhancing competitions. The first role is central to maintaining the networks essential for social relationships and coping with poverty, while the second is a correlate of mobility that may become more prevalent as incomes rise. Development policies that privilege individual over collective action reduce the incentives for the former while increasing them for the latter, thus reducing social cohesion while increasing conspicuous consumption.
International Monetary Options for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Eichengreen Barry
Published: July 2017

The crises of the 1990s convinced many observers that intermediate exchange rate arrangements are fragile and crisis prone. But calling for emerging markets to abandon the exchange rate as an anchor for policy compels those issuing the call to offer an alternative. In this article, the author assesses whether inflation targeting is a viable alternative for emerging markets. He focuses on distinctive characteristics of the policy environment that bear on its feasibility : these include the speed of pass-through, the difficulty of forecasting inflation, imperfect credibility, and liability dollarization. The author concludes that none of these complications renders inflation targeting infeasible, although a number render it more complex.
Currency Boards
Authors: Hanke Steve H.
Published: July 2017

In contrast to central banks, currency boards are rule-bound monetary institutions without discretionary monetary policies. Currency boards first appeared in the mid-nineteenth century, were widespread prior to World War II, were replaced by central banks after the war, and have made something of a resurgence in the 1990s. This article discusses the distinguishing features of currency boards and central banks. Data that compare the performance of currency boards to that of central banks are presented. The arguments against currency boards are itemized and evaluated. The article concludes that the opposition to currency boards ignores the empirical evidence and is, at best, half baked. In developing countries, currency boards are superior to central banks. By applying a remediableness criterion, the article concludes that there are more than sixty countries that should replace their central banks with currency boards.
Capital Market Liberalization and Exchange Rate Regimes: Risk without Reward
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E.
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the consequences of capital market liberalization, with special reference to its effects under different exchange rate regimes. Capital market liberalization has not lead to faster growth in developing countries, but has led to greater risks. It describes how International Monetary Fund policies have exacerbated the risks, as a result of the macro-economic response to crises, with bail-out packages that have intensified moral hazard problems. The paper provides a critique of the arguments for capital market liberalization. It argues that capital flows give rise to large externalities, which affect others than the borrower and lender, and whenever there are large externalities, there is potential scope for government interventions, some of which are welfare increasing.
Capital Mobility, Capital Controls, and Globalization in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Edwards Sebastian
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of economic openness and increasing capital mobility on the economic growth. The author argues that "anti-globalization" views are based on incomplete evidence and tend to ignore important historical evidence. In the pare the author discusses the relationship between market-distortions and economic growth according to the economic theory. The author also deals with the debate on the "sequencing" of economic reforms and the effectiveness of controls on capital inflows based on the Chilean 1991-1998 experience.
Publishing and the Intellectual System
Authors: Altbach Philip G.
Published: July 2017

Publishing is an integral part of the total intellectual system of any nation and of an international relationship of cultural and educational matters. Publishers are very much influenced by currents in their societies. Such factors as levels of literacy, habits of book purchasing, libraries, copyright regulations and bookstores have an impact on the nature of publishing and the book industry. The educational system, a particularly important consumer of books, is crucial to publishing. In industrialized nations, where levels of literacy are high, it is likely that publishing will be highly developed although it is under increasing attack from such forces as television and other mass media. In the Third World, the mass media are not highly developed, and books often have a particularly important role. This article argues that it is impossible to ignore the broader elements of the modern intellectual community in discussing publishing, and that books continue to play a key role in the development of that community and of the culture in general.
Demythologizing Scholarly Publishing
Authors: Orlov Ann
Published: July 2017

Several myths about scholarly publishing are described and examined in this article, insofar as the absence of relevant data and space permit. Is it a myth or a fact that the university presses own scholarly publishing or are essential for the continued publication of scholarship? Is it a myth or true that scholarly publishing is in trouble— and, if so, what kind of trouble? Does every well-researched and well-written manuscript have, in fact, an equal chance to be considered and published? The roles of the senior scholar broker, the college traveler and the sponsoring editor are briefly sketched, as well as the connections between publishing decisions and tenure. No conclusions are reached, since the data do not permit objective analysis. However, this article argues that a full-fledged sociology of publishing is badly needed and raises the question of whether “society gets the scholarly publications it is willing to pay for,” and what this means.
College Textbook Publishing in the 1970s
Authors: Whitten Phillip
Published: July 2017

Two-thirds of all books purchased each year in the United States are bought in an educational context. Yet very little has been written about educational publishing in general and college textbooks in particular. This article presents a general discussion of college textbooks, covering their role in American higher education; the economics of textbook publishing; the ways in which texts are created; constraints on innovation in text publishing; and the concept of the “managed” textbook.
Nineteenth Century America
Authors: McVey Sheila
Published: July 2017

An examination of publishing in nineteenth century America pinpoints many of the problems faced by a country recently freed from colonial bonds and attempting to develop an indigenous culture. The problems faced are not only those of literacy rates, distribution of books and the nature of talented native authors. Cultural heritage, economic ties, political exigencies and legal traditions bind publishers in neo-colonial countries to the former mother country. A study of nineteenth century America illustrates the complexities and strength of the relation between developing and developed countries. An understanding of the difficulties faced by Americans trying to overcome intellectual dependence on British culture may help Third World countries cut to the heart of the problem more quickly than did the United States.
Work and Family Over Time: A Life Course Approach
Authors: Han Shin-Kap , Moen Phyllis
Published: July 2017

Given the fundamental changes in the institutions of both work and family, the need to focus on the work-family interface is greater than ever. Most studies, however, examine this interface in terms of individuals and at only one point in time. The authors propose a coupled-careers model, based on a life course perspective, directly addressing the multiple interfaces between work and family and between men and women as they unfold over time. This approach challenges implicit assumptions and stereotypes about work, careers, and gender that are increasingly outdated. Analysis of the data collected in the Cornell Retirement and Well-Being Study consistently shows the asymmetry between husbands and wives in their distinctive work-family interfaces over the life course. The evidence from our data leads us to believe that what is required are new, more open, and more flexible institutional arrangements for structuring the work-family interface for both men and women at all life course and career stages.
Regulating Child Care Quality
Authors: Gormley William
Published: July 2017

Child care quality depends on child care regulation as plants depend on water. An insufficient amount guarantees problems, but an excessive amount may also be problematic. The principal responsibility for child care regulation in the United States resides with state government officials, who must regulate a highly diverse industry. Research shows that regulation promotes quality but that trade-offs exist. Quality improvements that undermine availability or affordability should be evaluated with care. Also, regulatory enforcement deserves as much attention as regulatory standard setting. To improve child care regulation, state policymakers should consider eliminating some local regulations, regulating more family day care homes, upgrading teacher-training requirements, allocating more resources to regulatory enforcement, and designing more effective enforcement strategies.
Myopic Justice? The Juvenile Court and Child Welfare Systems
Authors: Schwartz Ira M. , Weiner Neil Alan , Enosh Guy
Published: July 2017

The two major institutions set up to assist at-risk youths—the juvenile court and the child welfare system—have failed at their common historical mission to treat, supervise, rehabilitate, protect, and care for youths. Institutional survival has almost always taken precedence over this core mission. The result has been the unintended but not unexpected victimization of their vulnerable, often already victimized young clientele. There are profound political, social, and institutional forces intense balance surrounding the two systems. Some of these forces keep the two institutions from coming apart and crumbling. Others keep them from pursuing the basic required changes that would presage meaningful institutional reform and, perhaps, revival. Despite these obstacles to change, there are still possibilities for embarking upon a politically and socially sound process of change. This process might enable the juvenile court and the child welfare system to better fulfill their mission.
Can Intervention Rehabilitate Serious Delinquents?
Authors: Lipsey Mark W.
Published: July 2017

Much contemporary discussion of the future of the juvenile court revolves around the balance between rehabilitation and punishment, especially with regard to the most serious juvenile offenders. Political forces increasingly press in the direction of punitive approaches, while the historical orientation of the court has been rehabilitative. This article addresses the question of whether rehabilitative treatment can be effective for the most serious offenders. Meta-analysis techniques were used to synthesize the large body of empirical research on the effects of rehabilitative programs in community and institutional settings. The results show that well-designed rehabilitative strategies do reduce recidivism for such offenders and cannot be dismissed on the grounds that they are ineffective.
Get-Tough Juvenile Justice Reforms: The Florida Experience
Authors: Frazier Charles E. , Bishop Donna M. , Lanza-Kaduce Lonn
Published: July 2017

Get-tough reforms aimed at juvenile offenders have become commonplace in the United States. In the last decade, almost every state has modified laws relating to juvenile crime in some way, and the direction of the reforms has been very clear. States are getting tougher on juvenile offenders either by shifting away from traditional rehabilitation models to punishment-oriented juvenile justice or by legislating new or expanded legal means by which greater numbers of juvenile offenders may be moved to criminal court for adult processing and punishment. The present study focuses on a major set of juvenile justice reforms in Florida and the impact on actual practice. Florida is unique in a historical sense because it has transferred large numbers of juveniles to criminal court for two decades, and, currently, because it has more juveniles in its prisons than any other state. Despite incremental get-tough reforms, the new transfer provisions have had a negligible impact. The effects of Florida's get-tough laws and practices should be instructive for those other states that have begun such reforms more recently.
Challenging Girls' Invisibility in Juvenile Court
Authors: Chesney-Lind Meda
Published: July 2017

Despite the fact that girls account for one of four arrests of juveniles, discussions of delinquency and juvenile justice generally ignore young women and their problems. A review of the nature of female delinquency as well as the juvenile justice system's long-documented bias against girls suggests that careful consideration of girls' issues would shed considerable light on the shortcomings of the juvenile justice system as a whole. Specifically, the unique problems of girls, like sexual abuse, were long ignored by a system that purported to seek "the best interests of the child." Instead, girls' survival strategies, like running away from home, were criminalized. Contemporary congressional efforts to reform juvenile justice, focused almost exclusively on boys' violence, are likely to produce changes that will result in the compounding of girls' problems due to contact with a system that ignores their unique situations.
The Attack on Juvenile Justice
Authors: Van Vleet Russell K.
Published: July 2017

As juvenile crime increased during the last two decades, the juvenile justice system came under unprecedented scrutiny and criticism for its perceived inability to respond to this increase and to provide interventions that might thwart juvenile crime. As this offending became more lethal, with juvenile homicide rates increasing by more than 200 percent in some jurisdictions, the abolishment of the juvenile court was called for. Get-tough reforms, mostly in the form of boot camps, were established in the hope that physical exercise and discipline would provide a welcome relief to the perceived softness of the juvenile system. These camps also embodied the popular notion that punishment had disappeared and that its reintroduction would somehow lead to a general deterrence causing crime rates to plummet. Violent crime rose, but general crime rates dropped. Research efforts could not connect these declines to the boot camp phenomenon, however. In addition, violent juvenile crime led to an increase in the waiver of many young offenders to the adult criminal justice system, bringing into question the notion of diminished capacity and its relationship to crime and punishment.
Economic History
Authors: E. Mingay G.
Published: July 2017

Economic History is not everyone's slave, but it can do much for a variety of sciences, given the proliferation of studies of the last century. It provides in full measure the “contextual approach” that can keep a narrow scientist from becoming a fool.
The Development of Econometrics
Authors: Johnston J.
Published: July 2017

Econometrics has flourished recently, reports Prof. Johnston, makes rather stern demands upon its teachers and students, but profitably disciplines the theory, data-gathering, and data-use of economics.
The Development of Cybernetics
Authors: Dechert Charles R.
Published: July 2017

Professor Dechert presents a broad sweep of a new field from old concerns with letting machines control themselves (within limits of human directives). How cybernetics relates to political economy and how the “systems approach” to society is generated are his major concerns.
Early Exposure to Direct Instruction and Subsequent Juvenile Delinquency: A Prospective Examination
Authors: Mills Paulette E. , Cole Kevin N. , Jenkins Joseph R. , Dale Philip S.
Published: July 2017

In a widely cited follow-up study of disadvantaged preschool attendees, Schweinhart, Weikart, and Larner (1986a) found that graduates of an early childhood program using direct instruction (DI) methods exhibited higher rates of juvenile delinquency at age 15 than did graduates of two other preschool education models. The present research examined juvenile delinquency outcomes for young children with disabilities in a prospective longitudinal study that tracked the long-term impact of two preschool models—one using DI, the other using a cognitively oriented, child-directed model. We followed 171 children who had been randomly assigned to the two early childhood models. At age 15, the groups did not differ significantly in their level of reported delinquency. Analyses suggest that gender differences in delinquent behavior may provide a more parsimonious explanation than program effects for the earlier Schweinhart et al. findings.
Barriers and Facilitators to Inclusive Education
Authors: Pivik Jayne , McComas Joan , Laflamme Marc
Published: July 2017

To examine how inclusive our schools are after 25 years of educational reform, students with disabilities and their parents were asked to identify current barriers and provide suggestions for removing those barriers. Based on a series of focus group meetings, 15 students with mobility limitations (9–15 years) and 12 parents identified four categories of barriers at their schools: (a) the physical environment (e.g., narrow doorways, ramps); (b) intentional attitudinal barriers (e.g., isolation, bullying); (c) unintentional attitudinal barriers (e.g., lack of knowledge, understanding, or awareness); and (d) physical limitations (e.g., difficulty with manual dexterity). Recommendations for promoting accessibility and full participation are provided and discussed in relation to inclusive education efforts.
Increasing Peer Interactions for Students with Severe Disabilities via Paraprofessional Training
Authors: Causton-Theoharis Julie N. , Malmgren Kimber W.
Published: July 2017

As students with severe disabilities are included in general education settings, the use of paraprofessionals has expanded to meet these students' needs. Unfortunately, paraprofessionals can have the inadvertent effect of intensifying the social isolation of students with disabilities. This study investigated the effectiveness of a training program aimed at teaching four paraprofessionals to facilitate interactions between students with severe disabilities and their peers. A multiple baseline, single-subject design across four paraprofessional/student pairs was utilized. Observational data were collected over the baseline and postintervention phases. Rates of paraprofessional facilitative behavior increased following the intervention. Additionally, rates of student interaction increased immediately and dramatically and were maintained through the maintenance probe.
Responding to Nonresponders: An Experimental Field Trial of Identification and Intervention Methods
Authors: McMaster Kristen L. , Fuchs Douglas , Fuchs Lynn S. , Compton Donald L.
Published: July 2017

First graders (N = 323) participated in an evidence-based classwide reading program (Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies; PALS). Adual-discrepancy approach was used to identify 56 children whose reading performance and growth rates were substantially below those of average readers, indicating they were not responding sufficiently to PALS. This approach reliably distinguished among unresponsive at-risk, responsive at-risk, and average-performing readers. Nonresponders were assigned randomly to one of three increasingly individualized treatments: PALS, Modified PALS, or tutoring by an adult. No statistically significant between-group differences on reading-related measures were found. Effect sizes (between .30 and .50) comparing groups and proportions of nonresponders following treatment suggest that tutoring was most promising for reducing unresponsiveness.
Material Hardship in U.S. Families Raising Children with Disabilities
Authors: Parish Susan L. , Rose Roderick A. , Grinstein-Weiss Michal , Richman Erica L. , Andrews Megan E.
Published: July 2017

Researchers analyzed the 2002 wave of the National Survey of America's Families, conducted by the Urban Institute and Child Trends, and examined material hardship in families raising children with disabilities. Measures of hardship included food insecurity, housing instability, health care access, and telephone disconnection. The research indicated that families of children with disabilities experienced significantly greater hardship than did other families. As family income rose above the federal poverty level, hardship declined sharply for families of children without disabilities but not for families raising children with disabilities. Thus, the U.S. federal poverty level was found to be a particularly poor predictor of hardship for families raising children with disabilities. Finally, among families of children with disabilities, single-mother and cohabiting-partner families particularly were at risk for experiencing severe hardship. This article also discusses policy and advocacy implications.
The Child Outcomes of a Behavior Model
Authors: Nelson J. Ron , Hurley Kristin Duppong , Synhorst Lori , Epstein Michael H. , Stage Scott , Buckley Jacquelyn
Published: July 2017

Within 3-tier behavioral models, universal interventions are expected to prevent the onset of problem behavior in a majority of children altogether and to sustain improvements in child outcomes by the selected and indicated interventions. A cohort longitudinal design was used to assess the extent to which a 3-tier model achieves these expected outcomes. The respective universal, selected, and indicated interventions included Behavior and Academic Support and Enhancement, First Step to Success, and MultiSystemic Therapy. A total of 407 children in Grades K-3 from 1 of 4 longitudinal cohorts participated. The results of 2-level linear growth analyses indicate that the 3-tier behavior model achieved the anticipated outcomes with respect to social behavior. The results, limitations, and implications are discussed.
What is Published in the Field of Special Education? An Analysis of 11 Prominent Journals
Authors: Mastropieri Margo A. , Berkeley Sheri , McDuffie Kimberly A. , Graff Heidi , Marshak Lisa , Conners Nicole A. , Diamond Christina M. , Simpkins Pamela , Bowdey Floyd Robert , Fulcher Amie , Scruggs Thomas E. , Cuenca-Sanchez Yojanna
Published: July 2017

This journal analysis identifies types of articles published in 11 highly visible journals relevant to special education from 1988 through 2006 paying particular attention to intervention research. It was concluded that (a) research articles represent the largest category of articles published across all journals, (b) the proportion of intervention research studies published (15.9%) is disappointingly small, (c) academic intervention research is conducted more frequently than social intervention research, (d) reading intervention research represents the largest area of academic intervention research, and (e) intervention research employing preschool and elementary students with disabilities is published more frequently than research with middle and secondary students. Findings are discussed with respect to implications for research, practice, and policy in special education.
Effects of Individualized and Standardized Interventions on Middle School Students with Reading Disabilities
Authors: Vaughn Sharon , Wexler Jade , Roberts Greg , Barth Amy A. , Cirino Paul T. , Romain Melissa A. , Francis David , Fletcher Jack , Denton Carolyn A.
Published: July 2017

This study reports the effectiveness of a year-long, small-group, tertiary (Tier 3) intervention that examined 2 empirically derived but conceptually different treatments and a comparison condition. The researchers had randomly assigned all students to treatment or comparison conditions. The participants were seventh- and eighth-grade students from the previous year who received an intervention and did not meet exit criteria. The researchers assigned them to one of two treatments: standardized (n = 69) or individualized (n = 71) for 50 min a day, in group sizes of 5, for the entire school year. Comparison students received no researcher-provided intervention ( n = 42). The researchers used multigroup modeling with nested comparisons to evaluate the statistical significance of Time 3 estimates. Students in both treatments outperformed the comparison students on assessments of decoding, fluency, and comprehension. Intervention type did not moderate the pattern of effects, although students in the standardized treatment had a small advantage over individualized students on word attack. This study provides a framework from which to refine further interventions for older students with reading disabilities.
Social Outcomes of Students Who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing in General Education Classrooms
Authors: Antia Shirin D. , Jones Patricia , Luckner John , Kreimeyer Kathryn H. , Reed Susanne
Published: July 2017

Students with hearing loss attending general education classrooms have been reported to experience difficulties in social skills and relationships. This 5-year longitudinal study examined the social skills and problem behaviors of students who were deaf or hard of hearing, and who attended general education classrooms. Data were obtained from classroom teachers and students themselves. The mean Social Skills and Problem Behavior scores (Social Skills Rating Scales; Gresham & Elliott, 1990) were within the average range and normally distributed each year. The average change over 5 years in social skills and problem behavior was not significant. The most consistent predictors of social outcomes were the students' classroom communication participation and participation in extracurricular activities. Implications for placement, intervention, and further research are discussed.
Enhancing the Accessibility of High School Science Tests: A Multistate Experiment
Authors: Kettler Ryan J. , Dickenson Tammiee S. , Bennett Heather L. , Morgan Grant B. , Gilmore Joanna A. , Beddow Peter A. , Swaffield Suzanne , Turner Linda , Herrera Bill , Turner Charlene , Palmer Porter W.
Published: July 2017

This study was inspired by the final regulations for the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) indicating that each state has the option to develop a new assessment for students whose disabilities have kept them from obtaining proficiency. Sets of high school science achievement items were enhanced for the new test. A 3-by-2, within subjects, experimental design was used with 400 participants from 3 states. Although items remained connected to grade-level content standards, in the enhanced condition they were easier for all groups. Changes in measurement precision were mixed for students in the group eligible for the new examination. Participants tended to report that individual enhancements made items easier, but that packages of enhancements did not affect the difficulty of items.
Disproportionality in Special Education: Effects of Individual and School Variables on Disability Risk
Authors: Sullivan Amanda L. , Bal Aydin
Published: July 2017

We examined the risk of disability identification associated with individual and school variables. The sample included 18,000 students in 39 schools of an urban K-12 school system. Descriptive analysis showed racial minority risk varied across 7 disability categories, with males and students from low-income backgrounds at highest risk in most disability categories. Multilevel analyses showed that school variables were not generally significant predictors of student risk for identification. The most consistent predictors of identification across the categories were students' gender, race, socioeconomic status, and number of suspensions. We provide implications for future studies of disparities in special education, as well as practice related to identification and systemic monitoring.
Is it Time for Elevating the Standard for FAPE under IDEA?
Authors: Zirkel Perry A.
Published: July 2017

This article examines a critical question for the special education community: What should be the current meaning of “free appropriate public education” (FAPE) in light of not only the Supreme Court's landmark Rowley decision in 1982 but also developments in the 30 years since then? After synthesizing what the Rowley Court, the scholar-commentators, and the post-Rowley lower courts have said, the author examines the latest answer from Congress via the 2004 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act amendments. Particular attention is paid to the provision concerning peer-reviewed research and the recent case law interpreting this provision. The author suggests that the time is ripe for the special education community to help Congress fashion an appropriately heightened substantive or at least procedural standard for FAPE.
Non-Organically Deaf Children in Schools for the Deaf
Authors: Getz Steven B.
Published: July 2017

Are children with communication disturbances resulting from mental retardation, emotional problems or aphasia helped or injured by placement in schools for the deaf?
After High School What?: Job Status of Home Instruction Pupils Four to Seven Years after Graduation
Authors: Bloustein Murray
Published: July 2017

“Employers have still to be “sold” on the idea of hiring disabled workers”
Therapy and the School Psychologist
Authors: Mullen Frances A.
Published: July 2017

Should we include in “therapy” all those activities by which a trained professional person attempts to help a maladjusted individual achieve a better adjustment?
Children's Bureau Programs for the Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Johnson G. Orville
Published: July 2017

The following are two interesting and important recent news releases from the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare concerned with services for handicapped individuals provided outside the public schools. Sometimes as educators we feel that the schools are primarily responsible for total programs where other agencies can and are providing valuable services.
Verbal Development in a Mongoloid
Authors: Seagoe May V.
Published: July 2017

A mongoloid boy, IQ about 60, was taught to read and write using the kinesthetic method. He kept a diary from age 11 to age 45. Test data at age 45, various statistical word-counts and reading indices, and a Q sort of diary entries randomly selected from age 13 to 41 showed a reading vocabulary level maintained at or above the seventh grade level, and a writing level approximately comparable. Analysis using the formula developed by Parks of a 5,000 word sample showed a style similar to the spoken language of a bright five year old, yet with high redundancy with words of low rank and selectivity for words of high rank that statistically differentiated the two.
Modification and Maintenance of Behavior through Systematic Application of Consequences
Authors: Whelan Richard J. , Haring Norris G.
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses behavior principles and techniques of behavior modification which may have implications for utilization in classrooms for exceptional children. Procedures for selection and application of consequences which accelerate or increase the frequency of appropriate behavior, and those which decelerate or decrease the frequency of inappropriate behavior are described. Disadvantages and dangers inherent in random, haphazard application of these principles are cited.