bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review of Land Administration Data Dissemination Practices: Case Study on Four Different Land Administration System Types
Authors: Križanović Josip , Pivac Doris , Tomić Hrvoje , Mastelić-Ivić Siniša
Published: November 2021

Land administration systems differ by their types and practices. The data dissemination practices are considered to be outdated, as in most cases the digitisation of land administration data was conducted to match the paper-based system. This paper reviews four different land administration data dissemination practices through four case studies, where each selected jurisdiction represents one land administration system type. The analysed LAS data dissemination practices were conducted for Croatia, England, New Zealand and Green County, OH, USA. The main goal of the analysis was to examine the differences and similarities between the respective countries’ land data practices provided by the excerpts related to one parcel. The identified differences and similarities might be of great use when it comes to further improvement and standardisation of land administration data dissemination practices.
Snow Avalanche Assessment in Mass Movement-Prone Areas: Results from Climate Extremization in Relationship with Environmental Risk Reduction in the Prati di Tivo Area (Gran Sasso Massif, Central Italy)
Authors: Fazzini Massimiliano , Cordeschi Marco , Carabella Cristiano , Paglia Giorgio , Esposito Gianluca , Miccadei Enrico
Published: November 2021

Mass movements processes (i.e., landslides and snow avalanches) play an important role in landscape evolution and largely affect high mountain environments worldwide and in Italy. The increase in temperatures, the irregularity of intense weather events, and several heavy snowfall events increased mass movements’ occurrence, especially in mountain regions with a high impact on settlements, infrastructures, and well-developed tourist facilities. In detail, the Prati di Tivo area, located on the northern slope of the Gran Sasso Massif (Central Italy), has been widely affected by mass movement phenomena. Following some recent damaging snow avalanches, a risk mitigation protocol has been activated to develop mitigation activities and land use policies. The main goal was to perform a multidisciplinary analysis of detailed climatic and geomorphological analysis, integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS) processing, to advance snow avalanche hazard assessment methodologies in mass movement-prone areas. Furthermore, this work could represent an operative tool for any geomorphological hazard studies in high mountainous environments, readily available to interested stakeholders. It could also provide a scientific basis for implementing sustainable territorial planning, emergency management, and loss-reduction measures.
What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?
Authors: Tiyo Bruna T. , Schmitz Gabriela J. H. , Ortega Marina M. , da Silva Laís T. , de Almeida Alexandre , Oshiro Telma M. , Duarte Alberto J. da S.
Published: November 2021

Due to its leading role in fighting infections, the human immune system has been the focus of many studies in the context of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a worldwide effort, the scientific community has transitioned from reporting about the effects of the novel coronavirus on the human body in the early days of the pandemic to exploring the body’s many immunopathological and immunoprotecting properties that have improved disease treatment and enabled the development of vaccines. The aim of this review is to explain what happens to the immune system after recovery from COVID-19 and/or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the disease. We detail the way in which the immune system responds to a SARS-CoV-2 infection, including innate and adaptive measures. Then, we describe the role of vaccination, the main types of COVID-19 vaccines and how they protect us. Further, we explain the reason why immunity after COVID-19 infection plus a vaccination appears to induce a stronger response compared with virus exposure alone. Additionally, this review reports some correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, we reinforce that vaccination is safe and important in achieving herd immunity.
MEKK5 Interacts with and Negatively Regulates the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4 for Mediating Lung Cancer Cell Migration
Authors: Sun Aiqin , Zhu Jun , Xia Song , Li Yanling , Wu Tiantian , Shao Genbao , Yang Wannian , Lin Qiong
Published: November 2021

Our previous studies have shown that the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 and kinase MEKK5 both play an essential role in lung cancer migration. A report predicts that MEKK5 may be ubiquitinated by NEDD4; however, interaction of MEKK5 with NEDD4 and ubiquitination of MEKK5 by NEDD4 have not been characterized. In this report, we show that NEDD4 interacts with MEKK5 through a conserved WW3 domain by the co-immunoprecipitation and the GST-pulldown assays. The ubiquitination assay indicates that MEKK5 is not a ubiquitination substrate of NEDD4, but negatively regulates NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination. Furthermore, overexpression of MEKK5 significantly reduced the NEDD4-promoted lung cancer cell migration. Taken together, our studies have defined an inhibitory role of MEKK5 in regulation of NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination.
Comparison of Different Additive Manufacturing Methods for 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Bedmar Javier , Riquelme Ainhoa , Rodrigo Pilar , Torres Belen , Rams Joaquin
Published: November 2021

In additive manufacturing (AM), the technology and processing parameters are key elements that determine the characteristics of samples for a given material. To distinguish the effects of these variables, we used the same AISI 316L stainless steel powder with different AM techniques. The techniques used are the most relevant ones in the AM of metals, i.e., direct laser deposition (DLD) with a high-power diode laser and selective laser melting (SLM) using a fiber laser and a novel CO2 laser, a novel technique that has not yet been reported with this material. The microstructure of all samples showed austenitic and ferritic phases, which were coarser with the DLD technique than for the two SLM ones. The hardness of the fiber laser SLM samples was the greatest, but its bending strength was lower. In SLM with CO2 laser pieces, the porosity and lack of melting reduced the fracture strain, but the strength was greater than in the fiber laser SLM samples under certain build-up strategies. Specimens manufactured using DLD showed a higher fracture strain than the rest, while maintaining high strength values. In all the cases, crack surfaces were observed and the fracture mechanisms were determined. The processing conditions were compared using a normalized parameters methodology, which has also been used to explain the observed microstructures.
Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Ti6Al4V Particles Obtained by Implantoplasty: An In Vitro Study. Part I
Authors: Toledano-Serrabona Jorge , Gil Francisco Javier , Camps-Font Octavi , Valmaseda-Castellón Eduard , Gay-Escoda Cosme , Sánchez-Garcés Maria Ángeles
Published: November 2021

Implantoplasty is a mechanical decontamination technique that consists of polishing the supra-osseous component of the dental implant with peri-implantitis. This technique releases metal particles in the form of metal swarf and dust into the peri-implant environment. In the present in vitro study, the following physicochemical characterization tests were carried out: specific surface area, granulometry, contact angle, crystalline structure, morphology, and ion release. Besides, cytotoxicity was in turn evaluated by determining the fibroblastic and osteoblastic cell viability. As a result, the metal debris obtained by implantoplasty presented an equivalent diameter value of 159 µm (range 6–1850 µm) and a specific surface area of 0.3 m2/g on average. The particle had a plate-like shape of different sizes. The release of vanadium ions in Hank’s solution at 37 °C showed no signs of stabilization and was greater than that of titanium and aluminum ions, which means that the alloy suffers from a degradation. The particles exhibited cytotoxic effects upon human osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells in the whole extract. In conclusion, metal debris released by implantoplasty showed different sizes, surface structures and shapes. Vanadium ion levels were higher than that those of the other metal ions, and cell viability assays showed that these particles produce a significant loss of cytocompatibility on osteoblasts and fibroblasts, which means that the main cells of the peri-implant tissues might be injured.
Durability and Self-Sealing Examination of Concretes Modified with Crystalline Waterproofing Admixtures
Authors: Azarsa Pejman , Gupta Rishi , Azarsa Peiman , Biparva Alireza
Published: November 2021

Repairing concrete structures costs billions of dollars every year all around the globe. For overcoming durability concerns and creating enduring economical structures, chemical admixtures, as a unique solution, have recently attracted a lot of interest. As permeability of a concrete structure is considered to play a significant role in its durability, Permeability Reducing Admixtures (PRA) is one of the ideal solutions for protecting structures exposed to water and waterborne chemicals. Different products have been developed to protect concrete structures against water penetration, which, based on their chemistry, performance, and functionality, have been categorized into PRA. As it has previously been tested by authors and proven to be a promising solution, a hydrophilic Crystalline Waterproofing Admixtures (CWA) has been considered for this study. This paper aims to investigate how this product affects concrete’s overall freeze–thaw resistance, self-sealing, and corrosion resistance. Various testing methods have been utilized to examine the performance of CWA mixtures, including the linear polarization resistance, resonance frequency testing, half-cell potential, and self-sealing test. The reinforcement corrosion potential and rate measurements indicated superior performance for CWA-treated samples. After being exposed to 300 freeze–thaw cycles, concrete mixes containing CWA—even non-air-entrained ones—showed a Durability Factor (DF) of more than 80% with no signs of failure, while non-air-entrained control samples indicated the lowest DF (below 60%) but the greatest mass loss. The major causes are a reduction in solution permeability and lack of water availability in the concrete matrix—due to the presence of CWA crystals. Furthermore, evidence from the self-sealing test suggests that CWA-treated specimens can seal wider cracks and at a faster rate.
High Temperature Oxidation Behaviors of BaO/TiO2 Binary Oxide-Enhanced NiAl-Based Composites
Authors: Li Bo , Gao Ruipeng , Guo Hongjian , Fan Congmin
Published: November 2021

High temperature lubricating composites have been widely used in aerospace and other high-tech industries. In the actual application process, high temperature oxidation resistance is a very importance parameter. In this paper, BaO/TiO2-enhanced NiAl-based composites were prepared by vacuum hot-press sintering. The oxidation resistance performance of the composites at 800 °C was investigated. The composites exhibited very good sintered compactness and only a few pores were present. Meanwhile, the composite had excellent oxidation resistance properties due to the formation of a dense Al2O3 layer which could prevent further oxidation of the internal substrate; its oxidation mechanism was mainly decided by the outward diffusion of Al and the inward diffusion of O. The addition of BaO/TiO2 introduced more boundaries and made the Kp value increase from 1.2 × 10−14 g2/cm4 s to 3.3 × 10−14 g2/cm4 s, leading to a slight reduction in the oxidation resistance performance of the composites—although it was still excellent.
The Use of Copper Oxides as Cross-Linking Substances for Chloroprene Rubber and Study of the Vulcanizates Properties. Part II. The Effect of Filler Type on the Properties of CR Products
Authors: Smejda-Krzewicka Aleksandra , Kobędza Piotr , Strzelec Krzysztof , Adamus-Włodarczyk Agnieszka
Published: November 2021

The properties of rubber materials are dependent on the characteristics of the elastomer matrix, the filler type, the cross-linking agent, the number of ingredients, and their interactions. In the previous article, we showed that chloroprene rubber can be efficiently cross-linked with copper(I) oxide or copper(II) oxide. During the processing of rubber compounds, the incorporation of a filler and a curing substance are two substantial parameters, such as the homogeneity of mixing and cross-linking that significantly affect the properties of the vulcanizates. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the curing characteristics, mechanical and dynamical properties, morphology, and flammability of the composites containing chloroprene rubber cross-linked with Cu2O or CuO and filled with different fillers (silica, carbon black, montmorillonite, kaolin, chalk). It was found that the type of filler and curing agent had a significant impact on the degree of cross-linking of the chloroprene rubber and the properties of its vulcanizates. The degree and speed of the cross-linking of filled CR were higher when the CR was cured with copper(II) oxide. Among the fillers used, the presence of carbon black or silica ensured the highest degree of CR cross-linking and the most useful properties. The flammability tests indicated that all produced vulcanizates were characterized by a high oxygen index, which allows them to be classified as non-flammable materials.
Hydration Patterns in Sodium Alginate Polymeric Matrix Tablets—The Result of Drug Substance Incorporation
Authors: Juszczyk Ewelina , Kulinowski Piotr , Baran Ewelina , Birczyński Artur , Klaja Jolanta , Majda Dorota , Garcia-Montoya Encarna , Węglarz Władysław P. , Dorożyński Przemysław
Published: November 2021

The purpose was to show, using destructive/nondestructive methods, that the interplay between water, tablet structure, and composition determine the unique spatiotemporal hydration pattern of polymer-based matrices. The tablets containing a 1:1 w/w mixture of sodium alginate with salicylic acid (ALG/SA) or sodium salicylate (ALG/SNA) were studied using Karl Fischer titration, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray microtomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. As the principal results, matrix specific features were detected, e.g., “locking” of the internal part of the matrix (ALG/SA); existence of lamellar region associated with detection of free/freezing water (ALG/SA); existence of water penetrating the matrix forming specific region preceding infiltration layer (ALG/SNA); switch in the onset temperature of endothermic water peak associated with an increase in the fraction of non-freezing water weight per dry matrix weight in the infiltration layer (ALG/SNA). The existence of complicated spatiotemporal hydration patterns influenced by matrix composition and molecular properties of constituents has been demonstrated.
Aging Resistance of Silica Fume/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Composite-Modified Asphalt
Authors: Zhu Jingrong , Xu Wenyuan
Published: November 2021

The influences of silica fume content and aging on the rheological properties of silica fume/styrene-butadiene-styrene composite-modified asphalts were investigated via rolling thin-film oven test simulations. The asphalts rheological properties before and after aging were measured using three-major-indices, dynamic shear rheology, and bending beam rheometer tests. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the changes in the functional groups of the asphalt. The silica fume did not chemically react with the modified asphalt, and its original structure was maintained. The aging resistance improved significantly after adding the silica fume. At 6% silica fume content, the relaxation of the asphalt was the highest, indicating that the asphalt had the best low-temperature crack resistance at this mixing proportion. Furthermore, the carbonyl index value of this sample exhibited the smallest increment among all of the samples, and this asphalt sample had the strongest short-term aging resistance. Thus, the optimum silica fume content in the composite-modified asphalt was determined to be 6%. This information may be used to fabricate an asphalt mixture that can improve the service life and aging resistance of pavements.
Cyclic Crack Growth in Chemically Tailored Isotropic Austenitic Steel Processed by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Droste Matthias , Wagner Ruben , Günther Johannes , Burkhardt Christina , Henkel Sebastian , Niendorf Thomas , Biermann Horst
Published: November 2021

The present study analyzes the cyclic crack propagation behavior in an austenitic steel processed by electron beam powder bed fusion (PBF-EB). The threshold value of crack growth as well as the crack growth behavior in the Paris regime were studied. In contrast to other austenitic steels, the building direction during PBF-EB did not affect the crack propagation rate, i.e., the crack growth rates perpendicular and parallel to the building direction were similar due to the isotropic microstructure characterized by equiaxed grains. Furthermore, the influence of significantly different building parameters was studied and, thereby, different energy inputs causing locally varying manganese content. Crack growth behavior was not affected by these changes. Even a compositional gradation within the same specimen, i.e., crack growth through an interface of areas with high and areas with low manganese content, did not lead to a significant change of the crack growth rate. Thus, the steel studied is characterized by a quite robust cyclic crack growth behavior independent from building direction and hardly affected by typical parameter deviations in the PBF-EB process.
Study on Crack Development and Micro-Pore Mechanism of Expansive Soil Improved by Coal Gangue under Drying–Wetting Cycles
Authors: Zhu Hongxing , Zhang Yan , Li Zhuhan , Xue Xiaoyu
Published: November 2021

Expansive soil is prone to cracks under a drying–wetting cycle environment, which brings many disasters to road engineering. The main purpose of this study is use coal gangue powder to improve expansive soil, in order to reduce its cracks and further explore its micro-pore mechanism. The drying–wetting cycles test is carried out on the soil sample, and the crack parameters of the soil sample are obtained by Matlab and Image J software. The roughness and micro-pore characteristics of the soil samples are revealed by means of the Laser confocal 3D microscope and Mercury intrusion meter. The results show that coal gangue powder reduces the crack area ratio of expansive soil by 48.9%, and the crack initiation time is delayed by at least 60 min. Coal gangue powder can increase the internal roughness of expansive soil. The greater the roughness of the soil, the less cracks in the soil. After six drying–wetting cycles, the porosity and average pore diameter of the improved and expanded soil are reduced by 37% and 30%, respectively, as compared to the plain expansive soil. By analyzing the cumulative pore volume and cumulative pore density parameters of soil samples, it is found that the macro-cracks are caused by the continuous connection and fusion of micro-voids in soil. Coal gangue powder can significantly reduce the proportion of micro-voids, cumulative pore volume, and cumulative pore density in expansive soil, so as to reduce the macro-cracks.
High-Pressure Phases of SnO and PbO: A Density Functional Theory Combined with an Evolutionary Algorithm Approach
Authors: Nguyen Long Truong , Makov Guy
Published: November 2021

Tin monoxide, SnO, and its analog, lead monoxide, PbO, have the same tetragonal P4/nmm structure, shaped by nonbonding dispersion forces and lone pairs. The high-pressure phases of SnO and PbO have been explored in several experimental and theoretical studies, with conflicting results. In this study, the high-pressure structures of SnO and PbO are investigated using density functional theory calculations combined with an evolutionary algorithm to identify novel high-pressure phases. We propose that the monoclinic P21/m SnO and orthorhombic Pmmn PbO phases, which are metastable at 0 GPa, are a slight rearrangement of the tetragonal P4/nmm-layered structure. These orthorhombic (and their closely related monoclinic) phases become more favored than the tetragonal phase upon compression. In particular, the transition pressures to the orthorhombic γ-phase Pmn21 of SnO/PbO and the monoclinic phase P21/m of SnO are found to be consistent with experimental studies. Two new high-pressure SnO/PbO polymorphs are predicted: the orthorhombic Pbcm phase of SnO and the monoclinic C2/m of PbO. These phases are stabilized in our calculations when P > 65 GPa and P > 50 GPa, respectively. The weakening of the lone pair localization and elastic instability are the main drivers of pressure-induced phase transitions. Modulations of the SnO/PbO electronic structure due to structural transitions upon compression are also discussed.
Hydroponic Cultured Ginseng Leaves Zinc Oxides Nanocomposite Stabilized with CMC Polymer for Degradation of Hazardous Dyes in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Jin Yinping , Li Ling , Akter Reshmi , Rupa Esrat Jahan , Yang Deok-Chun , Kang Se Chan , Zhang Hao
Published: November 2021

This study demonstrated the synthesis of o-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)-stabilized zinc oxide nanocomposites (ZnO NCs) combined with aqueous leaves extracts of hydroponically cultured ginseng and used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of hazardous dyes, including malachite green (MG), rhodamine B (RB), and congo red (CR) under ultraviolet illumination. Hydroponic ginseng leaves contain bioactive components, namely ginsenoside and natural polyphenol, which prompt ginseng’s biological effect. Besides, the CMC polymer is naturally biodegradable, stabilizes the nanoformation and enhances the solubility of ginsenoside. The hydroponic ginseng leaves zinc oxide CMC nanocomposites (GL–CMC–ZnO NCs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method and characterized using different analytical methods. The FTIR analysis identified significant phytochemicals in the leaves extracts and cotton-shape morphology observed using FE-TEM analysis. The XRD analysis also determined that the crystallite size was 28 nm. The photocatalyst degraded CR, RB, and MG dyes by approximately 87%, 94%, and 96% within contact times of 10, 20, 25, and 30 min, respectively, when the dye concentration was 15 mg/L. As far as our knowledge, this is the first report on hydroponic ginseng NCs incorporated with the CMC polymer for the degradation of hazardous dyes on wastewater treatment. This study can add significant value to large-scale wastewater treatment.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Pore Structure Deterioration of Concrete under Freeze–Thaw Cycles
Authors: Zhang Kai , Zhou Jing , Yin Zhigang
Published: November 2021

Understanding the evolution of mechanical properties and microscopic pore structure of concrete after freeze–thaw cycles is essential to assess the durability and safety of concrete structures. In this work, the degradation law of mechanical properties and damage characteristic of micro-structure of concrete with two water-cement ratios (w/c = 0.45 and 0.55) is investigated under the condition of freezing–thawing cycles. The influence of loading strain rate on dynamic compressive strength is studied. The microscopic pore structure after frost damage is measured by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technique. Then, a damage model based on the porosity variation is established to quantitatively describe the degradation law of macroscopic mechanical properties. The test results show that the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME), dynamic compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength of concrete decrease with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles. Empirical relations of concrete dynamic increase factor (DIF) under the action of freeze–thaw cycles are proposed. Moreover, the experimental results of NMR indicate that the porosity as well as the proportion of meso-pores and macro-pores of concrete gradually increased with the increasing of freeze–thaw cycles. The research results can provide reference and experimental support for the anti-frost design theory and durability life prediction of hydraulic concrete structures in cold regions.
Numerical Models of the Connection of Thin-Walled Z-Profile Roof Purlins
Authors: Pařenica Přemysl , Lehner Petr , Brožovský Jiří , Krejsa Martin
Published: November 2021

High thin-walled purlins of Z cross-section are important elements in steel wide-span structures. Their behaviour is influenced by many variables that need to be examined for every specific case. Their practical design thus requires extended knowledge of their behaviour for the possible configurations and dimensions. Numerical analysis verified by experimental investigation can thus enrich such knowledge. Numerical models have the advantage of repeatability and the ability to offer parametric changes. The parametric study presented shows a detailed description of a finite element model of thin-walled cross-sectional roof purlins connected to other roof elements. Models include various approaches to modelling bolt connection. Two schemes of purlins, with and without cleats, are presented. The results of different approaches in numerical modelling are compared with the results of a physical test on a real structure. The article shows a significant agreement in the case of specific approaches and points out the differences with others. The results can be helpful in terms of how to approach the modelling of thin-walled structures and the effective approach to experimental preparation.
A Novel Adaptive Cruise Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles Based on a Hierarchical Framework
Authors: Xu Yanwu , Chu Liang , Zhao Di , Chang Cheng
Published: November 2021

Conclusive evidence has demonstrated the critical importance of adaptive cruise control (ACC) in relieving traffic congestion. To improve the performance of the ACC system, this paper proposes a novel ACC strategy for electric vehicles based on a hierarchical framework. Three main efforts have been made to distinguish our work from the existing research. Firstly, a sliding acceleration identification model is established based on the recursive least squares algorithm with multiple forgetting factors (MFF-RLS). Secondly, with vehicle following, economy, and comfort as the optimization objectives, the upper-level controller is developed based on the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm. Benefit from the identification of the sliding acceleration, the MPC controller holds better capability in accommodating environmental changes. Thirdly, an iterative learning lower-level controller is designed to control the driving and braking systems. Considering the efficiency of regenerative braking, the braking force distribution strategy is also designed in the lower-level controller. Simulation results show that, compared with the conventional MPC-based ACC strategy, the proposed strategy has similar performance in vehicle following, but it makes great improvements in comfort and economy. The specific features are that the vehicle acceleration and speed fluctuation are significantly reduced, and the energy consumption is also reduced by 2.05%.
Using the Box–Behnken Response Surface Method to Study Parametric Influence to Improve the Efficiency of Helical Gears
Authors: Nguyen Huu Loc , Duy Le Thanh
Published: November 2021

Studying gear power loss theoretically and determining the efficiency of a helical gear drive depend on many geometrical and working parameters, such as rotation speed, tooth number, gear ratio, helix angle, and torque, among others. In this paper, the Plackett–Burman screening design and the Box–Behnken response-surface method are used to consider how the above parameters influence gear drive efficiency, and experimental models are provided to evaluate these influences. The present results can be used to select the efficiency when calculating and designing gear transmissions and to choose the parameters for improving gear transmission efficiency.
Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials
Authors: Soltys Liubov , Olkhovyy Ostap , Tatarchuk Tetiana , Naushad Mu.
Published: November 2021

Increased request for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles nanoparticles has led to their large-scale production using high-energy methods with various toxic solvents. This cause environmental contamination, thus eco-friendly “green” synthesis methods has become necessary. An alternative way to synthesize metal nanoparticles includes using bioresources, such as plants and plant products, bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, etc. “Green” synthesis has low toxicity, is safe for human health and environment compared to other methods, meaning it is the best approach for obtaining metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review reveals 12 principles of “green” chemistry and examples of biological components suitable for “green” synthesis, as well as modern scientific research of eco-friendly synthesis methods of magnetic and metal nanoparticles. Particularly, using extracts of green tea, fruits, roots, leaves, etc., to obtain Fe3O4 NPs. The various precursors as egg white (albumen), leaf and fruit extracts, etc., can be used for the „green” synthesis of spinel magnetic NPs. “Green” nanoparticles are being widely used as antimicrobials, photocatalysts and adsorbents. “Green” magnetic nanoparticles demonstrate low toxicity and high biocompatibility, which allows for their biomedical application, especially for targeted drug delivery, contrast imaging and magnetic hyperthermia applications. The synthesis of silver, gold, platinum and palladium nanoparticles using extracts from fungi, red algae, fruits, etc., has been described.
Arm Angle Tracking Control with Pole Balancing Using Equivalent Input Disturbance Rejection for a Rotational Inverted Pendulum
Authors: Lee Hojin , Gil Jeonghwan , You Sesun , Gui Yonghao , Kim Wonhee
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes a robust tracking control method for swing-up and stabilization of a rotational inverted pendulum system by applying equivalent input disturbance (EID) rejection. The mathematical model of the system was developed by using a Lagrangian equation. Then, the EID, including external disturbances and parameter uncertainties, was defined; and the EID observer was designed to estimate EID using the state observer dynamics and a low-pass filter. For robustness, the linear-quadratic regulator method is used with EID rejection. The closed-loop stability is proven herein using the Lyapunov theory and input-to-state stability. The performance of the proposed method is validated and verified via experimental results.
Vehicle Routing Problem with Deadline and Stochastic Service Times: Case of the Ice Cream Industry in Santiago City of Chile
Authors: Dávila Sebastián , Alfaro Miguel , Fuertes Guillermo , Vargas Manuel , Camargo Mauricio
Published: November 2021

The research evaluates the vehicular routing problem for distributing refrigerated products. The mathematical model corresponds to the vehicle routing problem with hard time windows and a stochastic service time (VRPTW-ST) model applied in Santiago de Chile. For model optimization, we used tabu search, chaotic search and general algebraic modeling. The model’s objective function is to minimize the total distance traveled and the number of vehicles using stochastic waiting restrictions at the customers’ facilities. The experiments were implemented in ten scenarios by modifying the number of customers. Experiments were established with several customers that can be solved using the general algebraic modeling technique in order to validate the tabu search and the chaotic search methods. The study considered two algorithms modified with Monte Carlo (tabu search and chaotic search). Additionally, two modified algorithms, TSv2 and CSv2, were proposed to reduce execution time. These algorithms were modified by delaying the Monte Carlo procedure until the first set of sub-optimal routes were found. The results validate the metaheuristic chaotic search to solve the VRPTW-ST. The chaotic search method obtained a superior performance than the tabu search method when solving a real problem in a large city. Finally, the experiments demonstrated a direct relationship between the percentage of customers with stochastic waiting time and the model resolution time.
Spaces of Pointwise Multipliers on Morrey Spaces and Weak Morrey Spaces
Authors: Nakai Eiichi , Sawano Yoshihiro
Published: November 2021

The spaces of pointwise multipliers on Morrey spaces are described in terms of Morrey spaces, their preduals, and vector-valued Morrey spaces introduced by Ho. This paper covers weak Morrey spaces as well. The result in the present paper completes the characterization of the earlier works of the first author’s papers written in 1997 and 2000, as well as Lemarié-Rieusset’s 2013 paper. As a corollary, the main result in the present paper shows that different quasi-Banach lattices can create the same vector-valued Morrey spaces. The goal of the present paper is to provide a complete picture of the pointwise multiplier spaces.
Optimization of the Collaborative Hub Location Problem with Metaheuristics
Authors: Gargouri Mohamed Amine , Hamani Nadia , Mrabti Nassim , Kermad Lyes
Published: November 2021

By creating new job opportunities and developing the regional economy, the transport of goods generates significant costs, environmental and sanitary nuisances, and high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this context, collaboration is an interesting solution that can be used to enable companies to overcome some problems such as globalization, economic crisis, health crisis, issues related to sustainability, etc. This study deals with the design of a multiperiod multiproduct three-echelon collaborative distribution network with a heterogeneous fleet. By applying the mixed integer linear problem (MILP) formulations, it was possible to study the three dimensions of sustainability (economic, environmental, and social/societal). Since the examined problem was NP-hard, it was solved using four metaheuristic approaches to minimize the different logistics costs or CO2 emissions. The social/societal aspect evaluated the accident rate and the noise level generated by the freight transport. Four algorithms were developed to achieve our objectives: a genetic algorithm, a simulated annealing, a particle swarm algorithm, and a vibration damping optimization algorithm. Considering a French distribution network, these algorithms overcame the limits of the exact solution method by obtaining optimal solutions with reasonable execution time.
Nonexistence of Global Solutions to Higher-Order Time-Fractional Evolution Inequalities with Subcritical Degeneracy
Authors: Agarwal Ravi P. , Alhumayan Soha Mohammad , Jleli Mohamed , Samet Bessem
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we study the nonexistence of global weak solutions to higher-order time-fractional evolution inequalities with subcritical degeneracy. Using the test function method and some integral estimates, we establish sufficient conditions depending on the parameters of the problems so that global weak solutions cannot exist globally.
Optimisation of Healthy-Lipid Content and Oxidative Stability during Oil Extraction from Squid (Illex argentinus) Viscera by Green Processing
Authors: Rodríguez Alicia , Trigo Marcos , Aubourg Santiago P. , Medina Isabel
Published: November 2021

Green extraction was applied to Argentinean shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) viscera, consisting of a wet pressing method including a drying step, mechanic pressing, centrifugation of the resulting slurry, and oil collection. To maximise the oil yield and ω3 fatty acid content and to minimise the oil damage degree, a response surface methodology (RSM) design was developed focused on the drying temperature (45–85 °C) and time (30–90 min). In general, an increase of the drying time and temperature provided an increase in the lipid yield recovery from the viscera. The strongest drying conditions showed a higher recovery than 50% when compared with the traditional chemical method. The docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid contents in the extracted oil revealed scarce dependence on drying conditions, showing valuable ranges (149.2–166.5 and 88.7–102.4 g·kg−1 oil, respectively). Furthermore, the values of free fatty acids, peroxides, conjugated dienes, and ω3/ω6 ratio did not show extensive differences by comparing oils obtained from the different drying conditions. Contrary, a polyene index (PI) decrease was detected with increasing drying time and temperature. The RSM analysis indicated that optimised drying time (41.3 min) and temperature (85 °C) conditions would lead to 74.73 g·kg−1 (oil yield), 1.87 (PI), and 6.72 (peroxide value) scores, with a 0.67 desirability value.
Echinochrome A Treatment Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-like Skin Lesions in NC/Nga Mice via IL-4 and IL-13 Suppression
Authors: Yun Hyeong Rok , Ahn Sang Woo , Seol Bomin , Vasileva Elena A. , Mishchenko Natalia P. , Fedoreyev Sergey A. , Stonik Valentin A. , Han Jin , Ko Kyung Soo , Rhee Byoung Doo , Seol Jung Eun , Kim Hyoung Kyu
Published: November 2021

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which skin barrier dysfunction leads to dryness, pruritus, and erythematous lesions. AD is triggered by immune imbalance and oxidative stress. Echinochrome A (Ech A), a natural pigment isolated from sea urchins, exerts antioxidant and beneficial effects in various inflammatory disease models. In the present study, we tested whether Ech A treatment alleviated AD-like skin lesions. We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of Ech A on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD-like lesions in an NC/Nga mouse model. AD-like skin symptoms were induced by treatment with 1% DNCB for 1 week and 0.4% DNCB for 5 weeks in NC/Nga mice. The results showed that Ech A alleviated AD clinical symptoms, such as edema, erythema, and dryness. Treatment with Ech A induced the recovery of epidermis skin lesions as observed histologically. Tewameter® and Corneometer® measurements indicated that Ech A treatment reduced transepidermal water loss and improved stratum corneum hydration, respectively. Ech A treatment also inhibited inflammatory-response-induced mast cell infiltration in AD-like skin lesions and suppressed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-γ, interleukin-4, and interleukin-13. Collectively, these results suggest that Ech A may be beneficial for treating AD owing to its anti-inflammatory effects.
New Horizons in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Treatment: A Review of Current and Future Therapeutic Options
Authors: Penna Domenico
Published: November 2021

Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are aggressive diseases characterized by clonal proliferation of myeloid stem cells. The clonal process leads to excessive red cells production, platelets production, and bone marrow fibrosis. According to the phenotype, MPN can be classified as polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). MPN patients have shortened survival due to the increased risk of thrombosis, hemorrhages, and transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Prognosis is variable, with a shorter life expectancy in myelofibrosis. Currently, drug therapy can reduce symptoms, splenomegaly, and risk of thrombosis. Still, some patients can be resistant or intolerant to the treatment. At the same time, allogeneic stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the only treatment modality with the potential to cure the disease. Nevertheless, the ASCT is reserved for high-risk leukemic progression patients due to the risk of treatment-related death and comorbidity. Therefore, there is a need for new drugs that can eradicate clonal hematopoiesis and prevent progression to more aggressive myeloid neoplasms. Thanks to the better understanding of the disease’s molecular pathogenesis, many new potentially disease-modifying drugs have been developed and are currently in clinical trials. This review explores the most promising new drugs currently in clinical trials.
The Spiked Helmet Sign Predicting a Poor Outcome in a Patient with Non-Myocardial Infarction ST-Segment Elevation
Authors: Shih Shu-Yu , Hou Yueh-Tseng , Lin Po-Chen , Chen Yu-Long , Chien Da-Sen , Yiang Giou-Teng , Wu Meng-Yu
Published: November 2021

Spiked helmet sign is a novel electrocardiogram marker that reflects a poor prognosis, and may mimic myocardial infarction, especially in patients with an acute alteration of mental status or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. In cases where a spiked helmet sign is missed, there may be a delay in surgical intervention for the underlying conditions because of unnecessary cardiac catheterization. In addition, antiplatelet agents for acute coronary syndrome in such cases can lead to catastrophic complications. Therefore, early recognition of spiked helmet sign is useful for timely correction of the underlying disease and prevention of poor outcomes. Herein, we describe a rare case of a patient with internal bleeding and subarachnoid hemorrhage presenting with spiked helmet sign on an electrocardiogram.
Heat Treatment Effects on Pristine and Cold-Worked Thin-Walled Inconel 625
Authors: Demeneghi Gabriel , Elliott Skylar , Rabenberg Ellen , Girgis Ayman , Tilson William , Gray Annette , Jerman Gregory
Published: November 2021

Thin-walled Inconel 625 sheet metal was sectioned into tensile specimens, plastically strained, and then heat treated. Specimens were pulled to a targeted strain, unloaded, and then subjected to one of two heat treatments with the goal of restoring the full ductility and total plastic strain capability of the material. Post-heat treatment tensile testing was performed at room temperature to evaluate the heat treatment efficacy and then followed by hardness and microstructural analysis. The results showed the amount of material recovery was affected by the initial amount of plastic strain imparted to the tensile specimen before heat treatment. Although recrystallization was not observed, grains did elongate in the load direction, and the Kernel average misorientation (KAM) increased with heat treatment. Furthermore, specimens prestrained to 40% and heat treated at 980 °C successfully recovered 88% of pre-heat treatment strain capability prior to fracturing.
Pathogenicity and Relative Abundance of Dickeya and Pectobacterium Species in Switzerland: An Epidemiological Dichotomy
Authors: de Werra Patrice , Debonneville Christophe , Kellenberger Isabelle , Dupuis Brice
Published: November 2021

Pectobacterium and Dickeya species are the causal agents of blackleg and soft rot diseases in potatoes. The main pathogenic species identified so far on potatoes are Dickeya dianthicola, Dickeya solani, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium brasiliense, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Pectobacterium parmentieri. Ten years ago, the most prevalent Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae in Europe were the Dickeya species, P. atrosepticum and P. carotovorum, with some variations among countries. Since then, a drastic increase in the abundance of P. brasiliense has been observed in most European countries. This shift is difficult to explain without comparing the pathogenicity of all Dickeya and Pectobacterium species. The pathogenicity of all the above-mentioned bacterial species was assessed in field trials and in vitro tuber slice trials in Switzerland. Two isolates of each species were inoculated by soaking tubers of cv. Desiree in a suspension of 105 CFU/mL, before planting in the field. For all trials, the Dickeya species were the most virulent ones, but long-term strain surveys performed in Switzerland indicate that P. brasiliense is currently the most frequent species detected. Our results show that the pathogenicity of the species is not the main factor explaining the high prevalence of P. brasiliense and P. parmentieri in the Swiss potato fields.
Intestinal Dominance by Serratia marcescens and Serratia ureilytica among Neonates in the Setting of an Outbreak
Authors: Dahdouh Elias , Lázaro-Perona Fernando , Ruiz-Carrascoso Guillermo , Sánchez García Laura , Saenz de Pipaón Miguel , Mingorance Jesús
Published: November 2021

(1) Background: We determined the relevance of intestinal dominance by Serratia spp. during a neonatal outbreak over 13 weeks. (2) Methods: Rectal swabs (n = 110) were obtained from 42 neonates. Serratia spp. was cultured from swabs obtained from 13 neonates (Group 1), while the other 29 neonates were culture-negative (Group 2). Total DNA was extracted from rectal swabs, and quantitative PCRs (qPCRs) using Serratia- and 16SrRNA-gene-specific primers were performed. relative intestinal loads (RLs) were determined using ΔΔCt. Clonality was investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and whole-genome sequencing. (3) Results: The outbreak was caused by Serratia marcescens during the first eight weeks and Serratia ureilytica during the remaining five weeks. Serratia spp. were detected by qPCR in all Group 1 neonates and eleven Group 2 neonates. RLs of Serratia spp. were higher in Group 1 as compared to Group 2 (6.31% vs. 0.09%, p < 0.05) and in the first swab compared to the last (26.9% vs. 4.37%, p < 0.05). Nine neonates had extraintestinal detection of Serratia spp.; eight of them were infected. RLs of the patients with extraintestinal spread were higher than the rest (2.79% vs. 0.29%, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Intestinal dominance by Serratia spp. plays a role in outbreaks and extraintestinal spread.
Characterization of the Biosynthetic Gene Cluster of Enterocin F4-9, a Glycosylated Bacteriocin
Authors: Maky Mohamed Abdelfattah , Ishibashi Naoki , Nakayama Jiro , Zendo Takeshi
Published: November 2021

Enterocin F4-9 belongs to the glycocin family having post-translational modifications by two molecules of N-acetylglucosamine β-O-linked to Ser37 and Thr46. In this study, the biosynthetic gene cluster of enterocin F4-9 was cloned and expressed in Enterococcus faecalis JH2-2. Production of glycocin by the JH2-2 expression strain was confirmed by expression of the five genes. The molecular weight was greater than glycocin secreted by the wild strain, E. faecalis F4-9, because eight amino acids from the N-terminal leader sequence remained attached. This N-terminal extension was eliminated after treatment with the culture supernatant of strain F4-9, implying an extracellular protease from E. faecalis F4-9 cleaves the N-terminal sequence. Thus, leader sequences cleavage requires two steps: the first via the EnfT protease domain and the second via extracellular proteases. Interestingly, the long peptide, with N-terminal extension, demonstrated advanced antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, enfC was responsible for glycosylation, a necessary step prior to secretion and cleavage of the leader peptide. In addition, enfI was found to grant self-immunity to producer cells against enterocin F4-9. This report demonstrates specifications of the minimal gene set responsible for production of enterocin F4-9, as well as a new biosynthetic mechanism of glycocins.