bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6. Members
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2016

EachConcentraterevision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more.Concentratesshow you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on one of the vital roles played by members of company, namely their ability to make decisions. A significant amount of power is placed into the hands of members and numerous key decisions are reserved for them alone. This chapter looks at the rules by which general meetings are run and discusses the effectiveness of the general meeting.
1. Introduction
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This introductory chapter briefly sets out the volume’s purpose, which is to explain the legal, procedural and evidential rules governing how cases are dealt with by the criminal justice system. It then explains the philosophy of the text and its unique features; introduces the key personnel and organisations within the criminal justice system; introduces the Criminal Procedure Rules; explains the classification of offences according to their trial venue; summarizes the jurisdiction of the criminal courts; stresses the importance of the pervasive issue of human rights; and highlights professional conduct considerations in the context of criminal litigation.
3. The Powers to Stop, Search and Arrest
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

The police have extensive statutory powers to stop and search and to arrest a person in connection with the investigation of a criminal offence under various statutes, including the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE 1984), the Terrorism Act 2000, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, and the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This chapter examines the powers of stop and search before arrest; powers of arrest under PACE 1984; powers to search a person and his property after arrest; the power to grant street bail; and the right to liberty under Article 5 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR 1950).
4. Detention and Interrogation
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers the process of detention, questioning, and charging of the suspect. It discusses the rights of a volunteer at the police station; action immediately following arrest; the role of the custody officer; detention without charge; reviewing a suspect’s detention; the suspect’s right to intimation and/or legal advice; other rights and safeguards enjoyed by the suspect whilst in detention; the treatment of vulnerable suspects; interviewing the suspect; the requirement to caution; the elements of a fair interview; how an interview should be recorded; and charging a suspect.
7. Obtaining Identification Evidence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers the following: the dangers of eye-witness identification; how identification evidence is obtained by the police during the police investigation; the pre-trial safeguards contained in the identification procedures under Code D of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE); the admissibility of eye-witness evidence obtained in breach of Code D; obtaining fingerprints, intimate and non-intimate samples at the police station; and identification evidence given by expert witnesses.
9. Funding of Criminal Defence Services and First Appearance Process
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers the public funding of criminal proceedings and the early stages of the criminal litigation process. Topics discussed include legal aid as a human right; pre-charge advice and assistance; funded representation in court; representation orders; the interests of justice test; means testing and its application to cases tried in the magistrates’ court; the means test as applied to cases triable on indictment; work that can be done under a representation order; acquitted defendants and Defendants’ Costs Order; the future of public funding; and preparing for the first appearance before the magistrates’ court.
10. The Law and Practice Relating to Court Bail
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter explains the practice and procedure of court bail. It examines the grounds upon which bail might be refused; the factors a court can have regard to when deciding whether bail should be granted; the procedure at a contested bail application; appeals against bail decisions; and bail and Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 (ECHR 1950).
14. Trial Before the Crown Court
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers the procedural and practical steps at a trial on indictment. It examines the rules dealing with the indictment; supporting counsel at trial; empanelling the jury; the presentation of the prosecution and defence cases; the judge’s summing-up; and the jury’s verdict.
15. The Burden of Proof
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter explains the rules governing the legal and evidential burdens of proof that decide which party has the responsibility of proving a fact in issue to the court. It then discusses the degree of persuasiveness the evidence must attain to satisfy the appropriate standard of proof and considers the human rights issues in those exceptional situations where the accused has the legal burden of proof. For both the prosecution and the defence, the rules that allocate the burden of proof and the degree of proof are fundamental to the outcome of a case at trial.
17. Corroboration, the ‘ Guidelines’ and Opinion Evidence
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter considers the nature of corroborative evidence; the situations where corroborative evidence is required as a matter of law; the situations where a corroboration warning might be given as a matter of judicial discretion; and the application of the ‘Turnbull guidelines’ in cases where eye-witness identification is disputed. It also explains the rules relating to opinion evidence and to expert opinion evidence in particular.
20. Private Privilege
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

The term ‘private privilege’ relates to separate privileges that prevent evidence from being disclosed in litigation, or witnesses from being compelled to answer questions at trial. In a criminal case, privilege may be claimed in two situations: legal professional privilege and the privilege against self-incrimination. This chapter discusses legal professional privilege in criminal cases; legal professional privilege and the courts; waiving legal professional privilege; the privilege against self-incrimination; and the privilege against self-incrimination and the European Convention on Human Rights 1950.
22. Specific Types of Sentence and the Plea in Mitigation
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter explains specific types of sentence and provide guidance on how a defence solicitor might prepare and deliver a plea in mitigation. It discusses when discretionary custodial sentence can be imposed; custody between the ages 18 and 21; length of custodial sentence; suspended sentence of imprisonment; concluding remarks on discretionary custodial sentences; fixed length sentences; sentencing dangerous offenders; community sentences; community sentences under the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003; guilty plea credit and community orders; enforcement of community orders under the CJA 2003; deferring sentence; fines; compensation orders; conditional discharge; absolute discharge; bind over; ancillary orders; structuring a plea in mitigation; advocacy and the plea in mitigation; and professional conduct.
23. Appeals
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter explains the practice and procedure involved in appealing against a decision of the magistrates’ court or the Crown Court. The discussions include the reopening of a case; appeal to the Crown Court; appeal by way of case stated; judicial review; appeal against sentence from the Crown Court; appeal to the Supreme Court; the Criminal Cases Review Commission; and whether the prosecution enjoys a right to appeal.
24. Youth Justice—Introduction
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the following issues: the terminology of youth justice; the youth justice organisations; the meaning of parental responsibility; the principal aims of the youth justice system; the early diversion procedures to prevent further offending; the juvenile at the police station; the alternatives to prosecution; and the decision to charge.
25. Prosecuting Young Offenders
Authors: Hannibal Martin , Mountford Lisa
Published: September 2016

Where a prosecution is commenced against a child aged 10 to 13 years or against a young person aged 14 to 17 years, the general rule is that he will be tried and sentenced in the youth court. The youth court adopts more informal and less adversarial procedures to deal with the needs and vulnerabilities of young defendants. However, there are exceptional situations where they will be tried in the Crown Court or in the adult magistrates’ court. This chapter discusses the rules for deciding where a young person is to be tried; the rules for trying a young person in the Crown Court; the rules for trying a young person in the adult magistrates’ court; the young defendant’s right to court bail; and the procedure in the youth court.
EU Competition Law
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda
Published: September 2016

EU Competition Law: Text, Cases, and Materials provides a complete guide to European competition law in a single authoritative volume. Carefully selected extracts from key cases, academic articles, and statutory materials are accompanied by in-depth author commentary from two experienced academics in the field. Thorough footnoting and referencing give a tour of the available literature, making this an ideal text and stand-alone resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as for competition law scholars engaged in specialized study. This sixth edition has been fully updated with detailed coverage and commentary on recent developments. These include the EU Courts’ judgments on Articles 101, 102 and 106 including Groupement des Cartes Bancaires, SIA ‘Maxima Latvija’, MasterCard, ‘Eturas’ UAB, Post Danmark II,Intel,Huawei and DEI; cases on the Commission’s enforcement powers and judicial review; new legislation and guidelines on technology transfer; the revised de minimis notice; Commission actions in the digital economy, including the Google case; the directive on damages; and thorough discussion of ongoing developments in competition law such as the Commission's enforcement policy against cartels, the appraisal of mergers, the use of commitments decisions and the compatibility of EU competition procedures with human rights provisions.
Article 102 TFEU
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the difficult concept of what constitutes an ‘abuse’ of a dominant position for the purposes of Article 102 and whether conduct should be condemned on account of the form it takes or only for its effects. It considers the case law of the EU Courts, the decisional practice of the Commission, and the Commission’s Guidance Paper on enforcement priorities, and the problem of distinguishing competition on the merits from illegimate conduct. The chapter looks at the different classifications of abuse, particularly exclusionary and exploitative abuses; dominance and abuse in different markets; the objective justification defence; and general issues in respect of abuses concerning prices, including the ‘as efficient competitor’ test.The chapter examines the application of Article 102 to various forms of conduct, including: price discrimination; predatory pricing; selective pricing; margin squeeze; exclusive dealing; discounts and rebates; tying and bundling; refusal to supply; pursuit of legal proceedings; misuse of intellectual property rights, including standard-essential patents; search engine practices; discrimination abuses; unfairly high and low pricing; and hindering inter-Member State trade. It considers the abuse of collective dominance.
Public Enforcement by the Commission and the National Competition Authorities of the Antitrust Provisions
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the public enforcement regime for the application of Article 101 and Article 102 under Regulation 1/2003. It explains briefly the system under Regulation 17 that previously applied, and the reasons for, and salient features of, the ‘modernisation’ in Regulation 1/2003. The chapter then examines; the powers of the Commission, including the investigation and inter partes stages of the Commission's procedure; the decisions which the Commission may take, including decisions imposing fines and commitments decisions; judicial review by the EU Courts; the European Competition Network (ECN) and enforcement by national competition authorities; the possibility of sanctions against individuals; and the procedure for making complaints about alleged infringements of the competition rules. The chapter also considers the application of fundamental rights provisions in EU competition proceedings.
Standards of Good Practice and the Methodology of Necessary Conditions in Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Thiem Alrik
Published: September 2016

The analysis of necessary conditions for some outcome of interest has long been one of the main preoccupations of scholars in all disciplines of the social sciences. In this connection, the introduction of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) in the late 1980s has revolutionized the way research on necessary conditions has been carried out. Standards of good practice for QCA have long demanded that the results of preceding tests for necessity constrain QCA's core process of Boolean minimization so as to enhance the quality of parsimonious and intermediate solutions. Schneider and Wagemann's Theory-Guided/Enhanced Standard Analysis (T/ESA) is currently being adopted by applied researchers as the new state-of-the-art procedure in this respect. In drawing on Schneider and Wagemann's own illustrative data example and a meta-analysis of thirty-six truth tables across twenty-one published studies that have adhered to current standards of good practice in QCA, I demonstrate that, once bias against compound conditions in necessity tests is accounted for, T/ESA will produce conservative solutions, and not enhanced parsimonious or intermediate ones.
Enrich2: a statistical framework for analyzing deep mutational scanning data
Authors: Rubin Alan F. , Lucas Nathan , Bajjalieh Sandra M. , Papenfuss Anthony T. , Speed Terence P. , Fowler Douglas M.
Published: September 2016

Measuring the functional consequences of protein variants can reveal how a protein works or help unlock the meaning of an individual’s genome. Deep mutational scanning is a widely used method for multiplex measurement of the functional consequences of protein variants. A major limitation of this method has been the lack of a common analysis framework. We developed a statistical model for estimating variant scores that can be applied to many experimental designs. Our method generates an error estimate for each score that captures both sampling error and consistency between replicates. We apply our model to one novel and five published datasets comprising 243,732 variants and demonstrate its superiority, particularly for removing noisy variants, detecting variants of small effect, and conducting hypothesis testing. We implemented our model in easy-to-use software, Enrich2, that can empower researchers analyzing deep mutational scanning data.
Fixing the stimulus-as-fixed-effect fallacy in task fMRI
Authors: Westfall Jacob , Nichols Thomas E. , Yarkoni Tal
Published: September 2016

Most fMRI experiments record the brain’s responses to samples of stimulus materials (e.g., faces or words). Yet the statistical modeling approaches used in fMRI research universally fail to model stimulus variability in a manner that affords population generalization--meaning that researchers’ conclusions technically apply only to the precise stimuli used in each study, and cannot be generalized to new stimuli. A direct consequence of thisstimulus-as-fixed-effect fallacyis that the majority of published fMRI studies have likely overstated the strength of the statistical evidence they report. Here we develop a Bayesian mixed model (the random stimulus model; RSM) that addresses this problem, and apply it to a range of fMRI datasets. Results demonstrate considerable inflation (50 - 200 % in most of the studied datasets) of test statistics obtained from standard “summary statistics”-based approaches relative to the corresponding RSM models. We demonstrate how RSMs can be used to improve parameter estimates, properly control false positive rates, and test novel research hypotheses about stimulus-level variability in human brain responses.
Identifying Conserved Genomic Elements and Designing Universal Probe Sets To Enrich Them
Authors: Faircloth Brant C.
Published: September 2016

Targeted enrichment of conserved genomic regions is a popular method for collecting large amounts of sequence data from non-model taxa for phylogenetic, phylogeographic, and population genetic studies. Yet, few open-source workflows are available to identify conserved genomic elements shared among divergent taxa and to design enrichment baits targeting these regions. These shortcomings limit the application of targeted enrichment methods to many organismal groups. Here, I describe a universal workflow for identifying conserved genomic regions in available genomic data and for designing targeted enrichment baits to collect data from these conserved regions. I demonstrate how this computational approach can be applied to diverse organismal groups by identifying sets of conserved loci and designing enrichment baits targeting thousands of these loci in the understudied arthropod groups Arachnida, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, or Lepidoptera. I then usein silicoanalyses to demonstrate that these conserved loci reconstruct the accepted relationships among genome sequences from the focal arthropod orders, and we performin vitrovalidation of the Arachnid probe set as part of a separate manuscript (Starrettet al.Submitted). All of the documentation, design steps, software code, and probe sets developed here are available under an open-source license for restriction-free testing and use by any research group, and although the examples in this manuscript focus on understudied and exceptionally diverse arthropod groups, the software workflow is applicable to all organismal groups having some form of pre-existing genomic information.
Error rates, PCR recombination, and sampling depth in HIV-1 Whole Genome Deep Sequencing
Authors: Zanini Fabio , Brodin Johanna , Albert Jan , Neher Richard A.
Published: September 2016

Deep sequencing is a powerful and cost-effective tool to characterize the genetic diversity and evolution of virus populations. While modern sequencing instruments readily cover viral genomes many thousand fold and very rare variants can in principle be detected, sequencing errors, amplification biases, and other artifacts can limit sensitivity and complicate data interpretation. Here, we describe several control experiments and error correction methods for whole-genome deep sequencing of viral genomes. We developed many of these in the course of a large scale whole genome deep sequencing study of HIV-1 populations. We measured the substitution and indel errors that arose during sequencing and PCR and quantified PCR-mediated recombination. We find that depending on the viral load in the samples, rare mutations down to 0.2% can be reproducibly detected. PCR recombination can be avoided by consistently working at low amplicon concentrations.
Angular correlations of photons from solution diffraction at a free-electron laser encode molecular structure
Authors: Mendez Derek , Watkins Herschel , Qiao Shenglan , Raines Kevin S. , Lane Thomas J. , Schenk Gundolf , Nelson Garrett , Subramanian Ganesh , Tono Kensuke , Joti Yasumasa , Yabashi Makina , Ratner Daniel , Doniach Sebastian
Published: September 2016

During X-ray exposure of a molecular solution, photons scattered from the same molecule are correlated. If molecular motion is insignificant during exposure, then differences in momentum transfer between correlated photons are direct measurements of the molecular structure. In conventional small- and wide-angle solution scattering, photon correlations are ignored. This report presents advances in a new biomolecular structural analysis technique, correlated X-ray scattering (CXS), which uses angular intensity correlations to recover hidden structural details from molecules in solution. Due to its intense rapid pulses, an X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) is an excellent tool for CXS experiments. A protocol is outlined for analysis of a CXS data set comprising a total of half a million X-ray exposures of solutions of small gold nanoparticles recorded at the Spring-8 Ångström Compact XFEL facility (SACLA). From the scattered intensities and their correlations, two populations of nanoparticle domains within the solution are distinguished: small twinned, and large probably non-twinned domains. It is shown analytically how, in a solution measurement, twinning information is only accessibleviaintensity correlations, demonstrating how CXS reveals atomic-level information from a disordered solution of like molecules.
Availability of sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Maruyama Hiroshi , Tanaka Ryota , Fujisawa Yasuhiro , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Ito Shusaku , Fujimoto Manabu
Published: September 2016

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second common cutaneous cancer, especially in the elderly. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is generally performed in breast cancers and cutaneous melanomas to detect occult nodal metastases. The benefit of sentinel lymph node biopsy in improving cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma prognosis is doubtful. One hundred and sixty‐nine patients who underwent treatment for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2015, and who were followed up for at least 6 months or developed metastases within the follow‐up period were included. Forty‐nine patients underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy, whereas 120 patients did not, including 13 who exhibited clinical lymph node metastases before treatment. Of these 49 patients, nine (18.4%) presented with sentinel lymph node metastasis, which occurred after treatment in three (6.1%) of them (false‐negative). Among the 107 patients who did not undergo lymph node biopsy, 12 (11.2%) developed post‐treatment metastases. The metastasis‐free and disease‐specific survival rates were not significantly different in those who did or did not undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy. Patients with clinical lymph node metastases had a higher risk compared with those without. Patients with T2–T4 tumors had a higher risk compared with those with T1 tumors. When selecting for those with T2 tumors or greater, the same lack of relationship was observed. In conclusion, in this small retrospective cohort, in patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, there were no significant differences in metastasis‐free and disease‐specific survival rates between those who did or did not undergo sentinel lymph node biopsy, regardless of T staging.
Do fragment size and edge effects predict carbon stocks in trees and lianas in tropical forests?
Authors: Magnago Luiz Fernando Silva , Magrach Ainhoa , Barlow Jos , Schaefer Carlos Ernesto Goncalves Reynaud , Laurance William F. , Martins Sebastião Venâncio , Edwards David P.
Published: September 2016

Tropical forests are critical for protecting global biodiversity and carbon stores. While forest degradation and fragmentation cause negative impacts on trees, many woody lianas benefit, with associated negative effects on carbon storage. Here, we focus on the key question of how abiotic environmental changes resulting from tropical forest fragmentation mediate the allocation of carbon into trees and lianas.

We focus on the globally threatened Brazilian Atlantic Forest, in forest fragments spanning 13–23 442 ha in area and at fragment edges and interiors. Within each fragment, we established two transects: one at the edge and one in the interior. Each transect consisted of ten 10 × 10 m plots spaced at 20 m intervals. Within each plot, we sampled living trees with diameter ≥4·8 cm at 1·3 m above ground, living lianas with diameter ≥1·6 cm at 10 cm above ground, and several microclimatic and soil variables.

Fragmentation changed a broad suite of abiotic environmental conditions recognized as being associated with forest carbon stocks: edges and smaller fragments were hotter, windier, and less humid, with more fertile and less acid soils at edges. Tree carbon stocks were thus higher in forest interiors than at edges, and were positively related to fragment size in interiors, but were not impacted by fragment size at edges.

Trees and lianas showed different responses to fragmentation: in interiors of small fragments, tree carbon stocks declined whereas liana carbon stocks increased; and at edges, tree carbon stocks were not affected by fragment size, whereas liana carbon stocks were highest in smaller fragments. These patterns were strongly related to changes in abiotic environmental conditions.

We conclude that the abiotic changes across the fragmentation gradient, rather than liana proliferation, were more likely to reduce tree carbon stocks. Cutting of lianas is frequently promoted for restoring forest carbon in human‐modified tropical forests. However, this approach may not be effective for restoring forest carbon stocks in fragmented forests.
Parental involvement in neonatal critical care decision‐making
Authors: Shaw Chloe , Stokoe Elizabeth , Gallagher Katie , Aladangady Narendra , Marlow Neil
Published: September 2016

The article analyses the decision‐making process between doctors and parents of babies in neonatal intensive care. In particular, it focuses on cases in which the decision concerns the redirection of care from full intensive care to palliative care at the end of life. Thirty one families were recruited from a neonatal intensive care unit in England and their formal interactions with the doctor recorded. The conversations were transcribed and analysed using conversation analysis. Analysis focused on sequences in which decisions about the redirection of care were initiated and progressed. Two distinct communicative approaches to decision‐making were used by doctors: ‘making recommendations’ and ‘providing options’. Different trajectories for parental involvement in decision‐making were afforded by each design, as well as differences in terms of the alignments, or conflicts, between doctors and parents. ‘Making recommendations’ led to misalignment and reduced opportunities for questions and collaboration; ‘providing options’ led to an aligned approach with opportunities for questions and fuller participation in the decision‐making process. The findings are discussed in the context of clinical uncertainty, moral responsibility and the implications for medical communication training and guidance.

A Virtual Abstract of this paper can be accessed at:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyuymxDNupk&feature=youtu.be
Designing a Clean Label Sponge Cake with Reduced Fat Content
Authors: Eslava‐Zomeño Cristina , Quiles Amparo , Hernando Isabel
Published: September 2016

The fat in a sponge cake formulation was partially replaced (0%, 30%, 50%, and 70%) with OptiSol™5300.This natural functional ingredient derived from flax seeds, rich in fiber and alpha‐linoleic acid, provides a natural substitute for guar and xanthan gums, avoiding E‐numbers on labels. The structure and some physicochemical properties of the formulations were examined, sensory analysis was conducted and changes in starch digestibility due to adding this ingredient were determined. Increasing quantities of OptiSol™5300 gave harder cakes, with less weight loss during baking, without affecting the final cake height. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in texture, flavor and overall acceptance between the control and the 30% substitution cake, nor in the rapidly digestible starch values. Consequently, replacing up to 30% of the fat with OptiSol™5300 gives a new product with health benefits and a clean label that resembles the full‐fat sponge cake.
Use of Multi‐Intake Temporal Dominance of Sensations (TDS) to Evaluate the Influence of Cheese on Wine Perception
Authors: Galmarini Mara V. , Loiseau Anne‐Laure , Visalli Michel , Schlich Pascal
Published: September 2016

Though the gastronomic sector recommends certain wine–cheese associations, there is little sensory evidence on how cheese influences the perception of wine. It was the aim of this study to dynamically characterize 4 wines as they would be perceived when consumed with and without cheese. The tasting protocol was based on multi‐intake temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) coupled with hedonic rating. In the 1st session, 31 French wine and cheese consumers evaluated the wines (Pacherenc, Sancerre, Bourgogne, and Madiran) over 3 consecutive sips. In the following sessions, they performed the same task, but eating small portions of cheese (Epoisses, Comté, Roquefort, Crottin de Chavignol) between sips. All cheeses were tasted with all wines over 4 sessions. TDS data were mainly analyzed in terms of each attribute's duration of dominance by analysis of variance, multivariate analysis of variance, and canonical variate analysis. Results showed that cheese consumption had an impact (P < 0.1) on dominance duration of attributes and on preference for most wines. For example, in Madiran, all cheeses reduced dominance duration (P < 0.01) of astringency and sourness and increased duration of red fruit aroma. Although the number of consumers was small to make extended general conclusions on wine's preference, significant changes were observed before and after cheese intake.
Characterizing Runoff and Water Yield for Headwater Catchments in the Southern Sierra Nevada
Authors: Safeeq Mohammad , Hunsaker Carolyn T.
Published: September 2016

In a Mediterranean climate where much of the precipitation falls during winter, snowpacks serve as the primary source of dry season runoff. Increased warming has led to significant changes in hydrology of the western United States. An important question in this context is how to best manage forested catchments for water and other ecosystem services? Answering this basic question requires detailed understanding of hydrologic functioning of these catchments. Here, we depict the differences in hydrologic response of 10 catchments. Size of the study catchments ranges from 50 to 475 ha, and they span between 1,782 and 2,373 m elevation in the rain‐snow transitional zone. Mean annual streamflow ranged from 281 to 408 mm in the low elevation Providence and 436 to 656 mm in the high elevation Bull catchments, resulting in a 49 mm streamflow increase per 100 m (R2 = 0.79) elevation gain, despite similar precipitation across the 10 catchments. Although high elevation Bull catchments received significantly more precipitation as snow and thus experienced a delayed melt, this increase in streamflow with elevation was mainly due to a reduction in evapotranspiration (ET) with elevation (45 mm/100 m, R2 = 0.65). The reduction in ET was attributed to decline in vegetation density, growing season, and atmospheric demand with increasing elevation. These findings suggest changes in streamflow in response to climate warming may likely depend on how vegetation responds to those changes in climate.
Clinical review of treatment outcomes and patterns of failure with adjuvant radiotherapy in node‐positive malignant melanoma
Authors: Keenan Lorna G , O'Sullivan Siobhra , Glynn Aisling , Higgins Martin , Flavin Aileen , Brennan Sinead
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Adjuvant radiotherapy is proven to prevent lymph node field relapse after therapeutic lymphadenectomy for melanoma, but does not improve overall survival based on current data. There remains a high rate of distant relapse. This study reports patterns of failure in patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy, looking at factors associated with distant metastasis and comparing this to recent literature.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients treated with adjuvant nodal irradiation after lymphadenectomy between June 2012 and March 2015.

Results

Twenty‐one patients were treated during this period. Median follow‐up was 13.5 months. There were no lymph node field recurrences. Distant metastasis (DM) rate was 48%. DM rate was significantly higher (P = 0.027) in patients with extracapsular extension (ECE) (71%) than those without ECE (0%). DM rate was higher in those with a maximum tumour size of >3 cm (71%) than those with tumour size <3 cm (30%) (P = 0.160). Number of nodes, BRAF status or nodal site did not correlate with rate of DM. The median time to DM was 16 weeks after completion of radiotherapy.

Conclusion

Radiotherapy is well tolerated and effective in regional control. However, patients are at risk of early distant relapse, particularly those with ECE or large tumour size. There are currently no useful prognostic markers to differentiate the risk of regional versus distant recurrence, and the optimal treatment paradigm remains undefined. Research on adjuvant systemic therapies and abscopal effects of radiotherapy have shown improved management of distant metastasis; creating an even greater need for effective regional control strategies.
Habitat fragmentation, EFN‐bearing trees and ant communities: Ecological cascades in Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil
Authors: Câmara Talita , Almeida Walkiria R. , Tabarelli Marcelo , Andersen Alan N. , Leal Inara R.
Published: September 2016

Habitat fragmentation has a marked impact on the functional composition of tropical forest tree assemblages, and such change is likely to cascade through other trophic levels. Here, we investigate how habitat fragmentation affects extrafloral nectary (EFN)‐bearing plants and ant functional groups known to attend EFNs in a fragmented landscape of the Atlantic Forest. Extrafloral nectary‐bearing trees were identified in 50 0.1‐ha plots located in forest fragments, edge and interior patches. Ants were surveyed in 30 1‐m2litter samples in each of 17 forest fragments and in forest interior. Extrafloral nectary‐bearing plants accounted for 19.9% of individuals and 10.5% of species and included both pioneer and shade‐tolerant species similarly rich in the three habitat types. However, shade‐tolerant individuals accounted for >80% of EFN‐bearing plants in forest interior, compared with 2% in forest edge and 29% in fragments. Forest edge and fragment plots had a third fewer EFN‐bearing individuals and species compared with forest interior. This appeared to have important implications for local ant communities as the density of EFN‐bearing trees was the most important variable explaining the species richness of arboreal dominant ants. Our results show that plant loser–winner replacements promoted by forest fragmentation can cascade through higher trophic levels, with implications for forest dynamics and biodiversity conservation.
Comparison of Feline Brain Anatomy in 0.25 and 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Przyborowska P. , Adamiak Z. , Holak P. , Zhalniarovich Y.
Published: September 2016

The intention of the comparison of both low and high field was to examine which anatomical brain structures of cats were visible on low field images, as in clinical veterinary practice, 3 Tesla (T) magnets were of limited availability. The research was performed on 20 European short‐haired male and female cats, aged 1–3 years, with body weight of 2–4 kg. 0.25 T magnetic resonance images of neurocranium were acquired in all using T2‐weighted fast spin echo sequences with repetition time (TR) of 4010 ms and echo time (TE) of 90 ms in dorsal and transverse plane, and T2‐weighted fast spine echo sequences with TR of 4290 ms and TE of 120 ms in sagittal plane. Based on a detailed catalogue of feline brain structures visible at 3 T in previously published studies, it was examined which structures were visible on low field images. Anatomic structures were identified and compared to assess the reliability of diagnoses made based on low‐field magnetic resonance imaging. In low‐field scans, 92 structures were identified. Elements of auditory, visual, motor pathways, hippocampus and cerebral ventricular system were distinguished. Low‐field as well as high‐field magnetic resonance imaging support the identification of local tissue lesions, metastasis, focal ischaemia and haemorrhage, disorders associated with ventricular system dilation and hydrocephalus. It also produced accurate images of the hippocampus, which contributes to reliable diagnoses of various forms of epilepsy in cats. Due to technical limitations, a low‐field scanner is unlikely to visualize microtraumas, local inflammations, small haematomas or metastatic tumours.
Estimated costs before, during and after the introduction of the emergency laparotomy pathway quality improvement care (ELPQuIC) bundle
Authors: Eveleigh M. O. , Howes T. E. , Peden C. J. , Cook T. M.
Published: September 2016

Implementation of a quality improvement bundle for peri‐operative management of emergency laparotomy (ELPQuIC) improved mortality in a previous study. We used data from one site that participated in that study to examine whether it was associated with the cost of care. We collected data from 396 patients: 144 before, 144 during and 108 after implementation of the bundle. We estimated costs incurred using previously published methodology based on the time the patient spent in hospital, in the operating theatre and in critical care. Duration of stay in hospital and critical care did not differ between time periods, p = 0.14 and p = 0.28, respectively. The costs per patient and per survivor did not differ between the time periods, p = 0.87 and p = 0.17, respectively. Costs were similar for patients aged < 80 years vs. ≥ 80 years. Implementation of a quality improvement bundle for emergency laparotomy has the capacity to save lives without increasing hospital costs.
Implementation of a ‘care bundle’ improves the management of patients admitted to hospital with decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Dyson J. K. , Rajasekhar P. , Wetten A. , Hamad A. H. , Ng S. , Paremal S. , Baqai M. F. , Lamb C. A. , Masson S. , Hudson M. , Dipper C. , Cowlam S. , Hussaini H. , McPherson S.
Published: September 2016

Background

Since 1970, there has been a 400% increase in liver‐related deaths due to the increasing prevalence of chronic liver disease in the United Kingdom (UK). The 2013 UK National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death report found that only 47% of patients who died from alcohol‐related liver disease received ‘good care’ during their hospital stay.

Aim

To develop a ‘care bundle’ for patients with decompensated cirrhosis, aiming to ensure that evidence‐based treatments are delivered within the first 24 h of hospital admission.

Methods

This work gives practical advice about how to implement the bundle and examines its effects on patient care at three National Health Service Hospital Trusts in the UK by collecting data on patient care before and after introduction of the bundle.

Results

Data were collected on 228 patients across three centres (59% male, median age 53 years). Alcohol‐related liver disease was the aetiology of chronic liver disease in 85% of patients. The overall mortality rate during hospital admission was 15%. The audits demonstrated improvements in patient care for patients with a completed care bundle who were significantly more likely to have a diagnostic ascitic performed within the first 24 h (P = 0.020), have an accurate alcohol history documented (P < 0.0001) and be given antibiotics as prophylaxis against infection following a variceal haemorrhage (P = 0.0096). In Newcastle, the bundle completion rate increased from 25% to 90% during the review periods.

Conclusions

The introduction of a care bundle was associated with increased rates of diagnostic paracentesis and antibiotic prophylaxis with variceal haemorrhage in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
‘Everyone here wants everyone else to get better’: The role of social identity in eating disorder recovery
Authors: McNamara Niamh , Parsons Harriet
Published: September 2016

Retention of a positively valued illness identity contributes to poor outcomes for individuals with eating disorders (EDs). Consequently, dis‐identification from the illness identity and the adoption of a recovery identity are vital for successful recovery. While social identity processes have been shown to influence ED maintenance, their role in recovery is rarely considered. This study explores how a sense of shared identity helps individuals with EDs manage their condition and promotes recovery. Transcripts from 18 online support sessions involving 75 participants were thematically analysed. Our findings suggest that the illness identity initially operates as a social identity that forms the basis for connections with similar others. For those wishing to recover, identity‐based support is then perceived to be more effective than that found outside the group. Online interactions also facilitate construction of a new shared recovery identity which promotes a shift from the illness identity as a primary source of definition and endorses group norms of illness disclosure and treatment engagement. While in the clinical literature, ED identity is seen as problematic and interventions are targeted at challenging an individual's self‐concept, we suggest that interventions could instead harness identity resources to support a transition to a recovery identity.
Deletion of AMPKα1 attenuates the anticontractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and reduces adiponectin release
Authors: Almabrouk Tarek A M , Ugusman Azizah B , Katwan Omar J , Salt Ian P , Kennedy Simon
Published: September 2016

Background and Purpose

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounds most blood vessels and secretes numerous active substances, including adiponectin, which produce a net anticontractile effect in healthy individuals. AMPK is a key mediator of cellular energy balance and may mediate the vascular effects of adiponectin. In this study, we investigated the role of AMPK within PVAT in mediating the anticontractile effect of PVAT.

Experimental Approach

Endothelium‐denuded aortic rings from wild‐type (WT; Sv129) and α1AMPK knockout (KO) mice were mounted on a wire myograph. Dose–response curves to the AMPK‐independent vasodilator cromakalim were studied in vessels with and without PVAT, and effect of pre‐incubation with conditioned media and adiponectin on relaxation was also studied. The effect of AMPKα1 KO on the secretory profile of PVAT was assessed by elisa.

Key Results

Thoracic aortic PVAT from KO mice was morphologically indistinct from that of WT and primarily composed of brown adipose tissue. PVAT augmented relaxation to cromakalim in WT but not KO aortic rings. Addition of WT PVAT augmented relaxation in KO aortic rings but KO PVAT had no effect in WT rings. PVAT from KO mice secreted significantly less adiponectin and addition of adiponectin to either KO or WT aortic rings without PVAT augmented relaxation to cromakalim. An adiponectin blocking peptide significantly attenuated relaxation in WT rings with PVAT but not in KO rings.

Conclusions and Implications

AMPKα1 has a critical role in maintaining the anticontractile actions of PVAT; an effect independent of the endothelium but likely mediated through altered adiponectin secretion or sensitivity.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue – Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc
Extreme thermal heterogeneity in structurally complex tropical rain forests
Authors: Scheffers Brett R. , Edwards David P. , Macdonald Stewart L. , Senior Rebecca A. , Andriamahohatra Lydou R. , Roslan Nadiah , Rogers Andrew M. , Haugaasen Torbjørn , Wright Patricia , Williams Stephen E.
Published: September 2016

Most terrestrial species on Earth are ectothermic and track temperature at small spatial scales, from sun flecks to cool shaded spots. Current assessments of thermal heterogeneity in complex environments are predominately characterized by ambient temperature. This omission of solar radiation may lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding thermoregulation and distribution of species. We use thermal cameras to gather data on temperature heterogeneity in structurally complex rain forest environments. Using thermographic photographs, we capture the multidimensionality of climate created by vegetation by collecting over 76,000 temperature samples within approximately 1 m2 quadrats. The method was tested against three standard methods that record air temperature to determine possible omissions in capturing thermal heterogeneity in four geographic locations—Colombia, Borneo, Madagascar, and Australia. Across all locations, there was greater thermal heterogeneity in surface temperature than captured from ambient temperature technologies. Spatial variability in surface temperature on 1 d was greater than temporal variability of ambient temperature across the entire month, with extreme deviation from ambient temperatures. Importantly, when compared to the lower bounds for optimal performance for five tropical Anolis species, this technology captured thermal regimes that support the thermoregulatory needs of these species, whereas ambient air temperature methods suggested that these species would be in thermal debt. Sampling surface temperature at high resolutions across space in combination with intensive sampling of ambient temperature and informed spatial modeling should improve our understanding of the distribution of ectothermic species living within thermally heterogeneous environments.
Tolerogenic dendritic cells generated with dexamethasone and vitamin D3 regulate rheumatoid arthritis CD4+ T cells partly via transforming growth factor-β1
Authors: Anderson A E , Swan D J , Wong O Y , Buck M , Eltherington O , Harry R A , Patterson A M , Pratt A G , Reynolds G , Doran J-P , Kirby J A , Isaacs J D , Hilkens C M U
Published: September 2016

Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) are a new immunotherapeutic tool for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other autoimmune disorders. We have established a method to generate stable tolDC by pharmacological modulation of human monocyte-derived DC. These tolDC exert potent pro-tolerogenic actions on CD4+ T cells. Lack of interleukin (IL)−12p70 production is a key immunoregulatory attribute of tolDC but does not explain their action fully. Here we show that tolDC express transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 at both mRNA and protein levels, and that expression of this immunoregulatory cytokine is significantly higher in tolDC than in mature monocyte-derived DC. By inhibiting TGF-β1 signalling we demonstrate that tolDC regulate CD4+ T cell responses in a manner that is at least partly dependent upon this cytokine. Crucially, we also show that while there is no significant difference in expression of TGF-βRII on CD4+ T cells from RA patients and healthy controls, RA patient CD4+ T cells are measurably less responsive to TGF-β1 than healthy control CD4+ T cells [reduced TGF-β-induced mothers against decapentaplegic homologue (Smad)2/3 phosphorylation, forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) expression and suppression of (IFN)-γ secretion]. However, CD4+ T cells from RA patients can, nonetheless, be regulated efficiently by tolDC in a TGF-β1-dependent manner. This work is important for the design and development of future studies investigating the potential use of tolDC as a novel immunotherapy for the treatment of RA.