bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Low-Dose Gamma-Radiation on Genotoxic Risk in Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Cassidy Cheryl L. , Lemon Jennifer A. , Boreham Douglas R.
Published: November 2007

Chinook salmon cells were exposed to gamma radiation and chromosome damage was assessed using the micronucleus assay. The salmon cells were resistant to radiation at all doses compared to human and mammalian cells. We used an indirect approach to determine if prior low dose exposures at environmental dose levels might alter the consequences of radiation exposures to high doses of radiation (adaptive response). The cells adapted but only at doses which were above levels that might be expected environmentally. The “adaptive response” endpoint was useful to show biological responses to exposure, however, under these conditions it might not help in risk assessment of aquatic organisms since the cells seem to be very resistant and environmental radiation levels are typically extremely low. Preliminary experiments were conducted on two other fish cell model systems (Rainbow Trout and Medaka) to optimize conditions for the micronucleus assay for future environmental radiation studies. Since fish cells appear to be more radiation resistant than mammalian cells, we postulate that radiation risk in the whole organism may also be lower. Therefore whole body studies designed to test effects with the specific aim of assessing relative risk between species are in process.
Food Preferences and Meal Satisfactionof Meals on Wheels Recipients
Authors: Lirette Theresa , Podovennikoff Jennifer , Wismer Wendy , Tondu Liz , Klatt Linda
Published: November 2007

Purpose: To investigate Edmonton Meals on Wheels (MOW) recipients’ food preferences and meal satisfaction.

Methods: A preliminary study of 13 lunch club participants divided into two focus groups was conducted to determine overall themes in clients’ menu preferences and suggestions. A questionnaire was developed, based on previous MOW client comments, and delivered to all clients (n=271) receiving hot meal service from the Edmonton MOW program; 140 surveys (52% response rate) were returned.

Results: The majority (72% to 88%) of hot meal clients were satisfied with the taste, texture, value, variety, and portion size of their meals. Popular menu items were barbecued chicken, perogies, and desserts. Up to 25% of participants indicated that meats were too tough and vegetables were too firm. Vegetables such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts were the most commonly disliked items.

Conclusions: Overall, clients find the Edmonton MOW menu foods appealing and enjoyable. MOW programs should advertise the availability of texture-modified foods and offer a variety of vegetables. Meal services for the elderly must continue to monitor meal acceptance as client needs change with our aging population.
Iron Deficiency Anemia Following Prenatal Nutrition Interventions
Authors: Leblanc Caroline P. , Rioux France M.
Published: November 2007

Purpose: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy and infancy is still common in developed countries, especially in low-income groups. We examined the prevalence of anemia and IDA in healthy low-income pregnant women participating in the Early Childhood Initiatives (ECI) program, and in their infants when they reached six months of age.

Methods: Pregnant women were recruited by nutritionists. In mothers, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume, and serum ferritin (SF) were measured at 36 ± 2 weeks of gestation. In infants, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, SF, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TS) were measured at six months of age. Thirty-one mother-infant pairs participated.

Results: Among the 31 pregnant women participating in the ECI program, six (19.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five (16.1%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L and SF <10 µg/L). Among infants, seven of 23 (30.4%) were anemic (Hb <110 g/L) and five of 23 (21.7%) suffered from IDA (Hb <110 g/L plus two of the following: TIBC >60 µmol/L, SF <10 µg/L, serum iron <5.3 µmol/L, TS ≤15%).

Conclusions: The prevalence of anemia in this group of lowincome pregnant women is comparable to that in privileged women. The prevalence of IDA in infants is comparable to that observed in other high-risk groups. Effective strategies are needed to prevent IDA in vulnerable groups.
Présentation d'un dictionnaire contextuel de français pour les sciences de la terre
Authors: Descamps Jean-Luc
Published: November 2007

L'article rend compte d'une expérience de classement des contextes d'une concordance, menée en vue d'une publication sous forme de dictionnaire contextuel. Cette mise en ordre porte sur tous les contextes des 1 500 mots les plus fréquents (f = 1 /10 000e) d'un corpus de textes de géologie comprenant environ 4 500 mots différents (pour 40 000 items). Le travail consiste à présenter les contextes de ces mots en ensembles et sous-ensembles analogues du point de vue de leur environnement sémantique et syntaxique (par repérage des actants, des relatants ou des dépendants du mot traité). Le métalangage permettant d'afficher les résultats de cette analyse distributionnelle est essentiellement fondé sur l'opposition humain /naturel ou, si l'on veut, observant/observé, (plutôt que sur l'opposition animé/inanimé). C'est l'identification et le traitement prioritaires des mots désignant les « objets d'étude » de la géologie qui ont permis en partie d'éviter que l'analyse soit circulaire. Après exposé global de la procédure suivie, l'article aborde concrètement les problèmes posés par le classement de quatre classes de mots (adjectifs, verbes, noms, substituts) et présente de nombreux tableaux d'exemples. On s'interroge, en conclusion, sur la validité de la démarche et les usages possibles d'un dictionnaire contextuel.
La quête des primitifs sémantiques
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2007

1. A. Wierzbicka, « Searching for semantic primitives (1965-1992) »

This paper provides a state of the art report on the search for semantic primitives as carried out over the last 28 years. It is argued that the failure of the philosophical speculation triggered by the reflections of the great 17th century thinkers (Leibniz, Descartes, Pascal, Arnauld) is not irreversible : the challenge lies in replacing the speculation with a linguistic approach based on the observation of the most diverse languages in the world.
Commencer et se mettre à : une description axiologico-conceptuelle
Authors: Peeters Bert
Published: November 2007

2. B. Peeters, « Commencer and se mettre à : an axiologico-conceptual description »

This paper examines in full detail all syntactic environments in which the Modern French aspectual verbs commencer and se mettre à are currently used. It also investigates the precise semantic differences between both verbs. Definitions are couched in semantic primitives. The author attempts to take a stand with respect to all observations made by others on these verbs over the last thirty years. Most examples are drawn from a corpus of weekly magazines and/or 20th century novels.
Le système classique des strophes
Authors: De Cornulier Benoît
Published: November 2007

B. de Cornulier

The structure of regular groups of lines (strophes) in traditional French poetry is analysed in the work of Victor Hugo. A characterization of a prominent type, here called strophe classique, is proposed. Exceptions to that type are analysed according to how they differ from it.
L'accès perceptuel à l'information : à propos des expressions un homme arrive / on voit arriver un homme
Authors: Vogeleer Svetlana
Published: November 2007

Svetlana Vogeleer : « The perceptual access to information : on the expressions un homme arrive / on voit arriver un homme »

This paper aims to provide an analysis of a particular type of existential sentences based on the perceptual access to information. The purpose of the analysis is twofold : first, to describe the semantic and cognitive (perceptual) content of the sentences where the perceptual relation of access is implicit ; secondly, to establish, on the basis of the preceding analysis, the conditions of use for the explicit perceptual marker on voit in the same sentences.
La dilution linguistique des responsabilités. Essai de description polyphonique des marqueurs évidentiels il semble que et il parait que
Authors: Nølke Henning
Published: November 2007

Henning Nølke : « The linguistic dilution of responsibilities. A polyphonic description of the evidential markers il semble que and il parait que »

Assertion guarantees truth based on evidence available to the speaker. The speaker may indicate the source and type of his evidence. This paper deals with the two French evidentials il semble que and il paraît que. Both indicate hearsay evidence and are equivalent to the English evidential it seems that. Although very similar at first glance, closer analysis reveals important, though often rather subtle differences as to the type of evidence. A polyphonic study permits a detailed explication of their functioning, and may explain observable distributional differences.
La dérivation des adjectifs en « -ble » : morphologie ou sémantique ?
Authors: Anscombre Jean-Claude , Leeman Danielle
Published: November 2007

Jean-Claude Anecombre et Danielle Leeman : « La dérivation des adjectifs en -able : morphologie ou sémantique ? »

Morphologically speaking, an adjective in -able can be derived from any transitive verb. But in the facts, not all these derivatives are acceptable ones. No satisfiying explanation can be given in terms of syntactical properties of the verbs or semantic correspondence either (following the stem model, for instance). Our claim here is that the suffix selects the verbal argument that corresponds to a stereotype, and thus the derived adjective expresses conformity with a given norm.
Pratique du français en Afrique noire francophone
Authors: Manessy Gabriel
Published: November 2007

Gabriel Manessy : « Pratique du français en Afrique noire francophone »

French in Subsaharan Africa is the object of a double « appropriation » : as a linguistic system and as a vernacular means of communication. Because of the important part French plays in the socio-economical and socio-political organization of the francophone African states, it belongs to the actual or potential repertoire of every individual. Its use by multilingual speakers as a means of inter-group communication leads to structural changes influenced by the particular dominant indigenous language. As a result, a process of dialect formation is in progress, and « national Frenches » are developing which show a number of areal common characteristics determined by the modes of conceptualization and enunciation specific to Nergo-African culture.
L'appropriation du français en Afrique noire : une dynamique discursive
Authors: Wald Paul
Published: November 2007

Paul Wald: «Appropriation of French in Black Africa : a discursive dynamics»

French in Africa is an object of appropriation. After defining this concept, we examine the connections between functionality and vernacularity. In their own functional domains, speakers must negociate their legitimacy by showing that they master the externally defined norm. The diffuse self-appropriation inherent in urban plurilingualism remains virtually referred to its functional use and to the norm associated to it.
Une clé pour différencier deux types d'interprétation figurée, métaphorique et métommique
Authors: Tamba-Mecz Irène
Published: November 2007

Irène Tamba-Mecz, A Key for Differentiation between Metaphoric and Metonymic Interpretation

It has already been noticed that figurative meaning can be intensified or attenuated by modifiers such as regular (vrai), a kind of (une espèce de), literally speaking (littéralement) and so on. But no attention has yet been paid to the fact that these modifiers cannot be used indifferently with any figurative interpretation. In this paper we first show that figurative meaning involves at least three different levels of gradation : the occurrence level, the type level, and the proposition level. Then we demonstrate that metaphor requires a type level modifier, while metonymy is only compatible with occurrence level modifiers. Thus we propose to use this distinctive property as a test in order to differentiate between metaphoric and metonymic interpretations.
Métaphore : le problème de la déviance
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: November 2007

Georges Kleiber, Metaphor, the Problem of Deviation

This paper has a restricted aim. We do not intend to make the headlines about what a metaphor is, but to make a very modest appraisal of the work of E.F. Kittay (1987) and M. Turner (1988) on the one hand, and that of F. Rastier (1987) on the other hand, in order to delimit the specificity of the 'metaphoric' incongruity, and thus give an answer to one of the main questions of the metaphoric process ; « is it always the case that there is an incongruity in a metaphorical utterance, and, if so, is there an incongruity distinctive to metaphor ? » (E.F. Kittay, 1987 : 68).
Synchronie, diachronie et pragmatique ; d'une dichotomie de la langue à l'interaction dans la langue
Authors: Swiggers Pierre
Published: November 2007

Pierre Swiggers : « Synchrony, diachrony, and pragmatics : from a dichotomy of language to structure within language »

The first part of this study is devoted to an analysis of the theoretical and empirical relationships between diachrony and pragmatics. This analysis is followed by an investigation into the attitude of linguists — Saussure, his predecessors and his followers — with respect to synchrony and diachrony, and with respect to the place that can be assigned to pragmatics. This investigation paves the way for a comprehensive study of the possibilities of interaction between diachrony and pragmatics ; for this purpose it is necessary to present a systematic overview of pragmatics and to point to the areas of contact with a diachronic vantage point. Finally, the general problem of the relationship between pragmatics and diachrony is dealt with from a theoretical point of view : it is here that we face the problem of grammatical description in its relation to the history of speech (and of speaking), and this allows us to appreciate the vistas opened by the integration of pragmatics within diachrony.
Tout : polysémie, grammaticalisation et sens prototypique
Authors: Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot Hava
Published: November 2007

Hava Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot : « Tout : polysémie, grammaticalisation et sens prototypique »

This paper aims to provide an analysis of the lexical item tout, generally recognized as an adjective, a pronoun, an adverb, a noun and even a conjunction (tout....que). We claim that prototype theory together with grammaticalization could provide an explanation for the polysemy of tout, showing that a semantic common denominator that overrides syntactic categories is in fact present. Combining synchrony and diachrony we show that the development of tout corresponds to a semantic model of the type : quantity>quality >concession.
L' « autre » de : une tête quantificationnelle ?
Authors: Hulk Aafke
Published: November 2007

Aafke Hulk : L'« autre » de, une tête quantificationnelle ?

In this article we consider the three following constructions, containing each the non-prepositional element de followed by an AP or an NP :

(1) de chaud, il y a deux pizzas

(2) j'ai pris la tienne, de voiture

(3) j'ai beaucoup bu de lait

We will show that semantically these constructions involve an intersection or a partition of domains. The NP/AN expresses a « virtual » domain of reference, which is linked to another element in the sentence that represents either the extension of the reference domain or a specimen of its class. We will translate this interpretation in syntactic terms by postulating the hypothesis that de in these constructions is the quantificational head of a functional projection that takes an AP or NP as its internal argument and an empty operator in its specifier position. We will demonstrate that if we adopt such a structure, general licensing principles of generative grammar predict the (partially similar) distribution of these constructions.
Parole et musique dans « L'ombre des arbres » : Verlaine et Debussy
Authors: Choi-Diel In-Ryeong
Published: November 2007

In-Ryeong Choi-Diel : Words and music in « The shadow of the trees » : Verlaine and Debussy

The study of a poem and its setting into music. Starting from both formal and cognitive principles, we try to show that structural links converge on the evocation of a prototypical image.
Les formes proverbiales
Authors: Gouvard Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

Jean-Michel Gouvard : Proverbial forms

The word proverb refers to a wide range of utterances among which it is hard to find one's way. I show that it is impossible to study such an array without distinguishing between subclasses of « proverbs » and taking into account all aspects of language. Only afterwards it will be possible to examine the role of proverbs in poetry.
Où placer l'adjectif épithète ? Focalisation et modularité
Authors: Nølke Henning
Published: November 2007

Henning Nølke : Where to place the attributive adjective in French ? Focalisation and modularity

More than 450 years of research have shown that the placement of the French attributive adjective — before or after its substantive — is governed by a huge number of apparently disparate factors. This paper argues that a cogent theory of focalisation can explain a large scale of facts which hitherto been regarded as non-related. Conceived of as a component of a linguistic modular model, focalisation theory may thus contribute to yielding valuable new insight into the complex mechanisms underlying word order even at the phrase level.
La clé du mystère : mettre le réfèrent à sa place
Authors: Tracy Leland
Published: November 2007

T. Leland : La clé du mystère : remettre le réfèrent à sa place

The prominence of the noun in the discussion of language results from a privilege accorded to the perceived tangibility of its referent. However, the physical properties of a referent are an insufficient basis for a semantic analysis of the word which designates it. An examination of the polysemic noun « key » in French and English, demonstrates this deficiency, providing an opportunity to develop a semantic account of the distribution of its use in the two languages.
Le langage jeune en Italie
Authors: Pelon Martine
Published: November 2007

Martine Pelon: The Language of Youth in Italy

In Italy where the linguistic reality is an extremely varied one (situation of balanced bilinguialism) a distinctive linguistic phenomenon has developed : the Language of Youth.

This language goes beyond the limits of the young people's world since the media, TV programmes, advertisements and the written press make numerous references to or are interested in it. It represents a language variety which is spoken to a greater or lesser extent by teenagers in peer group relationships. Its linguistic features combine a strong acceleration in linguistic dynamics, a ludic aspect, the use of old slang devices as well as the coexistence of elements from local parlance (exploitation of dialects) and international traits. Its main function lies in strenghening speaker indentity within the group. It is a language with strong regional characteristics. Finally, today it is one of the moving forces in the formation of the common language, spoken Italian.
La portée de la variabilité
Authors: Garcia Erica C.
Published: November 2007

Erica Garcia: La portée de la variabilité

On the basis of two diverse analyses of essentially the same change (the loss of sibi reflexives) in French and Spanish, it is argued that the usual approach to syntactic variation is misguided, and should give way to a cognitive motivation of frequency distributions.
Entre le plus et le moins : l'ambivalence du déterminant plusieurs
Authors: Bacha Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

Jacqueline Bacha: Entre le plus et le moins: l'ambivalence du déterminant plusieurs

The acquisition of the French indefinites plusieurs and quelques is highly problematic for Tunisian children, despite the frequent use of French in Tunisia, especially in school and at the university. We show that this is due to the mistaken idea that these indefinite forms signal different quantities, plusieurs alledgedly referring to a greater quantity than quelques. We further show that this idea cannot be upheld, since both forms can refer to exactly the same quantity, and we defend the idea that plusieurs signals a positive and precise orientation — and is related to exact counting — , whereas quelques tends to direct interpretation towards the negative and the less precise.
Structure "quantifiante" : illocutionnaire vs locutionnaire
Authors: Attal Pierre
Published: November 2007

Pierre Attal: Structure "quantifiante": Illocutionnaire vs locutionnaire

This analysis of pronouns / adjectives is not based on their alledged referential value, but on the distinction between different semantic structures. This distinction is essentially based on the opposition illocutionary / locutionary, which is at the heart of the behavioral (neo-behaviorist) model I propose. I call illocutionary all elements of an utterance that are linked to its use as an act and that refer to the intentions of the utterer. I call locutionary, on the other hand, all elements of the utterance that are not related to those intentions and that are only linguistic reflexes of possible acts.

The quantifying structure is represented by utterances such as "Certains arbres sont morts" or "J'aime certains arbres": both are affirmations of the existence of This analysis of pronouns / adjectives is not based on their alledged referential value, but on the distinction between different semantic structures. This distinction is essentially based on the opposition illocutionary / locutionary, which is at the heart of the behavioral (neo-behaviorist) model I propose. I call illocutionary all elements of an utterance that are linked to its use as an act and that refer to the intentions of the utterer. I call locutionary, on the other hand, all elements of the utterance that are not related to those intentions and that are only linguistic reflexes of possible acts.

The quantifying structure is represented by utterances such as "Certains arbres sont morts" or "J'aime certains arbres": both are affirmations of the existence of trees in such a way that one can say of each one of them "II est mort" or "J'aime cet arbre". These affirmations are present in the utterances at a second level, in the locutionary predicates sont morts or j'aime...

Apart from the quantifying structure I introduce the referential structure "Ces arbres sont morts" whose elements are all illocutionary (referential acts by j'or ces arbres, assertion by sont morts or j'aime), the verbal structure, "Des arbres meurent en ce moment", whose illocutionary center is the verb; the generic structure, "Un arbre mort doit être abbatu", where the illocutionary element serves to relate two locutionary predicates être un arbre mort and doit être abattu.
Science et institution : la linguistique et l'université en France (1865-1945)
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: November 2007

Gabriel Bergougnioux, Science and institution: linguistics in the University in France (1865-1945)

The institutionalization of linguistics became effective during the 1870s, when a French comparativist school appeared at the time of the creation of the École Pratique des Hautes Études (1868) and the reform of the licence syllabus (1876). The spread of the historical grammar network took place principally in research oriented institutions and less in the faculties of Arts which kept up the tradition of the humanities. Linguistics came into its own during the 1880s with the new syllabus of the lycées and the creation of specific teachers' entrance examinations. Henceforth, under the authority of Antoine Meillet, French comparativism, which was construed as the scientific approach in philological studies, was to hinder the development of structuralism until the 1940s.
Développement de la construction argumentale de trois verbes essentiels : mettre, prendre, donner
Authors: Martinot Claire
Published: November 2007

C. Martinot, The development of the argument structure of three essential verbs: mettre ('to put'), prendre ('to take'), donner ('to give')

The verbs mettre ('to puť), prendre ('to take'), and donner ('to give'), which are very frequent and used very early with various semantic values, present different types of structural variations: they vary just as well according to the presence vs omission of their arguments in the target language as according to the nature of these arguments (pronominal, adverbial, or nominal).

Nonetheless, with all three verbs the same relation was found between two otherwise independent phenomena, namely the lexical diversity of the nominal arguments increases as a function of verbal morphology in the following order: uninflected infinitival form, inflected form, complex form. These results are based on a thousand utterances produced by two-to four -year-old children.
Référence spatiale dans les récits d'enfants français : perspective inter-langues
Authors: Hickmann Maya , Hendriks Henriëtte , Roland Françoise
Published: November 2007

M. Hickmann, H. Heindriks, F. Roland, Spatial reference in French children's narrative: a crosslinguistic perspective

Although the expression of motion and location follows some universal principles of organization, recent crosslinguistic research has shown that language-specific properties may affect how children acquire the relevant linguistic devices. Little is known, however, concerning spatial reference in French within this perspective and more research is necessary concerning the role of discourse determinants across languages. The present study addresses these questions by comparing narratives produced by adults and children in French and English. The results show large variations in predicate use across these languages at all ages, but similar developmental progressions in the ability to provide spatial anchors in discourse. The conclusion highlights the impact of language-specific properties on the organization of spatial reference at the sentence level, as well as the impact of universal discourse determinants in the developmental process.
Les signes graphiques du mot à travers l'histoire
Authors: Catach Nina
Published: November 2007

N. Catach : « The Written Markers of Words Throughout History »

The various devices and auxiliary signs that can be added to writing, in order to make word-units (or groups of words) easier to identify, have always existed, and have always made up one of the essential components of writing systems : the paragraphemic level.

In the Classical tradition, we find a wide range of signs, many more than our modernday, typographical vision has accustomed us to seeing : i.e. not only spaces delimiting groups of letters, and signs indicating the separation of elements (points, hyphens, symbols, punctuation, etc.). The causes of our modern, limited vision of things are no doubt to be found in our over-estimation of the role played by the letters of the alphabet alone in visual activity, and in the under-estimation of the substantial and complex evolution of what constitutes, for us, « reading-units ».

To take only the example of the European Middle Ages, we can find, in the writing of Latin, from one type of writing to another, a very varied range of graphic signs, both intra- and extra-Linear, all of which must be taken into account, and whose main purpose was to make the task of reading easier. All these Medieval visual devices have contributed to our present rich stock of symbols, typographical as well as electronic.

It is therefore necessary to acquire a wider and unprejudiced view of the major historical role that has always been played by the different levels of writing systems in making reading easier, and in identifying and conceiving the « word » as a distinct unit.
Le Factum Textus : fait de grammaire, fait de linguistique ou fait de cognition ?
Authors: Lundquist Lita
Published: November 2007

Lita Lundquist : Le Factum Textus, fait de grammaire, fait de linguistique ou fit de cognition ?

People are able to distinguish with a large degree of consensus between texts and non-texts. In the present article, I discuss the theoretical implications of this fact for text linguistics. I demonstrate, partly via a small experiment, that sentences in text can contain three categories of linguistic expressions which contribute to signal their position in the text : anaphors, argumentative signals and mental space builders. Taking a partly psycholinguistic point of view, I argue how text linguistics must integrate cognitive as well as linguistic aspects, but suggest that it can nevertheless obtain status as a linguistic science by satisfying the three criteria proposed by Milner (1995) of falsification, « mathematisation » and « technical application ».
Contribution pour une histoire récente de l'analyse du discours
Authors: Combettes Bernard , Charolles Michel
Published: November 2007

Michel Charolles et Bernard Combettes : Contribution pour une histoire récente de l'analyse du discours

The development of discourse analysis at the end of the sixties was made possible because the instigators of the major paradigms in the field (analysis of enunciation, analysis of cohesion, text-grammar) reserve to this analysis a specific field not encroaching on the sentence. More recently, the progression of pragmatics which integrates some aspects of discourse analysis deepened the gap between this analysis and sentence grammar. This problematic situation is changing with the diffusion of works presenting a less formal image of the grammatical relations. Between the cohesive relations expressed by the grammar and those specified by the cohesive markers intervaining beyond the sentence there is only a difference of degree of grammaticalization. These perspectives favorish new topics of investigation on discourse in connection with sentence grammar.
Le phénomène sémantico-discursif de déconstruction-reconstruction des topoï dans une sémantique argumentative intégrée
Authors: Galatanu Olga
Published: November 2007

Olga Galatanu, The semantico-discursive phenomenon of topoï deconstruction-reconstruction in an integrated argumentative semantics

Having as starting point the analysis of semantico-discursive phenomenon, frequent in media discourse, the phenomenon of topoï deconstruction-reconstruction, and in line with the « argumentation in language theory » , this article proposes a description of the lexical meaning suitable to be caracterized as an integrated argumentative semantics which articulates the stereotypes associated to words, in Putnam's meaning, and the « argumentative possibilities » associated to each element of these stereotypes.

An analogy with the quantum states of particles would allow to represent the « argumentative possibilities » of words' meaning as topical clouds, carriers of systems of beliefs .

The article aims to show the incidences of this semantic approach on the analysis of discursive mechanisms.
Les stéréotypes et la contagion des idées
Authors: Dominicy Marc
Published: November 2007

Marc Dominicy, Les stereotypes et la contagion des idées

In a series of books and articles, Dan Sperber has developed a cognitive theory that distinguishes between « intuitive » and « reflective » beliefs. It is argued here that a reflective belief necessarily contains (or « induces ») at least one « unanalized » concept. This hypothesis allows for a treatment of reflective beliefs which does not reduce them to a particular variety of ordinary beliefs, while leading to a better account of evocation. Indeed, evocation can now he seen as a central (nonmodular) mechanism, in which the processing of an unanalized concept involves the exploration of the « stereotype » assigned to it. In this perspective, « stereotypes » are set of beliefs located in the central system, and should not be confused with (modular) « prototypes ». Marc Dominicy, Les stereotypes et la contagion des idées

In a series of books and articles, Dan Sperber has developed a cognitive theory that distinguishes between « intuitive » and « reflective » beliefs. It is argued here that a reflective belief necessarily contains (or « induces ») at least one « unanalized » concept. This hypothesis allows for a treatment of reflective beliefs which does not reduce them to a particular variety of ordinary beliefs, while leading to a better account of evocation. Indeed, evocation can now he seen as a central (nonmodular) mechanism, in which the processing of an unanalized concept involves the exploration of the « stereotype » assigned to it. In this perspective, « stereotypes » are set of beliefs located in the central system, and should not be confused with (modular) « prototypes ».
Le nombre : essai d'analyse génétique
Authors: Jaffré Jean-Pierre , David Jacques
Published: November 2007

Jean-Pierre Jaffré et Jacques David. A Genetic Analysis of Number in French

This paper is devoted to the cognitive operations which underlie the acquisition of number in French orthography. To better understand some of the particuliarities of this linguistic category, a genetic approach is derived from the study of the problems children are confronted with, when they try to learn it. Two main aspects are analyzed: the construction of a "plural protosign" through an interface between linguistic and extralinguistic factors, and its morphosyntactic actualisation, with graphic agreements.
L'acquisition des formes verbales en /E/ à l'école élémentaire et au collège, entre phonographie et morphographie
Authors: Brissaud Catherine , Sandon Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

Catherine Brissaud et Jean-Michel Sandon. L'acquisition des formes verbales en /E/ à l'école élémentaire et au collège : entre phonographie et morphographie

This article deals with the acquisition of the /E/ French verbal inflexional morphology in primary school and in second high school (from 7 to 15 year old students). The study is based upon the observation of two corpora. The first one consists in metagraphic discussions with the students (from 7 to 10). The second one consists in a test (taken by 1269 students from 10 to 15) about /E/ homophonous verbal endings. The analysis of the errors made by the students led us to bring to light three big tendencies in second high school. We try to analyse how these tendencies work in primary school from the observation of what the students say about errors.
Analyse du corpus ORTHOTEL : apport du traitement automatique à la classification des déviations orthographiques
Authors: Auberge Véronique , Ghneim Nadia , Belrhali Rahia
Published: November 2007

Véronique Aubergé, Nadia Ghneim, Rabia Belrhali. Analyse du corpus ORTHOTEL : apport du traitement automatique à la classification des déviations orthographiques

The aim of this study is to present organized statistical data extracted from a large corpus of 15 000 forms showing spelling errors. This corpus, ORTHOTEL, is the result of Minitel users wondering about word spelling. An automatic treatment has been applied to the corpus to separate and analyse erors. Half of the forms of the corpus are rightly spelled. It indicates the users' degree of linguistic insecurity. An automatic text-to-phone system applied on the badly spelled words shows that a great part are homophone to a correct word taken from a reference lexicon of 80 000 canonical forms. An alignment algorithm has classified the orthographic transformations which account for deviations from the reference lexicon .
Elle est là qui pleure : construction à thème spatialement localisé
Authors: Furukawa Naoyo
Published: November 2007

Naoyo Furukawa, Elle est là qui pleure : construction à thème spatialement localisé

This paper argues that sentences of the type Elle est là qui pleure represent a "spatially located theme" construction. Our analysis of the mechanism that produces this particular theme, consists crucially in the observation that the antecedent of the relative pronoun qui is not the subject Elle but, formally speaking, all the sequence that precedes it, that is, Elle est là ; in other words, the rôle of the relative pronoun qui in this construction resides in receiving a spatially located entity semantically from the sequence Elle est là and thematizing it.
Instances frontières et angélisme narratif
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: November 2007

Dominique Maingueneau : Borderline beings and narrative "angelism"

This article, based on some concepts of discourse analysis and of the linguistics of enunciation, deals with fuzzy relationships between narrator and character in novelistic narration. The author studies especially two notions that he has already introduced in previous works: "generic character" and "witness- narrator", in order to give them a more precise definition. A distinction is made between "unidentifiable character" and "any member of a group", as enunciative positions in the narrative. The next step is the introduction of a new notion, "narrative angelism", which makes it possible to analyse some short passages beyond the scope of classical narration. Two examples (from Zola and Mauriac) are commented. It is argued that such phenomena, which are very few, are narrowly bound with the resources of a given language (for example, French writers can use the subject pronoun "on") and with the aesthetic universe of the works in which they appear.
Compléments circonstanciels ou appositions ?
Authors: Leeman Danielle
Published: November 2007

Danielle Leeman - Compléments circonstanciels ou appositions?

Contemporary studies on apposition no longer take into account, as one of its characteristics, the traditional criterion of co-reference , understood as a virtual (lexical) or actual (referential) identity; from this point of view, certain adverbial complements may be considered as appositions. However, the study of numerous prepositional groups introduced by dans shows that the notion of co-reference is useful when it comes to distinguishing analytically between two types of functions an adverbial complement may have, in so far as its meaning may be circumstantial (e.g. of cause, manner, place) or else correspond to the verbal idea : thus, the decision to dissolve the National Assembly constitutes a mistake in a sentence such as Dans sa décision de dissoudre l'assemblée, Chirac a commis une erreur.
Préliminaires à une étude de l'apposition dans la langue parlée
Authors: Blanche-Benveniste Claire , Caddeo Sandrine
Published: November 2007

Claire Blanche-Benveniste, Sandrine Caddéo - Préliminaires à une étude de l'apposition dans la langue parlée

The definition one takes as a basis for studying appositions in spoken French can vary from broad stereotyped types to more limitative cases. Largely dependent on the particular register of language, as well as the definition one takes as a basis. From the to the limit cases, the range of examples that can come under the category of "appositions" is broader than in the written language, although one can dispense with some of the descriptive criteria such as punctuation.
La linguistique diachronique, les études sur la grammaticalisation et la sémantique du prototype : présentation
Authors: De Mulder Walter
Published: November 2007

Walter De Mulder: La linguistique diachronique, la grammaticalisation et la sémantique du prototype

The only objective of this text is to offer a general presentation of the research on grammaticalization and of diachronic prototype semantics. After a brief reminder of the history of the studies on grammaticalization, it presents the "parameters of grammaticalization" of Lehmann. Then, it turns to the way research of grammaticalization has tried to account for the semantic evolution of the grammaticalized elements, first in terms of metaphoric transfers, then in terms of contextual reinterpretation and metonymy, and, finally, on the basis of the general hypothesis of subjectification. The second part of the article presents the way prototype semantics can be used to analyze semantic change, starting from an article by Peter Koch and the book on diachronic prototype semantics by Dirk Geeraerts.
Grammaticalisation et évolution des systèmes grammaticaux
Authors: Marchello-Nizia Christiane
Published: November 2007

Christiane Marchello-Nizia : Grammaticalisation et évolution des systèmes grammaticaux

"Grammaticalization" is defined as the formation of grammatical elements out of lexical units, and the creation of new paradigms. This paper wants to attract attention to a third type of changes, on a more abstract level: the changes which modify the system of distinctions and oppositions on which the paradigms of the language, its grammar, are founded. The author analyzes three changes which have occurred in French from the end of the twelfth century to the sixteenth century: the reorganization of the system of the demonstratives, the replacement of moult by beaucoup and très, and the introduction of new forms in the paradigm of the indefinites. She proposes to explain these changes by the hypothesis that they reflect the introduction in French of a formal and paradigmatic difference between units of first level (nouns, pronouns, verbs) and units of second level (adjectives, determiners, adverbs).
Compétences, productions et représentations métalinguistiques chez des migrants espagnols de longue date
Authors: Costa-Galligani Stéphanie
Published: November 2007

Stéphanie Costa-Galligani : Compétences, productions et représentations métalinguistiques chez des migrants espagnols de longue date

This article deals with the relationship between the metalinguistic perceptions of Spanish migrants who have been living in France for many years and whose appropriation of French has been largely informal through their social and linguistic integration, and their linguistic output in French. The latter is analysed with regard to zones of fluctuation and stability in their terminal grammar. The data take the form of interviews and oral expression of their life-stories including their linguistic autobiographies on the one hand, and linguistic introspection on the other. The aim is to describe a near-native state of interlanguage, where the spoken form has attained a stage of stability and /or fossilization, in order to characterise an advanced non-native variety of French.
Jeux de rôle et évaluations sur le vif en Belgique néerlandophone : analyse d'un double bind ordinaire
Authors: Flament-Boistrancourt Danièle
Published: November 2007

Danielle Flament-Boistrancourt : Jeux de rôle et évaluations sur le vif en Belgique néerlandophone : analyse d'un double bind ordinaire

The teaching of spoken French L1 or L2 has always been considered as a difficult objective. In order to understand better the reasons for this phenomenon, we took the opportunity of the present renewal of French L2 teaching in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, to undertake the data collection of teachers discourse via spontaneous observations and assessments made during classroom role-plays.

The analysis of our corpus shows that teachers have inherited views on language and learning which are not adapted to the new pedagogical model for the communicative teaching of French L2. Most puzzling was not so much the existence of these double binds as the fact they persist. It appears that successful communication as seen in the French classes observed relies on a common schooling heritage among teachers and pupils. It is that very heritage which, from a psychosocial point of view, allows the class to interact in a rewarding way and exist as a group. This is true for any human communication based on a minimum of shared knowledge. It is possible to escape that teaching inheritance, so remote from the true linguistic workings of verbal interactions in French, by the use of reflexive training techniques and an outsider's point of view. communication based on a minimum of shared knowledge. It is possible to escape that teaching inheritance, so remote from the true linguistic workings of verbal interactions in French, by the use of reflexive training techniques and an outsider's point of view.
Mots-phrases, phrasillons, locutions-énoncés : aux frontières de la grammaire et du lexique en français langue étrangère
Authors: Porquier Rémy
Published: November 2007

Rémy Porquier : Mots-phrases, phrasillons, locutions-énoncés : aux frontières de la grammaire et du lexique en français langue étrangère

This paper focuses on the specific status, both from linguistic and didactic points of view, of those short discourse units on the borders of grammar and lexis, often called in French « mots-phrases » [single-word sentences], and which we choose to call « locutions-énoncés » (allô, bonjour, au revoir, ça y est, attention, au secours) since they can function fundamentally as full discourse units, although many grammars include most of them within the category of interjections. According to various criteria, including their oral characteristics, they are shown to perform a wide variety of pragmatic and discourse functions (as already suggested by Tesnière in 1965) where the meanings are closely associated with specific prosodie patterns. Secondly, the place and the role of these units in the learning /teaching of French as a second or foreign language is considered, as a component of discursive competence in relation to oral interaction including intonation.
Esquisse d'une histoire négative de l'endophasie
Authors: Bergounioux Gabriel
Published: November 2007

Gabriel Bergounioux : A brief negative history of endophasia concentrating almost exclusively on work in French devoted to this issue

Literature today, in its most prominent forms, offers concrete evidence of endophasia. Human sciences first encountered this mode of realized speech in clinical experiments in aphasia, in theories of the unconscious, in semantic research and in studies in child language acquisition. A debate between Egger (1881) and Charcot (1884), the latter supported by Bernard (1885) and Dugas (1896), led to an accepted position which, foregrounding as it did a typology of characters as well as principles of cortical localization, completely abandoned linguistics. During the first half of the twentieth century, Piaget, followed by Vygotski, by dint of new observations revived interest in the question, which was dealt with also within structuralist theory by Jakobson in his notion of code and by Benveniste in his theory of énonciation, separating the linguistic from that which concerns being per se.
À propos de même
Authors: Culioli Antoine
Published: November 2007

Antoine Culioli : À propos de même

An analysis of the various uses of même, including a special consideration for its position in the utterance, is brought out within the framework of a "schematic form", considered as an abstract (metalinguistic) form, liable to lay the foundation of a reasoning on the variation of the value of the word, and, thus, to simulate what is bound to remain moving, unsteady and inaccessible in itself.
Identité et variation du verbe jouer
Authors: Romero-Lopes Marcia Cristina
Published: November 2007

Márcia Cristina Romero-Lopes : Identité et variation du verbe jouer

This paper is based on the hypothesis that the identity of the French verb jouer cannot be reduced to a given basic meaning. The author holds that the word can be considered as a potential which gets actualised in its different uses. She proposes both a definition of this potential, in terms of a "schematic form", and a means to account for the variation of the meaning of the verb through the different ways this schematic form can be brought into play. can be considered as a potential which gets actualised in its different uses. She proposes both a definition of this potential, in terms of a "schematic form", and a means to account for the variation of the meaning of the verb through the different ways this schematic form can be brought into play.