bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple-species biofilms as structuralized microbial communities for modulating microbiota homeostasis in human
Authors: Ren Anmin , Zhou Yachun , Xu Zhenbo , Jia Tianyuan , Yang Liang
Published: November 2024

The human body is colonized by a diverse community of microorganisms that are crucial for human health, while microbiota homeostasis is modulated by both environmental and host-derived cues. Specific microbial species form surface-attached microcolonies surrounded by their self-generated extracellular polymeric substances called biofilms. These complex assemblies may protect commensal bacteria, serving as a barrier against pathogenic microorganisms as well as hostile conditions, thus creating structuralized microbial communities for complex microbial interactions. However, biofilms formed by pathogenic bacteria will lead to invasion and perturbance of microbiota homeostasis, potentially leading to dysbiosis and diseases. In this review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the multiple-species biofilms on microbiota homeostasis within the human body. We describe the nature of biofilms in various anatomical regions, emphasizing their protective role against pathogenic invasions and their potential roles in causing disease under certain conditions. We also explore the microbial interactions between biofilms and microbial communities, emphasizing the significant potential of biofilms to alter the structure and composition of microbial assemblages. Finally, we suggest the directions for future biofilm research to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases related to microbial dysbiosis and human health.
Integrative DNA methylome and transcriptome analysis illuminate leaf phenotype alterations in tetraploid citrus
Authors: Gao Hu , Xiao Gong-Ao , Bao Yi , Xia Qiang-Ming , Xie Kai-Dong , Wu Xiao-Meng , Guo Wen-Wu
Published: November 2024

Whole-genome duplication (WGD) in plants triggers profound morphological and physiological changes, with DNA modification being a key epigenetic factor that helps neo-polyploids overcome challenges and gain adaptive advantages. Tetraploids were previously mined from diploid citrus seedlings, showing enhanced environmental adaptability and potential as rootstocks. These tetraploids exhibited increased leaf and cell wall thickness compared to their diploid counterparts. To explore the impact of WGD, transcriptomic and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) were conducted on two pairs of citrus tetraploids and their diploid controls, revealing significant molecular changes. Notably, tetraploid citrus displayed lower CG methylation levels in gene and transposable element (TE) bodies relative to diploids. Differentially methylated genes (DMGs) between tetraploids and diploids were primarily associated with immune stress, organ development, metabolic pathways, and secondary metabolism. In Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) and Ziyang Xiangcheng (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka), only 150 and 58 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, respectively, with enrichment in critical cellular processes such as cell wall synthesis, plastid development, and pathways modulating chloroplasts and plasma membranes. A total of 70 genes showed both differential methylation and expression, including ACN1, Nac036, and ASMT1, which are involved in stomatal development, leaf morphology, and melatonin synthesis, respectively, offering insight into the regulatory mechanisms of phenotype alterations after polyploidization. These findings reveal the epigenetic modifications in polyploid citrus and highlight the role of polyploidization-induced methylation in driving phenotypic changes.
Empathy through Listening
Authors: HAYAKAWA SEISUKE , MIYAHARA KATSUNORI
Published: November 2024

We often seek empathy from others by asking them to listen to our stories. But what exactly is the role of listening in empathy? One might think that it is merely a means for the empathizer to gather rich information about the empathized. We shall rather argue that listening is an embodied action, one that plays a significant role in empathic perspective-taking. We make our case via a descriptive analysis of a paradigm case of empathy mediated by listening or what we can call empathy through listening. On our view, empathy through listening involves three distinctive features: (1) dynamic unfolding, (2) collaboration, and (3) mutual perspective reshaping. Listening contributes to this process by initiating and sustaining a feedback loop of receptivity that occurs between empathizing and empathized agents.
The first derivative test and the classification of stationary points
Authors: Di Biagio Lorenzo
Published: November 2024

Given a real differentiable function f we say that a point x0 is a stationary point of f if f′ (x0) = 0.

In any standard single-variable calculus class, students learn how to determine the nature of a stationary point by checking the sign of f(x) in intervals to the left and to the right of the stationary point. In doing so, they are performing the first derivative test.
Inverse tangent series via telescoping sums
Authors: Gordon Russell A.
Published: November 2024

When first learning about infinite series, students typically are shown some examples for which the partial sums can be simplified by taking advantage of telescoping sums. In this paper, we present many examples of such series, all involving the inverse tangent function and most of which involve the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers. Most of the series presented here have appeared in various papers (see the references), but the authors are usually working in an abstract setting which makes it difficult for students to follow the basic ideas. We seek to make these results accessible to a wider audience.
Recursive averages and the renewal theorem
Authors: Jameson G. J. O.
Published: November 2024

Consider the sequence of numbers an defined by the iteration (1) for n ≥ k, where pr 1 ≤ r ≤ k) are non-negative numbers with and the starting values are given. So an is a weighted average of the previous k terms.
A generalisation of a theorem of al-Kuhi
Authors: Abu-Saymeh Sadi , Hajja Mowaffaq
Published: November 2024

Several problems that were composed and/or solved by the tenth century Islamic mathematician Abu Sahl al-Kuhi reached us via the writings of Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi, another tenth century Islamic mathematician who, according to [1], was presumably a student of al-Kuhi’s. Twelve of these (sets of) problems and theorems are discussed in [1] and are referred to as The Fragments. The theorem of al-Kuhi alluded to in the title is Fragment #9, which is presented below, together with Fragment #5 and their proofs, in Section 2. Section 3 is devoted to the generalisation referred to in the title. Section 4 describes a relation to angle trisection and Sections 5 and 7 a relation too a configuration of Serenus. Section 6 contains a speculation on what motivated Fragment #9.
Sums of distinct fifth roots of unity and the regular dodecahedron
Authors: Stewart Ian
Published: November 2024

Integer linear combinations of cube, fourth, or sixth roots of unity form lattices in the complex plane . In contrast, integer linear combinations of fifth roots of unity do not form a lattice; in fact, they are dense in . Nevertheless, the geometry for fifth roots of unity has considerable structure. Here we consider only sums of distinct fifth roots of unity, and show that 20 of these sums are orthogonal projections of the vertices of a regular dodecahedron. Pentagonal symmetry here is only to be expected, but it is a little surprising to encounter a plane projection of a polyhedron with much richer dodecahedral symmetry.
Opposite Variations for Pore Pressure on and off the Fault During Simulated Earthquakes in the Laboratory
Authors: Liu Dong , Brantut Nicolas , Aben Franciscus M.
Published: November 2024

We measured the spatiotemporal evolution of pore pressure on‐ and off‐fault during failure and slip in initially intact Westerly granite under triaxial conditions. The pore pressure perturbations in the fault zone and the surrounding bulk presented opposite signs upon shear failure, resulting in large pore pressure gradients over small distances (up to 10 MPa/cm). The on‐fault pore pressure dropped due to localized fault dilation associated with fracture coalescence and fault slip, and the off‐fault pore pressure increased due to bulk compaction resulting from the closure of dilatant microcracks mostly parallel to the maximum compression axis. We show that a reduction in bulk porosity and relatively undrained conditions during failure are necessary for the presence of the off‐fault pore pressure elevation. Considering this phenomenon as a consequence of a main shock, we further show that off‐fault pore pressure increase has the potential to trigger neighboring fault instabilities. In nature, we expect the phenomenon of off‐fault pore pressure increase to be most relevant for misoriented faults, where the pre‐rupture stresses can be large enough to reach the dilatancy threshold in the wall rocks.
Ambient Noise Tomography of Northern Borneo Reveals Evidence of Subduction and Post‐Subduction Processes
Authors: Fone J. , Rawlinson N. , Pilia S. , Gilligan A. , Cornwell D. G. , Tongkul F.
Published: November 2024

The region of northern Borneo in South East Asia sits within a post‐subduction setting formed by the recent termination of two sequential but opposed subduction systems. In this study we use seismic data from a recent temporary array deployment to image the crustal velocity structure beneath northern Borneo using a two‐stage Bayesian trans‐dimensional tomography scheme, in which period dependent phase velocity maps are first generated, and then used to build a 3‐D shear wave model through a series of 1‐D inversions. In the second stage, we also apply an Artificial Neural Network to solve the 1D inverse problem, which results in a smoother 3‐D model compared to the TransD approach without sacrificing data fit. Our shear wave velocity model reveals a complex crustal structure. Under the Crocker Range, a heterogeneous velocity structure likely represents remnants of early Miocene subduction, including underthrust continental crust from subsequent continent‐continent collision. In the east we observe high velocities that are interpreted to be igneous rocks in the crust generated by melting due to mid Miocene Celebes Sea subduction and later decompression melting as well as a low velocity zone that could represent underthrust sediment or duplexes from Celebes Sea subduction. A low velocity zone in the lower crust is present in a region of apparent crustal thinning. Our preferred explanation for this anomaly is remnant thermal upwelling within a failed rift that represents the on‐shore continuation of the extension of the Sulu Sea, most likely caused by rollback of the Celebes Sea slab.
Observations of Elevated Mixing and Periodic Structures Within Diurnal Warm Layers
Authors: Zeiden Kristin , Thomson Jim , Shcherbina Andrey , D'Asaro Eric
Published: November 2024

Surface drifters (SWIFTs) equipped with down‐looking high‐resolution acoustic doppler current profilers (ADCPs) were used to estimate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate within highly stratified diurnal warm layers (DWLs) in the Southern California Bight. Over a 10‐day period, five instances of DWLs were observed with strong surface temperature anomalies up to 3°C and velocity anomalies up to 0.3 m . Profiles of in the upper 5 m suggest turbulence is strongly modulated by the DWL stratification. Burst‐averaged (8.5 min) is stronger than predicted by law‐of‐the‐wall boundary layer scaling within the DWLs and suppressed below. Predictions for within the DWLs are improved by a shear‐production scaling using observed shear and linearly decaying turbulent stress. However, is still under‐predicted. Examination of the un‐averaged acoustic backscatter data suggests elevated is related to the presence of turbulent structures in the DWLs which span the layer height and strongly modulate TKE. Evolution in the bulk Richardson number each day suggests the DWLs become unstable to layer‐scale overturning and entrainment each afternoon, thus the turbulent structures may result from shear‐driven instability. This interpretation is supported by a conditional average of the data during a burst characterized by strongly periodic structures. The structures resemble high‐frequency internal waves with strong asymmetry in the along‐flow direction (steepening) which suggests they are unstable. Coincident asymmetric patterns in upwelling/downwelling and corresponding regions of strong vertical convergence/divergence suggest that both vertical transport and local TKE generation are plausible sources of elevated in the DWLs.
Spermine oxidase promotes Helicobacter pylori-mediated gastric carcinogenesis through acrolein production
Authors: McNamara Kara M. , Sierra Johanna C. , Latour Yvonne L. , Hawkins Caroline V. , Asim Mohammad , Williams Kamery J. , Barry Daniel P. , Allaman Margaret M. , Zagol-Ikapitte Irene , Luis Paula B. , Schneider Claus , Delgado Alberto G. , Piazuelo M. Blanca , Tyree Regina N. , Carson Kate S. , Choksi Yash A. , Coburn Lori A. , Gobert Alain P. , Wilson Keith T.
Published: November 2024

Helicobacter pylori is the primary cause of gastric cancer, and there is a need to discover new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in H. pylori disease progression. We have previously shown that spermine oxidase (SMOX), the enzyme that catabolizes the back-conversion of the polyamine spermine to spermidine, is upregulated during infection and is associated with increased cancer risk in humans. We sought to determine the direct role of SMOX in gastric carcinogenesis during H. pylori infection. In this study, we demonstrate that transgenic FVB/N insulin-gastrin (INS-GAS) mice that develop gastric carcinoma with H. pylori infection were protected from cancer development with Smox deletion. RNA sequencing revealed that genes associated with the immune system and cancer were downregulated in the infected Smox

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mice. Furthermore, there was a decrease in cell proliferation and DNA damage in infected Smox

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animals. There was significant generation of adducts of the highly reactive electrophile acrolein, a byproduct of SMOX activity, in gastric tissues from H. pylori-infected humans and wild-type, but not Smox

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mice. Genetic deletion of Smox in murine organoids or chemical inhibition of SMOX in human gastric epithelial cells significantly reduced generation of acrolein induced by H. pylori. Additionally, acrolein-induced DNA damage in gastric epithelial cells was ablated with the electrophile scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA). Gastric acrolein adduct levels were attenuated in infected INS-GAS mice treated with 2-HOBA, which exhibit reduced gastric carcinoma. These findings implicate SMOX and acrolein in H. pylori-induced carcinogenesis, thus indicating their potential as therapeutic targets.
Base-editing corrects metabolic abnormalities in a humanized mouse model for glycogen storage disease type-Ia
Authors: Arnaoutova Irina , Aratyn-Schaus Yvonne , Zhang Lisa , Packer Michael S. , Chen Hung-Dar , Lee Cheol , Gautam Sudeep , Gregoire Francine M. , Leboeuf Dominique , Boule Steven , Fernandez Thomas P. , Huang Victoria , Cheng Lo-I , Lung Genesis , Bannister Brianna , Decker Jeremy , Leete Thomas , Shuang Lan S. , Bock Caroline , Kothiyal Prachi , Grayson Phil , Mok Ka W. , Quinn Jeffrey J. , Young Lauren , Barrera Luis , Ciaramella Giuseppe , Mansfield Brian C. , Chou Janice Y.
Published: November 2024

Glycogen storage disease type-Ia patients, deficient in the G6PC1 gene encoding glucose-6-phosphatase-α, lack blood glucose control, resulting in life-threatening hypoglycemia. Here we show our humanized mouse model, huR83C, carrying the pathogenic G6PC1-R83C variant displays the phenotype of glycogen storage disease type-Ia and dies prematurely. We evaluate the efficacy of BEAM-301, a formulation of lipid nanoparticles containing a newly-engineered adenine base editor, to correct the G6PC1-R83C variant in huR83C mice and monitor phenotypic correction through one year. BEAM-301 can correct up to ~60% of the G6PC1-R83C variant in liver cells, restores blood glucose control, improves metabolic abnormalities of the disease, and confers long-term survival to the mice. Interestingly, just ~10% base correction is therapeutic. The durable pharmacological efficacy of base editing in huR83C mice supports the development of BEAM-301 as a potential therapeutic for homozygous and compound heterozygous glycogen storage disease type-Ia patients carrying the G6PC1-R83C variant.
Diuretics and mortality reduction in incident dialysis patients: a two-year observational study
Authors: Ingwiller Maxime , Bozman Dogan-Firat , Florens Nans , Cerasuolo Damiano , Vigneau Cécile , Couchoud Cécile , Hannedouche Thierry
Published: November 2024

Fluid overload predicts morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Diuretics can reduce fluid overload, but their effects on morbi-mortality following inception remain ill-defined. To determine whether diuretics reduce mortality and hospitalization rates in incident dialysis patients in the first 2 years after inception. Adult patients starting dialysis between 2009 and 2015 in the REIN registry were matched with the SNDS database and divided into four subgroups according to loop diuretics exposure: < 5%, 5–50%, 50–80% or > 80% over the observation period of each patient. The incidence of hospitalization was described based on the primary diagnoses of the discharge summaries and codes. In this study, which included 67,736 patients, 53,829 (79.5%) who had varying degrees of diuretic exposure exhibited a significantly lower mortality rate at 2 years compared to those without diuretic exposure (24.8% [95% CI 24.4–25.2], vs 37.5% [95% CI 36.7–38.3] respectively). However, the duration of diuretic exposure significantly impacted outcomes. The all-cause mortality rate at two years was highest in the group with ≥ 80% exposure (68.2% [95% CI 67.3–69.1]), followed by those with 50–80% exposure (15.7% [95% CI 15.0–16.4]), and those with 5–50% exposure (6.6% [95% CI 6.3–7.0]). An inverse probability weighting (IPW) propensity score analysis supported these findings. Stratified analyses showed consistent results regardless of a history of congestive heart failure and were similar for both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Additionally, the number of hospitalizations and length of stay were generally higher in the group with the longest exposure to loop diuretics. Diuretic exposure was generally associated with a lower mortality rate in dialysis patients. However, prolonged exposure (≥ 80%) was linked to an increased risk of mortality and hospitalization. This prolonged exposure may indicate residual diuresis at the cost of chronic fluid overload.
Gamma-ray shielding effectiveness, optical, mechanical, dielectric properties of nanofiller-reinforced PVA/PVP polymeric blend nanocomposites
Authors: El Rahman Aya , Metwally H. S. , Sabry N. , Mohammed M. I.
Published: November 2024

The aqueous solution cast method was used to create the biodegradable polymer nanocomposite (PNC) films from a blend of poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) PVP (70/30 wt %) and Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs). These PNC films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. XRD and FTIR results indicate that Fe+ 3 NPs interact with the host polymer. Optical, electrical, mechanical, and radiation shielding measurements were performed on the PNC films. From the optical measurements, the indirect optical band gap drops from 4.86 eV for the pure blend to 4.26 eV at the greatest NPs concentration. Optical limiting characterization shows that the output power of He-Ne and solid-state green laser beams is reduced from 22.98 to 3.6 mW and 6.59 to 1.4 mW, respectively, when the Fe2O3 NPs content in the blend matrix is increased to 6 wt %. The NGCal software was utilized to calculate nuclear radiation shielding properties. The findings demonstrated that when the concentration of Fe2O3 rose, the PNC films half-value layer and mean free path decreased. Mechanical measurements demonstrate that increasing the Fe2O3 content significantly improves nanocomposite films’ yield and tensile strength. Tensile strength is measured at 27.03 MPa for the composite film containing 6 wt % Fe2O3, which is significantly higher than the 8.66 MPa of the pure (PVA-PVP) film. Compared to the other samples under examination, the 6 wt % Fe2O3 sample yielded the best results (based on the analyzed optical, electrical, mechanical, and radiation shielding properties).
Vulnerability assessment of English and Welsh coastal areas
Authors: Kantamaneni Komali , Xing Liuchang , Gupta Vijaya , Campos Luiza C.
Published: November 2024

The escalating threat of climate change has placed global coastal communities at risk, with rising sea levels and intensified storm events presenting unprecedented challenges. Coastal vulnerability assessments, conducted every 3–5 years, are crucial. This empirical study assesses the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for the distinct coastal contexts of Dawlish, Happisburgh (England), and Aberystwyth (Wales). The CVI method consists of the Physical Coastal Vulnerability Index (PCVI) and the Economic Coastal Vulnerability Index (ECVI), which provide a multidimensional assessment of vulnerability for coastal zones. This integrated index allows for a nuanced evaluation of vulnerability, distinguishing between sites based on various factors. Additionally, this study conducted a correlation analysis to understand the associations between the parameters. The findings demonstrate that physical features like beach and dune widths significantly impact a location’s natural defences, and economic factors such as property values and population density are equally crucial in determining societal risks and potential financial repercussions. The Combined Coastal Vulnerability Index (CCVI) results confirm the effectiveness of incorporating a diverse range of variables. Despite its substantial economic value, it reveals that Dawlish requires targeted protective measures, whereas Happisburgh needs an increased focus on its most vulnerable sectors. Aberystwyth emerges as the area with the highest overall vulnerability, underscoring the need for comprehensive coastal management practices. The study’s conclusions emphasize the essential role of adaptive, integrated management strategies in enhancing coastal resilience against the complex threats posed by climate dynamics. Moving forward, the indices established herein advocate for their use in strategic planning and policymaking to strengthen coastal regions in the face of sea-level rise and climatic variability. This investigation lays the groundwork for future research, aimed at refining and expanding these methodologies, aspiring to develop a detailed national coastal vulnerability atlas, a critical tool for informed decision-making and safeguarding at-risk communities.
Selection of optimal extraction and RT-PCR protocols for stool RNA detection of colorectal cancer associated immune genes
Authors: Omran Thura Akrem , Madsø Inger Line , Sæther Per Christian , Bemanian Vahid , Tunsjø Hege Smith
Published: November 2024

There is a growing interest in using fecal mRNA transcripts as biomarkers for non-invasive detection of colorectal cancer (CRC). The following study compares different RNA extraction and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) methods for mRNA detection in stool and identifies a robust and sensitive protocol. A combination of the Stool total RNA purification kit (Norgen) and the Superscript III one-step RT-PCR kit (Invitrogen) provided high RNA purity and sensitive and consistent mRNA detection, making them well-suited candidates for large-scale studies. We tested the protocol by detecting the mRNA of several immune genes (CXCL1, IL8, IL1B, IL6, PTGS2, and SPP1) in 22 CRCs, 24 adenomatous polyps, and 22 control stool samples. All these inflammatory markers, except for CXCL1, showed a strong association with CRC. Cancer stool samples showed increased levels of IL1B, IL8, and PTGS2 transcripts compared to polyp and control groups. Thus, this work supports the potential use of fecal mRNA as biomarkers for CRC detection.
Large language models can outperform humans in social situational judgments
Authors: Mittelstädt Justin M. , Maier Julia , Goerke Panja , Zinn Frank , Hermes Michael
Published: November 2024

Large language models (LLM) have been a catalyst for the public interest in artificial intelligence (AI). These technologies perform some knowledge-based tasks better and faster than human beings. However, whether AIs can correctly assess social situations and devise socially appropriate behavior, is still unclear. We conducted an established Situational Judgment Test (SJT) with five different chatbots and compared their results with responses of human participants (N = 276). Claude, Copilot and you.com’s smart assistant performed significantly better than humans in proposing suitable behaviors in social situations. Moreover, their effectiveness rating of different behavior options aligned well with expert ratings. These results indicate that LLMs are capable of producing adept social judgments. While this constitutes an important requirement for the use as virtual social assistants, challenges and risks are still associated with their wide-spread use in social contexts.
Visible light responsive heterophase Titania monoliths for the fast and efficient photocatalytic decontamination of organic pollutants
Authors: Babu Denna , Jagadeesan Dhivya , Thejaswini T. V. L. , Mohan Akhila Maheswari , Deivasigamani Prabhakaran
Published: November 2024

The article reports the synthesis of an ordered mesoporous network of heterophase TiO2 monoliths as a visible light-responsive photocatalyst using tri-block copolymers of Pluronic F108, P123 and F127 as structure-directing agents (SDAs) and temperature-controlled calcination (450–650 °C) has been carried out by direct templating-assisted hydrothermal approach. The structural/surface morphology and topographical properties of the photocatalyst are characterized using FE-SEM-EDAX, HR-TEM-SAED, p-XRD, VB-XPS, PLS, TG/DTA, UV-Vis-DRS, BET/BJH and zeta potential analysis. The undoped heterophase mesoporous TiO2 monoliths with in-built lattice/surface defects exhibit visible light photocatalytic properties, successfully dissipating Reactive Brown 10 (RB-10) dye. The influence of physicochemical parameters, such as SDAs, temperature, pH, dye concentration, catalyst dosage, photosensitizers and light intensities, are optimized for maximum photocatalytic performance at a shorter timespan. The F127-assisted mesoporous TiO2 monolith (550 °C) exhibits superior degradation kinetics (15 min) for RB-10 dye solution (20 ppm) at pH 2.0–3.0 using a photocatalyst dosage of 50 mg and 2 mM of KBrO3, irradiated with 150 W/cm2 tungsten lamp. The photocatalysts are fabricated without complicated chemical modifications and display topmost efficiency in quickly decontaminating persistent pollutants. The photoproducts from RB-10 photocatalytic degradation are investigated using HR-MS analysis. The photocatalyst can be reused efficiently for six cycles, even under extreme conditions.
Uneven global retreat of persistent mountain snow cover alongside mountain warming from ERA5-land
Authors: Blau Manuel Tobias , Kad Pratik , Turton Jenny V. , Ha Kyung-Ja
Published: November 2024

The warming of mountains has become evident in recent years, with a mean global warming rate of 1.19 °C from 1979 to 2022. However, unveiling the global divergent decline of persistent mountain snow cover in the face of climate shifts remains unexplored. However, the global decline of persistent mountain snow cover due to climate change is not well understood. This study uses reanalysis and satellite data to examine changes in snow cover lasting over six months across our global mountain regions. We reveal a significant global mean decline of 7.79% in persistent snow cover over the past 44 years. The regional snow cover trends exhibit a heterogeneous and non-linear response to its regional warming rate. Our findings highlight the interplay between global warming and snow cover, emphasizing the need for sustainable development strategies to address the potential impacts of diminishing mountain snow.
Accuracy and efficiency of drilling trajectories with augmented reality versus conventional navigation randomized crossover trial
Authors: Li Yao , Drobinsky Sergey , Becker Paulina , Xie Kunpeng , Lipprandt Myriam , Mueller Christian Andreas , Egger Jan , Hölzle Frank , Röhrig Rainer , Radermacher Klaus , de la Fuente Matías , Puladi Behrus
Published: November 2024

Conventional navigation systems (CNS) in surgery require strong spatial cognitive abilities and hand-eye coordination. Augmented Reality Navigation Systems (ARNS) provide 3D guidance and may overcome these challenges, but their accuracy and efficiency compared to CNS have not been systematically evaluated. In this randomized crossover study with 36 participants from different professional backgrounds (surgeons, students, engineers), drilling accuracy, time and perceived workload were evaluated using ARNS and CNS. For the first time, this study provides compelling evidence that ARNS and CNS have comparable accuracy in translational error. Differences in angle and depth error with ARNS were likely due to limited stereoscopic vision, hardware limitations, and design. Despite this, ARNS was preferred by most participants, including surgeons with prior navigation experience, and demonstrated a significantly better overall user experience. Depending on accuracy requirements, ARNS could serve as a viable alternative to CNS for guided drilling, with potential for future optimization.
The kinase NEK6 positively regulates LSD1 activity and accumulation in local chromatin sub-compartments
Authors: Knodel Franziska , Eirich Jürgen , Pinter Sabine , Eisler Stephan A. , Finkemeier Iris , Rathert Philipp
Published: November 2024

LSD1 plays a crucial role in mammalian biology, regulated through interactions with coregulators and post-translational modifications. Here we show that the kinase NEK6 stimulates LSD1 activity in cells and observe a strong colocalization of NEK6 and LSD1 at distinct chromatin sub-compartments (CSCs). We demonstrate that LSD1 is a substrate for NEK6 phosphorylation at the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of LSD1, which shows phase separation behavior in vitro and in cells. The LSD1-IDR is important for LSD1 activity and functions to co-compartmentalize NEK6, histone peptides and DNA. The subsequent phosphorylation of LSD1 by NEK6 supports the concentration of LSD1 at these distinct CSCs, which is imperative for dynamic control of transcription. This suggest that phase separation is crucial for the regulatory function of LSD1 and our findings highlight the role of NEK6 in modulating LSD1 activity and phase separation, expanding our understanding of LSD1 regulation and its implications in cellular processes.
Proteomic and metabolic profiling reveals molecular phenotype associated with chemotrophic growth of Rubrivivax benzoatilyticus JA2 on l-tryptophan
Authors: Ahmad Shabbir , Mohammed Mujahid , Mekala Lakshmi Prasuna , Chintalapati Sasikala , Chintalapati Ramana
Published: November 2024

Proteo-metabolic profiling reveals molecular adaptations and new insights into l-tryptophan catabolism of a phototrophic bacterium grown on l-tryptophan. Study highlights integrated omics as potential tool to discover new biochemical processes.
Unraveling the correlation between biological effects and halogen substituents in cobalt bis(dicarbollide)
Authors: Zakret-Drozdowska Katarzyna , Szermer-Olearnik Bożena , Goldeman Waldemar , Gos Michalina , Drozdowski Dawid , Gągor Anna , Goszczyński Tomasz M.
Published: November 2024

Visual representation of cobalt bis(dicarbollide) with emphasis on the relationship between halogen substituents and biological properties.
PIFA-mediated cyclization of methyl(2-(1-phenylvinyl)phenyl)sulfane for the concise, flexible, and scalable de novo synthesis of C3-arylated benzo[b]thiophenes
Authors: Liu Xinya , Provot Olivier , Tran Christine , Soulé Jean François , Hamze Abdallah
Published: November 2024

This work presents an efficient PIFA-mediated cyclization for synthesizing C3-arylated benzo[b]thiophenes, which are crucial in medicinal chemistry, while bypassing traditional sulfoxide intermediate formation via a novel thionium complex pathway.
Rh-Catalysed hydroacyloxylation of cyclopropenes: regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of acyloxycyclopropanes
Authors: Martínez Ángel Manu , Domínguez Gema , Alonso Inés , Palaín Marta , Pérez-Castells Javier
Published: November 2024

Rh(iii)-catalyzed addition of carboxylic acids to cyclopropenes allows the regio-, facial-, and syn-selective synthesis of polysubstituted acyloxycyclopropanes.
A photo/biocatalytic system for visible-light driven l-alanine production from ammonia and pyruvate
Authors: Yamada Kyosuke , Amao Yutaka
Published: November 2024

Visible-light driven l-alanine, biodegradable nylon precursor, from biobased material pyruvate and ammonium ions with the system consisting of triethanolamine, water-soluble zinc porphyrin, pentamethylcyclopentadienyl coordinated rhodium complex, NAD+ and l-alanine dehydrogenase is developed.
Retraction: Thermally reduced graphene oxide/polymelamine formaldehyde nanocomposite as a high specific capacitance electrochemical supercapacitor electrode
Authors: Ensafi Ali A. , Alinajafi Hossein A. , Rezaei B.
Published: November 2024

Retraction of ‘Thermally reduced graphene oxide/polymelamine formaldehyde nanocomposite as a high specific capacitance electrochemical supercapacitor electrode’ by Ali A. Ensafi et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 6045–6053, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA10825G.
Biochemical Society support in action: experiences from our community
Authors: Ollett Lucy
Published: November 2024

Throughout the year, the Biochemical Society offers a programme of grants for all career stages supporting research, attendance at scientific conferences, and the sponsorship of events. So far this year, we have awarded over £312,000 towards conference participation, international collaboration, diversity projects and PhD scholarships. In this article, we are delighted to share a few insights from our community that highlight the variety of projects and opportunities made possible by our funding.

For more information about our funding opportunities and the application process, please visit our website.
3D‐printed biomimetic and bioinspired soft actuators
Authors: Sparks Sonja S. , Obando Alejandro G. , Li Yizong , Chen Si , Yao Shanshan , Qiu Kaiyan
Published: November 2024

A major intent of scientific research is the replication of the behaviour observed in natural spaces. In robotics, these can be through biomimetic movements in devices and inspiration from diverse actions in nature, also known as bioinspired features. An interesting pathway enabling both features is the fabrication of soft actuators. Specifically, 3D‐printing has been explored as a potential approach for the development of biomimetic and bioinspired soft actuators. The extent of this method is highlighted through the large array of applications and techniques used to create these devices, as applications from the movement of fern trees to contraction in organs are explored. In this review, different 3D‐printing fabrication methods, materials, and types of soft actuators, and their respective applications are discussed in depth. Finally, the extent of their use for present operations and future technological advances are discussed.
Modelling and analysis of repulsive cellular networks using Matérn hard‐core point processes
Authors: Chen Chunlin
Published: November 2024

The repulsive nature of Matérn hard‐core point process makes it well‐suited for modelling base station placements, where proximity constraints are critical. This letter reexamines the spatial properties of the model and proposes an empirical Weibull approximation for the contact distance distribution, where the shape and scale parameters can be reliably estimated through tractable regression models. Additionally, the probability generating functional is approximated using an exponential upper bound, simplifying the computation of the Laplace transform of interference. From these results, analytically tractable expressions are derived for the probability of coverage and average data rate. Simulations validate the accuracy of these analytical estimates.
Experimental assessment of containers running on top of virtual machines
Authors: Aqasizade Hossein , Ataie Ehsan , Bastam Mostafa
Published: November 2024

Over the past two decades, the cloud computing paradigm has gradually attracted more popularity due to its efficient resource usage and simple service access model. Virtualisation technology is the fundamental element of cloud computing that brings several benefits to cloud users and providers, such as workload isolation, energy efficiency, server consolidation, and cost reduction. This paper examines the combination of operating system‐level virtualisation (containers) and hardware‐level virtualisation (virtual machines). To this end, the performance of containers running on top of virtual machines is experimentally compared with standalone virtual machines and containers based on different hardware resources, including the processor, main memory, disk, and network in a real testbed by running the most commonly used benchmarks. Paravirtualisation and full virtualisation as well as type 1 and type 2 hypervisors are covered in this study. In addition, three prevalent containerisation platforms are examined.
A dual‐excitation inductive power transfer system with decoupled transformer for high misalignment tolerance
Authors: Xu Kerui , Zhou Jing , Che Yuchao , He Rui , Wang Yuankui , Wang Bo , Huang Haocai
Published: November 2024

This study delves into the design and optimization of a 4 kW dual‐excitation inductive power transfer system designed to accommodate large misalignments. The system utilizes a bipolar‐solenoid inductive coupled transformer as its coupling mechanism. Detailed simulation and analysis of this coupling mechanism are conducted. Additionally, the system employs a control strategy aimed at optimizing the coordination between output power and efficiency. This control strategy dynamically adjusts the power of the two transmitters, aiming to enhance system efficiency to the maximum extent possible under favourable coupling conditions. Moreover, it ensures that the system's output power remains at or above the rated value even when coupling conditions deteriorate. During the experiment, the system can optimize the output power and efficiency at the same time by using a suitable control strategy when the coils are misaligned. Meanwhile, the system can achieve a minimum efficiency of 81.5% even when the misalignment distance reaches 300 mm (60% of per transmitting coil size). The system and control strategy proposed in this paper can effectively overcome the deterioration of the output characteristics of the wireless power transfer system when misalignment occurs.
Breaking degeneracies in exoplanetary parameters through self-consistent atmosphere–interior modelling
Authors: Wilkinson C. , Charnay B. , Mazevet S. , Lagrange A.-M. , Chomez A. , Squicciarini V. , Panek E. , Mazoyer J.
Published: November 2024

Context. With a new generation of observational instruments largely dedicated to exoplanets (i.e. JWST, ELTs, PLATO, and Ariel) providing atmospheric spectra and mass and radius measurements for large exoplanet populations, the planetary models used to understand the findings are being put to the test.

Aims. We seek to develop a new planetary model, the Heat Atmosphere Density Evolution Solver (HADES), which is the product of self-consistently coupling an atmosphere model and an interior model, and aim to compare its results to currently available findings.

Methods. We conducted atmospheric calculations under radiative-convective equilibrium, while the interior is based on the most recent and validated ab initio equations of state. We pay particular attention to the atmosphere-interior link by ensuring a continuous thermal, gravity, and molecular mass profile between the two models.

Results. We applied the model to the database of currently known exoplanets to characterise intrinsic thermal properties. In contrast to previous findings, we show that intrinsic temperatures (Tint) of 200–400 K – increasing with equilibrium temperature – are required to explain the observed radius inflation of hot Jupiters. In addition, we applied our model to perform ‘atmosphere-interior’ retrievals by Bayesian inference using observed spectra and measured parameters. This allows us to showcase the model using example applications, namely to WASP-39 b and 51 Eridani b. For the former, we show how the use of spectroscopic measurements can break degeneracies in the atmospheric metallicity (Z) and intrinsic temperature. We derive relatively high values of Z = 14.79−1.91+ 1.80 × solar and Tint = 297.39−16.9+8.95 K, which are necessary to explain the radius inflation and the chemical composition of WASP-39 b. With this example, we show th.e importance of using a self-consistent model with the radius being a constrained parameter of the model and of using the age of the host star to break radius and mass degeneracies. When applying our model to 51 Eridani b, we derive a planet mass Mp = 3.13−0.040.05 MJ and a core mass Mcore = 31.86+0.32−0.18 ME, suggesting a potential formation by core accretion combined with a ‘hot start’ scenario.

Conclusions. We conclude that self-consistent atmosphere–interior models efficiently break degeneracies in the structure of both transiting and directly imaged exoplanets. Such tools have great potential to interpret current and future observations, thereby providing new insights into the formation and evolution of exoplanets.
The ESO UVES/FEROS Large Programs of TESS OB pulsators
Authors: Serebriakova Nadya , Tkachenko Andrew , Aerts Conny
Published: November 2024

Context. Spectral lines of hot massive stars are known to exhibit large excess broadening in addition to rotational broadening. This excess broadening is often attributed to macroturbulence, whose physical origin is a matter of active debate in the stellar astrophysics community.

Aims. We aim to shed light on the physical origin of macroturbulent line broadening by looking into the statistical properties of a large sample of O- and B-type stars both in the Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC).

Methods. We deliver newly measured macroturbulent velocities for 86 stars from the Galaxy in a consistent manner with 126 stars from the LMC. We composed a total sample of 594 stars with measured macroturbulent velocities by complementing our sample with archival data for the Galactic O- and B-type stars in order to gain better coverage of the parameter space. Furthermore, we computed an extensive grid of MESA models to compare, in a statistical manner, the predicted interior properties of stars (such as convection and wave propagation) with the inference of macroturbulent velocities from high-resolution spectroscopic observations.

Results. We find evidence for subsurface convective zones that formed in the iron opacity bump (FeCZ) being connected to observed macroturbulent velocities in hot massive stars. Additionally, we find the presence of two principally different regimes where, depending on the initial stellar mass, different mechanisms may be responsible for the observed excess line broadening.

Conclusions. Stars with initial masses above 30 M⊙ exhibit macroturbulent velocities that are in line with FeCZ properties, as indicated by the trends in both observations and models. For stars below 12 M⊙, alternative mechanisms are needed to explain macroturbulent broadening, such as internal gravity waves (IGWs). Finally, in the intermediate range between 12 and 30 M⊙, IGWs tunnelling through subsurface convective layers combined with the presence of FeCZ-driven convection suggests that both processes could contribute to the observed macroturbulent velocities. This intermediate regime presents a region where the interplay between these two (or more) mechanisms remains to be fully understood.
Measurement and calculation of magnetic flux density generated by the second cooling zone electromagnetic stirring (S-EMS) of a slab continuous casting strand
Authors: Meng Chuntao , Zheng Fu , Chen Wei , Zhang Jing , Zhang Lifeng
Published: November 2024

In the current study, a measurement of the magnetic flux density in the second cooling zone was performed for a 1250 mm width and 200 mm thickness slab continuous casting strand generated by the electromagnetic stirring with varied current intensity and frequency. From the narrow face to the width center of the slab, the magnetic flux density showed a increased, decreased, increased to a peak, and finally decreased trend. The magnetic flux density was decreased from the wide side to the thickness center of the slab, while an increase occurred from the model top to the stirrer center along the casting direction. To broaden the measurement range of the electromagnetic stirring parameters, the electromagnetic field in the strand and stirrer was calculated based on the finite element method, and the current input was achieved using the node loading approach. The effect of the mesh density on the calculation accuracy was investigated, and it was found that the 20 mm cell size in the strand region and the 10 mm cell size in the coil conductor and the iron core were enough to achieve a good agreement between the calculation and measurement. The empirical equations, Bx = 0.165.f 0.63.I −0.57.(–6870.x4–9700.x3–4260.x2–495.x + 90), By = 0.167.f −0.5.I 0.45. (4272.y2 + 0.2733.y + 101.4), and Bz = 0.1724.f −0.5.I 0.45.(0.0191.exp(24.16.z − 16.12.z2) + 2.3) were derived to estimate the local magnetic flux density based on measured values across the width of the slab and calculated values along the casting direction under diverse operational conditions. These equations hold practical significance in elucidating the spatial distribution of magnetic flux density within the strand region in the second cooling zone.