bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Driving Forces of the Consumer Price Index During the Crises in the Eurozone: Heterogeneous Panel Approach
Authors: Pejčić Jovica , Glavaški Olgica , Beljić Marina
Published: October 2024

This paper examines key driving forces of inflationary pressures, taking into account supply and demand side determinants and actions of policy makers, during the pandemic and geopolitical crises in the Eurozone. Using heterogeneous nonstationary macro-panel models, especially the Mean Group (MG) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG) methods in the period 2020q1–2024q4, it is concluded that the dominant determination of inflationary pressures comes from the supply side. There is a long-run positive equilibrium relationship between the growth of energy prices and the growth of the consumer price index (CPI), and between the index representing supply bottlenecks (SBI) and the growth of CPI, while the relationship with the unemployment rate is insignificant. Also, the existence of a long-run equilibrium between the interest rate and CPI is homogeneous due to the unique monetary policy on a sample, and negative, indicating the efficiency of that policy. However, the speed of adjustment of individual economies is heterogeneous, and in the case of Greece and Ireland, insignificant. The heterogeneous or insignificant response of Eurozone member states, especially related to core-periphery asymmetry, refers to the vulnerability and structural weakness of the Eurozone economies, and the need for deeper integration.
Early Childhood Education and Care Services, and Parents’ Work–Life Balance
Authors: Matei Aniela , Ghența Mihaela , Mladen-Macovei Luise
Published: October 2024

Parents’ work–life balance represents a major challenge, especially for those who have young children. The present article aims to identify the perceptions of parents relating to the purpose of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services, care responsibilities, and factors that affect the balance between caring responsibilities for children and the professional career of parents. Using a database with 825 parents, who have children aged between 0 and 6 years enrolled in the ECEC system (nurseries, kindergartens), we performed a descriptive statistical analysis and a logistic regression to identify factors that affect the balance between caring responsibilities and career. The results indicate an appreciation of the usefulness of ECEC services (nurseries/kindergartens) by parents and underline the importance of parents’ involvement in the activities of ECEC services. Results also show that three factors affect the balance between caring responsibilities for children and professional career as follows: the residence area, the educational level, and the proximity to ECEC services. The need to develop ECEC services in Romania is correlated with the work–family balance field. Policymakers should focus more on structural changes and the development of early childhood education and care services, as well as the expansion of such services in both rural and urban areas.
Quantum Effects Induced by Defects in Thin-Film Structures: A Hybrid Modeling Approach to Conductance and Transmission Analysis
Authors: Mączka Mariusz , Hałdaś Grzegorz , Pawłowski Stanisław , Korzeniewska Ewa
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the possibility of quantum effects arising from defects resulting from the use of textronic electroconductive thin films and evaluated their impact on control characteristics. A hybrid model, where the classical approach to determine stationary fields based on the boundary element method was combined with a quantum mechanical approach using nonequilibrium Green’s functions, was created. The results of conductance and transmission coefficient simulations for different types of defects in the studied structure and a wide range of temperatures assuming two different control modes are presented. Based on the results, the conditions for the occurrence of quantum effects on the surface of conducting paths containing defects were specified, and their impact on conductance in the quantum mechanical approach was estimated.
Blockchain Bottleneck Analysis Based on Performance Metrics Causality
Authors: Song Weihu , Zhu Mengxiao , Lu Dong , Zhu Chen , Zhao Jiejie , Sun Yi , Li Lei , Zhu Haogang
Published: October 2024

With the widespread application of blockchain technology across various industries, detecting and analyzing performance bottlenecks is crucial for evaluating and optimizing blockchain system performance. However, current research needs general performance metrics for detecting and analyzing bottlenecks. Only some studies focus on this aspect within blockchain systems. To address this, this paper first proposes 18 fine-grained performance metrics to evaluate performance across various layers of blockchain systems comprehensively. Subsequently, we introduce a generalized loosely coupled performance measurement framework to capture these metrics and construct the causal relationship between them, i.e., the mesoscopic performance structure. This approach allows for the detection and analysis of performance bottlenecks. Finally, numerous experimental results demonstrate that the causality between the relevant performance metrics disappears when the system reaches a performance bottleneck. Additionally, the framework has a performance impact of less than 15% on ChainMaker.
Spare Parts Management Strategy of High-Speed Railway Running Department Based on Performance Prediction
Authors: Gao Zhi , He Meixuan , Zhang Xinming , Chen Manlin , Wang Wei
Published: October 2024

Spare parts management is a critical aspect of high-speed train health management, playing a vital role in maximizing in-service time and minimizing maintenance costs. However, traditional spare parts management methods, which rely solely on historical experience and suggest spare parts quantities or ratios in equipment manuals, often lack practicality and fail to meet real-world demands. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a performance prediction-based spare parts management strategy for high-speed trains. The strategy comprises three main components. First, a performance degradation model is developed using performance evaluation results to define a performance degradation envelope. Next, the required quantity or ratio of spare parts for multiple devices in different performance states is determined using the expected performance score method. Finally, the timing of spare parts orders is scientifically optimized by accounting for production and transportation lead times. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, we conducted experiments using the spare parts management of a specific high-speed train running gear as a case study and compared it with existing spare parts management methods.
Mission Planning Method for Dense Area Target Observation Based on Clustering Agile Satellites
Authors: Yu Chuanyi , Nie Xin , Chen Yuan , Chen Yilin
Published: October 2024

To address the mission planning challenge for agile satellites in dense point target observation, a clustering strategy based on an ant colony algorithm and a heuristic simulated genetic annealing optimization algorithm are proposed. First, the imaging observation process of agile satellites is analyzed, and an improved ant colony algorithm is employed to optimize the clustering of observation tasks, enabling the satellites to complete more observation tasks efficiently with a more stable attitude. Second, to solve for the optimal group target observation sequence and achieve higher total observation benefits, a task planning model based on multi-target observation benefits and attitude maneuver energy consumption is established, considering the visible time windows of targets and the time constraints between adjacent targets. To overcome the drawbacks of traditional simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, which are prone to local optimal solution and a slow convergence speed, a novel Simulated Genetic Annealing Algorithm is designed while optimizing the sum of target observation weights and yaw angles while also accounting for factors such as target visibility windows and satellite attitude transition times between targets. Ultimately, the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are substantiated by comparing its performance against traditional heuristic optimization algorithms using a dataset comprising large-scale dense ground targets.
Improved A-STAR Algorithm for Power Line Inspection UAV Path Planning
Authors: Li Yanchu , Dong Xinzhou , Ding Qingqing , Xiong Yinlong , Liao Huilian , Wang Tao
Published: October 2024

The operational areas for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) used in power line inspection are highly complex; thus, the best path planning under known obstacles is of significant research value for UAVs. This paper establishes a three-dimensional spatial environment based on the gridding and filling of two-dimensional maps, simulates a variety of obstacles, and proposes a new optimization algorithm based on the A-STAR algorithm, considering the unique dynamics and control characteristics of quadcopter UAVs. By utilizing a novel heuristic evaluation function and uniformly applied quadratic B-spline curve smoothing, the planned path is optimized to better suit UAV inspection scenarios. Compared to the traditional A-STAR algorithm, this method offers improved real-time performance and global optimal solution-solving capabilities and is capable of planning safer and more realistic flight paths based on the operational characteristics of quadcopter UAVs in mountainous environments for power line inspection.
Fixed-Time Backstepping Sliding-Mode Control for Interleaved Boost Converter in DC Microgrids
Authors: Wang Hang , Dong Yanfei , He Guofeng , Song Wenbin
Published: October 2024

Interleaved boost converters (IBCs) are commonly used as interface converters for DC microgrids (MGs) due to their high efficiency and low output ripple. However, the MGs system can easily become unstable due to the negative impedance characteristics of constant power load (CPL) and rapid power fluctuations. This paper proposes a fixed-time backstepping sliding-mode controller (FTBSMC) aimed at stabilizing the MGs system and achieving fixed-time tracking of the DC bus voltage. Firstly, the fixed-time disturbance observer (FxTDO) estimates the load disturbance at a fixed time, which improves the fast disturbance resistance of the system. Then, based on the dis-turbance estimation, the FTBSMC is designed, which combines the fast dynamic response of the sliding-mode control with the global stability of the backstepping control, avoiding the singularity problem of the conventional sliding-mode control. In addition, a first-order nonlinear filter is employed to avoid the direct differentiation of conventional backstepping control and at the same time to ensure global fixed-time stability. The fixed-time convergence of the proposed FTBSMC is rigorously demonstrated by using Lyapunov stability analysis. Finally, the FTBSMC proposed is verified by simulation and experiment in terms of faster dynamic response and stronger robustness.
Optimal Control of Air-Side Economizer
Authors: Lee Jin-Hyun , Cho Young-Hum
Published: October 2024

The economizer system is a method of improving energy efficiency through the operating method, which introduces outdoor air through dampers when the outdoor air temperature or enthalpy is lower than the that of the indoor air. The set values used for economizer control include the mixed air temperature and high and low limits. The set values are presented as fixed values in the relevant standards and are controlled to be fixed during actual operation, which may lead to issues such as indoor discomfort, poor indoor air quality, and energy wastage. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize economizer control by determining appropriate set values considering the indoor and outdoor environments. To this end, this paper reviewed the economizer system, control method, control set values, and prediction models in buildings. As a result, it was concluded that optimal economizer control is possible by utilizing a prediction model.
Stimulation of Batch Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion by Cellulose- and Polysaccharide-Derived Polymers in Landfill Leachates
Authors: Muter Olga , Gudrā Dita , Žorža Laura , Selga Tūrs , Roga Ance , Skinderskis Edmunds , Eismonts Uģis , Vonda Kārlis , Kalniņa Ineta , Fridmanis Dāvids , Grīnbergs Andrejs
Published: October 2024

The fate of biobased and biodegradable cellulose-derived plastics in landfills represents an important topic from economic and environmental points of view. Anaerobic digestion is a cost-effective waste-to-energy technology. The behaviour of six polymer types—that is, cellulose (C), cellulose acetate (CA), viscose (V), nanocellulose (NC), acetate textile (AT), and heteropolysaccharide pectin (P)—was studied under anaerobic batch mesophilic conditions in a landfill leachate for 147 days. The cumulative biogas production was as follows: C>V=CA>>AT>>NC=P. Metagenomic analysis revealed notable variations in the proportion of bacterial and archaeal domains with the highest archaeal abundance in the presence of CA (80.2%) and C (78.5%). At the end of digestion, cellulolytic, hydrolytic, and dehydrogenase activities were measured in the intact samples, as well as the liquid and solid fractions, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cellulolytic activity in P was detected only in the pellet, while in NC, activity was mostly in the supernatant under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy showed a defragmentation and degradation of polymeric substrates as well as microbial colonisation. Based on the results, landfill leachate is appropriate for the anaerobic biodegradation of cellulose-derived polymers; however, the process is polymer specific.
Comprehensive Investigation of Factors Affecting Acid Fracture Propagation with Natural Fracture
Authors: Zeng Qingdong , Li Taixu , Bo Long , Li Xuelong , Yao Jun
Published: October 2024

Acid fracturing is a crucial stimulation technique to enhance hydrocarbon recovery in carbonate reservoirs. However, the interaction between acid fractures and natural fractures remains complex due to the combined effects of mechanical, chemical, and fluid flow processes. This study extends a previously developed hydro-mechano-reactive flow coupled model to analyze these interactions, focusing on the influence of acid dissolution. The model incorporates reservoir heterogeneity and simulates various scenarios, including different stress differences, approaching angles, injection rates, and acid concentrations. Numerical simulations reveal distinct propagation modes for acid and hydraulic fractures, highlighting the significant influence of acid dissolution on fracture behavior. Results show that hydraulic fractures are more likely to cross natural fractures, whereas acid fractures tend to be arrested due to wormhole formation. Increasing stress differences and approaching angles promote fracture crossing, while lower angles favor diversion into natural fractures. Higher injection rates facilitate fracture crossing by increasing pressure accumulation, but excessive acid concentrations hinder fracture initiation due to enhanced wormhole formation. The study demonstrates the importance of tailoring fracturing treatments to specific reservoir conditions, optimizing parameters to enhance fracture propagation and reservoir stimulation. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of fracture mechanics in heterogeneous reservoirs and offer practical implications for improving the efficiency of hydraulic fracturing operations in unconventional reservoirs.
Lost in the Dark: Current Evidence and Knowledge Gaps About Microplastic Pollution in Natural Caves
Authors: Piccardo Manuela , Bevilacqua Stanislao
Published: October 2024

In this study, a systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out to summarize the emerging evidence on microplastic pollution in natural caves. After the screening of 655 papers on the topic from a combined search on the Web of Knowledge and the Scopus databases, we found only 14 studies reporting quantitative data on microplastics from a total of 27 natural caves. Most of the assessments focused on water and sediment, with very limited investigations concerning the cave biota. Overall, the most common types of particles found in caves were small (<1 mm) fibers (~70–90% of items), transparent or light-colored, mostly made of polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Anthropogenic cellulosic materials, however, represented a non-negligible portion of particles (i.e., ~20–30%). Microplastic concentrations in caves varied between 0.017 and 911 items/L for water and 7.9 and 4777 items/kg for sediment, thus falling within the levels of microplastic pollution found in other terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. Levels of microplastic pollution appear largely variable among caves, stressing the need to extend the geographic and environmental ranges of the assessments, which are currently concentrated on Italian caves on land, with very few case studies from other regions of the world and from marine caves. Despite their putative isolation, natural caves have a high vulnerability to microplastic contamination, requiring much more research effort to understand the potential risk that plastics pose to these fragile ecosystems.
Tool–Branch Interaction Mechanism of Impact-Pruning Process Based on Finite Element Method
Authors: Liu Yang , Ban Yichen , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhao Guorui , Wen Jian , Lin Chen
Published: October 2024

This study addresses the necessity for a more profound comprehension of the mechanical behavior and fracture mechanisms of tree branches during impact pruning. The methodologies of the research are to develop a failure model of impact-cutting mechanics and a tool–branch interaction model using the finite element method (FEM). The validation of the model was conducted through the measurement of cutting forces and cross-sectional morphology in the field. A comparative analysis between experimental and simulation data revealed an average relative error below 15% for cutting force and below 10% for the cross-sectional ratio, thereby confirming the accuracy of the model. The findings indicate the presence of plastic deformation within the cutting zone, with elastic deformation prevailing in the surrounding region. As the branch approaches the yield point, the phenomenon of plastic deformation intensifies, resulting in a notable increase in internal energy demands, particularly in larger branches. The optimal pruning diameter was identified as 15 mm. An increase in cutting velocity raises the peak cutting force by 460.9 N per m/s, while a 1° increase in the blade wedge angle adds 34.9 N. A reduction in normal stress by increasing the tool back angle improves energy efficiency. This study provides insights to optimize pruning practices, enhancing efficiency and precision.
Fire and Smoke Detection in Complex Environments
Authors: Safarov Furkat , Muksimova Shakhnoza , Kamoliddin Misirov , Cho Young Im
Published: October 2024

Fire detection is a critical task in environmental monitoring and disaster prevention, with traditional methods often limited in their ability to detect fire and smoke in real time over large areas. The rapid identification of fire and smoke in both indoor and outdoor environments is essential for minimizing damage and ensuring timely intervention. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to fire and smoke detection by integrating a vision transformer (ViT) with the YOLOv5s object detection model. Our modified model leverages the attention-based feature extraction capabilities of ViTs to improve detection accuracy, particularly in complex environments where fires may be occluded or distributed across large regions. By replacing the CSPDarknet53 backbone of YOLOv5s with ViT, the model is able to capture both local and global dependencies in images, resulting in more accurate detection of fire and smoke under challenging conditions. We evaluate the performance of the proposed model using a comprehensive Fire and Smoke Detection Dataset, which includes diverse real-world scenarios. The results demonstrate that our model outperforms baseline YOLOv5 variants in terms of precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP), achieving a mAP@0.5 of 0.664 and a recall of 0.657. The modified YOLOv5s with ViT shows significant improvements in detecting fire and smoke, particularly in scenes with complex backgrounds and varying object scales. Our findings suggest that the integration of ViT as the backbone of YOLOv5s offers a promising approach for real-time fire detection in both urban and natural environments.
Passive Control of the Flow Around a Rectangular Cylinder with a Custom Rough Surface
Authors: Aguirre-López Mario A. , Hueyotl-Zahuantitla Filiberto , Martínez-Vázquez Pedro , Márquez-Urbina José Ulises
Published: October 2024

Motivated by existing techniques for implementing roughness on cylinders to control flow disturbances, we performed delayed detached eddy simulations (DDES) at Re = 6×106 that generated unsteady turbulent flow around a rectangular cylinder with a controlled wrinkled surface and a 1:4 aspect ratio. A systematic study of the roughness effect was carried out by implementing different configurations of equally spaced grooves and bumps on the top-surface of the cylinder. Our results suggest that groove geometries reduce energy dissipation at higher rates than the smooth reference case, whereas bumped cylinders produce relative pressures characterized by a sawtooth pattern along the middle-upper part of the cylinder. Moreover, cylinders with triangular bumps increase mean drag and lift forces by up to 8% and 0.08 units, respectively, while circular bumps increase vorticity and pressure disturbances on the wrinkled surface. All of these effects impact energy dissipation, vorticity, pressure coefficients, and flow velocity along the wrinkled surface. Both the surface-manufactured cylinders and the proposed visualization techniques could be replicated in a variety of engineering developments involving flow characterization in the presence of roughness.
Fokker-Planck Central Moment Lattice Boltzmann Method for Effective Simulations of Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Schupbach William , Premnath Kannan
Published: October 2024

We present a new formulation of the central moment lattice Boltzmann (LB) method based on a minimal continuous Fokker-Planck (FP) kinetic model, originally proposed for stochastic diffusive-drift processes (e.g., Brownian dynamics), by adapting it as a collision model for the continuous Boltzmann equation (CBE) for fluid dynamics. The FP collision model has several desirable properties, including its ability to preserve the quadratic nonlinearity of the CBE, unlike that based on the common Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model. Rather than using an equivalent Langevin equation as a proxy, we construct our approach by directly matching the changes in different discrete central moments independently supported by the lattice under collision to those given by the CBE under the FP-guided collision model. This can be interpreted as a new path for the collision process in terms of the relaxation of the various central moments to “equilibria”, which we term as the Markovian central moment attractors that depend on the products of the adjacent lower order moments and a diffusion coefficient tensor, thereby involving of a chain of attractors; effectively, the latter are nonlinear functions of not only the hydrodynamic variables, but also the non-conserved moments; the relaxation rates are based on scaling the drift coefficient by the order of the moment involved. The construction of the method in terms of the relevant central moments rather than via the drift and diffusion of the distribution functions directly in the velocity space facilitates its numerical implementation and analysis. We show its consistency to the Navier-Stokes equations via a Chapman-Enskog analysis and elucidate the choice of the diffusion coefficient based on the second order moments in accurately representing flows at relatively low viscosities or high Reynolds numbers. We will demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of our new central moment FP-LB formulation, termed as the FPC-LBM, using the D3Q27 lattice for simulations of a variety of flows, including wall-bounded turbulent flows. We show that the FPC-LBM is more stable than other existing LB schemes based on central moments, while avoiding numerical hyperviscosity effects in flow simulations at relatively very low physical fluid viscosities through a refinement to a model founded on kinetic theory.
Sensory Characteristics and Volatile Organic Compound Profile of Wild Edible Mushrooms from Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Barroetaveña Carolina , González Gabriela C. , Tejedor-Calvo Eva , Toledo Carolina , Pildain Maria B.
Published: October 2024

The Andean–Patagonian forests of South America offer a great variety of wild edible mushrooms, many with ancestral use and others linked to new mycogastronomic offers. However, their sensory properties and detailed characterizations have not yet been deeply explored and described, nor have their alterations due to cold storage. The aims of this work were to perform a sensory characterization through a trained panel evaluation, perform target volatile compounds analysis and evaluate post-harvest preservation methods effects on nine species of wild edible mushrooms with different trophic habits (Cortinarius magellanicus, Panus dusenii, Fistulina antarctica, F. endoxantha, Gloeosoma vitellinum, Grifola gargal, Lepista nuda, Ramaria patagonica, and Cyttaria hariotii). The sensory description of dehydrated specimens through quantitative descriptive analysis showed that panelists were a significant source of variation; F. antarctica and R. patagonica registered distinct sweet flavor/spice odor and wood/sweet flavor, respectively, and different textures. Refrigeration produced a rapid loss of sensory characteristics, whereas freezer conservation satisfactorily maintained the characteristics in F. anctartica, R. patagonica, G. vitellinum, and C. hariotti for at least four months. A total of 60 target volatile organic compounds were detected, corresponding to grass, mushroom, alkane, and pungent odors in F. anctartica, R. patagonica, and G. vitellinum. The detailed sensory characterization and post-harvest conservation options of these novel products constitute crucial information to promote their sustainable use and local development through innovative activities linked to tourism, such as mushroom gastronomy and mycotourism.
Impact of Ultra-High-Pressure Homogenisation on the Inactivation of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis Spores in Sheep and Cow Milk
Authors: Antony Anila , Soni Aswathi , Samuelsson Linda M. , Weeks Mike , Woo Meng Wai , Quek Siew-Young , Farid Mohammed , Gupta Tanushree
Published: October 2024

The efficacy of ultra-high-pressure homogenisation (UHPH) in inactivating Bacillus pumilus ATCC 27142 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 spores suspended in sheep and cow milk was investigated. The UHPH treatment was conducted at 200 and 250 MPa with an inlet temperature of 85 °C, resulting in homogenising valve temperatures of 117 °C and 127 °C, respectively. To isolate the role of temperature and pressure in the inactivation of bacterial spores, the UHPH treatment was repeated at 250 MPa with a lower inlet temperature of 70 °C that resulted in a valve temperature of 117 °C. Increasing the pressure and valve temperature resulted in increased inactivation. At 250 MPa with a valve temperature of 127 °C, greater than 5 log CFU/mL reduction was achieved in B. pumilus and B. subtilis spores in both milk types. Reductions of 0.61 ± 0.03 log CFU/mL and 0.62 ± 0.09 log CFU/mL in B. pumilus spores and 1.18 ± 0.04 log CFU/mL and 1.30 ± 0.07 log CFU/mL in B. subtilis spores were obtained at 250 MPa with a valve temperature of 117 °C in sheep and cow milk, respectively. The spore inactivation was influenced by both the pressure and temperature, suggesting a synergistic effect, with the latter playing a critical role in the lethality of the treatment. No significant differences in the inactivation of either strain was observed between sheep and cow milk.
Effects of 910 MHz Solid-State Microwave Cooking on the Quality Properties of Broccoli (Brassica olearacea L. var. Italica Plenck), Carrots (Daucus carota subsp. Sativus), and Red Peppers (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Kapya)
Authors: Çavuşoğlu Kaplan Gönül , Fıratlıgil Ebru
Published: October 2024

Domestic microwave ovens offer rapid cooking but face challenges such as non-uniform temperature distribution and hot spots. A novel solid-state heating system, which precisely controls microwave frequency and power, provides a promising alternative to traditional microwave ovens utilizing magnetron systems. This study compared the effects of solid-state microwave cooking on the quality of broccoli, red peppers, and carrots with those of traditional microwave and conventional cooking. The traditional microwave cooking used in this study operated at 2450 MHz, while the solid-state system functioned between 902 and 928 MHz. Weight loss was highest for conventional cooking, reaching a maximum of 34%, whereas microwave cooking resulted in a maximum of 11.65% and solid-state microwave cooking in 17.04%. The total phenolic content obtained through conventional cooking ranged between 61.58 and 116.51 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents)/100 g dry basis, while microwave cooking resulted in a range of 88.04–110.92 mg, and solid-state microwave cooking achieved values between 76.14 and 122.91 mg. Furthermore, reductions in chlorophyll content were observed to be 68.2%, 25.6%, and 35.7% for conventional, microwave, and solid-state microwave cooking, respectively. Lycopene content after conventional cooking decreased to 224.73 mg/100 g dry basis, compared to 289.55 mg after microwave cooking and 242.94 mg after solid-state microwave cooking. β-carotene content showed a decrease of 14.5% in conventional cooking, while both microwave methods showed an increase of 14.7%. These results suggest that solid-state microwave cooking may have promising positive effects on food quality.
Labneh: A Retail Market Analysis and Selected Product Characterization
Authors: Bhaskaracharya Raman K. , Alnuaimi Fatima Saeed Rashed , Aldarmaki Shaikha Rashed Juma , Abdulazeez Abeena , Ayyash Mutamed
Published: October 2024

Labneh is a popular fermented dairy product, which contemporarily has diversified into a varied range of styles, formulated with the inclusion of multiple additives, and is sourced across the globe. This has driven labneh’s emergence as a complex product with varying textural and rheological characteristics. The lack of scientific literature about labneh products available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) market and their characterization has prompted this study. A detailed UAE market analysis of labneh for label, formulation, nutrition, and price variability was conducted. Surveyed labneh products were categorized as unpackaged, multinational company (MNC), small and medium enterprise (SME), and specialty products. They differed in manufacturing, such as acid ± enzyme coagulation with/without post-fermentation heat treatment, and contained various stabilizers, emulsifiers, preservatives, and processing aids. Interestingly, almost equal proportions, 64.7% and 67%, of MNC and SME labneh contained additives, respectively. All MNC labneh were post-heat-treated, in contrast to only 7% of SME labneh. Organic labneh and non-bovine milk-based labneh are not yet widely available. The second part of the study involved the physicochemical characterization of a select number of packaged labneh that were categorized in accordance with fat content as high-fat (17–18%), full-fat (7.1–8%), and lite-fat (3.5–4.5%). High-fat labneh showed a significantly higher complex viscosity, complex modulus, hardness, adhesiveness, stringiness, and fracturability, followed by lite-fat labneh compared to full-fat labneh, especially when it contained pectin. Full-fat labneh with added gums (and starch) and high-fat labneh with gums showed a significantly lower complex modulus compared to their respective control labneh. This study highlights the variety of commercial labneh products available and differences in their formulation, manufacturing, and composition, and provides specific dependencies of materials with their physicochemical characteristics.
A Mathematical Model for the Combination of Power Ultrasound and High-Pressure Processing in the Inactivation of Inoculated E. coli in Orange Juice
Authors: Rodríguez Óscar , Orlien Vibeke , Amin Ashwitha , Salucci Emiliano , Giannino Francesco , Torrieri Elena
Published: October 2024

The mathematical modeling of a combination of non-thermal technologies for E. coli inactivation is of great interest for describing the dynamic behavior of microorganisms in food, with the goal of process control, optimization, and prediction. This research focused on the design and implementation of a mathematical model to predict the effect of power ultrasound (US), high-pressure processing (HPP), and the combination of both non-thermal technologies on the inactivation kinetics of E. coli (DSM682) inoculated in orange juice. Samples were processed by US, HPP, and a combination of both technologies at varying process parameters, and a mathematical model for microbial inactivation was developed using a System Dynamics approach. The results showed that the combination of these technologies exhibited a synergistic effect, resulting in no detectable colony-forming units per mL of juice. The developed model accurately predicted the inactivation of E. coli following the combination of these technologies (R2 = 0.82) and can be used to predict microbial load reduction or optimize it based on process parameters. Additionally, combining both techniques offers a promising approach for extending the shelf life of fresh juices using non-thermal stabilization technology.
Identification and Mining of Functional Components of Polyphenols in Fruits of Malus Germplasm Resources Based on Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Wang Dajiang , Wang Guangyi , Lu Xiang , Liu Zhao , Sun Simiao , Guo Hanxin , Tian Wen , Li Zichen , Wang Lin , Li Lianwen , Gao Yuan , Wang Kun
Published: October 2024

Polyphenols are important functional components that have anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Apple fruit is rich in polyphenols and is one of the dietary sources of polyphenols. The polyphenol components and contents of the peel and pulp of 74 Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. and 26 Chinese Malus germplasm resources were determined using ultra-high-phase chromatography (UPLC) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The results showed that 34 components were detected in the peel and 30 in the flesh, and that the polyphenol components and contents of the different germplasm resources were significantly different; the polyphenol content of Malus sieversii (Led.) Roem. was significantly higher than that of the other local varieties, and the polyphenol content in the peel was also higher than that in the flesh. Rutin, quercetin 3-O-arabopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and peonidin 3-O-galactoside were detected only in the peel. The total polyphenol content in the peel ranged from 949.76 to 5840.06 mg/kg, and the polyphenol content in the pulp ranged from 367.31 to 5123.10 mg/kg. The cluster analysis of polyphenol components and contents in peel and pulp showed that 100 Malus germplasm resources could be grouped into four categories. Principal component analysis of 34 kinds and 30 kinds of polyphenols in peel and pulp of 100 resources was performed. If the eigenvalue is greater than 1, eight and seven principal components are extracted, respectively. Five Malus resources with high polyphenol content in the peel and pulp were selected: ‘XY-77’ (peel: 5840.06 mg/kg, pulp: 5123.10 mg/kg; ‘LF-09’ (peel: 4692.63 mg/kg, pulp: 3729.79 mg/kg); ‘2012-5’ (peel: 4377.61 mg/kg, pulp: 3847.54 mg/kg); ‘29028’ (peel: 5088.05 mg/kg, pulp: 3994.61 mg/kg); and ‘11-01’ (peel: 5154.45 mg/kg, pulp: 3616.15 mg/kg). These results provide us with information regarding the polyphenol composition and content of the wild apple resources and local cultivars. The high polyphenol content resources obtained by screening can be used as raw materials for the extraction of polyphenol components and functional fruit juice processing and can also be used as parents for functional fruit creation and variety breeding.
Comparison Among Food By-Products to Improve the Shelf Life of a Fresh Burger Based on Shelled Shrimps
Authors: Panza Olimpia , Conte Amalia , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro
Published: October 2024

Pomegranate peels, fig peels, and by-products from turnip greens were used as novel ingredients in burgers based on shelled shrimps. With the aim, a control without any by-products and three fortified samples with 7.5% (w/w) by-product were realized. To verify the benefic effects of by-product addition on the chemical quality of burgers, total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were measured in both the control and fortified samples. In addition, during storage under refrigerated conditions, the microbiological proliferation of the main spoilage bacteria, the pH, and the sensory acceptability were properly monitored in all the samples. Results from chemical analyses confirmed that the nutritional level of shrimp-based burgers enriched with by-products was better than that of the control. Burgers with peels from pomegranate recorded the best results (2.67 ± 0.24 mg GAE/g dw, 1.62 ± 0.21 mg QE/g dw, and 12.63 ± 0.41 mg Trolox/g dw for total phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, respectively). From the microbiological point of view, the bacterial proliferation was always more rapid in the control than in the other samples. Among the by-products, the pomegranate peels better delayed the spoiling phenomena, even though mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria grew abundantly and rapidly in all the products, thus reducing the differences among samples. All the burgers maintained sensory acceptability for more than two weeks, regardless of the by-product addition. Considering both microbiological stability and sensory properties, the shelf life of this product was calculated to be around 1 week for the control burger, 8.5 days for both burgers with fig peels and by-products from turnip greens, and 9 days for the shrimp-based burger fortified with pomegranate peels.
Evaluating the Human Risks of Consumption of Foods of Bovine Origin with Ivermectin Residues in Ecuador
Authors: Paucar-Quishpe Valeria , Cepeda-Bastidas Darío , Rodríguez-Hidalgo Richar , Pérez-Otáñez Ximena , Perez Cecilia , Enríquez Sandra , Guzman Erika , Ulcuango Fernanda , Grijalva Jorge , Vanwambeke Sophie O. , Ron-Garrido Lenin , Saegerman Claude
Published: October 2024

Ivermectin is a widely used antiparasitic in livestock, but its use can result in residues in bovine products and excretions. The objective of the present study was to determine the presence of ivermectin residues in cattle meat, liver, milk, faeces, and urine and assess consumer risk from chronic exposure through contaminated bovine products using a deterministic approach. To determine the presence of ivermectin residues, 124 samples were analysed by liquid chromatography. Residues were found in 68% of faeces samples and small percentages (3%) in liver, milk, and urine, with no residues detected in meat. The mean ivermectin residue in the liver (16.46 µg/kg) remained below the maximum residue limit (MRL); however, in milk (12.46 µg/kg), the residues exceeded the permitted MRL. The results obtained from chronic dietary exposure show that the consumption of ivermectin residues was low, and the risk was assessed as being rare to very rare. Additionally, this study reveals concerning levels of ivermectin residues in milk that may far exceed established safety limits. This situation emphasises the urgent need for stricter regulations and monitoring in milk production, particularly from small farms, to protect vulnerable populations. However, from a one health perspective, the presence of residues in faeces poses potential environmental hazards, warranting further research. Moreover, the detection of residues in milk, despite the ban on ivermectin use in dairy cattle, underscores the importance of compliance with food safety regulations and the need for continued vigilance in this area.
Exponential Quasi-Synchronization of Fractional-Order Fuzzy Cellular Neural Networks via Impulsive Control
Authors: Zhang Yiyao , Wang Mengqing , Wang Fei , Guo Junfeng , Sui Xin
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the exponential quasi-synchronization of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks with parameters mismatch via impulsive control. Firstly, under the framework of the generalized Caputo fractional-order derivative, a new fractional-order impulsive differential inequality is established. Secondly, based on this fractional-order impulsive differential inequality, a general criterion for the quasi-synchronization of fractional-order systems is obtained. Then, specific to the fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural network model in this paper, the criteria and error estimation of the exponential quasi-synchronization of fractional-order fuzzy cellular neural networks can be obtained. Finally, two numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.
Shattering Reality: Monsters from the Multiverse
Authors: Larsen Kristine
Published: October 2024

Kaijū media frequently features dangerous scientific experiments as a central theme, invented by scientists who are falsely convinced that they both completely understand and control their advanced technology. In the past few decades, this has included the introduction of high-energy physics (HEP) experiments—especially mammoth particle accelerators—that, among other destructive results, allow for the entrance of equally large and dangerous creatures into our world from parallel dimensions. Public concerns voiced about the safety of the creation of two groundbreaking energy accelerators—the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in New York and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Europe—in the early 21st century are tied to related science fiction media that capitalize on such fears (including Godzilla vs. Megaguirus [2000], Pacific Rim [2013], The Cloverfield Paradox [2018], The Kaiju Preservation Society [2022]). Particular attention is paid to the Netflix original series Stranger Things (2016–) as a detailed case study. This study concludes with an analysis of scientists’ attempts to embrace the popularity of Stranger Things in their communication with the general public, and suggests that ongoing issues with conspiracy theories have been fueled in part by such attempts, coupled with long-standing issues with the HEP community and their peculiar scientific naming conventions.
Medication Management in Portuguese Long-Term Care Facilities: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rodrigues Ana Rita , Mascarenhas-Melo Filipa , Bell Victoria
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Population ageing has been a pressing global issue for decades. Older adults, especially those residing in long-term care facilities (LTCFs), often experience frailty and polypharmacy, which can lead to negative clinical outcomes. In Portugal, LTCFs provide essential care for individuals aged 65 or older, offering temporary or permanent accommodation. These facilities are not considered healthcare providers, and as a result, pharmaceutical services are not mandatory. This study aimed to evaluate medication management practices in Portuguese LTCFs, identify which professionals are responsible for managing medications, and identify potential gaps in safety and efficacy. Methods: A cross-sectional electronic questionnaire was sent by email to 2552 Portuguese LTCFs from the Portuguese “Carta Social” database. Data collection took place between 20 July and 2 August 2023, yielding a response rate of 15.4% (392 institutions). Results: Most LTCFs (94.39%) oversee their resident’s medication, with 75.95% using the same pharmacy. Individualised medication packaging is used by 57.84% of facilities, and 97.84% provide medication reconciliation and review, mainly conducted by physicians and nurses. Medication is often stored in nursing offices (81.12%) but also in kitchens or dining rooms. Nurses are responsible for medication storage (87.50%) and preparation (81.89%), although non-nursing staff are also involved. In 63.27% of LTCFs, the same individual is responsible for both the preparation and verification of medication. Assistants are involved in both the checking (30.56%) and administering (45.66%) of medication. Conclusions: The results presented illustrate the current status of LTCFs in Portugal. Medication management presents a significant challenge, and it is notable that the role of the pharmacist in this process is not as prominent as it is in other countries.
Effects of Hyrax Maxillary Expander on Nasal Cavity and Upper Airway in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhao Zihe , Cao Rongkai , Yao Mengze , Liao Chongshan
Published: October 2024

Background: Whether Hyrax maxillary expander is an effective treatment for maxillary transverse deficiency as well as expansion of the upper airway is still controversial. The study’s purpose was to evaluate 3D changes in upper airway dimensions of adolescent patients measured primarily by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with the Hyrax maxillary expander. Methods: Studies up to 1 April 2024 were searched in the following databases: PubMed/MEDICINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Inclusion criteria were clinical trials and cohort studies that assessed the effect of RME in adolescent patients with upper airway stenosis using CBCT-based three-dimensional analysis. The risk of bias in the study outcomes was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool, the GRADE method, and a tool for evaluating non-randomized controlled study (non-RCT) literature from a previous systematic review, depending on the types of articles. The study was reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results: The study conducted a random effects meta-analysis of mean differences and 95% confidence intervals for changes in upper airway volumes, including the nasal cavity (NC), in the outcomes of 16 included studies, followed by subgroup analyses. Conclusion: A significant increase in nasopharynx volume was observed after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) by Hyrax maxillary expander (MD = 0.69, 95% CI (0.09~1.28), p = 0.02).