bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary fibrosis after high cumulative dose nitrosourea chemotherapy in a cat
Authors: Skorupski K. A. , Durham A. C. , Duda L. , Sørenmo K. U.
Published: May 2008

Small to intermediate cell alimentary lymphoma was diagnosed in a cat after abdominal exploratory surgery with no prior history of pulmonary disease. Initial response to several chemotherapy regimens was poor, but a long‐term remission was achieved with CCNU (lomustine) and corticosteroid therapy. After receiving a total cumulative CCNU dose of 552 mg m−2 over 12 months, an acute episode of respiratory distress occurred and the cat died. Necropsy identified severe diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and no signs of lymphoma. This is the first report of pulmonary fibrosis following high cumulative dose nitrosourea chemotherapy in a cat.
Serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations and postsurgical outcome in dogs with osteosarcoma
Authors: Thamm D. H. , O’Brien M. G. , Vail D. M.
Published: May 2008

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic growth factor, playing putative roles in both tumour growth and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to correlate pretreatment serum concentrations of VEGF in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA) with disease‐free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS). Additionally, the effect of serum from dogs with OSA on ex vivo canine endothelial cell (EC) growth was determined. Pretreatment platelet‐corrected serum VEGF levels correlated significantly with DFI. No other examined variable predicted outcome. The ability of sera from dogs with OSA to stimulate canine EC proliferation did not correlate with VEGF concentration or outcome. These data support a role for VEGF in the development or progression of metastatic disease in dogs with OSA. The VEGF concentration in tested sera was not a major determinant of ex vivo canine EC proliferation in this study.
Investigation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium lactis on Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Zhang Li , Su Ping , Henriksson Anders , O’Rourke Jani , Mitchell Hazel
Published: May 2008

Background:  Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species have shown beneficial effects in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection; however, the mechanisms behind such effects are not fully understood. In this study, we have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in a mouse model of H. pylori infection.

Materials and methods:  H. pylori‐infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with L. casei L26, B. lactis B94, or no probiotics for 5 weeks, respectively. Mice not infected with H. pylori were included as normal controls. Gastric histology, protein levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐10, IL‐12/23p40, and H. pylori colonization density in the gastric tissues, as well as H. pylori‐specific antibodies were examined.

Results:  In mice receiving L. casei L26 and B. lactis B94, gastric neutrophil infiltration and IL‐1β were significantly decreased and IL‐10 was significantly increased as compared with mice receiving no probiotics. In mice receiving B. lactis B94, IL‐12/23p40 was significantly increased and H. pylori IgG was significantly reduced as compared with mice receiving no probiotics. No significant difference of H. pylori colonization was observed among the three groups of mice.

Conclusion:  The reduced level of IL‐1β and neutrophil infiltration observed in mice infected with H. pylori following treatment with L. casei L26 and B. lactis B94 resulted from a modulation of immune response rather than a decrease of H. pylori colonization. Furthermore, B. lactis B94 has the intrinsic ability to promote a Th1 immune response through an increase in IL‐12/IL‐23.
Assessment of Atrophic Gastritis Using the OLGA System
Authors: Satoh Kiichi , Osawa Hiroyuki , Yoshizawa Mitsuyo , Nakano Hidetoshi , Hirasawa Tomosuke , Kihira Ken , Sugano Kentaro
Published: May 2008

Background:  An international group of gastroenterologists and pathologists (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA)) proposed the staging system of atrophy. The aim of this study was to assess the severity of atrophic gastritis using the OLGA system.

Materials and Methods:  The subjects comprised 163 H. pylori‐positive patients: 18 with early gastric cancers of the intestinal type (GC), 55 with atrophic gastritis (AG), 49 with gastric ulcers or scars (GU), and 41 with duodenal ulcers or scars (DU). Biopsies were taken from the lesser and greater curvatures of the antrum and middle body. The OLGA gastritis stage (0–IV) (the severity and topography of atrophy) was obtained by combining antral with body atrophy scores. The gastritis grade (the severity and topography of inflammation) was obtained by combining antral and body inflammation scores.

Results:  Most (84%) of patients with GC showed stage III or IV. Gastritis stages were significantly higher in patients with GC than in those with AG, GU, and DU. Gastritis stage became higher with age. Gastritis grades were slightly higher in patients with AG than in others.

Conclusions:  Our results indicate that higher stages are found in patients with GC using the OLGA staging system and that the high risk of GC can be recognized. It is simple to use and useful for the assessment of the severity of atrophic gastritis.
A Population‐Based Study of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Chinese Children Resident in Hong Kong: Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors
Authors: Tam Yuk Him , Yeung Chung Kwong , Lee Kim Hung , Sihoe Jennifer Dart Yin , Chan Kin Wai , Cheung Sing Tak , Mou Jennifer Wai Cheung
Published: May 2008

Background:  Data of Helicobacter pylori prevalence in children and its risk factors provide clues to the health authority to estimate burden of H. pylori‐associated diseases usually encountered in adulthood and facilitate healthcare planning.

Materials and Methods:  A cross‐sectional population‐based study was conducted in Chinese children in elementary and high schools. Schools were selected from all three major areas of Hong Kong. H. pylori infection was defined by a positive 13C‐urea breath test. Study subjects were stratified into six age groups for estimation of prevalence. Potential risk factors were analyzed from data of self‐administered questionnaires.

Results:  A total of 2480 children (aged 6–19, male: 47.3%) participated in the study. Overall, 324 (13.1%) were positive for H. pylori. There was no difference in prevalence between sexes, and no statistical trend in the prevalence across the six age groups. Multivariate logistic regression identified lack of formal education of mother (OR = 2.43, 95%CI 1.36–4.34), family history of gastric cancer (OR = 2.19, 95%CI 1.09–4.41), and household member > 5 (OR = 1.57, 95%CI 1.12–2.19) to be positively associated with H. pylori infection in our children.

Conclusions:  The H. pylori prevalence of Hong Kong children is comparable to the data of developed countries. The association with family history of gastric cancer justifies further study to investigate the cost‐benefit of community screening program for such children to decrease the incidence of gastric cancer in adulthood.
Helicobacter pylori‐Pulsed Dendritic Cells Induce H. pylori‐Specific Immunity in Mice
Authors: Zhang Min , Berndt Bradford E. , Eaton Kathryn A. , Rathinavelu Sivaprakash , Pierzchala Anna , Kao John Y.
Published: May 2008

Background:  The growing concern over the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant Helicobacter pylori infection is propelling the development of an efficacious vaccine to control this highly adaptive organism.

Aim:  We studied the use of a dendritic cell (DC)‐based vaccine against H. pylori infection in mice.

Methods:  The cellular immune responses to murine bone marrow‐derived DCs pulsed with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS‐DC) or live H. pylori SS1 (HP‐DC) were assessed in vitro and in vivo. The protective immunity against H. pylori SS1 oral challenge was compared between HP‐DC or PBS‐DC immunized mice. The effect of regulatory T‐cell (Treg) depletion by anti‐CD25 antibody on HP‐DC vaccine efficacy was also evaluated.

Results:  HP‐DC induced a Th1‐dominant response in vitro. In vivo, HP‐DC immunized mice were characterized by a mixed Th1/Th2 peripheral immune response. However, in the stomach, HP‐DC immunized mice expressed a higher level of IFN‐γ compared to PBS‐DC immunized mice; no difference was found for interleukin‐5 expressions in the stomach. A lower bacterial colonization post‐H. pylori challenge was observed in HP‐DC immunized mice compared to PBS‐DC immunized mice with no significant difference in gastritis severity. H. pylori‐specific Th1 response and protective immunity were further enhanced in vivo by depletion of Treg with anti‐CD25 antibody.

Conclusion:  DC‐based anti‐H. pylori vaccine induced H. pylori‐specific helper T‐cell responses capable of limiting bacterial colonization. Our data support the critical role of effector cellular immune response in the development of H. pylori vaccine.
Protection Against Helicobacter pylori Infection in Mongolian Gerbil by Intragastric or Intramuscular Administration of H. pylori Multicomponent Vaccine
Authors: Wu Chao , Shi Yun , Guo Hong , Zou Wei‐Ying , Guo Gang , Xie Qing‐Hua , Mao Xu‐Hu , Tong Wen‐De , Zou Quan‐Ming
Published: May 2008

Background:  Development of Helicobacter pylori vaccine would be a new effective strategy for prevention and treatment of H. pylori infection. Recombinant H. pylori vaccine comprising a single subunit antigen can only induce immune response with limited protection efficiency. In this study, the protective effect of H. pylori multicomponent vaccines consisting of three recombinant subunit antigens was investigated using the Mongolian gerbil model.

Materials and methods:  Mongolian gerbils were immunized with different formulations of three recombinant H. pylori antigens (UreB, HspA, and HpaA) with two different adjuvants (Al(OH)3, LTR72DITH) by intragastric (i.g.) or intramuscular (i.m.) routes. The protective effects of multicomponent vaccines were assessed after H. pylori challenge in different studies. The specific IgG antibodies in serum were monitored by ELISA, and the mRNA expressions of IL‐4 and IFN‐γ in spleen tissue were detected by reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results:  The protective effect against H. pylori challenge in gerbils immunized with three recombinant antigens and LTR72DITH or Al(OH)3 was significantly higher than that in single‐ or double‐antigen vaccine‐immunized and control gerbils. Furthermore, the protective effect of the triple‐antigen vaccine combined with the LTR72DITH adjuvant (average 86.3%) was significantly greater than that of vaccine combined with the Al(OH)3 adjuvant (average 53.4%). After the first immunization, the anti‐UreB/HspA/HpaA serum IgG level in gerbils immunized with triple‐antigen vaccine combined with Al(OH)3 was higher than that in gerbils immunized with the vaccine combined with LTR72DITH. Splenic interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐4 transcript levels were significantly increased in LTR72DITH vaccine‐immunized gerbils as compared to the Al(OH)3 vaccine group. Moreover, splenic IL‐4 mRNA levels were higher than IFN‐γ in gerbils immunized with triple‐antigen vaccine with either LTR72DITH or Al(OH)3.

Conclusions:  This study indicated that the recombinant multicomponent vaccine provided effective protection against H. pylori infection as compared to the single‐antigen vaccine. This protective immunity would be closely associated with a predominant Th2‐type response.
CONDITIONAL PRODUCTION OF A FUNCTIONAL FISH GROWTH HORMONE IN THE TRANSGENIC LINE OF NANNOCHLOROPSIS OCULATA (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Chen Hsin Liang , Li Si Shen , Huang Rang , Tsai Huai‐Jen
Published: May 2008

Plasmid phr‐YPGHc, containing the fish growth hormone (GH) cDNA driven by a heat shock protein 70A promoter and a RUBISCO SSU 2 promoter, was transferred into the protoplast of marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata (Droop) D. J. Hibberd by electroporation. Four transgenic clones were obtained in which the transferred phr‐YPGHc was integrated into the genome and existed stably at least until the 50th generation. When we treated these transgenic microalgae by heat shock, the heterologous fish GH was produced in the amount of 0.42 to 0.27 μg · mL−1 from the 50 mL of medium. We incubated artemia with the wildtype and transgenic N. oculata for 6 h and then fed these microalgae‐treated artemia to red‐tilapia larvae. After feeding, the growth of larvae that were fed artemia incubated with transgenic microalgae was greater (i.e., statistically significant: P < 0.05) than that of larvae that were fed artemia incubated with nontransgenic microalgae: 316% versus 104% in weight gain, and 217% versus 146% in body length increase, respectively. Therefore, the N. oculata enables production of functional GH, and we propose that it might be an excellent bioreactor material.
Estimating the pathogen safety of manufactured human plasma products: application to fibrin sealants and to thrombin
Authors: Horowitz Bernard , Busch Michael
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Plasma fractionators have implemented many improvements over the past decade directed toward reducing the likelihood of pathogen transmission by purified blood products, yet little has been published attempting to assess the overall impact of these improvements on the probability of safety of the final product.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Safety margins for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), parvovirus B19, and variant form of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (vCJD) were calculated for the two fibrin sealants licensed in the United States and for thrombin. These products were selected because their use in a clinical setting is, in most cases, optional, and both were relatively recently approved for marketing by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Moreover, thrombin and fibrinogen both undergo two dedicated virus inactivation steps and/or removal steps in accord with the recommendations of regulatory agencies worldwide. Safety margins were determined by comparing the potential maximum viral loads in contaminated units to viral clearance factors, ultimately leading to the calculation of the residual risk per vial.

RESULTS: The residual risk of pathogen transmission per vial was calculated to be less than 1 in 10−15 for HIV, HCV, HBV, and HAV for both fibrinogen and thrombin. Owing to the greater quantities that can be present and its greater thermal stability, the calculated risk for parvovirus transmission was 1 in 500,000 vials for fibrinogen and less than 1 in 107 per vial for thrombin. Assuming that vCJD is found to be present in plasma donations, its risk of transmission by these purified and processed plasma derivatives would appear to be very low.

CONCLUSIONS: The pathogen safety initiatives implemented by plasma fractionators over the past 10 to 20 years have resulted in products with excellent pathogen safety profiles. Of the agents examined, parvovirus continues to have the lowest calculated margin of safety. Despite this, parvovirus transmissions should be rare. Manufacturers are encouraged to continue exploring processes to further enlarge parvovirus safety margins and to continue exploring ways of eliminating prions.
Acute Systolic Dysfunction within Two Weeks of High‐Dose Chemotherapy Conditioning before Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant: A Case Report
Authors: Gupta Raghav , Murray Christina , Lazzara Ralph , Sivaram C.A.
Published: May 2008

Studies have shown various cardiotoxic effects of high‐dose chemotherapy (HDC) used for conditioning before autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) including arrhythmias but only a transient small decrease in left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). To our knowledge, an acute dramatic decrease in LVEF after HDC preconditioning has never been reported. We report a patient presenting with an acutely symptomatic heart failure within 2 weeks of receiving HDC conditioning for ABMT with an LVEF drop from normal to <30%. With stringent management and follow‐up with regular echocardiograms for medication reconciliation, 5 months later she regained her LVEF of 50%.
Application of Three Dental Methods of Adult Age Estimation from Intact Single Rooted Teeth to a Peruvian Sample
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. , Parra Roberto C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: Methods of estimating adult age at death from such dental features as root translucency, root length, and the extent of periodontosis in intact single rooted teeth have proven useful in studies of modern individuals, especially in estimating age in older adults. Questions remain however, concerning the impact of regional and population variation on accuracy. To examine this issue, three approaches to age estimation were applied to a diverse sample of 100 individuals from Peru. Mean errors of estimation for all three approaches were similar to those originally reported, suggesting minimal impact of population variation of the features measured. A new regression equation, specifically for Peruvian samples, is provided.
Determination of Sex for the 12th Thoracic Vertebra by Morphometry of Three‐dimensional Reconstructed Vertebral Models
Authors: Yu Sheng‐Bo , Lee U‐Young , Kwak Dai‐Soon , Ahn Yong‐Woo , Jin Chang‐Zhu , Zhao Jie , Sui Hong‐Jin , Han Seung‐Ho
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Thirty‐three linear measurements and two ratios were derived from 102 12th thoracic vertebrae of the Digital Korean database at the Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy. Of 35 linear traits, 23 were sexually dimorphic. We created 23 discriminant function equations that predicted sex with 62.7–85.3% accuracy. The analysis using combinations of two factors gave higher accuracies: most equations with accuracies over 80% included at least one measurement involving the coronal diameter of the vertebral endplate. Using stepwise method of discriminant function analysis, three variables predicted sex with 90.0% accuracy: the coronal diameter of the superior endplate of the vertebral body, the ratio of anterior to middle height of the body, and the length of the left mammillary process and pedicle. Coronal dimensions of the vertebral body represented the major sex difference. These equations will help forensic discrimination of the sex of this vertebra among Koreans.
Identification of Acepromazine in Hair: An Illustration of the Difficulties Encountered in Investigating Drug‐facilitated Crimes
Authors: Gaulier Jean‐Michel , Sauvage François‐Ludovic , Pauthier Hélène , Saint‐Marcoux Franck , Marquet Pierre , Lachâtre Gérard
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  After a drug‐facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), a woman was found in a drowsy state at home. She remembered having drunk an unknown beverage by the accused. Blood samples (collected 8 hours after the DFSA), two glasses, and a teaspoon seized by the police were analyzed. Acepromazine, a phenothiazine tranquilizer used in human and veterinary medicine, was detected in the residue of one of the glasses. In spite of acepromazine absence in the victim’s blood, the possible use of acepromazine in the DFSA was reported to the police. Two weeks later, a suspect admitted having orally administered acepromazine to the victim. Using a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method, this compound was subsequently detected (31 pg/mg) in a sample of the victim’s hair collected a month and a half after the DFSA. A potential short elimination half‐life in humans and/or the well‐known in vitro degradation of acepromazine could explain the negative blood result. DFSA toxicological investigations are challenging and can be complicated when a rather unusual substance is concerned. In particular, special care should be taken when interpreting the results, taking into account elimination and/or instability data, when available.
Estimation and Evidence in Forensic Anthropology: Age‐at‐Death
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Herrmann Nicholas P. , Wescott Daniel J. , Kimmerle Erin H.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: A great deal has previously been written about the use of skeletal morphological changes in estimating ages‐at‐death. This article looks in particular at the pubic symphysis, as it was historically one of the first regions to be described in the literature on age estimation. Despite the lengthy history, the value of the pubic symphysis in estimating ages and in providing evidence for putative identifications remains unclear. This lack of clarity primarily stems from the fact that ratherad hocstatistical methods have been applied in previous studies. This article presents a statistical analysis of a large data set (n = 1766) of pubic symphyseal scores from multiple contexts, including anatomical collections, war dead, and victims of genocide. The emphasis is in finding statistical methods that will have the correct “coverage.”“Coverage” means that if a method has a stated coverage of 50%, then approximately 50% of the individuals in a particular pubic symphyseal stage should have ages that are between the stated age limits, and that approximately 25% should be below the bottom age limit and 25% above the top age limit. In a number of applications it is shown that if an appropriate prior age‐at‐death distribution is used, then “transition analysis” will provide accurate “coverages,” while percentile methods, range methods, and means (±standard deviations) will not. Even in cases where there are significant differences in the mean ages‐to‐transition between populations, the effects on the stated age limits for particular “coverages” are minimal. As a consequence, more emphasis needs to be placed on collecting data on age changes in large samples, rather than focusing on the possibility of inter‐population variation in rates of aging.
New Formulae for Estimating Age‐at‐Death in the Balkans Utilizing Lamendin’s Dental Technique and Bayesian Analysis*
Authors: Prince Debra A. , Konigsberg Lyle W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: The present study analyzed apical translucency and periodontal recession on single‐rooted teeth in order to generate age‐at‐death estimations using two inverse calibration methods and one Bayesian method. The three age estimates were compared to highlight inherent problems with the inverse calibration methods. The results showed that the Bayesian analysis reduced severity of several problems associated with adult skeletal age‐at‐death estimations. The Bayesian estimates produced a lower overall mean error, a higher correlation with actual age, reduced aging bias, reduced age mimicry, and reduced the age ranges associated with the most probable age as compared to the inverse calibration methods for this sample. This research concluded that periodontal recession cannot be used as a univariate age indicator, due to its low correlation with chronological age. Apical translucency yielded a high correlation with chronological age and was concluded to be an important age indicator. The Bayesian approach offered the most appropriate statistical analysis for the estimation of age‐at‐death with the current sample.
A Bayesian Approach to Estimate Skeletal Age‐at‐Death Utilizing Dental Wear
Authors: Prince Debra A. , Kimmerle Erin H. , Konigsberg Lyle W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: In the forensic context, teeth are often recovered in mass disasters, armed conflicts, and mass graves associated with human rights violations. Therefore, for victim identification, techniques utilizing the dentition to estimate the first parameters of identity (e.g., age) can be critical. This analysis was undertaken to apply a Bayesian statistical method, transition analysis, based on the Gompertz–Makeham (GM) hazard model, to estimate individual ages‐at‐death for Balkan populations utilizing dental wear. Dental wear phases were scored following Smith’s eight‐phase ordinal scoring method and chart. To estimate age, probability density functions for the posterior distributions of age for each tooth phase are calculated. Transition analysis was utilized to generate a mean age‐of‐transition from one dental wear phase to the next. The age estimates are based on the calculated age distribution from the GM hazard analysis and the ages‐of‐transition. To estimate the age‐at‐death for an individual, the highest posterior density region for each phase is calculated. By using a Bayesian statistical approach to estimate age, the population’s age distribution is taken into account. Therefore, the age estimates are reliable for the Balkan populations, regardless of population or sex differences. The results showed that a vast amount of interpersonal variation in dental wear exists within the current sample and that this method may be most useful for classifying unknown individuals into broad age cohorts rather than small age ranges.
Issues in the Global Applications of Methodology in Forensic Anthropology*
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: The project and research reported in this collection of articles follows a long‐term historical pattern in forensic anthropology in which new case work and applications reveal methodological issues that need to be addressed. Forensic anthropological analysis in the area of the former Yugoslavia led to questions raised regarding the applicability of methods developed from samples in other regions. The subsequently organized project reveals that such differences exist and new methodology and data are presented to facilitate applications in the Balkan area. The effort illustrates how case applications and court testimony can stimulate research advances. The articles also serve as a model for the improvement of methodology available for global applications.
The Placement of the Human Eyeball and Canthi in Craniofacial Identification
Authors: Stephan Carl N. , Davidson Paavi L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  An accurate understanding of the spatial relationships between the deep and superficial structures of the head is essential for anthropological methods concerned with the comparison of faces to skulls (superimposition) or the prediction of faces from them (facial approximation). However, differences of opinion exist concerning: (i) the position of the eyeball in planes other than the anteroposterior plane and (ii) the canthi positions relative to the bony orbital margins. This study attempts to clarify the above relationships by dissection of a small sample of adult human cadavers (N = 4, mean age = 83 years, s = 12 years). The most notable finding was that the eyeballs were not centrally positioned within the orbits as the more recent craniofacial identification literature expounds. Rather, the eyeballs were consistently positioned closer to the orbital roof and lateral orbital wall (by 1–2 mm on average); a finding consistent with the earlier anatomical literature. While these estimation errors are small ipsilaterally, several factors make them meaningful: (i) the orbital region is heavily used for facial recognition; (ii) the width error is doubled because the eyes are bilateral structures; (iii) the eyes are sometimes used to predict/assess other soft tissue facial structures; and (iv) the net error in facial approximation rapidly accumulates with the subsequent prediction of each independent facial feature. While the small sample size of this study limits conclusive generalizations, the new data presented here nonetheless have immediate application to craniofacial identification practice because the results are evidence based. In contrast, metric data have never been published to support the use of the central positioning guideline. Clearly, this study warrants further quantification of the eyeball position in larger samples and preferably of younger individuals.
Sequence Analysis of a New Short Tandem Repeat Locus D17S2266E Located in the Human Growth Hormone Gene Cluster HumGH@*
Authors: Spolnicka Magdalena , Jagiello Agata , Soltyszewski Ireneusz , Jacewicz Renata , Plucienniczak Andrzej , Berent Jaroslaw
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  D17S2266E is a new, variable genetic marker exhibiting polymorphism of the number of repeats of four‐ and two‐nucleotide motifs. This study, carried out on a group of 250 unrelated persons from various regions of Poland, revealed the presence of 24 different alleles ranging in size from 232 to 290 base pairs. Analysis of the sequenced fragments demonstrated that the alleles consisted of two flanking regions and two variable blocks that were separated by a consensus sequence. There were (AAAG)5(AG)1(AAAG)3–4 repeats in the first block, and [(AAAG)2(AG)1]0–1[(AAAG)6(AG)1]0–1(AAAG)n repeats in the second block. On the basis of the allele frequencies in the population, we were able to do biostatistical calculations, which gave the following results: expected heterozygosity 0.8947 ± 0.0137, power of discrimination 0.9793, polymorphism information content 0.8837, probability of exclusion (PE) 0.7859, PE for motherless cases 0.6473, and an average paternity index of 4.7470. These biostatistical parameters show that the marker D17S2266E can find a wide range of applications in forensic testing.
Youth Suicide in New Mexico: A 26‐Year Retrospective Review*
Authors: Singh Veena D. , Lathrop Sarah L.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Although suicidal behavior in children and adolescents is a major public health problem, large‐scale research on suicide in this population is uncommon. In this study, we reviewed autopsy and field reports for all pediatric suicide cases referred to the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator from 1979 to 2005. The age‐adjusted suicide rate was 4.8 per 100,000. Psychologic stressors and parasuicidal behavior were identified in some cases. Seventy‐six percent of suicides occurred in the victim’s home or yard, and 25% left a suicide note. In 26% of cases, alcohol or other drugs were detected in postmortem. Gunshot wound was the most common method overall (58%), followed by hanging (30%). Although the age‐adjusted suicide rate is higher in New Mexico than nationally, the trends in the population are similar. With a solid understanding of the circumstances, it may be possible to predict, and hopefully prevent, future cases of child and adolescent death.
Motor Vehicle Collisions and Their Demographics: A 5‐Year Retrospective Study of the Hamilton‐Wentworth Niagara Region*
Authors: Lemieux Carolyne E. , Fernandes John R. , Rao Chitra
Published: May 2008

Abstract: This retrospective study examined population demographics associated with motor vehicle collision (MVC) fatalities over a 5‐year period in the Hamilton‐Wentworth Niagara region. Variables were drawn from the five factors proposed by Fierro (1) for investigating deaths caused by transportation: human, chemical, environmental, vehicular, and highway. Factors analyzed included age, gender, position to the vehicle, site(s) of injury, toxicology, environmental contributors, and vehicular findings. From 1999 to 2004, there were 321 MVC fatalities that primarily involved males 20 to 29 years of age and commonly drivers or pedestrians. Cars and trucks were the most frequent vehicles. Fatalities occurred most often on local and regional roads on Fridays and Sundays between 6 pm and 6 am. Mechanical failure and weather conditions were not significant contributors. Toxicological analyses (275/321) were performed on the majority of the study population. Ethanol was present in isolation and with other substances, especially cannabis, mostly in male drivers 20–59 years of age.
Identification of Biological Samples in a Case of Contamination of a Cytological Slide Preparation*
Authors: Junge Anke , Dettmeyer Reinhard , Madea Burkhard
Published: May 2008

Abstract: Here we report a case where a discrete section of the cytological slide preparation of a female individual was obviously contaminated with pleura liquid of a female tumor patient. Analysis of the cancerous pleura liquid and the healthy cells of the slide preparation showed different DNA profiles, indicating that the material originated from two different female individuals. The DNA profile of the cell mixture revealed a heterogenous pattern whereby the alleles could be assigned to the healthy and the tumor patient. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was observed in four of eight short tandem repeat systems for the pleura liquid and the cell mixture. Despite the low amount of DNA on the slide preparation and the occurrence of LOH, it was possible to clarify the case and to support the assumption that a drop of cancerous pleura liquid contaminated the cytological slide.
Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Vitreous Humor and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Relation to the Cause of Death and Postmortem Interval
Authors: Girela Eloy , Villanueva Enrique , Irigoyen Pilar , Girela Victorino , Hernández‐Cueto Claudio , Peinado José M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: We studied free amino acids in vitreous humor and cerebrospinal fluid from 58 cadavers in the course of routine medicolegal autopsies in the city of Granada. The main objective was to establish whether free amino acids contents in these fluids were related with the cause of death, postmortem interval, and severity of the classic signs of asphyxia. The amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glutamine, glycine/threonine/histidine, citruline, arginine, alanine, taurine, GABA, tirosine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, phenylalanine/tryptophan, leucine, and lysine) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. There were no statistically significant differences in amino acids concentrations in vitreous humor when the different causes of death were considered. Our results did not show any statistically significant relationship when asphyxial score was plotted against the vitreous content of each amino acid. A statistically significant increase with postmortem interval was observed in vitreous taurine (r = 0.3191,p = 0.01461), glutamate (r = 0.4323,p = 0.0007) and particularly in aspartate (r = 0.4508,p = 0.0003).
Comparison of Presumptive Blood Test Kits Including Hexagon OBTI
Authors: Johnston Emma , Ames Carole E. , Dagnall Kathryn E. , Foster John , Daniel Barbara E.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Four presumptive blood tests, Hexagon OBTI, Hemastix®, Leucomalachite green (LMG), and Kastle‐Meyer (KM) were compared for their sensitivity in the identification of dried bloodstains. Stains of varying blood dilutions were subjected to each presumptive test and the results compared. The Hexagon OBTI buffer volume was also reduced to ascertain whether this increased the sensitivity of the kit. The study found that Hemastix® was the most sensitive test for trace blood detection. Only with the reduced buffer volume was the Hexagon OBTI kit as sensitive as the LMG and KM tests. However, the Hexagon OBTI kit has the advantage of being a primate specific blood detection kit. This study also investigated whether the OBTI buffer within the kit could be utilized for DNA profiling after presumptive testing. The results show that DNA profiles can be obtained from the Hexagon OBTI kit buffer directly.
Spatial and Temporal Influences on Bacterial Profiling of Forensic Soil Samples*
Authors: Meyers Melissa S. , Foran David R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract: Bacterial content may be helpful in differentiating forensic soil samples; however, the effectiveness of bacterial profiling depends on several factors, including uniqueness among different habitat types, the level of heterogeneity within a habitat, and changes in bacterial communities over time. To examine these, soils from five diverse habitats were tested over a 1 year period using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis. Soil samples were collected at central locations monthly, and 10 feet in cardinal directions quarterly. Similarity indices were found to be least related among habitats, while the greatest bacterial similarities existed among collection locations within a habitat. Temporally, however, bacterial content varied considerably, and there was substantial overlap in similarity indices among habitats during different parts of the year. Taken together, the results indicate that while bacterial DNA profiling may be useful for forensic soil analysis, certain variables, particularly time, must be considered.
U2OS cells lacking Chk1 undergo aberrant mitosis and fail to activate the spindle checkpoint
Authors: Carrassa Laura , Sanchez Yolanda , Erba Eugenio , Damia Giovanna
Published: May 2008

Chk1 is a conserved protein kinase originally identified in fission yeast, required to delay entry of cells with damaged or unreplicated DNA into mitosis. The requirement of Chk1 for both S and G2/M checkpoints has been elucidated while only few studies have connected Chk1 to the mitotic spindle checkpoint. We used a small interference RNA strategy to investigate the role of Chk1 in unstressed conditions. Chk1 depletion in U2OS human osteosarcoma cells inhibited cell proliferation and raised the percentage of cells with a 4N DNA content, which correlated with accumulation of giant polynucleated cells morphologically distinct from apoptotic cells, while no increased number of cells in G2 or mitosis could be detected. Down‐regulation of Chk1 also caused accumulation of cells in the last step of cytokinesis, and of tetraploid cells in G1 phase, which coincided with activation of p53 and increased levels of p21. In addition, Chk1‐depleted U2OS cells failed to arrest in mitosis after spindle disruption by nocodazole and showed decreased protein levels of Mad2 and BubR1. These studies show that U2OS cells lacking Chk1 undergo abnormal mitosis and fail to activate the spindle checkpoint, suggesting a role of Chk1 in this checkpoint.
RAD001 (everolimus) inhibits tumour growth in xenograft models of human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Huynh Hung , Pierce Chow K.H. , Soo Khee Chee , Toh Han Chong , Choo Su Pin , Foo Kian Fong , Poon Donald , Ngo Van Chanh , Tran Evelyn
Published: May 2008

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and highly resistant to available chemotherapies. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions to regulate protein translation, angiogenesis and cell cycle progression in many cancers including HCC. In the present study, subcutaneous patient‐derived HCC xenografts were used to study the effects of an mTOR inhibitor, RAD001 (everolimus), on tumour growth, apoptosis and angiogenesis. We report that oral administration of RAD001 to mice bearing patient‐derived HCC xenografts resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition of tumour growth. RAD001‐induced growth suppression was associated with inactivation of downstream targets of mTOR, reduction in VEGF expression and microvessel density, inhibition of cell proliferation, up‐regulation of p27Kip1 and down‐regulation of p21Cip1/Waf1, Cdk‐6, Cdk‐2, Cdk‐4, cdc‐25C, cyclin B1 and c‐Myc. Our data indicate that the mTOR pathway plays an important role in angiogenesis, cell cycle progression and proliferation of liver cancer cells. Our study provides a strong rationale for clinical investigation of mTOR inhibitor RAD001 in patients with HCC.
The impact of loads on standard diameter, small diameter and mini implants: a comparative laboratory study
Authors: Allum Simon Rupert , Tomlinson Rachel Anne , Joshi Rajendra
Published: May 2008

Objectives: While caution in the use of small‐diameter (≤3.5 mm) implants has been advocated in view of an increased risk of fatigue fracture under clinical loading conditions, a variety of implant designs with diameters <3 mm are currently offered in the market for reconstructions including fixed restorations. There is an absence of reported laboratory studies and randomized‐controlled clinical trials to demonstrate clinical efficacy for implant designs with small diameters. This laboratory study aimed to provide comparative data on the mechanical performance of a number of narrow commercially marketed implants.

Materials and methods: Implants of varying designs were investigated under a standardized test set‐up similar to that recommended for standardized ISO laboratory testing. Implant assemblies were mounted in acrylic blocks supporting laboratory cast crowns and subjected to 30° off‐axis loading on an LRX Tensometer. Continuous output data were collected using Nexygen software.

Results: Load/displacement curves demonstrated good grouping of samples for each design with elastic deformation up to a point of failure approximating the maximum load value for each sample. The maximum loads for Straumann (control) implants were 989 N (±107 N) for the 4.1 mm RN design, and 619 N (±50 N) for the 3.3 mm RN implant (an implant known to have a risk of fracture in clinical use). Values for mini implants were recorded as 261 N (±31 N) for the HiTec 2.4 mm implant, 237 N (±37 N) for the Osteocare 2.8 mm mini and 147 N (±25 N) for the Osteocare mini design. Other implant designs were also tested.

Conclusions: The diameters of the commercially available implants tested demonstrated a major impact on their ability to withstand load, with those below 3 mm diameter yielding results significantly below a value representing a risk of fracture in clinical practice. The results therefore advocate caution when considering the applicability of implants ≤3 mm diameter. Standardized fatigue testing is recommended for all commercially available implants.
Micromorphometrical analysis of conventional osteotomy techniques and ultrasonic osteotomy at the rabbit skull
Authors: Maurer Peter , Kriwalsky Marcus S. , Block Veras Rafael , Vogel Jürgen , Syrowatka Frank , Heiss Christian
Published: May 2008

Objectives: The ultrasonic osteotome, which was recently introduced, is an alternative to conventional methods of osteotomy. The aim of the present study was to establish the differences between three osteotomy techniques and to perform a quantitative roughness analysis of the osteotomized bone surfaces.

Materials and methods: Fresh bony samples of standardized size were taken from the rabbit skull. The techniques used were as follows: reciprocate micro‐saw, Lindemann bur, ultrasonic osteotome with the two insert tips OT6 (rough) and OT7 (fine). The prepared surfaces were examined by light microscopy, environmental surface electron microscopy (ESEM) and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

Results: It was difficult to distinguish between cortical and cancellous bone after using the conventional osteotomy technique. The ultrasonic technique preserved the original structure of the bone. The values observed for superficial roughness were as follows: 3.97 μm (micro‐saw), 5.7 μm (Lindemann bur), 2.48 μm (OT7) and 3 μm (OT6). There were statistical differences between the values of the bur and insert tip OT6 (P=0.015) as well as between the bur and insert tip OT7 (P=0.003).

Conclusions: In the present study micromorphological differences after using various osteotomy techniques could be clearly identified.
Clinical study of the internal gaps of zirconia and metal frameworks for fixed partial dentures
Authors: Wettstein Fabian , Sailer Irena , Roos Malgorzata , Hämmerle Christoph H. F.
Published: May 2008

The aim of this clinical study was to compare the internal gaps between abutment teeth and posterior fixed partial dentures (FPDs) fabricated utilizing milled zirconia and cast gold‐alloy frameworks. As part of an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial, 32 three‐unit FPDs (16 zirconia and 16 metal‐ceramic) in 25 patients were randomly selected for adaptation measurements. During the bisque‐stage ceramic try‐in, an A‐silicone impression material was placed between the abutment teeth and the framework. The internal gap, corresponding to the thickness of the replica, was measured under magnification at the following locations: cervical, axial, and occlusal (cusp‐tips and central). The internal gaps of FPDs with zirconia frameworks were significantly larger in cervical, axial, and centro‐occlusal regions (cervical: 189.6 ± 71.8 μm vs. 118.6 ± 31.5 μm; axial: 140.5 ± 38.3 μm vs. 95.7 ± 18.1 μm; and centro‐occlusal: 192.0 ± 66.5 μm vs. 153.1 ± 69.8 μm). The cervical gaps next to the pontics were significantly larger compared with those of the outer walls in both types of FPDs (zirconia: mean difference 67.7 ± 114.7 μm; metal‐ceramic: mean difference 30.0 ± 71.2 μm). Posterior three‐unit FPDs incorporating milled zirconia frameworks exhibited larger internal gaps than those constructed using conventional metal‐ceramic techniques.
Psychosocial profiles of diagnostic subgroups of temporomandibular disorder patients
Authors: Reißmann Daniel R. , John Mike T. , Wassell Robert W. , Hinz Andreas
Published: May 2008

The purpose of the study was to examine whether patients’ psychosocial profiles differ depending on if the location of pain is in the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint, or both. Eligible participants were 491 consecutive patients examined according to the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (RDC/TMD). Among these a total of 225 adult TMD patients had at least one pain‐related TMD diagnosis and were therefore included in this study and completed the multidimensional pain inventory (MPI). Patients diagnosed with myogenous pain only (n = 103), patients with joint pain only (n = 56), and patients with both (n = 66) were compared with respect to depression, somatization, jaw disability, pain intensity and chronicity, and MPI scores and profiles. The MPI profiles were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance and Hotelling’s T2 test. Although patients with joint pain were significantly more impaired in jaw function, no significant differences in depression, in somatization or in the 11 scales of the MPI were observed. The location of pain in TMD patients is not a major factor for the prediction of psychosocial profiles. Therefore, clinical TMD diagnoses alone form an insufficient basis for tailored behavioural or psychological management.
Influence of static and dynamic occlusal characteristics and muscle force on masticatory performance in dentate adults
Authors: Lujan‐Climent Mar , Martinez‐Gomis Jordi , Palau Sara , Ayuso‐Montero Raul , Salsench Juan , Peraire Maria
Published: May 2008

Masticatory performance is the outcome of a complex interplay of several factors. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between masticatory performance and several muscular‐related and occlusion‐related factors in a population with a full or near‐full complement of natural teeth. One‐hundred dentate young adults participated in this cross‐sectional study. Maximum muscular force with jaw, hand, tongue, and cheek were measured by means of a gnatodynamometer. Occlusal contact area and number of teeth in contact were determined in the maximal intercuspal position and in a 1.5‐mm right and left lateral excursion by means of interocclusal registrations that were scanned and analysed using image software. Masticatory performance was determined by sieving the Optosil particles resulting from 20 chewing cycles. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that the maximum bite force in the region of the first molar had the best correlation with masticatory performance and explained 36% of its variation. Static occlusion characteristics such as occlusal contact area, the lack of lateral crossbite and the number of anterior teeth in contact explained an additional 9% of the variation in masticatory performance. These findings suggest that variables related to dynamic occlusion or tongue or cheek force do not enhance the prediction of masticatory performance.