bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teatros de papel 1765-1860 : ¿construcción de un modelo "a la francesa"?
Authors: Casas-Correa Maribel
Published: February 2016

Desde mediados del siglo XVIII, la arquitectura teatral fue objeto de múltiples debates por cuanto ya no satisfacía las exigencias de la puesta en escena, ni del público que demandaba cada vez más comodidades. Las reflexiones teóricas se orientaron, entonces, hacia la búsqueda de una arquitectura para el espectáculo, adaptada a los hábitos y las prácticas de la sociedad francesa. En el presente artículo se propone analizar –—a partir del estudio de una serie de escritos publicados entre finales del siglo XVIII y mediados del siglo XIX—, los diferentes modelos teóricos que alimentaron la conceptualización de la arquitectura teatral, los cuales resultaron tan diversos como lo eran los perfiles y las trayectorias de sus autores. Las propuestas teóricas ofrecieron una amplia variedad de modelos que no convergen hacia una solución única; de la misma forma, fue posible encontrar entre aquellos teatros construidos, la coexistencia de numerosas variantes tipológicas.
Salas de cine en publicaciones de arquitectura de los años treinta. Una mirada al caso de los cinéac
Authors: Ávila-Gómez Andrés
Published: February 2016

Durante el primer cuarto del siglo XX, las salas de cine se caracterizaron por su lujo y monumentalidad, así como por alcanzar capacidades de aforo para miles de espectadores. En los años treinta, se originó en los países europeos una variante tipológica conocida como Cinéac (contracción de ciné et actualités). La arquitectura de los Cinéac y la mediatización de la cual fueron objeto, específicamente en Francia y Bélgica, se abordan mediante la revisión sistemática de revistas de arquitectura de la época, así como en la literatura especializada que se ocupaba de mostrar los avances en arquitectura teatral y de cinemas. En el texto se exponen los antecedentes de los Cinéac y su rol en la transición hacia una arquitectura de cinemas moderada y de menor escala; se destaca la obra de los arquitectos Siclis y De Montaut & Gorska y finaliza con una revisión de la arquitectura exterior de los Cinéac.
Production théorique et diffusion des modèles au prisme des publications des professeurs de théorie de l’école polytechnique à l’école des beaux-arts (1802-1967).
Authors: Diener Amandine
Published: February 2016

Cet article aborde la pédagogie à l’École des Beaux-Arts au prisme des publications des professeurs de théorie de l’architecture. Si l’École des Beaux-Arts connait avec Jean-Baptiste Lesueur (1794-1883) et Julien Guadet (1834-1908) la publication des premiers traités théoriques, c’est à l’École Polytechnique que semble être née cette pratique. Il s’agit alors de déceler les répercussions des polytechniciens Jean-Louis-Nicolas Durand (1760-1834) et Léonce Reynaud (1803-1880) sur l’École des Beaux-Arts, comprendre la démarche de Georges Gromort (1870-1961) et André Gutton (1904-2002), les uniques professeurs de théorie de l’École des Beaux- Arts à avoir publié au XXè siècle, et enfin saisir le rôle de l’image dans la diffusion des modèles pédagogiques avec la maison d’édition Vincent, Fréal et Cie qui se spécialise dans les ouvrages liés à l’activité de l’École. Cette vision transversale laisse ainsi entrevoir des influences, des transmissions ou au contraire des ruptures dans la constitution et la promulgation des modèles.
Pour une histoire de la transformation des édifices composer avec la préexistence.
Authors: Jacquin Laure
Published: February 2016

Au moment où l’intervention dans l’existant est devenue un paradigme de projet, l’histoire de ces pratiques architecturales demande à être envisagée avec un nouveau regard nourri des intérêts actuels. Partant de l’hypothèse que les pratiques anciennes peuvent fournir des outils pour penser le projet aujourd’hui, l’article propose d’analyser deux édifices remarquables -L’église de Saint-Denis (France) y Le Temple de Malatesta (Italie)- du point de vue de la relation établie entre l’ancien et le neuf dans le projet réalisé par l’architecte ; l’’intérêt étant centré sur l’évolution des problématiques et des enjeux dans ce domaine et analyse la position des architectes. Ces aspects sont abordés en se plaçant sous l’angle du projet et du rapport entre le neuf et l’existant, que l’on traduit par le biais du dessin qui met en évidence la relation entre les deux, ainsi que les étapes de la transformation. Il vise, ainsi, à replacer l’histoire de la fabrication du projet dans l’existant dans une perspective chronologique ample.
Dual-mode spectral imaging system employing a focus variable lens
Authors: Förster Erik , Stürmer Moritz , Wallrabe Ulrike , Korvink Jan , Bohnert Patrick , Brunner Robert
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a dual-mode spectral imaging system, which allows switching between pure lateral imaging and the spectrally resolved recording of spatial information. The optical system was equipped with tunable functionalities in order to achieve high flexibility, cover a wide range of object distances, and address extended field angles. A fluidic membrane lens was used for the variable focus, and the recording of the laterally extended scene was made possible by successively adjusting the different tilting angles to the different object positions. The capability and performance of the spectral imaging system were assessed using various test scenes, with different aimed field positions and changing object distances.
Transient beam oscillation with a highly dynamic scanner for laser beam fusion cutting
Authors: Goppold Cindy , Pinder Thomas , Herwig Patrick
Published: February 2016

Sheet metals with thicknesses >8 mm have a distinct cutting performance. The free choice of the optical configuration composed of fiber diameter, collimation, and focal length offers many opportunities to influence the static beam geometry. Previous analysis points out the limitations of this method in the thick section area. Within the present study, an experimental investigation of fiber laser fusion cutting of 12 mm stainless steel was performed by means of dynamical beam oscillation. Two standard optical setups are combined with a highly dynamic galvano-driven scanner that achieves frequencies up to 4 kHz. Dependencies of the scanner parameter, the optical circumstances, and the conventional cutting parameters are discussed. The aim is to characterize the capabilities and challenges of the dynamic beam shaping in comparison to the state-of-the-art static beam shaping. Thus, the trials are evaluated by quality criteria of the cut edge as surface roughness and burr height, the feed rate, and the cut kerf geometry. The investigation emphasizes promising procedural possibilities for improvements of the cutting performance in the case of fiber laser fusion cutting of thick stainless steel by means of the application of a highly dynamic scanner.
New feats of alkene and alkyne asymmetric hydroamination catalyzed by copper and rhodium hydrides
Authors: Dondoni Alessandro
Published: February 2016

Hydroamination of unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds is a useful C-N bond forming reaction as it leads to products (amines, imines, enamines) of high synthetic value. While the hydroamination of terminal alkenes and alkynes under metal catalysis has been widely developed, the corresponding reactions with internal substrates remain a challenge. Two recent studies by Buchwald and by Dong which focus on enantioselective hydroamination of internal alkenes and alkynes respectively are of significant importance. [43,44] The results reported broaden the scope of hydroamination as a useful C-N bond forming process and allow acess to chiral amines which are difficult to synthesize by other methods.
Computational Tools Applied to Enzyme Design − a review
Authors: García-Guevara Fernando , Avelar Mayra , Ayala Marcela , Segovia Lorenzo
Published: February 2016

The protein design toolbox has been greatly improved by the addition of enzyme computational simulations. Not only do they warrant a more ambitious and thorough exploration of sequence space, but a much higher number of variants and protein-ligand systems can be analyzed in silico compared to experimental engineering methods. Modern computational tools are being used to redesign and also for de novo generation of enzymes. These approaches are contingent on a deep understanding of the reaction mechanism and the enzyme’s three-dimensional structure coordinates, but the wealth of information produced by these analyses leads to greatly improved or even totally new types of catalysis.
Kaiser Justin II. (565–578) als Konsul auf Folles der Münzstätte Kyzikos
Authors: Stichel Damian , Stichel Rudolf H.W.
Published: February 2016

This article presents formerly unknown folles of emperor Justin II. with the letters COS preceeding the title Augustus,which were issued in his regnal years 5 (569/70) and 6 (570/71) at the Kyzikene mint. Already known coins of the same type minted in regnal year 3 can be associated with the well-documented, but mostly neglected second consulship of the emperor in 567 AD. Thus the new numismatic evidence apparently points to an unknown third consulship of Justin II. in 570 AD. This consideration is placedwithin the broader context of the history of the consulship and of relevant coin issues in the 6th century.
Monitoring free light chains in serum using mass spectrometry
Authors: Barnidge David R. , Dispenzieri Angela , Merlini Giampaolo , Katzmann Jerry A. , Murray David L.
Published: February 2016

Serum immunoglobulin free light chains (FLC) are secreted into circulation by plasma cells as a by-product of immunoglobulin production. In a healthy individual the population of FLC is polyclonal as no single cell is secreting more FLC than the total immunoglobulin secreting cell population. In a person with a plasma cell dyscrasia, such as multiple myeloma (MM) or light chain amyloidosis (AL), a clonal population of plasma cells secretes a monoclonal light chain at a concentration above the normal polyclonal background.

We recently showed that monoclonal immunoglobulin rapid accurate mass measurement (miRAMM) can be used to identify and quantify a monoclonal light chain (LC) in serum and urine above the polyclonal background. This was accomplished by reducing immunoglobulin disulfide bonds releasing the LC to be analyzed by microLC-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. Here we demonstrate that the methodology can also be applied to the detection and quantification of FLC by analyzing a non-reduced sample.

Proof of concept experiments were performed using purified FLC spiked into normal serum to assess linearity and precision. In addition, a cohort of 27 patients with AL was analyzed and miRAMM was able to detect a monoclonal FLC in 23 of the 27 patients that had abnormal FLC values by immunonephelometry.

The high resolution and high mass measurement accuracy provided by the mass spectrometry based methodology eliminates the need for κ/λ ratios as the method can quantitatively monitor the abundance of the κ and λ polyclonal background at the same time it measures the monoclonal FLC.
Involvement of MTHFR and TPMT genes in susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Mexicans
Authors: Gutiérrez-Álvarez Ossyneidee , Lares-Asseff Ismael , Galaviz-Hernández Carlos , Reyes-Espinoza Elio-Aarón , Almanza-Reyes Horacio , Sosa-Macías Martha , Chairez Hernández Isaías , Salas-Pacheco José-Manuel , Bailón-Soto Claudia E.
Published: February 2016

Background: Folate metabolism plays an essential role in the processes of DNA synthesis and methylation. Deviations in the folate flux resulting from single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding folate-dependent enzymes may affect the susceptibility to leukemia. This case-control study aimed to assess associations among MTHFR (C677T, A1298C) and TPMT (*2, *3A) mutations as well as to evaluate the synergistic effects of combined genotypes for both genes. Therefore, these genetic variants may lead to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) susceptibility, in a Mexican population study.

Methods: DNA samples obtained from 70 children with ALL and 152 age-matched controls (range, 1–15 years) were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect MTHFR C677T and A1298C and TPMT*2 and TPMT*3A genotypes.

Results: The frequency of the MTHFR A1298C CC genotype was statistically significant (odds ratio [OR], 6.48; 95% 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.26–33.2; p=0.025). In addition, the combined 677CC+1298AC genotype exhibited a statistically significant result (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06–0.82; p=0.023). No significant results were obtained from the MTHFR (C677T CT, C677T TT) or TPMT (*2, *3A) genotypes. More importantly, no association between the synergistic effects of either gene (MTHFR and/or TPMT) and susceptibility to ALL was found.

Conclusions: The MTHFR A1298C CC genotype was associated with an increased risk of developing childhood ALL. However, a decreased risk to ALL with the combination of MTHFR 677CC+1298AC genotypes was found.
The Reducible Life Imprisonment Standard from a Worldwide and European Perspective
Authors: Galliani Davide
Published: February 2016

Life Imprisonment, unlike the death penalty, does not attract the attention of the doctrine. There are, however, significant developments in the European Court of Human Rights case law. In this paper, using a comparative methodology, we highlight the standard that, at international level, allows to consider Life Imprisonment compatible with human dignity-that is the right to a substantial judicial review. It is no longer acceptable that the ‘last word’ on the lifers’ early release is still entrusted to political power.
A Sequential Decomposition of the Drop in Collective Bargaining Coverage
Authors: Fitzenberger Bernd , Sommerfeld Katrin
Published: February 2016

Union representation has been in strong decline in most OECD countries with potentially important consequences for wages. What drives this decline? We try to answer this question by developing and implementing a detailed Fairlie decomposition approach. Using linked employer-employee data from the German Structure of Earnings Survey for 2001 and 2006, we document a sharp drop in collective bargaining coverage that amounts to 17 percentage points for males and 20 percentage points for females in West, and 8 and 14 percentage points, respectively, in East Germany. We find that neither changes in the characteristics nor changes in the coefficients associated with the characteristics as a whole provide an explanation for the drop in collective bargaining coverage. The drop in coverage is the result of an unexplained time trend.
Reducing the Feature Space Using Constraint-Governed Association Rule Mining
Authors:   Doreswamy, Salma M. Umme
Published: February 2016

Recent advancements in science and technology and advances in the medical field have paved the way for the accumulation of huge amount of medical data in the digital repositories, where they are stored for future endeavors. Mining medical data is the most challenging task as the data are subjected to many social concerns and ethical issues. Moreover, medical data are more illegible as they contain many missing and misleading values and may sometimes be faulty. Thus, pre-processing tasks in medical data mining are of great importance, and the main focus is on feature selection, because the quality of the input determines the quality of the resultant data mining process. This paper provides insight to develop a feature selection process, where a data set subjected to constraint-governed association rule mining and interestingness measures results in a small feature subset capable of producing better classification results. From the results of the experimental study, the feature subset was reduced to more than 50% by applying syntax-governed constraints and dimensionality-governed constraints, and this resulted in a high-quality result. This approach yielded about 98% of classification accuracy for the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (BCSC) data set.
Performance Evaluation of OWC Using Different Modulation Techniques
Authors: Goyal Heena , Saxena Jyoti , Dewra Sanjeev
Published: February 2016

In this paper, performance of an optical wireless communication (OWC) channel has been investigated using different modulation techniques such as phase shift keying (PSK), differential PSK (DPSK) and optical quadrature PSK (OQPSK). This investigation has been compared at a bit rate of 20 Gbps. The results are evaluated in terms of quality (Q) factor and bit error rate (BER) using different modulation techniques. It is observed that by using PSK modulation technique, the signal can travel up to 70 km transmission distance with acceptable BER of 3.48×10
Vertically transmitted cytomegalovirus infection in newborn preterm infants
Authors: Balcells Carla , Botet Francesc , Gayete Sònia , Marcos M Ángeles , Dorronsoro Izaskun , de Alba Concepción , Figueras-Aloy Josep , Castrillo Study Group
Published: February 2016

To determine the epidemiology of congenital and acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in preterm infants and to analyze the efficacy of breast milk freezing in decreasing the vertical transmission rate of CMV.

During 2013 and 2014, preterm newborns who weighed ≤1500 g and were admitted to 22 Spanish neonatal units were included and screened for CMV infection according to the Spanish Neonatology Society recommendations. Each hospital treated the breast milk according to its own protocols.

Among the 1236 preterm neonates included, 10 had a congenital infection (0.8%) and 49 had an acquired infection (4.0%) (82% demonstrated positive PCR-CMV in breast milk). The neonates who received only frozen milk presented less frequently with acquired infection (1.2%) than those fed fresh milk (5.5%) (RR=0.22; 95% CI 0.05–0.90; P=0.017). The newborns who received bank milk followed by frozen or fresh breast milk more frequently had an acquired infection (2.1% or 2.2%, respectively) than those fed only frozen breast milk.

The incidence of congenital CMV infection in our sample is low, as described in the literature. To reduce acquired CMV infection, freezing breast milk might be an advisable procedure for preterm neonates born from seropositive mothers, either from the beginning of lactation or after a period of bank milk administration.
Crystal structure of 1-benzyl-3-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium hexafluorophosphate, C16H16F6N3P
Authors: Wang Zhi-Qiang , Wang Wen-Hui , Ren Yun-Lai
Published: February 2016

C16H16F6N3P, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.6414(8) Å, b = 20.755(2) Å, c = 10.1157(8) Å, β = 104.686(9)°, V = 1755.0(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0547, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1496, T = 291(2) K.
Cognition, Culture and Religion
Authors: Cresswell James , Rivas Rodrigo Farías
Published: February 2016

The present paper is both a critical analysis of the reductive problems inherent in an evolutionary
approach that surfaces in the Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR) and an appeal for an enactive turn that
can enhance CSR by better accounting for religious experience – i.e. the phenomenologically experienced
realities that are entailed in religious belief. First, we discuss CSR and a basic evolutionary presupposition:
that religious experience is based on a universal architecture designed by natural selection, which includes
the notion of domain-specific processing mechanisms. We then discuss how Cultural Psychologists
conceive of the ontogenetic role of culture by arguing that religious cognition does not solely develop out of
evolution. As we propose, CSR can be studied with a view to the evolution of cognition that can account for
the ontogenetic role of culture and language constituting phenomenologically immediate realities. Finally,
we discuss enactivism as an ideal alternative for such a shift. Enactivism conceives the relation between
the evolution of cognition and the ontogenetic role of culture as embodied: a non-reductive relation in
which cognition and culture shape each other. This approach allows for CSR that acknowledges the fact
that religious experiences constitute non-representational but lived experiences.
Mild cognitive impairment affects motor control and skill learning
Authors: Wu Qiaofeng , Chan John S.Y. , Yan Jin H.
Published: February 2016

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional phase between normal cognitive aging and dementia. As the world population is aging rapidly, more MCI patients will be identified, posing significant problems to society. Normal aging is associated with cognitive and motor decline, and MCI brings additional impairments. Compared to healthy older adults, MCI patients show poorer motor control in a variety of tasks. Efficient motor control and skill learning are essential for occupational and leisure purposes; degradation of motor behaviors in MCI patients often adversely affects their health and quality of life. In this article, we first define MCI and describe its pathology and neural correlates. After this, we review cognitive changes and motor control and skill learning in normal aging. This section is followed by a discussion of MCI-related degradation of motor behaviors. Finally, we propose that multicomponent interventions targeting both cognitive and motor domains can improve MCI patients’ motor functions. Future research directions are also raised.
ATR-101 disrupts mitochondrial functions in adrenocortical carcinoma cells and in vivo
Authors: Cheng Yunhui , Kerppola Raili Emilia , Kerppola Tom Klaus
Published: February 2016

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) generally has poor prognosis. Existing treatments provide limited benefit for most patients with locally advanced or metastatic tumors. We investigated the mechanisms for the cytotoxicity, xenograft suppression, and adrenalytic activity of ATR-101 (PD132301-02), a prospective agent for ACC treatment. Oral administration of ATR-101 inhibited the establishment and impeded the growth of ACC-derived H295R cell xenografts in mice. ATR-101 induced H295R cell apoptosis in culture and in xenografts. ATR-101 caused mitochondrial hyperpolarization, reactive oxygen release, and ATP depletion within hours after exposure, followed by cytochrome c release, caspase-3/7 activation, and membrane permeabilization. The increase in mitochondrial membrane potential occurred concurrently with the decrease in cellular ATP levels. When combined with ATR-101, lipophilic free radical scavengers suppressed the reactive oxygen release, and glycolytic precursors prevented the ATP depletion, abrogating ATR-101 cytotoxicity. ATR-101 directly inhibited F1F0-ATPase activity and suppressed ATP synthesis in mitochondrial fractions. ATR-101 administration to guinea pigs caused oxidized lipofuscin accumulation in the zona fasciculata layer of the adrenal cortex, implicating reactive oxygen release in the adrenalytic effect of ATR-101. These results support the development of ATR-101 and other adrenalytic compounds for the treatment of ACC.
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Intellectual Disability, and Delayed Walking
Authors: Bishop Somer L. , Thurm Audrey , Farmer Cristan , Lord Catherine
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE:

Delayed onset of independent walking is common in intellectual disability (ID). However, in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), delayed walking has not been reported as frequently, despite the high rate of concurrent ID in ASD. This study directly examined the relationship between delayed walking and severity of ID in children with ASD versus other non-ASD diagnoses.

METHOD

Participants were 1185 individuals (ASD, n = 903; non-ASD, n = 282) who received an assessment at age 4 to 12 years (6.89 ± 2.25) that yielded an estimate of nonverbal IQ (NVIQ) and retrospectively reported age of walking from the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised. The relationship between diagnostic group and delayed walking (defined as occurring at ≥16 months) as a function of NVIQ was explored using the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS:

Children with ASD were less likely to exhibit delayed walking than those with non-ASD diagnoses, and this difference was larger at lower levels of NVIQ (P = .002). For example, rates of delayed walking for ASD and non-ASD were 13% and 19%, respectively, in those with NVIQ >85 but 31% and 60% in children with NVIQ <70.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although lower IQ scores were associated with increased rates of late walking in both ASD and non-ASD groups, children with low IQ were more likely to show delayed walking in the absence of ASD. This raises the possibility of separate etiological pathways to ID in children with and without ASD.
When a Surgical Colleague Makes an Error
Authors: Antiel Ryan M. , Blinman Thane A. , Rentea Rebecca M. , Gonzalez Katherine W. , Knott E. Marty , Juang David , Oyetunji Tolulope , Holcomb G. W. , Angelos Peter , Lantos John D.
Published: February 2016

Professionalism requires that doctors acknowledge their errors and figure out how to avoid making similar ones in the future. Over the last few decades, doctors have gotten better at acknowledging mistakes and apologizing to patients when a mistake happens. Such disclosure is especially complicated when one becomes aware of an error made by a colleague. We present a case in which consultant surgeons became aware that a colleague seemed to have made a serious error. Experts in surgery and bioethics comment on appropriate responses to this situation.
The major sections or groups within Sobralia, with four new species from Panama and Costa Rica, S. Crispissima, S. Gloriana, S. Mariannae And S. Nutans
Authors: Dressler Robert L.
Published: February 2016

Se presenta una discusión de las secciones o grupos de Sobralia, basada en las secciones nom- bradas por Brieger. Se describen cuatro especies nuevas de Panamá y Costa Rica: S. gloriana, una especie escasa y muy llamativa del área de El Valle de Antón, pariente de S. atropubescens pero de flores más grandes y de coloración amarilla; S. mariannae, una planta pequeña del bosque nuboso de Cerro Jefe, con flores blancas y pelos gruesos en el labelo; S. crispissima, pariente cercana de S. lindleyana, que se extiende d e s d e P a n a m á h a s t a e l s u r d e M é x i c o , y S . n u t a n s , u n a e s p e c i e d i s t i n t i v a d e l a S e c c i o n G l o b o sa e , d e Panamá. 
Notas varias sobre Heliconia rodriguezii (Heliconiaceae) de Costa Rica
Authors: Morales Carlos O.
Published: February 2016

Heliconia rodriguezii fue descrita en 1982, pero todos los especímenes de Costa Rica se halla- ban en el Herbario USJ. Los isotipos se enviaron a otros herbarios hasta mayo y junio de 2002. Además, los acrónimos de herbarios para los isotipos se citan mal en la publicación original. Se anotan datos sobre distribución, ecología y morfología de esta especie endémica, escasa y poco conocida. 
Una nueva especie costarricense del género Amyris P. Browne (Rutaceae)
Authors: Gómez-Laurito Jorge , Jiménez Quírico
Published: February 2016

Una nueva especie de Amyris P. Browne (Rutaceae), con hojas muy grandes, opuestas y pinnadas, se describe de la región del Pacífico central y sur de Costa Rica.
Dislocation Mechanisms of Relaxation in Strained Epitaxial Films
Authors: Freund L.B.
Published: February 2016

Advances in the methods of deposition and characterization of crystalline films of submicron thickness have been dramatic over the past two decades. A principal motivation for development of this technology has been the potential for use of thin film semiconductor materials in electronic and optoelectronic devices. The main function of these devices is to control transport of electrons in a way which permits high spatial density, and in which the carriers are highly mobile, that is, they show fast response with little power consumption. Spatial control of mobile electrons can be facilitated by combining materials, forming a material heterostructure, with one or more of these materials being a thin film. Carrier confinement is enforced by a difference in energy band structure across the interface acting as a barrier. The exploitation of this physical effect in device design is called bandgap engineering. A great deal of attention has been focused on film/substrate systems involving the III-V compounds (InGaAs/GaAs, for example), as well as on II-VI compounds for optical applications (ZnSe/GaAs, for example). Current efforts are also directed toward SiGe/Si and GaAs/Si systems to exploit well-developed silicon device technology.
Iusiurandum de veritate dicenda w kanonicznym procesie o nieważność małżeństwa
Authors: Bartczak Adam
Published: February 2016

Proces o stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa to poszukiwanie prawdy o małżeństwie. W fazę dowodzenia wpisuje się pojęcie przysięgi co do mówienia prawdy podczas przesłuchań. Przysięga jest wezwaniem imienia Bożego na świadka prawdy. Zgodnie z Kodeksem z 1983 roku winny ją złożyć strony oraz świadkowie zeznający w sprawie. Przysięga wzmacnia moc dowodową ich zeznań. Taka przysięga ma charakter religijny i jako taka nie jest obligatoryjna. Niemniej prawodawca wymaga, aby osoba odmawiająca złożenia przysięgi w takiej formie zobowiązała się mówić prawdę. W ten sposób widać, że prawda jest entelechią tego procesu.
Kilka uwag na temat Relatio synodi Zwyczajnego Synodu Biskupów (październik 2014)
Authors: Krzywda CM Józef
Published: February 2016

Artykuł jest próbą przeanalizowania najważniejszych problemów i wyzwań, będących tematami dyskusji podczas III Nadzwyczajnego Zgromadzenia Ogólnego Synodu Biskupów, które miało miejsce w Watykanie od 5 do 19 października 2014 roku. Prezentowane refleksja i uwagi są – jak to zostało zapisane we wnioskach w Relatio synodi – owocem synodu, którego głównym celem było zadanie pytań i poszerzenie perspektywy dla zagadnień zwiazanych z rodziną w kontekście Nowej Ewangelizacji. Zagadnienia, o których mowa, powinny być przedmiotem refleksji w Kościołach lokalnych w nadchodzącym roku. Wynik tej pracy powinien być opracowany i przesłany w określonej formie do Stolicy Apostolskiej. To będzie specjany udział Kościołów lokalnych w pracach Zwyczajnego Zgromadzenia Ogólnego Synodu Biskupów, które jest planowane na październik 2015 roku.
Małżeństwo i rozwód w Kościele waldensów we Włoszech w perspektywie małżeństwa mieszanego
Authors: Lewandowski Piotr
Published: February 2016

Artykuł przedstawia instytucję małżeństwa w Kościele waldensów przynależącym do Kościołów ewangelickich. Na ich doktrynie wypracowano teologię małżeństwa podporządkowaną normom włoskiego prawa cywilnego. Mimo że Kościół ten popiera trwałość małżeństwa, to jednak dopuszcza możliwość rozwodu na podstawie wzajemnego przebaczenia i trwania w komunii braterskiej na łonie Kościoła. Związki wiernych Kościoła waldensów z katolikami doprowadziły do wypracowania wspólnych zasad w zakresie małżeństw mieszanych. Nawiązują one do wyjaśnienia pojęcia małżeństwa z perspektywy każdego z Kościołów, ustalenia punktów wspólnych i rozbieżności oraz wyznaczają wskazówki duszpasterskie dla tego typu małżeństw ukazanych w tej publikacji z perspektywy waldensów.
Sprawca aborcji: głos w dyskusji nad przestępstwem z kan. 1398 KPK
Authors: Skonieczny OP Piotr
Published: February 2016

Artykuł jest krótkim komentarzem do aborcji kanonicznej w rozumieniu kodeksu łacińskiego na tle niektórych polskich przypadków. Autor omawia kan. 1398 (z jego interpretacją autentyczną) w świetle kan. 1329, a następnie zwraca uwagę na ich niezharmonizowanie, co powinno zostać poprawione. Autor krytykuje pojęcie „abortus”, które powinno być usunięte w przyszłym, zmienionym kan. 1398. Ta sama krytyka powinna być zastosowana do pojęcia sprawcy koniecznego z kan. 1329 § 2, które również powinno być zniesione w łacińskim prawie karnym. Przyszły kan. 1398 powinien ponadto być zharmonizowany ze zmienionym kan. 1329.
Władza rodzicielska a wolność religijna dziecka w prawie kanonicznym
Authors: Szczot Elżbieta
Published: February 2016

Na rodzicach ciąży obowiązek wychowania dziecka. Źródłem tego obowiązku jest prawo naturalne i stanowione Kościoła katolickiego. Rodzice, ponieważ dali dziecku życie, są zobowiązani do jego wychowania w zakresie fizycznym, społecznym, kulturalnym, religijnym i moralnym. Kościół katolicki zobowiązuje wiernych do przekazania swoim dzieciom wiary. Czyni to już podczas zawierania związku małżeńskiego przez nupturientów, zadając im pytanie, czy chcą po katolicku przyjąć i wychować potomstwo, którym ich Bóg obdarzy. By wypełnić (między innymi) obowiązek wychowania religijnego, rodzice dysponują władzą rodzicielską. Dzieci są im winne posłuszeństwo. Jednak nie zawsze życzenie rodziców pokrywa się z wolą dziecka. Dziecko, które ukończyło 7 rok życia i nie zostało jeszcze chrzczone, samo wyraża wolę przyjęcia chrztu na podstawie kan. 865§ 1 i kan. 852 § 1 Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego z 1983 roku. Natomiast po ukończonym 14 roku życia może sprzeciwić się woli rodziców na mocy kan. 111 § 2 oraz kan.112 § 2 i wybrać chrzest w Kościele łacińskim lub w Kościele innego samodzielnego obrządku (oczywiście, dotyczy to katolickich Kościołów wschodnich), do którego chce należeć, lub powrócić do Kościoła łacińskiego, gdy rodzice wybrali Kościół innego obrządku.
Czas na nową teo(kosmo)logię?
Authors: Gałecki Sebastian , Szufa Katarzyna
Published: February 2016

Balázs Mezei w eseju zatytułowanym Demythologizing Christian philosophy: an outline podejmuje krytykę stanowiska, które określa mianem „kosmoteologii”. Rozumie on przez to taki filozoficzny namysł nad światem, który jest silnie uwarunkowany przedkopernikańską koncepcją wszechświata. Jego zdaniem jedynym rozwiązaniem problemu „kosmoteologii” jest „zdemitologizowanie” filozofii, uwolnienie jej od wszelkich uwarunkowań kosmologicznych, które stanowią wyłącznie zbędny balast.Michał Heller prezentuje postawę odmienną. Twierdzi on bowiem, że teologia – czyli racjonalny namysł nad chrześcijańskim Objawieniem – musi uwzględniać to, co w wielu publikacjach nazywa „aktualnym obrazem świata”. Nauka ma być swoistym locus theologicus: źródłem refleksji i argumentacji teologicznej. Teolog nie może obracać się plecami do tak istotnych dla współczesnej nauki kwestii jak teoria Wielkiego Wybuchu, wieczność i nieskończoność wszechświata, fine tuning warunków początkowych wszechświata. Te dane pochodzące z nauk przyrodniczych mogą nie tylko inspirować, ale również wskazywać nowe sposoby rozumienia klasycznych teorii teologicznych.Właśnie pojęcie „inspiracji” wydaje się być kluczowe dla podejścia, które określiliśmy „nową teo(kosmo)logią”. Na kilku wybranych przykładach chcemy pokazać, jak w oparciu o najnowsze dane kosmologiczne Heller kształtuje „nową teologię”, twórczo przemyśliwując pytania o stworzenie świata, jego wieczność, Opatrzność troskliwie podtrzymującą istnienie wszechświata.
A Case for a ‘Big Picture’ Re-Orientation of K-12 Australian Catholic School Religious Education in the Light of Contemporary Spirituality
Authors: Rossiter Graham
Published: February 2016

This is the second of two articles that argue a case for a ‘big picture’ re-orientation of Australian Catholic school K-12 religion curricula. The first article1 considered that there has been such a great change in the landscape of contemporary spirituality that the traditional framework of religious meanings within which Catholic school religion curricula are written is out of synch with the meanings that inform contemporary spiritualities. A proposed responsive change in orientation suggests that more prominence needs to be given to the critical interpretation and evaluation of cultural meanings, while not neglecting the more traditional aim of giving young Catholics meaningful access to their religious heritage. The apparently different estimates of spirituality for children and ado-lescents also need to be taken into account. If many of the pupils in Catholic schools will never become actively involved in parishes when they grow up, then religious education needs to offer more than familiarising them with Catholic theology and religious prac-tice; it also needs to equip them with skills to address the spiritual and moral issues they will encounter in life. Attention is given to what this entails in both content and pedagogy, at primary and secondary levels.
Incontriamo Gesù. A study of the document of the Italian Epis-copal Commission on the Guidelines for proclamation and cat-echesis
Authors: Wierzbicki Mirosław
Published: February 2016

This article discusses the document Meeting Jesus, presented by the Italian Episcopal Commission. In seeking to give guide-lines for the proclamation and catechesis of the faith in Italy it becomes one of the most important documents in recent years that deal with the new evangelization that assists the whole Church in the announcing of the Gospel and the journey of faith.The document highlights certain homogeneity in reading the cultural, social, ecclesial and pastoral situation in which the pro-cesses of formation and education are realized. This helps the development of the “catechetical needs” and the specific paths of di-ocesan and national guidelines. It also reveals the possibility of a comparison at the inter-diocesan level between formators and a mutual support in the evaluation of projects and activity. To realize the training of formators and of members of the diocesan teams “in the wise work of coordinating and leading” it is important to work on the same lines proposed by the Guidelines.
Confessional and catechetical nature of religious education in Poland
Authors: Mąkosa Paweł
Published: February 2016

This paper aims at bringing to light a presentation of the nature of religious education in Poland. This study will therefore present a brief historical outline of religious upbringing in Poland, its current organisational regulations and the principles of religious education in schools. In our summary, we will present the level of effectiveness of religious education in Poland, and we will also explore the discussion on the reformation of religious education in Poland which is being worked upon.
Parents as parents-in-law in the light of Erik Erikson’s theory
Authors: Juroszek Weronika
Published: February 2016

The role of parents-in-law according to Erik Erikson’s theory, has been analyzed in this paper.Erikson claims that a man develops throughout his whole life, solving subsequently appearing crises. The proper solution of these crises enables the achievement of integration. The results of research, carried out by Menelaos Apostolou, regarding the influence of parents on the choice of a son or daughter-in-law have been presented in this paper. These results show that the marital choices of offspring most often lack their parents’ approval, and they often also lead parents to use manipulation techniques. Such regularity is often the basis of difficult spouse-parent-in-law relationships.The role of parents-in-law takes place in the period of middle adulthood in which an individual faces the productivity-stagnation process. It has been assumed that the role of parents-in-law is embedded in this crisis. According to Erikson, the crisis in the period of middle adulthood, as well as in any other period, is the friction of two opposing pursuits: progression and regression, where in case of middle adulthood, the progression stage is called productivity and regression – stagnation. Moreover, social and individual factors (including biological and psychological levels) activating regressive and progressive states in parents-in-law have been submitted for analysis.It is stressed, in this paper, that the parents’ virtue, which is care, is not limited only and exclusively to their own biological offspring – the process of upbringing should also include a broad understanding of the notion of providing welfare to future generations.
Próba przybliżenia zagadnienia symboliki liczb w muzyce Johanna Sebastiana Bacha w kontekście historycznym oraz badań Christopha Bosserta i grupy Bach-Societät
Authors: Presseisen Filip
Published: February 2016

In 1947 Friedrich Smend has developed the theory about numerological symbolism in Bach’s music. In similar way to the cabalistic gematria, he discovered, the coinherence of symbolic name “Bach” as the number 14, and “J.S.Bach” as 41. He claimed that it is possible to find that Bach has used that symbolism in his compositions. The exaple of this operation is possible to find in the first part of ClavierÜbung: this work is made from 41 movements, and was published as the first printed work from Bach in his life. And Bach started to write this work as he was 41 years old. On the Hausmann painting, Bach has got the manuscript contain fragment of 14 canons. The painting was made because of Bach’s joining as 14th member to the Mitzler Society. Those simple conclusions lead to establish the international searching group for common platform for music, theology and symbolical numbers in Bach’s ouvre. This group has mainly researched the text-based works, and did not focus on the correspondence among the series-work of Bach. Profesor Christoph Bossert with his over 20 years of his research work discovered the special code, which Bach might to used for his compositions. Based on that discoveries, he constitute the Bach-Societät group, which is focused on researches and discovering connections among the theology, symbolism and musical structures in whole Bach’s music.
Muzyka liturgiczna w przeżyciu Misterium Paschalnego
Authors: Tyrała Robert
Published: February 2016

Jeśli „muzyka jest integralną częścią uroczystej liturgii” (KL 112), to niezmiernie ważne jest, by podczas najważniejszych wydarzeń w świątyni, a zwłaszcza liturgicznych celebracji, stawała się ona czytelnym znakiem. Gdy bowiem przygotowujemy muzykę liturgiczną, zawsze zwracamy uwagę na: rok liturgiczny, a więc okres, uroczystość czy wspomnienie, zatrzymujemy się nad treścią antyfony mszalnej (w odniesieniu do pieśni na wejście i komunię), formularzem mszalnym, treścią kolekty i czytań mszalnych, zwłaszcza zaś Ewangelii. I ta cała treść przeżywanych liturgicznych modlitw i czytań ma znaleźć swoje odzwierciedlenie właśnie w muzyce, którą proponuje się na celebrację. Na tym właśnie polega jej integralność, że nie jest jakimś uzupełnieniem, dopełnieniem, zastąpieniem, oprawą, ale jest tożsama z liturgią, jest z nią nierozerwalnie związana. Ona z niej wypływa i do niej prowadzi. Ona ją ubogaca, upiększa i jest bardziej czytelnym jej znakiem.Nie inaczej ma być z muzyką podczas Triduum Paschalnego. Ta muzyka musi być jeszcze bardziej i lepiej przemyślana, bowiem tu mamy do czynienia z najważniejszym wydarzeniem całego roku liturgicznego jakim jest święto Chrystusa, cierpiącego, ukrzyżowanego i zmartwychwstałego. To jest najważniejsze wydarzenie zbawcze sprawowane tu i teraz. Na wielkie znaczenie i wymowę tych świętych dni Triduum Paschalnego zwrócił uwagę papież Benedykt XVI podczas audiencji generalnej 19 marca 2008. Niech słowa te będą szczególną konkluzją mojego wystąpienia. Ojciec święty powiedział:te trzy dni są powszechnie nazywane „wielkimi”, ponieważ przeżywamy w nich na nowo najważniejsze wydarzenie naszego odkupienia. Przypominają nam bowiem o samej istocie wiary chrześcijańskiej – męce, śmierci i zmartwychwstaniu Jezusa Chrystusa. Te dni moglibyśmy potraktować jako jeden jedyny dzień: stanowią one serce i kulminacyjny moment całego roku liturgicznego oraz życia Kościoła. […] Wspominać tajemnice Chrystusa znaczy również głęboko i solidarnie uczestniczyć w obecnie dokonującej się historii, z przekonaniem, że to, co celebrujemy, jest rzeczywistością żywą i aktualną […]. Te dni budzą w nas wielką nadzieję: ukrzyżowany Chrystus zmartwychwstał i zwyciężył świat. Miłość jest silniejsza od nienawiści, odniosła zwycięstwo, a my powinniśmy uczestniczyć w tym zwycięstwie miłości. Powinniśmy więc zacząć na nowo od Chrystusa i pracować w jedności z Nim na rzecz świata, którego fundamentami są pokój, sprawiedliwość i miłość.
„Ubodzy, a wzbogacający wielu” (por. 2 Kor 6, 10). Ubóstwo Chrystusa i wiernych w nauczaniu św. Pawła
Authors: Piekarz Danuta
Published: February 2016

W tradycyjnie pojmowanym zbiorze Listów Pawłowych jedynie w 1 Tm można znaleźć typowe wskazania dotyczące ewangelicznej postawy wobec dóbr materialnych. W listach protopawłowych myśl Apostoła rozwija się w innym kierunku: wzorem dla wiernych i punktem wyjścia jest uniżenie, ogołocenie Chrystusa, który właśnie poprzez przyjęcie ludzkiej natury obdarzył nas życiem Bożym. Paweł wpatrzony w ten wzór również „wyzuł się ze wszystkiego”, by wytworzyć w swoim życiu „przestrzeń” dla Chrystusa, aby On poprzez Apostoła mógł działać w wiernych. Na wzór Chrystusa Sługi również Paweł czuje się sługą, nie tylko swojego Pana, ale i powierzonych mu braci w wierze. Zachęca ich do wzajemnej troski i współodpowiedzialności, przypominając, iż w Chrystusie wszyscy – także, a może zwłaszcza ci najsłabsi – są członkami jednego Mistycznego Ciała, a nawet najuboższy członek wspólnoty ma bezcenną wartość, skoro Chrystus przelał za niego swoją krew. Konkretnym przejawem troski Apostoła o dobro i jedność całego Kościoła jest organizacja składki wśród wspólnot znad Morza Egejskiego dla ubogich wiernych w Jerozolimie. Paweł pragnie, by wierni traktowali udział w składce nie jako bolesne wyrzeczenie, ale jako udział w łasce, jako dowód wdzięczności wobec Boga, który nie da się prześcignąć w hojności.
Cywilizacja łacińska w myśli Feliksa Konecznego (wybrane zagadnienia)
Authors: Klag Wojciech
Published: February 2016

The subject of the article is to present the theory of Latin civilization by Felix Koneczny. The ancient civilization components such as: Greek philosophy, Roman law, and Christian religion were highlighted. The Model is based on the Latin civilization of Catholic ethics that covers all spheres of social life. The most important foundation of social structure in this civilization is family. The grandeur of this civilization lies in the dominance of the spiritual over the material. It is also important personal nature of civilization. The implementation of the principles of the Catholic Church is the best way to the fullness of human development and society in the state apparatus.
„Natura jest tylko jedna, przez którą Bóg wszystko stworzył…” Alchemiczno-filozoficzna koncepcja Natury Michała Sędziwoja
Authors: Cygan Milena
Published: February 2016

Nature was the central idea on which Michael Sendivogius based his alchemico-philosophical system. Therefore, the aim of this article is to show what the Polish alchemist understood as Nature and what was its function in the world according to him. Sendivogius believed that the material world originated from the will of the good God. However, the act of divine creation was reduced to the moment of its coming into being through the creation of the matter (ex nihilo) and general organization of its universum. Nature, on the other hand, is responsible for the present form of the material world. For Sendivogius, Nature is an element with which the world has been enriched by the will of God, and which is responsible for its permanent creation. According to our alchemist, the world is constantly being created and transformed, and Nature is its creative principle. This article explains how Nature creates this world and particular beings existing in it. Furthermore, it discusses the problem of the nature of Nature itself. Sendivogius considered Nature to be not only a creative principle but also a kind of law determining interactions of beings which ensured their unity and harmony. Nature is not everlasting but created in the same way as the world. Therefore, the article presents also what the Alchemist thought about the Nature’s relation to its Creator, that is to God.
Koncepcja automatyzacji Leonarda Torresa y Quevedo jako przyczynek do rozwoju computer science
Authors: Urbańczyk Piotr
Published: February 2016

The aim of this article is to indicate that the ideas of Leonardo Torres y Que­vedo presented in his short Essays on Automatics constitute essential link between early Babbage’s concepts of analytical engine and modern computer science. These ideas include definition of automatics, classification of automata, theoretical basis for robotics, electromechanical engineering, modern concept of chatbot, the importance of algorithm and last but not least floating point arithmetic.