bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence and Determinants of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Late‐Stage Parkinsonism
Authors: Hommel Adrianus L.A.J. , Meinders Marjan J. , Lorenzl Stefan , Dodel Richard , Coelho Miguel , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Laurens Brice , Spampinato Umberto , Meissner Wassilios , Rosqvist Kristina , Timpka Jonathan , Odin Per , Wittenberg Michael , Bloem PhD Bas R. , Koopmans Raymond T. , Schrag Anette ,   the Care of Late‐Stage Parkinsonism Consortium
Published: April 2020

Background

Late‐stage parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease (PD) are insufficiently studied population. Although neuropsychiatric symptoms (eg, psychosis, depression, anxiety, behavioral problems) are frequently present, their prevalence and clinical predictors remain unknown.

Objective

To determine the prevalence and predictors of neuropsychiatric symptoms in late‐stage PD.

Methods

We conducted a multinational study of patients with PD with ≥7 years disease duration and either a Hoehn and Yahr stage ≥4 or a Schwab and England score ≤ 50% in the on stage. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed through interviews with carers using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, with a frequency × severity score ≥ 4, indicating clinically relevant symptoms. The determinants analyzed were demographic characteristics, medication, and motor and nonmotor symptoms. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed on predictors of clinically relevant neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Results

A total of 625 patients were recruited in whom the Neuropsychiatric Inventory could be completed. In 92.2% (576/625) of the patients, at least 1 neuropsychiatric symptom was present, and 75.5% (472/625) had ≥1 clinically relevant symptom. The most common clinically relevant symptoms were apathy (n = 242; 38.9%), depression (n = 213; 34.5%), and anxiety (n = 148; 23.8%). The multivariate analysis revealed unique sets of predictors for each symptom, particularly the presence of other neuropsychiatric features, cognitive impairment, daytime sleepiness.

Conclusion

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in late‐stage PD. The strongest predictors are the presence of other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Clinicians involved in the care for patients with late‐stage PD should be aware of these symptoms in this specific disease group and proactively explore other psychiatric comorbidities once a neuropsychiatric symptom is recognized.
Hypertension Is Associated With an Earlier Age of Onset of Huntington's Disease
Authors: Schultz Jordan L. , Harshman Lyndsay A. , Langbehn Douglas R. , Nopoulos Peg C.
Published: April 2020

Background and Objective

Hypertension (HTN) is associated with worsening clinical outcomes in neurodegenerative diseases. The relationship between HTN and the age of diagnosis (ADx) of Huntington's disease (HD) is not clear, however. This study sought to determine if the presence of HTN in adult patients with premanifest HD was associated with an earlier ADx compared with normotensive patients with HD.

Methods

Premanifest participants from Enroll‐HD were included if they had a cytosine‐adenine‐guanine greater than or equal to 36, baseline diagnostic confidence level less than 4, baseline total functional capacity score greater than 11, and baseline motor score less than 21. There were 3020 premanifest participants with HD, and 293 reported a diagnosis of HTN. HTN was transformed into a time‐dependent variable, and a Cox proportional hazard survival model determine if the presence of HTN affected the time to motor conversion. Baseline cytosine‐adenine‐guanine–age product score, cytosine‐adenine‐guanine repeat length, baseline age, sex, baseline body mass index, smoking history, and region were included as covariates.

Results

Participants with HTN had an increased annualized hazard of motor conversion compared to normotensive participants with HD (hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.64; P = 0.034).

Conclusions

A previous study reported a protective effect of HTN in HD, but did not account for the fact that the prevalence of HTN increases with age. By controlling for this confounder, we more accurately outline the association between the ADx of HD to demonstrate that a diagnosis of HTN may be associated with an earlier ADx of HD. These results represent an association, however, and further investigation is warranted. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Convergence analysis of an efficient spectral element method for Stokes eigenvalue problem
Authors: Zhang Jun , Wang JinRong , Zhou Yong
Published: April 2020

In this work, an efficient Legendre spectral element method was proposed to solve the two‐dimensional Stokes eigenvalue problem on L‐shaped domain. Based on minimax principle, the rigorous error estimates of the approximate eigenvalues are proved. The approximate eigenvalues converge with the order
in L2 norm, where h,N, and s are space grid size, polynomial degree, and the regularity of exact solution, respectively. Several numerical examples are provided to verify the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Wideband circularly polarized, slot antenna array loaded with metasurface
Authors: Nosrati Mehrdad , Yang Chenxi , Liu Xiaofan , Tavassolian Negar
Published: April 2020

This article presents the design and measurement results of a novel wideband circularly polarized 2 × 2 slot antenna array loaded with a metasurface layer. The proposed array exploits circularly polarized elements. Each element is sequentially rotated and fed with an appropriate phase difference to ensure the generation of a circularly polarized wave. The use of metasurface enlarges the impedance bandwidth of the antenna by creating an additional resonance. The metasurface layer also improves the axial ratio bandwidth of the array. Its other major benefit is mitigating the beam squint in the higher frequency band without sacrificing the axial ratio (AR). A prototype of the antenna is built and measured in an anechoic chamber. The measured impedance bandwidth (|S11| < −10 dB) of the array is 66.7% (from 1.6 to 3.2 GHz) and its axial ratio bandwidth (AR < 3 dB) is 63.8% (from 1.6 to 3.1 GHz) which are outstanding numbers compared to the current state of the art. The measured radiation patterns of the antenna array are stable across the band of interest with a gain of >4 dBi. The overall size of the antenna is 170 mm × 170 mm.
Weight Loss and Concomitant Adipose Autophagy in Methionine‐Restricted Obese Mice is Not Dependent on Adiponectin or FGF21
Authors: Cooke Diana , Mattocks Dwight , Nichenametla Sailendra N. , Anunciado‐Koza Rea P. , Koza Robert A. , Ables Gene P.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Identifying novel approaches to combat obesity is important to improve health span. It was hypothesized that methionine restriction (MR) will induce weight loss in obese mice by reducing adipose tissue mass caused by increased energy expenditure and reprogramming of adipose tissue homeostasis. The roles of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) during weight loss in MR mice were also tested.

Methods

Diet‐induced obese (DIO) male C57BL/6J (wild type), Adipoq‐deficient (Adipoq knockout [KO]), Fgf21‐KO, and Adipoq‐Fgf21 double‐KO mice were used. Following a switch to high‐fat control (DIO‐CF, 60% fat/0.86% methionine) or MR (DIO‐MR, 60% fat/0.12% methionine) diet, physiological parameters were measured, and inguinal and perigonadal adipose tissues were examined.

Results

Obese mice subjected to MR showed loss of body weight and adiposity, increased energy expenditure, and improved glucose tolerance that were independent of the actions of ADIPOQ and FGF21. MR induced reduction of circulating lipids, glucose, insulin, leptin, and insulin like growth factor 1 and increased β‐hydroxybutyrate, ADIPOQ, and FGF21 concentrations. In fat, MR upregulated protein levels of adipose triglyceride lipase, apoptosis‐inducing factor, lysosomal‐associated membrane proteins 1 and 2, autophagy‐related protein 5, beclin‐1, and light chain 3B I and II.

Conclusions

MR reduction of adipose tissue mass in obese mice is associated with elevated lipolysis, apoptosis, and autophagy and occurs independently of the actions of ADIPOQ and FGF21.
Robust guaranteed‐cost output feedback control of blood glucose in type 1 diabetes patient with intrapatient variability
Authors: Nath Anirudh , Dey Rajeeb
Published: April 2020

Dealing with the interpatient and the intrapatient variability in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patient are the prominent control challenges in the development of the artificial pancreas system (APS). An APS consider a nonlinear patient model that has many state variables, but the reality is that out of the many states only glucose concentration is measurable till date without any complication and undue high cost. In the present work, the philosophy is to evolve a control technique that can address the above‐cited challenges or issues. In the sequel, a robust observer is first designed based on the attractive ellipsoid method (AEM) for norm‐bounded uncertainty structure. The information of the estimated states is then used to design a guaranteed‐cost robust output feedback control. The design methodology approximates the nonlinearity present in the model as quasi‐one‐sided Lipschitz thus including more information of nonlinearity in the design as well as the control problem is recast into a linear matrix inequality (LMI) framework. Numerical simulations of 200 virtual T1DM patients are carried out which reveal that there are no cases of hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia in the presence of bounded parametric variability and high uncertainty in exogenous meal disturbance. The proposed method is simple, efficient and optimal closed‐loop solution for blood glucose regulation in T1DM patients in a robust nonlinear framework.
Process Optimisation Studies and Aminonitrile Substrate Evaluation of Rhodococcus erythropolis SET1, A Nitrile Hydrolyzing Bacterium
Authors: Mareya Tatenda M. , Coady Tracey M. , O'Reilly Catherine , Kinsella Michael , Coffey Lee , Lennon Claire M.
Published: April 2020

A comprehensive series of optimization studies including pH, solvent and temperature were completed on the nitrile hydrolyzing Rhodococcus erythropolis bacterium SET1 with the substrate 3‐hydroxybutyronitrile. These identified temperature of 25 °C and pH of 7 as the best conditions to retain enantioselectivity and activity. The effect of the addition of organic solvents to the biotransformation mixture was also determined. The results of the study suggested that SET1 is suitable for use in selected organo‐aqueous media at specific ratios only. The functional group tolerance of the isolate with unprotected and protected β‐aminonitriles, structural analogues of β‐hydroxynitriles was also investigated with disappointingly poor isolated yields and selectivity obtained. The isolate was further evaluated with the α‐ aminonitrile phenylglycinonitrile generating acid in excellent yield and ee (>99 % (S) – isomer and 50 % yield). A series of pH studies with this substrate indicated pH 7 to be the optimum pH to avoid product and substrate degradation.
Preparation of W1/O/W2 emulsion to limit the diffusion of Fe3+ in the Fricke gel 3D dosimeter
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Kaikai , Hu Xiaodan , Zhang Xiaohong , Chang Shuquan , Zhang Haiqian
Published: April 2020

The irradiation of tumors in radiotherapy requires accurate 3D dosimetry. The Fricke 3D dosimeters, which were considered to be high potential of application in 3D dosimetry, suffer from a reduced temporal integrity of dose distribution caused by Fe3+ ions diffusion. To overcome the drawback, we firstly synthesized a kind of amphiphilic molecules with critical micelle concentration of 0.45 g/L and hydrophile‐lipophile balance value of 10, then prepared multiple emulsions by self‐assembling those molecules in Fricke solution under liquid paraffin, and finally obtained Fricke hydrogel embedded with the multiple emulsions. The diffusion coefficient of Fe3+ ions in the embedded Fricke hydrogel was measured to be 0.17 mm2/h. The hydrogel dosimeter exhibits considerable potential for use in dose verification applications.
Numerical approach to simulate the mechanical behavior of biodegradable structures considering degradation time and heterogeneous stress field
Authors: Taguti Marcos V. H. , Françoso Adriano , Ribeiro Marcelo L. , Vieira André F. C.
Published: April 2020

Biodegradable polymers are widely used to manufacture biodegradable devices, such as those used in regenerative medicine. In many cases, nonuniform degradation can arise from nonuniform stress fields. The developed numerical methodology can simulate the mechanical behavior of three‐dimensional structures subjected to loads during degradation after a given degradation time, thus providing a valuable tool for pre validation of biodegradable devices. Degradation rate was assumed as linear function of the local von Mises stress. Material model parameters change as degradation proceeds and hydrolytic damage increases. Hence, shear modulus of the neo‐Hookean constitutive model was assumed as linear function of hydrolytic damage. The methodology was developed in a finite elements' framework using ABAQUS/Standard. The local hydrolytic damage and the consequent shear modulus evolutions were calculated by means of a user material subroutine. The stress field affects locally the kinetics of degradation and the evolution of hydrolytic damage. Thus, local hydrolytic damage and the material parameter are updated at each time step to recalculate stress and strain fields at the inputted degradation time. The aim of this work was to allow the simulation of biodegradable devices subjected to both mechanical and chemical environments.
Assimilation of atmospheric infrasound data to constrain tropospheric and stratospheric winds
Authors: Amezcua Javier , Näsholm Sven Peter , Blixt Erik Mårten , Charlton‐Perez Andrew J.
Published: April 2020

This data assimilation study exploits infrasound from explosions to probe an atmospheric wind component from the ground up to stratospheric altitudes. Planned explosions of old ammunition in Finland generate transient infrasound waves that travel through the atmosphere. These waves are partially reflected back towards the ground from stratospheric levels, and are detected at a receiver station located in northern Norway at 178 km almost due north from the explosion site. The difference between the true horizontal direction towards the source and the backazimuth direction (the horizontal direction of arrival) of the incoming infrasound wavefronts, in combination with the pulse propagation time, are exploited to provide an estimate of the average cross‐wind component in the penetrated atmosphere. We perform offline assimilation experiments with an ensemble Kalman filter and these observations, using the ERA5 ensemble reanalysis atmospheric product as background (prior) for the wind at different vertical levels. We demonstrate that information from both sources can be combined to obtain analysis (posterior) estimates of cross‐winds at different vertical levels of the atmospheric slice between the explosion site and the recording station. The assimilation makes greatest impact at the 12–60 km levels, with some changes with respect to the prior of the order of 0.1–1.0 m·s−1, which is a magnitude larger than the typical standard deviation of the ERA5 background. The reduction of background variance in the higher levels often reached 2–5%. This is the first published study demonstrating techniques to implement assimilation of infrasound data into atmospheric models. It paves the way for further exploration in the use of infrasound observations – especially natural and continuous sources – to probe the middle atmospheric dynamics and to assimilate these data into atmospheric model products.
The influence of aggregation and statistical post‐processing on the subseasonal predictability of European temperatures
Authors: van Straaten Chiem , Whan Kirien , Coumou Dim , van den Hurk Bart , Schmeits Maurice
Published: April 2020

The succession of European surface weather patterns has limited predictability because disturbances quickly transfer to the large‐scale flow. Some aggregated statistics, however, such as the average temperature exceeding a threshold, can have extended predictability when adequate spatial scales, temporal scales and thresholds are chosen. This study benchmarks how the forecast skill horizon of probabilistic 2‐m temperature forecasts from the subseasonal forecast system of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) evolves with varying scales and thresholds. We apply temporal aggregation by rolling‐window averaging and spatial aggregation by hierarchical clustering. We verify 20 years of re‐forecasts against the E‐OBS dataset and find that European predictability extends at maximum into the fourth week. Simple aggregation and standard statistical post‐processing extend the forecast skill horizon with two and three skilful days on average, respectively. The intuitive notion that higher levels of aggregation capture large‐scale and low‐frequency variability and can therefore tap into extended predictability holds in many cases. However, we show that the effect can be saturated and that there exist regional optimums beyond which extra aggregation reduces the forecast skill horizon. We expect such windows of predictability to result from specific physical mechanisms that only modulate and extend predictability locally. To optimize subseasonal forecasts for Europe, aggregation should thus be limited in certain cases.
Monotonic convergence and robustness of higher‐order gain‐adaptive iterative learning control
Authors: Li Xiaohui , Ruan Xiaoe
Published: April 2020

For a class of repetitive linear discrete time‐invariant systems with higher relative degree, a higher‐order gain‐adaptive iterative learning control (HOGAILC) is developed while minimizing the energy increment of two adjacent tracking errors with the argument being the iteration‐time‐variable learning‐gain vector (ITVLGV). By taking advantage of rows/columns exchanging transformation of matrix, the ITVLGV is achieved in an explicit form which is dependent upon the system Markov parameters and adaptive to the iterationwise tracking‐error vector. Algebraic derivation demonstrates that the HOGAILC is strictly monotonously convergent. On the basis of the adaptive mode, a damping quasi‐HOGAILC strategy is exploited while the uncertainties of the system Markov parameters exist. Rigorous analysis delivers that the damping quasi‐scheme is strictly monotonically convergent and thus the HOGAILC mechanism is robust to a wider range of uncertainty of system parameters and the damping factor may relax the uncertainty range. Numerical simulations are made to illustrate the validity and the effectiveness.
Concepts for chemical state analysis at constant probing depth by lab‐based XPS/HAXPES combining soft and hard X‐ray sources
Authors: Siol Sebastian , Mann Jennifer , Newman John , Miyayama Takuya , Watanabe Katsumi , Schmutz Patrik , Cancellieri Claudia , Jeurgens Lars P.H.
Published: April 2020

The greater information depth provided in hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) enables nondestructive analyses of the chemistry and electronic structure of buried interfaces. Moreover, for industrially relevant elements like Al, Si, and Ti, the combined access to the Al 1s, Si 1s, or Ti 1s photoelectron line and its associated Al KLL, Si KLL, or Ti KLL Auger transition, as required for local chemical state analysis on the basis of the Auger parameter, is only possible with hard X‐rays. Until now, such photoemission studies were only possible at synchrotron facilities. Recently, however, the first commercial XPS/HAXPES systems, equipped with both soft and hard X‐ray sources, have entered the market, providing unique opportunities for monitoring the local chemical state of all constituent ions in functional oxides at different probing depths, in a routine laboratory environment. Bulk‐sensitive shallow core levels can be excited using either the hard or soft X‐ray source, whereas more surface‐sensitive deep core‐level photoelectron lines and associated Auger transitions can be measured using the hard X‐ray source. As demonstrated for thin Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 films, the local chemical state of the constituting ions in the oxide may even be probed at near‐constant probing depth by careful selection of sets of photoelectron and Auger lines, as excited with the combined soft and hard X‐ray sources. We highlight the potential of lab‐based HAXPES for the research on functional oxides and also discuss relevant technical details regarding the calibration of the kinetic binding energy scale.
Multigenerational Exposures of Daphnia Magna to Pristine and Aged Silver Nanoparticles: Epigenetic Changes and Phenotypical Ageing Related Effects
Authors: Ellis Laura‐Jayne A. , Kissane Stephen , Hoffman Elijah , Brown James B. , Valsami‐Jones Eugenia , Colbourne John , Lynch Iseult
Published: April 2020

Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) undergo physical, chemical, and biological transformation after environmental release, resulting in different properties of the “aged” versus “pristine” forms. While many studies have investigated the ecotoxicological effects of silver (Ag) NPs, the majority focus on “pristine” Ag NPs in simple exposure media, rather than investigating realistic environmental exposure scenarios with transformed NPs. Here, the effects of “pristine” and “aged” Ag NPs are systematically evaluated with different surface coatings on Daphnia magna over four generations, comparing continuous exposure versus parental only exposure to assess recovery potential for three generations. Biological endpoints including survival, growth and reproduction and genetic effects associated with Ag NP exposure are investigated. Parental exposure to “pristine” Ag NPs has an inhibitory effect on reproduction, inducing expression of antioxidant stress related genes and reducing survival. Pristine Ag NPs also induce morphological changes including tail losses and lipid accumulation associated with aging phenotypes in the heart, abdomen, and abdominal claw. These effects are epigenetic remaining two generations post‐maternal exposure (F2 and F3). Exposure to identical Ag NPs (same concentrations) aged for 6 months in environmentally realistic water containing natural organic matter shows considerably reduced toxicological effects in continuously exposed generations and to the recovery generations.
Organization and membership: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Grothe‐Hammer Michael , la Cour Anders
Published: April 2020

Membership is one of the most important concepts in organization theory, and has been mostly taken for granted for decades. Recent works have shattered the existing paradigm of membership, and several scholars have come up with new ways to understand the relationship between organizations and the people ‘belonging' to them. This debate has been crucially inspired by Niklas Luhmann's modern systems theory – however, so far mostly without developing modern systems theory itself. With this Special Issue on “Organization and Membership,” we want to carry the discussion back to its muse. This Special Issue presents works that specifically advance the membership notion of modern systems theory – and, hence, offer new inspirational impulses for the whole field of organization studies. In this introduction, we briefly present Luhmann's works on membership and provide an overview of the research articles featured in this Special Issue.
Optical Emission Spectroscopy as an Online Analysis Method in Industrial Electric Arc Furnaces
Authors: Pauna Henri , Aula Matti , Seehausen Jonas , Klung Jens-Sebastian , Huttula Marko , Fabritius Timo
Published: April 2020

The development of online analysis methods for industrial electric arc furnaces (EAFs) has been a major research topic in recent years. Process control becomes even more important in the future due to the increase in both the usage of recycled metal as charge material and the metal recycling rate. For the industry to keep up with the pace, reliable chemical analysis of the slag together with online information about the furnace operation status is essential. Herein, optical emission spectroscopy is used to obtain the information about the electric arc together with radiative properties and surface temperature of the molten bath in an industrial EAF. The arc is visible for high alloyed steel grades within 5–30 min before tapping and the arc spectra are dominated by the optical emissions from the slag components. The plasma properties of the electric arc are determined with emission lines from atomic chromium, iron, and calcium. The time evolution of the spectra for high alloyed and carbon steel grades are compared with each other to provide a better understanding of the differences in the spectra between these two steel grades.
Energetisch aktivierte Stahlsandwichelemente mit Mineralfaserkern
Authors: Ridder Daniela , Tekinbas Yesim , Hachul Helmut , Weiland Finn , Kirchner Maik , Giovannetti Federico
Published: April 2020

In Zeiten globalen Warenhandels und digitaler Verfügbarkeit spielen Lager‐ und Gewerbebauten eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle. Allein in der BRD werden lt. IFBS‐Geschäftsbericht jährlich im Bereich von Dach‐ und Fassadenflächen Stahlsandwichelemente mit einem Polyurethan‐ oder Mineralfaserkern in einer Größenordnung von 20 Mio. m2 verbaut. In Europa sind dies lt. Forschungsinstitut für Wärmeschutz e. V. München sogar 130 Mio. m2. Diese Bauelemente sind aus Gründen der Wirtschaftlichkeit, Energieeinsparung und Durabilität erste Wahl. Laut EU‐Gebäuderichtlinie 2010 sind Neubauten so zu errichten, dass für Heizung, Kühlung und Lüftung möglichst keine Energie verbraucht wird. Dieses Ziel wird ebenso im neuen Gebäudeenergiegesetz festgeschrieben. Neben den bisherigen Strategien, Energieverluste durch größere Bauteildicken einzudämmen, wird im Folgenden die Option der thermischen Bauteilaktivierung aufgezeigt. Drei Ziele werden primär verfolgt: 1) Durch solare Gewinne soll Heizenergie reduziert, CO2 eingespart werden. 2) Mittels energetischer Gewinne soll die Dämmstärke reduziert, Ressourcen geschont werden. 3) Die energetischen Gewinne müssen in einem gebäudetechnischen Szenario valide abgebildet werden, die Wirtschaftlichkeit ist zu prüfen. Die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung fand im FOSTA‐Forschungsprojekt „Gebäudeintegrierte solare Stahlsandwichelemente für den Industrie‐ und Gewerbebau mit Mineralwollkern“ (P1253; IGF Nr. 19520 N) statt.
Two Anomalously Warm Years in the Northern California Current: Impacts on Early Marine Steelhead Diet Composition, Morphology, and Potential Survival
Authors: Thalmann Hillary L. , Daly Elizabeth A. , Brodeur Richard D.
Published: April 2020

Juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss enter the northern California Current ecosystem from the Columbia River and other Pacific Northwest coastal rivers and include several populations that are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. However, relatively little is known about the response of these populations to interannual variability in ocean conditions. In 2015 and 2016, anomalous ocean conditions, called the warm “Blob,” persisted in the northern California Current, increasing ocean temperatures by over 2.5°C. To determine how steelhead respond to such major shifts in temperature, we compared diet composition, stomach fullness, size, and body condition of juvenile steelhead collected in 2015 and 2016 to those of a subset of steelhead collected in previous surveys (2001, 2002, 2004, and 2006–2011) that included warm, cool, and neutral ocean years. In addition, we used bioenergetics models to assess the importance of the marine environment in contributing to changes in steelhead condition under different ocean temperature scenarios. Steelhead from 2015 and 2016 exhibited some of the poorest body condition values but were the largest sizes across all years evaluated. Steelhead diet composition varied between warm and cold years and between warm and average years, with steelhead consuming more insects, juvenile rockfishes, and rare and unidentified fish in warm years. Unusual taxa, including gelatinous salps (2015 and 2016) and juvenile smelts (2016), were consumed during Blob‐influenced years. Bioenergetics models indicated that interannual variability in growth was influenced by changes in temperature and feeding conditions in the marine environment, with significant differences in growth between warm and cold ocean years apparent as early as day 2 of the simulated marine residence. These findings highlight the potential for warm ocean years to influence the diet composition and morphology of Columbia River steelhead populations and may lead to a better understanding of factors influencing survival of juvenile steelhead during early marine residence.
Sincerely, Anonymous
Authors: Paterson Grace ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: April 2020

This paper provides an account of anonymous speech treated as anonymized speech. It is argued that anonymous speech acts are best defined by reference to intentional acts of blocking a speaker's identification as opposed to the various epistemic effects that imperfectly correlate with these actions. The account is used to examine two important subclasses of anonymized speech: speech using pseudonyms, and speech anonymized in a specifically communicative manner. Several pragmatic and ethical issues with anonymized speech are considered.
Celocentesis for early prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathy
Authors: Makrydimas G. , Damiani G. , Jakil C. , Cigna V. , Orlandi M. , Picciotto F. , Schillaci G. , Cassarà F. , Vinciguerra M. , Leto F. , Giambona A. , Maggio A. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Celocentesis is an invasive technique that can provide prenatal diagnosis of single‐gene disorders, from as early as 7 weeks' gestation. The objective of this study was to examine the safety of celocentesis.

Methods

In this prospective study, celocentesis was performed for prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathy in 402 singleton pregnancies in which both parents were carriers ofβ‐thalassemia or sickle cell disease trait. We assessed procedure‐related maternal discomfort or pain, success of sampling and obtaining results, pregnancy outcome and postnatal follow‐up.

Results

First, celocentesis was carried out at a median gestational age of 8.6 (range, 6.9–9.9) weeks and celomic fluid was successfully aspirated in 99.8% of cases. Second, 67% of women had no or only mild discomfort, 18% had moderate discomfort, 12% had mild‐to‐moderate pain and 3% had severe pain. Third, prenatal diagnosis from analysis of the celomic fluid was successful in 93.8% cases, and in the last 121 cases, it was always successful. Fourth, in all cases of successful sampling and analysis of celomic fluid, the diagnosis was concordant with results obtained from additional prenatal or postnatal testing. Fifth, in addition to diagnosis of hemoglobinopathy, quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction analysis, which was performed to evaluate maternal contamination using several markers for chromosomes X, Y, 21, 18 and 13, led to the accurate diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidy. Sixth, in all cases of an affected fetus diagnosed by celocentesis in which the parents chose termination of pregnancy, this was carried out < 10 weeks' gestation. Seventh, in 97.1% (298/307) of the continuing pregnancies there was live birth, in seven (2.3%) there was miscarriage and in two (0.7%) there was loss to follow‐up. Eighth, fetal abnormalities were diagnosed in three (1%) cases, including unilateral transverse amputation of the forearm, unilateral moderate hydronephrosis and small‐bowel duplication. All neonates were examined by a pediatrician and were found to be phenotypically normal, except for the three cases with a prenatally diagnosed defect.

Conclusions

Celocentesis can be used for early prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities, and the procedure‐related risk of pregnancy complications appears to be low. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
“Tourism, water, and gender”—An international review of an unexplored nexus
Authors: Cole Stroma K. G. , Mullor Ernest Cañada , Ma Yue , Sandang Yesaya
Published: April 2020

This international literature review of the tourism–water nexus identifies a gender gap. Tourism development can affect water supply both quantitatively and qualitatively. Many regions will face considerable problems of water availability and quality, affecting their tourism sector and increasing competition with local residents, and other industries especially agriculture. This international review of literature explores the tourism–water nexus, comparing and contrasting literature published in English, Chinese, and Spanish. Securing access to safe water for continued tourism development is a common theme and the vast majority of work has focused on hotels including water pricing, water‐saving practices and innovative management methods. In all continents, struggles are apparent, and the unsustainability of tourism is having impacts on water quantity and quality. This article identifies significant gaps in the literature including climate change, the energy‐water nexus, and the links with the Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, studies from a gendered perspective are minimal and the potential for areas of further gendered studies within the tourism–water nexus are highlighted including intersectionality, water insecurity and sanitation, tourism and gender based violence, and additional unpaid care work.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Water Governance

Human Water > Rights to Water
Worldsheet (anti)instanton bound states in type II on T 2
Authors: Basu Anirban
Published: April 2020

Abstract

The 1/8 BPS D
6ℛ4 coupling in type II string theory compactified on T
2 receives contributions from worldsheet instantons and anti-instantons wrapping the T
2, up to genus three in string perturbation theory. These involve contributions separately from bound states of instantons and anti-instantons, which are qualitatively similar to such contributions to the 1/2 and 1/4 BPS couplings. At genus two, the D
6ℛ4 coupling also receives contributions from instanton/anti-instanton bound states unlike the 1/2 and 1/4 BPS couplings, which is a consequence of a T-duality invariant eigenvalue equation a term in the coupling satisfies. We solve this eigenvalue equation to obtain the complete structure of the worldsheet (anti)instanton contributions. In the type IIB theory, strong weak coupling duality leads to certain contributions involving bound states of D string (anti)instantons wrapping the T
2.
Notes on biadjoint amplitudes, Trop G(3, 7) and X(3, 7) scattering equations
Authors: Cachazo Freddy , Rojas Jairo M.
Published: April 2020

Abstract

In these notes we use the recently found relation between facets of tropical Grassmannians and generalizations of Feynman diagrams to compute all “biadjoint amplitudes” for n = 7 and k = 3. We also study scattering equations on X (3, 7), the configuration space of seven points on CP2. We prove that the number of solutions is 1272 in a two-step process. In the first step we obtain 1162 explicit solutions to high precision using near-soft kinematics. In the second step we compute the matrix of 360 ×360 biadjoint amplitudes obtained by using the facets of Trop G(3, 7), subtract the result from using the 1162 solutions and compute the rank of the resulting matrix. The rank turns out to be 110, which proves that the number of solutions in addition to the 1162 explicit ones is exactly 110.
Evaluating tourniquet use in Swedish prehospital care for civilian extremity trauma
Authors: Wellme Eric , Mill Victor , Montán Carl
Published: April 2020

Purpose

The use of tourniquet (TQ) is today a well-documented and lifesaving adjunct to control bleeding from extremity trauma in the military setting. Since August 2015, the ambulance services in Stockholm, Sweden are equipped with TQs. The implementation and potential complications related to TQ use have so far not been evaluated. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prehospital use of TQ for haemorrhage control in extremity trauma. Possible complications following the use of TQ were analysed.

Methods

A retrospective, descriptive cohort study of extremity haemorrhage for all patients (n = 56) with a documented prehospital use of TQ admitted to the trauma centre at Karolinska University Hospital from 1st August 2015 to 31st December 2017 was conducted. Data regarding TQ use including indication, duration, bleeding volume, complications and definitive injury were analysed.

Results

Out of 63 placements of TQ in 56 patients, TQ stopped the bleeding effectively in 98.2% of the cases and the TQ time varied from 15 to 100 min. The overall complication rate was 30.1%; however, complications possibly related to TQ use were 3.6%. In 16 (28.6%) cases, the TQ were used for a non-life-threating haemorrhage which may have been stopped with direct pressure only.

Conclusion

This study shows TQs to be an effective but overused tool in haemorrhage control. The use of TQ was not associated with any severe complications, implying the safety and effectiveness of the device in the civilian setting if TQ time is kept under 100 min.
Influence of Interventionists’ Experience on Radiation Exposure of Patients Who Underwent Prostate Artery Embolization: 4-Year Results from a Retrospective, Single-Center Study
Authors: Kriechenbauer Bernadette Maria Theresia , Franiel Tobias , Bürckenmeyer Florian , Aschenbach René , Diamantis Ioannis , Malouhi Amer , Steiniger Beatrice , Teichgräber Ulf
Published: April 2020

Purpose

To assess radiation exposure in men undergoing prostate artery embolization (PAE) for the treatment for symptomatic, benign prostatic hyperplasia depending on growing experience of interventional radiologists over a 4-year period.

Methods

A total of 250 consecutive patients underwent PAE at a single center. Data on radiation exposure [dose area product (DAP), effective dose (ED), entrance skin dose (ESD), and fluoroscopy time (FT)] were retrospectively evaluated. Primary outcomes of interest were patient radiation exposure in five consecutive groups of 50 patients each and Pearson correlation with the number of patients treated.

Results

Median DAP, ED, and ESD during prostate artery embolization were significantly higher in the first compared to the second 50 patients (56 298 µGym2 vs. 24 709 µGym2, p < 0.001, 146.4 mSv vs. 64.2 mSv, p < 0.001, and 5.1 Gy vs. 2.4 Gy, p < 0.001, respectively). The following consecutive groups did not differ significantly from the respective preceding group in terms of DAP, ED, and ESD. Number of digital subtraction angiography series, FT, and procedure time decreased with increasing operator experience (Pearson’s r = − 0.240, p < 0.001, r = − 0.269, p < 0.001, and r = − 0.504, p < 0.001, respectively). Bilateral prostate artery embolization was associated with less ESD and shorter FT than unilateral embolization (median 2.5 vs. 3.5 Gy, p = 0.02, and 26 min vs. 42 min, p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Exposure to radiation in men who underwent PAE decreased with growing operator experience and decreasing complexity of procedures.
The After Diagnosis Head and Neck cancer-specific Patient Concerns Inventory (HaNC-AD) as a pre-treatment preparation aid during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kanatas Anastasios , Rogers S. N.
Published: April 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has resulted in new challenges for clinicians, head and neck cancer (HNC) patients and carers. There is evidence that the current crisis is affecting the management of HNC patients. Most healthcare systems have introduced remote consultations to decrease the risk of coronavirus infection to patients, carers and clinicians. At present, HNC patients may be anxious and due to logistical issues, may not be adequately prepared for their treatment. To ensure that patients have a thorough understanding of their treatment and expected outcome during the current COVID-19 crisis there may be merit in the use of the HaNC-AD PCI.
Uncertainty analysis of adsorption measurements using commercial gravimetric sorption analyzers with simultaneous density measurement based on a magnetic-suspension balance
Authors: Yang Xiaoxian , Kleinrahm Reiner , McLinden Mark O. , Richter Markus
Published: April 2020

A commercial gravimetric sorption analyzer, which is based on a magnetic-suspension balance, was significantly improved to reduce the uncertainty in adsorption measurements. In a previous paper, we investigated the force-transmission error (FTE) of the instrument’s magnetic-suspension coupling, and we analysed the uncertainty of the density measurement. In the present paper, equations for the determination of the adsorption on porous and quasi non-porous materials are provided, where the FTE is taken into account, and a detailed uncertainty analysis is presented. The uncertainty analysis was applied to both the improved measurement system and a typical commercial gravimetric sorption analyzer. Adsorption test measurements were conducted with carbon dioxide along the T = 283 K isotherm at pressures up to the dew-point pressure using both a porous material (zeolite 13X) and a quasi non-porous material (solid metallic sinkers). The major uncertainty contributions for adsorption on the porous material were the mass and volume of the adsorbent sample and the assumption of the density of the adsorbed fluid; for the quasi non-porous material, the main contributions were the weighing values of the balance, the density of the investigated fluid in the gas phase, and the volume of the non-porous material. The influence of the FTE on the adsorption on the porous material was approximately 0.002 mmol⋅g−1, which was negligibly small; but the influence of the FTE was significant in the case of the quasi non-porous material, i.e., approximately 0.7 mmol⋅m−2 or about 22% of the adsorption capacity with the highest adsorption observed in this work (near the dew-point pressure). This indicates that the influence of the FTE increases significantly with decreasing adsorption capacity of the adsorbent sample.
Content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil in a multi-annual fertilisation regime
Authors: Mackiewicz-Walec Ewa , Krzebietke Sławomir Józef
Published: April 2020

The study assessed changes in the total 16 PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) content of soil which occurred in 1998–2009, during a multi-annual, manure-mineral and mineral fertilisation experiment, carried out in Bałcyny near Ostróda (Poland), according to a design unchanged since 1986 The study focused on the impact of multi-annual, diversified mineral fertilisation (N, P, K, Mg and Ca) compared to manure applied every two years at a dose of 40 t/ha. The four plants used in the crop rotation included sugar beet, spring barley, maize and spring wheat. The content of the total 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was significantly higher in the manure-fertilised soil than in the soil fertilised with mineral fertilisers only. Under the regular manure fertilisation conditions, liming of the soil significantly increased the total 16 PAH content, and the lowest dose of nitrogen significantly decreased its PAH content. The lowest nitrogen dose had an opposite effect in the soil fertilised with mineral fertilisers only, where it caused a significant increase in the content of the PAHs. However, the increased doses of nitrogen also resulted in an increase in the PAH content in the soil fertilised with manure and without this fertiliser.
Search space reduction of asynchrony immune cellular automata
Authors: Mariot Luca , Manzoni Luca , Dennunzio Alberto
Published: April 2020

We continue the study of asynchrony immunity in cellular automata (CA), which can be considered as a generalization of correlation immunity in the case of vectorial Boolean functions. The property could have applications as a countermeasure for side-channel attacks in CA-based cryptographic primitives, such as S-boxes and pseudorandom number generators. We first give some theoretical results on the properties that a CA rule must satisfy in order to meet asynchrony immunity, like central permutivity. Next, we perform an exhaustive search of all asynchrony immune CA rules of neighborhood size up to 5, leveraging on the discovered theoretical properties to greatly reduce the size of the search space.
Social Innovation Ignored: Framing Nonprofit Activities in European News Media
Authors: Krlev Gorgi , Lund Anker Brink
Published: April 2020

News reporting typically has a dual function: it mirrors what is going on in real life, but it also shapes how actors behave. Previous studies suggest that media presence, by way of shaping public and policy perceptions, influence how well nonprofits are able to raise funds and mobilize human resources. Yet, we are lacking insights into how the third sector is actually framed in the media, in particular with regard to innovation, which increasingly complements the more traditional functions of advocacy and service provision. To find out, we performed a longitudinal content analysis and an in-depth framing analysis on national and regional newspapers from nine European countries. The analyses demonstrate that third sector activities, especially those related to social innovation, are largely ignored. We find no systematic evidence that crises increase news attention to nonprofit activities. The third sector is becoming more newsworthy when it co-engages with government and business actors, but can benefit only little from this “positive glow”. We suggest how research on these matters can be taken forward, with a specific focus on the agenda-setting theory of mass media, the strategic management of nonprofit organizations, and collaboration in the context of social innovation.
Photovoice als Forschungsmethode mit Kindern
Authors: Landwehr Janna , Kolip Petra
Published: April 2020

Hintergrund

Körperliche Aktivität ist ein wichtiger Schlüssel zur Reduktion Public-Health-relevanter Erkrankungen. Zur Entwicklung effektiver Gesundheitsförderung ist ein partizipativer Einbezug der Zielgruppe erforderlich. Dennoch ist gerade in Deutschland die Forschung mit Kindern noch randständig. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, am Beispiel der Bedürfnisse von Kindern in Bezug auf die Förderung ihrer Nahmobilität, die Methode Photovoice zu erproben und weiterzuentwickeln.

Methode

Drittklässler*innen (n = 18) fotografierten maximal fünf Situationen oder Gegenstände im Rahmen ihrer eigenen Nahmobilität in einem Zeitraum von 2 Tagen. Auf Basis dieser Fotos wurden vier Gruppeninterviews mit 4–5 Kindern leitfadengestützt durchgeführt. Die transkribierten Interviews wurden in Anlehnung an die qualitative Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring analysiert. Zudem wurde die Forschungsmethode von den Teilnehmer*innen mit Ratingskalen eingeschätzt.

Ergebnisse

Photovoice verhalf den Kindern bei der Erarbeitung und Darlegung eigener Relevanzen. Gruppeninterviews führten mit Hilfe der Fotos zu gemeinsamer Generierung von Lösungen sowie Diskussionen über die Fotos hinaus. Allerdings ist ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität, zeitlicher Ressourcen sowie Empathie erforderlich.

Fazit

Die Studie zeigt, dass die Methode Photovoice geeignet ist, um kindliche Perspektiven zu erfassen und damit neue Erkenntnisse zu generieren. Sie sollte verfeinert sowie weiter ausgebaut werden, indem die Ergebnisse zu einer Präsentation für Entscheidungsträger aggregiert werden.