bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Turnout Myth
Authors: Shaw Daron , Petrocik John
Published: December 2019

This book refutes the widely held convention that high turnout in national elections advantages Democratic candidates while low turnout helps Republicans. It examines over fifty years of presidential, gubernatorial, Senate, and House election data to show there is no consistent partisan effect associated with turnout. The overall relationship between the partisan vote and turnout for these offices is uncorrelated. Most significant, there is no observable party bias to turnout when each office or seat is examined through time. In some states, across the decades, gubernatorial and senatorial contests show a pro-Democratic bias to turnout; in others an increase in turnout helps Republicans. The pattern repeats for House elections during the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and through the 2010s. The analysis demonstrates that, within the range that turnout varies in American elections, it is the participation and abstention of easily influenced, less engaged citizens—peripheral voters—that move the outcome between the parties. These voters are the most influenced when the short-term forces of the election—differential candidate appeal, issues, scandals, and so forth—help the parties. Since these influences advantage Republicans as often as Democrats, the oscillation in turnout that coincides with pro-GOP and pro-Democratic forces leaves turnout rates inconsequential overall. The connections between short-term forces and the election cycle dominate the inconsistent partisan effects of turnout.
If Only Our People Had Turned Out!
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

This chapter outlines the turnout myth—that high turnout is a Democratic asset and a Republican liability—with some brief comparisons of elections from 2000 through 2018. The idea that increased turnout would help elect more Democrats is often proffered by media pundits, campaign practitioners, and professional politicians. However, the data clearly demonstrate how poorly the turnout and partisan outcomes of the elections match the notion of a turnout bias. This chapter presents some of the individual-level survey data that have been erroneously generalized into an argument about aggregated turnout pattern. It also outlines the path the argument and analysis takes in the succeeding chapters.
Turnout and Partisan Vote Choice
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the link between turnout and the vote across an extended series of elections within states and electoral districts. The strength of this design is that it conforms exactly to the ordinary language that analysts and commentators use to assert a connection between turnout and vote outcome. The proponents of a turnout bias argue that increased turnout in a forthcoming election should increase the Democrat’s share of the vote compared to the previous election, while a turnout drop will erode that share. We use straightforward data for an analysis of changes through time for presidential elections from 1948 through 2016, for each Senate seat from 1966 through 2016, for each state’s gubernatorial contests from 1966 through 2016, and for all 435 congressional districts from 1972 through 2010. The analysis does not find support for the bias thesis but observes a virtually random relationship, with turnout in many states and districts helping the Republicans as often as it assists the Democrats.
Why Is the Conventional Wisdom Wrong?
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

The chapter offers a well-understood voter orientation to explain why the facts do not fit the myth. Republicans generally vote at higher rates than Democrats due to predispositions that reflect socioeconomic factors. When overall turnout increases, the less participatory are showing up, but Democrats are not advantaged by higher turnout for two reasons. The first has to do with the magnitude of the turnout difference between Democrats and Republicans, and how that affects the vote between or (for a few elections) among the candidates. The second part of the answer reflects the greater susceptibility of peripheral voters to short-term, election-specific influences: when turnout increases the short-term forces can (and often do) move peripheral voters toward the Republicans.
Some Final Data and Thoughts on the Link between Turnout and Vote Choice
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 9 returns to the possibility that a single factor might be exerting an unseen effect on the relationship between turnout and partisan vote choice. More precisely, we return to the concept of partisanship and the idea that turnout affects vote choice, but only if one takes account of the majority party and the competitive balance in the state or district. The analysis finds sporadic and unsystematic support for the notion, but more evidence in support of short-term electoral forces associated with the candidate and the issues in the election. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of currents in American politics that might matter to upcoming elections.
“The Sultan Says”
Authors: Ayoub Samy A.
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the process by which Ḥanafī jurists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries authorized the edicts and orders of the Ottoman sultan as part of their juristic discourse and reasoning. This chapter focuses on the following jurists: Ḥasan b. ʿAmmār al-Shurunbulālī (d. 1659), Shaykh-Zāda (d. 1667), al-Ḥaṣkafī (d. 1677), and Ḥāmid b. ʿAlī al-ʿImādī (d. 1757). This chapter argues that this generation of scholars was the first to incorporate Ottoman state edicts and sultanic orders into Ḥanafī fiqh works. At this point, late Ḥanafī jurisprudence went beyond the established jurisdiction of siyāsa to sanction a legislative role for the sultan.
Introduction
Authors: Levy Arnon , Godfrey-Smith Peter
Published: December 2019

Science is both a creative endeavor and a highly regimented one. It involves surprising, sometimes unthinkably novel ideas, along with meticulous exploration and the careful exclusion of alternatives. At the heart of this productive tension stands a human capacity typically called “the imagination”: our ability, indeed our inclination, to think up new ideas, situations, and scenarios and to explore their contents and consequences in the mind’s eye. The volume explores our capacity to imagine and its implications for our understanding of science and its practice, from both psychological and philosophical viewpoints. This introduction surveys key questions and issues discussed in the volume and provides summaries of the various chapters.
Abstraction and Representational Capacity in Computational Structures
Authors: Weisberg Michael
Published: December 2019

Michael Weisberg’s book Simulation and Similarity argued that although mathematical models are sometimes described in narrative form, they are best understood as interpreted mathematical structures. But how can a mathematical structure be causal, as many models described in narrative seem to be? This chapter argues that models with apparently narrative form are actually computational structures. It explores this suggestion in detail, examining what computational structure consists of, the resources it offers modelers, and why attempting to re-describe computational models as imaginary concrete systems fails even more dramatically than it does for mathematical models.
Can Children Benefit from Thought Experiments?
Authors: Bascandziev Igor , Harris Paul L.
Published: December 2019

The “child as scientist” metaphor has been a source of many important insights about how children learn about the world. Extensive research has shown that, like scientists, children construct and test theories about the world through observation, exploration, and experimentation. What is not known, however, is whether children are similar to scientists in their employment of thought experimentation and other rationalistic processes when trying to learn about the world. Although the history of science has documented many instances of thought experiments being central to conceptual revolutions, there have been no empirical studies that ask the same question within developmental psychology. Such empirical studies are needed and warranted. Contrary to popular belief, children’s imagination is not fanciful or poorly disciplined. Instead, their imagination is constrained by knowledge of causal principles across different domains. Thus, engaging children in thought experiments should not produce unrealistic or impossible outcomes; rather, it should produce outcomes consistent with the causal structure of the world. Indeed, the consideration of hitherto unacknowledged implications of such outcomes may teach children something new about the world. This chapter reviews evidence from several studies that were not originally designed to test whether children can benefit from thought experiments but which nonetheless provide encouraging preliminary evidence of such benefit. Somewhat surprisingly, they hint that at least under some circumstances, the benefit from thought experiments may be greater than the benefit from direct observations of the world.
Rufino’s Africa
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Rufino was born in the ancient kingdom of Ò̩yó̩, one of the most powerful states in West Africa in the early nineteenth century. The expansion of Islam in the area, coupled with internal strife, led to a series of wars involving different ethnic groups. In 1817, a slave revolt in the heart of Ò̩yó̩ weakened its leadership to a point of no return. The victims of the conflicts that followed crowded the slave ships bound for Brazil. Years later, Rufino told the police that he came from a Yoruba Muslim family, who named him Abuncare. He was enslaved by Muslim Hausa warriors, a great number of whom were escaped slaves who ravaged the region where he lived. Rufino was sold on the coast and sent to Bahia in the early 1820s.
Enslaved in Bahia
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Once in Salvador, Abuncare was baptized as Rufino. His master was a successful apothecary in whose pharmacy Rufino learned how to prepare medicines and came into contact with both free and enslaved people. The city had between 50,000 to 60,000 inhabitants, 42 percent of whom were enslaved. Sixty-three percent of latter were born in Africa. The majority were Yoruba speakers, like Rufino, and worked as domestics or as slaves for hire. Rufino’s arrival coincided with the War of Independence from Portugal. There were also 16 slave rebellions between 1822 and 1826, in Salvador and in nearby sugar plantations. There is no evidence that Rufino was involved in those rebellions, which were clearly waged by fellow Yoruba-speaking Africans.
Rufino Joins the Slave Trade
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Now a freedman, Rufino starts working as a cook aboard slave ships, a strategic position in the business of transporting captives alive across the Atlantic, for cooks kept the slaves and crew healthy during the Middle Passage lasting 27 to 60 days. Rufino may also have used his earlier experience to prepare medicine and amulets for Muslim slaves. After the slave trade was banned in 1831, slave ships were frequently overcrowded, leading to an increase in mortality rates. Rufino’s first employer was a trader named Joaquim José da Rocha who sent slaves from Angola to Rio de Janeiro. Later, he would work for other slave traders, such as Joaquim Ribeiro de Brito, who operated between Luanda and Recife, in the province of Pernambuco, where at least 28,000 slaves were disembarked between 1837 and 1841.
Readying the Ermelinda
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

This chapter reports on Rufino’s life as a cook on the Ermelinda, a slave ship whose name changed more than once, usually to to fool the domestic and foreign authorities who were combating the illegal slave trade. The Ermelinda was a much larger vessel than the Paula and São José, on which Rufino had previously worked. The Ermelinda had to be carefully prepared in order to avoid unnecessary incidents and losses. Captains, masters, supercargoes, cooks, and sailors in general had specific tasks to fulfill. The Ermelinda’s crewmen included people from several nationalities—Africans, Brazilians and Europeans. Africans were employed in several tasks, and their knowledge of indigenous languages was greatly valued in the African trading ports.
Rufino’s Employers
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Rufino’s employers are the focus of this chapter. The Ermelinda’s owner was José Francisco de Azevedo Lisboa, a slave trader also known by the nickname Azevedinho (little Azevedo). He was well-known to the British authorities for his extensive slave trading activities in Angola, West Africa, Bahia, and Pernambuco in the 1830s and 1840s. He was the equivalent of the CEO of a large slave trading firm based in Recife that brought together some of the wealthiest local merchants, such as Angelo Francisco Carneiro, later Viscount of Loures, and had formed a vast network of connections with slave dealers all over Brazil. According to an investigation by the British, this organization smuggled massive numbers of slaves to Brazilian shores.
Passengers, Shippers, and Cargo
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

This chapter depicts the preparation of the slave ship Ermelinda, the trade goods it carried, and crew recruitment. The ship carried fourteen crewmen and a few passengers. The trade goods included tobacco, sugar, rum, rice, cassava flour and manufactured goods, including European fabrics mostly made in England. The ship also carried a coach and horses for a known slave dealer in Luanda, Arsénio de Carpio. Some crewmembers and passengers had also brought goods on board to buy slaves. The distribution of the merchandise onboard is discussed. Besides Rufino, another African named Duarte Martins and crew members owned 2.4 percent of these goods.
The Equipment Act
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

This chapter details the 1839 Equipment Act, also known as the Palmerston Bill, and describes how it was implemented in the 1840s. Itallowed the capture of Rufino’s ship by the British on the grounds that it was equipped to take captives aboard. In the following years, many other ships were captured under the act before embarking slaves. The capture of Brazilian ships in the 1840s is discussed and incidents described. The year when the Ermelinda was seized, 1841, the British and Brazilian Mixed Commission for the Suppression of the Slave Trade in Sierra Leone tried and convicted ten Brazilian ships. The suppression of the slave trade, a mission with an indisputably moral basis, gave the Royal Navy a pretext to occupy or blockade African ports, seize ships, attack and burn trading posts, and threaten local chiefs.
Back to Sea
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Acquitted from accusation of illegal slave trading, the Ermelinda gets ready to return to Brazil. Six other Brazilian ships were not so lucky, and were condemned in 1842. Of its original crew, only Rufino and a cabin boy sailed back to Recife on the Ermelinda, as the captain and other crew members had been left in Luanda when the slave ship was captured. Problems emerged when it came time to hire a captain to take the ship back to Brazil. The new crewmen were recruited from ships found guilty of engaging in the illegal slave trade by the Mixed Commission in Sierra Leone..
Counting the Costs
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

From the business standpoint, the Ermelinda’s voyage had been disastrous for large and small investors. Losses are calculated. The cargo was ruined, including Rufino’s guava sweets. After returning to Recife, Rufino traded in textiles but remained an employee of his slave trade employers for a while. He lived aboard the Ermelinda until the ship was auctioned off a few months later. Rufino returned to Sierra Leone as a witness to claims of reparation from the British for losses incurred by the merchants for the capture of the Ermelinda. This time, he attended a Qur’anic school in Freetown for close to two years.
A Man of Faith and Sorcery
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Eight years after settling in Recife, Rufino is arrested and investigated as a suspect for involvement in a slave plot. He answers his interrogators “calmly and frankly,” according to a witness. He claimed to be 45 years old, although he was described as an old man. He told his questioners that he was a diviner and a Muslim preacher, his clientele included not only Muslims but also people of mixed race, and even some whites, for whom he predicted the future, cured a range of ailments, removed evil spells, and prepared amulets. Rufino adapted some aspects of Brazilian popular Catholicism to his magical-religious arsenal. One of his main differences to other non-Christian religious leaders was his use of the written word. Some of his Arabic manuscript prayers were sent to Rio de Janeiro for translation, but only notes for a marriage ceremony survived.
Tense Times in Rufino’s Recife
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Rufino lived in Recife during a period of social unrest, namely the 1848 liberal rebellion and the 1852 revolt of free blacks provoked by rumors of a government plan to enslave them. In April 1853, a new wave of rumors spread the news that slaves had been freed but their masters did not inform them. In August 1853, several slaves and freed people were arrested and confessed the existence of a plot in three different counties, including Recife. Most suspect slaves were punished by their own masters, but the police condemned three of them to up to 600 lashes. Rufino’s house was raided and Muslim papers found, leading the police to believe they were plans for the revolt.
A Free Man
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Rufino’s interrogation shows he also drew attention because he raised the memories of the 1835 Muslim rebellion in Bahia and of the “Divine Teacher” episode in Recife in 1846. The latter involved a black man who led a messianic movement of free and enslaved black Christians, whom he taught how to read and write using subversive verses that threatened a Haitian-style slave revolution unless freedom was granted peacefully. Since Rufino could read, write, and indoctrinate, the press referred to him as the Divine Teacher II, though he was a Muslim. After two weeks in jail, Rufino was released free of charges. His story was told by the press all over Brazil.
Epilogue
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

Rufino’s story suggests the range of possibilities and obstacles faced by African freed persons in Brazil. Although he was not a social rebel, he represented a cultural affront to Brazilian slavocracy: he could read and write, spoke several languages, held a cosmopolitan view of the world, and practiced Islam. He was a ladino African, a man who had understood the workings of the slave society. He could have returned to Africa but chose to live in Brazil, where he had a son and followers. As a freedman, Rufino tried to reconstruct a life that was interrupted when he was captured and deported to Brazil.
The Impact and Importance of Policy in the Lives of Music Teachers
Authors: Schmidt Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to the purpose of this book, which is to facilitate the development of a policy identity in the field of music education so that music educators can be confident contributors to the policy process. The chapter articulates the ways in which policy can be formal or informal, obvious or subtle, stated or unstated, implicit or explicit. It demonstrates that policy starts with ideas, exemplifying how we may impact the process of adopting, implementing, and assessing said ideas. It shows how policy’s purposes are manifold, with practices that are deeply contextual and linked to constituencies and their interests. It argues, at the same time, that the consequences of policy can be acutely felt and are ethically far-reaching. The chapter, in sum, introduces policy as a complex terrain but also highlights tools for action.
A New Kind of Teacher Activism
Authors: Schmidt Patrick
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores policy as a form of critical pedagogy. It argues that there is something highly pedagogical about the formation and enactment of policy knowhow. The chapter investigates three central concepts of critical pedagogy—namely, conscientization, participation, and activism—and recasts them within the policy context. Using criticality as a parameter, the chapter links policy knowhow to the formation of critical leadership skills, with the aim of dissuading a view that sees policy as a “closed preserve of the formal government apparatus of policymaking” in which teachers are written out of the policy process.
The Beginning of the End of the World
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on Europe itself, in order to chronicle the creation of the Huguenot diaspora. Starting with the example of the theologian Pierre Jurieu, it shows how the coming of persecution led Huguenots to define themselves as a godly remnant of the once great French Protestant church. Thousands of refugees scattered around Europe, where they sought aid from Protestant rulers even as they promoted themselves as people with a particular role in cosmic history. Jurieu was the leading promoter of this specialness, which he took from a close reading of Revelation, but which had political implications. Jurieu and other Huguenot leaders especially sought to create “colonies,” self-contained Huguenot communities around Europe that could preserve the refugees’ faith for an eventual return to France. Over the course of the 1680s and 1690s these colonies appeared around Europe, from Germany to Ireland, and set the stage for the Huguenots’ global expansion.
Finding Eden
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

The Huguenots’ turn to new worlds came directly out of their colonial program. French Protestants had long experience with global travel and exploration, and once persecution hit some of them naturally believed they could find refuge overseas. This process began even in the 1660s, when authors like Charles de Rochefort and Henri Duquesne promoted the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean, respectively, as promised lands for Huguenots, drawing from utopian ideals. Once the Revocation closed off the French New World, Huguenots gravitated toward the English and Dutch empires, drawn from the 1680s onward by a robust promotional literature lauding societies as diverse as Tobago, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. By the 1680s increasing numbers of Huguenots were beginning to set out to these new colonies, lured by dreams of Eden but thrown into a world of empires.
Making the Empire Protestant
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

Even as individual colonies faded, Huguenots remained prominent in a world of empires. This chapter examines how individuals used institutions, especially in the British empire, to preserve their own positions and promote a particular kind of Protestant imperialism. There were three most common ways to do this. The first was in the Church of England, where a number of refugee ministers became missionaries in the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, making the Church a force for international Protestantism. The second was in the military, where officers like Paul Mascarene and John Ligonier rose to power. Finally, Huguenot merchants became some of the most important go-betweens in the Atlantic world. In each case, these Huguenots drew from their connections and experience with French people to push the empire in a certain direction, eventually toward promoting a new set of Huguenot colonies.
Epilogue
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

The epilogue uses the story of Jean-Henry de Bérenger, a Prussian officer, to show how the coming of Revolution ended the global Refuge. Bérenger attempted to collect his inheritance from an uncle in South Carolina, using the Atlantic patronage networks the Huguenots knew so well. But the American Revolution broke these networks, and Bérenger never got his money. Both the American and French Revolutions threatened the Huguenots’ political status and forced them to remake themselves in a number of national molds. The epilogue ends by glancing into the nineteenth century and reflecting on how the Huguenots’ times of tribulation after the Revocation represented a paradoxical Golden Age
Staging Integration
Authors: Kowal Rebekah J.
Published: December 2019

Between 1943 and 1952, the American Museum of Natural History sponsored a dance program called Around the World with Dance and Song. Chapter 1 focuses on the history of this program as evidence of the museum’s efforts to stage globalism. Drawing on extensive archival materials, the chapter documents the role of director Hazel Lockwood Muller to develop the program as part of the museum’s larger educational outreach activities. The chapter details how over the course of its history the program met growing cultural expectations that public institutions such as museums serve the public good. Serving in this capacity, the museum become a de facto concert dance venue, elevating the profile of international dance performance in New York City and for the nation and heightening a globalist consciousness among its audiences. Even so, the museum’s performances and the challenges the museum faced in sustaining them manifested the difficulties of putting globalism into practice. While the program was successful in elevating values of ethnic self-definition in embodied dance practices, it promoted an ideology of cultural integrationism that maintained dominant universalist assumptions about Western cultural superiority.
Introduction
Authors: Bemporad Elissa
Published: December 2019

The genocidal impulses that erupted during the pogroms of the Russian Civil War (1917–21), together with the recurring claim of Jewish ritual murder and its multiple permutations, became necessary components for the events that unraveled in the so-called Bloodlands. The persistence, the permutation, andthe responses to anti-Jewish violence and memories of violence suggest that Jews (and non-Jews alike) cohabited with a legacy of blood that did not vanish. It is in fact difficult to fully grasp thedynamics of violence unleashed during World War II in the region of Eastern Europe, which comprised present-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, without integrating the historical violence and memories of violence that earmarked Jews. The blood legacies played a central role in the carnage of European Jewry and made the Bloodlands likely. Under the Soviets, who from the beginning outlawed antisemitism, violence against Jews did not supersede entirely, and even when it was forbidden (like in the case of the pogroms), it was not forgotten. There is an unexplored history of antisemitism in the Soviet lands that sheds light on the complicated experience of concurrent Jewish empowerment and vulnerability in Soviet society.
Conclusion
Authors: Bemporad Elissa
Published: December 2019

The conclusion chronicles the present-day landscape of the memory and the oblivion of the different chapters in the history of ritual murder and pogroms discussed in this book. The official inquiry by the Russian Federation into the real nature of the assassination of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, alongside some contemporary versions of the ritual murder myth, are a reminder of how deep-seated the memories of dangerous imagined Jewish rituals still is. Similarly, the memory and oblivion of anti-Jewish violence in contemporary Russia and Ukraine sheds light on the legacy of the myth of Judeo-Bolshevism. The recollection of a Jewish alliance with communism comes across the monuments and the memory of “national heroes” like Symon Petliura and Anton Denikin, and of “anti-heroes” like Leon Trotsky. Finally, the memory of the pogroms is still exploited today by Russia, and used as a means to exert social and political control in the brutal war waged against Ukraine.
A History of Social Comparison Theory
Authors: Wheeler Ladd , Suls Jerry
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides a history of social comparison theory starting in 1944 with the “Level of Aspiration” paper by Kurt Lewin and colleagues. From the work of Stan Schachter on affiliation in the 1950s, the chapter maintains a linear narrative, attempting to tell the story with numerous digressions into what and how particularly important events happened. The authors are uniquely suited to do this, as their professional lives and friendships have overlapped almost completely with the developments of social comparison theory. They then discuss several theories that are often confused as being based on social comparison theory but are not. They yield the razor with gusto! The chapter ends with a discussion of the neighboring fields and applications that are indeed on the reasons this book is being published.
Dimensional Comparison Theory
Authors: Helm Friederike , Marsh Herbert W. , Dicke Theresa , Möller Jens
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces two extensions of the internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model. First, the authors discuss dimensional comparison theory (DCT) positing that in addition to social and temporal comparisons, self-evaluations are based on dimensional comparisons (e.g., “How my accomplishments in one domain compare with my accomplishments in another domain”). DCT consists of 10 related hypotheses regarding the causes, areas and effects of dimensional comparisons. It predicts strong contrast effects only for contrasting domains, but much weaker contrast, or even positive (assimilative), effects for complementary domains that are close to each other on the theoretical continuum. Second, the authors introduce the generalized I/E model, which describes the effects of dimensional and social comparisons not only within the academic domain but also in other areas. Generalized I/E also posits effects of social and dimensional comparison for other variables, such as motivational constructs, learning behaviors and personality characteristics. The authors describe new predictions, conceptual insights, and methodologies associated with the I/E model and its extensions into multiple academic domains (e.g., native language, foreign language, history) and nonacademic areas and motivational variables, in addition to self-concept.
Social Dominance Theory and Power Comparison
Authors: Bergh Robin , Davis Gregory K. , Hudson Sa-kiera T. J. , Sidanius Jim
Published: December 2019

This chapter extends classic social comparison research to explain how people think about group-based hierarchies and how they act within them. People spontaneously compare themselves to others in terms of relative status and power, not only as individuals but also as members of groups relative to other groups. Using a social dominance framework, the authors discuss the impact of such comparisons on socio-political attitudes and behavior. Social dominance theory describes how certain attitudes, values, and social practices enhance group hierarchies, whereas other attitudes, values, and social practices are hierarchy-attenuating. Power differentials within any type of group hierarchy are given by the balance between these forces that play out at three levels of analysis: in societal institutions (macro level), in intergroup relations (meso level), and among different individuals (micro level). The authors discuss not only how social comparisons shape hierarchy-enhancing and hierarchy-attenuating outcomes at each level but also how these outcomes, in turn, can mute the natural consequences of group-based power comparisons.
Myopia of the Masses
Authors: Pliskin Ruthie , Yudkin Daniel , Jost John T. , Trope Yaacov
Published: December 2019

Despite pervasive income inequality, protests demanding social change are relatively rare. This chapter proposes that comparative scope—the range of social comparison targets that an individual deems relevant—partially explains why people do or do not engage in social protest. Based on research on relative deprivation, social comparison, system justification, and construal level, the authors argue that the known tendency to draw myopic social comparisons may help explain why social protest is uncommon. When individuals engage in low construal-level comparisons with proximal others, they are likely to focus on concrete secondary features of their situation, promoting system justification. For inequality to produce system-level protest, disadvantaged individuals must expand their comparative scope through processes of critical awareness and consciousness-raising that promote high-level construals of the situation to consider abstract central features of the social system. Interventions designed to expand comparative scope may therefore assist practitioners in efforts to increase protest against inequality.
Introduction
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

Local musical theatre from high schools to community theatres, from summer camps to dinner theatres, is a thriving art form in the United States. Musical theatre provides a creative outlet, a way to make friends and build community, and a route to identity formation. Local musical theatre is a folk practice that is handed down from one generation to the next. The context of this book is the 2010s, a decade when musical theatre came into new visibility in the United States, building on the success of the television series Glee, reality performance competition shows, live televised musicals, and successful film musicals. Though Broadway is a global brand, musical theatre is a local phenomenon, embedded in its community and in conversation with local issues. Technology enables musical theatre through the proliferation of YouTube clips and online sites but is also anathema to it, as musical theatre is a face-to-face, live practice for both creators and audiences. Local musical theatre production both depends on and feeds the global licensing industry. Local musical theatre blurs the line between amateur and professional, as many people do musicals solely for fun and yet take their activity as seriously as work. The book relies on a feminist, empathetic ethnographic method, which incorporates participant-observation and interviews as well as an open exchange about how subjects are represented. The structure of the book is a journey across America to visit many sites and types of musical theatre production.
High School Musicals and Into the Woods
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

Virtually every high school in the country—more than 26,000—hosts a theatre program and produces at least one play and/or musical a year. The Educational Theatre Association’s annual survey found that more than 37,000 high school productions took place in 2017–2018, with more than 46 million people in the audience. The chapter surveys the issues relevant to high school musicals and teachers’ engagement with the local community. Beauty and the Beast, The Addams Family, and The Little Mermaid were the most frequently produced high school musicals that year, but another, very different kind of show ranked fourth: Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine’s Into the Woods. In part because its ensemble cast offers excellent performance opportunities for girls, this musically challenging and emotionally complex show sees thousands of high school productions each year. This chapter visits three public high schools in the Midwest—one small school in rural southwestern Minnesota, one tiny school in rural southern Ohio, and one medium-sized school close to Ann Arbor, Michigan—each with different racial and socioeconomic demographics and community issues. The chapter describes their dress rehearsals and performances and focuses on nine students—three at each school—who have different relationships to musical theatre onstage or backstage. The chapter documents why the students wanted to participate in the musical, what they experienced, and how their school and their community were changed because of it.
Community Theatre
Authors: Wolf Stacy
Published: December 2019

2Many people who do high school musicals return to theatre as adults, maybe after college or settling into working life, in community theatre. Community theatres started in the United States in the early twentieth century to engage citizens in their towns, promote patriotism, and instill a sense of civic pride through performance. The label now applies to the thousands of amateur groups across the country that are typically run by a few paid staff but mostly operate on volunteer labor, including a twelve-group consortium, the Kelsey Theatre in New Jersey. These well-established companies cast intergenerationally, sometimes with six-year-old children and seventy-year-old adults in the same show. They proudly take on the label “community theatre,” and renew themselves through families and through webs of connections that spread to local high schools, community colleges, summer day camps, and other community theatres in the region. This chapter follows a year in the life of this community theatre, focusing on the activities of the three directors with different working styles. It describes auditions, rehearsals, and performances, and includes many voices of people who elect to spend their time after school and after work making musical theatre, which some have been doing their whole lives. The chapter discusses the themes of community, professionalism versus the amateur, and leisure in the context of community theatre.
Observational Cohort Studies
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

In contrast to a randomized trial, an observational cohort study is one in which the investigator observes a group of participants with varying levels of an exposure and then follows-up those participants for a period of time to examine the incidence of one or more specified outcomes. This chapter addresses observational cohort studies in much the same way as the previous chapter addressed randomized trials: discussed are the types of cohort studies, the steps in conducting such a study, and the ways in which such studies meet or do not meet causal identification conditions. Also presented is a brief introduction to analysis. The author expands his discussion of interaction and effect measure modification, as well as generalizability, in this setting.
Other Study Designs
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

In Chapter 8, the author discusses several other key study designs, including some of the more “traditional” epidemiologic designs, among them case reports and series, case-crossover studies, and cross-sectional studies, as well as several “hybrid” designs that combine aspects of randomized trials with aspects of observational studies—including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which are observational studies of study results, often including randomized trial results. Also discussed are quasi-experiments, which are themselves a sort of hybrid in which observational data yields conditions close to what we might see in a randomized experiment. The author’s goal for the chapter is to familiarize the reader with general concepts to form a basis for deciding whether such designs may be worth more of study later.
Capital Projects
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 covers Latrobe in early Washington, DC, his appointment as surveyor of public buildings, his relationship with Thomas Jefferson, and most importantly, his work on the US Capitol. Latrobe agreed to take over the poorly designed and unfinished Capitol building. During this time, President Jefferson’s practical requirements and artistic preferences collided with Latrobe’s sometimes excessive, expensive perfectionism and his commitment to Greek, not Roman, precedents. These differences in outlook tested but never destroyed their mutual respect because both men agreed on the larger enterprise of creating a heroic structure that would be a focal point of the nation. Throughout, there were constant battles with the budget and Congress. Later, Latrobe’s plans for a Washington Canal and better roads to connect the nation were admired—but never funded—by a fiscally reluctant Congress.
Beloved Mary and the Little Folks
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 4 covers Latrobe’s home life with his wife and five children; for Latrobe, children removed “the mortification of selflove” and provided solace and recreation from a turbulent professional world. The chapter also explores his interest and ideas about education including that of his own children. He thought that a newly ordered political society without a king or established hierarchy demanded a curriculum with emphasis placed on practical studies in the areas of mathematics, physics, writing, science, and even modern languages. Such schooling should prepare students for the financial arrangements of professions, as he believed his Moravian education had not. Additionally, the chapter discusses his daughter Lydia’s marriage, his chronic “hemicranias,” his growing debt, and his son Henry’s placage arrangement in New Orleans with a mixed-race woman.
Orientation to Online Education
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

The first section, Mindset and Philosophy, is organized into two chapters orienting readers on aspects of online education, philosophy, and mindset. The first of these chapters is a discussion of online education and its similarities and differences when compared to traditional face-to-face courses. An overview of various degrees of partially and fully online course modalities is presented alongside a tour of common learning spaces within online learning management systems. Methods for transferring live, face-to-face music appreciation classes into online courses are included. Because the population of online undergraduate students typically includes many adult learners ages 25 and older, a foundational introduction to andragogy is provided. The second chapter in this section introduces teaching philosophy and ways in which music appreciation instructors might develop a philosophy for teaching the course online that can withstand various inherent challenges. Both chapters provide a broad view that can be helpful to those new to online education or who seek clarity about the purposes and goals of teaching music appreciation.
Teaching Multiple Courses or at Multiple Institutions
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter speaks to faculty who teach multiple courses or at multiple institutions to address workload and time management challenges. When time demands escalate or expectations differ, instructors face the serious need for efficiency strategies in order to teach effectively and prevent online teaching demands from expanding without boundaries. Readers will explore way in which time commitments can be projected, grading tools can be implemented, and new tools can be integrated conscientiously. This chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight specific strategies to effectively manage time, online teaching routines, differences between learning management systems, and teaching at institutions with differing instructor expectations.
The Voices of Children
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Interlude 1 highlights the voices of children as they grapple with the issue of disability in middle childhood. As part of her ethnographic work in a Japanese elementary school, Dr. Kayama, who uses a wheelchair, worked as a teaching assistant for children with disabilities. She was invited to discuss disabilities as a guest teacher in grades 1 to 6. Educators viewed Dr. Kayama’s experiences as important opportunities for children to learn about disabilities and social justice from “real life.” This interlude presents children’s responses to Dr. Kayama’s narratives here as a glimpse of a child’s-eye view of disability and stigmatization. It also discusses how Dr. Kayama developed trusting relationships with adults and engaged children in discussions of disability, a highly sensitive topic in Japan.
The Voices of Parents
Authors: Kayama Misa , Haight Wendy L. , Ku May-Lee , Cho Minhae , Lee Hee Yun
Published: December 2019

Interlude 2 briefly illustrates the perspectives of Japanese and South Korean parents who have children with disabilities. It also describes strategies used for approaching parents on this highly sensitive topic. Japanese parents discussed their children’s challenges, the benefits they perceived of disability services, and their preferences for how their children should be supported at school. South Korean parents described their children’s challenges including stigmatization, the impact on typically developing siblings, and the importance of the support they received from other parents raising children with disabilities. Understanding parents’ perspectives on their children’s disabilities and associated stigmatization can facilitate collaborative parent–educator relationships necessary to supporting the school functioning of children with disabilities.
Introduction
Authors: Parreñas Shimizu Celine
Published: December 2019

Different proximities to social life—viability (regard and recognition) and death (disregard and abuse) can measure inequality between intimately enmeshed subjects. In our witnessing of on-screen relations featuring the denigration endured by the abjected, we as the audience are exposed as both conceptualized and located in our difference. In our encounter with films from countries and regions touched by colonial relations, our spectatorship is implicated by the film. From the perches we occupy, we watch these films from positions of distance—whether geographic or social—even as audiences in the West are diasporic subjects from the East. These films may lead us to feelings of empathy or, hopefully, an awareness of our power to name and define whom we see: as subject, other, object or abject—in how we accept the ability of film to show us ourselves and our limits in recognizing and feeling for others.
(Rich) White Women, (Poor) Brown Men, and Sexual Settings
Authors: Parreñas Shimizu Celine
Published: December 2019

This chapter addresses recent representations of Western white women (with money) from the United States, Canada, France, and the United Kingdom and their relationships with African and Asian men (without money) against several backdrops: sex tourism in the Caribbean, the low-wage labor market for undocumented immigrants in the United States, and the US fertility industry. Interrogating the interlocking relationship between political and libidinal economies, the chapter explores how these films frame differing freedoms and choices across gender, race, and class in scenes of sexual intimacy facilitated by a monetary transaction. In the process, it formulates the term “sexual setting” to identify how social, historical, and other contexts never subside but inform the erotics and pleasures of intimate bodily entanglements in the movies. In illustrating how the structural inequality of race, socioeconomics, and globalization infuse sexual scenes, the chapter shows how to assess the ethics of sexual entanglements.