bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nurse Faculty Job Satisfaction: A Concept Analysis
Authors: Heier Cori , Nelson-Brantley Heather
Published: March 2024

Background:

This study provides an analysis of the concept of nurse faculty job satisfaction.

Method:

Walker and Avant's (
2019
) eight-step method guided this analysis. Searches of the CINAHL, PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane databases were performed with the following terms:
faculty
,
nursing
,
nurs* faculty
,
nurs* educator
,
job satisfaction
,
work satisfaction
, and
employee satisfaction
. Thirty-seven articles published between 2010 and 2022 in the field of nursing were included.

Results:

Three defining attributes of nurse faculty job satisfaction were identified: psychological empowerment, self-efficacy, and motivational factors (achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, work, and growth). Antecedents included mentoring, effective leadership, structural support, and work culture and relationships. The consequences of nurse faculty job satisfaction were commitment (professional and organizational) and work efficiency, which included productivity, creativity, and innovation.

Conclusion:

This concept analysis showed the attributes of nurse faculty job satisfaction are intrinsic and the antecedents are extrinsic. An operational definition was proposed, and a conceptual model was created.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs.
2024;55(7):331–337.]
Interchangeability in Automated Corneal Diameter Measurements Across Different Biometric Devices: A Systematic Review of Agreement Studies
Authors: Muzyka-Woźniak Maria , Woźniak Slawomir , Łabuz Grzegorz
Published: March 2024

Purpose:

To provide an up-to-date review of the agreement in automated white-to-white (WTW) measurement between the latest topographic and biometric devices.

Methods:

In this systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published between 2017 and 2023, focusing on WTW agreement studies on adult, virgin eyes, with or without cataract and no other ocular comorbidities. Studies evaluating WTW measurements performed with autokeratometers, manual calipers, or manual image analysis were excluded. When available, the following metrics for the agreement of WTW measurements between pairs of devices were included: mean difference ± standard deviation, 95% limits of agreement (LoA), LoA width, 95% confidence interval (95 CI%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results:

Forty-one studies, covering comparisons for 19 devices, were included. Altogether, 81 paired comparisons were performed for 4,595 eyes of 4,002 individuals. The mean difference in WTW measurements between devices ranged from 0.01 mm up to 0.96 mm, with varying CI. The 95% LoA width ranged from 0.31 to 2.45 mm (median: 0.65 mm). The majority of pairwise comparisons reported LoA wider than 0.5 mm, a clinically significant value for phakic intraocular lens sizing.

Conclusions:

Nearly all analyzed studies demonstrated the lack of interchangeability of the WTW parameter. The corneal diameter, assessed by means of grayscale en-face image analysis, tended to demonstrate the lowest agreement among devices compared to other measured biometric parameters.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2024;40(3):e182–e194.]
Biodiesel from blended microalgae and waste cooking oils: Optimization, characterization, and fuel quality studies
Authors: Beyene Dejene , Bekele Dejene , Abera Bezu
Published: March 2024

Petrodiesel is an unsustainable and undependable fuel owing to its environmental concerns and depleting reserves. Biodiesel is a sustainable alternative fuel to petrodiesel with a better fuel quality and minimum environmental impacts. However, cost-effective biodiesel production requires the use of a sustainable feedstock and process optimization. This study explored biodiesel yield optimization from mixed microalgae oil (MO) and waste cooking oil (WCO). The use of mixed feedstock for biodiesel production relieves the rising demands; lowers feedstock costs; and improves the fuel quality, engine performance, and pollutants emission characteristics. MO was extracted from dried microalgae biomass by the Soxhlet method using hexane. The MO and WCO were purified and characterized, and an oil blend with suitable properties (best in kinematic viscosity, density, higher heating value, and acid value compared to other blends) was selected. The transesterification experiments designed by central composite design were optimized using the response surface methodology. Experimental results underwent regression analysis to develop a quadratic model equation for predicting the optimum level of parameters and biodiesel yield. Model fitness and variables effects on biodiesel yield were studied using analysis of variance. The optimization experiment achieved 98.82% oil conversion rate at the catalyst loading of 2.0 w/v%, molar ratio of 12:1 v/v, reaction temperature of 60 ℃, and reaction time of 100 min. A triplicate validation experiments achieved 97.72% conversion rate, which is very close to the model predicted result (99.1%). Biodiesel from MO-WCO showed a better cetane number (77.76), iodine value (12.90 gI2/100 g), acid value (0.049 mg KOH/g), HHV (43.25 MJ/kg), kinematic viscosity (4.50 mm2/s), pour point (–2.5 ℃), and flash point (180 ℃). In conclusion, the study revealed that transesterification of blended MO-WCO led to a maximum biodiesel and the reaction time and temperature were found to be the most significant factors affecting the yield of biodiesel. Furthermore, biodiesel from blended MO-WCO is a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel source which can contribute towards a promising industrial scale biodiesel production in the future.
La recepción de la obra de Sarmiento en la revista Rio de La Plata (Francia)
Authors: Ponce Néstor
Published: March 2024

Este artículo se propone estudiar la recepción de la obra de Domngo Faustino Sarmiento en Francia, a través del análisis del número que dedicóa la revista Río de la Plata al escritor y hombre de Estado argentino (actas del coloquio celebrado en París en 1988).
Humanizing Online Instruction With AI-Powered Chatbots and Multimedia Introduction
Authors: Jensen Lucas John , Kim Jackie HeeYoung
Published: March 2024

Given ongoing issues with a lack of humanization in online classroom settings, this chapter shares insights gained through failed implementations of social media, the use of various multimedia introductions, and the utilization of a chatbot to humanize online classrooms. The chapter will discuss why participants did not feel a connection to each other when social networks were used in the classroom and how multimedia introductions built on Web 2.0 tools might increase relatedness among participants. Moreover, it discusses how AI-powered tools provide personalized assistance, such as meeting notes and summarizations, in promoting humanization, increased participation, and a sense of community. The chapter further highlights influential factors in both the failure and success of using multimedia introductions and AI-powered tools in the humanization of online learning, based on authors' experiences, backed by self-determination theory and social presence theory. This chapter concluded with guidelines on how to use these innovative tools to humanize online learning environments.
Exploring Embodied Learning and XR Technologies in Online Education
Authors: Lee Sunok , Kim Daeun , Jeong Yura , Ryu Jeeheon
Published: March 2024

The concept of embodiment has been central to the design of extended reality (XR) technologies and is one of the keys to immersive learning. However, there is still a need for further conceptual frameworks to aid developers, practitioners, and educators in comprehending the various facets of embodiment and their impact on learning. This gap becomes apparent when examining the revised taxonomy that includes layers for interactive learning experiences in digital technologies. In this context, this chapter aims to address this deficiency by presenting a design case focused on a digital art application leveraging XR technology. By integrating sensorimotor information based on kinetic movements, the application aims to enrich the tactile painting experience within liberal arts education. Developed for Hololens2, the XR art application incorporates interactive elements such as avatars, narratives, multi-sensory features, and tools for creating artifacts. Throughout the chapter, the authors offer insights into the considerations taken during the interface and interaction design phases, particularly emphasizing the promotion of immersive engagement.
Coaching for Reflection
Authors: Barkas Linda Anne , Bishop Garry , Armstrong Paul-Alan Anne
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, the authors present a discussion on the importance of the role of reflection, reflective learning, and reflective practice in personalised learning in higher education and employment. Learning how to reflect is vitally important, not just in academia but as a life skill. Within the context of Biesta, the authors examine the critical role self-awareness maintains in education for sustainable futures. They start by offering a definition of reflection, reflective learning, and they then discuss how coaching can also support personal development by increasing self-awareness.
Harnessing AIoT in Transforming the Education Landscape
Authors: Chaware Mukesh
Published: March 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) have been combined to create the artificial intelligence of things (AIoT), which could revolutionize education. Education has opportunities and difficulties from this growth. The benefits include tailored learning, real-time feedback, and immersive learning. Data privacy, security, and accessibility are problems beyond the digital divide. Strategic decision-making, communication, and stakeholder engagement are needed to maximise productivity and results using AIoT in education. The chapter provides a plan for ethical and equitable usage of the technology while avoiding hazards. This study investigates the role of AIoT in education to provide a much-needed understanding of future perspectives and ramifications. Responsible and ethical AIoT implementation improves learning and outcomes, according to the chapter.
Blockchain Technology
Authors: Yadav Nagendra Singh , Yadav Pallavi Singh , Goar Vishal
Published: March 2024

Blockchain has emerged as a transformative power, impacting numerous sectors, and its impact on finance and investment is profound. The issues faced by traditional funding and investment models, i.e., lack of transparency and limited accessibility, can be addressed using blockchain. This chapter aims at an overview of blockchain technology, the significance of blockchain in finance, traditional funding, and investment models, blockchain-enabled fundraising, i.e., initial coin offerings (ICOs) and security token offerings (STOs), decentralized finance (DeFi), blockchain-based asset management platforms, regulatory landscape for blockchain-based funding and investment and emerging trends in blockchain-based funding and investment. The chapter outlines the benefits, challenges, and regulatory considerations connected with these blockchain-driven approaches and showcases real-world examples.
Sustainable Future
Authors: Gorowara Naaz , Yadav Suchitra , Kumar Vinod
Published: March 2024

Sustainable initiatives involve efforts focusing on the conservation of resources, reduction in waste and pollution, along with ensuring that the ecological balance is maintained. Due to various reasons, startups may have been left out of the regulatory and social pressures. The time has come when ignoring the environmental impacts of startups is no longer viable. In the current scenario, the Country is springing up in the renewable energy sector focusing on green growth thereby promoting growth and development of the economy. The chapter aims to study the importance of the adoption of sustainable technologies by startups in India. The study also focuses on the initiatives taken by the government in supporting Startups. The study will go a long way in offering immense knowledge about Sustainable energy and its benefits of adaptation. To conclude the buzzing concept of green energy will contribute a great deal to maintaining ecological sensitivity thereby contributing to environmental protection.
The Role of Social Media Entrepreneurship in Overcoming Possible Obstacles
Authors: Tabassum Rezuana , Mollika Sayada , Saqlain Md. Ahsanul Islam , Haque Md. Ikramul , Al Fahim Abdullah , Azam Amreen
Published: March 2024

This systematic literature review comprises pertinent and reviewed research chapters. It provides an all-encompassing synopsis of recent advancements in social media entrepreneurship, enabling organizations to gain fresh insights into brand recognition, promotional tactics, customer involvement, conduct, and allegiance, in addition to the utilization of social media to generate prospects. A single chapter comprises multiple sections, each of which was authored by a different researcher and edited by an authority in the field of study. Each individual section is self-contained, yet they are unified by a common research study topic. The objective of this publication is to present a comprehensive summary of the most recent research endeavours undertaken by authors from around the world and to pave the way for additional innovative developments.
Comparative Assessment of Machine Learning Methods for Early Prediction of Diseases Using Health Indicators
Authors: Agarwal Amisha , Verma Ayush , Khari Manju
Published: March 2024

In today's modern world, traditional systems frequently find it difficult to keep up with the need for early disease identification. To effectively address these issues, early diagnoses of diseases become imperative. This work aims to develop a comprehensive platform utilizing machine learning (ML) for predictive analysis and early diagnoses of diseases. By allowing early disease identification and encouraging a holistic approach to well-being, this study aims to maximize the potential of technology to improve public health outcomes. The primary focus is on predicting heart disease, diabetes, and breast cancer using machine learning algorithms. Specifically, the Naïve Bayes (NB) classifier achieves an 85% accuracy in predicting heart disease. Support vector machine (SVM) attains 75% accuracy for diabetes prediction. The logistic regression (LR) algorithm stands out by achieving an exceptional accuracy of 98% in predicting cancer. The results highlight a high level of reliability and platform's potential for eastly diagnosis of disease.
Internet of Things for Smart Healthcare
Authors: Tyagi Amit Kumar , Kumari Shabnam , Tiwari Shrikant
Published: March 2024

Internet of things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative technology in the healthcare sector, providing innovative solutions to enhance patient care, improve healthcare delivery, and optimize resource utilization. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of IoT applications in smart healthcare. It provides the various aspects of IoT implementation, including device integration, data management, security, and privacy issues. This work begins by defining the key concepts of IoT and its relevance to healthcare, highlighting the potential benefits and challenges. It discusses several components of IoT-enabled smart healthcare systems, such as wearable devices, remote monitoring, and healthcare infrastructure integration. This work discusses the role of IoT in chronic disease management, telemedicine, and preventive healthcare, showcasing real-world examples and success stories. Moreover, this work outlines the critical role of data analytics and artificial intelligence in processing the vast amount of healthcare data generated by IoT devices.
Real-Time Symptomatic Disease Predictor Using Multi-Layer Perceptron
Authors: Singh Pancham , Kansal Mrignainy , Singh Ayush Pratap , Verma Ayushi , Tyagi Snigdha , Singh Aditya Vikram
Published: March 2024

Early disease diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, but current healthcare methods have limitations. Supervised machine learning algorithms, particularly deep learning networks, have proven effective in developing medical diagnostics and real-time applications for detecting high-risk diseases. This paper evaluates five algorithms: Multilayer perceptron (MLP), random forest, decision tree, Naive Bayes, and K-Nearest neighbours (KNN) for predicting diseases based on user-entered symptoms. MLP outperformed other algorithms, achieving an accuracy of 97.2%, which is 4-5% higher than existing disease prediction models. Notably, existing techniques account for only 94% accuracy on average. Highlighting the potential of MLP in early disease diagnosis, this paper concludes by summarizing its goals, challenges, and outcomes.
Technology Integration in Higher Education
Authors: Orakcı Şenol , Gelişli Yücel
Published: March 2024

The study aims to examine the TPACK levels of preservice teachers studying in the last year of the faculty of education. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation values were computed in determining the “TPACK” self assessment levels of preservice teachers. As a result of the findings, it was concluded that the self-assessment scores of the preservice teachers about the “Pedagogical Knowledge”, “Technological Knowledge”, “Content Knowledge”, “Technological Content Knowledge”, “Technological Pedagogical Knowledge”, “Pedagogical Content Knowledge”, and “Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge” dimensions that make up the TPACK-SAS were above the average score and at a “sufficient” level in all. Recommendations can be made based on the study. More technological opportunities can be provided to education faculties and made available to teacher candidates. The importance given to pedagogy and field knowledge in education faculties should also be given to technology in a way that meets the requirements of the age.
“Because I Was the One to Blame, Right?”
Authors: Castro da Silva Nathália , Faria Rita
Published: March 2024

Gender and migration status add to the risk of certain people being victims and have been considered, from an intersectionality perspective, added vulnerabilities to some social groups. Likewise, it can negatively affect the experience that victims have with the police when reporting a crime suffered to the authorities, which can generate secondary victimisation and impact people's lives. This chapter presents the results of empirical research about the experiences of victimised migrant women with the criminal police in Portugal, analysed from a narrative victimology approach under the intersectional lens. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews, and by conducting a narrative analysis, it was found that most migrants suffered secondary victimisation, this situation also being influenced by gender and migrant status. Critical methodological issues will also be dealt with, including the recruitment of participants and the reflexivity of the first author, a migrant herself, researching migrant women.
Shadows of Silence
Authors: Torres Joana , Ibáñez Jorge Gracia , Martins Caridade Sónia Maria
Published: March 2024

The Istanbul Convention stands out as a crucial and pioneering tool in addressing gender-based violence (GBV) and violence against women (VAW) within the European context. Recognizing the significance of police responses to such violence, this qualitative study aims to analyze and comprehend the implementation of police officers' responses to intimate partner violence in Portugal, while considering the principles outlined in the Istanbul Convention. Thirteen interviews (M = 46; S.D. = 13.3) were conducted with professionals involved in police response, evenly distributed across Portugal. The objective was to explore their experiences in providing responses to intimate and GBV, which were then scrutinized against the recommendations outlined in the Group of Experts' Report to Combat Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence. The findings revealed a significant gap in knowledge among first-line response personnel regarding the phenomenon. While the establishment of specialized groups within the police force, such as the Investigation and Support Centers for Specific Victims (NIAVE), was viewed as an important and positive resource, it was deemed insufficient due to heavy workloads, resulting in the prioritization of higher-risk cases. Despite the implementation of a risk assessment instrument, there was a notable lack of understanding among professionals regarding its application. The investigation yielded several recommendations for enhancing these responses, including a substantial investment in training for police responses to GBV and bolstering the capacity of NIAVE to ensure effective management of all domestic violence (DV) cases.
Intimate Partner Violence in Portugal
Authors: Correia Ariana , Ferreira Mafalda , Topa Joana , Silva Estefânia Gonçalves , Neves Sofia
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents the main characteristics of intimate partner violence perpetrated in Portugal, discussing policy, legal, and academic advances in the last three decades. Although relevant steps have been taken concerning victims' rights, with children and women benefiting from policies, legislation, mechanisms, and resources, domestic violence and partner homicide rates are still high, suggesting that measures and strategies to prevent and combat this have not been effective. Future directions are discussed regarding cultural, social, and scientific issues.
Concepts for realizing High-Voltage Power Modules by Embedding of SiC Semiconductors
Authors: Böttcher Lars , Ostmann Andreas , Löher Thomas , Seckel Manuel
Published: March 2024

Today’s power electronics modules typically

consist of a ceramics substrate (DBC – Direct Bond Copper),

carrying IGBTs, diodes or MOSFETs. These semiconductors

are soldered or sintered to the ceramics and their top sides are

interconnected by thick Al wires. An integration of further

components or functions on the DBC substrate is difficult or even not possible. Therefore, driver circuits and controllers have to be mounted to a separate substrate, typically an organic

Printed Circuit board (PCB). The PCB has to be connected to

the DBC by wires or pins. The mechanical integration of the

whole system requires a bulky housing.

Embedding of power semiconductors like SiC MOSFET

allows a significant size reduction, improved electrical

performance and a high degree of reliability of such modules.

In the last years, the capability of PCB embedding

technology for the realization of low and high voltage power modules was demonstrated. Fraunhofer IZM together with

partners from the industry demonstrated the feasibility for

different applications, from single die SiC packages to high

voltage automotive traction inverters.

In this paper, a general overview about innovative power module technologies will be given and the embedding of power

semiconductors will be introduced in detail. It will address all most relevant point, like the demands on the semiconductor, the thermal and electrical considerations as well as the demands on the used materials.

To address the integration of the required driver circuits and

controllers, the idea of modularization such electronics systems will also be presented. Here already packaged components will

be used and embedded into PCB layers too. As a result, a modular approach to form a complete system will be developed.

Different functional layers, e.g. power switches, logic modules, will be formed and finally stacked und connected to form the system. The concept and first realized demonstrators will be discussed.
Thermally Conductive Polymer Composites with Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Medical Device Thermal Management
Authors: Do Nu Bich Duyen , Imenes Kristin , Aasmundtveit Knut E. , Nguyen Hoang-Vu , Andreassen Erik
Published: March 2024

Polymer composites with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have the potential to meet the heat dissipation and

electrical insulation requirements of electronic and medical devices. In this study, hBN/polymer composites were fabricated with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and epoxy as matrix

materials. Three hBN powder types (BN1, BN2, BN3) with

different platelet sizes and degrees of agglomeration were used.

BN1 (with average size of 1 μm) and BN2 (with average size of 12 μm) mainly contained hBN platelets, while BN3 (with average

size of 20 μm) contained both platelets and agglomerates of

platelets. BN2 gave the highest thermal conductivity, while BN1 gave the lowest thermal conductivity.

Thermal simulations were performed for a medical device

with a limit for the maximum surface temperature. For the

encapsulation of this device, several material combinations were

simulated, using anisotropic thermal conductivity data. This included encapsulations with inner layers of commercial

thermally and electrically conductive materials and an outer

layer of the best thermally conductive (and electrically

insulating) hBN/TPU composite fabricated by the authors.
Thermal-Mechanical Analysis of a Power Module with Parametric Model Order Reduction
Authors: Hassan Sheikh , Rajaguru Pushparajah , Stoyanov Stoyan , Bailey Christopher
Published: March 2024

This paper presents parametric model order reduction

(pMOR) by the Lagrange approach of matrix interpolation

for the thermal-mechanical and reliability study of a power electronics module (PEM) with nonlinear behaviours. Most previous research in model order reduction (MOR) studies reports

thermal-mechanical simulations using a sequentially coupled

method. In this research, a direct-coupled thermal-mechanical

analysis, which simultaneously solves the thermal and structural

governing equations, has been used to obtain thermal and deformation

results. Furthermore, for pMOR, the linear approach of matrix interpolation is limited to linear changes between

sampled-parametric points. Hence, a new way of interpolating

system matrices using the Lagrange interpolation method has been adopted to implement the matrix interpolation efficiently.

The parametric reduced-order model (pROM) solution by the

Lagrange approach of matrix interpolation agrees well with the

full-order model (FOM) and takes similar computational time as the linear (bi-linear) approach of matrix interpolation. pROM simulations offer up to 85.5% reduction in computational time.
Additive Metallization of Alumina with Copper-Titanium Powder Blends for Power Electronic Applications
Authors: Hecht Christoph , Schadow Eric , Sprenger Mario , Haeussler Felix , Stoll Thomas , Franke Joerg
Published: March 2024

Additive manufacturing shows great potential to further increase the performance of power electronic modules through novel packaging concepts. Such an approach is the

integrated manufacturing of metal-ceramic substrates by means

of laser powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M). With this layered additive manufacturing process, planar ceramic substrates can be metallized and electrically functionalized for

power electronic applications. In this paper Al2O3 ceramic

substrates are metallized via PBF-LB/M by selectively melting applied powder layers with software defined geometries. The

investigated powders are mixtures of copper and titanium

powders with 1 wt.%, 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% titanium in order to

enable bonding by creating a titanium-oxide reaction layer at the interface to the ceramic. Shear tests and microstructural

investigations show that a subsequent heat treatment increases the adhesion and density of the metallization. By energy dispersive X-ray microscopy (EDX) the partial formation of

reaction layers is detected.
Reliability Testing of Recycled SMD Components Reused in E-Textiles after Ageing by Washing Cycles
Authors: Hirman Martin , Navrátil Jiri , Benesová Andrea , Steiner Frantisek
Published: March 2024

This paper presents a method for recycling and reusing SMD chip components in e-textiles using a special contacting technique. The method involves using a UV-curable,

non-conductive acrylic adhesive to connect SMD components

onto electrically conductive textile stretchable ribbons. At the end of the product’s life-cycle, the components are removed from the ribbon and reused to manufacture new products. The

recycling procedure involves several steps, including

disassembly, inspection, cleaning, repair, and reassembly of

components. The results of an experiment testing the electrical

resistance of new and reused components after washing and

drying cycles showed that electrical resistance of reused joints

did not significantly deteriorate compared to new joints. The

reused components maintain their functionality and

performance, suffering no significant impairment. They

perform comparably to new components, even after repeated

washing and drying cycles. The method offers several benefits, including conservation of raw materials, minimization of waste, and reduction of production costs. It can also help mitigate component shortages. However, it is found that the suitability of

this remanufacturing method varies with different types of

components. Certain component types may be more susceptible to damage or even unsuitable for this method. The method is particularly beneficial for higher-value or components

experiencing market shortages, demonstrating its potential to

address urgent industry challenges while contributing to

environmental sustainability.
Comparing the Solderability of Different SA C0307 Composite Solder Pastes
Authors: Illés Balázs , Choi Halim , Skwarek Agata
Published: March 2024

In the present study, the effect of four oxide ceramics (TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2, and CuO) as reinforcements were

investigated on the soldering parameters of the SAC 0307 solder alloy. The oxide ceramics were used in nano-powder format.

Composite solder pastes were composed by the standard ball

milling process of the nano-particles into the SAC 0307 solder paste in 0.25wt% weight fraction. The wettability, shear

strength, and microstructure of the composite solder joints were studied and compared. The ceramic nano-particles did not have a major effect on the wettability of the solder. Shear strength increases were observed at the composite joints, except in the case of ZnO. Generally, Sn grain refinement was found in the

Sn-matrix which could be the reason for the shear strength increase.
Lamination of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducer on a Piezoelectric Array: Process and Evaluation
Authors: Le Duy Hoang , Manh Tung , Hoff Lars
Published: March 2024

Harmonic imaging plays a crucial role in medical ultrasound imaging, where the transducer probes are required to emit low-frequency ultrasonic waves into the tissues, and

receive reflected signals at the higher, typically the second

harmonic of the transmitted wave. We have designed a unique probe with a high-frequency capacitive micromachined

ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) on top of a low-frequency

piezoelectric array for harmonic imaging. This paper presents a lamination process between CMUT and piezoelectric array

using epoxy. The bond-line between the two components was thoroughly investigated using mechanical and electrical methods. The resulting bond-line thickness was less than 2 μm,

and shear strength fell within the range 4.8 – 5.1 MPa.

Additionally, electrical impedance measurement of all elements in the low-frequency array exhibited resonance shifts before and

after bonding, providing further insight into the bonding process.
Epoxy Molding Compound Bleeding Reduction on Surface Mount Semiconductor Device
Authors: Leone Federico , Viviani Fulvio , Seki Hidetoshi , Ishii Masami
Published: March 2024

Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC) bleed consists

of a transparent layer of resin which mainly could occur during molding injection at material packing stage. Resin bleeds on exposed pad of a Surface Mount Device (SMD) can significantly

impact the solderability performances of the package, causing

failure of the product. De-flashing process after molding is generally performed to eliminate the resin bleed. However, deflashing can be performed on post-plated leadframes without critical drawback, while it is not recommended on pre-plated

leadframes due to the high risk of damaging the finishing surface. In this study, an alternative approach aimed to reduce

or eliminate molding compound bleed by optimizing the

inorganic part of the molding compound formulation is

presented. Besides the quality improvement, the presented approach provides an economical advantage since, by tuning the properties of the filler inside the EMC, it is possible to eliminate the de-flashing process from the assembly flow of a package and consequently reduce the manufacturing cost.
Evolution of Getter Technology in Electronic Hermetic Packaging
Authors: Mauri Luca , Zafarana Giovanni , Rizzi Enea , Corazza Alessio
Published: March 2024

Hermetic packaging is a well-established

technology used for sealing electronic and optoelectronic

devices. A reliable and enabling way to preserve the proper

stable atmosphere conditions in hermetic packages is the integration of engineered getter solutions, specifically designed for the characteristics of different packaged systems. Getter

solutions may vary from sintered, compressed or sputtered metallic alloys for vacuum sealed packages to dispensable hybrid organic-inorganic materials for gas back filled devices.

The paper will present the main features of getter materials suitable for different type of packages and will show their efficiency in absorbing detrimental gases in the devices.
Rapid Sintering of Inkjet Printed Cu Complex Inks Using Laser in Air
Authors: Mohan Nihesh , Ahuir-Torres Juan Ignacio , Bhogaraju Sri Krishna , Kotadia Hiren R. , Elger Gordon
Published: March 2024

Cu complex inks offer a facile and cost-effective

alternative to commercial nanoparticle inks for printed electronics application. Cu complex inks are prepared by mixing

Cu formate tetrahydrate (metal precursor) with amino-2-propanol (complexing agent) in a molar ratio of 1:2. A carrier solvent consisting of ethanol and ethylene glycol is then added to help adjust the rheological properties of the ink for printing purpose. The Cu complex ink having a viscosity of 12 mPa.s is then inkjet printed onto a polyimide substrate (thickness: 125 μm). After printing 10 layers, the ink is pre-dried under air at

100°C for 5 minutes followed by sintering using an IR laser (942 nm) to enable rapid thermal decomposition of the Cu formate.

After sintering using a 100 W line beam laser scanned at 3

mm/sec under air; a contiguous and homogenous Cu metallic trace is formed with a minimum bulk resistivity of 4.8 μΩcm (2.84 times of bulk Cu). The laser sintered trace exhibited a highly compact and homogenous sintered structure after thermal decomposition compared to the conventional oven

sintering process. Th result is remarkable and proves the

importance of faster decomposition process. In contrast,

sintering the same trace using slow ramp rate within the

traditional oven sintering pr process, it is observed that a Cu metallic trace is formed with particles in the range of 2-5 μm that are sparsely distributed due to low metal content of Cu complex inks (< 10 metal wt.%). Due to sparse distribution of particles, a low bulk resistivity value of 102 μΩcm is obtained.
Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of a 4H-SiC CMOS Readout Circuit for Monolithic Integration with SiC Sensors
Authors: Sattari Romina , van Zeijl Henk , Zhang Guoqi
Published: March 2024

This paper reports the design and fabrication of

a 4H-SiC CMOS readout circuit enabling monolithic

integration of silicon carbide (SiC) sensors and circuits. Compared to conventional Si electronics, 4H-SiC integrated circuits can sustain operation in harsh conditions such as

higher temperatures and radiation levels. The proposed

amplifier performance is well balanced through the temperature range of 25C to 400C. Compared to state-of-the-art, the proposed SiC readout circuit does not include any

off-chip components. The amplifier is fully differential, and

hence shows improved common-mode rejection and signal-to-noise

ratio (SNR). It can be monolithically integrated with SiC

sensors in a scalable SiC technology.
Fine Pitch Micro Indium Bump Interconnect Flip Chip Bonding
Authors: Scott Travis
Published: March 2024

Quantum computing processors, micro LED displays and Focal Plane Array (FPA) imaging and detector devices such as infrared (IR) thermal imaging sensors are seeing

higher demand as more practical applications requiring these

components are coming into research and development,

industrial, military and consumer markets. This paired with higher pixel and Qubit count and interconnect density, on larger and larger chips is driving hybridization and monolithic integration in these technologies. This is showing a marked

increase in demand for fine pitch micro bump interconnection

flip chip die bonding. However, some critical challenges facing these technologies are; larger component sizes mean higher

density interconnections over increasing surface area. Submicron accuracy required to align fine pitch micro interconnect

arrays. This together with the challenges facing the materials

that are becoming the industry standard for these applications, such as the requirement for the assembled components to

remain stable in extreme conditions such as cryogenic

application environments. Combined with low loss high strength

mechanical/ electrical interconnect requirements on

components containing sensitive materials, structures and unmatched coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) means that

processing gases such as formic acid or high temperature reflow bonding can no longer be used to bond these devices. These challenges mean that the industry is fast approaching the

limitations of even state-of-the-art die bonders and die bonding methods on the market today. This paper is going to highlight these challenges and the methods used to address them to

produce large format, high density IR thermal imaging FPA devices, Quantum processors and micro LED displays using fine

pitch micro Indium bump array interconnections that meet today’s industry requirements.
Measurement and Simulation of Mechanical Strength of Back-End-Of-Line Layer in Advanced CMOS Dies
Authors: Vandevelde Bart , Cox Kevin , Moloudi Reza , Labie Riet , Krantz Jason , Borden Matt , Vanstreels Kris , Gonzalez Mario
Published: March 2024

The back-end-of-line (BEOL) layers of ICs are subjected to considerably high mechanical forces during processing and when operating in harsh conditions. Without proper design and flip chip process control, the forces induced from flip chip bumps may exceed the ultimate strength of the BEOL resulting in critical failures. It is therefore of high interest to have a measurement method to quantify the strength of the

BEOL structure of a functional IC. Ultimate fracture stress values are extracted from these measurements which can be

used in thermo-mechanical simulations of flip chip assemblies

for survivability evaluations.
Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Conditions on the Reliability in 5G PCB Assemblies
Authors: Walter Hans , Wittler Olaf , van Dijk Marius , Huber Saskia , Köszegi Julia-Marie , Schneider-Ramelow Martin
Published: March 2024

The designs of integrated systems are increasingly

compact while the requirements of application, especially in

the automotive sector, remain demanding. One main challenge is posed by the environmental conditions. In the

present study, their impact on mmWave 5G PCB assemblies

is evaluated with respect to both mechanical and highfrequency

properties. To that end, material samples were stored at three temperatures for various durations in order to accelerate the ageing effects. Afterwards, the samples were tested by use of mechanical, dielectric and high-frequency test

methods. Thermo-oxidative ageing processes were observed and lead to significant changes in mechanical and dielectric properties, with simultaneous changes of sample color. The combined approach of mechanical and high-frequency

analysis allows for three innovative advantages: First, a

correlation of the degradation in performance with other parameters, e.g. sample change of color, which is much easier to detect. Second, the definition of a Safe Area of Operation

and a methodology to estimate the behaviour of a mmWave 5G PCB assembly over its lifetime. Finally, the study opens the pathway to a design for robustness of mmWave communication system in automotive applications.
Characterization of Embedded and Thinned RF Chips
Authors: Yin Ran , Morath Helmuth P. E. , Hoyer Christian , Nieweglowski Krzysztof , Meier Karsten , Wagner Jens , Ellinger Frank , Bock Karlheinz
Published: March 2024

This work studies the effect of thinning down chips with transmission line structures for flexible embedding technology.

Test chips with 90 Ω grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW)

transmission lines have been designed and manufactured

to characterize the high-frequency performance before and after embedding in sheet molding compound (SMC), and thinning down from 300 μm to 20 μm. Molding first technology enables

single-die or multiple-die thinning with the embedding material

while being held in the exact position, where the subsequent fanout

copper (Cu) redistribution layer (RDL) structuring realizes the direct contacts to the embedded chip, followed by semiadditive

manufacturing of traces. The embedded and thinned chips are characterized by S-parameter measurements in the

frequency range from 20 MHz to 65 GHz using a vector network analyzer (VNA). The results show the feasibility of the examined

embedding and thinning processes which are suitable for millimeter wave (mmWave) components as shown by the example of a G-CPW transmission line without degrading its RF performance

in terms of characteristic impedance and attenuation.
Enhancing Heart Disease Prediction Accuracy Through Hybrid Machine Learning Methods
Authors: Gupta Nukala Sujata , Rout Saroja Kumar , Barik Shekharesh , Kalangi Ruth Ramya , Swampa B
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION: Over the past few decades, heart disorders have been the leading cause of mortality worldwide. People over 55 must get a thorough cardiovascular examination to prevent heart disease or coronary sickness and identify early warning signs. To increase the ability of healthcare providers to recognize cardiovascular illness, researchers and experts have devised a variety of clever ways.
OBJECTIVES: The goal of this research was to propose a robust strategy for cardiac issue prediction utilizing machine learning methods. The healthcare industry generates a massive quantity of data and machine learning has proved effective in making decisions and generating predictions with this data. 
METHODS: Al has been exhibited to be useful in helping with forecast and decision-production because of the tremendous measure of information made by the medical services a 20 Few explorers have inspected the capability of Al to figure out heart disease. In this article, we suggest a creative strategy.  to improve the exactness of cardiovascular sickness forecasts by finding basic highlights utilizing Al systems.
CONCLUSION: There is a lot of promise and possibility in using machine learning techniques to forecast cardiac disease. By means of examining a range of datasets and applying multiple machine-learning methods. Alongside various element blends and not able arrangement procedures, the expectation model is presented. We accomplish a better exhibition level with a Crossbreed Irregular Woods, with a Direct Model as our coronary illness forecast model.
Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques for Enhancing Scholarship Schemes Using Artificial Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Raju P S , Patra Sanjay Kumar , Patra Binaya Kumar
Published: March 2024

This paper investigates the sentiment analysis of the” scholarship system” [4], in Odisha, primarily, to identify why some students do not apply for government-sponsored scholarships. Our research focuses on social media platforms, surveys, and machine learning-based analyses to understand the decision-making process and increase awareness about the various scholarship schemes. The goal of our experiment is to determine the efficacy of sentiment analysis in evaluating the effectiveness of different scholarship schemes. A wide variety of techniques based on dictionaries; corpora lexicons are used in different scholarship schemes for sentiment analysis. Our research paper is based on an evaluation process that could have a positive effect on the government by improving scholarship programs and giving financial aid to students from poor families, which would raise the level of education in Odisha. Our research paper concludes with a summary of successful and unsuccessful schemes, as well as their Word frequency counts and Sentiment Polarity scores.
Konstytucjonalizm a tożsamość państwa demokratycznego
Authors: Piotrowski Ryszard
Published: March 2024

If we understand constitutionalism as the recognition that power worthy of the name must be limited by supra-cultural values independent of it, the existence of which is confirmed more by faith than by experience, then constitutionalism is coessential with democracy – assuming that the concept means a system where authority is limited by human rights, as defined in a dialogue between majorities and minorities. Constitutionalism, in the sense postulated here, determines the democratic state’s identity, which consists not only in separating the majority from the subordinate minority, but also in respect for the values that give meaning to humanity.
Nowelizacja Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego z 2021 r. – czy jest możliwość „proreprywatyzacyjnej” wykładni?
Authors: Gaczyńska Katarzyna
Published: March 2024

The subject of the analysis carried out in the article is the content of the amendment of 2021 to the Code of Administrative Procedure, in particular its transitional provisions, according to which proceedings for annulment of administrative decisions older than 30 years are discontinued by operation of law. Arguments are presented indicating that the interpretation of this provisions, which means that it is impossible not only to annul the decision, but also to state that a defective decision is unlawful, leads to a violation of the Constitution. Such a solution makes it impossible to obtain a preliminary finding for the purposes of compensation proceedings and blocks an access to claim damages from the state – which leads to an infringement of the absolute prohibition under Article 77 (2) of the Constitution. This applies in particular to reprivatisation proceedings conducted in good faith for many years. However, in the article, the possibilities of maintaining the state of compliance with the Constitution through the appropriate interpretation of the transitional provisions of the amendment are indicated and discussed.
Proporcjonalność ograniczeń jawności postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego w epidemii – glosa do wyroku NSA z 22 kwietnia 2022 r., I OSK 2126/21
Authors: Kos Katarzyna
Published: March 2024

The commentary contains a criticism of the judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court, in which the problem of the constitutionality of limitations on the openness of administrative court proceedings in proceedings before the Provincial Administrative Court has been reduced to linking the statutory limitation with the constitutional value enabling such a limitation. The Supreme Administrative Court did not conduct a proportionality test. Carrying it out and taking into account the normative and factual context, would imply a statement that the restrictions at the time of issuing the challenged judgement of the Provincial Administrative Court were not even useful for a specific purpose. They also did not meet the criteria of necessity and proportionality in the strict sense.