bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Der Stellenwert der onkoplastischen Brustrekonstruktion nach
Tumorektomie in der chirurgischen Brustkrebs-Behandlung
Authors: Weinzierl Andrea , Schmauss Daniel , Harder Yves
Published: August 2022

Brusterhaltende Therapie (BET), also Tumorektomie in Kom- bination mit
systemischer Therapie und lokoregionärer Be- strahlung hat sich als
bevorzugte Behandlungsmethode bei Brustkrebs im Frühstadium etabliert.
Insgesamt exzellente Raten für Rezidiv-freies Überleben und
Langzeitüberleben haben dazu geführt, dass Brustchirurgen heute
dauerhafte und ästhetisch ansprechende Ergebnisse liefern
müssen, um den hohen Patientenansprüchen gerecht zu werden. Die
onkoplastische Brustchirurgie (OPBC) ist hierbei ein innovativer Ansatz, um das
Indikationenspektrum der BET zu erweitern, beziehungsweise deren
Gesamtergebnisse zu verbessern. Meist von einem Team aus einem plastischen
Chirurgen und einem Gynäkologen oder onkologischen Brustchirurgen
durchgeführt, kann OPBC Brustdeformitäten aktiv vorbeugen, ohne
dabei die onkologische Sicherheit zu gefährden. Aufgrund der stetig
wachsenden Bedeutsamkeit der OPBC soll die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit
einen Einblick in ihre Grundprinzipien geben, sowie deren Vor- und Nachteile
diskutieren, um diese in den Kontext der rekonstruktiven Brustchirurgie
einzuordnen.
Spondylolisthese und Spondylolyse
Authors: Storzer Bastian , Morrison Robert , Schnake Klaus John
Published: August 2022

Als Spondylolisthese wird eine Instabilität der Wirbelsäule mit
Gleiten zweier Wirbelkörper zueinander bezeichnet. Aufgrund der
unterschiedlichen Ursachen – angeboren oder erworben –
unterscheidet sich die Klinik stark. Die Spondylolyse ist die Spaltbildung in
der Pars interarticularis eines Wirbelbogens, d. h. im Bereich zwischen
dem oberen und unteren Gelenkfortsatz des Wirbelbogens. Die Folge davon kann ein
Gleiten des lytischen Wirbels nach ventral sein.
Hochintensives Intervalltraining im Schulsetting – effektiv
zur Verbesserung der kardiovaskulären
Leistungsfähigkeit?
Authors: Engel Florian A. , Bauer Nikolai
Published: August 2022

Das hochintensive Intervalltraining (HIIT) hat das Potenzial, bei Kindern und
Jugendlichen die gesundheitsrelevante Fitness zu verbessern. Aus diesem Grund
haben Studien HIIT im Sportunterricht oder in anderen Bereichen des
Schulsettings, wie zum Beispiel im Klassenzimmer, eingesetzt.

Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist, die Effektivität von
HIIT-Interventionsstudien im Sportunterricht sowie im Schulkontext
außerhalb des Sportunterrichts, bezogen auf die kardiovaskuläre
Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen, mittels narrativer
Überblicksarbeit darzustellen.

Die Mehrzahl der Studien zeigen deutliche Verbesserungen der
kardiovaskulären Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen nach den HIIT
Interventionen im Sportunterricht sowie im Schulkontext außerhalb des
Sportunterrichts.

Das gute Verhältnis von Aufwand und Nutzen hinsichtlich
gesundheitsrelevanter Fitness macht das hochintensive Intervalltraining zu einer
geeigneten Trainingsform für die Verbesserung der gesundheitsrelevanten
Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Schulsetting.
HIT im Alterungsprozess
Authors: Gießing Jürgen
Published: August 2022

Das Hochintensitätstraining (HIT) ist eine methodische Alternative zum
klassischen Krafttraining und ist gekennzeichnet durch hohe
Anstrengungsintensität bei geringem Trainingsvolumen und Betonung
technisch korrekter Übungsausführungen. Das HIT eignet sich
für alle post-pubertären Altersstufen und ist kürzlich
verstärkt in den Fokus geraten als geeignete Maßnahme zur
Prävention und Therapie von Sarkopenie bei Älteren.
Praxisbeispiel HIIT in der Onkologie
Authors: Bauer Nikolai , Wiskemann Joachim , Rosenberger Friederike
Published: August 2022

Onkologischen PatientInnen wird ein regelmäßiges
körperliches Training explizit empfohlen. Das Hochintensive
Intervalltraining (HIIT) rückt dank steigender Evidenzlage in
unterschiedlichen Diagnosegruppen vermehrt in den Fokus der onkologischen Sport-
und Bewegungstherapie. Die Betrachtung der aktuellen Literatur zeigt, dass das
HIIT für Krebspatienten nach Abschluss der Therapie eine potenziell
sichere sowie durchführbare Trainingsmethode ist. Darüber hinaus
kann das HIIT positive Effekte auf die verringerte körperliche
Leistungsfähigkeit von Krebspatienten haben. In diesem Zusammenhang ist
sowohl das „4×4“- als auch das
„10×1“-Protokoll mit onkologischen PatientInnen nach
Abschluss der Therapie auf dem Fahrradergometer durchführbar, wobei
insbesondere das „4×4“-Schema zur Realisierung von
intensiven Trainingsreizen geeignet ist. Trotz zunehmender Untersuchungen
bezüglich der Effekte von HIIT auf onkologische PatientInnen werden in
diesem Forschungsbereich weitere qualitativ hochwertige Studien mit
großer Teilnehmendenzahl benötigt.
Continuing Education in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
in Europe and its Relevance for Patient Safety
Authors: Giunta Riccardo E.
Published: August 2022

Dear Readers,

In this issue, the European Society of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery
(ESPRAS) has dealt with the quality of continuing education in plastic surgery in
Europe in the form of an “ESPRAS Survey”. An overview of the high
quality criteria that are necessary in all countries in order to successfully
complete specialist training in plastic and aesthetic surgery is summarised clearly
and in detail. In Europe, as in Germany, specialist training generally includes
training in all body regions, a training period of about 6 years, a rotation in
intensive care units for the care of critically ill patients as well as surgical
catalogues and specialist examinations.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Programmed Death Ligand 1 in Oral Extranodal Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Said Rania Hanafi Mahmoud , Hussein Fatma F. , El-Deeb Amal M.
Published: August 2022

Objective Lymphomas are the third most common cancer after squamous cell carcinoma and salivary gland tumors. Extranodal diffuse B cell lymphoma (DBCL) represents 30 to 58% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. One of the major problems of DBCL is the high likelihood of disease relapse following treatment. A recent trend in the treatment of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is blockage of an immune checkpoint inhibitor that targets the programmed death of cell ligand 1 receptors (PD-L1). PD-L1 activation results in negative regulatory signals that induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor antigen-specific T cells allowing immune evasion of the tumor.

The aim of this aim is to measure the expression level of PD-L1 on oral tissue samples from DLBCL patients using immunohistochemistry.

Materials and Methods This current study was performed at the Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Egypt. Ethical approval was conducted from Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University. Tissue samples were collected from 13 patients diagnosed with oral extranodal DLBCL) nongerminal center B cell like subtype. Both hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining (The avidin-biotin-complex procedure) was performed with anti-PD-L1 antibody (clone number: 28–8, Abcam, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States).

Cytoplasmic and/or membranous positive intensity was graded as follows: very mild staining, mild staining, moderate staining, and intense staining using Image J, 1.41a (National Institutes of Health, United States) image analysis software. The mean area fraction of the stained cells was calculated by counting immunostained cells in three fields of each case by two pathologists. Data was entered in SPSS program for analysis.

Results PD-L1 was overexpressed on tumor cells of oral extranodal DLBCL than control cells from lesion free areas of oral tissues of the same patient.
Optimizing Quality of Life and Minimizing Morbidity through Nasal Preservation in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery: A Contemporary Review
Authors: Pinheiro-Neto Carlos , Rowan Nicholas R. , Celda Maria Peris , Mukherjee Debraj , Gompel Jamie J. Van , Choby Garret
Published: August 2022

Introduction Endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) are increasingly utilized for intracranial pathology. As opposed to sinonasal tumors, the nasal cavity is being used as a corridor to access these intracranial tumors but is not the site of primary surgical intent. Accordingly, there has been recent interest in preserving intranasal structures not directly involved by tumor and improving postoperative sinonasal quality of life (QOL).

Objectives The aim of the study is to highlight recent advances in EEA techniques focused on improving sinonasal QOL including turbinate preservation, reducing the morbidity of reconstructive techniques, and the development of alternative minimally invasive EEA corridors.

Methods The method of the study involves contemporary literature review and summary of implications for clinical practice.

Results Nasoseptal flap (NSF) harvest is associated with significant morbidity including septal perforation, prolonged nasal crusting, and external nasal deformities. Various grafting and local rotational flaps have demonstrated the ability to significantly limit donor site morbidity. Free mucosal grafts have re-emerged as a reliable reconstructive option for sellar defects with an excellent sinonasal morbidity profile. Middle turbinate preservation is achievable in most EEA cases and has not been shown to cause postoperative obstructive sinusitis. Recently developed minimally invasive EEA techniques such as the superior ethmoidal approach have been described to better preserve intranasal structures while allowing intracranial access to resect skull base tumors and have shown promising sinonasal QOL results.

Conclusion This contemporary review discusses balancing effective skull base reconstructive techniques with associated morbidity, the role of turbinate preservation in EEA, and the development of unique EEA techniques that allow for increased nasal structure preservation.
Preoperative Statin Exposure Reduces Periprosthetic Fractures and Revisions following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Sax Oliver C. , Bains Sandeep S. , Chen Zhongming , Douglas Scott J. , Nace James , Delanois Ronald E.
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with and without prior history of statin use. We specifically evaluated (1) 90-day to 2-year periprosthetic fractures, (2) revisions, and (3) respective risk factors. We queried a national, all-payer database for patients undergoing primary TKA between 2010 and 2020. Chronic statin exposure was then identified and defined as more than three prescriptions filled within 1 year prior to TKA (statin users). A control cohort of patients undergoing TKA without the prior history of statin use was then created (statin naïve). Cohorts were matched 1:1 based on age range, Charlson Comorbidity Index, sex, diabetes, obesity, and tobacco use, yielding 579,136 patients. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate the risk factors for periprosthetic fractures and revisions, adjusted for demographics and comorbidities. Statin users had a lower incidence of periprosthetic fractures from 90 days to 2 years compared with the statin naïve (p < 0.001). Similarly, statin users had a lower incidence of revisions at 90 days to 2 years (p < 0.001). Using the statin-naïve cohort as a reference, statin use was independently associated with decreased odds of periprosthetic fractures and revisions. Statin use was associated with a reduced risk of periprosthetic fractures and revisions. These results may mitigate postoperative risks though statin therapy is currently not recommended for fracture-related benefits alone.
Physiotherapie bei Ataxie
Authors: Brötz Doris
Published: August 2022

Vereinbaren Sie mit ihren Patient*innen Ziele und wählen Sie Übungen, die alltagsorientiert sind und sich am Bedarf der Betroffenen ausrichten. Alle Übungen folgen den übergeordneten Zielen, die Koordinations-fähigkeit und die Balance zu verbessern sowie Steifheit und Angst zu verringern.
Distinct neural networks derived from galanin-containing nociceptors and neurotensin-expressing pruriceptors
Authors: Chen Yan , Song Yuran , Wang Huadong , Zhang Yiyun , Hu Xinyu , Wang Kaikai , Lu Yingjin , Zhang Zoutao , Li Shuai , Li Anan , Bao Lan , Xu Fuqiang , Li Changlin , Zhang Xu
Published: August 2022

Pain and itch are distinct sensations arousing evasion and compulsive desire for scratching, respectively. It’s unclear whether they could invoke different neural networks in the brain. Here, we use the type 1 herpes simplex virus H129 strain to trace the neural networks derived from two types of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons: one kind of polymodal nociceptors containing galanin (Gal) and one type of pruriceptors expressing neurotensin (Nts). The DRG microinjection and immunosuppression were performed in transgenic mice to achieve a successful tracing from specific types of DRG neurons to the primary sensory cortex. About one-third of nuclei in the brain were labeled. More than half of them were differentially labeled in two networks. For the ascending pathways, the spinothalamic tract was absent in the network derived fromNts-expressing pruriceptors, and the two networks shared the spinobulbar projections but occupied different subnuclei. As to the motor systems, more neurons in the primary motor cortex and red nucleus of the somatic motor system participated in theGal-containing nociceptor-derived network, while more neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (DMX) of the emotional motor system was found in theNts-expressing pruriceptor-derived network. Functional validation of differentially labeled nuclei by c-Fos test and chemogenetic inhibition suggested the red nucleus in facilitating the response to noxious heat and the NST/DMX in regulating the histamine-induced scratching. Thus, we reveal the organization of neural networks in a DRG neuron type-dependent manner for processing pain and itch.
Geographic patterns of koala retrovirus genetic diversity, endogenization, and subtype distributions
Authors: Blyton Michaela D. J. , Young Paul R. , Moore Ben D. , Chappell Keith J.
Published: August 2022

Koala retrovirus (KoRV) subtype A (KoRV-A) is currently in transition from exogenous virus to endogenous viral element, providing an ideal system to elucidate retroviral–host coevolution. We characterized KoRV geography using fecal DNA from 192 samples across 20 populations throughout the koala’s range. We reveal an abrupt change in KoRV genetics and incidence at the Victoria/New South Wales state border. In northern koalas,
pol
gene copies were ubiquitously present at above five per cell, consistent with endogenous KoRV. In southern koalas,
pol
copies were detected in only 25.8% of koalas and always at copy numbers below one, while the
env
gene was detected in all animals and in a majority at copy numbers above one per cell. These results suggest that southern koalas carry partial endogenous KoRV-like sequences. Deep sequencing of the
env
hypervariable region revealed three putatively endogenous KoRV-A sequences in northern koalas and a single, distinct sequence present in all southern koalas. Among northern populations,
env
sequence diversity decreased with distance from the equator, suggesting infectious KoRV-A invaded the koala genome in northern Australia and then spread south. The exogenous KoRV subtypes (B to K), two novel subtypes, and intermediate subtypes were detected in all northern koala populations but were strikingly absent from all southern animals tested. Apart from KoRV subtype D, these exogenous subtypes were generally locally prevalent but geographically restricted, producing KoRV genetic differentiation among northern populations. This suggests that sporadic evolution and local transmission of the exogenous subtypes have occurred within northern Australia, but this has not extended into animals within southern Australia.
Concerted evolution of metabolic rate, economics of mating, ecology, and pace of life across seed beetles
Authors: Arnqvist Göran , Rönn Johanna , Watson Christopher , Goenaga Julieta , Immonen Elina
Published: August 2022

Male–female coevolution has taken different paths among closely related species, but our understanding of the factors that govern its direction is limited. While it is clear that ecological factors, life history, and the economics of reproduction are connected, the divergent links are often obscure. We propose that a complete understanding requires the conceptual integration of metabolic phenotypes. Metabolic rate, a nexus of life history evolution, is constrained by ecological factors and may exert important direct and indirect effects on the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We performed standardized experiments in 12 seed beetle species to gain a rich set of sex-specific measures of metabolic phenotypes, life history traits, and the economics of mating and analyzed our multivariate data using phylogenetic comparative methods. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) showed extensive evolution and evolved more rapidly in males than in females. The evolution of RMR was tightly coupled with a suite of life history traits, describing a pace-of-life syndrome (POLS), with indirect effects on the economics of mating. As predicted, high resource competition was associated with a low RMR and a slow POLS. The cost of mating showed sexually antagonistic coevolution, a hallmark of sexual conflict. The sex-specific costs and benefits of mating were predictably related to ecology, primarily through the evolution of male ejaculate size. Overall, our results support the tenet that resource competition affects metabolic processes that, in turn, have predictable effects on both life history evolution and reproduction, such that ecology shows both direct and indirect effects on male–female coevolution.
The strawberry-derived permeation enhancer pelargonidin enables oral protein delivery
Authors: Lamson Nicholas G. , Fein Katherine C. , Gleeson John P. , Newby Alexandra N. , Xian Sijie , Cochran Kyle , Chaudhary Namit , Melamed Jilian R. , Ball Rebecca L. , Suri Kanika , Ahuja Vishal , Zhang Anna , Berger Adrian , Kolodieznyi Dmytro , Schmidt Brigitte F. , Silva Gloria L. , Whitehead Kathryn A.
Published: August 2022

Although patients generally prefer oral drug delivery to injections, low permeability of the gastrointestinal tract makes this method impossible for most biomacromolecules. One potential solution is codelivery of macromolecules, including therapeutic proteins or nucleic acids, with intestinal permeation enhancers; however, enhancer use has been limited clinically by modest efficacy and toxicity concerns surrounding long-term administration. Here, we hypothesized that plant-based foods, which are well tolerated by the gastrointestinal tract, may contain compounds that enable oral macromolecular absorption without causing adverse effects. Upon testing more than 100 fruits, vegetables, and herbs, we identified strawberry and its red pigment, pelargonidin, as potent, well-tolerated enhancers of intestinal permeability. In mice, an oral capsule formulation comprising pelargonidin and a 1 U/kg dose of insulin reduced blood glucose levels for over 4 h, with bioactivity exceeding 100% relative to subcutaneous injection. Effects were reversible within 2 h and associated with actin and tight junction rearrangement. Furthermore, daily dosing of mice with pelargonidin for 1 mo resulted in no detectable side effects, including weight loss, tissue damage, or inflammatory responses. These data suggest that pelargonidin is an exceptionally effective enhancer of oral protein uptake that may be safe for routine pharmaceutical use.
The affactivefå‘get’ construction in Danish
Authors: Nielsen Peter Juul
Published: August 2022

As in many other Germanic languages, Modern Danish combines the verbfå‘get’ and a semantic main verb in the supine form (the uninflected perfect participle). Three main types of the construction are found: an agentive type typically interpreted as expressing successful intentional action and two non-agentive types: one with a ditransitive main verb and promotion of the indirect object to subject status, and one with a non-valency-bound subject typically interpreted as a Beneficiary. Based on a functional framework, the paper presents a corpus study of the construction and an analysis unifying all three main types in a commonAffactive Constructionwhose functional contribution is the specification of the subject as anAfficiary(Beneficiary or Maleficiary). The distinction between agentive and non-agentive interpretation is analysed as a voice distinction between active and passive.
Verbo-Nominal Constructions withkommen‘come’ in German
Authors: Smirnova Elena , Stöber Vanessa
Published: August 2022

The paper presents the results of a diachronic study of the light verb constructions containing the German verbkommen‘come’ accompanied by a prepositional phrase containing a deverbal noun and the prepositionzu‘to’. The analysis is based on the corpus data from the DTA (DeutschesTextarchiv) between 1600 and 1900. The aim of the paper is to integrate traditional grammatical descriptions ofFunktionsverbgefügewith grammaticalization and lexicalization approaches as well as with more recent usage-based constructionist approaches. In doing so, the view of composite predicates as more or less grammaticalized or more or less lexicalized constructions will be challenged by offering empirical evidence in favor of a more diversified account. It will be argued that it is often a matter of the methodological perspective as to which particular status is assigned to a structure under investigation.
Clause linkage and degrees of grammaticalization
Authors: Diewald Gabriele , Czicza Dániel , Dekalo Volodymyr
Published: August 2022

This paper deals with different types of verbal complementation of theGermanverbverdienen. It focuses on constructions that have been undergoing a grammaticalization process and thus express deontic modality, as inSie verdient geliebt zu werden(ʽShe deserves to be lovedʼ) andSie verdient zu leben(ʽShe deserves to liveʼ) (Diewald, Dekalo & Czicza 2021). These constructions are connected to parallel complementation types with passive and active infinitives containing a correlatees, as inSie verdient es, geliebt zu werdenandSie verdient es, zu leben, as well as finite clauses with the subordinatordasswith and without correlativees, as inSie verdient, dass sie geliebt wirdandSie verdient es, dass sie geliebt wird. This paper attempts to show a close comparative investigation of these six types of constructions based on their relevant semantic and syntactic properties in terms of clause linkage (Lehmann 1988). We analyze the relevant data retrieved from the DWDS corpus of the 20th century and present an expanded grammaticalization path forverdienen-constructions. The finite complementation withdassis regarded as an example of a separate structural option called “elaboration”. Concerning the use of correlativees, it is shown that it does not have any substantial effect on the grammaticalization of modalverdienen-constructions.
Search efficiency in the Adam–Delbrück reduction-of-dimensionality scenario versus direct diffusive search
Authors: Grebenkov Denis S , Metzler Ralf , Oshanin Gleb
Published: August 2022

The time instant—the first-passage time (FPT)—when a diffusive particle (e.g., a ligand such as oxygen or a signalling protein) for the first time reaches an immobile target located on the surface of a bounded three-dimensional domain (e.g., a hemoglobin molecule or the cellular nucleus) is a decisive characteristic time-scale in diverse biophysical and biochemical processes, as well as in intermediate stages of various inter- and intra-cellular signal transduction pathways. Adam and Delbrück put forth the reduction-of-dimensionality concept, according to which a ligand first binds non-specifically to any point of the surface on which the target is placed and then diffuses along this surface until it locates the target. In this work, we analyse the efficiency of such a scenario and confront it with the efficiency of a direct search process, in which the target is approached directly from the bulk and not aided by surface diffusion. We consider two situations: (i) a single ligand is launched from a fixed or a random position and searches for the target, and (ii) the case of ‘amplified’ signals when N ligands start either from the same point or from random positions, and the search terminates when the fastest of them arrives to the target. For such settings, we go beyond the conventional analyses, which compare only the mean values of the corresponding FPTs. Instead, we calculate the full probability density function of FPTs for both scenarios and study its integral characteristic—the ‘survival’ probability of a target up to time t. On this basis, we examine how the efficiencies of both scenarios are controlled by a variety of parameters and single out realistic conditions in which the reduction-of-dimensionality scenario outperforms the direct search.
Optimization of plasma spray process variables to attain the minimum porosity and maximum hardness of the LZ/YSZ thermal barrier coatings utilizing the response surface approach
Authors: Mathanbabu M , Thirumalaikumarasamy D , Tamilselvi M , kumar Somasurendra
Published: August 2022

Lanthanum zirconate (LZ) has emerged as a novel thermal barrier coating (TBC) material because of its higher temperature phase stability, and low sintering ability than the current standard yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). In order to combine the advantages, LZ and YSZ feedstock powders are blended with predetermined weight ratios (50:50) as composite coatings. The leading issue in developing the composite coating using the atmospheric plasma spray method (APS) is finding the optimum range of input parameters to attain the desired coating properties. This issue can be resolved by developing empirical relations to find the porosity and microhardness of the coating by the atmospheric plasma spray method (APS). Spray parameters such as input power, spray distance, and powder feed rate are vital in determining the coating quality. Three variables and five levels of central composite rotatable design (CCD) to reduce the overall run of the experiment were utilized in the research. The empirical relations were predicted to find the porosity and microhardness of the specimens with APS process parameters, and the empirical relations were examined through ANOVA. Optimizing the plasma spray parameters was done using response surface methodology (RSM), which provides the minimum porosity and maximum hardness. It is validated using surface response graphs, contour plots, and overlay plots. As a result, the input power has the greatest impact on the coating properties among the three variables, and the standoff distance and powder feed rate are the subsequent important spray parameters.
Simulation and experiments on the performance of Co and Mo doped AgNi contact materials
Authors: Wang Jingqin , Jia Jiying , Cui Defeng , Guo Peijian , Lu Ningyi
Published: August 2022

In response to the inadequacy of experimental methods to explore the effect of doping modification on the performance of AgNi contact materials, the Ag/Ni interface simulation model was established based on the first-principles density functional theory to study the interfacial stability and electronic structure of Ag/Ni with Co-doped and Mo-doped. The stability at the interface can directly affect the anti-melt welding performance of AgNi contact materials. The doping can enhance the interfacial bonding stability of Ag/Ni, the hybridization of Ag and Ni orbitals and the bonding strength of Ag-Ni metal bonds, among which the Mo-doped Ag/Ni has the best stability. The contact materials were prepared by powder metallurgy method. Wettability test and electrical contact performance test were conducted on AgNi contacts before and after doping. It was found that Co and Mo doping improved the anti-melt welding performance and anti-arc erosion performance of the intrinsic contact materials, which verified the simulation conclusions. The doping of Mo in AgNi contacts resulted in a substantial reduction of melt welding force and a significant reduction of material loss, which had the most obvious improvement effect on the contact materials.
Field induced electron emission from graphene nanostructures
Authors: Gao Yanlin , Okada Susumu
Published: August 2022

Electric fields play a crucial role in modulating the electronic properties of nanoscale materials. Electron emission, induced by an electric field, is a representative phenomenon. Experimental and theoretical aspects of such electron emission from graphene are briefly reviewed. The emission occurs at the edge of graphene flakes, not at the surface, because the edge highly concentrates the electric field. Emission currents are sensitive to the edge shapes and edge functionalization. This review provides guiding principles for designing high-efficiency field-emission devices by using graphene nanostructures.
Meta-learning spiking neural networks with surrogate gradient descent
Authors: Stewart Kenneth M , Neftci Emre O
Published: August 2022

Adaptive ‘life-long’ learning at the edge and during online task performance is an aspirational goal of artificial intelligence research. Neuromorphic hardware implementing spiking neural networks (SNNs) are particularly attractive in this regard, as their real-time, event-based, local computing paradigm makes them suitable for edge implementations and fast learning. However, the long and iterative learning that characterizes state-of-the-art SNN training is incompatible with the physical nature and real-time operation of neuromorphic hardware. Bi-level learning, such as meta-learning is increasingly used in deep learning to overcome these limitations. In this work, we demonstrate gradient-based meta-learning in SNNs using the surrogate gradient method that approximates the spiking threshold function for gradient estimations. Because surrogate gradients can be made twice differentiable, well-established, and effective second-order gradient meta-learning methods such as model agnostic meta learning (MAML) can be used. We show that SNNs meta-trained using MAML perform comparably to conventional artificial neural networks meta-trained with MAML on event-based meta-datasets. Furthermore, we demonstrate the specific advantages that accrue from meta-learning: fast learning without the requirement of high precision weights or gradients, training-to-learn with quantization and mitigating the effects of approximate synaptic plasticity rules. Our results emphasize how meta-learning techniques can become instrumental for deploying neuromorphic learning technologies on real-world problems.
Finite element analysis and shape optimization of singular points in boundary value problems for partial differential equations
Authors: Ohtsuka Kohji
Published: August 2022

We introduce the concept of shape optimization of singular points of a weak solution in boundary value problems of partial differential equations (BVP) including fracture mechanics, shape optimization of boundary and interface, etc. Roughly speaking, singularity is a gap between weak and strong solutions. We also introduce the integral formula named the GJ-integral defined with an arbitrary subdomain as an extension of the J-integral in fracture mechanics. The GJ-integral is defined locally, is made from partial differential equations in BVP only, takes zero if the solution is regular, and expresses energy shape sensitivity. A generalization of the Hadamard variational formula is proposed and various cost functions are rewritten using the GJ-integral. In the last section there are numerical calculations using the GJ-integral with the finite element method.
massDatabase: utilities for the operation of the public compound and pathway database
Authors: Shen Xiaotao , Wang Chuchu , Snyder Michael P
Published: August 2022

One of the major challenges in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry data is converting many metabolic feature entries to biological function information, such as metabolite annotation and pathway enrichment, which are based on the compound and pathway databases. Multiple online databases have been developed. However, no tool has been developed for operating all these databases for biological analysis. Therefore, we developed massDatabase, an R package that operates the online public databases and combines with other tools for streamlined compound annotation and pathway enrichment. massDatabase is a flexible, simple and powerful tool that can be installed on all platforms, allowing the users to leverage all the online public databases for biological function mining. A detailed tutorial and a case study are provided in the Supplementary Material.

Availability and implementation

https://massdatabase.tidymass.org/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Beyond financialisation: thelongue duréeof finance and production in the Global South
Authors: Koddenbrock Kai , Kvangraven Ingrid Harvold , Sylla Ndongo Samba
Published: August 2022

One of the central premises of the literature on financialisation is that we have been living in a new era of capitalism, characterised by a historical shift in the finance-production nexus. Finance has expanded to a disproportionate economic size and, more importantly, has divorced from productive economic pursuits. In this paper, we explore these claims of ‘expansion’ and ‘divorce’ based on a longue durée analysis of the link between finance and production in Senegal and Ghana. As such, we de-centre the dominant approach to financialisation. Seen from the South, we argue that although there has been expansion of financial motives and practices the ‘divorce’ between the financial and the productive economy cannot be considered a new empirical phenomenon having occurred during the last decades and even less an epochal shift of the capitalist system. The tendency for finance to neglect the needs of the domestic productive sector has been the structural operation of finance in many parts of the Global South over the last 150 years. Therefore, one cannot put forward a theory of the evolution of finance under capitalism without taking these crucial historical insights into account.
Inside out: human mobility big data show how COVID-19 changed the urban network structure in the Seoul Metropolitan Area
Authors: Kim Young-Long , Jun Bogang
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed human mobility patterns in cities. Lockdowns, social distancing and flexible working hours have restructured pre-existing dynamics between two opposing forces in major cities: centripetal and centrifugal. To scrutinise the new dynamics, human mobility in the Seoul Metropolitan Area in early 2020 was investigated using big data collected from cell phone activity. By suggesting a network-based approach to untangle complex human mobility in the urban network, this research contributes to understanding how the COVID-19 shock impacted human mobility patterns in everyday life and how human behaviours adapted to the new normal.
Sex-dependent increase of movement activity in the freshwater isopodAsellus aquaticusfollowing adaptation to a predator-free cave habitat
Authors: Berisha Hajriz , Horváth Gergely , Fišer Žiga , Balázs Gergely , Fišer Cene , Herczeg Gábor
Published: August 2022

Populations experiencing negligible predation pressure are expected to evolve higher behavioral activity. However, when sexes have different expected benefits from high activity, the adaptive shift is expected to be sex-specific. Here, we compared movement activity of one cave (lack of predation) and three adjacent surface (high and diverse predation) populations of Asellus aquaticus, a freshwater isopod known for its independent colonization of several caves across Europe. We predicted 1) higher activity in cave than in surface populations, with 2) the difference being more pronounced in males as they are known for active mate searching behavior, while females are not. Activity was assessed both in the presence and absence of light. Our results supported both predictions: movement activity was higher in the cave than in the surface populations, particularly in males. Relaxed predation pressure in the cave-adapted population is most likely the main selective factor behind increased behavioral activity, but we also showed that the extent of increase is sex-specific.
A set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae integration vectors for fluorescent dye labeling of proteins
Authors: Baek Inwha , Le Sarah N , Jeon Jongcheol , Chun Yujin , Reed Charlotte , Buratowski Stephen
Published: August 2022

Protein fusions are frequently used for fluorescence imaging of individual molecules, both in vivo and in vitro. The SNAP, CLIP, HALO (aka HaloTag7), and DHFR protein tags can be linked to small molecule dyes that provide brightness and photo-stability superior to fluorescent proteins. To facilitate fluorescent dye tagging of proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we constructed a modular set of vectors with various combinations of labeling protein tags and selectable markers. These vectors can be used in combination to create strains where multiple proteins labeled with different colored dyes can be simultaneously observed.
An Atlas Adapted to the Toda Flow
Authors: Martínez
Torres David , Tomei Carlos
Published: August 2022

We describe an atlas adapted to the Toda flow on the manifold of full flags of any non-compact real semisimple Lie algebra and on its Hessenberg-type submanifolds. We show that in the local coordinates of the atlas the Toda flow becomes linear. The local coordinates are also used to show that the Toda flow on the manifold of full flags is Morse–Smale, which generalizes the result for traceless matrices in [27] to arbitrary non-compact real semisimple Lie algebras. As a byproduct we describe new features of classical constructions in matrix theory.
Preoperative Blood Loss Prediction Formulas in Burn Surgeries: A Review
Authors: Wardhana Aditya , Aurino Leorca , Menna Clara
Published: August 2022

Extensive burn surgeries lead to a considerable amount of blood loss. Predicting preoperative blood loss is essential for blood ordering and cross-matching. Accurate amount of ordered blood units ensures patients’ safety and minimizes cost. However, blood loss estimation is complicated due to a variety of factors influencing blood loss, including patient and operative-related variables. Currently, no standard method to predict blood loss exists prior to surgery. Our goal is to review factors influencing blood loss and formulas that can predict blood loss. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and MEDLINE databases for studies investigating blood loss in burn surgeries with a clear quantitative outcome. Fifteen studies were included, comprising 1613 subjects. All studies calculated blood loss and assessed possible related factors, and four studies proposed preoperative blood loss prediction formulas. Larger areas of tissue excised and grafted, younger age, and delayed surgery were correlated with increased blood loss. Varying decrease in blood loss was observed with tumescent usage and other bleeding control methods. Other variables produced inconsistent results. From four prediction formulas, only one formula, Dye’s Formula, had been applied and proven effective in reducing unused blood units clinically by up to 40% of cross-matched blood. Various confounding factors and dissimilarities between studies make reliable prediction method construction challenging. With consideration of diverse patient characteristics, some study develops formulas to achieve optimal patient care and avoid unnecessary hospital expenditure. Further research with consistent variables should be done to construct a standardized blood loss estimation formula.
Targeting senescent cells for a healthier longevity: the roadmap for an era of global aging
Authors: Sun Yu , Li Qingfeng , Kirkland James L
Published: August 2022

Aging is a natural but relentless process of physiological decline, leading to physical frailty, reduced ability to respond to physical stresses (resilience) and, ultimately, organismal death. Cellular senescence, a self-defensive mechanism activated in response to intrinsic stimuli and/or exogenous stress, is one of the central hallmarks of aging. Senescent cells cease to proliferate, while remaining metabolically active and secreting numerous extracellular factors, a feature known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Senescence is physiologically important for embryonic development, tissue repair, and wound healing, and prevents carcinogenesis. However, chronic accumulation of persisting senescent cells contributes to a host of pathologies including age-related morbidities. By paracrine and endocrine mechanisms, senescent cells can induce inflammation locally and systemically, thereby causing tissue dysfunction, and organ degeneration. Agents including those targeting damaging components of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype or inducing apoptosis of senescent cells exhibit remarkable benefits in both preclinical models and early clinical trials for geriatric conditions. Here we summarize features of senescent cells and outline strategies holding the potential to be developed as clinical interventions. In the long run, there is an increasing demand for safe, effective, and clinically translatable senotherapeutics to address healthcare needs in current settings of global aging.
Barriers and Potential Solutions to Implementing Evidence-Based PTSD Treatment in Military Treatment Facilities
Authors: McLean Carmen P , Cook Jeffrey , Riggs David S , Peterson Alan L , Young-McCaughan Stacey , Borah Elisa V , Comtois Katherine Anne , Dondanville Katherine A , Frick Erin , Haddock Christopher K , Mann Jeffrey , Reynolds David , Mistretta Melissa , Neitzer Andrea , Brzuchalski Amy , Clayton Spencer P , Conforte Allison M , DuMars Tyler D , Ekundayo Kendra , Flores Araceli , Hein Jessica , Jinkerson Jeremy , Keith Felicia , Kim Hana J , Link Jared S , Nofziger Debra , Pollick Kirsten , Ringdahl Erik N , Waggoner John , Woodworth Craig , Rosen Craig S
Published: August 2022

Introduction

Prolonged exposure therapy is an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder that is underutilized in health systems, including the military health system. Organizational barriers to prolonged exposure implementation have been hypothesized but not systematically examined. This multisite project sought to identify barriers to increasing the use of prolonged exposure across eight military treatment facilities and describe potential solutions to addressing these barriers.

Materials and Methods

As part of a larger project to increase the use of prolonged exposure therapy in the military health system, we conducted a needs assessment at eight military treatment facilities. The needs assessment included analysis of clinic administrative data and a series of stakeholder interviews with behavioral health clinic providers, leadership, and support staff. Key barriers were matched with potential solutions using a rubric developed for this project. Identified facilitators, barriers, and potential solutions were summarized in a collaboratively developed implementation plan for increasing prolonged exposure therapy tailored to each site.

Results

There was a greater than anticipated consistency in the barriers reported by the sites, despite variation in the size and type of facility. The identified barriers were grouped into four categories: time-related barriers, provider-related barriers, barriers related to patient education and matching patients to providers, and scheduling-related barriers. Potential solutions to each barrier are described.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the numerous organizational-level barriers to implementing evidence-based psychotherapy in the military health system and offer potential solutions that may be helpful in addressing the barriers.
Vein and Wehrlite Formation in the Lithospheric Mantle Below the West Eifel Volcanic Field: Modelling the Effects of Pressure, Temperature and Peridotite/Melt Ratio on Magma-Peridotite Interaction Using pMELTS and a Melt Infiltration Experiment
Authors: Ma Shuai , Shaw Cliff S J
Published: August 2022

The mantle peridotite xenoliths of the West Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany preserve evidence of multiple phases of metasomatism. The most recent metasomatic episode produced a variety of veins in the peridotite: high temperature (>1150°C), phlogopite–clinopyroxenite intermediate temperature (~1150°C), olivine clinopyroxenite and relatively low temperature (<1100°C) hornblendite together with marginal reaction zones of wehrlite and dunite. The veins and associated reaction zones have been interpreted as products of crystallization of magmas similar to those that transported the xenoliths to surface. We describe a high temperature melt infiltration experiment and thermodynamic (pMELTS) models that examine the origin of high temperature phlogopite–clinopyroxenite veins and the evolution of the wall rock adjacent to the veins and compare the result to the major and trace element signatures of the minerals in the veins. The infiltration experiment replicates the common reaction textures such as partially dissolved orthopyroxene and sieved secondary clinopyroxene that are found associated with veins. In the thermodynamic model, we calculated the equilibrium assemblages and mineral compositions for peridotite–melt mixtures ranging from peridotite only to melt only over the range of 1150 to 1350°C and 1 GPa to 2 GPa. The models reproduce the composition of vein minerals at a small peridotite/melt ratio, whereas at larger peridotite/melt ratios they produce wehrlite/dunite assemblages that are similar both in modal mineralogy and composition to the natural samples. The models show that olivine clinopyroxenite veins may have been produced at a higher pressure than the phlogopite–clinopyroxenite veins. Our models show that interaction of magma with a trace element signature indicative of a garnet-bearing source with spinel facies mantle will result in a dilution of the trace element garnet signature with little to no variation in the major oxide composition.
Formulation, design and strategies for efficient nanotechnology-based nasal delivery systems
Authors: de Barros Cecilia , Portugal Isabella , Batain Fernando , Portella Décio , Severino Patrícia , Cardoso Juliana , Arcuri Plinio , Chaud Marco , Alves Thais
Published: August 2022

Objectives

Nanotechnology-based nasal delivery systems have gained interest as a way of overcoming low drug bioavailability, limited brain exposure, fast metabolism and elimination, high doses and unwanted side effects. The main benefits of intranasal (IN) administration include the non-invasive method, easy accessibility, porous epithelial barrier and highly vascularized tissue. However, it is imperative to identify interactions between the materials used and the nasal biological environment to ensure proper release.

Key findings

We have examined principal factors in nasal administration, such as physiological aspects of the nose, drug and biopharmaceutical properties, formulation properties and nasal devices for drug delivery.

This review highlights new insights into different nanotechnology-based approaches for IN use and focuses on recent developments in topical nasal DDS, outlining the advantages and limitations of each system. This article confines itself to research and novel concepts and the different strategies developed to increase bioavailability, safety and a route to brain delivery.