bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of dental students and professionals about the management of traumatic dental injuries
Authors: Magno Marcela Baraúna , Nadelman Patrícia , Pithon Matheus Melo , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: June 2019

Knowledge about the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) is extremely important in improving the prognosis of such cases. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge of dental students and professionals about the management of TDIs, and the factors that influence this knowledge, through a literature review. Methods: An electronic search was performed in the PubMed database, with no language or date restrictions. Studies that evaluated the knowledge of dental students or professionals about the management of TDIs were considered eligible. Results: From a total of 1902 retrieved papers, 36 full-texts were assessed for eligibility, and 31 were included in this review. All studies evaluated TDI knowledge through questionnaires; 15 of them only concerned tooth avulsion. In general, knowledge about TDI treatment, both in deciduous and permanent dentition, was considered to be low or moderate. Individual factors (age and gender), professional factors (postgraduate degree, qualification time and place of work), and previous TDI knowledge (attendance frequency, previous education and self-judgment about the knowledge) influenced the knowledge and the frequency of correct answers. Conclusion: Dentistry student and professional knowledge about TDIs is not satisfactory.
Effect of modified 45s5 bioglass on physical and chemical properties of bleached enamel
Authors: Saffarpour Mahshid , Asgartooran Bahareh , Tahriri Mohammad Reza , Savadroudbari Maryam Mohammadi , Khabazkhoob Mehdi
Published: June 2019

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate of the effects of modified 45S5 bioglass (BG) before, after, and during the bleaching procedure with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) on the tooth colour change and physicochemical and morphological properties of human enamel. Methods: Forty-two human premolar enamel samples were prepared and randomly divided into six groups as G1: control (deionized distilled water for 20 min), G2: BG (Bioglass suspension for 20 min), G3: HP (hydrogen peroxide 35% for 20 min), G4: BG before HP (Bioglass suspension for 20 min followed by hydrogen peroxide 35%) , G5: BG after HP (hydrogen peroxide 35% followed by Bioglass suspension for 20 min), and G6: BG during HP (Bioglass in hydrogen peroxide 35% suspension for 20 min). The treatment procedure was performed on the whole enamel surface. Colorimetry was done before and after the treatment procedure. Two specimens from each group were selected for morphological analysis with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Microhardness analysis was performed after the treatment procedure and chemical analysis of BG dissolution was done for BG+DDW and BG+HP suspensions. Results: No statistically significant difference in colour was observed among different groups (P= 0.073133) and the yellowness index decreased in all of the four HP groups. The greatest reduction in microhardness occurred in groups HP and BG before HP (P<0.001) while the BG group showed increased microhardness measurements (P<0.001). Statically significant differences in microhardness were found among the groups. Elemental analysis showed significantly increased levels of Ca and P in BG after HP and BG before HP groups when compared to the HP group. Ionic release of BG was significantly greater in HP when compared to DDW. Conclusion: Using BG before HP had a greater protective effect since it increased microhardness more effectively, decreased mineral loss, and retained the integrity of the enamel surface. The HP group had the lowest microhardness and BG during HP showed less protective effects compared to BG before HP.
Influence of furnace type in the crystallization of lithium disilicate on bond strength and flexural strength
Authors: Zancope Karla , Castro Thácio de , Tavares Lucas do Nascimento , Prudente Marcel Santana , Neves Flávio Domingues das
Published: June 2019

Aim: The crystallization step is required for lithium disilicate ceramics to change color, improve the mechanical properties and yield material to support mouth loading. Several furnaces could complete the crystallization process. This study evaluated the flexural and bond strength of lithium disilicate ceramics crystallized by different furnaces with the presence or not of vacum and different holding time. Methods: Forty lithium disilicate samples were divided into two groups: Programat P300 - control group with vacuum and holding time 7 minutes (CG) and FVPlus- experimental group and without vacuum and holding time 25 minutes (EG) and submitted to 2 experimental tests: 3-point flexural strength test and micro shear bond strength test (µSBS). For this test, the surface of the samples was treated and 1mm² of resin cement was applied on the surface. The samples were stored in artificial saliva over 2 time periods (24 hours: T0; 1-month storage: T1). To analyze the morphologic crystals of the ceramics tested, one representative specimen from each group were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: There was no significant difference in 3-point flexural strength test between groups CG and EG (p= 0.984). The µSBS results showed no statistical difference between groups, considering different storage time. There was no difference in the 3-point flexural strength and μSBS for lithium disilicate samples regardless of heat treatment of furnace type. The storage time had no influence on the μSBS. No differences were noted in the shape and size of these crystals when comparing the furnace analyzed by SEM images. Conclusion: Different furnaces did not influence the flexural and bond strength of lithium disilicate ceramics.
Final year dental students’ assessment of their profile, competencies and skills in a public university
Authors: Freire Maria do Carmo Matias , Silva Danilo Pereira da , Caetano Aline de Paula Ferreira , Nunes Maria de Fátima
Published: June 2019

Aim: To investigate final-year dental students’ assessment of their achievement of professional profile, competencies and skills as set out in the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG) and its association with demographic characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the dental school of the Federal University of Goiás, Brazil. The study population (N= 205) was composed of all undergraduate students finishing their courses under the new curricula over a five-year period. They were asked to score their achievement of the professional profile, competencies and skills proposed by the NCG using a 3-point scale. Frequency distribution of the data was described and scores for competencies and skills were calculated. The total score was the sum of those obtained in each single item. For group comparisons regarding to the students’ demographic characteristics, Mann-Whitney test was performed with statistical significance of 5%. Results: The sample was composed by 204 final year students (response rate= 99.5%). Only one student considered that she did not have the profile proposed in the NCG. 52% of them reported they had fully achieved the professional profile, while the remaining reported they had partially achieved it. High percentages of responses indicating partial or total achievement of general and specific competencies and skills were also found. The total score ranged from 36 to 72 (mean= 60.2; SD= 7.68; median= 62.0). Women reported higher levels of competencies and skills relating teamwork and the social context of the profession. Men reported higher levels of skills related to decision-making and activities aimed at diasease diagnosis and interventions. Younger students, compared to older ones, had higher scores on five items of specific competencies and skills. Conclusion: Most of the students considered to have achieved the professional profile, competencies and skills proposed in the NCG, and their perceptions were associated with demographic characteristics (age and sex).
Mal-estar na escola
Authors: Coutinho Luciana Gageiro
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo é oriundo de uma pesquisa em psicanálise e educação realizada no ambulatório infantojuvenil do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ), através de uma parceria entre a Faculdade de Educação da UFRJ e a Faculdade de Educação  da UFF.  Parte da constatação que as condições sociais que sustentam o laço educativo e a transmissão têm sofrido grandes transformações nas últimas décadas. Tece uma reflexão a cerca do cenário contemporâneo sobretudo à luz dos trabalhos sobre mal-estar docente em psicanálise e educação no contexto brasileiro.  Visa mapear o mal-estar na escolarização de crianças e adolescentes, mais especificamente a partir do discurso de educadores.  Encontra nos ideais de aluno e de educação aspectos importantes para a análise do mal-estar.
Recanto das emas ou do Roriz ? Espaços políticos no distrito federal
Authors: Santos Jorge Artur Caetano Lopes dos
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo trata da cidade do Recanto das Emas, Região Administrativa do Distrito Federal. Através da análise das narrativas memorialísticas de algumas moradoras da cidade, é possível (re)construir algumas possibilidades dessa cidade, entre elas, a relação com importantes figuras políticas do DF na constituição desse espaço.
Distopia e reparação política na Ceilândia de Adirley Queirós
Authors: Setubal Mariana Lucas
Published: June 2019

O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre os dois longas metragens do diretor Adirley Queirós: “ A Cidade é uma só?” (2011) e “Branco sai, preto fica” (2014). A analise em questão é norteada pela da disputa territorial: das cidades satélites e do Plano Piloto, enquanto alegoria dos limites da democracia brasileira. À medida em que esta disputa faz emergir as contradições do projeto de modernização nacional. Convoco a noção de demofobia (LYNCH, 2014) com o intuito de compreender o processo de construção da democracia brasileira, onde a nova capital é erguida como farol da utopia.
Predictive Factors of Response to Sunitinib in Imatinib-Resistant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): A Multi-Institutional Study
Authors: Badalamenti Giuseppe , Incorvaia Lorena , Vincenzi Bruno , Galvano Antonio , Grignani Giovanni , Pantaleo Maria , Fanale Daniele , Pantuso Gianni , Brunetti Oronzo , De Luca Ida , Barraco Nadia , Nannini Margherita , Gatto Lidia , D'Ambrosio Lorenzo , Grassi Nello , Silvestris Nicola , Bazan Viviana , Russo Antonio
Published: June 2019

Imatinib 400 mg is the standard of care for medical treatment of advanced GISTs. In the majority of cases, however, GISTs eventually develop resistance to imatinib. The optimal second line treatment has not been established yet and imatinib dose escalation (800 mg) or sunitinib represent two feasible options. The objective of this retrospective, multi-institutional, study is to analyze the validity of several parameters as possible predictive factors of response to sunitinib after imatinib failure. We reviewed 128 metastatic GISTs treated with sunitinib between January 2007 to June 2017. Primary tumour site, metastatic site, c-KIT/PDGFR-α mutational status, PET-FDG status and type of disease progression to sunitinib were assessed as possible predictive factors of response. This study identifies the gastric site of primary tumor as a predictive factor to sunitinib efficacy in second line setting. The mutational status (GIST WT), the site of metastasis (peritoneum) and the FDG-PET status (negative), although not statistically significant, seem to be elements of increased activity for sunitinib treatment. These results provide the rationale to drive physician for sunitinib choice in second line setting for metastatic GISTs, to improve patients selection and to maximize the benefit from the treatment, on the basis of possible predictive factors of response.
Perceived Overqualification and Creative Performance: The Moderating of Employee Development Oriented Organizational Culture on Organizational Identification
Authors: Li Yi , Hu Fuyuan , Zhang Man
Published: June 2019

Previous studies have shown that the outcomes leaded by perceived overqualification is influenced by contextual factors. This study tested the effect of perceived overqualification on creative performance by using 170 supervisor–subordinate dyads of 41 groups data from two manufacturing companies in China. Results revealed: (1) perceived overqualification is positively related to organizational identification when employee development oriented organizational culture is strong but negatively related to organizational identification when employee development oriented organizational culture is weak, (2) organizational identification is positively related to creative performance, (3) furthermore, the relationship between perceived overqualification and creative performance is contrary on different level employee development oriented organizational culture. More concretely, the relationship between perceived overqualification and creative performance is positive when employee development oriented organizational culture is strong but negative as compared with when the employee development oriented organizational culture is weak. Besides，organizational identification plays a mediating role in this relationship.
Inter-Regional Variations in the Process of Promoting Socio-Economic Empowerment of the Tribal Women through Self Help Groups (SHGs) Activities
Authors: Rao. M. Sundara , Pasala Srinivasa Rao
Published: June 2019

This study analyses that the SHGs have expanded avenues for tribal women to improve their socio-demographic and economic conditions by way of adoption of family planning methods and have awareness about promoting their health and literacy levels. On the whole, it is clear that the tribal women are able to improve control over their freedom to move and interact, leadership, and reproductive choices, to some extent. Thus there is improvement with regard to social empowerment. But, there is no improvement in power with the dimension of social empowerment. On the whole, it is clear that tribal women are able to improve control over their labour, resources, savings, credit and income and freedom to move and interact. Thus there is improvement with regard to economic power to the dimension of empowerment. However, the positive impact on their economic and living conditions is not much found in the interior hill tract villages and found in a relatively better position in the roadside villages in plain areas. From the major findings of the study, it is revealed that tribal women are able to improve control over their labour, resources, savings, credit and income, freedom to move and interact leadership, and reproductive choices. SHG approaches are influencing economic, social, and political and eventually empower the poor tribal women.  The SHG activities are positively helping the poor tribal women for their comprehensive development.
Improved Hydrocarbon Recovery Using Mixtures of Energizing Chemicals in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Mohanty Kishore K. , Tong Songyang , Miller Chammi , Zeng Tongzhou , Honarpour Matt M. , Turek Edward , Peck Doug D.
Published: June 2019

The objective of this work is to design and evaluate an effective blend of chemicals that can be injected into shale (black oil or critical fluid) reservoirs to enhance hydrocarbon recovery. The blend can be implemented as a prepad fluid ahead of hydraulic–fracturing fluid or as a remedial fluid later in the life of a well. A chemical blend (CB) consisting of an organic solvent (OS), a surfactant, and an oxidizing agent (OA) (in conjunction with an acid) was designed, developed, and tested in the laboratory on crushed rocks, core plugs, and fractured cores to evaluate the interactions of the chemicals with the shale samples. Microcomputed–tomography (micro–CT) scanning, scanning electron microscopy, and Brinell hardness tests were used to evaluate surface changes in the shales.

The results of laboratory experiments demonstrate that the CB extracts up to 30% of mobile oil in crushed rocks and improves permeability by 25 to 100% in thin core plugs. Some of the mechanisms that might support the CB application are as follows: (1) pressurization of the formation and reopening of the closed fractures, thus improving well productivity; (2) extraction and mobilization of low–mobility oil, remnants of the original kerogen, removal of deposited salt, and trapped water in matrix and fracture network that impedes fluid flow; (3) creation of pathways to high–pressure liquid–rich small organic pores, where hydrocarbon liquids are trapped, adsorbed, and dissolved in the kerogen; (4) creation of flow pathways for the intrusion of aqueous–based fluids in oil–wet organic–rich rocks with wettability alteration to accelerate the injection, countercurrent imbibition, and osmotic processes; and (5) enhancement of porosity and permeability of fracture surfaces by the introduction of a delayed reaction mechanism to deliver acids deeper into the microfracture network without compromising rock mechanical properties. The presence of sulfate ions in the OA did not contribute to any noticeable scale deposit while delaying the reactivity of acid with inorganic components of shale surfaces. Several field trials have been conducted successfully in the Eagle Ford (EF) Formation.
Genome-wide characterization of genetic diversity and population structure of Valeriana officinalis L.
Authors: Boczkowska Maja , Bączek Katarzyna , Kosakowska Olga , Rucińska Anna , Podyma Wiesław , Węglarz Zenon
Published: June 2019

Background: Valeriana officinalis L. is one of the most important medicinal plant with a mild sedative, nervine, antispasmodic and relaxant effect. Despite a substantial number of studies on this species, population genomics has not yet been analyzed. The main aim of this study was: characterization of genetic variation of natural populations of V. officinalis in Poland and comparison of variation of wild populations and the cultivated form using Next Generation Sequencing based DArTseq technique. We also would like to establish foundations for genetic monitoring of the species in the future and to develop genetic fingerprint profile for samples deposited in gene bank and in natural sites in order to assess the degree of their genetic integrity and population structure preservation in the future.Results: The major and also the most astounding result of our work is the low level of observed heterozygosity of individual plants from natural populations despite the fact that the species is widespread in the studied area. Inbreeding, in naturally outcrossing species such as valerian, decreases the reproductive success. The analysis of the population structure indicated the potential presence of metapopulation in a broad area of Poland and the formation of a distinct gene pool in Bieszczady Mountains. The results also indicate the presence of individuals of the cultivated form in natural populations in the region where the species is cultivated for the needs of the pharmaceutical industry and this could lead to structural and genetic imbalance in wild populations.Conclusions: The DArTseq technology can be applied effectively in genetic studies of V. officinalis. The genetic variability of wild populations is in fact significantly lower than assumed. Individuals from the cultivated population are found in the natural environment and their impact on wild populations should be monitored.
Determinant of Stroke among Adult Patients with Hypertension in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018: A Case Control Study
Authors: mekonen Haftea Hagos , Brhanu Mulugeta Molla , Mossie Tilahun Belete , Gebreslassie Hagos Tsegabrhan
Published: June 2019

Background: Stroke is a chronic non-communicable disease results from infraction or spontaneous hemorrhage in the brain. The burden of stroke is increasing in alarming rate globally. In 2013 there were 6.5 million stroke deaths, 113 million disability-adjusted life years due to stroke from this, 75.2% of all stroke mortality and 81.0% of stroke-related disability- adjusted life years are from the developing countries. In Ethiopia, 7% of total deaths are attributed by stroke. This study aims to assess the determinants of stroke among patients with hypertension in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia, in 2018.
Methods: Hospital-based case-control study was conducted from February to April 2018. Cases were adult hypertensive patients with stroke and controls were adult hypertensive patients without stroke. Using a systematic random sampling technique 89 case and 356 controls were included in this study. Record review, physical measurement and interview techniques were used to collect data. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 23. Variables with a p-value less than 0.25 in bivariate logistic regression were selected for multivariable logistic regression. The adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to determine the association. P-value <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance in multivariable analysis.
Result: The mean age of cases were 56.3years (SD±13.53years) and 51.9 years (SD±12.67 years) for controls. Majority 59 (66.3%) of the case and around one third 106(30%) of controls were non-adherent to medication. Lost to follow up (AOR=2.474, 95%CI: 1.368-4.929), alcohol drinking (AOR=2.440, 95%CI: 1.291-4.613), use of salty diet (AOR=3.249, 95%CI: (1.544-6.837), medication non-adherence (AOR=3.967, 95%CI: 2.256-6.973), uncontrolled systolic blood pressure, (AOR=3.196, 95%CI: 1.60-6.382), uncontrolled diastolic blood pressure (AOR=2.204, 95%CI: 1.130-4.297) and high cholesterol level(AOR=2.413, 95%CI: 1.319-4.414) were found to be significant determinants.
Conclusion: Alcohol consumption, lost to follow up, salty diet, high cholesterol level and uncontrolled systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly associated with stroke so, health education on lifestyle practices and hypertension-related complications in each follow-up visit through health professionals are very essential to avert the problem.
Keywords: Stroke, Hypertension, determinant, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Candidate Regulators of Dyslipidemia in Chromosome 1 Substitution Lines Using Liver Co-expression Profiling Analysis
Authors: wang maochun , Xu Fuyi , Hu Shixian , Zhou Yuxun , Li Kai , Xu Hongyan , Xiao Junhua
Published: June 2019

Background

Dyslipidemia is the major risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Although many genetic factors have been unveiled, large fraction of the phenotypic variance still needs further investigation. Chromosome 1 (Chr 1) harbors multiple gene loci related to blood lipid regulation, nevertheless, it’s challenging to identify the functional genes.

Results

We constructed a mouse population, chromosome 1 substitution lines (C1SLs), of which Chr 1 differ from recipient C57BL/6J (B6) mouse while others remain the same. Therefore, any phenotype variance between C1SLs and B6 can be easily inferred to Chr 1. In the current study, we assayed plasma lipids and glucose in 13 C1SLs and their recipient strain B6. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis of the liver transcriptome and “guilty-by-association” study, eight associated modules of plasma lipids and glucose were identified. Further joint analysis of human genome wide association studies revealed 48 candidate blood lipids or glucose regulating genes. In addition, 38 genes on Chr 1 were also uncovered, in which 13 have been functional validated in mouse models.

Conclusions

These results suggest that C1SLs are ideal mouse models to study the complex traits and identify the candidate genes on Chr 1 with gene co-expression network analysis.
Evaluating Neonatal Resuscitation Skills of Practicing Nurses and Midwives in Selected Hospitals in Central Uganda
Authors: Namuguzi Mary , Drake Karen , Ekong Elizabeth Namukombe , Asuquo Ekaete Francis
Published: June 2019

Background: Uganda has a high neonatal mortality rate (27 per 1,000 live births), with birth asphyxia being the major contributor. Helping babies breathe (HBB) is an evidence-based program that aims to reduce neonatal mortality in resource-limited settings. Successful resuscitation depends on nurses’ and midwives’ knowledge and skills in neonatal resuscitation, and the state of neonatal resuscitation equipment. This study aimed to evaluate knowledge and skills retention in neonatal resuscitation after HBB training among nurses and midwives, and the state/availability of neonatal resuscitation equipment. Methods: This study used a cross sectional design. Participants were 75 nurses and midwives from two hospitals in Central Uganda. Data were collected using questionnaires and observation checklists. Ethics approval was obtained from the Uganda Christian University and the research and ethics committees of the participating hospitals. Results: Nurses and midwives showed a high level of knowledge (92%). However, neonatal resuscitation skills among 44 observed participants were poor, as 68.2% failed to check equipment and select the correct mask and 45.5% did not make a firm seal when applying the mask. In addition, about 72% of participants did not ventilate at a rate of 40 breaths per minute, and 18.2% failed to assess chest movement. Observation of 44 resuscitations to evaluate the state/availability of neonatal resuscitation equipment showed that 27.3% did not have a suction device, 59.1% did not have a heat source/pre-warmed towels to warm the babies, 50% did not have appropriate self-inflating bags and masks for normal and preterm babies, 72.7% had no clock/watch to count heart rate and determine the length of time ventilation was required, and 36.4% did not document that resuscitation was performed. Conclusions: To address Uganda’s neonatal mortality rate, it is necessary to develop regulatory policies for neonatal resuscitation and build nurses’ and midwives’ skills for active interventions during neonatal resuscitation.
Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Rate Verification for a Corn–Wheat–Soybean Rotation System in Tennessee
Authors: Singh Surendra , Savoy Hubert J. , Yin Xinhua , Schneider Liesel , Jagadamma Sindhu
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas

Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer rates for row crop systems of Tennessee were verified.

Four cropping years were required before significant yield responses were observed.

Application of >59 kg P ha−1was required to build high soil test P.

All tested K fertilizer rates failed to build soil K levels to high range.

Soil test‐based fertilizer recommendations are necessary for profitable farming without adversely affecting the environment. The University of Tennessee (UT) stopped recommending P and K fertilizers in 2008 for soils with high Mehlich‐1 P and K levels because they were unprofitable. However, commercial laboratories tend to recommend higher fertilizer rates than UT, despite equivalent soil test results. To address this discrepancy, field trials were conducted from 2009 to 2015 for a corn (Zea maysL.)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)–soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation on low‐ to medium‐testing soils at UT’s Research and Education Centers at Milan and Springfield. Our specific objectives were to (i) evaluate yield responses to P and K rates; (ii) determine critical fertilizer rates, critical soil test P (STP), and soil test K (STK) levels, and critical grain P and K removals for maximum productivity; and (iii) examine the response of STP and STK levels to fertilizer P and K rates. We evaluated five rates of P (0–118 kg ha−1) and K (0–186 kg ha−1) fertilizers. Since 2013, significant yield responses to P and K fertilization were frequent, except no response to K was seen at Milan during the entire study period. Application of >59 kg ha−1P resulted in high soil P levels over time at both locations but the highest K rate (186 kg ha−1) brought soils from a low to only a medium level. Critical fertilizer rates and soil test levels corroborated UT’s current recommendations for maximum yield.
In silico study to examine the role of amino acids in Jasmonate induced plant defense process
Authors: Ganguly Ruma , Mehta Sailesh K.
Published: June 2019

The role of amino acid is important to Jasmonate induce plant defense process. Jasmonic acid and amino acid Isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile) has been found to be necessary to achieve such process effectively. We have examined the origin of such process computationally and showed that Isoleucine is more active compared to other Jasmonic acid conjugates. The epimerization process revealed that Isoleucine conjugated Jasmonic acid is energetically a favoured process compared to JA-Leu and JA-Val. Water has functioned as a catalyst in the whole epimerization process. This study would unravel the importance of Isoleucine in the Jasmonic acid induced plant defense process.
Nutritional and environmental factors affecting the morphogenesis of Candida albicans: A key to virulence
Authors: Nadeem Sayyada Ghufrana , Pirzada Aiman
Published: June 2019

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that plays an important role in the early part of infectious process by extravagating and disseminating to the target organs, whereas hyphal forms appear to be required for the mortality resulting from a deep-seated infection. C. albicans morphogenesis is regulated by numerous environmental cues and other signaling pathways. We investigated the morphogenesis in C. albicans in the presence of serum at different temperatures (20 oC, 30 oC and 37 oC). C. albicans were also grown in simple growth medium 'SDB' and subsequently cultured from Fetal bovine serum and Soybeans dextrose broth (SDB) on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Yeast extract potato dextrose agar and Spider medium. The combination of serum and temperature is excellent at promoting the yeast to mycelial conversion and it also induces the expression of hyphal specific genes. Our results demonstrate that the combination of serum and each temperature provides a distinct proportion of blastospores, budding yeast cells, germ tube, pseudohyphae and true hyphal cells. Remarkable change in colonial pattern between the cells cultured after incubating in serum and the cells cultured after incubating in SDB was observed in SDA in contrast with YEPD and Spider medium. On most solid media, colonies of C. albicans are composed of three types of cells: budding yeast, pseudohyphae and hyphae. All three forms are also found in infected tissues, and the transition between these forms is a key for pathogenesis.
Entomocidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts: Studies on two dipterous insect pests Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823)
Authors: Ileke Kayode David
Published: June 2019

Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1832) mosquitoes are the main vectors of human malaria and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. This study aims to analyze the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts against An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28 oC +/- 2 oC and 75% +/- 5% relative humidity. The results showed that M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts significantly affect all stages of An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus tested. The mosquitocidal toxicity of the two plant extracts is dosage dependent. Anti-larval activity of M. myristica at rate 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L caused 100% mortality of An. gambiae larvae while it evoked 80% and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The same trend of results were also obtained on the anti-pupal and adulticidal toxicity of M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts. As larvicides, pupicides and adulticides, the LC50s and LC90s, after 24 h varied across plant extracts and mosquito species. C. sumatrensis attained LC50 and LC90 at higher concentration than M. myristica. On An. gambiae larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 86.95 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). Similarly, the LC90s after 24 h on An. gambiae larvae, varied from 278.39 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). For Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 391.41 mg/L (M. myristica) to 898.20 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). The seed extract of M. myristica exerted the best pupicidal activity among the two tested extracts with LC50 and LC90 values of 140.61 mg/L and 520.35 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 157.59 mg/L and 781.86 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae. On adulticidal activity, seed of M. myristica exerted LC50 and LC90 values of 122.79 mg/L and 502.99 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 215.05 mg/L and 981.25 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus adults. The two tested plants can be integrated into pest management programmes to combat human malaria and lymphatic filariasis vectors breeding site in Nigeria. I recommend formulation of M. myristica seeds which have the lowest LC50 and LC90 after 24 h of exposure for field evaluation.
Production and evaluation of biodegraded feather meal using immobilised and crude enzyme from Bacillus subtilis on broiler chickens
Authors: Adejumo Isaac Oluseun , Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
Published: June 2019

The management of solid wastes has been a major concern to many cities of the world due to daily increasing rural-urban migration and globalization. Due to a greater consumption of poultry meat, the disposal of feather wastes has contributed to the daily increasing environmental pollution. Agricultural wastes (such as poultry feathers) are disposed by burning, which consequently constitute environmental pollution and their chemical or mechanical conversion into animal feed normally leads to minimization of amino acids. The application of biotechnology through the utilisation of enzymes is considered an easy and inexpensive means of producing valuable products from poultry feather wastes. Bacillus subtilis was isolated from a dumping site and the plates were incubated on nutrient agar. The treatments containing 200 mL each of crude enzyme, immobilized enzyme and sterilized water were added to the bioreactor for biodegradation of chicken feathers. After hydrolysis, the feathers were dried and the products labelled microbial biodegraded feather meal. The effect of temperature, keratinolytic activity and the influence of the immobilised and crude enzyme-degraded feather meal on broiler chickens were assessed. The optimal activity and biodegradative potential of the keratinolytic enzyme was observed as 45 oC and 48 h after fermentation, respectively. The weight gain of the birds fed immobilised enzyme-degraded feather meal-based diet compared with the control. The enzyme-degraded feather meal is safe for inclusion in broilers' diet and slight feeding manipulations could improve their performance.
Avances, límites y retos de la política pública para la superación de la pobreza extrema
Authors: Ruiz Parra Lesly Carolina , Torres Avella Jennifer Ivonne
Published: June 2019

Este artículo desarrolla una perspectiva de análisis, revisión y crítica de datos estadísticos, ideológicos y metodológicos en la implementación de la política pública para la superación de la pobrezaextrema, contrastándola con los resultados del trabajo de campo con hogares de origen rural y urbano del municipio de Chiquinquirá en Boyacá y su percepción sobre el impacto de dicha política en su calidad de vida a través de diez años de su ejecución, analizando todo el proceso desde un enfoque territorial diferencial y de derechos humanos, permitiéndonos así identificar los avances, límites y retos a los que se enfrenta esta política pública. 
Palabras clave: Política pública, pobreza extrema, derechos humanos, Chiquinquirá (Boyacá).
Collaboration in Regulatory Science to Facilitate Therapeutic Development for Pregnant Women
Authors: Roca Catherine , Sahin Leyla , Yao Lynne
Published: June 2019

Background:

Therapeutic tragedies of the past, ethical concerns, and legal risks, among other factors have led to a conservative approach to clinical research during pregnancy, resulting in a de facto exclusion of pregnant women from most clinical therapeutics trials. As a result, there is a deficit of knowledge regarding the safety and proper dosing of medications during pregnancy, leaving prescribers with limited information available to support clinical decision-making. Additionally, there is little development of treatments for pregnancy-specific conditions.

Methods:

This review describes the current need for therapeutic development in pregnant women, summarizes the history of regulations impacting this research area, and describes current efforts to increase the information used to help make decisions regarding the use of drugs during pregnancy and lactation. This is a brief review of the literature, federal regulations, and policies on research in pregnant women.

Results:

While therapeutic development in pregnant women has been limited in the past, recent efforts by academic researchers, bioethicists, industry, advocacy groups, and federal agencies have sought to enhance strategies to increase the participation of pregnant women in clinical research that may benefit them and/or their fetus.

Conclusion:

Collaborative efforts from all stakeholders, including industry, academia, advocacy groups, regulators, and other governmental agencies, if successful will increase the information needed to help make decisions regarding the use of drugs during pregnancy and lactation.
Gelatina a partir de piel de Doncella (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) y su uso como material encapsulante
Authors: Tello Célis Fernando , Vela Rafael Segundo , Bravo Nuñez Abby , Dario Juan , Arce Saavedra Thony
Published: June 2019

La gelatina de pescado ha ganado una creciente atención como alternativa a la gelatina de mamíferos. Sin embargo, la búsqueda de nuevas fuentes con características similares a las comerciales aún es necesario. Debido a esto, el objetivo de este estudio fue obtener y caracterizar gelatina de piel de Doncella (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) y evaluar su uso como material encapsulante al producir micropartículas por coacervación compleja. La gelatina y la goma arábica se utilizaron como materiales de pared y aceite de Mauritia flexuosa, como material de relleno. La gelatina de piel Doncella fue obtenida por extracción ácida y evaluada en cuanto a los aspectos: rendimiento, punto de fusión; distribución de masa molar; composición proximal; tamaño, morfología, diámetro medio de partículas y eficiencia de encapsulación. El rendimiento de la gelatina en polvo fue de ~20.03% por 100 g de piel húmeda, además, presentó un punto de fusión de 29.1 °C. Los diámetros medios reportados fueron 117.40 μm ±38.05 y 105.39 μm ±37.93, cuando fueron utilizados gelatina de piel de Doncella (MCGD) y gelatina porcina (MCGP), respectivamente, con diferencias estadísticas significativas (p<0.05).  Las eficiencias de encapsulación obtenidas por los sistemas MCGD y MCGP fueron 88.45 ± 1.77 y 83.78 ± 4.44 respectivamente. En conclusión, demostramos la viabilidad de la gelatina de Doncella como material encapsulante. Más aún faltan investigaciones para garantizar la calidad de la gelatina. De esta forma, ponemos de manifiesto el potencial de la gelatina de piel de Doncella para usos en diversas áreas.
Study of the characteristics of external noise of dual-powered electric locomotive
Authors: NOSKOV M. Yu. , NESTEROV N. S. , KHLOBYSTOV Yu. A.
Published: June 2019

The article presents the results of tests of a freight dual-system electric locomotive 2EV120 when operating in stationary mode and moving at normalized speed. In the course of conducting experimental studies of the sound level of external noise during operation of a locomotive at a constant and alternating current, exceeding the regulatory requirements at individual observation points was found, and it was noticed that the operation of the traction transformer is the main source of increased noise, the main component of which is air in this case. It has been established that in the sound field formed around an electric locomotive operating in the parking lot, the distribution of sound levels is uneven. An example, given in the article, describes the distribution of sound levels when an electric locomotive is operated on alternating current before and after the application of noise protection measures. In the process of testing, a set of organizational and technical measures was developed, the implementation of which reduced the external noise of the electric locomotive 2EV120 as a whole to the regulatory requirements. In particular, to reduce the noise from the operation of the traction transformer, as one of the options, it is proposed to install a shielding device in its sub-body part, the minimum efficiency of which was 4.2 dBA. Analysis of the regulatory margin for external noise showed that its value at the observation point located opposite one of the operating traction transformers equipped with a shielding device is minimal. One of the reasons for this in this case is the sound energy penetrating through the body covering of a large area, generated by the work of the locomotive's internal equipment. In order to increase the regulatory margin when the 2EV120 electric locomotive is operating at a constant current, the authors propose the following: to strengthen the sound insulation capacity of the thin-walled body plating of the electric locomotive by installing a double-wall sound-insulating structure with sound-absorbing material inside it.
Comprehensive method for evaluating results of ultrasonic testing of parts and components of rolling stock when adjusting the sensitivity for different reflectors
Authors: KIREEV A. N. , BYKADOROV V. V. , KIREEVA M. A.
Published: June 2019

Operation of railway rolling stock is accompanied by high costs of maintaining its operating condition throughout the entire period of operation. To improve the operation efficiency of rolling stock, methods and diagnostics tools have been developed, which are used both in its manufacture and in carrying out maintenance and repairs, and as an independent technological process. Diagnostics allows to increase the availability factor and the probability of uptime of the rolling stock, reduce the complexity and cost of periodic maintenance of its nodes. The article proposes a new integrated method for estimating discontinuities in parts and units of railway rolling stock according to the amplitude — distance — diameter diagrams by the standardless method with the possibility of determining the type of discontinuity by the dual-frequency method of flaw-detection with a manual ultrasonic testing with a single-channel ultrasonic flaw detector. Developed method is most relevant in the control of cast parts of railway rolling stock, since castings can be equally likely to contain bulk (pores, shells, nonmetallic inclusions, etc.) and planar discontinuities (cracks of different origin; flocks; segregations that lead to violation continuity, etc.). Proposed method allows estimating the discontinuity by comparing the amplitude of the echo signal from it with the corresponding type of tuning reflector: if the discontinuity is planar as a result of using the two-frequency flaw-detection method, the comparison is carried out with the amplitude of the flat-bottomed cylindrical reflector; if the discontinuity is volumetric, then the comparison is made with the amplitude from the spherical reflector. The article describes the algorithm that was developed to automate the calculation of the parameters of the amplitude — distance — diameter diagram, the parameters of the use of the two-frequency method, and also the estimation of the detected discontinuities, and, based on it, the NDTRT-25 software that allows ensuring the convenience of the operator-diagnostician.
Ways to improve the efficiency of automatic control systems of pressing current collectors for railway service of high speeds
Authors: GOLUBKOV A. S. , SIDOROV O. A. , SMERDIN S. N.
Published: June 2019

One of the limiting factors in increasing train speeds on railway transport is the quality of current collection. With increasing operation speeds, the dynamic loads on the current collector from the rolling stock increase and the aerodynamic impact increases as well, which leads to an increase in the variation of the contact pressure, tearing off the current collector from the contact wire, arcing in contact and increased wear of the contact elements. A promising direction in addressing this issue is the use of automatic control systems, allowing to stabilize the amount of contact pressure. The article discusses the features of modern automatic control systems for pressing current collectors, its main disadvantages are indicated. Authors proposed new automatic control circuit for pressing a current collector, characterized by increased speed. A mathematical model of a current collector equipped with a high-speed automatic pressure control system is described. The results of the calculation of the parameters of the high-speed control system are presented, showing the possibility of its use in order to reduce the spread of the contact pressure of the current collector and improve the quality of the current collection at high speeds. Analysis of the characteristics of the transfer functions of the regulator shows that the application of the PI controller algorithm is effective for stabilizing the contact pressure. Since the rod length of the pneumatic cylinder is limited, the regulator is able to maintain pressure for a limited time, after which the rod must be returned to its original position. The speed of the rod is limited by the characteristics of the actuator (electric motor). These features cause a significant variation in system parameters, such as the time constant and the duration of maintaining a stable depression, depending on the values of the controller coefficients kp and ki, which should be set taking into account the parameters of the current collector, operating conditions and type of contact suspension. For the considered current collector model, the optimal values of the controller coefficients are kp = 1.5 and ki= 1.0. Results of the calculations showed that the use of a rapid regulator based on a pneumatic cylinder in the carriage design reduces the standard deviation of the contact pressure to 37 % at speeds of up to 260 km/h.
100 jaar na de laatste pater: Drink blandinuswater! De Donny-dynastie. Deel 2
Authors: Deseyn Guido
Published: June 2019

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Cistoidni makularni edem nakon operacije katarakte
Authors: Merlak Maja , Paravić Tamara , Grubešić Petra , Valković Antić Ivana , Bilen Babić Marijana , Gržetić-Lenac Renata
Published: June 2019

Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) is the most common complication of cataract surgery and is one of the possible causes of low visual acuity after cataract surgery. Various factors are implicated in its development but the core mechanism is likely surgically induced anterior segment inflammation that results in the release of endogenous inflammatory mediators. Anti-inflammatory medicines, including steroid and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, are postulated as having a role in both the prophylaxis and treatment of PCME. This article presents an updated review on the pathogenesis, risk factors, prophylaxis and treatment in PCME that reflect current research and practice.