bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of CD304/neuropilin‐1 in adult b‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma and its utility for the measurable residual disease assessment
Authors: Chatterjee Gaurav , Dudakia Vishesh , Ghogale Sitaram , Deshpande Nilesh , Girase Karishma , Chaturvedi Anumeha , Shetty Dhanlaxmi , Senger Manju , Jain Hasmukh , Bagal Bhausaheb , Bonda Avinash , Punatar Sachin , Gokarn Anant , Khattry Navin , Patkar Nikhil V. , Gujral Sumeet , Subramanian Papagudi G. , Tembhare Prashant R.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Many new markers are being evaluated to increase the sensitivity and applicability of multicolor flow cytometry (MFC)‐based measurable residual disease (MRD) monitoring. However, most of the studies are limited to childhood B‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B‐ALL), and reports in adult B‐ALL are extremely scarce and limited to small cohorts. We studied the expression of CD304/neuropilin‐1 in a large cohort of adult B‐ALL patients and evaluated its practical utility in MFC‐based MRD analysis.

Methods

CD304 was studied in blasts from adult B‐ALL patients and normal precursor B cells (NPBC) from non‐B‐ALL bone marrow samples using MFC. CD304 expression intensity and pattern were studied with normalized‐mean fluorescent intensity (nMFI) and coefficient of variation of immunofluorescence (CVIF), respectively. MFC‐based MRD was performed at end of induction (EOI; day‐35), end of consolidation (EOC; day 78‐80), and subsequent follow‐up (SFU) time points.

Results

CD304 was positive in 120/214(56.07%) and was significantly associated with BCR‐ABL1 fusion (P = .001). EOI‐MRD and EOC‐MRD were positive in 129/214(60.3%) and 50/81(61.72%), respectively. CD304 was positive in a significant percentage of EOI (48%, 62/129) and EOC (52%, 26/50) MRD‐positive B‐ALL samples. Its expression was retained, lost, and gained in 73.7%, 26.3%, and 11.3% of EOI‐MRD and 85.7%, 14.3%, and none of EOC‐MRD samples, respectively. Low‐level MRD (<0.01%) was detectable in 34 of all (EOI + EOC + SFU = 189) MRD‐positive samples, and CD304 was found useful in 50% of these samples.

Conclusion

CD304 is commonly expressed in adult B‐ALL and clearly distinguish B‐ALL blasts from normal precursor B cells. It is a stable MRD marker and distinctly useful in the detection of MFC‐based MRD monitoring, especially in high‐sensitivity MRD assay.
PTBP1 is necessary for dendritic cells to regulate T‐cell homeostasis and antitumour immunity
Authors: Geng Guangfeng , Xu Changlu , Peng Nan , Li Yue , Liu Jinhua , Wu Jing , Liang Jing , Zhu Yushan , Shi Lihong
Published: January 2021

Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in linking innate and adaptive immunity. DCs can sense endogenous and exogenous antigens and present those antigens to T cells to induce an immune response or immune tolerance. During activation, alternative splicing (AS) in DCs is dramatically changed to induce cytokine secretion and upregulation of surface marker expression. PTBP1, an RNA‐binding protein, is essential in alternative splicing, but the function of PTBP1 in DCs is unknown. Here, we found that a specific deficiency of Ptbp1 in DCs could increase MHC II expression and perturb T‐cell homeostasis without affecting DC development. Functionally, Ptbp1 deletion in DCs could enhance antitumour immunity and asthma exacerbation. Mechanistically, we found that Pkm alternative splicing and a subset of Ifn response genes could be regulated by PTBP1. These findings revealed the function of PTBP1 in DCs and indicated that PTBP1 might be a novel therapeutic target for antitumour treatment.
IL‐3 is essential for ICOS‐L stabilization on mast cells, and sustains the IL‐33‐induced RORγt+ Treg generation via enhanced IL‐6 induction
Authors: Drube Sebastian , Müller Sylvia , Weber Franziska , Wegner Philine , Böttcher‐Loschinski Romy , Gaestel Matthias , Hutloff Andreas , Kamradt Thomas , Andreas Nico
Published: January 2021

IL‐33 is a member of the IL‐1 family. By binding to its receptor ST2 (IL‐33R) on mast cells, IL‐33 induces the MyD88‐dependent activation of the TAK1‐IKK2 signalling module resulting in activation of the MAP kinases p38, JNK1/2 and ERK1/2, and of NFκB. Depending on the kinases activated in these pathways, the IL‐33‐induced signalling is essential for production of IL‐6 or IL‐2. This was shown to control the dichotomy between RORγt+ and Helios+ Tregs, respectively. SCF, the ligand of c‐Kit (CD117), can enhance these effects. Here, we show that IL‐3, another growth factor for mast cells, is essential for the expression of ICOS‐L on BMMCs, and costimulation with IL‐3 potentiated the IL‐33‐induced IL‐6 production similar to SCF. In contrast to the enhanced IL‐2 production by SCF‐induced modulation of the IL‐33 signalling, IL‐3 blocked the production of IL‐2. Consequently, IL‐3 shifted the IL‐33‐induced Treg dichotomy towards RORγt+ Tregs at the expense of RORγt− Helios+ Tregs. However, ICOS‐L expression was downregulated by IL‐33. In line with that, ICOS‐L did not play any important role in the Treg modulation by IL‐3/IL‐33‐activated mast cells. These findings demonstrate that different from the mast cell growth factor SCF, IL‐3 can alter the IL‐33‐induced and mast cell‐dependent regulation of Treg subpopulations by modulating mast cell‐derived cytokine profiles.
Development of a Pilot Smart Irrigation System for Peruvian Highlands
Authors: Guevara Santiago , Singh Yogang , Shores Austin , Mercado Juan , Postigo Mauricio , Garcia Jose , Newell Brittany
Published: January 2021

With growing developments in the technology of cloud storage and the Internet of Things, smart systems have become the latest trend in major agricultural regions of the world. The Arequipa and Caylloma provinces of Peru are highly productive agricultural areas that could benefit from these technologies. This region has low precipitation, generally less than 100 mm per year. Electricity is not available in most of the agricultural fields, limiting the types of irrigation methods and technologies that can be supported. Currently, 20 ponds supplied by water runoff from the Andean glaciers are used for irrigating approximately 545 hectares of land in the Majes district (Caylloma province). In order to develop optimal techniques for water irrigation in Arequipa and improve the infrastructure, there is a need for development of a smart water irrigation system applicable to the existing conditions in the region. The current study proposes a pilot smart water irrigation framework comprised of a drip irrigation module, wireless communication module, and a sensor network for intelligently regulating water flow from the cloud. In this study, a TEROS 12 soil moisture sensor is connected to a Digi XBee wireless module for collecting measurements of volumetric water content, temperature, and electrical conductivity, which are sent through a secure IP gateway to the cloud. A user‐friendly web interface is available for end‐users to access and analyze real‐time data. The proposed framework is easily implementable, low‐cost, and is predicted to conserve water through optimization of irrigation cycles based on a set moisture threshold.
Targeting the ectopy‐triggering ganglionated plexuses without pulmonary vein isolation prevents atrial fibrillation
Authors: Sandler Belinda , Kim Min‐Young , Sikkel Markus B. , Malcolme‐Lawes Louisa , Koa‐Wing Michael , Whinnett Zachary I. , Coyle Clare , Linton Nick W. F. , Lim Phang B. , Kanagaratnam Prapa ,   other members of the Imperial College London, Cardiovascular Study Group/Consortium
Published: January 2021

Background

Ganglionated plexuses (GPs) are implicated in atrial fibrillation (AF). Endocardial high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) delivered within the local atrial refractory period can trigger ectopy and AF from specific GP sites (ET‐GP). The aim of this study was to understand the role of ET‐GP ablation in the treatment of AF.

Methods

Patients with paroxysmal AF indicated for ablation were recruited. HFS mapping was performed globally around the left atrium to identify ET‐GP. ET‐GP was defined as atrial ectopy or atrial arrhythmia triggered by HFS. All ET‐GP were ablated, and PVs were left electrically connected. Outcomes were compared with a control group receiving pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). Patients were followed‐up for 12 months with multiple 48‐h Holter ECGs. Primary endpoint was ≥30 s AF/atrial tachycardia in ECGs.

Results

In total, 67 patients were recruited and randomized to ET‐GP ablation (n = 39) or PVI (n = 28). In the ET‐GP ablation group, 103 ± 28 HFS sites were tested per patient, identifying 21 ± 10 (20%) GPs. ET‐GP ablation used 23.3 ± 4.1 kWs total radiofrequency (RF) energy per patient, compared with 55.7 ± 22.7 kWs in PVI (p = <.0001). Duration of procedure was 3.7 ± 1.0 and 3.3 ± 0.7 h in ET‐GP ablation group and PVI, respectively (p = .07). Follow‐up at 12 months showed that 61% and 49% were free from ≥30 s of AF/AT with PVI and ET‐GP ablation respectively (log‐rank p = .27).

Conclusions

It is feasible to perform detailed global functional mapping with HFS and ablate ET‐GP to prevent AF. This provides direct evidence that ET‐GPs are part of the AF mechanism. The lower RF requirement implies that ET‐GP targets the AF pathway more specifically.
High‐risk atrioventricular block in Brugada syndrome patients with a history of syncope
Authors: Kamakura Tsukasa , Sacher Frederic , Katayama Katsuhiko , Ueda Nobuhiko , Nakajima Kenzaburo , Wada Mitsuru , Yamagata Kenichiro , Ishibashi Kohei , Inoue Yuko , Miyamoto Koji , Nagase Satoshi , Noda Takashi , Aiba Takeshi , Nakatani Yosuke , Ramirez F. Daniel , André Clémentine , Nakashima Takashi , Krisai Philipp , Takagi Takamitsu , Tixier Romain , Chauvel Remi , Cheniti Ghassen , Duchateau Josselin , Pambrun Thomas , Derval Nicolas , Hocini Mélèze , Jais Pierre , Haïssaguerre Michel , Kamakura Shiro , Kusano Kengo
Published: January 2021

Background

Determining the etiology of syncope is challenging in Brugada syndrome (BrS) patients. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator placement is recommended in BrS patients who are presumed to have arrhythmic syncope. However, arrhythmic syncope in BrS patients can occur in the setting of atrioventricular block (AVB), which should be managed by cardiac pacing. The clinical characteristics of BrS patients with high‐risk AVB remain unknown.

Methods

This study included 223 BrS patients with a history of syncope from two centers. The clinical characteristics of patients with high‐risk AVB (Mobitz type II second‐degree AVB, high‐degree AVB, or third‐degree AVB) were investigated.

Results

During the 99 ± 78 months of follow‐up, we identified six BrS patients (2.7%) with high‐risk AVB. Three of the six patients (50%) with AVB presented with syncope associated with prodromes or specific triggers. Four patients (67%) were found to have paroxysmal third‐degree AVB during the initial evaluation for BrS and syncope, while two patients developed third‐degree AVB during the follow‐up period. The incidence of first‐degree AVB was significantly higher in AVB patients than in non‐AVB patients (83% vs. 15%; p = .0005). There was no significant difference in the incidence of ventricular fibrillation between AVB and non‐AVB patients (AVB [17%], non‐AVB [12%]; p = .56).

Conclusion

High‐risk AVB can occur in BrS patients with various clinical presentations. Although rare, the incidence is worth considering, especially in BrS patients with first‐degree AVB.
Gender differences in major vascular complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Plášek Jiří , Wichterle Dan , Peichl Petr , Čihák Robert , Jarkovský Patrik , Roubíček Tomáš , Stojadinović Predrag , Hašková Jana , Kautzner Josef
Published: January 2021

Aims

Catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF) has a considerable risk of procedural complications. Major vascular complications (MVCs) appear to be the most frequent. This study investigated gender differences in MVCs in patients undergoing CA for AF in a high‐volume tertiary center.

Methods

A total of 4734 CAs for AF (65% paroxysmal, 26% repeated procedures) were performed at our center between January 2006 and August 2018. Patients (71% males) aged 60 ± 10 years and had a body mass index of 29 ± 4 kg/m2 at the time of the procedure. Radiofrequency point‐by‐point ablation was employed in 96.3% of procedures with the use of three‐dimensional navigation systems and facilitated by intracardiac echocardiography. Pulmonary vein isolation was mandatory; cavotricuspid isthmus and left atrial substrate ablation were performed in 22% and 38% procedures, respectively. MVCs were defined as those that resulted in permanent injury, required intervention, or prolonged hospitalization. Their rates and risk factors were compared between genders.

Results

A total of 112 (2.4%) MVCs were detected: 54/1512 (3.5%) in females and 58/3222 (1.8%) in males (p < .0001). On multivariate analysis, lower body height was the only risk factor for MVCs in females (p = .0005). On the contrary, advanced age was associated with MVCs in males (p = .006).

Conclusion

Females have a higher risk of MVCs following CA for AF compared to males. This difference is driven by lower body size in females. Low body height in females and advanced age in males are independent predictors of MVCs. Ultrasound‐guided venipuncture lowered the MVC rate in males.
Impact of anticoagulation strategy after left atrial appendage occlusion in patients requiring direct current cardioversion
Authors: Maarse Moniek , Wintgens Lisette I. S. , Ponomarenko Andrey , Phillips Karen P. , Romanov Aleksandr B. , Ballesteros Gabriel , Swaans Martin J. , Folkeringa Richard J. , Garcia‐Bolao Ignacio , Boersma Lucas V. A.
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Current guidelines recommend adequate anticoagulation for at least 3 weeks pre‐ and 4 weeks post‐direct current cardioversion (DCCV) to reduce thrombo‐embolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) lasting greater than 48 h. No specific recommendations exist for DCCV in patients that have undergone left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO), many of whom are ineligible for anticoagulation. This study aims to observe the efficacy and safety of DCCV post‐LAAO in everyday clinical practice.

Methods

This prospective multicenter registry included DCCVs in patients post‐LAAO. Imaging strategy or anticoagulation treatment around DCCV were analyzed. Complications during 30‐day follow‐up were registered. DCCVs performed in accordance with current guidelines for the general AF population were compared to DCCVs performed deviating from these guidelines.

Results

In 93 patients (age 65 ± 17 years, CHA2DS2‐VASC 3.0 ± 1.3) 284 DCCVs were performed between 2010 and 2018, in 271 sinus rhythm was restored. A wide variety of imaging or anticoagulation strategies around DCCV was observed; in 128 episodes strategies deviated from current guidelines. No thrombo‐embolic events were observed after any DCCV during 30‐day follow‐up. In 34 DCCVs trans‐esophageal echocardiography (TOE) was performed before DCCV to exclude cardiac thrombi and/or (re‐)verify adequate device positioning. In two patients without post‐LAAO imaging before DCCV, a device rotation or embolization was observed during scheduled TOE after LAAO.

Conclusion

DCCV in AF patients after LAAO is highly effective. No thrombo‐embolic events were observed in any patient in this observational cohort, regardless of the periprocedural anticoagulation or imaging strategy. Confirmation of adequate device positioning at least once before DCCV seems recommendable.
Forging Unity: European Commission Leadership in the Brexit Negotiations
Authors: Schuette Leonard August
Published: January 2021

This article explains why the European Union has remained strikingly cohesive during the Brexit withdrawal negotiations by focussing on the role played by its negotiator: the European Commission'’s Task Force 50. The analysis demonstrates that the Task Force 50 set out to forge unity among the EU27 by exercising both subtle instrumental and direct political leadership. The Commission significantly influenced the outcome of the negotiations by shaping the agenda and process, brokering deals, and ultimately achieving a withdrawal agreement that all member states signed up to. Its transparent and consultative behaviour generated trust among member states, which allowed the Commission to play such a prominent role. These findings challenge the prevailing view that the EU has become increasingly intergovernmental at expense of the Commission. Drawing on original interviews, the article substantiates this argument by tracing the Commission's leadership activities in the run‐up to and throughout the withdrawal negotiations (2016–20).
Patient‐reported outcomes with risankizumab versus fumaric acid esters in systemic therapy‐naïve patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a phase 3 clinical trial
Authors: Thaçi D. , Soliman A.M. , Eyerich K. , Pinter A. , Sebastian M. , Unnebrink K. , Rubant S. , Williams D.A. , Weisenseel P.
Published: January 2021

Background

In a phase 3 clinical study, patients from Germany with moderate to severe psoriasis who were naïve to systemic treatment and received risankizumab had greater and more rapid disease improvements compared with those who received fumaric acid esters (FAEs).

Objective

To evaluate patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in patients treated with risankizumab compared with FAEs.

Methods

Adult patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either risankizumab 150 mg subcutaneous injections at weeks 0, 4 and 16 or FAEs (Fumaderm®) provided according to the prescribing label. PRO secondary endpoints assessed were Psoriasis Symptom Scale (PSS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF‐36v2), Patient Benefit Index (PBI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) and European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Level (EQ‐5D‐5L). PROs were assessed at weeks 0, 16 and 24.

Results

Sixty patients each were randomized to receive risankizumab or FAEs. A significant PSS improvement was observed with risankizumab vs. FAEs at weeks 16 and 24 for total and psoriasis‐associated redness, itching and burning scores (P < 0.001). DLQI scores were significantly lower (reflecting better health‐related quality of life) with risankizumab vs. FAEs, with least squares (LS) mean differences of −7.4 and −7.6 at weeks 16 and 24, respectively (both P < 0.001). Patients randomized to risankizumab also had larger improvements in SF‐36 Physical and Mental Component Summary scores, HADS anxiety and depression scores, PtGA, and EQ‐5D‐5L index and visual analogue scale scores (all P ≤ 0.002) at weeks 16 and 24 compared with FAEs. PBI was significantly higher, indicating greater benefit, with risankizumab vs. FAEs, with an LS mean difference of 1.1 and 1.3 at weeks 16 and 24, respectively (both P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Risankizumab provides significant benefits over FAEs in improving PROs across several dimensions in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.
Transcriptome analysis of immune response against Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus infection in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi
Authors: Huang Ying , Wang Ruixia , Gao Tianheng , Wu Ting , Zhang Qiya , Shi Yangbai , Ding Shuyan , Zhao Zhe
Published: January 2021

As one of the piscine rhabdoviruses, Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) has caused considerable losses to mandarin fish aquaculture industry. RNA‐seq, as efficient transcriptome research method, has been widely used to study the immune response of fish to pathogens. This study reported the effect of SCRV infection at 0, 24 and 60 hr on S. chuatsi at the transcriptome level. A total of 61,527 unigenes with high quality were obtained, and 3,095, 1,854 and 227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were labelled between the Sc24 and Sc0 groups, the Sc60 and Sc0 groups and the Sc60 and Sc24 groups, respectively. Genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity were highlighted. In Gene Ontology analysis, the DEGs that participated in immune response, innate immune response and the regulation of apoptotic process were identified as enriched classes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway results indicated that most DEGs caused by SCRV infection were identified in the immune system (retinoic acid‐inducible gene‐I‐like receptor/Toll‐like receptor/nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor/C‐type lectin receptor signalling pathway), cellular processes, cell growth and death (p53 signalling pathway, cellular senescence, apoptosis and phagosome), and metabolism. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to further verify the expression levels of 15 immune‐related DEGs. The transcriptome database obtained in this study provided further in‐depth insight into the immune response of S. chuatsi against SCRV.
Artificial intelligence in upper GI endoscopy ‐ current status, challenges and future promise
Authors: Yu Honggang , Singh Rajvinder , Shin Seon Ho , Ho Khek Yu
Published: January 2021

White‐light endoscopy with biopsy is the current gold standard modality for detecting and diagnosing upper gastrointestinal (GI) pathology. However, missed lesions remain a challenge. To overcome interobserver variability and learning curve issues, artificial intelligence (AI) has recently been introduced to assist endoscopists in the detection and diagnosis of upper GI neoplasia. In contrast to AI in colonoscopy, current AI studies for upper GI endoscopy are smaller pilot studies. Researchers currently lack large volume, well‐annotated, high‐quality datasets in gastric cancer, dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus and early esophageal squamous cell cancer. This review will look at the latest studies of AI in upper GI endoscopy, discuss some of the challenges facing researchers, and predict what the future may hold in this rapidly changing field.
Something Old and Something New: The Time Is Right for Geriatric Engineering Programs
Authors: Herr Amy E. , Schwartz Janice B.
Published: January 2021

This editorial comments on the article by Lubliner et al. in this issue.
Th–U powered metamorphism: Thermal consequences of a chemical hotspot
Authors: De Vries Van Leeuwen Alexander T. , Hand Martin , Morrissey Laura J. , Raimondo Tom
Published: January 2021

The Arkaroola region of the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia, records high geothermal gradient mineral assemblages that are not spatially or temporally associated with intrusive magmatism. Cordierite‐bearing schists from the base of a ~12 km thick Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequence known as the Adelaide Rift Complex directly overlie Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary and granitic rocks with regional heat production values of ~7.9 µW/m3 at 580 Ma, two to three times greater than global average values for granitic rocks. We integrate in‐situ U–Pb monazite geochronology, Y+HREE‐in‐monazite thermometry and mineral equilibria modelling to show that rocks at the base of the sedimentary succession record amphibolite facies metamorphism at c. 580 Ma while the overlying sediments were still accumulating. Metamorphism took place under average geothermal gradient conditions in excess of 180°C/kbar (>60°C/km) that propagated to depths of at least 12 km. These thermal gradients persisted for upwards of 150 Ma, maintained by a lack of crustal erosion, and are documented by long‐lived crustal anatexis. This system may be the archetypal example of Th–U powered metamorphism, recording the interplay between chemically extreme basement and thermally insulating sedimentary cover.
Aberration on excitation focal spot caused by oblique interface with refractive indices discontinuous and its correction with pure‐phase compensation for laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Zhu Yueqiang , Zhang Chen , Zhao Wei , Wang Jian , Wang Kaige , Bai Jintao
Published: January 2021

The interface of mediums with refractive indices discontinuous, for example air‐glass and glass‐water, are inevitable in microscopic imaging. In this work, the aberration of oblique interface with refractive index discontinuous on the laser scanning microscope was investigated theoretically with numerical simulations. It was found that the position, shape and FWHM of focal spots, were all significantly affected by the aberration due to oblique interface. The aberration can cause serious shifting of focal spots in the axial direction of beam during ‐scanning and lead to an inaccurate reconstruction of three‐dimensional (3D) targets. The aberration can also lead to a decreasing spatial resolution. To correct the influence of the aberration, a pure‐phase modulation method has been proposed. By applying a phase compensation map into a spatial light modulator (SLM), the oblique interface aberration had been corrected experimentally in a laser scanning microscope. We hope this research can attract the attention of researchers when using scanning microscope, especially for reconstructing 3D biological and material structures.
Analysis of misidentifications in TEM characterisation of organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite material
Authors: Deng Yu‐Hao , Nest Leon Georg
Published: January 2021

Organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have recently emerged as groundbreaking semiconductor materials owing to their remarkable properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as a very powerful characterisation tool, has been widely used in perovskite materials for structural analysis and phase identification. However, the perovskites are highly sensitive to electron beams and easily decompose into PbX2 (X = I, Br, Cl) and metallic Pb. The electron dose of general high‐resolution TEM is much higher than the critical dose of MAPbI3, which results in universal misidentifications that PbI2 and Pb are incorrectly labelled as perovskite. The widely existed mistakes have negatively affected the development of perovskite research fields. Here misidentifications of the best‐known MAPbI3 perovskite are summarised and corrected, then the causes of mistakes are classified and ascertained. Above all, a solid method for phase identification and practical strategies to reduce the radiation damage for perovskite materials have also been proposed. This review aims to provide the causes of mistakes and avoid misinterpretations in perovskite research fields in the future.
Bolstering geometric morphometrics sample sizes with damaged and pathologic specimens: Is near enough good enough?
Authors: Mitchell D. Rex , Kirchhoff Claire A. , Cooke Siobhán B. , Terhune Claire E.
Published: January 2021

Obtaining coordinate data for geometric morphometric studies often involves the sampling of dry skeletal specimens from museum collections. But many specimens exhibit damage and/or pathologic conditions. Such specimens can be considered inadequate for the analyses of shape and are excluded from study. However, the influences that damaged specimens may have on the assessment of normal shape variation have only been explored in two‐dimensional coordinate data and no studies have addressed the inclusion of pathological specimens to date. We collected three‐dimensional coordinate data from the cranium and mandible of 100 crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Tests typically employed to analyze shape variation were performed on five datasets that included specimens with varying degrees of damage/pathology. We hypothesized that the inclusion of these specimens into larger datasets would strengthen statistical support for dominant biological predictors of shape, such as sex and size. However, we also anticipated that the analysis of only the most questionable specimens may confound statistical outputs. We then analyzed a small sample of good quality specimens bolstered by specimens that would generally be excluded due to damage or pathologic morphology and compared the results with previous analyses. The inclusion of damaged/pathologic specimens in a larger dataset resulted in increased variation linked to allometry, sexual dimorphism, and covariation, supporting our initial hypothesis. We found that analyzing the most questionable specimens alone gave consistent results for the most dominant aspects of shape but could affect outputs for less influential principal components and predictors. The small dataset bolstered with damaged/pathologic specimens provided an adequate assessment of the major components of shape, but finer scale differences were also identified. We suggest that normal and repeatable variation contributed by specimens exhibiting damage and/or pathology emphasize the dominant components and shape predictors in larger datasets, however, the various unique conditions may be more influential for limited sample sizes. Furthermore, we find that exclusion of damaged/pathologic specimens can, in some cases, omit important demographic‐specific shape variation of groups of individuals more likely to exhibit these conditions. These findings provide a strong case for inclusion of these specimens into studies that focus on the dominant aspects of intraspecific shape variation. However, they may present issues when testing hypotheses relating to more fine‐scale aspects of morphology.
The association between self‐reported workload and perceptions of patient safety culture: A study of intensive care unit nurses
Authors: Alrabae Yaseen Mohammed A. , Aboshaiqah Ahmad E. , Tumala Regie B.
Published: January 2021

Aim and Objective

This study aimed to examine the association between workload and patient safety culture (PSC) among intensive care unit (ICU) nurses.

Background

ICU nurses play a vital role in promoting patient safety and are essential indicators in any healthcare system including ICUs. Research studies focusing on the relationship between nursing workload and PSC among ICU nurses are limited.

Design

Descriptive correlational design.

Methods

The study participants involved 380 ICU nurses at two hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected between February 2019–April 2019 and were analysed using SPSS v.22 statistical software. This study was guided by the STROBE checklist.

Results

The results showed that ICU nurses have high positive perceptions in the following PSC subscales: teamwork within units, organisational learning–continuous improvement, frequency of events reported, feedback and communication about error, management support for patient safety, teamwork across units, supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety, handoffs and transitions, nonpunitive response to errors, staffing and overall perceptions of patient safety. However, the participants collectively considered the overall grade on patient safety as poor. The participants had high mean scores in physical demand, effort, mental demand and overall workload. A statistically significant variability existed in the mean scores of the PSC subscales and workload of ICU nurses. The overall workload was significantly and negatively associated with the PSC perceptions of ICU nurses.

Conclusion

The ICU nurses experienced high overall workload, physical demand, effort and mental demand which influenced the poor grade of their overall perceived PSC.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Identifying differences and associations with the perceptions of ICU nurses regarding workload and PSC is important because such perceptions may affect their delivery of nursing care. Hospital and nursing administrators must use the study results to find strategies that address workload issues and enhance patient safety.
Exploring postoperative handover quality in relation to patient condition: A mixed methods study
Authors: Reine Elizabeth , Aase Karina , Ræder Johan , Thorud Anne , Aarsnes Reidunn M. , Rustøen Tone
Published: January 2021

Aims and Objectives

To describe postoperative handover reporting and tasks in relation to patient condition and situational circumstances, in order to identify facilitators for best practices.

Background

High‐quality handovers in postoperative settings are important for patient safety and continuity of care. There is a need to explore handover quality in relation to patient condition and other affecting factors.

Design

Observational mixed methods convergent design.

Methods

Postoperative patient handovers were observed collecting quantitative (n = 109) and qualitative data (n = 48). Quantitative data were collected using the postoperative handover assessment tool (PoHAT), and a scoring system assessing patient condition. Qualitative data were collected using free‐text field notes and an observational guide. The study adheres to the GRAMMS guideline for reporting mixed methods research.

Results

Information omissions in the handovers observed ranged from 1–13 (median 7). Handovers of vitally stable and comfortable patients were associated with more information omissions in the report. A total of 50 handovers (46%) were subjected to interruptions, and checklist compliance was low (13%, n = 14). Thematic analysis of the qualitative data identified three themes: “adaptation of handover,” “strategies for information transfer” and “contextual and individual factors.” Factors facilitating best practices were related to adaptation of the handover to patient condition and situational circumstances, structured verbal reporting, providing patient assessments and dialogue within the handover team.

Conclusions

The variations in items reported and tasks performed during the handovers observed were related to patient conditions, situational circumstances and low checklist compliance. Adaptation of the handover to patient condition and situation, structured reporting, dialogue within the team and patient assessments contributed to quality.

Relevance to clinical practice

It is important to acknowledge that handover quality is related to more than transfer of information. The present study has described how factors related to the patient and situation affect handover quality.
Complications Associated with Rehabilitation of a Unilateral Partially Edentulous Mandible with Inferior Alveolar Nerve Transposition and Implant Placement: A Clinical Report
Authors: Haeberle C. Brent , Abreu Amara , Metzler Kurt , Robles‐Moreno Marlen
Published: January 2021

Rehabilitation of an edentulous posterior mandible to restore function and arch stability can be accomplished with a removable partial denture or an implant supported fixed partial denture. If the alveolus is severely resorbed, implant placement becomes challenging due to inadequate bone and the position of the inferior alveolar nerve. This report details a situation where a mandibular fracture occurred soon after inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) transposition and simultaneous implant placement. The prosthodontic reconstruction was completed using a fixed‐dental prosthesis.
Technique for Converting A Fractured Implant Locator Abutment to A Custom Implant Cast Post and Core
Authors: Geckili Onur , Gencel Burc , Idemen Aliye Ceren , Dayan Suleyman Cagatay
Published: January 2021

This technique article describes an efficient, cost effective and time saving procedure using the fractured abutment as a custom cast post and core when an overdenture abutment is fractured and attempts to retrieve the fractured segment fail.
Effect of reminiscence on cognitive impairment and depression in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Ameri Neda , Nobahar Monir , Ghorbani Raheb , Bazghalee Milad , Sotodeh‐Asl Nemath , Babamohamadi Hassan
Published: January 2021

Background

Cognitive impairment and depression are common problems in haemodialysis patients.

Aim

The present study was carried out to determine the impact of reminiscence on cognitive impairment and depression in haemodialysis patients.

Design

This clinical trial (2016) was conducted with a pretest–posttest design on the haemodialysis patients of hospitals in Shahrud, Iran.

Participants and Measurements

Block random sampling was used to investigate the patients' cognitive status and Beck's Depression Scale were administered among 75 patients divided into intervention (given 12 sessions of Stinson's group reminiscence), control (group discussions), and sham (without any intervention) groups before, immediately and 30 days after the intervention.

Results

Immediately and 30 days after the intervention, the cognitive score was significantly higher in the reminiscence group than the control (p < 0.001) and sham (p < 0.001) groups. Immediately after the intervention, the depression score was significantly lower in the reminiscence group than the control (p = 0.011) and sham (p < 0.001) groups. Also, immediately and 30 days after the intervention, the depression score was significantly lower in the reminiscence group than the control (p = 0.031) and sham (p < 0.001) groups.

Conclusions

The findings showed that reminiscence increased the cognitive health score and improved depression in haemodialysis patients. Therefore, reminiscence protocols can be utilized as an independent routine nursing care measure for improving cognitive status and depression in haemodialysis patients.
Rethinking race and place: The role of persona in sound change reversal
Authors: King Sharese
Published: January 2021

While sociolinguists defined the regional sound changes around the linguistic behavior of White speakers, recent work has shown that racialized speakers employ local sound changes in socially meaningful ways. Advocating for an approach which places race and races place, this work views racialized speakers as authentic locals, situating their linguistic behavior in the context of their communities. Using the theoretic model of the persona, I examine how race and place are co‐constituted in Rochester, NY. Specifically, this paper examines how BAT lowering and retraction among younger speakers is led by the Mobile Black Professional, an emergent persona defined by their desire to relocate for work in a post‐industrial economy. This investigation prompts the field to reconsider the a priori exclusion of ‘ethnic’ speakers from studies of local sound change advancement and reversal.
Caesarean delivery is associated with an absolute increase in the prevalence of overweight in the offspring: The SENDO project
Authors: Moreno‐Galarraga Laura , Romanos Nanclares Andrea , García‐Blanco Lorena , Esteve Cornejo Cristina , Domingo Cardenal Borja , Martínez‐González Miguel A , Martín‐Calvo Nerea
Published: January 2021

Aim

The association between caesarean delivery and the risk of overweight/obesity in the offspring has been previously reported using conventional measures of association (relative risks or odds ratios). We aimed at refining the existing evidence by calculating the marginal effect of the exposure and estimating the unmeasured residual confounding.

Methods

In the ‘SEguimiento del Niño para un Desarrollo Óptimo’ Project, a dynamic multipurpose paediatric cohort study, we collected information from parents through self‐administered online questionnaires. We estimated the offspring's risk of overweight/obesity at age 4–6 years, associated with the type of delivery through marginal effect of the exposure. Unmeasured residual confounding was assessed using the E‐value.

Results

Among 407 participants (mean‐age: 5.0 years (standard deviation: 0.9)), 86 (21.1%) were born by caesarean delivery. Children born by caesarean delivery had higher odds of overweight/obesity than those born vaginally. Subgroup analyses showed similar results. The multivariable adjusted marginal effect showed that caesarean delivery was associated with an 8.0% (95% confidence interval: 0.2–15.7) absolute increase in the prevalence of overweight/obesity. The estimated residual confounding showed an E‐value of 4.03, higher than the OR obtained for all the confounding factors we accounted for.

Conclusions

Caesarean delivery was associated with an 8% absolute increase in the risk of overweight/obesity that is very unlikely explained by residual confounding.
The Divide Between Inclusive Education Policy and Practice in Australia and the Way Forward
Authors: Mavropoulou Sofia , Mann Glenys , Carrington Suzanne
Published: January 2021

Australia's national legislation and policy have affirmed the right of children with disability, including developmental disabilities to inclusive education. Yet, policy reviews and empirical research have raised concerns about the misalignment between inclusive policy and practice across Australian states. Drawing from these sources, this article endeavors to reflect upon the divide between the Australian policy on inclusive education and inclusive practice by considering the advances, obstacles, and challenges in achieving systemic inclusive education in the Australian education context. In the last part, we offer four propositions that could close the gap between policy and practice and enable students with developmental disabilities to have access and be successful learners in their local mainstream school.
Antioxidants protect against gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporine A
Authors: Chin Yu‐Tang , Tu Hsiao‐Pei , Lin Chi‐Yu , Kuo Po‐Jan , Chiu Hsien‐Chung , Liu Shao‐Hsien , Lee Sheng‐Yang , Fu Earl
Published: January 2021

Objective

We investigated the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on developing gingival overgrowth (GO) and then introduced the antioxidant strategy to prevent, or even reduce GO.

Background

Gingival overgrowth is a common side effect of the patients receiving cyclosporine A (CsA), an immune suppressant. Although it has been broadly investigated, the exact pathogenesis of the induced GO is still uncertain.

Methods

We cultured human primary gingival fibroblasts and used animal model of GO to investigate the ameliorative effects of antioxidants on CsA‐induced GO. To examine the CsA‐induced oxidative stress, associated genes and protein expression, and the overgrown gingiva of rats by using immunocytochemistry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, real‐time PCR, ELISA, gelatin zymography, gingival morphological, and immunohistochemical analysis.

Results

We found for the first time that ROS was responsible for the CsA‐induced oxidative stress and TGF‐β1 expression in human primary gingival fibroblasts, as well as the GO of rats. The antioxidants (oxidative scavenger of vitamin E and an antioxidative enzyme inducer of hemin) ameliorated CsA‐induced pathological and morphological alterations of GO without affected the CsA‐suppressed il‐2 expression in rats. CsA‐induced oxidative stress, HO‐1, TGF‐β1, and type II EMT were also rescued by antioxidants treatment.

Conclusions

We concluded that CsA repetitively stimulating the production of ROS is the cause of CsA‐GO which is ameliorated by treating antioxidants, including vitamin E and sulforaphane. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive effect of CsA is not interfered by antioxidant treatments in rats. This finding may thus help the clinician devise better prevention strategies in patients susceptible to GO.
Evaluation of serum lidocaine/monoethylglycylxylidide concentration to assess shunt closure in dogs with extrahepatic portosystemic shunts
Authors: Devriendt Nausikaa , Serrano Gonçalo , Croubels Siska , Stock Emmelie , Vandermeulen Eva , Paepe Dominique , von Luckner Jennifer , de Rooster Hilde
Published: January 2021

Background

Liver function tests do not always normalize despite successful attenuation of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS).

Objectives

Assess the lidocaine/monoethylglycylxylidide (MEGX) test to determine liver perfusion after EHPSS closure.

Animals

Twenty dogs with EHPSS.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was performed and all dogs were tested at diagnosis, 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. After collecting a baseline blood sample (T0), 1 mg/kg body weight of lidocaine was injected intravenously. Fifteen (T15) and 30 minutes (T30) later, blood was collected. Plasma concentrations of lidocaine and its metabolites MEGX and glycylxylidide (GX) were determined, using a high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method. Three months postoperatively, transsplenic portal scintigraphy was performed to determine EHPSS closure.

Results

At T15, median MEGX concentrations were higher in dogs with closed EHPSS compared to diagnosis (33.73 ng/mL [21.11‐66.44 ng/mL] vs 13.74 ng/mL [7.25‐21.93 ng/mL]; P < .001), but were not different (12.28 ng/mL [10.62‐23.17 ng/mL] vs 13.74 ng/mL [7.25‐21.93 ng/mL]) in dogs with persistent shunting. Sensitivity to determine shunt closure for MEGX at T15 was 96.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 78.4‐99.8) and specificity 82.8% (95% CI: 63.5‐93.5).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The lidocaine/MEGX test is a promising, rapid, and noninvasive blood test that seems helpful to differentiate dogs with closed EHPSS and dogs with persistent shunting after gradual attenuation.
The firewall between Cerrado and Amazonia: Interaction of temperature and fire govern seed recruitment in a Neotropical savanna
Authors: Borghetti Fabian , de Oliveira Caetano Gabriel Henrique , Colli Guarino Rinaldi , Françoso Renata , Sinervo Barry Raymond
Published: January 2021

Questions

Models predicting the distribution of savannas worldwide have identified rainfall and fire as their primary determinants. However, most of them have relied upon adult traits, while juvenile traits, at the bottleneck of the plant's life cycle, have been largely overlooked. We developed a novel mechanistic model based on the effects of temperature and fire on germination traits to predict the distribution of Cerrado, i.e., the largest neotropical savanna.

Location

Cerrado and neighboring biomes.

Methods

We compiled data on the germination of seeds subjected to temperature and heat shock treatments and used generalized additive mixed models to predict germination potential as a function of temperature, species, physiognomy (forest/savanna), habits (herbs/shrubs/trees), and fire frequency.

Results

The best model showed that seasonal temperatures set the germination limits for seeds of both savanna and forest physiognomies. Forest seeds presented a higher germinability in the optimum temperature range, but savanna seeds had higher survival rates after heat shocks. The model revealed that the southern limit of Cerrado is determined by low winter temperatures, while the western and eastern boundaries are set by high summer temperatures. The model also predicted an area of high germination potential that coincides with high biodiversity and climate stability in the Cerrado.

Conclusions

Germination traits are highly valuable to predict vegetation responses to climate. Seasonal temperatures are primary determinants of the Cerrado’s extent, while fire favors the recruitment of savanna species over the Cerrado–Amazonia ecotone. Global warming may significantly impact the germination potential of native species.
Refrigeration and child growth: What is the connection?
Authors: Martinez Sebastian , Murguia Juan M. , Rejas Brisa , Winters Solis
Published: January 2021

Child stunting in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) decreased from 22.9% in 1990 to 9.6% in 2017. While stunting rates in the region were falling, access to electricity and refrigeration were on the rise. Despite a large body of evidence surrounding the effects of refrigeration on food consumption, and separately of the importance of food consumption for child health and nutrition, surprisingly few studies explore the potential effects of refrigeration on child nutrition. We studied the relationship between refrigeration and child nutrition outcomes using rich panel data for 1298 low‐income households with children younger than 12 months at baseline in El Alto, Bolivia. We estimated the effects of refrigerator ownership on diet and nutrition outcomes using a difference‐in‐difference approach. Owning a refrigerator was associated with increased food expenditures and improved child nutrition. We found evidence that households that acquired a refrigerator were more likely to buy food that requires refrigeration, and children in households that acquired refrigerators were 0.17 standard deviations taller for their age after 2 years. We also found that refrigeration was associated with a 0.26 standard deviation decline in BMI‐for‐age, an effect driven by increased height rather than lower weight. These results suggest that refrigeration may play a role in explaining reductions in undernutrition observed in low‐ and middle‐income countries in recent decades.