bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying of the Best Model for Prediction of Greenhouse Gas Emission, Quality, and Thermal Property Values during Drying Using RSM (Case Study: Carrot)
Authors: Taghinezhad Ebrahim , Kaveh Mohammad , Szumny Antoni , Figiel Adam
Published: August 2023

The aim of this study is to use the response surface methodology (RSM) to mathematically model the response parameters and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and optimize the drying variables for a carrot dried with the microwave method using various pretreatments. To this end, the influence of the drying parameters (independent), such as microwave power and slice thickness dried by two pretreatments of ultrasonication at 30 °C for 10 min and blanching at 70 ℃ for 2 min, was explored on the dependent (response) parameters including the thermal properties (drying time, effective moisture diffusion coefficient (Deff), specific energy consumption, energy efficiency, quality features (color changes and shrinkage), and GHG emission (including CO2 and NOx). It should be mentioned that the emission of GHG was determined based on the energy consumption of various types of power plants such as the gas turbine steam power turbine, and combined cycle turbines using various fuels such as natural gas, heavy oil, and gas oil. The results indicated that the ultrasonication and blanching pretreatments can decrement the drying time (linearly), energy consumption (linearly or quadratically), shrinkage(quadratically), and color changes(quadratically) and enhance the Deff (linearly) and energy efficiency (linearly or quadratically) in all samples with R2 > 0.86. Moreover, the shortest drying time (42 min), lowest SEC (9.51 MJ/kg), and GHG emission ((4279.74 g CO2 in the combined cycle turbines plant, and 18.16 g NOX in the gas turbine plant) with natural gas for both plants) were recorded for the samples pretreated with blanching while the lowest color changes (13.69) and shrinkage (21.29) were observed in the ultrasonicated samples. Based on the optimization results, a microwave power of 300 W and steam power turbine of 2 mm were the best variables with a desirability of about 80% which resulted in the highest-quality products at the lowest GHG emission.
Analysis of Foreign Substance Flow within the Weld Joint through Simulation in Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Fuel Rods
Authors: Na Taehyung , Kim Taehyeon , Kim Yongdeog
Published: August 2023

The welding of end plugs to cladding tubes is a critical process in the manufacture of pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear fuel rods. The resistance butt welding method is commonly used for this purpose in production. In this paper, we present an analysis of the flow of foreign substances within the weld joint during the tube-cap welding process of PWR nuclear fuel rods, using SORPAS 2D software. The welding process generates foreign substances such as oxide scales, welding fumes, and spatters, which can negatively impact the quality of the weld. Additionally, carbide-based ceramic materials with higher melting temperatures than the base metal have been found within the weld joint in some cases, which can also affect the quality of the weld. To simulate the intrusion of foreign substances with higher melting temperatures than the base material (zirconium alloy) during welding, we conducted a simulation and analyzed the flow of foreign substances. Based on this study, we expected to enhance the reliability and stability of the tube-cap welding process of PWR nuclear fuel rods.
Weight Reduction of a Ship Crane Truss Structure Made of Composites
Authors: Suvorov Vladimir , Vasilyev Roman , Melnikov Boris , Kuznetsov Igor , Bahrami Mohammad Reza
Published: August 2023

Weight reduction remains a relevant topic for various ship structures, as it can improve their seagoing capacity, especially for high-speed and light-craft vessels, and make deck equipment more efficient. The introduction of new lightweight composite materials and the development of new processing technologies and computer modeling tools open up new opportunities in equipment design, but also require new design approaches, including those based on optimization techniques. This article presents an engineering technique for optimizing the design of a ship’s crane manipulator boom based on modern computer simulation tools and numerical optimization methods. The loads on the crane arising due to the ship’s motion were obtained and specified, and the requirements for the finite element model for strength and stability analysis were derived. Constructive, technological, and resource constraints were then derived to reduce the number of independent optimization parameters. The mass reduction problem was set and solved by combining the screening method and the Jaya algorithm. Applying this developed technique for optimizing the crane boom structure using 465 parameters, an 18% reduction in mass was achieved.
Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Technology and Its Impacts: Detailed Investigation of Charging Infrastructure, Power Management, and Control Techniques
Authors: Kumar Madhav , Panda Kaibalya Prasad , Naayagi Ramasamy T. , Thakur Ritula , Panda Gayadhar
Published: August 2023

Electric vehicles (EVs) are universally recognized as an incredibly effective method of lowering gas emissions and dependence on oil for transportation. Electricity, rather than more traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel, is used as the main source of energy to recharge the batteries in EVs. Future oil demand should decline as a result of the predicted rise in the number of EVs on the road. The charging infrastructure is considered as a key element of EV technology where the recent research is mostly focused. A strong charging infrastructure that serves both urban and rural areas, especially those with an unstable or nonexistent electrical supply, is essential in promoting the global adoption of EVs. Followed by different EV structures such as fuel-cell- and battery-integrated EVs, the charging infrastructures are thoroughly reviewed in three modes, specifically—off-grid (standalone), grid-connected, and hybrid modes (capable of both standalone and grid-connected operations). It will be interesting for the readers to understand in detail several energy-source-based charging systems and the usage of charging stations for different power levels. Towards the improvement of the lifetime and efficiency of EVs, charging methods and charging stations in integration with microgrid architectures are thoroughly investigated. EVs are a multi-energy system, which requires effective power management and control to optimize energy utilization. This review article also includes an evaluation of several power management and control strategies followed by the impact assessment of EVs on the utility grid. The findings and the future research directions provided in this review article will be extremely beneficial for EV operators and research engineers.
Infinite Series Concerning Tails of Riemann Zeta Values
Authors: Li Chunli , Chu Wenchang
Published: August 2023

Infinite series involving Riemann’s zeta and Dirichlet’s lambda tails, and weighted by three harmonic-like elementary symmetric functions are examined. By means of integral representations of zeta tails together with the telescopic approach, twelve general summation theorems are established that express these series as coefficients of the bivariate beta function Beta(u,v). By further expanding Beta(u,v) into Laurent series in u and v, several explicit summation formulae are shown as consequences.
Efficiency of Some Predictor–Corrector Methods with Fourth-Order Compact Scheme for a System of Free Boundary Options
Authors: Nwankwo Chinonso , Dai Weizhong
Published: August 2023

The trade-off between numerical accuracy and computational cost is always an important factor to consider when pricing options numerically, due to the inherent irregularity and existence of non-linearity in many models. In this work, we first present fast and accurate (1,2) and (2,2) predictor–corrector methods with a fourth-order compact finite difference scheme for pricing coupled system of the non-linear free boundary option pricing problem consisting of the option value and delta sensitivity. To predict the optimal exercise boundary, we set up a high-order boundary scheme, which is strategically derived using a combination of the fourth-order Robin boundary scheme and the fourth-order compact finite difference scheme near boundary. Furthermore, we implement a three-step high-order correction scheme for computing interior values of the option value and delta sensitivity. The discrete matrix system of this correction scheme has a tri-diagonal structure and strictly diagonal dominance. This nice feature allows for the implementation of the Thomas algorithm, thereby enabling fast computation. The optimal exercise boundary value is also corrected in each of the three correction steps with the derived Robin boundary scheme. Our implementations are fast on both coarse and very refined grids and provide highly accurate numerical approximations. Moreover, we recover a reasonable convergence rate. Further extensions to high-order predictor two-step corrector schemes are elaborated.
Facile Constructing Hierarchical Fe3O4@C Nanocomposites as Anode for Superior Lithium-Ion Storage
Authors: Zhong Haichang , Huang Wenlong , Wei Yukun , Yang Xin , Jiang Chunhai , Liu Hui , Zhang Wenxian , Liang Chu , Dai Leyang , Xu Xijun
Published: August 2023

Ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) is regarded to be a promising high-capacity anode material for LIBs. However, the capacity attenuates fast and the rate performance is poor due to the dramatic pulverization and sluggish charge transfer properties. To solve these problems, a simple in situ encapsulation and composite method was successfully developed to construct carbon nanotube/nanorod/nanosheet-supported Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Owing to the hierarchical architecture design, the novel structure Fe3O4@C nanocomposites effectively enhance the charge transfer, alleviate pulverization, avoid the agglomeration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and also provide superior kinetics toward lithium storage, thereby showing significantly improved reversibility and rate performance. The carbon nanotube/nanorod supported core-shell structure Fe3O4@C nanocomposite displays outstanding high rate capability and stable cycling performance (reversible capability of 1006, 552 and 423 mA h g−1 at 0.2, 0.5 and 1 A g−1 after running 100, 300 and 500 cycles, respectively).
Sources of Volatile Aromatic Congeners in Whiskey
Authors: Kelly Thomas J. , O’Connor Christine , Kilcawley Kieran N.
Published: August 2023

Whiskey’s complex and diverse flavor stems from a range of reactions that create congeners that are primarily dependent upon the cereal source/mash bill and each stage of the process: malting, mashing, fermentation, distillation, and cask maturation. Therefore, in theory, the congener profile of a whiskey is a summation of its ingredients and the specific parameters of each stage of the manufacturing process. Congener profiles have been used as biomarkers for quality and authentication; however, to date, insufficient information has been published in relation to the extensive profiling of congeners associated with specific whiskey styles/types or the intra-and inter-variability within brands, especially in an Irish context due to the recent rapid expansion of the industry. As the ability to extract and identify congeners has progressed appreciably in recent years due to advances in extraction, chromatographic, and chemometric techniques, it is imperative that research is undertaken to gain a better understanding of the impact of specific congeners not only in relation to quality but also as biomarkers for authentication.
Spotlight on Plant Bromodomain Proteins
Authors: Bardani Eirini , Kallemi Paraskevi , Tselika Martha , Katsarou Konstantina , Kalantidis Kriton
Published: August 2023

Bromodomain-containing proteins (BRD-proteins) are the “readers” of histone lysine acetylation, translating chromatin state into gene expression. They act alone or as components of larger complexes and exhibit diverse functions to regulate gene expression; they participate in chromatin remodeling complexes, mediate histone modifications, serve as scaffolds to recruit transcriptional regulators or act themselves as transcriptional co-activators or repressors. Human BRD-proteins have been extensively studied and have gained interest as potential drug targets for various diseases, whereas in plants, this group of proteins is still not well investigated. In this review, we aimed to concentrate scientific knowledge on these chromatin “readers” with a focus on Arabidopsis. We organized plant BRD-proteins into groups based on their functions and domain architecture and summarized the published work regarding their interactions, activity and diverse functions. Overall, it seems that plant BRD-proteins are indispensable components and fine-tuners of the complex network plants have built to regulate development, flowering, hormone signaling and response to various biotic or abiotic stresses. This work will facilitate the understanding of their roles in plants and highlight BRD-proteins with yet undiscovered functions.
The Effect of Local Anesthetics on Neutrophils in the Context of Different Isolation Techniques
Authors: Sixt Sara , Gruber Michael , Kolle Gesche , Galla Thies , Bitzinger Diane
Published: August 2023

Various functions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are related to diseases and postoperative plasma changes. The influence of some local anesthetics (LAs) on PMNs obtained by conventional isolation methods and their functions has already been demonstrated. This study investigates the effect of selected LAs on PMNs, comparing a new isolation method with conventional ones. To obtain the PMNs, we performed either gelafundin sedimentation, hypotonic lysis or density gradient centrifugation. Subsequently, PMNs were mixed with different concentrations of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, lidocaine or ropivacaine. Live cell imaging and flow cytometry were performed to quantify the migration, ROS production, NETosis and antigen expression of PMNs. We found the inhibition of chemotaxis and ROS production by LAs. PMNs showed a strong reduction in time to half maximal NETosis in response to bupivacaine and lidocaine, but not to levobupivacaine and ropivacaine. We also found distinct differences in survival time and migration duration between the isolation methods. This suggests that the careful selection of LAs has a short-term impact on in vitro PMNs.
A Tribute to Two Master Teachers of Immunology
Authors: Paganelli Roberto
Published: August 2023

A Special Issue dedicated in memory of Prof. Fernando Aiuti is a special tribute to a clinician who led the field of Clinical Immunology in Italy and introduced the entire Italian medical and academic scene to it. [...]
MC-YOLOv5: A Multi-Class Small Object Detection Algorithm
Authors: Chen Haonan , Liu Haiying , Sun Tao , Lou Haitong , Duan Xuehu , Bi Lingyun , Liu Lida
Published: August 2023

The detection of multi-class small objects poses a significant challenge in the field of computer vision. While the original YOLOv5 algorithm is more suited for detecting full-scale objects, it may not perform optimally for this specific task. To address this issue, we proposed MC-YOLOv5, an algorithm specifically designed for multi-class small object detection. Our approach incorporates three key innovations: (1) the application of an improved CB module during feature extraction to capture edge information that may be less apparent in small objects, thereby enhancing detection precision; (2) the introduction of a new shallow network optimization strategy (SNO) to expand the receptive field of convolutional layers and reduce missed detections in dense small object scenarios; and (3) the utilization of an anchor frame-based decoupled head to expedite training and improve overall efficiency. Extensive evaluations on VisDrone2019, Tinyperson, and RSOD datasets demonstrate the feasibility of MC-YOLOv5 in detecting multi-class small objects. Taking VisDrone2019 dataset as an example, our algorithm outperforms the original YOLOv5L with improvements observed across various metrics: mAP50 increased by 8.2%, mAP50-95 improved by 5.3%, F1 score increased by 7%, inference time accelerated by 1.8 ms, and computational requirements reduced by 35.3%. Similar performance gains were also achieved on other datasets. Overall, our findings validate MC-YOLOv5 as a viable solution for accurate multi-class small object detection.
Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection of Influenza A Viruses Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) Reporter System
Authors: Lee Ui Jin , Oh Yunkwang , Kwon Oh Seok , Shin Yong-Beom , Kim Moonil
Published: August 2023

In this study, we developed a highly sensitive and specific bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)-based influenza A virus (IAV)-sensing system by combining a galactose/glucose-binding protein (GGBP) with an N-terminal large domain (YN1-172) and a C-terminal small domain (YC173-239) made up of enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (eYFP). The GGBP-based BiFC reporter exhibits the fluorescence reconstitution as a result of conformational changes in GGBP when lactose, which was derived from 6′-silalyllactose and used as a substrate for neuraminidase (NA), binds to GGBP in the presence of IAV. The system showed a linear dynamic range extending from 1 × 100 to 1 × 107 TCID50/mL, and it had a detection limit of 1.1 × 100 TCID50/mL for IAV (H1N1), demonstrating ultra-high sensitivity. Our system exhibited fluorescence intensity enhancements in the presence of IAV, while it displayed weak fluorescence signals when exposed to NA-deficient viruses, such as RSV A, RSV B, adenovirus and rhinovirus, thereby indicating selective responses for IAV detection. Overall, our system provides a simple, highly sensitive and specific IAV detection platform based on BiFC that is capable of detecting ligand-induced protein conformational changes, obviating the need for virus culture or RNA extraction processes.
Climatic Variability in Altitude: Architecture, Thermal Comfort, and Safety along the Facade of a Residential Tower in the Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Saroglou Soultana (Tanya) , Itzhak-Ben-Shalom Hofit , Meir Isaac A.
Published: August 2023

This research is part of a wider study on the sustainability of high-rise buildings within the urban environment. The focus here is on wind and temperature stratifications per different height through in situ monitoring on a high-rise residential tower in the Mediterranean climate of Tel Aviv, and their impact on thermal comfort and user safety. The appropriateness of design is discussed in relation to the direct exposure to higher-up wind velocities, the thermal perception of the residents through questionnaires, and the safety and usability of the outdoors space according to height. The potential for advancing the energy efficiency of the structure is also discussed. The study covers a hot and a cold season, focusing on the specificities of the wind regime in the specific climate, through seasonal variations. Results from the monitoring of data confirmed increased wind and gust velocities per building height all year round, reaching the level of danger for the occupants during winter, cancelling, thus a successful operation of the outdoor balcony space. The occupants’ perception and use of the outdoor balcony space per building height were in direct relationship to the increased wind velocities per height. Discussion and conclusions critically evaluate the residential high-rise building typology in the Mediterranean climate through the design of the outdoor balcony space along the height of the envelope. The results set an initial understanding and delineation for future studies, while underlining the complications of designing and occupying tall buildings and the level of detailing required.
Effect of Geometric Parameters on the Behavior of Eccentric RC Beam–Column Joints
Authors: Abdel-Latif Mostafa A. , Nassr Amr A. , Sumelka Wojciech , Mohamed Mohamed M. , Abd El-Shafi Aly G. , Soliman Eslam
Published: August 2023

Over the last century, the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beam–column joints has drawn many researchers’ attention due to their complex stress state. Such joints should possess sufficient capacity and ductility to ensure integrity and safety when subjected to cyclic loading during seismic events. In the literature, while most studies have focused on the behavior of concentric beam–column joints, few studies investigated the response of eccentric beam–column joints, in which the beam’s centerline is offset from the centerline of the column. Recent earthquakes demonstrated severe damage in eccentric beam–column joints due to their brittle torsional behavior, which may threaten the ductility required for the overall structural performance. To investigate the effect of brittle failure on the strength, ductility, and stability of eccentric beam–column joints, nonlinear finite element (FE) models were developed and validated. The FE model was employed to study the effect of some geometric parameters on the global and local behaviors of beam–column joints, including the joint type (exterior and interior), the column aspect ratio, and the joint aspect ratio. The results show that the joint aspect ratio, which is the ratio of beam-to-column depth, has a predominant effect on the failure behavior of the joint. Additionally, the increase in column aspect ratio alters the failure mode from brittle joint shear failure to ductile beam-hinge, although there is an increase in the joint torsional moment. The current study also showed that interior joints exhibited a higher out-of-plane moment as well as more extensive column torsion cracks compared to exterior joints.
Retreatment with Cisplatin May Provide a Survival Advantage for Children with Relapsed/Refractory Hepatoblastoma: An Institutional Experience
Authors: Somers Katherine M. , Tabbouche Rachel Bernstein , Bondoc Alexander , Towbin Alexander J. , Ranganathan Sarangarajan , Tiao Greg , Geller James I.
Published: August 2023

Background: Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver malignancy in children. There is no standard of care for management of relapsed/refractory HB (rrHB) and reports in the literature are limited. Objective: To describe presenting features, biology, treatment strategies, and outcomes for pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory hepatoblastoma. Methods: An IRB-approved retrospective institutional review of patients with rrHB who presented for consultation and/or care from 2000–2019. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic data were collected from all patients. Results: Thirty subjects were identified with a median age of 19.5 months (range 3–169 months) at initial diagnosis and 32.5 months (range 12–194 months) at time of first relapse. 63% of subjects were male, 70% Caucasian, and 13% were born premature. Three subjects had a known cancer predisposition syndrome. Eight patients had refractory disease while 22 patients had relapsed disease. Average time from initial diagnosis to relapse or progression was 12.5 months. Average alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) at initial diagnosis was 601,203 ng/mL (range 121–2,287,251 ng/mL). Average AFP at relapse was 12,261 ng/mL (range 2.8–201,000 ng/mL). For patients with tumor sequencing (n = 17), the most common mutations were in CTNNB1 (13) and NRF2 (4). First relapse sites were lungs (n = 12), liver (n = 11) and both (n = 6). More than one relapse/progression occurred in 47% of subjects; 6 had ≥3 relapses. Pathology in patients with multiply relapsed disease was less differentiated including descriptions of small cell undifferentiated (n = 3), pleomorphic (n = 1), transitional liver cell tumor (n = 2) and HB with carcinoma features (n = 1). All subjects underwent surgical resection of site of relapsed disease with 7 subjects requiring liver transplantation. Overall survival was 50%. Survival was associated with use of cisplatin at relapse (78.6% with vs. 25% without, p = 0.012). The most common late effect was ototoxicity with at least mild sensorineural hearing loss found in 80% of subjects; 54% required hearing aids. Conclusions: Retreatment with cisplatin at the time of relapse may provide an advantage for some patients with hepatoblastoma. Multiply relapsed disease was not uncommon and not associated with a worse prognosis. Careful attention should be paid to cumulative therapy-induced toxicity while concurrently aiming to improve cure.
Vasculogenic Mimicry Occurs at Low Levels in Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma
Authors: Maddison Kelsey , Faulkner Sam , Graves Moira C. , Fay Michael , Bowden Nikola A. , Tooney Paul A.
Published: August 2023

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM), the ability of tumour cells to form functional microvasculature without an endothelial lining, may contribute to anti-angiogenic treatment resistance in glioblastoma. We aimed to assess the extent of VM formation in primary and recurrent glioblastomas and to determine whether VM vessels also express prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a pathological vessel marker. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from 35 matched pairs of primary and recurrent glioblastoma was immunohistochemically labelled for PSMA and CD34 and stained with periodic acid–Schiff (PAS). Vascular structures were categorised as endothelial vessels (CD34+/PAS+) or VM (CD34−/PAS+). Most blood vessels in both primary and recurrent tumours were endothelial vessels, and these significantly decreased in recurrent tumours (p < 0.001). PSMA was expressed by endothelial vessels, and its expression was also decreased in recurrent tumours (p = 0.027). VM was observed in 42.86% of primary tumours and 28.57% of recurrent tumours. VM accounted for only a small proportion of the tumour vasculature and VM density did not differ between primary and recurrent tumours (p = 0.266). The functional contribution of VM and its potential as a treatment target in glioblastoma require further investigation.
Population-Based Clinical Cancer Registration in Germany
Authors: Katalinic Alexander , Halber Marco , Meyer Martin , Pflüger Maren , Eberle Andrea , Nennecke Alice , Kim-Wanner Soo-Zin , Hartz Tobias , Weitmann Kerstin , Stang Andreas , Justenhoven Christina , Holleczek Bernd , Piontek Daniela , Wittenberg Ian , Heßmer Annika , Kraywinkel Klaus , Spix Claudia , Pritzkuleit Ron
Published: August 2023

Introduction: In 2013, a new federal law obligated all German federal states to collect additional clinical data in population-based cancer registries as an active tool for monitoring and improving the quality of cancer care, increasing transparency and promoting health research. Now, 10 years later, the current status of the expanded cancer registration is presented, including current figures on cancer in Germany. Methods: Reporting of cancer is mandatory for physicians, and about 5 to 10 reports from different healthcare providers are expected for each case. A uniform national dataset of about 130 items is used, and reports are usually sent electronically to the registry. We used the most recent data available from cancer registries up to the year of diagnosis in 2019. We calculated incidence rates and 5-year relative survival (5YRS) for common cancers. Data on clinical outcomes and benchmarking based on quality indicators (QIs) from guidelines were provided by the Cancer Registry Schleswig-Holstein (CR SH). Results: All federal state cancer registries met most of the previously defined national eligibility criteria. Approximately 505,000 cancer cases were registered in 2019, with breast, prostate, colorectal and lung cancer being the most common cancers. The age-standardised cancer incidence has slightly decreased during the last decade. and spatial heterogeneity can be observed within Germany. 5YRS for all cancers was 67% and 63% for women and men, respectively. Therapy data for rectal cancer in 2019–2021 from the CR SH are shown as an example: 69% of the registered patients underwent surgery, mostly with curative intent (84%) and tumour-free resection (91%). Radiotherapy was given to 33% of the patients, and chemotherapy was given to 40%. Three selected QIs showed differences between involved healthcare providers. Discussion: The implementation of population-based clinical cancer registration can be considered a success. Comprehensive recording of diagnosis, treatment and disease progression and the use of registry data for quality assurance, benchmarking and feedback have been implemented.
Clinical Impact of Polygenic Risk Score for Breast Cancer Risk Prediction in 382 Individuals with Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome
Authors: Stiller Sarah , Drukewitz Stephan , Lehmann Kathleen , Hentschel Julia , Strehlow Vincent
Published: August 2023

Single nucleotide polymorphisms are currently not considered in breast cancer (BC) risk predictions used in daily practice of genetic counselling and clinical management of familial BC in Germany. This study aimed to assess the clinical value of incorporating a 313-variant-based polygenic risk score (PRS) into BC risk calculations in a cohort of German women with suspected hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC). Data from 382 individuals seeking counselling for HBOC were analysed. Risk calculations were performed using the Breast and Ovarian Analysis of Disease Incidence and Carrier Estimation Algorithm with and without the inclusion of the PRS. Changes in risk predictions and their impact on clinical management were evaluated. The PRS led to changes in risk stratification based on 10-year risk calculations in 13.6% of individuals. Furthermore, the inclusion of the PRS in BC risk predictions resulted in clinically significant changes in 12.0% of cases, impacting the prevention recommendations established by the German Consortium for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer. These findings support the implementation of the PRS in genetic counselling for personalized BC risk assessment.
Revealing the Roles of Cu/Ba on Ce-Based Passive NOx Adsorbers
Authors: Pei Mingming , Fan Yuxin , Xu Haidi , Lian Zhihua , Tan Wei , Wang Jianli , Chen Yaoqiang
Published: August 2023

At present, passive NOx adsorbers (PNAs) represent one of the most effective technologies for addressing NOx emissions from diesel engines during cold-start periods. Conventional PNAs, which primarily consist of noble metals (such as Pt, Pd, and Ag) loaded on metal oxides or zeolites, share the common drawback of high production costs. Consequently, developing low-cost PNAs with outstanding NOx storage performance remains a significant challenge. In this study, a series of CuxBa5Ce adsorbents were synthesized using the impregnation method, and a monolithic adsorbent was employed to evaluate NOx storage and release performance. Techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis DRs, H2-TPR, XPS, and in situ DRIFTs confirmed the crucial roles of Cu and Ba in NOx storage and release. Specifically, the incorporation of Cu into CeO2 enhanced NOx storage performance. Moreover, in the Cu3Ba5Ce adsorbent, the addition of Ba not only introduced new storage sites and altered the stability of NOx adsorption species but also helped prevent the aggregation of CuO, thereby prolonging the complete NOx storage duration and satisfying desorption temperature requirements. The Cu3Ba5Ce adsorbent exhibited the most favorable NOx storage performance, including a complete NOx storage time of 135 s and a NOx storage efficiency exceeding 50% at 80 °C over a 10 min period. While PNAs loaded with noble metals, such as Pd/CeO2 and Pt/CeO2, exhibited NOx storage efficiencies below 50% after adsorbing for 5 min at 80 °C. Therefore, this research offered a crucial strategy for developing non-noble-metal-loaded, Ce-based PNAs.
DNA-Binding Activity of CAMTA3 Is Essential for Its Function: Identification of Critical Amino Acids for Its Transcriptional Activity
Authors: Prasad Kasavajhala V. S. K. , Abdel-Hameed Amira A. E. , Jiang Qiyan , Reddy Anireddy S. N.
Published: August 2023

Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs), a small family of highly conserved transcription factors, function in calcium-mediated signaling pathways. Of the six CAMTAs in Arabidopsis, CAMTA3 regulates diverse biotic and abiotic stress responses. A recent study has shown that CAMTA3 is a guardee of NLRs (Nucleotide-binding, Leucine-rich repeat Receptors) in modulating plant immunity, raising the possibility that CAMTA3 transcriptional activity is dispensable for its function. Here, we show that the DNA-binding activity of CAMTA3 is essential for its role in mediating plant immune responses. Analysis of the DNA-binding (CG-1) domain of CAMTAs in plants and animals showed strong conservation of several amino acids. We mutated six conserved amino acids in the CG-1 domain to investigate their role in CAMTA3 function. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using these mutants with a promoter of its target gene identified critical amino acid residues necessary for DNA-binding activity. In addition, transient assays showed that these residues are essential for the CAMTA3 function in activating the Rapid Stress Response Element (RSRE)-driven reporter gene expression. In line with this, transgenic lines expressing the CG-1 mutants of CAMTA3 in the camta3 mutant failed to rescue the mutant phenotype and restore the expression of CAMTA3 downstream target genes. Collectively, our results provide biochemical and genetic evidence that the transcriptional activity of CAMTA3 is indispensable for its function.
Intraocular Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Transgene Endothelin-1 Delivery to the Rat Eye Induces Functional Changes Indicative of Retinal Ischemia—A Potential Chronic Glaucoma Model
Authors: Nordahl Karin M. L. , Fedulov Vadim , Holm Anja , Haanes Kristian A.
Published: August 2023

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) overactivity has been implicated as a factor contributing to glaucomatous neuropathy, and it has been utilized in animal models of retinal ischemia. The functional effects of long-term ET-1 exposure and possible compensatory mechanisms have, however, not been investigated. This was therefore the purpose of our study. ET-1 was delivered into rat eyes via a single intravitreal injection of 500 µM or via transgene delivery using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. Retinal function was assessed using electroretinography (ERG) and the retinal expression of potentially compensatory genes was evaluated by means of qRT-PCR. Acute ET-1 delivery led to vasoconstriction and a significant reduction in the ERG response. AAV–ET-1 resulted in substantial transgene expression and ERG results similar to the acute ET-1 injections and comparable to other models of retinal ischemia. Compensatory changes were observed, including an increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene expression, which may both counterbalance the vasoconstrictive effects of ET-1 and provide neuroprotection. This chronic ET-1 ischemia model might be especially relevant to glaucoma research, mimicking the mild and repeated ischemic events in patients with long-term vascular dysfunction. The compensatory mechanisms, and particularly the role of vasodilatory CGRP in mitigating the retinal damage, warrant further investigation with the aim of evaluating new therapeutic strategies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nd:YAG Ceramics for Laser Applications
Authors: Echartea-Reyes Olga Alondra , Vázquez Gloria Verónica , Castillo-Robles José Adalberto , López-Hernández Juan , Calles-Arriaga Carlos Adrián , Pech-Rodríguez Wilian Jesús , Rocha-Rangel Enrique
Published: August 2023

Materials known as Nd:YAG are crystalline materials of the cubic system made from the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, which, among others, have excellent optical properties. Nd:YAG four-level laser devices are frequently used in both the health and industrial sectors. In this study, a simple and inexpensive alternative to manufacturing Nd:YAG materials through solid state reactions following powder processing routes was proposed. For this, an intense mixture of the precursor materials (Al2O3 and Y2O3) was carried out, followed by the addition of neodymium atoms to improve the optical properties of the resulting material. High-energy mechanical mixing of the precursor powders resulted in submicron particles with good size distributions of the powders. The advance of YAG formation was monitored by intermediate phase formation during heat treatment through interrupted tests at different temperatures and analysis by X-ray diffraction. From this analysis, it was found that reaction for the formation of the desired YAG is completed at 1500 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses determined the presence of functional groups corresponding to the YAG. Finally, the study employing optical emission spectroscopy showed wavelengths in agreement with those of the electronic structure of the elements of the synthesized Nd:YAG.
MOF-Based Materials for Glucose Detection
Authors: Zhang Yiling , Lin Qian , Song Yiteng , Huang Jiaqi , Chen Miaomiao , Ouyang Runqi , Liu Si-Yang , Dai Zong
Published: August 2023

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), constructed by coordination between metal-containing nodes and organic linkers, are widely used in various fields due to the advantages of tunable pores, diverse functional sites, stable structure, and multi-functionality. It should be noted that MOF-based materials play a major role in glucose detection, serving as a signal transducer or functional substrate for embedding nanoparticles/enzymes. Diabetes is one of the most common and fast-growing diseases worldwide, whose main clinical manifestation is high blood sugar levels. Therefore, accurate, sensitive, and point-of-care glucose detection is necessary. This review orderly introduces general synthetic strategies of MOF-based materials (pristine MOF, nanoparticles, or enzymes-modified MOF and MOF-derived materials) and detection methods (electrochemical and optical methods) for glucose detection. Then, the review refers to the novel MOF-based glucose detection devices (flexible wearable devices and microfluidic chips), which enable non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring or low-cost microscale detection. On the basis of describing the development of glucose sensors based on MOF materials in the past five years, the review presents merits, demerits, and possible improvements of various detection methods.
Camel-Related Facial Injuries: A Seven-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Al-Ali Mohamed A. , Mousa Hussam M. , Nibelle Isabelle , Hefny Ashraf F.
Published: August 2023

Facial injuries caused by camels can be associated with adverse long-term effects on patients’ quality of life. We aimed to investigate camel-related facial injuries in Al-Ain City, UAE, focusing on their incidence, types, mechanisms, anatomical distribution, and outcomes, to enhance preventive measures. We retrospectively collected data from all patients who were admitted to our hospital with camel-related facial injuries from January 2014 through January 2021. Thirty-six patients were included; all were males, with a mean (range) age of 31 (14–66) years, 29 (80.5%) were camel caregivers. The most common mechanisms of injury were falling while riding a camel and camel kicks. The head was the most commonly injured region in 52.7%. Twenty-three (63.8%) patients had facial bone fractures. The middle third of the face accounted for 71.4% of the bony fractures. The most performed surgical procedures in our patients were soft tissue laceration repair and open reduction with internal fixation of fractures (ORIF). Camel-related facial injuries affect young adult male camel caregivers working on camel farms. Orbital and maxillary bone fractures are the most predominant fractures requiring operative management. Legislation for compulsory helmet usage may reduce the incidence of these injuries and their serious consequences.
Experimental Study of Surface Damage of Stainless Steel Subjected to Cavitation Collapse in Aqueous Environment
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhang Lei , Huang Chuanhui , Guo Huafeng , Man Jiaxiang , Yu Ping
Published: August 2023

With the aim of understanding cavitation damage of stainless steel under the effect of cavitation collapse in an aqueous environment, morphology, phase, chemical state, electrochemical, and other properties after cavitation and erosion are methodically examined. The obtained results indicate that the addition of metal ions in pure water strengthens the dynamic effect of cavitation collapse. When the cavitation collapses, it is capable of releasing a high temperature and transferring it to the surface of the stainless steel in a short time. Then, through the rapid cooling of the pure water environment, the martensitic structure is generated, but the presence of a massive amount of metal ions leads to a decrease in the speed of heat conduction and absorption of some heat. After the collapse of the bubble, the passivation film on the surface of the stainless steel incorporates into the creation of initial micropores. A concentration difference and a growth of the current density at the bottom of the hole, as well as a reduction in the pH value are detectable. Compared with pure water, 3.5% NaCl solution contains more free ions and its local current density is higher, so its corrosion resistance is worse.
First-Principles Investigation of Point Defects on the Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum at Room Temperature
Authors: Fan Touwen , Ruan Zixiong , Nie Baohua , Liao Yikai , Huang Bowen , Xu Zimeng , Wu Yuanzhi , Hu Te , Chen Dongchu
Published: August 2023

The effects of point defects on the mechanical and thermal conductivity of aluminum at room temperature have been investigated based on the first-principles calculations combined with the Boltzmann equation and the Debye model. The calculated results showed the equilibrium lattice constants a0 of all REAl are larger than that of Al, and the defective formation energy Ef of all REAl is lower than that of VAl. Both a0 and Ef increase from Sc to La and then decrease linearly to Lu. The effects of solute atoms on the mechanical properties of the Al matrix were further calculated, and compared with Al, it is found that the REAl defects decrease the elastic constant Cij, Cauchy pressure C12–C44, bulk modulus B, shear modulus G, Young’s modulus E, B/G and Poisson’s ratio ν of Al, except for C44 of REAl (RE = La-Nd). With the increase of atomic number, the C11 and E of Al-containing REAl decrease from Sc to La and then slowly increase to Lu, whereas C12, C44, B, and G have little change. Meanwhile, the values of C12–C44 and B/G of Al-containing REAl increase from Sc to Ce, and it slightly change after Ce, while ν is nearly unchanged. All defects containing Al present nonuniform and ductility. Finally, the effects of rare earth (RE) atoms on the thermal conductivity (TC) of Al alloys have been investigated based on the first-principles calculations. The reduction of TC of Al alloys by RE solute atoms REAl is much greater than that by the L12 Al3RE phase with the same concentration of RE, which is in good agreement with the experiments. With the RE atomic number increasing, the total TC κ of the Al-RE solid solution decreases from Sc to La firstly and then increases linearly to Lu. Moreover, the decrement of TC Δκ of the Al matrix by early REAl (RE = La-Sm) is larger than that by VAl, while the later REAl (RE = Gd-Lu) shows the opposite influence.
Influence of Terbium Doping and Annealing on the Structural and Optical Characteristics of Sputtered Zinc Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Kryshtab Tetyana , Borkovska Lyudmyla , Cortés Herrera Roberto Benjamín , Kryvko Andriy , Kolomys Oleksandr , Mamykin Sergiy , Portier Xavier
Published: August 2023

This paper studied the structural and luminescent characteristics of undoped and doped-with-Tb3+-ions ZnO films of 200 nm and 600 nm thicknesses, grown via RF magnetron sputtering on (100) silicon substrate in Ar and Ar-O2 plasma. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed a strong preferred orientation of ZnO and ZnO:Tb crystals of the wurtzite structure along the c-axis, perpendicular to the substrate. In the as-deposited ZnO:Tb films, the additional crystal phases, namely, Tb2O3, TbO2, and an amorphous phase, were revealed. The as-deposited undoped films were under tensile strain, that increased in the doped films. This proved the incorporation of the Tb3+ ions into the ZnO grains, and agreed with the Raman spectra investigation. The XRD data and atomic force microscopy study showed that Tb doping impeded the growth of grains and columns, respectively. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the doped films contained the UV band ascribed to exciton PL, a broad intrinsic defect-related band, and the narrow bands caused by the intra-shell transitions of the Tb3+ ions. Terbium doping suppressed ZnO emissions. The post-deposition rapid thermal annealing at up to 800 °C of both the undoped and doped films promoted tensile strain relaxation, grain growth, improvement in the ZnO crystal structure, and an increase in the exciton PL. The intensity of the Tb3+ PL changed non-monotonically, and was the highest for the film annealed at 600 °C. The conventional thermal annealing promoted the non-monotonic changes in the strains and grain sizes in such a way that, after annealing at 900 °C, their values became the same as in the as-deposited ZnO:Tb film. This structural change was accompanied by a decrease in the exciton and Tb3+ PL intensity. The formation of the Zn2SiO4 phase was observed via XRD, and confirmed via scanning electron microscopy. It was attributed to the interdiffusion through the film/substrate interface. The deposition in the Ar-O2 atmosphere is found to be more preferable for the formation of Tb3+ emission centers in the ZnO matrix.
Cancer Survivors Living in Rural Settings: A Qualitative Exploration of Concerns, Positive Experiences and Suggestions for Improvements in Survivorship Care
Authors: Nicoll Irene , Lockwood Gina , Fitch Margaret I
Published: August 2023

In Canada, the number of cancer survivors continues to increase. It is important to understand what continues to present difficulties after the completion of treatment from their perspectives. Various factors may present barriers to accessing help for the challenges they experience following treatment. Living rurally may be one such factor. This study was undertaken to explore the major challenges, positive experiences and suggestions for improvement in survivorship care from rural-dwelling Canadian cancer survivors one to three years following treatment. A qualitative descriptive analysis was conducted on written responses to open-ended questions from a national cross-sectional survey. A total of 4646 individuals living in rural areas responded to the survey. Fifty percent (2327) were male, and 2296 (49.4%) were female; 69 respondents were 18 to 29 years (1.5%); 1638 (35.3%) were 30 to 64 years; and 2926 (63.0%) were 65 years or older. The most frequently identified major challenges (n = 5448) were reduced physical capacity and the effects of treatment. Positive experiences included family and friend support and positive self-care practices. The suggestions for improvements focused on the need for better communication and information about self-care, side effect management, and programs and services, with more programs available locally for practical and emotional support.