bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disparities of Well-being Between the Female-headed ST and Non-ST Households: A State-wise Overview in India
Authors: Biswas Bapan , Banu Nasrin
Published: November 2021

Indian society is still dominated by the patriarchal system where women get less importance. A majority of households in India are headed by a male member of the family. According to Census 2011, only 10.78% of households are headed by a female member, and they are marginalized compared to the households headed by the male counterpart. Indian society is stratified into several groups based on language, religion, castes and tribes. Scheduled Tribes (ST) are the most marginalized among these social groups. From this perspective, the study focuses mainly on two marginalized sections, that is, female-headed households (FHHs) of ST and their counterpart of non-ST families. This comparative study mainly describes the well-being disparity between the ST and non-ST FHHs based on the housing condition, presence of basic amenities and household assets possession. The study also emphasizes the regional disparity of economic well-being in the FHHs between ST and non-ST community in India. It is a secondary database work based on Census of India 2011. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, paired sample t-test and disparity index have been used to obtain empirical outcome. The results indicate that though the proportion of FHHs is higher in ST community, in all the fields they are lagging behind the non-ST FHHs at the national level. In most of the states, non-ST FHHs are well off in terms of economic well-being compared to the ST FHHs, and it creates a well-being disparity between the two groups. Further, the study found that the magnitude of well-being also differs within its own community.
Furlow Versus Straight Line Repair With Intravelar Veloplasty: A 7-Year Single Institution Experience with Fistula Formation
Authors: Zietsman Maryshe S. , Dibbs Rami P. , Davis Matthew J. , Volk Angela S. , Buchanan Edward P. , Monson Laura A.
Published: November 2021

Introduction: We aimed to characterize and identify potential risk factors for fistula formation including demographic variables, palatoplasty technique, Veau cleft classification, and adoption status at a large tertiary pediatric facility. Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed for patients undergoing primary palatoplasty via either Furlow or straight line with intravelar veloplasty (IVVP) technique from November 2011 to September 2018. Variables collected included age at time of surgery, gender, language, payer status, adoption status, syndromic status, presence of moderate and/or bilateral hearing loss, Veau cleft type, and presence of a postoperative fistula. Results: Of the 108 patients included, 34 underwent the Furlow procedure and 74 underwent the straight line repair procedure with IVVP. A significant correlation was found between fistula formation and both adoption status and Veau cleft type. Only patients with Veau cleft types 3 and 4 developed a postoperative fistula. Postoperative fistulae developed in 9 patients: 1/34 (2.9%) in the Furlow group and 8/74 (10.8%) in the straight line with IVVP group. Conclusions: At our institution, rate of fistula formation is not greatly different between Furlow and straight line with IVVP palatoplasty techniques despite their being a trend toward increased risk of postoperative fistulas within the latter group, supporting previous literature that did not find an association between technique and fistula rate. Veau cleft classification and adoption status were more closely associated with the formation of postoperative fistulae.
Research-to-Resource: Rethinking Method Course Instruction
Authors: Grey Alyssa N.
Published: November 2021

Music education method courses include pedagogical content essential for successful classroom instruction. Preservice music educators, however, have expressed concerns with their method course experiences. Researchers have found that modeling, peer teaching experiences, various forms of feedback, and video recordings can help improve undergraduates’ teaching skills development. This research-to-resource article provides example applications and recommendations for enhancing preservice music educators’ method course experiences.
Increasing exercise adherence among elderly patients with chronic disease in primary care: a prospective cohort study
Authors: VanDerVeer Seth , Markert Ronald , Bickford Brant , Yuhas Joseph , Pikman Paul , Wall Tim , Burtson Kathryn
Published: November 2021

Background

Currently, the evidence for exercise in maintaining health, well-being, and physical functioning is overwhelming. Despite these benefits, more than 50% of the population fails to meet the recommended exercise requirements for age and health status. In our study, we sought to provide a method to increase exercise adherence that was both effective and time-efficient for physicians and their patients.

Methods

The primary objective of this research study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a graded exercise protocol and biweekly monitoring on increasing the duration of aerobic exercise to 150 min per week in a population of elderly individuals with chronic disease. Secondarily, we evaluated for improvement in resting heart rate, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and cardiorespiratory fitness. The overall study design was a randomized, prospective cohort study with assessor blinding. Forty-five patients aged ≥60 years with multiple comorbidities were recruited from the Internal Medicine Clinic at Wright-Patterson AFB. Participants were randomized into a treatment or control arm and observed over a period of 34 weeks. Those in the treatment arm were given a graded walking protocol and received biweekly phone calls to evaluate compliance. Those in the control arm did not receive an intervention or biweekly monitoring. Measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, and BMI were taken quarterly in both groups. At the beginning and conclusion of the study, each participant completed a modified Balke treadmill test and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). Continuous variables were evaluated with the independent samples t-test, whereas categorical variables were evaluated with the chi-squared test.

Results

A greater percentage of the treatment group achieved the primary outcome (41.6% vs. 0%; p = 0.003). Those in the treatment group also had favorable improvements in heart rate response (− 2.4 beats/min vs. + 5.3 beats/min; p = 0.038) and PASE (+ 66 vs.-20; p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between groups for mean change in heart rate, blood pressure, or BMI.

Conclusion

Guided, independent exercise and surveillance can be an effective tool in primary care practice to help patients reach the recommended levels of exercise for both age and health status.
Prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and associated risk factors in the Malaysian refugee communities
Authors: Mohd Hanapi Izzah Ruzana , Sahimin Norhidayu , Maackara Michael John Banuru , Annisa Aufa Shofia , Abdul Mutalib Raisya Nur Syazmeen , Lewis John W. , Behnke Jerzy M. , Lau Yee Ling , Mohd Zain Siti Nursheena
Published: November 2021

Background

Refugees in Malaysia, who are afflicted by poverty, conflict and poor health, are vulnerable to a range of zoonotic infections in the deprived environmental and social conditions under which they live. Exposure to infections such as leptospirosis, for which rodents are primary hosts, is of particular concern.

Methods

A wellness program was conducted to determine the presence of antibodies against Leptospira (seroprevalence) in 11 refugee community schools and centers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 433 samples were assessed for IgG and IgM antibodies against Leptospira, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Results

Overall Leptospira seroprevalence was 24.7%, with 3.0% being seropositive for anti-Leptospira IgG and 21.7% for anti-Leptospira IgM. Factors significantly associated with overall Leptospira seroprevalence included: age, ethnicity, pet ownership, knowledge of disease and awareness of disease fatality. For IgM seroprevalence, significant risk factors included sex, ethnicity, eating habits with hands, pet ownership, the presence of rats, walking in bare feet and water recreation visits.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the need for improvements in health and well-being among the refugee community through disease awareness programs and provision of healthy behavior programs, particularly in hygiene and sanitation through community engagement activities.
Prevention and control of urinary tract stones using a smartphone-based self-care application: design and evaluation
Authors: Shahmoradi Leila , Azizpour Amin , Bejani Mahmud , Shadpour Pejman , Rezayi Sorayya
Published: November 2021

Background

Self-care and participation of patients in improving health and increasing awareness about the risk factors that affect the development of disease in patients with urinary tract stones are influential factors in controlling and improving the quality of life in these patients. In this regard, the availability and capability of smartphones increase patients’ self-care ability. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate a self-care application based on smartphones for patients with urinary tract stones.

Methods

The present study is a developmental and applied study that was conducted in three phases. First, the information needs and functionalities of the self-care application were determined by surveying 101 patients, 32 urologists and nephrologists, 11 nurses, and six other specialists. In the second phase, the initial sample of the smartphone-based application was created, and in the third phase, the designed application was evaluated by 15 experts using the standard Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ 18.3) and Nielsen’s Attributes of Usability (NAU) questionnaire. Results of the questionnaires were entered into SPSS-23 software for analysis using descriptive statistics.

Results

In the first phase, 21 information elements and nine critical functionalities for the self-care application were identified, and then this application was designed by Java programming language. The evaluation of experts showed that two aspects of the quality of system user interface from the user's point of view and the overall performance of the application together obtained the highest score (6.43 from 7), which was equal to 91.85%. Then according to the experts, aspects of the degree of convenience and user-friendliness of the application received the highest score (6.10 from 7), which was equal to 87.14%, and also all aspects of the application were evaluated at an acceptable level. In general, results of the evaluation of application's usability by experts showed that the usability of the application for patients with urinary tract stones was at an acceptable level.

Conclusion

According to the results obtained from evaluating the smartphone-based application for patients with urinary tract stones, this self-care application can be used to prevent and control urinary tract stones and facilitate self-care and active patient participation in care.
Challenges facing the More Doctors program (Programa Mais Médicos) in vulnerable and peri-urban areas in Greater Brasilia, Brazil
Authors: Shimizu Helena Eri , Santos Leonor Maria Pacheco , Sanchez Mauro Niskier , Hone Thomas , Millett Christopher , Harris Matthew
Published: November 2021

Background

A shortage of physicians, especially in vulnerable and peri-urban areas, is a global phenomenon that has serious implications for health systems, demanding policies to assure the provision and retention of health workers. The aim of this study was to analyze the strategies employed by the More Doctors Program (Programa Mais Médicos) to provide primary care physicians in vulnerable and peri-urban parts of Greater Brasilia.

Methods

The study used a qualitative approach based on the precepts of social constructivism. Forty-nine semi-structured interviews were conducted: 24 with physicians employed as part of the More Doctors program, five with program medical supervisors, seven with secondary care physicians, twelve with primary care coordinators, and one federal administrator. The interviews occurred between March and September 2019. The transcripts of the interviews were submitted to thematic content analysis.

Results

The partnership between the Ministry of Health and local authorities was essential for the provision of doctors—especially foreign doctors, most from Cuba, to assist vulnerable population groups previously without access to the health system. There was a notable presence of doctors with experience working with socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, which was important for gaining a better understanding of the effects of the endemic urban violence in the region. The incentives and other institutional support, such as enhanced salaries, training, and housing, transportation, and food allowances, were factors that helped provide a satisfactory working environment. However, the poor state of the infrastructure at some of the primary care units and limitations of the health service as a whole were factors that hampered the provision of comprehensive care, constituting a cause of dissatisfaction.

Conclusions

More Doctors introduced a range of novel strategies that helped ensure a supply of primary care doctors in vulnerable and peri-urban parts of Greater Brasilia. The inclusion of foreign doctors, most from Cuba, was crucial for the success of the health services provided for the local communities, who subsist in violent and socioeconomically deprived urban areas. However, it became clear that barriers from within the health service itself hampered the physicians’ capacity to provide a satisfactory service. As such, what is needed for primary care to be effective is not just the recruitment, training, and deployment of doctors, but also investment in the organization of the whole health system.
Management of burnout among the staff of primary care centres in Spain during the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Aranda-Reneo Isaac , Pedraz-Marcos Azucena , Pulido-Fuentes Montserrat
Published: November 2021

Background

The provision of healthcare during the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus represented a challenge for the management of the resources in the primary care centres. We proposed assessing burnout among the staff of those centres and identifying factors that contributed to its appearance and those that limited it.

Methods

An observational study which, by means of anonymous questionnaires, collected information about: (i) demographic variables; (ii) the characteristics of each position; (iii) the measures implemented by the medical decision-makers in order to provide care during the pandemic; and (iv) the Burnout Clinical Subtype Questionnaire (BCSQ-36). We performed a descriptive analysis of the burnout mentioned by the staff, and, by means of a multivariate analysis, we identified the factors which influenced it. Using logit models, we analysed whether receiving specific training in COVID-19, feeling involved in decision-making processes, and/or working within different healthcare systems had effects on the development of burnout.

Results

We analysed the replies of 252 employees of primary care centres in Spain with an average age of 45 (SD = 15.7) and 22 (SD = 11.4) years of experience. 68% of the participants (n = 173) indicated burnout of the frenetic subtype. 79% (n = 200) of the employees had high scores in at least one burnout subtype, and 62% (n = 156) in at least two. Women older than 45 had a lower probability of suffering burnout. Receiving specific training (OR = 0.28; CI95%: 0.11–0.73) and feeling involved in decision-making (OR = 0.32; CI95%:0.15–0.70) each reduced the probability of developing burnout. Working in a different department increased the likelihood of developing burnout of at least one clinical subtype (OR = 2.85; CI95%: 1.38–5.86).

Conclusions

The staff in primary care centres have developed high levels of burnout. Participation in decision-making and receiving specific training are revealed as factors that protect against the development of burnout. The measures taken to contain the adverse effects of a heavy workload appear to be insufficient. Certain factors that were not observed, but which are related to decisions taken by the healthcare management, appear to have had an effect on the development of some burnout subtypes.
Physical activity, sugar-sweetened beverages, whole grain bread and insomnia among adolescents and psychological distress in adulthood: prospective data from the population-based HUNT study
Authors: Kleppang Annette Løvheim , de Ridder Karin , Haugland Siri Håvås , Stea Tonje Holte
Published: November 2021

Background

In this study, we examined the relationship between low levels of physical activity, high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and low consumption of whole grain bread and experiencing insomnia in adolescence and psychological distress in young adults.

Methods

This prospective study was based on information retrieved from the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) in Norway and included adolescents (age 13–19) participating in Young-HUNT3 (2006–2008) and in HUNT4 (2017–2019) 11 years later (age 23–31). The study sample consisted of 2,230 participants (1,287 females and 943 males). The exposure variables collected in adolescence included self-reported physical activity, consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and whole grain bread and insomnia, and psychological distress in young adulthood was used as an outcome variable. The relationship between lifestyle behaviours in adolescence and psychological distress in young adulthood was examined using multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for gender, age and psychological distress in adolescence and educational level in young adulthood.

Results

An increased odds of psychological distress was shown among young adults who reported low levels of physical activity (OR: 1.44, 95 % CI: 1.10–2.89), high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (OR: 1.49, 95 % CI: 1.12–1.98), low consumption of whole grain bread (OR: 1.35, 95 % CI: 1.04–1.77) and insomnia (OR: 1.69, 95 % CI: 1.23–2.33) in adolescence. In terms of absolute differences, unhealthy lifestyle behaviours increased the risk of psychological distress in young adulthood between 3.18 (95 % CI: 0.29–6.07) (low whole grain bread consumption) and 6.01 (95 % CI: 1.95–10.07) (insomnia) percentage points.

Conclusions

Low levels of physical activity, high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and low consumption of whole grain bread and insomnia during adolescence were associated with psychological distress in young adulthood.
Sex differences in spatial learning and memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses in Wistar rats
Authors: Safari Samaneh , Ahmadi Nesa , Mohammadkhani Reihaneh , Ghahremani Reza , Khajvand-Abedeni Maryam , Shahidi Siamak , Komaki Alireza , Salehi Iraj , Karimi Seyed Asaad
Published: November 2021

Background

Recent studies show that gender may have a significant impact on brain functions. However, the reports of sex effects on spatial ability and synaptic plasticity in rodents are divergent and controversial. Here spatial learning and memory was measured in male and female rats by using Morris water maze (MWM) task. Moreover, to assess sex difference in hippocampal synaptic plasticity we examined hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses.

Results

In MWM task, male rats outperformed female rats, as they had significantly shorter swim distance and escape latency to find the hidden platform during training days. During spatial reference memory test, female rats spent less time and traveled less distance in the target zone. Male rats also had larger LTP at PP-DG synapses, which was evident in the high magnitude of population spike (PS) potentiation and the field excitatory post synaptic potentials (fEPSP) slope.

Conclusions

Taken together, our results suggest that sex differences in the LTP at PP-DG synapses, possibly contribute to the observed sex difference in spatial learning and memory.
The effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on patient visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations in medical wards in an Israeli medical center
Authors: Frenkel Nir Yael , Levy Yuval , Gutkind Amit , Grossman Ehud
Published: November 2021

Background

The Covid-19 pandemic began in Israel on February 2020. Between February and October 2020, 2 periods of lockdown were imposed on Israeli population.

Objective

To assess the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on visits to the emergency department (ED) and on hospitalizations in medical wards in Israel’s Chaim Sheba Medical Center, and to compare the effect during the first and second lockdowns.

Methods

Data regarding the number of visits of non-Covid-19 patients to the ED and the number of admissions to the medical wards, were extracted from the computerized system of the hospital. Data were analyzed for patients' characteristics, length of stay in the medical wards, in hospital mortality and the rate of 7 and 30 days re-hospitalization, and compared to the same period during 2019.

Results

Total visits to the Sheba ED during March-October decreased by 18.5%. The most dramatic decrease occurred during the first lockdown. The number of patients admitted to the Sheba medical wards decreased by 28% (P < 0.05). The length of stay decreased from 3.69 days during 2019 to 3.42 days during 2020 (P < 0.01). The most pronounced decrease in the length of stay was observed during the second month of the first lockdown. During the pandemic, hospitalized patients at Sheba were older and were less likely to be males. The in-hospital absolute non-COVID mortality decreased from 913 to 858 respectively.

Conclusions

The Covid-19 crisis emphasizes the role of medical wards in the care of complex patients. Medical wards in Israel were at the frontline of Israel's battle against this pandemic, while continuing to treat very complex non-Covid patients. To avoid burnout of the medical staff who treat very intensively complex patients, we believe these wards should be strengthen with specialists having expertise in treating these patients. Due to our insights, the Sheba medical Center is now redesigning the concept of how intensive care beds should be managed in a big tertiary center.
Impacts of land use/land cover and climate changes on soil erosion in Muga watershed, Upper Blue Nile basin (Abay), Ethiopia
Authors: Belay Tatek , Mengistu Daniel Ayalew
Published: November 2021

Background

Soil erosion is one of the major threats in the Ethiopian highlands. In this study, soil erosion in the Muga watershed of the Upper Blue Nile Basin (Abay) under historical and future climate and land use/land cover (LULC) change was assessed. Future LULC was predicted based on LULC map of 1985, 2002, and 2017. LULC maps of the historical periods were delineated from Landsat images, and future LULC was predicted using the CA–Markov chain model. Precipitation for the future period was projected from six regional circulation models. The RUSLE model was used to estimate the current and future soil erosion rate in Muga watershed.

Results

The average annual rate of soil erosion in the study area was increased from about 15 t ha−1 year−1 in 1985 to 19 t ha−1 year−1 in 2002, and 19.7 t ha−1 year−1 in 2017. Expansion of crop cultivation and loss of vegetation caused an increase in soil erosion. Unless proper measure is taken against the LULC changes, the rate of soil loss is expected to increase and reach about 20.7 t ha−1 year−1 in 2033. In the 2050s, soil loss is projected to increase by 9.6% and 11.3% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, compared with the baseline period. Thus, the soil loss rate is expected to increase under both scenarios due to the higher erosive power of the future intense rainfall. When both LULC and climate changes act together, the mean annual soil loss rate shows a rise of 13.2% and 15.7% in the future under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, which is due to synergistic effects.

Conclusions

The results of this study can be useful for formulating proper land use planning and investments to mitigate the adverse effect of LULC on soil loss. Furthermore, climate change will exacerbate the existing soil erosion problem and would need for vigorous proper conservation policies and investments to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on soil loss.
A decreased risk of meningioma in women smokers was only observed in American studies rather than studies conducted in other countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhong Ping , Lin Yiting , Chen Ting
Published: November 2021

Background

Whether smoking is related to a decreased risk of meningioma in women is still controversial. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the association between smoking and risk of meningiomas in women.

Methods

Two authors independently performed a systematic literature review in the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases. We identified case-control and cohort studies quantifying associations between smoking and risk of meningioma in women. A meta-analysis by pooling studies was performed according to the multivariate-adjusted risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) preferentially. We further conducted additional subgroup and sensitivity analyses to explore possible explanations of the results.

Results

A total of seven observational studies were included, with a total of 2132 female patients diagnosed with meningiomas. Ever smoking was associated with a significantly reduced risk of meningioma in women, with pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.83 (95% CI 0.70–0.98). Similar findings were noted for current (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.66–0.93) and past (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.94) smokers. However, considering the areas, the OR of ever smoking was 0.77 (95% CI 0.68–0.87) in three American studies, but 0.99 (95% CI 0.73–1.35) in four studies conducted in other countries.

Conclusions

Based on limited epidemiological evidence, a decreased risk of meningioma in women smokers was only observed in American studies rather than studies conducted in other countries.
Real-Time Ultrasound–Guided Versus Ultrasound-Assisted Spinal Anesthesia in Elderly Patients With Hip Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chen Luying , Huang Jieling , Zhang Yuling , Qu Bo , Wu Xinyuan , Ma Wuhua , Li Yuhui
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND:

Traditional landmark-guided spinal anesthesia can be challenging in elderly patients with hip fractures. Ultrasound assistance (USAS) and real-time ultrasound guidance (USRTG) techniques can facilitate lumbar neuraxial blocks. However, it remains undetermined which method is optimal for use in elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate which technique was associated with a higher success rate of spinal anesthesia in elderly patients with hip fractures: USAS or USRTG technique.

METHODS:

A total of 114 elderly patients (≥70 years of age) with hip fractures were randomly assigned to receive spinal anesthesia using either the USAS or USRTG technique. The primary outcome was the first-attempt success rate, analyzed using the χ2 test. Secondary outcomes included first-pass success rate, the number of needle attempts and passes, locating time, procedure time, total time, adverse reactions and complications, patient satisfaction, and procedural difficulty score.

RESULTS:

The first-attempt success rate (80.7% vs 52.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], for the difference, 11.6–44.6) and first-pass success rate (63.2% vs 31.6%; 95% CI for the difference, 14.2–49) were both significantly higher in the USAS compared with the USRTG group (both P = .001). The number of attempts (1 [1–1] vs 1 [1–3]; P = .001) and median passes (1 vs 3; P < .001) were both significantly lower in the USAS group than in the USRTG group. The USRTG group had a shorter locating time (175 seconds [129–234 seconds] vs 315 seconds [250–390 seconds]; P < .001) but a longer procedure time (488 seconds [260–972 seconds] vs 200 seconds [127–328 seconds]; P < .001) and total time (694 seconds [421–1133 seconds] vs 540 seconds [432–641 seconds]; P = .036). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to the adverse reactions and complications. More patients in the USAS group had a high satisfaction score of 3 to 5 (P = .008). Overall, anesthesiologists rated the USRTG group procedure as “more difficult” (P = .008).

CONCLUSIONS:

In elderly patients with hip fractures, spinal anesthesia with the USRTG technique is not superior to the USAS technique since it has a lower success rate, longer procedure time, lower satisfaction score, and is more difficult to perform. So USAS technique may be more suitable for elderly patients.
Efficient induction and sustenance of pluripotent stem cells from bovine somatic cells
Authors: Pillai Viju Vijayan , Koganti Prasanthi P. , Kei Tiffany G. , Gurung Shailesh , Butler W. Ronald , Selvaraj Vimal
Published: November 2021

Although derivation of naïve bovine embryonic stem cells is unachieved, the possibility for generation of bovine induced pluripotent stem cells (biPSCs) has been generally reported. However, attempts to sustain biPSCs by promoting self-renewal have not been successful. Methods established for maintaining murine and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) do not support self-renewal of iPSCs for any bovid species. In this study, we examined methods to enhance complete reprogramming and concurrently investigated signaling relevant to pluripotency of the bovine blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM). First, we identified that forced expression of SV40 large T antigen together with the reprogramming genes (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and MYC) substantially enhanced the reprogramming efficacy of bovine fibroblasts to biPSCs. Second, we uncovered that TGFβ signaling is actively perturbed in the ICM. Inhibition of ALK4/5/7 to block TGFβ/activin/nodal signaling together with GSK3β and MEK1/2 supported robust in vitro self-renewal of naïve biPSCs with unvarying colony morphology, steady expansion, expected pluripotency gene expression and committed differentiation plasticity. Core similarities between biPSCs and stem cells of the 16-cell-stage bovine embryo indicated a stable ground state of pluripotency; this allowed us to reliably gain predictive understanding of signaling in bovine pluripotency using systems biology approaches. Beyond defining a high-fidelity platform for advancing biPSC-based biotechnologies that have not been previously practicable, these findings also represent a significant step towards understanding corollaries and divergent aspects of bovine pluripotency.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
A Study on the Retouching Materials for Oil Paintings - Using Restoration Colors and Acrylic Gouache -
Authors: Choi Hee Jin , Kang Dai Ill
Published: November 2021

In this study, we compare the properties and estimate the durability of five oil colors that are the most popularly used colors in the conservation of oil paintings. A set of these colors was obtained form four manufacturers each, and their properties were analyzed by conducting deterioration experiments. Subsequently, we observed the colors and performed X-ray fluorescence analysis. As a result of colour observation and XRF analysis, it was confirmed that there are the differences according to the pigment types, mixing rations and the manufacturers even for colors having the same product name. The deterioration test indicated differences in the appearance of the colors ; for instance, the color difference was above 12.0 in most of the samples, including restoration color and acrylic gouache. In the case of Lemon Yellow a lot of discoloration and cracking occurred, and difference in gloss was ob served in Viridian of manufacturer C. Most cracks were ob served in the restoration color obtained from manufacturer B and were assumed to be because of the resin used by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, additional research will have to be conducted by controlling variables in order to find out the cause. Through this study, we demonstrated that retouching materials for conservation of oil painting differed in their physical properties according to the color and manufacturer. Therefore a conservator should be mindful during the selection and use of materials for retouching oil paintings.
A Scientific Analysis of Gold Threads Used in Donggungbi-Wonsam(Ceremonial Robe Worn by a Crown Princess, National Folklore Cultural Heritage No.48)
Authors: Lee Jang-Jon , An Boyeon , Han Kiok , Lee Ryangmi , Yoo Ji Hyun , Yu Ji A
Published: November 2021

This study identified material properties through scientific analysis on Jikgeumdan(satin with gold threads) from Donggungbi-Wonsam and the gold threads used in the embroidery. The Donggungbi-Wonsam’s base of gold threads were estimated to have used mulberry fiber’s Korean paper(Hanji) because non-wood-based fibers were observed. The X-ray spectrometer showed that the Tongsuseulan of Donggungbi-Wonsam was a flat gold thread of pure gold and Jikgeumdan of flat silver thread of its Saekdong and Hansam. High sulfur levels were detected in the flat silver thread, which appeared to have formed silver sulfide by either manufacturing process using sulfur or conservation environment. he dragon insignia’s embroidery is also described as two types twisted gold threads; pure gold and alloying-gold and silver. while dragon insignia’s border line is decorated with a twisted gold thread of pure gold. In particular, it was investigated that adhesives such as an animal glue, a protein-based compound by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Additionally, XRF and Raman spectroscopy analysis on the mixture substances between the metal surface and the base paper of gold threads identified talc and quartz in the gold threads and Seokganju(hematite) in the flat silver threads.
Salinity tolerance in strawberry (Fragaria spp) as ifluensed by genotype
Authors: Νικολούδη Ανδριάνα
Published: November 2021

Ο σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας ήταν να μελετηθεί η επίδραση της αλατότητας στον ρυθμό φωτοσύνθεσης, στην αύξηση φυλλικής επιφάνειας και τη συσσώρευση οργανικών και ανόργανων μορίων σε επιλογές άγριας φράουλας που διαφέρουν ως προς την ευαισθησία στην αλατότητα με στόχο να διερευνηθούν κάποιοι από τους μηχανισμούς που είναι υπεύθυνοι γι’ αυτό το χαρακτηριστικό. Σε αρχικό στάδιο, ο ρυθμός φωτοσύνθεσης μειώθηκε λόγω κλεισίματος των στομάτων, σε όλες τις επιλογές που μελετήθηκαν. Αργότερα, οι αντιδράσεις του κύκλου του Calvin επηρεάστηκαν αρνητικά στις επιλογές MR 10 και NC 95-21-1 (Fragaria virginiana), ενώ οι επιπτώσεις αυτές δεν ήταν αντιστρέψιμες όταν μειώθηκε η αλατότητα στο εδαφικό διάλυμα. Αντίθετα, στην FRA 24 (Fragaria chiloensis) οι αντιδράσεις του κύκλου του Calvin δεν επηρεάστηκαν. Συμπτώματα τοξικότητας εμφανίστηκαν και στις δυο επιλογές Fragaria virginiana και άρχισαν περίπου δυο εβδομάδες μετά την πρώτη εφαρμογή του αλατούχου διαλύματος. Η ένταση των συμπτωμάτων ήταν στενά συσχετισμένη με την ποσότητα των αλάτων στο νερό άρδευσης. Δεν παρατηρήθηκαν συμπτώματα στην Fragaria chiloensis μέχρι το τέλος του πειράματος. Υψηλή περιεκτικότητα νατρίου και χλωρίου βρέθηκαν στα φύλλα των MR 10 και NC 95-21-1 στις οποίες είχαν προστεθεί 50 και 100 mM NaCl στο νερό άρδευσης. Αντίθετα, στα φύλλα της FRA 24 βρέθηκε αυξημένη ποσότητα χλωρίου και μόνο στα φυτά που λάμβαναν 100 mM NaCl. Η συσσώρευση νατρίου στους ιστούς φύλλων φαίνεται να είναι πιο αργή απ’ ότι αυτή του χλωρίου. Αυξημένη αλατότητα στο εδαφικό διάλυμα προκάλεσε μείωση της αύξησης της φυλλικής επιφάνειας και αύξηση στο ποσό των ολικών υδατοδιαλυτών υδατανθράκων στις επιλογές που μελετήθηκαν. Στη συνέχεια, όλα τα φυτά αρδεύτηκαν με νερό βρύσης χωρίς την προσθήκη αλάτων για δεκαπέντε μέρες. Μετά το τέλος της περιόδου αυτής, παρατηρήθηκε ανάκτηση του ρυθμού αύξησης και παράγωγης νέας φυλλικής επιφάνειας, συνοδευόμενη από μείωση της περιεκτικότητας ολικών υδατοδιαλυτών υδατανθράκων στην Fragaria virginiana αλλά όχι στην Fragaria chiloensis. Γλυκόζη και φρουκτόζη αποτελούσαν το 70% των ολικών υδατοδιαλυτών υδατανθράκων που συσσωρεύτηκαν στα φύλλα και στις δυο επιλογές, λόγω αυξημένης αλατότητας στο εδαφικό διάλυμα αλλά δεν παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση της περιεκτικότητας σε προλίνη είτε κατά τη διάρκεια της άρδευσης με αλατούχο διάλυμα, είτε αργότερα όταν τα φυτά αρδεύτηκαν με νερό βρύσης.
Applying utilitarianism to the presumed consent system for organ donation to consider the moral pros and cons
Authors: Morris Jelena , Holt Janet
Published: November 2021

In May 2020, England adopted an opt-out approach for organ donation, also referred to as the deemed consent system, with the aim of alleviating the demand for organs in the UK. This system dictates that those who have not opted out will have their organs donated following their death, with the exception of those meeting certain criteria. This article applies the philosophical theory of utilitarianism to the deemed consent system for organ donation, focusing particularly on topics such as that of informed consent and family refusal. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory that attempts to determine whether an action is morally right or wrong based on whether or not it maximises the preferences of the greatest number of people, with each person's satisfaction being considered as equal to another's.
Spectral Description of Cellulose Textile Colored with Date Pits Extract: Study of the Fluorescence Characters
Authors: Hamadi Naoufel Ben , Guesmi Ahlem
Published: November 2021

This work purposes to evaluation the fluorescence parameters of cellulose dyed with date pits extract. Fluorescence measurements have been advanced on cellulose models before and later dyeing. The emission spectrum of the nondyed cellulose fibers not demonstrate any bond and, in the opposing, dyed cellulose sample existing important photoluminescence characters and the maximum value was noted at 672 nm.
Improvement of the Quality of the Local Beer «Tchukoutou» by Addition of Two Antioxidant Plants: Ocimum Gratissimum and Vernonia Amygdalina.
Authors: Bakpo Awèdéou , Agbodan Agbekonyi Kokou , Awaga Kwami Lumo , Kouakou Cynthia Adjo , Yelegue Eyawèdeou , Jondo Koffi
Published: November 2021

Tchoukoutou are the most widely consumed alcoholic beverages in Africa. However, several constraints undermine this sector of activity. The overall objective of this study is to improve the quality and stability of “Tchoukoutou” by adding leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Vernonia amygdalina. Two methods of evaluating the alcoholic degree: densimetry and refractometry were used to find the physic and chemical characteristics. From the results obtained, it appears that the red sorghum (Kadag) gives the best organoleptic quality of beers. The addition of the leaves of O. gratissimum and V. amygdalina followed by anaerobic fermentation allowed the preservation and stability of « Tchoukoutou » for at least 10 days at room temperature with a bitterness similar to hops; an alcohol content of 8.87% vol, a pH of 4.37 and a Brix degree of 14° Brix. In conclusion, the anaerobic fermentation of the must and the addition of the leaves of O. gratissimum and V. amygdalina contribute to the improvement of the conservation quality and stability of the Chukutu.
Development of a scoring system for survival following surgery for metastatic bone disease
Authors: Baumber Rachel , Gerrand Craig , Cooper Michael , Aston William
Published: November 2021

Aims

The incidence of bone metastases is between 20% to 75% depending on the type of cancer. As treatment improves, the number of patients who need surgical intervention is increasing. Identifying patients with a shorter life expectancy would allow surgical intervention with more durable reconstructions to be targeted to those most likely to benefit. While previous scoring systems have focused on surgical and oncological factors, there is a need to consider comorbidities and the physiological state of the patient, as these will also affect outcome. The primary aim of this study was to create a scoring system to estimate survival time in patients with bony metastases and to determine which factors may adversely affect this.

Methods

This was a retrospective study which included all patients who had presented for surgery with metastatic bone disease. The data collected included patient, surgical, and oncological variables. Univariable and multivariable analysis identified which factors were associated with a survival time of less than six months and less than one year. A model to predict survival based on these factors was developed using Cox regression.

Results

A total of 164 patients were included with a median survival time of 1.6 years (interquartile range 0.5 to 3.1) after surgery. On multivariable analysis, a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists grade (p < 0.001), a high white cell count (p = 0.002), hyponatraemia (p = 0.001), a preoperative resting heart rate of > 100 bpm (p = 0.052), and the type of primary cancer (p = 0.026) remained significant predictors of reduced survival time. The predictive model developed showed good discrimination and calibration to predict both six- and 12-month survival in patients with metastatic bone disease.

Conclusion

In addition to surgical and oncological factors, the level of comorbidity and physiological state of the patient has a significant impact on survival in patients with metastatic bone disease. These factors should be considered when assessing the appropriateness of surgical intervention. This is the first study to examine other patient factors alongside surgical and oncological data to identify a relationship between these and survival. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(11):1725–1730.
Landslide Zone Investigation by Determining Cracks and Cracks Compressive Strength Test in Waru District, Pamekasan Regency
Authors: Ariyanto Sandy Vikki , Joni Idon
Published: November 2021

Landslide zone investigation has been conducted using geoelectricity to determine the number of cracks and using a compressive strength test to determine compressive strength cracks. The result of this research is that the rock layers of Waru District consist of soil layers resulting from the weathering of quartz rock into quartz sandstone. This quartz sandstone lies on top of a more solid rock layer. The type of landslide that is formed in the Waru sub-district is translational. This type of landslide is caused by water entering the lower layer, causing landslides and the number of cracks that trigger landslides. The results of the low compressive strength test resulted in landslides. This result was due to a decrease in the number of pores filled with water and an increase in the pores that were not filled with water. This occurs due to the presence of water in the cracks, the number of cracks cavities, and the density of the cracks which results in reduced adhesion between the cracks holding layers.
Analisis Karakteristik Sumur Bor Sebagai Sumber Air Tanah pada Daerah Batu Karang dan Tandus
Authors: Simpen I Nengah , Indriana Rina Dwi , Koesuma Sorja
Published: November 2021

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang analisis karakteristik sumur bor. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu contoh penelitian tentang analisis karakteristik sumur bor di daerah batu karang dan tandus. Penelitian mengambil contoh di sumur RSPTN Universitas Udayana berlokasi di Jimbaran Badung Bali. Analisis yang dilakukan efisiensi sumur (Ew), faktor pengembangan sumur (Fd), perbaikan sumur (C) dan debit optimum (Qopt). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa berdasarkan hasil pengukuran geolistrik, pada sumur bor memang ada akuifer. Sumur yang dibikin termasuk sumur yang efesien dengan tingkat efisiensi   84,71%. Ini berarti sangat efesien untuk pengambilan air. Sumur memiliki faktor pengembang 0,077864 hari/m3 Ini berarti sumur sangat baik untuk dikembangkan. Nilai C = 28994,2. Ini berarti apabila sumurnya ada kendala misalnya debitnya mengecil, maka sumur sulit dikembalikan menjadi seperti semula. Kapasitas jenis (Sc) rata-rata didapat: 0,0196908 m2/s, nilai ini lebih besar dari 0,005.  Ini berarti sumur memiliki produktifitas tinggi. Debit optimum (Qopt) = 0,00782 m3/s = 28,152 m3/jam. Drowdown optimum (Swopt) = 2,17 m. Nampak bahwa adanya keterbatasan kuantitas cadangan air. Uji sumur dengan debit konstan (0,00328 m3/s) telah dilakukan selama 7,5 jam ini berarti air sumur telah diambil 88,56 m3, tetapi sumur hanya mengalami penurunan permukaan air sebesar 22,2 cm secara konstan.
Quantitative measurement of spatial coherence of electron beams emitted from a thermionic electron gun
Authors: Hatanaka Shuhei , Yamasaki Jun
Published: November 2021

In this study, quantitative measurement of the spatial coherence of electron beams emitted from a thermionic-emission gun was achieved for the first time, to our knowledge. For the measurement, Airy patterns were formed using a specially fabricated aperture with an effective diameter of approximately 10 nm at the specimen plane in a 200 kV transmission electron microscope. Subsequently, from the fitting analysis of the Airy patterns recorded with beam diameters ranging from 2.0 to

6.9

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, spatial coherence lengths from 7 to 19 nm were successfully measured in proportion to the beam diameters. In addition, considering time evolution of the total beam current measured at the specimen plane, the relation between the on-axis current density and the coherence length is shown, where the former is inversely proportional to the square of the latter. Compared with the result using a Schottky-type field emission gun measured in a previous study, the spatial coherence length in the

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thermionic-emission gun transmission electron microscope is one to two orders of magnitude shorter when a similar beam intensity is formed at the specimen plane.
Control of a quantum ghost image by spatial pumping phase modulation
Authors: Balakin Dmitriy A. , Belinsky Alexander V.
Published: November 2021

We analyze the influence of diffraction caused by finite width of the pumping in quantum ghost imaging on the spatial resolution of produced ghost images. Following the necessary formal relations, we propose an algorithm for modeling and perform computer modeling. New variants of ghost imaging setups with spatial modulation of pumping phase are proposed. Their advantages are shown, and estimates of imaging resolution are provided.
Instantaneous response and suppression of SBS process in a short fiber system with binary sequence phase modulation
Authors: Liu Meizhong , Li Binglin , Yang Yifeng , Shen Hui , Gao Heng , Chen Nanyu , Wang Hanbin , He Bing
Published: November 2021

We study the instantaneous response of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a fiber system phase modulated by a binary sequence waveform. The buildup time constant of SBS kinetics is investigated analytically and experimentally. A series of binary sequences with adjustable dwell time and sequence period is constructed in order to examine both buildup and suppressing processes for SBS in 15 m short fiber. For a fiber system with SBS buildup time constant within several nanoseconds, the Stokes intensity can be effectively suppressed by implementing a binary sequence phase modulation with a dwell time close to or even less than the buildup time constant. Stokes intensity can be suppressed in several sequence periods, which exhibit a damped-oscillation-like trend.
Experimental observation of chaotic Brillouin dynamic grating
Authors: Zhu Yicheng , Wu Xingliang , Wang Kangbo , Shuai Wenlan , Zhang Jianzhong , Qiao Lijun , Wang Tao , Gao Shaohua , Zhang Mingjiang
Published: November 2021

We experimentally observe the local Brillouin dynamic grating (BDG) based on a chaotic laser in a polarization-maintaining fiber for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The grating length of the chaotic BDG can be adjusted by changing the optical spectral width of the chaotic laser. The characteristics of the reflection spectrum versus the grating length are further analyzed, which agrees with the theory of fiber Bragg grating. Temperature distributed measurements based on the chaotic BDG have been demonstrated with a spatial resolution of an order of centimeter.