bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: Cone Cynthia Abbott , House Kendall V. , Schak David C.
Published: December 2004

Practicing Community: Class, Culture, and Power in an Urban Neighborhood. Rhoda H. Halperin. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998.

Two Sides to Everything: The Cultural Construction of Class Consciousness in Harlan County, Kentucky. Shuanna L. Scott. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.

Japanese Workers in Protest: An Ethnography of Consciousness and Experience, Christena L. Turner. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
Coming of Working Age Today: Differences in Risks and Opportunities
Authors: Zimmer Richard
Published: December 2004

Young People and Social Change: Individualization and Risk in Late Modernity. Andy Furlong and Fred Cartmel. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press, 1997.
Herb Applebaum: An Appreciation
Authors: Weil Jim
Published: December 2004

Construction Workers, U.S.A. Herbert A. Applebaum. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.
Working Poor: Farmworkers in the United States
Authors: McDonald James H.
Published: December 2004

Working Poor: Farmworkers in the United States. David Griffith and Ed Kissam, with Jeronimo Camposeco, Anna Garcia, Max Pfeffer, David Runsten, and Manuel Valdes Pizzini. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. $59.95 hardcover, $19.95 paperback.
Hog Wars: The Corporate Grab for Control of the Hog Industry and How Citizens Are Fighting Back
Authors: Cantrell Patty , Perry Rhonda , Sturtz Paul
Published: December 2004

The following is a Missouri Rural Crisis Center report on their recent challenge to corporate hog farming in Missouri. The Missouri Rural Crisis Center is a nonprofit organization founded in 1985 by a group of family farmers and rural activists.

1985 was a time of economic crisis for many farmers across Missouri and the nation. As the state with the second‐highest number of family farms, Missouri was also one of the states hit hardest by the rural crisis. Between 1981 and 1985, farm bankruptcies increased by 300 percent. Rocked by economic crisis that left no community in the state untouched, many Missourians questioned their country's policies in ways they never had before. Farmers and rural people sought to regain control over their future by protesting on the courthouse steps, filing class action lawsuits, organizing tractorcades, coordinating soup lines in cities, and in many other ways.

In that climate, a group of farm and rural activists launched the Missouri Rural Crisis Center (MRCC) in October 1985, as an affiliate of the North American Farm Alliance. The organization became a separate not‐for‐profit corporation in 1987. Using paralegal and financial counseling, supported by community organizing, MRCC has helped to successfully restructure debt, assets, and farm plans for hundreds of farms in Missouri and other states. MRCC has also assisted dozens of limited‐resource, minority, new, and re‐starting farm families to begin new farms. The economic impact of these efforts on rural communities has been tremendous. A per farm average of $100,000 in clear equity has been gained in the restructuring cases worked by MRCC. In the majority of cases, these assets would otherwise have been transferred from small to medium‐sized farm businesses to absentee landlords. These are dollars that are multiplied many times when farmers stay on their land and spend their incomes in local communities. Below, staff from MRCC report on their recent struggle in Missouri against corporate hog producers.
Agricultural Policy Reform in the United States
Authors: Snell Darryn
Published: December 2004

Agricultural Policy Reform in the United States. Daniel A. Sumner. ed. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press, 1995. $39.95 Hardcover, $19.95 Paperback.
The Politics of Water: Urban Protest, Gender, and Power in Monterrey, Mexico
Authors: McCay Bonnie J.
Published: December 2004

The Politics of Water: Urban Protest, Gender, and Power in Monterrey, Mexico. Vivienne Bennett. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995. $49.95 hardcover, $19.95 paperback.
Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries
Authors: Bonnekessen Barbara
Published: December 2004

Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries Lawrence Haddad. John Hoddinott. and Harold Alderman. eds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Folk Management in the World's Fisheries: Lessons for Modern Fisheries Management
Authors: McGuire Thomas R.
Published: December 2004

Folk Management in the World's Fisheries: Lessons for Modern Fisheries Management Christopher L. Dyer and James R. McGoodwin. eds. Niwot: University Press of Colorado, 1994.
Agricultural Biotechnology and the Environment: Science, Policy, and Social Issues
Authors: Lawrence Geoff
Published: December 2004

Agricultural Biotechnology and the Environment: Science, Policy, and Social Issues Sheldon Krimsky and Roger Wrubel. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996.
Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis
Authors: Chance Professor, John K.
Published: December 2004

Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis Eric R. Wolf. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky's Burley Belt
Authors: Arcury Thomas A.
Published: December 2004

Tobacco Culture: Farming Kentucky's Bur ley Belt. John van Willigen and Susan C. Eastwood. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
Political Ecology, Mountain Agriculture and Knowledge in Honduras
Authors: Loker William M.
Published: December 2004

Political Ecology, Mountain Agriculture and Knowledge in Honduras. Kees Jansen. Amsterdam: Thela Publishers, 1998.
The Political Ecology of Bananas: Contract Farming, Peasants and Agrarian Change in the Eastern Caribbean
Authors: Andreatta Susan L.
Published: December 2004

The Political Ecology of Bananas: Contract Farming, Peasants and Agrarian Change in the Eastern Caribbean. Lawrence S. Grossman. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
The Meat Business:Devouring a Hungry Planet
Authors: Kozak David L.
Published: December 2004

The Meat Business: Devouring. Hungry Planet. Geoff Tansey and Joyce D'Silva. eds. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
The Coca Boom and Rural Social Change in Bolivia
Authors: Steinberg Michael K.
Published: December 2004

The Coca Boom and Rural Social Change in Bolivia. Harry Sanabria. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993.
The Children of Conquest in the New Age: Ethnicity and Change Among the Highland Maya
Authors: Odell Mary E.
Published: December 2004

This article will examine ethnic relations in the countryside as a cause of rural/urban migration among the Maya Indians of western Guatemala and will question the inevitability of such migration by looking at a contrasting course of development among the Maya of southern Mexico. Comparison of Zinacantan in Mexico and Aguacatán in Guatemala suggests that rural development may be an alternative to migration to cities, but only if such development breaks the political and economic domination of non‐Indians in rural communities.
The Academic Community and the Image of Limited Good
Authors: Fitchen Janet M.
Published: December 2004

Anthropological analysis of the contemporary U.S.A. should move beyond describing observed behavior to probing underlying cultural assumptions. But it is particularly difficult for anthropologists enculturated within the U.S. to confront their own cultural premises and blindspots. One useful strategy is to analyze American behavioral data in terms of models developed by anthropologists for describing other cultures. This article takes an irreverent look at academe, using George M. Foster's model of peasant society. Participant‐observation on campuses shows that the Image of Limited Good, which Foster found in peasant communities, seems also to underlie and explain everyday behavior in the academic
Pearls or People: A Biometric Analysis of Interregional Exchange During Hopewell Times
Authors: Reichs Kathleen J.
Published: December 2004

The pattern of Hopewell site distribution throughout the midwest has given rise to several models of interaction during Middle Woodland times. Primary among these is the idea of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere (HIS), involving the movement of material items and ideological concepts but not groups of people. An analysis of biological distance between skeletal populations drawn from Ohio and Illinois Hopewell mortuary sites was done in order to test this interpretation. The pattern of biosocial interaction resulting from comparison of inherited osteological traits, both metric and non‐metric, supports such a model. The degree of heterogeneity between the two areas of Hopewell expression suggests little exchange was occurring on a biological level. The HIS as an interregional trade network composed of locally adapted, indigenous cultural groups appears to have reality in both the biological and material aspects of its archeological remains.
Midwesterners' Perceptions of and Attitudes towards Pets
Authors: Perez Berta E.
Published: December 2004

This research, conducted in the Twin Cities region of Minneapolis/St. Paul, addresses “Americans” relationships with animals in terms of the tendency to “humanize” animals, and thus turn them into pets. Based upon interviews done among 10 families and questionnaires distributed to 8 pet‐related facilities, this study shows that human/animal relations are not that simple. That is, pets are not only viewed as “members of a family,” but the making and keeping of pets involve a process of “petification.” This process of petification (to “confine” or to “domesticate” and “diminish” in the sense of “making small” other humans, animals andlor nature) results in ambiguous figures and central elements in the understanding of many binary oppositions. Pets satisfy singular cultural needs reflecting an array of perceptions and attitudes in human/animal relations: an array which encompasses the difference between “expressive” and “instrumental” utilitarian animals, and the difference between “emotional appendage” and “agreement.” Within this array, reciprocal communication (verbal and non‐verbal) between humans and animals is a very important element expressing ideas, such as individuality and power, as well as opposite binary concepts such as culture/nature, human/animal, tame/wild, indoor/outdoor, clean/dirty, close/distant, good/bad and life/death.
1930s Animals as Hard Times Heroes in American Children's Books
Authors: Williams Brett
Published: December 2004

In the 1930s, picture books offered children animal heroes who expressed many of the concerns and contradictions of the adult world. Scrupulously realistic, inhabiting a full range from wild to tame, these animals suffered fragile social ties and many failed adventures. Alternative heroic pathways emerged for animals toward the decade's end, but they met fierce competition from animalized steam machines, Disney's animated creatures, and the Superheroes born on radio. This article explores the adult world of children's book production, the threats posed by new media for children, and the ways in which the decade's confusing social forces crept into texts and illustrations as animal metaphors.
Theoretical Perspectives for Explaining Infant Mortality in the Third World
Authors: Kidanemariam Ande , Gallagher Eugene B.
Published: December 2004

Infant mortality in Third World countries is still a major health problem; overall, there has been progress over the past three decade, but it is unevenly distributed. Some Third World countries have achieved significant declines in infant mortality, while others have not. The expectation – rising from the historical experience of industrialized countries – that infant mortality will decline concurrently with the process of economic development has not, in general, been borne out. This paper applies a “political economy of health” perspective to infant mortality and seeks to account for discrepancies between economic progress and progress against infant mortality. It traces out a four‐fold comparison – between countries with high/low economic development and countries with high/low infant mortality – for testing hypotheses in the political economy of health.
Museums on Display: Balancing Appropriateness, Authenticity, Anthropology and Art
Authors: Bakewell Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2004

Thinking About Things, Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology, Brown University, Bristol, RI. Curated by Mark Wilson Baer. Joe Basile. Beth Carroll. Susan Esons. Rob Fitts. Chad Gifford, William Griffin, Shepard Krech III. Mary Malloy. Anne McClard. Ann McMullen. Paul Msemwa. Melissa Rinne. Rochelle Rosen. Through December 1990.
Arctic Travels and Collections of the Yellow Earl
Authors: Myers Thomas P.
Published: December 2004

Shepard Krech III. 1989. Victorian Earl in the Arctic: The Travels and Collections of the Fifth Earl of Lonsdale, 1888‐1889. 216 pp.,. color plates, 150 b&w illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 0‐ 295‐96882‐6. $35.00 (hard cover). University of Washington Press, P.O. Box 50096, Seattle, Washington 98145.
Heafitz Hall of the North American Indian: Change and Continuity
Authors: Jacknis Ira
Published: December 2004

Heafitz Hall of the North American Indian: Change and Continuity, at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Permanent installation, opened April 5, 1990.
The Love of Art: European Art Museums and their Public
Authors: MacGaffey Wyatt
Published: December 2004

Pierre Bourdieu and Alain Darbel The Love of Art: European Art Museums and their Public. With Dominique Schnapper. Translated by Caroline Beattie and Nick Merriman. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990 (first published in French 1969). Figures, appendices, bibliography, index. $29.50 (hardcover).
Native American Art: The Collections of the Ethnological Museum Berlin/Sun Dogs and Eagle Down: The Indian Paintings of Bill Holm
Authors: Jackins Ira
Published: December 2004

Native American Art: The Collections of the Ethnological Museum Berlin, Peter Bolz and Hans‐Ulrich Sanner Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999.240 pp. 162 color and 65 black and white photos, bibliography, index. $40.00 (paper).

Sun Dogs and Eagle Down: The Indian Paintings of Bill Holm, Steven C. Brown and Lloyd J. Averill Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000.x. 198 pp. 76 color photos, notes, bibliography. $35.00 (cloth).
Return Migrations of African‐Americans to the South: Reclaiming a Land of Promise, Going Home, or Both?*
Authors: Falk William W. , Hunt Larry L. , Hunt Matthew O.
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Using samples of census data from the University of Minnesota Population Center's “Integrated Public Use Microdata Series” (IPUMS), we describe trends in African‐American migration to the South across recent decades, and explore the applicability of the concept of “return migration” to various demographic patterns. Our findings suggest that the return movement contains multiple migration streams involving African‐Americans of higher socio‐economic status (compared with both origin and destination populations) moving to both urban and rural destinations. These patterns represent clear differences from the earlier 20th century's “Great Migration” of African‐Americans from South to North. The recent return migration streams suggest that the South may be replacing the North as a “land of promise” for some upwardly mobile African‐Americans, and may also reflect what Carol Stack (1996) has termed a “call to home” as a motivating factor shaping recent African‐American migration to the rural South.
Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber and Other Natural Polyisoprenoids
Authors: Ohya Norimasa , Koyama Tanetoshi
Published: December 2004

Introduction

Occurrence of Polyisoprene

Chemical Properties of Rubber

The Latex Vessel System

Composition of Latex

Molecular Weight of Rubber

Historical Outline

Rubber Precursors

Rubber Formation on Rubber Particles

Stereochemistry of Rubber Biosynthesis

Initiator of Rubber Synthesis

Biosynthesis Pathway inHevea brasiliensis

Formation of IPP

Initiation of Rubber Molecules

Chain‐Elongation of Rubber

13C‐NMR Study of Rubber Molecules

Enzymes inHevea brasiliensis

Enzymes for the Formation of Mevalonic Acid

Enzymes for the Formation of IPP

Rubber Transferase

Genetic Basis

Rubber Biosynthesis‐Related Proteins

Defense‐Related Proteins

Latex Allergens

Other Enzymes inHevea

Rubber Biosynthesis Pathways and Genes in Guayule and other Organisms

Guayule Rubber Biosynthesis

Rubber Synthesis in Indian Rubber Tree

Rubber Synthesis in Fungi

Production in Transgenic Plants and Recombinant Microorganisms

Outlook and Perspectives

Relevant Patents

Stimulation of Rubber Yield and Rubber‐Producing Plants

Rubber Biosynthetic Genes and their Transformation

Synthetic Use of Enzymes fromH. brasiliensis

Enzymes fromHeveaand their DNA Sequences

Acknowledgements
Fibrous Proteins from Recombinant Microorganisms
Authors: Fahnestock Stephen R.
Published: December 2004

Introduction

Sequence‐Defined Polymers

Microbial Production

Historical Outline

Expression of Natural Silk Genes in Microbes

Design of Synthetic Genes

Silk‐Like Proteins

Summary of Strategy

Commercial Applications

Spider Silk Analog Proteins

Major Dragline Protein Gene Construction

Gene Expression inE. coli

Second Dragline Protein

Stability of Synthetic Genes inE. coli

Truncated Protein Synthesis

Dragline Silk Protein in Yeast

Protein Secretion

Properties of DP‐1B and DP‐2A Proteins

Other Spider Silk Analogs

Other Designed Protein Polymers

A Designed Self‐Assembling Fibrillar Protein

Elastin‐Like Proteins

Collagen Analogs

Cost of Production

Patents

Future Prospects
Cognitive effort during note taking
Authors: Piolat Annie , Olive Thierry , Kellogg Ronald T.
Published: December 2004

Note taking is a complex activity that requires comprehension and selection of information and written production processes. Here we review the functions, abbreviation procedures, strategies, and working memory constraints of note taking with the aim of improving theoretical and practical understanding of the activity. The time urgency of selecting key points and recording them while comprehending new information at the same time places significant demands on the central executive and other components of working memory. Dual‐ and triple‐task procedures allow the measurement of the momentary cognitive effort or executive attention allocated to note taking. Comparative data show that note taking demands more effort than reading or learning. However, it requires less effort than the creative written composition of an original text. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential fracture work of nylon 6‐silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Qiao Y. , Avlar S. , Chakravarthula S. S.
Published: December 2004

In a fracture experiment of polymers, the total fracture work usually consists of an essential part associated with the plastic deformation at the crack tip and a nonessential part related to the viscous relaxation in the background. In this article, the essential fracture work in nylon 6‐silicate nanocomposites is measured through a series of double‐notched‐sample (DNS) tests. The samples are of different silicate contents and crystallization conditions. As the cooling rate rises, the essential work is nearly constant while the total fracture work increases considerably, which should be attributed to the change in effective viscosity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 815–819, 2005
Reversible assembly of helical filaments by de novo designed minimalist peptides
Authors: Frost David W. H. , Yip Christopher M. , Chakrabartty Avijit
Published: December 2004

We have designed a series of 15 short, helical de novo peptides consisting of lysine, isoleucine, and alanine. We have termed this the KIA series. These peptides differ only in their hydrophobic interface, and thus their self‐association is largely a consequence of hydrophobic interactions. One of these peptides, KIA13, forms insoluble helical fibers at specific NaCl concentrations. We have used CD spectroscopy, turbidity assays, and in situ tapping mode atomic force microscopy to characterize the reversible assembly pathway for this peptide. It is unfolded at low NaCl concentration, and forms helical, soluble fibers resembling a coiled‐coil conformation at intermediate NaCl concentrations, and rope‐like insoluble fibers at high NaCl concentrations. Reducing the NaCl concentration completely reverses this process. Another peptide from the KIA series specifically inhibits the formation of the insoluble KIA13 fibers, and reverses the process to some extent. This work sheds light onto protein fibrillogenesis and offers intriguing possibilities for the use of these types of peptides in drug delivery and biomaterials applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
A General Method for the Synthesis of Nanostructured Large‐Surface‐Area Materials through the Self‐Assembly of Functionalized Nanoparticles
Authors: Chane‐Ching Jean‐Yves , Cobo Frederic , Aubert Daniel , Harvey Howard G. , Airiau Marc , Corma Avelino
Published: December 2004

A general synthetic method for the preparation of nanostructured materials with large surface area was developed by using nanoparticle building blocks. The preparation route involves the self‐assembly of functionalized nanoparticles in a liquid‐crystal phase. These nanoparticles are functionalized by using difunctional amino acid species to provide suitable interactions with the template. Optimum interactions for self‐assembly of the nanoparticles in the liquid‐crystal phase were achieved with one ‐NH2 group anchored to the nanoparticle surface per 25 Å2. To maximize the surface area of these materials, the wall thicknesses are adjusted so that they are composed of a monolayer of nanoparticles. To form such materials, numerous parameters have to be controlled such as the relative volume fraction of the nanoparticles and the template and size matching between the hydrophilic component of the copolymer and nanoparticles. The surface functionalization renders our synthetic route independent of the nanoparticles and allows us to prepare a variety of nanostructured composite materials that consist of a juxtaposition of different discrete oxide nanoparticles. Examples of such materials include CeO2, ZrO2, and CeO2–Al(OH)3 composites.
On the use and abuse of X in the TNM classification
Authors: Greene Frederick L. , Brierley James , O'Sullivan Brian , Sobin Leslie H. , Wittekind Christian
Published: December 2004

One frequent area of uncertainty in assigning proper staging categories is the use of the “X” suffix when assigned to the tumor (T), lymph node (N), or metastasis (M) categories of the TNM classification system. When X is used, patients ordinarily cannot be assigned a stage, e.g., Stage III. The objective of this communication was to clarify the use of X.
Ultrastructural evidence for a role of γ‐aminobutyric acid in mediating the effects of corticotropin‐releasing factor on the rat dorsal raphe serotonin system
Authors: Waselus Maria , Valentino Rita J. , Van Bockstaele Elisabeth J.
Published: December 2004

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5‐HT) system has been implicated in acute responses to stress and in stress‐related psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Substantial findings suggest that the neuropeptide corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) is instrumental in modulating the activity of this system during stress. Because the DRN is neurochemically heterogeneous, dual immunoelectron microscopy was used to examine cellular substrates for interactions between CRF and either 5‐HT or γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the dorsolateral and ventromedial DRN. CRF immunoreactivity was identified primarily within axon terminals, where immunolabeling was particularly enriched in dense‐core vesicles. Although CRF terminals targeted 5‐HT‐containing dendrites in the dorsolateral DRN (16%; n = 251 terminals), synaptic contacts with dendrites that lacked detectable 5‐HT immunolabeling were more numerous (48%). In contrast, dual labeling for CRF and GABA (n = 240 terminals) in the dorsolateral DRN revealed that substantially more CRF terminals contacted GABA dendrites (42%) as opposed to unlabeled dendrites (29%). In the ventromedial DRN, contacts between CRF axon terminals and either 5‐HT‐labeled dendrites or GABA‐containing dendrites were fewer than in the dorsolateral DRN. As in the dorsolateral DRN, CRF terminals more frequently contacted GABA dendrites than 5‐HT dendrites (30% vs. 8%, respectively). The findings support physiological studies suggesting that CRF has both direct and indirect effects on DRN‐5‐HT neurons and further implicate GABA as a primary mediator by which CRF and stressors alter the activity of the DRN‐5‐HT system. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:155–165, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of Zif268 and c‐Fos in the primary visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus of normal Cebus monkeys and after monocular lesions
Authors: Soares Juliana G.M. , Pereira Ana C.C.N. , Botelho Eliã P. , Pereira Sandra S. , Fiorani Mario , Gattass Ricardo
Published: December 2004

The transcription factors c‐Fos and Zif268 have been used as markers of neuronal activity, and they also have been implicated in neuronal plasticity. In this study, we investigated the expression of c‐Fos and Zif268 proteins in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and in the cortical primary visual area (V1) of normal adult Cebus apella monkeys and in animals with monocular lesions. In the LGN, the reaction for c‐Fos showed immunopositive cells in both magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) layers; however, the label was heavier in P layers. In animals that suffered monocular lesions, the immunocytochemistry for c‐Fos showed more labeling in layers related to the normal eye compared with those of the lesioned eye. No specific label was observed after the reaction for Zif268 in the LGN. In V1, the reaction for both Zif268 and c‐Fos showed a pattern of lamination in which heavier labeling was found in layers 2/3, 4A, 4C, and 6. After monocular lesions, we observed a clear pattern of ocular dominance columns in V1 for both c‐Fos and Zif268, in which the columns related to the normal eye are more heavily labeled than those related to the lesioned eye. This pattern is more evident in layer 4C after c‐Fos reaction, whereas, after Zif268, it is more clearly observed in layers 2/3. These results suggest that, in addition to be regulated by functional activity, these transcription factors are involved in different processes during cortical reorganization. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:166–175, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐scale maintenance of dual projections by callosal and frontal cortical projection neurons in adult mice
Authors: Mitchell Bartley D. , Macklis Jeffrey D.
Published: December 2004

Integration of sensory‐motor information in premotor cortex of rodents occurs largely through callosal and frontal cortical association projections directed in a hierarchically organized manner. Although most anatomical studies in rodents have been performed in rats, mammalian genetic models have focused on mice, because of their successful manipulation on the genetic and cell biological levels. It is therefore important to establish the normal patterns of anatomical connectivity in mice, which potentially differ from those in rats. The goal of this study is to investigate the anatomical development of callosal and frontal premotor projection neurons (CPN and FPN, respectively) in mouse sensory‐motor and premotor cortex and to investigate quantitatively the potential laminar differences between these neurons with simultaneous callosal and frontal projections during development. The retrograde tracers Fluoro‐Gold and DiI were injected into sensory‐motor and premotor cortices, respectively, C57Bl/6 mice at different developmental times (P2, P8, P21, adult). We found that, in contrast to the case in primate and cat, there is widespread overlap in populations of long‐distance projection neurons in mice; many projection neurons have simultaneous projections to both contralateral somatosensory cortex and ipsilateral frontal cortex, and a considerable number of these dual projections persist into adulthood. In addition, there are significant laminar differences in the percentage of neurons with simultaneous callosal and frontal projections, and an isolated population of layer V FPN has bilateral projections to both premotor cortical hemispheres. Taken together, our results indicate that a large proportion of individual projection neurons maintains simultaneous callosal and frontal projections in adult mice, suggesting that these dual projections might serve the critical function of integrating motor coordination information with multimodal association areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:17–32, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the neuronal calcium sensor protein NCS‐1 in the developing mouse olfactory pathway
Authors: Treloar Helen B. , Uboha Ulyana , Jeromin Andreas , Greer Charles A.
Published: December 2004

Neuron specific calcium sensor 1 (NCS‐1) is widely expressed in the developing and adult nervous system. Like calmodulin, NCS‐1 is a member of a family of calcium binding proteins that contain EF‐hand motifs, which bind calcium and induce conformational changes in the protein. Their binding varies with calcium concentration, allowing them to act as true calcium sensors rather than just calcium binding proteins. This family of proteins has been implicated in important synaptic events including neurotransmitter release and synapse formation. We examined the expression of NCS‐1 in the developing and mature olfactory system to determine whether this molecule may be playing a role in establishing and/or maintaining olfactory circuitry. During development, expression of NCS‐1 in the olfactory epithelium was localized in the dendritic knobs and axons of olfactory sensory neurons. Axonal expression was down‐regulated after synapse formation. In the developing olfactory bulb, NCS‐1 was expressed in the processes of mitral/tufted and granule cells. However, in the adult olfactory bulb, strongest expression was found in a subset of periglomerular cells (PGCs). This subset of PGCs did not express other known markers of PGCs including tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, calbindin, or calretinin, and only partially overlapped with the subpopulation of PGCs that express parvalbumin. Together, these data suggest multiple and overlapping roles of NCS‐1 in the developing and mature olfactory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:201–216, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐precision gene expression analysis of immunosuppressive agents in human whole blood
Authors: Tryon Victor V. , Cheronis John C. , Trollinger David B. , Bankaitis‐Davis Danute , Storm Kathleen , Zuzack John S. , Zhan Min , Macejak Dennis G. , Bevilacqua Michael P.
Published: December 2004

Analysis of gene expression is emerging as a valuable tool in drug discovery. Using a gene expression system involving high‐precision quantitative PCR, two robust in vitro models of inflammation in human whole blood were examined. In the first model, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) addition to whole blood resulted in profound changes in the expression of multiple inflammation‐related genes, ranging from increases of 1.5‐fold to several 1,000‐fold. In the second model, stimulation by interleukin 2 plus toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (IL2+TSST1) resulted in a distinct pattern of expression consistent with increased contributions from T‐lymphocyte activation. Both stimuli resulted in unique, but consistent patterns of gene expression across individual blood donors. In addition, experiments using the immunosuppressive drugs, dexamethasone and cyclosporin A, demonstrated that the distinct mechanisms of different immunosuppresants can be characterized at the molecular level in human whole blood using specific pathway markers. Thus, dexamethasone inhibited induction of gene expression at a number of loci in both models of the inflammatory response, while Cyclosporin A had minimal effects in the LPS model but had profound effects in the IL2+TSST1 model. These findings validate the use of high‐precision gene expression analysis (HPGEA) directly from human whole blood, coupled with well‐defined stimulation parameters, for characterizing, monitoring, and predicting the effects of novel therapeutic agents in pre‐clinical studies. Drug Dev. Res. 63:8–21, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced skin permeation of rofecoxib using topical microemulsion gel
Authors: Desai Kashappa Goud H.
Published: December 2004

Microemulsion gels containing rofecoxib and rofecoxib solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 were prepared for the study of rapid percutaneous absorption. The solubility of rofecoxib in oil phase of microemulsion, e.g., isopropyl myristate, was increased by the addition of dimethyl formamide and ethanol. Topical microemulsion gels (MEGs) were prepared by using neat rofecoxib as well as its solid dispersion to compare the efficacy of individual MEG with conventional gel (CG). MEGs showed better spreadability than CG and also showed increased globular size with increasing concentration of the oil phase. The release of rofecoxib through dialysis membrane and excised rat abdominal skin was affected by the size of the oil globule in MEGs. Rofecoxib release was higher for MEGs when compared to CG. MEGs containing rofecoxib‐PEG 4000 solid dispersion exhibited higher cumulative drug permeation when compared to MEG containing neat rofecoxib. MEGs containing rofecoxib‐PEG 4000 solid dispersion exhibited faster antiinflammatory activity than CG. Drug Dev. Res. 63:33–40, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Source of the endo Rule in the Diels−Alder Reaction: Are Secondary Orbital Interactions Really Necessary?
Authors: García José Ignacio , Mayoral José Antonio , Salvatella Luis
Published: December 2004

The endo preference in Diels−Alder reactions is usually attributed to the occurrence of attractive Secondary Orbital Interactions (SOI), whereas other interaction mechanisms (primary interactions, closed‐shell repulsions, electrostatics) are assumed to be identical for both endo and exo approaches. However, analysis of the parallel approximation between s‐trans butadiene and fumaronitrile shows that SOI is overcome by closed‐shell repulsions. Furthermore, the study of several reactions (cyclopentadiene + maleic anhydride, cyclobutadiene + cyclobutenedione, cyclobutadiene + norbornadiene) indicates the absence of a net attraction for the atom pairs involved in SOI. As a conclusion, the endo preference is not due to the occurrence of an attractive interaction between the atom pairs involved in SOI and so this concept is unnecessary. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Honing Up a Genre of Amphiphilic Bistable [2]Rotaxanes for Device Settings
Authors: Jeppesen Jan O. , Nygaard Sune , Vignon Scott A. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: December 2004

In response to molecular electroactive device requirements, a molecular shuttle in the shape of an amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane has been designed, synthesized, and characterized. It contains a hydrophobic, tetraarylmethane and a hydrophilic, dendritic stopper and two π‐electron‐rich stations—a (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit and a 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene moiety — on the rod section of its dumbbell component, which can act as recognition sites for the tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene), to reside around. In contrast to a previously reported “slow” amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane, which has an SMe group attached directly to the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit, this “new and improved” bistable [2]rotaxane has a much less bulky hydrogen atom attached to the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit. This seemingly small difference in the substituents on the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit leads to profound changes when comparing the physical properties of the two bistable [2]rotaxanes. Two hydrophilic semidumbbell compounds, comprising only a (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit, and one hydrophobic semidumbbell compound comprising only a 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene moiety on its rod section have also been prepared and used to form their corresponding cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) complexes. The kinetics of the complexation/decomplexation process occurring in these complexes have been investigated, using both absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopy. In addition, these model complexes have been used to investigate the strength of the noncovalent bonding interactions occurring between the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) ring component and the semidumbbell component at different temperatures, allowing the free energies, enthalpies, and entropies for the formation of these complexes to be determined. The outcome of these investigations can be used to explain the fact that the “slow” [2]rotaxane exists as a 1:1 mixture of its two possible translational isomers, whereas the “new and improved” [2]rotaxane exists as a 4:1 mixture in favor of the translational isomer where the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) tetracation encircles the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit, and also to explain the thermochromic behavior of the “new and improved” [2]rotaxane. In this amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane, shuttling of the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) tetracation can be driven by both chemical and electrochemical oxidation of the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit rendering it a good candidate for incorporation into two‐terminal molecular switch tunnel junctions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Multicomponent Reaction of Aldehydes, Anhydrides, and Dienophiles: Synthesis of “Butterfly”‐Like Diazatetradecenes
Authors: Strübing Dirk , von Wangelin Axel Jacobi , Neumann Helfried , Gördes Dirk , Hübner Sandra , Klaus Stefan , Spannenberg Anke , Beller Matthias
Published: December 2004

An operationally simple one‐pot synthesis of functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐2‐ene derivatives has been developed using a novel multicomponent coupling of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, carboxylic acid anhydrides, and dienophiles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Short‐term intertidal bar mobility on a ridge‐and‐runnel beach, Merlimont, northern France
Authors: Anthony E. J. , Levoy F. , Monfort D. , Degryse‐Kulkarni C.
Published: December 2004

Digital elevation models and topographic proﬁles of a beach with intertidal bar and trough (ridge‐and‐runnel) morphology in Merlimont, northern France, were analysed in order to assess patterns of cross‐shore and longshore intertidal bar mobility. The beach exhibited a pronounced dual bar–trough system that showed cross‐shore stationarity. The bars and troughs were, however, characterized by signiﬁcant longshore advection of sand under the inﬂuence of suspension by waves and transport by strong tide‐ and wind‐driven longshore currents. Proﬁle changes were due in part to the longshore migration of medium‐sized bedforms. The potential for cross‐shore bar migration appears to be mitigated by the large size of the two bars relative to incident wave energy, which is modulated by high vertical tidal excursion rates on this beach due to the large tidal range (mean spring tidal range = 8·3 m). Cross‐shore bar migration is also probably hindered by the well‐entrenched troughs which are maintained by channelled high‐energy intertidal ﬂows generated by swash bores and by tidal discharge and drainage. The longshore migration of intertidal bars affecting Merlimont beach is embedded in a regional coastal sand transport pathway involving tidal and wind‐forced northward residual ﬂows affecting the rectilinear northern French coast in the eastern English Channel. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Truth, Dignity and Reconciliation
Authors: Wüstenberg Ralf K.
Published: December 2004

What are the conditions associated with political reconciliation? A theological study shows that working through the past between victims and perpetrators always requires a conscious effort to overcome guilt
Computers and Operation Cranium
Authors: Eufinger Harald , Weihe Stephan , Wehmöller Michael
Published: December 2004

Titanium implants are inserted with high precision to close gaps in the cranium. The procedure can be assisted by computer‐aided methods and robots that are developed in close collaboration between medical surgeons and engineers
A Listening Post to the Universe
Authors: Aufmuth Peter
Published: December 2004

Demonstrating the existence of gravitational waves has recently become possible. A newly developed, highly sensitive detector generates new information used to research black holes and the origins of the universe
Feasibility of aortic pulse pressure and pressure wave velocity MRI measurement in young adults
Authors: Laffon Eric , Marthan Roger , Montaudon Michel , Latrabe Valérie , Laurent François , Ducassou Dominique
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To investigate the feasibility of assessing, noninvasively, aortic pulse pressure (APP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the ascending aorta of young adults by means of velocity‐encoded magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.

Materials and Methods

In a series of 11 healthy volunteers, velocity‐encoded MR imaging provided pairs of magnitude and phase‐contrast images. Blood flow velocity and aortic cross‐sectional area (CSA) were determined with a 30‐msec temporal resolution. A model analysis revealed that variation in aortic CSA and in maximal blood flow velocity throughout systole could be used to estimate APP and, hence, to derive PWV by means of two different methods.

Results

Mean ± SD values of the APP for the series were 54.2 ± 16.4 mmHg (range 32.2–84.1 mmHg). The ascending aortic PWV mean ± SD values were 5.03 ± 1.10 m/second and 5.37 ± 1.23 m/second according to the two methods, and both estimates were not significantly different (95% confidence level).

Conclusion

These results are in agreement with previously published data, suggesting that APP and PWV can be determined, noninvasively, in young adults using MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:53–58. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A knowledge‐guided active contour method of segmentation of cerebella on MR images of pediatric patients with medulloblastoma
Authors: Shan Zu Y. , Ji Qing , Gajjar Amar , Reddick Wilburn E.
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To develop an automated method for identification of the cerebella on magnetic resonance (MR) images of patients with medulloblastoma.

Materials and Methods

The method used a template constructed from 10 patients' aligned MR head images, and the contour of this template was superimposed on the aligned data set of a given patient as the starting contour. The starting contour was then actively adjusted to locate the boundary of the cerebellum of the given patient. Morphologic operations were applied to the outlined volume to generate cerebellum images. The method was then applied to data sets of 20 other patients to generate cerebellum images and volumetric results.

Results

Comparison of the automatically generated cerebellum images with two sets of manually traced images showed a strong correlation between the automatically and manually generated volumetric results (correlation coefficient, 0.97). The average Jaccard similarities were 0.89 and 0.88 in comparison to each of two manually traced images, respectively. The same comparisons yielded average kappa indexes of 0.94 and 0.93, respectively.

Conclusion

The method was robust and accurate for cerebellum segmentation on MR images of patients with medulloblastoma. The method may be applied to investigations that require segmentation and quantitative measurement of MR images of the cerebellum. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:1–11. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved cardiac sodium MR imaging by density‐weighted phase‐encoding
Authors: Greiser Andreas , Haase Axel , von Kienlin Markus
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To show that density‐weighted (DW) k‐space sampling improves the quality of human cardiac sodium imaging, a novel method was implemented that combines the high signal‐to‐noise efficiency of three‐dimensional phase‐encoding with the advantageous localization performance of nonuniform sampling. A simulation demonstrates substantially reduced blood contamination in the myocardium.

Materials and Methods

At 2.0 T, DW cardiac “fast” sodium images with a voxel size of 844 μL in seven minutes and “high‐resolution” scans in 30 minutes with a voxel size of 570 μL were acquired. For comparison, conventional gradient‐echo imaging was also performed.

Results

In the DW images, a myocardial signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of 16.0 in the left ventricle and 8.5 in the septum (N = 4) was measured. With longer experimental duration (about 30 minutes; N = 3), the image quality and the SNR could be further improved (voxel size: 570 μL; SNR: blood 16.1, septum 10.6). Compared to the gradient‐echo images, the image quality was substantially improved.

Conclusion

This new method for human cardiac sodium imaging provides high image quality combined with optimal sensitivity and thus may improve the clinical applicability of 23Na cardiac MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:78–81. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping through NiTi stents in a flow phantom model
Authors: Walsh Edward G. , Holton Andrea D. , Brott Brigitta C. , Venugopalan Ramakrishna , Anayiotos Andreas S.
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To assess constant and pulsatile flow velocity within the lumen of a peripheral NiTi stent using phase velocity mapping for comparison with independent assessments of flow velocity in a phantom model.

Materials and Methods

A 9 × 20‐mm stent installed in flexible tubing was placed in a phantom filled with stationary fluid. Constant and pulsatile flow (produced by a pump programmed to produce a simulation of the carotid artery flow) was assessed using phase velocity mapping at 4.1 T (for constant flow) and at 1.5 T (for pulsatile flow). In all cases 256 × 256 gradient echo phase velocity maps were acquired. For the pulsatile flow condition, cine images with acquisition gated to the pump cycle were acquired with 40 msec temporal resolution across the simulated cardiac cycle. Computed flow volume rates were compared with fluid volume collection for the constant flow model, and with ultrasonic Doppler flow meter measurements for the pulsatile model.

Results

The data showed that volume flow rate assessments by phase velocity mapping agreed with independent measurements within 10% to 15%.

Conclusion

Phase velocity mapping of the lumen of peripheral size NiTi stents is possible in an in vitro model. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:59–65. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.