bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Social Behaviour of Higher Secondary Level Students
Authors: Shah Muhammad Anees-Ul-Husnain , Jan Anam , Shaheen Mudasra
Published: December 2024

The present study designed to compare relationship between emotional intelligence and social, behavior of higher secondary level students. In recent years the focus on improving Education has been increasing and main focus is to motivate young students towards serious study attitude. In the aforementioned study the descriptive research method was employed. Data was collected by conducting a survey using questionnaires as a tool. After data collection, the collected data was analyzed by using different types of tests. The population of this study was made up of 11th graders enrolled in Government HSSC in Dera Ghazi Khan Division. The standardized tool developed by BarOn (EQ-i) and the results of students in Part I Examination 2019 were used as data collection. The tool was modified as per environmental situation with the help of an expert panel. Due to this inventory’s validity and reliability many researchers have utilized it for decades. The social behavior inventory was the second tool and it was altered and customized by scholars in collaboration with the supervisor. It was meant to explore the social, behaviors of higher secondary level, undergraduates with family members, peers, and within the HSSC.  The result shows significant association between social behavior of a student with a classmate study content HSSC atmosphere and level of Emotional intelligence. The research found that EI was highly correlated with social behavior and not correlated with the academic success of pupils. The conclusions advise that importance should be given to the understanding of 11th standard students’ EI. Training should be given by experts to modify and organize the emotions of students to decrease the unexpected behavior in HSSC Education.
“How are you?” A Rhetorical Question in Plath’s The Bell Jar
Authors: Aamir Khadija , Binth e Zia Atifa , Akbar Anila
Published: December 2024

Asking the question, how are you, has been the tradition enrooted in each society, but the focus on the answer has never been the priority. How are you, is a rhetorical question, where the addresser’s credibility does not let the addressee answer it correctly. Sylvia Plath in her novel, The Bell Jar not only raises such questions but also shatters the stereotypical notions of perceived mental illness, and how it should be taken seriously. The paper aims to dismantle the misunderstood notions around the novel, The Bell Jar by analyzing the binary opposition of how are you and I am fine and intends to find the undercurrent meaning shrouded in its grey areas through Plath’s character, Esther. Esther’s personality is caged between the six specific domains of self-concept, and continuously felt placed in the position of “other” by society. Sylvia Plath is a modern writer who challenged the cycle of society through her only novel, The Bell Jar. Esther, the protagonist is constantly in the fight and is torn between the desire to rebel and to belong to the community at the same time. To understand this pretentious question in the novel The Bell Jar, we need to understand the power of persuasion through its three building blocks, logos, ethos, and pathos. Hence, to analyze this rhetorical question, the paper will also evaluate Esther’s dialogic relationships through Aristotle’s rhetoric theory and Lacan’s mirror stage narrowed within six domains of self-concept.
Public Relations: Promotion of Stakeholder Relations in Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology Ikere Ekiti, Nigeria
Authors: Adewale Ajayi Jerry
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: In order to promote stakeholder involvement, the study on public relations was carried out at the Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology Ikere Ekiti, Nigeria.
Methodology: The study used descriptive survey research design. All of the academic staff, non-academic staff, and management team at Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science, and Technology in Ikere, Ekiti State, Nigeria, comprised the study population. The researcher used multistage sampling method, including random sampling, quantitative sampling and proportional sampling, to select (N=900) respondents from academic staff members and administration personnel. In order to collect data for the study, two sets of instruments have been developed and used. They are a set of self-produced questionnaires called: Public Relations Services Questionnaire (PRSQ) and University Effectiveness Questionnaire (UEQ), Inferential statistical analysis, like Pearson Product Moment Correlation, has been used to analyse the gathered data.
Findings: The study found that a number of critical factors impacted the efficacy of Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, including reputation management, press releases, media relations, social media, speech writing, crisis management, research, and content development and management. The public relations department of university was the finest indicator of the institution's efficacy.
Conclusion: The study concluded that communication has played an important role in building understanding and goodwill among high authorities because of its substantial impact and usefulness for the audience. Moreover, it has been established that public relations play an important and important role in the public, and that the emergence of media organizations has enhanced the social value and cohesion of the institution.
Facebook Consumption and Academic Performance: An Empirical Study of Addictive Patterns and its Effects on Academic Performance of University Students
Authors: Naseem Muhammad Usman , Hussain Sajid
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Facebook has become the most popular social networking site with millions of young consumers and students worldwide. These young consumers use Facebook to satisfy their needs and gratifications. These young students are not only the regular and frequent consumers but they have been reported to have addictive patterns in their consumption of Facebook. This heavy consumption affects different aspects of their life, particularly their educational activities and academic performance. The current study aimed to explore the consumption patterns of Facebook among young university students of Pakistan.
Methodology: The theoretical model “Uses and gratifications” have been used to draw conclusions. The quantitative research methodology has been used as research design and data has been collected through purposive sampling technique for survey.
Findings: The findings showed that the heavy consumption of Facebook is leading towards the addiction which is eventually affecting lifestyle, behaviours and academic performance of youngsters. The proposed hypothesis has been supported that more the consumption of Facebook, lower the academic performance will be among university students with the p value of 0.00.
Conclusion: There is a dire need to take addictive patterns of Facebook consumption as a serious concern to regulate the intensity and frequency among students. The parents, teachers and students all need to realize the significance of ensuring health digital well-being. Serious efforts must be done to control the detrimental and harmful effects of Facebook addiction among university students.
Pakistani Weightlifters and Power Production: Role of Protein Chelated Iron (Iron Bisglycinate / Ferrochel)
Authors: Adnan Muhammad Abdul Jabar , Butt Muhammad Zafar Iqbal , Khan Alamgir
Published: December 2024

Aims of the Study: Iron is of utmost importance in the human body due to its essential functions. The objectives of the current research are to test the effect of Ferrochel on the change in the level of Blood hemoglobin level (g/dL) and the change in the best weightlifting capacity of a Professional level Weightlifter of Pakistan.  
Research Methodology: Experimental Research pattern was adopted for this research in which a pre-test post-test research design was used by segregating the total sample (n=40) into an experimental group (n=20) and control group (n=20) and treated with Ferrochel (orally) and placebo to both groups respectively for a period of two months alongside a game-specific generalized training program for weightlifters. 
Results: Results showed a markable increase in the average best weightlifting capacity (29.94 Kgs) as well as the average blood hemoglobin level (4.71g/dL) of Weightlifters of the experimental group and non-noticeable change in for average best weightlifting capacity (2.96 Kgs) and average blood hemoglobin level (0.58 g/dL).
Conclusion: Research concluded that there is a positive effect of Ferrochel supplementation on Strength and Power development weightlifters by increasing blood hemoglobin level as it causes an increase in serum ferritin level and better muscle recovery.
The Use of Islamic Lexis in English Textbooks 1-5 by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore
Authors: Abbas Shaukat , Irfan Humaira , Irshad-Ul-Haq Muhammad
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The study sheds light on the usage of Islamic lexis in English textbooks for grades 1-5, by the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board (PCTB), Lahore, especially focusing on the practical implications of Islamic lexis in the English textbooks based on Single National Curriculum 2020. The main objective of the paper is to evaluate and identify elements that depict how Islamic identity and moral values are being instilled in young children through English textbooks for grades 1 to 5. It also highlights the analysis of the cultural essentials and themes that emerge in the personality and character of primary school children using Islamic lexis in primary English textbooks by PCTB, Lahore.
Methodology: The study considered its analysis from diverse perspectives including the primary school children’s interaction, their education, ethical and moral training, development of their social and moral intellect alongside a sense of deep-rooted Islamic values conveyed through the content and text used in the grade 1-5 textbooks by PCTB. Furthermore, the study deeply focuses on the very emotional impact of using the Islamic lexis on primary school children and its potential practical implications in their lives. The study used a quantitative approach to evaluate the grade 1-5 English textbooks by PCTB. A 20-item based tool was used for the curriculum evaluation with a thorough investigation of the Islamic lexis usage in the PCTB textbooks for grades 1-5. An extensive in-depth textual analysis was conducted to probe out the main implications of the study.
Findings & Conclusion: The findings of the study highlight the importance of teaching Islamic and moral values to learners and the need for an inclusive education with a special focus on the Islamic, moral and ethical development of the children at the primary level through the Islamic lexis and content. The study also extends its attention to the long-term national and international sustainable development goals (SDGs), of 2030 through its very approach and practice.
Meta-Cognitive Learning Strategy, Personality Traits and Grit among Second Language Learners
Authors: Bibi Rabia , Ehsan Neelam , Mushtaq Rabia
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Second language learning acquisition is very common especially in non-English countries. As learning process require multiple strategies to be adopted by the learner, literature stresses the use of meta-cognition in the learning process, and it becomes even more important if the students are involved in language proficiency. The current study aims to investigate the association of meta-cognitive learning strategy, personality traits and grit among second language learners.
Methodology: Data was collected from 300 individuals (n=150 male, n=150 female) using 12 item Grit Scale, Big five personality inventory and the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning.
Findings: The findings showed that meta-cognitive learning strategy has positive relationship with extroversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness of experience except neuroticism. In the same way, grit was significantly related to extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience except neuroticism. Similarly, we found that meta-cognitive learning strategy significantly predicted grit among second language learners. On the basis of gender, significant differences were observed on extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and grit.
Conclusion: Overall finding showed the importance of meta-cognitive learning strategy, personality traits and grit among second language learners.
Emotional Intelligence, Self-esteem and Gender as Correlate of Secondary School Students’ Academic Achievement in Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Ezebube Nkechi Chinwe , Emeka Ifeanyi David
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The study aimed to explore academic achievement among secondary school students in the Anambra State Nigeria and was correlated with emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and gender. Researchers designed two null hypotheses and three study questions. The study followed a threshold of significance at .05 level. The research conducted in Nigera and specified by the region in the Anambra State educational zones of Onitsha and Awka.
Methodology: Correlational research designs were used for the study's design. All of the 263 public secondary schools in Anambra state's year two senior secondary school (SSS2) students made up the study's population. The study's sample consisted of (N=1,028) participants drawn from 18 secondary schools in the Onitsha and Awka education zones using a non-proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (EIQ), a structured questionnaire intended to gather information on a student's emotional intelligence, a Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), and a Mathematics and English Language Achievement Test are among the devices used for data gathering (MEAT). Two professionals validated the instrument's face and content. Multiple regression was used to evaluate the hypotheses while the research questions were analyzed utilizing the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (Pearson r).
Findings & Conclusion: The study's findings demonstrated a substantial correlation between secondary school students' academic success in mathematics and English language and emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and gender.
Implication: The government should conduct seminars and workshops for teachers to help them grasp the ideas of emotional intelligence and self-esteem in order to develop their own emotions and those of their students.
Practitioner’s Perspective on Coaching in Pakistan; Barriers and Proposed Solutions
Authors: Khan Sadia , Ghazal Saima
Published: December 2024

Aim of the study: Coaching as a mean of individual and professional development is a well- practiced and academically researched field in the west. In developing countries such as Pakistan where industrialization on global level is still in its infancy, the necessity of coaching in business sector for professional development is still a new phenomenon. In this regard this research aimed to gain an overview of the field of coaching with specific emphasis on barriers and possible solutions to the field of coaching by drawing on the experiences of Pakistani born coaches who primarily practice coaching with Pakistani clients.
Methodology: A criterion based purposive and snow ball sampling strategy was used to recruit N=8 coaches (3 females and 5 males) from 3 major cities of Pakistan (Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad). Semi structured interviews were conducted focusing on two main areas of inquiry, 1) observed/perceived barriers in coaching field, and 2) suggested solutions for improvement that can help establish coaching as a professional field. The interviews were audio recorded and conducted online via skype and zoom. Inductive thematic analysis framework by Braun and Clarke, (2012) was used to analyze the interview transcripts.
Results: Three main barriers were identified as lack of public awareness regarding coaching, return on investment and malpractice. Solutions were proposed at academic and professional level.
Implications: At academic level this study highlights areas for further research on coaching in Pakistan. At practical level this study highlights areas that need focus to establish coaching field in Pakistan at a more professional, ethical and commercially viable standards.
The Influence of Social Media in Sports Marketing
Authors: Khan Saima , Aslam Muhammad Jawed , Burki Maheen Hashim Khan
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This study aims to assess the influence of social media on the sports marketing industry. Global surge in social media marketing has influenced sports marketing as well. Coca Cola is one such company. Coca cola has switched its maximum marketing campaigns to digital. The sports market is currently under the severe pressure of social media. Traditional methods of advertising such as print, radio, and television have all but vanished from the market in recent decades. This study focuses on how marketing has changed through time, moving from conventional to digital methods.
Methodology: Current study has used survey method and for this purpose a questionnaire about Pakistani consumers' viewing and engagement preferences for sports sponsor brand commercials on traditional and social media was developed and responses from sample of (N=802) were recoded.
Findings: The results of the surveys and the data collected point that, at least in Pakistan, traditional media still has strong influence on marketing sector. For sports brands, social media marketing is a useful addition to conventional marketing.
Conclusion: This study concluded that sports brands don't have to completely abandon traditional marketing strategies; instead, they could embrace social media as a supplement to their traditional media marketing tactics.
Perceptions and Experiences of Ulcerative Colitis Patients
Authors: Sultan Hina , Gul Maryam , Sarwar Uzma
Published: December 2024

Objectives: The present research aimed to explore and comprehend the experiences of ulcerative colitis patients and how they feel, think, and react in response to it.
Method: The whole study was conducted by adopting qualitative research method called Interpretative phenomenological Analysis, by using constructivist approach. Data collected from outpatient department of a public hospital of Lahore in November, 2020. A purposive sample of six ulcerative colitis women (diagnosed with Proctosigmoiditis and left sided colitis), with age range of 24-30 years, was taken. First of all, semi-structured interviews (individually with each participants) were carried out which lasted for 50-60 minutes. Interviews were taped, transcribed, and separately analyzed. Themes were extracted and then clustered to from super ordinate themes for each interview. Finally, a master table of themes was developed to depict the clear picture of participants’ lived experiences. To ensure the validity of results, views of three experts were taken on every step of analysis to interpret the true meaning of participants’ words and intrinsic views.
Results: Findings resulted in three major themes including somatic complaints/physical cramps accompanied by rectal bleeding, anomalous colon cramps, dyspepsia, IV infusions, repeated medical examinations etc. another superordinate theme “Emotional/psychological outbursts, included subthemes, anxiety disorders, carcinophobia, trypanophobia and Nosocomephobia. The third major theme was “Aversive/escape reactions”.
Conclusion: Interviewee’s major concerns were that they were experiencing a lot of physical complications including inconvenient medical checkups. They also reported psychological disturbances like intense fear of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). This increased risk resulted in persistent inflammation of the colon. Thus, the current research explained the sufferings of UC patients to convert the attention of physicians to engage them in counseling and therapeutic programs to combat well with their illness.
Secondary School Students’ Level of Awareness about the Causes of Environmental Change in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan
Authors: Noreen Samina , Khan Zafar , Kamran Muhammad
Published: December 2024

This study intends to assess students' attitudes at secondary-level schools about the causes of environmental changes and related issues across Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. All human beings, especially students at the school level, need to understand the fragility of our environment and the importance of its protection to create a bright future. In the study, the researcher used a quantitative approach by surveying 10th class (N=169782) students’ of 2227 Public Secondary schools. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied to determine the sample size through four (4) stages, namely; a random selection of 7 districts from seven divisions of KP, referring to the number of male/female schools in the selected districts, a random selection of 10 schools in each randomly selected district and identifying one section of science and one section of humanities of 10th class as the participants for the purpose. Researchers have used a self-developed data collection tool (self-reported test) made from the science syllabus of the 10th class. In the instrument, the study objective was reflected from item1 to item14 only.  The instrument was made valid and reliable through expert opinions and the pilot testing method. Overall, the study results showed that all the students had satisfactory awareness of the causes of environmental change. It also revealed significant differences regarding demographic variables such as students from the science and humanities section, gender, and area. Results were discussed, and recommendations were given regarding the environmental changes so that all students across the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and the country could cope with the changes.
Specific Learning Difficulties of Secondary School Students in Pakistan: A Survey based on Teachers’ Perceptions
Authors: Saifullah  , Akhter Nasreen
Published: December 2024

The presented research is conducted in the context of prevailing specific learning difficulties (SLD) of secondary grade students. The objective of this descriptive quantitative research was to investigate the rate of specific learning difficulties and their contributing factors. For evaluating the extent of SLD in secondary grade students and perceived factors that promote SLD, a data-collection instrument made up of three sections was deigned. The participants of this study were male and female teachers of secondary classes (n=800) in Punjab, the most populous province of Pakistan.  After obtaining results of descriptive analysis the findings of study were analyzed and discussed. The results allowed to conclude that extent of SLD in secondary grade students are moderate. Investigation results suggest that to support students with SLD, Pakistani schools should introduce Universal Learning Design.
Pressure Groups as a Hurdle to Women’s Political Participation in Pakhtun Society
Authors: Khan Najib , Ahmad Ishaq , Alam Amir , Khan Yunas
Published: December 2024

There is widespread discrimination against women in the political system and with regard to their political empowerment. The harsh and strict traditions and practices of rural life generate significantly more suffering for rural women. This study was conducted in Wari, district Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to evaluate the role of pressure groups in the political rights of women. Primary data regarding the objectives of the study were collected from 205 participants. Moreover, the relationship between the dependent variable (women's political participation) and independent variable, (Pressure groups) was examined through a Chi-square statistic test.  It has been observed that Women's political participation has an inverse relation with pressure groups. The Pakhtun elders act as a pressure group against the rights of women, according to an investigation of the respondent's perspectives. The study concluded that starting developing general knowledge of women's rights and their contribution to national development by enlisting the help of political, religious, and social leaders to outlaw pressure group propaganda and promote women's involvement in political activities. putting into practice judicial rulings that election results should be canceled whenever there is evidence that women were not allowed to vote.
Gender Disparity in Nigerian Criminal Justice System: An Exploratory Study of Olukuta Correctional Centre, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: ARUNA Justina Olufunke , ADENEGAN Olamide Marvellous
Published: December 2024

Disparity in sentencing has long been a topic of discussion. Though most research is aimed at disparity in social class, few studies utilize gender as a focal point. The focus of this study is to explore the impact of gender on sentence period, controlling for characteristics derived from the “evil woman hypothesis”, to discuss the potential paternalism within Nigerian’s criminal justice system (CJS) with Olokuta Correctional Centre, Akure, as the case study.  In the research process, some research-questions were assumed as necessary premises. A total of forty (40) respondents were selected, using the non-probability convenience sampling-technique. Data for the study were generated with the sole use of a structured-questionnaire schedule while the data generated are presented in Tables and duly analyzed in the simple percentage-method. The findings indicate that women always receive less terms of sentence than male offenders, regardless of crime-type and criminal record. As a result, differences in sentencing outcomes between men and women are simply a reflection—not a bias—of real, gender-related features. These inequalities are apparent because of things that are specific to women, not because of their gender.
Investigating the Assessment by Teachers about the Causes of Inattentive Classroom Behaviour of Secondary School Students
Authors: Shah Syed Qasim Hussain , Iftikhar Asra , Batool Uzma
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Inattentiveness is a condition in which students are not able to pay attention to the instructions made by teacher. It is a serious behavioral problem and causes teachers become frustrated when they do not get required response from the students. The current study aims at exploring the underlying causes of students’ inattentive behavior in secondary classroom as assessed by teachers.
Methodology: It is a descriptive study and quantitative method has been employed in it. The total population is 617 secondary school teachers that are employed in two tehsils (Tehsil Kallar Syedan and Tehsil Gujarkhan) of Dist. Rawalpindi. Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) Table of Sampling was utilized to calculated the sample of 237 teachers. Simple random sampling technique was utilized to derive the sample. A questionnaire was constructed as research tool.
Findings & Conclusion: The results of the study concluded that social status was not serious factor for inattentive behaviour; but, economic status of students, health problems (like depression, day dreaming, sleeplessness etc.), low academic and language development, poor environment in classroom (like noisy classrooms and overcrowded classrooms) and poor pedagogical techniques are serious factors that cause students’ inattentive behaviour in classroom.
Exploring the Role of Parents for Supporting the Children with Hearing Impairment in Education
Authors: Aftab Muhammad Javed , Ashfaq Muhammad , Ali Hina Hadayat
Published: December 2024

This study was conducted to explore the role of parents for supporting the children with hearing impairment in education. There is a huge role of parents in achieving better results in studies of students with hearing impairment. Research design for this study was descriptive and nature of this study was quantitative. Research population for this study were the parents of students with hearing impairment. Sample selected for this study was 235 parents from Division Multan in Pakistan. A self-made questionnaire was developed to collect the data from parents of students with hearing impairment. On the behalf of finding, it is concluded that there is a huge role of parents in achieving better results in studies of students with hearing impairment. Parents are the pillars at which teacher build the multistory building of education for child. Awareness programs must be organized by the school regarding the support required from parents to improve the education of children with hearing impairment.
Socio-Economic Perceptions and Carbon Footprints among the Residents of Guwahati City, during Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sahariah Parag Kumar , Borgohain Parijat
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: The Global pandemic, Covid-19, has rigorously affected the economies and societies all over the world but also provided an opportunity for self-restraint, developing new skills and family bonding. The carbon footprints of the people were also affected during the period. The study attempts to know the differences, if any, in carbon footprint emission among the different economic groups residing in Guwahati city. It will also gauge the psychological state of the individuals during the covid-19 pandemic.
Methodology: The study was conducted in Guwahati City among respondents belonging to different sections of the society between August to December, 2020. The respondents were interviewed with the help of an online questionnaire.
Findings & Conclusion: The results have indicated an increase in the carbon footprints in certain household utility items. On the other hand, a decrease in carbon footprints was also observed in case of certain other daily necessities.
Childhood Traumas: A Significant Cause of Substance Use among Young Adults in Pakistan
Authors: Sikandar Zara , Hanif Rabia , Sadia Rayna
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Traumatic events in childhood have increased the risk of substance use. There is a dire need to assess this vulnerability among young adults as they are the most vulnerable segment of the population in terms of substance use. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate the association between childhood trauma and substance use and examine gender differences across them.
Methodology: Young adults (N = 270) from different institutions in Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and Peshawar through a purposive and convenient sampling technique were asked to fill out Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-short form (Bernstein et al., 2003) and Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medications, and other Substances Questionnaire (McNeelay et al., 2016) to assess the variables of the study
Findings: Results showed that childhood trauma positively predicted substance use and male participants exhibited higher scores on substance use and reported higher physical abuse and neglect as compared to female participants.
Conclusion: The findings of the study could clarify the risk factors of substance use among adults. As the findings indicated, childhood adverse experiences could be a precursor and therefore efforts need to be addressed this aspect. Similarly, findings could help in the development of preventive measures and intervention programs to address substance use among adults who experienced childhood trauma.
Examining the Impact of Principal’s Leadership Level on Job Embeddedness of College Faculty: A Qualitative Inquiry of Higher Education in Punjab
Authors: Ghaffar Rabia , Khan Ayaz Muhammad , Rashid Sumera
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: This research aimed to explore the leadership level of principals and to what extent it affects the job embeddedness of college faculty. It was also the intent of the study to uncover the reasons for the leadership level and job embeddedness of faculty. In this study, five leadership levels proposed by John Maxwell were used to measure the level of leadership. The job embeddedness level of faculty was determined by using an interview protocol exclusively prepared for the purpose. The researcher gained data from principals and college faculty in Punjab by using the criterion sampling technique.
Methodology: The methodology of the study included the transcendental constitutive phenomenological approach used in this study. Data were analyzed using software named NVivo12 Plus. This software helped in generating nodes, codes, and finally themes. These themes were confirmed by using techniques of word cloud, word tree, and word frequency.
Findings: The findings of the study concealed that the leadership level of college principals is high and it is a major cause of job-embeddedness of college faculty. Faculty members of colleges are also found highly embedded.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the leadership level of the principal is a major factor that is the key to success in leveraging the performance of the staff of educational institutes and the same is in the case of job embeddedness of faculty.
Foucault’s Discipline and Punishment: Analysis of People’s Perception about Govt. of Punjab’s Policy of “Mar Nahi Pyar” for School Education Department
Authors: Qaddos Maira
Published: December 2024

Aim of the Study: Corporal punishment is considered to be an effective form of disciplining technique for modifying student’s behavior. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the policy of “mar nahi pyar” introduced by Govt. of Punjab to understand the myths about corporal punishments in schools and its psycho social impact on students.
Methodology: The study is qualitative in nature. In-depth interviews of twenty parents of school going children, twenty students and twenty teachers are conducted to find out their opinions about implementation and outcomes of this policy. Interview data is analyzed descriptively in the light of Foucault’s concept of discipline and punishment.
Findings: Analysis of interview data suggests that teachers believe that they use corporal punishment as a disciplining technique on the docile bodies of children for bringing desired behavioral changes in them. They argue this policy will ultimately result in devaluation of teachers by disobedient students. Parents argue that teachers should punish their children but there must be a difference between physical violence and punishment. Children are highly against corporal punishment but they do accept that they are good in those subjects whose teachers are strict.
Conclusion: After analyzing their opinions, it is concluded this policy need to be revised keeping in mind the Foucault’s idea of better punishment not lesser punishment depending upon the social context and changing power relations of classrooms.
Education policy and its impact on socioeconomic outcomes in Northern Nigeria: A sustainable development perspective
Authors: Okoliko Micheal Godwin , Adebayo Abdulhafeez
Published: December 2024

This paper examines the impact of education policy on socioeconomic outcomes in Northern Nigeria through the lens of sustainable development. Focusing on the alignment of these policies with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 4 (Quality Education), the study explores how efforts to improve access, quality, and equity in education contribute to broader regional development. The study concludes that education plays a critical role in reducing poverty (SDG 1: No Poverty) and promoting gender equality (SDG 5: Gender Equality), emphasizing the urgent need for inclusive educational policies that bridge regional disparities. Despite progress, challenges such as inadequate funding, infrastructure deficits, and cultural barriers continue to hinder the full achievement of these goals. Utilizing human capital theory, the study analyzes how investment in education enhances individuals’ productivity and economic potential, fostering long-term socioeconomic growth. Hence, the study recommends that government bodies, NGOs, and communities collaborate to address these challenges and ensure the sustainability of educational reforms in Northern Nigeria.
Typologia miejskich srebrnych singli w wybranych miastach w Polsce
Authors:   Wydział Zarządzania, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Polska, Zalega Tomasz
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The article presents the results of empirical research on the typology of urban silver
singles’ households in Poland. The study concerned the financial situation, structure of
expenditure, home infrastructure, consumer behaviour, and selected consumer trends such
as sustainable consumption, smart shopping, cocooning, consumption virtualization, and
consumer ethnocentrism.
Design/methodology/approach: The analysis is based on a survey questionnaire administered
in two stages in 2018–2022. In the first of the planned stages, a survey was carried out on
a sample of 3,167 silver singles in the period from February 1st to October 30th, 2018 and from
May 1st to October 30th, 2019. The second stage lasted from March 1st to September 30th,
2021 and then from February 6th to September 30th, 2022 and covered a sample of 3,834
elderly people living alone. Following the research assumptions, the sample included persons
over 65 who made independent consumption decisions on the market. This research method
was chosen given the older age of respondents whose openness to new media often used in
direct research is limited.
Findings: To delimit the types of households run by silver singles, 24 diagnostic variables were
used that characterized the structure of consumption, reasons behind consumer decisions, buying
behaviour, and consumer trends followed by single seniors. The types of households managed
by silver singles were identified in two stages. The first step was Ward’s cluster analysis
using the Euclidean squared distance metric. That was followed by the second step involving
non-hierarchical k-means cluster analysis. The final stage of consumer typology establishment
was the description of the identified types, with accounts having been taken of characteristics
such as gender, age, education, monthly disposable income, self-assessed financial situation,
and place of residence. As a result, four types of silver singles living in cities were recognized:
“prudent and pragmatic”, “active enthusiasts”, “calm and conservative”, and “withdrawn and
indecisive”. The largest group includes elderly people living alone who are typified as “prudent
and pragmatic” consumers, whereas the smallest cohort embraces silver singles classified as
“withdrawn and indecisive”.
Research limitations/implications: Given the limited financial capacity, the research underpinning
the typology of urban silver singles was carried out solely in the largest Polish cities.
It was not possible, however, to do that among single seniors living in rural areas. Following
the conclusions made, they should not be treated as representative of the population of Polish
silver singles.
Originality/value: This study is the first in Poland and one of very few in the world literature
that presents a typology of silver seniors based on the structure of consumption, reasons
behind consumer decisions, buying behaviour, and selected consumer trends.
Is It Worth Imitating Other Investors’ Determinants of Effective Investment Strategies Among Students
Authors:   Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Poland, Mijal Michał , Niewińska Katarzyna ,   Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Szturmowa
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study examines the investment strategies of Generation Z, focusing on how
they define and implement these strategies. It explores the factors influencing their decisionmaking,
such as risk aversion and time horizon, and investigates the impact of social interactions
on their investment choices.
Design/ methodology/approach: The research involved a total of 626 participants across two
academic years (218 in 2022 and 408 in 2023), who developed and executed virtual investment
strategies over a seven-week period using GPWtrader, an educational platform by the
Warsaw Stock Exchange Foundation. Weekly meetings were held where participants presented
their strategies, market observations, and results. After the investment period, a quantitative
study was conducted with 314 students from the total sample (106 in 2021/22 and 208
in 2022/23), collecting data on their investment goals, instrument selection, and strategy
adaptation methods.
Findings: The main finding is that any strategy turned out to bring a better return rate than
a strategy that was constantly shifting. Also, different strategies were adopted and many
students were imitating the strategies of their peers, suggesting that the social aspect of the
investment decision-making process should not be underestimated.
Research limitations/implications: The study’s main limitations are its focus on a single,
homogeneous group and its sample size, which limited the use of advanced statistical analyses.
The authors plan to extend the research to compare the students’ returns with market
portfolio returns, analyze correlations between strategies and outcomes, and include other
sub-populations of Generation Z.
Originality/value: This paper extends the perspective on the investment behaviors of Generation
Z, emphasizing the importance of consistency in strategy execution and the influence of
social interactions. It makes a significant contribution to understanding generational differences
in financial decision-making, offering practical implications for financial education and
investment training.
Nowy program na rzecz konsumentów – Poprawa odporności konsumentów na potrzeby trwałej odbudowy
Authors:   Uniwersytet Łódzki, Wydział Prawa i Administracji, Katedra Europejskiego Prawa Gospodarczego, Wiaderek Filip
Published: December 2024

Praca stanowi omówienie „Nowego programu na rzecz konsumentów – Poprawa odporności konsumentów na potrzeby trwałej odbudowy”, zawartego w komunikacie Komisji z 13.11.2020 r. Przedstawia on zarys celów, które Komisja planuje osiągnąć w latach 2020 – 2025, które zostały podzielone na pięć obszarów priorytetowych: (1) Transformacja ekologiczna; (2) Transformacja cyfrowa; (3) Skuteczne egzekwowanie prawa i możliwość dochodzenia roszczeń; (4) Podatność konsumentów na zagrożenia; (5) Współpraca międzynarodowa. Ciężar odpowiedniego wdrożenia rozwiązań wskazanych w programie, szczególnie w zakresie transformacji ekologicznej, spoczywa w dużej mierze na konsumentach. Promowanie i wzmacnianie oddolnych działań ma w zamierzeniu pozwolić na osiągnięcie najbardziej efektywnych i stabilnych rezultatów. Dodatkowym aspektem programu jest zapewnienie efektywnych środków utrzymania wysokiego poziomu ochrony konsumentów w realiach pandemii COVID-19 i po niej. Wyzwania, którym należy sprostać, oscylują wokół wpływu, jaki pandemia wywarła na sektor usług turystycznych, handel elektroniczny oraz zmiany społecznych wzorców konsumpcji, w szczególności w odniesieniu do zwiększonej produkcji odpadów. Niniejsze opracowanie koncentruje się na inicjatywach, które Komisja planuje wdrożyć w nadchodzących latach, z perspektywy celów zadeklarowanych w programie.
Kilka uwag na temat zapewnienia efektywności orzeczeń Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej na tle wyroku w sprawie C-512/10 Komisja Europejska przeciwko Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w świetle praktyki orzeczniczej sądów polskich
Authors: Trochym Łukasz
Published: December 2024

W dniu 30 maja 2013 r. Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej wydał wyrok w sprawie C-512/10 Komisja Europejska przeciwko Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, w którym stwierdził, że Rzeczpospolita Polska uchybiła zobowiązaniom, które na niej ciążą na mocy art. 6 ust. 2 i art. 7 ust. 3 dyrektywy 2001/14 WE Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady z dnia 26 lutego 2001 r. w sprawie alokacji zdolności przepustowej infrastruktury kolejowej i pobierania opłat za użytkowanie infrastruktury kolejowej oraz przyznawania świadectw bezpieczeństwa, poprzez umożliwienie, przy obliczaniu opłaty za minimalny pakiet dostępu i dostęp do urządzeń związanych z obsługą pociągów, uwzględnienie kosztów, które nie mogą być uznane za bezpośrednio ponoszone jako rezultat wykonywania przewozów pociągami. Z dokonanej przez autora analizy problemu wynika, że proces odzyskiwania przez przewoźników kolejowych uiszczonych opłat za dostęp do infrastruktury kolejowej w nieprawidłowo skalkulowanej wysokości jest znacznie utrudniony. Konieczna jest zatem analiza czy w badanym obszarze można w ogóle mówić o efektywnym zapewnieniu wykonania wyroku TSUE w sprawie C-512/10. Autor przedstawia przy tym poglądy przedstawicieli doktryny i orzecznictwa odnoszące się do powyższego zagadnienia.
Would You Pay an Insta-doctor a Visit? Social Media Personal Brands and Young Consumer Perception
Authors:   University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management, Szwed Małgorzata
Published: December 2024

Technological developments and the broad availability of the Internet provide constant access
to social media for users. These platforms are used to communicate with friends as well as to follow
other users and brands. Also, physicians have public social media profiles on which they publish both
professional and personal content.
The objective of the paper is to explore and understand customers’ perception of physicians’ social
media use. To obtain the purpose, a qualitative research method was adopted that involved 12 semistructured
interviews with people who followed physicians’ profiles on social media.
The study identifies three consumer groups: social media enthusiasts, sceptics, and those seeking
authentic opinions, each with distinct attitudes toward physicians’ online presence. The findings
emphasise that authenticity and consistency in personal branding are key to building trust and patient
engagement. Social validation, through positive endorsements on social media, also significantly
impacts consumer choices. The study highlights the need for tailored social media strategies in
healthcare and suggests future research should address the ethical challenges and long-term effects
of physicians’ online engagement.
The research, focused on consumers’ perception of physicians’ social media presence, is novel. The
results suggest directions for further research in the field of professionals’ personal branding on social
media.