bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lisa Philip Valentine & Regna Darnell (eds.),
Theorizing the Americanist tradition. Toronto
and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1999. Pp. 397.
Hb $29.95.
Authors: Cruikshank Julie
Published: July 2002

A recurring theme in late twentieth century anthropology
has been the need to reinvent questions, subject matter,
theoretical underpinnings, methods, and ethics central
to our research. While all disciplines have their own historical
narratives, those told about anthropology are especially
fractured along lines of continuity and transformation.
Narratives of rupture gained an upper hand during the final
decades of the twentieth century, undoubtedly as part of
an effort to construct a disciplinary future not so inevitably
shaped by forces of a colonial past. But one consequence
of imaginative reinvention can be forgetfulness that merges
with hubris when we fail to acknowledge how old legacies
contribute to current work. Narratives of connection are
emerging again, reclaiming a legacy grounded in critical
ethnography that engages the lives of real people, partly
as a reaction to the detachment of text-based “cultural
studies.”
Gender and pronominal variation in an Indo-Guyanese creole-speaking
community
Authors: SIDNELL JACK
Published: July 2002

Drawing on data gathered during fieldwork in an
Indo-Guyanese village (1994–96), this article shows
that the gender patterns for variable pronominal usage
are strikingly stable over time. In both this study and
one conducted by John Rickford more than twenty years ago,
women, compared with men, use more basilectal variants
in the category of 1sg. subject (mi vs. ai),
but fewer in the category of 3sg. objects (am
vs. shi/ii/it). Rather than explain this variation
as a “leveling out” (Rickford 1979), it is
here suggested that variants must be understood in terms
of their contribution to an unfolding interactional engagement.
The conclusion remarks on the continuing confusion among
sociolinguists regarding the analytical relevance of gender
as an external constraint on variation. A more developed
understanding of these issues depends on recognizing the
way in which language variation serves as an indirect and
constitutive index of gender.
Catecholamine stress responses in arterialized blood
Authors: Stoney Catherine M. , Hughes Joel W.
Published: July 2002

Arterialized and venous blood was compared to determine if the arterialization procedure enhances the detection of stress‐related changes in catecholamines. Lipid and hematologic measures were also compared for possible distortion by arterialization. Fifteen men completed two stressors. Indwelling venous catheters were placed retrograde in each hand, and the right hand was warmed to a constant temperature. Blood samples were taken simultaneously from both hands, and plasma catecholamines were determined. Arterialization increased baseline epinephrine; there were no effects of arterialization on catecholamines during stress, nor in lipid or hematologic measures during baseline or stress. Thus, arterialization of blood results in small increases in resting epinephrine levels, but does not obscure lipid measures. More importantly, arterialization of venous blood does not enhance the detection of stress‐related changes in catecholamines.
The explanation of “mama”
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F.
Published: July 2002

Joseph apparently does not understand the main purpose of my target article and how different it is from any purpose underlying his work. In addition, most of the neurological ideas of the target article for which he claims unacknowledged priority are not original to him, but instead predate the work of both of us.
The evolution of rational demons
Authors: Allen Colin
Published: July 2002

If fast and frugal heuristics are as good as they seem to be, who needs logic and probability theory? Fast and frugal heuristics depend for their success on reliable structure in the environment. In passive environments, there is relatively little change in structure as a consequence of individual choices. But in social interactions with competing agents, the environment may be structured by agents capable of exploiting logical and probabilistic weaknesses in competitors' heuristics. Aspirations toward the ideal of a demon reasoner may consequently be adaptive for direct competition with such agents.
Infant perception and cognition and the initial architecture of constructivist models
Authors: Eimas Peter D.
Published: July 2002

There is a wealth of data on the perceptual and cognitive capacities of infants strongly supporting early nativistic influences on development. Without considering these initial determinants, constructivist models of development are at best incomplete.
Do Don Juans have better genes than family men?
Authors: Eagly Alice H.
Published: July 2002

An alternative interpretation of Gangestad & Simpson's findings features the assumption that only a subgroup of those men who are low in fluctuating asymmetry are typically available for short-term mating. In general, these philandering men do not offer higher genetic quality than men who are securely attached to long-term mates.
A phase transition between localist and distributed representation
Authors: Molenaar Peter C. M. , Raijmakers Maartje E. J.
Published: July 2002

Bifurcation analysis of a real-time implementation of an ART network, which is functionally similar to the generalized localist model discussed in Page's manifesto shows that it yields a phase transition from local to distributed representation owing to continuous variation of the range of inhibitory connections. Hence there appears to be a qualitative dichotomy between local and distributed representations at the level of connectionistic networks conceived of as instances of nonlinear dynamical systems.
A competitive manifesto
Authors: Phaf R. Hans , Wolters Gezinus
Published: July 2002

The distinction made by Page between localist and distributed representations seems confounded by the distinction between competitive and associative learning. His manifesto can also be read as a plea for competitive learning. The power of competitive models can even be extended further, by simulating similarity effects in forced-choice perceptual identification (Ratcliff & McKoon 1997) that have defied explanation by most memory models.
Where the magic breaks down: Boundaries and the “focus-of-attention” in schizophrenia
Authors: Oades Robert D. , Jemel Boutheina
Published: July 2002

The boundaries, the influences on, and consequences of a short-term memory (STM) capacity of 4 leads us to consider global versus local processing. We argue that in schizophrenia cognitive problems can lie partly in pre-conscious automatic selective attention and partly with the speed of processing in later controlled processes (including compound STM). The influence of automatic attentional mechanisms may be under-estimated in normal psychology and explain the loss of the magic 4 in schizophrenia.
Functional neuroimaging of short-term memory: The neural mechanisms of mental storage
Authors: Rypma Bart , Gabrieli John D.E.
Published: July 2002

Cowan argues that the true short-term memory (STM) capacity limit is about 4 items. Functional neuroimaging data converge with this conclusion, indicating distinct neural activity patterns depending on whether or not memory task-demands exceed this limit. STM for verbal information within that capacity invokes focal prefrontal cortical activation that increases with memory load. STM for verbal information exceeding that capacity invokes widespread prefrontal activation in regions associated with executive and attentional processes that may mediate chunking processes to accommodate STM capacity limits.
Characterizing chunks in visual short-term memory: Not more than one feature per dimension?
Authors: Schneider Werner X. , Deubel Heiner , Wesenick Maria-Barbara
Published: July 2002

Cowan defines a chunk as “a collection of concepts that have strong associations to one another and much weaker associations to other chunks currently in use.” This definition does not impose any constraints on the nature and number of elements that can be bound into a chunk. We present an experiment to demonstrate that such limitations exist for visual short-term memory, and that their analysis may lead to important insights into properties of visual memory.
Trading spaces: A promissory note to solve relational mapping problems
Authors: Haberlandt Karl
Published: July 2002

Clark & Thornton (C&T) have demonstrated the paradox
between the opacity of the transformations that underlie relational
mappings and the ease with which people learn such mappings. However,
C&T's trading-spaces proposal resolves the paradox only in
the broadest outline. The general-purpose algorithm promised by
C&T remains to be developed. The strategy of doing so is to
analyze and formulate computational mechanisms for known cases
of recoding.
Are intrinsic inhibitory systems activated or inhibited in pathological pain states?
Authors: Omote K.
Published: July 2002

Neuroplastic changes in the inhibitory systems contribute to
pathological pains such as hyperalgesia. Activation or inhibition of
the intrinsic inhibitory systems may depend on the pathophysiology
which induces a sustained pain state. The mechanisms of hyperalgesia,
opioid insensitivity following nerve injury, and opioid tolerance may
be related to common neuroplastic changes. [wiesenfeld-hallin et al.]
If it is inevitable, it need not be imitated
Authors: Bauer Patricia J.
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon provide illustrative examples of imitative
abilities in nonhuman primates. The convincing aspects of the examples
are not, however, their hierarchical or structured nature: Such
organization may be inevitable and hence, does not require
explanation via imitation. Rather, examples of imitation are
derived from reproduction of behaviors and sequences that,
from the organism's perspective, are arbitrary.
If “tracking” is category-specific a “common structure” may be redundant
Authors: Boyer Pascal
Published: July 2002

Identifying objects as members of ontological domains
activates category-specific processes. There is evidence that these
processes include particular ways of “tracking” substances
and could do all the “tracking” necessary for concept
acquisition. There may be no functional need or evolutionary scenario
for a general tracking capacity of the kind described by
Millikan.
Can humans form hierarchically embedded mental representations?
Authors: Dellarosa Cummins Denise
Published: July 2002

Certain recurring themes have emerged from research on
intelligent behavior from literatures as diverse as developmental
psychology, artificial intelligence, human reasoning and problem
solving, and primatology. These themes include the importance
of sensitivity to goal structure rather than action sequences in
intelligent learning, the capacity to construct and manipulate
hierarchically embedded mental representations, and a troubling
domain specificity in the manifestation of each.
Is it processing capacity that is being defined?
Authors: Navon David
Published: July 2002

Halford et al. are not redefining capacity in the sense of
limit on resources but in the sense of limits on what resources
can do. Furthermore, the necessity of using resource theory as
a theoretical frame is questionable.
New-feature learning: How common is it?
Authors: French Robert M. , Weaver Mark
Published: July 2002

The fixed-feature viewpoint Schyns et al. are opposing is not a
widely held theoretical position but rather a working assumption of
cognitive psychologists – and thus a straw man. We accept their
demonstration of new-feature acquisition, but question its ubiquity in
category learning. We suggest that new-feature learning (at least in
adults) is rarer and more difficult than the authors
suggest.
Mechanisms of imitation: The relabeled story
Authors: Roitblat Herbert L.
Published: July 2002

Byrne & Russon propose an account of imitation that
mirrors levels of behavioral organization, but they perpetuate a
tendency to dismiss imitation by members of most species as the result
of more primitive processes, even though these alternative phenomena
are often poorly understood. They argue that the prerequisites to
program-level imitation are present in great apes, but the same
prerequisites appear to be present in a broad range of species. The
distribution of imitative capacity across species may be more limited
by research methodology than by cognitive ability.
Toward a synthesis of dynamical systems and classical computation
Authors: van der Velde Frank , de Kamps Marc
Published: July 2002

Cognitive agents are dynamical systems but not quantitative
dynamical systems. Quantitative systems are forms of analogue
computation, which is physically too unreliable as a basis for
cognition. Instead, cognitive agents are dynamical systems that
implement discrete forms of computation. Only such a synthesis
of discrete computation and dynamical systems can provide the
mathematical basis for modeling cognitive behavior.
On various methods of reporting variance
Authors: Thyer Bruce A.
Published: July 2002

Chow's defense of NHSTP is masterful. His dismissal of
including effect sizes (ES) is misplaced, and his failure to discuss
the additional practice of reporting proportions of variance explained
(PVE) is an important omission. Reporting the results of inferential
statistics will be greatly enhanced by including ES and PVE when
results are first determined to be statistically
significant.
Diachronic evidence for a dual-mechanism approach to inflection
Authors: Fertig David
Published: July 2002

The received view in historical linguistics is that there is always an inverse relation between token frequency and likelihood of analogical change. I have found evidence, however, of a sharp difference in frequency effects between regularization and nonregularizing analogical change. I argue that this difference can easily be accounted for by dual-mechanism models of inflection but is very problematic for pure associative-memory models.
Are rules and entries enough? Historical reflections on a longstanding controversy
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte , Clarke David D.
Published: July 2002

For language to function we clearly need two formal ordering principles: lexical entries and rules. Clahsen's target article provides multiple empirical evidence for this distinction, but this may be simply to overconfirm the undeniable and to overlook the hidden motor of language use and language development, namely, function. Since at least 1859, linguists have argued for the primacy of function, and these arguments are worth rediscovering today.
Remembering the hippocampus
Authors: Zola Stuart M. , Squire Larry R.
Published: July 2002

The proposal that the hippocampus is important for the
encoding of episodic information, but not familiarity-based
recognition, is incompatible with the available data. An alternative
way to think about functional specialization within the medial
temporal lobe memory system is suggested, based on
neuroanatomy.
A little mechanism can go a long way
Authors: Schwartz David A. , Weaver Mark , Kaplan Stephen
Published: July 2002

We propose a way in which Barsalou could strengthen his
position and at the same time make a considerable dent in the
category/abstraction problem (that he suggests remains unsolved).
There exists a class of connectionist models that solves this problem
parsimoniously and provides a mechanistic underpinning for the promising
high-level architecture he proposes.
Automatic processing results in conscious representations
Authors: Tzelgov Joseph , Ganor Dana , Yehene Vered
Published: July 2002

We apply Dienes & Perner's (D&P's) framework
to the automatic/nonautomatic processing contrast. Our analysis leads
to the conclusion that automatic and nonautomatic processing result in
representations that have explicit results. We propose equating
consciousness with explicitness of aspects rather than with full
explicitness as defined by D&P.
Topological conjugacy of automorphism flows on compact Lie groups
Authors: BHATTACHARYA SIDDHARTHA
Published: July 2002

Let $G$ be a compact connected Lie group and ${\rm Aut}(G)$ be the group of Lie automorphisms of $G$. We describe a condition on $G$ under which topological conjugacy of the flows on $G$ induced by two one-parameter subgroups $\phi$ and $\psi$ of ${\rm Aut}(G)$ implies conjugacy of $\phi$ and $\psi$ in ${\rm Aut}(G)$. The condition is verified for $Sp(n)$, $SO(2n+1)$ and ${\rm Spin}(2n+1)$.
Borel cocycles, approximation properties and relative property T
Authors: JOLISSAINT PAUL
Published: July 2002

Let $G$ and $H$ be locally compact groups. Assume that $G$ acts on a standard probability space $(S,\mu)$, $\mu$ being $G$-invariant. We prove that if there exists a Borel cocycle $\alpha:S\times G\longrightarrow H$ which is proper in an appropriate sense, then $G$ inherits some approximation properties of $H$, for instance amenability or the so-called Haagerup Approximation Property. On the other hand, if $G_{0}$ is a closed subgroup of $G$, if the pair $(G,G_{0})$ has the relative property (T) of Margulis [19] and if either $H$ has Haagerup Approximation Property, or if it is the unitary group of a finite von Neumann algebra with a similar property, then we give rigidity results analogous to that in [23] and [1].
Lagrangian systems on hyperbolic manifolds
Authors: BOYLAND PHILIP , GOLÉ CHRISTOPHE
Published: July 2002

This paper gives two results that show that the dynamics of a time-periodic Lagrangian system on a hyperbolic manifold are at least as complicated as the geodesic flow of a hyperbolic metric. Given a hyperbolic geodesic in the Poincaré ball, Theorem A asserts that there are minimizers of the lift of the Lagrangian system that are a bounded distance away and have a variety of approximate speeds. Theorem B gives the existence of a collection of compact invariant sets of the Euler–Lagrange flow that are semiconjugate to the geodesic flow of a hyperbolic metric. These results can be viewed as a generalization of the Aubry–Mather theory of twist maps and the Hedlund–Morse–Gromov theory of minimal geodesics on closed surfaces and hyperbolic manifolds.
Mental health in residential homes: a role for care staff
Authors: MOXON SALLIE , LYNE KENNETH , SINCLAIR IAN , YOUNG PHILIP , KIRK CHRISTINE
Published: July 2002

Two linked studies assess the feasibility of involving care staff in reducing the prevalence of depression in homes for older people. Mental health training was provided for care staff, delivered by members of a Community Mental Health Team for the Elderly. The research programme used quantitative and qualitative methods to evaluate the effects of a theoretical training for care staff, a system of mentoring care staff to reinforce the training; and a care-planning intervention for the management of depression which combined psychosocial and medical approaches. The training programme was positively evaluated by the recipients, the trainers and the researcher who observed it. The ability of care staff to detect depression improved significantly over time, and depression was reduced to below case-level in seven of the eight depressed residents who participated in the care-planning intervention. This research suggests that psychosocial interventions that involve collaboration between carers and residents, supported by a Community Mental Health Team, may have an important part to play in supplementing medical management of depression in residential care homes.
Sources of Personal Meaning For Older
and Younger Australian and Israeli
Women: Profiles and Comparisons
Authors: PRAGER EDWARD
Published: July 2002

This descriptive study looks at what 372 Australian and 191 Israeli
women,
aged 18–93, consider to be the most and least important sources of
meaning in
their lives. The Sources of Meaning Profile (SOMP), an instrument measuring

current meaning, gave rise to two major observations. First, there are

considerable similarities in attributions of meaning within age-differentiated

national samples. Secondly, there are similarities in meaning perceptions

between age-matched groups across national samples. Participation in
personal relationships was the important source of meaning in all age
categories, in Israel and Australia. Leaving a legacy for the next generation,

participation in religious activities, and taking part in pleasurable (hedonistic)

activities were among the least important sources of meaning cited by both

samples. Meaning variables related to the realisation of individual potential

(e.g. personal growth, creativity, etc.), were the most
differentiating for the
Australian age groups, while variables related to altruism, humanistic,
social
and cultural concerns were the most differentiating for the Israeli women.

Theoretical implications are discussed.
Trends in old age morbidity and disability in Britain
Authors: JARVIS CLAIRE , TINKER ANTHEA
Published: July 2002

This article is based on an analysis of national data on morbidity and disability
in Britain, covering a 15 year period.
Later life, inequality and sociological theory
Authors: IRWIN SARAH
Published: July 2002

A central concern of many theorists of later life has been to elucidate the
processes which shape the marginalisation and relative disadvantage of older
people in contemporary society. This concern parallels a current argument
within sociological theorising: that life course stage and generational location
constitute increasingly important dimensions of social difference and
inequality. It is an argument of the paper that many current approaches
operate with metaphors of society which ultimately locate those in later life at
the margins by virtue of the theoretical terms being used. Too much has been
claimed for life course-based divisions and too little has been claimed in respect
of life course-related processes. The paper develops an alternative, moral
economy, perspective with the aim of furthering analysis of the social
organisation of life course-related rights, claims and obligations and their
relationship to lifetime inequalities across the population. Such an approach
offers a resourceful framework both for interrogating the diverse circumstances
and experiences of those in later life, and for conceptualising social inequality
and its reproduction.
Rethinking United States–Caribbean relations: towards a new mode of trans-territorial governance
Authors: PAYNE ANTHONY
Published: July 2002

United States–Caribbean relations over the period of the last thirty or forty years have rarely—if ever—been analysed in a thoroughly satisfying way. It is a strange omission in the international relations literature given the proximity of the United States to the Caribbean, and vice versa. But the fact is that most accounts of the relationship have fallen prey to a powerful, but ultimately misleading, mythology by which small, poor, weak, dependent entities in the Caribbean have either created trouble for, or alternatively been confronted by, the ‘colossus to the north’ that is the United States in whose ‘backyard’ they unfortunately have to reside. Virtually all analysts of the US–Caribbean relationship have thus drawn a picture marked at heart by the notion of an inherently unequal struggle between forces of a different order and scale. Within this broad metaphor the only major difference of interpretation has reflected the competing theories of power in the international system developed by the realist and structuralist schools.
‘Roots’?: the relationship between the global and the local within the Extreme Metal scene
Authors: Harris Keith
Published: July 2002

Music's ‘malleability’ (Taylor 1997) has always facilitated its export and import from one location to another. Indeed, such processes are central to the creation and dissemination of new musical forms. Yet in our contemporary globalised world, such processes occur ever more extensively and rapidly giving rise to new forms of appropriation and syncretism. Record companies from the developed world find new audiences in the developing world (Laing 1986). Musicians from the West appropriate non-Western music, sometimes collaboratively (Feld 1994; Taylor 1997). Non-Western musicians and musicians from subaltern groups within the West create new syncretic forms drawing on both Western and non-Western music (Mitchell 1996; Lipsitz 1994, Slobin 1993). The resulting ‘global ecumene’ produces considerable ‘cultural disorder’ (Featherstone 1990, p. 6) whose results cannot easily be summarised.
‘I'd sell you suicide’: pop music and moral panic in the age of Marilyn Manson
Authors: Wright Robert
Published: July 2002

Music makes mutations audible. (Attali 1977)

In his opening remarks as host of the 1998 Grammy Award Show, sitcom actor, substance abuser and convicted drunk driver Kelsey Grammer promised that Marilyn Manson's ‘skinny white ass’ would not be appearing on the show. It was a truly extraordinary moment. Referring explicitly to his own teenage daughter, Spencer, Grammer couched this slur in the form of an inside joke for the baby boomer parents of children with seemingly inexplicable musical tastes. In so doing, he affirmed not only the intractable conservatism of the Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences but also the arrogant hegemony of his own generation within mainstream musical culture. The show proceeded to reward Bob Dylan with Album of the Year, James Taylor with Best Pop Album and Elton John with Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, while lavishing unbridled approbation upon the newest crop of corporate hit-makers, including Babyface, LeAnn Rimes, Hanson and the ubiquitous Spice Girls. Mitch Miller could not have orchestrated a more thoroughgoing tribute to the pop music status quo in America.
Music industry research: Where now? Where next? Notes from Britain
Authors: Frith Simon
Published: July 2002

From 1995–2000 I was Director of the Economic and Social Research Council's research programme on Media Economics and Media Culture. One of my tasks was to organise meetings of researchers in the field and to this end I ran a series of seminars at the British Phonographic Institute for people studying the music industry. These seminars were thematic, covering music industry strategies in global media markets; methods for measuring the value of the music industry; the uses of music; and musicians. A final meeting, held in the then about-to-be-opened National Centre for Popular Music in Sheffield on 16 February 1999, brought together nearly all the UK's academic music industry researchers to discuss future research in the light of the MEMC Programme's findings. What follows is a report from both MEMC research and the Sheffield meeting. The aim is to provide an overview of the current research situation in Britain.
Laser and target experiments on KrF GARPUN laser installation
at FIAN
Authors: ZVORYKIN V.D. , LEBO I.G.
Published: July 2002

Multistage, e-beam-pumped, 100 J-class KrF laser
installation “GARPUN” is described with the
emphases to high-power laser beam control and target irradiation
experiments. The ablation pressures in the megabar range
were measured and hydrodynamic flow was investigated both
experimentally and by numerical simulations for laser intensities
up to 5×1012 W/cm2, pulse duration
of 100 ns, and focal spot diameter 150 μm. Graphite-diamond
phase transformation under laser loading was observed by
dynamic and Raman scattering methods. Some approaches to
the fast ignition inertial confinement fusion, using the
simultaneous amplification of long and short laser pulses
in KrF drivers, are considered.
Reports and Surveys
Authors: Rudall B. H.
Published: July 2002

E-COMMERCE AWARDS

Details of award-wining United Kingdom Information Technology projects were published by the British Computer

Society's Bulletin (No. 1, 2000).
Object-oriented robot programming
Authors: Zieliński Cezary
Published: July 2002

The paper presents an object-oriented approach to the implementation of a software library (MRROC+) which contains building blocks for the construction of multi-robot system controllers tailored to meet specific demands of a task at hand. Moreover, the paper supplies a brief overview of robot programming methods.
Task space dynamic analysis for multi-arm robot using
isotropic velocity and acceleration radii
Authors: Kim Choong-Young , Yoon Yong-San
Published: July 2002

Isotropic velocity radius (IVR) and isotropic acceleration
radius (IVR) are proposed as local performance indices to quantify the
dynamic responsiveness of a multi-arm robot as regards the velocity effects.
These performance measures are defined on the basis of the acceleration set
describing the effects of actuator torques, velocity of the manipulated object,
and gravity upon the acceleration of the object. An algorithm is presented to
obtain an explicit expression for calculating these measures by decomposing the
torque-related non-square matrix into square matrices without using the concept
of pseudo-inverse for the planar multi-arm robot composed of arms each with two
joints.

Numerical examples for a planar robot with two 2R arms show that
the proposed concepts are effective in representing the acceleration capability
and velocity effects of a multi-arm robot.
An optimal planning technique for an intelligent robot's part assembly
in partially unstructured environments
Authors: Son Changman
Published: July 2002

An efficient algorithm for generating an optimal plan for part-bringing tasks, using robotic manipulators, is introduced. The task of transporting a micro-part in a partially unstructured environment, that includes obstacles whose locations are not initially known,
is introduced with the optimal plan formulated on the basis of the observed environmental conditions. Fuzzy set theory, well-suited to the management of uncertainty, is introduced to address the uncertainty associated with the part-bringing procedure. A part-bringing algorithm for generating the optimal plan related to a part assembly, despite existing
obstacles, is presented. It is shown that the machine organizer using a sensor system can intelligently determine an optimal plan, based on explicit performance criteria, to overcome environmental uncertainty. The algorithm utilizes knowledge processing functions such as machine reasoning, planning, memory, and decision-making. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The proposed algorithm is applicable not only
to a wide range of robotic tasks including pick and place operations and maneuvering mobile based robots around obstacles, but also to the control of unmanned aircraft.
Rough level path planning method for a robot using SOFM
neural network
Authors: Pulakka Kimmo , Kujanpää Veli
Published: July 2002

In this paper a path planning method for off-line programming of a joint robot is described. The method can automatically choose the easiest and safest route for an industrial robot from one position to another. The method is based on the use of a Self Organised Feature Map (SOFM) neural network. By using the SOFM neural network the method can adapt to
different working environments of the robot. According to test results one can conclude that the SOFM neural network is a useful tool for the path planning problem of a robot.
Self-organization via active exploration: hardware implementation of a neural robot
Authors: Prakash Ramkrishna V. , Ögˇmen Haluk
Published: July 2002

In a previous paper we presented a neural network called FRONTAL that attempted to capture the ability of infants to actively self-organize in a non-stationary environment. This paper describes the procedure whereby FRONTAL is interfaced to a robotic system called DART. DART comprises of a PUMA-562 arm and a real-time image processing system. The implementation procedure consisted of first connecting FRONTAL to a simulated DART robot. After successful operation, FRONTAL was connected to the real hardware DART. The ability
of this robotic system to actively explore its surroundings and modify its behavior based on experience and environmental feedback confirms previous simulation results.
Optimal trajectory planning and sliding mode control for robots using

evolution strategy
Authors: Choi Young-Kiu , Park Jin-Hyun , Kim Hyun-Sik , Kim Jung Hwan
Published: July 2002

Although robots have some kinematic and dynamic constraints such as the limits of the position, velocity, acceleration, jerk, and torque, they should move as fast as possible to

increase the productivity. Researches on the minimum-time trajectory planning and control based on the dynamic constraints assume the availability of full dynamics of robots. However, the dynamic equation of robot may not often be exactly known. In this case, the kinematic approach for the minimum-time trajectory planning is more meaningful. We also have to construct a controller to track precisely the minimum-time trajectory. But, finding a proper controller is also difficult if we do not know the explicit dynamic equations of a robot.

This paper describes an optimization of trajectory planning

based on a kinematic approach using the evolution strategy (ES), as well as an optimization of a sliding mode tracking controller using ES for a robot without dynamic equations.
A EUROPEAN VERSION OF THE APPROPRIATENESS EVALUATION PROTOCOL
Authors: Lang Thierry , Liberati Alessandro , Tampieri Antonio , Fellin Guido , da Luz Nolasco Leal Gonsalves Maria , Lorenzo Susana , Pearson Maggie , Beech Roger , Santos-Eggimann Brigitte
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the development and testing of a European version of
the Appropriateness Evaulation Protocol (AEP). It stemmed from the original
U.S. version and the multiple adaptations and modifications made previously
and separately by researchers in European countries. The group was
particularly concerned with developing a common list of reasons for
inappropriate admissions and days of stay, since the principal goal was to
enable an understanding of inappropriate hospital use and potential solutions
within local health and social care systems. Developing a common EU-AEP
included several steps. First, each national instrument was translated from
the national language to English. These back translations were compared with
each other and with the US-AEP. A working group analyzed the content of the
lists of reasons published in the literature and proposed a novel conceptual
approach. On the basis of workshop discussions, a draft of a common European
version was circulated to each participant for agreement. In the EU-AEP, the
clinical criteria for the appropriateness of admission include 10 related to
patient condition and five to clinical services. The criteria for the
appropriateness of days of care include 10 covering medical services, six for
life support/nursing services, and eight related to patient condition. The
proposed core list of reasons of inappropriateness distinguish clearly between
two concepts: a) the level of care required by the patient; and b) the reason
why this level of care was not used. The first list would thus refer to the
nature of resources and facilities required, while the second would focus more
on the efficient organization of those resources. A validated European tool to
assess inappropriate hospital admissions and hospital days of stay and their
causes might be used to assess the need for resources for inpatient care as
well as for outpatient care. Assessing the reasons for inadequacies might lead
also to the examination of organizational questions. Finally, a common tool
allows comparisons between countries concerning the frequency of inappropriate
admissions and days of stay and their reasons in relation to the different
organizations of health care across Europe.
LM TESTS IN THE PRESENCE OF NON-NORMAL ERROR DISTRIBUTIONS
Authors: Furno Marilena
Published: July 2002

The paper considers different versions of the Lagrange
multiplier (LM) tests for autocorrelation and/or for conditional
heteroskedasticity. These versions differ in terms of the
residuals, and of the functions of the residuals, used
to build the tests. In particular, we compare ordinary
least squares versus least absolute deviation (LAD) residuals,
and we compare squared residuals versus their absolute
value. We show that the LM tests based on LAD residuals
are asymptotically distributed as a χ2
and that these tests are robust to nonnormality. The Monte
Carlo study provides evidence in favor of the LAD residuals,
and of the absolute value of the LAD residuals, to build
the LM tests here discussed.
Secondary forest structure and biomass following short and extended land-use in central and southern Amazonia
Authors: Steininger Marc K.
Published: July 2002

A study was conducted on the effect of extended land-use on secondary forest biomass accumulation in the Amazon. Structural measurements were made in a series of secondary forest stands, from 4–30 y old, in Brazil and Bolivia. Half of the stands were forest regrowth following clearance and only 1 y of cultivation; the other half were regrowth following 4 y or more of continuous pasture in Brazil and three or more rotations of medium-fallow agriculture in Bolivia. Above-ground live biomass was estimated using published allometric equations. Total biomass ranged from 17 to 207 Mg ha−1. Biomass of pioneer trees was poorly related to stand age, while that of later-successional trees increased linearly with age. Total biomass accumulation in Bolivia averaged 5.4 Mg ha−1 y−1 over the entire age sequence. Biomass accumulation for regrowth following short-term use was not greater than that for regrowth following medium-fallow agriculture. In Brazil, biomass accumulation averaged 9.1 Mg ha−1 y−1 over the first 12 y of regrowth and 5.9 Mg ha−1 y−1 over the entire age sequence. Biomass accumulation was significantly slower, around 5.0 Mg ha−1 y−1, for regrowth following continuous pasture than for regrowth following 1 y of cultivation.
Edge effects on litterfall mass and nutrient concentrations in forest fragments in central Amazonia
Authors: SIZER NIGEL C. , TANNER EDMUND V. J. , KOSSMANN FERRAZ ISOLDE D.
Published: July 2002

Forest edges bordering on pasture were created by cutting and burning the
surrounding Amazonian lowland rain forest in the dry season (June) of
1990. Litterfall was measured for 3.5 y along transects 10, 50, 100 and
250-m into the forest from the forest edge. Litterfall along the 10-m
transects increased by up to 2.5 times that on spatial controls (250-m
transects) in
the dry season in which the edge was created. In the second dry season
after edge creation litterfall at 10-m was lower than on controls, after
which it returned to control rates in the second wet season, 1.5 y after
edge creation. Litterfall 50-m into the forest was less affected; there
was a smaller rise in the dry season in which the edge was cut, and no
significant effects after that. At
100-m there was no effect of edge creation on litterfall. Phosphorus
concentrations in litterfall were elevated along 10-m transects,
10–12 wk after edge creation, possibly because of reduced
retranslocation prior to abscission. The changes in litterfall described
here are inextricably linked to the biomass collapse, which occurs near
forest-fragment edges in the same area.
Leaf anatomical structure and photosynthetic induction for seedlings of five dipterocarp species under contrasting light conditions in a Bornean heath forest
Authors: CAO KUN-FANG , BOOTH E. WEBBER
Published: July 2002

This study compares leaf anatomy, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic induction rates for seedlings
of five dipterocarp species growing both by a path and in the understorey of a Bornean heath forest. Hemispherical
photographs were used to estimate the light level. Although three of the five species showed significantly higher
photosynthetic capacity in high light conditions, there were no significant within-species differences in induction rates.
Average induction times to reach 50% (T50%) and 90% (T90%) of maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax) were about
1.5 and 9 min for Shorea pachyphylla. In contrast, these were 18 and 37 min respectively for Dipterocarpus borneensis,
and 12 and 25 min for Shorea multiflora. Intermediate values were recorded for Hopea pentanervia and Cotylelobium
burckii. There was an overall weak and negative correlation of induction rate with stomatal density. Three species
showed more rapid induction loss in their leaves from the path edge vs. the understorey. The results suggest that
photosynthetic acclimation can influence some aspects of a leaf's dynamic response to sunflecks, such as Amax and
induction loss, while not affecting overall induction rates. This study also shows significant differences among diptero carp species in photosynthetic capacity, induction responses and leaf structure, and in acclimation on these traits.
Fast determination of light availability and leaf area index in tropical forests
Authors: Cournac Laurent , Dubois Marc-Antoine , Chave Jérôme , Riéra Bernard
Published: July 2002

An important property of plant communities is the Leaf Area Index (LAI), which is the vertically integrated surface of leaves per unit of ground area. Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis and transpiration, thus the LAI, which conditions the light interception by the canopy, is directly related to carbon and water exchange with the atmosphere at the stand scale (McNaughton & Jarvis 1983). LAI also has an impact on tree growth through
the interception of light. Light availability below canopies is the principal limiting factor of tree recruitment and growth in forests (Denslow et al. 1990). Several methodologies have been used for measuring LAI in the field. These can be classiffed in four categories (Marshall & Waring 1986): (1) direct measurements by litterfall collection or destructive sampling, (2) allometric correlations with variables such as tree height or tree diameter, (3) gap-fraction assessment (e.g. with hemispherical photographs), (4) measurement of light transmittance with optical sensors.
Dung beetles as secondary seed dispersers: impact on seed predation and germination
Authors: SHEPHERD VIRGINIA E. , CHAPMAN COLIN A.
Published: July 2002

Dispersal of seeds away from the parent plant may facilitate escape from density-dependent seed mortality. However, many post-dispersal events can have a profound influence on the survival of dispersed seeds. By incorporating seeds in the dung that dung beetles process for consumption and oviposition, dung beetles could enhance seed survival if they remove seeds from areas of high predation risk and place them in locations that avoid subsequent predation and that are suitable for germination. The role of dung beetles in seed survival was investigated over 15 mo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Depths of seeds buried by beetles, levels of predation on buried and unburied seeds, and germination success of seeds buried to different depths were examined. Results suggest that by burying seeds dung beetles increase the probability that seeds will escape predation and germinate. Of seeds placed in dungpiles, 69% remained at the surface, while 25% were buried from 1–3 cm in depth. Larger seeds were buried more shallowly than smaller seeds. Buried seeds were less likely to be removed by predators than seeds at the surface. Germination of seeds buried at 1- and 3-cm depths was significantly higher than seeds buried at 10 cm. For the species tested, many seeds were buried by dung beetles between 1 and 3 cm and at this depth there was a high probability of escaping predators and germinating. This demonstrates the potential ecological importance of dung beetles in facilitating seed survival and provides data to consider the role of dung beetles in the evolution of seed attributes.
Stratification of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in a primary rain forest in Sabah, Borneo
Authors: BRÜHL CARSTEN A. , GUNSALAM GUNIK , LINSENMAIR K. EDUARD
Published: July 2002

The ant fauna of a rain forest in Sabah, Malaysia was sampled by using different collecting methods in three strata. In total, 524 morphospecies of ants could be distinguished. They belong to seven subfamilies and 73 genera. So far, the ant community described is the most species rich published for a primary tropical rain forest. Regarding the stratification in the forest, the leaf litter community comprised as many ant species as the lower vegetation or canopy. Furthermore the litter stratum had the highest generic diversity. The stratification of ants in rain forests seems to be a very strict one with the majority of species (75%) being related to only one stratum. This is in contrast to findings on the stratification of beetles in rain forests. The stratification and a radiation of some groups into vegetation and canopy, where a broad spectrum of permanent habitats exist, is responsible for the high diversity of ants in tropical rain forests.
Obligations and expectations:
renegotiating pensions in the Russian Federation
Authors: BUCKLEY CYNTHIA
Published: July 2002

Changing established systems of government entitlement is a thorny
proposition, even for popular states with sturdy holds on the reigns of
power. The Russian Federation, in the throes of a severe economic
downturn, extreme political instability and social crisis, has nonetheless
altered the official stance toward forms of entitlement from the previous
regime. Benefits cut from the ‘social contract’ have included
guaranteed
employment, free post-secondary education and access to state-subsidized
apartments, in attempts to redefine the lines of authority and responsibility
between citizens and the state. Other lines of responsibility appear
sacrosanct. The Soviet pension system, more specifically the old age and
service pensions, remains in place, but with extreme delays in payment,
poor indexing to the cost of living and high levels of tax evasion.

In this article I examine the ways in which both the legacy of Soviet
pension policies and post-1991 economic and social trends have
constrained policy options concerning pension reform, particularly in
reference to old age pensions, and prevented a serious re-evaluation of
pension provision. The Russian Federation government inherited a
pension system ill-equipped to cope with its aging population. However,
the previous pension system did deliver payments on a regular basis to
nearly one in five citizens before 1991. Unlike other areas of often
unfulfillable social services guarantees (housing for families, quality
health
care and free access to higher education), the pension system represented
a Soviet social programme that provided consistent direct assistance to
a
large proportion of the population. Pension payments were an expected
entitlement.
Landholdings and the family life cycle in traditional Japan
Authors: TAKAGI MASAO
Published: July 2002

This article examines, on the basis of landholding patterns, the
relationship between the peasant family economy and its family life cycle
in the latter half of the Tokugawa era (1603–1867). The analysis is focused
on the life-cycle patterns of the stem family. In such a system, the
continuation of the family and its assets assumed prime importance while
hired labour did not provide a substantial proportion of the workforce on
the farm. In fact, the stem family was officially recognized as the lawful
family form by the Meiji government, but even in earlier periods the stem
family system provided the dominant form. Among the samurai it was
always the required form. Among the peasantry, by the early eighteenth
century the stem family was the predominant family system.

The family system observed here differs in structure from that found in
western-European family systems. Even when developmental aspects of
European households are discussed, it is the relationship between the
simple, nuclear family forms and their economic and social correlates –
especially poverty, inheritance and landholdings – that is analysed. How
Japanese stem family households operated with respect to landholding
and other variables is the main theme of this article. The data come from
an agrarian and considerably backward area of north-east Japan where
harvest failures were not infrequent even in the late eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries.