bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Molecular Figure of Eight: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Prusty Sidheswari , Podh Mana Bhanjan , Purohit Chandra Shekhar
Published: September 2018

Proving different structure of topologically similar elements are difficult without their molecular structure. In this work, we report the synthesis of molecular figure of eight, with Co(III) template using click chemistry for ring closing. However, this reaction can yield both [2]catenane and figure of eight complexes. In order to prove the conformation, we synthesize an analogous [2]catenane Co(III) complex exclusively, using a different strategy. Both the compounds are characterized by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC.
Unusual Polyamines from Baikalian Diatoms
Authors: Annenkov Vadim V. , Verkhozina Ol'ga N. , Zelinskiy Stanislav N. , Shishlyannikova Tatyana A. , Bridoux Maxime C. , Danilovtseva Elena N.
Published: September 2018

Siliceous frustules of diatom algae contain a low amount of organic substances which are buried in the silicon dioxide and remain intact after a thousands years in marine and lake sediments. These substances are studied as potential silicification agents which are responsible for formation of the biosilica. On the other hand, the organic compounds from sediments are a prospective source of carbon and nitrogen for isotopic paleoreconstructions. The main part of these compounds from marine diatoms consists of polyamines which contain trimethylene insertions between nitrogen atoms. The study of polyamines from siliceous frustules of Baikalian diatom Stephanodiscus meyeri Genkal & Popovskaya revealed the presence of a new type of polyamine that contains tetramethylene insertions between nitrogen atoms in the repeating units. The other freshwater diatom Ulnaria ferefusiformis Kulikovskiy & Lange‐Bertalot contained polyamines with trimethylene insertions similar to those in the previously‐studied marine diatoms and the Baikal sediments contained polyamines of both types. These results are important to understanding the role of polyamines in silica biosynthesis. The species specificity of the polyamine structure can be applied as a new paleo marker.
Transacetalization of Solketal: A Greener Route to Bioglycerol‐Based Speciality Chemicals
Authors: Samoilov Vadim O. , Ni Denis S. , Maximov Anton L.
Published: September 2018

In the present study the potential of solketal transacetalization reaction has been demonstrated as an effective method of synthesis of acetals of glycerol and lipophilic carbonyl compounds (2‐ethylhexanal, n‐decanal, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone). In solketal transacetalization with 2‐ethylhexanal reaction rate was significantly higher than of direct acetalization of glycerol both with and without a solvent because on the contrary to glycerol solketal is freely miscible with lipophilic compounds. Unlike the direct acetalization, reaction rate increased along with the temperature with no losses in equilibrium conversion. Furthermore, by stripping of by‐product acetone from the reaction zone we have succeeded in increasing the product yield in one‐pot synthesis to 97–98%, so that no further purification is needed. Finally, transacetalization was shown to be catalyzed with solid acids much more efficiently than the direct reaction (the cheap and eco‐friendly montmorillonite K‐10 catalyst was found to be the most active). Based on the regulations revealed, a green atom‐efficient synthetic protocol to obtain higher glycerol acetals and ketals has been proposed.
Fabrication of Silica Membrane through Surface‐Induced Condensation on Porous Block Copolymer
Authors: Zhou Meimei , Luo Pingping , Li Aowen , Wu Yi‐nan , Khan Muhammad Imran , Lyu Jiqiang , Li Fengting , Li Guangtao
Published: September 2018

Nanoporous structures generated from micro‐phase separation of block copolymers (BCPs) have been used as templates for fabrication of inorganic materials through atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition, sol‐gel process, and electrodeposition. However, the previous deposition methods are suffering from unmanageable preparation conditions and demanding technical requirements. In this work, bioinspired synthesis was used as replicating technique to fabricate silica porous membrane on swelling‐induced polystyrene‐block‐poly (2‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) membrane with bicontinuous nanopores. It was found that silica nanoporous membranes were successfully obtained on PS‐b‐P2VP under benign conditions (near‐neutral pH, low temperature, and ambient pressure) from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Moreover, the thickness of silica films could be regulated by the amount of water in the TEOS solution. The mechanism could be inferred that pyridine groups in P2VP domains can act as a catalyst for the insertion and polymerization reactions of silanol from hydrolysis of TEOS to form silica due to the hydrogen bonding between pyridine groups and Si‐OH in silanol. The proposed method offers a facile and controllable synthesis strategy to fabricate nanoporous silica membrane.
Quantitative Phase Analysis for Carbide Characterization in Steel Using Automated Electron Diffraction
Authors: Smeets Stef , Ångström Jonas , Olsson Claes‐Olof A.
Published: September 2018

Carbides are critical to many different properties in a steel. In this paper, the quantification of a carbide powder extracted from a stainless steel analyzed with profile refinement of X‐ray powder diffraction patterns, is compared to a novel technique for automated electron diffraction pattern collection with a transmission electron microscope. The automated analysis has the advantage of collecting patterns from individual particles, hence avoiding issues such as overlapping reflections in powder diffractograms. Electron diffraction patterns with satisfactory quality are selected through a deep convoluted neural network and matched to a library of pre‐calculated diffraction patterns, corresponding to a set of selected carbide crystal structures. The quantitative results from the automated particle analysis are in good agreement with the phases identified by powder profile refinement.
Short‐Term Pain and Long‐Term Gain: Using Phased‐In Minimum Size Limits to Rebuild Stocks—the Pacific Bluefin Tuna Example
Authors: Ailloud Lisa E. , Gedamke Todd , Hoenig John M.
Published: September 2018

Like many stocks, the Pacific Bluefin Tuna Thunnus orientalis has been considerably depleted. High exploitation rates on very young fish have reduced the spawning stock biomass (SSB) to 2.6% of the unexploited level. We provide a framework for exploring potential benefits of minimum size regulations as a mechanism for rebuilding stocks, and we illustrate the approach using simulations patterned after Pacific Bluefin Tuna dynamics. We attempt to mitigate short‐term losses in yield by considering a phased‐in management strategy. With this approach, the minimum size limit (MSL) is gradually increased as biomass rebuilds, giving fishing communities time to adjust to new restrictions. We estimated short‐ and long‐term effects of different MSLs on yield and biomass by using data from the 2016 assessment. A variety of scenarios was considered for growth compensation, discard mortality, and interest rates. The long‐term value of the fishery was maximized by setting an MSL of 92 cm FL, which resulted in a 70% loss in yield during the first year (short‐term pain). By implementing the MSL in two phases (64 cm FL in year 1; 92 cm FL in subsequent years), the long‐term value of the fishery was maintained, and the short‐term pain was reduced to a maximum 46% loss in yield during any 1 year. Under a three‐phase implementation (55 cm FL in year 1; 77 cm FL in year 2; and 92 cm FL in subsequent years), the short‐term pain was further reduced to a maximum loss of 30% during any 1 year. With no discard mortality, long‐term yield increased by 165% and SSB increased 13‐fold (to 33% of virgin SSB), regardless of the number of phases used. Long‐term benefits were quickly diminished with increasing discard mortality. This simulation approach is widely applicable to cases where minimum size changes are contemplated; for Pacific Bluefin Tuna, our simulations demonstrate that size limits should be considered.
A novel sulfonyl chromen‐4‐ones (CHW09) preferentially kills oral cancer cells showing apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage
Authors: Tang Jen‐Yang , Wu Chang‐Yi , Shu Chih‐Wen , Wang Sheng‐Chieh , Chang Meng‐Yang , Chang Hsueh‐Wei
Published: September 2018

Several functionalized chromones, the key components of naturally occurring oxygenated heterocycles, have anticancer effects but their sulfone compounds are rarely investigated. In this study, we installed a sulfonyl substituent to chromen‐4‐one skeleton and synthesized CHW09 to evaluate its antioral cancer effect in terms of cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. In cell viability assay, CHW09 preferentially kills two oral cancer cells (Ca9‐22 and CAL 27), less affecting normal oral cells (HGF‐1). Although CHW09 does not change the cell cycle distribution significantly, CHW09 induces apoptosis validated by flow cytometry for annexin V and by western blotting for cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), and caspases 3/8/9. These apoptosis signaling expressions are partly decreased by apoptosis inhibitor (Z‐VAD‐FMK) or free radical scavenger (N‐acetylcysteine). Furthermore, CHW09 induces oxidative stress validated by flow cytometry for the generations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX), and the suppression of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). CHW09 also induces DNA damage validated by flow cytometry for the increases of DNA double strand break marker γH2AX and oxidative DNA damage marker 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG). Therefore, our newly synthesized CHW09 induces apoptosis, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, which may lead to preferential killing of oral cancer cells compared with normal oral cells.
Thinking About Words: First Graders’ Response to Morphological Instruction
Authors: Freeman Niecea D. , Townsend Dianna , Templeton Shane
Published: September 2018

The authors detail word‐learning strategies from a small‐scale early reading intervention for first graders (N = 3) focused on Greek and Latin roots in science‐based informational texts. Educators can provide explicit instruction to support student awareness of word structures in content‐specific vocabulary, and this instruction can be adapted to meet the needs of students at different reading levels. The current intervention involved an exploration of morphology, including the study of Greek and Latin roots and of affixes, and its contribution to word relations and meanings. The intervention was designed to complement Common Core State Standards and Next Generation Science Standards. The instructional approaches included root identification tasks, problem‐solving techniques, and practice with word production by analyzing selected terms in authentic scientific texts. Analyses suggested that opportunities to personalize and practice with roots and affixes, specifically through interactive activities such as discussions and creating visual representations, supported the development of students’ morphological awareness.
System effects of high demand‐side electrification rates: A scenario analysis for Germany in 2030
Authors: Guminski Andrej , Böing Felix , Murmann Alexander , von Roon Serafin
Published: September 2018

The substitution of fossil fueled final energy consumption through electrical appliances and processes (electrification), in combination with an increased share of emission free electricity production, poses a promising deep decarbonization strategy. To reveal the effect of high demand‐side electrification rates on the transmission grid and electricity supply‐side a case‐study analysis for the German market is performed. A reference scenario with low demand‐side electrification and low grid congestion is compared to high demand‐side electrification scenarios with two different shares of renewable electricity production of total electrical load: “Elec61” and “Elec75.” The analysis shows that an increase of the electrical load from ~500 TWh to ~760 TWh leads to heightened stress for the transmission grid and therefore more curtailment in both electrification scenarios. In Elec61, which exhibits the same share of renewable electricity production as the reference scenario, the integration of 19 TWh of flexible power‐to‐heat in district heating networks reduces the market driven curtailment of renewable feed‐in, highlighting the value of flexible electrical loads for the integration of variable renewable energy sources. Although a drastic increase of installed renewable electricity production capacity occurs in Elec61 (+109 GW) and Elec75 (+178 GW) compared to the reference scenario, fossil fueled power plants are still being dispatched frequently in times of high electrical load and low renewable energy feed. In the examined scenarios, deep decarbonization through electrification was not possible because the decrease of the CO2‐coefficient of power generation resulting from an increase in the installed capacity of variable renewable energy sources was insufficient.

This article is categorized under:

Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy and Climate > Systems and Infrastructure

Energy Systems Analysis > Systems and Infrastructure
Relationship‐based access control: More than a social network access control model
Authors: Lobo Jorge
Published: September 2018

In a computer system, access control refers to the mechanisms the system use to decide whether to grant or reject access to its resources. Access control decisions in social media services, such as Facebook, Twitter, Research Gate, or LinkedIn, are determined in large part by policies that can be described in terms of the relationships among the individuals potentially affected by the decision. The premise behind a larger interest in Relationship‐based Access Control (ReBAC) is that besides social media services, social and other forms of relationships can be an effective abstraction for describing and implementing access control policies. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of ReBAC from the point of view of the types of policies that have motivated the access control research community to develop different ReBAC systems. We also review and reflect on what it would take to implement and administer an ReBAC system.

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Information Repositories

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Data Concepts

Application Areas > Society and Culture
Pazopanib may reduce bleeding in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Authors: Faughnan Marie E. , Gossage James R. , Chakinala Murali M. , Oh S. Paul , Kasthuri Raj , Hughes Christopher C. W. , McWilliams Justin P. , Parambil Joseph G. , Vozoris Nicholas , Donaldson Jill , Paul Gitanjali , Berry Pamela , Sprecher Dennis L.
Published: September 2018

Pazopanib (Votrient) is an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks VEGF receptors potentially serving as anti-angiogenic treatment for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). We report a prospective, multi-center, open-label, dose-escalating study [50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, and 400 mg], designed as a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate efficacy of pazopanib on HHT-related bleeding, and to measure safety. Patients, recruited at 5 HHT Centers, required ≥ 2 Curacao criteria AND [anemia OR severe epistaxis with iron deficiency]. Co-primary outcomes, hemoglobin (Hgb) and epistaxis severity, were measured during and after treatment, and compared to baseline. Safety monitoring occurred every 1.5 weeks. Seven patients were treated with 50 mg pazopanib daily. Six/seven showed at least 50% decrease in epistaxis duration relative to baseline at some point during study; 3 showed at least 50% decrease in duration during Weeks 11 and 12. Six patients showed a decrease in ESS of > 0.71 (MID) relative to baseline at some point during study; 3/6 showed a sustained improvement. Four patients showed > 2 gm improvement in Hgb relative to baseline at one or more points during study. Health-related QOL scores improved on all SF-36 domains at Week 6 and/or Week 12, except general health (unchanged). There were 19 adverse events (AE) including one severe AE (elevated LFTs, withdrawn from dosing at 43 days); with no serious AE. In conclusion, we observed an improvement in Hgb and/or epistaxis in all treated patients. This occurred at a dose much lower than typically used for oncologic indications, with no serious AE. Further studies of pazopanib efficacy are warranted.
Orgasmic Latency and Related Parameters in Women During Partnered and Masturbatory Sex
Authors: Rowland David L. , Sullivan Shelbie L. , Hevesi Krizstina , Hevesi Barbara
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Orgasmic latency (OL) during partnered sex (POL) and OL during masturbatory sex (MOL) in women with and without orgasmic difficulty have received minimal attention.

Aim

To ascertain POL and MOL both overall and more specifically in women with and without difficulty reaching orgasm and to explore interrelationships between masturbatory and partnered latencies and sexual satisfaction.

Methods

Participants for this study were 2,304 women drawn from community–based samples in the United States and Hungary who completed an investigator–derived questionnaire regarding their sexual history and response, including items related to frequency of masturbation and partnered sex, sexual desire, sexual arousal, orgasmic response, OL, distress, partner distress, and sexual satisfaction.

Main Outcome Measure

Self-reported OL and related orgasmic parameters during masturbation and partnered sex in women with and without difficulty reaching orgasm were assessed.

Results

POL were longer than those during MOL. Women experiencing difficulty reaching orgasm showed even longer latencies during partnered sex but comparable latencies during masturbation. Covariates related to POL included age, overall relationship quality, masturbation frequency, MOL, and level of distress about not reaching orgasm.

Clinical Implications

POL in women are substantially longer than men’s, suggesting the potential need for an increased repertoire of stimulatory behaviors to increase the woman’s arousal.

Strength and Limitations

The study was well powered and drew from a multi-national population. However, specific types of sexual stimulation during partnered and masturbatory sex were not included in this analysis.

Conclusion

MOL for women and POL differ significantly, with latencies during partnered sex being substantially longer than masturbation, although women reporting the greatest difficulty reaching orgasm have the longest latencies and are likely to find masturbation more satisfying than women who do not.
Computer Interactive Reminiscence and Conversation Aid groups—Delivering cognitive stimulation with technology
Authors: Astell Arlene J. , Smith Sarah K. , Potter Stephen , Preston‐Jones Emily
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Group‐based cognitive stimulation is the only nonpharmacologic intervention recommended by the UK National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence for people with dementia. The potential of technology to extend the availability of group‐based cognitive stimulation has not been tested.

Methods

One hundred sixty‐one people with dementia participated in an eight‐session group activity using Computer Interactive Reminiscence and Conversation Aid (CIRCA). Cognition, quality of life, and general health were assessed before intervention, postintervention, and 3 months later.

Results

There was a significant improvement in cognition and quality of life at the end of the CIRCA group intervention, which was further improved at 3‐month follow‐up.

Discussion

CIRCA group sessions improved cognition and quality of life similar to group‐based cognitive stimulation approved by the National Institute for Clinical and Health Excellence. These benefits were maintained at 3‐month follow‐up. The data confirm the potential of CIRCA, which can be populated with different cultural and language contents for different user groups.
Who Owns Up to the Past? Heritage and Historical Injustice
Authors: MATTHES ERICH HATALA
Published: September 2018

‘Heritage’ is a concept that often carries significant normative weight in moral and political argument. In this article, I present and critique a prevalent conception according to which heritage must have a positive valence. I argue that this view of heritage leads to two moral problems: disowning injustice and embracing injustice. In response, I argue for an alternative conception of heritage that promises superior moral and political consequences. In particular, this alternative jettisons the traditional focus on heritage as a primarily positive relationship to the past and thus offers resources for coming to terms with histories of injustice.
Stones, Books and Flags: Born and the Role of Archaeological Heritage Management under the Barcelona Model
Authors: Colomer Laia
Published: September 2018

Since the 1980s, Barcelona's local institutions have been pioneers in creating a close relationship between culture, urban regeneration, and the social and economic development of the city, and subsequently in implementing a new paradigm in cultural policy for entrepreneurial, cultural, and creative cities. As a consequence, the city has also become a model for place branding and cultural tourism. In this context, Born, an archaeological site of the early eighteenth century which offers detailed testimony to both the cultural and economic lifestyle of the city at that time and the defeat of the Catalans during the War of the Spanish Succession, has been preserved and opened to the public in line with the city's varying cultural policies and attitudes to national identity over the last two decades. This article discusses Born from 2000 to 2017 and the political and cultural management context in relation to the Barcelona model that has defined its current form as a cultural centre. In this context, this article also discusses the role of archaeology in Barcelona's cultural governance, as a case study through which to consider the role of urban archaeological heritage management today.
A pilot study using telehealth to implement antimicrobial stewardship at two rural Veterans Affairs medical centers
Authors: Stevenson Lauren D. , Banks Richard E. , Stryczek Krysttel C. , Crnich Christopher J. , Ide Emma M. , Wilson Brigid M. , Viau Roberto A. , Ball Sherry L. , Jump Robin L.P.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To test the feasibility of using telehealth to support antimicrobial stewardship at Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs) that have limited access to infectious disease-trained specialists.

Design

A prospective quasi-experimental pilot study.

Setting

Two rural VAMCs with acute-care and long-term care units.

Intervention

At each intervention site, medical providers, pharmacists, infection preventionists, staff nurses, and off-site infectious disease physicians formed a videoconference antimicrobial stewardship team (VAST) that met weekly to discuss cases and antimicrobial stewardship-related education.

Methods

Descriptive measures included fidelity of implementation, number of cases discussed, infectious syndromes, types of recommendations, and acceptance rate of recommendations made by the VAST. Qualitative results stemmed from semi-structured interviews with VAST participants at the intervention sites.

Results

Each site adapted the VAST to suit their local needs. On average, sites A and B discussed 3.5 and 3.1 cases per session, respectively. At site A, 98 of 140 cases (70%) were from the acute-care units; at site B, 59 of 119 cases (50%) were from the acute-care units. The most common clinical syndrome discussed was pneumonia or respiratory syndrome (41% and 35% for sites A and B, respectively). Providers implemented most VAST recommendations, with an acceptance rate of 73% (186 of 256 recommendations) and 65% (99 of 153 recommendations) at sites A and B, respectively. Qualitative results based on 24 interviews revealed that participants valued the multidisciplinary aspects of the VAST sessions and felt that it improved their antimicrobial stewardship efforts and patient care.

Conclusions

This pilot study has successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using telehealth to support antimicrobial stewardship at rural VAMCs with limited access to local infectious disease expertise.
Beta Active Hedge Fund Management
Authors: Duanmu Jun , Malakhov Alexey , McCumber William R.
Published: September 2018

We reconsider whether hedge funds’ time-varying risk factor exposures are predictive of superior performance. We construct an overall measure (BA) of fund managers and present evidence that top beta active managers deliver superior long-term out-of-sample performance compared to top alpha active managers. BA captures the time-varying nature of beta exposures and can be interpreted as a common factor of both systematic risk (SR) and (1 - R2) measures. BA also compares favorably to extant measures of market timing, capturing the explanatory power of such measures of hedge fund performance.
TIME, HISTORY, COMPOSING
Authors: Fox Christopher
Published: September 2018

This article is based on a lecture given on 28 April 2018 as the keynote address at the inaugural conference of CenM@S, the Centre for New Music at Sheffield University. It offers a series of reflections on time and musical composition, time being considered both in the sense of history – our present sense of the past – and experiential time as we listen to music. Specific reference is made to the author's Canti del carcere (2012–18) and the texts by Gramsci and Dante that are set in these madrigals, each of which is also concerned with the passage of time and the ways in which ideas become consolidated. Ideas of time and history in the music of Cage, Nono and Feldman are also considered.
The Economically Responsible Single Mum who Sees to her Future: Welfare-to-work programmes and pension savings
Authors: HERBST-DEBBY ANAT
Published: September 2018

In response to the economic vulnerability of single mothers and in keeping with a neoliberal ideology, many Western countries have encouraged increased labour-market participation, often through welfare-to-work (WTW) programmes. One practice adopted in these programmes is deepening knowledge of pension savings and increasing financial savviness. Feminist research points to women's lower economic status than men at retirement, especially divorcees and widows. Based on perceptions of single mothers participating in a WTW programme in Israel and their trainers, this study examines how such mothers, in a framework of vulnerability, experience policy imperatives regarding paid labour and examines their attitudes to pension savings. Findings reveal that, in reaction to the imperative of pension savings, some single mothers believed their present employment provided them with a more secure economic future, while others rejected this belief. The trainers also had divided opinions, despite their role in encouraging mothers to follow the imperative.
Remarks on Wolff's inequality for hypersurfaces
Authors: GUO SHAOMING , OH CHANGKEUN
Published: September 2018

We run an iteration argument due to Pramanik and Seeger, to provide a proof of sharp decoupling inequalities for conical surfaces and for k-cones. These are extensions of results of Łaba and Pramanik to sharp exponents.
Pair correlation of sequences with maximal additive energy
Authors: LARCHER GERHARD , STOCKINGER WOLFGANG
Published: September 2018

We show for sequences $\left(a_{n}\right)_{n \in \mathbb N}$ of distinct positive integers with maximal order of additive energy, that the sequence $\left(\left\{a_{n} \alpha\right\}\right)_{n \in \mathbb N}$ does not have Poissonian pair correlations for any α. This result essentially sharpens a result obtained by J. Bourgain on this topic.
Determinants of Amazon deforestation: the role of off-farm income
Authors: Araujo Claudio , Combes Jean-Louis , Féres José Gustavo
Published: September 2018

This paper aims at assessing the determinants of Amazon deforestation, emphasizing the role played by off-farm income. Initially an economic model is provided which relates off-farm income to deforestation patterns. Subsequently, empirical implications are tested using data from the 2006 Brazilian Agricultural Census. Estimation results suggest that higher off-farm incomes are associated with reduced deforestation rates. In fact, higher off-farm incomes might increase the opportunity cost associated with agricultural activities. The latter option becomes less attractive and farmers dedicate less time to farm activities, thereby reducing deforestation pressure. Results also show that smallholders respond less to the increase in the returns from off-farm activities when compared to largeholders, which matches our hypothesis of labor market imperfections regarding off-farm activities.
Combining ASCAT and NEXRAD Retrieval Analysis to Explore Wind Features of Mesoscale Oceanic Systems
Authors: Priftis G. , Lang T. J. , Chronis T.
Published: September 2018

Oceanic mesoscale systems often produce heavy rainfall and can cause significant hazards in coastal regions and aviation. Surface features that are important in the evolution of these systems were examined combining the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) on board the polar‐orbiting meteorological satellite series Metop‐A and ‐B and ground instrumentation; that is, Next Generation Weather Radars, soundings, buoys. Two case studies were analyzed, over the coastal United States, by reprojecting ASCAT wind and ground radar precipitation and wind retrievals over a common grid domain. ASCAT retrievals were in agreement with buoy and sounding measurements at distances greater than 30 km from the precipitation region. Enhanced uncertainty in ASCAT wind retrievals in heavy precipitation was represented by greater wind direction variability and increases in wind speed. Nevertheless, ASCAT was able to identify regions of convergence and divergence within the systems, as well as outflow boundaries associated with downdrafts, which agreed with wind fields retrieved from the single‐Doppler analysis. Quality flags reported by ASCAT were also examined against polarimetric radar retrievals. Thresholds for rain rate and median volume diameter (D0), corresponding to the boundary between flagged and unflagged ASCAT data, were variable among different cases. However, analysis of ice water path and liquid water path revealed that unflagged ASCAT data rarely exceeded approximately 0.5 kg/m2 in either parameter.
No Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Early 21st Century Global Temperature Trends in a Large Initial‐Condition Ensemble
Authors: Oudar Thomas , Kushner Paul J. , Fyfe John C. , Sigmond Michael
Published: September 2018

Anthropogenic‐aerosol (AA) radiative forcing modulates multidecadal greenhouse radiative forcing. However, decadal climate responses to AA are poorly characterized given AA forcing uncertainty and internal climate variability. This motivates revisiting a recent claim that AA drove a negative trend in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and an associated cooling influence in the 10–15 years following the late‐1990's El Niño. The average of a 50‐member initial condition ensemble of the second generation Canadian Earth System Model version 2 that was forced only with AA does not exhibit the negative‐Pacific Decadal Oscillation/slowdown response. However, spurious responses of this kind, that are artifacts of subsetting the large ensemble (LE) in a manner consistent with published literature, can readily be found. This illustrates the caution needed in interpreting regional‐ and decadal‐scale responses to AA and suggests that improved characterization of model uncertainty in AA over the recent period is required.
The Response of the Energy Content of the Outer Electron Radiation Belt to Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Xiong Ying , Xie Lun , Chen Lunjin , Ni Binbin , Fu Suiyan , Pu Zuyin
Published: September 2018

Using the data from the Van Allen Probe‐A spacecraft, the variability of the total outer radiation belt (2.5 < L* < 6) electron energy content (TRBEEC) for energetic electrons (>300 keV) is investigated for the first time during 51 isolated storms spanning from October 2012 to May 2017. The statistical results show that the TRBEEC exhibits no change in 20% of the storms and gets enhanced during 80% of them. The subrelativistic electrons (300–500 keV) and relativistic electrons (0.5–2.0 MeV) equally contribute to the TRBEEC during the main phases, while in the recovery phases, the relativistic electrons contribute up to 80% of the TRBEEC. The results of the superposed epoch analysis of the solar wind parameters and geomagnetic indices indicate that the TRBEEC enhancement events preferably occur during the prolonged southward interplanetary magnetic field period when the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling is more efficient. Meanwhile, the high AE index with intense injections of several hundreds of kiloelectron volt seed electrons also favors the increase of the TRBEEC. Case study shows that there is a localized growing phase space density peak around L* = 4.3 and the chorus wave energy and the gain of TRBEEC are on the same order of magnitude, which may suggest that the enhancement of the TRBEEC is the consequence of the chorus acceleration. Understanding the energy budget of the outer zone electrons can provide more insight into the energy transfer from plasma waves to the energetic electron population, especially for revealing the underlying physics of the energization of outer radiation belt electrons via chorus wave acceleration.
On Long‐Term SABER CO2 Trends and Effects Due to Nonuniform Space and Time Sampling
Authors: Rezac Ladislav , Yue Jia , Yongxiao Jian , Russell James M. , Garcia Rolando , López‐Puertas Manuel , Mlynczak Martin G.
Published: September 2018

The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the TIMED satellite has been continuously operating for more than 16 years, since 2002, monitoring the CO2 concentration on nearly a global scale in the middle and upper atmosphere (from 65 km up to 110 km). A recent reanalysis (Qian et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023825) concluded that different deseasonalizing methodologies may have a strong impact on long‐term trend analysis, ultimately yielding different altitude profiles of the global mean CO2 trend. In this work, we aim to understand how the nonuniform spatial and temporal sampling inherent in the SABER CO2 data set affects the determination of the long‐term trends. In addition, our goal is to disentangle reported differences in SABER CO2 trends due to different time averaging windows and methodologies used for trend estimation. The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model is used for synthetic studies of the time series. We demonstrate that, due to the time varying data gaps and nonuniform sampling of local times, different time binning of the SABER CO2 data may indeed bias the long‐term trend estimation. We show and discuss how the 60‐day averaging reduces the bias in relative trends. We also conclude that different deseasonalizing methodologies (averaged over the same temporal bins) yield negligible differences on the trend determination. Taking this into account the global mean CO2 relative trend does not deviate statistically from the tropospheric value below 1 × 10−3 mb (90 km). Above about 90 km, there is a positive slope in the global CO2 trend profile, but with substantially reduced magnitude for 60‐day binned data.
Magnesium Isotope Composition of Subduction Zone Fluids as Constrained by Jadeitites From Myanmar
Authors: Chen Yi , Huang Fang , Shi Guang‐Hai , Wu Fu‐Yuan , Chen Xi , Jin Qi‐Zhen , Su Bin , Guo Shun , Sein Kyaing , Nyunt Thet Tin
Published: September 2018

Subduction zone fluids are critical for transporting materials from subducted slabs to the mantle wedge. Jadeitites from Myanmar record fluid compositions and reactions in the forearc subduction channel. Here we present high‐precision Mg isotope data of the Myanmar jadeitites and associated rocks to understand the Mg isotope composition of subduction zone fluids at forearc depths. Two types of jadeitites (white and green) exhibit distinct Mg isotope compositions. The white jadeitites precipitated from Na‐Al‐Si‐rich fluids and have low δ26Mg values, varying from −1.55‰ to −0.92‰, whereas the green jadeitites have higher δ26Mg values (−0.91‰ to −0.74‰) due to metasomatic reactions between fluids and Cr spinel. The amphibole‐rich blackwall in the contact boundaries between jadeitites and serpentinites also exhibits low δ26Mg values (−1.17‰ to −0.72‰). Therefore, the jadeite‐forming fluids have not only high concentrations of Na‐Al‐Si but also low δ26Mg values. The low δ26Mg signature of the fluids is explained by the dissolution of Ca‐rich carbonate in subducted sediments or altered oceanic crust, which is supported by the negative correlation of δ26Mg with CaO/TiO2, CaO/Al2O3, and Sr in the white jadeitites. Given the common occurrence of Ca‐rich carbonates in the subduction channel, the Mg isotope composition of low‐Mg aqueous fluids would be significantly modified by dissolved carbonates. Metasomatism by such fluids along conduits has the potential to generate centimeter‐scale Mg isotope heterogeneity in the forearc mantle wedge. Therefore, Mg isotopes could be a powerful tracer for recycled carbonates not only in the deep mantle but also in the shallow regions of subduction zones.
Relative Paleointensity and Inclination Anomaly Over the Last 8 Myr Obtained From the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1335 Sediments in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Yamazaki Toshitsugu , Yamamoto Yuhji
Published: September 2018

For understanding the fundamentals of the geodynamo such as the relation between paleointensity and polarity length and time‐averaged field (TAF) structure, continuous records of relative paleointensity (RPI) and inclination anomaly (ΔI) are desired; however, available records older than ~3 Ma are still very limited in time and space. We conducted a paleomagnetic study of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1335 sediments in the eastern equatorial Pacific to obtain continuous RPI and ΔI records since ~8 Ma. Slow deposition, ~8.4 m/Myr or less, limits the resolution of the records but did allow for determination of long‐term variations. Rock‐magnetic measurements showed that biogenic magnetite dominates the magnetic mineral assemblages, and the proportion of biogenic to terrigenous magnetic minerals increases prior to ~4 Ma. The average paleointensity between ~4 and 8 Ma is approximately 30% lower than that from 0 to ~4 Ma. The apparent reduction of RPI at ~4 Ma reaches approximately ~50%, but ~20% of this is estimated to be artificial, induced by the increase in the proportion of biogenic magnetite. No relation between paleointensity and polarity length is recognized for the last ~8 Myr. The magnitude of ΔI is slightly larger during reversed polarity chrons (4.43° ± 1.47°) than normal polarity chrons (−0.69° ± 2.98°) over the last ~5 Myr, which agrees with the available TAF models of this time span. Prior to ~6 Ma, the sign of ΔI during the normal chrons might have switched to positive, and ΔI during reversed chrons might have been slightly larger than that after ~5 Ma.
Greenschist Facies Metamorphic Zircon Overgrowths as a Constraint on Exhumation of the Brooks Range Metamorphic Core, Alaska
Authors: Hoiland Carl W. , Miller Elizabeth L. , Pease Victoria
Published: September 2018

Like many other mountain belts, the metamorphic core or hinterland of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt in Arctic Alaska is characterized by multiply deformed and polymetamorphosed rocks whose histories have been challenging to decipher and thus difficult to relate to the supracrustal history of the orogen. The multiple greenschist and blueschist facies metamorphic events have been particularly difficult to resolve. This study provides petrologic context for recently identifiedlow‐temperaturemetamorphic zircon overgrowths at two localities across some 200 km of orogenic strike that offer a unique and precise constraint on the timing of events recorded in the Brooks Range hinterland. In consideration of microstructural context, graphite thermometry, metamorphic mineral inclusions, and zircon trace element and Lu‐Hf‐isotope data, metamorphic zircon growth at 114 ± 5 Ma in the southern Brooks Range is interpreted to coincide with greenschist facies metamorphism, most probably linked to decompression and/or increased temperatures within the orogenic core. Their age coincides with a proposed pulse of extension within a >600‐km shear zone along the southern flank of the Brooks Range and a regional flare‐up in magmatism and pronounced subsidence within hinterland depocenters (Yukon‐Koyukuk Basin). These regional events are consistent with subduction retreat/rollback in mid‐Cretaceous time. This study adds to a growing body of literature demonstrating the importance of searching for and characterizing metamorphic zircon growth in low‐ to medium‐grade metamorphic terranes to provide better constraints on otherwise cryptic tectonic events.
Full-space Cloud of Random Points with a Scrambling Metasurface
Authors: Li Zile , Dai Qi , Mehmood Muhammad Q. , Hu Guangwei , yanchuk Boris Luk’ , Tao Jin , Hao Chenglong , Kim Inki , Jeong Heonyeong , Zheng Guoxing , Yu Shaohua , Alù Andrea , Rho Junsuk , Qiu Cheng-Wei
Published: September 2018

With the rapid progress in computer science, including artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, full-space spot generation can be pivotal to many practical applications, such as facial recognition, motion detection, augmented reality, etc. These opportunities may be achieved by using diffractive optical elements (DOEs) or light detection and ranging (LIDAR). However, DOEs suffer from intrinsic limitations, such as demanding depth-controlled fabrication techniques, large thicknesses (more than the wavelength), Lambertian operation only in half space, etc. LIDAR nevertheless relies on complex and bulky scanning systems, which hinders the miniaturization of the spot generator. Here, inspired by a Lambertian scatterer, we report a Hermitian-conjugate metasurface scrambling the incident light to a cloud of random points in full space with compressed information density, functioning in both transmission and reflection spaces. Over 4044 random spots are experimentally observed in the entire space, covering angles at nearly 90°. Our scrambling metasurface is made of amorphous silicon with a uniform subwavelength height, a nearly continuous phase coverage, a lightweight, flexible design, and low-heat dissipation. Thus, it may be mass produced by and integrated into existing semiconductor foundry designs. Our work opens important directions for emerging 3D recognition sensors, such as motion sensing, facial recognition, and other applications.
Mandible exosomal ssc-mir-133b regulates tooth development in miniature swine via endogenous apoptosis
Authors: Li Ye , Wang Xinxin , Ren Jiali , Wu Xiaoshan , Li Guoqing , Fan Zhipeng , Zhang Chunmei , Li Ang , Wang Songlin
Published: September 2018

Signal transduction between different organs is crucial in the normal development of the human body. As an important medium for signal communication, exosomes can transfer important information, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), from donors to receptors. MiRNAs are known to fine-tune a variety of biological processes, including maxillofacial development; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In the present study, transient apoptosis was found to be due to the expression of a miniature swine maxillofacial-specific miRNA, ssc-mir-133b. Upregulation of ssc-mir-133b resulted in robust apoptosis in primary dental mesenchymal cells in the maxillofacial region. Cell leukemia myeloid 1 (Mcl-1) was verified as the functional target, which triggered further downstream activation of endogenous mitochondria-related apoptotic processes during tooth development. More importantly, mandible exosomes were responsible for the initial apoptosis signal. An animal study demonstrated that ectopic expression of ssc-mir-133b resulted in failed tooth formation after 12 weeks of subcutaneous transplantation in nude mice. The tooth germ developed abnormally without the indispensable exosomal signals from the mandible.
Structural basis for importin alpha 3 specificity of W proteins in Hendra and Nipah viruses
Authors: Smith Kate M. , Tsimbalyuk Sofiya , Edwards Megan R. , Cross Emily M. , Batra Jyoti , Soares da Costa Tatiana P. , Aragão David , Basler Christopher F. , Forwood Jade K.
Published: September 2018

Seven human isoforms of importin α mediate nuclear import of cargo in a tissue- and isoform-specific manner. How nuclear import adaptors differentially interact with cargo harbouring the same nuclear localisation signal (NLS) remains poorly understood, as the NLS recognition region is highly conserved. Here, we provide a structural basis for the nuclear import specificity of W proteins in Hendra and Nipah viruses. We determine the structural interfaces of these cargo bound to importin α1 and α3, identifying a 2.4-fold more extensive interface and > 50-fold higher binding affinity for importin α3. Through the design of importin α1 and α3 chimeric and mutant proteins, together with structures of cargo-free importin α1 and α3 isoforms, we establish that the molecular basis of specificity resides in the differential positioning of the armadillo repeats 7 and 8. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into a range of important nucleocytoplasmic transport processes reliant on isoform adaptor specificity.
Dendritic defect-rich palladium–copper–cobalt nanoalloys as robust multifunctional non-platinum electrocatalysts for fuel cells
Authors: Li Chaozhong , Yuan Qiang , Ni Bing , He Ting , Zhang Siming , Long Yong , Gu Lin , Wang Xun
Published: September 2018

Recently, the development of high-performance non-platinum electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications has been gaining attention. Palladium-based nanoalloys are considered as promising candidates to substitute platinum catalysts for cathodic and anodic reactions in fuel cells. Here, we develop a facile route to synthesize dendritic palladium–copper–cobalt trimetallic nanoalloys as robust multifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and formic acid oxidation. To the best of our knowledge, the mass activities of the dendritic Pd59Cu30Co11 nanoalloy toward oxygen reduction and formic acid oxidation are higher than those previously reported for non-platinum metal nanocatalysts. The Pd59Cu30Co11 nanoalloys also exhibit superior durability for oxygen reduction and formic acid oxidation as well as good antimethanol/ethanol interference ability compared to a commercial platinum/carbon catalyst. The high performance of the dendritic Pd59Cu30Co11 nanoalloys is attributed to a combination of effects, including defects, a synergistic effect, change of d-band center of palladium, and surface strain.