bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Biology and Genomics of Human Hair Follicles: A Focus on Androgenetic Alopecia
Authors: Cuevas-Diaz Duran Raquel , Martinez-Ledesma Emmanuel , Garcia-Garcia Melissa , Bajo Gauzin Denisse , Sarro-Ramírez Andrea , Gonzalez-Carrillo Carolina , Rodríguez-Sardin Denise , Fuentes Alejandro , Cardenas-Lopez Alejandro
Published: February 2024

Androgenetic alopecia is a highly prevalent condition mainly affecting men. This complex trait is related to aging and genetics; however, multiple other factors, for example, lifestyle, are also involved. Despite its prevalence, the underlying biology of androgenetic alopecia remains elusive, and thus advances in its treatment have been hindered. Herein, we review the functional anatomy of hair follicles and the cell signaling events that play a role in follicle cycling. We also discuss the pathology of androgenetic alopecia and the known molecular mechanisms underlying this condition. Additionally, we describe studies comparing the transcriptional differences in hair follicles between balding and non-balding scalp regions. Given the genetic contribution, we also discuss the most significant risk variants found to be associated with androgenetic alopecia. A more comprehensive understanding of this pathology may be generated through using multi-omics approaches.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Extrarenal Involvement
Authors: Righini Matteo , Mancini Raul , Busutti Marco , Buscaroli Andrea
Published: February 2024

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disorder, but kidneys are not the only organs involved in this systemic disorder. Individuals with the condition may display additional manifestations beyond the renal system, involving the liver, pancreas, and brain in the context of cystic manifestations, while involving the vascular system, gastrointestinal tract, bones, and cardiac valves in the context of non-cystic manifestations. Despite kidney involvement remaining the main feature of the disease, thanks to longer survival, early diagnosis, and better management of kidney-related problems, a new wave of complications must be faced by clinicians who treated patients with ADPKD. Involvement of the liver represents the most prevalent extrarenal manifestation and has growing importance in the symptom burden and quality of life. Vascular abnormalities are a key factor for patients’ life expectancy and there is still debate whether to screen or not to screen all patients. Arterial hypertension is often the earliest onset symptom among ADPKD patients, leading to frequent cardiovascular complications. Although cardiac valvular abnormalities are a frequent complication, they rarely lead to relevant problems in the clinical history of polycystic patients. One of the newest relevant aspects concerns bone disorders that can exert a considerable influence on the clinical course of these patients. This review aims to provide the “state of the art” among the extrarenal manifestation of ADPKD.
Comparative Analysis of Fluorescence Emission in Myricetin, Kaempferol, and Quercetin Powders and Solutions
Authors: Deriabina Alexandra , Prutskij Tatiana , Morales Ochoa Hector Daniel , Gonzalez Jimenez Eduardo , Deriabin Sergei
Published: February 2024

Myricetin is a flavonol with high antioxidant properties. In this research, the fluorescence emission of myricetin powder and its solutions in different solvents were measured and analyzed by comparing with the results of calculations. Comparison of the calculated and measured characteristic wavelengths allowed the identification of all the spectral features in the fluorescence spectra of myricetin powder and solutions with different concentrations. The computation was based on modeling the process of the excited state intermolecular proton transfer, which predicts the formation of tautomeric forms of the flavonol molecule. Characteristic emission wavelengths were obtained using TDDFT/M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p). To understand the influence of the hydroxyl groups in the B-ring of the flavonol molecule on the emission spectrum, we also compared the fluorescence spectra of myricetin with those of kaempferol and quercetin. Moreover, based on the analysis of the changes in the shape of the FL spectra with the concentration of the solution, a criterion for the complete dissolution of the flavonol powders was established, which is important for bioavailability of flavonoids.
Conformational Changes and Unfolding of β-Amyloid Substrates in the Active Site of γ-Secretase
Authors: Jakowiecki Jakub , Orzeł Urszula , Miszta Przemysław , Młynarczyk Krzysztof , Filipek Sławomir
Published: February 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and is characterized by a presence of amyloid plaques, composed mostly of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, in the brains of AD patients. The peptides are generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), which undergoes a sequence of cleavages, referred as trimming, performed by γ-secretase. Here, we investigated conformational changes in a series of β-amyloid substrates (from less and more amyloidogenic pathways) in the active site of presenilin-1, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase. The substrates are trimmed every three residues, finally leading to Aβ40 and Aβ42, which are the major components of amyloid plaques. To study conformational changes, we employed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, while for unfolding, we used steered molecular dynamics simulations in an implicit membrane-water environment to accelerate changes. We have found substantial differences in the flexibility of extended C-terminal parts between more and less amyloidogenic pathway substrates. We also propose that the positively charged residues of presenilin-1 may facilitate the stretching and unfolding of substrates. The calculated forces and work/energy of pulling were exceptionally high for Aβ40, indicating why trimming of this substrate is so infrequent.
Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease Mutations in Human Microglia Are Not Sufficient to Trigger Amyloid Pathology in WT Mice but Might Affect Pathology in 5XFAD Mice
Authors: Romero-Molina Carmen , Neuner Sarah M. , Ryszawiec Marcelina , Pébay Alice ,   Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, Marcora Edoardo , Goate Alison
Published: February 2024

Several genetic variants that affect microglia function have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), supporting the importance of this cell type in disease progression. However, the effect of autosomal dominant mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) or the presenilin (PSEN1/2) genes has not been addressed in microglia in vivo. We xenotransplanted human microglia derived from non-carriers and carriers of autosomal dominant AD (ADAD)-causing mutations in the brain of hCSF1 WT or 5XFAD mice. We observed that ADAD mutations in microglia are not sufficient to trigger amyloid pathology in WT mice. In 5XFAD mice, we observed a non-statistically significant increase in amyloid plaque volume and number of dystrophic neurites, coupled with a reduction in plaque-associated microglia in the brain of mice xenotransplanted with ADAD human microglia compared to mice xenotransplanted with non-ADAD microglia. In addition, we observed a non-statistically significant impairment in working and contextual memory in 5XFAD mice xenotransplanted with ADAD microglia compared to those xenotransplanted with non-ADAD-carrier microglia. We conclude that, although not sufficient to initiate amyloid pathology in the healthy brain, mutations in APP and PSEN1 in human microglia might cause mild changes in pathological and cognitive outcomes in 5XFAD mice in a manner consistent with increased AD risk.
Identification of IGF-1 Effects on White Adipose Tissue and Hippocampus in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice via Transcriptomic and Cellular Analysis
Authors: Kim Young-Kook , Jo Danbi , Arjunan Archana , Ryu Yeongseo , Lim Yeong-Hwan , Choi Seo Yoon , Kim Hee Kyung , Song Juhyun
Published: February 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stands as the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by a multitude of pathological manifestations, prominently marked by the aggregation of amyloid beta. Recent investigations have revealed a compelling association between excessive adiposity and glial activation, further correlating with cognitive impairments. Additionally, alterations in levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) have been reported in individuals with metabolic conditions accompanied by memory dysfunction. Hence, our research endeavors to comprehensively explore the impact of IGF-1 on the hippocampus and adipose tissue in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. To address this, we have conducted an in-depth analysis utilizing APP/PS2 transgenic mice, recognized as a well-established mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease. Upon administering IGF-1 injections to the APP/PS2 mice, we observed notable alterations in their behavioral patterns, prompting us to undertake a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of both the hippocampal and adipose tissues. Our data unveiled significant modifications in the functional profiles of these tissues. Specifically, in the hippocampus, we identified changes associated with synaptic activity and neuroinflammation. Concurrently, the adipose tissue displayed shifts in processes related to fat browning and cell death signaling. In addition to these findings, our analysis enabled the identification of a collection of long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs that exhibited significant changes in expression subsequent to the administration of IGF-1 injections. Furthermore, we endeavored to predict the potential roles of these identified RNA molecules within the context of our study. In summary, our study offers valuable transcriptome data for hippocampal and adipose tissues within an Alzheimer’s disease model and posits a significant role for IGF-1 within both the hippocampus and adipose tissue.
Monolacunary Wells-Dawson Polyoxometalate as a Novel Contrast Agent for Computed Tomography: A Comprehensive Study on In Vivo Toxicity and Biodistribution
Authors: Stojanović Marko , Čolović Mirjana B. , Lalatović Jovana , Milosavljević Aleksandra , Savić Nada D. , Declerck Kilian , Radosavljević Branimir , Ćetković Mila , Kravić-Stevović Tamara , Parac-Vogt Tatjana N. , Krstić Danijela
Published: February 2024

Polyoxotungstate nanoclusters have recently emerged as promising contrast agents for computed tomography (CT). In order to evaluate their clinical potential, in this study, we evaluated the in vitro CT imaging properties, potential toxic effects in vivo, and tissue distribution of monolacunary Wells–Dawson polyoxometalate, α2-K10P2W17O61.20H2O (mono-WD POM). Mono-WD POM showed superior X-ray attenuation compared to other tungsten-containing nanoclusters (its parent WD-POM and Keggin POM) and the standard iodine-based contrast agent (iohexol). The calculated X-ray attenuation linear slope for mono-WD POM was significantly higher compared to parent WD-POM, Keggin POM, and iohexol (5.97 ± 0.14 vs. 4.84 ± 0.05, 4.55 ± 0.16, and 4.30 ± 0.09, respectively). Acute oral (maximum-administered dose (MAD) = 960 mg/kg) and intravenous administration (1/10, 1/5, and 1/3 MAD) of mono-WD POM did not induce unexpected changes in rats’ general habits or mortality. Results of blood gas analysis, CO-oximetry status, and the levels of electrolytes, glucose, lactate, creatinine, and BUN demonstrated a dose-dependent tendency 14 days after intravenous administration of mono-WD POM. The most significant differences compared to the control were observed for 1/3 MAD, being approximately seventy times higher than the typically used dose (0.015 mmol W/kg) of tungsten-based contrast agents. The highest tungsten deposition was found in the kidney (1/3 MAD—0.67 ± 0.12; 1/5 MAD—0.59 ± 0.07; 1/10 MAD—0.54 ± 0.05), which corresponded to detected morphological irregularities, electrolyte imbalance, and increased BUN levels.
Inorganic Phosphate-Induced Extracellular Vesicles from Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Contain Elevated Levels of Hyaluronic Acid, Which Enhance Their Interaction with Very Small Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles
Authors: Freise Christian , Biskup Karina , Blanchard Véronique , Schnorr Jörg , Taupitz Matthias
Published: February 2024

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high prevalence of hyperphosphatemia, where uremic toxins like inorganic phosphate (Pi) induce a cardiovascular remodeling. Related disorders like atherosclerosis bear the risk of increased morbidity and mortality. We previously found that Pi stimulates the synthesis and sulfation of the negatively charged glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Similar GAG alterations were detected in VSMC-derived exosome-like extracellular vesicles (EV). These EV showed a strong interaction with very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOP), which are used as imaging probes for experimental magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hyaluronic acid (HA) represents another negatively charged GAG which is supposed to function as binding motif for VSOP as well. We investigated the effects of Pi on the amounts of HA in cells and EV and studied the HA-dependent interaction between VSOP with cells and EV. Rat VSMC were treated with elevated concentrations of Pi. CKD in rats was induced by adenine feeding. EV were isolated from culture supernatants and rat plasma. We investigated the role of HA in binding VSOP to cells and EV via cell-binding studies, proton relaxometry, and analysis of cellular signaling, genes, proteins, and HA contents. Due to elevated HA contents, VSMC and EV showed an increased interaction with VSOP after Pi stimulation. Amongst others, Pi induced hyaluronan synthase (HAS)2 expression and activation of the Wnt pathway in VSMC. An alternative upregulation of HA by iloprost and an siRNA-mediated knockdown of HAS2 confirmed the importance of HA in cells and EV for VSOP binding. The in vitro-derived data were validated by analyses of plasma-derived EV from uremic rats. In conclusion, the inorganic uremic toxin Pi induces HA synthesis in cells and EV, which leads to an increased interaction with VSOP. HA might therefore be a potential molecular target structure for improved detection of pathologic tissue changes secondary to CKD like atherosclerosis or cardiomyopathy using EV, VSOP and MRI.
Bactericidal Biodegradable Linear Polyamidoamines Obtained with the Use of Endogenous Polyamines
Authors: Śmigiel-Gac Natalia , Smola-Dmochowska Anna , Jelonek Katarzyna , Musiał-Kulik Monika , Barczyńska-Felusiak Renata , Rychter Piotr , Lewicka Kamila , Dobrzyński Piotr
Published: February 2024

The work presents the synthesis of a series of linear polyamidoamines by polycondensation of sebacoyl dichloride with endogenous polyamines: putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and norspermidine—a biogenic polyamine not found in the human body. During the synthesis carried out via interfacial reaction, hydrophilic, semi-crystalline polymers with an average viscosity molecular weight of approximately 20,000 g/mol and a melting point of approx. 130 °C were obtained. The structure and composition of the synthesized polymers were confirmed based on NMR and FTIR studies. The cytotoxicity tests performed on human fibroblasts and keratinocytes showed that the polymers obtained with spermine and norspermidine were strongly cytotoxic, but only in high concentrations. All the other examined polymers did not show cytotoxicity even at concentrations of 2000 µg/mL. Simultaneously, the antibacterial activity of the obtained polyamides was confirmed. These polymers are particularly active against E. Coli, and virtually all the polymers obtained demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of cells of this strain. Antimicrobial activity of the tested polymer was found against strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The broadest spectrum of bactericidal action was demonstrated by polyamidoamines obtained from spermine, which contains two amino groups in the repeating unit of the chain. The obtained polymers can be used as a material for forming drug carriers and other biologically active compounds in the form of micro- and nanoparticles, especially as a component of bactericidal creams and ointments used in dermatology or cosmetology.
A First-Time Addition of Selenium to a Mg-Based Metal Matrix Composite for Biomedical Purposes
Authors: Pahaul Ahluwalia , Johanes Michael , Gupta Manoj
Published: February 2024

A magnesium-based metal matrix composite, Mg-5Se-2Zn-2SiO2, was synthesized using the Disintegrated Melt Deposition (DMD) method followed by hot extrusion. Elemental analysis revealed that the material experienced selenium loss which was attributed to the evaporation of selenium at high temperatures. Superior damping characteristics were exhibited while retaining similar Young’s modulus, and significant grain refinement also resulted in decisively superior mechanical properties such as hardness (32% increase), fracture strain (39% increase), as well as yield and ultimate compressive strength (157% and 54% increase, respectively). These were a consequence of SiO2 addition as well as presence of Mg2Si (and MgSe) intermetallic phases which were detected by X-ray characterization. Furthermore, while the material had lower corrosion resistance than pure magnesium, it retained acceptable corrosion resistance as well as structural integrity after the full immersion duration of 28 days. Overall, the material exhibits promising potential for applications in the biomedical field, especially in development of smaller and lighter implants where mechanical properties are paramount, with key lessons learned for the synthesis of Mg-materials containing selenium for the future.
Microwave Drying Method before Sieving to Obtain Accuracy of Sand Size Parameters
Authors: Lopez-Garcia Patricia , Muñoz-Perez Juan J. , Contreras-de-Villar Antonio , Contreras-de-Villar Francisco , Romero-Cozar Jeanette , Diaz-Carrasco Pilar , Jigena-Antelo Bismarck
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this study is to determine the differences between the size parameter findings, comparing the results of a muffle during a 12-h sand-drying process with those of a microwave, because the effectiveness of sand drying with a microwave has not previously been studied. To achieve the best outcomes and assess any inaccuracies, a technique was established. Several power levels and durations were used in the tests. Furthermore, as the median particle size (D50) affects the porosity of sand, samples from three beaches in the south of Spain with varying sand sizes were used in this study. When drying for at least 5 min, the error findings for D50 are less than 3.5%, which is perfectly acceptable for beach nourishment purposes. Regarding power, 462 watts was the optimal power; a lower power, approximately 300 watts, did not completely dry the material, even after nearly 15 min. Furthermore, errors in the sorting (σ) parameter were negligible. It is essential to implement the following recommendations in microwave drying methods: the use of a light and wide container for the sand, interruptions during drying, and a minimum duration of 5 min.
Wave-Induced Instantaneous Liquefaction of a Non-Cohesive Seabed around Buried Pipelines: A Liquefaction-Associated Non-Darcy Flow Model Approach
Authors: Han Shichong , Zhou Mozhen , Zhang Dingli , Qi Wengang , Xue Chaodong , Fang Qian
Published: February 2024

In complex marine environments, the wave-induced instantaneous liquefaction of the seabed is a key issue for the long-term safety control of marine structures. Existing computational frameworks for instantaneous liquefaction result in unreasonable tensile stresses in a non-cohesive seabed. To address this issue, a liquefaction-associated non-Darcy flow model has been proposed, but it has only been applied to the scenario of a pure seabed without a structure. In this study, we applied the previously proposed non-Darcy flow model to investigate the mechanism of wave–seabed–structure interactions under extreme wave loading considering a pipeline fully buried in a non-cohesive seabed. By comparing the liquefaction depths in the presence and absence of structures, it was found that the existence of structures weakens the attenuation of the pore pressure amplitude and influences the overall pore pressure distribution. Parametric studies were conducted. It was found that the liquefaction depth from the non-Darcy model is approximately 0.73 times that from the traditional Darcy model, regardless of whether or not a pipeline is involved. A quantitative relationship between the wave loading and structural size was established. The liquefied zone above the buried pipeline was found to be smaller than that in a pure seabed without a structure. A tentative explanation is provided for this phenomenon.
Chromoblastomycosis in French Guiana: Epidemiology and Practices, 1955–2023
Authors: Valentin Julie , Grotta Geoffrey , Muller Thibaut , Bourgeois Pieter , Drak Alsibai Kinan , Demar Magalie , Couppie Pierre , Blaizot Romain
Published: February 2024

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a chronic neglected fungal disease, usually met in tropical areas. French Guiana is a South American territory with limited epidemiological data. This retrospective study concerned all patients with CBM proven by at least one paraclinical examination and diagnosed in French Guiana between 1950 and 2023. In total, 23 patients were included, mostly males (87%) of Creole origin, living in the coastal region (87%) and involved in outdoor occupations (74%). Lesions were mostly observed on the lower limbs (78.3%), with a median time to diagnosis of four years. Laboratory tests included positive direct microscopic examinations (78.3%) and mycological cultures (69.6%), identifying 14 cases of Fonsecaea pedrosoi and one case of Exophiala janselmei. Various treatments were employed, including antifungals, surgery and combinations of both. In conclusion, CBM in French Guiana involves a different population than other subcutaneous mycoses such as Lobomycosis or Paracoccidioidomycosis, mostly found in the forest hinterland. Surgery should be recommended for recent and limited lesions. Itraconazole and terbinafine should systematically be proposed, either in monotherapy or in combination with surgery or cryotherapy.
Modeling Robotic Thinking and Creativity: A Classic–Quantum Dialogue
Authors: Mannone Maria , Chella Antonio , Pilato Giovanni , Seidita Valeria , Vella Filippo , Gaglio Salvatore
Published: February 2024

The human mind can be thought of as a black box, where the external inputs are elaborated in an unknown way and lead to external outputs. D’Ariano and Faggin schematized thinking and consciousness through quantum state dynamics. The complexity of mental states can be formalized through the entanglement of the so-called qualia states. Thus, the interaction between the mind and the external world can be formalized as an interplay between classical and quantum-state dynamics. Since quantum computing is more and more often being applied to robots, and robots constitute a benchmark to test schematic models of behavior, we propose a case study with a robotic dance, where the thinking and moving mechanisms are modeled according to quantum–classic decision making. In our research, to model the elaboration of multi-sensory stimuli and the following decision making in terms of movement response, we adopt the D’Ariano–Faggin formalism and propose a case study with improvised dance based on a collection of poses, whose combination is presented in response to external and periodic multi-sensory stimuli. We model the dancer’s inner state and reaction to classic stimuli through a quantum circuit. We present our preliminary results, discussing further lines of development.
Surge of Sympathetic Activity during Hyperventilation at the End of Apnea for Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Chiang Jui-Kun , Lin Yen-Chang , Kao Hsueh-Hsin , Kao Yee-Hsin
Published: February 2024

Background and Objectives: The mechanisms connecting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiovascular disease are multifactorial, involving intermittent hypoxia, hypercapnia, and sympathetic activation. The aim of this study was to explore the oscillations of sympathetic activity during the sleep apnea episodes throughout the entire night in patients with OSA. Materials and Methods: The participants received whole-night polysomnography (PSG), and electrocardiogram (EKG) data from the PSG were collected for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. HRV measurements were conducted in the time and frequency domains. The root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), which reflects parasympathetic activity, and the ratio of the absolute power of the low-frequency band (0.04–0.15 Hz) to the absolute power of the high-frequency band (0.015–0.4 Hz) (LF/HF ratio), which indicates sympathetic activity, were computed. Results: A total of 43 participants (35 men and 8 women) were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 44.1 ± 11.3 years old, and the mean BMI was 28.6 ± 5.4 kg/m2. The sleep apnea episodes throughout the entire night in patients with OSA were selected randomly and occurred most frequently during the non-REM stages (39, 90.7%). The selected sleep apnea episodes typically exhibited multiple apneas, often interrupted by snoring respiration and followed by hyperventilation at the end of the episode (HE). Our findings indicate that the centers of the 5 min HRV window for the lowest and highest LF/HF ratios, at 111.8 ± 88.2 and 117.4 ± 88.6 min after sleep onset, respectively, showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Similarly, the ratios of the lowest and highest LF/HF, at 0.82 ± 0.56 and 3.53 ± 2.94, respectively, exhibited a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions: In the current study, the selected sleep apnea episodes throughout the entire night in patients with OSA occurred primarily during the non-REM stages. Additionally, we observed that sympathetic activity reached its peak in the window that includes hyperventilation at the end stage of apnea, potentially posing a cardiovascular risk. However, additional studies are needed to validate these results.
Optimizing Binding Site Spacing in Fluidic Self-Assembly for Enhanced Microchip Integration Density
Authors: Park Myeongho , Yoo Bin , Hong Myeonghwan , Cho Daeun , Jeong Yunjin , Park Cheolheon , Kim Jaemin , Ha Tae-Min , Kim Garam , Hong Sang Jeen , Lee Daewon
Published: February 2024

This manuscript presents a comprehensive study on the assembly of microchips using fluidic self-assembly (FSA) technology, with a focus on optimizing the spacing between binding sites to improve yield and assembly. Through a series of experiments, we explored the assembly of microchips on substrates with varying binding site spacings, revealing the impact of spacing on the rate of undesired chip assembly across multiple sites. Our findings indicate a significant reduction in incorrect assembly rates as the spacing increases beyond a critical threshold of 140 μm. This study delves into the mechanics of chip alignment within the fluid medium, hypothesizing that the extent of the alloy’s grip on the chips at different spacings influences assembly outcomes. By analyzing cases of undesired assembly, we identified the relationship between binding site spacing and the area of chip contact, demonstrating a decrease in the combined left and right areas of chips as the spacing increases. The results highlight a critical spacing threshold, which, when optimized, could significantly enhance the efficiency and precision of microchip assembly processes using FSA technology. This research contributes to the field of microcomponent assembly, offering insights into achieving higher integration densities and precision in applications, such as microLED displays and augmented reality (AR) devices.
Assessing the Plastisphere from Floating Plastics in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, with Emphasis on Viruses
Authors: Lacerda Ana Luzia , Briand Jean-François , Lenoble Véronique , Oreste Eliézer Quadro , Kessler Felipe , Pedrotti Maria Luiza
Published: February 2024

Plastics in the ocean create the “plastisphere”, a diverse habitat hosting various life forms. Other than the pollution induced by plastics, the co-occurrence of primary producers, symbiotic organisms, decomposers, and pathogens within the plastisphere raises questions about how they influence the dynamics of marine ecosystems. Here, we used a shotgun DNA-sequencing approach to describe the species thriving on floating plastics collected in two Mediterranean sites. Our findings revealed many species of bacteria, eukaryotes, viruses, and archaea on each plastic. Proteobacteria was dominant (70% of reads in the entire dataset), with other groups such as Ascomycota fungi (11%) and Bacteroidetes (9%) also being represented. The community structure was not affected by the polymeric composition or the plastic shape. Notably, pathogenic Vibrio species, including V. campbelli, V. alginolyticus, and V. coralliilyticus, were among the most abundant species. Viruses, despite showing lower relative abundances, occurred in all samples, especially Herpesvirales, Caudovirales, and Poxviridae groups. A significant finding was the presence of the White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV). This pathogen, responsible for devastating outbreaks in aquaculture systems, had not been previously reported in the marine plastisphere. Our study emphasizes the need for further investigation into the ecological and economic impacts of plastisphere organisms in the ocean.
Plant-Microbe Interactions under the Extreme Habitats and Their Potential Applications
Authors: Tiwari Pragya , Bose Subir Kumar , Park Kyeung-Il , Dufossé Laurent , Fouillaud Mireille
Published: February 2024

Plant-microbe associations define a key interaction and have significant ecological and biotechnological perspectives. In recent times, plant-associated microbes from extreme environments have been extensively explored for their multifaceted benefits to plants and the environment, thereby gaining momentum in global research. Plant-associated extremophiles highlight ubiquitous occurrences, inhabiting extreme habitats and exhibiting enormous diversity. The remarkable capacity of extremophiles to exist in extreme environmental conditions is attributed to the evolution of adaptive mechanisms in these microbes at genetic and physiological levels. In addition, the plant-associated extremophiles have a major impact in promoting plant growth and development and conferring stress tolerance to the host plant, thereby contributing immensely to plant adaptation and survival in extreme conditions. Considering the major impact of plant-associated extremophiles from a socio-economic perspective, the article discusses their significance in emerging biotechnologies with a key focus on their ecological role and dynamic interaction with plants. Through this article, the authors aim to discuss and understand the favorable impact and dynamics of plant-associated extremophiles and their biotechnological utilities.
Immuno-Enhancing Effects of Galium aparine L. in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppressed Animal Models
Authors: Lee Seo-yeon , Park Seo-yeon , Park Hee-jung
Published: February 2024

This study investigates the immunomodulatory potential of Galium aparine L. (GAE) in immunodeficient animals. In this study, animals were categorized into five groups: the normal group, CYP group (cyclophosphamide intraperitoneal injection), GA5 group (cyclophosphamide + 5 μg GAE), GA50 group (cyclophosphamide + 50 μg GAE), and GA500 group (cyclophosphamide + 500 μg GAE). The CYP group exhibited significantly reduced spleen weights compared to the normal group, while the groups obtaining GAE displayed a dose-dependent increase in spleen weight. Furthermore, the GAE demonstrated dose-dependent enhancement of splenocyte proliferating activity, with significant increases observed in both LPS and ConA-induced assays. NK cell activity significantly increased in the GA50 and GA500 groups compared to the CYP group. Cytokine analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels in ConA-induced splenocytes treated with GAE. Gene expression analysis identified 2434 DEG genes in the extract groups. Notable genes, such as Entpd1, Pgf, Thdb, Syt7, Sqor, and Rsc1al, displayed substantial differences in individual gene expression levels, suggesting their potential as target genes for immune enhancement. In conclusion, Galium aparine L. extract exhibits immunomodulatory properties. The observed gene expression changes further support the potential of Galium aparine L. extract as a natural agent for immune augmentation.
Genetic Variants Linked to Myocardial Infarction in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Their Potential Interaction with Dietary Patterns
Authors: Lee Sung-Bum , Choi Ja-Eun , Hong Kyung-Won , Jung Dong-Hyuk
Published: February 2024

In recent studies, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been associated with a high risk of ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to investigate a genetic variant within a specific gene associated with myocardial infarction (MI) among patients with NAFLD. We included 57,205 participants from a Korean genome and epidemiology study. The baseline population consisted of 45,400 individuals, with 11,805 identified as patients with NAFLD. Genome-wide association studies were conducted for three groups: the entire sample, the healthy population, and patients with NAFLD. We defined the p-value < 1 × 10−5 as the nominal significance and the p-value < 5 × 10−2 as statistically significant for the gene-by-nutrient interaction. Among the significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the lead SNP of each locus was further analyzed. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 1529 participants (2.8%) had experienced MI. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of 102 SNPs across nine loci. Nine SNPs (rs11891202, rs2278549, rs13146480, rs17293047, rs184257317, rs183081683, rs1887427, rs146939423, and rs76662689) demonstrated an association with MI in the group with NAFLD Notably, the MI-associated SNP, rs134146480, located within the SORCS2 gene, known for its role in secreting insulin in islet cells, showed the most significant association with MI (p-value = 2.55 × 10−7). Our study identifies candidate genetic polymorphisms associated with NAFLD-related MI. These findings may serve as valuable indicators for estimating MI risk and for conducting future investigations into the underlying mechanisms of NAFLD-related MI.
Novel Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism
Authors: Fernández-Villabrille Sara , Martín-Carro Beatriz , Martín-Vírgala Julia , Rodríguez-Santamaria Mª , Baena-Huerta Francisco , Muñoz-Castañeda Juan , Fernández-Martín José , Alonso-Montes Cristina , Naves-Díaz Manuel , Carrillo-López Natalia , Panizo Sara
Published: February 2024

Bone represents a metabolically active tissue subject to continuous remodeling orchestrated by the dynamic interplay between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These cellular processes are modulated by a complex interplay of biochemical and mechanical factors, which are instrumental in assessing bone remodeling. This comprehensive evaluation aids in detecting disorders arising from imbalances between bone formation and reabsorption. Osteoporosis, characterized by a reduction in bone mass and strength leading to heightened bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures, is one of the more prevalent chronic diseases. Some epidemiological studies, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), have identified an association between osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Notably, low bone mineral density has been linked to an increased incidence of aortic calcification, with shared molecules, mechanisms, and pathways between the two processes. Certain molecules emerging from these shared pathways can serve as biomarkers for bone and mineral metabolism. Detecting and evaluating these alterations early is crucial, requiring the identification of biomarkers that are reliable for early intervention. While traditional biomarkers for bone remodeling and vascular calcification exist, they suffer from limitations such as low specificity, low sensitivity, and conflicting results across studies. In response, efforts are underway to explore new, more specific biomarkers that can detect alterations at earlier stages. The aim of this review is to comprehensively examine some of the emerging biomarkers in mineral metabolism and their correlation with bone mineral density, fracture risk, and vascular calcification as well as their potential use in clinical practice.
Solidagenone from Solidago chilensis Meyen Protects against Acute Peritonitis and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Shock by Regulating NF-κB Signaling Pathway
Authors: Santos Ivanilson Pimenta , Silva Laís Peres , Silva Dahara Keyse Carvalho , dos Reis Bruna Padilha Zurita Claro , de Oliveira Temistocles Barroso , Kelly Andressa Maia , dos Santos Rodrigues Edivaldo , de Souza Claudia Valeria Campos , Oliveira-Costa José Fernando , Valverde Simone Sacramento , Santos-Filho Osvaldo Andrade , Soares Milena Botelho Pereira , Meira Cássio Santana
Published: February 2024

Anti-inflammatory agents are widely used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, the associated side effects of the available drugs make it necessary to search for new anti-inflammatory drugs. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of solidagenone. Initially, we observed that a single dose of 30, 60, or 90 mg/kg of solidagenone did not result in mortality or elicit any discernible signs of toxicity in mice. At the same doses, solidagenone promoted a significant reduction in the migration of neutrophils in an acute peritonitis model and decreased mortality in a lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock model. Interestingly, treatment with solidagenone conferred a protective effect against leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, hematological disorders commonly observed in sepsis conditions. In addition, treatment with all the doses of solidagenone promoted a significant reduction in nitric oxide, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels relative to the LPS-stimulated vehicle-treated cultures. Furthermore, gene expression and in silico analyses also supported the modulation of the NF-κB pathway by solidagenone. Finally, in silico pharmacokinetics predictions indicated a favorable drugability profile for solidagenone. Taken together, the findings of the present investigation show that solidagenone exhibits significant anti-inflammatory properties in acute experimental models, potentially through the modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
Influence of Photosensitizer on Photodynamic Therapy for Peri-Implantitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Schweigert Thaís B. M. O. , Afonso João P. R. , da Palma Renata K. , Oliveira-Silva Iransé , Silva Carlos H. M. , Jirjos Elias Ilias , Freitas Júnior Wilson Rodrigues , Insalaco Giuseppe , Guedes Orlando A. , Oliveira Luís V. F.
Published: February 2024

The treatment of peri-implantitis is challenging in the clinical practice of implant dentistry. With limited therapeutic options and drug resistance, there is a need for alternative methods, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat peri-implantitis. This study evaluated whether the type of photosensitizer used influences the results of inflammatory control, reduction in peri-implant pocket depth, bleeding during probing, and reduction in bone loss in the dental implant region. We registered the study in the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Review) database. We searched three main databases and gray literature in English without date restrictions. In vivo randomized clinical studies involving individuals with peri-implantitis, smokers, patients with diabetes, and healthy controls were included. PDT was used as the primary intervention. Comparators considered mechanical debridement with a reduction in pocket depth as the primary outcome and clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival index, plaque index, and microbiological analysis as secondary outcomes. After reviewing the eligibility criteria, we included seven articles out of 266. A great variety of photosensitizers were observed, and it was concluded that the selection of the most appropriate type of photosensitizer must consider the patient’s characteristics and peri-implantitis conditions. The effectiveness of PDT, its effects on the oral microbiome, and the clinical patterns of peri-implantitis may vary depending on the photosensitizer chosen, which is a crucial factor in personalizing peri-implantitis treatment.
Extracellular Vesicles in Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review on Applications, Challenges, and Clinical Progress
Authors: Goo Jiyoung , Lee Yeji , Lee Jeongmin , Kim In-San , Jeong Cherlhyun
Published: February 2024

Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) are typically 30–150 nm in diameter, produced inside cells, and released into the extracellular space. These vesicles carry RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids that reflect the characteristics of their parent cells, enabling communication between cells and the alteration of functions or differentiation of target cells. Owing to these properties, sEVs have recently gained attention as potential carriers for functional molecules and drug delivery tools. However, their use as a therapeutic platform faces limitations, such as challenges in mass production, purity issues, and the absence of established protocols and characterization methods. To overcome these, researchers are exploring the characterization and engineering of sEVs for various applications. This review discusses the origins of sEVs and their engineering for therapeutic effects, proposing areas needing intensive study. It covers the use of cell-derived sEVs in their natural state and in engineered forms for specific purposes. Additionally, the review details the sources of sEVs and their subsequent purification methods. It also outlines the potential of therapeutic sEVs and the requirements for successful clinical trials, including methods for large-scale production and purification. Finally, we discuss the progress of ongoing clinical trials and the implications for future healthcare, offering a comprehensive overview of the latest research in sEV applications.
Highly Sensitive On-Chip Grating-Based Optical Sensor on Glass Substrate: Cost-Effective Design
Authors: Attia Hesham A. , Ahmed Mulan E. , Elsharkawi Adel Shaaban Awad , Swillam Mohamed A.
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a novel on-chip optical sensing system using ion exchange technology and phase-shifted Bragg grating design. The sensor geometry has been optimized using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) solver to achieve maximum sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM). The proposed design offers high sensitivity to changes in refractive index and low fabrication costs. The ion exchange process used to create the sensor allows for precise refractive index control, optimizing the sensor’s sensitivity and FOM. A graded-index waveguide and a phase-shifted Bragg grating structure also contribute to the sensor’s high sensitivity. The proposed sensor design was tested for water-based sensing applications, achieving a FOM of 227.63 and a 343.1 nm/RIU sensitivity. These values are significantly higher than those reported for other Bragg grating sensors, highlighting the potential of the proposed design for high-performance sensing applications. The sensor’s high sensitivity and low fabrication costs make it a promising technology for future sensing and monitoring applications.
Morpho Evo-Devo of the Gynoecium: Heterotopy, Redefinition of the Carpel, and a Topographic Approach
Authors: Sattler Rolf
Published: February 2024

Since the 19th century, we have had countless debates, sometimes acrimonious, about the nature of the gynoecium. A pivotal question has been whether all angiosperms possess carpels or if some or all angiosperms are acarpellate. We can resolve these debates if we do not define the carpel as a closed megasporophyll but simply as an appendage that encloses the placenta or a single ovule. This redefinition may, however, lead to confusion because often it may not be clear whether the traditional (classical) definition of the carpel or the redefinition is implied. Therefore, a topographic approach is proposed that is compatible with the redefinition. According to this approach, gynoecia comprise one or more gynoecial appendages and placentas or single ovules that may be formed in different positions. Heterotopy refers to these different positions. In the context of evo-devo, which explores evolutionary changes in development, morpho evo-devo delves into spatial shifts of the placentas and ovules leading to heterotopy. Furthermore, it considers shifts in timing (heterochrony) and other processes leading to heteromorphy. Recognizing spatial shifting of the placentas or a single ovule and other evolutionary processes opens up new vistas in the search for the ancestor(s) of angiosperms and their gynoecia.
Configuration Strategy and Performance Analysis of Combined Heat and Power System Integrated with Biomass Gasification, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, and Steam Power System
Authors: Zhu Xinyao , Li Zeqiu , Tian Ying , Huang Xiuhui
Published: February 2024

Renewable energy integration is a crucial approach for achieving a low-carbon energy supply in industrial utility systems. However, the uncertainty of user demand often leads to a mismatch between the system’s real operating conditions and the optimal operating points, resulting in energy wastage and high emissions. This study presents a multi-source heat and power system that integrates biomass gasification, solar collecting, solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), gas turbine, and steam power systems. A scheduling strategy that varies the heat-to-power ratio is proposed to accommodate changes in user requirements. A simulation model of this multi-source system is established and validated. The influence of three key parameters on system performance under different configurations is explored. Energy and economic evaluations are conducted for three different configurations, and the system’s energy production and adjustable range are determined. The analysis reveals that, under the optimal configuration, the system can achieve an energy efficiency of 64.51%, and it is economically feasible with the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of USD 0.16/kWh. The system is capable of producing an output power ranging from 11.52 to 355.53 MW by implementing different configuration strategies. The heat-to-power ratio can be adjusted from 0.91 to 28.09.
Faith in Humanity: Religious Charitable Organizations Solidarity towards Migrants in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hamdi Wafa Barhoumi , Aderibigbe Semiyu Adejare , Idriz Mesut , Alghfeli Mouza Mohamed
Published: February 2024

The plight of migrants and the need to foster their integration into diverse societies are of concern to global communities, governments, and charitable organizations. This study explored the roles of philanthropic organizations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in demonstrating solidarity towards migrants, exploring the multifaceted dimensions of compassion and support rooted in diverse religious principles. The study adopted a qualitative approach guided by the interpretivist paradigm when collecting and analyzing data. From its findings, the study highlights the integral role they play in addressing the complex needs of migrant communities. For instance, they provide food and financial support in clearing hospitals, tuition, and rent bills. In addition, the findings show that the organizations identify migrants in need through their open-door policy, encouraging those in need of support to contact them directly, with collaboration also being essential for the effectiveness of their services. By affirming the positive contributions of religious charities, this study underscores their role in promoting the well-being and social cohesion of migrants, ultimately exemplifying a shared commitment to humanitarian values and reinstating faith in the collective capacity for compassion and solidarity.