bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negative effects of hydroxyl radical‐generating mists (simulated dew water) on the photosynthesis and growth of Japanese apricot seedlings (Prunus mume)
Authors: Yoon Johee , Abe‐Suzuki Masayo , Eko Pudjadi , Tamai Hiroshi , Hanamitsu Shigeichiro , Nakane Kaneyuki
Published: October 2005

The hydroxyl (OH) radical, which is generated in polluted dew water on leaf surfaces of the Japanese apricot (Prunus mume), is known to be a potent oxidant. In order to investigate the effects of the OH radical formed in polluted dew water on the photosynthesis and growth of 3‐year‐old seedlings of P. mume, OH radical‐generating solutions simulating polluted dew water were sprayed in the early morning as a mist throughout a growing season onto the leaf surfaces of seedlings growing in experimental greenhouses. Four OH radical‐generating solutions (0, 6, 18 and 54 μM H2O2 with Fe(III) and an oxalate ion) were used in the mist treatment. Five months after the beginning of treatment, the leaves exposed to the mist containing 54 μM H2O2 showed a significantly smaller maximum CO2 assimilation rate (Amax) and stomatal conductance (gs) as compared to the leaves exposed to the mist containing 0 μM H2O2. Exposure of P. mume seedlings to the OH radical‐generating mist had caused a reduction in the dry weight and relative growth rate (RGR) of the above‐ground parts (stem + branch) at the end of the growing season. A significant positive correlation was shown between RGR and Amax. Thus, the effects of oxidants generated in polluted dew water on leaf surfaces can be considered to be a cause of the decrease in leaf photosynthesis and growth of P. mume.
Uncovering Evidence of Conditional Party Government: Reassessing Majority Party Influence in Congress and State Legislatures
Authors: BIANCO WILLIAM T. , SENED ITAI
Published: October 2005

This paper aims at enriching the debate over the measurement of majority party influence in contemporary American legislatures. Our use of a new analytic technique, a grid-search program for characterizing the uncovered set, enables us to begin with a better model of legislative proceedings that abandons the simple one-dimensional spatial models in favor of the more realistic two-dimensional version. Our conclusions are based on the analysis of real-world data rather than on arguments about the relative merits of different theoretic assumptions. Our analysis confirms that when legislators' preferences are polarized, outcomes will generally be closer to the majority party's wishes, even if the majority-party leadership does nothing to influence the legislative process. This conclusion notwithstanding, our analysis also shows that at the margin of the majority party's natural advantage, agenda setting by the majority party remains a viable and efficacious strategy.
No Rest for the Democratic Peace
Authors: KINSELLA DAVID
Published: October 2005

Proponents of the democratic peace are accustomed to criticism. Early refutations of the research program's findings focused on questions of measurement and statistical inference. Skepticism about such matters has not fully subsided, but many more now accept the democratic peace as an empirical regularity. The aim of recent complaints has shifted to democratic peace theory. The typical approach has been to highlight select historical events that appear anomalous in light of the theory and the causal mechanisms it identifies. Sebastian Rosato's (2003) is one such critique, noteworthy for the range of causal propositions held up for scrutiny and the unequivocal rejection of them all. But Rosato fails to appreciate the dyadic logic central to democratic peace theory, and much of his criticism is therefore misdirected. Those cases that remain unexplained by the theory are not especially problematic for this progressively evolving research program.
BETWEEN “BELOVED OTTOMANIA” AND “THE LAND OF ISRAEL”: THE STRUGGLE OVER OTTOMANISM AND ZIONISM AMONG PALESTINE'S SEPHARDI JEWS, 1908–13
Authors: Campos Michelle U.
Published: October 2005

In the winter of 1910, the Salonikan Judeo-Spanish newspaper La Tribuna Libera published a plebiscite in which it asked its readers to decide where the future of Ottoman Jewry lay: nationalism, assimilation, or Zionism. The paper's appeal was an effort to settle the battle that had raged in the Judeo-Spanish press of the empire in the preceding eighteen months over the growing clash between Ottomanism and Zionism. According to the paper, the situation was “bordering on fratricide,” threatening to engulf Ottoman Jewry entirely.
GOVERNMENT WITHOUT EXPERTISE? COMPETENCE, CAPACITY, AND CIVIL-SERVICE PRACTICE IN GAZA, 1917–67
Authors: Feldman Ilana
Published: October 2005

The expert is a quintessential figure of modern bureaucratic rule, offering a “protean image of authority and rational knowledge.” Tracing the development of modern rule, Max Weber describes the emergence in European government of a “professional labor force, specialized in expertness through long years of preparatory training…[and] based on the division of labor” as a “gradual development of half a thousand years.” Different fields, Weber suggests, demanded experts at different moments, but in three areas—finance, war, and law—“expert officialdom in the more advanced states was definitely triumphant during the sixteenth century.” For the British civil service, the triumph of the expert has been located in “the nineteenth-century revolution in government” such that the “modern image of the expert, canonised and criticised, was well established by the 1920s.” With this consolidation of the expert's place in modern rule, it has been generally agreed that, whether for good or for ill, “the expert in the civil service is here to stay.”
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, SUICIDE RATE IN THE ELDERLY, AND A THRESHOLD INTELLIGENCE FOR SUICIDALITY: AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF 48 EURASIAN COUNTRIES
Authors: VORACEK MARTIN
Published: October 2005

Across 85 countries around the world, Voracek (2004) found a significant positive relation between estimated national intelligence (IQ) and national male and female suicide rate. The relation was not attenuated when countries’ per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and type of national IQ estimation were statistically controlled. Independently, investigating the total national suicide rate only, Lester (2003) arrived at the same conclusion. These two findings are consistent with a corollary of de Catanzaro’s (1981) evolutionary theory of human suicide, namely that a threshold intelligence is necessary for suicidality and that intelligence and suicide mortality should thus be positively related. Here, further evidence for this hypothesis is bolstered by focusing on suicide rates of the elderly. Across 48 Eurasian countries, estimated national IQ was significantly positively related to national suicide rates of people aged 65 years and over. This new ecological-level finding survived statistical controlling for a set of seven variables (type of national IQ estimation, national GDP, stableness and recency measures for suicide rates, and rates of adult literacy, urbanization and Roman Catholics), which thus are not confounding factors for the relation of intelligence and suicide mortality. Based on ecological data, the threshold IQ for suicidality is predicted to be 70 or slightly over, an estimate that is consistent with various suicidological observations.
PROFESSIONS, GENERATIONS AND REPRODUCTIVE DYNAMICS OF A FRENCH ALPINE POPULATION (16th–20th CENTURIES)
Authors: BOËTSCH GILLES , PROST MICHEL , RABINO-MASSA EMMA
Published: October 2005

As part of a survey of the biological history of Alpine populations, the lineages of all the families of the Vallouise valley (a French ‘department’ of the Hautes Alpes) have been reconstructed over several centuries. The genealogies have been included in a computerized population record, known as ‘Vallouise in the Briançon area (14th–20th centuries)’, using the French–Canadian programme Analypop. Most of the professions of the family heads were included in the files. In this study, various profession groups were identified and their descents determined over successive generations. In this mountain area, where over 92% of marriages took place among relatives during the 19th century, the profession groups modulated their descents according to chosen strategies, sometimes with considerable differences among groups but with a remarkable consistency of behaviour. Moreover, there was weak interpenetration in the descents of each profession at both the 2nd and 3rd generations.
american isolationism: a response to david hastings dunn
Authors: dumbrell john
Published: October 2005

in an excellent and thoughtful piece in the april 2005 issue of review of international studies, david dunn draws our attention to seven myths about american isolationism. his points are well made and generally unexceptionable. however, since david dunn takes an article i wrote in 1999 as the starting point for several of his criticisms, i thought i would take the opportunity to offer a response. i have three main points to make.
how to understand china: the dangers and opportunities of being a rising power
Authors: callahan william a.
Published: October 2005

china’s situation lends itself to hyperbole. the people’s republic of china (prc) has the largest population in the world, the fastest growing economy in the world, the largest army in the world, the largest middle class in the world, a permanent seat on the united nations security council, a manned space programme, a nuclear arsenal, and so on. but analysts, commentators and policymakers have yet to decide just how to understand china.
AN ALTERNATING SERVICE PROBLEM
Authors: Vlasiou M. , Adan I. J. B. F.
Published: October 2005

We consider a system consisting of a server alternating between two
service points. At both service points, there is an infinite queue of
customers that have to undergo a preparation phase before being served. We
are interested in the waiting time of the server. The waiting time of the
server satisfies an equation very similar to Lindley's equation for
the waiting time in the GI/G/1 queue. We will
analyze this Lindley-type equation under the assumptions that the
preparation phase follows a phase-type distribution, whereas the service
times have a general distribution. If we relax the condition that the
server alternates between the service points, then the model turns out to
be the machine repair problem. Although the latter is a well-known
problem, the distribution of the waiting time of the server has not been
studied yet. We derive this distribution under the same setting and we
compare the two models numerically. As expected, the waiting time of the
server is, on average, smaller in the machine repair problem than in the
alternating service system, but they are not stochastically ordered.
ON THE LINEAR COMBINATION OF LAPLACE RANDOM VARIABLES
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel
Published: October 2005

The distribution of the linear combination αX +
βY is derived when X and Y are independent
Laplace random variables. Extensive tabulations of the associated
percentage points are also given. The work is motivated by examples in
automation, control, fuzzy sets, neurocomputing, and other areas of
informational sciences.
ESTIMATING FAILURE PROPAGATION IN MODELS OF CASCADING
BLACKOUTS
Authors: Dobson Ian , Carreras Benjamin A. , Lynch Vickie E. , Nkei Bertrand , Newman David E.
Published: October 2005

We compare and test statistical estimates of failure propagation in
data from versions of a probabilistic model of loading-dependent cascading
failure and a power system blackout model of cascading transmission line
overloads. The comparisons suggest mechanisms affecting failure
propagation and are an initial step toward monitoring failure propagation
from practical system data. Approximations to the probabilistic model
describe the forms of probability distribution of cascade sizes.
A CLUSTER DISTRIBUTION AS A MODEL FOR ESTIMATING HIGH-ORDER-EVENT
PROBABILITIES IN POWER SYSTEMS
Authors: Chen Qiming , McCalley James D.
Published: October 2005

We propose the use of the cluster distribution, derived from a
negative binomial probability model, to estimate the probability of
high-order events in terms of number of lines outaged within a short time,
useful in long-term planning and also in short-term operational defense to
such events. We use this model to fit statistical data gathered for a
30-year period for North America. The model is compared to the commonly
used Poisson model and the power-law model. Results indicate that the
Poisson model underestimates the probability of higher-order events,
whereas the power-law model overestimates it. We use the strict chi-square
fitness test to compare the fitness of these three models and find that
the cluster model is superior to the other two models for the data used in
the study.
APPLICATION OF POSSIBILITY THEORY TO ROBUST COURNOT EQUILIBRIUM IN
THE ELECTRICITY MARKET
Authors: Campos F. A. , Villar J. , Barquín J.
Published: October 2005

It is known that Cournot game theory has been one of the theoretical
approaches used more often to model electricity market behavior.
Nevertheless, this approach is highly influenced by the residual demand
curves of the market agents, which are usually not precisely known. This
imperfect information has normally been studied with probability theory,
but possibility theory might sometimes be more helpful in modeling not
only uncertainty but also imprecision and vagueness. In this paper, two
dual approaches are proposed to compute a robust Cournot equilibrium, when
the residual demand uncertainty is modeled with possibility distributions.
Additionally, it is shown that these two approaches can be combined into a
bicriteria programming model, which can be solved with an iterative
algorithm. Some interesting results for a real-size electricity system
show the robustness of the proposed methodology.
A study on the grammatical construction of function structures
Authors: SRIDHARAN PRASANNA , CAMPBELL MATTHEW I.
Published: October 2005

Function structures are used during conceptual engineering design to transform the customer requirements into specific functional tasks. Although they are usually constructed from a well-understood black-box description of an artifact, there is no clear approach or formal set of rules that guide the creation of function structures. To remedy the unclear formation of such structures and to provide the potential for automated reasoning of such structures, a graph grammar is developed and implemented. The grammar can be used by a designer to explore various solutions to a conceptual design problem. Furthermore, the grammar aids in disseminating engineering functional information and in teaching the function structure concept to untrained engineers. Thirty products are examined as a basis for developing the grammar rules, and the rules are implemented in an interactive user environment. Experiments with student engineers and with the automated creation of function structures validate the effectiveness of the grammar rules.
Function- and constraint-based conceptual design support using easily exchangeable, reusable principle solution elements
Authors: WILHELMS SÖREN
Published: October 2005

Conceptual design produces a number of functions the designed product is to fulfill, several solution principles (means) for each function, and multiple overall principle solutions (concepts). Besides concept synthesis, it is important to determine the (few) early solution properties that are of interest at the concept stage. Further activities are assessing the consequences of the chosen means and their instantiation, the effects of changes, and how decisions affect other elements. Using a quantitative functional representation can facilitate these tasks, but a balance is needed between product-dependent tools predicting many detailed properties, and product-independent, generally applicable tools with limited prediction capabilities. A balance between a closed, general set of predefined building blocks and extensibility by modeling application-specific, individual elements is also necessary. In this paper, a generally applicable conceptual design model is presented, which has been established by theoretical reasoning applied to a number of products. These products were the subjects of previous company-ordered student projects. The resulting information model spans continuously from requirements to concepts and permits modeling desired functionality (functions), achieved functionality (means and their value choices), and explicit constraints (internal and external relations between parameters of requirements, functions and means). To indicate the suitability in principle, the model has been implemented in an interactive, incremental prototype for computer support that permits modeling, storage, and reuse in a database. It can be concluded that the model permits explicit modeling of complex relations, automatic change propagation, and handling of many concept alternatives. Integrated, bidirectional, and continuous connections from requirements to concepts facilitate conceptual design, reuse, documentation of the results, and allow changes to be made and their effects assessed easily. Incremental constraint networks are approved, for example, in configuration design or geometry modelers, and the significance of this article is to enable their use also for quantitative analysis of incomplete, evolving concepts in original design tasks allowing different principle solutions, and for various products of mechanical design.
Mosaic properties of midget and parasol ganglion cells in the marmoset retina
Authors: SZMAJDA BRETT A. , GRÜNERT ULRIKE , MARTIN PAUL R.
Published: October 2005

We measured mosaic properties of midget and parasol ganglion cells in the retina of a New World monkey, the common marmosetCallithrix jacchus. We addressed the functional specialization of these populations for color and spatial vision, by comparing the mosaic of ganglion cells in dichromatic (“red–green color blind”) and trichromatic marmosets. Ganglion cells were labelled by photolytic amplification of retrograde marker (“photofilling”) following injections into the lateral geniculate nucleus, or by intracellular injection in anin vitroretinal preparation. The dendritic-field size, shape, and overlap of neighboring cells were measured. We show that in marmosets, both midget and parasol cells exhibit a radial bias, so that the long axis of the dendritic field points towards the fovea. The radial bias is similar for parasol cells and midget cells, despite the fact that midget cell dendritic fields are more elongated than are those of parasol cells. The dendritic fields of midget ganglion cells from the same (ON or OFF) response-type array show very little overlap, consistent with the low coverage of the midget mosaic in humans. No large differences in radial bias, or overlap, were seen on comparing retinae from dichromatic and trichromatic animals. These data suggest that radial bias in ganglion cell populations is a consistent feature of the primate retina. Furthermore, they suggest that the mosaic properties of the midget cell population are associated with high spatial resolution rather than being specifically associated with trichromatic color vision.
Response of the difference-of-Gaussians model to circular drifting-grating patches
Authors: EINEVOLL G.T. , PLESSER H.E.
Published: October 2005

Forty years ago R.W. Rodieck introduced theDifference-of-Gaussians(DOG) model, and this model has been widely used by the visual neuroscience community to quantitatively account for spatial response properties of cells in the retina and lateral geniculate nucleus following visual stimulation. Circular patches of drifting gratings are now regularly used as visual stimuli when probing the early visual system, but for this stimulus type the mathematical evaluation of the DOG-model response is significantly more complicated than for moving bars, full-field drifting gratings, or circular flashing spots. Here we derive mathematical formulas for the DOG-model response to centered circular patch gratings. The response is found to be given as the difference between two summed series, where each term in the series involves the confluent hypergeometric function. This function is available in commonly used mathematical software, and the results should thus be readily applicable. Example results illustrate how a strong surround suppression in area-summation curves for iso-luminant circular spots may be reversed into a surround enhancement for circular patch gratings. They also show that the spatial-frequency response changes from band-pass to low-pass when going from the full-field grating situation to the situation where the patch covers only the receptive-field center.
Gradients of cone differentiation and FGF expression during
development of the foveal depression in macaque retina
Authors: CORNISH ELISA E. , MADIGAN MICHELE C. , NATOLI RICCARDO , HALES ANGELA , HENDRICKSON ANITA E. , PROVIS JAN M.
Published: October 2005

Cones in the foveola of adult primate retina are narrower and more
elongated than cones on the foveal rim, which in turn, are narrower and
more elongated than those located more eccentric. This gradient of cone
morphology is directly correlated with cone density and acuity. Here we
investigate the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling
mediates the morphological differentiation of foveal cones—in
particular, the mechanism regulating the elongation of foveal cones. We
used immunoreactivity to FGF receptor (R) 4, and quantitative analysis to
study cone elongation on the horizontal meridian of macaque retinae, aged
between foetal day (Fd) 95 and 2.5 years postnatal (P 2.5y). We also used
in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate the
expression patterns of FGF2 and FGFR1–4 at the developing fovea, and
three other sample locations on the horizontal meridian. Labeled RNA was
detected using the fluorescent marker “Fast Red” (Roche) and
levels of expression in cone inner segments and in the ganglion cell layer
(GCL) were compared using confocal microscopy, optical densitometry, and
tested for statistical significance. Our results show that morphological
differentiation of cones begins near the optic disc around Fd 95,
progressing toward the developing fovea up until birth, approximately.
Levels of FGF2 and FGFR4 mRNAs expression are low in foveal cones,
compared with cones closer to the optic disc, during this period. There is
no similar gradient of FGF2 mRNA expression in the ganglion cell layer of
the same sections. Maturation of foveal cones is delayed until the
postnatal period. The results suggest that a wave of cone differentiation
spreads from the disc region toward the developing fovea during the second
half of gestation in the macaque. A gradient of expression of FGFR4 and
FGF2 associated with the wave of differentiation suggests that FGF
signalling mediates cone narrowing and elongation.
Spatial coding and response redundancy in parallel visual pathways
of the marmoset Callithrix jacchus
Authors: FORTE JASON D. , HASHEMI-NEZHAD MAZIAR , DOBBIE WILLIAM J. , DREHER BOGDAN , MARTIN PAUL R.
Published: October 2005

Many neurons in the primary visual cortex (area V1) show pronounced
selectivity for the orientation and spatial frequency of visual stimuli,
whereas most neurons in subcortical afferent streams show little
selectivity for these stimulus attributes. It has been suggested that this
transformation is a functional sign of increased coding efficiency,
whereby the redundancy (or overlap in response properties) is reduced at
consecutive levels of visual processing. Here we compared experimentally
the response redundancy in area V1 with that in the three main dorsal
thalamic afferent streams, the parvocellular (PC), koniocellular (KC), and
magnocellular (MC) divisions of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
(LGN) in marmosets. The spatial frequency and orientation tuning of single
cells in the LGN and area V1 were measured, using luminance contrast
sine-wave gratings. A joint spatial frequency-orientation response
selectivity profile was calculated for each cell. Response redundancy for
each population was estimated by cross-multiplication of the joint
selectivity profiles for pairs of cells. We show that when estimated in
this way, redundancy in LGN neurons is approximately double that of
neurons in cortical area V1. However, there are differences between LGN
subdivisions, such that the KC pathway has a spatial representation that
lies between the redundant code of the PC and MC pathways and the more
efficient sparse spatial code of area V1.
“Small-tufted” ganglion cells and two visual systems for the detection of object motion in rabbit retina
Authors: FAMIGLIETTI E.V.
Published: October 2005

Small-tufted (ST) ganglion cells of rabbit retina are divided into eight types based upon morphology, branching pattern, level of dendritic stratification, and quantitative dimensional analysis. Only one of these types has been previously characterized in Golgi preparations, and four may be discerned in the work of others. Given their small dendritic-field size, and assuming uniform mosaics of each across the retina, ST cells comprise about 45% of all rabbit ganglion cells, and are therefore of major functional significance. Four ST cells occur as two paramorphic (a/b) pairs, and thus belong to class III, as previously defined. Four branch in sublaminaeaandbof the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and therefore belong to class IV. ST cells have small cell bodies 10–15 μm in diameter, small axons 0.7–1.3 μm in diameter, and small dendritic-field diameters, 40–110 μm in mid-visual streak. The dendrites of ST cells are highly branched, and bear spines and appendages of varying length, but vary from type to type. Class III.2 cells and class III.3 cells are partly bistratified. Class IV small-tufted cells differ characteristically in multiple features of dendritic branching and stratification. Class III small-tufted cells apparently have concentric (ON-center and OFF-center) receptive fields and may have “sluggish-transient” (class III.2) and “sluggish-sustained” (class III.3) physiology. Class IV cells include the “local-edge-detector” (LED) (class IVst1), and are all expected to give ON–OFF responses to small, centered, slowly moving visual stimuli. Based upon systematic variation in dendritic-field size across the retina, ST cells may be divided into two groups. In this “universal prey” species, they may belong to two systems of motion detection, typified by ON–OFF directionally selective and LED ganglion cells, respectively, specialized for detection of rapid motion at the horizon for land-based predators, and slow motion for airborne predators.
Remembering Bob Rodieck: 1937–2003
Authors: CALKINS DAVID J.
Published: October 2005

In this special issue of Visual Neuroscience, we present a
series of papers to honor the life and career of Robert William Rodieck,
who passed away at his home in Seattle on September 30, 2003. Rodieck held
the E.K. Bishop Professorship in Ophthalmology at the University of
Washington Medical Center from 1978–1997. Known to everyone as
“Bob,” he leaves behind an intellectual legacy often admired
by his colleagues and friends for its scope, intensity, and empathy for
what was beautiful in the object of his studies.
Radar evidence of orographic enhancement due to the seeder feeder mechanism
Authors: Purdy J. C. , Austin G.L. , Seed A. W. , Cluckie I.D.
Published: October 2005

There are many cases where observed orographic enhancement has been plausibly attributed to the seeder feeder mechanism. To date, however, there have been few examples of radar data that clearly illustrate the concept of process, in the manner that the data presented here do. In this case study, vertical pointing radar data collected on the windward side of New Zealand's Southern Alps show two separated precipitating systems, with shallow rainfall enhanced by snowfall from aloft. Simple analysis of the synoptic conditions and rainfall data showed that this interaction did result in orographic enhancement. Further evidence of a seeder feeder event is given by simultaneous scanning radar data, which show a marked increase in raining area at the onset of the snowfall. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Probabilistic precipitation forecasts from a deterministic model: a pragmatic approach
Authors: Theis S. E. , Hense A. , Damrath U.
Published: October 2005

Precipitation forecasts from mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models often contain features that are not deterministically predictable and require a probabilistic forecast approach. However, some forecast providers still refrain from a probabilistic approach in operational forecasting because existing methods are associated with substantial costs. Therefore, a pragmatic, low‐budget postprocessing procedure is presented that derives probabilistic precipitation forecasts from deterministic NWP model output. The methodology looks in the spatio‐temporal neighbourhood of a point to get a set of forecasts and uses this set to derive a probabilistic forecast at the central point of the neighbourhood. For the sake of low implementation costs and low running costs, the procedure does without ensemble simulations, historical error statistics or the operational interaction of a forecaster. The procedure is applied to the output of the mesoscale model LM, the regional part of the operational modelling system of the German Weather Service (DWD). The probabilistic postprocessed forecast (PPPF) outperforms the deterministic direct model output in terms of forecast consistency, forecast quality and forecast value. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
The evolution and retreat features of the summer monsoon over India
Authors: Rao P. L. S. , Mohanty U.C. , Ramesh K. J.
Published: October 2005

The motivation for this study stems from the fact that there are no uniform criteria to identify the onset of the summer monsoon at a particular location. Furthermore, proper understanding of the events that culminate in the onset of the monsoon is crucial to allow its prediction over various time scales. An attempt is made to elucidate the characteristics of the onset and retreat of the monsoon using a global data assimilation and forecast system. For this purpose, the time series of net tropospheric large‐scale budgets of kinetic energy, heat and moisture are examined over the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and some land locations in India. The study makes use of daily data comprising operational analysis (0000 UTC) and forecasts (day1 through day5) produced by the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, India, for the summer season of 1994.

The sequence of events associated with the advent of the monsoon is noticeably different at various locations. The horizontal fluxes of heat and moisture produce a divergence regime prior to the evolution and change to convergence during the onset of monsoon over the Arabian Sea. Similarly, intense diabatic cooling is noticed prior to the onset of monsoon and changes to heating subsequently. On the other hand, heat and moisture fluxes remain in the convergence regime well before the arrival of the monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. In turn, diabatic heating is noticed prior to the onset here. Onset characteristics at Bombay and Nagpur are similar to those of the Arabian Sea. However, features at Calcutta are identical to those over the Bay of Bengal. Further, the budgets of kinetic energy, heat and moisture depict monotonic decrease at various land locations corresponding to the retreat. Interestingly, the signature of retreat is very similar at the various locations considered here. These changes are observed in the analysis and further corroborated by the model forecasts. Despite the systematic biases, the model captures the essential signature of the onset at various forecast ranges. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Wars and American Politics
Authors: Mayhew David R.
Published: October 2005

Wars have been underexamined as causal factors in American political
history. The nation's freestanding hot wars seem to have generated at
least four kinds of major effects: policy changes of lasting consequence,
new issue regimes, durable changes in electoral alignments, and durable
changes in party ideologies. Considered here are the War of 1812, the War
with Mexico, the Civil War, World War I, and World War II.
The Communitarian Constitution
Authors: Cullen Daniel
Published: October 2005

The Communitarian Constitution. By Beau Breslin. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 288p. $48.00.

Beau Breslin desires to make a breakthrough in the
“communitarian-liberal debate” by moving it to the plane of
constitutional discourse (pp. 18–19, 109). He describes his study as
a work of constitutional theory, but of a generic sort; his
constitutionalist standard owes more to John Rawls than to James Madison.
“Constitutionalism” refers varyingly to an architectonic
vision of political perfection (or “modeling”) and to the
limits on political power. The communitarian constitution is caught in a
dilemma that arises from these conflicting imperatives.
China and India: A New Asian Drama
Authors: Varshney Ashutosh
Published: October 2005

With the economic rise of India and China, a new question has entered
the international public sphere: How will the polities of India and China
be shaped by their continuing economic march over the next decade or so?
More specifically, will politics get in the way of their steady economic
rise, or will political liberalization continue as the market forces are
embraced ever more vigorously? Will economic liberalization, in short,
promote further political liberalization? This question is more relevant
to China than to India, where economic liberalization has been pursued
within the framework of a long-established democracy.
The Nature of Political Theory
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul
Published: October 2005

The Nature of Political Theory. By Andrew Vincent. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2004. 354p. $65.00.

Survey texts exercise considerable violence upon the thinkers and
works they assess. Andrew Vincent is no pacifist. Yet his book succeeds
admirably in gaining breadth without unduly sacrificing depth and
subtlety. Vincent's encyclopedic knowledge (with more than 500 titles
in the bibliography) is coupled with a sharp critical eye and refreshingly
blunt appraisals. The result is a thoughtful and wide-ranging
interpretation of twentieth-century Western political thought.
You Say You'll Change the Constitution?
Authors: Whittington Keith E.
Published: October 2005

Ten years from now, what kinds of issues of interest to politics will
dominate the agenda of the United States Supreme Court? Will a dominant
approach to constitutional interpretation emerge to guide the justices in
their handling of these significant cases?
Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity
Authors: Segura Gary M.
Published: October 2005

Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National
Identity. By Samuel P. Huntington. New York: Simon and Schuster,
2004. 448p. $27.00.

Samuel Huntington suggests in this book that American national
identity is threatened by a tidal wave of Latino—primarily
Mexican—immigrants who are refusing to assimilate to American
“Anglo-Protestant” values, and who are facilitated in this
resistance by the erosion of elite support for those very same values.
That erosion is a consequence of the “cults of multiculturalism and
diversity” (p. 144) that have collectively “denounced the idea
of Americanization,” “downgraded the centrality of
English,” and “advocated legal recognition of group rights and
racial preferences” (p. 142), strong charges indeed.
Oral Arguments and Decision Making on the United States Supreme
Court
Authors: Langran Robert W.
Published: October 2005

Oral Arguments and Decision Making on the United States Supreme
Court. By Timothy R. Johnson. Albany: State University of New York
Press, 2004. 180p. $35.00.

This book makes a persuasive thesis that the oral arguments presented
in cases before the United States Supreme Court are used by the justices
to help them arrive at substantive legal and policy decisions that closely
parallel their preferred outcomes. Although that would seem to be logical,
the author documents that many scholars who write about the Court do not
share this thesis. Those scholars, such as the so-called attitudinalists,
posit that oral arguments have no effect on justices' votes. In order
to reinforce his thesis, Timothy Johnson uses the strategic model of
decision making, namely, that justices are goal oriented, they are
strategic, and they account for institutional rules. He then goes on to
explain that because the briefs presented to the Court from both the
litigants and from amici curiae are understandably biased in behalf of
their particular points of view, the oral arguments serve to solve this
problem.
The Invention of the United States Senate
Authors: Harris Fred R.
Published: October 2005

The Invention of the United States Senate. By Daniel Wirls
and Stephen Wirls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. 288p.
$49.95 cloth. $18.95 paper.

In a meeting in Moscow some years ago, the former Soviet Union's
principal Americanologist, Georgi Arbatov, complained to me quite
seriously, “We study your system, and we still do not know how it
works.” Probably one reason for Arbatov's expressed puzzlement
had to do with the role played in the American governmental system by the
United States Senate, of which, at the time of our conversation, I was a
member.
Helping Children Left Behind: State Aid and the Pursuit of
Educational Equality
Authors: Wirt Frederick M.
Published: October 2005

Helping Children Left Behind: State Aid and the Pursuit of
Educational Equality. Edited by John Yinger. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press, 2004. 145p. $40.00.

The role of state courts in defining educational finances is the focus
of this book that results from a 2001 conference in the Maxwell School of
Citizenship at Syracuse University. The author explores the role of state
appellate courts since the seminal case of Serrano v. Priest
(1971) challenging the constitutionality of local property taxation to
fund local schools. About one-half of subsequent state courts followed
suit, but the other half did not.
Becoming Europe: Immigration, Integration, and the Welfare
State
Authors: Wiener Antje
Published: October 2005

Becoming Europe: Immigration, Integration, and the Welfare
State. By Patrick Ireland. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press,
2004. 288p. $27.95.

Patrick Ireland begins this detailed and clearly presented discussion
about belonging in relation to patterns of European Union migration by
raising a critical issue with the concept of ethnicity, defined as a
“collective group consciousness that imparts a sense of belonging
derived from membership in a community bound putatively by common descent
and culture” (pp. 2–3). Ireland's study finds that
belonging is context specific, rather than derived from common descent.
This finding implies that there is by definition no readily available
general policy applicable to one type of immigrants, say, Turks or
Moroccans across all EU member states. Instead, each country's
possibilities for integration differ. To Ireland, ethnicity “is not
so much a category as a dynamic, elastic entity. Its value as a social,
economic, and political resource varies; the appraisal depends
considerably on institutions and policies.” (pp. 4–5).
Deterrence
Authors: Desch Michael C.
Published: October 2005

Deterrence. By Lawrence Freedman. Cambridge, MA: Polity
Press, 2004. 160p. $59.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.

The concept of deterrence—the effort to make an adversary's
costs and risks of going to war greater than the political incentives
pushing in that direction—was the centerpiece of academic national
security studies and the core policy concern of Western governments
throughout much of the Cold War. Today, in the post-9/11 world,
deterrence has taken a back seat to a different set of strategic concepts:
preemption and prevention. Both involve destroying an enemy's
capabilities before he can harm you, the former when the threat is
imminent, the latter when it is potential (pp. 85–89). In his timely
and useful book, Lawrence Freedman offers a compelling account of the
decline of deterrence and creatively seeks to revitalize it as a subject
of scholarly inquiry and as a viable policy in the post-9/11
world.
The Limits of International Law and The Politics of
International Law
Authors: Sriram Chandra Lekha
Published: October 2005

The Limits of International Law. By Jack L. Goldsmith and
Eric A. Posner. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 272p. $29.95.

The Politics of International Law. Edited by Christian
Reus-Smit. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 344p. $75.00 cloth,
$29.99 paper.

Is international law really law? If it is law, is it effective in
constraining state behavior against interest? These two questions have
vexed international lawyers and those international relations scholars
interested in international law who until the last 15 years or so were
relatively few in number. There has been a proliferation of scholarship on
these questions, and on bridging the gap between international relations
and international law (IL). (To note only one recent survey piece, see
Anne-Marie Slaughter, Andrew Tulumello, and Stephan Wood,
“International Law and International Relations Theory: A New
Generation of Interdisciplinary scholarship,” American Journal
of International Law 92 [July 1998]: 367–397).
Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of
Counterinsurgency
Authors: Stubbs Richard
Published: October 2005

Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of
Counterinsurgency. By Anthony James Joes. Lexington: The University
Press of Kentucky, 2004. 360p. $35.00.

At the end of this book, Anthony James Joes has written a two-page
epilogue entitled “Conflict in Iraq,” which notes the enormous
task that the U.S. government has set itself in the long-term construction
of a democratic order in the face of violent opposition and internal
social conflict. And while the bulk of the book was obviously written
prior to the war in Iraq, it can be read as a constructive critique of
U.S. counterinsurgency policy in the months following the invasion. Joes
draws on a wide range of cases from over two centuries of guerrilla
warfare to illustrate what he sees as the key reasons for the success or
failure of numerous counterinsurgency campaigns. His thoughtful and
informative analysis provides a useful basis for a comparative perspective
that has been largely absent from many of the assessments of the guerrilla
war in Iraq and America's counterinsurgency policies.
Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives
Authors: Safran William
Published: October 2005

Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives.
By Judith G. Kelley. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004. 264p.
$35.00.

The subject of this study by Judith Kelley is the international factor
in ethnic minority politics—the role of external institutions and
norms in the democratic development of several countries and the policies
regarding their ethnic minorities. These institutions, more specifically
the European Union, the Council of Europe (CE), and the European Security
Conference, have secured commitments and undertakings from national
governments regarding human rights in general and the protection of
minority groups in particular. This is especially true of the CE, which
has admitted a number of states on the basis of promises only.
Economic Governance in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Wade Robert Hunter
Published: October 2005

Economic Governance in the Age of Globalization. By William
Tabb. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 528p. $69.50 cloth,
$29.50 paper.

Martin Wolf, the influential economic correspondent of Financial
Times, concludes his book Why Globalization Works (2004):
“What the successful countries all share is a move towards the
market economy, one in which private property rights, free enterprise and
competition increasingly took the place of state ownership, planning and
protection. They chose, however haltingly, the path of economic
liberalization and international integration. This is the heart of the
matter. All else is commentary” (pp. 143–44).
Crude Awakenings: Global Oil Security and American Foreign
Policy
Authors: Noreng Øystein
Published: October 2005

Crude Awakenings: Global Oil Security and American Foreign
Policy. By Stephen A. Yetiv. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
2004. 256p. $35.00.

Steve Yetiv's central argument is that oil stability has improved
in recent years in the sense that the market is resilient, enjoying a
self-reinforcing equilibrium by its ability to deter, mitigate, and
contain threats to supplies. The author explicitly distinguishes oil
supply stability from oil price stability, as oil prices have become more
volatile while supply volumes have stabilized. Implicitly, he argues that
price flexibility stabilizes supplies and that the world oil market has
become more competitive and less rigid, so that relations between oil
exporters and importers have become more pragmatic and less politicized.
Attention is on the physical availability of oil: Disruptions are
unlikely, not on oil prices or their impact on incomes, inflation rates,
and trade balances, but historically, oil has always been available in the
world market, at a price. The book would have benefited from a more
systematic elaboration of the key argument, early on. He examines the oil
market from the perspective of international relations, emphasising the
projection of U.S. military power in the Middle East.
Simultaneous Saccharification and Co‐Fermentation of Crystalline Cellulose and Sugar Cane Bagasse Hemicellulose Hydrolysate to Lactate by a Thermotolerant Acidophilic Bacillus sp.
Authors: Patel Milind A. , Ou Mark S. , Ingram Lonnie O. , Shanmugam K. T.
Published: October 2005

Polylactides produced from renewable feedstocks, such as corn starch, are being developed as alternatives to plastics derived from petroleum. In addition to corn, other less expensive biomass resources can be readily converted to component sugars (glucose, xylose, etc.) by enzyme and/or chemical treatment for fermentation to optically pure lactic acid to reduce the cost of lactic acid. Lactic acid bacteria used by the industry lack the ability to ferment pentoses (hemicellulose‐derived xylose and arabinose), and their growth and fermentation optima also differ from the optimal conditions for the activity of fungal cellulases required for depolymerization of cellulose. To reduce the overall cost of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose, we have isolated bacterial biocatalysts that can grow and ferment all sugars in the biomass at conditions that are also optimal for fungal cellulases. SSF of Solka Floc cellulose by one such isolate, Bacillus sp. strain 36D1, yielded l(+)‐lactic acid at an optical purity higher than 95% with cellulase (Spezyme CE; Genencor International) added at about 10 FPU/g cellulose, with a product yield of about 90% of the expected maximum. Volumetric productivity of SSF to lactic acid was optimal between culture pH values of 4.5 and 5.5 at 50 °C. At a constant pH of 5.0, volumetric productivity of lactic acid was maximal at 55 °C. Strain 36D1 also co‐fermented cellulose‐derived glucose and sugar cane bagasse hemicellulose‐derived xylose simultaneously (SSCF). In a batch SSCF of 40% acid‐treated hemicellulose hydrolysate (over‐limed) and 20 g/L Solka Floc cellulose, strain 36D1 produced about 35 g/L lactic acid in about 144 h with 15 FPU of Spezyme CE/g cellulose. The maximum volumetric productivity of lactic acid in this SSCF was 6.7 mmol/L (h). Cellulose‐derived lactic acid contributed to about 30% of this total lactic acid. These results show that Bacillus sp. strain 36D1 is well‐suited for simultaneous saccharification and co‐fermentation of all of the biomass‐derived sugars to lactic acid.