bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meio ambiente e comércio na agenda internacional: a questão ambiental nas negociações da OMC e dos blocos econômicos regionais
Authors: Queiroz Fábio Albergaria de
Published: April 2006

Este artigo procura analisar como a temática ambiental, indubitavelmente um dos grandes temas no atual cenário internacional, foi inserida e está sendo tratada nos principais palcos de negociações multilaterais sobre comércio internacional. Para tal, serão analisados aspectos normativos do sistema GATT/OMC e dos seguintes blocos econômicos: União Européia, NAFTA, Mercosul e ALCA.
Computed tomography guided needle biopsy: experience from 1,300 procedures
Authors: Chojniak Rubens , Isberner Rony Klaus , Viana Luciana Marinho , Yu Liao Shin , Aita Alessandro Amorim , Soares Fernando Augusto
Published: April 2006

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Computed tomography (CT) guided biopsy is widely accepted as effective and safe for diagnosis in many settings. Accuracy depends on target organ and needle type. Cutting needles present advantages over fine needles. This study presents experience from CT guided biopsies performed at an oncology center. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study at Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo, São Paulo. METHODS: 1,300 consecutive CT guided biopsies performed between July 1994 and February 2000 were analyzed. Nodules or masses were suspected as primary malignancy in 845 cases (65%) or metastatic lesion in 455 (35%). 628 lesions were thoracic, 281 abdominal, 208 retroperitoneal, 134 musculoskeletal and 49 head/neck. All biopsies were performed by one radiologist or under his supervision: 765 (59%) with 22-gauge fine-needle/aspiration technique and 535 (41%) with automated 16 or 18-gauge cutting-needle biopsy. RESULTS: Adequate samples were obtained in 70-92% of fine-needle and 93-100% of cutting-needle biopsies. The specific diagnosis rates were 54-67% for fine-needle and 82-100% for cutting-needle biopsies, according to biopsy site. For any site, sample adequacy and specific diagnosis rate were always better for cutting-needle biopsy. Among 530 lung biopsies, there were 84 pneumothorax (16%) and two hemothorax (0.3%) cases, with thoracic drainage in 24 (4.9%). Among abdominal and retroperitoneal biopsies, there were two cases of major bleeding and one of peritonitis. CONCLUSION: Both types of needle showed satisfactory results, but cutting-needle biopsy should be used when specific diagnosis is desired without greater incidence of complications.
Childhood carcinoid tumors: description of a case series in a Brazilian cancer center
Authors: Neves Gustavo Ribeiro , Chapchap Paulo , Sredni Simone Treiger , Viana Cristiano Ribeiro , Mendes Wellington Luiz
Published: April 2006

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Carcinoid tumors are very rare both in children and adults. About 85% of these tumors develop in the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of the present study was to describe our experience with children treated of carcinoid tumors, and investigate the frequency morphological findings and results. DESIGN AND SETTING: Report on case series, at the Department of Pediatrics of Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer, São Paulo. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of clinical pathological data and outcomes among children (< 18 years old) with carcinoid tumors admitted from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2001. RESULTS: Nine patients (mean age 12.2 years) were included: six girls and three boys (2:1), all of them Caucasian. In eight cases (89%), the primary tumor site was the appendix and in one (11%) it was the left bronchus. For those with primary tumor in the appendix, the main complaint was abdominal pain, which led to appendectomy. Only one patient underwent right hemicolectomy due to tumor extension into the serosa. The patient with bronchial tumor underwent left pneumonectomy. All patients had localized disease and are alive and free of disease. They have had follow-ups lasting from 1 to 11 years (mean of 3.5 years). CONCLUSION: Although the majority of carcinoid tumors arise from the appendix, these tumors can also occur in other primary sites. Surgical resection at an early stage allows for good prognosis without the need for any adjuvant treatment.
Noncompaction of the left ventricle: a new cardiomyopathy is presented to the clinician
Authors: Moreira Fábio Cañellas , Miglioransa Marcelo Haertel , Mautone Marcela Pozo , Müller Karen Reetz , Lucchese Fernando
Published: April 2006

Noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium is a morphogenetic abnormality involving loss of compaction of the myocardial fiber meshwork during intrauterine life. It is an extremely rare condition, accounting for only 0.05% of the cases evaluated in databanks. It has been described in both genders, in many ethnic groups and at different ages. Recently published studies of case series have shown a high mortality rate among these patients during follow-up of up to 48 months. Many cases have so far been misdiagnosed due to poor knowledge of the findings relating to this syndrome. There needs to be an attempt at early and accurate diagnosis, because of the need to investigate the patient’s family upon such diagnosis, and today this can be achieved using echocardiographic criteria.
Clinical suspicion and parathyroid carcinoma management
Authors: Montenegro Fabio Luiz de Menezes , Tavares Marcos Roberto , Durazzo Marcelo Doria , Cernea Claudio Roberto , Cordeiro Anói Castro , Ferraz Alberto Rosseti
Published: April 2006

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Adequate management of parathyroid carcinoma apparently relates to the surgeon’s ability to identify it at the first operation. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the role of clinical suspicion in the management of parathyroid carcinoma. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis of parathyroid carcinoma patients treated in Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 143 patients who underwent surgery from 1995 to 2000, due to hyperparathyroidism. These cases were reviewed to ascertain whether preoperative and intraoperative suspicion of parathyroid carcinoma were helpful during the operation, and which factors demonstrated the suspicion of cancer best. RESULTS: Among 66 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism there were four cases of parathyroid carcinoma (6.1%), and one case was found in secondary hyperparathyroidism (1.3%). Palpable nodules were found in five patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, four of them with parathyroid carcinoma. Preoperative levels of calcium in primary hyperparathyroidism with cancer patients varied from 12.0 mg/dl to 18.2 mg/dl. Two patients had gross macroscopic spread of the tumor to adjacent structures. Except for one patient, with extensive disease, tumors were resected en bloc. In secondary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid carcinoma was found in a fifth mediastinal gland. One atypical adenoma was observed. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of calcium, palpable tumors and adherence to close structures are more common in parathyroid carcinoma. These clinical signs may be helpful for decision-making during parathyroid surgery.
Características da lactação de vacas Hereford criadas em um sistema de produção extensivo na região da campanha do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Pimentel Marcelo Alves , Moraes José Carlos Ferrugem , Jaume Carlos Miguel , Lemes Jaqueline Schneider , Brauner Cássio Cassal
Published: April 2006

A produção de leite de vacas Hereford primíparas e multíparas manejadas sobre campo nativo foi estudada utilizando-se 144 lactações em um período de quatro anos (1995, 1998, 2000, 2001). A estimativa da produção de leite foi realizada em intervalos de 21 dias pela técnica da pesagem antes e após a mamada, do nascimento à desmama (189 dias). Foram considerados os fatores fixos ano, ordem de parto, prenhez, sexo do bezerro e raça do touro. As vacas multíparas produziram mais leite (8,27+0,26) que as primíparas (5,81+0,25 kg dia-1) no pico de lactação (42 dias). A produção total de leite em multíparas também foi superior (158,34+25,51) à das primíparas (915,44+24,47 kg). A produção de leite não foi influenciada pelos demais fatores. A maior produção de leite durante o pico de lactação consiste na principal diferença entre as curvas de lactação de vacas multíparas e primíparas, que, no entanto, apresentam amplitude de produção de leite similar nas condições estudadas. O leite fornece a energia suficiente para atender às exigências de mantença e ganho dos bezerros durante os dois primeiros meses da lactação e, apenas para mantença, até o quarto mês de lactação.
Efeitos dos níveis de extrato etéreo no sucedâneo do leite sobre o desenvolvimento corporal de bezerros Jersey
Authors: Aita Marta Farias , Fischer Vivian , Stumpf Jr. Waldyr
Published: April 2006

Utilizaram-se 20 bezerros Jersey com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito dos níveis de extrato etéreo no sucedâneo comercial sobre o peso corporal, o ganho de peso médio diário, a altura na cernelha, o perímetro torácico e o consumo de concentrado, do 8º ao 90º dia de idade, visando determinar o melhor nível de extrato etéreo. Os animais foram distribuídos nos tratamentos, que consistiram de quatro dietas líquidas: leite integral (T1), sucedâneo lácteo comercial padronizado com gordura suína para 10 (T2), 15 (T3) e 20% (T4) de extrato etéreo (EE) na matéria seca, de acordo com a seqüência de nascimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com arranjo fatorial desbalanceado, em que os fatores foram a dieta (n=4) e o sexo (n=2). Os dados de desenvolvimento corporal e consumo de alimento foram submetidos à análise de variância. Aos 56 dias de idade, os bezerros alimentados com leite integral e sucedâneo a 10% EE apresentaram diferença significativa no peso corporal e no ganho de peso médio diário (8-56 dias). Os bezerros que receberam leite integral apresentaram maior perímetro torácico e, após o desaleitamento, medidas de peso corporal, ganhos de peso médio diário (57 a 89 dias), perímetro torácico e altura na cernelha superiores às dos que receberam o sucedâneo. Na fase de aleitamento, o sucedâneo a 10% EE promoveu ganho de peso superior ao sucedâneo a 15 e 20% de EE na matéria seca e ganho de peso similar ao leite integral.
Cinética digestiva e eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos alimentados com farelo de girassol e diferentes fontes energéticas
Authors: Mendes Rosália , Ezequiel Jane Maria Bertocco , Galati Rosemary Laís , Nascimento Virgílio Franco do , Queiroz Mário Adriano Ávila , Pereira Expedita Maria de Oliveira
Published: April 2006

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição parcial do milho pela casca de soja e pelo farelo de gérmen de milho sobre a produção e eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e sobre as taxas de diluição e passagem ruminal. Foram utilizados três novilhos de corte, mestiços, canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em dois delineamentos em quadrado latino 3 x 3. As dietas experimentais, à base de silagem de milho (60%), apresentavam como fonte de proteína farelo de girassol e, como fonte de energia, milho (MI) ou sua substituição parcial pela casca de soja (CS) ou pelo farelo de gérmen de milho (FGM). Para o isolamento da massa microbiana, foram coletadas amostras de conteúdo ruminal às 3, 6, 9 e 12 horas após a alimentação. Utilizaram-se RNA como marcador microbiano e dicromato de sódio e Co-EDTA como indicadores das taxas de passagem e de diluição, respectivamente. A composição dos microrganismos ruminais não foi influenciada pelas dietas experimentais ou pelos horários de coleta. Não houve diferenças significativas no fluxo de matéria orgânica, carboidratos totais, nitrogênio e nitrogênio microbiano para o duodeno e na eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana. As taxas de diluição foram semelhantes entre as dietas, com média de 13,4%/h. A taxa de passagem da silagem de milho mordentada foi menor, com tendência de menor taxa de passagem também para o farelo de girassol na dieta MI. A casca de soja e o farelo de gérmen de milho podem substituir parcialmente o milho, proporcionando ambiente ruminal adequado ao desenvolvimento da flora microbiana e conseqüente produção de proteína microbiana ruminal em novilhos confinados.
Variability in the germination of spores among and within natural populations of the endangered tree fern Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. (Xaxim)
Authors: Gomes Gabriela Schmitz , Randi Áurea Maria , Puchalski Ângelo , Santos Daisy da Silva , Reis Maurício Sedrez dos
Published: April 2006

The objective of this study was to analyze the existing variability in the germination of individuals' spores collected from two natural populations of Dicksonia sellowiana in southern Brazil. The largest intrapopulational variation was observed for the spores germination. These results suggested the existence of adaptative strategies that favored the gradual and continuous entrance of new individuals into the gametophytic population. The behavior of the individuals of the species within each population followed a similar pattern of initial development, in spite of conspicuous differences in the population structure. This showed a low differentiation between the populations and the existence of adaptative strategies which were common to both communities.
Rooting of healthy and CVC-affected 'Valência' sweet orange stem cuttings, through the use of plant regulators
Authors: Habermann Gustavo , Alvarez Rita de Cássia Félix , Modesto Júnior Cesar , Fortes Andréa Maria Teixeira , Rodrigues João Domingos , Ono Elizabeth Orika
Published: April 2006

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is a disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa. Using different concentrations of plant regulators, such as auxins (indole-3-butyric acid) and gibberellic acid biosynthesis-inhibitor (paclobutrazol), physiological rooting capacity of healthy and CVC-affected stem cuttings were evaluated in order to investigate the importance of plant hormone imbalance and xylem occlusion in plants with CVC. The percentages of dead, alive and rooted cuttings, cuttings with callus and mean number of roots per cuttings did not show statistical differences in response to the distinct concentrations of synthetic plant regulators. There were differences only between healthy and CVC-affected cuttings. This showed the importance of xylem occlusion and diffusive disturbances in diseased plants, in relation to root initiation capacity and hormonal translocation in the plant tissue.
Somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledons of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): ontogeny of somatic embryos
Authors: Santos Karla Galvão Bezerra dos , Mariath Jorge Ernesto de Araújo , Moço Maria Cecília C. , Bodanese-Zanettini Maria Helena
Published: April 2006

Soybean somatic embryos obtained from immature zygotic embryos were histologically analyzed in order to determine possible ontogenetic routes followed by these embryos. The proembryo stage and globular, heart-shaped, torpedo and cotyledonary embryo stages were found, closely resembling the ontogeny of zygotic embryos. However, the absence of a characteristic suspensor as well as the delay in the establishment of inner organization were the main differences between these two embryogenic processes.
Reproductive pattern comparison of Uca thayeri Rathbun, 1900 and U. uruguayensis Nobili, 1901 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae)
Authors: Costa Tânia Marcia , Silva Stella Maris Januário , Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lucia
Published: April 2006

Ovigerous females of Uca thayeri and U. uruguayensis were used to achieve and compare their reproductive pattern. The females mean size was 6.6 ± 0.8mm for U. uruguayensis and 17.3± 4.4mm for U. thayeri. The mean fecundity obtained for U. uruguayensis was 1883 ± 490 eggs (N = 27) and for U. thayeri was 31068 ± 11186 eggs (N = 31). The differences observed in reproductive pattern of U. thayeri and U. uruguayensis suggest an adaptive strategy by each species: U. thayeri presented seasonal reproduction with a pronounced intensity from January to March and higher fecundity, while U. uruguayensis reproduction was continuous all year round, but with lower fecundity.
Helminths of the marine tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais, 1853) (Cetacea: Delphinidae), in northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: Melo Osana Prado , Ramos Renata Maria Arruda , Di Beneditto Ana Paula Madeira
Published: April 2006

The objectives of this work were to reporte the helminths of the marine tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) in northern Rio de Janeiro State; and to check if the infestation rate varied with the host characteristics (sex and maturity) and year seasons. From 1989 to 2002, 80 marine tucuxis that were by-caught in fisheries were examined and four parasites were recorded: Braunina cordiformis, Anisakis typica, Halocercus brasiliensis and Nasitrema sp. The parasitism in the marine tucuxi corroborated its feeding habits and there were no infestation rate differences between males and females, youngs and adults, as well as between year seasons. This work reports for the first time the occurrence of the genus Nasitrema in the marine tucuxi.
The use of fricke dosimetry for low energy x-rays
Authors: Austerlitz Carlos de , Souza Viviane , Villar Heldio Pereira , Cordilha Aloisio
Published: April 2006

The performance of four X-ray qualities generated in a Pantak X-ray machine operating at 30-100 kV was determined with a parallel-plate ionization chamber and a Fricke dosimeter. X-ray qualities used were those recommended by Deutsch Internationale Normung DIN 6809 and dose measurements were carried out with Plexiglas® simulators. Results have shown that the Fricke dosimeter can be used not only for soft X-ray dosimetry, but also for the maintenance of low-energy measuring systems' calibration factor.
Influence of the temperature, pressure and viscosity on the oil measurement with turbine type measurers
Authors: Damasceno Magalí Araújo , Penha Janaina Karla de Medeiros , Silva Junior Nivaldo Ferreira da , Felipe Raimundo Nonato B. , Felipe Renata Carla Tavares dos Santos , Medeiros Gilson Gomes de
Published: April 2006

The flow measurement of liquids and gases is a necessity in many industrial applications. There is a great amount of measurers for such purpose, as, for example, the coriolis, positive displacement and type turbine measurers. A measurer sufficiently used for the oil flow measurement is the turbine type, because it uses the proper extracted energy of the measured flow for its functioning, moreover is also used as standard for the calibration of other measurers. For this reason, it is important to study the parameters that influence the measurement process for turbine measurers. In Brazil, to measure the volume of oil, regardless the type of measurer, it is necessary to observe "Portaria Conjunta Nº. 1", of June 19, 2000, that approved the Technical Regulation of Measurement of Oil and Natural Gas, establishing the minimum conditions and requirements for the systems of oil and natural gas measurement, in order to get a measurement standard. As such, the present work has the objective of determining parameters that influence in the measurement of oil volumes using turbine measurers.
Uncertainty of the density of moist air: Gum x Monte Carlo
Authors: Canaves Junior Moacyr , Pompéia Pedro José
Published: April 2006

In this study two methods of evaluation of uncertainty, the law of propagation of uncertainties (as recommended by GUM) and the method of Monte Carlo, are compared. As a particular case the determination of the density of moist air was considered The results show that there are some differences between both methods.
Analytical quality in environmental studies: uncertainty evaluation of chemical concentrations determined by INAA
Authors: França Elvis Joacir de , Fernandes Elisabete A. De Nadai , Bacchi Márcio Arruda , Saiki Mitiko
Published: April 2006

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is a measurement technique of high metrological level for the determination of chemical elements. In the context of BIOTA/FAPESP Program, leaves of trees have been evaluated by INAA for biomonitoring purposes of the Atlantic Forest. To assure the comparability of results in environmental studies, a leaf sample of Marlierea tomentosa (Myrtaceae family) showing the lowest concentrations of chemical elements was selected for the evaluation of analytical quality of the determination under unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless, the homogeneity of chemical concentrations of sample at the 95% of confidence level has been achieved and INAA has presented repeatability of 2% for the determination of Br, Co, Cs, Fe, K, Na, Rb and Sr, the uncertainty could have been overestimated. For the evaluation of uncertainty due to the variability of chemical concentrations in the sample, Jackknife and Bootstrap methods were used to estimate the maximum expected percent standard deviation. The uncertainty budget was considered adequate for the reporting chemical concentrations of environmental samples determined by INAA.
Development of a certified reference material: ethanol in water - a practical case
Authors: Souza Vanderléa de , Caixeiro Janaína Marques R. , Silva Rafael A. L. da , Pedro Leandro R. , Borges Renata M. H. , Couto Paulo R. G.
Published: April 2006

The present work describes the development of a certified reference material (CRM) composed of solutions of ethanol in water in five different concentrations, and all stages necessary for the development of an CRM, according to the guidelines of ISO GUIDES 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35. The development of this CRM has been determined by Inmetro Rule n. 006 of 2002, which requires that all breath alcohol analyzers being used in Brazil shall have their respective models approved and that the subsequent verifications shall be performed based on tests with solutions of ethanol in water. As a result, the development of this CRM significantly contributes to the reliability of measurements performed with breath alcohol analyzers, with stated measurement uncertainty. Equally important, this development provides society with a CRM that may have multiple applications, not restricted to the verification of breath alcohol analyzers.
Structural cell wall proteins from five pollen species and their relationship with boron
Authors: García-Hernández Edith del R. , López Gladys I. Cassab
Published: April 2006

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for the survival of vascular plants. The most severe effect derived from a deficiency of B is the alteration of cell wall biogenesis and pollen germination. We investigated pollen of plant species that require B for germination (Zea may L. and Nicotiana tabacum L.), as well as those that can germinate without B (Pinus sp, Lilum longiflorum, Impatiens sp.). In both groups, B addition in the growth medium increased the length of the pollen tube after germination. Hydroxyproline Rich Glycoproteins (HRGPs) are the most abundant cell wall structural proteins of dicotyledonous plants and the sexual tissues of monocotyledonous plants. Here, we show that maize pollen accumulated a significant pool of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 63% of this amino acid was localized in the pollen tube wall. Maize pollen germinated in the presence of B accumulated soluble (48%) and non-soluble (16%) Hyp in the pollen tube wall in contrast to maize pollen germinated without B. In addition, B seems to modify the amount of HRGPs that become cross-linked to the wall. Immunolocalization of HRGPs showed that these glycoproteins were preferentially localized in the pollen tube of maize, not in the pollen grain itself. Hence, B might affect the assembling of HRGPs in the wall of pollen tubes grown in vitro.
A Consortium Project to Improve Retention and the First Year of College: Results and Recommendations
Authors: Cutright Marc
Published: April 2006

This article examines the operation and perceived effectiveness of a short-term, nine-community-college consortium, a consortium dedicated to the improvement of student retention and first-year education at each of the colleges in the consortium. The consortium was composed of Alabama community colleges, essentially during calendar year 2002. Its formal title was the Alabama Community College consortium on the First College Year. The effectiveness of the consortium is considered at the conclusion of its one-year duration based on the final reports submitted by the consortium members, and on the evaluation of an external consultant who gathered information from the participating institutions on a confidential basis. Finally, the consortium's effectiveness is considered based on interviews with campus coordinators one year after the consortium's conclusion. The article concludes with recommendations for improved practices in such improvement-directed exercises.
Project Success: Helping Probationary Students Achieve Academic Success
Authors: Humphrey Elaine
Published: April 2006

Project Success is designed to help students on academic probation improve their performance so that they can return to good academic standing at their university. This article describes the program so institutions can consider its use in their efforts to address retention issues on their campus. Research that studies the program's effectiveness is included.
A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Development in Nontraditional and Traditional College Students
Authors: MacAri Daniel P. , Maples Mary Finn , D'Andrea Livia
Published: April 2006

Students who do not fit the definition of the traditional student are becoming an increasingly large segment of the college population. In order to effectively promote retention in today's college students, the student development professional must understand these changing demographic and academic characteristics. This study compared student development in nontraditional and traditional college students. Student development was measured using the Student Developmental Task and Lifestyle Assessment (SDTLA). Nontraditional students were defined by the degree to which they ascribed to a set of nontraditional characteristics. This study of 163 students found that nontraditional students scored significantly lower than traditional students on all three Tasks measured by the SDTLA—Establishing and Clarifying Purpose, Developing Autonomy, and Developing Mature Interpersonal Relationships. In addition, the more nontraditional characteristics the student ascribed to, the lower the reported level of development. Implications for student development practice are discussed.
Electra
Authors: Falk Eugene H.
Published: April 2006

In the Aeschylean version of the material with which Sophocles is
dealing in his Electra, there appear a few
important characteristics the awareness of which lends perspective to the
Sophoclean tragedy.

For the purpose of this study, we only need to concern ourselves with
the second part of the Aechylean trilogy, the
Oresteia, namely the
Choephoroe. The first part deals with the
antecedents of the events. Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek forces, who
sacrificed his daughter, Iphigenia, in order to appease the goddess Artemis
and to regain divine favor for the storm-bound fleet at Aulis, returns,
after Troy's destruction, victoriously to his land of Argos where
Clytemnestra, his wife, has been nurturing her hatred of him because of his
consent to Iphigenia's death. She has joined forces with Aegisthus, who, for
savage cruelties committed against his family, is also burning with a desire
for revenge on Agamemnon. Aegisthus not only becomes Clytemnestra's ally,
but dishonors Agamemnon at the same time.
On the Caucasian Chalk Circle
Authors: Brecht Bertolt
Published: April 2006

In the prologue, two Grusinian kolkhozes determine the ownership of a
valley to which they both claim to have a right. It goes to those who
administer it best: those who irrigate it so that it can bear fruit. Members
of two kolkhoz villages assemble in a valley in the Caucasian mountains.
They contemplate the rubble of a destroyed village. With them is an expert
from the capital under whose direction a discussion takes place. The farmers
stand and sit in groups—separated according to their kolkhozes—to the right
and the left of the expert. They drink wine and smoke. Later the famous
singer Arkadi Tsheidse is summoned.
6 Axioms for Environmental Theatre
Authors: Schechner Richard
Published: April 2006

The theatrical event includes audience, performers, text (in most cases), sensory stimuli, architectural enclosure (or lack of it), production equipment, technicians, and house personnel (when used). It ranges from nonmatrixed performance to highly formalized traditional theatre: from chance events and intermedia to “the production of plays.” A continuum of theatrical events blends one form into the next:

It is because I wish to include this entire range in my definition of theatre that traditional distinctions between art and life no longer function at the root of aesthetics. All along the continuum there are overlaps; and within it—say between a traditional production of Hamlet and the March on the Pentagon or Allan Kaprow's Self-Service—there are contradictions.
American Atrocities in Vietnam: A Documentary Environment
Authors: Gottlieb Saul
Published: April 2006

This script is essentially a description and text of three performances given as part of the “Angry Arts Against the War in Vietnam Week” in New York City (January 29-February 5, 1961). The playing area was a former courtroom in the Old Courthouse on 2nd Street and Second Avenue. The piece can be done, however, in a conventional theatre as well as a created environment—and was done so, at the Gate Theatre on Second Avenue, a few days before the first performance at the Courthouse.
The Practical Orthography of African Languages
Authors: James A. Lloyd
Published: April 2006

It is a very significant fact that the first memorandum issued by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures should be devoted to Practical Orthography, for in no branch of African study is there such diversity of practice as in the orthography of the languages. Moreover it is probably no exaggeration to say that, inasmuch as the reading and writing of his language form the Native's first step in education, no question is of greater urgency than this matter of presenting the written language in a way that shall be logically satisfactory.
“The Meruailouse Site”: Shakespeare, Venice, and Paradoxical Stages*
Authors: Platt Peter G.
Published: April 2006

This essay begins by providing some early modern definitions, as well as a brief history, of paradox in the Renaissance. But paradox could be more than a rhetorical figure. Thus, the paper turns to sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century descriptions of Venice in English and explores how a geographical site could do the work of the verbal paradox. The essay then readsOthello'scomplicated epistemological, ontological, and sexual issues through Venice's symbolic geography. Finally, it will suggest briefly that the stage — and particularly the interaction between audience and play — is also a site of paradox, a place where spectators, dazzled and destabilized by unresolved and unresolvable problems, are forced to reevaluate their cognitive and cultural worlds.
A Note on Human Action and the Language Machine
Authors: Williams Drid
Published: April 2006

Recently, events occurring in the tiny, relatively marginal world of dance notation (made public in Britain through ‘Tomorrow's World’, BBC1, 18th April, 1974) seem to call for a commemorative note in the Dance Research Journal of CORD, although technological breakthroughs are not usually subjects given serious attention by an anthropologist (1).

The new IBM ‘selectric element’ (i.e., a spherical ball which can be attached to electric typewriters having 88 Labanotation symbols on it) is more than deserving of anthropological attention, indeed, in my view, the matter rates linguistic and philosophical attention as well. In theory, the IBM ‘action sign ball’ has similar potential for wide repercussions in our lives as did Gutenberg's invention several centuries ago. The graphic linguistic sign can now be joined by its obvious counterpart, the printed human action sign.

Somewhat ironically, in today's world, it is technology which may finally establish the credibility of action sign notation (2). More ironic is the fact that IBM's superb achievement (in process of development in the U.S. since 1966) is likely to be denied full recognition because already, ‘the ball’ is being looked on by many as a mere practical aid to recording human movement and it is being associated with specialist fields like dance. As usual, concern with the syntagmata obscures the real issues of the paradigms. This is s a great pity, for there is much more to IBM's action sign ball than ‘practical aids’. Moreover, like any piece of technology, say, the camera, it will only be effective insofar as the vision of the people using it permits.
What Makes Art Art?
Authors: Kaprelian Mary H.
Published: April 2006

Those of us in the field of dance may encounter difficulties discussing the many facets of dance among ourselves, but most of us take for granted that dance can be an art form. Currently, however, there are many approaches to dance including chance choreography, the dance happening, non-dance, and minimal dance which are in radical contrast to what has generally been accepted as the art of dance. It is reasonable to raise questions about how the new dance forms fit into the established scheme of things. It is reasonable to also raise questions about the defining properties of art in general. The purpose of this paper is to point out very briefly, some of the thoughts of respected aestheticians on the concept of art. An examination of pertinent aesthetic theory will indicate there can be no simple answer to the question, “What is art?”. There is no one theory of the artistic which offers a comprehensive explanation. A cross section of references chosen for their readability, accessibility, and relatedness bears this out. Although there are no articles devoted specifically to dance, one can sift through the material and find what pertains not only to art in general, but also to dance.

Because the world of art is always changing, the phrase, “work of art,” is bound to be used in varying ways. Paul Ziff has pointed out the difficulties in arriving at a definition of art. Disputes occur simply because of what critics mean when they refer to something as being a work of art. Ziff maintains that these disputes must always be examined in the social context in which they occur.
Dances of Anáhuac--for God or Man? An Alternative Way of Thinking about Prehistory
Authors: Hanna Judith Lynne
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this essay on Dances of Anáhuac by Gertrude P. Kurath and Samuel Marti is twofold: to assess the authors' explanation for the existence of dance as a behavioral phenomenon in Mexican prehistory, and to assess the use of dance representation--objectification of a transient phenomenon in ceramic, lithic, or painting form--as correlative data in understanding processual change in time and space. To reach these goals, I will evaluate how Kurath and Marti meet their stated objectives, indicating some of the problems, and then suggest a complementary hypothesis for the purpose, development, and change in dance. My argument for this hypothesis is derived from theories dealing with a particular conceptualization of dance (including its intrinsic properties which allow it to function as an affective and cognitive semiotic system), persuasive communication, socio-political change (stratification and integration) in general and in Anáhuac, and art iconography. These will be discussed as well as some considerations for testing the hypothesis.
The Concept of Nationalism in Machiavelli's Prince1
Authors: Gilbert Felix
Published: April 2006

Of all the writings of Machiavelli, none has been so much commented upon as The Prince, and of the various sections of The Prince, none has been discussed so much as the last chapter. The chapter is an “exhortation to liberate Italy from the Barbarians.” Machiavelli believes that the opportunity has come “to introduce a new system” in Italy. A new Prince should place himself at the head of the Italians, who are “ready and willing to follow any standard, if only there be someone to raise it.”

What doors would be closed against him? What people would refuse him obedience? What envy could oppose him? What Italian would withhold allegiance? This barbarous domination stinks in the nostrils of every one.
The Exhibition, illustrative of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, at the Baths of Diocletian, Rome
Authors: Strong S. Arthur
Published: April 2006

This year the Italians celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation of Rome as capital of United Italy. Apt as usual to seize the appropriate idea, they decided to mark the occasion in Rome herself by an exhibition that should not merely display the growth of present Italian art and industries, or afford hospitality to the art of other nations, but should set forth besides in visible monuments the former glory of Rome, the wide range of empire uled by the Eternal City, which, again a capital, is again the centre of a strong national life. Thus arose that unique feature of Rome's 1911 Exhibition, the Mostra Archeologica in the baths of Diocletian. The scheme of this section, as originally unfolded by Professor Lanciani at a meeting of the British School of Rome in the spring of this year, was limited to the life of the Roman provinces, whose chief monuments, whether in situ or in museums, were to be represented by casts and models, drawings and photographs. This programme has been adhered to in the main, in spite of certain later additions and accretions.
A determining factor in the development of Roman Architecture
Authors: Van Buren A. W.
Published: April 2006

It is of course universally recognised that Roman architects differed from their Greek or Hellenistic predecessors largely in the practice of spanning considerable spaces with arches, vaults or domes, whereas the Greeks limited themselves usually to stone architraves or wooden beams, with exceptional instances of the use of arches and probably simple trusses, of moderate dimensions. I am not certain, however, that it has occurred to investigators to discuss the possible cause for this radical difference between the two “classical” schools of architecture, except perhaps by generalisations as to racial qualities, merely another form of stating the same fact, rather than an explanation of it, or by reflections on the reckless waste of material and labour generated under a despotism, a form of explanation that will not carry conviction to the judicious. The matter is however of sufficient interest to justify the enquiry as to whether a more definite and convincing cause cannot be assigned.
The Apex or Tutulus in Roman Art
Authors: Esdaile Katharine A.
Published: April 2006

Three articles of the highest importance have already been devoted to this subject, Dr. Helbig's epoch-making paper in Sitzungsberichte der Münchner Akademie, that in Marquardt's Staatsverwaltung and that of M. Jullian in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionary, s.v. Flamen, which is really exhaustive. To these, as to the other works mentioned in this paper, every subsequent writer must record his debt; but room may still be found, especially in an English periodical, for a fresh consideration of the subject from its artistic as well as its historical aspect. It may also be useful to bring together in greater detail the monumental evidence for the priestly cap already existing in scattered publications; and welcome the opportunity now given me by the authorities of the British Museum and by Mr. C. Newton Robinson of adding several examples, one of high artistic importance, to those already known.
Manufacturing in South Carolina, 1815–60
Authors: Lander Ernest M.
Published: April 2006

The development of industry in South Carolina to 1860 is analyzed carefully, using information culled from manuscript census returns and the correspondence of businessmen. The failure of manufacturing to grow more rapidly is ascribed to a shortage of capital and skilled management, an unfortunate geography, competition for factors of production by local agriculture, and competition in the product markets by Northern industry.
Richter's Correspondence with a Lady. Some Unpublished Letters
Authors: Carter Franklin
Published: April 2006

In 1796, Richter was living at Hof, in the house with his mother. He sat
at his writing-desk in the same room where she was busy with household
occupations and composed his humorous, pathetic, and grotesque sentences to
the music of the broom, the dish-pan, and the spinning-wheel. Those
harmonies were quite unlike the music to which Goethe listened, according to
the story in his letters to Frau von Stein as he developed the ‘Iphigenie,’
quite unlike the music under whose inspiration Schiller essayed to rewrite
the Fiesko at Oggersheim, of which Streicher tells us in the naïve narrative
of Schiller's flight Richter was fully as sensitive to harmony as either
Goethe or Schiller, and his improvisations on the piano became afterwards
one source of his personal power over refined minds. But there was so great
a capacity for higher music within him, that he was sometimes able to forget
the discordant noises about him, and many of these higher notes which he
struck are so pure and sweet that his critics are apt to overlook the
disadvantages of his surroundings. That he himself in some moods keenly felt
these limitations is plain enough from his writings. Even the household
noises could not always be ignored, and were plainly now and then no
inconsiderable disturbance to that serenity of mind necessary for the flight
of his imagination. In ‘Siebenkäs,’ which is, as a whole, a pathetic account
of his household relations, the fifth chapter containing the recital of
Siebenkäs' efforts to adjust the domestic noises to his mental moods gives a
clear insight into the difficulties under which Richter wrote the ‘Quintus
Fixlein’ and the ‘Siebenkäs.‘
A Modern Classical Course
Authors: Painter F. V. N.
Published: April 2006

In discussing a Modern Classical Course for our colleges, I wish to
begin with a word in reference to the nature of education. By so doing, I
hope not only to prevent the cry of low utilitarian views, but also to lay a
solid foundation for the discussion that is to follow. I accept the
definition of Comenius that education consists in complete human
development. Man comes into the world endowed with certain physical and
mental capacities. These are at first in a germinal or undeveloped
condition; but they contain within themselves large possibilities and a
strong impulse toward development. The object of education is to lead the
several parts of man's nature to a harmonious realization of their highest
possibilities. The finished result is a complete manhood, the elements of
which are a healthy body, a clear and well-informed intellect, sensibilities
quickly susceptible to every right feeling, and a steady will whose
volitions are determined by reason and an enlightened conscience.
On the Use of English in Teaching Foreign Languages
Authors: von Jagemann Hans C. G.
Published: April 2006

Nothing is more suggestive of the present contusion of ideas concerning
the means and ends of language study than a comparison of two articles in a
recent number of Education. Here we have a distinguished teacher of modern
languages claiming, substantially, that French and German may, upon
occasion, take the place of Latin and Greek in the college curriculum,
provided they are taught by the same methods and with all the thoroughness
and accuracy characteristic of the teaching of the classic tongues by the
best teachers. On the other hand, we have an experienced instructor in Latin
and Greek, advocating that the instruction in the classics can be improved
by the introduction of certain methods, which, although the writer seems
reluctant to admit it, are more commonly employed by teachers of modem
languages than by those of the classic tongues. The impartial observer would
naturally be led to think that either class of teachers can learn from the
other and that, consequently, the necessity for reform is not all on our
side, as some of us have modestly believed.
Newly Discovered Sites near Smyrna
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: April 2006

No part of the Greek world is richer in tradition and in the memories of a prehistoric past than the district that lies within the limit of a day's excursion from Smyrna. In the small but fertile plain that surrounds the head of the gulf, a great power existed long before the Ionians emigrated from Greece to Asia Minor. The names of Niobe, Tantalus, Pelops, are all most intimately connected with Mount Sipylus. The mountain was one of the chief seats of the worship of the goddess called Cybele by the Greeks; and in that worship the connection between Greece and the East is more apparent than in almost any other. Any new traces of this old empire must therefore have some value; and though the following notes are the result only of a first preliminary survey, they may give some new information about a race that is as yet too little known.

A Turk, the trusty and intelligent servant of a very kind English friend, had accompanied us in several excursions; and he told me of some ruins near his village that had hitherto escaped notice. M. Weber, an archaeologist in Smyrna, went with us in our visit to the spot.
Notes from Journeys in the Troad and Lydia
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: April 2006

The Troad has been so thoroughly explored of late years that my only excuse for saying anything about my own travels in it during the autumn of 1879 is partly that they were undertaken in the cause of archaeology, partly that I enjoyed the advantage of having Mr. Frank Calvert as a guide. Mr. Calvert has lived so long in the country, and is so well acquainted with its archaeology, in the interest of which he has excavated on various historic and prehistoric sites, that I could not fail to obtain a better knowledge of the whole district than has hitherto fallen to the lot of most visitors. Dr. Schliemann, moreover, had kindly placed his foreman and servant, Nikóla, at the disposal of myself and my friend, Mr. F. W. Percival, and as Nikóla is a native of Ren Keui, I had additional opportunities of making myself acquainted with Trojan topography.

Since Dr. Schliemann, however, has entered fully into this subject in his work on ‘Ilios,’ I shall content myself with a few selections from the notes I made during my journey, and draw attention to one or two matters which have not been observed before. But I must first of all confess myself a convert to the theory which identifies the Ilium of Homer with Hissarlik. If Troy ever existed, it could have only been on the site of Hissarlik.
The Erechtheum
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: April 2006

Michaelis does not appear to me to be altogether right when he describes the Caryatid Porch at the south-west corner of The Erechtheum (B on the plan), as serving solely to cover the stair leading down from it to the western division of the temple (C). Further, I think he is wrong when he makes an entrance to the temple through the opening (A) in this porch. The mouldings at the sides show clearly that this opening was an original part of the construction; but they do not show that it was an entrance. For in the first place the step up to it from the outside—if it is a step—measures twenty inches; and in the second place, the delicate mouldings which run round the base ofthe building and are continued under this opening would be worn by almost every step that was taken up to it or down from it, as in fact they are now being worn by visitors who, with an effort, get up to the opening. Had there been an entrance at this point, these mouldings would have been discontinued, and a step placed to render the ascent fairly comfortable. Michaelis must then be wrong in making Pausanias first enter the temple at this opening. Perhaps it was here that the famous dog mentioned by Philochorus entered and descended into the Pandroseum!