bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Control of Tick Infestation and a Related Disease of Lambs in North Wales
Authors: Walton C. L.
Published: June 2009

(1) An account is given of a serious infestation in sheep and lambs by Ixodes ricinus in the uplands of Denbighshire, North Wales.

(2) This infestation was accompanied by serious disturbance of health resulting in the general deterioration of the flock and the death of lambs.

(3) Experimental dippings were commenced in 1924, using a special “short-interval” arsenical dip supplied by the Cooper Technical Bureau, London. Serial dippings were made each spring at five-day intervals. When possible an early autumn series was conducted.

(4) The objects were (a) to control the infestation, (b) to control the diseased condition, and (c) to attempt to eradicate ticks from the land.

(5) The control of both the ticks and the disease were easily effected. A few sporadic cases of disease did occur during the course of the experiment.

(6) Eradication has not yet been accomplished, but the average number of ticks was reduced from 121 per animal in May 1924 to 0-96 per animal in July 1926.

(7) It is therefore suggested that short-interval dipping for serious tick infestation in sheep is practicable on British hill farms, and that resultant mortality from disease can thereby be reduced.
Note on a Haemogregarine in Lepidosiren paradoxa
Authors: Jepps Margaret W.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this note is to record the occurrence of a haemogregarine parasite in the red blood corpuscles of the South American lung-fish, Lepidosiren paradoxa.
Fauna of a Horse-Chestnut Tree (Aesculus hippocastanum). Dipterous Larvae and their Parasites
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

The insect fauna of tree wounds with sap-exudations or “slime flux,” as well as that of the water-filled hollows of trees, has already attracted the attention of entomologists and several interesting life histories of insects have been recorded from these media. In the present paper I propose to deal with the fauna of only one tree, a horse-chestnut standing on the Downing site between the School of Biochemistry and the Molteno Institute. For several years this tree has supplied me with very rich material for the study of Dipterous larvae and their parasites. Unfortunately, this study recently came to a natural end when this tree, with several others, was cut down to make place for a new building. This fact justifies the publication of the present records of observations collected during several years, although I do not consider them as complete. The most interesting feature of our horse-chestnut tree was the presence of two kinds of lesions each harbouring a different fauna: (A) a sap-exudating or “ slime flux ” wound, and (B) a waterfilled hollow or reservoir.
A new African Louse (Polyplax Calva n. sp.) from Cricetomys
Authors: Waterston James
Published: June 2009

♂ ♀. Head (Fig. 2, A and B) long with well-marked postero-lateral angles, and distinctly angled posteriorly; bare above, behind the pre-antennal suture, except for two postero-lateral spines (1, 1). Antennae similar, the first joint of the ♂ larger and broader. Tergites and sternites indistinctly developed, consisting of small discontinuous chitinous areas at the base of the bristle; pleurties reduced, projecting shortly above and below in minutely denticulate or frayed points.
The Life History of Amoebae of the Limax Type in the Human Intestine
Authors: Swellengrebel N. H. , Winoto Raden Mas Mangkoe
Published: June 2009

At the time investigators were trying to cultivate the amoebae of the human intestine (Entamoeba coli and E. histolytica), amoebae were often encountered in the cultures which were referred to the species “Amoeba limax,” with many sub-species. Subsequently it was found that the cysts of these cultural amoebae are very common and that it is possible to cultivate amoebae from nearly every source. Consequently it was concluded that these forms do not really live in the human intestine but that the cultural amoebae developed from cysts, occasionally ingested with food, the cysts not having developed in the intestine. This is Walker's (1911) view, but Chatton and Lalung Bonaire (1912) hold that the limax amoebae (hereafter called limax) can live in the intestine, not only in the form of cysts but also as motile amoebae. Cultures made from these stools showed amoebae and uninucleate cysts. The latter were not found in the faeces, which showed only the motile stages, without however any signs of division. The cultures showed this amoeba to be of the common Umax-type with a vesicular nucleus containing a large karyosome. These observations are important because they contradict the hypothesis that Entamoebae when cultivated show the features of limax.
“Tick Paralysis” in Man and Animals
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F.
Published: June 2009

Since the appearance of the papers by Hadwen and myself dealing with the subject of “Tick Paralysis”, I have had my attention drawn to two interesting papers. The reference to the first paper, by Borthwick (1905), was found whilst compiling Part II of the Bibliography of the Ixodoidea, and secondly, I am indebted to the author, Dr I. U. Temple, of Pendleton, Oregon, for sending me a copy of his valuable contribution. The latter appeared in a journal which will scarcely be accessible to European readers, and I therefore have no hesitation in reprinting the greater part of it below.
Tick Abnormalities
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

In a paper published with Warburton in 1909 (Parasitology, ii. 70–76, Figs. 17–26), I described and figured a number of abnormalities observed in ticks of which the most remarkable were two specimens, Boophilus decoloratus ♂ and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ♂ (Figs. 22, 25 and 26), showing two ani together with a duplication of the adanal shields; in the Rhipicephalus duplication was more pronounced in that a subcircular spiracle was present posteriorly in the median line; the Boophilus exhibited two caudal spines. The other specimens figured were Hyalomma aegyptium ♂ and Boophilus australis ♂ (Figs. 18 and 21) which showed underdeveloped adanal plates on the right side. All of these specimens were found attached to a host.
Note on a Leg Abnormality in Acanthia lectularia
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

Whilst engaged in rearing a number of bed-bugs, the variation recorded below was observed in an individual that had just moulted from the first to the second nymphal stage. As such an abnormality does not appear to have been previously described, it seemed worth while to place it on record.
A List of the Trematode Parasites of British Marine Fishes
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper (Nicoll, 1914) an account was given of the Trematode parasites occurring in the fishes of the English Channel, and at the same time an attempt was made to compare the records found in that locality with those in other British areas.
Some observations on the Biology and Structure of Ornithodorus savignyi, Andouin
Authors: Cunliffe Norman
Published: June 2009

1. The biology, as studied under laboratory conditions, of O. savignyi is very similar to that of O. moubata.

2. Females may oviposit over 400 eggs, of which at least 60 per cent, may be fertile; parthenogenesis does not occur.

3. An increase in temperature of 8° C. (from 22° C.) decreases the longevity of the female from 775 to 358 days, i.e. by 45 per cent.; an increase of 7° C. (from 30° C.) reduces the period required for the production of third stage nymphs by 26 per cent. At 30° C., the mean minimum periods required for metamorphosis are 60 days for males and 73 days for females (cf. O. moubata, 36 days for males and 45 days for females). Reproduction was inhibited at 37° C.

4. Moisture is an unfavourable factor, decreasing the vitality of the individual at each stage of growth.

5. Changes in external anatomy undergone during development are similar to those already described for O. moubata.
Three New Species of Trichodectes from Cephalophus monticola and Procavia capensis from South Africa
Authors: Hill Laurence
Published: June 2009

Numerous males and females collected from a Blue Duiker (Cephalophus (Guebei) monticola) at Ngome Forest, Mt Ngwibi, Natal, by Mr J. Tustin.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Hippoboscidae (Diptera Pupipara)
Authors: Ferris G. F. , Cole F. R.
Published: June 2009

The approach to the study of the ectoparasitic flies of the pupiparous family Hippoboscidae has heretofore been almost entirely by way of the conventional methods of the Dipterists. In other words, descriptions have been based almost exclusively upon pinned specimens. Consequently these descriptions have, for the most part, considered only the conventional subjects of colour, wing venation, size, shape, form of the claws and a few of the more obvious chaetotactic characters. A few descriptions have been based upon alcoholic specimens and these descriptions are decidedly better than those based upon pinned specimens, although they still leave something to be desired.
The Life History ofNematodirus filicollisRud., a Nematode Parasite of the Sheep's Intestine
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

1. The eggs ofNematodirus filicolliswhen laid contain an embryo with seven or eight cells, they pass out of the infested host with the faeces.

2. Even under favourable conditions development takes place slowly and the embryos are not ready to hatch until 24–28 days have elapsed. In their early stages the embryos are not able to withstand desiccation and are killed if frozen or subjected to high temperatures.

3. Whilst still within the egg-shell the embryo undergoes two ecdyses and when ready to hatch is enclosed in a tightly fitting sheath formed by the incompletely cast skin of the second moult; the larvae on liberation from the egg-shell are therefore in a more advanced condition than those of most other Strongylids (e.g.HaemonchusorAnchylostoma) and are in a stage comparable with that reached by the latter at the end of their period of free existence.

4. The sheathed larvae are often retained for a long time within the egg-shells and both in this position and after hatching can resist complete desiccation for considerable periods (twenty months or even longer); when dried they are able to withstand freezing as well as temperatures much above those likely to be met with in the open.

5. The free larvae will live for a considerable time in water, they possess well-developed migratory instincts and climb vertical surfaces, such as grass stems and blades, and the glass walls of the vessels in which they are kept.

6. The sheaths are cast off by the larvae when these are subjected to temperatures approximating to the blood-temperature of the host; completion of the second moult occasionally also takes place at laboratory temperatures under certain abnormal conditions.

7. No infection experiments were made on sheep, but other evidence shows that these animals must become infected by swallowing the sheathed larvae, either when free or whilst still enclosed in the eggshells.

8. A number of young stages of the parasite were met with in the intestines of sheep, the smallest of these being only little more advanced in structure than the larvae just after ecdysis.
Progenesis of Phyllodistomum lesteri sp.nov. (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae) in freshwater shrimps
Authors: Wu Kuang
Published: June 2009

1. A progenetic metacercaria of Phyllodistomum lesteri sp.nov. is found encysted in the fresh-water shrimps, Palaemon asperulus von Marten and P. nipponensis de Haan.

2. A systematic description is made of this new species including general characteristics of the family, subfamily and genus and a list of the existing 29 phyllodistomes.

3. In general, the new form resembles Pleurogenes medians with regard to its progenetic development.

4. Feeding experiments suggest that two species of fish, Odontobutis obscura and Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and a species of toad, Bufo bufo asiaticus, are not the final hosts of Phyllodistomum lesteri sp.nov.
Liponyssus sylviarum Injuring Poultry in this Country
Authors: Taylor E. L.
Published: June 2009

This mite was reported by Hirst in 1923 to be causing damage to poultry in Bedfordshire. He states that, although it had previously been found in pigeons, it had not before been recorded as a pest of fowls in this country. In the United States of America it has frequently occurred, and is regarded as a dangerous parasite, but Hirst's record seems to be the only one of its occurrence as a pest in the British Isles.
“Red-Cell Adhesion” in Trypanosomiasis of Man and Animals
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst , Wallace J. M.
Published: June 2009

The more important points that have emerged in the course of our investigations may now be assembled.

(1) An adhesion phenomenon has been described in which, in certain circumstances, red blood corpuscles adhere to trypanosomes.

(2) We believe this red-cell adhesion to be a manifestation of the adhesion phenomenon already described by other workers both with trypanosomes and spirochaetes.

(3) The substance responsible for this phenomenon of adhesion is designated in this paper adhesin.

(4) The red-cell adhesion test has been studied in relation to several strains of polymorphic trypanosomes, all of which were either recently isolated from naturally infected man or animals, or had been recently passed cyclically through tsetse.

(5) It is shown that the adhesion phenomenon is irregular and uncertain in its appearance. A single or even a number of negative observations do not exclude trypanosomiasis. A positive reaction, on the other hand, indicates recent or actual infection with a trypanosome of the same group, but not necessarily specifically identical with that employed as antigen in the test. Thus T. gambiense adhesin bloods not uncommonly react with T. rhodesiense trypanosomes and also on occasion with the Damba strain: the converse is apparently of less common occurrence.

(6) Adhesins appear in an animal's blood in the course of its infection with trypanosomes, whether the animal be treated with trypanocidal drugs or not. When sterilising doses of such drugs are employed the adhesins gradually disappear in the course of a few months; but in untreated infections of T. gambiense they have been shown to persist in an active form for more than two years.

(7) With our material it was found impossible to distinguish between “passage” and “relapse” strains by means of the adhesion test. On the contrary it was found, at all events with T. gambiense, that the best way to call forth the reaction in the blood of animals long infected is to employ trypanosomes from a very early infection.

(8) Guinea-pigs have been found to be unsatisfactory animals in which to demonstrate adhesins; they are, however, useful as a source of sensitive trypanosomes. When only guinea-pig elements are present in a test a positive reaction is indicated by platelet not by red-cell adhesion.

(9) The presence of adhesins in the blood has no apparent relation to immunity against the homologous trypanosome.

(10) The test has been applied to over 200 human cases of trypanosomiasis in the Uganda Protectorate, and with six of these repeated observations were made. Some of these human cases reacted both to T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense, but none to T. rhodesiense alone.

(11) A partial analysis has been made of the mechanism of red-cell adhesion, which has been shown to be in some way associated with the presence of the red corpuscles of primates. This fact probably explains why other workers appear not to have noticed red-cell adhesion in the extreme form we have described in this paper.
Studies on the anthelmintic activity of hexylresorcinol and tetrachlorethylene
Authors: Rogers W. P.
Published: June 2009

1. A method for examining conditions governing anthelmintic activity in the small intestine is described. Nippostrongylus muris in the rat was the test organism and hexylresorcinol and C2C14 were the drugs examined.

2. The efficiency of hexylresorcinol was reduced by 50% in 1% sodium tauroglycocholate which reached a concentration of 1·3% in the rat small intestine. The adsorption of this drug on mucin reduced its concentration in intestinal fluids and prevented penetration to parasites under mucus. These inhibiting factors account for the inactivity of hexylresorcinol in the rat.

3. Tetrachlorethylene, which stimulated N. muris to leave mucus and enter fluids in the intestinal lumen, was not inhibited by bile salt and was found to act rapidly in the rat.

4. Sodium laurate activated hexylresorcinol more efficiently than sodium oleate at pH. 6·5. Both soaps showed intrinsic anthelmintic properties.

5. The results obtained in examining the rate of movement of fluids down the intestine and the effects of detergents, bile salts, mucin and ascorbic acid on drug activity are discussed.
The effects of acids on a soil nematode
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. The effects of the following acids were studied: hydrochloric, nitric, sulphuric, formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, isovaleric, glycollic, lactic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, tartaric, and citric.

2. The general effects of immersion in acid media include an increased stickiness of the cuticle in certain solutions, and the development of lateral bulges in the cuticle at the anterior region of the body, not necessarily in the same solutions. Movement gradually decreases, and death eventually occurs, often followed by swelling.

3. The survival times in various solutions were noted. Preliminary experiments showed that the logarithm of the survival time was approximately proportional to the logarithm of the normality of the acid. Later results showed great variability, and it was necessary to restrict the work to a single normality of each acid.

4. The toxicities of 0·206 N solutions of the sixteen acids were measured. These results showed that the mineral acids had markedly greater effects than the organic acids, and the importance of the former was further illustrated by using mixtures of HCl containing varying amounts of organic acids. The differences between the mineral acids may be explained by the lyotropic effects of the anions.

5. Equal normalities of organic acids were made up in a solution of HCl sufficiently strong to render the organic acids almost entirely undissociated. The relative toxicities of the mixtures were essentially the same as those of the dissociated acids.

6. The differences between the acids are thus partly due to the pH differences, and partly due to the dissimilar effects of the undissociated acids. The latter are believed to be due to a variety of causes, including molecular size, polarity of the molecule, and other factors as yet undecided.
On “Teranympha” and other monstrous Latin parasites
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper Dr L. R. Cleveland (1938) has published some observations on a remarkable flagellate called “Teranympha”, which was discovered nearly 25 years ago by Dr M. Koidzumi in the white ants of Japan. I do not now propose to discuss this singular organism itself, however, but only its name and certain other matters of wider interest which its nomenclature suggests—matters which seem to me, indeed, to merit the immediate attention not only of all parasitologists but even of zoologists generally.
Turning sickness of cattle and Trypanosoma theileri
Authors: Carmichael J.
Published: June 2009

The disease known as Turning Sickness was first recorded by Mettam (1934) in this journal and later more fully described by Mettam & Carmichael (1936).

The condition has been defined as a protozoan encephalitis of cattle and one of the most striking features of the disease is the demonstration of schizonts indistinguishable from those of East Coast fever in the cerebral lesions of affected animals.
Chloride regulation and the function of the coxal glands in ticks
Authors: Lees A. D.
Published: June 2009

Chloride regulation. Following the ingestion of a blood meal the tick excretes about half the ingested water in the coxal fluid. The mean haemolymph chloride concentration before feeding is 1.00% and after feeding 0.96% NaCl; and that of the coxal fluid, 0.80% NaCl. These results confirm the values given by Boné (1943).

Morphology of the coxal glands. These comprise the coxal glands proper, which elaborate the bulk of the coxal fluid, and the smaller accessory glands of unknown function. Each flask-shaped coxal gland consists of two distinct regions, an outer ‘filtration chamber’ and an inner system of tubules. The latter lead to the external opening. The filtration chamber, which communicates with the tubules at only one point, is highly folded into an elaborate series of pockets and fingers which closely invest the tubules; numerous small muscle fibres inserted in these pockets pass outwards from the gland to attachments on the body wall. The histology of the two regions is entirely different: the filtration membrane is only 1–2μ in thickness and its cellular origin is much obscured: the tubule walls are 5–30 μ in thickness, are composed of cells with a dense, deeply staining cytoplasm, and are richly supplied with tracheae. In Ornithodorus delanoei acinus the walls of the sac-like coxal glands are lined both by ‘filtration membrane’ and by large irregular groups of ‘secretory’ cells; there are no true tubules.

Function of the coxal glands. The production of coxal fluid is under muscular control. It is believed that the contraction of the coxal gland muscles enlarges the filtration chamber and sets up a sufficient pressure difference across the membrane to initiate filtration into the gland. In the subsequent passage of the fluid down the tubules threshold substances such as chloride are reabsorbed. That the coxal fluid is primarily an ultrafiltrate of the haemolymph is suggested by (a) the rapid passage of dyes and even haemoglobin into the coxal fluid after injection into the haemolymph and (b) the very high rate of liberation of fluid. Serum albumen sometimes passes into the coxal fluid after injection but casein (and the normal haemolymph proteins) are fully retained.
The Louse of Elephants. Haematomyzus elephantis Piaget (Mallophaga: Haematomyzidae)
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

It is now slightly more than 60 years since Piaget described as Haematomyzus elephantis an extraordinary insect found by him living as an ectoparasite upon an African elephant in the Zoological Garden of Rotterdam. The insect was considered by its describer to be a sucking louse, and this assignment has been accepted by almost all of the few entomologists who have since been privileged to examine specimens. Walker, who in ignorance of Piaget'os work, redescribed the species as Idolocoris elephantis, regarded it as constituting a new family of Hemiptera Heteroptera near the bed bugs. Since that time no one has questioned the belief that it is a sucking louse and for it Enderlein named a family, the Haematomyzidae, in the Anoplura.
On Cestodes Collected in Burma. Part II
Authors: Meggitt F. J.
Published: June 2009

Only a few immature fragments found. Rostellar hooks 0·011–0·014. A spiny collar present posterior to rostellum. Attributed to this species by reason of its being the only cestode of the family recorded from this host, and by the agreement in size of the rostellar hooks. As the original description is so inadequate it is unfortunate that the present form is immature.
On a New Species of Ixodes (Ix. hydromyidis) from Western Australia
Authors: Swan D. C.
Published: June 2009

During the early years of this century, several new species of ticks were described from Western Australia, but since then the group has been neglected, with the result that no species have been added since 1909. In the course of some recent studies of the local ticks, an undescribed species of the genus Ixodes was obtained, of which a description is now given.
Observations on Bilharziasis amongst the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
Authors: Manson-Bahr Philip , Fairley N. Hamilton
Published: June 2009

In 1851, Bilharz (1852) first discovered paired adult trematode worms originally named after him in the portal system of an Egyptian fellah. Subsequently, investigations of the deposits of ova in excreta were made, but numerous attempts by Cobbold, Sonsino, Lortet and Vialleton (1894) and others, to unravel the life history of the parasite, failed. Looss (1896), appreciating that the digenetic trematodes must necessarily pass through a molluscan intermediary, dissected many species of snails collected from the fresh-water canals around Cairo. He failed to find the cercariae of bilharzia, and discarded the hypothesis of an intermediate molluscan host. As, however, the miracidium of Schistosomum haematobium contained germinal cells within its body cavity, it must, naturally, he argued, have been destined to produce sporocysts at some stage of its life cycle. In view of this, Looss evolved the hypothesis that man acted simultaneously as the intermediary, as well as the definitive host of this parasite.
Human Intestinal Protozoal and Helminthic Infections observed in Malta
Authors: Bentham Thomas
Published: June 2009

The following observations are the result of two years' examination of the stools of patients invalided to and stationed in Malta. The patients may be roughly divided for convenience into four groups:

(1) Troops sent straight from the Salonika Hospitals to Malta. This section comprised the bulk of the total number of troops examined, and included a few men from Egypt.

(2) Garrison Troops—some not patients—including both British and Maltese. With these are included a few British and Maltese Civilians,. connected in some way or another with the Army.

(3) Troops on their way out from England or France. These were mostly Indians and Chinese, who were put off transport at Malta owing to disability.

(4) Prisoners of War interned in Malta.
Report on a Collection of Parasitic Nematodes, mainly from Egypt. Part I. Ascaridae and Heterakidae
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

When Prof. E. Hindle took over the direction of the Biological Laboratory of the Egyptian Government School of Medicine, Cairo, he found there a large collection of parasitic worms, most of which had been accumulated by Prof. Looss while in charge of the Laboratory for a number of years prior to the Great War. As a large proportion of this material was unnamed, and as the named portion of it contained many specimens possibly of considerable value as original types or co-types, which had been in a neglected condition for some time, it was thought advisable to send duplicates of the collection to England, in order that part of it might be kept there in safer custody. It was also felt to be desirable that arrangements should be made for the examination and determination of the contents of the unnamed part of the collection.
Observations on the Morphology of Rickettsia prowazeki occurring in Lice (Pediculus humanus) infected with the Virus of Typhus Fever
Authors: Arkwright J. A. , Bacot A.
Published: June 2009

Most of the published descriptions of R. prowazeki in lice have dealt with the minute round, oval, diplococcal or dumb-bell forms found by Ricketts and Wilder (1910), Sergent, Foley and Vialatte (1914), da Rocha-Lima (1916), and others.
A Reference List of the Trematode Parasites of British Birds
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

As a subject of investigation the Trematode fauna of British Birds does not appear to have aroused at any time much enthusiasm amongst British zoologists and as a result we owe the greater part of our knowledge of the subject to continental workers. The fact that our bird fauna is practically identical with that of the adjacent parts of Western Europe would lead us to expect that the parasites of our birds should not differ materially from those met with in the same species of birds on the continent. As a matter of fact, no species of bird Trematode hitherto recorded from this country can be regarded as peculiar to Britain, with the possible exception ofEchinostephilla virgulaLebour, which, however, will almost certainly be met with in other localities later.
A New Structure in the Flagellate, Pseudotrichonympha sphaerophora sp. n
Authors: Dunkerly J. S.
Published: June 2009

Mr J. F. M. FLOYD was good enough to hand over to me for report some smears which he had made in British Guiana from the contents of Termite intestines. Prof. Silvestri, who was kind enough to examine some Termites taken from the same colony as those which furnished the material for the smears, identifies them as belonging to the species, Rhinotertnes nasutus Perthy, and it is probable that this is the host of the parasite described below.
A Reference List of the Trematode Parasites of British Mammals
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

The economic importance of Trematode infections of mammals has been, and is still, felt even in this country. Epidemic liver-rot in cattle and sheep is probably one of the most serious epidemic diseases with which veterinarians have had to deal and its ravages have, on occasion, been severe. Bilharziasis in cattle is possibly of considerably less importance and, so far as I am aware, has never become endemic in this country. As pathogenic agents the Amphistomes are of third-rate importance.
On some Larval Trematode Parasites of the Mussel (Mytilus edulis) and the Cockle (Cardium edule)
Authors: Cole H. A.
Published: June 2009

In this paper an account is given of new forms discovered by the writer during a survey of the parasites of mussels and cockles, obtained chiefly from the estuary at Conway, but also from other beds on the North Wales coast. The trematode parasites of shellfish in this area have not previously been dealt with, although several forms have been described from the Liverpool Bay area by the late Prof. Johnstone and his colleagues. Few additions have been made to our knowledge of the early stages of British marine Trematodes since the publication of a series of papers by Lebour (1912) and Nicoll (1914).
Studies on the Influence of the Environment on the Sheep Blow-fly, Lucilia sericata Meig
Authors: Evans A. C.
Published: June 2009

Prepupae and pupae are shown to lose weight more rapidly at low than at high humidities. This more rapid loss of weight is due to loss of water alone and not to loss of dry matter.

The limits of temperature and humidity which each of the two stages can survive have been mapped out. If the metamorphic period as a whole is considered, it is likely that the limits of temperature and humidity for survival and development will be narrower than for each stage considered alone.
On the Presence of Wing Buds in the Pupa of Aphaniptera
Authors: Sharif M.
Published: June 2009

The question of the origin of the Aphaniptera has been, so far, considered obscure. It is for the supposed complete absence of wings in all stages that these insects have been thought by some authors to constitute a very sharply defined order having no close connection with any other group of insects (Imms, 1934, p. 688; Patton and Cragg, 1913, p. 434). This total absence of wings in an order of insects which has a complete metamorphosis would have given this group a very anomalous position in the insect world, as there is no holometabolous insect known which does not possess wings in any stage of its existence. For this reason Packard's conclusion (1894, p. 331) ‘Indeed, the three-fold division of the thorax referred to should have a priori forbidden the thought of rudimentary wings’, and Patton and Cragg's statement (1913, p. 434) ‘They bear no recognizable traces of wings, and the structure of the thorax makes it very doubtful if they are descended from winged forms at all’, can scarcely be accepted.
Some Adult and Larval Characteristics of a British “Autogenous” Strain of Culex pipiens L.
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J.
Published: June 2009

1. A strain of Culex pipiens which is autogenous and stenogamic has been found at Hayling Island, England, and compared with British anautogenous strains.

2. Definite characteristics in adults of both sexes and in larvae have been found which separate the autogenous from the anautogenous British strains of C. pipiens.

3. The autogenous strain differs from the anautogenous strains in (a) the lighter colour of the thorax of the adults; (b) the greater average number of hairs on the ninth tergite of the adults; (c) the relative shortness of the male palps in comparison with the proboscis; (d) the larger average number of branches in each of the four siphonal tufts of the fourth instar larvae; (e) the lower siphonal index of the fourth instar larvae; and (f) the greater width of the egg relatively to its length.
Notes on the Distribution of the Larvae and Pupae of Simulium spp. in the River Tees and its Tributaries
Authors: Pentelow F. T. K.
Published: June 2009

1. The distribution of the larvae of Simulium spp. in the River Tees area is discussed.

2. The dominant species of

(a) the upper Tees are S. monticola and S. variegatum;

(b) the lower Tees are S. equinum and S. reptansvar. galeratum;

(c) the Skerne is S. ornatum.

3. The causes of these differences are unknown, but it is suggested that geological structure, the distribution of water plants and the hardness of the water are important factors.
On the bionomics of Aphidius matricariae Hal., a braconid parasite of Myzus persicae Sulz
Authors: Vevai E. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Aphidius matricariae Hal. is an internal parasite of Myzus persicae Sulz.; it was also found parasitizing M. circumflexus Buckt. and Aulacorthum solani Kalt. (Myzus pseudosolani Theob.).

2. The percentage of aphides successfully parasitized increased with an increased number of strikes per host. A single female can lay up to 350 eggs, and one female successfully parasitized 309 M. persicae.

3. The female parasite reaches its maximum activity during the 2nd or 3rd day of oviposition, and this activity has no correlation with light intensity.

4. The disappearance of supernumerary larvae due to cannibalism has been observed.

5. The species is arrhenotokous. Mating takes place from 2 hr. after emergence. In the progeny of early matings the females preponderated; in later matings the sex ratio was approximately 1:1.

6. The parasite appears to fly under the same conditions as those generally favourable for aphides. It is generally disseminated by flight of the adult itself and through localized movements of parasitized apterous aphides.

7. The host is unable to reproduce if ‘struck’ in the 3rd instar or earlier.
The larval stages of the Nematode Mermis nigrescens
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

In a former paper (Baylis, 1944) an account was given of some observations on the life-history of Mermis nigrescens, and of its occurrence, naturally and experimentally, in earwigs (Forficula auricularia). As stated in that paper, the material then available did not seem to warrant an attempt to describe the larval development. Further material has now been obtained and studied, and it seems desirable to place on record some of the observations made, although many points still remain obscure.
The larvae of the British species of Psychoda (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Satchell G. H.
Published: June 2009

In Britain the genus Psychoda Latr. contains sixteen species and two subspecies (Kloet & Hincks, 1945), the larvae of which occur in cow dung, decaying vegetation, and the bacteria beds of sewage purification works. A knowledge of these larvae would be useful both to the sewage biologist and the sanitary inspector, but for only three species have the larvae been fully described. Two of these, Psychoda alternata Say, and Ps. cinerea Banks, are inhabitants of the bacteria bed, and the larva of the former has been described on at least six occasions, the classical account being that of Dell (1905). The larva of Ps. cinerea has been described three times, the most complete account being that of Malloch (1917). The third Psychoda larva of which we have a full account is Ps. albipennis Zett. (Keilin & Tate, 1937), a species inhabiting dung and decaying vegetation. In addition to the foregoing there is a brief and inadequate description of the larva of Ps. severini Tonn. (Johnson, 1914), a species which is commonly present in the bacteria bed.
The seasonal activity of the tick,Ixodes ricinusL., in Wales
Authors: Edwards E. E. , Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

A consideration of the tick-activity data for South Wales reveals that there are usually two peaks of female activity in this region, one occurring in spring, the other in autumn. On an experimental area, divided into eight plots, on the Margam Moors, Glamorgan, significantly varying population levels are present on the different plots, although the peak of activity on all of them is attained around the same period. The seasonal activity of the nymphal and larval forms in South Wales is essentially comparable to that recorded by Milne (1945a) in the north of England. There is reason to believe that in mid-Wales a single summer peak of tick activity exists.

The engorgement period of female ticks on cattle varies from 7 to 13 days. The tick shows a distinct preference for the hind region of cattle for feeding purposes. The differences in the mean populations of ticks on different breeds of cattle are not statistically significant, at least, on the six breeds tested in 1944 and 1945. In the case of cattle, tick density and fecundity of the female are not correlated with the physiological condition of the host.

In South Wales, the populations of ticks on sheep are significantly lower than those on cattle, even where both hosts are pastured on the same ground for similar periods. The seasonal activity of female ticks on horses follows the same general trend as that noted on cattle.
A further revision in the classification of the family Metastrongylidae Leiper [1909] (Phylum Nematoda)
Authors: Dougherty Ellsworth C.
Published: June 2009

1. Recent studies by Gerichter have demonstrated that I have erred in referring the skrjabingylin lungworms to the family Trichostrongylidae.

2. On the basis of his data and a re-evaluation of my theories of metastrongylid evolution it is suggested that the Skrjabingylinae (except Dictyocaulus) are close to the Filaroidinae and that quite possibly the position of the vulva in the former is the consequence of a secondary shift from opening just anterior to the anus to opening in the mid-region of the body; the ‘trichostrongylid’ configuration of the ovejectoral apparatus would thus be convergent.

3. The genus Dictyocaulus is removed from the Skrjabingylinae and left in a subfamily Dictyocaulinae in the family Metastrongylidae, although its trichostrongylid affinities are very suggestive. If trichostrongylid, this genus is considered to exhibit convergence with the metastrongylids and not to represent an evolutionary link between the two families.

4. The nature of metastrongylid life cycles is discussed, and the compatibility of known data with the evolutionary scheme proposed for the family is pointed out. It is evident that in metastrongylids symbiotizing marine littoral and pelagic hosts (Pinnipedia and Odontoceti) larval development must rely upon new intermediate host groups if the basic pattern has been retained from ancestors in terrestrial hosts.

5. The possible importance of histological studies and of investigations on chromosome number and structure for a further understanding of the evolution of the suborder Strongylina is pointed out.

6. A revised scheme for the evolution of the Metastrongylidae is presented as Fig. 1. The family Metastrongylidae now includes six subfamilies: Metastrongylinae, Filaroidinae, Skrjabingylinae, Pseudaliinae, Protostrongylinae, and Dictyocaulinae. The basic premises previously expressed (Dougherty, 1949b) on the evolution of the family are retained in the amended scheme.
Latent infections in avian malaria in relation to the production of drug-resistance
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2009

1. No resistance to paludrine or to sulphadiazine was obtained after treating latent infections ofPlasmodium gallinaceumin chickens with twice daily doses of 20 mg./20 g. of sulphadiazine over periods of 171, 178 and 190 days.

2. No resistance to paludrine was obtained after treating a latent infection ofP. relictumin a canary over a period of 1 year with doses of paludrine increasing from 0·05 mg./20 g. once daily to 1·0 mg./ 20 g. twice daily.

3. It is considered that if drug-resistance arises by mutation and selection, then resistance should arise more readily when a large number of rapidly multiplying parasites is treated with a drug than when the population treated is small, with a low reproduction rate, i.e. the failure to obtain resistant strains of malaria by prolonged treatment of latent infections with large amounts of drug, lends support to the theory of the origin of resistant strains of malaria by the selection of resistant mutants.
A review of the species of Dinobothrium (Cestoda), with a description of a new species
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

A critical review is presented of the species of Dinobothrium and their probable synonyms. D. septaria v. Beneden and D. planum Linton are accepted as valid species. D. keilini Sproston and D. plicitum Linton are regarded as of doubtful status, the former being probably a synonym of D. septaria, while D. plicitum may be a synonym of D. planum. The type-specimens of D. keilini and of D. paciferum Sproston have been re-examined. A new interpretation is offered of the structure of the scolex of D. paciferum, and some other details of its anatomy are redescribed. A small species from Cetorhinus maximus is described, which is very similar to, and may prove to be identical with, Dinobothrium paciferum. As it apparently differs in having the neck and parts of the bothria covered with spines, it is treated as a distinct species and named D. spinosum. The question of the specific identity of the known larval forms of Dinobothrium is briefly discussed.
The reactions ofLucilia sericata(Mg.) to various substances placed on sheep
Authors: Cragg J. B.
Published: June 2009

1. The reactions, under field conditions, ofLucilia sericata(Mg.) to various substances placed on sheep are described.

2. Attempts to produce either attraction or oviposition by placing cystine or cysteine hydrochloride in the living fleece gave negative results.

3. Several organic sulphur compounds (see Table 1) of a type which might arise from the breakdown of cystine have been tested. All showed some power of attraction forL. sericata. Ethyl mercaptan and dimethyl disulphide were the most powerful as attractants, but none of these substances was able to induce oviposition.

4. Tests with ammonium compounds and carbon dioxide have shown that, at the concentrations used, ammonia acted as an attractant. For oviposition to occur carbon dioxide had to be present.

5. Hydrogen sulphide was detected as a constituent of the fleece atmosphere of certain sheep. This substance, whilst having no attractive powers when used alone on sheep, increased the attractiveness of organic sulphur compounds.

6. Comparative tests with.ammonium carbonate-indole and ammonium carbonate-ethyl mer-captan mixtures have shown marked variations in the relative powers of these preparations to induce oviposition.

7. A distinction is drawn between stimuli which attractL. sericatato sheep and those which induce oviposition. Ammonia and various organic sulphur compounds enhanced attraction, but both ammonia and carbon dioxide were necessary for oviposition. It is suggested that some of these materials may be produced under natural conditions from the break-down of fleece keratin or by the bacterial decomposition of sweat and similar products in the fleece.
An experimental study of East Coast fever in Uganda I. A study of the type of East Coast fever reactions produced when the number of infected ticks is controlled
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: June 2009

Doubt exists as to why, in endemic areas, a varying proportion of calves die of East Coast fever while others survive. A series of experiments was therefore conducted to ascertain if the number of infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus engorging simultaneously on susceptible calves influenced the course of East Coast fever reactions. The ages of the calves used in the various experiments varied, but other conditions were kept as uniform as possible.

When ten calves were grazed in a 1-acre paddock where the number of infected R. appendiculatus was high, eight died of acute East Coast fever.

In the second experiment, seventeen calves in all were grazed in the same paddock. These calves were given some protection from infected R. appendiculatus infestation, as two of the calves were immune to East Coast fever and the ears of ten of the susceptible calves were sprayed with tickicidal solutions. Four died from acute East Coast fever and one of subacute East Coast fever complicated with a helminth infection.
On a spirochaete isolated from Ornithodoros graingeri
Authors: Heisch R. B.
Published: June 2009

A spirochaete, S. graingeri n.sp., was isolated from batches of Ornithodoros graingeri from caves near Tiwi, south of Mombasa. Very scanty infections were caused in white rats and mice, and a persistent parasitaemia in a general paralytic. Guinea-pigs, a monkey, and a young rabbit were insusceptible. There was evidence that unlike most tick-borne strains the spirochaete was only slightly neurotropic.
Transport of Mallophaga by fleas
Authors: Smit F. G. A. M.
Published: June 2009

Among a large collection of alcohol material of Danish fleas, belonging to the Universitetets Zoologiske Museum at Copenhagen and kindly sent to me for identification by Dr S. L. Tuxen, was a tube which not only contained the fleas Chaetopsylla trichosa Kohaut (6 ♂, 22 ♀) and Paraceras melis melis (Walker) (3 ♂, 30 ♀), but also a large number of the chewing louse Trichodectes melis (Fabricius). These female of Trichodectes melis, is firmly attached on the outside of the left mid-tibia by having its mandibles entirely surrounding the tibia (Fig. 1). The two insects have been mounted on one slide (which is incorporated in the British Museum collection of fleas at Tring) and the attachment of the louse to the flea is so firm that the act of preparation did not separate the two insects.
The ecology of the immature phases of trichostrongyle parasites V. The estimation of pasture infestation
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: June 2009

1. Methods of sampling pastures for infective larvae are discussed.

2. An account is given of the methods of operation and identification of larvae from herbage.

3. The distribution of larvae on pastures is discussed in relation to choice of method of sampling and interpretation of results.

4. The significance of grazing patterns to distribution of larvae is considered.

5. An attempt is made to evaluate the use and limitations of pasture sampling methods.

The author is indebted to the Agricultural Research Council for financial assistance in the form of a special research grant.
The effect of cortisone on Plasmodium berghei infections
Authors: Roberts O. Joy
Published: June 2009

Cortisone appears to enhance the production of some humoral agent in the serum of infected mice which, when injected in extremely small quantities into experimental, infected animals, produces a decrease in the parasitaemia in the peripheral blood. This effect is not produced by clean serum, and only slightly, if at all, by the serum from infected mice which have received no cortisone.
A New Species of Polyplax (Anoplura)
Authors: Ferris G. F.
Published: June 2009

The new species herein described, collected by Mr Charles Elton in the course of ecological field work in Norway, was very kindly passed on by him to me for identification and description.