bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
38.2: An Image Sticking‐Free Novel Alignment Material for IPS‐LCD
Authors: Tsutsui K. , Sakai T. , Goto K. , Sawahata K. , Ishikawa M. , Fukuro H.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we studied the influence of alignment materials on image sticking in IPS‐LCDs and clarified that there were two factors attributed to volume resistivity and surface anchoring energy on alignment materials. From these results, we have developed an image sticking‐free novel alignment material for IPS‐LCD.
38.3: Photochemical Reaction on the Polymer Layer for Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Shin Dong‐Myung , Song Dong‐Mee , Kim Jae‐Hoon
Published: January 2005

Polyimide containing the chalcone moiety is expected to show the high photodimerization rate and stable alignment characteristics. We introduced the chalcone moiety as a side chain into the polyimide backbone to apply to the photo‐alignment layer. The photochemical reaction with the tilted incident light produced out‐of ‐the plane orientation of chalcone side chain. The orientation effects align the LC in LCD, which possesses the various pretilt angles depending on the length of side chains.
39.1: Invited Paper: Ink‐jet Technology for Fabrication Processes of Flat Panel Displays
Authors: Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

A Micro Liquid Process that enables us to pattern devices directly onto a substrate using liquid materials has been applied to the fabrication of flat panel displays. Ink‐jet printing has so far been the primary tool used in this process. The fabrications of LCD color filters, organic EL devices, organic TFTs and metal electrodes are introduced.
39.2: Variable Ink‐Jet Printing of Polymer OLED Display Panels Using Array Printheads
Authors: Grove M. , Hayes D. , Wallace D. , Shah V.
Published: January 2005

Ink jet printed polymer OLED displays were shown at SID'02 by DuPont Displays, Seiko‐Epson, Philips, Toshiba, and Osram OS. While efficient ink jet array printhead systems will be needed for future production lines, there is currently a requirement for array systems that can rapidly print prototype PLED panels An easily configurable printhead has been developed for this task.
39.3: Manufacture of Flat Panel Displays Using Piezoelectric Drop‐On‐Demand Ink Jet
Authors: McDonald M.
Published: January 2005

Piezoelectric ink jet offers a promising combination of productivity, reliability and uniformity that are appropriate for jetting organic electronic materials. Spectra is designing a printhead specifically for display manufacturing. This printhead contains a robust material set and is intended to allow calibration of individual nozzles to meet uniformity requirements of +/‐2% for display manufacture.
141.1: Eu3+ Activated Red Emitting Phosphors for PDP Applications
Authors: Rao R. P.
Published: January 2005

Red emitting borate‐based phosphor is currently used in the manufacturing of PDPs as a red component. The color purity of these phosphors is poor due to an orange line in the emission spectrum. Efforts are being made to develop a better phosphor and replace the existing borate phosphor. In this presentation, luminescence characteristics and morphology of red emitting trivalent europium activated rare earth oxide, vanadate, borate, phosphate phosphors and their complexes are presented. The life (stability) of these phosphors in a PDP panel are also presented. The suitability of these phosphors in PDP applications is discussed.
41.2: Influence of Doping on the Crystal Structures and Luminescent Properties of Aluminate Phosphors for Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Zhuang Weidong , Cui Xiangzhong , Yu Zhijian , Zhao Chunlei , He Huaqiang , Huang Xiaowei
Published: January 2005

BaAl12O19: Mn2+ doped with Mg2+, Sr2+ and La3+ cations and BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ doped with Ca2+ and Sr2+ cations were synthesized by the high temperature solid state reaction method. The crystal structures and luminescent properties of these phosphors have been studied by XRD and luminescent spectra especially excited by vacuum ultraviolet.
42.2: Handset Architecture with Integrated Framestore/Source Driver IC
Authors: Small Jeffrey A. , Ludden Christopher A.
Published: January 2005

The application of TFT displays for handset applications requires new display system architectures in order to achieve desired power targets and to enable handset features such as integrated cameras. There are significant benefits to embedding a framestore into the source driver chip of a handset display system. This paper explores these benefits with respect to typical handset usage models, power consumption, memory architecture, camera/video functions, and other advanced techniques for display power optimization. In particular, both the system power consumption and the source driver interface bandwidth requirement will be greatly reduced. These and other benefits are discussed, and the architecture of a TFT handset display system incorporating such an embedded framestore is described.
42.3: Low‐power and High‐integration Driver IC for Small‐sized TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kudo Y. , Akai A. , Furuhashi T. , Atsudo T. , Okota Y.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we will discuss a low‐power and high‐integration driver IC for small‐sized TFT‐LCDs, which is applied to mobile phones. By studying a driving scheme to minimize power consumption, an output circuit for 262k colors, and chip arrangement according to the resolution, we have developed a driver IC that achieves an excellent balance between cost and performance.
43.1: Color Filterless Liquid Crystal Display Illuminated with LEDs
Authors: Taira Yoichi , Numata Hidetoshi , Nakano Daiju , Sueoka Kuniaki , Yamada Fumiaki , Suzuki Masaru , Noguchi Michikazu , Singh Rama , Colgan Evan G.
Published: January 2005

We have prototyped a 13.3‐inch diagonal color filterless LCD illuminated with LEDs. A new color directional backlight combined with a microlens attached liquid crystal cell plate shows the feasibility of a new power efficient LCD with better color and lead‐free features.
43.3: High‐efficiency Slim LED Backlight System with Mixing Light Guide
Authors: Martynov Yourii , Konijn Huub , Pfeffer Nicola , Kuppens Simon , Timmers Wim
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel optical system for an edge‐lit LED backlight. The system uses high‐power red, green and blue LEDs and has a minimum thickness despite the arrangement for color mixing. The components of the system have been optimized enabling high optical efficiency while maintaining low cost and good manufacturability. Furthermore, conceptually the system is very close to the existing CCFL backlights and allows re‐use of the existing components and infrastructure.
45.4: Dimers of Organic Metal Complexes Based on Tridentate Schiff‐Base Ligand for Organic Electroluminescence
Authors: Qiao Juan , Duan Lian , Wang Liduo , Li Yang , Qiu Yong
Published: January 2005

By introducing tridentate schiff‐base ligands, a novel class of organic EL materials, dimers of organic metal complexes with mixed ligands, have been designed and characterized, which prove to possess much higher luminescent efficiency and better film‐forming capability than the typical tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline)metal complexes. OLEDs based on these complexes display outstanding EL properties.
46.1: Invited Paper: Interface — The Key to High‐Performance Poly‐Si TFT Fabrication
Authors: Higashi Seiichiro , Abe Daisuke , Miyashita Kazuyuki , Kawamura Takahiro , Inoue Satoshi , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

Low temperature process technologies for high‐performance polycrystalline Si (poly‐Si) thin‐film transistor (TFT) fabrication are discussed based on a key word — “interface”. Reduction of localized defects at two types of interfaces, namely grain boundary in poly‐Si film and gate SiO2/Si interface, successfully achieves high‐performance poly‐Si TFTs with average n‐channel mobility of 315 cm2V−2s−2, threshold voltage (Vth) of 0.86 V and subthreshold swing (S) of 143 mV/decade with small variations (1σ) of 30 cm2V−2s−2, 0.05 V and 6 mV/decade, respectively. This result indicates that control of “interface” is the key to the next generation high‐performance poly‐Si TFT fabrication.
46.3: High Performance Dual‐Gate and Multi Channel Poly‐Si TFTs fabricated by XeCl Excimer Laser Annealing on Selectively Floating a‐Si Thin Film
Authors: Song I. H. , Kang S. H. , Kim J. H. , Han M. K.
Published: January 2005

A high performance poly‐Si TFTs is fabricated by a new ELA method which employs floating a‐Si thin film structure and the effect of pre‐patterning. The proposed poly‐Si TFT exhibits high performance electrical characteristics which are high mobility of 504cm2/Vsec and low subthreshold slope of 0.337 V/dec.
47.1: High Performance Plastic Substrates for Active Matrix Flexible FPD
Authors: Angiolini Simone , Avidano Mauro , Bracco Roberto , Barlocco Carlo , Young Nigel D. , Trainor Michael , Zhao Xiao‐Mei
Published: January 2005

Appear™ 3000 and AryLite™ plastic films satisfy most of the necessary requirements for use as substrates in flexible flat panel displays. Preliminary evaluations have shown excellent physical and optical properties and chemical resistance. We now present further progress with respect to poly‐Si TFT array fabrication.
47.3: Reliability of Transparent Conducting Substrates for Rollable Displays: A Cyclic Loading Investigation
Authors: Gorkhali S. , Cairns D. R. , Crawford G. P.
Published: January 2005

Failure mechanisms for flexible conducting substrates are investigated in the context of rollable/flexible display applications. Cyclic loading experiments (substrates subjected to multiple cycles of tensile strain) were carried out on both ITO coated PET and PEDOT:PSS coated PET substrates. The resistance was measured after each bending cycle. The resistance increased with number of cycles and was not reversible. Even if the tensile strain on the ITO/PET was below the virgin cracking threshold (∼2%) previously reported [APL 76, 1425 (2000)], slight increases in resistance were measurable after just a few cycles.
47.4: Effect of Glass Thickness on Stress in a Centrally Loaded LCD‐TV Panel
Authors: Gulati S. T. , Helfinstine J. D. , Bayne J. F. , Lapp J. C.
Published: January 2005

An analytical solution, based on linear plate theory, shows that the maximum tensile stress in an LCD‐TV panel loaded at the center and simply supported at the four edges depends on several independent factors, namely i) glass thickness, ii) nature of the load, whether static or dynamic, iii) constraints on the center deflection, and iv) details of the cell structure, such as the size, spatial density and properties of the cell spacers and their response to the load. In the case of static load, a thicker panel will experience higher stresses than a thinner panel for identical values of center deflection. In the case of dynamic load, i.e. impact by a spherical ball, the thicker panel will also experience higher stresses than a thinner panel for identical values of center deflection. Experimental data based on strain gages and fractographic analysis of fracture origins are in progress to examine the pros and cons of thick vs. thin glass panels from a mechanical durability point of view. Dynamic loading can induce higher stresses than static loading and hence is a more sever test for mechanical durability.
48.3: A Liquid Crystal Display Response Time Compensation Feature Integrated into an LCD Panel Timing Controller
Authors: McCartney Richard I.
Published: January 2005

The electro‐optic response times of the principal LCD modes are not fast enough for video applications. Applying a one‐frame acceleration voltage, in lieu of the correct video command, can compensate the slow response time. This paper discusses the operation and design choices of a timing controller with an embedded LCD response time compensator (RTC).
49.1: New Concept for Improvement of White Color Balance in Hologram Back‐light Units
Authors: Lee S. M. , Choi H. W. , Lee M. G. , Min J. H. , Choi J. S. , Kim J. H. , Kim S. I. , Choi Y. S. , Lee K. H.
Published: January 2005

We have improved a white color balance using multi‐grating period structure in the holographic backlight units that can be applicable to mobile LCD panel where several LEDs are placed at edge of guide plate as light sources. New H‐LGP is based on the characteristics of grating and its diffraction angle can be determined by specific grating period. With this idea, hologram backlight unit can realize not only lower weight and less power consumption but also higher light utilization by eliminating couple of prismatic sheets which have been widely used in conventional unit inevitably.
49.3: High Power Single Stage Inverter for the Multi‐Lamps Backlight of 24″ 32″, and 40″ LCD TVs
Authors: Cho Guangsup , Kim Bong‐Soo , Yang Dong‐Uook , Hong Jin‐Woo , Lee Yong‐Kon , Lee Ji‐Hoon , Lee Joo‐Young , Lee Dea‐Heung , Choi Eun‐Ha , Kang June‐Gill
Published: January 2005

A new high power inverter system switching the high voltage 60 Hz rectified from home electric power of AC 120 or 220 V, is introduced as a potential application to large area backlights assembled with parallel connected multi‐lamps. The slim and compact inverter of high power over 200 W has been achieved on a single stage for the backlight of large area monitors or TVs whose diagonal length are up to 40 inch.
49.4: High Power Dimming Control for a Large Area LCD Backlight
Authors: Kim Bong‐Soo , Kang June‐Gill , Hong Sung‐Moon , Kim Sang‐Beom , Cho Mi‐Ryung , Lee Dea‐Heung , Choi Eun‐Ha , Cho Guangsup
Published: January 2005

A new method of high voltage dimming control is proposed and tested for the multi‐lamps backlight of a high power system. Direct switching without a feedback circuit at the lamp‐load lines controls the lamp current for high power dimming.
50.1: Comparison of Numerical Methods for Analysis of Liquid Crystal Cell: In‐Plane Switching
Authors: Yoon Hyung‐Jin , Lee Jun‐Hee , Choi Min‐Wan , Kim Jin‐Woo , Kwon Ohseob , Won Taeyoung , Yoon Sang‐Ho
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we present the comparison of numerical methods, the finite element method (FEM) and the finite difference method (FDM), for the analysis of liquid crystal cell. In this work, In‐plane switching (IPS) mode is chosen as a test vehicle. The electrical and optical characteristics of the cell structure are simulated by two type of the numerical solver which is using each numerical scheme. Especially, we report our work in the view of CPU time and the result of simulation. Furthermore, we report the adaptability to other applications having non‐rectangular structure, such as chevron‐type patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode.
50.3: Measurements and Simulations of the Influence of Ions on the Frequency Dependence of the Optical Threshold Voltage in STN‐LCDs
Authors: Verschueren A. R. M. , Machiels P. A. E. J.
Published: January 2005

Electro‐optical measurements on STN‐LCDs show a frequency dependence of the threshold voltage. With detailed electrical simulations this frequency dependence was successfully modelled over the entire 1–106 Hz frequency range. The correlation with ion contamination is established both experimentally and theoretically. The electrical simulations prove to be useful for minimising the occurrence of artefacts like cross‐talk.
51.2: A New Low Power PMOS Poly‐Si Inverter and Driving Circuits for Active Matrix Displays
Authors: Jung Sang‐Hoon , Nam Woo‐Jin , Han Chang‐Wook , Han Min‐Koo
Published: January 2005

A new low power inverter employing only p‐type poly‐Si TFTs is proposed for driving circuits of AMLCD and AMOLED. The proposed PMOS inverter, employing asymmetric feed through and bootstrapping, successfully eliminates troublesome through current and exhibits a wide output swing from VDD to VSS. PMOS level shifter and PMOS shift register have been successfully designed by employing the proposed PMOS inverter.
51.4: The Highest Resolution of 427 ppi for LTPS TFT‐LCD with Integrated Driver
Authors: Yeh Yung‐Hui , Lin Chang‐Chenh , Lin Jia‐Xing , Hung Yi‐Hsun , Tang Ching‐Hsuan , Chen Chih‐Chiang , Chen Cheng‐Chung , Chen Chja‐Yu , Chen Chi‐Lin , Wu Yong‐Fu , Lee Chi‐Shen , Chen Shang‐Li , Liaw Ming‐Jiun , Shih Jun‐Ren , Hsu Cheng‐Chin , Sheu Chai‐Yuan , Chen Ming‐Daw , Chang Shang‐Wen , Chiou Hwa‐Liang
Published: January 2005

A 3 inch XGA LTPS TFT‐LCD with integrated driver circuit resulting the highest resolution of 427 ppi has been fabricated and demonstrated by PMOS technology. For this panel, 96 data inputs, driven by exclusive ASIC with 6‐bit grey‐scale to display 262,144 colors, are de‐multiplexed into 32 phases for all the data lines.
52.2: Next Generation Mass Production Line and its OLED Module
Authors: Kim Sun Wook
Published: January 2005

A new mass production line for Organic Light‐emitting Diode (OLED) display is designed to overcome obstacles of current operating lines. We adopted in‐line operating scheme instead of usual cluster one to the line for more flexible processing options and so easier line expansions or modifications. By utilizing linear‐2type sources and substrate transporting carriers, thickness uniformities of different organic layers evaporated are well controlled within 2% over the area of 200 mm × 230 mm. We also attached glass‐can encapsulation system instead of usual metal‐can one to the line for faster processing time and better processing reliability. As the result, the TACT time of this new line is about 3.5 min. An OLED module fabricated is introduced.
52.4: The High Deposition Rate and High Material Yield Evaporation Method for OLED Layers
Authors: Matsumoto E. , Maki S. , Yanagi Y. , Nishimori T. , Kondo Y. , Kishi Y. , Kido J.
Published: January 2005

For reducing the manufacturing cost of Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display, it has been necessary to develop new fabricating method such as the mass production equipment with higher throughput, higher material yield and good film thickness uniformity for larger substrates. In order to satisfy these requirements, a new marvelous technology, we call as “Hot‐Wall evaporation method”, was introduced. This method could achieve deposition rate of 20 Å/s, material yield of 70%, and film thickness uniformity of ±4% for both a 400mm width and a 100 mm square substrate. As a result we established the possibility of manufacturing the new mass production equipments which fabricate OLED at lower cost.
52.5L: Late‐News Paper: Versatile Evaporation Source for Large OLED Panel Manufacturing
Authors: Shibata M. , Klein D. , Hartmann R. , Chow P. P.
Published: January 2005

We have developed an innovative and scalable evaporation source with a multi‐apertured injector manifold for uniform OLED material production over large area, non‐rotating panels. The source is integrated with optical monitoring for high precision and instantaneous flux adjustment using a valving mechanism. The modular design allows flexible deposition configurations.
53.1: Off‐axis LCoS Compensation for Enhanced Contrast
Authors: Anderson D. , Shahzad K.
Published: January 2005

Contrast in an LCoS based projection system is strongly influenced by the on‐ and off‐axis residual device retardance. We describe a general technique to experimentally determine the compensation requirements for reflective modes. This information is applied to the compensator design and the trade‐off between contrast and F/# is explored. The example of normally white 45TN0 mode is given.
54.2: A High Dynamic Range Display Using Low and High Resolution Modulators
Authors: Seetzen Helge , Whitehead Lorne A. , Ward Greg
Published: January 2005

We have developed an emissive high dynamic range (HDR) display that is capable of displaying a luminance range of 10,000cd/m2 to 0.1cd/m2 while maintaining all features found in conventional LCD displays such as resolution, refresh rate and image quality. We achieve that dynamic range by combining two display systems — a high resolution transmissive LCD and a low resolution, monochrome display composed of high brightness light emitting diodes (LED). This paper provides a description of the technology as well as findings from a supporting psychological study that establishes that correction for the low resolution display through compensation in the high resolution display yields an image which does not differ perceptibly from that of a purely high resolution HDR display.
54.4: Toward a Touch‐Sensitive Display Wall
Authors: Morrison Gerald , Holmgren David
Published: January 2005

Nearly all existing passive touch screen technologies are not suitable for very large format displays. However, one touch technology, a machine vision system, can scale from small display formats to very large display formats including wall‐sized displays. When very large displays are touch enabled, multi‐user collaboration and the ability to detect pen or finger contact are desirable functions. Again, existing passive touch technologies other than a machine vision system cannot accommodate these needs. This paper presents an update on the development of a machine vision touch display technology that was first introduced at SID 2001. This update addresses the ability of this technology to have multiple simultaneous users, to detect the size and approximate shape and orientation of the object touching the display, determine whether the object is a finger, pen, or eraser, and to work with variety of display sizes.
55.1: Stressed Liquid Crystals for Electrically Controlled Fast Shift of Phase Retardation
Authors: West John L. , Zhang Guoqiang , Glushchenko Anatoliy
Published: January 2005

We developed stressed liquid crystal (SLCs) films consisting of unidirectionally oriented domains of liquid crystal separated with polymer chains for use in electrically controlled phase retardation devices. Performance of this new electro‐optical material makes them an ideal candidate for use in high‐speed displays, light modulators, and beam steering devices.
56.1: Novel Pixel Structured High Resolution Transflective poly‐Si TFT LCDs
Authors: Tateuchi Mitsuru , Koike Ryuya , Yamaguchi Hidemasa , Fujioka Takayuki , Tanaka Tsutomu , Himei Norio , Ino Masumitsu
Published: January 2005

A 2.0 inch‐diagonal new transflective full‐color TFT‐LCD with 960H × 220V dots using low‐temperature poly‐Si LTPS TFT has been developed. This newly developed transflective LCD shows 70% higher transmittance and twice or higher contrast ratio than those of a conventional LCD. We also have developed a new adjusting sampling circuit for video signals to remove image blurring, or “Ghost” effect. Thereby this LCD provides images in higher resolution and visibility for mobile devices regardless of situations used indoors or outdoors.
56.3: Active Matrix LCD with Integrated Optical Touch Screen
Authors: den Boer Willem , Abileah Adi , Green Pat , Larsson Terrance , Robinson Scott , Nguyen Tin
Published: January 2005

A 2.4 in. by 2.4 in. TFT LCD is presented with an embedded 60×60 array of a‐Si photo sensors, for use as a high performance touch‐enabled LCD with low cost. In the shadow mode the optical touch screen operates with finger or stylus input under ambient lighting conditions from 50 lux to 50 klux.
56.4L: Late‐News Paper: A Reflective Color TFT‐LCD with High Aperture Ratio
Authors: Choi Su‐Seok , Kang Wonseok , Jin Hyun‐Suk , Jeong Woo‐Nam , Shin Hyun‐Ho , Lee Jung‐Il
Published: January 2005

A reflective 3.5″ QVGA color TFT‐LCD with high aperture ratio (93.5%) and high reflectivity (up to 40–;42%) has been developed. In this panel, we introduced a new pixel design for high aperture ratio and controlled several reflectors for reflecting viewing angle.
57.1: Invited Paper: Present Status of Cat‐CVD as a New Fabrication Technology for Large Area Display
Authors: Matsumura Hideki , Masuda Atsushi , Izumi Akira
Published: January 2005

Present status of Cat‐CVD (Hot‐Wire CVD) technology is summarized as a new fabrication tool of thin film transistor (TFT). It is demonstrated that the efficiency of gas use is much higher than that of PECVD, the large area deposition is realized, Cat‐CVD a‐ Si TFT can operate stably under current stress and that the mobility of Cat‐CVD poly‐Si TFT reaches to several tens cm2/Vs.
57.3: Transparent Silicon‐based Low‐k Dielectric Materials for TFT‐LTPS Displays
Authors: Maghsoodi S. , Wang S. , Becker G. S. , Albaugh J. D. , Yeakle C. R. , Choi D. K. , Warner R. R. , Cerny G. A. , Hamon J. E. , Ha D. , Moyer E. S.
Published: January 2005

Silsesquioxane resins are of particular interest for use as insulator materials in flat panel display applications due to their balance of electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. In this study, a series of HSQ and MSQ resins were synthesized and characterized in terms of their structures and thin film properties. These resin systems yielded high quality thin films with high modulus, good adhesion to silicon and glass substrates, high optical transparency (>98 % @ 300 − 800 nm), good planarization properties, excellent gap fill capability, good thermal and chemical stability to various photoresist and ITO etch chemicals necessary for the fabrication of flat panel displays.
57.4: The Effect of the Roughness of the Glass Substrate on the Roughness of the Barrier Layer Used During Fabrication of Poly‐Si TFTs
Authors: Shah Himanshu C. , Davis Ronald W.
Published: January 2005

During the fabrication of top gate poly‐Si TFT array for active matrix LCD applications, the glass substrate is coated with the barrier layer to prevent the diffusion of impurities from the glass to the TFT. In the present study, we have focused on the effect of the roughness of the glass substrate (fusion formed and polished) on the roughness of the barrier layer deposited on the glass substrate. The fusion formed substrates (1737 and EAGLE2000™, Corning) and the polished substrate from a competitor were coated with a barrier layer and the roughness of the barrier layer was measured by AFM. The roughness of the barrier layer deposited on the fusion formed substrates is much lower than that formed on the polished substrate. Thus roughness of the glass substrate strongly influences the roughness of the barrier layer deposited on the substrate.
Detrimental effects of O2 and CO2 on the cathode performance of flat‐matrix CRTs used for large‐scale flat displays
Authors: Shibayama Kouzaburo , Hara Zen‐ichiro
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The detrimental effects of O2 and CO2 on the cathode emissions of a flat‐matrix (FM) CRT and some methods which increase its life are described. Cathode emission gradually decreases over long‐term operation when an FM‐CRT is used as a tiling element in a large‐scale flat display. It is necessary that for the FM‐CRT the reduction of the emission current be within 10% in order to keep the operational life longer than 10,000 hours. The reason for the degradation of the cathode emission was clarified by experiments using high‐vacuum equipment. It was found from experiments that O2 and CO2, which are produced by the dissolution and activation of the oxide‐coated cathodes, are very harmful to emissions. It is, therefore, very important to lower the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the FM‐CRT in order to reduce their harmful influence on the oxide cathodes. Two methods were used to reduce their partial pressure in the FM‐CRT. One was to make the diameter of the evacuation tube larger and the other was to increase the quantity of the getters. It was found that the adoption of twice as many getters in the FM‐CRT was most useful in lowering the partial pressure of O2 and CO2. This has ensured that the life of an FM‐CRT is longer than 10,000 hours.
41.4: Influence of Ion Transport in AFLCDs
Authors: Zhang H. , D'havé K. , Pauwels H. , Parghi D. D. , Heppke G.
Published: January 2005

In this article we present measurement results of greylevel hysteresis in an AFLC mixture in test cells with different alignment layers at various temperatures. Ion content has also been measured in the AFLC mixture in order to study the relationship between ionic contamination and the image sticking phenomenon.
42.3: 4‐in. VGA Reflection‐Type Poly‐Si TFT LCD with Integrated Digital Driver Using Seven‐Mask CG Silicon CMOS Process
Authors: Hirakata Yoshiharu , Sakakura Masayuki , Eguchi Shingo , Shionoiri Yutaka , Yamazaki Shumpei , Washio Hajime , Kubota Yasushi , Makita Naoki , Hijikigawa Masaya
Published: January 2005

A reflection type poly‐Si TFT LCD having integrated digital driver comprising CMOS structure has been fabricated with 7 masks by using the CG Silicon technology in order to prove low cost production. The details of a novel circuit structure and CG Silicon process, adopted here, will be mainly described.
43.2: Optical Micro Deflector Based Functional Light‐Guide Plate for Backlight Unit
Authors: Käläntär K. , Matsumoto S. , Onishi T. , Takizawa K.
Published: January 2005

A light‐guide plate (LGP) based on plano‐convex optical micro deflector (MD) has been designed and fabricated. An array of the MD elements which are part of the LGP, is fabricated on the LGP to control the direction of the emanating light. The MD element functions as “refractor” when the guided light is incident on the convex surface of the element. To confine the guided light, an array of micro reflectors (grooves) is molded on the back surface of the LGP. The LGP is used with only one prism sheet that functions as totally internal reflector. The new backlight unit shows an increase of 40% of luminance compared to that of the conventional type.
43.3: Flat Panel Light Source and High Power Inverter for LCD Backlight Application
Authors: Hur Jeongwook , Kim Taejo , Lim Sungkyoo
Published: January 2005

A new backlight for LCD has been requested as the size of LCD grows larger. In this paper, it is reported that a flat panel light source (FPLS) showing high luminance of up to 5,600cd/m2 was developed. Luminance of the FPLS varies as a function of gas mixture ratio. High power inverter was separately designed and tested to drive large size LCD FPLS backlights.
44.1: Screening Process for Ultra‐High‐Resolution CRTs
Authors: Ohno Katsutoshi , Sakata Atsushi , Kato Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

Black stripes with 0.126 mm pitch and 20micron m width were fabricated by using quartz exposure lens and PVP‐DAS photoresist. Also, phosphor stripes with fine and sharp edge were obtained by using the phosphor with 2micron m particle size.
44.2: Developing an Efficient PVP‐DAS Photoresist to Create the CRT Black Matrix
Authors: Breuninger John F. , Plakosh‐Angeles Amanda , Adams Theresa
Published: January 2005

The black matrix on a display CRT can be produced using a PVP‐DAS photoresist solution. Decreasing the thickness of the photoresist coating substantially reduces the required ultraviolet curing time of the photoresist. The PVP‐DAS mixture can be readily prepared and adapted to fit the uniqueness of any CRT manufacturing line.
45.1: Application Specific Integrated Lenses for Displays
Authors: Popovich Milan , Sagan Stephen
Published: January 2005

Application Specific Integrated Lenses (ASILs), based on a unique holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H‐PDLC) material system offering high efficiency, fast switching and low switching voltage are being developed for display and telecommunication applications. The basic properties and key benefits of ASILs in displays are reviewed.
45.3: NXT Distributed‐Mode Loudspeaker Technology Integrated into Visual Display Devices
Authors: Boyd Geoff , Bank Graham
Published: January 2005

The Distributed Mode Loudspeaker (DML) is a new class of radiator, which introduces a new paradigm in sound reproduction, offering improvements in a broad range of applications. By virtue of its light and thin structure, a DML may be made as a very slim loudspeaker and in particular in its transparent form provide for a most unique application in display products (SoundVu®). This paper introduces the concept of DML and explores its application to displays and in particular the various flat panel display technologies showing that SoundVu can provide a unique benefit of sound and vision synchronicity with the potential of reducing the bulk of the product.
10.2: A Controlled Lateral Volume Discharge for High Luminous Efficiency AC‐PDP
Authors: Schemerhorn Jerry Dean , Anderson Edward , Levison Dave , Hammon Carolyn , Kim Jae Sung , Park Bok Yong , Ryu Jae Hwa , Shvydky Oleksandr , Sebastian Alan
Published: January 2005

Efficiencies measure greater than 2 lumens/watt in a PDP structure with auxiliary control electrodes creating lateral volume discharges. These sustain discharges can be more efficient than conventional surface discharges because they have a “positive like” column which occurs deeper in the PDP cell and is longer in space and time.
46.1: Industrial Manufacturing of High Performance PPVs for PLED Displays
Authors: Becker Heinrich , Spreitzer Hubert , Kreuder Willi , Schenk Hermann
Published: January 2005

Advances in the manufacturing of high purity, high performance PPVs are presented. The detailed understanding of the reaction mechanism of the Dehydrohalogenation‐Polymerization (GILCH‐Procedure) allows reliable manufacturing of high performance PPVs for display applications. The high efficiencies and long lifetimes of these materials facilitate market introduction of PLED displays. The light emitting polymers are now available on an industrial scale and are manufactured under high purity conditions, filling and packaging is done under class 10 clean room conditions.
46.2: Finite‐Source Dye‐Diffusion Thermal Transfer for Doping and Color Integration in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes and Displays
Authors: Wu C. C. , Yang C. C. , Chen C. W. , Chang H. H. , Lee C. C.
Published: January 2005

A reliable and effective process of performing controllable doping of polymer films in organic light‐emitting devices is reported. In this approach, a film to be doped is brought into direct contact with a dye‐dispersed polymer donor film to permit direct dye‐diffusion thermal transfer. Theoretical and experimental studies indicate that this doping process can be modeled by Fick's diffusion theory and that a desired dopant distribution from shallow to flat profiles may be obtained in a single transfer step by adjusting the diffusion conditions. Dopedpolymer light‐emitting devices made by this process and the conventional blending process exhibited same device characteristics. Along with patterned color donor plates, multicolor OLEDs of arbitrary patterns were demonstrated with a single thermal transfer step.
47.1: Photo‐Polymerized Discotic Films for Viewing Quality Improvement of Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Sergan T. , Sonpatki M. , Kelly J. , Chien L.‐C.
Published: January 2005

We studied the alignment of discotic molecules induced by several types of alignment layers and found the conditions for the formation of negative uniaxial films and layers with twisted optic axis. The most commonly used alignment layers such as conventional rubbed polyimides and polyvinylalcohol films yield splayed optic axis in discotic films. Fluorinated polyimides induce planar alignment of the optic axis (negative A‐plate). High concentrations of photo‐initiator induce molecular reorientation and produce an effective homeotropic alignment (negative C‐plate). Using a discotic compound with chiral centers in fabrication of planar structures, we obtained films with twisted optic axis.
47.2: Novel Wide Viewing Angle Polarizer with High Achromaticity
Authors: Ishinabe Takahiro , Miyashita Tetsuya , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: January 2005

We propose a novel wide‐view polarizer with extremely low light leakage in all directions. This wide‐view polarizer has advantage of high achromaticity. By applying this polarizer to the IPS mode and the R‐OCB mode, we have confirmed to obtain excellent wide viewing angle in its black state.
47.3: Thin Photo‐Patterned Internal Polarizers for LCDs
Authors: Kozenkov V. M. , Yip W. C. , Tang S. T. , Chigrinov V. G. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

We describe the novel technology of thin photo‐patterned polarizers for LCDs. The polarizer consists of small regions with different orientations of the absorption axis and/or colors. It can be placed on the interior of the LCD cell substrate. The polarizer material consists of thin (about 0.3–0.7 micrometers) lyotropic dye layers, transferred to the substrates by UV‐curing glue or by the “photo‐alignment” method. We use photo‐chemically stable dyes as the photo‐alignment layers for the lyotropic LC and as the thin photo‐patterned polarizers.
47.4: Lyotropic Thin Film Polarizers
Authors: Bobrov Yuri , Cobb Carl , Lazarev Pavel , Bos Philip , Bryant Douglas , Wonderly Hugh
Published: January 2005

E‐type polarizers are now available for industrial applications. New polarizers are produced as submicron thin film polarizing coating. Glass and plastic (PET) TN LCDs were manufactured with Thin Film Polarizers replacing conventional polarizers. Another design uses new polarizers to replace the alignment layer and performs both functions: polarization and LC alignment. Optical characteristics of new LCD design are comparable (Contrast Ratio =60) or better (Viewing Angle Cone) than conventional technology.
49.1: A Bright Bistable FLC‐Display on Plastic Substrates for Smart Cards
Authors: Muecke Martin , Randler Martin , Frey Volker , Brill Jochen , Lueder Ernst , Karl Andreas
Published: January 2005

A flexible display module consisting of a bistable seven digit Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display (FLCD) with an ACA‐bonded addressing IC is presented. Due to the innovative cell concept for mirrors the module shows a high reflectivity and a high contrast.
50.3: A Pseudo‐Photopic Light Sensor Control System for AMLCD Fluorescent Back Lights
Authors: Weindorf P.
Published: January 2005

A pseudo‐photopic feedback back light control system has been developed for automotive AMLCD's which utilizes two low cost surface mount photodiodes. By utilizing a subtraction process, a pseudo‐photopic feedback signal is produced which can be used to control the back light inverter to the desired brightness level.
51.1: Invited Paper: Polymers for Efficient OLEDs
Authors: Schenk Hermann , Becker Heinrich , Spreitzer Hubert , Kreuder Willi , Gelsen Olaf , Kluge Edgar , Vestweber Horst
Published: January 2005

Polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) and displays based on polymer technology have made dramatic progress during the last years. In particular, efficiency and device lifetime have improved to such a significant extent that first products will commercialized within this year. We report here on the technical status of materials and devices upon which this success is based. Efficiency and especially operational stability are now at a level which easily meets the requirements for a variety of applications, namely power efficiencies are well above 10 lm/W, operational lifetimes are exceeding 20000 hours at display brightness levels and room temperature). This progress has been achieved by the careful analysis of failure mechanisms and the systematic improvement of materials. The first products, i. e. back‐lights (for LCD‐displays), segmented displays, and finally passive‐matrix‐addressed low‐information‐content (LIC) graphical displays are described. Light emitting polymerss are now manufactured on industrial scale under high purity conditions; filling and packaging is done under a class 10 clean room condition. For details see H. Becker Paper 46.1.
52.1: Invited Paper: A 254‐ppi Full‐color Video Rate TFT‐LCD Based on Field Sequential Color and FLC Display
Authors: Yoshihara T. , Makino T. , Inoue H.
Published: January 2005

We introduce a high‐resolution full‐color video rate FLC display that is based on field sequential color with an amorphous Si TFT array. Research on particular polarization switching properties provided us with the technology for quick switching FLCs using amorphous silicon TFT technology. We created a prototype and confirmed that it is capable of providing a gray scale, fast response time, excellent color purity, and a wide viewing angle. Our prototype demonstrated that producing a high‐resolution full‐color video rate display is possible based on this technology.
54.1: A Novel Direct‐Vision 3‐D Display Using Luminance‐Modulated Two 2‐D Images Displayed at Different Depths
Authors: Suyama S. , Takada H. , Uehira K. , Sakai S. , Ohtsuka S.
Published: January 2005

We have found a novel three‐dimensional (3‐D) display mechanism using only two 2‐D images displayed at different depths. It is based on a new perceptual phenomenon induced by the human binocular visual system and enables an observer using no extra equipment to perceive an apparent 3‐D image of continous depth when the luminance is divided between the 2‐D images according to the 3‐D image depth. We have also develop a prototype direct‐vision 3‐D display using this mechanism. It can easily produce moving 3‐D color images by using color conventional 2‐D displays.
54.2: Natural Stereo Depth Creation Methodology for a Real‐time 2D‐to‐3D Image Conversion
Authors: Iinuma T. , Murata H. , Yamashita S. , Oyamada K.
Published: January 2005

We propose a “Depth Creation by stereo Perception (DCP)” method that creates more natural and impressive 3D images than ever from input 2D images by their stereo perceptual information, which includes horizontal motion, color, contrast, sharpness, and composition. We also propose a “Linear Depth Control (LDC)” method that controls the binocular parallax of the created 3D images by their image depth position in order to improve the 3D effect of the converted images. And the real‐time 2D‐to‐3D image conversion unit implemented these new methods realizes more natural 3D images corresponding to various 3D displays from 2D images of any types and scenes.
55.3L: Late‐News Paper: A 22‐inch Flat Screen Gray Scale Monitor for Radiographic Imaging
Authors: Furukawa T. , Chaisitti S. , Sato K. , Iwano Y. , Iwama S. , Yamamoto Y. , Iijima Y. , Fujiok K. , Watanabe T. , Higuchi K.
Published: January 2005

Conventional viewing of radiographic image is done by placing film on a flat light box. In a filmless radiology system, CRT monitors are used in the place of the light box. Curvature of the viewing area of the conventional CRT requires radiologists to adjust their habit and experience to the new display geometry. This may result in the accuracy of the diagnosis. This paper presents a newly developed 22‐inch naturally flat, gray scale CRT monitor for light box style viewing. CRT optical performance including modulation transfer function (MTF) will be presented. A unique deflection design and technique will be discussed.
L‐1: Late‐News Paper: New Vibration Prevention System of Shadow‐Mask for Flat Type CRT
Authors: Watanabe Michiaki , Suzuki Hideo
Published: January 2005

We have developed a unique tension mask system for the shadow‐ mask in the next‐generation flat type television tube. It has much improved brightness and contrast, which are the fundamental features of a CRT, and a natural feeling of flatness. This report describes how we have created a new vibration prevention system to suppress mask vibration, which often occurs with a tension type mask.
11.2: Zenithal Bistable Device (ZBD™) Suitable for Portable Applications
Authors: Wood E. L. , Bryan‐Brown G. P. , Brett P. , Graham A. , Jones J. C. , Hughes J. R.
Published: January 2005

Zenithal Bistable display devices have been made which are compatible in size and functionality with current mobile phone or pager displays. Radical improvements in the viewing characteristics particularly in reflective mode are shown. Furthermore this paper describes: low voltage operation; fast latching times; and broad‐margin matrix addressing.
12.1: Current Driver System IC for Segmented Polymer Light Emitting Display
Authors: Sempel A. , Los R.
Published: January 2005

A flexible IC for driving a variety of PLED / OLED displays at low system cost is presented. It contains segment and common drivers, an oscillator and a DC/DC 2converter. On‐chip memory is programmable via I2C bus to set output current levels up to 4 mA, while 800 segments can be addressed by multiplexing the 50 current sources.
4.3: Factors Affecting Efficiency in Submicron Phosphors: Implications for Screens for High Definition Displays
Authors: Vecht A. , Martinez‐Rubio M. I. , Ireland T. G. , Silver J. , Fern G. , Gibbons C.
Published: January 2005

Studies on phosphor particles in the range 0.05 to 0.35μm prepared from spherical particle precursors provide strong evidence that the main factors affecting light output are crystallinity, orientation, of the crystallite, and space between particles (in close packed arrays). These findings should be applicable to all high resolution phosphors.
13.3: Suppression of Haze Formation on LCD Glass and Durability of the Substrate Etched by BHF
Authors: Totsuka Hirono , Sato Isao , Anma Motoya
Published: January 2005

Buffered hydrofluoric acid etching during TFT manufacturing process sometimes causes haze on LCD glass substrates. In previous work, there was a recommendation of preliminary cleaning of substrate before BHF etching to solve haze problem. However, there was no suggestion for haze control during BHF etching process. In this paper, suppression of haze formation by agitation and dilution is discussed. Strong agitation and suitable amount of dilution are effective for haze suppression. A change of durability (corrosion rate) was observed depending on conditions of these methods.
13.4: Development of a Manufacturing Process for a Thin, Lightweight LCD Cell
Authors: Ohkuma Hideo , Tajima Kenichi , Tomiki Kiyoshi
Published: January 2005

Thin and lightweight liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are strongly required, especially for portable PC products. In order to achieve this, we developed a new manufacturing process that reduces the cell thickness to 1.0 mm for 13′ TFT LCD products. This paper describes the initial case study for process development and the new process, which realizes slim cells of 1.0 mm‐thickness by reducing the thickness of the glass substrates of the array and color filter to 0.5mm each in the cell process.
14.1: Characteristic Evaluations of Medical Image Displays Using Contrast‐Detail Curve Measurements
Authors: Wang Jihong , Stetson Chess
Published: January 2005

An interactive, accurate and easy‐to‐use contrast‐detail curve measurement method is used for the quality evaluation and routine quality control of medical image displays. This method makes enterprise‐wide image quality consistency possible consequently improving patient care.
14.2: On Site Measurement of Visual Display Quality
Authors: Spenkelink Gerd P. J. , Besuijen Ko , Ransijn Petra M.
Published: January 2005

A new visual display quality assessment method to be used on the work floor is developed. It covers important aspects like system configuration, software applications, display settings, user behavior, display wear and physical environment, which are not included in the current ISO 9241‐3 standard physical laboratory measurement methods.
14.4L: Late‐News Paper: Colorimetric Characterization of Wide‐Viewing Angle Technologies
Authors: Ho Kenneth C. , Wright S. L. , Cai C. , Lien A. , Anderson J. E.
Published: January 2005

The viewing‐angle dependence of TFTLCD color characteristics have been studied for a number of wide‐viewing angle technologies. Different color characteristics were obtained for each LC mode. For particular viewing directions relative to the LC director the color shifts can be understood as changes in the relative retardation of different ray components.