bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Film archives and digital humanities – an impossible match? New job descriptions and the challenges of the digital era
Authors: Heftberger Adelheid
Published: March 2016

Th is article seeks to prompt a re-evaluation of the film archive's role within the current digital humanities debate as a logical, yet underrated, partner. The article invokes Jeffrey Schnapp’s and Todd Presner's plea from 2009 for digital humanities to create as its core aim a more democratic view of knowledge-producing institutions by including non-university research institutions as well as archives and museums. Archives, on the other hand, currently face the crucial challenge of how to digitise and present their collections online while struggling with rising related costs and having to redefi ne their mission as heritage keepers for often unique analogue material. The potential options for future collaboration between film archives and digital humanists as well as film scholars will also be discussed in this paper through an examination of the current situation.
Digital humanities and the elusive “thing”
Authors: Andreasen Torsten
Published: March 2016

The present article examines the current academic encounter with the “thing” of the digital humanities, i.e., with the digital as both a source of crisis and an attempt to control this crisis. By mapping conceptualisations of the digital as an object of study, a tool and the constitution of new practices, the “thing” is presented from the threefold perspective of access, evidence and control: access as the newfound availability and emancipation of the digital object, evidence as the cognitive approach marshalled in response to the surge of data, and control as the new ruling practice, whether academic, ethical or critical. The article seeks to demonstrate that the “thing” cannot be immediately grasped or pinned down, that whenever you think you have it, it turns out to be somewhere else. The proposed threefold perspective of access, evidence, and control is but a way of closing in on something that remains forever elusive.
Gaming practices in everyday life. An analytical operationalization of field theory by means of practice theory
Authors: Toft-Nielsen Claus , Krogager Stinne Gunder Strøm
Published: March 2016

This article investigates digital game play (gaming) as a specific media field (Bourdieu, 1984, p. 72), in which especially gaming capital (Consalvo, 2007) functions as a theoretical lens. We aim to analyse the specific practices that constitute and are constituted in and around gaming. This multitude of practices is theoretically qualified by the second generation of practice theorists, including (Bruchler & Postill, 2010; Reckwitz, 2002; Schatzki, 2008; Warde, 2005). The empirical data are drawn from qualitative studies of gamers and gaming practices (focus groups as well as participant observations), and function as exemplary cases that illustrate our theoretical arguments. Our purpose is to analytically operationalize field theory, by means of practice theory, to enhance our understanding of digital games as new media and the specific contexts and media practices herein.
Using Bourdieu in Critical Mediatization Research: Communicational Doxa and Osmotic Pressures in the Field of UN Organizations
Authors: Jansson André
Published: March 2016

This article develops a Bourdieusian approach to mediatization. It is argued that the Bourdieusian theories of doxa and fields can make valuable contributions to a critical perspective on mediatization, one that moves beyond the divides between institutionalist, social-constructivist and materialist understandings (e.g., Bourdieu, 1972/1977). Mediatization is here seen as the historically growing dependence on media technologies and institutions within diverse social fields and settings. In order to establish the link between mediatization and Bourdieu’s theories (ibid.), the article introduces the concept of communicational doxa, which refers to the taken for granted communicational conventions and demands that regulate the inclusion of membership within a particular field. The article also shows how communicational doxa can be applied as an analytical concept. Findings from qualitative fieldwork carried out among highly mobile and skilled professionals within the field of UN organizations in Geneva, show how the autonomy of social agents is negotiated in relation to an increasingly mediatized communicational doxa.
Datamasser og sansemiljøer - Om den performative iscenesættelse af big data
Authors: Schmidt Ulrik
Published: March 2016

Denne artikel undersøger en udbredt tendens i den digitale kultur til at iscenesætte nutidens enorme og massive datasæt i form af sanselige miljøer og de implikationer denne form for æstetisering har for vores omgang med data. Med inddragelse af en række eksempler fra nyere iscenesættelser af big data, argumenteres der for at big data, når de iscenesættes som big data, typisk gør det ved, konkret og perciperbart, at tage massens form og danne omgivende, sanselige miljøer. Denne æstetiske ’massifisering’ og ’miljøgørelse’ af datasættet har direkte betydning for den sansemæssige oplevelse af big data ved at indsætte en markant æstetisk dobbelthed mellem tilegnelsen af information og den mere isolerede, immersive fornemmelse af ’ren’ omslutning i det sanselige miljø. Afslutningsvis perspektiveres denne dobbelthed til en bredere diskussion af en anden æstetisk dobbelthed mellem overvågning og omslutning, der ligeledes sætter et markant præg på iscenesættelsen af big data ved at indhylde den æstetiske oplevelse i en samlet ’panoptisk-panoramisk’ fornemmelse.
Lydbranding – En systematisering og karakteristik af litteraturen
Authors: Bonde Anders , Graakjær Nicolai Jørgensgaard
Published: March 2016

Artiklen har artiklen til hensigt at præsentere en systematisering og karakteristik af litteraturen omhandlende lydbranding. Artiklen demonstrerer overordenet, at der findes meget mere litteratur om lydbranding end hvad man hidtil har kunnet få indtryk af, og artiklen bidrager med at skabe overblik over et ellers broget og diffust emneområde. Mens systematiseringen af litteraturen sigter på kortlægge og danne overblik over eksisterende varianter af lydbrandinglitteratur, så ønsker vi med en karakteristik af litteraturen at kvalificere, hvilke litteraturtyper der findes mindst (og mest) af, og herunder altså at karakterisere, hvilke lydformer, touchpoints og objekter, som bidragene især (ikke) har haft interesse for. Karakteristikken har til hensigt at tilvejebringe grundlag for, at forskere og studerende (sekundært producenter og aftagere) kan finde inspiration og svar på – eller opdage at der endnu ikke findes svar på – diverse spørgs- og gøremål i forhold til lydbranding og måske også lydens kommunikative potentialer mere generelt.
Scènes : ouvertes et restreintes
Authors: Straw Will , Rouleau Jonathan
Published: March 2016

Cet article soutient que la littérature savante sur l’étude des scènes est marquée par une divergence entre deux façons de les concevoir. Les conceptualisations « ouvertes » de la scène la traite comme une manifestation large de l’urbanité, comme partie intégrante de la théâtralité de la vie urbaine. Une « scène », en ce sens, est engagée dans l’insufflation au sein des citadins des valeurs et protocoles éthiques de l’urbanité. Les conceptions « restreintes » de la scène l’approche en termes de formes d’organisation qui entourent certaines formes culturelles, comme des genres de musique. Cependant, on pourrait imaginer la réconciliation de ces façons de concevoir la scène, chacune ayant généré ses propres traditions de recherche et mobilisant des domaines distincts de l’analyse culturelle. Chacune présuppose aussi différentes façons de penser la visibilité des scènes.
La puissance des scènes
Authors: Silver Daniel , Clark Terry Nichols , Laporte Marie-Noëlle
Published: March 2016

Cet article propose une théorie générale des scènes urbaines. Elles sont envisagées
ici comme des faisceaux multidimensionnels de signification imbriqués dans des pratiques
locales concrètes. L’article, qui présente des méthodes de mesure empirique des scènes, veut
également montrer comment certaines d’entre elles fournissent un environnement propice aux
nouveaux mouvements sociaux (NMS). Malgré la dimension universaliste et cosmopolite des NMS
(par ex. les groupes écologistes et de défense des droits de la personne), leur dynamisme et
les soutiens dont ils disposent n’en dépendent pas moins étroitement des qualités
particulières des contextes locaux.
La scène comme nouvelle culture visuelle : entre effervescence urbaine, visibilité et circulation des images numériques
Authors: Zahar Hela , Roberge Jonathan
Published: March 2016

L’étude des scènes culturelles apparue dans les années quatre-vingt-dix a été rapidement assimilée au champ des popular music studies et ce, dans une volonté de trouver une alternative aux notions de contre- ou de sous-culture. La polysémie et la malléabilité du terme ont ainsi donné lieu à des efforts souvent disparates ayant pour thème la sonorité ou le «  son  » d’une ville. Or si le son rythme bel et bien l’urbanité et lui donne son effervescence, n’y a-t-il pas lieu également de s’interroger sur la manière dont les images fournissent davantage qu’un simple décor en donnant précisément vie et corps à la ville  ? L’objectif de ce texte est de réfléchir au concept de scène à partir d’une focale encore sous-exploitée, à savoir celle des visual cultural studies. Comment l’image devient-elle performative et comment entre-t-elle en scène formant du coup une sorte de surproduction culturelle  ? Comment la circulation des images peut-elle engendrer de nouvelles expériences de socialité  ? Le propos est illustré à partir de l’étude du Street art et plus particulièrement du calligraffiti à Montréal — mais également dans la manière dont ce dernier trouve échos à Paris, Beyrouth et Tunis. En tant qu’articulation du local, du translocal et du virtuel, cette pratique émergente doit permettre de comprendre comment la circulation et la mise en visibilité des images, dans un contexte contemporain d’hétérogénéité culturelle, d’hybridation artistique et de controverses sociales, peut susciter de nouveaux enjeux et codes politico-culturels.
Pratiques culturelles et politiques publiques : l’approche par le concept de « scène »
Authors: Kaiser Marc
Published: March 2016

Une scène musicale peut être définie comme unespace culturel délimité sur un territoire par unensemble d’activités, de lieux et d’institutionsautour d’une culture musicale commune. Les musiques populairess’inscrivent non seulement dans un espace de pratiques et dereprésentations sociales, mais également dans des espacespolitique et économique dans lesquels une multitude depolitiques publiques interviennent. Une scène culturelle donneplus largement à voir la diversité desréglementations en oeuvre qui participent à lafaçonner – alors que celles-ci ne sont pas toujoursdéfinies comme des instruments de gouvernance culturelle. Lesindustries culturelles, qui jouent un rôle central dans lesdynamiques culturelles locales et translocales, sont pourtant lesgrandes absentes des différentes études sur lespolitiques culturelles. En nous appuyant sur trois enquêtes deterrain (Paris, Sydney, Québec), nous montrons que lesinterventions dans le domaine des musiques populaires reposentuniquement sur deux registres d’action – le social etl’économique - ce qui interroge finalement lesvisées de l’interventionnisme culturel.
Cet amour de père, gardien du gynécée
Authors: Miraglia Anne Marie
Published: March 2016

La représentation du père est au coeur de cette étude de L’amour, la fantasia (1985) et de Nulle part dans la maison de mon père (2007), deux romans autobiographiques d’Assia Djebar, romancière d’origine algérienne et membre de l’Académie française de 2005 jusqu’à sa mort en 2015. Cette analyse examine la personnalité de Tahar, son évolution, l’influence qu’il a exercée sur sa fille, dans des circonstances différentes de sa vie, et notamment dans ses rapports avec la gent masculine. Tiraillée entre sa soif de liberté et son amour pour son père, la narratrice de Djebar compare Tahar à d’autres figures paternelles, européennes et arabes, en Algérie. Éduquée en français grâce à ce père culturellement hybride, Fatima exprime sa reconnaissance tout comme ses regrets, dont son aliénation vis-à-vis des autres femmes arabes, son manque de maîtrise de la langue arabe et la rigueur puritaine du père censeur, entrave à son plein épanouissement.
Telle Antigone, relever le père harki. Le récit comme sépulture dans Moze de Zahia Rahmani
Authors: Ledoux-Beaugrand Évelyne , Parent Anne Martine
Published: March 2016

Moze, le premier récit de l’auteure française d’origine algérienne Zahia Rahmani, explore une figure paternelle ambiguë, celle du père harki. Anciens supplétifs de l’armée française, certains harkis sont rapatriés après l’indépendance de l’Algérie dans une France qui refuse de les reconnaître comme citoyens à part entière. Le père harki apparaît dans le récit de Rahmani comme un homme honteux, dont la condition même de père est empêchée par sa honte. Dans cet article, nous analysons le rapport de la narratrice à son père harki à la lumière de la figure d’Antigone. À l’instar de l’héroïne de la tragédie de Sophocle, la narratrice de Moze cherche à relever le père mort, à le ramener du côté de l’humanité et s’emploie à faire pour lui oeuvre de sépulture.
… ton ciel à la sueur de ton sexe. Pierre Guyotat : le père-totem de l’esclave absolu1
Authors: Cliche Anne Élaine
Published: March 2016

Cet article s’intéresse au statut totémique des figures qui peuplent les montages prostitutionnels de Guyotat. Le corps supplicié – celui de l’esclave-putain – se fait dans cette oeuvre, et suivant la logique verbale de l’écriture qui l’ouvre à l’infini de ses mutations comme à toutes les figures instables et répétables de l’asservissement et de la subordination, le matériau d’autant plus glorieux qu’il sera livré aux trafics de l’esclavage. Il s’agit de montrer que l’écriture de Guyotat transgresse le tabou de l’inceste qui fonde l’espèce et instaure l’ordre symbolique. Car le dispositif esclavagiste et prostitutionnel des scénographies de cette écriture est mis en place par un sujet impitoyablement asservi à une jouissance absolue. De cette jouissance déterminante, le sujet Guyotat affirme aujourd’hui faire un « chant » qui accède à une autre exigence, celle formulée par la deuxième des dix paroles sinaïtiques et qui concerne l’interdit de céder aux pouvoirs de la représentation : « Tu ne te feras pas d’images. » L’illisibilité de Guyotat trouve dans cet interdit, semble-t-il, sa puissance d’évocation.
Neurogenesis reunited
Authors: Landgraf Matthias
Published: March 2016

Experiments on fruit flies are shedding new light on the evolution and development of the nervous system in metamorphosing insects.
Standardized medical record: A new Outpatient Osteopathic SOAP Note Form: Validation of a standardized office form against physician's progress notes
Authors: Sleszynski Sandra L , Glonek Thomas , Kuchera William A
Published: March 2016

The accuracy and efficiency of recording information on a one-page standardized Outpatient Osteopathic SOAP Note Form (SNF) was compared with that obtained using the physician's progress notes (PPN). Use of the SNF in lieu of the PPN would assure the physician that proper clinical data were recorded to ensure proof of need and care in any instances of refused reimbursement. Moreover, standardized SNFs could be used to document and analyze present treatment protocols, enabling medical advances. Ten osteopathic physicians, who were skilled in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), enrolled 300 patients. Initial and follow-up examinations totaled 959 visits (statistical cases); 76 statistical variables were compared. Essentially all information recorded in the PPN was recorded on the SNF. A significant difference (P < .05) was found between the PPN data set and the SNF data set in all but 17 of the 76 variables. Greater content of information almost always was found with the SNF data set. In addition, the SNF contained information not found in the PPN, most notably the severity and response to treatment of detected somatic dysfunctions. Participating physicians stated that the SNF takes about the same amount of time to fill in as the PPN. This makes the SNF a practical instrument for accurately and efficiently obtaining patient data in all physicians' offices. The validation study conducted demonstrated that the Outpatient Osteopathic SOAP Note Form easily and accurately reflected information recorded in the PPN and that data recorded may be used by physicians in their individual practices or for the conduct of osteopathic research.
Preoperative ultrasound examination interpreted to represent a small contracted gallbladder with stones
Authors: Scott Quincy
Published: March 2016

Agenesis of the gallbladder is a relatively rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of only 0.01 % to 0.04%. Yet it continues to occur. The patient described in this case study was symptomatic and received a clinical diagnosis of cholecystitis after having an ultrasound examination that was read as indicating a small contracted gallbladder with stones. Only after an open surgical procedure and cholangiography was it discovered that the patient actually had a congenital absence of the gallbladder. Clinicians need to be aware of the potential for congenital absence of the gallbladder when interpreting tests and when findings are questionable, and to ensure no surprises, they should consider ordering other diagnostic tests before doing surgery.
Gastric leiomyosarcoma presenting as a sentinel hemorrhage
Authors: Burchett Kelly D , Carungi Ralph S
Published: March 2016

A 43-year-old Asian woman who was initially seen because of hematemesis later had a gastric leiomyosarcoma cliagnosed. Epigastric palpation, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging assisted in determining the size, borders, and location of the tumor while a second esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed friable gastric mucosa with erosions. Biopsy specimens taken for frozen section during surgical abdominal exploration revealed a malignant gastric stromal tumor. An en bloc excision of the mass then followed, with the final pathologic diagnosis a gastric leiomyosarcoma. Metastases were later found in the liver, peritoneum, and mesentery. Differentiation of gastric leiomyosarcoma from other stromal tumors is difficult and requires standardized nuclear and cellular evaluation of atypia, necrosis, mitosis, and tumor doubling time. The most common symptoms at initial presentation are abdominal pain and gastrointestinal bleeding. Abdominal computed tomography remains more specific in suggesting gastric stromal tumors than esophagogastroduodenoscopy and upper gastrointestinal barium series. Lymph node involvement in gastric leiomyosarcoma is rare and affords the first line therapy of laparoscopic wedge gastrectomy with a good prognosis in tumors less than 6 cm in diameter. The prognostic factors include metastasis, size of the tumor, histologic grade, DNA ploidy of the tumor, and ulceration of overlying gastric mucosa.
Metal oxide resistive random access memory based synaptic devices for brain-inspired computing
Authors: Gao Bin , Kang Jinfeng , Zhou Zheng , Chen Zhe , Huang Peng , Liu Lifeng , Liu Xiaoyan
Published: March 2016

The traditional Boolean computing paradigm based on the von Neumann architecture is facing great challenges for future information technology applications such as big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and wearable devices, due to the limited processing capability issues such as binary data storage and computing, non-parallel data processing, and the buses requirement between memory units and logic units. The brain-inspired neuromorphic computing paradigm is believed to be one of the promising solutions for realizing more complex functions with a lower cost. To perform such brain-inspired computing with a low cost and low power consumption, novel devices for use as electronic synapses are needed. Metal oxide resistive random access memory (ReRAM) devices have emerged as the leading candidate for electronic synapses. This paper comprehensively addresses the recent work on the design and optimization of metal oxide ReRAM-based synaptic devices. A performance enhancement methodology and optimized operation scheme to achieve analog resistive switching and low-energy training behavior are provided. A three-dimensional vertical synapse network architecture is proposed for high-density integration and low-cost fabrication. The impacts of the ReRAM synaptic device features on the performances of neuromorphic systems are also discussed on the basis of a constructed neuromorphic visual system with a pattern recognition function. Possible solutions to achieve the high recognition accuracy and efficiency of neuromorphic systems are presented.
Analysis of energy states where electrons and holes coexist in pseudomorphically strained InAs high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Nishio Yui , Sato Takato , Hirayama Naomi , Iida Tsutomu , Takanashi Yoshifumi
Published: March 2016

In strained high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with InAs as the channel, excess electrons and holes are generated in the drain region by impact ionization. In the source region, electrons are injected to recombine with accumulated holes by the Auger process. This causes the shift of the gate potential, V
GS,shift, for HEMTs. For a system where electrons and holes coexist, we established a theory taking into account the nonparabolicity of the conduction band in the InAs channel. This theory enables us to rigorously determine not only the energy states and the concentration profiles for both carriers but also the V
GS,shift due to an accumulation of holes. We have derived the Auger recombination theory which takes into account the Fermi–Dirac statistics and is applicable to an arbitrary shape of potential energy. The Auger recombination lifetime τA for InAs-PHEMTs was estimated as a function of the sheet hole concentration, p
s, and τA was on the order of psec for p
s exceeding 1012 cm−2.
Species presence frequency and diversity in different patch types along an altitudinal gradient:Larix chinensisBeissn in Qinling Mountains (China)
Authors: Huang Minyi , Duan Renyan , Wang Shixiong , Wang Zhigao , Fan Weiyi
Published: March 2016

Forest communities are mosaic systems composed of patches classified into four different developmental patch types: gap patch (G), building patch (B), mature patch (M) and degenerate patch (D). To study the mechanisms maintaining diversity in subalpine coniferous forests, species presence frequency and diversity in the four distinct patch types (G, B, M and D) ofLarix chinensisconifer forests at three altitudinal gradients in the Qinling Mountains were analyzed. Our results were as follows: (1) Different species (or functional groups) had distinct presence frequencie s in the four different patch types along the altitudinal gradient; (2) Some species or functional groups (species groups sharing similar traits and response to environment) only occurred in some specific patches. For seed dispersal, species using wind mainly occurred in G and D, while species using small animals mainly occurred in B and M; (3) Species composition of adjacent patch types was more similar than non-adjacent patch types, based on the lowerβdiversity index of the former; (4) The maximum numbers of species and two diversity indices (D′ andH′) were found in the middle altitudes. Various gap-forming processes and dispersal limitation may be the two major mechanisms determining species diversity inLarix chinensisconiferous forests at the patch scale.
Selection of reference genes for RT-qPCR studies in blood of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)
Authors: Chen I-Hua , Wang Jiann-Hsiung , Chou Shih-Jen , Wu Yeong-Huey , Li Tsung-Hsien , Leu Ming-Yih , Chang Wen-Been , Yang Wei Cheng
Published: March 2016

Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is used for research in gene expression, and it is vital to choose appropriate housekeeping genes (HKGs) as reference genes to obtain correct results. The purpose of this study is to determine stably expressed HKGs in blood of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) that can be the appropriate reference genes in relative quantification in gene expression research. Sixty blood samples were taken from four beluga whales. Thirteen candidate HKGs (ACTB,B2M,GAPDH,HPRT1,LDHB,PGK1,RPL4,RPL8,RPL18,RPS9,RPS18,TFRC,YWHAZ) were tested using RT-qPCR. The stability values of the HKGs were determined by four different algorithms. Comprehensive analysis of the results revealed that RPL4, PGK1 and ACTB are strongly recommended for use in future RT-qPCR studies in beluga blood samples. This research provides recommendation of reference gene selection, which may contribute to further mRNA relative quantification research in the peripheral blood leukocytes in captive cetaceans. The gene expression assessment of the immune components in blood have the potential to serve as an important approach to evaluating cetacean health influenced by environmental insults.
Symmetry-based reciprocity: evolutionary constraints on a proximate mechanism
Authors: Campennì Marco , Schino Gabriele
Published: March 2016

Background.While the evolution of reciprocal cooperation has attracted an enormous attention, the proximate mechanisms underlying the ability of animals to cooperate reciprocally are comparatively neglected. Symmetry-based reciprocity is a hypothetical proximate mechanism that has been suggested to be widespread among cognitively unsophisticated animals.

Methods.We developed two agent-based models of symmetry-based reciprocity (one relying on an arbitrary tag and the other on interindividual proximity) and tested their ability both to reproduce significant emergent features of cooperation in group living animals and to promote the evolution of cooperation.

Results.Populations formed by agents adopting symmetry-based reciprocity showed differentiated “social relationships” and a positive correlation between cooperation given and received: two common aspects of animal cooperation. However, when reproduction and selection across multiple generations were added to the models, agents adopting symmetry-based reciprocity were outcompeted by selfish agents that never cooperated.

Discussion.In order to evolve, hypothetical proximate mechanisms must be able to stand competition from alternative strategies. While the results of our simulations require confirmation using analytical methods, we provisionally suggest symmetry-based reciprocity is to be abandoned as a possible proximate mechanism underlying the ability of animals to reciprocate cooperative interactions.
Pedagogy through print: James Sowerby, John
Mawe and the problem of colour in early
nineteenth-century natural history illustration
Authors: DOLAN BRIAN
Published: July 2002

These gems have life in them: their colours speak,

Say what words fail of.

In an ambitious treatise on the estimated wealth of the British Empire
in the year of
Waterloo, Patrick Colquhoun added to his calculations of the revenues produced
by
overseas property the potential profits created through exploiting natural
resources. In his
‘political arithmetic’, Colquhoun recognized that an
increasingly lucrative resource could
be found in ‘mines and minerals’, where ‘various
articles extracted from the bowels of the
earth, which the new discoveries in chemistry have rendered valuable articles
of commerce,
have tended greatly to increase the value of the mines’. Such information,
accumulated
through travel, skilled techniques of identification and analysis, and
collecting, proved
central to regulating judgements about potential overseas investment by
the government.

Practices in natural history intersected with the development of British
commerce in a
number of ways. Mineralogists specially trained to identify rare species
of minerals scoured
distant shores and collected sack-loads of specimens, seeking information
about natural
resources that might nourish a developing imperial economy. One such British
mineralogist
was John Mawe, who in 1804 received patronage from Portugal's Prince
Regent to embark
on ‘a voyage of commercial experiment’ to the Portuguese
territory of Brazil and assess the
value of the gold and diamond industries that might revitalize their ailing
and isolated
economy. National and individual economic interests were informed and served
by the
multiplication of such acts of commercial speculation, which focused on
various kinds of
natural resources. Mawe was very conscious that the mineral kingdom held
much to be
explored. Unlike botany, with Linnaean taxonomy rendering order to the
kingdom,
knowledge in mineralogy was far from comprehensive. Mawe lamented that
‘few have
thought the knowledge of Minerals worthy of their attention, although to
them we owe our
national strength and riches’. Others also argued that because it
addressed national
interests, research and education in the earth sciences should be publicly
patronized.
The Permo-Triassic transition in Spitsbergen:

δ13Corg chemostratigraphy, Fe and

S geochemistry, facies, fauna and trace fossils
Authors: WIGNALL P. B. , MORANTE R. , NEWTON R.
Published: July 2002

New δ13Corg analyses of two

boundary sections between the late Permian Kapp Starostin

Formation and the early Triassic Vardebukta Formation of

western Spitsbergen confirm field evidence that

their contact is a conformable one. Thus, contrary to previous

reports, some Spitsbergen sections contain a

complete record of the environmental and faunal changes during

the crisis interval of the end Permian mass

extinction. No environmental deterioration is recorded in the

late Permian until near the end of the terminal

Changxingian Stage, whereupon the abundant siliceous sponge

fauna of the Kapp Starostin Formation disappears

along with the deep-burrowing fauna responsible for the

Zoophycus trace fossil. A low diversity

dysaerobic trace fossil assemblage is briefly developed before

a transition to finely laminated, pyritic facies

immediately beneath the Permo-Triassic boundary. Analysis of the

S/C ratios from the laminated strata suggests

that free H2S was present in the water column

(euxinic conditions) even in relatively nearshore settings

subject to storm sandstone deposition. The mass extinction

crisis in Spitsbergen is therefore coincident with

the extensive development of oxygen-poor conditions in the

water column and compares closely, both in

timing and nature, with the crisis seen in lower latitude

Tethyan settings. However, the subsequent aftermath

and recovery in the Boreal sections of Spitsbergen was more

rapid than in Tethys. Thus, a shoreface sandstone

body within the Dienerian Stage contains an appreciable

diversity of fauna (by the standards of the

early Triassic), including bryozoans, calcareous algae and

deep infaunal bivalves, that suggests the marine

ecosystem recovery began earliest in higher palaeolatitudes.
EROTIC STORIES AND PUBLIC DECENCY: NEWSPAPER REPORTING
OF DIVORCE PROCEEDINGS IN ENGLAND
Authors: SAVAGE GAIL
Published: July 2002

The passage of the 1926 Judicial Proceedings (Regulation of Reports)
Act prohibited
the detailed reporting of divorce cases in newspapers. The
voluminous press coverage of divorce cases
commanded a large readership, but this very popularity had
provoked anxiety about how such stories
affected public morality. An overview of the range of opinion about
this issue from the passage of the
1857 Divorce Act until the First World War will provide a
context for an account of the steps by which
the law underwent revision during the 1920s. The analysis will show both
how the meaning of the
public ridicule of sexual transgression changed over time and
the ways in which the logically necessary
but inherently unstable relationship between the erotic and public
decency provided an impetus for such
changes in meaning. The 1926 legislation represented one effort on
the part of the state to control and
to regulate that relationship. It did so, not so much to protect
the individual's privacy from public
scrutiny and so extend the scope of the individual's freedom of personal

conduct, but in order to preserve
the public decorum crucial for the maintenance of hierarchies of class,
gender, and age.
FAMINE AND WILD PIGS: GENDER STRUGGLES AND

THE OUTBREAK OF THE MAJIMAJI WAR IN

UZARAMO (TANZANIA)
Authors: SUNSERI THADDEUS
Published: July 2002

Late in 1907 a missionary from Kisserawe in German East Africa

complained of a spate of ngoma ritual dances

among the Zaramo people.

In particular he singled out an ngoma conducted by

women to ameliorate a

drought that was threatening that year's maize crop. As the women
danced

around a well, dressed as men and brandishing muskets, they appealed for
rain

from ‘their god’. Several aspects of this ngoma

make it remarkable. It

occurred following the Majimaji uprising in German East Africa, which the

Germans put down with such violence as to make war as a tactic of resistance

unpopular if not untenable. The ngoma was attended by Christian
and

non-Christian African women alike, suggesting a purpose whose expediency
cut

across competing belief systems. Finally, although cross-dressing was an

aspect of certain Zaramo rituals, the symbolic appropriation of men's
social

roles by dress and wielding of weapons made this ngoma anomalous
and

suggests that the participants were consciously and purposefully reshaping

gender roles at this time. The timing and symbolism of the ngoma
make it

clear that it was a reaction to the threat of famine, which had become
a

recurrent aspect of Zaramo life by 1907 and a symptom of ongoing rural

social change ushered in by colonial rule. The larger question is whether

changing perceptions of gender roles intersected with the Majimaji war

(1905–7), and whether Majimaji had an underlying meaning for rural

Tanzanian societies that has escaped the attention of historians. If so,
it

suggests that the prevailing conception of Majimaji needs to be questioned

and re-examined.
Impact of weather, agronomy and breeding on yields
of sugarbeet grown in the UK since 1970
Authors: SCOTT R. K. , JAGGARD K. W.
Published: July 2002

This is part of the text of an invited lecture given by R. K. Scott on 1 December 1998, the first in a
series to commemorate the memory of R. Hull, the first Director of Broom's Barn. Dr Hull devoted
his career to the science underpinning the homegrown sugar industry.
CORRELATES OF FEMALE STERILIZATION REGRET IN THE SOUTHERN STATES OF INDIA
Authors: RAMANATHAN MALA , MISHRA U. S.
Published: July 2002

This study analyses factors associated with the incidence of sterilization regret in the four south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Using data from the National Family Health Surveys, in all four states the incidence of regret was found to be less than 10% and the factors significantly associated with it were child loss experience and quality of services. Hence, there is a need to improve the quality of services, both in terms of counselling and service provision, and women need to be counselled about the permanent nature of sterilization in order to avoid future regret.
EVIDENCE OF DIFFUSION FROM A TARGETED HIV/AIDS INTERVENTION IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Authors: WELSH MICHAEL J. , PUELLO ELIZARDO , MEADE MELINDA , KOME SAM , NUTLEY TARA
Published: July 2002

The diffusion potential of a targeted HIV/AIDS intervention that enlisted peer educators to disseminate ‘safer sex’ messages and condoms among female commercial sex workers and their clients was evaluated in the Dominican Republic. Levels of interurban interaction potential were ascertained that linked the targeted city of La Romana with the proximate cities of San Pedro de Macoris and Guaymate. Weekly service statistics generated over an 8-month period were analysed to establish activity areas for the peer educators. Data were entered and analysed using a geographic information system and interurban linkages were established. Project outcomes were examined via a series of three cross-sectional Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) surveys conducted among convenience samples of commercial sex workers at the start of the intervention and at 4 and 8 months. The results attest to a high degree of interconnectivity between the targeted and proximate cities, and a pattern of interurban mobility that links commercial sex workers, clients and establishments in all three cities. The examination of project outcomes revealed statistically significant changes in condom use in the targeted city of La Romana among commercial sex workers, as well as among their counterparts interviewed in the proximate cities of San Pedro de Macoris and Guaymate. These data suggest a diffusion effect. It is concluded that a targeted intervention may influence proximate cities within a relatively compressed period of time. The findings suggest the importance of considering geographic diffusion principles, such as urban hierarchies, regional nodes and transportation linkages, when designing HIV/AIDS prevention efforts. It also has important implications in the selection of control sites when conducting experimental studies of HIV/AIDS interventions.
Effects of phenolic compounds on the heat stability of milk and
concentrated milk
Authors: O'CONNELL JOHN E. , FOX PATRICK F.
Published: July 2002

A methanol extract of green tea was fractionated on Sephadex LH-20.
The compounds eluted were identified by thin layer chromatography as catechin–epicatechin,
gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin
gallate. When added to milk at 2·0 g/l, these polyphenols, apart from the
catechin–epicatechin mixture, increased the heat stability of skim milk, particularly
in the region of the minimum (pH 6·8–7·1).
When added at 0·4 g/l, green tea
polyphenols also increased the heat stability of concentrated milk. The effects of
other phenolic compounds on the heat stability of milk were also examined.
Chlorogenic acid, guaiacol, thymol, vanillin, butylene hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate
and butylene hydroxytoluene did not affect the heat stability of milk or concentrated
milk. Quinic acid markedly reduced the heat stability of skim milk. Pyrogallol,
catechol, tannic acid, ellagic acid, phloroglucinol and gallate converted a type A heat
coagulation time–pH profile to a type B profile. Ferulic acid and vanillic acid
increased heat stability in the region of the maximum, with little effect on the
minimum, and stability did not recover at pH values on the alkaline side of the
minimum. Caffeic acid increased the heat stability of milk while the related non-phenolic compounds 2,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid
had no effect.
Elizabeth I's Religion: The Evidence of Her Letters
Authors: DORAN SUSAN
Published: July 2002

Scholars have tended to ignore Elizabeth's letters as a potential
source for evidence of her religious beliefs, and have turned
elsewhere to find a ‘window into her soul’. A few fixed on her
personal Book of devotions as the most valuable route into her inner life,
since it was generally assumed that she had composed the prayers within
it herself. From this kind of evidence, the queen emerged as a deeply
pious princess, far different from the politique figure who dominated the
writings of A. J. Pollard, J. E. Neale and J. B. Black. J. P. Hodges, for
example, thought these private prayers revealed both ‘a spiritual
perception’ and ‘a deep personal faith which has every token of sincerity’,
while William P. Haugaard, likewise, detected a ‘spiritual depth and
unity to her character’. As the prayers also manifested a belief in
solifidianism, Haugaard identified Elizabeth's piety as unmistakably
Protestant, a view which Christopher Haigh endorsed. More recently,
however, Patrick Collinson has questioned the historical value of the Book
of devotions. He first speculated that the prayers within it might well have
been written for Elizabeth by others, and in a clever piece of
deconstruction, went on to suggest that, in any event, the book itself
(together with one or two other small devotional books) was probably a
fashion accessory rather than an object encouraging personal piety. To
find clues to her religion, Collinson preferred to rely on the queen's actions
and private behaviour. There he saw so many illustrations of religious
conservatism, including her dislike of married clergy, hostility to the
destruction of crosses and church monuments, her use of Catholic oaths
and her ‘unusually negative prejudice against the preaching ministry’
that he dismissed the queen as ‘an odd sort of Protestant’, arguing that
her conservative policies probably reflected her religious preferences
rather than simply political expediency. Collinson has not been alone in
playing down Elizabeth's Protestantism, although only a small minority
of historians today describe the queen as a Henrician Catholic, who would
have been content in 1558 ‘to return to the Church of her father’.
Water-wave propagation through an infinite array of cylindrical structures
Authors: McIVER P.
Published: July 2002

An investigation is made into water-wave propagation through an array of vertical
cylinders extending to infinity and periodic in both horizontal directions. Methods
are presented for the calculation of the frequency ranges for which wave propagation
without change of amplitude is possible (‘passing bands’), and for which propagation
without change of amplitude is not possible (‘stopping bands’). Some of the techniques
may be used to determine the change of wave amplitude for frequencies within the
stopping bands. Approximate and numerical techniques are used to show how this
infinite-array problem is related to trapped modes, Rayleigh–Bloch waves, and the
problem of wave diffraction by a grating made up of a finite number of cylinder rows.
Trapping of waves by a submerged elliptical torus
Authors: McIVER M. , PORTER R.
Published: July 2002

An investigation is made into the trapping of surface gravity waves by totally
submerged three-dimensional obstacles and strong numerical evidence of the existence
of trapped modes is presented. The specific geometry considered is a submerged
elliptical torus. The depth of submergence of the torus and the aspect ratio of its
cross-section are held fixed and a search for a trapped mode is made in the parameter
space formed by varying the radius of the torus and the frequency. A plane wave
approximation to the location of the mode in this space is derived and an integral
equation and a side condition for the exact trapped mode are obtained. Each of these
conditions is satisfied on a different line in the plane and the point at which the
lines cross corresponds to a trapped mode. Although it is not possible to locate this
point exactly, because of numerical error, existence of the mode may be inferred with
confidence as small changes in the numerical results do not alter the fact that the
lines cross.

If the torus makes small vertical oscillations, it is customary to try to express
the fluid velocity as the gradient of the so-called heave potential, which is assumed
to have the same time dependence as the body oscillations. A necessary condition
for the existence of this potential at the trapped mode frequency is derived and
numerical evidence is cited which shows that this condition is not satisfied for an
elliptical torus. Calculations of the heave potential for such a torus are made over a
range of frequencies, and it is shown that the force coefficients behave in a singular
fashion in the vicinity of the trapped mode frequency. An analysis of the time domain
problem for a torus which is forced to make small vertical oscillations at the trapped
mode frequency shows that the potential contains a term which represents a growing
oscillation.
Radiation of water waves by a heaving submerged horizontal disc
Authors: MARTIN P. A. , FARINA L.
Published: July 2002

A thin rigid plate is submerged beneath the free surface of deep
water.

The plate

performs small-amplitude oscillations. The problem of calculating the radiated
waves

can be reduced to solving a hypersingular boundary integral equation. In
the special

case of a horizontal circular plate, this equation can be reduced further
to

one-dimensional Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. If the
plate is

heaving, the problem becomes axisymmetric, and the resulting integral equation

has a very

simple structure; it is a generalization of Love's integral equation
for the

electrostatic

field of a parallel-plate capacitor. Numerical solutions of the new integral
equation

are presented. It is found that the added-mass coefficient becomes negative
for a

range of frequencies when the disc is sufficiently close to the free surface.
Free convection in liquid gallium
Authors: BRAUNSFURTH M. G. , SKELDON A. C. , JUEL A. , MULLIN T. , RILEY D. S.
Published: July 2002

Free convection in liquid metals is of significant practical
interest to the crystal-growing community since the adverse effects
of convective instabilities in the melt
phase can be frozen into the solid product. Here, we present the results of a
combined numerical and experimental study of steady convective flows in a sample
of liquid gallium which is heated at one end and cooled at the other. Experimental
measurements of temperature distributions in the flow are compared with the standard
Hadley-cell solution and with the numerical results obtained from a two-dimensional
model. Excellent quantitative agreement is found between all three for low Grashof
numbers but a systematic divergence between the results is seen as this parameter is
increased.
A direct numerical simulation study of flow past
a freely vibrating cable
Authors: NEWMAN DAVID J. , KARNIADAKIS GEORGE EM
Published: July 2002

We present simulation results of flow-induced vibrations of an
infinitely long flexible
cable at Reynolds numbers Re = 100 and Re = 200,
corresponding to laminar and
early transitional flow states, respectively. The question as to what
cable motions and
flow patterns prevail is investigated in detail. Both standing wave
and travelling wave
responses are realized but in general the travelling wave is the preferred response.
A standing wave cable response produces an interwoven pattern of vorticity, while a
travelling wave cable response produces oblique vortex shedding. A sheared inflow
produces a mixed standing wave/travelling wave cable response and chevron-like
patterns with vortex dislocations in the wake. The lift force on the
cable as well as its
motion amplitudes are larger for the standing wave response. At Re = 200,
the cable and wake response are no longer periodic, and the maximum
amplitude of the cable
is about one cylinder diameter, in agreement with experimental results.
Nonlinear corrections to Darcy's law at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: FIRDAOUSS MOUAOUIA , GUERMOND JEAN-LUC , LE QUÉRÉ PATRICK
Published: July 2002

Under fairly general assumptions, this paper shows that for

periodic porous media,

whose period is of the same order as that of the inclusion, the nonlinear
correction

to Darcy's law is quadratic in terms of the Reynolds number,

i.e. cubic with respect

to the seepage velocity. This claim is substantiated by reinspection of
well-known

experimental results, a mathematical proof (restricted to periodic porous
media), and

numerical calculations.