bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Special populations
Authors: Mitchell Amy , Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

Transition into the 21st century still finds the pediatrician searching for guidance with the management of pain. Few practices have implemented clinical guidelines. This lack of direction is one of the many challenges that face practitioners treating children (Greco and Berde, 2005; Anand et al., 2006). Early maturation of the anatomic, neurophysiologic, and hormonal components necessary for pain perception leaves practitioners struggling to provide comfort to even the smallest of the micropremies in their care (Anand and Carr, 1989; Fitzgerald et al., 1989; Giannakoulopoulos et al., 1994; Perreault et al., 1997; Berde and Sethna, 2002). This chapter provides some suggestions and strategies for overcoming challenges in the use of opioids for treating pain in children.
Predictive Biology
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

After its emergence as a discipline akin to both pharmacology and genetics, pharmacogenetics focused on determining the relationships between variations in single genes and variations in the response of individuals to drugs and other exogenous substances. The intent of pioneer investigators was firmly rooted in learning how human responsiveness to these agents was linked to the molecular processes of cells and tissues. After biologists deciphered the mechanisms by which cells read information encoded in the human genome and invented genomics technologies, the switch from pharmacogenetics to pharmacogenomics began, bringing about dramatic changes in the pace and scope of pharmacogenetics from the mid-1980s to the present time.

Going from genetics to genomics resulted in a flood of new gene discoveries and new approaches to the identification of drug susceptibility loci; applications of genomics principles led to the discovery of many gene-based drug targets and to incremental advances in the development of new therapeutic agents. Today, the composition and function of hundreds or thousands of human genes spanning large fractions of the genome in many individuals and populations can be examined efficiently as a result ot advances in high-throughput genomic technologies combined with new methods to store, access, and analyze genomic data. A plethora of conferences, workshops, and educational programs focusing on a wide variety of themes helped everyone keep pace, while academic and industrial scientists, including many whose skills and immediate interests lay outside biology, lent their expertise to pharmacogenomic initiatives.
Representation of the Atmospheric Chemistry of Alkanes in Models
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

The production of ozone and other oxidants by sunlight-driven atmospheric chemical reactions at levels that may damage human health was first recognized in the Los Angeles basin of the United States of America. Subsequently, episodes of elevated ozone levels, with their attendant human health effects, have been identified in many of the world’s population and industrial centers (WHO, 1987). In many of these locations, pollution control strategies have been developed and implemented to reduce population exposure to ozone and thereby reduce public health hazards.
With Sarah Wright
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

Robert Nozick’s seminal 1969 essay (“Newcomb’s Problem and Two Principles of Choice”) introduced to philosophers the puzzle known as Newcomb’s problem. Nozick returned to the problem in his 1974 essay “Reflections on Newcomb’s Problem” and then again in The Nature of Rationality (1993). We describe the problem, then explain what it tells us about the nature and limits of decision theory. The problem is as follows.
Pharmacological therapies
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

Abortive medications are used to stop an individual attack, while prophylactic drugs are taken daily to prevent attacks from occurring. Some drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), can be used for both abortive and prophylactic therapy. Mini-prophylaxis refers to the daily use of abortive drugs, such as triptans or NSAIDs, for several days or a week to prevent an expected (usually menstrual) attack. When deciding on acute treatment, results of past treatments, frequency of attacks, severity and types of attacks, and presence of other medical conditions should be considered. Relief of pain and associated symptoms with return to normal functioning is the goal. An additional goal is overall improvement in the quality of life. With this goal in mind, the vast majority of migraine patients seeing a physician should receive a triptan as the first choice of therapy, unless triptans are contraindicated. This is the case because by the time patients decide to seek care for their headaches, most have tried over-the-counter analgesics and have at least a mild or moderate level of disability.
Organization Of The Nervous System
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

Throughout This Book, we will learn the anatomy of the nervous system in detail, but first, in this chapter, let’s march briskly through the nervous system to form a broad perspective on it. Draw a coronal section through the brain. From outside to inside, label the meninges, cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, thalamus, and ventricular system. In general, the meninges protect and vascularize the nervous system; the cortex is the gray matter, highly cellular outer layer of the brain; the subcortical white matter carries impulses within the brain and ushers them to and from remote nervous system regions; the basal ganglia are involved in motor and behavioral functions; the thalamus receives and modifies sensory impulses, which it projects throughout the brain; and the ventricular system assists the meninges in their task of nourishing and supporting the rest of the nervous system.
Orientational Terminology
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Nervous System has several orientational planes that even experienced neurologists find challenging. Take the time to learn them now, as this knowledge is requisite to understanding the remainder of the book. If you try to skip this chapter, you will invariably find yourself hopelessly disoriented later.
Femoral Nerve
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The L2–L4 Nerve roots supply the femoral and obturator nerves. The femoral nerve provides thigh flexion and lower leg extension and the obturator nerve provides thigh adduction. Together, they provide sensory coverage to the anterior thigh and medial lower leg.
Reflex Loops and Muscle Tone
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

Amuscle Stretch Reflex (aka myotatic reflex or deep tendon reflex) is a simple circuit that requires the following: muscle spindle cells, large sensory afferent fibers, spinal cord interneurons, motor neurons, motor efferent fibers, and a paired agonist–antagonist muscle group. In this chapter,we will use the patellar reflex (aka knee extensor reflex) as a prototypical muscle stretch reflex to learn about spinal reflexes. The common muscle stretch reflexes we test are at the biceps (C5, C6), triceps (C7, C8), patella (L3, L4), and achilles (S1). Also, in this chapter, we will discuss the related anatomy of muscle tone.
Hypothalamus
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will draw several figures of the hypothalamus: first, one of its borders, then its nuclei, followed by a drawing of its relationship to the pituitary gland, and finally, its afferent and efferent fibers. Unlike the thalamus, which is not well-suited to generalizations, the hypothalamus is best learned through categorizations and simplifications, because the nuclei of the hypothalamus are cumbersome to remember, often non-distinct, and their functions are, in many instances, poorly understood. Regardless, if we stay above its anatomical muck, the hypothalamus will be an interesting part of the brain for us to learn because it plays such an important role in behavior. To draw the boundaries and surrounding structures of the hypothalamus, first draw the lamina terminalis; it is the anterior hypothalamic border and it extends from the anterior commissure, superiorly, to the optic chiasm, inferiorly. Indicate the frontal lobe lies just anterior to the lamina terminalis; the lamina terminalis is the most anterior division between the diencephalon and telencephalon. Posterior to the anterior commissure, draw the hypothalamic sulcus, which is the superior border of the hypothalamus. Draw the thalamus above it. The fornix wraps around the top of the thalamus and begins its descent near the anterior commissure; we will show it pass through the hypothalamus and synapse in the mammillary bodies in the clinically important Papez circuit.
Central Auditory Pathways
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Central Auditory pathway originates in the cochlear nuclei, forms multiple synapses as it ascends the brainstem, synapses in the diencephalon, and terminates in the auditory cortex. Interestingly, each cerebral hemisphere receives similar input from both cochlear nuclear complexes. So what does this mean, clinically, when there is a unilateral lesion to any of the steps in the central auditory pathway? It means that hearing is preserved from the duplication of auditory information in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Why does the auditory system have this central duplication of sensory information when other sensory systems, such as the visual system and somatosensory system, do not? Consider the peripheral receptors of the visual and somatosensory systems. They are topographically designed to encode for stimulus localization. But this is not the case for the cochlea; it is arranged tonotopically rather than topographically. The base of the cochlea encodes high-frequency sounds and the apex encodes low-frequency sounds. This tonotopic cochlear arrangement informs the brain about sound frequency but not location; therefore, sound localization must occur through other means.
Clinical Basics: Understanding and Examining the Motor System
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Recognition of the motor signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is obviously necessary for making the diagnosis. Equally important is the ability to spot the nonparkinsonian signs that suggest another disorder. This chapter reviews the basics of the neurologic motor examination, which will provide background for the detailed discussion of the parkinsonism examination in chapter 4.
Basic Neuropathology and Neuroanatomy of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The macroscopic hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is degeneration of the substantia nigra (pars compacta), as illustrated in figure 3.1. Loss of this dark nucleus in postmortem PD cases was noted by early neuropathologists and was thought to be an important substrate for PD symptoms.
Strategies for Slowing Parkinson’s Disease Progression
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

This declaration from the American Academy of Neurology summarizes what unfortunately is true, despite extensive research. There is no evidence that any drug modifies primary factors that cause Parkinson’s disease (PD). Obviously, treating PD symptoms may favor the long-term course, keeping patients active and ambulatory, rather than succumbing to a sedentary existence. Beyond that, however, there is no compelling evidence that any drug influences PD outcomes many years later. We have no drugs proven to slow the course of PD. In recent years, however, several drugs have been touted as neuroprotective, or disease-slowing and deserve discussion.
Starting Treatment with Carbidopa/Levodopa
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The therapeutic goal of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is simple: maintain patients in their life activities as best as you can (occupation, recreation, social). Allowing people to backslide in their life and become sedentary is bad for both mental and physical health.
Starting Treatment with a Dopamine Agonist Drug
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on initiation of a dopamine agonist in patients with untreated Parkinson’s disease (PD). If adding a dopamine agonist to carbidopa/levodopa in patients with fluctuations, see also chapter 18.
Surgery: Nonneurologic and Parkinson’s Disease Operations, Including Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will first address general peri-operative questions that arise when Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients undergo nonneurologic surgery. Most of this chapter then focuses on surgery to treat PD, especially deep brain stimulation (DBS).
Chromosomal Disorders and Genetic Diseases
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Down syndrome is the most common chromosome abnormality, with an incidence of 1/800 newborns. It is associated with a 1% incidence of leukemia. Risk is age-related. Mothers 20 years old have a risk of 1/ 2,000, 30 years 1/ 1,000, 35 years 1/ 350; 40 years 1/ 100; and 50 years 1/ 10. Klinefelter syndrome occurs in 1/ 800 males, XYY in 1/ 1,000 males, and Turner syndrome (monosomy X) in 1/ 2,000 females. Deletions, duplications, and unbalanced rearrangements are less common. Turner syndrome girls with Y material have an increased risk of gonadoblastoma.
Genitalia
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Inspect the genitalia. The mother of the patient or another woman should be in the room when you perform a vaginal examination. Ask the mother to pull the pants or undergarments below the knee while a blanket covers the patient. Always wear gloves. Answer succinctly any questions the patient raises. Inspect pubic hair, mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, and vaginal introitus for presence, location, infestations, appearance, and discharge. A large clitoris (a glans wider than 10 mm) may be normal or an isolated physical finding; however, it may indicate adrenal hyperplasia or any of the conditions associated with precocious puberty defined as occurring before age 8 years (7 years in African Americans) in girls. The clitoris may not develop in adolescent girls with hypopituitarism or gonadal dysgenesis. The external genitalia grow very little until adolescence starts. In early puberty, a rectal examination and an examination with the girl on the examining table with the knees bent and the soles of the feet flat allows the patient to hold the labia apart when this exam is indicated. Show the equipment to be used and explain any expected pain or pressure. Pubic hair stages (Figure 15.1) are useful in quantifying development. Urethral discharges are always pathologic in childhood and may indicate infection anywhere in the urinary tract. A flaming red area around the end of the urethra may be caused by prolapse of the urethral mucosa. An eccentric mass near the urethra may be a cyst, urethral polyp, papilloma, caruncle, condyloma, sarcoma botryoides, prolapsed ureterocele, or periurethral abscess.
Taking the Clinical History
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

In an era of ever-increasing dependence upon technology, physicians are losing the basic skills of patient examination and taking the medical history. This book describes the scenario in which the physician sits down with a patient to elicit a medical history. For example, how to greet a patient, how to discover the patient's chief concern, how to elicit symptoms, how to manage feelings as the patient and physician interact, and how to choose topics to explore, and use the appropriate word selection, phrasing, and tone of voice. A good history leads to trust and rapport, and also to the determination of the best management of the patient’s condition. Dr. William DeMeyer, a well-known physician and author of the major text on the neurologic exam, describes how to take a medical history, and also explains the reasons why it is done in a particular way. The author reviews the actual questions that a health provider should ask and the responses to a patient’s answers. More importantly, the author describes how to listen to the patient’s real needs as a person, rather than just a repository of symptoms.
Privacy, the Setting, and the Apparel for an Optimum Clinical History
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

The circumstances for taking the history strongly affect the kind of information derived and the feeling tone produced. Without certain basic conditions, you lose any possibility of eliciting an optimal history. I advocate interviewing most adult patients in private. I start out by defending the necessity for privacy because many physicians ignore this rule. Although some patients do not require strict privacy, you do not know in advance when privacy may make a crucial difference (Petronio, 2002). First of all, the clinical history, by its very design, discloses the most personal and intimate details of the patient’s life. Compile all of the medical questions that you would not want to answer with your spouse, parent, or child present: “Are you sexually active and have you ever had a venereal disease?” or “How much alcohol do you drink?” or “Do you use street drugs?” Suppose the husband did not father the child brought in by a couple for examination but does not know this fact. Then, a family history taken with both persons present will produce wrong genetic information.
Medical Care and Insurance Markets
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth
Published: November 2023

Markets are a central pillar of almost every social structure throughout the modern world, especially since the end of the Cold War. Official ideologies may cling to contrary views, or markets in underdeveloped nations may not resemble the complexity and sophistication of mature markets, but markets do play a prominent role almost everywhere. International organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund often condition loan guarantees to developing nations on commitments to increase their reliance upon private markets as an alternative to state-owned industries and public welfare programs. Many developed industrial nations that have relied upon public programs for provision of health and other social services are considering or have embarked upon policies that introduce market mechanisms into areas where markets have not played a major role in the past. Supply-side restrictions of services by managed care organizations and user fees (co-payments) for medical care that once were available without cost to the individual are becoming more common in developed and developing nations alike.
Setting Priorities
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth
Published: November 2023

The need for priority setting arises whenever there are ‘‘tragic choices.’’ Tragic choices involve either decisions about whom to benefit when available resources are not sufficient to meet the needs of all claimants or decisions about what beneficial goods and services to produce when resources are not sufficient to produce everything of benefit. There is, of course, no need for devising priority-setting criteria or principles when such decisions are made by individuals in the market. However, when markets cannot or should not be relied upon, decision makers need some guidance for making just decisions about the production or distribution of limited resources.

Commentators disagree on whether any philosophical theory of justice can offer much practical guidance, especially in a vast middle range of cases involving, for example, the choice between two therapies or between two public health interventions. At one end of the spectrum, there are those who express considerable confidence that a determinate ranking order can be achieved by use of certain formal economic methods. Chief among those methods are cost-benefit analysis (CBA), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), and cost-utility analysis (CUA).
Integrative Pediatric Palliative Care
Authors: Friedrichsdorf Stefan J , Kuttner Leora , Westendorp Krista , Mccarty Ruth
Published: November 2023

A dying child is often highly symptomatic, and providing symptom relief is one of the most compelling domains of pediatric palliative care. State of the art in managing pediatric pain and other distressing symptoms at the end of life requires integrating pharmacological with integrative therapeutic interventions.
In the Capital of the New Kingdom
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Archaebacterial research programs got started in Germany right off the bat. They emerged from the study of bacterial walls led by Otto Kindler (b. 1920). Director of the Botanical Institute at the University of Munich, he was instrumental in the development of archaebacterial research and of 16S RNA phylogenetic more generally. He organized the first meeting on the archaebacteria in Munich in 1979; two years later he co-organized the first international workshop on the archaebacteria, and he edited the first book on the archaebacteria, based on that meeting. Kindler was also editor-in-chief of the journal Systematic and Applied Microbiology, which provided a forum for papers on microbial phylogeny. Kindler developed the archaebacterial concept from the perspective of cell wall structures, and he encouraged others in Germany to begin archaebacterial programs from other viewpoints. His former student Karl Stutter (b. 1941), together with Wolfram Zillah (1925’2005), launched an extensive archaebacterial research program based on molecular biology and natural history.
The Dawn Cell Controversy
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The 1980s were heady times for bacterial phylogenetics. Comparative studies of 16S rRNA led to a breakthrough in deep phylogeny, and they provided crucial evidence for the bacterial descendents of mitochondria and chloroplasts. The archaebacterial concept illustrated how the direction of biological research in biochemistry, molecular genetics, and natural history could be profoundly affected by phylogenetic classification. It triggered the discovery of many organisms living in extreme habitats: new genera and even orders, unique lipids, walls, and variants of the genetic machinery. More than 50 researchers attended the “First International Workshop on the Archaebacteria’ in Munich in the summer of 1981.
Disputed Territories
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The proposal of formal names for the three primary lineages earned the ire of those who insisted that the Achaea were nothing other than bacteria, properly classified as prokaryotes. The flercest opposition came from classical evolutionists. They wanted the term “Achaea” banished as misleading and erroneous. At the surface it might have appeared to be just another taxonomic debate, but underneath was a clash of world views. The rift was broad and deep—as great as one could imagine between biologists examining the two fundamentally different levels of organization: the morphological and the molecular.
The Oxford History of World Cinema
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

From its humble beginnings as a novelty in a handful of cities, cinema has risen to become a billion- dollar industry and the most spectacular and original contemporary art form. It has spread to all parts of the globe, and is enjoyed by audiences that cut across all sections of society. The Oxford History of World Cinema traces the history of this enduringly popular entertainment medium. Covering all aspects of its development, stars, studios, and cultural impact, the book celebrates and chronicles over one hundred years of diverse achievement from westerns to the New Wave, from animation to the Avant-Garde, and from Hollywood to Hong Kong. An international team of distinguished film historians tells the story of the major inventions and developments in the cinema business, its institutions, genres, and personnel; other chapters outline the evolution of national cinemas round the world - the varied and distinctive filmic traditions that have developed alongside Hollywood. A unique aspect of the book are the special inset features on the film-makers and personalities - Garbo and Godard, Keaton and Kurosawa, Bugs Bunny and Bergman - who have had an enduring impact in popular memory and cinematic lore. With over 300 illustrations, a full bibliography, and an extensive index, this is the buff's ultimate guide to cinema worldwide.
The Elements of Life
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: November 2023

In this ambitious study, Richard Wendorf establishes the grounds of comparison between two arts that have often been linked in a casual way but whose historical interrelations remain almost completely unexplored. By focusing on the great age of English portraiture - from the arrival of Van Dyck to the publication of Boswell's Life of Johnson - the author shows that, despite their obvious differences, visual and verbal portraits often shared similar assumptions about the representation of historical character. Grounded in modern theory devoted to the comparison of literature and painting and to the problem of representation, this book examines each form of portraiture in terms of the other. Among those writers considered are Izaak Walton, John Evelyn, John Aubrey, Roger North, Goldsmith, Johnson, Mrs Piozzi, Boswell; among the artists are Van Dyck, Lely, Samuel Cooper, Jonathan Richardson, Hogarth and Reynolds. The careers of `double agents' (painters, like Richardson and Reynolds, who experimented with biographical writing) are also discussed. The Elements of Life is a ground-breaking critical history of biography and portrait-painting in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
A Bibliography of the Works of Samuel Johnson
Authors: Fleeman J D
Published: November 2023

Samuel Johnson is not only famous for his English Dictionary, and as the subject of Boswell's great biography; he was also the author of many different kinds of books - biographies, essays, literary criticism, poetry - and a regular though anonymous contributor to newspapers, magazines and to books by others. There was a little of the business of authors that he did not know, or about which he did not express a judgement. This bibliography by the distinguished Johnson scholar, the late J.D. Fleeman, records Johnson's literary output in chronological order, illuminating not only his multifarious writings but also the development of his career and reputation as a professional writer. It reveals the range of his work and the variety of his anonymous contributions (some of them first identified by Fleeman). Detailed analysis of the works examined sheds light on the practices of the 18th century book trade, and indentified editions, early and late, many of which are valuable and unjustly neglected. The bibliography also lists new editions up to 1984, the bicentenary of Johnson's death, charting the course of his posthumous literary reputation.
The Staging of Sophokles‘ Philoktetes and Aristophanes‘ Birds
Authors: Craik Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

A Simple common set served for all productions in the late fifth-century theatre: a stage faç de (skene) with a flat roof and a central door. But several plays are set in remote or rural regions where doors and roofs are inapposite. In such cases the dramatist verbally assists the process of visualization by stressing the nature of the terrain. Simple movable ‘flats‘ may have aided the imagination of the audience (cf. Arist. Po. 1449a18). For the modern critic, concerned with the relation of description to action (words of text to stage presentation), there are two fundamental questions, allied yet distinct: where, in the imagined locale, the characters seem to be set; and where, in the actual theatre, the actors are to be placed. It is here argued that in two plays where these questions have proved difficult the solution may lie in use of the skene roof to simulate a craggy landscape.
In the Background: Macrina and Naucratius
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

Basil the Elder died sometime between the years 341 and 345. Predictably, his death had several profound consequences for the entire family, most noticeably of course for his widow. It was now Emmelia’s task to arrange marriages for her younger daughters and to ensure careers for her sons. However, once she had made all the necessary arrangements, nothing compelled her to remain in Neocaesarea, the late Basil’s professional seat. Together with her eldest daughter Macrina, Emmelia thus decided to transfer the household to their country estate.
Voices of Russian Literature
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Voices of Russian Literature presents in-depth interviews with ten of the most interesting figures writing in Russian today. They range from established authors such as Fazil Iskander and Andrei Bitov, who began their careers in the post-Stalinist Thaw, to newcomers like Viktor Pelevin, hailed as one of the most original writers of the present era. It offers an insiders' account of the fate of Russian literature over the past four decades. Rather than cataloguing the opinions of 'dissidents' or 'defenders' of the former regime, it presents the views of artists who have sought, against the odds, to express their unique visions of a changing world. Each interview acquaints us with the author's distinctive voice and provides important insights into the genesis and interpretation of individual works. Sally Laird has prefaced the interviews with biographical and critical sketches of each writer, and her introductory essay sets the whole in historical context. Voices of Russian Literature will be fascinating reading for anyone interested in Russia's contemporary literary experience.
Making Music on the Organ
Authors: Hurford Peter
Published: November 2023

Making Music on the Organ has already established itself as an indispensable guide to the art of organ playing. It records the ideas which underpin Peter Hurford's performance and teaching and its chief concern, as the title indicates, is to show how to make music, rather than merely playing the notes, on this instrument. There is advice on the technical problems of performance, an explanation of the workings of the instrument, and chapters on interpretation, including, most usefully, reflections on the interpretation of Bach. This new paperback edition makes a number of textual amendments and additions, and includes three new appendices on the principles of good organ design, the swell-box, and the temperament. This title also appears in the Oxford General Books catalogue for Autumn 1990. Contents: Notes of Usage; Introduction; The Organists Place in Musical Performance; How the Organ Works; A Basic Physical Approach to the Organ; The technical Basis of Movement and Expression; Some Thoughts on Interpretation; Towards a grounding in Bach Interpretation; The French Classical School; Renaissance; Appendices; Reading List; Index of Works Cited; General Index.
Mensuration and Proportion Signs
Authors: Berger Anna Maria Busse
Published: November 2023

In the fourteenth century composers and theorists invented mensuration and proportion signs that allowed them increased flexibility and precision in notating a very wide range of rhythmic and metric relationships. The origin and interpretation of these signs is one of the least understood and most complex issues in music history. This study represents the first attempt to see the origin of musical mensuration and proportion signs in the context of other measuring systems of the fourteenth century. The author also traces the evolution of the mensural notational system to the threshold of the modern system of notation. In the process, the exact meaning of everyday mensuration and proportion sign encountered in music and theory from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century is analysed and elucidated. The investigation results in a revision of many currently held views concerning the significance and development of early time signatures and will be indispensable to scholars and performers of late medieval and Renaissance music.
The Treatises
Authors: Careri Enrico
Published: November 2023

AFTER the publication of his Op. V cello sonatas and Op. VII concertos (1747), and perhaps disappointed by their cool reception by the public, Geminiani devoted himself mainly to the writing of treatises and to making reworkings and transcriptions of his previous compositions. In the last fifteen years of his life between 1748 and 1762, he published as many as six treatises: the Rules for playing in a true Taste, Op. VIII (c.1748), A Treatise of Good Taste in the Art of Musick (1749), The Art of Playing on the Violin, Op. IX (1751), the Guida Armonica, Op. X (c.1752), The Art of Accompaniament, Op. XI (1754), and The Art of Playing the Guitar or Cittra (1760). According to Hawkins, a seventh treatise, which was apparently the work of many years, was stolen during his last period of residence in Dublin.
Hyperion
Authors: Moore Jerrold Northrop
Published: November 2023

As Edward shaped his music, he followed his mother’s taste in literature. One favourite author was Longfellow, whose romantic idealism enjoyed world wide fame. Longfellow’s prose romance Hyperion made a particular appeal to Mrs Elgar and her elder son. It was the story, as Edward later recalled, ‘from which I, as a child, received my first idea of the great German nations’.
Berlioz
Authors: Macdonald Hugh
Published: November 2023

In this comprehensive life-and-works study, Hugh Macdonald draws on Berlioz’s numerous writings - his Memoires, his critical articles, and his extensive correspondence, including many unpublished documents. Berlioz’s provincial upbringing, his enthusiasm for Parisian opera and theatre, his marriage to the actress Harriet Smithson, his activities as composer, critic, and conductor, are covered in a biographical section which concludes with a chapter on his character. Discussion of the music is chronological, from the time when Berlioz arrived in Paris in 1821 to study medicine, through the peak of French Romanticism in the 1830’s, to the compositions of his later years. In a final chapter Hugh Macdonald traces influences on Berlioz’s style and examines his treatment of melody, harmony, and rhythm, and his distinctive orchestral technique.
Beethoven
Authors: Kinderman William
Published: November 2023

Set in the framework of Beethoven's life, William Kinderman's detailed examination traces the composer's intellectual and musical development, from the early works written in Bonn to the Ninth Symphony and the late quartets. Beethoven's innovations in form and style, his musical symbolism and narrative structures are illustrated in analyses of all the main works, showing that the deepening of his musical thought was a continuous process throughout his life. A fascinating portrait of both the man and his music; Kinderman also shows how Beethoven's response to the political and philosophical currents of his time is reflected in some of his greatest masterpieces.
Arvo Pӓrt
Authors: Hillier Paul
Published: November 2023

The music of the Estonian-born composer Arvo Pärt is a unique and powerful voice in the contemporary world. Using a tonal idiom based on a mixture of scales and triads, Pärt created a style that he calls `tintinnabuli'. Listening to it, one is reminded of the passionate tranquillity of some Russian icon, or of certain memorable scenes in the films of Andrei Tarkovsky. In this book, the first full-length study of Pärt, Paul Hillier explores the tintinnabuli works in considerable depth. He also examines the music of Pärt's earlier, somewhat neglected serial period, and charts the composer's steady evolution towards the `abstract tonality' of his later years. In addition, a biographical chapter and discussion of topics such as Russian Orthodox spirituality, minimalism, and the influence of early music, combine to make this a substantial introduction to Pärt's music. Hillier also draws on his own experience of working with the composer to offer thoughts on various performance issues.
Songs for Masques and Plays
Authors: Spink Ian
Published: November 2023

As a member of the King’s Musick, Lawes must have been involved in most if not all the court masques of the 1630s. These were important events in the annual round of court life during the reign of Charles I, and it was as a place to perform them that Inigo Jones’s Banqueting House—still surviving with its wonderful Rubens ceiling—was built. Ironically, masques were discontinued in the hall from 1638 because of the threat to the ceiling posed by soot from the hundreds of candles that were required to illuminate these spectacles; a separate masquing hall was built, but within a few years there was no longer any need, for the court itself had ceased to exist.
A Chronology and Calendar of Documents Relating to the London Book Trade 1641-1700
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen
Published: November 2023

The Chronology and Calendar of Documents relating to the London Book Trade 1641-1700 presents abstracts of documents relating to the book trade and book production between 1641 and 1700. It brings together in one sequence edited abstracts of entries referring to named books, printers, and booksellers selected from the manuscripts of the Stationers' Company Court Books; all references to printing, publishing, bookselling, and the book trade occurring in major historical printed sources(Calendar of State Papers Domestic; the Journals of the Houses of Lords and Commons; Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts) ; and entries for contemporary pamphlets. The labour records of the printing and bookselling trades probably represent the fullest account of any work force in early modern England and the printed products of the trade survive in such great numbers that they enable us to examine them for evidence not only of who made and sold them but also of how they were made. These volumes constitute a reference work of importance not only for literature specialists, bibliographers, and historians of book production but also for economic, social, and political historians. Not only do they bring together records from a variety of separate printed sources, thereby making explicit their interconnections, but also they make accessible some less well-known manuscript sources, notably from the Stationers' Company archives. Most importantly the Chronology and Calendar extends the earlier work of Arber, Greg, and Jackson on the earlier seventeenth century. As a chronological sequence the volumes meet the need for a preliminary narrative history of the trade in the later seventeenth century; and the provision of title, name, and topic indexes renders this an indispensable reference tool for research into the social, political, and economic contexts of the book trade, its personnel, and its printed output.
Philip Larkin: ‘Like Something Almost Being Said’
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

‘The whole frame of the poem’, said Donne, ‘is a beating out of a piece of gold, but the last clause is as the impression of the stamp, and that is it that makes it current.’ Larkin ‘s endings are finely judged, and so he proved a just judge of a poet— Emily Dickinson—who, like Donne, inaugurated poems magnificently: ‘Only rarely, however, did she bring a poem to a successful conclusion: the amazing riches of originality offered by the index of her first lines is belied on the page ... Too often the poem expires in a teased—out and breathless obscurity. ‘I Larkin’s poems do not expire. ‘An Arundel Tomb’ ends its volume, The Whitsun Weddings, and ends consummately.
A Chronology And Calendar of Documents Relating to the London Book Trade 1641–1700
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen
Published: November 2023

The Chronology and Calendar of Documents relating to the London Book Trade 1641-1700 presents abstracts of documents relating to the book trade and book production between 1641 and 1700. It brings together in one sequence edited abstracts of entries referring to named books, printers, and booksellers selected from the manuscripts of the Stationers' Company Court Books; all references to printing, publishing, bookselling, and the book trade occurring in major historical printed sources (Calendar of State Papers Domestic; the Journals of the Houses of Lords and Commons; Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts) ; and entries for contemporary pamphlets. The labour records of the printing and bookselling trades probably represent the fullest account of any work force in early modern England and the printed products of the trade survive in such great numbers that they enable us to examine them for evidence not only of who made and sold them but also of how they were made. These volumes constitute a reference work of importance not only for literature specialists, bibliographers, and historians of book production but also for economic, social, and political historians. Not only do they bring together records from a variety of separate printed sources, thereby making explicit their interconnections, but also they make accessible some less well-known manuscript sources, notably from the Stationers' Company archives. Most importantly the Chronology and Calendar extends the earlier work of Arber, Greg, and Jackson on the earlier seventeenth century. As a chronological sequence the volumes meet the need for a preliminary narrative history of the trade in the later seventeenth century; and the provision of title, name, and topic indexes renders this an indispensable reference tool for research into the social, political, and economic contexts of the book trade, its personnel, and its printed output.
Real Revolutionaries’: Politics and the Margins
Authors: Stevenson Randall
Published: November 2023

Like much else in the period’s theatre, some of the social ‘revolutions’ mentioned at the end of Chapter 10 were anticipated by John Osborne in Look Back in Anger (1956). Though more interested in issues of class, and a general lack of ‘good, brave causes’ in 1956, Jimmy Porter does acknowledge—grudgingly—that homosexuals ‘seem to have a cause…plenty of them do seem to have a revolutionary fire about them, which is more than you can say for the rest of us’ (I). This was a cause widely significant for the period’s drama, encouraged by strong and long-standing representation of the gay community in the theatre profession.
The Feminine Middlebrow Novel, 1920s to 1950s
Authors: Humble Nicola
Published: November 2023

Middlebrow has always been a dirty word, used disparagingly since its coinage in the mid-1920s for the sort of literature thought to be too easy, insular and smug. Yet it was middlebrow fiction - largely written and read by women - that absolutely dominated the publishing market in the four decades from the 1920s to the 1950s. Neglected by subsequent critical fashion in favour of the work of literary elites, this literature has only recently begun to be reassessed. Aiming to rehabilitate the feminine middlebrow, Nicola Humble argues that the novels of writers such as Rosamund Lehmann, Elizabeth Taylor, Stella Gibbons, Nancy Mitford, and a host of others less well known, played a powerful role in establishing and consolidating, but also in resisting, new class and gender identities in this period of volatile change for both women and the middle classes. The work of over thirty novelists is covered, read alongside other discourses as diverse as cookery books, child-care manuals, and the reports of Mass Observation. Investigating the nature of the feminine middlebrow and its readers, the author considers its variously radical and conservative remakings of ideas of class, the home, the family and gender. Defining her period as running from the end of the first world war to the mid-1950s, she challenges the prevailing convention that sees the second world war as effecting a decisive ideological and cultural break, and offers a revision to the way we currently map the changing politics of femininity and the domestic in the twentieth century. The first work to insist on the centrality of the concept of the middlebrow in understanding the women's writing of this period, The Feminine Middlebrow Novel uncovers a literature simultaneously snobbish and bohemian, daring and conventional, marked by an ideological flexibility that is the product of its paradoxical allegiance to both domesticity and a radical sophistication.
Lemmatization and Headword Structure
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

We now come to the actual structure and presentation of Palsgrave’s word list, and, as we can see from the following examples, his lexicographical method of presentation differs greatly from modem practice in bilingual English-French dictionaries. These differences will first be described and then interpreted in the lexicographical context of Palsgrave’s time.
Palsgrave in Perspective
Authors: Stein Gabriele
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have closely studied Palsgrave’s vocabulists, their word lists, their headword structure, the French equivalents, the verb illustrations, and the interlemmatic relations. We have compared his linguistic descriptions and his lexicographical methods of presentation with earlier and contemporary works in order to show where he stays within lexicographical practice as it had developed by the early sixteenth century and where he goes beyond it. The insights gained are little short of startling. John Palsgrave was a teacher and a scholar who understood his mother tongue profoundly, who had a superb command of French, and beyond English and French a remarkable grasp of the nature of language and language pedagogy.
Sexual Identity: Reality or Construction?
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2023

Well, of course, this is a false dilemma. Because something is real, it does not mean that it cannot be a construct. Nor does its being a construct mean that it cannot be real. The Constitution of the USA is constructed, but it is more real to most Americans than are physical objects-certainly those beyond their borders. But simply settling the question this quickly would be a pity, because, as one moves towards the answer, sexuality raises some interesting problems. So, in a spirit of enquiry, I will pull back and start the discussion at the beginning. And, while I pride myself on not being one of those philosophers who think that all issues collapse into matters of language, it is the case that the topic of sexuality is plagued by confusing and sloppy overlapping terms, so that is a good place to start.
Fictional Identities
Authors: Cave Terence
Published: November 2023

Bernard Williams begins his essay in this volume with a quotation from a novel, Derek Parfit with one of his notorious science fiction examples. I begin more soberly with a fragment from the writings of Pascal (I have taken some liberties with the gender of the pronouns, for reasons which will be explained shortly): Imagine someone who goes to the window to look at people walking past. If I walk past, am I entitled to say that she went to the window to look at me? No; because she isn’t thinking of me in particular.
Interaction of Factors in Construal: Japanese Relative Clauses
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko
Published: November 2023

The idea that syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are interdependent is clearly stated in Fillmore (1981): ‘I also believe that some syntactic facts require semantic and pragmatic explanations and that some semantic facts require pragmatic explanations. Put differently, interpreters sometimes use semantic and pragmatic information in making judgements about the syntactic structure of a sentence, and they sometimes use pragmatic facts in making semantic judgements’ (p. 144). In this spirit, the goal of this paper is to consider what various factors serve to determine the interpretation of the relative-clause construction in Japanese, and to examine how such factors interact.