bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Synthetic Tissue Engineered 3D Printed Calciumalkaliphosphate-Based Bone Graft with Homogenously Distributed Osteoblasts and Mineralizing Bone Matrix In Vitro
Authors: Adel-Khattab Doaa , Giacomini Francesca , Peleska Barbara , Gildenhaar Renate , Berger Georg , Gomes Cynthia , Linow Ulf , Hardt Martin , Günster Jens , Houshmand Alireza , Stiller Michael , Abdel Ghaffar Khaled , Gamal Ahmed , El-Mofty Mohammed , Knabe C.
Published: November 2016

Over the last decade there have been increasing efforts to develop adequate 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering from bioactive ceramics with 3D printing emerging as a promising technology. The overall objective of the present study was to generate a tissue engineered synthetic bone graft with homogenously distributed osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix in vitro, thereby mimicking the advantageous properties of autogenous bone grafts and facilitating usage for reconstructing segmental discontinuity defects in vivo. To this end, 3D scaffolds were developed from a silica containing calciumalkaliorthophosphate (code: GB9S14) utilizing two different fabrication processes, first a replica technique (SSM), and second 3D printing (RP). The mechanical and physical properties of the scaffolds (porosity, compressive strength, solubility) and their potential to facilitate homogenous colonization by osteogenic cells and extracellular bone matrix formation throughout the porous scaffold architecture prior to in vivo implantation were examined. To this end, murine osteoblastic cells (MT3T3-E1) were dynamically seeded and cultured for 7 days on both scaffold types under perfusion with two different concentrations of 1.5 and 3x106 cells per ml. The amount of cells and extracellular matrix formed and osteogenic marker expression were evaluated using hard tissue histology, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis. SSM scaffolds (SSMS) displayed a significantly greater total porosity (86.9%) than RP scaffolds (RPS) (50%), while RPS exhibited significantly more open micropores, greater compressive strength and silica release. RPS seeded with a 3x106 cells per ml displayed greatest cell and extracellular matrix formation, mineralization and osteocalcin expression. In conclusion, RPS displayed superior mechanical and biological properties and facilitated generating a tissue engineered synthetic bone graft in vitro, which mimics the advantageous properties of autogenous bone grafts, by containing homogenously distributed terminally differentiated osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix and therefore is suitable for subsequent in vivo implantation for regenerating segmental discontinuity bone defects.
Effect of Silicate Incorporation in Alpha-Tricalcium Phosphate on Behaviors of Osteoblast-Like Cells
Authors: Kamitakahara Masanobu , Shirato Takashi , Yokoi Taishi , Matsubara Hideaki , Shibata Yasuaki , Ikeda Tohru
Published: November 2016

Silicate-containing alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) ceramics are expected to be useful scaffolds for bone regeneration because α-TCP shows high biodegradability and silicate ions are expected to promote the bone formation. We previously revealed that the porous silicate-containing α-TCP granules provided earlier bone formation and showed lower biodegradability than the porous silicate-free α-TCP granules in vivo. In order to reveal the mechanism of the bone formation promoted by silicate incorporation, the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast-like cells on the silicate-containing and silicate-free α-TCP ceramics were examined in vitro. The silicate incorporation in α-TCP promoted the differentiation of osteoblast-like cells, and it might be one of the factors to promote bone formation In Vivo.
Metallography & Bulk Hardness of Artificially Aged Al6061-B4C-SiC Stir Cast Hybrid Composites
Authors: Sharma Sathya Shankar , Jagannath K. , Prabhu P.R. , Gowri Shankar M.C. , Harisha S.R. , Kini U. Achutha
Published: November 2016

Present investigation focusses on combined effect of B4C and SiC on the improvement in hardness with an average size of 35-40μm on Al6061 hybrid composite. Composites are produced by stir casting process. The effect of artificial aging treatment with different aging temperatures of 100, 150 and 200OC on the improvement in hardness is also investigated. Optical micrographs and Brinell hardness number have been discussed. An attempt is made to find out the intermetallic phase responsible for strengthening by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Due to positive response to age hardening treatment there is an improvement in the mechanical properties of Al6061 alloy & its hybrid composite. The aging kinetics is more accelerated in case of hybrid composites as compared to unreinforced Al6061 alloy because of presence of reinforcement particulate, which act as nucleation site for precipitation. Artificially aged at 100OC shows improvement in hardness by 120-220% due to the precipitation of secondary solute rich phase of alloying elements as compared Al6061 alloy.
Investigations on Design and Formulation of Buttering Layer Electrode Coatings for Bimetallic Welds
Authors: Bhandari Deepak , Chhibber Rahul , Arora Navneet , Mehta Rajeev
Published: November 2016

The bimetallic welds (BMWs) between ferritic low alloy steels and austenitic stainless steel are used widely in steam generators of the power plants. The adoption of these welds in wide industrial applications provides feasible solutions for the flexible design of the products by using each material efficiently and economically. The present paper is an effort towards studying the development of austenitic stainless steel buttering filler material for bimetallic weld joint. The work aims at the design and development of buttering layer electrode coatings for shielded metal arc welding process using extreme vertices design methodology suggested by McLean and Anderson to study the effect of electrode coating ingredients on the buttering layer metal composition and delta ferrite content to prevent solidification cracking.
Effect of Low Doses Gamma and Electron Irradiation on Mechanical Strength of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) Superconductor Ceramics
Authors: Hamid Nasri A. , Mohiju Zaahidah Atiqah , Jamal Nor Faizah , Abdullah Yusof
Published: November 2016

The effect of low doses of gamma and electron irradiation on mechanical strength of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 (Bi-2212) superconductor ceramics was studied by exposing the superconductor to gamma irradiation dose of up to 50 kGy, and electron irradiation dose of up to 80 kGy. All the samples were prepared using the conventional solid-state reaction method. For samples to be irradiated with electron particles, 5% weight percentage of nanosized MgO was added to absorb certain amount of the energy from electrons and thus reducing the formation of complicated defects structure in the Bi-2212 superconductor. The SEM micrographs of the Bi-2212 superconductor showed the existence of platelet-type grains of Bi-2212 phase in both non-irradiated and irradiated samples. The XRD patterns for the non-irradiated and irradiated samples showed well-defined peaks of which could be indexed on the basis of a Bi-2212 phase structure. The phase purity, lattice parameter, surface morphology and degree of crystallinity for the non-irradiated and irradiated samples were also compared and analyzed and it was found that both the gamma and electron irradiation have considerable effect on the mechanical properties of Bi-2212 superconductor. When subjected to gamma and electron irradiation, the microstructure of the samples was found to be more textured and consequently enhanced the strength of the samples.
Anti-Hinge Antibodies Recognize IgG Subclass– and Protease-Restricted Neoepitopes
Authors: Falkenburg Willem J. J. , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , Ooijevaar-de Heer Pleuni , Tsang-A-Sjoe Michel W. P. , Bultink Irene E. M. , Voskuyl Alexandre E. , Bentlage Arthur E. H. , Vidarsson Gestur , Wolbink Gertjan , Rispens Theo
Published: November 2016

Anti-hinge Abs (AHAs) target neoepitopes exposed after proteolytic cleavage of IgG. In this study, we explored the diversity of protease- and IgG subclass–restricted AHAs and their potential as immunological markers in healthy donors (HDs) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). AHA reactivity against IgG-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS)– or pepsin-generated F(ab′)2 fragments of all four human IgG subclasses was determined. AHA reactivity against one or more out of eight F(ab′)2 targets was found in 68% (68 of 100) of HDs, 69% (68 of 99) of SLE patients, and 81% (79 of 97) of RA patients. Specific recognition of hinge epitopes was dependent on IgG subclass and protease used to create the F(ab′)2 targets, as confirmed by inhibition experiments with F(ab′)2 fragments and hinge peptides. Reactivity against IdeS-generated F(ab′)2 targets was found most frequently, whereas reactivity against pepsin-generated F(ab′)2 targets better discriminated between RA and HDs or SLE, with significantly higher AHA levels against IgG1/3/4. In contrast, AHA levels against pepsin-cleaved IgG2 were comparable. No reactivity against IdeS-generated IgG2-F(ab′)2s was detected. The most discriminatory AHA reactivity in RA was against pepsin-cleaved IgG4, with a 35% prevalence, ≥5.8-fold higher than in HDs/SLE, and significantly higher levels (p < 0.0001). Cross-reactivity for F(ab′)2s generated from different IgG subclasses was only observed for subclasses having homologous F(ab′)2 C termini (IgG1/3/4). For IgG2, two pepsin cleavage sites were identified; anti-hinge reactivity was restricted to only one of these. In conclusion, AHAs specifically recognize IgG subclass– and protease-restricted hinge neoepitopes. Their protease-restricted specificity suggests that different AHA responses developed under distinct inflammatory or infectious conditions and may be markers of, and participants in, such processes.
‘Children must be seen and heard’ – Doing postcolonial theology with children in a (southern) African Reformed church
Authors: Nel Reggie
Published: November 2016

Taking theology to the African children needs to start with a serious engagement of the colonial experience that African Christianity, communities and families were subjected to – mostly in subdued silence. The often heard platitude of the stereotypical ‘friendly’ African children, who is so ‘open to the gospel’, needs to be deconstructed in terms of the real challenges, which leads to migration, abuse, xenophobic violence and a serious reduction in their capacity for growth and development. While one cannot reduce the notion of ‘African children’ to one experience, there remain common structural realities, which call for a serious dialogue with themselves on their own forms of theology. Children are not anymore merely seen and not heard; they speak – they disrupt hegemonic colonialist theologies. This contribution is based on a postcolonial dialogue with children’s ministries in a particular (southern) African mission church, as they transform themselves towards being an African Reformed community.
African Initiated Churches’ potential as development actors
Authors: Öhlmann Philipp , Frost Marie-Luise , Gräb Wilhelm
Published: November 2016

African Initiated Churches (AICs) are not yet recognised as relevant actors of community development interventions. While it has been acknowledged that many of them provide coping mechanisms in adverse environments, support in social transformation and social capital, little information is available on their role as development actors. In this article, we evaluate the potential of AICs as partners of international development agencies for community development. We draw on interviews and focus group discussions with leaders of various AICs conducted in South Africa in February and March 2016. In particular, we examine the churches’ understanding of development, their view on the separation of spiritual and development activities and their priorities. Moreover, we outline the development activities which they are currently engaged in and analyse the structures they have in place to do so. Our findings indicate that AICs are increasingly active in community development and offer various entry points for possible cooperation.
Predictors of Survival in Early-stage Laryngeal Cancer by Treatment Modality
Authors: Mehta Vikas , Thompson Trisha , Shi Runhua
Published: November 2016

Aim:

Our investigation attempts to identify factors associated with improved survival for early-stage laryngeal cancer based on primary therapy using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Materials and methods

This is a retrospective cohort with data abstracted from the NCDB. Patients with T1 or T2N0M0 laryngeal cancer from 1998 to 2011 who received radiation only, laser surgery, or laser surgery with adjuvant radiation were included. Chi-square analysis was used to assess and investigate the association between treatment and factors. Overall survival (OS) was assessed via Kaplan–Meier method. Log-rank methods were used to determine factors significant for survival, and a multivariable Cox regression model was performed.

Results

There were 14,276 patients from the NCDB eligible for this study. The majority (91.2%) of patients received primary radiation, 4.7% laser resection, and 4.0% laser resection with radiation. Five-year survival for laser surgery was 78.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 75.5–82.1%] vs 67.2% (95% CI 66.4–68.1%) for radiation alone. Multivariate analysis demonstrated advanced age, increased comorbidities, public or uninsured, T2 stage, supraglottic subsite to be independently associated with worse survival. Treatment with laser only and laser with adjuvant radiation demonstrated a hazard ratio of 0.77 (p = 0.055) and 0.65 (p = 0.001) when compared with primary radiation.

Conclusion and clinical significance

Survival analysis on early-stage glottic patients in the NCDB showed multiple factors to be independently associated with survival. Outcomes based on treatment suggest an improved survival when utilizing endoscopic surgery as the primary treatment modality.

How to cite this article

Mehta V, Thompson T, Shi R. Predictors of Survival in Early-stage Laryngeal Cancer by Treatment Modality. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(3):173-181.
Intended and Achieved Torque of Implant Abutment's Screw using Manual Wrenches in Simulated Clinical Setting
Authors: Al-Otaibi Hanan N
Published: November 2016

Objective

To measure the difference between the intended torque and the achieved torque by the operator using the springstyle mechanical torque-limiting device (MTLD).

Materials and methods

Inexperienced and experienced clinicians used one spring-type MTLD to torque two abutment screws of each anterior and posterior implants, which were attached to two digital torque meters through a jaw model. The jaw model was part of a preclinical bench manikin attached to a dental chair. The intended torque value was 35 N cm (recommended by manufacturer) and the technique of torquing was observed for all the participants (instantaneous and repeated). The mean torque value was calculated for each subject for the anterior and posterior implants independently; t-test was used to compare between the intended and achieved torque values and to compare between the experienced and inexperienced clinicians (p ≤0.05).

Results

Thirty-seven clinicians participated, with an overall mean torque value of 34.30 N cm. The mean torque value of the achieved torque (34.30 ± 4.13 N cm) was statistically significantly less than the intended torque (p = 0.041). The male clinicians produced more statistically significantly accurate torque value (34.54 ± 3.78 N cm) than the female clinicians (p = 0.034), and the experienced clinicians produced more accurate torque values (34.9 ± 5.13 N cm) than the inexperienced clinicians (p = 0.048).

Conclusion

Within the limitation of this study, the use of MTLDs did not always produce consistent torque values and the technique by which the operators use the MTLD might affect the torque value.

How to cite this article

Al-Otaibi HN. Intended and Achieved Torque of Implant Abutment's Screw using Manual Wrenches in Simulated Clinical Setting. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(11):897-901.
Evaluation of Osseointegration in Implants using Digital Orthopantomogram and Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Thopte Shameeka , Chopra Aastha , Mhapuskar Amit A , Marathe Swati , Nisa Shams U , Saddiwal Rashmi
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Accurate assessment of osseointegration in dental implants requires precise radiographic visualization of pathologic conditions as well as anatomical structures. The present study aimed to evaluate the formation of bony tissue (osseointegration) using digital orthopantomogram (OPG) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) immediately after implant insertion (within 7 days) and 3 months postinsertion.

Materials and methods

Twenty single-implant sites on mandibular posterior regions were selected on patients irrespective of their gender. Both digital OPG and CBCT were done within a week and again after 3 months of implant insertion surgery, using the same exposure parameters.

Results

Three of the 20 implants were submerged and were excluded as the crestal bone height could not be measured. The participants were recalled for radiographic measurements after 3 months of implant placement. On an average, there was 0.03 mm of osseointegration at the apical portion after 3 months of implant insertion on digital OPG; 0.04 mm of osseointegration at the crestal bone height after 3 months on digital OPG; and 0.01 mm of osseointegration at the apical portion after 3 months on CBCT. No change or ≤0.02 mm of osseointegration at crestal bone height after 3 months on CBCT.

Conclusion

Both digital OPG and CBCT are significant for the assessment of osseointegration in implants, and hence, endow definite benefit for accurate assessment in terms of the success of the implant placement.

Clinical significance

However, CBCT is a better mode of evaluating dental implants but one should keep in mind that radiographic examination must be conducted to the benefit of the patient by application of the lowest achievable dose.

How to cite this article

Chopra A, Mhapuskar AA, Marathe S, Nisa SU, Thopte S, Saddiwal R. Evaluation of Osseointegration in Implants using Digital Orthopantomogram and Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(11):953-957.
The Old Greeks
Authors: Kouvaros George
Published: November 2016

In his final unfinished book on the writing of history, Siegfried Kracauer wonders about his increasing susceptibility to ‘the speechless plea of the dead’. ‘[T]he older one grows, the more he is bound to realize that his future is the future of the past—history.’ For the children of migrants, the question of how to speak well of the dead is distinguished by complex feelings of attachment and rejection, identification and denial that are expressed in a range of everyday interactions. ‘The Old Greeks’ examines the part played by photographic media in this process of memorialisation. It elaborates a series of propositions about the value of photographic media that are tested through a consideration of the events that surrounded the author’s first years in Australia.
The 10 bp duplication insertion/deletion in the promoter region within paired box 7 gene is associated with growth traits in cattle
Authors: Jin Yunyun , Cai Hanfang , Liu Jiming , Lin Fengpeng , Qi Xinglei , Bai Yueyu , Lei Chuzhao , Chen Hong , Lan Xianyong
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Paired box 7 (Pax7) gene, a member of the paired box gene family, plays a critical role in animal growth and muscle development, especially in cell proliferation and self-renewal. The aim of this study was to detect the 10 base pair (bp) duplication insertion/deletion (indel) in the promoter region within the bovine Pax7 gene as well as its association with growth traits. Herein, a total of 718 individuals from five Chinese cattle breeds were sampled and detected. The 10 bp duplication indel was found in these cattle breeds and there were three genotypes: II (insertion/insertion), ID (insertion/deletion), and DD (deletion/deletion). Moreover, this indel was significantly associated with the body weight in Xianan cattle (P = 0.006), the body height in Jinjiang cattle (P = 0.046), and the hip width in Pi'nan cattle (P = 0.020). Consistently, the individuals with II genotype showed better phenotypic traits than those with the other genotypes in these five breeds. These findings suggest that the 10 bp duplication indel within the bovine Pax7 gene could be considered as an effective DNA molecular marker that provides valuable theoretical basis for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in beef cattle in the future.
Identifying precursors and aqueous organic aerosol formation pathways during the SOAS campaign
Authors: Sareen Neha , Carlton Annmarie G. , Surratt Jason D. , Gold Avram , Lee Ben , Lopez-Hilfiker Felipe D. , Mohr Claudia , Thornton Joel A. , Zhang Zhenfa , Lim Yong B. , Turpin Barbara J.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Aqueous multiphase chemistry in the atmosphere can lead to rapid transformation of organic compounds, forming highly oxidized, low-volatility organic aerosol and, in some cases, light-absorbing (brown) carbon. Because liquid water is globally abundant, this chemistry could substantially impact climate, air quality, and health. Gas-phase precursors released from biogenic and anthropogenic sources are oxidized and fragmented, forming water-soluble gases that can undergo reactions in the aqueous phase (in clouds, fogs, and wet aerosols), leading to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOAAQ). Recent studies have highlighted the role of certain precursors like glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, and epoxides in the formation of SOAAQ. The goal of this work is to identify additional precursors and products that may be atmospherically important. In this study, ambient mixtures of water-soluble gases were scrubbed from the atmosphere into water at Brent, Alabama, during the 2013 Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS). Hydroxyl (OH⚫) radical oxidation experiments were conducted with the aqueous mixtures collected from SOAS to better understand the formation of SOA through gas-phase followed by aqueous-phase chemistry. Total aqueous-phase organic carbon concentrations for these mixtures ranged from 92 to 179 µM-C, relevant for cloud and fog waters. Aqueous OH-reactive compounds were primarily observed as odd ions in the positive ion mode by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Ultra high-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) spectra and tandem MS (MS–MS) fragmentation of these ions were consistent with the presence of carbonyls and tetrols. Products were observed in the negative ion mode and included pyruvate and oxalate, which were confirmed by ion chromatography. Pyruvate and oxalate have been found in the particle phase in many locations (as salts and complexes). Thus, formation of pyruvate/oxalate suggests the potential for aqueous processing of these ambient mixtures to form SOAAQ.
The HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment HOPE – An Overview
Authors: Macke Andreas , Seifert Patric , Baars Holger , Beekmans Christoph , Behrendt Andreas , Bohn Birger , Bühl Johannes , Crewell Susanne , Damian Thomas , Deneke Hartwig , Düsing Sebastian , Foth Andreas , Di Girolamo Paolo , Hammann Eva , Heinze Rieke , Hirsikko Anne , Kalisch John , Kalthoff Norbert , Kinne Stefan , Kohler Martin , Löhnert Ulrich , Madhavan Bomidi Lakshmi , Maurer Vera , Muppa Shravan Kumar , Schween Jan , Serikov Ilya , Siebert Holger , Simmer Clemens , Späth Florian , Steinke Sandra , Träumner Katja , Wehner Birgit , Wieser Andreas , Wulfmeyer Volker , Xie Xinxin
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The "HD(CP)2 Observational Prototype Experiment" (HOPE) was executed as a major 2-month field experiment in Jülich, Germany, performed in April and May 2013, followed by a smaller campaign in Melpitz, Germany in September 2013. HOPE has been designed to provide a critical evaluation of the new German community atmospheric Icosahedral non-hydrostatic (ICON) model at the scale of the model simulations and further to provide information on land-surface-atmospheric boundary layer exchange, cloud and precipitation processes as well as on sub-grid variability and microphysical properties that are subject to parameterizations. HOPE focuses on the onset of clouds and precipitation in the convective atmospheric boundary layer. The paper summarizes the instrument set-ups, the intensive observation periods as well as example results from both campaigns. HOPE-Jülich instrumentation included a radio sounding station, 4 Doppler lidars, 4 Raman lidars (3, 3, and 4 of these provide temperature, water vapor, and particle backscatter data, respectively), 1 water vapour differential absorption lidar, 3 cloud radars, 5 microwave radiometers, 3 rain radars, 6 sky imagers, 99 pyranometers, and 5 Sun photometers operated in synergy at different supersites. The HOPE-Melpitz campaign combined ground-based remote sensing of aerosols and clouds with helicopter- and balloon-based in-situ observations in the atmospheric column and at the surface. HOPE provided an unprecedented collection of atmospheric dynamical, thermodynamical, and micro- and macrophysical properties of aerosols, clouds and precipitation with high spatial and temporal resolution within a cube of approximately 10 × 10 × 10 km3. HOPE data will significantly contribute to our understanding of boundary layer dynamics and the formation of clouds and precipitation. The datasets are made available through a dedicated data portal.
Latitudinal and longitudinal dependence of the cosmic ray diurnal anisotropy during 2001–2014
Authors: Tezari Anastasia , Mavromichalaki Helen , Katsinis Dimitrios , Kanellakopoulos Anastasios , Kolovi Sofia , Plainaki Christina , Andriopoulou Maria
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The diurnal anisotropy of cosmic ray intensity for the time period 2001 to 2014 is studied, covering the maximum and the descending phase of solar cycle 23, the minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24, and the ascending phase and maximum of solar cycle 24. Cosmic ray intensity data from 11 neutron monitor stations located at different places around the Northern Hemisphere obtained from the high-resolution Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB) were used. Special software was developed for the calculations of the amplitude and the phase of the diurnal anisotropy vectors on annual and monthly basis using Fourier analysis and for the creation of the harmonic dial diagrams. The geomagnetic bending for each station was taken into account in our calculations determined from the asymptotic cones of each station via the Tsyganenko96 (Tsyganenko and Stern, 1996) magnetospheric model. From our analysis, it was resulted that there is a different behavior of the diurnal anisotropy vectors during the different phases of the solar cycles depending on the solar magnetic field polarity. The latitudinal and longitudinal distribution of the cosmic ray diurnal anisotropy was also examined by grouping the stations according to their geographic coordinates, and it was shown that diurnal variation is modulated not only by the latitude but also by the longitude of the stations. The diurnal anisotropy during strong events of solar and/or cosmic ray activity is discussed.
Wind speed variability between 10 and 116 m height from the regional reanalysis COSMO-REA6 compared to wind mast measurements over Northern Germany and the Netherlands
Authors: Borsche Michael , Kaiser-Weiss Andrea K. , Kaspar Frank
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Hourly and monthly mean wind speed and wind speed variability from the regional reanalysis COSMO-REA6 is analysed in the range of 10 to 116 m height above ground. Comparisons with independent wind mast measurements performed between 2001 and 2010 over Northern Germany over land (Lindenberg), the North Sea (FINO platforms), and The Netherlands (Cabauw) show that the COSMO-REA6 wind fields are realistic and at least as close to the measurements as the global atmospheric reanalyses (ERA20C and ERA-Interim) on the monthly scale. The median wind profiles of the reanalyses were found to be consistent with the observed ones. The mean annual cycles of variability are generally reproduced from 10 up to 116 m in the investigated reanalyses. The mean diurnal cycle is represented qualitatively near the ground by the reanalyses. At 100 m height, there is little diurnal cycle left in the global and regional reanalyses, though a diurnal cycle is still present in the measurements over land. Correlation coefficients between monthly means of the observations and the reanalyses range between 0.92 at 10 m and 0.99 at 116 m, with a slightly higher correlation of the regional reanalyses at Lindenberg at 10 m height which is significant only at a lower than 95 % significance level. Correlations of daily means tend to be higher for the regional reanalysis COSMO-REA6. Increasing temporal resolution further, reduces this advantage of the regional reanalysis. At around 100 m, ERA-Interim yields a higher correlation at Lindenberg and Cabauw, whereas COSMO-REA6 yields a higher correlation at FINO1 and FINO2.
Tropical forcing of increased Southern Ocean climate variability revealed by a 140-year subantarctic temperate reconstruction
Authors: Turney Chris S. M. , Fogwill Christopher J. , Palmer Jonathan G. , van Sebille Erik , Thomas Zoë , McGlone Matt , Richardson Sarah , Wilmshurst Janet M. , Fenwick Pavla , Zunz Violette , Goosse Hugues , Wilson Kerry-Jayne , Carter Lionel , Lipson Mathew , Jones Richard T. , Harsch Melanie , Clark Graeme , Marzinelli Ezequiel , Rogers Tracey , Rainsley Eleanor , Ciasto Laura , Waterman Stephanie , Thomas Elizabeth R. , Visbeck Martin
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Occupying 14% of the world’s surface, the Southern Ocean plays a fundamental role in global climate, ocean circulation, carbon cycling and Antarctic ice-sheet stability. Unfortunately, high interannual variability and a dearth of instrumental observations before the 1950s limits our understanding of how marine-atmosphere-ice domains interact on multi-decadal timescales and the impact of anthropogenic forcing. Here we integrate climate-sensitive tree growth with ocean and atmospheric observations on southwest Pacific subantarctic islands that lie at the boundary of polar and subtropical climates (52–54˚S). Our annually-resolved temperature reconstruction captures regional change since the 1870s and demonstrates a significant increase in variability from the mid-twentieth century, a phenomenon predating the observational record. Climate reanalysis and modelling shows a parallel change in tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures that generate an atmospheric Rossby wave train which propagates across a large part of the Southern Hemisphere during the austral spring and summer.
An analysis of uncertainties and skill in forecasts of winter storm losses
Authors: Pardowitz Tobias , Osinski Robert , Kruschke Tim , Ulbrich Uwe
Published: November 2016

Abstract. This paper describes an approach to derive probabilistic predictions of local winter storm damage occurrences from a global medium-range ensemble prediction system (EPS). Predictions of storm damage occurrences are subject to large uncertainty due to meteorological forecast uncertainty (typically addressed by means of ensemble predictions) and uncertainties in modelling weather impacts. The latter uncertainty arises from the fact that local vulnerabilities are not known in sufficient detail to allow for a deterministic prediction of damages, even if the forecasted gust wind speed contains no uncertainty. Thus, to estimate the damage model uncertainty, a statistical model based on logistic regression analysis is employed, relating meteorological analyses to historical damage records. A quantification of the two individual contributions (meteorological and damage model uncertainty) to the total forecast uncertainty is achieved by neglecting individual uncertainty sources and analysing resulting predictions. Results show an increase in forecast skill measured by means of a reduced Brier score if both meteorological and damage model uncertainties are taken into account. It is demonstrated that skilful predictions on district level (dividing the area of Germany into 439 administrative districts) are possible on lead times of several days. Skill is increased through the application of a proper ensemble calibration method, extending the range of lead times for which skilful damage predictions can be made.
Partnerships for disaster risk insurance in the EU
Authors: Mysiak Jaroslav , Pérez-Blanco C. Dionisio
Published: November 2016

Abstract. With increasing costs inflicted by natural hazard perils, and amidst state budget cuts, concerns are mounting about the capacity of governments to design sustainable, equitable and affordable risk management schemes. The participation of the private sector along with the public one through public–private partnerships (PPPs) has gained importance as a means of providing catastrophic natural hazard insurance to address these seemingly conflicting objectives. In 2013 the European Commission launched a wide-ranging consultation about what EU action could be appropriate to improve the performance of insurance markets. Simultaneously, the EU legislator instigated major reforms in the legislation and regulations that pertain to how PPPs are designed or operate. This paper has a dual objective: first, we review and summarize the manifold legal background that influences the provision of insurance against natural catastrophes. Second, we examine how PPPs designed for sharing and transferring risk operate within the European regulatory constraints, illustrated using the example of the UK Flood Reinsurance Scheme (Flood RE) between the state and the Association of British Insurers.
Complex Principal Component Analysis of Mass Balance Change on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhan Jingang , Shi Hongling , Wang Yong , Yao Yixin
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Abstract. This paper analyzes the spatial characteristics of mass balance change on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas, using 153 monthly solutions of temporal gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(in this case GRACE) satellite. Spatial mode characteristics and phase information of mass balance change are analyzed using complex principal component analysis (in this case CPCA). Information on time-frequency change of major components is analyzed using the wavelet amplitude-period spectrum. The results show that the mass balance change on the plateau is influenced by various atmospheric circulations and there are obvious systemic differences, namely, glacial fluctuation of the Himalayas area was mainly influenced by the weakening Indian monsoon, El Niño and East Asian monsoon. There were drastic changes of glacier mass gain and loss balance. Apart from the Indian monsoon and El Niño affected on mass balance in inland areas of the plateau, the northern parts of the plateau was also affected by the westerlies and there was a positive mass balance, with mass gain exceeding loss. The Pamirs and the Karakoram Range areas are influenced not only by the Indian monsoon and westerlies but also by the climate change of El Niño and La Niña, and mass change shows a weak mass balanced. The major influence on the change of mass balance on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was the weakening Indian monsoon, which was responsible for 54.0 % of that change. Because El Niño is strengthening, it has recently become the second major factor affecting the change of mass balance, responsible for 16.3 % of that change. The third major influence was the westerlies and of La Niña-related climate change, accounting for 5.6 % of the mass balance change.
Start codon targeted (scot) polymorphism reveals genetic diversity in european old maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes
Authors: Vivodí­k Martin , Gálová Zdenka , Balážová Želmí­ra , Petrovičová Lenka
Published: November 2016

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the world's most important crop plants following wheat and rice, which provides staple food to large number of human population in the world. It is cultivated in a wider range of environments than wheat and rice because of its greater adaptability. Molecular characterization is frequently used by maize breeders as an alternative method for selecting more promising genotypes and reducing the cost and time needed to develop hybrid combinations. In the present investigation 40 genotypes of maize from Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Slovakia and Yugoslavia were analysed using 20 Start codon targeted (SCoT) markers. These primers produced total 114 fragments across 40 maize genotypes, of which 86 (76.43%) were polymorphic with an average of 4.30 polymorphic fragments per primer and number of amplified fragments ranged from 2 (SCoT 45) to 8 (SCoT 28 and SCoT 63). The polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.374 (ScoT 45) to 0.846 (SCoT 28) with an average of 0.739. The dendrogram based on hierarchical cluster analysis using UPGMA algorithm was prepared. The hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the maize genotypes were divided into two main clusters. Unique maize genotype (cluster 1), Zuta Brzica, originating from Yugoslavia separated from others. Cluster 2 was divided into two main clusters (2a and 2b). Subcluster 2a contained one Yugoslavian genotype Juhoslavanska and subcluster 2b was divided in two subclusters 2ba and 2bb. The present study shows effectiveness of employing SCoT markers in analysis of maize, and would be useful for further studies in population genetics, conservation genetics and genotypes improvement.
Influence of different curing methods on the fatty acid composition in sausages prepared from red deer meat
Authors: Šnirc Marek , Belej Ľubomí­r , Židek Radoslav , Bobko Marek , Kročko Miroslav , Haščí­k Peter , Golian Jozef , Král Martin
Published: November 2016

These curing agents play a decisive role in obtaining the specific sensory properties, stability and hygienic safety of products such as fermented sausages, ham and, more recently, emulsion type of sausages. The effect of using two different curing agents (sodium chloride and nitrate) on fatty acid compounds in dry-cured deer meat was investigated in our study. The concentration of free fatty acids in the fat depends on the hydrolytic activity of the lipases, the microbial metabolic processes, and the oxidative reactions that work on the free fatty acids released in the lipolysis. The main identified fatty acids in all different types of curing were palmitic acid (16 : 0), oleic acid (c18 : 1 cis-9), stearic acid (C18 : 0). The resulting n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the muscle samples of red deer showed no variation in different types of curing and was beneficially low within the range of 3.9 : 1 and 4.49 : 1. Total free fatty acids, whether saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, did not increased (p >0.05) greatly through the processing of dry-cured deer meat. Also there was no effect of curing method on fatty acids composition in two different muscles Semitendinosus muscle (ANOVA, p >0.05, F - 0.003, F crit. - 3.041) and Triceps brachii muscle (ANOVA, p >0.05, F - 0.05, F crit. - 3.01). There were found no significant (p >0.05) differences between fatty acids content in sausages prepared by brining in NaCl and Nitrate salt. The present study revealed that game meat can function as a good source of bioactive compounds that are essential for human nutrition.
NEW INSIGHTS INTO RUBBER NETWORK STRUCTURE BY A COMBINATION OF EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
Authors: Basterra-Beroiz Beatriz , Rommel Robert , Kayser Francois , Westermann Stephan , Valentín Juan López , Heinrich Gert
Published: November 2016

Robust quantitative cross-link density characterization becomes necessary for the complete understanding of the structure and optimization of final properties of rubber compounds for industrial applications. A combination of different experimental techniques have been used to establish the quantitative consistency on the correlations between the results obtained by the individual methods within a reliable unique (physically based) platform reclined on the concept of rubber elasticity that considers the impact of entanglements in technical rubbers. The contribution of cross-links and elastically active entanglements to mechanical properties has been quantified by the analysis of uniaxial stress–strain measurements by means of the extended tube model of rubber elasticity. In a complementary manner, rubber network structure has also been investigated by state-of-the-art multiple-quantum low-field NMR experiments and classical T1 and T2 relaxation measurements. In addition, equilibrium swelling data were analyzed by the classical phantom and Flory–Rehner limits as well as by applying the theoretical approach proposed by Helmis, Heinrich, and Straube that takes into account topological constraints during swelling. Correlations among these complementary techniques have been reported, and the interpretation of the obtained differences is addressed. The baseline study focuses on unfilled NR, setting the basis for the investigation of unfilled SBR matrices and filled rubbers.
State-Sponsored ‘New’ White Flight through Public School Choice and its Impact on Contemporary Urban Schools: A Case Study of Milwaukee’s Open Enrollment Program
Authors: Bonds Michael , Sandy Marie Gina
Published: November 2016

Abstract

‘White flight’ has largely come to mean exit from or avoidance of racially mixed public schools in urban neighborhoods. But the ‘new’ white flight is complicated by the fact that more whites who are often more affluent remain or relocate to desirable urban areas that are close to jobs and attractive city amenities. This paper describes how white flight can now happen without housing relocation with support from state-wide and municipal school choice policies resulting in the further re-segregation of regional schools. Using the Milwaukee Public School system’s Open Enrollment program as a case study, the authors demonstrate that this seemingly politically neutral school choice program supports the new white flight, enabling the children of white families to attend – and subsidize – the region’s suburban schools with declining enrollment, while further undermining the financial base of urban public schools. This study confirms earlier research indicating white students comprise the majority of participants in Open Enrollment programs, but with more non-white students participating in the Milwaukee program in the last five years. Extensive qualitative analysis of historical documents served as the primary research method for this study. Implications for other regions are discussed.
Sobrevivencia de pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer gástrico en el occidente de Honduras, periodo 2002-2012
Authors: Torres Ortiz Karla Patricia , Rodríguez Columba , Sandoval Héctor , Melgar Ana Julia , Sauceda Pedro
Published: November 2016

El presente trabajo de investigación describe la sobrevivencia a 5 años de los pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer gástrico del occidente del país, se determinaron los factores que afectan la tasa de sobrevida, el porcentaje de pacientes que no tuvieron tratamiento, por qué no lo recibieron, la sobrevivencia según el tratamiento recibido y si influyen o no los indicadores de pobreza en la sobrevivencia del paciente.Para realizar la investigación se elaboraron dos tipos de instrumentos: la autopsia verbal, la cual permitió conocer la evolución de la enfermedad desde su diagnóstico hasta el momento del fallecimiento y el instrumento de los indicadores de pobreza, que reflejó la influencia directa de la calidad de vida en la evolución de la enfermedad.El estudio es probabilístico, con un universo de 490 y una muestra de 154 casos, dentro de los resultados más relevantes se pueden describir que: la sobrevivencia a 5 años después del diagnóstico de cáncer gástrico en la zona occidental de Honduras es del 14.29 %, dato que resulta inferior con relación al 20 % propuesto en la hipótesis.De los 22 casos que representan la sobrevivencia, 15 son del sexo masculino (9.74%) y 7 del sexo femenino, equivale a 4.55%.Se concluye que la población de occidente es altamente susceptible a padecer esta patología debido a factores genéticos y ambientales, que la población en general no toma conciencia de cómo prevenir cualquier situación de salud y que a nivel de la secretaria de salud no existe un departamento que controle, regule y registre todos los casos de los diferentes tipos de cáncer y mucho menos sus estadios.
Evaluación de los programas de prevención en drogas en el marco de la política nacional de la juventud
Authors: Álvares Eladia Carolina , Escalante Héctor
Published: November 2016

El consumo de drogas constituye un fenómeno emergente en Salud Pública, su impacto se ve en la calidad de vida de los jóvenes y deteriora la economía del Estado. La promulgación de una nueva ley y la creación del Instituto Nacional de la Juventud abren brecha para el trabajo de incidencia política, impulsando iniciativas de políticas públicas en pro de la juventud, como titulares de derecho en la legislación hondureña. Materiales y métodos: se analizaron desde el enfoque de derecho a la salud y la equidad 15 programas sobre prevención del consumo de drogas lícitas e ilícitas en los jóvenes de 12 a 30 años; y su vinculación con la Política Nacional de Juventud. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo basado en un estudio documental, desde el inicio del Consejo Nacional de Juventud, la Ley Marco para el Desarrollo Integral, hasta la elaboración y promulgación de la política.El Sistema Nacional de Juventud responsable de la gestión e Intervenciones estratégicas para la equidad social de los jóvenes en la prevención del consumo de drogas, no ha consolidado una estrategia que permita la disminución en el uso y abuso de drogas. La suscripción de acuerdos e implementación de programas se vinculan con los lineamientos estratégicos de la Política Nacional de Juventud, no obstante, no han alcanzado resultados esperados en el disfrute pleno de los derechos de la juventud. Con respecto a la ubicación de los programas, están en su mayoría en el área rural, enfocando sus acciones en procesos integrales de atención psicológica, espiritual, educativa y emprendedurismo. Asimismo, desempeñan funciones de protección social.