bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le Corbusier’s Postwar Painterly Mythologies
Authors: Hendricks Genevieve
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Le Corbusier’s graphic output was prolific, consisting of hundreds of paintings, thousands of drawings and watercolors, and scores of collages, lithographs, and murals throughout his career. By the late 1940s his double-nature as artist-architect emerged as a key component to his work, as he highlighted the correlations and correspondences that informed his creative endeavors. His post-war works, specifically his series of Taureaux paintings, reveal the development of such themes as well as the transformation of earlier works as he turned to a mythologically-inspired vocabulary of totemic figures and animals, developing a private cosmology of sun and moon, male and female, the machine and Mediterraneità.  Keywords: Le Corbusier, Visual Arts, Painting, Taureaux. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.828
Elogio del cuadrado: cuadrícula, cuadro, cuatro, cubo
Authors: Martínez Medina Andrés
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Un recorrido por la producción de Le Corbusier evidencia la insistente presencia del cuadrado como base de las composiciones en diversos campos (urbanismo, arquitectura, pintura, mobiliario…) y en diferentes formatos (en planta, alzado y sección, o como marco, módulo y cuadrícula). La presente comunicación realiza un análisis formal (gráfico y simbólico) de sus proyectos y obras, rastreando los modos en que se utiliza el cuadrado permaneciendo en el tiempo como una constante recurrente. Para ello se recorren cuatro áreas temáticas que descienden en escala y en dimensiones: 1) capitolios, 2) museos, 3) pabellones y 4) casas, estudiando una serie de ejemplos en cada área a partir de los planos de la Fundación Le Corbusier, generando discursos que reconstruyen un hilo del tiempo en la evolución de los procesos compositivos. De este modo, se desgrana el empleo del cuadrado, en correspondencia con las áreas de estudio, como: 1º) perímetro de la plaza pública donde insertar las arquitecturas representativas, 2º) marco o caja-fuerte donde encerrar los tesoros artísticos (o sagrados), 3º) volumen cúbico abierto y desmontable y 4º) caja definida por la retícula de la estructura. El cuadrado es siempre un medio y no un fin. Persiste un intento de sugerir algunos de los orígenes en su formación clasicista, sus viajes y sus pinturas. Abstract: A tour through the production of Le Corbusier shows the insistent presence of the square as a basis of compositions in various fields (urban planning, architecture, painting, furniture...) and in different formats (in floor, elevation and profile, or as a theme, module and grid). This communication makes a formal analysis (graphic and symbolic) of its projects and works tracing the different ways to use the square that remains as a recurring constant. We can do it through four thematic areas descending in scale and dimensions: 1) capitols, 2) museums, 3) pavilions and 4) houses, studying a series of examples in each area based on the drawings of the Foundation Le Corbusier, generating speeches that reconstruct a thread of the time in the evolution of the compositional process. In correspondence with the four themes of study, we can discovery the employment of the square as different instruments. First: the square as the perimeter of the public space where to insert the representative architectures. Second: as a frame or safety deposit box where to enclose treasures artistic (or Holy). Third: as a cubic volume open and detachable. Fourth: as box defined by the grid of the structure. The square is always a means and not an end. In addition, there is an attempt to suggest some of the origins in his classic formation, his travels and his paintings.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier, composición, cuadrícula, cuadrado, cuadro, cubo. Keywords: Le Corbusier, composition, reticle, square, frame, cube. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.837
Le Corbusier’s Proposal for the Capital of Ethiopia: Fascism and Coercive Design of Imperial Identities
Authors: Dainese Elisa
Published: March 2016

Abstract: In 1936, immediately after the Italian conquest of the Ethiopian territories, the Fascist government initiated a competition to prepare the plan of Addis Ababa. Shortly, the new capital of the Italian empire in East Africa became the center of the Fascist debate on colonial planning and the core of the architectural discussion on the design for the control of African people. Taking into consideration the proposal for Addis Ababa designed by Le Corbusier, this paper reveals his perception of Europe’s role of supremacy in the colonial history of the 1930s. Le Corbusier admired the achievements of European colonialism in North Africa, especially the work of Prost and Lyautey, and appreciated the results of French domination in the continent. As architect and planner, he shared the Eurocentric assumption that considered overseas colonies as natural extension of European countries, and believed that the separation of indigenous and European quarters led to a more efficient control of the colonial city. In Addis Ababa he worked within the limit of the Italian colonial framework and, in the urgencies of the construction of the Fascist colonial empire, he participated in the coercive construction of imperial identities.  Keywords: Le Corbusier; Addis Ababa; colonial city; Fascist architecture; racial separation; Eurocentrism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.838
Experimenting with prototypes: architectural research in Sweden after Le Corbusier’s projects
Authors: Campo-Ruiz Ingrid
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Le Corbusier’s architectural production throughout the twentieth century served as a reference for subsequent developments in architecture and urban planning in Sweden. Some of the buildings and urban plans subsequently developed in Sweden and influenced by Le Corbusier’s ideas and projects also impacted on the international architectural scene. This research analyses how the study of Le Corbusier’s works affected projects in Sweden from the 1920s to the 1970s and how they also became an international standard. Le Corbusier’s works provided a kind of prototype, with which Swedish architects experimented in alternative ways. During the 1920s, Le Corbusier’s Pavilion de l’Esprit Nouveau and the Stuttgart Weissenhofsiedlung impressed influential Swedish architect, including Uno Åhrén, Gunnar Asplund and Sven Markelius, who later became proponents of modernism in Sweden. The 1930 Stockholm Exhibition marked a breakthrough for functionalism in Sweden. After 1930, urban plans for Stockholm and its suburbs reflected some of Le Corbusier’s ideas, such as the urban plan by Sven Markelius, and Vällingby’s town centre by Leif Reinius and Sven Backström. After 1950, Léonie Geisendorf , Ralph Erskine, Sigurd Lewerentz and Peter Celsing placed considerable emphasis on rough texture in poured concrete. Lewerentz, who admired the works of Le Corbusier, designed the churches of Markuskyrkan in 1956 and St Peter’s in Klippan in 1966, with a wider international impact. Reyner Banham included several works by Le Corbusier and also Markuskyrkan Church by Lewerentz in his book The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic? in 1966.  Keywords: Sweden, twentieth-century architecture, urban planning, prototype, architectural experiment, functionalism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.893
THE INEVITABLE ORDER: Revisiting the Calibrated Biomimetics of Le Corbusier’s Modulor
Authors: Itham Mahajan Rajini
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Biomimetics is a philosophy in Architecture that addresses issues not through mimicry but by understanding the rules governing natural forms. Biomimetics has gained popularity in the past few decades but it would be more apposite to state that this philosophy may have had its origins many years previously in the conceptualization of the Modulor, as Le Corbusier strived to unite Mathematics, Physiology & Design. Common knowledge shows that disturbed by application of generic Imperial and Standard systems of measurements, the Modulor was ideated to help perceive the built environment as a physical extension of the human body. Le Corbusier’s attempt to develop a harmonious scale towards the measurement of the absolute has been criticized for adopting industrial efficiency; though alienating human emotion was farthest from Corbusier’s thought. What then is the architectural paradox in comprehending The Modulor as the universal proportioning system- racial differences in anthropometry, mechanizing architectural built forms within and without or simply an apprehension of losing mannerisms in architecture? Trying to unravel the mysteries of nature through analytics of the numbering system, Corbusier was consumed by the all-pervasive need to find answers to eternal questions in scientific spirituality. This paper explores the inevitable order of Le Corbusier’s universe, revisiting the conceptualization of the Modulor, its relevance to architectural philosophies in general and Biomimetics in particular and the universal application of the same as a governing factor in Design methodologies.  Keywords: Le Corbusier, Biomimetic, Modulor, Universal Application, Design. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.895
Le Corbusier et la Belgique / Son Héritage
Authors: Dubois Marc
Published: March 2016

Résumé: À la suite de l’exposition de Paris 1925, le peintre René Guiette demande à LC de lui construire une maison avec atelier à Anvers. Ce bâtiment superbe existe encore, le seul témoignage de LC construit en Belgique! LC vient pour la première fois à Bruxelles en 1926 pour donner une conférence. Après une deuxième conférence en 1928 il reçoit une commande de Jean Canneel-Claes pour une maison, publiée par Le Corbusier en 1929 comme « Maison pour M. X à Bruxelles ». En 1930, il est présent à Bruxelles pour le congres CIAM. En 1933, LC participe au concours pour la Rive Gauche d’Anvers. En 1938 on lui demande de participer à l’ exposition de Liège en 1939, mais rien n’est construit. LC est présent à l’exposition Universelle de Bruxelles 1958 avec le pavillon exceptionnel pour Philips. Après l’expo, Le Poème Electronique est démoli.  Keywords: LC 5xBelgique, Stynen & De Meyer, deSingel, Riverside Tower. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.896
The mur neutralisant as an active thermal system: Saint Gobain tests (1931) versus CFD simulation (2015)
Authors: Ramírez-Balas C. , Sendra J.J. , Suárez R. , Fernández-Nieto E.D. , Narbona-Reina G.
Published: March 2016

Abstract: At the same time as the initial development of air conditioning systems for indoor climate control in buildings were occurring in USA, Le Corbusier and Lyon made truly innovative proposals for different projects he was working on in Europe. These served to generate homogenous thermal environments and focused on the combined effect of his mur neutralisant and respiration exacte. The clearest example of their shortcomings is the City of Refuge in Paris (1930-33). Given the technological and economic mistrust towards these proposals, as it was impossible to execute these according to the original plan these were not pursued. CFD simulations carried out by our research team confirm that the mur neutralisant and respiration exacte for the City of Refuge in Paris would have functioned together if they had been executed following the original plans. The main aim of this paper is to confirm the validity of the mur neutralisant as an active thermal system for buildings. Firstly, the results of the tests carried out by the engineers of Saint Gobain are compared to the results of the CFD simulations. Based on the comparison of the results from the physical models tested in Saint Gobain laboratories and CFD energy model simulations, a possible calibration is proposed for CFD which might prompt the establishment of other operation hypotheses.  Keywords: Le Corbusier; mur neutralisant; The City of Refuge; Active Façade System; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); Numerical Simulation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.899
Le Corbusier and The Americas: Affinities, Appropriations and Anthropophagy
Authors: Ortiz dos Santos Daniela
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The paper draws attention to Le Corbusier's first trip to the American continent, with a particular focus on his visions and expectations built before the corporeal dislocation to the New World in September 1929. This approach suggests not only an investigation of one single voyage, but of multiple ones, and above all intellectual ones. Voyages that cross biographies, discourses and practices – in a public and intimate scale – which are attentive to a history embodied in its social actors allowing a confrontation of materials that transcends the so called architectural field. It examines one critical moment of ruptures in Le Corbusier's production (1925-1930), and works across the architectural discussions at that time, placing Le Corbusier in a wider web of reciprocal influences and circulation of ideas in order to help to construct a sense of the fragmented, or even silenced, discourses within the artistic and architectural debates in the late twenties. Such an approach not only allows new interpretations but also the establishment of a new periodization on Le Corbusier's knowledge of- and interests in- the Americas, as well as the narratives produced. Resumen: El artículo llama la atención sobre el primer viaje de Le Corbusier al continente americano, con un foco particular en las visiones del arquitecto y sus expectativas construidas antes del ‘desplazamiento corpóreo’ al nuevo mundo en septiembre de 1929. Desde esta perspectiva, proponemos investigar no sólo un viaje, sino múltiples viajes, y sobre todo los ‘viajes mentales’. En otras palabras, examinamos viajes que cruzan biografías, discursos y prácticas, en una escala privada y también pública. Atentos a una historia encarnada en los actores sociales, nos permitimos una confrontación de documentos que extienden el campo de la arquitectura. Analizamos así un momento crítico y de rupturas en la producción de Le Corbusier (1925-1930), situándolo en una amplia red de sociabilidad y debates en los últimos años de la década de 1920, cuyas influencias, afinidades y circulación de ideas se entrelazan. Al trabajar con este abordaje, posibilitamos nuevas interpretaciones y también el establecimiento de una nueva periodización de Le Corbusier y su relación con las Américas.  Keywords: Le Corbusier; Travel; The Americas; Brazil; Blaise Cendrars; Lucien Romier. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; Viaje; Las Américas; Brasil; Blaise Cendrars; Lucien Romier. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.918
Le Corbusier’s Secret Geometry: Speculations on Regulating Lines Hidden in Ronchamp
Authors: Wood Peter
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Despite the prominence of Ronchamp in the work of Le Corbusier we remain largely ignorant of the geometric approach the architect applied to determine the specific relationship of the building’s plan to its liturgical responsibilities. It is assumed that the Modulor was the principle proportional system used to determine the chapels plan. In this paper it is contented that the Modulor played a minor role in finding the principle geometric relationships, at least in plan. With reference to two formal explorations, the research presents two findings. Firstly, that in exploring primary relationships Le Corbusier was more likely to have made geometric reference to attributes of the extant site. A second part of this argument goes on to show that once the plan of Ronchamp was established it was used to provide geometric coordinates for other parts of the site development. Resumen: A pesar de la prominencia de Ronchamp, en la obra de Le Corbusier que permanecen gran parte ignorante del enfoque geométrico el arquitecto aplicó para determinar la relación específica del plan del edificio para sus responsabilidades litúrgicas. Se supone que el Modulor fue el sistema proporcional principio utilizado para determinar el plan capillas. En este trabajo se está contento de que el Modulor jugó un papel de menor importancia en la búsqueda de las relaciones geométricas principales, por lo menos en el plan. Con referencia a las dos exploraciones formales, la investigación presenta dos conclusiones. En primer lugar, que en la exploración de las relaciones primarias Le Corbusier era más probable que hayan hecho referencia geométrica a los atributos del sitio existente. Una segunda parte de este argumento pasa a mostrar que una vez que se estableció el plan de Ronchamp se utiliza para proporcionar coordenadas geométricas de otras partes del desarrollo del sitio  Keywords: Ronchamp; geometry; proportion. Palabras clave: Ronchamp; la geometría; proporción. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.926
Memory and change through Le Corbusier. Fragments of urban views
Authors: Gorgeri Fabiola
Published: March 2016

Abstract: In the urban project of Le Corbusier the relationship between new and existing is opportunity of poetic composition. The real traces of the past of one place are transformative tools by which the new project is developed. The projects after World War II, like reconstruction project of Saint-Dié, are occasions to reflect about the new urban developments, rapid and extensive, and the relation of them with the landscape in a new territorial vision. The fragments of past and the new buildings are seen like belonging to a same context of reference and the entire urban composition forming part of a landscape on more large scale. Therefore, the urban project is an ensemble of architectural objects and nature that are held together by calculated visual relation. It is a kind of montage of urban views related to the dimension and measure of the human subject, like visual points or pedestrian paths. Memory and change are linked together by the natural history process and commensurate also to the human measure by a three dimension urbanism where the architecture can anew make the city. Resumen: En el proyecto urbanístico de Le Corbusier la relación entre la nueva y la existente es la oportunidad de la composición poética. Las huellas reales del pasado de un lugar son herramientas de transformación por el que se desarrolla el nuevo proyecto. Los proyectos después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, como el proyecto de reconstrucción de Saint-Dié, son ocasiones para reflexionar acerca de los nuevos desarrollos urbanos, rápidas y amplias, y la relación de ellos con el paisaje en una nueva visión territorial. Los fragmentos del pasado y los nuevos edificios son vistos como pertenecientes a un mismo contexto de referencia y toda la composición que forma parte urbana de un paisaje de más gran escala. Por lo tanto, el proyecto urbano es un conjunto de objetos arquitectónicos y la naturaleza que se mantienen unidas por la relación visual calculada. Es una especie de montaje de vistas urbanas relacionadas con la dimensión y la medida del ser humano, al igual que los puntos visuales o caminos peatonales. La memoria y el cambio están unidos entre sí por el proceso de la historia natural y acorde también a la medida humana por un tres dimensiones urbanismo donde la arquitectura de nuevo puede hacer de la ciudad.  Keywords: urban project; landscape; memory; Saint-Dié. Palabras clave: proyecto urbano; paisaje; memoria; Saint-Dié. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.927
L’Architecture Vivante y Le Corbusier
Authors: Moreno Moreno María Pura
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Las publicaciones especializadas de arquitectura facilitan la difusión de ideas, métodos y técnicas del período concreto de su existencia. Sus contenidos, analizados al cabo del tiempo, conforman un atlas de pensamiento capaz de enmarcar la interpretación social de un contexto espacio-temporal bajo el prisma de lo constructivo. Jean Badovici funda en 1923, junto al periodista Christian Zervos, la revista L’Architecture Vivante (1923-1933) editada por Albert Morancé. La aparición en sus páginas de una arquitectura técnicamente bien definida, acompañada de reseñas redactadas con rigor crítico por su director, o por los propios autores de las obras, hicieron de ella un instrumento prestigioso de propagación de las nuevas ideas entre el público profesional. Una relectura contemporánea de los textos y proyectos publicados, permite detectar el itinerario intelectual llevado a cabo por sus responsables respecto al convulso y cambiante entorno arquitectónico europeo en el que fijaron su mirada. En esa evolución, manifestada en apenas el período de una década, hay que subrayar el protagonismo adquirido por la obra de Le Corbusier que, a partir del cierre de L’Esprit Nouveau en 1925, no dudó en considerarla una excelente herramienta de exposición al debate de sus ideas, incluyendo en ella los proyectos y escritos realizados en pro de una arquitectura moderna. Abstract: The specialized publications in architecture facilitate the diffusion of ideas, methods and techniques of the particular period of its existence. Its contents, analyzed over time, make up an atlas of thought capable of framing the social interpretation of a spatial-temporal context under the prism of the constructive. Jean Badovici founded in 1923, together with the journalist Christian Zervos, the magazine L'Architecture Vivante (1923-1933), edited by Albert Morancé. The appearance on its pages of an architecture technically well- defined, accompanied by critiques written with critical rigor by its director, or for the authors of the works, they did of her a prestigious instrument of spread of the new ideas among the professional public. A contemporary revisiting of the texts and published projects, allows to detect the intellectual itinerary carried out by its persons in charge with regard to the convulsed and changeable European architectural environment in which they fixed its look. In this evolution manifested, in just the period of a decade, we must emphasize the prominence given to the work of Le Corbusier who, from the closure of L'Esprit Nouveau in 1925, did not hesitate in considering it as an excellent tool for exposure to the discussion of his ideas, including in it projects and writings made for a modern architecture.  Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; L’Architecture Vivante; Jean Badovici; revistas; arquitectura. Keywords: Le Corbusier; L’Architecture Vivante; Jean Badovici; magazines, architecture. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.929
Ronchamp in the spotlight. The feature of a shocking building in the 50s journals
Authors: Casas Cobo Francisco Javier
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Although currently it is largely accepted that Chapelle Notre-Dame du Haut at Ronchamp is one of the milestones in Le Corbusier’s works, there is no less agreement in saying that it was one of the most controversial of his works and one turning point in modern architecture, not only in terms of digging a grave for functionalism but to opening a window to a wide bunch of architects and works that would have been excluded from history and maybe forever otherwise. In order to recall its importance, we must look back to how architectural journals featured Ronchamp in the mid fifties as, on one hand, Le Corbusier was not a young architect but a very well known and respected one with an international reputation and therefore, it was not easy to criticize his works and, on the other hand, Ronchamp was such a shocking building for many colleagues who had no choice but writing about it that somehow they were between the Devil and the deep blue sea.  Keywords: Ronchamp; debate; journals; historiography, contemporary; criticism. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.942
MONUMENTALIZING MODERN MOBILITY
Authors: Comas Carlos Eduardo
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The inhabitable viaduct is one of the most intriguing design proposals of Le Corbusier. Scholarly attention has focused upon the curvilinear megastructures designed for Rio de Janeiro and Algiers and their connection to the Ville Radieuse, downplaying the introduction of the inhabitable viaduct in São Paulo, and its connection with earlier proposals for Montevideo and Buenos Aires, the Plan Voisin and Ville Contemporaine, when Le Corbusier himself suggested that all these designs make up a sequence. The inhabitable viaduct has been understood as a reaction to non-European landscape and the airplane view, standing for a new sense of the organic in Le Corbusier’s work. A closer inspection of these designs along with Le Corbusier’s pertinent texts and imagery suggests that his architecture from 1929 onwards changes in degree rather than nature. The genesis of the inhabitable viaduct is seen as part of a sequence of topological transformations, informed by specific but generalizable site conditions and a host of precedents, but also, and primarily, as an alternative in Le Corbusier's controversial quest for monumentalizing the modern metropolis. Resumen: El viaducto habitable es una de las propuestas más intrigantes de Le Corbusier. Los estudiosos han concentrado su atención en las mega-estructuras curvilíneas proyectadas para Río de Janeiro y Argelia y en sus conexiones con la Ville Radieuse, menospreciando la introducción del viaducto habitable en São Paulo, y su conexión con las propuestas anteriores para Montevideo y Buenos Aires, el Plan Voisin y Ville Contemporaine, cuando Le Corbusier mismo sugirió que todos eses proyectos forman una secuencia. El viaducto habitable ha sido entendido como una reacción al paisaje no-europeo y a la vista del avión, indicando un sentido nuevo de lo orgánico en la obra de Le Corbusier. Una inspección mas detenida de eses proyectos a la luz de textos e imágenes pertinentes del arquitecto sugiere que su arquitectura del 1929 en adelante sufre un cambio de énfasis y no de naturaleza. La génesis del viaducto habitable se ve aquí como parte de una secuencia de transformaciones topológica, que son informadas tanto por condiciones de situación a la vez específicas y susceptible de generalización cuanto por un conjunto de precedentes, pero también, y primariamente, como una alternativa en la búsqueda controvertida de Le Corbusier por monumentalizar la metrópolis moderna.  Keywords: Inhabitable viaduct/ South America/ Algiers/ Monumentality/ Landscape/ Urbanism. Palabras clave: Viaducto habitable/ Suramerica/ Argelia/ Monumentalidad/ Paisaje/ Urbanismo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.949
Le Corbusier Roof-Spaces
Authors: Como Alessandra , Smeragliuolo Perrotta Luisa , Forni Isotta
Published: March 2016

Abstract: From technical solution, the roof-garden became a key spatial theme within Le Corbusier’s work and creativity, evolving to become a fundamental component of his vision for the contemporary city. The roof garden is an open space in which to cultivate both the mind and body, and to experience a direct relationship with nature; through plants, the sky, and the sun, the urban and the natural world are combined together in the surroundings. This article follows the principal steps of Le Corbusier’s research, starting with his initial experimentation in his own apartment studio in rue Nungesser-et-Coli, through to the complex development at the Unité. It follows how the roof garden becomes an optical device toward the horizon and a strong evocative instrument. The relationship with the nature and the horizon are the key of readings of several selected design projects which demonstrate at the same time the continuity of the research and the richness of the variations on the theme itself. The roof garden is one of the most fertile topics of Le Corbusier’s legacy, evident in contemporary architectural developments. Resumen: A partir de una solución técnica, el roof-garden se convierte en el tema central del trabajo y de la poética de Le Corbusier, evolucionando para convertirse en un componente fundamental de su visión de la ciudad contemporánea. El roofgarden es un espacio abierto en el que el hombre puede cultivar la mente y el cuerpo, donde se puede experimentar una relación directa con la naturaleza -la vegetación, a través de las plantas, el cielo, el sol, el urbano -y el mundo natural se combinan juntos en los alrededores. Este texto sigue los pasos principales de la investigación de Le Corbusier , partiendo de las experimentaciones iniciales -en su apartamento-estudio en la rue Nungesser-et-Coli- hasta el complejo desarrollado en la Unité. El texto sigue como el roof garden se convierte en un dispositivo óptico hacia el horizonte y en un gran instrumento evocativo. La relación con la naturaleza y el horizonte son las claves de lectura de varios proyectos seleccionados que muestran a la vez la continuidad de la investigación y la riqueza de las variaciones sobre el tema. El roof garden es uno de los temas más vivos del legado de Le Corbusier, también de gran importancia hoy en la arquitectura contemporánea.  Keywords: Roof-garden; Nature; View; Horizon; Landscape. Palabras clave: Roof-garden; Naturaleza; Vista; Horizonte; Paisaje. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.960
FLC 4932. Lo inesperado en la obra de Le Corbusier. Consideraciones en torno al origen de la promenade
Authors: Miralles Jori Roger
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Entender la evolución de la idea de la promenade en la crítica corbuseriana. Cómo la idea ha ido pasando de la idea del movimiento al pintoresquismo, a lo cinematográfico y finalmente a la idea de montaje. Leyendo Le Corbusier entender que lo mas relevante de la promenade es la idea de lo inesperado para el espectador. Entender de dónde viene esta idea de lo inesperado a través de la formación de Le Corbusier y, sobretodo, a partir de su formación en la crítica del S.XIX. Especialmente importante para entender la idea de lo inesperado es el libro de Mornings in Florence de Ruskin, en especial su descripción de la capilla de los españoles. Esta capilla también será objeto de estudio por Le Corbusier y, en ella, reconoce la importancia de lo inesperado en arquitectura. Abstract: The first objective of this paper is to understand the evolution of the idea of promenade in Le Corbusier’s critic. The paper follows how the idea has changed from the movement to the picturesque, to the cinematographic and finally to the idea of montage. The second objective is to understand that the idea of the unexpected for the spectator is key for the promenade. Then we try to understand where does the idea of the unexpected come in Le Corbusier’s formation with special interest in his formation in the nineteenth century critics. And how important to understand the idea of the unexpected is Ruskin’s Mornings in Florence, specially his description of the Spanish Chapel. This chapel will be case study for Le Corbusier and in his study he recognises the importance of the unexpected in architecture.  Palabras clave: Promenade, Espacio inesperado, Formación de Le Corbusier, Viajes de Le Corbusier, Capilla de los españoles. Keywords: Promenade, Unexpected space, Le Corbusier formation, Le Corbusier Travels, Spanish Chapel. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.976
Estrellas sobre fondos cambiantes: convocando la luz
Authors: Álvarez Gallego Isabel , Blanco Agüeira Silvia
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Tras crear y desarrollar durante siete años diecinueve poemas manuscritos, que hoy en día son considerados síntesis de su pensamiento, Le Corbusier publicó en 1955 su Poème de l´Angle Droit. Al estudiar este poema reconocemos en él los principales temas presentes en su trayectoria, así como algunos elementos —la espada, la nube y la estrella— que aparecen en su obra pictórica y arquitectónica. La presente comunicación pretende desvelar las conexiones que se establecen entre uno de estos elementos en concreto, como es la imagen de la estrella, y su incorporación al proceso de proyecto lecorbusieriano. Se trata de analizar cómo este tema, que se repite de forma obsesiva, configura imágenes que permanecen en las estrategias arquitectónicas que llevó a cabo el maestro suizo. La estrella habla de faro, de guía, de motor dentro de un proceso de viaje. Es el elemento que representa la movilidad del cosmos, que rige ese carácter de repetición ligado al arte; una señal que guía al viajero y define el itinerario que deben seguir sus pasos, que nos hace pensar en una brillante luz y en la distancia entre lo real y lo imaginado. Y, sobre todo, es la referencia presente en edificios, que condensaban así reflexiones que daban coherencia y unidad a las distintas opciones del proyecto. Abstract: Following a seven year period dedicated to the creation and development of nineteen manuscript poems, which today are considered a synthesis of his thinking, in 1955 Le Corbusier published his Poème de l´Angle Droit. The study of this poem reveals the principal themes that dominated his trajectory, as well as a series of elements, namely the sword, the cloud and the star, which appear in his pictorial and architectural work. This paper aims to shed light on the connections established between one of these elements in particular —the star— and its incorporation into Lecorbuserian method of architectural design. It seeks to analyse how this item is repeated obsessively, forming images which remain rooted in the architectural strategies developed by the Swiss architect. The star speaks of a lighthouse, a guide, a driving force that spurs on the journey. It is the element that represents the mobility of the cosmos, which governs the nature of repetition linked to art; a signal that guides the traveler and traces the route their steps must take them, leading us to think of a bright light and the distance that separates the real and the imagined. And above all, it is the reference in those buildings that condensed the reflections that gave coherence and unity to the various project options.  Palabras clave: estrella; cosmos; proyecto; mirada; símbolo; proceso creativo. Keywords: star; cosmos; project; gaze, symbol; creative process. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.980
Crónica de un desencuentro: Le Corbusier en las Américas
Authors: Lapunzina Alejandro
Published: March 2016

Resumen: La relación de Le Corbusier con el continente americano abarca virtualmente toda su vida activa. Plasmada en una veintena de viajes trasatlánticos y en un conjunto heterogéneo de propuestas, proyectos y obras, esta relación estuvo marcada por frecuentes malentendidos y desencuentros que condicionaron la concreción de algunos de sus proyectos. No obstante, el valor de su obra americana, representada por dos obras extraordinarias –la Casa Curutchet en Argentina y el Carpenter Center en Estados Unidos— y por una serie de proyectos notables que no llegaron a materializarse, merece un tratamiento específico. Este artículo está dedicado a presentar una síntesis de la relación y recíproco desencuentro entre Le Corbusier y el continente americano. Abstract: The relationship between Le Corbusier and the American continent virtually encompasses his entire professional life. Embodied by about twenty transatlantic trips and a series of heterogeneous projects and buildings, this relationship was marked by frequent misunderstandings that conditioned the materialization of some of his projects. However, the significance of Le Corbusier’s work for the Americas, represented by two extraordinary buildings –the Curutchet House in Argentina and the Carpenter Center in the United States— and by a series of noteworthy projects that remained unbuilt, deserves special consideration. This article is dedicated to present an outline of the relationship and reciprocal misunderstanding between Le Corbusier and the American continent.  Palabras clave: Américas; Planes urbanos; Casa Curutchet; Carpenter Center; Viajes y Proyectos. Keywords: Americas; Urban Plans; Curutchet House; Carpenter Center; Travels and Projects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.985
INFLUENCIAS PINTORESCAS DE LE CORBUSIER EN EL PABELLÓN BRASILEÑO DE OSAKA´70
Authors: Garcia-Gasco Lominchar Sergio
Published: March 2016

Resumen: Iñaki Ábalos, en su libro “Atlas pintoresco” traza una línea de investigación sobre el Movimiento Moderno y su relación con la naturaleza y el paisaje. El autor establece un análisis en el que desenmascara los elementos pintorescos en la obra de Le Corbusier de manera que, aun apareciendo muchos de ellos en estado “latente” desde sus primeros postulados teóricos, paulatinamente y “casi de forma secreta” se irán adueñando de su modo de proyectar hasta conquistar todas las escalas de la arquitectura en su etapa final. Algunas de las características arquitectónicas de la llamada Escuela Paulista parecen ser a su vez influencia de la obra tardía de Le Corbusier. El pabellón de Paulo Mendes para la Exposición Universal de Osaka´70 nos sirve en este artículo para establecer un análisis de determinados aspectos pintorescos de Le Corbusier que subyacen en la arquitectura brasileña en general y de Paulo Mendes en particular. Abstract: Iñaki Abalos develop in “Atlas pintoresco” a research about Modern Movement and its relationship with nature and landscape. The author provides an analysis which unmask the picturesque elements in the work of Le Corbusier. These elements, even being "latent" in its earliest theoretical postulates, gradually and "almost secretly" will take over his way of projecting to conquer all scales of architecture in its final stage. Some of the architectural features of the so-called Paulista School seems to have influences of the later work of Le Corbusier. Paulo Mendes pavilion for the World Expo Osaka'70 can serve to establish an analysis of some of the picturesque aspects of Le Corbusier underlying brazilian architecture in general and Paulo Mendes in particular.  Palabras clave: Pintoresco; Escola Paulista ; Le Corbusier; Paulo Mendes da Rocha; Naturaleza; Paisaje. Keywords: Picturesque; Paulista School; Le Corbusier; Paulo Mendes da Rocha; Nature; Landscape. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.992
Resiliency and subjective health assessment. Moderating role of selected psychosocial variables
Authors: Sołtys Michalina , Woźniewicz Agnieszka
Published: March 2016

Background

Resiliency is defined as a relatively permanent personality trait, which may be assigned to the category of health resources. The aim of this study was to determine conditions in which resiliency poses a significant health resource (moderation), thereby broadening knowledge of the specifics of the relationship between resiliency and subjective health assessment.

Participants and procedure

The study included 142 individuals. In order to examine the level of resiliency, the Assessment Resiliency Scale (SPP-25) by N. Ogińska-Bulik and Z. Juczyński was used. Participants evaluated subjective health state by means of an analogue-visual scale. Additionally, in the research the following moderating variables were controlled: sex, objective health status, having a partner, professional activity and age. These data were obtained by personal survey.

Results

The results confirmed the relationship between resiliency and subjective health assessment. Multiple regression analysis revealed that sex, having a partner and professional activity are significant moderators of associations between level of resiliency and subjective health evaluation. However, statistically significant interaction effects for health status and age as a moderator were not observed.

Conclusions

Resiliency is associated with subjective health assessment among adults, and selected socio-demographic features (such as sex, having a partner, professional activity) moderate this relationship. This confirms the significant role of resiliency as a health resource and a reason to emphasize the benefits of enhancing the potential of individuals for their psychophysical wellbeing. However, the research requires replication in a more homogeneous sample.
Indirect costs of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Raciborski Filip , Kłak Anna , Kwiatkowska Brygida
Published: March 2016

It is estimated that in Poland about 400,000 persons in general suffer from inflammatory joint diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Epidemiological surveys documenting the frequency and disturbance of musculoskeletal disorders in the Polish population are few in number. Most of the estimations are based on epidemiological data from other countries (prevalence of 0.5–1%). According to the data of the National Health Fund in Poland 135,000–157,000 persons in total are treated because of rheumatoid arthritis per year [ICD10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems): M05, M06]. In the case of this group of diseases indirect costs significantly outweigh the direct costs. Indirect costs increase together with activity level of the disease. The cost analysis of productivity loss of RA patients indicates that sickness absenteeism and informal care are the most burdensome. At the national level it amounts in total from 1.2 billion to 2.8 billion PLN per year, depending on the method of analysis. These costs could be significantly reduced through early diagnosis and introduction of effective treatment.
Milk fat globule E-8 and interleukin 17 in systemic lupus erythematosus: partners in crime?
Authors: Madkour Lamiaa , Elgengehy Fatema , Niazy Marwa , Ghoneim Shada
Published: March 2016

Objectives:  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-factorial, autoimmune disease with a wide array of manifestations. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 has been implicated in the inflammatory response and tissue damage in SLE; however, its correlation with disease activity is still questionable. Meanwhile, efficient clearance of apoptotic cells is required for immune tolerance. An abnormally low or high level of milk fat globule (MFG-E8) can result in impaired apoptotic cell clearance and the subsequent autoimmune response. In this study, we endeavoured to compare the levels of MFG-E8 and IL-17 in SLE patients and healthy controls and to reveal the alleged association of these levels with SLE disease activity.

Material and methods:  Serum samples from 57 SLE patients and 30 healthy control subjects were examined for quantitation of MFG-E8 and IL-17 levels using ELISA. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity was calculated using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of the patients were also recorded.

Results: We report that serum MFG-E8 levels were significantly elevated in the sera of SLE patients compared to healthy controls (p-value = 0.019). Likewise, IL-17 levels were higher in SLE patients (p-value < 0.001). A positive correlation was revealed between MFG-E8 level and proteinuria. Surprisingly, there was a poor correlation between disease activity and the levels of either IL-17 or MFG-E8.

Conclusions: Although serum MFG-E8 and IL-17 levels were higher in SLE patients than in normal controls, our results indicate that they cannot accurately reflect the disease activity. Meanwhile, further studies are needed to assess MFG-E8 and IL-17 as potential therapeutic targets in SLE patients.
Comparison of clinical and serological parameters in female and male patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Wielosz Ewa , Majdan Maria , Dryglewska Magdalena , Suszek Dorota
Published: March 2016

Objectives: The course of systemic sclerosis (SSc) can differ in female and male patients. According to the literature the incidence rates of diffuse cutaneous SSc, scleroderma renal crisis and digital ulceration are higher in male patients. The aim of the study was to compare selected clinical and serological parameters in male and female patients with SSc.

Material and methods: The study encompassed 101 European Caucasian patients with SSc, including 23 men, hospitalized in the Department of Rheumatology. Patients fulfilled the American Rheumatism Association (ARA) classification criteria for SSc. The study groups of men and women were assessed according to the SSc subtype, incidence of internal organ involvement and presence of antinuclear antibodies considered SSc markers.

Results: Diffuse cutaneous (dc) SSc was observed more commonly in men than in women (13/23 vs. 25/78; p = 0.03). The time from the development of Raynaud’s phenomenon to the diagnosis was significantly shorter in male compared to female patients (3.2 ±4.7 vs. 7.5 ±7.1; p = 0.01). The incidence of scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) was significantly higher (3/23 vs. 2/78; p = 0.04) and of other calcifications significantly lower in the male group compared to the female group (1/23 vs. 20/78; p = 0.02).

Conclusions: We concluded that the incidence of dcSSc is higher in men compared to women. The time from the development of Raynaud’s phenomenon to the diagnosis is shorter in the male compare to female group. The incidence of SRC is higher, whereas that of calcifications is lower in SSc men. The serological profiles of female and male patients with SSc are comparable.
Syndromes with chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in the spine
Authors: Kubaszewski Łukasz , Wojdasiewicz Piotr , Rożek Marcin , Słowińska Iwona E. , Romanowska-Próchnicka Katarzyna , Słowiński Radosław , Poniatowski Łukasz A. , Gasik Robert
Published: March 2016

Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) has been known for over of 40 years. It is an underrecognized entity due to the low number of described cases and poor propagation awareness of the problem. Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis is usually confused with infectious spondylodiscitis or malignant lesions, both primary and metastatic. Failing to consider CNO as one of possible lesions of the spine among an array of differential diagnoses may lead to a prolonged ineffective treatment increasing treatment-related morbidity. In this paper the authors describe these two syndromes, with a possible autoimmune background – chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) and SAPHO syndrome – that include CNO being among the manifestations. The authors present the spinal symptomatology of CNO for both syndromes published so far to help spine clinicians organize the information for better usage in everyday clinical practice.