bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Quality of Solder Joints within Silicon Solar Modules Using Magnetic Field Imaging
Authors: Kaufmann Kai , Lausch Dominik , Lin Chia-Mei , Rudolph Maik , Hahn Daniel , Patzold Markus
Published: December 2020

Solar cells and modules are already a mature technology in mass production. It is critical to optimize and to systematically monitor their performance. The introduction of automated soldering processes and the increasing usage of novel contacting schemes can cause harmful defects, e.g., missing and defective contacts, and, thus, affect the electrical performance of solar modules after production or in field usages. Herein, magnetic field imaging (MFI) is utilized to do a non‐destructive, quantitative analysis of the modules to investigate the quality of the soldering contacts. In detail, the cross connector, interconnector, and rear‐side pads are investigated. The typical in‐field observed defects are presented. For the first time, the quality of rear‐side pads under operation is studied in detail. It is shown that 1) directly after production, the current conduction takes place not only via the rear pads but also via the press‐on contact between the bare aluminum and the rear‐side ribbons; 2) an off‐centered ribbon on the pad leads to abnormal current distribution; and 3) single rear‐side pad breaks as a function of thermal cycles due to thermo‐mechanical stress.
Laser Beam‐Induced Transient Acoustic Waves in Graphene Oxides
Authors: Thekkekara Litty V. , Cole Ivan
Published: December 2020

Laser beam‐induced graphene oxides (GOs) with excellent tunable properties have to find attention in various applications. But, the understanding of the complex mechanics involved in this reduction process is incomplete, most primarily the reduction using ultrashort laser beam pulses. Herein, the influence of laser beam‐induced acoustic waves on the photoreduction as well as the generation of a reversible phase in the GOs using photoacoustic studies is presented. However, these waves influence the phase transition in GOs. These observations find aspiring applications for next‐generation optical technologies, such as data storage and neural chips.
Color Tunable Emission of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+and Sm3+‐Doped Zinc–Germanate–Tellurite Glass Nanocomposite Powders and Coatings for Light‐Emitting Diodes Applications
Authors: Salazar-Valenzuela Ernesto Abraham , Alvarado-Rivera Josefina , Álvarez-Ramos Mario Enrique
Published: December 2020

A series of nanocomposite (NC) powders and coatings of ZnO–GeO2–TeO2:xSm3+glass and Y3Al5O12:Ce3+nanoparticles (YAG:Ce) are fabricated. Samarium ions concentration of the glass phosphor is varied withxvalues of 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mol%. The powder batches are prepared with a 95/5 mass ratio of glass/YAG:Ce and uniaxially pressed to obtain powder pellets that are heat‐treated at 350 °C. Morphology and structural characterization are conducted through X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The photoluminescence properties of NCs are investigated under different wavelengths of 340, 403, and 460 nm, showing a global emission tonality in the reddish‐orange and yellowish‐green region according to the estimated CIE 1931 chromaticity coordinates. Also, NC coatings soda–lime glass slides are fabricated, and their photoluminescence is characterized using an UV light‐emitting chip (≈365 nm) and a blue light‐emitting chip (≈460 nm). The global emission under UV and blue light from the light‐emitting diode (LED) chips of the NC coatings shows a color tunability in the warm white light and yellowish‐green region.
Photoinitiators use in printed baby bibs and their migration into Tenax® by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Galbiati Edoardo , Pereira Joel , Selbourne Maria do Céu , Poças Fátima
Published: December 2020

A simple and accessible gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method was developed to determine photoinitiators (PIs) in plastics for food contact and their migration into Tenax®. The method showed analytical performance suitable for compliance assessment. The limit of detection values found were as follows: for benzophenone and 4‐(4‐morpholinyl)benzaldehyde ~3 μg kg−1 food (6 dm2 kg−1 food), for 4‐methylbenzophenone and ethyl‐4‐(dimethylamino)‐benzoate ~1.5 μg kg−1 food and for 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐(dimethylamino)benzoate ~43 μg kg−1 food. For all the other PIs studied, limits of detection lower than 1 μg kg−1 food were found.

The method was applied to analyse samples of plastic baby bibs collected in European market. Results indicate that several unauthorised PIs are in use to print bibs. The most commonly detected PIs were benzophenone detected in nearly all samples and isopropylthioxanthone quantified in 12 out of 22 samples. Several non‐evaluated PIs were detected: triphenyl phosphate, 2‐ethylanthraquinone, 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone, 4‐(4‐methylphenyltio)benzophenone, 1‐hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone and 4,4′‐bis(diethylamino)‐benzophenone. These two latter PIs were found at the highest concentration (more than 100 μgg−1).

Testing a selection of samples for migration into Tenax® gave results exceeding the applicable migration limit for 1‐hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone with 0.532 mg kg−1 (specific migration limit = 0.01 mg kg−1) and for methyl 2‐benzoylbenzoate with 0.182 mg kg−1 (specific migration limit = 0.05 mg kg−1). Although the results may be affected by a certain overestimation degree given the experimental conditions, they certainly flag an area of potential interest for surveillance and more detailed risk evaluation, particularly because bibs are often not seen by industry as food contact materials, and surveillance actions are not systematically acted.
Panoramic view of digital education in COVID‐19: A new explored avenue
Authors: Maity Sudarshan , Sahu Tarak Nath , Sen Nabanita
Published: December 2020

The Covid‐19 pandemic has forced restructuring in several sectors to ensure the delivery of services are accomplished to the greatest possible extent. The Indian Government has imposed rigorous lockdown regulations, which has had an impact on all aspects of the economy and promotes the adoption of digital technology. The lockdown has accelerated adherence to online platforms for effective accessibility of the teaching and learning process without compromising on quality. Democratisation of technology has been a significant critical issue of the hour. In the closures since March 16, 2020 ‒ from nursery school to university level ‒ all scheduled examinations during this period were postponed. The teachers and students are in a dilemma with regard to current academic sessions and with upcoming semester examinations. The Covid‐19 pandemic gave momentum to the digital teaching‐learning mode with a transformation from chalkboards to Google Meet, Zoom and WebEx, etc. The study is based on primary data of 750 respondents in West Bengal, India, which includes teachers and students from school to university level. The effectiveness, accessibility and quality of this virtual mode of education have been investigated with the application of the Friedman test, and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and effect sizes. The present study is an attempt to assess and understand the impact of Covid‐19 on the teaching and learning process in developing countries. The study reveals that students from school to university level are significantly affected by the novel digital teaching and learning modes resorted to during this pandemic crisis.
Template‐Directed Synthesis of Two Dinuclear Ni(II) Complexes together with Their Interconversion, Crystal Structures and DNA‐Binding Studies
Authors: Wang Yang , Wu Zhongyuan , Liu Yuxiu , Liu Yulan , Qiu Yinsheng , Yan Juntao , Cheng Xianzhong , Zhou Guoqing
Published: December 2020

Dinuclear Ni(II) macrocyclic complex A ([Ni2L1OAc]ClO4⋅CH3OH⋅H2O) and dinuclear Ni(II) acyclic complex B ([Ni2L2](ClO4)2) were synthesized by condensation between H2L (3,3′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diylbis(benzylazanediyl))bis(methylene)bis(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐benzaldehyde)) and different molar equivalent 1,3‐propanediamine in the presence of Ni(II) ions. The structures of complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrospray mass spectra and X‐ray single crystal diffraction. In complex A, the Ni(II)‐Ni(II) distance was 2.9413(7) Å, bridged by two phenolic oxygens and an acetate anion, while in complex B, it was 3.0540(1) Å, only bridged by two phenolic oxygens. The calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) binding ability was studied through spectroscopic and electrochemical methods, the corresponding binding constant for complexes A and B were 6.45×104 M−1 and 8.65×104 M−1, respectively. The MS revealed that B can transform to A by adding more H2L, and A cannot transform to B in the presence of excess 1,3‐propanediamine.
Overeducation and wages revisited: A two‐cohort comparison and random coefficients approach
Authors: Artz Benjamin , Welsch David M.
Published: December 2020

We examine the effect of overeducation on wages by comparing two cohorts from the 1979 and 1997 U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth panels. Using an econometric technique uncommon to the literature, we allow for overeducation to have a disparate impact on wages across individuals by employing random slopes models. Overeducation has a positive marginal effect on wages. Yet, cohort comparisons reveal that the returns to overeducation declined dramatically over time. In the past, surplus schooling in full‐time jobs returned nearly as much as the correct level of education. Presently it returns approximately 50% less than in the past. The effect of undereducation and required education on wages changed as well, but by far less.
Engaging the hands, heads, and hearts in a medical simulation informal learning environment
Authors: Tal Tali , Dallashe Sameer
Published: December 2020

We investigated the characteristics of a medical simulation‐based informal learning environment (MSBE) of a science center—an environment not yet studied—to understand its uniqueness and its impact on visiting students. In the MSBE, students interact with, and operate, sophisticated simulators which demonstrate a range of medical situations. Visiting students comprised mainly high school students, who do not commonly visit science centers. They included Jewish and Arab students of diverse socioeconomic statuses. Data collection in this mixed‐method study comprised pre‐post open‐ended views and content questionnaires, a semantic difference survey and interviews. To scrutinize student learning and attitude change, we compared the visiting students with a comparison group who did not visit the MSBE. The MSBE enabled mainly collaborative and active/hands‐on learning that helped students visualize and experience abstract ideas and yielded a variety of learning outcomes. We present evidence that the students improved their attitudes toward biology and medicine and improved their understanding of biological principles related to the human body. Addressing both museum learning literature and literature on different types of scientific and health literacies, we highlight the value to student engagement and learning of this unique medical simulation learning environment.
Determination of optimal battery energy storage system capacity for commercial electricity consumers with photovoltaic systems by integrating battery aging and PV forecast uncertainty
Authors: Chayarun Pongdanai , Kawabe Kenichi , Nanahara Toshiya
Published: December 2020

A battery energy storage system (BESS) is a promising technology to augment the benefits provided by photovoltaic (PV) power generation. This study proposes a method to evaluate the optimal capacity of a BESS for commercial electricity consumers with PV systems. This method considers the aging effect of a BESS and the PV output uncertainty through linear programming and a real‐time control method. The benefit of BESS installation is assessed through cost–benefit analysis by using the net present value (NPV) in the determination of the optimal BESS capacity. Subsequently, the method is applied to the numerical simulation of a commercial load. In the numerical simulation, an optimal capacity is demonstrated at which the benefits of the BESS are maximum, especially the NPV. In addition, we highlight the impact of PV output uncertainty on the benefits of the BESS and verify the effectiveness of the proposed real‐time control method in mitigating this impact. The importance of considering the degradation of a BESS in the evaluation of the optimal capacity is also discussed. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Beyond binary outcomes in climate adaptation: The illustrative case of desalination
Authors: Tubi Amit , Williams Joe
Published: December 2020

This article develops an integrated approach to understanding adaptation outcomes. Current debates tend to consider actions to respond to climate change as either adaptive or maladaptive, leading to binary framings of outcomes as either successful or harmful. To address this, our article considers the vast space that exists between success and failure in climate change adaptation, highlighting the importance of applying the concepts of successful adaptation and maladaptation jointly in analyses of such outcomes. To this end, we develop an integrated framework to examine the major adaptive and maladaptive effects induced by large‐scale seawater desalination. Now a major component of water supply in cities and regions around the world, desalination is increasingly viewed as an adaptation to water challenges linked with climate change. Based on a comprehensive review of the (successful/mal)adaptation literature, we present a matrix that will help academics and practitioners think through the complex and overlapping outcomes of adaptation via desalination in the water sector. We then discuss the insights concerning the configurations of desalination's adaptive and maladaptive outcomes. Overall, we present a threefold argument: (1) that examining successful outcomes alongside maladaptive ones enables a more complete and nuanced understanding of the overall effects of adaptation actions and their spatial and temporal distribution; (2) that a consideration of this can help to highlight the tradeoffs and constraints that are inherent in adaptation in order to support decision‐making; and (3) that a more complex approach to adaptation outcomes can assist in problematizing the social‐political drivers and consequences of adaptation.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies
Advances in the use of microalgal–bacterial consortia for wastewater treatment: Community structures, interactions, economic resource reclamation, and study techniques
Authors: Mu Ruimin , Jia Yantian , Ma Guixia , Liu Leran , Hao Kaixuan , Qi Feng , Shao Yuanyuan
Published: December 2020

The rise in living standards has generated a demand for higher aquatic environmental quality. The microalgal community and the surrounding organic molecules, environmental factors, and microorganisms, such as bacteria, are together defined as the phycosphere. The bacteria in the phycosphere can form consortia with microalgae through various forms of interaction. The study of the species in these consortia and their relative proportions is of great significance in determining the species and strains of stable algae that can be used in sewage treatment. This article summarizes the following topics: the interactions between microalgae and bacteria that are required to establish consortia; how symbiosis between algae and bacteria is established; microalgal competition with bacteria through inhibition and anti‐inhibition strategies; the influence of environmental factors on microalgal–bacterial aggregates, such as illumination conditions, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and nutrient levels; the application of algal–bacterial aggregates to enhance biomass production and nutrient reuse; and techniques for studying the community structure and interactions of algal–bacterial consortia, such as microscopy, flow cytometry, and omics.

Practitioner points

Community structures in microalgal–bacterial consortia in wastewater treatment.

Interactions between algae and bacteria in wastewater treatment.

Effects of ecological factors on the algal–bacterial community in wastewater treatment.

Economically recycling resources from algal–bacterial consortia based on wastewater.

Technologies for studying microalgal–bacterial consortia in wastewater treatment.
Multidisciplinary Teamwork and the Insanity Defence: A Case of Infanticide in Iraq
Authors: Al-Taiar Hasanen
Published: December 2020

In April 2018, the author had an opportunity to visit Al-Rashad Hospital (where the only forensic psychiatry unit in Iraq exists) and he had the chance to meet with the brave psychiatrists and mental health professionals who worked in the oldest psychiatric hospital in Iraq. The author was amazed by how these colleagues operate amidst all challenges, limited financial resources and funding difficulties.

The author was impressed by the work of the forensic psychiatry committee which determines the criminal responsibility of a large number of cases from all over Iraq. He had the chance of attending the Ministry of Health’s specialist panel which determines criminal responsibility for mentally disordered detainees. He attended the assessment of a young lady who was remanded on suspicion of killing her 1 year old son (infanticide). The panel and after two interviews concluded that the suspect had autism and learning disability. The patient was deemed irresponsible for her criminal behaviour and she was eventually granted an equivalent of a hospital treatment order.
Migration Narratives: An Introduction to Part I, Exemplars
Authors: Fulford Bill
Published: December 2020

Four common themes about cultural values are identified as exemplified in different ways by the migration narratives presented in this Part: (1)their negative role: the role of cultural values as factors in the causes and presentation of a wide variety of mental health issues; (2)their positive role: the role of cultural values also as positive or protective factors and hence the need in mental health to balance negative and positive roles as they apply in a given individual’s story; (3)narrative understanding: the significance of narrative as a uniquely powerful way of understanding cultural and other values and the range of philosophical resources by which this role is supported; and (4)partnership with science: the essential partnership between values and science in mental health. The significance of these themes as they play out across the book as a whole is indicated.
Living at the Edge of Compromise: Balkan Pluralism as a Resource for Balanced Decision-Making
Authors: Stoyanov Drozdstoy , Fulford Bill
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents a case study from Eastern Europe illustrating Balkan pluralist cultural values as a resource for balanced dissensual decision-making in values-based practice. In responding to his neighbor Ivailo’s request for a loan, Dr. Petrov has to balance the conflicting demands of financial prudence and humanitarian neighborliness. In this, he draws on the Balkan tradition of ‘living at the edge of compromise’ required to survive several centuries of occupation by different colonizing powers. Balkan pluralism so derived provides a counter example to the idea that people are inherently monistic rather than pluralistic in their response to conflicting values and thus opens up new approaches to implementing values-based practice.
Three Points in Time: How Values and Culture Affected My Life, Madness and the People Around Me
Authors: Crepaz-Keay David
Published: December 2020

This chapter uses three key points in my life to explore the impact of values and cultures on clinical and real-world outcomes. The episodes describe three events that took place over a period of about 20 years. The episodes reflect the then-prevailing values and cultures in psychiatry, broader society and my own experience of living with both a psychiatric diagnosis and the experience of hearing and seeing things. The chapter aims to encourage an understanding of the difference between diagnosis and lived experience and that both can have an impact and explores how both these are directly affected by the cultures and values of everyone involved.
Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder or Neuroenhancement of Socially Accepted Modesty? The Case of Ms. Suzuki
Authors: Sakakibara Eisuke
Published: December 2020

This chapter presents the case of Ms. Suzuki, a modest Japanese woman who had worked as a clerk for more than 20 years. After she was promoted at age 43, she found herself unable to adapt properly to her management position because it required assertiveness and leadership. She saw a psychiatrist following her supervisor’s advice. She had some of the symptoms of social anxiety disorder (SAD), but it was uncertain whether she met the diagnostic criteria. To elucidate the considerations involved before initiating or refraining from pharmacotherapy, I refer to the ethical debates on neuroenhancement. First, medication would spoil her authenticity, because her modesty is part of her virtue. Second, medicating a person seeing a psychiatrist at her boss’s instigation might constitute a milder form of coercive treatment. Third, diagnosing Ms. Suzuki with SAD seems to endorse her company’s culture, whereas denying her disorder status would affirm Japanese culture’s oppressiveness toward women. When a case lies on the border between normality and pathology, relying on the psychiatric diagnosis for ethical guidance disguises value judgments for matters of fact. Therefore, we should explicitly state the conflicting values and the cultural influences on them to make better clinical decisions.
Dangerous Liaisons: Science, Tradition, and Qur’anic Healing in the Dakhla Oasis of Egypt
Authors: Rashed Mohammed Abouelleil , Van Staden Werdie
Published: December 2020

This Chapter presents the case of a Qur’anic healer in the Dakhla Oasis of Egypt. It identifies the values that the healer is seeking to promote and the cultural influences on his beliefs and practices. The Chapter demonstrates the interplay of traditional practices and scientific concepts and methods, and concludes by considering implications for the development of mental health services in communities such as the Dakhla Oasis.
Values, Meanings, Hermeneutics and Mental Health
Authors: Wong Michael TH
Published: December 2020

A patient with neuropsychiatric symptoms was presented. The relevance of hermeneutics to the explanation and understanding of her illness experience and expression was highlighted. Her illness narrative was reviewed as a multi-layered discourse, and the clinical outcome through this hermeneutic analysis and intervention was reported. The complex interplay between values culture and meaning in the experience and expression of mental illness was summarized, demonstrating how hermeneutics facilitates values-based practice (VBP) to promote mental health and well-being.
Disha: Building Bridges-Removing Barriers: Where Excluded and Privileged Young Adults Meet
Authors: Natu Sadhana
Published: December 2020

The Chapter aims to detail out the need and process for setting up a Peer Support and Speak Out group in 1992 against the backdrop of early years of globalization in India. The chapter describes how the group has evolved, describing some of the activities and its outcomes. Case studies of Disha Coordinators (using narratives) place before the reader, both the challenges and vantage point views of student diversity. The coordinators are a mix from underprivileged and privileged backgrounds. In the last 27 years, Disha has managed to help students from diverse backgrounds (rural and urban poor, Dalit, Bahujan, urban upper middle class, international students) to come together and look at mental health issues from their varied locations of caste, class, gender, region and reconstitute their identities and look at life afresh. The chapter tries to document some of these rich insights and in doing so attempts to add to the value-based mental health practice from a small margin of the largest democracy in the world that is pushing and challenging the centre.
Theory First: An Introduction to Part II, Theory
Authors: Fulford Bill
Published: December 2020

Part II of this book illustrates the importance of cultural values in enriching the philosophical theory underpinning values-based mental health care. Building on the origins of values-based practice in ordinary language philosophy (see Chap. 1), the contributions of a culturally enriched theory to practice are illustrated by the roles, respectively, of aesthetics (Chap. 7), phenomenology (Chaps. 8 and 9), African philosophy (Chaps. 10 and 11) and feminist philosophy (Chap. 12). Chapters 13 and 14 in contrast illustrate how practice may also inform theory. They explore through a series of narrative examples, the boundary of the concept of mental disorder as represented by the contested relationship between spiritual/religious experiences and psychopathology. The selection of topics presented in this Part is representative, though far from exhaustive, of the scope for two-way engagement between culturally enriched philosophical theory and mental health practice.
The Will to Beauty as a Therapeutic Agent: Aesthetic Values in the Treatment of Addictive Disorders
Authors: Scheibenbogen Oliver , Musalek Michael
Published: December 2020

Addiction and its comorbid disorders lead not only to massive losses in lifestyle but also to a loss of values. On the other hand, therapy and thus healing always means a resumption of the value discussion. In the present case vignette, the change in values of an alcohol-dependent woman and her turn to the beautiful in the sense of a resource-oriented therapy are described. Enjoying beautiful things led the patient to increase the self-efficacy expectation; at the same time, it was the initial step to emerge from the victim role and to start a self-responsible life again. The Will to Beauty is an integral part of the Orpheus Programme, a resource-oriented therapy for treating substance use disorders and behavioural addictions.
Ethos, Embodiment, Psychosis: Losing One’s Home-Identity Stakes
Authors: Gennart Michèle
Published: December 2020

In reference to phenomenology, the living body, feeling and acting, is approached as having an essential mediating function: at the same time, it brings us into the world and supports our identity. In “Tania Z’” story, she falls into a serious crisis following her parents’ decision to sell the shared family home. She experiences this not only as a betrayal but also as a loss of the “envelope” that previously allowed her to move safely in the world. She feels hurt even in her own body space and loses her ability to continue living.

Tania Z speaks to us in a revealing way of the singular status of the home: a cultural work that can be possessed, transmitted, or destroyed according to certain social rules. But it is also, like the body, a privileged space of the “self,” with the loss of which the subject may be threatened in her or his ability to survive. This is at least what happens in situations of vulnerability where the person needs to rely on a stable physical space to gather as one’s self and feel safe in the world.
Classical sub-subleading soft photon and soft graviton theorems in four spacetime dimensions
Authors: Sahoo Biswajit
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Classical soft photon and soft graviton theorems determine long wavelength electromagnetic and gravitational waveforms for a general classical scattering process in terms of the electric charges and asymptotic momenta of the ingoing and outgoing macroscopic objects. Performing Fourier transformation of the electromagnetic and gravitational waveforms in the frequency variable one finds electromagnetic and gravitational waveforms at late and early retarded time. Here extending the formalism developed in [1], we derive sub-subleading electromagnetic and gravitational waveforms which behave like u−2(ln u) at early and late retarded time u in four spacetime dimensions. We also have derived the sub-subleading soft photon theorem analyzing two loop amplitudes in scalar QED. Finally, we conjectured the structure of leading non-analytic contribution to (sub)n-leading classical soft photon and graviton theorems which behave like u−n(ln u)n−1 for early and late retarded time u.
Risk factors for intraoperative greater trochanteric fractures in hemiarthroplasty for intracapsular femoral neck fractures
Authors: Fakler Johannes Karl Maria , Brand Alexander , Lycke Christian , Pempe Christina , Ghanem Mohamed , Roth Andreas , Osterhoff Georg , Spiegl Ulrich Josef Albert , Höch Andreas , Zajonz Dirk
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Hemiarthroplasty is widely accepted as the treatment of choice in elderly patients with a displaced intracapsular femoral neck fracture. Intraoperative greater trochanteric fractures thwart this successful procedure, resulting in prolonged recovery, inferior outcome, and increased risk of revision surgery. Hence, this study analyzed factors potentially associated with an increased risk for intraoperative greater trochanteric fracture.

Methods

This retrospective study included 512 hemiarthroplasties in 496 patients with a geriatric intracapsular femoral neck fracture from July 2010 to March 2020. All patients received the same implant type of which 90.4% were cemented and 9.6% non-cemented. Intra- and postoperative radiographs and reports were reviewed and particularly screened for greater trochanteric fractures.

Results

Female patients accounted for 74% and mean age of the patients was 82.3 (± 8.7) years. 34 (6.6%) intraoperative greater trochanteric fractures were identified. In relation to patient-specific factors, only a shorter prothrombin time was found to be significantly associated with increased risk of intraoperative greater trochanteric fracture (median 96%, IQR 82–106% vs. median 86.5%, IQR 68.8–101.5%; p = 0.046). Other factors associated with greater trochanteric fracture were a shorter preoperative waiting time and changes in perioperative settings. Outcome of patients with greater trochanteric fracture was worse with significantly more surgical site infection requiring revision surgery (17.6% vs. 4.2%, p = 0.005).

Conclusion

Prolonged prothrombin time, a shorter preoperative waiting time, and implementing new procedural standards and surgeons may be associated with an increased risk of a greater trochanteric fracture. Addressing these risk factors may reduce early periprosthetic infection which is strongly related to greater trochanteric fractures.
The thymus medulla and its control of αβT cell development
Authors: Cosway Emilie J. , James Kieran D. , Lucas Beth , Anderson Graham , White Andrea J.
Published: December 2020

αβT cells are an essential component of effective immune responses. The heterogeneity that lies within them includes subsets that express diverse self-MHC-restricted αβT cell receptors, which can be further subdivided into CD4+ helper, CD8+ cytotoxic, and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. In addition, αβT cells also include invariant natural killer T cells that are very limited in αβT cell receptor repertoire diversity and recognise non-polymorphic CD1d molecules that present lipid antigens. Importantly, all αβT cell sublineages are dependent upon the thymus as a shared site of their development. Ongoing research has examined how the thymus balances the intrathymic production of multiple αβT cell subsets to ensure correct formation and functioning of the peripheral immune system. Experiments in both wild-type and genetically modified mice have been essential in revealing complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate thymus function. In particular, studies have demonstrated the diverse and critical role that the thymus medulla plays in shaping the peripheral T cell pool. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on functional properties of the thymus medulla that enable the thymus to support the production of diverse αβT cell types.
Ecophysiological and ultrastructural characterisation of the circumpolar orange snow alga Sanguina aurantia compared to the cosmopolitan red snow alga Sanguina nivaloides (Chlorophyta)
Authors: Procházková Lenka , Remias Daniel , Holzinger Andreas , Řezanka Tomáš , Nedbalová Linda
Published: December 2020

Red snow caused by spherical cysts can be found worldwide, while an orange snow phenomenon caused by spherical cells is restricted to (Sub-)Arctic climates. Both bloom types, occurring in the same localities at Svalbard, were compared ecophysiologically. Using a combination of molecular markers and light- and transmission electron microscopy, cells were identified as Sanguina nivaloides and Sanguina aurantia (Chlorophyceae). In search for reasons for a cosmopolitan vs. a more restricted distribution of these microbes, significant differences in fatty acid and pigment profiles of field samples were found. S. aurantia accumulated much lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (21% vs. 48% of total fatty acids) and exhibited lower astaxanthin-to-chlorophyll-a ratio (2–8 vs. 12–18). These compounds play an important role in adaptation to extreme conditions at the snow surface and within snow drifts. Accordingly, the performance of photosystem II showed that one third to nearly half of the photosynthetic active irradiation was sufficient in S. aurantia, compared to S. nivaloides, to become light saturated. Furthermore, formation of plastoglobules observed in S. nivaloides but missing in S. aurantia may contribute to photoprotection. The rapid light curves of the two species show to a certain extent the shade-adapted photosynthesis under the light conditions at Svalbard (high α-value 0.16 vs. 0.11, low saturation point Ik 59 vs. 86). These results indicate significant physiological and ultrastructural differences of the two genetically closely related cryoflora species, but the reasons why S. aurantia has not been found at conditions outside (Sub-)Arctic climate types remain unknown.
T1 mapping of the liver and the spleen in patients with liver fibrosis—does normalization to the blood pool increase the predictive value?
Authors: Obmann Verena Carola , Berzigotti Annalisa , Catucci Damiano , Ebner Lukas , Gräni Christoph , Heverhagen Johannes Thomas , Christe Andreas , Huber Adrian Thomas
Published: December 2020

Purpose

To analyze whether the T1 relaxation time of the liver is a good predictor of significant liver fibrosis and whether normalization to the blood pool improves the predictive value.

Methods

This prospective study was conducted between 03/2016 and 02/2018. One hundred seventy-three patients underwent multiparametric liver MRI at 3 T. The T1 relaxation time was measured in the liver and the spleen, in the aorta, the portal vein, and the inferior vena cava (IVC). T1 relaxation times with and without normalization to the blood pool were compared between patients with (n = 26) and without (n = 141) significant liver fibrosis, based on a cutoff value of 3.5 kPa in MRE as the noninvasive reference standard. For statistics, Student’s t test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and Pearson’s correlation were used.

Results

The T1 relaxation time of the liver was significantly longer in patients with liver fibrosis, both with and without blood pool normalization (p < 0.001). T1 relaxation time of the liver allowed prediction of significant liver fibrosis (AUC = 0.88), while normalization to the IVC resulted in a slightly lower performance (AUC = 0.82). The lowest performance was achieved when the T1 relaxation times of the liver were normalized to the aorta (AUC = 0.66) and to the portal vein (AUC = 0.62). The T1 relaxation time of the spleen detected significant liver fibrosis with an AUC of 0.68, and 0.51–0.64 with normalization to the blood pool.

Conclusion

The T1 relaxation time of the liver is a good predictor of significant liver fibrosis. However, normalization of the blood pool did not improve the predictive value.

Key Points

• The T1 relaxation time of the liver is a good predictor of significant liver fibrosis.

• Normalization to the blood pool did not improve the predictive value of T1 mapping.

• If the blood pool normalization was weighted 30% to the aorta and 70% to the portal vein, the performance was better than normalization to the aorta alone but still lower than normalization to the IVC.
Validation of an Eulerian Stochastic Fields Solver Coupled with Reaction–Diffusion Manifolds on LES of Methane/Air Non-premixed Flames
Authors: Breda Paola , Yu Chunkan , Maas Ulrich , Pfitzner Michael
Published: December 2020

The Eulerian stochastic fields (ESF) combustion model can be used in LES in order to evaluate the filtered density function to describe the process of turbulence–chemistry interaction. The method is typically computationally expensive, especially if detailed chemistry mechanisms involving hydrocarbons are used. In this work, expensive computations are avoided by coupling the ESF solver with a reduced chemistry model. The reaction–diffusion manifold (REDIM) is chosen for this purpose, consisting of a passive scalar and a suitable reaction progress variable. The latter allows the use of a constant parametrization matrix when projecting the ESF equations onto the manifold. The piloted flames Sandia D–E were selected for validation using a 2D-REDIM. The results show that the combined solver is able to correctly capture the flame behavior in the investigated sections, although local extinction is underestimated by the ESF close to the injection plate. Hydrogen concentrations are strongly influenced by the transport model selected within the REDIM tabulation. A total solver performance increase by a factor of 81% is observed, compared to a full chemistry ESF simulation with 19 species. An accurate prediction of flame F instead required the extension of the REDIM table to a third variable, the scalar dissipation rate.
Theoretical Foundations of Nanoscale Quantum Devices
Authors: Premaratne Malin , Agrawal Govind P.
Published: December 2020

Nanooptics which describes the interaction of light with matter at the nanoscale, is a topic of great fundamental interest to physicists and engineers and allows the direct observation of quantum mechanical phenomena in action. This self-contained and extensively referenced text describes the underlying theory behind nanodevices operating in the quantum regime for use both in advanced courses and as a reference for researchers in physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and materials science. Presenting an extensive theoretical toolset for design and analysis of nanodevices, the authors demonstrate the art of developing approximate quantum models of real nanodevices. The rudimentary mathematical knowledge required to master the material is carefully introduced, with detailed derivations and frequent worked examples allowing readers to gain a thorough understanding of the material. More advanced applications are gradually introduced alongside analytical approximations and simplifying assumptions often used to make such problems tractable while representative of the observed features.
A Tiny Spot on the Earth
Authors: de Rooy Piet
Published: December 2020

In this survey of the Dutch political culture of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Piet de Rooy reveals that the 'polder model' often used to describe economic and social policymaking based on consensus is a myth. Instead, modern political culture in the Dutch Low Countries began with a revolution and is rife with rivalries among political and ideological factions. De Rooy argues that because of its extremely open economy, the country is vulnerable to external political, cultural, and economic pressures, and Dutch politics is a balancing act between profiting from international developments and maintaining sovereignty. The sudden rise of populism and Euroscepticism at the turn of the millennium, then, indicated a loss of this balance. Shining new light on the political culture of the Netherlands, this book provides insights into the polder model and the principles of pillarization in Dutch society. The Dutch edition of this book, Ons stipje op de wereldkaart, was awarded the Prinsjesboekenprijs for the best book on Dutch national politics in 2014.
Popular Romance in Iceland
Authors: McDonald Werronen Sheryl
Published: December 2020

A late medieval
Icelandic romance about the ‘maiden-king’ of France, Nítíða saga
generated interest in its day and grew in popularity in
post-Reformation Iceland, yet until now it has not received the
comprehensive scholarly analysis that it much deserves.
Analysing this saga from a variety of perspectives, this book
sheds light on the manner in which Nítíða saga explores and
negotiates the romance genre from an Icelandic perspective,
showcasing this exciting saga’s strong female characters,
worldviews, and long manuscript tradition. Beginning with Nítíða
saga’s manuscript context, including its reception and
transformation in early modern Iceland, this study also
discusses how Nítíða saga was influenced by, and also later
influenced, other Icelandic romances. Considering the text as
literature, discussion of its unusual depiction of world
geography, as well as the various characters and their
relationships, provides insights into medieval Icelanders’ ideas
about themselves and the world they lived in, including
questions about Icelandic identity, gender, female solidarity,
and the literary genre of romance itself. The book also includes
a newly revised reading edition and translation of Nítíða
saga.
Create or Die
Authors: Naish Stephen Lee
Published: December 2020

Dennis Hopper (1936–2010) was one of most charismatic and protean figures to emerge from the American independent film movement of the 1960s and '70s, an incredibly compelling screen presence who helped give cult classics like Easy Rider and Blue Velvet their off-kilter appeal. But his artistic interests went far beyond acting, and this collection of essays is the first major work to take in Hopper as a creative artist in all his fields of endeavour, from acting and directing to photography, sculpture, and expressionist painting. Stephen Naish doesn't skimp on covering Hopper's best-known work, but he breaks new ground in putting it in context with his other creative enterprises, showing how one medium informs another, and how they offer a portrait of an artist who was restless, even flawed at times, but always aiming to live up to his motto: create or die. Follow the podcasts by Steve Naish here
Filming for the Future
Authors: Pisters Patricia
Published: December 2020

Louis Van Gasteren was one of the most prolific filmmakers in the history of the Netherlands, with a resume that includes nearly eighty documentaries and two feature films - to say nothing of artworks and books. Filming for the Future offers an extended exploration of Van Gasteren's work and audio-visual world. Patricia Pisters introduces us to a filmmaker who always had his camera ready and was relentless in filming a wide range of topics and events of national and international importance. Fascinated by technology, deeply engaged with politics, and intensely occupied by the traumatic effects of war, Van Gasteren assembled an unparalleled record of life in twentieth-century Amsterdam and beyond. Filming for the Future will be an invaluable source of documentation and analysis of one of the key filmmakers of our time.
Benjamin and Adorno on Art and Art Criticism
Authors: Lijster Thijs
Published: December 2020

This book brings together two of the most important figures of twentieth-century criticism, Walter Benjamin and Theodor Adorno, to consider a topic that was central to their thinking: the place of and reason for art in society and culture. Thijs Lijster takes us through points of agreement and disagreement between the two on such key topics as the relationship between art and historical experience, between avant-garde art and mass culture, and between the intellectual and the public. He also addresses the continuing relevance of Benjamin and Adorno to ongoing debates in contemporary aesthetics, such as the end of art, the historical meaning of art, and the role of the critic.
Silicon Valley, Planet Startup
Authors: Maas Arne , Ester Peter
Published: December 2020

For decades now, Silicon Valley has been the home of the future. It's the birthplace of the world's most successful high-tech companies-including Apple, Yahoo, Google, Facebook, Twitter, and many more. So what's the secret? What is it about Silicon Valley that fosters entrepreneurship and innovation? With Silicon Valley, Planet Startup, Peter Ester and Arne Maas argue that the answer lies in Silicon Valley's culture-a corporate culture that values risk-taking, creativity, invention, and sharing. Through extensive interviews with Dutch entrepreneurs working in the area, Ester and Maas show that Silicon Valley is above all a mind-set: a belief in thinking, with passion and ambition, far beyond the here and now. Scholars and business people and budding entrepreneurs alike are sure to find both inspiration and illumination in the stories and analyses Ester and Maas have assembled here.
The Environs of Tres Zapotes as the Find-Spot of the Tuxtla Statuette
Authors: Justeson John , Pool Christopher A. , Ceballos Ponciano Ortiz , Rodríguez Martínez María del Carmen , Walsh Jane MacLaren
Published: December 2020

The famous greenstone figure known as the Tuxtla Statuette is one of only 12 objects known to bear an epi-Olmec inscription and was the first to become known to scholarship. For more than a century its original find-spot was imprecisely and erroneously identified as lying in the township of San Andrés Tuxtla or, more generally, in the Tuxtla Mountains. Correspondence in the National Anthropology Archives of the Smithsonian Institution documents that the figure was found on the Hacienda de Hueyapan de Mimendi, near the colossal head of Tres Zapotes. Archival research in Mexico's National Museum of Anthropology and the Archivo General del Estado de Veracruz, as well as interviews with descendants of owners of the Hacienda de Hueyapan and the statuette, allow us to confirm several features of the Smithsonian correspondence. The data indicate that the statuette was found within or very near the epi-Olmec regional center of Tres Zapotes and within the township of Santiago Tuxtla.
Separation and Rare Events
Authors: Beiser-McGrath Liam F.
Published: December 2020

When separation is a problem in binary dependent variable models, many researchers use Firth's penalized maximum likelihood in order to obtain finite estimates (Firth, 1993; Zorn, 2005; Rainey, 2016). In this paper, I show that this approach can lead to inferences in the opposite direction of the separation when the number of observations are sufficiently large and both the dependent and independent variables are rare events. As large datasets with rare events are frequently used in political science, such as dyadic data measuring interstate relations, a lack of awareness of this problem may lead to inferential issues. Simulations and an empirical illustration show that the use of independent “weakly-informative” prior distributions centered at zero, for example, the Cauchy prior suggested by Gelman et al. (2008), can avoid this issue. More generally, the results caution researchers to be aware of how the choice of prior interacts with the structure of their data, when estimating models in the presence of separation.