bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impeding Catalyst Sulfur Poisoning in Aqueous Solution by Metal–Organic Framework Composites
Authors: Zhou Weiqiang , Teo Wei Liang , Phua Soo Zeng Fiona , Xi Shibo , Chen Bo , Jana Deblin , Wang Dongdong , Qian Cheng , Wang Hou , Zhang Hua , Zhao Yanli
Published: January 2020

Deactivation of noble metal catalysts often occurs in many hydrocarbon reactions. In particular, sulfur species may cause significant poisoning of metal catalysts, even at minimal concentration, due to strong metal–S bond formation. In this work, hierarchical porous composites are prepared by integrating melamine foam with metal–organic frameworks, demonstrating excellent catalytic activity with anti‐sulfur poisoning properties. Several techniques are employed to elucidate the mechanism of anti‐sulfur poisoning. This study offers a functional composite system capable of acting as sulfur‐resistant noble metal catalysts in solution.
Assembly, Disassembly and Reassembly of Complex Coacervate Core Micelles with Redox‐Responsive Supramolecular Cross‐Linkers
Authors: Facciotti Camilla , Saggiomo Vittorio , Bunschoten Anton , ten Hove Jan Bart , Rood Marcus T. M. , van Leeuwen Fijs W. B. , Velders Aldrik H.
Published: January 2020

Polymer‐based micellar assemblies are gaining increasing attention in the smart materials field, yet the design of micelles that show redox‐responsive disassembly and, e. g., cargo release is still a challenge. To form redox‐responsive micelles, we developed cyclodextrin‐based coacervate core micelles that form under interplay of four orthogonal interactions: multivalent electrostatic coacervation, metal‐to‐ligand coordination chemistry, supramolecular host‐guest interactions, and a reversible covalent disulfide metal‐complex crosslinker. The cleavage of this crosslinker by dithiotreithol results in the breaking of oligomeric europium(III) structures in the core and results in the disassembly of the 70 nm size micelles. Over hours, due to the oxidation of thiolates to disulfides, monomeric units can re‐crosslink into oligomeric core‐units, favoring micellar reassembly. The time required to reassemble can be controlled by varying the reducing agent concentration or the ratio between redox‐responsive and non‐redox‐responsive crosslinkers. Controlled Methyl Red encapsulation and release indicate the potential of these micelles, for, e. g., controlled drug uptake and delivery.
Political risk in private participation projects: The effects of political discretionality and corruption
Authors: Jimenez Alfredo , Bayraktar Secil
Published: January 2020

This article investigates the impact of political risk on the performance of private participation infrastructure projects in emerging markets. Previous studies have shown that firms in regulated sectors are prone to employ political capabilities in their investments overseas. Our analysis of 32,257 projects in 114 emerging countries from 1997 to 2013 shows that higher political discretionality in the host country is negatively associated with project completion. In contrast, a higher level of corruption in the host country is positively associated with project completion. The study makes a contribution to the literature on political risk in foreign direct investments.
Global atmospheric moisture transport associated with precipitation extremes: Mechanisms and climate change impacts
Authors: Liu Bingjun , Tan Xuezhi , Gan Thian Y. , Chen Xiaohong , Lin Kairong , Lu Mengqian , Liu Zhiyong
Published: January 2020

The atmospheric moisture transport processes are of great importance to the occurrence and intensity of precipitation extremes. In this paper, we review the linkage between processes, including the large‐scale atmospheric circulation, atmospheric moisture transport, and extreme precipitation events. We first summarize the thermodynamic and dynamic processes and moisture transport trackings for historical precipitation extremes. We then focus on the contribution of three major atmospheric moisture transport pathways, that is, atmospheric rivers, low‐level jets, and tropical cyclones, to the occurrence and intensity of regional precipitation extremes. Studies on large‐scale atmospheric circulation driving water vapor transport for precipitation extremes over East Asia and North America were specifically reviewed for the understanding of physical mechanisms and predictability of moisture transport and extreme precipitation events. We then pay more attention to the effects of global warming on atmospheric moisture transport, and thus regional precipitation extremes from the perspectives of thermodynamic and dynamic changes of the atmosphere. In the end, we summarize future research challenges on the physical mechanisms of atmospheric moisture transport that are associated with regional precipitation extremes, especially under a warming climate.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Extremes

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Radioxenon Releases from A Nuclear Power Plant: Stack Data and Atmospheric Measurements
Authors: Ringbom A. , Axelsson A. , Björnham O. , Brännström N. , Fritioff T. , Grahn H. , Hennigor S. , Olsson M.
Published: January 2020

An analysis of a data set consisting of 3 years of high time resolution radioxenon stack measurements from the three nuclear reactors at the Forsmark nuclear power plant in Sweden, as well as measurements of atmospheric radioxenon in Stockholm air, 110 km away, is presented. The main causes for the stack releases, such as the function of the xenon mitigation systems, presence of leaking fuel elements, and reactor operations such as shutdown and startup, are discussed in relation to the stack data. The relation between radioxenon releases and reactor operation is clearly illustrated by the correlation between the stack measurements and thermal reactor power. In general, the isotopic ratios of the Stockholm measurements, which are shown to mainly originate from Forsmark releases, agree well with stack measurements, and with a modeled reactor operational sequence. Results from a forward atmospheric dispersion calculation agree very well with observed plume arrival times and widths, and with some exceptions, also with absolute activity concentrations. The results illustrates the importance of detailed knowledge of radioxenon emissions from nuclear power plants when interpreting radioxenon measurements for nuclear test ban verification, and provide new input to this kind of analysis. Furthermore, it demonstrates the possibility to use sensitive radioxenon detection systems to remotely detect and verify reactor operation.
Information disclosure by a seller in sequential first-price auctions
Authors: Āzacis Helmuts
Published: January 2020

I study sequential first-price auctions where two items are sold to two bidders with private binary valuations. A seller, prior to the second auction, can publicly disclose some information about the outcome of the first auction. I characterize equilibrium strategies for various disclosure rules when the valuations of bidders are either perfectly positively or perfectly negatively correlated across items. I establish outcome equivalence between different disclosure rules. I find that it is optimal for the seller to disclose some information when the valuations are negatively correlated, whereas it is optimal not to disclose any information when the valuations are positively correlated. For most of the parameter values, the seller’s expected revenue is higher if the losing bid is disclosed. When only the winner’s identity is disclosed, the equilibrium is efficient whether the valuations are positively or negatively correlated.
Evolution of olfactory circuits in insects
Authors: Zhao Zhilei , McBride Carolyn S.
Published: January 2020

Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in the evolution of neural circuits. Comparison of animals from different families, orders, and phyla reveals fascinating variation in brain morphology, circuit structure, and neural cell types. However, it can be difficult to connect the complex changes that occur across long evolutionary distances to behavior. Luckily, these changes accumulate through processes that should also be observable in recent time, making more tractable comparisons of closely related species relevant and complementary. Here, we review several decades of research on the evolution of insect olfactory circuits across short evolutionary time scales. We describe two well-studied systems,Drosophila sechelliaflies andHeliothismoths, in detailed case studies. We then move through key types of circuit evolution, cataloging examples from other insects and looking for general patterns. The literature is dominated by changes in sensory neuron number and tuning at the periphery—often enhancing neural response to odorants with new ecological or social relevance. However, changes in the way olfactory information is processed by central circuits is clearly important in a few cases, and we suspect the development of genetic tools in non-model species will reveal a broad role for central circuit evolution. Moving forward, such tools should also be used to rigorously test causal links between brain evolution and behavior.
Weakened SST variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean since 2000
Authors: Prigent Arthur , Lübbecke Joke F. , Bayr Tobias , Latif Mojib , Wengel Christian
Published: January 2020

A prominent weakening in equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability, occurring around the year 2000, is investigated by means of observations, reanalysis products and the linear recharge oscillator (ReOsc) model. Compared to the time period 1982–1999, during 2000–2017 the May–June–July SST variability in the eastern equatorial Atlantic has decreased by more than 30%. Coupled air–sea feedbacks, namely the positive Bjerknes feedback and the negative net heat flux damping are important drivers for the equatorial Atlantic interannual SST variability. We find that the Bjerknes feedback weakened after 2000 while the net heat flux damping increased. The weakening of the Bjerknes feedback does not appear to be fully explainable by changes in the mean state of the tropical Atlantic. The increased net heat flux damping is related to an enhanced response of the latent heat flux to the SST anomalies (SSTa). Strengthened trade winds as well as warmer SSTs are suggested to increase the air–sea specific humidity difference and hence, enhancing the latent heat flux response to SSTa. A combined effect of those two processes is proposed to be responsible for the weakened SST variability in the eastern equatorial Atlantic. The ReOsc model supports the link between reduced SST variability, weaker Bjerknes feedback and stronger net heat flux damping.
Safety of the “Saxophone®” electrode in parotid surgery for continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring of the facial nerve: results of a pro- and retrospective cohort study
Authors: Stankovic Petar , Wittlinger Jan , Georgiew Robert , Dominas Nina , Reimann Katrin , Hoch Stephan , Wilhelm Thomas , Günzel Thomas
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Early facial nerve palsy (eFNP) is the most frequent complication of the parotidectomy. Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in parotid surgery, which aims at reducing eFNP, has not evolved any further than the mere differentiation between the nerve and the surrounding tissue. Continuous IONM (cIONM), used in thyroid and posterior fossa surgery, has developed over the past years and has proved beneficial in reducing the rate of paresis in cases where a pattern of impending nerve injury is identified. In this study, we aim to demonstrate the safety of using the stimulating electrode (Saxophone®) for cIONM in parotid surgery.

Methods

From 2016 to 2018, 40 patients who were referred for primary parotidectomy under cIONM according to our study protocol (registered at the German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS-ID: DRKS00011051, http://www.drks.de; http://apps.who.int/trialsearch) were included in this study. All patients with a normal preoperative facial nerve function [House–Brackman (HB)-Index 1] underwent surgery using continuous facial nerve stimulation with the Saxophone® electrode (system AVALANCHE XT, Dr. Langer Medical, Waldkirch, Germany). A control group which underwent parotidectomies with only intermittent IONM was recruited from our records.

Results

Half of the patients in our study group suffered from eFNP. All except one regained normal facial nerve function within 6 months of surgery. There was no significant difference regarding eFNP when compared to the control group without cIONM (p = 0.11). No statistically significant correlation between the stimulation threshold (p = 0.74) or the duration of nerve stimulation and eFNP was found (p = 0.51).

Conclusion

We have demonstrated the safety of using the Saxophone®-electrode for cIONM of the facial nerve in parotid surgery. Future development of this method could enable the recognition of impending nerve injury and thus reduce eFNP.
Brakke’s inequality for the thresholding scheme
Authors: Laux Tim , Otto Felix
Published: January 2020

We continue our analysis of the thresholding scheme from the variational viewpoint and prove a conditional convergence result towards Brakke’s notion of mean curvature flow. Our proof is based on a localized version of the minimizing movements interpretation of Esedoğlu and the second author. We apply De Giorgi’s variational interpolation to the thresholding scheme and pass to the limit in the resulting energy-dissipation inequality. The result is conditional in the sense that we assume the time-integrated energies of the approximations to converge to those of the limit.
Laparoscopic and robotic lateral lymph node dissection for rectal cancer
Authors: Nakanishi Ryota , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Akiyoshi Takashi , Nagasaki Toshiya , Nagayama Satoshi , Mukai Toshiki , Ueno Masashi , Fukunaga Yosuke , Konishi Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2020

In the era of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision, overall oncological outcomes after curative resection of rectal cancer are excellent, with local recurrence rates as low as 5–10%. However, lateral nodal disease is a major cause of local recurrence after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy/radiotherapy and total mesorectal excision. Patients with lateral nodal disease have a local recurrence rate of up to 30%. The oncological benefits of lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) in reducing local recurrence, particularly in the lateral compartment, have been demonstrated. Although LPLND is not standard in Western countries, technical improvements in minimally invasive surgery have resulted in rapid technical standardization of this complicated procedure. The feasibility and short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic and robotic LPLND have been reported widely. A minimally invasive approach has the advantages of less bleeding and providing a better surgical view of the deep pelvic anatomy than an open approach. With precise autonomic nerve preservation, postoperative genitourinary dysfunction has been reported to be minimal. We review recent evidence on the management of lateral nodal disease in rectal cancer and technical improvements of LPLND, focusing on laparoscopic and robotic LPLND.
5-ALA fluorescence in a WHO grade I papillary glioneuronal tumour: a case report
Authors: Lavrador José Pedro , Kandeel Hussein Shaaban , Kalb Alison , Reisz Zita , Al-Sarraj Safa , Gullan Richard , Ashkan Keyoumars , Vergani Francesco , Bhangoo Ranjeev
Published: January 2020

5-ALA is proven to be effective in high-grade glioma operative resection. The use of 5-ALA in WHO grade I lesions is still controversial. A 49-year-old lady was diagnosed in 2004 with a left temporal lobe lesion as an incidental finding; she was followed up clinically and radiologically. In 2016, the lesion showed contrast enhancement and she was offered surgical resection but given she is asymptomatic, she refused. In 2018, the lesion showed signs of transformation with ring contrast enhancement, increased vasogenic oedema and perfusion; the patient accepted surgery at that point. She had preoperative mapping by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and she had operative resection with 5-ALA. The tumour was bright fluorescent under Blue 400 filter—Zeiss Pentero 900©(Carl Zeiss Meditec)—and both bright fluorescence and pale fluorescence were resected. Postoperative MRI showed complete resection and histopathology revealed WHO grade I papillary glioneuronal tumour, negative for BRAF V600 mutation. WHO grade I papillary glioneuronal tumour may present as 5-ALA fluorescent lesions. From a clinical perspective, 5-ALA can be used to achieve complete resections in these lesions which, in most cases, can be curative.
Efficiency and heat balance calculation of worm gears
Authors: Paschold Constantin , Sedlmair Martin , Lohner Thomas , Stahl Karsten
Published: January 2020

Worm gears enable compact gear design and high power density due to a high gear ratio within a single gear stage. However, they often show high sliding speeds within the tooth contact, resulting in high frictional heat and increased thermal stresses. Therefore, an exact calculation regarding efficiency and heat balance is essential in the early stages of gear design. Currently, no calculation method is available to automatically analyze worm gears with regard to efficiency and heat balance.

The simulation program “WTplus” is widely used to calculate the efficiency and heat balance of gearbox systems containing cylindrical and bevel gears. The efficiency is determined by adding up load-dependent and no-load power losses of gears, bearings, seals and other rotating components. The calculation of the heat balance of the gearbox is based on the heat transfer between the single components, as well as heat dissipation to the environment. A suitable abstraction of the gearbox by nodal points is conducted for an efficient and accurate calculation of local temperatures using a thermal network model.

The simulation program WTplus was extended to automatically analyze the efficiency and heat balance of various designs of worm gears. For this, new approaches for the calculation of load-dependent and no-load losses, as well as new algorithms for nodalization and node-linking, were developed and implemented. Moreover, essential formulas describing the thermal resistances were customized. Simulation results were validated with measurements from research and industry showing very close alignment for various operating points and gear designs.
Metabolic engineering ofEscherichia colito produce succinate from woody hydrolysate under anaerobic conditions
Authors: Zhu Fayin , Wang Chengqiang , San Ka-Yiu , Bennett George N
Published: January 2020

It is of great economic interest to produce succinate from low-grade carbon sources, e.g., lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate, which mainly contains glucose and xylose. Inactivation of the glucose uptake system PtsG was evaluated for succinate production from xylose-rich feedstocks. Strains with integration of succinate production modules into the chromosome of Escherichia coli were then constructed. These strains have better succinate production performance from xylose-rich feedstocks than strain FZ560 harboring pHL413KF1. Glucose utilization was enhanced in FZ661T by manipulation of the gal operon to allow efficient use of the high-concentration glucose in woody biomass hydrolysate. Up to 906.7 mM (107.0 g/L) succinate was produced from mixed sugars in fed-batch fermentation and more than 461.7 mM (54.5 g/L) succinate was produced from woody hydrolysate in a batch fermentation. In this study, FZ661T was able to produce succinate from woody hydrolysate in minimal medium efficiently, making it attractive for industrial applications in succinate production.
Construction of a switchable synthetic Escherichia coli for aromatic amino acids by a tunable switch
Authors: Liu Xiaozhen , Niu Hao , Huang Zhaosong , Li Qiang , Gu Pengfei
Published: January 2020

Escherichia coli, a model microorganism for which convenient metabolic engineering tools are available and that grows quickly in cheap media, has been widely used in the production of valuable chemicals, including aromatic amino acids. As the three aromatic amino acids, l-tryptophan, l-tyrosine, and l-phenylalanine, share the same precursors, to increase the titer of a specific aromatic amino acid, the branch pathways to the others are usually permanently inactivated, which leads to the generation of auxotrophic strains. In this study, a tunable switch that can toggle between different states was constructed. Then, a switchable and non-auxotrophic E. coli strain for synthesis of aromatic amino acids was constructed using this tunable switch. By adding different inducers to cultures, three different production patterns of aromatic amino acids by the engineered strain could be observed. This tunable switch can also be applied in regulating other branch pathways and in other bacteria.
Outmigration survival of wild Chinook salmon smolts through the Sacramento River during historic drought and high water conditions
Authors: Notch Jeremy J. , McHuron Alex S. , Michel Cyril J. , Cordoleani Flora , Johnson Matt , Henderson Mark J. , Ammann Arnold J.
Published: January 2020

Populations of wild spring-run Chinook salmon in California’s Central Valley, once numbering in the millions, have dramatically declined to record low numbers. Dam construction, habitat degradation, and altered flow regimes have all contributed to depress populations, which currently persist in only a few tributaries to the Sacramento River. Mill Creek (Tehama County) continues to support these threatened fish, and contains some of the most pristine spawning and rearing habitat available in the Central Valley. Despite this pristine habitat, the number of Chinook salmon returning to spawn has declined to record low numbers, likely due to poor outmigration survival rates. From 2013 to 2017, 334 smolts were captured and acoustic tagged while out-migrating from Mill Creek, allowing for movement and survival rates to be tracked over 250 km through the Sacramento River. During this study California experienced both a historic drought and record rainfall, resulting in dramatic fluctuations in year-to-year river flow and water temperature. Cumulative survival of tagged smolts from Mill Creek through the Sacramento River was 9.5% (±1.6) during the study, with relatively low survival during historic drought conditions in 2015 (4.9% ± 1.6) followed by increased survival during high flows in 2017 (42.3% ± 9.1). Survival in Mill Creek and the Sacramento River was modeled over a range of flow values, which indicated that higher flows in each region result in increased survival rates. Survival estimates gathered in this study can help focus management and restoration actions over a relatively long migration corridor to specific regions of low survival, and provide guidance for management actions in the Sacramento River aimed at restoring populations of threatened Central Valley spring-run Chinook salmon.
Prospective cohort study of risk factors for choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy
Authors: Iwasaki Kentaro , Kakimoto Hiroshi , Arimura Shogo , Takamura Yoshihiro , Inatani Masaru
Published: January 2020

Purpose

To investigate risk factors for choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy.

Methods

We prospectively evaluated 97 patients with open-angle glaucoma who underwent primary trabeculectomy to investigate risk factors for choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy. The primary outcome measure was risk factors for the occurrence and severity of choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy. Choroidal detachment severity was quantified as the number of fundus quadrants with choroidal detachment.

Results

Sixteen patients (16.5%) had choroidal detachment. Mean period between surgery and occurrence of choroidal detachment was 7.9 ± 5.7 days. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) on the first day of choroidal detachment was 6.1 ± 3.0 mm Hg. Multivariable analyses revealed that the exfoliation glaucoma, greater ΔIOP between preoperative and lowest postoperative IOPs, and thicker cornea were associated with choroidal detachment (P = 0.022, P = 0.002, and P = 0.013, respectively). These factors were also associated with the severity of choroidal detachment (exfoliation glaucoma; P = 0.013, greater ΔIOP; P < 0.001, and thicker cornea; P = 0.006).

Conclusions

Exfoliation glaucoma, more IOP reduction, and thicker cornea are associated with the occurrence and severity of choroidal detachment after trabeculectomy.
Urban–Rural Disparities in Informal Care Intensity of Adult Daughters and Daughters-in-Law for Elderly Parents from 1993–2015: Evidence from a National Study in China
Authors: Wang Yi , Li Jiajia , Zhang Nan , Ding Lulu , Feng Yuejing , Tang Xue , Sun Long , Zhou Chengchao
Published: January 2020

The Chinese population is ageing and the burden of caregiving for elderly on society is getting heavier. With formal long-term care system underdeveloped, informal care provided by family members remains the predominant form of care provision in China. Urban and rural caregivers may face different situations in their informal caring roles due to China’s strict household registration system (hukou). There are few studies focusing on rural–urban disparities in elderly care from the perspective of female caregivers. We usedhukoustatus rather than living location to distinguish urban and rural, and the informal care was divided into low-intensity and high-intensity in our study. We used repeated cross-sectional data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Multinomial logistic regressions and Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition techniques were used to explore the urban–rural disparities. We found that respondents with urbanhukouwere around 30% more likely to provide informal care than those with ruralhukou, and the relative risk ratios value for both low (RRR = 1.29) and high (RRR = 1.30) intensity care were significantly at 5% level. The results of the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition showed that the mean difference of informal care time between urban and rural was 3.11. Among them, education attainment can explain 25.10% of the total difference between urban and rural and was the largest contributor to the overall gap. Long-term care system in China should be established and improved, and policies should focus more on the most vulnerable groups such as ruralhukouholders and the less-educated.
Working everywhere and every time?—Chances and risks in crowdworking and crowdsourcing work design
Authors: Schulte Julian , Schlicher Katharina D. , Maier Günter W.
Published: January 2020

This article of the journal Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation (GIO) deals with the question how work and organizational psychology can contribute to a better understanding of work design in crowdwork. Over the last decade, crowdsourcing (CS) has gained much momentum and attention, yet people who use CS as an additional or exclusive source of income are experiencing less consideration overall. Therefore, we define the term crowdwork (CW), and delimit it from related concepts, e.g., CS and gig economy. We then address how work and organizational psychology theory can contribute to the research of CW, with a focus on work design, and where new approaches are necessary. We give an overview of current research in this field, and derive suggestions and recommendations for both further research approaches and also practical application of work design in CW.
Operationalizing a Framework for Assessing the Enabling Environment for Community Forest Enterprises: A Case Study from Nepal
Authors: Sharma Bishnu Prasad , Lawry Steven , Paudel Naya Sharma , McLain Rebecca , Adhikary Anukram , Banjade Mani Ram
Published: January 2020

We demonstrate how Baynes et al.’s (Glob Environ Change 35:226–238, 2015. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.011) framework can be operationalized as a tool for identifying potential intervention points for supporting the tenure and governance-enabling environment for CFEs. We do so by applying the framework to a sample of CFUG-managed CFEs in Nepal to see how they measure up as a group with respect to the five success factors. Our study suggests that for CFEs to thrive, they will require policy and legal frameworks that devolve commercial harvesting rights to economically valuable products, and provision of processing locations and licensing practices that are not overly restrictive. The findings will be useful not only for Nepal, but for many other countries dependent on forests for their economic development and whose inhabitants rely on forests for their livelihoods.
Mitigating the impacts of air pollutants in Nepal and climate co-benefits: a scenario-based approach
Authors: Nakarmi Amrit M. , Sharma Bikash , Rajbhandari Utsav S. , Prajapati Anita , Malley Christopher S. , Kuylenstierna Johan C. I. , Vallack Harry W. , Henze Daven K. , Panday Arnico
Published: January 2020

Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) including black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), and tropospheric ozone (O3) are major climate forcers after carbon dioxide (CO2). These SLCPs also have detrimental impacts on human health and agriculture. Studies show that the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, which includes Nepal, has been experiencing the impacts of these pollutants in addition to greenhouse gases. In this study, we derive a national-level emission inventory for SLCPs, CO2, and air pollutants for Nepal and project their impacts under reference (REF) and mitigation policy (POL) scenarios. The impacts on human health, agriculture, and climate were then estimated by applying the following: (1) adjoint coefficients from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-chemical transport model that quantify the sensitivity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and surface O3concentrations in Nepal, and radiative forcing in four latitudinal bands, to emissions in 2 × 2.5° grids, and (2) concentration–response functions to estimate health and crop loss impacts in Nepal. With the mitigating measures undertaken, emission reductions of about 78% each of BC and CH4and 87% of PM2.5could be achieved in 2050 compared with the REF scenario. This would lead to an estimated avoidance of 29,000 lives lost and 1.7 million tonnes of crop loss while bringing an economic benefit in present value of 2.7 times more than the total cost incurred in its implementation during the whole period 2010–2050. The results provide useful policy insights and pathways for evidence-based decision-making in the design and effective implementation of SLCP mitigation measures in Nepal.
SEOM clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer (GC) and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJA) (2019)
Authors: Martín-Richard M. , Carmona-Bayonas A. , Custodio Ana. B. , Gallego J. , Jiménez-Fonseca P. , Reina J. J. , Richart P. , Rivera F. , Alsina M. , Sastre J.
Published: January 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide with a varied geographic distribution and an aggressive behavior. In Spain, it represents the sixth cause of cancer death. In Western countries, the incidence is decreasing slightly, with an increase in gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (GEJA), a different entity that we separate specifically in the guideline. Molecular biology advances have been done recently, but do not yet lead to the choice in treatment approach except in advanced disease with overexpression of HER2. Endoscopic resection in very early stage, perioperative chemotherapy in locally advanced tumors and preliminary immune therapy resulting in advanced disease are the main treatment innovations in the GC/GEJA treatment. We describe the different evidences and recommendations following the statements of the American College of Physicians.
Aging Successfully: Possible in Principle? Possible for all? Desirable for all?
Authors: Wahl Hans-Werner
Published: January 2020

The human lifespan is constantly increasing across the world. Therefore, the question whether aging can take a “successful” route likely never has been as up-to-date as today. Still, gerontology continues to struggle with the concept of successful aging. In part I of this work, I outline six models of successful aging currently most discussed in aging science. Next, I compare the models according to four indicator domains: Psychologically oriented, socially oriented, bio-physical functioning oriented, and other. In part II, I address three key questions related to successful aging: Is successful aging possible in principle? Is it possible for all? Is it desirable for all? Regarding the first question, the conclusion based on empirical data is that across all models except the biological model aging successfully is possible in principle. Hence, I answer this question with a “YES, BUT.” Successful aging at the bio-level so far seems very limited. In terms of question 2, expecting largely increasing portions of older adults fulfilling various of the so far established criteria of aging successfully in the future seem overly optimistic. Hence, I answer this question with “NO.” For question 3, I critique the at first glance obvious persuasiveness of successful aging as a generally to be achieved end state. For example, it may be that norms of successful aging undermine old age’s cultural richness in the future. Hence, I answer this question with “NOT SURE.”
Relationship between decreased cerebral blood flow and amnesia after microsurgery for anterior communicating artery aneurysm
Authors: Mugikura Shunji , Mori Naoko , Kikuchi Hirokazu , Mori Etsuro , Takahashi Shoki , Takase Kei
Published: January 2020

Objective

Postoperative amnesia after surgery for anterior communicating artery aneurysm might be associated with the damage of the basal forebrain. Our purpose was to verify whether decreased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in basal forebrain could be related to the degree of postoperative amnesia.

Methods

Regional voxel rCBF data analyzed using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection on 123I-IMP-SPECT were compared between ten patients with postoperative amnesia and 13 normal subjects. The Severity (average Z score of the voxels with a Z score that exceeds a threshold value of 2) was calculated. The cerebral lobes with rCBF exhibiting Severity > 2 in all patients were identified. In these lobes, we then examined whether there was a gyrus exhibiting Severity that was negatively related to memory quotients (MQs).

Results

In the right subcallosal gyrus, there was a significant negative correlation between Severity and visual MQ (ρ= −  0.884, p = 0.0007) or general MQ (ρ =− 0.853, p = 0.0017). In the right anterior cingulate gyrus, there was a significant negative correlation between Severity and verbal MQ (ρ = − 0.769, p = 0.0092). In the right rectal gyrus, there was a significant negative correlation between Severity and general MQ (ρ =  −  0.811, p = 0.0044). No significant correlations were found between Severity in other brain regions and verbal, visual, or general MQ.

Conclusions

The decreased rCBF in the subcallosal gyrus included in the basal forebrain, anterior cingulate gyrus, and the rectal gyrus in the right hemisphere was related to postoperative amnesia.
An Example on s-H-Convexity in $$\pmb {\mathbb {C}^2}$$
Authors: Simon Lars , Stensønes Berit
Published: January 2020

We construct a bounded domain $$\Omega $$
Ω
in $$\mathbb {C}^2$$

C

2

with boundary of class $${\mathcal {C}^{1,1}}$$

C

1
,
1

such that $$\overline{\Omega }$$

Ω
¯

has a Stein neighborhood basis, but is nots-H-convex for any real number $$s\ge {1}$$

s
≥
1

.
Screening for ovarian cancer: is there still hope?
Authors: Aust Stefanie , Seebacher-Shariat Veronika
Published: January 2020

Mainly diagnosed at advanced stage, ovarian cancer still remains the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Regarding screening and early detection, ovarian cancer poses particular challenges. To date, no screening test has been proven capable of leading to a mortality benefit. In this short review, we summarize and discuss the underlying literature on screening for ovarian cancer, focusing on average-risk, asymptomatic women as well as women at high risk. We also discuss the continuous advances and limits in liquid biopsies for early detection and screening of ovarian cancer.
Experimental and numerical study on the influence of the laser hybrid parameters in partial penetration welding on the solidification cracking in the weld root
Authors: Bakir Nasim , Üstündağ Ömer , Gumenyuk Andrey , Rethmeier Michael
Published: January 2020

The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of the laser hybrid welding parameters on the solidification cracks in the weld root for partial penetration welding. Welding trials were performed on thick-walled high-strength steels of grade S690QL under the same critical restraint intensity, with a variation of the welding velocity, wire feeding rate, and the focal position of the laser beam. It was ascertained that the welding velocity has a high impact on the solidification cracking phenomenon. A decrease in the welding speed leads to a reduction of the number of cracks in the weld root. The arc power has also a slight influence on the solidification cracking, while the change of the focal position of the laser beam shows also a remarkable effect. Besides, numerical simulation was performed to understand the thermomechanical behavior of the welds for different welding parameters to assist the interpretation of the experimental results.
Drying-Mediated Self-Assembly of Graphene for Inkjet Printing of High-Rate Micro-supercapacitors
Authors: Sollami Delekta Szymon , Laurila Mika-Matti , Mäntysalo Matti , Li Jiantong
Published: January 2020

Scalable fabrication of high-rate micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) is highly desired for on-chip integration of energy storage components. By virtue of the special self-assembly behavior of 2D materials during drying thin films of their liquid dispersion, a new inkjet printing technique of passivated graphene micro-flakes is developed to directly print MSCs with 3D networked porous microstructure. The presence of macroscale through-thickness pores provides fast ion transport pathways and improves the rate capability of the devices even with solid-state electrolytes. During multiple-pass printing, the porous microstructure effectively absorbs the successively printed inks, allowing full printing of 3D structured MSCs comprising multiple vertically stacked cycles of current collectors, electrodes, and sold-state electrolytes. The all-solid-state heterogeneous 3D MSCs exhibit excellent vertical scalability and high areal energy density and power density, evidently outperforming the MSCs fabricated through general printing techniques.
Highly Dispersed RuOOH Nanoparticles on Silica Spheres: An Efficient Photothermal Catalyst for Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Wei Qilin , Guzman Kiersten G. , Dai Xinyan , Attanayake Nuwan H. , Strongin Daniel R. , Sun Yugang
Published: January 2020

Photothermal catalysis represents a promising strategy to utilize the renewable energy source (e.g., solar energy) to drive chemical reactions more efficiently. Successful and efficient photothermal catalysis relies on the availability of ideal photothermal catalysts, which can provide both large areas of catalytically active surface and strong light absorption power simultaneously. Such duplex requirements of a photothermal catalyst exhibit opposing dependence on the size of the catalyst nanoparticles, i.e., smaller size is beneficial for achieving higher surface area and more active surface, whereas larger size favors the light absorption in the nanoparticles. In this article, we report the synthesis of ultrafine RuOOH nanoparticles with a size of 2–3 nm uniformly dispersed on the surfaces of silica (SiOx) nanospheres of hundreds of nanometers in size to tackle this challenge of forming an ideal photothermal catalyst. The ultrasmall RuOOH nanoparticles exhibit a large surface area as well as the ability to activate adsorbed molecular oxygen. The SiOx nanospheres exhibit strong surface light scattering resonances to enhance the light absorption power of the small RuOOH nanoparticles anchored on the SiOx surface. Therefore, the RuOOH/SiOx composite particles represent a new class of efficient photothermal catalysts with a photothermal energy conversion efficiency of 92.5% for selective aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzylaldehyde under ambient conditions.
The Role of Primary Austenite Morphology in Hypoeutectic Compacted Graphite Iron Alloys
Authors: Hernando Juan Carlos , Elfsberg Jessica , Ghassemali Ehsan , Dahle Arne K. , Diószegi Attila
Published: January 2020

This work investigates the role of primary austenite morphology on the eutectic and eutectoid microstructures and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in a hypoeutectic compacted graphite iron (CGI) alloy. The morphology of primary austenite is modified by isothermal coarsening experiments in which holding times up to 60 min are applied to the solid–liquid region after coherency. The cooling conditions for the subsequent eutectic and eutectoid reactions are similar. Miniaturized tensile tests are performed to evaluate the UTS. The morphological characteristics related to the surface area of primary austenite, the modulus of primary austenite,$$ {M}_{\upgamma} $$Mγ, and the hydraulic diameter of the interdendritic region,$$ {D}_{\text{ID}}^{\text{Hyd}} $$DIDHyd, increase with the cube root of coarsening time. The eutectic and eutectoid microstructures are not significantly affected by the morphology of primary austenite, thus indicating that the morphology of the interdendritic regions does not control the nucleation frequency and growth of eutectic cells or graphite. UTS decreases linearly with the increasing coarseness of primary austenite for similar eutectic and eutectoid microstructures, demonstrating the strong influence of primary austenite morphology on the UTS in hypoeutectic CGI alloys.
Bildungssprache in Elternhaus und Schule
Authors: Steinig Wolfgang
Published: January 2020

In sozial differenzierten Familienwelten herrschen charakteristische Erziehungsmethoden, in denen Kinder sprachlich differente Gesprächsmodi entwickeln. Gegenüber familialer Kommunikation ist die Kommunikation im Unterricht deutlich rigider und bietet für Kinder aus ressourcenarmen und bildungsfernen Familien wenig Möglichkeiten, eine bildungssprachlich angemessene Ebene zu finden, um fachliche Gespräche zu führen. Um die Defizite unterrichtlicher Kommunikation zu mindern und die Chancen zu erhöhen, mangelnde bildungssprachliche Kompetenzen zu kompensieren, werden didaktische Vorschläge gemacht.
Verhältnis- und verhaltenspräventives Gestalten dialogisch-interaktiver Erwerbsarbeit
Authors: Hacker Winfried , Steputat-Rätze Anne , Pietrzyk Ulrike
Published: January 2020

Der Beitrag skizziert die Anforderungsbesonderheiten von dialogisch-interaktiver Erwerbsarbeit, d. h. von klientenverändernden, klientenbeeinflussenden und klientenbezogenen Arbeitstätigkeiten. Möglichkeiten zum verhältnis- und verhaltenspräventiven Gestalten von Interaktionsarbeit im Dienstleistungsbereich werden skizziert. Hierzu werden Beispiele aus der Kranken- und Seniorenpflege, der Bildung sowie dem Einzel- und Großhandel referiert. Die dargestellten Beispiele zeigen Möglichkeiten der Verhältnisprävention (Primat der Verhältnisgestaltung) bei dialogisch-interaktiver Dienstleistungsarbeit. Die Bedeutung der Integration der Befähigung zu präventiver Arbeitsgestaltung in die berufliche Aus- und Weiterbildung wird betont.

Praktische Relevanz Arbeitsgestaltung mit dem Ziel der Verhütung von Gefährdungen ist auch in Humandienstleistungstätigkeiten unerlässlich. Für die hohe Zahl der Beschäftigten, die betreuende, ausbildende, pflegerische, therapeutische oder beratende/verkaufende Tätigkeiten ausüben, ist eine präventive Gestaltung der Arbeit erforderlich, um Fehlbeanspruchungen zu vermeiden. Die Arbeit kann sowohl verhältnis-(bedingungs-) als auch verhaltensbezogen präventiv gestaltet werden, wobei der Verhältnisprävention der Vorrang zu geben ist. Der Beitrag führt Beispiele aus der verhältnis- und verhaltensbezogenen Prävention an und benennt dafür nutzbare Verfahren und Vorgehensweisen.
Die Hausaufgabenvergabe im Unterricht: Eine Beobachtungsstudie an Grundschulen
Authors: Kohler Britta
Published: January 2020

Die Ausgestaltung der unterrichtlichen Hausaufgabenvergabe erscheint für das Gelingen der Hausaufgabenbearbeitung zentral. Sie wird vor allem wegen ihrer zeitlichen Platzierung im Unterrichtsverlauf und der damit einhergehenden Kürze und Hast seit Jahrzehnten kritisiert. Gleichzeitig stellt sie, insbesondere für die Grundschule, ein Forschungsdesiderat dar. Erstmals wurde deshalb die Hausaufgabenvergabe in 373 Unterrichtsstunden an 68 Grundschulen beobachtet und dokumentiert. Es zeigte sich einerseits eine Vielgestaltigkeit der Hausaufgabenvergabe und andererseits erwies sich die genannte Kritik als weiterhin berechtigt. Neben der im Unterrichtsverlauf späten Platzierung fiel insbesondere die geringe Zahl an differenzierten Aufgaben sowie Schülerfragen auf.
The recent advances in the mathematical modelling of human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Wadkin L. E. , Orozco-Fuentes S. , Neganova I. , Lako M. , Shukurov A. , Parker N. G.
Published: January 2020

Human pluripotent stem cells hold great promise for developments in regenerative medicine and drug design. The mathematical modelling of stem cells and their properties is necessary to understand and quantify key behaviours and develop non-invasive prognostic modelling tools to assist in the optimisation of laboratory experiments. Here, the recent advances in the mathematical modelling of hPSCs are discussed, including cell kinematics, cell proliferation and colony formation, and pluripotency and differentiation.
Anal cancer screening in a high-risk behavior group: A local picture
Authors: Rabelo Fernanda Elias Ferreira , Oliveira Fábio Henrique de , Melo Bárbara Diniz Greco de , Borges Eduardo Rafael Oliveira , Pena Nicholas Resende , Ferreira Rayara Pupo , Prates Thais Oliveira , Paes Juliana Fracalossi
Published: January 2020

Study objectives To perform anal lesion and anal cancer screening in men living with HIV/AIDS.

Methods This is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the Specialized Assistance Service (SAE) in Divinópolis, Minas Gerais. A sociodemographic, epidemiological, and sexual behavior questionnaire was applied; material was collected for cytology, high-resolution anoscopy (AAR) was performed, and an acceptability questionnaire applied.

Main results Of the 50 men living with HIV/AIDS invited to participate in this study, 6% were excluded because they were illiterate, 40% refused to participate, and 54% participated in the survey. Among these, all answered the self-administered questionnaire. However, ten (37.0%) underwent proctological examination and anal cytology. Of these, two did not respond to the acceptability questionnaire. No anal lesions were identified during AAR and no biopsy was required. A 10% change in anal cytology was found.

Conclusions Through the study it was possible to construct a flow of referrals from the SAE to the UFSJ Coloproctology outpatient clinic. Moreover, the existence of internal stigmas on the part of the participants regarding the proctological examination and the lack of information about anal cancer screening are challenges to be overcome.
Nudge FORGOOD
Authors: LADES LEONHARD K. , DELANEY LIAM
Published: January 2020

Insights from the behavioural sciences are increasingly used by governments and other organizations worldwide to ‘nudge’ people to make better decisions. Furthermore, a large philosophical literature has emerged on the ethical considerations on nudging human behaviour that has presented key challenges for the area, but is regularly omitted from discussion of policy design and administration. We present and discuss FORGOOD, an ethics framework that synthesizes the debate on the ethics of nudging in a memorable mnemonic. It suggests that nudgers should consider seven core ethical dimensions:Fairness,Openness,Respect,Goals,Opinions,OptionsandDelegation. The framework is designed to capture the key considerations in the philosophical debate about nudging human behaviour, while also being accessible for use in a range of public policy settings, as well as training.