bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Diarylprolinol.
Authors: Yasui Yusuke , Benohoud Meryem , Sato Itaru , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: November 2014

A decreasing enantioselectivity is observed with increasing reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Formal Insertion of Arynes into Rf—I Bonds.
Authors: Zeng Yuwen , Hu Jinbo
Published: November 2014

The unprecedented silver‐catalyzed insertion provides easy access to various ortho‐perfluoroalkyl iodoarenes under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Method for the Protection of Hydroxyl Groups as 4‐Methoxybenzyl Ethers.
Authors: Kasprzycka Anna , Ptaszek‐Budniok Agata , Szeja Wieslaw
Published: November 2014

4‐Methoxybenzyl N‐allyl thiocarbamate (III) prepared from 4‐methoxybenzyl alcohol (I) and N‐allylisothiocyanate (II) is shown to be a suitable reagent to introduce the 4‐methoxybenzyl protecting group to various alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Hydrohydrazination of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by Saturated Abnormal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Gold(I) Complexes.
Authors: Manzano Ruben , Wurm Thomas , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: November 2014

A combination of a saturated abnormal N‐goldheterocyclic carbene complex with KBARF as activator, is successfully applied in the chemoselective addition of hydrazine to alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: CuI Catalyzed Sulfonylation of Organozinc Reagents with Sulfonyl Halides.
Authors: Fu Ying , Zhu Wenbo , Zhao Xingling , Huegel Helmut , Wu Zhouqiang , Su Yuhu , Du Zhengyin , Huang Danfeng , Hu Yulai
Published: November 2014

The title reaction provides access to a series of alkyl, aryl and hetaryl sulfones (III) and (V) bearing various kinds of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐(2‐Fluorophenyl)‐2‐methylamino‐cyclohexanone as a New Ketamine Derivative.
Authors: Moghimi Abolghasem , Rahmani Siyavash , Zare Reza , Sadeghzadeh Morteza
Published: November 2014

A four‐step synthetic method for the synthesis of the title compound (VII) involving a Pd‐catalyzed rearrangement as the key step is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Acylfluorination of Styrenes in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Wang Hua , Guo Li‐Na , Duan Xin‐Hua
Published: November 2014

Only trace amounts of products were obtained from the reaction of 2‐methyl phenylglyoxylic acid or 1‐naphthyloxoacetic acid with (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Singlet Oxygen‐Mediated Synthesis of Bis‐spiroketals Found in Azaspiracids.
Authors: Triantafyllakis Myron , Tofi Maria , Montagnon Tamsyn , Kouridaki Antonia , Vassilikogiannakis Georgios
Published: November 2014

Conversion of a simple furan into the ABCD‐ring skeleton of the azaspiracids via a singlet oxygen‐initiated one‐pot process is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach for the Synthesis of N‐Sulfonyl Hydantoins.
Authors: Rmedi Hamdi , Baklouti Ahmed
Published: November 2014

The triethylamine mediated reaction of α‐bromoacetamides with N‐sulfonyl isocyanates gives urea salts which undergo intramolecular cyclization to N‐sulfonyl hydantoins under thermal conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Fluorescent Active Triazapentalenes Through Gold‐Catalyzed Triazole—Alkyne Cyclization.
Authors: Cai Rong , Wang Dawei , Chen Yunfeng , Yan Wuming , Geise Natalie R. , Sharma Sripadh , Li Huiyuan , Petersen Jeffrey L. , Li Minyong , Shi Xiaodong
Published: November 2014

The products exhibit significantly improved stabilities compared to monosubstituted triazapentalene zwitterions.
ChemInform Abstract: [C16MPy]AlCl3Br: An Efficient Novel Ionic Liquid for Synthesis of Novel 1,2,4‐Triazolidine‐3‐thiones in Water.
Authors: Patil Jayavant D. , Pore Dattaprasad M.
Published: November 2014

The applied catalyst is prepared in two steps from N‐methyl pyrrolidine.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Mediated Fluoroalkylation of Isocyanides with Ethyl Bromofluoroacetates: Unified Synthesis of Mono‐ and Difluoromethylated Phenanthridine Derivatives.
Authors: Sun Xiaoyang , Yu Shouyun
Published: November 2014

A visible‐light promoted alkylation, followed by decarboxylation starting from biphenyl isocyanides with acetates (II) or (V) gives access to the title species (IV) and (VII) in a stepwise or a one‐pot manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Diverse 12H‐6,12‐Methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3]dioxocines.
Authors: Xia Likai , Cai Hongyun , Lee Yong Rok
Published: November 2014

Title compounds (III), (VI), and (VII) are prepared via ethylenediammonium diacetate or TosOH‐catalyzed cascade reactions between resorcinols (I) and (IV) and 2‐hydroxychalcones (II) and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Chemoselective Conversion of Tetrahydropyranyl Ethers to Silyl‐Protected Alcohols.
Authors: Bergueiro Julian , Montenegro Javier , Saa Carlos , Lopez Susana
Published: November 2014

The title reaction can also be to applied linear acetals (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Synthesis of “Tafuramycin A”: A Potent Anticancer and Parasite Attenuating Agent.
Authors: El‐Deeb Ibrahim M. , Rose Faith J. , Healy Peter C. , von Itzstein Mark
Published: November 2014

The improved synthesis of tafuramycin A (I) includes a regioselective bromination step, a controlled aryl radical alkene cyclization to prevent dechlorination, and a new protection/deprotection method to avoid double bond reduction of the furan ring during deprotection of the benzyl group.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of Magnetite Nanocubes into Helical Superstructures.
Authors: Singh Gurvinder , Chan Henry , Baskin Artem , Gelman Elijah , Repnin Nikita , Kral Petr , Klajn Rafal
Published: November 2014

Cubic nanocrystals of magnetite self‐assemble into arrays of helical superstructures in a template‐free manner with <99% yield by placing a drop of hexane solution of magnetite nanocubes containing excess oleic acid at the interface of diethylene glycol—air in the presence of an external magnetic field, followed by evaporation of the solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Catalyzed and Metal‐Free Alkyne Hydrothiolation: Synthetic Aspects and Application Trends
Authors: Dondoni Alessandro
Published: November 2014

Review: [55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper in Photocatalysis
Authors: Paria Suva , Reiser Oliver
Published: November 2014

Review: [33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin Hall Effects in Metals
Authors: Hoffmann Axel
Published: November 2014

Review: 259 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Upconversion Nanophosphors for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Ramasamy Parthiban , Manivasakan Palanisamy , Kim Jinkwon
Published: November 2014

Review: 235 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper and Brass — A Review
Authors: Nandi M. M. , Banerjee Ranu
Published: November 2014

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of BODIPY Dyes as Potential Sensitizers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Singh Surya Prakash , Gayathri Thumuganti
Published: November 2014

Review: [51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Post‐Metallocenes in the Industrial Production of Polyolefins
Authors: Baier Moritz C. , Zuideveld Martin A. , Mecking Stefan
Published: November 2014

Review: [230 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microscopic Theory of Gilbert Damping for Transition Metal Systems
Authors: Sakuma Akimasa
Published: November 2014

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Reflectometry of Heterostructures
Authors: Macke S. , Goering E.
Published: November 2014

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Problem of Alkanes in Liquid Crystals by NMR Spectroscopy: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Weber Adrian C. J. , Chen Daniel H. J.
Published: November 2014

Review: 40 refs.
Thermo‐environomic evaluation of the ammonia production
Authors: Tock Laurence , Maréchal François , Perrenoud Matthieu
Published: November 2014

Within the global challenge of sustainable energy supply and greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, carbon capture and storage and the deployment of renewable resources are considered as promising solutions. In this study the production of ammonia mainly used in the fertilizer industry and that is responsible for around 2–3 % of the world greenhouse gas emissions is analyzed. Considering natural gas and biomass as a resource and the option of CO2 capture and storage, different process configurations are systematically compared with regard to energy, economic and environmental considerations. A consistent thermo‐environonomic optimization approach combining flowsheeting, process integration techniques, economic performance evaluation, life cycle assessment and multi‐objective optimization is applied for the conceptual process design and competitiveness evaluation. It is highlighted that the quality of the process integration is a key factor for improving the performance by valorizing the heat excess through electricity cogeneration. Including CO2 mitigation in the ammonia production allows to reduce the emissions but leads to a slight efficiency decrease due to the energy consumption for the CO2 compression. For the natural gas fed process yielding an energy efficiency around 65 %, the overall life cycle emissions can be reduced to 0.79 kgCO2/kgNH3 with CO2 capture compared to 1.6 kgCO2/kgNH3 without capture. Considering the biogenic nature of the carbon in the biomass, the emissions drop to −1.79 kgCO2/kgNH3 for the biomass process having an energy efficiency of 50 %. The economic competitiveness highly depends on the resource price and the introduction of a carbon tax. This study reveals the potential of the decarbonization of the fertilizer industry.
Development of a transfer model for the design and the operation of sodium purification systems for fast breeder reactors
Authors: Khatcheressian Nayiri , Latgé Christian , Joulia Xavier , Gilardi Thierry , Meyer Xuan
Published: November 2014

Operating a Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) in reliable and safe conditions requires mastering the quality of the sodium fluid coolant, regarding oxygen and hydrogen impurities contents. A cold trap is a purification unit in SFR, designed to maintain oxygen and hydrogen contents within acceptable limits. The purification of these impurities is based on crystallization of sodium hydride on cold walls and sodium oxide or hydride on wire mesh packing. Indeed, as oxygen and hydrogen solubilities are nearly nil at temperatures close to the sodium melting point, i.e., 97.8 °C, on line sodium purification can be performed by cooling down liquid sodium flows and promoting crystallization of sodium oxide and hydride. However, the management of cold trap performances is necessary to prevent from unforeseen maintenance operations, which could induce shut‐down of the reactor. It is thus essential to understand how a cold trap fills up with impurities crystallization in order to optimize the design of this system and to overcome any problems during nominal operation. This paper deals with the mathematical modelling of crystallization process in a cold trap and predicts the location and the amount of the impurities deposit, on cold walls for sodium hydride and on wire mesh packing for sodium oxide. A model of the front propagation by “diffuse deposit interface method” was developed and sensitivity to various parameters was evaluated. These results will enable to understand the consequences of the impurities deposited on the hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a cold trap.
High CerS5 expression levels associate with reduced patient survival and transition from apoptotic to autophagy signalling pathways in colorectal cancer
Authors: Fitzgerald Seán , Sheehan Katherine M , Espina Virginia , O'Grady Anthony , Cummins Robert , Kenny Dermot , Liotta Lance , O'Kennedy Richard , Kay Elaine W , Kijanka Gregor S
Published: November 2014

Ceramide synthase 5 is involved in thede novosynthesis of ceramide, a sphingolipid involved in cell death and proliferation. In this study, we investigated the role of ceramide synthase 5 in colorectal cancer by examining ceramide synthase 5 expression, clinico‐pathological parameters and association with survival/death signalling pathways in cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of CerS5 was performed on 102 colorectal cancer samples using tissue microarrays constructed from formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues. We found strong membranous ceramide synthase 5 staining in 57 of 102 (56%) colorectal cancers. A multivariate Cox regression analysis of ceramide synthase 5 expression adjusted for disease stage, differentiation and lymphovascular invasion revealed reduced 5‐year overall survival (p = 0.001) and 5‐year recurrence‐free survival (p = 0.002), with hazard ratios of 4.712 and 4.322, respectively. The effect of ceramide synthase 5 expression on tumourigenic processes was further characterised by reverse phase protein array analysis. Reverse phase protein arrays were generated from laser capture microdissection‐enriched carcinoma cells from 19 fresh‐frozen colorectal cancer tissues. Measurements of phosphorylation and total levels of signalling proteins involved in apoptosis, autophagy and other cancer‐related pathways revealed two distinct signalling networks; weak membranous ceramide synthase 5 intensity was associated with a proteomic network dominated by signalling proteins linked to apoptosis, whereas strong ceramide synthase 5 intensity was associated with a proteomic sub‐network mostly composed of proteins linked to autophagy. In conclusion, high ceramide synthase 5 expression was found in colorectal cancer tissue and was associated with poorer patient outcomes. Our findings suggest that this may be mediated by a transition from apoptotic to autophagy signalling pathways in ceramide synthase 5 High expressing tumours, thus implicating ceramide synthase 5 in the progression of colorectal cancer.
Aspherical‐Atom Modeling of Coordination Compounds by Single‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction Allows the Correct Metal Atom To Be Identified
Authors: Dittrich Birger , Wandtke Claudia M. , Meents Alke , Pröpper Kevin , Mondal Kartik Chandra , Samuel Prinson P. , Amin SK Nurul , Singh Amit Pratap , Roesky Herbert W. , Sidhu Navdeep
Published: November 2014

Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) is often considered the gold standard in analytical chemistry, as it allows element identification as well as determination of atom connectivity and the solid‐state structure of completely unknown samples. Element assignment is based on the number of electrons of an atom, so that a distinction of neighboring heavier elements in the periodic table by XRD is often difficult. A computationally efficient procedure for aspherical‐atom least‐squares refinement of conventional diffraction data of organometallic compounds is proposed. The iterative procedure is conceptually similar to Hirshfeld‐atom refinement (Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A­ 2008, 64, 383–393; IUCrJ. 2014, 1,61–79), but it relies on tabulated invariom scattering factors (Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B­ 2013, 69, 91–104) and the Hansen/Coppens multipole model; disordered structures can be handled as well. Five linear‐coordinate 3d metal complexes, for which the wrong element is found if standard independent‐atom model scattering factors are relied upon, are studied, and it is shown that only aspherical‐atom scattering factors allow a reliable assignment. The influence of anomalous dispersion in identifying the correct element is investigated and discussed.
Superior Ion‐Conducting Hybrid Solid Electrolyte for All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Kim Jae‐Kwang , Scheers Johan , Park Tae Joo , Kim Youngsik
Published: November 2014

Herein, we developed a high‐performance lithium ion conducting hybrid solid electrolyte, consisted of LiTFSI salt, Py14TFSI ionic liquid, and TiO2 nanoparticles. The hybrid solid electrolyte prepared by a facile method had high room temperature ionic conductivity, excellent thermal stability and low interface resistance with good contact. In addition, the lithium transference number was highly increased by the scavenger effect of TiO2 nanoparticles. With the hybrid solid electrolyte, the pouch‐type solid‐state battery exhibited high initial discharge capacity of 150 mA h g−1 at room temperature, and even at 1 C, the reversible capacity was as high as 106 mA h g−1.
Tuning the Morphology of GeS2 Hybrid Materials Using Ionic Liquids as Structuring Agents
Authors: Mathiaud Romain , Courthéoux Laurence , Silly Gilles , Albadri Hashim , Levillain Jocelyne , Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Ribes Michel , Pradel Annie
Published: November 2014

Control of the surface chemistry and morphology of chalcogenide materials, which are highly polarizable, is a very interesting challenge as it might lead to breakthroughs in various fields such as electrochemistry, catalysis, and gas‐phase separation. With this in mind, a new approach to synthesize structured Ge‐based chalcogenide products has been investigated. It involves the use of tetraethoxygermanium (TEOG) and thioacetamide with an ionic liquid (IL) as structuring agent. This innovative synthesis process has two main advantages: it is performed under soft conditions, and it also enables the morphological control of the obtained hybrid organic–GeS2 particles. In the absence of the IL, the synthesis leads to an agglomeration of nanospheres, whereas the introduction of the ionic liquid leads either to microspheres or to gypsum rosette‐like particles. It has been clearly highlighted that the morphology of the hybrid organic–GeS2 particles strongly depended on the nature of the cationic part of the IL.
Characterization of genotoxic response to 15 multiwalled carbon nanotubes with variable physicochemical properties including surface functionalizations in the FE1‐Muta(TM) mouse lung epithelial cell line
Authors: Jackson Petra , Kling Kirsten , Jensen Keld Alstrup , Clausen Per Axel , Madsen Anne Mette , Wallin Håkan , Vogel Ulla
Published: November 2014

Carbon nanotubes vary greatly in physicochemical properties. We compared cytotoxic and genotoxic response to 15 multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with varying physicochemical properties to identify drivers of toxic responses. The studied MWCNT included OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) (NM‐401, NM‐402, and NM‐403), materials (NRCWE‐026 and MWCNT‐XNRI‐7), and three sets of surface‐modified MWCNT grouped by physical characteristics (thin, thick, and short I–III, respectively). Each Groups I–III included pristine, hydroxylated and carboxylated MWCNT. Group III also included an amino‐functionalized MWCNT. The level of surface functionalization of the MWCNT was low. The level and type of elemental impurities of the MWCNT varied by <2% of the weight, with exceptions. Based on dynamic light scattering data, the MWCNT were well‐dispersed in stock dispersion of nanopure water with 2% serum, but agglomerated and sedimented during exposure. FE1‐Muta(TM) Mouse lung epithelial cells were exposed for 24 hr. The levels of DNA strand breaks (SB) were evaluated using the comet assay, a screening assay suitable for genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials. Exposure to MWCNT (12.5–200 µg/ml) did not induce significant cytotoxicity (viability above 92%). Cell proliferation was reduced in highest doses of some MWCNT after 24 hr, and was associated with generation of reactive oxygen species and high surface area. Increased levels of DNA SB were only observed for Group II consisting of MWCNT with large diameters and high Fe2O3 and Ni content. Significantly, increased levels of SB were only observed at 200 µg/ml of MWCNT‐042. Overall, the MWCNT were not cytotoxic and weakly genotoxic after 24 hr exposure to doses up to 200 µg/ml. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 56:183–203, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silver nanoparticle toxicity to Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and Caenorhabditis elegans: A comparison of mesocosm, microcosm, and conventional laboratory studies
Authors: Bone Audrey J. , Matson Cole W. , Colman Benjamin P. , Yang Xinyu , Meyer Joel N. , Di Giulio Richard T.
Published: November 2014

The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products and industrial applications, as well as their recent detection in waste streams, has created concern about potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The effect of complex environmental media on AgNP toxicity was investigated using wetland mesocosms and smaller scale microcosms. Mesocosms were dosed with 2.5 mg Ag/L as gum arabic (GA)-coated AgNPs, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNPs, or AgNO3. Water samples were taken from mesocosms 24 h after dosing for acute toxicity tests with embryos and larvae of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Acute toxicity tests were also performed on Atlantic killifish with AgNO3, GA AgNPs, and PVP AgNPs prepared in the laboratory with similar water. For killifish embryos, mesocosm samples were much less toxic than laboratory samples for all types of silver. For larvae, in contrast, all 3 silver mesocosm treatments exhibited toxicity. Interestingly, mesocosm samples of AgNO3 were less toxic than laboratory samples; samples containing GA AgNPs were similar in toxicity, and samples containing PVP AgNPs were more toxic. For C. elegans, results were similar to killifish larvae. Results obtained from the mesocosms were not replicated on the smaller scale of the microcosms. These results indicate that environmental factors unique to the mesocosms acted differentially on AgNO3 to reduce its toxicity in a manner that does not translate to AgNPs for larval fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–9. © 2014 SETAC
A mixture of environmental organic contaminants in lake sediments affects hatching from Daphnia resting eggs
Authors: Möst Markus , Chiaia-Hernandez Aurea C. , Frey Martin P. , Hollender Juliane , Spaak Piet
Published: November 2014

Despite the relevance of resting eggs for ecology and evolution of many aquatic organisms and their exposure to contaminants accumulating in sediments, ecotoxicological studies using resting eggs are vastly underrepresented. The authors established a method to perform exposure assays with resting eggs produced by the Daphnia longispina species complex, key species in large lake ecosystems. A mixture of organic contaminants previously detected in sediments of Lake Greifensee was selected to test the potential effect of organic contaminants present in sediments on the hatching process. Resting eggs were exposed to a mix of 10 chemicals, which included corrosion inhibitors, biocides, pesticides, and personal care products, for a period of 15 d. Using an automated counting software, the authors found a significant increase in hatching success in the exposed resting eggs compared with controls. Such an effect has not yet been reported from ecotoxicological assays with resting eggs. Possible mechanistic explanations as well as the potential implications on the ecology and evolution of aquatic species that rely on a resting egg banks are discussed. Observed increased mortality and developmental abnormalities for hatchlings in the exposure treatments can be explained by toxic contaminant concentrations. The results of the present study highlight the need for additional studies assessing the effects of organic contaminants on resting egg banks and aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1–8. © 2014 SETAC
Combustion properties of Brazilian natural wood species
Authors: de Freitas Rocha Monique Amaro , Landesmann Alexandre
Published: November 2014

This paper investigates the combustion characteristics of 12 wood species natural to Brazil. A mass loss cone calorimeter was used to obtain the properties associated with (i) heat release rate (HRR), peak HRR, and total heat released; (ii) total mass loss and mass loss rate; (iii) average effective heat of combustion; and (iv) time to ignition, time of pyrolysis and temperature of ignition. The samples used in this work were as follows: (i) prepared in accordance to ISO 5660‐1:2002; (ii) oven dried; (iii) irradiated with a constant heat flux of 50 kW/m2; and (iv) exhibit wood fiber orientation in a plane orthogonal to the flux incidence. Finally, the paper explores the possibility of linking the obtained combustion properties with the density and classes of selected wood species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproducible Simulations of Realistic Samples for Next‐Generation Sequencing Studies Using Variant Simulation Tools
Authors: Peng Bo
Published: November 2014

Computer simulations have been widely used to validate and evaluate the power of statistical methods for genetic epidemiological studies. Although a large number of simulation methods and software packages have been developed for genome‐wide association studies, methodological and bioinformatics challenges have limited their applications in simulating datasets for whole‐genome and whole‐exome sequencing studies. With the development of more sophisticated statistical methods that make fuller use of available data and our knowledge of the human genome, there is a pressing need for genetic simulators that capture more features of empirical data (e.g., multiallele variants, indels, use of the Variant Call Format) and the human genome (e.g., functional annotations of genetic variants). This article introduces Variant Simulation Tools (VST), a module of Variant Tools for the simulation of genetic variants for sequencing‐based genetic epidemiological studies. Although multiple simulation engines are provided, the core of VST is a novel forward‐time simulation engine that simulates real nucleotide sequences of the human genome using DNA mutation models, fine‐scale recombination maps, and a selection model based on amino acid changes of translated protein sequences. The design of VST allows users to easily create and distribute simulation methods and simulated datasets for a variety of applications and encourages fair comparison between statistical methods through the use of existing or reproduced simulated datasets.
Changes in corticostriatal connectivity during reinforcement learning in humans
Authors: Horga Guillermo , Maia Tiago V. , Marsh Rachel , Hao Xuejun , Xu Dongrong , Duan Yunsuo , Tau Gregory Z. , Graniello Barbara , Wang Zhishun , Kangarlu Alayar , Martinez Diana , Packard Mark G. , Peterson Bradley S.
Published: November 2014

Many computational models assume that reinforcement learning relies on changes in synaptic efficacy between cortical regions representing stimuli and striatal regions involved in response selection, but this assumption has thus far lacked empirical support in humans. We recorded hemodynamic signals with fMRI while participants navigated a virtual maze to find hidden rewards. We fitted a reinforcement‐learning algorithm to participants' choice behavior and evaluated the neural activity and the changes in functional connectivity related to trial‐by‐trial learning variables. Activity in the posterior putamen during choice periods increased progressively during learning. Furthermore, the functional connections between the sensorimotor cortex and the posterior putamen strengthened progressively as participants learned the task. These changes in corticostriatal connectivity differentiated participants who learned the task from those who did not. These findings provide a direct link between changes in corticostriatal connectivity and learning, thereby supporting a central assumption common to several computational models of reinforcement learning. Hum Brain Mapp 36:793–803, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multicenter retrospective analysis regarding the clinical manifestations and treatment results in patients with hairy cell leukemia: twenty‐four year Turkish experience in cladribine therapy
Authors: Hacioglu Sibel , Bilen Yusuf , Eser Ali , Sivgin Serdar , Gurkan Emel , Yildirim Rahsan , Aydogdu Ismet , Dogu Mehmet Hilmi , Yilmaz Mehmet , Kayikci Omur , Tombak Anil , Kuku Irfan , Celebi Harika , Akay Meltem Olga , Esen Ramazan , Korkmaz Serdal , Keskin Ali
Published: November 2014

In this multicenter retrospective analysis, we aimed to present clinical, laboratory and treatment results of 94 patients with Hairy cell leukemia diagnosed in 13 centers between 1990 and 2014. Sixty‐six of the patients were males and 28 were females, with a median age of 55. Splenomegaly was present in 93.5% of cases at diagnosis. The laboratory findings that came into prominence were pancytopenia with grade 3 bone marrow fibrosis. Most of the patients with an indication for treatment were treated with cladribine as first‐line treatment. Total and complete response of cladribine was 97.3% and 80.7%. The relapse rate after cladribine was 16.6%, and treatment related mortality was 2.5%. Most preferred therapy (95%) was again cladribine at second‐line, and third line with CR rate of 68.4% and 66.6%, respectively. The 28‐month median OS was 91.7% in all patients and 25‐month median OS 96% for patients who were given cladribine as first‐line therapy. In conclusion, the first multicenter retrospective Turkish study where patients with HCL were followed up for a long period has revealed demographic characteristics of patients with HCL, and confirmed that cladribine treatment might be safe and effective in a relatively large series of the Turkish study population. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The combination of bortezomib with enzastaurin or lenalidomide enhances cytotoxicity in follicular and mantle cell lymphoma cell lines
Authors: Cosenza Maria , Civallero Monica , Pozzi Samantha , Marcheselli Luigi , Bari Alessia , Sacchi Stefano
Published: November 2014

We analyzed the combination of a proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib) with enzastaurin (PKC/AKT‐inhibitor) or lenalidomide (immunomodulatory agent) for the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in B‐cell lymphoma cell lines and primary malignant cells. The effects of bortezomib, enzastaurin or lenalidomide, alone or in combinations, on cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using the Cell Proliferation Kit and flow cytometry analysis. The interaction between drugs was examined by the Chou–Talalay method. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. The PI3K/AKT, PKC and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways were analyzed using western blot. Bortezomib with either enzastaurin or lenalidomide synergistically induced anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects in B‐cell lymphoma cells, even in the presence of the bone marrow microenvironment. The direct cytotoxicity is mediated by signaling events involving the PI3K/AKT, PKC and MAPK/ERK pathways leading to cell death. The significant increase of apoptosis was mediated by an increased ratio of pro‐apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bad and Bim) to anti‐apoptotic proteins (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL and Mcl‐1), triggering the cleavage of caspases ‐3, ‐9, ‐8 and PARP. Further evaluation of the combination of bortezomib with enzastaurin or lenalidomide for the treatment of B‐cell lymphoma is warranted, with the goal to improve the quality of life and survival of patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redesigning a Ministry of Health's organizational structure: exploring implementation challenges through Botswana's experiences
Authors: Seitio‐Kgokgwe Onalenna , Gauld Robin D. C. , Hill Philip C. , Barnett Pauline
Published: November 2014

Introduction

The Botswana's Ministry of Health redesigned and adopted a new organizational structure in 2005, which was poorly implemented. This article explores factors that influenced the implementation of this organizational structure.

Methods

This article draws from data collected through in‐depth interviews with 54 purposively selected key informants comprising policy makers, senior managers and staff of the Ministry of Health (N = 40) and senior officers from various stakeholder organizations (N = 14).

Findings

Participants generally felt that the review of the Ministry of Health organizational structure was important. The previous structure was considered obsolete with fragmented functions that limited the overall performance of the health system. The new organizational structure was viewed to be aligned to current national priorities with potential to positively influence performance. Some key weaknesses identified included lack of consultation and information sharing with workers during the restructuring process, which affected the understanding of their new roles, failure to mobilize key resources to support implementation of the new structure and inadequate monitoring of the implementation process.

Conclusion

Redesigning an organizational structure is a major change. There is a need for effective and sustained leadership to plan, direct, coordinate, monitor and evaluate the implementation phase of the reform. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and anterior regeneration of musculature and nervous system in Cirratulus cf. cirratus (Cirratulidae, Annelida)
Authors: Weidhase Michael , Bleidorn Christoph , Helm Conrad
Published: November 2014

Cover illustration. Cirratulidae are a family of marine sedentary annelids with a remarkable regenerative ability. In this issue of the Journal of Morphology,Weidhase et al. (pp. 1418–1430, 10.1002/jmor.20316) investigated the structure of musculature and nervous system in intact and anterior regenerating individuals of Cirratulus cf. cirratus using confocal laser‐scanning microscopy. Additionally, implications for general regeneration patterns in annelids were discussed. The cover image is a depth coded confocal maximum projection of the musculature of the anterior end in lateral view, showing the two layers of the body wall musculature and further muscle fibers of the parapodia, the tentacles, and the mouth opening.
It pays to have an eye for emotions: Emotion recognition ability indirectly predicts annual income
Authors: Momm Tassilo , Blickle Gerhard , Liu Yongmei , Wihler Andreas , Kholin Mareike , Menges Jochen I.
Published: November 2014

This study integrates the emotion and social influence literatures to examine how emotion recognition ability (ERA) relates to annual income. In a sample of 142 employee–peer–supervisor triads from a broad range of jobs and organizations, we find that people's level of ERA indirectly relates to how much they earn per year. The relationship between ERA and annual income is mediated sequentially through political skill and interpersonal facilitation. The results imply that emotional abilities allow people not only to process affect‐laden information effectively but also to use this information to successfully navigate the social world of organizations in the pursuit of prosperity. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Great auricular nerve preservation in parotid gland surgery: Long‐term outcomes
Authors: Grammatica Alberto , Perotti Pietro , Mancini Francesco , Bozzola Anna , Piazza Cesare , Nicolai Piero , Redaelli de Zinis Luca Oscar
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess sensory outcomes and quality of life (QoL) in two groups of patients with and without great auricular nerve (GAN) preservation during parotidectomy.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

The posterior branch of the GAN was preserved in 42 patients (group A) and sacrificed in 13 (group B). Tactile, heat, and cold sensitivities were investigated by dividing GAN territory into seven areas. Comparisons between operated (OS) and nonoperated sides (NS) within each group, and between the OS of the two groups were made. The QoL questionnaire was administered.

Results

In group A, normal tactile, heat, and cold sensitivities ranged from 16.7% to 66.7%, 11.9% to 73.8%, and 21.4% to 81%, respectively, in different OS areas. Significant differences between OS and NS were found, except for the preauricular superior area. In group B, normal tactile, heat, and cold sensitivities ranged from 0% to 61.5%, 0% to 53.8%, and 7.7% to 76.9%, respectively, in different OS areas. Significant differences between OS and NS were found except for the preauricular superior (tactile sensitivity), and preauricular superior and helix/concha areas (cold sensitivity). Comparing the OS tactile and thermic sensitivities between the two groups, only the lobule area showed differences. The preauricular inferior area was different only for heat. The QoL questionnaire showed different hypoesthesia extension between the two groups. All other items were comparable.

Conclusions

Sensory deficits are commonly reported despite GAN preservation. Lobule and preauricular inferior areas showed differences in terms of tactile and thermic sensitivities, with better outcomes in group A. QoL seems tolerable despite GAN sacrifice.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 125:1107–1112, 2015
Targeted Delivery of Vaccine to Dendritic Cells by Chitosan Nanoparticles Conjugated with a Targeting Peptide Ligand Selected by Phage Display Technique
Authors: Jung Su‐Na , Kang Sang‐Kee , Yeo Guen‐Hye , Li Hai‐Ying , Jiang Tao , Nah Jae‐Woon , Bok Jin‐Duck , Cho Chong‐Su , Choi Yun‐Jaie
Published: November 2014

The paper presents a novel dendritic cells (DC)‐targeting peptide, TPAFRYS (TP) identified by phage display technique and conjugated to chitosan in order to develop an efficient DC‐targeting vaccine delivery carrier. TP‐conjugated chitosan nanoparticles (TPC‐NPs) were prepared with ovalbumin (OVA) as a model vaccine by ionic gelation. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry studies demonstrated the higher targeting ability of TPC‐NPs to DCs in compared to chitosan NPs. Moreover, TPC‐NPs exhibited higher targeting specificity in DCs than macrophage and myoblasts. Furthermore, immunization of mice with OVA‐loaded TPC‐NPs enhanced OVA‐specific serum IgG and IgG isotype antibodies production. Thus, DC‐targeting strategy demonstrates a potential approach to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines.
Approximation by polynomials on quaternionic compact sets
Authors: Gal S. G. , Sabadini I.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we obtain several extensions to the quaternionic setting of some results concerning the approximation by polynomials of functions continuous on a compact set and holomorphic in its interior. To this end, we prove an analog of the Riemann mapping theorem for a subclass of open sets, whose validity involves precisely the slice regular functions for which the composition remains slice regular. The results include approximation on compact starlike sets and compact axially symmetric sets. The cases of some concrete particular sets are described in details, including also quantitative estimates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
POCS‐based reconstruction of multiplexed sensitivity encoded MRI (POCSMUSE): A general algorithm for reducing motion‐related artifacts
Authors: Chu Mei‐Lan , Chang Hing‐Chiu , Chung Hsiao‐Wen , Truong Trong‐Kha , Bashir Mustafa R. , Chen Nan‐kuei
Published: November 2014

Purpose

A projection onto convex sets reconstruction of multiplexed sensitivity encoded MRI (POCSMUSE) is developed to reduce motion‐related artifacts, including respiration artifacts in abdominal imaging and aliasing artifacts in interleaved diffusion‐weighted imaging.

Theory

Images with reduced artifacts are reconstructed with an iterative projection onto convex sets (POCS) procedure that uses the coil sensitivity profile as a constraint. This method can be applied to data obtained with different pulse sequences and k‐space trajectories. In addition, various constraints can be incorporated to stabilize the reconstruction of ill‐conditioned matrices.

Methods

The POCSMUSE technique was applied to abdominal fast spin‐echo imaging data, and its effectiveness in respiratory‐triggered scans was evaluated. The POCSMUSE method was also applied to reduce aliasing artifacts due to shot‐to‐shot phase variations in interleaved diffusion‐weighted imaging data corresponding to different k‐space trajectories and matrix condition numbers.

Results

Experimental results show that the POCSMUSE technique can effectively reduce motion‐related artifacts in data obtained with different pulse sequences, k‐space trajectories and contrasts.

Conclusion

POCSMUSE is a general post‐processing algorithm for reduction of motion‐related artifacts. It is compatible with different pulse sequences, and can also be used to further reduce residual artifacts in data produced by existing motion artifact reduction methods. Magn Reson Med 74:1336–1348, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient production of hyperpolarized bicarbonate by chemical reaction on a DNP precursor to measure pH
Authors: Ghosh Rajat K. , Kadlecek Stephen J. , Pourfathi Mehrdad , Rizi Rahim R.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

To produce hyperpolarized bicarbonate indirectly via chemical reaction from a hyperpolarized precursor and utilize it for the simultaneous regional measurement of metabolism and pH.

Methods

Alpha keto carboxylic acids are first hyperpolarized by dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). These precursor molecules are rapidly reacted with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to decarboxylate the species, resulting in new target molecules. Unreacted H2O2 is removed from the system by reaction with sulfite. Interrogation of the ratio of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) to bicarbonate can be used to determine pH.

Results

Conversion of hyperpolarized alpha keto acids to bicarbonate and CO2 results in a minimal loss of the spin order. The reaction can be conducted to completion within seconds and preserves the nuclear spin polarization.

Conclusion

Through a rapid chemical reaction, we can conserve the nuclear spin order of a DNP precursor to generate multiple hyperpolarized bioprobes otherwise unamenable to polarization. This indirect technique for the production of hyperpolarized agents can be applied to different precursor compounds to generate additional novel probes. Magn Reson Med 74:1406–1413, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of left ventricular function of the mouse heart during experimentally induced hyperthyroidism and recovery
Authors: Hübner Neele Saskia , Merkle Annette , Jung Bernd , von Elverfeldt Dominik , Harsan Laura‐Adela
Published: November 2014

Many of the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism are due to the ability of thyroid hormones to alter myocardial contractility and cardiovascular hemodynamics, leading to cardiovascular impairment. In contrast, recent studies highlight also the potential beneficial effects of thyroid hormone administration for clinical or preclinical treatment of different diseases such as atherosclerosis, obesity and diabetes or as a new therapeutic approach in demyelinating disorders. In these contexts and in the view of developing thyroid hormone‐based therapeutic strategies, it is, however, important to analyze undesirable secondary effects on the heart. Animal models of experimentally induced hyperthyroidism therefore represent important tools for investigating and monitoring changes of cardiac function. In our present study we use high‐field cardiac MRI to monitor and follow‐up longitudinally the effects of prolonged thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine) administration focusing on murine left ventricular function. Using a 9.4 T small horizontal bore animal scanner, cinematographic MRI was used to analyze changes in ejection fraction, wall thickening, systolic index and fractional shortening. Cardiac MRI investigations were performed after sustained cycles of triiodothyronine administration and treatment arrest in adolescent (8 week old) and adult (24 week old) female C57Bl/6 N mice. Triiodothyronine supplementation of 3 weeks led to an impairment of cardiac performance with a decline in ejection fraction, wall thickening, systolic index and fractional shortening in both age groups but with a higher extent in the group of adolescent mice. However, after a hormonal treatment cessation of 3 weeks, only young mice are able to partly restore cardiac performance in contrast to adult mice lacking this recovery potential and therefore indicating a presence of chronically developed heart pathology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 9‐year, bidirectional prospective analysis of depressive symptoms and adiposity: The African American Health Study
Authors: Hawkins Misty A.W. , Miller Douglas K. , Stewart Jesse C.
Published: November 2014

Objective

Depression may be a predictor and consequence of obesity. However, available evidence for racial minorities has been inconsistent, and more prospective studies are needed. Thus, this study's objective was to examine whether depressive symptom severity is a predictor and/or consequence of total adiposity over a 9‐year period in a representative sample of late middle‐aged African‐Americans.

Methods

A total of 410 participants (aged 49–65 years; baseline) in the prospective cohort African American Health study were examined. Depressive symptom severity was assessed with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D). Total body fat percent (BF%) and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) were assessed. Structural equation models were tested.

Results

All model fit statistics, other than χ2, indicated good fit (RMSEA ≤ 0.058, SRMR ≤ 0.052, CFI ≥ 0.95). Baseline CES‐D did not predict 9‐year changes in BF% (β = −0.01, P = 0.78) or BMI (β = −0.01, P = 0.77). Baseline BF% (β = 0.05, P = 0.39) and BMI (β = 0.08, P = 0.095) did not predict 9‐year change in CES‐D.

Conclusions

Depressive symptom severity was not a predictor or consequence of excess total adiposity in late middle‐aged African‐American adults. Including a depression module in obesity prevention and treatment programs specifically designed for late middle‐aged African‐Americans may not have a beneficial effect on obesity outcomes.
A Room of One's Own: Highly Educated Migrants' Strategies for Creating a Home in Guangzhou
Authors: Suda Kimiko
Published: November 2014

Highly educated rural‐to‐urban migrants living within China's first‐tier cities – known as ‘ants’ (yizu) – employ a number of different everyday strategies for creating a home in the face of structural obstacles. This article discusses such strategies in the city of Guangzhou by extending Martina Löw's (2001) concept of the constitution of urban space. Different types of migrants' strategies and the transient nature of these migrants' homes are presented against the background of current Chinese debates on social stratification, social mobility, and access to urban space. The analysis is based on 30 qualitative interviews with college graduates living in urban villages (chengzhongcun), in addition to the results of field research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic properties of MoS2/h‐BN heterostructures: Impact of dopants and impurities
Authors: Gillen Roland , Robertson John , Maultzsch Janina
Published: November 2014

We report density functional theory calculations of the electronic properties of doped heterostructures of monolayer molybdenum disulphide and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN). Extending on a recent study, we investigate the effect of doping the h‐BN layer on the electronic structure of the MoS2 subsystem by a number of impurites. We consider the intrinsic n‐type dopants S and Mo, the p‐type dopant Mg, and interstitial K and Mn atoms. Magnesium and molybdenum substitutional impurities induce tails of occupied defect states into the band gap of the compound that reach up to the conduction band minimum of MoS2. This suggests easy charge transfer between the layers in these cases. Additionally, the d‐electrons in the studied transition metal impurities induce localized magnetic momenta into the MoS2 subsystem, which might be exploited in spintronics applications. Our results contribute to the understanding of the interaction of MoS2 in vertical heterostructures with nearby impurities and offer insights into possible origins of intrinsic doping of experimental samples of MoS2.