bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A discussion on tone sandhi problems in Chinese
Authors: Dow Francis D. M.
Published: February 2009

The most important tone sandhi is that of tone-3. Each of the two forms of bisyllabic sequences in Chinese, the quasi-iambic and the trochaic, has two types of tone sandhi pattern. As far as the quasi-iambic sequence is concerned, tone-3 followed by other tones (including the neutral tone) except another tone-3 changes to ½ tone-3. Tone-3 followed by another tone-3 changes to tone-2. As far as the trochaic sequence is concerned, tone-3 followed by the neutral tone derived originally from tone-3 changes either to ½ tone-3 as before any other neutral tone, or to tone-2 as before any stressed tone-3. Tone-3 followed by the first type of trochaic sequence changes to tone-2, and that followed by the second type changes to ½ tone-3. Tone sandhi patterns of the sequences formed by three stressed tone-3 syllables, though mostly determined by the IC, are rather inconsistent; they vary from speaker to speaker. There are two types of tone sandhi patterns of the sequences formed by more than three stressed tone-3 syllables. The first type is uttered with a momentary pause which has the function of separating one IC from another. The second type is uttered without the pause. Thus only the tone pattern of the final syllable remains unchanged. Whether a polysyllabic sequence is uttered with a momentary pause or not depends on the speaker. In general, due to the influence of stress distribution, 223-sequences and 2223-sequences may optionally change to 213-sequences and 2123-sequences respectively when they are spoken faster. This confirms that the description of sandhi patterns in the second paragraph of section 1 is correct.
The Relation of Speech-Sound Discrimination to Developing Speech
Authors: Beaken Michael
Published: February 2009

Articulation and discrimination of speech-sounds are closely related in children's developing phonology. As in most other areas of language, recognition of a meaningful contrast is acknowledged to precede its active use (Ervin-Tripp, 1966: 59; Friedlander, 1969). It is becoming clear that the process of developing auditory discrimination follows the same general path as developing articulation in speech, though parallels between the two processes are not exact.
Glottalization of English /p/, /t/, /k/ and /t∫/—a re-examination
Authors: Roach P. J.
Published: February 2009

This paper is concerned with a phenomenon that has in previous descriptions been labelled ‘glottal reinforcement’, ‘pre-glottalization’ or ‘glottalization’ (for discussion of ‘glottal replacement’ and the distinction between ‘full’ and ‘pre-’ glottalization see below, 10.1). The essential characteristic of this glottalization is that the oral closure for /p/, /t/ or /k/ is preceded by a glottal closure, but there is much variation from one accent to another in terms both of the distribution of the glottal closure and of its articulatory characteristics (especially the duration of the closure). Of the literature on the subject, a speculative article by Christophersen (1952) followed by a reply from O'Connor (1952), a study by Andrésen eventually published as a book (1968) and a study by Higginbottom (1964) are the best known. I shall use the term ‘glottalization’ in this paper: being a more general label it does not commit one to the possibly misleading implications of the other names.
The ambiguity of -ization
Authors: J. C. W.
Published: February 2009

An important task of specialists in any field is the elaboration of a clear and adequate terminology. The coining and popularization of well thought out technical terms both reflects theoretical advances and facilitates clarity of thought and expression.
Belfast intonation and the myth of the fall
Authors: Jarman Eric , Cruttenden Alan
Published: February 2009

The type of analysis best suited to intonation (what Stockwell, 1972, calls the ‘representation’ question) is not under discussion in this article. In order to save taking up space with such analytical preliminaries, Belfast intonation is described in this article largely in a framework similar to that of Halliday (1967). We describe firstly the forms of intonation in that dialect; then the use of such forms; and end with some implications for linguistics in general. The analysis is based on recordings of the speech of an educated speaker of an urban Anglo-Irish dialect of Belfast. The main findings were checked by reference to a second speaker of the same dialect.
The official IPA vowel diagram
Authors: Lewis J. Windsor
Published: February 2009

The eagerly awaited revision of the Association's Principles will no doubt incorporate a less controversial statement than the present (paragraph 11) remark that THEpositions ofTHEtongue in the articulation of cardinal [i, a, α] and [u] have been determined. The old form of diagram introduced by Daniel Jones, and still surviving as the only official IPA shape must surely be now discarded. Its form implied excessive optimism both about the universality of the applicability of the X-ray photography data on which it was based, and about its practical usefulness. It can only be said to have flourished for about the decade 1919–29. Since the early ‘thirties it has been overwhelmingly rejected in favour of Jones's second choice, which many would perhaps be surprised to hear has as yet absolutely no explicit official IPA sanction. This seems to have first appeared in 1929 in Ida Ward's The Phonetics of English. Jones himself never made use of the present official IPA diagram in any new or fully re-written book after 1932 not even in The Phoneme. So far as one knows he never formally abandoned it but his discarding of it seems to leave little doubt that he himself would have been in sympathy with authorization in the new edition of the de facto current version. If anyone still considers the older version preferable it would be very interesting to hear their arguments and to hear of any evidence on the basis of which such an opinion were held. Now is clearly the time for speaking up on this topic.
Neglected front rounded phonemes in Haitian Creole
Authors: Ferere Gerard Alphonse
Published: February 2009

In all the formal descriptions of Haitian Creole published so far the phonemics of the vowels includes only front unrounded and back rounded varieties:

Analysts confronted with the presence in the inventory of the front rounded series attribute to them the status of exceptions or loans.
American English from Central Texas
Authors: de Camp L. Sprague
Published: February 2009

The following transcription of ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ was made from a tape recording of the speech of Dr. Charlotte Laughlin (Mrs. Billy Lee), who teaches at Howard Payne University, Brownwood, Texas. Dr. Laughlin is 26 years old and was born in Brownwood, Brown County, at the approximate geographical center of the state. She lived in Brownwood until she was 18, when she moved to Austin to attend the University of Texas. At 24, she moved back to Brownwood and has remained there since, save for foreign trips.
Transcription, vowel and consonant systems of Upper Bavarian dialect
Authors: Capell C. E.
Published: February 2009

Informants recorded a version of ‘The North Wind and the Sun’, adapted from the North German Variety in the I.P.A. Principles (1973). The German text was rewritten with considerable emphasis on lexical differences, and only slightly less emphasis on morphological and syntactic differences, especially word order. Words such as Wanderer in High German (hereinafter H.G.) were regarded as ‘non-Bavarian’ by native speakers and virtually all examples of the imperfect tense were changed to the perfect tense. It is usual in this dialect, which is normally known as Upper Bavarian (hereinafter U.B.), for personal pronouns to follow verb forms, as a result of which they are very rarely stressed.
British English in strict IPA transcription
Authors: Lewis J. Windsor
Published: February 2009

/ ðes god wεðɐ weɐr tɐdee ez trule ɐ pjoɐ plεƷɐ bɐt ae dεɐsee tɐmɒrəo kod izɐle ∫əo SΛmθeŋ dƷΛst hao fα ðɐ brete∫ klaemet kan tən. trεt∫ɐrɐs. /
The pure oral vowels of colloquial Tamil—an X-ray photographic study
Authors: Balasubramanian T.
Published: February 2009

There are fourteen pure oral vowels in one of the several colloquial dialects of Tamil. On the basis of the author's proprioception and on the basis of a detailed spectrographic study, these were classified as front /i:, i, e:, ε/, back /ɑ:, ɑ, o:, o, u:, u/ and central /ə:, ə, ɨ:, ɨ/. X-rays were taken of the tongue-positions of ten of these vowels. These ten vowels are /i:, i, e:, ɑ:, ɑ, o:, o, u:, u, ə:, ɨ:/.
Proposal for ASCII coded phonetic script
Authors: Millar J. B. , Oasa H.
Published: February 2009

One of the challenges of current research into speech communication is that of effectively using the power of the digital computer to both organize data and to extract relevant relationships by computational methods. Whilst considerable progress has been made in the analysis and synthesis of the acoustics of speech and in understanding the perceptual mechanisms at work in human perception of speech, there has been a paucity of relations between such knowledge and the description of speech by the traditional discipline of phonetics. One significant factor in this situation is the lack of an effective way for the speech scientist to code the descriptions of the phonetician in a way that preserves the richness of description and accuracy of judgement attained by a highly trained ear and expressed in specialized phonetic scripts. It is the intent of this paper to propose a tool that could provide improved communication between the two disciplines.
What is speaker recognition ?
Authors: Brown Roger
Published: February 2009

This article deals with auditory speaker recognition, the human ability to recognize a speaker's identity from hearing a sample of his speech. More specifically, it concentrates on our ability to do this in everyday situations, not in the experimental laboratory. As is explained more fully by Brown (1980a), there are significant differences between the speaker recognition tasks which experimenters have set listeners to perform and the corresponding processes which we perform in our daily lives. In addition, therefore, the article does not handle two experimental fields which are often considered together with auditory speaker recognition—speaker recognition by the visual examination of spectrograms (‘voice-prints’), and automatic speaker recognition by machine.
On pre-accentual lengthening
Authors: Dasher Richard , Bolinger Dwight
Published: February 2009

Among the numerous factors known or suspected to affect the length of a syllable in English is the nature of the immediately following syllable. It is widely recognized (P. Fijn van Draat, 1910, p. 14; Jones, 1956, §§ 886–7; Bolinger, 1965, pp. 168–9; Lehiste, 1972, p. 2021) that in a succession of monosyllabic words a word containing a full vowel will be longer when followed by another such word than when followed by a word containing a reduced vowel.1 Van Draat's example is Money makes the mare to go versus Money makes the mare go: in the latter, ‘We pronounce mare in two syllables.’ In the former one can say that the reduced to ‘borrows time’ from the full mare.
Nasalized vowels and semiconsonants in Haitian Creole
Authors: Férère Gérard A.
Published: February 2009

The Haitian Creole vocalic system includes both nasalized and oral varieties. Relatively recent analyses can be found in Hall 1953, D'Ans 1968, Valdman 1970, Férère 1977 and Férère 1979. Férère 1977 deals specifically with the oral front rounded phonemes. The solutions proposed by the various creolists do not always coincide. In this paper, the writer, a native speaker of Haitian Creole, does not intend to make a detailed study of their findings, but simply to review the different treatments offered for vowels and semiconsonants, in general, and to propose one which he believes to be most appropriate for the nasalized varieties in particular.
A comparison of phonetically-ordered phonological variables in two major Canadian urban surveys
Authors: de Wolf Gaelan Dodds
Published: February 2009

Sociolinguistic dialect research is based on the assumption that language is a form of social behaviour varying as much with social factors as with geography, which of course, does not prevent a geographical comparison in the current context. The present study deals with preliminary observations which result from testing and comparing the effect of age, sex and socio-economic status on linguistic variables in two recent, major urban sociolinguistic surveys in Canada: that of Ottawa, with 100 informants (Woods 1979), and SVEN, the Survey of Vancouver English with 240 informants (Gregg 1981).
Revising the International Phonetic Alphabet: A plan
Authors: Ladefoged Peter , Roach Peter
Published: February 2009

The present set of symbols recommended by the International Phonetic Association had its origins nearly 100 years ago, shortly after the Association was founded in 1886. It was revised many times in its early years, but in the last 40 years there have been few changes. As a result, it is now time for the Association to turn to this matter again. But before we do so, we would like to make it clear that in our view the Association should be concerned with far more than the management of a set of symbols. Just as no university course in phonetics should limit itself to teaching students how to make phonetic transcriptions, so equally the Association is concerned with the whole science of phonetics. Phoneticians are not just people who can hear and produce a great variety of speech sounds. They are scholars who have studied the entire process of speech production and perception. They know how speech sounds form the medium of spoken language, and they continually relate their work to other fields such as general linguistics. They also know something about the practical applications of their work, ranging from pronunciation teaching to automatic speech recognition. Phonetics is an academic discipline, and the International Phonetic Association is the organization of the group of scholars who are enaged in that discipline.
Updating the Theory
Authors: Ladefoged Peter
Published: February 2009

The International Phonetic Association is not usually considered as a group of theoreticians. If the members have a self-image, they probably consider themselves as practical people, who apply their particular skills to real problems such as pronunciation teaching, speech pathology, the description of spoken languages, and speech recognition. They probably do not think of themselves as part of one of the very few organized groups in the world that promulgates an official theory about its subject matter. But that is precisely what the International Phonetic Association does. It sanctions an official set of symbols for representing the sounds of spoken language. By doing so it prescribes a certain way of describing sounds; the symbols are, after all, just symbols. They are shorthand ways of representing certain information, namely, the choices permitted by the phonetic theory.
Proposed revision of the International Phonetic Alphabet: A conference
Authors: Ladefoged Peter
Published: February 2009

In the summer of 1989 the International Phonetic Association will convene a conference, probably in Northern Europe, which we hope will be one of the most significant meetings in our field for many years. At this meeting we will determine a new version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which will then become the authorized version of the IPA. The present set of IPA symbols had its origins nearly 100 years ago, shortly after the Association was founded. The present Alphabet is sadly out of date, both from the point of view of the principles underlying it, and with respect to the individual symbols and diacritics. There is no doubt that it should now be revised.
Computer-coded phonetic transcription
Authors: Wells John C.
Published: February 2009

Speech databases on Danish, Dutch, English, French, German and Italian are being set up as part of an Esprit-funded project, ‘Speech Assessment Methods’ (SAM), which is concerned with the establishment of standardized assessment methods for automatic speech recognition devices. An important aspect of this work is the devising of a standard set of conventions for the machine-readable phonetic transcription of these languages. This matter was discussed at a two-day meeting in London devoted to aspects of the organization of speech databases, which was attended by participants from SAM Partners in the five currently participating countries (Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom), together with representatives from the German Federal Republic. Participants agreed that a compromise based on the three existing multilingual proposals could be achieved: its broad outlines were agreed, while the elaboration of detail was left to the present author and this report.
Margaret Thatcher's pronunciation: An exercise in ear-training
Authors: Buuren Luke Van
Published: February 2009

Ear training is an essential element in any phonetics or pronunciation teaching. In recent years I have been developing an ear-training method based on repeater tapes (each line repeated nine or ten times) of ‘unusual’ personalities and accents. The recordings are first transcribed by rule of thumb according to our own norm (RP English, Standard Dutch, etc.) and the idea is that the major differences from this norm are then listened to and analysed. If the observations are summarized at the end, one has a fair idea of what is characteristic of that particular type of speech. By way of illustration I shall present such a summary of 85 seconds of speech by The Rt Hon. Margaret Thatcher, the British Prime Minister, taken from an interview on Dutch television made in 1982. It will appear that we do not only analyse phonetic phenomena, but cannot help noticing in this case their semantic impact as well. Perhaps our observations may be of some interest to semanticists and psychologists as well as phoneticians.
Prenasalized stops and speech timing.
Authors: Maddieson Ian
Published: February 2009

Prenasalized stops, that is, homorganic nasal+stop elements that behave as single phonological segments, raise a number of interesting questions concerning the relationship between phonological units and timing in speech. Do complex phonetic elements of this kind occupy the same duration as simpler elements, such as plain stops or nasals? Do prenasalized stops have the same timing pattern as a phonological sequence of nasal plus stop? How do prenasalized stops act with respect to rules which adjust the duration of neighboring segments? For example, would a vowel before a prenasalized stop be shortened by the widespread rule which shortens a vowel in a closed syllable (Maddieson 1985)? It has been argued that the status of prenasalized stops as single segments is directly related to their duration. They have been defined as nasal+stop sequences with the duration typical of other single segments (Herbert 1986). He, and Sagey (1986), in her dissertation on complex segments, both indicate that they would expect phonological consonant sequences to have longer durations than single segments regardless of whether the single segments are phonetically simple or complex. On the other hand, Ladefoged and Maddieson (1986) suggest that there is no demonstrated phonetic difference in timing between nasal+stop sequences and prenasalized stops. Purported language-internal contrasts between these elements actually involve a difference between geminate and single nasals before stops (as in Sinhalese), or between syllabic and non-syllabic nasals before stops. They suggest that deciding if a nasal+stop element is a prenasalized stop is not a phonetic issue but one which concerns solely the phonology of the language in question.
Phonetic Analysis and the Automatic Segmentation and Labeling of Speech Sounds
Authors: Roach Peter , Roach Helen , Dew Andrea , Rowlands Paul
Published: February 2009

A fundamentally important practice in phonetics is the analysis of continuous speech into a sequence of discrete segments. There has been considerable debate about the theoretical validity of this practice within classical auditory/kinaesthetic phonetics and in phonology as well as in the context of the acoustic analysis of speech; in recent years the issue has become more widely important as research work in automatic speech processing has resulted in computer algorithms for segmenting speech and assigning phonetic labels to the segments. Work on the automatic segmentation and labeling of speech sounds has been carried on in our department since 1980. This paper begins by examining the theoretical issues involved in segmentation and labeling, then describes our own work.
Answers to spectrograms in 20.1
Authors: Ladefoged Peter
Published: February 2009

In the previous issue of the Journal, on page 52, there were reproductions of two spectrograms that readers were invited to interpret. Both had been tested by presenting them to a group of about half a dozen experienced spectrogram readers. This group discussed the reproductions, arguing for different interpretations until they had reached a consensus on what phrases must have been spoken. The following are some comments that readers might wish to consider, based on the group's procedure in interpreting the first phrase, which is reproduced again below. Remember that the spectrograms contain English sentences spoken in a British accent close to the RP standard.
Glottal consonants … another view
Authors: Catford J. C.
Published: February 2009

I am in favor of letting [h] and [ɦ] stay where they are as glottal fricatives—honorary glottal fricatives, if you like! What the preceding paper says about them is true—there tends to be noticeable glottal turbulence with [h] only occasionally, particularly before open [a]-type vowels (or after them, in languages with final [h]'s). The voiced counterpart is perhaps more likely to have some turbulent glottal flow, being, in fact breathy or whispery voice. My reason for wanting to keep [h] and [ɦ] in the chart is perhaps more phonological and practical than strictly phonetic. There are so many languages in which one or both of these sounds functions as a syllabic margin—as a term in a series of consonants—that one often wants to put them in a chart of consonants. In Caucasian languages [h] often coexists in the consonant system alongside [ʔ], and (e.g. in dialects of Agul) alongside [ʔ], [ʡ], [ħ], [ʕ], [H] and [ʢ].
A proposal concerning central vowels
Authors: Catford J. C.
Published: February 2009

The 1989 Kiel Convention made an unprincipled decision to ignore the basis of the Cardinal Vowel system, which specifies four ‘heights’ and three ‘horizontal’ locations for vowels, by ignoring close-mid and open-mid central vowels and proposing only two symbols for non-close central vowels, viz. [ə, ө].
The ‘glottal fricatives’
Authors: Laufer Asher
Published: February 2009

In the IPA chart which was the outcome of the IPA 1989 Kiel Convention, the glottal fricatives [h, ɦ] were included, as they were in previous charts. Unlike Kloster-Jensen (JIPA 1991: 42), I believe we were correct to leave [h, ɦ] as they were, in the space for glottal fricatives. In order to justify his belief that the [h] is not a glottal fricative, Kloster-Jensen recruits two good referees, Ladefoged (1962) and Brücke (1876). Other phoneticians also share the same belief, that the [h] is not a glottal fricative (for example, Pike 1943: 140, O'Connor 1973: 143–144), but many others do believe that [h] is really a glottal fricative. Here I want to give two good reasons why we should consider [h, ɦ] glottal fricatives, and leave them as they are in the IPA chart. The first reason is a general one, and is based on aerodynamic reasoning. The second is based on observations of productions of [h] in Hebrew, in Arabic and in Finnish.
High Rising Terminals in New Zealand English
Authors: Britain David , Newman John
Published: February 2009

The use of High Rising Terminal intonation contours (HRTs) in statements is a particularly salient and often stigmatized feature of a number of varieties of English. In recent years a number of linguists have investigated the feature from pragmatic (ching 1982, Meyerhoff 1991) and sociolinguistic (Guy, Horvath, Vonwiller, Diasley and Rogers 1986, Allen 1990, Britain 1992) perspectives and its use has also stimulated long running debates in the press (New York Times, Fall 1991; Sydney Morning Herald, June 1992) about its origins, functions and appropriateness. In this paper, we combine a brief discussion of its use and dunction with a F0-plot analysis of a number of HRT contours from recordings made in Wellington, New Zealand in 1989.
Historiography of Phonetics: the State of the Art
Authors: Koerner E. F. Konrad
Published: February 2009

If we are to believe Panconcelli-Calzia (1941), the history of phonetics goes back three millenia, and probably as far back as the study of language in general. However, while the history of linguistics has in recent decades become a widely practised field of scholarly endeavour, with a specialist journal and several associated monograph series available since 1973, nothing comparable has occurred with regard to the history of phonetics. There is no indication that a concerted effort is under way to remedy the situation and to establish the history of phonetics as an integral part of the study of phonetics as has been done with regard to the history of linguistics for well over fifteen years. The present paper offers a critical survey of previous scholarship in the historiography of phonetics and presents a few ideas that may strengthen the interest in the historiography of (linguistic) phonetics and encourage someone to undertake a major, comprehensive work in this field.
Characteristics of Atypical Speech currently not included in the Extensions to the IPA
Authors: Bernhardt Barbara , Ball Martin J.
Published: February 2009

The Extensions to the IPA for the transcription of disordered speech and voice quality (extIPA) were approved at the 1989 IPA Congress in Kiel (see Duckworth et al. 1990, Ball 1991). A transcription system for disordered speech needs to provide sufficient diversity of symbols and diacritics to account for the majority of observed phonetic variants. Creation of standard new symbols and diacritics for every observed variant is ultimately counterproductive. We submit that the following phenomena have been observed frequently enough and have sufficient diagnostic and therapeutic implications to warrant consideration as new extensions to the IPA. We do not imply, however, that these are the only atypical speech production phenomena that may, in the long run, be worthy of inclusion in a revised extIPA, and we look forward to further suggestions from clinicians and phoneticians.
The intonation of Singapore English
Authors: Deterding David
Published: February 2009

The segmental characteristics of the English spoken in Singapore are quite widely described (e.g. Tongue 1979, Platt and Weber 1980, Brown 1988a, Brown 1991). However, the suprasegmental aspects, such as intonation, are less well documented, even though it is widely accepted that it is the suprasegmental aspects that contribute most to the distinctive character of “foreign” accents such as that of Singapore (Brown 1991: 4).
Hungarian
Authors: Szende Tamás
Published: February 2009

The style of speech illustrated is that of Educated Colloquial Hungarian of the 1990's as spoken in Budapest. Historically, Standard Hungarian is based on the Eastern dialect, which became a supra-dialectal high prestige variety during the 18th century. The speech on the recording is that of a male speaker in his fifties with an academic background, using a somewhat advanced style of speech as spoken in a formal communicative situation.
A first report on the click accompaniments of |Gui
Authors: Nakagawa Hirosi
Published: February 2009

This paper aims at describing the click accompaniments of |Gui, a little known Central Khoisan language, and presenting some new findings which may contribute to general phonetics as well as Khoisan linguistics. The phonetic features described here are based upon linguistic field research by the author into the |Gui language in the Xade area, the Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana, from August to December in 1992, from August to October in 1993 and from August to December in 1994.
Tamil liquids: An investigation into the basis of the contrast among five liquids in a dialect of Tamil
Authors: McDonough Joyce , Johnson Keith
Published: February 2009

The Brahmin dialect of Tamil (Dravidian) has an unusual inventory of five distinctive liquid sounds: plain and retroflex rhotics, and plain and retroflex laterals, and a fifth liquid which has been variously described as a rhotic, a lateral, a glide and/or a fricative. This paper investigates the articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual properties of these liquids, and, in particular, the fifth liquid. Electropalatography (EPG) and static palatography were used to examine the articulatory properties of the liquids, the acoustic properties of the liquids were examined, and we tested the intelligibility of the EPG recordings in a perception experiment. Our intent is to propose a classification for the fifth liquid based on these studies. The fifth liquid is classified as a retroflex central approximant, with characteristics that make it distinct from the other liquids along three dimensions of contrast: static ∼ dynamic, central ∼ lateral and retroflex ∼ non-retroflex.
Long and short [æ] in one Southern British speaker's English
Authors: Fudge Erik
Published: February 2009

1. Several of the standard works on English pronunciation speak of exceptional cases of lengthening of ‘short’ vowels, and of [æ] in particular:

‘In the South of England a fully long æː is generally used in the adjectives ending in -ad (bad bæːd, sad sæːd, etc.), and is quite common in some nouns, e.g. man mæːn or mæn, bag bæːg or bæg, jam dʒæːm or dʒæm. … the words back, that (meaning ‘that thing’) at the end of a sentence are often pronounced with long æː by some Southern English people.’ (Jones 1960: 235.) ‘This traditionally short vowel appears to be lengthened in RP especially before the lenis consonants /b, d, g, dʒ, m, n/ (cab, bad, bag, badge, jam, man).’ (Gimson 1962: 100.)
Does Shona have diphthongs?
Authors: Pongweni Alec J. C.
Published: February 2009

‘Investigation has shown’, writes Doke (1931: 31–2) ‘that at least two diphthongs and occur in certain Shona dialects.’ He does not report the nature of the investigation conducted. The present study suggests that there are no restrictions on vowel combinability, but that there are no grounds for postulating diphthongal unit phonemes in the language.
Computer-coded Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community
Authors: Wells J. C.
Published: February 2009

This paper is intended to provide a general orientation regarding the articulatory phonetics of the languages involved in the SAM project, as described in Wells (1987): it comprises a brief statement of the phonemic system of each language (the consonants and vowels, and how they are transcribed), together with notes on the most salient realizational and suprasegmental characteristics. As in Wells (1987), the objective is to assign a computer-coded phonemic notation, referred to as SAM-PA, using only the printable symbols from the 7-bit ASCII series.
Pulmonic control, nasal venting, and aspiration in Khoisan languages
Authors: Traill Anthony
Published: February 2009

It is generally accepted in the descriptive phonetic literature that most variations in pulmonic pressure observed during the production of speeech are passive reactions to changing glottal and supra-glottal resistance (Ladefoged 1968, Ohala et al. 1979, Rothenberg 1968). Active short-term positive changes in lung volume are only found with heavily stressed syllables (Ladefoged 1968, Ohala et al. 1979 ), and in rare cases with with particular consonants such as LuGanda geminates (Ladefoged 1971), Korean fortis stops (but see Rothenberg 1968) and possibly with certain Jingpho segments (Ladefoged 1968). It is assumed therefore that pulmonic speech sounds are normally produced against a constant mean background pressure by movement of air that occurs with decreasing volume of the lungs (Ladefoged 1967, 1968) and with constant respiratory muscle innervation (Rothenberg 1968). The two reported exceptions to this are the pulmonic suction [1] found in the ritual language Damin (Catford 1977) and the recently reported two ingressive fricatives in an ideolect of a Tsou dialect (an Austronesian language) (Fuller 1990). In all other cases, pulmonic initiation is pressure.
Question intonation in natural speech: A study of Changsha Chinese
Authors: Shen Xiaonan Susan
Published: February 2009

Yes-no questions, when unmarked morphologically and syntactically, are marked intonationally. The intonation of this kind of question is generally characterized either by a terminal rise or a higher overall fundamental frequency (F0). Ultan (1978) found that 38 of a sample of 53 languages use the first pattern, and 18 the second. Even in tone languages, these two patterns are not unusual. For example, yes-no questions in Hausa have a final jump to an extra high level regardless of the nature of the final tones (Miller & Tench 1980); in Mandarin both the top line and the bottom line delimiting the pitch range are raised in question intonation (Shen 1990). However, the existence of a downward intonation as an alternative, for instance in English (Bolinger 1989) and French (Fonagy & Berard 1973) has been reported. Although a number of languages have been shown to have a fall for this kind of question, it remains uncertain just how the property of being a question is conveyed. This paper attempts to investigate this issue through an acoustical analysis and a perceptual test of Changsha Chinese, a 6-tone Chinese dialect of the Xiang group, spoken in Hunan. This dialect is selected, because (1) no tone sandhi occurs in this dialect, facilitating the interpretation of the F0contours in the acoustical analysis; and (2) no empirical study of F0in this dialect has been previously conducted. While the majority of empirical works on intonation use data collected from read speech, this study undertakes the exploration of natural speech.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Kloster-Jensen Martin
Published: February 2009

It is painful to admit neglectfulness, but I see no way around it in the following case. And better late than never. I was inattentive as I sent in my vote of approval to the outcome of the IPA 1989 Kiel Convention.
Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter
Authors: Esling John H.
Published: February 2009

Recent laryngoscopic observations suggest that renewed discussion of pharyngeal articulations is warranted. The discussion involves issues of place of articulation — the nature of the category “epiglottal” — and of manner of articulation — whether pharyngeal manners of articulation go beyond approximant and fricative to include trill and stop. In essence, the question is still the old one of how those sounds which are labelled auditorily as “pharyngeal” are produced. The observations reported here suggest that “epiglottal” articulations can be treated as a category of pharyngeal manners of articulation; and that manners of pharyngeal articulation are more closely parallel to uvular manners of articulation than previously assumed. The nature of pharyngeal approximants and pharyngeal fricatives is reexamined, evidence of trilling accompanying friction is presented, and the nature of the pharyngeal (epiglottal) stop is described. It is suggested that all four of these categories share a common place of articulation, and that they can best be described as differing in manner of articulation. The motivation for elaborating the phonetic detail of these distinctions is to facilitate a more precise description of phonemes that have been identified as pharyngeal in the languages of the world, and to provide a clearer explanation of phonetic and phonological processes that may be related to pharyngeal articulations.
The realisation of schwa plus underlying /r/ and /n/ in a local dialect of the Palatinate
Authors: Müller Nicole , Ball Martin J.
Published: February 2009

Barry (1995a) presents data from Standard German which, among other things, illustrates the two different schwa vowels found in that variety. Barry's acoustic analysis demonstrates that orthographic final ‘-e’ has a regularly closer central vowel than orthographic final ‘-er’, and that the latter normally has no closing r-consonant. Barry, however, did not present data to examine which variety of schwa was found before orthographic ‘-r-’ when the ‘r’ is pronounced (e.g. when an inflectional affix is added to a final ‘-er’ form, as in ‘besser – bessere’).
Towards intonation models and typologies
Authors: Rahilly Joan
Published: February 2009

Many existing intonation studies tend to be unenlightening for three main reasons. First, they do not acknowledge that intonational variation may be functionally significant. By effectively ignoring functional variation among accents, investigators therefore run the risk of missing explanations for variation which may be theoretically important. The question of degree of perceptual relevance in intonational variation is not considered in detail here, although the basic assumption is that intonation is capable of performing a range of roles. Second, few studies attempt to provide a detailed explanation of the model they have used for analysing intonation. This means that there is no way of knowing whether, for instance, nuclearity in one accent is realised in identical ways in other accents, or even whether the concept of nuclearity is applicable in other varieties. Finally, existing accounts offer little information which is useful for developing intonational typologies. Clearly, this is a consequence of the failure to recognise variation and to provide an agreed analytic model. The present article addresses the shortcomings mentioned above and points towards a means of overcoming them by highlighting the need for a systematic phonological approach to intonation analysis.
Identity and the composite Christ: an incarnational dilemma
Authors: POIDEVIN ROBIN LE
Published: February 2009

One way of understanding the reduplicative formula ‘Christ is,quaGod, omniscient, butquaman, limited in knowledge’ is to take the occurrences of the ‘qua’ locution as picking out different parts of Christ: a divine part and a human part. But this view of Christ as a composite being runs into paradox when combined with the orthodox understanding of the Incarnation, according to which Christ is identical to the second person of the Trinity. In response, we have to choose between modifying the orthodox understanding, adopting a philosophically and theologically contentious perdurantist account of persistence through time, or rejecting altogether the idea of the composite Christ.
Any counterexample to Makienko’s conjecture is an indecomposable continuum
Authors: CURRY CLINTON P. , MAYER JOHN C. , MEDDAUGH JONATHAN , ROGERS Jr JAMES T.
Published: February 2009

Makienko’s conjecture, a proposed addition to Sullivan’s dictionary, can be stated as follows: the Julia set of a rational function R:ℂ∞→ℂ∞ has buried points if and only if no component of the Fatou set is completely invariant under the second iterate of R. We prove Makienko’s conjecture for rational functions with Julia sets that are decomposable continua. This is a very broad collection of Julia sets; it is not known if there exists a rational function whose Julia set is an indecomposable continuum.
Asymptotic behaviour for a non-local parabolic problem
Authors: QILIN LIU , FEI LIANG , YUXIANG LI
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we consider the asymptotic behaviour for the non-local parabolic problemwith a homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition, where λ > 0,p> 0 andfis non-increasing. It is found that (a) for 0
 0; (b) for 1
 0; (c) forp= 2, if 0 < λ < 2|∂Ω|2, thenu(x,t) is globally bounded; if λ = 2|∂Ω|2, there is no stationary solution andu(x,t) is a global solution andu(x,t) → ∞ ast→ ∞ for allx∈ Ω; if λ > 2|∂Ω|2, there is no stationary solution andu(x,t) blows up in finite time for allx∈ Ω; (d) forp> 2, there exists a λ* > 0 such that for λ > λ*, or for 0 < λ ≤ λ* andu0(x) sufficiently large,u(x,t) blows up in finite time. Moreover, some formal asymptotic estimates for the behaviour ofu(x,t) as it blows up are obtained forp≥ 2.
Art and the modern European city: survey and conference report
Authors: Gee Malcolm , Steward Jill
Published: February 2009

Arguably, art history has always had an interdisciplinary vocation, though this was at times underplayed during its establishment as an academic subject. Recent intellectual trends have tended to work in the opposite sense, encouraging art historians to highlight the relationship between visual art and a range of cultural and economic discourses. This has often involved discussion of specifically urban contexts, since cities have been the principal sites for the production, distribution and interpretation of works of art, and their fabric a means by which cultural practices have been allied to political, class and gender interests in modern society. The language and approaches currently adopted for this enterprise are often deeply marked by excursions into literary theory, psychoanalysis, anthropology and urban history and geography.
Art and civic culture in Birmingham in the late nineteenth century
Authors: Hartnell Roy
Published: February 2009

This paper looks at Joseph Chamberlain's Birmingham and claims that George Dawson's famous ‘civic gospel’ which laid the ground for the municipal reforms was permeated by a consensus view of the moral and civic role of art. It suggests that it was this combination of philosophy in action through art which created the special Birmingham context for a vibrant civic culture which led to the political and artistic achievements of the 1870s and 1880s. For a few brief years, this combination enabled Birmingham to stand above other British cities and lay claim to the titles of ‘the best-governed city in the world’ and ‘perhaps the most artistic town in England’.
Communities within the community: aspects of neighbourhood in seventeenth-century Haarlem
Authors: Dorren Gabrielle
Published: February 2009

This paper analyses the notion of neighbourhood in Haarlem, a Dutch town in the province of Holland, in the seventeenth century. During the first decades of the century the city magistrates were challenged by huge immigration, religious and cultural pluralism, and, due to the Dutch Revolt, a lack of a strong central power. In spite of these ingredients for social unrest, peace was preserved without too many difficulties. One of the mechanisms that kept society from falling apart was neighbourhood. Several levels of neighbourhood will be studied here and an answer is given for the growing interference of city magistrates with neighbourhood life.
Western perceptions of Turkish towns in the Balkans
Authors: Jezernik Božidar
Published: February 2009

The article was conceived as a guided tour through the Balkan Peninsula including descriptions of two selected towns from Hungary, Croatia, Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. It gives a summary of Western perceptions of the Balkan towns as noted by Western Europeans who visited the area in different periods from the seventeenth century onwards. The civilization they found and described there was a part of an entity encompassing the material and spiritual culture of urban life in the Near East. During the nineteenth century the Balkans underwent major political changes and contemporary travellers' reports were rich with observations about the process of ‘Europeanization’ of the Balkan towns. During the process which meant nationalism and fragmentation in what had been a fairly uniform culture area, paradoxically, ‘Balkanization’ was the final result.
In Search of the Urban Middle Class: Record linkage and methodology: Leeds 1832
Authors: Morris R. J.
Published: February 2009

The developing techniques of historical nominal record linkage can make substantial contributions to the questions raised by our present understanding of the urban middle class in the first half of the nineteenth century. Cheap printing, institutionalization, and increasing political and state action provided a growing variety of information about individuals – directories, poll books, lists of shareholders, pewholders, stallholders, members of committees and societies, signatures to petitions and requisitions, wills, insurance policies, and by the 1840s marriage and census data. By their nature most of these listings were concerned with the politically and socially active, and with those above a minimal level of social status and economic power. In practice, this meant predominantly but not exclusively members of a potential middle class. Under certain constraints the lists may be merged to provide surrogate answers to some ghostly questionnaire regarding patterns of association, behaviour and social status, major social divisions and networks, and the characteristics of those who took part in institutions and activities traditionally identified with the middle class.
The Open University and Urban History : A review of two new courses
Authors: Swierenga Robert P.
Published: February 2009

The Open University has for some years run an Urban Development Course (DT 201), which Anthony Sutcliffe reviewed favourably in the 1974Yearbook. His only regret, from an urban historian's perspective, was ‘the almost complete absence of a historical approach’ from the course. He found it depressing that ‘the relevance of urban history to contemporary urban studies is not yet apparent to the great mass of social scientists’. It is therefore good news that in 1977 the O.U. initiated Course A 322, ‘English Urban History 1500–1780’, of which most members of the Urban History Group will be aware from the publicity at Group meetings and from Peter Clark's article in the 1976Year-book. True, it is an arts rather than a social science course, and so may not entirely meet Anthony Sutcliffe's point; but O.U. policy discourages entry requirements for courses, and A 322 is expected to be taken by social scientists as well as by arts students.
Parish Registers and Urban Structure : The example of late-eighteenth century Liverpool
Authors: Langton John , Laxton Paul
Published: February 2009

Readers of theYearbookmay readily ascertain from its register of research and bibliography that the energy applied to the urban history of Victorian England has not only been substantial but is far from expended. The attraction of huge amounts of raw material, both quantitative and literary, is difficult to resist. However, the challenge of seeking less solidly founded insights with the less abundant and more indirect sources of the eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries has met with a far less enthusiastic response. In any case the sparseness of eighteenth-century sources is less stark than at first appears. Although by no means as reliable or as widely ramified in content as census data, Anglican parish registers offer considerable scope for anyone willful enough to resist the census honey pot. Particularly when supported by ancillary sources, such as maps and directories, they provide sufficient information for at least a tentative exploration of the beginning and unfolding of an urban process whose mature expression is revealed in the cornucopia of the middle-nineteenth century.