bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic velocity changes caused by the Earth tide: Ambient noise correlation analyses of small‐array data
Authors: Takano Tomoya , Nishimura Takeshi , Nakahara Hisashi , Ohta Yusaku , Tanaka Sachiko
Published: August 2014

We examine seismic velocity changes due to the Earth tide by conducting cross‐correlation function (CCF) analyses of ambient seismic noise recorded at a small array composed of seven seismometers in northeastern Japan. We calculate CCFs for the dilatational and contractional episodes that are predicted from theoretical tidal volumetric strains. CCFs of the two episodes are highly correlated, but tiny differences are found in their phases. The phase differences are explained by seismic velocity changes of −0.19 ± 0.06% at 1–2 Hz, which are interpreted to be caused by opening/closure of cracks or pores in the shallow subsurface due to the tidal strain. Strain sensitivities of the seismic velocity changes are estimated to be 6.9 × 104 strain−1, which are almost consistent with those reported in previous studies using artificial sources.
Long‐term storage and transport length scale of fine sediment: Analysis of a mercury release into a river
Authors: Pizzuto J. E.
Published: August 2014

Excessive suspended sediment concentrations create important water quality problems, but scientists disagree on how to predict its movement through watersheds. Most models assume that fine‐grained sediment moves rapidly far downstream, without recognizing the importance of episodic, long‐term storage. Here a historic industrial release of mercury is interpreted as a decadal sediment tracer experiment, releasing sediment particles “tagged” with mercury that are deposited on floodplains. As expected, floodplain mercury inventories decrease exponentially downstream, with a characteristic decay length of 10 km (95% confidence interval: 5–25 km) that defines the distance suspended particles typically move downstream before entering storage. Floodplain mercury inventories are not significantly different above and below three colonial age mill dams (present at the time of mercury release but now breached), suggesting that these results reflect ongoing processes. Suspended sediment routing models that neglect long‐term storage, and the watershed management plans based on them, may need revision.
Contrasting conditions of rift and off‐rift silicic magma origin on Iceland
Authors: Schattel Nadine , Portnyagin Maxim , Golowin Roman , Hoernle Kaj , Bindeman Ilya
Published: August 2014

Factors controlling the origin of silicic magmas on Iceland are poorly constrained. Here we present new data on H2O content, pressure, temperature, oxygen fugacity, and oxygen isotope composition of rhyolites from Askja, Öræfajökull, and Hekla volcanoes. All these parameters correlate with tectonic (rift and off‐rift) setting of the volcanoes. Askja rift rhyolites originate through extensive assimilation of high‐temperature hydrothermally altered crust (δ18O < 2‰) at shallow depths (≥1.8 km). These rhyolites are hot (935–1008°C), relatively dry (H2O < 2.7 wt%), and oxidized (QFM = +1.4). Cooler (874–902°C), wet (H2O = 4‐6.3 wt%), and non‐oxidized (~QFM to QFM‐1) off‐rift rhyolites (Öræfajökull, Hekla) originate through differentiation deeper in the crust (≥4 km) with almost no or little assimilation of high‐T, altered crust, as reflected by slightly lower to normal δ18O values (5.2–6‰). Although off‐rift rhyolites predominate during the Holocene, older silicic rocks on Iceland primarily formed in a rift setting possibly analogous to the oldest continental crust on Earth.
Aquarius geophysical model function and combined active passive algorithm for ocean surface salinity and wind retrieval
Authors: Yueh Simon , Tang Wenqing , Fore Alexander , Hayashi Akiko , Song Yuhe T. , Lagerloef Gary
Published: August 2014

This paper describes the updated Combined Active‐Passive (CAP) retrieval algorithm for simultaneous retrieval of surface salinity and wind from Aquarius' brightness temperature and radar backscatter. Unlike the algorithm developed by Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), implemented in the Aquarius Data Processing System (ADPS) to produce Aquarius standard products, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's CAP algorithm does not require monthly climatology SSS maps for the salinity retrieval. Furthermore, the ADPS‐RSS algorithm fully uses the National Center for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) wind for data correction, while the CAP algorithm uses the NCEP wind only as a constraint. The major updates to the CAP algorithm include the galactic reflection correction, Faraday rotation, Antenna Pattern Correction, and geophysical model functions of wind or wave impacts. Recognizing the limitation of geometric optics scattering, we improve the modeling of the reflection of galactic radiation; the results are better salinity accuracy and significantly reduced ascending‐descending bias. We assess the accuracy of CAP's salinity by comparison with ARGO monthly gridded salinity products provided by the Asia‐Pacific Data‐Research Center (APDRC) and Japan Agency for Marine‐Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC). The RMS differences between Aquarius CAP and APDRC's or JAMSTEC's ARGO salinities are less than 0.2 psu for most parts of the ocean, except for the regions in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, near the outflow of major rivers and at high latitudes.
Observations of rain‐induced near‐surface salinity anomalies
Authors: Asher William E. , Jessup Andrew T. , Branch Ruth , Clark Dan
Published: August 2014

Vertical salinity gradients in the top few meters of the ocean surface can exist due to the freshwater input from rain. If present, surface gradients complicate comparing salinity measured at depths of a few meters to salinities retrieved using L‐band microwave radiometers such as SMOS and Aquarius. Therefore, understanding the spatial scales and the frequency of occurrence of these vertical gradients and the conditions under which they form will be important in understanding sea surface salinity maps provided by microwave radiometers. Salinity gradients in the near‐surface ocean were measured using a towed profiler that profiled salinity in the top 2 m of the ocean with a minimum measurement depth of 0.1 m. In addition, an Underway Salinity Profiling System was installed on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson. This measured near‐surface salinity at depths of 1 and 2 m. Both the towed profiler and the underway system found the occurrence of negative salinity anomalies (i.e., salinity decreasing toward the surface) was correlated with the presence of rain. The magnitude of the anomaly (i.e., the difference between salinity at 0.1 m and the salinity at 0.26 m) was proportional to the cube of the rain rate for rain rate, R, greater than 6 mm h−1. From this, for R > 15–22 mm h−1, depending on the areal extent of the salinity anomalies, rain can cause scene‐averaged salinity offsets that are as large as the accuracy goal for Aquarius of 0.1‰.
Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic sea ice
Authors: Webster Melinda A. , Rigor Ignatius G. , Nghiem Son V. , Kurtz Nathan T. , Farrell Sinead L. , Perovich Donald K. , Sturm Matthew
Published: August 2014

Snow plays a key role in the growth and decay of Arctic sea ice. In winter, it insulates sea ice from cold air temperatures, slowing sea ice growth. From spring to summer, the albedo of snow determines how much insolation is absorbed by the sea ice and underlying ocean, impacting ice melt processes. Knowledge of the contemporary snow depth distribution is essential for estimating sea ice thickness and volume, and for understanding and modeling sea ice thermodynamics in the changing Arctic. This study assesses spring snow depth distribution on Arctic sea ice using airborne radar observations from Operation IceBridge for 2009–2013. Data were validated using coordinated in situ measurements taken in March 2012 during the Bromine, Ozone, and Mercury Experiment (BROMEX) field campaign. We find a correlation of 0.59 and root‐mean‐square error of 5.8 cm between the airborne and in situ data. Using this relationship and IceBridge snow thickness products, we compared the recent results with data from the 1937, 1954–1991 Soviet drifting ice stations. The comparison shows thinning of the snowpack, from 35.1 ± 9.4 to 22.2 ± 1.9 cm in the western Arctic, and from 32.8 ± 9.4 to 14.5 ± 1.9 cm in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. These changes suggest a snow depth decline of 37 ± 29% in the western Arctic and 56 ± 33% in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Thinning is negatively correlated with the delayed onset of sea ice freezeup during autumn.
Sea surface salinity under rain cells: SMOS satellite and in situ drifters observations
Authors: Boutin J. , Martin N. , Reverdin G. , Morisset S. , Yin X. , Centurioni L. , Reul N.
Published: August 2014

We study the signature of rainfall on S1cm, the sea surface salinity retrieved from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission first by comparing SMOS S1cm with ARGO sea surface salinity measured at about 5 m depth in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and in the Southern Pacific Convergence Zone; second by investigating spatial variability of SMOS S1cm related to rainfall. The resulting estimated S1cm decrease associated with rainfall occurring within less than 1 h from the salinity measurement is close to −0.2 pss (mm h−1) −1. We estimate that rain induced roughness and atmospheric effects are responsible for no more than 20% of this value. We also study the signature of rainfall on sea surface salinity measured by surface drifters at 45 cm depth and find a decrease associated with rainfall of −0.21 (±0.14) pss (mm h−1) −1, consistent with SMOS observations. When averaged over one month, this rain associated salinity decrease is at most −0.2 in monthly 100 × 100 km2 pixels, and at most 40% of the difference between SMOS S1cm and interpolated in situ bulk salinity in pixels near the ITCZ. This suggests that more than half of this difference is related to the in situ products obtained from optimal interpolation and therefore influenced by smoothing and relaxation to climatology. Finally, further studies on the satellite‐derived salinities should pay attention to that as well as to other sources of uncertainties in satellite measurements and not interpret fully the observed differences between in situ and satellite mapped products, as rain induced SSS variability.
Validation of Aquarius sea surface salinity with in situ measurements from Argo floats and moored buoys
Authors: Tang Wenqing , Yueh Simon H. , Fore Alexander G. , Hayashi Akiko
Published: August 2014

We validate sea surface salinity (SSS) retrieved from Aquarius instrument on SAC‐D satellite with in situ measurements by Argo floats and moored buoy arrays. We assess the error structure of three Aquarius SSS products: the standard product processed by Aquarius Data Processing System (ADPS) and two data sets produced at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL): the Combined Active‐Passive algorithm with and without rain correction, CAP and CAP_RC, respectively. We examine the effect of various filters to prevent unreliable point retrievals from entering Level 3 averaging, such as land or ice contamination, radio frequency interference (RFI), and cold water. Our analyses show that Aquarius SSS agrees well with Argo in a monthly average sense between 40°S and 40°N except in the Eastern Pacific Fresh Pool and Amazon River outflow. Buoy data within these regions show excellent agreement with Aquarius but have discrepancies with the Argo gridded products. Possible reasons include strong near‐surface stratification and sampling problems in Argo in regions with significant western boundary currents. We observe large root‐mean‐square (RMS) difference and systematic negative bias between ADPS and Argo in the tropical Indian Ocean and along the Southern Pacific Convergence Zone. Excluding these regions removes the suspicious seasonal peak in the monthly RMS difference between the Aquarius SSS products and Argo. Between 40°S and 40°N, the RMS difference for CAP is less than 0.22 PSU for all 28 months, CAP_RC has essentially met the monthly 0.2 PSU accuracy requirement, while that for ADPS fluctuates between 0.22 and 0.3 PSU.
Comparison of low‐level jets along the north coast of China in summer
Authors: Wei W. , Zhang H. S. , Ye X. X.
Published: August 2014

A data set obtained from wind‐profile radars located along the north coast of China in summer was used to compare the characteristics of the low‐level jets (LLJs) at two different sites, Tianjin and Shanghai. In this paper, the characteristics and evolutions of the low‐level jets were investigated, and the inertial oscillations were analyzed by the Hilbert‐Huang transform technique. The results showed that LLJs (≤14 m s−1) dominate at both Tianjin and Shanghai, with percentages of 76.5% and 84.8%, respectively. In terms of LLJ strength and frequency of appearance, evident diurnal changes were detected at the two sites, and nocturnal LLJs overwhelmed daytime LLJs in both strength and frequency. Influenced by the local topography and synoptic forcing, the LLJs were characterized by totally different distributions of wind directions and heights. The preferred direction at Shanghai was from the southwest and east, whereas northeast and south directions dominated at Tianjin. In the matter of jet heights, LLJs at Shanghai tended to occur at more consistent levels (56.3% of observed LLJs below 600 m) than at Tianjin. The LLJ wind speed shear at Shanghai was also stronger than that at Tianjin. The Hilbert‐Huang transform technique was applied to reveal the intrinsic mode functions with cycles of local inertial oscillation (19 h for Tianjin and 23 h for Shanghai), and the patterns of inertial oscillation power agreed with the time‐height distribution of the observed LLJs.
The landscape of Titan as witness to its climate evolution
Authors: Moore Jeffrey M. , Howard Alan D. , Morgan Alexander M.
Published: August 2014

We investigated the range of Titan climate evolution hypotheses regulated by the role, sources, and availability of methane. We analyzed all available image data (principally synthetic aperture radar (SAR)) of Titan's landscape through the T‐86 encounter, starting with focused examinations of terrains that carry the markers of climate evolution. Traditional geologic and geomorphic landscape analysis was used to perform morphometric characterization, establish time‐stratigraphic relationships, and interpret local and regional geologic process‐oriented evolutionary histories. We then assayed the distribution of terrains we identified with respect to both their latitudinal and altimetric occurrence. Our analysis of the terrain types and distributions was used to evaluate and rank the various climate evolution scenarios. We favor progressive hypotheses, which include a relatively brief period in which precipitation was able to affect geomorphic change in low latitudes at scales perceivable in SAR data, with subsequent gradual decline of precipitation intensity coupled with an increasing poleward restriction.
A homogenization technique for obtaining generalized sheet transition conditions for an arbitrarily shaped coated wire grating
Authors: Holloway Christopher L. , Kuester Edward F. , Dienstfrey Andrew
Published: August 2014

Using a multiple‐scale homogenization method, we derive generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) for an arbitrarily shaped coated wire grating. The parameters in these GSTCs are interpreted as effective electric and magnetic surface susceptibilities and surface porosities of the wire grating. We give expressions for determining these surface parameters for any arbitrarily shaped grating. We show that these GSTCs are a generalized form of the boundary conditions derived earlier by Wainstein and Sivov, who analyzed the case of symmetric, uncoated wire gratings. This work is also a first step in developing GSTCs for more general types of structures such as metasurfaces, metafilms, and metascreens.
Factors predicting future ACS episodes in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: DeBaun Michael R. , Rodeghier Mark , Cohen Robyn , Kirkham Fenella J. , Rosen Carol L. , Roberts Irene , Cooper Ben , Stocks Janet , Wilkey Olu , Inusa Baba , Warner John O. , Strunk Robert C.
Published: August 2014

While a doctor‐diagnosis of asthma is associated with an increased risk of pain and acute chest syndrome (ACS) in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA), little is known about the relationship between specific asthma characteristics and clinical factors and future morbidity in children with SCA. We evaluated the relationship between (i) asthma risk factors at the time of a clinical visit (respiratory symptoms, maternal history of asthma, allergy skin tests, spirometry results) and (ii) the known risk factor of ACS early in life, on prospective pain and ACS episodes in a cohort of 159 children with SCA followed from birth to a median of 14.7 years. An ACS episode prior to 4 years of age, (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 2.84; P < 0.001], female gender (IRR = 1.80; P = 0.009), and wheezing causing shortness of breath (IRR = 1.68; P = 0.042) were associated with future ACS rates. We subsequently added spirometry results (obstruction defined as FEV1/FVC less than the lower limits of normal; and bronchodilator response, FEV1 ≥ 12%) and prick skin test responses to the model. Only ≥ 2 positive skin tests had a significant effect (IRR 1.87; P = 0.01). Thus, early in life ACS events, wheezing causing shortness of breath, and ≥ 2 positive skin tests predict future ACS events. Am. J. Hematol. 89:E212–E217, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Core‐binding factor acute myeloid leukemia: Heterogeneity, monitoring, and therapy
Authors: Solh Melhem , Yohe Sophia , Weisdorf Daniel , Ustun Celalettin
Published: August 2014

Core binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia (CBF AML) constitutes 15% of adult AML and carries an overall good prognosis. CBF AML encodes two recurrent cytogentic abnormalities referred to as t(8;21) and inv (16). The two CBF AML entities are usually grouped together but there is a considerable clinical, pathologic and molecular heterogeneity within this group of diseases. Recent and ongoing studies are addressing the molecular heterogeneity, minimal residual disease and targeted therapies to improve the outcome of CBF AML. In this article, we present a comprehensive review about CBF AML with emphasis on molecular heterogeneity and new therapeutic options. Am. J. Hematol. 89:1121–1131, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Language and traits of autism spectrum conditions: Evidence of limited phenotypic and etiological overlap
Authors: Taylor Mark J. , Charman Tony , Robinson Elise B. , Hayiou‐Thomas Marianna E. , Happé Francesca , Dale Philip S. , Ronald Angelica
Published: August 2014

Language difficulties have historically been viewed as integral to autism spectrum conditions (ASC), leading molecular genetic studies to consider whether ASC and language difficulties have overlapping genetic bases. The extent of genetic, and also environmental, overlap between ASC and language is, however, unclear. We hence conducted a twin study of the concurrent association between autistic traits and receptive language abilities. Internet‐based language tests were completed by ∼3,000 pairs of twins, while autistic traits were assessed via parent ratings. Twin model fitting explored the association between these measures in the full sample, while DeFries‐Fulker analysis tested these associations at the extremes of the sample. Phenotypic associations between language ability and autistic traits were modest and negative. The degree of genetic overlap was also negative, indicating that genetic influences on autistic traits lowered language scores in the full sample (mean genetic correlation = −0.13). Genetic overlap was also low at the extremes of the sample (mean genetic correlation = 0.14), indicating that genetic influences on quantitatively defined language difficulties were largely distinct from those on extreme autistic traits. Variation in language ability and autistic traits were also associated with largely different nonshared environmental influences. Language and autistic traits are influenced by largely distinct etiological factors. This has implications for molecular genetic studies of ASC and understanding the etiology of ASC. Additionally, these findings lend support to forthcoming DSM‐5 changes to ASC diagnostic criteria that will see language difficulties separated from the core ASC communication symptoms, and instead listed as a clinical specifier. © The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exceedingly Fast Copper(II)‐Promoted ortho CH Trifluoromethylation of Arenes using TMSCF3
Authors: Shang Ming , Sun Shang‐Zheng , Wang Hong‐Li , Laforteza Brian N. , Dai Hui‐Xiong , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: August 2014

The direct ortho‐trifluoromethylation of arenes, including heteroarenes, with TMSCF3 has been accomplished by a copper(II)‐promoted CH activation reaction which completes within 30 minutes. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with the involvement of CH activation, rather than a simple electrophilic aromatic substitution (SEAr), as the key step.
Enhancement of pervaporation performance of composite membranes through in situ generation of silver nanoparticles in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix
Authors: Premakshi H.G. , Sajjan Ashok M. , Kittur Arjumand A. , Kariduraganavar Mahadevappa Y.
Published: August 2014

Composite membranes were prepared from an aqueous solution of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and silver sulphate. The silver nanoparticles were generated in situ before crosslinking PVA matrix by reduction of silver ions using sodium borohydride. Physico‐chemical properties of the resulting composite membranes were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and universal testing machine (UTM). The UV–vis spectrum shows a single peak at 410 nm due to surface plasmon absorption of silver nanoparticles. This surely specified that silver nanoparticles are generated in PVA matrix. The membranes were under go pervaporation (PV) for separation of water from isopropanol at different temperatures. The results indicated that hydrophilicity and amorphous nature of the membranes were increased with increasing silver nanoparticles in PVA matrix. The swelling and separation performance of the membranes were studied. Both permeation flux and separation factor were increased with increasing silver nanoparticles in PVA matrix. The results showed that the membrane containing 2.5 mass% of Ag salt exhibited excellent PV performance. The values of total flux and flux of water are almost closed to each other, indicating that membranes could be effectively used to break the azeotropic point of water‐isopropanol. The long‐term test was performed at room temperature and ascertained that membranes were durable up to 30 days for the dehydration of IPA. On the basis of the estimate Arrhenius activation energy values, the efficiency of the membranes was discussed. The calculated ΔHs values are negative for all the membranes, indicating that Longmuir's mode of sorption is predominant. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41248.
Physico‐chemical, thermal, and mechanical approaches for the characterization of solubilized and solid state chitosans
Authors: Mati‐Baouche Narimane , De Baynast Hélène , Vial Christophe , Audonnet Fabrice , Sun Shengnan , Petit Emmanuel , Pennec Fabienne , Prevot Vanessa , Michaud Philippe
Published: August 2014

This study was conducted on the both solid and solubilized chitosans to propose an approach for the physico‐chemical, thermal and mechanical characterizations of this polysaccharide. The polysaccharide used was a 90% deacetylated chitosan having a molecular weight of 98.4 kDa. The flow property of chitosan solutions was evaluated revealing a shear‐thinning behavior. The thermal characterization was carried out by studying heat specific capacity, glass transition temperature, and thermal conductivity on chitosan dried specimens (solid state). Their Tg were measured by DSC and confirmed by DMA at 102 and 122°C depending on concentrations of initial chitosan solutions. The mechanical characterization was conducted by analyzing Young modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break of chitosan specimens. They exhibited a higher elongation at break and a lower tensile strength when made from high concentrated chitosan solution (9% w/v). Differences in mechanical behavior of specimens were explained by differences of crystallinity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41257.
LDPE/clay/carvacrol nanocomposites with prolonged antimicrobial activity
Authors: Shemesh Rotem , Goldman Diana , Krepker Maksym , Danin‐Poleg Yael , Kashi Yechezkel , Vaxman Anita , Segal Ester
Published: August 2014

Over the past decade there is an immense effort to develop antimicrobial packaging systems, which incorporates natural biopreservatives, such as essential oils (EOs). The highly volatile nature of EOs, which is advantageous for their efficient diffusion and mode of action, presents a major obstacle for their incorporation with polyolefins via conventional high‐temperature melt compounding and processing. This study presents a new approach to use organo‐modified montmorillonite (MMT) clays, as active carriers for carvacrol (used as a model EO), aiming to minimize its loss throughout the polymer compounding. Different MMT clays are pretreated with carvacrol, resulting in the oil molecules intercalation in between the clay galleries and enhanced carvacrol thermal stability. These hybrids are incorporated within low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and the resulting films are characterized in terms of their nanostructure, thermal properties, and antimicrobial activity. The LDPE/(clay/carvacrol) nanocomposites exhibit excellent and prolonged antimicrobial activity againstE. colibacteria, while LDPE/carvacrol films loss their antimicrobial functions within several days. The superior antimicrobial behavior is ascribed to the significantly higher carvacrol content and its enhanced thermal stability within the films. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41261.
Preparation and properties of phase‐change heat‐storage UV curable polyurethane acrylate coating
Authors: Shi Yeting , Wu Yijian , Zhu Lizhi , Shentu Baoqing , Weng Zhixue
Published: August 2014

Phase‐change heat‐storage UV curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) coating was prepared by applying microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs) to PUA coating. MicroPCMs containing paraffin core with melamine‐formaldehyde shell were synthesized by in situ polymerization. The effect of stirring speed, emulsification time, emulsifier amount, and core/shell mass ratio on particle size, morphology, and phase change properties of the microPCMs was studied by using laser particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that the diameter of the microcapsules decreased with the increase of stirring speed, emulsification time, and emulsifier amount. When the mass ratio of emulsifier to paraffin is 6%, microcapsules fabricated with a core/shell ratio of 75/25 have a compact surface and a mean particle size of 30 μm. The sample made under the above conditions has a higher efficiency of microencapsulation than other samples and was applied to PUA coating. The dispersion of microPCMs in coating and heat‐storage properties of the coating were investigated. The results illustrated that the phase‐change heat‐storage UV curable PUA coating can store energy and insulate heat. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41266.
Fabrication of a low‐cost nano‐SiO2/PVC composite ultrafiltration membrane and its antifouling performance
Authors: Yu Zhenjiang , Liu Xuyang , Zhao Fangbo , Liang Xiaoyang , Tian Yu
Published: August 2014

A novel low‐cost SiO2/Polyvinylchloride (PVC) membrane with different nano‐SiO2 particles loading (0–4 wt %) was prepared by the phase‐inversion process. The optimum nano‐SiO2 dosage was determined as 1.5 wt % based on the casting solution compositions, the membranes' mechanical properties and hydrophilicities, the pure water fluxes, microstructures, and absorption of protein. Compared with the bare membrane, the membrane with 1.5 wt % nano‐SiO2 addition presented better capabilities against the protein absorption and bacterial attachment, better antifouling performance, and higher flux recovery ratio in filtration of the supernatant liquor which collected from a secondary sedimentation tank in a municipal wastewater plant. The SiO2/PVC membranes have applicable potential in the municipal wastewater treatment for their low price, good antifouling performance and high removal efficiencies of SS (over 97.2%), COD (up to 82.9%) and total bacteria (more than 93.6%). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41267.
A novel method of making PVF porous foam without using the pore forming agent
Authors: Chang You‐Im , Cheng Wei‐You , Jang Larry
Published: August 2014

Different with the conventional method of manufacturing poly(vinyl formal) (PVF) porous foam by using the pore‐forming agents such as wheat or potato starches, a novel method without using the pore‐forming agent is introduced in this article. Through the help of images taken by a scanning electron microscope, the formation process of the present PVF foam will be discussed in terms of the spinodal decomposition (SD) phase separation principle. Additionally, the effect of poly(vinyl alcohol) concentration and reaction temperature on the pore structure of the PVF foam will be investigated. Moreover, the water adsorption capacities of the PVF foams obtained by the present method will be studied in details through the analyses of pore‐size distribution, mechanical modulus, and thermal property. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41270.
Synthesis and characterization of sustainable polyurethane modified by cyclic polysiloxane
Authors: Sheng Yingpei , Jiang Pingping , Zhang Duyang , Hua Jingyu
Published: August 2014

In this article, a series of sustainable polyurethanes are prepared by introducing different content of cyclic polysilanol, which may act as a chain extender to replace 1, 4‐butanediol (BDO). Consequently, cyclic polysiloxanes are successfully incorporated into the molecular chains to afford organic–inorganic polyurethanes and then their effects on polyurethanes thermal properties and surface hydrophilicity are fully characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and contact angle testing. Results show that the hybrid polyurethanes display enhanced glass transition temperatures (Tg). While in terms of TGA, the effects of cyclic polysilanol on thermal properties seem complex, which would reduce the thermal stability in the first degradation process but enhance in the second process. The morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the inorganic constitutions, namely, cyclic polysilanol, may occur to self‐condensation or aggregation, which can help to explain the uncommon thermal phenomenon above. Thus, an opportunity of future applicability in the areas of sustainable polymer with improved properties can be envisioned in our research method of hybrid polyurethanes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41277.
Effect of plasma duty cycle on silver nanoparticles loading of cotton fabrics for durable antibacterial properties
Authors: Airoudj Aissam , Ploux Lydie , Roucoules Vincent
Published: August 2014

A facile method for strongly anchoring silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto cotton fabrics was reported. It consists in loading AgNPs onto the cotton fiber preliminary coated with maleic anhydride plasma polymer layer. This results in hydrolyzis and ring opening of anhydride groups followed by electrovalent bonding of silver ions and reduction in NaBH4. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to analyze changes in the surface chemical composition and morphology of the plasma modified fibers. The presence of AgNPs was confirmed by UV–Visible spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. Remarkably, varying plasma duty cycle for plasma polymer deposition allowed tailoring the amount of loaded AgNPs. The highest amount of AgNPs was obtained with the lowest duty cycle values. Qualitative tests showed that silver containing plasma modified cotton displays significant antibacterial activity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41279.
The influence of consolidation and artificial weathering on all‐PP composite behavior
Authors: Ferluga Alessio , Caniato Marco , Sbaizero Orfeo
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of consolidation parameters on the mechanical properties of all‐polypropylene composites. Consolidation time does not induce any significant influence, whereas processing temperature and in particular coextruded tape characteristics deeply affect laminate performance. The DSC analysis demonstrated that the proximity of copolymer and homopolymer melting points results in a reduction in the operating window. This suggests the implementation of a more effective temperature control during thermoforming to avoid reinforcement relaxation and localized melting. Artificial weathering was conducted under noon summer light condition to assess the effect of ultraviolet exposure on laminates. After 100 and 250 h, sample performance drops significantly, with overall strength and elongation reduction up to 70 and 88%, respectively. Low molecular weight by‐products were identified using Raman spectroscopy on specimens surface, confirming the mechanical property decrement due to photo‐oxidation process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41283.
Preparation and characterization of Fe‐Tetranitro phthalocyanine/polyurethane blends
Authors: Ti Yang , Chen Dajun
Published: August 2014

In this article, Fe‐Tetranitro phthalocyanine (Fe‐TNPc)/polyurethane (PU) blends were prepared by solution blending. The mechanical properties of the samples were studied by tensile tests. The results showed that the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the samples increased with increasing Fe‐TNPc content. The improved mechanical properties for the samples containing Fe‐TNPc was attributed to the increased microphase separation degree of PU, which was further investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The lower Tg of the soft segments and the higher Tg of the hard segments for the samples containing Fe‐TNPc indicated an increase of microphase separation degree of PU. The increased hydrogen bonded carbonyl groups in the samples with increasing Fe‐TNPc content also proved the conclusion. Quantitative evaluation of the interaction between Fe‐TNPc and PU was also investigated by analyzing the physical crosslinking density of the samples. The results indicated that the physical crosslinking density of the samples increased with increasing Fe‐TNPc content. The antibacterial properties of the samples were investigated. The results showed that the percentage bacterial inactivation toward S. aureus and E. coli of the samples were 98.9% and 90.9%, respectively, when Fe‐TNPc was added to 1%. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41284.
Intravital microscopy of localized stem cell delivery using microbubbles and acoustic radiation force
Authors: Kokhuis T.J.A. , Skachkov I. , Naaijkens B.A. , Juffermans L.J.M. , Kamp O. , Kooiman K. , van der Steen A.F.W. , Versluis M. , de Jong N.
Published: August 2014

The use of stem cells for the repair of damaged cardiac tissue after a myocardial infarction holds great promise. However, a common finding in experimental studies is the low number of cells delivered at the area at risk. To improve the delivery, we are currently investigating a novel delivery platform in which stem cells are conjugated with targeted microbubbles, creating echogenic complexes dubbed StemBells. These StemBells vibrate in response to incoming ultrasound waves making them susceptible to acoustic radiation force. The acoustic force can then be employed to propel circulating StemBells from the centerline of the vessel to the wall, facilitating localized stem cell delivery. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of manipulating StemBells acoustically in vivo after injection using a chicken embryo model. Bare stem cells or unsaturated stem cells (<5 bubbles/cell) do not respond to ultrasound application (1 MHz, peak negative acoustical pressure P_ = 200 kPa, 10% duty cycle). However, stem cells which are fully saturated with targeted microbubbles (>30 bubbles/cell) can be propelled toward and arrested at the vessel wall. The mean translational velocities measured are 61 and 177 μm/s for P‐ = 200 and 450 kPa, respectively. This technique therefore offers potential for enhanced and well‐controlled stem cell delivery for improved cardiac repair after a myocardial infarction. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 220–227. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent rectal cancer causing lumbosacral plexopathy with perineural spread to the spinal nerves and the sciatic nerve: An anatomic explanation
Authors: Capek Stepan , Sullivan Patrick S. , Howe Benjamin M. , Smyrk Thomas C. , Amrami Kimberly K. , Spinner Robert J. , Dozois Eric J.
Published: August 2014

Several groups have reported cases of rectal cancer with carcinomatous involvement of the lumbosacral plexus and sciatic, obturator, pudendal, or spinal nerves. To our best knowledge, clear examples of perineural tumor spread in rectal carcinoma have not yet been described. We retrospectively reviewed clinical data and imaging studies of three patients with primary or recurrent rectal cancer involving the lumbosacral plexus. Imaging studies included MRI and 18FDG PET/CT scans in all (n = 3) patients, histological samples were available in two (n = 2). Imaging studies demonstrated distinct features of tumor spread from the organ to the plexus and beyond in all cases (n = 3), histological specimens demonstrated perineural involvement thus supporting our theory (n = 2). We present these three cases of perineural tumor spread in rectal cancer as a proof of concept. We hypothesize that not only our cases, but other similar reported cases can be explained anatomically by extension of the rectal cancer to the inferior hypogastric plexus with perineural tumor spread to the lumbosacral plexus using the pelvic and sacral splanchnic nerves as conduits. Once the tumor reaches the lumbosacral plexus, it can continue to spread proximally or distally. We believe that perineural spread of colon cancer represents an important, under‐recognized mechanism of recurrence to neighboring major nerves in the pelvis. Clin. Anat. 28:136–143, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aniline Carbamates: A Versatile and Removable Motif for Palladium‐Catalyzed Directed CH Activation
Authors: Uhlig Nick , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: August 2014

The aniline carbamate is introduced as a new removable directing group for CH activation. Its versatility and ability as a directing group are demonstrated by its use in the ortho‐arylation of a wide variety of aniline derivatives under palladium(II) catalysis, with symmetric diaryliodonium salts as aryl donors. The reaction differs from previously reported arylations in its selectivity and its mechanism, as elucidated by kinetic and isotopic experiments. The directing group can also be easily removed under a variety of conditions.
The impact of network structure on innovation efficiency: An agent‐based study in the context of innovation networks
Authors: Hua Lei , Wang Wenping
Published: August 2014

This article investigates the impact of network structure on innovation efficiency by establishing a simulation model of innovation process in the context of innovation networks. The results indicate that short path lengths between vertices are conductive to high efficiency of explorative innovations, dense clusters are conductive to high efficiency of exploitative innovations, and high small‐worldness is conductive to high efficiency of the hybrid of these two innovations. Moreover, we discussed the reason of the results and give some suggestions to innovators and innovation policy makers. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 111–122, 2015
Swiprosin‐1/EFhd2 limits germinal center responses and humoral type 2 immunity
Authors: Brachs Sebastian , Turqueti‐Neves Adriana , Stein Merle , Reimer Dorothea , Brachvogel Bent , Bösl Michael , Winkler Thomas , Voehringer David , Jäck Hans‐Martin , Mielenz Dirk
Published: August 2014

Activated B cells are selected for in germinal centers by regulation of their apoptosis. The Ca2+‐binding cytoskeletal adaptor protein Swiprosin‐1/EFhd2 (EFhd2) can promote apoptosis in activated B cells. We therefore hypothesized that EFhd2 might limit humoral immunity by repressing both the germinal center reaction and the expected enhancement of immune responses in the absence of EFhd2. Here, we established EFhd2−/− mice on a C57BL/6 background, which revealed normal B‐ and T‐cell development, basal Ab levels, and T‐cell independent type 1, and T‐cell independent type 2 responses. However, T cell‐dependent immunization with sheep red blood cells and infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N.b) increased production of antibodies of multiple isotypes, as well as germinal center formation in EFhd2−/− mice. In addition, serum IgE levels and numbers of IgE+ plasma cells were strongly increased in EFhd2−/− mice, both after primary as well as after secondary N.b infection. Finally, mixed bone marrow chimeras unraveled an EFhd2‐dependent B cell‐intrinsic contribution to increased IgE plasma cell numbers in N.b‐infected mice. Hence, we established a role for EFhd2 as a negative regulator of germinal center‐dependent humoral type 2 immunity, with implications for the generation of IgE.
Regulation of IFN‐γ by IL‐13 dictates susceptibility to secondary postinfluenza MRSA pneumonia
Authors: Rynda‐Apple Agnieszka , Harmsen Ann , Erickson Anfin S. , Larson Kyle , Morton Rachelle V. , Richert Laura E. , Harmsen Allen G.
Published: August 2014

Superinfection in mice at day 7 postinfluenza infection exacerbates bacterial pneumonia at least in part via downstream effects of increased IFN‐γ signaling. Here we show that up to 3 days postinfluenza infection, mice have reduced susceptibility to superinfection with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but that superinfection during that time exacerbated influenza disease. This was due to IL‐13 signaling that was advantageous for resolving MRSA infection via inhibition of IFN‐γ, but was detrimental to the clearance of influenza virus. However, if superinfection did not occur until the near resolution of influenza infection (day 7), IL‐13 signaling was inhibited, at least in part by upregulation of IL‐13 decoy receptor (IL‐13Rα2), which in turn caused increases in IFN‐γ signaling and exacerbation of bacterial infection. Understanding these cytokine sequelae is critical to development of immunotherapies for influenza‐MRSA coinfection since perturbations of these sequelae at the wrong time could increase susceptibility to MRSA and/or influenza.
HINT1 peptide/Hsp70 complex induces NK‐cell‐dependent immunoregulation in a model of autoimmune demyelination
Authors: Galazka Grazyna , Jurewicz Anna , Domowicz Malgorzata , Cannella Barbara , Raine Cedric S. , Selmaj Krzysztof
Published: August 2014

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) interact with the immune system and have been shown to contribute to immunoregulation. As efficient chaperones, Hsps bind many peptides and these complexes have many yet‐to‐be‐clarified functions. We have shown that Hsp70 is complexed within the mouse CNS with peptide CLAFHDISPQAPTHFLVIPK derived from histidine triad nucleotide‐binding protein‐1 (HINT138–57/Hsp70). Only this complex, in contrast to other peptides complexed with Hsp70, was able to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by induction of immunoregulatory mechanisms dependent on NK cells. Pretreatment of proteolipid protein peptide 139–151 (PLP139–151) sensitized SJL/J mice with HINT138–57/Hsp70 prevented the development of EAE, suppressed PLP139–151‐induced T‐cell proliferation, and blocked secretion of IL‐17. HINT138–57/Hsp70 stimulation of NK cells depended on synergistic activation of two NK‐cell receptors, CD94 and NKG2D. NK cells with depleted CD94 or with blocked NKG2D did not inhibit PLP139–151‐induced spleen cell (SC) proliferation. The HINT138–57/Hsp70 complex enhanced surface expression of the NKG2D ligand—H60. Downstream signaling of CD94 and NKG2D converged at the adaptor proteins DAP10 and DAP12, and in response to HINT138–57/Hsp70 stimulation, expression of DAP10 and DAP12 was significantly increased in NK cells. Thus, we have shown that the HINT138–57/Hsp70 complex affects NK‐cell function by enhancing NK‐cell‐dependent immunoregulation in the EAE model of autoimmune demyelination.
Advances in forensic DNA quantification: A review
Authors: Lee Steven B. , McCord Bruce , Buel Eric
Published: August 2014

This review focuses upon a critical step in forensic biology: detection and quantification of human DNA from biological samples. Determination of the quantity and quality of human DNA extracted from biological evidence is important for several reasons. Firstly, depending on the source and extraction method, the quality (purity and length), and quantity of the resultant DNA extract can vary greatly. This affects the downstream method as the quantity of input DNA and its relative length can determine which genotyping procedure to use—standard short‐tandem repeat (STR) typing, mini‐STR typing or mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Secondly, because it is important in forensic analysis to preserve as much of the evidence as possible for retesting, it is important to determine the total DNA amount available prior to utilizing any destructive analytical method. Lastly, results from initial quantitative and qualitative evaluations permit a more informed interpretation of downstream analytical results. Newer quantitative techniques involving real‐time PCR can reveal the presence of degraded DNA and PCR inhibitors, that provide potential reasons for poor genotyping results and may indicate methods to use for downstream typing success. In general, the more information available, the easier it is to interpret and process the sample resulting in a higher likelihood of successful DNA typing. The history of the development of quantitative methods has involved two main goals—improving precision of the analysis and increasing the information content of the result. This review covers advances in forensic DNA quantification methods and recent developments in RNA quantification.
Dual characterization of biological cells by optofluidic microscope and resistive pulse sensor
Authors: Guo Jinhong , Chen Liang , Huang Xiwei , Li Chang Ming , Ai Ye , Kang Yuejun
Published: August 2014

Label‐free detection technique has emerged as a powerful platform for biomedical applications since it can avoid laborious multi‐step sample preparation. In this paper, we demonstrate a dual analysis of biological cells using a single microfluidic system combining optofluidic microscopy and resistive pulse sensing. Both red blood cells (RBCs) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been used to validate the concept of dual analysis and also to test the performance of the microfluidic device. The cell characterization by resistive pulse sensing is in good agreement with the analysis by optofluidic microscopy, further verified by the commercial Beckman‐Coulter® FC500 flow cytometry. The present system has attractive merits such as simple fabrication, easy integration, high portability, and low cost. This study has great potentials for the development of innovative on‐chip flow cytometry with concurrent imaging sensing and resistive sensing.