bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dancing Machines: Choreographies in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. By Felicia McCarren. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2003; pp. 254. $49.50 cloth.
Authors: Martin Randy
Published: August 2005

Dancers, dance theorists, and dance historians have long confronted a double marginality—a life in dance is fragile not simply because dance is ephemeral, but its professional opportunities are scarce. Within the academy, dance is notoriously treated as a minor literature, and dance studies seldom enjoy influence outside their specialized readerships. These predicaments for dance studies can attach to more general concerns about contemporary culture. A consumer society is oriented to mass media with little value for interpersonal encounter that live performance offers. The body has been eclipsed by the machine, and the drive for speed has rendered audiences intolerant of dance's gestural nuance and impatient with its kinesthetic detail. Accordingly, the persistence of dance would seem almost perverse, a nostalgic longing for lost innocence that winds up being self-marginalizing. Against this narrative, one that can be found among dance scholars who favor more restrictive aesthetic conceptions of dance art within Western concert conventions, Felicia McCarren offers a counter-Edenic tale, one that locates dance as central to modernism's own origins, that offers a rethinking of the one-dimensionally woeful account of mechanization, and ultimately provides a reason for those outside of dance to adopt its conceptual efficacy.
Wagner and the Romantic Hero. By Simon Williams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004; pp. 193. $75 cloth.
Authors: Lindenberger Herbert
Published: August 2005

Wagner has proved more fortunate than other opera composers in the liveliness, variety, and intellectual enterprise of his critical interpreters during the past decade or two. One need only cite Thomas Grey's study of the composer's aesthetics in Wagner's Musical Prose (1995); Carolyn Abbate's deconstruction of his narrative passages in Unsung Voices (1991); and Marc Weiner's analysis of how nineteenth-century racial codes shape the operas in Richard Wagner and the Anti-Semitic Imagination (1995) to note the range of approaches that have been applied to him.
Death by Drama and Other Medieval Urban Legends. By Jody Enders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002; pp. xxx + 324; 9 illus. $35 cloth.
Authors: Sponsler Claire
Published: August 2005

Death by Drama is revisionist theatre history at its invigorating best. Taking her cue from modern studies of urban legends, Jody Enders treats theatrical apocrypha—such as the well-known account of a convicted heretic who was supposedly executed on stage during a performance of the drama of Judith and Holofernes in 1549 in Tournai—not as fact, as such stories have often unquestioningly been taken, but as medieval urban legends that reveal spectators' attitudes toward the theatre as a place of potential threat where the true and the false dangerously mix. Looking at such legends as expressions of a culture's specific hopes, fears, and anxieties, Enders examines the “ways in which early France told, retold, invented, and reinvented stories of the tenuous boundaries between theatre and real life, thereby helping audiences to confront the nature of artistic representation” (xxiv). Although Enders's focus is medieval French theatre, her reach extends to modern theatre, film, and media, and her impeccable historical scholarship is enriched by savvy recourse to contemporary critical theory and performance studies. The resulting book shakes up settled assumptions about “what really happened” on the medieval stage, while raising profound questions about theatre's social functions then and now.
Shakespeare and Violence. By R. A. Foakes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 224. $70 cloth; $26.99 paper.
Authors: Scheil Katherine West
Published: August 2005

R. A. Foakes's latest book, Shakespeare and Violence, addresses an area of significant interest in Shakespeare studies. Foakes begins with a general discussion of the prevalence and persistence of violence in both life and literature. He then focuses on the evolution of Shakespeare's use of violence in his histories, tragedies, and romances. The result is a thought-provoking, well-written, and often genuinely interesting study of this subject and its manifestations in Shakespeare's plays.
Stage Directions in “Hamlet”: New Essays and New Directions. Edited by Hardin L. Aasand. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (Cranbury, NJ: AUP), 2003; pp. 234. $44.50 cloth.; Rescripting Shakespeare: The Text, the Director, and Modern Productions. By Alan C. Dessen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; pp. 268. $70 cloth, $27.99 paper.; “Hamlet”: The Shakespearean Director. By Mike Wilcock. Dublin: Carysfort Press, 2002; pp. 247. $25.95 paper.
Authors: Wetmore, Jr. Kevin J.
Published: August 2005

These three books consider, in different ways, the interrelatedness of modern directing, stage directions, and Shakespeare's texts. All three focus on Shakespeare, although two focus more on the single text of Hamlet, and all three consider how the plays are both text and performance, and how Shakespeare on the stage and Shakespeare on the page are interrelated but distinct.
From monkey-like action recognition to human language: An evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics
Authors: Arbib Michael A.
Published: August 2005

The article analyzes the neural and functional grounding of language skills as well as their emergence in hominid evolution, hypothesizing stages leading from abilities known to exist in monkeys and apes and presumed to exist in our hominid ancestors right through to modern spoken and signed languages. The starting point is the observation that both premotor area F5 in monkeys and Broca's area in humans contain a “mirror system” active for both execution and observation of manual actions, and that F5 and Broca's area are homologous brain regions. This grounded the mirror system hypothesis of Rizzolatti and Arbib (1998) which offers the mirror system for grasping as a key neural “missing link” between the abilities of our nonhuman ancestors of 20 million years ago and modern human language, with manual gestures rather than a system for vocal communication providing the initial seed for this evolutionary process. The present article, however, goes “beyond the mirror” to offer hypotheses on evolutionary changes within and outside the mirror systems which may have occurred to equip Homo sapiens with a language-ready brain. Crucial to the early stages of this progression is the mirror system for grasping and its extension to permit imitation. Imitation is seen as evolving via a so-called simple system such as that found in chimpanzees (which allows imitation of complex “object-oriented” sequences but only as the result of extensive practice) to a so-called complex system found in humans (which allows rapid imitation even of complex sequences, under appropriate conditions) which supports pantomime. This is hypothesized to have provided the substrate for the development of protosign, a combinatorially open repertoire of manual gestures, which then provides the scaffolding for the emergence of protospeech (which thus owes little to nonhuman vocalizations), with protosign and protospeech then developing in an expanding spiral. It is argued that these stages involve biological evolution of both brain and body. By contrast, it is argued that the progression from protosign and protospeech to languages with full-blown syntax and compositional semantics was a historical phenomenon in the development of Homo sapiens, involving few if any further biological changes.
A mature evolutionary psychology demands careful conclusions about sex differences
Authors: Asendorpf Jens B. , Penke Lars
Published: August 2005

By comparing alternative evolutionary models, the International Sexuality Description Project marks the transition of evolutionary psychology to the next level of scientific maturation. The lack of final conclusions might partly be a result of the composition of the Sociosexual Orientation Inventory and the sampled populations. Our own data suggest that correcting for both gives further support to the strategic pluralism model.
Beyond the mirror neuron – the smoke neuron?
Authors: Bickerton Derek
Published: August 2005

Mirror neurons form a poor basis for Arbib's account of language evolution, failing to explain the creativity that must precede imitation, and requiring capacities (improbable in hominids) for categorizing situations and unambiguously miming them. They also commit Arbib to an implausible holophrastic protolanguage. His model is further vitiated by failure to address the origins of symbolization and the real nature of syntax.
Sex Differences: Empiricism, hypothesis testing, and other virtues
Authors: Barash David P.
Published: August 2005

“Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating” delivers on its title. By combining empiricism and careful hypothesis testing, it not only contributes to our current knowledge but also points the way to further advances.
Psychological-level systems theory: The missing link in bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling
Authors: Barnard Philip , Dalgleish Tim
Published: August 2005

Bridging between psychological and neurobiological systems requires that the system components are closely specified at both the psychological and brain levels of analysis. We argue that in developing his dynamic systems theory framework, Lewis has sidestepped the notion of a psychological level systems model altogether, and has taken a partisan approach to his exposition of a brain-level systems model.
Sociosexual strategies in tribes and nations
Authors: Beckerman Stephen
Published: August 2005

Extending the findings of this work: Tribal peoples need study. Monogamy as marital institution and monogamy as sociosexual orientation must be separated. Sociosexuality must be considered as an aspect of somatic as well as reproductive effort; third-party interventions in sociosexuality need attention; and multiple sociosexual orientations, with frequency-dependent fitness payoffs equal at equilibrium, need to be modeled.
Sharpening Occam's razor: Is there need for a hand-signing stage prior to vocal communication?
Authors: Bosman Conrado , López Vladimir , Aboitiz Francisco
Published: August 2005

We commend Arbib for his original proposal that a mirror neuron system may have participated in language origins. However, in our view he proposes a complex evolutionary scenario that could be more parsimonious. We see no necessity to propose a hand-based signing stage as ancestral to vocal communication. The prefrontal system involved in human speech may have its precursors in the monkey's inferior frontal cortical domain, which is responsive to vocalizations and is related to laryngeal control.
Adding ingredients to the self-organizing dynamic system stew: Motivation, communication, and higher-level emotions – and don't forget the genes!
Authors: Buck Ross
Published: August 2005

Self-organizing dynamic systems (DS) modeling is appropriate to conceptualizing the relationship between emotion and cognition-appraisal. Indeed, DS modeling can be applied to encompass and integrate additional phenomena at levels lower than emotional interpretations (genes), at the same level (motives), and at higher levels (social, cognitive, and moral emotions). Also, communication is a phenomenon involved in dynamic system interactions at all levels.
Emotion theory is about more than affect and cognition: Taking triggers and actions into account
Authors: Carver Charles S.
Published: August 2005

Understanding how emotions emerge is difficult without determining what characteristic of the trigger actually triggers them. Knowing whether emotional experiences self-stabilize is difficult without remembering what other processes are set in play as the emotion emerges. It is not clear either that positive feedback is required for the emergence of emotion or that an attractor model captures well what is happening when an emotion arises.
Sex differences in the design features of socially contingent mating adaptations
Authors: Buss David M.
Published: August 2005

Schmitt's study provides strong support for sexual strategies theory (Buss & Schmitt 1993) – that men and women both have evolved a complex menu of mating strategies, selectively deployed depending on personal, social, and ecological contexts. It also simultaneously refutes social structural theories founded on the core premise that women and men are sexually monomorphic in their psychology of human mating. Further progress depends on identifying evolved psychological design features sensitive to the costs and benefits of pursuing each strategy from the menu, which vary across mating milieus. These design features, like many well-documented mating adaptations, are likely to be highly sex-differentiated.
Generating predictions from a dynamical systems emotion theory
Authors: Ellis Ralph D.
Published: August 2005

Lewis's dynamical systems emotion theory continues a tradition including Merleau-Ponty, von Bertallanfy, and Aristotle. Understandably for a young theory, Lewis's new predictions do not follow strictly from the theory; thus their failure would not disconfirm the theory, nor their success confirm it – especially given that other self-organizational approaches to emotion (e.g., those of Ellis and of Newton) may not be inconsistent with these same predictions.
Ethnography, cultural context, and assessments of reproductive success matter when discussing human mating strategies
Authors: Fuentes Agustin
Published: August 2005

The target article effectively assesses multiple hypotheses for human sexuality, demonstrating support for a complex, integrated perspective. However, care must be taken when extrapolating human universal patterns from specific cultural subsets without appropriate ethnographic contexts. Although it makes a strong contribution to the investigation of human sexuality, the basal reliance on a reductionist perspective constrains the full efficacy of this research.
On the neural grounding for metaphor and projection
Authors: Indurkhya Bipin
Published: August 2005

Focusing on the mirror system and imitation, I examine the role of metaphor and projection in evolutionary neurolinguistics. I suggest that the key to language evolution in hominid might be an ability to project one's thoughts and feelings onto another agent or object, to see and feel things from another perspective, and to be able to empathize with another agent.
Applications to the social and clinical sciences
Authors: Fabrega, Jr. Horacio
Published: August 2005

Fully interpreted, Lewis's dynamic systems modeling of emotion encompasses psychological-adaptation thinking and individual and group differences in normal and abnormal behavior. It weakens the categorical perspective in evolutionary psychology and the clinical sciences; and suggests continuity between “normal” or “abnormal” behavior in whatever way this is self and culturally constituted, although culture/linguistic factors and selfhood are neglected. Application of a dynamic systems model could improve formulation of clinical problems.
Listen to my actions!
Authors: Kaplan Jonas T. , Iacoboni Marco
Published: August 2005

We believe that an account of the role of mirror neurons in language evolution should involve a greater emphasis on the auditory properties of these neurons. Mirror neurons in premotor cortex which respond to the visual and auditory consequences of actions allow for a modality-independent and agent-independent coding of actions, which may have been important for the emergence of language.
Pragmatics, prosody, and evolution: Language is more than a symbolic system
Authors: Kotchoubey Boris
Published: August 2005

The model presented in the target article is biased towards a cognitive-symbolic understanding of language, thus ignoring its other important aspects. Possible relationships of this cognitive-symbolic subsystem to pragmatics and prosody of language are discussed in the first part of the commentary. In the second part, the issue of a purely social versus biological mechanisms for transition from protolanguage to properly language is considered.
The trees are not the forest, and monogamy is certainly not a kind of wood
Authors: Kiran Shashi
Published: August 2005

The target article, which is part of a larger study, the International Sexuality Description Project (ISDP), seeks to explore cross-culturally aspects of human mating behavior on a global scale. However the nonrepresentation of large cultures restricts the depth of this study. The inferences drawn from such a sample must therefore remain limited despite the impressive sample sizes. In a larger context it raises thoughts on how partial disclosures may misrepresent the design of the larger study.
Sociosexuality and sex ratio: Sex differences and local markets
Authors: Lazarus John
Published: August 2005

Operational sex ratio (OSR) is the correct sex ratio measure for predicting sociosexuality, but it is unclear whether this is the measure used. It would be valuable to know how OSR and sociosexuality correlate separately for males and females. The relationship between sociosexuality and OSR should also be examined with OSR measured at the local level of the mating market, where sex ratio must be having its psychological effects.
Gesture-first, but no gestures?
Authors: McNeill David , Bertenthal Bennett , Cole Jonathan , Gallagher Shaun
Published: August 2005

Although Arbib's extension of the mirror-system hypothesis neatly sidesteps one problem with the “gesture-first” theory of language origins, it overlooks the importance of gestures that occur in current-day human linguistic performance, and this lands it with another problem. We argue that, instead of gesture-first, a system of combined vocalization and gestures would have been a more natural evolutionary unit.
START: A bridge between emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic system modeling
Authors: Grossberg Stephen
Published: August 2005

Lewis proposes a “reconceptualization” of how to link the psychology and neurobiology of emotion and cognitive-emotional interactions. His main proposed themes have actually been actively and quantitatively developed in the neural modeling literature for more than 30 years. This commentary summarizes some of these themes and points to areas of particularly active research in this area.
Promiscuity in an evolved pair-bonding system: Mating within and outside the Pleistocene box
Authors: Miller Lynn Carol , Pedersen William C. , Putcha-Bhagavatula Anila
Published: August 2005

Across mammals, when fathers matter, as they did for hunter-gatherers, sex-similar pair-bonding mechanisms evolve. Attachment fertility theory can explain Schmitt's and other findings as resulting from a system of mechanisms affording pair-bonding in which promiscuous seeking is part. Departures from hunter-gatherer environments (e.g., early menarche, delayed marriage) can alter dating trajectories, thereby impacting mating outside of pair-bonds.
On the relationship between rhythmic firing in the supramammillary nucleus and limbic theta rhythm
Authors: Kocsis Bernat
Published: August 2005

Lewis emphasizes the role of theta oscillations in emergent coupling among neural subsystems during emotionally relevant tasks or situations. Here I present some recent data on the relationship of rhythmic neuronal discharge in the supramammillary nucleus and the large-scale theta oscillations in the limbic system which provide support to many of his ideas regarding vertical integration in dynamic systems.
Continuities in vocal communication argue against a gestural origin of language
Authors: Seyfarth Robert M.
Published: August 2005

To conclude that language evolved from vocalizations, through gestures, then back to vocalizations again, one must first reject the simpler hypothesis that language evolved from prelinguistic vocalizations. There is no reason to do so. Many studies – not cited by Arbib – document continuities in behavior, perception, cognition, and neurophysiology between human speech and primate vocal communication.
Not a bridge but an organismic (general and causal) neuropsychology should make a difference in emotion theory
Authors: Pascual-Leone Juan
Published: August 2005

Does Lewis imply that brain processes might be used to replace an as-yet-unavailable substantive organismic neuropsychology? To counteract this reductionist idea I argue for distinguishing between affects and emotions, and discuss a real-life example of implicit emotional appraisal. Failure to use organismic units of processing such as schemes or schemas makes the bridging attempt fall under a reductionist “mereological fallacy.”
Sex, sex differences, and the new polygyny
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: August 2005

The Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (SOI) was not designed to illuminate the sexually dimorphic mental mechanisms posited by evolutionary theories. Its results are therefore open to competing interpretations. Measures designed to tap the thought processes surrounding sexual experience generate findings that are more compatible with evolutionary than with social structural theory.
Language is fundamentally a social affair
Authors: Williams Justin H. G.
Published: August 2005

Perhaps the greatest evolutionary advantage conferred by spoken language was its ability to communicate mentalistic concepts, rather than just extending the vocabulary of action already served by an imitation function. An appreciation that the mirror-neuron system served a simple mentalising function before gestural communication sets Arbib's theory in a more appropriate social cognitive context.
The explanatory advantages of the holistic protolanguage model: The case of linguistic irregularity
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: August 2005

Our tolerance for, and promotion of, linguistic irregularity is a key arbitrator between Arbib's proposal that holistic protolanguage preceded culturally imposed compositionality, and the standard view that discrete units with word-like properties came first. The former, coupled with needs-only analysis, neatly accounts for the second-order linguistic complexity that is rationalised as fuzzy grammaticality, subclass exception, and full irregularity.
Language evolution: Body of evidence?
Authors: Yu Chen , Ballard Dana H.
Published: August 2005

Our computational studies of infant language learning estimate the inherent difficulty of Arbib's proposal. We show that body language provides a strikingly helpful scaffold for learning language that may be necessary but not sufficient, given the absence of sophisticated language in other species. The extraordinary language abilities of Homo sapiens must have evolved from other pressures, such as sexual selection.
Dynamic brain systems in quest for emotional homeostasis
Authors: van Honk Jack , Schutter J. L. G.
Published: August 2005

Lewis proposes a solution for bridging the gap between cognitive-psychological and neurobiological theories of emotion in terms of dynamic systems modeling. However, an important brain network is absent in his account: the neuroendocrine system. In this commentary, the dynamic features of the cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and gonadal (HPG) axes are discussed within a triple-balance model of emotion.
The impact of information and communication technology on family carers of older people and professionals in Sweden
Authors: MAGNUSSON LENNART , HANSON ELIZABETH , NOLAN MIKE
Published: August 2005

Government policy in Sweden, as in other developed countries, pays increasing attention as to how best to support the family carers of older people. New and innovative means of support, such as information and communication technology, are emerging. This paper explores the perceived benefits of, and barriers to, information technology as a means of supporting family carers of older people. Following a brief overview of the care-giving literature, with particular reference to the Swedish context, interview and questionnaire data collected from 34 families who took part in the Swedish ACTION project are used to explore the role of user-friendly information and communication technology to inform and enable family carers of older people to exercise choice, to care more effectively and to work in partnership with professionals. Interview data from two groups of professionals that utilised ACTION are also examined to throw light on its potential benefits for both carers and professionals. Consideration is given to the barriers to using information technology, and to identifying those carers most likely to benefit. Areas for further development are the need for practitioners' education and a wider range of programmes to address carers' diverse needs. Clearly, lessons learned from the Swedish project have wider relevance, given that new forms of support are being developed in most technically advanced countries.
25th volume celebration paper
Changes in the experiences of life between two cohorts of Parisian pensioners, born in circa 1907 and 1921
Authors: CRIBIER FRANÇOISE
Published: August 2005

The experience of retirement and old age of two cohorts of the residents of Paris, born successively around 1907 and 1921, have been studied through prospective longitudinal studies, each of which comprised several waves of interviews. The two cohorts were first interviewed as they approached retirement and old age, in respectively 1972 and 1984. Moulded by the strong contemporaneous social change, the principal life experiences of the two cohorts have been quite different – from the social and geographic settings of their birth, their childhood and education, through their occupations and career advancement, parenting and family lives, housing conditions and residential mobility, earned incomes and pensions, longevity, and utilisation of medical care. Above all, their long lives have been strongly conditioned by rapid and radical socio-economic changes, particularly in the occupational structure, the rising standard of living, and improvements in urban housing standards, social protection, personal services and average life span. In contrast to their rising material standards, the cohorts have faced the gradual spread of less sympathetic attitudes towards older people, particularly those who lose their autonomy. As the number of people in advanced old age has relentlessly increased, they have in several respects become more distant from the rest of society. Maintaining the continued ‘inclusion’ and full citizenship of frail older people is not only a growing moral and practical problem, but also a major political problem in a democracy.
Adaptive fuzzy sliding control for a three-link passive robotic manipulator
Authors: Elangovan Subashini , Woo Peng-Yung
Published: August 2005

An adaptive fuzzy sliding control scheme is proposed to control a passive robotic manipulator. The motivation for the design of the adaptive fuzzy sliding controller is to eliminate the chattering and the requirement of pre-knowledge on bounds of error associated with the conventional sliding control. The stability and convergence of the adaptive fuzzy sliding controller is proven both theoretically and practically by simulations. A three-link passive manipulator model with two unactuated joints is derived to be used in the simulations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system is robust against structured and unstructured uncertainties.
Contact stability analysis of a one degree-of-freedom robot using hybrid system stability theory
Authors: Doulgeri Zoe , Iliadis George
Published: August 2005

In this work, the elementary task of controlling the contact of a one degree-of-freedom (dof) robot with a compliant surface is modeled as a switched system. A position controller is used for the free motion and a force controller for the contact task and the goal is to stabilize the robot in contact with the spring-like environment while exerting a desired force. As the robot makes or breaks contact, the control law switches accordingly and the aim is to examine the system's stability using ideas from hybrid stability theory. By considering typical candidate Lyapunov functions for each of the two discrete system states, conditions on feedback gains are derived that guarantee Lyapunov stability of the hybrid task. It is shown that conditions can be decoupled with respect to the discrete state only when the more general hybrid stability theorems are used.
Dynamic model and simulation of cooperative robots: a case study
Authors: Gudiño-Lau Jorge , Arteaga Marco A.
Published: August 2005

Cooperative robots are usually required in flexible manufacturing systems or complex working environments. In particular, when an object under processing is too big or too heavy, a single robot may not be enough to handle it. Two or more manipulators are to be used in such a case. This paper presents the study of the dynamic equations for two industrial robots holding a rigid object. To this end, holonomic constraints are combined with the manipulators and object equations of motion to obtain the dynamic model of the whole system, which can be used for simulation purposes. Experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical results.
The Southern Imposition: Congress and Labor in the New Deal and Fair Deal
Authors: Farhang Sean , Katznelson Ira
Published: August 2005

In this article, we will probe two distinct historical questions. First, we explore why congressional representatives from the South, who had generally supported the Democratic Party on labor issues during the 1930s, joined with Republicans to oppose the party's pro-labor orientation in the 1940s. We also examine why the class-based union movement that mobilized so assertively after the passage of the Wagner Act in 1935 became so cramped and pragmatic by the early 1950s. These puzzles, we believe, are closely related. Our explanation for why labor's horizons, topography, and prospects constricted to workplace issues, to some segments of the working population, and to limited geographic areas by the end of the Truman years points to how southern Democrats shaped the main institutions produced by New Deal and Fair Deal labor legislation.
Kevin Chamberlain, War and Cultural Heritage. Pp. 333.
Leicester: Institute of Art and Law, 2004.
Authors: Hladík Jan
Published: August 2005

When I was asked by Dr. O'Keefe, Book Editor of the International
Journal of Cultural Property, to review “War and Cultural
Heritage” by Kevin Chamberlain I immediately agreed because I wished
to see the first scholarly article-by-article commentary on the 1999
Second Protocol (“the Second Protocol”) to the 1954 Hague
Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed
Conflict (“the Convention”) as well as another commentary on
the Convention and the 1954 First Protocol.
Art Historians and Cultural Property Internationalism
Authors: Niedzielski-Eichner Nora
Published: August 2005

This article responds to John Merryman's article on cultural
property internationalism in the last issue of the International
Journal of Cultural Property (IJCP). It considers the increasing,
although still limited, role that art historians working out of
universities play in the debates around the ownership of cultural
property. Although there are a number of principles embedded in cultural
internationalism that are still widely supported, art historians seem to
be moving away from cultural property internationalism. One reason for the
increasing critique of cultural property internationalism is the rise of
scholarship that questions traditional art history and its relationship to
colonialism.
Public Heritage, a Desire for a “White” History for
America, and Some Impacts of the Kennewick Man/ Ancient One
Decision
Authors: Zimmerman Larry J.
Published: August 2005

The most recent opinion in the so-called Kennewick Man or Ancient One
(as many American Indians choose to call the skeleton) case by the United
States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit unfortunately resurrects
some very old and contentious issues in America. Indians mostly view the
opinion as one more echo of the same old story of Native American property
issues raised in the courts, but they also understand that some
implications may be broader. The most direct impact of the opinion is that
the Umatilla people will not be allowed to return the Ancient One to the
earth, but others could be portents of a larger resurgence of anti-Indian
sentiment and scientific colonialism in America. Specifically, though not
directly stated as such, the court's opinion supports a notion that
archaeological materials are a public heritage, no matter their culture of
origin. In addition, by affirming the plaintiffs' position, the court
essentially declared archaeologists and associated scientists to be the
primary stewards of that heritage, much to the chagrin of many American
Indian people. Along the way, the court reinforced the idea that
scientifically generated evidence has greater validity than oral tradition
in court, outright denying oral tradition's validity and undercutting
a major intention of the Native American Graves Protection and
Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). Worse still, the court reflects—and by
its decision supports—an idea that there may be a
“white” or European history for the Americas that predates the
arrival of Indians. The most damaging and long-term impact is that the
decision reinforces fundamentally erroneous definitions and stereotypes
about Indians as tribes, which has plagued Indian-white relations
for generations.
The International Movement of Cultural Objects
Authors: Prott Lyndel V.
Published: August 2005

The view that “cultural property internationalism” (Merryman) is represented by the Hague Convention 1954 and that it has been departed from in later UNESCO instruments can be challenged. Words which carry particular connotations can distort the argument—propertyis one of them, socultural propertyis already a loaded term. The historical sources used to buttress the modern argument for more liberal trade in cultural objects bear other interpretations. Similarly, UNESCO's mandate has been narrowed in a way not justified by its constitution. UNESCO's later instruments, such as the 1970 Convention, do not represent an aversion to the art market, as is witnessed by its development on an international Code for Dealers. However, the art trade at present is based on the secrecy of transactions, and this has led to a number of scandals. Neither assessment of the interests at stake nor treaties on human rights or trade require tolerance of these practices.
Bonnichsen v. United States: Time, Place, and the Search for Identity
Authors: Harding Sarah
Published: August 2005

On its surface,Bonnichsen v. United Statesis an administrative law case, reviewing a decision by the Secretary of the Interior regarding the appropriate reach of a specific set of legislative and regulatory rules. As such, Judge Gould, writing for a panel of the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals (Ninth Circuit) decided that the secretary's office had overstepped its bounds; in short, its interpretation of the rules in question was not reasonable. But underneath the legal categories,Bonnichsenis a much more complicated and politically charged case. It is about competing conceptions of history and spirituality. It is about sovereignty (although that word is not uttered once in the decision, aside from reciting a definition of Native Hawaiians) and the clash of cultures. It is less about the standards for decision making and more about who the appropriate decision makers are. It is a case about a man who lived 9,000 years ago and about how today we should understand his cultural identity.
Forever Nearing the Finish Line: Heritage Policy and the Problem of Memory in Postwar Beirut
Authors: Fricke Adrienne
Published: August 2005

Between 1976 and 1991, central Beirut, repository of centuries of historic structures, was substantially destroyed by civil war. In 1994, a private company known by its French acronym Solidère was created by government decree and given the task of reconstructing the center of Beirut. Despite political problems, the Solidère project brought the hope of social recovery through economic renewal; yet progress should not come at the cost of memory.

How can Beirut, destroyed, be a site of both recovery and erasure? Even though traditional legal and political discourses acknowledge that cultural heritage holds a powerful position in reconstruction, there are few tools for capturing its functions. Using heuristics originally employed in archeology and art history, this article addresses psychological aspects of reconstruction by discussing contemporary Lebanese art. If culture is defined not only as what people do buthow they make sense of what they have done, the enormity of the political problems of post–civil war reconstruction become clear. National governments hoping to consolidate authority would do well to consider how best to approach public places resonant with emotionally charged memories.

Policymakers should consider the complex benefits of negative heritage in drafting laws that will enable its protection. Legal reform carried out with the goal of balanced heritage policies that accommodate negative heritage is key for postconflict urban spaces. By acknowledging the weight of the past, such policies would also bolster confidence in the emergent government and the political process.
Shear wave properties and Poisson's ratios of ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks from the Dabie‐Sulu orogenic belt, China: Implications for crustal composition
Authors: Wang Qin , Ji Shaocheng , Salisbury Matthew H. , Xia Bin , Pan Mingbao , Xu Zhiqin
Published: August 2005

Shear wave velocities (Vs), anisotropy, and shear wave splitting have been measured at pressures up to 600–800 MPa for ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks from the Dabie‐Sulu orogenic belt, China, with a focus on three types of eclogites. Type 1 eclogites are coarse‐grained, unaltered samples showing high densities and high Vs values (4.85 ± 0.06 km/s at 600 MPa); type 2 eclogites are fine‐grained, sheared samples with intermediate Vs values (4.53 ± 0.04 km/s at 600 MPa); and type 3 eclogites are overprinted by amphibolite facies metamorphism and display low Vs values (4.33 ± 0.09 km/s at 600 MPa). The compositional layering and retrograde metamorphism can result in significant anisotropy and shear wave splitting in eclogites, suggesting their plausible contribution to seismic anisotropy in the lower crust, upper mantle, and particularly in subducted slabs. Integrating our P and S wave velocity results with reliable data from previous studies, we estimated the pressure and temperature derivatives of Vp, Vs, and Poisson's ratios for common rock types in the UHP metamorphic belt. The geometric means were used as a mixture rule to invert the lithological and chemical compositions of the layered crust from seismic refraction velocities. The inferred crustal composition suggests that the eclogite‐bearing UHP rocks are tectonic slices of crust that have been thrust along a series of shear zones during the continental collision between the north China and Yangtze cratons, over a normal UHP‐free middle lower crust with overall intermediate composition.
Mechanisms of core‐mantle angular momentum exchange and the observed spectral properties of torsional oscillations
Authors: Mound J. E. , Buffett B. A.
Published: August 2005

Torsional oscillations of the fluid core produce decadal variations in the Earth's magnetic field and in the length of day. The magnetic field variations can be used to infer the fluid velocity of the oscillations. An additional constraint is imposed by the length‐of‐day variations because coupling mechanisms are required to transfer angular momentum between the core and mantle. Proposed mechanisms included electromagnetic, topographic, and gravitational couplings. We make use of a finite volume model of the core‐mantle system to evaluate each of these mechanisms with respect to observed spectral properties of torsional oscillations. We find that the different coupling mechanisms have different spectral characters which may be useful in distinguishing their importance within the Earth's core‐mantle system. For reasonable values of core and mantle properties, gravitational coupling between the mantle and inner core is the candidate mechanism most likely to be able to reproduce all spectral features of the observed transfer of angular momentum between the core and mantle. Possible spatial distributions of the torsional oscillation excitation source are also investigated.
Applying petrophysical models to radar travel time and electrical resistivity tomograms: Resolution‐dependent limitations
Authors: Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Singha Kamini , Binley Andrew M.
Published: August 2005

Geophysical imaging has traditionally provided qualitative information about geologic structure; however, there is increasing interest in using petrophysical models to convert tomograms to quantitative estimates of hydrogeologic, mechanical, or geochemical parameters of interest (e.g., permeability, porosity, water content, and salinity). Unfortunately, petrophysical estimation based on tomograms is complicated by limited and variable image resolution, which depends on (1) measurement physics (e.g., electrical conduction or electromagnetic wave propagation), (2) parameterization and regularization, (3) measurement error, and (4) spatial variability. We present a framework to predict how core‐scale relations between geophysical properties and hydrologic parameters are altered by the inversion, which produces smoothly varying pixel‐scale estimates. We refer to this loss of information as “correlation loss.” Our approach upscales the core‐scale relation to the pixel scale using the model resolution matrix from the inversion, random field averaging, and spatial statistics of the geophysical property. Synthetic examples evaluate the utility of radar travel time tomography (RTT) and electrical‐resistivity tomography (ERT) for estimating water content. This work provides (1) a framework to assess tomograms for geologic parameter estimation and (2) insights into the different patterns of correlation loss for ERT and RTT. Whereas ERT generally performs better near boreholes, RTT performs better in the interwell region. Application of petrophysical models to the tomograms in our examples would yield misleading estimates of water content. Although the examples presented illustrate the problem of correlation loss in the context of near‐surface geophysical imaging, our results have clear implications for quantitative analysis of tomograms for diverse geoscience applications.
Low coral cover in a high‐CO2 world
Authors: Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove
Published: August 2005

Coral reefs generally exist within a relatively narrow band of temperatures, light, and seawater aragonite saturation states. The growth of coral reefs is minimal or nonexistent outside this envelope. Climate change, through its effect on ocean temperature, has already had an impact on the world's coral reefs, with almost 30% of corals having disappeared since the beginning of the 1980s. Abnormally warm temperatures cause corals to bleach (lose their brown dinoflagellate symbionts) and, if elevated for long enough, to die. Increasing atmospheric CO2 is also potentially affecting coral reefs by lowering the aragonite saturation state of seawater, making carbonate ions less available for calcification. The synergistic interaction of elevated temperature and CO2 is likely to produce major changes to coral reefs over the next few decades and centuries. Known tolerances of corals to projected changes to sea temperatures indicate that corals are unlikely to remain abundant on reefs and could be rare by the middle of this century if the atmospheric CO2 concentration doubles or triples. The combination of changes to sea temperature and carbonate ion availability could trigger large‐scale changes in the biodiversity and function of coral reefs. The ramifications of these changes for the hundred of millions of coral reef–dependent people and industries living in a high‐CO2 world have yet to be properly defined. The weight of evidence suggests, however, that projected changes will cause major shifts in the prospects for industries and societies that depend on having healthy coral reefs along their coastlines.
Observation of frontal waves and associated salinity minimum formation along the Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Kouketsu S. , Yasuda I. , Hiroe Y.
Published: August 2005

High‐resolution observations with a towed–conductivity‐temperature‐depth system were conducted along the Kuroshio Extension, where the Kuroshio and the Oyashio merge and new North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) is formed. Large‐amplitude frontal waves at an intermediate depth corresponding to a density range of NPIW (26.6–26.9σθ) were discovered here along the main stream of the Kuroshio Extension. A remarkable salinity minimum due to the intense intrusions of Oyashio water was observed near the trough of the frontal wave with an apparent wavelength of ∼100 km. Around the troughs (crests) of the frontal waves, the horizontal velocity in the intermediate layer was directed to the southern Kuroshio water side (northern Oyashio water side) relative to the upper layer. Horizontal velocity fields converged (diverged) around the wave trough (crest), indicating downwelling (upwelling). The amplitude of the frontal waves was observed to grow in the downstream direction, where isolated eddies were observed. This suggests that the development of frontal waves and wave breaking enhance isopycnal mixing and cross‐frontal exchange across the main stream of the Kuroshio Extension.
Ensemble‐based data assimilation for thermally forced circulations
Authors: Aksoy Altuğ , Zhang Fuqing , Nielsen‐Gammon John W. , Epifanio Craig C.
Published: August 2005

The effectiveness of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for thermally forced circulations is investigated with simulated observations. A two‐dimensional, nonlinear, hydrostatic, non‐rotating, and incompressible sea breeze model is developed for this purpose with buoyancy and vorticity as the prognostic variables. Model resolution is 4 km horizontally and 50 m vertically. Forcing is maintained through an explicit heating function with additive stochastic noise. Pure forecast experiments reveal that the model exhibits moderate nonlinearity. The strongest nonlinearity occurs along the sea breeze front at the time of peak sea breeze phase. Considerable small‐scale error growth occurs at this phase for vorticity, while buoyancy is dominated by large‐scale error as the direct result of the initial condition uncertainty. In the EnKF experiments, simulated buoyancy observations (with assumed error of 10−3 ms−2) on land surface with 40‐km spacing are assimilated every 3 hours. As a result of their resolution, the observations naturally sample the larger‐scale flow structure. At the first analysis step, the filter is found to remove most of the large‐scale error resulting from the initial conditions and the domain‐averaged error of buoyancy and vorticity is reduced by about 83% and 42%, respectively. Subsequent analyses continue to remove error at a progressively slower rate and the error ultimately stabilizes within about 24 hours for both variables. At later model times, while mostly large‐scale buoyancy errors due to the stochastic heating uncertainty are effectively removed, the filter also performs well at reducing smaller‐scale vorticity errors associated with the sea breeze front. This is an indication that observations also contain useful small‐scale information relevant at the scales of frontal convergence.