bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enrichment culture can bias the isolation ofCampylobactersubtypes
Authors: WILLIAMS L. K. , SAIT L. C. , COGAN T. A. , JØRGENSEN F. , GROGONO-THOMAS R. , HUMPHREY T. J.
Published: September 2011

Enrichment culture is often used to isolateCampylobacter. This study compared isolation ofCampylobacterspp. from 119 broiler chicken environments from two farms, using Preston and modified Exeter (mExeter) and modified Bolton (mBolton) enrichments. mExeter was significantly more effective in isolatingCampylobacterspp. from the environmental samples compared to Preston (P<0·001) and mBolton (P<0·04) broths but there was no significant difference between the latter two methods (P>0·05). Enrichment broth type did not affect isolation from chicken faecal or soil and litter samples.C. jejuniwas isolated from significantly more environmental samples using mExeter broth compared to Preston (P<0·01) and mBolton (P<0·003) broths; there was no difference between the latter two methods or between all methods for detection ofC. coli(P>0·05). OnlyC. coliwas isolated from the soil and litter samples and although bothC. jejuniandC. coliwere recovered from the faecal samples there was no effect of using different enrichment broths. The majority of samples where the same species had been isolated yielded the same or closely related genotypes as defined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Isolates recovered using Preston and mBolton broths were less genetically diverse than those from mExeter broth. We conclude that the enrichment method used affects both the number and species ofCampylobacterisolated from naturally contaminated samples.
Poaching vs. patrolling: effects on conservation of Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea borealis colonies
Authors: LOPEZ-DARIAS MARTA , LUZARDO JAVIER , MARTÍNEZ RAFAEL , GONZÁLEZ DANIEL , GARCÍA EDUARDO A. , CABRERA JEREMÍAS
Published: September 2011

Negative effects of poaching on seabird populations are not usually evaluated quantitatively when assessing seabird colony conservation status, nor are they generally considered a major concern. We demonstrate that poaching is still intense in the Canary Islands, and has negative consequences for the conservation of seabird colonies. We quantified the effects of poaching of Cory’s Shearwater fledglings on breeding success on different islands in the Canaries, comparing colonies that suffer from intense, medium, or no poaching. Poaching reduced the breeding success of affected colonies to almost a third, potentially causing the future extinction of the colony. Only colonies with intense wardening campaigns reached high values of reproductive success, showing that government surveillance in conjunction with volunteers from different NGOs is a very effective approach in reducing poaching. A population sensitivity analysis was also conducted to provide data on the factors that most affect the performance of the model. Although population growth and mean final population size varied with increases and decreases in mortality and carrying capacity, only harvesting resulted in a probability of 100% of extinction in 20–40 years. To promote seabird conservation in regions such as the Canary Islands, a core archipelago for seabird species in the Atlantic, poaching control should be elevated by society to a level of urgency, requiring dedicated funding and mobilisation of experts and volunteers to adequately address it through education, prevention and enforcement.
Using mobile phones to engage citizen scientists in research
Authors: Graham Eric A. , Henderson Sandra , Schloss Annette
Published: September 2011

Mobile phone‐based tools have the potential to revolutionize the way citizen scientists are recruited and retained, facilitating a new type of “connected” citizen scientist—one who collects scientifically relevant data as part of his or her daily routine. Established citizen science programs collect information at local, regional, and continental scales to help answer diverse questions in the geosciences and environmental sciences. Hundreds of thousands of citizen scientists contribute to recurring research projects such as the Audubon Society's annual Christmas Bird Count, which drew more than 60,000 observers in 2009, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Volunteer Monitoring program, through which trained volunteers improve the monitoring of water quality in lakes and streams across the United States. These programs have relied on traditional recruiting techniques and written observations. New methods for engaging participants through technology, specifically, mobile applications, or apps, provide unprecedented ways for participants to have immediate access to their own and others' observations and research results.
Proposed wireless system could interfere with key GPS receivers, U.S. officials testify
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2011

A proposed $14 billion network that would increase broadband wireless access poses significant interference problems for existing GPS signals used for some critical U.S. federal science and public safety systems, said officials from NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other experts at an 8 September hearing of the House of Representatives' Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. The officials cautioned that a terrestrial wireless network plan proposed by LightSquared LLC—which includes using frequencies adjacent to the GPS band—needs additional testing before it is given a green light by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). In addition, the officials said that although they hope there is a win‐win solution to increasing broadband wireless options without harming GPS signals, a recently revised plan that LightSquared indicates would reduce interference to a large majority of GPS receivers still would present problems for a number of high‐precision GPS systems.
Paleoclimates: Understanding climate change past and present
Authors: Kump Lee R.
Published: September 2011

Imagine contracting a fever and having no prior knowledge of whether your body's reaction will be severe or benign. Fortunately, having had fevers before, we know how our body reacts and we know how to treat the symptoms. Now consider global warming over the past century and the likelihood of it continuing for decades to centuries, with temperatures rising beyond anything humanity has experienced in the past. From this perspective, an investigation into past planetary fevers (and chills), what caused them, and how the planet responded—in short, paleoclimatology—becomes imperative. Although not the first book on the topic, Cronin's Paleoclimates is an up‐to‐date, comprehensive, and authoritative accounting of past climates.
Magnetic behavior transitions identified in natural rock formations
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2011

How the magnetic properties of minerals such as magnetite change with grain size is of fundamental importance to understanding magnetic fields of the past and present, which are useful for tracking the movement of tectonic plates and in teasing out the histories of changing environmental factors. Materials ideal for experimental work on size‐dependent properties are difficult to find, as natural materials tend to be messy mixtures of different magnetic minerals, with variable concentrations, chemical purities, and wide distributions of grain sizes, all of which serve to blur magnetic properties. However, on the western base of Yucca Mountain lies the Tiva Canyon Tuff, a 12.7‐million‐year‐old deposit of volcanic material that provides an ideal study site for investigations of grain size‐dependent magnetic properties. The ash deposits of the Tiva Canyon Tuff contain abundant volcanic glass, within which the average particle size of magnetite nanoparticles increases systematically with height above the base of the tuff.
Slowly but steadily, a stormier Europe
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2011

One anticipated consequence of global warming is a rise in the strength and frequency of wind storms striking Europe, bringing about associated increases in property damage, choppy seas, and coastal flooding. Previous research, mostly based on long‐term pressure observations, has sought, to no avail, the signal of a persistent increase in European storms. Using the 20th Century Reanalysis, a recently developed atmospheric reconstruction stretching back to 1871, Donat et al. identified a significant increase in both the strength and frequency of wintertime storms for large parts of Europe. For six regions spread across Europe the authors calculated two different measures of storminess: the magnitude of extreme wind speeds and the frequency of storm events. They found a distinct increase in wind storm activity since the late nineteenth century. The authors also found that regional increases in storm frequencies and extreme wind speeds showed a gradient across Europe, with the largest increases in the northwest, near western Norway, decreasing toward the edge of the study area in central Germany. They found an average increase in storm frequency of between 0.1 and 0.5 storm day per year per decade for the different regions, corresponding to 1.4–6.8 additional storm days per year over the course of the study period, which they suggest could be attributed to global warming or natural variability. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL047995, 2011)
A study of the strong linear relationship between the equatorial ionization anomaly and the prereversal E × B drift velocity at solar minimum
Authors: McDonald Sarah E. , Coker Clayton , Dymond Kenneth F. , Anderson David N. , Araujo‐Pradere Eduardo A.
Published: September 2011

It is known that there exists a linear relationship between the maximum velocity of the prereversal enhancement (PRE) of the E × B drift and the strength of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests at night. This can be a particularly useful relationship in the event that only one of the quantities is observed. But it is important to understand the drivers of the linear relationship in order to determine its range of validity. In this study, we use the SAMI2 model of the ionosphere together with measurements of vertical E × B drift velocity at Jicamarca to show that daytime drifts significantly affect the slope and linearity of the relationship. To validate the model, nighttime O I 135.6 nm radiances measured with the Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) aboard the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC) are used in coincidence with the E × B drift measurements at Jicamarca. From the observations, we derive a linear relationship between the crest‐to‐trough ratio of the EIA NmF2 and the PRE under solar minimum conditions. The model simulations demonstrate that the influence of daytime drifts on the nighttime ionosphere varies with longitude and solar cycle conditions; and therefore the linear relationship also varies with these parameters. In particular, we show that the late afternoon drifts at solar minimum have the effect of steepening the slope of the linear relationship. On the other hand, the extended effect of daytime drifts under solar maximum conditions, including contributions from midmorning hours, tends to weaken the relationship.
Modification of the alkaline comet assay with human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Fuchs Robert , Stelzer Ingeborg , Drees Christoph M. P. , Rehnolt Christian , Schraml Elisabeth , Sadjak Anton , Schwinger Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) are planned foruse in regenerative medicine to offset age‐dependent alterations. However, MSCs are affected by replicative senescence associated with decreasing proliferation potential, telomere shortening and DNA damage during in vitro propagation. To monitor in vitro senescence, we have assessed the integrity of DNA by the alkaline comet assay. For optimization of the comet assay we have enhanced the stability of comet slides in liquid and minimized the background noise of the method by improving adhesion of agarose gels on the comet slides and concentrating cells on a defined small area on the slides. The modifications of the slide preparation increase the overall efficiency and reproducibility of the comet assay and minimize the image capture and storage. DNA damage of human MSCs during in vitro cultivation increased with time, as assessed by the comet assay, which therefore offers a fast and easy screening tool in future efforts to minimize replicative senescence of MSCs in vitro.
Spontaneous onset of magnetic reconnection in toroidal plasma caused by breaking of 2D symmetry
Authors: Egedal Jan , Katz Noam , Bonde Jeff , Fox Will , Le Ari , Porkolab Miklos , Vrublevskis Arturs
Published: September 2011

Magnetic reconnection is studied in the collisionless limit at the Versatile Toroidal Facility (VTF) at MIT. Two distinct magnetic configurations are applied in the experiments; an open magnetic cusp and a closed cusp. In the open cusp configurations, the field lines intersect the the vacuum vessel walls and here axisymmetric oscillatory reconnection is observed. Meanwhile, in the closed cusp configuration, where the field lines are confined inside the experiment, the coupling between global modes and a current sheet leads to powerful bursts of 3D spontaneous reconnection. These spontaneous events start at one toroidal location, and then propagate around the toroidal direction at the Alfvèn speed (calculated with the strength of the dominant guide field). The three dimensional measurements include the detailed time evolution of the plasma density, current density, the magnetic flux function, the electrostatic potential, and the reconnection rate. The vastly different plasma behavior in the two configurations can be described using a simple theoretical framework, linking together the interdependencies of the reconnection rate, the in-plane electrostatic potential, and the parallel electron currents. We find that it is the breaking of toroidal symmetry by the global mode that allows for a localized disruption of the x-line current and hereby facilitates the onset of spontaneous reconnection.
Domain rotation simulation of anisotropic magnetostrictions in giant magnetostrictive materials
Authors: Zhang Changsheng , Ma Tianyu , Yan Mi
Published: September 2011

Axial magnetostriction in giant magnetostrictive materials with specific crystal orientation is highly anisotropic when changing magnetization direction. Based on a single-{111}-twin crystal growth model, this paper presents a domain rotation simulation of anisotropic magnetostrictions in 〈110〉 oriented crystals Tb0.36Dy0.64(Fe0.85Co0.15)2 by considering the demagnetization effect. Simulation results show that the axial magnetostrictions under different external magnetic field directions, which correspond to specific magnetic moment “jump” and “rotation” processes, are in good agreement with experimental data. The demagnetization effect, arising from non-coaxial magnetization, hinders moment alignments especially at low external fields and reduces the initial magnetostriction. Change of the saturation magnetostriction is also presented by multi-domain calculations through revealing the detailed magnetization processes. Such domain rotation simulations might provide a better understanding of the magnetostriction dependence on magnetization direction, i.e., the anisotropic magnetostrictive responses.
Generalized Langevin dynamics of a nanoparticle using a finite element approach: Thermostating with correlated noise
Authors: Uma B. , Swaminathan T. N. , Ayyaswamy P. S. , Eckmann D. M. , Radhakrishnan R.
Published: September 2011

A direct numerical simulation (DNS) procedure is employed to study the thermal motion of a nanoparticle in an incompressible Newtonian stationary fluid medium with the generalized Langevin approach. We consider both the Markovian (white noise) and non-Markovian (Ornstein-Uhlenbeck noise and Mittag-Leffler noise) processes. Initial locations of the particle are at various distances from the bounding wall to delineate wall effects. At thermal equilibrium, the numerical results are validated by comparing the calculated translational and rotational temperatures of the particle with those obtained from the equipartition theorem. The nature of the hydrodynamic interactions is verified by comparing the velocity autocorrelation functions and mean square displacements with analytical results. Numerical predictions of wall interactions with the particle in terms of mean square displacements are compared with analytical results. In the non-Markovian Langevin approach, an appropriate choice of colored noise is required to satisfy the power-law decay in the velocity autocorrelation function at long times. The results obtained by using non-Markovian Mittag-Leffler noise simultaneously satisfy the equipartition theorem and the long-time behavior of the hydrodynamic correlations for a range of memory correlation times. The Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process does not provide the appropriate hydrodynamic correlations. Comparing our DNS results to the solution of an one-dimensional generalized Langevin equation, it is observed that where the thermostat adheres to the equipartition theorem, the characteristic memory time in the noise is consistent with the inherent time scale of the memory kernel. The performance of the thermostat with respect to equilibrium and dynamic properties for various noise schemes is discussed.
Spectral characterization in a supersonic beam of neutral chlorophyll a evaporated from spinach leaves
Authors: Shafizadeh N. , Ha-Thi M. H. , Soep B. , Gaveau M. A. , Piuzzi F. , Pothier C.
Published: September 2011

The observation of the light absorption of neutral biomolecules has been made possible by a method implemented for their preparation in the gas phase, in supersonically cooled molecular beams, based upon the work of Focsa et al. [C. Mihesan, M. Ziskind, B. Chazallon, E. Therssen, P. Desgroux, S. Gurlui, and C. Focsa, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253, 1090 (2006)]10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.01.082. The biomolecules diluted in frozen water solutions are entrained in the gas plume of evaporated ice generated by an infrared optical parametric oscillators (OPO) laser tuned close to its maximum of absorption, at ∼3 μm. The biomolecules are then picked up in the flux of a supersonic expansion of argon. The method was tested with indole dissolved in water. The excitation spectrum of indole was found cold and large clusters of indole with water were observed up to n = 75. Frozen spinach leaves were examined with the same method to observe the chlorophyll pigments. The Qy band of chlorophyll a has been observed in a pump probe experiment. The Qy bands of chlorophyll a is centred at 647 nm, shifted by 18 nm from its position in toluene solutions. The ionization threshold could also be determined as 6.1 ± 0.05 eV.
Formation of optical barriers with excellent thermal stability in single-crystal sapphire by hydrogen ion implantation and thermal annealing
Authors: Spratt William T. , Huang Mengbing , Jia Chuanlei , Wang Lei , Kamineni Vimal K. , Diebold Alain C. , Xia Hua
Published: September 2011

We report a study on the use of hydrogen ion implantation to form optical barriers with excellent thermal stability in single-crystal sapphire. Sapphire crystals are implanted with H ions of energies 0.2–1 MeV to doses 1016–1017 cm−2, followed by thermal annealing between 600–1200 °C. Prism coupling experiments and spectroscopic ellipsometry indicate the formation of an optical barrier with decreased refractive index around the projected range of H ions in sapphire. The refractive index reduction is found to increase with annealing temperatures, reaching a maximum of ∼3.2% following annealing at 1200 °C. The correlation of the structural properties with the formation of optical barriers and their thermal stability in sapphire crystals, is duscussed.
Absolute-convective instability transition of low permittivity, low conductivity charged viscous liquid jets under axial electric fields
Authors: Li Fang , Gañán-Calvo Alfonso M. , López-Herrera José M.
Published: September 2011

The linear spatiotemporal instability of a charged viscous jet of low permittivity, low conductivity liquid under axial electric field is studied here. The local convective-absolute (C-A) instability transition is explored in the four-dimensional parameter space of the Reynolds number, Weber number, electrical Bond number, and externally applied tangential electric field. The locations where the C-A instability transition occurs in the four-dimensional space are identified (i.e., determining the critical Weber number) for both the axisymmetric and the first non-axisymmetric modes, covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers, electrical Bond numbers, and tangential electric field values. In contrast with the case of an uncharged jet, the C-A transition can be suppressed by the electric field at large Reynolds numbers for the axisymmetric mode, whereas the C-A transition for the first non-axisymmetric mode is always promoted by the electrical Bond number and the tangential electric field. We delimit the regions where the C-A transition is (i) always non-axisymmetric (which leads to local whipping) independent of the value of the applied tangential electric field or (ii) always axisymmetric (which leads to local dripping) below a certain charge level (electrical Bond number). The regions where one can have axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric C-A transition depending on the values of the jet charge and applied electric field are also described. The comparison of theoretical predictions with published experiments strongly supports the validity of the models proposed. These results provide the fundamentals to predict whether jetting-dripping or jetting-whipping transition can be expected in applications involving liquids of poor electrical conductivity and permittivity like many polymers, oils, and several solvents.
Global strong solution for a three-dimensional viscous liquid-gas two-phase flow model with vacuum
Authors: Guo Zhenhua , Yang Jing , Yao Lei
Published: September 2011

This paper is concerned with the Cauchy problem of the 3D viscous liquid-gas two-phase flow model, where the initial vacuum is allowed. The existence of the global strong solution is proved when the energy of the initial data is small enough.
Morphotropic phase boundary and high temperature dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of (1−x)Bi(Sc3/4In1/4)O3-xPbTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Hu Zhongqiang , Chen Jianguo , Li Meiya , Li Xiaotian , Liu Guoxi , Dong Shuxiang
Published: September 2011

Piezoelectric ceramic (1 − x)Bi(Sc3/4In1/4)O3-xPbTiO3 (BSIPT) (0.45 ≤ x ≤ 0.70) solid solutions near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) were developed for high temperature piezoelectric transducer and actuator applications. It was found that the MPB composition of BSIPT ceramics was in the vicinity of x = 0.6, where it had relatively small tolerance factor t = 0.901 resulting in a high TC of 457 °C, and also optimal properties such as the high Pr = 25.4 μC/cm2, ɛr = 1153, d33 = 201 pC/N, kp = 0.34, and the low Ec = 23.5 kV/cm. Measurements also showed that the depoling temperature was 360 °C, about 200 °C higher than that of commercialized PZT ceramics, which indicated good temperature stability. BSIPT ceramics are promising candidates for high temperature applications.
Magnesium, nitrogen codoped Cr2O3: A p-type transparent conducting oxide
Authors: Arca E. , Fleischer K. , Shvets I. V.
Published: September 2011

A p-type transparent conductive oxide (TCO) was synthesised by codoping of poorly conducting chromium oxide (Cr2O3) with magnesium and nitrogen. We demonstrated that the codoping produced a TCO with good figure of merit despite using spray pyrolysis for deposition. The nitrogen enhances the specular transparency of the films in the visible range (400-700 nm), and Mg improves the conductivity while retaining the p-type character of the material. Co-doping with both elements produces a p-type oxide with a low resistivity of 3 Ω cm and transmission up to 65% for a 150 nm thick film. A comparison with other known p-type materials is given.
Ni filled flexible multi-walled carbon nanotube–polystyrene composite films as efficient microwave absorbers
Authors: Kumar Srivastava Rajesh , Narayanan T. N. , Reena Mary A. P. , Anantharaman M. R. , Srivastava Anchal , Vajtai Robert , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: September 2011

In this letter, we report flexible, non corrosive, and light weight nickel nanoparticle@multi-walled carbon nanotube–polystyrene (Ni@MWCNT/PS) composite films as microwave absorbing material in the frequency range of S band (2-4 GHz). Dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of composites having 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % filler amount were measured using the cavity perturbation technique. Reflection loss maxima of −33 dB (at 2.7 GHz) and −24 dB (at 2.7 GHz) were achieved for 0.5 and 1.5 wt. % Ni@MWCNT/PS composite films of 6 and 4 mm thickness, respectively, suggesting that low concentrations of filler provide significant electromagnetic interference shielding.
Improvement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering performance for broad band gap semiconductor nanomaterial (TiO2): Strategy of metal doping
Authors: Yang Libin , Jiang Xin , Yang Ming
Published: September 2011

The strategy of metal doping was performed to improve surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance for semiconductor TiO2 and deeply understand the contributing/controlling factors of semiconductor (TiO2)-to-molecule charge transfer (CT) mechanism contributed to SERS. The amount and intrinsic nature of doping ions have a great influence on SERS enhancement. An appropriate doping amount of Fe3+, Co2+, and Ni2+ is 0.5%, 1%, 3% mol., respectively, which can enormously improve SERS properties of TiO2 substrate. The considerable SERS enhancement is attributed to doped metal ions, which can embed abundant doping level in TiO2 band gap contributing to semiconductor (TiO2)-to-molecule CT and SERS effect.
Gates controlled parallel-coupled double quantum dot on both single layer and bilayer graphene
Authors: Wang Lin-Jun , Guo Guo-Ping , Wei Da , Cao Gang , Tu Tao , Xiao Ming , Guo Guang-Can , Chang A. M.
Published: September 2011

We present quantum transport measurements of gates controlled parallel-coupled double quantum dot (PDQD) device on both bilayer and single layer graphenes. The interdot coupling strength can be effectively tuned from weak to strong by in-plane plunger gates. All the relevant energy scales and parameters can be extracted from the honeycomb charge stability diagrams. The present method of designing and fabricating graphene PDQD is demonstrated to be general and reliable and will enhance the realization of graphene nanodevice and desirable study of rich PDQD physical phenomena in graphene.
Note: Simple means for selective removal of the 365 nm line from the Hg spectrum using Dy
Authors: Vesborg P. C. K. , Chorkendorff I. , Brock-Nannestad T. , Dethlefsen J. R. , Bendix J.
Published: September 2011

The emission spectrum of mercury has a notable line at about 365 nm under both low and medium-high pressure conditions. A simple filter based on a solution of dysprosium ions, Dy3+, is shown to be very useful for applications of Hg-light sources where this line is unwanted. The presented filter is cheap, robust, and stable towards degradation or bleaching – even under intense irradiation. The absorption spectrum for the Dy-filter is presented along with emission spectra from both low-pressure and high-pressure Hg-lamps to illustrate the utility of the technique under best-case and worst-case conditions. Attenuation of the 365 nm spectral line is almost total for the low-pressure source whereas for the high-pressure source the attenuation is about a factor of three.
Substitution across professions within the home care sector: an investigation of nursing and allied health services
Authors: Stevens Stella , Vecchio Nerina
Published: September 2011

Objective: The service type offered by a home care
agency contracted by the Queensland government is
not based on the qualifications of the worker providing
the service, but the service itself. This allows agencies
to substitute certain levels and categories of
labour in order to provide a service to meet their
contract obligations. This study investigated evidence
of labour substitution between nursing and allied
health services.
Methods: Correlation and regression analysis was
performed on the data collected from 218 clients of a
branch of a community-based service agency operating
nationally in Brisbane, Australia, during April, May
and June 2005.
Results: The results of the regression analysis
revealed that when either allied health or nursing time
rose by 10%, all else held constant, it was predicted
that the other would fall by 4%. The subcategories,
registered/enrolled nursing and physiotherapy,
appeared to drive the inverse relationship between
nursing and allied health service time. Registered/
enrolled nursing service time was more sensitive to
changes in physiotherapy rather than the other way
around.
Conclusions: The higher labour turnover among
allied health staff compared with the nursing staff
reported by the agency implies a substitution of
labour between the two professions to ensure that the
needs of clients are met. Health policy makers and
health care professional educators need to acknowledge
that workforce shortages will inevitably reshape
professional boundaries. Leaving labour-force substitution
undiscussed and unplanned may compromise
the quality and safety of care.
The parameters of case marking and spell out driven movement
Authors: Caha Pavel
Published: September 2011

This paper proposes that case decomposes into a number of separate functional projections, which are ordered in a universal functional sequence. Cross-linguistic variation in position and complexity of case morphology is
then accounted for in terms of differential noun phrase movement within the invariant sequence (Cinque 2005). I further investigate the possibility that variation in movement may be reduced to variation in the shape of the actual lexical entries. In order to implement this idea, the model of cyclic spell out by Starke (2009b) is adopted. In this model, each step of external merge is followed by lexical access. Consequently, evacuation movements may be triggered after each step of external merge in order for successful lexicalization to take place. Keywords: agglutination; case; case paradigm; flexion; lexicon; movement; nanosyntax; parameter; phrasal spell out; variation
The subject agreement–accusative case connection in Turkish
Authors: Keskin Cem
Published: September 2011

This article is on the relationship between case and agreement. A noun phrase is assigned the structural case that it bears through agreement with a functional head. Several recent works assume this thesis, referred to as the George and Kornfilt Thesis, as a basic premise to provide an account of structural case assignment. The central thesis of the article is that there is at least one more dependency that needs to be assumed in case phenomena, namely that, in some languages of the world, structural object case, or more particularly accusative case, is dependent on subject agreement—the Subject Agreement–Accusative Case Conjecture. The article proposes the Jump-start Hypothesis in order to explain this dependency. According to this hypothesis, in a finite construction, case assignment to each argument is activated by a single source of agreement. The argumentation relies on data from Turkish nominalizations and restructuring infinitives.
Extraposition and antisymmetry
Authors: Sheehan Michelle
Published: September 2011

‘Extraposition’ is a cover term for two distinct phenomena (cf. also Fox & Nissenbaum 1999; Kiss 2005). The first, which I assume to be derived by parallel construal (following Koster 2000), targets only RCs, blocks reconstruction of the extraposed constituent to the base position of the source, and as such has the effect of bleeding condition C. The second, which I claim is derived via scattered deletion, targets post-head complements/modifiers, triggers obligatory reconstruction of the source+complement/modifier to base-position and leaves extraposed complements open to subextraction, all else being equal. The scattered deletion of spec+head and complement is argued to be derived from Uriagereka's (1999) simplification of the LCA, and the copy theory of labelling (cf. Sheehan 2010). Keywords: linearisation; extraposition; multiple spell-out; LCA; labelling; reconstruction; relative clause; complement PP; scattered deletion
‘Verb floating’ and VP-ellipsis
Authors: Thoms Gary
Published: September 2011

In this paper I propose that ellipsis is licensed by overt movement. Examining variation in VP-ellipsis across English dialects, I show that movement is crucially implicated in whether or not a given element can license ellipsis. I discuss well-known restrictions on VP-ellipsis and present new data that shows that a movement-based account of these restrictions is superior to previous ones. I show that the proposed account can be extended to other cases involving A′ movement with empirical benefits, and I conclude by sketching the technical implementation of the theory, arguing that ellipsis is a ‘repair’ operation that prevents a linearization failure following non-deletion of a lower copy. I suggest that types of movement that are unable to spell out lower copies (i.e. A-movement) do not license ellipsis, thus explaining ellipsis licensing in terms of general conditions on copy deletion. Keywords: ellipsis licensing; VP-ellipsis; sluicing; Copy Theory of Movement; A/A′-distinction
Scientific evidence: the new emphasis in the practical science curriculum in England and Wales
Authors: Duggan Sandra , Gott Richard
Published: September 2011

This article considers the emphasis on scientific evidence in the practical science curriculum in England and Wales, paying particular attention to some recent research findings concerning children's understanding in this area. The findings suggest that children's ability to conduct investigations in science appears to decline in the early years of secondary school. The authors discuss possible explanations for this decline which, it is suggested, contributes to a general failure among school children to make progress to higher levels of investigative work and in the acquisition of a real understanding of the nature of science itself.
The interface between mathematics and design and technology in secondary schools
Authors: Burghes David , Price Nigel , Twy Ford John
Published: September 2011

This article suggests that there are important connections between design and technology and mathematics curricula and that these are not fully made in the United Kingdom National Curriculum. Using three examples, the authors show how there are real opportunities in design and technology teaching for incorporating mathematical learning, but that all too often these are lost because they are not made explicit. Again, the authors argue that too much mathematics teaching is dominated by abstract investigation rather than practical problem‐solving. They conclude by suggesting that teaching should transcend subject boundaries and be concerned with real‐life situations.
Educational drama and children's historical writing: process and product
Authors: Goalen Paul
Published: September 2011

The use of drama to promote children's engagement with and motivation to study history is now commonplace at sites of historical interest and in many primary and secondary classrooms. Researchers interested in this area have often measured children's engagement and interest through the oral contributions made both during the drama and afterwards in discussion, whereas the written responses of children to their experience of history through drama have not been systematically analysed. OFSTED has recently reported that while they have observed many examples of high standards of oral work in history, the standard of writing at Key Stages 2, 3 and 4 has been disappointing by comparison. This article seeks to provide direction for teachers trying to develop children's historical writing through drama, and shows how drama can be used to promote analytical as well as empathetic responses to historical questions and problems.
Teacher‐pupil interaction in formative assessment: assessing the work or protecting the child?
Authors: Pryor John , Torrance Harry
Published: September 2011

Many claims are currently being made about the formative role that assessment can and should play in teaching and learning. Such claims derive from a variety of arguments but focus on questions of how children learn and how they can benefit from supportive questioning and constructive feedback. However, we have little empirical evidence with which to evaluate such claims. In particular we have few descriptions or analyses of the sorts of teacher‐pupil interaction which would constitute such formative assessment.

This paper reports on aspects of the work of an ESRC‐funded study designed to investigate teacher assessment at Key Stage 1 of the National Curriculum in England (R000 23 4668). Two assessment incidents drawn from the substantial corpus of observational data which the project has collected, are analysed in detail, with a focus on the way that the teacher‐pupil interaction relates to contemporary theories of both formative assessment and achievement motivation. The paper seeks to put assessment theory to the test of practice in order to stimulate debate about what teachers can reasonably be expected to aim for and to achieve in their classrooms.
Assessment and testing in Scottish primary schools
Authors: Harlen Wynne , Malcolm Heather
Published: September 2011

This paper examines assessment policy and practice in Scotland. When proposals for introducing national testing in Scotland were announced in 1987, it was promised that there would be no central collection of results and so no league table of schools could be based on them. The arrangements for testing were changed in 1993 so that the tests have the function of providing teachers ‘with the means to check their own assessment’. Despite this, the authors of this paper reveal a considerable confusion of the formative and summative roles of assessment, partially as a result of the way the system was introduced.
The changing definition of business studies in the school curriculum
Authors: Davies Peter
Published: September 2011

Business studies has enjoyed a remarkable change of status in the 14‐18 school curriculum since 1986. This change has been interpreted by Williams and Yeomans (1994) as a case of the ‘new vocationalism’ put into practice. It is argued here that this transformation has been rather more complex. If a school subject changes its status in the academic/vocational spectrum it is pertinent to ask whether this is a sign of an overall change in the curriculum (e.g. the ‘new vocationalism') or the development of a single subject title within a broadly static curriculum structure and philosophy. These alternatives are summarized and the recent history of business studies is reviewed. It is suggested that the changing status of business studies reflects the way in which it has successfully responded to the academic values which dominate the secondary school curriculum in England and Wales. However, it has achieved this transformation while, according to a deputy head interviewed in this study, retaining the image of being ‘vaguely vocational’. This ambiguity has enabled the subject to flourish in vocational (GNVQ) as well as academic (A level) contexts, but it leaves it vulnerable in each sphere. GNVQ advanced business1 teaching in schools can bear a very close resemblance to A level teaching, prompting the question of whether a ‘vocational course’ is really providing a distinctively relevant preparation for future employment. The association of business studies with the vocational curriculum leaves its academic credentials under question.
Science knowledge and its sources: the views of Scottish children
Authors: Stark Rae , Gray Donald
Published: September 2011

The Assessment of Achievement Programme (AAP) has been conducting national surveys of performance of pupils in Scottish schools since the early 1980s. The main aim is to monitor what children know and can do in English language, mathematics and science. In 1996, we conducted the fourth survey of performance in science. For the first time we included a questionnaire for pupils, designed to elicit their views on their learning experiences in science. The sample included approximately 2000 pupils at each of the three stages–Primary 4 (8/9 years), Primary 7(11/12 years) and Secondary 2 (13/14 years). The focus in this article is on the section of the questionnaire which asked children how much they thought they knew about some common science topics, such as weather and electricity, and where they thought they had acquired this knowledge. While this was essentially designed as a feasibility study, there are clear age differences in children's responses indicating aspects of learning science which warrant further investigation.
Recognizing Unfamiliar Faces: The Effects of Distinctiveness and View
Authors: Newell Fiona N. , Chiroro Patrick , Valentine Tim
Published: September 2011

Three experiments are reported in which the effects of viewpoint on the recognition of distinctive and typical faces were explored. Specifically, we investigated whether generalization across views would be better for distinctive faces than for typical faces. In Experiment 1 the time to match different views of the same typical faces and the same distinctive faces was dependent on the difference between the views shown. In contrast, the accuracy and latency of correct responses on trials in which two different faces were presented were independent of viewpoint if the faces were distinctive but were view-dependent if the faces were typical. In Experiment 2 we tested participants’ recognition memory for unfamiliar faces that had been studied at a single three-quarter view. Participants were presented with all face views during test. Finally, in Experiment 3, participants were tested on their recognition of unfamiliar faces that had been studied at all views. In both Experiments 2 and 3 we found an effect of distinctiveness and viewpoint but no interaction between these factors. The results are discussed in terms of a model of face representation based on inter-item similarity in which the representations are view specific.
Semantic Similarity and Immediate Serial Recall: Is There a Detrimental Effect on Order Information?
Authors: Saint-Aubin Jean , Poirier Marie
Published: September 2011

Four experiments investigated the disruptive effect of semantic similarity on short-term ordered recall. Experiments 1 and 2 contrasted immediate serial recall performance for lists of semantically similar items, drawn from the same semantic category, with performance for lists that contained items from different categories. Experiments 1 and 2 showed the usual similarity advantage for item information recall, but, contrary to expectations, there was no similarity disadvantage for the recall of order information, even when the level of item recall was controlled. Experiments 3 and 4 replicate and extend these findings by using an order reconstruction task or a limited word pool strategy, both of which yield alternate measures of order retention. These findings clearly contradict the widespread belief stating that semantic similarity hinders the short-term recall of order information. Results are discussed in the light of a retrieval-based account where the effects of semantic similarity reflect the processes called upon at recall: It is suggested that long-term knowledge is accessed to support the interpretation of degraded phonological traces.
Global Dominance outside the Focus of Attention
Authors: Paquet Lise
Published: September 2011

Identification of the local aspect of a relevant compound stimulus has been found to be delayed by the presence of target-set members at the global aspect of an irrelevant compound stimulus, whereas identification of the global aspect is unaffected by the presence of local target-set members within the irrelevant object (Paquet & Merikle, 1988). This effect has been termed the global category effect, and it suggests that global dominance occurs for objects located outside the attentional focus, as well as within an attended hierarchical object. In the present experiments, attention was directed to the relevant one of two compound stimuli by using either shape information (Experiments 1 and 2) or a 100-msec peripheral rapid onset precue (Experiment 3). Results revealed a global category effect even when the physical features of the displays containing global target-set members within the irrelevant object were closely matched with those of the control displays. Critically, the magnitude of the global category effect was affected by how well attention could be focused on the relevant compound stimulus. These findings suggest (a) that the analysis of global information for irrelevant objects is more elaborate than the simple detection of features; and (b) that both perceptual and attentional mechanisms are involved in global dominance.
The Search for Simplicity: A Fundamental Cognitive Principle?
Authors: Chater Nick
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that the cognitive system imposes patterns on the world according to a simplicity principle: Choose the pattern that provides the briefest representation of the available information. The simplicity principle is normatively justified—patterns that support simple representations provide good explanations and predictions on the basis of which the agent can make decisions and actions. Moreover, the simplicity principle appears to be consistent with empirical data from many psychological domains, including perception, similarity, learning, memory, and reasoning. Thus, the simplicity principle promises to serve as the starting point for the rational analysis of a wide range of cognitive processes, in Anderson's (1990, 1991a) sense. The simplicity principle also provides a framework for integrating a wide range of existing psychological proposals.
Language-specific Knowledge and Short-term Memory in Bilingual and Non-bilingual Children
Authors: Thorn Annabel S. C. , Gathercole Susan E.
Published: September 2011

The sensitivity of children's phonological short-term memory performance to language specific knowledge was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1, monolingual English children, English-French bilingual children, and English children who were learning French as a second language were compared on measures of phonological short-term memory and vocabulary in the two languages. The children's short-term memory performance in each language mirrored their familiarity with English and French, with greater vocabulary knowledge being associated with higher levels of recall of both words and nonwords in that language. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2, in which two groups of children with good knowledge of English and French were examined: native bilingual children who had comparable knowledge of the two languages and non-native bilingual children who had a greater knowledge of their native than second language. The findings indicate that phonological short-term memory is not a language-independent system but, rather, functions in a highly language-specific way.