bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real driving emissions and fuel consumption characteristics of Istanbul public transportation
Authors: Ozener Orkun
Published: December 2016

Public transportation, which uses intra city lines frequently, has vital importance on the cities air pollution. The fossil fuel based drive units, which emits pollutants, are the primary source of this interest. Also, the fuel consumption is another major concern because of economic aspects. For an efficient and clear transportation, the pollutants and fuel consumption has to be analyzed, considering the operating conditions. In this context, the Metrobus line of Istanbul city which crosses from European side to Asian side of the city was analyzed with portable emission measurement system and portable fuel consumption meter devices. The relevant bus operating data were also collected during the operation. The data were analyzed while considering the operating modes like acceleration, deceleration, and constant speed cruises. The emission factors were developed. The pollutant emissions generally decreased as the vehicle speed increased while the fuel consumption increased for the same acceleration level. These results show the importance of operating conditions and their non-linear effect on emissions and fuel consumption Istanbul public transportation.
Posterior capsular calcification without opacification of intraocular lens
Authors: Joshi Rajesh S
Published: December 2016

Background: Posterior capsular clarity is important for long-term visual gain. Postoperative visual acuity could be reduced due to posterior capsular or intraocular lens opacification, which occur months or years after cataract surgery. We report early occurrence of posterior capsular calcification without opacification of intraocular lens. Case: We report the case of a 78-year-old male who had undergone phacoemulsification with implantation of hydrophilic intraocular lens (IOL) in the left eye for cataract. The patient was non-diabetic, and the surgical procedure was uneventful. On the third postoperative day, fine granular deposits were found on the mid-peripheral part of the posterior capsule. No deposits were found on IOL. The patient presented with diminished vision four months after surgery. Slit-lamp examination revealed distinct areas of calcification with an early opacification of the posterior capsule and no IOL calcification. Neodymium doped: YAG capsulotomy was done to clear posterior capsular opacification, and the patient regained visual acuity of 20/20. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to investigate posterior capsular calcification without opacification of IOL in a patient without any known etiological factors. Conclusion: This case is reported to stimulate future study on the use of BSS plus and the development of posterior capsular or IOL calcification. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 91-94
The protective effects of erythropoietin on photoreceptor damage by formaldehyde
Authors: Khoshnood Mehdi Mard , Zareie Mohammad , Amiri Ali , Zarenezhad Ali , Zarenezhad Elham , Esfandiari Arash
Published: December 2016

Introduction: The photoreceptor layer of retina has important role for sight. The previous study showed that accidental formaldehyde injection caused ischemia and damage in the retina. On the other hand the erythropoietin prevents neuronal injury of ischemic damage. Objectives: The aim of this study was to survey the effect of erythropoietin on retro bulbar formaldehyde injected photoreceptor layer of rat retina. Materials and methods: 30 adult rats were used and divided into three groups: 1- control group, 2- formaldehyde group (1 ml retro bulbar injected by 10% formaldehyde solution), 3- erythropoietin group (5000 units/kg immediately intraperitoneally injected by erythropoietin after formaldehyde injection for 7 days). The photoreceptor layer of retina studied using a transmission electron microscope. Results: Our observation showed that disorganization and vacuolization in outer segment and inner segment, pyknotic and karyolysis in outer nuclear layer were seen in formaldehyde group. But the minor sign of pathology such as lightly vacuolization in inner segment were obvious in erythropoietin group. Conclusion: We concluded that formaldehyde caused damage in photoreceptor layer and erythropoietin was improvement this injury. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 10-17
Childhood corneal blindness: a retrospective study in a tertiary eye hospital of eastern region of Nepal
Authors: Panjiyar Paras , Gautam Vijay , Rai Pooja Gautam , Puri Lila Raj
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Studies from Nepal show that most of the cases of unilateral childhood blindness are due to corneal causes. It was also observed that these corneal causes were mostly preventable or treatable. Objective: to study the patterns of corneal diseases in a pediatric out-patient department of a hospital in the eastern region of Nepal. Methods: A retrospective study of the patients who presented to the pediatric department of our hospital in the year 2014 was done with the help of the data received from the hospital recording system. Detail examination of every case was done in the out-patient-department of the hospital by pediatric ophthalmologists. Patients with only corneal disease were included, and those with corneal disease along with other ocular disease were excluded from the study. Results: Of 20,250 patients examined in the pediatric department over a one year period, 1911(9.4%) presented with isolated corneal problems. Keratitis and corneal ulcer were found in 47.8% of them. Corneal trauma was present in 5.6% and vitamin A deficiency leading to corneal opacity and keratomalacia was seen in 0.06% of the cases. Corneal blindness was observed in 66 eyes (bilateral in 3 cases). No case of trachoma or congenital corneal disease was observed. Conclusion: Childhood corneal blindness is mostly due to preventable and treatable causes. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 18-22
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis – antibiotic susceptibility and resistance to commercially available topical antibiotics in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sachet Prabhat , Khadka Jagat , Pokhrel Amod K , Sathian Brijesh
Published: December 2016

Introduction: There is a shifting trend in susceptibility and resistance of the bacteria towards available antibiotics in the last decade. Therefore, periodic studies to monitor the emerging trends in antibiotic susceptibility and resistance are crucial in guiding antibiotic selection. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the most common pathogens causing bacterial conjunctivitis, and to find the in vitro susceptibility and resistance of these pathogens to commercially available topical antibiotic eye drops in Nepal. Subjects and methods: Conjunctival smears and antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for 308 patients presenting to the Eye Care Center, Padma Nursing Home, Pokhara, Nepal from 11th December 1012 to 4th October 2013 with clinical signs and symptoms of acute infective conjunctivitisin in a hospital based cross-sectional study. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for thirteen commercially available topical antibiotics- Chloroamphenicol, Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin, Neomycin, Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B, Methicillin, Cephazoline, Amikacin and Vancomycin. Results: Acute infective conjunctivitis and viral conjunctivitis was more common in adults and in males. Bacterial conjunctivitis was present in about one third (32.47% to 36.04%) of the patients with acute infective conjunctivitis, and it was more common in children. Bacteria were highly sensitive (93-98%) to most commercially available antibiotics but significant resistance was found against three antibiotics-Bacitracin (9.0%), Neomycin (16.0%) and Polymyxin-B (24.0%). MRSA infection was found in 7.0% of the bacterial isolates. Rest of antibiotics, showed variable resistance (14.3% to 100.0%). All cases of Ophthalmia neonatorum were bacterial. Conclusion: The best commercially available antibiotic for bacterial conjunctivitis was Moxifloxacin. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 23-35
Eye changes among HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in Nepal
Authors: Labh Rajan Kumar , Chaudhary Meenu , Shah Dev Narayan
Published: December 2016

Background: HIV/AIDS has various ocular manifestations. Objective: To find out eye findings among HIV positive patients in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Method This Hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was carried at B. P. Koirala Lions Centre for Ophthalmic Studies. Patient profile, WHO clinical stage, CD4+ cell count, duration of HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and systemic diseases were recorded. All the cases underwent ocular examination as per the study protocol and the findings were noted in a proforma developed for the study. The results were analysed with SPSS 14.0. Results: Of 100 HIV positive cases (including 55 antiretroviral therapy patients) 62% patients were male and 38% were female. The mean age of presentation was 27.72 years. Heterosexual transmission (62%) was the commonest mode of transmission of HIV. Thirty seven percent patients were illiterate. Systemic disease was present in 20% cases. Ocular complaint was present in 53% patients. Ocular disease was present in 40% HIV positive patients. Almost 55% of these cases were on antiretroviral therapy. Moderate to lower CD4 count patient had frequent eye disease. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV also had frequent eye problems. Anterior segment and external ocular disorder was present in 25% patients. The commonest manifestation was conjunctivitis in10% of total cases. Posterior segment manifestation was present in 11%, neuro-ophthalmic lesion in 4% and orbital lesion in 1% patient. Conclusion: Anterior segment manifestation is still common ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients in Nepal. Patients in WHO Stage III and IV are more vulnerable for eye changes. Young aged male and migrant workers are at risk of acquiring HIV in developing country like Nepal. Eye findings even in patientson antiretroviral therapy are similar. However, large sample size and long follow up study is required to have final disclosure. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2016; 8(15): 62-70
Prevalence of Gingival Recession and its Relationship to Past Orthodontic Treatment in Nepalese Young Adults
Authors: Dhami Bhageshwar , Shrestha Priti , Gupta Sujaya , Shrestha Sujita , Shrestha Rabindra Man
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Gingival recession is characterized by apical migration of gingival margin from the cementoenamel junction. Prevalence varies from 3-100%, and appears to be lower in younger age groups.Objective: To determine the prevalence and severity of gingival recession in young adult Nepalese population and to assess the relationship between brushing technique, smoking habit and past orthodontic treatment with gingival recession.Materials & Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 160 healthy patients (age 18-25 years) with routine dental examinations and information regarding age, smoking habit, oral hygiene habits, brushing technique and past orthodontic treatment. Clinical examination included visible gingival inflammation, visible dental plaque, and gingival recession. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data. Chi-Square test was used to evaluate relationships between the variables.Result: Out of total participants; gingival recession was found in 21.3%, gingivitis in 40% and plaque in 20%. The prevalence, extent, and severity of recession were correlated with past orthodontic treatment. There was association between gingivitis, past orthodontic treatment and smoking with gingival recession.Conclusion: Orthodontic patients must undergo regular oral hygiene performance and periodontal maintenance in order to maintain healthy gingival tissue during active orthodontic therapy. The combined orthodontic-periodontic interdisciplinary approach could be effective in these situations.Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 6 No. 1, June 2016, pp.7-11
Verifying Relationship between Fovea Palatini, Vibrating Lines and Junction between Hard and Soft Palate
Authors: Thapa Dipak , Chandra Suresh , Karki Sunita
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Locating and incorporating posterior palatal seal (PPS) in maxillary denture is an important clinical procedure for retention. The use of anterior and posterior vibrating lines, hard and soft palate junction, fovea palatini and hamular notches as references to locate PPS, are largely disputed.Objective: To verify the relationship between fovea palatini, anterior and posterior vibrating line, and hard and soft palate junction and their role in locating PPS area. Materials & Method: 50 subjects were randomly selected. In each subject, hard and soft palate junction, anterior and posterior vibrating lines and fovea palatini were located and marked. Using Vernier caliper and divider, the distance between these lines and fovea palatini were measured and assessed.Result: V44% showed fovea palatini at hard and soft palate junction, 24% between junction and anterior vibrating line/vibrating line, 6% at anterior vibrating line, 24% between anterior and posterior vibrating lines and 2% at posterior vibrating line. In 44%, hard and soft palate junction coincided with anterior vibrating line. In the rest, mean distance was 2.76 mm right, 2.38 mm mid line and 2.79 mm left. 20% subjects revealed one vibrating line; 80% subjects had two vibrating lines with the mean distance 5.55 mm on right, 6.22 mm mid line and 5.40 mm on left.Conclusion: Recording posterior palatal seal is an important clinical step thus arbitrarily scraping of the cast using fovea palatini and hamular notch as reference, should be discouraged. Locating anterior and posterior vibrating lines and using them to determine the posterior extension and PPS should be recommended.Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 6 No. 1, June 2016, pp.32-34
Separators in Orthodontics: A Review
Authors: Tarvade Daokar Suchita
Published: December 2016

Placement of bands on the posterior teeth are preferred to bonding due to heavy masticatory forces. Placement of bands needs interdental separation of 0.2 mm, which requires prior placement of separators for couple of days. Various types of separators are commercially available in the market, with their own advantages and disadvantages. A scientific review of this most useful armamentarium in orthodontics was lacking and therefore a search was undertaken to gather information on separators. This article deals with various aspects of separators in detail.Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 6 No. 1, June 2016, pp.37-40
Anotomy of Observation: From the Académie royale de la Chirurgie to the Salons of Denis Diderot
Authors: Jackson Dianah Leigh
Published: December 2016

This article excavates new ways of observing that developed with surgery’s rise as a profession in an effort to counter what has traditionally been characterized as the Enlightenment bias toward vision. From the 1740’s to the early 1780’s eighteenth century surgical science was a discipline in transition. No longer an artisan craft, but not yet what the medical historian Toby Gelfand has called the “new science” that would be the bedrock of the post-revolutionary medical university, surgery became an Enlightenment discipline par excellence. Surgery was at once an aesthetics and a science. A particular focus is given to the distinctive epistemology of observation that was germane to surgery of the 1760s and 1770s in France and the diffusion of that epistemology in the art criticism of Denis Diderot. The goal of the study is to demonstrate eighteenth-century surgery’s exceptional status: its rejection of the priority accorded to vision in cognition as well as its renunciation of the strictly ocular metaphors and fictions in the representation of rationality in Enlightenment discourse.
Church, State, and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws: A Reassessment
Authors: Harrigan Patrick J.
Published: December 2016

Contrary to the traditional interpretation of republican historiography, the Falloux Law opened a unique period of cooperation between Church and State in achieving universal primary schooling in France and expanding secondary schooling. Despite ideological disputes among extremists the curriculum in Catholic and state schools was similar. Catholic schools were particularly important in areas the State had neglected, especially girls’ schooling. By the Third Republic when universal primary schooling had been achieved and, at the secondary level Jesuit schools attracted French elites, competition rather than cooperation became the rule. That competition combined with political disputes led to the Ferry and later laws which secularized a pre-existing system of national schooling.
Book History Unbound: Transactions of the Written Word Made Public
Authors: Howsam Leslie
Published: December 2016

A critical examination from the perspective of the historical disciplines of a multi-disciplinary field of study, this essay argues that the method and theory associated with the history of the book are valuable because they have the potential to capture evidence about cultural patterns and relationships. Drawing upon the work of other historians who have used this kind of evidence, the article stresses the elements of agency and community. The book is conceptualized broadly, not only as material object (as in bibliography) and a written text (as in literary studies), but also as a cultural transaction. Readers are characterized as participating in an implicit transaction whereby they engaged both individually and collectively with the written culture in which they lived; that culture was in turn mediated by the book-trade agents who gave texts their material form and commercial value.
‘Loyal Sons of the Church and Fatherland’? Center-Polish Relations in Upper Silesia, 1871-1907
Authors: Bowersox Jeffrey D.
Published: December 2016

This article examines the German Center party’s changing relationship with its Polish-speaking constituency in Upper Silesia between 1871 and 1907. In doing so, it explores the development of the Center party from a party representing the interests of Catholics in Germany to a party representing the interests of German Catholics. In Upper Silesia the Center built a unique (and hitherto unexplored) constituency of German and Polish Catholics during the anti-Catholic Kulturkampf of the 1870s and 1880s. By the 1890s, however, German Catholics throughout the Kaiserreich no longer faced the type of overt harassment that Poles continued to deal with. As a result, the national Center assumed a more conciliatory posture toward the government. In Silesia, heightened nationalist tensions in the region led local party leaders to become increasingly ambivalent towards the demands of their Polish-speaking constituency and sympathetic German-speaking moderates. As a result of the intransigence of local leaders hoping to capitalize on intensified German nationalism in Silesia, Polish voters turned towards Polish Center candidates in the 1890s and then toward locally organized Polish parties that routed the Center by 1907. This shift illustrates a certain degree of flexibility within the Wilhelmine political system. Underlying this discussion of political culture is an attempt, following the work of James Retallack and Alon Confino, to tease out the ways that local contexts shape understandings of the nation and vice versa.
From a View to a Discovery: Edmund Spenser, Sir John Davies, and the Defects of Law in the Realm of Ireland
Authors: Orr D. Alan
Published: December 2016

This article is a comparative analysis of Edmund Spenser’s A View of the Present State of Ireland and Sir John Davies A’Discovery of the True Causes Why Ireland Was Never Entirely Subdued ... until the Beginning of His Majestys Happy Reign. Over the past two decades, Nicholas Canny has argued for the centrality of Spenser’s View to the British colonial enterprise in Ireland during the seventeenth century, suggesting that Davies Discovery adhered closely to the ideas of Spenser on Irish affairs. These ideas were marked by an unabashed advocacy of military and judicial violence and a deep scepticism as to the effectiveness of the English common law, its procedures and values, in the settling of Irish affairs. This article challenges the interpretation of Canny arguing alternatively that these two texts offer, not only rival views on the efficacy of the English law in Ireland as an agent of cultural change, but also competing narrative models for writing the history of early modern Ireland, one ethnological deriving from Spenser’s View and one sovereignty-centered deriving from Davies Discovery.
Common and Civil Law? Taking Possession of the English Empire in America, 1575-1630
Authors: MacMillan Ken
Published: December 2016

It has generally been assumed that claims to the English empire in America were most closely associated with the English laws of land possession. This notion is reinforced by the long-standing belief that England eschewed Roman civil law and its derivatives in preference for the unique, domestic, and vernacular common law. As a number of historians have recently argued, however, English contemporaries recognized that the civil law, as codified by the emperor Justinian in the sixth century, was needed in all matters dealing with foreign affairs and foreign lands, because the common law had no efficacy in these matters. An examination of the colonial charters (or letters patent) issued by the English between 1575 and 1630, reveals that, in addition to use of the common law, may be found various expressions of the civil law and its derivative, the law of nations. The employment of these legal codes helped to ensure that Englands claims to territory in North America were internationally intelligible and less subject to the type of challenges that could result from the exclusive use of the English common law.
Ancient and Reformed?: Thomas Bell and Jacobean Conformist Thought
Authors: Prior Charles W. A.
Published: December 2016

This essay examines the work of Thomas Bell with the aim of setting forth aspects of Jacobean conformist thought. It argues that central to Bell’s writing was the need to address the English Church as a dually-established spiritual and political association, that is, as an institution that could trace its links to the ancient church, and as a “state” church wedded to the realm and comprising an additional channel of royal sovereignty. Critics of the English Church attacked both propositions in the course of debates on doctrine and discipline. These attacks were shaped by interpretations of scripture, the history of the early church, and the works of the Apostolic fathers. Bell’s Regiment of the Church, published in 1606, sought to mount a defence of the Church based on a definitive reading of ancient textual sources. The Church was both ancient and “reformed,” representing a restoration of the ancient Church, which yet retained the power to determine its own pattern of worship and governance.
“This Confused, Divided and Wretched City”: The Struggle for London in 1642-43
Authors: Gentles Ian
Published: December 2016

From an early stage in the conflict between king and parliament during the 1640s the City of London and its environs were significantly less committed to the parliamentary cause than most accounts of that conflict suggest. The battle of Edgehill (October 1642) shattered the expectation that the civil war would be quick and clean with minimal casualties. From December 1642 onwards the peace movement in the metropolis swelled steadily in numbers and influence. Adherents of the war party worked to minimize the demoralizing impact of the peace movement in 1642-43 by launching a campaign for a general rising — a mass mobilization and arming of the people of London to defeat the royalist forces. The campaign was a complete failure, leading the war party to resort to the conscription of men and money, as well as a military alliance with Scotland. It was these latter measures that finally neutralized the growing peace sentiment in the capital, and led to parliament’s victory over the king.
Lockean Essences, Political Posturing, and John Tolands Reading of Isaac Newton’s Principia
Authors: Wigelsworth Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2016

This article exposes the theological, political and epistemological foundations for the early natural philosophy of the deist John Toland (1670-1722). Toland is best known for Christianity not Mysterious (1696), which borrowed much from John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Specifically, Toland employed the distinction between nominal and real essences to claim that God provided humanity the capacity to know only the nominal essences of the created world. This belief informed Toland’s philosophy of nature, which he first advanced in Letters to Serena (1704). There, he argued that all parts of the universe were in motion. Additionally, motion was part of the definition of matter and was, therefore, an aspect of its nominal essence. No further knowledge of the Creation was possible because the cause of motion was an unknowable real essence. Lockean and theological commitments explain Toland’s peculiar reading of Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica, which has long attracted interest from historians of science. A theological motivation for Toland’s worldview sheds new light on the underlying assumptions of his natural philosophy and on English deism more generally. It suggests that deists did have theological convictions and that these must figure prominently in any study.
“A Time and Times and the Dividing of Time”: Isaac Newton, the Apocalypse, and 2060 A.D.
Authors: Snobelen Stephen D.
Published: December 2016

On 22 February 2003 a story on the front-page of the Daily Telegraph announced that Isaac Newton had predicted that the world would end in 2060 A.D. That such an icon of rationality as the “scientist” Sir Isaac Newton, a thinker credited with founding modern mathematical physics, would venture into apocalyptic thought struck the media as both bizarrely anomalous and eminently newsworthy. During the week subsequent to the Daily Telegraph revelation, the story spread around the world in the print, radio, television and Internet media. This paper provides contextual and historical background detail on the story that was left out of these sensationalized reports. First, this paper considers the several likely reasons why this story generated so much interest. Second, it is argued that apocalyptic thought is a culturally- and intellectually-widespread phenomenon, affecting even modern science itself. Third, an account is given of Newton’s prophetic scheme, which not only reveals the logic of his apocalyptic chronology and the biblical hermeneutics he deployed, but also demonstrates that Newton was against date-setting and did not in fact believe the world was going to end in 2060 A.D.
“A Delusion, a Mockery, and a Snare”: Array Challenges and Jury Selection in England and Ireland, 1800-1850
Authors: Brown R. Blake
Published: December 2016

In the historiography of the criminal trial, the law regarding array challenges has received little attention. A challenge to the array involved a party objecting to the composition of the panel of potential jurors from which the trial jury would be selected. Array challenges often arose when the defendant believed that the sheriff, or other official with responsibility to select the jury, had packed the jury pool with individuals who would find the accused guilty. This article first briefly outlines jury selection procedures in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in England and Ireland, then explores the use of challenges to the array, and the reasons why this safeguard was, or was not, employed successfully. In a series of cases the judiciary ensured that the array challenge was a weak instrument for preventing packed juries. The high rates of acquittals in Irish criminal trials led officials to pack juries, especially in high profile, politically-charged cases. Defendants resisted by launching array challenges, particularly in Ireland where Roman Catholic defendants faced jury panels assembled predominantly of Protestants. For its part, the judiciary was concerned that allowing defendants to employ array challenges would stall proceedings. In addition to this efficiency concern, judges applied a remarkably inflexible approach to the law when asked to apply challenging rules to situations in which jury selection irregularities were not caused by the sheriff, but by other officials given responsibilities in the jury selection process.
Le travail politique nécessaire de la Grande Migration. Idéalisme et pragmatisme à Gary, Indiana (1919-1924)
Authors: Ouellet Nelson
Published: December 2016

Les Américains africains qui ont migré vers les villes du Nord au début du XXe siècle ont élargi leur expérience politique, notamment en incluant la lutte des femmes pour l’obtention du droit de vote à leurs défis d’adaptation. Le croisement du récit des migrants et des suffragettes serait toutefois incomplet sans l’éclairage que donnent la lutte d’influence entre conservateurs et radicaux et le débat national sur l’immigration. Dans la ville de Gary, en Indiana, j’ai donc tenté de savoir comment les femmes noires militantes ont contribué au travail politique nécessaire de la Grande Migration, avant comme après l’adoption du 19e amendement, avant comme après la loi restrictive d’immigration votée en 1924 par le Congrès. Pour les migrants, la défense de droits et la promotion d’idéaux constituent le prolongement de luttes inachevées aux origines profondes. Pour les femmes militantes de l’étude, le langage d’émancipation utilisé en contexte de migration devait résister au pouvoir corrupteur des défis matériels de l’adaptation pour préserver l’intégrité du libéralisme et assurer la survie des valeurs démocratiques les plus élémentaires. En ayant porté de cette façon le flambeau d’une vigilance idéaliste, elles obligent le chercheur à admettre que la mesure de leur contribution aux succès politiques attendus est biaisée si elle se limite aux résultats d’élections ou aux lois progressistes.
Creating an Image of Science: Persuasion and Iconography in A. Cressy Morrison’s Man in a Chemical World
Authors: Ede Andrew
Published: December 2016

The image of modern science and the modern scientist was the result of complex interactions among scientists, media sources, and the public. In 1937 chemists were the largest and most powerful group of scientists in the United States, but they had a poor public image because of chemical warfare. Morrison’s book was part of a larger effort to improve and Americanize the image of chemists. The article explores the place of Morrison’s book in the context of the period and examines the images, replete with religious overtones, that helped to create the icon of the scientist as the “man in the white lab coat.”
Radio Free Europe’s Impact on the Kremlin in the Hungarian Crisis of 1956: Three Hypotheses
Authors: Granville Johanna
Published: December 2016

This article will expose incendiary Radio Free Europe (RFE) broadcasts hitherto uncited, and juxtapose chronologically for the first time documents released from Russian, Hungarian, and US archives in recent years to show more clearly how US psychological warfare and RFE broadcasts may have influenced Soviet decision-making during the 1956 Hungarian crisis. While wholly indisputable evidence remains to be found, the sequence of events does suggest that early balloon and leaflet operations during reformist Imre Nagy’s first term as Hungarian prime minister (1953-1955) — namely “Operation Focus” — both antagonized Nagy and spawned a stern neutralism toward him among US diplomats and RFE broadcasters during the crisis. This, in turn, may have caused Soviet leaders to doubt Nagy’s managerial skills, fear the power vacuum in Hungary, and conclude that a second military invasion was necessary.

Certainly RFE did not actually “cause” the Hungarian Revolution itself. The insurgents would be insulted if anyone suggested that some foreign radio station had caused their revolution. Yet — while incontrovertible evidence is still lacking — new documents strongly indicate that the radio broadcasts did probably contribute to the Soviet crackdown on 4 November 1956.

The Americans’ premature distrust of Imre Nagy perhaps points to a larger pattern of bias in US foreign policy during the Cold War: a fundamental prejudice toward communist leaders. Just as Soviet officials were blind to the concept of neutrality, so Eisenhower and other US policymakers in the 1950s appeared blind to the existence of scrupulous, reform-minded communists.
Finding the Nation in Bremen: The Lower Class and Women after Napoleonic Occupation
Authors: Buse Dieter K.
Published: December 2016

To extent the understanding of German nationality and nationalism during the Napoleonic era, this case study examines the anti-French writings and pamphlets of a pedagogue, Betty Gleim, and the petitions against craft monopolies by lower-class artisans and their wives. Instead of examining more of the texts of intellectuals, as historians have so frequently, the essay explores the traits ascribed to French and Germans by the teacher who also published a tract advocating special roles for women in advancing the cause of national liberation. Through analysis of the petitions, the essay demonstrates the manner in which lower-class persons became increasingly aware of, and employed, nationally-based arguments in seeking social redress. The significance of the Napoleonic occupation and annexation of the city-state of Bremen for spreading national identity, including differentiating stereotypes, as well as the use of national rhetoric, is affirmed.
Resale Price Maintenance and the Character of Resistance in the Conservative Party: 1949-64
Authors: Mitchell Stuart
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the development of Conservative party policy during the 1950s and early 1960s towards resale price maintenance (rpm), the procedure by which companies stipulated the minimum price at which their products could be sold, which ended with the abolition of the practice. It attempts to place this policy evolution within the context of the party leadership’s gradual adoption, from 1959, of industrial modernization and economic growth as the technocratic solutions to Britain’s perceived relative decline. Modernization generally and rpm in particular caused a remarkable split in the Tory party, both in Parliament and in the country. Price maintenance was considered, by those Conservatives who favoured modernization, to be a significant impediment to the development of an efficient and competitive distributive industry. Unfortunately, the most tenacious defenders of the practice were small retailers, a group assumed by most politicians to be a solid Tory-voting constituency. Tory MPs were very sensitive to any measure that might disproportionately damage the interests of shopkeepers. In 1964, the government’s attempt to rescind rpm led, unsurprisingly, to the largest revolt on a major issue by Tory back-benchers since 1940 and to considerable antagonism towards the administration on the part of its grassroots support. The dispute between modernizers and traditionalists in the party was fierce and its outcome in part determined the strategy pursued at the 1964 general election and the future direction of Conservative policy.
Power and Piety: The Religiosity of Michel de Marillac
Authors: Bailey Donald A.
Published: December 2016

The religiosity of Louis XIII’s garde des sceaux is well known, and so too is the principal source for this knowledge, the biography written a decade or two after Marillac’s death by his colleague and close friend Nicolas Lefèvre, sieur de Lezeau (1581-1680). But the present article is the first to focus on presenting Lezeau’s description in summary detail, to criticize it through reference to other contemporary material, and to set it in its religious/political context. No one as prominently dévot achieved such high office as did Marillac, so an examination of his blending of power and piety cannot be without significance. En route, the tripartite nature of Marillac’s accomplishments are also presented in an integrated way: his long career as a royal servant and councillor, his life-long moral and financial support of reformed religious orders, and his scholarly activities as translator and as institutional historian. His codification of French law, the Ordonnance de 1629, was the largest and most comprehensive in French history. The article’s author has just brought to fruition the transcribing and editing of Lezeau’s 600-page Vie de Michel de Marillac, hitherto unpublished, which will be appearing this summer.
Théâtre et société dans la région du Minas au Brésil: un public métis pour les salles de spectacle
Authors: Lima Evelyn , Lacroix Nicole
Published: December 2016

Cet article contribue à montrer que la Capitainerie du Minas Gerais — région minière du sud-est du Brésil — n’était pas aussi pauvre à la fin du XVIII.e siècle et au début du XIXe siècle que l’affirment quelques historiens. Les édifices consacrés au théâtre — et qui subsistent jusqu’à aujourd’hui —, les répertoires mis en scène et le public de l’époque attestent au contraire qu’il y avait une classe intellectuelle qui garantissait une certaine stabilité sociale et qui s’intéressait aux arts du spectacle. L’espace urbain, les édifices, les arts décoratifs témoignent de la nature et de la dynamique des dernières décades de la période coloniale du Minas Gerais. On a consulté les archives brésiliennes, portugaises et françaises pour identifier ce public et découvrir quelle était la culture des habitants, des dignitaires portugais aux mineurs, en passant par les jeunes, blancs ou métis qui ont fréquenté les universités européennes, qui appréciaient le théâtre, et qui ont bâti les Casas de Ópera avant l’époque de l’Indépendance.
Women’s Politics, Poetry, and the Feminist Historiography of the Great War
Authors: Bell Amy
Published: December 2016

The Great War of 1914-1918 created new models of British citizenship in which women sought a greater stake. British women poets during the Great War wrote in a myriad of voices, expressing competing ideologies of feminism, nationalism, and religion. Demanding recognition for their wartime labour, their sacrifice of sons, their political opinions on the war itself, and their survival in a postwar world, women writers argued implicitly and explicitly for expanded notions of female citizenship in Britain.
God’s Wrath against the Wrathful in Medieval Mendicant Preaching
Authors: Cels Marc B.
Published: December 2016

Medieval depictions of God’s wrath seem to run counter to Christian exhortations to patience and meekness. Such representations, however, not only sought to discourage anger but also deliberately expanded social norms governing the emotion. Latin moral treatises and preaching manuals written by Franciscan and Dominican friars in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries reveal how preachers presented the abstract moral teachings of scholastic authors in more concrete and familiar terms. Moralists taught that anger was a sin because it usurped God’s prerogative to punish wrongdoing. Preachers presented God as a medieval patriarch, jealously defending his personal honour and his dependants from assault. Divine judgment was frequently represented as fire because it evoked the physical sensation of rage as well as the hell-fire that awaited the damned. Friars also presented God as a model of patience and mercy. In doing so, they extended social norms that encouraged forbearance and rewarded those who could control their temper.
Mishandled Vessels: Heaving Drinks and Hurling Insults in Medieval Welsh Literature and Law
Authors: Cichon Michael
Published: December 2016

“Mishandled Vessels” explores the gesture of insult in medieval Wales by means of a detailed examination of the intersection of literature, law and art. The article takes as its starting point the illustration of “sarhaed” or insult, in the mid-thirteenth-centry Welsh legal codex NLW Latin ms Peniarth 28. It then considers the attitudes which lie behind the gesture, namely those which anthropologists have identified as peculiar to cultures which feud, and charts them through select literary and legal texts. This investigation helps shed light on how the medieval Welsh dealt with the perceived shortage of honour in their culture.
Where are all the Mother-Heroines? Images of Maternity in Soviet Films of the 1930s
Authors: Rowley Alison
Published: December 2016

This article challenges accepted interpretations of Soviet women’s history, particularly the notion that the Soviet government engaged in a pro-natalist campaign in the 1930s. It undertakes an examination of the depiction of mothers in Soviet films, arguing that, given the close Party supervision of the film industry, these figures represent the official Soviet view of motherhood. The content of the films reveals that maternity was secondary in importance to labour outside of the home, and that the Soviet Union rejected the kind of pro-natalist campaigns found in the rest of Europe, especially the racially inspired one in Nazi Germany. The article concludes that the 1936 Soviet family legislation, in fact, had no effect on the depiction of mothers on Soviet screens.
Between the Eternal City and the Holy City: Rome, Jerusalem, and the Imperial Ideal in Britain
Authors: Reisenauer Eric M.
Published: December 2016

Historians have closely examined the impact of the image of the Roman Empire on British imperial thought, especially as a model of bureaucratic efficiency and legal justice. This article argues that a complementary model, that of ancient Jerusalem, also shaped the way the British perceived their imperial mission and responsibilities. Whereas ancient Rome provided lessons regarding the effective management of an empire, Jerusalem offered a moral justification for the imperial enterprise itself. The British, like the ancient Israelites, understood that their prominence among the nations was divinely mandated and would be maintained only so long as they adhered to those moral principles as laid down by God. The British Empire, like the two cities after which it was modeled, was to be Eternal by means of its effective governance and Holy through its moral uprightness.
Cards on the Table: The Middling Sort as Suppliers and Consumers of English Leisure Culture in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Mullin Janet E.
Published: December 2016

The culture of gaming that pervaded eighteenth-century English society provided many opportunities for the rising middle classes. Not content with enjoying card play in many settings, the middling sort were quick to recognize and exploit the potential for profit in the fast-expanding leisure industry. This paper explores the formalization of card games, the rich material culture of card play, the advent of Assembly Rooms as new social spaces, and the growth of resort towns, all serving as case studies in the commercialization of England's leisure culture.
What Did It Mean to be a French Diplomat in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries?
Authors: Côté Marie-Hélène
Published: December 2016

Delving into a study of about fifty French embassies that were established under Louis XIV, the author demonstrates that the criteria of selection of the diplomatic personnel by the Sun King was directly related to the degree of confidence the King had in these officials. However, this degree of confidence was usually determined by a list of requirements reflecting those listed by numerous authors of works on the concept of the perfect ambassador. Therefore this selection process reflects the progression of the thought of these authors, developing from a vision marked in humanism to a more rational understanding of the diplomatic culture.
Taking Possession of Marianne: The Place de la République as Political Battleground
Authors: Germani Ian
Published: December 2016

Situated at the frontier of the 3rd, 10th and 11th arrondissements, the Place de la République is renowned as the location for the Morice brothers' statue to the Republic and as a site for left-wing demonstrations. The Morices' Marianne was slow to win the hearts of many left-wing politicians and workers. Upon occasion, the Place de la République became a battleground between demonstrators and police, but Marianne was not the subject of their contestation. The Place became a battleground simply because of its proximity to the Bourse du Travail. It was the threat of the right-wing leagues and the crisis of February, 1934 that prompted the left to take possession of the statue of the Republic. Socialists and Communists did not forget the legitimizing and mobilizing power inherent in the symbols of patriotic republicanism and evoked them again, most notably in leading the resistance to de Gaulle's return to power and his termination of the Fourth Republic in 1958. This was a high point in the struggle for possession of the symbols of republican legitimacy. Subsequently, despite some surprising revivals, the significance of the Place as a site for symbolic contestation has diminished, reflecting the general acceptance of the Fifth Republic.
Robespierre's Tail: The Possibilities of Justice after the Terror
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: December 2016

The defeat of Robespierre on 9 Thermidor year II (27 July 1794) soon posed the problem of how to deal with both the perpetrators and the victims of the "Reign of Terror." Recent experiences of replacing illiberal regimes with more liberal ones teach the need for various compromises between justice and politics, generally known as transitional justice. The Thermidorians lacked such examples and so explored many of these compromises without accepting the need for them. By tracing the National Convention's path from the rhetoric of justice developed to legitimize Thermidor, through attempts at scapegoating, retribution, judicial rectification, property restitution, selective clemency, and the flawed amnesty that launched the Directory, we become aware of the sincerity, and not just the cynicism, with which the Thermidorians confronted the problems of transitional justice. The combination of modern experiences and the assessments of contemporaries reveals the possibilities of justice after the Terror.
La rédemption par l’Histoire: le cas de Pierre Matthieu (1563-1621)
Authors: Waele Michel De , Lafrance Félix
Published: December 2016

Les troubles de religion qui secouèrent la France durant la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle prirent fin lorsqu’Henri IV réussit à mettre de l’avant une politique de réconciliation nationale grâce à laquelle ses ennemis d’hier se rallièrent à son autorité. Ce processus s’articula autour d’une double réconciliation, la première religieuse, la seconde politique. Tout d’abord, le roi abjura le protestantisme et revint à la religion de ses ancêtres. Ce « saut périlleux » amena ses adversaires à se convertir à son parti. Ils avouèrent leurs fautes, demandèrent pardon au souverain, firent rédemption en promettant de lui être fidèle et de travailler à la restauration du royaume dans son ancienne gloire. Cet article examine comment l’homme de lettres catholique Pierre Matthieu (1563-1621) chercha à assurer sa réconciliation avec Henri IV. L’écriture de l’Histoire des derniers troubles de France fut pour lui une œuvre rédemptrice qui lui permit de « brûler ce qu’il avait adoré, et d’adorer ce qu’il avait brûlé ».