bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
List tracing in systems allowing multiple cell-types
Authors: Fenichel Robert R.
Published: July 2002

List-processing systems have each allowed the use of only a single size and configuration of list cell. In this paper a system is described which allows the use of arbitrarily many different sizes and configurations of list cells, possibly not specified until run time.
Retargetable compiled simulation of embedded processors using a machine description language
Authors: Pees Stefan , Hoffmann Andreas , Meyr Heinrich
Published: July 2002

Fast processor simulators are needed for the software development of embedded processors, for HW/SW cosimulation systems, and for profiling and design of application-specific processors. Such fast simulators can be generated based on the machine description language LISA. Using this language to model processor architectures enables the generation of compiled simulators on various abstraction levels, assemblers, and compiler back ends. The article discusses the requirements of software development tools on processor models and presents the approach based on the LISA language. Furthermore, the implementation of a retargetable environment consisting of compiled simulator, debugger, and assembler is presented. Measurements for a verified, cycle-based LISA model of the TI TMS320C62× DSP show that that this approach achieves between 37× and 170× higher simulation speed compared to a commercial simulator using a standard technique and the same accuracy level.
Education related to the use of computers in organizations
Authors: Teichroew Daniel
Published: July 2002

The ACM Curriculum Committee on Computer Education for Management has been carrying out a study on “Curriculum Development in Management Information Systems Education in Colleges and Universities” under a grant from the National Science Foundation. This position paper provides a framework for the study.

Preliminary conclusions are presented on the need for education in administrative information systems, and appropriate college curricula and courses are suggested. Also, the role of professional societies and organizations using computers is discussed, and the plans of the Committee are outlined.

The initial approach of the Committee has been to describe the education necessary for the effective use of computers in organizations, to classify the positions for which education is required, and to survey educational programs now available.
Extremely portable random number generator
Authors: Kruskal J. B.
Published: July 2002

Extremely portable subroutines are sometimes needed for which moderate quality and efficiency suffice. Typically, this occurs for library functions (like random number generation and incore sorting) which are not entirely universal or are not used in a standardized way.

The literature on random number generators does not seem to contain an algorithm that meets requirements of this sort. An extremely portable 8-line FORTRAN program is provided which is based on an important paper by Coveyou and MacPherson (1967). Using their methods, Fourier analysis is applied to the probability function for the consecutive
n
-tuples provided by our generator (with
n
less than or equal to 4). While the small modulus which must be used to maintain portability prevents the quality of the generator from being high, the generator compares well with the bounds established in the above mentioned paper.
The composition of semantics in Algol 68
Authors: Branquart P. , Lewi J. , Sintzoff M. , Wodon P. L.
Published: July 2002

The main features of Algol 68 are explained from a semantic point of view. It is shown how the language permits the composition of values and actions, i.e. ultimately programs, from a minimum set of primitives with a few fundamental recursive rules of composition. The associated syntax is briefly reviewed. An attempt has been made to obtain a structured and simple introduction to both Algol 68 and its orthogonal desgn.
Using computers in higher education
Authors: Hamblen John W.
Published: July 2002

Data from a survey conducted with National Science Foundation support, which was published in December 1970, is reviewed, and it is pointed out that, with regard to computers in higher education, national goals stated in the Rosser and Pierce Reports have not been attained. Quality was lacking in hardware or courses in nearly half of the associate and bachelor's degree programs in data processing, computer science, etc., offered in 1966-67. A plea is made for continuing studies on status and goals for computing in higher education, improvement of degree programs, and a national testing laboratory for educational technology.
Productivity of multiprogrammed computers—progress in developing an analytic prediction method
Authors: Lasser Daniel J.
Published: July 2002

Multiprogramming as it is discussed here is a mode of computer operation in which two or more programs are concurrently in processor memory and proceeding, each using the same central processor unit (CPU) and input-output (I/O) channels. These programs are actually proceeding intermittently and singly, according to eligibility (readiness to proceed) and priority. It is useful to be able to represent them as proceeding continuously and simultaneously, each at an effective rate, which may be a fraction of that which it would enjoy in the absence of the other programs.

The effective progress rate of each program is sensitive to many detailed characteristics of itself and its co-residents; and simulation has been the best available method of predicting it. This paper presents the results of progress in developing an alternative to simulation, a simulation-tested iterative computation of these rates under certain situations. The algorithm is sensitive to most of the factors that control the phenomenon, including nonquantitative or topological features of the programs' structures.
Band reduction algorithms revisited
Authors: Kaufman Linda
Published: July 2002

In this paper we explain some of the changes that have been
incorporated in the latest version of the LAPACK subroutine for reducing a symmetric banded matrix to tridiagonal form. These modifications improve the performance for larger-bandwidth problems and reduce the number of operations when accumulating the transformations onto the identity matrix, by taking advantage of the structure of the initial matrix. We show that similar modifications can be made to the LAPACK subroutines for reducing a symmetric positive definite generalized eigenvalue problem to a standard symmetric banded eigenvalue problem and for reducing a general banded matrix to bidiagonal form to facilitate the computation of the singular values of the matrix.
Uniform hashing is optimal
Authors: Yao Andrew C.
Published: July 2002

It was conjectured by J. Ullman that uniform hashing is optimal in its expected retrieval cost among all open-address hashing schemes [4]. In this paper, we show that, for any open-address hashing scheme, the expected cost of retrieving a record from a large table that is α-fraction full is at least (1/α) log (1/(1 - α)) +
o
(1). This proves Ullman's conjecture to be true in the asymptotic sense.
Adaptive record clustering
Authors: Yu C. T. , Suen Cheing-mei , Lam K. , Siu M. K.
Published: July 2002

An algorithm for record clustering is presented. It is capable of detecting sudden changes in users' access patterns and then suggesting an appropriate assignment of records to blocks. It is conceptually simple, highly intuitive, does not need to classify queries into types, and avoids collecting individual query statistics. Experimental results indicate that it converges rapidly; its performance is about 50 percent better than that of the total sort method, and about 100 percent better than that of randomly assigning records to blocks.
Usage patterns in an integrated voice and data communications system
Authors: Nicholson Robert T.
Published: July 2002

Recently, office communication systems have begun to integrate voice recordings into their mail and data communications facilities. The study of usage patterns on one such system shows that voice is used for informal, person-to-person communications, as opposed to the formal content of typed messages. Voice messages are generally sent to fewer recipients (often only one), and sometimes replace face-to-face meetings.
Bureaucracies as deontic systems
Authors: Lee Ronald M.
Published: July 2002

Bureaucratic offices are not only for clerical work, but more important, they are for
officiating
in the sense of issuing directives, granting permissions, enforcing prohibitions, waiving obligations, and so forth. Bureaucracies are thus deontic systems for organizational and social control. Conventional information processing approaches are inadequate for capturing these aspects of bureaucratic modeling. A logic-based representation that emphasizes deontic and performative aspects is proposed.
A note on the Berry-Meekings style metric
Authors: Harrison Warren , Cook Curtis R.
Published: July 2002

A modification of the Berry-Meekings "style metric"—applied to software from the corporate environment—finds little relationship between this style metric and error proneness.
Efficient (stack) algorithms for analysis of write-back and sector memories
Authors: Thompson James G. , Smith Alan Jay
Published: July 2002

For the class of replacement algorithms known as stack algorithms, existing analysis techniques permit the computation of memory miss ratios for all memory sizes simultaneously in one pass over a memory reference string. We extend the class of computations possible by this methodology in two ways. First, we show how to compute the effects of copy-backs in write-back caches. The key observation here is that a given block is clean for all memory sizes less than or equal to
C
blocks and is dirty for all larger memory sizes. Our technique permits efficient computations for algorithms or systems using periodic write-back and/or block deletion. The second extension permits stack analysis simulation for sector (or subblock) caches in which a sector (associated with an address tag) consists of subsectors (or subblocks) that can be loaded independently. The key observation here is that a subsector is present only in caches of size
C
or greater. Load forward prefetching in a sector cache is shown to be a stack algorithm and is easily simulated using our technique. Running times for our methods are only slightly higher than for a simulation of a single memory size using nonstack techniques.
On the translation of relational queries into iterative programs
Authors: Freytag Johann Christoph , Goodman Nathan
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the problem of translating set-oriented query specifications into iterative programs. The translation uses techniques of functional programming and program transformation.

We present two algorithms that generate iterative programs from algebra-based query specifications. The first algorithm translates query specifications into recursive programs. Those are simplified by sets of transformation rules before the algorithm generates the final iterative form. The second algorithm uses a two-level translation that generates iterative programs faster than the first algorithm. On the first level a small set of transformation rules performs structural simplification before the functional combination on the second level yields the final iterative form.
An entity-life modeling approach to the design of concurrent software
Authors: Sanden Bo
Published: July 2002

Using the idea of Entity-Life Modeling for task decomposition, the design of a prototypical elevator control system is explored and compared to an earlier JSD solution.
Computer science education in the People's Republic of China in the late 1980s
Authors: Wilson J. D. , Adams E. S. , Baouendi H. P. , Marion W. A. , Yaverbaum G. J.
Published: July 2002

Last year a delegation of international computer professionals with interests in computer science education participated in an information exchange with colleagues in the People's Republic of China. The delegation's experiences suggest that the Chinese have made substantial progress in some aspects of computer science education since late 1982, but that difficult problems remain to be solved.
A conversation with Steve Jobs
Authors: Denning Peter J. , Frenkel Karen A.
Published: July 2002

NeXT, Inc. President and CEO Steve Jobs (left), and VP of Sales and Marketing, Dan'l Lewin, discuss the goals of the new company, and the NeXT Computer System itself.
Verified data transfer protocols with variable flow control
Authors: Shankar A. Udaya
Published: July 2002

We present and verify a sliding window protocol which uses modulo-
N
sequence numbers to achieve reliable flow-controlled data transfer between a producer and a consumer connected by unreliable channels. The consumer's data needs are represented by a receive window whose size can vary with time. The producer entity sends segments of data words that lie within the consumer's receive window. The consumer entity sends acknowledgment, selective acknowledgment, and selective reject messages that inform the producer entity of the current receive window size, the data word next expected, and the reception (or lack of reception) of out-of-sequence data segments. Our protocol is, therefore, a proper extension of existing transport and data link protocol standards such as TCP, IS0 TP, HDLC, ADCCP, and so forth.

We consider two types of unreliable channels. The first type, referred to as transport channels, can lose, duplicate, and reorder messages to an arbitrary extent, but impose an upper bound on message lifetimes (which can be very large, e.g., days). The second type, referred to as data link channels, can only lose messages. For both types of channels, we obtain the minimum value of
N
that ensures safe operation without imposing any constraints on the retransmissions of messages or on the data segment sizes. Thus,
any
retransmission or acknowledgment policy that optimizes the protocol's performance can be used. For transport channels, this value of
N
is a function of the maximum message transmission rate, the maximum message lifetime, and the maximum receive window size. For data link channels, this value of
N
is a function only of the maximum receive window size. We verify progress under three different liveness assumptions: retransmissions initiated by both entities, only by the producer entity, and only by the consumer entity. The protocol also satisfies a convenient noninterference safety property between the acknowledgement, selective acknowledgment, and selective reject messages.

The protocols are specified as event-driven systems and verified hierarchically in two major stages. First, we verify that correct flow-controlled data transfer results if the sequence numbers in the channels satisfy certain
correct interpretation bounds
, irrespective of the types of errors that the channels may have. Second, for both transport and data link channels, we verify that the correct interpretation bounds are enforced by the corresponding minimum values of
N
. For the verification of the transport channel case, we use a system model with continuous measures of time in which real-time constraints can be formally specified and verified.
Invariance of complexity measures for networks with unreliable gates
Authors: Pippenger Nicholas
Published: July 2002

A new probabilistic failure model for networks of gates is formulated. Although this model has not been used previously, it supports the proofs of both the positive and negative results appearing in the literature. Furthermore, with respect to this new model, the complexity measures of both size and depth are affected by at most constant multiplicative factors when the set of functions that can be computed by gates is changed from one finite and complete basis to another, or when the bound on the failure probability of the gates is changed (within the limits allowed by the basis), or when the bound on the error probability of the network is changed (within the limits allowed by the basis and the failure probability of the gates).
Introduction—computing and social responsibilities
Authors: Schuler Douglas , Jacky Jonathan
Published: July 2002

The three articles in this special section deal with computing applications that affect how people are treated in their social roles: as litigants, as employees, or as participants or bystanders in warfare. We believe that applications like these obligate their builders to consider their duties, not only to their employers or customers, but to all the people who will be affected when the systems are placed into service. These duties are the
social responsibilities
of computer professionals.

Authors Donald erman and Carole Hafner address the social responsibility of creating a timely, affordable and just legal system. Jack Beusmans and Kären Wieckert address the social responsibilities of educators, researchers and applications programmers to consider whether their contributions to weapons technology are a positive contribution to society. Richard Ladner addresses responsibilities that society has for people with disabilities.
Algorithm 675: Fortran subroutines for computing the square root covariance filter and square root information filter in dense or Hessenberg forms
Authors: Vanbegin M. , Verhaegen M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, codes are provided for two of the most popular square root filters: the Square Root Covariance Filter and the Square Root Information Filter. We also give efficient implementations for the time invariant case based on so-called condensed forms. All routines make extensive use of BLAS routines.
On the effect of join operations on relation sizes
Authors: Grady Danièle , Puech Claude
Published: July 2002

We propose a generating function approach to the problem of evaluating the sizes of derived relations in a relational database framework. We present a model of relations and show how to use it to deduce probabilistic estimations of derived relation sizes. These are found to asymptotically follow normal distributions under a variety of assumptions.
An overview of deterministic functional RAM chip testing
Authors: van de Goor A. J. , Verruijt C. A.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an overview of deterministic functional RAM chip testing. Instead of the traditional ad-hoc approach toward developing memory test algorithms, a hierarchy of functional faults and tests is presented, which is shown to cover all likely functional memory faults. This is done by presenting a novel way of categorizing the faults. All (possible) fault combinations are discussed. Requirements are put forward under which conditions a fault combination can be detected. Finally, memory test algorithms that satisfy the given requirements are presented.
A parallel algorithm for record clustering
Authors: Omiecinski Edward , Scheuermann Peter
Published: July 2002

We present an efficient heuristic algorithm for record clustering that can run on a SIMD machine. We introduce the P-tree, and its associated numbering scheme, which in the split phase allows each processor independently to compute the unique cluster number of a record satisfying an arbitrary query. We show that by restricting ourselves in the merge phase to combining only sibling clusters, we obtain a parallel algorithm whose speedup ratio is optimal in the number of processors used. Finally, we report on experiments showing that our method produces substantial savings in an enviornment with relatively little overlap among the queries.
Profiling computer science master's programs
Authors: Eerkes Gary L.
Published: July 2002

Master's level computer science programs have experienced significant and sustained growth during the past two decades. According to the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics [4], a total of 1,588 master's degrees were conferred in computer and information sciences in 1971. This figure increased 508% to 8,070 in 1986—a larger percentage increase than any other major discipline. The 1970s and 1980s have also been an era in which computer science has experienced major theoretical and technological advances. The period has been marked by severe faculty shortages which are only now beginning to ease. Complicating matters further, the discipline is so young that it is still in the process of defining its intellectual framework [3]. Considering all of these factors, it is not surprising that there is a considerable amount of diversity and flux among computer science master's programs. What is surprising, however, is that little data is available pertaining to this degree.
LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND ENVIRONMENT: My Early Years
Authors: Conklin Harold C.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  In this brief account of my childhood introduction to anthropology and the subsequent ways I began acquiring a more intimate and analytical understanding of languages, cultures, societies, and impinging relevant surroundings, I acknowledge my indebtedness to the people and institutions that have facilitated this enduring process and note how informal influences and associations—some from nonanthropological domains—may be of invaluable assistance to the field-oriented ethnologist. First educated in public schools on eastern Long Island, I went for my undergraduate and graduate work to Berkeley and Yale, respectively. Since then, I have been on the anthropology faculties at Columbia (1954–1962) and Yale (1962 to the present). Since World War II, my principal ethnographic, linguistic, and ecological field sites have been on Mindoro (Hanunóo) and Luzon (Ifugao), in the Philippines.
DNA Damage Processing Defects and Disease
Authors: Moses Robb E.
Published: July 2002

Inherited defects in DNA repair or the processing of DNA damage can lead to disease. Both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant modes of inheritance are represented. The diseases as a group are characterized by genomic instability, with eventual appearance of cancer. The inherited defects frequently have a specific DNA damage sensitivity, with cells from affected individuals showing normal resistance to other genotoxic agents. The known defects are subtle alterations in transcription, replication, or recombination, with alternate pathways of processing permitting cellular viability. Distinct diseases may arise from different mutations in one gene; thus, clinical phenotypes may reflect the loss of different partial functions of a gene. The findings indicate that partial defects in transcription or recombination lead to genomic instability, cancer, and characteristic disease phenotypes.
AN ATOMISTIC VIEW OF Si(001) HOMOEPITAXY
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Wu Fang , Lagally Max G.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Growth of thin films from atoms deposited from the gas phase is intrinsically a non-equilibrium phenomenon dictated by a competition between kinetics and thermodynamics. Precise control of the growth becomes possible only after achieving an understanding of this competition. In this review, we present an atomistic view of the various kinetic aspects in a model system, the epitaxy of Si on Si(001), as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy and total-energy calculations. Fundamentally important issues investigated include adsorption dynamics and energetics, adatom diffusion, nucleation, sticking, and detachment. We also briefly discuss the inverse process of growth, removal by sputtering or etching. We aim our discussions to an understanding at a quantitative level whenever possible.
HEAT CONDUCTION IN NOVEL ELECTRONIC FILMS
Authors: Goodson Kenneth E. , Ju Y. Sungtaek
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Heat conduction in novel electronic films influences the performance and reliability of micromachined transistors, lasers, sensors, and actuators. This article reviews experimental and theoretical research on heat conduction in single-crystal semiconducting and superconducting films and superlattices, polycrystalline diamond films, and highly disordered organic and oxide films. The thermal properties of these films can differ dramatically from those of bulk samples owing to the dependence of the material structure and purity on film processing conditions and to the scattering of heat carriers at material boundaries. Predictions and data show that phonon scattering and transmission at boundaries strongly influence the thermal conductivities of single-crystal films and superlattices, although more work is needed to resolve the importance of strain-induced lattice defects. For polycrystalline films, phonon scattering on grain boundaries and associated defects causes the thermal conductivity to be strongly anisotropic and nonhomogeneous. For highly disordered films, preliminary studies have illustrated the influences of impurities on the volumetric heat capacity and, for the case of organic films, molecular orientation on the conductivity anisotropy. More work on disordered films needs to resolve the interplay among atomic-scale disorder, porosity, partial crystallinity, and molecular orientation.
BIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
Authors: Spangrude, Ph.D Gerald J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Recent advances in cell isolation techniques have greatly enhanced our understanding of the phenotype and function of hematopoietic stem cells in mice and humans. Many clinical studies have established the efficacy of using peripheral blood stem cells to supplement or replace bone marrow transplantation as a therapeutic modality for several types of malignancies. This new approach to malignant disease management, perhaps in combination with posttransplantation cytokine therapy, promises to completely alter the clinical course of bone marrow transplantation.
Traces of Certainty: Recording Death and Taxes in Fifteenth-Century Tuscany
Authors: Emigh Rebecca Jean
Published: July 2002

Official statistics reflect the presuppositions and theories of the societies that they represent. Results derived from data contained in a set of tax declarations from fifteenth-century rural Tuscany show that deaths of males eligible for the head tax were reported more often than deaths of other family members, because these reports lowered households' tax assessments. The results also show that heads of households were overrepresented among dead males, most likely because tax officials used the names of heads of households to organize the tax rolls. This reliance on the head of the household in data collection—a common technique in contemporary and historical censuses—may produce results that overrepresent heads of households.
Sculpting in Time and Space: Interactive Work
Authors: Hartzell Emily , Sobell Nina
Published: July 2002

The authors have experimented with the Web to develop its potential for creative, collaborative expression and to explore and sculpt the boundaries between physical space and cyberspace. Their work grew directly out of Nina Sobell's interactive video installations of the early 1970s, in which she used the medium to sculpt space and time and to create bridges for shared human experience. Their inspiration in Park Bench has been to address the physical disconnectedness of the information age by creating a safe place to congregate in cyberspace. Their work has inspired the development of new technologies, including a wireless telerobotic video camera for streaming video to the Web from remote locations.
Further Remarks on First Conjunct Agreement
Authors: Aoun Joseph , Benmamoun Elabbas , Sportiche Dominique
Published: July 2002

Aoun, Benmamoun, and Sportiche (ABS, 1994) propose an analysis of first conjunct agreement in VS sentences in Lebanese Arabic and Moroccan Arabic. On the basis of the distribution of number-sensitive items, they argue that this type of agreement is due to clausal coordination. Munn (1999) argues against ABS's account and proposes that first conjunct agreement in the Arabic dialects arises because coordination of NP subjects is semantically plural but syntactically singular. In this reply we show that Munn's alternative analysis is empirically inadequate.
Binding Personal and Peripersonal Space: Evidence from Tactile Extinction
Authors: Vaishnavi Sandeep , Calhoun Jesse , Chatterjee Anjan
Published: July 2002

Behavioral and neurophysiological studies suggest that the brain constructs different representations of space. Among these representations are personal and peripersonal space. Personal space refers to the space occupied by our bodies. Peripersonal space refers to the space surrounding our bodies, which can be reached by our limbs. How these two representations are bound to give a unified sense of space in which humans act is not clear. We tested 10 patients with tactile extinction to investigate this issue. Tactile extinction is an attentional disorder in which patients are unaware of being touched on their contralesional limb if they are also touched simultaneously on their ipsilesional limb. We hypothesized that mechanisms that bind personal and peripersonal representations would improve these patients' awareness of being touched on their contralesional limbs. Visual-tactile integration and intentional movements were considered candidate mechanisms. Patients were more likely to be aware of contralesional touch when looking towards their contralesional limb than when looking towards their ipsilesional limb, and when actively moving on tactile probes than when receiving tactile stimuli passively. The improved awareness of being touched on the contralesional limb under these conditions suggests that cross-sensory and sensorimotor integration help bind personal and peripersonal space.
Is the Category-Specific Deficit for Living Things Spurious?
Authors: Kurbat Matthew A. , Farah Martha J.
Published: July 2002

Some neurological patients make more errors naming living than nonliving things. This is true even when the difficulty of naming living and nonliving things, as measured by the performance of normal subjects, is taken into account. Gaffan and Heywood (1993) argued that this apparently selective deficit for living things is spurious and offered an alternative explanation of it in terms of the effect of noise on regression analyses. We report Monte Carlo simulations showing that, in two patients, the living things deficit cannot be accounted for this in this way. These simulations are more consistent with the claim that the recognition of living things depends on specialized mechanisms.
A Neural-Network-Based Approach to the Double Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: Plebe Alessio , Anile Angelo Marcello
Published: July 2002

The double traveling salesman problem is a variation of the basic traveling salesman problem where targets can be reached by two salespersons operating in parallel. The real problem addressed by this work concerns the optimization of the harvest sequence for the two independent arms of a fruit-harvesting robot. This application poses further constraints, like a collision-avoidance function.

The proposed solution is based on a self-organizing map structure, initialized with as many artificial neurons as the number of targets to be reached. One of the key components of the process is the combination of competitive relaxation with a mechanism for deleting and creating artificial neurons. Moreover, in the competitive relaxation process, information about the trajectory connecting the neurons is combined with the distance of neurons from the target. This strategy prevents tangles in the trajectory and collisions between the two tours. Results of tests indicate that the proposed approach is efficient and reliable for harvest sequence planning. Moreover, the enhancements added to the pure self-organizing map concept are of wider importance, as proved by a traveling salesman problem version of the program, simplified from the double version for comparison.
Statistical Significance of Coincident Spikes: Count-Based Versus Rate-Based Statistics
Authors: Gütig Robert , Aertsen Ad , Rotter Stefan
Published: July 2002

Inspired by different conceptualizations of temporal neural coding schemes, there has been recent interest in the search for signs of precisely synchronized neural activity in the cortex. One method developed for this task is unitary-event analysis. This method tests multiple single-neuron recordings for short epochs with significantly more coincident spikes than expected from independent neurons. We reformulated the statistical test underlying this method using a coincidence count distribution based on empirical spike counts rather than on estimated spike probabilities. In the case of two neurons, the requirement of stationary firing rates, originally imposed on both neurons, can be relaxed; only the rate of one neuron needs to be stationary, while the other may follow an arbitrary time course. By analytical calculations of the test power curves of the original and the revised method, we demonstrate that the test power can be increased by a factor of two or more in physiologically realistic regimes. In addition, we analyze the effective significance levels of both methods for neural firing rates ranging between 0.2 Hz and 30 Hz.
A Fast Histogram-Based Postprocessor That Improves Posterior Probability Estimates
Authors: Wei Wei , Leen Todd K. , Barnard Etienne
Published: July 2002

Although the outputs of neural network classifiers are often considered to be estimates of posterior class probabilities, the literature that assesses the calibration accuracy of these estimates illustrates that practical networks often fall far short of being ideal estimators. The theorems used to justify treating network outputs as good posterior estimates are based on several assumptions: that the network is sufficiently complex to model the posterior distribution accurately, that there are sufficient training data to specify the network, and that the optimization routine is capable of finding the global minimum of the cost function. Any or all of these assumptions may be violated in practice.

This article does three things. First, we apply a simple, previously used histogram technique to assess graphically the accuracy of posterior estimates with respect to individual classes. Second, we introduce a simple and fast remapping procedure that transforms network outputs to provide better estimates of posteriors. Third, we use the remapping in a real-world telephone speech recognition system. The remapping results in a 10% reduction of both word-level error rates (from 4.53% to 4.06%) and sentence-level error rates (from 16.38% to 14.69%) on one corpus, and a 29% reduction at sentence-level error (from 6.3% to 4.5%) on another. The remapping required negligible additional overhead (in terms of both parameters and calculations). McNemar's test shows that these levels of improvement are statistically significant.
Recombinant Theatre and Digital Resistance
Authors: Ensemble Critical Art
Published: July 2002

The Critical Acts Ensemble, CAE for short, is a tightly knit group of artists exploring intersection between art, technology, critical theory, and political activism. We have given CAE a big chunk of space to present and explain their work. Added to that is a critical essay by TDR Contributing Editor Rebecca Schneider.
The Lost Babylon
Authors: Takeshi Kawamura , Jansen Sara
Published: July 2002

Kawamura Takeshi's play, set in a “for real” amusement park, explores the impulses to violence present in manga (comics), films, video games, and on the internet. According to Kawamura, this is “a new Japan where citizens will have to learn to defend themselves.” Act II is published in its entirety.
ZONE
Authors: Rosenthal Rachel
Published: July 2002

First performed in 1994, just after the L.A. earthquake, ZONE explores the “extremely touchy issues of race and ethnicity” as configured by performance artist Rosenthal, herself a child of Russian Jews who emigrated to the U.S.A.
Pilgrimage As a Pedagogical Practice in Contemporary Taiwanese Theatre: U Theatre and the Baishatun Ma-tsu Pilgrimage
Authors: Quintero Craig
Published: July 2002

An experimental theatre on a religious pilgrimage? It sounds like a contradiction. But in Taiwan an increasing number of experimental theatre companies have incorporated traditional ritual practice into their performer training.
An Adaptive Multiresolution Method for Progressive Model Transmission
Authors: To Danny , Lau Rynson W. H. , Green Mark
Published: July 2002

Although there are many adaptive (or view-dependent) multiresolution methods, support for progressive transmission and reconstruction has not been addressed. A major reason for this is that most of these methods require a large portion of the hierarchical data structure to be available at the client before rendering starts. This is due to the dependency constraints among neighboring vertices. In this paper, we present an efficient, adaptive, multiresolution method that allows progressive and selective model transmission. It is achieved by reducing the neighboring dependency to a minimum. The new method allows visually important parts of an object to be transmitted to the client at higher priority than the less important parts, and progressively reconstructed there for display. It is even possible to transmit only the visible parts of a model and reconstruct these visible parts at the client. The ability to selectively transmit allows the visualization of very large models across the network with minimal delay. We will present how our method works in a client-server environment. We will also show the data structure of the transmission record and some performance results of the method.
Comment on Moravcsik
Authors: Hoffmann Stanley
Published: July 2002

The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial question: Was French agriculture really an obstacle to France's position in Europe? He argues thatde Gaulle successfully supported and modernized French agriculture because he was convinced that this would contribute to France's geopolitical position in Europe and the Western world. In two longer commentaries, Jeffrey Vanke and Marc Trachtenberg raise questions about Moravcsik's methodology and use of sources. Both agree that Moravcsik draws on an impressive array of available materials concerning de Gaulle. But they both wonder whether a definitive account of de Gaulle's policies can be written when the documentary record is still incomplete, a point raised by the
De Gaulle, Moravcsik, and Europe
Authors: Trachtenberg Marc
Published: July 2002

The responses to Andrew Moravcsik's article discuss the main substantive and methodological points raised in it. Although most of the respondents agree that Moravcsik has properly highlighted the importance of commercial concerns for de Gaulle's policy on European integration, they question the validity of his sharp separation between de Gaulle's political and economic goals for France. Several commentators argue that political and commercial concerns (including agricultural concerns) were closely intertwined in de Gaulle's vision of French grandeur. John Keeler brings up another crucial question: Was French agriculture really an obstacle to France's position in Europe? He argues that de Gaulle successfully supported and modernized French agriculture because he was convinced that this would contribute to France's geopolitical position in Europe and the Western world. In two longer commentaries, Jeffrey Vanke and Marc Trachtenberg raise questions about Moravcsik's methodology and use of sources. Both agree that Moravcsik draws on an impressive array of available materials concerning de Gaulle. But they both wonder whether a definitive account of de Gaulle's policies can be written when the documentary record is still incomplete, a point raised by the
THE END OF ESCHATOLOGY IN DANIEL? THEOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL RAMIFICATIONS OF THE CHANGING CONTEXTS OF INTERPRETATION
Authors: Sweeney Marvin
Published: July 2002

This paper attempts to reassess the political and nationalistic agenda of the book of Daniel in relation to post-Enlightenment biblical theology's affirmation of the perspectives and needs of the particular over against the universal. It calls for a unified reading of the two major parts of the book, the court tales in Daniel 1-6 and the visions in Daniel 7-12, in an effort to demonstrate three major points: 1) the political and religious aims of the Hasmonean revolt permeate the entire edited form of the book, not only the visions; 2) the use of mythological and symbolic language reflects the perspectives of the priesthood and the Jerusalem Temple that envision a correlation between the events of heaven and those of earth; and 3) in contrast to prophetic books, such as Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, that identify the conquest and punishment of Israel/Judah as an expression of Yhwh's will, Daniel identifies Yhwh with the overthrow of foreign oppression. Although Daniel is an apocalyptic book, it is heavily concerned with the events of this world and represents an attempt to change it for the better.
Character Drawing in Menander's Dyskolos: Misanthropy And Philanthropy
Authors:   Haegemans
Published: July 2002

Menander's Dyskolos is based on the moral concepts of δυσκoλíα (or μισανϑρωπíα) and ιλανϑρωπíα, notions that Aristotle discussed in his Nicomachean Ethics. Diogenes Laertius' definition of philanthropy stresses the importance of social intercourse, hospitality, and generosity. In the play the characters display different stages of philanthropy. The first level, an excess of friendliness (obsequiousness), is represented in some minor characters. The second and best level, friendliness or philanthropy, is exhibited by Knemon's antagonists, Gorgias and Sostratos. While Sostratos has a pleasant character and is the perfect host, Gorgias illustrates the moral basis of the virtue. Gorgias runs the risk of turning into a misanthropist like Knemon, the main character, if his economic situation would remain as hard as it is. The basic elements (distrust, hardship) are present. Moreover Knemon seems to have started life as a philanthropist. He now represents the last level of the three: a lack of friendliness, or misanthropy. His disillusion turned him into a misanthrope. While Gorgias is an image of what Knemon might have been if his life had been easier, Knemon is what Gorgias might become if his life is hard. Thus Menander offers us the picture of a man's transformation in his play.
Lucretius, Symmetry arguments, and fearing death
Authors: Warren James
Published: July 2002

This paper identifies two possible versions of the Epicurean 'Symmetry argument', both of which claim that post mortem non-existence is relevantly like prenatal non-existence and that therefore our attitude to the former should be the same as that towards the latter. One version addresses the fear of the state of being dead by making it equivalent to the state of not yet being born; the other addresses the prospective fear of dying by relating it to our present retrospective attitude to the time before birth. I argue that only the first of these is present in the relevant sections of Lucretius (DRN 3.832-42, 972-5). Therefore, this argument is not aimed at a prospective fear of death, or a fear of 'mortality'. That particular fear is instead addressed by the Epicureans through the additional premise (found in the Letter to Menoeceus 125) that it is irrational to fear in prospect an event which is known to be painless when present. This still leaves unaddressed the related fear of 'premature death', which is to be removed through the acceptance of Epicurean hedonism.
DANIEL: RESOLVING THE ENIGMA
Authors:   Lucas
Published: July 2002

The consensus view that the stories of Daniel originated in Mesopotamia to commend a 'lifestyle for Diaspora' while the visions originated among Palestinian Jews during the Antiochene persecution increases, rather than explains, the tensions between the visions and stories. It is argued that the animal imagery of Dan. vii and viii has a background in Mesopotamian mythology and omens. The style and content of the prophetic survey of history in Dan. xi and xii seems influenced by the 'Akkadian Prophecies'. This suggests an origin for the visions among the Jews of the Eastern Diaspora. Dan. xii 33-35 is not incompatible with this. Sociological studies of 'millennial movements' show how a group with an appropriate world-view can become 'millennial' under the influence of a catalyst and the reinterpretation of some of its traditions. All these insights are applied to understanding the relationship between the stories and visions in Daniel.
A TEMPEST IN A TEAPOT? GENESIS III 8 AGAIN
Authors: Grundke Christopher
Published: July 2002

It was recently suggested that a storm theophany occurs in Gen. iii 8, but the proposal seems wanting on text-critical, semantic, and literary grounds.
Theistic Percepts in Other Species: Can Chimpanzees Represent the Minds of Non-Natural Agents?
Authors: Bering Jesse
Published: July 2002

The present theoretical article addresses the empirical question of whether other species, particularly chimpanzees, have the cognitive substrate necessary for experiencing theistic and otherwise non-natural (i.e., non-physical) percepts. The primary representational device presumed to underlie religious cognition was viewed as, in general, the capacity to attribute unobservable causal mechanisms to ostensible output and, in particular, a theory of mind. Drawing from a catalogue of behaviors that may be considered diagnostic of the secondary representations involved in theory of mind (or at least theory of mind precursors), important dissimilarities between humans and other species in the realms of the animate-inanimate distinction (self-propelledness versus mental agency of animate beings), imaginative play (feature-dependent make-believe versus true symbolic play), and the death concept (biological death conceptualization versus psychological death conceptualization) were shown. Differences in these domains support the claim that humans alone possess the foundational and functional representations inherent in religious experiences.
Terrestrial movements of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita (Amphibia, Anura) in a semi-arid, agricultural landscape
Authors: Sanuy Delfi , Avrillier Jean-Noël , Miaud Claude
Published: July 2002

The movements of 19 natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) were monitored by telemetry in a semi-arid agricultural landscape in NE Spain. Toads reproduced in two water pools in fields of barley and an ancient clayquarrying zone filled by rainfall. Thirteen toads were followed during the breeding season (weeks 5-17 of 1997) and 11 toads were followed after reproduction (weeks 18 to 46). During the breeding season four toads moved distances of up to 500 m between breeding sites. No significant differences in movement patterns were found between the sexes, but a tendency was observed for males to show higher terrestrial site fidelity than females. Distances moved after the breeding season were substantial. The distance between the furthest positions recorded was from 164 to 1201 m, the maximum distance observed between daily recordings ranged from 125 to 353 m and the maximum overall distances ranged from 567 to 4411 m. No significant differences were observed between males and females or between small and large toads. The movements of these toads in a semi-arid agricultural landscape in Spain are compared with those observed in England and Germany.