bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eimeria colchici sp. nov. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae), the Cause of Cecal Coccidiosis in English Covert Pheasants
Authors: NORTON C. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria colchici sp. n. is described from English pheasants Phasianus colchicus. It has cocysts measuring 19–33.5 (27.4) by 13–21 (16.7) μ, having both micropyle and polar granule. The large 1st and 2nd generation schizonts occur in the glands of the small intestine, 3rd generation schizonts occur deep in the glands of the ceca, and gametocytes occur in the epithelial cells of the ceca. The prepatent period is 6 days. In young pheasants the parasite causes coccidiosis characterized by formation of white cores in the ceca. Mortality is high in experimental infections. Zoalene (0.0125%) in the feed almost completely suppressed the infection; Amprolium (0.0125%) also gave good control, but sulfaquinoxaline (0.0125%) was not so effective. Sulfaquinoxaline, Saquadil and Sulfamezathine in the drinking water controlled mortality, but treatment had to be applied early to avoid weight losses.
Acriflavin‐Induced Dyskinetoplastic Leishmania donovani Grown in Monkey Kidney Cell Culture
Authors: HERMAN ROBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monkey kidney cells (LLC‐MK2) grown in flasks and on coverslips in Leighton tubes were used as host cells for the growth of the intracellular stage, Leishman‐Donovan bodies (LDs), of Leishmania donovani obtained from hamster spleen. These parasitized cultures were then used to determine the ability of acriflavin to induce dyskinetoplastic LDs.

LD‐infected cells were somewhat fewer in number than uninfected cells at all times except for the 1st day after infection. The parasites attained their maximum numbers on the 5th day after infection of the cultures having a 1.9‐fold increase at that time.

When acriflavin was added to the cell culture medium (250 mμ/ml) the numbers of monkey kidney cells did not differ greatly from non‐treated cultures until 6–7 days after treatment with acriflavin. Similarly, the numbers of LDs in acriflavin‐treated cell cultures, altho somewhat below those of untreated cultures, did not differ greatly from them.

The combined effect of acriflavin and LDs reduced the numbers of monkey kidney cells in treated, LD‐infected cell cultures more than either alone.

Dyskinetoplastic LDs appeared in considerable numbers in acriflavin‐treated, LD‐infected cell cultures. Dyskinetoplastic and normal LDs harvested from cell cultures were inoculated into NIH medium and incubated at 27 C for transformation into leptomonads. There was no indication that dyskinetoplastic LDs were capable of transforming into leptomonads.
Factors Influencing the Infectivity of a Trypanosoma brucei Stabilate for Mice
Authors: LUMSDEN W. H. R. , GITATHA S. K. , LUTZ W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mice, segregated in groups according to sex and age from 5 to 21 weeks, and randomly presented, were inoculated in one continuous process with a trypanosome suspension prepared from a Trypanosoma brucei subgroup stabilate of such a dilution that about 50% of the mice might be expected to become infected. No statistically significant difference occurred between groups, either with regard to sex or to age.

Significant alterations in the proportions of mice infected did, however, occur in relation to inoculation order. The inoculation process occupied 12–197 minutes after removal of the stabilate from −79 C storage. Essentially, infectivity rose initially to a peak between 30 and 80 minutes, and then fell off, but was not abolished at the end of the experiment.
Behavior of the Kinetoplast of Leishmania tarentolae upon Cell Rupture*
Authors: SIMPSON LARRY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The kinetoplast of L. tarentolae remains attached to the basal body upon cell rupture by detergent lysis, sonication, or hypotonic lysis in 0.02 M Tris buffer (pH 7.9) at 0–4 C. Hypotonic lysis in 0.02 M Tris‐HCl‐2 mM EDTA at 0–4 C and application of mild shearing forces bring about release of most of the swollen kinetoplasts. The kinetoplast DNA can be seen in phase contrast microscopy as a dark mass contiguous to the kinetoplast membrane directly opposite the basal body. Upon return to isotonic media, the kinetoplast shrinks; the membranes of such kinetoplasts are impermeable to added DNAase.
Carbon Dioxide as the Initial Stimulus for Excystation of Eimeria tenella Oocysts*
Authors: NYBERG PETER A. , BAUER DIANA H. , KNAPP STUART E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The stimulus necessary to initiate in vitro excystation of the chicken coccidium Eimeria tenella was provided by exposure of intact sporulated oocysts to an atmosphere of carbon dioxide. This stimulus produced a thinning and indentation at the micropylar region and oocysts became permeable to trypsin and bile. Sporozoites became active and began to escape from sporocysts into the oocyst cavity and then to the outside thru the altered micropyle after incubation in the enzyme‐bile mixture. Activation of sporozoites when CO2‐pretreated oocysts were incubated in trypsin and bile, was used as the criterion to determine the number of oocysts responding to the initial stimulus. Thus, activation of sporozoites within intact oocysts was an indirect measurement of the number of oocysts stimulated during CO2‐pretreatment. Approximately 90% of the oocysts contained active sporozoites after 18 hr of pretreatment with carbon dioxide and 8 hr incubation in trypsin and bile at 38 or 41 C, respectively. Pretreatment of oocysts with air, N2, O2, or He resulted in 8% or less activation during incubation in trypsin and bile. Approximately 83% of the oocysts responded to the stimulus during 8 hr CO2‐pretreatment at 41 C, whereas at 38 C, 16 hr of pretreatment were required for a similar response. The stimulus did not elicit a response from oocysts held at 23 C during the pretreatment gasphase. No significant difference occurred in number of oocysts containing active sporozoites after sufficient CO2‐pretreatment for maximum stimulation of oocysts and incubation in trypsin and bile at 38 or 41 C.
Glucose Utilization by Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris: Short‐Term Metabolic Studies*
Authors: BOEHLER ROBERT A. , DANFORTH WILLIAM F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In tryptone media, optimal growth of nonphotosynthetic Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris on glucose occurred with 1% (w/v) glucose at pH 3.5, and required a previous adaptive period in glucose medium.

In short term metabolic experiments, glucose uptake was greatly stimulated by small concentrations of tryptone or succinate; effects of shaking suggested that CO2 has a similar stimulatory effect. Glucose utilization was highly dependent on glucose concentration, with an apparent threshold at about 2 mM and increasing steeply with glucose concentration above this value. In tracer experiments, about 90% of the glucose carbon consumed was assimilated, and about 10% released as CO2.

Glucose did not stimulate respiration even during rapid glucose utilization. Tracer studies indicated oxidation of endogenous substrates was depressed by an amount which just compensated for the respiration due to glucose.

The conditions which allowed rapid glucose utilization by “resting”E. gracilis var. bacillaris were the same as those known previously to be required for growth on glucose. It was therefore concluded that these factors act directly on the main pathways of glucose metabolism.
Characterization of the Malaria Pigment (Hemozoin) from the Avian Malaria Parasite Plasmodium lophurae*
Authors: SHERMAN IRWIN W. , TING IRWIN P. , RUBLE JUDITH A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium lophurae hemozoin (malaria pigment) is a heme‐containing protein which is distinctly different from hemoglobin and hematin by immunologic, spectrophotometric, fingerprint, heme‐iron, gel filtration, and starch gel electrophoretic analyses. The calculated average molecular weight of P. lophurae hemozoin is ca. 40,000. Hemozoin contains at least 3 antigenic components and shows some indication of cross‐reaction with hemoglobin.
Annotated Index to Genera, Subgenera and Suprageneric Taxa of the Ciliate Order Tintinnida
Authors: LOEBLICH ALFRED R. , TAPPAN HELEN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Supraspecific taxa of the ciliate Order Tintinnida Corliss, 1955 are indexed by 304 entries; genetic type species are cited with reference to the original citation. The accompanying bibliography of 133 entries includes those publications cited in the index. Authors for several type citations are corrected, as is authorship of some genera, and a new type designation is made for Parundella to replace the previous erroneous designation. Genera present in the fossil record are so indicated.
The Relationship of the Nutritive State of the Prey Organism Paramecium aurelia to the Growth and Encystment of Didinium nasutum
Authors: BUTZEL HENRY M. , BOLTEN ALAN B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Only well fed Paramecium aurelia, grown either monoflorally or on a mixture of 2 species of bacteria, are adequate to maintain optimal fission rates and encystment rates for Didinium nasutum. Progressive starvation of paramecia prior to their being fed to didinia leads to decreased fission rates, the appearance of abnormal cells and a loss of ability to encyst by the didinia. This depression can be fully overcome by allowing the didinia to feed again upon well nourished paramecia. A minimum of 45 well‐fed paramecia is required daily for each Didinium if maximal fission rates are to be maintained. Encystment and fission appear to be mutually exclusive processes, but encystment rates are related to fission rates and seem to be exclusive of the density of the didinial culture.
Some Observations on Cysts and Excystment of an Israel Strain of Podophrya fixa (O. F. Müller, 1786)
Authors: REIBENBACH ZIPORA , REICH KAROL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A strain of Podophrya fixa (O. F. Müller, 1786) isolated in 1964 from a stagnant pool in the vicinity of Haifa, Israel, was cultivated in mass cultures and in single clones. It produced smooth‐walled cysts, and also the previously described ring‐walled cysts. The process of excystment, not previously reported, is described here in detail.
Oenothorachona ectenolaemus n.g., n.sp. and Spirochona halophila n.sp., Two New Marine Chonotrichous Ciliates
Authors: MATSUDO HITOSHI , MOHR JOHN LUTHER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two new species of chonotrichous ciliates, Oenophorachona ectenolaemus n.g., n.sp. and Spirochona halophila n.sp. were found on Anisogammarus sp. collected from the waters of Humboldt County, California and Argyle Bay, San Juan Island, Washington. This is the 1st reported occurrence of 2 genera of chonotrichous ciliates on a single host species as well as the 1st of the occurrence of Spirochona in marine and brackish water environments.
Mating Type Determination in Stock 51, Syngen 4 of Paramecium aurelia Grown in Axenic Culture*
Authors: BUTZEL HENRY M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The use of axenic medium permits the study of mating type determination in stock 51 (sensitive) of syngen 4 of Paramecium aurelia. A high frequency of cytoplasmically bridged pairs was correlated with a high frequency of change of mating type following conjugation in axenic medium. The direction of change was predominantly from mating type VII to mating type VIII, suggesting a dominance of type VIII cytoplasm in the clones arising from a mixed cytoplasmic ancestry. No significant effect of either lower temperature or of NaX3 upon the pattern of mating type determination was found. The high frequency of cytoplasmic bridges between conjugants led to the formation of many double or higher multiplex clones.
Sporogony of Isospora rivolta Oocysts from the Dog*
Authors: MAHRT JEROME L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporogony of oocysts of Isospora rivolta from the dog was studied by observation of individual oocysts in hanging drop preparations. Oocysts were passed with the feces in the unsporulated sporont stage. Division of the sporont gave rise to 2 spherical sporoblasts. Each sporoblast elongated and developed into a transient double pyramid stage. This stage changed into the sporocyst, which then differentiated into the sporulated oocyst.

Sporulation time was determined for 4 temperatures. At 20 C, 100% of the sporulating oocysts (Sz 100) had formed sporozoites by 48 hr. At 25 C, Sz 100 was 24 hr, at 30 C it was 16 hr, and at 38 C 8 hr. The percentages of sporulation at 20, 25, 30, and 38 C were 94, 97, 96, and 93, respectively. Oocysts incubated at 50 C for 4 hr did not develop or survive, since they failed to sporulate when reincubated at 30 C.
The Predatory Behavior of Dileptus anser*
Authors: MILLER STEPHEN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A motion picture study of the feeding behavior of Dileptus anser upon Colpidium campylum revealed that feeding begins shortly before dawn (about 4:30 a.m. Pacific DST in July and August) and continues until bright daylight, terminating sharply between 8:30 and 9:00 a.m. Little or no feeding occurs at any other time during a 24 hr cycle. A “biological clock” phenomenon is suggested, but was not further investigated. Attack by Dileptus often results in “escape” behavior by Colpidium. When struck (usually antero‐dorsally), the latter rotates, usually adhering to the microscope slide at the end which was struck, constricting the undamaged part of the body, pulling free, swimming off and regenerating if not again struck by Dileptus. After successive attacks and feeding, the proboscis of Dileptus becomes adhesive and sticks to the microscope slide near its tip. Dileptus jerks the proboscis free, sacrificing the attached portion. Several successive such truncations may occur as Dileptus feeds, so that at the end of a feeding period only a stub of the proboscis may remain. The entire proboscis is regenerated before the next feeding period begins. Ingestion of Colpidium by Dileptus appears to involve 2‐way streaming of cytoplasm which results in a retreat of cytoplasm from the region of the cytostome toward the rear, forming an ingestion cavity. The cytostome simultaneously opens widely to accommodate passage of prey, even before the prey reaches the cytostome, and is often opened wider than the diameter of the prey. Ingestion is assumed to involve protoplasmic movements other than those only of the fibrillar organelles in the region of the cytostome.
Eimeria ovata n. sp. and Other Coccidia of the Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus in Massachusetts
Authors: DUNCAN STEWART
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria vilasi, E. wisconsinensis, and E. ovata n. sp. were found in the intestinal contents of eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus in Massachusetts. The oocysts of E. ovata are ovoid with mean dimensions of 26.1 × 16.7 μ. The outer oocyst wall is rough, with small pits. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Sporulation time at room temperature is 7–8 days.
The Host Restriction of Haemoproteus columbae
Authors: BAKER J. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites of Haemoproteus columbae failed to produce an erythrocytic infection in 4 Columba palumbus, tho 2 C. livia (the natural host of H. columbae), inoculated with part of the same material, developed parasitemia. H. columbae formed oocysts in all of 6 Ornithomyia avicularia (the natural vector of the haemoproteid of C. palumbus), but most of the oocysts appeared degenerate and no sporozoites were seen in the 4 O. avicularia which survived for 10–19 days.
Experimental Infection of Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus with Trypanosomatidae of the Genera Crithidia and Blastocrithidia*
Authors: HANSON WILLIAM L. , McGHEE R. BARCLAY , DeBOE JAMES H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Dissections of Triatoma infestans and Rhodnius prolixus at various intervals after experimental infection with insect Trypanosomatidae of the genera Blastocrithidia and Crithidia (B. euschisti, C. luciliae, C. acanthocephali and C. mellificae) disclosed the protozoa to be surviving and in most instances undergoing reproduction in the experimental bugs for as long as 2 months following infection. Epimastigotes and amastigotes were seen in bugs infected with B. euschisti and choanomastigotes and amastigotes were observed in insects experimentally infected with the Crithidia. Since C. acanthocephali and C. luciliae were from clones, this is the 1st finding of these 2 structural types in this genus using cultures originating from a single choanomastigote.

In view of the loose host specificity of the insect Trypanosomatidae as further emphasized by this work, it would appear that the necessity is increased for field workers in trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis areas of the world to become well acquainted with the infective potentialities of the insect trypanosomatids of their areas for the vectors of Trypanosoma and Leishmania along with the possible association in nature of these vectors with insects which might harbor insect‐limited Trypanosomatidae.
Immunologic Analysis by Gel Diffusion Technics of the Effects of Prolonged Cultivation on Trichomonas gallinae*
Authors: GOLDMAN MORRIS , HONIGBERG B. M. , HOLT PORTIA A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Antisera were developed in rabbits against 3 axenic lines of Trichomonas gallinae: JB(VI), the 6th isolate of the very virulent Jones' Barn strain, which was kept frozen in liquid nitrogen and had its full pathogenicity for pigeons when it was employed for immunization; JB(VI)C, a substrain derived from JB(VI), but attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for 1 year; and JB(V)C, a substrain of the 5th isolate of the Jones' Barn strain attenuated during continuous in vitro cultivation for over 3 years. All antisera were reacted on gel diffusion slides with varying concentrations of homologous and heterologous antigens. Two groups of precipitin bands, arbitrarily labeled A and B, were seen on the slides. Analysis of these bands revealed the common genetic makeup of the 3 trichomonad lines with respect to the group A bands. However, the group B antigenic system was strong in the attenuated JB(VI)C and JB(V)C substrains, and very weak in the fully pathogenic JB(VI) strain. These differences are discussed in the light of their possible relationship to pathogenicity.
Pathogenic Naegleria sp.—Study of a Strain Isolated from Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: CULBERTSON C. G. , ENSMINGER P. W. , OVERTON W. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Experimental observation of the pathogenicity of some strains of Hartmannella plus the observation of human meningo‐encephalitis due to small amebas which had a structure compatible with that of Hartmannella in the tissues has suggested the concept of respiratory amebiasis followed by cerebral and other complications.

Until recently no cultural evidence was available to identify positively the amebas in the human cases. This report summarizes the isolation of Naegleria sp. (HB‐1) from human spinal fluid by mouse inoculation followed by tissue culture of the infected mouse brain. C. Butt and his associates, who submitted this material to us, isolated the Naegleria on agar medium with Escherichia coli without antibiotics at 37 C.

The new isolate failed to grow on the medium previously suggested by us for Hartmannella. HB‐1 is virulent for laboratory animals and has a structure in the tissues which more resembles the amebas in the human tissue than the amebas in experimental Hartmannella infections of mice.

Naegleria and Hartmannella are both potential pathogens for normal animals and man. A clinical laboratory method to detect Naegleria as well as Hartmannella is herein suggested.
Protein Synthesis in Cell‐Free Preparations of Crithidia fasciculata*
Authors: KAHAN DAVID , ZAHALSKY A. C. , HUTNER S. H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cell‐free preparations from Crithidia jasciculata carried out protein synthesis as measured by 14C‐leucine uptake (optimum ∼ 10 mM Mg++) and poly U‐directed 14C‐phenylalanine uptake (optimum ∼ 16 mM Mg++). Characteristics of the system and sucrose density‐gradient patterns of ribosomes were investigated. The charging and transfer reactions—the 2 main steps in protein synthesis—were inhibited by stilbamidine, hydroxystilbamidine, pentamidine, quinapyramine (Antrycide), and suramin.
A Description of Cohnilembus verminus from Eniwetok Atoll*
Authors: THOMPSON JESSE C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cohnilembus verminus, a marine hymenostome ciliate, is described from a culture taken at Eniwetok. Anatomic studies were made on specimens treated primarily with the Chatton‐Lwoff silver impregnation technic.
Production of a Male‐Inducing Hormone by a Parthenosporic Volox aureus*
Authors: DARDEN WILLIAM H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Male production in the M5 strain of Volvox aureus is controlled by a diffusible hormone. A new strain of V. aureus, DS, is described whose control mechanism for male production is deficient. DS forms males very rarely despite production of a fully functional male‐inducing hormone, M5 colonies serving as testers. The DS and M5 hormones were both non‐dialyzable, and both were > 50% inactivated when kept at 60 C for 30 min.
Structure of Pentatrichomonas hominis (Davaine) as Revealed by Electron Microscopy*
Authors: HONIGBERG B. M. , MATTERN CARL F. T. , DANIEL WENDELL A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Fine structure of Pentatrichomonas hominis is described in the light of previous light microscopic findings. The relationships among kinetosomes #1‐#4 and R are like those previously reported orhomonas gallinae, and the same is true of the rootlet filaments associated with the several kinetosomes. The kinetosome (I) of the independent flagellum is situated just behind the reflection of the sigmoid filaments of kinetosome #2 onto the pelta and parallels these filaments for a considerable distance. The peltaraxostylar junction consists of 3 layers: the capitulum of the axostyle (outer, the pelta (intermediate, and the sigmoid rootlets of kineto some #2 (inner). The pelta overlaps the axostylar capitulum to a variable extent. The parabasal body consists of elongate and flattened cisternae of smooth endoplasmic reticulum surrounded by numerous small vesicles. There are 2 typically cross‐striated parabasal filaments, filament 2 probably contributing most, if not all, the material to the slender, periodic organelle that underlies the parabasal body and usually does not extend far beyond the posterior end of the nucleus. The periodic costa is paralleled by paracostal granules, but there are few, if any, paraxostylar granules. The ultrastructure of the costa appears to be a network of flattened hexagons, with a single fibril projecting thru each of the hexagonal areas. The major cross‐striations are made up largely of densely‐stained filaments which are occasionally cut in cross section. The undulating membrane consists of a cytoplasmic fold extending from the dorsal surface of the organism and of the attached part of the recurrent flagellum, which is closely applied to the fold. The segment of the membrane dorsal to the flagellum, presumably the “accessory filament,” contains the marginal lamella, a membrane folded upon itself and with periodicity virtually indistinguishable from that of the rootlet filament of kinetosome #1.
Anemia and Mechanism of Erythrocyte Destruction in Ducks with Acute Leucocytozoon Infections*
Authors: KOCAN RICHARD M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In the anemia which accompanies infection by Leucocytozoon simondi in Pekin ducks there was a far greater loss of erythrocytes than could be accounted for as a result of direct physical rupture by the parasite. Erythrocyte loss began at the same time the 1st parasites appeared in the blood and was severest just prior to maximum parasitemia. Blood replacement and parasite loss occurred simultaneously. Examination of the spleen and bone marrow revealed that erythrophagocytosis was not the cause of anemia as reported for infections of Plasmodium, Babesia and Anaplasma. An anti‐erythrocyte (A‐E) factor was found in the serum of acutely infected ducks which agglutinated and hemolyzed normal untreated duck erythrocytes as well as infected cells. This A‐E factor appeared when the 1st red cell loss was detected and reached its maximum titer just prior to the greatest red cell loss. Titers of the A‐E factor were determined using normal uninfected erythrocytes at temperatures between 4 and 42 C. Cells agglutinated below 25 C and hemolyzed at 37 and 42 C. These results indicated that the A‐E factor could be responsible for loss of cells other than those which were infected and could thus produce an excess loss of red cells.

Attempts to implicate the A‐E factor as an autoantibody were all negative. The A‐E factor was present in the gamma fraction of acute serum but no anamnestic response could be detected when recovered ducks were reinfected. Anemia was never as severe in reinfections as in primary infections. The A‐E factor also never reached as high a titer and was removed from the circulation very rapidly in reinfected ducks.

It is concluded that red cell loss in ducks with acute Leucocytozoon disease results from intravascular hemolysis rather than erythrophagocytosis. The A‐E factor responsible for hemolysis is more likely a parasite product rather than autoantibody.
Cultivation of Trypanosoma theileri at 37 C in Partially Defined Media*
Authors: SOLLOD ALBERT E. , SOULSBY E. J. L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma theileri has become the 1st mammalian trypanosome to be serially cultivated in a blood‐ and cell‐free medium at 37 C. This was accomplished by progressive simplification of an initial culture medium containing whole bovine blood. Fifty‐one subcultures in 4‐ to 5‐ml quantities of monophasic liquid media were made over a period of 1 year. The final medium contained hemin and a defined modification of McCoy 5a tissueculture medium, supplemented with a peptone solution. Hemin was essential and T. theileri grew best with ∼1 mg/100 ml. Counts reached 8 × 106 organisms/ml in 3–4 days. Seventy‐ml volumes of medium supported growth of T. theileri to 3‐4 × 106 organisms/ml. Early in the study trypomastigotes were the predominant nondividing form, but they were absent when the medium was being rapidly modified. Trypomastigotes reappeared when the medium was stabilized at the end of the study. Elimination of serum antigens from the medium should greatly facilitate antigenic analysis of T. theileri.
Isolation, Characterization and Synthesis of DNA from a Malaria Parasite*
Authors: WALSH CHARLES J. , SHERMAN IRWIN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Methods for the isolation and purification of DNA from the intraerythrocytic stages of the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae are described. The DNA of P. lophurae was found to have a 19 mole‐percent guanine plus cytosine (G+C) composition as determined by melting temperature and density measurements in CsCl gradients, whereas that of the host cell nucleus was 35 molepercent G+C. Synthesis of DNA by P. lophurae was studied by following the incorporation of P32 during the in vitro growth of plasmodia in infected cell suspension cultures. DNA synthesis was linear during the multiple nuclear divisions of a single growth cycle in highly synchronous cultures. Separation of P32 labeled parasite DNA from the DNA of the duck erythrocyte on CsCl gradients showed that only parasite DNA was synthesized.
Ultrastructures Corticales du Cilié Holotriche Drepanomonas dentata Fresenius, 1858
Authors: PRELLE ANNIE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A study of the fine structure of the cortex of the ciliate Drepanomonas dentata revealed that it has a double cuticular membrane with a “lamina corticalis” and fibrous trichocysts with a quadripartite apical point. These characters warrant its assignment to the family Microthoraddae.
Oxygen Consumption of Coccidial Sporozoites During in Vitro Excystation
Authors: VETTERLING JOHN M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oxygen consumption of sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina, E. necatrix, and E. meleagrimitis was determined during in vitro excystation. Increase in O2 consumption occurred only when the permeability of the oocyst membrane was altered by either grinding or incubation in cystine buffer with CO2 when excystation fluid was present. Addition of 10−3 M KCN completely inhibited respiration. The O2 consumption reached a peak during the time the sporozoites were excysting, and then decreased to a lower level where it remained steady while the sporozoites were awaiting stimulus to penetrate host cells.
DNA Synthesis Cycle in Blepharisma*
Authors: MINUTOLI FLORINDA , HIRSHFIELD HENRY I.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Observations made with tritiated thymidine uptake indicate that Blepharisma cannot utilize this precursor directly from the organic medium. An intermediary, such as a food organism (bacteria or Tetrahymena, is needed. These food organisms are not only capable of incorporating thymidine from the medium, but must also break it down or prepare it in a form that is utilizable for Blepharisma.

DNA synthesis phase in Blepharisma occurs 17 hours after division. Maximum incorporation is obtained 18 and 19 hours postdivision and lasts thru 24 hours. This is followed by a 1–2 hour postsynthesis phase and division.
Subcellular Distribution of Enzymes in Ochromonas malhamensis*
Authors: LUI NAN S. T. , ROELS OSWALD A. , TROUT MARIAN E. , ANDERSON O. R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The activity and distribution of 7 enzymes in Ochromonas malhamensis were studied. Subcellular organelles were separated by centrifugation at 648,000 g min to precipitate the larger particles; the resulting supernatant was centrifuged at 5,560,000 g min to separate the microsomal fraction from the supernatant. Sixty‐four percent of the cytochrome oxidase (1.9.3.1 ferrocytochrome c:oxygen oxidoreductase, 81% of the catalase (1.11.1.6 hydrogen‐peroxide: hydrogen‐peroxide oxidoreductase) and 70% of the urate oxidase (1.7.3.3 urate:oxygen oxidoreductase) activity was associated with the larger particles, altho only 20% of the total protein was found in this fraction. Three acid hydrolases, cathepsin (3.4.4.9 cathepsin C, acid phosphatase (3.1.3.2 orthophosphoric monoesterphosphohydrolase) and acid ribonuclease (2.7.7.17 ribonucleate nucleotido‐2′‐transferase) were found mostly in the supernate (50‐60%, yet their latency and their similar subcellular distribution indicated the presence of lysosomes. After 2.5 hr centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient (ρ= 1.08–1.25, the acid hydrolases showed a broad distribution which differed greatly from cytochrome oxidase associated with mitochondria. Catalase, which could not be separated from cytochrome oxidase by centrifuging on this gradient, had a different distribution after centrifugation on a kinetic gradient. Urate oxidase had a similar distribution to catalase and both these enzymes were latent, indicating the presence of peroxisomes.
Structure of Labyrinthula sp. Zoospores*
Authors: AMON JAMES P. , PERKINS FRANK O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A species of Labyrinthula closely resembling L. algeriensis was isolated from marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora. Zoosporulation was obtained in ∼50% of the cultures, which were grown on a modified Vishniac medium, when yeasts were used as food organisms; when the temperature was ∼22 C; when thiamine (0.2 mg/l, biotin (1 μg/l, Ba (1 μg/l, and cholesterol (5 mg/l) were present; and when the cells were grown on a semisolid medium (0.6% agar) rather than higher concentrations of agar. The motile cells were similar to biflagellated fungal zoospores in that they were pyriform and laterally biflagellated. The anterior flagellum (13‐15 μ long) possessed what appeared to be 2 rows of mastigonemes and was uniform in diameter while the posterior flagellum (6‐10 μ) lacked mastigonemes and was tapered distally into a whiplash. The planonts are apparently not isogametes since planogametic copulation could not be induced and since synaptinemal complexes were not observed in sectioned presporangia.
O2‐Polarographic Studies on Soluble and Mitochondrial Enzymes of Crithidia fasciculata; Glycerophosphate Enzymes*
Authors: BACCHI CYRUS J. , HUTNER S. H. , CIACCIO E. I. , MARCUS S. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Mitochondrial and supernatant fractions were isolated from Crithidia fasciculata by grinding with neutral alumina and differential centrifugation. Supernatant fractions contained at least 2 NAD‐linked enzymes: an α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and a malate dehydrogenase. The properties of these enzymes were investigated polarographically with phenazine ethosulfate acting as electron acceptor. Agaricic acid, cinnamic acid and p‐NO2‐cinnamic acid were specific inhibitors of the α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase.

Succinate, malate, DL‐α‐glycerophosphate and NADH stimulated respiration of mitochondrial preparations; O2 uptake was greatest with succinate. KCN and antimycin A inhibited succinate respiration more than α‐glycerophosphate respiration. Amytal did not affect succinate, α‐glycerophosphate or NADH oxidation. The trypanocide suramin inhibited mitochondrial respiration at least 77% with each substrate. The relevance of these results to other members of the Trypanosomatidae is discussed.
Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida) Disease Syndrome in the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica
Authors: FARLEY C. AUSTIN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Minchinia nelsoni disease was studied in 3 populations of oysters from Marumsco Bar, Pocomoke Sound, Maryland. The native population was sampled regularly beginning in 1961 shortly after the disease invaded this area. Two populations of healthy year‐old oysters were introduced (one in 1965 and one in 1966) into Pocomoke Sound and studied concurrently with the native population to determine the course of development of the disease and epizootic differences in populations.

Gross and microscopic examination of oysters showed progressive stages of infection. Initial infection occurred in epithelia of the filtering organs (gill, palp, water tubes) and spread into connective tissue where hyaline hemocytes infiltrated. Intermediate infection was characterized by local infection and infiltration of connective tissue in and adjacent to epithelia of gill, palp, esophagus, stomach, gut, diverticula, and gonadal alveoli. Advanced infection was recognized by the general invasion and infiltration of connective tissue and the circulatory system by hyaline hemocytes. Terminal infections showed histologically massive pyknosis of nuclei and necrosis of tissues before outward signs of death were apparent. Remission of the disease was recognized by diminution of infection intensity and infiltration; localization of parasites near external epithelia; increased pigment cell formation; and diapedesis and deposition of necrotic parasites and tissue against the shell, followed by external conchiolinous encapsulation.

Death from M. nelsoni disease may be attributed in part to seasonal environmental or physiologic stresses, which infected oysters, weakened and in poor condition due to the pathologic manifestations of the disease, are unable to tolerate. The gross pathologic signs of disease were: pale digestive gland, poor condition, mantle recession, weakness, and conchiolinous shell depositions. The microscopic signs were: diapedesis, relative decrease in numbers of phagocytes; relative increase in numbers of hyaline hemocytes; phagocytosis, fibrosis, cellular infiltration, abscess, ulceration, excessive pigment cell formation, mechanical disruption, pyknosis, and necrosis.
Hematozoa from Mammals of South Vietnam*
Authors: VAN PEENEN P. F. D. , HOOGSTRAAL HARRY , DUNCAN J. F. , RYAN P. F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Blood smears from 519 mammals of South Vietnam were examined for hematozoa. Trypanosomes were found in Rattus norvegicus, R. exulans, R. nitidus, and Rattus sp. Hepatocystis vassali occurred in squirrels Callosciurus flavimanus; erythrocytic stages and liver merocysts were seen. Fruit bats Cynopterus brachyotis and one insectivorous bat Hipposideros larvatus, harbored closely related but as yet unidentified hemosporidia. Piroplasms were found only in carnivores: ferret‐badgers Melogale personata, palm civets Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, and mongooses Herpestes javanicus.
A New Coccidium Sivatoshella lonchurae n. gen., n. sp., from Lonchura malabarica and L. punctulata
Authors: RAY H. N. , SARKAR A. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new coccidium Sivatoshella lonchurae n. gen., n. sp. (Coccidia, Eimerüdae) is described from the gut of the passeriform birds Lonchura malabarica (Linn.) and L. punctulata (Linn.). Endogenous stages of the parasite conform to those of the family Eimerüdae. Oocysts are spherical, 36–38 μ (avg. 37.5 μ) in diameter. Wall 3.6 ä thick, 4‐layered; outermost layer thin transparent and colorless; next, slightly broader and light green; 3rd, thinner and light yellow; innermost dark black. Oocyst residuum absent. Micropyle absent. Sporocysts 28–29 μ long and 18 μ wide. They are 2 broad pear‐shaped bodies with Steida body and a prominent substeidal body at the narrow pole. Sporocyst residuum present as minute refractile globules embedded in a dark matrix. Sporozoites broad, comma‐shaped, with one large vacuole at the broad pole and nucleus at the center of the body. Sixteen sporozoites in each sporocyst, arranged at the periphery of the residual mass. Sporulation time: 24–48 hours at 31 C. Habitat: duodenum and small intestine of Lonchura malabarica (Linn.) and L. punctulata (Linn.). Locality: Calcutta, W. Bengal, India.
Protein Synthesis by Free and Bound Paramecium Ribosomes in Vivo and in Vitro
Authors: SOMMERVILLE JOHN , SINDEN ROBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic extracts of Paramecium aurelia were fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. The gradient fractions were characterized by chemical analysis and electron microscopy. Membrane‐bound ribosomes were separated from free polyribosomes and the ability of each of these forms to incorporate C14‐leucine into protein was tested. Incorporation was measured in both in vivo and in vitro systems, and similar results were obtained in both types of experiment except that there was little release of soluble labelled protein in the in vitro system. Paramecium appears to synthesize most of its protein on free polyribosomes but membrane‐bound ribosomes constitute an important protein synthetic fraction, perhaps accounting for as much as 30% of the total synthesis. When isolated in the in vitro system, increasing concentration of the ribosome fraction gave increased incorporation, but increasing concentration of the membrane fraction gave decreased incorporation after a critical value. This inhibitory effect can be removed by adding excess cytoplasmic‐supernatant to the system. The nature of the association of ribosomes with membranes is discussed.
Observations on the Spores of Pleistophora gigantea (Thélohan, 1895) Swellengrebel, 1911, a Microsporidan Parasite of the Fish Crenilabrus melops*
Authors: SPRAGUE VICTOR , VERNICK SANFORD H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. After 1914 protozoologists have generally agreed that Pleistophora gigantea (Thélohan, 1895) Swellengrebel, 1911, Ichthyosporidium giganteum (Thélohan, 1895) Swarczewsky, 1914, and I. phymogenes Caullery and Mesnil, 1905, are identical. Because no polar filament was found in the spores, however, some authors have followed Swarczewsky in considering this species to be a haplosporidan, while others have persisted in thinking it a microsporidan. Using preserved material that Swellengrebel saved from a tumor on which he based his studies, we have found a polar filament in the spores both with the PAS reaction and with the electron microscpe. This new information removes the only basis for the doubt which some authors have entertained, that Thélohan and Sweliengrebel correctly considered the parasite to belong to the Microsporida. Since Pleistophora gigantea is believed to be identical with I. phymogenes, recently selected by Sprague as type species of genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil, 1905, then Ichthyosporidium, originally assigned to the Haplosporida, must be regarded as a microsporidan genus. Whether it is distinct from all other microsporidan genera is a matter needing further consideration.
An Abnormality in the Life Cycle of Tokophrya infusionum
Authors: MILLECCHIA LYNDELL , RUDZINSKA MARIA A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tokophrya infusionum reproduces by endogenous budding, forming a ciliated embryo within a brood pouch. The embryo is released to the outside medium, where it swims for some time, then undergoes metamorphosis by the formation of a disk, stalk, and tentacles. In one of the clones (E22), 1–2% of the adults display abnormalities during reproduction. In some of the abnormal adults, the embryo is retained inside a greatly enlarged brood pouch and undergoes metamorphosis within the parent; in others, the embryo is not formed, and only a large empty brood pouch appears. Attempts to establish a separate clone composed only of abnormal organisms were unsuccessful, and led to the conclusion that all members of clone E22 are potentially abnormal. Experiments were performed to increase the percentage of abnormal organisms; it was found that overfeeding is one of the factors favoring abnormal reproduction. Physiological and genetic explanations of the abnormality are proposed and discussed.
Synthetic Requirements of Chloroplast Development in Chlamydomonas reinhardi*†
Authors: HUDOCK G. A. , KIVIC P. A. , BART CAROL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The synthesis of chlorophyll by chlorotic cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi is stimulated by a utilizable carbon source. This synthesis is almost completely inhibited by cycloheximide in concentrations as low as 0.50 μg/ml. The period of chloroplast development during which stimulation by carbon source and inhibition by cylcoheximide are most effective corresponds to a period of rapid formation of chloroplast lamellae.
Excystation of the Sporozoites of Eimeria tenella in Apparently Unbroken Oocysts in the Chicken
Authors: LOTZE JOHN C. , LEEK ROBERT G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Chickens experimentally fed sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella were necropsied 5–300 minutes later to study excystation, especially in apparently unbroken oocysts. In birds killed 75–125 minutes after inoculation, there was evidence of excystation in some oocysts recovered from the small and large intestines. Altho not visibly broken, the shells of about 10% of the ones studied were wrinkled or otherwise deformed; many contained active sporozoites, some inside and some outside the sporocysts. During examinations, numerous sporozoites emerged from the sporocysts. Altho evidence was not obtained that excystation from unbroken oocysts was occurring inside the birds, the fact that it occurred in some oocysts during examinations may indicate that it could be taking place. Evidence of excystation was not seen in oocysts with shells that were not visibly altered.
DNA‐Dependent RNA Synthesis in Isolated Macronuclei of Blepharisma intermedium (Ciliata)
Authors: SESHACHAR B. R. , SAXENA D. M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Autoradiographic studies on DNA‐dependent RNA synthesis in isolated macronuclei of Blepharisma intermedium in vitro are described. Isolated macronuclei incubated in a medium containing RNA precursors incorporated cystidine and uridine into RNA. Uptake of cystidine was greater than that of uridine. Addition of ATP did not appreciably affect the uptake of precursors into RNA. Actinomycin D (5 μg/ml) blocked incorporation of cystidine and uridine. It is concluded that in isolated macronuclei of Blepharisma, RNA precursors are 1st converted into triphosphates and then incorporated into RNA thru DNA‐dependent RNA polymerase.
Effect of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Related Compounds on the Respiratory Rate of Urostyla cristata and Colpoda cucullus*
Authors: GONIAKOWSKA L. , PIGON A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The respiratory rates of vegetative forms of Urostyla cristata and vegetative and encysted Colpoda cucullus were measured in balanced salt solution and after addition of Na salts of various organic acids, including Krebs‐ and glyoxylic‐cycle intermediates. The results point to some peculiarities in Urostyla metabolism; it was poisoned by succinate—an effect partly abolished by malonate; respiration was stimulated by malonate.

Respiration of vegetative Colpoda was accelerated by Krebs‐ and glyoxylic‐acid cycle intermediates. Most of these intermediates inhibited respiration of Urostyla. In experiments of short duration respiration of encysted Colpoda was not stimulated by these intermediates.
New Observations on the Anatomy of Pleurotricha lanceolata*
Authors: JEFFRIES WILLIAM B. , MELLOTT JOHN L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Studies that accounted for all the cilia and cirri in sample specimens from several populations of Pleurotricha Lanceolata show the extent to which ciliary and cirral patterns can vary within a species. It is suggested that these variations may account for some of the conflicting descriptions of this species in the literature.
A Multi‐Unit Sampling System and Its Use in the Characterization of Ultradian and Infradian Growth in Tetrahymena*
Authors: SZYSZKO ANN H. , PRAZAK BESSEMARIE L. , EHRET CHARLES F. , EISLER WILLIAM J. , WILLE JOHN J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A multi‐unit automatic sampling device for investigation of microbial growth under a wide variety of conditions is described. The kinetics of asynchronous population growth for batch cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis (W) at several temperatures show that there are 2 distinct growth phases: an exponential ultradian growth phase that is strongly temperature dependent and a non‐stationary growth phase, the infradian phase, that shows little or no temperature dependence over the range from 15–27 C.
Survival and Development of Eimeria meleagrimitis Tyzzer, 1929 in Bovine Kidney and Turkey Intestine Cell Cultures
Authors: DORAN DAVID J. , VETTERLING JOHN M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monolayer cell cultures of embryonic turkey intestine (primary) and bovine kidney (cell line, 20th passage), maintained at 40.6 and 43 C for alternating intervals of approximately 12 hours in Basal Medium Eagle and fetal calf serum at pH 7.0–7.4, were observed for 144 hours after inoculation of Eimeria meleagrimitis sporozoites.

In turkey intestine cultures, which consisted of fibroblast‐like cells and patches of epitheliul‐like cells, there were decreases of 80 and 81% in the numbers of parasites between 5 and 48 hrs; in bovine cultures, 21–41% decreases. Decreases in the turkey cultures, however, were due to the nonsurvival of sporozoites in fibroblast‐like cells; in epitheliul‐like cells there was a 42% dcrease between 5 and 48 hrs and only 27% between 48 and 144 hours.

Trophozoites were present in bovine cells at 5 hrs. Small, mature schizonts containing only 12‐28 merozoites were present in the bovine cultures and in the epitheliul‐like cells within turkey intestine cultures from 48‐144 hrs. Larger schizonts (50‐115 by 20‐70 μ) were present in bovine but not in turkey cultures from 72–144 hrs. Many of these schizonts contained far more merozoites than schizonts of any of the 3 generations described from the host.

In bovine cultures, there was an abundance of liberated merozoites at 50, 52, 74, and 76 hrs; many had reinvaded cells, sometimes as many as 50–60 per cell. In turkey cultures, liberated merozoites were found once at 144 hrs and none were intracellular. At 120 and 144 hrs in bovine cultures, abnormally developed and degenerate forms appeared; in turkey cultures, all were normal.
Eimeria montanaensis n. sp. and E. ernesti n. sp. (Protozoa, Eimeriidae) from the Rocky Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus*
Authors: TODD KENNETH S. , O'GARA BART W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Eimeria oreamni, E. montanaensis n. sp. and E. ernsti n. sp. were present in a fecal sample collected from a male Rocky Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus in Ravalli County, Montana. Oocysts of E. oreamni were nearly identical to those originally described from this host. Oocysts of E. montanaensis were 15‐23 by 13‐19 μ (mean 18.9 by 15.2 μ), with sporocysts 8‐12 by 4–7 μ(mean 9.9 by 5.2 μ). Oocysts of E. ernsti were 28‐37 by 19‐26 μ (mean 32.9 by 23.0 μ), with sporocysts 14‐20 by 6‐9 μ (mean 16.7 by 7.3 μ). A distinct micropyle and micropylar cap were present in E. ernsti.