bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy and geochemistry of Asian dust: dependence on migration path, fractionation, and reactions with polluted air
Authors: Jeong Gi Young
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Mineralogical and geochemical data are essential for estimating
the effects of long-range transport of Asian dust on the atmosphere,
biosphere, cryosphere, and pedosphere. However, consistent long-term data
sets of dust samples are rare. This study analyzed 25 samples collected
during 14 Asian dust events occurring between 2005 and 2018 on the Korean
Peninsula and compared them to 34 soil samples (<20 µm)
obtained from the Mongolian Gobi Desert, which is a major source of Asian
dust. The mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Asian dust were
consistent with those of fine source soils in general. In dust, clay
minerals were most abundant, followed by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar,
calcite, and gypsum. The trace element contents were influenced by the mixing of
dust with polluted air and the fractionation of rare earth elements. Time-series
analyses of the geochemical data of dust, combined with satellite remote
sensing images, showed a significant increase in the Ca content in the dust
crossing the Chinese Loess Plateau and the sandy deserts of northern China.
Calcareous sediments in the sandy deserts and pedogenic calcite-rich loess
are probable sources of additional Ca. Dust-laden air migrating toward Korea
mixes with polluted air over East Asia. Gypsum, a minor mineral in source
soils, was formed by the reaction between calcite and pollutants. This study
describes not only the representative properties of Asian dust but also
their variation according to the migration path, fractionation, and
atmospheric reactions.
H migration in peroxy radicals under atmospheric conditions
Authors: Vereecken Luc , Nozière Barbara
Published: June 2020

Abstract. A large data set of rate coefficients for H migration in
peroxy radicals is presented and supplemented with literature data to
derive a structure–activity relationship (SAR) for the title reaction
class. The SAR supports aliphatic RO2 radicals; unsaturated
bonds and β-oxo substitutions both endocyclic and exocyclic to the
transition state ring; and α-oxo (aldehyde), –OH, –OOH, and
–ONO2 substitutions, including migration of O-based hydrogen atoms.
Also discussed are –C(=O)OH and –OR substitutions. The SAR allows
predictions of rate coefficients k(T) for a temperature range of 200 to 450 K,
with migrations spans ranging from 1,4 to 1,9-H shifts depending on the
functionalities. The performance of the SAR reflects the uncertainty of the
underlying data, reproducing the scarce experimental data on average to a
factor of 2 and the wide range of theoretical data to a factor of 10 to 100,
depending also on the quality of the data. The SAR evaluation discusses the
performance in multi-functionalized species. For aliphatic RO2, we also
present some experimental product identification that validates the expected
mechanisms. The proposed SAR is a valuable tool for mechanism development and
experimental design and guides future theoretical work, which should allow for
rapid improvements of the SAR in the future. Relative
multi-conformer transition state theory (rel-MC-TST) kinetic theory is introduced as an aid for
systematic kinetic studies.
Long-term brown carbon and smoke tracer observations in Bogotá, Colombia: association with medium-range transport of biomass burning plumes
Authors: Rincón-Riveros Juan Manuel , Rincón-Caro Maria Alejandra , Sullivan Amy P. , Mendez-Espinosa Juan Felipe , Belalcazar Luis Carlos , Quirama Aguilar Miguel , Morales Betancourt Ricardo
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Light-absorbing aerosols emitted during open biomass burning (BB) events such as wildfires and agricultural burns have a strong impact on the Earth's radiation budget through both direct and indirect effects. Additionally, BB aerosols and gas-phase emissions can substantially reduce air quality at local, regional, and global scales, negatively affecting human health. South America is one of largest contributors to BB emissions globally. After Amazonia, the BB emissions from wildfires and agricultural burns in the grassland plains of northern South America (NSA) are the most significant in the region. However, few studies have analyzed the potential impact of NSA BB emissions on regional air quality. Recent evidence suggests that seasonal variations in air quality in several major cities in NSA could be associated with open biomass burning emissions, but it is still uncertain to what extent those sources impact air quality in the region. In this work, we report on 3 years of continuous equivalent black carbon (eBC) and brown carbon (BrC) observations at a hilltop site located upwind of the city of Bogotá, and we demonstrate its association with fires detected by the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in a 3000 km × 2000 km domain. Offline PM2.5 filter samples collected during three field campaigns were analyzed to quantify water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic and elemental carbon (OC∕EC), and biomass burning tracers such as levoglucosan, galactosan, and potassium. MODIS active fire data and HYSPLIT back trajectories were used to identify potential biomass burning plumes transported to the city. We analyzed the relationship between BrC, WSOC, water-soluble potassium, and levoglucosan to identify signals of the regional transport of BB aerosols. Our results confirm that regional biomass burning transport from wildfires occurs annually during the months of January and April. The seasonality of eBC closely followed that of PM2.5 at the city air quality stations; however, the observed seasonality of BrC is distinctly different to that of eBC and strongly associated with regional fire counts. The strong correlation between BrC and regional fire counts was observed at daily, weekly, and monthly timescales. WSOC at the measurement site was observed to increase linearly with levoglucosan during high BB periods and to remain constant at ∼2.5 µgC m−3 during the low BB seasons. Our findings show, for the first time in this region, that aged BB plumes can regularly reach densely populated areas in the Central Andes of northern South America. A source footprint analysis involving BrC observations, back trajectories, and remotely sensed fire activity shows that the eastern savannas in NSA are the main BB source region for the domain analyzed.
Effects of Strongly Enhanced Atmospheric Methane Concentrations in a Fully Coupled Chemistry-Climate Model
Authors: Stecher Laura , Winterstein Franziska , Dameris Martin , Jöckel Patrick , Ponater Michael , Kunze Markus
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In a previous study the quasi-instantaneous chemical impacts (rapid adjustments) of strongly enhanced methane (CH4) mixing ratios have been analyzed. However, to quantify the influence of the respective slow climate feedbacks on the chemical composition it is necessary to include the radiation driven temperature feedback. Therefore, we perform sensitivity simulations with doubled and fivefold present-day (year 2010) CH4 mixing ratios with the chemistry-climate model EMAC and include in a novel set-up a mixed layer ocean model to account for tropospheric warming. We find that the slow climate feedbacks counteract the reduction of the hydroxyl radical in the troposphere, which is caused by the strongly enhanced CH4 mixing ratios. Thereby also the resulting prolongation of the tropospheric CH4 lifetime is weakened compared to the quasi-instantaneous response considered previously. Changes in the stratospheric circulation evolve clearly with the warming of the troposphere. The Brewer-Dobson circulation strengthens, affecting the response of trace gases, such as ozone, water vapour and CH4 in the stratosphere, and also causing stratospheric temperature changes. In the middle and upper stratosphere, the increase of stratospheric water vapour is reduced with respect to the quasi-instantaneous response. Weaker increases of the hydroxyl radical cause the chemical depletion of CH4 to be less strongly enhanced and thus the in situ source of stratospheric water vapour as well. However, in the lower stratosphere water vapour increases more strongly when tropospheric warming is accounted for enlarging its overall radiative impact. The response of the stratospheric adjusted temperatures driven by slow climate feedbacks is dominated by these increases of stratospheric water vapour, as well as strongly decreased ozone mixing ratios above the tropical tropopause, which result from enhanced tropical upwelling. While rapid radiative adjustments from ozone and stratospheric water vapour make an essential contribution to the effective CH4 radiative forcing, the radiative impact of the respective slow feedbacks is rather moderate. In line with this, the climate sensitivity from CH4 changes in this chemistry-climate model setup is not significantly different from the climate sensitivity in carbon dioxide-driven simulations, provided that the CH4 effective radiative forcing includes the rapid adjustments from ozone and stratospheric water vapour changes.
Autonomous Airborne Mid-IR Spectrometer for High Precision Measurements of Ethane during the NASA ACT-America Studies
Authors: Weibring Petter , Richter Dirk , Walega James G. , Fried Alan , DiGangi Joshua , Halliday Hannah , Choi Yonghoon , Baier Bianca , Sweeney Colm , Miller Ben , Davis Kenneth J. , Barkley Zachary , Obland Michael D.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. An airborne trace gas sensor based on mid-infrared technology is presented for fast (1-second) and high precision ethane measurements during the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport-America (ACT-America) study. The ACT-America campaign is a multi-year effort to better understand and quantify sources and sinks for the two major greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane. Simultaneous airborne ethane and methane measurements provide one method by which sources of methane can be identified and quantified. The instrument described herein was operated on NASA's B200 King Air airplane spanning five separate field deployments. As this platform has limited payload capabilities, considerable effort was devoted to minimizing instrument weight and size without sacrificing airborne ethane measurement performance. This paper describes the numerous features designed to achieve these goals. Two of the key instrument features that were realized were autonomous instrument control with no on-board operator and the implementation of direct absorption spectroscopy based on fundamental first principles. We present airborne measurement performance for ethane based upon the precisions of zero air background measurements as well as ambient precision during quiescent stable periods. The airborne performance was improved with each successive deployment phase, and we summarize the major upgraded design features to achieve these improvements. During the 4th deployment phase, in the spring of 2018, the instrument achieved 1-second (1σ) airborne ethane precisions reproducibly in the 30–40 parts-per-trillion by volume (pptv) range in both the boundary layer and the less turbulent free troposphere. This performance is among some of the best reported to date for fast (1 Hz) airborne ethane measurements. In both the laboratory conditions and at times during calm and level airborne operation these precisions were as low as 15–20 pptv.
Multipoint Observations of Compressional Pc5 Pulsations in the Dayside Magnetosphere and Corresponding Particle Signatures
Authors: Korotova Galina , Sibeck David , Engebretson Mark , Balikhin Michael , Thaller Scott , Kletzing Craig , Spence Harlan , Redmon Robert
Published: June 2020

Abstract. We use Van Allen Probes and GOES-13 and -15 multipoint magnetic field, electric field, plasma, and energetic particle observations to study the spatial, temporal, and spectral characteristics of compressional Pc5 pulsations observed during the recovery phase of a strong geomagnetic storm on January 1, 2016. From ~ 19:00 UT to 23:02 UT, successive magnetospheric compressions enhanced the peak-to-peak amplitudes of Pc5 waves with 4.5–6.0 mHz frequencies from 0–2 to 10–15 nT at both Van Allen Probes A and B, particularly in the prenoon magnetosphere. Poloidal Pc4 pulsations with frequencies of ~ 22–29 mHz were present in the radial Bx component. The frequencies of these Pc4 pulsations diminished with increasing radial distance, as expected for resonant Alfvén waves standing along field lines. The GOES spacecraft observed Pc5 pulsations with similar frequencies to those seen by the Van Allen Probes, but Pc4 pulsations with lower frequencies. Both Van Allen Probes A and B observed frequency doubling in the compressional component of the magnetic field during the Pc5 waves, indicating a meridional sloshing of the equatorial node over a combined range in ZSM from 0.25 to −0.08 Re, suggesting that the amplitude of this meridional oscillation was ~ 0.16 Re about an equatorial node whose mean position was near ZSM = ~ 0.08 Re. Van Allen Probes A and B HOPE and MagEIS observations provide the first evidence for a corresponding frequency doubling in the plasma density and the flux of energetic electron, respectively. Energetic electron fluxes oscillated out of phase with the magnetic field strength with no phase shift at any energy. In the absence of any solar wind trigger or phase shift with energy, we interpret the compressional Pc5 pulsations in terms of the mirror mode instability.
Dissolved CH4 coupled to photosynthetic picoeukaryotes in oxic waters and to cumulative chlorophyll a in anoxic waters of reservoirs
Authors: León-Palmero Elizabeth , Contreras-Ruiz Alba , Sierra Ana , Morales-Baquero Rafael , Reche Isabel
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from reservoirs are
responsible for most of the atmospheric climatic forcing of these aquatic
ecosystems, comparable to emissions from paddies or biomass burning.
Primarily, CH4 is produced during the anaerobic mineralization of
organic carbon in anoxic sediments by methanogenic archaea. However, the
origin of the recurrent and ubiquitous CH4 supersaturation in oxic
waters (i.e., the methane paradox) is still controversial. Here, we
determined the dissolved CH4 concentration in the water column of
12 reservoirs during summer stratification and winter mixing to explore
CH4 sources in oxic waters. Reservoir sizes ranged from 1.18 to 26.13 km2. We found that dissolved CH4 in the water column varied
by up to 4 orders of magnitude (0.02–213.64 µmol L−1), and all oxic depths
were consistently supersaturated in both periods. Phytoplanktonic sources
appear to determine the concentration of CH4 in these reservoirs
primarily. In anoxic waters, the depth-cumulative chlorophyll a
concentration, a proxy for the phytoplanktonic biomass exported to
sediments, was correlated to CH4 concentration. In oxic waters, the
photosynthetic picoeukaryotes' abundance was significantly correlated to the
dissolved CH4 concentration during both the stratification and the
mixing. The mean depth of the reservoirs, as a surrogate of the vertical
CH4 transport from sediment to the oxic waters, also contributed
notably to the CH4 concentration in oxic waters. Our findings suggest
that photosynthetic picoeukaryotes can play a significant role in
determining CH4 concentration in oxic waters, although their role as
CH4 sources to explain the methane paradox has been poorly explored.
The effects of decomposing invasive jellyfish on biogeochemical fluxes
and microbial dynamics in an ultraoligotrophic sea
Authors: Guy-Haim Tamar , Rubin-Blum Maxim , Rahav Eyal , Belkin Natalia , Silverman Jacob , Sisma-Ventura Guy
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Over the past several decades, jellyfish blooms have intensified spatially and temporally, affecting functions and services of ecosystems worldwide. At the demise of a bloom, an enormous amount of jellyfish biomass sinks to the seabed and decomposes. This process entails reciprocal microbial and biogeochemical changes, typically enriching the water column and seabed with large amounts of organic and inorganic nutrients. Jellyfish decomposition was hypothesized to be particularly important in nutrient-impoverished ecosystems, such as the Eastern Mediterranean Sea – one of the most oligotrophic marine regions in the world. Since the 1970s, this region is experiencing the proliferation of a notorious invasive scyphozoan jellyfish, Rhopilema nomadica. In this study, we estimated the short-term decomposition effects of R. nomadica on nutrient dynamics at the sediment-water interface. Our results show that the degradation of R. nomadica has led to increased oxygen demand and acidification of overlying water as well as high rates of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphate production. These conditions favored heterotrophic microbial activity, bacterial biomass accumulation, and triggered a shift towards heterotrophic bio-degrading bacterial communities, whereas autotrophic pico-phytoplankton abundance was moderately affected or reduced. This shift may further decrease primary production in the water column of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Deoxygenation, acidification, nutrient enrichment and microbial community shifts at the sediment-water interface may have a detrimental impact on macrobenthic communities. Based on these findings we suggest that jelly-falls and their decay may facilitate an additional decline in ecosystem functions and services.
Cold season warming in the North Atlantic during the last 2000 years: Evidence from Southwest Iceland
Authors: Richter Nora , Russell James M. , Garfinkel Johanna , Huang Yongsong
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Temperature reconstructions from the Northern Hemisphere (NH) generally indicate cooling over the Holocene which is often attributed to decreasing summer insolation. However, climate model simulations predict that rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and the collapse of the Laurentian ice sheet caused mean annual warming during this epoch. This contrast could reflect a bias in temperature proxies, and particularly a lack of proxies that record cold (late fall–early spring) season temperatures, or inaccuracies in climate model predictions of NH temperature. We reconstructed winter–spring temperatures during the Common Era (i.e. the last 2000 years) using alkenones, lipids produced by Isochrysidales haptophyte algae that bloom during spring ice-off, preserved in sediments from Vestra Gíslholtsvatn (VGHV), southwest Iceland. Our record indicates cold-season temperatures warmed during the last 2000 years, in contrast to NH averages. Sensitivity tests with a lake energy balance model show that this warming is likely driven by increasing winter–spring insolation. We also found distinct seasonal differences in centennial-scale, cold-season temperature variations in VGHV compared to existing records of summer and annual temperatures from Iceland. Sustained or abrupt cooling in VGHV temperatures are associated with the cumulative effects of solar minima and volcanic eruptions, and potentially ocean and sea-ice feedbacks associated with cooling in the broader Arctic. However, multi-decadal to centennial-scale changes in cold season temperatures were strongly modulated by internal climate variability, i.e. the North Atlantic Oscillation, which can result in winter warming in Iceland even after a major negative radiative perturbation.
Methane chemistry in a nutshell – The new submodels CH4 (v1.0)
and TRSYNC (v1.0) in MESSy (v2.54.0)
Authors: Winterstein Franziska , Jöckel Patrick
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Climate projections including chemical feedbacks rely on state-of-the-art chemistry-climate models (CCMs). Of particular importance is the role of methane (CH4) for the budget of stratospheric water vapor (SWV), which has an important climate impact. However, simulations with CCMs are, due to the large number of involved chemical species, computationally demanding, which limits the simulation of sensitivity studies. To allow for sensitivity studies and ensemble simulations with a reduced demand for computational resources, we introduce a simpliﬁed approach to simulate the core of methane chemistry in form of the new Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) submodel CH4. It involves an atmospheric chemistry mechanism reduced to the sink reactions of CH4 with predeﬁned ﬁelds of the hydroxyl radical (OH), excited oxygen (O(1D)), and chlorine (Cl), as well as photolysis and the reaction products limited to water vapour (H2O). This chemical production of H2O is optionally feed back onto the speciﬁc humidity (q) of the connected General Circulation Model (GCM), to account for the impact onto SWV and its effect on radiation and stratospheric dynamics. The submodel CH4 is further capable of simulating the four most prevalent CH4 isotopologues for carbon and hydrogen (CH4 and CH3D as well as 12CH4 and 13CH4), respectively. Furthermore, the production of deuterated water vapour (HDO) is, similar to the production of H2O in the CH4 oxidation, optionally feed back to the isotopological hydrological cycle simulated by the submodel H2OISO, using the newly developed auxiliary submodel TRSYNC. Moreover, the simulation of a user deﬁned number of diagnostic CH4 age- and emission classes is possible, which output can be used for ofﬂine inverse optimization techniques. The presented approach combines the most important chemical hydrological feedback including the isotopic signatures with the advantages concerning the computational simplicity of a GCM, in comparison to a full featured CCM.
A Tri-Approach for Diagnosing Gridded Precipitation Datasets for
Watershed Glacio-Hydrological Simulation in Mountain Regions
Authors: Shafeeque Muhammad , Yi Luo
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In mountain regions, validation and local correction of gridded precipitation datasets (GPDs) are pre-requisites for glacio-hydrological simulations. However, insufficient observed data and glacial involvement make it a complicated task in glacierized watersheds. To diagnose the potential problems in GPDs from multiple perspectives and provide directions for their correction, a Tri-approach framework, consisting of statistical analysis, physical diagnosis, and practical simulation, is proposed. Truc-Budyko theory is introduced into this framework, which can identify the actual under- or over-estimation of GPDs based on watershed water-energy balance, diagnose their possible causes, and provide directions for local correction. This framework was applied to the glacierized Upper Indus Basin (UIB) for evaluating GPDs, including APHRODITE, CFSR, PGMFD, TRMM, and HAR, against adjusted observed precipitation (OBS), specific runoff, and glacier mass balance over varying periods during 1951–2017. The Spatial Processes in HYdrology (SPHY) model was used to simulate the hydrology and glacier changes (2001–2007). The results suggest that (a) patterns of inter- and intra-annual variations of OBS precipitation were better captured by APHRODITE (CC > 0.6), but it was underestimated (−40 %), (b) UIB was characterized as Leaky catchment based on overestimated CFSR (106 %) and HAR (77 %), indicating positive glacier storage changes (0.37 and 0.21 m w.e. yr−1, respectively). In contrast, UIB was characterized as Gaining watershed for remaining underestimated datasets, indicating negative storage changes (−0.42 to −0.34 m w.e. yr−1). (c) For constant mass balance, the simulated runoff was overestimated in SPHY_CFSR (66 %) and SPHY_HAR (53 %), whereas it was underestimated for SPHY_APHRODITE (−41 %), SPHY_PGMFD (−26 %), and SPHY_TRMM (−33 %). It highlights that evaluated GPDs could not generally meet the requirements of the rational output of glacier mass balance and streamflow concurrently. The physical diagnosis directs local correction based on under- and over-estimation. The practical simulation explores the extent of expected uncertainties in intra/inter-annual characteristics of glacio-hydrology.
Controls on the development and persistence of soil moisture drought across Southwestern Germany
Authors: Tijdeman Erik , Menzel Lucas
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The drought of 2018 in Central and Northern Europe showed once more the large impact this natural hazard can have on the environment and society. Such droughts are often seen as slowly developing phenomena. However, root zone soil moisture deficits can rapidly develop during periods of lacking precipitation and meteorological conditions that favour high evapotranspiration rates. These periods of soil moisture drought stress can persist for as long as the meteorological drought conditions last, thereby negatively affecting vegetation and crop health. In this study, we aim to characterize past soil moisture drought stress events over the cropland of South-Western Germany as well as to relate the characteristics of these past events to different soil and climate properties. We first simulated daily soil moisture over the period 1989–2018 on a 1-km resolution grid using the physical based hydrological model TRAIN. We then derived various soil moisture drought stress characteristics; likelihood, development time and persistence, from the simulated time series of all agricultural grid cells (n ≈ 15 000). Logistic regression and correlation were then applied to relate the derived characteristics to the storage capacity of the root zone as well as to the climatological setting. Results reveal that the majority of the agricultural grid cells across the study region reached soil moisture drought stress during prominent drought years. The development time of these soil moisture drought stress events varied substantially, from as little as 10 days to up to 4 months. The persistence of soil moisture drought stress varied as well and was especially high for the drought of 2018. The dominant control on the likelihood and development time of soil moisture drought stress was found to be the storage capacity of the root zone, whereas the persistence was not strongly linearly related to any of the considered controls. Overall, results give insights in the large spatial and temporal variability of soil moisture drought stress characteristics and highlight the importance of considering differences in root zone soil storage for agricultural drought assessments.
Geminal Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization: Accumulating Long-Lived Singlet Order on Methylene Proton Pairs
Authors: Dagys Laurynas , Ripka Barbara , Leutzsch Markus , Moustafa Gamal A. I. , Eills James , Colell Johannes F. P. , Levitt Malcolm H.
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In the majority of hydrogenative PHIP (Parahydrogen Induced Polarization) experiments, the hydrogen molecule undergoes pairwise cis-addition to an unsaturated precursor to occupy vicinal positions on the product molecule. However, some ruthenium-based hydrogenation catalysts induce geminal hydrogenation, leading to a reaction product in which the twohydrogen atoms are transferred to the same carbon center, forming a methylene (CH2) group. The singlet order of parahydrogen is substantially retained over the geminal hydrogenation reaction, giving rise to a singlet-hyperpolarized CH2 group. Although the T1 relaxation times of the methylene protons are often short, the singlet order has a long lifetime, providing that singlet-triplet mixing is suppressed, either by chemical equivalence of the protons or by applying a resonant radiofrequency field. The long lifetime of the singlet order enables the accumulation of hyperpolarization during the slow hydrogenation reaction. We introduce a kinetic model for the behaviour of the observed hyperpolarized signals, including both the chemical kinetics and the spin dynamics of the reacting molecules. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of producing singlet-hyperpolarized methylene moieties by parahydrogen-induced polarization. This potentially extends the range of molecular agents which maybe generated in a hyperpolarized state by chemical reactions of parahydrogen.
Hydrometeorological droughts in the Miño–Limia–Sil hydrographic demarcation (northwestern Iberian Peninsula): the role of atmospheric drivers
Authors: Sorí Rogert , Vázquez Marta , Stojanovic Milica , Nieto Raquel , Liberato Margarida L. R. , Gimeno Luis
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Drought is one of the world's primary natural hazards because of its environmental, economic, and social impacts. Therefore, monitoring and prediction for small regions, countries, or whole continents are
challenging. In this work, the meteorological droughts affecting the
Miño–Limia–Sil hydrographic demarcation in the northwestern Iberian
Peninsula during the period of 1980–2017 were identified. For this purpose and to assess the combined effects of temperature and precipitation on
drought conditions, the 1-month standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI1) was utilized. Some of the
most severe episodes occurred during June 2016–January 2017, September 2011–March 2012, and December 2014–August 2015. An empirical-orthogonal-function analysis revealed that the spatial variability of the SPEI1 shows strong homogeneity in the region, and the drought phenomenon consequently behaves in the same way. Particular emphasis was given to investigating atmospheric circulation as a driver of different drought conditions. To this aim, a daily weather type classification based on the Lamb weather type (LWT) classification was utilized for the entire Iberian Peninsula. Results showed that atmospheric circulation from the southwest, west, and northwest are directly related to wet conditions in the Miño–Limia–Sil hydrographic demarcation during the entire hydrological year. Contrastingly, weather types imposing atmospheric circulation from the northeast, east, and southeast are best associated with dry conditions. Anomalies of the integrated vertical flow of humidity and their divergence for the onset, peak, and termination of the 10 most severe drought episodes also confirmed these results. In this sense, the major atmospheric teleconnection patterns related to dry and wet conditions were the Arctic Oscillation, Scandinavian pattern, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Hydrological drought investigated through the standardized runoff index was closely related to dry and wet conditions revealed by the SPEI at shorter temporal scales (1–2 months), especially during the rainy months (December–April).
Selecting and analysing climate change adaptation measures at six
research sites across Europe
Authors: van Alphen Henk-Jan , Strehl Clemens , Vollmer Fabian , Interwies Eduard , Petersen Anasha , Görlitz Stefan , Martinez Puentes Montse , Guerrero Hidalga Maria , Giannakis Elias , Spek Teun , Scheibel Marc , Kristvik Erle , Rocha Fernanda , Bergsma Emmy
Published: June 2020

Abstract. As Europe is faced with increasing droughts and extreme precipitation, countries are taking measures to adapt to these changes. It is challenging, however, to navigate through the wide range of possible measures, taking into account the efficacy, economic impact and social justice aspects of these measures, as well as the governance requirements for implementing them. This article describes and evaluates an approach to selecting and analysing climate change adaptation measures that was applied at six research sites across Europe. It describes the steps that were taken in collecting, selecting and analysing adaptation measures, in a process with local stakeholders, with concrete examples from the case studies. The governance analysis focuses on the requirements associated with the measures and the extent to which these requirements are met at the research sites. The socio-economic impact focuses on the efficacy of the measures in reducing the risks and the broad range of tools available to compare the measures on their societal impact. Finally, the social justice analysis focuses on the distributive impacts of the adaptation measures. In the discussion, we identify some key findings with regard to the different kind of measures. In the conclusion we briefly assess the main pros and cons of the different analyses that were conducted. The main conclusion is that although the research sites were very different in both the challenges and the institutional context, the approach presented here yielded decision relevant outcomes.
An enhanced correlation identification algorithm and its application on spread spectrum induced polarization data
Authors: He Siming , Guan Jian , Ji Xiu , Wang Hui , Wang Yi
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In spread spectrum induced polarization (SSIP) data processing, attenuation of background noise from the observed data is the essential step that improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of SSIP data. The traditional correlation identification (TCI) algorithm has been proposed to improve the SNR of these data. However, signal processing in background noise is still a challenging problem. We propose an enhanced correlation identification (ECI) algorithm to attenuate the background noise. In this algorithm, the cross-correlation matching method is helpful for the extraction of useful components of the raw SSIP data and suppression of background noise. Then the formula of the TCI algorithm is used for identifying the frequency response of the observation system. Even when the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is −37.5 dB, this ECI algorithm can still be able to keep 3.0 % relative error. Experiments on both synthetic and real SSIP data show that the ECI algorithm can not only suppress the background noise but also better preserves the valid information of the raw SSIP data to display the actual location and shape of adjacent high resistivity anomalies, which can improve subsequent steps in SSIP data processing and imaging.
Trustless Technology within Trust-Based Systems; A Comparative Study of the Big Four’s Approach to Blockchain Adoption and its Future Prospects
Authors: Pirotti Amjad , Roknifard Amir
Published: June 2020

Technological developments and industrial adaptations are leading to a fundamental change in how industries and strategy function in the world today. Disruptive technologies are forcing us to reconsider the way we make decisions, and the models that were previously in place for delivering products and services. Blockchain in particular has demonstrated its ability to completely upend industry as we know it. Its main strengths lie in the fact that it is decentralized, unchangeable, anonymous and auditable. In this paper, we present a comparative study on the Big Four accounting firms’ approach to Blockchain development and adoption. We first give an overview of the blockchain technology and key characteristics of the blockchain and its applications. Furthermore, we discuss some existing approaches for blockchain development and application in the Big Four accounting firms and highlight the opportunities and future prospects of blockchain technology that can be utilized by the four professional services conglomerates.
Whereof one cannot speak … but should try to
Authors: Hilb Claudia
Published: June 2020

The multiplicity of voices reflecting on the actual crisis shows that we are not looking at extreme dichotomies but are rather facing the coexistence of contradictory elements, or elements in tension, or a state of paradox. The essay tries to list these contradictory elements—newness or repetition? solidarity or egoism? local or global? private or public? democratic or autocratic outcome? nature or culture?—in an attempt to organize the current perplexity.
Masking: Response-ability, in Unsteady, Broken Breaths
Authors: Wallace Jack
Published: June 2020

A reflection on the “mask,” as a question of response and responsibility in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Segurança do paciente em centro cirúrgico: percepção dos profissionais de enfermagem
Authors: Gonçalves Souza Aline Tamiris , De Paula da Silva Tais Kele , Domingues Aline Natalia , Tognoli Silvia Helena , Appoloni Eduardo Aline Helena , Macedo Juice Ishie , Mendes Adriana Aparecida
Published: June 2020

Objetivo: Conhecer as ações realizadas pelos profissionais de enfermagem direcionadas à segurança do paciente no ambiente de centro cirúrgico(CC), segundo discurso desses profissionais. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com abordagemqualitativa. Os dados foram coletados em um CC por meio de entrevista gravada norteada por roteiro estruturado com quatro questões abertas fundamentadasno método do discurso do sujeito coletivo (DSC), com foco na prática da assistência segura para o paciente no CC. A amostra foi compostade 12 profissionais de enfermagem, sendo um auxiliar e 11 técnicos. Os dados foram organizados e analisados segundo método do DSC. Resultados:As respostas deram origem a seis discursos, que revelaram preocupação em manter a segurança do paciente por meio de identificação, comunicaçãoentre equipe multiprofissional e paciente, prevenção de quedas, ações para a prática segura, comunicação intersetorial e manutenção de equipamentos.Conclusão: Os profissionais de enfermagem compreendem a importância da segurança do paciente no CC e consideram que o conjunto de práticas realizadasdeve estar alinhado, de modo que minimize eventos adversos e proporcione assistência qualificada, em benefício da qualidade de vida do paciente.
COMMUNICATIVE CULTURE FORMATION OF FUTURE SOCIAL WORKERS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Authors: Omelchenko Svitlana , Chernukha Nadiia , Spivak Yaroslav , Spivak Liudmyla , Uteubaeva Elmira
Published: June 2020

Article considers the essence of the process of communicative culture formation of future social workers in the educational process of the pedagogical university. The communicative culture is singled out and considered through an interdisciplinary approach in the professional education of social workers. The peculiarities of the communicative culture formation of future social workers in the educational process in the pedagogical university are highlighted. Emphasis is placed on the need to use various tools in the phenomenon under study, such as: verbal, non-verbal, information and communication. The students' attitude to the process of communicative culture formation of future social workers in the educational process of the pedagogical university are investigated. The results of the experimental study are described.
Effect of Rational-Emotive Behavior Intervention on Managing Burnout Symptoms among Postgraduate Students in Public Universities
Authors: Igbokwe Chima C. , Obande-Ogbuinya Nkiru E. , Nwala Emmanuel K. , Ezugwu Uchechukwu A. , Ugwu Uchenna C.
Published: June 2020

Burnout symptom is an emotional and psychological imbalance commonly experienced by students of tertiary institutions. This unhealthy state of existence is capable of undermining the quality of health and academic performances resulting in exhaustion and disengagement. The current study therefore aimed to investigate the effect of rational-emotive behavior intervention -REBI on managing burnout symptoms among postgraduate students in public universities. This research was based on experimental design involving treatment and control groups. Using a purposive sampling technique, 92 study participants were recruited from the public universities in Nigeria from July 2019 and January 2020. The treatment intervention was delivered to only the experimental group with an evidence-based REBI manual. Data collection process was completed using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory-student version -OLBIS with internal consistency of 0.77 index. The complete data analysis was done using SPSS version 22. The results indicated that no significant difference existed between the participants in the experimental (23.17±2.71) and control groups (21.69±2.80) on OLBI-S pretest, F=0.147, P=.738, h2p =0.014, DR2=0.709, SE=1.52. Statistically significant difference was found to exist between the participants in the experimental (11.43±4.17) and control groups (22.02±5.66) on OLBI-S posttest scores, F=2.081, P=0.041, h2p=0.105, DR2=0.706, SE=1.40. This study showed that REBI was effective in managing burnout symptoms among postgraduate students in public universities in Nigeria. The REBI is considered very effective in managing diverse emotional and psychological problems existing among students. There is need for enlightenment and massive health education on burnout and prospective ways of managing it.
Preventie is niet vrijblijvend
Authors: Toebes B.C.A.
Published: June 2020

Preventie is niet vrijblijvend. Over het preventie-oeuvre van Jos Dute

Doel van deze bijdrage is om bloot te leggen hoe Jos Dute heeft bijgedragen aan het preventiediscours. Na een bespreking van Dutes inaugurale rede volgt een uitgebreide analyse van infectieziektenregulering in het licht van de recente uitbraak van COVID-19. Dit gevolgd door een kortere analyse van de regulering van alcohol.
Over hulp bij zelfdoding
Authors: Gevers J.K.M.
Published: June 2020

Over hulp bij zelfdoding. Enkele gedachten naar aanleiding van de recente uitspraak van het Bundesverfassungsgericht

Recent heeft het Duitse constitutionele hof een baanbrekende uitspraak gedaan waarin een wettelijke bepaling die het verlenen van hulp bij zelfdoding aan banden legt, met een beroep op het zelfbeschikkingsrecht nietig wordt verklaard. Volgens het hof zijn de mogelijkheden voor de wetgever op dit gebied grenzen te stellen zeer beperkt. Naar aanleiding van de uitspraak wordt ingegaan op de rol van de rechter, het oprukkend zelfbeschikkingsrecht en de positie van hulp bij zelfdoding ten opzichte van euthanasie.
Alternatieve behandeling en het toezicht van de IGJ
Authors: Hubben J.H.
Published: June 2020

Alternatieve behandeling en het toezicht van de IGJ

In de Wkkgz (2006) is de IGJ aangewezen als toezichthouder op niet-BIG-registreerde alternatieve beroepsbeoefenaren. De wet kent een speciale, strenge toetsingsnorm voor de deze categorie behandelaars. Er valt moeilijk inzicht te krijgen in de wijze waarop de IGJ aan dit nieuwe toezicht gestalte geeft. De vraag rijst of de IGJ zich daarbij niet te terughoudend opstelt.
Ouderenzorg en recht op preventie
Authors: Roscam Abbing H.D.C.
Published: June 2020

Ouderenzorg en recht op preventie

‘Voorzorg’ en samenwerking van het medisch en sociaal domein ten behoeve van ouderenzorg zijn essentieel. Gemeenten hebben een belangrijke taak in het formuleren van maatregelen bij gezondheidsbedreigingen. Risico’s als gevolg van bezuinigingen op thuiszorg kunnen worden voorkomen door de specialist ouderengeneeskunde in te schakelen. Preventief ouderenbeleid levert gezondheidswinst.
Enhancing tuberculosis case finding in Tanzania: implementation of a quality improvement initiative
Authors: Wandwalo E. , Kamara V. , Yassin M. A. , Morrison L. , Nwaneri N. B. , Asiimwe S. , Matiku S. , Mutayoba B.
Published: June 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in Tanzania. A quality improvement (QI) initiative was implemented by the National Tuberculosis Programme with support from The Global Fund to enhance TB case finding. The initiative involved identifying gaps in
the quality of services, introducing tools, building capacity of health workers, and strengthening laboratory and referral services. The initiative was piloted at sub-national level and subsequently scaled-up nationally. Overall, 1280 health workers were trained, leading to an 81% cumulative
increase in notified TB cases in the pilot region and 4000 additional TB cases notified nationally. The QI initiative could serve as a model for the improvement of TB case notification in other settings.
Contribution of Xpert® MTB/RIF to tuberculosis case finding among pregnant women in Botswana
Authors: Hamda S. G. , Tshikuka J. G. , Joel D. , Setlhare V. , Monamodi G. , Mbeha B. , Tembo B. P. , Mulenga F. , Agizew T.
Published: June 2020

Setting: Seven health facilities with antenatal care (ANC) clinics in two districts near Gaborone, Botswana.Objectives: To determine 1) the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV-TB co-infection in pregnancy, and 2) the sensitivities of symptomatic TB screening and
Xpert testing against gold standard culture.Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Pregnant women were randomly enrolled and screened using TB symptoms. HIV status was determined from ANC clinics’ client records. Two sputum specimens were collected from all clients and
each was tested using Xpert® and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Results: Of 407 cases, eight had one or more TB symptoms, and all tested negative with Xpert® and culture. Another two (0.5%, 95%CI 0.08–1.96) asymptomatic clients
tested positive with both tests. The adjusted TB prevalence was higher than that of the general population (0.6% vs. 0.24%; P < 0.001). The prevalence of TB among HIV-positive and HIV-negative clients was 1/69 (1.45%, 95%CI 0.29–2.61) and 1/336 (0.3%, 95%CI 0.23–0.83),
respectively (Fisher’s exact test P = 0.312). Xpert® demonstrated a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while symptom screening had 0.0% sensitivity and 98% specificity.Conclusions: TB prevalence among pregnant women was high and TB symptom screening
had limited ability to detect TB. An alternative TB screening algorithm for pregnant women is urgently needed irrespective of TB symptoms.
Helmets for sport and recreation – construction and standards’ requirements
Authors: Jachowicz Marcin
Published: June 2020

While practicing sports and participating in recreational activities, humans are exposed to a number of hazards, among which head injuries are one of the most dangerous. We are unable to completely eliminate them, e.g., when cycling, skateboarding, skiing or snowboarding. For this reason, all sorts of protective headgear selected according to the prevailing threats are applicable to protect the head. The design of such equipment is continuously changing and evolving. New materials and technical solutions that aim to increase the user’s safety and comfort are introduced. To achieve that goal, it becomes necessary to reduce the weight and increase the functionality of protective helmets. Such goals can be met only by creating more specialized structures designed not only for the intended physical activity but also for the specific conditions in which it is practiced. This paper contains material that presents the basic protective helmets and the materials used for their construction, as well as a review of the design of helmets for sports and recreational activities protecting the head against impact against stationary objects. General information concerning the regulatory requirements and the methods of testing of this type of equipment has also been presented.
Functional requirements for smart clothing for mountain rescuers: results of own research
Authors: Dąbrowska Anna , Miśkiewicz Pamela
Published: June 2020

Wearable electronics in textile products can be used in specialized protective clothing to monitor users’ health and hazards in their direct surroundings. Considering the very hazardous and variable working conditions during rescue operations, mountain rescuers could also use such smart clothing. This has been confirmed by the results of a survey on mountain rescuers’ needs for smart protective clothing for rescue operations in the mountains. According to the results of this survey, it is necessary to develop new, innovative clothing for mountain rescuers with a location sensor, cooling/heating system, physiological state sensor and energy harvester supporting powering of, e.g., a smartphone.
Filtering half masks for protection against smog
Authors: Brochocka Emilia , Pośniak Małgorzata , Skowroń Jolanta
Published: June 2020

The commercially available filtering half masks designed to protect against smog do not meet the requirements for protection against aerosols (dusts, fumes), and even more so, against chemical substances found in the smog; often do not have the CE marking. The article presents legal requirements and presents the basic methods for assessment the effectiveness of such half masks, so that it is a safe for a potential user. The influence of the half mask construction on the protective and functional parameters was described. It is very important to use adequate filtering half mask with CE mark when so-called Smog is present in the atmospheric air.