bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Use of an Online Bilingual Dictionary in EFL Writing
Authors: Chen Yuzhen , Liu Suping
Published: August 2022

The study was an experimental endeavor to explore the use of an online bilingual dictionary in EFL writing by gauging its effect on writing scores, assessing its impact on lexical sophistication, and examining learners’ dictionary lookup behavior during writing. A class of EFL students (n=34) at a Chinese university were asked to write two English compositions, one without access to a dictionary and the other with the help of Bing.dict, one of the most popular online bilingual dictionaries in China. A screen recorder was installed to capture in real time the whole process of dictionary consultation and writing. Results indicate that the use of Bing.dict exerted a significantly negative effect on the overall composition scores and the component scores for content and language use, although it did help to increase the students’ lexical range as measured by the Lexical Frequency Profile. A variety of dictionary-based errors were committed in terms of lexicon, syntax and collocation due to the students’ inadequate dictionary use skills and the unsatisfactory quality of the dictionary for productive language use. A close examination of the screen recordings reveals that the students adopted a range of poor consultation strategies during writing. They were content to find an English equivalent to a Chinese lexical item without bothering to further check its meaning and usage. In addition, they tried in vain to find ready text translations for Chinese sentences or sentence fragments. Focusing on the unreliable web-crawled examples, very few of the students paid attention to the source dictionaries. Besides, most of them were prone to accept what was offered in the dictionary without independent thinking. The findings of the study show a rather disappointing picture of the use of an online bilingual dictionary for language production, suggesting that it is absolutely imperative to train EFL learners on dictionary use.
Anhedonia, Apathy, Pleasure, and Effort-Based Decision-Making in Adult and Adolescent Cannabis Users and Controls
Authors: Skumlien Martine , Mokrysz Claire , Freeman Tom P , Valton Vincent , Wall Matthew B , Bloomfield Michael , Lees Rachel , Borissova Anna , Petrilli Kat , Giugliano Manuela , Clisu Denisa , Langley Christelle , Sahakian Barbara J , Curran H Valerie , Lawn Will
Published: August 2022

Background

Cannabis use may be linked with anhedonia and apathy. However, previous studies have shown mixed results, and few have examined the association between cannabis use and specific reward sub-processes. Adolescents may be more vulnerable than adults to harmful effects of cannabis. This study investigated (1) the association between non-acute cannabis use and apathy, anhedonia, pleasure, and effort-based decision-making for reward; and (2) whether these relationships were moderated by age group.

Methods

We used data from the “CannTeen” study. Participants were 274 adult (26–29 years) and adolescent (16–17 years) cannabis users (1–7 d/wk use in the past 3 months) and gender- and age-matched controls. Anhedonia was measured with the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (n = 274), and apathy was measured with the Apathy Evaluation Scale (n = 215). Effort-based decision-making for reward was measured with the Physical Effort task (n = 139), and subjective wanting and liking of rewards was measured with the novel Real Reward Pleasure task (n = 137).

Results

Controls had higher levels of anhedonia than cannabis users (F1,258 = 5.35, P = .02, η p2 = .02). There were no other significant effects of user-group and no significant user-group*age-group interactions. Null findings were supported by post hoc Bayesian analyses.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that cannabis use at a frequency of 3 to 4 d/wk is not associated with apathy, effort-based decision-making for reward, reward wanting, or reward liking in adults or adolescents. Cannabis users had lower anhedonia than controls, albeit at a small effect size. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that non-acute cannabis use is associated with amotivation.
Motivic Rigidity for Smooth Affine Henselian Pairs over a Field
Authors: Druzhinin Andrei
Published: August 2022

Let $Z\to X$ be a closed immersion of smooth affine schemes over a field $k$, and let $X^h_Z$ denote the henselisation of $X$ along $Z$. We prove that $E(X^h_Z)\simeq E(Z)$ for every additive presheaf $E\colon \textbf {SH}(k)^{\textrm {op}}\to \textrm {Ab}$ on the stable motivic homotopy category over $k$ that is $l_\varepsilon $-torsion or $l$-torsion, where $l\in \mathbb Z$ is coprime to $\operatorname {char} k$, and $l_\varepsilon =\sum _{i=1}^n \langle (-1)^i \rangle $. More generally, the isomorphism holds for any homotopy invariant $l_\varepsilon $-torsion or $l$-torsion linear $\sigma $-quasi-stable framed additive presheaf on $\textrm {Sm}_{k}$. This generalises the result known earlier for local schemes. We prove the above isomorphism by constructing (stable) ${\mathbb {A}}^1$-homotopies of motivic spaces via algebraic geometry. To achieve this, we replace Quillen’s trick with an alternative and more general construction that provides relative curves required in our setting.
Around the Combinatorial Unit Ball of Measured Foliations on Bordered Surfaces
Authors: Borot Gaëtan , Charbonnier Séverin , Delecroix Vincent , Giacchetto Alessandro , Wheeler Campbell
Published: August 2022

The volume $\mathcal {B}_{\sum }^{\textrm {comb}}({\mathbb {G}})$ of the unit ball—with respect to the combinatorial length function $\ell _{{\mathbb {G}}}$—of the space of measured foliations on a stable bordered surface $\sum $ appears as the prefactor of the polynomial growth of the number of multicurves on $\sum $. We find the range of $s \in {\mathbb {R}}$ for which $(\mathcal {B}_{\sum }^{\textrm {comb}})^{s}$, as a function over the combinatorial moduli spaces, is integrable with respect to the Kontsevich measure. The results depend on the topology of $\sum $, in contrast with the situation for hyperbolic surfaces where [6] recently proved an optimal square integrability.
Country data on AMR in India in the context of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: links between antibiotic susceptibility, local and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines, access to medicine and clinical outcome
Authors: Torumkuney Didem , Poojary Aruna , Shenoy Bhaskar , Nijhara Puja , Dalal Krunal , Manenzhe Rendani
Published: August 2022

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Selection of resistant bacteria is driven by inappropriate use of antibiotics, amongst other factors. COVID-19 may have exacerbated AMR due to unnecessary antibiotic prescribing. Country-level knowledge is needed to understand options for action.

Objectives

To review the current situation with respect to AMR in India and initiatives addressing it. Identifying areas where more information is required will provide a call to action to minimize further rises in AMR and to improve patient outcomes.

Methods

National AMR initiatives, antibiotic use and prescribing in India, and availability of susceptibility data, in particular for the key community-acquired respiratory tract infection (CA-RTI) pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) were identified. National and international antibiotic prescribing guidelines for specific CA-RTIs (community-acquired pneumonia, acute otitis media and acute bacterial rhinosinusitis) commonly used locally were also reviewed, plus local antibiotic availability. Insights from a local clinician and clinical microbiologist were sought to contextualize this information.

Conclusions

Many initiatives have been launched since AMR was recognized as a national priority and organizations such as the Indian Academy of Paediatrics and the Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership have worked to build awareness. The Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare published a 5 year national action plan on AMR. However, the burden of infectious disease and consumption of antibiotics in India is high. There have been national surveillance studies generating local data along with international studies such as Survey of Antibiotic Resistance (SOAR) and Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS). For common RTIs, clinicians use a range of international and national guidelines. However, a more standardized inclusive approach to developing local guidelines, using up-to-date local surveillance data from community-acquired infections, could make guidelines more locally relevant. This would encourage more appropriate antibiotic prescribing and improve adherence. This would, in turn, potentially limit AMR development and improve patient outcomes.
Nonspecific deidentification of date-like text in deidentified clinical notes enables reidentification of dates
Authors: Alexander Jes , Beatty Alexis
Published: August 2022

To facilitate the secondary usage of electronic health record data for research, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) recently implemented a clinical data warehouse including, among other data, deidentified clinical notes and reports, which are available to UCSF researchers without Institutional Review Board approval. For deidentification of these notes, most of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act identifiers are redacted, but dates are transformed by shifting all dates for a patient back by the same random number of days. We describe an issue in which nonspecific (ie, excess) transformation of nondate, date-like text by this deidentification process enables reidentification of all dates, including birthdates, for certain patients. This issue undercuts the common assumption that excess deidentification is a safe tradeoff to protect patient privacy. We present this issue as a caution to other institutions that may also be considering releasing deidentified notes for research.
Response of the reproductive fitness and population density of Gammarus fossarum Koch, 1836 (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) to damming: a case study from the dammed sub-mountain stretch of Čierny Váh River, Slovakia
Authors: Kokavec Igor , Beracko Pavel
Published: August 2022

The plasticity of some biological and ecological characteristics of Gammarus fossarum Koch, 1836, a species widely distributed in the rivers of continental Europe, has been the subject of many scientific studies. The effects of river damming are reflected in the disruption of the natural environmental continuum of rivers, which has been demonstrated in this and other studies. We aimed to investigate the variability of population characteristics (relative reproductive fitness, pairing success, and fecundity), and population density in six local populations distributed along Čierny Váh River, Slovakia, a sub-mountain dammed river. Our results showed that the population inhabiting the site immediately downstream of the reservoir had significantly higher density, but its individuals had lower body size, pairing success, and fecundity compared to individuals at the other sites. As a result, the lower values of these characteristics were reflected in a different distribution pattern of relative reproductive fitness among individuals at the sites. Individuals at sites downstream of the reservoir, particularly those immediately below the reservoir, had lower mean fitness values. Our study demonstrated that the disturbance in the river environment caused by the dam not only affects the structure of the aquatic community, but can also alter population-level characteristics.
A novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for volumetric transrectal ultrasound imaging
Authors: Song Hyunwoo , Kang Jeeun , Boctor Emad M
Published: August 2022

In this paper, we present a novel design framework of synthetic radial aperture focusing for three-dimensional (3D) transrectal ultrasound imaging (TRUS-rSAF), in which multiple transmittance/reception events at different scanning angles are synthesized to reconstruct a radial plane in the target volume, securing high spatial resolution and texture uniformity. A theory-based design approach has not been available to push the envelope of the 3D rSAF technique. Herein, a closed-form analytical description of the TRUS-rSAF method is presented for the first time, effectively delineating spatial resolution and grating lobe positions in the radial dimension of a TRUS transducer. We demonstrate a solid optimization workflow based on the theoretical foundation to improve its spatiotemporal resolution, grating lobe artifacts, and signal-to-noise ratio. A specific design criterion was considered to outperform a clinical 3D TRUS imaging as a reference (TRUS-REF), where each radial plane is reconstructed with a single transmittance/reception event using a motorized actuator. The optimized TRUS-rSAF method significantly enhanced spatial resolution up to 50% over the TRUS-REF method while providing clinically effective temporal resolution (2–8 volume/sec) with negligible grating lobe artifacts. The results indicate that the proposed design approach would enable a novel TRUS imaging solution in clinics.
Bumble Bee Breeding on Artificial Pollen Substitutes
Authors: Gekière Antoine , Michez Denis , Vanderplanck Maryse
Published: August 2022

Bumble bees are important pollinators for many temperate crops. Because of the growing demand for food from entomophilous crops, bumble bee colonies are commercially reared and placed in fields or greenhouses to guarantee sufficient pollination services. Besides, commercial colonies are increasingly used in laboratories for various bioassays under controlled conditions. For both usages, bumble bee colonies are commonly provided with sugar solution and honey bee-collected pollen pellets. However, the latter display several disadvantages since they may contain pollutants, pathogens, or toxic phytochemicals. Consequently, companies have developed pollen-free artificial diets to sustain colonies. Such diets are designed to boost worker health in the field, in complement of floral pollen collected by workers outside the colonies, but their suitability in ‘closed’ systems without access to floral pollen, such as in laboratory bioassays, is arguable. Here, we used microcolonies of the commercially important bumble bee Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to assess the suitability of five artificial pollen substitutes and three mixed diets. We also assessed the evaporation rate of the different diets as it could impact their suitability. At the end of the bioassays, microcolonies fed the artificial diets showed a reduced offspring development when compared to microcolonies fed natural pollen, which was partly offset by mixing these diets with natural pollen. By contrast, the artificial diets did not have deleterious effects on worker’s health. We discuss the potential nutritional and physical causes of artificial diets unsuitability for offspring development and encourage further research to accordingly establish appropriate pollen-free diets for bumble bee breeding.
Comparative Insecticide Uptake Characteristics of Chlorfenapyr Suggests an Additional Reason Why Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) are so Difficult to Control
Authors: Kells Stephen A , Kells Alice M
Published: August 2022

Insecticides interact with biochemical sites, disrupting homeostasis, leading to moribundity and death. Considering this process of intoxication, investigating insecticide uptake ensures an understanding of exposure profile. This study evaluated insecticide uptake by bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., as affected by time and formulation, and a comparative uptake by German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.). Insects exposed to chlorfenapyr residues from two Phantom insecticide formulations (i.e., Aerosol and Suspended Concentrate (SC)) were solvent extracted and analyzed by GC-ECD. Chlorfenapyr uptake by bed bugs significantly increased with time, but the rate of external chlorfenapyr adsorption between the two formulations was not significantly different. However, initial exposure and uptake to the aerosol-treated versus SC-treated surfaces were significantly greater by 2.7x. Absorption-rates of chlorfenapyr residues inside the insect, associated with internal insect tissues or exoskeleton-bound, were significantly lower compared with external adsorption, with aerosol and SC formulations accumulating at 4.8x and 14.4x less, respectively. An unexpected formulation effect occurred with aerosol-treated papers and aging of residues. A reformulation of the aerosol provided a greater adsorption of chlorfenapyr at 19.1x that of the original formula after 2 hr. External versus internal uptake of chlorfenapyr by cockroaches was inverse to that seen in bed bugs, with greater chlorfenapyr absorption. Obstructing cockroach mouthparts prevented an internal uptake of chlorfenapyr and provided a similar exposure profile to bed bugs. This work demonstrates a need to evaluate insecticide uptake with formulation and insect morphology to maximize dose, especially in such a morphologically and environmentally isolated insect as the bed bug.
The Antennal Sensilla and Expression Patterns of Olfactory Genes in the Lower TermiteReticulitermes aculabialis(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Saba Noor us , Ye Chenxu , Zhang Wenxiu , Wu Taoyu , Wang Yijie , Zhang Xiaohan , Song Zhuanzhuan , Xing Lianxi , Su Xiaohong
Published: August 2022

The insect olfactory system plays pivotal roles in insect survival and reproduction through odor detection. Morphological and physiological adaptations are caste-specific and evolved independently in workers, soldiers, and reproductives in termites. However, it is unclear whether the olfactory system is involved in the division of labor in termite colonies. In the present study, the antennal sensilla of alates, workers, soldiers, nymphs, and larvae of the termite Reticulitermes aculabialis Tsai et Hwang ( Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) were investigated. Transcriptomes were used to detect olfactory genes, and differential expression levels of olfactory genes were confirmed in various castes by qRT–PCR analysis. Nine types of sensilla were identified on the antennae of R. aculabialis, and soldiers possessed all 9 types. In 89,475 assembled unigenes, we found 16 olfactory genes, including 6 chemosensory protein (CSP) and 10 odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes. These OBP genes included 8 general odorant-binding protein genes (GOBPs) and 2 pheromone-binding protein-related protein (PBP) genes. Five CSP genes were more highly expressed in alates than in workers, soldiers, larvae, and nymphs, and the expression levels of CSP6 were significantly higher in nymphs. Seven GOBP and two PBP genes exhibited significantly higher expression levels in alates, and there were no significant differences in the expression levels of GOBP2 among workers, soldiers, alates, and larvae. These results suggest that alates, as primary reproductives, have unique expression patterns of olfactory genes, which play key roles in nuptial flight, mate seeking, and new colony foundation.
Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in ovarian granulosa cells balances follicular development by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling
Authors: Wei Xiaoli , Zheng Lanping , Tian Yingpu , Wang Haibin , Su Youqiang , Feng Gensheng , Wang Chao , Lu Zhongxian
Published: August 2022

In mammals, the growth and maturation of oocytes within growing follicles largely depends on ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) in response to gonadotropin stimulation. Many signals have been shown to regulate GC proliferation and apoptosis. However, whether the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is involved remains unclear. In this study, we identified the crucial roles of SHP2 in modulating GC proliferation and apoptosis. The production of both mature oocytes and pups was increased in mice with Shp2 specifically deleted in ovarian GCs via Fshr-Cre. Shp2 deletion simultaneously promoted GC proliferation and inhibited GC apoptosis. Furthermore, Shp2 deficiency promoted, while Shp2 overexpression inhibited, the proliferation of cultured primary mouse ovarian GCs and the human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cell line KGN in vitro. Shp2 deficiency promoted follicule-stimulating hormone (FSH)-activated phosphorylation of AKT in vivo. SHP2 deficiency reversed the inhibitory effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on AKT activation in KGN cells. H2O2 treatment promoted the interaction between SHP2 and the p85 subunit of PI3K in KGN cells. Therefore, SHP2 in GCs may act as a negative modulator to balance follicular development by suppressing PI3K/AKT signaling. The novel function of SHP2 in modulating proliferation and apoptosis of GCs provides a potential therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of follicle developmental dysfunction.
CaMK4 overexpression in polycystic kidney disease promotes mTOR-mediated cell proliferation
Authors: Zhang Yan , Daniel Emily A , Metcalf July , Dai Yuqiao , Reif Gail A , Wallace Darren P
Published: August 2022

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive enlargement of fluid-filled cysts, causing nephron loss and a decline in renal function. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is overactive in cyst-lining cells and contributes to abnormal cell proliferation and cyst enlargement; however, the mechanism for mTOR stimulation remains unclear. We discovered that calcium/calmodulin (CaM) dependent kinase IV (CaMK4), a multifunctional kinase, is overexpressed in the kidneys of ADPKD patients and PKD mouse models. In human ADPKD cells, CaMK4 knockdown reduced mTOR abundance and the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), a downstream target of mTOR. Pharmacologic inhibition of CaMK4 with KN-93 reduced phosphorylated S6K and S6 levels and inhibited cell proliferation and in vitro cyst formation of ADPKD cells. Moreover, inhibition of calcium/CaM-dependent protein kinase kinase-β and CaM, two key upstream regulators of CaMK4, also decreased mTOR signaling. The effects of KN-93 were independent of the liver kinase B1–adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and the combination of KN-93 and metformin, an AMPK activator, had additive inhibitory effects on mTOR signaling and in vitro cyst growth. Our data suggest that increased CaMK4 expression and activity contribute to mTOR signaling and the proliferation of cystic cells of ADPKD kidneys.
Notes on the Occurrence of Abnormal Thoracic and Abdominal Banding in Culex territans Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Verna Thomas N
Published: August 2022

Pale-banded variants of Culex territans Walker larvae were found in southern New Jersey in 2016 and in subsequent years. The larvae lacked pigmentation on the prothoracic and mesothoracic segments as well as on abdominal segment (IV). The amount of pigmentation varied between populations. Specimens were found in six locations within a 5-yr period; of which, two locations recurred within the same season and in subsequent seasons. This is the first report in the State of New Jersey despite extensive larval surveillance over many years among the study area.
Steps towards a Semantics of Dance
Authors: Patel-Grosz Pritty , Grosz Patrick Georg , Kelkar Tejaswinee , Jensenius Alexander Refsum
Published: August 2022

As formal theoretical linguistic methodology has matured, recent years have seen the advent of applying it to objects of study that transcend language, e.g., to the syntax and semantics of music (Lerdahl & Jackendoff 1983, Schlenker 2017a; see also Rebuschat et al. 2011). One of the aims of such extensions is to shed new light on how meaning is construed in a range of communicative systems. In this paper, we approach this goal by looking at narrative dance in the form of Bharatanatyam. We argue that a semantic approach to dance can be modeled closely after the formal semantics of visual narrative proposed by Abusch (2013, 2014, 2021). A central conclusion is that dance not only shares properties of other fundamentally human means of expression, such as visual narrative and music, but that it also exhibits similarities to sign languages and the gestures of non-signers (see, e.g., Schlenker 2020) in that it uses space to track individuals in a narrative and performatively portray the actions of those individuals. From the perspective of general human cognition, these conclusions corroborate the idea that linguistic investigations beyond language (see Patel-Grosz et al. forthcoming) can yield insights into the very nature of the human mind and of the communicative devices that it avails.
Effects of pesticide application and plant sexual identity on leaf physiological traits and phyllosphere bacterial communities
Authors: Zhu Zuodong , He Yue , Xu Jiahui , Zhou Zhenghu , Kumar Amit , Xia Zhichao
Published: August 2022

Pesticides are widely used to enhance food production on a global scale. However, little information is available on the effects of pesticide application on leaf physiology and phyllosphere bacterial communities of dioecious plants. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of λ-cyhalothrin, a broad-spectrum pesticide, on leaf physiology and phyllosphere bacterial communities in the dioecious Populus cathayana. Physiological leaf traits such as photosynthetic apparatus (net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E)) of males were significantly higher than those of females, independent of pesticide use. In contrast, pesticide application significantly reduced the photosynthetic apparatus for both sexes, and the reduction was greater in males relative to females. Also, pesticide application significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and maintained superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total chlorophyll content in leaves of males. The phyllosphere bacteria showed some conserved characteristics, in which, Simpson and Shannon diversity indices were not affected by sex or pesticide application. Phyllosphere bacterial community composition differed between females and males, indicating that intrinsic sex significantly shapes the phyllosphere bacterial community. However, pesticide application significantly increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria but reduced the relative abundance of Proteobacteria. Principal component analysis showed associations between leaf physiology and specific bacterial taxa. For instance, Proteobacteria negatively correlated with leaf SOD activity and MDA content, while Actinobacteria showed an opposite pattern. Our study highlights sex-specific phyllosphere bacterial community composition and leaf physiological traits in dioecious plants.
Radiosurgery effects and adverse effects in symptomatic eloquent brain-located Cavernomas
Authors: Berber Tanju , Celik Suat Erol , Aksaray Ferdi , Yoney Adnan , Harmanci Kemal , Tambas Makbule , Yılmaz Binnur Dönmez , Numanoglu Cakir , Yolcu Ahmet , Açan Hilal İrem , Dinçer Selvi Tabak , Yıldırım Berna Akkuş
Published: August 2022

In this study, the dose schedule efficacy, safety and late adverse effects of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) were evaluated for patients with symptomatic cavernomas who were not eligible for surgery and treated with SRS. Between January 2013 and December 2018, 53 patients with cavernomas were treated using SRS with the CyberKnife® system. Patients’ diseases were deeply located or were in subcortical functional brain regions. In addition to bleeding, 23 (43.4%) patients had epilepsy, 12 (22.6%) had neurologic symptoms and 16 patients (30.2%) had severe headaches. The median volume was 741 (range, 421–1351) mm3, and the median dose was 15 (range, 14–16) Gy in one fraction. After treatment, six (50%) of 12 patients with neurologic deficits still had deficits. Rebleeding after treatment developed in only two (3.8%) patients. The drug was completely stopped in 14 (60.9%) out of 23 patients who received epilepsy treatment, and the dose of levetiracetam decreased from 2000 mg to 1000 mg in four (17.3%) of nine patients. Radiologically, complete response (CR) was observed in 13 (24.5%) patients, and partial responses (PR) were observed in 32 (60.2%) patients. Clinical response of CR was observed in 30 (56.6%) patients, PR was observed in 16 (30.2%), stable disease (SD) was observed in three (5.7%) and four (7.5%) patients progressed. In conclusion, SRS applied in the appropriate dose schedule may be an effective and reliable method in terms of symptom control and prevention of rebleeding, especially in patients with inoperable cavernomas.
High-flow arteriovenous fistula resulting from stingray injury
Authors: Bologna Ilaria , Baumberger Marine , Blondon Marc , Murith Nicolas , Aebischer-Perone Sigiriya
Published: August 2022

Stingray punctures are relatively common in several coastal regions and may result in chronic wounds and disability due to injury and envenomation. Vascular complications are rare but can be severe. We describe a case of high-flow arteriovenous fistula resulting from a stingray injury that required a venous bypass.
New insights into the transcriptional regulation of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in wheat
Authors: Stahl Elia
Published: August 2022

This article comments on:

Batyrshina ZS, Shavit R, Yaakov B, Bocobza S, Tzin V. 2022. The transcription factor gene TaMYB31 regulates the benzoxazinoid biosynthetic pathway in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany73, 5634–5649.
Non-volatile signals and redox mechanisms are required for the responses of Arabidopsis roots toPseudomonas oryzihabitans
Authors: Cantabella Daniel , Karpinska Barbara , Teixidó Neus , Dolcet-Sanjuan Ramon , Foyer Christine H
Published: August 2022

Soil bacteria promote plant growth and protect against environmental stresses, but the mechanisms involved remain poorly characterized, particularly when there is no direct contact between the roots and bacteria. Here, we explored the effects of Pseudomonas oryzihabitans PGP01 on the root system architecture (RSA) in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Significant increases in lateral root (LR) density were observed when seedlings were grown in the presence of P. oryzihabitans, as well as an increased abundance of transcripts associated with altered nutrient transport and phytohormone responses. However, no bacterial transcripts were detected on the root samples by RNAseq analysis, demonstrating that the bacteria do not colonize the roots. Separating the agar containing bacteria from the seedlings prevented the bacteria-induced changes in RSA. Bacteria-induced changes in RSA were absent from mutants defective in ethylene response factor (ERF109), glutathione synthesis (pad2-1, cad2-1, and rax1-1) and in strigolactone synthesis (max3-9 and max4-1) or signalling (max2-3). However, the P. oryzihabitans-induced changes in RSA were similar in the low ascorbate mutants (vtc2-1and vtc2-2) to the wild-type controls. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of non-volatile signals and redox mechanisms in the root architecture regulation that occurs following long-distance perception of P. oryzihabitans.
Contested Cultural Affiliations: Salman Schocken’s Novalis Collection and the Nuremberg Haggadot from the Germanisches Nationalmuseum
Authors: Jessen Caroline , Brogi Susanna
Published: August 2022

‘To trace the history of the Jewish people in its books but also by its books, was [...] for a long time the leading idea of the collector’, Salman Schocken noted in 1933. His personal Hebraica library developed into a semi-public research collection, and his extraordinary collection of German literature seems to reveal a similar approach—the use of books as objects and texts to reflect the historical development and intellectual scope of thought within literary tradition—although the latter collection appears to have remained private. The rise of National Socialism, Schocken’s migration to Mandatory Palestine, and the destruction of Jewish life in Europe had a strong impact on both collections. This article explores the joint history of Salman Schocken’s Novalis collection and two medieval Haggadot in order to identify some of the collector’s ideas on German and Jewish cultural property. This case study provides insights both into Salman Schocken’s collections and the ways in which he made use of his personal collection in order to engage with German and Jewish history.
Definition, History, Nosology, and Classification
Authors: Albin Roger L.
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, Parkinson disease (PD) nosology is discussed through the presentation of a unifying definition of PD. A Linnean-style binomial classification scheme for PD and related disorders also is described.
Tailed radio galaxies from the TIFR GMRT sky survey
Authors: Bhukta Netai , Mondal Sushanta K , Pal Sabyasachi
Published: August 2022

We present a list of tailed radio galaxies using the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) Sky Survey Alternative Data Release 1 (TGSS ADR1) at 150 MHz. We visually examined 5336 image fields and found 264 tailed radio galaxies. Tailed radio galaxies are classified as wide-angle tailed (WAT) galaxies or narrow-angle tailed (NAT) galaxies, based on the angle between the two jets of the galaxy. Our sample of tailed radio galaxies included 203 WAT- and 61 NAT-type sources. These newly identified tailed sources are significant additions to the list of known tailed radio galaxies. The source morphology and luminosity features of the various galaxies and their optical identifications are presented. Other radio properties and general features of the sources are also discussed.
Photometric IGM tomography: Efficiently mapping quasar light echoes with deep narrow-band imaging
Authors: Kakiichi Koki , Schmidt Tobias , Hennawi Joseph
Published: August 2022

In the standard picture, episodes of luminous quasar activity are directly related to supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth. The ionizing radiation emitted over a quasar’s lifetime alters the ionization state of the surrounding intergalactic medium (IGM), enhancing the Lyα forest transmission – so-called proximity effect – which can be observed in absorption spectra of background sources. Owing to the finite speed of light, the transverse direction of the proximity effect is sensitive to the quasar’s radiative history, resulting in ‘light echoes’ that encode the growth history of the SMBH on Myr time-scales. In this paper, we introduce a new technique to photometrically map this quasar light echoes using Lyα forest tomography by using a carefully selected pair of narrow-band filters. A foreground narrow-band filter is used to measure Lyα forest transmission along background galaxies selected as Lyα emitters by a background narrow-band filter. This novel double narrow-band tomographic technique utilizes the higher throughput and wider field of view of imaging over spectroscopy to efficiently reconstruct a two-dimensional map of Lyα forest transmission around a quasar. We present a fully Bayesian framework to measure the luminous quasar lifetime of a SMBH from photometric IGM tomography, and examine the observational requirements. This new technique provides an efficient strategy to map a large area of the sky with a modest observing time and to identify interesting regions to be examined by further deep 3D follow-up spectroscopic Lyα forest tomography.
Modulation of the solar microwave emission by sausage oscillations
Authors: Kupriyanova Elena G , Kaltman Tatyana I , Kuznetsov Alexey A
Published: August 2022

The modulation of the microwave emission intensity from a flaring loop by a standing linear sausage fast magnetoacoustic wave is considered in terms of a straight plasma slab with the perpendicular Epstein profile of the plasma density, penetrated by a magnetic field. The emission is of the gyrosynchrotron (GS) nature, and is caused by mildly relativistic electrons that occupy a layer in the oscillating slab, i.e. the emitting and oscillating volumes do not coincide. It is shown that the microwave response to the linear sausage wave is highly non-linear. The degree of the non-linearity, defined as a ratio of the Fourier power of the second harmonic to the Fourier power of the principal harmonic, is found to depend on the combination of the width of the GS source and the viewing angle, and is different in the optically thick and optically thin parts of the microwave spectrum. This effect could be considered as a potential tool for diagnostics of the transverse scales of the regions filled in by the accelerated electrons.
Analytical growth functions for cosmic structures in a ΛCDM Universe
Authors: Rampf Cornelius , Schobesberger Sonja Ornella , Hahn Oliver
Published: August 2022

The cosmological fluid equations describe the early gravitational dynamics of cold dark matter (CDM), exposed to a uniform component of dark energy, the cosmological constant Λ. Perturbative predictions for the fluid equations typically assume that the impact of Λ on CDM can be encapsulated by a refined growing mode D of linear density fluctuations. Here we solve, to arbitrary high perturbative orders, the non-linear fluid equations with an Ansatz for the fluid variables in increasing powers of D. We show that Λ begins to populate the solutions starting at the fifth order in this strict D-expansion. By applying suitable resummation techniques, we recast these solutions to a standard perturbative series where not D, but essentially the initial gravitational potential serves as the bookkeeping parameter within the expansion. Then, by using the refined growth functions at second and third order in standard perturbation theory, we determine the matter power spectrum to one-loop accuracy as well as the leading-order contribution to the matter bispectrum. We find that employing our refined growth functions impacts the total power- and bispectra at a precision that is below one per cent at late times. However, for the power spectrum, we find a characteristic scale-dependent suppression that is fairly similar to what is observed in massive neutrino cosmologies. Therefore, we recommend employing our refined growth functions in order to reduce theoretical uncertainties for analysing data in related pipelines.
Psychology, Physiology, Medicine: The Perspectivist Interpretation of Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morality
Authors: Rodríguez-Navas Daniel R
Published: August 2022

This article introduces the perspectivist interpretation of Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality (GM), characterized by two core theses. According to the results thesis, the three treatises of GM introduce three types of critical results, respectively: psychological claims about the value of morality for the interests of various character types; physiological claims about its value for the ‘progress of the species’; and medical claims about its value for health. According to the distinction thesis, the critical results of GM are descriptive, while their reader-specific implications (and therapeutic effects) are normative. This interpretation illuminates the genealogical method of GM by answering four fundamental questions about (Q1) its historical method, (Q2) the history of morality that it reveals, (Q3) the critical results of GM, and (Q4) their intended therapeutic effects. Challenging the widespread assumption that the critical results of GM are evaluative claims, the perspectivist interpretation reveals the novelty of Nietzsche’s “new demand” for a critique of values not only relative to his predecessors’ approach to critique, but also to his own previous works. GM offers a critique that is grounded on factual claims, at once extramoral and external to (Christian) morality, and internal to its readers’ evaluative perspectives, even those who remain beholden to (Christian) moral values. Consequently, its authority and therapeutic efficacy are not threatened by discrepancies between it and its readers’ affective-evaluative preferences.
ATRX histone binding and helicase activities have distinct roles in neuronal differentiation
Authors: Bieluszewska Anna , Wulfridge Phillip , Doherty John , Ren Wenqing , Sarma Kavitha
Published: August 2022

ATRX is a chromatin remodeler, which is mutated in ATRX syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder. ATRX mutations that alter histone binding or chromatin remodeling activities cluster in the PHD finger or the helicase domain respectively. Using engineered mouse embryonic stem cells that exclusively express ATRX protein with mutations in the PHD finger (PHDmut) or helicase domains (K1584R), we examine how specific ATRX mutations affect neurodifferentiation. ATRX PHDmut and K1584R proteins interact with the DAXX histone chaperone but show reduced localization to pericentromeres. Neurodifferentiation is both delayed and compromised in PHDmut and K1584R, and manifest differently from complete ATRX loss. We observe reduced enrichment of PHDmut protein to ATRX targets, while K1584R accumulates at these sites. Interestingly, ATRX mutations have distinct effects on the genome-wide localization of the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), with PHDmut and ATRX knockout showing reduced PRC2 binding at polycomb targets and K1584R showing loss at some sites and gains at others. Notably, each mutation associated with unique gene signatures, suggesting distinct pathways leading to impaired neurodifferentiation. Our results indicate that the histone binding and chromatin remodeling functions of ATRX play non-redundant roles in neurodevelopment, and when mutated lead to ATRX syndrome through separate regulatory pathways.
Aberrant RNA processing contributes to the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases in trans-mitochondrial mouse model carrying mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) with a pathogenic A2748G mutation
Authors: Tani Haruna , Ishikawa Kaori , Tamashiro Hiroaki , Ogasawara Emi , Yasukawa Takehiro , Matsuda Shigeru , Shimizu Akinori , Kang Dongchon , Hayashi Jun-Ichi , Wei Fan-Yan , Nakada Kazuto
Published: August 2022

Mitochondrial tRNAs are indispensable for the intra-mitochondrial translation of genes related to respiratory subunits, and mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes have been identified in various disease patients. However, the molecular mechanism underlying pathogenesis remains unclear due to the lack of animal models. Here, we established a mouse model, designated ‘mito-mice tRNALeu(UUR)2748’, that carries a pathogenic A2748G mutation in the tRNALeu(UUR) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The A2748G mutation is orthologous to the human A3302G mutation found in patients with mitochondrial diseases and diabetes. A2748G mtDNA was maternally inherited, equally distributed among tissues in individual mice, and its abundance did not change with age. At the molecular level, A2748G mutation is associated with aberrant processing of precursor mRNA containing tRNALeu(UUR) and mt-ND1, leading to a marked decrease in the steady-levels of ND1 protein and Complex I activity in tissues. Mito-mice tRNALeu(UUR)2748 with ≥50% A2748G mtDNA exhibited age-dependent metabolic defects including hyperglycemia, insulin insensitivity, and hepatic steatosis, resembling symptoms of patients carrying the A3302G mutation. This work demonstrates a valuable mouse model with an inheritable pathological A2748G mutation in mt-tRNALeu(UUR) that shows metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes at high heteroplasmy level. Furthermore, our findings provide molecular basis for understanding A3302G mutation-mediated mitochondrial disorders.
“Tobacco-free” Nicotine Pouches: Risk Perceptions, Awareness, Susceptibility, and Use Among Young Adults in the United States
Authors: Morean Meghan E , Bold Krysten W , Davis Danielle R , Kong Grace , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , Camenga Deepa R
Published: August 2022

Background

Nicotine pouches containing synthetic nicotine or tobacco-derived nicotine (TDN) are available in the United States. Synthetic nicotine pouches are often marketed as “tobacco-free nicotine” (TFN), which may alter risk perceptions and product appeal. This study examined young adults’ perceptions of TFN versus TDN pouches and the associations between product perceptions and TFN pouch awareness, susceptibility, and use, respectively.

Aims and Methods

In total 630 young adults (18–25 years) completed an online Qualtrics panels survey in 2021. Participants were informed that TFN pouches contain synthetic nicotine as opposed to TDN. Participants reported on comparative risk perceptions for TFN versus TDN pouches and on TFN pouch awareness, susceptibility, and use. Unadjusted between-group comparisons and adjusted binary logistic regressions were run to examine relationships between product perceptions and TFN pouch awareness, susceptibility, and use.

Results

Participants were aware of (37.3%), susceptible to (29.2%), or had used TFN pouches (3.8%). In unadjusted comparisons, TFN pouch awareness, susceptibility, and use were associated with disproportionately perceiving TFN pouches as less harmful or otherwise better than TDN pouches. In adjusted models, relationships between favorable perceptions and both TFN pouch awareness and susceptibility remained significant.

Conclusions

The descriptor “tobacco-free” may impact risk perceptions and the appeal of nicotine pouches among young adults. While no direct relationship was observed between TFN perceptions and TFN pouch use in the adjusted model, perceptions remained related to product awareness and susceptibility, which may be linked to future use. Continued surveillance is needed to fully determine how the term “tobacco-free” on product packaging and advertising impacts longitudinal public health outcomes.

Implications

Nicotine pouches originally contained TDN. Today, numerous brands of synthetic nicotine pouches, which are often marketed as “tobacco-free,” are available on the market. We informed participants that “tobacco-free nicotine” pouches contain synthetic nicotine and examined comparative risk perceptions (i.e. tobacco-free vs. TDN pouches) and TFN pouch awareness, susceptibility, and use. Perceiving tobacco-free nicotine pouches as less harmful than tobacco-derived pouches was associated with product awareness, susceptibility, and use in unadjusted models and with awareness and susceptibility in adjusted models. Restricting the term “tobacco-free” may become necessary if the term inaccurately reduces product risk perceptions or increases product appeal.