bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Arylalkenylation of Furazano[3,4‐b]pyrazines via a New C—H Functionalization Protocol.
Authors: Kazin Nikita A. , Kvashnin Yuriy A. , Irgashev Roman A. , Dehaen Wim , Rusinov Gennady L. , Charushin Valery N.
Published: July 2015

The arylalkenylation reaction involves the Michael addition of morpholine to β‐nitrostyrenes, addition of the resulting carbanion to substrates (II), and subsequent elimination of nitrous acid and morpholine.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cs2CO3‐Promoted Arylation of Unactivated C(sp3)—H Bonds by (Diacetoxyiodo)arenes: Shifting the Reactivity of (Diacetoxyiodo)arenes from Acetoxylation to Arylation.
Authors: Gou Quan , Zhang Zhao‐Fu , Liu Zhi‐Cheng , Qin Jun
Published: July 2015

Arylation of quinolinylamides is carried out using (diacetoxyiodo)benzenes in the presence of palladium as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Carbometalation of Nonfunctionalized Cyclopropenes Using Organozinc and Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Nakano Takeo , Endo Kohei , Ukaji Yutaka
Published: July 2015

An efficient method for the Cu‐catalyzed carbometalation of various cyclopropenes is developed which provides access to functionalized cyclopropanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Benzylic C—H Benzylation via Bis‐benzylpalladium(II) Complexes in Water: An Effective Pathway for the Direct Construction of N‐(1,2‐Diphenylethyl)anilines.
Authors: Hikawa Hidemasa , Izumi Kyoko , Ino Yukari , Kikkawa Shoko , Yokoyama Yuusaku , Azumaya Isao
Published: July 2015

A novel and efficient synthetic route to N‐(1,2‐diphenylethyl)anilines is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Sulfenylation of Boronic Acids with Sulfonyl Hydrazides.
Authors: Wang Ting‐Ting , Yang Fu‐Lai , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: July 2015

An unprecedented sulfenylation reaction of boronic acids is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Pd‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Fluorosulfonylation of Styrenes.
Authors: Yuan Zheliang , Wang Hao‐Yang , Mu Xin , Chen Pinhong , Guo Yin‐Long , Liu Guosheng
Published: July 2015

A Pd‐catalyzed fluorosulfonylation of styrenes using substituted phenanthrolines as ligands, NFSI, and sulfinic acids is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Engaging Nonaromatic, Heterocyclic Tosylates in Reductive Cross‐Coupling with Aryl and Heteroaryl Bromides.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Traister Kaitlin M. , O'Neill Brian T.
Published: July 2015

An optimization of known procedures is elaborated and applied to the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Sodium Carbonate: The Most Efficient Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Indeno[1,2‐b]quinoline and Spiro[chromene‐4,3′‐indoline]‐3‐carbonitriles under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Shinde Vijay V. , Reddy Mudumala Veeranarayana , Kim Yong Hyun , Cho Byung Kwon , Jeong Yeon Tae
Published: July 2015

The reactions can be performed at low catalyst loadings and show an excellent functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spirooxindole Pyrimidines Catalyzed by Silica‐Bonded N‐Propyltriethylenetetramine as a Recyclable Solid Base Catalyst in Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Niknam Khodabakhsh , Abolpour Parisa
Published: July 2015

The title compounds and related benzopyran derivatives are obtained by one‐pot three‐component condensation of isatin, activated methylene compounds, and barbituric acid or cyclohexanedione derivatives, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Exoselective 1,3‐Dipolar [3 + 6] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides with 2‐Acylcycloheptatrienes: Stereoselectivity and Mechanistic Insight.
Authors: He Zhao‐Lin , Sheong Fu Kit , Li Qing‐Hua , Lin Zhenyang , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: July 2015

Cycloheptatrienyl aryl, hetaryl, and alkyl methanones are successfully converted according to the title reaction with aryl, hetaryl, alkyl, and alkenyl imino esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Asymmetric, Aldol/O‐Conjugate Addition Sequence for the Construction of Highly Substituted Furanoids.
Authors: Calter Michael A. , Korotkov Alexander
Published: July 2015

The novel, enantioselective approach to highly functionalized dihydrofurans is based on the reaction between 2‐ene‐1,4‐diketones with dimedone.
ChemInform Abstract: Amide and Amine Nucleophiles in Polar Radical Crossover Cycloadditions: Synthesis of γ‐Lactams and Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Gesmundo Nathan J. , Grandjean Jean‐Marc M. , Nicewicz David A.
Published: July 2015

A series of 24 lactams, e.g. compounds (III) and (VI), is readily prepared by a photoredox reaction of unsaturated amides (I) and (V) with corresponding alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Dearomatization Reaction of Pyrroles Promoted by Silica Gel.
Authors: Zhou Yong , Zhuo Chun‐Xiang , Gu Qing , You Shu‐Li
Published: July 2015

2,3,5‐Trisubstituted pyrroles undergo dearomative Michael addition with α,β‐unsaturated ketones in a site specific manner favouring the reaction at C‐2.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nitromethyl‐Substituted Oxindole Derivatives via a Desulfonylation Cascade.
Authors: Niu Ben , Xie Ping , Bian Zhaogang , Zhao Wannian , Zhang Min , Zhou Yang , Feng Lei , Pittman Charles U. Jr. , Zhou Aihua
Published: July 2015

The title compounds (II) are obtained from N‐(phenylsulfonyl)methacrylamides (I) via a one‐pot radical cascade involving substitution‐desulfonylation‐cyclization steps in one pot using NaNO2 as nitro source and potassium peroxodisulfate as an oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminopalladation‐Triggered Carbene Insertion Reaction: Synthesis of 2‐(1H‐Indol‐3‐yl)acetates.
Authors: Hu Ziwei , Luo Shuang , Zhu Qiang
Published: July 2015

For the first time, a nucleopalladation‐triggered carbene insertion reaction for the synthesis of C‐3 alkylated indole derivatives from ortho‐alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides and α‐diazoacetates is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Direct Functionalization of Indoles by Pd/Sulfoxide‐Phosphine‐Catalyzed N‐Allylic Alkylation.
Authors: Chen Li‐Yan , Yu Xiao‐Ye , Chen Jia‐Rong , Feng Bin , Zhang Hong , Qi Ying‐Hua , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: July 2015

An efficient and scalable N‐allylic alkylation of variously substituted indole derivatives and other N‐heterocycles using diaryl and aryl alkyl propenylacetates is described which generally proceeds with high yields and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐ and Transition Metal Catalyst‐Dependent Regioselectivity in the [3 + 2] Cyclocondensation of Trifluoromethyl‐α,β‐ynones with Hydrazines: Switchable Access to 3‐ and 5‐Trifluoromethylpyrazoles.
Authors: Hsieh Min‐Tsang , Kuo Sheng‐Chu , Lin Hui‐Chang
Published: July 2015

The title cyclocondensation reaction gives 3‐trifluoromethylpyrazoles [e.g. (III)] with high regioselectivity in the presence of Cu(OAc)2 in CH2Cl2, while 5‐trifluoromethylpyrazoles [e.g. (VII)] are predominantly obtained without catalyst in DMSO.
ChemInform Abstract: Ritter Reactions of Isoflavanols: A Facile Route to 4‐Amidoisoflavans.
Authors: Iskander George , Wood Kasey , Eiffe Eleanor , Yee Eugene M.H. , Black David StC. , Kumar Naresh
Published: July 2015

The Ritter reaction of isoflavanol (I) provides a mixture of diastereomers (III) and (IV), independent from whether (I) is applied as a single trans‐isomer or as a diastereomeric mixture.
ChemInform Abstract: Drimane Sesquiterpenoids from the Aspergillus oryzae QXPC‐4
Authors: Ren Ren , Chen Chao‐Jun , Hu Sha‐Sha , Ge Hui‐Ming , Zhu Wen‐Yong , Tan Ren‐Xiang , Jiao Rui‐Hua
Published: July 2015

isolation, structure elucidation and cytotoxic activity of three new drimane sesquiterpenoids, astellolides C—E (I), and related hydroxybenzoates, astellolides F—I (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation and Synthesis of Two Hydroxychavicol Heterodimers from Piper nudibaccatum.
Authors: Liu Hong‐Xin , Tan Hai‐Bo , He Meng‐Ting , Li Ling , Wang Yue‐Hu , Long Chun‐Lin
Published: July 2015

Nudibaccatumins A (Ia) and B (Ib) are evaluated for their XO inhibitory activity without showing a significant effect.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of D‐α‐Amino Amides from Aliphatic Aldehydes.
Authors: Schwieter Kenneth E. , Johnston Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2015

employing the cinchona alkaloid‐catalyzed aza‐Henry reaction using bromonitromethane, and the integration of its product with umpolung amide synthesis
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Glycosylation: Novel Synthetic Approach to Diverse N‐Heterocyclic Glycosides.
Authors: Ji Li , Xiang Shao‐Hua , Leng Wei‐Lin , Hoang Kim Le Mai , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: July 2015

The developed method allows for the α‐ or β‐selective preparation of a range of N‐heterocyclic glycosyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Orotidine by Intramolecular Nucleosidation.
Authors: Kim E.‐K. , Krishnamurthy R.
Published: July 2015

The approach for the synthesis of orotidine (III) is general and not limited to the ribofuranosyl skeleton.
ChemInform Abstract: New Approach to the Preparation of Highly Dispersed Transition Metals Sulfides and Nitrides
Authors: Afanasiev P.
Published: July 2015

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Silver(I) Coordination Architectures Containing 2‐Aminopyrimidyl Ligands
Authors: Wang Xing‐Po , Hu Tuo‐Ping , Sun Di
Published: July 2015

Review: 182 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metallodithiolates as Ligands in Coordination, Bioinorganic, and Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Denny Jason A. , Darensbourg Marcetta Y.
Published: July 2015

Review: 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose Sulfuric Acid (CSA) and Starch Sulfuric Acid (SSA) as Solid and Heterogeneous Catalysts in Green Organic Synthesis: Recent Advances
Authors: Vekariya Rajesh H. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: July 2015

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: History, Development, and a New Concept of Phthalocyanines in Turkey
Authors: Bekaroglu Ozer
Published: July 2015

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron‐Containing Tetrapyrroles
Authors: Ozcelik Sennur , Gul Ahmet
Published: July 2015

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: [18F]6‐Fluoro‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine — Recent Modern Syntheses for an Elusive Radiotracer
Authors: Edwards Richard , Wirth Thomas
Published: July 2015

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nature Loves Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Walsh Christopher T.
Published: July 2015

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Carbene or Carbenoid: Is There a Difference?
Authors: Wang Yahui , Muratore Michael E. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: July 2015

Review: [51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Imine Reduction and Reductive Amination of Ketones
Authors: Schrittwieser Joerg H. , Velikogne Stefan , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: July 2015

Review: [110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: WH Perkin, Patent AD 1856 No 1984: A Review on Authentic Mauveine and Related Compounds
Authors: Plater M. John
Published: July 2015

Review: 49 refs.
Enantioseparation of Racemic Flurbiprofen by Aqueous Two‐Phase Extraction With Binary Chiral Selectors of L‐dioctyl Tartrate and L‐tryptophan
Authors: Chen Zhi , Zhang Wei , Wang Liping , Fan Huajun , Wan Qiang , Wu Xuehao , Tang Xunyou , Tang James Z.
Published: July 2015

A novel method for chiral separation of flurbiprofen enantiomers was developed using aqueous two‐phase extraction (ATPE) coupled with biphasic recognition chiral extraction (BRCE). An aqueous two‐phase system (ATPS) was used as an extracting solvent which was composed of ethanol (35.0% w/w) and ammonium sulfate (18.0% w/w). The chiral selectors in ATPS for BRCE consideration were L‐dioctyl tartrate and L‐tryptophan, which were screened from amino acids, β‐cyclodextrin derivatives, and L‐tartrate esters. Factors such as the amounts of L‐dioctyl tartrate and L‐tryptophan, pH, flurbiprofen concentration, and the operation temperature were investigated in terms of chiral separation of flurbiprofen enantiomers. The optimum conditions were as follows: L‐dioctyl tartrate, 80 mg; L‐tryptophan, 40 mg; pH, 4.0; flurbiprofen concentration, 0.10 mmol/L; and temperature, 25 °C. The maximum separation factor α for flurbiprofen enantiomers could reach 2.34. The mechanism of chiral separation of flurbiprofen enantiomers is discussed and studied. The results showed that synergistic extraction has been established by L‐dioctyl tartrate and L‐tryptophan, which enantioselectively recognized R‐ and S‐enantiomers in top and bottom phases, respectively. Compared to conventional liquid–liquid extraction, ATPE coupled with BRCE possessed higher separation efficiency and enantioselectivity without the use of any other organic solvents. The proposed method is a potential and powerful alternative to conventional extraction for separation of various enantiomers. Chirality 27:650–657, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chaotic mixing characteristics in static mixers with different axial twisted‐tape inserts
Authors: Meng Huibo , Song Mingyuan , Yu Yanfang , Wang Feng , Wu Jianhua
Published: July 2015

The distinction of chaotic advection and mixing of high‐viscosity fluids in tubes equipped with four different twisted tapes, including KSM, MSM, RSM, and SSM, were evaluated by Lagrangian simulation. ∼23 550 massless particle tracers marked by red and black colours were respectively released in the semicircle and concentric circles of the inlet cross‐section. Mixing performance was evaluated qualitatively by tracking Poincaré sections, and quantitatively by the variation coefficient as a function of axial position. Poincaré sections of tracers showed that KSM had the best mixing performance and RSM had two oval‐shaped segregated areas which periodically moved clockwise 90° in the cross‐sections of adjacent twisted tapes. Extensional efficiencies were computed radially and axially for all configurations. Both results showed that large dispersive mixing areas existed in the transition section. At the beginning of the first and end of the last element, the largest extensional efficiencies emerged, which were 1.07−1.21 times that at the transitions. The profiles of stretching rate showed that RSM tape had the weakest micro‐mixing ability, and the other three mixers had nearly identical stretching rates, much higher than RSM for Re < 10. With increasing Re, the mixing performance of MSM decreased first and then increased to be slightly higher than that of RSM. The secondary flows at transition regions were largely weakened for the different twist direction in the MSM. The respective roles of flow reversal and twist direction on mixing were evaluated with the stretching rates between static mixers and conventional stirred vessels.
An improved model for determining fractal structure of nano‐agglomerates
Authors: Esmailpour Ali Asghar , Zarghami Reza , Mostoufi Navid
Published: July 2015

Effects of operating conditions on fractal structures of three nanoparticle agglomerates (SiO2, TiO2, and ZnO) in a vibro‐fluidized bed were investigated. An improved model is proposed by combining the fractal relation, Richardson‐Zaki equation, and mass balance. This model was used to predict substantial properties of nanoparticle agglomerates, such as fractal dimension and size of the agglomerate particulate fluidization. It was shown that with increasing vibration intensity, the fractal dimension of agglomerates decreases slightly, while the number of primary particles in the agglomerate decreases significantly. It was found that the fractal dimension of nanoparticle agglomerates is in the range of 2.63–2.78, and the number of primary particles in the agglomerate is in the order of 1010. Agglomerate size reaches a constant value at high vibration frequency. Calculation results indicated that the vibration frequency has a more important role than its amplitude in reducing agglomerate size. Minimum fluidization velocity was calculated by applying estimated agglomerate sizes, and it was found that the results were in close agreement with the experimental data.
Markers of Myocardial Ischemia in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
Authors: Valo Misa , Wons Annette , Moeller Albert , Teupe Claudius
Published: July 2015

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications.OSAand coronary artery disease (CAD) share the same risk factors and coexist in many patients. In previous studies, repeated nocturnal cardiac ischemic events inOSApatients withCADhave been reported.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized thatOSAmay precipitate myocardial ischemia, evidenced byST‐segment depression and elevated N‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and high‐sensitivity troponin T (hs‐TropT) levels in patients with severeOSAand concomitantCAD. We also aimed to evaluate if the effects could be reversed by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients with severeOSA(apnea‐hypopnea index >15/h, nadir oxygen desaturation ≤80%), and coexistingCADunderwent in‐hospital polysomnography at baseline and underCPAP. Blood samples for hs‐TropTandNT‐proBNPmeasurements were drawn prior and immediately after sleep.ST‐segment depression was measured at the time of maximum oxygen desaturation during sleep.

Results

CPAPsignificantly decreased elevatedNT‐proBNPlevels from 475 ± 654 pg/mLbefore sleep to 353 ± 573 pg/mLafter sleep and attenuatedST‐segment depression during sleep. hs‐TropTwas not elevated and did not differ after nocturnal oxygen desaturation at baseline and afterCPAP.

Conclusions

CPAPsignificantly reducedNT‐proBNPin patients suffering from severeOSAand coexistingCAD. Repeated nocturnal myocardial ischemia did not cause myocyte necrosis evidenced by elevated hs‐TropTorST‐segment depression.
Dynamic Changes of Animal Community Composition and Distribution by Spartina Invasion in Yancheng Beach Wetland, China
Authors: Xie Guilin , Wang Baozhong , Zhao Kuijun , Li Susu , Zhou Lihua
Published: July 2015

The total beach animal specimen of the survey was 795.5, which belong to 17 species of 14 families in five classes under four phyla. Batillaria zonalis Bruguiere was the dominant species in the majority study sites during all seasons. Statistical analysis of the sampled data was performed, which covered the community composition, distribution of the number, diversity index, the principal component analysis (PCA), Spielmann rank correlation matrix analysis, Kulczynski comparative analysis of species richness, Mine‐Laying–Curtis clustering of several areas in four seasons. The results showed that the Shannon–Wiener diversity index was higher in January and lower in August. The Simpson diversity indices in the different study sites were quite variable, with the highest being at H1 site in April, and lowest at H3 site in August. The Berger–Parker dominance index for the animal is much different in all the sampling sites, which could be either relatively large, or high to low. The role of PCA had the same or opposite direction of the three components. The Spielmann rank correlation matrix analysis showed a positive and high degree of linear correlation among some groups. The Kulczynski comparative analysis demonstrated that the correlation coefficient between G‐point and H3‐point in January and April was bigger, and it was smaller between H2 site and other sites in October. Species richness displayed a regular distribution. The Mine‐Fields–Curtis clustering analysis showed that the similarity in different seasons was good, with the highest similarity reaching 87.1302 at H3 site between January and October, and the lowest similarity only reaching 3.1693 at the H2 site between August and October.
Morpho‐Physiological Growth and Yield Responses of Two Contrasting Maize Cultivars to Cadmium Exposure
Authors: Anjum Shakeel Ahmad , Tanveer Mohsin , Hussain Saddam , ullah Ehsan , Wang Longchang , Khan Imran , Samad Rana Abdul , Tung Shahbaz Atta , Anam Madiha , Shahzad Babar
Published: July 2015

Increasing soil contamination by cadmium (Cd) has emerged one of the gravest threats to environmental sustainability and global food security. Maize, a major staple food, is supposed as the conspicuous source for intake of Cd by human beings. The present study investigated the morpho‐physiological growth and yield responses of two contrasting maize cultivars (Run Nong 35 and Wan Dan 13) to different Cd toxicity levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300, and 375 μM). A considerable reduction in the growth and yield performance of both maize cultivars were noticed upon exposure to Cd stress and such a reduction governed by Cd was concentration dependent. Therefore, an increase in Cd concentration resulted in a proportional decrease in all growth (plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, and ear length) and yield attributes (number of kernels per row, number of kernels per cob, and 100‐kernel weight). Osmolytes accumulation (soluble proteins, soluble sugar, and proline contents) also varied in the response to different Cd toxicity levels and maximum values for these attributes were recorded at 375 μM Cd in both cultivars. Furthermore, pronounced reduction in gas exchange attributes (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and water use efficiency), relative water contents and chlorophyll contents were observed in Cd‐stressed plants. Cultivar variations were also apparent and Wan Dan 13 outperformed the Run Nong 35 for all studied attributes. Wan Dan 13 appeared a promising maize cultivar manifesting Cd tolerance that was related to higher osmolytes accumulation and better photosynthetic activity.
Evolution of the mammalian dentate gyrus
Authors: Hevner Robert F.
Published: July 2015

The dentate gyrus (DG), a part of the hippocampal formation, has important functions in learning, memory, and adult neurogenesis. Compared with homologous areas in sauropsids (birds and reptiles), the mammalian DG is larger and exhibits qualitatively different phenotypes: 1) folded (C‐ or V‐shaped) granule neuron layer, concave toward the hilus and delimited by a hippocampal fissure; 2) nonperiventricular adult neurogenesis; and 3) prolonged ontogeny, involving extensive abventricular (basal) migration and proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs). Although gaps remain, available data indicate that these DG traits are present in all orders of mammals, including monotremes and marsupials. The exception is Cetacea (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), in which DG size, convolution, and adult neurogenesis have undergone evolutionary regression. Parsimony suggests that increased growth and convolution of the DG arose in stem mammals concurrently with nonperiventricular adult hippocampal neurogenesis and basal migration of NSPCs during development. These traits could all result from an evolutionary change that enhanced radial migration of NSPCs out of the periventricular zones, possibly by epithelial–mesenchymal transition, to colonize and maintain nonperiventricular proliferative niches. In turn, increased NSPC migration and clonal expansion might be a consequence of growth in the cortical hem (medial patterning center), which produces morphogens such as Wnt3a, generates Cajal‐Retzius neurons, and is regulated by Lhx2. Finally, correlations between DG convolution and neocortical gyrification (or capacity for gyrification) suggest that enhanced abventricular migration and proliferation of NSPCs played a transformative role in growth and folding of neocortex as well as archicortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:578–594, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional immersive virtual reality for studying cellular compartments in 3D models from EM preparations of neural tissues
Authors: Calì Corrado , Baghabra Jumana , Boges Daniya J. , Holst Glendon R. , Kreshuk Anna , Hamprecht Fred A. , Srinivasan Madhusudhanan , Lehväslaiho Heikki , Magistretti Pierre J.
Published: July 2015

Advances in the application of electron microscopy (EM) to serial imaging are opening doors to new ways of analyzing cellular structure. New and improved algorithms and workflows for manual and semiautomated segmentation allow us to observe the spatial arrangement of the smallest cellular features with unprecedented detail in full three‐dimensions. From larger samples, higher complexity models can be generated; however, they pose new challenges to data management and analysis. Here we review some currently available solutions and present our approach in detail. We use the fully immersive virtual reality (VR) environment CAVE (cave automatic virtual environment), a room in which we are able to project a cellular reconstruction and visualize in 3D, to step into a world created with Blender, a free, fully customizable 3D modeling software with NeuroMorph plug‐ins for visualization and analysis of EM preparations of brain tissue. Our workflow allows for full and fast reconstructions of volumes of brain neuropil using ilastik, a software tool for semiautomated segmentation of EM stacks. With this visualization environment, we can walk into the model containing neuronal and astrocytic processes to study the spatial distribution of glycogen granules, a major energy source that is selectively stored in astrocytes. The use of CAVE was key to the observation of a nonrandom distribution of glycogen, and led us to develop tools to quantitatively analyze glycogen clustering and proximity to other subcellular features. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:23–38, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Opicapone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics comparison between healthy Japanese and matched white subjects
Authors: Falcão Amílcar , Rocha José Francisco , Santos Ana , Nunes Teresa , Soares‐da‐Silva Patrício
Published: July 2015

Opicapone (OPC) is a novel third‐generation catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. This randomized, double‐blind, parallel, placebo‐controlled and multiple ascending dose study in 3 sequential groups of up to 38 (19 Japanese plus 19 white subjects) aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD; COMT activity) of opicapone between healthy Japanese and matched white subjects. Enrolled subjects received a once‐daily morning administration of OPC (5, 25, or 50 mg) or placebo for 10 days, with plasma and urine concentrations of opicapone and its metabolites measured up to 144 hours postdose, including S‐COMT activity. Geometric mean ratios (GMRs) and confidence intervals (95%CIs) for the main PK and PD parameters of OPC were evaluated between populations. Both the PK and PD of OPC were similar in the Japanese and white populations. Overall, only minimal differences were noted between the 2 populations, which were not deemed to be statistically significant. When both populations were separated based on their COMT genotype, the observed PK and PD differences were also negligible. In conclusion, the PK and PD profiles of OPC were similar in the Japanese and white populations. Thus, ethnicity and COMT polymorphisms had no significant impact on the OPC PK and PD in the conditions of the study.
Design of Glycosyltransferase Inhibitors: Serine Analogues as Pyrophosphate Surrogates?
Authors: Wang Shuai , Cuesta‐Seijo Jose A. , Striebeck Alexander , Lafont Dominique , Palcic Monica M. , Vidal Sébastien
Published: July 2015

Mimicking the diphosphate moiety of nucleotide diphosphate sugars with serine analogues provided modest glycosyltransferase inhibitors. The synthetic strategy employed a combination of glycosylation, amide bond formation and azide–alkyne “click” chemistry. Inhibition constants (Ki) in the high micromolar range were obtained with a selection of five galactosyltransferases. Cocrystals of three inhibitors bound at the active site of a blood group A/B synthesizing glycosyltransferase were analysed. The structures and inhibitory patterns of the analogues demonstrate the flexibility of the enzymes which complicates the rational design of glycosyltransferase inhibitors.
Exploring Phase Progression Throughout the Therapeutic Process: The Case of Eva
Authors: Ferreira Joana F. , Vasco António B. , Basseches Michael , Santos Andreia , Ferreira João M.
Published: July 2015

This study intends to clarify how Eva [a good‐outcome case] developed a more differentiated and integrated sense of herself and her experience, and how the therapist facilitated this developmental process.

It aims to deepen our understanding of the processes of change throughout the therapeutic process by analysing a longitudinal case study integrating a phase‐by‐phase map—the sequential phases of the Paradigmatic Complementarity Metamodel [PCM]—with a moment‐by‐moment tracking method—the Developmental Analysis of Psychotherapy Process [DAPP] Method.

A team of three researchers analysed the sessions from the first year of therapy, identified phase transitions and consolidations, and discussed what in the process appears to have fostered them.

The results suggest that Eva evolved in accordance with the sequence of phases proposed by the PCM, which we illustrate and explain with therapeutic interactions representative of Eva's development within the evolving therapeutic process.

This case study is one of a series intended to contribute to the optimization of clinical decision making by identifying markers of phase progression and assessing the usefulness of the therapeutic interventions offered. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Integrating moment‐by‐moment and phase‐by‐phase guiding maps facilitates the understanding of therapeutic processes.

Therapists' attunement and responsiveness to patients' assimilation capacities supports therapeutic progress.

Being aware of both phase‐by‐phase and moment‐by‐moment movements in psychotherapy helps lead to better clinical decisions.
Improving reliability of erasure codes‐based storage paradigm under correlated failures for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ruan Zhiqiang , Luo Haibo , Chen Zhide
Published: July 2015

In distributed sensor networks, ensuring data availability and reliability in the presence of node failures and malicious attacks is an important requirement. Traditionally, redundant schemes such as erasure codes and network coding are used to improve storage efficiency. However, prior works do not consider the scenario that node failures might cut the network into multiple components and result in unsuccessful data reconstruction. To address this problem, we first devise a data segment distribution scheme that enables randomly connected component of remaining network to have enough data symbols to recreate the initial data. Because the optimal symbol distribution is Nondeterministic Polynomial (NP)‐complete problem, we further propose an approximation solution to solve it for arbitrary network model. Second, an efficient data recovery scheme with integrity check is proposed to reconstruct the initial data and repair the data saved on the disabled nodes in case of Byzantine failures. Compared with the previous approaches, the proposed scheme benefits from low data loss and storage overhead, which is confirmed by evaluations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lightweight anonymous authentication scheme for consumer roaming in ubiquitous networks with provable security
Authors: Farash Mohammad Sabzinejad , Chaudhry Shehzad Ashraf , Heydari Mohammad , Sajad Sadough S. Mohammad , Kumari Saru , Khan Muhammad Khurram
Published: July 2015

Ubiquitous networks provide roaming service for mobile nodes enabling them to use the services extended by their home networks in a foreign network. A mutual authentication scheme between the roamed mobile node and the foreign network is needed to be performed through the home network. Various authentication schemes have been developed for such networks, but most of them failed to achieve security in parallel to computational efficiency. Recently, Shin et al. and Wen et al. separately proposed two efficient authentication schemes for roaming service in ubiquitous networks. Both argued their schemes to satisfy all the security requirements for such systems. However, in this paper, we show that Shin et al.'s scheme is susceptible to: (i) user traceability; (ii) user impersonation; (iii) service provider impersonation attacks; and (iv) session key disclosure. Furthermore, we show that Wen et al.'s scheme is also insecure against: (i) session key disclosure; and (ii) known session key attacks. To conquer the security problems, we propose an improved authentication scheme with anonymity for consumer roaming in ubiquitous networks. The proposed scheme not only improved the security but also retained a lower computational cost as compared with existing schemes. We prove the security of proposed scheme in random oracle model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytologic features of gastric‐type adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix
Authors: Kawakami Fumi , Mikami Yoshiki , Sudo Tamotsu , Fujiwara Kiyoshi , Hirose Takanori , Itoh Tomoo
Published: July 2015

Background

Gastric‐type mucinous carcinoma (GAS) is a clinically aggressive variant of cervical adenocarcinoma. This study sought to describe the cytologic features of GAS.

Methods

We reviewed the cervical and endometrial smears of 14 patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of GAS. All slides were conventionally smeared. We included 20 controls with usual‐type endocervical adenocarcinoma (UEA).

Results

Monolayered and honeycomb sheets were observed in 78.6% (11/14) of patients with GAS, and were prominent in seven patients. Three‐dimensional clusters were more prominent in the UEA group. Vacuolar and/or foamy cytoplasm was observed in 71.4% (10/14) of patients with GAS, whereas this finding was rare among those with UEA (2/18). Marked intracytoplasmic neutrophil entrapment was more common in the GAS group (7/14) than in the UEA group (2/18). Intracytoplasmic mucin was present in eight patients with GAS. Nuclei were vesicular in eight patients with GAS, but were homogenous and hyperchromatic in UEA patients. Conspicuous nucleoli were present in nine patients with GAS. Conversely, this finding was rarely observed in UEA patients.

Conclusions

The characteristic cytologic findings of GAS include (1) monolayered and honeycomb sheets, (2) vacuolar and/or foamy cytoplasm, (3) intracytoplasmic neutrophil entrapment, and (4) vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:791–796. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic role and limitations of FNAC in oral and jaw swellings
Authors: Goyal Surbhi , Sharma Sonal , Diwaker Preeti
Published: July 2015

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of oral lesions has not been widely utilized for diagnosis due to rarity and diversity of lesions, peculiar anatomy of maxillofacial region, difficulty in aspirating these lesions, and limited experience. Aim of this study was to determine the role of FNAC in the diagnosis of oral and jaw swellings.

Materials and Methods

One hundred and forty two patients underwent FNAC over a period of 7 years (2007–2013), of which 127 (89.4%) aspirates were diagnostic. Histopathologic correlation was available in 83 cases and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC was calculated.

Results

Of the minor salivary gland lesions, 41 out of 55 lesions (74.5%) were benign and 14 (25.4%) were malignant. Mucocele was the most common lesion in oral cavity (30 cases) and pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest salivary gland neoplasm (9 cases). Of the 72 non‐salivary‐gland lesions, 22 lesions were inflammatory, 4 were epidermal inclusion cysts, 21 were neoplastic, and the remaining 25 presented as radiolucent jaw bone lesions. Diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in our study was 91.6% with 6 false negatives and 1 false positive. Four glandular malignancies and one case of cystic ameloblastoma were misdiagnosed as false negative on cytology.

Conclusion

Cytological features are diagnostic in certain inflammatory lesions of infective etiology and neoplastic conditions like Langerhans cell histiocytosis, lymphoma, plasmacytoma, Ewing's tumor, and squamous cell carcinoma. However, accurate subtyping of giant cell lesions, salivary gland tumors, odontogenic tumors, and cystic lesions may not be always feasible on FNAC. FNAC is highly accurate in early diagnosis of oral and jaw lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:810–818. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diabetes, glycaemia, and cognition—a secondary analysis of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Authors: Lehtisalo Jenni , Lindström Jaana , Ngandu Tiia , Kivipelto Miia , Ahtiluoto Satu , Ilanne‐Parikka Pirjo , Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Eriksson Johan G. , Uusitupa Matti , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Luchsinger Jose A. ,   for the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS)
Published: July 2015

Background

Type 2 diabetes is linked with cognitive dysfunction and dementia in epidemiological studies, but these observations are limited by lack of data on the exact timing of diabetes onset. We investigated diabetes, dysglycaemia, and cognition in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, in which the timing and duration of diabetes are well documented.

Methods

The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study comprised middle‐aged, overweight participants with impaired glucose tolerance but no diabetes at baseline (n = 522), randomized to lifestyle intervention or a control group. After an intervention period (mean duration 4 years) and follow‐up (additional 9 years), cognitive assessment with the CERAD test battery and Trail Making Test A (TMT) was executed twice within a 2‐year interval. Of the 364 (70%) participants with cognitive assessments, 171 (47%) had developed diabetes.

Results

Cognitive function did not differ between those who developed diabetes and those who did not. Lower mean 2‐h glucose at an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbA1Cduring the intervention period predicted better performance in the TMT (p = 0.012 and 0.024, respectively). Those without diabetes or with short duration of diabetes improved in CERAD total score between the two assessments (p = 0.001) whereas those with long duration of diabetes did not (p = 0.844).

Conclusions

Better glycemic control among persons with baseline impaired glucose tolerance predicted better cognitive performance 9 years later in this secondary analysis of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study population. In addition, learning effects in cognitive testing were not evident in people with long diabetes duration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deficiency of the RNA binding protein caprin2 causes lens defects and features of peters anomaly
Authors: Dash Soma , Dang Christine A. , Beebe David C. , Lachke Salil A.
Published: July 2015

Background

It was recently demonstrated that deficiency of a conserved RNA binding protein (RBP) and RNA granule (RG) component Tdrd7 causes ocular defects including cataracts in human, mouse and chicken, indicating the importance of posttranscriptional regulation in eye development. Here we investigated the function of a second conserved RBP/RG component Caprin2 that is identified by the eye gene discovery tool iSyTE.

Results

In situ hybridization, Western blotting and immunostaining confirmed highly enriched expression of Caprin2 mRNA and protein in mouse embryonic and postnatal lens. To gain insight into its function, lens‐specific Caprin2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse mutants were generated using a lens‐Cre deleter line Pax6GFPCre. Phenotypic analysis of Caprin2cKO/cKO mutants revealed distinct eye defects at variable penetrance. Wheat germ agglutinin staining and scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that Caprin2cKO/cKO mutants have an abnormally compact lens nucleus, which is the core of the lens comprised of centrally located terminally differentiated fiber cells. Additionally, Caprin2cKO/cKO mutants also exhibited at 8% penetrance a developmental defect that resembles a human condition called Peters anomaly, wherein the lens and the cornea remain attached by a persistent stalk.

Conclusions

These data suggest that a conserved RBP Caprin2 functions in distinct morphological events in mammalian eye development. Developmental Dynamics 244:1313–1327, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and validation of the Chinese‐language version of the eating pathology symptoms inventory
Authors: Tang Xiaoqi , Forbush Kelsie T. , Lui P. Priscilla
Published: July 2015

Objective

Eating disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent among individuals from non‐Western countries, yet few non‐English‐language measures of eating pathology exist. The current study sought to develop and validate a Chinese version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory1 with cross‐cultural equivalence.

Method

The Chinese version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (CEPSI) was translated and back‐translated by native Chinese speakers, and administered to a pilot sample of native Chinese speaking students (N = 45) from a Midwestern university in the United States. The measure was revised based on participant's feedback, and administrated to a large sample of native Chinese speakers recruited from a Midwestern community (N = 195; 49.2% women) to test the factor structure and convergent and discriminant validity of the measure.

Results

As hypothesized, the CEPSI had a robust eight‐factor structure, and demonstrated evidence for acceptable internal consistency (median coefficient alphas were 0.80 for men and 0.79 for women, and alpha values ranged from 0.36 to 0.85 in men and 0.70 to 0.89 in women), and good convergent validity (correlations with relevant translated scales from the Eating Disorder Examination‐Questionnaire and the Eating Attitudes Test‐26 ranged from 0.22 to 0.58) and discriminate validity (correlations with a translated version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale ranged from .12 to .30).

Discussion

Results indicate that the CEPSI has high potential value as a new self‐report measure of eating pathology that can be used in future research and clinical settings to assess eating disorder‐related psychopathology among Chinese speaking individuals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:1016–1023).
Relationship status predicts lower restrictive eating pathology for bisexual and gay men across 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Brown Tiffany A. , Keel Pamela K.
Published: July 2015

Objective

Cross‐sectional studies support that bisexual and gay (BG) men are at increased risk for eating pathology, and romantic relationships may buffer against risk; however, no studies have examined this association longitudinally. The current study examined how romantic relationships impact the trajectory of eating pathology in BG versus heterosexual men.

Method

BG (n = 51) and heterosexual (n = 522) men completed surveys of health and eating behaviors at baseline and 10‐year follow‐up.

Results

For BG men, being single at baseline prospectively predicted an increase in Drive for Thinness scores over 10‐year follow‐up. Additionally, for BG men in relationships at baseline, lower relationship satisfaction predicted an increase in Drive for Thinness scores over time. Conversely, these relationship variables did not predict trajectory of eating pathology for heterosexual men.

Discussion

Implications for theoretical models of risk, including objectification theory and sexual minority stress theory, and prevention, including peer‐led cognitive dissonance based interventions, are discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:700–707)
Effects of host plant on life‐history traits in the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Marinosci Cassandra , Magalhães Sara , Macke Emilie , Navajas Maria , Carbonell David , Devaux Céline , Olivieri Isabelle
Published: July 2015

Studying antagonistic coevolution between host plants and herbivores is particularly relevant for polyphagous species that can experience a great diversity of host plants with a large range of defenses. Here, we performed experimental evolution with the polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae to detect how mites can exploit host plants. We thus compared on a same host the performance of replicated populations from an ancestral one reared for hundreds of generations on cucumber plants that were shifted to either tomato or cucumber plants. We controlled for maternal effects by rearing females from all replicated populations on either tomato or cucumber leaves, crossing this factor with the host plant in a factorial design. About 24 generations after the host shift and for all individual mites, we measured the following fitness components on tomato leaf fragments: survival at all stages, acceptance of the host plant by juvenile and adult mites, longevity, and female fecundity. The host plant on which mite populations had evolved did not affect the performance of the mites, but only affected their sex ratio. Females that lived on tomato plants for circa 24 generations produced a higher proportion of daughters than did females that lived on cucumber plants. In contrast, maternal effects influenced juvenile survival, acceptance of the host plant by adult mites and female fecundity. Independently of the host plant species on which their population had evolved, females reared on the tomato maternal environment produced offspring that survived better on tomato as juveniles, but accepted less this host plant as adults and had a lower fecundity than did females reared on the cucumber maternal environment. We also found that temporal blocks affected mite dispersal and both female longevity and fecundity. Taken together, our results show that the host plant species can affect critical parameters of population dynamics, and most importantly that maternal and environmental conditions can facilitate colonization and exploitation of a novel host in the polyphagous T. urticae, by affecting dispersal behavior (host acceptance) and female fecundity.
Postmating reproductive barriers contribute to the incipient sexual isolation of the United States and Caribbean Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kao Joyce Y. , Lymer Seana , Hwang Sea H. , Sung Albert , Nuzhdin Sergey V.
Published: July 2015

The nascent stages of speciation start with the emergence of sexual isolation. Understanding the influence of reproductive barriers in this evolutionary process is an ongoing effort. We present a study of Drosophila melanogaster admixed populations from the southeast United States and the Caribbean islands known to be a secondary contact zone of European‐ and African‐derived populations undergoing incipient sexual isolation. The existence of premating reproductive barriers has been previously established, but these types of barriers are not the only source shaping sexual isolation. To assess the influence of postmating barriers, we investigated putative postmating barriers of female remating and egg‐laying behavior, as well as hatchability of eggs laid and female longevity after mating. In the central region of our putative hybrid zone of American and Caribbean populations, we observed lower hatchability of eggs laid accompanied by increased resistance to harm after mating to less‐related males. These results illustrate that postmating reproductive barriers act alongside premating barriers and genetic admixture such as hybrid incompatibilities and influence early phases of sexual isolation.