bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Analytic Representations for Caps, Floors, Collars, and Exchange Options on Continuous Flows, Arbitrage‐Free Relations, and Optimal Investments
Authors: Dias José Carlos , Nunes João Pedro Vidal , Silva Fernando Correia da
Published: August 2024

We offer analytic formulae for valuing finite maturity profit caps and floors that are contingent on continuous flows without the need for subtracting the risk‐neutral expectation of the forward starting perpetual solution from the corresponding perpetual solution. The related price caps, floors, and collars are easily obtained from any analytic representation of profit caps and floors using some arbitrage‐free relations. Finally, we offer two novel methods for calculating the optimal triggers of investment projects in the presence of price floors and collars regimes in a way that is much simpler than the ones currently used.
Factors affecting ocular trauma in Iran: A systematic review study
Authors: Mir Atefeh , Baseri Maryam Moradi , Farmanfarma Khadijeh Kalan
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims

Ocular trauma (OT) is a a major cause of ocular morbidity and blindness. This study was systematically conducted to determine the factors contributing to OT in Iran.

Methods

In this study, a systematic review of all published articles in Persian and English languages from 2000 to 2023 was conducted to investigate the factors affecting OT in Iran. The included studies encompassed cross‐sectional, cohort, and case‐control designs. Articles were selected from internationally recognized databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as Persian databases such as SID and Magiran. The search strategy involved using keywords aligned with the (MeSH) terms, such as “oculars,” “trauma,” and “Iran.” Initially, 403 articles were identified, and ultimately, 14 articles met the inclusion criteria. To ensure the prevention of bias and assess the quality of the selected articles, the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale was utilized.

Result

In the present study, the majority of individuals in the reviewed articles were categorized as having mild eye injuries (13.8%). A higher percentage of injuries was observed in males compared to females, and a higher prevalence of injuries was also observed in the age group of over 30 years compared to other age groups. Among the mechanical causes, sharp trauma had the highest prevalence rate (72.5%), while falls had the lowest prevalence rate (14%), followed by sport‐related injuries (29%). Non‐mechanical injuries were mentioned in only one article and had a prevalence rate of 1.5%

Conclusion

The results of the current research have shown that among the mechanical injuries, accidents involving motorcycles and sharp objects are the leading causes of OT in Iranians. Therefore, the use of protective equipment such as goggles and adherence to traffic laws play a particularly important role, especially in men higher the age of 30. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted educational and preventive measures to reduce OT in Iran.
Factors associated with sleep quality among Afghan healthcare workers
Authors: Haidarzada Ahmad Shoaib , Neyazi Ahmad , Padhi Bijaya K. , Razaqi Nosaibah , Afzali Habibah , Tabib Raz Mohammad , Ahmadi Mahsa , Neyazi Mehrab , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims

Sleep is a complex physiological process during which the body and mind enter a period of rest. For a healthy lifestyle, different cohort groups can be affected in different ways. One such cohort is healthcare workers (HCWs)—an unexplored group in Afghanistan. Therefore, the present study examined the association between a range of sociodemographic factors including having night shift work and sleep quality among Afghan HCWs.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was administered in January 2023 among HCWs (N = 342) in the Herat province of Afghanistan. The survey examined sleep quality and its association with a range of sociodemographic factors among HCWs. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association of sleep quality with sociodemographic characteristics among HCWs. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess the sleep quality among HCWs.

Results

A total of 342 HCWs participated in the present study with an age range of 18 to 60 years. The mean age of the participants was 28.90 years (SD ± 8.10). Just over half of the participants were male (50.3%). Of the 342 participants, 58.5% reported poor sleep quality. Being married status, having higher number of children, not being a doctor, having low economic status, working night shifts, and having a traumatic event occur during past month were among the main variables associated with sleep quality among Afghan HCWs. Multiple regression analysis indicated that having high income [negatively] (AOR = 4.132, p = 0.002), working night shifts [positively] (AOR = 0.288, p < 0.001), and having a traumatic event occur during past month [positively] (AOR = 0.504, p = 0.007) were significantly associated with sleep quality.

Conclusion

The study suggests the need for Afghan health employers to create a healthy work environment that prioritizes the well‐being of their employees by limiting overtime hours, providing rest breaks during long shifts, and ensuring that HCWs have access to necessary resources for coping with work‐related stressors. These policies would promote the overall health and well‐being of the workforce and would likely lead to better patient care outcomes.
Exploring the association between online gaming addiction and academic performance among the school‐going adolescents in Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Anjum Ramisa , Nodi Nodia Hossain , Das Proma Rani , Roknuzzaman A. S. M. , Sarker Rapty , Islam Md. Rabiul
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims

The pervasive nature of online gaming, notably accentuated during the COVID‐19 pandemic, has spurred concerns regarding gaming addiction among children. This study explores the intricate ramifications of online gaming addiction on the academic performance and social dynamics of children in Bangladesh. Our primary objective is to gauge the extent of online gaming addiction and unravel its profound effects on academic performance.

Methods

Conducting a nationwide survey from January 1, 2023, to June 30, 2023, we analyzed 502 responses from participants aged 6–17 years. The survey encompassed sociodemographic details, gaming addiction assessment, and academic performance following a simple random sampling method. We analyzed participant demographics utilizing descriptive statistics, chi‐square tests, and logistic regression.

Results

Key findings revealed a majority within the 13–17 age bracket (75.50%), predominantly male (58.57%), and enrolled in secondary education (83.27%). A robust inverse relationship showed that nonaddicted students towards online gaming had higher academic performance. Therefore, it is important to implement targeted strategies to address online gaming addiction among Bangladeshi children.

Conclusion

Recommending early intervention, academic initiatives, and holistic therapy, we advocate for collaboration among educational institutions, mental health professionals, parents, and policymakers. All of these initiatives are essential to navigate the evolving challenges presented by gaming addiction. Furthermore, our call for ongoing research seeks to deepen our understanding of enduring consequences on academic and social dimensions, fostering a digitally supportive environment conducive to the holistic well‐being of children.
Melatonin effect on breast and ovarian cancers by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Authors: Pourbarkhordar Vahid , Rahmani Sohrab , Roohbakhsh Ali , Hayes A. Wallace , Karimi Gholamreza
Published: August 2024

Melatonin, the hormone of the pineal gland, possesses a range of physiological functions, and recently, its anticancer effect has become more apparent. A more thorough understanding of molecular alterations in the components of several signaling pathways as new targets for cancer therapy is needed because of current innate restrictions such as drug toxicity, side effects, and acquired or de novo resistance. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is overactivated in many solid tumors, such as breast and ovarian cancers. This pathway in normal cells is essential for growth, proliferation, and survival. However, it is an undesirable characteristic in malignant cells. We have reviewed multiple studies about the effect of melatonin on breast and ovarian cancer, focusing on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Melatonin exerts its inhibitory effects via several mechanisms. A: Downregulation of downstream or upstream components of the signaling pathway such as phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)‐trisphosphate kinase (PI3K), p‐PI3K, Akt, p‐Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mTOR complex1 (mTORC1). B: Apoptosis induction by decreasing MDM2 expression, a downstream target of Akt, and mTOR, which leads to Bad activation in addition to Bcl‐XL and p53 inhibition. C: Induction of autophagy in cancer cells via activating ULK1 after mTOR inhibition, resulting in Beclin‐1 phosphorylation. Beclin‐1 with AMBRA1 and VPS34 promotes PI3K complex I activity and autophagy in cancer cells. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway overlaps with other intracellular signaling pathways and components such as AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), Wnt/β‐catenin, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and other similar pathways. Cancer therapy can benefit from understanding how these pathways interact and how melatonin affects these pathways.
Novel Honeycomb Nanoclay Frameworks With Hemostatic and Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Cambronel Mélyssa , Wongkamhaeng Kan , Blavignac Christelle , Forestier Christiane , Nedelec Jean‐Marie , Denry Isabelle
Published: August 2024

Our laboratory recently developed a new class of high surface area, honeycomb Nanoclay Microsphere Framework absorbents (NMFs) that prompt rapid hemostasis. In the present work, we propose a novel approach to develop antibacterial Topical Hemostatic Agents (THAs) by anchoring silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto NMFs. This combination was obtained by a chemical co‐reduction approach, followed by freeze‐processing, and was shown to ensure stability and on‐site delivery of AgNPs, without altering the hemostatic properties of NMFs. Silver‐loaded NMFs showed no change in their unique architecture and led to a 55% increase in clot strength, compared to standard control plasma or commercially available THA, and a significant decrease in mean fibrin fiber diameter. Silver nanoparticles were successfully released when solubilized and prevented the growth of both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 22 and 30 ppm of silver released, respectively. Overall, cell mortality was between 9.1 ± 5.1% and 6.3 ± 3.2%, depending on AgNP concentration, confirming a low cytotoxicity. Silver‐loaded nanoclay microsphere frameworks appear to constitute promising candidates as topical hemostatic agents for secondary management of hemostasis when infection control is needed.
Photophysical properties of donor (D)–acceptor (A)–donor (D) diketopyrrolopyrrole (A) systems as donors for applications to organic electronic devices
Authors: Rosa Nathália M. P. , Borges Itamar
Published: August 2024

Fourteen substituted diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) molecules in a donor (D)–acceptor (DPP)–donor (D) arrangement were designed. We employed density functional theory, time‐dependent DFT, DFT‐MRCI and the ab initio wave function second‐order algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC(2)) methods to investigate theoretically these systems. The examined aromatic substituents have one, two, or three hetero‐ and non‐hetero rings. We comprehensively investigated their optical, electronic, and charge transport properties to evaluate potential applications in organic electronic devices. We found that the donor substituents based on one, two, or three aromatic rings bonded to the DPP core can improve the efficiency of an organic solar cell by fine‐tuning the highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels to match acceptors in typical bulk heterojunctions acceptors. Several properties of interest for organic photovoltaic devices were computed. We show that the investigated molecules are promising for applications as donor materials when combined with typical acceptors in bulk heterojunctions because they have appreciable energy conversion efficiencies resulting from their low ionization potentials and high electron affinities. This scenario allows a more effective charge separation and reduces the recombination rates. A comprehensive charge transfer analysis shows that D–A (DDP)–D systems have significant intramolecular charge transfer, further confirming their promise as candidates for donor materials in solar cells. The significant photophysical properties of DPP derivatives, including the high fluorescence emission, also allow these materials to be used in organic light‐emitting diodes.
AMPK, a hub for the microenvironmental regulation of bone homeostasis and diseases
Authors: Liu Jin‐Yu , Liu Jie‐Xi , Li Rang , Zhang Zi‐Qi , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Xing Shu‐Juan , Sui Bing‐Dong , Jin Fang , Ma Bo , Zheng Chen‐Xi
Published: August 2024

AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), a crucial regulatory kinase, monitors energy levels, conserving ATP and boosting synthesis in low‐nutrition, low‐energy states. Its sensitivity links microenvironmental changes to cellular responses. As the primary support structure and endocrine organ, the maintenance, and repair of bones are closely associated with the microenvironment. While a series of studies have explored the effects of specific microenvironments on bone, there is lack of angles to comprehensively evaluate the interactions between microenvironment and bone cells, especially for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) which mediate the differentiation of osteogenic lineage. It is noteworthy that accumulating evidence has indicated that AMPK may serve as a hub between BMMSCs and microenvironment factors, thus providing a new perspective for us to understand the biology and pathophysiology of stem cells and bone. In this review, we emphasize AMPK's pivotal role in bone microenvironment modulation via ATP, inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium, and glucose, particularly in BMMSCs. We further explore the use of AMPK‐activating drugs in the context of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. Moreover, building upon the foundation of AMPK, we elucidate a viewpoint that facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic relationship between the microenvironment and bone homeostasis, offering valuable insights for prospective investigations into stem cell biology and the treatment of bone diseases.
Leptin signalling altered in infantile nephropathic cystinosis‐related bone disorder
Authors: Cheung Wai W. , Zhou Ping , Zheng Ronghao , Gertler Arieh , Oliveira Eduardo A. , Mak Robert H.
Published: August 2024

Background

The CTNS gene mutation causes infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC). Patients with INC develop Fanconi syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with significant bone deformations. C57BL/6 Ctns−/− mice are an animal model for studying INC. Hyperleptinaemia results from the kidney's inability to eliminate the hormone leptin in CKD. Ctns−/− mice have elevated serum leptin concentrations. Leptin regulates bone metabolism through its receptor that signals further via the hypothalamic melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). Leptin signalling may affect bone health in Ctns−/− mice.

Methods

We first defined the time course of bone abnormalities in Ctns−/− mice between 1 and 12 months of age. We used both genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate leptin signalling in Ctns−/− mice. We generated Ctns−/−Mc4r−/− double knockout mice. Bone phenotype of Ctns−/−Mc4r−/− mice, Ctns−/− mice and wild type (WT) mice at 1, 4, and 9 months of age were compared. We then treated 12‐month‐old Ctns−/− mice and WT mice with a pegylated leptin receptor antagonist (PLA) (7 mg/kg/day, IP), a MC4R antagonist agouti‐related peptide (AgRP) (2 nmol, intracranial infusion on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, and 27), or vehicle (normal saline), respectively, for 28 days. Whole‐body (BMC/BMD, bone area) and femoral bone phenotype (BMC/BMD, bone area, length and failure load) of mice were measured by DXA and femoral shaft biochemical test. We also measured lean mass content by EchoMRI and muscle function (grip strength and rotarod activity) in mice. Femur protein content of JAK2 and STAT3 was measured by ELISA kits, respectively.

Results

Bone defects are present in Ctns−/− mice throughout its first year of life. The deletion of the Mc4r gene attenuated bone disorder in Ctns−/− mice. Femoral BMD, bone area, length, and strength (failure load) were significantly increased in 9‐month‐old Ctns−/−Mc4r−/− mice than in age‐matched Ctns−/− mice. PLA and AgRP treatment significantly increased femoral bone density (BMC/BMD) and mechanical strength in 12‐month‐old Ctns−/− mice. We adopted the pair‐feeding approach for this study to show that the protective effects of PLA or AgRP on bone phenotype are independent of their potent orexigenic effect. Furthermore, an increase in lean mass and in vivo muscle function (grip strength and rotarod activity) are associated with improvements in bone phenotype (femoral BMC/BMD and mechanical strength) in Ctns−/− mice, suggesting a muscle‐bone interplay. Decreased femur protein content of JAK2 and STAT3 was evident in Ctns−/− mice. PLA or AgRP treatment attenuated femur STAT3 content in Ctns−/− mice.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a significant role for dysregulated leptin signalling in INC‐related bone disorder, either directly or potentially involving a muscle‐bone interplay. Leptin signalling blockade may represent a novel approach to treating bone disease as well as muscle wasting in INC.
Exploring fundamental engineering course instructors' test usage beliefs and behaviors: A multicase study
Authors: Chew Kai Jun , Matusovich Holly M.
Published: August 2024

Background

Tests are commonly and heavily used in fundamental engineering courses (FECs) to assess student learning of concepts. With existing literature presenting mixed benefits and disadvantages of testing to students' motivation to learn and documenting widely alternative assessments, the lack of questioning of heavy and common test usage must be addressed to diversify classroom assessment and promote intentionality in test usage.

Purpose/Hypothesis

This study begins to address the lack of questioning by exploring and uncovering test usage beliefs and behaviors of seven FEC instructors from two engineering departments in a land‐grant, public, Research 1 university

Design/Method

Grounded in the Situated Expectancy–Value Theory (SEVT), we conducted a multicase study. Data include two interviews, course syllabi, and sample tests provided by the participants, and public documents from the institution and departments. We conducted a priori and emergent coding and thematic analysis to identify the beliefs and behaviors before developing individual case summaries for cross‐case analysis to identify groupings.

Results

Three test usage groups emerged: enthusiastic, default, and questioning. All test usage groups featured tests heavily in their FECs, resulting in varying alignment between these participants' test usage beliefs and behaviors.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal the various factors that can shape FEC instructors' test usage beliefs and behaviors, and the complexity in terms of alignment. This work lays important implications, including laying the foundations for future scholarship on testing in engineering education research and leveraging findings to begin efforts in diversifying assessment approaches and promoting intentional test usage in FECs.
Reveal of relationship between microscopy architecture and mechanical performance of Y/Bi substituted Bi‐2212 engineering ceramics
Authors: Yilmaz Tolgahan , Kurtul Gülnur , Ülgen Asaf Tolga , Erdem Ümit , Mercan Ali , Turgay Tahsin , Yildirim Gürcan
Published: August 2024

This study aims to find out how the crystallinity quality, surface morphology, and mechanical performances change with the substitution of yttrium (Y) for bismuth (Bi) impurity within molar ratios of 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.12 in the Bi2.0−xYxSr2.0Ca1.1Cu2.0Oy (Bi‐2212) cuprates to reveal the dependence of micro surface topology on the substitution mechanism and achieve a strong relation between the impurity ions and crystallization mechanism. The materials are prepared by ceramic method. It is found that all the experimental findings improve remarkably with increasing yttrium impurity molar ratio of x = 0.01. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicate that the optimum Y ions strengthen the formation of flaky adjacent stacked layers due to the changes of thermal expansion, vibration amplitude of atoms, heat capacitance, reaction kinetics, activation energy, nucleation temperature, thermodynamic stability, and intermolecular forces. Besides, new engineering novel compound produced by optimum Y ions presents the best crystallinity quality, uniform surface view, greatest coupling interaction between grains, largest particle size distributions/orientations, and densest/smoothest surface morphology. Hardness measurement results totally support the surface morphology view. Moreover, mechanical design properties and durability of the tetragonal phase improve significantly with increasing replacement level of x = 0.01 due to the induction of new surface residual compressive stress areas, slip systems, and chemical bonding between the foreign and host atoms. Besides, the same sample exhibits the maximum strength and minimum sensitivity to loads depending on reduction of stored internal strain energy and degree of granularity. Consequently, cracks tend to propagate predominantly within the transcrystalline regions. Furthermore, each material investigated exhibits the characteristic behavior of the indentation size effect. In summary, the optimum Y‐doped Bi‐2212 sample paves the way for the expanded use of engineering ceramics across various applications based on the enhanced service life.

Research Highlights

The presence of the optimum yttrium impurity significantly decreases the Ea value.

As the Y/Bi replacement increases up to the molar substitution level of x = 0.01, the mechanical design properties and durability of the tetragonal phase enhance significantly.
Fighting sepsis‐induced liver damage with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles
Authors: Marey Amal M. , Dkhil Mohamed A. , Abdel Moneim Ahmed A. , Santourlidis Simeon , Abdel‐Gaber Rewaida , Alquraishi Mohammed I. , Abdalla Mohga S.
Published: August 2024

Sepsis is a potentially fatal disease that arises from an infection and is characterized by an uncontrolled immune system reaction. Global healthcare systems bear a heavy financial burden from treating sepsis. This study aimed to provide information on the effective properties of silver nanoparticles derived from pomegranate peel extract (P‐AgNP) against sepsis‐induced hepatic injury. P‐AgNPs were spherical with a diameter of ~19 nm. The animals were placed into four groups, each with seven rats. Group 1 functioned as the control group, receiving only saline for 7 days. Group 2 received only P‐AgNPs at a dose of 20 mg/kg. To induce sepsis, groups 3 and 4 were given an intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/mL cecal slurry. Sixty min later, group 4 was given 20 mg/kg of P‐AgNPs daily for 7 days. The concentrations of reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase in liver homogenate were measured to determine the oxidative status. In addition, enzyme activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase) were measured. Furthermore, we investigated the histological changes, immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor‐κB, and mRNA levels of IL1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, Bax, BCl2, and Casp‐3. P‐AgNPs functioned as regulators in a sepsis model, successfully controlling altered gene expression. Following treatment, P‐AgNPs improved tion and oxidative state, indicating a role in sepsis management.

Based on our findings, we conclude that P‐AgNPs have antioxidant activity and may be useful in preventing sepsis‐induced liver inflammation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis.

Research Highlights

Pomegranate peel‐derived silver nanoparticles (P‐AgNPs) enhanced liver function and oxidative state in rats with sepsis‐induced hepatic damage.

P‐AgNPs reduced oxidative stress and liver inflammation via regulating inflammatory and apoptotic gene expression.

P‐AgNPs enhanced liver enzyme activities, histological structure, and immunohistochemistry expression of nuclear factor‐κB.
Spatial heterogeneity in sediment phosphorus pools and phosphatase activity in a eutrophic reservoir
Authors: Pruitt Abagael N. , Wahwahsuck Kynser , Thomas Samantha G. , Burgin Amy J.
Published: August 2024

Agriculture is necessary for food production, but agricultural inputs of phosphorus (P) to waterways can lead to harmful algal blooms in downstream reservoirs. Some of the P that enters these water bodies can be stored in reservoir sediments and later contribute to internal P loading, supplementing external P loads carried in from rivers. Increased P can lead to harmful algal blooms. However, how P is cycling in the sediment of these water bodies varies spatially and temporally has been relatively unstudied. Our objective was to understand how P concentration and form vary spatiotemporally, as well as how P is processed in the sediment of the reservoir. We sampled 30 locations in both August and October 2018 around Milford Reservoir (Kansas), a man‐made eutrophic reservoir with frequent harmful algal blooms. We collected water chemistry samples, field measurements of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH, and sediment samples to analyze for P chemical speciation and phosphatase enzyme activity. We show that P release by phosphatase activity was higher under anaerobic and basic conditions, which subsequently affects spatiotemporal variation in sediment P pools. We found that low oxygen positively influenced phosphatase activity and sediment P pools, and may drive high internal P loading and harmful algal blooms in the summer months. This research increased our understanding of P cycling in a reservoir highly impacted by agricultural inputs and contributed to a small but growing body of research on internal P loading in midwestern reservoirs.
Differential diagnosis on measles and rubella discarded cases highlights a sharp increase in parvovirus B19 infections in Milan, Northern Italy, in the first months of 2024
Authors: Fappani Clara , Gori Maria , Bianchi Silvia , Senatore Sabrina , Colzani Daniela , Faccini Marino , Cereda Danilo , Vezzosi Luigi , Canuti Marta , Amendola Antonella
Published: August 2024

In line with European trends, since 2023 Lombardy (Northern Italy) is experiencing a resurgence of measles and an increased number of reported cases of fever and rash. Measles discarded cases observed in our region within the context of measles and rubella surveillance from the first few months of 2024 (N = 30) were investigated for parvovirus B19 (B19V) and other rash‐associated viruses. Thirteen cases tested positive for B19V DNA, representing a significant increase from previous years (on average 3 cases per year, p < 0.001) and ~40% of all B19V DNA‐positive patients we detected since 2017. In 2024, B19V DNA‐positive subjects spanned all ages, and the virus was predominant among adolescents and adults (84.6%). Two B19V infected patients were hospitalised, and likely cross‐reacting anti‐measles virus IgM were found in both. Our data align with the recent reports from the ECDC and various European countries, which are experiencing a surge in B19V infections, and underline the importance of comprehensive measles and rubella surveillance systems that can adapt to changing epidemiological trends.
Efficacy of molnupiravir and interferon for the treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 in golden Syrian hamster
Authors: Liu Danlei , Leung Ka‐Yi , Zhang Ruiqi , Lam Hoi‐Yan , Fan Yujing , Xie Xiaochun , Chan Kwok‐Hung , Hung Ivan Fan‐Ngai
Published: August 2024

The mortality and hospitalization rate by COVID‐19 dropped significantly currently, but its seasonal outbreaks make antiviral treatment still vital.

The mortality and hospitazation rate by COVID‐19 dropped significantly currently, but its seasonal ourbreaks make antiviral treatment still vital. In our study, syrian golden hamsters were treated with molnupiravir and interferons (IFNs) after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Their weight changes, pathological changes, virus replication and inflammation levels were evaluated. In the IFNs single treatment, only IFN‐α group reduced viral load (p < 0.05) and virus titer in hamster lungs. The TNF‐α expression decreased significantly in both IFNs treatment at 2dpi. Histological and immunofluorescence results showed lung damage in the IFNs groups were milder at 4dpi. In the molnupiravir/IFN‐α combination treatment, weight loss and virus replication in lung were significantly decreased in the mono‐molnupiravir group and combination group (p < 0.05), the expression of IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐1β and MIP‐1α also decreased significantly (p < 0.05), but the combination treatment was not more effective than the mono‐molnupiravir treatment. Histological and immunofluorescence results showed the lung damage and inflammation in mono‐molnupiravir and combination groups were milder. In summary, IFNs treatment had anti‐inflammatory effect against SARS‐CoV‐2, only IFN‐α showed a weak antiviral effect. Molnupiravir/IFN‐α combination treatment was effective against SARS‐CoV‐2 but was not superior to mono‐molnupiravir treatment. IFN‐α could be considered for immunocompromised patients to stimulate and activate early immune responses.
Cholecystitis due to gallbladder volvulus in a child
Authors: Prien Christopher , Ostrovetsky Olga , Wetzler Graciela , Glithero Kyle , Hechtman Daniel , Model Lynn
Published: August 2024

Gallbladder volvulus (GV) involves the rotation of the gallbladder along its axis, resulting in torsion. This pathology is rare, more commonly found in elderly females, but can occasionally occur in pediatric patients. Diagnosis is challenging due to often atypical symptoms, with imaging and laboratory findings typically nonspecific. Prompt surgical intervention is necessary when GV is suspected to prevent significant systemic illness. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has proven to be safe and effective in pediatric cases. In this report, we present a pediatric case of GV, initially misdiagnosed as viral‐induced acalculous cholecystitis, which was effectively managed using laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Effects of release strategy, source population, and age on reintroduced scaled quail reproduction
Authors: Ruzicka Rebekah E. , Rollins Dale , Kendall William L. , Doherty Paul F.
Published: August 2024

Translocation is one strategy to reestablish populations of scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). Initial reproductive success post‐translocation is important for establishing short‐lived species such as quail, but factors influencing reproductive success are poorly understood. We evaluated the effect of source population and variation in delayed release strategy (1−9 weeks) on nest initiation and nest survival of wild‐caught, translocated scaled quail. We trapped and translocated scaled quail in 2016–2017 from source populations in the Edwards Plateau and Rolling Plains ecoregions of Texas, USA, to a large contiguous (>40,000 ha) release site in Knox County, Texas. We used a multi‐state mark‐recapture model with state uncertainty to test for effects of release treatment, source population, age, release location, and year on nest initiation and survival. Increased length of holding time decreased re‐nesting effort. Yearlings were more likely to initiate nests than adults and the probability of re‐nesting was lower during the year with drought conditions. There was no effect of source population on any of the parameters we evaluated. Future scaled quail reintroduction efforts may benefit from prioritizing translocation of yearlings and conducting translocations when drought conditions are not forecasted.
CD276 is a promising biomarker for the prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Yu Yan‐Hang , Xu Jian‐Hao , Chen Hao , Lin Yu‐Xin , Ou‐Yang Jun , Zhang Zhi‐Yu
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to investigate the role of cluster of differentiation 276 (CD276) in evaluating the prognosis of clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) and to build a nomogram for predicting ccRCC progression post‐surgery. Using data downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we constructed a Kaplan–Meier (KM) curve depicting the relationship between CD276 expression levels and the progression‐free interval (PFI) in 539 ccRCC cases. We further validated this by plotting a KM curve of the relationship between CD276 expression levels and PFI in 116 ccRCC patients from our hospital. Using clinical data collected from 116 patients, we identified independent risk factors affecting postoperative PFI in patients with ccRCC through univariate and multivariate COX analyses and created a nomogram for visual representation. Both TCGA and clinical data revealed a negative correlation between the expression levels of CD276 and PFI (p < 0.05). Univariate COX analysis revealed that the prognostic nutritional index, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, systemic inflammatory index, World Health Organization grading, tumor diameter, CD276 expression levels, T stage, and N stage were related to PFI (p < 0.05). Furthermore, multivariate COX analysis indicated that tumor diameter and CD276 expression levels were independent risk factors for postoperative PFI in patients with ccRCC (p < 0.05). The calibration curve of the established nomogram exhibited a slope close to 1, with a Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit test result of 2.335 and a p‐value of 0.311. In patients with ccRCC, a negative correlation was noted between tumor CD276 expression and PFI. The larger the tumor diameter and the higher the tumor CD276 expression level, the shorter is the PFI.
Scintigraphic Imaging of Extra‐Esophageal Manifestation of Gastresophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Van der Wall Hans , Burton Leticia , Cooke Michelle , Falk Gregory L. , Tovmassian David , Conway James J.
Published: August 2024

Objectives

There is currently no reference standard test for the detection of the extra‐esophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The current suite of diagnostic tests principally assesses reflux events in the esophagus. A new scintigraphic technique has been developed and validated against reference standards. It allows direct visualization of refluxate in the laryngopharynx and lungs.

Methods

Fifty patients were assessed by scintigraphy before and after fundoplication at a single nuclear medicine facility. Standardized reflux symptom indices (RSIs) were obtained from each patient before and after surgery. Patients were scanned after oral 99 m technetium Fyton administration with early dynamic images and delayed SPECT/CT images of the head, neck, and lungs. ANOVA, Spearman correlation, and the Student's t‐test were utilized for analysis.

Results

The study population (35F, 15 M) had a mean age of 63.9 years. Mean BMI was 26.8 with 67% being overweight or obese. All patients had significant reflux. SPECT/CT showed LPR events in 45/50 and pulmonary micro‐aspiration (PMA) in 45/50 preoperatively and in 36/50 and 20/50 postoperatively, respectively. The RSI, cough, and throat clearing indices showed a significant fall postoperatively (p < 0.001). Frequency of scintigraphic reflux events was reduced from a mean of 4.5 in 30 min to 2.9 (t = 9.1, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

The novel scintigraphic test detects esophageal and extra‐esophageal reflux events and permits direct visualization of refluxate in the head and neck structures and lungs. It correlates well with symptoms of reflux in the esophagus and extra‐esophageal structures and the response to therapy.

Level of Evidence

Although prospective, the study did not randomize patients and in effect each patient became their own control following an intervention (fundoplication). Thus, the study is Level 3 evidence Laryngoscope, 2024
Defining the early career researcher: A study of publication‐based definitions
Authors: Frandsen Tove Faber , Nicolaisen Jeppe
Published: August 2024

Studies of early career researchers need to define and operationalize what qualifies as an early career researcher. Regrettably, consensus on this matter remains elusive, leading to the emergence of diverse approaches in the literature. This study provides an overview of the various ways this concept has been defined and operationalized in previous studies. Four publication‐based approaches are identified and tested with the purpose of exploring the possible consequences arising from different publication‐based definitions for early career researchers. The four proxies for defining an early career researcher are tested using two samples of authors having published in the fields of library and information science (LIS) and economics. The share of early career researchers seems to be decreasing over time although it depends on the field and definition. The four approaches return quite different results. In LIS, the four different definitions are highly correlated and therefore depict similar pictures over time. This is not the case in Economics, indicating that the choice of approach when defining an early career researcher may have an impact on the results of the analysis in this field. Defining early career researchers through proxies may influence the outcomes of the study, emphasizing the importance of thoughtful consideration when formulating the definition.
Conformal Growth of Nano‐Patterned Monolayer MoS2 with Periodic Strain via Patterned Substrate Engineering for High‐performance Photodetectors
Authors: Jian Pengcheng , Chen Maohua , Li Dongyan , Zhao Yongming , Liu Weijie , Luo Yuang , Tian Xiantai , Peng Meng , Zhou Xing , Dai Jiangnan , Wu Feng , Chen Changqing
Published: August 2024

The extraordinary mechanical compliance of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) makes it an ideal candidate for strain modulation of various electrical and optical properties. However, developing facile methods for accurate and stable engineering of strain still remains a major challenge. Here, a novel and effective method is demonstrated for introducing periodic strain into monolayer MoS2 by direct growth on nano‐patterned sapphire substrates (NPSS). A mixed aqueous solution of Na2MoO4 and NaOH is spin‐coated on the NPSS and sulfurated in one step by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Highly oriented monolayer MoS2 single‐crystal nanosheets with high quality and few sulfur vacancies are achieved conformally on the NPSS via a liquid‐mediated growth mode. Notably, the periodically distributed blue shift of the PL emission peak demonstrated periodic compressive strain is introduced into the nano‐patterned MoS2 via the thermal expansion difference between MoS2 and substrates. Furthermore, photodetectors fabricated using the nano‐patterned monolayer MoS2 exhibit a high photo‐to‐dark current ratio (PDCR) over 106, an excellent detectivity of 5.4 × 1013 Jones, and a fast photoresponse of 7.7 ms, owing to the strain‐induced back‐to‐back built‐in electric field, enhanced light absorption by light‐scattering effect and fewer S vacancy defects. The scanning imaging demonstration based on the single‐pixel nano‐patterned MoS2 photodetector further confirms its great potential in image sensors. This work hereby presents a pathway for direct conformal growth of nano‐patterned monolayer MoS2 with precisely periodic strain, which should inspire the applications for high‐performance optoelectronic devices via the strategy of patterned substrate engineering by the periodic nanostructures.
Development and Evaluation of a Diclofenac‐Loaded Thermogel for Topical Treatment of Corneal Alkali Burns
Authors: Ge Zhengwei , Zhao Yanying , Guo Tingting , Liang Shengnan , Chen Zhongping
Published: August 2024

Corneal alkali burns have become a frequent and urgent issue in ophthalmology, but current treatments are limited. To address this, a diclofenac‐loaded thermogel with anti‐inflammatory agents is developed to target inflammation and improve drug delivery for corneal alkali burns. Thermogels are prepared by dissolving methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), adding diclofenac (DF), and storing the solution at 4 °C. The thermogel's temperature‐sensitive behavior and injectability at 35 °C are assessed. Freeze‐dried thermogels are examined using scanning electron microscopy. Rheological properties, swelling behavior, and in vitro release studies are conducted. In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility tests are performed. A corneal alkali burn model is established in rats, and different treatments are administered for 7 days. Eyeballs are collected for histological and molecular analysis. The thermogel formulation formed a stable gel at 35 °C and continuously released DF for 7 days. In vitro and in vivo tests confirmed the thermogels' excellent biocompatibility. The released DF promotes the expression of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and inhibits the expression of pro‐inflammatory factors TNF‐α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This novel DF/thermogel offers an efficient, topical, and cost‐effective approach with significant potential for treating corneal alkali burns.
From impression to expression: How warmth and competence in relaxing and challenging activities shape pleasure and eWOM
Authors: Su Lujun , Wang Xiushan , Lin Zhibin , Xiao Sarah
Published: August 2024

This research investigates how aligning service providers' warmth and competence with the nature of leisure activities (relaxing vs. challenging) influences pleasure and electronic word‐of‐mouth (eWOM) sharing. Through a series of five studies, including secondary data analysis (Study 1), scenario‐based experiments (Studies 2a, 3, 4, and 5), and observation of actual eWOM behavior (Study 2b), we demonstrate that the alignment between service judgments and activity type (i.e., warmth in relaxing activities and competence in challenging activities) enhances positive eWOM sharing, with this effect being mediated by the pleasure derived from the service experience. Our findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the cognitive and affective antecedents of eWOM. We extend the stereotype content model to the eWOM research, identifying activity type as a novel boundary condition. We recommend that managers tailor their impression management strategies to the type of activity offered. For relaxing activities, emphasize warmth‐related attributes, while for challenging activities, highlight competence‐related attributes—both approaches can enhance customer pleasure and encourage positive eWOM sharing.
Determining the effects of varying blood storage conditions on clot formation and digestion under shear
Authors: Christodoulides Alexei , Zeng Ziqian , Hall Abigail R. , Alves Nathan J.
Published: August 2024

Studies aiming to understand the effects of storage on whole blood (WB) clotting often rely on characterizing coagulation under static conditions. Minimal work has explored the effects of physiologic shear on clot formation and thrombolysis utilizing fractionated and reconstituted whole blood (rWB) products. WB was fractionated into platelet‐free plasma, packed red blood cells, and platelets storing each component under its ideal conditions—including platelet cryopreservation. Recombination at their native ratios was accomplished over 91 days of storage and clotting/thrombolysis was analyzed utilizing thromboelastography and Chandler loop. rWB preserved clot strength through 91 days with minimal deviation from baseline, in contrast to WB stored at 4°C which experienced a significant decline by storage Day‐42. Clot formation under shear for both rWB and WB led to increased clot mass through storage. No significant deviation from baseline was appreciated until Day 70 of storage in rWB. Increasing degrees of thrombolysis were seen in both groups, with rWB significantly deviating from baseline at Day 70. No significant changes in overall clot architecture occurred throughout storage and recombination. This fractionation and recombination protocol serves as a method to further develop reproducible in vitro clot analogs for preclinical thrombolytic therapy screening.
Nachhaltige Ernährung als Unterrichtsthema
Authors: Sieve Bernhard , Struckmeier Sabine
Published: August 2024

Ohne Chemie ist eine auf Nachhaltigkeit ausgerichtete Nahrungsmittelproduktion unmöglich. Trotzdem sind Ernährung und Nahrungsmittel im Chemieunterricht höchstens Nebensache. Sich umfassender mit diesen Themen zu beschäftigen, würde Lernende zur Mündigkeit und Teilhabe erziehen – in Bezug auf Ernährung und damit auf die Gesunderhaltung einer Gesellschaft.
Lebensmittelindustrie: Nebenströme nachhaltig nutzen
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: August 2024

Unter den 2842 Ausstellern der Prozessindustriemesse Achema im Juni nutzten 130 das Stichwort Lebensmittel in ihrer Tätigkeitsbeschreibung. Beim zugehörigen Kongress beschäftigten sich damit mehr als 40 Vorträge, etwa mit Fermentieren, Verarbeiten oder Verpacken.
Interdisciplinary Workshop 2024 for Young Scientists in Algiers, Algeria
Authors: Sekkal‐Rahal Majda , Bel Abbès Sidi , Paulus Beate , Fink Reinhold , Hopf Henning , Ellouze Mohamed , El‐Khateeb Mohammad , Mousa Marwan
Published: August 2024

Supported by the GDCh, young scientists met for the eleventh time in an Arab country during an Interdisciplinary Workshop on science communication on May 19, 2024. Each of the 14 participants had around 10 minutes to present their work which was then discussed slide by slide. During the discussions the attendees were encouraged to reveal their impressions, feelings and problems with each slide. Often it appeared that some few changes helped to arouse the interest and understanding of an audience which in its majority is not familiar with the topics presented. The young scientists could then take into account all suggestions, improve their talks which they were encouraged to present at the following Humboldt‐Kolleg „Chemistry of Bio‐ and Nanosystems“, held in Algiers, Algeria.
Früher Laboratorium, heute Bakterium
Authors: Bonrath Werner , Schäfer Christian
Published: August 2024

Heute stammen Vitamine in Tabletten oft aus der Biosynthese von Mikroorganismen. Als Ausgangsstoff nutzen diese vor allem Glucose, wodurch weniger Chemikalien aus fossilen Quellen und tierischem Ursprung nötig sind. Doch auch wenn die neuen Methoden günstiger und umweltfreundlicher erscheinen, hat die klassische Synthese noch nicht ausgedient.
Nachruf: Andreas J. Kornath (1965 – 2024)
Authors: Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Kaufmann Alexander , Leitz Dominik , Müller Lutz , Seifert Mathias
Published: August 2024

Andreas J. Kornath war fasziniert von Schwefel‐ und Fluorchemie, hochreaktiven Verbindungen und der Kultur der US‐Südstaaten.