bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of bimetal modified HMS molecular sieve and its desulfurization performance mechanism
Authors: Song Xiaoli , Pang Yaming , Gao Liguo
Published: September 2021

In this paper, dodecylamine (DDA) is used as the template, and ethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is used as the silicon source. The HMS molecular sieve is prepared by in situ synthesis and modified by Cu, Ce, and Cu/Ce. The Cu/Ce‐HMS molecular sieve catalyst was synthesized for the first time. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) were used to characterize the synthesized composite molecular sieve. The results showed that the metal was loaded on the HMS intact and did not change the morphology of the HMS. A mixture of n‐hexane and dibenzothiophene (DBT) was used as the model oil, and the oxidation removal of DBT in the model oil was used as a probe reaction to study the photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization performance of the composite catalyst. The results show that the desulfurization rate after modification is Cu/Ce‐HMS molecular sieve > Cu‐HMS molecular sieve > Ce‐HMS. Finally, we explored the reaction mechanism of catalyst desulfurization. The results of ultraviolet diffuse reflectance showed that the modified molecular sieve Cu/Ce‐HMS had a smaller band gap, greater reaction activity, and stronger photocatalytic performance, which is benefit to improve the desulfurization efficiency. We report a simple and effective preparation method of composite molecular sieve catalyst, which provides a certain reference for future desulfurization research.
Evidence of hybridization between Yaqui catfish Ictalurus pricei (Rutter, 1896) and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) in north‐west México revealed by analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Barragán Alexsandre , García‐De León Francisco Javier , Varela‐Romero Alejandro , Ballesteros‐Córdova Carlos Alonso , Grijalva‐Chon José Manuel , De la Re‐Vega Enrique
Published: September 2021

The Yaqui catfish, Ictalurus pricei, is the only native ictalurid species described from north‐west México and south‐west USA. It is an endangered species owing to the decline and loss of most of its historical populations, mainly because of competition and hybridization with the non‐native channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. The Arroyo Cajón Bonito is one of the few remnant populations of Yaqui catfish in the Yaqui River basin, and it is threatened by the presence of channel catfish that escaped from private culture facilities.

Phylogenetic analysis of two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes was used to detect evidence of hybridization with channel catfish in a collection of 20 catfish from Arroyo Cajón Bonito. Fourteen putatively pure Yaqui catfishes, five hybrids and one channel catfish were detected.

This study further highlights hybridization between channel and Yaqui catfish as the main threat to the remaining Yaqui catfish populations. We recommend urgent evaluation of the remnant populations of native catfish elsewhere and their current conservation status.
Anuran development: A reinvestigation of the conus arteriosus and gill formation in Bufo bufo throughout metamorphosis using micro‐CT
Authors: Kraus Nina , Metscher Brian
Published: September 2021

Using high‐resolution X‐ray micro‐CT imaging of whole Bufo bufo specimens, we acquired detailed 3D descriptions of the changing morphology of the cardiac outflow structures, in particular the conus arteriosus through larval development and the transition. Previous findings regarding anuran conal structures were contradictory, depending on the specifics of the 2D imaging methods used by different authors. Our descriptions of conal morphology at different developmental stages show that early tadpoles initially only have one opening at the ventricular‐conal junction and only one cavum within their conus; however, the forming septum coni soon divides the conus into two chambers, the cavum pulmocutaneum and the cavum aorticum. This is accompanied by the development of a second small opening at the ventricular‐conal junction. The separated chambers continue into the aortic arches. Following the aortic arches into the area where gills will form, we describe how blood vessels associated with the external gills develop from vessels arising from the truncus arteriosus. The external gills soon undergo partial absorption. During the transition from external to internal gills, the gill filaments retreat asymmetrically into a gill chamber formed by a hyoidal cover contacting the animal's ventral side, leaving only a single opening on the animal's left side, the opercular spout. B. bufo retains its internal gills up to metamorphic climax, with the aortic arches arising from the conus arteriosus still leading into the gills. Our 3D image data are publicly available and will provide a sound morphological basis for future studies.
Suppressing Charge Disproportionation of MnO2 Cathodes in Rechargeable Zinc Ion Batteries via Cooperative Jahn‐Teller Distortion
Authors: Heo Jiyun , Chong Sanggyu , Kim Soohyun , Kim Riyul , Shin Kyungjae , Kim Jihan , Kim Hee‐Tak
Published: September 2021

MnO2 is a promising candidate material as intercalative cathodes in rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs). It is renowned for its low cost, minimal toxicity, and high energy density; however, severe capacity fading from the dissolution of MnO2 remains a critical challenge that must be overcome to achieve improved cycling performance. In this study, surface coating of MnO2 with dicyandiamide is proposed as a method to significantly reduce the dissolution of MnO2 by addressing the fundamental cause of MnO2 dissolution, which is the charge disproportionation (CD) reaction of Mn3+. Experimental and computational methods are used to demonstrate that the surface coating triggers cooperative Jahn‐Teller distortion of Mn4+ to alleviate lattice distortion and impede the CD reaction. Thus, the cycling stability of MnO2 is significantly improved, exhibiting 170 % higher capacity in comparison with pristine MnO2 and 99.9 % coulombic efficiency under a 1C rate condition. Resolving the orbital degeneracy with surface modification will open a new and prospective path for superior cycling performance of MnO2‐based ZIBs.
Golgi stress response: A regulatory mechanism of Golgi function
Authors: Gao Jiayin , Gao Anbo , Liu Wei , Chen Linxi
Published: September 2021

The organelle of eukaryotes is a finely regulated system. Once disturbed, it activates the specific autoregulatory systems, namely, organelle autoregulation. Among which, the Golgi stress response accounts for one. When the abundance and capacity of the Golgi apparatus are insufficient compared with cellular demand, the Golgi stress response is activated to enhance the function of the Golgi apparatus. Although the molecular mechanism of the Golgi stress response has not been well characterized yet, it seems to be an important part of the mammalian stress response. In this review, we discuss the current status of research on the six pathways of the mammalian Golgi stress response (the TFE3, heat shock protein 47, CREB3, E26 transformation specific, proteoglycan, and mucin pathways), which regulate the general function of the Golgi apparatus, anti‐apoptosis, pro‐apoptosis, proteoglycan glycosylation, and mucin glycosylation, respectively.
Chitosan nanofiber biocomposites for potential wound healing applications: Antioxidant activity with synergic antibacterial effect
Authors: Bagheri Mitra , Validi Majid , Gholipour Abolfazl , Makvandi Pooyan , Sharifi Esmaeel
Published: September 2021

Bacterial wound infection is one of the most common nosocomial infections. The unnecessary employment of antibiotics led to raising the growth of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria. Accordingly, alternative armaments capable of accelerating wound healing along with bactericidal effects are urgently needed. Considering this, we fabricated chitosan (CS)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers armed with antibacterial silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. The nanocomposites exhibited a high antioxidant effect and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Besides, based on the results of the cell viability assays, the optimum concentration of ZnONPs and AgNPs in the nanofibrous mats is 0.2% w/v and 0.08% w/v respectively and had no cytotoxicity on fibroblast cells. The scaffold also showed good blood compatibility according to the effects of coagulation time. As well as significant fibroblast migration and proliferation on the wound margin, according to wound‐healing assay. All in all, the developed biocompatible, antioxidant, and antibacterial Ag‐ZnO NPs incorporated CS/PEO nanofibrous mats showed their potential as an effective wound dressing.
New NF‐κB Inhibitory Steroids from the Marine Sponge Dysidea avara Collected from the South China Sea
Authors: Zhao Lu , Zhang Li‐Ling , Miao Xian‐Xian , Li Jia‐Xin , Lin Hou‐Wen , Jiao Wei‐Hua
Published: September 2021

Chemical investigation of the marine sponge Dysidea avara, collected from the South China Sea, yielded 13 steroids, including nine new (1–9) and four known (10–13) ones. The new structures were elucidated as (3S,14R)‐3,14‐dihydroxycholesta‐5,8‐dien‐7‐one (1), (22E,24R)‐7α‐ethoxy‐5α,6α‐epoxyergosta‐8(14),22‐dien‐3β‐ol (2), 3β‐hydroxy‐7α‐ethoxy‐5α,6α‐epoxy‐8(14)‐cholestene (3), 3β,5α‐dihydroxy‐6α‐ethoxychofesta‐7,9(11)‐diene (4), 3β,5α‐dihydroxy‐6β‐ethoxycholest‐7‐ene (5), (22E,24R)‐24‐ethoxy‐3β,5α‐dihydroxy‐6β‐ethoxyergosta‐7,22‐diene (6), (22E)‐3β,5α‐dihydroxy‐6β‐ethoxycholesta‐7,22‐diene (7), 24‐ethoxy‐3β,5α‐dihydroxy‐6β‐ethoxycholest‐7‐ene (8 and 9), by extensive spectroscopic analyses, such as HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D and 2D NMR data. The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned by comparison the experimental ECD spectra with the calculated ones. Among the 13 metabolites, compounds 1, 4, 11, 12, and 13 showed NF‐κB inhibitory activities in human HER‐293 cells with IC50 values of 6.4, 18.7, 8.1, 9.6, and 7.5 μM, respectively. Preliminary structure−activity relationship analysis unveiled that the conjugated ketones or unsaturated double bonds might be the functional groups for the five active steroids.
Phenolic compounds as antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer agents and improvement of their bioavailability by liposomes
Authors: Tatipamula Vinay Bharadwaj , Kukavica Biljana
Published: September 2021

Phenolic compounds, widespread in plants, are a necessary part of the human regimen due to their antioxidant and pro‐oxidative properties. Naturally, phenolics structurally range from a very simple phenolic molecule moiety to an intricate polymer. For decades, phenolic compounds have gained pronounced attention because of their protective effects against degenerative disorders such as inflammation, diabetes and cancer. Physico‐chemical properties (eg, solubility) restricted their bioactivity and also limited their usage as nutraceutical ingredients. However, encapsulation technology like liposomal formulations has been developed for the delivery of phenolic compounds without affecting their original aesthetic and organoleptic property. Hence, this review outlines the antioxidant and pro‐oxidative properties of phenolic compounds and focuses on biological activity reports of flavonoids and phenolic acids as antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory and anticancer agents. Also, the delivery applications of phenolic compounds as liposomes are discussed with few examples.
Below the knee percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for claudicants: One vessel is enough to relieve symptoms
Authors: Stabile Eugenio , Esposito Giovanni
Published: September 2021

Key Points

Among patients with lower extremities arterial disease (LEAD), treatment of below the arteries has been historically limited to the treatment of chronic limb‐threatening ischemia (CLTI), as recommended by available guidelines.

In this study, the authors provided new data on the role of different endovascular revascularization anatomical strategies of the below the knee (BTK) arteries adopted in claudicant LEAD patients.

The revascularization of the anterior tibial artery seems more effective for symptoms relieves than of the posterior territories and most of the adverse events occurred in the follow up period were target vessel revascularization, suggesting that revascularization of single vessel is enough to achieve clinical success.
Sn Doping on Ta2O5 Facilitates Glucose Isomerization for Enriched 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Production and its True Response Prediction using a Neural Network Model
Authors: Mahala Sangeeta , Arumugam Senthil M. , Kumar Sandeep , Singh Dalwinder , Sharma Shelja , Devi Bhawana , Yadav Sudesh K. , Elumalai Sasikumar
Published: September 2021

Here, we describe the maximum production of 5‐HMF using glucose over Sn doped Ta2O5 in a binary solvent system. The analytical characterizations established that Sn4+ in the catalyst interacts with Ta2O5 and offers the Lewis acid sites favorable for glucose isomerization to fructose. Similarly, the Ta2O5 support offers both the Lewis and Brønsted acid sites to promote fructose dehydration to 5‐HMF. The catalyst provided favorable conditions for the sequential sugar(s) transformation, i. e., glucose isomerization followed by fructose dehydration, which resulted in a 5‐HMF yield as high as 57 % wt. and 80 % selectivity under modest reaction conditions in a water‐DMSO system using ST1 (1 % Sn on Ta2O5). The separate fructose to 5‐HMF conversion study verified the negligible influence of Sn on the dehydration reaction. Moreover, the catalyst's systematic sugar conversion enabled a >65 % fructose formation, which accounts for the enriched 5‐HMF synthesis. The neural network model best represented the 5‐HMF data (<4 % MAE for glucose and fructose conversions).
Alkane Production from Unsaturated Fatty Acids over Transition Metal‐Doped Pd Catalysts
Authors: Schipanskaya Elena O. , Stepacheva Antonina A. , Markova Mariia E. , Rud Daria V. , Nikoshvili Linda Zh. , Sidorov Alexander I. , Matveeva Valentina G. , Sulman Mikhail G.
Published: September 2021

Alkane production from fatty acids and their derivatives can be considered one of the most‐studied processes. Such reactions as hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, decarboxylation, and decarbonylation are the main routes for this process. The reaction pathway depends on the nature of the catalyst, the presence of hydrogen, and the hydrogen source. In this work, a mixture of unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acids) was converted to alkanes (mainly heptadecane) in a hydrogen‐free atmosphere by using 2‐propanol as hydrogen donor. Transition metal doped Pd catalysts embedded on a porous organic support (hypercrosslinked polystyrene) were used as catalysts. A Pd‐Cu catalyst showed the highest effectiveness, allowing up to 99.9 mol % selectivity to heptadecane to be obtained. The process proceeds through fatty acid esterification, further hydrogenation of double bonds, and decarboxylation to form n‐heptadecane as main product.
Saturated Boronic Acids, Boronates, and Trifluoroborates: An Update on Their Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Gorlova Alina O. , Grygorenko Oleksandr O.
Published: September 2021

This review discusses recent advances in the chemistry of saturated boronic acids, boronates, and trifluoroborates. Applications of the title compounds in the design of boron‐containing drugs are surveyed, with special emphasis on α‐amino boronic derivatives. A general overview of saturated boronic compounds as modern tools to construct C(sp3)−C and C(sp3)‐heteroatom bonds is given, including recent developments in the Suzuki‐Miyaura and Chan‐Lam cross‐couplings, single‐electron‐transfer processes including metallo‐ and organocatalytic photoredox reactions, and transformations of boron “ate” complexes. Finally, an attempt to summarize the current state of the art in the synthesis of saturated boronic acids, boronates, and trifluoroborates is made, with a brief mention of the “classical” methods (transmetallation of organolithium/magnesium reagents with boron species, anti‐Markovnikov hydroboration of alkenes, and the modification of alkenyl boron compounds) and a special focus on recent methodologies (boronation of alkyl (pseudo)halides, derivatives of carboxylic acids, alcohols, and primary amines, boronative C−H activation, novel approaches to alkene hydroboration, and 1,2‐metallate‐type rearrangements).
Visible‐Light Mediated Tryptophan Modification in Oligopeptides Employing Acylsilanes
Authors: Reimler Jannik , Studer Armido
Published: September 2021

A method for the selective tryptophan modification and labelling of tryptophan‐containing peptides is described. Photoirradiation of acylsilanes generates reactive siloxycarbenes which undergo H−N‐insertion into the indole moiety of tryptophan to give stable silyl protected hemiaminals. This method is successfully applied to chemically modify various tryptophan containing oligopeptides. The method enables the selective introduction of alkynes to peptides that are eligible for further alkyne‐azide click chemistry. In addition, the dansyl fluorophore can be conjugated to a peptide using this approach.
Substance use and mental health burden in head and neck and other cancer survivors: A National Health Interview Survey analysis
Authors: Balachandra Sanjana , Eary Rebecca L. , Lee Rebecca , Wynings Erin M. , Sher David J. , Sura Teena , Liu Yulun , Tillman Brittny N. , Sumer Baran D. , Arnold Elizabeth Mayfield , Tiro Jasmin A. , Lee Simon C. , Day Andrew T.
Published: September 2021

Background

Tobacco dependence, alcohol abuse, depression, distress, and other adverse patient‐level influences are common in head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors. Their interrelatedness and precise burden in comparison with survivors of other cancers are poorly understood.

Methods

National Health Interview Survey data from 1997 to 2016 were pooled. The prevalence of adverse patient‐level influences among HNC survivors and matched survivors of other cancers were compared using descriptive statistics. Multivariable logistic regressions evaluating covariate associations with the primary study outcomes were performed. These included 1) current cigarette smoking and/or heavy alcohol use (>14 drinks per week) and 2) high mental health burden (severe psychological distress [Kessler Index ≥ 13] and/or frequent depressive/anxiety symptoms).

Results

In all, 918 HNC survivors and 3672 matched survivors of other cancers were identified. Compared with other cancer survivors, more HNC survivors were current smokers and/or heavy drinkers (24.6% [95% CI, 21.5%‐27.7%] vs 18.0% [95% CI, 16.6%‐19.4%]) and exhibited a high mental health burden (18.6% [95% CI, 15.7%‐21.5%] vs 13.0% [95% CI, 11.7%‐14.3%]). In multivariable analyses, 1) a high mental health burden predicted for smoking and/or heavy drinking (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0‐1.9), and 2) current cigarette smoking predicted for a high mental health burden (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2‐2.3). Furthermore, nonpartnered marital status and uninsured/Medicaid insurance status were significantly associated with both cigarette smoking and/or heavy alcohol use (ORs, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.4‐2.5] and 1.5 [95% CI, 1.0‐2.1], respectively) and a high mental health burden (ORs, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.1 ‐1.8] and 3.0 [95% CI, 2.2‐4.2], respectively).

Conclusions

Stakeholders should allocate greater supportive care resources to HNC survivors. The interdependence of substance abuse, adverse mental health symptoms, and other adverse patient‐level influences requires development of novel, multimodal survivorship care interventions.
Caution! Fragile relationship: Effective responses to conflicts with in‐laws
Authors: Cheraghi Mona , Malekianjabali Mona
Published: September 2021

Experiencing difficulties with in‐laws is a significant predictor of divorce in Iran. This research investigates the differences between how satisfied and dissatisfied spouses get along with their in‐laws, and how each group responds to in‐law conflicts. For this purpose, we conducted two studies. In a quantitative study, we compared the responses of two groups of people who were either satisfied (n = 167) or dissatisfied (n = 166) with their in‐law relationship, and how they responded to conflict situations. In the qualitative study, we interviewed 22 participants and asked them about conflicts with their in‐laws and responses to those conflicts. Results revealed significant differences between the methods used by satisfied and dissatisfied participants. Both studies showed that direct expression of annoyance is not an effective option in responding to in‐law conflicts. Findings led to an optimal model for responding to differences with in‐laws. The model has three stages: (a) the personal stage, (b) the inter‐couple stage, and (c) the response to the in‐law stage. It seems that when spouses are satisfied with in‐law relationships, they take a conservative approach when conflict arises. The model can be used in educational, preventive, and therapeutic interventions.
Proximal to distal grain‐size distribution of basin‐floor lobes: A study from the Battfjellet Formation, Central Tertiary Basin, Svalbard
Authors: Spychala Yvonne T. , Ramaaker Thymen A. B. , Eggenhuisen Joris T. , Grundvåg Sten‐Andreas , Pohl Florian , Wróblewska Sara
Published: September 2021

The grain‐size distribution of sediment particles is an important aspect of the architecture of submarine fans and lobes. It governs depositional sand quality and reflects distribution of particulate organic carbon and pollutants. Documenting the grain‐size distribution of these deep‐marine sedimentary bodies can also offer us an insight into the flows that deposited them. Submarine lobes are commonly assumed to linearly fine from an apex, meaning there should be a proportional relationship between grain size and distance from the lobe apex. However, not much detailed quantitative work has been done to test this hypothesis. Exposure of a 5 km long dip‐section of basin‐floor lobes in Clinoform 12, Battfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen, enable the study of basinward grain‐size evolution in lobe deposits. Furthermore, the dataset allows testing if there are any documentable grain‐size differences between lobe sub‐environments. For this purpose, the palaeogeography of Clinoform 12 was reconstructed and the youngest lobe, which was exposed in all collected logs, chosen to be evaluated for its grain‐size trends. Photographed thin sections of 66 rock samples were analysed to obtain quantitative grain‐size distributions. The results show that fining of lobe deposits occurs predominantly in the most proximal and most distal parts of the lobe, while the intermediate lobe, which is dominated by lobe off‐axis deposits, is characterised by a relatively consistent grain‐size range. Lobe sub‐environments show statistically distinct grain‐size distributions from lobe axis to lobe fringe. An explanation for these trends is the interplay of capacity and competence‐driven deposition with the grain‐size stratification of the flows. The outcomes of this study help to better understand the proximal to distal evolution of turbidity currents and their depositional patterns. They also provide important insights in reservoir potential of basin‐floor fans at lobe scale.
Psoriatic arthritis—What we know now?
Authors: Shah Rohan , Koschitzky Merav , Khattri Saakshi
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Over the past decade, our understanding of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) as a chronic inflammatory condition with a heterogenous manifestation has vastly improved. A better understanding of pathophysiology, susceptibility, clinical features, and treatment have all warranted a comprehensive and organized review of this musculoskeletal disorder which continues to affect a growing population of the western world along with psoriasis patients.

Methods

Relevant articles on PsA were retrieved through a selective search on PubMed.

Discussion

By acknowledging the present state of diagnostic methods and subsequent treatment strategies, clinicians will be more equipped to identify and treat this condition while also encouraging the importance of screening those who may be susceptible based on immune, environmental, and genetic factors. This article reviews the current knowledge of PsA and addresses the areas for future research.
Percutaneous edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation improves heart failure symptoms in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction patients
Authors: Gröger Matthias , Scheffler Jinny Karin , Schösser Florian , Schneider Leonhard Moritz , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Markovic Sinisa , Keßler Mirjam
Published: September 2021

Aims

Therapeutic options for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are sparse. Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common feature of HFpEF and worsens heart failure symptoms and prognosis. Our study examines the outcome of patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and elevated left atrial (LAP) or left ventricular filling pressures (LVEDP), indicative of HFpEF, after undergoing percutaneous edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair (pMVR) for moderate–severe MR.

Methods and results

Two hundred eleven patients with preserved LVEF (>50%), who underwent pMVR, were dichotomized by LAP (< / ≥15 mmHg) and LVEDP (< / ≥16 mmHg). Forty‐nine per cent of patients showed elevated LAP, and LVEDP was elevated in 55%, both indicating HFpEF. Patients with elevated filling pressures featured typical clinical characteristics of HFpEF, higher N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide levels (5544.9 pg/mL in high LAP group vs. 3071.7 pg/mL in normal LAP group, P = 0.06; 5061.0 pg/mL in high LVEDP group vs. 3230.3 pg/mL in normal LVEDP group, P = 0.08), and higher prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure 36.4 mmHg in high LAP group vs. 26.3 mmHg in normal LAP group, P < 0.001; 35.2 mmHg in high LVEDP group vs. 29.7 mmHg in normal LVEDP group, P = 0.004) and atrial fibrillation (78.8% in normal LAP group vs. 61.0% in high LAP group, P = 0.04; 75.3% in high LVEDP group vs. 67.5% in normal LVEDP group, P = 0.25). Pre‐treatment MR grade and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class were similar in both normal filling pressure and HFpEF groups. pMVR in HFpEF patients achieved effective heart failure symptom relief comparable with patients with normal filling pressures: significant decrease of MR grade and NYHA class, as well as significant reduction of heart failure hospitalizations 12 months after compared with 12 months before MitraClip.

Conclusion

Percutaneous edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair for moderate–severe MR is an effective treatment option for symptom relief in HFpEF patients.
Stigmasterol Stability in Medium Chain Triacylglycerides (MCT)‐in‐Water Emulsions: Impact of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) Surfactant Micelles
Authors: Cheng Jingjing , Cui Leqi
Published: September 2021

The stability of the health‐promoting phytosterols in emulsions can be affected by various factors such as lipid medium, storage time, and temperature. In addition to these well‐studied factors, emulsions normally contain excessive amount of surfactant that self‐assemble into micelles. However, the potential of these surfactant micelles to alter the stability of phytosterol is unclear. In this study, medium chain triacylglycerides(MCT)‐in‐water emulsion is used as a model emulsion system to report how surfactant micelles of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) can affect the stability of stigmasterol. Addition of SDS micelles (0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) significantly increases the amounts of stigmasterol and stigmasterol hydroperoxides in the aqueous phase of emulsion. A large proportion of stigmasterol hydroperoxides (up to 64.14%) is solubilized into the aqueous phase although the majority of stigmasterol (>90%) remains in the oil phase. Such different distributions of stigmasterol and its hydroperoxides can be responsible for the increased storage time (19, 27, and 33 d for control, 1 and 2 wt% additional SDS, respectively) of stigmasterol in emulsions stored at 60 °C.

Practical Applications: Surfactant micelles have the potential to be developed into economical antioxidant strategies to extend the stability of phytosterols when developing phytosterol‐enriched food emulsions.
Temperature‐Controlled Chemoselective Synthesis of Thiosulfonates and Thiocyanates: Novel Reactivity of KXCN (X=S, Se) towards Organosulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Kalaramna Pratibha , Goswami Avijit
Published: September 2021

An efficient chemoselective protocol has been developed for the synthesis of thiosulfonates and thiocyanates by employing cost effective and commercially available organosulfonyl chlorides with potassium thio‐/selenocyanate. The strategy offered the thiosulfonates and thiocyanates selectively by tuning the equivalents of KSeCN and optimizing the reaction temperature. On the other hand, thiosulfonates were obtained as sole products when organosulfonyl chlorides were treated with KSCN. Furthermore, the syntheses of diarylthioethers and aryl(heteroaryl) thioethers were carried out as a part of synthetic application of newly prepared arylthiocyanates.
Posttreatment of 3D‐printed surfaces for electrochemical applications: A critical review on proposed protocols
Authors: Rocha Diego P. , Rocha Raquel G. , Castro Sílvia V. F. , Trindade Magno A. G. , Munoz Rodrigo A. A. , Richter Eduardo M. , Angnes Lucio
Published: September 2021

This mini‐review presents an overview of recent trends for 3D printed sensors and biosensors (with a focus on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based technology), along with their posttreatment surfaces to improve electrochemical applications. The protocols described in the literature and advances in this field were covered, bringing a critical discussion about the achievements and limitations to improve the electrical properties of conducting filaments, as well as their electroanalytical performance. In addition, the pros and cons of the processes used in surface posttreatment to improve the performance of electrodes constructed by FDM are presented, comparing the time consumed during chemical and electrochemical treatments or combining the two to improve the characteristics of the sensors. Finally, the discussion about the real necessity of surface treatments of electrodes constructed by FDM technology, the techniques used for this, and some ecological protocols are discussed (surface posttreatments with and without reagents) or whether the simple optimization of printing parameters could also significantly improve the electrochemical performance of sensors built with such technologies.
Selection of Representative Constituents for Unknown, Variable, Complex, or Biological Origin Substance Assessment Based on Hierarchical Clustering
Authors: Yordanova Darina G. , Patterson Timothy J. , North Colin M. , Camenzuli Louise , Chapkanov Atanas S. , Pavlov Todor S. , Mekenyan Ovanes G.
Published: September 2021

Many of the newly produced and registered substances are complex mixtures or substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, and biological materials (UVCBs). The latter often consist of a large number of constituents, some of them difficult-to-identify constituents, which complicates their (eco)toxicological assessment. In the present study, through a series of examples, different scenarios for selection of representatives via hierarchical clustering of UVCB constituents are exemplified. Hierarchical clustering allows grouping of the individual chemicals into small sets, where the constituents are similar to each other with respect to more than one criterion. To this end, various similarity criteria and approaches for selection of representatives are developed and analyzed. Two types of selection are addressed: (1) selection of the most “conservative” constituents, which could be also used to support prioritization of UVCBs for evaluation, and (2) obtaining of a small set of chemical representatives that covers the structural and metabolic diversity of the whole target UVCBs or a mixture that can then be evaluated for their environmental and (eco)toxicological properties. The first step is to generate all plausible UVCB or mixture constituents. It was found that the appropriate approach for selecting representative constituents depends on the target endpoint and physicochemical parameters affecting the endpoint of interest. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3205–3218. © 2021 SETAC

Abstract

Hierarchical scheme for selection of representative constituents with respect to biodegradation endpoint. The scheme could be applied to substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, and biological materials containing huge number of constituents as well as to other chemical sets. QSAR = quantitative structure–activity relationship.
Linking Trace Organic Contaminants in On-Site Wastewater-Treatment Discharge with Biological Effects
Authors: Warren Les D. , Guyader Meaghan E. , Kiesling Richard L. , Higgins Christopher P. , Schoenfuss Heiko L.
Published: September 2021

Around the globe, on-site wastewater-treatment systems (OWTSs) are critical for rural communities without access to a municipal sewer system. However, their treatment efficiency does not match that of modern wastewater-treatment plants. The impact of OWTS discharge on nearby aquatic ecosystems and their resident fish species is poorly understood. In the present study, larval and adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and adult sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed for 21 days to two trace organic contaminant (TOrC) mixtures replicating water chemistry derived from a previous environmental study. Larval fathead minnows were assessed for survival, growth, predator avoidance, and feeding efficiency. Adult fathead minnows and sunfish were assessed for a suite of physiological endpoints (condition indices, vitellogenin, glucose), histological changes, and fecundity. The only observed effect of TOrC mixture exposure on larval fathead minnows was a decrease in feeding efficiency. Effects were mixed in exposed adult fishes, except for male sunfish which realized a significant induction of vitellogenin (p < 0.05). The consequences of TOrC mixture exposure in the present controlled laboratory study match effects observed in wild-caught sunfish in a corresponding field study. The present study begins to bridge the gap by connecting nonpoint OWTS pollution with biological effects observed in resident lake fish species. Given the effects observed despite the brevity of the laboratory mixture exposure, longer-term studies are warranted to understand the full impacts of OWTS discharge to nearby aquatic ecosystems.  Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3193–3204. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Increasing astrogenesis in the developing hippocampus induces autistic‐like behavior in mice via enhancing inhibitory synaptic transmission
Authors: Chen Juan , Ma Xiao‐Lin , Zhao Hui , Wang Xiao‐Yu , Xu Min‐Xin , Wang Hua , Yang Tian‐Qi , Peng Cheng , Liu Shuang‐Shuang , Huang Man , Zhou Yu‐Dong , Shen Yi
Published: September 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized primarily by impaired social communication and rigid, repetitive, and stereotyped behaviors. Many studies implicate abnormal synapse development and the resultant abnormalities in synaptic excitatory–inhibitory (E/I) balance may underlie many features of the disease, suggesting aberrant neuronal connections and networks are prone to occur in the developing autistic brain. Astrocytes are crucial for synaptic formation and function, and defects in astrocytic activation and function during a critical developmental period may also contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD. Here, we report that increasing hippocampal astrogenesis during development induces autistic‐like behavior in mice and a concurrent decreased E/I ratio in the hippocampus that results from enhanced GABAergic transmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Suppressing the aberrantly elevated GABAergic synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1 area rescues autistic‐like behavior and restores the E/I balance. Thus, we provide direct evidence for a developmental role of astrocytes in driving the behavioral phenotypes of ASD, and our results support that targeting the altered GABAergic neurotransmission may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for ASD.
What Does the Future Hold for Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Diagnostic Strategies and Treatment Options in 2021 and Beyond?
Authors: Alkhouri Naim , Tincopa Monica , Loomba Rohit , Harrison Stephen A.
Published: September 2021

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress to cirrhosis and its complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Given that the majority of patients with NASH are asymptomatic, developing screening strategies to identify those individuals at risk for progressive NASH remains a highly unmet need. Furthermore, noninvasive tests that accurately predict disease progression as part of the natural history of NASH or regression in response to treatment are urgently needed to decrease the reliance on repeat liver biopsies. To date, there are no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved medications for NASH that can resolve steatohepatitis and lead to fibrosis regression. The lack of FDA‐approved therapy has led to apathy in diagnosis and referral for specialty care. However, several therapeutic agents are rapidly progressing through the different phases of clinical trials with several already in phase 3 programs. In this review, we provide a summary of recent developments in NASH diagnostics and therapeutics that are likely to shape the future management of this underdiagnosed and undertreated disease.
Hypoalbuminemia as a prognostic biomarker for higher mortality and treatment complications in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Doucette Kimberley , Percival Mary‐Elizabeth , Williams Lacey , Kandahari Adrese , Taylor Allison , Wang Shuqi , Ahn Jaeil , Karp Judith E. , Lai Catherine
Published: September 2021

Older age and poor performance status lead to worse outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Hypoalbuminemia is a negative predictor of morbidity and mortality in several malignancies. We evaluated the relationship between baseline serum albumin levels on treatment‐related complications, as well as short‐term mortality and overall survival (OS) in 756 newly diagnosed AML patients. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study to examine treatment‐related complications and OS according to pretreatment serum albumin levels: normal albumin ≥3.5 g/dl, marked hypoalbuminemia <2.5 g/dl, and hypoalbuminemia 2.5–3.4 g/dl. In an adjusted multivariate analysis, a lower baseline albumin was independently associated with a higher number of grade ≥3 complications when adjusting for age, secondary AML, sex and intensive treatment. When comparing normal to markedly low albumin levels, the estimated mean number of complications increases by a factor of 1.35. Patients who had a normal baseline albumin had a 30 day‐mortality rate of 4.8%, which was significantly lower compared with patients with hypoalbuminemia (16.5%) and marked hypoalbuminemia (33.9%; p < 0.01). Similarly, 60‐day mortality rate was significantly higher in the hypoalbuminemia group (24.0%) and marked hypoalbuminemia group (45%) compared with normal albumin group (8.3%; p < 0.01). Patients with lower baseline albumin levels have increased treatment‐related morbidity and mortality, suggesting that pre‐treatment serum albumin is an important independent prognostic marker.
Predominant frequency of HLA‐B*27 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in southeastern China
Authors: Lu JiaoJiao , Yang Jing , Dong WenXu , Tang BaoJia , Cao LuoYuan , Lin YingHua , Huang BaoYing , Fu XianGuo
Published: September 2021

Objectives

This study was to investigate the polymorphism and distribution of alleles of HLA‐B*27 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Han population of southeastern China.

Methods

A total of 89 peripheral blood samples from southeastern Chinese Han patients with AS that diagnosed according to Modified New York criteria were subtyped using the high‐resolution PCR‐SSP.Exon 2‐3 of HLA‐B*27 gene was amplified and sequenced to further confirm the HLA‐B*27 subtype.

Results

The frequency of HLA‐B*27 was 99.87% in AS patients. Three subtypes, HLA‐B*2704, HLA‐B*2705, and HLA‐B*2706 were identified. The frequencies for these three alleles were HLA‐B*2704 in 84/88 (95.46%), HLA‐B*2705 in 3/88(3.41%), and HLA‐B*2706 in 1/88 (1.13%) of the HLA‐B*27 positive patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study shows that HLA‐B*2704 has an overwhelming frequency in southeastern Chinese Han AS patients. A combined analysis including previous studies of HLA‐B*27‐subtype distributions in Chinese Han populations showed that HLA‐B*2704 may originate from the southern Han and then migrate and spread to the northern areas, and HLA‐B*2705 show the opposite result.
TIM‐3 as a potential exhaustion marker in CD4+ T cells of COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Modabber Zahra , Shahbazi Mehdi , Akbari Roghayeh , Bagherzadeh Mojgan , Firouzjahi Alireza , Mohammadnia‐Afrouzi Mousa
Published: September 2021

Background

COVID‐19 causes a range of clinical symptoms from mild to critical and can be life‐threatening. Up to now, it has led to many deaths. We aimed to evaluate exhausted markers on CD4+ T cells of COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

In this study, we evaluated 44 patients with confirmed COVID‐19 disease and 16 healthy individuals. Patients were divided into moderate/severe and critical groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stained by anti‐human CD39, PD‐1, TIM‐3, and anti‐human CD4. The percentage of each CD4+ subpopulation was calculated by flow cytometry. Furthermore, we collected clinical information and laboratory data of both control and patient groups.

Results

We detected overexpression of TIM‐3 on CD4+ T cells in both critical and moderate/severe patients than in healthy individuals (HIs; p < .01 and p < .0001, respectively). CD4+ TIM‐3+ CD39+ lymphocytes were significantly higher in the critical patients than in HI (p < .05). Both Patient groups showed lymphopenia in comparison with HI, but CD4+ lymphocytes did not show any significant difference between study subjects. The increased amount of C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and neutrophil count was observed in patients compared to HI.

Conclusion

T cell exhaustion occurs during COVID‐19 disease and TIM‐3 is the most important exhausted marker on CD4+ T cells.
Maternal pre‐pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain trajectory, and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes
Authors: Li Haibo , Miao Chong , Xu Liangjie , Gao Haiyan , Bai Meng , Liu Wenjuan , Li Wei , Wu Zhengqin , Zhu Yibing
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate the relationships of pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) trajectory with adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in China, and 12 855 women who had a singleton birth were included. The WHO classification categorized pre‐pregnancy BMI, and five GWG trajectories were identified using the latent class growth model.

Results

The adjusted odds ratios for the risks of cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA) infant were significantly higher in women with whoe were overweight or obese pre‐pregnancy, but were lower in underweight (except preterm birth) than in normal weight women. Five GWG trajectories were identified: (1) retaining GWG (6.6 kg), (2) moderately slow GWG (10.5 kg), (3) moderate GWG (13.7 kg), (4) moderately fast GWG (16.3 kg), and (5) rapid GWG (19.8 kg). Compared with women in trajectory 3, the risks of cesarean delivery and LGA increase by about 35%–96% for the women in trajectory 4 or 5, whereas the women in trajectory 1 or 2 are inclined to have a higher risk of small for gestational age, but lower risk of LGA. Association of GWG trajectory with APOs varies across pre‐pregnancy BMI subgroups.

Conclusion

This study highlights the influence of inappropriate pre‐pregnancy maternal weight and GWG trajectories on the risk of APOs.
Intracellular innate immunity and mechanism of action of cytosolic nucleic acid receptor‐mediated type I IFN against viruses
Authors: Liu Helene Minyi
Published: September 2021

The induction of type I interferons (IFN) is critical for antiviral innate immune response. The rapid activation of antiviral innate immune responses is the key to successful clearance of evading pathogens. To achieve this, a series of proteins, including the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), the adaptor proteins, the accessory proteins, kinases, and the transcription factors, are all involved and finely orchestrated. The magnitude and latitude of type I IFN induction however are distinctly regulated in different tissues. A set of interferon simulated genes (ISGs) are then expressed in response to type I IFN signaling to set the cells in the antiviral state. In this review, how type I IFN is induced by viral infections by intracellular PRRs and how type I IFN triggers the expression of downstream effectors will be discussed.
Impact of a veterans affairs primary care collaboration to provide remote team‐based care and telehealth introductory pharmacy practice experiences
Authors: Carr‐Lopez Sian M. , Strohecker Lorrie A. , Miyahara Randell K. , Patel Rajul A. , Mai Yvonne T. , Shek Allen , Law Elaine J.
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Developing remote team‐based care and telehealth introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) in primary care is desirable. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) endorses interdisciplinary teams to provide primary care services for Veterans and utilizes clinical dashboards to support population management. Pharmacy students, during IPPEs, can perform several patient care activities typically done by VA team members.

Objective

The primary objective was to describe the economic impact of a collaboration between a VA health care system and a school of pharmacy to provide remote IPPEs.

Methods

During Fall 2019, activities of second‐year pharmacy students in a required VA population health IPPE were tracked. Select population management activities typically conducted by nurses, clinical pharmacy specialists (CPS), or primary care providers were assigned to pharmacy students. Students were granted remote access privileges to VA's electronic health record (EHR) and precepted by VA CPS at the university. Students performed prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) activities, reviewed outside medical records for laboratory results, ordered laboratory tests, conducted telephone pain assessments, and documented progress notes. The average time to complete each function and the average salary for the team member who typically completed the function was used to perform a cost‐benefit analysis.

Results

During the semester, 58 students spent 2 hours per week in the IPPE. Students wrote 2118 PDMP progress notes, ordered 1723 laboratory tests for provider signature and sent patients laboratory reminder letters, entered 171 outside laboratory results into VA's EHR, and conducted 183 pain assessments. The semester cost of preceptor salaries was $13 937. Direct benefits to the health system included a salary savings of $24 388.56 to $31 402.03. The net benefit of $10 451.56 to $17 465 resulted in a 75% to 125% return on investment.

Conclusion

Identifying practice‐appropriate experiences for pharmacy students enabled active participation in remote team‐based care and telehealth activities, facilitated primary care student experiences, and offered cost savings to the health care system.