bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bi2WO6 Nanosheets Decorated with Au Nanorods for Enhanced Near‐Infrared Photocatalytic Properties Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Effects and Wide‐Range Near‐Infrared Light Harvesting
Authors: Hu Xiaolin , Tian Jian , Xue Yanjun , Li Yujie , Cui Hongzhi
Published: January 2017

Recently, near‐infrared light (NIR) photocatalysts, such as up‐converting materials, Bi2WO6, Cu2(OH)PO4, and carbon quantum dots, have been found and are attracting attention for environmental cleaning and energy conversion, because NIR light constitutes nearly half of the energy output. However, the photocatalytic efficiency is low for these new types of NIR photocatalysts, which has limited their widespread application owing to their insufficient NIR‐light absorption. In this work, we use gold (Au) nanorods to enhance the NIR‐light absorption of Bi2WO6, a typical visible and novel NIR‐light photocatalyst, thus the enhancement of its NIR‐light photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties are achieved. This can be attributed to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects and wide‐range NIR light harvesting of the Au nanorods. The present work provides key guidelines for the improvement of NIR‐light photocatalysts and could also help design and prepare novel photocatalysts.
DNA Detection by Flow Cytometry using PNA‐Modified Metal–Organic Framework Particles
Authors: Mejia‐Ariza Raquel , Rosselli Jessica , Breukers Christian , Manicardi Alex , Terstappen Leon W. M. M. , Corradini Roberto , Huskens Jurriaan
Published: January 2017

A DNA‐sensing platform is developed by exploiting the easy surface functionalization of metal–organic framework (MOF) particles and their highly parallelized fluorescence detection by flow cytometry. Two strategies were employed to functionalize the surface of MIL‐88A, using either covalent or non‐covalent interactions, resulting in alkyne‐modified and biotin‐modified MIL‐88A, respectively. Covalent surface coupling of an azide‐dye and the alkyne–MIL‐88A was achieved by means of a click reaction. Non‐covalent streptavidin–biotin interactions were employed to link biotin–PNA to biotin–MIL‐88A particles mediated by streptavidin. Characterization by confocal imaging and flow cytometry demonstrated that DNA can be bound selectively to the MOF surface. Flow cytometry provided quantitative data of the interaction with DNA. Making use of the large numbers of particles that can be simultaneously processed by flow cytometry, this MOF platform was able to discriminate between fully complementary, single‐base mismatched, and randomized DNA targets.
Retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)
Authors: Coimbra João Paulo , Bertelsen Mads F. , Manger Paul R.
Published: January 2017

The river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), one of the closest extant relatives to cetaceans, is a large African even‐toed ungulate (Artiodactyla) that grazes and has a semiaquatic lifestyle. Given its unusual phenotype, ecology, and evolutionary history, we sought to measure the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cell density using stereology and retinal wholemounts. We estimated a total of 243,000 ganglion cells of which 3.4% (8,300) comprise alpha cells. The topographic distribution of both total and alpha cells reveal a dual topographic organization of a temporal and nasal area embedded within a well‐defined horizontal streak. Using maximum density of total ganglion cells and eye size (35 mm, axial length), we estimated upper limits of spatial resolving power of 8 cycles/deg (temporal area, 1,800 cells/mm2), 7.7 cycles/deg (nasal area, 1,700 cells/mm2), and 4.2 cycles/deg (horizontal streak, 250 cells/mm2). Enhanced resolution of the temporal area toward the frontal visual field may facilitate grazing, while resolution of the horizontal streak and nasal area may help the discrimination of objects (predators, conspecifics) in the lateral and posterior visual fields, respectively. Given the presumed role of alpha cells to detect brisk transient stimuli, their similar distribution to the total ganglion cell population may facilitate the detection of approaching objects in equivalent portions of the visual field. Our finding of a nasal area in the river hippopotamus retina supports the notion that this specialization may enhance visual sampling in the posterior visual field to compensate for limited neck mobility as suggested for rhinoceroses and cetaceans.
Performance of advanced color difference and CAM02‐based formulas in prediction of the Crispening effect for reflective samples
Authors: Karimipour Hamed , Gorji Kandi Saeideh
Published: January 2017

The Crispening effect is defined as an increase in the perceived color difference of the two stimuli, when their color (chromaticity or luminance) is close to the background on which the two stimuli are compared. In this study, the amount of the Crispening effect for three achromatic backgrounds and also the performance of six different color difference formulas (CDFs) for prediction of this effect have been investigated, by preparing 85 sample pairs in 9 CIE's recommended color centers. Regarding the results, the maximum (50%) and the minimum (4%) amount of the Crispening effect belong to the gray and the purple centers, respectively. According to the results of a comparative test, the Crispening intensifies when two stimuli have just lightness difference instead of just chromaticity difference. The highest variation was for the gray samples, in which the amount of the Crispening effect increased from 35% to 65%. By using PF/3 and STRESS index, it is also concluded that CMC and CIEDE2000 perform better than CAM02‐SCD and CAM02‐UCS in prediction of the Crispening effect on the dark gray and gray backgrounds. According to the results, the significant differences between the performances of the CDFs disappear when the luminance of the background increases. Huang's power functions also do not improve these results significantly. Furthermore, the results indicate that the traditional L* equation used in CIELAB performs similar to the Whittle's formula in prediction of the Crispening effect for reflective samples, and no significant difference was obtained.
Cancer Moonshot Data and Technology Team: Enabling a National Learning Healthcare System for Cancer to Unleash the Power of Data
Authors: Hsu ER , Klemm JD , Kerlavage AR , Kusnezov D , Kibbe WA
Published: January 2017

The Cancer Moonshot emphasizes the need to learn from the experiences of cancer patients to positively impact their outcomes, experiences, and qualities of life. To realize this vision, there has been a concerted effort to identify the fundamental building blocks required to establish a National Learning Healthcare System for Cancer, such that relevant data on all cancer patients is accessible, shareable, and contributing to the current state of knowledge of cancer care and outcomes.
ALK‐negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma with urinary bladder involvement diagnosed in urine cytology: A case report and literature review
Authors: Lobo João , Henrique Rui , Monteiro Paula , Lobo Cláudia
Published: January 2017

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is an aggressive T‐cell neoplasm. It rarely involves the urinary bladder, with just twelve cases reported thus far and only one being ALK‐negative. Immunophenotyping (particularly for ALK) is mandatory, both for prognostic and therapeutic reasons. Herein, we report the case of a patient with an ALK‐negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving the bladder which was diagnosed and fully characterized by immunocytochemistry in urine cytology. The patient underwent a cystoscopy and the urine sample disclosed tumor diathesis background and aggregates of atypical cells, with evidence of multinucleation and mitotic figures. Immunocytochemistry revealed strong membrane/Golgi positivity for CD30 and negativity for ALK. The patient was submitted to transurethral resection for therapeutic purposes, which confirmed the diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, this represents only the third case of anaplastic large cell lymphoma with bladder involvement diagnosed in urine cytology and the very first with diagnostic findings allowing for immunophenotyping of the disease in a bladder wash. The present report reinforces the role of urine cytology as a suitable method for establishing an earlier diagnosis and characterization of the disease, avoiding submitting patients to invasive procedures like transurethral resections. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:354–358. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classical type and blastoid variant mantle cell lymphoma in the same lymph node: Histology and cytological findings from a touch imprint specimen
Authors: Nakatsuka Shin‐ichi , Nagatomo Tadasuke , Nagano Teruaki , Goto Takayoshi , Hashimoto Koji
Published: January 2017

Blastoid variant (BV) is one of the aggressive variants of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). BV‐MCL is defined by its blastic cytomorphology. Previous studies using sequential biopsies in cases with MCL have demonstrated that classical type MCL (C‐MCL) often transforms or relapses as an aggressive variant, but a histopathological transition from C‐MCL to an aggressive MCL variant in the same pathological specimen has been shown in only a limited number of the cases. We present a case of MCL in which a histological transition between C‐MCL and BV‐MCL was observed in the same lymph node. A 53‐year‐old man presented with a submandibular tumor. Touch imprint cytology revealed a monotonous proliferation of large blastic lymphoid cells. Histology revealed a transition between a large lymphoid cell component and small foci of small‐ to medium‐sized cell component within the tumor. Both components were CD5(+), CD10(−), CD20(+), cyclin D1(+), and SOX11(+) on immunohistochemistry. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed the translocation of IgH/BCL1 locus. These findings led to a final diagnosis of BV‐MCL with coexistent C‐MCL. The present case suggests the existence of a pathogenetic pathway of MCL from C‐MCL to BV‐MCL. Because it is important to accurately identify BV‐MCL for prognostication, appropriate ancillary diagnostic tools should be used in suspected cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:364–370. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Results of a strategic science study to inform policies targeting extreme thinness standards in the fashion industry
Authors: Rodgers Rachel F. , Ziff Sara , Lowy Alice S. , Yu Kimberly , Austin S. Bryn
Published: January 2017

The appearance pressures experienced by fashion models have been criticized as harmful to their health, as well as increasing eating disorder risk among youth by promoting ideals of extreme thinness. Given recent legislation to protect models, we undertook a strategic science study to assess professional fashion models’ perceptions of the potential impact and feasibility of seven policy proposals. A sample of 85 female fashion models, mean age = 22.7 years (SD 3.7) completed an online survey assessing unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCB), perceived pressure from agencies to lose weight, as well as the perceived impact and feasibility of seven potential policy actions. Chi‐squared analyses and multivariable logistic regressions compared UWCB among models who were asked to lose weight and those who were not. Friedman and Kendall's W tests were conducted to examine differences in impact and feasibility ratings across the seven policy proposals. Models reported high levels of pressure to lose weight, which was associated with higher odds of engaging in UWCB. The policy approaches rated as most impactful were those to increase worker protections, though they were rated as only moderately feasible. Requiring employers to provide food and a 30‐min break for jobs longer than 6 h was rated as both impactful and feasible. Imposing restrictions on minimum BMI was rated as the least impactful. Approaches providing employment protections and healthier working conditions are most supported by professional models. These findings help to illuminate viable policy approaches from the perspective of key stakeholders.
Photochemical Properties and Structure–Activity Relationships of RuII Complexes with Pyridylbenzazole Ligands as Promising Anticancer Agents
Authors: Havrylyuk Dmytro , Heidary David K. , Nease Leona , Parkin Sean , Glazer Edith C.
Published: January 2017

Ruthenium complexes capable of light‐triggered cytotoxicity are appealing potential prodrugs for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). Two groups of (polypyridyl)RuII complexes with 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzazole ligands were synthesized and investigated for their photochemical properties and anticancer activity to compare strained and unstrained systems that are likely to have different biological mechanisms of action. The structure–activity relationship was focused on the benzazole‐core bioisosterism and replacement of coligands in RuII complexes. Strained compounds rapidly ejected the 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzazole ligand after light irradiation, and possessed strong toxicity in the HL‐60 cell line both under dark and light conditions. In contrast, unstrained RuII complexes were nontoxic in the absence of light, induced cytotoxicity at nanomolar concentrations after light irradiation, and were capable of light‐induced DNA damage. The 90–220‐fold difference in light and dark IC50 values provides a large potential therapeutic window to allow for selective targeting of cells by exposure to light.
The anticoagulant rivaroxaban lowers portal hypertension in cirrhotic rats mainly by deactivating hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Vilaseca Marina , García‐Calderó Héctor , Lafoz Erica , García‐Irigoyen Oihane , Avila Matías A. , Reverter Joan Carles , Bosch Jaume , Hernández‐Gea Virginia , Gracia‐Sancho Jordi , García‐Pagán Joan Carles
Published: January 2017

In cirrhosis, increased intrahepatic vascular resistance (IHVR) is the primary factor for portal hypertension (PH) development. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a major role increasing IHVR because, when activated, they are contractile and promote fibrogenesis. Protease‐activated receptors (PARs) can activate HSCs through thrombin and factor Xa, which are known PAR agonists, and cause microthrombosis in liver microcirculation. This study investigates the effects of the oral anticoagulant, rivaroxaban (RVXB), a direct antifactor Xa, on HSC phenotype, liver fibrosis (LF), liver microthrombosis, and PH in cirrhotic rats. Hepatic and systemic hemodynamic, nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, LF, HSC activation, and microthrombosis were evaluated in CCl4 and thioacetamide‐cirrhotic rats treated with RVXB (20 mg/kg/day) or its vehicle for 2 weeks. RVXB significantly decreased portal pressure (PP) in both models of cirrhosis without changes in portal blood flow, suggesting a reduction in IHVR. RVXB reduced oxidative stress, improved NO bioavailability, and ameliorated endothelial dysfunction. Rivaroxaban deactivated HSC, with decreased alpha‐smooth muscle actin and mRNA expression of other HSC activation markers. Despite this marked improvement in HSC phenotype, no significant changes in LF were identified. RVXB markedly reduced fibrin deposition, suggesting reduced intrahepatic microthrombosis. Conclusion: RVXB decreases PP in two rat models of cirrhosis. This effect is mostly associated with decreased IHVR, enhanced NO bioavailability, HSC deactivation, and reduced intrahepatic microthrombosis. Our findings suggest that RVXB deserves further evaluation as a potential treatment for cirrhotic PH. (Hepatology 2017;65:2031‐2044).
Epitaxial growth of semi‐polar (11‐22) plane AlGaN epi‐layers on m‐plane (10‐10) sapphire substrates
Authors: Luan Huakai , Zhang Xiong , Liang Zongwen , Wang Yi , Dai Qian , Yang Hongquan , Wu Zili , Zhao Jianguo , Cui Yiping
Published: January 2017

In this paper, three types of strain‐relaxation interlayers were employed to compensate the lattice mismatch‐induced strain, in order to improve the crystalline quality of semi‐polar (11‐22) AlGaN epi‐layers, grown on m‐plane (10‐10) sapphire substrates by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The semi‐polar (11‐22) AlGaN samples were characterized with ultraviolet‐visible absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The characterization results showed that the in‐plane compressive strain was effectively relaxed by the insertion of the strain‐relaxation interlayers, leading to a significant improvement in the crystalline quality of the semi‐polar AlGaN epi‐layers. In particular, the semi‐polar AlGaN sample with an Al‐composition‐gradually‐varied AlGaN interlayer demonstrated a superior crystalline quality and the best surface morphology among all the samples, as shown by the remarkably decreased full width at half maximum (FWHM) of XRD peak, the density of point defects, and the surface roughness.
Intravenously Transplanted Human Bone Marrow Endothelial Progenitor Cells Engraft Within Brain Capillaries, Preserve Mitochondrial Morphology, and Display Pinocytotic Activity Toward Blood-Brain Barrier Repair in Ischemic Stroke Rats
Authors: Garbuzova-Davis Svitlana , Haller Edward , Lin Roger , Borlongan Cesario V.
Published: January 2017

Stroke is a life-threatening disease with limited therapeutic options. Cell therapy has emerged as an experimental stroke treatment. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment is a key pathological manifestation of ischemic stroke, and barrier repair is an innovative target for neurorestoration in stroke. Here, we evaluated via electron microscopy the ability of transplanted human bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (hBMEPCs) to repair the BBB in adult Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). β-galactosidase prelabeled hBMEPCs were intravenously transplanted 48 hours post-tMCAO. Ultrastructural analysis of microvessels in nontransplant stroke rats revealed typical BBB pathology. At 5 days post-transplantation with hBMEPCs, stroke rats displayed widespread vascular repair in bilateral striatum and motor cortex, characterized by robust cell engraftment within capillaries. hBMEPC transplanted stroke rats exhibited near normal morphology of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, and astrocytes, without detectable perivascular edema. Near normal morphology of mitochondria was also detected in ECs and perivascular astrocytes from transplanted stroke rats. Equally notable, we observed numerous pinocytic vesicles within engrafted cells. Robust engraftment and intricate functionality of transplanted hBMEPCs likely abrogated stroke-altered vasculature. Preserving mitochondria and augmenting pinocytosis in cell-based therapeutics represent a new neurorestorative mechanism in BBB repair for stroke.
Concise Review: Emerging Drugs Targeting Epithelial Cancer Stem-Like Cells
Authors: Ahmed Mehreen , Chaudhari Kritika , Babaei-Jadidi Roya , Dekker Lodewijk V. , Shams Nateri Abdolrahman
Published: January 2017

Increasing evidence suggests that cancer cell populations contain a small proportion of cells that display stem-like cell properties and which may be responsible for overall tumor maintenance. These cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) appear to have unique tumor-initiating ability and innate survival mechanisms that allow them to resist cancer therapies, consequently promoting relapses. Selective targeting of CSCs may provide therapeutic benefit and several recent reports have indicated this may be possible. In this article, we review drugs targeting CSCs, in selected epithelial cell-derived cancers.
Reprogramming Postnatal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Toward Functional Neural Crest Fates
Authors: Bajpai Vivek K. , Kerosuo Laura , Tseropoulos Georgios , Cummings Kirstie A. , Wang Xiaoyan , Lei Pedro , Liu Biao , Liu Song , Popescu Gabriela K. , Bronner Marianne E. , Andreadis Stelios T.
Published: January 2017

During development, neural crest (NC) cells are induced by signaling events at the neural plate border of all vertebrate embryos. Initially arising within the central nervous system, NC cells subsequently undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition to migrate into the periphery, where they differentiate into diverse cell types. Here we provide evidence that postnatal human epidermal keratinocytes (KC), in response to fibroblast growth factor 2 and insulin like growth factor 1 signals, can be reprogrammed toward a NC fate. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses show that keratinocyte-derived NC cells are similar to those derived from human embryonic stem cells. Moreover, they give rise in vitro and in vivo to NC derivatives such as peripheral neurons, melanocytes, Schwann cells and mesenchymal cells (osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells). By demonstrating that human keratin-14+ KC can form NC cells, even from clones of single cells, our results have important implications in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
Preventing Unplanned Perioperative Hypothermia in Children
Authors: Beedle Susan E. , Phillips Amy , Wiggins Shirley , Struwe Leeza
Published: January 2017

Unplanned perioperative hypothermia is a common surgical risk. Unplanned hypothermia is defined as a body temperature below 36° C (96.8° F) during any phase of the perioperative period. Perioperative nurses at a Midwestern tertiary pediatric hospital developed an evidence‐based clinical practice guideline (CPG) designed to maintain normothermia for the pediatric surgical population. This CPG outlined standard thermoregulation nursing interventions and required the consistent use of a temporal artery thermometer. A test of this CPG before full implementation established a baseline incidence of unplanned hypothermia at 16.3% (n = 80). The purpose of this study was to measure the rate of perioperative hypothermia in children after implementing the evidence‐based CPG. The study results demonstrated that the CPG, guiding research‐based nursing practice, consistently prevented unplanned hypothermia. The incidence rate of unplanned perioperative hypothermia after CPG implementation was 1.84% (n = 1,196).
The Patient and Family Perioperative Experience During Transfer of Care: A Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Stutzman Sonja E. , Olson DaiWai M. , Greilich Philip E. , Abdulkadir Kamal , Rubin Michael A.
Published: January 2017

Patient transfers between the OR and intensive care unit are high‐risk events. Previous studies regarding mechanisms to improve these transfers do not account for the perspectives of family members or patients. Using transfer‐of‐care reports from health care providers, we performed a qualitative study of patient and family member perspectives by transcribing, coding, and analyzing seven interviews using hermeneutic cycling, which revealed three main themes: communication, clinical interaction, and clinician demeanor. Participants reported that anxiety about the plan of care and its outcomes eased when they had more frequent communication with members of the clinical team, observed the team interacting with one another, and felt the clinicians’ demeanors were confident. The results of this study showed that families perceived that clinicians who communicated the timing and frequency of protocols and procedures improved patient care. Clinician training on empathy, professionalism, and accessibility may increase patient and family satisfaction and decrease negative interactions between clinicians and patients and their family members.
Discovery of the Sub-second Linearly Polarized Spikes of Synchrotron Origin in the UV Ceti Giant Optical Flare
Authors: Beskin G. , Karpov S. , Plokhotnichenko V. , Stepanov A. , Tsap Yu.
Published: January 2017

During our optical monitoring of UV Ceti, iconic late-type flaring star, with high temporal resolution using the Russian 6-m telescope in 2008, we detected a giant flare with the amplitude of about 3 magnitudes in U band. Near flare maximum, more than a dozen of spike bursts have been discovered with triangular shapes and durations from 0.6 to 1.2 s and maximal luminosities in the range (1.5–8) × 1027 erg s−1. For the half of these events, the linear polarization exceeds 35% with significance better than 5σ. We argue that these events are synchrotron emission of electron streams with the energies of several hundred MeV moving in the magnetic field of about 1.4 kG. Emission from such ultra-relativistic (with energies far exceeding 10 MeV) particles is being routinely observed in solar flares, but has never been detected from UV Ceti-type stars. This is the first ever detection of linearly polarized optical light from the UV Ceti-type stars which indicates that at least some fraction of the flaring events on these stars is powered by a non-thermal synchrotron emission mechanism.
WF16, a new PPNA site in Southern Jordan
Authors: Mithen Steven , Finlayson Bill
Published: January 2017

Wadi Faynan in southern Jordan has a remarkable archaeological landscape with the remains of a vast Romad/Byzantine settlement and field system, many later prehistoric sites and a Pre-Pottery Neolithic B village dating to c. 8700 radiocarbon years BP. Since 1996 we have been conducting survey and excavation within this Wadi, and especially at its confluence with Wadi Ghuwayr, to locate the precursor to the PPNB site and any earlier prehistoric activity. The most important site so far discovered has been called WF16 and is a well preserved Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlement, dated to between 10,200 and 9400 radiocarbon years BP (FIGURE 1). Sites of this period are extremely rare in the Near East and of considerable importance for they lie right at the juncture between a hunting-gathering and farming lifestyle (Bar-Yosef & Belfer-Cohen 1989). WF16 is particularly well preserved for, unlike other PPNA settlements such as Jericho, it was not buried by a later PPNB settlement, this having been located approximately 100 m away in the lower reaches of Wadi Ghuwayr. Neither does there appear to be significant Natufian deposits at WF16 — it appears to be a pristine PPNA site and for that reason is of considerable significance.
Vera Collum and the excavation of a ‘Roman’ megalithic tomb
Authors: Bradley Richard
Published: January 2017

In 1931 Vera Collum excavated the megalithic tomb at Tressé in Brittany, claiming that it had been built during the Roman period and was associated with the cult of the mother goddess. This article traces the course of her excavation and suggests a context for the reuse of Neolithic monuments in that area.
The use of henbane (Hyoscyamus nigerL.) as a hallucinogen at Neolithic ‘ritual’ sites: a re-evaluation
Authors: Long D. J. , Tipping R. , Holden T. G. , Bunting M. J. , Milburn P.
Published: January 2017

Were drugs in use in prehistory? Recent claims for the use of hallucinogenic substances have been made, and caused a stir. However, new work on a Scottish Neolithic ceremonial site suggests archaeologists (and the media) may have been jumping to the wrong conclusions!
An aerial relic of O.G.S. Crawford
Authors: MacGregor Arthur
Published: January 2017

A manuscript scroll preserved in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, proves to be the log from the first in a series of flights undertaken by O.G.S. Crawford (1886–1957) in association with Alexander Keiller (1889–1955), which ultimately resulted in publication of their classic volume, Wessex from the Air (1928), a key work in the history of archaeological aerial photography. The roller-board on which the scroll is mounted proves equally interesting, being a cavalryman's mapping board of a type in use from the 1870s to the late 1920s. These items are placed in their respective historical contexts and an explanation is offered for their seemingly improbable conjunction.
Dorothy Garrod, first woman Professor at Cambridge
Authors: Smith Pamela Jane
Published: January 2017

In May 1939, the accomplished Palaeolithic archaeologist, Dorothy Garrod, was elected Cambridge's Professor of Archaeology — the first woman to hold a Chair at either Cambridge or Oxford. Garrod was well qualified for the position in several ways. Trained by R.R. Marett at Oxford and the Abbé Henri Breuil in France, she was renowned for her excavations in Gibraltar, Palestine, Southern Kurdistan and Bulgaria. By 1939, Garrod was one of Britain's finest archaeologists. She had discovered the wellpreserved skull fragments of ‘Abel’, a Neanderthal child, in Gibraltar, identified the Natufianculture while excavating Shukbah near Jerusalem, directed the large, long-term excavations at Mt Carmel, established the Palaeolithic succession for that crucial region and then travelled, in 1938, to explore the important Palaeolithic cave of Bacho Kiro in Bulgaria. Published reports of her excavations had appeared promptly and were very favourably reviewed. The prehistorian, Grahame Clark, who was to succeed her to the Disney Chair in 1952, described Garrod's The Stone Age of Mount Carmel (1937) as ‘pure gold’ (Clark 1937: 488).
Divisorial Models of Normal Varieties
Authors: Urbinati Stefano
Published: January 2017

We prove that the canonical ring of a canonical variety in the sense of de Fernex and Hacon is finitely generated. We prove that canonical varieties are Kawamata log terminal (klt) if and only if is finitely generated. We introduce a notion of nefness for non-ℚ-Gorenstein varieties and study some of its properties. We then focus on these properties for non-ℚ-Gorenstein toric varieties.
TRAITORS AND THE MEANING OF TREASON IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY’S GREAT WAR
Authors: Cornwall Mark
Published: January 2017

Treason is a ubiquitous historical phenomenon, one particularly associated with regime instability or wartime loyalties. This paper explores the practice and prosecution of treason in the last decades of the Habsburg monarchy with a special focus on some notorious wartime treason trials. It first sets the rhetoric and law of treason in a comparative historical context before assessing the legal framework supplied by the Austrian penal code of 1852. Although the treason law was exploited quite arbitrarily after 1914, the state authorities in the pre-war decade were already targeting irredentist suspects due to major anxiety about domestic and foreign security. In the Great War, the military were then given extensive powers to prosecute all political crimes including treason, causing a string of show-trials of Bosnian Serbs and some leading Czech politicians. By 1917–18, however, this onslaught on disloyalty was backfiring in the wake of an imperial amnesty: as loyalties shifted away from the Habsburg regime, the former criminals themselves proudly began to assume the title of ‘traitor’. The paper is a case-study of how regimes in crisis have used treason as a powerful moral instrument for managing allegiance. It also offers a new basis for understanding instability in the late Habsburg monarchy.
Short timescale dynamics of phytoplankton in Fildes Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Egas Claudia , Henríquez-Castillo Carlos , Delherbe Nathalie , Molina Ernesto , Dos Santos Adriana Lopes , Lavin Paris , De La Iglesia Rodrigo , Vaulot Daniel , Trefault Nicole
Published: January 2017

Phytoplankton is responsible for most primary production in Antarctica, but the short timescale dynamics of its size structure and composition are poorly described and understood. The abundance and composition of phytoplankton in Fildes Bay, western Antarctic Peninsula, was followed for 12 days during the summer using a range of methods, including size fractionation of chlorophyll, microscopy, flow cytometry and terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the plastid 16S rRNA gene. A rapid increase in biomass and cell abundance occurred in response to a vertical mixing event. This increase also resulted in a shift in composition from diatoms to Prymnesiophyceae, and then back to diatoms as the water column re-stratified. Our results show a strong dominance of nanophytoplankton represented by Thalassiosira and Phaeocystis. The rapid response of the phytoplankton suggests that it is well adapted to short-term environmental changes.
Kant’s Causal Power Argument Against Empirical Affection
Authors: Indregard Jonas Jervell
Published: January 2017

A well-known trilemma faces the interpretation of Kant’s theory of affection, namely whether the objects that affect us are empirical, noumenal or both. I argue that, according to Kant, the things that affect us and cause representations in us are not empirical objects. I articulate what I call the Causal Power Argument, according to which empirical objects cannot affect us because they do not have the right kind of power to cause representations. All the causal powers that empirical objects have are moving powers, and such powers can only have spatial effects. According to Kant, however, the representations that arise in us as a result of the affection of our sensibility are non-spatial. I show that this argument is put forward by Kant in a number of passages, and figures as a decisive reason for rejecting empirical affection and instead endorsing affection by the things in themselves.
Visualization of Cellular Components in a Mammalian Cell with Liquid-Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Besztejan Stephanie , Keskin Sercan , Manz Stephanie , Kassier Günther , Bücker Robert , Venegas-Rojas Deybith , Trieu Hoc K. , Rentmeister Andrea , Miller R. J. Dwayne
Published: January 2017

We present liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (liquid-cell TEM) imaging of fixed and non-fixed prostate cancer cells (PC3 and LNCaP) with high resolution in a custom developed silicon nitride liquid cell. Fixed PC3 cells were imaged for 90–120 min without any discernable damage. High contrast on the cellular structures was obtained even at low electron doses (~2.5 e−/nm2 per image). The images show distinct structures of cell compartments (nuclei and nucleoli) and cell boundaries without any further sample embedding, dehydration, or staining. Furthermore, we observed dynamics of vesicles trafficking from the cell membrane in consecutive still frames in a non-fixed cell. Our findings show that liquid-cell TEM, operated at low electron dose, is an excellent tool to investigate dynamic events in non-fixed cells with enough spatial resolution (few nm) and natural amplitude contrast to follow key intracellular processes.
Nanoscale Stoichiometric Analysis of a High-Temperature Superconductor by Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Pedrazzini Stella , London Andrew J. , Gault Baptiste , Saxey David , Speller Susannah , Grovenor Chris R. M. , Danaie Mohsen , Moody Michael P. , Edmondson Philip D. , Bagot Paul A. J.
Published: January 2017

The functional properties of the high-temperature superconductor Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ(Y-123) are closely correlated to the exact stoichiometry and oxygen content. Exceeding the critical value of 1 oxygen vacancy for every five unit cells (δ>0.2, which translates to a 1.5 at% deviation from the nominal oxygen stoichiometry of Y7.7Ba15.3Cu23O54−δ) is sufficient to alter the superconducting properties. Stoichiometry at the nanometer scale, particularly of oxygen and other lighter elements, is extremely difficult to quantify in complex functional ceramics by most currently available analytical techniques. The present study is an analysis and optimization of the experimental conditions required to quantify the local nanoscale stoichiometry of single crystal yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) samples in three dimensions by atom probe tomography (APT). APT analysis required systematic exploration of a wide range of data acquisition and processing conditions to calibrate the measurements. Laser pulse energy, ion identification, and the choice of range widths were all found to influence composition measurements. The final composition obtained from melt-grown crystals with optimized superconducting properties was Y7.9Ba10.4Cu24.4O57.2.
Differential effects of patient symptom subtypes on informal hospice caregiver depression
Authors: Wilkes Chelsey M. , Washington Karla T. , Palmer William M. , Parker Oliver Debra , Demiris George , Craig Kevin
Published: January 2017

Objective:

Researchers sought to determine the extent to which burden related to patients' symptom subtypes could predict informal hospice caregiver depression, and to illustrate the differences between caregivers who experience suicidal ideation and those who do not.

Method:

Informal caregivers recruited from a not-for-profit community-based hospice agency participated in a cross-sectional survey. Self-report questionnaires assessed caregiver burden associated with patient symptomatology (via a modified version of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale–Short Form) and caregiver depressive symptoms, including suicidal ideation (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire–9). Multiple regressions evaluated the unique predictability of patients' symptom subtypes on caregiver depression. Exploratory analyses examined mean differences of study variables between participants who did and did not endorse suicidal ideation.

Results:

Caregiver burden related to patients' psychological symptoms accounted for significant variance in caregiver depression scores when controlling for burden related to physical symptoms. Among 229 caregivers (M age = 61.4 years), 12 reported suicidal ideation, where 6 of the 12 were male, despite male caregivers comprising less than 20% of the total sample.

Significance of results:

Burden associated with patients' psychological symptoms uniquely contributed to caregiver depression, further highlighting the clinical utility and necessity for hospice providers to address the emotional needs of patients and their caregivers alike. Developing clinical procedures to identify and respond to such needs would not only behoove hospice agencies, but it would likely enhance the caregiving experience holistically, which might be particularly imperative for male caregivers.
Food Safety Meta-Controls in the Netherlands
Authors: Verbruggen Paul , Havinga Tetty
Published: January 2017

Public food safety authorities in Europe and elsewhere have recently developed forms of coordination and collaboration with private compliance systems in the monitoring and enforcement of public food safety laws. Such policies bring with them the risk of regulatory capture, loss of transparency and fuzzy accountability relationships. In this paper we analyse how the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) assesses and monitors the functioning of private food safety control systems so it can use these private systems in its own enforcement activities. We do so by discussing two national private systems that have been formally accepted by the NVWA and are as such subject to its meta-control. The article examines the safeguards that the public enforcement agency uses while coordinating its own activities with private food safety controls, the advantages and risks involved in this strategy, and the extent to which this policy can be improved. From this we draw lessons for public agencies elsewhere willing to engage with private compliance mechanisms. The study is based on the analysis of policy documents, public and private regulation and open-ended interviews with representatives of the public and private sector in the Netherlands.
Déjà Vu? Ocean Warmth Melted Ancient West Antarctic Ice Shelf
Authors: Derouin Sarah
Published: January 2017

Clues in seafloor sediments reveal that relatively warm water beneath western Antarctic ice shelves, a major factor in today's massive ice sheet retreat, also fueled some past ice loss.
Sticking together: inter-species aggregation of bacteria isolated from iron snow is controlled by chemical signaling
Authors: Mori Jiro F , Ueberschaar Nico , Lu Shipeng , Cooper Rebecca E , Pohnert Georg , Küsel Kirsten
Published: January 2017

Marine and lake snow is a continuous shower of mixed organic and inorganic aggregates falling from the upper water where primary production is substantial. These pelagic aggregates provide a niche for microbes that can exploit these physical structures and resources for growth, thus are local hot spots for microbial activity. However, processes underlying their formation remain unknown. Here, we investigated the role of chemical signaling between two co-occurring bacteria that each make up more than 10% of the community in iron-rich lakes aggregates (iron snow). The filamentous iron-oxidizing Acidithrix strain showed increased rates of Fe(II) oxidation when incubated with cell-free supernatant of the heterotrophic iron-reducing Acidiphilium strain. Amendment of Acidithrix supernatant to motile cells of Acidiphilium triggered formation of cell aggregates displaying similar morphology to those of iron snow. Comparative metabolomics enabled the identification of the aggregation-inducing signal, 2-phenethylamine, which also induced faster growth of Acidiphilium. We propose a model that shows rapid iron snow formation, and ultimately energy transfer from the photic zone to deeper water layers, is controlled via a chemically mediated interplay.
Delaying histone deacetylase response to injury accelerates conversion into repair Schwann cells and nerve regeneration
Authors: Brügger Valérie , Duman Mert , Bochud Maëlle , Münger Emmanuelle , Heller Manfred , Ruff Sophie , Jacob Claire
Published: January 2017

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) regenerates after injury. However, regeneration is often compromised in the case of large lesions, and the speed of axon reconnection to their target is critical for successful functional recovery. After injury, mature Schwann cells (SCs) convert into repair cells that foster axonal regrowth, and redifferentiate to rebuild myelin. These processes require the regulation of several transcription factors, but the driving mechanisms remain partially understood. Here we identify an early response to nerve injury controlled by histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), which coordinates the action of other chromatin-remodelling enzymes to induce the upregulation of Oct6, a key transcription factor for SC development. Inactivating this mechanism using mouse genetics allows earlier conversion into repair cells and leads to faster axonal regrowth, but impairs remyelination. Consistently, short-term HDAC1/2 inhibitor treatment early after lesion accelerates functional recovery and enhances regeneration, thereby identifying a new therapeutic strategy to improve PNS regeneration after lesion.
Spin Seebeck effect and thermoelectric phenomena in superconducting hybrids with magnetic textures or spin-orbit coupling
Authors: Bathen Marianne Etzelmüller , Linder Jacob
Published: January 2017

We theoretically consider the spin Seebeck effect, the charge Seebeck coefficient, and the thermoelectric figure of merit in superconducting hybrid structures including either magnetic textures or intrinsic spin-orbit coupling. We demonstrate that large magnitudes for all these quantities are obtainable in Josephson-based systems with either zero or a small externally applied magnetic field. This provides an alternative to the thermoelectric effects generated in high-field (~1 T) superconducting hybrid systems, which were recently experimentally demonstrated. The systems studied contain either conical ferromagnets, spin-active interfaces, or spin-orbit coupling. We present a framework for calculating the linear thermoelectric response for both spin and charge of a system upon applying temperature and voltage gradients based on quasiclassical theory which allows for arbitrary spin-dependent textures and fields to be conveniently incorporated.
Global solar wind variations over the last four centuries
Authors: Owens M. J. , Lockwood M. , Riley P.
Published: January 2017

The most recent “grand minimum” of solar activity, the Maunder minimum (MM, 1650–1710), is of great interest both for understanding the solar dynamo and providing insight into possible future heliospheric conditions. Here, we use nearly 30 years of output from a data-constrained magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona to calibrate heliospheric reconstructions based solely on sunspot observations. Using these empirical relations, we produce the first quantitative estimate of global solar wind variations over the last 400 years. Relative to the modern era, the MM shows a factor 2 reduction in near-Earth heliospheric magnetic field strength and solar wind speed, and up to a factor 4 increase in solar wind Mach number. Thus solar wind energy input into the Earth’s magnetosphere was reduced, resulting in a more Jupiter-like system, in agreement with the dearth of auroral reports from the time. The global heliosphere was both smaller and more symmetric under MM conditions, which has implications for the interpretation of cosmogenic radionuclide data and resulting total solar irradiance estimates during grand minima.
Investigation on LiBH4-CaH2 composite and its potential for thermal energy storage
Authors: Li Yang , Li Ping , Qu Xuanhui
Published: January 2017

The LiBH4/CaH2composite are firstly studied as Concentrating Solar Power Thermal Storage Material. The LiBH4/CaH2composite according to the stoichiometric ratio are synthesized by high-energy ball milling method. The kinetics, thermodynamics and cycling stability of LiBH4/CaH2composite are investigated by XRD (X-ray diffraction), DSC (Differential scanning calorimeter) and TEM (Transmission electron microscope). The reaction enthalpy of LiBH4/CaH2composite is almost 60 kJ/mol H2and equilibrium pressure is 0.482 MPa at 450 °C. The thermal storage density of LiBH4/CaH2composite is 3504.6 kJ/kg. XRD results show that the main phase after dehydrogenation is LiH and CaB6. The existence of TiCl3and NbF5can effectively enhance the cycling perfomance of LiBH4/CaH2composite, with 6–7 wt% hydrogen capacity after 10 cycles. The high thermal storage density, high working temperature and low equilibrium pressure make LiBH4/CaH2composite a potential thermal storage material.
BMP2-coprecipitated calcium phosphate granules enhance osteoinductivity of deproteinized bovine bone, and bone formation during critical-sized bone defect healing
Authors: Liu Tie , Zheng Yuanna , Wu Gang , Wismeijer Daniel , Pathak Janak L. , Liu Yuelian
Published: January 2017

Most materials used clinically for filling critical-sized bone defects (CSBD), such as deproteinized bovine bone (DBB), lack osteoinductivity so that their therapeutic effects are far from satisfactory. The effect of bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2)-coprecipitated biomimetic calcium phosphate granules (BMP2-cop.BioCaP) on osteoinduction of DBB graft(s) during CSBD healing is still unknown. We investigated whether BMP2-cop.BioCaP affects the osteoinductivity of DBB, bone formation, and foreign body reaction during CSBD healing. DBB + BMP2-cop.BioCaP, DBB, DBB + BMP2, DBB + BioCaP, and autologous bone grafts were implanted in the CSBD of sheep. Bone formation, DBB/BioCaP degradability, foreign body reaction, and osteoinductivity of DBB were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically at week 4 and 8. Combination of BMP2-cop.BioCaP and DBB healed CSBD as effectively as autologous bone grafts. About 95% of the BMP2-cop.BioCaP had been degraded and replaced by new bone at week 8 in the DBB + BMP2-cop.BioCaP-group. Foreign body reaction was reduced in the DBB + BMP2-cop.BioCaP-group compared to the other groups. The independent use of the BMP2-cop.BioCaP did not achieve a satisfactory bone repair. In conclusion, the BMP2-cop.BioCaP showed good degradability and biocompatibility, and enhanced osteoinductivity of DBB during CSBD healing in sheep, suggesting BMP2-cop.BioCaP as a potential osteoinducer to enhance the therapeutic effects of the graft materials in clinic.