bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND RUMEN FERMENTATION PARAMETERS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF SHEEP
Authors: Adedeji O. Y. , Saka A. A. , Imade A. A. , Falola O. O. , Odetola O. M.
Published: December 2024

Addition of copper in the diet has been proved to be beneficial to micro flora enhancing rumination. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the influence of copper glycine (Cu-G) on growth performance and rumen fermentation parameters of West African dwarf (WAD) sheep fed diets containing graded levels of Cu-G supplementation; incorporated into the concentrate diet at 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg respectively to formulate four (4) experimental diets. A total of sixteen (16) WAD sheep were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments for 84 days with 4 animals per treatment in a completely randomized design having an average live weight of 13.00 ± 2.00 kg. Data were collected on growth performance and rumen fermentation parameters. Body weights were measured at the end of each week and the rumen fluid collection was carried out at the end of the experiment. Results revealed that there was no significant (p>0.05) difference on the growth performance parameters across the dietary treatments. The final weight gain, metabolic weight, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio values obtained in this study ranged from 22.16-24.85 kg, 27.39-36.64 g/dw0.75, 508.22-556.96 g/d and 4.96-6.84 respectively. The rumen fermentation parameters was not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by Cu-G supplementation except total fungi count (TFC), total coliform count (TCC) and protozoan count which ranged from 1.29-1.49×103cfu/ml, 2.23- 2.48×102cfu/ml and 2.25-2.72×105cfu/mlrespectively. Furthermore, the TFC, TCC and protozoan values obtained in this study increased across the dietary treatments as the Cu-G supplementation increased. Sheep fed 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg recorded the highest values for TCC, TFC and protozoan count obtained in this study. It can therefore be concluded that copper glycine included in diet at 15 mg/kg inclusion level had the highest microbial count in the rumen environment thereby positively influencing ruminal fermentation but had no influence on the growth performance of the West African dwarf sheep.
HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF WEANER’S RABBIT FED SPROUTED MORINGA SEED MEAL
Authors: Raimi C. O. , Arire E. O.
Published: December 2024

In grassland pasture of low nutritive value, feeds, climatic factors and stresses, had led to various responses in blood indices. The haematological indices of growing rabbits fed sprouted Moringa seed meal was evaluated in this study using twenty four (24) New Zealand white rabbits aged 6weeks old. They were randomly allotted into four treatment groups and each treatment consisted of 6 rabbits per replicate and thereafter subjected to ten (10) weeks feeding trial. The diets contained four levels of Moringa seeds meal at 0, 5, 10 and 15 percent levels. Results showed that Packed cell volume of rabbits in T4 was significantly (P<0.05) high (48.00%) compared to other groups. The Red blood cell of rabbits fed T2 and T4 were similar while T1 (7.38 x106/L) were significantly higher than T3 (3.15x106/L). Haemoglobin level were high in T4 (16:00g/dl) compared to other groups. White blood cell in T4 were also low compared to other groups. MCV were high (123.80fl) and low (4.27pg) in T3 respectively. Lymphocytes of rabbits on T3 (84.00%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than T2 (26.00%). This study concluded that the blood profiles of rabbits in all the treatment groups were within the normal range; an indication that the test ingredient enhanced feed quality and inadvertently the nutritional and health status of rabbits. Moringa seeds could be incorporated into the diet of rabbits up to 15% without posing health hazards on the animals.
DETERMINATION OF BREEDING PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN CATFISH CLARIAS GARIEPINUS, USING SYNTHETIC AND NON -SYNTHETIC HORMONES
Authors: Jega I. S. , Mustapha K. M. , Bawa D. Y. , Gana A. B. , Wade M. N. , Abubakar M. Y.
Published: December 2024

This research was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two different hormones injected for induced spawning of Clarias gariepinus. Three females and 6 males of Clarias gariepinus were collected from Abdulsalam Fish Farm in New Bussa, Kainji, Niger State. The pituitary gland was extracted from four of the male brood fish, weighed so as to get a corresponding weight to that of the recipient fish. The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatmentsT1= 100%ovulin/ (0.5ml/kg), T2 = 100% Pituitary Gland Extract/ (PGE 2mLkg) and T3 = 50% ovulin +50% PGE/(0.4ml/kg). Result indicated that 100% Ovulin performed significantly better (p<0.05) in all the parameters investigated except in hatchability rate. Fertility rates of the eggs were higher in Ovulin (96.56±2.51) than in PGE treated fish especially at mixed hormone (ovulin 50%+ PGE 50%) where the percentage mean values were 95.21±3.51 and 94.82 ±4.50, respectively. The cost of hormone was highest in mixed hormone (₦1840) which subsequently affected its net profit, followed by PGE (₦1600) and least in Ovulin (₦320) which had the highest net profit. Result showed that the use of Ovulin hormone was found to be more cost effective and efficient in the induced breeding of C. gariepinus.
EFFECT OF FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF NEEM (Azadirachta indica) LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT ON HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: AJAYI J. O. , NWORGU F. C. , AKINTOLU B. A. , OMOSANYIN O.
Published: December 2024

A 56-dy experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of administration of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf aqueous heat treated extract on the haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens. One hundred and fifty one week-old broiler chicks (Arbor acres) were weighed and randomly distributed to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design and each treatment was replicated three times. There were thirty birds in each treatment. The birds in treatment A were given vaccination and conventional drugs without neem leaf aqueous extract (NLAE) (control). Birds in treatment B were given vaccination and 10ml of NLAE in 4days interval without conventional drugs, while birds in treatments C, D and E were given 10ml of NLAE in 4, 5 and 6 days interval, respectively with the required vaccination and conventional drugs. The birds al the treatments were with fed the same starter and finisher diets ad-libitum. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. Blood constituents were determined using standard haematological and serum biochemical procedures. The results revealed that administration of NLAE at 10ml per 250ml of water at 4,5, and 6days interval significantly (P<0.05) influenced the concentrations of haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), lymphocytes (LY) and platelets (PL). The Hb, PCV, RBC, WBC and LY concentrations reduced with the administration of 10ml NLAE at 4, 5 and 6days interval, while MCV and PL had the highest concentrations at 6days interval. The least concentrations of Hb, PC V and RBC were at 6 days interval of NLAE administration. The total serum protein (TSP), albumin (AB, globulin (Bd). cholesterol (CM), aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT) and urea (UR) concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) - influenced by the administration of NLAE at 4, 5, and 6days interval. Administration of 10ml NLAE per 250ml of water at 5 and 6days interval reduced the concentration of CH by 13.94 and 14.59% respectively. Broiler chickens can be administered 10ml NLAE per 250ml of water at 4-5 days interval for adequate blood formation and reduction of CH level.
IMPACT OF OVEN DRYING, SUN DRYING AND FREEZING ON THE NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF HETEROBRANCHUS LONGIFILIS
Authors: Agbo A. N. , Awolumate S.
Published: December 2024

Fish are highly perishable due to their biological composition, necessitating post-harvest preservation. Understanding how oven drying, sun drying, and freezing influence the shelf life and quality of Heterobranchus longifilis is essential for optimizing processing techniques and minimizing spoilage. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the effect of oven drying, sun drying, and freezing, on nutritional attributes of H. longifilis. H. longifilis specimens of average weight 500g were collected and weighed, gutted and cleaned. The fish specimens were processed using oven drying, sun drying and freezing methods. After wish samples were sent for proximate analysis. The moisture content of H. longifilis samples exhibited significant variation among the three methods. Freezing resulted in higher moisture content while sun drying was intermediate followed by oven drying. Ash content of H. longifilis was significantly different being higher in oven drying followed by sun drying while freezing resulted in the lowest ash content. The lipid content of H. longifilis showed significant differences with freezing resulting in higher lipid content followed by sun drying and then oven drying. The protein content of H. longifilis exhibited variation among the processing methods. Freezing resulted in higher protein content followed by sun drying and oven drying yielded the lowest. The protein in the freezing method was significantly higher when compared to other methods. This suggests that freezing better preserves the protein content of fish compared to other drying methods. The information obtained from this study indicate that both oven dried, sundried and frozen H. longifilis contain enough protein so can be eaten.
EFFECT OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF AFRICAN GIANT LAND SNAILS (ARCHACHATINA MARGINATA) REARED UNDER INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT DURING DRY SEASON
Authors: Otunla T. A. , Oyedele O. J. , Osanaiye F. G. , Olu F. O. , Olosunde A. O.
Published: December 2024

Forty eight growing African Giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata) between average weight of 400 to 600 grams were used to evaluate the effect of relative humidity and temperature on egg production. The experiment lasted for 20 weeks (December-April) with eight snails per cage. The temperature and relative humidity of the ambient environment of the snail cages were recorded in the morning and afternoon using Omsons dry and wet hygrometer. Higher average daily temperature (310C) was observed in the afternoon (12pm) compared with the 8am in the morning (220C) while, the average relative humidity (92%) was recorded in the morning 8am compared with (61%) in the afternoon (12pm). A zig-zig egg laying pattern was observed across all the cages throughout the experimental period which suggest that snails observed a break period in egg laying. Fluctuation in relative humidity and temperature had a great influence on egg production of A. marginata; for optimum egg production relative humidity of above 80% and temperature 25–300C are recommended. It was concluded that snails provided with high humid condition during dry season can attain optimum reproductive performance all year round under intensive management system.
CARCASS AND HAEMATOLOGY PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKEN REARED ON SUN CURED SESAME SUPPLEMENTED SESAME DIET.
Authors: AJAYI O. , OLUMIDE M. D. , TAYO G. O. , CHIOMA G. O. , AKINSOYINU A. O. , NDUBUISI L. O.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to assess the effects of inclusion of sun-cured sesame meal as supplement for soya bean meal on performance and haematological characteristics of broiler chicken. Sesame is one of the agricultural product that is readily available cheap and can be used to reduce cost of livestock feed. A total of 150day old broiler chicks of relatively the same was rand01nly allotted to five dietary treatment replicated three times with ten chicks per replicate. The experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD). Five diets were formulated to contain different levels of  sun-cured sesame meal at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. At the end of eight week two birds per replicate was slaughtered for carcass characteristics. Treatment on carcass characteristics (live weight, bled weight, eviscerated weight. dressing weight, drumstick, and breast) were not significant. However. variations in organs (liver and gizzard) were significant with birds on T2 (20%) having the highest liver weight of 63 compared to 42 observed birds reared on T1 (0%). The gizzard increased significantly for birds on treatment 4 (30%,) compared to 50 tor those on Tl (0%) blood was collected from two birds per replicate and analysed for haematological indices. The supplementation of broilers diet effected a significant (p<0.05) variations in the haematological parameters. Birds reared on T4 (40% supplementation) had the least significant value of 19.0% in the PVC concentration compared to its counterpart on Tl (0%) with mean value of 32.0%. The RBC value varied from 4.04mm x 106 for birds on Tl to 3.36mm x recorded for birds on T4. Apparent variations in the values 2.17 — 3.17 observed with eosinophil and haemoglobins 6.02 — 7.68g/dl were not significant. In conclusion, sun-cured sesame meal could be added to broiler chicken ration at 40% without any adverse
EFFECT OF CHANGES IN RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON HATCHABILITY OF AFRICAN GIANT LAND SNAILS (ARCHACHATINA MARGINATA) REARED UNDER INTENSIVE MANAGEMENT DURING DRY SEASON
Authors: Otunla T. A. , Olosunde A. O. , Anyaku C. E. , Olu F. O. , Oyedele O. J. , Yussuf I. W.
Published: December 2024

Forty eight growing African Giant Land Snails (Archachatina marginata) with average weight of 400 to 600g were used to evaluate the effect of relative humidity and temperature on egg hatchability. The experiment lasted for 20 weeks (December-April) with eight snails per cage. Higher average daily temperature (310C) was observed in the afternoon (12pm) compared with the 8am in the morning (220C) while, the average relative humidity (92%) was recorded in the morning 8am compared with (61%) in the afternoon (12pm). A zig-zig egg laying pattern was observed across all the cages throughout the experimental period which suggest that snails observed a break period in egg laying. Fluctuation in relative humidity and temperature had a great influence on egg hatchability of A. marginata. For optimum egg production and hatchability, relative humidity of above 80% and temperature 25–300C are recommended. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the number of eggs incubated, hatched eggs and % hatchability of experimental snails across the cages. It was concluded that snails provided with high humid condition during dry season can attain optimum reproductive performance in terms of hatchability under intensive management system.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) FED BAMBARA NUT
Authors: Mohammed M. Y. , Absalom K. V. , Awolumate S. , Mopho F. , Anthony B. , Izang A. I. , Oshibanjo D. O.
Published: December 2024

The objective of this study was to assess the growth performance of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with Bambara nut. The experiment was conducted at the Hydrobiology and Fisheries Research Laboratory of the University of Jos. The experimental diet consisted of fish meal, Bambara nut, maize flour, cassava flour, bone meal, corn oil, and vitalyte. The diet was formulated to provide 25% crude protein. Bambara nut was used to replace fish meal. A total of 300 fingerlings were randomly assigned in a completely randomized design to five dietary treatments with 3 replicates: T1 (Control without Bambara nut meal), T2 (25% Bambara nut meal), T3 (50% Bambara nut meal), T4 (75% Bambara nut meal), and T5 (100% Bambara nut meal). The results revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in percentage weight gained, feed intake, mortality, live number, and survival rate among the treatment. Fish in treatment 1 consistently exhibited significantly higher values for these parameters (80.40, 79.60, 79.03, 78.87, and 78.16%, respectively). Treatment 3, however, had a higher value for feed intake (22.62g) compared to treatment 5, which had a lower value (20.26). Survival rates weresimilar among treatment levels T1, T3, T2, and T4. Notably, weight gained, specific growth rate, length gained, condition factor, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected across the treatment levels. In conclusion, the study suggests that incorporating up to 50.0% Bambara nut meal in tilapia diets does not have detrimental effects on the growth of Tilapia.
ASSESSMENT OF FROZEN FISH MARKETING ACTIVITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN DEKINA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ogunremi J. B. , Ikponmwen E. G. , Muhammed A. M. , Adah P. M. , Ignani F. , Adesina S. A.
Published: December 2024

The study was designed assessed frozen fish marketing activities and constraints in Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State. Multistage random sampling involved selection of four major communities where frozen fish were commonly sold. A certified list of frozen fish marketers were obtained from their Association, then eighty percent (80%) respondents were randomly selected in each of the communities to make a sample size of 136, data obtained were analyzed through frequency counts, percentages and mean score (5 point Likert Scale). Results showed that 64% frozen fish marketers buy from middle men/women, frozen fish price is being determined through negotiation by the buyers (61.0%), 48.5% frozen fish marketers use vehicles as means of transporting fish to where it’s been sold, 57.4% sold frozen fish in shed; frozen fish marketers made more profits (44.1%) and sell more between January -March (47.8%) while 50% frozen fish marketers started the business with ₦30,000 - ₦40,000 and 45.6% made profit on monthly basis. Political affiliation (????̅ = 3.61), revenue or levy (????̅ = 3.56), transportation (????̅ = 3.53), fish storage (????̅ = 3.47) and capital (????̅ = 3.46) are constraints that fish marketers faced in the study area. The study recommended that Government at all levels should not use politics as basis for benefiting from programmes aimed at improving the welfare of the people.
PARASITIC AND BACTERIAL LOAD ASSOCIATED WITH OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS HARVESTED FROM OYAN DAM UNDER OPEN WATER AND CAGE CULTURE SYSTEMS OF FISH MANAGEMENT
Authors: Ajibade A. O. , Obisesan O. M. , Sule O. S. , Adeosun O. , Adelodun O. B.
Published: December 2024

Parasites co-habit with water organisms and infect host tissues to derive nutrients from them while an excessive load of bacteria can serve as an indicator of stress, contamination, low health status and an inadequate growth rate. This study, therefore, identified the bacteria and parasites associated with O. niloticus raised under extensive (open water ecosystem) and semi-intensive (cage-culture) systems of management. Six bacteria (Bacteria Spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Flavobacterium columnar, Pseudomonas aurenginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) were isolated in the samples of fish but no detection of S. aureus in the samples from cage cultured fish. Two nematodes (Ascaris and Trichuris ) and Moniliformis dubius (Phyllum Acanthocephala) were identified. Management of water bodies should be more pro-active and proper cooking of fish with inclusion of pepper should be encouraged.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SLIME CLEANING MATERIALS ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CATFISH
Authors: Yusuff K. O. , Ibidapo-Obe E. O.
Published: December 2024

Using the best method for de-sliming fish makes it more nutritious, appealing, and tasty. A total of 60 mature Clarias gariepinus with an average weight of 298.0 ±0.01g were divided into four treatments de-slimed each for five minutes using cold water, warm water, alum and salt. The treated samples were further processed by smoking and the smoked samples were analyzed for their proximate composition. Sensory analysis was undertaken by twenty trained panelists to score the smoked products on a 10-point hedonic scale. The result of the proximate composition for the four treatments significantly differs (p<0.05) from each other for each nutrient analyzed. The alum treated group has the highest crude protein content (29.20±5.11%), followed by the warm water group (23.20±8.10%), while the lowest recorded in percentage protein is the cold-water group (control) with a value of 18.13±3.17%. Parameters tested for sensory evaluation are not significantly different (p<0.05). The results of this study suggest that de-sliming materials do not have any deleterious effect on the nutrients of fish in contrary to some erroneous belief that alum usage may disrupt the nutritional profile of fish and may be damaging to health.
AQUEOUS ALMOND (TERMINALIA CATAPPA) LEAF EXTRACT ENHANCED GROWTH PERFORMANCE, IMMUNOCOMPETENCE AND RESISTANCE OF HETEROBRANCHUS LONGIFILIS TO PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Orisasona O. , Adekanmbi A. O. , Akinrinade B. P. , Taiwo O. O.
Published: December 2024

The growth, survival, oxidative stress and resistance of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings to Pseudomonas aeruginosa after receiving dietary Terminalia catappa extract for 10 weeks were investigated. Five diets; AL1 (no extract, control), AL2 (0.5% ethanolic extract), AL3 (1.0% ethanolic extract), AL4 (0.5% aqueous extract) and AL5 (1.0% aqueous extract) of T. catappa were allotted triplicate groups of H. longifilis (3.82± 0.05 g) for 70 days. Results shows higher concentrations of total phenolics, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids were observed in ethanol extracts than aqueous extracts. Feed intake significantly (P<0.05) reduced in fish fed ethanol extract, with mean weight gain significantly (P<0.05) high in AL1 (22.06 g), AL5 (21.87 g) and AL4 (20.20 g), while the least value was recorded in AL2 (14.13 g). Hematocrit values significantly reduced in AL2 and AL3, while the lowest value of haemoglobin was recorded in AL3. Higher values of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were observed in AL4 and AL5. Survival ranged from 83.67% in AL3 to 95% in AL5. The relative percentage survival (RPS) ranged from 20% in AL1 to 90% in AL5 after the challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study shows that extraction using water as solvent of almond leaves (T. catappa) conferred more benefits in terms of growth, improved immune system and resistance to virulent A. aeruginosa.
HAEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY PROFILE OF GROWING RABBITS FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH ALLIGATOR PEPPER (AFRAMOMUM MELEGUETA) SEED MEAL
Authors: Olajide O. O. , Olaleye J. O. , Abdulkadir M. T. , Ewegbemi O. T. , Akinkuolie E. A.
Published: December 2024

The ban on the use of antibiotics in livestock production has necessitated the use of alternatives such as plant materials (herbs and spices) to increase feed conversion, enhance growth rate, nutritive value and health status of farm animals. Thirty six rabbits were used to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical parameters of rabbit fed diets supplemented with Aframomum melegueta. There were four dietary treatments consisting of 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% Aframomum melegueta, and the experiment lasted for 49 days. The experiment was performed in three replicates with three per replicate. The rabbits were balanced for weight and complete randomized design (CRD) was used. Parameters measured for this study include Packed cell volume, Red blood cells, mean corspuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, White blood cells, haemoglobin, granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, Total protein, albumin, globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and cholesterol. The result revealed that the MCHC and monocytes were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by the dietary treatment in the blood parameters investigated. Of all the serum metabolite parameters measured only the total protein, creatinine and cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatment. It was concluded that the addition of Aframomum melegueta to diets of rabbit does not pose any adverse effect on the blood parameters of the rabbit and could be an indication that their addition enhances optimum nutrient intake by the rabbits.
APPRAISAL OF ABATTOIR OPERATIONS, WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT AT LAFENWA ABBATOIR
Authors: BELLO T. K. , OYELOWO B. B. , CHIEZEY N. P. , SAMUEL F. U. , ADEWUYI A. B. , MAIKAJI F. S. , HASSAN R. , EGBODO B. E. , IBRAHIM M. A. , MORU N. H.
Published: December 2024

The study was conducted to assess hygiene and waste management at Lafenwa abattoir is located in Odo eran, Lafenwa, in Abeokuta Ogun State. It also investigated the methods adopted in processing animal carcasses, including handling or transportation to retail centres. The results show that on average about 150 cattle are slaughtered on a daily basis. Handling and transporting carcasses to the various points of sale is generally done under unhygienic conditions, exposing the meat to all sorts of contaminants. Majority of butchers make use of motorcycles and taxis (booth) to transport meat to the market, posing a serious threat to the health of consumers. Wastes from the abattoir are dumped into a nearby river that also serves as source of water for the abattoir. It was concluded that proper waste disposal facilities should be provided to enable the abattoir process meat devoid of contaminations.
EVALUATION OF INTESTINAL ORGANS OF RABBIT FED WITH DISCARDED SPOILT ORANGE AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMANT FOR MAIZE
Authors: IDRIS D. Y. , UMUNAGBU M. N. , ALIMI H. M. , AIGBAVBOA M. O. , KAMAL R. M.
Published: December 2024

The experiment was conducted to study the pathological lesion and abnormality observed in weaned rabbits fed discarded spoilt orange as a replacement for maize. Weaned rabbits were randomly grouped into five treatments with three replicate per treatment. The treatment group consisted of 0%,  25%,50%,75% and 100% of discarded spoilt oranges included in the rabbit diet. The heart. kidney, pancreases, intestine, spleen, lungs and liver were observed for pathological lesion and abnormality and found to be normal except for the intestines which show some percentage of abnormality such as swelling. so it can be concluded that at all level of inclusion of discarded spoilt orange, it will enhance optimum performance of carcass and organs weight without any deleterious effect to the organs.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF METHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF PTEROCARPUS SANTALINOIDES DC ON ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED LIVER DAMAGE IN ALBINO RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS)
Authors: IHEDIOHA T. E. , ONWUECBUKA L. U. , IHEDIOHA J. I.
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the effects of methanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus santalinoides on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced sub-acute liver damage in albino rats. Fresh leaves of P. santalinoides used for the study were collected, dried under shade, ground into powder, and extracted by cold maceration using absolute methanol. The extract obtained was filtered. dried, and subjected to phytochemical analysis. Forty two adult male albino rats were used for the study, 12 for the acute toxicity study and 30 for the in vivo evaluation of the hepatoprotective effects of the extract. The 30 rats used for the in vivo study were randomly assigned into 6 groups (A — F) of 5 rats each as follows: Group A — APAP + distilled water placebo (negative control), Groups B, C and D— APAP + 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (B W) P. santalinoides extract respectively, Group E — APAP + 100 mg/kg BW Silymarin (positive control), and Group F — distilled water placebo only (normal control). The APAP was given at Ing/kg BW orally at the beginning of the study (day 0) and after every 72 hours for four more consecutive tinies (clay 3, 6, 9, and 12), while treatment with the extract and Silymarin done orally twice daily for 15 days. Blood for biochemical analysis was collected after the 15th day of treatment. All the rats were afterwards sacrificed humanely, and the liver weight percentage of body weight determined. Biochemical assays, phytochemical analysis, and acute toxicity evaluation followed standard procedures. Results showed that the extract had high levels of tannins, moderate levels of flavonoids, saponins, carbohydrates and reducing sugars, and low levels of alkaloids. The LD5() was above 5000 mg/kg B W. Treatment with the extract at 500 mg/kg BW led to and liver weight percentage of body weight when compared to the negative control, while the 250 mg/kg BW dose only led to significantly lower (P < 0.05) serum levels of cholesterol and bilirubin when compared to the negative control. It was concluded that treatment of acetaminophen-induced sub-acute liver damage in albino rats using 500 mg/kg BW methanol extract of P. santalinoides significantly protected the hepatocellular integrity and ameliorated impaired hepatic excretory function.
APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF THINGS FOR SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Bamigboye F. O. , Ademola E. O. , Komolafe P.
Published: December 2024

The animal agriculture industry is expected to increase productivity match the population explosion experienced now. However, technological tools are the drivers for experiencing such transformative shift in livestock farming. Internet of things (IoT) has been identified as one of such tools. The aim in this paper is to explore the multifaceted applications of IoT in livestock production and management, focusing on efficiency and sustainability. Sensors and wearable devices are presently available to provide real-time data on early detection of diseases, efficient reproduction management and improved overall welfare. Internet of Things driven automated feeding systems, optimizes nutritional delivery, enhanced resource efficiency and reduced waste (feed and water). Dairy production activities were efficiently and profitably by deployment of IoT devices. In conclusion, Internet of Things in present day animal agriculture is applicable to all production and management of farm animals for enhanced productivity and efficiency.
ANTI-TRYPANOSOMA EFFECT OF METHANOL FRUIT POD EXTRACT OF ACACIA NILOTICA (Linn) IN ACUTE TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI INFECTION IN WISTAR RATS
Authors: JATAU I. D. , TSOK-NWOK V. V.
Published: December 2024

Chemotherapy of trypanosomosis has been adversely affected by widespread drug resistance and toxicity. Attention has now been shifted towards the search for ethnobotanical means of controlling the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of methanol extract of the fruit pod of Acacia nilolica in experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in Wistar rats. Twenty Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups of 5 rats each. Rats in groups I to Ill were experimentally infected with an isolate of T Brucei while group V served as uninfected control. At day 2 post infection (PI), rats in groups I were orally treated with extract of fruit pod of A nilotica at a dose of 500 mg/kg for5 days while rats in group II were treated with diminazen aceturate at 3.5mg/kg subcutaneously once. Rats in group Ill served as infected untreated control. Parasitaemia, PC V and survival rates were monitored during the course of the study. Parasitaemia progressively increased in groups I and Ill but was not observed in group ll. There was decrease in PCV of rats in groups I and Ill compared to that of groups Il and IV. The deterrence observed in parasitaemia and PCV between the groups compared were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Mortality was observed in group I from day 8 PI with 2 rats (40%) surviving up to day 10 PI. All rats in group Ill died within 7 days post infection while mortalities were not recorded in groups Il and IV. It is concluded that the methanol extract of the fruit pod of A. nilotica had no Invivo trypanocidal effect at the dose of 500mg/kg, but demonstrated some ameliorative effect on the severity of the infection in Wistar rats.
GENITAL PROLAPSE IN DAIRY COWS IN AN INSTITUTIONAL FARM
Authors: MOHAMMED K. , SALlSU M. , MORU N. , ABUBAKAR S.
Published: December 2024

In the present report, genital prolapse in primiparous cows and primer heifers in a dairy herd of an institutional farm is described. The seasonal occurrence of such prolapse coincides with periods of relative feed scarcity particularly during the dry season. Due to continuous observations of such occurrence, limited availability of feed, and other management practices can be highlighted as risk factors for genital prolapse in the cows. Consequently, provisions should be made to check these practices, hence reduce occurrences to a minimum in the herd.
A SURVEY ON ACCEPTABILITY OF GOAT'S MILK IN OGBOMOSO AND ITS ENVIRONS
Authors: OLADAPO O. , AMAO O. A. , ADAMS T. O. , ADEBISI I. A. , FATOLA O. S. G. , MIUSTAPHA T. B.
Published: December 2024

A total of 100 structured questionnaires were administered in a survey to determine the level of awareness and acceptability of goat's milk to the people of Ogbomoso and its environs. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that 97% of the respondents consumed milk while 3% did not. Only 5% had consumed goat's milk before while 95% of the respondents had never consumed it in the study area. Only 19% of the respondents were aware of the nutritional value of goat's milk while 81% were not aware. Also, 4% of the respondents were adequately informed about the usefulness of goat's milk, while 96% were not. Any effort, either public or private, at promoting goat's milk production and consumption in the study area would be embraced and welcomed by 92%, while 8% would not embrace it. It was concluded that the level of awareness of the people in the study area in respect of goat's milk was very low leading to lack of its acceptability. Therefore, if people are educated in the study area about the nutritional value of goat milk, they would embrace it.
HAEMATOVOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS FED GRADED LEVELS OF DRY DISTILLED CASSAVA WITH SOLUBLE
Authors: OYEDELE O. J. , AJIBOGUN F. H. A. , OTUNLA T. O. , OLOSUNDE A. O.
Published: December 2024

The haematological and biochemical characteristics of broilers fed graded levels of Dry Distilled Cassava with Soluble (DDCS) were investigated in a 28 day study. One hundred and forty four (144) 5-week old un-sexed Arbor Acre strain broiler chicks of similar average weight were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. Each treatment had 2 replicates of 18 birds each. Four experimental diets with 0, 4, 8 and 12% inclusion of DDCS were formulated. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Four birds from each treatment were randomly selected and blood sample collected for haematological and biochemical evaluation at the termination of experiment. The analysis of blood components, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), Mean cell volume (MC V), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and Mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) showed no significant (P>0.05) differences among the broilers fed with experimental diets. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in the biochemical analysis broilers fed different levels of DDCS. It was concluded that DDCS can be included in the diets of broilers up to 12% without any deleterious effect on the haematological and serum biochemical characteristics.
OSMOTIC FRAGILITY, CIRCULATING LUTEINIZING AND STEROIDAL HORMONES IN LAYING CHICKENS FED DIETARY INCLUSION OF ACETYISALICYLIC ACID (ASA)
Authors: ARO S. O. , BAKI O. I. , AWONEYE O. O.
Published: December 2024

This experiment investigated the effect of feeding ASA on osmotic fragility, circulating luteinizing and steroidal hormones in laying hens. Four diets varying in ASA levels of 0.00%, 0.025%, 0.050% and 0.075% were formulated and fed to 192 laying chickens in a 16-week trial. The birds were allotted randomly into the four treatment diets at 48 birds per treatment with each treatment replicated four times at 12 birds per replicate. Results from blood samples collected at the end of the experiment showed significant differences in the erythrocytic fragility between the Isa Brown (IB) and Harco Black (HB) breeds. 1B was more osmotically stable to erythrocytic fragility than the HB breed at all saline concentrations. There was however no treatment or interaction effect on the erythrocytic fragility of the bird. While the four treatment diets did not show a clear—cut trend on their effects on the osmotic fragility of the red blood corpuscles (rbc), the interaction between the breed and the treatment showed an increase in osmotic stability of rbc of the HB with increase in ASA level while IB breed showed a decrease in osmotic stability of rcb with increase in the levels of ASA in the diets. It therefore meant that the IB breed would be more osmotically liable to lysis at higher ASA concentration than the HB breed. The effect of ASA on circulating pituitary and steroidal hormones revealed that there were breed differences in estradiol (E2) and testosterone concentration with the HB recording a higher (P<0.05) E2 (440.38±92.62pmol/L) versus (229.37±84.10pmol/L) and testosterone (0.68±0.1 1 nmol/L versus 0.12%0.08nmol/L) than the HB breed. There was significant treatment effect of ASA on progesterone, testosterone and E2 concentration in which these three parameters showed gradual increase with increase in dietary levels of ASA. The effects of breed versus treatment revealed that all the four parameters viz; progesterone. testosterone, E2 and cortisol differed significantly. Both IB and HB showed a corresponding increase with increase in the levels of ASA in the feed. The HB breed however gave a more consistent increase in the circulating serum values for all these parameters than in the IB breed. Conclusively, IB breed was the more osmotically stable breed in terms of the fragility of red blood corpuscles but could be more sensitive to fragility than HB breed at higher ASA concentrations. The use of ASA in the diets of laying chickens could potentiate progesterone, testosterone and estradiol synthesis and hence increase their reproductive efficiency.
EFFECT OF TWO COOKING METHODS AND TEMPERATURE ON OXIDATION AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BREAKFAST SAUSAGE
Authors: OLUSOLA O. O. , OSHIBANJO D. O. , OLADIPUPO C. O. , AREMU R. O.
Published: December 2024

Sausages were prepared from 65% meat, 20% lard, 3.5% binder, 2.01% curing salt, 1% sugar, 0.30% phosphate, 4% ice water, 2% dry spice, and 2.19 wet spices. A set of five samples were boiled in a water bath while another set were baked at temperatures of 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120 °C. The effect of cooking method and temperature was tested on oxidative and microbiological properties of breakfast sausage. The oxidative properties were evaluated using iodine value, acid value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Three culture media were used to measure the microbial status of product using Nutrient Agar (NA) for total aerobic count, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) for yeast and mould count and Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) for coliform bacteria count. Significant differences were observed for all the parameters measured at a significant level of 5%. Iodine value measures the level of unsaturated fatty acid, Iodine value ranged from 2.54 to 6.86 mg/g. Baking at 90°C gave the highest value, while boiling at 100°C and baking at 120°C had the lowest values. Acid value had boiling at 100°C giving the highest value and baking at 80°C giving the least. TBARS value showed that boiling at 120°C had the highest value, while boiling at 90°C gave the lowest value. Total aerobic count was high at 110°C for baking and boiling at 100°C. Total coliform bacteria count was high at boiling at 90°C. Fungi growth in the sausage was generally low, baking at 80°C had the highest count and least count was observed for boiling at 80°C and baking at 90°C. In conclusion, the oxidative and microbiological properties of breakfast sausage as influenced by cooking method and temperature showed the best cooking method and temperature interaction to be baking at 90°C and 100°C.
COMPARISON OF RECTAL AND AXILLARY TEMPERATURES OF ISA BROWN AND HARCO BLACK LAYERS FED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY ACETYLSALCYLIC ACID (ASA)
Authors: ARO S. O. , BAKI O. I. , OMOLE J. T.
Published: December 2024

The experiment was performed to compare the axillary and rectal temperature of two breeds of commercial layers: Harco Black and Isa Brown in their early stage of production. Four diets with different acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) levels of 0.00% which is the control diet (T l), 0.025% (T2), 0.050% (T3), and 0.075% (T4) were fed to the birds throughout the eight weeks of the study. The evening rectal temperature and evening axillary temperature were significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments. Layers fed diet 0.075% ASA had the •lowest rectal temperature and those fed the control diet had the highest rectal and axillary temperature. Also, there was a decrease in the rectal temperature as the level of ASA in the diet increased. In conclusion, 0.075% of ASA in layers diets would obviate the ill effects of heat stress through its anti-pyretic effects. Comparatively, the rectal  temperature proved to be the more sensitive method of determining the core body temperature which fluctuates in consonance with the ambient temperature. Also, the Isa Brown breed could tolerate more heat stress than the Harco Black.
ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Moringa oleifera LEAF ON THE RAW SEMEN OF DUROC BOARS
Authors: OLORUNGBOHUNMI T. O. , SOKUNBI O. A. , OLASEINDE O. O. , BOLADURO B. A. , OMODEWU I. A.
Published: December 2024

The study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaf on the microorganisms found in raw Duroc semen. Qualitative screening for phytochemicals was carried out and Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the plant extract which was compared with standard antibiotics (Penicillin and Streptomycin). The extract showed the presence of alkaloids, saponin and phenols in appreciable amount, tannin, phlobatannins, steroids, terpenes and cardiac glycosides were present in moderate amount, while cardenolides and chalcones were completely absent. There was the presence of microorganisms in the boar semen but not higher than the allowed value. Methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaf showed zones of inhibition against Esherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp and Staphylococcus aureus while it did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella sp. The control, penicillin and streptomycin had zones of inhibition against all the isolates. The results obtained in the present study indicate that the leaves of Moringa oleiferaare a potential source of natural antibacterial.
EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS GONADOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE ON SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS AND LIBIDO OF RABBIT BUCKS
Authors: UKAR A. I. , HERBERT U. , UNEZE E. M.
Published: December 2024

Twenty-seven (27) New Zealand White rabbit bucks aged 6 — 8 were used to evaluate the effect of Ovaprim, an exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), on their seminal characteristics and libido. The rabbits were randomly selected and assigned to three treatment groups designated as Tl, T2 and T3 in a completely randomized design (CRD). The exogenous hormone was administered by intramuscular injection at the rate of 0.00ml, 0.20ml and 0.40ml per kilogram body weight for T1, T2 and T3 respectively, with Tl serving as the control experiment. Semen samples were collected at the beginning of the experiment to determine the baseline and after 48 days of administration of the hormone. Libido was measured 3 hours after administering the GnRH. Results obtained from the baseline study showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in the various treatments for semen volume, mass motility, sperm concentration, live sperm proportion, number of spermatozoa per ejaculate, total viable spermatozoa, normal sperm proportion, semen viscosity, semen colour, libido score and reaction time. At the end of the study, semen volume, sperm concentration, live sperm proportion, number of spermatozoa per ejaculate, total viable sperm, semen viscosity and libido were found to differ significantly (P<0.05) between the treatments. It was concluded from this study that the administration of 0.2ml/kg exogenous GnRH (Ovaprim) used for this experiment led to enhanced reproductive performance with respect to libido and semen quality and had little or no deleterious effect on the rabbit bucks.
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PROCESSING PREGNANT ANIMALS UNDER ZARIA CONDITION
Authors: DURU S. , GANDI B. R. , BENJAMIN G. Y. , SIJUOLA R. B.
Published: December 2024

The study was designed to determine the economic impact of processing in-animals in Zango Abattoir of Sabon-Gari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Observations were made by visiting abattoir daily from January to April 2010. The study revealed that the rate of fetal wastage among the slaughtered animals in Zango abattoir was 39.29% for small ruminant and about 5% for large ruminant, which is quite high. The study observed some reasons for slaughtering of in-animals as due to the fact that butchers are ignorant about fetal wastage and that there is no law against it.
THE CHANNELS OF SUPPLY OF SMALLHOLDER VILLAGE POULTRY FLOCKS IN SOKOTO STATE
Authors: UMAR I. M. , HASSAN W. A. , ABDULRAHMAN M. , UMAR A. U. , HUSSAINI M.
Published: December 2024

Twenty-nine (29) copies of an open ended questionnaire were administered at Gangaren Dange and Dogon Karfe from October to December 2010 to determine the sources of indigenous poultry and eggs and various distributions from flocks to consumers. Items covered in the questionnaire included: the respondent's particulars, species of poultry and eggs supply, and motivation, challenges and prospects. The two locations were under Dange Local Government and Bodinga Local Government, respectively. Information obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results obtained showed that about 60% of the hawkers had an experience of about 20 years in the business; most of them generated less than N2,000 per week. Three-quarter of them sourced their fowls and eggs through rural collectors in about a dozen villages.
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SUVA PREPARED FROM MUTTON USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLES
Authors: AKINLEYE S. B. , OMOJOLA A. B. , KASSIM O. R. , ADENEKAN O. O.
Published: December 2024

Mutton is expensive especially during Muslim festivals. There is a need to increase the value of mutton into value-added products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different types of muscles on the physical, chemical, sensory and microbiological properties of suya. Three different types of muscles (Semitendinosus (ST), Deltoideus (DT) and Adductor (ADD)) were harvested from the carcasses of fattened Balami rams. The muscles were grouped into three treatments to evaluate for physical properties of mutton and studying the changes in the chemical compositions of suya. The microbiological properties of the products were measured. The Water Holding Capacity was highest (P<O.05) in DT (78.17±9.83%) followed by ADD (77.21±9.63%) and least in ST (68.10%). The PY was highest in the DT with a value of 73.83±3.65% and the lowest was 69.81±2.64% for ST. There were significant differences (PS 0.05) among the treatments in chemical analyses; indicated that suya samples from ST muscle had the highest percentage of moisture (23.01±0.51%) compared to the lowest percentages of DT (22.46±0.42%) and ADD treatments
(22.43±0.37%). Suya samples from ST treatments contained lowest content of cholesterol (48.67±5.40mg/100g), while DT treatments contained the highest content of cholesterol (53.08±3.96mg/100g). However, there were significant differences when compared with suya samples from DT muscles. This study revealed significant effects of muscles on physical and chemical indices  of suya due to variation in muscle fibre.