bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Substellar Discoveries from Kepler and K2: Is There a Brown Dwarf Desert?
Authors: Carmichael Theron W. , Latham David W. , Vanderburg Andrew M.
Published: July 2019

We present the discoveries of a brown dwarf (BD) and a low-mass star from the Kepler and K2 missions. The newly discovered BD is EPIC 212036875b and the low-mass star is KOI-607b. EPIC 212036875b has a mass of M

b
 = 52.3 ± 1.9 M
J, a radius of R

b
 = 0.874 ± 0.017 R
J, and orbits its host star in P = 5.169885 ± 0.000027 days. Its host star is a late F-type star with M
⋆ = 1.288 ± 0.065 M
⊙, R
⋆ = 1.498 ± 0.025 R
⊙, and T
eff = 6238 ±60 K. KOI-607b has a mass of M

b
 = 95.1 ± 3.4 M
J, a radius of R

b
 = 1.089 ± 0.089 R
J, and an orbital period of P = 5.89399148 ± 0.00000060 days. The primary star in the KOI-607 system is a G dwarf with M
⋆ =0.993 ± 0.052 M
⊙, R
⋆ = 0.915 ± 0.031 R
⊙, and T
eff = 5418 ± 87 K. We also revisit a BD, CWW 89Ab, that was previously published by Nowak et al. (under the designation EPIC 219388192b). CWW 89Ab is one of two known transiting BDs associated with a star cluster, which illustrates the need for more BDs with accurate masses, radii, and reliable age determinations to test theoretical models. We find that the newly discovered BD, EPIC 212036875b, falls in the middle of the so-called BD desert, indicating that EPIC 212036875b is either a particularly rare object, or the BD desert may not be so dry after all.
Generation Mechanisms for Low-energy Interstellar Pickup Ions
Authors: Zhao L.-L. , Zank G. P. , Adhikari L.
Published: July 2019

We present a test-particle simulation describing the interstellar pickup ion (PUI) velocity distribution in the turbulent solar wind (SW). The classical Vasyliunas and Siscoe (V&S) model assumes instantaneous pitch angle scattering that leads to an isotropic distribution in the SW frame, and considers only convection and adiabatic cooling as PUIs propagate in the expanding SW. In this paper, the nearly isotropic PUI transport equation, including the effect of spatial diffusion due to the fluctuating magnetic field, is solved at different heliospheric distances. The creation of PUIs due to the ionization of interstellar neutral hydrogen (H) and charge exchange between SW protons and neutral H are considered separately. The varying SW velocity, density, and temperature with heliocentric distance from a comprehensive fluid model have been incorporated into our simulations. Specifically, we find (1) the spatial diffusion augments adiabatic cooling effects by extending the transport time and distance, which leads to an enhanced production of low-energy PUIs, especially at small heliospheric distances; (2) spatial diffusion is unimportant at large distances (≥15 au), because the particles have had a sufficiently long time to undergo adiabatic cooling; (3) moments of the simulated velocity distribution function are consistent with PUI hydrogen properties measured by the New Horizons’ SW Around Pluto instrument; and (4) the simulated PUI distribution is of potential importance for the PUI measurements to be carried out by IMAP at 1 au.
Highly Ordered and Pinched Magnetic Fields in the Class 0 Protobinary System L1448 IRS 2
Authors: Kwon Woojin , Stephens Ian W. , Tobin John J. , Looney Leslie W. , Li Zhi-Yun , van der Tak Floris F. S. , Crutcher Richard M.
Published: July 2019

We have carried out polarimetric observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array toward the Class 0 protostellar system L1448 IRS 2, which is a protobinary embedded within a flattened, rotating structure, and for which a hint of a central disk has been suggested, but whose magnetic fields are aligned with the bipolar outflow on the cloud core scale. Our high-sensitivity and high-resolution (∼100 au) observations show a clear hourglass magnetic field morphology centered on the protostellar system, but the central pattern is consistent with a toroidal field indicative of a circumstellar disk; though, other interpretations are also possible, including field lines dragged by an equatorial accretion flow into a configuration parallel to the midplane. If a relatively large disk does exist, it would suggest that the magnetic braking catastrophe is averted in this system, not through a large misalignment between the magnetic and rotation axes, but rather through some other mechanisms, such as nonideal magnetohydrodynamic effects and/or turbulence. We have also found a relationship of decreasing polarization fractions with intensities and the various slopes of this relationship can be understood as multiple polarization mechanisms and/or depolarization from a changing field morphology. In addition, we found a prominent clumpy depolarization strip crossing the center perpendicular to the bipolar outflow. Moreover, a rough estimate of the magnetic field strength indicates that the field is strong enough to hinder formation of a rotationally supported disk, which is inconsistent with the feature of a central toroidal field. This also suggests that early disk formation can happen even in young stellar objects with a strong primordial magnetic field.
Distribution of Clostridium Difficile Ribotypes in Macedonian Patients and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility
Authors: Mihajlov Kiril , Andreska Aneta , Ristovska Nadica , Grdanoska Tatjana , Trajkovska-Dokic Elena
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND: Clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen. In Europe, this bacterium is mostly characterised by PCR ribotyping. Most of the Clostridium difficile infections (CDI) are treated with vancomycin or metronidazole, although prolonged antibiotic use is considered as one of the main risk factors for CDI.AIM: This study aimed to detect the presence of various C. difficile ribotypes in hospitalised patients and to investigate their toxigenicity and antibiotic susceptibility.MATERIAL AND METHODS: All stool samples obtained from each patient were inoculated on Columbia blood agar and cycloserine cefoxitine fructose agar (CCFA) for isolation of C. difficile. Glutamate dehydrogenase and toxins A and B were investigated by immunochromatographic tests. Final confirmation of the isolates was performed by Vitek 2 and MALDI-TOF. A total of 21 isolates were collected for further investigation. PCR ribotyping was performed as described by Janezic and Rupnik. PCR ribotype profiles were analysed using software (Bionumerics, Applied Maths). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by E-tests for metronidazole, vancomycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, erythromycin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin.RESULTS: About 48% of C. difficile isolates belonged to ribotype 001/072. So, this ribotype was the most common ribotype in this study. The remaining 52% of C. difficile isolates consisted of 10 different ribotypes: 017, SLO 160, SLO 187, SLO 120, 255/258, 014/020, 046, 002, 070 and 027. Furthermore, 20 (95.2 %) out of 21 isolates of C. difficile were toxigenic. Toxins A and B were detected simultaneously in 90.5 % of C. difficile isolates. Two isolates from the ribotype 017 were toxin B positive only. Treatments with any of the following antimicrobials: clindamycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin (as well as many other antibiotics), could be a risk factor for CDI due to the high resistance of the strains in this study. About 90% of the strains from the most common ribotype 001/072 have MICs for clindamycin and erythromycin > 256 µg/ml. CONCLUSION: All strains isolated are highly resistant to ciprofloxacin. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin (median MIC was 0.63 µg/ml) and metronidazole (median MIC was 0.084 µg/ml), so these two antimicrobials remain optimal treatment option for CDI.
The genera Rugonectria and Thelonectria (Hypocreales, Nectriaceae) in China
Authors: Zeng Zhao-Qing , Zhuang Wen-Ying
Published: July 2019

Recent collections and herbarium specimens of Rugonectria and Thelonectria from different regions of China were examined. Using combined analyses of morphological and molecular data, 17 species are recognised including three species of Rugonectria and 14 species in Thelonectria. Amongst them, R.microconidia and T.guangdongensis are new to science. Rugonectriamicroconidia on mossy bark is characterised by superficial, yellow to orange, pyriform to subglobose perithecia with a warted surface; ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, striate, uniseptate ascospores; and allantoid to rod-shaped, aseptate microconidia. Thelonectriaguangdongensis possesses bright red perithecia with a slightly roughened surface and a prominently dark papilla; ellipsoidal, smooth, uniseptate ascospores; and subcylindrical, slightly curved, multiseptate macroconidia. Morphological distinctions and sequence divergences between the new species and their close relatives are discussed. Name changes for the previously recorded species in China are noted.
Resolution of the Portunus gladiator species complex: taxonomic status and identity of Monomia gladiator (Fabricius, 1798) and Monomia haanii (Stimpson, 1858) (Brachyura, Decapoda, Portunidae)
Authors: Windsor Amanda M. , Mendoza Jose Christopher E. , Deeds Jonathan R.
Published: July 2019

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently adopted DNA barcoding for the purpose of determining the species identity of commercial seafood products. This effort has revealed instances of incongruence between current scientifically accepted taxon names and those utilized by the seafood industry in product labelling. One such case is that of “Portunushaanii”, a name utilized by the seafood industry to label commercial products under the market name “red swimming crab.” However, carcinologists currently regardP.haaniias synonym ofPortunusgladiatorFabricius, 1798, which itself is the subject of debate over whether it is a secondary homonym ofCancer gladiatorFabricius, 1793. Further complicating matters, DNA barcode sequences from commercial products match GenBank sequences identified asPortunuspseudoargentatusStephenson, 1961. Here the complicated taxonomic history of thePortunusgladiatorcomplex is reviewed and a resolution proposed based on combined morphological descriptions and molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is demonstrated that, given the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the current elevation ofMonomiaGistel, 1848, to full genus rank, its type species,PortunusgladiatorFabricius, 1798, should be treated as a valid and available taxon name. It is also shown, upon examination and comparison of types and topotypic material thatMonomiahaanii(Stimpson, 1858) is a distinct taxon fromM.gladiator, andPortunuspseudoargentatusStephenson, 1961, is a junior subjective synonym ofM.haanii(Stimpson, 1858). Furthermore, it is shown that crab meat sold in the US currently labeled as “Portunushaanii” and/or “red swimming crab” is in factM.haaniiusing comparative analysis of DNA barcode sequences between museum-vouchered reference specimens, whole crabs provided directly by a seafood importer, and processed commercial products purchased at retail.
Description of a new species of Music frogs (Anura, Ranidae, Nidirana) from Mt Dayao, southern China
Authors: Lyu Zhi-Tong , Mo Yun-Ming , Wan Han , Li Yu-Long , Pang Hong , Wang Ying-Yong
Published: July 2019

A new species of Music frogs, Nidiranayaoicasp. nov. is described based on a series of adult male specimens collected from Mt Dayao, Guangxi, southern China, providing valuable new information on the phylogeny, bioacoustics, and biogeography of related species within the genus Nidirana. The new species forms the sister taxon to N.daunchina from western China and together the sister taxon to N.chapaensis from northern Vietnam. Nidiranayaoicasp. nov. can be distinguished from all known congeners by a significant genetic divergence in the mitochondrial 16S and CO1 genes, the advertisement call containing 1–3 rapidly repeated regular notes, and the combination of morphological characteristics including a medium-sized body with SVL 40.4–45.9 mm in adult males; lateroventral grooves on every digit, not meeting at the tip of disk; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the nostril; the presence of a pair of subgular vocal sacs in males; and one single developed nuptial pad on dorsal surface of first finger in males.
Point mass impulse-momentum model of the equine rotational fall
Authors: Foreman M.H. , Engsberg J.R. , Foreman J.H.
Published: July 2019

Rotational falls are a serious cause of injury and death to horse and rider, particularly in the cross-country phase of eventing. The forces involved when horses galloping cross-country strike an immovable fence are unknown. The objective of this study was to mathematically model those forces using existing kinematic data measured from jumping horses. Data were obtained from published research using motion capture to measure mechanics about the center of gravity of the jumping horse at take-off. A convenience method from video evidence of rotational falls was used to estimate time of collision (Δt). A point mass model using equations of impulse-momentum and incorporating key variables was systematically implemented in Matlab (r2016a). The mean collision time (Δt=0.79s) produced horizontal, vertical, and resultant impact forces of 8,580, 8,245, and 12,158 N, respectively. Reference curves of impact forces were created for ranges of relevant input variables including collision time. Proportional relationships showed that shorter impact duration led to higher magnitude of force transfer between horse and obstacle. This study presents a preliminary range of collision forces based on a simplified model and numerous assumptions related to input variables. Future research should work to build upon these estimates through more complex modelling and data collection to enhance applicability for the design of cross-country safety devices.
Nadzor nad nenadzorovanimi migracijami: Kako je slovensko časopisje pisalo o prebegih iz Jugoslavije v letih 1945–1965
Authors: Mlekuž Jernej
Published: July 2019

Besedilo odgovarja na vprašanje, kako je o prebegih iz Jugoslavije v letih 1945–1965 pisalo slovensko časopisje. V obravnavanem obdobju je bilo izseljevanje iz SFRJ omejeno in nadzorovano, prebegi sankcionirani in mediji instrumentalizirani kot ideološki aparat oblasti. Prebegi niso bili tema, ki bi se je časopisje prav pogosto lotevalo. Kadar pa jih vendarle postavilo na časopisni papir, jih je kriminaliziralo in moralno obsojalo. Če je glas »prepustilo« tudi prebežnikom samim, je bil to glas obžalovanja in kesanja, s sporočilom, da odhod v tujino prinaša trpljenje, gorje ali celo pogubo.
Političnost migracij po drugi svetovni vojni: Od politike revanšizma do amnestije
Authors: Lukšič Hacin Marina
Published: July 2019

Prispevek se osredotoča na kompleksnost selitvene dinamike v Republiki Sloveniji/ Jugoslaviji takoj po drugi svetovni vojni, točneje, od medvojnih razmer in konca vojne do liberalizacije jugoslovanske politike na področju mednarodnih selitev, povezane z Zakonom o amnestiji (1962) in s Sporazumom med SFR Jugoslavijo in Republiko Avstrijo o reguliranju zaposlovanja jugoslovanskih delavcev v Avstriji (1963). Temeljni namen prispevka je pregledno strniti in strukturirati prevladujoče selitvene prakse v Sloveniji v izbranem obdobju, z dodatnimi poudarki na mednarodnih političnih dejavnikih, ki so pomembno vplivali na obravnavano selitveno dinamiko.
Religioznost in velikodušnost do migrantov
Authors: Smrke Marjan
Published: July 2019

Članek obravnava odnos med religioznostjo in velikodušnostjo do migrantov v sodob­ni Evropi. Teoretsko se navezuje na sociološko tradicijo proučevanja ambivalentnega odnosa religije do drugačnosti in na tradicijo proučevanja socialne distance do manjšin. Empirična raziskava temelji na podatkih Evropske družboslovne raziskave (ESS) iz let 2014 in 2016. Osredotoča se na analizo in razlago povezanosti med indikatorji vernosti in indikatorji velikodušnosti do migrantov na ravni celote 23 obravnavanih držav, po nekaterih skupinah držav in v zanimivejših primerih posamičnih držav.
El origen de la cacica María y su familia. Una aproximación genealógica (Patagonia, siglos XVIII-XIX)
Authors: Buscaglia Silvana
Published: July 2019

A partir de mis investigaciones sobre la estructuración de las relaciones interétnicas en el marco de la colonización española de la costa patagónica a fines del siglo XVIII, en este trabajo presentaré información relativa a la genealogía de la cacica María. Desde este punto de vista, ofreceré argumentos a favor no sólo de su origen tehuelche, sino de los vínculos que su familia mantuvo con los enclaves coloniales mencionados, especialmente con el establecimiento de Puerto Deseado (provincia de Santa Cruz). En este sentido, me interesa incorporar tanto información histórica inédita así como fuentes éditas, aunque poco profundizadas en la bibliografía consultada. Más allá de la genealogía de la cacica, a partir de la información presentada en este trabajo se busca también contribuir al conocimiento sobre las relaciones tanto intra como interétnicas así como los territorios de los tehuelches meridionales en la transición de los siglos XVIII a XIX, marcados por profundos cambios políticos y sociales.
Que peut-on faire des théories ? Essai de classification des modélisations en architecture
Authors: Vitalis Louis , Guéna François
Published: July 2019

En architecture, il semble que « théorie » n’a pas le même sens en fonction des théories et que l’utilisation que l’on peut en faire n’est en rien prédéterminée par la théorie. La notion de modélisation en usage dans les sciences contemporaines pour décrire de nouvelles pratiques de recherche, permet de comprendre comment se fait le passage de la théorie à l’utilisation de celle-ci. Après avoir envisagé la manière de cartographier les théories en architecture, puis après avoir considéré les fondements épistémologiques des rapports des théories à la pratique on proposera une classification des modélisations architecturales selon trois pratiques : la conception, l’analyse et la simulation.
Les outils du Town Design face à ceux de l’urbanisme de plan-masse. La réception en France des pratiques britanniques fondées sur le concept d’unité de voisinage (1945-1970)
Authors: Portnoï Anne
Published: July 2019

L’urbanisme de composition, associé à un urbanisme de plan-masse, est régulièrement opposé, dans les discours critiques du contexte français, à un urbanisme de recherche. La manipulation des données socio-économiques, l’analyse d’hypothèses, la fabrication de scénarios pour la narration des projets possibles et le rôle des prescriptions dans la négociation sont opposés aux considérations, jugées esthétisantes et rigides, du plan-masse. Ce discours n’est en fait pas récent, il est même lié à la construction théorique de l’urbanisme en France depuis l’après-guerre. Cet article s’attache à montrer comment, pendant les deux décennies d’après-guerre, la référence aux urbanistes britanniques a fourni aux Français, les moyens conceptuels de s’opposer frontalement, en des termes assez similaires à ceux d’aujourd’hui, à la tradition du plan-masse.
Prytanée militaire et éducation patriotique au Gabon
Authors: Missang Frederick Mba
Published: July 2019

Dans quelles mesures les différents enseignements dispensés au Prytanée militaire de Libreville sont vecteurs de l’éducation patriotique ? A cette question tente de répondre cette analyse qui mobilise plusieurs ressources du terrain dont une enquête qualitative et l’historiographique de la nation. A partir d’une approche compréhensive, l’article entend démontrer que dans un contexte éducatif gabonais marqué par la crise des valeurs patriotiques consécutive au dysfonctionnement de l’école publique depuis 1990, le Prytanée militaire par ses méthodes d’enseignement inspirées de la rigueur militaire est un acteur important résolument engagé dans l’enseignement des valeurs patriotiques facteurs de socialisation et de la défense de la nation. On découvre finalement une école militaire ouverte à la société où elle participe à la socialisation et à l’apprentissage de la patrie en acte.
Modéliser par écrit le travail pour la formation : un enjeu de mise en visibilité de compétences interactionnelles postulées comme implicites
Authors: Alcade-Lebrun Céline
Published: July 2019

Cette contribution a pour objectif d’exposer comment la modélisation de l’activité de service en restaurant-école gastronomique via un document écrit mobilisé dans un but de formation dans le cadre d’une licence professionnelle, peut concourir à invisibiliser des compétences interactionnelles essentielles pour la réalisation de l’activité et la professionnalisation des novices. Cette analyse converge avec celle d’autres sources écrites et discours pour démontrer une tendance générale des domaines de la formation, de la pratique professionnelle, comme plus largement de la société dans son ensemble, de réduire ces métiers à des gestes techniques, alors que l’observation de leur pratique révèle une mobilisation de compétences interactionnelles complexes. Sur la base de ces conclusions, nous présentons les pistes que ces analyses nous ont ouvertes en termes d’ingénierie de la formation, afin de rendre visible et former à ces compétences complexes, dans un but d’amélioration de la formation.
Family-Centered Communication and Acute Stress in Israeli Intensive Care Units
Authors: Ganz Freda DeKeyser , Yihye Gilat , Beckman Nicole
Published: July 2019

Background

Intensive care unit stays can be stressful for patients’ family members. Family-centered communication has 6 components: fostering relationships, exchanging information, responding to emotions, managing uncertainty, making decisions, and enabling patient self-management. Whether these communication components decrease family members’ stress is unknown.

Objective

To describe levels of family-centered communication and associations with acute stress while patients are in the intensive care unit.

Methods

A convenience sample of 130 family members of patients in 2 intensive care units in a Jerusalem, Israel, tertiary medical center received a family-centered communication questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale, and a personal characteristics questionnaire.

Results

Most respondents were women (n = 79, 60.8%), children of the patient (n = 67, 51.9%), and familiar with the patient’s diagnosis (n = 111, 85.4%). Mean (SD) participant age was 45.7 (13.6) years. Most considered the patient medically stable (n = 75, 57.7%). Mean (SD) intensive care unit stay was 7.45 (5.8) days. Mean (SD) total and item scores for family-centered communication were 98.75 (18.21) and 3.80 (0.70), respectively; for the Perceived Stress Scale, 19.63 (5.92) and 1.96 (0.59), respectively. Relationship building (r = −0.31, P = .002), participation in care management (r = −0.32, P = .001), and emotional support (r = −0.29, P = .003), and were significantly related to stress.

Conclusions

Stress levels were mild to moderate and communication scores were moderate to high. Better nurse communication with family members was associated with decreased acute stress, irrespective of personal characteristics or perceptions of the patient’s medical status.
Azithromycin Polarizes Macrophages to an M2 Phenotype via Inhibition of the STAT1 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Authors: Haydar Dalia , Cory Theodore J. , Birket Susan E. , Murphy Brian S. , Pennypacker Keith R. , Sinai Anthony P. , Feola David J.
Published: July 2019

Azithromycin is effective at controlling exaggerated inflammation and slowing the long-term decline of lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that the drug shifts macrophage polarization toward an alternative, anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this study we investigated the immunomodulatory mechanism of azithromycin through its alteration of signaling via the NF-κB and STAT1 pathways. J774 murine macrophages were plated, polarized (with IFN-γ, IL-4/-13, or with azithromycin plus IFN-γ) and stimulated with LPS. The effect of azithromycin on NF-κB and STAT1 signaling mediators was assessed by Western blot, homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay, nuclear translocation assay, and immunofluorescence. The drug’s effect on gene and protein expression of arginase was evaluated as a marker of alternative macrophage activation. Azithromycin blocked NF-κB activation by decreasing p65 nuclear translocation, although blunting the degradation of IκBα was due, at least in part, to a decrease in IKKβ kinase activity. A direct correlation was observed between increasing azithromycin concentrations and increased IKKβ protein expression. Moreover, incubation with the IKKβ inhibitor IKK16 decreased arginase expression and activity in azithromycin-treated cells but not in cells treated with IL-4 and IL-13. Importantly, azithromycin treatment also decreased STAT1 phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that was reversed with IKK16 treatment. We conclude that azithromycin anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve inhibition of the STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways through the drug’s effect on p65 nuclear translocation and IKKβ.
Small-scale distribution of metazoan meiofauna and sedimentary organic matter in subtidal sandy sediments (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Moccia Davide , Cau Alessandro , Meloni Maria Carmela , Pusceddu Antonio
Published: July 2019

While variations in sedimentary organic matter (OM) quantity, biochemical composition and nutritional quality as well as in meiofaunal abundance and assemblage composition at the macro- and mesoscale are relatively well known, information about variations at the microscale is much scarcer. To shed some light on this issue, we tested the null hypothesis by which abundance and composition of the meiofaunal assemblages, and the quantity, biochemical composition and nutritional quality of sedimentary organic matter in coastal shallow environments do not vary within a frame of 1 m2. No significant variation within the frame emerged for OM quantity, nutritional quality, biochemical composition and the abundance of meiofaunal assemblages. On the other hand, the composition of meiofaunal assemblages varied significantly within the frame and exhibited a clear segregation of assemblages farther to the shore, as a likely result of local micro-hydrodynamic conditions. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that lipid and protein sedimentary contents had a random distribution, whereas carbohydrate and biopolymeric C contents and meiofaunal total abundance were characterized by a patchy distribution, with discrete peaks within the sub-frame squares (ca. 0.1 m2). Phytopigments showed a spatial positive autocorrelation distribution, following the micro-hydrodynamic pattern, with patches larger than the sub-frame square, but smaller than the entire one (1 m2). Overall, our results suggest that, within 1 m2 of subtidal sandy sediments, three replicates could be sufficient to assess correctly OM attributes and the abundance of meiofauna, but could be possibly inadequate for assessing meiofaunal assemblages’ composition at a finer scale (<1 m2).
Regulating interactive ‘creativity for the bad’: camgirls, video games and fake news
Authors: Dent Chris
Published: July 2019

Interactive entertainment poses particular regulatory challenges. More specifically, the democratization of technology and creativity has meant that there is no capacity for a governmental agency to effectively regulate the spread, and enjoyment, of allegedly problematic expressions. This article will explore this by contrasting the regulation of non-interactive entertainment (including Dada art and punk music) with more recent forms of (at times) transgressive expression (amateur pornography, video games and fake news). The analysis will be carried out in terms of the different motivations of the range of parties involved in the process (including creators, distributors, consumers and the broader public) and of the different conceptions of the consumer that are implicit in different modes of regulation. The complexity of the interactions means that there is no single regulatory solution; the historical exploration of the issue, nonetheless, suggests that interactivity may be no worse for society than the earlier forms of expression that were, at the time, deemed to be a threat to its moral fabric.
GDPR challenges for blockchain technology
Authors: Rose Anne
Published: July 2019

As the adoption of blockchain technology increases, those wanting to leverage it will need to consider some of the legal challenges under GDPR. The aim of this article is to explore the unique characteristics of blockchain and to identify some of the issues that might arise under GDPR when implementing this technology in an interactive entertainment context.
Nintendo v. MariCar: is street kart rental business free riding on the popular video game characters prohibited in Japan?
Authors: Shimada Makoto
Published: July 2019

You must not make a profit by using a well-known character belonging to someone else without licence. This is a commercial common sense, but a question is on what legal basis such an activity is banned? A character business may involve various intellectual properties, including copyright, trademark, design rights, etc., however, none of these IP rights is directly aimed at protecting characters. Besides, trademarks and design rights shall not take effect unless they are registered at the Patent Office, and characters are not always copyrightable. In several cases, Japanese courts suggest that the Unfair Competition Prevention Act of Japan takes a certain role to protect characters. This case review examines a recent judgment in the case, which deals with the application of this Act for the prevention of free riding on the video game characters.
The sub-adiabatic model as a concept for evaluating the
representation and radiative effects of low-level clouds in a
high-resolution atmospheric model
Authors: Barlakas Vasileios , Deneke Hartwig , Macke Andreas
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The realistic representation of low-level clouds, including their radiative effects, in atmospheric models remains challenging. A sensitivity study is presented to establish a conceptual approach for the evaluation of low-level clouds and their radiative impact in a highly resolved atmospheric model. Considering simulations for six case days, the analysis supports that the properties of clouds more closely match the assumptions of the sub-adiabatic rather than the vertically homogeneous cloud model, suggesting its use as basis for evaluation. For the considered cases, 95.7 % of the variance in cloud optical thickness is explained by the variance in the liquid water path, while the droplet number concentration and the sub-adiabatic fraction contribute only 3.5 % and 0.14 % to the total variance, respectively. A mean sub-adiabatic fraction of 0.45 is found, which exhibits strong inter-day variability. Applying a principal component analysis and subsequent varimax rotation to the considered set of nine properties, four dominating modes of variability are identified, which explain 98 % of the total variance. The first and second components correspond to the cloud base and top height, and to liquid water path, optical thickness, and cloud geometrical extent, respectively, while the cloud droplet number concentration and the sub-adiabatic fraction are the strongest contributors to the third and fourth components. Using idealized offline radiative transfer calculations, it is confirmed that the shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effect exhibits little sensitivity to the vertical structure of clouds. Instead, the cloud optical thickness and the cloud top and bottom heights are the dominating factors which determine the shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effects, respectively, with high accuracy. Considering the different representations of cloud microphysical processes in atmospheric models, the analysis has been further extended and the deviations between the radiative impact of the single- and double-moment schemes are assessed. Contrasting the shortwave cloud radiative effect obtained from the double-moment scheme to that of a single moment scheme, a bias of about ~ 40 W m−2 and significant scatter is observed. The bias is attributable to a higher cloud albedo resulting from the high values of droplet number concentration in particular in the boundary layer predicted by the double-moment scheme, which reach median values of around ~ 600 cm−3.
iDirac: a field-portable instrument for long-term autonomous
measurements of isoprene and selected VOCs
Authors: Bolas Conor G. , Ferracci Valerio , Robinson Andrew D. , Mead Mohamad I. , Nadzir Mohd Shahrul Mohd , Pyle John A. , Jones Roderic L. , Harris Neil R. P.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The iDirac is a new instrument to measure selected hydrocarbons in the remote atmosphere. A robust design is central to its specifications, with portability, power efficiency, low gas consumption and autonomy as the other driving factors in the instrument development. The iDirac is a dual-column isothermal oven gas chromatograph with photoionisation detection (GC-PID). The instrument is designed and built in-house. It features a modular design, with novel use of open-source technology for accurate instrument control. Currently configured to measure biogenic isoprene, the system is suitable for a range of compounds. For isoprene measurements in the field, the instrument precision (relative standard deviation) is ± 11 %, with a limit of detection down to 38 pmol mol−1 (or ppt). The instrument was first tested in the field in 2015 in a ground-based campaign, and has since shown itself suitable for deployment in a variety of environments and platforms. This paper describes the instrument design, operation and performance based on laboratory tests in a controlled environment, and during deployments in forests in Malaysian Borneo and in Central England.
C3 plants converge on a universal relationship between leaf maximum carboxylation rate and chlorophyll content
Authors: Qian Xiaojin , Liu Liangyun , Croft Holly , Chen Jingming
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The leaf maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) is one of the crucial parameters in determining the photosynthetic capacity of plants. Providing accurate estimates of leaf Vcmax25 that cover large geographic areas and that incorporate plant seasonality is central to correctly predicting carbon fluxes within the terrestrial global carbon cycle. Chlorophyll, as the main photon-harvesting component in leaves, is closely linked to photosynthesis. However, how the nature of the relationship between the leaf maximum carboxylation rate scaled to 25 °C (Vcmax25) and leaf chlorophyll content varies according to plant type is uncertain. In this study, we investigate whether a universal and stable relationship exists between leaf Vcmax25 and leaf chlorophyll content across different C3 plant types from a plant physiological perspective and verify it using field experiments. Measurements of leaf chlorophyll content (Chl) and CO2 response curves were made on 283 crop, shrub, tree and vegetable leaves in China and the Borden Forest Research Station in southern Ontario, Canada. A strong relationship was found between the leaf Vcmax25 and chlorophyll content across different C3 plant types (R2 = 0.65, P
Global database and model on dissolved carbon in soil solution
Authors: Langeveld Joep , Bouwman Alexander F. , van Hoek Wim Joost , Vilmin Lauriane , Beusen Arthur H. W. , Mogollón José M. , Middelburg Jack J.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Abstract. Dissolved carbon leaching in and from soils plays an important role in C transport along the terrestrial-aquatic continuum. However, a global overview and analysis of dissolved carbon in soil solutions, covering a wide range of vegetation types and climates, is lacking. We compiled a global database on annual average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in soil solutions, including potential governing factors, with 762 entries from 351 different sites covering a range of climate zones, land cover types and soil classes. Using this database we develop regression models to calculate topsoil concentrations, and concentrations vs. depth in the subsoil at the global scale. For DIC, the lack of a proportional globally distributed cover inhibits analysis on a global scale. For DOC, annual average concentrations range from 1.7 to 88.3 (median = 25.27) mg C/L for topsoils and from 0.42 to 372.1 (median = 5.50) mg C/L for subsoils (excluding lab incubations). Highest topsoil values occur in forests of cooler, humid zones. In topsoils, multiple regression showed that precipitation is the most significant factor. Our global topsoil DOC model (R2 = 0.36) uses precipitation, soil class, climate zone and land cover type as model factors. Our global subsoil model describes DOC concentrations vs. depth for different USDA soil classes (overall R2 = 0.45). Highest subsoil concentrations are calculated for Histosols.
Methane production by three widespread marine phytoplankton species: release rates, precursor compounds, and relevance for the environment
Authors: Klintzsch Thomas , Langer Gerald , Nehrke Gernot , Wieland Anna , Lenhart Katharina , Keppler Frank
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The world’s oceans are considered to be a minor source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere although the magnitude of total net emissions is highly uncertain. In recent years the origin of the frequently observed in situ CH4 production in the ocean mixed layer has received much attention. Marine algae might contribute to the observed CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters, but so far direct evidence for CH4 production by marine algae has only been provided for the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. In the present study we investigated, next to Emiliania huxleyi, other widespread haptophytes, i.e. Phaeocystis globosa and Chrysochromulina sp. for CH4 formation. Our results of CH4 production and stable carbon isotope measurements provide unambiguous evidence that all three investigated marine algae produce CH4 per se under oxic conditions and at rates ranging from 1.6 ± 0.5 to 2.7 ± 0.7 µg CH4 per g POC (particulate organic carbon) d−1 at a temperature of 20 °C with Chrysochromulina sp. and E. huxleyi showing the lowest and highest rates, respectively. In cultures that were treated with 13C-labelled hydrogen carbonate δ13CH4 values increased with incubation time, clearly resulting from the conversion of 13C-hydrogen carbonate to 13CH4. The addition of 13C labelled dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide and methionine sulfoxide – known algal metabolites that are ubiquitous in marine surface layers - enabled us to clearly monitor the occurrence of 13C-enriched CH4 in cultures of Emiliania huxleyi clearly indicating that methylated sulphur compounds are also precursors of CH4. We propose that CH4 production could be a common process among marine haptophytes likely contributing to CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters.
A Last Glacial Maximum forcing dataset for ocean modelling
Authors: Morée Anne L. , Schwinger Jörg
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Model simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~ 21 000 years before present) can aid the interpretation of proxy records, help to gain an improved mechanistic understanding of the LGM climate system and are valuable for the evaluation of model performance in a different climate state. Ocean-ice only model configurations forced by prescribed atmospheric data (referred to as “forced ocean models”) drastically reduce the computational cost of paleoclimate modelling as compared to fully coupled model frameworks. While feedbacks between the atmosphere and ocean-sea-ice compartments of the Earth system are not present in such model configurations, many scientific questions can be addressed with models of this type. The data presented here are derived from fully coupled paleoclimate simulations of the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP3). The data are publicly accessible at the NIRD Research Data Archive at https://doi.org/10.11582/2019.00011 (Morée and Schwinger, 2019). They consist of 2-D anomaly forcing fields suitable for use in ocean models that employ a bulk forcing approach. The data include specific humidity, downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation, precipitation, wind (v and u components), temperature and sea surface salinity (SSS). All fields are provided as climatological mean anomalies between LGM and pre-industrial times. These anomaly data can therefore be added to any pre-industrial ocean forcing data set in order to obtain forcing fields representative of LGM conditions as simulated by PMIP3 models. These forcing data provide a means to simulate the LGM in a computationally efficient way, while still taking advantage of the complexity of fully coupled model set-ups. Furthermore, the dataset can be easily updated to reflect results from upcoming and future paleo model intercomparison activities.
Building capacity for librarian support and addressing collaboration challenges by formalizing library systematic review services
Authors: McKeown Sandra , Ross-White Amanda
Published: July 2019

Background: Many health sciences librarians are noticing an increase in demand for systematic review support. Developing a strategic approach to supporting systematic review activities can address commonly reported barriers and challenges including time factors, methodological issues, and supporting student-led projects.Case Presentation: This case report describes how a health sciences library at a mid-sized university developed and implemented a structured and defined systematic review service in order to build capacity for increased librarian support and to maximize librarians’ time and expertise. The process also revealed underlying collaboration challenges related to student-led systematic reviews and research quality concerns that needed to be addressed. The steps for developing a formal service included defining the librarian’s role and a library service model, building librarian expertise, developing documentation to guide librarians and patrons, piloting and revising the service model, marketing and promoting the service, and evaluating service usage.Conclusions: The two-tiered service model developed for advisory consultation and collaboration provides a framework for supporting systematic review activities that other libraries can adapt to meet their own needs. Librarian autonomy in deciding whether to collaborate on reviews based on defined and explicit considerations was crucial for maximizing librarians’ time and expertise and for promoting higher quality research. Monitoring service usage will be imperative for managing existing and future librarian workload. These data and tracking of research outputs from librarian collaborations may also be used to advocate for new librarian positions.
Improving community well-being through collaborative initiatives at a medical library
Authors: Funaro Melissa C. , Rojiani Rahil , Norton Melanie J.
Published: July 2019

Background: In an increasingly digital age, the role of the library is changing to better serve its community. The authors’ library serves health care professionals who experience high levels of stress due to everyday demands of work or study, which can have negative impacts on physical and mental health. Our library is committed to serving the needs of our community by identifying opportunities to improve their well-being.Case Presentation: Librarians at the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University developed a group mindfulness program and a space for self-defined personal care to assist health care professionals in alleviating stress. Surveys were used to evaluate the mindfulness program and self-care space.Conclusions: We successfully implemented two collaborative wellness and self-care initiatives with students and other stakeholders, as demonstrated by program attendance, diverse space use, and positive survey responses for both initiatives. While these endeavors do not replace the need to challenge structural problems at the root of stress in the health care professions, this case report offers a blueprint for other medical libraries to support the well-being of their communities.
The complex nature of research dissemination practices among public health faculty researchers
Authors: Hanneke Rosie , Link Jeanne M.
Published: July 2019

Objective: This study explores the variety of information formats used and audiences targeted by public health faculty in the process of disseminating research.Methods: The authors conducted semi-structured interviews with twelve faculty members in the School of Public Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, asking them about their research practices, habits, and preferences.Results: Faculty scholars disseminate their research findings in a variety of formats intended for multiple audiences, including not only their peers in academia, but also public health practitioners, policymakers, government and other agencies, and community partners.Conclusion: Librarians who serve public health faculty should bear in mind the diversity of faculty’s information needs when designing and improving library services and resources, particularly those related to research dissemination and knowledge translation. Promising areas for growth in health sciences libraries include supporting data visualization, measuring the impact of non-scholarly publications, and promoting institutional repositories for dissemination of research.
A model for initiating research data management services at academic libraries
Authors: Read Kevin B. , Koos Jessica , Miller Rebekah S. , Miller Cathryn F. , Phillips Gesina A. , Scheinfeld Laurel , Surkis Alisa
Published: July 2019

Background: Librarians developed a pilot program to provide training, resources, strategies, and support for medical libraries seeking to establish research data management (RDM) services. Participants were required to complete eight educational modules to provide the necessary background in RDM. Each participating institution was then required to use two of the following three elements: (1) a template and strategies for data interviews, (2) a teaching tool kit to teach an introductory RDM class, or (3) strategies for hosting a data class series.Case Presentation: Six libraries participated in the pilot, with between two and eight librarians participating from each institution. Librarians from each institution completed the online training modules. Each institution conducted between six and fifteen data interviews, which helped build connections with researchers, and taught between one and five introductory RDM classes. All classes received very positive evaluations from attendees. Two libraries conducted a data series, with one bringing in instructors from outside the library.Conclusion: The pilot program proved successful in helping participating librarians learn about and engage with their research communities, jump-start their teaching of RDM, and develop institutional partnerships around RDM services. The practical, hands-on approach of this pilot proved to be successful in helping libraries with different environments establish RDM services. The success of this pilot provides a proven path forward for libraries that are developing data services at their own institutions.