bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Changes to Legal Aid on Lawyers' Professional Identity and Behaviour in Summary Criminal Cases: A Case Study
Authors: Welsh Lucy
Published: December 2017

This article explores the effects of changes to legally aided representation on criminal cases in magistrates' courts according to data collected in an area of south‐east England. I consider the political factors that motivated changes to legal aid and suggest how these issues affecting lawyers' understanding of their role, and how that understanding affects the relationships between defendants, lawyers, and the magistrates' courts. I argue that the research indicates a potential relation between solicitors' risk‐taking behaviour in obtaining funding and the reintroduction of means testing: remuneration rates affect the service that defendants receive and the reintroduction of means testing decreased efficiency in summary criminal courts. Ultimately, I argue that changes to legal aid funding have increased lawyers' uncertainty about their role, leaving them torn between acting efficiently and providing a good level of service.
Renegotiating Social Citizenship in the Age of Devolution
Authors: Simpson Mark
Published: December 2017

The period 2012 to 2016 saw important developments in the role of the United Kingdom's devolved legislatures in shaping the social rights of citizenship. Near‐uniformity in social security is being eroded, with competences devolved to Scotland and Northern Ireland proceeding with limited divergence from Great Britain. This turn to regionalism is linked with dissatisfaction with British government approaches. This article examines developments from a social citizenship perspective. Welfare state regionalism is a challenge to Marshall's perceived unitary view of citizenship. Yet, it is argued, moves towards divergence are driven by regional differences of perspective on citizens' social rights and reciprocal obligations in a way that emphasizes the continued relevance of Marshallian theory. The democratization of political rights gave birth to social rights in the early twentieth century; today, the regionalization of democratic citizenship enables alternative visions for social citizenship to be articulated and begin to shape welfare services at devolved level.
Power Relations in Employment Disputes
Authors: Rose Emily , Busby Nicole
Published: December 2017

This article reconceptualizes the operation of power relations in employment disputes. We draw on Foucault's theory of neo‐liberal governance to inform our analysis of empirical data exploring how low‐income workers make decisions about whether to engage with the Employment Tribunal system. Particular focus is placed on the ways the state governs employment disputes to achieve ideologically driven objectives. We conclude: first, that power relations in employment disputes operate across a range of institutions and individuals, and that the state's role is powerful and ongoing; secondly, that power relations operate to shape not just the objective context that workers find themselves in when experiencing an employment dispute but also workers' subjective moral codes about appropriate courses of action to take; and thirdly, that despite the powerful influence of the state, workers continue to hold non‐economic values that guide their perception of the appropriate basis for relations between employers and workers.
Effect of Intraoral Mechanical Cleaning Techniques on Bond Strength of Cast Crowns to Metal Cores
Authors: AlZain Sahar , Kattadiyil Mathew T. , AlHelal Abdulaziz , Alqahtani Ali
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of cleaning of metal cores from provisional cement, using an intraoral airborne‐particle abrasion method, on the bond strength of permanent resin cement with cast crowns to cores.

Materials and Methods

Thirty stainless steel models of a standard complete crown tooth preparation were fabricated. Thirty Type III gold crowns were fabricated. Each cast crown corresponded to one stainless steel crown preparation model. All crowns were cemented with noneugenol zinc oxide cement and stored for 7 days at 37°C. All crowns were debonded, and the cement was cleaned with airborne‐particle abrasion using 50 µm aluminum oxide at 4.1 bar (0.41 MPa) followed by ultrasonic cleaning. Based on the mechanical cleaning technique of the remaining provisional cement on surfaces of cast cores, specimens were equally divided into 3 groups: hand cleaning (HC) with a dental excavator, hand cleaning followed by polishing using a brush and pumice (BP), and hand cleaning followed by intraoral airborne‐particle abrasion (APA). All crowns were then cemented to their corresponding cores using universal resin cement. All crowns were stored for 7 days at 37°C. An Instron universal testing machine was used to record the bond strength of crowns.

Results

Airborne‐particle abrasion method for intraoral mechanical cleaning revealed a statistically significantly higher bond strength compared to the other two methods.

Conclusions

When comparing the three methods of provisional cement cleaning from metal cores, airborne‐particle abrasion resulted in the highest bond strength for cast crowns.
Volatile element signatures in the mantles of Earth, Moon, and Mars: Core formation fingerprints from Bi, Cd, In, and Sn
Authors: Righter K. , Pando K. , Marin N. , Ross D. K. , Righter M. , Danielson L. , Lapen T. J. , Lee C.
Published: December 2017

Volatile element concentrations in planets are controlled by many factors such as precursor material composition, core formation, differentiation, magma ocean and magmatic degassing, and late accretionary processes. To better constrain the role of core formation, we report new experiments defining the effect of temperature, and metallic S and C content on the metal‐silicate partition coefficient (or D(i) metal/silicate) of the volatile siderophile elements (VSE) Bi, Cd, In, and Sn. Additionally, the effect of pressure on metal‐silicate partitioning between 1 and 3 GPa, and olivine‐melt partitioning at 1 GPa have been studied for Bi, Cd, In, Sn, As, Sb, and Ge. Temperature clearly causes a decrease in D(i) metal/silicate for all elements. Sulfur and C have a large influence on activity coefficients in metallic Fe liquids, with C causing a decrease in D(i) metal/silicate, and S causing an increase. Pressure has only a small effect on D(Cd), D(In), and D(Ge) metal/silicate. Depletions of Bi, Cd, In, and Sn in the terrestrial and Martian mantles are consistent with high PT core formation and metal‐silicate equilibrium at the high temperatures indicated by previous studies. A late Hadean matte would influence Bi the most, due to its high D(sulfide/silicate) ~2000, but segregation of a matte would only reduce the mantle Bi content by 50%; all other less chalcophile elements (e.g., Sn, In, and Cd) would be minimally affected. The lunar depletions of highly VSE require a combination of core formation and an additional depletion mechanism—most likely the Moon‐forming giant impact, or lunar magma ocean degassing.
CSF biological antioxidant potentials may differentiate neurodegenerative diseases—A preliminary report
Authors: Kawai Takayuki , Sakakibara Ryuji , Bujo Hideaki
Published: December 2017

Oxidative stress has a significant impact on neurodegenerative diseases. Biological antioxidant potential (BAP) is a rapid measure of total antioxidant properties in the serum. However, few studies measured BAP in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We measured CSF BAP in patients with neurodegenerative disease. We had 17 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), nine with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 10 with Parkinson's disease (PD), 11 with multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients, with the same background, and 19 healthy subjects as normal controls. We measured CSF BAP using a Free Radical Elective Evaluator. As a result, CSF BAP level in patients with neurodegenerative disease was higher than that in controls. In particular, CSF BAP level in patients with AD was higher than that in patients with DLB (P < 0.05). We also found a close relationship between CSF Tau pT181/beta‐amyloid ratio and BAP in patients with AD (P < 0.01), although this relationship was not found in patients with DLB. In conclusion, CSF BAP may help differentiating AD and DLB.
Natural resource sovereignty and economic development in the WTO in light of the recent case law involving raw materials and rare earths
Authors: Gonzalez Arreaza Alejandro
Published: December 2017

The principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources (PSNR) has been fundamental for developing nations to realize their political and economic independence. Increasingly, the principle of PSNR has been subjected to pressures, which limit the rights granted to States over their natural resources. Principles such as ‘common concern of humankind’ and ‘sustainable development’ are adding new goals and limitations to PSNR. The World Trade Organization (WTO) has brought the principle of PSNR into the WTO system for the first time through recent case law. This article explores the way in which the principle of PSNR has been adapted to the multilateral trading system, arguing that this treatment imposes limitations on States’ actions regarding their economic development. The article also suggests how the WTO should develop its treatment of PSNR, bearing in mind the historical calling for PSNR to further economic development.
Respecting regulatory measures: Arbitral method and reasoning in the Philip Morris v Uruguay tobacco plain packaging case
Authors: Foster Caroline E.
Published: December 2017

The decision in the Philip Morris v Uruguay tobacco plain packaging case is important not only for its contribution in the health field but also more broadly for international environmental lawyers in light of the methodologies employed by the majority. The Philip Morris v Uruguay tribunal's willingness to place weight on international health law, embodying an openness to international law from beyond the investment field, was crucial to the decision. Additionally, the tribunal demonstrated a vital preparedness to engage with the scientific or technical question of whether Uruguay's tobacco measures would actually potentially be effective in reducing smoking, while accepting the inherent limitations in the available science. Notions of deference and margin of appreciation, as well as disproportionality or proportionality testing, may have eased the way for the majority decision, but were less crucial and ought not to be over‐emphasized. Indeed, where there is broad international legal support for host States’ policies, it weakens international public policy to rest respect for States’ policies simply on a broad notion of deference or ‘margin of appreciation’. The Philip Morris v Uruguay tribunal was right to turn instead to international health law and the technical evidence on countering tobacco‐related disease.
Blusun S.A. and others v Italy: Legal (in)stability and renewable energy investments
Authors: Simões Fernando Dias
Published: December 2017

Blusun S.A. and others v Italy is one of the latest arbitral awards in a torrent of disputes concerning the modification of incentives in the renewable energy market. The tribunal ruled in favour of Italy, reaffirming the power of host States to change regulations to adapt to new needs and elucidating the connection between the concept of ‘legal stability’ and investors’ ‘legitimate expectations’. However, a few months later, in Eiser v Spain, another tribunal ruled in favour of investors, emphasizing that States’ regulatory powers are not absolute, and drastic legislative changes might breach investment protection obligations. The existence of contrasting outcomes in these cases underlines the importance of monitoring the gradual evolution of this sprouting segment of jurisprudence. While each award is closely connected to its specific legal and factual context, this stream of rulings is slowly contributing to clarify the limits to host States’ regulatory freedom in the renewable energy sector.
Public Intangibles: The Public Sector and Economic Growth in the SNA
Authors: Corrado Carol , Haskel Jonathan , Jona‐Lasinio Cecilia
Published: December 2017

This paper sets out a framework for analyzing the impact of public investments on industry‐level productivity and economic growth. The concept of capital in the public sector is broadened from that which is mostly tangible (e.g. physical infrastructure) to that which also includes intangibles and long‐lasting societal assets. For the analysis of public investments, we find that in addition to expanding the asset boundary, national accounts also need to: (a) impute a net return to government and other non‐market capital—or provide industry‐level data by institutional sector of origin, allowing researchers to do so; (b) include all public payments to industry in industry‐level gross operating surplus (i.e. all subsidies, production, and product, and the annuity value of investment grants); and (c) provide crosswalks for key components of government expenditure by function of government (e.g. public funds for extramural R&D or worker training) to kind‐of‐activity classifications used for industries.
Red blood cell transfusion in adult palliative care: a systematic review
Authors: Chin‐Yee Nicolas , Taylor Joshua , Rourke Kaitlyn , Faig Danika , Davis Alexandra , Fergusson Dean , Saidenberg Elianna
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

The risks and benefits of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion in palliative care patients remain poorly understood. We reviewed the literature to summarize available information on RBC transfusion in this population.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We searched electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL) from inception through September 2016 to identify studies reporting data on palliative patients receiving RBC transfusion. Original studies that assessed RBC transfusion as an intervention and reported at least one clinical outcome were included. Study characteristics, results on transfusion‐related outcomes, and authors' conclusions on the value of transfusion in palliative patients were abstracted and reported.

RESULTS

We identified 1839 studies, of which 137 were selected for data extraction and 13 were included (11 case series, one prospective cohort, and one retrospective cohort). Nine studies addressed symptom relief following transfusion using subjective symptom scales, of which eight (89%) indicated some degree of short‐term benefit and one study (11%) showed no benefit. Posttransfusion survival was reported in four studies—one demonstrated prolonged survival in patients receiving RBC transfusion; three had no comparison group. Other outcomes reported included hemoglobin values posttransfusion in four studies and adverse events following transfusion in three studies.

CONCLUSIONS

In palliative care, RBC transfusion may provide symptom relief and improve subjective well‐being, though the duration and magnitude of this effect, and transfusion‐associated risks specific to this population remain unclear. Currently, no high quality evidence exists to support or guide the use of RBC transfusion in this population. Moreover, the clinical heterogeneity within the palliative population limits the interpretation of most studies.
THE MANY FACES OF PANENTHEISM: AN EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION
Authors: Atmanspacher Harald , von Sass Hartmut
Published: December 2017

A well‐known difficulty of the interdisciplinary dialogue beyond the limits of particular disciplines is the lack of common ground regarding their metaphysical and methodological assumptions and commitments. This is particularly evident for the precarious relationship between science and religion. In a 2016 conference entitled “The Many Faces of Panentheism” held in Zurich, and now in this introduction as well as this section, we try to counteract this situation by choosing a focus theme located at the interface between nature and the divine. Thus, key perspectives, arguments, and implications of panentheism are introduced not only from one selected point of view but in relation to others. This allows us to explore territory beyond the boundaries of disciplinary backgrounds and to address intellectual and practical consequences for current debates.
THE EXPERIENCE OF GOD AND THE WORLD: CHRISTIANITY'S REASONS FOR CONSIDERING PANENTHEISM A VIABLE OPTION
Authors: Henriksen Jan‐Olav
Published: December 2017

What reasons and resources can Christian theology find for developing a panentheist position that is also able to engage with contemporary science? By taking its point of departure in basic human experiences, Christian theology can, even in a Trinitarian fashion, be developed as a way to understand God's presence in the world as a presence where the actual occurrences point towards God's own work. This point is especially related to the experience of love. Furthermore, God's presence can be understood as sacramental in the Augustinian sense. Moreover, the contributions of the Danish philosopher of religion Knud E. Løgstrup on God's presence and transcendence, as well as Niels Henrik Gregersen's elaborations on deep incarnation. Prove to offer important reasons for considering panentheism a viable option for the articulation of Christian theology.
NAMING THE HUMAN ANIMAL: GENESIS 1–3 AND OTHER ANIMALS IN HUMAN BECOMING
Authors: Walker‐Jones Arthur
Published: December 2017

Recently the paleoanthropologist Pat Shipman has proposed what she calls the animal connection as the human trait that connects all other traits. Theologians and biblical scholars have proposed many relational, functional, and ontological interpretations of the image of God in humans and human nature, but have generally not included a connection with animals. Genesis 1–3, however, weaves human and animal creation in a variety of ways, and Adam's naming of other species implies they are understood as family or kin. Thus Genesis 1–3 understands a relationship with other animals as integral to human becoming and uses family or kinship as a root metaphor for human–animal relations.
Challenges Faced by the Clayton County, Georgia Public Defender’s Office
Authors: Anderson James F. , VanDross, Esq. Christine A. , Reinsmith-Jones Kelley , Langsam Adam H.
Published: December 2017

While the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees indigent defendant’s legal representation in state and federal courts, public defenders’ offices are challenged by the lack of resources to represent an endless flow of clients, attract and retain talented counsel, enlist the help of expert witnesses, as well as deliver the best quality defense. This study addresses the daily strain of defending clients who are not always the most cooperative in helping their own defense, but it also reveals the struggles and challenges faced by an urban southern public defender’s office and what changes need to be implemented to improve the public defender system. In the end, this study finds that public defender programs need adequate funding to fully deliver a quality legal defense.
Bloqueo de fascia de rectos abdominales guiado por ultrasonido. Revisión narrativa
Authors: Moreno Martínez Diego Alberto
Published: December 2017

La anestesia regional guiada por ultrasonido se ha consolidado como una técnica efectiva y segura con progresiva y continua masificación en nuestro medio. La anestesia regional de alta calidad aplicada al bloqueo de fascia de rectos es una alternativa atractiva para procedimientos puntuales, con indicaciones específicas, utilizado en diferentes contextos, principalmente en la anestesia pediátrica ambulatoria. Esta revisión narrativa pretende profundizar en la anatomía, sonoanatomía y técnica del bloqueo de fascia de rectos. Además, discute posiciones controversiales y posibles focos de investigación futura en este campo.
Leishmaniasis cutánea en la provincia del Magdalena Centro, Cundinamarca, Colombia. Una serie de casos
Authors: Gaitán Lee Hernando , Gaitán Duarte Hernando Guillermo , Lasso Araujo Giovana Katherine
Published: December 2017

El objetivo del artículo es describir las diferentes características demográficas y clínicas de una serie de pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea en un municipio de la región del Magdalena Centro del departamento de Cundinamarca Colombia. Bituima es un municipio ubicado entre 1250 y 2250 msnm, el cual en su mayoría tiene población rural. Se reportan trece casos de pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea, diagnosticados entre agosto del 2015 y mayo del 2016, en el puesto de salud de Bituima, institución que atiende pacientes con aseguramiento subsidiado por el Estado. La presentación clínica inicial fue variada; sin embargo, todos los casos se presentaron a la primera consulta médica con úlcera indolora. Se encuentra un periodo de casi dos meses entre la aparición de la lesión y la primera consulta médica. Los casos se confirmaron mediante frotis directo de Leishmania y se dio tratamiento con Glucantime. En conclusión, se informa una alta frecuencia de la enfermedad en este periodo en el municipio. Se deben fortalecer las estrategias para acortar el tiempo entre la aparición de la úlcera y la primera valoración médica.
Neumonía adquirida en la comunidad por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina
Authors: Arsanios Daniel Martín , Bastidas Goyes Rodrigo Alirio , Chaar Hernández Aldair , Herazo Cubillos Andrés , Beltrán Caro Luis Mateo , Vesga Martín Daniel
Published: December 2017

Resumen

Los casos de infecciones causadas por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina han aumentado durante la última década. Dentro de ellas, la neumonía necrotizante (NN) adquirida en la comunidad se ha encontrado en pacientes jóvenes, sanos y sin factores de riesgo, lo que ha generado cuadros de evolución rápida y potencialmente mortales. En este artículo se discuten factores epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos, de diagnóstico, tratamiento y pronóstico de la NN por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina adquirida en la comunidad.
Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: metas de manejo
Authors: Aschner Montoya Pablo , Muñoz Velandía Oscar Mauricio , Girón Cardozo Diana Marcela , García Morales Olga Milena , Fernández Ávila Daniel Gerardo , Casas Luz Ángela , Bohórquez Villamizar Luisa Fernanda , Arango Toro Clara Maria , Carvajal Gutiérrez Liliana , Ramírez De Peña Doris Amanda , Sarmiento Ramón Juan Guillermo , Colón Cristian Alejandro , Correa González Nestor Fabian , Alarcón Robles Pilar , Bustamante Álvaro Andrés
Published: December 2017

Resumen
Introducción: Está demostrado que alcanzar y mantener una hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) del 7 % reduce la incidencia de complicaciones micro y macrovasculares en adultos jóvenes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Se ha propuesto que esta meta de manejo debe individualizarse en pacientes mayores de 65 años de edad o en aquellos con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular; sin embargo, la evidencia es discutida. Objetivos: Definir los potenciales riesgos y beneficios de la terapia intensificada para DMT2 buscando valores de HbA1 < 7 % en pacientes mayores de 65 años, con comorbilidades significativas y sin estas, y en grupos de pacientes con eventos cardiovasculares previos. Métodos: Se elaboró la guía de práctica clínica, siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social colombiano. Se revisó la evidencia disponible de forma sistemática y se formularon las recomendaciones utilizando la metodología GRADE. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con DMT2 mayores de 65 años y en aquellos con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular, se recomienda no intensificar el manejo para alcanzar valores de HbA1c cercanos a lo normal (< 6,5 %). Las metas de manejo en el grupo de mayores de 65 años deberán definirse para cada paciente de forma individual de acuerdo con una valoración integral que tenga en cuenta su riesgo de hipoglucemia y pronóstico vital.
 
An Eulerian Orthogonal Cutting Model for Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymers
Authors: Zhang Shengqi , Strenkowski John S.
Published: December 2017

An Eulerian model is described that simulates orthogonal cutting of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The continuous finite element method (FEM) and the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method are combined to solve the governing equations. A progressive damage model is implemented to predict subsurface damage in the composite. A correction factor that accounts for fiber curvature is included in the model that incorporates the influence of fiber bending. It was found that fiber orientation has a dominant influence on both the cutting forces and subsurface damage. Good agreement was found between predicted cutting forces and subsurface damage and published experimental observations.
Dying to Win? The Goldman Dilemma in Legend and Fact
Authors: Moston Stephen , Hutchinson Brendan , Engelberg Terry
Published: December 2017

One of the implicit justifications for antidoping is that athletes are so committed to winning that they will take performance-enhancing substances regardless of the apparent consequences. Athletes are alleged to be, quite literally, willing to die to win. Support for this claim usually centers on the results of research by physician Bob Goldman, in which athletes were asked to respond to a hypothetical dilemma in which they were offered spectacular success in their chosen sport, but at a heavy price: they would die after five years of glory. In this paper, we examine the origins of this bargain, now popularly referred to as the Goldman dilemma, finding that both the methodology and implications of the original work have repeatedly been described inaccurately in both popular and scientific writings. These errors reflect both poor scholarship and deliberate misuse, where the flawed narrative is used to justify contentious policy decisions.
Enhanced Wort Fermentation with
De Novo
Lager Hybrids Adapted to High-Ethanol Environments
Authors: Krogerus Kristoffer , Holmström Sami , Gibson Brian
Published: December 2017

Interspecific hybridization is a valuable tool for developing and improving brewing yeast in a number of industry-relevant aspects. However, the genomes of newly formed hybrids can be unstable. Here, we exploited this trait by adapting four brewing yeast strains, three of which were
de novo
interspecific lager hybrids with different ploidy levels, to high ethanol concentrations in an attempt to generate variant strains with improved fermentation performance in high-gravity wort. Through a batch fermentation-based adaptation process and selection based on a two-step screening process, we obtained eight variant strains which we compared to the wild-type strains in 2-liter-scale wort fermentations replicating industrial conditions. The results revealed that the adapted variants outperformed the strains from which they were derived, and the majority also possessed several desirable brewing-relevant traits, such as increased ester formation and ethanol tolerance, as well as decreased diacetyl formation. The variants obtained from the polyploid hybrids appeared to show greater improvements in fermentation performance than those derived from diploid strains. Interestingly, it was not only the hybrid strains, but also the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
parent strain, that appeared to adapt and showed considerable changes in genome size. Genome sequencing and ploidy analysis revealed that changes had occurred at both the chromosome and single nucleotide levels in all variants. Our study demonstrates the possibility of improving
de novo
lager yeast hybrids through adaptive evolution by generating stable and superior variants that possess traits relevant to industrial lager beer fermentation.

IMPORTANCE
Recent studies have shown that hybridization is a valuable tool for creating new and diverse strains of lager yeast. Adaptive evolution is another strain development tool that can be applied in order to improve upon desirable traits. Here, we apply adaptive evolution to newly created lager yeast hybrids by subjecting them to environments containing high ethanol levels. We isolated and characterized a number of adapted variants which possess improved fermentation properties and ethanol tolerance. Genome analysis revealed substantial changes in the variants compared to the original strains. These improved variant strains were produced without any genetic modification and are suitable for industrial lager beer fermentations.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Divergent Human Rhinovirus C Isolate from an Infant with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Colorado, USA
Authors: Langelier Charles , White Corin V. , Sontag Marci K. , Mourani Peter M. , DeRisi Joseph L.
Published: December 2017

Here, we report the genome sequence of a divergent human rhinovirus C isolate identified from an infant with a severe community-acquired respiratory infection. RNA sequencing performed on an Illumina platform identified reads aligning to human rhinovirus species, which were
de novo
assembled to produce a coding-complete genome sequence.
Complete Genome Sequence of a New Isolate of Solenopsis invicta
virus 3
from Solenopsis invicta ×
richteri
Hybrid Ants
Authors: Valles Steven M. , Oliver Jason B. , Addesso Karla M.
Published: December 2017

Solenopsis invicta
virus 3
(SINV-3) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that infects the red imported fire ant,
Solenopsis invicta
Buren. We report here the full genome (10,383 nucleotides) of an isolate infecting
Solenopsis invicta
× richteri
hybrid ants, which we have identified as SINV-3 hybrid.
Draft Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Originally Isolated from an Outer Ear Infection
Authors: Jayal Ambikesh , Johns Benjamin E. , Purdy Kevin J. , Maddocks Sarah E.
Published: December 2017

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 9027 was isolated in 1943 from a case of otitis externa and is commonly employed as a quality control strain for sterility, assessment of antibiofilm agents, and
in vitro
study of wound infection. Here, we present the 6.34-Mb draft genome sequence and highlight some pertinent genes that are associated with virulence.
Propensity score matched analysis of partial atrioventricular septal defect repair in infancy
Authors: Buratto Edward , Daley Michael , Ye Xin Tao , Radford Dorothy J , Alphonso Nelson , Brizard Christian P , d’Udekem Yves , Konstantinov Igor E
Published: December 2017

Objective

Partial atrioventricular septal defect (pAVSD) is usually repaired between 2 and 4 years of age with excellent results. Repair during infancy has been associated with poorer outcomes. However, most infants in reported series had heart failure or significant left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) regurgitation. The impact of surgery during infancy on outcomes remains unclear.

Methods

All children at three institutions who underwent repair of pAVSD from 1975 to 2015 were included. Infants (aged <1 year) were compared with older children in a propensity score matched analysis. Variables used to generate propensity scores were: failure to thrive, congestive heart failure, preoperative LAVV regurgitation, associated congenital heart disease, sex and the presence of trisomy 21.

Results

pAVSD repair was performed on 430 children, 17.4% (75/430) were infants. Infants (mean age 0.5±0.3 years) had higher rates of LAVV regurgitation, heart failure and additional cardiac malformations than older children (mean age 4.7±3.5 years). At 30 years, survival for infants was 82.1% (95% CI 70.1% to 89.6%) compared with 95.7% (95% CI 91.3% to 97.9%) in older children (P<0.001).

Propensity score matching yielded 52 well-matched pairs. Survival at 30 years was 87.9% (95% CI 75.0% to 94.4%) for infants compared with 98.1% (95% CI 87.1% to 99.7%) for older children (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in freedom from reoperation between the groups.

Conclusions

Despite matching for risk factors, survival after repair of pAVSD during infancy is lower than that when repair is performed in older children, with no difference in reoperation rates. This suggests that elective repair of pAVSD should be deferred until after infancy.
A small bifunctional chelator that modulates Aβ42 aggregation
Authors: Zhang Chaofeng , Gomes Luiza M.F. , Zhang Tonglu , Storr Tim
Published: December 2017

Multifunctional compounds that can modulate amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation and interact with metal ions hold considerable promise as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, a novel bifunctional chelator 2-(1-(4-(dimethylamino)benzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenol (L1) was synthesized. L1 contains a bidentate metal-binding unit and a pendant dimethylamino moiety. The product was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS. The metal-binding properties of L1 were probed by UV–vis spectroscopy to determine Cu:L stoichiometry. L1 was determined to limit Aβ aggregation at 48 h via a ThT assay. In addition, L1 complies with Lipinski’s rules and calculated logBB values for potential drug likeness and BBB permeability. These results suggest that L1 is a suitable candidate for further study as a multifunctional compound to treat AD.
A Possibilistic Reliable and Responsive Closed Loop Supply Chain Network Design Model under Uncertainty
Authors: Hamidieh Alireza , Fazli-Khalaf Mohamadreza
Published: December 2017

Reliability of supply chain networks is an important issue affecting customer satisfaction and profitability of organizations. However, occurrence of disruptions such as flood, earthquake and fire could ruin performance of supply chains. Uncertainty of parameters is another important factor that could lower quality of long-term plans of companies. Hence, uncertainty of parameters and disruption strike are important issues adversely influencing reliability of networks. Also, responsiveness of supply chains is a significant matter that should be considered carefully while designing distribution networks. Responsiveness could increase customer loyalty and satisfaction that could result in increasing market share of companies and their long-term planned benefit. Regarding alluded matters, the aim of this paper is designing a reliable forward-reverse supply chain network that minimizes total costs of network design along with maximization of total responsiveness of distribution network. Extended closed-loop network is capable of considering environmental issues by caring about end-of-life products. Designing reverse supply chain network aside with forward ones could decrease bad environmental impact of end-of-life products. Notably, to cope with adverse effects of disruptions, a scenario-based approach is suggested that enables considering partial and complete disruption of capacity of facilities. Additionally, an effective possibilistic programming method is applied to appropriately control uncertainty of parameters. As quality of raw materials is important to produce high-quality products, minimum acceptable quality level of raw materials is considered in extended model to maximize customer satisfaction. Finally, it should be noted that designed test problems show appropriate performance of suggested model and its applicability in real world case studies. Extended model is solved regarding different risk-aversion levels and sensitivity analysis is performed for different parameters of network design that shows effectual performance of proposed model.
Semantics of asynchronous JavaScript
Authors: Loring Matthew C. , Marron Mark , Leijen Daan
Published: December 2017

JavaScript code running in the Node.js runtime is a major platform for developers building cloud, mobile, or IoT applications. A fundamental concept in Node.js programming is the use of asynchronous callbacks and event loops to provide highly responsive applications. While conceptually simple, this programming model contains numerous subtleties and behaviors that are defined implicitly by the current Node.js implementation. This paper presents the first comprehensive formalization of the Node.js asynchronous execution model and defines a high-level notion of async-contexts to formalize fundamental relationships between asynchronous executions in an application. These formalizations provide a foundation for the construction of static or dynamic program analysis tools, support the exploration of alternative Node.js event loop implementations, and provide a high-level conceptual framework for reasoning about relationships between the execution of asynchronous callbacks in a Node.js application.
The semantics of name resolution in grace
Authors: Vergu Vlad , Haisma Michiel , Visser Eelco
Published: December 2017

Grace is a dynamic object oriented programming language designed to aid programming education. We present a formal model of and give an operational semantics for its object model and name resolution algorithm. Our main contributions are a systematic model of Grace’s name resolution using scope graphs, relating linguistic features to other languages, and an operationalization of this model in the form of an operational semantics which is readable and executable. The semantics are extensively tested against a reference Grace implementation.
Decoding Lua: formal semantics for the developer and the semanticist
Authors: Soldevila Mallku , Ziliani Beta , Silvestre Bruno , Fridlender Daniel , Mascarenhas Fabio
Published: December 2017

We provide formal semantics for a large subset of the Lua programming language, in its version 5.2. We validate our model by mechanizing it and testing it against the test suite of the reference interpreter of Lua, obtaining evidence that our model accurately represents the language.

We target both a PL semanticist "not necessarily versed in Lua", and a Lua developer - not necessarily versed in semantic frameworks. To the former, we present the peculiarities of the language, and how we model them in a
modular
small-step operational semantics, using concepts from Felleisen-Hieb's
reduction semantics
with evaluation contexts. Moreover, we mechanize and test the model in PLT Redex, the
de facto
tool for reduction semantics.

To the reader unfamiliar with such concepts, we provide a gentle introduction to the model. It is our hope that developers of the different Lua implementations and dialects understand the model and consider it both for testing their work and for experimenting with new language features.
Rewriting for sound and complete union, intersection and negation types
Authors: Pearce David J.
Published: December 2017

Implementing the type system of a programming language is a critical task that is often done in an ad-hoc fashion. Whilst this makes it hard to ensure the system is sound, it also makes it difficult to extend as the language evolves. We are interested in describing type systems using declarative rewrite rules from which an implementation can be automatically generated. Whilst not all type systems are easily expressed in this manner, those involving unions, intersections and negations are well-suited for this.

In this paper, we consider a relatively complex type system involving unions, intersections and negations developed previously. This system was not developed with rewriting in mind, though clear parallels are immediately apparent from the original presentation. For example, the system presented required types be first converted into a variation on Disjunctive Normal Form. We identify that the original system can, for the most part, be reworked to enable a natural expression using declarative rewrite rules. We present an implementation of our rewrite rules in the Whiley Rewrite Language (WyRL), and report performance results compared with a hand-coded solution.
Code staging in GNU Guix
Authors: Courtès Ludovic
Published: December 2017

GNU Guix is a "functional" package manager that borrows from earlier work on Nix by Dolstra
et al.
. Guix implements high-level abstractions such as packages and operating system services as domain-specific languages (DSL) embedded in Scheme, and it also implements build actions and operating system orchestration in Scheme. This leads to a multi-tier programming environment where embedded code snippets are
staged
for eventual execution.

In this paper we present
G-expressions
or "
gexps
". We explain our journey from traditional Lisp S-expressions to G-expressions, which augment the former with contextual information, and we discuss the implementation of gexps. We report on our experience using gexps in a variety of operating system use cases-from package build processes to system services. Gexps provide a novel way to cover many aspects of OS configuration in a single, multi-tier language while facilitating code reuse and code sharing.
Rewriting a shallow DSL using a GHC compiler extension
Authors: Grebe Mark , Young David , Gill Andy
Published: December 2017

Embedded Domain Specific Languages are a powerful tool for developing customized languages to fit specific problem domains. Shallow EDSLs allow a programmer to program using many of the features of a host language and its syntax, but sacrifice performance. Deep EDSLs provide better performance and flexibility, through the ability to manipulate the abstract syntax tree of the DSL program, but sacrifice syntactical similarity to the host language. Using Haskino, an EDSL designed for small embedded systems based on the Arduino line of microcontrollers, and a compiler plugin for the Haskell GHC compiler, we show a method for combining the best aspects of shallow and deep EDSLs. The programmer is able to write in the shallow EDSL, and have it automatically transformed into the deep EDSL. This allows the EDSL user to benefit from powerful aspects of the host language, Haskell, while meeting the demanding resource constraints of the small embedded processing environment.
Staging with control: type-safe multi-stage programming with control operators
Authors: Oishi Junpei , Kameyama Yukiyoshi
Published: December 2017

Staging allows a programmer to write domain-specific, custom code generators. Ideally, a programming language for staging provides all necessary features for staging, and at the same time, gives static guarantee for the safety properties of generated code including well typedness and well scopedness. We address this classic problem for the language with control operators, which allow code optimizations in a modular and compact way. Specifically, we design a staged programming language with the expressive control operators shift0 and reset0, which let us express, for instance, multi-layer let-insertion, while keeping the static guarantee of well typedness and well scopedness. For this purpose, we extend our earlier work on refined environment classifiers which were introduced for the staging language with state. We show that our language is expressive enough to express interesting code generation techniques, and that the type system enjoys type soundness. We also mention a type inference algorithm for our language under reasonable restriction.
Towards compositional and generative tensor optimizations
Authors: Susungi Adilla , Rink Norman A. , Castrillón Jerónimo , Huismann Immo , Cohen Albert , Tadonki Claude , Stiller Jörg , Fröhlich Jochen
Published: December 2017

Many numerical algorithms are naturally expressed as operations on tensors (i.e. multi-dimensional arrays). Hence, tensor expressions occur in a wide range of application domains, e.g. quantum chemistry and physics; big data analysis and machine learning; and computational fluid dynamics. Each domain, typically, has developed its own strategies for efficiently generating optimized code, supported by tools such as domain-specific languages, compilers, and libraries. However, strategies and tools are rarely portable between domains, and generic solutions typically act as ''black boxes'' that offer little control over code generation and optimization. As a consequence, there are application domains without adequate support for easily generating optimized code, e.g. computational fluid dynamics. In this paper we propose a generic and easily extensible intermediate language for expressing tensor computations and code transformations in a modular and generative fashion. Beyond being an intermediate language, our solution also offers meta-programming capabilities for experts in code optimization. While applications from the domain of computational fluid dynamics serve to illustrate our proposed solution, we believe that our general approach can help unify research in tensor optimizations and make solutions more portable between domains.
A classification of variation control systems
Authors: Linsbauer Lukas , Berger Thorsten , Grünbacher Paul
Published: December 2017

Version control systems are an integral part of today's software and systems development processes. They facilitate the management of revisions (sequential versions) and variants (concurrent versions) of a system under development and enable collaboration between developers. Revisions are commonly maintained either per file or for the whole system. Variants are supported via branching or forking mechanisms that conceptually clone the whole system under development. It is known that such cloning practices come with disadvantages. In fact, while short-lived branches for isolated development of new functionality (a.k.a. feature branches) are well supported, dealing with long-term and fine-grained system variants currently requires employing additional mechanisms, such as preprocessors, build systems or custom configuration tools. Interestingly, the literature describes a number of variation control systems, which provide a richer set of capabilities for handling fine-grained system variants compared to the version control systems widely used today. In this paper we present a classification and comparison of selected variation control systems to get an understanding of their capabilities and the advantages they can offer. We discuss problems of variation control systems, which may explain their comparably low popularity. We also propose research activities we regard as important to change this situation.
A Haskell compiler for signal transforms
Authors: Mainland Geoffrey , Johnson Jeremy
Published: December 2017

Building a reusable, auto-tuning code generator from scratch is a challenging problem, requiring many careful design choices. We describe HSpiral, a Haskell compiler for signal transforms that builds on the foundational work of Spiral. Our design leverages many Haskell language features to ensure that our framework is reusable, flexible, and efficient. As well as describing the design of our system, we show how to extend it to support new classes of transforms, including the number-theoretic transform and a variant of the split-radix algorithm that results in reduced operation counts. We also show how to incorporate rewrite rules into our system to reproduce results from previous literature on code generation for the fast Fourier transform.

Although the Spiral project demonstrated significant advances in automatic code generation, it has not been widely used by other researchers. HSpiral is freely available under an MIT-style license, and we are actively working to turn it into a tool to further both our own research goals and to serve as a foundation for other research groups' work in developing new implementations of signal transform algorithms.
Parser generation by example for legacy pattern languages
Authors: Zaytsev Vadim
Published: December 2017

Most modern software languages enjoy relatively free and relaxed concrete syntax, with significant flexibility of formatting of the program/model/sheet text. Yet, in the dark legacy corners of software engineering there are still languages with a strict fixed column-based structure — the compromises of times long gone, attempting to combine some human readability with some ease of machine processing. In this paper, we consider an industrial case study for retirement of a legacy domain-specific language, completed under extreme circumstances: absolute lack of documentation, varying line structure, hierarchical blocks within one file, scalability demands for millions of lines of code, performance demands for manipulating tens of thousands multi-megabyte files, etc. However, the regularity of the language allowed to infer its structure from the available examples, automatically, and produce highly efficient parsers for it.