bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil phosphorus content determined by Mehlich 3 and modified Mehlich 3 methods
Authors: Tonutare Tonu , Tõnutare Tõnis , Kõlli Raimo , Krebstein Kadri , Vennik Kersti
Published: February 2023

During the last century multiple methods have been developed for the determination of the amount of plant available nutrient elements in the soil. One of the critical nutrient elements in soil is phosphorus. Most of the phosphorus exists in soil in the form of insoluble inorganic and organic compounds. Therefore the amount of plant available P is limited as soluble P. The goal in the development of methods is to find an extraction solution, which can extract the nutrients from soil in a similar amount as plant roots. Due to large variations in soil properties and plants abilities it is a very complicated task. Several methods for determination of plant available P in soils are P specific (Bray P1, Olsen, CAL). Many methods are developed using the same extractant for two (DL, Joret-Hebert) and three (AL, AAC-EDTA) element extraction simultaneously. To minimize the time of analysis and laboratory costs the focus of the research is directed to the development of multielement methods, which is usable for macro and micro nutrients analysis from the same extract.One widely used multielement method is Mehlich 3, developed in 1983. This method is useful for determination of macro elements (P, K, Ca, Mg) and microelements (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, B) in soil. As used extractant (0,2M CH3COOH, 0,25M NH4NO3, 0,015M NH4F, 0,013M HNO3, 0,001M EDTA) consists of nitrate (NO3-) ions, this method can not be  used to determine nitrate in soil. The modified multielement method was proposed by Yanai et al. in 2000, where the composition of the extraction solution is: 0,2M CH3COOH, 0,25M NH4Cl, 0,005M citric acid, and 0,05M HCl. As there are no nitrate ions in the composition of the solution, it could be used beside macro and micro nutrient elements also for nitrate content determination in soils. In our research soil sample sets with different pH, texture and carbon content were analyzed by Mehlich 3 and modified Mehlich 3 method. Correlations of analyzed P contents between methods and impact of soil properties to the correlations were investigated. 
Recent hiatus of Tibetan Plateau vegetation greening and the consequence impact on climate
Authors: Lu Yaqiong , Yang Yan , Wang Lihuan , Liu Jiafeng
Published: February 2023

The remote sensing products showed significant vegetation greening during 1980-2010 under the “warm-humid” climate changes over the Tibetan Plateau. Several previous studies showed such significant increasing of vegetation NDVI  and LAI resulted an overall cooling effects on climate over the Tibetan Plateau. Our field survey in 2008 and 2018 at 36 alpine grassland sites showed that aboveground biomass increased for legumes and forbs, but decreased for grasses and sedges, resulting in no overall change in the aboveground biomass during the 10-year period. Such hiatus of Tibetan Plateau vegetation greening was also found in three remote sensing products (GLASS, Globmap, GIMMS). We run WRF4.0 model to quantify the recent vegetation impact on climate during 2008-2018 and found the recent hiatus of Tibetan Plateau vegetation greening mainly showed warming effects due to the increasing of the daily minimum air temperature. Such warming effects also increased of the active layer depth and annual thawed fraction over the seasonal permafrost regions. Although the latent heat flux was also increased, the increasing water vapor showed insignificant impact on precipitation except on the cumulus precipitation in Fall.
Deciphering Faint Gyrosynchrotron Emission from Coronal Mass Ejection using Spectro-polarimetric Radio Imaging
Authors: Kansabanik Devojyoti , Mondal Surajit , Oberoi Divya
Published: February 2023

Measurements of the plasma parameters of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), particularly the magnetic field and non-thermal electron population entrained in the CME plasma, are crucial to understand their propagation, evolution, and geo-effectiveness. Spectral modeling of gyrosynchrotron (GS) emission from CME plasma has been regarded as  one of the most promising methods to estimate spatially resolved CME plasma parameters remotely. The very low flux density of CME GS emission, however, makes this rather  challenging. This challenge has recently been overcome using the high dynamic range imaging capability of the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). Although the detection of GS is now possible routinely, the large number of free parameters of the GS models and some degeneracies between the values of these parameters make it hard to estimate all of them from the observed spectrum alone. These degeneracies can be broken using polarimetric imaging. In this work, we demonstrate this using our newly developed capability of robust polarimetric imaging on the data from the MWA. Very interestingly, we find that spectro-polarimetric imaging not only breaks the degeneracies but also provides tighter constraints on a larger number of plasma parameters than possible with total intensity spectroscopic imaging alone. 
Present-day distribution of tropospheric ozone and precursors in the tropics
Authors: Sauvage Bastien , Gaudel Audrey , Fadnavis Suvarna , Tsivlidou Maria , Saxena Pallavi , Barret Brice , Li Meng , Singh Bhupendra Bahadur , Masiwal Renu , Sonwani Saurabh , Im Ulas , Cohen Yann , Singh Saumya , Hubert Daan , Keppens Arno , Lambert Jean-Christopher , Wespes Catherine , Petropavlovskikh Irina , Gerosa Giacomo , Worden Helen ,   List of co-authors
Published: February 2023

As part of the Ozone and Precursors in the Tropics (OPT) working group of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report Phase 2 (TOAR-II), we present the first results on the distribution of tropospheric ozone (O3) and its precursors (carbon monoxide, CO; formaldehyde, HCHO; nitrogen dioxide, NO2) in the tropics over the past 20-25 years. The goal is to give an overview of the seasonal, geographical and vertical variabilities of tropical tropospheric O3 and its precursors. To do so, we use in situ measurements of O3 and its precursors from surface sites, sounding balloons (SHADOZ) and instrumented aircraft (IAGOS and ATOM), as well as ground-based (FTIR) and spatial (IASI, OMI, GOME-2) remote-sensed observations. The observations are averaged monthly over the longest available time-period as well as over the first five years of the time period. The results for these two time periods give the context to interpret distributions and variabilities of O3 and its precursors over the most recent five years as we call it “Present-day”.  Special emphasis is given to the differences of O3 and its precursors’ distributions between remote and polluted regions and to the relationships between the gaseous species. Model output will be included to fill gaps in space and time when necessary to help the interpretation of the analysis based on observations.From IAGOS measurements, the highest O3 and CO maxima occur in the lower troposphere of Northern Hemisphere Africa, which remains the most influenced by biomass burning. CO maxima are attributed using SOFT-IO model to anthropogenic emissions by 60%. Second maxima are observed in the lower troposphere of Asia, mostly due to anthropogenic emissions. The highest amount of transported CO in the tropics originates from Africa.
Evolution of Compound Hydro-Climatological Extremes (Droughts and Heatwaves) over India
Authors: Bhattacharjee Debankana , Dhanya Chandrika Thulaseedharan
Published: February 2023

Extreme hydro-climatological events like floods, droughts, heat waves, cold waves, etc. have become more frequent worldwide, in recent decades. While these extremes severely harm not only a specific society but the entire ecosystem with long-lasting impacts, their simultaneous occurrence may cause even worse harm on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. This thereby necessitates an extended investigation of the ‘Compound events’. Past literature has explored the compound impacts of precipitation and temperature extremes, across the world. In this study, we examine the incidence of droughts and heat waves, individually, as well as their combined effects, by incorporating the possible effect of changes in precipitation spells on drought episodes, i.e., by deploying the recently developed drought index, Standardized Net Precipitation Drought Index (SNEPI).  Heat waves are accounted as instances where the temperature exceeds a threshold (say, 45°C) for longer than three, or six days. We conducted this analysis over the Indian sub-continent, and “Compound Drought-Heatwave” clusters are identified from the individual extreme event clusters. The spatiotemporal extent of the individual and compound occurrences and their temporal evolution are then quantified, along with the regional characteristics. The climatically driest years show an intensified compound impact over Peninsular India (especially over Southern India), presumably as a result of double-digit deficits in the monsoon brought on by La Niña conditions. The findings highlight the rapid transition of severe compound events to extreme ones in certain climatic zones. Furthermore, the significance of the intensity of the compound extremes within the clusters is addressed. This study helps bring valuable insights into the nature of the relationship between the variables involved in compound event occurrences.
Recurrent droughts increase risk of cascading tipping events by outpacing adaptive capacities in the Amazon rainforest
Authors: Wunderling Nico , Staal Arie , Wolf Frederik , Sakschewski Boris , Hirota Marina , Tuinenburg Obbe A. , Donges Jonathan F. , Barbosa Henrique M.J. , Winkelmann Ricarda
Published: February 2023

Since the foundational paper by Lenton et al. (2008, PNAS), tipping elements in the climate system have attracted great attention within the scientific community and beyond. One of the most important tipping elements is the Amazon rainforest. Under ongoing global warming, it is suspected that extreme droughts such as those in 2005 and 2010 occur significantly more often, up to nine out of ten years from the mid to late 21st century onwards (e.g. Cox et al., 2008, Nature; Cook et al., 2020, Earth’s Future).In this work, we quantify how climates ranging from normal rainfall conditions to extreme droughts may generate cascading tipping events through the coupled forest-climate system. For that purpose, we make use of methods from nonlinear dynamical systems theory and complex networks to create a conceptual model of the Amazon rainforest, which is dependent on itself through atmospheric moisture recycling.We reveal that, even when the rainforest is adapted to past local conditions of rainfall and evaporation, parts of the rainforest may still tip when droughts intensify. We uncover that forest-induced moisture recycling exacerbates tipping events by causing tipping cascades that make up to one-third (mean+-s.d. = 35.9+-4.9%) of all tipping events. Our results imply that if the speed of climate change might exceed the adaptation capacity of the forest, knock-on effects through moisture recycling impede further adaptation to climate change.Further, we use a network analysis method to compare the four main terrestrial moisture recycling hubs: the Amazon Basin, the Congo Rainforest, South Asia and the Indonesian Archipelago. By evaluating so-called network motifs, i.e. local-scale network structures, we quantify the fundamentally different functioning of these regions. Our results indicate that the moisture recycling streams in the Amazon Basin are more vulnerable to disturbances than in the three other main moisture recycling hubs.
Forecasting Strong Subsequent Earthquakes in Greece Using NESTORE Machine Learning Algorithm
Authors: Gentili Stefania , Anyfadi Eleni-Apostolia , Brondi Piero , Vallianatos Filippos
Published: February 2023

It is widely known that large earthquakes are followed by aftershocks that can affect numerous facilities in a city and worsen the damage already suffered by vulnerable structures. In this study, we apply NESTORE machine learning algorithm to Greek seismicity to forecast the occurrence of a strong earthquake after a mainshock. The method is based on extracting features used for machine learning and analyzing them at increasing time intervals from the mainshock, to show the evolution of knowledge over time. The features describe the characteristics of seismicity during a cluster. NESTORE classifies clusters into two classes, type A or type B, depending on the magnitude of the strongest aftershock. To define a cluster, a window-based technique was applied, using Uhrhammer's (1986) law. We used the AUTH earthquake catalogue between 1995 and 2022 over a large area of Greece to analyze a sufficiently large number of clusters. The good overall performance of NESTORE in Greece evidenced the algorithm's ability to automatically adapt to the area under study. The best performance was obtained for a time interval of 6 hours after the main earthquake, which makes the method particularly attractive for application in the field of early warning, as it allows estimating the probability of a future hazardous earthquake occurring after a strong initial event. Funded by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation and Co-funded by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union (EU).
Seasonal changes on tidal-induced noise on long-term OBS deployment
Authors: Loureiro Afonso , Corela Carlos , Tsekhmistrenko Maria , Miranda Miguel , Ferreira Ana ,   UPFLOW Team
Published: February 2023

Currently, Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) have sensors comparable to those used on land stations. However, they are exposed to very different conditions that degrade the recordings. One major issue is being directly exposed to global and tidal oceanic currents that, depending on the water velocity flowing around the instrument, can excite parts of the frame or produce drag and lift effects due to vortex shedding. Any of these conditions is detrimental for signal integrity, either from variations of the instrument-to-ground coupling or by introducing unwanted energy that is unrelated with the seismic events the experiment is aimed at.The UPFLOW project is aimed at understanding mid-plate, deep upward flow that cannot be explained by plate tectonics, but is critical for continental growth, for returning volatiles to the atmosphere and for producing Earth’s largest melting events. For this reason, 50 OBS of different types were deployed for a year in the North Atlantic Ocean, including several prototypes aimed at reducing the tidal-induced noise generated by water flowing around the instrument's frame.In this work, we show the seasonal variation of the tidal-induced noise on different instrument types across the Madeira and Seine abyssal plains of the North Atlantic Ocean during neap and spring tides between July 2021 and July 2022. In some instances, where harmonics are detected, individual frame components of the OBS can be identified as a major contributor, paving way to finding mitigation solutions on future deployments.This work was funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) I.P./MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC) – UIDB/50019/2020.
Two-dimensional phase unwrapping algorithm aided high-precision source positioning with DAS
Authors: Sun Jianhui , Wang Yuyao , Zhang Jialei , Wan Anchi , Zhang Shibo , Ye Zhenyu , Liu Fulie , Zhang Gulan , Wang Zinan
Published: February 2023

Seismic monitoring requires high temporal-spatial resolution and low deployment cost. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), as an emerging sensing technology for recording seismic data in recent years, can leverage communication cables for seismic monitoring, providing strong support for more intensive and real-time observation of geological activity. However, the traditional DAS phase unwrapping algorithms (PUAs) derived from Itoh requires the phase difference of adjacent pixels to be less than π, and thus make mistakes in the case of severe noise or large disturbance. In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, two-dimensional (2D) PUA is used to obtain seismograms in DAS for the first time. Satisfactory phase unwrapping is achieved by the 2D PUA method based on the transport of intensity equation (TIE), due to its robustness and noise immunity. Dynamic strain measurements in 80 m straight fiber-optic cable using homemade high-performance DAS, combined with TIE-based 2D PUA produce high-quality seismograms. Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) Algorithm is applied based on the sensing signal of reliable channels in the seismograms, realizing the high-precision localization of the source. 2D PUAs apply to all phase-demodulation-based sensing techniques and are suitable for recovering spatially correlated objects such as seismic waves, thus having great potential in the field of seismic monitoring.
The African greenhouse gases budget: flux trends and uncertainties for the 2009-2019 period
Authors: Ernst Yolandi , Archibald Sally ,   RECCAP2 Africa team
Published: February 2023

Africa contributes significantly to the global greenhouse gases (GHG) budget through extensive land use change that is driven by rapid population growth and low human development status. As part of the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Phase 2 (RECCAP2) project, we developed a comprehensive GHG budget for the period 2009-2019 for Africa. We considered bottom-up process-based models, data-driven remotely sensed products, and national greenhouse gas inventories in comparison with top-down atmospheric inversions, accounting also for lateral fluxes. We incorporated emission estimates derived from novel methodologies for termites, herbivores, and fire, which are of particular importance in Africa. We further constrained global biomass change products with high-quality local observation data. During the RECCAP2 period, Africa remains a net sink for carbon. Emissions from land cover change represents the largest contribution to the African budget. However, land cover change emissions in the drier savanna regions were largely offset by increased vegetation growth in the wet tropics. Additionally, fire emissions decreased as suggested by strong reductions in burned area. Burning of fuelwood has however increased. As expected, an upward trend in anthropogenic fossil fuel emissions was evident, ascribed to an increasing demand for energy by a growing and developing population. For all the component fluxes, uncertainty and interannual variability is large, which highlights the need for increased efforts to address Africa-specific data gaps. However, for RECCAP2, we have improved our overall understanding of many of the important components of the African GHG budget that will help to inform climate policy and action.
A modified embedded beam element to improve the modelling of root–soil interfacial behaviour
Authors: Zhu Jun , Leung Anthony Kwan
Published: February 2023

Abstract: Vegetation improves slope stability through mechanical root reinforcement and root anchorage. As shallow soil slides, plant roots extending beneath a potential shear band would be subjected to either bending or tension, depending on the root orientation with respect to the direction of shearing. The roots thus provide anchorage to stabilise the soil by mobilising the root–soil interfacial properties and the root tensile or/and bending strength until the roots are broken (i.e. breakage failure) or pulled out from the soil (i.e. pull-out failure). Modelling such a complex root–soil interaction mechanism is challenging. In existing modelling techniques of root–soil interaction, the mechanical behaviour of plant roots has been modelled by solid element or embedded beam element (EBE). The former is computationally expensive (thus being rarely and hardly used to model complex root architecture systems with multi-order root components), whereas the latter assumes unrealistic rigid root–soil bonding and thus is unable to capture the root pull–out failure mode (thus typically overestimating the root reinforcement). In this study, a newly modified EBE was derived by incorporating the effects of interfacial shearing and virtually permitting roots to be failed by the pull-out mode, in addition to breakage. The performance of the modified EBE was validated against three selected case studies, and the validated model was then used for subsequent parametric analysis on the effects of root morphology on the uprooting behaviour. Our simulation results show that the root systems whose morphology and branching pattern could gain more interfacial shear resistance (e.g., oblique second-order laterals in contrast to the horizontal case) and mobilise more root internal stresses (e.g., deeper branching point between first- and second-order roots) had higher uprooting resistance. Horizontal laterals mainly mobilised their bending strength to resist the uplift, but the oblique ones mobilised more tensile strength as their orientation was more aligned with the direction of the uplift.
Atmosphere and ionosphere coupling during sudden stratospheric warming events
Authors: Gong Yun
Published: February 2023

A sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) is a large-scale meteorological event in the winter polar middle atmosphere which is characterized by an increase in stratospheric temperature by several tens of degrees. The event is thought to be generated by interactions between planetary waves propagating upward from the troposphere and the zonal mean flow. Using data obtained from dual-beam incoherent scatter radar at Arecibo Observatory (18.3°N, 66.7°W), meteor radars located at Mohe (52.5°N, 122.3°E), Beijing (40.3°N, 116.2°E), Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.6°E) and Sanya (18.3°N, 109.6°E), and Aura satellite, this report presents an extensive analysis of the characteristics of atmospheric waves in the mesosphere and thermosphere and ionospheric parameters during SSWs. Our study indicates that the variation of planetary waves and atmospheric tides in the mesosphere and thermosphere could be dramatically affected by SSWs. The influenced atmospheric waves could further affect the ionosphere, which results in severe collapses of the F-layer peak height and a rapid increase of the ion temperature at the F-region.  
Influence of gross primary production in energy partitioning in three different forest ecosystems based on Eddy Covariance time series analysis
Authors: Cicuéndez Victor , Litago Javier , Sánchez-Girón Victor , Román-Cascón Carlos , Recuero Laura , Saénz César , Yagüe Carlos , Palacios-Orueta Alicia
Published: February 2023

Ecosystems plays a key role on the interaction between the land surface and the atmospheric processes being responsible for strong feedback processes that affect the climate by modifying the relative contribution of the latent and sensible heat to the total energy of the atmospheric air, i.e., the energy partitioning processes. The mechanisms and consequences of this feedback are uncertain and must be studied to evaluate their influence on global climate change.In this study, our overall objective was to assess the Gross Primary Production (GPP) dynamics and the energy partitioning patterns in three different European forest ecosystems through time series analysis of eddy covariance data. The three contrasted forest types in terms of functioning and climate were an Evergreen Needleleaf Forest in Finland (ENF_FI), a Deciduous Broadleaf Forest in Denmark (DBF_DK), and a Mediterranean Savanna Forest in Spain (SAV_SP). In each site there was and eddy covariance flux tower from which meteorological data, carbon and energy fluxes were analyzed. Firstly, a univariable time series analysis of all variables was made by means of the Buys-Ballot tables, i.e., average year, to study the intra-annual dynamics and then, through the use of the autocorrelation function the interannual dynamics were assessed.  Finally, causality of GPP and energy fluxes was studied with Granger causality tests.Results show that temperature and solar radiation were the main limiting factors in the Northern ecosystems while water availability was determinant for growth in the Mediterranean ecosystem. The autocorrelation function showed that GPP and the meteorological variables in the SAV_SP were more irregular and show lower memory at the long term than at the short one. In addition, this ecosystem presented higher radiation and a larger amount of H+LE, showing the highest Bowen ratio and a lower primary production efficiency in terms of total energy (GPP/(H+LE)). On the contrary, both northern ecosystems showed similar production efficiencies in terms of total energy. However, the DBF_DK showed lower Bowen ratio related to a larger amount of latent heat in relation to sensible heat in associated to the larger plant activity in this forest. Finally, the Granger causality tests showed that the vegetation feedback to the atmosphere was more noticeable in the ENF_FI and the DBF_DK at the short term, influencing latent and sensible heat fluxes.In conclusion, the impact of the vegetation on the atmosphere influences the energy partitioning in a different way depending on the vegetation type, which makes essential the study of the vegetation dynamics at the local scale to parameterize with more detail these processes and build improved global models.
Relevance of inherent snow property variability for the large-scale Antarctic sea ice mass budget
Authors: Arndt Stefanie , Nicolaus Marcel , Haas Christian
Published: February 2023

Snow on sea ice alters the properties of the underlying ice cover as well as associated exchange processes at the interfaces between atmosphere, sea ice, and ocean. As Antarctic snow cover persists during most of the year, it contributes significantly to the sea ice mass and energy budgets due to comprehensive physical (seasonal) transition processes within the snowpack. However, field studies reveal not only a strong seasonality but also spatial variations from local to regional scales.

We therefore present here a comprehensive compilation of in-situ observations of physical snowpack properties obtained during numerous expeditions in the Weddell Sea since the 1990s, covering all seasons.

Preliminary seasonal comparisons in the perennial ice of the northwestern Weddell Sea show high mean bulk densities up to 350 kg m-3 associated with high proportions of compacted wind slab and melt-freeze clusters in the lower snowpack in late summer and autumn. In contrast, high proportions of depth hoar crystals result in lower bulk densities below 300 kg m-3 in winter. On seasonal sea ice, however, mean bulk densities exceeding 400 kg m-3 were observed in summer due to high slush fractions that freeze to snow ice in late summer, reducing the bulk snow density back to values below 300 kg m-3.

These regional and seasonal differences of the snow bulk density determine its effective heat conductivity in a non-linear relation. This ability of the snow to insulate the underlying Antarctic sea ice cover governs the thermodynamic ice growth. However, this unappreciated variability in snowpack properties results in significant uncertainties. Hence, large-scale data products from both satellites and numerical sea ice models can only inadequately represent sea ice mass budgets.
Estimating national indoor radon exposure at a high spatial resolution – improvements by a machine learning based probabilistic approach
Authors: Petermann Eric , Bossew Peter , Suhr Nils , Hoffmann Bernd
Published: February 2023

Accurate knowledge of indoor radon exposure is vital information for assessing radon-induced health effects, identifying radon prone areas or estimating the number of people affected by the exceedance of a specific radon concentration in a given area.Large-scale measurement campaigns are usually the tool of choice for determining regional or national indoor radon exposure. These campaigns need to be representative in terms of all relevant factors governing indoor radon exposure (e.g., geogenic radon availability, distribution of people across floor levels, building types) for providing an unbiased estimate. In practice, creating a fully representative sample of the population is hardly achievable due to the multitude of relevant factors which cannot be fully controlled by sampling design. Further, estimating indoor radon exposure at a high spatial resolution (district or municipality scale) requires a large number of measurements which increases the financial and logistic effort dramatically. Therefore, predictive models are widely applied as a complementary tool for exposure assessment by utilizing available information on the relevant variables that determine indoor radon. However, these models are usually only able to explain a certain amount of the observed variability due to the absence of some relevant information (building-specific data on air tightness, ventilation rates etc.). As a consequence, model-based assessments tend to underestimate the true variability of indoor radon. In this study, we present a probabilistic approach that overcomes this shortcoming and intends to give a more realistic estimate of the true indoor radon distribution at several spatial resolutions. Our approach consists of the following steps:1) fitting a random forest model utilizing 12 predictors to ~14,000 full-year indoor radon measurements in residential buildings in Germany;2) predicting a range of quantiles of the expected indoor radon distribution for each floor level of each German residential building;3) fitting a lognormal distribution to the estimated quantile data to approximate the building and floor level specific probability density function (PDF);4) random sampling from this PDF with a sample size proportional to the population distribution;5) aggregating results on several spatial scales. The benefits of this approach are 1) to allow an accurate exposure assessment even if surveys were not fully representative concerning the main controlling factors by utilizing high-resolution information on the spatial distribution of these factors via predictive models. 2) with a given amount of measurements, exposure distribution can be estimated at a much higher spatial resolution compared to basic aggregate statistics.  
July 18th 2021: The Day with Extreme Rain and Extreme Flow in HOAL Catchment. Modelling with HEC-HMS
Authors: Krammer Carmen , Rab Gerhard , Brunner Thomas
Published: February 2023

The Seitengraben river is situated in the Erlauf basin, a tributary to the Danube. Since 2010 it is object to intensive studies by HOAL (Hydrologic Open-Air Laboratory). Its catchment area is 65.8 ha. In the time period 1990-2021, the mean annual precipitation is 819 mm, the evaporation 633 mm and the annual average temperature is 9.3°C.

The extreme precipitation event from July 18th 2021 also produced an extreme direct flow, showing the limits of the existing measuring devices. The limited height of the H-flume cut the peaks of the flood waves. The flood waves at the catchment outlet (MW) were also influenced by the backwater from the retention reservoir situated downstream of the outlet, which was completely full for the first time since its construction in 2004.

The 100 years design precipitation for this region is 130 mm in 24 hours (according to ÖKOSTRA).

Our goal was to estimate the complete flow hydrograph at the catchment outlet, and for this, we chose the model HEC-HMS 4.10 (Hydrological Modeling System, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers).

In order to complete the computation task, all measured data were used (weather station, measured flow from all stations, soil moisture sensors, survey cameras). The model HEC-HMS was fed with detailed information such as digital elevation model, soil type and texture, soil physics, soil moisture, land use and vegetation cover and rainfall.

The model parameters were calibrated using the event from August 16th 2021, when 35 mm of rain produced 2.3 mm direct flow volume at the catchment’s outlet. Direct flow volume into the same section, computed by the HEC-HMS, is 2.6 mm. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient NSE is 0.94 and R2 =0.95, percent bias is 8% and RMSE Std. Dev. is 0.256. The calibrated model was used for the July 18th, 2021, event modelling.

On July 18th convective precipitation occurred dispersed over 18 hours in 7 nuclei with the maximum intensity of 30 mm/hour and an average intensity of 15 mm/hour. From 152 mm of total rainfall, 64.3 mm were held back by vegetation, soil surface retention and soil infiltration.

Due to several influences and disturbances of the measuring device, we did not get a complete hydrograph of the whole event with its multiple waves. So, part of the computed flood hydrograph cannot be compared with observations.
Gender inequalities in groundwater access and use: a case from SE Brazil
Authors: Zambelli Azevedo Bárbara , Maciel de Carvalho Ana , Barcelos Barbosa Marcela , Barcellos Jessica , Nogueira Bittar de Castilho Barbosa Isabella , Alves Marinho Gabriela , Gontijo Palles Izabella , Couto Juliana , Morgado Maria Clara
Published: February 2023

Groundwater is the most extracted natural resource from the Brazilian subsoil. Although being a water-rich country holding the largest freshwater reserve (13%) on the planet, still more than 35 million Brazilians lack access to drinking water due to its unequal spatial distribution and access. Over half of Brazilian municipalities depend on groundwater totally or partially for their public water supply, being especially important in towns with up to 50 thousand inhabitants. There is still great potential for groundwater development in almost all regions. In addition, it is known that water insecurity falls more strongly women and girls, since they are responsible for the social reproduction of life, unpaid work that relies heavily on water as household duties and care work, deepening gender gaps. This research seeks a better understanding of gender inequalities in groundwater access and uses in Southeastern Brazil since a safe water supply is crucial for inequalities reduction. Therefore, an online questionnaire consisting of 24 questions was elaborated and applied to 316 households in three cities in Southeastern Brazil: Diamantina and Ouro Preto (Minas Gerais State), and Macaé (Rio de Janeiro State). This questionnaire addressed issues such as the socioeconomic profile of the inhabitants, water availability and use, gender differences in the division of domestic labour, where the water used comes from, the percentage of groundwater use, and the end-users knowledge about groundwater. The survey results show that 71% of the occurrences of water shortage and 78% of the reports about its bad quality (colour and odour) come from women. Also, women are the main ones responsible for performing domestic chores (80%) and also for solving the problem when water is missing (58%). Furthermore, about 26% of the interviewees could not say the origin of the water used, while among those who could, about 13% were supplied by groundwater. The spatial analysis of the data points to other socioeconomic issues: the high levels of water insecurity are associated with areas with a higher concentration of black and low-income populations. These results have the potential to encourage groundwater research and development, focusing on the inclusion of marginalized groups - especially impoverished black women and girls. It also brings to the light the need for policies to reduce inequalities, focusing on water security, that foster more effective participation of women ensuring them better opportunities.
Spatial and temporal variance of microplastics in agricultural soils 
Authors: Weber Collin J. , Bastijans Jan-Eric , Heller Christian
Published: February 2023

Microplastics (MPs) as polymeric environmental pollutants have been detected worldwide within arable soils. As agricultural practice poses direct input pathways for plastics to soils and carry the risk of endangering important soil functions, soils microplastic community has developed a strong focus on the investigation on MPs within arable land. However, data on large scale spatial as well as temporal MP occurrence in agricultural soils is still lacking.

One possible way to access both, spatial and temporal variance of MPs in agricultural soils is the analysis of reserve samples from permanent soil observation (PSO) monitoring programmes. Based on the example of the PSO programme within the federal state of Hesse (Germany) we have analysed microplastics (300–5000 µm) from topsoil samples of 16 PSO locations sampled in 2003/2004 and 2014/2019. The PSO locations include 12 croplands, three grasslands and one forest soil as a control site across the federal state and its major soilscapes with typical soil formations. We used a MP extraction protocol based on density separation, Nile Red staining and fluorescent analysis coupled with a polymer analysis via ATR-FTIR. Own spiking experiments for common polymers yielded recovery rates of 100% for large MPs (>1000 µm) and 92% for MPs above our lower detection limit of 300 µm.

We found MP concentrations of 34.80±23.37 p kg-1 with increasing concentrations by decreasing particle sizes. Overall, MPs occurred dominantly as films, followed by fragments and filaments made of PEs, synthetic rubbers or EPDMs, followed by common thermoplastic polymers. With regard to land use and soil management practice, MP concentrations were significant higher in grassland soils than cropland soils, while particle sizes and polymeric composition stay consistent. Surprisingly, we found the highest MP concentration of 65.22 p kg-1 within mineral forest topsoils of a remote low mountain area. A clear temporal trend, like the MP concentration increase over time, was not detectable. Moreover, we found high temporal variances depending on PSO locations. However, MP concentrations are significant higher at PSO locations in short distances to urban areas, indicating the role of land use intensity and potential littering as MP sources.

Our findings enable a discussion on large scale plastic input pathways and their temporal variance. Furthermore, different questions about spatial contaminant patterns and the long-term behaviour of plastics in soils have been raised, that should be discussed within our contribution.
Investigating the acceleration efficiency of VLF and ULF waves on different electron populations in the outer radiation belt through multi-point observations and modeling
Authors: Nasi Afroditi , Katsavrias Christos , Aminalragia-Giamini Sigiava , Dahmen Nour , Brunet Antoine , Papadimitriou Constantinos , Sandberg Ingmar , Bourdarie Sébastien , Pierrard Viviane , Botek Edith , Darrouzet Fabien , Santolik Ondrej , Grison Benjamin , Kolmasova Ivana , Pisa David , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Li Wen , Evans Hugh , Daglis Ioannis A. ,   Arase Team
Published: February 2023

During the second half of 2019, the Earth’s magnetosphere was impacted by a sequence of Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) during four consecutive solar rotations. Based on the solar wind properties, the CIRs can be divided in four groups, with the 3rd group, which arrived on August-September 2019, resulting in significant multi-MeV electron enhancements, up to ultra-relativistic energies of 9.9 MeV.Each CIR group has a different effect on the outer radiation belt electron populations; we investigate them by exploiting combined measurements from the Van Allen Probes, THEMIS, and Arase satellites. We produce Phase Space Density (PSD) radial profiles and inspect their dependence on the values of the first and second adiabatic invariants (μ,K), ranging from seed to ultra-relativistic electrons and from near-equatorial to off equatorial mirroring populations, respectively.Focusing on the 3rd CIR group, and in order to assess the relative contribution of radial diffusion and gyro-resonant acceleration, we perform numerical simulations of the radiation belt environment, combining several relevant models: EMERALD (NKUA), GEO model (NKUA), Salammbô (ONERA), VLF model (IAP), Plasmaspheric model (BIRA-IASB), FARWEST (ONERA). We further compare the temporal evolution of the simulated electron PSD with the above observations.This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870437 for the SafeSpace project.
Impacts of anthropogenic water regulation on global riverine dissolved organic carbon transport
Authors: You Yanbin , Xie Zhenghui , Jia Binghao , Wang Yan , Wang Longhuan , Li Ruichao , Yan Heng , Tian Yuhang , Chen Si
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Anthropogenic water regulation activities, including reservoir interception, surface water withdrawal, and groundwater extraction, alter riverine hydrologic processes and affect dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export from land to rivers and oceans. In this study, schemes describing soil DOC leaching, riverine DOC transport, and anthropogenic water regulation were developed and incorporated into the Community Land Model 5.0 (CLM 5.0) and the River Transport Model (RTM). Three simulations by the developed model were conducted on a global scale from 1981 to 2013 to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic water regulation on riverine DOC transport. The validation results showed that DOC exports simulated by the developed model were in good agreement with global river observations. The simulations showed that DOC transport in most rivers was mainly influenced by reservoir interception and surface water withdrawal, especially in central North America and eastern China. Four major rivers, including the Danube, Yangtze, Mississippi, and Ganges Rivers, have experienced reduced riverine DOC flows due to intense water management, with the largest effect occurring in winter and early spring. In the Danube and Yangtze River basins, the impact in 2013 was four to five times greater than in 1981, with a retention efficiency of over 50 %. The Ob River basin was almost unaffected. The total impact of anthropogenic water regulation reduced global annual riverine DOC exports to the ocean by approximately 13.36 Tg C yr−1, and this effect increased from 4.83 % to 6.20 % during 1981–2013, particularly in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
Assessing long-term tephra fallout hazard in Southern Italy from Neapolitan volcanoes
Authors: Massaro Silvia , Stocchi Manuel , Martínez Montesinos Beatriz , Sandri Laura , Selva Jacopo , Sulpizio Roberto , Giaccio Biagio , Moscatelli Massimiliano , Peronace Edoardo , Nocentini Marco , Isaia Roberto , Titos Luzón Manuel , Dellino Pierfrancesco , Naso Giuseppe , Costa Antonio
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Nowadays, tephra fallout hazard is based on coupling the physical modeling of the tephra dispersion processes with a probabilistic analysis that takes into account the natural variability of the volcanic phenomena in terms of eruption probability, eruption sizes, vent position and meteorological conditions. In this framework, we present a prototypal methodology to carry out a multi-volcano long-term tephra fallout hazard assessment in Southern Italy from the active Neapolitan volcanoes: Somma-Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, and Ischia. FALL3D model (v.8.0) has been used to run thousands of numerical simulations (1,500 per eruption size class), considering the ECMWF ERA5 meteorological dataset over the last 30 years. The output in terms of tephra ground load has been processed within a new workflow for large-scale, high-resolution volcanic hazard assessment, in order to quantify the mean annual frequency with which the tephra load at the ground exceeds given critical thresholds at a target site within a 50-years exposure time, and the relative epistemic uncertainty. This work provides, for the first time, a multi-volcano probabilistic hazard analysis for tephra fallout, fully comparable with those used for seismic phenomena and other natural disasters in which multiple sources are integrated together, and it accounts for potential changes in regimes of each single considered volcano. This allows us to discuss also how the full information can be traced back to provide specific information about the prevalence of different volcanoes and eruptive style in the different target areas, based on hazard disaggregation. The methodology is applicable to any other volcanic areas or over different exposure times.
Child-Rearing Practices and Anxiety of Parents of Children with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Johny Judin , Babu Jobi
Published: February 2023

This present paper deals with Child Rearing Practices and Anxieties of Parents of Children with Physical Disabilities. In comparison to previous societies, modern society’s child-rearing practices are vastly different. Physically challenged children are seen as a burden by many parents in today’s culture. Disabled children are not receiving proper care. In today’s world, parents are entrusting their impaired children’s care to institutions. They don’t have the time or knowledge to care for these kinds of children. the institutions found various abilities of the disabled children and gave adequate training to improve their various skills and help them to live in society without depending on anyone. The research’s key finding is that raising awareness and providing sufficient training to parents and children prepares them to meet any challenges posed by society. They have sufficient mental bravery and are capable of overcoming any obstacles. Parents should be made aware that disabled children are not a burden. They also have certain unique abilities. The current paper aims to serve as a foundation for the development of a variety of cultural and social abilities. Overall, it aids in the motivation of both the parent and the child.
A Study on the Socioeconomic Status of Senior Citizens in Chennai’s Urban Habitats
Authors: Kaviarasu John , Richard M. P. , Sahaya Melson Arokia
Published: February 2023

The world’s demographic situation reveals how rapidly the population of the elderly is ageing. Despite developed and emerging countries, the old population around the world is a worrying trend. According to a United Nations demographic estimate, there may be 1,171 million elderly people worldwide in 2025. Additionally, for the first time ever, the world’s elderly population will outnumber its young population. According to the 2011 Census of India, 5.5% of the country’s population would be 65 years of age or older, with a male population of 30, 831, 190 and a female population of 33, 998, 613. Although there are numerous disorders that affect the elderly, according to reports, their main issues are more psychological than physical. (a) To study the respondents’ demographic details (b) To examine the socio- economic status elders and document the support system of study subject. This study is based on actual data gathered from 150 respondents from six slums recognised by the TN Slum Clearance Board. A simple random sample technique and a descriptive study design were used. The universe of this study was formed by individuals above the age of 60. In addition to the interview schedule, non-participatory observations were used as a primary source. According to the report, the vast majority of the aged people experienced more physical and psychological issues. The elderly were treated as if they were a burden to their family members.