bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing Maternal Psychological Distress After the NICU Experience Through Journal Writing
Authors: Barry Leasha M. , Singer George H.S.
Published: February 2008

Parents of infants served in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) often experience extreme levels of stress that might be associated with elevated symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress. We examined the effect of a brief journal writing exercise on the depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms of mothers of NICU graduates using an experimental group-comparison design. Participants were 38 women who had an infant hospitalized in an NICU in the previous 2 to 14 months. Dependent measures were a measure of depression, the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1977) and a measure of posttraumatic stress, the Impact of Events Scale Revised (IES-R; Weiss, 1996). We found statistically significant differences between the treatment and control groups at posttest.
Postdischarge Service Use by Families of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduates
Authors: Tien Chia-Ling , Peterson Carla A. , Shelley Mack C.
Published: February 2008

This study examined patterns and predictors of service use by families of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) graduates, specifically premature infants. Different variables predicted the use of each individual service. Enabling variables (e.g., contacts originated in the NICU, services the follow-up clinic coordinated) and parents' perceptions of a child's problems (e.g., health concerns) were major predictors of service use in logistic regression models. No demographic characteristics (e.g., parental education levels, ethnicity) predicted service use.
DEC Recommended Practices: A Review of 9 Years of EIlECSE Research Literature
Authors: Smith Barbara J. , Strain Phillip S. , Snyder Patricia , Sandall Susan R. , McLean Mary E. , Ramsey Alison Broudy , Sumi W. Carl
Published: February 2008

Results are reported from an analysis of the research literature involving children with disabilities (age birth through 5), their families, personnel who serve them, and policies and systems change strategies related to the provision of services. The work reported in this article was part of a national effort by the Division for Early Childhood (DEC) of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) and several participating universities to develop a set of evidence-based recommended practices for the field. We reviewed research articles appearing in 48 peer-reviewed journals from 1990 to 1998. Analyses of the literature review database reveal trends in research methods used for studying particular topics and information about populations and settings studied during this time period.
Effects of Service Coordinator Variables on Individualized Family Service Plans
Authors: Jung Lee Ann , Baird Samera M.
Published: February 2008

This study investigated the effects of service coordinator variables on evidence of recommended practice in a sample of 120 Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSPs). Service coordinator variables were months of experience, college major, level of degree, first service delivery model practiced, and attendance at training. The IFSPs were rated on 12 indicators of recommended practice using the IFSP Rating Scale (Mc William & Jung, 2001). Service coordinators' months of experience and attendance in training had the strongest relationships with IFSP quality indicators. Results and implications for further research are discussed.
Using Self-Assessments in Early Intervention Training
Authors: Darling Sharon M. , Gallagher Peggy A.
Published: February 2008

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997) addresses the importance of training personnel in special education through the development and implementation of a Comprehensive System of Personnel Development (CSPD) for each state. States often use self-assessment by the learner as a means of assessing training priorities and evaluating the effectiveness of inservice initiatives for the CSPD. This article describes the implementation of a self-assessment process based on competencies and validated behavioral indicators used statewide in Georgia for personnel in early intervention. Investigators analyzed 3500 self-assessment forms completed during a 2-year period that covered five Part C content areas. Changes in self-assessments are described and the utility of self-assessments is discussed.
Developing a General Outcome Measure of Growth in Social Skills for Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Carta Judith J. , Greenwood Charles R. , Luze Gayle J. , Cline Gabriel , Kuntz Susan
Published: February 2008

Proficiency in social interaction with adults and peers is an important outcome in early childhood. The development of an experimental measure for assessing growth in social skills in children birth to 3 years is described. Based on the general outcome measurement (GOM) approach (e.g., Deno, 1997), the measure is intended for use by early intervention practitioners to identify children having difficulty acquiring social interaction skills and to monitor children's progress during the course of interventions. Results from a sample of 57 infants and toddlers demonstrated the feasibility of 1 of 14 possible measures, positive verbal social behavior (PVSB), in terms of its sensitivity to growth over time, psychometric properties, and practicality for use by early interventionists. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Functional Behavioral Assessment in Early Education Settings
Authors: Neilsen Shelley L. , Mcevoy Mary A.
Published: February 2008

Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is the process of identifying the events in the environment that consistently precede and follow challenging behavior. The use of FBA has increased significantly following the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1997, which mandated FBAs be conducted when children with disabilities demonstrate challenging behavior. The purposes of this paper are to review the research supporting FBA, describe the components of FBA, and discuss implications for early childhood special education.
Effects of Three Levels of Early Intervention Services on Children Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine
Authors: Claussen Angelika H. , Scott Keith G. , Mundy Peter C. , Katz Lynne F.
Published: February 2008

Cocaine use during pregnancy is a high-risk indicator for adverse developmental outcomes. Three levels of intervention (center, home, and primary care) were compared in a full service, birth to age 3, early intervention program serving children exposed to cocaine prenatally. Data were collected on 130 children from urban, predominantly poor, primarily minority families. At 36 months, statistically significant, moderate to large intervention effects were found for cognition, receptive and expressive language, and gross motor development. Small effects were observed for behavior problems, and no statistically significant effects were found for fine motor or prosocial skills. Center-based care was most effective for improving language. These findings provide support that the center- and home-based early intervention programs examined in this study had positive effects on children at risk due to prenatal cocaine exposure.
Teaching Mothers of Low Socioeconomic Status to Use Decontextualized Language During Storybook Reading
Authors: Morgan Lindee , Goldstein Howard
Published: February 2008

This study investigated the effects of teaching mothers of low socioeconomic status (SES) to use decontextualized language during storybook reading with their preschool-age children. A multiple baseline design across behaviors and participants evaluated the effects of the intervention for five dyads. Mothers' and children's use of decontextualized language and measures of dyadic interaction during storybook reading were examined. Mothers were able to learn decontextualized language strategies, and children's use of decontextualized language covaried with mothers' use of the strategies. Changes in the content of talk during storybook reading resulted in modest increases in dyadic interaction. An implication of this study is that caregivers of low SES can be taught to use the type of language that should help prepare their children for the language demands of the classroom.
Families' Resources and Accommodations: Toddlers with Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy, and Developmental Delay
Authors: Diamond Karen E. , Kontos Susan
Published: February 2008

Constructing and maintaining a supportable daily routine is an important task for families with young children, particularly when the child has a disability. In this study, we examined relationships between children's developmental needs, disability diagnosis, and families' resources and accommodations. Participants included families with infants or toddlers receiving early intervention services because of Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, or developmental delay. Results provide evidence that the numbers and types of families' accommodations reflect their child's developmental needs, the child's diagnosis, and family income. The usefulness of examining accommodations as one approach for understanding the ways in which families organize their lives when they have a child with a disability is discussed.
Development and Validation of Curriculum-Based Measures of Math Performance for Preschool Children
Authors: Vanderheyden Amanda M. , Broussard Carmen , Fabre Melanie , Stanley Jessica , Legendre Jaclyn , Creppell Raegan
Published: February 2008

Six curriculum-based measures of math performance were developed for use with 4-year-old preschool children. Measures included counting objects, selecting numbers, naming numbers, selecting shapes, counting, and visual discrimination. Technical properties of probe scores were assessed in two rural public preschool programs. Alternate forms, source, and item reliability of probe scores were assessed with approximately 50 children per probe. A randomly selected sample of 53 children participated in the validation phase of the study. Concurrent validity of probe scores was assessed with the Brigance Screens and the Test of Early Mathematics Ability. Four of the probes yielded reliable and meaningful estimates of early math skills. Additional research is needed to evaluate the degree to which the probes are sensitive to growth and useful within comprehensive curriculum-based assessment models.
Joint Attention and Early Intervention with Autism: A Conceptual Framework and Promising Approaches
Authors: Schertz Hannah H. , Odom Samuel L.
Published: February 2008

This article reviews research on the typical development of joint attention and challenges that infants and toddlers with autism experience in achieving this milestone. We define joint attention as coordinating attention to an event or object with another individual, sharing interest and social engagement, and showing an understanding that the partner is sharing the same focus. Conceptual frameworks for understanding joint attention are organized around three theoretical perspectives: cognitive-perceptual, language, and social-affective. Several intervention models are explored for their applicability to promoting joint attention in very young children. Finally, future research needs related to joint attention in early intervention are described.
Reliability and Validity of Scores on the IFSP Rating Scale
Authors: Jung Lee Ann , McWilliam R.A.
Published: February 2008

Evidence is presented regarding the construct validity and internal consistency reliability of scores for an investigator-developed individualized family service plan (IFSP) rating scale. One hundred and twenty IFSPs were rated using a 12-item instrument, the IFSP Rating Scale (McWilliam & Jung, 2001). Using principal components factor analysis procedures, a three-component solution was derived. The obtained components were labeled Outcome Writing, Natural Environments Practices, and Outcome Selection. Acceptable score reliabilities were obtained on total scores and for each component. The IFSP Rating Scale demonstrated that writing, planning for intervention in natural environments, and outcome selection were components of quality in IFSPs.
Maternal Perceptions of Self-Efficacy and Involvement in the Auditory Development of Young Children with Prelingual Deafness
Authors: Desjardin Jean L.
Published: February 2008

Maternal ratings of self-efficacy and involvement in early intervention were compared across two groups of mothers with young children with prelingual deafness: 24 mothers of children with hearing aids and 30 mothers of children with a cochlear implant. Although mothers of children with cochlear implants rated their child's early intervention program lower in quality, they perceived themselves as more efficacious in the care and maintenance of their child's sensory device and their involvement in developing their child's speech-language skills. Mothers of children with hearing aids had lower self-ratings of self-efficacy related to their child's sensory device and involvement in their child's early intervention program. Implications for early interventionists are discussed.
An Introduction to Clinical Significance: An Alternative Index of Intervention Effect for Group Experimental Designs
Authors: Campbell Todd C.
Published: February 2008

The present article provides an overview of two result interpretation aids commonly used in group experimental design research: (a) statistical significance testing and (b) practical significance (i.e., effect sizes). The limitations of each are described and an alternative index is discussed: clinical significance. Clinical significance, which focuses on meaningful change, differs from both statistical and practical significance. Basic concepts associated with clinical significance, including reliable change estimates and criteria for determining clinical significance, are addressed. A heuristic example is presented to demonstrate various levels of clinical significance.
Professional Background of Service Coordinators and Collaboration with Community Agencies
Authors: Hallam Rena A. , Rous Beth , Grove Jaime
Published: February 2008

Data from a statewide survey were used to examine the relationship between the professional backgrounds of early intervention service coordinators and their reported knowledge of and interaction with community resources relevant to early intervention services. Early intervention service coordinators with human service backgrounds were more likely to report higher levels of knowledge or interaction with social service agencies, such as community action agencies, family resource centers, and local charities, whereas service coordinators with professional backgrounds in health areas reported higher levels of knowledge or interaction with health-related services, such as Early Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment, Medicare, and private health insurance. Service coordinators with professional backgrounds in education were more knowledgeable about traditional educational services, including state at-risk preschool programs and private child care. Implications for professional development are discussed.
Building Preschool Accountability Systems: Guidelines Resulting from a National Study
Authors: Rous Beth , Lobianco Tony , Moffett Cara Lin , Lund Iolene
Published: February 2008

Results are reported from a national validation survey of early childhood and early childhood special education professionals and family members related to guidelines for implementing accountability systems at the preschool level. Of the 47 statements included on the survey, 43 were validated by 75% or more of the 299 respondents. Specific implications for state and local programs involved in developing or refining accountability processes are presented in the areas of standards, assessment, and general accountability system design.
Children's Behavior During Teacher-Directed and Child-Directed Activities in Head Start
Authors: Qi Cathy Huaqing , Kaiser Ann P. , Milan Stephanie
Published: February 2008

The sociallbehavioral characteristics of 63 preschool children with low and high language abilities were observed for 60 min during teacher-directed structured activities and 60 min during child-directed unstructured activities in Head Start classrooms. Children with low language were observed to have significantly higher rates of disruptive behavior and negative responses, fewer initiations to peer interactions, and shorter durations of engagement than children with high language. Boys with low language abilities were more likely to be disruptive than girls with either low or high language abilities. Teachers praised children with low language significantly less often than children with high language. These findings suggest that children with lower language abilities are at greater risk for problem behaviors and poor social skills than children with higher language abilities.
Generalizability and Decision Studies: An Example Using Conversational Language Samples
Authors: Bruckner Cornelia Taylor , Yoder Paul J. , McWilliam R.A.
Published: February 2008

Observational data collected in ecologically valid measurement contexts are likely to be influenced by contextual factors irrelevant to the research question. Using multiple sessions and raters often improves the stability of scores for variables from such contexts. Generalizability (G) theory can be used to give researchers important information about sources and amounts of error in their observed scores. G theory also can be used to estimate the number of raters and sessions necessary to obtain reliable scores by conducting a decision (D) study. A general overview of G theory is provided in the present paper and its potential application for one type of a two-dimensional, fully crossed observational design is illustrated, using conversational language samples obtained from preschoolers with grammatical and phonological impairments. The paper includes the Internet link to an Excel ™ spreadsheet, which calculates values necessary for the type of G and D studies exemplified here.
Determining Cutoff Scores on a Developmental Screening Measure: Use of Receiver Operating Characteristics and Item Response Theory
Authors: Yovanoff Paul , Squires Jane
Published: February 2008

Two different theoretical approaches were compared to determine the optimal cutoff scores for the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ: SE), a social-emotional screening test. Cutoff scores based on statistical decision theory modeling, Receiver Operator Characteristics (ROC), were compared with cutoff scores obtained using Item Response Theory (IRT) measurement theory modeling. The purposes of this comparison were (a) to offer alternative perspectives on the computation and function of cutoff scores, and (b) to obtain appropriate cutoff scores for the ASQ: SE screening test. Results are presented for both analyses, ROC and IRT Collectively, results from the two approaches offer comparable solutions to persistent problems arising when screening decision rules are needed. Results underscore the psychometric integrity of the ASQ: SE cutoff scores.
The Role of Independent Therapy Providers in the Transition to Preschool
Authors: Myers Christine Teeters
Published: February 2008

The complexity of the early intervention to preschool transition process has been highlighted in the early childhood literature; however, the role of independent therapy providers in transition planning has not been described specifically. The present study used survey research methods to gather information about the transition practices of 103 independently contracted therapists providing early intervention services in Kentucky. Results provide preliminary data regarding the ways in which therapists working as independent contractors participate in the transition process. Working with families, attending meetings, and communicating with receiving therapists were the most commonly reported strategies for participation, yet barriers to participation such as lack of time and decreased support from service coordinators also were identified. Most therapists reported participating fully in the transition process despite having received minimal training specifically related to early childhood transitions. Implications for future research and practice include: comparing transition involvement between therapists working as independent contractors and those employed by hospitals or therapy companies, exploring service coordinators' and families' perspectives about the role of therapists in transition, and examining how specialized training supports transition outcomes.
Family Supports and Services in Early Intervention: A Bold Vision
Authors: Turnbull Ann P. , Summers Jean Ann , Turnbull Rud , Brotherson Mary Jane , Winton Pam , Roberts Richard , Snyder Patricia , Mcwilliam Robin , Chandler Lynette , Schrandt Suzanne , Stowe Matt , Bruder Mary Beth , Divenere Nancy , Epley Pam , Hornback Margy , Huff Barbara , Miksch Peggy , Mitchell Linda , Sharp Lisa , Stroup-Rentier Vera
Published: February 2008

This article utilizes four knowledge sources to characterize a current gap in policy and practice related to serving families in early intervention (birth to 5) programs. It argues that the field of early intervention has focused primarily on implementing family-centered practices by focusing on how families and professionals should interact. The field has not sufficiently addressed what supports and services should be offered to families to enhance the likelihood of positive outcomes for families themselves and for their children with disabilities. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing policy, research, and professional development related to family services and supports.
Perspectives of Parent-Child Interaction in Filipino Mothers of Very Young Children With and Without Disabilities
Authors: Santos Rosa Milagros , Mccollum Jeanette A.
Published: February 2008

This study was designed to expand understandings about Filipino mothers' daily interactions with their infants and toddlers with and without disabilities. Qualitative procedures were used to analyze transcripts from structured, open-ended interviews with mothers of 10- to 26-month-old children. Three themes were used to characterize and compare mothers of children with and without disabilities. Similarities and differences emerged with respect to maternal roles during parent-child interaction, contexts of interaction, and sources of influence on interaction. Across themes, a cohesive cluster of responses also characterized descriptions of interactions among a subgroup of mothers whose children had the most significant, readily identifiable, disabilities.
From Mother to Disability Professional: Role Change, Resilience, and Rewards
Authors: Klein Susan M. , McCabe Helen
Published: February 2008

This qualitative research study examined professional mothers' views about their employment in the. field of early intervention, their roles with other families, and the place such employment has in their lives. Fourteen mothers working in the field of early intervention after having children with disabilities were interviewed. We examined their experiences with, reactions to, and views of their employment situation and its relationship to adaptation and coping. Factors that influenced these views also were examined. Four themes were identified: (a) benefits of listening and sharing, (b) impact of personal experiences on career and credibility with clients, (c) impact of career on personal and professional growth, and (d) recognition of mothers' expertise by professionals. Implications for families and state and local early intervention service delivery systems are discussed.
Attachment and Coercive Sexual Behavior
Authors: Smallbone Stephen W. , Dadds Mark R.
Published: February 2008

This study examined the relationships between childhood attachment and coercive sexual behavior. One hundred sixty-two male undergraduate students completed self-report measures of childhood maternal attachment, childhood paternal attachment, adult attachment, antisociality, aggression, and coercive sexual behavior. As predicted, insecure childhood attachment, especially insecure paternal attachment, was associated with antisociality, aggression, and coercive sexual behavior. Moreover, childhood attachment independently predicted coercive sexual behavior after antisociality and aggression were statistically controlled. The hypothesis that paternal avoidant attachment would predict coercive sexual behavior independently of its relationship with aggression and antisociality was also supported. Posthoc analysis indicated that maternal anxious attachment was associated with antisociality and that paternal avoidant attachment was associated with both antisociality and coercive sexual behavior. These results are consistent with criminological and psychological research linking adverse early family experiences with offending and lend support to an attachment-theoretical framework for understanding offending behavior in general and sexual offending behavior in particular.
Developmental Antecedents of Sexual Coercion in Juvenile Sexual Offenders
Authors: Johnson Grant M. , Knight Raymond A.
Published: February 2008

Previous research has linked adult sex offending behavior to a multiplicity of variables, including juvenile delinquency and the experience of childhood abuse. The purpose of this study was to explore developmental pathways among childhood abuse, juvenile delinquency, and personality dimensions possibly conducive to adolescent sexual coercion. Using a retrospective self-report inventory, we measured the extent to which juvenile sexual offenders experienced childhood trauma, engaged in adolescent delinquency, and exhibited particular dispositions and cognitive biases. The effects of childhood and adolescent antecedents on sexual coerciveness were then analyzed through simultaneous multiple regression pathanalyses. Results suggest that sexual compulsivity and hypermasculinity, through misogynistic fantasy behavior, significantly discriminate verbally and physicallycoercive juvenile offenders from those offenders who do not report using force in their offenses. Results also suggest that alcohol abuse may play a more salient role in the expression of coercive juvenile sexual coercion than previously hypothesized.
Prediction of Recidivism in Extrafamilial Child Molesters Based on Court-Related Assessments
Authors: Firestone Philip , Bradford John M. , McCoy Marcia , Greenberg David M. , Curry Susan , Larose Michel R.
Published: February 2008

One hundred ninety-two convicted extrafamilial child molesters were followed for an average of 7.8 years after their conviction. The percentage of men who had committed a sexual, a violent, or any criminal offense by the 12th year was 15.1, 20.3, and 41.6, respectively. The sexual recidivists, compared with the nonrecidivists, demonstrated more problems with alcohol and showed greater sexual arousal to assaultive stimuli involving children than to mutually consenting stimuli with children. The violent recidivists, compared with the nonrecidivists, were more likely to have a history of violence in the families in which they were raised and were rated significantly more psychopathic on the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R). They also showed more sexual arousal to stimuli depicting mutually consenting sexual interactions with children than to adult stimuli. In terms of any criminal recidivism, recidivists were younger, had completed fewer years of school, and were raised in psychologically more harmful family environments compared with nonrecidivists. They also reported that, before 16 years of age, they were more likely to have been physically abused and were more likely to have been removed from their homes compared to those that did not recidivate. In addition, recidivists demonstrated more general hostility on the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and were rated significantly more psychopathic on the PCL-R. The phallometric assessments revealed, that the criminal recidivists, compared to the nonrecidivists, showed more sexual arousal to stimuli depicting coercive sexual activity with children than consenting sexual activities with children. In addition, they showed more sexual arousal to scenes depicting adult rape then adult mutually consenting sex. Finally, the rcidivists also had more charges or convictions for violence and any criminal acts. The small number of significant differences between recidivists and nonrecidivists in the sexual and violent categories precluded an attempt to determine which combination of factors meaningfully predicted reoffending. However, for criminal recidivism, a stepwise discriminant function analysis to assess the combination of factors that most successfully distinguished between groups in terms of criminal recidivism was significant, with subjects' age, total number of criminal convictions, and pedophile assault index being retained for optimal prediction. The procedure correctly classified 70.6% of the original group, 82.8% of the nonrecidivists, and 52.6% of the recidivists. PCL-R Total Score alone was equally successful in a similar discriminant function.
Sexual Arousal in Rapists as Measured by Two Stimulus Sets
Authors: Looman Jan
Published: February 2008

Some uncertainty exists in the literature regarding the status of phallometric testing with rapists. Although Quinsey and colleagues (1981) argue that rapists can be distinguished from nonsexual offenders with appropriate phallometric tests, Marshall (in press) argues that the validity of such testing is not proved, and that findings supportive of the testing are a artifact of population differences (i.e., psychiatric vs. correctional) and not reflective of rapists overall. The current study attempts to clarify this issue by testing rapists, child molesters, and mixed offenders (those with both adult and child victims) in a prison setting with both the Barbaree and Quinsey stimulus sets. It was hypothesized that rapists would be found to have more deviant rape indices when tested with the Quinsey stimulus set than with the Barbaree set. However, neither stimulus set distinguished the three groups in terms of the rape indices, whereas the rape index calculated from the Quinsey stimulus set was slightly more deviant than the one calculated from the Barbaree set. However, only 25% of rapists were classified as deviant using a rape index cutoff of 1.0. Thisfinding is discussed in terms of the sexual preference hypothesis.
A Brief Screening Scale to Identify Pedophilic Interests Among Child Molesters
Authors: Seto Michael C. , Lalumière Martin L.
Published: February 2008

Among child molesters, phallometrically measured sexual interest in children is associated with having male victims, multiple victims, younger victims, and extrafamilial victims. These sexual offense history variables are also associated with risk for sexual recidivism. The present study of 1, 113 child molesters was conducted to determine if these sexual offense history variables could be used as items in a brief screening scale to identify pedophilic interests (SSPI: Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests). Using a cutoff score that classified 90% of a sample of 206 nonchild molesters as not having pedophilic interests, SSPI scores identified pedophilic interests among child molesters significantly better than did chance. In phallometric testing, individuals with the highest SSPI score were more than 5 times as likely to show pedophilic interests than individuals receiving the lowest score. The SSPI is not intended to be a substitute for phallometric testing, but it may be useful for triage and risk management when testing is difficult to conduct, or as a research instrument when phallometric data are unavailable.
Empathy Deficits and Cognitive Distortions in Child Molesters
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Hamilton Kate , Fernandez Yolanda
Published: February 2008

An attempt was made to examine the thesis that the apparent empathy deficits in child molesters are simply another aspect of their self-serving tendency to distort information by, in this case, failing to recognize victim harm. Thirty-four child molesters were compared on a victim empathy measure and a measure of cognitive distortions, with 24 nonsex offenders and 28 nonoffending males. Child molesters displayed greater cognitive distortions than the other subjects and their greatest empathy deficits were toward their own victims. Consistent with the theory being examined it was found that the empathy scores of the child molesters toward their own victims were significantly correlated with the responses to the cognitive distortions scale. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for theory and practice.
Multimodal Assessment of Dissociation in Adolescents: Inpatients and Juvenile Sex Offenders
Authors: Friedrich William N. , Gerber Paul N. , Koplin Brett , Davis Marlene , Giese Jeff , Mykelbust Charlene , Franckowiak Dennis
Published: February 2008

Two samples of adolescents were studied to assess the validity of several measures of dissociation. The first sample included 70 males from a residential treatment program for adolescent sex offenders (ASO). The second were 47 psychiatric inpatients. The measures included the DSM-IV field trial questionnaire for Dissociative Disorders of Childhood, Child Dissociative Checklist, Adolescent-Dissociative Experiences Schedule, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, and the Dissociation Research scale. Ten of the 70 adolescent sex offender subjects (14.3%) were identified as meeting DSM-IV criteria for a Dissociation-spectrum disorder diagnosis and two (4.2%) of the psychiatric patients. Between-groups analyses with the ASO revealed significant differences on the Child Dissociative Checklist and the Dissociation Research Scale. Cumulative trauma did not differ significantly between the dissociative and nondissociative groups of ASO, but physical abuse was related to a diagnosis of dissociation in this sample. The dissociation measures were highly intercorrelated for both groups, and suggest that they measure a similar construct.
Examining the Substance Use Patterns and Treatment Needs of Incarcerated Sex Offenders
Authors: Peugh Jordon , Belenko Steven
Published: February 2008

Using data from a Bureau of Justice Statistics' national prison inmate survey, this paper analyzes alcohol and drug use and abuse patterns among men incarcerated in state prison for sex crimes. Of the 13,986 inmates in the sample, 11.5% were incarcerated for a sex offense. Two thirds were substance-involved, meaning that they were under the influence of alcohol or drugs at the time of their crime, had committed a crime to get money for drugs, had histories of regular illegal drug use, had received treatment for alcoholism, or shared some combination of these characteristics. The level and type of substance-involvement was related to age and race, to history of victimization, and to victim characteristics. We discuss the implications of these findings for correctional program interventions, including assessing drug and alcohol problems, availability of substance abuse treatment for sex offenders, and the conjunction of such treatment with other programs.
Treatment of Sexual Offenders Who Are in Categorical Denial: A Pilot Project
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Thornton David , Marshall Liam E. , Fernandez Yolanda M. , Mann Ruth
Published: February 2008

This paper describes an approach to treatment for sexual offenders who are in categorical denial. Other efforts to have them, at least partially, admit responsibility had failed and they were to be released from prison without any treatment. Evidence that suggests denial is not predictive of risk and that treatment may reduce the risk of these offenders is reviewed. Essentially, this paper offers a possible approach to dealing with these intractable deniers which, it is suggested, is better than not trying to modify their risk, and that may prove to be effective.
Hostility Toward Women and Victim Empathy in Rapists
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Moulden Heather
Published: February 2008

The present study examined empathy and hostility toward women among 32 rapists, 28 nonsex offenders, and 40 nonoffender males. Results indicated that rapists were significantly less empathic than either of the other two groups toward women who had been sexually assaulted by an unknown assailant. They were also significantly less empathic toward their own victims than toward any other women, and they were markedly more hostile toward women than were the other subjects. Finally, among the rapists, hostility toward women was significantly negatively related to their empathy toward their own victims.
Assessment of the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire Among Child Molesters and Nonsexual Forensic Offenders
Authors: Baumgartner Jerome V. , Scalora Mario J. , Huss Matthew T.
Published: February 2008

The Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire (WSFQ; Wilson, 1978) is a 40-item self-report questionnaire that assesses 4 types of sexual fantasies: Exploratory, Intimate, Impersonal, and Sadomasochistic. The goal of the present study was to examine the differences between child molesters (n = 64) and nonsexual offenders (n = 41) on the WSFQ. Comparisons included the four underlying factors, 2 factors associated with the fantasizer's role in the fantasy (active vs. passive), and 2 items most closely related to sexual molestation behavior. Results found that molesters reported higher scores on the Exploratory and Intimate subscales, as well as overall fantasy. Scores on the Impersonal and Sadomasochistic subscales were not significantly different. Molesters also reported higher scores on fantasies where they were the actor, and higher scores on fantasies most closely related to sexual molestation behavior. Subsequent analyses found that both offender groups reported significantly lower levels of fantasies than college comparison subjects and noncriminal sexual deviants. Differences among the 2 study groups are discussed in terms of social and cognitive characteristics of molesters.
First Report of the Collaborative Outcome Data Project on the Effectiveness of Psychological Treatment for Sex Offenders
Authors: Hanson R. Karl , Gordon Arthur , Harris Andrew J. R. , Marques Janice K. , Murphy William , Quinsey Vernon L. , Seto Michael C.
Published: February 2008

This meta-analytic review examined the effectiveness of psychological treatment for sex offenders by summarizing data from 43 studies (combined n = 9,454). Averaged across all studies, the sexual offence recidivism rate was lower for the treatment groups (12.3%) than the comparison groups (16.8%, 38 studies, un-weighted average). A similar pattern was found for general recidivism, although the overall rates were predictably higher (treatment 27.9%, comparison 39.2%, 30 studies). Current treatments (cognitive-behavioral, k = 13; systemic, k = 2) were associated with reductions in both sexual recidivism (from 17.4 to 9.9%) and general recidivism (from 51 to 32%). Older forms of treatment (operating prior to 1980) appeared to have little effect. Future directions for improving the quality of sex offender treatment outcome evaluations are discussed.
The Child Sexual Abuser: Perceptions of College Students and Professionals
Authors: Fuselier Daniel A. , Durham Robert L. , Wurtele Sandy K.
Published: February 2008

College students and members of the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers (ATSA) were compared as to their beliefs and attitudes concerning perpetrators of child sexual abuse. Analyses of a 44-item inventory (assessing beliefs about an abuser's demographics and attitudes concerning an abuser's cognitions and behaviors) indicated that the groups differed on perceived demographic descriptors (e.g., students believed perpetrators to be older when they first begin offending, more educated, and more likely to be gay than the professionals) and behaviors (e.g., students believed that the perpetrator was more likely to use force to gain the child's compliance). In addition, 2 subscales (Cognitive Distortions and Perceived Social Functioning) were identified. Compared to professionals, students were less likely to believe perpetrators use cognitive distortions and were more likely to believe perpetrators function at a lower interpersonal level. Results are discussed in terms of the efforts to educate the public about the characteristics of child sexual abusers.
Victim Empathy, Social Self-Esteem, and Psychopathy in Rapists
Authors: Fernandez Yolanda M. , Marshall W.L.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of the present study was to compare the responses of 27 incarcerated rapists and 2 7 incarcerated nonsexual offenders using the Rapist Empathy Measure (targeting victim specific empathy deficits) and to examine the relationship between empathy with self-esteem and psychopathy for both groups. The Social Self-Esteem Inventory was used as a measure of perceived social competence and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991 ) was used as a measure ofpsychopathy. All participants completed the two self report questionnaires on empathy and self-esteem; in addition, the rapists were required to complete an extra section of the empathy measure that assessed their empathic responses to their own victims. Demographic information and psychopathy scores were obtained by reviewing institutionalfiles. When psychopathy scores were not available, subjects participated in a semi-structured interview and were scored on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised by the researcher Rapists demonstrated more empathy than the nonsexual offenders toward women in general and the same degree of empathy as the nonsexual offenders toward a woman who had been a victim of a sexual assault by another male. Of particular importance were the within-group comparisons across victim type for the rapists which revealed significant empathy deficits toward their own victim( s). Interestingly, no differences were found between the rapists and nonsexual offenders in terms of self-esteem and psychopathy, and neither self-esteem nor psychopathy significantly predicted empathy for either group. It was concluded from the present study that rapists may suppress empathy primarily toward their own victim rather than suffer from a generalized empathy deficit. It is suggested that empathy deficits in rapists might better be construed as cognitive distortions specific to their victims and should be addressed in that manner in treatment.
Juvenile Sex Offenders: Toward the Development of a Typology
Authors: Hunter John A. , Figueredo Aurelio J. , Malamuth Neil M. , Becker Judith V
Published: February 2008

Adolescent males who sexually offended against prepubescent children were contrasted with those who targeted pubescent and postpubescent females. As hypothesized, path analyses revealed that the former group had greater deficits in psychosocial functioning, used less aggression in their sexual offending, and were more likely to offend against relatives. Theorized relationships between developmental risk factors, personality mediators, and sexual and nonsexual offense characteristics were assessed in both groups of juvenile sex offenders. Deficits in psychosocialfunctioning were found to mediate the influence of childhood exposure to violence against females on adolescent perpetration of sexual and nonsexual offenses. Additional univariate analyses were conducted to further explore some associations among early risk factors, personality mediators, and outcomes. Childhood physical abuse by a father or stepfather and exposure to violence against females were found to be associated with higher levels of comorbid anxiety and depression. Noncoercive childhood sexual victimization by a male nonrelative was found to be associated with sexual offending against a male child. Clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Trait Empathy and Criminal Versatility in Sexual Offenders
Authors: Smallbone Stephen W. , Wheaton Julia , Hourigan Donna
Published: February 2008

Associations between trait empathy and criminal versatility were examined in a sample of 88 incarcerated adult sexual offenders (29 extrafamilial child molesters, 26 intrafamilial child molesters, and 33 rapists). Considerable criminal versatility was observed, with 60% of the whole sample and 88% of recidivist offenders having previous convictions for nonsexual offenses. Regression analyses showed significant associations between trait empathy and nonsexual offense convictions, but not between trait empathy and sexual offense convictions. More specifically, greater involvement in violent offending (e.g., assault, robbery) was associated with lower levels of empathic concern and higher levels of fantasy. Greater involvement in miscellaneous (e.g., traffic, drug, public order) offending was associated with lower levels of empathic concern. We argue that insufficient theoretical and empirical attention has historically been given to criminal versatility among sexual offenders, especially among child molesters. In particular, we suggest that developments in empathy training for sexual offenders may benefit from distinguishing needs of criminally versatile and non-versatile sexual offenders. More knowledge about trait empathy in sexual offenders, and about situational factors that may override otherwise normal empathic responsiveness, is needed.
Multiplex Versus Multiple Taxonomy of Paraphilia: Case Example
Authors: Lehne Gregory K. , Money John
Published: February 2008

Several different paraphilias are presently diagnosed in some individuals whereas a more parsimonious taxonomy would be that of one multiplex paraphilia. A multiplex paraphilia may be expressed by variations of content at different times in an individual's life or in different situations. The present case example shows the unfolding of a multiplex paraphilia over a lifetime. At age 7 the subject was dressed in public as a girl wearing a diaper as a humiliation for bed-wetting. This experience had 3 paraphilic components that were separately manifested at different times in his life: fetishistic transvestism, pedophilic incest, and infantilism. A multiplex paraphilia taxonomy may lead to improved identification of etiology, prognosis, and treatment of paraphilia.
Implications for Treatment of Sexual Offenders of the Ward and Hudson Model of Relapse
Authors: Biddey James A. , Beech Anthony R.
Published: February 2008

A group of 59 child abusers were classified as having either an "avoidant" (n = 15) or an "approach" (n = 44) goal regarding deviant sexual activity with children. Level of distorted beliefs about sexual activity with children (cognitive distortions) and distorted beliefs about their own victims (victim blaming attitudes) in both groups were measured before and after treatment. Results indicate that there was an overall reduction in the level of these distorted beliefs at the posttreatment stage in the approach group. Reductions were not found in the avoidant offenders as men in this group did not have distorted beliefs prior to treatment. Results are discussed in terms of appropriate targeting of treatment.