bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generating nonisospectral integrable hierarchies via a new scheme
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Zhang Yufeng
Published: April 2020

In the paper, an efficient and straightforward method for generating nonisospectral integrable hierarchies is introduced. It follows that we consider the application related to Lie algebra $\operatorname{gl}(3)$gl(3) based on the method. Then, we derive a nonisospectral integrable hierarchy whose some new symmetries are also investigated. In addition, a few conserved quantities of the nonisospectral integrable hierarchies are also obtained.
Fractional dynamical analysis of measles spread model under vaccination corresponding to nonsingular fractional order derivative
Authors: Nazir Ghazala , Shah Kamal , Alrabaiah Hussam , Khalil Hammad , Khan Rahmat Ali
Published: April 2020

In this paper, our main purpose is to present an analytical solution for measles spread model with three doses of vaccination using Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivative (CFFD). The presented solution is based on Laplace transform with Adomian decomposition method (LADM), which is an effective technique to obtain a solution for such type of problems. Our solution involves nonlinear differential equations of fractional order (FODEs) with non-singular kernel. Also, we provide analysis to verify the existence of a solution to the considered model using fixed point theory. Numerical results are presented to verify the model building analysis, which proved to be efficient in solving such problems.
Transient ischemic attack analysis through non-contact approaches
Authors: Zhang Qing , Li Yajun , Al-Turjman Fadi , Zhou Xihui , Yang Xiaodong
Published: April 2020

The transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a kind of sudden disease, which has the characteristics of short duration and high frequency. Since most patients can return to normal after the onset of the disease, it is often neglected. Medical research has proved that patients are prone to stroke in a relatively short time after the transient ischemic attacks. Therefore, it is extremely important to effectively monitor transient ischemic attack, especially for elderly people living alone. At present, video monitoring and wearing sensors are generally used to monitor transient ischemic attacks, but these methods have certain disadvantages. In order to more conveniently and accurately monitor transient ischemic attack in the indoor environment and improve risk management of stroke, this paper uses a microwave sensing platform working in C-Band (4.0 GHz–8.0 GHz) to monitor in a non-contact way. The platform first collects data, then preprocesses the data, and finally uses principal component analysis to reduce the dimension of the data. Two machine learning algorithms support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) are used to establish prediction models respectively. The experimental results show that the accuracy of SVM and RF approaches are 97.3% and 98.7%, respectively; indicating that the scheme described in this paper is feasible and reliable.
Severity and outcomes of influenza-related pneumonia in type A and B strains in China, 2013–2019
Authors: Chen Liang , Han Xiu-Di , Li Yan-Li , Zhang Chun-Xiao , Xing Xi-Qian
Published: April 2020

Background

Inconsistencies exist regarding the severity of illness caused by different influenza strains. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of hospitalized adults and adolescents with influenza-related pneumonia (Flu-p) from type A and type B strains in China.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data from Flu-p patients in five hospitals in China from January 2013 to May 2019. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression models were used to assess the effects of influenza virus subtypes on clinical outcomes, and to explore the risk factors of 30-day mortality for Flu-p patients.

Results

In total, 963 laboratory-confirmed influenza A-related pneumonia (FluA-p) and 386 influenza B-related pneumonia (FluB-p) patients were included. Upon adjustment for confounders, multivariate logistic regression models showed that FluA-p was associated with an increased risk of invasive ventilation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.824, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.279–6.414; P <  0.001), admittance to intensive care unit (aOR: 1.630, 95% CI: 1.074–2.473, P = 0.022) and 30-day mortality (aOR: 2.427, 95% CI: 1.568–3.756, P <  0.001) compared to FluB-p. Multivariate Cox regression models confirmed that influenza A virus infection (hazard ratio: 2.637, 95% CI: 1.134–6.131, P = 0.024) was an independent predictor for 30-day mortality in Flu-p patients.

Conclusions

The severity of illness and clinical outcomes of FluA-p patients are more severe than FluB-p. This highlights the importance of identifying the virus strain during the management of severe influenza.
Measurement of 1–10 Hz 3D vibration modes with a CT-scanner
Authors: Jailin Clément , Jailin Thomas , Roux Stéphane
Published: April 2020

A new in situ vibration mode measurement method within a tomograph is proposed based on Projection-based Digital Volume Correlation techniques. Several projection angles are selected and a large number of radiographs of the vibrating sample are acquired at random instants with a small exposure time in order to ‘freeze out’ the displacement and avoid motion blurring. Based on an initial reconstruction acquired in a static configuration, the displacement field measurement is performed using a Proper Generalized Decomposition technique. All projections are analyzed as being due to a few vibration modes deforming the known reference volume. The different projection directions are related to each other assuming that the modal amplitude probability distribution functions are statistically similar. A synthetic test case, mock-up of a liver, is used to illustrate and validate the approach. In this case, 5 projection angles were chosen, 300 radiographs per angle, and the first three vibration modes could be recovered with a good accuracy.
Prevalence of depression and anxiety and correlations between depression, anxiety, family functioning, social support and coping styles among Chinese medical students
Authors: Shao Ruyue , He Ping , Ling Bin , Tan Li , Xu Lu , Hou Yanhua , Kong Liangsheng , Yang Yongqiang
Published: April 2020

Background

Medical students experience depression and anxiety at a higher rate than the general population or students from other specialties. While there is a growing literature on the high prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and about potential risk factors to the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among medical students, there is a paucity of evidence focused on the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and associations with family function, social support and coping styles in Chinese vocational medicine students. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among Chinese medical students and assess the correlation between depression/anxiety symptoms and family function, social support and coping styles.

Methods

A sample of 2057 medical students from Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College in China was investigated with a self-report questionnaire, which included demographic information, Zung self-rating depression scale, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Family APGAR Index, Social Support Rating Scale and Trait Coping Style Questionnaire.

Results

The prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms among the medical students was 57.5 and 30.8%, respectively. Older students(≥20 years) experienced higher levels of depression and anxiety. More depression and anxiety symptoms were exhibited among students with big financial burden, big study-induced stress and poor sleep quality. Students with large employment pressure showed more anxiety symptoms. Students who live alone or had bad relationship with their lovers or classmates or friends showed higher depression and anxiety scores. Depression and anxiety symptoms had highly significant correlations with family functioning, social support and coping style.

Conclusions

Academic staffs should take measures to reduce depression and anxiety among medical students and to provide educational counseling and psychological support for students to cope with these problems.
Correction to: Assessment of a virtual reality temporal bone surgical simulator: A national face and content validity study
Authors: Compton Evan C. , Agrawal Sumit K. , Ladak Hanif M. , Chan Sonny , Hoy Monica , Nakoneshny Steven C. , Siegel Lauren , Dort Joseph C. , Lui Justin T.
Published: April 2020

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors identified incorrect ordering and incorrect files being used for Figs. 1, 2 and 3.
Research and trends in STEM education: a systematic analysis of publicly funded projects
Authors: Li Yeping , Wang Ke , Xiao Yu , Froyd Jeffrey E. , Nite Sandra B.
Published: April 2020

Taking publicly funded projects in STEM education as a special lens, we aimed to learn about research and trends in STEM education. We identified a total of 127 projects funded by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the US Department of Education from 2003 to 2019. Both the number of funded projects in STEM education and their funding amounts were high, although there were considerable fluctuations over the years. The number of projects with multiple principal investigators increased over time. The project duration was typically in the range of 3–4 years, and the goals of these projects were mostly categorized as “development and innovation” or “efficacy and replication.” The majority of the 127 projects focused on individual STEM disciplines, especially mathematics. The findings, based on IES-funded projects, provided a glimpse of the research input and trends in STEM education in the USA, with possible implications for developing STEM education research in other education systems around the world.
3D printing of radioactive phantoms for nuclear medicine imaging
Authors: Läppchen Tilman , Meier Lorenz P. , Fürstner Markus , Prenosil George A. , Krause Thomas , Rominger Axel , Klaeser Bernd , Hentschel Michael
Published: April 2020

Background

For multicenter clinical studies, PET/CT and SPECT/CT scanners need to be validated to ensure comparability between various scanner types and brands. This validation is usually performed using hollow phantoms filled with radioactive liquids. In recent years, 3D printing technology has gained increasing popularity for manufacturing of phantoms, as it is cost-efficient and allows preparation of phantoms of almost any shape. So far, however, direct 3D printing with radioactive building materials has not yet been reported. The aim of this work was to develop a procedure for preparation of 99mTc-containing building materials and demonstrate successful application of this material for 3D printing of several test objects.

Method

The desired activity of a [99mTc]pertechnetate solution eluted from a 99Mo/99mTc-generator was added to the liquid 3D building material, followed by a minute amount of trioctylphosphine. The resulting two-phase mixture was thoroughly mixed. Following separation of the phases and chemical removal of traces of water, the radioactive building material was diluted with the required volume of non-radioactive building material and directly used for 3D printing.

Results

Using our optimized extraction protocol with trioctylphosphine as complex-forming phase transfer agent, technetium-99m was efficiently transferred from the aqueous 99Mo/99mTc-generator eluate into the organic liquid resin monomer. The observed radioactivity concentration ratio between the organic phase and the water phase was > 2000:1. The radioactivity was homogeneously distributed in the liquid resin monomer. We did not note differences in the 3D printing behavior of the radiolabeled and the unlabeled organic liquid resin monomers. Radio-TLC and SPECT studies showed homogenous 2D and 3D distribution of radioactivity throughout the printed phantoms. The radioactivity was stably bound in the resin, apart from a small amount of surface-extractable radioactivity under harsh conditions (ethanol at 50 °C).

Conclusions

3D printing of radioactive phantoms using 99mTc-containing building materials is feasible. Compared to the classical fillable phantoms, 3D printing with radioactive building materials allows manufacturing of phantoms without cold walls and in almost any shape. Related procedures with longer-lived radionuclides will enable production of phantoms for scanner validation and quality control.
Mapping data gaps to estimate biomass across Brazilian Amazon forests
Authors: Tejada Graciela , Görgens Eric Bastos , Ovando Alex , Ometto Jean Pierre
Published: April 2020

Background

Tropical forests play a fundamental role in the provision of diverse ecosystem services, such as biodiversity, climate and air quality regulation, freshwater provision, carbon cycling, agricultural support and culture. To understand the role of forests in the carbon balance, aboveground biomass (AGB) estimates are needed. Given the importance of Brazilian tropical forests, there is an urgent need to improve AGB estimates to support the Brazilian commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Many AGB maps and datasets exist, varying in availability, scale and coverage. Thus, stakeholders, policy makers and scientists must decide which AGB product, dataset or combination of data to use for their particular goals. In this study, we assessed the gaps in the spatial AGB data across the Brazilian Amazon forests not only to orient the decision makers about the data that are currently available but also to provide a guide for future initiatives.

Results

We obtained a map of the gaps in the forest AGB spatial data for the Brazilian Amazon using statistics and differences between AGB maps and a spatial multicriteria evaluation that considered the current AGB datasets. The AGB spatial data gap map represents areas with good coverage of AGB data and, consequently, the main gaps or priority areas where further biomass assessments should focus, including the northeast of Amazon State, Amapá and northeast of Pará. Additionally, by quantifying the variability in both the AGB maps and field data on multiple environmental factors, we provide valuable elements for understanding the current AGB data as a function of climate, soil, vegetation and geomorphology.

Conclusions

The map of AGB data gaps could become a useful tool for policy makers and different stakeholders working on National Communications, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+), or carbon emissions modeling to prioritize places to implement further AGB assessments. Only 0.2% of the Amazon biome forest is sampled, and extensive effort is necessary to improve what we know about the tropical forest.
Influences of variations in the sledgehammer trajectory and collinearity of the geophone array in an MASW survey on the shear-wave velocity profile
Authors: Diaz-Segura Edgar Giovanny
Published: April 2020

In professional activities aimed at seismic site classification, geophysical methods based on measurements of surface waves are often used to measure the shear-wave velocity (Vs), with the MASW survey being one of the most common techniques employed for this purpose. An MASW survey is characterized by an in-field configuration that requires a relatively simple setup; however, several uncertainties that arise are related to the survey execution process. Thus, surface irregularities and/or obstacles on the ground surface in conjunction with possible human-related errors can result in alterations to the MASW survey execution. Therefore, it is necessary to possess a clear understanding of the variables that can potentially produce alterations in Vs profiles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, based on a field measurement campaign, the effect of the repeatability of the sledgehammer trajectory prior to striking the plate and the effects of variations in the collinearity of the geophone arrays on the Vs profile in consideration of various forced alterations commonly encountered in practice. The repeatability of the active source trajectory plays a significant role in the quality and reliability of Vs measurements. Likewise, altering the collinearity of the geophone array leads to reductions in the amplitude at low frequencies, thereby hindering the interpretation of the test. The recorded effects become more relevant depending on the local conditions and whether the surveyed terrain exhibits possible heterogeneity.
Development and feasibility of an intervention featuring individual supported work placements to aid return to work for unemployed people living with chronic pain
Authors: Froud Robert , Grant Mary , Burton Kim , Foss Jonathan , Ellard David R. , Seers Kate , Smith Deb , Barillec Mariana , Patel Shilpa , Haywood Kirstie , Underwood Martin
Published: April 2020

Background

Working in good jobs is associated with good health. High unemployment rates are reported in those disabled with musculoskeletal pain. Supported employment interventions work well for helping people with mental health difficulties to gain and retain employment. With adaptation, these may be useful for people with chronic pain. We aimed to develop and explore the feasibility of delivering such an adapted intervention.

Methods

We developed an intervention and recruited unemployed people with chronic pain from NHS pain clinics and employment services. We trained case managers to assess participants and match them to six-week work placements in the Midlands and provide ongoing support to them and their managers. Participants attended a two-day work preparation session prior to placement. Outcome measures included quality of life at baseline, six- weeks, 14-weeks, and six-months, and return to work at 14-weeks and six-months. We held focus groups or interviews with stakeholders to examine acceptability and experiences of the intervention.

Results

We developed an intervention consisting of work preparation sessions, work experience placements, and individualised employment support. We enrolled 31 people; 27 attended work preparation sessions, and 15 attended placements. Four of our participants started jobs during the study period. We are aware of two others starting jobs shortly after cessation of follow-up. We experienced challenges to recruitment in one area where we had many and diverse placement opportunities and good recruitment in another area where we had a smaller range of placement opportunities. All stakeholders found the intervention acceptable, and it was valued by those given a placement. While there was some disappointment among those not placed, this group still valued the work preparation sessions.

Conclusions

The developed intervention was acceptable to participants and partners. Trialling the developed intervention could be feasible with attention to three main processes. To ensure advanced availability of a sufficiently wide range of work placements in each area, multiple partners would be needed. Multiple recruitment sites and focus on employment services will yield better recruitment rates than reliance on NHS pain clinics. Maintaining an adequate follow-up response rate will likely require additional approaches with more than the usual effort.
microRNA-9 might be a novel protective factor for osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Jiang Lei , Sun Xu , Kong Hongyang
Published: April 2020

Background

The study aimed to identify the targeting genes and miRNAs using the microarray expression profile dataset for Osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between OA and control samples were identified using Bayes method of limma package. Subsequently, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. miRNAs and transcription factor (TFs) based on DEGs in PPI network were identified using Webgestalt and ENCODE, respectively. Finally, MCODE, Gene Ontology (GO) function, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed. The expressions of several DEGs and predicted miRNAs in OA rats were detected by RT-PCR.

Results

A total of 594 DEGs were identified. In PPI network, there were 313 upregulated DEGs and 22 downregulated DEGs. Besides, the regulatory relationships included 467 upregulated interactions and 85 downregulated interactions (miR-124A → QKI and MAP 1B) between miRNA and DEGs in PPI network. The module from downregulated DEGs-TFs-miRNA networks was mainly enriched to low-density lipoprotein particle clearance, response to linoleic acid, and small molecule metabolic process BP terms. Moreover, QKI, MAP 1B mRNA and miR-9 expressions were significantly reduced in OA rats.

Conclusion

miR-9 might be a protective factor for OA patients via inhibiting proliferation and differentiation of cartilage progenitor cells. miR-124A might play an important role in progression of OA through targeting QKI and MAP 1B.
Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential
Authors: Park Mee Sook , Kim Jin Il , Bae Joon-Yong , Park Man-Seong
Published: April 2020

Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses.
Small-bowel mucosal changes in Egyptian cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension using capsule endoscopy versus single-balloon enteroscopy
Authors: Saad Zienab M. , El-Dahrouty Ali H. , El-Sayed Amr M. , Keryakos Hesham K. H. , Fanous Nancy N. , Mostafa Ibrahim
Published: April 2020

Background

Small-bowel mucosal abnormalities that may occur secondary to portal hypertension in patients with liver cirrhosis have an impact on health and quality of life. In spite of the importance of these changes, little is known about the frequency and features of small-bowel changes in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. Eighty cirrhotic patients with or without esophageal or gastric varices were recruited in this study as well as 60 age- and sex-matched controls. All study participants underwent capsule endoscopy. In addition, half of the patients and controls were randomized to receive single-balloon enteroscopy.

Results

The prevalence of small-bowel mucosal changes was statistically significantly higher in cirrhotic patients than in controls; 57% versus 6.7%, respectively (p < 0.05). Cirrhotic patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy showed a significant increase in the small-bowel changes (p < 0.001). Small-bowel changes were significantly higher in patients with higher MELD and Child-Pugh scores (p < 0.001). Moreover, capsule endoscopy was more effective in the detection of small-bowel changes than single-balloon enteroscopy.

Conclusions

Mucosal changes associated with portal hypertensive enteropathy are more prevalent in cirrhotic patients, regardless of the presence or absence of gastric varices. Small-bowel mucosal changes in patients with portal hypertensive enteropathy were more common in patients who suffered from portal hypertensive gastropathy and were positively correlated with advanced chronic liver disease.
Laparoscopic-assisted repair of Morgagni hernia in children
Authors: Bawazir Osama A. , Mahomed Anies , Fayyad Amira , Bagaryn Elham , Bawazir Abdullah , Mandora Rahaf
Published: April 2020

Background

Morgagni hernia (MH) is a rare diaphragmatic hernia with nonspecific symptoms and variable presentation. MH is managed surgically via laparotomy or a thoracotomy. Recently, laparoscopy was described for the repair of MH. The objective of this study is to report our institutional experience in laparoscopic repair of MH in infants and children.

Results

Twenty-five patients with MH were included; 17 of them were males (68%). Their median age at the time of diagnosis was 18 months. Sixteen patients (64%) presented with a recurrent chest infection. MH was on the right side in 8 patients, left side in 2, and central in 12, and 3 patients had bilateral hernias. Eleven patients (44%) had congenital heart disease, 10 (40%) had Down’s syndrome, and 2 (4%) had malrotation of the bowel. The median size of the hernia defect was 3 × 3.5 cm2, and the most common content was the colon (n = 19). One patient with Down’s syndrome developed recurrence and underwent open repair. The median operative time was 95 min. The postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the average postoperative stay was 3 days. The median follow-up was 4.5 years, and there was no reported mortality.

Conclusions

Morgagni hernia is commonly associated with other congenital anomalies. Laparoscopic repair of Morgagni hernia in children is feasible with excellent postoperative outcomes.
The texture of narrative dilemmas: qualitative study in front-line professionals working with asylum seekers in the UK
Authors: Abbas Paaras , von Werthern Martha , Katona Cornelius , Brady Francesca , Woo Yeree
Published: April 2020

Aims and method

Asylum seekers are required to narrate past experiences to the UK Home Office, doctors, lawyers and psychologists as part of their claims for international protection. The Home Office often cites perceived inconsistencies in asylum interviews as grounds for refusal of their claims. A number of processes affect asylum seekers' abilities to narrate past experiences fully to the professionals interviewing them. The dilemmas around disclosure that asylum seekers face have received little attention to date. This work aims to explore the perspectives of UK-based medico-legal report-writing doctors, lawyers and psychologists whose work involves eliciting narratives from asylum seekers on the processes that affect asylum seekers' abilities to disclose sensitive personal information in interview settings. Eighteen professionals participated in semi-structured interviews in individual or focus group settings to discuss, from their perspectives of extensive collective professional experience, the narrative dilemmas experienced by asylum seekers with whom they have worked.

Results

Professionals identified a number of processes that made disclosure of personal information difficult for asylum seekers. These included asylum seekers' lack of trust towards the professionals conducting the interview, unclear ideas around pertinence of information for interviewers, feelings of fear, shame and guilt related to suspicions around collusions between UK and their country-of-origin's authorities, sexual trauma and, occasionally, their own involvement or collusion in crimes against others.

Clinical implications

Recommendations are made on how to improve the interview environment to encourage disclosure. These have important implications for future research and policy initiatives.
Diving apart together: call propagation in diving long-finned pilot whales
Authors: Kok Annebelle C. M. , van Kolfshoten Lisette , Campbell James A. , von Benda-Beckmann Alexander M. , Miller Patrick J. O. , Slabbekoorn Hans , Visser Fleur
Published: April 2020

Group-living animals must communicate to stay in contact. In long-finned pilot whales, there is a trade-off between the benefits of foraging individually at depth and the formation of tight social groups at the surface. Using theoretical modelling and empirical data of tagged pairs within a group, we examined the potential of pilot whale social calls to reach dispersed group-members during foraging periods. Both theoretical predictions and empirical data of tag pairs showed a potential for communication between diving and non-diving group members over separation distances up to at least 385 m (empirical) and 1800 m (theoretical). These distances are at or exceeding pilot whale dive depths recorded across populations. Call characteristics and environmental characteristics were analysed to investigate determinants of call detectability. Longer calls with a higher sound pressure level (SPL) that were received in a quieter environment were more often detected than their shorter, lower SPL counterparts within a noisier environment. In a noisier environment, calls were louder and had a lower peak frequency, indicating mechanisms for coping with varying conditions. However, the vulnerability of pilot whales to anthropogenic noise is still of concern as the ability to cope with increasing background noise may be limited. Our study shows that combining propagation modelling and actual tag recordings provides new insights into the communicative potential for social calls in orientation and reunion with group members for deep-diving pilot whales.
Heat dissipation capacity influences reproductive performance in an aerial insectivore
Authors: Tapper Simon , Nocera Joseph J. , Burness Gary
Published: April 2020

Climatic warming is predicted to increase the frequency of extreme weather events, which may reduce an individual's capacity for sustained activity due to thermal limits. We tested whether the risk of overheating may limit parental provisioning of an aerial insectivorous bird in population decline. For many seasonally breeding birds, parents are thought to operate close to an energetic ceiling during the 2-3 week chick-rearing period. The factors determining the ceiling remain unknown, although it may be set by an individual's capacity to dissipate body heat (the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis). Over two breeding seasons we experimentally trimmed the ventral feathers of female tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor, Vieillot, 1808) to provide a thermal window. We then monitored maternal and paternal provisioning rates, nestling growth rates, and fledging success. We found the effect of our experimental treatment was context-dependent. Females with an enhanced capacity to dissipate heat fed their nestlings at higher rates than controls when conditions were hot, but the reverse was true under cool conditions. Control females and their mates both reduced foraging under hot conditions. In contrast, male partners of trimmed females maintained a constant feeding rate across temperatures, suggesting attempts to match the feeding rate of their partners. On average, nestlings of trimmed females were heavier than controls, but did not have a higher probability of fledging. We suggest that removal of a thermal constraint allowed females to increase provisioning rates, but additionally provided nestlings with a thermal advantage via increased heat transfer during maternal brooding. Our data provide support for the heat dissipation limitation hypothesis and suggest that depending on temperature, heat dissipation capacity can influence reproductive success in aerial insectivores.
Not Just for Joints: The Associations of Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior with Brain Cortical Thickness
Authors: FALCK RYAN S. , HSU CHUN L. , BEST JOHN R. , LI LINDA C. , EGBERT ANNA R. , LIU-AMBROSE TERESA
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Cortical thinning is associated with aging; however, lifestyle factors can moderate this relationship. Two distinct lifestyle behaviors associated with brain health are regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and limited sedentary behavior (SB). However, it is unclear whether MVPA and SB levels contribute to cortical thickness independent of each other. We therefore investigated the independent relationships of MVPA and SB with cortical thickness using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial.

Methods

At baseline, we measured MVPA and SB for 7 d using the SenseWear Mini. A subset of the randomized controlled trial participants (n = 30) underwent a 3T magnetic resonance imaging scan, wherein region-specific cortical surface morphometric analyses were performed using T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging. We conducted regression analyses using a surface-based cluster size exclusion method for multiple comparisons within FreeSurfer neuroimaging software to determine if MVPA and SB are independently correlated with region-specific cortical thickness.

Results

This subset of participants had a mean age of 61 yr (SD = 9 yr), and 80% were female. Higher MVPA was associated with greater cortical thickness in the temporal pole (cluster size, 855 mm2; cortical thickness range, 2.59–3.72 mm2; P < 0.05) and superior frontal gyrus (cluster size, 1204 mm2; cortical thickness range, 2.41–3.15 mm2; P < 0.05) of the left hemisphere, independent of SB. Sedentary behavior was not associated with greater cortical thickness in any region, independent of MVPA.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that adults with greater MVPA—independent of SB—are associated with greater cortical thickness in regions, which are susceptible to age-associated atrophy.
Gait Performance Is Associated with Subsequent Lower Extremity Injury following Concussion
Authors: OLDHAM JESSIE R. , HOWELL DAVID R. , KNIGHT CHRISTOPHER A. , CRENSHAW JEREMY R. , BUCKLEY THOMAS A.
Published: April 2020

Purpose

The purpose was to examine gait characteristics between collegiate athletes who did and did not sustain a lower-extremity musculoskeletal (LEMSK) injury in the year after concussion.

Methods

Thirty-four NCAA collegiate athletes with diagnosed concussions were divided into two groups based on if they did (n= 16) or did not (n= 18) sustain a LEMSK in the year after concussion. Participants completed baseline testing before the start of the season and again at return to play postconcussion. Injuries were tracked using an electronic medical database. Participants were instrumented with three APDM Opal triaxial accelerometers and performed five single-task (ST) and five dual-task (DT) gait trials. Participants traversed a 10-meter walkway, turned around a specified endpoint, and returned to the original line. During DT, participants simultaneously walked and answered mini-mental style questions. A linear mixed-effects model assessed interactions and/or main effects between groups for gait speed, double support time, cadence, stride length, and cognitive accuracy.

Results

The LEMSK group walked slower (ST, 1.15 ± 0.10 m·s−1; DT, 1.01 ± 0.10 m·s−1) than the uninjured group (ST, 1.23 ± 0.11 m·s−1; DT, 1.10 ± 0.11 m·s−1) during both ST (P= 0.04) and DT (P= 0.03). The injury group spent longer in double support (ST, 20.19% ± 2.34%; DT, 21.92% ± 2.13%) than the uninjured group (ST, 18.16% ± 2.60%; DT, 20.00% ± 2.32%) during both ST (P= 0.02) and DT (P= 0.02). The injury group had a significantly lower cognitive accuracy (89.56% ± 6.48%) than the uninjured group (95.40% ± 7.08%) across time points (P= 0.02).

Conclusions

There were significant differences in gait characteristics and cognitive accuracy between those who did and did not sustain a LEMSK injury after concussion. The LEMSK group demonstrated a conservative gait strategy both before and after their concussive injury.
A case series of thoracic dynamic contrast-enhanced MR lymphangiography: technique and applications
Authors: Xie Cheng , Stoddart Catriona , McIntyre Anthony , StNoble Victoria , Peschl Heiko , Benamore Rachel
Published: April 2020

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography is a radiation-free, high spatial resolution technique which is increasingly used to evaluate thoracic lymphatic disorders and for pre-procedural planning. DCE has the added advantage of allowing dynamic real-time evaluation of lymphatic flow. It can be employed to investigate commonly encountered clinical situations such as recurrent pleural effusions following trauma, thoracic duct injury after thoracic surgery, and exclude diseases and congenital malformations of the thoracic lymphatic system. The imaging procedure and protocol are detailed in this case series to highlight the application of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance lymphangiography in everyday practice and its importance to guide surgical planning.
Identification Sus scrofa and Mus musculus as potential hosts of SARS-CoV-2 via phylogenetic and homologous recombination analysis
Authors: Hu Xiaopeng , Li Weixin , He Zhendan , Zhang Fengxue
Published: April 2020

Background: Previously, most studies focus on the wild animal  being sold in the Wuhan Huanan seafood wholesale market, neglecting that the livestock living around other place could also be the original hosts.

Methods: First, relative synonymous codon usage was utilized to analyze the potential hosts of SARS-CoV-2; Then cluster SARS-CoV-2 and related coronavirus through the phylogenetic tree. Next, we used Recombination Detection Program to identify the possible recombination region, as well as verifying via Simplot.

Results: Related coronavirus from porcine or murine sources may faciliatate the evolution and reorganization of SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions: Overall, to our knowledge, this is the first paper to illustrate that swine and mice could be probable reservoirs for the SARS-CoV-2.
Kaasav haridus ja õpetajakoolitus sotsiaal-kultuurilisest käsitlusest lähtudes
Authors: Arcidiacono Francesco , Baucal Aleksandar
Published: April 2020

Selles artiklis keskendume õpetajaharidusele ja õpetaja professionaliseerumisele, käsitledes neid teemasid sotsiaal-kultuurilisest vaatenurgast. Soovime paremini mõista mõningaid vastuolusid ja probleeme, mis tekkivad kaasava hariduse rakendamisel, ja seostada need teemad õpetajakoolituse ja professionaliseerumisega. Esiteks anname ülevaate sotsiaal-kultuurilise käsitluse lähtealustest, mis loovad teoreetilise raamistiku õpetajakoolitusele, õpetajate professionaliseerumisele ja kaasava hariduse rakendamisele. Seejärel tutvustame mõningaid rahvusvahelisi põhimõtteid ja väärtusi, mis moodustavad kaasava hariduse normatiivse raamistiku. Sellele raamistikule toetuvad oskused ja praktikad, millega tagatakse kõikidele lastele sobivad õppimis- ja arenguvõimalused. Viimases osas tutvustame õpetajakoolituse erimudelit, et näidata, milliseid võimalusi pakub sotsiaal-kultuuriline käsitlus kaasava ja erivajadustega laste hariduse staatuse ja rolli tugevdamiseks.

 Full text
Murrangute uurimine – neoliberaalsete haridusreformide mõju õpetajate tööelule Eestis
Authors: Tinn Maarja
Published: April 2020

Viimaste aastakümnete hariduspoliitilist arengut läänemaailmas on suunanud neoliberalistlikud initsiatiivid, mille tulemusel on suurenenud muutustele keskenduvate uuringute arv. Siinses uurimuses kasutatakse muutustega kaasnenud mõju uurimiseks murrangute kontseptsiooni, seades eesmärgiks selgitada ja mõista neoliberaalsete haridusreformide trajektoore Eestis aastatel 1987–2017. Selleks loodi esmalt muutuste tausta kirjeldavad süsteemi ja tööelu narratiivid, mille alusel tehti kindlaks toimunud murrangud ning nende mõju õpetajate tööelule. Olgugi et süsteemi narratiiv toetas neoliberalistliku initsiatiivi rakendamist, esines nende trajektoorides arvukaid murranguid. Süsteemi ja tööelu narratiivi kõrvutades ilmnes, kuidas reformid töötasid sageli õpetajate kogemuse ja töö ajaloo konteksti vastu, selgitades nii murrangute tagamaid. Mõned negatiivsed tagajärjed – näiteks kogukonna killustumine või kogukonnasisese hierarhia tekke tajumine – ei ole seega otseselt mõne reformi või initsiatiivi tulemus, vaid toimunud murrangu esilekutsutud muutuse tagajärg.

 Summary
Technical Note—Options Portfolio Selection
Authors: Guasoni Paolo , Mayerhofer Eberhard
Published: April 2020

We develop a new method to optimize portfolios of options in a market where European calls and puts are available with many exercise prices for each of several potentially correlated underlying assets. We identify the combination of asset-specific option payoffs that maximizes the Sharpe ratio of the overall portfolio: such payoffs form the unique solution to a system of integral equations, which reduces to a linear matrix equation under discrete representations of the underlying probabilities. Even when risk-neutral volatilities are all higher than physical volatilities, it can be optimal to sell options on some assets while buying options on other assets, for which the positive hedging demand outweighs negative demand stemming from asset-specific returns.
Gender and countering violent extremism in Women, Peace and Security national action plans
Authors: Asante Doris , Shepherd Laura J.
Published: April 2020

Using discourse analysis, this research explores the representation of gender roles and identities in relation to counter-terrorism/countering violent extremism in 38 national action plans for the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) and associated United Nations Security Council resolutions. Representations of gender in relation to counter-terrorism/countering violent extremism in the national action plans that we analyse fix women in subordinate and passive subject positions while presuming that men are inherently violent and extremist. These findings have implications not only for scholarship on the Women, Peace and Security agenda, but also for policy practice in this area.
N-loss stoichiometry in a Peru ODZ eddy
Authors: Altabet Mark A. , Bourbonnais Annie
Published: April 2020

Assuming heterotrophic denitrification as the dominant microbial process, Richards (1965) formulated a stoichiometry governing nitrogen loss in open-ocean oxygen deficient zones (ODZs). It prescribes the quantitative coupling between the oxidation of organic matter by NO–3
in the absence of O2 and the corresponding production of CO2, N2, and PO–34. Applied globally, this relationship defines key linkages between the C, N, and P cycles. However, the validity of Richards's stoichiometry is challenged
by recognition of complex microbial N processing in ODZs including anammox as an important pathway and nitrite reoxidation. Whereas Richards's stoichiometry would result in N2-N production to NO–3 removal rates of 1.17, dominance by anammox with respect
to biogenic N2 production could in theory result in a ratio as high as 2. Ratios with PO–34 production provide an additional constraint on the quantity and composition of respired organic matter. Here we use a mesoscale eddy with extreme N-loss in the
Peru ODZ as a "natural laboratory" to examine N-loss stoichiometry. Its intense biogeochemical signatures, relatively well-defined timescales, and simplified hydrography allowed for the development of strong co-occurring gradients in NO–3, NO–2,
biogenic N2, and PO–34. The production of biogenic N2 as compared with the removal of NO–3 (analyzed either directly or as N deficits) was slightly less than predicted by Richards's stoichiometry and did not at all
support any "excess" biogenic N2. PO–34 production, however, was twice the expectation from Richards's stoichiometry suggesting that respired organic matter was P-rich as compared with C:N:P Redfield composition. These results suggest major gaps remain
between current understanding of microbial N pathways in ODZs and their net biogeochemical output.
Comparing apples to oranges: Perspectives on satellite-based primary production estimates drawn from a global biogeochemical model
Authors: Stock Charles A.
Published: April 2020

Net primary production (NPP) by microscopic phytoplankton underpins nearly all marine life, yet global NPP estimates differ substantially. Among satellite-based estimates, variation has been attributed to differing assumptions about the relationships between photosynthesis and sea surface
temperature (SST). Maximum chlorophyll (Chl)–specific rates of carbon fixation in the water column (PBopt) increase monotonically with SST in some satellite algorithms, whereas others peak at intermediate values. Understanding and constraining such relationships
is challenged by the many direct and indirect relationships between temperature and phytoplankton. In this article, the emergent PBopt-SST relationship was diagnosed in a global biogeochemical simulation and compared with widely used satellite NPP algorithms. The
simulated PBopt-SST relationship for the aggregated phytoplankton community was highly significant (r2= 0.83) and increased monotonically with temperature. The PBopt-SST relationships for small and large phytoplankton,
however, were distinct and weaker than the aggregate relationship (r2 = 0.52 and 0.36, respectively). For small phytoplankton, the inhibitory effect of nutrient limitation in warmer, more stratified waters was moderated by efficient nutrient scavenging. This, combined with
photoacclimation and the stimulatory effect of warming on maximum growth produced steep PBopt increases with SST. For large phytoplankton, the need for higher Chl:C in productive regions (because of package effects) and the onset of severe nutrient limitation in
warm, stratified regions decreased PBopt relative to small phytoplankton, though PBopt still increased modestly with SST. The PBopt-SST relationships for both small and large phytoplankton overestimated
PBopt in nutrient-poor regions and underestimated it in nutrient-rich regions. This bias was greatly reduced in the aggregate relationship because the increased prominence of low-PBopt large phytoplankton in nutrient-rich environments
tempered PBopt increases. Results support a strong, monotonically increasing PBopt-SST relationship but emphasize the role of the size structure of the phytoplankton community in shaping the emergent relationship. The implications of
these results are discussed in relation to efforts to improve satellite NPP algorithms and partition NPP by phytoplankton size.
The microbial loop concept: A history, 1930–1974
Authors: Williams Peter J. le B. , Ducklow Hugh W.
Published: April 2020

The microbial loop as a leading concept in marine microbiology gained wide recognition in the 1980s, but it has roots extending back to the 1930s when microbiologists first began to take a more dynamic approach to investigating the roles of bacteria in ocean food webs and biogeochemical
cycles. Here we present a history of the microbial loop concept with emphasis on the period starting in 1930, when marine bacteriologists in Russia and the West began to study explicitly the roles of marine bacteria in the sea. Selman Waksman at Woods Hole and Claude ZoBell at La Jolla relied
on colony counts on agar plates as the basis of their work. We suggest that failure to accept direct microscopic evidence of high numbers of bacteria in seawater retarded conceptual development in the West well into the 1970s. Easterners pioneered direct count and radioisotopic techniques
and created a dynamic marine microbiology integrating bacteria as important components of marine food webs by the 1960s. Yurii Sorokin and colleagues carried out extensive experimental studies of bacteria as food for marine grazers and provided data for Mikhail Vinogradov and his group to
write the first numerical simulation models of ocean ecosystems incorporating microbial components. It had little impact on the Western modeling community, as other Russian work of the times. In spite of continuing technical shortcomings in the field, Lawrence Pomeroy constructed a new conceptual
model, providing a synthesis pointing the way toward a modern view of marine microbial ecology that finally matured technically and conceptually in the West in the early 1980s.