bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concerns Management, E-Government and E-Participation
Authors: Vaerst Tobias , Steffens Theresa , Lokaiczyk Robert
Published: May 2018

Advancements in internet technology have profoundly changed communication between citizens and government authorities. Concerns management systems and smartphone applications offer new and convenient channels of interaction. In Germany, the “Mängelmelder” platform offers a nationwide service channel for local citizens' concerns. Citizens generally use this communication channel for reporting public infrastructure defects. This paper examines whether the “Mängelmelder” platform – with customized systems can facilitate further citizen participation at the local level in Germany. Analysing different customized systems shows that possibilities for further use depend on the way in which local authorities handle the citizens' input. It could not be proven that offering an open category for citizens' recommendations (in a customized concerns management system) has an impact on further citizen participation. But using digital citizen services, such as concerns management platforms, can indeed facilitate increased citizen participation.
Future of Smart Cities in the Knowledge-Based Urban Development and the Role of Award Competitions
Authors: Shaqrah Amin A.
Published: May 2018

This study investigates the role of King Abdullah II award for excellence in government performance and transparency in the making of a successful smart city. In order to achieve a better view to support smart city initiatives process and validate the research, the study conducted several interviews with all mangers of Amman municipality directorate to collect the primary data of this study. Further, a qualitative research was performed. Having reviewed the existing literature, Researcher determined the role of knowledge based urban development as a new paradigm in managing urban planning and development in order to ensure Amman city is competitive in the global market. The results concluded that greater Amman municipality applied sufficient knowledge, technology, infrastructure, skills and leadership to winning at King Abdullah II award for excellence. In the light of the literature and case findings, the paper provides recommendations for the Amman municipality and to Arab regions that are working hard to develop smart cities and seeking a global recognition.
The Challenge of Achieving Sustainable Mobility in the Cities of South Asia
Authors: Willoughby Christopher Ronald
Published: May 2018

The world's countries have committed to assure by 2030 reliable mobility to all, even in the largest cities. Review of experience of three fastest-growing cities in South Asian countries underlines reforms that will need to be applied very widely: more private-vehicle restrictions in dense zones, and reservation of some road-lanes for bus use; rapid expansion of metro/bus systems, with service franchises subject to periodic open competition; integration of land-use and transport planning, at street and city level; active collaboration of the planners with developers and builders; activation of competitive building of affordable housing; radical improvement of land market functioning; modernization of traditional building-height restrictions to encourage greater variation, against appropriate payment to the state; increased provision and maintenance of pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure and safety; and consideration of tolling use of private vehicles for journeys that would otherwise be undertaken by mass transit.
Technology and the Urban Future in Developing Countries
Authors: AbouKorin Antar A.
Published: May 2018

During the last century, population growth and rapid urbanization have been phenomenal in the developing world. Such rapid urbanization has created many urban problems on both local and regional levels. Technology has been a driving force for rapid urbanization in developed and developing countries. The main argument of this Chapter is that technology can be the answer to most of the urban problems associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries. In tackling this issue, a qualitative analysis of the literature review about technology and urban change, and a quantitative analysis of urban change patterns and challenges in Africa, as a group sample of the developing world, have been conducted. Then, the research recommends “Urban Decentralization” as a technology-enabled policy necessary for managing the urban future in developing countries. The research recommends “rural urbanization” and “small-size settlements' as necessary approaches for the efficient implementation of the proposed “Urban Decentralization” policy.
Wireless Enabling Technologies for the Internet of Things
Authors: Elkhodr Mahmoud , Shahrestani Seyed , Cheung Hon
Published: May 2018

This Chapter provides several comparable studies of some of the major evolving and enabling wireless technologies in the Internet of Things (IoT). Particularly, it focuses on the ZigBee, 6lowpan, Bluetooth Low Energy, LTE, and the different versions of Wi-Fi protocols including the IEEE 802.11ah. The studies, reported in this chapter, evaluate the capabilities and behaviors of these technologies in terms of various metrics including the data range and rate, network size, RF Channels and Bandwidth, Antenna design considerations, Power Consumption, and their Ecosystem. It is concluded that the requirements of each IoT application play a significant role in the selection of a suitable wireless technology.
Vehicular Fog Computing
Authors: Menon Varun G. , Prathap Joe
Published: May 2018

In recent years Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have received increased attention due to its numerous applications in cooperative collision warning and traffic alert broadcasting. VANETs have been depending on cloud computing for networking, computing and data storage services. Emergence of advanced vehicular applications has led to the increased demand for powerful communication and computation facilities with low latency. With cloud computing unable to satisfy these demands, the focus has shifted to bring computation and communication facilities nearer to the vehicles, leading to the emergence of Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC). VFC installs highly virtualized computing and storage facilities at the proximity of these vehicles. The integration of fog computing into VANETs comes with a number of challenges that range from improved quality of service, security and privacy of data to efficient resource management. This paper presents an overview of this promising technology and discusses the issues and challenges in its implementation with future research directions.
Fog Caching and a Trace-Based Analysis of Its Offload Effect
Authors: Zhanikeev Marat
Published: May 2018

Many years of research on Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) offers a number of effective methods for caching of content replicas or forwarding requests. However, recently CDNs have aggressively started migrating to clouds. Clouds present a new kind of distribution environment as each location can support multiple caching options varying in the level of persistence of stored content. A subclass of clouds located at network edge is referred to as fog clouds. Fog clouds help by allowing CDNs to offload popular content to network edge, closer to end users. However, due to the fact that fog clouds are extremely heterogeneous and vary wildly in network and caching performance, traditional caching technology is no longer applicable. This paper proposes a multi-level caching technology specific to fog clouds. To deal with the heterogeneity problem and, at the same time, avoid centralized control, this paper proposes a function that allows CDN services to discover local caching facilities dynamically, at runtime. Using a combination of synthetic models and real measurement dataset, this paper analyzes efficiency of offload both at the local level of individual fog locations and at the global level of the entire CDN infrastructure. Local analysis shows that the new method can reduce inter-cloud traffic by between 16 and 18 times while retaining less than 30% of total content in a local cache. Global analysis further shows that, based on existing measurement datasets, centralized optimization is preferred to distributed coordination among services.
The Role of Social Media in the Globalized World of Education
Authors: Simmons Janelle Christine
Published: May 2018

Social media has transformed the way that people communicate during the 21st century. This occurrence has transformed society in a globalized world by impacting social interactions, financial institutions and ways of completing transactions, ways of communicating as well as the educational sector. This chapter will introduce the audience/reader to definitions/terms such as communication, media, social media and globalization while discussing the role of social media in a globalized world. In addition, an exploratory discussion of social media and education will be established.
E-Learning 2.0
Authors: Yuen Steve Chi-Yin , Yaoyuneyong Gallayanee
Published: May 2018

This paper presents a case study involving the design, development, and teaching of two online courses based on e-learning 2.0 concepts and use of social web tools and technologies. Guided by the connectivism theory of learning, the courses were designed to integrate e-learning through social media. Blogs, podcasts, social networking, social bookmarking, and Wikis were utilized as fundamental course components. Participants included students in two graduate-level online courses in instructional technology. Details of the design and construction of each course are examined, as well as impacts on students' learning experiences. Students' perceptions of social media as a tool to facilitate classroom community are discussed, as well as their feelings of connectedness and learning, and their opinions regarding teacher-student and student-student classroom interactions. Results show that students' experiences were very positive and that an e-learning 2.0 approach in online courses can enhance learner-to-instructor and learner-to-learner interaction, and increase students' perception of classroom community.
Incorporating Students' Digital Identities in Analog Spaces
Authors: Fassbender William J.
Published: May 2018

Multiliteracies has gained significant favor in the past two decades due to the increased popularity of technology. Educators are not only finding new and exciting ways to make content relatable to students by including their digital lives in the classroom, but now the digital experience of teens is the topic of classroom conversations. The inclusion of students' online identities has certain advantages, as many students may find the bridge between academic work and their out-of-school lives advantageous to their learning. However, educators need to give careful consideration of how to safely include students' digital identities into the classroom, as these online lives are often carefully crafted for their networking platforms and are not necessarily intended for analog, classroom spaces. Throughout this article, the author explores the ways in which teachers incorporate teens' online identities and troubles the notion that teachers can safely include these identities without co-opting their out-of-school online practices.
Encouraging Communication Through the Use of Educational Social Media Tools
Authors: Barnes Melissa
Published: May 2018

Over the last decade, our society has embraced social networking and web-based and mobile technologies. In an attempt to stay current with social trends, educators have become increasingly interested in how best to harness social media tools to enhance their teaching practices. This paper will explore the use of social media tools, such as Edmodo and Glogster, with 30 Japanese high school exchange students in Sydney, Australia. Given that the classes were homogenous, the teachers' biggest challenge was to create a classroom environment that encouraged students to use English rather than Japanese to communicate with one another. By using social media tools, students were given the opportunity to embrace and explore different technologies while creating a space to communicate with their peers and teachers in English. This article will discuss the types of activities and tasks employed and student and teacher feedback. New technologies continue to emerge and evolve, shaping how our society communicates, works and learns. Educators, in particular, have attempted to harness various aspects of technology to enhance teaching and learning. Given that social networking and web-based and mobile technologies have become an integral part of young people's everyday lives, educators have become increasingly aware of the need to incorporate these social media tools in the learning process. The impetus for the action research presented in this paper was born from a desire to promote English language communication through introducing social media tools, such as Edmodo and Glogster. The aim was to explore how a variety of tasks and activities are employed and received by both students and teachers.
“Visit to a Small Planet”
Authors: Rimor Rikki , Arie Perla
Published: May 2018

The current chapter deals with the use of Facebook as a social network for learning. Collaborative learning, metacognition and reflectivity are theoretically discussed and assessed in the current Facebook learning environment, as essential skills of the 21st century. The case study presented examines the relationship between attitudes and achievements of high school students learning an English play in the Facebook closed-group environment. Its findings reveal a significant improvement in students' attitudes at the end of the sessions. However, these were not found to correlate with students' final achievements. In addition, low achieving students preferred to study collaboratively, as they did in the Facebook closed group, more than higher achieving students. These findings may indicate the contribution of other factors to achievement in addition to positive attitudes and satisfaction in the Facebook learning environment. A metacognitive analysis of the students' written responses supports and expands the findings of this study.
Practicing Scientific Argumentation Through Social Media
Authors: Craig-Hare Jana , Rowland Amber , Ault Marilyn , Ellis James D.
Published: May 2018

The use of social media in and outside the classroom is increasing in the number of popular applications as well as pervasiveness in our culture. Teachers utilize social media to engage students, connect with experts, and expand their own professional learning. This chapter provides educators with information about the use of social media to support STEM practices. Social media can be used to engage students in active learning and problem-solving through student-posted claims and effective online questioning. Using social media supports the scientific practice of engaging in argument from evidence, as well as emulates how scientists collaborate on their own research and share research findings. Best practices and lessons learned are shared in this chapter, including a case study from a secondary science classroom and suggestions for the use of social media for educator professional learning.
#WordUp!
Authors: Bryant Kendra N.
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, the author argues that although integrating online social media networks into a traditional writing classroom seems timely, cutting edge, and apropos to students' current past-time activities, teachers have the opportunity to create more meaningful classroom activities with social media if they first: consider students' trepidation regarding such non-traditional classroom activities; and second: realize socially-networked students don't necessarily translate into career-ready students. By way of two in-class Q&A sessions, the author discovers that her Technical Writing students need less instruction on how to use social media academically, and more instruction on how to use social media to brand and market themselves professionally. In a chapter grounded in student response, readers receive her student feedback about the effects of integrating social media networks into their writing classroom in an effort to assist teachers more purposely integrate social media into their traditional classroom spaces.
Using the Motivational Aspects of Productive Persistence Theory and Social Media Motivators to Improve the ELA Flipped Classroom Experience
Authors: Schipke Rae Carrington
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses the need to expand upon the pedagogical components of the flipped classroom model to include what is known about motivation as it relates to Productive Persistence Theory (PPT) and social media (SM) in order to increase student success in the English language arts. Motivational incentives suggested, in part, by the PPT literature, are identified and organized by its three non-cognitive aspects of grit, growth mindsets, and belonging. Motivators for SM use are identified in the literature and categorized as seeking, expressing, and engaging. Implications drawn are that student learning is personal, developmental, and social, all operating simultaneously. Also, that this multidimensionality is involved in motivating each individual student and that SM inherently supports such motivation. A conceptual framework is presented that demonstrates how both PPT and SM allow teachers to meet students where they are in their learning and in their personal and social growth and development.
Social Media as Information Sources and Their Influence on the Destination Image
Authors: Martínez-Ruiz María Pilar , Llodrá-Riera Isabel , Jiménez-Zarco Ana Isabel
Published: May 2018

Tourists use social media to share their experiences and obtain information about travel and tourism destinations. Information shared by tourists is different than information published by destination marketing organizations (DMOs) in the sense that it does not include formal messages and photographs. Some researchers have proven that user-generated content (UGC) through social media exerts an influence on the perceived image of a tourist destination and the motivations for visiting it. Tourists and travelers tend to use a combination of official and unofficial information to make travel decisions. Nowadays, there are still plenty of opportunities to advance destination image research using social media. With these ideas in mind, this chapter aims to review different types of Web 2.0 platforms and discuss their influence on destination image formation and sustainability perception.
Repressive Tolerance and the “Management” of Diversity
Authors: Brookfield Stephen D.
Published: May 2018

This chapter uses Herbert Marcuse's notion of repressive tolerance to examine the ways that higher education institutions manage diversity so as to ensure that the ideology of white supremacy stays in place. Instead of condemning challenge and trying to repress it head on, organizations in a society supposedly devoted to the project of becoming more open and tolerant appear to be engaged in substantive change whilst still maintaining the status quo. Repressive tolerance holds that all these measures can be taken without any fundamental change to the structures of power within the organization. Whites will still be overwhelmingly in positions of institutional power and authority and, ensnared by the ideology of white supremacy, will continue to act in racist ways. Institutions that create a diversity requirement for students often approve new courses on race and diversity and hire faculty of color to teach these. The problem is that very little changes at a deeper, structural level.
Habermas' Reconceptualization of Historical Materialism as a Social Evolutionary Learning Theory
Authors: Welton Michael R.
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, the authors examine how Habermas recasts Marx's historical materialism as a social evolutionary learning theory. The argument closely examines how Habermas transforms Marx's key ideas into a new way of understanding human evolution as a learning process.
From Critical Theory to Critical Practice
Authors: Doughty Howard A.
Published: May 2018

The failure of Marxism to account for the rise of fascism and Nazism; the establishment of authoritarian regimes where “communist” revolutions had occurred, largely in pre-industrial societies; and the incapacity of the proletariat to develop class consciousness and foment class conflict in advanced industrial societies led the members of the Frankfurt School to revise and adapt Marxism to twentieth century realities. While relentlessly critical of capitalism, they tended to be pessimistic about the possibility of revolution. The leader of the “second generation” of the critical theorists, Jürgen Habermas, moved on from the Marxist foundation to develop a more comprehensive, pragmatic, communications-based model of modern life, which gained support among left-leaning intellectuals. This chapter relates some of Habermas' insights to the practical problems of faculty in community colleges in Ontario, Canada as they confront neoliberal ideology and practice and work to challenge power relations and pedagogy in the workplace.
Professional Development in Blended Practice
Authors: Torrisi-Steele Geraldine
Published: May 2018

It is approaching two decades since digital technologies began infiltrating higher education in earnest, and the issue of whether or not technology should be used in higher education teaching is no longer a hot topic. The use of online technologies is considered an imperative by institutions, mostly for reasons of efficiency and social expectation. From the pedagogical perspective, the use of digital technologies infuses discussion about quality in learning and teaching but the net changes in practice are minimal. In the present chapter, a case is made for continued investment of effort into designing professional development that is effective in helping academics make use of digital technologies in ways beyond simple access to content. Findings from research into the factors likely to influence how academics use technology provide some evidence of the need to contextualize professional development around educator practices.
The Role of Instructional Design in Transformative Learning
Authors: Gordon Kimberley , Lewis Luanne , Auten Jill
Published: May 2018

As transformative learning is rooted in the belief that humans make meaning of their experiences, the incorporation of instructional design (ID) techniques in classroom management as a planning tool is well suited to learning environments in which the facilitator subscribes to Mezirow's theory. ID refers to a systematic process for developing instruction by following a prescribed model focused on accomplishment of desired learning outcomes. ID provides a clear, direct map to guide educators through the creation of lessons in accordance with curriculum expectations. ID is an appropriate tool for the practitioners of the three primary learning theories: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Reiser and Dempsey described ID as a systematic progression of steps undertaken to develop education and training programs in a consistent and reliable fashion; it enables educators to take a modular approach to delivery of learning. This chapter explores the role of instructional design in transformative learning.
Optimal Advertisement Spending in a Duopoly with Incomplete Information
Authors: Castro Luis E. , Shaikh Nazrul I.
Published: May 2018

This article presents the relationship between a firm's advertisement spending and sales in a duopoly when information about the competitors' advertisement spending is unavailable. The competitive interaction between the firms has been modeled as imperfect information Cournot and Stackelberg games and the conditions for subgame perfect Bayesian Nash equilibrium are presented. The results suggest that when the firms are similar in size and advertisement effectiveness, both firms are better off sharing their advertising plans with each other. On the other hand, when one of the firms is a market leader, the follower may profit from the leader's advertisement spending and so is better off keeping the leader guessing. A practical approach to estimate the optimum advertisement budget based on the expected values of the competitors' historic advertising spending is presented as well.
GISwaps
Authors: Milutinovic Goran , Ahonen-Jonnarth Ulla , Seipel Stefan
Published: May 2018

This article describes how continuous GIS-MCDM problems are commonly managed by combining some weighting method based on pairwise comparisons of criteria with an aggregation method. The reliability of this approach may be questioned, though. First, assigning weights to criteria, without taking into consideration the actual consequences or values of the alternatives, is in itself controversial. Second, the value functions obtained by this approach are in most cases linear, which is seldom the case in reality. The authors present a new method for GIS-MCDM in continuous choice models based on Even Swaps. The method is intuitive and easy to use, based on value trade-offs, and thus not relying on criteria weighting. Value functions obtained when using the method may be linear or non-linear, and thereby are more sensitive to the characteristics of the decision space. The performed case study showed promising results regarding the reliability of the method in GIS-MCDM context.
Academic Dishonesty
Authors: Best Linda M. , Shelley Daniel J.
Published: May 2018

This article examines the effects of the social media applications Facebook, Twitter, Snap Chat/Instagram, Texting and various smartphone applications on academic dishonesty in higher education. The study employed a mixed-methods approach conducted through an emailed question-pro student survey consisting of 20 questions. The results of the study indicated that the majority of students in higher education utilize the social media applications Facebook, Twitter, Snap Chat/Instagram and Smart Phones to assist with their academic studies. Although students report utilizing these forms of social media to assist with their studies most do not use these applications for cheating or any form of academic dishonesty. There was an increased willingness to use texting, screenshots, video and audio recordings to cheat on exams and other academic requirements. In addition, the majority of participants indicated they felt any form of cheating or academic dishonesty was wrong. However, most indicated they would do little or nothing to intervene or prevent it in their particular classroom situations.
Instructional Technology Courses in Teacher Education
Authors: Ntuli Esther
Published: May 2018

This article uses OLS and 2SLS regression analysis to examine K-12 educators' perceptions of technology courses that were integrated in their program of study and the extent to which the courses influenced the educators' technology competencies and integration. A purposeful sample of 90 K-12 and 50 non-K-12 teachers in Idaho participated in the study. A survey was used in the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data. Findings indicate that though most teachers had taken technology courses during teacher training, they still lack transferrable technology pedagogical methods or skills. Both perception and technology integration were influenced by the teacher's age, experience, educational level, social network, type of school and location. 2SLS estimation demonstrated that perception was also a significant variable affecting technology integration. However, there was no evidence of the effect of class size and gender on either integration or perceptions implying that these two variables might not be important from a policy perspective. In-service teacher recommendations for teacher preparation programs are also discussed.
The Use of Learning Strategies in Distance Learning
Authors: Alliprandini Paula Mariza Zedu
Published: May 2018

The objective of this article was to examine the use of learning strategies used by students of distance learning, enrolled in courses from two public institutions. A total of 821 students took part in the research, 532 of them from the South Institution and 289 from the Midwest Institution of Brazil. Data was composed from the factors: emotion control, search for interpersonal help, repetition and organization, motivation control, elaboration, search for help in the teaching material, and monitoring comprehension. Results evidenced that students from the South are more strategic in all of the analyzed factors. The analysis regarding age range evidenced differences only in factor monitoring comprehension by participants of the South, who were in the higher age range showed more strategic skills. Results presented suggest the need for training tutors focused in teaching learning strategies, which could bring satisfactory results in the sense of promoting the success of DL.
Automatic Ontology Learning from Multiple Knowledge Sources of Text
Authors: Sathiya B , Geetha T.V.
Published: May 2018

The prime textual sources used for ontology learning are a domain corpus and dynamic large text from web pages. The first source is limited and possibly outdated, while the second is uncertain. To overcome these shortcomings, a novel ontology learning methodology is proposed to utilize the different sources of text such as a corpus, web pages and the massive probabilistic knowledge base, Probase, for an effective automated construction of ontology. Specifically, to discover taxonomical relations among the concept of the ontology, a new web page based two-level semantic query formation methodology using the lexical syntactic patterns (LSP) and a novel scoring measure: Fitness built on Probase are proposed. Also, a syntactic and statistical measure called COS (Co-occurrence Strength) scoring, and Domain and Range-NTRD (Non-Taxonomical Relation Discovery) algorithms are proposed to accurately identify non-taxonomical relations(NTR) among concepts, using evidence from the corpus and web pages.
A Novel Approach for Face Recognition under Varying Illumination Conditions
Authors: Mohanraj V , Vaidehi V. , Vasuhi S , Kumar Ranajit
Published: May 2018

Face recognition systems are in great demand for domestic and commercial applications. A novel feature extraction approach is proposed based on TanTrigg Lower Edge Directional Patterns for robust face recognition. Histogram of Orientated Gradients is used to detect faces and the facial landmarks are localized using Ensemble of Regression Trees. The detected face is rotated based on facial landmarks using affine transformation followed by cropping and resizing. TanTrigg preprocessor is used to convert the aligned face region into an illumination invariant region for better feature extraction. Eight directional Kirsch compass masks are convolved with the preprocessed face image. Feature descriptor is extracted by dividing the TTLEDP image into several sub-regions and concatenating the histograms of all the sub-regions. Chi-square distance metric is used to match faces from the trained feature space. The experimental results prove that the proposed TTLEDP feature descriptor has better recognition rate than existing methods, overcoming the challenges like varying illumination and noise
Hybrid Analysis Technique to detect Advanced Persistent Threats
Authors: Chakkaravarthy S Sibi , Vaidehi V , Rajesh P
Published: May 2018

Advanced persistent threats (APT) are major threats in the field of system and network security. They are extremely stealthy and use advanced evasion techniques like packing and behaviour obfuscation to hide their malicious behaviour and evade the detection methods. Existing behavior-based detection technique fails to detect the APTs due to its high persistence mechanism and sophisticated code nature. Hence, a novel hybrid analysis technique using Behavior based Sandboxing approach is proposed. The proposed technique consists of four phases namely, Static, Dynamic, Memory and System state analysis. Initially, static analysis is performed on the sample which involves packer detection and signature verification. If the sample is found stealthy and remains undetected, then it is executed inside a sandbox environment to analyze its behavior. Further, memory analysis is performed to extract memory artefacts of the current system state. Finally, system state analysis is performed by correlating clean system state and infected system state to determine whether the system is compromised
A New Framework for Accessible Tourism Mobile Application Development
Authors: Ribeiro Fernando Reinaldo , Silva Arlindo , Metrôlho José C. , Silva Ana Paula , Barbosa Fernando Sérgio
Published: May 2018

Recent years have seen an increasing realization of the importance and potential of accessible tourism. To support it, the ICT industries have provided many different applications, especially for mobile computing frameworks. An analysis of these applications allows us to identify some issues that are not yet fully addressed. These include the absence of collaborative features; the lack of involvement of all stakeholders; the inexistence of synergies; the lack of widely accessible geographic databases and the limited scope of focus within the disability range. To tackle some of these issues, the authors propose a common framework for development of tourism accessible related applications. This framework stores and manages tourism information and makes this information available to be used by mobile applications developers through specific web services. This approach can represent an important contribution to accessible tourism, by decreasing the cost and facilitating the development of new applications supporting new products and services.
Understanding Supply Chain Collaboration and Risk Management
Authors: Moradeyo Adenike Aderonke
Published: May 2018

Social network theory is an appropriate theory for understanding the relationships among the different parties in the supply chain. This article adopts the conceptual-theory framework to introduce arm's-length and close ties concepts into the field of supply chain risk management. The theoretical paradigm of social network theory is used to develop a framework and propositions for future empirical studies. Specifically, this conceptual article uses the idea of the social network theory to propose the need for firms to incorporate both the close and arm's-length ties in their supply chains. This approach of combining the two forms of ties as a composite tie within a supply chain could serve as an important supply chain risk management tool in relation to supply chain disruption and its mitigation, because of the synergistic benefits.
Campus Drinking Water Supply System Performance Analysis Universitas Gadjah Mada of Yogyakarta
Authors: Setiawan Teguh , Triatmadja Radianta , Supraba Intan , Kamulyan Budi
Published: May 2018

The decent quality, quantity, and continuity of Drinking Water Supply System (DWSS) are needed to support the activities of a campus. Universitas Gadjah Mada drinking water supply system (UGM-DWSS) provides 49 Water Fountains (WF) and 12 Water Dispensers (WD) to support daily activities for all the campus community. This research aimed at figuring out the performance of the existing UGM-DWSS against the current service pipeline distribution network so that the technical condition of the pipes’ pressure, the water consumption’s discharge, and the pumps’ use can be identified. The method used for analyzing is by implementing simulating the network performance using WaterNet program version 2.2 by which pipes network and its facilities performance including optimization of pipe diameter can be described. The simulation indicated that there was 80% idle capacity of the available water capacity. It is uneconomical to make any changes to the existing pipes’ condition considering the very high cost of the pipeline construction. Therefore, pump replacement was considered more feasible optimization approach. To obtain the optimal results, the pump should be replaced with 4 m3/hours capacity with 20 meters pump design head.
Policy Analysis of Clean Water Supply System (CWSS) Development (Case Study of Kotamobagu’s CWSS)
Authors: Damopolii Ahmad Nithasi , Triatmadja Radianta , Supraba Intan
Published: May 2018

CWSS in Kotamobagu has various problems such as, pipe water network that has not been operated optimally since its completion in 2012. The number of house connections was merely 424 out of 7,600 targeted until 2016. Other problems in Kotamobagu were related to the supply, backwash, insufficient electrical power supply, no water meter, reservoir leakage, and intake pipes leakage in Poyowa and Bilalang. This research aims to find the root of the problem in terms of Clean Water Supply System (CWSS)'s network system, organization, regulation, and management. The research focused on Poyowa Besar's CWSS and Bilalang-1's CWSS networks in Kotamobagu. The research methods included observation, survey, and policy analysis where respondents were required as sources of information. The respondents were from Sia's and Pontodon's CWSS that represented 162 house connections. Additional respondents representing 30 house connections were selected randomly at Poyowa Besar's and Bilalang-1's CWSS for comparison. The results indicated that the community, CWSS managers, and the Central Government support the existence of Kotamobagu CWSS management. The 30 house connections at Poyowa Besar's and Bilalang-1's CWSS have never been served with water, but the respondents positively hope that the matter will be solved in the near future. They were willing to keep waiting for the water network of Kotamobagu's CWSS. The root of the problem in the Poyowa Besar's and Bilalang-1's implementation was due primarily to a network system that was built by the Ministry of Public Works for the Municipal Government of Kotamobaguwas reportedly not in accordance with procurement regulation. There was disagreement between the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH) and the CWSS managers related to the items that have to be fulfilled for network infrastructure handover.
Applications of the PyTOPKAPI model to ungauged catchments
Authors: Rabba Zeinu Ahmed , Fatoyinbo BS , Stretch Derek D
Published: May 2018

Many catchments in developing countries are poorly gauged/totally ungauged which hinders water resource management and flood prediction in these countries. This study explored the application of the PyTOPKAPI model to South African (Mhlanga) and Ethiopian (Gilgel Ghibe) case study catchments to test its suitability for simulating stream flows from ungauged catchments. The aim is to extend the model application to poorly gauged/totally ungauged catchments in developing countries. The model uses digital elevation data and other spatial data sources to set up the model parameters and the forcing files. To generate reliable stream flows, models generally need to be calibrated, which typically relies on the availability of reliable stream flow data. We show how application of simple lumped models for average runoff ratios, such as that proposed by Schreiber in 1904, can be used as an alternative to detailed calibration with gauged flows. This approach seems to be new; and we show how the proposed method, together with the PyTOPKAPI model, can be used to predict runoff responses in ungauged catchments for water resource applications and flood forecasting in developing countries.
Review of available data for a South African Inventory of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems (SAIIAE)
Authors: Van Deventer Heidi , Smith-Adao Lindie , Petersen Chantel , Mbona Namhla , Skowno Andrew , Nel Jeanne L
Published: May 2018

The National Biodiversity Assessment of 2011 found freshwater ecosystems to be highly threatened and poorly protected. However, a number of studies have shown that the National Wetland Map (NWM) Version 4 represents less than 54% of wetlands mapped at a fine scale. A more comprehensive South African Inventory of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems (SAIIAE) would greatly improve the assessment of wetland ecosystem types and their condition and conservation status, and is crucial for monitoring trends to inform decision making and planning. In preparation for the third National Biodiversity Assessment of 2018, a review was undertaken to identify possible data sources that could contribute to the SAIIAE. The objectives of the study were to (i) assess which type of information is available for developing a SAIIAE; and (ii) list and understand the availability of fine-scale wetland data for updating the NWM. A variety of data related to species occurrence and distribution, extent and type of inland wetlands and rivers, as well as datasets which describe regional settings of inland aquatic ecosystems, were found across a number of institutions. Fine-scale spatial data amounted to more than double the extent of inland wetlands mapped by remote sensing at a country-wide scale. Nearly 5 million ha of fine-scale data were collected from a diverse number of institutions, with the majority (73%) of these data mapped by Government (3 681 503 ha or 3% of South Africa). It is estimated that < 8% of the sub-quaternary catchments of South Africa had complete wetland data sets, primarily in the Gauteng, Mpumalanga and Western Cape Provinces. Accuracy assessment reports and confidence ratings were however not consistently available for the wetland datasets. Inland wetlands in the majority of South Africa (84%) therefore remain poorly represented. We recommend future steps to improve the SAIIAE, including improving the representation of inland wetland ecosystem types and focusing on accuracy assessment.
Driving factors of temporary and permanent shallow lakes in and around Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
Authors: Msiteli-Shumba Stembile , Kativu Shakki , Utete Beaven , Makuwe Edwin , Hulot Florence D
Published: May 2018

Small aquatic ecosystems in semi-arid environments are characterised by strong seasonal water level fluctuations. In addition, land use as well as artificial pumping of groundwater to maintain water resources throughout the dry season may affect the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we investigated pans situated in and around Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, where certain waterholes are artificially maintained during the dry season for conservation purposes. We monitored 30 temporary and permanent waterholes for 7 months across the wet and dry seasons in 2013, and analysed them for standard parameters to investigate seasonal variations, assess the effects of land use and pumping on lake functioning, and determine the driving factors of these aquatic systems. Results show an increase in conductivity, hardness, and turbidity when temporary pans dry up and permanent ones are filled with groundwater. Prominent parameters explaining the diversity of aquatic ecosystems are water hardness, conductivity, turbidity, and the presence of vegetation. Seasonality differences in certain parameters suggest the influence of water level fluctuations associated with rainfall, evaporation, and pumping activities. Further, the distinction between turbid pans and those with clear water and vegetation suggests the alternative functioning of pans. Land use had no significant effects, while the effects of pumping are discussed. In times of water scarcity, animals gather around artificially maintained waterholes and foul water with faeces and urine, thus inducing water eutrophication.
Variation of runoff source areas under different soil wetness conditions in a semi-arid mountain region, Iran
Authors: Rezaei-Sadr Hassan , Sharifi Golfam
Published: May 2018

Runoff source areas can serve as focus areas for water quality monitoring and catchment management. In this study, a conceptual form of the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method (SCS-CN) is used to define variable-source runoff areas in a meso-scale catchment in the Zagros mountain region, southwest of Iran. The analysis indicates that for the average and dry antecedent soil wetness (the dominant soil moisture conditions), the original SCS-CN criterion that assumes the initial abstraction of rainfall to be equal to 20% of the maximum potential soil water retention fails to predict runoff source areas correctly, suggesting the ineffectiveness of the original form of the method for the study region. However, the determination of the initial abstraction based on hydrograph-hyetograph matching technique provides reasonable results, outperforms the original form of the SCS-CN based method and, more importantly, highlights the significance of having localized rainfall and runoff data. Under wet soil conditions, both techniques provide similar results; the robustness of the SCS-CN based method is thus supported only for wet soil conditions.
Oxidative stress biomarkers in Oreochromis niloticus as early warning signals in assessing pollution from acid mine drainage and diffuse sources of pollutants in a subtropical river
Authors: Jiri Z , Tazvivinga A , Greenfield R , Van Vuren JHJ
Published: May 2018

This study investigated the use of an exotic fish species Oreochromis niloticus as a bio-indicator organism in active biomonitoring of Yellow Jacket and Mazowe rivers, Zimbabwe, receiving acid mine drainage from Iron Duke Mine. The Yellow Jacket River flows through Iron Duke Pyrite Mine while the Mazowe River passes through the Mazowe factory and estate shop that receives runoff from intensive agricultural activities. Active biomonitoring (ABM) exposures were conducted for 6 weeks in effluent-contaminated sections of the rivers during high flow, from February to March 2013. A set of biomarkers of exposure and effect (glutathione S-transferase, catalase and metallothioneins) were selected and their responses determined in O. niloticus liver, gills and muscle. We hypothesized that the increase in activities of GST, CAT and MT in exposed fish, in comparison to control fish, can be used to assess river water quality using O. niloticus. Biomarker expression was measured after 4 and 6 weeks and compared against control fish kept under laboratory conditions without contaminants. Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, copper, manganese, arsenic and iron were measured in flowing water, riverbed sediments and muscle tissue of actively biomonitored O. niloticus. Key water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen and conductivity, clearly showed a pollution gradient from Iron Duke Mine. Expression of CAT and GST was highest in the liver, compared to gills and muscles, after 4 and 6 weeks of exposure, and their expression was lower (p < 0.05) in control fish. The expression of the enzymes was not significantly different after 6 weeks compared to 4 weeks. Increased enzyme expressions at Site 1, which is upstream from Iron Duke Mine, were comparable to enzyme expressions at Sites 3, 4, 5 and 6, which correlated with increased zinc concentrations in the exposed fish muscle tissue. The general order of metal concentrations was sediments > water > fish, except for zinc, which had the highest bioconcentration factors. Using the GST, CAT and MT we concluded that Mazowe and Yellow Jacket rivers are contaminated and that these oxidative stress biomarkers can successfully be used in assessing pollution from point sources such as acid mine drainage, as well as diffuse sources of pollutants such as commercial agriculture.