bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professor FRANZ D. KAHN: 1926–1998
Authors: Dougherty John
Published: July 2002

We record with sadness the death of Franz Kahn, a former Associate
Editor of
the Journal of Plasma Physics.

Franz was born in Germany in 1926, but his family emigrated to England
in
1938. He attended Oxford University, obtaining First Class Honours in
Mathematics in 1947, and continuing as a research student there, eventually

gaining his D.Phil. in 1950. His thesis work already involved him in plasma

physics, under one of the pioneers of the subject. His supervisor was Sydney

Chapman, and his topic was that of the production of plasma by solar flares,

and its interaction with the Earth's atmosphere. This field had already
been
opened by Chapman and a previous pupil, Vincent Ferraro, in the 1930s.
The
idea had originally been phrased in terms of ‘corpuscles’,
i.e. energetic ions and
electrons, but it had gradually been realized that electrostatic forces
give such
a medium a coherence, so that it should be described as a fluid, notwithstanding

the lack of collisions. This is of course the basic idea of plasma physics,
and
when the importance of magnetic fields was included, one had all the
ingredients of magnetohydrodynamics.
Plasma cavity formation caused by ion acoustic
waves and nonlinear modulation of trapped waves
Authors: HONZAWA T. , WATANABE S. , SAITOU Y.
Published: July 2002

Externally amplitude-modulated ion acoustic waves with high frequencies of
200–320 kHz are experimentally shown to form plasma cavities and to be
trapped in them at an early stage. Thereafter, the trapped waves are observed
to suffer nonlinear modulation and create new lower-frequency waves with
average frequencies as low as 20–40 kHz within the cavities. As a result, the
externally excited high-frequency ion acoustic waves are found to be
nonlinearly converted into lower-frequency ion waves in the cavities. Finally,
the pressure gradients of the waves effective in cavity formation and nonlinear
modulation of the trapped waves are discussed.
On the theory of plasma–sheath resonance in a
non-uniform plasma
Authors: TANIZUKA NOBORU , ALLEN JOHN E.
Published: July 2002

Calculations are presented on the phenomenon of plasma–sheath resonance in
an inhomogeneous plasma. In certain cases, this resonance coincides with a
local resonance occurring in the plasma, the local plasma frequency being equal
to the resonant frequency of the entire system. The theory does not describe the
mechanism of absorption, but does predict the magnitude of the power
involved. Some limitations of the theory are discussed.
Small-scale distribution, life cycle and secondary production of Cumopsis goodsir in Creixell Beach (western Mediterranean)
Authors: Corbera Jordi , San Vicente Carlos , Sorbe Jean-Claude
Published: July 2002

The cumacean Cumopsis goodsir (Crustacea: Peracarida) was sampled monthly in 1991–1992 in the surf zone of Creixell Beach (north-western Mediterranean), to describe its life history and secondary production. In this unstable coastal soft-bottom area, C. goodsir is one of the dominant species of the subtidal community. The annual mean density of this population was 8.5 ind 5 m−2 and the corresponding mean biomass was 0.19 mg 5 m−2. The overall sex-ratio was statistically in favour of females (F:M=2.1). Brooding females were collected regularly during the whole year and their mean fecundity was estimated at 19.3 ind per marsupium. The demographic analysis of samples suggested that C. goodsir is a trivoltine species. The potential longevity of individuals is less than one year and differs between generations. Using the sizefrequency method, its annual production was estimated at 1.44 mg ash free dry weight 5 m−2 year−1 with a corresponding annual ratio of 7.79.
Video-assisted grabbing: a minimally destructive method of sampling azooxanthellate coral banks
Authors: Mortensen P.B. , Roberts J.M. , Sundt R.C.
Published: July 2002

Traditional techniques used to sample azooxanthellate coral banks by dredge and trawl cause extensive impact to both the corals and surrounding seabed. Modern sampling techniques using submersibles and remotely operated vehicles cause very little or no damage, but are expensive and require specialized vessels. Here we describe a combination of video camera and benthic grab for sampling azooxanthellate corals and test this method on a Lophelia pertusa bank in Osterfjorden, western Norway. The video-assisted grab was successfully used both for locating and sampling L. pertusa. This method can largely replace the use of traditional, more destructive dredging and trawling techniques for sampling azooxanthellate corals.
Environmental factors affecting sexual size dimorphism in the hermit crab Pagurus middendorffii
Authors: Wada Satoshi
Published: July 2002

The effects of shell resource and interspecific competition on sexual size dimorphism of the hermit crab, Pagurus middendorffii (Decapoda: Paguridae), were examined from population comparisons. Degree of size dimorphism and mean shell size occupied by male and female P. middendorffii differed among adjacent sites, and there was a significant correlation between them. Although most large P. middendorffii occupied large Chlorostoma lischkei shells in both shell-limited and shell-unlimited populations, P. lanuginosus, a sympatric species, occupied large C. lischkei shells more frequently than P. middendorffii did in a shell-limited population. Environmental factors, shell availability and interspecific competition for shells, might play important roles in determining the degree of sexual size dimorphism of P. middendorffii.
Animal abundance and food availability in coastal lagoons and intertidal marine sediments
Authors: Barnes R.S.K. , de Villiers C.J.
Published: July 2002

The relationships between the standing stocks of deposit-feeding benthic invertebrates and benthic chlorophyll-a, phaeopigment and total combustible organic matter were investigated at a series of coastal lagoons and in the type of intertidal soft-sediment sites from which the lagoons originated. Across all the sites, in Norfolk, UK, an inverse relationship occurred between (a) the amounts of chlorophyll-a and of other potential food materials and (b) the degree of coverage by water. The biomass of consumers also decreased with increased water coverage, so that the lagoons supported less biomass than the adjacent high-level intertidal sites. Further, the deposit-feeder biomass supported by unit food decreased with extent of water coverage.

There was no evidence of any relationship between deposit-feeder and food biomass within any single site, in spite of the study period being selected to be that in which there was maximum likelihood of competition for microphytobenthic food. Whilst chlorophyll concentrations may set the maximum achievable level of consumer biomass at these sites, including in the deeper lagoons setting very low potential maximum population densities, the seasonal abundance patterns of the deposit feeders appear to be determined by other factor(s).
Mughal Nobles, Indian Merchants and the Beginning of British Conquest in Western India: The Case of Surat 1756-1759
Authors: TORRI MICHELGUGLIELMO
Published: July 2002

This paper is about the small war that ended with the British conquest of Surat castle in 1759. This event brought about the establishment of English paramountcy in Surat, which, in turn, was the first step taken by the English on their way to empire along the Western coast of India. As such, the developments leading to the take-over of Surat castle represent a case study of some importance in the early rise of British power in India and the reasons behind it.
The Jesus Tradition in 1 Thess 4.13–5.11
Authors: KIM SEYOON
Published: July 2002

The Thessalonians' grief about the dead believers and their anxiety about the date of the parousia arose mainly out of their inadequate understanding of the eschatological sayings of Jesus which Paul had delivered to them. Therefore, in 1 Thess 4.13–5.11 Paul seeks to resolve the problems by helping them understand those sayings properly in the light of the fundamental saving event of Christ's death and resurrection.
THE CAESURA BETWEEN ROMANS 9.30–3 AND 10.1–4
Authors: LAMBRECHT SJ JAN
Published: July 2002

Does Rom 10.1 constitute a significant break in Paul's argument? Many commentators see 9.30–10.21 as the second of the three major sections in Romans 9–11. The subject matter introduced by the question τι oυν ερoυμεν of 9.30 is, according to them, so different from what precedes that it indicates a decisive transition point. One may ask, however, whether 9.30–3 is not better considered as the conclusion of that first stage.
Effects of inhibitors of serine protease, phenoloxidase and

dopa decarboxylase on the melanization of Dirofilaria immitis

microfilariae with Armigeres subalbatus haemolymph in vitro
Authors: LIU C. T. , HOU R. F. , ASHIDA M. , CHEN C. C.
Published: July 2002

The melanization of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae
in

Armigeres subalbatus haemolymph in vitro is a two-step
process.

Firstly, the microfilariae are encased in a transparent capsule, then the

capsule material is melanized later. Benzamidine

HCl and p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, both serine

protease inhibitors, inhibited the deposition of the

transparent capsule material and melanization. Diethyldithiocarbamate,
a

phenoloxidase inhibitor, did not prevent the

deposition of the transparent capsule material but it did inhibit melanization.

m-Hydroxybenzylhydrazine, a dopa

decarboxylase inhibitor, had no inhibitory action on the deposition of

the transparent capsule material. However, the time

for the transparent capsule to become melanized was delayed due to the

presence of m-hydroxybenzylhydrazine in the test

system. Immunocytochemical localization showed that prophenoloxidase

and/or phenoloxidase was present in the transparent capsule material.

These results suggest (1) that prophenoloxidase cascade is essential in

the melanization of

microfilariae in mosquitoes and its putative activation behaviour is

similar to that of other insects and (2) that the deposition

of transparent capsule material is a result of the activation of

prophenoloxidase by serine proteases and the melanization

of the transparent capsule material is due to the presence of

active phenoloxidase in capsule.
The coevolutionary potential of a ‘generalist’ parasite,
the
hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae
Authors: TRIPET F. , RICHNER H.
Published: July 2002

Hosts exert selection pressures on their parasites and it is often
assumed that host–parasite coevolution with each host is
less intense in a generalist parasite than for a parasite with a narrow
host range. Selection pressure on the parasite, however,
is rather determined by host specificity, i.e. the relative importance
of
each host, than simply by the range of hosts. The
determination of host specificity requires an assessment of the prevalence
and intensity of parasite infestation within each
host's nests, as well as the local abundance of each host species.
Since
the hen flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae, is a rather
generalist parasite of birds it could be concluded that there has
been weak coevolution with each of its hosts. By reviewing
the literature on the prevalence and intensity of hen flea infestations
in bird nests we estimated the number of individuals
produced in the nest of each host species. The comparative analysis shows
(1) that the prevalence of infestation is highest
in hole-nesting avian families, (2) that prevalence and intensity of
infestation among bird families are highly correlated,
and (3) that hole-nesting Paridae have the highest intensities of infestation
and harbour the majority of the flea population.
These results underline the fleas' potential for coevolution with
Paridae despite their extensive host range.
Cytokine induction and exploitation in schistosome infections
Authors: McKERROW J. H.
Published: July 2002

Schistosome parasites, despite being multicellular organisms
several millimetres in length, can survive in the bloodstream
of mammalian hosts for decades. The remarkable and complex adaptation
exemplified in the host–parasite relationship in
schistosomiasis may include not only immune evasion by the parasite, but

also immune exploitation. While the developmental and adult stages of
the parasite are by and large invisible to the immune response, the parasite
egg induces a
granulomatous reaction which not only protects the host from a
diffusible parasite toxin, but also is required for
normal transmission of parasite eggs from the host to the external
environment. Other possible mechanisms of immune
exploitation by schistosomes are discussed including skewing of cytokine

responses, effects of cytokines on worm
fecundity, exploitation of endothelial cell adherence, and induction of
IgE.
Impairment of the chemical defence of the beetle, Tenebrio
molitor, by metacestodes (cysticercoids) of the tapeworm,
Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: BLANKESPOOR C. L. , PAPPAS P. W. , EISNER T.
Published: July 2002

The defensive glands of beetles, Tenebrio molitor,
infected with metacestodes (cysticercoids) of Hymenolepis diminuta are
everted less frequently upon stimulation, and contain less toluquinone
(methylbenzoquinone) and m-cresol, than glands
of uninfected controls. These differences, as shown in predation trials
with wild rats, increase the likelihood that both
cysticercoids and beetles will be ingested by the tapeworm's definitive
host. This is the first documented case of a parasite
inhibiting the chemical defence of an intermediate host, and one of only
a few reports of parasite-induced manipulation
of host biology supported by empirical evidence implicating
facilitated parasite transmission between host species.
Patterns of macroparasite aggregation in wildlife host populations
Authors: SHAW D. J. , GRENFELL B. T. , DOBSON A. P.
Published: July 2002

Frequency distributions from 49 published wildlife host–macroparasite
systems were analysed by maximum likelihood for
goodness of fit to the negative binomial distribution. In 45 of the 49
(90%) data-sets, the negative binomial distribution
provided a statistically satisfactory fit. In the other 4 data-sets the
negative binomial distribution still provided a better
fit than the Poisson distribution, and only 1 of the data-sets fitted the
Poisson distribution. The degree of aggregation was
large, with 43 of the 49 data-sets having an estimated k of less
than 1. From these 49 data-sets, 22 subsets of host data
were available (i.e. host data could be divided by either host sex, age,
where or when hosts were sampled). In 11 of these
22 subsets there was significant variation in the degree of aggregation
between host subsets of the same host–parasite
system. A common k estimate was always larger than that obtained
with all the host data considered together. These
results indicate that lumping host data can hide important variations in
aggregation between hosts and can exaggerate the
true degree of aggregation. Wherever possible common k estimates
should be used to estimate the degree of aggregation.
In addition, significant differences in the degree of aggregation between
subgroups of host data, were generally associated
with significant differences in both mean parasite burdens and the prevalence
of infection.
Treatment with recombinant human tumour necrosis
factor-α reduces parasitaemia and prevents Plasmodium
berghei K173-induced experimental cerebral malaria in mice
Authors: POSTMA N. S. , HERMSEN C. C. , CROMMELIN D. J. A. , ZUIDEMA J. , ELING W. M. C.
Published: July 2002

The present study shows that treatment with recombinant human tumour
necrosis factor-α (rhTNF-α) can suppress
parasitaemia and prevents development of experimental cerebral malaria
(ECM) in Plasmodium berghei K173-infected
mice. Mice received rhTNF-α treatment either by subcutaneous injection
of free or liposome-encapsulated rhTNF-α or
sustained intraperitoneal administration of rhTNF-α given via mini-osmotic
pumps. Low-dose treatment with a subcutaneous bolus injection of rhTNF-α
protected against ECM when treatment was started on day 5 or 6 after infection.

The same protective efficacy was obtained either by subcutaneous injection
of liposome-encapsulated rhTNF-α or by
sustained release from osmotic pumps, but in the latter case a 10-fold
lower daily dose of rhTNF-α was sufficient.
Treatment with rhTNF-α substantially suppressed parasitaemia in ECM-protected
mice, but not in mice developing
ECM. Thus, the rhTNF-α mediated suppression of parasitaemia is directly
or indirectly involved in protection against
ECM. Sustained delivery of rhTNF-α through osmotic pumps, but not
by subcutaneous injection of liposome-encapsulated rhTNF-α, resulted
in increased concentrations of soluble mouse TNF receptor R75 (sTNFR75)
in plasma
at day 9 after infection when non-treated mice die of ECM. Thus, protection
against ECM is not directly correlated with
the sTNFR75 concentrations at day 9 after infection.
Spatial and temporal variation in the infestation of sea
trout (Salmo trutta L.) by the caligid copepod
Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer) in relation to sources of
infection in Ireland
Authors: TULLY O. , GARGAN P. , POOLE W. R. , WHELAN K. F.
Published: July 2002

Infestations of post-smolt sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) by the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer) were
characterized in 42 estuaries over a 5 year period in Ireland. Spatial variation in infestation was more significant than temporal
trends and existed at 3 levels; between regions (regions >100 km of coastline), between bays within regions (bays
<50 km in length) and between estuaries within bays (distance between estuaries <10 km). The observed spatial structure
in infestations inferred that production of the infective larvae varied between regions and bays and that there was limited
movement of fish and infective larvae between regions and bays. In addition the different levels of infestation recorded
between estuaries in the same bay indicated short spatial scale variability in parasite transmission. Significantly higher
infestations occurred in bays that contained lice-infested farmed salmon. Lice-infested wild spring salmon, which were
present in estuaries of some systems, did not have a significant positive impact on infestations.
The parasitism of Schistosoma mansoni
(Digenea–Trematoda) in a naturally infected population of
water rats, Nectomys squamipes (Rodentia–Sigmodontinae)
in Brazil
Authors: D'ANDREA P. S. , MAROJA L. S. , GENTILE R. , CERQUEIRA R. , MALDONADO A. , REY L.
Published: July 2002

Schistosomiasis is a health problem in Brazil and the role of rodents in maintaining the schistosome life-cycle requires
further clarification. The influence of Schistosoma mansoni on a population of Nectomys squamipes was studied by capture-recapture (1st phase, from June 1991 to November 1995) and removal (2nd phase, from April 1997 to March 1999) studies
at Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During both phases coproscopic examinations were performed. At the 2nd phase
the rodents were perfused and worms were counted. The population dynamics of parasites was studied. During the 1st
phase, female reproductive parameters, longevity, recruitment and survivorship rates and migration patterns were studied
in relation to schistosome prevalence. Water contamination (source of miracidia), abundance intermediate host and rodent
migration were related to prevalence. The N. squamipes population was not obviously influenced by the infection, as shown
by the high number of reproductive infected females, high longevity of infected individuals and the absence of a
relationship between recruitment or survivorship rates and the intensity of schistosome infection. The data indicate that
N. squamipes can increase transmission of S. mansoni in endemic areas and carry it to non-infected areas. Furthermore,
this rodent can be used as an indicator of a transmission focus.
Decreased tryptophan availability but normal post-synaptic 5-HT2c receptor sensitivity in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: VASSALLO C. M. , FELDMAN E. , PETO T. , CASTELL L. , SHARPLEY A. L. , COWEN P. J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been associated with increased prolactin (PRL) responses to the serotonin (5-HT) releasing agent fenfluramine. It is not known whether this abnormality is due to increased 5-HT release or heightened sensitivity of post-synaptic 5-HT receptors.

Methods. We measured the increase in plasma PRL produced by the directly acting 5-HT receptor agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), in patients with CFS and healthy controls. We also compared the ability of mCPP to lower slow wave sleep (SWS) in the sleep polysomnogram of both subject groups. Finally, we measured plasma amino-acid levels to determine whether tryptophan availability differed between CFS subjects and controls.

Results. mCPP elevated plasma PRL equivalently in patients with CFS and controls. Similarly, the decrease in SWS produced by mCPP did not differ between the two subject groups. Plasma-free tryptophan was significantly decreased in CFS.

Conclusions. The sensitivity of post-synaptic 5-HT2c receptors is not increased in patients with CFS. This suggests that the increased PRL response to fenfluramine in CFS is due to elevated activity of pre-synaptic 5-HT neurones. This change is unlikely to be due to increased peripheral availability of tryptophan.
Neuroticism as a risk factor for schizophrenia
Authors: VAN OS JIM , B. JONES PETER
Published: July 2002

Background. Neuroticism has been shown to increase the risk of depression whereas extraversion is associated with a reduction of risk. These personality traits play a central role in aetiological theories of affective disorder but their role in schizophrenia is unclear. In this study, the risk for schizophrenia associated with neuroticism and extraversion was examined and quantified.

Methods. Neuroticism and extraversion rated at the age of 16 years were examined in relation to adult schizophrenia in a national birth cohort of 5362 individuals.

Results. Neuroticism increased the risk of later schizophrenia independent of the level of affective symptoms in adult life (odds ratio over three levels: 1·93, 95% CI 1·09–3·43), whereas extraversion reduced the risk (OR: 0·44, 95% CI 0·23–0·84).

Conclusions. Depression and schizophrenia may share personality risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors. Coping styles associated with particular personality traits may determine whether isolated symptoms progress to full-blown illness.
Deaths from antidepressants in England and Wales 1993–1997: analysis of a new national database
Authors: SHAH R. , UREN Z. , BAKER A. , MAJEED A.
Published: July 2002

Background. The prescription of antidepressants has increased substantially over the last 10 years. It is therefore timely to examine trends in mortality associated with overdoses of antidepressants and to compare the relative mortality associated with different antidepressants.

Methods. Data were derived from a newly developed national database of deaths from overdose and poisoning in England and Wales between 1993 and 1997. Age and sex specific death rates associated with overdose and poisoning with antidepressants were calculated together with numbers of deaths per 100000 prescriptions of individual antidepressants.

Results. Twenty per cent (2503) of all deaths from overdose or poisoning were antidepressant related. The number of deaths increased by 18% between 1993 and 1997. Ninety-five per cent of deaths from antidepressants were associated with tricyclic antidepressants, particularly dothiepin and amitriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants were associated with 5·3 deaths per 100000 prescriptions, 4·4 for monoamine oxidase inhibitors and 0·4 for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Annual death rates were highest in men aged 30–44 years (18·2 per million) and women aged 45–59 years (14·8). Death rates from antidepressants were 2·5 times higher in the most deprived fifth than in the least deprived fifth of enumeration districts.

Conclusions. Antidepressants are an important cause of death from poisoning and overdose. SSRIs and newer antidepressants are associated with <10% of the risk of death than the older antidepressants. There is a strong association between area deprivation and deaths from antidepressants.
Memory processes and the course of anxiety and

depression in cancer patients
Authors: BREWIN C. R. , WATSON M. , McCARTHY S. , HYMAN P. , DAYSON D.
Published: July 2002

Background. Intrusive memories of stressful events,

many involving illness and death, are found in

a minority of depressed cancer patients, and may predict the course

of anxiety and depression.

Method. Matched samples of mild to moderately depressed and

non-depressed cancer patients were

followed up after 6 months. Anxiety and depression at follow-up were

related to measures of

intrusive memories of stressful life events and autobiographical

memory functioning that had been assessed at baseline.

Results. Levels of anxiety and depression remained fairly

constant over time in the two groups, and

the depressed group continued to experience high levels of intrusive

memories. The presence of

intrusive memories at baseline, and the extent to which these memories

were consciously avoided,

predicted greater anxiety at follow-up, even after controlling for

initial severity of physical and

psychiatric symptoms. None of the measures of memory functioning

predicted levels of depression at follow-up.

Conclusions. Intrusive memories appear to be a marker of

more prolonged psychopathology in

cancer patients and may respond to direct therapeutic intervention.
The spiritual variable in psychiatric research
Authors: KING MICHAEL B. , DEIN SIMON
Published: July 2002

Foolish as the theory of Durkeim may be in confusing what is religious
with what is social, it yet contains an
element of truth; that is to say that the social feeling is so much like
the religious as to be mistaken for it.
(Simone Weil, 1951).

Psychiatrists concern themselves with human mental suffering. Behind
the consulting room door
they reflect with their patients on questions of meaning and existence,
issues that concern
philosophy and religion as much as psychiatry. It is striking, therefore,
that psychiatrists regard
spirituality and religion as, at best, cultural noise to be respected but
not addressed directly, or at
worst pathological thinking that requires modification (Larson et al.
1993).

Despite two millennia of debate we are little nearer a consensus on
the meanings of spirituality
and religion. The word ‘religion’ has as many definitions as
writers. Spirituality and religion are
often used interchangeably. Spilka (1985) doubts that a single definition
is even possible. Dittes
(1969) argues that religion contains so many unrelated variables that it
cannot be considered as a
unidimensional concept in research. We would argue that religion is the
outward practice of a
spiritual system of beliefs, values, codes of conduct and rituals (Speck,
1988). Religious groups may
function like any other with codes of behaviour, political alliances and
‘in’ and ‘out’ group member
ideology (Sherif et al. 1966).

Unfortunately, a concentration on the religious variable has led to
a failure to appreciate the
broader concept of spiritual and the presumption that if someone does not
profess a recognized,
religious faith, they have no spiritual discernment or need (Speck, 1988).
We propose a definition
of ‘spiritual’ as a person's experience of, or a belief
in, a power apart from their own existence. It
may exist within them but is ultimately apart. It is the sense of relationship
or connection with a
power or force. It is more specific than a search for meaning or a feeling
of unity with others. People
may use the word ‘spiritual’ to describe intense emotional
pleasure when moved by natural beauty
or by an important relationship. Spiritual belief is more specific than
that. Some people may use the
word ‘God’ to describe this power; others may be less specific.
Spirituality differs from belief in
other powers, such as nuclear power or magnetism, in its ‘set apart’
quality and the degree to which
it is revered and ritualized, the quality which Durkheim (1915) refers
to as the sacred.
Quality of rearing practices as predictor of
short-term outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa
Authors: CASTRO J. , TORO J. , CRUZ M.
Published: July 2002

Background. Studies of family relationships in anorexia nervosa have produced conflicting results.
Some authors claim that family factors are related to short-term outcomes.

Methods. Perceived rearing practices, as measured by the EMBU (Egna Minnen Betraffande
Uppfostran: ‘My memories of Upbringing’) were examined in a sample (N = 158) of adolescents
with anorexia nervosa and compared with the perceptions of adolescents (N = 159) from the
general population. A further comparison was made between the groups of patients with good and
bad short-term outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive
value of different variables on short-term outcome.

Results. Overall, small differences were observed in the perceptions of rearing practices as expressed
by the controls and the anorexic patients. Patients with bad short-term outcome perceived more
rejection and control–overprotection from both parents than those with good outcome. In the
logistic regression analysis only Rejection from father and the EAT (Eating Attitudes Test) total
score gave independent prediction of treatment response.

Conclusions. Taken as a whole, these results do not support the idea of altered rearing practices in
anorexic patients, at least in young patients with a short evolution of the disease. Perceived rearing
practices, especially ‘rejection’, appear to have an appreciable effect on the short-term outcome.
Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 21: a longitudinal study of
National Adult Reading Test stability
Authors: MORRISON G. , SHARKEY V. , ALLARDYCE J. , KELLY R. C. , McCREADIE R. G.
Published: July 2002

Background. The stability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) as a measure of pre-morbid
intelligence in schizophrenia has not yet been satisfactorily established despite the widespread use
of the NART in schizophrenia research.

Method. We examined NART stability in a diverse group of 45 schizophrenic patients in a
prospective longitudinal study over 6·5–7·5 years.

Results. The results showed that NART performance does not decline significantly with increasing
duration of schizophrenic illness and that test–retest reliability, even over 6·5–7·5 years, is extremely
high.

Discussion. Our results provide the necessary evidence that the NART can be used as a stable
measure of pre-morbid intelligence in schizophrenia.
Impulsiveness, serotonin genes and repetition of deliberate self-harm (DSH)
Authors: EVANS J. , REEVES B. , PLATT H. , LEIBENAU A. , GOLDMAN D. , JEFFERSON K. , NUTT D.
Published: July 2002

Background. Few studies have investigated independent associations of psychological, biological
and social variables with repeated deliberate self-harm (DSH). Serotonin function has been linked
to impulsive and suicidal behaviour and genetic polymorphisms have been identified within the
serotonin system that could account for this link. This study tested hypotheses linking impulsiveness,
genetic polymorphisms of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and the 5-HT2c receptor and repeated
DSH.

Methods. Individuals presenting after DSH were interviewed, completed personality questionnaires
and gave venous blood samples. Genotypes were determined for TPH intron7 and 5-HT2c (cys-ser)
polymorphisms. Follow-up to identify repetition of DSH was for 1 year.

Results. Males with the 5-HT2c serine variant were more impulsive than those with the cysteine
variant (0·39 standardized units, P = 0·041, 95% CI 0·017 to 0·076). There was no association
between impulsiveness and the TPH intron7 polymorphism overall but a weak association with the
L allele in men (0·41 standardized units, P = 0·05, 95% CI 0·001 to 0·82). Impulsiveness, although
high in the group as a whole, did not distinguish those who repeated DSH.

Conclusions. The personality trait of impulsiveness may in part be related to genotypes of the 5-HT2c receptor and TPH gene in men. Impulsiveness does not differ between those who do and do
not repeat DSH.
Neurotic disorders and the receipt of psychiatric treatment
Authors: BEBBINGTON P. E. , BRUGHA T. S. , MELTZER H. , JENKINS R. , CERESA C. , FARRELL M. , LEWIS G.
Published: July 2002

Background. Access to psychiatric treatment by people with neurotic disorders in the general
population is likely to be affected both by the severity of disorder and by sociodemographic
differences.

Method. In the household component of the National Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity > 10000
subjects in Great Britain with psychiatric symptoms were interviewed using the CIS-R. They were
also asked about difficulties experienced in performing seven types of everyday activity. All subjects
classed as having an ICD-10 disorder were questioned about their experience of treatment with
antidepressants, hypnotics, and counselling or psychotherapy.

Results. Less than 14% of people with current neurotic disorders were receiving treatment for
them. Within the previous year, only a third had made contact with their primary care physician
for their mental problem: of these < 30% were receiving treatment. Overall, 9% of people with
disorders were given medication and 8% counselling or psychotherapy. A diagnosis of depressive
episode was that most associated with antidepressant medication. Treatment access was affected by
employment status, marital status, and age, but the major determinant was symptom severity.
Neither sex nor social class influenced which people received treatment.

Conclusions. People with psychiatric disorders seldom receive treatment, even when they have
consulted their primary care physician about them. In many cases, this must represent unmet needs
with a strong claim on health resources. There are also inequalities in the receipt of treatment,
although the major influence is the severity of disorder.
Cross validation of a general population survey
diagnostic interview: a comparison of CIS-R with
SCAN ICD-10 diagnostic categories
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , BEBBINGTON P. E. , JENKINS R. , MELTZER H. , TAUB N. A. , JANAS M. , VERNON J.
Published: July 2002

Background. Comparisons of structured diagnostic interviews with clinical assessments in general
population samples show marked discrepancies. In order to validate the CIS-R, a fully structured
diagnostic interview used for the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, it was
compared with SCAN, a standard, semi-structured, clinical assessment.

Methods. A random sample of 1882 Leicestershire addresses from the Postcode Address File
yielded 1157 eligible adults: of these 860 completed the CIS-R; 387 adults scores [ges ]8 on the CIS-R
and 205 of these completed a SCAN reference examination. Neurotic symptoms, in the previous
week and month only, were enquired about. Concordance was estimated for ICD-10 neurotic and
depressive disorders, F32 to F42 and for depression symptom score.

Results. Sociodemographic characteristics closely resembled National Survey and 1991 census
profiles. Concordance was poor for any ICD-10 neurotic disorder (kappa = 0·25 (95% CI, 0·1–0·4))
and for depressive disorder (kappa = 0·23 (95% CI, 0–0·46)). Sensitivity to the SCAN reference
classification was also poor. Specificity ranged from 0·8 to 0·9. Rank order correlation for total
depression symptoms was 0·43 (Kendall's tau b; P<0·001; N=205).

Discussion. High specificity indicates that the CIS-R and SCAN agree that prevalence rates for
specific disorders are low compared with estimates in some community surveys. We have revealed
substantial discrepancies in case finding. Therefore, published data on service utilization designed
to estimate unmet need in populations requires re-interpretation. The value of large-scale CIS-R
survey data can be enhanced considerably by the incorporation of concurrent semi-structured
clinical assessments.
Middle knowledge, fatalism and comparative similarity of worlds
Authors: GASKIN RICHARD
Published: July 2002

The doctrine of Middle Knowledge presupposes that conditionals
of
freedom (statements of the form ‘If A were circumstances C, he would
perform X’)
can be true. Such conditions are, where true, not true in virtue of the
truth of any
categorical proposition. Nor can their truth be modelled in terms of comparative

similarity of possible worlds, because the structure of possible worlds
is a necessary
one, whereas the connection between antecedent and consequent of a conditional
of
freedom is a contingent one. Lewis and Stalmaker are committed to ‘conditional

fatalism’, the view that things only would go a certain way if they
would have to
go that way. Although commitment to conditional fatalism does not itself
import a
commitment to fatalism, it is hard to find a separate motivation for it.
Divine Fission: A New Way of Moderating Social Trinitarianism
Authors: FORREST PETER
Published: July 2002

This paper is a contribution to the programme of moderating Social

Trinitarianism to achieve a fairly orthodox result. I follow Swinburne
in relying
heavily on divine thisnessless and in the important speculation that the
Trinity arose
from a primordial ‘unitarian’ God. In this paper I explain
why I disagree with
Swinburnes's account of how the Trinity came into being and I propose
an alternative
in which the primordial God fissions into three divine persons for the
sake of a
loving community.
Thinking about the Production and Consumption of Long-term Care in Britain: Does Gender Still Matter?
Authors: UNGERSON CLARE
Published: July 2002

This article suggests that the literature on care, which originally was
heavily influenced by a gendered perspective, has now taken on other
important variables. However, it is argued that if we look at the particular
impact of the marketisation and privatisation of long-term care, we can
see that gender is still a useful perspective on the production of care, especially
paid care. The reordering of the delivery of domiciliary care
within the ‘mixed economy of welfare’ is having important effects on the
labour market for care and is likely to lead to further inequalities between
women, both now and in old age. The article proceeds to look at the
impact of these inequalities on the consumption of care in old age, particularly
by elderly women and considers factors that may provide women
with the resources to purchase care and/or pay charges for care. The
article argues that gender does still matter, but that its impact has to be
understood within a context of growing inequalities between women,
and an analysis that takes account of wider social and economic relations
within kin networks and between generations.
Sources of Income for Lone Mother Families: Policy
Changes in Britain and The Netherlands and the
Experiences of Divorced Women
Authors: VAN DRENTH ANNEMIEKE , KNIJN TRUDIE , LEWIS JANE
Published: July 2002

The Netherlands and Britain have treated lone mother families in similar
ways in the post-war period. Until very recently they have been alone
among countries of the EU in allowing lone mothers to draw benefits
without making themselves available for work so long as they have
dependent children. At the beginning of the 1990s, both countries
attempted (unsuccessfully) to enforce the obligation of ‘absent fathers’ to
maintain. In 1996, the Dutch government took decisive steps towards
treating lone mothers as workers rather than mothers. In Britain, the last
Conservative government began to move in the same direction, something
that has been confirmed by the new Labour government. This
article reviews the structure and characteristics of lone motherhood in
the two countries and the nature of the recent policy changes. It then reports
the findings of an exploratory qualitative study of divorced mothers in
both countries. The evidence from the interviews reveals the strength of
the primary commitment that women in both countries make to care. It
also shows the difficulties divorced women face in combining paid and
unpaid work, which, we suggest make the pendulum swing from treating
lone mothers as mothers, to treating them as workers unrealistic.
Selective attention and N400 attenuation with spoken word repetition
Authors: Okita Tsunetaka , Jibu Tetsuya
Published: July 2002

In two experiments, event‐related brain potentials were recorded to word pairs simultaneously presented to both ears, with instructions to attend to one ear and detect occasional nonwords in that ear. This attentional manipulation yielded four patterns of word repetition on successive trials: first and second presentations attended (AA), both unattended (UU), and across ears (AU and UA). A prominent attenuation of N400 due to immediate repetition of words was observed on AA trials. However, when first presentations were ignored on UU and UA trials, no repetition effect was obtained. These findings indicate that the repetition effect on N400 depends on attentional processing of first presentations.
BARTOLUS OF SASSOFERRATO AND FREE CITIES
Authors: Ryan Magnus
Published: July 2002

‘Well are ye called the Free People.' – Bagheera

BARTOLUS of Sassoferrato (1314–1357) is as famous to legal historians and specialists in the history of political ideas as he is unkown outside those areas of research. His obscurity is owed not to his mind but to his genre: the commentary on Justinian'sCorpus Iuris Civilis, and the occasional monograph of more systematic yet still legalistic lineaments. Of the thousands of lawyers who studied, taught and applied Roman law from its rediscovery in the late eleventh century to the end of the middle ages, there are perhaps three or four who command universal respect, some of whom we shall encounter in what follows. Only Bartolus radiates the nimbus of genius. In the realm of political ideas, he has – perversely, perhaps – best been served by Anglophone historiography, beginning with the classic study published in 1913 by C.N.S. Woolf, continuing by way of Walter Ullmann's numerous articles and most recently subjected to a full-scale analysis by Joseph Canning in his study of the ideas of Bartolus' most famous pupil, Baldus de Ubaldis (d. 1400).
THE BRITISH–IRISH UNION OF 1801
Authors: Doyle William
Published: July 2002

FOR anyone so improbable as a historian of France to presume to address a conference about a landmark in British and Irish history requires some explanation. It lies in a bizarre twist of professional history which left me, for the best part of twenty years, teaching late eighteenth-century Ireland as a special subject. My research interest, however, has always lain in the ancien régimein France.
THE IRISH PEERAGE AND THE ACT OF UNION, 1800–1971
Authors: Malcomson A.P.W.
Published: July 2002

THERE was always an important, though varying, distinction between the Irish peerage and the Irish House of Lords. The former dated from the late twelfth century, and the latter, or at least something discernible as its forerunner, from the late thirteenth. From then until the early seventeenth century, because men who were neither temporal nor spiritual peers attended the House of Lords (though in decreasingly significant numbers) by virtue of a writ of summons only, the House of Lords was a larger body than the Irish peerage. Thereafter, due to the number of non-Irishmen and/or non-residents who were created Irish peers, the House of Lords became the smaller body, because such people seldom or never attended.
Is reward an emotion?
Authors: Adolphs Ralph
Published: July 2002

The brain and emotion treats emotions as states elicited by reinforcers (reward or punishment), but it is unclear how this view can do justice to the diversity of emotions. It is also unclear how such a view distinguishes emotions from states such as hunger and thirst. A complementary approach to understanding emotions may begin by considering emotions as aspects of social cognition.
Mental models and pragmatics
Authors: Johnson-Laird P. N. , Byrne Ruth M. J.
Published: July 2002

Van der Henst argues that the theory of mental models lacks a pragmatic component. He fills the gap with the notion that reasoners draw the most relevant conclusions. We agree, but argue that theories need an element of “nondeterminism.” It is often impossible to predict either what will be most relevant or which particular conclusion an individual will draw.
Damn it, I still don't know what to do!
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: July 2002

The simple heuristics described in this book are ingenious but are unlikely to be optimally helpful in real-world, consequential, high-stakes decision making, such as mate and job selection. I discuss why the heuristics may not always provide people with such decisions to make with as much enlightenment as they would wish.
All brain work – including recall – is state-dependent
Authors: Lehmann Dietrich , Koukkou Martha
Published: July 2002

The continuous ongoing mentation is experienced as dreams in some functional states. Mentation occurs with high speed, is driven by individual memory, and uses state-dependent processing strategies, context material, storage options, and retrieval access. Retrieval deserves more attention. Multiple state-shifts owing to individual meaning as extracted also during sleep concatenate dream narratives and define access to segments for awake recall.

[Hobson et al.; Nielson; Solms]
The pharmacology of threatening dreams
Authors: Wichlinski Lawrence J.
Published: July 2002

The pharmacological literature on negative dream experiences is reviewed with respect to Revonsuo's threat rehearsal theory of dreaming. Moderate support for the theory is found, although much more work is needed. Significant questions that remain include the precise role of acetylcholine in the generation of negative dream experiences and dissociations between the pharmacology of waking fear and anxiety and threatening dreams.

[Revonsuo]
The focus of attention across space and across time
Authors: McElree Brian , Dosher Barbara Anne
Published: July 2002

Measures of retrieval speed for recently presented events show a sharp dichotomy between representations in focal attention and representations that are recently processed but no longer attended. When information is presented over time, retrieval measures show that focal attention and rapid privileged access is limited to the most recently processed unit or chunk, not the last 3–5 chunks that Cowan estimates from various recall procedures.
From double-step and colliding saccades to pointing in abstract space: Toward a basis for analogical transfer
Authors: Dominey Peter F.
Published: July 2002

Deictic pointers allow the nervous system to exploit
information in a frame that is centered on the object of interest.
This processing may take place in visual or haptic space, but the
information processing advantages of deictic pointing can also
be applied in abstract spaces, providing the basis for analogical
transfer. Simulation and behavioral results illustrating this
progression from embodiment to abstraction are discussed.
Cholecystokinin (CCK): Negative feedback control for opioid analgesia
Authors: Han Ji-Sheng
Published: July 2002

Negative feedback is an important mechanism whereby the
organism maintains its balance in a complicated system. It may be
regarded as a modern version of the ancient Eastern wisdom of Yin
and Yang balance. Control of pain and analgesia, is no exception: CCK
seems to serve as a built-in mechanism for the modulation of opioid
analgesia system [dickenson].
Neural computation, architecture, and evolution
Authors: Skokowski Paul
Published: July 2002

Biological neural computation relies a great deal on
architecture, which constrains the types of content that can be
processed by distinct modules in the brain. Though artificial neural
networks are useful tools and give insight, they cannot be relied upon
yet to give definitive answers to problems in cognition. Knowledge
re-use may be driven more by architectural inheritance than by
epistemological drives.