bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical solution of an elliptic 3-dimensional Cauchy problem by the alternating method and boundary integral equations
Authors: Borachok Ihor , Chapko Roman , Johansson B. Tomas
Published: January 2016

We consider the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in 3-dimensional doubly-connected domains, that is the reconstruction of a harmonic function from knowledge of the function values and normal derivative on the outer of two closed boundary surfaces. We employ the alternating iterative method, which is a regularizing procedure for the stable determination of the solution. In each iteration step, mixed boundary value problems are solved. The solution to each mixed problem is represented as a sum of two single-layer potentials giving two unknown densities (one for each of the two boundary surfaces) to determine; matching the given boundary data gives a system of boundary integral equations to be solved for the densities. For the discretisation, Weinert’s method [24] is employed, which generates a Galerkin-type procedure for the numerical solution via rewriting the boundary integrals over the unit sphere and expanding the densities in terms of spherical harmonics. Numerical results are included as well.
Reciprocity gap method for an interior inverse scattering problem
Authors: Zeng Fang , Liu Xiaodong , Sun Jiguang , Xu Liwei
Published: January 2016

We consider an interior inverse scattering problem of reconstructing the shape of a cavity with inhomogeneous medium inside. We prove a uniqueness theorem for the inverse problem. Using Cauchy data on a curve inside the cavity due to interior point sources, we employ the reciprocity gap method to reconstruct the cavity. Numerical examples are provided to show the effectiveness of the method.
Electrochemical carbon nanotube filters for water and wastewater treatment
Authors: Jame Sadia A. , Zhou Zhi
Published: January 2016

Electrochemically active carbon nanotube (CNT) filters have been developed as a highly efficient technology for water and wastewater treatment during the last few years. CNT filters have been widely used to adsorb chemical and biological contaminants due to their high stability, great flexibility, and large specific surface area. Electrochemically active CNT filters provide additional electrooxidation of the adsorbed contaminants and have been proven to be a highly effective treatment technology in a few recent lab-scale studies. The working principles, impacting factors, and some of the latest development of electrochemically active CNT filters are reviewed in this paper. The existing challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
Spray dried hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol biocomposites
Authors: Başargan Tuğba , Erdöl-Aydın Nalan , Nasün-Saygılı Gülhayat
Published: January 2016

In this study, hydroxyapatite/polyvinyl alcohol (HAp-PVA) biocomposites were prepared using a spray drying method. HAp-PVA solutions fed to spray dryer were prepared by two different routes, namely, physical and in situ biomimetric methods. In the former method, HAp was synthesized without the presence of polymer and then HAp particles were incorporated into a PVA solution. In the second one, hydroxyapatite was in situ synthesized in the presence of PVA. Experiments were also run to investigate the effect of the molecular weight of PVA on the structure of spray-dried biocomposites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and particle size analyses were performed to characterize the produced HAp-PVA composites.
Reconciling PM10 analyses by different sampling methods for Iron King Mine tailings dust
Authors: Li Xu , Félix Omar I. , Gonzales Patricia , Sáez Avelino Eduardo , Ela Wendell P.
Published: January 2016

The overall project objective at the Iron King Mine Superfund site is to determine the level and potential risk associated with heavy metal exposure of the proximate population emanating from the site’s tailings pile. To provide sufficient size-fractioned dust for multi-discipline research studies, a dust generator was built and is now being used to generate size-fractioned dust samples for toxicity investigations using in vitro cell culture and animal exposure experiments as well as studies on geochemical characterization and bioassay solubilization with simulated lung and gastric fluid extractants. The objective of this study is to provide a robust method for source identification by comparing the tailing sample produced by dust generator and that collected by MOUDI sampler. As and Pb concentrations of the PM10 fraction in the MOUDI sample were much lower than in tailing samples produced by the dust generator, indicating a dilution of Iron King tailing dust by dust from other sources. For source apportionment purposes, single element concentration method was used based on the assumption that the PM10 fraction comes from a background source plus the Iron King tailing source. The method’s conclusion that nearly all arsenic and lead in the PM10 dust fraction originated from the tailings substantiates our previous Pb and Sr isotope study conclusion. As and Pb showed a similar mass fraction from Iron King for all sites suggesting that As and Pb have the same major emission source. Further validation of this simple source apportionment method is needed based on other elements and sites.
Salaterpene E, a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene from Salacia longipes var. camerunensis
Authors: Mba’ning Brice Mittérant , Ndjakou Bruno Lenta , Talontsi Ferdinand Mouafo , Lannang Alain Meli , Dittrich Birger , Ngouela Silvère Augustin , Tsamo Etienne , Sewald Norbert , Laatsch Hartmut
Published: January 2016

A mixture of two compounds with potent antiplasmodial activity in vitro against the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum (half maximal inhibitory concentration, 1.12 μg/mL) was obtained in a previous investigation of the CH2Cl2-MeOH extract of the seeds of Salacia longipes var. camerunensis. Separation by column chromatography led now to the isolation of salaterpene E (1) and (1R,2R,4S,5S,6R,7R,9S,10R)-2-acetoxy-1,6,9-tribenzoyloxy-4-hydroxy-dihydro-β-agarofuran (2). The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and its absolute configuration was established unambiguously by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Also the absolute configurations of the recently described salaterpenes A (2a) and D (2b) were determined by this method using the anomalous scattering of the oxygen atoms only.
Peptide production and secretion in GLUTag, NCI-H716, and STC-1 cells: a comparison to native L-cells
Authors: Kuhre Rune Ehrenreich , Wewer Albrechtsen Nicolai Jacob , Deacon Carolyn Fiona , Balk-Møller Emilie , Rehfeld Jens Frederik , Reimann Frank , Gribble Fiona Mary , Holst Jens Juul
Published: January 2016

GLUTag, NCI-H716, and STC-1 are cell lines that are widely used to study mechanisms underlying secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), but the extent to which they resemble native L-cells is unknown. We used validated immunoassays for 14 different hormones to analyze peptide content (lysis samples;n= 9 from different passage numbers) or peptide secretion in response to buffer (baseline), and after stimulation with 50 mM KCl or 10 mM glucose + 10 µM forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (n= 6 also different passage numbers). All cell lines produced and processed proglucagon into GLP-1, GLP-2, glicentin, and oxyntomodulin in a pattern (prohormone convertase (PC)1/3 dependent) similar to that described for human gut. All three cell lines showed basal secretion of GLP-1 and GLP-2, which increased after stimulation. In contrast to freshly isolated murine L-cells, all cell lines also expressed PC2 and secreted large amounts of pancreatic glucagon. Neurotensin and somatostatin storage was low and secretion was not consistently increased by stimulation. STC-1 cells released more glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide than GLP-1 at baseline (P< 0.01) and KCl elevated its secretion (P< 0.05). Peptide YY, which normally co-localizes with GLP-1 in distal L-cells, was not detected in any of the cell lines. GLUTag and STC-1 cells also expressed vasoactive intestinal peptide, but none expressed pancreatic polypeptide or insulin. GLUTag contained and secreted large amounts of CCK, while NCI-H716 did not store this peptide and STC-1 contained low amounts. Our results show that hormone production in cell line models of the L-cell has limited similarity to the natural L-cells.
Promotion of Positive Parenting and Prevention of Socioemotional Disparities
Authors: Weisleder Adriana , Cates Carolyn Brockmeyer , Dreyer Benard P. , Berkule Johnson Samantha , Huberman Harris S. , Seery Anne M. , Canfield Caitlin F. , Mendelsohn Alan L.
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE:

The goal of this study was to determine what effects pediatric primary care interventions, focused on promotion of positive parenting through reading aloud and play, have on the socioemotional development of toddlers from low-income, primarily immigrant households.

METHODS:

This randomized controlled trial included random assignment to 1 of 2 interventions (Video Interaction Project [VIP] or Building Blocks [BB]) or to a control group. Mother–newborn dyads were enrolled postpartum in an urban public hospital. In VIP, dyads met with an interventionist on days of well-child visits; the interventionist facilitated interactions in play and shared reading through provision of learning materials and review of videotaped parent–child interactions. In BB, parents were mailed parenting pamphlets and learning materials. This article analyzes socioemotional outcomes from 14 to 36 months for children in VIP and BB versus control.

RESULTS:

A total of 463 dyads (69%) contributed data. Children in VIP scored higher than control on imitation/play and attention, and lower on separation distress, hyperactivity, and externalizing problems, with effect sizes ∼0.25 SD for the sample as a whole and ∼0.50 SD for families with additional psychosocial risks . Children in BB made greater gains in imitation/play compared with control.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings support the efficacy of VIP, a preventive intervention targeting parent–child interactions, for enhancing socioemotional outcomes in low-income toddlers. Given the low cost and potential for scalability of primary care interventions, findings support expansion of pediatric-based parenting programs such as VIP for the primary prevention of socioemotional problems before school entry.
Generalized Modus Ponens using Fodor’s Implication and T-norm Product with Threshold
Authors: Iancu Ion
Published: January 2016

Using Generalized Modus Ponens reasoning, we examine the values of the inferred conclusion depending on the correspondence between the premise of the rule and the observed fact. The conclusion is obtained using Fodor’s implication in order to represent a fuzzy if-then rule with a single input single output and the tnorm with threshold generated by t-norm product, as a compositional operator. A comparison study with the case when the standard t-norm product is used is made. Some comments and an example are presented in order to show how the obtained results can be used.
An Immuno-Genetic Hybrid Algorithm
Authors: Nabil Emad , Badr Amr , Farag Ibrahim
Published: January 2016

The construction of artificial systems by drawing inspiration from natural systems is not a new idea. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are good examples of successful applications of the biological metaphor to the solution of computational problems. The study of artificial immune systems is a relatively new field that tries to exploit the mechanisms of the natural immune system (NIS) in order to develop problem- solving techniques. In this research, we have combined the artificial immune system with the genetic algorithms in one hybrid algorithm. We proposed a modification to the clonal selection algorithm, which is inspired from the clonal selection principle and affinity maturation of the human immune responses, by hybridizing it with the crossover operator, which is imported from GAs to increase the exploration of the search space. We also introduced the adaptability of the mutation rates by applying a degrading function so that the mutation rates decrease with time where the affinity of the population increases, the hybrid algorithm used for evolving a fuzzy rule system to solve the wellknown Wisconsin Breast Cancer Diagnosis problem (WBCD). Our evolved system exhibits two important characteristics; first, it attains high classification performance, with the possibility of attributing a confidence measure to the output diagnosis; second, the system has a simple fuzzy rule system; therefore, it is human interpretable. The hybrid algorithm overcomes both the GAs and the AIS, so that it reached the classification ratio 97.36, by only one rule, in the earlier generations than the two other algorithms. The learning and memory acquisition of our algorithm was verified through its application to a binary character recognition problem. The hybrid algorithm overcomes also GAs and AIS and reached the convergence point before them.
Fuzzy Controller Based QoS Routing Algorithm with a Multiclass Scheme for MANET
Authors: Sun Baolin , Gui Chao , Zhang Qifei , Chen Hua
Published: January 2016

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of a set of mobile hosts that can communicate with each other without the assistance of base stations. Due to the dynamic nature of the network topology and restricted resources, quality of service (QoS) and multicast routing in MANET are challenging tasks which attract the interests of many people. In this paper, we present a fuzzy controller based QoS routing algorithm with a multiclass scheme (FQRA) in mobile ad hoc networks. The performance of this scheduler is studied using NS2 (Network Simulator version 2) and evaluated in terms of quantitative measures such as packet delivery ratio, path success ratio and average end-to-end delay. Simulations show that the approach is efficient, promising and applicable in ad hoc networks.
MPM Job-shop under Availability Constraints
Authors: Zribi Nozha , Duță Luminița , Kamel A. El
Published: January 2016

A large part of scheduling literature assumes that machines are available all the time. In this paper, the MPM Job-shop scheduling problem, where the machine maintenance has to be performed within certain time intervals inducing machine unavailability, is studied. Two approaches to solve the problem are proposed. The first is a two-phase approach where the assignment and the sequencing are solved separately. The second is an integrated approach based on the exact resolution of the 2-job problem using the geometric approach.
Dynamic modes of exploited limited population: results of modeling and numerical study
Authors: Неверова Г.П. , Neverova G.P.
Published: January 2016

The paper investigates the model of population dynamics with age structure and density dependence of birth rate. We consider two situations:
1) the population develops freely and 2) the population is exploited. It was shown that harvesting leads to the stabilization of the dynamics.
There is multiregimism, i.e. different dynamic regimes are possible with the same values of demographic parameters. It is shown that even a single
harvesting in the current population size could lead to a change of the observed dynamic regime.
Self-Harm Behaviors Among Female Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Elliott Kenneth , Wiederman Michael W.
Published: January 2016

Various psychological aspects of women perpetrators of intimate partner violence have been previously studied, yet to our knowledge, few studies to date have examined the prevalence of various self-harm behaviors among such women. In this study of 23 women court-referred to treatment for the perpetration of intimate partner violence, we encountered relatively high rates of high-lethal self-harm behavior (e.g., 48% had previously attempted suicide), low-risk self-harm behaviors (61% reported self-cutting), medically self-harming behaviors (30% endorsed making medical situations worse), and alcohol abuse (60%). In addition, based on a conservative cutoff score, nearly one-half of the participants in this sample scored in the clinical range for borderline personality symptomatology. Findings suggest that women perpetrators of intimate partner violence may harbor histories of intentional self-harm behavior, which suggests treatment implications.
A Pseudoaneurysm of a Peripheral Artery Arising Four Years After Trauma to a Limb
Authors: Bhuyan Sanjeev K. , Dey Sukalyan , Baruah Pradip K. , Bordoloi Bikash J.
Published: January 2016

Case:

A young woman who underwent plate fixation for a radial shaft fracture had an uneventful recovery for four years. Subsequently, over a four-month period, a slowly progressing swelling appeared in the forearm with no features of vascular insufficiency, bruits, or pulsatility. Doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed a pseudoaneurysm arising from the ulnar artery. The patient was treated with exploration, evacuation of the clot, aneurysm repair, and implant removal.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge, this is the longest period of quiescence reported for a posttraumatic pseudoaneurysm. A late pseudoaneurysm is possible in previously operated limbs, even after years of recovery and the absence of the typical features of vascular lesions.
Arsenic removal from water using a novel amorphous adsorbent developed from coal fly ash
Authors: Zhang Kaihua , Zhang Dongxue , Zhang Kai
Published: January 2016

A novel effective adsorbent of alumina/silica oxide hydrate (ASOH) for arsenic removal was developed through simple chemical reactions using coal fly ash. The iron-modified ASOH with enhancing adsorption activity was further developed from raw fly ash based on the in situ technique. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron micrograph, laser particle size and Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area. The results show that the adsorbents are in amorphous and porous structure, the surface areas of which are 8–12 times that of the raw ash. The acidic hydrothermal treatment acts an important role in the formation of the amorphous structure of ASOH rather than zeolite crystal. A series of adsorption experiments for arsenic on them were studied. ASOH can achieve a high removal efficiency for arsenic of 96.4% from water, which is more than 2.5 times that of the raw ash. Iron-modified ASOH can enhance the removal efficiency to reach 99.8% due to the in situ loading of iron (Fe). The condition of synthesis pH = 2–4 is better for iron-modified ASOH to adsorb arsenic from water.
Removal of pharmaceutical residues using ozonation as intermediate process step at Linköping WWTP, Sweden
Authors: Baresel Christian , Malmborg Jonas , Ek Mats , Sehlén Robert
Published: January 2016

Pilot tests as basis for the design, implementation and operation of a future full-scale oxidation plant completing the existing sewage treatment in Linköping, Sweden, were performed. Using an ozonation step between bio-sedimentation and post-denitrification processes, the primary goal was the removal of the highest priority substances to effluent water levels that will not cause adverse effects in the recipient considering the natural dilution. The study included initial emission screenings, dose control trials, treatment performance studies and eco-toxicity studies. At an ozone dose of 5 mg O3/L, most substances could be removed. Ecotoxicological tests showed no negative effect for the tested ozone doses. High levels of oxygen into the denitrification could be rapidly reduced in the biology. The number of bacteria in the treated water could be significantly reduced even at relatively low ozone doses. Based on these results, the planning for the full-scale implementation of the treatment system was initiated in 2015.
Optimal replenishment policy for fuzzy inventory model with deteriorating items and allowable shortages under inflationary conditions
Authors: Jaggi Chandra , Pareek Sarla , Khanna Aditi , Nidhi N
Published: January 2016

This study develops an inventory model to determine ordering policy for
deteriorating items with constant demand rate under inflationary condition
over a fixed planning horizon. Shortages are allowed and are partially
backlogged. In today?s wobbling economy, especially for long term investment,
the effects of inflation cannot be disregarded as uncertainty about future
inflation may influence the ordering policy. Therefore, in this paper a fuzzy
model is developed that fuzzify the inflation rate, discount rate,
deterioration rate, and backlogging parameter by using triangular fuzzy
numbers to represent the uncertainty. For Defuzzification, the well known
signed distance method is employed to find the total profit over the planning
horizon. The objective of the study is to derive the optimal number of cycles
and their optimal length so to maximize the net present value of the total
profit over a fixed planning horizon. The necessary and sufficient conditions
for an optimal solution are characterized. An algorithm is proposed to find
the optimal solution. Finally, the proposed model has been validated with
numerical example. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to study the
impact of various parameters on the optimal solution, and some important
managerial implications are presented.
Effects of Concentration of Triethanolamine and Annealing Temperature on Band Gap of Thin Film of Tin Sulphide Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Method
Authors: Joshi Leela Pradban , Risal Laxmi , Shrestha Shankar Prasad
Published: January 2016

Thin films of Tin Sulphide (SnS) were deposited by chemical bath deposition technique using a precursor solution of stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O), thioacetamide (TA), triethanolamine (TEA), ammonia (NH3), and distilled water. The effects of concentration of triethanolamine and annealing temperature on the growth of SnS films were studied to optimize the growth conditions. X-ray diffraction study shows the deposited films were polycrystalline in nature and orthorhombic in structure. The optical direct and indirect band gap values of SnS films prepared with 15ml of TEA were found to be 1.76 eV and 0.89 eV respectively. Annealing the sample prepared with 12ml of TEA results increase in band gap from 1.79eV to 3.32eV.

Journal of Nepal Physical Society, 2015, Vol. 3(1): 1-5
Polar Cap Potential and Merging Electric Field during High Intensity Long Duration Continuous Auroral Activity
Authors: Adhikari Binod , Chapagain Narayan P.
Published: January 2016

The polar cap potential (PCV) has long been considered as a key parameter for describing the state of the magnetosphere/ionosphere system. The relationship between the solar wind parameters and the PCV is important to understand the coupling process between solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere. In this work, we have estimated PCV and merging electric field (Em) during two different high intensity long duration continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) events. For each event, we examine the solar wind parameters, magnitude of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), interplanetary electric field (IEF), PCV, Em and geomagnetic indices (i.e., SYM-H, geomagnetic auroral electrojet (AE) index, polar cap index (PCI) and auroral electrojet index lower (AL), respectively). We also study the role of PCI and AL indices to monitor polar cap (PC) activity during HILDCAAs. In order to verify their role, we use wavelet transform and cross-correlation techniques. For the three events studied here, the results obtained from continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) are different, however the effect of HILDCAA can be easily identified. We also observe the cross-correlation of PCI and PCV with AL, SYM-H, Bz component of the IMF and Ey component of the IEF individually. Both PCI and PCV show very good correlation with AL and SYM-H indices during the events. Observing these results, it can be suggested that PCI and AL indices play a significant role to monitor geomagnetic activity generated by geoeffective solar wind parameters.

Journal of Nepal Physical Society Vol.3(1) 2015: 6-17
An Angular Distribution of Three Photon Ionization in Presence of Multiple Laser Beams
Authors: Shrestha Nilam , Nakarmi Jeevan Jyoti
Published: January 2016

We have studied the effect of phase difference between different multiple beams on the photoelectron angular distribution in three photon ionization of atomic hydrogen by using Dalgarno-Lewis methods. It has been found that both total and photo-electron angular distribution vary with laser intensity, phase and polarization of different beams. Intensity dependance of corresponding assymetry parameters has also been studied. We have shown that this variation with laser intensity is caused by two effects: the effect of phase and polarization of different beams. Asymmerties of azimuthal angular distribution are emphasized.

Journal of Nepal Physical Society Vol.3(1) 2015: 18-22
Theoretical Investigation of Energetic and its Effect on Cd-Hg Amalgam
Authors: Koirala I. , Singh B.P. , Jha I.S. , Mallik A.K.
Published: January 2016

The observed anomaly in properties of mixing of Cd-Hg alloys in the molten state is successfully explained on the basis of the quasi-lattice model. The thermodynamic functions such as free energy of mixing, heat of mixing, entropy of mixing and chemical activity of the constituent atom of the alloys and microscopic functions like concentration-concentration fluctuation in long wavelength limit and Warren-Cowley short range order parameter of the alloys have been computed within the frame work of presented model. Most of the computed values are in good agreement with the experimental data. The pair-wise interaction energies between the species of the melt are found to depend considerably on temperature. Theoretical analysis suggests that hetero-coordination leading to the formation of complex Cd2Hg is likely to exist but is of weakly interacting in nature.

Journal of Nepal Physical Society Vol.3(1) 2015: 60-66
Numerical Weather Prediction for Himalayan Complex Terrain: Prospects of Variational Data Assimilation
Authors: Maharjan Sangeeta , Regmi Ram P.
Published: January 2016

As part of the ongoing research activities at National Atmospheric Resource and Environmental Research Laboratory (NARERL) to realize high spatial and temporal resolution weather forecasts for Nepal, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system performance with the National Center for Environmental Protection (NCEP) and National Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF) initialization global meteorological data sets and the effect of surface observation data assimilation have been examined. The study shows that WRF modeling system reasonably well predicts the diurnal variation of upcoming weather events with both the data sets. The observation data assimilation from entire weather station distributed over the country may lead to the significant improvement in the accuracy and reliability of extended period of forecast. However, upper air observation data assimilation would be necessary to achieve desired precision and reliability of extended weather forecast.

Journal of Nepal Physical Society Vol.3(1) 2015: 67-72
Retarded Field Energy Analyzer as a tool to Study the Ion Velocity Distribution Functions on Radio Frequency Argon Plasma in Expanding Magnetic Field at Low Pressures
Authors: Mishra L.N.
Published: January 2016

Plasma expanding in the space along the magnetic filed is well known phenomenon. This plasma device was constructed to investigate the space plasma in laboratory in connection with plasma flows, electron distribution, ion distribution, instability and turbulence. For this purpose, the low-temperature plasma is produced by means of a 13.56 MHz Helicon plasma source at 300-1000 W rf power. The plasma is expanding from the 13.5 cm diameter source into a 150 cm long chamber of 60 cm diameter. Ion energy and its velocity distribution produced by a current-free double layer at the expansion region have been studied by means of retarding field energy analyzers. Furthermore, the effects due to the geometrical shape of the expanding magnetic field in plasma flows have also been investigated.

Journal of Nepal Physical Society Vol.3(1) 2015: 82-88
Free Energy of Mixing of some Binary Liquid Alloys
Authors: Chakrabarti S.K. , Yadav J.P. , Rafique S.M.
Published: January 2016

Binary liquid alloys often show interesting behaviour as regards their thermodynamic properties. The heat of mixing often bears a large negative value and the entropy of mixing an S-shape. The free energy of mixing becomes asymmetric around the equi-atomic composition especially in case of complex forming alloys. In the present theoretical work we have tried to compute the free energy of mixing of some binary alloys e.g. lithium-lead, potassium amalgam and magnesium-tin―all in liquid state near their respective melting points. All these alloys form strongly interacting systems. So, we have applied Flory’s model which is a statistical mechanical model considering the size factor of the constituent species of a binary liquid alloy. We have ignored the interaction between the complex and each ingredient within an alloy and amended the formula accordingly. In the light of observed activity of a metal within an alloy we have ascertained the interchange energy by the method of successive numerical approximations and then calculated the free energy of mixing according to the said model for different concentrations of the ingredients. Our results explain the observed anomaly in the free energy of mixing of the present liquid alloys.

Journal of Nepal Physical Society Vol.3(1) 2015: 97-101
Windblown Dust Deposition Forecasting and Spread of Contamination around Mine Tailings
Authors: Stovern Michael , Guzmán Héctor , Rine Kyle , Felix Omar , King Matthew , Ela Wendell , Betterton Eric , Sáez Avelino
Published: January 2016

Wind erosion, transport and deposition of windblown dust from anthropogenic sources, such as mine tailings impoundments, can have significant effects on the surrounding environment. The lack of vegetation and the vertical protrusion of the mine tailings above the neighboring terrain make the tailings susceptible to wind erosion. Modeling the erosion, transport and deposition of particulate matter from mine tailings is a challenge for many reasons, including heterogeneity of the soil surface, vegetative canopy coverage, dynamic meteorological conditions and topographic influences. In this work, a previously developed Deposition Forecasting Model (DFM) that is specifically designed to model the transport of particulate matter from mine tailings impoundments is verified using dust collection and topsoil measurements. The DFM is initialized using data from an operational Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The forecast deposition patterns are compared to dust collected by inverted-disc samplers and determined through gravimetric, chemical composition and lead isotopic analysis. The DFM is capable of predicting dust deposition patterns from the tailings impoundment to the surrounding area. The methodology and approach employed in this work can be generalized to other contaminated sites from which dust transport to the local environment can be assessed as a potential route for human exposure.
Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Markets for Tree-Based Intercropping Systems in Southern Quebec, Canada
Authors: Winans Kiara , Whalen Joann , Rivest David , Cogliastro Alain , Bradley Robert
Published: January 2016

Since agriculture directly contributes to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, integrating trees into agricultural landscapes through agroforestry systems is a viable adaptive strategy for climate change mitigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the carbon (C) sequestration and financial benefits of C sequestration according to Quebec’s Cap-and-Trade System for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Allowances (C & T System) or the Système de plafonnement et d’échange de droits d’émission de gaz à effet de serre du Québec (SPEDE) program for two experimental 10-year-old tree-based intercropping (TBI) systems in southern Quebec, Canada. We estimated total C stored in the two TBI systems with hybrid poplar and hardwoods and adjacent non-TBI systems under agricultural production, considering soil, crop and crop roots, litterfall, tree and tree roots as C stocks. The C sequestration of the TBI and adjacent non-TBI systems were compared and the market value of the C payment was evaluated using the net present value (NPV) approach. The TBI systems had 33% to 36% more C storage than adjacent non-TBI systems. The financial benefits of C sequestration after 10 years of TBI practices amounted to of $2,259–$2,758 CAD ha−1 and $1,568–$1,913 CAD ha−1 for St. Edouard and St. Paulin sites, respectively. We conclude that valorizing the C sequestration of TBI systems could be an incentive to promote the establishment of TBI for the purpose of GHG mitigation in Quebec, Canada.
Data Farming Process and Initial Network Analysis Capabilities
Authors: Horne Gary , Meyer Theodore
Published: January 2016

Data Farming, network applications and approaches to integrate network analysis and processes to the data farming paradigm are presented as approaches to address complex system questions. Data Farming is a quantified approach that examines questions in large possibility spaces using modeling and simulation. It evaluates whole landscapes of outcomes to draw insights from outcome distributions and outliers. Social network analysis and graph theory are widely used techniques for the evaluation of social systems. Incorporation of these techniques into the data farming process provides analysts examining complex systems with a powerful new suite of tools for more fully exploring and understanding the effect of interactions in complex systems. The integration of network analysis with data farming techniques provides modelers with the capability to gain insight into the effect of network attributes, whether the network is explicitly defined or emergent, on the breadth of the model outcome space and the effect of model inputs on the resultant network statistics.
Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go
Authors: Buchsbaum Rachel , Oh Sun
Published: January 2016

Cancers are heterogeneous tissues comprised of multiple components, including tumor cells and microenvironment cells. The tumor microenvironment has a critical role in tumor progression. The tumor microenvironment is comprised of various cell types, including fibroblasts, macrophages and immune cells, as well as extracellular matrix and various cytokines and growth factors. Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. However, neither the derivation of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts nor markers of tissue-specific cancer-associated fibroblasts are well defined. Despite these uncertainties it is increasingly apparent that cancer-associated fibroblasts have a crucial role in tumor progression. In breast cancer, there is evolving evidence showing that breast cancer-associated fibroblasts are actively involved in breast cancer initiation, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts also play a critical role in metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment and therapy resistance. This review summarizes the current understanding of breast cancer-associated fibroblasts.
Antimicrobial Performance of Two Different Packaging Materials on the Microbiological Quality of Fresh Salmon
Authors: Rollini Manuela , Nielsen Tim , Musatti Alida , Limbo Sara , Piergiovanni Luciano , Hernandez Munoz Pilar , Gavara Rafael
Published: January 2016

In the present research the antimicrobial activity of two active packaging materials on the spoilage microbiota of fresh salmon fillets was tested. A PET-coated film (PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate) containing lysozyme and lactoferrin was tested in parallel with a carvacrol-coextruded multilayer film. Salmon fillet samples were stored up to four days at 0 and 5 °C, comparatively. The carvacrol multilayer film was found effective in preventing mesophiles and psychrotrophs at shorter storage time and at lower temperature (4.0 compared to 5.0 log CFU/g in the control sample—CFU: Colony Forming Units). Lysozyme/lactoferrin-coated PET was instead efficient in decreasing H2S-producing bacteria at longer storage time and higher temperature (2.7 instead of 4.7 log CFU/g in the control sample). Even if is not intended as a way to “clean” a contaminated food product, an active package solution can indeed contribute to reducing the microbial population in food items, thus lowering the risk of food-related diseases.
Numerical Investigation of a Tuned Heave Plate Energy-Harvesting System of a Semi-Submersible Platform
Authors: Liu Kun , Liang Haizhi , Ou Jinping
Published: January 2016

A novel tuned heave plate energy-harvesting system (THPEH) is presented for the motion suppressing and energy harvesting of a semi-submersible platform. This THPEH system is designed based on the principle of a tuned mass damper (TMD) and is composed of spring supports, a power take-off system (PTO) and four movable heave plates. The permanent magnet linear generators (PMLG) are used as the PTO system in this design. A semi-submersible platform operating in the South China Sea is selected as the research subject for investigating the effects of the THPEH system on motion reduction and harvesting energy through numerical simulations. The numerical model of the platform and the THPEH system, which was established based on hydrodynamic analysis, is modified and validated by the results of the flume test of a 1:70 scale model. The effects of the parameters, including the size, the frequency ratio and the damping ratio of the THPEH system, are systematically investigated. The results show that this THPEH system, with proper parameters, could significantly reduce the motions of the semi-submersible platform and generate considerable power under different wave conditions.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Environments in 2015
Authors:   Environments Editorial Office
Published: January 2016

The editors of Environments would like to express their sincere gratitude to the following reviewers for assessing manuscripts in 2015. [...]
Adaptation to Climate Change in Swedish Forestry
Authors: Keskitalo E. , Bergh Johan , Felton Adam , Björkman Christer , Berlin Mats , Axelsson Petter , Ring Eva , Ågren Anneli , Roberge Jean-Michel , Klapwijk Maartje , Boberg Johanna
Published: January 2016

Adaptation to climate change in forestry has become a growing concern, in part due to the impact of storms and other events that have raised the awareness of such risks amongst forest owners. Sweden is one of Europe’s most densely-forested countries, with this sector playing a major role economically. However adaptation has, to a large extent, been limited to the provision of recommendations to forest managers, most of which have only been partially implemented. This paper summarizes research with direct implications for adaptation to climate change within the forestry sector in Sweden. The focus is based in particular on providing examples of adaptations that illustrate the specific Swedish orientation to adaptation, in line with its relatively intensive forest management system. The paper thus illustrates a specific Swedish orientation to adaptation through active management, which can be contrasted with approaches to adaptation in other forestry systems, in particular those with limited management or management based on maintaining natural forests in particular.
Molecular Characteristic, Protein Distribution and Potential Regulation of HSP90AA1 in the Anadromous Fish Coilia nasus
Authors: Fang Di-An , Duan Jin-Rong , Zhou Yan-Feng , Zhang Min-Ying , Xu Dong-Po , Liu Kai , Xu Pao
Published: January 2016

Heat shock proteins play essential roles in basic cellular events. Spawning migration is a complex process, with significant structural and biochemical changes taking place in the adult gonad. To date, the molecular mechanisms underlying migration reproductive biology remain undetermined. In this regard, a full length HSP90AA1 comprising 2608 nucleotides from the anadromous fish Coilia nasus was characterized, encoding 742 amino acid (aa) residues with potential phosphorylation sites. HSP90AA1 mRNA transcripts were detected in all organs, especially in the gonad. Furthermore, the greatest transcript levels were found during the developmental phase, while the lowest levels were found during the resting phase. In addition, the strongest immunolabeling positive signal was found in the primary spermatocyte and oocyte, with lower positive staining in secondary germ cells, and a weak or absent level in the mature sperm and oocyte. Interestingly, HSP90AA1 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of germ cells. These results are important for understanding the molecular mechanism of anadromous migration reproductive biology. In combination with data from other fish species, the result of this present study may facilitate further investigations on the spawning migration mechanism.
The Cumulative Effect of Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interactions on the Risk of Prostate Cancer in Chinese Men
Authors: Liu Ming , Shi Xiaohong , Yang Fan , Wang Jianye , Xu Yong , Wei Dong , Yang Kuo , Zhang Yaoguang , Wang Xin , Liang Siying , Chen Xin , Sun Liang , Zhu Xiaoquan , Zhao Chengxiao , Zhu Ling , Tang Lei , Zheng Chenguang , Yang Ze
Published: January 2016

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a multifactorial disease involving complex genetic and environmental factors interactions. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions associated with PCa in Chinese men are less studied. We explored the association between 36 SNPs and PCa in 574 subjects from northern China. Body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption were determined through self-administered questionnaires in 134 PCa patients. Then gene-gene and gene-environment interactions among the PCa-associated SNPs were analyzed using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) and logistic regression methods. Allelic and genotypic association analyses showed that six variants were associated with PCa and the cumulative effect suggested men who carried any combination of 1, 2, or ≥3 risk genotypes had a gradually increased PCa risk (odds ratios (ORs) = 1.79–4.41). GMDR analysis identified the best gene-gene interaction model with scores of 10 for both the cross-validation consistency and sign tests. For gene-environment interactions, rs6983561 CC and rs16901966 GG in individuals with a BMI ≥ 28 had ORs of 7.66 (p = 0.032) and 5.33 (p = 0.046), respectively. rs7679673 CC + CA and rs12653946 TT in individuals that smoked had ORs of 2.77 (p = 0.007) and 3.11 (p = 0.024), respectively. rs7679673 CC in individuals that consumed alcohol had an OR of 4.37 (p = 0.041). These results suggest that polymorphisms, either individually or by interacting with other genes or environmental factors, contribute to an increased risk of PCa.
User Perspectives of Characteristics of Improved Cookstoves from a Field Evaluation in Western Kenya
Authors: Loo Jennifer , Hyseni Lirije , Ouda Rosebel , Koske Selline , Nyagol Ronald , Sadumah Ibrahim , Bashin Michelle , Sage Mike , Bruce Nigel , Pilishvili Tamara , Stanistreet Debbi
Published: January 2016

Over half of the world’s population uses biomass fuels; these households cook on open fires indoors, increasing their risk of adverse health effects due to household air pollution (HAP) from biomass combustion. This study evaluated six improved cookstoves (ICS) for effectiveness and acceptability in a rural community in Western Kenya. This paper describes women’s views on each ICS compared to the traditional three-stone fire. Views on stove characteristics, fuel consumption, health effects and acceptability were assessed through structured interviews and focus group discussions. Data were coded and analyzed using a thematic approach. In total, 262 interviews and 11 focus groups were conducted from 43 women. Overall, women preferred the ICS over the traditional three-stone fire for various reasons including ease of use, efficiency, fuel efficiency and perceived reduction in smoke and improved health. However, there were clear preferences for specific ICS with almost half of women preferring a Philips stove. Despite acceptance and use of ICS, women used multiple stoves to meet their daily needs. Qualitative studies are essential to field evaluations to provide insight into user perspectives and acceptability of ICS and to inform research and development of technologies that are both effective in reducing HAP and practical in use.
Child Wasting in Emergency Pockets: A Meta-Analysis of Small-Scale Surveys from Ethiopia
Authors: Altare Chiara , Delbiso Tefera , Guha-Sapir Debarati
Published: January 2016

Child undernutrition is a major public health concern in Ethiopia (stunting national prevalence: 44%; wasting: 10%), despite the overall improvement in child health status during the last decade. Hundreds of small-scale surveys are conducted in Ethiopia’s emergency pockets under ENCU’s supervision. We reviewed the evidence from small-scale surveys conducted between 2008 and 2013 with two objectives: to provide a summary estimate of wasting prevalence from emergency pockets and to examine reasons for variation in prevalence estimates. We created a dataset by combining data from the Complex Emergency Database, the Famine Early Warning System Network and the Armed Conflict Location Event Data. We conducted a meta-analysis of small-scale surveys using a random effects model with known within-study heterogeneity. The influence of survey covariates on estimated prevalence was investigated with meta-regression techniques. We included 158 surveys in the analysis. A high degree of heterogeneity among surveys was observed. The overall estimate of wasting prevalence was 10.6% (95% CI 9.8–11.4), with differences among regions and between residents and refugees. Meta-regression results showed that vaccination coverage, child mortality, diarrhea prevalence and food insecurity are significantly associated with wasting prevalence. Child care and displacement status were not. Aggregated analysis of small-scale surveys provides insights into the prevalence of wasting and factors explaining its variation. It can also guide survey planning towards areas with limited data availability.
Aquaporins in Salivary Glands: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications
Authors: Delporte Christine , Bryla Angélic , Perret Jason
Published: January 2016

Salivary glands are involved in saliva secretion that ensures proper oral health. Aquaporins are expressed in salivary glands and play a major role in saliva secretion. This review will provide an overview of the salivary gland morphology and physiology of saliva secretion, and focus on the expression, subcellular localization and role of aquaporins under physiological and pathophysiological conditions, as well as clinical applications involving aquaporins. This review is highlighting expression and localization of aquaporins in human, rat and mouse, the most studied species and is pointing out possible difference between major salivary glands, i.e., parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands.