bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocular fundus images with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in the dog, monkey and minipig
Authors: Rosolen Serge G. , Saint‐Macary Gérard , Gautier Vincent , LeGargasson Jean‐François
Published: March 2003

Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (CSLO) is a new technique that enables ocular fundus image recording and retinal dynamic angiography to be performed. The ocular fundus image is acquired sequentially, point by point, and is reconstructed on a video monitor at the rate of 25 images per second. The feasibility of performing both ocular fundus image recordings and retinal angiography image recordings were tested on two dogs, two monkeys and two minipigs using a 40° field I + Tech CSLO. Fundus area of each dog, monkey and minipig were examined without any additional optical devices. The ocular fundus and angiography images were recorded, stabilized and analyzed under the same conditions. For each species, all images were easily recorded without any additional optical device in a lighted room and the morphology of the retinal images generated was similar to those obtained with a camera or angiography of higher resolution. Capillary phase or venous times are presented. Image recording at 25 frames/second enabled more retinal dynamics to be demonstrated than with use of regular angiography. This technique is noninvasive and easy to perform if the eye is fixed and eyelids maintained open. It also allows exploration of retinal microvascularization and could be utilized for clinical, pharmacologic and toxicologic investigations as well.
Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for treatment of refractory corneal ulceration
Authors: Bromberg Nancy M.
Published: March 2003

Isobutyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive (BCTA) was used in the treatment of refractory superficial corneal ulcers in 17 dogs, one cat, and one rabbit, present 2 weeks to 7 months (mean 6.8 weeks ± 6.1) prior to referral. Little to no sedation was required in the majority of cases, with only topical anesthetic applied prior to debridement and BCTA application. The presence of the tissue adhesive caused mild discomfort for several days after application, as reported by the owners. The ulcers healed, and the tissue adhesive sloughed in approximately 3 weeks (± 1 week). Mild neovascularization of the cornea resolved with topical corticosteroids. The use of BCTA offers a simple, safe and noninvasive treatment for refractory corneal ulcers.
Gonopod morphology and 16S mtDNA sequence alignment of the freshwater crabs Sesarma bidentatum and S. ayatum (Grapsidae: Sesarminae) from Jamaica
Authors: Schubart Christoph D. , Reimer Jens , Diesel Rudolf , Schubart Christoph D.
Published: March 2003

The recent description of the fifth Jamaican crab species from freshwater streams, Sesarma ayatum Schubart, Reimer & Diesel 1998, suffered from two typesetting errors. Since these errors affect the interpretation and reading of the most important characters that distinguish this species from its closest relative, Sesarma bidentatumBenedict (1892) (gonopodal morphology and 16S mtDNA sequence), we here present a corrected version of one of the figures and the DNA alignment.
Phylogeny and zoogeography of three new species of the genus Hexabathynella (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) from North America
Authors: Cho Joo‐Lae
Published: March 2003

Three new species of the genus Hexabathynella, H. otayana sp. n., H. hessleri sp. n. and H. muliebris sp. n., from North America are described. A comparison with previous studies results in the reevaluation of characters already known and the discovery of new constitutive characters. The distal spine of the mandibular spine row is regarded as a synapomorphy of the three new species and two previously known species, H. knoepffleri, H. minuta, which constitute a monophyletic group within the genus, the knoepffleri‐group. The phylogenetic relationships between the five species are depicted with a cladogram. The setation on the uropodal exopod is shown to be not only a new unique character for the genus, but also a significant one in classifying its species. The presence of the ancestor species of the genus before the Triassic and dispersal during Mesozoic continental drift are assumed to explain the transatlantic occurrence of the knoepffleri‐group and the distribution pattern of the other species.
Phylogenetic position and description of a new species of subgenus Mus (Rodentia, Mammalia) from Thailand
Authors: Auffray Jean‐Christophe , Orth Annie , Catalan Josette , Gonzalez Jean‐Paul , Desmarais Eric , Bonhomme François
Published: March 2003

Molecular, chromosomal and morphometric analyses of wild‐caught mice of subgenus Mus from the central plain of Thailand are presented. These specimens are distinct from all species previously described in the literature. This has led to the characterization of Mus fragilicauda sp. n., a new member of the set of closely related species encompassed by the subgenus. While this species may be considered as a sibling and sympatric species of the Asian M. cervicolor, M. fragilicauda sp. n. is phylogenetically closer to the M. musculus complex of species and to the other European species of Mus.
Electron microscopic analysis of the H2O2 accumulation preceding hypersensitive cell death induced by an incompatible strain of Pseudomonas avenae in cultured rice cells
Authors: Iwano Megumi , Che Fang‐Sik , Goto Kazunori , Tanaka Noriko , Takayama Seiji , Isogai Akira
Published: March 2003

summary

Infection of cultured rice cells with an incompatible strain of Pseudomonas avenae induces a hypersensitive reaction of the host, while compatible strain infection produces no such reaction. The induction of H2O2 generation in cultured rice cells by the incompatible strain of P. avenae precedes cell death. To examine the distribution of H2O2 generation sites, cultured rice cells were incubated following infection with a cerium solution. Detection of the reaction product, Ce(OH)2OOH, was performed using energy disperse X‐ray microanalysis (EDX) fitted with a variable‐pressure scanning electron microscope (VP‐SEM). We determined that H2O2 accumulation is a local response, appearing as a circular region on the cell surface of only 10% to 15% of the total infected cells. Observation of cross‐sections localized cerium deposition to the plasma membranes of papillae, in the cell walls of a papilla and around the bacterium. Furthermore, immuno‐gold electron microscopy using antibodies for β‐1,3‐glucan suggested that callose synthesis also occurs at the generation site of H2O2. Therefore, H2O2 functions as an antibacterial agent, serving as a substrate for cell wall cross‐linking. Our detection system employs an EDX system fitted with SEM; this procedure will be useful to examine the function and mechanism of oxidative bursts in plant–pathogen interactions.
A host‐specific virulence protein of Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae is translocated into human epithelial cells by the Type III secretion system of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Valinsky Lea , Nisan Israel , Tu Xuanlin , Nisan Gal , Rosenshine Ilan , Hanski Emanuel , Barash Isaac , Manulis Shulamit
Published: March 2003

summary

HsvG is a virulence factor that determines the host specificity of Erwinia herbicola pathovars gypsophilae and betae on gypsophila. We used the calmodulin adenylate cyclase reporter (CyaA) to demonstrate that HsvG is secreted and translocated into HeLa cells by the type III secretion system (TTSS) of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). A fusion of HsvG‐CyaA containing 271 amino acids of the N‐terminus of HsvG were introduced into a wild‐type EPEC, espB mutant deficient in translocation and an escV mutant deficient in secretion. A significant secretion was detected in EPEC/HsvG‐CyaA and its espB mutant, but not with the escV mutant. Translocation was only observed with the wild‐type EPEC, and not with the other two mutants. To localize the secretion and translocation signals of HsvG, fusions containing 39, 11 and 3 amino acids of the N‐terminus of HsvG were constructed and expressed in EPEC. A fusion containing the first 39 N‐terminal amino acids of HsvG was secreted and translocated at significant level (31–35%) as compared to the original fusion. In contrast, fusions containing the 3 and 11 amino acids failed to be secreted and translocated.
The Supervised Methadone and Resettlement Team nurse: an effective approach with opiate‐dependent, homeless people
Authors: Mistral W. , Hollingworth M.
Published: March 2003

Homelessness and substance misuse have risen dramatically over the past 30 years in the UK. The role of the primary care nurse has been signalled as important in working with people who have drug and alcohol problems, and for improving the general health of homeless people. This article focuses on the role of the primary care nurse in a Supervised Methadone and Resettlement Team (SMART). The team works in central Bristol, in southwest England, with people who are homeless and using illegal opiates. The aim of this report is to provide descriptive information that demonstrates the value of the primary care nurse, working in a multiagency partnership, in dealing with the problems of this homeless population, many of whom have problems associated with illicit drug use. Client outcomes from a small sample of homeless persons are also described.
Negotiating the informed‐consent process in developing countries: a comparison of Swaziland and Pakistan
Authors: Upvall M. , Hashwani S.
Published: March 2003

Protecting the rights of research participants when conducting studies within an international context presents many challenges. The purpose of this article was to compare and contrast the process of obtaining informed consent in two very different countries – Swaziland and Pakistan. Major aspects of the informed‐consent process presented included identification of gatekeepers, seeking permission from officials, negotiating with these officials and Institutional Review Board (IRB) committees in regard to the type of data to be collected, and explaining informed consent to participants in the field. Data for this article is based upon qualitative research of collaboration between nurses and healers in Swaziland and from a variety of studies completed in Pakistan. These studies demonstrate the inadequacy and complexity of applying western‐based concepts of informed consent to developing countries.
Compliance with hormone replacement therapy among Swedish women
Authors: Berterö C. , Johansson G.
Published: March 2003

By means of a simple postal questionnaire, all women registered as hormone therapy patients (n = 241) at a gynaecological clinic were screened for reasons for receiving hormone therapy. They were also screened for their compliance in following the midwife’s advice and information, as well as the gynaecologist’s prescriptions. The majority of the women participating in this study contacted the clinic for climacteric symptoms. The time duration for using hormone therapy ranged from 1 month to 6 years. Those using a plaster or gel were asked why they should take progesterone pills. Forty per cent gave erroneous answers or did not know. Of these, 62% reported that they understood the oral information, whereas 60% reported that they understood the written information. Fifty‐three per cent of the women stated that they would stop their hormone therapy if they did not feel well or increased in weight. New discoveries or information about benefits or risks were given by 22% as reasons affecting their decision. Compliance demands well‐motivated and well‐informed patients. The implication of the study result for practice is that there must be dialogue between the women and their midwife/ gynaecologist. It is important that the women feel they are receiving treatment which they have given their consent to, and that they feel and know that they are performing self‐care. Midwives have recurrent contact with women during their life and have already established a relationship with them, which facilitates an individualized communication.
Linking research and practice: participation of nurses in research to influence policy
Authors: Lee M. B. , Tinevez L. , Saeed I.
Published: March 2003

In this article, the authors describe research conducted by the Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC) in Islamabad, Pakistan. The research was carried out through collaboration of two components of a large multicomponent Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)‐funded project – the Development of Women Health Professionals Program (DWHP) – with the Colleges of Nursing and the Pakistan Nursing Council. The research was guided by staff of the DWHP and performed by eight nurses undergoing a research course as part of a Diploma in Teaching Administration (DTA) at a postgraduate College of Nursing in the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), Pakistan. Research questions related to the collection and analysis of nursing workforce statistics were asked and partially answered, while students gained experience in conducting research. A description of the context in which the research was conducted is provided. Finally, results of the research and the potential benefits for influencing health workforce policy are discussed.
Government Chief Nursing Officers: a study of the key issues they face and the knowledge and skills required by their roles
Authors: Salmon Marla E. , Rambo Kirsten
Published: March 2003

The first Government Chief Nursing Officer (CNO) position was created in New Zealand over a century ago. Over the ensuing decades, the roles of these national nurse leaders have evolved and become a focal point for global nursing and midwifery development. Despite the important actual and potential roles of CNOs, very little work has been done to systematically study the key issues that they face and the skill sets needed to address them. Now, in the face of global cost‐driven health reform, the position of CNO is even more important than ever. This paper describes the only global systematic study of CNOs conducted since the beginning of health reform and lays a substantive foundation for the development of these key leaders and their positions. In addition, the research reported provides important groundwork for future studies and enhancement of the global literature relating to national nursing and midwifery leadership.
Marketing and Nursing in a Competitive Environment
Authors: Kingma Mireille
Published: March 2003

Marketing can no longer be considered vulgar commercialism. Ethically applied, marketing is in fact one of the necessary building stones and development tools for the future development of nursing. In the new competitive environment being created in health sectors to improve efficiency and cost‐effectiveness, the nursing profession must learn to use marketing techniques to survey the needs, identify gaps in services and develop products and services that will be relevant for today's empowered consumer.
Testing Nursing Theory Cross‐culturally
Authors: Clift Judith , Barrett Elizabeth A. M.
Published: March 2003

For nursing science to be recognized globally, nursing theory must be tested in various cultural settings to prove its universality. Below, an overview of a study of cross‐cultural nursing theory development in three German‐speaking countries of Europe and its implications for clinical practice.
How nurses approach ethical problems in Turkey
Authors: Dinc Leyla , Ulusoy Mehlika Filiz
Published: March 2003

Previously, nurse's adherence to ethical standards meant obedience to the physician and loyalty to the hospital; now, however, it means following ethical standards and rules set forth by professional codes of ethics. The International Council of Nurses' Code for Nurses (1973) has been the model for professional codes of ethics in countries throughout the world.4 Using ICN's Code as a framework, a study was conducted in 1993 to find out how nurses in Turkey respond to ethical dilemmas. Below, a summary of the findings.
Guidelines for making end‐of‐life decisions
Authors: Fry Sara
Published: March 2003

How should nurses confront difficult choices related to end‐of‐life issues? Below are some guidelines.
Euthanasia and assisted suicide in the Netherlands: Clarifying the practice and the nurse's role
Authors: van der Arend Arie JG
Published: March 2003

Many people believe that euthanasia and assisted suicide are condoned carte blanche in the Netherlands. Not true. Both are formally forbidden by criminal law and can be administered only when certain procedures and criteria have been followed. Below, a look at the policies and practices regarding euthanasia and assisted suicide in The Netherlands and the role of nurses in this area.
Assisted suicide: How nurses should respond
Authors: Scanlon Colleen
Published: March 2003

However compassionate the motives behind assisted suicide initiatives, the risks and harm for patients, health professionals and the public are too great. The moral and professional challenge should not revolve around assisted suicide but be directed at reversing the dying person's despair and fulfilling the obligation to provide competent and committed care to the dying.
Connecting to Internet–Search Tools
Authors: Sparks Susan
Published: March 2003

The amount of information on the Internet is growing by the nanosecond. It is no longer expeditious to “surf” site to site now that automated convenient‐to‐use search tools can find the information you are looking for swiftly. Unfortunately, no one tool covers the entire worldwide web (www), much less the entire Internet. The following describes the components and characteristics of popular Internet search tools.
ICN During Wartime: 1912–1947
Authors: Boschma Geertje , Stuart Meryn
Published: March 2003

Over nearly four decades (1911–1947) ICN established itself as an enduring organization for nurses in the midst of turbulent international politics, pressing healthcare demands and hardships of war. As women, ICN leaders had devoted themselves to their mission to improve the cause of nursing, economically, professionally and culturally. In the process the unifying missionary spirit of the early leaders underwent important transformations. In part, because of tensions resulting from diverse views from within, but most of all because of external influences of profound social change and the upheaval of war, the postwar identity of ICN was different.
Part I. Cross‐Cultural Partnerships in Nursing: Romania and Denmark
Authors: Thomsen Karen Strandby
Published: March 2003

ICN's theme for its centennial in 1999 is “Celebrating Nursing's Past; Claiming the Future”. Cross‐cultural partnerships to support and develop nurses' associations in financially deprived countries are one way the better‐off nurses' associations are ensuring that nurses everywhere can claim their future. Such a cooperation project developed by the Danish Nurses' Organization in cooperation with the Romanian Nurses' Association and the UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) office in Romania is described below*.
Uncovering tacit caring knowledge
Authors: Carlsson Gunilla , Drew Nancy , Dahlberg Karin , Lützen Kim
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present re‐enactment interviewing and to propose that it can be used to reveal tacit caring knowledge. This approach generates knowledge not readily attainable by other research methods, which we demonstrate by analysing the epistemological and methodological underpinnings of re‐enactment interviewing. We also give examples from a study where re‐enactment was used. As tacit knowledge is often characteristic of care, re‐enactment interviewing has the potential to engage the informant in a holistic mode and thereby reveal wisdom of the body. When the care provider recalls an event, the details are articulated, which contributes to in‐depth data, which subsequently serves as a basis for trustworthy analysis.
The benefits of rapid microbiological testing of finished products using ATP bioluminescence
Authors: MORRIS H.C.
Published: March 2003

Microbiological quality control of personal care products using traditional methods can take between 5 and 7 days to complete. This is frequently the rate limiting step in product release. Companies are looking to improve manufacturing efficiencies and to maximize resources by releasing products faster. ATP bioluminescence has been shown to be applicable to the detection of low levels of contaminating organisms in a diverse range of personal care products including detergent‐based and soap‐based products, cosmetics and toothpastes. The system described here has demonstrated the detection of less than 10 colony forming units per sample of a range of typical contaminants in these product types after enrichment for 24 h. Resume Le controle de la qualite microbiologique de produits d'hygiene personnelle a l'aide des methodes traditionnelles peut prendre entre 5 et 7 jours. Ceci est souvent l'etape limitante dans la rapidite de delivrance du produit. Les entreprises cherchent a ameliorer l'efficacite de production et a optimiser les moyens en delivrant les produits plus rapidement. Il a ete montre que la bioluminescence ATP peut s'appliquer a la detection de faibles teneurs en organismes contaminants dans diverses gammes de produits d'hygiene personnelle y compris les produits a base de detergents et a base de savon, les cosmetiques et les dentifrices. Le systeme decrit ici s'est avere detecter des colonies de moins de 10 unites par echantillon dans une gamme de contaminants classiques pour ces types de produits, apres culture durant 24 heures.
Measurement of total water and bound water contents in human stratum corneum by in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: GILARD V. , MARTINO R. , MALET‐MARTINO M. , RIVIERE M. , GOURNAY A. , NAVARRO R.
Published: March 2003

The reliability of in vitro proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to specifically measure the water content of rehydrated human stratum corneum samples was assessed by comparison with the previously validated thermal desorption‐mass spectrometry technique. The interest of proton NMR is that it can determine, in the same sample, both the amount of total water by recording the spectra at ambient temperature, and that of bound water (non‐freezing water) by recording the spectra below 0°C. Provided that enough samples of stratum corneum are analysed to average out the observed and well‐known sample‐to‐sample variation, proton NMR may be of value in the evaluation of hygroscopic properties of raw materials for moisturizer formulations.

L'aptitude de la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) du proton à déterminer le contenu en eau du stratum corneum in vitro a étéétablie en comparant la quantité d'eau présente dans divers échantillons provenant d'une même personne mesurée par cette technique avec celle mesurée par la technique déjà validée de désorption thermique couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. La RMN du proton est la seule méthode qui permette de mesurer dans un même échantillon à la fois sa teneur en eau totale en enregistrant le spectre à température ambiante, et sa teneur en `eau liée' (i.e. en eau 'non‐gelée') en enregistrant le spectre à une température inférieure à 0°C. A condition d'analyser un nombre suffisant d'échantillons de stratum corneum pour moyenner la variation importante observée et bien connue entre les échantillons, la RMN du proton pourra êtra utilisée pour déterminer les propriétes hygroscopiques de composés pouvant entrer dans la composition de formulations hydratantes. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
Influence of Liposomes on the Stability of Vitamin A Incorporated in Polyacrylate Hydrogel
Authors: Arsić I. , Vuleta G.
Published: March 2003

Lecithin has an antioxidative potential that depends directly on the content of phospholipids. Purified lecithin with a higher phospholipid content exerts better antioxidative properties. Furthermore, due to its specific physico‐chemical properties, amphiphility in particular, the phospholipid the largest portion of the lecithin lipids, forms enclosed membrane systems (liposomes) in the presence of water. Liposomes encapsulate hydro and liposoluble, pharmacologically and cosmetically active components. The relatively poor stability of vitamin A considerably limits its use in topical preparations. Protection against an oxidation process is the main reason for vitamin A encapsulation in the liposomes made from the purified phospholipid fraction (90% phosphatidyl choline). It increases the vitamin A‐palmitate stability against the oxidation process caused by UV radiation. Lecithin used for preparing the liposomes increases vitamin A stability during UV radiation in pure liposome dispersion or liposomes with vitamin A incorporated in polyacrylate gel as a vehicle.
The Mechanics of Fracture of Human Hair
Authors: Swift J.alan
Published: March 2003

Premature fracture and splitting of human head hair is cosmetically undesirable and at worse, unsightly. It is often regarded both by the hair’s owner and by others as indicative of hair in poor condition and attracts considerable expenditure on hair toiletry products in sometimes vague attempts to prevent or repair the damage.

This paper defines the mechanical events which underlie the fracture of hairs as they occur on the head and insofar as they satisfy the different fracture morphologies seen under the scanning electron microscope. Factors affecting propensity for fracture are considered. A significant conclusion is that hair ’strength’, as might be assessed by the consumer, has little to do with the tensile mechanical properties of the fibres but that bending and associated longitudinal shear processes are of much greater relevance.
Prototypes of Facial Attributes Developed Through Image Averaging Techniques
Authors: Hawkins S.S. , Perrett D.I. , Burt D.M. , Rowland D.A. , Murahata R.I.
Published: March 2003

Image capture and quantification has proven useful in a variety of scientific applications, for example, biology, medicine, geology, meteorology and forensics. The objective of this research was to utilize this technology to quantify clinical‐ and consumer‐perceivable changes in facial attributes. A panel of expert assessors was trained, and, in a large consumer study, consumer facial attributes were identified and grading scales for each attribute were established. These experts then rated over 240 subjects on a total of 19 different facial attributes. Based on methodology developed by Perrett et al., facial averages or prototypes were computed from panelists rated high or low for each attribute. Prototypes were developed in a 3 step process: 1) selection of 224 predefined feature points; 2) calculation of average face shape; and 3) ’morphing’ individual faces into that shape and blending the images together. Naive assessors could readily appreciate the differences in facial appearance of the prototypes. In addition, expert graders were able to identify the general class of attribute affected. This method provides a powerful tool for assessing the effects of skin care technologies.
A Comparison of Biological Activities of a New Soya Biopeptide Studied in an In Vitro Skin Equivalent Model and Human Volunteers
Authors: Andre‐Frei V. , Perrier E. , Augustin C. , Damour O. , Bordat P. , Schumann K. , Förster TH. , Waldmann‐Laue M.
Published: March 2003

During aging, the epidermis and dermis become thin and an efficient anti‐aging product should be able to stimulate the metabolism of senescent fibroblast and keratinocytes, in order to increase the quantity of extra‐cellular matrix components such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans. A study performed in parallel on an in vitro skin equivalent model, and in vivo, with human volunteers, demonstrated the efficacy of one specific soya biopeptide for anti‐aging properties.

Such a biopeptide induces a significant increase of glycosaminoglycans synthesis in vitro and in vivo after a one‐month treatment. We also showed that this new cosmetic ingredient is able to stimulate favourably the collagen synthesis in vitro and in vivo.

This study provided the proof for anti‐aging properties of a new soya biopeptide and also validated the skin equivalent model developed for this experimentation as an alternative method to animal or human testing for some cosmetic efficacy evaluations.
Change of amphiphilic association structures during evaporation from emulsions in surfactant–fragrance–water systems
Authors: Zhang  , Friberg  , Aikens
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The phase diagrams of a nonionic surfactant (Laureth 4), water, and three different fragrance compounds, limonene, phenethyl alcohol and benzaldehyde, were compared. The location of the fragrance molecules in the lamellar liquid crystals (LLC) was investigated using the small‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The evaporation processes of the fragrance emulsions, consisting of 80 wt.% water, 15 wt.% fragrance and 5 wt.% surfactant, were followed both experimentally through an optical microscope, and theoretically through calculation based on the knowledge of the vapour pressure of the fragrance along the demixing line of the water‐in‐oil microemulsion (L2) phase boundary.

Evaporation of the phenethyl alcohol emulsion led the system directly into the L2 phase region, with very little phenethyl alcohol evaporated in 20 min. For the limonene system, during evaporation the system experienced several multi‐phase regions, then reached the water‐surfactant axis, and finally went into the L2 phase region. By contrast to phenethyl alcohol, limonene evaporated completely within 10 min. Benzaldehyde emulsion went through structural changes similar to those of limonene, while the fragrance evaporated continuously until completion in 20 min.

Résumé

On a comparé les diagrammes de phase d’un tensioactif non ionique (Laureth 4), de l’eau, et de trois composés parfumés différents, le limonène, l’alcool phénéthylique et le benzaldéhyde. La présence et la localisation des molécules de parfum dans les cristaux liquides lamellaires (LLC) ont étéétudiées par diffraction rayons X à angle faible. Les processus d’évaporation des émulsions parfumées, constituées de 80 % en poids d’eau, de 15 % en poids de parfum et de 5 % en poids de tensioactif, ont été suivis expérimentalement avec un microscope optique, et par le calcul théorique basé sur la connaissance de la tension de vapeur du parfum le long de la ligne de décantation de la frontière de la phase de microémulsion eau dans huile (L2).

L’évaporation de l’émulsion d’alcool phénéthylique conduit le système directement dans la zone de phase L2, avec très peu d’alcool phénéthylique évaporé en 20 min. Pour le système au limonène, durant l’évaporation le système présente plusieurs zones multiphases, puis atteint l’axe eau‐tensioactif, et finalement arrive dans la zone de phase L2. Contrairement à l’alcool phénéthylique, le limonène est complètement évaporé en 10 min. L’émulsion de benzaldéhyde passe par des changements de structure similaires à ceux du limonène, tandis que le parfum s’évapore en continu jusqu’à achèvement en 20 min.
Fluoridated milk as a dental caries preventive measure
Authors: Phillips Peter C. , Woodward Susan M.
Published: March 2003

SummaryDental caries is a preventable disease, often affecting young children, particularly those living in areas of social deprivation. Water fluoridation is an effective way of reducing dental caries (WHO 1969), however, it is not always possible, for various reasons, to introduce this public health measure. Consideration has been given to the use of other vehicles to deliver fluoride. This paper reviews how one of these, namely milk, has been utilised globally. Milk is an important feature in the diet of children and has significant public health benefits. The bioavailability of fluoride is not significantly reduced by milk and results from clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of fluoridated milk in preventing dental caries. Globally, fluoridated milk is delivered to different target groups in a variety of forms. When urinary excretion has been monitored as a marker of children's fluoride exposure, the results indicate that the fluoride excretion in the children drinking fluoridated milk is in agreement with normative values. The growth of the international milk fluoridation programme has demonstrated that milk can be used as an alternative vehicle for fluoride and should be considered where fluoridation of the water supplies is unlikely.
Physical activity for children: what are the US recommendations?
Authors: Frary Carol , Johnson Rachel K.
Published: March 2003

Summary Data from three US nationwide surveys, the Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), and the Practice Partner Research Network (PPRNet), have found that obesity is steadily increasing among American children. At the same time, statistics indicate that children and adolescents are becoming more inactive, especially as they get older. Childhood obesity and physical inactivity have similar health risks that can ultimately lead to serious health consequences. Moderate physical activity is recommended for everyone. Physical activity should include aerobic fitness, muscle strength, and endurance, as suggested by national policy. The Kid's Activity Pyramid is a teaching tool for health care professionals, educators, parents, and children themselves, to be used to encourage daily physical activity. Children need to be on the move every day to develop and maintain strong bones and muscles and sustain a healthy weight.
The grain, the wholegrain and nothing but the grain: the science behind wholegrain and the reduced risk of heart disease and cancer
Authors: Richardson David P.
Published: March 2003

Summary Wholegrain foods are important sources of nutrients and phytoprotective substances that are in short supply in our diet. Encouraging the public to increase consumption of wholegrain foods imparts a positive health message and could contribute towards the achievement of reduced fat and increased fibre intakes. More recent research suggests that the health benefits of wholegrain foods are derived from more than just the fibre. Wholefoods, such as fruit and vegetables and wholegrains, deliver ‘packages’ of constituents that may work synergistically to promote health. Wholegrain foods, particularly cereals, have been shown to be protective against coronary heart disease, certain cancers and diabetes. At least one daily serving of wholegrain food is associated with reduced risk of disease and there may be further benefits with increasing intake. A greater consumption of wholegrain foods has important public health implications, and would be an attractive and prudent food‐based dietary strategy, targeted at the whole population.
FLAIR‐FLOW 4: Synthesis Report on Dietary Fat and Cardiovascular Disease for Health Professionals
Authors: Kelly Colette
Published: March 2003

Abstract One of the features of FLAIR‐FLOW Europe 4 (flairflow.com) is the production of ‘synthesis’ reports that are essentially focussed summaries of a particular topic. Different synthesis reports are written for health professionals, consumer groups and SMEs (food industry) each with an appropriate focus. In the first of a series of 6 synthesis reports for health professionals, this synthesis report provides an overview of dietary fat and cardiovascular disease.
Antioxidants in food: a summary of the review conducted for the Food Standards Agency
Authors: Buttriss Judy L. , Hughes Joyce , Kelly Colette N. M. , Stanner Sara
Published: March 2003

Abstract The British Nutrition Foundation recently completed a critical review of the Food Standards Agency's Antioxidants in Food program. The projects funded as part of this program, which addressed biomarkers of oxidative damage, gene expression, supplementation with dietary antioxidants and bioavailability of dietary antioxidants, were evaluated and set within an international context. This paper summarises the findings and recommendations of this review. Although there is a substantial body of evidence that a diet rich in plant foods (particularly fruit and vegetables) conveys health benefits, intervention trials have been unable to demonstrate any causal link between antioxidant supplementation and chronic disease. Difficulties in undertaking such trials with long‐term disease endpoints, as is the case with cancer and cardiovascular disease, has led to considerable interest in the identification of robust biomarkers of oxidative damage. However, the relevance of these biomarkers to disease risk remains an issue and little is known about what might be regarded as a normal level of endogenous oxidative damage. The review concluded that the research program should focus on a wider scope of potential mechanisms, rather than antioxidant mechanisms alone. It also recommended that more research is needed on the bioavailability and tissue distribution of antioxidants and the impact of factors such as genotype, age and illness before embarking on a multicentre intervention trial.
Temperature sensitive diphtheria toxin confers conditional male‐sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Guerineau François , Sorensen Anna‐Marie , Fenby Nick , Scott Rod. J.
Published: March 2003

A gene encoding a temperature‐sensitive diphtheria toxin A chain (DTA) polypeptide was fused to the Arabidopsis thaliana tapetum‐specific A9 promoter. Expression of the chimaeric gene in transgenic A. thaliana lines resulted in plants that were male‐sterile, but female‐fertile, when grown at 18 °C, and fully self fertile at 26 °C. No pollen grains were found on the anthers of transgenic plants grown at 18 °C, although aggregated pollen grains were found inside the anthers. Electron microscopy revealed discrete alterations in the tapetal cells of the male‐sterile transgenic plants. The strength of the phenotype observed in segregants correlated with the level of expression of the gene and the copy number. The low frequency at which fully male‐sterile plants were generated suggests that the temperature‐sensitive DTA protein is disabled as a cytotoxin, relative to the wild‐type protein activity.
Predictors of weight gain: the biological‐behavioural debate
Authors: Filozof C. , Gonzalez C.
Published: March 2003

The rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity, in spite of an unchanged gene pool, makes it interesting to search for biological factors which increase the susceptibility at the individual level as well as searching for the responsible environmental factors. Among the identified metabolic factors is a low resting metabolic rate for given body size and composition, a high respiratory quotient RQ) indicating a low fat oxidation and a low spontaneous physical activity, all factors which are regarded as being under substantial genetic influence. Among the environmental factors, it is low levels of physical activity, increasing inactivity and a high fat diet that are probably the most important ones. In this review we have focused on controversies in this area. Understanding the interaction between the constitutional biological factors and the environmentally determined lifestyle factors it is important to produce better options for both the prevention and treatment of obesity.
Childhood overweight: a contextual model and recommendations for future research
Authors: Davison K. K. , Birch L. L.
Published: March 2003

The prevalence of overweight among children has doubled within the past two decades. Increases in the rate of childhood overweight are of particular concern due to the negative health and psychological effects noted among overweight children. As shown by previous research, the development of childhood overweight involves a complex set of factors from multiple contexts that interact with each other to place a child at risk of overweight. This multifaceted system can be conceptualized using Ecological Systems Theory (EST). EST highlights the importance of considering the context(s), or ecological niche, in which a person is located in order to understand the emergence of a particular characteristic. In the case of a child, the ecological niche includes the family and the school, which are in turn embedded in larger social contexts including the community and society at large. In this review, EST is used as a framework with which to summarize research assessing predictors of childhood overweight. Specifically, child characteristics that place children at risk of the development of overweight (including dietary intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour) will be reviewed while taking into consideration the influence of the familial environment, the school environment, and the community and larger social environments. It is concluded that future research needs to adopt a broader contextual approach in order to understand and intervene against the processes leading to the development of overweight among children and that the use of theories or paradigms such as EST will facilitate developing and testing models of causal processes.
Obesity, haemostasis and the fibrinolytic system
Authors: Mertens I. , Gaal L. F. Van
Published: March 2003

Obese patients are at risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which can in part be explained by disturbances in the haemostatic and fibrinolytic systems. Indeed, obese subjects tend to have higher values of fibrinogen, factor VII, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor compared to non‐obese subjects. Abdominal obesity, in particular, has been shown to be associated with disturbances in fibrinogen, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor, while less consistent results have been found for factor VII. Recently it has been demonstrated that the adipocyte itself is able to produce plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, possibly explaining the high levels found in obesity. Different studies have investigated the association between haemostatic and fibrinolytic parameters and the insulin resistance syndrome, often present in obese subjects. Fibrinogen has been found to be related to insulin, but it has been suggested that this relationship is not independent of the accompanying inflammatory reaction. Results from studies on the relationship between insulin resistance and factor VII, factor VIII and von Willebrand factor levels are inconsistent. In contrast, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 has been found to correlate with all components of the insulin resistance syndrome, and can be considered as a true component of this metabolic syndrome. Weight loss seems to have a beneficial effect on factor VII – probably mediated through a reduction in triglycerides. Data on factor VIII and von Willebrand factor are scarce but weight loss does not seem to have an effect. Fibrinogen does not seem to be reduced by modest weight loss and a more substantial weight loss seems necessary to lower fibrinogen levels. In contrast, both modest and substantial weight loss have been found to significantly reduce plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 levels. In conclusion, the increased cardiovascular risk observed in obesity could in part be explained by the association between insulin resistance and components of the fibrinolytic and haemostatic systems. Whether this relationship is truly causal or indirect needs to be elucidated further.
Iron chelation therapy
Authors: Hershko Chaim , Hoffbrand A. Victor
Published: March 2003

In chronic anemias associated with iron overload, iron chelation therapy is the only method available for preventing early death caused mainly by myocardial and hepatic iron toxicity. Although desferrioxamine (DFO) has been available for the treatment of transfusional iron overload since the early 1960s, the era of modern and effective iron chelation therapy started only 20 years ago with the introduction of subcutaneous DFO infusions by portable pumps. Today, long‐term DFO therapy is an integral part of the management of thalassemia and other transfusion‐dependent anemias, with a major impact on well‐being and survival. However, the high cost and rigorous requirements of DFO therapy and the significant toxicity of deferiprone underline the need for the continued development of new and improved orally effective iron chelators. In recent years, more than 1000 candidate compounds have been screened in animal models. These efforts have led to the identification of several interesting compounds, a few of which may be of possible clinical usefulness. The present review covers some of the most outstanding of these compounds, including deferiprone (L1), pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH), the polyanionic amines, the substituted polyaza compounds and bishydroxyphenyl tiazole. The introduction of these promising new chelators and the evolution of improved strategies of iron chelation therapy require a better understanding of the pathophysiology of iron toxicity and of the mechanisms of action of iron chelating drugs.
NEWASPECTSINTHEPATHOGENESISANDTREATMENTOFTHROMBOTICTHROMBOCYTOPENICPURPURAANDHEMOLYTICUREMICSYNDROME
Authors: Raife Thomas , Montgomery Robert
Published: March 2003

The thrombotic microangiopathy (TM) syndromes, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome, are a rare and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by widespread microvascular thrombosis and end organ injury. Decades of descriptive studies have defined clinical subsets of TM syndromes by clinical and laboratory features. Despite many advances, however, progress towards understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of TM disorders remains limited. The rarity of occurrence and lack of natural animal models of TM syndromes have hampered progress in experimental and clinical studies. Treatment remains essentially empirical and options are limited. However, recent advances in the genetic and molecular understanding of subsets of TM disorders and the development of relevant animal models offer new resources to explore the pathogenic mechanisms. With these new advances more effective and individualized treatments for TM syndromes can be developed.
RAREACQUIREDBLEEDINGDISORDERS
Authors: Watson Henry G. , Chee Yen‐Lin , Greaves Mike
Published: March 2003

Accurate diagnosis of the cause of bleeding is a prerequisite for determination of the optimal therapeutic response. Clinicians are generally aware of the more prevalent hemorrhagic syndromes but some rare acquired conditions are also of importance. In many of these, inhibitors of coagulation factors or of platelet adhesion/aggregation cause bleeding. These inhibitors are generally, but not always, immunoglobulins. In this review, the less common inhibitors of coagulation and hemostasis, as well as some important but rare nutritional, iatrogenic and disease associated hemorrhagic disorders, are described.
HIV‐associated lipodystrophy
Authors: Mallon PWG , Cooper DA , Carr A
Published: March 2003

The HIV associated lipodystrophy syndrome is characterized by fat loss from the periphery, fat accumulation in the abdominal, dorsocervical regions and breasts, and hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance and lactic acidaemia. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these abnormalities, the exact aetiology of the condition remains unclear and will likely prove to be complex. The principal clinical concerns that arise from this disorder are possible increased risks of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. A variety of therapeutic interventions, designed to limit these risks, are under evaluation.
The development of cytomegalovirus‐induced adrenal failure in a patient with AIDS while receiving corticosteroid therapy
Authors: Razzaq F , Dunbar EM , Bonington A
Published: March 2003

We report a case of Addisonian crisis due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) adrenalitis occurring in a patient with AIDS while receiving supraphysiological doses of steroids for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The case highlights the importance of considering the diagnosis of adrenal failure in AIDS, even in patients receiving supraphysiological doses of steroids.