bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface modification of magnesium hydroxide particles using silane coupling agent by dry process
Authors: Lan Shengjie , Zhu Donghai , Li Lijuan , Liu Zhiqi , Zeng Zhongmin , Song Fugen
Published: December 2017

In order to improve the dispersion and compatibility of magnesium hydroxide (MH) when added in the polymer matrix as fillers, the surface of MH was modified by dry process using vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), and the interfacial interaction between MH and VTMS was also studied. Scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray powder diffraction analyses showed that the agglomerations of MH particles were effectively relieved, and a thin layer was formed on the surface of modified MH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that the VTMS molecules bound strongly to the surface of MH particles and chemical bond (Si―O―Mg) was formed after modification. The effect of surface modification was evaluated by contact angle, the settlement curve, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the surface of MH particles was transformed from hydrophilic to hydrophobic, with the dispersibility and the compatibility of MH particles significantly improved in the organic phase. Additionally, the thermal stability of the VTMS modified MH particles had improved significantly.
First‐principles study of the TiN(111)/ZrN(111) interface
Authors: Wang Song , Liu Zan , Yang Xianfeng , Fan Xingwen , Chen Bing , Zhang Jingyi , Li Da
Published: December 2017

The TiN(111)/ZrN(111) interface was studied by first‐principles method to provide the theoretical basis for developing the TiN/ZrN coatings. Twelve geometry structures of TiN(111)/ZrN(111) interfaces were established. The calculated interfacial work of adhesion reveals that the N‐terminated TiN/N‐terminated ZrN interface with TL site shows the strongest stability. For this TiN(111)/ZrN(111) interface, the results of the partial density of state indicate that the chemical bonding at the interface appeals both ionic and covalent characteristic, which is same as that in the bulk materials. The partial density of states for Zr, Ti, and N atoms at the interface are very similar with those in the bulk, which reveals that the electronic structure transition at the interface is smooth. The results of charge density and charge density difference demonstrate that the lost charge of Ti atom is larger than that of Zr atom, indicating that TiN is more ionic than ZrN. Calculations of the work of fracture indicate that the mechanical failure of the ZrN(111)/TiN(111) interface will take place at the interface. Besides that, the calculation result of the TiN(111)/ZrN(111) interface implies that the TiZrN2 phase might be formed at the interface because the contacting of the N―N bond is the most stable.
Control of Target Molecular Recognition in a Small Pore Space with Biomolecule‐Recognition Gating Membrane
Authors: Okuyama Hiroto , Oshiba Yuhei , Ohashi Hidenori , Yamaguchi Takeo
Published: December 2017

A biomolecule‐recognition gating membrane, which introduces thermosensitive graft polymer including molecular recognition receptor into porous membrane substrate, can close its pores by recognizing target biomolecule. The present study reports strategies for improving both versatility and sensitivity of the gating membrane. First, the membrane is fabricated by introducing the receptor via a selectively reactive click reaction improving the versatility. Second, the sensitivity of the membrane is enhanced via an active delivering method of the target molecules into the pores. In the method, the tiny signal of the target biomolecule is amplified as obvious pressure change. Furthermore, this offers 15 times higher sensitivity compared to the previously reported passive delivering method (membrane immersion to sample solution) with significantly shorter recognition time. The improvement will aid in applying the gating membrane to membrane sensors in medical fields.
Bioadhesive Polymersome for Localized and Sustained Drug Delivery at Pathological Sites with Harsh Enzymatic and Fluidic Environment via Supramolecular Host–Guest Complexation
Authors: Zhu Meiling , Wei Kongchang , Lin Sien , Chen Xiaoyu , Wu Chia‐Ching , Li Gang , Bian Liming
Published: December 2017

Targeted and sustained delivery of drugs to diseased tissues/organs, where body fluid exchange and catabolic activity are substantial, is challenging due to the fast cleansing and degradation of the drugs by these harsh environmental factors. Herein, a multifunctional and bioadhesive polycaprolactone‐β‐cyclodextrin (PCL‐CD) polymersome is developed for localized and sustained co‐delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules. This PCL‐CD polymersome affords multivalent crosslinking action via surface CD‐mediated host–guest interactions to generate a supramolecular hydrogel that exhibits evident shear thinning and efficient self‐healing behavior. The co‐delivery of small molecule and proteinaceous agents by the encapsulated PCL‐CD polymersomes enhances the differentiation of stem cells seeded in the hydrogel. Furthermore, the PCL‐CD polymersomes are capable of in situ grafting to biological tissues via host–guest complexation between surface CD and native guest groups in the tissue matrix both in vitro and in vivo, thereby effectively extending the retention of loaded cargo in the grafted tissue. It is further demonstrated that the co‐delivery of small molecule and proteinaceous drugs via PCL‐CD polymersomes averts cartilage degeneration in animal osteoarthritic (OA) knee joints, which are known for their biochemically harsh and fluidically dynamic environment.
Aminolated and Thiolated PEG‐Covered Gold Nanoparticles with High Stability and Antiaggregation for Lateral Flow Detection of Bisphenol A
Authors: Lin Li‐Kai , Uzunoglu Aytekin , Stanciu Lia A.
Published: December 2017

The few lateral flow assays (LFAs) established for detecting the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A (BPA) have employed citrate‐stabilized gold nanoparticles (GNPs), which have inevitable limitations and instability issues. To address these limitations, a more stable and more sensitive biosensor is developed by designing strategies for modifying the surfaces of GNPs with polyethylene glycol and then testing their effectiveness and sensitivity toward BPA in an LFA. Without the application of any enhancement strategy, this modified BPA LFA can achieve a naked‐eye limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 ng mL−1, which is 12.5 times better than the LOD of regular BPA LFAs, and a quantitative LOD of 0.472 ng mL−1. This modified LFA has the potential to be applied to the detection of various antigens.
Issues and Challenges Facing Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries for Practical Application
Authors: Cha Hyungyeon , Kim Junhyeok , Lee Yoonji , Cho Jaephil , Park Minjoon
Published: December 2017

With the advent of flexible electronics, lithium‐ion batteries have become a key component of high performance energy storage systems. Thus, considerable effort is made to keep up with the development of flexible lithium‐ion batteries. To date, many researchers have studied newly designed batteries with flexibility, however, there are several significant challenges that need to be overcome, such as degradation of electrodes under external load, poor battery performance, and complicated cell preparation procedures. In addition, an in‐depth understanding of the current challenges for flexible batteries is rarely addressed in a systematical and practical way. Herein, recent progress and current issues of flexible lithium‐ion batteries in terms of battery materials and cell designs are reviewed. A critical overview of important issues and challenges for the practical application of flexible lithium‐ion batteries is also provided. Finally, the strategies are discussed to overcome current limitations of the practical use of flexible lithium‐based batteries, providing a direction for future research.
3D Graphene Encapsulated Hollow CoSnO3 Nanoboxes as a High Initial Coulombic Efficiency and Lithium Storage Capacity Anode
Authors: Huang Jian , Ma Yating , Xie Qingshui , Zheng Hongfei , Yang Jingren , Wang Laisen , Peng Dong‐Liang
Published: December 2017

3D Graphene sheets encapsulated amorphous hollow CoSnO3 nanoboxes (H‐CoSnO3@reduced graphene oxide [RGO]) are successfully fabricated by first preparing 3D graphene oxides encapsulated solid CoSn(OH)6 nanocubes, followed by an alkaline etching process and subsequent heating treatment in Ar. The hollow CoSnO3 nanoboxes with average particle size of 230 nm are uniformly and tightly encapsulated by RGO sheets. As an anode material for Li‐ion batteries, H‐CoSnO3@RGO displays high initial Coulombic efficiency of 87.1% and large reversible capacity of 1919 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at the current density of 500 mA g−1. Moreover, excellent rate capability (1250, 1188, 1141, 1115, 1086, 952, 736, and 528 mA h g−1 at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 mA g−1, respectively) is acquired. The reasons for excellent lithium storage properties of H‐CoSnO3@RGO are discussed in detail.
Two Thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐Based Small Molecules as Bifunctional Photoactive Materials for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yunchuang , Kan Bin , Ke Xin , Liu Feng , Wan Xiangjian , Zhang Hongtao , Li Chenxi , Chen Yongsheng
Published: December 2017

Two bifunctional photovoltaic materials, named DRCN3TT and DRCN5TT with acceptor‐donor‐acceptor (A‐D‐A) type chemical structures based on thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene central unit and 2‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)rhodanine terminal group, are designed and synthesized. Their thermal, optical and electrical properties are systematically investigated. The appropriate energy levels, both the electron and the hole transport properties and the appropriate molecular conformation make them work bifunctionally as both electron donor and acceptor for photovoltaic application. As donors, DRCN5TT and DRCN3TT based devices with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as acceptors show power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 7.03 and 3.85%, respectively. As acceptors, blended with the most profoundly studied donor materials such as poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) or its analogue PDCBT (poly[(4,4′‐bis(2‐butyloctoxycarbonyl‐[2,2′‐bithiophene]‐5,5‐diyl)‐alt‐(2,2′‐bithiophene‐5,5′‐diyl)]), DRCN3TT and DRCN5TT show PCEs of 3–4%. The rarely studied bifunctional photovoltaic materials might provide another strategy to design new materials for high performance photovoltaic applications.
Offshore wind speed estimates from a high‐resolution rapidly updating numerical weather prediction model forecast dataset
Authors: James Eric P. , Benjamin Stanley G. , Marquis Melinda
Published: December 2017

In association with the Department of Energy–funded Position of Offshore Wind Energy Resources (POWER) project, we present results from compositing a 3‐year dataset of 80‐m (above ground level) wind forecasts from the 3‐km High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model over offshore regions for the contiguous United States. The HRRR numerical weather prediction system runs once an hour and features hourly data assimilation, providing a key advantage over previous model‐based offshore wind datasets. On the basis of 1‐hour forecasts from the HRRR model, we highlight the different climatological regimes of the nearshore environment, characterizing the mean 80‐m wind speed as well as the frequency of exceeding 4, 12, and 25 m s−1 for east and west coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Great Lake locations. Preliminary verification against buoy measurements demonstrates good agreement with observations. This dataset can inform the placement of targeted measurement systems in support of improving resource assessments and wind forecasts to advance offshore wind energy goals both in New England and other coastal regions of the United States.
Spatial and temporal variations in the frequency of thunderstorm days over India
Authors: Singh Omvir , Bhardwaj Pankaj
Published: December 2017

The present study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in the frequency of thunderstorm days over India, based on data from 294 observatory stations for four overlapping 30‐year time periods: 1951–1980, 1961–1990, 1971–2000 and 1981–2010. Analysis of the data revealed a significant decreasing trend in thunderstorm frequency over India. Relative to the 1951–1980 time period, there has been a net decrease of 34% in the frequency of thunderstorm days during the 1981–2010 period. Seasonal analysis confirms, unsurprisingly, that the maximum thunderstorm frequency occurs during monsoon season (June–September), with the lowest frequency occurring over the winter season (January–February). June is the month with the highest number of thunderstorm days, while December has the lowest. The greatest number of thunderstorms is observed over northeastern India, and the smallest number in the western parts of the country. Regional investigations show a wide variability in the occurrence of thunderstorms over space and time. The frequency of thunderstorm days over the mountains is much higher than over the plains at the same latitude.
Emerging roles of RNA‐binding proteins in diabetes and their therapeutic potential in diabetic complications
Authors: Nutter Curtis A. , Kuyumcu‐Martinez Muge N.
Published: December 2017

Diabetes is a debilitating health care problem affecting 422 million people around the world. Diabetic patients suffer from multisystemic complications that can cause mortality and morbidity. Recent advancements in high‐throughput next‐generation RNA‐sequencing and computational algorithms led to the discovery of aberrant posttranscriptional gene regulatory programs in diabetes. However, very little is known about how these regulatory programs are mis‐regulated in diabetes. RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) are important regulators of posttranscriptional RNA networks, which are also dysregulated in diabetes. Human genetic studies provide new evidence that polymorphisms and mutations in RBPs are linked to diabetes. Therefore, we will discuss the emerging roles of RBPs in abnormal posttranscriptional gene expression in diabetes. Questions that will be addressed are: Which posttranscriptional mechanisms are disrupted in diabetes? Which RBPs are responsible for such changes under diabetic conditions? How are RBPs altered in diabetes? How does dysregulation of RBPs contribute to diabetes? Can we target RBPs using RNA‐based methods to restore gene expression profiles in diabetic patients? Studying the evolving roles of RBPs in diabetes is critical not only for a comprehensive understanding of diabetes pathogenesis but also to design RNA‐based therapeutic approaches for diabetic complications. WIREs RNA 2018, 9:e1459. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1459

This article is categorized under:

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing

Translation > Translation Regulation
Impact of the Weekday of Surgery on Outcome in Gastric Cancer Patients who Underwent D2‐Gastrectomy
Authors: Berlth Felix , Messerle K. , Plum P. S. , Chon S.‐H. , von Ambüren J. , Hohn A. , Dübbers M. , Bruns C. J. , Mönig S. P. , Bollschweiler E. , Hölscher A. H. , Alakus H.
Published: December 2017

Background

The impact of the weekday of surgery in major elective cases of the upper‐GI has been discussed controversially. The objective of this study was to assess whether weekday of surgery influences outcome in patients undergoing D2‐gastrectomy.

Materials and methods

Patients who underwent D2‐gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma between 1996 and 2016 were included. Weekday of surgery was recognized, and subgroups were analyzed regarding clinical and histopathological differences. Survival analysis was performed based on weekday of surgery, and early weekdays (Monday–Tuesday) were compared with late weekdays (Wednesday–Friday).

Results

In total, 460 patients, 71% male and 29% female, were included into analysis. The median age was 65 years. Distribution to each weekday was equal and ranged from 86 cases (Wednesday) to 96 cases (Tuesday). The pT, pN and M category and the rate of patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment did not show significant differences (p = 0.641; p = 0.337; p = 0.752; p = 0.342, respectively). The subgroups did not differ regarding the number of dissected lymph nodes and rate of R‐1/2 resections (p = 0.590; p = 0.241, respectively). Survival analysis showed a median survival of 43 months (95% CI 31–55 months), and there was no single weekday or a combination of weekdays (Mon/Tue vs Wed/Thu/Fri) with a significant favorable or worse outcome (p = 0.863; p = 0.30, respectively). The outcome did not differ regarding mortality within the first 90 days after surgery (p = 0.948).

Conclusions

The present study does not show any evidence for a significant impact of weekday of surgery on short‐ and long‐term outcome of patients undergoing gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma.
Predicted Coronary Heart Disease Risk Decreases in Obese Patients After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Chiao , Wang Weu , Chen Ray‐Jade , Wei Po‐Li , Tzao Ching , Chen Ping‐Ling
Published: December 2017

Purpose

To assess the reduction of 6 and 12 months postoperatively of Framingham risk score in morbidly obese patients with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG).

Material and methods

In total, 870 morbid obesity patients received LSG in Taipei Medical University Hospital from June 2007 to June 2014 were retrospectively studied preoperatively, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The coronary heart disease risk was calculated using Framingham risk score.

Results

The body mass index in men and women decreased from 43.3 ± 6.9, 39.2 ± 6.0 kg/m2 preoperatively to 32.9 ± 6.7, 31.0 ± 5.2 kg/m2 and to 30.4 ± 5.6, 28.2 ± 4.7 kg/m2, respectively, at 6 and 12 months after surgery (P < 0.0001). At 6 and 12 months after LSG, there was a marked improvement on lipid profile as well as a significant decline in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, and smoking. The Framingham risk score in men and women reduced from 3.2 ± 5.7, 6.1 ± 5.7 preoperatively to 1.4 ± 5.9, 3.3 ± 5.9 and 0.1 ± 6.2, 2.8 ± 6.1, respectively, at 6 and 12 months after surgery (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is efficient not only in the reduction of obesity and its related comorbidities but also in decreasing the long‐term coronary event risk. Early intervention for the high‐risk group is strongly recommended.
Endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric and duodenal subepithelial lesions using a new, flat-based over-the-scope clip
Authors: Kappelle Wouter F. W. , Backes Yara , Valk Gerlof D. , Moons Leon M. G. , Vleggaar Frank P.
Published: December 2017

Background

Surgical resection of upper gastrointestinal (GI) subepithelial tumors (SETs) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A new over-the-scope (OTS) clip can be used for endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR). We aimed to prospectively evaluate feasibility and safety of upper GI eFTR with a new, flat-based OTS clip.

Methods

Consecutive patients with a gastric or duodenal SET < 20 mm were prospectively included. After identification of the lesion, the clip was placed and lesions were resected. Patients were followed for 1 month to assess severe adverse events (SAEs); 3–6 months after eFTR, endoscopy was performed.

Results

eFTR was performed on 13 lesions in 12 patients: 7 gastric and 6 duodenal SETs. Technical success was achieved in 11 cases (85%). In all 11 cases, R0-resection was achieved. In all 6 duodenal cases and in one gastric case, FTR was achieved (64%). One SAE (pain) was observed after eFTR of a gastric SET. After eFTR of duodenal SETs, several SAEs were observed: perforation (n = 1), microperforation (n = 3), and hemorrhage (n = 1). During follow-up endoscopy, the clip was no longer in situ in most patients (7 of 10; 70%).

Conclusions

eFTR with this new flat-based OTS clip is feasible and effective. Although gastric eFTR was safe, eFTR in the duodenum was complicated by (micro)perforation in several patients. Therefore, the design of the clip or the technique of resection needs further refinement to improve safety of resection of SET in thin-walled areas such as the duodenum before being applied in clinical practice.

Dutch trial register: NTR5023.
Growth responses of Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) to increased nitrogen supply correlate with bioavailability of insoluble phosphorus source
Authors: Wan Ling‐Yun , Qi Shan‐Shan , Dai Zhi‐Cong , Zou Chris B. , Song Yi‐Ge , Hu Zhi‐Yuan , Zhu Bin , Du Dao‐Lin
Published: December 2017

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs lead to the increase of phosphorus (P) demand for plants and plant species competition in a N enriched environment may hinge on its ability to utilize soil P sources. In soils, P mostly exists as insoluble phosphate compounds with three mineral elements: iron (Fe), aluminum (Al) or calcium (Ca), and it remains largely unknown whether invasive plant species are able to access such insoluble P sources and its interaction with N enrichment to gain competitive advantage. We determined the morphological traits, growth and nutrient status of an invasive plant Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) cultured in soluble phosphate KH2PO4 (Ortho‐P), and insoluble inorganic phosphate AlPO4 (Al–P), FePO4 (Fe–P), Ca5(OH)(PO4)3 (Ca–P) at three N supply levels. Results showed that S. canadensis was able to selectively utilize P from Al–P but not from Fe–P or Ca–P by increasing root number and length under N additions. The increasing growth in S. canadensis was closely correlated with the increasing foliar P. Ability to utilize insoluble P sources under enriched N environment serves as a competitive advantage for S. canadensis in Al rich soils. Effective control of S. canadensis invasion may need to consider soil P management in the context of atmospheric N deposition as well.
Distribution breadth and species turnover of night‐flying beetles and moths on different mainland and island mountains
Authors: Choi Sei‐Woong , Thein Pyae Pyae
Published: December 2017

Distribution breadth and species turnover rates of two night‐flying insect groups (moths and beetles) were analyzed on two mountains in warm temperate forests of South Korea, Mt. Hallasan (range 278–1109 m) on Jejudo island (HL) and Mt. Jirisan (range 319–1330 m) in southern Korea (JR). The goals of the study were to compare the spatial changes in the two insect groups on both mountains and to identify ecological factors influencing the diversity pattern. Insects were collected from 16 sites in two mountains from May to October of 2013 and 2014 using a UV light trap. Moths were generally more diverse on JR than on HL, but similarity among sites was higher on JR than on HL. However, beetles were not different between the two mountains in diversity and similarity of assemblages among sites. The distributional range of both moths and beetles were significantly narrower on HL than JR, while the distributional range curves peaked at mid‐elevations, being positively skewed at HL and negatively skewed at JR. Whittaker's species turnover rates of moths and beetles were higher for HL than JR. On both mountains, latitude was a significant variable influencing moth species richness and abundance, while soil fertility and plant species richness were significant variables influencing beetle abundance. Geographic distance and elevation played a significant role in segregating insect assemblages on both mountains, except for moths in JR. The pattern and mechanism of spatial changes in night‐flying insect assemblages on both mountains varied depending on insect group and location.
Ertugliflozin Compared with Glimepiride in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled on Metformin: The VERTIS SU Randomized Study
Authors: Hollander Priscilla , Liu Jie , Hill Julie , Johnson Jeremy , Jiang Zhi Wei , Golm Gregory , Huyck Susan , Terra Steven G. , Mancuso James P. , Engel Samuel S. , Lauring Brett
Published: December 2017

Introduction

This study assessed the safety and efficacy of ertugliflozin (an oral sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor) vs. glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled on metformin.

Methods

This phase III, double-blind, non-inferiority study (NCT01999218) randomized patients with HbA1c ≥ 7.0% and ≤ 9.0% on stable metformin ≥ 1500 mg/day 1:1:1 to ertugliflozin 15 or 5 mg once-daily (QD), or glimepiride (titrated from 1 mg QD). The primary hypothesis was that ertugliflozin 15 mg was non-inferior to glimepiride on HbA1c (non-inferiority criterion: upper bound of the 95% confidence interval [CI] about the treatment difference < 0.3%).

Results

Mean baseline HbA1c of randomized patients (N = 1326) was 7.8%. Mean and median doses of glimepiride were 3.0 mg/day throughout the study. At week 52, the least squares mean change (95% CI) from baseline in HbA1c was − 0.6% (− 0.7, − 0.5), − 0.6% (− 0.6, − 0.5), and − 0.7% (− 0.8, − 0.7) in the ertugliflozin 15 mg, ertugliflozin 5 mg, and glimepiride groups, respectively. The between-group difference for ertugliflozin 15 mg and glimepiride of 0.1% (− 0.0, 0.2) met the pre-specified non-inferiority criterion. Relative to glimepiride, greater body weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) reductions were observed with ertugliflozin. The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar across groups. The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia and genital mycotic infection (GMI) were, respectively, lower and higher with ertugliflozin relative to glimepiride. The incidences of urinary tract infection and hypovolemia AEs were not meaningfully different among the groups.

Conclusions

Ertugliflozin 15 mg was non-inferior to glimepiride in reducing HbA1c when added to metformin in patients with T2DM. Ertugliflozin had an acceptable safety profile and resulted in less hypoglycemia and more GMIs than glimepiride.

Clinical Trial Registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01999218.
Violence in Brazilian schools: Analysis of the effect of the #Tamojunto prevention program for bullying and physical violence
Authors: Gusmões Júlia D.S.P. , Sañudo Adriana , Valente Juliana Y. , Sanchez Zila M.
Published: December 2017

A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 6637 7th‐ and 8th‐grade students in 72 public schools in 6 Brazilian cities to evaluate the effects of the European drug prevention program Unplugged, called #Tamojunto in Brazil. This article evaluates the effects of #Tamojunto on the prevention of bullying and physical violence. Baseline data were collected from both intervention and control groups prior to program implementation. Follow‐up data collection was performed 9 and 21 months later. Generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate changes in the reporting of receiving or practicing bullying and physical violence over time. The program was found to reduce the likelihood of receiving bullying, particularly in the stratum of girls aged 13–15 years at the 9‐month follow‐up time point. The effect was not sustained at 21 months. There was no significant effect for practicing bullying and for receiving or practicing physical violence.
Perianal hidradenoma papilliferum
Authors: Rosetti Filho Eduardo , Formiga Fernanda Bellotti , Miotto Sabrina , Formiga Galdino José Sitonio
Published: December 2017

Hidradenoma papilliferum is a benign cystic tumor originated in apocrine sweat glands of the anogenital region. It is common in vulvar topography and rare in the perianal region. A well-documented case of a patient with slow-growing perianal nodulation without pain or other symptoms is reported. The histological study shows a hidradenoma papilliferum. The article reviews the topic and discusses the importance of the differential diagnosis of proctological conditions. A biopsy is mandatory in anal lesions of unusual presentation.
Three-dimensional virtual reconstruction as a tool for preoperative planning in the management of complex anorectal fistulas
Authors: Sousa Júnior Edilson Carvalho , Nogueira Alexandre Tolstenko , Rocha Bruno Aragão , Eulálio Filho Walberto Monteiro Neiva , Meneses Aurus Dourado
Published: December 2017

The making of three-dimensional virtual models is a promising technology in preoperative planning, but that is not used in the treatment of anorectal fistulas. The objective of this work is to describe the development and initial experience of the construction of a virtual three-dimensional model of the pelvic anatomy of a patient, allowing the exact identification of the relationships between the fistulous tracts of complex anorectal fistulas and the other pelvic structures. An MRI was performed on this patient, and the images were exported to the Vitrea fX Workstation® software. A radiologist did the analysis and segmentation of the images that were then sent to a three-dimensional image processor (Meshlab v. 1.3.3 – ISTI – CNR Research Center, Pisa University, Italy). The final 3D color image was analyzed by the surgeon and used to guide the catheterization of the fistulous pathways, the internal orifice and to assist in the identification of adjacent structures. The final three-dimensional model presented a high correlation with the intraoperative findings and facilitated the surgical planning.
Childhood Abuse Experiences and the COMT and MTHFR Genetic Variants Associated With Male Sexual Orientation in the Han Chinese Populations: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Qin Jia-Bi , Zhao Guang-Lu , Wang Feng , Cai Yu-Mao , Lan Li-Na , Yang Lin , Feng Tie-Jian
Published: December 2017

Background

Although it is widely acknowledged that genetic and environmental factors are involved in the development of male homosexuality, the causes are not fully understood.

Aim

To explore the association and interaction of childhood abuse experiences and genetic variants of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes with the development of male homosexuality.

Methods

A case-control study of 537 exclusively homosexual men and 583 exclusively heterosexual men was conducted, with data collected from March 2013 to August 2015. Data were analyzed using χ2 tests and logistic regression models.

Outcomes

Sociodemographic characteristics, childhood abuse experiences, and polymorphisms of COMT at rs4680, rs4818, and rs6267 and MTHFR at rs1801133.

Results

More frequent occurrence of physical (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.78), emotional (aOR = 2.07), and sexual (aOR = 2.53) abuse during childhood was significantly associated with the development of male homosexuality. The polymorphisms of MTHFR at rs1801133 and COMT at rs4818 also were significantly associated with the development of male homosexuality in the homozygote comparisons (T/T vs C/C at rs1801133, aOR = 1.68; G/G vs C/C at rs4818, aOR = 1.75). In addition, significant interaction effects between childhood abuse experiences and the COMT and MTHFR genetic variants on the development of male homosexuality were found.

Clinical Translation

This is the first time that an association of childhood abuse, COMT and MTHFR genetic variants, and their interactions with development of male homosexuality was exhaustively explored, which could help provide new insight into the etiology of male homosexuality.

Strengths and Limitations

Because homosexual men are a relatively obscure population, it was impossible to select the study participants by random sampling, which could lead to selection bias. In addition, because this was a case-control study, recall bias was inevitable, and we could not verify causality.

Conclusions

Childhood abuse and the COMT and MTHFR genetic variants could be positively associated with the development of homosexuality. However, it remains unknown how these factors jointly play a role in the development of homosexuality, and more studies in different ethnic populations and with a larger sample and a prospective design are required to confirm our findings.
One Session of Autogenic Training Increases Acute Subjective Sexual Arousal in Premenopausal Women Reporting Sexual Arousal Problems
Authors: Stanton Amelia M. , Hixon J. Gregory , Nichols Lindsey M. , Meston Cindy M.
Published: December 2017

Background

Below average heart rate variability (HRV) has been associated with sexual arousal dysfunction and overall sexual dysfunction in women. Autogenic training, a psychophysiologic relaxation technique, has been shown to increase HRV. In a recent study, sexually healthy women experienced acute increases in physiologic (ie, genital) and subjective sexual arousal after 1 brief session of autogenic training.

Aim

To build on these findings by testing the effects of a single session of autogenic training on sexual arousal in a sample of women who reported decreased or absent sexual arousal for at least 6 months.

Methods

Genital sexual arousal, subjective sexual arousal, and perceived genital sensations were assessed in 25 women 20 to 44 years old before and after listening to a 22-minute autogenic training recording. HRV was assessed with electrocardiography.

Outcomes

Change in genital sexual arousal, subjective sexual arousal, and perceived genital sensations from the pre-manipulation erotic film to the post-manipulation erotic film.

Results

Marginally significant increases in discrete subjective sexual arousal (P = .051) and significant increases in perceived genital sensations (P = .018) were observed. In addition, degree of change in HRV significantly moderated increases in subjective arousal measured continuously over time (P < .0001). There were no significant increases in genital arousal after the manipulation.

Clinical Implications

The results of this study suggest that autogenic training, and other interventions that aim to increase HRV, could be a useful addition to treatment protocols for women who are reporting a lack of subjective arousal or decreased genital sensations.

Strengths and Limitations

There are few treatment options for women with arousal problems. We report on a new psychosocial intervention that could improve arousal. Limitations include a relatively small sample and the lack of a control group.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that autogenic training significantly improves acute subjective arousal and increases perceived genital sensations in premenopausal women with self-reported arousal concerns.
The renaissance of flax fibers
Authors: Mathijsen Django
Published: December 2017

Once upon a time all materials were naturally sourced. Now that natural fibers have lost a lot of their traditional market shares to synthetic fibers, they are gearing up to conquer new markets: yarns and fabrics are being tailored to the reinforced plastics industry. Flax is a promising natural fiber. It is relatively stiff and strong. And because it stands out favorably in damping, environmental impact and 3D-capabilities, it is sure to carve out a niche in the composites industry.
United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2199 & 2253
Authors: Gurulé Jimmy
Published: December 2017

In June 2014, the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) emerged on the world stage when its fighters seized Mosul, Iraq's second-largest city, after moving into Iraq from its original base in Syria. Led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-appointed caliph, ISIL's goal is to establish an Islamic caliphate in the Middle East. At its peak, ISIL was considered the wealthiest international terrorist organization in the world, estimated to have an annual budget of over $2 billion. ISIL controlled large swaths of territory in Iraq and Syria, seizing control of Ramadi, the capital of Iraq's Anbar province, and the historic city of Palmyra in central Syria. In Iraq and Syria, ISIL also seized towns along important supply routes, and controlled critical infrastructure and border crossings. In 2015, the Central Intelligence Agency estimated that ISIL had between twenty thousand and thirty-one thousand fighters in Iraq and Syria, and approximately fifteen thousand of its members were foreign recruits. The acts of brutality committed by ISIL include beheading American journalists; the torture and ruthless slaughter of civilians; the persecution of ethnic minorities and Christians; and gross violations of international human rights that constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.
Presidential Policy Guidance: Procedures for Approving Direct Action Against Terrorist Targets Located Outside The United States and Areas of Active Hostilities
Authors: Siemion Rita
Published: December 2017

With the rise of terrorist threats emanating from outside the territory of the United States and simultaneous advancements in armed drone technology, the United States began a rapidly escalating lethal drone program in the years after 9/11. While the first U.S. drone strike occurred in Yemen in 2002 during the George W. Bush administration, President Barack Obama dramatically increased the number of drone strikes during his first term.
Displays of emotion and citizen support for Merkel and Gysi
Authors: Gabriel Oscar W. , Masch Lena
Published: December 2017

Emotional appeals have always been an important instrument in the mobilization of political support in modern societies. As found in several experimental studies from the United States, the emotions displayed by leading politicians in their televised public appearances have an impact on the political attitudes and behaviors of the public. Positive emotions such as joy or happiness, pride, and amusement elicit a more positive assessment of politicians, whereas showing negative emotions such as anger or outrage often diminishes the public’s support. This transfer of emotions from sender to recipient has been described as “emotional contagion.” However, under specific circumstances, emotions expressed by politicians can result in counter-empathic reactions among recipients. To examine the role of emotions between political leaders and the public in an institutional and cultural setting outside the United States, this article presents experimental findings on the impact of emotions expressed by two leading German politicians on the German public. The study used emotional displays by Chancellor Angela Merkel and former parliamentary leader of the Left Party, Gregor Gysi, observing how their assessments by the German public changed in response to these displays. Consistent with existing research, we discovered positive effects on the evaluation of both politicians when they displayed positive emotions. However, the impact of negative emotions is different for Merkel and Gysi and can be described as contagion in the former and counter-contagion in the latter case. Furthermore, we found that individual recognition of the expressed emotions modified the effect they had on the evaluation of some leadership characteristics.
The biological roots of political extremism
Authors: Keene Justin Robert , Shoenberger Heather , Berke Collin K. , Bolls Paul D.
Published: December 2017

Recent research has revealed the complex origins of political identification and the possible effects of this identification on social and political behavior. This article reports the results of a structural equation analysis of national survey data that attempts to replicate the finding that an individual’s negativity bias predicts conservative ideology. The analysis employs the Motivational Activation Measure (MAM) as an index of an individual’s positivity offset and negativity bias. In addition, information-seeking behavior is assessed in relation to traditional and interactive media sources of political information. Results show that although MAM does not consistently predict political identification, it can be used to predict extremeness of political views. Specifically, high negativity bias was associated with extreme conservatism, whereas low negativity bias was associated with extreme liberalism. In addition, political identification was found to moderate the relationship between motivational traits and information-seeking behavior.
Effects of disease salience and xenophobia on support for humanitarian aid
Authors: Peterson Johnathan C. , Gonzalez Frank J. , Schneider Stephen P.
Published: December 2017

This article examines how disease salience influences attitudes toward two types of humanitarian aid: sending foreign aid and housing refugees. Some have argued that disease salience increases levels of out-group prejudice through what is referred to as the behavioral immune system (BIS), and this increase in out-group prejudice works to shape policy attitudes. However, an alternative mechanism that may explain the effects of disease salience is contamination fear, which would suggest there is no group bias in the effects of disease threat. Existing work largely interprets opposition to policies that assist out-groups as evidence of out-group prejudice. We suggest it is necessary to separate measures of out-group animosity from opinions toward specific policies to determine whether increased out-group prejudice rather than fear of contamination is the mechanism by which disease salience impacts policy attitudes. Across two experiments, disease salience is shown to significantly decrease support for humanitarian aid, but only in the form of refugee support. Furthermore, there is converging evidence to suggest that any influence of disease salience on aid attitudes is not caused by a corresponding increase in xenophobia. We suggest that the mechanism by which disease threat influences policy attitudes is a general fear of contamination rather than xenophobia. These findings go against an important hypothesized mechanism of the BIS and have critical implications for the relationship between disease salience and attitudes toward transnational policies involving humanitarian aid.
Neuropolitics: Twenty years later
Authors: Schreiber Darren
Published: December 2017

Neuropolitics is the intersection of neuroscience and political science, and it has the interdisciplinary goal of transforming both disciplines. This article reviews the past 20 years of work in the field, identifying its roots, some overarching themes—reactions to political attitudinal questions and candidates faces, identification of political ideology based on brain structure or reactivity to nonpolitical stimuli, and racial attitudes—and obstacles to its progress. I then explore the methodological and analytical advances that point the way forward for the future of neuropolitics. Although the field has been slow to develop compared with neurolaw and neuroeconomics, innovations look ripe for dramatically improving our ability to model political behaviors and attitudes in individuals and predict political choices in mass publics. The coming advancements, however, pose risks to our current norms of democratic deliberation, and academics need to anticipate and mitigate these risks.
Market Timing and Investment Selection: Evidence from Real Estate Investors
Authors: Hochberg Yael V. , Mühlhofer Tobias
Published: December 2017

We examine commercial real estate fund managers’ abilities to generate abnormal profits through selection of outperforming property submarket segments or through the timing of entry into and exit from submarkets. The vast majority of portfolio managers exhibit little market timing ability, with the exception of non-NYSE real estate investment trusts after the financial crisis. A substantial fraction of managers seems able to successfully select property submarkets. Selection performance exhibits significant persistence. Managers that are active in more liquid markets tend to exhibit better timing performance, while managers exhibiting better selection ability appear to be active in less liquid markets.
Corporate Risk Culture
Authors: Pan Yihui , Siegel Stephan , Wang Tracy Yue
Published: December 2017

We examine the formation and evolution of corporate risk culture, that is, the preferences toward risk and uncertainty shared by a firm’s leaders, as well as its effect on corporate policies. We document persistent commonality in risk attitudes inside firms, which arises through the selection of leaders with similar preferences and is rooted in the founders’ risk attitudes. Changes in corporate risk culture over time affect corporate investment policies, whereas cross-sectional differences in founders’ risk attitudes, that is, firms’ initial risk culture, contribute to differences across firms in persistent firm policies, such as research and development intensity.
The British Rhinological Society multidisciplinary consensus recommendations on the hospital management of epistaxis
Authors:   INTEGRATE (The National ENT Trainee Research Network)
Published: December 2017

Objective:

Epistaxis is a common ENT emergency in the UK; however, despite the high incidence, there are currently no nationally accepted guidelines for its management. This paper seeks to recommend evidence-based best practice for the hospital management of epistaxis in adults.

Methods:

Recommendations were developed using an Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (‘AGREE II’) framework. A multifaceted systematic review of the relevant literature was performed and a multidisciplinary consensus event held. Management recommendations were generated that linked the level of supporting evidence and a Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (‘GRADE’) score explaining the strength of recommendation.

Recommendations:

Despite a paucity of high-level evidence, management recommendations were formed across five management domains (initial assessment, cautery, intranasal agents, haematological factors, and surgery and radiological intervention).

Conclusion:

These consensus recommendations combine a wide-ranging review of the relevant literature with established and rigorous methods of guideline generation. Given the lack of high-level evidence supporting the recommendations, an element of caution should be used when implementing these findings.
Intranasal cautery for the management of adult epistaxis: systematic review
Authors: Mcleod R W J , Price A , Williams R J , Smith M E , Smith M , Owens D
Published: December 2017

Background:

Cauterisation techniques are commonly used and widely accepted for the management of epistaxis. This review assesses which methods of intranasal cautery should be endorsed as optimum treatment on the basis of benefits, risks, patient tolerance and economic assessment.

Method:

A systematic review of the literature was performed using a standardised methodology and search strategy.

Results:

Eight studies were identified: seven prospective controlled trials and one randomised controlled trial. Pooling of data was possible from 3 studies, yielding a total of 830 patients. Significantly lower re-bleed rates were identified (p< 0.01) using electrocautery (14.5 per cent) when compared to chemical cautery (35.1 per cent). No evidence suggested that electrocautery was associated with more adverse events or discomfort. Limited evidence supported the use of a vasoconstrictor agent and operating microscope during the procedure. The included studies had considerable heterogeneity in terms of design and outcome measures.

Conclusion:

Consistent evidence suggests that electrocautery has higher success rates than chemical cautery, and is not associated with increased complications or patient discomfort. Lower quality evidence suggests that electrocautery reduces costs and duration of hospital stay.