The design and technology development of the JUNO central detector
Authors: Abusleme Angel , Adam Thomas , Ahmad Shakeel , Ahmed Rizwan , Aiello Sebastiano , Akram Muhammad , Aleem Abid , Alexandros Tsagkarakis , An Fengpeng , An Qi , Andronico Giuseppe , Anfimov Nikolay , Antonelli Vito , Antoshkina Tatiana , Asavapibhop Burin , de André João Pedro Athayde Marcondes , Auguste Didier , Bai Weidong , Balashov Nikita , Baldini Wander , Barresi Andrea , Basilico Davide , Baussan Eric , Bellato Marco , Beretta Marco , Bergnoli Antonio , Bick Daniel , Birkenfeld Thilo , Blum David , Blyth Simon , Bolshakova Anastasia , Bongrand Mathieu , Bordereau Clément , Breton Dominique , Brigatti Augusto , Brugnera Riccardo , Bruno Riccardo , Budano Antonio , Busto Jose , Cabrera Anatael , Caccianiga Barbara , Cai Hao , Cai Xiao , Cai Yanke , Cai Zhiyan , Callier Stéphane , Cammi Antonio , Campeny Agustin , Cao Chuanya , Cao Guofu , Cao Jun , Caruso Rossella , Cerna Cédric , Cerrone Vanessa , Chan Chi , Chang Jinfan , Chang Yun , Chen Guoming , Chen Pingping , Chen Shaomin , Chen Yixue , Chen Yu , Chen Zhiyuan , Chen Zikang , Cheng Jie , Cheng Yaping , Cheng Yu Chin , Chepurnov Alexander , Chetverikov Alexey , Chiesa Davide , Chimenti Pietro , Chu Ziliang , Chukanov Artem , Claverie Gérard , Clementi Catia , Clerbaux Barbara , Molla Marta Colomer , Lorenzo Selma Conforti Di , Coppi Alberto , Corti Daniele , Corso Flavio Dal , Dalager Olivia , De La Taille Christophe , Deng Zhi , Deng Ziyan , Depnering Wilfried , Diaz Marco , Ding Xuefeng , Ding Yayun , Dirgantara Bayu , Dmitrievsky Sergey , Dohnal Tadeas , Dolzhikov Dmitry , Donchenko Georgy , Dong Jianmeng , Doroshkevich Evgeny , Dou Wei , Dracos Marcos , Druillole Frédéric , Du Ran , Du Shuxian , Dusini Stefano , Duyang Hongyue , Enqvist Timo , Fabbri Andrea , Fahrendholz Ulrike , Fan Lei , Fang Jian , Fang Wenxing , Fargetta Marco , Fedoseev Dmitry , Fei Zhengyong , Feng Li-Cheng , Feng Qichun , Ferraro Federico , Fournier Amélie , Gan Haonan , Gao Feng , Garfagnini Alberto , Gavrikov Arsenii , Giammarchi Marco , Giudice Nunzio , Gonchar Maxim , Gong Guanghua , Gong Hui , Gornushkin Yuri , Göttel Alexandre , Grassi Marco , Gromov Maxim , Gromov Vasily , Gu Minghao , Gu Xiaofei , Gu Yu , Guan Mengyun , Guan Yuduo , Guardone Nunzio , Guo Cong , Guo Wanlei , Guo Xinheng , Guo Yuhang , Hagner Caren , Han Ran , Han Yang , Hao Jiajun , He Miao , He Wei , Heinz Tobias , Hellmuth Patrick , Heng Yuekun , Herrera Rafael , Hor YuenKeung , Hou Shaojing , Hsiung Yee , Hu Bei-Zhen , Hu Hang , Hu Jianrun , Hu Jun , Hu Shouyang , Hu Tao , Hu Yuxiang , Hu Zhuojun , Huang Guihong , Huang Hanxiong , Huang Kaixi , Huang Kaixuan , Huang Wenhao , Huang Xin , Huang Xingtao , Huang Yongbo , Hui Jiaqi , Huo Lei , Huo Wenju , Huss Cédric , Hussain Safeer , Ioannisian Ara , Isocrate Roberto , Jelmini Beatrice , Jeria Ignacio , Ji Xiaolu , Jia Huihui , Jia Junji , Jian Siyu , Jiang Di , Jiang Wei , Jiang Xiaoshan , Jing Xiaoping , Jollet Cécile , Kampmann Philipp , Kang Li , Karaparambil Rebin , Kazarian Narine , Khan Ali , Khatun Amina , Khosonthongkee Khanchai , Korablev Denis , Kouzakov Konstantin , Krasnoperov Alexey , Kutovskiy Nikolay , Kuusiniemi Pasi , Lachenmaier Tobias , Landini Cecilia , Leblanc Sébastien , Lebrin Victor , Lefevre Frederic , Lei Ruiting , Leitner Rupert , Leung Jason , Li Daozheng , Li Demin , Li Fei , Li Fule , Li Gaosong , Li Huiling , Li Mengzhao , Li Min , Li Nan , Li Qingjiang , Li Ruhui , Li Rui , Li Shanfeng , Li Tao , Li Teng , Li Weidong , Li Weiguo , Li Xiaomei , Li Xiaonan , Li Xinglong , Li Xiwen , Li Yi , Li Yichen , Li Yufeng , Li Zepeng , Li Zhaohan , Li Zhibing , Li Ziyuan , Li Zonghai , Liang Hao , Liang Hao , Liao Jiajun , Limphirat Ayut , Lin Guey-Lin , Lin Shengxin , Lin Tao , Ling Jiajie , Lippi Ivano , Liu Caimei , Liu Fang , Liu Haidong , Liu Haotian , Liu Hongbang , Liu Hongjuan , Liu Hongtao , Liu Hui , Liu Jianglai , Liu Jinchang , Liu Min , Liu Qian , Liu Qin , Liu Runxuan , Liu Shubin , Liu Shulin , Liu Xiaowei , Liu Xiwen , Liu Yan , Liu Yunzhe , Lokhov Alexey , Lombardi Paolo , Lombardo Claudio , Loo Kai , Lu Chuan , Lu Haoqi , Lu Jingbin , Lu Junguang , Lu Peizhi , Lu Shuxiang , Lubsandorzhiev Bayarto , Lubsandorzhiev Sultim , Ludhova Livia , Lukanov Arslan , Luo Daibin , Luo Fengjiao , Luo Guang , Luo Jianyi , Luo Shu , Luo Wuming , Luo Xiaojie , Luo Xiaolan , Lyashuk Vladimir , Ma Bangzheng , Ma Bing , Ma Qiumei , Ma Si , Ma Xiaoyan , Ma Xubo , Maalmi Jihane , Magoni Marco , Mai Jingyu , Malyshkin Yury , Mandujano Roberto Carlos , Mantovani Fabio , Mao Xin , Mao Yajun , Mari Stefano M. , Marini Filippo , Martini Agnese , Mayer Matthias , Mayilyan Davit , Mednieks Ints , Meng Yue , Meraviglia Anita , Meregaglia Anselmo , Meroni Emanuela , Meyhöfer David , Mezzetto Mauro , Miramonti Lino , Montini Paolo , Montuschi Michele , Müller Axel , Nastasi Massimiliano , Naumov Dmitry V. , Naumova Elena , Navas-Nicolas Diana , Nemchenok Igor , Thi Minh Thuan Nguyen , Nikolaev Alexey , Ning Feipeng , Ning Zhe , Nunokawa Hiroshi , Oberauer Lothar , Ochoa-Ricoux Juan Pedro , Olshevskiy Alexander , Orestano Domizia , Ortica Fausto , Othegraven Rainer , Paoloni Alessandro , Parmeggiano Sergio , Pei Yatian , Pelicci Luca , Peng Anguo , Peng Haiping , Peng Yu , Peng Zhaoyuan , Perrot Frédéric , Petitjean Pierre-Alexandre , Petrucci Fabrizio , Pilarczyk Oliver , Rico Luis Felipe Piñeres , Popov Artyom , Poussot Pascal , Previtali Ezio , Qi Fazhi , Qi Ming , Qian Sen , Qian Xiaohui , Qian Zhen , Qiao Hao , Qin Zhonghua , Qiu Shoukang , Ranucci Gioacchino , Rasheed Reem , Re Alessandra , Rebii Abdel , Redchuk Mariia , Ren Bin , Ren Jie , Ricci Barbara , Rifai Mariam , Roche Mathieu , Rodphai Narongkiat , Rodphai Narongkiat , Romani Aldo , Roskovec Bedřich , Ruan Xichao , Rybnikov Arseniy , Sadovsky Andrey , Saggese Paolo , Sanfilippo Simone , Sangka Anut , Sawangwit Utane , Sawatzki Julia , Schever Michaela , Schwab Cédric , Schweizer Konstantin , Selyunin Alexandr , Serafini Andrea , Settanta Giulio , Settimo Mariangela , Shao Zhuang , Sharov Vladislav , Shaydurova Arina , Shi Jingyan , Shi Yanan , Shutov Vitaly , Sidorenkov Andrey , Šimkovic Fedor , Sirignano Chiara , Siripak Jaruchit , Sisti Monica , Slupecki Maciej , Smirnov Mikhail , Smirnov Oleg , Sogo-Bezerra Thiago , Sokolov Sergey , Song Wuying , Songwadhana Julanan , Soonthornthum Boonrucksar , Sotnikov Albert , Šrámek Ondřej , Sreethawong Warintorn , Stahl Achim , Stanco Luca , Stankevich Konstantin , Štefánik Dušan , Steiger Hans , Steinmann Jochen , Sterr Tobias , Stock Matthias Raphael , Strati Virginia , Studenikin Alexander , Su Jun , Sun Shifeng , Sun Xilei , Sun Yongjie , Sun Yongzhao , Sun Zhengyang , Suwonjandee Narumon , Szelezniak Michal , Takenaka Akira , Tang Jian , Tang Qiang , Tang Quan , Tang Xiao , Hariharan Vidhya Thara , Theisen Eric , Tietzsch Alexander , Tkachev Igor , Tmej Tomas , Torri Marco Danilo Claudio , Tortorici Francesco , Treskov Konstantin , Triossi Andrea , Triozzi Riccardo , Troni Giancarlo , Trzaska Wladyslaw , Tung Yu-Chen , Tuve Cristina , Ushakov Nikita , Vedin Vadim , Verde Giuseppe , Vialkov Maxim , Viaud Benoit , Vollbrecht Cornelius Moritz , Sturm Katharina von , Vorobel Vit , Voronin Dmitriy , Votano Lucia , Walker Pablo , Wang Caishen , Wang Chung-Hsiang , Wang Derun , Wang En , Wang Guoli , Wang Jian , Wang Jun , Wang Lu , Wang Meng , Wang Meng , Wang Ruiguang , Wang Siguang , Wang Wei , Wang Wenshuai , Wang Xi , Wang Xiangyue , Wang Yangfu , Wang Yaoguang , Wang Yi , Wang Yi , Wang Yifang , Wang Yuanqing , Wang Yuman , Wang Zhe , Wang Zheng , Wang Zhimin , Watcharangkool Apimook , Wei Wei , Wei Wei , Wei Wenlu , Wei Yadong , Wen Kaile , Wen Liangjian , Weng Jun , Wiebusch Christopher , Wirth Rosmarie , Wonsak Bjoern , Wu Diru , Wu Qun , Wu Shuai , Wu Zhi , Wurm Michael , Wurtz Jacques , Wysotzki Christian , Xi Yufei , Xia Dongmei , Xiao Xiang , Xie Xiaochuan , Xie Yuguang , Xie Zhangquan , Xin Zhao , Xing Zhizhong , Xu Benda , Xu Cheng , Xu Donglian , Xu Fanrong , Xu Hangkun , Xu Jilei , Xu Jing , Xu Meihang , Xu Yin , Xu Yu , Yan Baojun , Yan Qiyu , Yan Taylor , Yan Wenqi , Yan Xiongbo , Yan Yupeng , Yang Changgen , Yang Chengfeng , Yang Jie , Yang Lei , Yang Xiaoyu , Yang Yifan , Yang Yifan , Yao Haifeng , Ye Jiaxuan , Ye Mei , Ye Ziping , Yermia Frédéric , You Zhengyun , Yu Boxiang , Yu Chiye , Yu Chunxu , Yu Guojun , Yu Hongzhao , Yu Miao , Yu Xianghui , Yu Zeyuan , Yu Zezhong , Yuan Cenxi , Yuan Chengzhuo , Yuan Ying , Yuan Zhenxiong , Yue Baobiao , Zafar Noman , Zavadskyi Vitalii , Zeng Shan , Zeng Tingxuan , Zeng Yuda , Zhan Liang , Zhang Aiqiang , Zhang Bin , Zhang Binting , Zhang Feiyang , Zhang Honghao , Zhang Jialiang , Zhang Jiawen , Zhang Jie , Zhang Jin , Zhang Jingbo , Zhang Jinnan , Zhang Mohan , Zhang Peng , Zhang Qingmin , Zhang Shiqi , Zhang Shu , Zhang Tao , Zhang Xiaomei , Zhang Xin , Zhang Xuantong , Zhang Yinhong , Zhang Yiyu , Zhang Yongpeng , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yumei , Zhang Zhenyu , Zhang Zhijian , Zhao Jie , Zhao Rong , Zhao Runze , Zhao Shujun , Zheng Dongqin , Zheng Hua , Zheng Yangheng , Zhong Weirong , Zhou Jing , Zhou Li , Zhou Nan , Zhou Shun , Zhou Tong , Zhou Xiang , Zhu Jingsen , Zhu Kangfu , Zhu Kejun , Zhu Zhihang , Zhuang Bo , Zhuang Honglin , Zong Liang , Zou Jiaheng , Zwickel Sebastian ,   JUNO collaboration
Published: December 2024

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large-scale neutrino experiment with multiple physics goals including determining the neutrino mass hierarchy, the accurate measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters, the neutrino detection from supernovae, the Sun, and the Earth, etc. JUNO puts forward physically and technologically stringent requirements for its central detector (CD), including a large volume and target mass (20 kt liquid scintillator, LS), a high-energy resolution (3% at 1 MeV), a high light transmittance, the largest possible photomultiplier (PMT) coverage, the lowest possible radioactive background, etc. The CD design, using a spherical acrylic vessel with a diameter of 35.4 m to contain the LS and a stainless steel structure to support the acrylic vessel and PMTs, was chosen and optimized. The acrylic vessel and the stainless steel structure will be immersed in pure water to shield the radioactive background and bear great buoyancy. The challenging requirements of the acrylic sphere have been achieved, such as a low intrinsic radioactivity and high transmittance of the manufactured acrylic panels, the tensile and compressive acrylic node design with embedded stainless steel pad, and one-time polymerization for multiple bonding lines. Moreover, several technical challenges of the stainless steel structure have been solved: the production of low radioactivity stainless steel material, the deformation and precision control during production and assembly, and the usage of high-strength stainless steel rivet bolt and of high friction efficient linkage plate. Finally, the design of the ancillary equipment such as the LS filling, overflowing, and circulating system was done.