bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerasibacillus terrae sp. nov., isolated from maize field, and emended description of Cerasibacillus quisquiliarum Nakamura et al. 2004
Authors: Lin Shih-Yao , Tsai Chia-Fang , Hameed Asif , Young Chiu-Chung
Published: September 2020

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize a Gram-stain-positive bacterium, designated strain CC-CFT480T, isolated from soil sampled in a maize field in Taiwan, ROC. Cells of strain CC-CFT480T were rod-shaped, motile with polar flagella, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °С, pH 8 and 3 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes revealed a distinct taxonomic position attained by strain CC-CFT480T associated with

Cerasibacillus quisquiliarum

(97.2 % sequence identity),

Virgibacillus soli

(95.7 %),

Virgibacillus carmonensis

(95.4 %) and

Virgibacillus byunsanensis

(95.2 %), and lower sequence similarity values to other species. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain CC-CFT480T and

C. quisquiliarum

were 74.2 and 20.1 %, respectively. Strain CC-CFT480T contained iso-C15:0, C16:1
ω7c alcohol and iso-C17:1
ω10c as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unknown aminophospholipids, one uncharacterized aminophospholipid and two unknown phospholipids. The major polyamine was spermidine. The DNA G+C content was 34.8 mol% and the predominant quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). Based on its distinct phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic traits together with results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence, ANI and dDDH analyses, strain CC-CFT480T is proposed to represent a novel

Cerasibacillus

species, for which the name Cerasibacillus terrae sp. nov. (type strain CC-CFT480T=BCRC 81216T=JCM 33498T).
High-resolution Crystal Structures of Transient Intermediates in the Phytochrome Photocycle
Authors: Carrillo Melissa , Pandey Suraj , Sanchez Juan , Noda Moraima , Poudyal Ishwor , Aldama Luis , Malla Tek Narsingh , Claesson Elin , Wahlgren Weixiao Yuan , Feliz Denisse , Šrajer Vukica , Maj Michal , Castillon Leticia , Iwata So , Nango Eriko , Tanaka Rie , Tanaka Tomoyuki , Fangjia Luo , Tono Kensuke , Owada Shigeki , Westenhoff Sebastian , Stojković Emina A. , Schmidt Marius
Published: September 2020

Phytochromes are red/far-red light photoreceptors in bacteria to plants, which elicit a variety of important physiological responses. They display a reversible photocycle between the resting (dark) Pr state and the light activated Pfr state, in which light signals are received and transduced as structural change through the entire protein to modulate the activity of the protein. It is unknown how the Pr-to-Pfr interconversion occurs as the structure of intermediates remain notoriously elusive. Here, we present short-lived crystal structures of the classical phytochrome from myxobacteriumStigmatella aurantiacacaptured by an X-ray Free Electron Laser 5 ns and 33ms after light illumination of the Pr state. We observe large structural displacements of the covalently bound bilin chromophore, which trigger a bifurcated signaling pathway. The snapshots show with atomic precision how the signal progresses from the chromophore towards the output domains, explaining how plants, bacteria and fungi sense red light.
The impact of land renting-in on farm productivity: evidence from maize production in China
Authors: Qiu Tongwei , He Qinying , Choy S.T. Boris , Li Yifei , Luo Biliang
Published: September 2020

Purpose

This study investigates the effect of renting in land on farm productivity, and the impacts of rented-in land size and transaction partner type on farm productivity.

Design/methodology/approach

Data from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey are analyzed using an extended regression model and the two-stage least squares method.

Findings

Farm households that rent in land are likely to achieve higher farm productivity, and ignoring endogeneity underestimates the positive effect of land renting-in. Further evidence indicates that rented-in land size has an insignificant impact on farm productivity, and that there is no difference in farm productivity between lessees renting-in land from acquaintances and those renting-in land from non-acquaintances. These results may be caused by the higher degree of marketization of land rentals between acquaintances in China. With increasing competition in agricultural factor markets, in theory, rented-in land size should not affect farm productivity.

Practical implications

Overall, the analysis suggests that renting in land improves farm productivity, which supports the land transfer policies that have been rolled out in recent decades in China. However, our finding that rented land size does not affect farm productivity, consistent with the results in the literature, implies that the Chinese government should no longer subsidize or prefer large farms with low productivity. More attention should be paid to small lessees and market-oriented land rentals between acquaintances. Promoting the marketization of land transfers inside acquaintance networks could realize the potential of the land market, especially if land transfers decrease.

Originality/value

This study identifies the effects of renting in land, rented-in land size and type of rental transaction partner on farm productivity using nationally representative data. The findings imply that the government should pay more attention to the marketization of land rentals between acquaintances. Although existing studies regard land rental between acquaintances as informal and of low efficiency, the recent evidence shows that China's land markets are changing, and policy makers should adjust their policies accordingly.
Theorizing the virus: abjection and the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Pfaller Larissa
Published: September 2020

Purpose

Using Kristeva's theory of abjection, this article analyzes the psychosocial reality of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, advancing the understanding of exclusion and stigmatization as forms of social abjection.

Design/methodology/approach

The article applies abjection to understand how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is both a medical emergency but also a cultural challenge. The analysis is structured in three dimensions: (1) the transgressive potential of the virus, (2) forms of cultural coping with its threat and (3) the moral order of abjection.

Findings

The virus is an existential challenge to cultural boundaries and subjectivity. Strategies to prevent its further spread (e.g. handwashing, “social distancing” and closing national borders) are thus culturally significant. The virus triggers the processes of abjection, (re-)establishing challenged boundaries and exclusionary social hierarchies. Collateral consequences of protective measures vary across regions and social groups, creating and exacerbating social inequalities.

Research limitations/implications

Practices of abjecting the virus go far beyond handwashing, masking, etc. The virus, an invisible enemy to be expunged, is also a hybrid of threatening pathogen and human body; it is not the virus but people who experience exclusion, discrimination and disrespect. Thus, cultural sociology must address the moral economy of abjection.

Social implications

As Kristeva insists, the abject threatens both the subject and the symbolic order. Overcoming social abjection means recognizing and strengthening individual and community agency and requires understanding vulnerability as an anthropological condition, enacting caring relationships and acting in solidarity.

Originality/value

This article demonstrates that abjection is a suitable theoretical tool for analyzing the social dynamics of the COVID-19 crisis.
Lane-change path planning and control method for self-driving articulated trucks
Authors: Peng Tao , Liu Xingliang , Fang Rui , Zhang Ronghui , Pang Yanwei , Wang Tao , Tong Yike
Published: September 2020

Purpose

This study aims to develop an automatic lane-change mechanism on highways for self-driving articulated trucks to improve traffic safety.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors proposed a novel safety lane-change path planning and tracking control method for articulated vehicles. A double-Gaussian distribution was introduced to deduce the lane-change trajectories of tractor and trailer coupling characteristics of intelligent vehicles and roads. With different steering and braking maneuvers, minimum safe distances were modeled and calculated. Considering safety and ergonomics, the authors invested multilevel self-driving modes that serve as the basis of decision-making for vehicle lane-change. Furthermore, a combined controller was designed by feedback linearization and single-point preview optimization to ensure the path tracking and robust stability. Specialized hardware in the loop simulation platform was built to verify the effectiveness of the designed method.

Findings

The numerical simulation results demonstrated the path-planning model feasibility and controller-combined decision mechanism effectiveness to self-driving trucks. The proposed trajectory model could provide safety lane-change path planning, and the designed controller could ensure good tracking and robust stability for the closed-loop nonlinear system.

Originality/value

This is a fundamental research of intelligent local path planning and automatic control for articulated vehicles. There are two main contributions: the first is a more quantifiable trajectory model for self-driving articulated vehicles, which provides the opportunity to adapt vehicle and scene changes. The second involves designing a feedback linearization controller, combined with a multi-objective decision-making mode, to improve the comprehensive performance of intelligent vehicles. This study provides a valuable reference to develop advanced driving assistant system and intelligent control systems for self-driving articulated vehicles.
Boccardiella ligerica, an exotic polychaete in a Southwestern Atlantic coastal lagoon: Morphology and abundance variations
Authors: Jaubet María Lourdes , Martinez Lorena Evangelina , Saracho Bottero María Andrea , Bazterrica María Cielo
Published: September 2020

Boccardiella ligerica (Ferronniere, 1898) is an exotic polychaete introduced to the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. The species was described for the region 36 years ago, and no updating revision was reported to date. Here, we addressed a detailed study on morphology and abundance variations of B. ligerica in the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon. We found that B. ligerica from Mar Chiquita shares the diagnostic characters with specimens from the original description (France), and was associated with the reef‐like structures (“reefs”) of the invader polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923). B. ligerica was not found in sediments, and its distribution in reefs was independent of certain habitat features (i.e., deep or macroalgae), but seasonally, reaching the highest abundances in warm seasons (December). Our results suggest that environmental features might drive the B. ligerica population dynamic, while the substrate offered by F. enigmaticus might support B. ligerica population abundance. The present study updates the known geographic distribution of this nonindigenous species in brackish waters from the SW Atlantic Ocean and shows its association with an invasive habitat‐forming species.
Quorum sensing regulates ‘swim‐or‐stick’ lifestyle in the phycosphere
Authors: Fei Cong , Ochsenkühn Michael A. , Shibl Ahmed A. , Isaac Ashley , Wang Changhai , Amin Shady A.
Published: September 2020

Interactions between phytoplankton and bacteria play major roles in global biogeochemical cycles and oceanic nutrient fluxes. These interactions occur in the microenvironment surrounding phytoplankton cells, known as the phycosphere. Bacteria in the phycosphere use either chemotaxis or attachment to benefit from algal excretions. Both processes are regulated by quorum sensing (QS), a cell–cell signalling mechanism that uses small infochemicals to coordinate bacterial gene expression. However, the role of QS in regulating bacterial attachment in the phycosphere is not clear. Here, we isolated a Sulfitobacter pseudonitzschiae F5 and a Phaeobacter sp. F10 belonging to the marine Roseobacter group and an Alteromonas macleodii F12 belonging to Alteromonadaceae, from the microbial community of the ubiquitous diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis. We show that only the Roseobacter group isolates (diatom symbionts) can attach to diatom transparent exopolymeric particles. Despite all three bacteria possessing genes involved in motility, chemotaxis, and attachment, only S. pseudonitzschiae F5 and Phaeobacter sp. F10 possessed complete QS systems and could synthesize QS signals. Using UHPLC–MS/MS, we identified three QS molecules produced by both bacteria of which only 3‐oxo‐C16:1‐HSL strongly inhibited bacterial motility and stimulated attachment in the phycosphere. These findings suggest that QS signals enable colonization of the phycosphere by algal symbionts.
Calcium protects bacteria against cadmium stress via reducing nitric oxide production and increasing iron acquisition
Authors: Wu Zuodong , Zheng Rikuan , Liu Ge , Liu Rui , Wu Shimei , Sun Chaomin
Published: September 2020

Cadmium (Cd) is a common toxic heavy metal in the environment, and bacteria have evolved different strategies against Cd‐toxicity. Here, we found that marine bacterium Bacillus sp. 98 could significantly alleviate Cd‐toxicity by recruiting calcium (Ca) for reducing excessive intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and enhancing iron acquisition. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis was applied to Bacillus sp. 98 after treated with Cd supplemented with or without Ca. Compared with bacterial cells treated with Cd only, the proteomic results showed that the expression level of NO synthase was markedly down‐regulated, while the expression levels of NO dioxygenase, which is responsible for converting NO to nitrate, and proteins associated with iron uptake were profoundly enhanced when Ca was supplemented. Consistently, bacterial intracellular NO amount was dramatically increased after Bacillus sp. 98 was treated with Cd, and reversed to a normal level when Ca or iron was supplemented. Notably, Ca also protected bacteria against stresses from other heavy metals including Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn, and this self‐protection strategy was adopted as well in zebrafish, which encourages us to develop Ca‐associated products against heavy metals toxicity in the future.
AFM imaging of extracellular ice nucleators
Authors: Gezgin Zafer , Lee Tung‐Ching , Huang Qingrong
Published: September 2020

Ice nucleators are substances that can initiate nucleation of pure water at and above −10 °C. Some plant pathogens possess a gene which encodes for a protein that acts as an ice nucleator, activity of which is enhanced when it is combined with the sugar and lipid components from the cell membrane. This matter retains its ice nucleation activity even after it is detached from the cell wall, and is termed extracellular ice nucleator (ECIN). In this paper, surface morphology of ECINs was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode. ECINs were immobilized onto polyelectrolyte multilayers using the layer by layer deposition method. Effect of layer build‐up, method of ECIN production, and polyelectrolytes used for multilayer fabrication were investigated. Globular and rod‐like structures were observed on the AFM images of the nano‐thin ECIN layers. Activity of ECINs, tested in food solutions in earlier studies, was retained when applied as a nano‐thin layer onto a silicon wafer surface. Protein aggregate sizes decreased when higher centrifugation speeds were applied, and ice nucleation activity also decreased. Nucleation occurred faster and at higher temperatures when substrates were immersed in solutions of higher ECIN concentration, whereas number of bilayers formed did not have a significant effect. Higher concentration ECIN dipping solutions also led to the formation of thicker and denser ECIN layers as observed via AFM imaging.

Practical Application

This study demonstrates the properties of nano‐thin ECIN layers, which can crystallize pure water into ice at higher temperatures and in shorter time. Accelerating ice nucleation can potentially be utilized to freeze liquids in shorter time hence using less energy, or improve frozen foods’ stability against the risk of cold chain breakage.
Glutaredoxin 1 regulates macrophage polarization through mediating glutathionylation of STAT1
Authors: Guo Lijuan , Chen Shanze , Liu Qingrong , Ren Hongyu , Li Yuhao , Pan Junyue , Luo Yuhan , Cai Tongzhou , Liu Ruofan , Chen Junli , Wang Yi , Wang Xiaoying , Huang Ning , Li Jingyu
Published: September 2020

Background

Macrophage polarization affects tumor growth, metabolism, and many other tumor processes. M1 macrophages can promote antitumor immunity response. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is one of the critical transcription factors in this process, which promotes the expression of a series of inflammatory molecules. STAT1 has been reported as a potential target of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced glutathionylation, while the glutathionylation of STAT1 in macrophages and its underlying regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) functions as a deglutathionylation enzyme, which regulates the activities of many proteins through reversing glutathionylation.

Methods

GeneChip and RT‐qPCR was first applied to test the mRNA level of Grx1 in M1 macrophages. Western blot was then used to evaluate the variations of the Grx1 protein expression in M1 macrophages. Next, immunoprecipitation was used to investigate the glutathionylated STAT1 in both wild‐type and Grx1−/− mouse macrophages. Finally, the induced alterations of STAT1 activity and function by Grx1 in M1 macrophage were examined by western blot and RT‐qPCR.

Results

In M1‐type macrophages, the levels of Grx1 were elevated. Glutathionylation of STAT1 was negatively regulated by Grx1. Furthermore, depletion of Grx1 increased the activity of STAT1, and thereby promoted the mRNA level of C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) during M1‐type polarization of macrophages.

Conclusions

Grx1 controlled deglutathionylation of STAT1, which in turn might regulate M1‐type polarization of macrophages.
Correlation between ultrasound findings and laparoscopy in prediction of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE)
Authors: Pattanasri Melinda , Ades Alex , Nanayakkara Pav
Published: September 2020

Background

Detailed pre‐operative description of endometriotic lesions by non‐invasive methods is an important tool for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of the disease. Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) is a sensitive method for diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE); however, it is highly operator‐dependent and consistent results require adequately trained and experienced clinicians.

Aims

The aim of the study is to assess the accuracy of TVUS in predicting DIE by comparing it with laparoscopic findings. We also compared US done in the community by general radiologists with examinations done by specialist gynaecologists.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent laparoscopy for excision of possible endometriosis between July 2014 to February 2019 who had a TVUS prior to laparoscopy.

Results

A total of 119 patients were included. TVUS was shown to be useful in detecting all but bladder DIE. Community TVUS was no better than chance at identifying most DIE (area under the curve (AUC) of 0.48–0.60) except in the detection of ovarian endometriomas and adhesions (AUC = 0.84). Specialist TVUS correctly identified most DIE with greatest utility for DIE in rectosigmoid (AUC = 0.85, P < 0.000), followed by pouch of Douglas/pouch of Douglas adhesions (AUC = 0.82, P < 0.000), ovarian endometriomas/ovarian adhesions (AUC = 0.79, P < 0.000), uterosacral ligaments (AUC = 0.75, P < 0.000) and rectovaginal septum (AUC = 0.69, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Specialist TVUS is informative in examining the presence of DIE particularly in posterior compartments which may increase surgical complexity. Community TVUS is significantly less beneficial; however, it is more accessible to the general public. This adds to the argument that increasing access to DIE‐TVUS appears favourable.
Indications for and complications of pelvic lymph node dissection in prostate cancer: accuracy of available nomograms for the prediction of lymph node invasion
Authors: Oderda Marco , Diamand Romain , Albisinni Simone , Calleris Giorgio , Carbone Antonio , Falcone Marco , Fiard Gaelle , Gandaglia Giorgio , Marquis Alessandro , Marra Giancarlo , Parola Cinzia , Pastore Antonio , Peltier Alexandre , Ploussard Guillaume , Roumeguère Thierry , Sanchez‐Salas Rafael , Simone Giuseppe , Smelzo Salvatore , Witt Jorn H. , Gontero Paolo
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To externally validate the currently available nomograms for predicting lymph node invasion (LNI) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and to assess the potential risk of complications of extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) when using the recommended threshold.

Methods

A total of 14 921 patients, who underwent radical prostatectomy with ePLND at eight European tertiary referral centres, were retrospectively identified. After exclusion of patients with incomplete biopsy or pathological data, 12 009 were included. Of these, 609 had undergone multiparametic magnetic resonance imaging‐targeted biopsies. Among ePLND‐related complications we included lymphocele, lymphoedema, haemorrhage, infection and sepsis. The performances of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC), Briganti 2012, Briganti 2017, Briganti 2019, Partin 2016 and Yale models were evaluated using receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis (area under the curve [AUC]), calibration plots, and decision‐curve analysis.

Results

Overall, 1158 patients (9.6%) had LNI, with a mean of 17.7 and 3.2 resected and positive nodes, respectively. No significant differences in AUCs were observed between the MSKCC (0.79), Briganti 2012 (0.79), Partin 2016 (0.78), Yale (0.80), Briganti 2017 (0.81) and Briganti 2019 (0.76) models. A direct comparison of older models showed that better discrimination was achieved with the MSKCC and Briganti 2012 nomograms. A tendency for underestimation was seen for all the older models, whereas the Briganti 2017 and 2019 nomograms tended to overestimate LNI risk. Decision‐curve analysis showed a net benefit for all models, with a lower net benefit for the Partin 2016 and Briganti 2019 models. ePLND‐related complications were experienced by 1027 patients (8.9%), and 12.6% of patients with pN1 disease.

Conclusions

The currently available nomograms have similar performances and limitations in the prediction of LNI. Miscalibration was present, however, for all nomograms showing a net benefit. In patients with only systematic biopsy, the MSKCC and Briganti 2012 nomograms were superior in the prediction of LNI.
Association of the polymorphism of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-9 genes with hepatitis C virus-specific cell-mediated immunity outcomes among Egyptian health-care workers
Authors: Abdelwahab S F , Hamdy S , Osman A M , Zakaria Z A , Galal I , Sobhy M , Hashem M , Allam W R , Abdel-Samiee M , Rewisha E , Waked I
Published: September 2020

Variations in the immune response could explain resistance to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Toll-like receptor gene (TLR)-3 is an innate detector of dsRNA viruses, and the TLR-9 gene recognizes bacterial and viral unmethylated cytosine–phosphate–guanosine (CpG) motifs. We previously reported that the TLR-3.rs3775290 CC genotype was associated with HCV chronicity and that the TLR-9 gene played no major role in this infection. This study identified the role of TLR-3.rs3775290 (c.1377C/T), TLR-9.rs5743836 (−1237T→C) and TLR-9.rs352140 (G2848A) gene polymorphisms in predicting the outcome of HCV-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) among Egyptian health-care workers (HCWs). We enrolled 265 HCWs in this study and divided them into four groups. Group 1: 140 seronegative-aviraemic HCWs; group 2: 20 seronegative-viraemic HCWs; group 3: 35 subjects with spontaneously resolved HCV infection; and group 4: 70 chronic HCV HCWs (patients). All subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for the TLR-3.rs3775290, TLR-9.rs5743836 and TLR-9.rs352140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We also quantified HCV-specific CMI in the four groups using an interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay in response to nine HCV genotype 4a, overlapping 15mer peptide pools covering the whole viral genome. No statistically significant difference was found between CMI-responding subjects with different HCV states and TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes. However, there was a significant relationship between the outcome of the HCV-specific CMI and the TLR-9.rs5743836 genotype among the responding subjects (P = 0·005) and the chronic HCV patients (P = 0·044). In conclusion, TLR-9.rs5743836 SNP, but not TLR-3.rs3775290 or TLR-9.rs352140 genotypes, could predict the outcome of HCV-specific CMI responses among Egyptians infected with genotype-4.
Simultaneous testing of immunological sensitization to multiple antigens in sarcoidosis reveals an association with inorganic antigens specifically related to a fibrotic phenotype
Authors: Beijer E , Kraaijvanger R , Roodenburg C , Grutters J C , Meek B , Veltkamp M
Published: September 2020

Organic and inorganic antigens were studied simultaneously in the same cohort of sarcoidosis patients to investigate whether correlations between clinical characteristics and immunological sensitization could reveal new phenotypes. Sensitization to antigens of mycobacteria, Propionibacterium acnes catalase and vimentin was investigated in 201 sarcoidosis and 51 obstructive sleep apnoea patients, serving as control group. Sensitization to aluminium, beryllium, silica and zirconium was also studied in 105 of the sarcoidosis patients and in 24 of the controls. A significantly higher percentage of sarcoidosis patients (27·6%) than controls (4·2%) had an immunological response to metals or silica (P = 0·014). A higher percentage of these sarcoidosis patients showed fibrosis on chest X-ray 5 years after the diagnosis (69·2 versus 30·3%, P = 0·016). No significant differences in mycobacterial or vimentin enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay results were observed between sarcoidosis and control patients. A significantly lower percentage of sarcoidosis patients (3·5%) than control patients (15·7%) had a positive ELISPOT for P. acnes catalase (P = 0·003). However, sarcoidosis patients sensitized to P. acnes catalase were more likely to have skin involvement, while sarcoidosis patients sensitized to mycobacterial antigens were more likely to have cardiac involvement. Our study suggests a more prominent role for inorganic triggers in sarcoidosis pathogenesis than previously thought. Immunological sensitization to inorganic antigens was associated with development of fibrotic sarcoidosis. No association was found between sensitization to bacterial antigens or vimentin and sarcoidosis in Dutch patients. However, our data suggest that trigger-related phenotypes can exist in the heterogeneous population of sarcoidosis patients.
Hartmann's procedure versus intersphincteric abdominoperineal excision (HiP Study): a multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Fowler H. , Clifford R. , Sutton P. , Watson A. , Fearnhead N. , Bach S. , Moran B. , Rose A. , Jackson R. , Vimalachandran D. ,   the HiP collaborators
Published: September 2020

Aim

In patients with low rectal cancer it is occasionally necessary to avoid a low coloanal anastomosis due to patient frailty or poor function. In such situations there are two alternative approaches: Hartmann's procedure (HP) or intersphincteric abdominoperineal excision (IAPE). There are few data to guide surgeons as to which of these two procedures is the safest. The aim of this study was to determine the surgical complication rates associated with each procedure.

Method

This was a multicentre, nonrandomized prospective cohort study of patients undergoing either HP or IAPE. The primary objective was to determine surgical complication rates. Secondary objectives included length of stay, time to adjuvant therapy and quality of life at 90 days.

Results

One hundred and seventy nine patients were recruited between April 2016 and June 2019; approximately two thirds of patients underwent HP and one third IAPE. The overall complication rate was high in both groups (54% for the HP group and 52% for the IAPE group). Surgery‐specific complication rates were also high, but not significantly different: 43% for HP and 48% for IAPE. The pelvic abscess rate in HP was 11% and was significantly higher in patients with a palpable staple line (15% vs 2%). There was a higher incidence of serious medical complications following IAPE (16% vs 5%), along with a reduction in 90‐day quality of life scores.

Conclusion

This is the largest prospective study to compare HP and IAPE in patients undergoing rectal cancer surgery where primary anastomosis is not deemed appropriate. With similar complication rates, these data support the ongoing use of either HP or IAPE in this patient group.
The racial/ethnic gap in financial literacy in the population and by income
Authors: Angrisani Marco , Barrera Sergio , Blanco Luisa R. , Contreras Salvador
Published: September 2020

We investigate the determinants of the racial/ethnic gap in financial literacy in the general population and within income classes, with a focus on childhood family circumstances and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics. Our model explains 48% and 57% of the observed gap for Blacks and Hispanics, respectively. For both groups, differences in individual characteristics and neighborhood socioeconomic status contribute the most to the explained gap. The White–Minority gap narrows when moving from low‐ to high‐income classes, but the ability of the model to explain it decreases monotonically. Identifying which additional barriers put minorities at a disadvantage is key to improve financial literacy.
Don't Call it a Comeback: The Promotion of Rehabilitation and Reunification of Families Affected by Poverty‐Related Neglect
Authors: Louis‐Jacques Tamara
Published: September 2020

While Child Protective Services may provide some services to remedy the underlying issues of child neglect allegations, these efforts are often bare minimum and inadequately implemented in order to effectuate the goals of family reunification. This Note proposes an amendment to the Family Court Act in order to promote compliance of local child welfare agencies' obligation to reunify the family unit. The amendment will mandate that agencies show, by clear and convincing evidence, that the child protective services agency has made active efforts to reunify the family.
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on mental health of patients with inherited bleeding disorders in Germany
Authors: von Mackensen Sylvia , Halimeh Susan , Siebert Manuela , Wermes Cornelia , Hassenpflug Wolf , Holstein Katharina , Olivieri Martin
Published: September 2020

Background

The worldwide pandemic spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 can lead to either respiratory infection or containment‐associated isolation with possible higher impact on chronic diseases such as inherited bleeding disorders (IBD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of COVID‐19 on patients and caregivers of IBD patients regarding their concerns and worries related to own health, access to treatment and availability of factor concentrates and their experiences related to medical care.

Methods

Multicentre, cross‐sectional study evaluating the impact of COVID‐19 on mental health of IBD patients. An ad hoc questionnaire was developed and sent to 586 patients/caregivers with haemophilia A, haemophilia B and VWD type III. The survey included information on demographic and clinical data, needs, concerns and experiences regarding medical care during COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results

In total, 355 of the IBD‐Group (200 patients, 155 caregivers) completed the survey (61.7% response rate). Most patients suffered from haemophilia A (73.8%) and were severely affected (64.7%). Eleven patients were in quarantine due to suspected COVID‐19; none had symptoms. One quarter worried (very) strongly about getting the coronavirus, 71.3% asked themselves what will happen to them when they will get COVID‐19, 40.1% felt unchanged, and 18.9% worried about delivery difficulties of their IBD treatment product. In 52.8%, medical appointments were postponed. Significant differences between caregivers and patients were found in most aspects.

Discussion

The IBD patients affected by a chronic disorder have particular thoughts and worries regarding COVID‐19. Haemophilia specialists should be committed to address these concerns and guarantee treatment despite containment strategies.
Review: Prevention and management of gastric cancer
Authors: Venerito Marino , Ford Alexander C. , Rokkas Theodoros , Malfertheiner Peter
Published: September 2020

Gastric cancer (GC) is still the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in both sexes worldwide. Although the incidence of GC is predicted to continue declining in a growing number of countries in the future, on a global scale the number of newly diagnosed GC cases will remain high, or increase even further, due to changes in population size and increasing risks observed in younger generations. In a retrospective cohort study, collecting data from the Veterans Health Administration, treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection decreased GC risk only if eradication was successful. In a German case‐control study, among GC patients with autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia was associated with earlier detection of GC, which translated into a significantly better 5‐year survival. In an updated meta‐analysis, H. pylori eradication therapy in healthy individuals significantly reduced both GC incidence and mortality from GC with a number needed to treat of 72 and 135, respectively. In Korea, successful H. pylori eradication substantially reduced GC incidence in first‐degree relatives of GC patients as well. A meta‐analysis of four trials including 1,556 patients with resectable GC reported that the patient subgroup tumors with high microsatellite instability undergoing surgery did not benefit from perioperative or adjuvant chemotherapy.
MUC4 is a valuable marker for distinguishing secretory carcinoma of the salivary glands from its mimics
Authors: Taverna Cecilia , Baněčková Martina , Lorenzon Monica , Palomba Annarita , Franchi Alessandro , Skalova Alena , Agaimy Abbas
Published: September 2020

Aims

Secretory carcinoma (SC) (synonym: mammary analogue secretory carcinoma) is a low‐grade salivary gland tumour that occurs in both major and minor salivary glands. SC is known for its wide morphological, architectural and immunohistochemical spectrum, which overlaps with those of several salivary gland neoplasms, including acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) and intercalated duct‐type intraductal carcinoma (IDC) in major salivary glands, and polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAC) in minor salivary glands. These tumours share with SC some morphological features and SOX10 immunoreactivity; also, with the exception of AciCC, they all coexpress S100 and mammaglobin.

Methods and results

We compared MUC4 and mammaglobin expression in 125 salivary gland carcinomas (54 genetically confirmed SCs, 20 AciCCs, 21 PACs, and 30 IDCs) to evaluate the potential of these two markers to differentiate these entities. Moderate to strong diffuse MUC4 positivity was detected in 49 SCs (90.7%), as compared with none of the IDCs and PACs. In contrast, mammaglobin was frequently expressed in SCs (30 of 36 cases; 83.3%), IDCs (24/28; 85.7%), and PACs (7/19; 36.8%). Two of three high‐grade SCs lost MUC4 expression in the high‐grade tumour component. No significant correlation was found between MUC4 expression and the fusion variant in SC (ETV6–NTRK versus non‐ETV6–NTRK).

Conclusion

The results of our study identify MUC4 as a sensitive (90.7%) and specific (100%) marker for SC, with high positive (100%) and negative (93.4%) predictive values. Thus, MUC4 may be used as a surrogate for SC in limited biopsy material and in cases with equivocal morphology.
The Transplanted Appropriate Adult Scheme in China
Authors: MOU YU
Published: September 2020

Borrowed from England and Wales, the Chinese Appropriate Adult Scheme involves a dynamic of selective adaptation. This article analyses two salient features of the appropriate adult scheme within the Chinese context, in comparison with its counterpart in England and Wales: its complementarity of the juvenile's parent, and the passive role that appropriate adults play during pretrial interrogations. Drawing upon empirical evidence, the article argues that the transplanted Chinese appropriate adult scheme has failed to oversee the legality of interrogations, nor does it provide adequate safeguards for juvenile suspects. The concept of vulnerability that lies at the heart of the appropriate adult safeguard in England and Wales appears to be lost in translation. Rather than providing a safeguard for juveniles at their most vulnerable, the appropriate adult is more concerned with indulging the needs of the interrogators in China.
Changes in the eye contour signs due to age among Mexican women: Comparison with women of other ethnic origins
Authors: Flament F. , Coubard O. , Cruz R. , Flores F.
Published: September 2020

Objective

To evaluate the changes in certain ocular signs because of age, among Mexican women and to compare these with those previously obtained on women of other ethnicities.

Material and methods

Photographs were taken of the faces of 203 Mexican women of different ages, under standardized conditions. These photographs allowed us to focus and define nine ocular signs, which were then graded by 15 experts and dermatologists, using standardized scales provided by a reference Skin Aging Atlas. Hence, the same protocol, previously used on 3240 women of four other ethnic origins (Caucasian: 600; Chinese: 990; Japanese: 1010; Indian: 300; African: 340), allowed us to compare the results obtained on Mexican women.

Results

The severity of crow’s feet wrinkles for Mexican women shows a more intense progression with age than those of women from other ancestries. The lower eyelid wrinkles of Mexican women, that show weak or erratic changes with time, were however found to have higher and significant severity at a young age. Pigmentation disorders of their ocular area were found less pronounced as compared to those of Asian or Indian women. Eye bags were observed with similar slight changes in all five ancestries.

Conclusion

The present work confirms that the clinical signs of age for the female eye area develop differently depending on the ethnic origins of the volunteer.
Green approach towards hydrolysing wheat gluten using waste ingredients from pineapple processing industries
Authors: Banerjee Shivali , Ranganathan Vijayaraghavan , Arora Amit , Patti Antonio F.
Published: September 2020

In this work, wheat gluten was hydrolysed with pineapple crude extract, obtained from pineapple core which is a waste from the pineapple processing industry. The efficacy of crude pineapple extract was at par with the commercial bromelain in terms of hydrolysing wheat gluten. The hydrolysis proceeded at a rapid rate during the first 60 min, then slowed down till 120 min, followed by a further steep rise until 180 min and a very slow reaction up to the 24‐h incubation period. The resulting hydrolysates had a fair solubility (>40%) over a pH range of 2–10. The molecular masses of the identified mixture of peptides ranged between 500 and 5000 Da, with 16% and 79% of the identified peptides in the range 0.5–1.0 and 1.0–2.0 kDa, respectively. The functional properties of the hydrolysates were remarkably better than the original gluten.
The biological characters of Bmelav‐like genes in the development of Bombyx mori
Authors: Sun X. , Zhang K. , Gu J. , Yang J. , Huang Q. , Yan R. , Qin S. , Hou C. , Zhang G. , Wang S. , Li M.
Published: September 2020

The ELAV/Hu family is a conserved multigene family of pan‐neuronal RNA‐binding protein involved in post‐transcriptional regulation in metazoans. In Drosophila, three members of this family, ELAV, RBP9 and FNE, are involved in neuronal differentiation, gene expression regulation and so on. This family is less well characterized in Bombyx mori. Two orthologs BmELAV‐like‐1 (BmEL‐1) and BmELAV‐like‐2 (BmEL‐2) share 55%–71% and 47%–62% identity with that of in Drosophila and humans, respectively. Bmel‐1 is ubiquitously expressed while Bmel‐2 is expressed in the head and ovaries specifically. Proteins encoded by both genes are localized in nuclear and cytoplasm. The weight of body, cocoon, pupae and cocoon shell are differently affected in Bmel‐1−/−2− mutants created using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Mutations of both genes increase the expression of four silk protein genes, Fib‐L, Fib‐H, P25 and Ser‐1. In addition, the oviposition ability of Bmel‐2− females is decreased. This study not only provides valuable insights into the functional roles of Bmelav‐like genes in the growth, cocoon characters and regulation of silk protein genes expression, but also provides useful information for silkworm variety breeding.
Arbitration of accommodation in US workplaces: employee, stakeholder and human resources characteristics
Authors: Zilic Ivana , LaVan Helen
Published: September 2020

This research examines how arbitrators consider accommodations for employees with physical and mental illnesses. Unlike other recent research on the subject, the authors specifically and purposely draw their sample from recent US arbitration cases—2015 to 2018, n = 209. Additionally, using content analysis software, NVivo, the case characteristics were autocoded, and the case outcomes were manually coded. Using logistic regression, the following model was developed to predict the odds of case outcomes: disability, injury, discrimination, retaliation, absence and reinstatement. The Cox and Snell and Nagelkerke analysis indicates that our model accounts for approximately 15.6 to 21.5 per cent of the variance, with 33.3 per cent of the individual and split arbitration cases outcomes and 91.2 per cent for organisation arbitration cases correctly predicted. The model predicts 71.2 per cent of the cases.
Small RNA sequencing reveals a novel tsRNA‐06018 playing an important role during adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs
Authors: Wang Tao , Cao Lingling , He Shan , Long Kai , Wang Xinping , Yu Hui , Ma Baicheng , Xu Xiaoyuan , Li Weidong
Published: September 2020

Transfer RNA‐derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), a novel type of non‐coding RNA derivative, are able to regulate a wide range of biological processes. What role these tsRNAs play in the regulation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs) adipogenic differentiation remains uncertain. We induced the adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal cells (hMSCs) and then performed small RNA transcriptomic sequencing, leading us to identify tsRNA‐06018 as a target of interest based upon resultant the tsRNA expression profiles. When tsRNA‐06018 was knocked down, this led to the inhibition of adipogenesis and a decrease in adipogenic marker expression. When STC2 was overexpressed, this impaired the adipogenic differentiation of these cells. We further used luciferase reporter assays to confirm that tsRNA‐06018 directly binds the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of STC2. In addition, we determined that both knocking down tsRNA‐06018 and overexpressing STC2 increased extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation within cells. We also assessed that the adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs in which tsRNA‐06018 was knocked down was further enhanced upon the addition of the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 as compared tsRNA‐06018 knockdown alone. Taken together, using small RNA sequencing we profiled tsRNAs in hMSCs during the process of adipogenesis, leading us to identify tsRNA‐06018 as a novel regulator of this differentiation process. This tsRNA was able to regulate adipogenic differentiation by targeting STC2 via the ERK1/2 signalling pathway.
Stress distribution within the ceramic veneer‐tooth system with butt joint and feathered edge incisal preparation designs
Authors: Chai Sy Yin , Bennani Vincent , Aarts John M. , Lyons Karl , Das Raj
Published: September 2020

Objective

This in‐vitro study aims to study the stress distribution within the ceramic veneer‐tooth system with two incisal preparation designs—butt joint (BJ) and feathered edge (FE), and to correlate these findings to the results of our previous published load‐to‐failure study.

Methods

Six photoelastic models were fabricated with an epoxy resin material (West System 105 Epoxy Resin/205 Fast Hardener, West System) to represent BJ and FE preparation configurations at 0° and 20° loading angulations. Lithium disilicate ceramic veneers (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) were bonded to the BJ and FE photoelastic models using resin cement (IPS Variolink Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent). Each model was loaded using an Instron Universal Testing Machine at the incisal edge at a cross‐head speed of 0.25 mm/min till 100 N.

Results

BJ photoelastic model had more uniform distribution compared with FE photoelastic models under 0° and 20° loading angulations.

Conclusion

Parallel to the results of our earlier load‐to‐failure published study, both incisal preparation designs affect stress distribution within the ceramic veneer‐tooth system. BJ photoelastic model demonstrated a more uniform distribution compared with FE photoelastic model.

Clinical Significance

BJ incisal preparation design has more uniform stress distribution than FE preparation design within the ceramic veneer‐tooth system.