bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of T-2 mycotoxin on tumor susceptibility in mice
Authors: Corrier Donald E. , Norman James O.
Published: February 2025

The effect of Fusarium-produced T-2 toxin on tumor growth was evaluated in ICR, CFW, and C57B6/6 mice inoculated with murine sarcoma, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, or B16F1 melanoma tumor cell lines. Mice were given T-2 toxin intragastrically either at the rate of 2 mg of toxin/kg of body weight daily for 5 days or a single dosage of 4 mg of toxin/kg and were inoculated sc with tumor cells 1 or 2 days after administration of toxin. Tumor growth was assessed 15 to 41 days after tumor challenge by determining the frequency of tumor development and tumor weights. Significant increases in the frequency of development of murine sarcoma (P < 0.005), Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (P < 0.01), and B16F1 melanoma tumors (P < 0.05) were detected in toxin-treated mice, compared with control mice. Murine sarcoma and B16F1 melanoma tumor weights also were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in toxin-treated mice. The effect of T-2 toxin on tumor growth was more marked after 5 daily treatments than after a single dose.
Efficacy of ivermectin in oral drench and paste formulation against migrating larvae of experimentally inoculated Parascaris equorum
Authors: French Dennis D. , Klei T. R. , Taylor H. W. , Chapman M. R.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-one mixed-breed pony foals, reared and maintained under parasite-free conditions, were used to test the efficacy of ivermectin in oral drench and paste formulations (200 μg/kg) against 11-day-old migrating larvae of Parascaris equorum. Three replicates of 4 foals and 3 replicates of 3 foals were formed on the basis of age. Foals in replicates of 4 were randomly allocated to be indicators, or to receive vehicle (control) or ivermectin paste or ivermectin liquid. Foals in replicates of 3 were randomly allocated to receive vehicle or ivermectin paste or ivermectin liquid.

The recovery of larvae from the lungs, liver, and small, intestines of the indicator foals showed that 99.9% of the larvae were in the lungs 11 days after inoculation (day 0 of treatment). The recoveries of larvae from lungs and small intestines of controls at 25 days after inoculation indicated that all larvae had migrated to the small intestine by this time. The mean length of larvae recovered from the lungs (11 days after inoculation) was 0.87 mm; the mean length of those recovered from the small intestine (25 days after inoculation) was 3.65 mm. Using larvae recovered from small intestinal contents for calculations, ivermectin in both formulations was 100% effective against 11-day P equorum (P < 0.01, compared with control group geometric mean of 1498.4).
Tropism of canine neutrophils to xanthine oxidase
Authors: Gruber Dale F. , Farese Ann M.
Published: February 2025

Quantitative evaluation of neutrophil chemotaxis was performed on cells obtained by hypotonic-lysis techniques from heparinized blood samples from clinically normal dogs. The techniques resulted in neutrophil recovery rates between 60 and 80%. Chemotaxis comparisons were based on cellular migration in microchambers equipped with polycarbonate membranes with 5-μm pores. Chemoattractant comparisons were based on neutrophil migration to medium, normal canine plasma, zymosan-activated plasma, and xanthine oxidase. Cellular migration to zymosan-activated plasma in buffer (1:100 dilution) was significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced over random baseline medium migration. Neutrophil migrations to normal canine plasma and xanthine oxidase were quantitatively less than to zymosan-activated plasma, but were equivalent to each other and significantly greater than for random migration. Migration to xanthine oxidase was maximal at concentrations near 1 U/ml within 30 minutes.
Serum and tissue concentrations of erythromycin in calves with induced pneumonic pasteurellosis
Authors: Burrows G. E. , Gentry M. , Ewing P.
Published: February 2025

The effects of pneumonia on the pharmacokinetics of erythromycin administered im and the tissue concentration changes with time were evaluated in 2-month-old calves. Pneumonia was induced by injection of Pasteurella haemolytica cultures through the thoracic wall into each lung. Six days prior to induction of pneumonia, erythromycin (15 mg/kg) was administered in a single im dose. Erythromycin was administered again 48, 72, and 96 hours after injection of P haemolytica. On the third day of erythromycin administration (96 hours), the calves were serially euthanatized in groups of 4 calves each at 2, 5, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours after the final dose was given. Tissue concentrations of erythromycin in kidney, liver, lung, muscle, csf, and serum were determined. Neither the serum concentrations nor the overall pharmacokinetic values were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) changed by pneumonia. The concentrations of erythromycin were maximal at 5 hours for liver, muscle, and serum and at 8 hours for csf, kidney, and lung. Serum and muscle concentrations were similar, whereas concentrations in csf were lower than in serum and higher in kidney, liver, and lung. The lung/serum ratios were approximately 2.5 to 3 at 8 through 24 hours after im administration. The peak concentration in lung was approximately 6 μg/g at 8 hours.
Prevalence of antibodies to alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 and nucleic acid hybridization analysis of viruses isolated from captive exotic ruminants
Authors: Seal Bruce S. , Heuschele Werner P. , Klieforth Robert B.
Published: February 2025

A serologic survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (ahv-l) in captive exotic ruminants within the United States. Forty-six percent of the members of the subfamily Alcelaphinae (wildebeest, topi, hartebeest) in the family Bovidae had virus-neutralizing antibody to ahv-1. Other subfamilies of Bovidae with high prevalence of virus-neutralizing antibodies to ahv-1 included Hippotraginae (oryx and addax) and Caprinae (sheep and goats), with prevalence of 45% and 29%, respectively. Herpesviruses that have been isolated from captive exotic ruminant species, including healthy animals and those with clinical malignant catarrhal fever at the Oklahoma City Zoo and the San Diego Zoo/Wild Animal Park, were analyzed by dna restriction enzyme analysis and blot hybridization. Variation has been detected among the genomes of several malignant catarrhal fever virus isolates obtained from various exotic species of ruminants, using the dna restriction enzymes BamHI and HindIII. The dna of these virus isolates is distinct from that of bovine herpesviruses 1, 2, and 4, as demonstrated by restriction enzyme analysis and nucleic acid hybridization. On the basis of restriction enzyme analysis and nucleic acid hybridization data, the dna from each of the putative alcelaphine herpesvirus isolates examined, except for the topi virus isolate, had a high degree of dna sequence similarity with the original ahv-1 isolate, wc-11, from a blue wildebeest.
Leptospirosis in Lambs
Authors: Davidson Jeffrey N. , Hirsh Dwight C.
Published: February 2025

Two major episodes of acute hemolytic disease in lambs were associated with high mortality. Clinical signs were severe depression, dyspnea, and tachycardia. Gross postmortem findings included hemoglobinuria and icterus. Histologic examination revealed tubular necrosis and periacinar hepatocellular necrosis. Leptospira interrogans serotype pomona was proposed as the causative agent because high serum antibody titers for this bacterium were found in lambs and ewes in the affected flocks.
Endocarditis Caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in a Dog
Authors: Hoenig Margarethe , Gillette Deborah M.
Published: February 2025

Bacterial endocarditis was diagnosed in a 4-year-old male German Shorthaired Pointer with a 4-month history of shifting lameness and intermittent fever. The dog died in spite of treatment for progressive depression and dehydration. Blood cultures were positive for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strain 7, which is known to be pathogenic for dogs. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed at necropsy.
Choroid Plexus Tumors in the Dog
Authors: Zaki Farouk A. , Nafe Lawrence A.
Published: February 2025

Clinical and necropsy records for nine dogs with tumors of the choroid plexus were reviewed. In seven of the dogs, the tumors were on the left side of the fourth ventricle. All of the dogs were males, ranging in age from 13 months to 9 years. Upper motor neuron tetraparesis and positional nystagmus were the most common neurologic signs. Less frequently recorded were head tilt, vomiting, bradycardia, and signs of cranial nerve dysfunction. Alteration in consciousness was evident in four of the dogs and ranged from personality changes to coma.
A Bleeding Disease (von Willebrand's Disease) in a Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Authors: Johnson Gary S. , Lees George E. , Benson Roger E. , Rosborough Terry K. , Dodds W. Jean
Published: February 2025

A bleeding disease similar to von Willebrand's disease in man was diagnosed in a 6-month-old Chesapeake Bay Retriever with recurrent, protracted gingival hemorrhage that responded rapidly to fresh, whole blood transfusions. The dog had a prolonged bleeding time and low plasma factor VIII coagulant activity (18%). The plasma had no detectable factor VIII-related antigen or von Willebrand factor, as measured by ristocetin-cofactor and polybrene-cofactor activities. The dam of the dog had a plasma factor VIII-related antigen concentration (32%) well below the normal range. The antigen in the sire's plasma was at the low end of the normal range, as was the polybrene-cofactor of both the sire and the dam. These data suggested an inherited basis for von Willebrand's disease in this dog.
Prevalence of Bovine Leukemia Virus Antibody in Seven Herds of Holstein-Friesian Cattle
Authors: Evermann James F. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Huber Nancy L.
Published: February 2025

Sera from 959 Holstein-Friesian cattle in 7 herds were tested for antibody to bovine leukemia virus, using the agar gel immunodiffusion test with glycoprotein antigen. Seropositive cattle were found in 6 herds; 120 (12.5%) were reactors.

In 1 of the herds, the prevalence of seropositive cattle was significantly greater in purebred than in grade cows. Purebred cows raised on the premises had an overall antibody prevalence similar to purchased purebred cows. Purebred cattle more than 2 years old had a significantly greater prevalence of reactors than younger cattle. There was no difference in prevalence by sex.
Disseminated Visceral Coccidiosis in Whooping Cranes
Authors: Carpenter James W. , Spraker Terry R. , Novilla Meliton N.
Published: February 2025

Three 13- to 18-day-old whooping cranes (Grus americana) and a 9-year-old whooping crane died in outdoor pens at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. The deaths were associated with an overwhelming systemic infection by an intracellular protozoan parasite, which resulted in enteritis, granulomatous bronchopneumonia, hepatitis, splenitis, and myocarditis. The clinical, histopathologic, and electron microscopic findings were similar to those in sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) at the Patuxent Center found to be infected with Eimeria reichenowi and E gruis. Since these eimerian species also parasitize wild whooping cranes, this parasite might be an important pathogenic agent for this species.
Chronic Chondritis of the Equine Arytenoid Cartilage
Authors: Haynes P. F. , Snider T. G. , McClure J. R. , McClure J. J.
Published: February 2025

Chronic chondritis of the arytenoid cartilage was diagnosed in 7 male Thoroughbred horses examined for obstructive upper airway disorders. The history of the cases was characterized by a 3- to 6-month progression of exercise intolerance and inspiratory dyspnea during exercise. Endoscopy revealed marked asymmetry of the rima glottidis, partial or complete inability to abduct the involved cartilage, and axial displacement of the involved arytenoid cartilage. In less severe cases, the disorder was confused with laryngeal hemiplegia. Focal elevated lesions of the involved cartilage, which were frequently seen, produced contact lesions on the contralateral cartilage. Subtotal arytenoidectomy was performed in 6 cases. Histologic examination of the removed cartilages revealed marked lamination of the cartilage with fibrous connective tissue. Granulating sinus tracts were seen in 3 cases. The surgical intervention resulted in marked improvement of exercise intolerance in 5 cases.
A Complication of Cryptorchid Castration in Three Horses
Authors: Trotter Gayle W. , Aanes W. A.
Published: February 2025

During an 8-month period, 3 horses were examined because of incomplete cryptorchid castration. Each horse had had surgery to remove 1 retained testis. In each case, the attending veterinarian believed castration had been adequately completed.

History, rectal examination findings, and in 2 cases, high serum testosterone concentration were factors that led to the decision to do exploratory surgery on each horse. In each case, initial surgery had resulted in surgical removal of the tail of the epididymis, which was mistaken for testicular tissue.
Tracheal Reconstruction by Resection and End-to-End Anastomosis in the Horse
Authors: Tate L. P. , Koch D. B. , Sembrat R. F. , Boles C. L.
Published: February 2025

A surgical technique for resection of a portion of the trachea followed by end-to-end anastomosis was developed on 4 clinically normal horses. The trachea healed without complications in 3 of the horses in which 3 tracheal cartilages were removed. Five tracheal cartilages were removed from the 4th horse. It had to be euthanatized because of excessive suture line tension and wound disruption, which occurred during recovery from anesthesia. Suture line tension was measured on 3 other clinically normal horses positioned in dorsal recumbency immediately after euthanasia after 3 and 5 tracheal cartilages had been removed and before and after flexion of the neck to 90 degrees. Suture line tension was reduced by approximately 50% when the neck was flexed. Similarly, the force required to appose the cut ends of the trachea was nearly doubled when 5 rather than 3 tracheal cartilages were removed.

The surgical technique was performed on 1 horse and 1 pony with partial obstruction of the trachea. In the pony, 5 tracheal cartilages were resected. It was able to return to successful show competition. In the horse, 4 tracheal cartilages were removed. This horse died of complications resulting from bilateral hindlimb myositis, but the tracheal anastomosis was intact, sealed, and healing well.
Intestinal Infarction Associated with Mesenteric Vascular Thrombotic Disease in the Horse
Authors: White N. A.
Published: February 2025

Intestinal infarction associated with cranial mesenteric artery thrombosis, without strangulation obstruction of the intestine, was studied in 18 horses. Findings normally of value in evaluating horses with acute abdominal pain (heart rate, rectal palpation findings, gastric reflux) or classification of the degree of pain were not helpful in diagnosing the problem. Similarly, packed cell volume, plasma total protein, circulating white blood cell count, peritoneal white blood cell count, and peritoneal fluid total protein were not of value in predicting severity of the intestinal damage, location of infarction, or patient survival. In one half of the cases, peritoneal fluid color was of aid in distinguishing intestinal infarction from strangulation. Findings on gross dissection and limited histologic examination did not support the premise that thromboembolism was the major mechanism for production of infarction. In most of the horses, a thrombus or embolus was not found in the peripheral mesenteric vessels.
Metabolic Abnormalities Associated with Rupture of the Urinary Bladder in Neonatal Foals
Authors: Behr M. J. , Hackett R. P. , Bentinck-Smith J. , Hillman R. B. , King J. M. , Tennant B. C.
Published: February 2025

Rupture of the urinary bladder was diagnosed in 4 neonatal male foals. Marked hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hyperkalemia developed in all 4 cases, and the electrolyte abnormalities were considered to be of potential diagnostic value. Blood urea nitrogen concentration was normal or only slightly higher than normal in 3 of 4 cases and therefore was not a reliable diagnostic test.
Aflatoxicosis in Horses
Authors: Angsubhakorn S. , Poomvises P. , Romruen K. , Newberne P. M.
Published: February 2025

Two episodes of acute aflatoxin poisoning in horses suggest that horses are susceptible to the toxic effects of this mycotoxin. Lesions associated with exposure to aflatoxin included encephalomalacia of cerebral hemispheres, fatty degeneration, necrosis, bile duct hyperplasia, fibrosis of the liver, fatty infiltration of the kidney, hemorrhagic enteritis, and myocardial degeneration. Hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and depletion of lymphocytes accompanied these lesions. The diagnosis was based on gross and histopathologic observations, consistent with observations of other species poisoned with aflatoxin, and isolation of the toxin from feed and animal tissues. Removing contaminated feed prevented further morbidity or mortality.
Bone Marrow Hypoplasia in a Feminized Dog with a Sertoli Cell Tumor
Authors: Edwards David F.
Published: February 2025

A male Cairn Terrier was examined because of feminization and alopecia. The findings of unilateral cryptorchidism and a palpable abdominal mass suggested a neoplastic retained testis. Surgical excision of a Sertoli cell tumor led to remission of clinical signs; however, pre- and postoperative blood analyses identified progressive leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
Low-Dose Intramuscular Insulin Therapy for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Dogs
Authors: Chastain C. B. , Nichols C. E.
Published: February 2025

Seven dogs with diabetic ketoacidosis were treated initially with lactated Ringer's solution or 0.45% NaCl solution subcutaneously or intravenously and low doses of regular (crystalline) insulin administered intramuscularly every hour until the blood glucose concentration decreased to less than 250 mg/dl. For dogs weighing ≤10 kg, the initial dose was 2 units and the hourly doses were 1 unit. For dogs weighing >10 kg, the initial dosage was 0.25 units/kg of body weight, and the dosage for hourly injections was 0.1 units/kg.

The mean hourly decrease of the blood glucose concentration for all 7 dogs was 87.6 mg/dl. The mean period of treatment required was 4.1 hours. Late hypoglycemia did not develop in any dog, but the serum potassium concentration decreased 0.4 to 1.0 mEq/L.

The results suggested that low-dose intramuscular regular insulin therapy for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis is an effective alternative to conventional regular insulin therapy in dogs.
Effect of Aspirin on Aqueous Protein Values in the Dog
Authors: Brightman Alan H. , Helper Lloyd C. , Hoffman Walter E.
Published: February 2025

Aqueous protein concentration, degree of miosis, and intraocular pressure were evaluated in dogs given aspirin, then subjected to aqueous paracentesis and reverse cyclodialysis. Compared with control dogs, the dogs given aspirin had less aqueous protein, but there was no difference in miosis or in intraocular pressure. The practical application of this finding is that aspirin given prior to intraocular surgery may be of value in minimizing the postoperative increase in aqueous protein content.
Zinc Sulfate Foot Bath for Control of Ovine Foot Rot
Authors: Cross R. F. , Parker C. F.
Published: February 2025

A 10% zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) solution was used as a foot bath to control foot rot in pastured lambs. When the foot bath was placed where infected lambs would walk through it each day, clinical evidence of foot rot was greatly reduced within 15 days, and the total number of cases detected after thorough foot trimming was greatly reduced within 30 days. When the foot bath was placed under the salt feeding box, it was not effective. Feeding ZnSO4 at the rate of 0.5 to 0.75 g/head/day was not effective in controlling foot rot. Temperature and moisture conditions were favorable for foot rot transmission throughout the trials.
Evaluation of a Commercial Preparation for Oral Therapy of Diarrhea in Neonatal Calves: Administration by Suckling Versus Intubation
Authors: Cleek J. L. , Phillips R. W.
Published: February 2025

Six healthy and 6 diarrheic neonatal calves were tested for changes in plasma glucose, protein, sodium, and potassium, blood lactate, hematocrit, osmolarity, and erythrocyte fragility after a feeding by intubation or suckle of a commercial oral electrolyte solution

Significant changes (P<0.05) were observed in plasma glucose, protein, and sodium, blood lactate, and hematocrit. Potentially beneficial trends were observed in potassium concentration and erythrocyte fragility.

Overall, all groups of calves (healthy suckle, healthy intubation, sick suckle, and sick intubation) appeared to absorb beneficial quantities of nutrients, electrolytes, and fluids regardless of the method of administration.
Arterial Blood Gas and Acid-Base Values in Dogs with Various Diseases and Signs of Disease
Authors: Cornelius Larry M. , Rawlings Clarence A.
Published: February 2025

Results of arterial blood gas and acid-base analysis on initial samples prior to therapy were reviewed for 220 dogs admitted to the University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Acidemia or alkalemia was detected in 61 of 220 dogs (28%). The most common acid-base abnormality was metabolic acidosis (79 of 220 dogs—36%). Primary metabolic acidosis was the acid-base category associated most frequently with the combination of vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration, and the combination of polydipsia and polyuria, whereas normal mean arterial PCO2and [] values and primary metabolic acidosis were detected with equal frequency in vomiting, diarrhea, and cyanosis. Arterial hypoxemia was found most frequently in patients with restrictive respiratory tract disease (restricted lung expansion), lower respiratory tract disease, heart-worm disease, and circulatory system disease. Significantly lower (P ≤0.05) arterial pH and Po2 were detected initially in dogs that eventually died, as compared with dogs that were improved at the time of discharge from the hospital. Mean [] values also were lower initially in dogs that eventually died, as compared with those that improved, but the differences were not statistically significant.
Nasal Penicilliosis in Six Dogs
Authors: Harvey C. E. , O'Brien J. A. , Felsburg P. J. , Izenberg H. L. , Goldschmidt M. H.
Published: February 2025

Six dogs with intranasal penicilliosis were treated with thiabendazole, with or without surgery. Results were satisfactory in 3 of the 6 dogs.
Pseudorabies in a Dog
Authors: Shell L. G. , Ely R. W. , Crandell R. A.
Published: February 2025

Pseudorabies was diagnosed in a 5-year-old female crossbred dog by histologic examination and virus isolation. The clinical signs were depression, salivation, head pressing, and emesis. There were no gross pathologic findings. The microscopic findings in the brain stem consisted of mononuclear cell infiltrates in the leptomeninges, subarachnoid space, and neuropil. In addition, there were mononuclear cell perivascular cuffs, focal areas of gliosis, neuronal degeneration, and acidophilic intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astrocytes. Other microscopic findings were edema of lungs and fatty change in the liver. The virus was isolated from the brain and tonsils and identified by fluorescent antibody technique. Pseudorabies virus was isolated from pigs on the farm.
Atypical Hypoadrenocorticism in Three Dogs
Authors: Rogers William , Straus Justin , Chew Dennis
Published: February 2025

Three dogs with hypoadrenocorticism did not have characteristically abnormal serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride and had not been treated with glucocorticoids. Diagnosis was based on lack of adrenocortical response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone. Clinical signs included lethargy, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss. The cases demonstrated that the diagnosis of canine hypoadrenocorticism should not be excluded on the basis of normal serum electrolyte values.
Ownership and Veterinary Care of Pet Skunks
Authors: Bartlett Paul C. , Martin Russell J.
Published: February 2025

Approximately 10% of Illinois veterinarians were mailed a questionnaire designed to measure and characterize veterinary care being received by pet skunks in Illinois. Responding private practitioners reported treating 36 skunks, vaccinating 15 skunks, and descenting 9 skunks during 1979. All of the skunks that were vaccinated for rabies received killed vaccines. Using the rate of descenting surgery as an estimate of the rate of acquisition of new pet skunks, extrapolation to the entire population of Illinois veterinarians indicated that about 111 new pet skunks were obtained in Illinois in 1979.
Persistent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate Associated with Epiglottic Shortening in Two Horses
Authors: Haynes Peter F.
Published: February 2025

Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate was diagnosed in 2 Thoroughbred horses examined because of decreased exercise tolerance and a respiratory noise during strenuous exercise. The persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate was caused by an epiglottis that was approximately ⅔ normal size, and thus was incapable of maintaining the soft palate in a normal subepiglottic position. Contrast pharyngography suggested a primary epiglottic abnormality. Visual assessment of the lesion was accomplished by exploratory ventral laryngotomy and endoscopy of the oropharynx per os. Surgical intervention did not appreciably improve exercise capacity.
Rabies in a Litter of Skunks Predicted and Diagnosed by Skin Biopsy
Authors: Blenden Donald C.
Published: February 2025

Four juvenile skunks were vaccinated against rabies, descented, and then placed in 4 different households. An illness subsequently developed in 3 of the skunks that was confirmed as rabies, by examination of biopsy specimens of muzzle skin using immunofluorescence microscopy. In 1 clinically normal skunk, the skin was found to be test-positive, predicting that rabies would develop; the signs of rabies became evident in 48 hours. The infection was considered to be field acquired rather than vaccine induced.
Acute Fatal Toxoplasmosis in Squirrels
Authors: Roher Daniel P. , Ryan Michael J. , Nielsen Svend W. , Roscoe Douglas E.
Published: February 2025

Two dead gray squirrels submitted to the Northeastern Research Center for Wildlife Diseases had nonsuppurative encephalitis and interstitial pneumonitis, with Toxoplasma gondii cysts and tachyzoites in many tissues. These infections have rarely been reported from gray squirrels but could mimic clinical rabies.
Vaccination-Induced Distemper in Kinkajous
Authors: Kazacos K. R. , Thacker H. L. , Shivaprasad H. L. , Burger P. P.
Published: February 2025

Following vaccination for distemper, using a modified live-virus vaccine developed for dogs, 2 young kinkajous (Potos flavus) developed diarrhea, then central nervous system disease. Clinical signs included myoclonus, head trembling, loss of muscular coordination, and convulsions. One kinkajou gradually recovered; the other seemed to recover, then relapsed and was euthanatized. Microscopic lesions included those of interstitial pneumonia and enteritis and multifocal lymphocytic inflammation, gliosis, spongiosis, and swollen and degenerating axons in the cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem white matter. Similar lesions were found at all spinal cord levels, with the most severe lesions caudally, as exemplified by complete destruction of the dorsal funiculi and dorsal horns of the gray matter of the upper sacral cord segments. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen histologically in the glia in the spinal cord, midbrain, and cerebellum, and were confirmed as canine distemper viral inclusions by the fluorescent antibody method. It was concluded that modified live canine distemper virus vaccines should be used with caution or not at all in kinkajous.
Response of Gray Foxes to Modified Live-Virus Canine Distemper Vaccines
Authors: Halbrooks Ralph Douglas , Swango Larry J. , Schnurrenberger Paul R. , Mitchell Frank E. , Hill Edward P.
Published: February 2025

Ten gray foxes seronegative for canine distemper virus were vaccinated with 1 of 3 commercial modified live-virus canine distemper vaccines. Of 5 foxes receiving vaccine A (chicken tissue culture origin), 4 developed significant titers (≥1:100) of neutralizing antibody to canine distemper virus and remained clinically normal after vaccination. Two of 3 foxes vaccinated with vaccine B (canine cell line origin) and both foxes receiving vaccine C (canine cell line origin) died of vaccine-induced distemper. Five unvaccinated control foxes died of distemper after a known occasion for contact transmission of virus from a fox vaccinated with vaccine B. The results suggested that the chicken tissue culture origin modified live-virus canine distemper vaccine is probably safe for normal adult gray foxes, whereas the canine cell origin vaccines are hazardous. The results of this study tended to corroborate anecdotal experiences of veterinarians who have observed that gray foxes frequently die from distemper soon after vaccination with modified live-virus canine distemper vaccines.
Lymphosarcoma in an Eastern King Snake and a Rhinoceros Viper
Authors: Jacobson Elliott , Calderwood Maron B. , French Tracy W. , Iverson William , Page Douglas , Raphael Bonnie
Published: February 2025

An antemortem diagnosis of lymphosarcoma was made in a captive Eastern king snake and a rhinoceros viper. The Eastern king snake died on the 1st day after biopsy of a liver nodule, and necropsy revealed multiple tumor nodules throughout all major organ systems. The rhinoceros viper died after chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside. The major gross lesion was a large paracolonic coelomic tumor that extended into the adjacent musculature and subcutaneous tissue of the lateral abdominal wall. The immediate cause of death of the rhinoceros viper was believed to be severe renal tubular necrosis.
Ventral decompression for caudal cervical disk herniation in large- and giant-breed dogs
Authors: Chambers Jonathan N. , Oliver John E. , Kornegay Joe N. , Malnati George A.
Published: February 2025

Ventral decompression was evaluated as a treatment for cervical disk protrusion in large- and giant-breed dogs. All of the dogs improved after ventral decompression. After a follow-up period averaging 16 months, half of the dogs were clinically normal and the other half were functional pets despite minor residual proprioceptive deficits. Ventral decompression alone appeared to be an acceptable treatment for dogs not having other radiographic signs of caudal cervical spondylopathy.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca associated with sulfonamide therapy in dogs
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Bachrach Alan
Published: February 2025

During a 4-year period, keratoconjunctivitis sicca developed in 14 dogs treated with sulfonamides (13, sulfasalazine; 1, sulfadiazine and trimethoprim). Diagnosis was made in 3 dogs by clinical signs and in 11 by evaluation of the Schirmer tear test. Management of the problem included discontinuance of the sulfonamide, then use of ophthalmic preparations topically and antibiotics systemically. Pilocarpine was administered orally and topically to 11 dogs, with variable success. Lacrimation remained inadequate in 10 dogs and returned to normal in 3. One dog was lost to follow-up. Parotid salivary duct transpositions were performed in 3 dogs (in 2 successfully) with severe, unresponsive keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Infections with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Leptospira interrogans, serovars grippotyphosa and ballum, in a kennel of Foxhounds
Authors: Cole J. R. , Songster L. T. , Sulzer C. R. , Pursell A. R. , Ellinghausen H. C.
Published: February 2025

Leptospira interrogans serovars grippotyphosa and ballum were isolated from kidney and urine of an American Foxhound pup. The pup was from a litter of 12, all of which were unthrifty. Titers for serovar grippotyphosa in pups from the litter ranged from 200 to 6,400, and 23 of 36 adult dogs in the kennel had titers to that serovar. None of the sera was tested for antibodies to serovar ballum. Leptospires were not isolated from or observed in 2 littermates and 1 penmate, but gram-positive organisms morphologically compatible with Encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected in their brains and kidneys.
Medical management of congestive heart failure in a horse
Authors: Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Thomas William P. , Hodge Thomas G.
Published: February 2025

A 4-year-old Quarter Horse gelding with atrial fibrillation, mitral regurgitation, and signs of bilateral congestive heart failure was initially treated iv with digoxin and furosemide. After parenteral digitalization, a daily maintenance dose of digoxin was administered orally at a rate of 21.7 μg/kg of body weight. At this dosage, a steady-state serum digoxin concentration of 2.3 ng/ml was achieved without clinical signs of toxicosis. The furosemide dosage was decreased and eventually discontinued as clinical improvement occurred. Clinical signs of congestive heart failure were controlled and sinus rhythm was intermittently established, but an unfavorable prognosis was given for future athletic work. After 35 days of therapy, cardiac catheterization was performed and the horse was euthanatized. At necropsy there was marked dilatation of all cardiac chambers, mitral valve fibrosis, and left atrial jet lesions.

The response of this patient suggested that orally administered digoxin may be useful in the management of congestive heart failure in selected equine patients.
Effect of diet on the oral glucose tolerance test in the horse
Authors: Jacobs K. A. , Bolton J. R.
Published: February 2025

The effect of altering the diet during the week preceding the administration of an oral glucose tolerance test was studied in 7 horses. The results indicated that substantially lower oral glucose tolerance test curves are observed in horses fed a stable diet comprised of oat hay, a commercially prepared complete feed, and oat and alfalfa chaff, when compared with the curves for horses grazing clover and kikuyu pasture. It was concluded that, in utilizing the oral glucose tolerance test to assess small intestinal function in the horse, it may be necessary to consider the dietary history.
Radioisotope imaging for the evaluation of thyroid neoplasia and hypothyroidism in a dog
Authors: Branam J. Edward , Leighton Robert L. , Hornof William J.
Published: February 2025

An 11-year-old dog was diagnosed as having concurrent unilateral follicular thyroid carcinoma and hypothyroidism. Radioisotope imaging with technetium 99m as sodium pertechnatate identified the extent of thyroid tissue involvement. A combination of surgical resection and hormonal supplementation resulted in a favorable clinical response.
Infectious agents associated with neonatal calf disease in southwestern Idaho and eastern Oregon
Authors: Bulgin Marie S. , Anderson Bruce C. , Ward Alton C. S. , Evermann James F.
Published: February 2025

Over a 2-year period, 296 episodes of disease involving 226 l-to-60-day-old calves were referred to the Caldwell Veterinary Teaching Center. Infectious disease agents were found in 96% of the cases.

Salmonella spp were the most frequently isolated agents from dairy calves, whereas coronavirus was the agent most commonly associated with diarrhea in beef calves. Multiple agents were found in 20% of the dairy calves and in 12% of the beef calves.

Salmonella dublin, which is associated with severe disease in man, made up a large percentage of the Salmonella spp isolated (40%).

In vitro drug sensitivities indicated that a high percentage of Salmonella and Escherichia coli were resistant to drugs, especially to the drugs commonly used to treat calf diarrhea.
Cryptosporidiosis in Idaho lambs: Natural and experimental infections
Authors: Anderson Bruce C.
Published: February 2025

Cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in lambs of a farm flock and an orphan-lamb rearing operation and in a hospitalized lamb. The clinical course was brief, with mild diarrhea and oocyst shedding during the diarrheic episode. Feces from the hospitalized lamb were used to reproduce the disease. Diarrhea and oocyst shedding occurred in inoculated lambs and their contact twin siblings but not in uninoculated noncontact control lambs or in inoculated ewes.
Limb deformities in foals associated with ingestion of locoweed by mares
Authors: McIlwraith C. Wayne , James Lynn F.
Published: February 2025

Five of 26 pregnant mares observed ingesting locoweed (Astragalus mollisimus) subsequently aborted and another 10 produced foals with various limb deformities. Seven of the foals had deformities of a flexion-extension type and 3 had angular deformities. Four foals were normal. The limb deformities either resolved spontaneously (5 cases) or were treated successfully (in 4 of the other 5 cases). The problems of abortion and limb deformities were attributed to locoweed ingestion on the basis of the mares having eaten the plants, and the similarity of the syndrome to that previously reported in sheep and cattle.
Clinical and clinicopathologic features of transport tetany of feedlot lambs
Authors: Lucas M. J. , Huffman E. M. , Johnson L. W.
Published: February 2025

Clinical and clinicopathologic features of transport tetany in 9 feedlot lambs were investigated. The lambs became recumbent within 10 days after arrival in the feedlot. The mean serum calcium concentration, mean magnesium concentration, and calcium:phosphorus ratio were significantly (P<0.01) less in affected lambs than in 6 unaffected lambs from the same feedlot. The mean serum phosphorus concentration was significantly (P<0.05) greater in the group of affected lambs.

High activities of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase in the serum of affected lambs indicated muscle necrosis, which was confirmed by histologic examination. Blood pH, , and total carbon dioxide were significantly greater in affected lambs (P<0.01) than in unaffected lambs.
Dermatitis in horses and man caused by the straw itch mite
Authors: Kunkle A. , Greiner E. C.
Published: February 2025

An episode of dermatitis in 12 horses and many animal handlers in the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of Florida was attributed to the straw itch mite, Pyemotes tritici. The mite was found in abundance alfalfa hay that recently had been delivered to the hospital. Papules were the most common cutaneous lesions, and these developed on areas of the body to which the mites had easiest access. The clinical course was self-limiting, remitting when the hay supply was depleted.
A bluetongue epizootic in northwestern United States
Authors: Parish S. M. , Evermann J. F. , Olcott B. , Gay C.
Published: February 2025

During the summer and fall of 1980, an epizootic of bluetongue occurred in ruminants in the Northwest. Numerous virus isolates from affected sheep were identified as bluetongue virus serotype 10. High morbidity and mortality were observed in several flocks and may have been associated with concurrent internal parasite and nutritional problems. A high percentage of the cattle in the area were infected, as evidenced by a high prevalence of seropositive animals determined by agar gel immunodiffusion testing, but clinical disease was minimal.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute mastitis in a large dairy herd
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Smith A. R. , Gustafsson B. K. , Spahr S. L. , Whitmore H. L.
Published: February 2025

In a 270-cow dairy herd, milk samples from all cows with acute mastitis were cultured during a 12- month period. Of 119 isolates (from 166 quarters), 49% were gram-positive organisms, 39% were gram-negative organisms, and 12% were yeasts. Of all samples from cows with acute mastitis, 40% failed to produce colonies on culture media.

Recovery of the common gram-positive pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (11% of isolations) and Streptococcus agalactiae (1% of isolations), was rather low. However, S epidermidis (14% of isolations) and streptococci other than Str agalactiae (9% of isolations) were recovered more frequently than expected, particularly in recently calved cows. Coliform organisms accounted for 35% of the total isolates and were the single most important cause of acute mastitis. Of 42 cows with coliform mastitis, 6 died despite intensive antibiotic and electrolyte therapy. There was no death loss among cows with mastitis caused by gram-positive organisms.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 95 isolates to 11 antimicrobials was determined by standardized methods. Organisms were most often susceptible to chloramphenicol, cephalothin, and gentamicin.

A treatment regimen consisting primarily of oxytetracycline and/or sulfonamides systemically in conjunction with intramammary infusions of cephapirin was evaluated. Treatment response in 37 quarters was determined by culturing before treatment and at 4 or more days after treatment. Of 23 quarters initially culture-positive, 22 were negative on reculture. Treatment response appeared to agree with the results of the susceptibility testing.
Why the dairy industry does not make greater use of veterinarians
Authors: Goodger William J. , Ruppanner Roger
Published: February 2025

Interviews with 32 large-scale dairy operators in Tulare County, Calif, indicated that as large-scale dairies have replaced smaller dairies, the operator's reliance on the veterinarian as a primary source of advice about a wide range of dairy health management issues has declined. Large dairies require an integrated approach to herd management, ie, herd health, herd management, and production. Dairy operators do not look to veterinarians to provide this integrated approach, instead relying on feed representatives, nutritionists, accountants, and staff of dairy cooperatives. Operators perceive veterinarians as primary providers of clinical services only. As veterinarians have little conflict of interest or vested interest in giving advice about nutrition, proper facility design, and other general management issues, this perception of the veterinarian as a clinician only deprives the dairy operator of an objective appraisal of herd health, management, and production. Changing this perception will require a restructuring of many veterinary medical school curricula, with an emphasis on courses in epidemiology, preventive medicine, herd management, nutrition, and similar courses.
Treatment of canine pyometra and endometritis with prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Feldman E. C. , Stabenfeldt G. H.
Published: February 2025

Seventeen bitches with pyometra or postpartum endometritis were treated with prostaglandin F2α. Response to the treatment included cessation of uterine discharge, decrease in uterine diameter, reduction in plasma progesterone concentration, and return of a normal leukogram. Treatment of 14 bitches was successful, and 13 of these bitches subsequently experienced estrus. Of those 13 bitches, 11 were bred and 9 became pregnant. In 2 bitches, pyometra developed again, within 6 weeks of the following estrus, illustrating that bitches so affected are susceptible to recurrence of the disease. Of 4 bitches with closed cervix, one failed to respond to treatment, and two bitches with closed cervix required ovariohysterectomy shortly after instituting treatment.
Radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle
Authors: Nickels Frank A. , Sande Ronald
Published: February 2025

The radiographic and arthroscopic findings in the equine stifle were compared. Survey radiography, contrast arthrography, and arthroscopy were performed on both stifles of 10 horses. Nine of the horses were euthanatized to evaluate the effects of the techniques on the joints.

Techniques for double-contrast arthrography and arthroscopy were developed, and the findings were compared. Survey radiography identified only osseous structures. Double-contrast arthrography of the femoropatellar joint demonstrated articular surfaces of the trochlea, patella, and joint capsule. Those of the femorotibial joint defined the medial meniscus but not the lateral meniscus. On arthroscopy of the femoropatellar joint, intra-articular structures could be readily visualized. In the femorotibial sacs, structures were more difficult to identify. Gross examination of the stifle joint at necropsy revealed no overt effects of arthroscopy.
Inflammatory myopathy in a captive bengal tiger
Authors: Duncan I. D. , Stewart J. D. , Carpenter S.
Published: February 2025

A 9-year-old female Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) was presented with a history of progressive hindlimb weakness and muscle atrophy. Serum muscle enzyme activities were high, and electrophysiologic examination suggested an underlying myopathic process. Muscle biopsy revealed an inflammatory myopathy, with multifocal collections of inflammatory cells. There was severe muscle fiber necrosis with some evidence of regeneration. The cellular infiltrate consisted predominantly of macrophages, with a few lymphocytes and plasma cells. Evidence of parasitism or viral infection was not detected. Despite prolonged corticosteroid therapy, there was no clinical improvement or notable decrease in serum muscle enzymes activities. The tiger was euthanatized, and necropsy revealed generalized muscle inflammation, with no other pertinent findings.
Coccidia of feral swine from Florida
Authors: Greiner Ellis C. , Taylor Chester , Frankenberger William B. , Belden Robert C.
Published: February 2025

Fecal samples from 251 free-ranging feral swine (Sus scrofa) in Florida were examined for coccidia. Ten species of coccidia were recovered. In descending order with respect to prevalence, they were Eimeria porci, E debliecki, E neodebliecki, E scabra, E suis, E cerdonis, E polita, E perminuta, Isospora suis, and E spinosa. Of the swine examined, 87% were passing oocysts and 82% of the infected individuals were shedding at least 2 species of coccidia. All age classes included infected individuals. Statistically significant differences in the prevalence were found among study sites.
Baylisascaris procyonis and eimerian infections in raccoons
Authors: Dubey J. P.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-eight raccoons from Columbus, Ohio, were surveyed for intestinal parasites. Baylisascaris procyonis was found in 7, trichurid eggs in 2, capillarid eggs in 8, trichostrongyloid eggs in 9, and Eimeria procyonis oocysts in 23. Meronts, gamonts, and oocysts of E procyonis were found in epithelial cells at the tips of the villi of small intestine. Meronts were 7 × 5.5 μm and contained 4 to 10 merozoites which were 5 × 1.5 μm. Male gamonts were 15.5 × 11.7 μm and contained numerous gametes. Female gamonts were 13.7 × 11.3 μm. Oocysts were 15.5 × 11.8 μm and had the outer rough wall and the micropyle.

Baylisascaris procyonis-embryonated eggs were fed to 2 parasite-free cats, a Toxocara-free dog, a fox, a sheep, a goat, and numerous white laboratory mice. Neither lesions nor larvae were found in nonmurine hosts each fed 5,000 infective eggs; 16 or more eggs of the same inoculum were fatal to each mouse.
Ocular lesions in free-living raptors
Authors: Murphy C. J. , Kern T. J. , McKeever K. , McKeever L. , MacCoy D.
Published: February 2025

In a retrospective study, records of 931 raptors admitted to the Avian Clinic at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine and to the Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation were evaluated to determine the prevalence, cause, and distribution of ocular lesions. Some form of ocular lesion was identified in 135 (14.5%) birds. Of these, 90% were the result of physical injury. Collisions accounted for 33% of ocular lesions; gunshot wounds accounted for 11%. Unilateral lesions were more common than bilateral lesions, with the anterior segment being most frequently involved. Hyphema was the most common clinical finding.

In a prospective study involving raptors admitted to the Avian Clinic from 1980-1982, it was found that 17 of 61 birds (28%) had some form of ocular lesion. The higher prevalence in this study was attributed to a lower proportion of juvenile cases and to increased detection of subtle lesions, especially those involving the posterior segment.