bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Receptors Linking Circadian Rhythms and Cardiometabolic Control
Authors: Duez Hélène , Staels Bart
Published: July 2010

Many behavioral and physiological processes, including locomotor activity, blood pressure, body temperature, sleep (fasting)/wake (feeding) cycles, and metabolic regulation display diurnal rhythms. The biological clock ensures proper metabolic alignment of energy substrate availability and processing. Studies in animals and humans highlight a strong link between circadian disorders and altered metabolic responses and cardiovascular events. Shift work, for instance, increases the risk to develop metabolic abnormalities resembling the metabolic syndrome. Nuclear receptors have long been known as metabolic regulators. Several of them (ie, Rev-erbα, RORα, and peroxisome proliferation–activated receptors) are subjected to circadian variations and are integral components of molecular clock machinery. In turn, these nuclear receptors regulate downstream target genes in a circadian manner, acting to properly gate metabolic events to the appropriate circadian time window.
The ARUBA Trial
Authors: Mohr J.P. , Moskowitz Alan J. , Stapf Christian , Hartmann Andreas , Lord Karen , Marshall Steven M. , Mast Henning , Moquete Ellen , Moy Claudia Scala , Parides Michael , Pile-Spellman John , Salman Rustam Al-Shahi , Weinberg Alan , Young William L. , Estevez Alejandrina , Kureshi Inam , Brisman Jonathan L.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Report on the status of an on-going National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)-supported clinical trial of management of unbled brain arteriovenous malformations.

Summary of Review—

Begun in April 2007 with 3 centers, the trial has grown to 65 centers, and has randomized 124 patients through mid-June 2010 en route to the planned 400. The current literature continues to support the rationale for the trial.

Conclusions—

ARUBA is steadily approaching its monthly randomization goals and has already reached the number needed to test the maximum published interventional complication rates against the minimum hemorrhage rates for natural history.
Rapid Change in Prescribing Behavior in Hospitals Participating in Get With The Guidelines–Stroke After Release of the Management of Atherothrombosis With Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients (MATCH) Clinical Trial Results
Authors: Menon Bijoy K. , Frankel Michael R. , Liang Li , LaBresh Kenneth A. , Ellrodt Gray , Hernandez Adrian F. , Fonarow Gregg C. , Schwamm Lee H. , Smith Eric E.
Published: July 2010

Background and Purpose—

Physician prescribing patterns change slowly despite published randomized trials and consensus guidelines. We measure the effect of Management of Atherothrombosis With Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients (MATCH) trial on discharge prescribing patterns for patients with stroke and those with transient ischemic attack in the Get With The Guidelines (GWTG)–Stroke Program.

Methods—

We analyzed discharge prescribing patterns of antithrombotic medications for patients admitted with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack at hospitals participating in GWTG-Stroke between October 2002 to January 2006. Clinical information by quarter was analyzed in relation to publication of the MATCH study. Frequency of discharge prescription of aspirin+clopidogrel post-MATCH publication was compared with the pre-MATCH period after adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics and clustering by hospital.

Results—

A total of 107 872 patients at 632 sites were eligible to receive antithrombotic therapy at discharge. Use of aspirin+clopidogrel therapy declined from 22.4% to 15.4% of patients after the publication of MATCH (adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.70,
P
<0.0001). Analysis by quarter revealed a rapid and sustained decrease in use of aspirin+clopidogrel therapy for the remainder of the study period.

Conclusions—

A rapid and sustained reduction in the frequency of aspirin+clopidogrel use in ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack was observed after publication of the MATCH trial in the absence of MATCH-specific GWTG-Stroke initiatives and preceding an American Heart Association guideline update.
Constitutional Inclusion of Animal Rights in Germany and Switzerland: How Did Animal Protection Become an Issue of National Importance?
Authors: Evans Erin
Published: July 2010

Provisions for animal rights have been included in the national constitutions of Switzerland (1992, 2000) and Germany (2002). Protective constitutional inclusion is a major social movement success, and in view of the other movements also seeking increased political visibility and responsiveness, it is worth asking how and why nonhuman animals were allowed into this realm of political importance. This research seeks to explain how animal activists achieved this significant goal in two industrialized democracies. Using an approach drawn from the mainstream canon on social movements, this comparative study attempts to show how cultural factors, institutional selectivity, and the influence of spontaneous events, along with the tactic of “frame-bridging,” determined the success of both movements.
Mixed Feelings About Mixed Schools: Superintendents on the Complex Legacy of School Desegregation
Authors: Horsford Sonya Douglass
Published: July 2010

Purpose: This article considers the perspectives of superintendents who attended all-Black segregated schools and examines how their lived experiences informed their views on desegregation policy, programs, and practices. Research Design: This empirical, qualitative study used critical race theory as a methodological and analytical framework for collecting and interpreting participant narratives acquired through in-depth, semistructured interviews and autobiographical and biographical documents and artifacts. Findings: Study findings are presented as counterstories to (a) the inferior all-Black school, (b) equal education, access, and opportunity, and (c) integration, diversity, and inclusion, with implications for the perceived viability of school desegregation in the post- Brown era. Collectively, they reflect what one participant described as “mixed feelings” about school desegregation. Conclusions: The article concludes with implications for educational policy and practice to include support for racial literacy in educational leadership and policy and recommendations for promoting a proper education no matter the school context, separate or mixed.
Toward Addressing the Issues of Site Selection in District Effectiveness Research: A Two-Level Hierarchical Linear Growth Model
Authors: Bowers Alex J.
Published: July 2010

Purpose: District effectiveness research (DER) is an emerging field concerned with identifying the organizational structures, administration, and leadership practices at the school district level that help districts find success with all of their students across the schools within the system. This work has mirrored much of the early school effectiveness research (SER). However, to date across the DER literature, site selection for in-depth studies of districts deemed “effective” has been haphazard and nonsystematic. This is problematic given the long history of critiques centered on site selection in SER. The purpose of this study is to address and adapt the critiques from SER to a method of site selection for DER and test the method using a large multiyear data set to identify districts that are significantly unusual and effective. Research Design: A two-level hierarchical linear growth model that nests multiple time points per district (Level 1) within districts (Level 2) was used to predict gains in district achievement for all school districts in the state of Ohio during a 7-year period, 2001-2002 through 2007-2008. Findings: Districts that statistically significantly outperformed their predicted gains in achievement, controlling for background and demographic variables over the period, are identified as possible sites for in-depth qualitative studies for DER in comparison to districts performing at the norm. Conclusions: This study proposes and tests a method for district identification in DER that addresses the critiques from SER through controlling for achievement covariates, modeling district gains over time, and examining the population of districts within an entire state.
The Politics and Practice of Alternative Teacher Certification
Authors: Mitchell Douglas E. , Romero Lisa S.
Published: July 2010

Purpose: Alternative routes to teacher certification, such as California’s Intern Program, have increasingly gained support in the past decade. A significant and growing percentage of all new teachers, close to 30% in California, now enter classrooms through alternative paths and are considered highly qualified under No Child Left Behind. This research examines program designs and market strategies resulting from the subsidies provided to public and private intern programs in California. Research Design: This research is a conceptual analysis of qualitative data from 11 case studies. Findings: Intern programs are created by combining financial subsidies and regulations. An economic theory of subsidized and regulated service provision explains variations in program design and implementation. California’s policy framework produces four distinct intern program designs that depend on program operators’ response to two questions: (a) whether priority goes to serving school districts seeking teachers or to candidates seeking preferred training opportunities and (b) whether programs build on traditional teacher training or seek to substantially alter the nature of credential training. Case data indicate that answering these questions depends on whether public or private teaching colleges and universities, local school districts and county offices of education, or elite research universities are operating the programs. Conclusions: Four distinct training program designs have emerged from the intersection of California regulations and subsidies with the priorities, capacities, and interests of training providers. This study provides guidance regarding what can be expected to happen when service providers adapt state goals, regulations, and subsidies to local conditions to develop training programs.
Enduring Pictures in Our Heads: The Continuance of Authoritarianism and Racial Stereotyping
Authors: Cribbs Sarah E. , Austin D. Mark
Published: July 2010

This study highlights the importance of examining the influence of personality measures, specifically authoritarianism, on negative racial stereotyping, even in an era of alleged color blindness. The authors examine the relationship of various demographic variables and authoritarianism with negative racial stereotyping in a sample of White urban respondents. Current literature suggests that age, sex, marital status, religious identification, religious service attendance, education level, income, political affiliation, level of authoritarianism, and the demographic composition in an individual’s local population all affect racial stereotyping. The evidence presented, using path analysis, suggests that some demographic characteristics influence the level of negative racial stereotyping. While the effects of most included demographic characteristics were statistically significant, others, which continually resurface in the literature, remained insignificant (such as the demographic composition of the respondent’s area). The results of this study challenge the loss of traditional prejudice with color blindness and point to the importance of authoritarianism as a mediating factor in negative racial stereotyping. The authors conclude the greatest indicators of negative racial stereotyping included in this study are authoritarianism, education, and income, while many other demographics—such as marital status, religious identification and attendance, and political affiliation—have indirect influences through authoritarianism.
Glutamine Supplementation Decreases Intestinal Permeability and Preserves Gut Mucosa Integrity in an Experimental Mouse Model
Authors: dos Santos Rosana das Graças Carvalho , Viana Mirelle Lomar , Generoso Simone Vasconcelos , Arantes Rosa Esteves , Davisson Correia Maria Isabel Toulson , Cardoso Valbert Nascimento
Published: July 2010

Background: Glutamine (GLN) is the preferred fuel for enterocytes, and GLN supplementation is critical during stressful conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GLN on intestinal barrier permeability and bacterial translocation in a murine experimental model. Methods: Swiss male mice (25–30 g) were randomized into 3 groups: (1) sham group; (2) intestinal obstruction (IO) group; (3) IO and GLN (500 mg/kg/d) group. Two different experiments were carried out to assess intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. In the first experiment, the animals were divided into the 3 groups described above and received diethylenetriamine pentaacetate radiolabeled with technetium (99mTc) on the eighth day. At different time points after intestinal obstruction, blood was collected to determine radioactivity. The animals were killed, and the small intestine was removed for histological analyses. In the bacterial translocation study, on the eighth day all groups received Escherichia coli labeled with 99mTc. After 90 minutes, the animals underwent intestinal obstruction and were killed 18 hours later. Blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and lungs were removed to determine radioactivity. Statistical significance was considered when P ≤ .05. Results: The levels of intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation were higher in the IO group than in the sham and GLN groups (P < .05). GLN decreased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation to physiologic levels in the treated animals and preserved intestinal barrier integrity. Conclusions: GLN had a positive impact on the intestinal barrier by reducing permeability and bacterial translocation to physiologic levels and preserving mucosal integrity.
Testing a Model of Physical and Psychological Recovery After a Cardiac Event
Authors: Yates Bernice C. , Kosloski Karl , Kercher Kyle , Dizona Paul
Published: July 2010

Little is known about the specific sources and types of support that assist patients in alleviating stress and achieving positive recovery outcomes after a cardiac event. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of illness-related stress, emotional and tangible support from a significant other, and informational support from a health care provider on physical and psychological recovery outcomes in cardiac patients 8 weeks after their cardiac event. The sample consists of 220 cardiac patients. Data analysis uses structural equation modeling. Final fit indices were as follows: χ2 ( df = 110) = 156.169, comparative fit index = .963, Tucker—Lewis index = .949, and root mean square error of approximation = .044 suggesting an acceptable model. Illness-related stress has direct effects on depression, physical recovery, and activity levels. Partner emotional support has a direct effect on depression. The findings provide direction for developing social support interventions aimed at improving recovery outcomes.
Is an Ounce of Prevention Worth a Pound of Cure? Comparing Demand for Public Prevention and Treatment Policies
Authors: Bosworth Ryan , Cameron Trudy Ann , DeShazo J.R.
Published: July 2010

Background. Public policy can affect the allocation of resources between programs designed to prevent illnesses or injuries and programs designed to treat those who are already sick or injured. Information about preferences for treatment and prevention policies can help policy makers more effectively allocate public health resources among alternative uses. Our objective is to assess preferences for publicly funded health policies designed to prevent or treat major health threats. We use national surveys that employ discrete choice experiment formats. The surveys allow respondents to make trade-offs between policies designed to prevent or treat most major health threats. The surveys were administered to a nationally representative sample of over 3000 respondents. Methods. We estimate a random utility model of preferences for treatment and prevention policies and explore sources of systematic heterogeneity in preferences. Results. We estimate marginal utility associated with avoided deaths to be about twice as high for prevention policies as for treatment policies and find statistically significant heterogeneity with respect to disease type, the group targeted by the policy, and respondent characteristics. Conclusions. Preferences for public health policies vary markedly with policy attributes and with individual characteristics. Benefits measurements for welfare assessments of public health policies should be tailored to the type of health threat and the characteristics of the affected population.
A Method for Understanding Some Consequences of Bringing Patient-Generated Data into Health Care Delivery
Authors: Steward Duane A. , Hofler Richard A. , Thaldorf Carey , Milov David E.
Published: July 2010

Objective. The consequences of personal health record (PHR) phenomena on the health care system are poorly understood. This research measures one aspect of the phenomena—the time-cost impact of patient-generated data (PGD) using discrete event model (DEM) simulation. Background/Significance. Little has been written about the temporal and cognitive burden associated with new workflows that include PGD. This pilot study reports the results for time-cost and resource utilization of a ‘‘typical’’ ambulatory clinic under varying conditions of PGD burden. Methods. PGD effects are modeled with DEM simulation reflecting the sequential relationships, temporal coupling, and impact assumptions within a virtual clinic. Three simulation scenarios of ever-increasing PGD impact are compared to a baseline case of no PGD use. Results. Introduction of PGD resulted in expected increases in cost and resource utilization along with a few key exceptions and unanticipated consequences. Direct and indirect impacts were observed with notable nonlinear, nonadditive, disproportionate, heterogeneous aspects and interactions among consequent labor cost, visit length, workday length, and resource utilization. The middle-impact simulations showed a 29% increase in daily labor costs and 28% shrinkage of the margin between revenues and labor costs. Lengths of both workday and patient visit were extended and less predictable with PGD use. Utilization rates of most staff positions rose. Nurse utilization rates showed greatest increases. Physicians’ utilization rates paradoxically stayed relatively unchanged. Conclusion. This analysis contributes to an understanding of the effects of PGD on time and cognitive burdens of physicians, staff, and physical resources. It illustrates the usefulness of DEM simulation for the purpose. Avoidable consequences are exposed quantifiably for both the patient and the clinic. More realistic ways to respond to PGD impact are needed.
Congenital Biventricular Cardiac Diverticula in a Dog
Authors: Herráez P. , Rodríguez F. , Aguirre-Sanceledonio M. , Edwards J. F. , Suárez-Bonnet A. , Espinosa de los Monteros A.
Published: July 2010

Multiple diverticula of the right and left cardiac ventricular walls were incidental findings at necropsy in a juvenile, male, mixed-breed dog with no clinical history of heart disease. Each saccular diverticulum had a narrow communication into the corresponding ventricular chamber. Histologically, the diverticular walls consisted mainly of collagen without elastin fibers and atrophic cardiomyocytes. No inflammation or other lesions were associated with the diverticula or the rest of the myocardium. Based on the history and pathologic findings, a diagnosis of congenital biventricular fibrous diverticula was made.
DIAGNOSTIC EXERCISE: Oral Tumor in an Aged Mare
Authors: Snook E. R. , Wakamatsu N.
Published: July 2010

A 17-year-old, Thoroughbred mare was presented for necropsy with a large, invasive oral mass determined via immunohistochemistry to be a soft tissue sarcoma of neural origin. Oral sarcomas are rare in veterinary medicine, and to the authors' knowledge, this is the first oral sarcoma of neural tissue origin reported in a horse.
The velocity-reversal hypothesis revisited
Authors: Thompson Douglas Marshall
Published: July 2010

In 1971, Edward Keller proposed the velocity-reversal hypothesis to describe observations where near-bed velocities in pools increased at a faster rate than in riffles. The reversal in conditions was used to explain the maintenance of pool-riffle sequences. The hypothesis continues to draw interest, and research shows that velocity reversals occur in limited conditions, but average cross-sectional velocities in pools do not universally exceed those in riffles at near-bankfull flows. A consensus is now beginning to form that flow convergence in pools is common at high flow and helps to form an isolated region of jet flow with high velocities that maintains the characteristics of the pool-riffle sequence.
Evaluation of the main parameters affecting the Fenton oxidation process in municipal landfill leachate treatment
Authors: Mohammad Reza Sabour  , Mehdi Ghanbarzadeh Lak  , Rabbani Omid
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of the Fenton oxidation process for treating leachate from a municipal solid waste landfill collected from Aradkooh site, Tehran, Iran. The focus of the study was to evaluate the process performance by COD removal efficiency. Results indicate that the optimum amounts of oxidation parameters in the Fenton process were as follows: oxidation pH = 4, H 2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio = 4—5, Fe2+ ion dosage = 11 200—19 600 mg L-1 and oxidation time = 20—30 min. In addition, the maximum amount of COD that it was possible to remove by the Fenton process was about 47% of the initial value (i.e. 35 000 mg L-1). This level of removal was achieved by using 19 600 mg of Fe2+ per litre of leachate with H2O2/Fe 2+ molar ratio of 4.5, for the following operational conditions: oxidation pH = 4; coagulation pH = 7.5; oxidation time = 100 min; coagulation time = 30 min. Furthermore, it was found that 90% of oxidation occurred during the first 20 min of the oxidation stage. All the experiments, except for oxidation time, were conducted in two rounds for better optimization.
Effects of inorganic anions on Fenton oxidation of organic species in landfill leachate
Authors: Deng Yang , Rosario-Muniz Edualberto , Ma Xingmao
Published: July 2010

Fenton oxidation typically achieves only a moderate removal efficiency of chemical oxidation demand (COD) in treatment of a landfill leachate, incomparable to some other chemical oxidation processes (e.g. electrochemical oxidation). A traditional viewpoint is that the remaining highly oxidized organic species become recalcitrant to hydroxyl radical (OH·)-induced oxidation at a higher degree of Fenton oxidation. Although this may, at least partially, be true, the effects of inorganic anions, which are abundant in leachate, on Fenton oxidation have been largely ignored. The objective of this study is to assess the roles of three inorganic anions (nitrate, sulfate, and chloride) originally present in or externally added to leachate during Fenton oxidation of refractory organic species in leachate. Nitrate [Formula: see text] did not significantly affect the COD removal rate. In contrast, sulfate [Formula: see text] and chloride [Formula: see text], particularly the latter, inhibited Fenton oxidation. Their inhibiting effect may be ascribed to: (1) scavenging of OH·; and (2) competition with H2O2 to form Fe(III) complexes, thus preventing the Fe(II) regeneration from Fe(III) reduction. At 2.125H2O2:initial COD(COD0) = 9.0, [H2O2]:[Fe2+] = 3, and pH = 3.0, 96, 62, 49, and 37% of COD0 (1254 mg L−1) were removed in the presence of 0, 1270, 5000, and 10 000 mg L−1[Formula: see text], respectively.
Adult exposure to sasanguasaponin induces spermatogenic cell apoptosis in vivo through increased oxidative stress in male mice
Authors: Jian Li  , Zixu Wang  , Dazhao Shi  , Yaoxing Chen
Published: July 2010

Effects of sasanguasaponin (SGS), a compound from defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera, on abnormal spermatogenesis were studied in adult male mice using daily intragastric administration of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 6 weeks. The sperm counts decreased and the number of abnormal spermatozoa increased in mice treated with SGS at 400 mg/kg dose level. Testicular weight and seminiferous tubular area gradually decreased as dosage increased to 400 mg/kg SGS. Germ cells were rarefied and showed irregular distribution in seminiferous tubules (STs). Apoptosis was pronounced among spermatocytes and spermatids at the 400 mg/kg dose level. Antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxide capacity (T-AOC) markedly decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased in the testes. These results suggest that adult exposure to SGS (400 mg/kg) induces spermatogenic apoptosis through increased oxidative stress in male mice.
Flood series data for the later Holocene: Available approaches, potential and limitations from UK alluvial sediments
Authors: Jones A.F. , Lewin J. , Macklin M.G.
Published: July 2010

Flood sediments characterise the alluvial record, though the series of floods these deposits record is a complex one because of variable deposition in different alluvial subenvironments. To date, flood sequences in the UK have been analysed using upland boulder berms, vertically accreting fills in contracting channels, cutoff fills and flood basin deposits. These cover different timespans ranging from c. 100—300 yr (berms and channel fills) to a limited set of the most extreme of Holocene events. Collation of future site data may allow record splicing to generate longer or more continuous series. Other sequences are potentially available from alternative depositional environments, including lateral accretion deposits, slackwater sediments in bedrock channels and palaeochannels. However, these have not produced UK results as yet, and there are reasons for them being less useful in this environment than has proved to be the case elsewhere. Finally, a new approach to overbank sedimentation sequences is presented. Analysing such deposits in much greater detail than hitherto gives flood series on a millennial timescale, and it is suggested that the prevalence of such sediments on UK floodplains may allow longer and more complete flood series data to be obtained than has otherwise been possible.
Holocene glacier chronologies: Are ‘high-resolution’ global and inter-hemispheric comparisons possible?
Authors: Winkler Stefan , Matthews John A.
Published: July 2010

In the context of reconstruction of Holocene glacier chronologies, there has been a clear tendency during the past few decades towards imprecise use of the term ‘high resolution’. Furthermore, it seems to be increasingly assumed that recently developed terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide dating (TCND) is replacing earlier dating methods. Although recent glaciological knowledge clearly reveals the futility of oversimplified global and inter-hemispheric correlation on the basis of few ‘key’ sites, such comparisons are widely attempted. Stimulated by the example of a recently published article relating to the Southern Alps of New Zealand (Schaefer et al., 2009, Science 324: 622—625) we highlight some related potential problems with the interpretation of Holocene glacier chronologies. In particular, we consider (1) that the term ‘high resolution’ should be applied only to decadal-scale resolution or better and, therefore, not to TCND-based chronologies; (2) that discontinuous moraine chronologies should not be termed high resolution and that their potential geomorphological limitations should be acknowledged; and (3) that TCND-based moraine chronologies should not automatically replace evidence available from other dating techniques but that they should be regarded as complementary and an opportunity for mutual evaluation. Owing to local and regional patterns in glacier response to climate, it is concluded (4) that intra-hemispheric synchroneity in high-resolution Holocene glacier variations is still unproven, and hence (5) that inter-hemispheric comparison is arguably premature, if not impossible. Finally, it is suggested (6) that the first priority for research in this field should be to establish the spatial patterns in glacier behaviour evident at various scales in Holocene records.
Commentary on “Appreciative Inquiry as a Shadow Process”
Authors: Bushe Gervase R.
Published: July 2010

Fitzgerald, Oliver & Hoaxey’s paper, in my opinion, is the finest critique yet written on appreciate inquiry. They help us to think deeply and avoid simplistic notions of “positive” and “negative”, reminding us that holding too tightly to decontextualized assertions of what is positive can get in the way of the very things AI aspires to do. I comment on how AI’s original intent of studying the “life giving properties” of social systems got translated into studying “the positive”. The paper also offers a new contingency for understanding why AI succeeds or fails: the extent to which dreams, aspirations and expression of positive affect are censored by the organization. I question whether all transformational change processes are inherently counter cultural and if so, would AI be useful in a positively deviant organization. Finally, the paper reminds us that superb scholarship on organizational change is most likely to come from those fully engaged in the practice of it.
Convergent Validity of a Screening Measure Designed to Identify Defendants Feigning Knowledge Deficits Related to Competence to Stand Trial
Authors: Otto Randy K. , Musick Jeffrey E. , Sherrod Christina
Published: July 2010

Because some defendants undergoing evaluation of their competence to stand trial may feign limitations in their ability to understand and participate in the legal process, assessment of their response style is critical. Preliminary research indicates that the Inventory of Legal Knowledge (ILK) has some potential to identify persons feigning competence related impairments. This study examined the convergent validity of the ILK using a sample of criminal defendants who, while undergoing competency evaluations, were administered the ILK and other response style measures. Moderate correlations between the ILK and these other tools provided some support for the ILK as a measure of response style.
A Parallel Code for Time-Dependent acoustic Scattering Involving Passive or Smart Obstacles
Authors: Migliori Silvio , Bracco Giovanni , Fatone Lorella , Recchioni Maria Cristina , Zirilli Francesco
Published: July 2010

A highly parallelizable numerical method to solve three-dimensional time-dependent acoustic obstacle scattering problems involving passive or smart, furtive, realistic obstacles is presented. ‘‘Realistic’’ obstacles have complex geometries, ‘‘passive’’ obstacles do not react by taking an action to pursue a goal when hit by an incoming wave, and ‘‘smart furtive’’ obstacles, when hit by an incoming wave, pursue the goal of being undetectable by circulating a suitable pressure current on their boundaries. Incoming wave packets containing time-harmonic waves of small wavelengths when compared with the characteristic dimension of the obstacles are considered. The features of the computational method proposed to solve these scattering problems that can be exploited in a parallel and/or distributed computing environment are presented. Numerical experiments involving a simplified version of the NASA space shuttle are discussed. The websites: http://www.econ.univpm.it/ recchioni/scattering/w12, http://www.econ.univpm.it/recchioni/scattering/w14 contain animations and virtual reality applications showing some numerical experiments relative to the problems studied. A more general reference to the work of some of the authors and of their coworkers in acoustic and electromagnetic scattering is the website: http://www.econ. univpm.it/recchioni/scattering.
Governing through career coaching: negotiations of self-marketing
Authors: Fogde Marinette
Published: July 2010

Career coaching for job seekers has become increasingly prevalent when guiding the management of the self in practices such as writing Curriculum Vitae (CV). This article explores career coaching by a Swedish white-collar union targeted at students. Through a framework of ‘governmentality in action’ (Brownlie, 2004), the article focuses on the interaction between career coaches and students and how this discursive practice is negotiated in talk. The concept of discursive positioning is used to analyse talk in interaction and the way people are positioned in discourse by their own and others’ utterances (Davies and Harré, 1990). The findings point to obstacles and ambiguities in the construction of a ‘sellable’ self. They also show that subjects actively participate in their own self-construction. Further, the category of a marketing self indicates obstacles emanating from gender and national identity in this context.
Case Study of a Cancer Survivor
Authors: Ocampo Alaine
Published: July 2010

Medulla blastomas are known to be invasive and rapidly growing tumors. This case study follows a boy’s journey for 3 years from when he was first diagnosed with medulla blastoma. The journey illustrates the complexities and challenges faced by individuals treated for brain tumors. A multifaceted view based on psychometric, cognitive-neuroscience, and humanistic approaches can be beneficial during the assessment and intervention of children with a similar diagnosis. The article also highlights how family and society both play an important role in an individual’s quality life. The boy’s journey is presented through the lens of a speech-language pathologist.
Human Papillomavirus Health Policy
Authors: Bryer Jennifer
Published: July 2010

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and the leading cause of cervical cancer. The Food and Drug Administration approved the first human papillomavirus vaccine and has recommended routine vaccination of 11 to 12 year old girls with catch-up vaccination for females 13 to 26 years of age. This primary prevention tool for cervical cancer could significantly reduce cervical cancer, but broad vaccination coverage will be required. Health care providers are in a position to educate parents and teens about the benefits of receiving the recommended HPV vaccine. Mandating the HPV vaccine can be effective in increasing vaccine rates, reducing disease disparities, and decreasing rates of cervical cancer.
The Contribution of Nursing to High-Value Inpatient Care
Authors: Kurtzman Ellen T.
Published: July 2010

Reports of suboptimal health care quality and rising expenditures have led payers to institute policies intended to improve outcomes and lower costs. Referred to as value-driven health care, these policies have multiplied in recent years. Despite their appeal, nursing-the nation’s single largest provider of health care-has largely been excluded from these policy directions. This article describes the nature of the evidence substantiating nursing’s contribution to quality and cost and explores the reasons-scientific, economic, societal, and political-that these contributions have been largely ignored in the formulation of federal policy. Recommendations are made to strengthen the nurse-value case and convince health care stakeholders, including policy makers, that the relationship is established, enduring, and sufficient for national action.
Telephone-based mutual peer support for depression: a pilot study
Authors: Travis Jamie , Roeder Kathryn , Walters Heather , Piette John , Heisler Michele , Ganoczy Dara , Valenstein Marcia , Pfeiffer Paul
Published: July 2010

Objectives: To evaluate the acceptability, feasibility and depression-related outcomes of a telephone-based mutual peer support intervention for individuals with continued depressive symptoms in specialty mental health treatment.

Methods: Participants were depressed patients with continued symptoms or functional impairment treated at one of the three outpatient mental health clinics. Participants were partnered with another patient, provided with basic communication skills training, and asked to call their partner at least once a week using a telephone platform that recorded call initiation, frequency and duration. Depression symptoms, quality of life, disability, self-efficacy, overall mental and physical health and qualitative feedback were collected at enrolment, 6 weeks and 12 weeks.

Results: Fifty-four participants enroled in the 12-week intervention and 32 participants (59.3%) completed the intervention. Participants completing the study averaged 10.3 calls, with a mean call length of 26.8 min. The mean change in BDI-II score from baseline to study completion was -4.2 (95% CI: -7.6, -0.8; p<0.02). Measures of disability, quality of life and psychological health also improved. Qualitative assessments indicated that participants found meaning and support through interactions with their partners.

Discussion: Telephone-based mutual peer support is a feasible and acceptable adjunct to specialty depression care. Larger trials are needed to determine efficacy and effectiveness of this intervention.
Followers or leaders? What is the role for social care practitioners in annual health checks for adults with learning disabilities?
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Martineau Steven
Published: July 2010

The promotion of health checks for adults with learning disabilities in England is government policy based on the need to address lack of access to healthcare services and poor health outcomes for this group of citizens. This article reports the findings of a scoping review of the literature carried out in 2009 to explore the implications of a national system of health checks for the work of practitioners in social care services. The review found little in the research literature relevant to social care practice and concluded that there is a need to consider the possible roles of social care staff in initiating health checks; their possible involvement in decision making around issues of consent; social care practice in recording and implementing the recommendations of such checks; possible roles as escorts, chaperones and supporters with communications; and the presence of regulatory scrutiny of their participation in this activity.
‘It terrifies me, the thought of the future’: listening to the current concerns of informal carers of people with a learning disability
Authors: Mansell Ian , Wilson Christine
Published: July 2010

The aim of this article is to report findings from a study that asked carers for their views on a wide range of topics. Issues relevant to the current concerns of carers are reported here. A mixed method triangulated design yielded both quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 647 members of a parent/carer federation were sent a questionnaire with a section on ‘current concerns’. The response rate was 23 percent (151 participants). Two focus groups were held with 15 carers who had completed the questionnaire. Issues of concern to carers included access to health and social care information and services; quality and quantity of respite care; suitable educational provision; independence and quality of life (for a person with learning disability); and what would happen to the person with learning disability when the carer was no longer able to carry out their caring role.
Encounters with professionals: views and experiences of mothers with intellectual disability
Authors: Starke Mikaela
Published: July 2010

Seven Swedish mothers with an intellectual disability were interviewed for this exploratory study, aimed at charting such mothers’ views and experiences of their encounters with different health and social service professionals. Three distinct themes emerged from the interviews. First, the mothers experienced the interaction to be marred by lack of comprehensibility, resulting from inadequate information and their perception of not being treated properly. Second, despite their reservations about the nature of the interaction, several of the mothers also reported having received support that had strengthened their parental ability and had been experienced as empowering. Third, several of the mothers also clearly perceived themselves as subjects needing support. The results, overall, indicated that the interaction between the mother and the professionals suffered from a certain paternalism in the attitude of the latter.
You’re not to dance with the girls: oral history, changing perception and practice
Authors: Mee Steve
Published: July 2010

The learning disability nursing course at the University of Cumbria features people with a learning disability presenting an oral history of their past in a long-stay institution. These are powerful stories which frequently portray very negative life experiences. Student feedback suggests that the resulting learning is profound, possibly transformative and offering a different type of learning to a ‘traditional’ lesson. Students report that they experience different and more positive perceptions of people with a learning disability. They have a new respect for people who have survived these experiences. This change of perception may, in part, be due to observing people with a learning disability in positive roles such as storyteller, teacher and carer. The students reported that in subsequent placements their professional practice changed as a result of these insights. These changes include being more outspoken against bad practice and being able to listen more effectively.
A case note follow-up of women with intellectual disability referred for sterilization
Authors: Roy Meera
Published: July 2010

A case note audit was carried out to follow up women with intellectual disabilities referred for contraceptive sterilization 20 years ago. None of the women had been sexually active or become pregnant. Two had hysterectomies for medical indications at a younger age. Women with intellectual disability may use reversible and less invasive methods of contraception before considering contraceptive sterilization. Although the assessments predated the Mental Capacity Act 2005, they were largely compliant with it.
On mechanism of flow softening in Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–3Cr
Authors: Jones N G , Jackson M
Published: July 2010

The flow behaviour of Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–3Cr with an initial microstructure containing acicular α platelets has been characterised during isothermal subtransus forging. Flow softening was observed, following yielding and limited hardening, for all investigated temperatures and strain rates, before a steady state flow regime being reached at a strain of ∼0·5. The acicular α plates were found to have been fragmented by the forging process, which is concurrent with previous findings. The flow behaviour of the fully retained β phase below the β transus temperature has been established and found to be similar to that of the steady state flow of platelet α in a β matrix. Forging the acicular α microstructure to low strains resulted in higher dislocation concentrations in the β matrix than could be observed in the α precipitates, supporting the hypothesis of hardening through dislocation impedance. Evidence of fragmentation via a pinch-off mechanism was found where slip was observed to have been transmitted across an α plate. Thus following yield the flow behaviour is dominated by the pile-up of dislocations at the α/ β interface before the transmission of slip leads to plate fragmentation resulting in flow softening to a steady state regime governed entirely by the β matrix.
Cellular source and molecular form of TNF specify its distinct functions in organization of secondary lymphoid organs
Authors: Tumanov Alexei V. , Grivennikov Sergei I. , Kruglov Andrei A. , Shebzukhov Yuriy V. , Koroleva Ekaterina P. , Piao Yulan , Cui Chang-Yi , Kuprash Dmitry V. , Nedospasov Sergei A.
Published: July 2010

Secondary lymphoid organs provide a unique microenvironment for generation of immune responses. Using a cell type–specific conditional knockout approach, we have dissected contributions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produced by B cells (B-TNF) or T cells (T-TNF) to the genesis and homeostatic organization of secondary lymphoid organs. In spleen, lymph nodes and Peyer patches, the cellular source of TNF, and its molecular form (soluble versus membrane-bound) appeared distinct. In spleen, in addition to major B-TNF signal, a complementary T-TNF signal contributed to the microstructure. In contrast, B-TNF predominantly controlled the development of follicular dendritic cells and B-cell follicles in Peyer patches. In lymph nodes, cooperation between TNF expressed by B and T cells was necessary for the maintenance of microarchitecture and for generation of an efficient humoral immune response. Unexpectedly, soluble but not membrane TNF expressed by B cells was essential for the organization of the secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, the maintenance of each type of secondary lymphoid organ is orchestrated by distinct contributions of membrane-bound and soluble TNF produced by B and T lymphocytes.
Multiple signaling pathways induced by hexavalent, monospecific, anti-CD20 and hexavalent, bispecific, anti-CD20/CD22 humanized antibodies correlate with enhanced toxicity to B-cell lymphomas and leukemias
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Goldenberg David M. , Rossi Edmund A. , Chang Chien-Hsing
Published: July 2010

We have generated hexavalent antibodies (HexAbs) comprising 6 Fabs tethered to one Fc of human IgG1. Three such constructs, 20-20, a monospecific HexAb comprising 6 Fabs of veltuzumab (humanized anti-CD20 immunoglobulin G1κ [IgG1κ]), 20-22, a bispecific HexAb comprising veltuzumab and 4 Fabs of epratuzumab (humanized anti-CD22 IgG1κ), and 22-20, a bispecific HexAb comprising epratuzumab and 4 Fabs of veltuzumab, were previously shown to inhibit pro-liferation of several lymphoma cell lines at nanomolar concentrations in the absence of a crosslinking antibody. We now report an in-depth analysis of the apoptotic and survival signals induced by the 3 HexAbs in Burkitt lymphomas and provide in vitro cytotoxicity data for additional lymphoma cell lines and also chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient specimens. Among the key findings are the significant increase in the levels of phosphorylated p38 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) by all 3 HexAbs and the notable differences in the signaling events triggered by the HexAbs from those incurred by crosslinking veltuzumab or rituximab with a secondary antibody. Thus, the greatly enhanced direct toxicity of these HexAbs correlates with their ability to alter the basal expression of various intracellular proteins involved in regulating cell growth, survival, and apoptosis, with the net outcome leading to cell death.