bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vicarious Liability in Tort
Authors: Giliker Paula
Published: January 2011

Vicarious liability is controversial: a principle of strict liability in an area dominated by fault-based liability. By making an innocent party pay compensation for the torts of another, it can also appear unjust. Yet it is a principle found in all Western legal systems, be they civil law or common law. Despite uncertainty as to its justifications, it is accepted as necessary. In our modern global economy, we are unlikely to understand its meaning and rationale through study of one legal system alone. Using her considerable experience as a comparative tort lawyer, Paula Giliker examines the principle of vicarious liability (or, to a civil lawyer, liability for the acts of others) in England and Wales, Australia, Canada, France and Germany, and with reference to legal systems in countries such as the United States, New Zealand and Spain.
Moral Status and Human Life
Authors: Dwyer James G.
Published: January 2011

Are children of equal, lesser, or perhaps even greater moral importance than adults? This work of applied moral philosophy develops a comprehensive account of how adults as moral agents ascribe moral status to beings - ourselves and others - and on the basis of that account identifies multiple criteria for having moral status. It argues that proper application of those criteria should lead us to treat children as of greater moral importance than adults. This conclusion presents a basis for critiquing existing social practices, many of which implicitly presuppose that children occupy an inferior status, and for suggesting how government policy, law, and social life might be different if it reflected an assumption that children are actually of superior status.
Cupid in Early Modern Literature and Culture
Authors: Kingsley-Smith Jane
Published: January 2011

Cupid became a popular figure in the literary and visual culture of post-Reformation England. He served to articulate and debate the new Protestant theory of desire, inspiring a dark version of love tragedy in which Cupid kills. But he was also implicated in other controversies, as the object of idolatrous, Catholic worship and as an adversary to female rule: Elizabeth I's encounters with Cupid were a crucial feature of her image-construction and changed subtly throughout her reign. Covering a wide variety of material such as paintings, emblems and jewellery, but focusing mainly on poetry and drama, including works by Sidney, Shakespeare, Marlowe and Spenser, Kingsley-Smith illuminates the Protestant struggle to categorise and control desire and the ways in which Cupid disrupted this process. An original perspective on early modern desire, the book will appeal to anyone interested in the literature, drama, gender politics and art history of the English Renaissance.
English Revenge Drama
Authors: Woodbridge Linda
Published: January 2011

Vengeance permeates English Renaissance drama - for example, it crops up in all but two of Shakespeare's plays. This book explores why a supposedly forgiving Christian culture should have relished such bloodthirsty, vengeful plays. A clue lies in the plays' passion for fairness, a preoccupation suggesting widespread resentment of systemic unfairness - legal, economic, political and social. Revengers' precise equivalents - the father of two beheaded sons obliges his enemy to eat her two sons' heads - are vigilante versions of Elizabethan law, where penalties suit the crimes: thieves' hands were cut off, scolds' tongues bridled. The revengers' language of 'paying' hints at the operation of revenge in the service of economic redress. Revenge makes contact with resistance theory, justifying overthrow of tyrants, and some revengers challenge the fundamental inequity of social class. Woodbridge demonstrates how, for all their sensationalism, their macabre comedy and outlandish gore, Renaissance revenge plays do some serious cultural work.
Cosmic Challenge
Authors: Harrington Philip S.
Published: January 2011

Listing more than 500 sky targets, both near and far, in 187 challenges, this observing guide will test novice astronomers and advanced veterans alike. Its unique mix of Solar System and deep-sky targets will have observers hunting for the Apollo lunar landing sites, searching for satellites orbiting the outermost planets, and exploring hundreds of star clusters, nebulae, distant galaxies, and quasars. Each target object is accompanied by a rating indicating how difficult the object is to find, an in-depth visual description, an illustration showing how the object realistically looks, and a detailed finder chart to help you find each challenge quickly and effectively. The guide introduces objects often overlooked in other observing guides and features targets visible in a variety of conditions, from the inner city to the dark countryside. Challenges are provided for the naked eye, through binoculars and the largest backyard telescopes.
A First Course in Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Brannan David Alexander
Published: January 2011

Mathematical Analysis (often called Advanced Calculus) is generally found by students to be one of their hardest courses in Mathematics. This text uses the so-called sequential approach to continuity, differentiability and integration to make it easier to understand the subject.Topics that are generally glossed over in the standard Calculus courses are given careful study here. For example, what exactly is a 'continuous' function? And how exactly can one give a careful definition of 'integral'? The latter question is often one of the mysterious points in a Calculus course - and it is quite difficult to give a rigorous treatment of integration! The text has a large number of diagrams and helpful margin notes; and uses many graded examples and exercises, often with complete solutions, to guide students through the tricky points. It is suitable for self-study or use in parallel with a standard university course on the subject.
Geometry and Topology
Authors: Reid Miles , Szendroi Balazs
Published: January 2011

Geometry provides a whole range of views on the universe, serving as the inspiration, technical toolkit and ultimate goal for many branches of mathematics and physics. This book introduces the ideas of geometry, and includes a generous supply of simple explanations and examples. The treatment emphasises coordinate systems and the coordinate changes that generate symmetries. The discussion moves from Euclidean to non-Euclidean geometries, including spherical and hyperbolic geometry, and then on to affine and projective linear geometries. Group theory is introduced to treat geometric symmetries, leading to the unification of geometry and group theory in the Erlangen program. An introduction to basic topology follows, with the Möbius strip, the Klein bottle and the surface with g handles exemplifying quotient topologies and the homeomorphism problem. Topology combines with group theory to yield the geometry of transformation groups,having applications to relativity theory and quantum mechanics. A final chapter features historical discussions and indications for further reading. With minimal prerequisites, the book provides a first glimpse of many research topics in modern algebra, geometry and theoretical physics. The book is based on many years' teaching experience, and is thoroughly class-tested. There are copious illustrations, and each chapter ends with a wide supply of exercises. Further teaching material is available for teachers via the web, including assignable problem sheets with solutions.
An Introduction to Noncommutative Noetherian Rings
Authors: Goodearl K. R. , Warfield, Jr R. B.
Published: January 2011

This 2004 introduction to noncommutative noetherian rings is intended to be accessible to anyone with a basic background in abstract algebra. It can be used as a second-year graduate text, or as a self-contained reference. Extensive explanatory discussion is given, and exercises are integrated throughout. Various important settings, such as group algebras, Lie algebras, and quantum groups, are sketched at the outset to describe typical problems and provide motivation. The text then develops and illustrates the standard ingredients of the theory: e.g., skew polynomial rings, rings of fractions, bimodules, Krull dimension, linked prime ideals. Recurring emphasis is placed on prime ideals, which play a central role in applications to representation theory. This edition incorporates substantial revisions, particularly in the first third of the book, where the presentation has been changed to increase accessibility and topicality. Material includes the basic types of quantum groups, which then serve as test cases for the theory developed.
Genetic structure and long-distance dispersal in populations of the wingless pest springtail,Sminthurus viridis(Collembola: Sminthuridae)
Authors: ROBERTS JOHN M. K. , WEEKS ANDREW R.
Published: January 2011

The lucerne flea,Sminthurus viridis(Collembola: Sminthuridae) (L.) is a major pest of broadacre agriculture across southern Australia. Few molecular studies have been conducted onS. viridisand none have examined its population genetics, despite the importance for developing effective control strategies. Here, we characterize the genetic structure of Australian populations using three allozyme and eight microsatellite loci, as well as sequencing a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene. We found thatS. viridisin Australia are diploid, sexually reproducing and exhibit significant population structure as a result of limited gene flow. Despite significant differentiation between populations, there was very low cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence variation, indicating the presence of a single species in Australia. The observed structure only marginally complied with an ‘isolation by distance’ model with human-mediated long-distance dispersal likely occurring. Allozymes and microsatellites gave very similarFSTestimates, although differences found for novel alternative estimates of differentiation suggest that the allozymes did not capture the full extent of the population structure. These results highlight that control strategies may need to vary for locally adaptedS. viridispopulations and strategies aimed at limiting the spread of any future pesticide resistance will need to manage the effects of human-mediated dispersal.
Balancing generations: on the strength and character of family norms in the West and East of Europe
Authors: DAATLAND SVEIN OLAV , HERLOFSON KATHARINA , LIMA IVAR A.
Published: January 2011

This article explores the strength and character of responsibility norms between older parents and adult children in a European context. Data from the ‘Generations and Gender Survey’ are analysed to compare seven countries from the North West to the South East of Europe: Norway, Germany, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Russia and Georgia. Norm strength is measured as the level of support for filial and parental responsibility norms. Character differences are indicated by how conditional the norms are, and how they are balanced between the younger and older generations. The general findings are in line with the family culture hypothesis – family norms are stronger towards the East and South of the continent, with Norway and Georgia as the extreme cases. National differences are considerable for filial norms, but moderate for parental norms. Parental responsibility is relatively stronger in the North West, filial responsibility in the South East. Family norms have a more open character in the West, where the limits to responsibility are widely recognised. Women are less supportive of family obligations than men. It is suggested that where the welfare state is more developed, it has moderated the demanding character of family obligations and allowed a more independent relationship between the generations to form. The level of support for filial obligation is for these reasons a poor indicator for family cohesion in more developed welfare states.
Ethical and Legal Issues in Enhancement Research on Human Subjects
Authors: MEHLMAN MAXWELL J. , BERG JESSICA W. , JUENGST ERIC T. , KODISH ERIC
Published: January 2011

The United States, along with other nations and international organizations, has developed an elaborate system of ethical norms and legal rules to govern biomedical research using human subjects. These policies govern research that might provide direct health benefits to participants and research in which there is no prospect for participant health benefits. There has been little discussion, however, about how well these rules would apply to research designed to improve participants’ capabilities or characteristics beyond the goal of good health. When mentioned at all in the literature, this so-called enhancement research, as opposed to research aimed at diagnosing, preventing, curing, or treating illnesses or medical conditions, is usually dismissed without explanation.
Confrontations in “Genethics”: Rationalities, Challenges, and Methodological Responses
Authors: COGGON JOHN
Published: January 2011

It was only a matter of time before the portmanteau term “genethics” would be coined and a whole field within bioethics delineated. The term can be dated back at least to 1984 and the work of James Nagle, who claims credit for inventing the word, which he takes “to incorporate the various ethical implications and dilemmas generated by genetic engineering with the technologies and applications that directly or indirectly affect the human species.” In Nagle’s phrase, “Genethic issues are instances where medical genetics and biotechnology generate ethical problems that warrant societal deliberation.” The great promises and terrific threats of developments in scientific understanding of genetics, and the power to enhance, modify, or profit from the knowledge science breeds, naturally offer a huge range of issues to vex moral philosophers and social theorists. Issues as diverse as embryo selection and the quest for immortality continue to tax analysts, who offer reasons as varied as the matters that might be dubbed “genethical” for or against the morality of things that are actually possible, logically possible, and even just tenuously probable science fiction.
MRI Research Proposals Involving Child Subjects: Concerns Hindering Research Ethics Boards from Approving Them and a Checklist to Help Evaluate Them
Authors: SHILOFF J. DEBORAH , MAGWOOD BRYAN , MALISZA KRISZTINA L.
Published: January 2011

The process of research is often lengthy and can be extremely arduous. It may take many years to proceed from the initial development of an idea through to the comparison of the new modalities against a current gold-standard practice. Each step along the way involves rigorous scientific review, where protocols are scrutinized by multiple scientists not only in the specific field at hand but related fields as well. In addition to scientific review, most countries require a further review by a panel that will specifically address the ethics of the proposed research. In Canada, those panels are referred to as Research Ethics Boards (REB), with the United States counterparts known as Institutional Review Boards (IRB).
Monte Carlo study on mucosal dose in oral and naval cavity using photon beams with small field
Authors: Chow James C.L. , Owrangi Amir M.
Published: January 2011

We study how mucosal dose in the oral or nasal cavity depends on the irradiated small segmental photon fields varying with beam energy, beam angle and mucosa thickness. Dose ratio (mucosal dose with bone underneath to dose at the same point without bone) reflecting the dose enhancement due to the bone backscatter was determined by Monte Carlo simulation (EGSnrc-based code), validated by measurements. Phase space files based on the 6 and 18 MV photon beams with small field size of 1 × 1 cm2, produced by a Varian 21 EX linear accelerator, were generated using the BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code. Mucosa phantoms (mucosa thickness = 1, 2 and 3 mm) with and without a bone under the mucosa were irradiated by photon beams with gantry angles varying from 0 to 30°. Doses along the central beam axis in the mucosa and the dose ratio were calculated with different mucosa thicknesses. For the 6 MV photon beams, the dose at the mucosa-bone interface increased by 44.9–41.7%, when the mucosa thickness increased from 1 to 3 mm for the beam angle ranging from 0 to 30°. These values were lower than those (58.8–53.6%) for the 18 MV photon beams with the same beam angle range. For both the 6 and 18 MV photon beams, depth doses in the mucosa were found to increase with an increase of the beam angle. Moreover, the dose gradient in the mucosa was greater for the 18 MV photon beams compared to the 6 MV. For the dose ratio, it was found that the dose enhancement due to the bone backscatter increased with a decrease of mucosa thickness, and was more significant at both the air-mucosa and mucosa-bone interface. Mucosal dose with bone was investigated by Monte Carlo simulations with different experimental configurations, and was found vary with the beam energy, beam angle and mucosa thickness for a small segmental photon field. The dosimetric information in this study should be considered when searching for an optimized treatment strategy to minimize the mucosal complications in the head-and-neck intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
NetNotes
Authors: Phillips Thomas E.
Published: January 2011

Selected postings from the Microscopy Listserver from September 1, 2010 to October 31, 2010. Complete listings and subscription information can be obtained at http://www.microscopy.com. Postings may have been edited to conserve space or for clarity.
A (Relatively) Simple Method to Visualize Single Molecules
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W. , Fernandez Julio M.
Published: January 2011

Fluorescence microscopy can be used to study certain single molecules in solution or attached to a surface. Two conflicting challenges to overcome are: (1) to image freely moving molecules for long times and (2) to image immobilized single molecules when there is a highly fluorescent background. The fact that these two goals are inversely related is illustrated by epifluorescence, which is good for observing freely diffusing molecules but poor for detecting single molecules, whereas the reverse is true for zero-mode waveguides. Plus, these and other techniques require elaborate (read: expensive) equipment with computerized controls. Sabrina Leslie, Alexander Fields, and Adam Cohen have developed an ingenious (relatively) simple technique that can image freely moving single molecules.
Advanced Techniques for Observation and Photomicrography of Subcellular Structures in Diatom Shells
Authors: Piper Jörg , Chmela Gunther
Published: January 2011

Purified rod-shaped frustules of diatoms are characterized by typical patterns consisting of small lamellate dark and bright stripes that are equidistant from each other. The smallest spaces are about 0.2 μm or less; such small distances correspond with the usual limit of resolution in light microscopy. Therefore, high-end equipment is necessary for the observation and photomicrography of these fine structures. In this paper, we report on the lens and illumination combinations required for good results in this special task.
Nashville on My Mind
Authors: Lyman Charles
Published: January 2011

Nashville, Tennessee, will be the venue for the next Microscopy & Microanalysis meeting, August 7–11, 2011. From the famous Grand Ole Opry to the interesting historical buildings, Nashville has something for everyone.
Physical weed control in processing tomatoes in Central Italy
Authors: Raffaelli Michele , Fontanelli Marco , Frasconi Christian , Sorelli Francesca , Ginanni Marco , Peruzzi Andrea
Published: January 2011

Tomato is a very important vegetable crop in Italy. Improving the means of production for processing organic tomatoes could help guarantee better profits for farmers and, at the same time, enhance environmental management and safeguard consumers’ health. Weed control, in particular within crop rows, is one of the main problems in organic farming, and thus also for the organic cultivation of tomato. The aim of this study was to develop innovative strategies and equipment for effective physical weed control in processing tomatoes. A conventional weed management system incorporating herbicides was compared with an alternative system relying exclusively on physical control during three growing seasons (2006–2008) on a farm located near Pisa, Italy. The crop was transplanted mechanically onto paired rows. The conventional strategy consisted of three different chemical treatments, two post-transplanting PTO-powered rotary hoe passes and several hand-weeding treatments on the paired rows. The alternative system included a stale seedbed technique (performed by a rolling harrow pass and one flaming treatment), two post-transplanting precision hoeing treatments and several hand-weeding treatments. All the machines for the alternative system were adjusted and set up for processing tomatoes transplanted in paired rows. Each physical treatment (mechanical and thermal) within the alternative system allowed an ‘instantaneous’ (just before/just after) weed control from 50 to 100%, while the alternative strategy as a whole achieved values of weed dry biomass at harvest ranging from 22 to 126 g m−2. However, the alternative system required a total labor input that averaged 50% higher than the conventional strategy. The conventional system had on average more effective weed control than the alternative system, but both strategies controlled weeds effectively. Weed biomass at harvest averaged 36 and 68 g m−2 for conventional and alternative strategies, respectively. On the other hand, the alternative system generally led to a significant increase in fresh crop yield (+13% average yield for the 3 years).
Urban Areas and Climate Change
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: January 2011

Half of the world's population lives in urban areas today, and 80% of the world's population is predicted to be city dwelling by 2030. The urban heat island effect, in which cities are several degrees warmer than their surrounding areas, is therefore likely to increase along with increasing urbanization.

Scientists at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting last week discussed new research on urban areas and climate change. A.‐L. Beaulant of Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Météo‐France, used modeling studies to predict characteristics of future heat waves in the Paris metropolitan area. In a scenario in which emissions continue torise, she found that there could be three heat waves per year on average between 2075 and 2099. With some emissions mitigation, there might be two heat waves per year during that time, compared with only one heat wave every 4 years on average now
Locating EPA documents
Authors: Showstack Randy , Tretkoff Ernie
Published: January 2011

Reg Stat, a new Web site produced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provides information about EPA documents published in the Federal Register from 2005 to 2009. EPA publishes between 1700 and 1900 documents in the Federal Register each year.
A new view of solar flares
Authors: Showstack Randy , Tretkoff Ernie
Published: January 2011

Results from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft provide new insights that could establish a link between explosions that occur at different areas of the solar surface at the same time. Previously, it had been thought that explosions on the Sun were caused by changes in the local magnetic field at the area where the flare occurred, but for decades researchers have observed “sympathetic flares” that erupt at the same time but are not obviously connected.

The new research, described at a press conference at the AGU Fall Meeting last week, shows that the complicated changes of the Sun's magnetic field connect activity over large areas of the Sun's surface, so that solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) erupting from distant areas of the Sun may be linked by the same magnetic field activity. In the case of an event observed by SDO on 1 August 2010, eruptions as far apart as the diameter of the Sun were found to be connected.
Forests at risk
Authors: Showstack Randy , Tretkoff Ernie
Published: January 2011

The forests of the southwestern United States are especially vulnerable to climate change, according to studies presented at the AGU Fall Meeting. Park Williams of the University of California, Santa Barbara and colleagues compared tree ring growth records from the Southwest to climate records. The records show a clear correlation between growth rate and temperature and growth rate and precipitation, with tree growth rates slowing during hotter and drier years. The researchers concluded that southwestern United States forests are particularly sensitive to heat and drought.

A global overview of tree death presented at the meeting showed that the American Southwest is not the only vulnerable region. Craig Allen of the U.S. Geological Survey reported that there have been episodes of significant tree death around the world in recent decades and suggested that these die‐offs are likely linked to climate‐induced stress. Such losses could increase as warming continues. “No forest type on this planet is immune to drought and heat‐induced mortality,” said Allen.
Jean Francheteau (1943–2010)
Authors: Sclater John , Le Pichon Xavier
Published: January 2011

Jean Francheteau, pioneering marine geologist and geophysicist, AGU Fellow, and emeritus professor at the University of Brest (Université de Bretagne Occidentale), died on 21 July in St‐Renan, Brittany, France, at the age of 67 after a long illness. With his passing, the field of Earth sciences lost a major contributor to the development of a definitive theory of plate tectonics and one of the first to make visual geological observations on the deep seafloor. Such scientific accomplishments, coupled with his personal charm and the ability to collaborate with researchers from many institutions, ensured that he had a huge influence not only on the world of research but also on teaching and the application of ethics to science.
Prioritizing Global Observations Along Essential Climate Variables
Authors: Bojinski Stephan , Richter Carolin
Published: January 2011

The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Secretariat, housed within the World Meteorological Organization, released in August 2010 updated guidance for priority actions worldwide in support of observations of GCOS Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). This guidance states that full achievement of the recommendations in the 2010 Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/gcos/Publications/gcos‐138.pdf) is required to ensure that countries are able to understand and predict climate change and its impacts and manage their response throughout the 21st century and beyond.

GCOS is sponsored by the United Nations and the International Council for Science (ICSU) and is an internationally coordinated network of observing systems and a program of activities that support and improve the network, which is designed to meet evolving national and international requirements for climate observations. One of the main objectives of GCOS is to sustain observations into the future to allow evaluation of how climate is changing, so that informed decisions can be made on prevention, mitigation, and adaptation strategies. GCOS priorities are based on the belief that observations are crucial to supporting the research needed to refine understanding of the climate system and its changes, to initialize predictions on time scales out to decades, and to develop the models used to make these predictions and longer‐term scenario‐based projections. Observations are also needed to assess social and economic vulnerabilities and to support related actions needed across a broad range of societal sectors by underpinning emerging climate services.
This Is the Last Eos Issue in 2010
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: January 2011

This issue is the last Eos that will be published in 2010.

Like many other weekly publications, we are combining the last two issues of the year.
AKAPs in lipid rafts are required for optimal antigen presentation by dendritic cells
Authors: Schillace Robynn V , Miller Casey L , Carr Daniel W
Published: January 2011

Dendritic cell (DC) maturation and antigen presentation are regulated by activation of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways, through unknown mechanisms. We have recently shown that interfering with PKA signaling through the use of anchoring inhibitor peptides hinders antigen presentation and DC maturation. These experiments provide evidence that DC maturation and antigen presentation are regulated by A‐kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Herein, we determine that the presence of AKAPs and PKA in lipid rafts regulates antigen presentation. Using a combination of western blotting and immuno‐cytochemistry, we illustrate the presence of AKAP149, AKAP79, Ezrin and the regulatory subunits of PKA in DC lipid rafts. Incubation of DCs with the type II anchoring inhibitor, AKAP‐in silico (AKAP‐IS), removes Ezrin and RII from the lipid raft without disrupting raft formation. Addition of a lipid raft disruptor, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin, blocks the efficacy of AKAP‐IS, suggesting that the lipid raft must be intact for AKAP‐IS to inhibit antigen presentation. Ezrin and AKAP79 are present in the lipid raft of stimulated KG1 cells, but Ezrin is not present in the lipid raft of unstimulated KG1 cells and AKAP79 levels are greatly diminished, suggesting that Ezrin and AKAP79 may be the key AKAPs responsible for regulating antigen presentation.
Cross‐presentation of epitopes on virus‐like particles via the MHC I receptor recycling pathway
Authors: Win Stephanie J , Ward Vernon K , Dunbar P Rod , Young Sarah L , Baird Margaret A
Published: January 2011

Effective vaccines and immunotherapies against cancer require professional antigen‐presenting cells to cross‐present exogenous antigen to initiate cytotoxic T‐cell responses to destroy tumors. Virus‐like particles (VLPs), containing tumor antigens, which can immunize against cancers, are cross‐presented by dendritic cell (DC) but the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. Here, we used VLPs, derived from rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) with both murine and human DCs, to elucidate these pathways. We have employed inhibitors to demonstrate that these VLPs are taken up by clathrin‐dependent macropinocytosis and phagocytosis before being degraded in acidic lysosomal compartments. VLP‐derived peptides are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex I that have been recycled from the cell surface. Antigen‐coupled VLPs and murine ovalbumin‐specific and human melanoma‐associated antigen recognized by T cells (MART‐1)‐specific CD8+ T cells were used to demonstrate cross‐presentation via this alternate, receptor recycling pathway, which operated independently of the proteasome and the transporter‐associated with antigen presentation. Finally, we found that cross‐presentation of VLPs in vivo was not confined to CD8α+ DC subsets. These data define the cross‐presentation pathway for RHDV VLPs and may lead to improved cancer immunotherapies.
Calibrated NEXAFS spectra of common conjugated polymers
Authors: Watts B. , Swaraj S. , Nordlund D. , Lüning J. , Ade H.
Published: January 2011

Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has evolved into a powerful characterization tool for polymeric materials and is increasingly being used to elucidate composition and orientation in thin films of relevance to organic electronic devices. For accurate quantitative compositional analysis, insight into the electronic structure and the ability to assess molecular orientation, reliable reference spectra with known energy resolution and calibrated energy scale are required. We report a set of such NEXAFS spectra from 23 semiconducting polymers and some related materials that are frequently used in organic device research.
A new approach to decoherence and momentum rescaling in the surface hopping algorithm
Authors: Subotnik Joseph E. , Shenvi Neil
Published: January 2011

As originally proposed, the fewest switches surface hopping (FSSH) algorithm does not allow for decoherence between wavefunction amplitudes on different adiabatic surfaces. In this paper, we propose an inexpensive correction to standard FSSH dynamics wherein we explicitly model the decoherence of nuclear wave packets on distinct electronic surfaces. Our augmented fewest switches surface hopping approach is conceptually simple and, thus far, it has allowed us to capture several key features of the exact quantum results. Two points in particular merit attention. First, we obtain the correct branching ratios when a quantum particle passes through more than one region of nonadiabatic coupling. Second, our formalism provides a new and natural approach for rescaling nuclear momenta after a surface hop. Both of these features should become increasingly important as surface hopping schemes are applied to higher-dimensional problems.
Nanometer-resolution optical probe using a metallic-nanoparticle-intercalated carbon nanotube
Authors: Nakata Toshihiko , Watanabe Masahiro
Published: January 2011

We propose a nanometer-resolution optical probe tip for near-field scanning optical microscopy that utilizes a carbon nanotube (CNT) with a conical bottom end, in which gold nanoparticles are intercalated. The near-field component of the input source was coupled with a nanoparticle at the top end of the CNT and was plasmonically transferred through both the CNT and nanoparticles to reproduce a nanometer-order near-field spot at the bottom end of the CNT. The field distribution at the output plane of the CNT probe tip was calculated using the finite-difference time-domain algorithm; a 5 nm near-field optical spot was obtained at a wavelength of 886 nm for a 20 nm diameter and 200 nm long CNT probe tip filled with 4 nm diameter gold nanoparticles. The spectral response of the CNT probe tip was also presented. These results indicate that a metallic-nanostructure-intercalated CNT probe tip has significant potential for nanometer-resolution optical imaging.
Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid methanol. I. Molecular modeling including C–H vibration and fermi resonance
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuya , Sokolov Vladimir V. , Morita Akihiro
Published: January 2011

A flexible and polarizable methanol model has been developed on the basis of charge response kernel (CRK) theory. The present CRK methanol model well reproduces bulk liquid and interfacial properties, including density, enthalpy of vaporization, diffusion coefficient, surface tension, and radial distribution functions. The modeling of intramolecular potential incorporates the anharmonic coupling effects pertinent to the Fermi resonance of stretching and bending overtones, with its effective quantum correction. Therefore, the present methanol model can describe the vibrational spectroscopic features of infrared, Raman, and sum frequency generation spectra of C–H or C–D stretching region of methanol or deuterated methanol on the same footing. This model allows for further detailed analysis of C–H vibrations of alkyl moieties by molecular dynamics simulation.
Molecular dynamics simulation of liquid methanol. II. Unified assignment of infrared, raman, and sum frequency generation vibrational spectra in methyl C–H stretching region
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuya , Sokolov Vladimir V. , Morita Akihiro
Published: January 2011

Vibrational spectra of methyl C–H stretching region are notoriously complicated, and thus a theoretical method of systematic assignment is strongly called for in condensed phase. Here we develop a unified analysis method of the vibrational spectra, such as infrared (IR), polarized and depolarized Raman, and ssp polarized sum frequency generation (SFG), by flexible and polarizable molecular dynamics simulation. The molecular model for methanol has been developed by charge response kernel model to allow for analyzing the methyl C–H stretching vibrations. The complicated spectral structure by the Fermi resonance has been unraveled by empirically shifting potential parameters, which provides clear information on the coupling mechanism. The analysis confirmed that for the IR, polarized Raman, and SFG spectra, two-band structure at about 2830 and 2950 $\mathrm{cm}^{-1}$ cm −1 results from the Fermi resonance splitting of the methyl C–H symmetric stretching and bending overtones. In the IR spectrum, the latter, higher-frequency band is overlapped with prominent asymmetric C–H stretching bands. In the depolarized Raman spectrum, the high frequency band at about 2980 $\mathrm{cm^{-1}}$ cm −1 is assigned to the asymmetric C–H stretching mode. In the SFG spectrum, the two bands of the splitted symmetric C–H stretching mode have negative amplitudes of imaginary nonlinear susceptibility $\chi ^{(2)}$χ(2), while the higher-frequency band is partly cancelled by positive imaginary components of asymmetric C–H stretching modes.
Enthalpy space analysis of the evolution of the primary relaxation time in ultraslowing systems
Authors: Martinez Garcia J. C. , Tamarit J. Ll. , Rzoska S. J.
Published: January 2011

For decades the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation has dominated the description of dynamics of the non-Arrhenius behavior in glass forming systems. Recently, this dominance has been questioned. Hecksher et al. [Nat. Phys. 4, 737 (2008)], Elmatad et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 5563 (2009)], and Mauro et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 19780 (2009)] indicated superiority of several equations showing no divergence at a finite (nonzero) temperature. This paper shows distortion-sensitive and derivative based empirical analysis of the validity of leading equations for portraying the previtreous evolution of primary relaxation time.
Mechanisms of laser induced modification of lead and barium vanadate glasses
Authors: Dongol Ruhil , Tweeton Landon , Faris Cory , Feller Steve , Affatigato Mario
Published: January 2011

We report on our investigations on the mechanisms for structural and morphological change in lead and barium vanadate glasses modified by 785 nm laser irradiation. The fundamental process is thermal in nature, leading to phase decomposition, phase changes, and mass transport in the center of the irradiated region, as well as the formation of lead-or barium-rich debris zones. Crystallization is also a consequence of the exposure to the laser light. We further report on preirradiation experiments in which low-power exposure above a determined energy threshold results in structural changes that bridge the gap between the amorphous state and the ultimate crystalline arrangement. Finally, we discuss the application of the laser irradiation in the making of vanadate microspheres.
Thermodynamic and dynamic anomalies in a one-dimensional lattice model of liquid water
Authors: Barbosa Marco Aurélio A. , Barbosa Fernando Vito , Oliveira Fernando Albuquerque
Published: January 2011

We investigate the occurrence of waterlike thermodynamic and dynamic anomalous behavior in a one dimensional lattice gas model. The system thermodynamics is obtained using the transfer matrix technique and anomalies on density and thermodynamic response functions are found. When the hydrogen bond (molecules separated by holes) is more attractive than the van der Waals interaction (molecules in contact) a transition between two fluid structures is found at null temperature and high pressure. This transition is analogous to a ‘critical point’ and intimately connects the anomalies in density and in thermodynamic response functions. Monte Carlo simulations were performed in the neighborhood of this transition and used to calculate the self diffusion constant, which increases with density as in liquid water.
Water clusters on Cu(110): Chain versus cyclic structures
Authors: Kumagai T. , Okuyama H. , Hatta S. , Aruga T. , Hamada I.
Published: January 2011

Water clusters are assembled and imaged on Cu(110) by using a scanning tunneling microscope. Water molecules are arranged along the Cu row to form “ferroelectric” zigzag chains of trimer to hexamer. The trimer prefers the chain form to a cyclic one in spite of the reduced number of hydrogen bonds, highlighting the crucial role of the water–substrate interaction in the clustering of adsorbed water molecules. On the other hand, the cyclic form with maximal hydrogen bonds becomes more favorable for the tetramer, indicating the crossover from chain to cyclic configurations as the constituent number increases.
Effects of ionic strength on SAXS data for proteins revealed by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Oroguchi Tomotaka , Ikeguchi Mitsunori
Published: January 2011

The combination of small-angle X-ray solution scattering (SAXS) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is now becoming a powerful tool to study protein conformations in solution at an atomic resolution. In this study, we investigated effects of ionic strength on SAXS data theoretically by using MD simulations of hen egg white lysozyme at various NaCl concentrations from 0 to 1 M. The calculated SAXS excess intensities showed a significant dependence on ion concentration, which originates from the different solvent density distributions in the presence and absence of ions. The addition of ions induced a slow convergence of the SAXS data, and a ∼20 ns simulation is required to obtain convergence of the SAXS data with the presence of ions whereas only a 0.2 ns simulation is sufficient in the absence of ions. To circumvent the problem of the slow convergence in the presence of ions, we developed a novel method that reproduces the SAXS excess intensities with the presence of ions from short MD trajectories in pure water. By applying this method to SAXS data for the open and closed forms of transferrin at 1 M ion concentration, the correct form could be identified by simply using short MD simulations of the protein in pure water for 0.2 ns.
Addition of one and two units of C2H to styrene: A theoretical study of the C10H9 and C12H9 systems and implications toward growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at low temperatures
Authors: Landera Alexander , Kaiser Ralf I. , Mebel Alexander M.
Published: January 2011

Various mechanisms of the formation of naphthalene and its substituted derivatives have been investigated by ab initio G3(MP2,CC)/B3LYP/6-311G** calculations of potential energy surfaces for the reactions of one and two C2H additions to styrene combined with RRKM calculations of product branching ratios under single-collision conditions. The results show that for the C2H + styrene reaction, the dominant routes are H atom eliminations from the initial adducts; C2H addition to the vinyl side chain of styrene is predicted to produce trans or cis conformations of phenylvinylacetylene (t- and c-PVA), whereas C2H addition to the ortho carbon in the ring is expected to lead to the formation of o-ethynylstyrene. Although various reaction channels may lead to a second ring closure and the formation of naphthalene, they are not competitive with the direct H loss channels producing PVAs and ethynylstyrenes. However, c-PVA and o-ethynylstyrene may undergo a second addition of the ethynyl radical to ultimately produce substituted naphthalene derivatives. α- and β-additions of C2H to the side chain in c-PVA are calculated to form 2-ethynyl-naphthalene with branching ratios of about 30% and 96%, respectively; the major product in the case of α-addition would be cis-1-hexene-3,5-diynyl-benzene produced by an immediate H elimination from the initial adduct. C2H addition to the ethynyl side chain in o-ethynylstyrene is predicted to lead to the formation of 1-ethynyl-naphthalene as the dominant product. The C2H + styrene → t-PVA + H/c-PVA + H/ o-ethynylstyrene, C2H + c-PVA → 2-ethynyl-naphthalene + H, and C2H + o-ethynylstyrene → 1-ethynyl-naphthalene + H reactions are calculated to occur without a barrier and with high exothermicity, with all intermediates, transition states, and products lying significantly lower in energy than the initial reactants, and hence to be fast even at very low temperature conditions prevailing in Titan's atmosphere or in the interstellar medium. If styrene and C2H are available and overlap, the sequence of two C2H additions can result in the closure of a second aromatic ring and thus provide a viable route to the formation of 1- or 2-ethynyl-naphthalene. The analogous mechanism can be extrapolated to the low-temperature growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in general, as a step from a vinyl-PAH to an ethynyl-substituted PAH with an extra aromatic ring.
Morphology change from nanocrack into periodic pore array formed by femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Moon Chiwon , Kanehira Shingo , Miura Kiyotaka , Tochigi Eita , Shibata Naoya , Ikuhara Yuichi , Hirao Kazuyuki
Published: January 2011

Defects inside single crystals are an important concern because they directly affect the physical or chemical properties of the material, especially in sapphire used as substrates for semiconductors. We have investigated the thermally activated transformations of nanometer-scale cracks and phase transitions inside sapphire by femtosecond laser irradiation and successive heat treatments. The nanocracks transformed into periodic arrays of pores and dislocations that aligned along the {11¯02} planes after heat treatments above 1300 °C. The amorphous phase at the focal point recovered into the initial single crystalline phase after the heat treatments. Our study provides useful information on the recovery behavior of nanometer-scale defects in a single crystal.
Characterization of self-propagating formation reactions in Ni/Zr multilayered foils using reaction heats, velocities, and temperature-time profiles
Authors: Barron S. C. , Knepper R. , Walker N. , Weihs T. P.
Published: January 2011

We report on intermetallic formation reactions in vapor-deposited multilayered foils of Ni/Zr with 70 nm bilayers and overall atomic ratios of Ni:Zr, 2 Ni:Zr, and 7 Ni:2 Zr. The sequence of alloy phase formation and the stored energy is evaluated at slow heating rates (∼1 K/s) using differential scanning calorimetry traces to 725 °C. All three chemistries initially form a Ni–Zr amorphous phase which crystallizes first to the intermetallic NiZr. The heat of reaction to the final phase is 34–36 kJ/mol atom for all chemistries. Intermetallic formation reactions are also studied at rapid heating rates (greater than 105 K/s) in high temperature, self-propagating reactions which can be ignited in these foils by an electric spark. We find that reaction velocities and maximum reaction temperatures (Tmax) are largely independent of foil chemistry at 0.6±0.1 m/s and 1220±50 K, respectively, and that the measured Tmax is more than 200 K lower than predicted adiabatic temperatures (Tad). The difference between Tmax and Tad is explained by the prediction that transformation to the final intermetallic phases occurs after Tmax and results in the release of 20%–30% of the total heat of reaction and a delay in rapid cooling.