bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Individuals' Responses and Attractiveness Influence Aggression
Authors: Alcock Daniel , Solano Joseph , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

The influence of one's physical appearance is enormous, especially during social interactions with others. The effect of sex on aggressiveness during social encounters with confederates of different sexes and attractiveness was investigated. Undergraduate college participants, 40 men and 40 women, had water spilled on them as an aggression-provoking situation. All participants were rated for aggression by the two experimenters and by themselves. The main effect for attractiveness as observed by the experimenters was significant, with unattractive confederates having more aggression manifested toward them than toward their attractive peers. The main effect for response was significant, with confederates responding neutrally to having more aggression manifested toward them than confederates who apologized. No other main effects or interactions were significant.
Use of the MMPI—A to Assess Personality of Juvenile Male Delinquents Who are Sex Offenders and Nonsex Offenders
Authors: Losada-Paisey Gloria
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the relationship between offender type and personality in 21 juvenile males adjudicated for crimes of a sexual nature and 30 juvenile males adjudicated for nonsexual offenses including Possession of Narcotics, Burglary, Criminal Mischief, Assault, and other crimes involving property. Subjects who were aged 13 to 17 years (mean age 15) and committed to the State of Connecticut, Long Lane School, were administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent (MMPI–A). Scores on Psychopathic Deviate and Schizophrenia scales contributed most to the juveniles being classified as sex offenders, whereas scores on Hysteria and Psychasthenia contributed primarily to subjects being classified as nonsex offenders. A single discriminant function attained statistical significance, thereby correctly classifying 77% of the nonsex offenders and 71% of the sex offenders. Results indicate that sex offenders may be distinguished from nonsex offenders according to clinical scales of the MMPI–A.
Supervisors' Support Received by Women Managers: Country and Sex of Supervisors
Authors: Burke Ronald J. , Divinagracia Louis A. , Mamo Ermias
Published: August 2011

This study compared supervisors' support reported by Filipino managerial women having women or men as supervisors and supervisors' support reported by Filipino and Canadian managerial women. Filipino managerial women received significantly more support from women than men as supervisors, and Filipino managerial women received significantly more support than did Canadian women.
Super's Work Values Inventory Scales as Intrinsic or Extrinsic Constructs
Authors: Dagenais Fred
Published: August 2011

Factor analysis provides a quantitative basis for ascription of scales in the Work Values Inventory into “intrinsic” and “extrinsic” categories.
Side Effects of Incidental Computer Use: Increased Confidence
Authors: Weber James E. , Ash Steven R. , Weber Paula S.
Published: August 2011

100 students were administered a pretest based on two of Chickering's 1990 seven vectors of educational development. 67 participated in one of two management classes which required use of computers. 33 acted as a control group with no in-class computer use. Analyses indicate that in addition to intended gains in learning, students also showed related developmental effects including increased confidence in using computers. Changes in scores on perceived Autonomy, controlling for prior computer use and outside exposure to computers, were not significant. Results show some effects from using computers in the classroom to augment instruction.
Asian-American, Euro-American, and African-American Students' Universal-Diverse Orientation and Preferences for Characteristics of Psychologists
Authors: Fuertes Jairo N. , Gelso Charles J.
Published: August 2011

Sex, race, and scores on Universal-Diverse Orientation were analyzed as predictors of students' preferences for certain psychologists' characteristics. Preferences for similarity of race and sex were clear.
Response-Rate Differences and Response-Enhancement Effects by Population Type
Authors: Green Kathy E. , Boser Judith A. , Hutchinson Susan R.
Published: August 2011

A meta-analysis of 193 survey research studies examined differences in response rate by population type. Analysis suggests higher response rates may be expected from surveys of students and educators than from surveys of the general population. Effects of treatments intended to affect response rate differed minimally by type of population.
Validity of the Perceived Criticism Measure in an Undergraduate Sample
Authors: White Jeffrey D. , Strong Joanna E. , Chambless Dianne L.
Published: August 2011

The concurrent and predictive validity of the Perceived Criticism Measure's Criticism and Upset subscales was assessed for undergraduates, 21 men and 98 women. Participants were asked to identify five people important to them at present (typically these were parents as well as peers) and, for each, to rate how critical that person was as well as how upsetting they found that criticism to be. Scores on Upset exhibited convergent validity with another self-report measure of general sensitivity to criticism, whereas those on Criticism did not. Neither measure predicted higher ratings of criticism in a specific interaction with a mildly critical peer. Divergent validity with scores on a measure of depression was supported for Upset but was less clear for Criticism. Strong evidence of predictive validity for Criticism and Upset was obtained. Ratings for both Peer scales predicted increased negative affect after mild criticism from a peer, although this interaction took place 4 to 10 weeks after administration of the Perceived Criticism Measure.
Correlates of Primary and Secondary Murder
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The social correlates of the murder rates of American states in 1980 varied with the relationship of the victim to the murderer.
Family Capital and Hong Kong Adolescents' Academic Achievement
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin , Kwok Yanny
Published: August 2011

This study examined relationships between the economic, human, social, and cultural capital of families and adolescents' academic achievement. Data were collected from 387 14-yr.-old Hong Kong students (187 girls, 200 boys), who completed questionnaires to assess their perceptions of the various dimensions of family capital. Academic achievement was measured by performance in Chinese language, English language, and mathematics. The findings indicated that different combinations of the dimensions of family capital combined to contribute to moderate amounts of variance in adolescent girls' academic performance, whereas social capital was the only family measure to have a meaningful and significant modest association with adolescent boys' academic achievement.
Adult Smoking in the Home Environment and Children's IQ
Authors: Johnson Dale L. , Swank Paul R. , Baldwin Constance D. , McCormick David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 3- and 5-yr.-old children, smoking in the home was found to be significantly and inversely related to IQ. Children of normal birth weight and without neurological impairment had been enrolled in a longitudinal study of child development. Analyses were conducted with sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, educational stimulation in the home, day care, and mother's intelligence controlled. Significant results were obtained for scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Revised at age three years and on the major Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition scales at ages three and five years. All effects were for the mother, not the father, smoking in the home.
Forced Exercise Blocks Learned Helplessness in the Cockroach (Periplaneta Americana)
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Davis Eric , Johnson Amanda
Published: August 2011

For three consecutive days, two groups of adult female cockroaches ( Periplaneta americana) ( ns=10) received inescapable shock. 24 hr. later one group was exposed to 10 min. of forced exercise on a treadmill while the other group received no exercise. Both groups were then run in a shuttlebox escape task. The cockroaches exposed to forced exercise did not become helpless in the shuttlebox escape task.
Lifeguards' Vigilance: Effects of Child-Adult Ratio and Lifeguard Positioning on Scanning by Lifeguards
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: August 2011

Observers recorded visual scanning by four lifeguards at three indoor public swimming pools. Scanning increased as a positive function of the ratio of children to adult swimmers, i.e., scanning was greater when the ratio was high, suggesting that lifeguards became more concerned about the risks to children and the ability of nearby adult swimmers to monitor these children when the number of children significantly exceeded the number of adults. Absolute numbers of children, however, decreased number of scans, possibly because of greater number of incidents and rule violations requiring lifeguards' attention which competed with watching the pool. Lifeguards were more likely to scan a pool area when they were in elevated towers versus standing on the pool decks. Lifeguards' scanning declined later in the day, possibly due to fatigue or because of competing activities of pool maintenance.
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of an Intergenerational Program for Youth
Authors: Kassab Cathy , Vance Linda
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this research was to assess the effectiveness of an intergenerational program for youth. Findings indicated that, after participating in the program, youth had more favorable attitudes toward the elderly and more knowledge of the aging process than youth in the control group. The program did not appear to have a direct effect on participants' willingness to volunteer, although results indicated that willingness to volunteer may increase indirectly through the improved attitudes of participants toward the elderly.
Factors Influencing Placement Recommendations for Hospitalized Individuals with Chronic Mental Illness
Authors: Muzekari Louis H. , Lonigan Christopher J.
Published: August 2011

This study was undertaken to identify factors that may preclude a patient's discharge from a community mental health center and result in the patient being labeled “unplaceable.” Placement recommendations differed between the state hospital staff and a mental health professional employed by the center to evaluate 28 patients. A measure designed to assist in the assessment of patients' competencies suggested the professionals recommendations were more related to patients' skills in areas associated with community living than were those of the state hospital staff Follow-up indicated that 15 patients discharged according to the professionals' recommendations maintained community tenure Use of a more psychometrically sound and comprehensive assessment concerning discharge and placement may improve likelihood of success.
Effect of Response Effort on Secondary Reward Value
Authors: Armus Harvard L.
Published: August 2011

This study tested whether a distinctive secondary rewarding stimulus (a black or a white goal box) of a Y-maze associated with a difficult response (running “uphill”) would be preferred to the box associated with an easy response (running on a horizontal plane). If so, it would indicate that secondary reward value was positively related to response difficulty in organisms having little in the way of cultural conditioning, namely, laboratory rats. The data, however, showed no such preference.
Psychosocial Development and Moral Development: An Exploratory Comparison of Adolescents in Japan and America
Authors: Mizuno Shujiro
Published: August 2011

Building on previous cross-cultural research, this exploratory study examined the comparative psychosocial and sociomoral development of 46 adolescents — 22 Japanese in Japan, 10 Japanese in the United States, and 14 Euro-Americans in the United States. Euro-American participants obtained more positive scores than Japanese in the United States and Japanese in Japan on six psychosocial stages and the total psychosocial score as measured by the Measures of Psychosocial Development. Except in the Contract/Truth domain, all groups scored at a comparable level in sociomoral development as measured by the Sociomoral Reflection Measure–Short Form. Results are discussed in terms of cultural differences affecting adolescent development with implications for research and professional practice.
Maturity Fears during Recovery from Cocaine Dependency
Authors: Cavaiola Alan A. , Arillo Michelle L.
Published: August 2011

The present study explored the incidence of maturation fears among 22 cocaine-dependent individuals who were at various levels of recovery ranging from 3 mo. to 4 yr. From clinical observation and prior research it is known that cocaine dependency commonly produces feelings of empowerment and confidence and thus, it was predicted that cocaine-dependent individuals would report more extreme maturation fears, measured by the Maturity Fears subscale of the Eating Disorders Inventory. The findings indicated that the cocaine-dependent group had significantly higher scores than a group of individuals not dependent on cocaine.
Self-Perception Profile in Children with Cancer: Self vs Parent Report
Authors: Eapen Valsamma , Mpofu Christopher , Revesz Tamas , Daradkeh Tewfik
Published: August 2011

Self-perception about competence, behaviour, and self-worth were examined in 30 children (8 to 14 years) recently diagnosed as having cancer and were compared with that of their parents' perception. The poor agreement between parents' and children's ratings on physical appearance and social acceptance is noteworthy in that these two domains are particularly vulnerable in children with cancer, given the effects of chemotherapy on physical appearance and children's tendency to view themselves as socially undesirable or a burden to others. This finding, if replicated, can have implications for therapeutic intervention since the discrepancy score could be used to challenge children's negative views in the context of cognitive therapy to improve their self-esteem.
Difference in Orientation towards Studying Mathematics of South African High School Students: Developing a Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics
Authors: Maree Jacobus G.
Published: August 2011

The Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics was developed as a diagnostic measure for teachers and counsellors to help students improve their orientation towards the study of mathematics and consequently achieve at a higher level. During the standardisation 60 students from all children in secondary schools in South Africa were administered the provisional questionnaire. Analysis showed students whose mother tongues were African languages in Grades 10 and 11 in general score as external on a measure of Locus of control in mathematics classes in South Africa. They displayed more positive study habits than their English- and Afrikaans-speaking peers.
Hardiness and Major Personality Factors
Authors: Ramanaiah Nerella V. , Sharpe J. Patrick , Byravan Anupama
Published: August 2011

This study tested Maddi and Khoshaba's 1994 hypothesis that Hardiness is an index of mental health. A sample of 241 undergraduates (103 men and 138 women) completed the Dispositional Resilience Scale, the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, and the Psychopathology–5 Scales. Using the individual median scores on the three subscales (Commitment, Control, and Challenge) of the Dispositional Resilience Scale, the High Hardiness group was obtained by identifying the individuals who scored above the medians on all the three subscales, whereas the Low Hardiness group were those who scored consistently below the medians on all the three subscales. Multivariate analysis of variance performed for the two hardiness groups using the scales from each personality inventory indicated that the two groups had significantly different mean profiles on the NEO Personality Inventory as well as the Psychopathology–5 Scales. Combined discriminant function analysis performed for the two hardiness groups using all the 10 scales from the two personality inventories indicated that the two groups had significantly different mean profiles and that the standard discriminant function coefficients were substantial (>.3) for the NEO Personality Inventory Openness (.65) and Conscientiousness (.49) scales and the Psychopathology–5 Positive Emotionality (.56) and Psychoticism (−.36) scales, supporting the tested hypothesis.
Scree Plots, Data Structure, and Random Variance
Authors: Macrosson W. D. K.
Published: August 2011

Data sets of known and predetermined structure (plasmodes) were created by the Monte Carlo method and subjected to exploratory factor analysis; the scree plots for each plasmode were then drawn. Since the aim of the paper is to give a graphic portrayal of the effects of orthogonality and random variance upon the scree plot, appropriate data sets were selected to illustrate these effects. A progression of scree plots is shown wherein it may be clearly seen how an increase in both nonorthogonality and random variance leads to the suppression of the factor structure in the data. Although this is a well known phenomenon, the visualization highlights the limitations of Kaiser's Eigenvalue > 1 rule and the scree test; it also illustrates the robustness of the factor analytic technique.
Correlates of Empathic Understanding among Neophyte Trainees in Psychotherapy
Authors: Puleo Stephanie G. , Schwartz Robert C.
Published: August 2011

Results are summarized of an empirical study testing the associations among various academic, demographic, and personal characteristics and rated empathic understanding among 93 neophyte psychotherapy trainees from six universities. Multiple regression analyses suggested that completion of a graduate group counseling course with a specific personal growth component was the only characteristic significantly correlated with ratings of empathic understanding.
Australian Data for Forms A, B, and C of the Personnel Selection Tests
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: August 2011

Data for the Personnel Selection Tests Forms A, B, and C were obtained in three separate studies of 1,049, 619, and 214 high school pupils, university students, and employees. Analysis indicated low subtest intercorrelations that increased uniformly across Forms A, B, and C. Sex and age effects on the total scores varied across each form of the test.
K–ABC Simultaneous Processing, Das Nonverbal Reasoning, and Horn's Expanded Fluid-Crystallized Theory
Authors: Daleo David V. , Lopez Brian R. , Cole Jason C. , Kaufman Alan S. , Kaufman Nadeen L. , Newcomer Brian L. , Murphy Charles E.
Published: August 2011

Horn's distinction between fluid intelligence (Gf) and visualization (Gv) was investigated with two Nonverbal Reasoning subtests from the Differential Ability Scales and three Simultaneous Processing subtests from the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. The sample comprised a predominantly Euro-American group of 57 normal boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Principal factor analysis yielded clear-cut Gf and Gv dimensions. The Gf factor was composed both of Differential Ability Scales and Kaufman–ABC subtests, suggesting that the construct of simultaneous processing is not merely a measure of Gv, as some researchers have hypothesized, but also measures Horn's Gf fluid intelligence to a considerable extent.
Cognitive Bias of Optimism and its Influence on Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Schweizer Karl , Beck-Seyffer Alexandra , Schneider Rainer
Published: August 2011

An investigation of the cognitive bias observed in optimism and the influence of optimism on psychological well-being was conducted. The cognitive bias was assumed to be related to the repressive style of information processing, represented by the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Social Desirability scale. Optimism and well-being were measured by the Life Orientation Test and the Social Optimism scale as well as by the Life Satisfaction and Depression scales, respectively. These scales were applied to a sample of 200 individuals. Trait Anxiety and Social Desirability led to a high multiple correlation with the Life Orientation Test ( R = .54) and a moderate multiple correlation with the Social Optimism scale ( R = .30). Higher correlations were obtained for the expectation of a positive than of a negative future. Both the Life Orientation Test and the Social Optimism scale contributed to the high multiple correlation with psychological well-being ( R= .52).
Description and Validation of a Measure of Received Support Specific to HIV
Authors: Renwick Rebecca , Halpen Tracy , Rudman Deborah , Friedland Judith
Published: August 2011

Validation data are described for the Social Support Inventory for People who are HIV Positive or Have AIDS. This inventory was developed specifically for use with individuals who are HIV-positive to assess three types of received support (instrumental, informational, emotional) for each of four dimensions: whether support is received or wanted, satisfaction with support, and source of the support. It was validated in the context of a larger cross-sectional study of 120 adults with HIV who completed a set of questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, internal consistency coefficients, and evidence of construct validity for the original inventory are presented. An improved, revised version based on the validation data for the original one is also briefly described, but not tested.
Counselors' and Clients' Ethnic Similarity and Therapeutic Alliance in Time-Limited Outcomes of Counseling
Authors: Ricker Michael , Nystul Michael , Waldo Michael
Published: August 2011

51 pairs of clients and counselors at a Southwestern university counseling and research training clinic were assessed for ethnic similarities in relation to the therapeutic alliance and counseling outcomes in 6 sessions of counseling. Analysis showed after 6 sessions symptom distress was reduced. Also, counselors and clients who had similar ethnicity had significantly more positive counseling outcomes than ethnically dissimilar pairings, but ethnic similarity was not related to the nature of the therapeutic alliance and therapeutic alliance was not a correlate of counseling outcomes.
Predictors of Academic Procrastination in College Students
Authors: Saddler C. Douglas , Buley Joshua
Published: August 2011

In a sample of college students (38 men and 66 women) academic procrastination was predicted by concerns about negative evaluation, low personal standards for achievement, beliefs that outcomes are due to personal efforts, and participation in learning for reasons other than grades or evaluation by others.
War-Related Deflections of Economic Trends in Eastern and Western Civilizations
Authors: Krus David J. , Nelsen Edward A. , Webb James M.
Published: August 2011

Economic trends for the Eastern and Western Civilizations were compared over the past three centuries and extrapolated into the next one. The convergence of these trends following World War I was deflected following World War II. Without this war, the combined economies of the Far East countries appeared likely to surpass the industrial output of Western countries around the turn of the 20th and the 21st centuries. The 1941–1945 war with Japan delayed the projected intersection of these trends. Extrapolation of the post-World War II trends to 2040 suggests that, without deflection of these trends, the economies of the Far East countries would be likely to surpass the economies of the Western countries around the middle of the 21st century.
Life and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Wright Thomas A. , Bennett Kymberley K. , Dun Ty
Published: August 2011

While research on life and job satisfaction continues to interest scholars and practitioners in management, a controversy exists in the literature regarding which of the major theories (compensation, segmentation, or spillover) is most appropriate. In the present study, we found partial support for the spillover model testing a sample of 63 professional card dealers employed in Nevada's legalized gambling industry. More specifically, positive correlations were obtained among life satisfaction, satisfaction with one's pay, and satisfaction with the work itself. Limitations and further directions for research are introduced.
Adaption-Innovation and Domain-Specific Innovativeness
Authors: Foxall Gordon R. , Szmigin Isabelle
Published: August 2011

Reported is a study of the relationship between a global measure of adaption-innovation (Kirton's Adaption-Innovation Inventory) and a domain-specific measure of consumers' innovativeness (Goldsmith and Hofacker's Domain Specific Innovativeness Scale). For a convenience sample of 26 adult consumers there was, as expected, no significant correlation between scores on the two scales.
Sequelae of Abortion and Relinquishment of Child Custody among Women with Major Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Thomas Tommijean , Tori Christopher D.
Published: August 2011

A growing number of women with major psychiatric disorders frequently consider the choice of abortion or relinquishment of the custody of children. Psychological reactions to abortion and relinquishment of custody were assessed and contrasted among 119 hospitalized women of M age 40 yr. and psychiatric patients. An original questionnaire was developed to assess emotional symptoms, psychiatric signs, attitudes, and satisfaction with the decision regarding the loss of a fetus or child. As hypothesized, reported sequelae of relinquishments of custody were rated as significantly more severe than sequelae of abortion. Dissatisfaction with choice, negative attitudes, religious affiliation, and involuntary removal of a child from custody were predictive of distress following abortion or relinquishment. The findings show that increased efforts are needed to help women with psychiatric difficulties cope with reproductive planning and losses.
Relations among Achievement Motives, Autonomy, Performance in Mathematics, and Satisfaction of Pupils in Elementary School
Authors: Cock Dagfinn , Halvari Halgeir
Published: August 2011

Based on a literature review a model of motivation was constructed with dispositional achievement motives at the global level, relative autonomy at the context-specific level, and performance and satisfaction in school at the criterion level. Among 110 elementary-school pupils, assessments included the Achievement Motives Scale for achievement motives, the Self-regulation Questionnaire for relative autonomy, the Mathematics Test for Children, and the Satisfaction at School Scale. Both bivariate and multiple regression analyses yielded the following significant results: (i) The motive to achieve success correlated positively and the motive to avoid failure correlated negatively with relative autonomy at school. (ii) The motive to avoid failure correlated negatively with performance in mathematics. (iii) Satisfaction in school correlated. positively with the motive to achieve success, relative autonomy, and performance. The results are discussed in relation to achievement motivation and self-determination theory.
Mental Health Services in the County Jail: A Critical Partnership?
Authors: Muzekari Louis H. , Hatton Allison Y. , Lonigan Christopher J. , Rowe Chuck
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to provide a description of individuals incarcerated in a county jail and referred for mental health services. A standardized intake form was completed for 598 inmates who had contact with the mental health counselor. Analysis of the mental health status of inmates suggests that the presence of a counselor in the jail may serve an important function Specifically, inmates referred to the counselor were not in acute distress. This suggests they may be better served by an on-site counselor rather than through the traditional method of being transported to the hospital emergency room or community mental health center for evaluation.
Pet-Assisted Psychotherapy
Authors: Mason Margaret S. , Hagan Christine B.
Published: August 2011

This qualitative study explored the utilization of pets by psychotherapists in their clinical practice with clients who suffer from mental disorders. The sample consisted of 13 master and doctoral level practitioners in social work, marriage and family counseling, psychology, and psychiatry who volunteered to be interviewed regarding their work. The results provide a descriptive overview of the psychotherapists' utilization of pets and their attitude toward this technique. The participants consistently reported that pet-assisted psychotherapy is an effective and efficient technique which can be used with a wide range of clinical problems, age groups, and in diverse practice settings.
Latent Structure of the Social Interaction Self-Statement Test: An Application of Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Hong Sehee , Cho Yongrae
Published: August 2011

Since the Social Interaction Self-statement Test was presented, a clear factor structure of the measure has not been defined. This situation is largely due to a lack of agreement among researchers with respect to the method of factoring, rotation criteria, and interpretation of factor loadings. The aim of the present study was to evaluate, using confirmatory factor analyses, the various factor models of the test. Results clearly supported a novel second-order factor model, which was developed by combining the current two- and five-factor models.
Measurement of Financial, Functional, and Psychological Connections in Families: Conceptual Development and Empirical Use of the Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale
Authors: Gavazzi Stephen M. , Sabatelli Ronald M. , Reese-Weber Marla
Published: August 2011

This paper reports conceptual development and empirical use of the Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale, designed to reflect financial, functional, and psychological connections between adolescents or young adults and their families. Initial data regarding psychometric properties are presented. Analysis of data gathered from a sample of 337 never-married individuals yielded a three-factor structure that corresponded to theoretically derived dimensions of Financial Interconnectedness, Functional Interconnectedness, and Psychological Interconnectedness. Further, use of the scale is reviewed as evidence of the scale's reliability and validity. Finally, consideration is given use as a practical and effective tool in research on adolescents and families.
Sexually Abused Girls and Their Rorschach Responses
Authors: Friedrich William N. , Einbender Alison J. , McCarty Peggy
Published: August 2011

Exner's scoring (1990) was used on the responses by 46 sexually abused girls (6 to 14 years old) and 46 nonsexually abused girls (6 to 14 years old). Subjects were matched for age, race, family income, and family constellation. Sexually abused children exhibited significantly more unusual content, e.g., sex and blood, in their protocols as well as more frequent coping deficits.
LSD Use among Miami's Public School Students
Authors: Yarnold Barbara M.
Published: August 2011

This analysis examined LSD use by 492 adolescents in Dade County, Florida public schools in 1992. Significant factors which increase the probability of use include the fact that the adolescents are Euro-American, peers' use of tranquilizers, ready access, and awareness of the risks.
Perceived Importance of Services for Persons with AIDS: Recipient, Family, Caregiver, and Public Differences
Authors: McNeill Kevin F. , Kposowa Augustine
Published: August 2011

596 adults from a moderately sized community in central California were divided into four groups (person with HIV or AIDS, friend or relative, caregiver or service provider for such a person, or member of the general public) and completed a schedule assessing their perceptions of the importance of 36 items related to potential services for persons with HIV or AIDS. Factor analysis of these items yielded in six constructs (Counseling, Medical, Assistance, Homecare, Adjunct/Auxiliary, and Nontraditional), accounting for 65.0% of the variance. Over-all, regardless of group membership, Medical Services were perceived as of highest importance, but differences were found across all groups regarding Assistance Services and Nontraditional Services for persons with AIDS. Implications and suggestions for research are discussed.
Hypermasculinity and Academic Goal-Setting: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Lasane Terell P. , Howard William L. , Czopp Alexander M. , Sweigard Peter N. , Bennett Gary G. , Carvajal Franklin
Published: August 2011

The relation between gender-role percepts and academic goal-setting was explored. An inventory examining the aspects of masculinity that would facilitate or inhibit academic goal-setting was developed based on a literature review of how masculinity relates to academic behaviors. A diverse sample of students (120 male, 147 female, 14 not indicating sex) was measured on three aspects of sex and academic goal-setting behavior. Factor analysis confirmed the content validity of masculine factors having facilitative (Mastery Competitiveness) and inhibitory (Antisocial Competitiveness) academic properties. Regression analyses indicated that sex-role orientations (Competitiveness and Hypermasculinity) significantly predicted academic goal-setting behaviors ( R2 = .136). Finally, men scored higher than women on the subscales measuring Hypermasculinity and Antisocial or Competitiveness, while there were no sex differences on the Mastery Competitiveness subscale. The implications of these findings and suggestions for research are discussed.
Does Democracy Increase Suicide and Homicide Rates?
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Changes in the measures for the level of democracy in 34 nations from 1965 to 1980 were positively associated with the percentage change in the homicide rate over 30 nations.
Young Males Attending a Family-Planning Clinic: Some Ideas about Consequences of Child Abuse
Authors: Smith PEggy B. , Weinman Maxine L. , Buzi Ruth S.
Published: August 2011

33 young males attending a family-planning clinic were asked about the consequences of child abuse as it affects behavioral problems of teens and their interest in programs that deal specifically with these problems. Nine reported they had been victims of abuse. Most believed that drug and alcohol misuse and suicide were the major consequences of child abuse. Fifteen were interested in programs for prevention of child abuse but not for specific problems such as substance misuse and smoking cessation. This study's findings suggest that family-planning clinics with services for males must address their behavioral as well as medical needs.
Cognitive-Affective Preparation for Homelessness: Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of Childhood Out-of-Home Placement and Child Abuse in a Sample of Homeless Men
Authors: Sumerlin John R.
Published: August 2011

Patterns of homelessness were examined against histories of childhood out-of-home placement and abuse in a sample of 146 homeless men. It was speculated that out-of-home placement and abuse influenced needs for love and belonging and were related to preparation for adult homelessness. Main effects of a 2 × 2 (placement by abuse) multivariate analysis of variance were significant with longer periods of time since first homeless and greater lengths of a current episode of homelessness associated with childhood out-of-home placement. Homeless men who had experienced abuse as a child had more episodes of homelessness than those who had not experienced abuse. Mean Brief Index of Self-actualization scores were not different for those with out-of-home placement or abuse; however, self-actualization scores were minimally lower with greater number of homeless episodes but not with total time homeless. Case histories supported the quantitative findings that loss of feelings of belonging in childhood were preparatory for chronic homelessness.
Situational Outlook Questionnaire: A Measure of the Climate for Creativity and Change
Authors: Isaksen Scott G. , Lauer Kenneth J. , Ekvall Göran
Published: August 2011

The foundations of a multidimensional measure designed to assess creativity and change are presented. The reliability and construct validity of the Situational Outlook Questionnaire were tested using a sample of 1,111 subjects. Cronbach alpha and exploratory factor analysis supported reliability and construct validity. The study identified areas where the Situational Outlook Questionnaire can be improved and areas for further study with the questionnaire.
Relationship between Properties of Words and Elicitation of Skin Conductance Response
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Marcos José Luis , González María Ángeles
Published: August 2011

We investigated the association of subject-rated imagery, subject-rated concreteness, subject-rated emotionality, frequency, date of entry into the language, and word length with emotional imagery as measured by the skin conductance response elicited by that word. 50 words in a list of 25 word-pairs were rated by 96 university students; then their skin conductance response of each word was measured for each word. In each pair, one word was concrete and one was abstract but with related meaning, e.g., adolescent and adolescence. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that 30% of variance in the later skin conductance response was explained by imagery and subject-rated emotionality. Imagery alone explained 24% of variance.
Ego States and Preference for Humor
Authors: Kelly F. Donald , Osborne Deborah
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the extent to which college students' preference for humor could be predicted by ego states derived from Transactional Analysis. Scores on The Adjective Check List determined the ego states of Nurturant Parent, Critical Parent, Adult, Free Child, and Adapted Child. Preferences for nonsense, ethnic, and sexual humor were measured by scores on the Antioch Sense of Humor Inventory. A step-wise multiple regression, used to test the predictive power of the ego states, indicated that the Critical Parent ego state had a strong negative evaluation of nonsense humor, while the Free Child and Adapted Child were the strongest predictors of negative evaluation of ethnic humor. Categories of Critical Parent and Adapted Child provided the strongest prediction of positive preference for sexual humor.
Locus of Control as a Dispositional Determinant of Men's Traditional Sex-Role Attitudes
Authors: Valentine Sean
Published: August 2011

The associations among measures of locus of control and attitudes' toward women who work were assessed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1,229 young adult males. Significant positive correlations, ranging from .09 to .14, were found among locus of control and men's negative stereotypes of women who work, which suggests that males who feel a lack of personal control may oppose women working outside of the home. The results also indicate that men with greater personal control may be more accepting of women in nontraditional sex roles than men with an external locus of control. Negative stereotypes of women who work and male self-preservation may explain these relationships.
On the Theory of Behavioral Mechanics
Authors: Dzendolet Ernest
Published: August 2011

The Theory of Behavioral Mechanics is the behavioral analogue of Newton's laws of motion, with the rate of responding in operant conditioning corresponding to physical velocity. In an earlier work, the basic relation between rate of responding and sessions under two FI schedules and over a range of commonly used session values had been shown to be a power function. Using that basic relation, functions for behavioral acceleration, mass, and momentum are derived here. Data from other laboratories also support the applicability of a power function to VI schedules. A particular numerical value is introduced here to be the standard reference value for the behavioral force under the VI-60-S schedule. This reference allows numerical values to be calculated for the behavioral mass and momentum of individual animals. A comparison of the numerical values of the momenta of two animals can be used to evaluate their relative resistances to change, e.g., to extinction, which is itself viewed as a continuously changing behavioral force being imposed on the animal. This overall numerical approach allows behavioral force-values to be assigned to various experimental conditions such as the evaluation of the behavioral force of a medication dosage.
Comparison of Scores on the Workplace Literacy Test and the Tests of Adult Basic Education
Authors: Kohler Maxie P. , Sapp Gary L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the associations between scores obtained on the Workplace Literacy Test and the Tests of Adult Basic Education for 30 unemployed single mothers mandated to attend an adult education class. These students completed the tests to facilitate educational planning by the course instructor. Test scores were examined using Pearson correlations and a principal components factor analysis. Inter-correlations of scores on the two tests ranged from .25 to .83, with a median of .53. Factor analysis yielded two factors, a general literacy factor and a spelling factor.
Explanatory Style of Native and Euro-Americans
Authors: Killian Paul W. , Rileigh Kathryn , Denny Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

The explanatory styles of 46 Native and 48 Euro-American college students were compared on three scales, one measuring optimism for explaining bad events, one optimism for explaining good events, and total score combining the two. No significant differences were found, but the slight mean difference in scores on optimism for explaining good events suggested that Euro-Americans may be more optimistic in explaining positive events than are Native Americans.
Obsession-Compulsion in College Students in the United States and Kuwait
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

American ( n = 132) and Kuwaiti ( n = 204) undergraduates responded to the Arabic Obsessive-Compulsive Scale in English and Arabic languages, respectively. Students in Kuwait scored as more obsessive-compulsive than their American counterparts.
Computer-Assisted Instruction in Reducing Errors in Scoring of the WISC—III
Authors: Hall Cathy W.
Published: August 2011

The current study assessed the effectiveness of interactive computer-assisted instruction software in reducing subsequent errors in scoring the WISC–III. Errors in scoring from 84 protocols of graduate students presented with this software simulation as part of their initial training were compared with errors in scoring from 77 protocols of graduate students without such training. These were different sets of students matched for amount of training and differing in having the training component. Protocols from the former group contained significantly fewer errors of correct assignment of points, failure to question when specified to do so, and over-all total number of errors. Mechanical errors, conversion errors, and errors establishing correct starting and stopping points (basal and ceiling points) were not significant. The results support the effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction when used in conjunction with classroom training.
Effect of Reduced Immunity on Murine Behaviors
Authors: Vidal José
Published: August 2011

Reduction of immunity in 11 mice of the CD1 strain by administration of methotrexate did not alter some reliable behaviors in the open-field (ambulation, rearing, defecation) compared with 10 matched mice injected with saline. Perhaps moderate depression of immunity may not affect some characteristic behaviors.
Correlations between Parents' and Teachers' Ratings of Social Skills for a Group of Developmentally Disabled Children in Iran
Authors: Shahim Sima
Published: August 2011

Parents' and teachers' ratings of social skills and behavioural problems for 89 special education students aged 8 to 15 yr. were measured using the Social Skills Rating System of Gresham and Elliott. The sample was selected in a school for educable mentally retarded children in Shiraz, Iran. The low to moderate correlations between the two sets of ratings suggest that assessment of social skills and behavioural problems should include the use of different rating scales in more than one setting. Sex differences were not significant for parents' and teachers' ratings of these disabled children. The scores showed high internal consistency.
Economic Consequences and Lack of Respite Care
Authors: Abelson A. Geoffrey
Published: August 2011

The study examined the influence of a lack of availability of respite care on the careers of 574 parents having children with disabilities. Among these parents, there was a relationship between age of child, severity of disability, and parents missing hours of work or passing up occupational opportunities. These findings have implications for advocating more available and accessible respite services and more in-depth study of the cost effectiveness of respite care on parental income and career progression.
Children and Electronic Games: A Comparison of Parents' and Children's Perceptions of Children's Habits and Preferences in a United States Sample
Authors: Funk Jeanne , Hagan Jill , Schimming Jackie
Published: August 2011

Despite the popularity of violent electronic games, anecdotal evidence suggests that many parents lack even basic information about children's game-playing habits. The goal of the present study was to examine parental knowledge of children's electronic game-playing habits by assessing the congruence between children's and parents' perceptions of child's playing time, parental supervision, game preference, and reaction to actual game-playing. 35 children in Grades 3 to 5 and one parent of each child completed a background questionnaire and played either a violent or nonviolent electronic game. In paired comparisons, parents reported significantly higher estimates of supervision time than children. Most parents either named an incorrect game or were not able to guess their child's favorite game. In 70% of these incorrect matches, children described their favorite game as violent. Parents may underestimate their child's exposure to violence in electronic games. After playing the same electronic game as part of the study, parents reported significantly higher frustration than children. Higher frustration with game-playing could contribute to deficits in parental knowledge of children's playing habits.
Commentary on the Possibility That Viagra May Contribute to Transmission of HIV and other Sexual Diseases among Older Adults
Authors: Paniagua Freddy A.
Published: August 2011

Many older male adults experiencing impotence are being treated with Viagra. Scientific and media reports indicate that this medication is effective in re-establishing sexual relationships among these men. Despite the benefits that Viagra may have in the treatment of impotence among older adults, increased sexual activities could also facilitate the spread of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. This holds for older adults who may lack factual knowledge of HIV transmission and perceive themselves as nonsusceptible to this disease. Prescription of Viagra in combination with HIV/AIDS prevention programs may be helpful.