bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF MOLYBDENUM AND SULFUR ON MINERALS IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF STEERS
Authors: GOLFMAN L. S. , BOILA R. J.
Published: March 2010

Four Holstein steers with cannulae in the rumen, proximal duodenum (PD) and terminal ileum (TI) were fed diets containing: (1) no added Mo or S; (2) Mo added at 10 mg kg−1; (3) S added at 3.0 g kg−1; and (4) Mo and S added at 10 mg and 3.0 g kg−1, respectively, in a Latin square design. Effects of Mo and S on minerals in the digestive tract of steers were evaluated. The solubility of Cu was lower with Mo (P < 0.01) and S (P < 0.01) at the PD and TI, and with Mo plus S (P < 0.05) at the TI. With Mo more (P = 0.07) Cu tended to be excreted in feces. Effects of Mo: Mn, reduced (P < 0.05) input to stomach region and higher (P < 0.01) absorption distal to PD; Zn, lower (P < 0.01) solubility at TI with less (P < 0.05) absorbed from large intestine (LI); Fe, more (P = 0.06) absorbed from LI with lower (P < 0.01) fecal excretion; P, lower (P < 0.05) input to stomach region with a tendency for less (P = 0.08) absorbed from small intestine (SI); Na, less (P < 0.05) absorbed from LI; K, lower (P < 0.05) apparent digestibility. Effects of S: Mn, slight tendency for higher (P = 0.10) absorption distal to PD; Zn, lower (P < 0.05) solubility at PD; P, less (P < 0.05) absorbed from SI and LI; Mg, tendency for less (P = 0.07) absorbed from stomach region and trend for more (P = 0.08) absorbed distal to PD. Minerals other than Cu were influenced by Mo and S in the digestive tract of cattle. Key words: Cattle, molybdenum, sulfur, digestion, minerals
THE RESPONSE OF TURKEY BROILERS TO THE USE OF FLAVOMYCIN AS A GROWTH PROMOTER
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G. , JACKSON E. D. , HULAN H. W.
Published: March 2010

Three thousand six hundred turkey poults were used to determine the effects of flavomycin as a growth promoter when incorporated in feed at levels of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mg kg−1. There were no significant (P > 0.05) treatment effects on mortality, carcass composition and monetary indices (economic gain) at 28, 56 and 84 d of age or upon body weights at 56 and 84 d of age. A significant (P < 0.001) effect for body weight was demonstrated at 28 d but was attributed to the lighter weight of poults fed the 6 mg flavomycin kg−1 diet. Similarly, feed conversion up to 28 d was significantly (P <0.001) improved for some treatment levels but this did not persist to 56 or 84 d of age. It is concluded that flavomycin is not effective as a growth promoter under all circumstances of turkey production, particularly those where optimum diets are coupled with modern housing and health management. Key words: Flavomycin, bambermycins, growth promoter, turkey broilers
GROWTH OF MICE PRODUCED BY MALES WITH OR WITHOUT THE RAT GROWTH HORMONE TRANSGENE
Authors: NAGAI J. , DAVIS G. , LIN C. Y.
Published: March 2010

Male mice with or without the rat growth hormone transgene were mated with females of three lines without the transgene to examine body weight of resulting crossbred progeny at 21 and 42 d of age. The F1 progeny of sires with the transgene were consistently 16% heavier (P < 0.01) in 42-d body weight than F1 progeny of sires without the transgene in the three dam lines. The former progeny were also significantly (P < 0.01) heavier than the latter at weaning at 21 d of age. Progeny from backcrossing to sires with the transgene were, on average, 17% heavier (P < 0.01) at 42-d than those from sires without the transgene. Thus, sires with the rat growth hormone gene increased body weight of progeny regardless of the genetic background of dams to which sires were mated, and effects of the sires with the gene were clear as early as at weaning of progeny. Key words: Transgene, mice, growth, adult weight
EFFECTS OF ZERANOL IMPLANTATION ON GROWTH, FEED CONVERSION, TESTICULAR DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIORAL TRAITS OF YOUNG BULLS FED FOR SLAUGHTER
Authors: NEWMAN J. A. , TONG A. K. W. , DOORNENBAL H. , TENNESSEN T. , COULTER G. H. , MEARS G. J.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to determine whether implantation with zeranol would reduce the aggressive behavior and probability of producing dark-cutting carcasses that characterize slaughter bulls. Thirty-six bull calves were allocated to each of four treatments – nonimplanted bulls, steers castrated at an average age of 101 d, bulls implanted with 36 mg zeranol at an average of 101, 170, 263 and 319 d of age and bulls implanted on the latter three dates only. The results reported include observations of weight gains, linear measurements, scrotal circumferences, serum testosterone concentrations, feed consumption, feed efficiency ratios and behavioral traits. Bulls exceeded steers in weight gain during a feedlot test and in body length after 140 d on feed, but neither implantation treatment significantly affected the growth of bulls. Feed consumption and conversion efficiency were lower in steers than in bulls, but were not significantly affected by implantation. Scrotal circumference measurements and serum testosterone concentrations suggested that implantation reduced testicle development during the preweaning and early postweaning periods, but that this effect diminished or disappeared during the later postweaning period. Implantation depressed aggressive and sexual activity between days 111 and 155 of the feedlot test. When evaluated at 13–14 mo of age, both implanted groups reacted to preslaughter mixing of nonfamiliar animals with equivalent head bunting to, but less mounting activity than, nonimplanted bulls. At 15–16 mo of age, however, the implanted bulls exhibited more head bunting than nonimplanted bulls, and the early implanted group exhibited fully equivalent mounting activity to nonimplanted bulls. The dark-cutting carcass condition was associated with mounting activity during preslaughter lairage. Key words: Slaughter bull, zeranol, growth, linear measurements, testicular development, behavior
CHANGES IN BEEF CATTLE PERFORMANCE AFTER TEN YEARS OF YEARLING WEIGHT SELECTION
Authors: OLTHOFF J. C. , CROW G. H. , RAHNEFELD G. W.
Published: March 2010

Selection for yearling weight, a trait with relatively high heritability, in beef cattle should lead to a significant response in a short period of time. Changes should also occur in correlated and component traits. Data from 10 yr of yearling weight selection in beef Shorthorn cattle were used to quantify the response in correlated calf and cow traits. Selection response was measured as the difference between the performance of the select line and a corresponding control line. Annual response to selection for bull and heifer calves, respectively, averaged 5.1 and 4.3 kg for yearling weight, 2.1 and 1.6 kg for weaning weight, 0.3 and 0.2 kg for birth weight, 0.016 and 0.014 kg d−1 for post-weaning average daily gain and 0.010 and 0.007 kg d−1 for preweaning average daily gain. There were no significant changes in calf survival or cow reproductive performance. Cow weights increased 4.5 kg yr−1 for 2-yr-old heifers, similar to the yearling weight response, but only 1.3 kg yr−1 for all cows because of the time delay caused by the age distribution of the breeding herd. Yearling weight increases were brought about by increases in the individuals genetic potential for gain, primarily postweaning. Response to yearling weight selection would be relatively easy to achieve for beef producers. Some additional costs would be incurred, however, and the environmental effects, which were large, would have to be monitored. Key words: Beef cattle, yearling weight, selection response, correlated response
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY POULTRY OFFAL HYDROLYSATE ON THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION AND MEAT QUALITY OF PORK
Authors: LUNEN T. A. VAN , WILSON R. L. , POSTE L. M. , BUTLER G.
Published: March 2010

Seventy-two feeder pigs, with a mean weight of 24.6 kg, were randomly allotted in groups of three to four dietary treatments to determine the effect of feeding poultry offal hydrolysate (POH) on fatty acid composition and meat quality. The four dietary treatments were: 0% POH (control), 5% POH, 10% POH and 15% POH on a dry matter basis. At slaughter (96.8 kg), the right loins from 60 pigs were retained for fatty acid analysis and meat quality evaluation. The longissimus dorsi muscle was dissected from each loin; 200 g were stored in an atmosphere of nitrogen and frozen for fatty acid analysis and 500 g were frozen for meat quality evaluation. Fat was extracted and methylated for fatty acid analysis. Separation and identification of individual fatty acid methyl esters was performed using gas chromatography. Sensory meat evaluation (pork flavour, off-flavour, tenderness and juiciness) was performed by 10 trained panelists. Warner-Bratzler shear evaluation and free moisture analyses were performed. The fatty acids in pork appear to exhibit a sensitive response to changes in dietary fat. Linear trends for fatty acids in the pork were, for the most part, opposite to trends in the diets. Inclusion of POH resulted in an increase in the total polyunsaturates present in the pork. There was no effect (P > 0.05) due to dietary treatment on flavour, tenderness or juiciness of the pork. No significant differences were found among the Warner-Bratzler shear measurements or free moisture determinations. Changes in fatty acid profile of pork do not appear to affect eating quality when POH is included in the diet at levels of up to 15% DM. Key words: Poultry offal, pork, fatty acid, meat quality
EFFICACY AND STRESS OF CHEMICAL VERSUS SURGICAL CASTRATION OF CATTLE
Authors: COHEN R. D. H. , KING B. D. , THOMAS L. R. , JANZEN E. D.
Published: March 2010

Blood was collected at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h postcastration and then daily for a further 6 d to determine the degree of stress following surgical or chemical castration (Chem-cast; α-hydroxypropionic acid) of Holstein calves. Stress indicators (plasma cortisol, packed cell volume, glucose, proteins, free fatty acids, creatinine, urea nitrogen and rectal temperature) were measured for all castrates and compared with entire bull calves. There were no effects on stress indicators except plasma cortisol. Plasma cortisol concentrations were significantly elevated at 3 and 6 h postcastration in castrated compared with in-tact cattle (P < 0.05). At these times, plasma cortisol concentrations in surgical castrates were greater than chemical castrates (P < 0.05). Greatest concentrations of cortisol were measured at 6 h following surgical castration (23.2 ± 0.64 μg L−1) and at 3 h following chemical castration (16.8 ± 0.49 μg L−1). Mean cortisol concentration in calves not castrated was 7.1 ± 0.26 μg L−1. From 12 h to 7 d postcastration, differences between groups for plasma cortisol were not significant. It was concluded that acute stress occurred for 6–12 h following castration and that surgical castration caused greater stress than chemical castration. There was an immediate decline in plasma testosterone levels in surgically castrated calves and these remained at undetectable levels throughout a 63-d postcastration period. Testosterone levels of chemically castrated calves declined immediately following the injection of Chem-cast but there was a gradual increase to, and long term maintenance of, low levels of testosterone which were greater than those of surgical castrates (P < 0.01) but less than those of entire males (P < 0.01). Palpation indicated severe testicular degeneration in chemically castrated males. The average daily gains (ADG) over the entire experimental period of 133 d did not differ between the entire males (1.1 ± 0.11 kg d−1) and surgical castrates (0.9 ± 0.05 kg d−1) or between the entire males and chemical castrates (1.2 ± 0.04 kg d−1) but ADG for chemical castrates was greater than that for surgical castrates (P < 0.05). Key words: Castration, Chem-cast®, stress, cattle, cortisol, testosterone
IMMUNIZATION OF LAMBS AGAINST SOMATOSTATIN TO IMPROVE GROWTH RATE
Authors: MEARS G. J.
Published: March 2010

Weight gain, shoulder height and feed intake responses to immunization against somatostatin (SRIF) were examined in three experiments with a total of 78 lambs. Initial immunizations against SRIF occurred when lambs were 4, 8 and 3 wk old for exps. 1, 2 and 3, respectively, with booster immunizations 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 wk later. Control lambs were left untreated except in exp. 3 where one group of control lambs was immunized with human serum alpha globulin. Treated lambs were immunized with SRIF conjugated to human serum alpha globulin. Experiments were terminated when lambs reached 45 kg body weight. SRIF immunization did not alter lamb shoulder height or feed conversion efficiency. Rate of gain of ram and wether lambs, but not ewe lambs, was improved by SRIF immunization. Wether lambs in exp. 1 and ram lambs in exp. 2 gained 21 and 15% more, respectively, than their controls by 20 wk of age. In exp. 3, SRIF-treated 3/4 Romanov ram lambs gained 13% more than their controls by 19 wk of age. However, SRIF-treated 7/8 Romanov lambs gained only 3% more than controls during this time. In conclusion, immunizing wether and ram crossbred lambs against somatostatin increased their growth rates sufficiently to reduce the time needed to reach market weight by 2–3 wk. However, feed conversion efficiency was not improved by somatostatin immunization. Key words: Somatostatin, SRIF, immunization, growth rate, lambs
ESTIMATING BODY COMPOSITION OF LAMBS USING BOMB CALORIMETRY
Authors: DEGEN A. A. , KAM M. , BENJAMIN R. W. , KÖNIG R. , BECKER K.
Published: March 2010

Chemical composition and body energy content of animals are important measurements in studies of animal production. However, determinations of fat and protein contents are laborious and time consuming. In this study, we describe a method in which fat and protein contents can be estimated in lambs by measuring ash contents and energy yields of samples. Errors in estimating total energy content of a sample were within 1.22%. With certain modifications, this method should be applicable to all animals. Key words: Body composition, bomb calorimetry, body energy content, fat, protein, ash
THE GENESIS OF A GRAY LUVISOL WITHIN THE BOREAL FOREST REGION. I. STATIC PEDOLOGY
Authors: HOWITT R. W. , PAWLUK S.
Published: March 2010

An undisturbed site under forest cover near Breton, Alberta was chosen to study the characteristics of a typical Gray Luvisol. Smectite and to a lesser extent mica were dominant in the clay fraction of the Bt. This horizon contained higher levels of organic C, pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate-extractable Al than adjacent horizons. Lime carbonate was not found to a depth of 2.25 m. Argillans occupied more than 1% of the area of thin sections from Bt and BC horizons but were better developed and more numerous at depths of 1.5–2.25 m. Pedoturbation appears to have caused the disruption and incorporation of argillans into the soil matrix. Argillans in the upper Bt horizon were optically similar to mica and contained more K than argillans from the BC horizons. Silt grains imbedded in argillans were common throughout the solum. Key words: Genesis, Gray Luvisol, pedogenesis, static pedology, clay migration, lessivage
EVALUATION DU PHOSPHORE ASSIMILABLE DES SOLS ACIDES AVEC DIFFERENTES METHODES D’EXTRACTION EN RELATION AVEC LE RENDEMENT DE L’AVOINE ET LES PROPRIETES DU SOL
Authors: GIROUX M. , TRAN T. SEN
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate different available P extracting methods in relation with soil properties, oat yield and plant P uptake. Six chemical extractants (Bray-1, Bray-2, new Mehlich, North Carolina DA-4, DA-10, and Olsen) and two anion exchange resins (F− and HCO3−) were compared on 42 acid soils. The DA-4, DA-10, new Mehlich, and HCO3− resin methods showed the best correlation with oat yield and plant P uptake. The Bray-1, Bray-2 methods were significantly less correlated than the other methods. The HCO3− resin was better than F− resin to predict plant P uptake and yield. Available P levels as determined by these eight methods were classified poor, medium and rich by the Cate and Nelson procedure. Oxalate extractable Al, pH (NaF), pH (H2O), exchangeable (Ca + Mg), forms of P, maximum P fixation capacity and soil texture have great influence on the plant P uptake. Soil organic matter content and oxalate-extractable Fe had significantly less important an effect. The Bray-1 and Bray-2 methods were the most affected by soil properties especially oxalate-extractable Al. The P-HCl/P-DAF ratio proposed by Mehlich to identify forms of soil P indicated that seven soils contain predominantly Ca-P and 21 soils with predominantly Al-P and Fe-P. This ratio was related with oxalate extractable Al (r = − 0.32*), pH NaF (r = − 0.59**), pH H2O (r = 0.52**) and exchangeable Ca + Mg (r = 0.55**). The maximum P fixation capacity (M) ranged from 150 to 4200 μg P/g soil and was closely related with oxalate-extractable Al (r = 0.81**), pH NaF (r = 0.74**), pH H2O (r = − 0.36*) and Mehlich ratio (r = − 0.33*). The maximum P buffering capacity (Mb) of soils was also measured and showed the best correlation with oxalate-extractable Al (r = 0.84**) and pH NaF (r = 0.53**). Key words: Soil testing, available P, anion exchange resins, P fixation, oxalate-Al, forms of P
EVALUATION OF COPPER AND MANGANESE NUTRITION OF SPRING WHEAT GROWN ON ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: KARAMANOS R. E. , FRADETTE J. G. , GERWING P. D.
Published: March 2010

A growth chamber experiment with six organic soils was conducted to assess the Cu and Mn nutrition of spring wheat grown on organic soils. Three rates of Cu (0, 5, and 10 μg∙g−1 of equivalent volume of a fsl) and three rates on Mn (0, 25, and 50 μg∙g−1 of equivalent volume of a fsl) were applied in all combinations to spring wheat grown on six organic soils. Normal growth of wheat plants was achieved only in soils and treatments where a proper balance on Mn and Cu was achieved. Dry matter yield responses at 45, and 60 days and grain yields reflected the significance of this balance. The major conclusion from this study is that normal wheat growth was achieved on organic soils only when the DTPA-extractable soil (soil: extractant ratio of 1:5) Mn/Cu ratio was between 1–15. At Mn/Cu ratio below 1 and above 15, yield reducion and death of plants occurred due to Mn and Cu deficiency, respectively. Key words: Organic soils, spring wheat, available soil Mn and Cu, Mn/Cu interaction, Mn/Cu ratio
THE EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER ON SOIL FORMATION IN A MORAINAL LANDSCAPE IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: MILLER J. J. , ACTON D. F. , ST. ARNAUD R. J.
Published: March 2010

The results of this study indicate the importance of groundwater flow and water table depth on the genesis, characteristics and distribution of soils within a hummocky morainal landscape. Non-saline and non-carbonated soils in upland depressions can be attributed to "depression-focused" recharge by snowmelt and snowmelt runoff in the spring, as evidenced by deep sola and/or eluvial horizons. Non-saline and carbonated soils on lower slopes adjacent to depressions are associated with local discharge and/or lateral flow from the adjacent groundwater mounds under the depressions in spring, as well as upward flow in the summer resulting from water use by phreatophytes such as willows, creating a water table depression around the slough fringes. Saline and carbonated soils at low elevations are associated with shallow and rather stable water tables, and local discharge from surrounding uplands. Soil types on uplands are more dependent on slope position and infiltration than on depth to water table or groundwater flow. Non-saline soils of different profile types occur on mid- and upper slope positions. These areas have a deep water table with mainly recharge or lateral flow occurring in the saturated zone. The infiltration of surface runoff water in upland depressions is the dominant factor influencing the distribution of soluble salts in this hummocky landscape. Key words: Water table, landscape position, recharge, discharge, soluble salts, soil genesis, morphology, carbonate soil
THE INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY ON THE NATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL SULFUR ACROSS A NARROW ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
Authors: ROBERTS T. L. , BETTANY J. R.
Published: March 2010

The nature and distribution of forms of sulfur within the soil profile was studied in a climo-toposequence of soils from Saskatchewan. Total and soluble (CaCl2-extractable) inorganic SO4= generally increased with horizon depth. Calcium carbonate-associated SO4= accounted for up to 42% of subsoil S. Organic S decreased significantly with depth, as did the proportion of organic S occurring as organic SO4=. Amounts of total S, in surface and subsurface horizons generally increased from upper to lower slope positions. Organic SO4= in the surface horizons, as a proportion of the total S, decreased from upper to lower slope positions and across a narrow environmental gradient going from the arid Brown Chernozemic soils in the southwest to the more humid Gray Luvisols in the northeast. Key words: Total S, organic SO4=, CaCl2-extractable SO4=, HCl-extractable SO4=, profile distribution
SOIL WATER-SOIL TEMPERATURE INTERACTIONS IN THE GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF CORN (Zea mays L.)
Authors: CUTFORTH H. W. , SHAYKEWICH C. F. , CHO C. M.
Published: March 2010

Germination and emergence of corn as affected by soil water and soil temperature were measured on the hybrids Pioneer 3995, Northrup King 403 and Pride 1108 on an Almasippi loamy sand and a Carroll clay loam. It was found that both germination and emergence rates could be adequately described by a relationship to the proportion of potentially available water, i.e. that between field capacity and permanent wilting percentage, present in the soil. In the case of germination, a separate relationship was required for each hybrid. On the other hand, emergence rate of all three hybrids was adequately estimated by a single relationship. The response to temperature was measured in terms of maximum rate, i.e. at optimum water, of both germination and emergence. Maximum germination rate decreased rapidly with temperature and was found to be hybrid dependent. In the case of emergence, the relationship to temperature was the same for all three hybrids. The results of this study were used to develop a model with which germination and emergence could be estimated from data on soil water and soil temperature. Key words: Soil water, soil temperature, germination, emergence, corn
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL PHOSPHORUS AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL TEXTURE AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: O’HALLORAN I. P. , KACHANOSKI R. G. , STEWART J. W. B.
Published: March 2010

The spatial variability of soil phosphorus (0–15 cm) and its relationship to management and texture was examined on an ongoing (since 1967) crop rotation study located on a Brown Chernozemic loam soil at Swift Current, Saskatchewan. Total soil P was less variable than either the total inorganic (Pi) or organic (Po) phosphorus fractions. The same was found for the sodium bicarbonate extractable P (bicarb-P) fractions, although they were more variable. The spatial variability of the measured P fractions indicated that the site was not uniformly variable. Texture varied significantly within and between treatments and replicates with sand being the most variable. Up to 90% of the variability in P could be accounted for by changes in texture. Considering this, sampling intensity could be significantly reduced in a study of temporal changes in soil P on the experimental site. Organic P (both total and bicarb-Po) and bicarb-Pi were negatively correlated to sand content. The influence of managment on soil phosphorus varied with texture. Removal of treatment effects over the textural ranges encountered and the non-uniform variability of the various soil parameters measured in this study demonstrated the importance of obtaining a complete knowledge of the spatial variability of the experimental site. Key words: Inorganic P, organic P, soil variability, bicarbonate extractable P, soil uniformity
EXTRACTABLE Fe, Al, Si AND C IN B HORIZONS OF PODZOLIC AND BRUNISOLIC SOILS FROM ONTARIO
Authors: EVANS L. J. , WILSON W. G.
Published: March 2010

To investigate the content of amorphous forms of Fe, Al and Si in podzolic soils, the B horizons from 54 Humo-Ferric Podzols and 24 Eluviated Dystric Brunisols were sampled in northern Ontario. Dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) Fed and Ald, acid NH4-oxalate Feo, Alo and Sio, Na-pyrophosphate Fep, Alp and Cp and NaOH-tetraborate Fet and Alt were determined on all samples. Feo/Fed ratios averaged 0.87 and suggested that most of the extractable Fe was amorphous. Inorganically bound Fe and Al in pyrophosphate extracts were estimated by addition of NH4OH to the extracts. The amount of inorganically bound Fe, expressed as a percentage of that extracted by DCB, was calculated at 79 ± 23%, whereas the corresponding value for Al was 61 ± 20%. (Alo-Alp)/Sio atomic ratios, plus linear correlation analysis of (Alo-Alp) against Sio, suggested the presence of amorphous aluminosilicates with Al/Si ratios approaching 3. (Feorg + Alorg)/Cp ratios averaged 0.10, a figure near the value suggested by other authors for the maximum amount of Fe and Al bound to organic matter. (Cp/(Fep + Alp) atomic ratios did not appear to be useful in differentiating Podzolic from Brunisolic soils. Key words: Podzolic soils, chemical criteria, extractants
RETENTION OF ORTHO- AND POLYPHOSPHATES IN SOME QUEBEC SOILS AS AFFECTED BY ADDED ORGANIC RESIDUES AND CALCIUM CARBONATE
Authors: MNKENI P. N. S. , MacKENZIE A. F.
Published: March 2010

Retention of orthophosphate (OP), pyrophosphate (PP) and PolyN-P (an OP–PP mixture) was studied on surface samples of Uplands, Chicot and Rideau soils, and a subsoil sample of Uplands soil. Surface samples retained more P as PP and PolyN-P than as OP, in contrast to the Uplands subsoil which retained more P as OP than as PP and PolyN-P. Results from surface soils appeared to be related to the greater ability of the polyphosphates, compared to OP, to solubilize soil organic matter. This may have had the effect of exposing more mineral surfaces with greater capacity for P retention. Sorption of OP estimated by the Freundlich intercept was correlated significantly with the extractable Al and Fe contents of the soils. No linear correlations were obtained between polyphosphate adsorption and extractable Al and Fe contents, but some significant curvilinear relationships were observed. The results indicate that PP and PolyN-P may be retained to a lesser degree than OP in soils dominated by sesquioxides of Fe and Al. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) and alfalfa residues reduced the retention of ortho- and polyphosphate in the surface soils. The magnitude of the effect was greater with FYM than with alfalfa residues. The results suggest that P uptake from added polyphosphate could be enhanced by added organic residues. CaCO3 effects were studied on Uplands topsoil and subsoil only. Added CaCO3 reduced PP retention but had no effect on OP retention in Uplands topsoil. In the Uplands subsoil, added CaCO3 consistently increased PP and PolyN-P retention but reduced OP retention. Key words: Organic residues, pH, clay, extractable Fe and Al, Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms
TRANSFORMATION OF VERMICULITE TO PEDOGENIC MICA BY FIXATION OF POTASSIUM AND AMMONIUM IN A SIX-YEAR FIELD MANURE APPLICATION EXPERIMENT
Authors: ROSS G. J. , PHILLIPS P. A. , CULLEY J. L. R.
Published: March 2010

In a field experiment in which heavy applications of liquid dairy manure were added annually for 6 yr to a vermiculite-containing corn-cropped sandy clay loam soil (Mountain series), fixation potential and X-ray diffraction analyses were done to determine if fixation of added K+ and NH4+ had occurred and clay mineralogical changes could be detected. Of the 850 kg K+ and the 460 kg NH4+ added per hectare each year, approximately 28% of the K+ and 24% of the NH4+ remained fixed. This caused a marked increase in the 1.0-nm peak at the expense of the 1.4-nm peak due to collapse of vermiculite layers to form pedogenic mica. Thus, changes in soil management, specifically in fertilizer practices, can result in significant changes in clay mineralogy within a short period of time. Such changes are agronomically important and should be taken into account in the interpretation of clay mineralogical data. Key words: Potassium and ammonium fixation, vermiculite to pedogenic mica transformation, liquid manure application
THE EFFECT OF FALL-APPLIED N AND P FERTILIZER AND TIMING OF N APPLICATION ON YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF WINTER WHEAT GROWN ON ZERO-TILLED LAND IN MANITOBA
Authors: GRANT C. A. , STOBBE E. H. , RACZ G. J.
Published: March 2010

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the rate and timing of N application and the amount of seed-placed P on grain yield and protein content of winter wheat grown on zero-tilled and conventionally tilled land in Manitoba. Yield increased with increasing amounts of fall-applied N and P. Yield, as affected by time of N application, decreased in the order: spring, freezeup, seeding, and applied on snow in winter. Split application of N resulted in yields comparable to that obtained with N applied at seeding. Protein concentration in grain decreased when small amounts of N led to large increases in dry matter but increased when sufficient quantities of N fertilizer were added to meet the requirements for both yield and protein. The amount of fertilizer N recovered in the grain did not differ with time of application in 1979–1980. However, in 1980–1981, N recovery was consistently higher with spring applications of N than with applications at any other time. Differences between the two seasons reflected the higher moisture availability for crop growth in 1980–1981 as compared to 1979–1980. Key words: Winter wheat, zero tillage, nitrogen, phosphorus, protein
RESPONSE OF A HYBRID POPLAR CLONE TO SOIL ACIDIFICATION AND LIMING
Authors: TIMMER V. R.
Published: March 2010

Unrooted hybrid poplar cuttings were grown in a greenhouse at varying soil pH. The soil was a loamy fine sand (pH 5.7) collected from an Ap horizon of a forest tree nursery. The pH was adjusted over a wide range by incorporating different rates of powdered lime or elemental sulfur. Lime additions failed to improve growth significantly over a 20-wk period, and excessive liming to pH 7.6 reduced shoot dry weight by 33%, probably because of decreased availability of micronutrients. Sulfur, acidifying the soil to pH 4.1, depressed growth as much as 76%. This growth inhibition was closely associated with increased Al in both foliage and soil as well as reduced foliar uptake of the other essential nutrients. Maximum height growth of clone DTAC-32 occurred between pH 6.0 and 7.0, which falls within the general guidelines for producing hardwood nursery stock. Key words: Populus, soil pH, aluminum toxicity, micronutrient deficiency
GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE FROM GLACIAL AND BEDROCK AQUIFERS AS A SOIL SALINIZATION FACTOR IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: HENRY J. L. , BULLOCK P. R. , HOGG T. J. , LUBA L. D.
Published: March 2010

The stratigraphy and hydrology of saline soils were investigated at 15 sites in Saskatchewan, Canada. At five sites (Series A) nests of piezometers were installed and at 10 sites (Series B) a single piezometer was installed in or near an aquifer. Piezometric surface data from the nests showed the potential for upward movement in all Series A sites. The electrical conductivity (EC) of water from Series A piezometers increased from the deepest to shallowest and there was a general increase in soil EC towards the soil surface. Hydraulic conductivity of strata was measured at three sites and varied from 1.6 × 10−7 to 3.2 × 10−4 cm∙sec−1. It was calculated that observed salt loads for the three sites could accumulate by upward movement from the aquifer in from 500 to 5300 yr. For Series B sites the approximate sodium percentage (ASP) of the soil (Y) was related to the ASP of the aquifer (X) by the equation:[Formula: see text]For Series A and Series B sites combined the EC (dS∙m−1) of the 1:1 suspension of the stratum immediately above the aquifer (Y) was related to the EC of the aquifer (X) by the equation:[Formula: see text]Key words: Soil salinity, aquifers, stratigraphy, salt profiles
Distribution of Problems, Medications and Lab Results in Electronic Health Records: The Pareto Principle at Work
Authors: Bates David , Wright Adam
Published: March 2010

Background: Many natural phenomena demonstrate power-law distributions, where very common items predominate. Problems, medications and lab results represent some of the most important data elements in medicine, but their overall distribution has not been reported.

Objective: Our objective is to determine whether problems, medications and lab results demonstrate a power law distribution.

Methods: Retrospective review of electronic medical record data for 100,000 randomly selected patients seen at least twice in 2006 and 2007 at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston and its affiliated medical practices.

Results: All three data types exhibited a power law distribution. The 12.5% most frequently used problems account for 80% of all patient problems, the top 11.8% of medications account for 80% of all medication orders and the top 4.5% of lab result types account for all lab results.

Conclusion: These three data elements exhibited power law distributions with a small number of common items representing a substantial proportion of all orders and observations, which has implications for electronic health record design.
Effizienzgewinn durch Regionalisierung?
Authors: Huchtemann Dirk
Published: March 2010

Diffuse deposits of fertilizers and nutrients caused by agriculture constitute a main problem for the maintenance of surface water bodies. A reduction of these deposits cannot be achieved by means of technical solutions, but only through a change in agricultural practice in a river catchment area. To stimulate and support such a change in behaviour should be the aim of a regionally adapted river area management.

In order to minimize the costs that would be caused by the organization of such a river area management, a methodical approach is developed in this work which distributes the competences for political influence efficiently in a river catchment area. Efficiency means in this context that measures for the control of diffuse pollution can be implemented with a possibly low sum of transaction and production costs.

This methodical approach is applied in the catchment area of the river Ems. In this area homogeneous groups of neighbouring municipalities are created with the aid of a geographic information system in which measures for the control or the reduction of diffuse nutrient deposits could be carried out more efficiently than is possible within the counties in which the municipalities are presently united.
« Dos Korper-Seele Problem »
Authors: Romand David
Published: March 2010

Au XIXe siècle, la question de la relation de l'âme au corps est profondément renouvelée par les travaux psychologiques allemands. Cette nouvelle manière d'envisager le rapport du psychique au physique participe de l’apparition d’un paradigme cognitiviste où les phénomènes mentaux sont considérés comme des entités isolables, objectivables et corrélables à l’activité de substrats neuraux particuliers. Les psychologues allemands sont confrontés au problème de la corrélation de la vie psychique et du système nerveux (localisation des phénomènes mentaux et nature de ce rapport de corrélation) et proposent une réflexion approfondie sur le déterminisme neural et l’émergence des processus psychiques.
Anti-Americanism and the Wesleyan-Holiness Churches in Australia
Authors: O'BRIEN GLEN
Published: March 2010

The Wesleyan-Holiness Churches that emerged in Australia after the Second Word War encountered considerable opposition from other Evangelicals who distrusted their brand of perfectionism. The explicitly American origin of these Churches was both the cause of their exclusion and at the same time a mechanism for their survival. The emergence of the Holiness denominations in Australia is not an example of American cultural and religious imperialism. Rather it has been a creative partnership between like-minded Evangelical Christians from two modern nations sharing a general cultural and social similarity and a common set of religious convictions.
Formation mechanism of hairpin vortices in the wake of a truncated square cylinder in a duct
Authors: DOUSSET VINCENT , POTHÉRAT ALBAN
Published: March 2010

We investigate the laminar shedding of hairpin vortices in the wake of a truncated square cylinder placed in a duct, for Reynolds numbers around the critical threshold of the onset of vortex shedding. We single out the formation mechanism of the hairpin vortices by means of a detailed analysis of the flow patterns in the steady regime. We show that unlike in previous studies of similar structures, the dynamics of the hairpin vortices are entwined with that of the counter-rotating pair of streamwise vortices, which we found to be generated in the bottom part of the near wake (these are usually referred to as ‘base vortices’). In particular, once the hairpin structure is released, the base vortices attach to it, forming its legs, so these are streamwise, and not spanwise as previously observed in unconfined wakes or behind cylinders of lower aspect ratios. We also single out a trail of Ω-shaped vortices, generated between successive hairpin vortices through a mechanism that is analogous to that active in near-wall turbulence. Finally, we show how the dynamics of the structures we identified determine the evolution of the drag coefficients and Strouhal numbers when the Reynolds number varies.
Lightweight checkpointing for concurrent ML
Authors: ZIAREK LUKASZ , JAGANNATHAN SURESH
Published: March 2010

Transient faults that arise in large-scale software systems can often be repaired by reexecuting the code in which they occur. Ascribing a meaningful semantics for safe reexecution in multithreaded code is not obvious, however. For a thread to reexecute correctly a region of code, it must ensure that all other threads that have witnessed its unwanted effects within that region are also reverted to a meaningful earlier state. If not done properly, data inconsistencies and other undesirable behavior might result. However, automatically determining what constitutes a consistent global checkpoint is not straightforward because thread interactions are a dynamic property of the program. In this paper, we present a safe and efficient checkpointing mechanism for Concurrent ML (CML) that can be used to recover from transient faults. We introduce a new linguistic abstraction, calledstabilizers, that permits the specification of per-thread monitors and the restoration of globally consistent checkpoints. Safe global states are computed through lightweight monitoring of communication events among threads (e.g., message-passing operations or updates to shared variables). We present a formal characterization of its design, and provide a detailed description of its implementation within MLton, a whole-program optimizing compiler for Standard ML. Our experimental results on microbenchmarks as well as several realistic, multithreaded, server-style CML applications, including a web server and a windowing toolkit, show that the overheads to use stabilizers are small, and lead us to conclude that they are a viable mechanism for defining safe checkpoints in concurrent functional programs.
Playing to Retain the Advantage
Authors: ALON NOGA , HEFETZ DAN , KRIVELEVICH MICHAEL
Published: March 2010

Let P be a monotone increasing graph property, let G = (V, E) be a graph, and let q be a positive integer. In this paper, we study the (1: q) Maker–Breaker game, played on the edges of G, in which Maker's goal is to build a graph that satisfies the property P. It is clear that in order for Maker to have a chance of winning, G itself must satisfy P. We prove that if G satisfies P in some strong sense, that is, if one has to delete sufficiently many edges from G in order to obtain a graph that does not satisfy P, then Maker has a winning strategy for this game. We also consider a different notion of satisfying some property in a strong sense, which is motivated by a problem of Duffus, Łuczak and Rödl [6].
Relative importance of dispersion and rate‐limited mass transfer in highly heterogeneous porous media: Analysis of a new tracer test at the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site
Authors: Liu Gaisheng , Zheng Chunmiao , Tick Geoffrey R. , Butler James J. , Gorelick Steven M.
Published: March 2010

A single‐well injection‐withdrawal (SWIW) bromide tracer test was conducted to further investigate transport processes at the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site on Columbus Air Force Base in Mississippi. The bromide breakthrough curve is highly asymmetric and exhibits an early time high‐concentration peak followed by an extended period of low‐concentration tailing. Comparisons of results simulated by advection‐dispersion (AD) and dual‐domain mass transfer (DDMT) models with the field data show that the DDMT model more accurately represents the magnitudes of both the early high‐concentration peak and the later low‐concentration tail. For both the AD and DDMT models, the match with field data is enhanced by incorporating hydraulic conductivity information from new direct‐push profiling methods. The Akaike information criterion for the DDMT models is much smaller than that for the AD models in both the homogeneous and heterogeneous cases investigated in this work. The improved match of the DDMT model with the SWIW test data supports the hypothesis of mass transfer processes occurring at this highly heterogeneous site.
The numbers behind morphogenesis
Authors: Shilo Ben‐Zion
Published: March 2010

The IHES meeting on Pattern Formation in Morphogenesis covered computational approaches to understanding central developmental processes. Global changes in tissue morphogenesis were attributed to small local asymmetries in protein localization or activity, and the underlying mechanisms for robust patterning of defined signalling pathways were explored.
Increased levels ofNε-(carboxymethyl)lysine in epithelial lining fluid from peripheral airways in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study
Authors: Kanazawa Hiroshi , Kodama Toyoki , Asai Kazuhisa , Matsumura Saeko , Hirata Kazuto
Published: March 2010

It has been reported that small airway inflammation is closely associated with the severity of airflow limitation in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). We tested a new method of measurement of biochemical constituents in ELF (epithelial lining fluid) obtained separately from the central or peripheral airways using a bronchoscopic microsampling technique. The present study was designed to determine the validity of measuring CML [Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine] levels in ELF for the assessment of small airway inflammation in COPD. Ten non-smokers, ten current smokers and 16 COPD patients were included in the present study. Concentrations of CML, 8-isoprostane and IL-8 (interleukin-8) were measured in ELF separately from the central or peripheral airways. CML levels in central airways did not differ significantly, but were markedly higher in peripheral than in central airways in the three groups. However, CML levels in peripheral airways of COPD patients were significantly higher than those in non-smokers and current smokers. In COPD patients, the CML level in peripheral airways was significantly correlated with FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) (r=−0.82, P=0.002) and FEV1/FVC (forced vital capacity) (r=−0.57, P=0.03). Moreover, CML levels in peripheral airways were significantly correlated with levels of both 8-isoprostane (r=0.76, P=0.003) and IL-8 (r=0.67, P=0.01). In conclusion, these findings suggest that elevated levels of CML in ELF from peripheral airways were observed in COPD patients, and this parameter was correlated with the severity of airflow limitation.
A geometric theory of thermal stresses
Authors: Ozakin Arkadas , Yavari Arash
Published: March 2010

In this paper we formulate a geometric theory of thermal stresses. Given a temperature distribution, we associate a Riemannian material manifold to the body, with a metric that explicitly depends on the temperature distribution. A change in temperature corresponds to a change in the material metric. In this sense, a temperature change is a concrete example of the so-called referential evolutions. We also make a concrete connection between our geometric point of view and the multiplicative decomposition of deformation gradient into thermal and elastic parts. We study the stress-free temperature distributions of the finite-deformation theory using curvature tensor of the material manifold. We find the zero-stress temperature distributions in nonlinear elasticity. Given an equilibrium configuration, we show that a change in the material manifold, i.e., a change in the material metric will change the equilibrium configuration. In the case of a temperature change, this means that given an equilibrium configuration for a given temperature distribution, a change in temperature will change the equilibrium configuration. We obtain the explicit form of the governing partial differential equations for this equilibrium change. We also show that geometric linearization of the present nonlinear theory leads to governing equations that are identical to those of the classical linear theory of thermal stresses.
Evaluation of the Coulomb-limited mobility in high-κ dielectric metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors
Authors: Casterman D. , De Souza M. M.
Published: March 2010

An efficient numerical method for the evaluation of the Green’s function used in the calculation of the Coulomb-limited electron mobility in high-κ metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors is presented. This simple method is applicable to gate stacks with an arbitrary number of layers of varying dielectric permittivity. A charge profile with varying dielectric profile is demonstrated to show an increase in Coulomb-limited mobility of 16% in comparison to a point charge located at the interface. A metal gate reduces the scattering potential due to its infinite dielectric constant which leads to lesser impact of charge in comparison to a polysilicon gate. The Coulomb-limited mobility for devices having identical equivalent oxide thickness of 0.5–0.8 nm with (a) a hafnium silicate interfacial layer (IL) and (b) zero IL is presented.
Numerical prediction of the film thickening due to surfactants in the Landau–Levich problem
Authors: Campana Diego M. , Ubal Sebastián , Giavedoni María D. , Saita Fernando A.
Published: March 2010

In this work numerical solutions of the dip coating problem in the presence of a soluble surfactant are shown. Predictions of film thickening as well as thickening factors are in very good agreement with published experimental data, showing that pure hydrodynamic modeling suffices to mimic the process. Our numerical solutions provide a wealth of information on the functioning of the dip coating system; they show the appearance of a second stagnation point located in the bulk phase near the dynamic meniscus and they give clues about how the flow patterns might change as the surfactant becomes less soluble.
Local measurements of Preisach density in polycrystalline ferroelectric capacitors using piezoresponse force spectroscopy
Authors: Ovchinnikov O. , Jesse S. , Guo S. , Seal K. , Bintachitt P. , Fujii I. , Trolier-McKinstry S. , Kalinin S. V.
Published: March 2010

Polarization switching in polycrystalline ferroelectric capacitors is explored using piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) based first-order reversal curve (FORC) measurements. The band excitation method facilitates decoupling the electromechanical responses from variations in surface elastic properties. A simulated annealing method is developed to estimate the Preisach densities from PFM FORC data. Microscopic and macroscopic Preisach densities are compared, illustrating good agreement between the two.