bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Structure and Function of Epidermal Lipids
Authors: KWOCHKA KENNETH W.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— This review article examines current knowledge of the structure and function of epidermal lipids in human and veterinary dermatology. Dynamic transformations in lipid composition and structure occur as cells migrate through the epidermis. The lipids which are formed have a direct effect on epidermal functions. Ceramides appear to be the most important lipid component for lamellar arrangement in the stratum corneum and barrier protection. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the epidermis are also important because they are incorporated into the ceramides. Additionally, arachidonic acid is bound to the phospholipid portion of cell membranes and is the most important precursor of endogenous eicosanoids. The eicosanoids are vital for epidermal homeostasis and play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses when produced in abnormal quantities. In addition to barrier protection, other vital epidermal functions associated with the lipids include stratum corneum water‐holding, cohesion and desquamation of corneocytes, and control of epidermal proliferation and differentiation.
Medical Uses Of Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)
Authors: HORROBIN DAVID F.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— In 1956 Sinclair suggested that abnormalities of EFA metabolism might be the basis of many of the unsolved diseases which particularly affect Western societies, notably cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders and cancer. Dismissed as a crank for about 25 years, Sinclair is now being recognised as a percipient pioneer. Recent evidence for the roles of EFAs in cancer, vascular disease, diabetic complications and inflammatory disorders such as atopic eczema and arthritis is discussed.

Resumen  En 1956, Sinclair sugirió que la causa de algunos enfermedades que afectaban al mundo occidental podría ser abnormalidades del metabolismo de los EFA, en particular, enfermedades cardiovasculares, inflamatorias y cancer. Por un periodo de 25 años sus teorías fueron rechazadas, sin embargo hoy se le cdrisidera un pionero en la materia. El reciente descubrimiento del papel de los EFA en cancer, enfermedades cardiovasculares, complicaciones de la diabetes y disórdenes inflamatorios (como arthritis y eczema), se discute en éste artículo.
Essential Fatty Acids and the Cat
Authors: HARVEY RICHARD G.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— The physiology of essential fatty acid metabolism in the cat is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on those aspects of the n:6 and n:3 fatty acids, their metabolites and interactions, which relate primarily to the skin. The functional roles, if known, of the fatty acids are discussed. Recent clinical research into the use of essential fatty acid supplements in the management of feline dermatoses is presented. Current indications for the therapeutic supplementation with essential fatty acids are summarised.
Double‐blinded Study Examining the Effects of Evening Primrose Oil on Feline Pruritic Dermatitis
Authors: LOGAS DAWN B. , KUNKLE GAIL A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract—The object of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) liquid (Efamol Vet; Guildford, U.K.) to decrease the signs of feline pruritic skin disease. Cats were accepted into the study if their dermatologic signs were related to probable flea allergy and/or atopy, their signs did not abate with increased flea control alone and they were not on any concurrent anti‐inflammatory drugs or supplements. They were initially placed on 4 weeks of intense flea control then randomly in a double‐blinded manner placed on either 8 weeks of EPO liquid or olive oil (control). Pruritus, erythema, self‐trauma, alopecia and overall dermatologic condition were monitored and scored at 4‐week intervals for the entire 12 weeks of study. The mean of each parameter for each group (EPO or olive oil) was compared to itself over time and to the other group using an analysis of variance with repeated measures. No significant difference (P≪ 0.05) was noted over time or between groups for any of the five parameters.
A Study of the Number and Distribution of Cutaneous Mast Cells in Cats with Disease not Affecting the Skin
Authors: FOSTER AIDEN P.
Published: March 2008

Resumen— El propósito de este estudio era investigar el número de mastocitos dérmicos en diferentes partes de la piel de gatos con enfermedad que no afecta a la piel. Se hizo un recuento de el número de mastocitos en 10 partes diferentes de la piel de 12 gatos sin evidencia de enfermedad de la piel. Se fijaron muestras de biopsia de piel en fijador Carnoy y formalina neutral atenuada, y se tiñeron con azul touluidina. Se realizaron recuentos de celulas de 6 campos de alto poder (400), de cada parte. Los recuentos de mastocitos combinados para todos los gatos, todas las partes y ambos fijadores variaban de 0–60 con un promedio de 12.5 por campo de alto poder y eran mas altos en el aspecto caudal del pabellón auricular y en la barbilla. El tipo de fijador usado no pareció influir en el recuento de mastocitos. [Foster, A. P. A study of the number and distribution of cutaneous mast cells in cats with diseases not affecting the skin (Un estudio de el número y distribución de mastocitos cutaneos en gatos con enfermedad que no afecta a la piel).

Abstract— The purpose of this study was to investigate the number of dermal mast cells in different skin sites from cats with disease not affecting the skin. The number of mast cells in the skin of 12 cats without evidence of skin disease was counted from 10 different skin sites. Skin biopsy samples were fixed in Carnoy's fixative and neutral buffered formalin and stained with toluidine blue. Cell counts from 6 high power fields (400) were made for each site. Mast cell counts combined for all cats, all sites and both fixatives ranged from 0 to 60 with a mean of 12.5 per high power field and were highest from the caudal aspect of the pinna and the chin. The type of fixative used did not appear to influence mast cell counts.
A Clinical, Pathological and I mmunopathological Study of Vitiligo in a Siamese Cat
Authors: LÓPEZ ROCÍO , GINEL PEDRO J. , MOLLEDA JOSÉ M. , BAUTISTA MARÍA J. , PÉREZ JOSÉ , MOZOS ELENA
Published: March 2008

Abstract— The clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural features of a spayed female Siamese cat with a three‐and‐a‐half year history of progressive cutaneous depigmentation are described. Clinically the condition was characterised by progressive leukoderma of the nose, pinna and footpad skin, and multifocal leukotrichia involving the whole body. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies confirmed the absence of melanocytes and melanin in the epidermis and hair follicles of affected areas. Immunohistochemical study revealed areas with absence of immune response to anti‐vimentin antiserum, which was interpreted as a loss of dendritic cells, especially melanocytes. Diagnosis of vitiligo was based on the clinical signs and pathological features. This study adds a new case of this uncommon condition in the cat, and documents some previously non‐reported features of feline vitiligo, such as the chronic progressive and generalised nature of the skin lesions, and its reversible character with partial lentiginous repigmentation on the pinna.
Protein Characteristics of Commercial Canine and Feline Hypoallergenic Diets
Authors: ROUDEBUSH PHILIP , GROSS KATHY L. , LOWRY STEPHEN R.
Published: March 2008

Résumé—Huit aliments humides pour chat, treize aliments humides pour chien et neufs aliments seés pour chien utilisés comme régimes d'élimination, recommandés ou vendus comme aliment hypoalergénique ont été comparés sur la base: des sources protéiques, de la quantité et de la digestibilité des protéines. Le nombre de sources de protéines variait de deux à neuf. La quantité de protéines (basée sur la matière sèche) variait de 8 à 40 pour cent dans les produits pour chiens et de 27 à 41 pour cent dand les produits pour chats. En se basant sur des différences statistiquement significatives les aliments pour chats et les boites pour chiens ont été classés en trois catégories de digestibilité, les aliments seés pour chiens en deux catégories. II a été proposé que seuls les produits contenant des protéines de haute ou très haute digestibilité soient utilisés chez les animaux suspects d'intolérances alimentaires. [Protein characteristics of commercial canine and feline hypoallergenic diets. (Charactéristiques des protéines des aliments hypoallergéniques industriels pour le chien et le chat.)

Abstract—Eight feline, 13 canned canine and nine dry canine commercial pet foods used as elimination diets, recommended or marketed as hypoallergenic diets were compared for protein sources, protein quantity and protein digestibility. The number of protein‐containing ingredients varied from two to nine. Protein quantity (dry matter basis) varied from 8 to 40 per cent in canine products and 27–41 per cent in feline products. Based on statistically significant differences, feline diets were classified into three categories of protein digestibility, canned canine diets into three categories, and dry canine diets into two categories. It is suggested that only those products with high or very high protein digestibility should be routinely recommended for patients with suspected adverse reactions to food.
Figurate Erythema Resembling Erythema Annulare Centrifugum in a Ferret with Adrenocortical Adenocarcinoma‐associated Alopecia
Authors: SCOTT DANNY W. , GOULD WILLARD J. , CAYATTE SUZANNE M. , LAWRENCE HOWARD J. , JR. WILLIAM H. MILLER
Published: March 2008

Resumen—Describimos un caso de alopecia simétrica bilateral en un hurón hembra esterilizada de 3 años. El cuadro resultó estar asociado con un adenocarcinoma adrenocortical y con concentraciones séricas elevadas de estradiol. Además el animal presentaba eritema figurado en la zona dorsolateral, lumbosacra y en la cola con caracteristicas clinicas e histopatológicas parecidas aleritema annulare centrifugumde la especie humana. El eritema figurado se trató con éxito con un producto comercial que contiene el ácido graso omega‐3/omega‐6. [Scott D. W., Gould, J. W., Cayatte, S. M., Lawrence, H. J., Miller, W. H., Jr. Figurate erythema resemblingerythema annulare centrifugumin a ferret with adrenocortical adenocar‐cinoma‐associated alopecia (Eritema figurado parecido aeritema anulare centrifugumen un hurón con alopecia asociada a un adenocarcinoma adrenocortical).

Abstract—Bilaterally symmetric alopecia and vulvar enlargement is reported in a 3‐year‐old, spayed female ferret. The condition was ultimately shown to be associated with an adrenocortical adenocarcinoma and elevated serum estradiol concentrations. In addition, the ferret had a figurate erythema over the dorsolateral lumbosacral region and tail that was clinically and histopathologically similar to erythema annulare centrifugum in humans. The figurate erythema was successfully treated with a commercial omega‐3/omega‐6 fatty acid‐containing product.
Resident Dendritic Cells in the Epidermis: Langerhans Cells, Merkel Cells and Melanocytes
Authors: WHITE STEPHEN D. , YAGER JULIE A.
Published: March 2008

Résumé— En plus des kératinocytes, l'épiderme contient des cellules résidentes de morphologie dendritique. Ce sont principalement la cellule de Langerhans, la cellule de Merkel et le mélanocyte. Ces cellules ont des fonctions diverses dans le tégument. Le mélanocyte assure la pigmentation cutanée et la protection contre les radiations U.V., et pourrait intervenir également dans la modulation de l'inflammation cutanée. La cellule de Langerhans intervient dans la surveillance immunologique des surfaces corporelles ecternes. La cellule de Merkel a des fonctions neuroendocrines. Cet article donne un aperçu de la structure et de la fonction de ces trois importantes populations cellulaires dans la peau. [Resident dentritic cells in the epidermis: Langerhans cells, Merkel cells and melanocytes (Cellules dentritiques résidentes de l'épiderme: cellules de Langerhans, cellules de Merkel et mélanocytes).

Resumen— La epidermis contiene, además de los queratinocitos, células résidentes de morfologia dendria dendritica. Estas son principalmente las células de Langerhans, las células de Merkel y los melanocitos. Estas células tienen varias funciones en el integumento. Los melanocitos se encargan de la pigmentación y protección de la piel contra la radiación ultravioleta y tarrtbién participan en la regulación de la inflamación cutánea. Las células de Langerhans ayudan en la regulación inmunológica en la superficie externa. Las células de Merkel tienen funciones neuroendocrinas. Esta revisión da un repaso general a la estructura y función de tres importantes células de la piel. [Resident dendsuitic cells in the epidermis: Langerhans cells, Merkel cells and Melanocytes (Células résidentes en la epidermis: células de Langerhans, células de Merkel y melanocitos).

Abstract— In addition to the keratinocytes, the epidermis contains resident cells of dendritic morphology. These are principally the Langerhans cell, Merkel cell and melanocyte. These cells have a number of different functions in the integument. The melanocyte is responsible for skin pigmentation and protection against UV radiation, and may also play a role in the modulation of cutaneous inflammation. The Langerhans cell aids in the immunological monitoring of the body's external surfaces. The Merkel cell has neuroendocrine functions. This review gives an overview of the structure and function of these three important cells of the skin.
Multiple Squamous Cell Carcinomas Arising from Multiple Cutaneous Follicular Cysts in a Dog
Authors: SCOTT DANNY W. , TEIXEIRA EDUARDO A. C.
Published: March 2008

Résumé— Des épithéliomas spinocellulaires se sont développés à partir de kystes folliculaires multiples chez un chien croisé berger Catalan de 6 ans. Le chien est mort après un suivi de 29 mois. Des métastases ont été trouvées dans les poumons et au niveau des métacarpiens 1 et 2 de la patte antérieure gauche. [Multiple squamous cell carcinomas arising from multiple cutaneous follicular cysts in a dog (Épithéliomas spinocel‐lalaires multiples se développant à partir de kystes folliculaires multiples chez un chien).

Resumen— Un perro Pastor Catalan desarrolló carcinomas de células planas a partir de multiples quistes foliculares. El perro murió a los 29 meses del seguimiento. Se detectaron carcinomas de células escamosas metástaticos en los pulmones y en los metacarpos I y II de la extremidad izquierda. [Multiple squamous cell carcinomas arising from multiple cutaneous follicular cysts in a dog. (Múltiples carcinomas de células planas surgidos a partir de multiples quised foliculares cutáneo en un perro).

Abstract— Squamous cell carcinomas developed in multiple follicular cysts in a 6‐year‐old Catalan shepherd cross dog. The dog died after a 29‐month follow‐up period. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma was detected in the lungs and metacarpal bones 1 and 2 of the left front paw.
Otobius megnini Infestation in Three Dogs
Authors: WHITE STEPHEN D. , SCOTT KATHRYN V. , CHENEY JOHN M.
Published: March 2008

Résumé— Trois cas d'infestation par Otobius megnini sont décrits. Le motif de consultation chez les deux chiens ne recevant par de corticoïdes était des secousses de la tête. L'éxérèse des tiques chez deux chiens et l'utilisation d'une préparation otologique à base de thiabendazole‐dexaméthasone‐néomycine chez le troisième, ont permis un contrôle de l'infestation. [White, S. D., Scott, K. V., Cheney, J. M. Otobius megnini infestation in three dogs (Infestation de trois chiens par Otobius megnini).

Resumen— Describimos tres casos de infestación por Otobius megnini en la especie canina. Los dos perros que no recibian tratamiento con corticoesteroides sacudian la cabeza. La infestación se resolvió quitando los piojos en dos casos y mediante el uso de una preparatión ótica con tiabendazol, dexametasona y neomicina, en el tercero. [Otobius megnini infestation in three dogs (Infestación por Otobius megnini en tres perros).

Abstract— Three cases of Otobius megnini infestation in dogs are described. Head‐shaking was the presenting complaint in the two dogs not receiving systemic corticosteroids. Removal of the ticks in two dogs, and the usage of a thiabendazole‐dexamethasone‐neomycin otic preparation in the third, resulted in resolution of the infestation.
A Review of Systemic Antifungal Agents
Authors: HILL PETER B. , MORIELLO KAREN A. , SHAW SUSAN E.
Published: March 2008

Résumé—Cet article est une revue des antifongiques systémiques communément utilisés. Sont présentés les origines des diverses substances, leur pharmacocinétique, leur mode d'action, leurs effets secondaires et enfin, leurs indications en médecine vétérinaire. [Hill, P.B., Moriello, K.A., Shaw, S.E. A review of systemic antifungal agents (Antifongiques systémiques: une revue).

Abstract—This paper is a review of commonly used systemic antifungal antibiotics. Included is a review of the origins of the drugs, pharmacokinetics, modes of action, adverse effects and clinical uses in veterinary medicine.
Carriage of Bacteria Antagonistic Towards Staphylococcus intermedius on Canine Skin and Mucosal Surfaces
Authors: SAIJONMAA‐KOULUMIES LEENA E. , LLOYD DAVID H.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— Antagonism against Staphylococcus intermedius was investigated amongst bacteria isolated from skin and mucosae of (1) 15 dogs with pyoderma and (2) 42 healthy dogs, including household pets, laboratory beagles and guide dogs. Fifteen isolates of S. intermedius, four coagulase‐negative staphylococci and a Micrococcus were inhibitory in vitro against at least one of the three indicator strains using direct and deferred inhibition tests. More dogs with antagonists were found in the pyoderma group and amongst laboratory beagles (p < 0.05) compared to healthy household pets. The frequency of all antagonists and of antagonistic S. intermedius from mucosae was higher in the pyoderma group compared to healthy household pets (p < 0.01 for both) and all healthy animals (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Increased competition at mucosae of infected dogs caused by higher populations of bacteria may have favoured the selection of antagonistic strains. Further studies, including tests for adherence and virulence are required to determine whether these isolates could be used as interfering strains against canine pyoderma.

Résumé— L'antagonisme contre Staphylococcus intermedius a étéétudié parmi des bactéries isolées à partir de la peau et des muqueuses de 15 chiens présentant des pyodermites et de 42 chiens sains, effectif comprenant des chiens de particuliers, des beagles de laboratoire et des chiens guides. Parmi les souches isolées, 15 S. intermedius, 4 staphylocoques coagulase négatifs et un micrococcus se sont révélés inhibiteurs in vitro vis à vis d'au moins une des 3 souches indicatrices, à la fois dans des test d'inhibition directs et indirects. La plupart des chiens portcurs d'antagonistes appartenait au groupe pyodermite et au groupe beagles de laboratoire (p < 0,05) plutôt qu'au groupe chiens de particuliers sains. La fréquence de tous les antagonistes et du S. intermedius antagoniste isolés à partir des muqueuses était supérieure dans le groupe pyodermite par rapport au groupe chiens de particuliers sains (p < 0,01) pour les 2) et au groupe incluant la totalité des animaux sains (p <0,05 et p < 0,01 respectivement). Une compétition accrue au niveau des muqueuses de chiens infectés causée par un plus grand nombre de bactéries peut favoriser la sélection de souches antagonistes. D'autres études incluant des tests d'adhérence et de virulence sont nécessaires pour déterminer si ces souches isolées peuvent être utilisées comme antagonistes dans les infections cutanées. [Saijonmaa‐Koulumies, L. E., LLOyD, D. H. Carriage of bacteria antagonistic towards Staphylococcus intermedius on canine skin and mucosal surfaces (Portage de bactéries antagonistes de Staphylococcus intermedius sur les surfaces muqueuses et cutanées chez le chien).
The Macroscopic and Microscopic Effects of Intradermal Injection of Crude and Purified Staphylococcal Extracts on Canine Skin
Authors: MASON IAN S. , LLOYD DAVID H.
Published: March 2008

Abstract— Intradermal injection of staphylococcal protein A, and crude extracts of Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus in normal dogs elicited dose‐dependent increases in skin fold thickness. The most concentrated doses of S. inlermedius elicited a significantly greater response than the equivalent dose of S. aureus between 30 min and 4 h after injection (p < 0.05). This may be due to prior sensitisation or may indicate that S. intermedius is more virulent. At all other times and doses there was no significant difference between the two crude staphylococcal extracts.

Histological examination indicated that while there were differences between the responses to the three extracts, all three elicited similar epidermal lesions (sub‐corneal pustules, spongiosis and hyperplasia) and superficial perivascular dermatitis. A similar pattern of changes has been recorded in canine superficial pyoderma supporting the hypothesis that penetration of staphylococcal products into the dermis is involved in the pathogenesis of the lesions of pyoderma.

Résumé— Des injections de Protéine A et d'extraits totaux de Staphylococcus intermedius et Staphylococcus aureus sur des chiens normaux entrainent des augmentations dose dépendantes du pli de peau et de l'érythème. La does plus concentrée de Staphycolococcus intermedius entrainent une réponse plus importante statistiquement significative que la réponse obtenue avec une concentration équivalente de Staphylococcus aureus entre 30 minutes et 4 heures après l'injection (p < 0,05). Ceci peut être due à une sensibilisation antérieure ou peut indiquer que Staphylococcus intermedius est plus virulent. Par contre, il n'existe pas de differences significatives entre les deux types d'extraits staphylocoques totaux à d'autres temps et concentrations. Les lesions histopathologiques montrent que tandis qu'il existe des differences entre les réponses aux trois extraits, tous les trois montrent des lesions épidermiques similaires (pustules sous cornées, spongiose et hyperplasie) et de dermatite périvasculaire superficielle. Des lesions semblables sont observées dans les pyodermites superficielles canines. Ceci conforte l'hypothèse que la penetration des produits staphylococciques dans le derme joue en role dans la pathogénie des lesions de pyodermite. [Mason, I. S., LLOyD, D. H. The macroscopic and microscopic effects of intradermal injection of crude and purified staphylococcal extracts on canine skin (Effects macroscopiques et microscopiques de l'injection intradermique d'extraits totaux et purifies staphylococciques sur la peau du chien.
Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats
Authors: WHITE STEPHEN D.
Published: March 2008

Abstract Antibiotics and immunostimulants are used in the systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections in small animals. The major antibiotic groups commonly utilized are the macrolides, lincosamides, potentiated sulphonamides, β‐lactamase‐resistant penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. Empirical usage, culture and sensitivity, mode of action, dosages, efficacy and side‐effects are reviewed. A summary of the veterinary literature relative to immunostimulants is also included.

Résumé—Antibiotiques et immunostimulants sont utilisés dans le traitement systémique des infections bactériennes cutanées des animaux de compagnie. Les families d'antibiotiques les plus utilisées sont les macrolides, les lincosanides, les sulfonamides potentialisés, les pénicillines résistantes à la lactamase, les céphalosporines et les fluoroquinolones. L'utilisation empirique, l'isolement et l'antibiogramme, le mode d'action, les dosages, l'efficacité et les effets secondaires sont présentés. Un résumé de la littérature vétérinaire concernant les immunostimulants est également inclus. [White, S. D. Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats. (Traitement systémique des infections bactériennes cutanées du chien et du chat). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 133–143.]

Resumen Para el tratamiento sistémico de ls infecciones bacterianas cutáneas en pequeños animales se usan antibióticos e inmunoestimulantes. Los grupos de antibióticos más frecuentemente utilizados incluyen los macrólidos, lincosamidas, sulfonamidas potenciadas, penicilinas beta‐lactamasa resistentes, cefalosporinas y fluoroquinolonas. Se revisan su uso empirico, cultivo y sensibilidad, mecanismo de acción, dosis, eficacia y efectos colaterales. Se incluye un resumen de la literatura veterinaria sobre immunoestimulantes. [White, S. D. Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats. (Tratamiento sistemico de las infecciones bacterianas cutaneas de perros y gatos). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 133–143.]

Zusammenfassung—Antibiotika und Immunstimulantien werden in der systemischen Behandlung von bakteriellen Hautinfektionen bei Kleintieren eingesetzt. Die Hauptgruppen der gewöhnlich verwendeten Antibiotika sind Markrolide, Lincosamide, potenzierte Sulfonamide, beta‐Laktamase‐resistente Penicilline, Cephalosporine und Fluroquinolone. Die empirische Anwendung, Kultur und Empfindlichkeit, Wirkungsweise, Dosierung, Wirksamkeit und Nebenwirkungen werden dargestellt. EineZusammenfassungder Veterinärliteratur bezüglich Immunstimulantien wird miteingeschlossen. [White, S.D. Systemic treatment of bacterial skin infections of dogs and cats (Systemische Behandlung von bakteriellen Hautinfektionen bei Hund und Katze). Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 133–143.]
A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat
Authors: PATEL ANITA , WHITBREAD TREVOR J. , MCNEIL PAULINE E.
Published: March 2008

Abstract This report describes clinical, histological and post‐mortem findings in a cat, that are similar to necrolytic migratory erythema in humans and to metabolic epidermal necrosis in dogs.

Resumen Este articulo describe los hallazgos clinicos, histopatológicos y post mortem en un gato, similares a Eritema Necrolitico Migratorio en la especie humana y a Necrosis Epidérmica Metabólica en el perro. [Patel, A., Whitbread, J., McNeil. P. A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat. (Un caso de necrosis epidérmica en un gato.) Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 221–226.]

Résumé Ce cas décrit les lésions cliniques, histopathologiques et nécropsiques chez un chat, évoquant l'érythème nécrolytique migrant de l'homme et la nécrose épidermique métabolique du chien. [Patel, A., Whitbread, J., McNeil. P. A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat. (Un cas de nécrose épidermique métabolique chez un chat.) Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 221–226.]

Zusammenfassung Dieser Bericht beschreibt klinische, histopathologische und Sektionsbefunde bei einer Katze, die dem hekrolytischen migratorischen Erythem beim Menschen und der stoffwechselbedingten epidermalen Nekrose beim Hund ähneln. [Patel, A., Whitbread, J., McNeil. P. A case of metabolic epidermal necrosis in a cat. (Ein Fall von stoffwechselbedingter epidermaler nekrose bei der Katze) Veterinary Dermatology 1996;7: 221–226.]
Inbreeding depression and outbreeding depression in Digitalis purpurea: optimal outcrossing distance in a tetraploid
Authors: GRINDELAND J. M.
Published: March 2008

An optimal crossing distance exists within plant populations if inbreeding and outbreeding depression operate simultaneously. In a population of tetraploid Digitalis purpurea, maternal plants were pollinated with donors at four distances: 0 (self‐pollination), 1, 6 and 30 m. Lifetime fitness of F1 progeny was investigated in greenhouse experiments, and significant inbreeding and outbreeding depression were detected at five vs. three life history traits. Inbreeding depression increased at later life stages, whereas outbreeding depression was relatively constant. The existence of within‐population outbreeding depression suggests substantial genetic structuring at moderate distances in D. purpurea, and corroborates recent findings of significant outbreeding depression in F1 progeny in polyploids. The moderate inbreeding depression found in this predominately outcrossing population supports the notion that effects of inbreeding are less severe in polyploids than in diploids.
Effects of Social Structure on the Behaviour and Performance of Alternative Reproductive Phenotypes in Male Rock Shrimp, Rhynchocinetes typus
Authors: Dennenmoser Stefan , Thiel Martin
Published: March 2008

Males that adopt alternative mating tactics within a conditional strategy often undergo costly morphological changes when switching to the next phenotype during ontogeny. Whether costs of changing to a subsequent reproductive phenotype are outweighed by a higher mating probability may depend on the frequencies of different phenotypes in a group of competitors. Benefits and costs associated with different phenotype frequencies depend on interactions within and between alternative phenotypes, but the underlying behavioural mechanisms have rarely been studied. Herein, we used the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus as a model: ontogenetic male stages of this species differ in morphological and behavioural traits that indicate alternative reproductive phenotypes. The small, subordinate, male stage (typus) develops via several intermediate stages (intermedius) to the dominant male stage (robustus): in competitive interactions the typus males usually employ the sneaking tactic, while the robustus males invariably employ the monopolizing fighter tactic. In laboratory experiments, we manipulated phenotype frequencies to examine whether there are frequency‐dependent effects on searching behaviour, aggressiveness and mating probability. With increasing frequency of robustus males, the rate of aggressive interactions among them increased. Furthermore, robustus males increased walking velocity when more than one robustus male was present. In contrast, typus males did not adjust their searching or aggressive behaviour. The increase of aggressive interactions among robustus males provided more opportunities for typus males to seize a temporarily unguarded female. While typus males exploit fights among robustus males that produce mating opportunities for them, robustus males benefit from typus males, which reveal the presence of receptive females. We suggest that each phenotype benefits from the presence of the other phenotype and suffers costly interference among individuals of the same phenotype. Whether frequency‐dependent effects on the mating probability of subordinates also affect their ontogenetic switchpoint should be examined in future studies.
Mating Success in the Polyandrous Social Wasp Vespula maculifrons
Authors: Kovacs Jennifer L. , Hoffman Eric A. , Goodisman Michael A. D.
Published: March 2008

The mating decisions made by social insect males and females profoundly affect the structure of colonies and populations. However, few studies have used experimental approaches to understand mating behavior and mate choice in social insect taxa. This study investigated mating success in the polyandrous social wasp Vespula maculifrons. Mating trials were designed to test predictions that characteristics of body size and colony‐of‐origin would affect mating success. We first investigated if size differences existed among individuals and found that males from different colonies differed significantly in the size of nine morphological traits. However, male trait size was not significantly associated with male mating success. In contrast, females from different colonies differed significantly in only six of the nine measured traits, and four of these traits were associated with successful mating behaviors. Specifically, the correlated traits of gaster length, third tergum length, antennal length, and total length were positively associated with female mating success. Thus, long females experience mating advantages over females that are short. We also found that males and females from one particular colony displayed significantly greater mating activity than individuals from other colonies. Thus, the colony from which individuals originate plays an important role in determining mating success. Finally, our experiments failed to detect any evidence of nestmate avoidance during the mating trials. Overall, our data suggest that social insect reproductives may experience differential mating success based on their phenotype or developmental environment.
Personality and Nest Defence in the Great Tit (Parus major)
Authors: Hollander Franck A. , Van Overveld Thijs , Tokka Iris , Matthysen Erik
Published: March 2008

A growing number of studies have shown that individuals differ consistently in a suite of correlated behavioural traits across various contexts and situations. Yet, most work on animal personalities has been performed under laboratory conditions and still little is known about the ecological significance of differences in personality in the wild, and the behavioural mechanisms underlying possible fitness consequences. In this study, we investigated individual differences in personality in relation to nest defence behaviour in wild great tits. Nest defence is an important aspect of parental care and involves a trade‐off between two fitness components (i.e. survival and reproduction). As a measure of personality we used exploratory behaviour in a novel environment as this has been shown to be correlated with several other behavioural traits including risk‐taking and aggression, two important behavioural components of nest defence. We found that the intensity of alarm calling towards a human intruder was positively associated with exploratory behaviour, while there was a negative association between exploration score and number of movements during nest defence. Thus, fast explorers are shown to respond more boldly towards predators in the field. More generally we show that individuals with different personalities vary in their anti‐predator and reproductive investment strategies.
Targeted gene analysis in Ulmus americana and U. pumila tissues
Authors: Nasmith C. , Jeng R. , Hubbes M.
Published: March 2008

Steady‐state gene expression was compared between Dutch elm disease (DED)‐susceptible Ulmus americana and DED‐resistant U. pumila callus, leaf midrib, root and inner bark tissues. Stress‐related cDNAs including phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), chitinase (CHT) and polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein (PGIP) were isolated and compared following RT‐PCR of elm tissues. Complete CHT and partial PAL and PGIP cDNA transcripts were identified, each displaying sequence variation between elm species. These transcripts were Dig‐labelled and subsequently used for northern analyses of the elm tissues. Midrib and root tissue displayed highest steady‐state gene expression compared with inner bark and callus tissues. A modified nucleic acid isolation technique was necessary for downstream RNA analyses. Lithium chloride and polyvinylpyrrolidone were critical for efficient removal of polysaccharides and phenolics associated with some of the elm tissues. Steady‐state gene expression is discussed in relation to the tissues investigated. The use of tissues other than in vitro callus culture more closely represents the tissues associated with the elm’s vascular response to DED.
A comparison of in vivo targeted gene expression during fungal colonization of DED‐susceptible Ulmus americana
Authors: Nasmith C. , Jeng R. , Hubbes M.
Published: March 2008

This study examined in vivo gene expression associated with the colonization of Dutch elm disease‐susceptible Ulmus americana by H175, an aggressive strain of Ophiostoma novo‐ulmi Brasier. Stress‐related genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), chitinase (CHT) and polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (PGIP) were used to observe gene expression changes during U. americana colonization by H175. A novel non‐invasive method employing leaf midribs was used to observe plant gene expression, fungal colonization and mansonone F accumulation. RNA dot blots determined that all transcripts probed were induced during colonization compared with unchallenged controls. PAL and PGIP expression were increased in leaf midrib tissue prior to fungal colonization, suggesting a remote signal induction. CHT expression was increased locally with the presence of fungus, suggesting a local signal induction. Mansonone F accumulation was detected prior to fungal colonization suggesting a remote signal induction. The in vivo method used will provide a useful tool for in vivo disease research, particularly in trees, where chemically complex tissue can impede RNA isolation and downstream analysis.
Indication of intracellular magnesium deficiency in lactating dairy cows revealed by magnesium loading and renal fractional excretion
Authors: Schweigel M. , Voigt J. , Mohr E.
Published: March 2008

Nine non‐pregnant, lactating dairy cows were used to study plasma and urinary magnesium concentrations ([Mg]pl; [Mg]u), and the urinary fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg) before, during and after an 120 min intravenous magnesium (Mg) administration (2.5 mg/kg body weight). Animals received a total mixed ration, and Mg content of the diet was within recommended range. Basal mean [Mg]pl, [Mg]uand FEMgwere 0.89 ± 0.09 mm, 5.92 ± 2.99 mmand 8.3 ± 9.7% respectively. For all parameters, a substantial inter‐individual variation was observed. Three cows showed suboptimal [Mg]pland/or [Mg]uas well as low FEMgvalues of approximately 2% indicating an insufficient Mg supply to these animals (depressed feed intake, reduced absorption of Mg). The applied Mg challenge induced no significant change of mean [Mg]plin the cows because part of the excess Mg was excreted in the urine. But in five out of nine cows, a decrease of the FEMg, during and after an intravenous Mg load was observed showing that part of the infused Mg is used to replenish intracellular Mg pools. Thus, the existence of an intracellular Mg deficiency in these cows was unmasked by performing the Mg loading test only. Because a reduced free intracellular [Mg] impairs cell and tissue functions, the results highlight the importance of an accurate definition of the intracellular Mg status. The Mg loading test is a suitable procedure, however, for practical purposes less expensive and time consuming methods must be developed.
Dietary protein concentration affects intestinal microbiota of adult cats: a study using DGGE and qPCR to evaluate differences in microbial populations in the feline gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Lubbs D. C. , Vester B. M. , Fastinger N. D. , Swanson K. S.
Published: March 2008

The objective of this study was to identify qualitative and quantitative differences in microbial populations of adult cats fed diets containing different protein concentrations. Following a 4 week baseline period, eight healthy adult domestic short‐hair queens (>1‐year‐old) were randomly allotted to a moderate‐protein (MP;n = 4) or high‐protein (HP;n = 4) diet for 8 weeks. Fresh faecal samples were collected after baseline and 8 weeks on treatment and stored at −80 °C. Following DNA extraction, samples were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to distinguish qualitative changes between diets. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measureE. coli,Bifidobacterium, Clostridium perfringens,andLactobacilluspopulations. Compared to baseline, cats fed MP had a bacterial similarity index of 66.7% as opposed to 40.6% similarity for those fed HP, exhibiting marked changes in intestinal bacteria of cats fed HP.Bifidobacteriumpopulations were greater (p < 0.05) in cats fed MP versus HP (9.44 vs. 5.63 CFU/g).Clostridium perfringenspopulations were greater (p < 0.05) in cats fed HP than MP (12.39 vs. 10.83 CFU/g). In this experiment, a high‐protein diet resulted in a dramatic shift in microbial populations. DecreasedBifidobacteriumpopulation in cats fed HP may justify prebiotic supplementation for such diets.
Daily pattern of some fatty acids in the athletic horse
Authors: Piccione G. , Assenza A. , Borruso M. , Fazio F. , Caola G.
Published: March 2008

In the sport field, non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are important for the physical performance during the aerobic exercise of short intensity and long duration. In man, rat, goat and in the sedentary horse studies on the chronometabolism showed the presence of a circadian rhythm of the plasmatic concentration of NEFA while data for the athletic horse are lacking. To define a chronogram helpful for a specific planning and the differentiation of the training programmme in the athletic horse, the circadian pattern of some fatty acids (NEFA, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) was studied in five Sella Italiana horses. These horses trained following a daily model of activity consisting of walk, trot, gallop and jump of obstacles of different heights. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein every 4 h, starting at 08:00 hours, for 2 days to assess the concentrations of total NEFA (by spectrophotometry), palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids (by gas chromatography).anovafor repeated measures showed a statistical significant effect of the time of the day in NEFA, oleic and linolenic acids. The application of the periodic model showed the periodic pattern of NEFA, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Acrophases were in the afternoon for all parameters. The results obtained showed a different trend of the circadian pattern of the studied parameters in the athletic horse than in the sedentary one because the physical activity and the post‐prandial metabolism acted as zeitgebers.
Symmorphosis and livestock bioenergetics: production animal muscle has low mitochondrial volume fractions
Authors: Hudson N. J.
Published: March 2008

A comparative analysis of skeletal muscle structure reveals that production species (nine species, representing three mammalian families and an avian family) have mitochondrial volume fractions (MVF) 37% lower than the non‐production species at equivalent size (17 species, with representatives from 10 mammalian families) (Fig. 1; F1,25 = 4.79; p = 0.039). As MVF provides evidence of oxidative capacity, this comparative analysis indicates that production animals share an exceptionally low oxidative capacity muscle phenotype. A possible bioenergetic reason for this observation, relating to a reduction in the cost of maintaining trans‐membrane ion gradients is briefly discussed. This discussion is framed within a biological economic design theory called symmorphosis and makes predictions about avenues for improvements in livestock bioenergetics.

 The scaling of log skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density (MVF) with log endotherm size. Production species (PS) (red circles, red line) have a 37% lower MVF than non‐production species (NPS) (blue circles, blue line). NPS log MVF = −0.11 log Mb + 0.88 (r2 = 0.48, n = 17). PS log MVF = −0.11 log Mb + 0.74 (r2 = 0.69, n = 9).

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Effects of six carbohydrate sources on dog diet digestibility and post‐prandial glucose and insulin response*
Authors: Carciofi A. C. , Takakura F. S. , De‐Oliveira L. D. , Teshima E. , Jeremias J. T. , Brunetto M. A. , Prada F.
Published: March 2008

The effects of six extruded diets with different starch sources (cassava flour, brewer’s rice, corn, sorghum, peas or lentils) on dog total tract apparent digestibility and glycemic and insulinemic response were investigated. The experiment was carried out on thirty‐six dogs with six dogs per diet in a completely randomized design. The diets containing brewer’s rice and cassava flour presented the greatest digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and gross energy (p < 0.05), followed by corn and sorghum; pea and lentil diets had the lowest. Starch digestibility was greater than 98% in all diets and was greater for brewer’s rice and cassava flour than for lentils and peas diets (p < 0.05). Dogs’ immediate post‐prandial glucose and insulin responses (AUC ≤ 30 min) were greater for brewer’s rice, corn, and cassava flour diets (p < 0.05), and later meal responses (AUC ≥ 30 min) were greater for sorghum, lentil and pea diets (p < 0.05). Variations in diet digestibility and post‐prandial response can be explained by differences in chemical composition of each starch source including fibre content and starch granule structure. The nutritional particularities of each starch ingredient can be explored through diet formulations designed to modulate glycemic response. However, more studies are required to support these.
Chemical form of dietary l‐Carnitine affects plasma but not tissue Carnitine concentrations in male Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Lambert B. D. , Dobson C. M. , Cherry N. M. , Sanderford M. G.
Published: March 2008

In Experiment 1, rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to control or one of the four sources of l‐Carnitine supplemented at either 100 or 200 μmol/kg/day and were allowed to acclimate for 14 days. Following a 12‐h fast, plasma samples were obtained at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 720 min after l‐Carnitine feeding and assayed for free l‐Carnitine concentration. Plasma‐free l‐Carnitine levels were affected by time after treatment intake (p < 0.0001) and l‐Carnitine source (p < 0.0001). The time × source interaction was not statistically significant (p = 0.99). In Experiment 2, rats (n = 54) were randomly assigned to control or one of the four sources of l‐Carnitine at either 100 or 200 μmol/kg/day and were acclimated as in experiment 1. Rats were sacrificed 120 min after feeding. Samples of liver and skeletal muscle were obtained and assayed for free l‐Carnitine concentration. Neither skeletal muscle (p = 0.44) or liver (p = 0.59) tissue concentrations of l‐Carnitine were affected by any l‐Carnitine source as compared with the control. We conclude that some differences exist in plasma concentrations of free l‐Carnitine following ingestion of different chemical forms of l‐Carnitine. It is unclear if these differences in the circulating concentration of free l‐Carnitine translate into any physiological differences for the animal. In this study, chemical form of l‐Carnitine had no effect on skeletal muscle or liver tissue concentrations of l‐Carnitine in young male Wistar rats.
Qualitative and quantitative responses of Diabroticina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to cucurbit extracts linked to species, sex, weather and deployment method
Authors: Cabrera Walsh G. , Weber D. C. , Mattioli F. , Heck G.
Published: March 2008

Toxic baits and traps for Diabroticina, based on bitter cucurbit extracts, have been utilized for a number of years with inconsistent results. Four species of bitter Cucurbitaceae were compared in the field for their attractancy to species of Diabroticina in Argentina and the United States. The comparisons were made with polyester fabrics treated with known volumes of different cucurbit extracts, against a standard cucurbit extract of bitter Hawkesbury watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunberg) Matsumura and Nakai). The factors evaluated were: the attractancy of the different extracts in terms of beetle numbers, species and sex of the Diabroticina caught; influence of different fabrics on such attraction; and influence of several weather variables on the catches. The most attractive species was Cayaponia bonariensis (Miller) Martinez Crovetto, however, practical considerations indicated that Cucumis myriocarpus Naudin and Hawkesbury watermelon may be better choices from the commercial perspective. No single weather factor could explain the catches throughout the sample range, but different temperature and barometric pressure ranges provided some predictive value. Although the susceptibility to weather conditions and a strong male dominance in the catches raise the question of the usefulness of cucurbitacins as the main component in toxic baits or traps, these drawbacks may prove to be less important in widespread bait applications and Diabroticina management in vegetable crops.