bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal fracture presentation and management in United States emergency rooms
Authors: Sethi Rosh K. V. , Khatib Dara , Kligerman Maxwell , Kozin Elliott D. , Gray Stacey T. , Naunheim Matthew R.
Published: January 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

There are limited data on laryngeal fracture presentation and management in US emergency departments (EDs). We aimed to characterize patients who are diagnosed with laryngeal fractures in the ED and identify management patterns.

Study Design

Retrospective review of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) from 2009 to 2011.

Methods

The NEDS was queried for patient visits with a primary diagnosis of open or closed laryngeal fracture (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes 807.5 and 807.6). Patient demographics, comorbidities, ED management, and hospital characteristics were extracted.

Results

There were 3,102 ED visits with a diagnosis of laryngeal fracture during the study period. Mean patient age was 40.9 years (range, 3–93 years). The majority of patients were male (85.5%) and sustained a closed (vs. open) fracture (91.4%), with an overall mortality rate of 3.8%. The majority of patients were treated for more than one injury during the same visit (76.2%). Most patients were evaluated at a trauma hospital (53.9%), and most patients were admitted to the hospital (71.9%). Emergent intubation or tracheostomy was rarely reported (2.6% and 0.1% of all cases), and a minority of patients underwent fiberoptic flexible laryngoscopy in the ED (1.9%). Laryngeal fractures occurred more frequently during summer months (28.2%). Mean charge for the entirety of the ED stay was $4,957.34.

Conclusions

Laryngeal fracture is rare and frequently associated with other injuries. The frequency of emergent airway procedure, imaging, and flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy is lower than expected, raising concerns about appropriate workup and management or recognition of injury in the ED setting.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:2341–2346, 2019
Drug repositioning screening identifies etravirine as a potential therapeutic for friedreich's ataxia
Authors: Alfedi Giulia , Luffarelli Riccardo , Condò Ivano , Pedini Giorgia , Mannucci Liliana , Massaro Damiano S. , Benini Monica , Toschi Nicola , Alaimo Giorgia , Panarello Luca , Pacini Laura , Fortuni Silvia , Serio Dario , Malisan Florence , Testi Roberto , Rufini Alessandra
Published: January 2019

Background

Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal‐recessive cerebellar ataxia caused by mutation of the frataxin gene, resulting in decreased frataxin expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Currently, no treatment is available for Friedreich's ataxia patients. Given that levels of residual frataxin critically affect disease severity, the main goal of a specific therapy for Friedreich's ataxia is to increase frataxin levels.

Objectives

With the aim to accelerate the development of a new therapy for Friedreich's ataxia, we took a drug repositioning approach to identify market‐available drugs able to increase frataxin levels.

Methods

Using a cell‐based reporter assay to monitor variation in frataxin amount, we performed a high‐throughput screening of a library containing 853 U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs.

Results

Among the potentially interesting candidates isolated from the screening, we focused our attention on etravirine, an antiviral drug currently in use as an anti–human immunodeficiency virus therapy. Here, we show that etravirine can promote a significant increase in frataxin levels in cells derived from Friedreich's ataxia patients, by enhancing frataxin messenger RNA translation. Importantly, frataxin accumulation in treated patient cell lines is comparable to frataxin levels in unaffected carrier cells, suggesting that etravirine could be therapeutically relevant. Indeed, etravirine treatment restores the activity of the iron‐sulphur cluster containing enzyme aconitase and confers resistance to oxidative stress in cells derived from Friedreich's ataxia patients.

Conclusions

Considering its excellent safety profile along with its ability to increase frataxin levels and correct some of the disease‐related defects, etravirine represents a promising candidate as a therapeutic for Friedreich's ataxia. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
On the local fractional wave equation in fractal strings
Authors: Singh Jagdev , Kumar Devendra , Baleanu Dumitru , Rathore Sushila
Published: January 2019

The key aim of the present study is to attain nondifferentiable solutions of extended wave equation by making use of a local fractional derivative describing fractal strings by applying local fractional homotopy perturbation Laplace transform scheme. The convergence and uniqueness of the obtained solution by using suggested scheme is also examined. To determine the computational efficiency of offered scheme, some numerical examples are discussed. The results extracted with the aid of this technique verify that the suggested algorithm is suitable to execute, and numerical computational work is very interesting.
Tet3 is required for normal in vitro fertilization preimplantation embryos development of bovine
Authors: Cheng Hui , Zhang Jian , Zhang Sheng , Zhai Yanhui , Jiang Yu , An Xinglan , Ma Xiaoling , Zhang Xueming , Li Ziyi , Tang Bo
Published: January 2019

DNA methylation is a central epigenetic event that regulates cellular differentiation, reprogramming, and pathogenesis. DNA demethylation occurs in preimplantation embryos and primordial germ cells. Recent studies suggest that TET3‐mediated oxidation of 5‐methylcytosine (5‐mC) contributes to genome‐wide loss of DNA methylation, yet the mechanism of this process in bovine preimplanted embryos has remained unknown. In this study, we analyzed the expression of Tet gene family at different stages of embryo development. The results revealed that Tet3 was highly expressed in bovine oocytes and in vitro fertilization preimplantation embryos. Knockdown of Tet3 by injection of siRNA in germinal vesicle oocytes was used to assess its role in epigenetic remodeling and embryo development. The results showed that knockdown of Tet3 significantly inhibited oocyte development, maturation, fertilization, and decreased subsequently cleavage and blastocyst rates. Tet3 knockdown significantly increased 5‐mC levels, whereas the 5‐hmC levels slightly declined. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction data showed that expression levels of the pluripotency genes (POU5F1 and NANOG) were significantly decreased, but the imprinted gene H19 did not change in the Tet3 knockdown group. In addition, some pluripotency genes (POU5F1 and NANOG) and repeated elements (satellite I and α‐satellite) promoter regions showed hypermethylation in the Tet3 knockdown group, except the imprinted gene H19. Furthermore, the percentage of apoptotic cells and the expression levels of the proapoptotic gene BAX were significantly increased, whereas the antiapoptotic gene BCL‐2 messenger RNA levels were decreased in the Tet3 knockdown group. Our results indicated that Tet3 could influence the expression level of the pluripotency genes through regulating the methylation status of the promoter region, thus affect embryonic development.
Piriformis syndrome – a diagnosis comes into its own
Authors: Fishman Loren M. , Hosseini Maryam
Published: January 2019

See article on pages 411–416 in this issue.
Response‐guided chemotherapy for pediatric acute myeloid leukemia without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in first complete remission: Results from protocol DB AML‐01
Authors: De Moerloose Barbara , Reedijk Ardine , de Bock Geertruida H , Lammens Tim , de Haas Valerie , Denys Barbara , Dedeken Laurence , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. , te Loo Maroeska , Uyttebroeck Anne , Van Damme An , Van der Werff‐ten Bosch Jutte , Zsiros Jozsef , Kaspers Gertjan , de Bont Eveline
Published: January 2019

Background

Children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a 70% survival rate with treatment regimens containing high doses of cytarabine and anthracyclines and, in some, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT).

Procedure

In this multicenter Dutch–Belgian protocol (DB AML‐01), 112 children with de novo AML were included. Treatment was stratified according to day 15 bone marrow response after the first induction course. Poor responders received a second course without delay while good responders awaited hematological recovery. Patients achieving CR after two induction courses continued with three consolidation courses without HSCT in CR1.

Results

The overall remission rate was 93.5%. After a median follow‐up of 4.1 years, three‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 52.6% (95% CI, 42.9%–61.3%), three‐year cumulative incidence of relapse 39.7% (95% CI, 30.1%–49.0%), and three‐year overall survival (OS) 74.0% (95% CI, 64.8%–81.2%). Significantly more events occurred in patients with high WBC at diagnosis or FLT3‐ITD/NPM1‐WT, whereas core binding factor (CBF) leukemia had a significantly better EFS. KMT2A rearrangements and age > 10 years negatively impacted OS.

Conclusions

DB AML‐01 response‐guided therapy results in a favorable OS, particularly for children with CBF leukemia, children younger than 10 years or with initial WBC counts below 100 × 109/L. Outcome of patients with FLT3‐ITD/NPM1‐WT remains poor and warrants alternative treatment strategies.
Analysis of the short‐term curative effect of 356 cases of intraocular retinoblastoma in children
Authors: Jin Mei , Zhao Junyang , Zhang Dawei , Zhang Chengyue , Zhao Wen , Wang Xisi , Zhao Qian , Duan Chao , Su Yan , Hong Huimin , Ma Xiaoli
Published: January 2019

Importance

Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children. Systemic chemotherapy combined with local therapy is safe and effective for intraocular Rb.

Objective

To summarize the short‐term outcomes of patients with Rb to provide evidence for optimizing treatment protocols and improving therapeutic safety and efficacy.

Methods

The clinical data of 356 patients (486 eyes) with intraocular Rb admitted to our center from December 2009 to April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The measures included drug toxicity, eye‐preservation rate, and survival rate, with an emphasis on safety and short‐term efficacy. The date of last follow‐up was 30 November, 2017.

Results

The patients comprised 226 unilateral Rb and 130 bilateral Rb. Enucleation before chemotherapy was performed in 72 patients. Among the 174 patients with unilateral Rb, enucleation after chemotherapy was performed in 80 patients (46.0%), and the eye was not enucleated in 89 (51.1%); 68 eyes were preserved (68/114, 59.6%) in Group D and 20 eyes (20/59, 33.8%) in Group E. Among the 220 eyes in patients with bilateral Rb, enucleation after chemotherapy was performed for 35 eyes; the eye‐preservation rate was 91.7% in Group C, 79.1% in Group D, and 52.1% in Group E. All patients developed grade II to IV myelosuppression after chemotherapy, among whom 18 patients (5%) requiring transfusion. Fourteen patients (3.9%) died of intracranial metastasis following self‐elected discontinuation of treatment (n = 7). Patients were followed up for a median of 47 (range, 1–96) months. The expected 5‐year overall survival rate was 95.3% (96.7% for unilateral Rb and 92.9% for bilateral Rb, P = 0.074).

Interpretation

The VEC (vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin) regimen with local treatment was safe for intraocular Rb. Intracranial metastasis remains the most common cause of Rb‐related death.
Effects of Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment and Resistant Starch Supplementation on Gut Microbiome Composition in a Cohort of Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia
Authors: Flowers Stephanie A. , Baxter Nielson T. , Ward Kristen M. , Kraal A. Zarina , McInnis Melvin G. , Schmidt Thomas M. , Ellingrod Vicki L.
Published: January 2019

Study Objective

Previous studies identified shifts in gut microbiota associated with atypical antipsychotic (AAP) treatment that may link AAPs to metabolic burden. Dietary prebiotics such as resistant starch may be beneficial in obesity and glucose regulation, but little is known mechanistically about their ability to modify gut microbiota in AAP‐treated individuals. This investigation was undertaken to delineate mechanistically the effects of AAP treatment and resistant starch supplementation on gut microbiota in a psychiatric population.

Design

Cross‐sectional cohort study.

Setting

The study was performed in an outpatient setting.

Patients

A total of 37 adults with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia who were treated with an AAP (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or ziprasidone [21 patients]) or lithium and/or lamotrigine (16 patients) for at least 6 months.

Intervention

Patients in the AAP group received raw unmodified potato starch (resistant starch) daily for 14 days.

Measurements and Main Results

Of the 37 patients, the mean ± SD age was 52.2 ± 12.5 years, and 57% were male. The primary outcome was gut microbiome DNA composition. Microbiome DNA obtained from stool samples from all patients was subject to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing before and during resistant starch supplementation. Inter‐ and intragroup microbial diversity measures were performed by permutational multivariate analysis of variance and the Inverse Simpson Diversity Index, respectively. Differentially abundant organisms were detected by using linear discriminant analysis effect size. Although no significant difference in overall microbiota composition was detected at baseline between AAP users and nonusers, non‐AAP users showed increased fractional representation of Alistipes. AAP‐treated women exhibited decreased diversity compared with non–AAP‐treated women. Although the microbiome of AAP‐treated patients varied with resistant starch administration, an increased abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum was observed.

Conclusion

These data suggest that AAP treatment is associated with measurable differences in gut microbiota, particularly in female AAP‐treated patients in whom reduced species richness was observed. Additionally, variable microbiome responses to resistant starch supplementation were seen, with a significant increase in starch degraders.
Inspiratory muscle strength, diaphragmatic mobility, and body composition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Souza Rosália M.P. , Cardim Adriane B. , Maia Tuíra O. , Rocha Lívia G. , Bezerra Shirley D. , Marinho Patrícia Érika M.
Published: January 2019

Background and purpose

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a systemic inflammatory disease that can cause repercussions on respiratory muscles and body composition. The aim of the current study was to evaluate inspiratory muscle strength, diaphragmatic mobility, and body composition in COPD subjects and to correlate these variables.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study performed with 21 COPD patients. Inspiratory muscle strength (manovacuometry), pulmonary function test (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1], and FEV1/FVC ratio), diaphragmatic mobility (ultrasonography), and body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) were examined.

Results

COPD individuals in Stages II (28.9%), III (52%), and IV (19%) according to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Disease were recruited, 61.9% of which were men. Inspiratory muscle weakness was found in 47.6% of subjects, who presented a lower fat‐free mass percentage (p = 0.017) and smaller fat‐free mass index (p = 0.001) and greater fat mass percentage (p = 0.029) and less diaphragmatic mobility (p = 0.007) compared with the nonrespiratory weakness group. Maximal inspiratory pressure exhibited a moderately positive relationship to the fat‐free mass index (r = 0.767, p < 0.001) and a weak positive relationship to diaphragmatic mobility (r = 0.496, p = 0.022).

Conclusion

Our study showed a high prevalence of inspiratory muscle weakness based on the severity of airway obstruction and on the presence of muscular depletion. The evaluation of body composition detected important changes. It also demonstrated that not only muscular weakness was present in these patients but also this had repercussions on the mobility of the diaphragm muscle.
Electronic Structure and Bond Relaxation at Na/Ta(110) Interfaces and 1D‐Chain and 2D‐Ring Ta Metal Structures on Na(110)
Authors: Bo Maolin , Li Lei , Yao Chuang , Peng Cheng , Huang Zhongkai , Sun Chang Q.
Published: January 2019

Combining bond–band–barrier (BBB), density‐functional theory (DFT) and zone‐selective electron spectroscopy (ZES) correlations, we investigate the bonding mechanisms at Na/Ta(110) and Ta/Na(110) interfaces. When the Ta metal coverage on the Na(110) surface is increased from 7/9 ML to 8/9 ML, the Ta surface distribution changed from one‐dimensional chains to two‐dimensional ring structures. Moreover, the Ta‐induced shifts in the surface binding energy (BE) on the Na(110) surface were dominated by quantum entrapment, whereas the Na‐induced shifts in the BE on the Ta(100) surface are dominated by polarization. DFT calculations reveal that the Ta atomic chain is more stable than the structure of the Ta atomic ring. The adsorption of Ta atoms on the Na(110) surface is more stable than the structure of the Na atoms adsorbing on the Ta(110) surface. The 1D chain formations and 2D ring structures on the Na(110) surface are identified and explained in this paper.
Competition Between Kinetics and Thermodynamics During the Growth of Faceted Crystal by Phase Field Modeling
Authors: Albani Marco , Bergamaschini Roberto , Salvalaglio Marco , Voigt Axel , Miglio Leo , Montalenti Francesco
Published: January 2019

The faceting of a growing crystal is theoretically investigated by a continuum model including the incorporation kinetics of adatoms. This allows us for predictions beyond a simple Wulff analysis which typically refers to faceted morphologies in terms of the equilibrium crystal shape for crystals with an anisotropic surface‐energy, or to steady‐state kinetic shape when the crystals grow with orientation‐dependent velocities. A phase‐field approach is implemented in order to account simultaneously for these contributions in two‐ and three dimensions reproducing realistic kinetic pathways for the morphological evolution of crystal surfaces during growth. After a systematic characterization of the faceting determined by orientation‐dependent incorporation times, several different crystal morphologies are found by tuning the relative weights of thermodynamic and kinetic driving forces. Applications to realistic systems are finally reported showing the versatility of the proposed approach and demonstrating the key role played by the incorporation dynamics in out‐of‐equilibrium growth processes.
Inhibition on acid‐sensing ion channels and analgesic activities of flavonoids isolated from dragon's blood resin
Authors: Wan Ying , Yu Yi , Pan Xinxin , Mo Xiaoqiang , Gong Weifan , Liu Xiangming , Chen Su
Published: January 2019

Acid‐sensing ion channel (ASIC) serves important roles in the transmission of nociceptive information. To confirm the analgesic mechanism of dragon's blood resin, patch–clamp technique, in vivo animal experiments, and immunohistochemical staining were used to observe the effects of the three flavonoids (loureirin B, cochinchinemin A, and cochinchinemin B) isolated from dragon's blood resin on ASIC. Results showed that the three flavonoids exerted various inhibitory effects on ASIC currents in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The combination of the three flavonoids with total concentration of 6.5 μM could decrease (53.8 ± 4.3%) of the peak amplitude and (45.8 ± 4.5%) of the sustained portion of ASIC currents. The combination of the three flavonoids was fully efficacious on complete Freud's adjuvant (CFA)–induced inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia at a dose of 6.5 mM similar with amiloride at 10 mM. The analgesic effects of the combination could be weakened by an ASIC activator 2‐guanidine‐4‐methylquinazoline. CFA‐induced hyperalgesia was accompanied by c‐Fos up‐regulation in DRG neurons, and the combination rescued thermal hyperalgesia through down‐regulation of c‐Fos and ASIC3 expression in CFA‐induced inflammation. These collective results suggested that the flavonoids isolated from dragon's blood resin could be considered as the chemical compounds that exert analgesic effects on inflammatory thermal pain due to action on ASIC.
Salidroside-Pretreated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Diabetic Wound Healing by Promoting Paracrine Function and Survival of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Under Hyperglycemia
Authors: Ariyanti Agnes Dwi , Zhang Jianqi , Marcelina Olivia , Nugrahaningrum Dyah Ari , Wang Guixue , Kasim Vivi , Wu Shourong
Published: January 2019

Systemic abnormalities cause several complications in diabetes patients. Impaired wound healing is a serious complication that leads to severe foot ulcer and amputation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been considered a promising strategy for promoting wound healing due to their paracrine function. However, their poor survival after transplantation limits their therapeutic effect and applications. Salidroside, a glucopyranoside, has been reported to exert cytoprotective effects. Our previous study revealed that salidroside could promote the paracrine function of skeletal muscle cells. However, whether salidroside could improve MSCs survival under hyperglycemic condition and, subsequently, promote wound healing in diabetic model mice remains unknown. Here, we found that salidroside pretreatment effectively reversed the hyperglycemia-induced suppression of the expression of crucial wound healing factors in MSCs, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Salidroside pretreatment also suppressed the hyperglycemia-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in MSCs, thereby lowering the apoptosis rate and enhancing MSCs survival rate. Furthermore, salidroside improved the MSCs migration potential that was impaired under hyperglycemia. in vivo experiments revealed that salidroside pretreatment prior to transplantation significantly enhanced the effect of MSCs in promoting wound closure in diabetic mice. Collectively, our results suggest that pretreatment with salidroside could be an effective strategy to enhance the survival rate and the therapeutic effect of MSCs. Thus, our article suggested a novel, potential MSC-based strategy for diabetic wound healing. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:404–414
Predicting emotional health indicators from linguistic evidence of psychological distancing
Authors: Shahane Anoushka D. , Denny Bryan T.
Published: January 2019

Psychological distancing, a form of cognitive reappraisal, involves construal of emotionally valenced stimuli in an objective manner, or with perceived spatial and temporal distance. Prior work suggests that in appropriate contexts, reappraisal broadly, and distancing specifically, is related to adaptive mental and physical health outcomes. Additionally, recent research suggests that shifting language to be more distant (i.e., linguistic distancing [LD]) can have adaptive emotion regulatory effects. The present study addressed whether LD is also associated with adaptive health indicators. Participants transcribed their thoughts while viewing negative or neutral stimuli in one of three ways: (a) by implementing objective language, (b) by implementing spatially and/or temporally far away language, or (c) by responding naturally. Across psychological distancing groups, LD was associated with lower negative affectivity (lower perceived stress and depression symptoms), better general well‐being (better emotional well‐being and energy and vitality), and better emotion regulation (ER; greater reappraisal frequency and fewer difficulties in implementing ER). Participants who used more LD in the objective group had lower negative affectivity, better general well‐being, and better ER, and those in the far group had better ER. The results reveal linguistic mechanisms underlying ER and its relationship to health indicators, suggesting future examination of LD interventions.
Reliable Performance Comparison of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Optimized Maximum Power Point Tracking
Authors: Rakocevic Lucija , Ernst Felix , Yimga Nadine T. , Vashishtha Saumye , Aernouts Tom , Heumueller Thomas , Brabec Christoph J. , Gehlhaar Robert , Poortmans Jef
Published: January 2019

Performance comparison of perovskite solar cells with different architectures is nontrivial. J–V sweeps can be unreliable due to stack‐dependent output variations affected by sample preconditioning, scan rate, scan direction, and temperature. Maximum power point tracking is regarded as a more reliable performance measurement. In this study, a two‐step measuring procedure is proposed for quick and unbiased comparison of perovskite‐based solar cells. In the proposed procedure, the transient current density characterization step is used to determine optimal parameters for maximum power point tracking performance characterization. Moreover, factors affecting time limited maximum power point tracking by comparing performance and output of three different maximum power point tracking algorithms applied to devices, from three planar n‐i‐p perovskite stacks, are analyzed and identified. Numerical simulation is used to model differences and define limitations of the algorithms. As a result, it is shown that measurement delay and voltage step can have a crucial effect on maximum power point tracking output, regardless of the chosen algorithm.
Simplified assessment of the need for the explicit model of RC beam‐column joints instead of the rigid model
Authors: Costa Ricardo , Providência Paulo , Gomes Fernando
Published: January 2019

The behaviour of reinforced concrete beam‐column (RCBC) joints may have an important influence on the structural behaviour of unbraced framed structures—this explains why current technical specifications require accounting for their deformation. However, the available numerical models for RCBC joints are rather complex, so that, at the end of the day, these joints are commonly modeled using one of two alternative simplified models: the rigid joint model and the centerline joint model. This calls for the development of “Simplified Classification Criteria”, which are simplified procedures to assess the influence of RCBC joints on the structural behaviour, that is, to determine whether a simplified joint model can be employed in the numerical model of the overall structure without leading to major errors in the analysis. This paper focuses on the possibility of using the rigid joint model. As a starting point for the step‐by‐step development of general classification criteria for RCBC joints we employ the basic simplified classification criterion already existing for steel beam‐column joints.
Selective‐tripping scheme for power supply arm on high‐speed railway based on correlation analysis between feeder current fault components in multisite
Authors: Lin Guosong , Gao Shibin
Published: January 2019

Auto‐transformer (AT) power traction networks with a parallel connection are the unique mode on high‐speed electric railways in China. The up line and down line of power traction networks are connected at substation (SS), AT post (ATP) and sectioning post (SP) through busbars, circuit breakers and disconnectors. Currently, when a fault occurs on power traction networks, the feeder line protection devices at the up line and down line in SS trip simultaneously. After that, the nonfault line and instantaneous fault line recover by means of autoreclosing. This tripping mode enlarges the power supply‐interrupted region. Based on the analysis of circuit networks of power traction networks on high‐speed electric railways, the interrelations of currents in SS and ATP and in SS and SP are derived. When a fault occurs on one side of the power traction networks, the feeder currents in ATP and SP flow from the nonfault side to the fault side. The relation between feeder currents in SS and ATP and between feeder currents in SS and SP reflect this characteristic. A criterion for discriminating the fault side and selective‐tripping scheme of breakers is proposed based on the correlation analysis of feeder current fault components in multisite. The simulation results show that this scheme can discriminate fault side and make a selective trip rapidly and correctly. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors alleviate house dust mite allergen Der p2‐induced IL‐6 and IL‐8
Authors: Pan Hui‐Hsien , Hsiao Yu‐Ping , Chen Ping‐Ju , Kang Yu‐Ting , Chao Yu‐Hua , Sheu Ji‐Nan , Lue Ko‐Huang , Ko Jiunn‐Liang
Published: January 2019

Steroid‐insensitive asthma‐related airway inflammation is associated with the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase in asthmatic bronchial epithelium. Proinflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and IL‐8 are related to steroid‐insensitive asthma. It is currently unknown how EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) affects house dust mite (HDM)‐induced asthma in terms of inflammatory cytokines related to steroid‐resistant asthma and further signaling pathway. Cytokine expressions and EGFR signaling pathway were performed by ELISA, reverse transcriptase PCR, real‐time PCR, and Western blot in cell‐line models. AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway‐related inhibitors were applied to confirm the association between EGFR‐TKI and AMPK pathway. HDM induced IL‐6 and IL‐8 in a dose‐dependent manner. Both Erlotinib (Tarceva) and Osimertinib (AZD‐9291) reduced the levels of HDM‐stimulated IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels in BEAS‐2B cells. AZD‐9291 was more effective than Erlotinib in inhibiting phospho‐EGFR, and downstream phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and phopho‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p‐STAT3) pathway signaling. In addition, AMPK pathway‐related inhibitor, Calcium‐/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) inhibitor, down‐regulated IL‐8, but EGFR‐TKI had no effect on AMPK pathway. Our findings highlight EGFR‐TKIs, Tarceva, and AZD‐9291, attenuate HDM‐induced inflammatory IL‐6 and IL‐8 cytokines via EGFR signaling axis pathway, but not AMPK signaling pathway.
Modeling chloramine decay in full‐scale drinking water supply systems
Authors: Ricca Henry , Aravinthan Vasanthadevi , Mahinthakumar Gnanamanikam
Published: January 2019

Chloramines are commonly used as secondary disinfectants in drinking water treatment, providing a residual for disinfection as drinking water moves to consumers. Chloramines are inherently unstable, undergoing autodecomposition reactions even in the absence of reactive substances. In the presence of natural organic matter (NOM), chloramine loss accelerates due to additional reaction pathways. In this study, batch reaction models for chloramine loss due to autodecomposition and the presence of NOM were developed. A case study was carried out for the Town of Cary, North Carolina. A hydraulic model of Cary's distribution system was developed and calibrated using the EPANET toolkit with operational and water demand data supplied by Cary. Then, water age from the hydraulic model was used together with the batch model of chloramine decay to successfully predict chloramine concentrations spatially and temporally throughout the network. The capabilities of the EPANET‐MSX toolkit to model chloramine loss in a distribution network are explored.

Practitioner points

A batch reaction model of chloramine decay over time due to autodecomposition reactions and additional reactions with NOM was developed and validated.

A hydraulic model of the Town of Cary’s water distribution network was developed and calibrated using operational and water demand data.

Water age reported by the calibrated hydraulic model was used in conjunction with the batch reaction model of chloramine decay to successfully predict chloramine concentrations spatially and temporally throughout the network.
Symmetries and mass degeneracies in the scalar sector
Authors: Haber Howard E. , Ogreid O. M. , Osland P. , Rebelo M. N.
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We explore some aspects of models with two and three SU(2) scalar doublets that lead to mass degeneracies among some of the physical scalars. In Higgs sectors with two scalar doublets, the exact degeneracy of scalar masses, without an artificial fine-tuning of the scalar potential parameters, is possible only in the case of the inert doublet model (IDM), where the scalar potential respects a global U(1) symmetry that is not broken by the vacuum. In the case of three doublets, we introduce and analyze the replicated inert doublet model, which possesses two inert doublets of scalars. We then generalize this model to obtain a scalar potential, first proposed by Ivanov and Silva, with a CP4 symmetry that guarantees the existence of pairwise degenerate scalar states among two pairs of neutral scalars and two pairs of charged scalars. Here, CP4 is a generalized CP symmetry with the property that (CP4)nis the identity operator only for integernvalues that are multiples of 4. The form of the CP4-symmetric scalar potential is simplest when expressed in the Higgs basis, where the neutral scalar field vacuum expectation value resides entirely in one of the scalar doublet fields. The symmetries of the model permit a term in the scalar potential with a complex coefficient that cannot be removed by any redefinition of the scalar fields within the class of Higgs bases (in which case, we say that no real Higgs basis exists). A striking feature of the CP4-symmetric model is that it preserves CP even in the absence of a real Higgs basis, as illustrated by the cancellation of the contributions to the CP violating form factors of the effectiveZZZandZWWvertices.
Localization and non-renormalization in Chern-Simons theory
Authors: Fan Yale
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We revisit and clarify some aspects of perturbative renormalization in pure Chern-Simons theory by means of a localization principle associated with an underlying supersymmetry. This perspective allows the otherwise perturbative one-loop shifts to be interpreted as nonperturbative consequences of a non-renormalization theorem, while providing a unified understanding of their origin (particularly in the case of Wilson lines). We illustrate this approach explicitly for SU(2) Chern-Simons theory in flat space, on Seifert manifolds, and on a solid torus.
The top-quark window on compositeness at future lepton colliders
Authors: Durieux Gauthier , Matsedonskyi Oleksii
Published: January 2019

Abstract

In composite Higgs (CH) models, large mixings between the top quark and the new strongly interacting sector are required to generate its sizeable Yukawa coupling. Precise measurements involving top as well as left-handed bottom quarks therefore offer an interesting opportunity to probe such new physics scenarios. We study the impact of third-generation-quark pair production at future lepton colliders, translating prospective effective-field-theory sensitivities into the CH parameter space. Our results show that one can probe a significant fraction of the natural CH parameter space through the top portal, especially at TeV centre-of-mass energies.
Bimetallic Nickel Cobalt Sulfide as Efficient Electrocatalyst for Zn–Air Battery and Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Jingyan , Bai Xiaowan , Wang Tongtong , Xiao Wen , Xi Pinxian , Wang Jinlan , Gao Daqiang , Wang John
Published: January 2019

The development of efficient earth-abundant electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions (ORR, OER, and HER) is important for future energy conversion and energy storage devices, for which both rechargeable Zn–air batteries and water splitting have raised great expectations. Herein, we report a single-phase bimetallic nickel cobalt sulfide ((Ni,Co)S2) as an efficient electrocatalyst for both OER and ORR. Owing to the synergistic combination of Ni and Co, the (Ni,Co)S2 exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance for ORR, OER, and HER in an alkaline electrolyte, and the first principle calculation results indicate that the reaction of an adsorbed O atom with a H2O molecule to form a *OOH is the potential limiting step in the OER. Importantly, it could be utilized as an advanced air electrode material in Zn–air batteries, which shows an enhanced charge–discharge performance (charging voltage of 1.71 V and discharge voltage of 1.26 V at 2 mA cm−2), large specific capacity (842 mAh gZn−1 at 5 mA cm−2), and excellent cycling stability (480 h). Interestingly, the (Ni,Co)S2-based Zn–air battery can efficiently power an electrochemical water-splitting unit with (Ni,Co)S2 serving as both the electrodes. This reveals that the prepared (Ni,Co)S2 has promising applications in future energy conversion and energy storage devices.
On the radius of spatial analyticity for solutions of the Dirac–Klein–Gordon equations in two space dimensions
Authors: Selberg Sigmund
Published: January 2019

We consider the initial value problem for the Dirac–Klein–Gordon equations in two space dimensions. Global regularity for

C^{\infty }

data was proved by Grünrock and Pecher. Here we consider analytic data, proving that if the initial radius of analyticity is

\sigma _{0} > 0

, then for later times

t > 0

the radius of analyticity obeys a lower bound

\sigma (t) \geq \sigma _{0}\mathrm{\exp }⁡(−At)

. This provides information about the possible dynamics of the complex singularities of the holomorphic extension of the solution at time

t

. The proof relies on an analytic version of Bourgain's Fourier restriction norm method, multilinear space–time estimates of null form type and an approximate conservation of charge.
Universal temperature dependence of Young’s modulus
Authors: Zakarian D. , Khachatrian A. , Firstov S.
Published: January 2019

An analytical formula is obtained from first principles describing the temperature dependence of the elastic modulus of borides, carbides, oxides, nitrides, composites, metals (both simple and transitional), as well as high-entropy alloys (HEAs).
Joint geodetic and seismic analysis of surface crevassing near a seasonal glacier-dammed lake at Gornergletscher, Switzerland
Authors: Garcia Louis , Luttrell Karen , Kilb Debi , Walter Fabian
Published: January 2019

Seasonal lake Gornersee forms at the confluence of Gornergletscher and Grenzgletscher, Switzerland, and experiences outburst floods annually in midsummer. To study the interplay between lake drainage, glacier movement and crevasse activity, high-frequency seismometers and GPS receivers were deployed in networks near Gornersee during the summer ablation seasons of 2004, 2006 and 2007. We use a Rayleigh wave coherence method to locate 3289, 7939 and 4087 icequakes, respectively, primarily along well-defined surface crevasses. We calculate two-dimensional strains from triads of GPS stations and find mean differential strain rates of ~300 × 10−6 d−1 with diurnal variations up to 800 × 10−6 d−1. Crevasse icequake activity and glacial velocity are highest during early season, then decrease as meltwater channels erode and subglacial water pressure decreases. Glacial response to Gornersee drainage varied year-to-year, with icequake activity promoted at some crevasses and inhibited at others, suggesting syn-drainage icequakes may be indicative of local drainage patterns and small-scale features of the stress field. Diurnal pulses in icequake activity exhibit peak activity at different times of day in different locations, coincident with a southeast-to-northwest trending concentrated shear zone near the Gornergletscher–Grenzgletscher confluence, likely due to differences in the timing of peak strain rate in these regions.
Revisiting the Registration of European Citizens’ Initiatives: The Evolution of the Legal Admissibility Test
Authors: KARATZIA Anastasia
Published: January 2019

According to the main element of the legal admissibility test of the European Citizens’ Initiative (‘ECI’) set out in Regulation 211/2011, a proposed ECI cannot collect signatures of support if it ‘manifestly falls outside the framework of the Commission’s powers to submit a proposal for a legal act of the Union for the purpose of implementing the Treaties’. This contribution argues that the interpretation and application of the ECI legal admissibility test has developed since the early years of the ECI’s operation, largely due to the CJEU’s intervention in ECI-cases. It analyses the procedural and substantive changes to the test in light of the relevant litigation and the ongoing reform of the ECI’s legal framework. It illustrates that certain contested procedural aspects of the ECI legal admissibility test have been resolved, while the scope of the ECI has been extended to allow Initiatives in the field of international agreements. The article explores the effects of these developments on current and future ECI practice, including the possibility to bring an ECI in the context of the EU-UK Brexit negotiations.
Hegel’s Pluralism as a Comedy of Action
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: January 2019

Our reception of Hegel’s theory of action faces a fundamental difficulty: on the one hand, that theory is quite clearly embedded in a social theory of modern life, but on the other hand most of the features of the society that gave that embedding its specific content have become almost inscrutably strange to us (e.g., the estates and the monarchy). Thus we find ourselves in the awkward position of stressing the theory’s sociality even as we scramble backwards to distance ourselves from the particular social institutions that gave conceptualized form to such sociality in Hegel’s own opinion. My attempt in this article is to make our position less awkward by giving us at least one social-ontological leg to stand on. Specifically, I want to defend a principled and conceptual pluralism as forming the heart of Hegel’s theory of action. If this view can be made out, then we will have a social-ontological structure that might be filled out in different ways in Hegel’s time and our own while simultaneously giving real teeth to the notion that Hegel’s theory of action is essentially social.
Theodoret's Theologian: Assessing the Origin and Significance of Gregory of Nazianzus’ Title
Authors: LANGWORTHY OLIVER B.
Published: January 2019

This study addresses the lack of critical analysis on Gregory of Nazianzus’ title of ‘the Theologian’. In doing so it addresses two areas: the origin of the title in theAddress to Marcian, and the significance of its attribution to Gregory by Theodoret of Cyrrhus. Alongside Theodoret, this study takes account of a range of usages in Christian and non-Christian authors in order to argue that the title was attributed to Gregory as part of a pre-existing Christian response encompassing Moses, John and the prophets and pagan theologians such as Orpheus and Homer.
Seenku
Authors: McPherson Laura
Published: January 2019

Seenku (ISO 639-3: sos) is a Western Mande language of the Samogo group, whose other members include languages like Dzùùngoo (Solomiac 2014), Jowulu (Djilla, Eenkhoorn & Eenkhoorn-Pilon 2004), and Duungooma (Hochstetler 1996), spoken on either side of the Mali-Burkina Faso border. The endonymic language name Seenku [sɛ̃́ː-kû] (also spelled on Ethnologue as Seeku) literally means ‘thing of the Sɛ̃ː ethnicity’, but it is widely known to outsiders as Sembla (variant spelling Sambla), which doubles as an exonym for the ethnicity. Seenku has two primary dialects, Northern and Southern, spoken in villages approximately 40 km west of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso (see map in Figure 1). This study focuses on the more populous southern dialect, particularly the variety spoken in and around the large village center of Bouendé (local name [ɡ͡béné-ɡũ̏]), with a population of approximately 12,000 speakers; the Northern dialect, spoken around the village center of Karangasso (local name [təmî]), has a population of approximately 5000 speakers and was the subject of a sketch grammar (Prost 1971). The southern dialect had until recently received little scholarly attention, with the exception of a Master's thesis on the morphophonology at the Université de Ouagadougou (Congo 2013), but is now the subject of the NSF Documenting Endangered Languages grant supporting this research (BCS-1664335). Other published work includes McPherson (2017a, b, c, d).
Frühgeburtsscreening: Was ist wirklich sinnvoll?
Authors: Amylidi-Mohr Sofia , Mueller Martin
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die spontane Frühgeburt ist ein Syndrom, das durch multiple Mechanismen ausgelöst wird. Angesichts der pathophysiologischen Heterogenität der Frühgeburt kann ein einzelner Biomarker nicht die geforderten hohen negativen und positiven Prädiktivwerte aufzeigen. Aus klinischer Sicht hat sich die Anamnese, sonografische Messung der Zervix-Länge und Test auf plazentares Alpha-Microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) aus dem zervikovaginalen Sekret durchgesetzt. Weitere prospektive, gross angelegte longitudinale Studien müssen die kombinierte Verwendung neuer Biomarker validieren.
CME: Dehydratation und Flüssigkeitstherapie bei sterbenden Patienten
Authors: Gund Sina-Maria , Fehr Thomas , Camartin Cristian
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die parenterale Flüssigkeitsverabreichung bei sterbenden Patienten ist eine kontrovers diskutierte Therapie und führt sowohl beim Behandlungsteam als auch bei den Angehörigen zu unterschiedlichen Haltungen. Die verminderte Aufnahme von Flüssigkeit am Lebensende ist im Rahmen eines natürlichen Sterbeprozesses zu betrachten. Die künstliche Flüssigkeitszufuhr kann einerseits unerwünschte Folgen haben, andererseits aber in bestimmten Fällen auch zu einem Benefit führen. Es gibt einige Indikationen, die eine künstliche Flüssigkeitsgabe rechtfertigen bzw. eher verbieten. Bei Unsicherheit über einen Benefit einer Flüssigkeitsgabe kann ein befristeter Therapieversuch etabliert werden. Als Therapie der Wahl gilt die subkutane Flüssigkeitsgabe.
Das «gefährliche» EKG
Authors: Flury Gian
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Diese Übersicht möchte den mit kardialen Notfällen konfrontierten Arzt auf einige spezielle EKG-Pathomorphologien beim akuten Koronarsyndrom und der Lungenembolie sowie auf maligne Arrhythmien bei Hyperkaliämie, medikamenteninduzierter QTc-Verlängerung, beim WPW und bei arrhythmogener rechtsventrikulärer Kardiomyopathie aufmerksam machen. Deren Nichterkennung und eine daraus resultierende Nicht- oder Fehlbehandlung können schwerwiegende Konsequenzen für den Patienten und den Arzt (Haftpflichtfolgen) haben.
Immunsuppression, Operation, Komplikation?
Authors: Christen Daniel
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Chirurgische Leiden stellen bei immunsupprimierten Patienten gelegentlich grosse diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderungen dar. Vor allem bei Leiden, bei denen septische Notfallsituationen oder postoperativ septische Komplikationen auftreten können, ist die Operationsindikation zur elektiven chirurgischen Versorgung unter Umständen früh zu diskutieren. Dies erfolgt am besten interdisziplinär zwischen allen beteiligten Disziplinen und dem Patienten.