First Report of Phytophthora cactorum Causing Root Rot of Processing Carrots (Daucus carota) in Michigan
Authors: Saude C. , Hausbeck M. K. , Hurtado-Gonzales O. , Rippetoe C. , Lamour K. H. 
Published: May 2007

In the fall of 2005, processing carrot fields in Mason, Newaygo, and Oceana counties, Michigan, were surveyed for Phytophthora spp. Carrot roots were sampled from areas of fields that exhibited patches of chlorotic, blighted, or wilted foliage. Dark brown, firm, water-soaked lesions occurred near the middle and crown areas of diseased carrot roots. In the advanced stages of disease, carrot root tissue readily collapsed and a soft rot developed while petioles turned black. The internal portions of the diseased carrot roots were brown and rubbery. Roots with these symptoms are not suitable for processing. Carrot roots were washed with tap water and the tissue excised from the edge of developing lesions and plated aseptically onto BARP-amended (25 ppm of benomyl, 100 ppm of ampicillin, 30 ppm of rifampicin, and 100 ppm of pentachloronitrobenzene) regular V8 juice agar. Plates were incubated at 23 to 25°C for 7 days. Phytophthora sp. was isolated from carrot root samples from all surveyed areas. Ten representative single-sporangium isolates cultured on dilute V8 juice agar were examined for morphological characteristics. The homothallic Phytophthora sp. isolates produced papillate, obpyriform, caducous sporangia (35.0 to 45.2 × 26.2 to 33.2 μm) with 1 to 3 μm long pedicels, plerotic oospores (27.0 to 32.0 μm in diameter) with paragynous antheridia, and primarily terminally produced chlamydospores that were 30.0 to 40.0 μm in diameter. Radial growth on V8 juice agar was observed at temperatures between 10 and 30°C with optimum growth at 25°C and no growth at 5 and 35°C. Pathogenicity of the 10 isolates was tested by inoculating three of each wounded and nonwounded carrot roots with a 7-mm mycelial plug from the edge of actively growing 5-day-old cultures. Inoculated carrot roots were incubated for 7 days in a moist chamber at 23 to 25°C. Symptoms developed 3 to 7 days after inoculation, with non-wounded roots exhibiting firm, dark brown, water-soaked lesions and wounded roots exhibiting soft rot with dark brown margins. The Phytophthora sp. was always isolated from the inoculated roots. Controls remained healthy and no pathogen was isolated from these roots. On the basis of the morphological and physiological characteristics, the Phytophthora sp. isolated was identified as Phytophthora cactorum ((Lebert & Cohn) J. Schrot.) (2). Identity of these isolates was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcriber spacers (ITS). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles for 37 isolates were >83% similar, which is expected for conspecific isolates. The ITS sequences from six representative isolates were identical and shared 100% homology to P. cactorum (GenBank Accession No. AF266772) isolated from Rubus idaeus (1). The consensus ITS sequence was deposited in NCBI (Accession No. EF052680). P. cactorum was reported in New York on field and stored carrot roots in 1952 (3), but to our knowledge, this is the first report in Michigan. Finding of P. cactorum on carrot roots represents a new and significant threat to the Michigan processing carrot industry, which ranks fourth in the United States.

References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Gen. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Disease Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1996. (3) W. E. Rader. N Y State (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Stn. Bull. 889:5, 1952.