bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and Safety of Abemaciclib, an Inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6, for Patients with Breast Cancer, Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Other Solid Tumors
Authors: Patnaik Amita , Rosen Lee S. , Tolaney Sara M. , Tolcher Anthony W. , Goldman Jonathan W. , Gandhi Leena , Papadopoulos Kyriakos P. , Beeram Muralidhar , Rasco Drew W. , Hilton John F. , Nasir Aejaz , Beckmann Richard P. , Schade Andrew E. , Fulford Angie D. , Nguyen Tuan S. , Martinez Ricardo , Kulanthaivel Palaniappan , Li Lily Q. , Frenzel Martin , Cronier Damien M. , Chan Edward M. , Flaherty Keith T. , Wen Patrick Y. , Shapiro Geoffrey I.
Published: May 2016

We evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic profile, pharmacodynamic effects, and antitumor activity of abemaciclib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, in a multicenter study including phase I dose escalation followed by tumor-specific cohorts for breast cancer, non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma, melanoma, and colorectal cancer. A total of 225 patients were enrolled: 33 in dose escalation and 192 in tumor-specific cohorts. Dose-limiting toxicity was grade 3 fatigue. The maximum tolerated dose was 200 mg every 12 hours. The most common possibly related treatment-emergent adverse events involved fatigue and the gastrointestinal, renal, or hematopoietic systems. Plasma concentrations increased with dose, and pharmacodynamic effects were observed in proliferating keratinocytes and tumors. Radiographic responses were achieved in previously treated patients with breast cancer, NSCLC, and melanoma. For hormone receptor–positive breast cancer, the overall response rate was 31%; moreover, 61% of patients achieved either response or stable disease lasting ≥6 months.

Significance: Abemaciclib represents the first selective inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6 with a safety profile allowing continuous dosing to achieve sustained target inhibition. This first-in-human experience demonstrates single-agent activity for patients with advanced breast cancer, NSCLC, and other solid tumors. Cancer Discov; 6(7); 740–53. ©2016 AACR.

See related commentary by Lim et al., p. 697.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 681
Arkadia-Smad7-Mediated Positive Regulation of TGF-β Signaling in a Rat Model of Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis
Authors: Liu Fu-You , Li Xiao-Zhao , Peng You-Ming , Liu Hong , Liu Ying-Hong
Published: May 2016

Background/Aims: Upregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Smad signaling has been implicated in the primary pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has an important influence on TGF-β signaling through regulating Smad degradation. As E3 ubiquitin ligases, both Arkadia and Smurf2 are involved in this prosess. In this study, we focused on Arkadia, Smurf2, Smad7, and TGF-β type I receptor (TβRI), principal molecules in the regulation of TGF-β signaling, to understand the regulatory mechanism of ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. Methods: A unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model was employed, and sham-operated rats were used as controls. Renal lesions and the expression of Arkadia, Smurf2, Smad7, TβRI, TGF-β1, and type 1 collagen (COL-1) were detected by Western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The results indicated progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis, high expression levels of Arkadia, Smurf2, TβRI, TGF-β1 mRNA, type 1 collagen mRNA, and Smad7 mRNA, and low levels of Smad7 protein in the kidneys of rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction, in which Smurf2 interacted with both Smad7 and TβRI, and Arkadia only interacted with Samd7 but not with TβRI. Conclusion: Reduction of Smad7 resulting from ubiquitin-dependent degradation may be mainly attributed to Arkadia, and Arkadia-Smad7-mediated positive regulation of TGF-β signaling may play a promoting role in the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
Immunotherapy of Brain Cancer
Authors: Roth Patrick , Preusser Matthias , Weller Michael
Published: May 2016

The brain has long been considered an immune-privileged site precluding potent immune responses. Nevertheless, because of the failure of conventional anti-cancer treatments to achieve sustained control of intracranial neoplasms, immunotherapy has been considered as a promising strategy for decades. However, several efforts aimed at exploiting the immune system as a therapeutic weapon were largely unsuccessful. The situation only changed with the introduction of the checkpoint inhibitors, which target immune cell receptors that interfere with the activation of immune effector cells. Following the observation of striking effects of drugs that target CTLA-4 or PD-1 against melanoma and other tumor entities, it was recognized that these drugs may also be active against metastatic tumor lesions in the brain. Their therapeutic activity against primary brain tumors is currently being investigated within clinical trials. In parallel, other immunotherapeutics such as peptide vaccines are at an advanced stage of clinical development. Further immunotherapeutic strategies currently under investigation comprise adoptive immune cell transfer as well as inhibitors of metabolic pathways involved in the local immunosuppression frequently found in brain tumors. Thus, the ongoing implementation of immunotherapeutic concepts into clinical routine may represent a powerful addition to the therapeutic arsenal against various brain tumors.
Immunotherapy of Melanoma
Authors: Bender Carolin , Hassel Jessica C. , Enk Alexander
Published: May 2016

Arising from melanocytes in skin, mucosal membranes, eye, and meninges, melanoma is a tumor that has been associated with poor prognosis in advanced disease stages. Given the poor response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, new treatment approaches with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and adoptive T-cell therapy have revolutionized the standard of care for patients with advanced melanoma. This review provides a short overview of past, present, and future immunotherapeutic approaches and their limitations, with a focus on new combination agents in early clinical trials.
МІКРОБІОЛОГІЧНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СТАТЕВИХ ШЛЯХІВ У ВАГІТНИХ ЖІНОК ПІСЛЯ ЕКСТРАКОРПОРАЛЬНОГО ЗАПЛІДНЕННЯ
Authors: Лісяна Т. О. , Пономарьова І. Г. , Сопко Я. О. , Доброчинська Л. І. , Ковальчук О. А.
Published: May 2016

Проведено оцінку мікробіоценозу репродуктивного тракту в жінок у різні терміни вагітності після екстракорпорального запліднення (ЕКЗ). Встановлено, що в  обстежених пацієнток у першому триместрі вагітності не виявлено суттєвих змін показників контамінації статевих шляхів потенційно патогенною мікрофлорою та збудниками іншої етіології. В другому триместрі вагітності біоценоз статевих шляхів характеризується формуванням дисбалансу між рівнем висіву захисної мікрофлори та представниками транзиторних видів мікроорганізмів,  в третьому триместрі вагітності у вагітних відбувається відновлення  окремих показників мікробіоценозу репродуктивної системи.
ДИНАМІКА МОЗКОСПЕЦИФІЧНИХ БІЛКІВ ТА НЕЙРОТРОФІЧНОГО ФАКТОРА МОЗКУ (BDNF) У ХВОРИХ ІЗ НАСЛІДКАМИ ЛЕГКОЇ ЧЕРЕПНО-МОЗКОВОЇ ТРАВМИ ДО ТА ПІСЛЯ МІКРОХВИЛЬОВОЇ РЕЗОНАНСНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ (МРТ)
Authors: Korshnyak O. V.
Published: May 2016

Показано динаміку стану мозкоспецифічних білків та нейротрофічного фактора  (BDNF)  у хворих із наслідками легкої черепно-мозкової травми до та після мікрохвильової резонансної терапії. Виявлено, що навіть через досить тривалий час після одержаної черепно-мозкової травми,  у даної групи хворих  мають місце   активні автоімунні реакції до різних структур мозку, що є свідченням порушення регуляторних механізмів у віддаленому періоді легкої черепно-мозкової травми. 
БЕЛОК S100 КАК МАРКЕР ГИПЕРТРОФИИ МИОКАРДА У ДЕТЕЙ С ДВУХСТВОРЧАТыМ АОРТАЛЬНыМ КЛАПАНОМ СЕРДЦА
Authors: Каменщик А. В.
Published: May 2016

В статье приведены результаты изучения сывороточных  концентраций белка s100 у детей с двухстворчатым аортальным клапаном сердца (ДаК). Отмечено повышение сывороточных концентраций указаного маркера у детей с ДаК. Проведен корреляционный анализ полученных данных с основными допплерографическими параметрами у данной категории больных детей. По результатам допплерографии выявлено изменение структурной геометрии правых отделов сердца с преобладанием продольного размера правого предсердия и получены уникальные отрицательные корреляции концентраций белка s100 с указанными параметрами допплерэхокардиографии.
Not a Trap, But Slow Transition? Indonesia's Pursuit to High Income Status
Authors: Basri Muhammad Chatib , Rahardja Sjamsu , Fitrania Syarifah Namira
Published: May 2016

In the last four decades, Indonesia's economy demonstrated remarkable progress. After the devastating currency crises in 1998–99, growth recovered. With the help of commodity prices, Indonesia has become one of the largest middle-income countries in the world. All of this happened amidst the backdrop of delicate political transformations. It is far from clear, however, whether Indonesia can continue to follow the successful path of other industrialized countries in East Asia. We lay out key issues that are likely to hinder Indonesia's transformation to a high-income country and discuss constraints in policymaking that may require calibrating reform prescription with the new political landscape.
Changes in Winter Warming Events in the Nordic Arctic Region
Authors: Vikhamar-Schuler Dagrun , Isaksen Ketil , Haugen Jan Erik , Tømmervik Hans , Luks Bartlomiej , Schuler Thomas Vikhamar , Bjerke Jarle W.
Published: May 2016

In recent years extreme winter warming events have been reported in arctic areas. These events are characterized as extraordinarily warm weather episodes, occasionally combined with intense rainfall, causing ecological disturbance and challenges for arctic societies and infrastructure. Ground-ice formation due to winter rain or melting prevents ungulates from grazing, leads to vegetation browning, and impacts soil temperatures. The authors analyze changes in frequency and intensity of winter warming events in the Nordic arctic region—northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland, including the arctic islands Svalbard and Jan Mayen. This study identifies events in the longest available records of daily temperature and precipitation, as well as in future climate scenarios, and performs analyses of long-term trends for climate indices aimed to capture these individual events. Results show high frequencies of warm weather events during the 1920s–30s and the past 15 years (2000–14), causing weak positive trends over the past 90 years (1924–2014). In contrast, strong positive trends in occurrence and intensity for all climate indices are found for the past 50 years with, for example, increased rates for number of melt days of up to 9.2 days decade−1 for the arctic islands and 3–7 days decade−1 for the arctic mainland. Regional projections for the twenty-first century indicate a significant enhancement of the frequency and intensity of winter warming events. For northern Scandinavia, the simulations indicate a doubling in the number of warming events, compared to 1985–2014, while the projected frequencies for the arctic islands are up to 3 times higher.
A Numerical Study of the 6 May 2012 Tsukuba City Supercell Tornado. Part II: Mechanisms of Tornadogenesis
Authors: Mashiko Wataru
Published: May 2016

In Part I, the vorticity sources of midlevel and low-level mesocyclones in the 6 May 2012 Tsukuba City, Japan, tornadic supercell were investigated by using high-resolution simulation results with a 50-m horizontal grid spacing. In Part II, the analyses are extended to the mechanisms of tornadogenesis. The tornado was generated at the leading edge of a rear-flank downdraft (RFD) outflow surge. Backward-trajectory and vortex line analyses revealed that the RFD outflow surge was a triggering factor for tornadogenesis and that horizontal vorticity around the strong RFD outflow region was ingested into the tornado. To identify the vorticity source of the tornado, the evolution of circulation along a material circuit surrounding the tornado was investigated. Owing to baroclinity at the tip of a hook-shaped distribution of hydrometeors (hereafter hook echo), the circulation increased rapidly from a negative value when the core of the hydrometeors was descending, about 10 min prior to tornadogenesis. Analysis of the buoyancy field as well as a sensitivity experiment without diabatic cooling showed that baroclinity associated with cooling due to evaporation of rain and melting of ice-phase hydrometeors around the tip of the hook echo was the dominant vorticity source responsible for tornadogenesis.
Building Blocks for Alternative Four-Dimensional Pyramids of Corporate Social Responsibilities
Authors: Meynhardt Timo , Gomez Peter
Published: May 2016

Carroll shaped the corporate social responsibility (CSR) discourse into a four-dimensional pyramid framework, which was later adapted to corporate citizenship and sustainability approaches. The four layers of the pyramid—structured from foundation to apex as economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic (or discretionary) responsibilities—drew considerable managerial attention. An important criticism of the economic foundation of the Carroll pyramid concerns the identification and ordering of the four dimensions, which are inadequately justified theoretically. The authors of this article propose an alternative approach that builds on the public value concept, which integrates a microfoundation of psychological research into basic human needs. Drawing on their Swiss Dialogue process, the authors argue that a four-dimensional pyramid does have heuristic value for managers. The advantage of this alternative pyramid logic is that it may be contingently adapted to different cultural contexts, because it allows adaptive internal reordering.
Does International Tourism Affect Transnational Terrorism?
Authors: Goldman Ogen S. , Neubauer-Shani Michal
Published: May 2016

Studies focusing on the relationship between transnational terrorism and tourism examine the effect of terror on tourism, while this study looks at a different question: does international tourism affect transnational terrorism? We hypothesized that the higher the number of international tourist arrivals to a country, the higher the number of terror attacks, and examined this effect from four distinct aspects: perpetration by foreign attackers against local victims, perpetration by local attackers against foreign victims, perpetration by foreign attackers against foreign victims, and perpetration of terror attacks against foreign private parties. We conclude that there is an inverse U relationship between number of arrivals and number of attacks perpetrated by foreigners, and also a robust significant relationship between number of arrivals to a country and terror attacks in which both the attacker and the victim are foreigners. However, it is not unequivocal whether this is a positive linear or an inverse U relationship.
Takayasu arteritis presenting with malignant hypertension; a rare manifestation of a rare disease: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Patel Bhupeshwari , Tiwari Astha , Dubey Shiv Ram Krishna , Bhatt Girish C , Tiwari Punit , Bhan Bhavna Dhingra
Published: May 2016

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic inflammatory and obliterative disease of large vessels, which mainly affects the aorta and its major branches. TA can lead to renal failure and renovascular hypertension in 60% of patients; it is rare in children aged <10 years and, more rarely, it presents with malignant hypertension in the paediatric age group. Here we present a case of 9-year-old boy with TA who presented with malignant hypertension and required surgical intervention to control the blood pressure. Subsequently, his medications were titrated using 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and is doing well on follow-up.
Elicited production of relative clauses in German: Evidence from typically developing children and children with specific language impairment
Authors: Adani Flavia , Stegenwallner-Schütz Maja , Haendler Yair , Zukowski Andrea
Published: May 2016

We elicited the production of various types of relative clauses in a group of German-speaking children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing controls in order to test the movement optionality account of grammatical difficulty in SLI. The results show that German-speaking children with SLI are impaired in relative clause production compared to typically developing children. The alternative structures that they produce consist of simple main clauses, as well as nominal and prepositional phrases produced in isolation, sometimes contextually appropriate, and sometimes not. Crucially for evaluating the movement optionality account, children with SLI produce very few instances of embedded clauses where the relative clause head noun is pronounced in situ; in fact, such responses are more common among the typically developing child controls. These results underscore the difficulty German-speaking children with SLI have with structures involving movement, but provide no specific support for the movement optionality account.
A Case of Drug-induced Cutaneous Toxicity Observed in Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Kikkawa Rie
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this article is to describe a case of drug-induced cutaneous toxicity observed in cynomolgus monkeys and to introduce approaches attempted in order to elucidate mechanisms. The test article was a small molecule with a ubiquitously distributed target, especially in rapidly dividing cells, and which modulated cell cycle regulation. After 7 consecutive days of oral dosing, animals developed multifocal skin lesions. The lesions were characterized clinically by vesicles and scabs formation and were distributed mainly in thin-skinned areas of the body including the cheek, chest, abdomen, and inner limbs. Microscopically, the lesions were confirmed as epidermal vesicle formation and ulceration. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the levels within the epidermis where separation (vesicle formation) occurred were not consistent. The differential diagnoses for vesicular skin lesions and our efforts to elucidate the mechanism of toxicity using in-house database searches and immunohistochemistry are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, similar cutaneous toxicity has not been reported previously, although there are reports of other types of cutaneous toxicities. Understanding the mechanisms of the toxicity is very important when assessing human relevancy during drug development. Our investigative approach can be utilized when unusual skin toxicities are observed in the future.
The Group Analyst’s Role when Facing the Group
Authors: David Mário
Published: May 2016

This article presents a brief review of the conductor’s role towards the group, since the initial definitions provided by S.H. Foulkes and E.J. Anthony (1957 [1984]). Meanwhile E.L. Cortesão (1967; 1979; 1988; 1989 [2008]; 1991) tackled the initial conceptualizations of matrix and group processes, believing they were not sufficiently developed to explain the technique or any other meta-theory in group analysis. So he developed a complementary point of view, the concept of ‘pattern’, which would embrace all the phenomena related to the matrix and simultaneously be more aware of the conductor’s presence and influence through his personal and general characteristics, his specific postures and his attitudes when he holds and sustains the group process within the matrix. He proposed this concept of pattern as a kind of imprint brought by the conductor into the group’s matrix, which conveys and sustains the matrix when he promotes and develops a group-analytic process.
Bullying and Students With Disabilities
Authors: Houchins David E. , Oakes Wendy Peia , Johnson Zachary G.
Published: May 2016

Bullying is a serious issue affecting the psychological, social, and physical well-being of students. Although a substantial amount of bullying research has been conducted with general education students, there is a paucity of experimental prevention or intervention studies specifically focused on students with disabilities. The aim of this article is twofold. First, we introduce a special issue on bullying and students with disabilities. Summaries of recent studies conducted on the bullying and students with disabilities are described. Next, we report the findings from a systematic literature review on bully intervention studies focused on students with disabilities. We identified six experimental studies meeting the search criteria. One study met all of the quality research indicators. Findings, future directions, and conclusions are discussed taking into consideration quality research indicators for evidence-based bullying prevention or intervention studies.
Provinces et rééquilibrage des inégalités en Nouvelle-Calédonie - Quelle mesure de la pauvreté ?
Authors: Hadj Laure
Published: May 2016

In this article, methodological choices were made and norms adopted in order to calculate the relative poverty line in New Caledonia based on the data of the Household Consumer Budget Survey. This paper presents and discusses these choices which permit the establishment of poverty scenarios according to the Province of residence of the population. Provinces are thus a statistical and a political-administrative scales which permit an adjustment of political, economical and social inequalities.
Sex Offending and the Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood: A Cross-Lagged Analysis of General Offending and Sexual Assault in College Males
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the direction of the general offending–sexual assault relationship in young males transitioning from late adolescence to early adulthood. It was predicted that the path leading from general offending to sexual assault would be significant and the path leading from sexual assault to general offending would be non-significant. This hypothesis was tested in a convenience sample of 851 male college students using three waves of data. Four cross-lagged correlations were compared after controlling for race, relationship status, blame attributions, and precursors for each predicted variable. Consistent with the hypothesis, both general offending leading to sexual assault pathways were statistically significant and both sexual assault leading to general offending pathways were not non-significant. Supplemental analyses revealed that more than half the specific non-sexual offenses contributing to the general offending score were capable of predicting general offending, indicating that the non-significant sexual assault pathways were not simply a function of the more limited size or scope of the sexual assault measure. The fact that general offending predicted sexual assault but not vice versa suggests that adult-onset sexual assault may be an extension of prior non-sexual offending.
An Opportunity for Healing and Holistic Care: Exploring the Roles of Health Care Providers Working Within Northern Canadian Aboriginal Communities
Authors: Rahaman Zaida , Holmes Dave , Chartrand Larry
Published: May 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative study was exploring what the roles and challenges of health care providers working within Northern Canadian Aboriginal communities are and what resources can help support or impede their efforts in working toward addressing health inequities within these communities. Design: The qualitative research conducted was influenced by a postcolonial epistemology. The works of theorists Fanon on colonization and racial construction, Kristeva on semiotics and abjection, and Foucault on power/knowledge, governmentality, and biopower were used in providing a theoretical framework. Methods: Critical discourse analysis of 25 semistructured interviews with health care providers was used to gain a better understanding of their roles and challenges while working within Northern Canadian Aboriginal communities. Findings: Within this research study, three significant findings emerged from the data. First, the Aboriginal person’s identity was constructed in relation to the health care provider’s role of delivering essential health services. Second, health care providers were not treating the “ill” patient, but rather treating the patient for being “ill.” Third, health care providers were treating the Aboriginal person for being “Aboriginal” by separating the patient from his or her identity. The treatment involved reforming the Aboriginal patient from the condition of being “Aboriginal.”
Factors influencing emergency nurses’ ethical problems during the outbreak of MERS-CoV
Authors: Choi Jeong-Sil , Kim Ji-Soo
Published: May 2016

Background:

Whenever there has been a worldwide contagious disease outbreak, there have been reports of infection and death of healthcare workers. Particularly because emergency nurses have contact with patients on the front line, they experience ethical problems in nursing while struggling with infectious diseases in an unfavorable environment.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to explore emergency nurses’ ethical problems and to identify factors influencing these problems during the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus in Korea.

Design and sample:

For this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire survey was conducted with emergency nurses working in six hospitals selected through convenience sampling from the hospitals designated for Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus patients in the capital area.

Methods:

Data were collected from 169 emergency nurses in Korea during August 2015.

Ethical considerations:

This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board of G University in Korea.

Results:

The findings of this study suggest that during the Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus outbreak, emergency nurses experienced ethical problems tied to a mind-set of avoiding patients. Three factors were found to influence emergency nurses’ ethical problems (in order of influence): cognition of social stigmatization, level of agreement with infection control measures, and perceived risk.

Conclusion:

Through this study, we obtained information on emergency nurses’ ethical problems during the Middle East respiratory syndrome–coronavirus outbreak and identified the factors that influence them. As found in this study, nurses’ ethical problems were influenced most by cognitions of social stigmatization. Accordingly, to support nurses confidently care for people during future health disasters, it is most urgent to promote appropriate public consciousness that encourages healthcare workers.
Passive Smoking and Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Yang Chen , Wang Xin , Huang Chang-hao , Yuan Wei-jie , Chen Zi-hua
Published: May 2016

We conducted this meta-analysis to explore the association between passive smoking and the risk of colorectal cancer. A literature search of online databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed up to June 30, 2015. A fixed-effects meta-analysis using Stata 12.0 was carried out to estimate the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations. Eleven articles, including 6 case-control studies and 6 cohort studies, were included in our analysis according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pooled RR of all studies showed a statistically significant association between passive smoking and colorectal cancer (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.05-1.24). Results of subgroup analysis showed a positive association between passive smoking and rectal cancer ((RR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.15-1.53) and that male passive smokers were at greater risks of colorectal cancer (RR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.37-2.19) than females. Results suggested that passive smoking is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Investing in charities in the nineteenth century: The financialization of philanthropy
Authors: Maltby Josephine , Rutterford Janette
Published: May 2016

This study deals with the impact of financialization on the development of charity during the nineteenth century. We argue that this has two key aspects: firstly, the growth of charitable provision via limited companies; and secondly, the financial audit by charities of the claimants who approached them. Limited companies operated mainly in the field of subsidized housing. These offered investors a satisfactory return, but at the cost of requirements regarding the level of rent and the behaviour expected from tenants which restricted the number of potential beneficiaries. The evaluation of claimants by charities was pioneered by, but not limited to, the new Charities Organization Society. This constituted a form of audit, with enquiry into claimants’ behaviour, financial status and prospects, and a refusal to support those seen as unreliable or unpredictable. We argue that these developments have significant implications for the social enterprise movement of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Molecular identification of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum by a duplex PCR assay
Authors: Batista Diego Felipe Alves , de Freitas Neto Oliveiro Caetano , de Almeida Adriana Maria , Barrow Paul Andrew , de Oliveira Barbosa Fernanda , Berchieri Junior Angelo
Published: May 2016

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum ( S. Gallinarum) and biovar Pullorum ( S. Pullorum) are 2 poultry pathogens that cause major economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Control of both diseases mainly relies on the adoption of biosecurity programs, and success is dependent on accurate and fast detection. Based on this concept, we developed a duplex PCR assay, targeting 2 chromosomal sequences, which allowed us to precisely identify and differentiate S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum field strains. This assay was validated by testing genomic DNA from 40 S. Gallinarum and 29 S. Pullorum field strains, 87 other Salmonella serovars, and 7 non- Salmonella strains. The serovar identifier region (SIR) primers produced a fragment only in S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum strains, whereas the fragment from the ratA coding sequence, which was previously demonstrated to differentiate the 2 biovars, was also amplified from other Salmonella serovars. Our results showed that the combination of both SIR and ratA amplifications could be used to identify as well as to differentiate colonies of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum reliably. Thus, we believe this methodology can be a useful ancillary tool for routine veterinary diagnostic laboratories by providing rapid, accurate results.
Direct torque control of PMSM using sliding mode backstepping control with extended state observer
Authors: Ning Bowen , Cheng Shanmei , Qin Yi
Published: May 2016

Based on the nonlinear characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a nonlinear speed and direct torque control (DTC) using sliding mode backstepping method for PMSM is presented in this paper. The sliding mode speed controller is implemented with exponential reaching law to improve the robustness of the system, and further a step-by-step recursive design for backstepping torque and flux controllers is presented. The system stability with proposed scheme is mathematically proved using Lyapunov stability criteria. At the same time, the load torque is observed with the extended state observer (ESO), and is fed-forward to the controller for rejecting the load disturbance and to mitigate the chattering affect due to the sliding mode controller. Finally, simulation test results are demonstrated to support the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed strategy.
Polarised press reporting about HIV prevention: Social representations of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the UK press
Authors: Jaspal Rusi , Nerlich Brigitte
Published: May 2016

Pre-exposure prophylaxis is a novel biomedical HIV prevention option for individuals at high risk of HIV acquisition. Although pre-exposure prophylaxis has yielded encouraging results in various clinical trials, opponents argue that pre-exposure prophylaxis poses a number of risks to human health and to sexually transmitted infection prevention efforts. Using qualitative thematic analysis and social representation theory, this article explores coverage of pre-exposure prophylaxis in the UK print media between 2008 and 2015 in order to chart the emerging social representations of this novel HIV prevention strategy. The analysis revealed two competing social representations of pre-exposure prophylaxis: (1) as a positive development in the ‘battle’ against HIV (the hope representation) and (2) as a medical, social and psychological setback in this battle, particularly for gay/bisexual men (the risk representation). These social representations map onto the themes of pre-exposure prophylaxis as a superlatively positive development; pre-exposure prophylaxis as a weapon in the battle against HIV/AIDS; and risk, uncertainty and fear in relation to pre-exposure prophylaxis. The hope representation focuses on taking (individual and collective) responsibility, while the risk representation focuses on attributing (individual and collective) blame. The implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Teaching Psychology for Sustainability: The Why and How
Authors: Koger Susan M. , Scott Britain A.
Published: May 2016

The behavioral sciences can make vital contributions to environmental sustainability efforts, as relevant basic and applied psychological research has grown considerably over the past dozen years. Recently, conservation biologists, environmental policy makers, and other experts have recognized the importance of engaging with experts on human behavior (i.e., psychologists) in order to effect behavioral change in a sustainable direction. Lagging behind this trend, however, is the curricular integration of psychology and environmental sustainability in most psychology or environmental science/studies programs (ESS). Consequently, most psychology majors are graduating with no background in applying the field to promoting sustainability, and ESS students lack explicit education focused on understanding and changing human behavior. This paper provides an introduction to the rationale for integrating sustainability topics into psychology courses, and psychological concepts into ESS classes, along with some strategies for doing so at the level of individual course units as well as full courses.
Income inequality and fear of crime across the European region
Authors: Vauclair Christin-Melanie , Bratanova Boyka
Published: May 2016

This paper aims to take a holistic approach to studying fear of crime by testing predictors at multiple levels of analyses. Data from the European Social Survey ( N = 56,752 from 29 countries) were used to test and extend the Income Inequality and Sense of Vulnerability Hypotheses. The findings confirm that (1) individuals in societies with greater income inequalities are more fearful of crime, and (2) older or disabled people as well as women report greater fear of crime. Contrary to the hypotheses, ethnic majority and not ethnic minority members report greater fear of crime, if they reside in high income inequality countries. It is further demonstrated that fear of crime explains the inverse association between income inequality and subjective well-being in this particular subsample.
Validation of the Simbionix PROcedure Rehearsal Studio sizing module: A comparison of software for endovascular aneurysm repair sizing and planning
Authors: Velu Juliëtte F , Groot Jebbink Erik , de Vries Jean-Paul P M , Slump Cornelis H , Geelkerken Robert H
Published: May 2016

An important determinant of successful endovascular aortic aneurysm repair is proper sizing of the dimensions of the aortic-iliac vessels. The goal of the present study was to determine the concurrent validity, a method for comparison of test scores, for EVAR sizing and planning of the recently introduced Simbionix PROcedure Rehearsal Studio (PRORS). Seven vascular specialists analyzed anonymized computed tomography angiography scans of 70 patients with an infrarenal aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, using three different sizing software packages Simbionix PRORS (Simbionix USA Corp., Cleveland, OH, USA), 3mensio (Pie Medical Imaging BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands), and TeraRecon (Aquarius, Foster City, CA, USA). The following measurements were included in the protocol: diameter 1 mm below the most distal main renal artery, diameter 15 mm below the lowest renal artery, maximum aneurysm diameter, and length from the most distal renal artery to the left iliac artery bifurcation. Averaged over the locations, the intraclass correlation coefficient is 0.83 for Simbionix versus 3mensio, 0.81 for Simbionix versus TeraRecon, and 0.86 for 3mensio versus TeraRecon. It can be concluded that the Simbionix sizing software is as precise as two other validated and commercially available software packages.
Validating a Spanish Version of the PIMRS
Authors: Fromm Germán , Hallinger Philip , Volante Paulo , Wang Wen Chung
Published: May 2016

The purposes of this study were to report on a systematic approach to validating a Spanish version of the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale and then to apply the scale in a cross-national comparison of principal instructional leadership. The study yielded a validated Spanish language version of the PIMRS Teacher Form and offers a model of scale validation for other scholars who are interested in preparing an instrument for use outside of its culture of origin. The researchers used a back translation and expert panel procedure combined with psychometric analysis in order to achieve cultural equivalency for the translation. Psychometric properties of reliability (G Theory test of reliability) and validity (CFA, Rasch analysis) of the new version were assessed and compared to the original version in order to underpin its validity. The validation study employed a sample of 595 teachers and 26 principals in Santiago, Chile. The study yielded both a comprehensive analytical approach to cultural adaptation of survey instruments, as well a scale that can be used in Spanish speaking contexts. The study further demonstrated variability in patterns of instructional leadership practice across several national contexts.
Acoustic neuroma
Authors: Brahmabhatt Pranter , Moorhouse Tobias
Published: May 2016

Acoustic neuromas are benign, slow-growing tumours arising from the Schwann cells that surround the vestibular nerve in the internal acoustic meatus. Therefore, pathologically they are termed vestibular schwannomas. The tumour develops in the nerve sheath and exerts its effects mainly through compression of the nerve rather than invading it. As the tumour grows, it spreads beyond the bony internal acoustic meatus causing progressive compression of other cranial nerves and eventually of the brain itself. Early diagnosis of these tumours improves patient morbidity and mortality, as a wider range of management options can be offered. This article is intended as an overview of acoustic neuroma: covering its diagnosis, investigation and management.
Experience with biosimilar infliximab (CT-P13) in paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Sieczkowska Joanna , Jarzębicka Dorota , Meglicka Monika , Oracz Grzegorz , Kierkus Jaroslaw
Published: May 2016

Infliximab was the first monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Over several years, this antitumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment proved its efficacy in both induction and maintenance therapy. In many cases this biological treatment stopped the progression of the disease, probably also decreasing morbidity and hospitalization rates, and improving patients’ comfort. When the patent on infliximab started to expire, the first biosimilar of a monoclonal antibody was introduced onto the pharmacological market. Biosimilar infliximab was studied in rheumatology and proved a high similarity to the reference drug. Based on extrapolation, biosimilars were approved to treat adult and paediatric IBD patients. Biosimilar infliximab, mainly because of its lower cost, has started to be in common use in Europe. The first studies have shown a similar efficacy and safety profile in comparison with reference drug. Biosimilar infliximab is raising hopes for improving the availability of this effective treatment.
Revisiting the reported signal of acute pancreatitis with rasburicase: an object lesson in pharmacovigilance
Authors: Hauben Manfred , Hung Eric Y.
Published: May 2016

Introduction:

There is an interest in methodologies to expeditiously detect credible signals of drug-induced pancreatitis. An example is the reported signal of pancreatitis with rasburicase emerging from a study [the ‘index publication’ (IP)] combining quantitative signal detection findings from a spontaneous reporting system (SRS) and electronic health records (EHRs). The signal was reportedly supported by a clinical review with a case series manuscript in progress. The reported signal is noteworthy, being initially classified as a false-positive finding for the chosen reference standard, but reclassified as a ‘clinically supported’ signal.

Objective:

This paper has dual objectives: to revisit the signal of rasburicase and acute pancreatitis and extend the original analysis via reexamination of its findings, in light of more contemporary data; and to motivate discussions on key issues in signal detection and evaluation, including recent findings from a major international pharmacovigilance research initiative.

Methodology:

We used the same methodology as the IP, including the same disproportionality analysis software/dataset for calculating observed to expected reporting frequencies (O/Es), Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Preferred Term, and O/E metric/threshold combination defining a signal of disproportionate reporting. Baseline analysis results prompted supplementary analyses using alternative analytical choices. We performed a comprehensive literature search to identify additional published case reports of rasburicase and pancreatitis.

Results:

We could not replicate positive findings (e.g. a signal or statistic of disproportionate reporting) from the SRS data using the same algorithm, software, dataset and vendor specified in the IP. The reporting association was statistically highlighted in default and supplemental analysis when more sensitive forms of disproportionality analysis were used. Two of three reports in the FAERS database were assessed as likely duplicate reports. We did not identify any additional reports in the FAERS corresponding to the three cases identified in the IP using EHRs. We did not identify additional published reports of pancreatitis associated with rasburicase.

Discussion:

Our exercise stimulated interesting discussions of key points in signal detection and evaluation, including causality assessment, signal detection algorithm performance, pharmacovigilance terminology, duplicate reporting, mechanisms for communicating signals, the structure of the FAERs database, and recent results from a major international pharmacovigilance research initiative.
Spiraling Out of Control
Authors: Snyder Hannah R. , Hankin Benjamin L.
Published: May 2016

Poor cognitive control is associated with nearly every mental disorder and has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, including depression and anxiety. What specific mechanisms might cause individuals with poor cognitive control to experience higher levels of psychopathology? The current research tests a new process model linking poor cognitive control to depression and anxiety symptoms via increased dependent stress (i.e., self-generated stressors) and subsequent rumination. This model was supported across two studies in youth during the key period for emergence of internalizing psychopathology. Study 1 provides longitudinal evidence for prospective prediction of change in symptoms. Study 2 confirms this model using well-established executive function tasks in a cross-sectional study. These findings have potential implications for understanding why cognitive control impairments may be broadly associated with psychopathology and suggest that interventions to prevent stress generation might be effective in preventing negative consequences of poor cognitive control.
Up/down and P/S decompositions of elastic wavefields using complex seismic traces with applications to calculating Poynting vectors and angle-domain common-image gathers from reverse time migrations
Authors: Wang Wenlong , McMechan George A. , Tang Chen , Xie Fei
Published: May 2016

Separations of up- and down-going as well as of P- and S-waves are often a part of processing of multicomponent recorded data and propagating wavefields. Most previous methods for separating up/down propagating wavefields are expensive because of the requirement to save time steps to perform Fourier transforms over time. An alternate approach for separation of up-and down-going waves, based on extrapolation of complex data traces is extended from acoustic to elastic, and combined with P- and S-wave decomposition by decoupled propagation. This preserves all the information in the original data and eliminates the need for a Fourier transform over time, thereby significantly reducing the storage cost and improving computational efficiency. Wavefield decomposition is applied to synthetic elastic VSP data and propagating wavefield snapshots. Poynting vectors obtained from the particle velocity and stress fields after P/S and up/down decompositions are much more accurate than those without because interference between the corresponding wavefronts is significantly reduced. Elastic reverse time migration with the P/S and up/down decompositions indicated significant improvement compared with those without decompositions, when applied to elastic data from a portion of the Marmousi2 model.
No Evidence for the Benefit of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist in Preserving Ovarian Function and Fertility in Lymphoma Survivors Treated With Chemotherapy: Final Long-Term Report of a Prospective Randomized Trial
Authors: Demeestere Isabelle , Brice Pauline , Peccatori Fedro A. , Kentos Alain , Dupuis Jehan , Zachee Pierre , Casasnovas Olivier , Van Den Neste Eric , Dechene Julie , De Maertelaer Viviane , Bron Dominique , Englert Yvon
Published: May 2016

Purpose

We have reported previously that after 1-year follow up, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) did not prevent chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure (POF) in patients with lymphoma, but may provide protection of the ovarian reserve. Here, we report the final analysis of the cohort after 5 years of follow up.

Patients and Methods

A total of 129 patients with lymphoma were randomly assigned to receive either triptorelin plus norethisterone (GnRHa group) or norethisterone alone (control group) during chemotherapy. Ovarian function and fertility were reported after 2, 3, 4, and 5 to 7 years of follow up. The primary end point was POF, defined as at least one follicle-stimulating hormone value of > 40 IU/L after 2 years of follow up.

Results

Sixty-seven patients 26.21 ± 0.64 years of age had available data after a median follow-up time of 5.33 years in the GnRHa group and 5.58 years in the control group (P = .452). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significantly increased risk of POF in patients according to age (P = .047), the conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (P = .002), and the cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide > 5 g/m2 (P = .019), but not to the coadministration of GnRHa during chemotherapy (odds ratio, 0.702; P = .651). The ovarian reserve, evaluated using anti-Müllerian hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels, was similar in both groups. Fifty-three percent and 43% achieved pregnancy in the GnRHa and control groups, respectively (P = .467).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first long-term analysis confirming that GnRHa is not efficient in preventing chemotherapy-induced POF in young patients with lymphoma and did not influence future pregnancy rate. These results reopen the debate about the drug’s benefit in that it should not be recommended as standard for fertility preservation in patients with lymphoma.