bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Binding Degree Dependence of the Coil-Helix Transition of Poly(l-ornithine) in Aqueous Surfactant Solution
Authors: Satake Iwao , Hayakawa Katumitu
Published: April 2006

A new interpretation was presented for the binding degree dependence of the helical content of poly(l-ornithine) in solutions of sodium 1-decanesulfonate. The calculation based on an assumption that the coil to helix transition occurs only in bound surfactant ion clusters reproduced well the experimental data.
Effects of Variations of Alkoxy Substituents upon Cyclizations of Dialkoxy-2-chloroethylsilyl Enol Ethers to form 2,2-Dialkoxy-1-oxa-2-silacyclohexanes
Authors: Walkup Robert D , Obeyesekere Nihal U , Kane Robert R
Published: April 2006

Various dialkoxychloroethylsilyl enol ether derivatives of pinacolone, upon treatment with tributylstannane and AIBN, underwent free-radical cyclizations to yield isolable 2,2-dialkoxy-1-oxa-2-silacyclohexanes. As the bulkiness of the alkoxy groups increased, the selectivity of the reaction for forming cyclized instead of directly reduced acyclic byproducts improved.
Effective Transfer of Membrane Proteins from Human Erythrocytes to Artificial Boundary Lipid-Containing Liposomes
Authors: Sunamoto Junzo , Goto Mitsuaki , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: April 2006

Several proteins were directly and effectively transferred from human erythrocyte membranes to dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes which contain an artificial boundary lipid (1,2-dimyristoylamido-1,2-deoxyphosphatidylcholine, DDPC). Of the membrane proteins, the activity of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) was monitored. The activity of AchE and the amount of total protein transferred were highest when 40 mol% of DDPC was added to DMPC.
The Methylene Blue-Sensitized Photooxidation of Quadricyclane, Reinvestigated
Authors: Hatsui Toshihide , Takeshita Hitoshi
Published: April 2006

Photooxygenation of quadricyclane(1) was shown to proceed via the electron transfer mechanism on the basis of the structure revision of a methoxy alcohol. Photoisomerization of 1 to norbornadiene occurred during the irradiation.
Reactions of Acetals of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones with Silylated Nucleophiles as Trimethylsilyl Cyanide and Phenylthiotrimethylsilanes
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Takenoshita Haruhiro , Yamada Masaaki , Soga Tsunehiko
Published: April 2006

A result of the reaction between phenylthiotrimethylsilane and (E)-chalcone dimethyl acetal let us to reinvestigate the structure of the isomerized products obtained from the reaction of acetals of (E)-chalcone derivatives with trimethyl cyanide recently reported from our laboratory. It was found consequently that previously assigned isomerized products were not Z-isomer of α-methoxy-β,γ-unsaturated nitriles, but γ-methoxy-α,β-unsaturated nitriles produced by double transfer of double bond and methoxy group. Reactions of thus formed nitriles with several silylated nucleophiles are also described.
Structure Determination of 5-Aminovaleric Acid from Synchrotron Powder Diffraction Data Obtained by Large Radius Camera
Authors: Honda Kazumasa , Goto Midori , Kurahashi Masayasu
Published: April 2006

Crystal structure of 5-aminovaleric acid has been determined by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. Diffraction data of high angle-resolution and of accurate intensity were collected by a large-radius (28.65 cm) Weissenberg camera using monochromatic X-rays. The structure was successfully solved from these data by combination of Patterson synthesis and trial and error method, followed by Rietveld refinement.
Effects of Size Quantization of Zinc Sulfide Microcrystallites on Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Inoue Hiroshi , Torimoto Tsukasa , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Yoneyama Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

ZnS microcrystallites prepared by using the precipitation method with different molar ratios of Zn2+ to S2− exhibited different activities for CO2 reduction, and the greater the molar ratio of Zn2+ to S2− the higher the activity.
Oxidative Conversion of Diphosphonate to Diphosphate and Isohypophosphate by Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Yoza Norimasa , Tokushige Noriko , Nakazato Tetsuya , Takehara Ko , Ide Yasushi , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: April 2006

Diphosphonate (oxidation number of phosphorus +3) could be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide without P–O–P bond cleavage. The formation of dimeric compounds; diphosphate (oxidation number +5) and isohypophosphate (oxidation numbers +3 and +5), was characterized by HPLC and 31P NMR.
Heterogeneous Selective Cyclotrimerization of Acetylene to Benzene by Lanthanide-Ti(IV) Catalysts
Authors: Imamura Hayao , Miura Hiroshi , Konishi Tomohiro
Published: April 2006

In the presence of titanium halides, the oxide-supported lanthanide (Yb/SiO2 or Yb/γ-Al2O3) was converted into selective cyclotrimerization catalysts of acetylene to benzene. The TiCl4-treated Yb/SiCO2 catalysed trimerization of acetylene in 85% selectivity at 294 K.
A New Catalytic System for Alcohol Oxidations by Employing N-Hydroxylamine–Flavin–O2 in a Two-Phase System
Authors: Suzuki Toshiaki , Iizuka Kenzo , Nabeshima Tatsuya , Yano Yumihiko
Published: April 2006

1-Hydroxyl-4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) and benzo-dipteridine (BDPOX) were found to act as turnover oxidation catalysts for alcohols under aerobic conditions in a two-phase system (H2O–CH2Cl2). This catalytic activity was enhanced by photo-irradiation.
Surface-active Organo Manganese and Cobalt Complexes(1+) Having a Long-chain Alkyl Group
Authors: Sakai Shizuyosi , Kozawa Hidetoshi , Saeki Hiroshi , Fukuzawa Shin-ichi , Fujinami Tatsuo
Published: April 2006

Surface-active tricarbonyl(dodecylamino- or dodecyloxo-benzene) manganese(1+) and (dodecylaminocarbonyl and dodecyloxycarbonyl) cobalticinium chlorides were prepared and their abnormally low cmc values and “redox-responsible” surface character were studied.
Preparation of Uniform Zinc Oxide Particles by Homogeneous Precipitation from Zinc Sulfate and Nitrate Solutions
Authors: Tsuchida Takeshi , Kitajima Seiko
Published: April 2006

Monodispersed, hexagonal prismatic and spindle-shaped zinc oxide particles have been prepared by hydrolyzing zinc sulfate and nitrate solutions at elevated temperatures in the presence of urea.
A Phototropic Crystal Growth of β-Ta2O5 by KrF Laser Photolysis of Ta(OCH3)5
Authors: Imai Yoji , Watanabe Akio , Osato Kazuo , Kameyama Tetsuya , Fukuda Kenzo
Published: April 2006

Sublimated Ta(OCH3)5 gas was decomposed by KrF excimer laser under the coexistence of helium gas. The deposit obtained was strongly-oriented β-Ta2O5, which had columnar structure. It grew nearly toward the irradiation direction of the laser light.
Preparation of Quantized-CdS Doped Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Films. Optical and Morphological Properties
Authors: Yanagida Shozo , Enokida Takashi , Shindo Akihiro , Shiragami Tsutomu , Ogata Tomoyuki , Fukumi Toshio , Sakaguchi Toru , Mori Hirotaro , Sakata Takao
Published: April 2006

Optically transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) films incorporated with CdS quantum crystallites are prepared by using pyridine-soluble phenyl-capped CdS microcrystallites (av. 2–8 nm). The morphology of the CdS in the films is characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM, and the film doped with av. 8-nm CdS is found to have large third-order nonlinearity by degenerate four-wave mixing technique.
Catalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Ketene Silyl Acetals with Aldehydes by Use of Chiral Bissulfonamido Zinc(II)
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Takashima Tohru , Kusaka Haruhiko , Shimpuku Tetsuro
Published: April 2006

Enantioselective aldol reaction of ketene silyl acetals with aldehydes is effectively performed by use of a catalytic amount of chiral bissulfonamido zinc(II), easily prepared from diethylzinc and chiral sulfonamides.
Activation for One-electron Reduction at Oxomolybdenum Center by Parallel Coordination of Two Cys-Pro-Leu-Cys Ligands
Authors: Ueyama Norikazu , Yoshinaga Naoto , Kajiwara Atsushi , Nakamura Akira
Published: April 2006

[MoVO(Z-cys-Pro-Leu-cys-OMe)2]− was synthesized by the (1:2) reaction of [MoVO(SPh)4]− with Z-Cys-Pro-Leu-Cys-OMe. The complex consists of two isomers which exhibit different visible, ESR, and Raman spectra and electrochemical properties. A novel tetradentate peptide complex with parallel peptide orientation, (NEt4)[MoVO cyclohexylene-cis-1,2-bis(amido-cys-Pro-Leu-cys-OMe) ] was similarly synthesized in solution at 273 K. The ESR signals at gx = 1.961, gy = 1.981 and gz = 2.028 were found to coincide with those of one of the two isomers. The parallel coordination of two Cys-X-Y-Cys ligands to MoVO3+ ion provides a remarkable ease in one-electron reduction through the positive shift of the redox potential relative to the anti-parallel coordination.
Transient Isoemissive Point Observed in the Temperature-Dependent Fluorescence Decay of J-Aggregates Adsorbed on Silica Gel
Authors: Kemnitz Klaus , Yoshihara Keitaro , Tani Tadaaki
Published: April 2006

The nonexponential fluorescence decays of J-aggregates adsorbed on silica gel, acquired at various temperatures, intersect in a well defined point. The observation of this novel phenomenon requires excitation at the high energy side of the J-aggregate absorption band, whereas excitation at the maximum yields standard fluorescence decay behaviour with a steady slowdown at lower temperatures.
Weak Attractive Interaction between Axially Coordinated Imidazoles and meso-Substituents in Low Spin Tetraarylporphyrinato-iron(III) Complexes
Authors: Nakamura Mikio , Nakamura Nobuo
Published: April 2006

Thermodynamics for the formation of low spin tetrakis(2,4,6-trialkylphenyl)porphyrinato-iron(III) was studied. In sharp contrast to the case of phenyl porphyrin, triisopropylphenyl analogue showed a larger negative enthalpy of formation with 1,2-dimethylimidazole than with 1-methylimidazole. The finding is clear evidence for the attractive interaction between the ortho-alkyl groups and the imidazole moiety.
A First Palladium-Catalyzed Aryldegermylation of Styryltrimethylgermanes
Authors: Ikenaga Kazutoshi , Matsumoto Satoshi , Kikukawa Kiyoshi , Matsuda Tsutomu
Published: April 2006

Both β-(E)- and β-(Z)-styryltrimethylgermanes easily reacted with arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates under palladium catalysis to give aryldegermylated products, (E)-PhCH=CHAr and Ph(Ar)C=CH2. On the other hand, the aryldegermylation of α-styrylgermane gave (E)-stilbene derivatives with high stereo- and regioselectivities.
A New Series of Electroluminescent Organic Compounds
Authors: Nohara Masao , Hasegawa Masaki , Hosokawa Chishio , Tokailin Hiroshi , Kusumoto Tadashi
Published: April 2006

A new series of electroluminescent organic compounds, 2,5-distyrylpyrazine derivatives, were prepared and investigated on EL properties. The high brightness was achieved in some of these compounds at a low dc voltage of about 10 V.
Novel Preparation Method of Highly Copper Ion-exchanged ZSM-5 Zeolites and Their Catalytic Activities for NO Decomposition
Authors: Iwamoto Masakazu , Yahiro Hidenori , Torikai Yuji , Yoshioka Tetsunori , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: April 2006

Copper(II) ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolites with 100% or more exchange levels were readily prepared by addition of basic compounds such as ammonia and Mg(OH)2 to the mother solution. The catalytic activities of the resulting zeolites for decomposition of nitrogen monoxide are dependent on pH of the solution and the additive.
On the High Stability of Hypervalent X–Se–X Bonds Superior to Dipolar I–X Bonds Formed in the Reaction of I2 with Selenides and Cl2 or Br2
Authors: Nakanishi Waro , Okumura Yasuo
Published: April 2006

The Formation of a hypervalent X–Se–X bond in a TB, together with a non-polar I–I bond in an MC, was superior to that of a couple of dipolar I-X bonds in MC’s (RSeXX′R′: R, R′ = Me or Ph; X, X′ = Cl,Br, or I). The stability of the X–Se–X bonds depended much more on the difference of their elecrtonegativities than that of the I-X bonds: MC’s of IX of selenides were formed in solution when X was only Br or I.
Synthesis and the Structure of Bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) [Ni(1,2-trans-dimercaptocyclohexane)2]. A New Addition to the Ni3+ Generating Thiolato Nickel Complexes
Authors: Yamamura Takeshi , Arai Hiroki , Kurihara Hiroaki , Kuroda Reiko
Published: April 2006

1,2-trans-Dimercaptocyclohexane and NiCl2·6H2O reacted in aqueous alkaline solution to give [Ni(1,2-trans-dimercaptocyclohexane)2]2−, which generated Ni3+ in a reversible manner on electrodes. X-ray crystallography has shown that the coordination unit of this compound is NiS4 square planar. Ni K-edge XANES spectrum of this compound, which was almost superimposable to that of [Ni(SCH2CH2S)2]2−, was similar to those of Ni atoms in hydrogenases and CO-dehydrogenases.
Synthesis of Sterically Congested Cyclam Derivatives and Their Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Kobiro Kazuya , Nakayama Atsuyoshi , Hiro Toshitaka , Suwa Mitsuhito , Kakiuchi Kiyomi , Tobe Yoshito , Odaira Yoshinobu
Published: April 2006

A new class of cyclam, octamethylcyclam, and its related compounds bearing tetramethylethane, cis-cyclohexane, or trans-cyclohexane subunit(s) have been synthesized. Nickel(II) complexes with sterically congested ligands have been shown to be low-spin complexes in water, while those with less congested ligands to be mixtures of low-spin and high-spin ones. Nickel(II) complexes with sterically congested ligands have been also exhibited to have higher half-wave potentials (E1/2(NiII,III)) than those of the complexes with less congested ligands.
Remarkable Dispersion Effect of TiO2 Catalyst on Silica Support in Propene–Deuterium Addition and Exchange Reaction
Authors: Naito Shuichi , Tanimoto Mitsutoshi
Published: April 2006

Investigation on the effect of dispersing small particles of TiO2 over silica upon the rate and mechanism of propene–deuterium reaction revealed that lower loading catalysts (1–8 wt%) exhibit markedly different catalytic behavior from that over unloaded TiO2.
Thermal and Nickel-catalyzed Dimerization of Hexapentaene. Synthesis of Two [4]Radialenes with Planar, Stable Cyclobutadiene-like Geometry
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Oda Masaji , Kai Yasushi , Kanehisa Nobuko , Kasai Nobutami
Published: April 2006

The thermal and nickel-catalyzed cyclodimerization of the hexapentaene produced two types of [4]radialenes. The X-ray structural analysis of the thermal dimer has shown that the molecule has a pinwheel-like structure with the exactly planar central four-membered ring.
Crystallographic Approach to the Origin of “Syn-Effect”
Authors: Inomata Katsuhiko , Hirata Takaki , Sasada Yoshihiro , Asada Takahiro , Senda Hitoshi , Kinoshita Hideki
Published: April 2006

It was revealed by X-ray crystallography that α-unsubstituted (E)-vinyl sulfones have syn-conformation which seems to be the cause of “syn-effect” found in the conversion of (E)-vinyl sulfones to the corresponding allyl sulfones with a base under mild conditions. Syn-conformation of a terminal olefin in solid state was also confirmed.
Synthesis of Highly Coheterotactic Poly(Methyl Methacrylate-alt-Styrene)
Authors: Gotoh Yaeko , Iihara Tadashi , Kanai Naokuni , Toshima Naoki , Hirai Hidefumi
Published: April 2006

Highly coheterotactic poly(methyl methacrylate-alt-styrene)s have been synthesized by using boron trichloride excess to methyl methacrylate at low temperature below −60 °C. The highest value of their coheterotacticities in triad sequence was about 90 mol%, which is the highest in heterotacticity among the polymers ever reported.
Bicycloannulation of C=N Double Bonds through Organotin-Aided Three Component Coupling. A Short and Stereoselective Synthesis of (±)-allo-Berbane and (±)-allo-Yohimbane Systems
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryohei , Hamasaki Takashi , Utimoto Kiitiro , Kozima Sinpei , Takaya Hidemasa
Published: April 2006

Organotin-aided three component couplings of C=N double bonds with 2,4-pentadienyl and α,β-unsaturated acyl groups followed by intramolecular Diels–Alder reactions result in highly stereoselective bicycloannulation of the C=N double bonds to afford allo-berbane and allo-yohimbane systems in one-flask operation.
Effect of Thin Gold Interstitial-layer on the Photovoltaic Properties of Tandem Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Hiramoto Masahiro , Suezaki Minoru , Yokoyama Masaaki
Published: April 2006

Tandem type organic solar cell consisting of two combined unit cells was fabricated. Each unit cell was two-layer organic solar cell composed of metal-free phthalocyanine and perylene tetracarboxylic derivative. When ultra-thin Au layer was inserted between unit cells, photovoltage increased about 2 times, while photocurrent density was much dependent on the thickness of the inserted Au layer.
Ionic Conductivity of LiTi2(PO4)3 Mixed with Lithium Salts
Authors: Aono Hiromichi , Sugimoto Eisuke , Sadaoka Yoshihiko , Imanaka Nobuhito , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: April 2006

LiTi2(PO4)3-lithium salt systems have been investigated in order to obtain a high lithium ion conductor. The salts acted as binder for sintering. The porosity decreased considerably and the conductivity of the pellets increased by the binder utilization. The maximum conductivity was 3 × 10−4 S·cm−1 for the LiTi2(PO4)3–0.2Li3BO3 system. The mixed binder was found to exist as a glassy or a thin coating second phase.
Liquid Phase Carbonylation with Solid Catalyst. Carboxy Methylation of Dihalo Methane with Group VIII Metals Supported on Active Carbon
Authors: Yagita Hiroshi , Kuwahara Hiroyuki , Omata Kohji , Fujimoto Kaoru
Published: April 2006

It was found that cobalt supported on active carbon showed an excellent catalytic activity for the carbonylation of dibromo methane in the liquid phase. For example, when the reaction was conducted under the conditions of 140 °C, P(CO) = 31 atm, the yields of dimethyl malonate and bromomethyl acetate were 34.4% and 22.2%, respectively. Pd and Rh also showed catalytic activities.
Micellar Aggregation Behavior of 11-Ferrocenylundecyl Polyoxyethylene Ether Surfactant in Water
Authors: Yokoyama Seiichiro , Kurata Hideaki , Harima Yutaka , Yamashita Kazuo , Hoshino Katsuyoshi , Kokado Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Micellar aggregate formed by 11-ferrocenylundecyl polyoxyethylene ether is investigated using four complementary techniques. The measurements show that the micelle is a spherical particle with the radius of 3.8 ± 0.3 nm and with the aggregation number of 62 on the average.
A New Preparation Method of Electrochromic Prussian Blue Films by Casting a Solution and Their Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Toshima Naoki , Lin Ru-Jang , Kaneko Masao
Published: April 2006

A novel method for preparing Prussian Blue (PB) films cast from a PB solution of organic solvent containing cationic surfactants is reported. The cyclic voltammogram for the oxidation of the film is much simpler than that of an electrochemically deposited PB film. The electrochromic behavior was investigated by in-situ UV-VIS spectroscopy.
Photoreduction of Rhodium(III) Ions in Water with Ultraviolet Light Aiming to Prepare the Dispersions of Ultrafine Particles
Authors: Ohtaki Michitaka , Toshima Naoki
Published: April 2006

Rhodium(III) ions in an aqueous solution were successfully photoreduced by ultraviolet light irradiation. In the presence of a soluble polymer or a surfactant as a protective agent, the stable dispersions of ultrafine metal particles of rhodium were prepared. Besides, the photoreduction proceeded on irradiation with visible light in the presence of ethanol or 2-propanol.
Extremely Long CC Single Bonds in Stereomers of 6,7,12a,12b-Tetrahydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2′,1′-c]pyrazine
Authors: Muramatsu Takashi , Toyota Azumao , Hanaya Kaoru , Ikegami Yusaku
Published: April 2006

MINDO/3 and MNDO calculations show that the titled compound should exist as two stereomers, d1 form being lower in energy than meso form by about 2 kcal/mol. Anomalies in the thermal and photochemical cleavages at a certain CC bond are explained by the properties inherent to the two structures.
Amphiphilic Compounds Having Heterocycles. Effects of the Structure of Heterocycle on the Behavior of the Monolayer at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Takehara Kenji , Oozono Yasuhiko , Oda Shigeru , Isomura Kazuaki , Taniguchi Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms of monolayers of amphiphilic compounds, in which one phenyl ring of 4′-dodecyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid was replaced by a pyrazine, pyridine, or pyrimidine nucleus, were measured. The difference of π-A isotherms depending on the structure of heterocycles can be understood in terms of interaction between chromophores.
Preparation and Complexation Properties of Chelating Resin Containing Lysine-Nα,Nα-Diacetic Acid
Authors: Yokoyama Toshiro , Kanesato Masatoshi , Kimura Testuo , Suzuki Toshishige M
Published: April 2006

Lysine derivative consisting of amine-N,N,N-triacetic acid and spacer moiety has been immobilized onto cross-linked polystyrene beads by one-step reaction. The metal ion exchange property and selectivity of the newly prepared resin for some trivalent and divalent metal ions have been studied.
Pyruvic Acid Dimethylhydrazone. A Synthetic Equivalent of the Pyruvic Acid Dianion
Authors: Tapia Inés , Alcazar Victoria , Moran Joaquín R , Caballero Cruz , Grande Manuel
Published: April 2006

The pyruvic acid dimethyl hydrazone can be easily prepared in ether. This compound, after deprotonation with alkyllithium, forms a strong nucleophile which on treatment with electrophiles and acidic work up yield α-ketoacids, α-hydroxybutenolides or α,γ-diketoacids.
Electrochemical Properties and UV Spectra of Permethylpolygermanes
Authors: Okano Mitsutoshi , Mochida Kunio
Published: April 2006

Cyclic voltammograms of Me(GeMe2)nMe n = 2–6 and (GeMe2)6 were recorded. The data showed that HOMO moves up more largely than LUMO moves down as the polygermane chain elongates. UV spectra were also measured. Examination of UV data and the oxidation potentials for Me(GeMe2)6Me and (GeMe2)6 suggested that (GeMe2)6 is stabilized by 2.3 kcal mol−1.
Preparation of New Compound AgTaS3
Authors: Wada Hiroaki , Onoda Mitsuko
Published: April 2006

A new ternary sulfide compound AgTaS3 has been prepared by a sealed silica tube method at 500 °C. The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray powder and electron diffraction. It was found that AgTaS3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Cmc21 with unit cell dimensions of a = 3.3755 Å, b = 14.0608 Å, c = 7.7486 Å.
The Effect of Chain Length of Hydrophilic Group on the Langmuir–Blodgett Films Containing Perfluoroalkyl Groups
Authors: Sekiya Akira , Tamura Masanori
Published: April 2006

Long chain perfluoroalkyl groups were introduced to polyamine derivatives which had different chain length and Langmuir–Blodgett films of these amphiphiles were prepared. When pentaethylenehexamine was used as polyamine derivative, stable surface monolayers were formed and properties of the LB films were similar to the polymer LB films, however, less stable surface monolayer was formed as chain length became shorter.
An Infrared Study of Carbon Monoxide Adsorbed on Platinum Electrode Modified with Bismuth Submonolayer
Authors: Osawa Masatoshi , Sakurai Hiroshi , Ito Katsuya , Suëtaka Wataru
Published: April 2006

Infrared spectra of CO adsorbed on Pt electrodes modified with underpotentially deposited Bi adatoms have been measured in situ as a function of Bi coverage (θBi). Shape and position of the C–O stretching band changed depending upon θBi. The observed spectral changes are explained by dipole coupling between CO molecules. Structure of Bi adlayer is discussed from the spectra of CO.
Chemiluminescence of l-tryptophan in Copper(II)–Hydrogen Peroxide–Potassium Sodium Tartrate System
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko , Imai Toshihito , Yoshida Naoki , Nakajima Riichiro
Published: April 2006

l-tryptophan was found for the first time to show the chemiluminescence in the copper(II)–hydrogen peroxide–potassium sodium tartrate system with its maximum chemiluminescence intensity at about 3 h. Other α-amino acids such as l-histidine, l-methionine, and l-isoleucine showed no chemiluminescence. l-tryptophan in the concentration range of 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−3 mol dm−3 apparently showed the chemiluminescence corresponding to its concentration.
One-way Photoisomerization of the C=N Double Bond. Isomerization of (Z)-N-Methoxy-1-(2-anthryl)ethanimine
Authors: Furuuchi Hideo , Arai Tatsuo , Kuriyama Yasunao , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: April 2006

On triplet sensitized excitation N-methoxy-1-(2-anthryl)ethanimine underwent Z → E one-way isomerization, while no reverse isomerization took place. Photostationary state isomer compositions, quantum yields, and transient absorption spectra indicate an adiabatic quantum chain process in the isomerization as proposed for 2-anthrylethylenes.
A Convenient 2-Deoxy-α-d-glucopyranosylation Reaction Using Dimethylphosphinothioate Method
Authors: Yamanoi Takashi , Inazu Toshiyuki
Published: April 2006

Several 2-deoxy-α-glucosides were obtained in good yields with high stereoselectivity by glycosylation reaction of the corresponding alcohols with 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl dimethylphosphinothioate in the presence of a catalytic amount of triphenylmethylium perchlorate or an equivalent amount of silver perchlorate.
Ferromagnetic Spin-Coupling in a Binuclear Cu(II)–Gd(III) Complex
Authors: Matsumoto Naohide , Sakamoto Masatomi , Tamaki Hiroko , Okawa Hisashi , Kida Sigeo
Published: April 2006

Ferromagnetic spin-coupling between Cu(II) and Gd(III) ions was observed in a binuclear Cu(II)–Gd(III) complex CuGd(fsaen)NO3·4H2O (H4fsaen = N,N′-bis(3-carboxysalicylidene)ethylenediamine). The magnetic behavior was well reproduced by the equation derived from H = −2JSCu·SGd (SCu = 1/2, SGd = 7/2) with g = 2.01 and J = +1.7 cm−1.
Ipso Substitution by Alkoxide Ions in Photolysis of Triarylvinyl Halides. Firm Evidence for Intervention of Vinyl Cations
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Nakamura Ichizo , Kabashima Takashi , Kobayashi Shinjiro , Taniguchi Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Photolysis of 1-bromo-2, 2-bis(p-alkoxyphenyl)-1-phenylethenes in the presence of sodium ethoxide in ethanol gave ipso adducts bearing 1,2-aryl rearranged structure, indicating that ipso substitution proceeds via vinyl cations.
Propylene Oxide Synthesis and Selective Oxidation over Supported Metal Oxide Photocatalysts with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Amano Fumiaki , Tanaka Tsunehiro
Published: April 2006

Recent progress of photocatalytic epoxidation of propylene with molecular oxygen is reviewed. Highly dispersed metal oxide photocatalysts, such as silica-supported V2O5, Nb2O5, and TiO2 with low loading, promote steady-state propylene oxide formation with high selectivity (>40%). The isolated tetrahedrally-coordinated species in the ligand-to-metal charge-transferred state is the photocatalytic active site. The photo-induced hole center localized on the lattice oxygen plays a significant role for the photocatalytic epoxidation. In the case of isolated TiO4 tetrahedra on silica, an electrophilic oxygen species is generated by the reaction between the hole center and molecular oxygen. The addition of alkali ions to surface VO4 tetrahedra improves the photocatalytic epoxidation ability of V2O5/SiO2 with low loading. The key step in the selective photocatalytic oxidation over isolated VO4 tetrahedra is the electron transfer from a hydrocarbon to the photo-induced hole center on the lattice oxygen, which is inserted in the photogenerated products.
Hydrophobicity-controlled Drug Delivery System from Organic Modified Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Tang Qunli , Xu Yao , Wu Dong , Sun Yuhan
Published: April 2006

A controlled drug release has been obtained from hybrid organic–inorganic mesoporous silica carriers under in vitro conditions. The control of drug release rate can be ascribed to the incorporation of different hydrophobic functional groups.
High Catalytic Activity of Manganese–Porphyrin Cage Confining a Metal Nanocluster in Styrene Epoxidation
Authors: Konishi Katsuaki , Xu Feng , Murakami Yoshitaka
Published: April 2006

Mn–porphyrin cages confining ca. 1.4–1.5 nm Pd and Au clusters (1a and 2a) showed high catalytic turnover numbers rather than simple monomeric porphyrin complex (3a) in styrene epoxidation by iodosobenzene. Absorption spectroscopic studies indicated that the accumulation of inactive species is efficiently suppressed when the cage catalysts 1a and 2a were employed.
Asymmetric [1,2] Stevens Rearrangement of (S)-N-Benzylic Proline-derived Ammonium Salts under Biphasic Conditions
Authors: Tayama Eiji , Nanbara Shintaro , Nakai Takeshi
Published: April 2006

The Stevens rearrangement of (S)-N-benzylic proline-derived ammonium salt with cesium hydroxide in 1,2-dichloroethane is shown to proceed with a high degree of the N-to-C chirality transmission to afford the α-substituted proline derivatives in high enantio-purities.
Three-dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Mixed Iron Oxide; Preparation and Structural Characterization of Inverse Opals with Skeleton Structure
Authors: Sadakane Masahiro , Takahashi Chigusa , Kato Nobuyasu , Asanuma Takahito , Ogihara Hitoshi , Ueda Wataru
Published: April 2006

Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) materials of polycrystalline spinel- and perovskite-type mixed metal oxide (ZnFe2O4, NiFe2O4, and LaFeO3) could be successfully fabricated using colloidal crystal template method in excellent yield. More than 90% of the obtained materials had the 3DOM structure. The crystallites of the spinel- or perovskite-type mixed iron oxide construct struts, tetrahedral and square prism vertexes. The struts connect the tetrahedral and square prism vertexes to produce inverse opals with skeleton structure in three dimensions.
Solvent Extraction of Lanthanides into an Ionic Liquid Containing N,N,N′,N′-Tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine
Authors: Shimojo Kojiro , Naganawa Hirochika , Kubota Fukiko , Goto Masahiro
Published: April 2006

The extraction behavior of lanthanides from aqueous solutions into an ionic liquid (IL) was investigated with N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) as a ligand. The extraction performance of TPEN for lanthanides is greatly enhanced by dissolution in IL compared to in chloroform. Furthermore, the stripping of lanthanides from IL into a receiving phase is successfully achieved under acidic conditions.
In Situ Observation of Spherical DNA Assembly “Nucleo-cages” in Water and Their Stabilization by Photocrosslinking
Authors: Kim Kwonil , Masumoto Kouzou , Matsuura Kazunori , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: April 2006

Formation of spherical microstructures from three-way junction DNA is observed in water by confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy (CLSM). Photocrosslinking of nucleo-cages by psoralen derivatives is shown to effectively increase their stability against heat and urea.
Cangrelor for Treatment of Coronary Thrombosis
Authors: Fugate Susan E , Cudd Laura A
Published: April 2006

Objective:

To review and assess available literature on the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, adverse events, drug interactions, special populations, and dosing and administration for cangrelor, a product in late stage Phase II clinical trials.

Data Sources:

A literature search of MEDLINE (1966–March 2006), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–February 2006), and Cochrane database (first quarter 2006) was conducted using key terms of cangrelor, AR-C69931 MX, and P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Bibliographies of relevant articles were reviewed for additional references. The Medicines Company Web site was reviewed, and a company representative was contacted.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Available English-language literature, including abstracts, preclinical studies, clinical trials, and review articles, was reviewed.

Data Synthesis:

Cangrelor is a P2Y12 antagonist under development for treatment of acute coronary syndrome. Cangrelor has been studied as an intravenous infusion in doses of 2 or 4 μg/kg/min. It inhibits platelet aggregation with rapid onset and offset and does not require metabolism for therapeutic activity. Published Phase II trials have demonstrated safety and inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Conclusions:

Cangrelor is a promising investigational medication for inhibition of platelet aggregation in acute arterial coronary events. Phase II trials have shown safety and a greater inhibition of platelet aggregation over clopidogrel. Phase III trials will provide more definitive information on clinical efficacy and safety. Until then, the role of cangrelor is uncertain.
Examining the Impact of Cell Phone Conversations on Driving Using Meta-Analytic Techniques
Authors: Horrey William J. , Wickens Christopher D.
Published: April 2006

Objective: The performance costs associated with cell phone use while driving were assessed meta-analytically using standardized measures of effect size along five dimensions. Background: There have been many studies on the impact of cell phone use on driving, showing some mixed findings. Methods: Twenty-three studies (contributing 47 analysis entries) met the appropriate conditions for the meta-analysis. The statistical results from each of these studies were converted into effect sizes and combined in the meta-analysis. Results: Overall, there were clear costs to driving performance when drivers were engaged in cell phone conversations. However, subsequent analyses indicated that these costs were borne primarily by reaction time tasks, with far smaller costs associated with tracking (lane-keeping) performance. Hands-free and handheld phones revealed similar patterns of results for both measures of performance. Conversation tasks tended to show greater costs than did information-processing tasks (e.g., word games). There was a similar pattern of results for passenger and remote (cell phone) conversations. Finally, there were some small differences between simulator and field studies, though both exhibited costs in performance for cell phone use. Conclusion: We suggest that (a) there are significant costs to driver reactions to external hazards or events associated with cell phone use, (b) hands-free cell phones do not eliminate or substantially reduce these costs, and (c) different research methodologies or performance measures may underestimate these costs. Application: Potential applications of this research include the assessment of performance costs attributable to different types of cell phones, cell phone conversations, experimental measures, or methodologies.
+Gz Acceleration Loss of Consciousness: Time Course of Performance Deficits With Repeated Experience
Authors: Tripp Lloyd D. , Warm Joel S. , Matthews Gerald , Chiu Peter , Werchan Paul , Deaton John E
Published: April 2006

Objectives: We examine the time course of performance recovery from gravity induced loss of consciousness (GLOC) and evaluate the utility of exposing participants to repeated bouts of GLOC in promoting recovery time. Background: A substantial number of accidents among fighter pilots have resulted from episodes of GLOC. U.S. Air Force doctrine holds that when pilots experience GLOC, impairment lasts for 24 s, in which there are 12 s of complete unconsciousness and 12 s of confusion. However, there is reason to suspect that performance efficiency associated with GLOC is degraded well before unconsciousness sets in and that more than 24 s are required for performance efficiency to return to baseline levels. Additionally, there is a belief that repeated exposure to GLOC will reduce recovery time. Method: Centrifuge simulators were used to induce GLOC in U.S. Air Force personnel with math and tracking tasks employed to emulate flight performance. Participants were tested once per week for 4 consecutive weeks. Results: On average, performance deficits appeared 7.44 s prior to the onset of unconsciousness and persisted for 55.6 s following the GLOC event. Repeated exposure failed to moderate these results. Conclusion: The temporal course of performance deficits produced by GLOC far exceeds prior estimates. The problem is more serious than previously envisioned and it is not alleviated by repeated exposure to GLOC. Application: U.S. Air Force doctrine regarding the severity of GLOC and the utility of repeated exposure to this problem needs to be revised and these data incorporated into future aircraft auto recovery systems.
Keyswitch Orientation Can Reduce Finger Joint Torques During Tapping on a Computer Keyswitch
Authors: Balakrishnan Aruna D. , Jindrich Devin L. , Dennerlein Jack T.
Published: April 2006

Objective: To examine the effects of keyswitch orientation on joint torques. Background: The fingertip produces primarily vertical forces during single-finger tapping on a computer keyswitch. However, horizontal force components within the sagittal plane of the finger could reduce net joint torques. Method: Eleven participants tapped on a keyswitch oriented in three directions: vertical, tilted 30° such that when pressed it moved away from the user (similar to a positive-tilt keyboard), and tilted 30° such that when pressed it moved toward the user (similar to a negative-tilt keyboard). Participants also tapped on a prototype cantilever keyswitch design in which the key cap moves along the arc of a bending beam gradually away from the user. Miniature electro-optical goniometers measured the finger posture, and a two-axis force sensor measured fingertip forces. Results: Tapping on a keyswitch oriented such that it moves away from the user when pressed reduced net joint torques by 47% relative to tapping on a vertically orientated keyswitch and by 56% relative to tapping on a keyswitch oriented toward the user, whereas the cantilever design resulted in 14% decreases in net joint torque relative to the vertical orientation. Conclusion: Reductions of torques resulted from decreasing the moment arm of the fingertip force about the joints. Application: Keyboard design should incorporate keyswitch mechanism angles along with other postural and geometric constraints to reduce exposure of the finger joints and muscles to force during typing.
Toward the Improvement of Image-Guided Interventions for Minimally Invasive Surgery: Three Factors That Affect Performance
Authors: DeLucia Patricia R. , Mather Robert D. , Griswold John A. , Mitra Sunanda
Published: April 2006

Objectives: The objectives were to measure the impact of specific features of imaging devices on tasks relevant to minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and to investigate cognitive and perceptual factors in such tasks. Background: Although image-guided interventions used in MIS provide benefits for patients, they pose drawbacks for surgeons, including degraded depth perception and reduced field of view (FOV). It is important to identify design factors that affect performance. Method: In two navigation experiments, observers fed a borescope through an object until it reached a target. Task completion time and object shape judgments were measured. In a motion perception experiment, observers reported the direction of a line that moved behind an aperture. A motion illusion associated with reduced FOV was measured. Results: Navigation through an object was faster when a preview of the object's exterior was provided. Judgments about the object's shape were more accurate with a preview (compared with none) and with active viewing (compared with passive viewing). The motion illusion decreased with a rectangular or rotating octagonal viewing aperture (compared with circular). Conclusions: Navigation performance may be enhanced when surgeons develop a mental model of the surgical environment, when surgeons (rather than assistants) control the camera, and when the shape of the image is designed to reduce visual illusions. Application: Unintentional contact between surgical tools and healthy tissues may be reduced during MIS when (a) visual aids permit surgeons to maintain a mental model of the surgical environment, (b) images are bound by noncircular apertures, and (c) surgeons manually control the camera.
The Efficacy of a Medical Virtual Reality Simulator for Training Phlebotomy
Authors: Scerbo Mark W. , Bliss James P. , Schmidt Elizabeth A. , Thompson Sommer N.
Published: April 2006

Objective: The present study compared the effectiveness of a virtual reality (VR) simulator for training phlebotomy with that of a more traditional approach using simulated limbs. Background: Phlebotomy, or drawing blood, is one of the most common medical procedures; yet, there are no universal standards for training and assessing performance. The absence of any standards can lead to injuries and inaccurate test results if the procedure is improperly performed. Method: Twenty 3rd-year medical students were trained under one of the two methods and had their performance assessed with a 28-item checklist. Results: The results showed that performance improvements were limited to those who trained with the simulated limbs, and a detailed comparison of the two systems revealed several functional and physical differences that may explain these findings. Conclusion: Participants trained with simulated limbs performed better than those trained with a VR simulator; however, the metrics recorded by the VR system may address some aspects of performance that could eventually prove beneficial. Application: The present study highlights the potential for medical simulators to improve patient safety by enabling trainees to practice procedures on devices instead of patients. Applications of this research include training, performance assessment, and design of simulator systems.
Spatial Ability Subfactors and Their Influences on a Computer-Based Information Search Task
Authors: Pak Richard , Rogers Wendy A. , Fisk Arthur D.
Published: April 2006

Objective: The present study examined the relationship between two distinct subfactors of spatial ability and performance in an information search task modeled on browsing the Web. Background: Previous studies have found relationships between various measures of spatial ability and performance in a wide variety of computerbased tasks. Method: In the search task 101 participants (18-29 years of age) searched for the answer to a question by navigating the system. They completed the experimental task as well as a battery of cognitive ability measures that included two different measures of spatial ability. Results: The results indicate that spatial orientation ability was related to performance with tasks that were high in their navigational requirement (engendered by the use of a novel aid), whereas spatial visualization was unrelated to performance in any task condition. Conclusion: A closer inspection of the cognitive requirements of a task may reveal what interventions could be most useful when designing computer systems or developing training programs. Application: Given the unique differences between the different spatial abilities, the current results suggest the design of navigational aids that place less demand on spatial orientation ability. Date received: March 4, 2004 Date accepted: December 27, 2004
Labeling of Medicines and Patient Safety: Evaluating Methods of Reducing Drug Name Confusion
Authors: Filik Ruth , Purdy Kevin , Gale Alastair , Gerrett David
Published: April 2006

Objective: We report three experiments evaluating the proposal that highlighting sections of drug names using uppercase (“tall man”) lettering and/or color may reduce the confusability of similar drug names. Background: Medication errors commonly involve drug names that look or sound alike. One potential method of reducing these errors is to highlight sections of names on labels in order to emphasize the differences between similar products. Method: In Experiments 1 and 2, participants were timed as they decided whether similar name pairs were the same name or two different names. Experiment 3 was a recognition memory task. Results: Results from Experiments 1 and 2 showed that highlighting sections of words using tall man lettering can make similar names easier to distinguish if participants are aware that this is the purpose of the intervention. Results from Experiment 3 suggested that tall man lettering and/or color does not make names less confusable in memory but that tall man letters may increase attention. Conclusion: These findings offer some support for the use of tall man letters in order to reduce errors caused by confusion between drug products with look-alike names. Application: The use of tall man letters could be applied in a variety of visual presentations of drug names - for example, by manufacturers on packaging, labeling, and computer software, and in pharmacies on shelf labels. Additionally, this paper demonstrates two meaningful behavioral measures that can be used during product design to objectively assess confusability of packaging and labeling.
Multiple User Considerations and Their Implications in Medical Error Reporting System Design
Authors: Escoto Kamisha Hamilton , Karsh Ben-Tzion , Beasley John W.
Published: April 2006

Objective: The study examined the differences between physicians and clinical assistants in their preferences for a statewide medical error reporting system. Background: Medical error reporting systems have been proposed as a means for studying the causes of medical error. Knowledge of user similarities and differences is needed for the development of design guidelines for medical error reporting systems. Method: Separate focus groups composed of 8 physicians and 6 clinical assistants (physician clinical support staff) were conducted. One-hour focus group meetings were conducted via toll-free teleconference lines one to two times per month for 9 months. All conversations were audiotaped and transcribed for analysis. An inductive content analysis was conducted. Results: Eighty-six major and minor themes emerged. Differences between physicians and clinical assistants included rules and regulations governing the use of the system, the medium of reporting, and aspects of the organization that may affect reporting levels. Conclusions: Although physicians and clinical assistants shared similar preferences and beliefs surrounding error reporting, there were differences that need to be considered if medical error reporting systems are to be effective. Application: To successfully deploy a medical error reporting system, the system itself must be designed for the potential users. This study uncovered previously underappreciated issues that should be incorporated into the design and implementation process. Actual or potential applications of this research include the improvement of the design and implementation of medical error reporting systems to account for the needs of different types of users.