bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Periflexural Exanthem of Childhood: Microbiologic Case‐Control Study
Authors: Coustou D. , Masquelier B. , Lafon M. E. , Labrèze C. , Roul S. , Bioulac‐Sage P. , Mégraud F. , Fleury H. J. A. , Taïeb A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Our objective was to study possible etiologic factors of asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood (APEC) among a large panel of microbiologic agents not yet investigated. To do so, we designed a prospective case‐control study using throat, stool, blood, and skin samples, and enlisted 37 children with APEC and 37 age‐matched controls without eruption seen consecutively from February 1995 to April 1996 from a mixed referral center and community‐based population. No interventions were done. Used as the main outcome measure was the differences in the two groups for microbiologic investigations. No significant statistical differences between cases and controls for virus and bacteria investigated were found. No microorganism was identified as a possible etiologic agent in any of the APEC patients. APEC is not a nonspecific cutaneous eruptive pattern to several common microbiologic agents. More sophisticated molecular approaches are needed to address its etiology.
Progeria Infantum (Hutchinson–Gilford Syndrome) Associated with Scleroderma‐Like Lesions and Acro‐Osteolysis: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Jansen Thomas , Romiti Ricardo
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Progeria infantum (Hutchinson–Gilford syndrome) is a very rare syndrome of premature aging characterized by growth retardation and specific, progressive, premature senescent changes of the skin and other tissues. We report a 1.5‐year‐old girl with loss of scalp hair, eyebrows, and lashes, prominent scalp veins, micrognathia, abnormal ears, loss of subcutaneous tissue, and scleroderma‐like areas over the trunk. Radiographic studies revealed coxa valga and acro‐osteolysis of the terminal phalanges. The clinical and radiologic features corresponded well with progeria infantum.
Complete Recovery from Juvenile Pemphigus Vulgaris
Authors: Harangi Ferenc , Várszegi Dalma , Schneider Imre , Zombai Erzsébet
Published: March 2003

A 10‐year‐old boy with vesicles and eroded lesions on his labia, oral mucosa, and trunk was diagnosed as having pemphigus vulgaris. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic and immunofluorescence studies. The patient was successfully treated systemically with methylprednisolone and azathioprine. After 4.5 years the therapy was discontinued and the patient has had no relapse over the last 4 years.
Localized Acquired Hypertrichosis Following Cast Application
Authors: Kara Ates , Kanra Güler , Alanay Yasemin
Published: March 2003

Abstract: A 11‐year‐old boy with transient hypertrichosis following calcaneal osteotomy and cast application for 2 months is described. We postulate that hyperemia may be responsible for his hypertrichosis, which lasted 3 months and created a cosmetic problem.
Clinical Evaluation of Atopic Hand‐Foot Dermatitis
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Jeong , Ha Seog‐Jun , Ahn Won‐Keun , Kim Dongjae , Park Young‐Min , Byun Dae‐Gyoo , Kim Jin‐Wou
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Clinical manifestations of atopic hand‐foot (H‐F) dermatitis have not been well studied. This study examined 108 atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with H‐F dermatitis between May 1997 and July 1999 at our AD clinic to determine the clinical characteristics of atopic H‐F dermatitis and to assess its etiologic associations. It usually began in childhood with an early onset of AD. Pruritus was the most frequent symptom, and erythema, scales, lichenification, hyperkeratosis, fissures, and keratolysis exfoliativa were also common signs. Both the hands and feet were involved in 47 (44.0%) patients, and either hand or foot involvement was observed in 15 (13.9%) and 46 (42.6%) patients, respectively. Palmar or plantar surfaces were more frequently involved than the dorsal aspects. The great toe was affected more often than the other toes. Two‐thirds of patients presented with manifestations of the ichthyosis triad and sandpaper‐like skin lesions on the elbow, knee, and lateral malleolus. Palmar or plantar hyperhidrosis was reported in 15% and 20%, respectively. The ichthyosis triad‐associated group showed a significantly higher incidence of sandpaper‐like (thickened, roughened) skin lesions, and these patients had lesions on the dorsal hands or heels and lateral malleolus more frequently than ichthyosis triad‐absent patients. The hyperhidrosis‐associated group showed an association with glassy lesions, localized to palmar or plantar areas. Atopic H‐F dermatitis is associated with the nonallergic etiologies of AD and clinical subgroups can be identified on the basis of nonallergic backgrounds.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Chronic Renal Failure in Children of Color
Authors: Silverberg Nanette B. , Singh Anup , Laude Teresita A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: One hundred percent of adult patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) develop cutaneous findings as a result of uremia or due to therapeutic interventions. To date, pediatric incidence studies have been limited to Caucasian children. However, recent reports have indicated that more African American patients progress to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). This is the first study to assess the prevalence of renal failure‐related skin disease in children of color, including African American and Hispanic patients. Thirty children were evaluated by history and physical examination, with assignment to one of three treatment categories: transplanted (n = 10), dialyzed (n = 16), or medically managed (n = 4). Skin findings were divided into uremic, drug‐related, or infectious disease types. The incidence of skin disease was 100%. Xerosis was the single most common finding, often accompanied by pruritus. Cushinoid features were common despite the addition of steroid‐sparing agents. Cyclosporin A‐treated African American children had a high incidence of gingival hypertrophy (72%) and an even higher incidence of hypertrichosis (100%). Acral warts and nevi were common findings, the latter correlating with the length of immunosuppression. There is a high incidence of cosmetically disfiguring side effects (Cushinoid facies, hypertrichosis, and gingival hypertrophy) in children within all treatment categories, primarily related to drug treatment. Further study is required to determine the long‐term sequelae, including psychological disturbances, of cutaneous disease in children of color with CRF.
Scarring Resulting from Chickenpox
Authors: Leung Alexander K. C. , Kao C. Pion , Sauve Reginald S.
Published: March 2003

Nine hundred and eighty‐six children (519 boys, 467 girls) who had chickenpox at least 1 year previously were examined for the presence of scars resulting from this disease. Ninety‐six (18.5%) boys and 88 (18.8%) girls had chickenpox scars, giving rise to an overall prevalence of 18.7%. The scars were found on the face in 75 (40.8%), neck 2 (1.1%), shoulders 8 (4.3%), upper limbs 15 (8.2%), anterior thorax 50 (27.2%), abdomen 106 (57.6%), back 65 (35.3%), buttocks 9 (4.9%), and lower limbs 12 (6.5%) affected children. The mean number of scars in the 184 children was 2.8 (standard deviation 1.9). The scars were hyperpigmented in 32, hypopigmented in 160, depressed in 38, and hypertrophic in 32 children. Keloids were noted in two children.
Annular Pustular Psoriasis—Most Common Form of Pustular Psoriasis in Children: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Liao Peggy B. , Rubinson Rebeca , Howard Renee , Sanchez Graciela , Frieden Ilona J.
Published: March 2003

Annular pustular psoriasis (APP) is a rare form of pustular psoriasis with a chronic recurrent course and good prognosis. We report three cases of APP in children, two of whom were siblings. Review of the medical literature reveals that a disproportionately high percentage of cases of APP occur in children. In some cases topical therapy can clear the condition, although in severe or recalcitrant disease, systemic therapy may be necessary.
Infrapatellar Hypertrichosis: An Unusual Cutaneous Manifestation of Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Authors: Piantanida Nicholas A. , Person Donald A. , Piantanida Elizabeth W.
Published: March 2003

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an uncommon inflammatory myopathy with characteristic cutaneous manifestations. Certain clinical features such as cutaneous calcification, lipoatrophy, and generalized hypertrichosis can occur in JDM but are uncommon in the adult form of the disease. We report a young girl who presented with dramatic infrapatellar hypertrichosis along with more classic clinical signs of JDM, including heliotrope periorbital eruption, photosensitivity, and profound proximal muscle weakness. The clinical course was favorable, with improvement of cutaneous and muscular abnormalities after corticosteroid treatment.
Lichen Scrofulosorum: A Rare Manifestation of a Common Disease
Authors: Thami Gurvinder P. , Kaur Sukhjot , Kanwar Amrinder J. , Mohan Harsh
Published: March 2003

Tuberculids develop as hypersensitive immunologic reactions in the skin to an occult internal focus of tuberculosis. These eruptive lesions are due to hematogenous dissemination of bacilli in a host with a high degree of immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although rare, these specific lesions are important diagnostic markers of tuberculosis. Lichen scrofulosorum is one of the recognized tuberculids, usually seen in children and young adults. We report three children with lichen scrofulosorum; in two children it developed during treatment of tuberculosis. The appearance of lichen scrofulosorum after initiation of treatment due to a probable increase in cell‐mediated immunity is emphasized.
Self‐Healing Juvenile Cutaneous Mucinosis
Authors: Carder K. Robin , Fitzpatrick James E. , Weston William L. , Morelli Joseph G.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: A healthy 14‐month‐old black girl presented with a 3‐week complaint of “knots” on the face and hands. The lesions were acute in onset and asymptomatic. Multiple, firm, nontender, skin‐colored to erythematous nodules were noted on the scalp, forehead, axillae, lower legs, abdomen, and hands. A skin biopsy specimen revealed a well‐circumscribed accumulation of mucin in the reticular dermis. Colloidal iron stain was positive. Radiographs showed soft tissue prominence only. Serum protein electrophoresis, thyroid function tests, complete blood count, sedimentation rate, and antinuclear antibody were normal, except for lymphocytosis. Findings were consistent with self‐healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis (SHJCM). SHJCM is a condition of unknown etiology characterized by rapid onset of asymptomatic, indurated papules or nodules. Affected children may have arthralgias, but are otherwise well. Spontaneous resolution is the rule. Most skin lesions in our patient had resolved within 6 months of onset. This patient is unique because of the young age of onset.
Phototherapy in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Pašić Aida , Čeović Romana , Lipozenčić Jasna , Husar Karmela , Sušić Slobodna Murat , Skerlev Mihael , Hrsan Damir
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The treatment of children with psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), pityriasis lichenoides, and scleroderma poses a therapeutic problem because all therapeutic options are associated with numerous side effects. Therefore ultraviolet A and B (UVA and UVB) phototherapy is presented as a possible alternative to some of these therapies, primarily topical and systemic corticosteroids, in children. Our results in treating children with phototherapy and psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) bath phototherapy over the past 5 years are reported. UVB therapy (TL01) was used in 20 psoriatic children (6 boys, 14 girls; ages 6–14 years) during the stage of disease exacerbation and in 9 children (3 boys, 6 girls; ages 8–16 years) with pityriasis lichenoides. Combined UVA/UVB phototherapy was applied in 21 AD children (7 boys, 14 girls; ages 4–15 years). Photochemotherapy with local application of a PUVA bath was used in six children (2 boys, 4 girls; ages 9–16 years) with circumscribed scleroderma and in one girl with systemic scleroderma. All children received short courses of phototherapy with either no maintenance or short maintenance. All three therapeutic protocols resulted in a certain degree of improvement in most of the study patients. None of the patients exhibited any early phototherapy side effects. We conclude that phototherapy and PUVA bath are valuable and safe therapeutic options for selected children who do not respond to other treatments.
Treatment with Steroids and Double Filtration Plasmapheresis for a Case of Anti‐GQ1b Antibody‐Positive Bickerstaff's Encephalitis
Authors: Fujisato Hideki , Amemiya Morimasa , Hayashi Yuko , Ogawa Matsuo , Nakano Imaharu , Ikeda Hiromi , Takahashi Hideaki , Naitou Eiichirou , Funayama Izumi , Saitou Osamu , Ando Yasuhiro , Homma Sumiko , Muto Shigeaki , Asano Yasushi
Published: March 2003

The treatment of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE) is still controversial. We report a case of BBE with positive anti‐GQ1b antibody. The patient was successfully treated with steroids and double filtration plasmapheresis.
Temporary Vascular Access for Extracorporeal Therapies
Authors: Canaud Bernard , Leray‐Moragues Hélène , Kamoun Khaola , Garrigue Valérie
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Central venous catheters provide at the present time the basic and ideal method to perform acute extracorporeal blood purification. Rapid launch of extracorporeal therapy is indicated in two situations: first, renal conditions presenting as a recognized acute organic renal failure (ARF) and acute decompensation of end stage renal disease (ESRD) without permanent vascular access; second, non‐renal conditions presenting as urgent clinical situations requiring isolated ultrafiltration for chronic congestive heart failure, plasmapheresis or selective immunoadsorption for immune diseases, cytapheresis for hematological disease, and selective detoxification for certain types of poisoning. Central venous catheters are classified into 2 categories according to the duration of use: temporary catheter (less than 90 days) and permanent catheter (more than 90 days). A temporary catheter, including rigid (polyethylene, teflon) and semirigid (polyurethane) material, is indicated in emergency situations and for short‐term use. A permanent catheter, made usually of soft silicone rubber with a subcutaneous anchoring system, has a subcutaneous tunnel and is indicated in medium and long‐term use. Catheter design has benefited greatly from technical advances and material hemocompatability. However, catheter‐related morbidity still remains high and is associated with an unacceptable incidence rate of infection and/or vein thrombosis. This article covers our present knowledge regarding catheter indications, technical aspects of catheter insertion and care, functional limitation of central venous catheters, and catheter‐related complications. It is also our intent to provide the reader with optimal indication and catheter care in order to prevent and reduce the burden of catheter‐related morbidity.
Therapeutic Apheresis in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Khatri Bhupendra O.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Although the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown, the recent advances in research and the use of immunomodulating therapies have revolutionalized the way this disease is now approached. Apheresis is but one of the various immunomodulating therapies successfully used in MS. Pilot and double‐blind randomized controlled studies, long‐term follow‐up studies, and the possible mechanism of action of therapeutic apheresis in MS are discussed. Based on our current knowledge, as well as on the available published data, it is concluded that apheresis is an effective therapy in severely progressive MS (both acute and chronic) when conventional therapies have failed.
Large Volume Apheresis of Autologous Plasma and Preparation of Autologous Fibrin Glue from the Plasma
Authors: Komatsu Fumio , Yoshida Sayaka
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Autologous blood transfusion (ABT) is useful for prevention of undesirable effects of allogeneic blood transfusion. In our hospital, not only autologous whole blood but also autologous red blood cells, autologous fresh frozen plasma (Auto‐FFP), and autologous fibrin glue (Auto‐FG) are routinely produced for surgical patients. The Auto‐FG is prepared from plasma which is separated from manually collected whole blood. However, when a large volume of Auto‐FG is required, the plasma obtained by an apheresis method may be useful. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted to determine whether a collection of 2 U (160 ml) of red blood cells (RBCs) and 400 ml of plasma at 1 apheresis is acceptable. We first performed the apheresis on healthy donors, and then applied for autologous blood donation. The apheresis is safe. The collected plasma is used for the production of Auto‐FFP and Auto‐FG. The remaining RBCs also are used for ABT. The preparation of Auto‐FG is simple, and it is effective for the reduction of allogeneic fibrin glue.
Concentration of Progenitor Cells Collected from Bone Marrow Fluid Using a Continuous Flow Cell Separator
Authors: Tsubaki Kazuo , Ariyama Takeshi , Ueno Toshihisa , Kogi Yukito , Itoh Shiho , Kanemitsu Yasushi , Ashida Takashi , Kanamaru Akihisa
Published: March 2003

Abstract: In ABO major incompatibility on bone marrow transplantation (BMT), red cells must be removed from collected marrow fluid to prevent hemolysis. We report the concentration of progenitor cells collected using a continuous flow cell separator (Cobe Spectra). The average volume of concentrated bone marrow was 132 ± 47 ml and that of red cells included was 5.1 ± 2.4 ml. The red cell removal rate was 97.6%. The recovery rate was 40.6% for total nuclear cells, 77.9% for mononuclear cells, 100% for CD34+ cells, and 93.9% for colony forming unit granulocyte‐macrophage. Eighteen patients undergoing allogeneic BMT showed no signs of fever or hemolysis during concentrated marrow fluid transfusion. The recovery rate of progenitor cells was high, indicating sufficient recovery of hemopoiesis. This technique is applicable in ABO‐incompatible BMT and in frozen‐storage stem cells.
Three Cases of C‐ANCA‐Positive Vasculitis Treated with Immunoadsorption: Possible Benefit in Early Treatment
Authors: Matic Goran , Michelsen Ann , Hofmann Doris , Winkler Roland , Tiess Michael , Schneidewind Jana Maria , Müller Waltraud , Ramlow Wolfgang
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Wegener's granulomatosis is a vasculitic disease predominantly affecting the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys. Three patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis were treated with an intensified regimen of immunoadsorption (IA) (Excorim or Therasorb) in addition to cyclophosphamide (CYC) and methylprednisolone (PRE). Patient A had been in remission under oral CYC/PRE. The first exacerbation was treated successfully with 4 IA treatments without changing medication. Patient B experienced 3 flares within 1 year, which were treated with 28 IA (3–7 IAs/course), intravenous CYC after each course, and PRE. A fall of creatinine levels from 120 to 190 μmol/L to 100 μmol/L was noted after IA and before administration of CYC. Patient C presented in uremia. Autoantibodies were eliminated by 11 IA treatments parallel to CYC/PRE therapy. They remained within a normal range for >1 year's follow‐up; however, kidney function did not return. In conclusion, the observations in Patients A and B suggest a beneficial therapeutic effect of early IA in WG.
Plasmapheresis in the Dysproteinemias
Authors: Drew Mary Jo
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The dysproteinemias consist of a broad range of serious disease states with the common thread of excessive production of an abnormal, or para‐protein. Various clinical syndromes may arise, either from the underlying disease process, the excess paraprotein, or both. Clinical presentation depends upon the organ system(s) affected by the abnormal protein. Diseases included under the classification of dysproteinemias include cryoprotein‐related diseases, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, hyperviscosity syndrome, monoclonal gammopathy, multiple myeloma, light chain disease, and amyloidosis. Plasmapheresis, often in conjunction with other therapies, has been widely used to treat the dysproteinemias and their resulting clinical syndromes. Automated plasmapheresis, which separates plasma from the cellular blood elements by centrifugation, is used most commonly in the United States. Membrane separation and immunoadsorption techniques are more commonly used in Europe and Japan. In automated plasmapheresis, the plasma is removed from the patient's circulation and replaced with a protein‐based fluid such as 5% human albumin solution or plasma protein fraction or with fresh frozen plasma. Membrane separation and immunoadsorption allow the offending proteins to be removed more selectively from the patient's plasma prior to the plasma being returned to the patient. This review article presents a description of each disease, the rationale for plasmapheresis therapy, recommended schedules of plasmapheresis, and the use of adjunctive therapies. Results of published studies, case reports, and the author's experience in treating these diseases will serve as the foundation for discussion.
Prescribed Fire and the Response of Woody Species in Willamette Valley Wetland Prairies
Authors: Pendergrass K. L. , Miller P. M. , Kauffman J. B.
Published: March 2003

A single fall‐season prescribed burn and two consecutive fall‐season prescribed burns were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to quantify the effects of fire intensity and frequency on woody species in two Willamette Valley wet prairies. Fuel biomass, fuel properties, fire behavior, biomass consumption, and changes in woody species density and height were documented before and after the burns. Before burning,Rosa nutkana(Nootka rose) was the most abundant woody species at both sites. In 1988, burns were significantly more intense, produced more heat per unit area at Fisher Butte than at Rose Prairie, and were fairly complete, with 37% and 35% woody biomass consumption, respectively. In 1989, burns were spotty; only 11% of woody biomass was consumed at Fisher Butte. The one‐burn treatment did not affectR. nutkanadensity in 1 × 15 m transects at either site; the two‐burn treatment significantly increased its density in three of the five communities sampled. Burning significantly reduced height growth by eliminating taller individuals while stimulating sprouts from belowground tissues. Redistribution ofR. nutkanaand trees into shorter height classes indicates the possibility of reducing the visual dominance of woody species if periodic burns were conducted in native Willamette Valley prairie. The low‐intensity burns in this study were sufficient to remove the woody shoots under 3 m tall but did not reduce their capacity to regenerate and did not reduce the density of woody species. After decades of fire suppression, two burns were not sufficient to reestablish the desired balance between native herbaceous and woody species or to reduce the presence of introduced woody species. A long‐term commitment to the reintroduction of fire as a management tool will be required to maintain native wetland prairies in the Willamette Valley.
Ecological Genetics and the Restoration of Plant Communities: Mix or Match?
Authors: Lesica Peter , Allendorf Fred W.
Published: March 2003

We present a conceptual framework for choosing native plant material to be used in restoration projects on the basis of ecological genetics. We evaluate both the likelihood of rapid establishment of plants and the probability of long‐term persistence of restored or later successional communities. In addition, we consider the possible harmful effects of restoration projects on nearby ecosystems and their native resident populations. Two attributes of the site to be restored play an important role in determining which genetic source will be most appropriate: (1) degree of disturbance and (2) size of the disturbance. Local plants or plants from environments that “match” the habitat to be restored are best suited to restore sites where degree of disturbance has been low. Hybrids or “mixtures” of genotypes from different sources may provide the best strategy for restoring highly disturbed sites to which local plants are not adapted. Cultivars that have been modified by intentional or inadvertent selection have serious drawbacks. Nevertheless, cultivars may be appropriate when the goal is rapid recovery of small sites that are highly disturbed.
Effects of Moisture, Temperature, and Time on Seed Germination of Five Wetland Carices: Implications for Restoration
Authors: Budelsky Rachel A. , Galatowitsch Susan M.
Published: March 2003

Successful restoration of sedge meadow wetlands is limited by lack of information regarding reintroduction of sedge (Carex) propagules. While restoration from seed is common for prairie restorations, little is known about the germination characteristics of many wetland plants, including sedges. We present the results of a 2.5‐year study on seed germination and viability for five species of Carex common to sedge meadow and prairie pothole wetlands in temperate North America. Seed storage and germination conditions were investigated to determine the optimum combination for maintaining seed viability and stimulating germination rates over time. Seeds were germinated under seven different temperature and three moisture regimes after storage for 4, 10, and 14 months under one of four different storage regimes (dry‐warm, dry‐cold, moist‐cold, and wet‐cold). The efficacy of short‐term wet‐cold stratification to stimulate germination of 2.5‐year‐old seed after long‐term dry storage was also investigated. Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex lacustris showed the greatest germination response after wet‐cold or moist‐cold storage, while Carex lasiocarpa and Carex rostrata showed similar rates of germination after either wet‐cold or dry‐warm storage. Wet‐cold long‐term storage was associated with a high level of viability in all five species after 2.5 years. Viability and germination rates were reduced in Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex lasiocarpa after long‐term dry‐cold storage. Germination rates of seeds stored dry for 2.5 years are not improved by short‐term wet‐cold treatment in any species tested. Carex seeds should be stored under wet‐cold conditions to maintain seed viability over time, thus increasing the likelihood of seeding success for sedge meadow restoration.
Response of Exotics to Restored Hydroperiod at Dupuis Reserve, Florida
Authors: David Peter G.
Published: March 2003

In 1990 and 1991, 40 ditch plugs were constructed to restore a more natural hydroperiod (i.e., duration and depth of flooding) on portions of the 8,900‐ha Dupuis Reserve in south Florida. Vegetation transects and digital water level recorders were installed at three sites to monitor changes in vegetation relative to improved hydrologic conditions. Increased hydroperiod resulted in the elimination of Paspalum notatum (bahia grass), an exotic species introduced for cattle forage. Panicum repens (torpedo grass), another introduced species, formed dense monotypic stands in response to increased hydroperiod, but was unable to penetrate areas where Panicum hemitomon (maidencane) already existed. Frequency of occurrence and density of two desirable species, Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed) and maidencane, increased relative to higher inundation frequencies, although maidencane preferred more moderate water depths. Pickerelweed density increased significantly after the second year and was well established on two sites by the fourth year of monitoring.
Performance of Birch Seedlings Replanted in Heavily Polluted Industrial Barrens of the Kola Peninsula, Northwest Russia
Authors: Kozlov Mikhail V. , Haukioja Erkki
Published: March 2003

Industrial barrens replacing coniferous forests around the Severonikel smelter in the Kola Peninsula, northwestern Russia, have recently expanded over 3000 ha or more. Total concentrations of metal contaminants in the upper soil layers approach 3000–5000 μg/g, and maximum hourly concentrations of sulphur dioxide in ambient air exceed 1000 μg/m3. To monitor possibilities for vegetation recovery in the denuded landscapes continuously affected by industrial emissions, we conducted several experiments with 4‐ to 15‐year‐old (1–25 cm tall) seedlings of Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovi (mountain birch), replanted to two barren sites. Specifically, we investigated the effects of wind‐sheltering, watering, and fertilization on seedling performance in the polluted sites. Sheltered and watered seedlings had more symmetrical leaves than control seedlings, suggesting less environmental stress. Consistently, sheltering and (to a lesser extent) watering improved the survival of seedlings compared with controls. The beneficial effects of watering and sheltering were most pronounced the first 2–4 weeks following planting and were greatest in the most polluted site. We conclude that the revegetation of industrial barrens can be significantly promoted by inexpensive treatments such as wind sheltering and watering, even under current emissions.
Effects of Restoration Thinning on PresettlementPinus ponderosain Northern Arizona
Authors: Stone Joseph E. , Kolb Thomas E. , Covington W. Wallace
Published: March 2003

In the 100 years following the arrival of Euro‐American settlers in northern Arizona,Pinus ponderosa(ponderosa pine) forests changed from open, low‐density stands to closed, high‐density stands. The increase in tree density has been detrimental to the vigor of old‐growth trees that established before settlement (presettlement trees). In this study, we examined whether the vigor of presettlement trees could be improved by restoring the original stand structure by thinning the ponderosa pines that established after settlement (postsettlement trees). The restoration treatment caused the following changes in the presettlement trees and their environment in the first year following thinning: an increase in volumetric soil water content between May and August, an increase in predawn xylem water potential in July and August, a decrease in midday xylem water potential in June and August, an increase in net photosynthetic rate in August, an increase in foliar nitrogen concentration in July and August, and an increase in bud and needle size. The results show that the thinning restoration treatment improved the condition of presettlement ponderosa pines by increasing canopy growth and the uptake of water, nitrogen, and carbon.
Restoring Aristida stricta to Pinus palustris Ecosystems on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.A.
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. , Williams Marcus E. , Onokpise Oghenekome
Published: March 2003

Aristida stricta (wiregrass), a perennial bunchgrass, quickly accumulates dead leaves, which along with the shed needles of Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) provide the fuel for frequent surface fires. Thus, historically, wiregrass played a key role in many longleaf communities where it significantly influenced the natural fire regime and thereby the composition of the plant community. Reestablishment of wiregrass is, therefore, critical to restoring the native understory of Atlantic Coastal Plain longleaf pine ecosystems. This study measured the effects of different site preparations and fertilizer application on the survival and growth of wiregrass seedlings. Two‐month–old seedlings were underplanted in existing longleaf pine stands on dry Lakeland soils at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. Survival was acceptable at 51% after four years, although reduced owing to drought and small seedling size. Survival and growth could both be increased by using older seedlings with an initial height of at least 6 cm. Wiregrass leaves grew quite rapidly and attained an average length of 48 cm in four years on control plots. Basal area growth rate was greater than expected, averaging 40% on control treatments and 55% on cultivated and fertilized plots. If growth rates during the first four seasons continue, wiregrass will attain mature size on cultivated and fertilized plots at six years, while non‐fertilized control plots will take eight years. A planting density of one seedling per m2 is recommended to provide sufficient wiregrass foliar cover to influence fire regimes in a reasonable length of time (i.e., 5–7 years).
Assessing the Success of Restoration Plantings in a Temperate New Zealand Forest
Authors: Reay Stephen D. , Norton David A.
Published: March 2003

The success of restoration plantings in restoring indigenous forest vascular plant and ground invertebrate biodiversity was assessed on previously grass‐covered sites in the eastern South Island, New Zealand. The composition and structure of grassland, three different aged restoration plantings (12, 30, and 35 years old), a naturally regenerating forest (100 years old), and a remnant of the original old‐growth forest of the area were measured. The restoration plantings are dominated by the native tree Olearia paniculata, which is not indigenous to the study area. Despite this, indigenous forest invertebrate and plant species are present in all three restoration sites and with increasing age the restoration sites become compositionally more similar to the naturally regenerating and mature forest sites. In particular the regenerating vegetation of the restoration sites is very similar floristically to the regenerating vegetation of the naturally regenerating and mature forest sites, despite marked differences in the current canopy vegetation reflecting the presence of the planted O. paniculata. The presence of regeneration in all three restoration sites indicates that the functional processes that initiate regeneration, such as dispersal, are present. The majority of regenerating tree species (71%) are bird dispersed and it is clear that birds play an important role in the recolonization of plant species at these sites despite the absence of edible fruit attractive to frugivorous birds on O. paniculata, a wind‐dispersed species. The strong correlations between plant and invertebrate community composition and study‐site age (r = 0.80, −0.24, −0.68
for plants,
beetles,
and spiders,
respectively) suggest that the restoration site plant and invertebrate communities are undergoing change in the direction of the naturally regenerating and mature forest communities. Without restoration, colonization of grassland by forest plants is very slow in the study area and the restoration plantings studied here have been successful because they have considerably accelerated the return to forest at these sites.
Evaluation of Reforestation in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley
Authors: King Sammy L. , Keeland Bobby D.
Published: March 2003

Only about 2.8 million ha of an estimated original 10 million ha of bottomland hardwood forests still exist in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMAV) of the United States. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. Forest Service, and state agencies initiated reforestation efforts in the late 1980s to improve wildlife habitat. We surveyed restorationists responsible for reforestation in the LMAV to determine the magnitude of past and future efforts and to identify major limiting factors. Over the past 10 years, 77,698 ha have been reforested by the agencies represented in our survey and an additional 89,009 ha are targeted in the next 5 years. Oaks are the most commonly planted species and bare‐root seedlings are the most commonly used planting stock. Problems with seedling availability may increase the diversity of plantings in the future. Reforestation in the LMAV is based upon principles of landscape ecology; however, local problems such as herbivory, drought, and flooding often limit success. Broad‐scale hydrologic restoration is needed to fully restore the structural and functional attributes of these systems, but because of drastic and widespread hydrologic alterations and socioeconomic constraints, this goal is generally not realistic. Local hydrologic restoration and creation of specific habitat features needed by some wildlife and fish species warrant attention. More extensive analyses of plantings are needed to evaluate functional success. The Wetland Reserve Program is a positive development, but policies that provide additional financial incentives to landowners for reforestation efforts should be seriously considered.
Paying for Restoration
Authors: Holl Karen D. , Howarth Richard B.
Published: March 2003

The question of how society is going to pay for restoration has received little open discussion. We review existing literature and examples to explore two questions: How should ecological and economic considerations be balanced in determining expenditures on restoration projects? and How is society going to pay for the substantial costs involved? We discuss a number of different techniques for determining the amount of money to allocate to restoration efforts, including ecosystem replacement costs, quantifying ecosystem services, contingent valuation, and surrogate market price techniques. We then review different strategies for paying for restoration including private funding by the party responsible for the damage, public funding through taxes, voluntary contributions, and various public/private partnerships. We conclude by discussing other considerations in developing strategies to pay for restoration, including uncertainty, time‐scale, evaluating success, and regional planning.
The Potential for Carbon Sequestration Through Reforestation of Abandoned Tropical Agricultural and Pasture Lands
Authors: Silver W. L. , Ostertag R. , Lugo A. E.
Published: March 2003

Approximately half of the tropical biome is in some stage of recovery from past human disturbance, most of which is in secondary forests growing on abandoned agricultural lands and pastures. Reforestation of these abandoned lands, both natural and managed, has been proposed as a means to help offset increasing carbon emissions to the atmosphere. In this paper we discuss the potential of these forests to serve as sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide in aboveground biomass and soils. A review of literature data shows that aboveground biomass increases at a rate of 6.2 Mg ha−1yr−1during the first 20 years of succession, and at a rate of 2.9 Mg ha−1yr−1over the first 80 years of regrowth. During the first 20 years of regrowth, forests in wet life zones have the fastest rate of aboveground carbon accumulation with reforestation, followed by dry and moist forests. Soil carbon accumulated at a rate of 0.41 Mg ha−1yr−1over a 100‐year period, and at faster rates during the first 20 years (1.30 Mg carbon ha−1yr−1). Past land use affects the rate of both above‐ and belowground carbon sequestration. Forests growing on abandoned agricultural land accumulate biomass faster than other past land uses, while soil carbon accumulates faster on sites that were cleared but not developed, and on pasture sites. Our results indicate that tropical reforestation has the potential to serve as a carbon offset mechanism both above‐ and belowground for at least 40 to 80 years, and possibly much longer. More research is needed to determine the potential for longer‐term carbon sequestration for mitigation of atmospheric CO2emissions.
The Need for Strategic Planning in Passive Restoration of Wildlife Populations
Authors: Scott Thomas A. , Wehtje Walter , Wehtje Morgan
Published: March 2003

There are two reasons for strategic planning in passive wildlife restoration: first, to maximize the potential for colonization of restoration sites in challenged landscapes, and second, to maximize the contribution of each restoration project to regional, management area, ecosystem, or target species goals. Landscape configuration and the demographic/dispersal characteristics of target species can govern the level of wildlife response to habitat restoration projects. This is particularly true for fragmented habitats in rapidly suburbanizing areas, where the widely held notion that wildlife can colonize any restored habitat is challenged by barriers to dispersal. Because habitat restoration is a passive means of restoring wildlife populations, equal weight needs to be given to the context (likelihood of site colonization by target species) as well as the content (habitat) of restoration projects. Defining spatial patterns of demography, dispersion, and dispersal allows restorationists to place projects where they can have the greatest impact on the threats and sensitivities of target species, and the greatest contribution to the persistence and/or recovery of populations. Further, it provides a means of evaluating the relative potential worth of different restoration sites. If passive wildlife restoration is to be successful, the constraints to colonization need to be interpreted with regional goals of ecosystem and species management in mind.
Microclimatic Changes Induced by Ecological Restoration of Ponderosa Pine Forests in Northern Arizona
Authors: Meyer Cecilia L. , Sisk Thomas D. , Covington W. Wallace
Published: March 2003

Restoration of ponderosa pine ecosystems results in altered stand structure, potentially affecting microclimatic conditions and habitat quality for forest organisms. This research focuses on microclimatic changes resulting from forest and landscape structural alterations caused by restoration treatments in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Three microclimate variables—light intensity, air temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)—were monitored over two field seasons. Differences in microclimate between the treated forest and the surrounding untreated forest were measured, and microclimatic gradients across the structural edge between these two forest types were quantified. Restoration treatments increased sunlight penetration to the forest floor but did not significantly impact ambient air temperature or VPD. Mean values for air temperature and VPD did not differ significantly between treatments, although temperature and vapor pressure deficit did exhibit a trend in the morning; both variables were higher at the structural edge and in the treated forest during morning hours. Significant edge gradients were detected for air temperature and VPD in the morning and evening, increasing from the structural edge into the untreated forest. Our results show that microclimatic effects of these restoration treatments are generally modest, but the changes are more prominent at specific locations and during certain times of day. Because even modest changes in microclimate have the potential to impact a range of key ecological processes, microclimatic effects should be considered when forest restoration treatments at the landscape scale are being planned and implemented.
Forest Restoration Treatment Effects on the Nesting Success of Western Bluebirds (Sialia mexicana)
Authors: Germaine Heather L. , Germaine Stephen S.
Published: March 2003

We examined the effects of presettlement forest restoration treatments on the nesting success of Western Bluebirds in ponderosa pine forests of northwestern Arizona, U.S.A. From 1998 to 2001 we monitored 97 active Western Bluebird nests, 41 in current‐condition untreated forest and 56 in restoration‐treated forest. We found no effect of restoration treatments on clutch size and little effect on the number of nestlings per nest. However, in treated forest stands number of fledglings per nest averaged 1.6 times greater, and probability of a nest surviving to successfully fledge at least one young was up to 4.2 times greater than in untreated forest. Probability of a nest succeeding averaged 0.39 ± 0.11 (SE) and 0.75 ± 0.06 from 1999 to 2001 in untreated and treated forests, respectively. In addition, in treated forest, average number of nests infested with the blowfly parasiteProtocalliphora sialiawas up to 4.3 times greater, and number of parasites per fledgling was up to 10.7 times greater than in untreated forest. Overall, the data suggest that in treated forest Western Bluebirds have a higher probability of successfully fledging young, but they are at greater risk of parasitic infestations, of which the ultimate effects on post‐fledging survival are unknown.
Soil Nitrogen Pools Associated with Revegetation of Disturbed Sites in the Lake Tahoe Area
Authors: Claassen V. P. , Hogan M. P.
Published: March 2003

Thin, poorly developed soils in the high elevation, summer‐dry environment near Lake Tahoe, California are easily disturbed by anthropogenic impacts. Subsoils and parent materials that are exposed by vegetation removal and topsoil erosion or by burial during construction activities are difficult to revegetate and may continue to erode for decades after disturbance. The resulting sediment loads contribute to decreased water quality in local watersheds and to the loss of clarity in Lake Tahoe. Field observations suggest that soil disturbance often results in depletion of soil nitrogen (N) reserves and that the remaining substrates may be unable to provide adequate N for revegetation. To quantify the levels of soil N that are associated with higher levels of percent plant cover on previously disturbed soils in the Lake Tahoe area, a basin‐wide survey and a second paired site study were conducted. Results indicate that extractable ammonium and nitrate levels correlate poorly with percent vegetative cover, whereas the correlations of anaerobically mineralizable N and total N are stronger and account for nearly 50% of the variability in plant cover data. Sites with plant cover measuring greater than 40% are associated with total soil N levels of about 1,200 kg N/ha and anaerobic mineralizable N levels of about 26 kg N/ha. Despite high concentrations of N in the surface soils, a large fraction of the N in the 0‐ to 50‐cm profile occurs below 30 cm, when measured on a landscape basis.
Estuarine and Tidal Wetland Restoration in the United Kingdom: Policy Versus Practice
Authors: Pethick John
Published: March 2003

Restoration of reclaimed marshes in the United Kingdom, referred to as managed realignment, is both a scientific and a political issue. A cross‐party House of Commons report to Government stressed that provision of long‐term sustainable coastal defenses must start with the premise that “coasts need space” and that government must work to increase public awareness, scientific knowledge, and political will to facilitate such a retreat from the almost sacrosanct existing shoreline. Government, in turn, has agreed with the basis of the report but is aware of conflicting interests, not least the European legislation, which has designated large areas of reclaimed marshes as Special Areas of Conservation that cannot legally be restored to their former tidal processes. Against this background, it is essential that scientific research provides convincing arguments for the necessity for managed realignment, the location, extent, and type of marshlands that need to be restored to provide sustainable flood defenses, maintain and enhance conservation status, and ensure a healthy functioning estuarine system. We examine the political and scientific issues involved, discuss model predictions and field experiments into realignment techniques, and outline the preliminary results of such experiments showing the evolution of restored intertidal wetlands in the United Kingdom.