bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spirits Coming Alive: The Subtle Alchemy of Francis Bacon’s Sylva Sylvarum
Authors: Jalobeanu Dana
Published: June 2019

Observations, experiments and inquiries into the world of plants figure prominently in Francis Bacon’s Sylva Sylvarum. My purpose in this article is to offer a survey of this very rich and relatively under-investigated natural historical material, with the purpose of showing two things. First, I show that these inquiries unveil a sophisticated instrumental approach. Bacon treats plants as (al)chemical laboratories in which one can investigate the fundamental processes of nature and the continuous ‘pneumatisation’ of matter. A detailed examination of this instrumental approach can shed important light upon Bacon’s reductionist strategies of explanation. Second, I show that some of the experiments with plants recorded (or merely suggested) in the Sylva Sylvarum uncover several layers of theoretical vocabulary. In this experimental context, key concepts of Bacon’s natural philosophy are further refined and acquire new meanings.
Slavery, Human Rights and Visas
Authors: Drønen Tomas Sundnes
Published: June 2019

A case study of yet unpublished material from the French colonial archives shows that the administration carefully watched the work of Christian missionaries in Cameroon. This surveillance stemmed from the administration’s fear of local rebellion due to the missionaries’ influence. In the North, the fear was that Christian mission would provoke the previously militarily powerful Fulbe to a rebellion similar to those the French had experienced in their North African colonies. The Norwegian missionaries took an active stance against local slavery, and visa applications for nine new missionaries in 1950 became the impetus for intensive surveillance from the French administration. The visa struggle and the struggle over domestic slavery also show that the administration had established a political culture that only reluctantly gave priority to serious human rights issues over respect for local traditions, and that they had established a regime of strict control over religious activities.

在法国殖民地的存档里一份未发表的档案中显示，政府小心地观察在卡麦隆的基督教宣教士的工作。这种监视乃是出自对由于宣教士的影响而会产生的本地叛乱的恐惧。在北部，这种恐惧是怕基督教宣教会引发类似在法国的北非殖民地经历了的军事叛乱。挪威的宣教士们采取积极的姿态反对奴隶制，并且1950年九位宣教士的签证申请加剧了法国政局对他们的密切监视。政府对签证和本地奴隶制的挣扎，显示了其建立的懒于将严重的人权问题置于对本地传统的尊重之上的政治文化，也显示了对宗教活动严格控制的政权。

Un estudio de caso de materiales inéditos de los archivos de las colonias francesas muestra que el gobierno vigiló el trabajo de los misioneros cristianos en Camerún. Esta vigilancia por parte del gobierno se origina por temor a una rebelión local influenciada por los misioneros. En el Norte, el temor era de que la misión cristiana llevaría a los fulbe, ya militarmente poderosos, a una rebelión similar a la que los franceses habían experimentado en sus colonias del norte de África. Los misioneros noruegos tomaron una postura activa contra la esclavitud local y la solicitud de visas para nueve nuevos misioneros en 1950 fue el impulso para la vigilancia por parte de la administración francesa. Las luchas por las visas y contra la esclavitud doméstica también muestran que el gobierno sólo había establecido una cultura política que a regañadientes daba prioridad a temas importantes de derechos humanos sobre el respeto por las tradiciones locales, y que había establecido un régimen de control estricto sobre las actividades religiosas.

This article is in English.
Spirit-driven Gospel Communities of Transformation
Authors: Lord Andy
Published: June 2019

Studies of mission have started using the category of “renewalist” particularly in regard to the statistics of Christian growth across the world. This embraces those with links to classical Pentecostal, charismatic and evangelical approaches to faith. It is a helpful way of seeing the growth of pentecostal-like movements over the last century. However, little has been done to clarify renewalist identity and what might constitute a renewalist approach to mission. This article seeks to review the development of this identity against the wider background of missiology to then clarify key aspects of renewalist identity. It then suggests elements of a renewalist approach to mission with reference to both practice and theology. These highlight the work of the Holy Spirit, the importance of the gospel and community, the desire for wider integration and the emphasis on transformation. In providing more depth to existing terminology this article seeks to contribute to wider mission studies.

特别在使用世界上基督徒快速成长的数据时，宣教研究开始使用‘更新者’这样的类别。这包括了那些信奉传统的五旬宗，灵恩派及福音派的信徒。这样的使用很帮助我们了解过去一个世纪来五旬宗式运动的成长。但是，更新者的身份及他们宣教的方式却很少被阐明过。本文寻求在广泛的宣教背景下查考这身份的发展及其主要方面，然后提出更新者在实践和神学上宣教的模式。借此显明的乃是圣灵的工作、福音及群体的重要、人们对整合的渴求以及对转化的重视。透过对现存的术语更深的解读，本文试图对宣教研究做出些许贡献。

Los estudios de la misión han empezado a utilizar la categoría de “carismáticos o de renovación”, especialmente en relación a estadísticas sobre el crecimiento cristiano global. Abarca a aquellos que tienen vínculos con enfoques de fe de tipo pentecostal clásico, carismático y evangélico. Es una manera útil de observar el crecimiento de movimientos similares a los pentecostales durante el siglo pasado. Sin embargo, poco se ha hecho para esclarecer el significado de una identidad carismática o de renovación y lo que podría conformar un enfoque carismático o de renovación de la misión. Este artículo busca revisar el desarrollo de esta identidad en el contexto más amplio de la misionología para luego aclarar aspectos clave de la identidad carismática o de renovación. A continuación, sugiere elementos de un enfoque carismático o de renovación de la misión con referencia tanto a la práctica como a la teología. Estos destacan la obra del Espíritu Santo, la importancia del evangelio y la comunidad, el deseo de una mayor integración y el énfasis sobre la transformación. Al trabajar con más profundidad la terminología existente, este artículo busca contribuir a un estudio más amplio de las misión.

This article is in English.
Adapting Sufi Spiritual Forms to Promote Christian Spiritual Growth
Authors: Abraham Nicole
Published: June 2019

Sufis took Islam to many parts of Asia and in some of those countries still continue to have a significant impact. Using Kraft’s model of dynamic equivalence this paper examines the Sufi spiritual forms of dhikr and samaʾ. Taking his parameters of form, function and meaning, these forms have been researched in terms of their use in fostering the Christian spiritual growth of Muslim seekers/followers of Jesus Christ in one of those Asian contexts. The assessment seeks to discover the degree to which they are compatible or may create difficulties with similar Christian forms. Following a brief overview of Sufism, the dhikr is considered in terms of its form, function and meaning. Both the fikr, the complement of the dhikr and the samaʾ are examined briefly. Then, the main issues highlighted are examined from a Christian theological perspective. Following Hiebert, a brief consideration is also given in terms of Christian history and traditions. Finally, observations are made as to how compatible these forms are within the Christian context while also outlining some of the possible problems.

苏非派信徒将伊斯兰教带去亚洲的许多地区，至今在一些国家还影响重大。本文运用 Kraft 的动态对等模式，考察苏非派信徒的灵性形式 dhikr 和 sama’。透过运用 Kraft 在形式，功能及意义上的参数，本文研究这些形式怎样在亚洲的某一处境下促进那些跟随或正在寻求耶稣的穆斯林的基督徒灵性的成长。这样的评估会发现，他们的这些灵性形式哪些是和基督教类似的形式相兼容，哪些会造成困难。简单介绍苏非派后，本文先考虑 dhikr 的形式，功能及意义，然后是 dhikr 的补充 fikr 和 samaʾ，接着是从基督教神学的角度查考几个方面。随着 Hiebert，本文简短地查考基督教历史及传统，最后提出一些这些灵性形式在基督教处境里是怎样兼容的一些观察，以及列举出各样可能存在的问题。

Los sufíes llevaron el Islam a muchas regiones de Asia y siguen teniendo un impacto significativo en algunos de esos países. Este trabajo utiliza el modelo de equivalencia dinámica de Kraft para examinar las prácticas espirituales sufíes de dhikr and samaʾ.

Estas prácticas son evaluadas en términos de su posible uso para fomentar el crecimiento espiritual cristiano de musulmanes que buscan o siguen a Jesucristo dentro de un contexto asiático; se utilizan los parámetros de forma, función y significado diseñados por Kraft. La investigación busca descubrir hasta qué punto son compatibles o si pueden traer dificultades con algunas prácticas cristianas similares. Luego de una breve descripción del sufismo, se considera el dhikr según su forma, función y significado. Tanto el fikr, el complemento del dhikr, como el samaʾ son analizados brevemente. Seguidamente, los principales temas mencionados son estudiados desde una perspectiva teológica cristiana.

Se considera brevemente la historia y las tradiciones cristianas siguiendo el pensamiento de Hiebert. Por último, se hacen observaciones sobre cuán compatibles son estas prácticas dentro de un contexto cristiano y al mismo tiempo se puntualizan algunos de los posibles problemas.

This article is in English.
Ending Racial Profiling in the Church: Revisiting the Homogenous Unit Principle
Authors: Hendrickson Craig S.
Published: June 2019

The “homogeneous unit principle” (HUP) has informed evangelical mission praxis in the United States for decades. While many see this as a pragmatic approach to spreading the gospel more expediently, others argue that it mirrors processes of racialization in the society at large, while reinforcing hyper-segregation in the church. In this paper, I suggest that the American evangelical church needs to re-examine, and ultimately, shed the exclusionary mission practices informed by the HUP if it is to faithfully embody the unity and reconciliation achieved through Christ’s work on the cross in its racialized mission context (Eph 2:11–22).
Attentiveness to Nature in Learning Qigong in Norway
Authors: Sagli Gry
Published: June 2019

This article discusses a style of medical qigong, called “Biyun qigong” 碧雲氣功 (Azure blue clouds qigong), that has become popular in Norway and Scandinavia. The gathering of health-enhancing “life force” (qi) from the environment is a notion at the core of Biyun practice. This notion of qi is, however, largely unknown to most people in Norway. Against this background, the article seeks to explore certain aspects of the recontextualization of Biyun into a Western cultural context. The examination highlights that the establishment of Biyun qigong in Norway takes place in a context where outdoor activities (in Norway commonly referred to as friluftsliv, which literally translates as “free-air-life”) are highly valued and very common in everyday life. Drawing on my ethnographic data from fieldwork among participants of Biyun, the article argues that experiences and perceptions of nature derived from friluftsliv contribute to the shaping of Biyun practice in Norway.
The Buddhist Grammar of Healing
Authors: Coderey Céline
Published: June 2019

In Rakhine State, like elsewhere in Myanmar and in the region, many healers combine the knowledge and skills of both the herbalist and the exorcist, each resulting from the blending of several medical traditions that have spread across the region and mixed with indigenous belief systems. Within this assemblage, both the efficacy of the remedies, as well as that of the healer, derive from compounds of different sources—tangible and intangible, visible and invisible, material and spiritual1 —reflecting the complexity of the cognitive framework. Within this therapeutic whole, Buddhism occupies a singular position. Although often presented as totally separate from worldly practices, Buddhist practices, symbols, and powers are indeed a sine qua non of medical efficacy in many therapeutic processes. Focusing on the case of the master U Thun Kaing, this article intends to illustrate how medical efficacy is built within a pluralistic medical context, where Buddhism occupies a predominant role that is often denied in ideological conversations. How are different notions, practices, and powers articulated in the hands of a single healer? How is this complexity shaped by the dominance of Buddhism, and how is this role articulated with the common perception of Buddhism as “pure” and “otherworldly”? How does the relationship between materiality and spirituality, visibility, and invisibility unfold?
An Analysis of the State’s Obligation to Provide Access to Sufficient Water: A South African Perspective
Authors: Iyer Desan , Tewari Dev Datt
Published: June 2019

Many people in Africa, and around the world, do not have access to pipe or running water despite efforts being made to actualise socio-economic rights. South Africa is no different. The advent of the South African Constitution, as well as a strong commitment to advancing social and economic rights and values, has seen post-apartheid reforms in South Africa as well as an evolving water framework being confronted with new binary challenges. The era of social change has consequently underscored the need for an urgent redress of incongruences that still exist in respect of access to sufficient water. Despite South Africa adopting progressive policy frameworks for water in recent times, stark inequalities between communities in respect of access to sufficient water remain a contentious issue. The article will seek to analyse the developmental mandate of local government’s responsibilities in respect of safeguarding and giving effect to a key socio-economic right in South Africa.
Reversing the ‘Resource Curse’ Phenomenon in Nigeria: An Assessment of the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Act After a Decade
Authors: Ojukwu-Ogba Nelson , Osode Patrick
Published: June 2019

Natural resources endowment is a blessing to the endowed states due to their catalytic development-driving potential. The exploitation of the endowment should result in rapid socio-economic development. However, for most developing states, the blessing of these natural resources strangely tends to turn disadvantageous; a phenomenon that has been distinctly identified in the literature as ‘the resource curse’. This paper examines that phenomenon, using Nigeria as a case study given the serious environmental, political and socio-economic challenges occasioned by the country’s exploitation of its oil and gas endowment. The paper particularly considers the impact of the statutory intervention in Nigeria to reverse the trend through the instrumentality of the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative Act (NEITI Act) 2007. The paper further explores what could be the most effective means of containing the said problems in light of their implications for the future of the country and its people.
Three Generations of Jilu Speakers
Authors: Fox Samuel Ethan
Published: June 2019

A language such as Neo-Aramaic, the use of which has tended to diminish with each generation since World War I, is liable to undergo rapid change. This article presents and analyses some of the differences in the speech of three successive generations of a family of speakers of the Jilu dialect of Neo-Aramaic.
Remarks on the Historical Development and Syntax of the Copula in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic Dialects
Authors: Khan Geoffrey
Published: June 2019

This paper examines some aspects of the morphology and syntax of the copula in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) dialects. The first part proposes a possible pathway for the diachronic development of the morphology of the copula, with particular attention to the innovative inflection of the 3rd person. It is argued that this originated in deictic constructions that were reanalysed as deictic copulas. The second part offers a functional explanation for the position of the copula before or after the predicate. It is argued that many constructions that place the copula before the predicate should be interpreted as thetic sentences, whereas those that place the copula after the predicate should be interpreted as categorical sentences. The thetic structures are likely to have developed by the replication of the pattern of copula constructions in Kurdish.
Clio’s Arsenal
Authors: Voogt Gerrit
Published: June 2019

The twelve-year Truce in the Dutch Revolt occasioned the clash between a liberal Reformed faction, known as Remonstrants, and the orthodox, known as Counter-Remonstrants. After the Synod of Dordt sealed the orthodox victory, the polemic between the two sides on doctrine and the limits of tolerance, first conducted in a pamphlet war, found its culmination in three major church histories: the Remonstrant Uytenbogaert produced the first vernacular church history which anchored the Remonstrant position firmly in the past; he was refuted almost page-by-page by the orthodox Trigland; and finally Brandt published his irenic four-volume History of the Reformation. This study analyzes this marshalling of Clio1 for their cause by the Remonstrants, and the counterarguments used by the orthodox.
The Age of Athanasius
Authors: Bennett Joshua
Published: June 2019

The publication of the Fourth Report of the Ritual Commission in 1870 occasioned intense debate over the position of the Athanasian Creed in the liturgy of the Church of England. This article reconstructs the course of that controversy, focusing particularly on the centrality of historical argument to the speeches, letters, and pamphlets in which critics and defenders of the formulary sought to stabilise Christian orthodoxy and define Anglican identity in a progressive environment. The episode draws attention, first, to the continuing and underestimated centrality of patristic scholarship to questions of church reform in Victorian England, whilst also pointing towards the eventual decline of the textual and antiquarian approach to apologetics that had characterised Anglicanism since the Reformation. Post-Reformation Anglican history, secondly, was itself integral to participants’ articulation of religious division, suggesting that conventional understandings of “church parties” in the Victorian Church of England should accordingly be revised.
The Demise and—Eventual—Death of Formal Anglican Pew-Renting in England
Authors: Bennett J.C.
Published: June 2019

Under the Church Building Acts beginning in 1818, new English Anglican churches received governmental approval to formally rent sittings to congregants. Initial profits seem to have been high enough to make the practice financially viable. But over the Victorian era a flurry of popular protests and governmental acts, combined with lower rates of church-going, reduced the profitability of pew-renting. Churches built under the auspices of the Church Building Commissioners were generally offered grants in exchange for ending pew-rents. S.J.D. Green concluded that pew-renting was generally extinguished by the 1920s or earlier, which is correct regarding Anglican churches which received such “in lieu” grants. But Green’s assessment must be modified for other churches receiving no grants and needing even small profits. Primary sources reflect that many of these continued to set sittings for decades after the 1920s—in a few cases, into the 1960s and 1970s.
Fragments of a Colossus
Authors: Kilpatrick Robert
Published: June 2019

This article investigates the ways in which Erasmus’ theorizing of the apophthegm interacts with his practices of compilation, paraphrasing, and commentary in the Apophthegmata. Putting key passages from the dedicatory epistle to William of Cleves in dialogue with the commentary on and marginalia to several apophthegms reveals the tension between Erasmus’ theory of the apophthegm and his practice of collecting and elucidating classical fragments. Far from offering his reader condensed biographies of illustrious men, as Plutarch had claimed to do in the preface to his Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata, Erasmus the editor and paraphraser opens up a space where the modern writer struggles for ownership over the words of the past.
Erasmus and the Joyous Entry
Authors: Vermeir Maarten
Published: June 2019

This note deals with politics and patronage in Erasmus, especially as pertains to his prefatory epistle to Gerard Geldenhouwer’s De triumphali ingressu of 1517, and offers the first translation of this text into English.
John Calvin’s use of Erasmus
Authors: Engammare Max
Published: June 2019

It is well known that Calvin made important use of Erasmus—the most quoted author in Calvin’s Commentaries on the New Testament—although he criticized him and contested his position more than regularly. This paper is focusing on a philological use of Erasmus by Calvin in his commentaries to the Canonical Epistles, particularly in the first Epistle of John with the Comma Joanneum (chapter 5). Two questions emerge. First, in which places (loci) did Calvin quote Erasmus in an exegetical or philological way of commenting the New Testament? Second, what did Calvin take and leave from Erasmus’s annotations? At the end of the demonstration, Max Engammare proves that Calvin did not read 1 John 5 with Erasmus’ help. The Reformer was well acquainted both with the problem and Erasmus’ solution, but he accepted the Comma Joanneum without any reservation as something good, even excellent for Christians.
South-South Cooperation and Training for Peacekeeping Participation
Authors: Marcondes Danilo , Siman Maíra , Oliveira Ricardo
Published: June 2019

This article explores the provision of assistance for United Nations (UN) peacekeeping through the lens of South-South cooperation and considerations of expertise and international status. More specifically, the article analyses recent attempts by the Brazilian Peace Operations Joint Training Center (ccopab) in sharing Brazil’s accumulated expertise from the 13 years of engagement in the UN Mission in Haiti (minustah) with other Global South countries. While the article contributes to the understanding of how Brazil tries to renegotiate its peripheral position in the domain of peacekeeping, it also interrogates how this new authoritative position is, nevertheless, permeated by ambiguities and limitations.
Rebuilding the Justice Sector of Afghanistan
Authors: Foley Conor
Published: June 2019

The Afghan authorities and the international community have worked together to rebuild the justice sector into something which now at least approximates to a system that conforms to international standards. This article argues that while the process has been fraught there have been tangible advances and some verifiable ways to measure this. Capacity-building support of the state system will require continuing external monitoring, to gauge its impact, and the state system also has an important role in monitoring the way in which customary law institutions dispense justice. This article concludes that, despite many set-backs and uncertainties, now is not the time for the international community to turn its back on justice sector reform in Afghanistan.
Waterways as Landmarks, Challenges, and Barriers for Medieval Protagonists
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: June 2019

In light of recent ecocritical approaches to literary analysis, this paper endeavors to analyze how creeks, rivers, and other waterways function in a variety of medieval and early modern texts. As the discussion of Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival and Titurel, of the Nibelungenlied, Njál’s Saga, Dante’s Inferno, and Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron indicates, the inclusion of creeks or rivers within the narrative context indicates that major events are to occur in the protagonist’s life. Life and death are determined by the experiences at, on, or even in the river. Even if the poets do not necessarily discuss the waterways as such in their geophysical properties and dimensions, the consistent reference to and inclusion of rivers in those literary works illustrates the true extent to which pre-modern poets were already fully aware of the epistemological function which waterways could carry in human life.
A Different Legal Conservatism
Authors: Plotica Luke Philip
Published: June 2019

In Conservatism and Pragmatism, Seth Vannatta posits and explores several major conceptual and practical affinities between classical (especially Peircean) pragmatism and conservatism. Characterizing both as essentially methods rather than ideologies, he argues that the two ought to be understood as mutually supportive and corrective, and that they conjointly supply an especially robust set of intellectual resources relevant to contemporary moral, political, and legal concerns. This essay critically examines Vannatta’s marriage of conservatism and pragmatism in the realm of legal theory. It argues that while Vannatta’s work provides a rigorous pragmatist alternative to the familiar legal formalism adopted by many American conservatives, its foundations may be narrower than Vannatta appreciates and the resulting theory may have little necessary connection to the dispositional, methodological conservatism upon which it is purportedly based.
Brooding in a temperate zone land snail: seasonal and regional patterns
Authors: Sulikowska-Drozd Anna , Maltz Tomasz K. , Kappes Heike
Published: June 2019

The goal of this study is to assess if the reproductive strategy of a brooding land snail shifts along a climatic gradient. We focused on the following traits: timing and length of the reproductive season, brood size, ontogenetic dynamics of embryos, and reproductive mode (viviparity versus egg-laying). We dissected the central European door snail Alinda biplicata, collected monthly from eight populations covering the oceaniccontinental climatic gradient within the species’ distribution range. Forty percent of the 1706 dissected individuals were brooding. The species displayed a spring-summer reproductive activity pattern: intrauterine brooding was recorded between March and September; first embryos of a developmental stage that equals that of live-born neonates appeared in late April. Brooding started approximately when the mean daily temperature of a month exceeds ca. 5°C, thus the ontogenetic development of embryos is advancing earlier in populations under the influence of mild oceanic climate, and later in the eastern, more continental part of the range, or in submontane localities. A range-wide synchrony in reproduction occurred in May, when average temperatures and precipitation display a high rangewide similarity. The mean number of intrauterine eggs decreased between spring and summer in all populations (April: 10.9 ± 2.9; September: 6.4 ± 2.4), suggesting a gradual release of neonates which are not immediately replaced in uteri by new eggs. Snails from areas with long frosty winters do not invest much in a second reproductive period in late summer. Embryos of advanced embryonic stage were found in the reproductive tract of individuals from each population, thus we refute the hypothesis that A. biplicata switches its reproductive strategy towards oviparity under the influence of oceanic climate.
Genetics and morphology of the genus Tritetrabdella (Hirudinea, Haemadipsidae) from the mountainous rain forests of Sabah, Borneo, reveal a new species with two new subspecies
Authors: Kappes Heike
Published: June 2019

Blood-feeding terrestrial leeches of the family Haemadipsidae are a notorious part of the invertebrate diversity in Asian and Australian rain forests. All hitherto published records of terrestrial leeches of Borneo belong to the genus Haemadipsa. Here, a second, poorly known haemadipsid genus is reported from Mount Kinabalu and Crocker Range National Park. The individuals were barcoded and compared to sequences available in GenBank. The results show that the genus Tritetrabdella has representatives in the Indochinese and the Sundaic bioregions. All six specimens from Borneo are from a single new Tritetrabdella lineage, T. kinabaluensis spec. nov. Within the Bornean lineage, two groups differing 4-5% in the COI barcoding sequence were identified. Because 1) it is probable that haemadipsid COI is subjected to base pair substitution rates of 2.5% per Ma, 2) COI protein sequences were the same within the Bornean material, 3) color can change as a response to the environment, 4) the lineages inhabit different altitudes in separate areas and 5) only six individuals were found, a conservative approach was taken and the groups were tentatively given subspecies status: T. k. kinabaluensis ssp. nov. and T. k. inobongensis ssp. nov. The ecology and the conservation status of the Bornean Tritetrabdella warrant urgent assessment because the genus Tritetrabdella is considered as mainly feeding on amphibians and probably small mammals, and thus can be predicted to be sensitive to climatic fluctuations, forest disturbances and fragmentation, and amphibian decline.
The World between Us: State Security and the Negotiation of Social Categories in Interwar Romania
Authors: Egry Gábor
Published: June 2019

The concept of security and the security culture of the state are always social constructs reflecting the outcome of interactions between state and society. Key categories of security, like dangerous social groups and activities are usually negotiated through these interactions. Politicians, secret agents, gendarms, denunciators, journalists, or the indicted, all shape the broader social meaning in a dynamic way. While in Greater Romania the state attempted to extend its control to ever broader segments of society in order to fend off perceived threats it had to rely on its own personnel and on people who cooperated in this effort, creating room for maneuver for everyone involved in this process. Due to its scarce resources the state could not even control entirely its own representatives, who often pursued a personal agenda different from the state’s own goals. Irredentism, associated with ethnic minorities exemplifies this situation quite well. In an effort to preempt any threat from national minorities with a kin-state gradually led to the association of irredentism with ethnicity, without having control over the latter’s exact meaning. Thus, its practical application depended on a series of factors, personal and structural ones, that finally led to a confusion and to the emptying of the concept that was applied without consistency. It was exactly this development that reconstituted the gap between state and society that actively engaged each other in the resulting process of negotiation. Under the surface of the rule of law and against the backdrop of the image of an ever more powerful state security apparatus, state and society defined together those informal rules of everyday co-existence that were often meant to hide reality from the watchful eyes of Bucharest.
The Birth of the Militant Self
Authors: Marzec Wiktor
Published: June 2019

The 1905 Revolution was often considered by workers writing memoirs as the most important event in their lives. This paper examines biographical reminiscences of the political participation of working-class militants in the 1905 Revolution. I scrutinize four tropes used by working-class writers to describe their life stories narrated around their political identity. These are: (1) overcoming misery and destitution, (2) autodidacticism, (3) political initiation, and (4) feeling of belonging to the community of equals. All four demonstrate that the militant self cannot be understood in separation from the life context of the mobilized workers. Participation in party politics was an important factor modifying the life course of workers in the direction resonating with their aspirations and longings. The argument is informed by analysis of over a hundred of biographical testimonies written by militants from various political parties in different political circumstances.
MOLDA VIA AND WALLACHIA IN THE EYES OF RUSSIAN OBSERVERS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Authors: TAKI VICTOR
Published: June 2019

Abstract: Taking as its starting point the Enlightenment discourse about Eastern Europe, the article examines the way Russian elites responded to the emergence of the West-East symbolic divide through discovery and appropriation of their own "Orient." The encounter of the Westernized Russian officer corps and diplomats with the Hellenized Romanian boyar elite of Moldavia and Wallachia in the course of the Russian-Ottoman wars provides an illustration of this phenomenon. Deriving from the classic oppositions between "Europe" and "Orient," "civilization" and "barbarity," the Russian discourse on Moldavia and Wallachia differed from West European models through the recognition of common religion and the similarities between the lifestyle of the Romanian elite and the old Muscovite ways. This interplay of "sameness" and "otherness" served the Russian imperial elite to monopolize the civilizing mission in the region and assert its European identity in the period when the latter became increasingly questioned both internationally and domestically.
A COMMENT ON TEODORA SHEK BRNARDIĆ'S ARTICLE
Authors: OKEY ROBIN
Published: June 2019

Abstract: This comment expresses sympathy with the concern underlying Dr Shek Brnardic's paper, namely that East Central European history is in danger of homogenizing distortion in academic discourse emanating from the currently hegemonic West. It argues, however, that the remedy to this is not to be found in some of the postmodernist critiques deployed by Brnardiċ, which are themselves the product of that hegemony and help promote a homogenizing view of what Western scholars have actually said. The view that Western models played a part in the shaping of Enlightenment in Central and Eastern Europe is perfectly compatible with, indeed invites, the study of the wide variety of ways in which those influences were received and mediated, interacting with social, religious and historico-political legacies to produce the distinctive formations that Brnardiċ rightly stresses.
Linguistic evidence for a closer relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal
Authors: Grollmann Selin , Gerber Pascal
Published: June 2019

Lhokpu is a hitherto undescribed and unclassified Trans-Himalayan language spoken by some 2,500 speakers in southwestern Bhutan. Fieldwork in 2015 now enables linguistic research on the language, including accounts on its phylogenetic position within the language family. This paper presents morphological, lexical, and phonological evidence for a closer phylogenetic relationship between Lhokpu and Dhimal (southeastern Nepal). Dhimal is conventionally grouped together with Toto under “Dhimalish.” We argue in this paper that the similarities between Lhokpu and Dhimal are equally profound and numerous, and that Lhokpu, Dhimal, and Toto are three closely related languages within the Trans-Himalayan family.
On the lexical meaning of inchoative states in Korean
Authors: CHOI Jiyoung
Published: June 2019

This paper aims to investigate the lexical meaning of so-called inchoative states (INSs) in Korean that do not fit into Vendler (1967)’s aspectual classification, in that they show properties of both atelic (states) and telic (change-of-state) predicates. Building on Bar-el (2005), this paper proposes that INSs in Korean are semantically complex predicates describing a sequence of two events, one that is a change-of-state an achievement would describe, immediately followed by a second that is an eventuality a typical state would describe. This paper also provides an analysis of INSs accounting for their temporal properties.
Мемуары М. Мархоцкого и документы Архива тушинских наемников
Authors: Mirsky Stanislav
Published: June 2019

One of the main sources about Russia’s “Time of Troubles” are the memoirs of foreign observers. One of them is Polish Captain Mikołaj Scibor Marchocki’s History of the Muscovite War. Marchocki participated in and commented on many events of the “Troubles.” In this article, the author analyzes the original text of History of the Muscovite War as well as all later copies and published versions. He traces the history of the text and cross-checks the information contained in it with documents produced by other Polish and Lithuanian mercenaries. The author makes a strong case for a new scholarly edition of Marchocki’s important memoirs.
Организация похоронного дела в осажденном Смоленске по данным архива Смоленской приказной палаты 1609–1611 гг.
Authors: Epifanovsky Pavel V.
Published: June 2019

This article is devoted to the funeral business in the besieged city of Smolensk during the period 1609–1611. The author concludes that new results in the study of Smolensk defense can only be reconstructed and examined by using the preserved documents of the Smolensk Prikaznaia Izba.
В поисках нового царя и русский вариант кандидатуры королевича Владислава
Authors: Bohun Tomasz
Published: June 2019

In this article the author explores the theme of the tsar’s power and the image of the “ideal tsar”. He believes that the problem of electing a new tsar during the Time of Troubles underwent evolution. On the one hand, society reacted to current events under the influence of the recent past, and on the other, tradition continued to influence political practices.
Народные волнения XVII века и русское крестьянство
Authors: Ляпин Денис Александрович
Published: June 2019

In the essay the author considers Russian peasants’ participation in public tumults during the seventeenth century. According to his findings, Russian peasants did not seem to display much political activity and the theory about peasant wars in Russia appears to be the myth of Soviet ideology. The author comes to the conclusion that peasant unrest was usually minor, taking the form of robbery and plundering. That phenomenon was a reflection of the specific political culture of early modern Russian society.
The Price of Friendship
Authors: Salomon Arel Maria
Published: June 2019

This article discusses the gift-giving behaviour of English merchants involved in the Russia trade in the Muscovite era. Drawing on a small, but growing body of historical literature relating to the role of gifts in the cultivation of mutually beneficial relations between people across the social spectrum in early modern Europe, it explores the various ways in which the English deployed the practice of giving to their advantage, both in England and in Russia. In particular, as ‘strangers’ in Russia who operated beyond the parameters of traditional kin- and community-based networks of support, English merchants (and other foreigners, such as their Dutch competitors) needed to both ‘befriend’ Russian clients on the ground in every-day trade and nurture relationships in high places to ensure smooth, profitable, and secure business. As the sources reveal, they engaged in a variety of gift-giving behaviours in building relationships with Russians advantageous to their enterprise.
Moving Pictures
Authors: Monahan Erika
Published: June 2019

After briefly exploring various conceptions of the Europe-Asia divide, the paper observes how one panoramic image of Tobol’sk – a Russian town in the heart of Eurasia – traveled through several early modern manuscripts. While it is well known that the Dutchman Nicolas Witsen had a hand in the production of the western European texts that featured the Tobol’sk panorama and that the Tobol’sk panorama Witsen reproduced was a copy of one by the Siberian cartographer S.U. Remezov, this paper wonders if amateurish panoramas by Nicolaas Witsen may have inspired Remezov’s Tobol’sk panorama. While questions about this panorama’s history and textual “travels” remain, this preliminary inquiry and speculation remind us to be attentive to unexpected dynamics and modes of early modern transmission.
On Illustrations of Yi Classics and Its Context
Authors: Shao Wenyuan
Published: June 2019

The preservation of Han Chinese and ethnic minority classics comes in line with the global movement of cultural heritage and folkloric nationalism. Manuscripts written in Yi symbols, therefore, receive more and more scholarly attention. The Illustrations of Yi Classics is a valuable addition to the existing Chinese translations of Yi manuscripts, as it provides not only visual aids but also hints of knowledge transmission through generations and across places. This review article deciphers one by one three major parts of this book: funeral picture-scrolls, cosmological symbols, and fortune-telling drawings. It aims to contextualize this book by describing how these illustrations function in the everyday life of Yi people, and by cross-referencing other books published before it.
Vietnam Maritime Law Enforcement
Authors: Nguyen Thi Lan Anh , Mai Ngan Ha
Published: June 2019

In the context of more frequent occurrence of illegal activities at sea and increasing depletion of marine natural resources, the need for close cooperation between law enforcement forces is more imminent to foster an effective approach to these issues. In Vietnam, there is a multiplicity of law enforcement forces specializing in different aspects at sea. This article will describe the activities of these forces, including the organizational structure, functions and jurisdictions, as well as their law enforcement practices. Next, this article will describe the experience of these forces in international cooperation to address transnational maritime challenges. Finally, some assessments and proposals for future development will be made on the activities of Vietnam law enforcement forces.
Australia’s Endeavours in Maritime Enforcement
Authors: Wraith James , Schofield Clive
Published: June 2019

Australia is deeply connected to the ocean. A uniquely large island nation with a long coastline and few close neighbours, Australia benefits from an immense maritime domain, the third largest in the world. However, with relatively few maritime enforcement resources and an extreme dependence on sea bourne trade, maritime enforcement Australia faces an extremely difficult task in monitoring and ensuring compliance with national laws throughout its maritime jurisdiction. We highlight current threats to Australia’s marine environment including protection of natural resources, piracy, terrorism and illegal arrivals, and examine Australia’s capabilities, legislation and approach to combating these risks. Essential to Australia’s strategy is collaboration across domestic civil and defence agencies, use of innovative approaches and technologies, and regional and international partnerships through creative agreements and treaties.
Governance of the Young Unemployed – A Comparative Study of the United Kingdom, Germany and Norway
Authors: Kane Aina A. , Köhler-Olsen Julia
Published: June 2019

In this article, we focus on how the United Kingdom, Germany and Norway govern and balance young unemployed claimants’ right to social benefits with conditions of compulsory activities, with the aim of their transition into employment. In the three countries mentioned, we have examined and compared the national legislation and regulations, as well as how case workers in job centres experience these tools in their work with activating the young unemployed.

Balancing the individuals’ right of benefits with the job centre’s right and duty to impose conditions and activities as well as to sanction non-compliance, is also a matter of balancing national legislation with international human rights instruments. We have therefore analysed the three countries’ legislation and job centre conduct in light of the human right to non-discrimination and equality.

To find answers to our research questions, we have studied the legal framework and human rights instruments addressing social security, conditionality and non-discrimination, and interviewed caseworkers regarding their leeway for individual professional discretion.

We find that the human right of substantive equality is challenged in all three countries. Claimants’ commitments can entail stigma, stereotyping and shame, legislation can fail to provide the leeway necessary for accommodating for differences between the individuals, and sanctioning can represent a system of paternalism rather than social citizenship.
Re/Claiming Bishkek: Contestation and Activism in the City of Two Revolutions
Authors: Nasritdinov Emil , Schröder Philipp
Published: June 2019

In Kyrgyzstan, and especially in Bishkek, practices of social activism have been evolving and taken more meaningful and organized forms. Today, there are all kinds of activist groups and movements that are not simply struggling for resources, but feature solid ideological foundations and concrete visions. This introduction provides a brief overview of contemporary social activism in Bishkek.
How “Muslim” are Central Asian Muslims? A Historical and Comparative Enquiry
Authors: Yemelianova Galina M.
Published: June 2019

The article analyzes the social, political, and symbolic functions of Islam in contemporary Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Over many centuries, Central Asians developed a particular form of Islam based on a productive and fluid synergy among Islam per se, their tribal legal and customary norms, and Tengrian and Zoroastrian beliefs and practices. It is characterized by a high level of doctrinal and functional adaptability to shifting political and cultural environments, the prevalence of mystical Islam (Sufism) and oral, rather than book-based, Islamic tradition. These qualities have defined distinctive Islamic trajectories in post-Soviet Central Asia, which differ significantly from those in other Muslim-majority countries and in Muslim communities in the West. At the same time, the common Eurasian space and lengthy shared political history of Central Asians and other peoples of Muslim Eurasia are also reflected in the considerable similarities in their Islamic trajectories.
Rise of Platform Imperialism in the Networked Korean Society: A Critical Analysis of the Corporate Sphere
Authors: Jin Dal Yong
Published: June 2019

By employing political economy as an analytical framework, focusing on power relations between global forces and local forces in the realm of digital platforms, this study aims to develop a critical analysis of Korea’s platform technologies. It first identifies the major characteristics that signal the growth of digital platforms as a corporate sphere in which their operation is greatly defined by market forces. Then, it analyzes the nature of the development of local digital platforms in order to determine whether locally made digital platforms have controlled their own market and expanded in global markets. Finally, it investigates the ways in which us-based digital platforms have dominated or influenced the local market, constructing a new form of imperialism, which this article calls ‘platform imperialism’. For this reason, this study not only examines hardware architecture but also pays close attention to the commercial and cultural values embedded in digital platforms.
‘Ecclesianarchy’: Excursions into Deconstructive Church
Authors: Williams John A.
Published: June 2019

The author has previously argued that in recent times the mainstream churches in the uk have tended to co-opt elements of a postmodern analysis of contemporary culture in support of a mission strategy focused on presentational innovations and limited structural adjustments, without allowing the implications radically to challenge ecclesiological or theological foundations. This article conducts an experiment in pursuing the logic of a postmodern discourse about the Church to bring its more radical implications into view: it begins to sketch out an alternative view of church as an 'ecclesianarchy', the distinctive purpose of which is to become a socio-cultural site for the symbolisation and enactment of the impossible. The proposal is explored with reference to examples of contemporary innovations in ecclesial praxis, and attention is drawn to critical questions such churches will need to attend to in the interests of furthering their evolution in a time of instability and change.