bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harnessing data science to advance radiation oncology
Authors: Vogelius Ivan R. , Petersen Jens , Bentzen Søren M.
Published: April 2020

Radiation oncology, a major treatment modality in the care of patients with malignant disease, is a technology‐ and computer‐intensive medical specialty. As such, it should lend itself ideally to data science methods, where computer science, statistics, and clinical knowledge are combined to advance state‐of‐the‐art care. Nevertheless, data science methods in radiation oncology research are still in their infancy and successful applications leading to improved patient care remain scarce. Here, we discuss data interoperability issues within and across organizational boundaries that hamper the introduction of big data and data science techniques in radiation oncology. At the semantic level, creating common underlying models and codification of the data, including the use of data elements with standardized definitions, an ontology, remains a work in progress. Methodological issues in data science and in the use of large population‐based health data registries are identified. We show that data science methods and big data cannot replace randomized clinical trials in comparative effectiveness research by reviewing a series of instances where the outcomes of big data analyses and randomized trials are at odds. We also discuss the modern wave of machine learning and artificial intelligence as represented by deep learning and convolutional neural networks. Finally, we identify promising research avenues and remain optimistic that the data sources in radiation oncology can be linked to yield important insights in the near future. We argue that data science will be a valuable complement to, but not a replacement of, the traditional hypothesis‐driven translational research chain and the randomized clinical trials that form the backbone of evidence‐based medicine.
Gray matter network reorganization in multiple sclerosis from 7‐Tesla and 3‐Tesla MRI data
Authors: Gonzalez‐Escamilla Gabriel , Ciolac Dumitru , De Santis Silvia , Radetz Angela , Fleischer Vinzenz , Droby Amgad , Roebroeck Alard , Meuth Sven G. , Muthuraman Muthuraman , Groppa Sergiu
Published: April 2020

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the ability of 7T‐MRI for characterizing brain tissue integrity in early relapsing‐remitting MS patients compared to conventional 3T‐MRI and to investigate whether 7T‐MRI improves the performance for detecting cortical gray matter neurodegeneration and its associated network reorganization dynamics.

Methods

Seven early relapsing‐remitting MS patients and seven healthy individuals received MRI at 7T and 3T, whereas 30 and 40 healthy controls underwent separate 3T‐ and 7T‐MRI sessions, respectively. Surface‐based cortical thickness (CT) and gray‐to‐white contrast (GWc) measures were used to model morphometric networks, analyzed with graph theory by means of modularity, clustering coefficient, path length, and small‐worldness.

Results

7T‐MRI had lower CT and higher GWc compared to 3T‐MRI in MS. CT and GWc measures robustly differentiated MS from controls at 3T‐MRI. 7T‐ and 3T‐MRI showed high regional correspondence for CT (r = 0.72, P = 2e‐78) and GWc (r = 0.83, P = 5.5e‐121) in MS patients. MS CT and GWc morphometric networks at 7T‐MRI showed higher modularity, clustering coefficient, and small‐worldness than 3T, also compared to controls.

Interpretation

7T‐MRI allows to more precisely quantify morphometric alterations across the cortical mantle and captures more sensitively MS‐related network reorganization. Our findings open new avenues to design more accurate studies quantifying brain tissue loss and test treatment effects on tissue repair.
Enabling Stable Cycling of 4.2 V High‐Voltage All‐Solid‐State Batteries with PEO‐Based Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Qiu Jiliang , Liu Xinyu , Chen Rusong , Li Qinghao , Wang Yi , Chen Penghao , Gan Luyu , Lee Sang‐Jun , Nordlund Dennis , Liu Yijin , Yu Xiqian , Bai Xuedong , Li Hong , Chen Liquan
Published: April 2020

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based solid electrolytes are expected to be exploited in solid‐state batteries with high safety. Its narrow electrochemical window, however, limits the potential for high voltage and high energy density applications. Herein the electrochemical oxidation behavior of PEO and the failure mechanisms of LiCoO2‐PEO solid‐state batteries are studied. It is found that although for pure PEO it starts to oxidize at a voltage of above 3.9 V versus Li/Li+, the decomposition products have appropriate Li+ conductivity that unexpectedly form a relatively stable cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer at the PEO and electrode interface. The performance degradation of the LiCoO2‐PEO battery originates from the strong oxidizing ability of LiCoO2 after delithiation at high voltages, which accelerates the decomposition of PEO and drives the self‐oxygen‐release of LiCoO2, leading to the unceasing growth of CEI and the destruction of the LiCoO2 surface. When LiCoO2 is well coated or a stable cathode LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4 is used, a substantially improved electrochemical performance can be achieved, with 88.6% capacity retention after 50 cycles for Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 coated LiCoO2 and 90.3% capacity retention after 100 cycles for LiMn0.7Fe0.3PO4. The results suggest that, when paired with stable cathodes, the PEO‐based solid polymer electrolytes could be compatible with high voltage operation.
Cation–π Interactions in Graphene‐Containing Systems for Water Treatment and Beyond
Authors: Zhao Guoke , Zhu Hongwei
Published: April 2020

Cation–π interactions are common in nature, especially in organisms. Their profound influences in chemistry, physics, and biology have been continuously investigated since they were discovered in 1981. However, the importance of cation–π interactions in materials science, regarding carbonaceous nanomaterials, has just been realized. The interplay between cations and delocalized polarizable π electrons of graphene would bring about significant changes to the intrinsic characteristics of graphene and greatly affect the device performance based on graphene and its derivatives. Here, the cation–π interactions in graphene containing systems for water treatment applications (e.g., separation membranes, adsorbents) are highlighted. The cross‐linking effects caused by cation–π interactions contribute to membrane stability and selectivity and enhanced adsorption. Their roles in dominating the performance of graphene‐based structures for other specific applications are also discussed. Relevant theoretical modeling and calculations are summarized to offer an in‐depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms which can help in designing more functional materials and structures. Perspectives on the potential directions that deserve effort are also presented.
Single‐Cell Nanoencapsulation: From Passive to Active Shells
Authors: Youn Wongu , Kim Ji Yup , Park Joohyouck , Kim Nayoung , Choi Hyunwoo , Cho Hyeoncheol , Choi Insung S.
Published: April 2020

Single‐cell nanoencapsulation is an emerging field in cell‐surface engineering, emphasizing the protection of living cells against external harmful stresses in vitro and in vivo. Inspired by the cryptobiotic state found in nature, cell‐in‐shell structures are formed, which are called artificial spores and which show suppression or retardation in cell growth and division and enhanced cell survival under harsh conditions. The property requirements of the shells suggested for realization of artificial spores, such as durability, permselectivity, degradability, and functionalizability, are demonstrated with various cytocompatible materials and processes. The first‐generation shells in single‐cell nanoencapsulation are passive in the operation mode, and do not biochemically regulate the cellular metabolism or activities. Recent advances indicate that the field has shifted further toward the formation of active shells. Such shells are intimately involved in the regulation and manipulation of biological processes. Not only endowing the cells with new properties that they do not possess in their native forms, active shells also regulate cellular metabolism and/or rewire biological pathways. Recent developments in shell formation for microbial and mammalian cells are discussed and an outlook on the field is given.
Synthesis of Palladium‐Based Crystalline@Amorphous Core–Shell Nanoplates for Highly Efficient Ethanol Oxidation
Authors: Yin Peng‐Fei , Zhou Ming , Chen Junze , Tan Chaoliang , Liu Guigao , Ma Qinglang , Yun Qinbai , Zhang Xiao , Cheng Hongfei , Lu Qipeng , Chen Bo , Chen Ye , Zhang Zhicheng , Huang Jingtao , Hu Dianyi , Wang Jie , Liu Qing , Luo Zhiyong , Liu Zhengqing , Ge Yiyao , Wu Xue‐Jun , Du Xi‐Wen , Zhang Hua
Published: April 2020

Phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN) offers a promising route to rationally tune the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and further enhance their performance in various applications. However, it remains a great challenge to construct well‐defined crystalline@amorphous core–shell heterostructured nanomaterials with the same chemical components. Herein, the synthesis of binary (Pd‐P) crystalline@amorphous heterostructured nanoplates using Cu3−χP nanoplates as templates, via cation exchange, is reported. The obtained nanoplate possesses a crystalline core and an amorphous shell with the same elemental components, referred to as c‐Pd‐P@a‐Pd‐P. Moreover, the obtained c‐Pd‐P@a‐Pd‐P nanoplates can serve as templates to be further alloyed with Ni, forming ternary (Pd‐Ni‐P) crystalline@amorphous heterostructured nanoplates, referred to as c‐Pd‐Ni‐P@a‐Pd‐Ni‐P. The atomic content of Ni in the c‐Pd‐Ni‐P@a‐Pd‐Ni‐P nanoplates can be tuned in the range from 9.47 to 38.61 at%. When used as a catalyst, the c‐Pd‐Ni‐P@a‐Pd‐Ni‐P nanoplates with 9.47 at% Ni exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation, showing a high mass current density up to 3.05 A mgPd−1, which is 4.5 times that of the commercial Pd/C catalyst (0.68 A mgPd−1).
A Zero‐Power Optical, ppt‐ to ppm‐Level Toxic Gas and Vapor Sensor with Image, Text, and Analytical Capabilities
Authors: Prévôt Marianne Estelle , Nemati Ahlam , Cull Tobias Richard , Hegmann Elda , Hegmann Torsten
Published: April 2020

Exposure to hazardous chemicals in the air humans breathe voluntarily or during dangerous situations such as fires or military conflicts (i.e., accidental or intentional) is a terrifying certainty. Technical challenges such as low cost, operational simplicity, response time, sensitivity, specificity, and environmental robustness often create barriers to the development of real‐time chemical sensor systems that will be broadly useful to both the private sector and the government. A multi‐mode liquid crystal sensor platform is presented that requires zero power to operate and can, based simply on the device design, be used as acute ppt‐level and analytical ppm‐level (dose × time) sensors. Inkjet printing of nanoparticles with a reactive ligand shell that affects the anchoring of nematic liquid crystal molecules facilitates the creation of sensors devices that produces an unmistakable warning or image solely based on the transmission or reflection of light. Based on the printing resolution and device architecture, these sensor devices can detect multiple gases or vapors on the same device and be used for remote sensing.
Synthesis of Heteroarene‐Fused Cyclopentadienes and Related Compounds Suitable for Metallocene Preparation
Authors: Nifant'ev Ilya E. , Ivchenko Pavel V.
Published: April 2020

Metallocene catalysis is widely used in transformations of unsaturated organic compounds, including the bulk industrial synthesis of polyolefins. Over the last few decades, the electronic and structural properties of their η5‐coordinated ligands have been modified by introducing electron‐donating, electron‐withdrawing, and sterically hindered substituents to obtain desirable catalytic properties for the metallocenes. An efficient way to design η5‐coordinated ligands is to exploit the annelation of heterocyclic fragments with a cyclopentadiene ring. In the present review, we summarize, systematize, and analyze synthetic approaches to heterocycle‐fused cyclopentadienes suitable for metallocene catalyst preparation.

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Antimicrobial Metal Nanomaterials: From Passive to Stimuli‐Activated Applications
Authors: Cheeseman Samuel , Christofferson Andrew J. , Kariuki Rashad , Cozzolino Daniel , Daeneke Torben , Crawford Russell J. , Truong Vi Khanh , Chapman James , Elbourne Aaron
Published: April 2020

The development of antimicrobial drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria and fungi is one of the most significant health issues of the 21st century. Recently, advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanomaterials, particularly metals that exhibit antimicrobial properties. These metal nanomaterials have emerged as promising alternatives to traditional antimicrobial therapies. In this review, a broad overview of metal nanomaterials, their synthesis, properties, and interactions with pathogenic micro‐organisms is first provided. Secondly, the range of nanomaterials that demonstrate passive antimicrobial properties are outlined and in‐depth analysis and comparison of stimuli‐responsive antimicrobial nanomaterials are provided, which represent the next generation of microbiocidal nanomaterials. The stimulus applied to activate such nanomaterials includes light (including photocatalytic and photothermal) and magnetic fields, which can induce magnetic hyperthermia and kinetically driven magnetic activation. Broadly, this review aims to summarize the currently available research and provide future scope for the development of metal nanomaterial‐based antimicrobial technologies, particularly those that can be activated through externally applied stimuli.
Advances in Hybrid Fabrication toward Hierarchical Tissue Constructs
Authors: Dalton Paul D. , Woodfield Tim B. F. , Mironov Vladimir , Groll Jürgen
Published: April 2020

The diversity of manufacturing processes used to fabricate 3D implants, scaffolds, and tissue constructs is continuously increasing. This growing number of different applicable fabrication technologies include electrospinning, melt electrowriting, volumetric‐, extrusion‐, and laser‐based bioprinting, the Kenzan method, and magnetic and acoustic levitational bioassembly, to name a few. Each of these fabrication technologies feature specific advantages and limitations, so that a combination of different approaches opens new and otherwise unreachable opportunities for the fabrication of hierarchical cell–material constructs. Ongoing challenges such as vascularization, limited volume, and repeatability of tissue constructs at the resolution required to mimic natural tissue is most likely greater than what one manufacturing technology can overcome. Therefore, the combination of at least two different manufacturing technologies is seen as a clear and necessary emerging trend, especially within biofabrication. This hybrid approach allows more complex mechanics and discrete biomimetic structures to address mechanotransduction and chemotactic/haptotactic cues. Pioneering milestone papers in hybrid fabrication for biomedical purposes are presented and recent trends toward future manufacturing platforms are analyzed.
NiO/Perovskite Heterojunction Contact Engineering for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Bingjuan , Su Jie , Guo Xing , Zhou Long , Lin Zhenhua , Feng Liping , Zhang Jincheng , Chang Jingjing , Hao Yue
Published: April 2020

Recent research shows that the interface state in perovskite solar cells is the main factor which affects the stability and performance of the device, and interface engineering including strain engineering is an effective method to solve this issue. In this work, a CsBr buffer layer is inserted between NiOx hole transport layer and perovskite layer to relieve the lattice mismatch induced interface stress and induce more ordered crystal growth. The experimental and theoretical results show that the addition of the CsBr buffer layer optimizes the interface between the perovskite absorber layer and the NiOx hole transport layer, reduces interface defects and traps, and enhances the hole extraction/transfer. The experimental results show that the power conversion efficiency of optimal device reaches up to 19.7% which is significantly higher than the efficiency of the device without the CsBr buffer layer. Meanwhile, the device stability is also improved. This work provides a deep understanding of the NiOx/perovskite interface and provides a new strategy for interface optimization.
Auger Electrons Constructed Active Sites on Nanocatalysts for Catalytic Internal Radiotherapy
Authors: Su Weiwei , Wang Han , Wang Tao , Li Xiao , Tang Zhongmin , Zhao Shuai , Zhang Meng , Li Danni , Jiang Xingwu , Gong Teng , Yang Wei , Zuo Changjing , Wu Yelin , Bu Wenbo
Published: April 2020

Excess electrons play important roles for the construction of superficial active sites on nanocatalysts. However, providing excess electrons to nanocatalysts in vivo is still a challenge, which limits the applications of nanocatalysts in biomedicine. Herein, auger electrons (AEs) emitted from radionuclide 125 (125I) are used in situ to construct active sites in a nanocatalyst (TiO2) and the application of this method is further extended to cancer catalytic internal radiotherapy (CIRT). The obtained 125I‐TiO2 nanoparticles first construct superficial Ti3+ active sites via the reaction between Ti4+ and AEs. Then Ti3+ stretches and weakens the OH bond of the absorbed H2O, thus enhancing the radiolysis of H2O molecules and generating hydroxyl radicals (•OH). All in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate a good CIRT performance. These findings will broaden the application of radionuclides and introduce new perspectives to nanomedicine.
Superassembly of Porous Fetet(NiFe)octO Frameworks with Stable Octahedron and Multistage Structure for Superior Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: He Biao , Wang Jun , Liu Jiaqing , Li Yong , Huang Qishun , Hou Yue , Li Gaoyang , Li Jiajia , Zhang Runhao , Zhou Junjie , Tian Wei , Du Yong , Dang Feng , Wang Hongchao , Kong Biao
Published: April 2020

Promising lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) with extra‐high capacities have attracted increasing attention for use in future electric devices. However, the challenges facing this complicated battery system still limit their practical applications. These challenges mainly consist of inefficient product evolution and low‐activity catalysts. In present work, a cation occupying, modified 3D‐architecture NiFeO cubic spinel is constructed via superassembly strategy to achieve a high rate, stable electrocatalyst for LOBs. The octahedron predominant spinel provides a stable polycrystal structure and optimized electronic structure, which dominates the discharge/charge products evolution with multiformation kinetics of crystal Li2O2 and Li2−xO2 at low and high rate conditions and energetically favors the mass transport between the electrode/electrolyte interface. Simultaneously, the porous NiFeO framework provides adequate spaces for Li2O2 accommodation and complex channels for sufficient electrolyte, oxygen, and ion transportation, which dramatically alter the cathode catalysis for an unprecedented performance. As a consequence, a large specific capacity of 23413 mAh g−1 and an excellent cyclability of 193 cycles at a high current of 1000 mA g−1, and 300 cycles at a current of 500 mA g−1, are achieved. The present work provides intrinsic insights into designing high‐performance metal oxide electrocatalysts for Li–O2 batteries with fine‐tuned electronic and frame structure.
2D Amorphous V2O5/Graphene Heterostructures for High‐Safety Aqueous Zn‐Ion Batteries with Unprecedented Capacity and Ultrahigh Rate Capability
Authors: Wang Xiao , Li Yaguang , Wang Sen , Zhou Feng , Das Pratteek , Sun Chenglin , Zheng Shuanghao , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: April 2020

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are appealing due to their high safety, zinc abundance, and low cost. However, developing suitable cathode materials remains a great challenge. Herein, a novel 2D heterostructure of ultrathin amorphous vanadium pentoxide uniformly grown on graphene (A‐V2O5/G) with a very short ion diffusion pathway, abundant active sites, high electrical conductivity, and exceptional structural stability, is demonstrated for highly reversible aqueous ZIBs (A‐V2O5/G‐ZIBs), coupling with unprecedented high capacity, rate capability, long‐term cyclability, and excellent safety. As a result, 2D A‐V2O5/G heterostructures for stacked ZIBs at 0.1 A g−1 display an ultrahigh capacity of 489 mAh g−1, outperforming all reported ZIBs, with an admirable rate capability of 123 mAh g−1 even at 70 A g−1. Furthermore, the new‐concept prototype planar miniaturized zinc‐ion microbatteries (A‐V2O5/G‐ZIMBs), demonstrate a high volumetric capacity of 20 mAh cm−3 at 1 mA cm−2, long cyclability; holding high capacity retention of 80% after 3500 cycles, and in‐series integration, demonstrative of great potential for highly‐safe microsized power sources. Therefore, the exploration of such 2D heterostructure materials with strong synergy is a reliable strategy for developing safe and high‐performance energy storage devices.
Electrolytes and Interphases in Sodium‐Based Rechargeable Batteries: Recent Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Eshetu Gebrekidan Gebresilassie , Elia Giuseppe Antonio , Armand Michel , Forsyth Maria , Komaba Shinichi , Rojo Teofilo , Passerini Stefano
Published: April 2020

For sodium (Na)‐rechargeable batteries to compete, and go beyond the currently prevailing Li‐ion technologies, mastering the chemistry and accompanying phenomena is of supreme importance. Among the crucial components of the battery system, the electrolyte, which bridges the highly polarized positive and negative electrode materials, is arguably the most critical and indispensable of all. The electrolyte dictates the interfacial chemistry of the battery and the overall performance, having an influence over the practical capacity, rate capability (power), chemical/thermal stress (safety), and lifetime. In‐depth knowledge of electrolyte properties provides invaluable information to improve the design, assembly, and operation of the battery. Thus, the full‐scale appraisal of both tailored electrolytes and the concomitant interphases generated at the electrodes need to be prioritized. The deployment of large‐format Na‐based rechargeable batteries also necessitates systematic evaluation and detailed appraisal of the safety‐related hazards of Na‐based batteries. Hence, this review presents a comprehensive account of the progress, status, and prospect of various Na+‐ion electrolytes, including solvents, salts and additives, their interphases and potential hazards.
Expanding the clinical spectrum of mitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase deficiency with Turkish cases harboring novel HMGCS2 gene mutations and literature review
Authors: Kılıç Mustafa , Dorum Sevil , Topak Ali , Yazıcı Mutlu U. , Ezgu Fatih S. , Coskun Turgay
Published: April 2020

Mitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase (mHS) deficiency is a very rare autosomal recessive inborn error of ketone body synthesis and presents with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, lethargy, encephalopathy, and hepatomegaly with fatty liver precipitated by catabolic stress. We report acute presentation of two patients from unrelated two families with novel homozygous c.862C>T and c.725‐2A>C mutations, respectively, in HMGCS2 gene. Affected patients had severe hypoketotic hypoglycemia, lethargy, encephalopathy, severe metabolic and lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly after infections. Surprisingly, molecular screening of the second family showed more affected patients without clinical findings. These cases expand the clinic spectrum of this extremely rare disease.
Hydrothermal Generation of Conjugated Polymers Using the Example of Pyrrone Polymers and Polybenzimidazoles
Authors: Taublaender M. Josef , Mezzavilla Stefano , Thiele Sophia , Glöcklhofer Florian , Unterlass Miriam M.
Published: April 2020

Various polyimides and polyamides have recently been prepared via hydrothermal synthesis in nothing but H2O under high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions. However, none of the prepared polymers feature a truly conjugated polymer backbone. Here, we report on an expansion of the synthetic scope of this straightforward and inherently environmentally friendly polymerization technique to the generation of conjugated polymers. Selected representatives of two different polymer classes, pyrrone polymers and polybenzimidazoles, were generated hydrothermally. We present a mechanistic discussion of the polymer formation process as well as an electrochemical characterization of the most promising product.
Host–Guest Complexation of Amphiphilic Molecules at the Air–Water Interface Prevents Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals and Singlet Oxygen
Authors: Geng Wen‐Chao , Zhang Dongmei , Gong Chu , Li Zhihao , Barraza Kevin M. , Beauchamp Jesse L. , Guo Dong‐Sheng , Zhang Xinxing
Published: April 2020

The oxidation of antioxidants by oxidizers imposes great challenges to both living organisms and the food industry. Here we show that the host–guest complexation of the carefully designed, positively charged, amphiphilic guanidinocalix[5]arene pentadodecyl ether (GC5A‐12C) and negatively charged oleic acid (OA), a well‐known cell membrane antioxidant, prevents the oxidation of the complex monolayers at the air–water interface from two potent oxidizers hydroxyl radicals (OH) and singlet delta oxygen (SDO). OH is generated from the gas phase and attacks from the top of the monolayer, while SDO is generated inside the monolayer and attacks amphiphiles from a lateral direction. Field‐induced droplet ionization mass spectrometry results have demonstrated that the host–guest complexation achieves steric shielding and prevents both types of oxidation as a result of the tight and “sleeved in” physical arrangement, rather than the chemical reactivity, of the complexes.
[n]‐Cyclo‐9,9‐dibutyl‐2,7‐fluorene (n=4, 5): Nanoring Size Influence in Carbon‐Bridged Cyclo‐para‐phenylenes
Authors: Sicard Lambert , Lucas Fabien , Jeannin Olivier , Bouit Pierre‐Antoine , Rault‐Berthelot Joëlle , Quinton Cassandre , Poriel Cyril
Published: April 2020

For the last ten years, ring‐shaped π‐conjugated macrocycles possessing radially directed π‐orbitals have been subject to intense research. The electronic properties of these rings are deeply dependent on their size. However, most studies involve the flagship family of nanorings: the cyclo‐para‐phenylenes. We report herein the synthesis and study of the first examples of cyclofluorenes possessing five constituting fluorene units. The structural, optical and electrochemical properties were elucidated by X‐ray crystallography, UV‐vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. By comparison with a shorter analogue, we show how the electronic properties of [5]‐cyclofluorenes are drastically different from those of [4]‐cyclofluorenes, highlighting the key role played by the ring size in the cyclofluorene family.
A novel type of waterborne fluorescent nanofiber membranes with effectively suppressed ACQ phenomenon: Fabrication, properties, and applications
Authors: Wang Lin , Wang Jun , Yang Lei , Ding Yexin , Xie Yixiao , Wang Fangming , Chen Lizhuang , Li Weili , Yan Hui
Published: April 2020

In this research, a novel type of waterborne fluorescent nanofiber membranes (WNFM) based on fluorescent acrylic latex (FAL) has been developed by electrospinning method using environment‐friendly water as the spinning solvent. FALs are synthesized by doping Rhodamine B (Rh B) into acrylate monomers through emulsion polymerization, and then polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is added to fabricate a series of WNFM via electrospinning process. As the hydrophilic emulsifier sodium dodecyl sulfate enriches on the surface of the latex, a portion of Rh B can be adsorbed onto the surface of FAL and form an electrical double layer to prevent its aggregation, which accounts for the enhancement in fluorescence of FALs. The relationships between the preparation conditions, morphology and properties of WNFM have been studied with a combination of techniques including fluorometry and microscopies. The developed waterborne fluorescent nanofiber membranes demonstrate a good water‐resistant property with a linear response of photoluminescence intensity to temperature for many cycles. The study points a new direction to develop the nanofiber membrane using environment‐friendly water as a spinning solvent in electrospinning and realize its fluorescent functionalization.
Erfahrungen mit der Nachrechnung von fünf Wehranlagen nach TbW
Authors: Zimmer Mirka , Eggeling Thomas
Published: April 2020

Die Altersstruktur und der damit verbundene Zustand der Wehranlagen in Deutschland fordern in den kommenden Jahren an zahlreichen Anlagen tief greifende bauliche Maßnahmen. Gleichzeitig sind die personellen Ressourcen für die Umsetzung dieser Aufgaben begrenzt.

Das Wasserstraßen‐Neubauamt (WNA) Aschaffenburg verfolgt deshalb ein Konzept zur Ermittlung des Instandsetzungs‐ bzw. Ersatzbedarfs für die Wehranlagen am Main. Um die Dringlichkeit und den Umfang einzelner Maßnahmen an den Anlagen zu erkunden und abzuschätzen, werden zunächst die Wehranlagen Freudenberg, Rothenfels, Steinbach, Harrbach und Erlabrunn tiefergehend auf ihren Zustand hin untersucht.

Im Rahmen der Zustandsbegutachtung ist die innere Standsicherheit der bestehenden Wehrpfeiler betrachtet worden. Dies ist auf Grundlage des BAW‐Merkblatts „Bewertung der Tragfähigkeit bestehender, massiver Wasserbauwerke (TbW)“ erfolgt. Am Beispiel der Wehranlage Erlabrunn wird hier die Vorgehensweise dargestellt und Schlussfolgerungen daraus gezogen. Insbesondere die Nachrechnung der unbewehrten Betonbauteile im Bereich der Verschlussnischen stellt eine große Herausforderung dar. Es werden Berechnungsansätze für die Detailnachweise in diesen Bereichen aufgezeigt.

Durch die analoge Betrachtung von fünf Wehranlagen ist ein anschließender Vergleich gegeben, welcher die Priorisierung der Grundinstandsetzungen möglich macht.
Protein‐inorganic calcium‐phosphate supraparticles as a robust platform for enzyme co‐immobilization
Authors: Caparco Adam A. , Bommarius Bettina R. , Bommarius Andreas S. , Champion Julie A.
Published: April 2020

Immobilization of enzymes provides many benefits, including facile separation and recovery of enzymes from reaction mixtures, enhanced stability, and co‐localization of multiple enzymes. Calcium‐phosphate‐protein supraparticles imbued with a leucine zipper binding domain (ZR) serve as a modular immobilization platform for enzymes fused to the complementary leucine zipper domain (ZE). The zippers provide high‐affinity, specific binding, separating enzymatic activity from the binding event. Using fluorescent model proteins (mCherryZE and eGFPZE), an amine dehydrogenase (AmDHZE), and a formate dehydrogenase (FDHZE), the efficacy of supraparticles as a biocatalytic solid support was assessed. Supraparticles demonstrated several benefits as an immobilization support, including predictable loading of multiple proteins, structural integrity in a panel of solvents, and the ability to elute and reload proteins without damaging the support. The dual‐enzyme reaction successfully converted ketone to amine on supraparticles, highlighting the efficacy of this system.
Effect of omission of surgery on survival in patients aged 80 years and older with early-stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
Authors: de Boer A Z , de Glas N A , Marang-van de Mheen P J , Dekkers O M , Siesling S , de Munck L , de Ligt K M , Liefers G J , Portielje J E A , Bastiaannet E
Published: April 2020

Background

Surgery is increasingly being omitted in older patients with operable breast cancer in the Netherlands. Although omission of surgery can be considered in frail older patients, it may lead to inferior outcomes in non-frail patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of omission of surgery on relative and overall survival in older patients with operable breast cancer.

Methods

Patients aged 80 years or older diagnosed with stage I–II hormone receptor-positive breast cancer between 2003 and 2009 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. An instrumental variable approach was applied to minimize confounding, using hospital variation in rate of primary surgery. Relative and overall survival was compared between patients treated in hospitals with different rates of surgery.

Results

Overall, 6464 patients were included. Relative survival was lower for patients treated in hospitals with lower compared with higher surgical rates (90·2 versus 92·4 per cent respectively after 5 years; 71·6 versus 88·2 per cent after 10 years). The relative excess risk for patients treated in hospitals with lower surgical rates was 2·00 (95 per cent c.i. 1·17 to 3·40). Overall survival rates were also lower among patients treated in hospitals with lower compared with higher surgical rates (48·3 versus 51·3 per cent after 5 years; 15·0 versus 19·7 per cent after 10 years respectively; adjusted hazard ratio 1·07, 95 per cent c.i. 1·00 to 1·14).

Conclusion

Omission of surgery is associated with worse relative and overall survival in patients aged 80 years or more with stage I–II hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Future research should focus on the effect on quality of life and physical functioning.
Revitalization of Indian SMEs for sustainable development through innovation
Authors: Raghuvanshi Juhi , Agrawal Rajat
Published: April 2020

Globalization has led to the metamorphosis of SMEs for over a decade and half with the onset of innovation process. Despite this, several barriers prevent the SMEs owners from acting as intelligent and proactive firms. This paper seeks to understand what and how barriers related to innovation processes and relationships among them in SMEs influence entrepreneurs to innovate and to reap the benefits of innovation. We address this by identifying factors and determining the causal relationship among the barriers using Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique (DEMATEL) approach. The original contribution of the study lies in the fact that no study so far determines the causal relationship among the barriers to innovation in SMEs. Entrepreneurs and academicians would stand to gain by knowing which barrier leads to which specific outcome barrier. Knowledge and elimination of these barriers may help in fostering the process of innovation in SMEs.
Market drivers of sustainability and sustainability learning capabilities: The moderating role of sustainability control systems
Authors: Wijethilake Chaminda , Upadhaya Bedanand
Published: April 2020

This study examines (i) the impact of market drivers of sustainability on the adoption of sustainability learning capabilities and (ii) the moderating role of sustainability control systems (SCS) on the relationship between market drivers of sustainability and sustainability learning capabilities. Drawing on the levers of control framework, stakeholder theory and organisational learning literature, survey data were collected from 175 large scale local and multinational companies operating in Sri Lanka. Findings reveal that market drivers of sustainability have a significant positive impact on sustainability learning capabilities. Whereas the interactive use of SCS shows a positive moderating impact, the diagnostic use of SCS shows a negative impact. The study enhances our understanding of (i) the influence of market drivers of sustainability on the adoption of sustainability learning capabilities and (ii) the use of SCS in enabling sustainability learning capabilities. The study reveals novel insights for managers responding to changing market drivers of sustainability, on how to (re)align different uses of SCS to enable sustainability learning capabilities.
Extraction of recombinant periplasmic proteins under industrially relevant process conditions: Selectivity and yield strongly depend on protein titer and methodology
Authors: Schimek Clemens , Egger Esther , Tauer Christopher , Striedner Gerald , Brocard Cécile , Cserjan‐Puschmann Monika , Hahn Rainer
Published: April 2020

In this work, we attempted to identify a method for the selective extraction of periplasmic endogenously expressed proteins, which is applicable at an industrial scale. For this purpose, we used an expression model that allows coexpression of two fluorescent proteins, each of which is specifically targeted to either the cytoplasm or periplasm. We assessed a number of scalable lysis methods (high‐pressure homogenization, osmotic shock procedures, extraction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and extraction with deoxycholate) for the ability to selectively extract periplasmic proteins rather than cytoplasmic proteins. Our main conclusion was that although we identified industrially scalable lysis conditions that significantly increased the starting purity for further purification, none of the tested conditions were selective for periplasmic protein over cytoplasmic protein. Furthermore, we demonstrated that efficient extraction of the expressed recombinant proteins was largely dependent on the overall protein concentration in the cell.
What's in a synonym? A nose by any other name would smell
Authors: Neumann Paul E.
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Communication in the biomedical sciences and clinical practice would be clearer if everyone used the same set of technical terms. Technical vocabularies, such as international standard terminologies, are attempts to avoid common linguistic problems, such as synonymy (many names for a single entity) and polysemy (many meanings for a single term).

Materials and Methods

Efforts made in human anatomical nomenclature since the late 19th century to deal with these issues were reviewed.

Results

The new designations official term, equivalent term, synonym and related term are defined, and current challenges (e.g., eponyms) are identified.

Discussion

The addition of synonyms and related terms to the international standard anatomical terminology allows indexing of these terms to the official terms and evaluation of the relationships between terms.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors: A new strategy for breast cancer therapy
Authors: Liu Hui , Yang Zhenjiang , Lu Wenping , Chen Zhen , Chen Lianyu , Han Shuyan , Wu Xiaoyu , Cai Tiange , Cai Yu
Published: April 2020

Chemokines and chemokine receptors not only participate in the development of tissue differentiation, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and immune regulation but also play an important role in the process of tumor development. The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in tumors has been emphasized in recent years. More and more studies have shown that chemokines and chemokine receptors are closely related to the occurrence, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, and immunity of breast cancer. Here, we review recent progression on the roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in breast cancer, and discuss the possible mechanism in breast cancer that might facilitate the development of new therapies by targeting chemokines as well as chemokine receptors. Chemokines and chemokine receptors play an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. In‐depth study of chemokines and chemokine receptors can provide intervention targets for breast cancer biotherapy. The regulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors may become a new strategy for breast cancer therapy.
Risk prediction model for lung cancer incorporating metabolic markers: Development and internal validation in a Chinese population
Authors: Lyu Zhangyan , Li Ni , Chen Shuohua , Wang Gang , Tan Fengwei , Feng Xiaoshuang , Li Xin , Wen Yan , Yang Zhuoyu , Wang Yalong , Li Jiang , Chen Hongda , Lin Chunqing , Ren Jiansong , Shi Jufang , Wu Shouling , Dai Min , He Jie
Published: April 2020

Background

Low‐dose computed tomography screening has been proved to reduce lung cancer mortality, however, the issues of high false‐positive rate and overdiagnosis remain unsolved. Risk prediction models for lung cancer that could accurately identify high‐risk populations may help to increase efficiency. We thus sought to develop a risk prediction model for lung cancer incorporating epidemiological and metabolic markers in a Chinese population.

Methods

During 2006 and 2015, a total of 122 497 people were observed prospectively for lung cancer incidence with the total person‐years of 976 663. Stepwise multivariable‐adjusted logistic regressions with Pentry = .15 and Pstay = .20 were conducted to select the candidate variables including demographics and metabolic markers such as high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) into the prediction model. We used the C‐statistic to evaluate discrimination, and Hosmer‐Lemeshow tests for calibration. Tenfold cross‐validation was conducted for internal validation to assess the model's stability.

Results

A total of 984 lung cancer cases were identified during the follow‐up. The epidemiological model including age, gender, smoking status, alcohol intake status, coal dust exposure status, and body mass index generated a C‐statistic of 0.731. The full model additionally included hsCRP and LDL‐C showed significantly better discrimination (C‐statistic = 0.735, P = .033). In stratified analysis, the full model showed better predictive power in terms of C‐statistic in younger participants (<50 years, 0.709), females (0.726), and former or current smokers (0.742). The model calibrated well across the deciles of predicted risk in both the overall population (PHL = .689) and all subgroups.

Conclusions

We developed and internally validated an easy‐to‐use risk prediction model for lung cancer among the Chinese population that could provide guidance for screening and surveillance.
A Systems Approach to a One‐Pot Electrochemical Wittig Olefination Avoiding the Use of Chemical Reductant or Sacrificial Electrode
Authors: Chakraborty Biswarup , Kostenko Arseni , Menezes Prashanth W. , Driess Matthias
Published: April 2020

An unprecedented one‐pot fully electrochemically driven Wittig olefination reaction system without employing a chemical reductant or sacrificial electrode material to regenerate triphenylphosphine (TPP) from triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and base‐free in situ formation of Wittig ylides, is reported. Starting from TPPO, the initial step of the phosphoryl P=O bond activation proceeds through alkylation with RX (R=Me, Et; X=OSO2CF3 (OTf)), affording the corresponding [Ph3POR]+X− salts which undergo efficient electroreduction to TPP in the presence of a substoichiometric amount of the Sc(OTf)3 Lewis acid on a Ag‐electrode. Subsequent alkylation of TPP affords Ph3PR+ which enables a facile and efficient electrochemical in situ formation of the corresponding Wittig ylide under base‐free condition and their direct use for the olefination of various carbonyl compounds. The mechanism and, in particular, the intriguing role of Sc3+ as mediator in the TPPO electroreduction been uncovered by density functional theory calculations.
Mapping mesoscale cortical connectivity in monkey sensorimotor cortex with optical imaging and microstimulation
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Morone Katherine A. , Gharbawie Omar A. , Roe Anna Wang
Published: April 2020

To map in vivo cortical circuitry at the mesoscale, we applied a novel approach to map interareal functional connectivity. Electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in conjunction with optical imaging of intrinsic signals (OIS) was used map functional connections in somatosensory cortical areas in anesthetized squirrel monkeys. ICMS produced activations that were focal and that displayed responses which were stimulation intensity dependent. ICMS in supragranular layers of Brodmann Areas 3b, 1, 2, 3a, and M1 evoked interareal activation patterns that were topographically appropriate and appeared consistent with known anatomical connectivity. Specifically, ICMS revealed Area 3b connections with Area 1; Area 1 connections with Areas 2 and 3a; Area 2 connections with Areas 1, 3a, and M1; Area 3a connections with Areas M1, 1, and 2; and M1 connections with Areas 3a, 1, and 2. These somatosensory connectivity patterns were reminiscent of feedforward patterns observed anatomically, although feedback contributions are also likely present. Further consistent with anatomical connectivity, intra‐areal and intra‐areal patterns of activation were patchy with patch sizes of 200–300 μm. In summary, ICMS with OIS is a novel approach for mapping interareal and intra‐areal connections in vivo. Comparisons with feedforward and feedback anatomical connectivity are discussed.
Stable Luminescent Composite Microspheres Based on Porous Silica with Embedded CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Ushakova Elena V. , Cherevkov Sergei A. , Sokolova Anastasiia V. , Li Yanxiu , Azizov Ruslan R. , Baranov Mikhail A. , Kurdyukov Dmitry A. , Yu Stovpiaga Ekaterina , Golubev Valery G. , Rogach Andrey L. , Baranov Alexander V.
Published: April 2020

Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are attracting a lot of attention due to their superior optical properties, such as narrow emission bandwidths, and high photoluminescence quantum yields. Still, they are far from practical implementation, since they can rather easily degrade under ambient conditions, and even more so at high humidity, temperature, and UV light exposure, which has triggered on‐going search for the suitable protective host matrices. We report a luminescent composite material based on porous silica microspheres (0.5 μm in diameter) with embedded CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals. This composite shows increased stability in terms of preserving photoluminescence of the CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, while further encapsulation in polymer shells using sequential layer‐by‐layer assembly of the oppositely charged polyelectrolytes poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) results in water dispersible luminescent microspheres. The availability of such samples may expand the use of light‐emitting perovskite nanocrystals in diverse biological applications, including imaging and sensing in highly scattering media.
Transfer learning meets sales engagement email classification: Evaluation, analysis, and strategies
Authors: Liu Yong , Dmitriev Pavel , Huang Yifei , Brooks Andrew , Dong Li , Liang Mengyue , Boshernitzan Zvi , Cao Jiwei , Nguy Bobby
Published: April 2020

Enterprise email classification in the sales engagement platform is a challenge due to its evolving asynchronous conversational context during the sales process and differences across industries and organizations. This is further exacerbated by the limited amount of labeled emails due to security and privacy constraints. The leaderboard success of using pretrained language models (LMs) such as BERT and various transfer learning techniques promises a paradigm shift to natural language processing, yet the recipe for applying high performance transfer learning (HPTL) in practical applications remains unclear. This article investigates applying HPTL to sales engagement email classification through a series of experiments and analysis. The experiment datasets include two different organizations' emails. The contribution of this paper is 4‐fold: (a) analysis and characterization of the email corpora from different organizations; (b) identification of the best combinations of pre‐trained LMs under different modeling architectures; (c) study of the impact and trade‐off of limited labeled data on the model accuracy and training time; and (d) characterization and study of the impact of different orgs' datasets on the model accuracy. Our results showed that a practical winning recipe that uses BERT‐finetuning with as few as 500 labeled training examples can consistently outperform significantly with reasonable training time among all models evaluated.