bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in Enalapril-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Mouse Model
Authors: Gohil Priyanshee V , Patel K.C , Deshpande S S , Shah G.B
Published: August 2020

Airway hyperresponsiveness is an important pathophysiological feature of asthma. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptor expression is increased under asthma and activation of TRPV1 plays a key role in the manifestation of airway hyperresponsiveness. Various inflammatory mediators (prostaglandin E2, bradykinin etc.) enhance sensitivity and reduce the activation threshold of TRPV1 receptor. Enalapril is an Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor often associated with airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic hypertensive patients through an increase in bradykinin level. Therefore, the present investigation is carried out to find out the role of TRPV1 in enalapril-induced airway hyperresponsiveness using trypsin and egg-albumin induced asthma model mice. Enalpril,baicalein, celecoxib and capsazepine were administered for 8 days and airway hyperresponsiveness was measured in terms of tidal volume, respiratory rate, and airflow rate. There was significantly lower tidal volume and airflow rate and higher respiratory rate in enalapril treated asthmatic mice compared to only asthmatic mice. Mice pretreated with capsazepine, celecoxib, and baicalein before 2 h of enalapril administration showed significantly increased tidal volume and airflow rate, and decreased respiratory rate compared to enalapril-treated asthmatic mice. Thus, it is concluded that TRPV1 might be involved in enalapril-induced airway hyperresonsiveness in asthmatic mice. The cycloxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase pathways might be involved in activation of TRPV1 by enalapril.
Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency with Enteric Coated Pancreatin Formulations: An Overview
Authors: Bhattacharyya B K , Chowdhury S , Das S , Mukherjee S , Bhattacharjee D
Published: August 2020

Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. It is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Pancreatin products contain the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. The patients with pancreatic diseases often suffer from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In such condition pancreas does not secrete required amount of digestive enzymes for proper digestion to occur. Severe pancreatic insufficiency occurs in cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, tumors or after surgical resection. Thus pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may result in clinical manifestation of malnutrition, weight loss and steatorrhea leading towards the increased risk of morbidity and mortality. For the improvement of clinical symptoms, restriction of fat intake and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy are recommended. The enzyme substitution therapy is very much challenging because the optimal enzyme dose is highly variable to mimic the physiological pattern of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Regulatory authorities have approved several pancreatic enzyme formulations in the form of enteric coated minimicrosphere which are now available commercially. This review focuses on the physiological considerations of   pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and its treatment with enteric coated pancreatin formulations.
Development of Colon Delivery Tablets of Albendazole using pH-Dependent Polymers
Authors: Hetal Kansagara , Shreel Bhagat , Singh Sudarshan
Published: August 2020

Albendazole is a banzimidazole derivative with broad spectrum anthelmentic activity and excellent tolerability. Albendazole was selected for colon delivery because the colon is the major site of residence for several types of worms and only a very small amount of drug reaches the colon after oral administration. The objective of this work was to deliver Albendazole to colon by coating it with various pH dependent polymers and plasticizers. The formulations were prepared with lactose monohydrate by wet granulation method using Starch paste and coated with pH dependent polymers and plasticizers. The prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content and in vitro dissolution. Among all formulations, Eudragit S100 coated tablets showed the best outcome to protect the drug in stomach environment as compare to CAP. Tablets coated with 8% Eudragit S100 showed 98.08% drug release within 12 hr. These findings indicate the potential viability using pH dependent polymers for colon specific drug delivery.
Development of Oral Mucoadhesive Tablets of Losartan Potassium using Natural Gum from Manilkara Zapota Seeds
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Bothara Sunil B
Published: August 2020

The present investigation reports the isolation of mucilage from Manilkara zapota seeds as per AOAC guideline and evaluating it as mucoadhesive agent. Manilkara zapota (Linn.) P. Royen syn. a small tree belonging to family sapotaceae. Physiochemical characteristics of mucilage, such as swelling index, microbial count, viscosity, hydration capacity, flow property, and pH were studied. The mucilage was evaluated for its mucoadhesive properties in compressed tablet, using losartan potassium as model drug. Granules were prepared by wet granulation process using polyvinylpirrolidone as binding agent. Mucilage was used in four different concentrations i.e. 20, 40 and 60 % w/w. The tablet were prepared and evaluated for its physical property. Further in vitro dissolution and swelling index was determined. The property of bioadhesive strength of isolated mucilage was compared with guar gum and HPMC E5LV, which was used as standard mucoadhesive agent concentration. Bioadhesive strength of the tablet was measured on the modified physical balance. Result revealed that mucilage had good micromeritcs properties and prepared tablets showed good physical properties, further drug release was retarded as concentration of mucilage was increased. The force of adhesion was obtained 0.2337N, 0.4664N, 0.6210N, 0.8679N and 0.3983N respectively for F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5. Formulations were subjected for study of effect of intensity of agitation at different rpm and electrolyte, formulation showed relative effect on release of drug from formulation. All the formulations were subjected to stability studies for three months all formulation showed stability with respect to release pattern. It is concluded that the seed mucilage of Manilkara zapota can be used as a mucoadhesive excipient in oral mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.
Clinical Pharmacology of Current Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Reddy D. Samba
Published: August 2020

This article describes current antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are available for treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by repeated occurrence of seizures, which are clinical manifestations of abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.  Epileptic seizures arise from a multiplicity of factors that regulate neuronal excitability and synchrony.  Epilepsy is caused because of certain genetic defects or acquired due to brain injury. Epileptic seizures are classified into partial (simple partial and complex partial) and generalized (absence, tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures) types. Around two-dozen AEDs, classified as standard and newer agents, are available for treating epilepsy. AEDs act on diverse molecular targets to selectively modify the abnormal excitability of neurons by reducing the focal seizure discharges or preventing spread of excitation. AEDs suppress seizures by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate), voltage-activated calcium channels (ethosuximide, gabapentin), potentiation of GABA inhibition (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, tiagabine), and reduction of glutamate excitation (felbamate). Carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate are the first-line agents for partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Ethosuximide is the drug of choice for absence seizures. Intravenous benzodiazepines diazepam or lorazepam are effective in terminating status epilepticus. AEDs are orally-active and show unique pharmacokinetic features. Some AEDs cause enzyme induction and hence produce drug interactions. Newer AEDs such as gabapentin, levetiracetam, tiagabine, zonisamide and pregabalin do not cause enzyme induction. Treatment in pregnancy must consider optimizing therapy while preventing teratotoxicity of AEDs. There are alternative options (ketogenic diet) for children. Despite many advances in epilepsy research, nearly 30% of people with epilepsy have “intractable seizures” that do not respond to drug therapy. Presently, there is no cure for epilepsy. Therefore, newer and better AEDs that can better prevent seizures and modify the disease are needed for curing epilepsy.
Preparation, Characterization and Anti-tumor Activity of Epirubicin Loaded Xyloglucan Nanoparticles for Nasal Delivery
Authors: Mahajan Hitendra S. , Nainav Pramod N
Published: August 2020

The main objective of this study was to develop a polymeric drug delivery system for epirubicin, intended to be administered nasally, capable of improving the therapeutic index of the drug and devoid of the adverse effects of drug. To achieve this goal epirubicin loaded polymeric nanoparticles were prepare by the high-pressure homogenization method. Our results demonstrate that the methodology of preparation allowed the formation of nanometric (<200 nm), homogeneous and negatively charged particles which are suitable for nasal administration. The in vitro anti-tumor activity of xyloglucan-based nanoparticles developed in this work was assessed by using KBcells and compared to the in vitro anti-tumoral activity of the drug alone. These results demonstrate that incorporation of epirubicin in nanoparticles strongly enhances the cytotoxic effect of the drug.
Synthesis and Characterization of Aromatic-Heterocyclic Derivatives of Sulphonamides as Potential Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Shukla Karuna S.
Published: August 2020

The incidence of microbial infection is increasing world-wide despite active research on the discovery and development of novel anti-microbial agents. Then emergence of multi-resistant strains of bacteria has increased the problem of drug resistance dramatically. The development and use of new anti-microbial agents is one of the ways to combat the emergence of anti-microbial resistance. The literature survey reveals that the sulfonamide derivatives as privileged pharmacophore for wide range of biological activities including anti-microbial activity. So a series of (3a-3e and 6a-6c) sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized by attaching alkyl/ aryl/heterocyclic sulphonyl chloride and alkyl/aryl carbonyl chloride moieties to aromatic sulfonamide incorporating free amino group by Schotten Baumann (SB) reaction. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, Mass, and other analytical techniques. The synthesized compounds have been screened against different bacterial (B. subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli) and fungal (A. niger and P. chrysogenum) strains using the cup-plate method. The synthesized sulfonamides derivatives showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, while they were found to be inactive against fungal strains. From the results, it is evident that the presence of a hetero/aromatic ring showed good antibacterial activity. Some of these compounds can be considered as potential candidates for treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria.
Development of Piroxicam loaded SLN-based Hydrogel for Transdermal Delivery
Authors: Verma Vinod Kumar , Alpana Ram
Published: August 2020

The aim of present study was to construct and investigate the efficacy of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) based hydrogel for transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) piroxicam. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of piroxicam were produced by solvent emulsification diffusion method in a solvent saturated system. The SLNs were composed of tripalmitin lipid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer, and solvent ethyl acetate. All the formulations were subjected to particle size analysis, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, percent drug loading determination and in-vitro release studies. The SLNs formed were in nano-size range with maximum entrapment efficiency of 88.50±0.92. Further, Carbopol-934 was used as a gel matrix for preparation of hydrogel for improving the penetration rate across the skin and viscosity of piroxicam loaded SLNs for transdermal drug administration. The drug release behaviors from piroxicam loaded SLNs based hydrogel exhibited long duration and constant rate of drug release over 24 hr. Skin penetration of piroxicam loaded SLNs based hydrogel was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).
Recent Advances in Novasome Formulation Technology
Authors: Shah J M , Shah N.H , P D Hadiya
Published: August 2020

Pharmaceutical technology has developed various newer modes of novel drug delivery aspects. Modifications in the previously existing drug delivery methods have led to various newly innovated technologies serving as a safe and effective means of improvement over the existing ones. Novasome technology is one of the new innovations of liposomes which have solved many of the problems related to liposomal drug delivery system. It offers a seven bilayer membrane which has the ability to incorporate both water soluble and insoluble drugs. It has an excellent entrapment efficiency which provides better medication. Formulation of novasomes is achieved in a high shear device. Due to its numerous advantages, novasomes have been used extensively in various fields like cosmetics, chemical, personal care, foods, pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
An Overview of Novel Drugs and New Chemical Entities in 2013
Authors: Reddy D Samba
Published: August 2020

Twenty-seven (27) new drugs have been approved by the U.S. FDA in 2013, a big decline compared to 39 in 2012. The decline is attributed to fewer drugs submitted for review. The average annual approval rate over the past eight years is 26 new molecular entities (NMEs) comprising small molecules and biologics. The approval of 27 novel new drugs is a strong sign of innovation in drug discovery and commercialization. This list includes 9 first-in-class drugs, 9 orphan drugs, 10 fast track drugs, 10 priority drugs, 3 breakthroughs, 2 accelerated aprovals and 12 combined expedited approval products. Many first-of-a-kind drugs have been approved for marketing. The list includes a total of 89% (24 of 27) first cycle approvals and 74% (20 of 27) first approvals in the U.S. before any other country. Noteworthy first-in-class drugs include canagliflozin (diabetes), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (late-stage breast cancer), simeprevir  (chronic hepatitis C), and trametinib (metastic melanoma). Among the breakthrough drugs approved in 2013 were ibrutinib (blood cancer), obinutuzumab (leukemia), and simeprevir  (chronic hepatitis C). In addition,  nine (33%) products were approved for the treatment of rare diseases including Imbruvica (mantle cell lymphoma), Gazyva (lymphocytic leukemia), Kynamro (familial hypercholesterolemia), and Adempas and Opsumit (pulmonary hypertention). The approval of 27 drugs in 2013 underscores a strong success rate, indicating innovations for new products despite the uncertain concerns about the long-term safety of NMEs in the existing climate of withdrawals and safety alerts. Despite encouraging drug approvals, there is a bleak scope for blockbusters because most of these drugs are for niche areas or have a limited market. The pipeline for 2014 appears very optimistic. Overall, these new drug additions to the current drug armamentarium are expected to contribute to improved health and will exert a great potential impact on public health.
Synthesis and In vitro P-Glycoprotein Inhibitory Activity of Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives
Authors: Kalam Sirisha , I Rajyalaxmi , S Olivia
Published: August 2020

Two series of new symmetrical 4-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis-N-(aryl/heteroaryl)-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridines (4a-f) and asymmetrical 4-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-3-N-(aryl/hetero-aryl)-carbamoyl-5-ethyl carboxylate-1,4-dihydro-pyridines (5a-f) have been synthesized by simple, economical and eco-friendly, modified Hantzsch reaction using                               N-aryl/heteroarylacetoacetamides (3a-c), ethylaceto-acetate (for asymmetric),  arylaldehydes and urea in presence of catalytic amounts of LiBr/Iodine and by microwave irradiation methods. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by physical and spectral data, and evaluated for their possible in vitro MDR reversal activity by everted sac method using verapamil as standard P-gp inhibitor and domperidone as the standard P-gp substrate. Amongst the compounds tested, compound 4f exhibited the highest in vitro P-gp inhibitory activity. It was found to be more potent than the standard verapamil.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Nano-Niosomes in Drug, Vaccine and Gene Delivery
Authors: Arora Vandana , Rastogi Sameer , Siddiqui Abdul W , Gupta Manish
Published: August 2020

This review article describes recent advances in the field of nano-science related to niosomes, non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs). Development trends in nanotechnology in health and medicine are expected to provide solutions to many of modern medicine's unsolved problems. Nanotechnology offers potential developments in therapeutics, diagnosis, cancer treatment, implantable materials, and tissue regeneration. The objective of this review is to provide a solid groundwork for anticipating the next phases of nanomedicine development, highlighting valuable perspective and find out the various areas where niosomes are applied. NSVs are the hydrated lipids composed mainly of different classes of non-ionic surfactants, introduced in the seventies as a cosmetic vehicle. Currently, niosomes are used as important new drug delivery systems by many research groups and also they are effective immunoadjuvants which some commercial forms are already available in the market. These vesicles are recently used as gene transfer vectors too.
Targeting Aspects of Nanogels: An Overview
Authors: Mishra Neeraj , Wani Taha Umair , Rashid Muzamil , Kumar Manish , Chaudhary Sushant , Kumar Puneet
Published: August 2020

Nanogels have shown a great potential for the delivery of large number of drugs to different organs of the body owing to their high biocompatibility, high drug loading capacity, high biodegradability (and hence low cytotoxicity), good permeation capabilities and tissue mimicking properties. Their high water retention makes them ideal capable of incorporation of bulky drugs like proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides and other macromolecules. All these properties of nanogels make them able to carry number of drugs to vast number of organs. Nanogels have shown potential in many fields including chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ tergeting, gene delivery and many others. The main areas of the target for the nanogels have been tumors of brain, liver, skin etc. Other uses of the nanogel are in diabetes, inflammation, wound healing, local anesthesia etc. This review concentrates over the targeting potential of nanogels in different organs for various conditions.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nanosuspension Formulation for Drug Delivery of Simvastatin
Authors: Shid Rupali L. , Dhole Shashikant N. , Kulkarni Nilesh , Shid Santosh L.
Published: August 2020

Poor water solubility and slow dissolution rate are issues drug content and polydispersity index. The obtained for the majority of upcoming and existing biologically results showed that particle size (nm) and rate of active compounds. Simvastatin is poorly water-soluble  dissolution has been improved when nanosuspension drug and its bioavailability is very low from its crystalline prepared with the higher concentration of PVPK-30 and form. The purpose of the present investigation was to Poloxamer-188 and lower concentration of SLS. The increase the solubility and dissolution rate of simvastatin by particle size and zeta potential of optimized formulation the preparation of nanosuspension by Emulsification was found to be 258.3 nm and 23.43. The rate of Solvent Diffusion Method at laboratory scale. Prepared dissolution of the optimized nanosuspension was nanosuspension was evaluated for its particle size and enhanced (90.02% in 60min), relative to plain simvastatin in vitro dissolution study and characterized by zeta (21% in 60 min), mainly due to the formation of nanosized potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and particles. These results indicate the suitability of 23 factorial X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), Motic digital microscopy, design for preparation of simvastatin loaded nanosus- entrapment efficiency, total drug content, saturated pension significantly improved in vitro dissolution rate, solubility study and in vivo study. A 23 factorial design was and thus possibly enhance fast onset of therapeutic drug employed to study the effect of independent variables, effect. In vivo study shows increase in bioavailability in amount of SLS (X1), amount of PVPK-30 (X2) and nanosuspension formulation than the plain simvastatin Poloxamer-188 (X3) and dependent variables are Total drug.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Ocimum sanctum against Mosquito Vectors for Malaria and Dengue
Authors: Ali M. Syed , Ali A.M. Aswan , P P Vijaya , N Yogananth , Prabu M. Munees
Published: August 2020

Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis are major illnesses in in tropical countries. The main objective of this study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi.  The present study was carried out to establish the larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum against fourth instar larvae of dengue and malaria vector. The larval mortality was observed after different time of exposures. Further, characterization such as XRD and SEM analysis were carried out for the synthesized silver nanoparticles.  The mortality values were obtained using the probit analysis. The larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were found to be highly susceptible for the silver nanoparticles. The larvae have shown 100% mortality against the silver nanoparticles, whereas fourth instar larvae have shown efficacy (LC50) after 24 and 48 hr. The characterization studies of synthesized AgNPs by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), of silver nanoparticles along with stability. In conclusions, the findings revealed that synthesized AgNPs possess excellent mosquito larvicidal activity. These results suggest that the green synthesis of AgNPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of head lice and vectors.
RP-UFLC Method for Estimation of Propafenone in Tablets
Authors: Panda Sagar Suman , B V V Ravi Kumar , Acharjya Sasmita Kumari , Sahu Kalyani
Published: August 2020

A simple, precise and accurate RP-UFLC method was developed for determination of propafenone hydrochloride. Separation was carried on an Enable C18G column       (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) using methanol: 10 mM TBAHS (95:05, v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min in isocratic mode. The PDA detection wavelength was 247 nm. The retention time of propafenone was 2.692 min. The method was validated for linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness as per ICH. The method was linear in the concentration range of 10 – 250 µg/ml with correlation coefficients of 0.999. The LOD and LOQ were 4.5 µg/ml and 9.75 µg/ml, respectively. Average recoveries for recovery study were found to be in the range of 99.73-100.58. R.S.D. values for intraday, interday and system precision were found to be less than 2%. Specificity was established after forced degradation was performed by using HCl, NaOH, H2O2, thermal and UV radiation. The method was applied successfully for estimation propafenone in tablet formulation.
Recent Advances in Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Deshmukh Amol S
Published: August 2020

Oral route has always been preferred route for formulators and has dominated over other routes of administrations. But major problem encountered in oral formulations (as estimated more than 50 % of oral formulations are found to be poorly aqueous soluble), is low bioavailability, giving rise to further problems like, high inter and intra subject variability, lack of dose uniformity and finally leading to therapeutic failure. Approximately 40% of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility and present a major challenge to modern drug delivery system, because of their low bioavailability. Particularly for BCS class II substances, the bioavailability may be enhanced by increasing the solubility and dissolution rate of the drug in the gastro-intestinal fluids. The newer and novel technologies developed in recent year for troubleshooting such above problems. This review describes an overview of SEDDS as a capable approach to effectively capture the problem of poorly soluble molecules and give the novel approaches for evaluation of the SEDDS. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are isotropic mixtures of drug, lipids and surfactants, usually with one or more hydrophilic co-solvents or co-emulsifiers.
Formulation and Characterization of Nanotransfersome of Famotidine in Transdermal Patch
Authors: Mehra Kavita , Geevarghese Rachel
Published: August 2020

Transfersomes are highly efficient and extremely deformable lipid vesicles. The aim of the present study was to investigate transfersomes as a transdermal delivery system for delivery of famotidine to overcome the problems associated with its oral delivery. The oral bioavailability offamotidine has been reported to be low and highly variable. Famotidine undergoes first-pass metabolism resulting in about 50% bioavailability. It shows poor aqueous solubility,gastric degradation and is incompletely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. Here, we made an attempt to deliver famotidine through transdermal route. Transfersome were made using phospholipon-90G and Span-80. A 32 Factorialdesign was applied. Optimal permeation flux was achieved as 22.4 μgm/cm2 hour and drug entrapment efficiency of 61% and average particle size of 215 nm was obtained.Vesicle morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Ex vivo study using porcine ear skin indicated an excellent drug release profile.
Gastroretentive Floating Capsules of Risedronate Sodium: Development, Optimization, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation in Healthy Human Volunteers
Authors: D. V. R. N. Bhikshapathi , Jarathi Arun Kumar , Gande Suresh , Medipally Viswaja , Bomma Ramesh
Published: August 2020

Background and the purpose of the study: Risedronate sodium inhibits osteoclast bone resorption and modulates bone metabolism. Risedronate has a high affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals in bone and is a potent antiresorptive agent. In the present investigation efforts were made to improve the bioavailability of risedronate sodium by increasing the residence time of the drug through sustained-release matrix capsule formulation via gastroretentive mechanism. Capsules were prepared by wet granulation technique. The influence of gel forming agents, amount of risedronate and total weight of capsules on physical properties, in vitro buoyancy, drug release, FTIR, DSC, X-ray studies were investigated. The release mechanisms were explored and explained by applying zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer equations. The selected formulations were subjected to stability study at 40 °C/75% RH, 25 °C/60% RH for the period of three months. For all formulations, kinetics of drug release from capsules followed Higuchi’s square root of time kinetic treatment heralding diffusion as predominant mechanism of drug release. Formulation containing 25 mg HPMC K4M and 75 mg HPMC K100 LV (F-8) showed zero order release profile. There was no significant change in the selected formulation, when subjected to accelerated stability conditions over a period of three months. X-ray imaging in six healthy human volunteers revealed a mean gastric retention period of 5.60 ± 0.77 hrs for the selected formulation. Stable, sustained release effervescent floating capsules of risedronate sodium could be prepared by wet granulation technique.
Role of Nanoparticles in Pharmacotherapy of Cancer Therapy
Authors: Roy Anupam
Published: August 2020

Despite several dozen medications, millions of people are dying every year due to cancer. Additionally, the survival patients suffer from various serious side effects due to the use of available anticancerdrugs. The development of nanoparticle based drugs seems to be effective providing low side effects and targeted action on cancer cells. Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. Nanoparticles have unique biological properties given their small size and large surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows them to bind, absorb, and carry compounds such as small molecule drugs, DNA, RNA, proteins, and probes with high efficiency. Their tunable size, shape, and surface characteristics also enable them to have high stability, high carrier capacity, greater ability to incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, and compatibility with different administration routes, thereby making them highly attractive in many aspects of oncology.
Pharmacist for a Healthy India – Swasth Bharath
Authors: Singh G. N.
Published: August 2020

India has emerged as a global player for pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical revolution of 1970-90 of Indian Pharma Industry had demonstrated that India could be self-sufficient in the manufacture of essential drugs at affordable prices. The turnover of Indian Pharmaceutical is over $30 billion in 2015 including $15 billion in exports.  It was a great honor to preside the 67th Indian pharmaceutical congress held in Mysore. The topic of Pharmacists for a Healthy India is close to my heart and being a regulator myself, I feel that the Pharmacy fraternity can play a much larger role in contributing to the healthcare system in India. Pharmacist as such are involved in a big way in the regulation of drugs, be it manufacture, be it sale or research and development. A contribution of the Pharmacists is there at every stage till the drug reaches the consumer safely. For this purpose, the society needs a pool of well qualified and experienced pharmacists, which requires regular updating of their knowledge to keep pace with the developments taking place in the pharmaceutical sector. The advancements in technology and the emerging challenges in the health sector require pharmacists to shoulder the responsibilities towards the utilization of scientific knowledge in the use of modern medicines and the protection of the public against dangers of wrong use of drugs. The Pharmacy Council of India on its part will have to ensure that the courses offered for creating a high technology based are calibrated in such a way that the education and skills developed suit to the requirements of the Pharmaceutical Industry as well as needs to the patients
Streptomyces Ghanaensis sp. VITHM1-mediated Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and its Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Abirami Mani , Kannabiran Krishnan
Published: August 2020

Microbial green synthesis of nanoparticles and exploiting them for biological applications has received considerable attention in the recent past. Gold (Au) nanoparticles were synthesised using Streptomyces ghanaensis sp. VITHM1 (MTCC #12465) biomass and evaluated for its cytotoxic activity. Au NPs were synthesised after 56 h of incubation of cell free supernatant with 1 mM HAuCl4 at room temperature. The synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. The synthesised gold nanoparticles were highly stable, spherical in shape and the average size was 30-50 nm. The secondary metabolites present in the biomass were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mechanism of formation of gold nanoparticles with the two major secondary metabolites present in the extracted biomass was proposed. The 3D structure of the unit cell in the synthesized nanoparticles was determined by XRD data base. The synthesized gold nanoparticles  (200 µg/mL) exhibited admirable cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis in Hep-2 cells after 48 h of incubation. Gold nanoparticles (250 µg/mL) did not cause any haemolysis on human red blood cells. These results of this study suggest that Streptomyces biomass- mediated gold nanoparticles can be explored for cytotoxic activity
Determination of Bioactive and Pharmaceutical Components of Croton bonplandianus by GC-MS Analysis
Authors: Sivagnanam, Selvakumar , R Valliammai
Published: August 2020

The present study sought to analyze the chloroformic extract of aerial parts of the Indian medicinal plant Croton bonplandianus by GC-MS analysis and to explore the presence of major phytoconstituents. Gas chromato-graphy–mass spectrometric (GC–MS) analysis was carried out on the chloroformic extract of aerial parts of Croton bonplandianus for identification of phytocomponents in the plant while the mass spectra of the components  found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. There are 59 bioactive components were identified from chloroformic extract of Croton bonplandianus. Hence, it is of interest to investigate the presence of phytoconstituents from the chloroformic extract of Croton bonplandianus by using GC-MS method. The highest peak area (%) of 21.710 was obtained by Phenol,2-methyl1-5-(1,2,2-trimethyl cyclo pentyl)-(s) (Retention time 28.236) and the lowest peak area (%) of 0.76 was obtained by Bicyclo [7,2,0] undecane,10,10-dimethyl1-2,6-bis (methylene)-[1S-1R*,9S*)] (Retention time 29.396).  Results confirmed the presence of therapeutically potent compounds in the plant extract. This study is helpful to predict the formula and structure of biomolecules which can be used as drugs and further investigation may lead to the development of drug formulation.
Characterization and Screening of a Novel Multiparticulate Pulsatile Delivery of Aceclofenac
Authors: Nath Bipul , Saikia Santimoni
Published: August 2020

In the present investigation, sodium alginate based multiparticulate system overcoated with time and pH dependent polymer was studied in the form of oral pulsatile system to achieve pulsatile with sustained release of aceclofenac for chronotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis seven batches of micro beads with varying concentration of sodium alginate (2-5 %) were prepared by ionotropic-gelation method using CaCl2 as cross-linking agent. The prepared Ca-alginate beads were coated with 5% Eudragit L100 and filled into pulsatile capsule with varying proportion of plugging materials. Drug loaded microbeads were investigated for physicochemical properties and drug release characteristics. The mean particle sizes of drug-loaded microbeads were found to be in the range 596±1.1 to 860 ± 1.2 micron and %DEE in the range of 65-85%. FT-IR and DSC studies revealed the absence of drug polymer interactions. The release of aceclofenac from formulations F1 to F7 in buffer media (pH 6.8) at the end of 5h was 65.6, 60.7, 55.7, 41.2, 39.2, 27 and 25% respectively. Pulsatile system filled with eudragit coated Ca-alginate microbeads (F2) showed better drug content, particle size, surface topography, in-vitro drug release in a controlled manner. Different plugging materials like Sterculia gum, HPMC K4M and Carbopol were used in the design of pulsatile capsule. The pulsatile system remained intact in buffer pH 1.2 for 2 hours due to enteric coat of the system with HPMCP. The enteric coat dissolved when the pH of medium was changed to 7.4. The pulsatile system developed with Sterculia gum as plugging material showed satisfactory lag period when compared to HPMC and Carbopol.
Variants of stomach position in different types of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the fetus
Authors: Grebinichenko G. , Gordienko I. , Tarapurova O.
Published: August 2020

Purpose – to present detailed description for typical variants of the stomach location in left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the fetus in relation to the main topographic landmarks of the chest and abdomen, and to determine the relationship between the position of the stomach and anatomical variants of pathology.
Material and methods. Analysis of the data from 235 ultrasound examinations of 157 fetuses in patients with left-sided diaphragmatic hernia, which were referred in 2007-2020.
Results. In 3 cases (1.91 %) identification of the stomach and its location was impossible. In the remaining 154 cases, the following typical variants of stomach position were identified: intra-abdominal (22.73 %), intra-thoracic medial (12.99 %) and medial oblique (4.55 %), mid-ventral (21.43%), transverse ( 16.23 %), mid-dorsal (5.19 %), retrocardiac (5.84 %), paravertebral (2.6 %), left paracostal (1.3 %), and left pseudoanatomical (7.14 %) . With the abdominal localization of the stomach there was a shift of its pyloric part down to the bladder in 74.3 %, and in 17.1 % of cases stomach position was changed for intra-thoracic. Liver herniation was registered in 14.3% of cases with intra-abdominal stomach position, in 87.5% of mid-dorsal, and in 100% of cases with central-ventral, transverse, retrocardiac, paravertebral and left paracostal position. The liver was not detected in the thorax in cases with medial stomach position, and its identification was complicated in cases with oblique medial position.
Conclusions. Typical anatomical variants of the stomach and other herniated abdominal organs location in the thorax of fetuses with left-sided diaphragmatic hernia were determined. The proposed classification system of anatomical variants of left diaphragmatic hernia with an emphasis on the stomach position will allow to improve the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, as well as individual prediction of postnatal outcome.
Key words: congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital malformations, liver herniation, stomach position.
Learner Agency Through Language Portfolios
Authors: Teraoka Motoko
Published: August 2020

Whether or not language portfolios (LPs) can promote learner agency is examined in this paper in relation to Bandura’s (2001) core features of human agency: intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. In the 2018 fall semester, LPs were implemented in 4 EFL courses with 82 students at a Japanese university. Self-assessment checklists, class observations, and LP inspections were used to explore their effects. It was concluded that LPs may help promote human agency among students, in particular intentionality and self-reactiveness. However, it can be difficult to determine whether or not forethought and self-reflectiveness are fostered through LPs. Teachers’ timely intervention in students’ learning in the classroom, depending on the students’ English proficiency levels, learning purposes, and attitudes, is vital for successful implementation and optimization of LPs, as are teachers’ continued efforts to improve the efficacy and efficiency of LPs to promote learner agency.
本論では、ランゲージ・ポートフォリオ（LP）が学習者の主体性を引き出す可能性があるかを調査した。主体性とは、Bandura（2001）が提唱する、人の営みの核となる特性、すなわち、意図性・事前の計画・自己反応性・自己内省である。LPは、日本の大学で、2018年度後期に82人の学生を対象にした4つのEFLコースに導入された。自己評価リスト、授業観察、LP点検を参照しその効果を検証した結果、LPには意図性・自己反応性の特性を伸ばす可能性はあると考えられる。しかし、事前の計画・自己内省がLPによって促進されるか否かを決定づけることは困難であるとわかった。LPを導入し上手く利用するためには、教員が学生の英語習熟度、学習の目的や心構えに応じて、適宜に授業を通し、学生の学習へ介入することが不可欠である。また、教員には学生の主体性を伸ばすため、LPの有効性と性能を高める取り組みを継続して行うことが求められる。
New Approaches In The Diagnosis Of Oral Hemangiomas
Authors: M.A. Karimov , D.Z. Mamarasulova , R.R. Sadykov , Kh.Kh. Nurmatova
Published: August 2020

Scientific work was carried out on the basis of the Tashkent Medical Academy, Department of Surgery (1st city hospital), and Andijan Medical Institute, Department of Oncology from 2015-2020.  Clinical material includes 175 patients.  The comparison group consisted of 100 patients who were treated in various hospitals in Tashkent and regions of Uzbekistan.  According to the classification of vascular anomalies, the majority of patients with benign vascular tumors (DBT) were diagnosed with infantile hemangioma (IG) - 82.0%, congenital hemangioma (VH) - 11.4%, pyogenic granuloma (PG) - 5.8%.  Average age of patients: children - 1.2 ± 0.4, adults - 27 ± 1.2 years.  The frequency of DSO in girls was 78%, in boys - 22%.  Localization area: lip - 57.6%, cheek 8%, tongue 26.3%.  Complications of DSO: anatomical disorders, edema, bleeding, pain, infection, respiratory disorders occurred in 83.7% of patients.
Somatometric Characteristics Of Women Of The First And Second Period Of Adulthood Using Different Contraceptives With Different Body Types
Authors: M.T. Khamdamova
Published: August 2020

This article describes the characteristics of the anthropometric parameters of women of the first and second period of adulthood who use various contraceptives of different weights and physiques-in addition to height and weight, the characteristics of the pelvis size are presented – interosseous, intercostal, intervertebral sizes, external conjugate.
How and why plants and human N-glycans are different: Insight from molecular dynamics into the “glycoblocks” architecture of complex carbohydrates
Authors: Fogarty Carl A , Harbison Aoife M , Dugdale Amy R , Fadda Elisa
Published: August 2020

The N-glycosylation is one of the most abundant and diverse post-translational modifications of proteins, implicated in protein folding and structural stability, and mediating interactions with receptors and with the environment. All N-glycans share a common core from which linear or branched arms stem from, with functionalization specific to different species and to the cells’ health and disease state. This diversity generates a rich collection of structures, all diversely able to trigger molecular cascades and to activate pathways, which also include adverse immunogenic responses. These events are inherently linked to the N-glycans’ 3D architecture and dynamics, which remain for the large part unresolved and undetected because of their intrinsic structural disorder. In this work we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to provide insight into N-glycans’ 3D structure by analysing the effects of a set of very specific modifications found in plants and invertebrate N-glycans, which are immunogenic in humans. We also compare these structural motifs and combine them with mammalian N-glycan motifs to devise strategies for the control of the N-glycan 3D structure through sequence. Our results suggest that the N-glycans’ architecture can be described in terms of the local spatial environment of groups of monosaccharides. We define these “glycoblocks” as self-contained 3D units, uniquely identified by the nature of the residues they comprise, their linkages and structural/dynamic features. This alternative description of glycans’ 3D architecture can potentially lead to an easier prediction of sequence-to-structure relationships in complex carbohydrates, with important implications in glycoengineering design.
A systematic revision of the vulnerable mangrove genus Pelliciera (Tetrameristaceae) in equatorial America
Authors: Duke N.C.
Published: August 2020

Pelliciera is a genus of mangrove trees with distinct showy flowers with five petals subtended by two large foliaceous bracts. The genus, thought to be monotypic, only containing P. rhizophorae, was classified recently in the small diverse family, the Tetrameristaceae.
This distinctive genus occurs in a relatively restricted distribution in Central and northern South America in the Atlantic-East Pacific region. In this recent decade, two varietal forms have been reported across its range, of which one appears to be a colour morph referred to much earlier
as P. rhizophorae var. benthamii. The taxonomic status of the earlier morph was, however, insufficient to warrant individual recognition at the time, so the genus remained monotypic with no varietal forms. The aim of this treatment has been to review the systematic history of
the genus, to thoroughly re-assess available observations and to re-evaluate the current taxonomic status. In conclusion, the genus is recognised now as having two closely related species, described here as P. benthamii along with a redefined P. rhizophorae. Characters such as
leafy bract colour, leaf dentition and petal shape used in their discrimination are provided, along with notes on the ecology, phenology, a diagnostic key, and a revised distribution map that displays the oddly overlapping occurrences.
RapidEye ve PlanetScope uydu bantları ile pamuk bitkisi yaprak azot içeriğinin belirlenmesi
Authors: Kılıçaslan Serkan , Ekinci Remzi , Başbağ Sema
Published: August 2020

Amaç: Bu çalışma, pamuk bitkisinin farklı yaprak azot içeriklerinin uydu görüntülerinde oluşan değişimlerini saptamak, uydu görüntüleri yardımı ile yapraktaki azot içeriğini tahmin etmek, gelecekte uydu görüntülerini kullanarak geniş pamuk üretim alanlarında azot gereksinimlerini saptayarak azotlu gübre uygulama tavsiyelerinde bulunmak amacı ile yapılmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Mardin ekolojik koşullarında, tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde 3 tekerrürlü olarak 6 farklı lokasyonda yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, PlanetScope uydusunun 4 (Blue, Green, Red ve NIR) bandı ve RapidEye uydusunun 5 (Blue, Green, Red, NIR ve RedEdge) bandı kullanılmıştır. İncelenen yaprak azot içeriği ile uydu görüntüleri arasındaki ikili ilişkilerin saptanması yapılarak, regresyon (yaprak azot içeriği-yansıma) ve ters regresyon (yansıma-yaprak azot içeriği) analizleri yapılmıştır. Yaprak azot içeriği ile RE_Blue (r=-0.58**), RE_Green (r=-0.46**) ve RE_Red (r=-0.67**), PS_Blue (r=-0.54**), PS_Green (r=-0.43**) ve PS_Red (r=-0.42**) yansıma verileri arasında önemli korelasyon saptanmıştır.Genel Yorum: Yaprak azot içeriğinin tahmin edilmesinde incelenen tüm uydu bantları arasından RE_Blue, RE_Green, RE_Red, PS_Blue, PS_Green, PS_Red uydu bantlarının kullanılması tavsiye edilmektedir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Bu çalışma, büyük pamuk üretim alanlarında azotlu gübre kullanım ihtiyacının varlığını tespit etmek yönünden büyük önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle GAP bölgesinde artan pamuk ekim alanları ve pamuk üretiminde azotlu gübreleme dikkate alındığında çalışma yaygın etki ve büyük alanlarda hızlı sonuç elde etme yönünden önemlidir.