bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rising sustainability standards: the Cyprus Sustainable Tourism Initiative
Authors: Katemliadis Iordanis , Kolongou Efstathios Stathis , Drousiotis Philipos
Published: September 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the rising sustainability standards on the island of Cyprus and more specifically the Cyprus Sustainable Tourism Initiative and how this organization helped to make the case for sustainable development.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopted a qualitative approach using interviews to collect data from primary research.

Findings

Although Cyprus is a well-developed tourism destination, its sustainability standards have lagged behind. Tour operators initially encouraged the hospitality industry to commit to sustainability standards and the majority of the industry has done so. Yet there is still a gap between theory and practice and the industry needs to step up its efforts.

Research limitations/implications

The study was time limited and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed difficulties in terms of accessing interviewees and conducing the interviews.

Practical implications

The study reveals the current state of sustainability standards in Cyprus and the effort needed to address the future challenges.

Social implications

Sustainability is not a catch word but a way to offset the negative implications of human activity. Tourism and hospitality is an important economic activity and needs to play its role in protecting and improving environmental and social standards.

Originality/value

This is the first study to focus on sustainability standards in the hospitality industry in relation to the Cyprus Sustainable Tourism Initiative (CSTI).
Dispossessed, without place and face. The plight of elders
Authors: Brannigan Michael
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Have we grown closer and closer apart? Imagine the plight of our elders. Their history is linked with their geography, where they lived, loved and labored. The purpose of this paper is to explore how, though they have earned their “place” in the world, a world now under the hegemony of accelerated time and blurring of distance, many of them feel displaced, “unseen” and irrelevant.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper’s methodology is in narrative structure, at times referring to contemporary philosophical and art sources. The author’s commentary addresses this loss of place and face for today’s elders within the context of our failure, in the USA and much of the West, to construct a consistent, coherent philosophy of life stages. Put simply, the thoroughly pragmatic and future-driven culture of youth and productivity assigns no intrinsic value to getting old.

Findings

Place unfolds in particularities – my place, our home, etc. – and is critically distinct from space. As we squeeze together time and space through worldviews and technologies, we have erased the importance of place. This poses unique problems for elders for whom place, in particular home, carries special meaning involving time and relationships.

Originality/value

For elders, in particular, meaning comes through lived, embodied experiences. The author argued that our embodied encounters enable moral meaningfulness, and that it is the face which is the centerpiece of such engagement. Face reveals a moral invitation to authentic person-to-person communication. And in light of this communication, understanding the importance of place and need for face-to-face interaction helps to ground us in our conversations with elders. With our seniors, for whom the greatest gift is our time and attention, it is not only what we say, but how we are with them, through our presence, that matters.
Effects of large herbivores on fire regimes and wildfire mitigation
Authors: Rouet‐Leduc Julia , Pe'er Guy , Moreira Francisco , Bonn Aletta , Helmer Wouter , Shahsavan Zadeh Shahin A. A. , Zizka Alexander , van der Plas Fons
Published: September 2021

Abandonment of agricultural land is widespread in many parts of the world, leading to shrub and tree encroachment. The increase of flammable plant biomass, that is, fuel load, increases the risk and intensity of wildfires. Fuel reduction by herbivores is a promising management strategy to avoid fuel build‐up and mitigate wildfires. However, their effectiveness in mitigating wildfire damage may depend on a range of factors, including herbivore type, population density and feeding patterns.

Here, we review the evidence on whether management with herbivores can reduce fuel load and mitigate wildfires, and if so, how to identify suitable management that can achieve fire mitigation objectives while providing other ecosystem services. We systematically reviewed studies that investigated links between herbivores, fire hazard, fire frequency and fire damage.

We found that, in general, herbivores reduce fuel load most effectively when they are mixed feeders, when grazing and browsing herbivores are combined and when herbivore food preferences match the local vegetation. In some cases, the combination of herbivory with other management strategies, such as mechanical clearing, is necessary to reduce wildfire damage.

Synthesis and Applications. We conclude that herbivores have the capacity to mitigate wildfire damage, and we provide guidance for grazing management for wildfire mitigation strategies. As areas undergoing land abandonment are particularly prone to wildfires, the maintenance or promotion of grazing by domestic or wild herbivores is a promising tool to reduce wildfire risk in a cost‐effective way, while also providing other ecosystem services. Relevant land‐use policies, including fire suppression policies, agricultural and forest(ry) policies could incentivise the use of herbivores for better wildfire prevention.
Exploiting the chemical composition of essential oils from Psidium cattleianum and Psidium guajava and its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties
Authors: de Souza Weysser Felipe Cândido , de Lucena Fernando Azevedo , de Castro Ruann Janser Soares , de Oliveira Cybelle Pereira , Quirino Max Rocha , Martins Laésio Pereira
Published: September 2021

The genus Psidium comprises several native Brazilian plants, such as the araçá and guava trees. They are interesting sources of essential oils (EOs) that can be used as natural preservatives in foods due to their bioactive properties. This work aimed to evaluate and correlate the biological properties of the EOs from araçá and guava leaves with their chemical compounds. The gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of EOs. The antimicrobial activity was tested against 16 foodborne pathogens and the antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The major compounds identified in the essential oil of araçá (EOA) were β‐caryophyllene and β‐elemene, representing 38.69% and 7.47%, respectively, whereas β‐selinene (13.83%), α‐humulene (10.90%), and β‐caryophyllene (7.61%) were the major compounds identified in the essential oil of guava (EOG). Both EOs showed activity against Salmonella Enteritidis, with MIC being 1.41 µg/ml for the EOA and 1.37 µg/ml for the EOG. The EOA was more effective than the EOG against strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the MIC being 1.41 µg/ml. The EOA showed 10.43, 12.35, and 3.92 µmol TE/ml at 90 µg/ml whereas the EOG showed 4.54, 8.94, and 3.43 µmol TE/ml at 88 µg/ml for ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, respectively. Thus, the EOs demonstrated an effective action against foodborne pathogens and free radicals, indicative of their potential use as natural preservatives for foods.

Practical Application

Guava and araçá are native Brazilian plants producers of essential oils, natural compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant potential. The chemical composition of essential oils is responsible for its beneficial properties. The results demonstrated that the essential oils studied are rich in β‐caryophyllene and has excellent activity against malefic microorganisms and free radicals, and can also be used as natural preservatives in foods.
Alcohol use disorder severity moderates clinical response to varenicline
Authors: Donato Suzanna , Green ReJoyce , Ray Lara A.
Published: September 2021

Background

In a multisite clinical trial, varenicline was effective in reducing drinking in both smoking and non‐smoking patients with alcohol dependence. Because alcohol use disorder (AUD) is heterogeneous, research aimed at characterizing features associated with treatment response could advance personalized pharmacotherapy. The current study examined the utility of a multidimensional assessment of AUD severity to identify responders to varenicline treatment.

Methods

The study utilized data from a 13‐week, Phase 2, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multisite trial of varenicline in 200 alcohol‐dependent patients. Four hypothesized measures of AUD severity (i.e., DSM‐IV criterion count, withdrawal, craving, and alcohol‐related consequences) were combined into a single severity factor. A series of multilevel models that included the severity factor were conducted to examine its effects on treatment outcomes.

Results

All hypothesized indices of AUD severity loaded significantly onto a singular severity factor. Among low‐severity groups, varenicline treatment significantly reduced drinking (i.e., percent heavy drinking days, drinks per day, and drinks per drinking day) and, in the lowest severity group, it improved the mental health component of quality of life more than placebo. The most severe group showed no differences between the varenicline and placebo groups on drinking or quality of life measures.

Conclusions

Treatment response to varenicline may be greater among individuals with less‐severe AUD, as evidenced by both reductions in drinking outcomes and improvements in psychosocial functioning.
Maternal and offspring genetic risk score analyses of fetal alcohol exposure and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder risk in offspring
Authors: Haan Elis , Sallis Hannah M. , Ystrom Eivind , Njølstad Pål Rasmus , Andreassen Ole A. , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Munafò Marcus R. , Havdahl Alexandra , Zuccolo Luisa
Published: September 2021

Background

Studies investigating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on childhood attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using conventional observational designs have reported inconsistent findings, which may be affected by unmeasured confounding and maternal and fetal ability to metabolize alcohol. We used genetic variants from the alcohol metabolizing genes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), as proxies for fetal alcohol exposure to investigate their association with risk of offspring ADHD symptoms around age 7–8 years.

Methods

We used data from 3 longitudinal pregnancy cohorts: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), Generation R study (GenR), and the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort study (MoBa). Genetic risk scores (GRS) for alcohol use and metabolism using 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from ADH and ALDH genes were calculated for mothers (NALSPAC = 8196; NMOBA = 13,614), fathers (NMOBA = 13,935), and offspring (NALSPAC=8,237; NMOBA=14,112; NGENR=2,661). Associations between maternal GRS and offspring risk of ADHD symptoms were tested in the full sample to avoid collider bias. Offspring GRS analyses were stratified by maternal drinking status.

Results

The pooled estimate in maternal GRS analyses adjusted for offspring GRS in ALSPAC and MoBa was OR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.97–1.02. The pooled estimate in offspring GRS analyses stratified by maternal drinking status across all the cohorts was as follows: ORDRINKING = 0.98, 95% CI 0.94–1.02; ORNO DRINKING = 0.99, 95% CI 0.97–1.02. These findings remained similar after accounting for maternal genotype data in ALSPAC and maternal and paternal genotype data in MoBa.

Conclusions

We did not find evidence for a causal effect of fetal alcohol exposure on risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring. The results may be affected by limited power to detect small effects and outcome assessment.
Patient and provider factors associated with receipt and delivery of brief interventions for unhealthy alcohol use in primary care
Authors: Lu Yun , Chi Felicia W. , Parthasarathy Sujaya , Palzes Vanessa A. , Kline‐Simon Andrea H. , Metz Verena E. , Weisner Constance , Satre Derek D. , Campbell Cynthia I. , Elson Joseph , Ross Thekla B. , Awsare Sameer V. , Sterling Stacy A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Unhealthy alcohol use is a serious and costly public health problem. Alcohol screening and brief interventions are effective in reducing unhealthy alcohol consumption. However, rates of receipt and delivery of brief interventions vary significantly across healthcare settings, and relatively little is known about the associated patient and provider factors.

Methods

This study examines patient and provider factors associated with the receipt of brief interventions for unhealthy alcohol use in an integrated healthcare system, based on documented brief interventions in the electronic health record. Using multilevel logistic regression models, we retrospectively analyzed 287,551 adult primary care patients (and their 2952 providers) who screened positive for unhealthy drinking between 2014 and 2017.

Results

We found lower odds of receiving a brief intervention among patients exceeding daily or weekly drinking limits (vs. exceeding both limits), females, older age groups, those with higher medical complexity, and those already diagnosed with alcohol use disorders. Patients with other unhealthy lifestyle activities (e.g., smoking, no/insufficient exercise) were more likely to receive a brief intervention. We also found that female providers and those with longer tenure in the health system were more likely to deliver brief interventions.

Conclusions

These findings point to characteristics that can be targeted to improve universal receipt of brief intervention.
Are the powerful retributive, forgiving, or both? The moderating role of power on people’s responses to norm violation
Authors: Hashimoto Takaaki , Karasawa Kaori
Published: September 2021

Does power increase a person’s tendency to punish or forgive norm violators? Given that existing studies report mixed findings, we examined whether power contributes to both, as a function of person and situation. In four studies employing various designs, we tested the prediction that power facilitates the circumstantially dominant response, either punishment or forgiveness, determined by the person’s dispositional trait or a contextual cue (e.g., apology). In Study 1, high chronic power predicted stronger punitive attitudes toward a criminal perpetrator, especially if one is unforgiving by nature, while it also predicted forgiveness when people envisioned the perpetrator being repentant. Study 2 further confirmed the pattern with a simulated workplace scenario where we manipulated people’s experience of power and the absence/presence of an apology. In Studies 3 and 4, we tested the prediction using different indicators of aggressive behaviour. People primed with high power exhibited greater aggression toward an unapologetic target and lesser aggression toward an apologetic target, and this effect was especially salient among people who held a strong belief about justice. Reconciling mixed findings of existing literature, the results highlight how an interplay of power and other factors systematically determines people’s decisions and actions in cases of conflict.
Metabolomics can provide new insights into perinatal nutrition
Authors: Pintus Roberta , Dessì Angelica , Mussap Michele , Fanos Vassilios
Published: September 2021

Perinatal nutrition is a key factor related to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease hypothesis, which states that each and every event that happens during the periconceptional period and pregnancy can affect the health status of an individual. Metabolomics can be a very useful tool for gathering information about the effect of perinatal nutrition on both mothers and newborn infants. This non‐systematic review focuses on the main metabolites detected by this technique, with regard to gestational diabetes, intrauterine growth restriction and breast milk. Conclusion. Nutrition, metabolome and microbiome interactions are gaining interest in the scientific community.
Six simple steps towards making GEES fieldwork more accessible and inclusive
Authors: Lawrence Anya , Dowey Natasha
Published: September 2021

Fieldwork is a defining aspect of Physical Geography, Earth and Environmental Science (GEES) programme curricula. At its best, fieldwork offers students valuable opportunities to develop independent research skills in real‐world situations, examine analogues for a range of scientific concepts, and socialise with peers. It offers experiences that are challenging to replicate using virtual/remote learning. However, at its worst, traditional fieldwork practice and culture can present barriers to access and hostile environments that epitomise the broader equity, diversity, and inclusivity problems faced by GEES disciplines. With the role of fieldwork increasingly being called into question, here we promote simple adaptations that can make fieldwork more accessible and enjoyable for all.
Industrial Policy and Structural Change in Bolivia: Resource Curse or Historical Institutional Failure?
Authors: de la Cruz Prego Fernando
Published: September 2021

After fifteen years of state interventionism during the presidencies of Evo Morales in Bolivia, the data show that the country did not achieve the desired structural changes. The literature offers two explanations for this industrialisation failure: first, the resource curse hypothesis, and second, a dysfunctional institutional framework. However, none of these analyses look at the wide variety of instruments used to apply industrial policy in order to reach deeper conclusions on the nature of industrial performance. In our analysis, we adopt a wider scope (financial, fiscal and trade incentives) in order to explain the specific nature of the failure of industrial policy in Bolivia. Our results point to two causes of industrial failure. Firstly, the strategic sectors suffered from classic institutional problems (bureaucratic inefficiencies, politicisation, etc.) and secondly, the new manufacturing sectors showed a pattern of rentier behaviours associated with the resource curse expenditure boom.
The locomotion of extinct secondarily aquatic tetrapods
Authors: Gutarra Susana , Rahman Imran A.
Published: September 2021

The colonisation of freshwater and marine ecosystems by land vertebrates has repeatedly occurred in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals over the course of 300 million years. Functional interpretations of the fossil record are crucial to understanding the forces shaping these evolutionary transitions. Secondarily aquatic tetrapods have acquired a suite of anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations to locomotion in water. However, much of this information is lost for extinct clades, with fossil evidence often restricted to osteological data and a few extraordinary specimens with soft tissue preservation. Traditionally, functional morphology in fossil secondarily aquatic tetrapods was investigated through comparative anatomy and correlation with living functional analogues. However, in the last two decades, biomechanics in palaeobiology has experienced a remarkable methodological shift. Anatomy‐based approaches are increasingly rigorous, informed by quantitative techniques for analysing shape. Moreover, the incorporation of physics‐based methods has enabled objective tests of functional hypotheses, revealing the importance of hydrodynamic forces as drivers of evolutionary innovation and adaptation. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on the locomotion of extinct secondarily aquatic tetrapods, with a focus on amniotes, highlighting the state‐of‐the‐art experimental approaches used in this field. We discuss the suitability of these techniques for exploring different aspects of locomotory adaptation, analysing their advantages and limitations and laying out recommendations for their application, with the aim to inform future experimental strategies. Furthermore, we outline some unexplored research avenues that have been successfully deployed in other areas of palaeobiomechanical research, such as the use of dynamic models in feeding mechanics and terrestrial locomotion, thus providing a new methodological synthesis for the field of locomotory biomechanics in extinct secondarily aquatic vertebrates. Advances in imaging technology and three‐dimensional modelling software, new developments in robotics, and increased availability and awareness of numerical methods like computational fluid dynamics make this an exciting time for analysing form and function in ancient vertebrates.
Predictive value of chart‐based frailty evaluation for lung transplant candidates
Authors: Gee Serina , Lee Yoon , Shah Aloukika , Izadmehr Ehsan , Belperio John , Shino Yusaku , Weigt Sam , Goldwater Deena , Schaenman Joanna
Published: September 2021

Frailty, defined as a state of decreased physiologic reserve, has been correlated with poorer outcomes after hospitalization or surgery. Studies in lung transplant patients have associated frailty with an increased risk of post‐transplant mortality; however, a unified approach is lacking. The identification of frail patients can help clinicians pre‐emptively target modifiable risk factors and may facilitate risk stratification. The Frailty Risk Score (FRS) is a chart review‐based approach based on eight symptoms and four laboratory biomarkers. We applied this method in a retrospective study to investigate its utility in predicting post‐transplant lung outcomes. Eighty‐four lung transplant recipients were evaluated, including 51 older (≥ 60) and 33 younger (< 60) patients. Median FRS score was 3.9, with 63 categorized as frail (75%) and 21 as non‐frail (25%), using a previously published cut‐off of ≥3 to define frailty. A high FRS was associated with readmission in the first year after transplantation and with the number of readmissions. There was also an association between FRS score and death (p = .047). FRS may be a viable tool in the assessment of lung transplant candidates. Frail patients may benefit from earlier referral and targeted therapy prior to transplant, as well as close post‐transplant follow‐up.
Has increasing internet use due to smartphone uptake contributed to the decline in adolescent smoking?
Authors: Ball Jude , Zhang Jane , Stanley James , Waa Andrew , Gurram Niveditha , Edwards Richard
Published: September 2021

Introduction

The emergence of low‐cost smartphone technology has coincided with major declines in adolescent smoking and other risk behaviours. This study explores the relationship between internet use and smoking in adolescents and investigates whether rising internet use contributed to the decline in smoking between 2012 and 2018.

Methods

Data were drawn from a nationally representative New Zealand survey of students aged 14–15 (N = 11 299), conducted biennially between 2012 and 2018. We used logistic regression to explore the association between internet use and smoking and test whether increasing time on the internet was associated with declining adolescent smoking over the study period.

Results

The proportion of students spending 5+ hours per day online increased from 15% to 35%. Heavy internet use was not a protective factor for smoking at the individual level. In 2016/2018, some types of past week internet use were associated with decreased risk of smoking (e.g. doing schoolwork, finding out about news), some were associated with increased risk (e.g. social media use) and others appeared to have no association with smoking (e.g. gaming, online shopping). The relative risk of smoking was lower in 2018 relative to 2012 (relative risk 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.51, 0.90, after adjustment for demographic factors). Adding internet use to the model did not help to account for smoking decline.

Discussion and Conclusions

We found no evidence that increasing time spent on the internet during the 2012–2018 period (during which smartphones became ubiquitous) contributed to the decline in adolescent smoking.
Nineteenth‐century mortality trends: a reply to Szreter and Mooney†
Authors: Davenport Romola J.
Published: September 2021

In a recent article in this journal I challenged Szreter and Mooney's account of a mortality crisis in English industrial and manufacturing cities in the periodc. 1830–1850. I argued, first, that there was no robust evidence for a major fall in urban life expectancies in this period; second, that there was evidence for a rise in mortality in early childhood, but that this rise occurred in rural as well as urban populations, and persisted until the 1860s; and third, that an increase in virulence of scarlet fever made a major contribution to this rise. Szreter and Mooney contested these conclusions on two main grounds: that my methodology for estimating urban life expectancies differed from theirs; and that the geography and chronology of scarlet fever patterns did not fit those of early childhood mortality. Here I demonstrate that these criticisms are invalid. Using their methodology I still find no evidence for a dramatic drop in urban life expectancies in the 1830s–40s. I also present new evidence that scarlet fever was a major cause of childhood mortality by the late 1830s and 1840s, in rural as well as urban populations, and could therefore account for the observed rise in early childhood mortality in this period.
Little evidence for an effect of the rubber hand illusion on basic movement
Authors: Reader Arran T. , Trifonova Victoria S. , Ehrsson H. Henrik
Published: September 2021

Body ownership refers to the distinct sensation that our observed body belongs to us, which is believed to stem from multisensory integration. This is commonly shown through the rubber hand illusion (RHI), which induces a sense of ownership over a false limb. Whilst the RHI may interfere with object‐directed action and alter motor cortical activity, it is not yet clear whether a sense of ownership over an artificial hand has functional consequences for movement production per se. As such, we performed two motion‐tracking experiments (n = 117) to examine the effects of the RHI on the reaction time, acceleration, and velocity of rapid index finger abduction. We observed little convincing evidence that the induction of the RHI altered these kinematic variables. Moreover, the subjective sensations of rubber hand ownership, referral of touch, and agency did not convincingly correlate with kinematic variables, and nor did proprioceptive drift, suggesting that changes in body representation elicited by the RHI may not influence basic movement. Whilst experiment 1 suggested that individuals reporting a greater sensation of the real hand disappearing performed movements with smaller acceleration and velocity following illusion induction, we did not replicate this effect in a second experiment, suggesting that these effects may be small or not particularly robust. Overall, these results indicate that manipulating the conscious experience of body ownership has little impact on basic motor control, at least in the RHI with healthy participants.
Unilateral jugular vein stenosis in five horses and experience with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Authors: Paulussen Ellen , Decloedt Annelies , Vera Lisse , Lefere Laurence , van Loon Gunther
Published: September 2021

Background

Venous stenosis, a possible cause of jugular dilatation and congestion, is well known in human medicine but has poorly been described in horses.

Objective

To report unilateral jugular vein stenosis as a cause of jugular vein dilatation in horses and describe treatment by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA).

Study design

Case report.

Methods

Details of horses diagnosed with unilateral jugular stenosis were retrieved from medical records.

Results

Five horses were presented with a non‐painful, unilateral dilatation of the jugular vein of which two horses showed headshaking during exercise. In one horse an indwelling catheter had been used and jugular dilatation developed 4 weeks later. In the other horses, no intravenous injections had been administered in the months before jugular dilatation developed. Ultrasonographic examination revealed venous stenosis in all horses approximately 5‐10 cm cranial to the thoracic inlet. The internal diameter at the level of this stenosis was only 1‐3.1 mm. The length of the stenosis was about 15‐19 mm with a markedly thickened intima and media on ultrasonography. After enoxaparin treatment, PTA was performed in three horses. During the procedure the stenotic vein was dilated three times with progressively increasing pressures up to 12 atm. The stenotic diameter increased to a maximum of 4.9 mm with improved jugular blood flow. Aftercare included anti‐inflammatory and anti‐thrombotic therapy.

Conclusion

Jugular vein stenosis occurs in horses and should be included in the differential diagnoses of unilateral jugular vein dilatation. It may present in the absence of previous intravenous treatment. PTA of the jugular vein is feasible to improve jugular blood flow.
Generativity: A systematic review and conceptual framework
Authors: Thomas Llewellyn D. W. , Tee Richard
Published: September 2021

The construct of generativity is increasingly adopted to describe system innovation in digital contexts. We systematically review this construct, investigating its antecedents, processes and outcomes in management studies. We draw on different theoretical perspectives to develop an integrative conceptual framework. We argue that generativity is a sociotechnical system where social and technical elements interact to facilitate combinatorial innovation, and where generative fit and governance play a central role. Based on our bibliometric and qualitative analysis, we identify seven components of generativity: generative architecture, generative governance, generative community, generative fit, combinatorial innovation, generative outcomes and generative feedback. We integrate these components into a conceptual framework that describes the relationships among the components and how they collectively result in ecosystem innovation. We also elucidate future research directions for management scholars.
Cover Image
Authors: Gamez S. , Vesga L. C. , Mendez‐Sanchez S. C. , Akbari O. S.
Published: September 2021

The cover image is based on the Research Article Spatial control of gene expression in flies using bacterially derived binary transactivation systems by Omar Akbari et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/imb.12717.

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A lesson from the wild: The natural state of eosinophils is Ly6Ghi
Authors: Mair Iris , Wolfenden Andrew , Lowe Ann E. , Bennett Alex , Muir Andrew , Smith Hannah , Fenn Jonathan , Bradley Janette E. , Else Kathryn J.
Published: September 2021

With a long history of promoting pathological inflammation, eosinophils are now emerging as important regulatory cells. Yet, findings from controlled laboratory experiments so far lack translation to animals, including humans, in their natural environment. In order to appreciate the breadth of eosinophil phenotype under non‐laboratory, uncontrolled conditions, we exploit a free‐living population of the model organism Mus musculus domesticus. Eosinophils were present at significantly higher proportions in the spleen and bone marrow of wild mice compared with laboratory mice. Strikingly, the majority of eosinophils of wild mice exhibited a unique Ly6Ghi phenotype seldom described in laboratory literature. Ly6G expression correlated with activation status in spleen and bone marrow, but not peritoneal exudate cells, and is therefore likely not an activation marker per se. Intermediate Ly6G expression was transiently induced in a small proportion of eosinophils from C57BL/6 laboratory mice during acute infection with the whipworm Trichuris muris, but not during low‐dose chronic infection, which better represents parasite exposure in the wild. We conclude that the natural state of the eosinophil is not adequately reflected in the standard laboratory mouse, which compromises our attempts to dissect their functional relevance. Our findings emphasize the importance of studying the immune system in its natural context – alongside more mechanistic laboratory experiments – in order to capture the entirety of immune phenotypes and functions.
Human platelet lysate as a replacement for fetal bovine serum in human corneal stromal keratocyte and fibroblast culture
Authors: Seidelmann Nina , Duarte Campos Daniela F. , Rohde Malena , Johnen Sandra , Salla Sabine , Yam Gary Hin‐Fai , Mehta Jodhbir S. , Walter Peter , Fuest Matthias
Published: September 2021

The isolation and propagation of primary human corneal stromal keratocytes (CSK) are crucial for cellular research and corneal tissue engineering. However, this delicate cell type easily transforms into stromal fibroblasts (SF) and scar inducing myofibroblasts (Myo‐SF). Current protocols mainly rely on xenogeneic fetal bovine serum (FBS). Human platelet lysate (hPL) could be a viable, potentially autologous, alternative. We found high cell survival with both supplements in CSK and SF. Cell numbers and Ki67+ ratios increased with higher fractions of hPL and FBS in CSK and SF. We detected a loss in CSK marker expression (Col8A2, ALDH3A1 and LUM) with increasing fractions of FBS and hPL in CSK and SF. The expression of the Myo‐SF marker SMA increased with higher amounts of FBS but decreased with incremental hPL substitution in both cell types, implying an antifibrotic effect of hPL. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the RT‐PCR findings. bFGF and HGF were only found in hPL and could be responsible for suppressing the Myo‐SF conversion. Considering all findings, we propose 0.5% hPL as a suitable substitution in CSK culture, as this xeno‐free component efficiently preserved CSK characteristics, with non‐inferiority in terms of cell viability, cell number and proliferation in comparison to the established 0.5% FBS protocol.
Efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for people with type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sakamoto Ryo , Ohtake Yoichi , Kataoka Yuki , Matsuda Yoshinobu , Hata Tomokazu , Otonari Jun , Yamane Akira , Matsuoka Hiromichi , Yoshiuchi Kazuhiro
Published: September 2021

Aims/Introduction

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

Several electronic databases were examined on 16 January 2021, including PubMed, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized controlled trials were included to compare ACT with usual treatment for people with type 2 diabetes reported in any language. Primary outcome measures were glycated hemoglobin, self‐care ability assessed by the summary of diabetes self‐care activities and all adverse events. The secondary outcome measure was acceptance assessed by the acceptance and action diabetes questionnaire.

Results

Of 678 publications initially identified, three trials were included in the meta‐analysis. ACT resulted in a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (mean difference −0.62 points lower in the intervention group; 95% confidence interval −1.07 to −0.16; I2 = 0%; low‐quality evidence). In addition, ACT increased the score of the summary of diabetes self‐care activities (mean difference 8.48 points higher in the intervention group; 95% confidence interval 2.16–14.80; high‐quality evidence). Adverse events were not measured in all trials. ACT increased scores of the acceptance and action diabetes questionnaire (mean difference 5.98 points higher in the intervention group; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–10.54; I2 = 43%; low‐quality evidence).

Conclusions

ACT might reduce glycated hemoglobin, and increase self‐care ability and acceptance among people with type 2 diabetes.
Heterogeneity in Euro Area Monetary Policy Transmission: Results from a Large Multicountry BVAR Model
Authors: MANDLER MARTIN , SCHARNAGL MICHAEL , VOLZ UTE
Published: September 2021

We study cross‐country differences in monetary policy transmission across the largest euro area economies (France, Germany, Italy, and Spain) using a large Bayesian vector autoregressive (BVAR) model with endogenous prior selection. Drawing on the posterior distributions of the cross‐country differences in impulse responses and on other tests, we find real output and the money supply to respond more strongly in Germany to monetary policy than in the other countries. Whereas, the price level response is strongest in Spain and weakest in Germany. Longer‐term interest rates react more strongly in Germany and France than in Italy and Spain.
A comparative anatomical and histological study on the presence of an apical splenic nerve in mice and humans
Authors: Cleypool Cindy G.J. , Mackaaij Claire , Verlinde‐Schellekens Suzanne A.M.W. , Bleys Ronald L.A.W.
Published: September 2021

The cranial pole of the mouse spleen is considered to be parasympathetically innervated by a macroscopic observable nerve referred to as the apical splenic nerve (ASN). Electrical stimulation of the ASN resulted in increased levels of splenic acetylcholine, decreased lipopolysaccharide‐induced levels of systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha and mitigated clinical symptoms in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. If such a discrete ASN would be present in humans, this structure is of interest as it might represent a relatively easily accessible electrical stimulation target to treat immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases. So far, it is unknown if a human ASN equivalent exists. This study aimed to provide a detailed description of the location and course of the ASN in mice. Subsequently, this information was used for a guided exploration of an equivalent structure in humans. Microscopic techniques were applied to confirm nerve identity and compare ASN composition.

Six mice and six human cadavers were used to study and compare the ASN, both macro‐ and microscopically. Macroscopic morphological characteristics of the ASN in both mice and humans were described and photographs were taken. ASN samples were resected, embedded in paraffin, cut in 5 μm thin sections where after adjacent sections were stained with a general, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve marker, respectively. Neural identity and nerve fiber composition was then evaluated microscopically.

Macroscopically, the ASN could be clearly identified in all mice and was running in the phrenicosplenic ligament connecting the diaphragm and apical pole of the spleen. If a phrenicosplenic ligament was present in humans, a similar configuration of potential neural structures was observed. Since the gastrosplenic ligament was a continuation of the phrenicosplenic ligament, this ligament was explored as well and contained white, potential discrete nerve‐like structures as well which could represent an ANS equivalent. Microscopic evaluation of the ASN in mice and human showed that this structure did not represent a nerve, but most likely connective tissue strains.

White nerve‐like structures, which could represent the ASN, were macroscopically observed in the phrenicosplenic ligament in both mice and human and in the gastrosplenic ligament in humans. The microscopic investigation did not confirm their neural identity and therefore, this study disclaims the existence of a parasympathetic ASN in both mice and human.
The neuroanatomical consequences and pathological implications of bilingualism
Authors: Taylor Charles , Hall Samuel , Manivannan Susruta , Mundil Nilesh , Border Scott
Published: September 2021

In recent years, there has been a rise in the number of people who are able to speak two or more languages. This has been paralleled by an increase in research related to bilingualism. Despite this, much of the neuroanatomical consequences and pathological implications of bilingualism are still subject to discussion. This review aims to evaluate the neuroanatomical structures related to language and to the acquisition of a second language as well as exploring how learning a second language can alter one's susceptibility to and the progression of certain cerebral pathologies. A literature search was conducted on the Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. A total of 137 articles regarding the neuroanatomical or pathological implications of bilingualism were included for review. Following analysis of the included papers, this review finds that bilingualism induces significant gray and white matter cerebral changes, particularly in the frontal lobes, anterior cingulate cortex, left inferior parietal lobule and subcortical areas, and that native language and acquired language largely recruit the same neuroanatomical structures with however, subtle functional and anatomical differences dependent on proficiency and age of language acquisition. There is adequate evidence to suggest that bilingualism offsets the symptoms and diagnosis of dementia, and that it is protective against both pathological and age‐related cognitive decline. While many of the neuroanatomical changes are known, more remains to be elucidated and the relationship between bilingualism and other neurological pathologies remains unclear.
Congenital malformation and hemoglobin A1c in the first trimester among Japanese women with pregestational diabetes
Authors: Nakanishi Kentaro , Kanagawa Takeshi , Fujikawa Kei , Ishii Keisuke , Waguri Masako
Published: September 2021

Aim

To investigate the incidence of major congenital malformations in Japanese women with pregestational diabetes, and to determine the cutoff value of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the first trimester associated with congenital malformations.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included singleton pregnancies in Japanese women with pregestational diabetes, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and specific types of diabetes due to other causes. The primary outcome was the incidence of major congenital malformations. The secondary outcome was the incidence of all congenital malformations. The cutoff value of HbA1c for congenital malformations was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of major congenital malformations were calculated using multiple logistic regression analyses.

Results

This study enrolled 292 patients, including 132 (45.2%) with type 1 diabetes, 156 (53.4%) with type 2 diabetes, and 4 (1.4%) with other specific types. The incidence rates of major congenital malformations and all congenital malformations were 7.2% (21/292) and 12.7% (37/292), respectively. The cutoff value of HbA1c in the first trimester for major malformations and for all congenital malformations was 6.5%. HbA1c ≥ 6.5% was significantly associated with major malformations (aOR 3.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.2–12.6; p = 0.018).

Conclusion

The incidence of major congenital malformations significantly increased in pregnant Japanese women with HbA1c values of 6.5% or higher. The recommended HbA1c value during the first trimester used in other countries can be applied to pregnant Japanese women.
Intraindividual differences in adolescent threat appraisals and anxiety associated with Interparental conflict
Authors: MacNeill Leigha A. , Fosco Gregory M.
Published: September 2021

Objective

This study examined within‐ and between‐person associations among interparental conflict (IPC), threat appraisals, temperament, and anxiety to evaluate how these risk processes unfold at the daily level in adolescence.

Background

Adolescence is a developmental period of increased risk for anxiety, and exposure to IPC in the home elevates this risk. Specifically, adolescents who perceive IPC as threatening are at particularly high risk for anxiety, yet less is known about how characteristics of the adolescent (temperamental effortful control and dispositional levels of anxiety), as well as characteristics of the family (usual IPC), may temper this risk pathway.

Method

The sample included 151 adolescents and their caregivers who completed baseline surveys and 21 daily surveys. Longitudinal mixed models were used to test within‐ and between‐person associations between IPC and threat appraisals, and threat appraisals and anxious mood, including moderators of effortful control, dispositional anxiety, and usual IPC.

Results

On days when IPC was higher than usual adolescents perceived more threat, and on days when adolescents perceived more threat they had higher levels of anxious mood. Within‐person links between IPC and threat appraisals were moderated by usual IPC and adolescent dispositional anxiety levels. The within‐person link between situational threat and anxious mood was moderated by dispositional anxiety levels.

Conclusion

The results underscore the importance of considering individual differences in within‐person effects of IPC and threat appraisals on adolescent daily anxiety.
Analysis of capsaicin and the perceived spiciness of cabbage kimchi according to different preparation methods
Authors: Chon Seo‐yeong , Kim Mina K.
Published: September 2021

The object of this study was to determine the perceived spiciness of cabbage kimchi according to different preparation methods (leaves, stem, pureed and chopped mixtures of both leaves and stems). Four types of kimchi were selected with different levels of spiciness and capsaicin contents were conducted using HPLC. The degree of perceived spiciness was evaluated on a 15‐point universal scale using the Spectrum method. Time to reach maximum intensity (Tmax) was evaluated based on the time at which the maximum perceived spiciness was achieved for a period up to 30 s after the kimchi had been spat out. The spiciness and time intensity evaluations of kimchi were conducted separately. Measuring the capsaicinoid content of each part of cabbage revealed that the leaves had a higher capsaicinoid content than the stems. The participants recognized different degrees of spiciness depending on the part of the cabbage they tasted: Spiciness intensity of leaves was higher than intensity of stem in all Kimchi samples (p < .05). It was also found that the time to reach maximum intensity of spiciness lengthened as the capsaicinoid content of the kimchi increased, indicating that different part of the cabbage affected the participants' perception of its spiciness.

Practical Applications

Capsaicin is known for the spicy perception in kimchi. Analysis of spicy perception of kimchi, to this date, was solely dependent on instrumental analysis of capsaicin content in kimchi. This study found the difference in spiciness intensities according to the different presentation method of cabbage kimchi. Differences in perceived spiciness intensities were observed in different part of cabbage, and even between pureed and simple mix, in which composed with same ratio of leaves and stem. Finding from this study may provide the justification of using human sensory panel for rating spiciness intensity of kimchi instead of dependent on instrumental analysis of capsaicin for spiciness evaluation.