bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonsyndromic intellectual disability with novel heterozygous SCN2A mutation and epilepsy
Authors: Yokoi Takayuki , Enomoto Yumi , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Naruto Takuya , Kurosawa Kenji
Published: July 2018

SCN2A mutations are primarily associated with a variety of epilepsy syndromes. Recently, SCN2A has been reported as a gene responsible for nonsyndromic intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorders. Here, we present a case of a 12-year-old girl with nonsyndromic intellectual disability who exhibited a heterozygous de novo missense mutation in SCN2A. She developed seizures during the course of illness. This case suggests that the phenotype of patients with heterozygous SCN2A mutations can be variable.
Inverted signaling by bacterial chemotaxis receptors
Authors: Bi Shuangyu , Jin Fan , Sourjik Victor
Published: July 2018

Microorganisms use transmembrane sensory receptors to perceive a wide range of environmental factors. It is unclear how rapidly the sensory properties of these receptors can be modified when microorganisms adapt to novel environments. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that the response of an Escherichia coli chemotaxis receptor to its chemical ligands can be easily inverted by mutations at several sites along receptor sequence. We also perform molecular dynamics simulations to shed light on the mechanism of the transmembrane signaling by E. coli chemoreceptors. Finally, we use receptors with inverted signaling to map determinants that enable the same receptor to sense multiple environmental factors, including metal ions, aromatic compounds, osmotic pressure, and salt ions. Our findings demonstrate high plasticity of signaling and provide further insights into the mechanisms of stimulus sensing and processing by bacterial chemoreceptors.
Mid-infrared plasmonic multispectral filters
Authors: Wang Ang , Dan Yaping
Published: July 2018

A miniaturized mid-infrared spectral analyzer will find a wide range of applications as a portable device in non-invasive disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food safety and others. In this work, we report an integrated spectral analyzer that can be constructed by using Au subwavelength hole arrays as multispectral filters. The hole arrays were fabricated with CMOS compatible processes. The transmission peak of the subwavelength hole arrays is continuously tuned from 3 μm to 14 μm by linearly increasing the periodicity of the holes in each array. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy was applied to spatially map out the transmission of the hole arrays. The results show that each hole array can selectively allow for transmission at a specific wavelength. We further constructed an IR spectral analyzer model based on the microhole multispectral filters to retrieve IR spectral information of two test samples. Our experimental results show that the spectra from the integrated spectral analyzer follow nearly the same pattern of the FTIR spectra of the test samples, proving the potential of the miniaturized spectral analyzer for chemical analysis.
Glyco-engineered cell line and computational docking studies reveals enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli CFA/I fimbriae bind to Lewis a glycans
Authors: Mottram Lynda , Liu Jining , Chavan Sonali , Tobias Joshua , Svennerholm Ann-Mari , Holgersson Jan
Published: July 2018

We have previously reported clinical data to suggest that colonization factor I (CFA/I) fimbriae of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) can bind to Lewis a (Lea), a glycan epitope ubiquitous in the small intestinal mucosa of young children (<2 years of age), and individuals with a genetic mutation of FUT2. To further elucidate the physiological binding properties of this interaction, we engineered Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells to express Lea or Leb determinants on both N- and O-glycans. We used our glyco-engineered CHO-K1 cell lines to demonstrate that CfaB, the major subunit of ETEC CFA/I fimbriae, as well as four related ETEC fimbriae, bind more to our CHO-K1 cell-line expressing Lea, compared to cells carrying Leb or the CHO-K1 wild-type glycan phenotype. Furthermore, using in-silico docking analysis, we predict up to three amino acids (Glu25, Asn27, Thr29) found in the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like groove region of CfaB of CFA/I and related fimbriae, could be important for the preferential and higher affinity binding of CFA/I fimbriae to the potentially structurally flexible Lea glycan. These findings may lead to a better molecular understanding of ETEC pathogenesis, aiding in the development of vaccines and/or anti-infection therapeutics.
Diffusion-weighted MRI in solitary pulmonary lesions: associations between apparent diffusion coefficient and multiple histopathological parameters
Authors: Zhang Feng , Zhou Zien , Tang Daoqiang , Zheng Danni , Cheng Jiejun , Lin Liaoyi , Xu Jianrong , Zhao Xiaojing , Wu Huawei
Published: July 2018

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has gained wide attention as potential tool for differentiating between malignant and benign solitary pulmonary lesions (SPLs). The overall effects of multiple histopathological parameters on ADC have not been elucidated, which may help to explain the overlapping of ADC between malignant and benign SPLs. The study sought to explore associations between ADC and histopathological parameters in SPLs, and to compare diagnostic capability of ADC among different types of SPLs. Multiple histopathological parameters (cell density, nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio, necrotic fraction, presence of mucus and grade of differentiation) were quantified in 52 malignant and 13 benign SPLs with surgical pathology available. Cell density (β = −0.40) and presence of mucus (β = 0.77) were independently correlated with ADC in malignant SPLs. The accurate diagnosis rate of squamous carcinomas, adenocarcinomas without mucus and malignant tumors with mucus was 100%, 82% and 0%, respectively. Our study suggested that cell density and presence of mucus are independently correlated with ADC in malignant SPLs. Squamous carcinoma maybe more accurately diagnosed as malignancy by ADC value. Malignant SPLs with mucus and adenocarcinomas with low cell density should be kept in mind in differentiating SPLs using ADC because of insufficient diagnostic capability.
Differentially expressed microRNAs in experimental cerebral malaria and their involvement in endocytosis, adherens junctions, FoxO and TGF-β signalling pathways
Authors: Martin-Alonso Aarón , Cohen Amy , Quispe-Ricalde María Antonieta , Foronda Pilar , Benito Agustín , Berzosa Pedro , Valladares Basilio , Grau Georges E.
Published: July 2018

Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe manifestation of infection withPlasmodium, however its pathogenesis is still not completely understood. microRNA (miRNA) have been an area of focus in infectious disease research, due to their ability to affect normal biological processes, and have been shown to play roles in various viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, including malaria. The expression of miRNA was studied following infection of CBA mice with eitherPlasmodium bergheiANKA (causing CM), orPlasmodium yoelii(causing severe but non-cerebral malaria (NCM)). Using microarray analysis, miRNA expression was compared in the brains of non-infected (NI), NCM and CM mice. Six miRNA were significantly dysregulated between NCM and CM mice, and four of these, miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-142-3p and miR-223-3p, were further validated by qPCR assays. These miRNA are significantly involved in several pathways relevant to CM, including the TGF-β and endocytosis pathways. Dysregulation of these miRNA during CM specifically compared with NCM suggests that these miRNA, through their regulation of downstream targets, may be vitally involved in the neurological syndrome. Our data implies that, at least in the mouse model, miRNA may play a regulatory role in CM pathogenesis.
Metabolomic and lipidomic profile in men with obstructive sleep apnoea: implications for diagnosis and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk
Authors: Lebkuchen Adriana , Carvalho Valdemir M. , Venturini Gabriela , Salgueiro Jéssica S. , Freitas Lunara S. , Dellavance Alessandra , Martins Franco C. , Lorenzi-Filho Geraldo , Cardozo Karina H. M. , Drager Luciano F.
Published: July 2018

The use of metabolomic and lipidomic strategies for selecting potential biomarkers for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been little explored. We examined adult male patients with OSA (defined by an apnoea-hypopnoea index ≥15 events/hour), as well as age-, gender-, and fat-composition-matched volunteers without OSA. All subjects were subjected to clinical evaluation, sleep questionnaires for detecting the risk of OSA (Berlin and NoSAS score), metabolomic analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and lipidomic analysis with liquid chromatography followed by detection by MALDI-MS. This study included 37 patients with OSA and 16 controls. From the 6 metabolites and 22 lipids initially selected, those with the best association with OSA were glutamic acid, deoxy sugar and arachidonic acid (metabolites), and glycerophosphoethanolamines, sphingomyelin and lyso-phosphocholines (lipids). For the questionnaires, the NoSAS score performed best with screening for OSA (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.724,p = 0.003). The combination of the NoSAS score with metabolites or lipids resulted in an AUC for detecting OSA of 0.911 and 0.951, respectively. In conclusion, metabolomic and lipidomic strategies suggested potential early biomarkers in OSA that could also be helpful in screening for this sleep disorder beyond traditional questionnaires.
Wavelength dependent photochemical charge transfer at the Cu2O–BiVO4 particle interface – evidence for tandem excitation
Authors: Wu Zongkai , Cheung Ghunbong , Wang Jiarui , Zhao Zeqiong , Osterloh Frank E.
Published: July 2018

Surface photovoltage spectroscopy resolves wavelength-dependent photochemical charge transfer between irregularly shaped BiVO4 and Cu2O particles for the first time.
Elucidation of the roles of conserved residues in the biosynthesis of the lasso peptide paeninodin
Authors: Hegemann Julian D. , Schwalen Christopher J. , Mitchell Douglas A. , van der Donk Wilfred A.
Published: July 2018

Substrate binding assays, in vitro proteolytic processing assays, and heterologous lasso peptide production were used to investigate the roles of conserved precursor peptide residues during paeninodin maturation.
Correction: An efficient and recyclable ionic diphosphine-based Ir-catalyst for hydroaminomethylation of olefins with H2O as the hydrogen source
Authors: Liu Huan , Yang Da , Wang Dong-Liang , Wang Peng , Lu Yong , Vo-Thanh Giang , Liu Ye
Published: July 2018

Correction for ‘An efficient and recyclable ionic diphosphine-based Ir-catalyst for hydroaminomethylation of olefins with H2O as the hydrogen source’ by Huan Liu et al., Chem. Commun., 2018, 54, 7979–7982.
A progressive metal–semiconductor transition in two-faced Janus monolayer transition-metal chalcogenides
Authors: Guo Yan-Dong , Zhang Hong-Bo , Zeng Hong-Li , Da Hai-Xia , Yan Xiao-Hong , Liu Wen-Yue , Mou Xin-Yi
Published: July 2018

The bandgap of two-faced monolayer On/8MoTe2−n/8 decreases progressively as n increases from left to right, and finally converts to metallic.
Local crystallographic shear structures in a[201] extended mixed dislocations of SrTiO3 unraveled by atomic-scale imaging using transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy
Authors: Du Hongchu , Jia Chun-Lin , Mayer Joachim
Published: July 2018

Atomic details of extended mixed dislocations in a SrTiO3 bicrystal are studied using scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques.
A highly specific and sensitive ratiometric fluorescent probe for carbon monoxide and its bioimaging applications
Authors: Wang Zuokai , Geng Zhuofan , Zhao Ziyang , Sheng Wenlong , Liu Caiyun , Lv Xiaoyu , He Qiuxia , Zhu Baocun
Published: July 2018

A simple highly specific and sensitive ratiometric fluorescent probe has been constructed to monitor carbon monoxide levels in living cells.
Low-field giant magneto-ionic response in polymer-based nanocomposites
Authors: Correia Daniela M. , Martins Pedro , Tariq Mohammad , Esperança José M. S. S. , Lanceros-Méndez Senentxu
Published: July 2018

Polymer-based magnetic ionic liquids are demonstrated as a new class of smart materials with exceptional versatility and flexibility. The P(VDF-TrFE)/[C4mim][FeCl4] nanocomposite with a magneto-ionic response that produces giant magnetoelectric coefficients up to ≈10 V cm−1 Oe−1 shows great potential as an effective, scalable and multifunctional material suitable for sensor/actuator applications.
Neuroimaging in mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Mascalchi Mario , Montomoli Martino , Guerrini Renzo
Published: July 2018

MRI and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) are the main neuroimaging methods to study mitochondrial diseases. MRI can demonstrate seven ‘elementary’ central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in these disorders, including diffuse cerebellar atrophy, cerebral atrophy, symmetric signal changes in subcortical structures (basal ganglia, brainstem, cerebellum), asymmetric signal changes in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter, leukoencephalopathy, and symmetric signal changes in the optic nerve and the spinal cord. These elementary MRI abnormalities can be variably combined in the single patient, often beyond what can be expected based on the classically known clinical-pathological patterns. However, a normal brain MRI is also possible. 1HMRS has a diagnostic role in patients with suspected mitochondrial encephalopathy, especially in the acute phase, as it can detect within the lesions, but also in normal appearing nervous tissue or in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), an abnormally prominent lactate peak, reflecting failure of the respiratory chain with a shift from the Krebs cycle to anaerobic glycolysis. So far, studies correlating MRI findings with genotype in mitochondrial disease have been possible only in small samples and would greatly benefit from data pooling. MRI and 1HMRS have provided important information on the pathophysiology of CNS damage in mitochondrial diseases by enabling in vivo non-invasive assessment of tissue abnormalities, the associated changes of blood perfusion and cellular metabolic derangement. MRI and 1HMRS are expected to serve as surrogate biomarkers in trials investigating therapeutic options in mitochondrial disease.
Implications of selective predation on the macroevolution of eukaryotes: evidence from Arctic Canada
Authors: Loron Corentin C. , Rainbird Robert H. , Turner Elizabeth C. , Greenman J. Wilder , Javaux Emmanuelle J.
Published: July 2018

Existing paleontological data indicate marked eukaryote diversification in the Neoproterozoic, ca. 800 Ma, driven by predation pressure and various other biotic and abiotic factors. Although the eukaryotic record remains less diverse before that time, molecular clock estimates and earliest crown-group affiliated microfossils suggest that the diversification may have originated during the Mesoproterozoic. Within new assemblages of organic-walled microfossils from the ca. 1150 to 900 Ma lower Shaler Supergroup of Arctic Canada, numerous specimens from various taxa display circular and ovoid perforations on their walls, interpreted as probable traces of selective protist predation, 150–400 million years before their first reported incidence in the Neoproterozoic. Selective predation is a more complex behavior than phagotrophy, because it requires sensing and selection of prey followed by controlled lysis of the prey wall. The ca. 800 Ma eukaryotic diversification may have been more gradual than previously thought, beginning in the late Mesoproterozoic, as indicated by recently described microfossil assemblages, in parallel with the evolution of selective eukaryovory and the spreading of eukaryotic photosynthesis in marine environments.
Methods for testing automation and control
Authors: Schossig Thomas , Klien Andreas , Steinhauser Fred
Published: July 2018

During the commissioning of the substation automation systems (SASs) with protection, automation and control traditionally the main focus of testing is on testing the protection system and its settings. Protection testing uses established methods. When looking at the time spent during commissioning, testing the automation and communication system nowadays consumes even more time than testing the protection. Automation systems became increasingly complex and the efforts for testing communication and proper operation of all signals transmitted to the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems grew dramatically. This study describes a new approach to be used in all phases of the lifecycle of SAS. By utilizing the data available in substation configuration description (SCD) files it is possible to introduce new and more efficient methods for factory acceptance testing (FAT) and site acceptance testing (SAT). The approach identifies potential signals to be tested in the SCD file. Communication links and the used IEC 61850 services are recognized, documented and can be used for generating test plans. These test templates can be created during the specification phase, adapted for FAT and subsequently reused during SAT. Requirements for test equipment will be identified. An example of technical realization will be presented.
Performance of protection relays during stable and unstable power swings
Authors: McGuinness Sean , Patel Mahendra , Kelly Adrian
Published: July 2018

Power swings and loss of synchronism are complex events which occur during severe system disturbances. Many protection functions may respond during such events, but not always in an intended, expected, or coordinated manner. This paper aims to present an overview of the scenarios which give rise to power swings, how protection devices response, and how the implementation of protection algorithms by different manufacturers can cause similar relays functions to react in different ways.
Application of IEC 61850 for distribution network automation with distributed control
Authors: Yip Tony , Xu Bingyin , Zhu Zhengyi , Chen Yu , Brunner Christoph
Published: July 2018

IEC 61850 was originally conceived as a communication standard within a substation, but is being extended to cover other areas of the power system such as distribution automation (DA). IEC TC57 Working Group 17 has set up a task force to study the information exchange required for automating the distribution network. A draft technical report IEC 61850‐90‐6 is available, which presents different use cases of DA, produces the information models and proposes the configuration method. This paper presents one of the use cases which applies distributed control on an open‐loop distribution feeder. The system consists of a number of smart terminal units (STUs) to monitor and control substation circuit breakers, sectionalizing switches and tie switches within the feeder. The STUs work together in a distributed manner to achieve fault location, isolation and service restoration (FLISR) of the feeder. The data model for this use case is presented. New logical nodes are introduced. Standardizing the data model allows interoperability between vendors, makes integration of new devices easier, and forms the basis of a smart distribution network. Another important aspect is the configuration of the system. The configuration process of a new DA system is introduced in this paper.
Global Positioning System and GLObal NAvigation Satellite System constellations for better time synchronising reliability
Authors: Oliveira Lucas B. , Zapella Marcelo , Hunt Richard
Published: July 2018

The demand for accurate time synchronisation available 24/7 increases with the growth of critical substation applications, such as phasor measurement, merging units, travelling‐wave fault location and current differential protection schemes. In order to yield the best accuracy and granularity from such applications, the use of a common, reliable and precision‐time reference is essential.
Impact of CT saturation on overcurrent relays
Authors: Ma Yanjun , Crossley Peter
Published: July 2018

An overcurrent relay analyses and processes the secondary currents from a set of current transformers (CTs) and if the currents exceed the operating threshold initiates the tripping of a circuit breaker after an appropriate time. An important issue for a protection relay is how it responds when the steel core of the CT is saturated. The exact behaviour of a CT depends on various factors such as core size, CT ratio, primary current magnitude, DC offset, secondary burden resistance and remnant flux. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of CT saturation on overcurrent relays using both a physical relay test bench that includes actual protection CTs, and a modern relay test set configured to simulate the test bench and its CTs. The relay operating times, obtained under similar fault conditions using both the test bench and the test set, will then be compared. The results obtained will then be used to determine how different levels of CT saturation affect different generations of an inverse time overcurrent relays. The final section of this study will explain how CT saturation affects an overcurrent grading study involving a mixture of electromechanical, static and numerical relays.
Sequence component‐based approach for load desensitisation of distance protections
Authors: Leitloff Volker , Descloux Justine , Rios Sebastian , Fontenay David
Published: July 2018

This study describes an approach for distance protection load desensitisation based on sequence components. Compared to conventional load blinders in the impedance plane, this method allows keeping the necessary sensitivity to high‐impedance faults for distance protections, even under high‐load conditions. The advantages and drawbacks of this approach are discussed and the results of tests using the algorithm are presented.
New design of ground fault protection
Authors: Blumschein Joerg , Yelgin Yilmaz
Published: July 2018

Ground fault protection is widely used to protect transmission and distribution lines in case of ground faults. Combined with a directional element and used in a teleprotection scheme, ground fault protection can detect and isolate even high resistive ground faults not detected by distance protection. However, there are a lot of maloperations due to the incorrect result of the directional element of the ground fault protection using either zero sequence or negative sequence quantities. After analysing numerous fault records, it seems obvious that these problems with the directional elements cannot be solved using either zero sequence or negative sequence because these quantities are sometimes very small or not related to the fault. This study suggests a new design of ground fault protection using additional information given by numerical relays. With the new design, the ground fault protection takes a lot of advantages regarding phase selection and directional element from the distance protection. The main difference between the distance protection and the ground fault protection remains the different grading. For the distance protection, the sensitivity is limited by the resistive reach. The basic principle for the grading of ground fault protection remains a simple threshold of zero‐sequence current.
Three‐phase adaptive reclosure for transmission lines with shunt reactors using mode current oscillation frequencies
Authors: Huang Xinghua , Song Guobing , Wang Ting , Gu Yaobin
Published: July 2018

A three‐phase adaptive reclosing scheme using mode current oscillation frequencies is proposed for transmission lines with shunt reactors. Firstly, with phase‐mode transformation, the fault boundary conditions are analysed and then the composite mode networks are constructed, respectively, for transient faults and permanent faults. In the composite networks, mode currents of shunt reactors are computed and thus oscillation frequencies are obtained. It is found that in transient fault situations, mode currents oscillate in only one frequency which is the natural frequency of the corresponding mode network. By contrast, the number of frequency components varies in permanent fault situations, depending on the fault type. Based on the frequency characteristics discussed above, a three‐phase adaptive reclosing scheme is conceived. In the scheme, the transient fault is identified only if the shunt reactor mode currents contain one frequency which is equal to the natural frequency of the corresponding mode network. Otherwise the fault is taken to be permanent. By simulation, the correctness of the frequency characteristics is verified and the reclosing scheme is validated, hardly affected by fault locations and fault resistance.
Application of differential protection to offshore wind farm for earth fault detection with substantially unbalanced charging current
Authors: Song Fei , Ten Chui Fen
Published: July 2018

Introduction of renewable resources into the power system has raised significant challenges to the protection system. Conventional ways of working are deemed insufficient and need to be improved. This study will focus on one subject that has often been overlooked – unbalanced charging current. The application of long high voltage submarine cables to connect a large number of wind turbines to offshore substation has resulted in the considerable unbalanced charging current flowing into the system during earth fault. This study will present a real‐life application of differential protection to an offshore wind farm network. It will primarily discuss how the existence of unbalanced charging current affects the sensitivity of the differential protection relays. This discussion is further substantiated with actual fault measurements taken from one of Siemens built offshore wind farms. This study will subsequently recommend ways to improve the sensitivity of differential protection based on Siemens’ experience. As more and larger wind farms are built, this study serves a very valuable experience for offshore wind farm protection.
Combined islanding detection scheme utilising active network management for future resilient distribution networks
Authors: Laaksonen Hannu , Hovila Petri , Kauhaniemi Kimmo
Published: July 2018

Needed new cost‐efficient, reliable, standardised and redundant solutions for future resilient smart grids must utilise possibilities of advanced ICT technologies (such as wireless fifth generation and cloud servers with smart big data analytics) and have cyber‐security integrated into all solutions. In this study, resilient, future‐proof, grid‐code compatible combined islanding detection scheme for medium‐voltage (MV) and low‐voltage network‐connected distributed generation units during grid‐connected operation is simulated. The utilisation of active network management functionality at the MV level enables to control the reactive power unbalance continuously in order to ensure reliable islanding detection without a non‐detection zone. The combined scheme also prevents maloperations due to other disturbances.
Grid‐wide area protection settings analysis using protection settings evaluation tool
Authors: McGuinness Sean , Patel Mahendra , Kelly Adrian
Published: July 2018

This study sets out requirements for a tool to automatically evaluate protection relay coordination and assess, track, and visualise protection coordination results for large grid areas. The tool requirements include the selection process for which fault types, fault locations, contingencies, and generation dispatch should be studied, how the relay performance could be assessed, and how the large datasets produced by such analysis could be stored and visualised. Using these requirements, add‐on tools were developed for two popular commercial short‐circuit analysis programmes and tested and validated using network models from a number of real transmission and distribution grids.
Impact of an inverter‐based DG on a double‐ended fault location method
Authors: Jahanger Hayder K. , Thomas David W.P. , Sumner Mark , Rose Christopher
Published: July 2018

This study describes the influence of distributed generation (DG) on a double‐ended fault location based on measuring the high‐frequency fault transients. The additional non‐fundamental frequency current components from DG will influence the accuracy of an impedance‐based fault location technique based on non‐fundamental frequencies. A double‐ended impedance‐based fault location technique that utilises the high‐frequency content (up to 5 kHz) is studied. This study showed that double‐ended method is still able to locate a fault with a maximum error of 4% compared to the case without DG which showed a percentage error up to 2%.
Modelling and simulation of a time‐domain line protection relay
Authors: Ribeiro João Paulo G. , Lopes Felipe V.
Published: July 2018

Time‐domain protection relays have gained importance in modern transmission networks since they are able to increase the system stability margins by accelerating the fault clearance procedures. However, as this kind of function is in some aspects new for protection engineers, the modelling and simulation of time‐domain relays have been topics of interest to utilities. In this study, a modern time‐domain protection relay is modelled and simulated. To evaluate its performance, a wide variety of fault scenarios (882 fault cases) is simulated using the alternative transients program. The obtained results show that the behaviour of the implemented model is very close to that reported by the time‐domain relay manufacturer.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Kinesiology Taping and Standard Physiotherapy Procedures in Musculoskeletal System Disorders in Dancers
Authors: Drężewska Marlena , Śliwińska Zofia , Wiernicka Marzena , Śliwiński Zbigniew , Śliwiński Grzegorz
Published: July 2018

Objectives The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of application of Kinesiology Taping for musculoskeletal system disorders in dancers, in comparison with the standard physiotherapy procedures.

Design Cross-sectional study.

Methods Examined were 77 dancers of the Dance Theater from Poland, both male and female (58 women and 19 men), 18–25 years old (M=20.03, SD=2.67), who experienced pain in musculoskeletal system and who specialized in jazz dancing. All the examined patients had undergone a three weeks long therapy. In the test group (N=52), Kinesiology Taping was applied to the selected groups of muscles, peripheral joints and spine, with the tapes being replaced 3 times, after each 7 days of therapy. In the control group (N=25), the standard physiotherapy procedures were applied. For the assessment of effectiveness of the therapies, there were used: interviews, measurement of pelvic static, measurement of muscle strength with a dynamometer, measurement of hip joint range of motion with a digital inclinometer and measurement of pain with VAS.

Results Kinesiology Taping application has brought significant improvements in recovering proper pelvic static, increasing muscle strength, extending active range of motion of hip joints and lowering level of subjective sensation of pain.

Conclusions Effectiveness of the Kinesiology Taping application for musculoskeletal system disorders in dancers is comparable with the standard physiotherapy procedures, which makes it possible to obtain a similar therapeutic effect, using the painless, well accepted by patients method of treatment, which is addition costs less.
Status Quo der Wissenschaft und Forschung in der Physikalischen Medizin und Rehabilitation in Deutschland
Authors: Ritter Sabrina , Storrer Daniela , Weigl Martin , Krischak Gert
Published: July 2018

Fragestellung Die Studie erhebt Strukturen, Forschungsförderungen sowie -themen der Forschung in der physikalischen und rehabilitativen Medizin (PRM) in Deutschland.

Methode Über einen Fragebogen wurde der Status Quo der Forschung in Deutschland zum Jahr 2016 im Bereich der PMR erfasst. Dieser wurde an 109 Einrichtungen, v. a. Institute, Universitäten und Kliniken verschickt. Die Auswertung erfolgte deskriptiv.

Ergebnisse Rund 77% von 32 rückmeldenden Einrichtungen in der PMR erhielten Drittmittelförderungen. Die wichtigsten Fördermöglichkeiten waren Stiftungen, die Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund sowie leistungsorientierte Mittelvergabe (LOM) an den Universitäten. Forschung zur Rehabilitation überwiegt gegenüber der Forschungsaktivität in der physikalischen Medizin. Die Themen sind hierbei breit gefächert und reichen von Therapiemittelforschung bis hin zu Rehabilitationszugang und -bedarf. Dabei kommen vorwiegend quantitative Methoden zum Einsatz

Schlussfolgerung Die Erhebung gibt Hinweise auf die bestehende Forschungsstruktur im Bereich der PRM sowie der inhaltlichen Themenfelder. Die Forschung im Bereich der physikalischen Medizin ist gegenüber der Rehabilitationsforschung unterrepräsentiert.
Erfolgsfaktoren der Therapie – Biomechanik und Struktur sind nur Teil des Ganzen
Authors: van Minnen Jan Herman
Published: July 2018

Wir sind in der Lage, gezielt zu fragen, zu palpieren, zu testen, Schmerzen teilweise Strukturen zuzuordnen und auf der Basis von Hypothesen, Wirkprinzipien und Denkmodellen zu arbeiten. Und wir wissen auch, dass unser Verhalten und die Compliance des Patienten zum Behandlungserfolg beitragen. Können wir also am Ende einer erfolgreichen Therapie sagen, was genau ausschlaggebend war?
Identifikation besonderer beruflicher Problemlagen mittels des Screening-Instrumentes SIMBO. Eine Synopse von vier Kohortenstudien
Authors: Streibelt Marco
Published: July 2018

Fragestellung Der Artikel hat das Ziel die bestehenden Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich der prädiktiven Güte des SIMBO für die deutsche Reha-Population zusammenzufassen.

Material und Methoden Daten der bisherigen Kohortenstudien wurden verwendet. Dort erfolgte eine Erhebung des SIMBO zu Beginn der Rehabilitation. Das Outcome – Probleme bei der beruflichen Wiedereingliederung – wurde 3 Monate nach Reha-Ende erhoben. Alle Analysen wurden in Bezug auf Erkrankung und Geschlecht auf die Verteilung der Reha-Leistungen der Deutschen Rentenversicherung des Jahres 2015 gewichtet.

Ergebnisse Neun Erkrankungsgruppen wurden integriert (n=2422). 35% (32–39%) der Befragten wiesen berufliche Probleme nach der Reha auf. Personen mit diesen hatten mit 48 Punkten einen um 35 Punkte höheren SIMBO-Wert als Personen ohne diese. Bei einem SIMBO-Trennwert von 20 Punkten konnten indikationsübergreifend 89% (85–93%) aller Personen mit beruflichen Problemen erkannt werden. Für die Erkrankungsgruppen wurden unterschiedlich optimale Trennwerte ermittelt.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse sind der bislang stärkste Nachweis für die Güte eines Screenings in der Rehabilitation. Der Einsatz des SIMBO im Vorfeld der medizinischen Rehabilitation kann danach empfohlen werden.
Zum Einfluss eines Migrationshintergrundes auf die Umsetzung der Stillabsicht und ein vorzeitiges Abstillen
Authors: Brenne Silke , Breckenkamp Jürgen , David Matthias , Borde Theda , Razum Oliver
Published: July 2018

Fragestellungen Aktuelle Untersuchungen zum Stillverhalten mit einer angemessenen Berücksichtigung von Migrationsaspekten liegen aus Deutschland nicht vor. Folgende Forschungsfragen sollten mithilfe einer prospektiven Studie beantwortet werden: Welche Faktoren beeinflussen (vorzeitige) Abstillwahrscheinlichkeit und tatsächliche Stilldauer? Welche Rollen spielen Migrationshintergrund (MH) und -generation? Bleiben beobachtete Effekte bestehen, wenn für Bildung, Parität usw. kontrolliert wird?

Patientinnenkollektiv und Methodik In einem einjährigen Untersuchungszeitraum wurden in drei Berliner Geburtskliniken Frauen bei Kreißsaalaufnahme u. a. zu soziodemografischen Angaben und Migrationsaspekten befragt. Am 2./3 Tag post partum erfolgte nochmals ein standardisiertes Interview u. a. zu Stillbeginn und geplanter Stilldauer. Ein Teilkollektiv wurde 6 Monate post partum telefonisch u. a. zur tatsächlichen Stilldauer befragt. Das Stillverhalten wurde anhand multivariater Regressionsmodelle analysiert. Für die Analyse der tatsächlichen Stilldauer und möglicher Einflussfaktoren wurde eine Cox-Regression durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Das präpartal befragte Kollektiv umfasste 7100 Frauen (57,9% mit Migrationshintergrund), auf den Wochenbettstationen wurden 6884 Frauen erreicht, beim Teilkollektiv 6 Monate postpartal 605 Frauen. 55,9% der Migrantinnen der 1. Migrantinnengeneration, 32,9% der Frauen der 2./3. Generation und 52,9% der Frauen ohne MH stillten 6 Monate postpartal noch (p<0,001). Im adjustierten Regressionsmodell hatten Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund eine größere Chance mit dem Stillen zu beginnen als Frauen ohne MH. Mit einer Regressionsanalyse nach Cox wurde die Wahrscheinlichkeit, innerhalb von sechs Monaten abzustillen, überprüft: Im adjustierten Modell zeigte sich kein Effekt des Migrationsstatus.

Schlussfolgerung Der Faktor Migrationshintergrundes hat nur einen geringen Einfluss auf das Stillverhalten. Bei der Betrachtung möglicher Unterschiede sollte die Migrationsgeneration beachtet werden.
Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Aromatic Amides Directed by a [4-Chloro-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]amine Auxiliary
Authors: Ji Ya-Fei , Hu Ya-Hua , Xu Zhi , Shao Ling-Yan
Published: July 2018

A palladium-catalyzed ortho-arylation of aromatic amides ­directed by [4-chloro-2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl]amine as a bidentate auxiliary has been established. The reaction is characterized by normal working conditions, a broad substrate scope, and a wide functional-group tolerance. In particular, the protocol is compatible with highly sterically demanding ortho-substituted anilides and aryl iodide partners, with good yields.
Specificity of the Thrombin-Induced Release of Tissue Plasminogen Activator from Cultured Human Endothelial Cells
Authors: Levin Eugene G , Stern David M , Nawroth Peter P , Marlar Richard A , Fair Daryl S , Fenton John W , Harker Laurence A
Published: July 2018

The addition of thrombin (9 nM) to primary cultures of human endothelial cells induces a 6- to 7-fold increase in the rate of release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Several other serine proteases which specifically interact with endothelial cells were also analyzed for their effect on tPA release. Gamma-thrombin, an autocatalytic product of α-thrombin, promoted tPA release but was less effective than α-thrombin. A maximum increase of 5.5-fold was observed, although a concentration of γ-thrombin 20 times greater than α-thrombin was required. The response to Factor Xa was similar to α-thrombin, although the stimulation was significantly reduced by the addition of hirudin or DAPA suggesting that prothrombin activation was occurring. The simultaneous addition of prothrombin with Factor Xa resulted in enhanced tPA release equal to that observed with an equimolar concentration of active α-thrombin. Thus, under these conditions, Factor Xa-cell surface mediated activation of prothrombin can lead to a secondary effect resulting from cell-thrombin interaction. Activated protein C, which has been implicated as a profibrinolytic agent, was also tested. No change in tPA release occurred after the addition of up to 325 nM activated protein C in the presence or absence of proteins. Factor IXa and plasmin were also ineffective. The effect of thrombin on the endothelial cell derived plasminogen activator specific inhibitor was also studied. Thrombin produced a small but variable release of the inhibitor with an increase of less than twice that of non-thrombin treated controls.
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)-Induced ⍺-Granules Release from Platelets of Native Whole Blood Is Reduced by Ticlopidine but Not by Aspirin or Dipyridamole
Authors: Pengo V , Boschello M , Marzari A , Baca M , Schivazappa L , Volta S Dalla
Published: July 2018

A brief contact between native whole blood and ADP promotes a dose-dependent release of platelet a-granules without a fall in the platelet number. We assessed the “ex vivo” effect of three widely used antiplatelet drugs, aspirin dipyridamole and ticlopidine, on this system. Aspirin (a single 800 mg dose) and dipyridamole (300 mg/die for four days) had no effect, while ticlopidine (500 mg/die for four days) significantly reduced the a-granules release for an ADP stimulation of 0.4 (p <0.02), 1.2 (p <0.01) and 2 pM (p <0.01). No drug, however, completeley inhibits this early stage of platelet activation. The platelet release of α-granules may be related to platelet shape change of the light transmission aggregometer and may be important “in vivo” by enhancing platelet adhesiveness and by liberating the plateletderived growth factor.
New Chromogenic Substrates for Thrombin with Increased Specificity
Authors: Kolde H-J , Eberle R , Hebert H , Heimburger N
Published: July 2018

Chromogenic substrates for thrombin with high specificity are necessary for several functional assays, especially for the performance of photometric PT and APTT. A new approach to improve the specificity of chromogenic peptide substrates is made coupling tripeptide sequences selective for thrombin to derivatives of 5-amino-2-nitro benzoic acid (ANBA). Especially when the chromophore’s side chain is substituted by amines or amino acids hydrolysis rates by other enzymes like kallikrein, plasmin or factor Xa are decreased significantly compared to corresponding para-nitroanilides of the same amino acid sequence. On the other hand, most of these compounds are still sensitive thrombin substrates. KM-values for thrombin and other enzymes are in the same order of magnitude as corresponding pNA-peptides. ANBA peptide substrates may be useful to measure thrombin selectively in a mixture of other proteases like plasmin, factor Xa or kallikrein and for the colorimetric determination of PT and APTT.
D-Phe-Pro-Arg-Chloromethylketone: Its Potential Use in Inhibiting the Formation of In Vitro Artifacts in Blood Collected During Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Thrombolytic Therapy
Authors: Mohler M A , Refino C J , Chen S A , Chen A B , Hotchkiss A J
Published: July 2018

In vitro artifacts due to proteolysis may occur in blood samples containing recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) due to continued activation of plasminogen to plasmin by rt-PA. The aim of this study was to identify a rapid inhibitor of rt-PA that would not interfere in assays designed to monitor thrombolytic events.

When rt-PA was added at 5 μg/ml to whole blood and incubated at 25° C, fibrinogen decreased 50 percent, plasminogen levels decreased 90 percent and α2-antiplasmin decreased below detectable levels. If D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone (PPACK) or aprotinin were added before the addition of rt-PA there was no significant loss of fibrinogen. Only PPACK completely inhibited changes in fibrin degradation products, plasminogen and α2-antiplasmin. PPACK was also found to inhibit the binding of rt-PA to plasma protease inhibitors in vitro.

Rhesus monkeys were infused with rt-PA and blood samples were taken with either PPACK or aprotinin in the collection syringe. There was a significant increase in the recovery of immunoreactive rt-PA and consistent measures of fibrinogen, FDPs, plasminogen, and α2-antiplasmin in the PPACK group as compared to the aprotinin group which indicates that PPACK will prevent the in vitro formation of artifacts due to the presence of active rt-PA
The Diurnal Increase in Euglobulin Fibrinolytic Activity in Women Using Oral Contraceptives and in Normal Women, and the Generation of Intrinsic Fibrinolytic Activity
Authors: Jespersen Jørgen
Published: July 2018

The diurnal fluctuations in plasma euglobulin fibrinolytic activity in women on oral contraceptives and in normal women showed similar patterns of increase. Following inactivation of inhibitors by flufenamate the individual increases and the evening levels did not differ. The diurnal increase was related to an increase in extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, which contributes little to the total activity of the euglobulin fraction but induces an activation of the intrinsic system.
Effects of Intermittent Pneumatic Calf Compression On Postoperative Thrombin and Plasmin Activity
Authors: Weitz Jeffrey , Michelsen Jost , Gold Kenneth , Owen John , Carpenter Duncan
Published: July 2018

A previous study of neurosurgical patients demonstrated an imbalance between thrombin and plasmin action following surgery. The present study was designed to determine the effect of intermittent pneumatic calf compression on postoperative enzyme activity. Fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and Bβ 1-42 levels, reflecting thrombin and plasmin action respectively, were measured daily in patients undergoing elective craniotomy. Two of 9 patients not receiving calf compression developed positive fibrinogen leg scans, while none of 5 patients receiving prophylaxis had positive scans. Calf compression was associated with a markedly altered pattern of changes in the fibrinopeptide values following surgery. Without compression, there was perturbation of the balance between thrombin and plasmin action on the day after surgery as reflected by an increase in the FPA/Bβ 1-42 ratio. In contrast, in those receiving prophylaxis there was no change in this ratio on the first postoperative day. Calf compression both blunted the mean postoperative increase in the FPA level (1.8 nM vs 4.7 nM; p <.05) and augmented the mean Bβ 1-42 value (3.0 nM vs 0.2 nM; p <.05) so that the mean increase in the FPA/ Bβ 1-42 ratio was only 0.1 with calf compression as compared to 2.2 without it (p <.05). Systemic modulation of both the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways thus occurred in association with calf compression.
Purification and Characterization of Single-Chain Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (Pro-Urokinase) from Human A431 Cells
Authors: Corti Angelo , Nolli Maria Luisa , Soffientini Adolfo , Cassani Giovanni
Published: July 2018

A single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (A431sc-uPA) was purified ˜18,000-fold from A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell supernatants by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity chromatography on 5B4-agarose and ion-exchange FPLC (overall yield 63%). More than 100 jig of A431sc-uPA can be recovered per liter of supernatant. The product is homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and reverse phase FPLC analysis while two main isoelectric forms of pi 9.05 and pi 9.20 were observed by IEF. SDS-PAGE in reducing and non-reducing conditions, Western blot analysis and zymography showed that A431sc-uPA is a single-chain protein of about 50,000 Mr immunologically related to urokinase (uPA) and distinct from tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The N-terminal aminoacid sequence of A431sc-uPA (27 residues) is identical to that of human kidney single-chain uPA. A431sc-uPA does not incorporate 3H-diisopropylfluorophosphate and is virtually inactive on the synthetic substrate S-2444. Plasmin treatment converts A431sc-uPA into a two-chain active form with a fibrinolytic specific activity of 123,000 I.U./mg.
Betrachtungen zu einer möglichen Neuregulierung der Cannabispolitik in Deutschland unter Berücksichtigung der Erfahrungen aus den Niederlanden und Colorado
Authors: Neu Peter
Published: July 2018

In Deutschland wird seit einiger Zeit zunehmend über eine neue Cannabispolitik nachgedacht. Von vielen Seiten wird die Forderung nach einer Liberalisierung oder Freigabe des Cannabis laut. Der vorliegende Artikel fasst die wichtigsten Erfahrungen der Cannabis-Politik aus den Niederlanden und dem US-Bundesstaat Colorado zusammen und versucht, daraus Schlussfolgerungen für eine mögliche Neuregulierung der Cannabispolitik in Deutschland abzuleiten.