bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bose-Fermi Chern-Simons dualities in the Higgsed phase
Authors: Choudhury Sayantan , Dey Anshuman , Halder Indranil , Jain Sachin , Janagal Lavneet , Minwalla Shiraz , Prabhakar Naveen
Published: November 2018

Abstract

It has been conjectured that fermions minimally coupled to a Chern-Simons gauge field define a conformal field theory (CFT) that is level-rank dual to Chern-Simons gauged Wilson-Fisher Bosons. The CFTs in question admit relevant deformations parametrized by a real mass. When the mass deformation is positive, the duality of the two deformed theories has previously been checked in detail in the large N limit by comparing explicit all orders results on both sides of the duality. In this paper we perform a similar check for the case of negative mass deformations. In this case the bosonic field condenses triggering the Higgs mechanism. The effective excitations in this phase are massive W bosons. By summing all leading large N graphs involving these W bosons we find an all orders (in the ’t Hooft coupling) result for the thermal free energy of the bosonic theory in the condensed phase. Our final answer perfectly matches the previously obtained fermionic free energy under the conjectured duality map.
Evolution of magnetic fields from the 3 + 1 dimensional self-similar and Gubser flows in ideal relativistic magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Shokri M. , Sadooghi N.
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Motivated by the recently found realization of the 1 + 1 dimensional Bjorken flow in ideal and nonideal relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), we use appropriate symmetry arguments, and determine the evolution of magnetic fields arising from the 3 + 1 dimensional self-similar and Gubser flows in an infinitely conductive relativistic fluid (ideal MHD). In the case of the 3 + 1 dimensional self-similar flow, we arrive at a family of solutions, that are related through a differential equation arising from the corresponding Euler equation. To find the magnetic field evolution from the Gubser flow, we solve the MHD equations of a stationary fluid in a conformally flat dS
3 × E
1 spacetime. The results are then Weyl transformed back into the Minkowski spacetime. In this case, the temporal evolution of the resulting magnetic field is shown to exhibit a transition between an early time 1/t decay to a 1/t
3 decay at a late time. Here, t is the time coordinate. Transverse and longitudinal components of the magnetic fields arising from these flows are also found. The latter turns out to be sensitive to the transverse size of the fluid. In contrast to the result arising from the Gubser flow, the radial domain of validity of the magnetic field arising from the self-similar flow is highly restricted. A comparison of the results suggests that the (conformal) Gubser MHD may give a more appropriate qualitative picture of the magnetic field decay in the plasma of quarks and gluons created in heavy ion collisions.
Realisierung einer Mittelspannungs-Gleichstromübertragung mit extrudierten AC-Kabeln
Authors: Schichler Uwe , Buchner Anton
Published: November 2018

Die Gleichstromübertragung kann bei der Lösung der bestehenden Herausforderungen im Mittelspannungsnetz einen Beitrag leisten und zu einem sicheren Netzbetrieb beitragen. MGÜ-Anwendungen können dabei unter anderem für die Erhöhung der Übertragungskapazität von einzelnen Leitungen (Freileitung, Kabel) und eine flexible Lastflusssteuerung sorgen. Es besteht die Möglichkeit, bereits in Betrieb befindliche extrudierte AC-Kabelsysteme auf DC-Betrieb umzurüsten. Dabei sind zahlreiche technische Aspekte zu betrachten, die auch für einen Einsatz von neuen extrudierten AC-Standard-Kabeln für die MGÜ gelten. Die in Anlehnung an die CIGRE TB 496 bisher durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass ein handelsübliches 12/20-kV-VPE-AC-Kabelsystem den DC-Beanspruchungen des LCC-Präqualifikationstests für ein extrudiertes 55-kV-DC-Kabel standhalten kann.
Evolution of Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture During Dissimilar Friction Stir Welding of Duplex Stainless Steel to Low Carbon-Manganese Structural Steel
Authors: Rahimi S. , Konkova T. N. , Violatos I. , Baker T. N.
Published: November 2018

Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) was used to analyze the evolution of microstructure and crystallographic texture during friction stir welding of dissimilar type 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) to type S275 low carbon-manganese structural steel. The results of microstructural analyses show that the temperature in the center of stirred zone reached temperatures between Ac1and Ac3during welding, resulting in a minor ferrite-to-austenite phase transformation in the S275 steel, and no changes in the fractions of ferrite and austenite in the DSS. Temperatures in the thermomechanically affected and shoulder-affected zones of both materials, in particular toward the root of the weld, did not exceed the Ac1of S275 steel. The shear generated by the friction between the material and the rotating probe occurred in austenitic/ferritic phase field of the S275 and DSS. In the former, the transformed austenite regions of the microstructure were transformed to acicular ferrite, on cooling, while the dual-phase austenitic/ferritic structure of the latter was retained. Studying the development of crystallographic textures with regard to shear flow lines generated by the probe tool showed the dominance of simple shear components across the whole weld in both materials. The ferrite texture in S275 steel was dominated byD1,D2,E,$$ \bar{E} $$E¯, andF, where the fraction of acicular ferrite formed on cooling showed a negligible deviation from the texture for the ideal shear texture components of bcc metals. The ferrite texture in DSS was dominated byD1,D2,I,$$ \bar{I} $$I¯, andF, and that of austenite was dominated by theA,$$ \bar{A} $$A¯,B, and$$ \bar{B} $$B¯of the ideal shear texture components for bcc and fcc metals, respectively. WhileD1,D2, andFcomponents of the ideal shear texture are common between the ferrite in S275 steel and that of dual-phase DSS, the preferential partitioning of strain into the ferrite phase of DSS led to the development ofIand$$ \bar{I} $$I¯components in DSS, as opposed toEand$$ \bar{E} $$E¯in the S275 steel. The formations of fine and ultrafine equiaxed grains were observed in different regions of both materials that are believed to be due to strain-induced continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) in ferrite of both DSS and S275 steel, and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) in austenite phase of DSS.
Why computer simulations are not inferences, and in what sense they are experiments
Authors: Boge Florian J.
Published: November 2018

The question of where, between theory and experiment, computer simulations (CSs) locate on the methodological map is one of the central questions in the epistemology of simulation (cf. SaamJournal for General Philosophy of Science,48, 293–309, 2017). The two extremes on the map have them either be a kind ofexperimentin their own right (e.g. Barberousse et al.Synthese,169, 557–574, 2009; Morgan 2002, 2003,Journal of Economic Methodology, 12(2), 317–329, 2005; MorrisonPhilosophical Studies,143, 33–57, 2009; Morrison 2015; Massimi and BhimjiStudies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics,51, 71–81, 2015; ParkerSynthese,169, 483–496, 2009) or just anargumentexecuted with the aid of a computer (e.g. BeisbartEuropean Journal for Philosophy of Science,2, 395–434, 2012; Beisbart and NortonInternational Studies in the Philosophy of Science,26, 403–422, 2012). There exist multiple versions of the first kind of position, whereas the latter is rather unified. I will argue that, while many claims about the ‘experimental’ status of CSs seem unjustified, there is a variant of the first position that seems preferable. In particular I will argue that while CSs respect thelogicof (deductively valid) arguments, they neither agree with theirpragmaticsnor theirepistemology. I will then lay out in what sense CSs can fruitfully be seen as experiments, and what features set them apart from traditional experiments nonetheless. I conclude that they should be seen assurrogate experiments, i.e. experiments executed consciously on the wrong kind of system, but with an exploitable connection to the system of interest. Finally, I contrast my view with that of Beisbart (European Journal for Philosophy of Science,8, 171–204, 2018), according to which CSs are surrogatesforexperiments, arguing that this introduces an arbitrary split between CSs and other kinds of simulations.
Integration of an algorithmic BIM approach in a traditional architecture studio
Authors: Caetano Inês , Leitão António
Published: November 2018

Algorithmic BIM (A-BIM) is a design paradigm that merges the potentialities of both Algorithmic Design (AD) and Building Information Modelling (BIM). This paper describes how the A-BIM approach was integrated into the design workflow of two traditional design studios, to develop a set of parametric facades for a residential building, from which we automatically extracted material quantities and construction details.

This work demonstrates how the combination of AD with BIM influenced the whole design process and the selection of the final solution. The limitations found during the entire process are also addressed, such as tight deadlines and financial constraints. Finally, the pros and cons of using an A-BIM process compared to a traditional BIM approach are discussed, as is the implementation of this paradigm in a traditional design practice.

We also show how the efficiency of the A-BIM process can be greatly increased by the use of an Integrated Development Environment for AD supporting the generation of 3D models in both Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and BIM applications.

Highlights Combines algorithmic design with BIM in the context of a traditional design studio. Uses a portable CAD/BIM algorithmic tool to speed up the design exploration. Uses algorithmic design to optimize the production cost of a facade design. Automatically generates the corresponding technical documentation.
Gilbert's disc model with geostatistical marking
Authors: Ahlberg Daniel , Tykesson Johan
Published: November 2018

We study a variant of Gilbert's disc model, in which discs are positioned at the points of a Poisson process in ℝ2with radii determined by an underlying stationary and ergodic random field φ:ℝ2→[0,∞), independent of the Poisson process. This setting, in which the random field is independent of the point process, is often referred to asgeostatistical marking. We examine how typical properties of interest in stochastic geometry and percolation theory, such as coverage probabilities and the existence of long-range connections, differ between Gilbert's model with radii given by some random field and Gilbert's model with radii assigned independently, but with the same marginal distribution. Among our main observations we find that complete coverage of ℝ2does not necessarily happen simultaneously, and that the spatial dependence induced by the random field may both increase as well as decrease the critical threshold for percolation.
Linear de-preferential urn models
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Antar , Kaur Gursharn
Published: November 2018

In this paper we consider a new type of urn scheme, where the selection probabilities are proportional to a weight function, which is linear but decreasing in the proportion of existing colours. We refer to it as the de-preferential urn scheme. We establish the almost-sure limit of the random configuration for any balanced replacement matrix R. In particular, we show that the limiting configuration is uniform on the set of colours if and only if R is a doubly stochastic matrix. We further establish the almost-sure limit of the vector of colour counts and prove central limit theorems for the random configuration as well as for the colour counts.
AGGREGATE CLAIM ESTIMATION USING BIVARIATE HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL
Authors: Oflaz Zarina Nukeshtayeva , Yozgatligil Ceylan , Selcuk-Kestel A. Sevtap
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we propose an approach for modeling claim dependence, with the assumption that the claim numbers and the aggregate claim amounts are mutually and serially dependent through an underlying hidden state and can be characterized by a hidden finite state Markov chain using bivariate Hidden Markov Model (BHMM). We construct three different BHMMs, namely Poisson–Normal HMM, Poisson–Gamma HMM, and Negative Binomial–Gamma HMM, stemming from the most commonly used distributions in insurance studies. Expectation Maximization algorithm is implemented and for the maximization of the state-dependent part of log-likelihood of BHMMs, the estimates are derived analytically. To illustrate the proposed model, motor third-party liability claims in Istanbul, Turkey, are employed in the frame of Poisson–Normal HMM under a different number of states. In addition, we derive the forecast distribution, calculate state predictions, and determine the most likely sequence of states. The results indicate that the dependence under indirect factors can be captured in terms of different states, namely low, medium, and high states.
IV. Being Made a Patient People
Authors: Thompson Philip E.
Published: November 2018

I begin with thanks to Professor Freeman for a helpful article, and with the admission that I am torn by this topic. On the one hand, I have shared by direct experience and that of friends the same pain Freeman describes of being unable to commune at the Saturday evening mass at the CTS/NABPR convention. I remember Sandra Yocum's words of public lament in her 2014 CTS presidential address. Some of us may remember our convention at Spring Hill in 2005 when the celebrant at the Saturday mass that year, Fr. David Robinson, who grew up a New England Congregationalist, spoke with deep anguish of his deep desire to share communion with the Baptists, coupled with the inability to do so. We had sung Susan Toolan's “I Am the Bread of Life,” hearing in our own voices Christ's promise of being raised up on the last day. And then we sensed how that day was not yet. But we should remember that the “last day” when we will unquestionably be one, if I may borrow words from the poet W. H. Auden, “is not in our present, and not in our future, but in the fullness of time.” So we ask now about the prospects of provisionally—proleptically—embodying that oneness this side of the eschaton.
Experimental methods for warm dense matter research
Authors: Falk Katerina
Published: November 2018

The study of structure, thermodynamic state, equation of state (EOS) and transport properties of warm dense matter (WDM) has become one of the key aspects of laboratory astrophysics. This field has demonstrated its importance not only concerning the internal structure of planets, but also other astrophysical bodies such as brown dwarfs, crusts of old stars or white dwarf stars. There has been a rapid increase in interest and activity in this field over the last two decades owing to many technological advances including not only the commissioning of high energy optical laser systems, z-pinches and X-ray free electron lasers, but also short-pulse laser facilities capable of generation of novel particle and X-ray sources. Many new diagnostic methods have been developed recently to study WDM in its full complexity. Even ultrafast nonequilibrium dynamics has been accessed for the first time thanks to subpicosecond laser pulses achieved at new facilities. Recent years saw a number of major discoveries with direct implications to astrophysics such as the formation of diamond at pressures relevant to interiors of frozen giant planets like Neptune, metallic hydrogen under conditions such as those found inside Jupiter’s dynamo or formation of lonsdaleite crystals under extreme pressures during asteroid impacts on celestial bodies. This paper provides a broad review of the most recent experimental work carried out in this field with a special focus on the methods used. All typical schemes used to produce WDM are discussed in detail. Most of the diagnostic techniques recently established to probe WDM are also described. This paper also provides an overview of the most prominent examples of these methods used in experiments. Even though the main emphasis of the publication is experimental work focused on laboratory astrophysics primarily at laser facilities, a brief outline of other methods such as dynamic compression with z-pinches and static compression using diamond anvil cells (DAC) is also included. Some relevant theoretical and computational efforts related to WDM and astrophysics are mentioned in this review.
Editorial
Authors: Nakata Martin , Barney Katelyn
Published: November 2018

We are very pleased to bring you Volume 47, issue 2 of The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education. The theme of this year's NAIDOC week was ‘Because of her we can’ so it is appropriate that the first article in this volume focuses on the gendered stories of pathways through university by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. Using Ahmed's work on ‘wilfulness’, Rennie explores the resilience, resistance and persistence of seven female Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander higher education students and considers the ways they negotiate pathways and success through university. Bright and Mackinlay also draw on the concept of ‘wilfulness’ to report on the successes and failures of a research project exploring mentoring programs for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander preservice teachers. They suggest that tensions are always present between the need to comply with the expectations of a Western academic institution while engaging in a wilful pursuit of the kinds of resistance that may be necessary in attempts at decoloniality. Also drawing on a decolonial lens, McDowall explore how preservice teachers position themselves and how they consider their relationships and ethical responsibilities in the field of Indigenous education. Pre-service teachers in different context are the focus of Torepe and Manning who examine the lived experiences and various challenges confronting this group of experienced Māori language teachers working in English-medium, state-funded schools.
Development of microsatellite markers for an outbreaking species of oak gall wasp,Zapatella davisae(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), in the northeastern United States
Authors: Andersen J.C. , Camp C.P. , Davis M.J. , Havill N.P. , Elkinton J.S.
Published: November 2018

Populations of the recently described black oak gall wasp,Zapatella davisaeBuffington (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), have been identified as the cause of extensive tree damage and mortality to black oaks,Quercus velutinaLamarck (Fagales: Fagaceae), in the northeastern United States. Relatively little is known, however, about the distribution, phylogenetic placement, and lifecycle of this important tree pest. Therefore, we conducted next-generation sequencing using the Ion Torrent™ PGM (ThermoFisher Scientific, Inc.) platform to develop genomic resources for the study ofZ. davisaeand for other closely related species of oak gall wasps. Individual sequence reads were aligned, assembled into unique contigs, and the contigs were then utilized for thein silicoisolation and development of microsatellite markers. In total, we screened 36 candidate microsatellite loci, of which 23 amplified consistently (five polymorphic and 18 monomorphic). We then examined whether the polymorphic loci could be used to infer whether populations ofZ. davisaefrom Cape Cod and Nantucket are sexual or asexual by calculating several metrics of genetic diversity that might indicate the mode of reproduction. These included testing for statistical deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and for linkage disequilibrium (LD), observations for the presence of the Meselson effect, and by calculating the probability that clonal individuals are more prevalent than would be expected in a randomly mating population. While we found significant deviations from HWE and more clonal individuals than expected, our estimates of the Meselson effect were inconclusive due to limited sampling, and we found no evidence of LD. Therefore, the sexual/asexual status ofZ. davisaepopulations remains uncertain.
Multiple Solutions of Sublinear Quasilinear Schrödinger Equations with Small Perturbations
Authors: Zhang Liang , Tang X. H. , Chen Yi
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we consider the existence of multiple solutions for the quasilinear Schrödinger equation $$\left\{ {\matrix{ {-\Delta u-\Delta (\vert u \vert ^\alpha )\vert u \vert ^{\alpha -2}u = g(x,u) + \theta h(x,u),\;\;x\in \Omega } \hfill \cr {u = 0,\;\;x\in \partial \Omega ,} \hfill \cr } } \right.$$ where Ω is a bounded smooth domain in ℝN (N ≥ 1), α ≥ 2 and θ is a parameter. Under the assumption that g(x, u) is sublinear near the origin with respect to u, we study the effect of the perturbation term h(x, u), which may break the symmetry of the associated energy functional. With the aid of critical point theory and the truncation method, we show that this system possesses multiple small negative energy solutions.
Metrical Results on the Distribution of Fractional Parts of Powers of Real Numbers
Authors: Bugeaud Yann , Liao Lingmin , Rams Michał
Published: November 2018

We establish several new metrical results on the distribution properties of the sequence ({xn})n≥1, where {·} denotes the fractional part. Many of them are presented in a more general framework, in which the sequence of functions (x ↦ xn)n≥1 is replaced by a sequence (fn)n≥1, under some growth and regularity conditions on the functions fn.
Was Timothy in Prison with Paul?
Authors: Doole J. Andrew
Published: November 2018

Paul and Timothy are almost inseparable. The letters to Philemon and the Philippians are addressed from both Paul and Timothy and appear to be sent from prison. This makes most sense if both are in prison, especially given the risk inherent in naming an accomplice who remains free. And when Paul is in prison, Timothy is not sent anywhere. Could it be that Timothy was in prison alongside Paul? The personal tone and content of both letters nonetheless reflect concern only for Paul, what he has done and what will happen to him. No one cares about Timothy, so Timothy is probably not in prison.
Throw the Blasphemer off a Cliff: Luke 4.16–30 in Light of theLife of Aesop
Authors: Froelich Margaret , Phillips Thomas E.
Published: November 2018

In Jesus’ sermon at Nazareth in Luke (4.16–30), his reminder that Elijah had aided non-Jews (vv. 26–7) is met with an unusual death sentence – to throw Jesus from a cliff. This has been conceptually and geographically vexing for scholars. This paper reads the passage beside theLife of Aesop, in which the Delphians condemn the fabulist to the same fate for blasphemy (130–42). Aesop's offence, like Jesus’, is to malign the special status of the Delphians before their god. The Lukan Evangelist's use of the same manner of death for the same type of speech act indicates that the crowd at Nazareth has condemned Jesus for blasphemy.
οἱ πιστεύοντες: An Early Christ-Group Self-Designation and Paul's Rhetoric of Faith
Authors: Schellenberg Ryan S.
Published: November 2018

Although it is widely recognised that οἱ πιστεύοντες was a self-designation of the early Christ groups, this is not reflected in scholarship on Romans and Galatians, where the participle is usually taken as a generic substantive. Such a rendering obscures the force of Paul's rhetoric, which presupposes the status of οἱ πιστεύοντες as a shared self-designation and mobilises it in an effort to naturalise Paul's claims regarding the exclusive justificatory value of his addressees’ πίστις. Accordingly, in Rom 3.22 and Gal 3.22, where οἱ πιστεύοντες appears in close connection with πίστις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, it is unlikely that the latter phrase designates Christ's own faithfulness.
Elucidatingin vitroandin vivophenotypic behaviour ofL. infantum/L. majornatural hybrids
Authors: Cortes S. , Albuquerque-Wendt A. , Maia C. , Carvalho M. , Lima I. A. , de Freitas L. A. R. , dos-Santos W. L. C. , Campino L.
Published: November 2018

The clinical manifestation and course ofLeishmaniainfections depend on factors such as species, virulence and host-immunity. Although trypanosomatids are considered to have clonal propagation, genetic hybridization has produced successful natural hybrid lineages. Hybrids displaying strong selective advantages may have an impact on pathogenesis and the eco-epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Thus, characterization of phenotypic properties ofLeishmaniahybrids could bring significant insight into the biology, infectivity, pathogenicity and transmission dynamics of these atypical strains. The present study focuses on phenotypic features and survival capacity ofLeishmania infantum/Leishmania majorhybrid isolates as compared with representative putative parental species,L. infantumandL. major.In vitroassays (growth kinetics, susceptibility to different conditions) andin vivoinfection (parasite detection and histopathological alterations) showed that hybrids present higher growth capacity and decreased susceptibility to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, evaluation of infected spleen tissue suggests that hybrids induce a stronger immune reaction than their putative parents, leading to the development of white pulp hyperplasia in B-lymphocyte compartments. Overall, these hybrids have shown high plasticity in terms of their general behaviour within the different phenotypic parameters, suggesting that they might have acquired genetic features conferring different mechanisms to evade host cells.
Body mass index in midlife and risk of attempted suicide and suicide: prospective study of 1 million UK women
Authors: Geulayov Galit , Ferrey Anne , Hawton Keith , Hermon Carol , Reeves Gillian K. , Green Jane , Beral Valerie , Floud Sarah ,   for the Million Women Study Collaborators
Published: November 2018

Background

High body mass index (BMI) has been associated with lower risks of suicidal behaviour and being underweight with increased risks. However, evidence is inconsistent and sparse, particularly for women. We aim to study this relationship in a large cohort of UK women.

Methods

In total 1.2 million women, mean age 56 (s.d. 5) years, without prior suicide attempts or other major illness, recruited in 1996–2001 were followed by record linkage to national hospital admission and death databases. Cox regression yielded relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for attempted suicide and suicide by BMI, adjusted for baseline lifestyle factors and self-reported treatment for depression or anxiety.

Results

After 16 (s.d. 3) years of follow-up, 4930 women attempted suicide and 642 died by suicide. The small proportion (4%) with BMI <20 kg/m2 were at clearly greater risk of attempted suicide (RR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.23–1.56) and suicide (RR = 2.10, 1.59–2.78) than women of BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2; p < 0.0001 for both comparisons. Small body size at 10 and 20 years old was also associated with increased risks. Half the cohort had BMIs >25 kg/m2 and, while risks were somewhat lower than for BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2 (attempted suicide RR = 0.91, 0.86–0.96; p = 0.001; suicide RR = 0.79, 0.67–0.93; p = 0.006), the reductions in risk were not strongly related to level of BMI.

Conclusions

Being underweight is associated with a definite increase in the risk of suicidal behaviour, particularly death by suicide. Residual confounding cannot be excluded for the small and inconsistent decreased risk of suicidal behaviour associated with being overweight or obese.
From laboratory to life: associating brain reward processing with real-life motivated behaviour and symptoms of depression in non-help-seeking young adults
Authors: Bakker Jindra M. , Goossens Liesbet , Kumar Poornima , Lange Iris M. J. , Michielse Stijn , Schruers Koen , Bastiaansen Jojanneke A. , Lieverse Ritsaert , Marcelis Machteld , van Amelsvoort Thérèse , van Os Jim , Myin-Germeys Inez , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Wichers Marieke
Published: November 2018

Background

Depression has been associated with abnormalities in neural underpinnings of Reward Learning (RL). However, inconsistencies have emerged, possibly owing to medication effects. Additionally, it remains unclear how neural RL signals relate to real-life behaviour. The current study, therefore, examined neural RL signals in young, mildly to moderately depressed – but non-help-seeking and unmedicated – individuals and how these signals are associated with depressive symptoms and real-life motivated behaviour.

Methods

Individuals with symptoms along the depression continuum (n = 87) were recruited from the community. They performed an RL task during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and were assessed with the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), completing short questionnaires on emotions and behaviours up to 10 times/day for 15 days. Q-learning model-derived Reward Prediction Errors (RPEs) were examined in striatal areas, and subsequently associated with depressive symptoms and an ESM measure capturing (non-linearly) how anticipation of reward experience corresponds to actual reward experience later on.

Results

Significant RPE signals were found in the striatum, insula, amygdala, hippocampus, frontal and occipital cortices. Region-of-interest analyses revealed a significant association between RPE signals and (a) self-reported depressive symptoms in the right nucleus accumbens (b = −0.017, p = 0.006) and putamen (b = −0.013, p = .012); and (b) the quadratic ESM variable in the left (b = 0.010, p = .010) and right (b = 0.026, p = 0.011) nucleus accumbens and right putamen (b = 0.047, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Striatal RPE signals are disrupted along the depression continuum. Moreover, they are associated with reward-related behaviour in real-life, suggesting that real-life coupling of reward anticipation and engagement in rewarding activities might be a relevant target of psychological therapies for depression.
Why Countries ‘Get Tough on the Work-Shy’: The Role of Adverse Economic Conditions
Authors: KNOTZ CARLO
Published: November 2018

There has been a clear trend toward greater conditionality and coercion in labour market and social policy in recent decades, a key part of which is tougher sanctions for unemployment benefit claimants who refuse offers of employment or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations. Our understanding of this trend and its determinants is so far built only on a corpus of small-N evidence, while systematic comparative large-N analyses are lacking. As a result, the broad patterns of policy change and their general political drivers remain underexplored. This paper fills this gap by examining unemployment benefit sanction reforms in 20 democracies between 1980 and 2012 using an original dataset. It is shown that governments introduce tougher sanctions in order to reconcile two competing pressures that arise during economic downturns: an increased need for social protection and reduced fiscal revenues. The findings, which are also applicable to other historical periods and policy areas, provide an impulse for future comparative large-N research on ‘demanding activation’ policies.
RimJump: Edge-based Shortest Path Planning for a 2D Map
Authors: Yao Zhuo , Zhang Weimin , Shi Yongliang , Li Mingzhu , Liang Zhenshuo , Li Fangxing , Huang Qiang
Published: November 2018

Path planning under 2D map is a key issue in robot applications. However, most related algorithms rely on point-by-point traversal. This causes them usually cannot find the strict shortest path, and their time cost increases dramatically as the map scale increases. So we proposed RimJump to solve the above problem, and it is a new path planning method that generates the strict shortest path for a 2D map. RimJump selects points on the edge of barriers to form the strict shortest path. Simulation and experimentation prove that RimJump meets the expected requirements.
‘Great inhumanity’: scandal, child punishment and policymaking in the early years of the New Poor Law workhouse system
Authors: Shave Samantha A.
Published: November 2018

New Poor Law scandals have usually been examined either to demonstrate the cruelty of the workhouse regime or to illustrate the failings or brutality of union staff. Recent research has used these and similar moments of crisis to explore the relationship between local and central levels of welfare administration (the Boards of Guardians in unions across England and Wales and the Poor Law Commission in Somerset House in London) and how scandals in particular were pivotal in the development of further policies. This article examines both the inter-local and local-centre tensions and policy consequences of the Droxford Union and Fareham Union scandal (1836–1837), which exposed the severity of workhouse punishments towards three young children. The article illustrates the complexities of union cooperation and, as a result of the escalation of public knowledge into the cruelties and investigations thereafter, how the vested interests of individuals within a system manifested themselves in particular (in)actions and viewpoints. While the Commission was a reactive and flexible welfare authority, producing new policies and procedures in the aftermath of crises, the policies developed after this particular scandal made union staff, rather than the welfare system as a whole, individually responsible for the maltreatment and neglect of the poor.
Household and family structure in England and Wales (1851–1911): continuities and change
Authors: Schürer K. , Garrett Eilidh M. , Jaadla Hannaliis , Reid Alice
Published: November 2018

This article produces the first findings on changes in household and family structure in England and Wales during 1851–1911, using the recently available Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) – a complete count database of individual-level data extending to some 188 million records. As such, it extends and updates the important overview article published inContinuity and Changeby Michael Anderson in 1988. The I-CeM data shed new light on transitions in household structure and family life during this period, illustrating both continuities and change in a number of key areas: family composition; single parent families; living alone; extended households; childhood; leaving home and marriage patterns.
Displaced persons, returnees and ‘unsuitables’: the Dutch selection of DPs (1945–1951)
Authors: Schrover Marlou , Walaardt Tycho
Published: November 2018

After the Second World War, Dutch authorities allowed 8,000 displaced persons (DPs) to come to the Netherlands, but only 3,904 came, and 25 per cent of them returned to camp life in Germany. This article seeks to explain why debates on the DP issue changed so rapidly within a short period of time. In earlier publications, it has been claimed that ‘selling’ DPs as workers helped to solve the DP issue. This strategy did not work for the Netherlands. This article analyses how the DP issue was framed by organisations, the Dutch government, civil servants, the Dutch Homeland Security Department, newspapers and employers.
Niche modelling of the potential distribution of the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus during summer and winter in Iran, to identify gaps in protected area coverage
Authors: FARASHI AZITA , ALIZADEH-NOUGHANI MOHAMMAD
Published: November 2018

An analysis of the extent of overlap between habitats of the Egyptian VultureNeophron percnopterusduring summer and winter in Iran, and Iranian protected areas, discovered slight overlap between the two. Our study aimed to survey suitable habitats of the Egyptian Vulture during summer and winter in Iran using MaxEnt, a species distribution modelling method, and compare the results with the locations and span of protected areas. Model fitness was assessed using the area under the ROC-plot and True Skill Statistics. We found that habitat suitability in Iran varies for the Egyptian Vulture during summer and winter. Summer visitors are scattered in the north and west of Iran, concentrated along the Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges. Winter visitors and residents are scattered in coastal areas in the south. Habitat protection for winter visitors was the greatest, with 10% of suitable habitat covered, while less than 10% of suitable habitat for residents and summer visitors fell within protected areas. The Egyptian Vulture is categorised as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List. Different environmental factors influence the suitability of habitat for the species. While some factors such as NDVI and anthropogenic disturbance influence all visitors in a similar way, the effects of others such as elevation and distance from protected areas vary for summer and winter visitors. Since designation of protected areas in Iran is mainly determined by the distribution of mammal species, protection of bird habitats is often overlooked. Suitable habitat for the species should be considered when selecting protected areas in future.
DO CORPORATE TAXES HARM ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE? EXPLAINING DISTORTIONS IN R&D- AND EXPORT-INTENSIVE UK FIRMS
Authors: Bournakis Ioannis , Mallick Sushanta
Published: November 2018

This paper analyzes the effects of corporate tax liability on firm-level total factor productivity (TFP) as the key driver of economic performance. This is a new dimension in the UK productivity puzzle that has not attracted attention so far. We use 6559 manufacturing firms over 2004–2011 to investigate whether higher levels of corporate tax affect the productivity catch-up process by reducing after-tax earnings that could alternatively be used for productivity-enhancing investment, particularly focusing on R&D- and export-intensive firms. Our key results are summarized as follows: first, higher levels of corporate taxation impact adversely on TFP and this finding is robust to different tax measures and insensitive to endogeneity bias; second, as R&D- and export-intensive firms tend to have relatively higher TFP growth, higher levels of tax liability as a share of earnings before interest and taxes decelerate TFP growth of these firms.
David Bond and Jean Picard: Two pivotal breeders of faba bean in the 20th century
Authors: Duc Gerard , Stoddard Fred
Published: November 2018

David Bond and Jean Picard, two leaders of European legume breeding, died within a few months of each other. On the basis of their agronomic and genetic training, they both met the challenge of breeding faba bean, a protein-rich species that had received little attention from breeders before the 1950s (Picard, 1953; Bond 1957). Both made great strides at modernizing their chosen crop by developing and applying new ideas and techniques, as well as generating new methods and genetic materials.
Context, reception, and the study of great thinkers in international relations
Authors: Vergerio Claire
Published: November 2018

While the discipline of International Relations (IR) has a long tradition of celebrating ‘great thinkers’ and appropriating their ideas for contemporary theories, it has rarely accounted for how these authors came to be seen as ‘great’ in the first place. This is at least partly a corollary of the discipline’s long-standing aversion to methodological reflection in its engagement with intellectual history, and it echoes IR’s infamous tendency to misportray these great thinkers’ ideas more broadly. Drawing on existing attempts to import the methodological insights of historians of political thought into IR, this article puts forward a unified approach to the study of great thinkers in IR that combines the tenets of so-called ‘Cambridge School’ contextualism with those of what broadly falls under the label of reception theory. I make the case for the possibility of developing a coherent methodology through the combination of what is often seen as separate strands of intellectual history, and for the value of such an approach in IR. In doing so, the article ultimately offers a more rigorous methodology for engaging with the thought of great thinkers in IR, for analyzing the way a specific author’s ideas come to have an impact in practice, and for assessing the extent to which these ideas are distorted in the process.
Frühkindliche Prädiktoren externalisierender Verhaltensauffälligkeiten
Authors: Reinelt Tilman , Samdan Gizem , Kiel Natalie , Petermann Franz
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Externalisierende Verhaltensauffälligkeiten sind mit hohen gesellschaftlichen Kosten verbunden. Damit wirksame Präventions- und frühe Therapieprogramme entwickelt werden können, ist es notwendig, bereits in den ersten Lebensjahren Risiken für einen externalisierenden Entwicklungsverlauf zu identifizieren. In einer systematischen Literaturrecherche konnten aus 21 Publikationen zu 12 längsschnittlichen Geburtskohorten mit insgesamt 55 077 Kindern frühe Risiken bezogen auf eine elterliche Psychopathologie, einen niedrigen sozio-ökonomischen Status und ungünstige Eltern-Kind-Interaktionen identifiziert werden. Insbesondere eine mütterliche Depression, ein niedriger sozio-ökonomischer Status und ein harsches Erziehungsverhalten in den ersten Lebensjahren waren prädiktiv für externalisierende Verhaltensauffälligkeiten im Kindergarten und bei Schuleintritt. Implikationen für die klinische Praxis werden vorgestellt.
Kindliche Selbst- und elterliche Ko-Regulation parallel erfassen
Authors: Pauen Sabina , Strodthoff Constanze Anna , Bechtel-Kühne Sabrina
Published: November 2018

Zusammenfassung. Im Umgang mit eigenen Impulsen sind Kinder zunächst auf ihre Bezugspersonen angewiesen, lernen aber schon bald, sich auch selbst zu regulieren. Im Artikel wird diskutiert, welche Faktoren dieses Entwicklungsgeschehen beeinflussen. Dabei ist es wichtig, das Verhalten von Eltern und Kindern parallel in den Blick zu nehmen. Wir stellen einen neuen Fragebogen zur Erfassung des IMpuls-MAnagements zwischen Bezugsperson und Kind vor, der für 1- bis 6-Jährige konzipiert wurde (IMMA 1 – 6). Hier macht die Bezugsperson Angaben über ihre Vorstellungen und Ziele zur kindlichen Selbstregulation (n = 16 Items), das selbstregulative Verhalten des Kindes (n = 42 Items) sowie das eigene Erziehungsverhalten (n = 55 Items) beim kindlichen Umgang mit Ziel-Frustration, Verboten und Erwartungen. Eine testtheoretische Überprüfung des Instrumentes an N = 270 Eltern-Kind Dyaden lieferte ermutigende Befunde: Sie dokumentiert gute Skalen- bzw. Item-Kennwerte. Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis werden diskutiert.
Is That Measure Really One-Dimensional?
Authors: Beierl Esther T. , Bühner Markus , Heene Moritz
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Factorial validity is often assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Model fit is commonly evaluated using the cutoff values for the fit indices proposed by Hu and Bentler (1999) . There is a body of research showing that those cutoff values cannot be generalized. Model fit does not only depend on the severity of misspecification, but also on nuisance parameters, which are independent of the misspecification. Using a simulation study, we demonstrate their influence on measures of model fit. We specified a severe misspecification, omitting a second factor, which signifies factorial invalidity. Measures of model fit showed only small misfit because nuisance parameters, magnitude of factor loadings and a balanced/imbalanced number of indicators per factor, also influenced the degree of misfit. Drawing from our results, we discuss challenges in the assessment of factorial validity.
Paleoproductivity Reconstructions for the Paleogene Southern Ocean: A Direct Comparison of Geochemical and Micropaleontological Proxies
Authors: Diester‐Haass Liselotte , Faul Kristina
Published: November 2018

The reliability of paleoproductivity proxies must be determined before assessing the role of the oceanic carbon (C) cycle in affecting past climate changes. We compare paleoproductivity records of newly generated micropaleontological data (benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates, BFAR) to those of existing geochemical data (reactive phosphorus [reactive P] mass accumulation rates [MAR] and biological barium [bio‐Ba] MAR) for the same Paleogene‐aged sediments. Sediments are from the Atlantic (Maud Rise, Ocean Drilling Program Sites 689/690) and the Indian (Kerguelen plateau, Ocean Drilling Program Site 738) sectors of the Southern Ocean. Reactive P MAR, but not bio‐Ba MAR, correlates to varying degree with BFAR for all three sites investigated. Export productivity, delivery of organic C to the seafloor, and organic C burial calculated here using bio‐Ba MAR, BFAR, and reactive P MAR, respectively, for these sites during the Early Paleogene span 2 orders of magnitude (~0.01 to 1 g C·cm−2·kyr−1). Differences in magnitude of reconstructed organic C fluxes are expected because different proxies record different aspects of the biological pump, and these aspects did not behave proportionally similar for all periods. Proxies studied here indicate that transfer efficiency, the fraction of exported organic matter from 100 m that reaches the deep ocean, was low for the Early Paleogene Southern Ocean, similar to today. Despite this, absolute organic carbon burial was similar or higher than today because export productivity was similar or higher. Elevated temperatures may have increased both biological production and respiration in the Early Paleogene Southern Ocean.
Particle‐Based Modeling of Transtensional Pull‐Apart Basins
Authors: Liu Yuan , Konietzky Heinz
Published: November 2018

Scaled underlapping models based on the discrete element method are used to investigate crack propagation and basin development in transtensional systems with both parallel and nonparallel master faults. The introduction of a small component of oblique divergent motion causes the crack pattern and basin geometry to become quite different. The 5° transtensional model with parallel master faults produces a much wider depression separated by a cross‐basin fault, compared to pure strike slip. A single throughgoing fault that connects the two master faults forms when the obliquity of 10° is reached. For transtensional model with two nonparallel master faults, a minor change of one master fault from parallel to nonparallel with a small component of 5° causes the crack pattern to become much more diffuse. As the obliquity increases from 5° to 15°, the first cracks propagate at a higher angle relative to the master faults, the cross‐basin fault forms at a lower angle clockwise to the motion direction, and the area of the first depression decreases. A single throughgoing fault linking the two master faults initiates when the obliquity of 20° is obtained. The crack patterns and basin geometries of our numerical models show many similarities to natural transtensional basins including the Cinarcik Basin and the Central Basin in the Sea of Marmara. The transtensional models with various initial fault kinematics and different obliquities lead to different fault linkages, which has implications for the possible earthquake hazards in the Sea of Marmara near Istanbul.