bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of jumping style on the performance of large and medium elite agility dogs
Authors: Alcock J. , Birch E. , Boyd J.
Published: August 2015

Dog agility is a rapidly progressing sport worldwide. Consequentially, research and methods to improve technique and performance are becoming highly sought after. Video data were collected of elite agility dogs during a training session, with downstream analysis examining differences in apparent topline angle and jumping speed of large and medium dogs as well as collie breeds and non-collie breeds. The study further examined any correlations between topline angle and jumping speed. Findings suggest that there is a difference between the jump kinematics of large and medium dogs (P=0.001) and between collie breeds and non-collie breeds (P<0.001) with collie breeds jumping faster than non-collie breeds (P=0.013). This information could be used to inform future training regimes and competitive strategies in a breed and size specific way, with the aim to improve long-term health and welfare of canine participants, whilst also ensuring that training and competitive expectations are within biological capabilities.
Feed-borne exposure to deoxynivalenol leads to acute and chronic effects on liver enzymes and histology in carp
Authors: Pietsch C. , Burkhardt-Holm P.
Published: August 2015

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a frequent contaminant of feeds in aquaculture, but the consequences of this contamination have rarely been evaluated. Previous studies on carp indicated effects of DON on liver function and histology after four weeks of feeding. The present study aimed to unravel the time course of liver responses of carp to orally applied DON. Therefore, liver enzyme activities and histology have been investigated after 7, 14, 26 and 56 days of DON feeding. The acute response comprises down-regulation of biotransformation enzymes, whereas the chronic response to DON is characterised by activation of alanine aminotransferase which indicates damage to liver tissue. Examination of histological sections of liver tissue revealed that changes such as fat aggregation, vacuolisation and hyperaemia were present after 14 and 26 days of exposure to DON but not thereafter. Several enzymes involved in glutathione cycling and reduction of oxidative stress were found to be reduced after 26 and 56 days of DON feeding. The results suggest that supporting the antioxidative system, e.g. by using glutathione-enriched yeast extracts as a food additive, might be successful in preventing the effects of DON in carp. This is the basis of a fundamental hypothesis since DON contamination of fish feed leads to pronounced effects on liver histology and liver enzyme activities which may also cause changes in the normal liver metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds.
Multilevel Inverter Compensation System of the Single-phase Based on Instantaneous P-instantaneous Real Power and Q-instantaneous Virtual Power Theory
Authors: Wang Xijuan , Zhou Tao , Zhao Yang , Feng Jingxiao , Zhang Jialun , Zhang Hongjun
Published: August 2015

This paper gives an introduction to the single-phase instantaneous PQ (P-instantaneous real power and Q-instantaneous virtual power) theory and carries out the calculation and simulation analysis on reactive power, active power, instantaneous reactive power and instantaneous active power for the single system before and after the compensation of the multilevel inverter. By analyzing the experimental results, it can be seen that harmonic current of the single phase system decreased significantly after using multilevel inverter, while the power factor improved obviously.
Computer simulation research for Infant Industry Theory based on Repast Simphony
Authors: Lin Y.F , Nong Z.E
Published: August 2015

Through analyzing logical defects of Friedrich List’s infant industry theory, this paper obtains two hypothesis. One is that no industry is with single product portfolios, and so it is difficult for the developed countries defeating under-developed countries’ infant industry completely according to the comparative advantage theory. This implies that under-developed country could obtain more survival opportunities if it leverages appropriate product diverse strategies. The other hypothesis is protecting infant industry by tariff barriers would increase the cost of whole society, which slows down the development of infant industry, and that damaging interests of both backward country and powerful country. We construct a computer simulation model on Repast Simphony platform to verify the above two hypothesizes, and our simulation results show that the above two hypotheses make sense. We also got an unexpected result that it will lead to significant decline of the yield of the infant industry if one country in the trade exerts tariff barriers, meanwhile, the yield of the other countries will also decline but the decreased amount of the infant industry of the under-developed country obviously exceed the developed country, which means the trade protection damages both side of trade and the underdeveloped country get more injury. That implies the assumption of the tariff barriers protecting and accelerating the development of infant industry does not make sense.
Hybrid Metaheuristics and their Implementations
Authors: Ding Caichang , Peng Wenxiu , Wang Weiming
Published: August 2015

This paper studies with the design of hybrid metaheuristics and their implementations. Hybrid metaheuristics involve some major issues that could be classified as design and implementation. Combining different kinds of methods is a ordinary strategy to solve optimization problems. As we have developed a unified view of metaheuristics, that is based on their key search components, one can say that designing a multi-objective metaheuristic can be reduced to select the most suited search components and combining them. Each of these metaheuristics has been proven successful on a variety of applications. Although there have been attempts to compare their performance, the results are contradicting and inconclusive. A difference is made between the design issues used to introduce hybridization and implementation issues that depend on the execution model of the algorithms.
Personalized Distance Learning System based on Sequence Analysis Algorithm
Authors: Zhao Ji-chun , Liu Shi-hong , Zhang Jun-feng
Published: August 2015

Personalized learning system can provide users with the most valuable learning resource to them through intelligent recommendation models and algorithms. This paper proposed the classical sequence analysis algorithms, and the Prefixspan algorithm is validated through distance learning platform data. In the event that the minimum support threshold is between 0.003 to 0.004%, test data shows that the performance of the algorithm's accuracy rate is relatively stable and the recommendation effect is satisfactory.
A New PLL Simulation Validation for Three-phase Grid under Heavy Distorted Conditions
Authors: Long Yingwen , Sun Yuhong
Published: August 2015

The precision of phase-locked loop (PLL) has a direct effect on the output performance for three-phase grid-connected inverter or three-phase active PFC. In this paper, a new three-phase digital closed-loop phase-locked algorithm is proposed on the basis of synchronous reference frame transformation. Synchronous simulation of the PLL techniques is a good choice even if the polluted three-phase grid such as the harmonics, phase jump and unbalance. Finally, MATLAB digital simulation results prove that the proposed PLL can fast and accurately track the positive sequence fundamental components of three-phase grid voltage.
Simulation Analysis of Improved Construction and Control Strategy for Programmable AC Power Source
Authors: Guo Xiaorui , Wang Peiliang , Wang Yanfeng
Published: August 2015

Novel circuit topology and advanced control technique of inverter are research focus for programmable AC power source. An improved dual buck half bridge inverter topology is introduced and the central symmetrical pulse width modulation mode is proposed to double the output current ripple frequency. High output precision can be achieved by optimizing the output waveforms of inverter. Then, a hybrid digital control scheme combining PID control with repetitive control as well as inductance compensation deadbeat control is presented for the closed loop voltage regulation of the mentioned inverter. Besides, an inductance saturation characteristic mathematic model is established for accurate simulation. Simulation results show that the theoretical analysis of the special switching sequence and hybrid control scheme is true.
Modelling Method of Organization Internal Standard-complex
Authors: Feng Z. , Deng F. , Luo X. , Peng M.
Published: August 2015

Organization is the main executive of standard implementation. Organization standard-complex can ensure the realization of organization functions by normalizing the mission of its members. This paper analyzes the control effect of the organization standard-complex to the achievements of organization functions. On this basis, this paper establishes a mathematic model of the planning process of organization standard-complex, and thus puts forward the structured planning method and steps
Steve's Story
Authors: Heins Steve , Heins Gincy , Dick-Muehlke Cordula
Published: August 2015

Through a collaborative process with his co-authors, Steve shares his story of how he, at age 60, experiences life with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Both audiotaped self-narration and an interview were used to elicit Steve's story, which was transcribed by his wife, Gincy. After an introduction presenting the authors' approach to this chapter and Steve's background, he shares his story in his own voice, as audiotaped. A subsequent interview elicited Steve's feelings about sensitive topics such as depression and anger to explore the full range of his thoughts and feelings about his situation. In the discussion, the third author places Steve's story into a contextual framework by addressing the unique aspects of diagnosis at a young age and comparing his experience to the larger literature on identity, coping, and awareness in MCI and early dementia.
Cognitive Decline and the Changing Self in Relationship
Authors: Morhardt Darby , Spira Marcia
Published: August 2015

When a member of a family is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, the impact of the disease reverberates throughout the relationships within the family. This paper explores the challenges and strengths within one family as members manage and cope with Alzheimer's disease. The person with dementia and his family members are individually interviewed and each person explores the consequences of the disease on personal well-being as well as the relationships within the family. The family demonstrates how dementia in one family member demands flexibility in family roles as they navigate life through the challenges of living with dementia.
Taking Care to Play
Authors: Card Shika , Wang Huali
Published: August 2015

This chapter takes an anthropological perspective to examine how different modes of communication play a crucial role in caregiving for a person with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the context of modern-day China and to rethink the predominant perception of AD as a condition of degeneration, loss, and disability. This chapter is based on 10 weeks of ethnographic fieldwork research in Beijing, including 13 interviews with clinicians and family caregivers, as well as observational data gathered in diverse therapeutic settings. Putting into question the common impulse to listen primarily for the semantic qualities of speech, the authors argue that alternative and experimental forms of communication make possible a different interactive space between people with AD and their caregivers. This research proposes the notion of play as a particular mode of communication that can enact new and transformative practices of care and, as a result, reconfigure and reaffirm relationships of care.
Awareness, Self, and the Experience of Dementia
Authors: Toms Gill , Lawrence Catherine , Clare Linda
Published: August 2015

It is now widely acknowledged in policy and practice that the individual with dementia retains the status of a person and the essence of selfhood, has the right to be heard, and has the capacity to live well with the disabilities that dementia brings, given appropriate support. Nevertheless, negative assumptions about dementia as a ‘loss of self' and a ‘living death' remain influential. This chapter examines research evidence that can provide a foundation for a psychologically minded approach to dementia care and help to create a more constructive view of what it means to live with dementia. In this chapter findings are drawn from projects conducted by the Research in Ageing and Cognitive Health (REACH) group at Bangor University, UK on awareness, self-concept, identity and the experience of dementia for people across the dementia trajectory. The REACH group is now at the University of Exeter, UK.
Art, Drawing Task Processes, and Identity Awareness
Authors: Navarro Ana Belén , Díaz-Orueta Unai , Martín-Niño Lorena , Sánchez-Sánchez Miguel Elías
Published: August 2015

Non-pharmacological treatments for dementia include a variety of approaches, including art and drawing therapy, that aim to develop new connections between neural circuits through non-verbal memory systems. The current chapter presents a pilot study of an art therapy and reminiscence program in which drawings made by persons with dementia attending a day care center in Spain were compiled and analyzed to identify features that remain constant and those that evolve during progression of this dementia. For illustrative purposes, the chapter presents the case study of a 92-year-old woman who participated in all nine art therapy and reminiscence sessions conducted as part of this pilot study. Her drawings clearly illustrated the “retro-genesis” phenomenon. Modifications in the elements of her drawings are presented as an example of the degeneration in drawing processes that can be a marker for the evolution of cognitive decline. Despite the changes in this participant's drawings, her reminiscences reflected a retained sense of identity.
Disease Awareness, Cognitive Decline, and Communication in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Caregivers
Authors: Lu Yvonne Yueh-Feng , Austrom Mary Guerriero
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this chapter, which is based on our pilot research, is four-fold: 1) to describe the awareness of persons with mild cognitive impairment (PwMCI) of their cognitive changes and meaning of the diagnosis, and their family caregivers' perceptions of the same; 2) to identify PwMCI's concerns about living with MCI; 3) to discuss PwMCI and caregiver perceptions of a patient- and family-centered daily enhancement of meaningful activity (DEMA) program; and 4) to describe the potential benefits of DEMA using case examples. Discussion is based on findings from interviews with PwMCI and family caregivers designed to explore awareness of cognitive changes and the diagnosis, as well as experiences living with MCI. In addition, results from three focus groups to assess content validity and acceptability of the program and from a pilot intervention study to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the program contributed to the discussion. Findings support further testing of DEMA in larger and more diverse samples.
The Impact of Decline on Everyday Life in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Park Lovingly Quitania , Busson Britt
Published: August 2015

The loss of independence is a quintessential feature of dementia and important to the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, changes in memory and other cognitive abilities can significantly influence the rate and the trajectory of decline in everyday life. The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with a picture of how the cognitive and emotional changes associated with AD can alter daily living in the early-to-moderate stages and the subsequent psychosocial impacts. Practical suggestions with regard to management of AD by the affected individual and supporters are offered, as are some suggestions for addressing completion of daily tasks, such as finances, medications, appointments, and transportation.
Organization and Structure of the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wall Michael H.
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to emphasize and describe the team nature of critical care medicine in the Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit. The chapter will review the importance of various team members and discuss various staffing models (open vs closed, high intensity vs low intensity, etc.) on patient outcomes and cost. The chapter will also examine the roles of nurse practitioners and physician assistants (NP/PAs) in critical care, and will briefly review the growing role of the tele-ICU. Most studies support the concept that a multi-disciplinary ICU team, led by an intensivist, improves patient outcomes and decreases overall cost of care. The role of the tele-ICU and 24 hour in-house intensivist staffing in improving outcomes is controversial, and more research is needed in this area. Finally, a brief discussion of billing for critical care will be discussed.
Ethics
Authors: Ivascu Natalia S. , Tabaie Sheida , Meltzer Ellen C.
Published: August 2015

In all areas of medicine physicians are confronted with a myriad ethical problems. It is important that intensivists are well versed on ethical issues that commonly arise in the critical care setting. This chapter will serve to provide a review of common topics, including informed consent, decision-making capacity, and surrogate decision-making. It will also highlight special circumstances related to cardiac surgical critical care, including ethical concerns associated with emerging technologies in cardiac care.
Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Lennon Christine M. , Fort Alexander C. P. , Hansberry Shawn
Published: August 2015

Valvular heart disease is a common cardiovascular disorder, with an estimated prevalence of 2.5% in the United States. The disease is particularly burdensome in adults over 75 years of age, with 13.3% having moderate to severe disease of the aortic or mitral valve. As populations grow older, diagnostic capabilities improve, and health care becomes more accessible, the number of patients with valvular heart disease undergoing both cardiac and non-cardiac surgery will continue to grow. The preoperative assessment and optimization of these patients is a complex task involving multiple specialists, including internists, cardiologists, intensivists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and anesthesiologists. As newer therapeutic options are offered to patients with numerous comorbidities, the preoperative management of these patients will require a sophisticated multimodal approach. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize the preoperative assessment and optimization of patients with valvular heart disease undergoing cardiac and non-cardiac surgery.
Neurologic Complications in the Cardiac Surgery Patient
Authors: Cole Sheela Pai , Cheung Albert T.
Published: August 2015

This chapter per the authors discusses the spectrum of complications that occur in the postoperative cardiac surgery patients. It evaluates the mechanistic role of cardiopulmonary bypass and the various cardiac surgical procedures in the development of cerebral injury. Furthermore, it evaluates the role of different intraoperative monitoring in early detection of cerebral injury in these patients. Finally, it provides evidence based practice guidelines for hemodynamic management as well as treatment of complications that are diagnosed in the cardiac surgical intensive care unit.
Aortic Valvular Disease
Authors: Sarin Eric Leo , Thourani Vinod H.
Published: August 2015

Broadly speaking, pathology is categorized as being primarily related to valvular stenosis (AS) or regurgitation (AR), but a diseased valve may often exhibit both. The predilection of degenerative disease of the aortic valve, particularly stenosis, for the elderly has resulted in a steadily increasing prevalence as the population ages. As general life expectancy increases in the United States and other western countries, surgery to correct aortic valve disease will increase. As more elderly patients with more comorbidities present for surgery their intraoperative and perioperative care will become more complex. This chapter discusses ways for the practicing intensivist to facilitate identification and treatment in the immediate peri-operative period.
Heart Transplantation
Authors: El-Eshmawi Ahmed , Anyanwu Anelechi
Published: August 2015

Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has evolved as the “gold standard” therapy for end stage cardiomyopathy, Advances in the fields of immunosuppression, infection prophylaxis and treatment, surgical techniques as well as intensice care management have transformed heart transplantation from what was once considered an experimental intervention into a standard therapy. This chapter focuses on the standard care for OHT including surgical techniques, perioperative management and management of common postoperative complications.
Mechanical Circulatory Support
Authors: Nagpal Dave
Published: August 2015

An increasingly important component of the therapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of cardiac and cardiopulmonary pathology, utilization of mechanical circulatory support allows clinicians to help sicker patients with more advanced disease states. A plethora of options exist, each with multiple implant techniques and management strategies. To optimize patient care in a cost-conscious environment, one must understand the advantages and disadvantages of each permutation, and have an algorithmic approach for the selection and application of available technologies. This chapter aims to provide such an understanding by reviewing surgical implant techniques and peri-operative management strategies for a number of commonly used short-term and durable devices.
Critical Care of the Thoracic Surgical Patient
Authors: Rao Madhuri , Lee Dong-Seok Daniel
Published: August 2015

Patients having major general thoracic surgery constitute an integral part of any cardiothoracic intensive care unit. Pulmonary or esophageal resection especially in a patient who has cardiopulmonary issues at baseline demands close monitoring by a critical care team postoperatively. This chapter aims to cover the important aspects of the perioperative care involved with these patients. In addition, procedures requiring an intensive care unit postoeratively such as, pneumonectomy, esophagectomy, thymectomy are dealt with in some detail where key technical aspects and care and complications specific to each are discussed.
Echocardiography and Ultrasound in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Shah Pranav R. , Wagner Chad , Shaw Andrew
Published: August 2015

Sonography in the intensive care unit is a rapidly emerging point-of-care diagnostic tool. Literature supports the use of sonography for the evaluation of lung pathology, protocol based focused cardiac evaluation, and abdominal pathology, as well as identifying deep venous thrombosis. There is also evidence that ultrasound guided procedures such as venous access, thoracentesis, and paracentesis may decrease complications compared to a landmark based technique. However, there is ambiguity in the literature regarding definition, scope, and training in this modality as used by intensivists. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of the role of ultrasound in the ICU and data supporting the use of point-of-care protocols. This chapter does not provide instruction on how to perform a complete transthoracic or transesophageal exam, nor does it provide a library of images of various pathologies since a reader seeking such depth would be better served by a full textbook on echocardiography.
E-Vote
Authors: Posea Ionut-Mihai , Ion Marius , Pop Florin , Popescu Decebal , Popescu Nirvana
Published: August 2015

The electoral system is an essential element for the survival of the democracy. Efforts are being made to develop voting systems that are convenient, reliable, transparent and secure. However, considering the security problems that can occur using the underlying technologies, it is difficult to construct an impenetrable system. This chapter presents e-Vote, a distributed electronic voting system architecture that is designed to ensure the accuracy, privacy, verifiability, convenience, and the openness of the democracy of a large-scale electoral process. We describe the necessary requirements for the e-voting protocol, and propose a cryptographic voting scheme that achieves them. The e-voting protocol makes use of several well-established cryptographic primitives e.g. symmetric and asymmetric encryption, digital signatures, blind signatures and secret sharing. Using the suggested framework, we also demonstrate an approach using the current computing and network technologies to effectively describe an architecture that can support a computationally secure and reliable voting process.
Apriori-based High Efficiency Load Balancing Parallel Data Mining Algorithms on Multi-core Architectures
Authors: Yu Kun-Ming , Liu Sheng-Hui , Zhou Li-Wei , Wu Shu-Hao
Published: August 2015

Frequent pattern mining has been playing an essential role in knowledge discovery and data mining tasks that try to find usable patterns from databases. Efficiency is especially crucial for an algorithm in order to find frequent itemsets from a large database. Numerous methods have been proposed to solve this problem, such as Apriori and FP-growth. These are regarded as fundamental frequent pattern mining methods. In addition, parallel computing architectures, such as an on-cloud platform, a grid system, multi-core and GPU platform, have been popular in data mining. However, most of the algorithms have been proposed without considering the prevalent multi-core architectures. In this study, multi-core architectures were used as well as two high efficiency load balancing parallel data mining methods based on the Apriori algorithm. The main goal of the proposed algorithms was to reduce the massive number of duplicate candidates generated using previous methods. This goal was achieved for, in this detailed experimental study the algorithms performed better than the previous methods. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithms had dramatically reduced computation time when using more threads. Moreover, the observations showed that the workload was equally balanced among the computing units.
A Culture of Survivors
Authors: Seifert Jennifer L.
Published: August 2015

Drawing from the literature in Intercultural and New Media Studies (INMS), this study explores the SlutWalk social movement, a transnational movement of protest marches. The author conducted interviews with seven SlutWalk organizers from various cities in the United States to understand what culture SlutWalk organizers are fostering through their work and the role of new media communication in their organizational efforts. Results of the interpretative analysis suggest that although SlutWalk organizers foster a survivor culture through activities consistent with intercultural dialogue and third culture building, their use of various social media outlets might be motivated by various definitions of localized need. In addition, organizers highlight a tension between prioritizing more global survivor experiences over individual experiences with sexual assault and reveal the possibility for new media communication to enable anti-social cultural interactions. These findings contribute to the continued development of theorizing in INMS related to virtual third culture and continued scholarship exploring the intersections between new media and intercultural communication.
Self-Disclosure Patterns among Chinese Users in SNS and Face-to-Face Communication
Authors: Chen Yashu
Published: August 2015

This exploratory study focused on Chinese social network sites (SNS) users to determine whether their online self-disclosure differed from offline and whether culture had an impact on the patterns of their self-disclosure. Sixteen active users of Chinese online social networks were interviewed about their self-disclosing experiences. Results of a qualitative analysis suggest that culture was likely to impact the behavior of study participants by modifying the patterns of self-disclosure. Participants tended to disclose themselves indirectly on SNS, strived to make positive impressions, and revealed few intimate issues. In face-to-face communication, the relationships between disclosers and target persons as well as the target persons' status and background influenced the contents of self-disclosure.
The KnowledgeStore
Authors: Corcoglioniti Francesco , Rospocher Marco , Cattoni Roldano , Magnini Bernardo , Serafini Luciano
Published: August 2015

Although the quantity of structured information on the Web and within organizations is increasing, the majority of information remains available only in unstructured form. While different in form, both unstructured and structured information sources provide information about entities in the world and their properties and relations; still, frameworks for their seamless integration have not been deeply investigated. In this paper the authors describe the KnowledgeStore, a scalable, fault-tolerant, and Semantic Web grounded open-source storage system for interlinking structured and unstructured data. They present the concept, design, function and implementation of the system, and report on its concrete usage in three application scenarios within the NewsReader EU project, where it stores and supports the querying of millions of news articles interlinked with millions of RDF triples extracted from text and imported from Linked Open Data sources. The authors report on data population and data retrieval performances of the system measured through a number of experiments, and they also discuss the practical issues and lessons learned from these experiences.
Anode Dissolution Localization of Copper in Water Electrolytes
Authors: Krasilnikov Boris A. , Vasilevskaya Svetlana I.
Published: August 2015

This article is devoted to investigating a possibility of using electrochemical machining (ECM) technology in manufacturing of printed circuits. Some investigations into the anodic dissolution of copper in aqueous electrolytes under stationary conditions were conducted. The analysis of potentiodynamic polarization curve character allowed revealing both areas of active and passive copper dissolution as well as areas of only active and only passive dissolution. Electrolytes were identified and the concentration of electrolyte solutions where the dissolution process occurs in the above areas was determined. It is shown how to assess a degree of the ECM process localization in electrolytes with surface activation in the treatment area. A simplified function of the localization degree L = i 0 /i without regard for current efficiency was used in the research. Electrolytes with a high degree of electrochemical dissolution localization were revealed. Potential ranges for each of the electrolytes providing a maximum degree of the localization copper dissolution process localization were determined.
An Impact of the Magnetic Field on the Fine Copper Structure under Creep Failure Conditions
Authors: Konovalov Sergey , Yaropolova Nadezhda , Zaguyliaev Dmitry , Ivanov Yurii F. , Gromov Victor
Published: August 2015

An impact of a weak magnetic field on changes in the dislocation substructure of commercially pure copper exposed to stressing up to destruction under creep conditions was investigated. It was established that a magnetic field action on a metal exposed to creep resulted in the formation of a band dislocation substructure. In some cases grains with the dislocation chaos structure or cellular and grid substructures were revealed. In addition, quantitative differences in the dislocation substructure characteristics were also identified. A gradient nature of changes in the number of stress concentrators when moving away from the failure surface was defined. It was shown that the density of bend extinction contours characterizing the number of stress concentrators in the material decreased when moving away from the failure surface.
Effect of Plastic Deformation of the Initial Components and Particle Size Reduction on the Structure and Properties of the PN85YU15-Ni Composite Material Produced by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Shevtsova Lilia , Sameyshcheva Tatyana , Terentyev Dmitry , Malyutina Iuliia , Larichkin Aleksey , Malikov Vladimir
Published: August 2015

Structure and mechanical properties of the PN85YU15 - Ni composite materials obtained by spark plasma sintering were investigated. Two types of powder mixtures, namely, nickel mixed with coarse-grained nickel aluminide and nickel mixed with fine-grained nickel aluminide were used to obtain the composites. Nickel aluminide and nickel powders were taken in the ratio 7:3 respectively. The effect of the initial nickel aluminide particle sizes and plastic deformation due to the ball milling on the structure and mechanical properties of materials sintered at 1100 °C and pressure of 40 MPa was determined. Plastic deformation and refining the initial intermetallic powder particle sizes leads to increasing the sintered material relative density to 95%. The tensile strength of the PN85YU15-Ni composite material obtained by sintering of the milled PN85YU15 powder and nickel in the ratio 7:3 was 1060 MPa. This value is almost twice as high as the tensile strength of the composite containing a no significant plastic deformed coarse-grained intermetallic compound powder (590 MPa), and three times higher than the tensile strength of the sintered nickel aluminide powder (380 MPa).
Formation of Intermetallic Structures by Spark Plasma Sintering of Titanium and Aluminum Powders
Authors: Lazurenko Daria V. , Mali Vyacheslav I. , Belousova N.S. , Theommes Alexander
Published: August 2015

Sintered compacts fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1050оС were investigated. Titanium and aluminum powders in a ratio of 25 % (at.) and 75 % (at.) respectively were chosen as starting materials. Powder mixture heating up to elevated temperatures led to a partial loss of an aluminum component and to the formation of a multiphase structure consisting of Al3Ti, Al2Ti, AlTi and AlTi3. The density of sintered powder mixtures was 3.7 g/cm3; an average microhardness value was about 470 HV.
Regularities of Changing Amorphous Metallic Alloys Properties under Exposure to External Influences
Authors: Fedorov Victor , Yakovlev Alexey , Pluzhnikova Tatiana , Berezner Arseniy , Fedotov Dmitry , Kombarov Maxim
Published: August 2015

In this paper we have studied changes in the structure and properties of amorphous metallic alloys in annealing. We have identified the regularity of plasticity decreasing. We have determined that processes decreasing plasticity are thermally activated. The ratio of the alloy components affects the shape of the plasticity-temperature curves. Based on experimental results we have proposed an energy model of the plasticity formation in alloys in annealing, We have determined the relation between a crystallization temperature and the concentration of cobalt in ribbon metallic glasses. We have constructed diagrams of the time-temperature stability which allow establishing acceptable exploitation modes of amorphous metallic alloys and products made from them.
Shear-Type Mechanisms of Deformation Development in Structural Elements of a Deformation Relief
Authors: Lychagin Dmitry V. , Alfyorova Ekaterina A.
Published: August 2015

We studied basic structural elements of a deformation relief formed on lateral faces of nickel single crystals under compression. We correlated deformation heterogeneity with the type of structural elements of the relief. It was revealed that deformation heterogeneity did not depend on the type of a relief element or its scale. In addition, some studies were carried out to define ways of the deformation process in slip bands, mesa-and macrobands of deformation as well as in folds. It was found that a slip developed in separate slip bands resulted in their merging into micropackets with a slip occurring concurrently in several parallel planes. It led to the formation of a mesa-or macroscopic element of the deformation relief. We observed both intrusion and extrusion in the material in macrobands of [111]-single crystals as well as the formation of folding areas discussed.
Structure of the Al-Сr-Ni Coating Formed on the H20N80 Alloy Substrate and its Transformation at 1150 °С
Authors: Shmorgun Victor Georgievich , Taube A.O. , Bogdanov A.I.
Published: August 2015

The structure and phase transformation of the Al-Cr-Ni coating obtained by the diffusion interaction of the H20N80 + AD1 multilayer composite material during heat treatment are investigated in this paper. Investigations were carried out at 1150 °C with the heat treatment holding time of 1-50 hours. It is established that an increase in the heat treatment duration leads to the alignment of the coating chemical composition accompanied by increasing the concentration of nickel and decreasing the aluminum concentration. It is shown that the diffusion redistribution of Al in the coating during thermal exposure in the Al-Cr-Ni system is slower than in the binary Al-Ni system
Structure, Properties and Texturing of Ti-Ta-Mo Alloys Produced by Non-Vacuum Electron Beam Surface Alloying of Ti
Authors: Ruktuev Alexey A. , Bataev Ivan A. , Golkovskii Mikhail G. , Bataev Anatoly A. , Laptev Ilya S. , Jorge Alberto Moreira
Published: August 2015

This paper is devoted to the investigation of structure and properties of Ti-Ta-Mo layers produced on the surface of commercially pure (cp) titanium using non-vacuum electron beam processing. Due to electron-beam surface alloying, a thick defect-free layer with increased hardness was produced. The average concentration of Ta and Mo was 22 % (wt.) and 9 % (wt.) respectively, which led to the formation of the β-Ti matrix with nanoscale precipitation of the ω-phase. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) study revealed the formation of a cubic texture along the <100>direction ofβ-Ti normal to the sample surface, during crystallization of the surface layer. The results of this study can be used to predict the properties, particularly, the Young modulus of surface alloyed titanium, which may be of interest for biomedical application.
Techniques of SrAl12O19 Platelets Formation in ZTA
Authors: Belousova Natalya , Veselov Sergey , Cherkasova Nina , Lazarev Aleksey , Kuzmin Ruslan , Perepyolkin Maksim
Published: August 2015

A possibility of the SrAl12O19platelet formation in the Al2O3– ZrO2ceramic using SrCO3or Sr3Al2O6is evaluated. An impact of two techniques of platelet synthesis on mechanical properties of the material is investigated. Defects revealed in the sintered ceramic material are analyzed. Recommendations on the best method of the SrAl12O19phase formation in ceramic materials are given based on the structural and X-ray diffraction analyses as well as on mechanical tests. It is shown that an addition of 3 wt% SrAl12O19into the ZTA ceramic results in an increase in fracture toughness by up to 30 % in comparison with the initial material.
The Influence of Pulsed Heat and Power Supply on the Structure and Properties of Welded Joint Metals and Surfaced Coatings
Authors: Saraev Yuriy N. , Bezborodov Valeriy P. , Putilova Evgenya A.
Published: August 2015

We have investigated the influence of the modes of adaptive pulse-arc welding and surfacing on the structure and physical-mechanical properties of welded joints of steel 09Mn2Si and the surfaced composition of this steel coated with a modified powder material of chromium carbide with the submicrocrystalline structure. It is shown that the pulsed mode of welding and surfacing can improve the homogeneity of the structure of the welded joint of steel and a surfaced coating and reduce the grain size of metals in both of them. Structural changes lead to an increase in ductility and toughness of the weld metal.
High-Precision Plasma Cutting of the Steel - Aluminum ”Bimetallic Composition“
Authors: Rakhimyanov Kharis , Rakhimyanov Andrey , Heifetz Mikhail
Published: August 2015

The current paper is devoted to technological improvements in high-precision plasma cutting of thin sheets on processing the steel St3 + aluminum A5M bimetallic composition. The composition obtained by explosion welding presents a compound of various materials which differ in such thermophysical characteristics as their melting point and their thermal conductivity. The principal difference in their thermophysical properties has predetermined the specific features of forming the cut edge of this bimetallic composition. Out of the variety of technologies for cutting this bimetallic composition, the Hi-Focusplustechnology intended for carbon steel processing and the Hi-Focus technology for aluminum alloys are chosen. It is established that when cutting the bimetallic composition on the side of steel grade St3, the undercut filled with the products of melted steel grade St3 is formed on the aluminum portion in using both technologies. Switching the direction of the cut from steel to aluminum results in forming a taper on the aluminum portion. In so doing, high precision and superior quality of cutting on the steel grade St3 portion are provided.
Plastic Imprint Formation in the Process of Ultrasonic Surface Hardening
Authors: Semyonova Julia , Eryomina Anna
Published: August 2015

Experimental results of forming the geometry of a single imprint during the process of ultrasonic surface hardening are shown. A single imprint is formed on the machined surface as a result of interaction with an instrument vibrating at the ultrasonic frequency. Regression equations for calculating geometric parameters of an imprint depending on the machining conditions (static load and tool diameter) are derived. Contrary to the existing models the emergence of a hill formed around the tool in the process of its indentation into the surface layer of a workpiece is taken into account. The equations obtained make it possible to determine the height of this hill as well as the depth and diameter of the imprint with the hill. The calculation of these parameters is necessary to identify the boundary conditions of the beginning of initiation of a plastic flow wave in ultrasonic surface hardening of metallic materials.These conditions determine the criteria for the formation of waviness and represent restrictions on critical values of feed and speed in the machining of cylindrical surfaces.
Selection of Synthesis Corundum Grain in Grinding Flat Parts from Hardened Steel 30ChGSA by the Macrogeometry Criterion
Authors: Soler Yakov Iosifovich , Nguyen Le Van
Published: August 2015

The stochastic nature of grinding predetermines the necessity of attracting statistical methods to predict output parameters. In this research the form accuracy indices of flat workpieces EFEmax (the main parameter) and two additional indices EFEa and EFEq called the arithmetic average and the quadratic average, respectively are used (GOST 24642-81). In the conditions of violating normality and homoscedasticity of distributions the selection of the grain in the Norton high porous wheels (HPW) made of synthetic corundum 5SG (46, 60) K12VXP is made with an emphasis on a non-parametric method, wherein medians and quartile latitudes are used as one-dimensional frequency distributions. This paper states that grinding by the coarse-grained HPW 5SG46 in comparison with the small-grained 5SG60 made it possible to increase the form accuracy by the predicted medians within the same accuracy quality class: for EFEmax – TFE7; for EFEa and EFEq – TFE6. The precision of the form accuracy of the parts 30ChGSA increased most significantly: for EFEmax it increased by 5 times, for EFEa by 3.1 times, and for EFEq by 4.2 times. The fact that the heights of microasperity remained practically at the same level , μm; , μm was due to the features of the synthetic corundum grain structure. In this study the EFEmax parameter is used for selecting the wheel grain. The auxiliary parameters of form accuracy are used in calculating the correction indexes of basic models in the multivariate dispersion analysis because they have more information about the status of the part surface.
Inhibitory FcγRIIb-Mediated Soluble Antigen Clearance from Plasma by a pH-Dependent Antigen-Binding Antibody and Its Enhancement by Fc Engineering
Authors: Iwayanagi Yuki , Igawa Tomoyuki , Maeda Atsuhiko , Haraya Kenta , Wada Naoko A. , Shibahara Norihito , Ohmine Ken , Nambu Takeru , Nakamura Genki , Mimoto Futa , Katada Hitoshi , Ito Shunsuke , Tachibana Tatsuhiko , Jishage Kou-ichi , Hattori Kunihiro
Published: August 2015

Fc engineering can modulate the Fc–FcγR interaction and thus enhance the potency of Abs that target membrane-bound Ags, but it has not been applied to Abs that target soluble Ags. In this study, we revealed a previously unknown function of inhibitory FcγRII in vivo and, using an Ab that binds to Ag pH dependently, demonstrated that the function can be exploited to target soluble Ag. Because pH-dependent Ab dissociates Ag in acidic endosome, its Ag clearance from circulation reflects the cellular uptake rate of Ag/Ab complexes. In vivo studies showed that FcγR but not neonatal FcR contributes to Ag clearance by the pH-dependent Ab, and when Fc binding to mouse FcγRII and III was increased, Ag clearance was markedly accelerated in wild-type mice and FcR γ-chain knockout mice, but the effect was diminished in FcγRII knockout mice. This demonstrates that mouse FcγRII efficiently promotes Ab uptake into the cell and its subsequent recycling back to the cell surface. Furthermore, when a human IgG1 Fc variant with selectively increased binding to human FcγRIIb was tested in human FcγRIIb transgenic mice, Ag clearance was accelerated without compromising the Ab half-life. Taken together, inhibitory FcγRIIb was found to play a prominent role in the cellular uptake of monomeric Ag/Ab immune complexes in vivo, and when the Fc of a pH-dependent Ab was engineered to selectively enhance human FcγRIIb binding, the Ab could accelerate soluble Ag clearance from circulation. We assume such a function would enhance the therapeutic potency of Abs that target soluble Ags.
Simultaneous Blade–Vortex Interaction Noise and Vibration Reduction in Rotorcraft Using Microflaps, Including the Effect of Actuator Saturation
Authors: Padthe Ashwani K. , Friedmann Peretz P.
Published: August 2015

The effectiveness of a sliding microflap to simultaneously reduce rotorcraft vibrations and noise was examined at a descending flight condition of advance ratio 0.15 with significant blade–vortex interactions (BVI). two configurations, namely dual and a five-microflap configuration,
were considered. Closed-loop control studies were conducted on a hingeless rotor configuration resembling MBB BO-105, using the adaptive higher harmonic control algorithm. The performance of the microflap was also compared to a conventional trailing-edge plain flap. The results demonstrate
the effectiveness and control authority of the microflap for simultaneous BVI noise and vibration reduction in rotorcraft. Finally, a new saturation control algorithm is developed for limiting the microflap or flap deflections such that the best utilization of on-blade controllers implemented
through multiple control surfaces is achieved. The performance of the new algorithm is compared to the existing ones on the dual and five-microflap configurations.