bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dacryocystorhinostomy Failure: Association With Nasolacrimal Silicone Intubation
Authors: Allen Kerry , Berlin A Jan
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

A retrospective review of 242 consecutive dacryocystorhinostomies (DCRs) revealed no association between failure and either age, gender, or etiology of the nasolacrimal obstruction. However, silicone intubation of the nasolacrimal system was associated with a statistically significant increase in the failure rate of primary DCR. We postulate that silicone tubing by inciting granuloma formation in the nose and lacrimal fossa, predisposes to DCR failure. Routine use of silicone tubing in DCR should be avoided unless there is canalicular scarring, a large valve of Rosenmueller occluding the common canaliculus, or a small contracted or scarred lacrimal sac.
Basal Cell Carcinoma Originating in the Lacrimal Canaliculus
Authors: Garrett Algin B , Dufresne Raymond G , Ratz John Louis , Berlin A Jan
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

We present, to our knowledge for the first time in the English literature, a case of basal cell carcinoma involving the medial canthus arising from the wall of the lacrimal canaliculus.
Trabeculotomy Ab Externo: An Alternative Treatment in Adult Patients With Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Chihara Etsuo , Nishida Akihiro , Kodo Midori , Yoshimura Nagahisa , Matsumura Miyo , Yamamoto Miho , Tsukada Takako
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Seventy-nine adult patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were randomly assigned to treatment by modified trabeculotomy ab externo (TAB) (n = 44) and by trabeculectomy with adjunctive mitomycin C (TMC) (n = 35), and the postoperative outcomes achieved with these two techniques were compared. With TAB, the probability of successful intraocular pressure control 1 year postoperatively was .8644; with TMC, .8432; the difference is not significant (P = .7956). However, postoperative complications such as corneal epithelial damage, bleb leaks, hypotony, flat anterior chamber, and serous choroidal detachment were significantly less frequent in the TAB group. Largely because of this latter consideration, in selected cases, TAB may be a viable alternative to TMC.
Iris Juvenile Xanthogranuloma Studied by Immunohistochemistry and Flow Cytometry
Authors: Shields Jeffrey A , Eagle Ralph C , Shields Carol L , Collins Mary Louise Z , DePotter Patrick
Published: April 2021

Abstract. An unusual large tan iris mass in a 19-month-old child was removed by iridocyclectomy and studied by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. The excised mass consisted of granulomatous inflammation with numerous osteoclast-like giant cells and scattered atypical Touton giant cells. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that the cells were most consistent with mononuclear histiocytes. Flow cytometry showed that 90% of the cells sampled were T-lymphocytes, with a predominance of T-suppresser cytotoxic cells. Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) of the iris can occur as a large solitary mass, without signs of intraocular inflammation or hyphema. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28: 140-144.]
Management of Zonular Dialysis in Phacoemulsification and IOL Implantation Using the Capsular Tension Ring
Authors: Gimbel Howard V , Sun Ran , Heston Jonathan P
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cataract surgery with zonular dialysis remains a challenge for surgeons performing phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. In this article, the authors report the results of cataract surgery with zonular dialysis that was managed with the capsular tension ring.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of the 14 cataract surgery cases with loose or broken zonules managed with capsular tension rings that were retrospectively reviewed, 5 selected cases are presented in this article.

* RESULTS: The authors found that die capsular tension ring helps to avoid capsular collapse and vitreous presentation during surgery and maintains the circular contour of the capsular bag, allowing the intraocular lens to easily be placed into the bag. There was no observable decentration of the intraocular lens after surgery.

* CONCLUSION: The capsular tension ring may provide an alternative means to manage zonular dialysis during phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:273-281.]
Pars Plana Vitrectomy in the Treatment of Combined Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment and Choroidal Detachment in Aphakic or Pseudophakic Patients
Authors: Yang Chung M
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The presence of extensive choroidal detachment (CD) in eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a major preoperative complication. Conventional treatment consists of 7 days to a few weeks of systemic and topical steroids followed by scleral buckling and drainage of suprachoroidal fluid. The author studied the usefulness of pars plana vitrectomy in the management of RRD combined with CD.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten consecutive patients with RRD complicated by CD were treated with pars plana vitrectomy. Nine had had previous cataract extraction, and one patient had pars plana lensectomy at the time of the surgery. The severity of the CD was evaluated with preoperative ophthalmologic echography. Sclerotomy sites for infusion cannulas were chosen in the area with less CD. Six-millimeter infusion cannulas were used. Pars plana vitrectomy, membrane peeling, and internal fluid-gas exchange with encircling scleral buckle placement were performed in a standard fashion. One patient had silicone oil injected.

* RESULTS: In each case, suprachoroidal fluid drained spontaneously through the sclerotomy sites around the vitrectomy instruments during the initial course of the operation without extra sclerotomy. Immediate intraoperative retinal reattachment was achieved in 10 cases. The retina remained attached in 9 cases during at least 6 months of follow-up without additional surgery.

* CONCLUSION: These cases demonstrate the usefulness of pars plana vitrectomy in treating RRD with CD in aphakic or Pseudophakie eyes. This method may be an favorable alternative to conventional treatment.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:288-293.]
Histopathologic Effects of Mitomycin-C on Endoscopic Transnasal Dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Ugurbas Suat Hayri , Zilelioglu Güler , Sargon Mustafa Fevzi , Anadolu Yücel , Akiner Metin , Aktürk Tevfik
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The antimetabolite mitomycin-C is now being used in endoscopic transnasal dacryocystorhinostomies to prevent the closure of osteotomies.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 0.5-mg/ml solution of mitomycin-C was applied to the osteotomy site for 2Vi minutes intraoperatively. Specimens from four patients were collected during surgery and at 1 5 days, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. The specimens were examined under light and electron transmission microscopy and were compared with control specimens.

* RESULTS: Light microscopy showed attenuated epithelium with intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Subepithelial connective tissue was looser and hypocellular. Electron microscopy confirmed these findings and demonstrated swelling of mitochondria, dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, and chromatin-dense granules in nuclei of fibroblasts.

* CONCLUSION: By causing a decrease in density and cellularity of mucosa, topical use of mitomycin-C may enhance the success of surgery; however, further studies are necessary to determine the ultimate potential of this agent for this procedure.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1997;28:300-304.]
Small Incision Cataract Surgery and Placement of Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lenses in Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Raskauskas Paul A , Walker Joseph P , Wing Glenn L , Fletcher Donald C , Elsner Ann E
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Diabetic patients undergoing cataract surgery have been demonstrated to have a guarded prognosis. Small incision cataract surgery has been postulated to cause fewer complications than other techniques of cataract extraction. We looked at small incision cataract surgery to see how diabetics fared.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty-four eyes of diabetic patients were evaluated preoperatively through dilated fundus examination and Snellen visual acuity. The eyes then underwent small incision cataract surgery and were followed, undergoing periodic ophthalmoscopy, Snellen visual acuity measurement and additional postoperative therapeutic and surgical intervention.

* RESULTS: Final visual acuity improved by two Snellen lines or more in 61 out of 154 (40%) eyes. Final visual acuity worsened in 38 out of 154 (25%) eyes.

* CONCLUSIONS: Our results are similar to those reported for extracapsular surgery and phacoemulsification, suggesting that the prognosis is guarded for diabetics, even when undergoing small incision cataract surgery.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30: 6-11.]
Intraocular Pressure Reduction Following Phacoemulsification Cataract Extraction With Posterior Chamber Lens Implantation in Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Kim David D , Doyle J William , Smith M Fran
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) following uneventful phacoemulsification cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation (Phaco/PC IOL) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed preoperative and postoperative IOP in 31 consecutive medically-controlled POAG patients who underwent uneventful Phaco/PC IOL. None of the patients had prior intraocular surgery.

RESULTS: The mean preoperative IOP in the POAG group was 18.1 ± 3.1 mm Hg with patients receiving a mean of 1.7 antiglaucoma medications. With a mean follow-up of 16.4 months, the average postoperative IOP in the POAG group was 15.2 ± 2.9 mm Hg (P < .001, Student's t test) with patients receiving a mean of 0.7 antiglaucoma medication (P < .001).

* CONCLUSION: Phaco/PC IOL may be associated with a significant decrease in IOP in POAG patients, allowing for decreased postoperative antiglaucoma medication.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999; 30: 37-40.]
Chorioretinal Venous Anastomosis for Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: Transvitreal Venipuncture
Authors: Fekrat Sharon , de Juan Eugene
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The authors describe an eye with a central retinal vein occlusion that developed chorioretinal anastomoses following transvitreal venipuncture, a vitreoretinal surgical technique. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999; 30: 52-55.]
Nd:Yag Goniopuncture After Deep Sclerectomy With Collagen Implant
Authors: Mermou André , Karlen Marc-Etienne , Schnyder Corinne C , Sickenberg Michel , Chiou Auguste G Y , Hédiguer Serge E A , Sanchez Enrique
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study the need, the safety and the success rate of Nd:Yag goniopuncture in eyes that underwent deep sclerectomy with collagen implant.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The first 100 patients that underwent deep sclerectomy with collagen implant were prospectively followed. Deep sclerectomy with collagen implant is a non-penetrating filtering surgery which allows filtration of aqueous from the anterior chamber to the subconjunctival space through a remaining trabeculo-Descemet's membrane without opening the anterior chamber. Goniopunctures with Nd:Yag laser were performed at the site of surgery when the filtration through the trabeculo-Descemet's membrane was considered to be insufficient with elevated intraocular pressure. The laser treatment was performed using a Lasag 15 gonioscopy contact lens (CGAl). Goniopunctures were performed using the free-running Q-switched mode with an energy ranging from 2 to 4 mj.

* RESULTS: Of 100 patients who underwent deep sclerectomy with collagen implant, goniopunctures with NdiYag laser were performed in 4 1 patients (4 1 %) . The mean time between deep sclerectomy with collagen implant and goniopuncture was 9.9 months ± 1.2 months (± SE). The mean IOP before laser treatment was 22.2 mm ± 7.0 mm Hg and decreased to 12.5 mm ± 5.8 mm Hg immediately after laser treatment and remained stable for the next 2 years of follow-up. The immediate success rate of goniopuncture was 83%. Choroidal detachment occurred in two patients (5%).

* CONCLUSION: Nd:Yag goniopuncture is an efficient and safe treatment for low filtration through the trabeculo-Descemet's membrane after deep sclerectomy with collagen implant.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30: 120-125.]
A Study of the Incidence of Culture-Positive Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery in an Ambulatory Care Center
Authors: Bohigian George M
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To deter mine the incidence of culture-positive endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in an ambulatory surgical care center and to analyze the effectiveness of povidoneiodine solution in the preoperative preparation in preventing culture-positive endophthalmitis.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective series of 19,269 consecutive cases of cataract extraction with lens implantation over 12 years in an ambulatory care center was reviewed.

* RESULTS: Nine cases of culture-positive endophthalmitis occurred, for an incidence of 0.05%. The initial 4,740 cases (1985-1989) were performed without the use of povidone-iodine; the following 14,529 cases (1990-1996) were done using povidone-iodine. The incidence of culture-positive endophthalmitis was 0.08% and 0.03%, respectively.

* CONCLUSION: The incidence of culture-positive endophthalmitis in this series was very low. The use of 5% povidone-iodine, topically, appeared to be beneficial in reducing the incidence of culture-positive endophthalmitis after cataract extraction (P=O. 24), but was not statistically significant in this retrospective series. Evaluation and methods to prevent endophthalmitis are difficult in retrospective clinical studies due to multiple variables and the rarity of this complication.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:295-298.]
A Case of Bacterial Endophthalmitis Following Perforating Injury Caused by a Cat Claw
Authors: Doi Mari , Ikeda Tsunehiko , Yasuhara Toru , Koizumi Kan , Nakamura Tomiko
Published: April 2021

Abstract. A case of bacterial endophthalmitis following a perforating ocular injury caused by a cat claw is reported. The scleral wound was sutured immediately following the injury and systemic antibiotics were administered. Despite this treatment, endophthalmitis occurred 3 days after the injury. The endophthalmitis was resolved by pars plana vitrectomy, however preretinal reproliferation and retinal detachment subsequently occurred. After reoperation the retina was reattached and the corrected visual acuity improved from 10 cm/HM to 20/200. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in cultured vitreous humor that was collected during surgery. This case illustrates the possibility of endophthalmitis being caused by gram negative bacillus in cases of perforating injuries caused by animal claws. Perforating ocular injuries caused by animal claws are relatively rare. Here we report a case of endophthalmitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa that occurred after a perforating injury caused by a cat claw. The eye was treated by pars plana vitrectomy.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:315-316.]
Surgical Results and Complications of Mitomycin C-Augmented Trabeculectomy in Refractory Developmental Glaucoma
Authors: Mandal Anil K , Prasad Kalyani , Naduvilath Thomas J
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surgical results and complications of mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy in refractory developmental glaucoma.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors reviewed the charts of all patients of refractory developmental glaucoma who underwent mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy (0.4 mg/ml for 3 minutes) between September 1990 and August 1995. Thirtyeight eyes of 29 patients were included in the study; 34 eyes (89.5%) had refractory primary congenital glaucoma with documented failure of primary surgery, 2 eyes (5-3%) had Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and 2 eyes (5-3%) had aniridia. The main outcome measures in this study were preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressures (IOPs) ,visual acuities, bleb characteristics, success rate, time of surgical failure, and complications.

* RESULTS: The IOP (mean ± SD) reduced from a preoperative level of 32.6 ± 1 1.8 mm Hg to 12.3 ± 7.3 mm Hg (P<0.0001) with the percentage reduction in IOP being 56%. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the success probability at 18 months was 65%, which was maintained till 30 months of followup. The bleb was characterized by its large, elevated, avascular, transparent appearance in all the eyes. There were no intraoperative complications. The postoperative complications included hyphema (absorbed one week) in 8 eyes (21%), uncontrolled IOP in 8 eyes (21%), shallow anterior chamber in 3 eyes (7.9%), hypotony without visual loss in one eye (2.6%) and retinal detachment in 2 eyes (5.2%) which was surgically repaired successfully. Visual acuity was maintained in all cases after surgery. None of the patients developed mitomycin-C related late bleb-leakage or endophthalmitis.

* CONCLUSION: Treatment of refractory developmental glaucoma with mitomycin C-augmented trabeculectomy is effective and safe with an acceptable rate of complications.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:473-480.]
Repair of Scleral Perforation With Preserved Scleral and Amniotic Membrane in Marian's Syndrome
Authors: Teresa Rodríguez-Ares M , Touriño Rosario , Capeans Carmen , Sánchez-Salorio Manuel
Published: April 2021

Abstract. To describe the surgical technique used in the repair of a large scleral perforation in a patient with Marfans syndrome and a past history of various surgical interventions in both eyes. Scleral homograft and amniotic membrane transplant were used to reconstruct the large scleral defect present in his left eye. One month after surgical intervention, the patient showed excellent restoration of the scleral perforation without signs of inflammation or infection. The combination of scleral homograft and amniotic membrane transplant constitute an effective alternative to autologous scleral and conjunctival grafts when these cannot be used. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:485-487.]
Polyglactin Sutures Versus Nylon Sutures for Scleral Flap Suturing in Trabeculectomy
Authors: Raina Usha K , Tuli Deven , Mehta D K
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To note the effect on filtration function of using polyglactin sutures for scleral flap suturing in trabeculectomy.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Polyglactin sutures were compared with nylon sutures to secure the scleral flap of trabeculectomy in 30 consecutive eyes. Parameters studied were intraocular pressure, central anterior chamber depth, and bleb score in this randomized prospective study.

* RESULTS: Observations regarding intraocular pressure, central anterior chamber depth and bleb score in the early postoperative period were comparable in the 2 groups. The results at 12 months follow-up reveal a lower mean IOP (P < 0.05) and a higher mean bleb score (P < 0.05) in the group with polyglactin sutures. Success rate (defined as IOP < 21 mm Hg) at 12 months was 100% with use of polyglactin sutures compared to 80% with nylon sutures.

* CONCLUSIONS: Polyglactin sutures can be used as an alternative to nylon sutures for scleral flap suturing in trabeculectomy, with the possible additional benefit of better long-term filtration function.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:554-559.]
In Vitro Flow Properties of Glaucoma Implant Devices
Authors: Eisenberg Dan L , Koo Edward Y , Hafner Greg , Schuman Joel S
Published: April 2021

* PURPOSE: To develop a protocol for testing glaucoma implant devices and to use this protocol to characterize devices currently available.

* METHODS: The following devices were obtained: Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implant, Baerveldt Implant, Krupin Eye Valve, Joseph Valve, and OptiMed Glaucoma Pressure Regulator. Pressure per unit time was measured in real-time during ramped pressure perfusion of the implant devices with an open-manometer system. Each device was measured during a 10 minute interval while a constant flow of fluid was pumped into the system. The open manometer allowed the resistance of the devices to generate a pressure head which was monitored by computer. Four independent runs were averaged for each device.

* RESULTS: The Ahmed devices demonstrated reliable valve performance with a mean opening pressure of 13.65 mm Hg, a facility flow of 1.2 µL/min/mm Hg and a closing pressure of 6.1 mm Hg. The Baerveldt devices had a mean facility flow of 7.56 µL/min/mm Hg. The Joseph devices had the most variable performance, opening from 2.05 to 6.21 mm Hg. Two of 4 Joseph devices had high facility of flow (5 µL/min/mm Hg). The Krupin devices had a mean opening pressure of 6.25 mm Hg in 3 of 4 devices. The remaining Krupin device did not exhibit valve behavior. The OptiMed device did not reveal an opening pressure, and had a mean facility of flow of 7.08 µL/min/mm Hg for high flow and 6.20 µL/min/mm Hg for low flow.

* CONCLUSION: An objective test protocol for glaucoma implant devices was demonstrated. All implant devices had high facility of flow compared to the normal eye and can be grouped into very high facility (Baerveldt and OptiMed), and high facility (Ahmed, Joseph and Krupin). Only the Ahmed device had consistent valve behavior. None of the devices created enough resistance to explain long-term clinical failure of glaucoma drainage device surgery.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:662-667.]
Pediatric Lipid Disorders
Authors: Leopold Scott , Zachariah Justin P.
Published: April 2021

Current scientific evidence has proven that atherosclerosis is a process that begins in childhood and tracks into adulthood, likely culminating in adverse cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and stroke. In addition, the obesity epidemic and increasing awareness of genetic lipid disorders has made the understanding and management of lipid disorders necessary for pediatricians. Childhood offers a unique opportunity for preventing, modifying, or eliminating risk factors and, in doing so, reversing or slowing the process of atherosclerosis. In general, management involves targeted lifestyle interventions such as strict dietary changes and increases in physical activity. In some circumstances, pharmacotherapy, even in childhood, is warranted.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2021;50(3):e105–e112.]
Endophthalmitis Caused by
Streptococcus
:Clinical Outcomes and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities 2014–2019
Authors: Staropoli Patrick C. , Flynn Harry W. , Miller Darlene , Persad Patrice J. , Vanner Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To report the clinical settings, antibiotic susceptibilities, and outcomes of streptococcal endophthalmitis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective case series evaluating culture-positive streptococcal endophthalmitis from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019.

RESULTS:

Thirty-eight eyes met study criteria. The most common clinical setting was post-glaucoma surgery (33.3%, 12/36). The most frequent isolate was
Streptococcus viridans
(63.2%, 24/38). Isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (100%, 36/36), ceftriaxone (100%, 28/28), and levofloxacin (100%, 36/36). Final best-corrected visual acuity was 20/150 or better in 24.1% (7/29) but 20/200 or worse in 75.9% (22/29). Enucleation was performed in 11.1% (4/36). A subset (n = 11) of cases were evaluated for streptococcal-specific virulence factors: pneumolysin was present in 18.2% (2/11), autolysin in 45.5% (5/11), and hyaluronidase in 54.5% (6/11). Clinical setting, antibacterial susceptibilities, timing of pars plana vitrectomy, and virulence factor presence were not associated with better visual outcome or enucleation rate (
P
> .05).

CONCLUSION:

Visual prognosis for streptococcal endophthalmitis is poor despite early and appropriate antibiotic treatment.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2021;52:182–189.]
Swept-Source OCTA Imaging of a Presumed Solitary Circumscribed Retinal Astrocytic Proliferation
Authors: Ansary Meryem Filali , Amoroso Francesca , Forte Raimondo , Cohen Salomon Y. , Miere Alexandra , Souied Eric H.
Published: April 2021

Presumed solitary circumscribed retinal astrocytic proliferation (pSCRAP) is a rare, benign retinal tumor, typically presenting as a yellow-white, well-defined lesion. It was first qualified as astrocytic, but thanks to the development of optical coherence tomography (OCT), the lesion was identified as a deep glial lesion, as the nerve fiber layer appeared to be spared. Herein, the authors report the case of a 90-year-old man with inferopapillary pSCRAP who benefited from swept-source OCT angiography images.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2021;52:232–235.]
Retour sur un objet communicationnel situé
Authors: Despontin Lefèvre Irène
Published: April 2021

À partir d’observations en/hors ligne réalisées sur le collectif féministe #NousToutes et menées dans le cadre de recherches doctorales, la présente étude invite à une réflexion méthodologique au prisme des théories sur les savoirs situés. Plus particulièrement, il s’agit ici de questionner l’importance de l’« exposition située » du chercheur-e dans les processus de production de la recherche, en articulant ses expériences en/hors ligne et son rapport au terrain physique et/ou numérique.
Enquêter avec Facebook : examen de l’identité numérique de l’ethnographe au cours d’un séjour de terrain hors ligne
Authors: Ronsin Gaëlle
Published: April 2021

Dans l’archipel des Îles-de-la-Madeleine au Québec (Canada), le réseau social Facebook prend une place importante dans les dynamiques communicationnelles. Une ethnographie conduite dans cet archipel sur un tout autre sujet – la chasse aux phoques – a été amenée à utiliser ce médium pour constituer des relations d’enquête en complément de méthodes développées hors ligne. Facebook prend le rôle d’un instrument, parmi d’autres, pour accéder de façon plus aisée à un terrain. Mais son irruption dans une méthodologie pensée initialement hors ligne a induit une réflexion sur l’identité numérique du chercheur, enjeu encore peu abordé dans la littérature. Cet article propose de restituer les doutes qui sont apparus et d’examiner le profil Facebook de l’ethnographe afin de comprendre ce que produit, via le numérique, le débordement des frontières classiques d’une enquête et des engagements du chercheur.
Mouvements sociaux sur Twitter et Digital Methods : des données aux analyses
Authors: Loubère Lucie
Published: April 2021

La place croissante des réseaux sociaux numériques dans le débat public amène les chercheurs et journalistes à investiguer ces matériaux. Si l’apport des sciences sociales est indéniable dans la compréhension des mouvements sociaux actuels, les chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales, dans leur ensemble, ne sont que peu formés à ces matériaux. Au fur et à mesure des besoins, des outils de recueil et de traitement de données ont vu le jour, et permettent aujourd’hui de manipuler et d’extraire les données sans compétences techniques particulières. Mais cette aisance des interfaces masque une complexité de manipulation de données, ou des choix ont été opérés indépendamment d’une recherche précise. Notre article propose de présenter ces divers éléments et reprend pour l’analyse de données issues de Twitter les choix d’extraction, d’analyse de réseaux et d’analyse lexicales.
Bateaux, plateaux, arsenaux : quels enjeux géopolitiques dans un Arctique en mutation ?
Authors: Lasserre Frédéric
Published: April 2021

Trois grandes controverses, bien différentes, opposent les pays de l’Arctique. Tout d’abord se pose la question du statut des routes maritimes potentielles des Passages du Nord-ouest et du Nord-est, alors que des scénarios y prévoient un accroissement de la navigation. Ensuite se pose la question de l’extension de la souveraineté économique sur les plateaux continentaux, au-delà de la ligne des 200 miles marins, et des litiges frontaliers que les chevauchements pourraient susciter. Enfin, alimentées par le souci des États arctiques d’asseoir leur contrôle sur les espaces maritimes qui se libèrent des glaces, les politiques de sécurisation que plusieurs d’entre eux mènent apparaissent parfois comme une militarisation de l’Arctique, en particulier pour la Russie et, un temps, pour le Canada. Ces trois controverses diffèrent tant de par les enjeux que du fait de jeux d’alliances changeants. Mais ces phénomènes traduisent-ils réellement un emballement des enjeux géopolitiques pour l’Arctique  ?
Un objet diplomatique : l’occupation industrielle des fonds marins à travers l’analyse des décisions politiques
Authors: Frozel Barros Natália
Published: April 2021

Cet article fait un retour sur les premières controverses et décisions politiques (1982-1989) ayant déclenché l’institutionnalisation du partage des zones d’exploration minière des fonds marins internationaux. Il part du constat selon lequel le dispositif juridique de la Convention des Nations unies sur le droit de la mer et la création de l’Autorité internationale des fonds marins sont des choix controversés. Malgré les critiques des pays plus puissants, dont celles de l’administration américaine de Reagan, ce cadre juridique onusien s’institutionnalise graduellement : une série de négociations diplomatiques et industrielles, notamment dans les coulisses des Nations unies, verrouille le cadre onusien comme cadre principal de traitement des affaires des fonds marins. L’article est fondé sur une enquête inédite portant sur le travail diplomatique de négociation et d’élaboration du droit international de la mer aux Nations unies. Il s’appuie principalement sur les archives onusiennes.
Une frontière virtuelle : l’exploitation des ressources minérales profondes dans le Pacifique
Authors: Le Meur Pierre-Yves , Muni Toke Valelia
Published: April 2021

Le projet d’exploiter les ressources minérales marines profondes, qui remonte aux années 1960, est revenu au premier plan dans les années 2000, dans un contexte de course aux matières premières et de croissance rapide des économies émergentes, en particulier celle de la Chine. La mine sous-marine constitue une nouvelle frontière économique et technologique pour les firmes minières et le capital transnational tandis que les pays et territoires du Pacifique insulaire s’efforcent d’anticiper cette rencontre en renforçant leurs compétences souveraines et la coopération régionale. Pour les peuples autochtones et les autorités coutumières est en jeu la représentation cognitive et normative des espaces océaniques comme part intégrant de leur univers et monde de vie alimentant des affirmations spécifiques de souveraineté « non-westphalienne ». La réalisation du potentiel minier sous-marin reste toutefois lente à se dessiner. Cet article se propose d’explorer cette frontière minière encore largement virtuelle via les politiques et les dispositifs mis en place dans ce domaine dans les territoires français du Pacifique, avec un accent sur le cas de Wallis-et-Futuna. Il s’agira d’examiner et d’analyser les effets induits par la rencontre entre politique française, réponses océaniennes et virtualité de la mine sous-marine, en particulier du point de vue des relations des Outre-mer à l’État et à l’information, entre défiance, rumeurs et controverses. On verra à quel point les questions d’incertitude, y compris morale, institutionnelle et ontologique, jouent un rôle structurant dans la compréhension et les négociations des enjeux de l’exploration et de l’exploitation des ressources minérales marines profondes.
«  Artisan, ça veut tout et rien dire  » - Quelle lutte des classes dans la pêche bretonne  ?
Authors: Clouette Fabien
Published: April 2021

La filière pêche bretonne est souvent considérée comme homogène alors qu’elle recèle de rapports de force, reflets d’une diversité de tailles d’entreprises, d’intérêts économiques ou politiques et de sensibilités écologiques. Nous avançons dans cet article l’hypothèse d’une lutte de classe originale au secteur, opposant non seulement les gros armements, concentrant actuellement les capitaux et les droits de pêche, à leurs ouvriers matelots exploités sur les ponts hauturiers, mais aussi aux petits artisans qu’ils concurrencent sur zone de pêche. Matelots et artisans ont en commun la subalternité vis-à-vis de ces armements industriels, ainsi que la recherche d’une capacité d’action qui s’exprime souvent de manière infra-politique. L’article montre comment s’organisent ces rapports de force : une naturalisation des rapports de pouvoir s’opère et il convient d’en analyser les effets.
«  La mer ne nous appartient plus  !  »
Authors: Mariat-Roy Émilie
Published: April 2021

L’instauration d’une politique de gestion des ressources marines par Quotas individuels transférables (1990) en Islande 1990 a eu des conséquences multiples et des implications profondes dans les activités de pêche et les représentations que les pêcheurs se font de leur environnement de travail et de leur métier. Dans cet article, nous focaliserons notre attention sur la pêche artisanale à bord de petites embarcations, qui a joué un rôle très important dans la relance ou le maintien de l’activité de pêche dans des régions dépendant étroitement du secteur de la production halieutique. Les difficultés qui touchent le monde des pêches artisanales sont consécutives d’une marchandisation des droits à produire au fondement d’une reconfiguration de l’activité de pêche. Nous entendons montrer jusqu’où cette marchandisation de l’accès aux ressources marines met à mal ce qui est au fondement de l’activité de pêche dans sa dimension la plus concrète et la plus fondamentale et stratégique : non seulement la production collective d’un savoir pratique sur le milieu maritime, mais aussi la reconnaissance, au-delà de la sphère professionnelle, de sa légitimité. Cet article se divisera en quatre parties : après avoir exposé quelques éléments de cadrage, nous analyserons l’évolution des pratiques de pêche à bord de petites embarcations entre 1990 et 2010 ; nous reviendrons sur le développement des petites embarcations pour une viabilisation des communes littorales ; nous montrerons ensuite comment les QIT ont transformé les valeurs du poisson et celle du travail ; enfin, nous terminerons avant de conclure par l’identification et l’analyse des processus de «  dés-appropriation  » et d’«  ensauvagement  » des espaces maritimes.
Des océans indigestes : l’émergence de l’eutrophisation côtière comme problème environnemental global
Authors: Levain Alix , Barthélémy Carole , Bourblanc Magalie , Douguet Jean-Marc , Euzen Agathe , Souchon Yves
Published: April 2021

Malgré les dommages qu’elle occasionne pour les populations humaines et la biodiversité littorales depuis parfois plusieurs dizaines d’années, l’eutrophisation des milieux marins n’a que très progressivement accédé à une visibilité dans l’espace politique et auprès d’un large public. Due à la production industrielle d’azote réactif et de l’extraction massive de minerai de phosphate, en particulier pour la fertilisation des cultures, cette pollution terrigène majeure est aujourd’hui considérée comme le symptôme le plus manifeste de la perturbation anthropique à grande échelle des cycles biogéochimiques des nutriments. Dans ce contexte, l’ambition de cet article est de rendre compte de l’émergence contrariée de l’eutrophisation côtière comme problème public. Fondé sur une revue systématique de la littérature internationale en sciences sociales et en sciences de la soutenabilité, littérature jusqu’à présent très dispersée, il propose une lecture critique des dynamiques multi-échelles de la surfertilisation des océans. Cette analyse met en évidence trois périodes majeures qui caractérisent l’histoire sociale de l’eutrophisation des milieux marins et examine la façon dont elle a été prise en charge, ou pas, par les autorités publiques. Dans la plupart des cas documentés, l’expérience vécue des populations a rarement suffi à déclencher des politiques publiques régulatrices, le manque d’efficacité de l’action publique étant souvent présenté comme résultant d’antagonismes locaux et d’incertitudes scientifiques persistantes. Si les mobilisations sociales contre l’eutrophisation côtière tendent à se cantonner à des sites emblématiques, les conflits socio-environnementaux directement reliés à des symptômes d’eutrophisation se déploient, en revanche, au sein d’une grande diversité de configurations hydro-sociales, dont nous proposons une typologie.
Battling Burnout at the Frontlines of Health Care Amid COVID-19
Authors: Howell Beverly Ann M.
Published: April 2021

Nursing is a physically and emotionally demanding profession. Grueling job roles and challenging work environments, specifically in acute or critical care settings, place health care professionals at risk of burnout. Burnout in health care professionals results from a chronic negative work experience, leading to job dissatisfaction and, ultimately, poor patient outcomes. Symptoms and prevalence of burnout can be alleviated by implementing individual-focused strategies and minor modifications in work environments, job demands, and responsibilities. Currently, risk for burnout is increasing as COVID-19 challenges health care systems in which advanced practice nurses and other health care professionals struggle continuously to deliver high-quality patient care. In this article, the circumstances surrounding COVID-19 are considered and an overview is provided of burnout phenomenon, its causal factors, and its consequences. With consideration of current evidence in literature, I discuss some suggested strategies to improve resilience and facilitate well-being among health care professionals at individual and organizational levels.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Policy Inconsistence in Nigeria (1970-2016)
Authors: Kabara M. Y. , Amirthalingam K.
Published: April 2021

Foreign Direct Investment is the dominant and the most reliable source of deficit financing to nations mostly developing and third world characterized with low investible fund since early 80s. This is against the backdrop that investible funds generated from high saving are a necessary condition for economic growth. However, the all-encompassing determinant of FDI is the consistency in the economic policy especially in the third world and developing economies like Nigeria. It is against this that this study seeks to measure the effect of policy inconsistency on the flow of FDI in Nigeria from 1970 to 2016 using Annual and Cumulative Growth Rate approach. The study revealed that policy inconsistency within the period reviewed has a serious impact on the flow of FDI. In line with this, it was part of the recommendations that Nigerian governments at all levels should reduce the rate of policy change and volatility through the design and pursuance of long term economic and FDI related policies with a strong legislation that they must remain uninterrupted even with a change of political leadership.
The Spatial Variation of Mugil cephalus in the Negombo Estuary in Relation to Physico-chemical Parameters
Authors: Mendis B. R. C. , Najim M. M. M. , Kithsiri H. M. P. , Udayangana Lahiru
Published: April 2021

Analysis of physico - chemical parameters gives an insight to the spatial distribution of Mugil cephalus in Negombo estuary. The present study was carried out to the spatial distribution of Mugil cephalus that is governed by the physico - chemical parameters in bottom overlying surface water in Negombo estuary, Sri Lanka. Samplings at selected sites were done during one year study period from January 2017 to December 2017. During this study, fish (Mugil cephalus) and water samples were collected at Sea mouth, Duwa, Pitipana, Munnakkaraya, Dungalpitya, Dandugam Oya and Katunayake sites. Physico - chemical parameters such as the water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, electrical conductivity, BOD, COD and nutrients levels in the bottom overlying water were measured and analyzed using employing standards methods. The results revealed that salinity, pH, EC, BOD and nutrient levels were below the maximum permissible limits of the discharge industrial wastewater quality standards of the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), Sri Lanka. The COD levels were higher than the permissible threshold limits. The seasonality in the physico - chemical levels of water were observed with a peak period from May/June and October/November, which apparently coincided with the inter monsoonal periods of the island.
Comparison of Reliability and Validity of Measurements on Digital Study Models Made with Scann Three-Dimensional Smartphone Software and Plaster Models
Authors: Prabhu K. , Venkatesan N. , Kirubakaran A. , Karthick V. C. , Imithiyas M. , Karthick Ramesh
Published: April 2021

Aim:

The aim of this study was to compare traditional manual model analysis with a digital caliper with the virtual model analysis of digitalized plaster models.

Settings and Study Design:

This was a comparative in vitro study.

Materials and Methods:

Randomly ten plaster models of prosthodontics patients in permanent dentition were analyzed. Manual analyses were performed with a diagnostic digital caliper and smartphone-assisted analysis after digitization of the plaster models using SCANN 3D software. The reliability and efficiency of digital models are to be analyzed by comparing measurements made on plaster and digital cast.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Difference and standard deviation were used for statistical analysis.

Results:

By comparing the linear transverse measurements, the data reveal that the mean values of the tooth width from the manual method were larger than the values from the digital method. The standard deviation was significantly high in the first premolar region, in manual method, and high in the second premolar region in digital measurements. With the digital method, the examiner found low values with the digital method. The time needed for the creation of 3D models from photogrammetry software will more and tedious and needs a learning curve.

Conclusion:

Models created by Scann 3D software with the help of a smartphone appear to be an adequate and reliable alternative to the conventional method of model analysis.
Assessment of Physical Growth in Male Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Abakaliki
Authors: Ogeh Chijioke Ogodo , Emodi Ifeoma I. , Orji Maria-Lauretta , Nweke Chijioke J. , Ogeh Blessed U. , Iloh Ogochukwu Nneka , Iloh Kenechukwu Kosisochukwu
Published: April 2021

Background:

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes a derangement in growth. Antiretrovirals promote immune function restoration and improvement in the quality of life. Variables such as poor adherence to drugs and unsuppressed viral load may negatively influence growth in HIV-infected children. The study aimed at determining the growth in HIV-infected males aged 8–17 years in Abakaliki who were on antiretrovirals.

Methods:

A case–control hospital-based study, involving 80 HIV-infected males aged 8–17 years who were matched for age and socioeconomic class with 80 HIV-uninfected controls. Growth parameters including the heights, weights, and body mass index (BMI) of subjects and controls were measured, and Z scores for age derived for height, weight, and BMI.

Results:

The mean height of subjects (1.420 ± 0.18 m) was significantly lower than that of controls (1.515 ± 0.17 m). The mean weight of subjects (35.09 ± 12.48 kg) was significantly low compared to controls (42.21 ± 12.95 kg). A significant difference was documented in the mean BMI for age among subjects (16.78 ± 2.12 kg/m2) and controls (17.93 ± 2.27 kg/m2). There was a significant relationship between CD4 count and growth (BMI) (P = 0.006) and between duration on highly active antiretroviral therapy and growth (P = 0.024).

Conclusion:

HIV-infected males had significantly impaired growth despite the use of antiretroviral drugs.
International Best Practice
Authors: Archibong Felix , Asibong Udeme , Okoye Ifeyinwa E. , Onyia Tony J. , Legogie Annette , Nformi Kemjei J. , Onah Cosmas Kenan
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

International best practice (IBP) in the healthcare sector is an approach that is put in place globally, acceptable standards to ensure patients' safety while providing quality healthcare to the community. It achieves such standards by defining the job roles of various professionals in the healthcare sector. In the Nigerian healthcare sector, despite the clear definition of the job roles of the medical laboratory scientist and clinical laboratory physicians (pathologist) by the various Acts of Law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria that established these two professions, there seems to be a misapprehension of the differences between these two professions. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of the health workers as it concerns the IBP on the scope of practice of medical laboratory science (MLS) and clinical laboratory medicine in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional, observational design was used for this prospective study involving 427 health workers from the six geopolitical zones in Nigerian and Abuja, using a proportionate sampling technique. It was facility-based research using a validated semi-structured self-administered questionnaire.

Results:

Over 50% of the participants believed that MLS was the same as clinical laboratory medicine. Two hundred and ten participants (49.2%) did not know that analyses of samples in a clinical laboratory was the job responsibility of a laboratory physician.

Conclusion:

There was knowledge gap in the practices of both the MLS and the clinical laboratory medicine by health workers. Therefore, there is a need to create awareness through interprofessional education, workshops, and seminars to ensure understanding of job roles as this may promote harmony between these two professions in the health sector.
The Art Through the Media in the Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Angelova Luchia , Angelov Bojidar
Published: April 2021

In kindergarten and primary school, the aesthetic perception and aesthetic attitude to the world, as components of aesthetic culture are formed through a cycle of artistic and aesthetic activities. children's audience in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic The question is answered, what do we need to know about the media in order to be able to live in accordance with the modern information society? It is pointed out that the task of media pedagogy is to specify where the interactions between the media and people - especially children, intervene by educating, educating and advising, orienting and informing despite the new conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Socio-Cultural Differences Between Generations in Elbasan
Authors: Çeçi Nuredin , Çeçi Marjeta
Published: April 2021

Social life carries various social and cultural phenomena which significantly interact with our lives, creating the difference in-depth reports and the newly formed relationship between generations in the family and society. Changes in thought, behavior, or actions strands understand if inequality and differences emerge and develop from social constraints. In today's society that mostly resembles a space without borders, it is possible to absorb new ways and ideas regarding lifestyle, thinking, and conduct. Many sociological and psychological studies argued that, especially in the early 60-s of the twentieth century, adolescents are more likely to be directed towards the ideas, practices, and characterized as countercultural movements. The study "Socio-cultural differences between generations in Elbasan" was conducted to identify social and cultural factors that affect the growth of differences between generations in the family and society. Identification of socializing factors such as media, schools, technology, and impacts arising from other cultures through immigration. Underlining the importance and analysis of social and cultural elements in change as essential factors in the differences between generations gives meaning to this study. This study's results have been highlighted by analyzing relations between ages and social and cultural changes in Elbasan in recent years.