bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convergent evolution of specialized generalists: Implications for phylogenetic and functional diversity of carabid feeding groups
Authors: Baulechner Dennis , Jauker Frank , Neubauer Thomas A. , Wolters Volkmar
Published: October 2020

Closely related species are often assumed to be functionally similar. Phylogenetic information is thus widely used to infer functional diversity and assembly of communities. In contrast, evolutionary processes generating functional similarity of phylogenetically distinct taxa are rarely addressed in this context.

To investigate the impact of convergent evolution on functional diversity (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD), we reconstructed the phylogenetic structure of carabid trophic groups. We then analyzed the mandible shapes using geometric morphometrics to link specialization in functional morphology with feeding specialization among herbivores, generalist carnivores, and specialized consumers of Collembola.

Our results show that carabid feeding groups are paraphyletic. Herbivory evolved at least twice and specialization to Collembola predation at least three times. Species within feeding groups share a remarkably similar mandible morphology, which evolved convergently. While specialized mandibles of herbivores and collembolan specialists represent an adaptation to their main food source, the particular mandible morphologies do not necessarily reflect the degree of food specialization within feeding groups. Only a few species with a specialized herbivorous mandible may occasionally feed on animals, but the range of specific food resources in generalist carnivore species is large, despite an almost identical mandible shape.

Thus, convergent evolution in specialized feeding groups reverses the relationship between PD and functional similarity compared with generalist carnivores. We conclude that phylogenetic relationship is a poor proxy of FD in carabids. Moreover, the inconsistencies between relatedness, morphological adaptation, and ecological function require caution in the characterization of functional groups. Rather than assuming general relationships between PD and FD, we suggest integrating the analysis of evolutionary processes into functional community analyses.
Safe application of extensive radiotherapy to a cardiac resynchronization device
Authors: Schernthaner Christiana , Kopp Michael , Dagn Karin , Rettenbacher Lukas , Weiss Lukas , Meyersburg Damian , Brandt Mathias‐Christoph , Hoppe Uta C. , Strohmer Bernhard
Published: October 2020

Patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices undergoing radiotherapy (RT) are prone to the risk of device failure. Guidelines and manufacturer's instructions are lacking practical recommendations for cumulative radiation doses to pacemakers or implantable cardioverter defibrillators. The present case demonstrates the effect of RT of a Merkel cell carcinoma near the location of a cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker. Despite guideline recommendations, surgical relocation or de novo implantation of the device on the contralateral side was avoided to prevent the dissemination of tumour cells, inflammation, and wound healing complications. A total dose of 47.25 Gy applied in very close proximity to the cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker was carried out safely without jeopardizing the patient and any device malfunction during and after treatment within >1.5 years of follow‐up period. The present case demonstrates that high‐dose RT near to a cardiac resynchronization therapy device can be carried out safely. Special precautions during RT as well as close device follow‐up interrogations are mandatory. Large‐scale studies are needed for the true frequency of adverse events.
Short‐term changes in left and right systolic function following ferric carboxymaltose: a substudy of the Myocardial‐IRON trial
Authors: Santas Enrique , Miñana Gema , Cardells Ingrid , Palau Patricia , Llàcer Pau , Fácila Lorenzo , Almenar Luis , López‐Lereu Maria P. , Monmeneu Jose V. , Sanchis Juan , Maceira Alicia M. , Bayés‐Genís Antoni , Núñez Julio ,   Myocardial‐IRON Investigators
Published: October 2020

Aims

The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in patients with heart failure (HF) and iron deficiency (ID) have not been completely characterized. The Myocardial‐IRON trial was a double‐blind, randomized trial that evaluated myocardial iron repletion following FCM vs. placebo in 53 patients with HF and ID. In this post hoc analysis, we evaluated whether treatment with FCM was associated with cardiac magnetic resonance changes in left and right ventricular function (LVEF and RVEF, respectively) at different points of systolic dysfunction.

Methods and results

We included patients from the Myocardial‐IRON trial with left and right ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD and RVSD, respectively) at enrolment. Linear mixed regression models were used to evaluate changes at 7 and 30 days on LVEF and RVEF at cardiac magnetic resonance. At enrolment, 27 (50.9%) and 38 (71.7%) patients had LVEF < 40% (LVSD1) or <45% (LVSD2), respectively, and 10 (18.9%) and 17 (32.1%) patients had RVEF < 45% (RVSD1) or <51% in women and <52% in men (RVSD2), respectively. Treatment with FCM was associated with a significant improvement in LVEF at 30 days (LVSD1: Δ2.3%, P < 0.001; LVSD2: Δ4.1, P = 0.014). FCM was also associated with a significant and early improvement in RVEF at 7 days (RVSD1: Δ6.9%, P = 0.003; RVSD2: Δ3.2%, P = 0.003) that persisted at 30 days (RVSD1: Δ8.1%, P < 0.001; RVSD2: Δ4.7%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

In patients with HF and systolic dysfunction with ID, FCM was associated with short‐term improvement in LVEF and, especially, in RVEF.
Odd man out for everyone: The justification of ostracism to maximize the whole group’s benefits
Authors: Tamai Ryuichi , Igarashi Tasuku
Published: October 2020

Ostracism presents a paradox: ostracizing a member from a group has been considered anti‐normative yet has been applied in many societies. This study attempts to resolve this paradox through the idea that people ostracize an individual to maximize benefits to the whole group. A paired‐comparison paradigm was developed that forced participants to choose a target of ostracism from one of two members who provided different amounts of benefits to the other members. Participants then rated the degree of psychological pain caused by ostracizing. Four experiments revealed that participants tended to choose to ostracize a benefactor (who provided benefits only to the participant) rather than a utilitarian (who maximized the benefits to the whole group). Participants felt the strongest psychological pain when ostracizing a utilitarian rather than a benefactor.
Toward Next‐Generation Carbon‐Based Materials Derived from Waste and Biomass for High‐Performance Energy Applications
Authors: Haghighi Poudeh Leila , Berktas Ilayda , Ali Hafiz Qasim , Saner Okan Burcu , Yıldız Mehmet
Published: October 2020

Carbon and its derivatives such as graphene, activated carbon, and carbon aerogel, with diversity in morphology and structure, large surface area, and high electrical conductivity become ideal candidates in the growing field of energy. To meet the ever‐increasing energy demand and the development of green and sustainable energy sources, the utilization of biomass and industrial wastes as a carbon precursor has attracted great attention. In recent years, several attempts have been transpired to convert biomass sources and industrial wastes into value‐added carbon materials. However, not all reported precursors are suitable for practical energy applications. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between the characteristics of fabricated carbonaceous materials with desired properties for the energy field has dimmed the utilization of these materials in high‐performance energy‐storage devices. The purpose herein is to summarize the latest progress in this field as well as discuss the limitations on the commercialization of these materials along with possible solutions to remedy the drawbacks and improve the electrochemical performance of biomass and waste‐derived carbon materials.
Industrialization of Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries: A Comparative Perspective
Authors: Darga Joe , Lamb Julia , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: October 2020

Lithium‐ion batteries are ubiquitous in modern society, and their importance is rapidly increasing with the popularization of electric vehicles (EVs). Consumer electronics and EVs greatly benefit from lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) despite their high cost and limited materials abundance. However, large‐scale applications, such as grid‐scale energy storage require an alternative solution. Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have gained increasing attention within the last decade as an alternative solution to grid‐scale storage as they utilize several cheaper and more abundant materials compared with LIBs. The most likely candidate for SIB industrialization will use a layered‐oxide cathode, allowing comparisons to be drawn to the industrialization of lithium layered oxide cathodes. A notable difference between sodium and lithium layered oxides is the broader range of viable metals that reversibly insert sodium, and an even larger set of possible metal combinations. To predict the optimal compositions for SIB commercialization, herein, the fundamental crystal‐chemical and electrochemical properties of each 3d transition‐metal ion is examined and the history of LIB industrialization is discussed for further insight.
Least‐squares finite element analysis of three‐dimensional natural convection of generalized Newtonian fluids
Authors: Kim Namhee , Reddy J. N.
Published: October 2020

A mixed least‐squares finite element model with spectral/hp approximations was developed to analyze a three‐dimensional natural convection of non‐Newtonian fluid, which obeys the Carreau–Yasuda constitutive model. The finite element model consists of velocity, pressure, stress, temperature, and heat flux as the field variables. The least‐squares formulation provides a variational framework for the Navier–Stokes equations and no compatibility of the approximation spaces for field variables is imposed. Also, the use of spectral/hp elements in conjunction with the least‐squares formulation alleviates various forms of locking which often appear in low‐order least‐squares finite element models for incompressible viscous flows and yields accurate results with exponential convergence. To verify and validate the code for Newtonian fluids, the current results are compared with the numerical and experimental results in the literature. Then, the parametric effects of the Carreau–Yasuda model on the flow characteristics are studied.
Forming relationships through group art‐making: An exploration with neurodivergent people living in regional Australia
Authors: Gentle Emma , O’Brien Patricia
Published: October 2020

Issues Addressed

Neurodivergent people have a strong history of raw creative expression in the arts, however they also have a history of being segregated from society. This segregation has obstructed pathways to building the connections that maintain both mental and physical health. This research sought to illuminate how group art‐making impacts relationship formation with neurodivergent people in regional Australia.

Method

The study included nine participants with intellectual disability and one with an acquired brain injury who regularly attend art‐making workshops, along with eight of their chosen arts advocates. A single iterative case‐study design was employed using participatory action research (PAR) methodology. Methods included: three participant think aloud (T/A) groups, nine researcher observations, and nine third‐party interviews. The data were thematically analysed then triangulated using three different sources.

Results

Making art in a group can form enriched relationships with (a) the artwork; (b) the self; (c) others; and (d) community. Facilitation supported how these relationships formed. The relationships increased agency, belonging and wellbeing.

Conclusion

These connections mitigate the numerous effects of marginalisation. Art‐making has the capacity to enrich the health and wellbeing of neurodivergent populations.

So What?

Art‐making groups can provide a space that interrupts the isolation and social exclusion experienced by neurodivergent people. Art workshops offer both an emancipatory space to create where sense of self and relationships with others are enhanced, and an opportunity to reach beyond the studio to connect with communities. These rich connections contribute to better health outcomes for neurodivergent people, thus enhance the wellbeing of their communities.
The impact of changing subcanopy radiation on snowmelt in a disturbed coniferous forest
Authors: Hotovy Ondrej , Jenicek Michal
Published: October 2020

Understanding the role of forests on snowmelt processes enables better estimates of snow storages at a catchment scale and contributes to a higher accuracy of spring flood forecasting. A coniferous forest modifies the snowpack energy balance by reducing the total amount of solar shortwave radiation (SWR) and enhancing the role of longwave radiation (LWR) emitted by trees. This study focuses on changes in SWR and LWR at three sites with different canopy structure (Bohemian Forest, Czechia), including one site affected by the bark beetle (Ips typographus). Measurements of incoming and outgoing SWR and LWR were performed at all sites equipped with CNR4 Net Radiometers for three cold seasons. In addition to SWR and LWR, sensible and latent heat, and ground heat and energy supplied by liquid precipitation were calculated. The results showed that net SWR at the healthy forest site represented only 7% of the amount at the open site due to the shading effect of trees. In contrast, net LWR represented a positive component of the snowpack energy balance at the healthy forest site and thus contributed the most to snowmelt. However, the modelled snowmelt rates were significantly lower in the forest than in the open area since the higher LWR in the forest did not compensated for the lower SWR. The progressive decay of disturbed forest caused the decrease in mean net LWR from −3.1 W/m2 to −12.9 W/m2 and the increase in mean net SWR from 31.6 W/m2 to 96.2 W/m2 during the study period. These changes caused an increase in modelled snowmelt rates by 50% in the disturbed forest, compared to the healthy forest site, during the study period. Our findings have important implications for runoff from areas affected by land cover changes due to either human activity or climate change.
Seasonal snow cover decreases young water fractions in high Alpine catchments
Authors: Ceperley Natalie , Zuecco Giulia , Beria Harsh , Carturan Luca , Michelon Anthony , Penna Daniele , Larsen Joshua , Schaefli Bettina
Published: October 2020

Estimation of young water fractions (Fyw), defined as the fraction of water in a stream younger than approximately 2–3 months, provides key information for water resource management in catchments where runoff is dominated by snowmelt. Knowing the average dependence of summer flow on winter precipitation is an essential context for comparing regional drought severity and provides the hydrological template for downstream water users and ecosystems. However, Fyw estimation based on seasonal signals of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen has not yet explicitly addressed how to parsimoniously include the seasonal shift of water input from snow. Using experimental data from three high‐elevation, Alpine catchments (one dominated by glacier and two by snow), we propose a framework to explicitly include the delays induced by snow storage into estimates of Fyw. Scrutinizing the key methodological choices when estimating Fyw from isotope data, we find that the methods used to construct precipitation input signals from sparse isotope samples can significantly impact Fyw. Given this sensitivity, our revised procedure estimates a distribution of Fyw values that incorporates a wide range of possible methodological choices and their uncertainties; it furthermore compares the commonly used amplitude ratio approach to a direct convolution approach, which circumvents the assumption that the isotopic signals have a sine curve shape, an assumption that is generally violated in snow‐dominated environments. Our new estimates confirm that high‐elevation Alpine catchments have low Fyw values, spanning from 8 to 11%. Such low values have previously been interpreted as the impact of seasonal snow storage alone, but our comparison of different Fyw estimation methods suggests that these low Fyw values result from a combination of both snow cover effects and longer storage in the subsurface. In contrast, in the highest elevation, glacier dominated catchment, Fyw is 3–4 times greater compared to the other two catchments, due to the lower storage and faster drainage processes. A future challenge, capturing spatio‐temporal snowmelt isotope signals during winter baseflow and the snowmelt period, remains to improve constraints on the Fyw estimation technique.
Comment on “Overland runoff erosion dynamics on steep slopes with forages under field simulated rainfall and inflow by C. Li and C. Pan”
Authors: Ferro Vito
Published: October 2020

Managing sloping landscapes to control soil erosion processes due to rainfall and runoff is a relevant problem, especially when the vegetation is absent or sparse. The aim of this paper was to investigate the applicability of a theoretically resistance law for overland flow under simulated rainfall, based on a power‐velocity profile, using field measurements carried out by Li and Pan for three plots with planted forage species (Astragalus adsurgens, Medicago sativa and Cosmos bipinnatus).The relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γ, the flow Froude number and the rain Reynolds number was calibrated using the data by Li and Pan. The obtained overland flow resistance law was also verified by independent field measurements carried out by Li and Pan in the same plots with the same forage species subjected to three different treatments (intact grass control IG, no litter or leaves NLL (only the grass stems and roots were reserved) and only roots remaining OR).

The theoretical approach and the measurements carried out in the investigated conditions allowed to state that a) the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor can be accurately estimated using the proposed theoretical approach, b) the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor varies with rainfall intensity and c) for the investigated forage species, the vegetation treatment (IG, NLL, OR) does not significantly affect the flow resistance in laminar regime.
Land‐use dominates climate controls on nitrogen and phosphorus export from managed and natural Nordic headwater catchments
Authors: de Wit Heleen A. , Lepistö Ahti , Marttila Hannu , Wenng Hannah , Bechmann Marianne , Blicher‐Mathiesen Gitte , Eklöf Karin , N. Futter Martyn , Kortelainen Pirkko , Kronvang Brian , Kyllmar Katarina , Rakovic Jelena
Published: October 2020

Agricultural, forestry‐impacted and natural catchments are all vectors of nutrient loading in the Nordic countries. Here, we present concentrations and fluxes of total nitrogen (totN) and phosphorus (totP) from 69 Nordic headwater catchments (Denmark: 12, Finland:18, Norway:17, Sweden:22) between 2000 and 2018. Catchments span the range of Nordic climatic and environmental conditions and include natural sites and sites impacted by agricultural and forest management. Concentrations and fluxes of totN and totP were highest in agricultural catchments, intermediate in forestry‐impacted and lowest in natural catchments, and were positively related %agricultural land cover and summer temperature. Summer temperature may be a proxy for terrestrial productivity, while %agricultural land cover might be a proxy for catchment nutrient inputs. A regional trend analysis showed significant declines in N concentrations and export across agricultural (−15 μg totN L−1 year−1) and natural (−0.4 μg NO3‐N L−1 year−1) catchments, but individual sites displayed few long‐term trends in concentrations (totN: 22%, totP: 25%) or export (totN: 6%, totP: 9%). Forestry‐impacted sites had a significant decline in totP (−0.1 μg P L−1 year−1). A small but significant increase in totP fluxes (+0.4 kg P km−2 year−1) from agricultural catchments was found, and countries showed contrasting patterns. Trends in annual concentrations and fluxes of totP and totN could not be explained in a straightforward way by changes in runoff or climate. Explanations for the totN decline include national mitigation measures in agriculture international policy to reduced air pollution and, possibly, large‐scale increases in forest growth. Mitigation to reduce phosphorus appears to be more challenging than for nitrogen. If the green shift entails intensification of agricultural and forest production, new challenges for protection of water quality will emerge possible exacerbated by climate change. Further analysis of headwater totN and totP export should include seasonal trends, aquatic nutrient species and a focus on catchment nutrient inputs.
The estradiol/oocyte ratio predicts the MII oocyte rate, but not live‐birth rate in a depot gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist long protocol
Authors: Ai Jihui , Jin Lei , Zheng Yu , Gong Jingji , Chen Biao , Dong Xiyuan
Published: October 2020

Objective

To investigate whether the estradiol/oocyte ratio (E2/O) can predict ovarian response and pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study on 1838 individuals undergoing in vitro fertilization with a depot gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRH‐a) long protocol. The patients were grouped by the quartiles of E2/O: <131.2, 131.2–178.0, 178.0–242.9, and >242.9 pg/mL. ANOVA and χ2 test with the Bonferroni adjustment were used for statistical analysis.

Results

With the rise of E2/O, the MII oocyte rate increased, whereas the number of oocytes retrieved decreased. The number of MII oocytes, fertilization rate, and the number of high‐grade embryos were similar among the four groups. There were no differences in live‐birth rate, clinical pregnancy rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate, but there was a trend towards a higher miscarriage rate in the patients with E2/O between 131.2 and 242.9 pg/mL.

Conclusion

E2/O indicates the percentage of MII oocytes, but not the quality of an individual follicle. E2/O does not predict live birth in a depot GnRH‐a long protocol; however, there is a trend towards a higher risk for miscarriage in the patients with E2/O between 131.2 and 242.9 pg/mL.
Impact of mode of delivery on perinatal outcome in moderately and late preterm twin birth
Authors: Ylilehto Elina , Palomäki Outi , Korhonen Päivi , Huhtala Heini , Uotila Jukka
Published: October 2020

Objective

To examine the impact of the mode of delivery on neonatal and maternal outcomes in moderately and late preterm twin birth.

Methods

This single‐center cohort study included 275 live diamniotic moderately and late preterm twin deliveries at 32+0–36+6 weeks of gestation. These twin deliveries were divided into two groups according to the planned mode of delivery: trial of labor (TOL) (N=199, 72.4%) and planned cesarean section (CS) (N=76, 27.6%). The primary outcome was neonatal morbidity. Maternal outcome and the effects of gestational age and chorionicity on neonatal outcome were also studied.

Results

Of the women in the TOL group, 170 (85.4%) delivered vaginally. Both for the first and second twin, and for dichorionic or monochorionic deliveries, there were no differences between the TOL and CS groups in composite neonatal morbidity or in other neonatal outcomes. No significant differences were found between the TOL and CS groups when the moderately and late preterm gestational age cohorts were studied separately. Mothers in the planned CS group more often had puerperal infection and surgical complications in comparison with mothers in the TOL group.

Conclusion

Among 275 moderately and late preterm twin deliveries, planned mode of delivery did not affect neonatal outcome.
Using benchmark dose modeling for the quantitative risk assessment: Carbon nanotubes, asbestos, glyphosate
Authors: Korchevskiy Andrey
Published: October 2020

Benchmark dose method is one of the most famous quantitative approaches available for toxicological risks prediction. However, it is not fully clear how occupational health professionals can use it for specific workplace scenarios requiring carcinogen risk assessment. The paper explores the hypothesis that benchmark dose method allows to effectively approximate dose–response data on carcinogenic response, providing reasonable estimations of risks in the situations when a choice between more complex models is not warranted for practical purposes. Three case studies were analyzed for the agents with different levels of scientific confidence in human carcinogenicity: carbon nanotubes, amosite asbestos, and glyphosate. For each agent, a critical study was determined, and a dose–response slope factor was quantified, based on the weighted average lower bound benchmark dose. The linear slope factors of 0.111 lifetime excess cases of lung carcinoma per mg/m3 of MWCNT‐7 (in rats exposure equivalent), 0.009 cases of mesothelioma per f/cc‐years of cumulative exposure to amosite asbestos, and 0.000094 cases of malignant lymphoma per mg/kg/day of glyphosate (in mice equivalent) were determined. The correlations between the proposed linear predictive models and observed data points were R = 0.96 (R2 = 0.92) for carbon nanotubes, R = 0.97 (R2 = 0.95) for amosite asbestos, and R = 0.89 (R2 = 0.79) for glyphosate. In all three cases, the linear extrapolation yielded comparable level of risk estimations with the “best fit” nonlinear model; for nanoparticles and amosite asbestos, linear estimations were more conservative. By performing a simulation study, it was demonstrated that a weighted average benchmark dose expressed the highest correlation with multistage and quantal‐linear models.
Optimization of spatial resolution and scattering effects for biomedical fluorescence imaging by using sub‐regions of the shortwave infrared spectrum
Authors: Musnier Benjamin , Henry Maxime , Vollaire Julien , Coll Jean‐Luc , Usson Yves , Josserand Véronique , Le Guével Xavier
Published: October 2020

We evaluated the impact of light‐scattering effects on spatial resolution in different shortwave infrared (SWIR) sub‐regions by analyzing two SWIR emissive phantoms made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) composite covered with mice skin, or capillary tubes filled with Au NCs or IRDye 800CW at different depth in intralipids and finally, after administration of the Au NCs intravenously in mice. Our findings highlighted the benefit of working at the highest tested spectral range of the SWIR region with a 50% enhancement of spatial resolution measured in artificial model when moving from NIR‐II (1000‐1300 nm) to NIR‐IIa (1300‐1450 nm) region, and a 25% reduction of the scattering from the skin determined by point spread function analysis from the NIR‐II to NIR‐IIb region (1500‐1700 nm). We also confirmed that a series of Monte Carlo restoration of images significantly improved the spatial resolution in vivo in mice in deep tissues both in the NIR‐II and NIR‐IIa spectral windows.
Characterization of chondroitinase‐induced lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in a sheep model intended for assessing biomaterials
Authors: Borem Ryan , Walters Joshua , Madeline Allison , Madeline Lee , Gill Sanjitpal , Easley Jeremiah , Mercuri Jeremy
Published: October 2020

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) leads to structural and functional changes. Biomaterials for restoring IVD function and promoting regeneration are currently being investigated; however, such approaches require validation using animal models that recapitulate clinical, biochemical, and biomechanical hallmarks of the human pathology. Herein, we comprehensively characterized a sheep model of chondroitinase‐ABC (ChABC) induced IVDD. Briefly, ChABC (1 U) was injected into the L1/2, L2/3, and L3/4 IVDs. Degeneration was assessed via longitudinal magnetic resonance (MR) and radiographic imaging. Additionally, kinematic, biochemical, and histological analyses were performed on explanted functional spinal units (FSUs). At 17‐weeks, ChABC treated IVDs demonstrated significant reductions in MR index (p = 0.030) and disc height (p = 0.009) compared with pre‐operative values. Additionally, ChABC treated IVDs exhibited significantly increased creep displacement (p = 0.004) and axial range of motion (p = 0.007) concomitant with significant decreases in tensile (p = 0.034) and torsional (p = 0.021) stiffnesses and long‐term viscoelastic properties (p = 0.016). ChABC treated IVDs also exhibited a significant decrease in NP glycosaminoglycan: hydroxyproline ratio (p = 0.002) and changes in microarchitecture, particularly in the NP and endplates, compared with uninjured IVDs. Taken together, this study demonstrated that intradiscal injection of ChABC induces significant degeneration in sheep lumbar IVDs and the potential for using this model in evaluating biomaterials for IVD repair, regeneration, or fusion.
Localized hydrogel delivery of dendritic cells for attenuation of multiple sclerosis in a murine model
Authors: Thomas Aline M. , Beskid Nicholas M. , Blanchfield Jennifer L. , Rosado Aaron M. , García Andrés J. , Evavold Brian D. , Babensee Julia E.
Published: October 2020

In multiple sclerosis (MS), abnormally activated immune cells responsive to myelin proteins result in widespread damage throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and ultimately irreversible disability. Immunomodulation by delivering dendritic cells (DCs) utilizes a potent and rapid MS disease progression driver therapeutically. Here, we investigated delivering DCs for disease severity attenuation using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis preclinical MS model. DCs treated with interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) (DC10s) were transplanted using in situ gelling poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogel for target site localization. DC delivery increased hydrogel longevity and altered the injection site recruited, endogenous immune cell profile within 2 days postinjection. Furthermore, hydrogel‐mediated DC transplantation efficacy depended on the injection‐site. DCs delivered to the neck local to MS‐associated CNS‐draining cervical lymph nodes attenuated paralysis, compared to untreated controls, while delivery to the flank did not alter paralysis severity. This study demonstrates that local delivery of DC10s modulates immune cell recruitment and attenuates disease progression in a preclinical model of MS.
Making power explicit: Using values and power mapping to guide power‐diverse Participatory Action Research processes
Authors: Littman Danielle M. , Bender Kimberly , Mollica Meredith , Erangey James , Lucas Tom , Marvin Connor
Published: October 2020

Aims

Participatory action research (PAR) is a research methodology that uses collective and endemic knowledge to inform action and address social concerns. The aim of this study was to understand how one PAR team (comprised of university and community researchers) navigated power dynamics, especially considering the team's power differentials.

Methods

Drawing upon phenomenological and case study methodologies, this qualitative study used loosely structured interviews and journaling with all members of the PAR team (N = 5) to explore explored how the team navigated power throughout the PAR process.

Findings

This study found that PAR team members navigated the PAR process using values as a constant guide, especially in negotiating power and resource realities and when distinguishing equity from equality.

Conclusion

This paper offers a set of power and values mapping practices which may guide power‐diverse PAR teams by addressing power and values realities in their own unique and contextually bound PAR processes.
Towards an innovative combined process coupling biodegradation and photo‐oxidation for the removal of pharmaceutical residues
Authors: Joannis‐Cassan Claire , Rodriguez Castillo Alfredo S , Dezani Chloé , Gómez‐Canela Cristian , Reoyo‐Prats Brice , Calas‐Blanchard Carole , Barata Carlos , Lacorte Silvia , Plantard Gaël
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater has become a major concern for human health and the environment. Therefore, it is an important challenge to improve conventional wastewater treatment to remove these compounds. Coupling biological treatment with advanced oxidation technology has been widely studied in the literature, but only sequential associations of the two processes have been used. This study proposes an innovative concept based on a real integration of the photocatalytic oxidation process in a continuous recycling loop on a membrane bioreactor. The role of the oxidation here is not to completely degrade pharmaceuticals, but instead to oxidize them moderately to increase their biodegradability so that they can be eliminated by the biological process.

RESULTS

Preliminary experiments on the oxidation process indicated that a flux density of 5 W m−2 was sufficient to increase biodegradability and decrease the toxicity of a cocktail of three pharmaceuticals. Then the performance of a 20‐L continuous membrane bioreactor treating wastewater with seven pharmaceuticals, without and with pre‐oxidation at 5 W m−2, were compared. Pre‐oxidation increased the global removal for some recalcitrant pharmaceuticals (from 3% to 47% for diclofenac and from 1% to 44% for furosemide) without affecting either the removal of carbon, nitrogen or phosphorous by activated sludge, or of already highly removed pharmaceuticals.

CONCLUSION

This work proves the feasibility of an innovative concept of a continuous hybrid process coupling a photocatalytic oxidation process and a membrane bioreactor for the treatment of pharmaceuticals in wastewater, with low cost and size. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on bone mineral density among Thai youth using daily HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis
Authors: Pornpaisalsakul Krittaporn , Songtaweesin Wipaporn Natalie , Tepmongkol Supatporn , Wongharn Prissana , Kawichai Surinda , Suponsilchai Vichit , Anugulruengkitt Suvaporn , Puthanakit Thanyawee ,   the CE‐PID – IHRI Adolescent Study Team
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) is used for HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). TDF may affect bone mineral density (BMD), particularly in youth who are at a stage of peak bone mass accrual. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on BMD among Thai youth receiving daily oral PrEP.

Methods

This open‐label randomized trial was conducted in male youth aged between 15 and 24 years. Participants were randomized to Arm A who received once‐daily TDF/FTC plus vitamin D3 and calcium supplementation with meals twice daily (400 units of vitamin D3 and 1200 mg of elemental calcium/day) or Arm B who received once‐daily TDF/FTC only. PrEP users were defined as taking at least two tablets/week (tenofovir‐diphosphate level of >350 fmol/punch). Adherence to vitamin D/calcium supplementation was defined as self‐reported adherence of >50%. Lumbar spine (L2‐L4) BMD (LSBMD) was evaluated by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scan zero and six months after PrEP initiation.

Results

From March 2019 to March 2020, 100 youth were enrolled. Baseline characteristics between the two arms were similar. Median (IQR) age was 18 (17 to 20) years. At entry, median (IQR) LSBMD z‐score was −0.8 (−1.5 to −0.3), 17% had low LSBMD (Z‐score < −2). The median amount of calcium intake from nutritional three‐day recall was 167 (IQR 94 to 272) mg/day, 39% of participants had vitamin D deficiency, defined as 25(OH)D levels <20 IU/mL. At six months, 79 participants were evaluated. Of these, 42 (52%) were PrEP takers and 25 of 38 (66%) of arm A participants had good adherence to vitamin D/calcium supplementation. Significantly higher proportions of youth in arm A compared to arm B had >3% increase in LSBMD at month 6 compared to baseline (67.6% vs. 42.9% respectively; p = 0.03). There were significantly higher increases in LSBMD among youth with vitamin D deficiency who were supplemented; arm A + 0.05 (0 to 0.05) compared to arm B + 0.03 (−0.1 to 0.03), p = 0.04.

Conclusions

Increases in LSBMD over six months among youth using PrEP who received vitamin D/calcium supplementation was greater than those not supplemented. Long‐term follow‐up should be considered to explore long‐term outcomes.
Functional selective FPR1 signaling in favor of an activation of the neutrophil superoxide generating NOX2 complex
Authors: Lind Simon , Dahlgren Claes , Holmdahl Rikard , Olofsson Peter , Forsman Huamei
Published: October 2020

The formyl peptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2 are abundantly expressed by neutrophils, in which they regulate proinflammatory tissue recruitment of inflammatory cells, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and resolution of inflammatory reactions. The unique dual functionality of the FPRs makes them attractive targets to develop FPR-based therapeutics as novel anti-inflammatory treatments. The small compound RE-04-001 has earlier been identified as an inducer of ROS in differentiated HL60 cells but the precise target and the mechanism of action of the compound was has until now not been elucidated. In this study, we reveal that RE-04-001 specifically targets and activates FPR1, and the concentrations needed to activate the neutrophil NADPH-oxidase was very low (EC50 ∼1 nM). RE-04-001 was also found to be a neutrophil chemoattractant, but when compared to the prototype FPR1 agonist N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF), the concentrations required were comparably high, suggesting that signaling downstream of the RE-04-001-activated-FPR1 is functionally selective. In addition, the RE-04-001-induced response was strongly biased toward the PLC-PIP2-Ca2+ pathway and ERK1/2 activation but away from β-arrestin recruitment. Compared to the peptide agonist fMLF, RE-04-001 is more resistant to inactivation by the MPO-H2O2-halide system. In summary, this study describes RE-04-001 as a novel small molecule agonist specific for FPR1, which displays a biased signaling profile that leads to a functional selective activating of human neutrophils. RE-04-001 is, therefore, a useful tool, not only for further mechanistic studies of the regulatory role of FPR1 in inflammation in vitro and in vivo, but also for developing FPR1-specific drug therapeutics.
Mycobacterium lepraeinduces a tolerogenic profile in monocyte-derived dendritic cells via TLR2 induction of IDO
Authors: Oliveira Jéssica A P , Gandini Mariana , Sales Jorgenilce S , Fujimori Sérgio K , Barbosa Mayara G M , Frutuoso Valber S , Moraes Milton O , Sarno Euzenir N , Pessolani Maria C V , Pinheiro Roberta O
Published: October 2020

The enzyme IDO-1 is involved in the first stage of tryptophan catabolism and has been described in both microbicidal and tolerogenic microenvironments. Previous data from our group have shown that IDO-1 is differentially regulated in the distinctive clinical forms of leprosy. The present study aims to investigate the mechanisms associated with IDO-1 expression and activity in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) after stimulation with irradiated Mycobacterium leprae and its fractions. M. leprae and its fractions induced the expression and activity of IDO-1 in human mDCs. Among the stimuli studied, irradiated M. leprae and its membrane fraction (MLMA) induced the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-6 whereas irradiated M. leprae and its cytosol fraction (MLSA) induced an increase in IL-10. We investigated if TLR2 activation was necessary for IDO-1 induction in mDCs. We observed that in cultures treated with a neutralizing anti-TLR2 antibody, there was a decrease in IDO-1 activity and expression induced by M. leprae and MLMA. The same effect was observed when we used a MyD88 inhibitor. Our data demonstrate that coculture of mDCs with autologous lymphocytes induced an increase in regulatory T (Treg) cell frequency in MLSA-stimulated cultures, showing that M. leprae constituents may play opposite roles that may possibly be related to the dubious effect of IDO-1 in the different clinical forms of disease. Our data show that M. leprae and its fractions are able to differentially modulate the activity and functionality of IDO-1 in mDCs by a pathway that involves TLR2, suggesting that this enzyme may play an important role in leprosy immunopathogenesis.
C‐reactive protein levels are associated with periodontitis and periodontal inflamed surface area in adults with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Schöffer Caroline , Oliveira Leandro Machado , Santi Samantha Simoni , Antoniazzi Raquel Pippi , Zanatta Fabricio Batistin
Published: October 2020

Background

Several studies have shown the relationship between periodontal disease and chronic kidney disease, but there is little evidence to assess the impact of the amount of inflamed periodontal tissue on the levels of systemic inflammatory markers. So the aim of this study is determine the association between high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) and both periodontitis and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) in adults with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD).

Methods

Cross‐sectional study was conducted with 176 adults with ESRD on regular hemodialysis. The participants were submitted to a full‐mouth periodontal examination to determine the occurrence of periodontitis and PISA. Regression analysis was performed to test the independent association between periodontal conditions and serum hsCRP levels.

Results

A total of 98.9% of the participants had periodontitis, with stages III and IV found in 26.1% and 52.9%, respectively. Mean hsCRP and PISA was 6.57 (SD: 6.03) mg/L and 217.15 (SD: 271.50), respectively. In the adjusted analysis, mean serum hsCRP levels were significantly higher in patients with stage III and IV generalized periodontitis compared with no/localized/generalized stages I‐II (7.67 mg/L versus 5.72 mg/L, P = 0.028). After adjustments for confounding variables, individuals with PISA >490.56 mm2 (85th percentile) had a 3.26‐fold greater chance of having hsCRP above 5 mg/L than their counterparts (OR = 3.26; 95% CI: 1.25 to 8.49).

Conclusion

The inflammatory burden imposed by periodontitis can increase serum hsCRP levels in adults with end‐stage renal disease.
The role of PHF8 and TLR4 in osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells in inflammatory environment
Authors: Liu Zhao , He Yiheng , Xu Chenrong , Li Jianjia , Zeng Shuguang , Yang Xi , Han Qianqian
Published: October 2020

Background

Histone methylation is considered to play an important role in the occurrence and development of periodontitis. Plant homeodomain finger protein 8 (PHF8), a histone demethylase, has been shown to regulate inflammation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). This study aimed to detect the functions of PHF8 and TLR4 in osteogenic differentiation in an inflammatory environment induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg‐LPS)

Methods

A periodontitis mouse model was established, and the mice were treated with TAK‐242. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of PHF8 in periodontal tissue. Periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) were treated with mineralization induction medium supplemented with Pg‐LPS and/or TAK‐242, and a Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay was used to detect the proliferation of PDLCs. Real‐time PCR and western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively, of PHF8, toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the other osteogenic markers alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), Special AT‐rich sequence‐binding protein 2 (Satb2) and Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2)

Results

Periodontitis reduced PHF8 expression in periodontal tissue, and TAK‐242 partially reversed this downregulation. An in vitro experiment revealed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of PHF8 were significantly upregulated during the osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs. Alizarin red staining showed that the mineralized nodules of PDLCs in osteogenic induction group were more than those in control group. Real‐time PCR and western blot results indicated that Pg‐LPS inhibited PHF8 expression and upregulated TLR4 expression in PDLCs. TAK‐242 inhibited TLR4 and partially reversed the inhibition of PHF8 expression and osteogenic differentiation induced by Pg‐LPS in PDLCs

Conclusion

PHF8 and TLR4 play important roles in periodontitis. Pg‐LPS inhibits the expression of PHF8 via upregulation of TLR4 and might further inhibit the osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs. However, the specific mechanisms involved remain to be explored.
Actualistic taphonomy of barn owl pellet‐derived small mammal bone accumulations in arid environments of South America
Authors: LÓPEZ JOSÉ Manuel
Published: October 2020

The avian family of barn owls (Tytonidae, Strigiformes) is the most geographically widespread group of owls in the world and one of the most common accumulators of small mammal bone and tooth remains recovered from archaeological and palaeontological sites. The present study analyses the taphonomic characteristics of modern barn owl pellet‐derived small mammal bone and tooth accumulations at three roosting sites from the central Monte Desert, one of the most arid regions of South America. In order to identify the taphonomic signature of this predator in the formation of zooarchaeological and palaeontological accumulations, taxonomic structure, relative abundance of skeletal elements, bone and teeth breakage patterns, and digestion were evaluated. Taphonomic results locate the barn owl in modification category 1 (light modifier). Although the general taphonomic results obtained in the present study were similar to a common barn owl pattern, the three samples showed variability both among them and with other samples previously reported in different regions of the world. Very light digestion was detected on incisors, whereas the proportion of digestion on incisors was close to 20%. Cricetid and murid rodents as well as marsupials were detected. Salinomys delicatus, a scarcely known and endangered cricetid species, was recovered.
Design, fabrication, and performance analysis of corporate feed filtenna array using complementary split ring resonators
Authors: Munirathinam Sathish , Natarajan Gunasekaran
Published: October 2020

This paper presents the design of a unique “corporate feed‐microstrip filtenna array” to be used as “radiating antenna” of a wireless system. The filtenna is a basic patch antenna fed by 50 Ohms microstrip line, loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). When the basic patch antenna is made to resonate at 1.8 GHz, it also introduces unwanted spurious radiations appear at 2.82 and 3.46 GHz. Hence, the array of CSRR consisting of five non‐identical CSRRs are loaded, offers the required wideband rejection characteristic, solving the problem of the basic patch antenna. The five CSRRs resonate at 1.97, 2.43, 2.9, 3.28, and 3.72 GHz, offering an overall rejection band from 2 to 4 GHz is obtained. Incidentally there is a signal attenuation introduced by the passive CSRR filter. To compensate the attenuation, an array of filtenna is designed, using corporate feed configuration. The patch antenna, CSRR filter and filtenna are designed and fabricated on an epoxy flame retardant glass substrate (FR4) having a thickness 'h' of 1.6 mm, dielectric constant 'εr' of 4.4 and loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.02. The simulations are carried out using the HFSS software. The performance of the overall receiving filtenna system, having the size of 13.37 cm × 11.94 cm, is satisfactory. Experiments are carried out using vector network analyzer, verifying the software results. This unique radiating antenna exhibits acceptable gain and noise free reception, much required by upcoming 4G/5G wireless applications, rectenna and medical sensor applications.