bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neoplasms of the Vulva and Vagina
Authors: Frumovitz Michael , Dewdney Summer B.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Vulvar and vaginal carcinomas are uncommon diseases that generally affect postmenopausal women, although 19% of vulvar carcinomas occur in women <50 years old. Risk factors for vulvar carcinoma include human papilloma virus and chronic inflammation. Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia can often be managed with wide local excision, but several other modalities have been utilized. Most vulvar malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas that are managed by surgical excision and radiotherapy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has been used to spare the morbidity observed after regional lymph node dissection. For more advanced lesions, chemo‐radiotherapy with agents such as 5‐FU, cisplatin, and mitomycin C is utilized. Other vulvar malignancies include Bartholin gland carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, verrucous carcinomas, and melanomas. Carcinomas of the vagina are most frequently squamous cell, but clear cell adenocarcinomas have been seen in younger women. In the past, clear cell carcinomas were associated with pre‐natal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Vaginal melanomas can occur, as well as endodermal sinus tumors, rhabdomyosarcomas, and fibroepithelial vaginal polyps.
Neoplasms of the Cervix
Authors: Jhingran Anuja
Published: October 2022

Overview

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women worldwide and the fourth leading cause of female cancer deaths, with an estimated 529,800 new cases and 275,100 deaths in the year 2008. The incidence is declining in the United States with 13,800 new cases and 4290 deaths in 2015. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histology with the human papilloma virus being the most common etiology. Cervical cancer and precancer can be easily detected with pap smears and HPV testing and prevented with HPV vaccine. Early‐stage cervix cancer can be treated with surgery including now fertility‐sparing surgery and there are high cure rates. Locally advanced cervical cancer is treated with combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with high survival rates but there is room for improvement with advancing stage. Systemic chemotherapy can be used for treatment of both recurrent and metastatic disease, but careful attention should be paid to balancing benefit and toxicity. The key to improving overall outcomes will be translating the success seen in developed countries to areas of the world where advanced‐stage invasive cervical cancer is most common.
Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Carr Michael J. , Ko Justin M. , Swetter Susan M. , Woodman Scott E. , Sondak Vernon K. , Margolin Kim A. , Zager Jonathan S.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Melanoma comprises a wide variety of malignant cell types arising from the skin, the mucous membranes, and the pigmented cells of the eye. While these tumors are all classified as melanoma and share a common molecular biology of pigmentation and biological resemblance to cells of neural crest origin, important distinctions in other molecular characteristics and patterns of exposure to ultraviolet light as a carcinogen determine their clinical natural history, including the response to therapeutic interventions. While the majority of melanomas are diagnosed at an early stage and curable with minimal surgery, melanoma has the potential for early and widespread dissemination via lymphatic and hematogenous routes. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy for primary, regional, and many cases of single‐ or oligo‐metastatic disease, but systemic therapies have dramatically improved the prognosis for metastatic melanoma, particularly immunotherapies that enhance existing cellular immunity. The rapid discovery of new molecular targets, immunotherapy combinations, and understanding of the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance is likely to lead to even greater improvements in the prognosis for patients with melanoma in the near future.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults: Mast Cell Leukemia and Other Mast Cell Neoplasms
Authors: Stone Richard M. , Schiffer Charles A. , DeAngelo Daniel J.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by unbridled proliferation of myeloid stem cells resulting in bone marrow failure and death without effective therapy. The median age of AML is approximately 70; predisposing factors include inherited mutations, exposure to industrial solvents, ionizing radiation, or certain chemotherapy given for other malignancies or conditions. The disease results from the accumulation of mutations in pathways that promote cellular proliferation or impairing differentiation. Prognosis is based on a combination of host and disease factors, especially diagnostic cytogenetics and genomics. In younger fit patients, therapy consists of myelosuppressive induction chemotherapy to minimize disease burden and allow restoration of normal hematopoiesis. Postremission chemotherapy with additional myelo‐intense chemotherapy and/or allogeneic stem cell transplant is required to potentiate cure. In older and less fit patients (perhaps those with adverse prognosis) the current standard is repetitive cycles of a hypomethylating agent or low‐dose cytarabine plus the BCL‐2 inhibitor, venetoclax. The application of molecularly targeted therapies at both diagnosis and relapse may change the natural history of the disease, the management of which requires a comprehensive integration of disparate fields including social work, nutrition, pharmacy, blood bank, and medical oncology.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Barrientos Jacqueline C. , Rai Kanti R. , Rhodes Joanna M.
Published: October 2022

Overview

There has been a significant progress, in the past two decades in our understanding of pathobiology ofchronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL) and in the treatment of this disease. CLL is a monoclonal B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder derived from antigen‐experienced B lymphocytes that differ in their level ofimmunoglobulin heavy chain variable region(IGHV) gene mutations. The understanding of CLL biology has advanced with the discovery of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic mutations that contribute to the heterogeneity of the disorder and help predict its clinical course. Equally important has been the discovery of the role of the microenvironment and of the signaling mechanisms that play a key role in CLL pathogenesis.1–4This knowledge has led to the development of agents that specifically target dysregulated pathways. A major shift in the treatment paradigm of CLL took place with the approval of several new targeted agents with unprecedented clinical activity, particularly in patients with high‐risk disease or with poor prognostic markers. Despite these rapid advances, CLL remains incurable and patients who initially achieve a remission will eventually develop disease recurrence. Current efforts are geared toward the development of novel therapeutics that target the complex biology of CLL with the goal of achieving a cure.
Urologic Complications Related to Cancer and Its Treatment
Authors: Alhalabi Omar , Abudayyeh Ala , Tannir Nizar M.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Urologic complications of cancer itself or its treatment often require timely identification and intervention. In patients with early‐stage disease, skilled multidisciplinary management of urologic complications is critical to ensure optimal renal function and delivery of adequate doses of chemotherapy that do not compromise the likelihood of cure. Similarly, the management of urologic complications such as urinary obstruction in patients with metastatic disease can have a significant impact on the quality of life. Multiple sites of ureteric obstruction, long occlusions, or a tortuous ureter may be indications to proceed directly with percutaneous nephrostomy instead of ureteral stenting. In contrast to urinary obstruction in newly diagnosed prostate cancer that is likely sensitive to androgen deprivation, castrate‐resistant prostate cancer will likely require more permanent relief of obstruction, either by nephrostomy or suprapubic catheter.
Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Schover Leslie R.
Published: October 2022

Overview

Sexual problems related to cancer are usually caused by physiological damage from treatment but are exacerbated by psychosocial issues such as poor individual coping, relationship conflict, or preexisting sexual dysfunction. Sexual dysfunction affects almost two‐thirds of the estimated 17 million cancer survivors in the United States, including well over 50% of those treated for pelvic or breast cancers and at least 25% for other sites. Optimal treatment is multidisciplinary, addressing both physical damage and behavioral skills. If a committed relationship exists, it is best to include the partner in education and intervention.
NIAAA director: Aging and alcohol might not mix
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2022

Last week, George F. Koob, Ph.D., director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), underscored some of the agency's recent research findings in a blog warning American seniors about how drinking affects their health.
Macrophages in Tumor‐Associated Adipose Microenvironment Accelerate Tumor Progression
Authors: Li Bei , Liu Siqing , Yang Qian , Li Zhiyu , Li Juanjuan , Wu Juan , Sun Shengrong , Xu Zhiliang , Sun Si , Wu Qi
Published: October 2022

Adipose‐tissue macrophages (ATMs), a complex ensemble of diverse macrophage subtypes, are prevalent in the tumor‐adipose microenvironment (TAME) and facilitate tumor growth. However, the mechanisms in which the tumor‐adipocyte crosstalk may enable the properties and plasticity of macrophages remain unclear. The single‐cell RNA‐sequence profiling reveals that a subset of macrophages expressed CD163, CCL2, and CCL5 in TAME, exhibiting an immunosuppressive subtype. It is demonstrated that CD163+ macrophages aggregate to surround adipocytes in breast cancer tissues. The expressions of CCL2 and CCL5 are also elevated in TAME and enable the recruitment and polarize macrophages. Mechanically, the level of exosomal miRNA‐155 increased in the coculture of tumor cells and adipocytes, and then it promoted the generation and release of CCL2 and CCL5 from adipocytes by targeting the SOCS6/STAT3 pathway. Inhibition of exosomal miRNA‐155 in tumor cells reduced the CCL2 and CCL5 levels in tumor‐adipocytes coculture and further retarded tumor growth. Finally, the deletion of macrophages partially inhibited adipocyte‐induced tumor proliferation. Likewise, inhibiting chemokines and their receptors or suppressing the phosphorylation of STAT3 decreased tumor burden in preclinical models. These results demonstrate that the niche factors in TAME, such as exosomal miRNA‐155, regulate the function and polarity of macrophages to facilitate tumor progression.
Suppressing the Multiple Nucleation for the Uniform Growth of Perovskite Single‐Crystal Microplates Arrays toward High‐Performance Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Malo Tehinke Achille , Lu Zhengjun , Deng Wei , Sun Yuye , Wang Chaoqiang , Pirzado Azhar Ali Ayaz , Jie Jiansheng , Zhang Xiujuan , Zhang Xiaohong
Published: October 2022

The pursuit of high‐performance and integrated perovskite optoelectronic devices drives the development of efficient methods to pattern perovskite single crystals (PSCs). However, due to stochastic and multiple nucleation, PSCs obtained from traditional patterning methods still suffer from heterogeneous morphology and low crystallinity, resulting in unwanted large variation in the device performance. Herein, an effective and universal strategy is reported for the large‐scale patterned growth of high‐quality perovskite single‐crystal microplates with uniform size and thickness. By modulating the wettability of gold nanoparticles, nucleation energetic barriers are subtly regulated and thus intractably random and multiple nucleation are fundamentally suppressed, enabling the formation of homogeneous perovskite microplates with exceptional properties in terms of ultralow surface defect density (6.1 × 107 cm−2) and high carrier mobility (176 cm2 V−1 s−1). In consequence, the photodetector array based on the patterned perovskite microplates exhibits a large photoresponsivity up to 615 A W−1, along with a low photocurrent variable coefficient <5.2%, which enables the realization of ultrasensitive and high‐contrast imaging functions. This patterning technique constitutes a major step toward the deployment of PSCs in integrated optoelectronic devices.
Photoswitchable Microgels for Dynamic Macrophage Modulation
Authors: Kim Yuri , Thangam Ramar , Yoo Jounghyun , Heo Jeongyun , Park Jung Yeon , Kang Nayeon , Lee Sungkyu , Yoon Jiwon , Mun Kwang Rok , Kang Misun , Min Sunhong , Kim Seong Yeol , Son Subin , Kim Jihwan , Hong Hyunsik , Bae Gunhyu , Kim Kanghyeon , Lee Sanghyeok , Yang Letao , Lee Ja Yeon , Kim Jinjoo , Park Steve , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Lee Ki‐Bum , Jang Woo Young , Kim Bong Hoon , Paulmurugan Ramasamy , Cho Seung‐Woo , Song Hyun‐Cheol , Kang Seok Ju , Sun Wujin , Zhu Yangzhi , Lee Junmin , Kim Han‐Jun , Jang Ho Seong , Kim Jong Seung , Khademhosseini Ali , Kim Yongju , Kim Sehoon , Kang Heemin
Published: October 2022

Dynamic manipulation of supramolecular self‐assembled structures is achieved irreversibly or under non‐physiological conditions, thereby limiting their biomedical, environmental, and catalysis applicability. In this study, microgels composed of azobenzene derivatives stacked via π–cation and π–π interactions are developed that are electrostatically stabilized with Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD)‐bearing anionic polymers. Lateral swelling of RGD‐bearing microgels occurs via cis‐azobenzene formation mediated by near‐infrared‐light‐upconverted ultraviolet light, which disrupts intermolecular interactions on the visible‐light‐absorbing upconversion‐nanoparticle‐coated materials. Real‐time imaging and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the deswelling of RGD‐bearing microgels via visible‐light‐mediated trans‐azobenzene formation. Near‐infrared light can induce in situ swelling of RGD‐bearing microgels to increase RGD availability and trigger release of loaded interleukin‐4, which facilitates the adhesion structure assembly linked with pro‐regenerative polarization of host macrophages. In contrast, visible light can induce deswelling of RGD‐bearing microgels to decrease RGD availability that suppresses macrophage adhesion that yields pro‐inflammatory polarization. These microgels exhibit high stability and non‐toxicity. Versatile use of ligands and protein delivery can offer cytocompatible and photoswitchable manipulability of diverse host cells.
Fast Transport and Transformation of Biomacromolecular Substances via Thermo‐Stimulated Active “Inhalation–Exhalation” Cycles of Hierarchically Structured Smart pNIPAM–DNA Hydrogels
Authors: Du Xiaoxue , He Ping‐Ping , Wang Chunyan , Wang Xiaowen , Mu Yali , Guo Weiwei
Published: October 2022

Although smart hydrogels hold great promise in biosensing and biomedical applications, their response to external stimuli is governed by the passive diffusion‐dependent substance transport between hydrogels and environments and within the 3D hydrogel matrices, resulting in slow response to biomacromolecules and limiting their extensive applications. Herein, inspired by the respiration systems of organisms, an active strategy to achieve highly efficient biomolecular substance transport through the thermo‐stimulated “inhalation–exhalation” cycles of hydrogel matrices is demonstrated. The cryo‐structured poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM)–DNA hydrogels, composed of functional DNA‐tethered pNIPAM networks and free‐water‐containing macroporous channels, exhibit thermally triggered fast and reversible shrinking/swelling cycles with high‐volume changes, which drive the formation of dynamic water stream to accelerate the intake of external substances and expelling of endogenous substances, thus promoting the functional properties of hydrogel systems. Demonstrated by catalytic DNAzyme and CRISPR‐Cas12a‐incorporating hydrogels, significantly enhanced catalytic efficiency with up to 280% and 390% is achieved, upon the introduction of active “inhalation–exhalation” cycles, respectively. Moreover, remotely near‐infrared (NIR)‐triggering of “inhalation–exhalation” cycles is achieved after the introduction of NIR‐responsive MXene nanosheets into the hydrogel matrix. These hydrogel systems with enhanced substance transport and transformation properties hold promise in the development of more effective biosensing and therapeutic systems.
Ionic Modulation at the LaAlO3/KTaO3 Interface for Extreme High‐Mobility Two‐Dimensional Electron Gas
Authors: Yan Hong , Zeng Shengwei , Rubi Km , Omar Ganesh Ji , Zhang Zhaoting , Goiran Michel , Escoffier Walter , Ariando Ariando
Published: October 2022

Due to the coexistence of many emergent phenomena, including 2D superconductivity and a large Rashba spin‐orbit coupling, 5d transition metal oxides‐based two‐dimensional electron systems (2DESs) have been prospected as one of the potential intrants for modern electronics. However, despite the lighter electron mass, the mobility of carriers, a key requisite for high‐performance devices, in 5d‐oxides devices remains far behind their 3d‐oxides analogs. The carriers’ mobility in these oxides is significantly hampered by the inevitable presence of defects. Here, very high mobility (≈22 650 cm2 V−1 s−1) of 5d‐2DES confined at the LaAlO3/KTaO3 interface is reported. The high mobility, which is beyond the values observed in SrTiO3 2DESs in the same carrier‐density range, is achieved using the ionic‐liquid gating at room temperature. The authors postulate that the ionic‐liquid gating affects the oxygen vacancies and efficiently reduces any disorder at the interface. Investigating density and mobility in a broad range of back‐gate voltage, the authors reveal that the mobility follows the power‐law µ ∝ n1.2, indicating the very high quality of ionic‐liquid‐gated LaAlO3/KTaO3 devices, consistent with the postulate. Furthermore, the analysis of the quantum oscillations confirms that the high‐mobility electrons occupy the electronic sub‐bands emerging from the Ta:5d orbitals of KTaO3.
The NiO/CuInS2 Quantum Dots/ZnO Orderly Nanoarrays Transparent Pn Junction Towards Enhanced Photovoltaic Conversion via Dual Functional CuInS2 QDs
Authors: Pan Jiaqi , Niu Jingjing , Xiao Guangsheng , Fu Yueyue , Cao Jun , Wang Jingjing , Zheng Yingying , Shi Lei , Li Chaorong
Published: October 2022

The transparent pn junction of NiO/CuInS2 quantum dots (QDs)/ZnO orderly nanoarrays has been fabricated via a hybrid approach of sputtering‐hydrothermal‐chemical method. As revealed, the as‐prepared NiO/CuInS2 QDs/ZnO transparent pn junction exhibits decent transparency (≈85%), remarkable photovoltaic enhancement (≈2.5 × 103 folds, PCE of ≈1.19%) than that of intrinsic NiO/ZnO pn junction, and decent stability (4000s’ cycle), which is attributed to that the dual functional CuInS2 QDs with appropriate Fermi level, high QY, and wide bandgap, can optimize photogenerated carrier concentration‐mobility kinetic equilibrium efficiently, while maintaining a better transparency. Furthermore, the ZnO orderly nanoarrays can provide carrier transportation pathway, increase solar efficiency and physical stability.
Evolution and Mechanism of Cesium Lead Bromide Nanostructures in Oleylamine‐Rich System by Hot‐Injection Method
Authors: Li Huazheng , Lu Wangwei , Zhao Gaoling , Song Bin , Dong Weixia , Han Gaorong
Published: October 2022

Due to the ultrafast nucleation and growth rates of perovskite nanostructures during the synthesis, the products are difficult to control, such as its derivatives (e.g., Cs4PbBr6) often appear. Here, the hot‐injection method is ameliorated by using oleylamine (OAm) instead of octadecene as solvent. The results reveal that in OAm‐rich system, the pure nanostructures with different Pb/Br ratios (CsBr, Cs4PbBr6, and CsPbBr3) can be obtained at different reaction temperatures, and thus controlling the Pb‐Br linkage and the interconnection of [PbBr6]4− octahedra, and resulting in the formation of different nanostructures. As the reaction temperature increases from 120 to 180 °C, the products change from lead‐free CsBr nanocrystals to poor‐lead Cs4PbBr6 nanocrystals and finally to normal CsPbBr3 nanocubes and nanowires. Moreover, the synthesized CsPbBr3 nanowires exhibit an emission peak at 521 nm, full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 19 nm, with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) of 64.9%, and high stability. Furthermore, the white light‐emitting diode (WLED) devices are successfully fabricated based on the obtained CsPbBr3 nanowires, showing high‐intensity white light and high stability without any encapsulation. Remarkably, this work provides a new approach for elucidating the synthesis mechanism of perovskite nanomaterials and their applications.
Characterizing Electron Flow through Catechol‐Graphene Composite Hydrogels
Authors: Kim Eunkyoung , Argenziano Rita , Zhao Zhiling , Chen Chen‐yu , Shen Margaret , Bentley William E. , Napolitano Alessandra , Payne Gregory F.
Published: October 2022

Electronic materials that allow the controlled flow of electrons in aqueous media are required for emerging applications that require biocompatibility, safety, and/or sustainability. Here, a composite hydrogel film composed of graphene and catechol is electrofabricated, and that this composite offers synergistic properties is reported. Graphene confers metal‐like conductivity and enables charge‐storage through an electrical double layer mechanism. Catechol confers redox‐activity and enables charge‐storage through a redox mechanism. Importantly, there are two functional populations of catechols: conducting‐catechols (presumably in intimate contact with graphene) allow direct electron‐transfer; and non‐conducting‐catechols (presumably physically separated from graphene) require diffusible mediators to enable electron‐transfer. Using a variety of spectroelectrochemical measurements, that the capacity of the composite for charge‐storage increases in proportion to the extent by which the catechol‐groups can undergo redox‐state switching is demonstrated. To illustrate the broad relevance of this work, how the redox‐state switching can be related to both the charge storage of energy materials and the memory of molecular electronic materials is discussed. The authors believe this work is significant because it demonstrates that: conducting and redox‐active components enable distinctly different mechanisms for charge‐storage and electron‐transfer; these components act synergistically; and mediators provide unique opportunities to extend the capabilities of electronic materials.
Recent Advances in Synaptic Nonvolatile Memory Devices and Compensating Architectural and Algorithmic Methods Toward Fully Integrated Neuromorphic Chips
Authors: Byun Kanghyeon , Choi Inhyuk , Kwon Soonwan , Kim Younghoon , Kang Donghoon , Cho Young Woon , Yoon Seung Keun , Kim Sangbum
Published: October 2022

Nonvolatile memory (NVM)‐based neuromorphic computing has been attracting considerable attention from academia and the industry. Although it is not completely successful yet, remarkable achievements have been reported pertaining to synaptic devices that can leverage NVM capable of storing multiple states. The analog synaptic devices performing computation similar to biological nerve systems are crucial in energy‐efficient analog neuromorphic computing systems. To use NVM as an analog synaptic device, researchers focus on improving device characteristics. Among various characteristics, the most challenging one is linearity and symmetry of synaptic weight update that is required for on‐chip training. In this regard, this review paper discusses recent synaptic device improvements focusing on novel schemes tailored for each NVM device to improve the linearity and symmetry. In addition to device‐level studies, recent research achievements are reviewed expanded up to chip‐level studies because in realizing neuromorphic hardware systems beyond a single synaptic device, several considerations and requirements are needed to confirm for high‐level design, and accordingly, cooptimize among synaptic devices, synapse arrays, electrical circuits, neural networks, algorithms, and implementation. Also, this review introduces various circuit and algorithmic approaches to compensate for the non‐ideality of the analog synaptic device.
Blue Light‐Promoted Reaction of α‐Diazoketones and Sulfoxonium Ylides: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Sulfoxonium Ylides
Authors: Dong Yirong , Tian Yu , Zhang Zunting , Wang Tao
Published: October 2022

We report a strategy for the preparation of 1,3‐dicarbonyl sulfoxonium ylides from α‐diazoketones and sulfoxonium ylides. The transformation is achieved based on the blue‐LEDs‐promoted Wolff rearrangement of the α‐diazoketones, and the nucleophilic nature of the sulfoxonium ylides. A large array of products was prepared to demonstrate the substrate scope and functional group tolerance. A plausible mechanism was proposed for this transformation based on the experimental results. Furthermore, the synthetic utility of the products was explored.

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Heterostructure Engineering of 2D Superlattice Materials for Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Liu Peizhi , Song Yanhui , Hou Ying , Xu Bingshe , Liao Ting , Zhang Haixia , Guo Junjie , Sun Ziqi
Published: October 2022

Exploring low‐cost and high‐efficient electrocatalyst is an exigent task in developing novel sustainable energy conversion systems, such as fuel cells and electrocatalytic fuel generations. 2D materials, specifically 2D superlattice materials focused here, featured highly accessible active areas, high density of active sites, and high compatibility with property‐complementary materials to form heterostructures with desired synergetic effects, have demonstrated to be promising electrocatalysts for boosting the performance of sustainable energy conversion and storage devices. Nevertheless, the reaction kinetics, and in particular, the functional mechanisms of the 2D superlattice‐based catalysts yet remain ambiguous. In this review, based on the recent progress of 2D superlattice materials in electrocatalysis applications, the rational design and fabrication of 2D superlattices are first summarized and the application of 2D superlattices in electrocatalysis is then specifically discussed. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and the strategies for the future design of 2D superlattice materials are outlined. This review attempts to establish an intrinsic correlation between the 2D superlattice heterostructures and the catalytic properties, so as to provide some insights into developing high‐performance electrocatalysts for next‐generation sustainable energy conversion and storage.
Co‐Intercalation Batteries (CoIBs): Role of TiS2 as Electrode for Storing Solvated Na Ions
Authors: Alvarez Ferrero Guillermo , Åvall Gustav , Mazzio Katherine A. , Son Youhyun , Janßen Knut , Risse Sebastian , Adelhelm Philipp
Published: October 2022

The co‐intercalation of solvent molecules along with Na+ into the crystal lattice of electrode materials is an undesired process in sodium batteries. An exception is the intercalation of ether solvated alkali ions into graphite, a fast and highly reversible process. Here, reversible co‐intercalation is shown to also be possible for other layered materials, namely titanium disulfide. Operando X‐ray diffraction and dilatometry are used to demonstrate different storage mechanisms for different electrolyte solvents. Diglyme is found to co‐intercalate into the TiS2 leading to a change in the voltage profile and an increase in the interlayer spacing (≈150%). This behavior is different compared to other solvents, which expand much less during Na storage (24% for tetrahydrofuran [THF] and for a carbonate mixture). For all solvents, specific capacities (2nd cycle) exceed 250 mAh g−1 whereas THF exhibited the best stability after 100 cycles. The solvent co‐intercalation is rationalized by density functional theory and linked to the stability of the solvation shells, which is largest for diglyme. Finally, the TiS2 electrode with diglyme electrolyte is paired with a graphite electrode to realize the first proof‐of‐concept solvent co‐intercalation battery, that is, a battery with two electrodes that both rely on reversible co‐intercalation of solvent molecules.
Carrier‐free nanodrugs for stemness inhibition‐enhanced photodynamic therapy
Authors: Liu Yuwei , Long Kaiqi , Wang Tianyi , Kang Weirong , Wang Weiping
Published: October 2022

Cancer stem cell (CSC) has been considered a key driver of tumor growth, recurrence, and metastasis due to its self‐renewal and tumor initiation capacities called stemness. Stemness is also responsible for the high resistance of CSC to current therapeutic strategies, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy. In this study, a carrier‐free nanodrug (designated as MKCe6 nanoparticle [NP]) self‐assembled by photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and stemness inhibitor MK‐0752 was prepared for effective tumor repression. Stemness inhibition caused by MK‐0752 could sensitize CSCs to PDT. Benefiting from the high drug‐loading capacity and efficient cellular internalization, MKCe6 NPs exhibited good performance in PDT and stemness inhibition. In this way, effective tumor growth repression and tumorigenesis inhibition by MKCe6 NPs were observed both in vitro and in vivo. This self‐delivery nanodrug for stemness inhibition‐enhanced photodynamic therapy may provide new insights for clinical cancer therapy.
Stokes flow past an ellipsoid in a special ambient flow field: A marvelous cubic equation for a quadratic ambient field
Authors: Ugrani Suraj , Wang Shiyan , Kim Sangtae
Published: October 2022

A three‐dimensional eigenspace appears in the analysis of an ellipsoid immersed in quadratic ambient viscous flow fields. To celebrate the mathematical achievements of Babatunde Ogunnaike, we focus on mathematical details of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the double‐layer operator that appears in the integral representation of velocity fields as a function of the shape parameters of the ellipsoid. Three special quadratic ambient fields that lack an ambient pressure gradient (toroidal fields) form a decoupled subsystem with eigenvalues associated with three real roots of a cubic equation. The discriminant of this cubic vanishes at discrete points in the parameter space of the ellipsoidal shape revealing repeated roots (and thus repeated eigenvalues) of the cubic. The discrete nature of these points is illustrated with explicit derivation of the discriminant's level set contours in the region near the repeated eigenvalues for the sphere.
Allegations of child sexual abuse in the Family Court of Australia: Response to Parkinson
Authors: Moloney Lawrence J. , Webb Nola , Smyth Bruce M. , Murphy Robyn L.
Published: October 2022

In this article, we respond to commentary by Patrick Parkinson on our research into allegations of child sexual abuse in the Family Court of Australia (both published in AJSI, vol 56, 2021). Parkinson's primary focus was on two of our key findings: (a) that the child was deemed to be at an unacceptable risk of harm in only 12 per cent of fully contested cases; and (b) that in only 14 per cent of the fully contested cases were the allegations coded as being believed. Parkinson suggested that the fully contested cases are disproportionately those in which police, child protection department staff or independent evaluators have been unable to reach a clear view; and that typically these cases involve children under 7 years old. He concluded that the Family Court was in the “too hard basket” of the child protection system and that our findings were not necessarily indicative of systemic failure. We think both suggestions, as well as the “too hard basket” conclusion, are problematic and explain why. Parkinson's comments have stimulated us to reflect on how Australian family courts are managing this important and complex area of decision‐making and what changes may be required into the future.
Could a phase model help to improve translational animal research?
Authors: Mayer Benjamin , Tuckermann Jan , Muche Rainer
Published: October 2022

Background

Animal models are widely applied in medical research for different purposes. In particular, results from translational experiments may be used for subsequent clinical development. However, transferability of these findings to the human organism is controversial. Among other factors, this may be traced back to a lack of clear differentiation of the evidence (explorative vs. confirmatory) provided by such experimental results. In general, inferential statistics (i.e. p values) should not be interpreted in as confirmatory unless crucial methodological requirements are met.

Methods

Therefore, we propose a phase model which reflects the well‐established process of clinical research, and we discuss its potential to improve decision making in translational research. The model aims to clarify the reliability of results derived from animal models.

Results

The phase model proposes subdividing translational, pre‐clinical research into pilot, exploration, and confirmation phases. Experiments for which there is no valid estimation of the expected effect size are designated as pilot studies. Based on these data, experiments in subsequent phases may be planned using both appropriate design and statistical methods.

Conclusion

Separating the entire process of translational animal research into three phases could contribute to improved transparency of the evidence derived from such experiments.
Time point for transport initiation in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest cases with ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a nationwide cohort study in Japan
Authors: Kurosaki Hisanori , Takada Kohei , Okajima Masaki
Published: October 2022

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the time point of the decision to initiate transport with ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in Japan.

Methods

We analyzed adult out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) cases that achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) before hospital arrival from the All‐Japan Utstein Registry during 2015–2017. We constructed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves to illustrate the ability of achieving ROSC as a predictor of neurologically favorable outcomes as a function of increasing time points of resuscitation before ROSC. Furthermore, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with outcomes.

Results

Of 373,993 OHCA patients with attempted resuscitation during 2015–2017, 22,067 patients with prehospital ROSC were included in our study. Patients were divided into the shockable initial rhythm (n = 5,580) and nonshockable initial rhythm (n = 16,487) cohorts. The ROC curves showed 10 min was the best test performance time point for a neurologically favorable outcome for shockable initial rhythm patients (sensitivity, 0.78; specificity, 0.53; area under the ROC curve [AUC], 0.70) and 8 min for nonshockable initial rhythm patients (sensitivity, 0.74; specificity, 0.77; AUC, 0.83). Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that CPR durations using the cut‐off value were independently associated with better outcomes for both shockable initial rhythm patients (odds ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.81–2.42) and nonshockable initial rhythm patients (odds ratio, 3.34; 95% confidence interval, 2.92–3.82).

Conclusion

When Japanese emergency medical service (EMS) providers attend OHCA cases, the decision to initiate transport with ongoing CPR should be made at approximately 10 min after EMS providers initiate CPR for shockable initial rhythm patients and at approximately 8 min for nonshockable initial rhythm patients.
Synthesis of Alternating Polyisocyanate Copolymers by Anionic Polymerization for Mimicking Amphiphilic Helical Peptides
Authors: Bak In Gyu , Chae Chang‐Guen , Choi Jieun , Song Woo‐Young , Seo Jiwon , Lee Eunji , Lee Jae‐Suk
Published: October 2022

The amphiphilic conformation of α‐helical peptides has important biological functions, such as ion transport, antifreeze, and innate immunity, which can be mimicked by alternating polyisocyanate copolymers. We synthesized poly(allyl isocyanate‐alt‐(S)‐(−)‐α‐methylbenzyl isocyanate (P(AIC‐alt‐SMBIC)) and ammonium‐containing P(AIC‐alt‐SMBIC) (N‐P(AIC‐alt‐SMBIC)), ensuring the amphiphilic helical conformation. The benzyl group of SMBIC plays an important role in alternating copolymerization with its steric and electron‐withdrawing effects, while AIC provides an alkene group capable of introducing a customized functional group. The P(AIC‐alt‐SMBIC) with predominantly alternating sequence was acquired at fSMBIC/fAIC=8 with a controlled molecular weight and narrow dispersity. N‐P(AIC‐alt‐SMBIC)s were synthesized from thiol‐ene radical addition with P(AIC‐alt‐SMBIC).
In Situ Quench Reactions of Enantioenriched Secondary Alkyllithium Reagents in Batch and Continuous Flow Using an I/Li‐Exchange
Authors: Kremsmair Alexander , Wilke Henrik R. , Harenberg Johannes H. , Bissinger Benjamin R. G. , Simon Matthias M. , Alandini Nurtalya , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2022

We report a practical in situ quench (ISQ) procedure involving the generation of chiral secondary alkyllithiums from secondary alkyl iodides (including functionalized iodides bearing an ester or a nitrile) in the presence of various electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones, Weinreb amides, isocyanates, sulfides, or boronates. This ISQ‐reaction allowed the preparation of a broad range of optically enriched ketones, alcohols, amides, sulfides and boronic acid esters in typically 90–98 % ee. Remarkably, these reactions were performed at −78 °C or −40 °C in batch. A continuous flow set‐up permitted reaction temperatures between −20 °C and 0 °C and allowed a scale‐up up to a 40‐fold without further optimization.
Characterization of linear low‐density polyethylene and halloysite nanotube (LLDPE/HNT) composites based on two‐roll calendering melt fabrication
Authors: Baheri Bahareh , Lindenberger Amy L. , Sharma Sumit , Lee Sunggyu
Published: October 2022

In preparation of polymer nanocomposites, achieving good mixing and uniform distribution of nanofillers is highly desired for property enhancement. Polyethylene (PE) and its nanocomposite with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) possesses a myriad of potentials for advanced engineering properties. A high nanoparticle loading is preferred to capitalize the nano‐reinforcement, thermal, and barrier properties. The capability of a two‐roll calendaring machine to disperse HNT particles into a linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) matrix at elevated processing temperatures was assessed. Morphological, thermal, mechanical, and rheological behavior of prepared nanocomposites were characterized. A homogeneous distribution of HNTs in concentrations up to 5 wt.% was evidenced by SEM analysis. TGA showed the 10 wt.% composite exhibited an overall outstanding thermal stability. DSC analysis revealed the 30 wt.% sample has the highestTmandTc, and the %crystallinity did not change much due to HNT incorporation for all samples. DMA showed the storage and loss moduli increased with increase in HNT loadings. The effect of loading HNTs into the LLDPE matrix onTgwas minimal, implying that LLDPE and HNTs are quite compatible. The results demonstrated that the two‐roll mill fabrication method can efficiently keep HNT particles unagglomerated and disperse them evenly into the LLDPE matrix.
Poly (beta‐amino ester) as an in vivo nanocarrier for therapeutic nucleic acids
Authors: Sadeqi Nezhad Muhammad
Published: October 2022

Therapeutic nucleic acids are an emerging class of therapy for treating various diseases through immunomodulation, protein replacement, gene editing, and genetic engineering. However, they need a vector to effectively and safely reach the target cells. Most gene and cell therapies rely on ex vivo gene delivery, which is laborious, time‐consuming, and costly; therefore, devising a systematic vector for effective and safe in vivo delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids is required to target the cells of interest in an efficient manner. Synthetic nanoparticle vector poly beta amino ester (PBAE), a class of degradable polymer, is a promising candidate for in vivo gene delivery. PBAE is considered the most potent in vivo vector due to its excellent transfection performance and biodegradability. PBAE nanoparticles showed tunable charge density, diverse structural characteristics, excellent encapsulation capacity, high stability, stimuli‐responsive release, site‐specific delivery, potent binding to nucleic acids, flexible binding ability to various conjugates, and effective endosomal escape. These unique properties of PBAE are an essential contribution to in vivo gene delivery. The current review discusses each of the components used for PBAE synthesis and the impact of various environmental and physicochemical factors of the body on PBAE nanocarrier.
What's my hamburger meat made of?
Authors: Morán Paloma
Published: October 2022

Outreach activities give high school students an opportunity to better understand the techniques and strategies used by researchers. Here is an experience with high school students designed to familiarize them with genetic methodologies. Students have been challenged to discover whether restaurant beef burgers are made with female or male beef. This represents a didactic way to introduce students to genetic traceability methodologies and also to demonstrate the usefulness of these methodologies in relation to food safety and, more importantly, in sustaining consumer confidence. The exercise is planned to be conducted in a one‐day laboratory session.
Is nontargeted data acquisition for target analysis (nDATA) in mass spectrometry a forward‐thinking analytical approach?
Authors: Abdollahi Marzieh , Segura Pedro A. , Beaudry Francis
Published: October 2022

Targeted mass spectrometry is extensively used for the quantitative measurement of various molecules present in complex matrices. It is certainly one of the most important analytical duties in a mass spectrometry laboratory. Systematic development of selected‐reaction monitoring (SRM), multiple‐reaction monitoring (MRM) and parallel‐reaction monitoring (PRM) methods for targeted mass spectrometry‐based analysis was performed without considering future opportunities. The advancement of hardware and software technologies has resulted in greater resolution, accuracy, speed and depth. For sure, SRM, MRM or PRM acquisitions can quantify molecules very accurately at trace levels. However, they do not provide datasets allowing future data mining. Obviously, we cannot truly quantify something that we do not know is there. However, using non‐targeted data acquisition for target analysis, we can generate a MS1 and MS2 digital libraries of each sample, providing future proof datasets. This is instrumental for data mining following new questions potentially arising in time permitting new and deeper processing and interpretation. This perspective article provides thoughts on why we believe it is time to question the status quo in targeted mass spectrometry.
Crosstalk between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetics in cancer: updates on mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Ge Tongxin , Gu Xiang , Jia Renbing , Ge Shengfang , Chai Peiwei , Zhuang Ai , Fan Xianqun
Published: October 2022

Reversible, spatial, and temporal regulation of metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic homeostasis are prominent hallmarks of carcinogenesis. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to meet the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands for vigorous proliferation. Epigenetic dysregulation is a common feature of human cancers, which contributes to tumorigenesis and maintenance of the malignant phenotypes by regulating gene expression. The epigenome is sensitive to metabolic changes. Metabolism produces various metabolites that are substrates, cofactors, or inhibitors of epigenetic enzymes. Alterations in metabolic pathways and fluctuations in intermediate metabolites convey information regarding the intracellular metabolic status into the nucleus by modulating the activity of epigenetic enzymes and thus remodeling the epigenetic landscape, inducing transcriptional responses to heterogeneous metabolic requirements. Cancer metabolism is regulated by epigenetic machinery at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. Epigenetic modifiers, chromatin remodelers and non‐coding RNAs are integral contributors to the regulatory networks involved in cancer metabolism, facilitating malignant transformation. However, the significance of the close connection between metabolism and epigenetics in the context of cancer has not been fully deciphered. Thus, it will be constructive to summarize and update the emerging new evidence supporting this bidirectional crosstalk and deeply assess how the crosstalk between metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic abnormalities could be exploited to optimize treatment paradigms and establish new therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize the central mechanisms by which epigenetics and metabolism reciprocally modulate each other in cancer and elaborate upon and update the major contributions of the interplays between epigenetic aberrations and metabolic rewiring to cancer initiation and development. Finally, we highlight the potential therapeutic opportunities for hematological malignancies and solid tumors by targeting this epigenetic‐metabolic circuit. In summary, we endeavored to depict the current understanding of the coordination between these fundamental abnormalities more comprehensively and provide new perspectives for utilizing metabolic and epigenetic targets for cancer treatment.
Kikuchi–Fujimoto disease manifesting bilateral lymphadenopathy
Authors: Kawatsuki Akihiro , Oka Kosuke , Hagiya Hideharu , Otsuka Fumio
Published: October 2022

Physicians should keep in mind that Kikuchi‐Fujimoto disease can show bilateral lymphadenopathy like the present case.
The impact of entomophages on the population dynamics of major greenhouse cucumber pests
Authors: Mukhametov Almas , Benin Dmitrii , Mutalibova Gavakhirat , Snegirev Dmitry , Pshidatok Saida
Published: October 2022

The potentially effective use of entomophages against melon aphid, spider mite, tobacco thrips, and greenhouse whitefly has been demonstrated. The release rates of several entomophages have been proposed for protecting cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants from the aforementioned pests. The predatory mites Amblyseius montdorensis Schicha, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans), and Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) were used to control the populations of thrips and greenhouse whiteflies. The dose of these entomophagous species applied was 8 to 10 individuals m–2 per plant every 3 wk. To fight spider mite, the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot was used at the rate of 1 individual m–2 every 3 wk as a preventive measure. The parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck was released to suppress melon aphid (A. gossypii). The long‐term observations of the population dynamics of pests and the use of natural enemies to manage pests at the local level will enable us to adjust the dose of entomophages applied depending on the geographical location of the greenhouse facility, the regional climatic conditions, and weather conditions typical of certain years, etc. According to these factors, the results of this study are applicable to other greenhouse facilities with similar conditions. In future, the authors intend to elucidate an optimized method of using entomophagous species for farms located in warmer regions.