bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Euler–Lagrange particle approach for modeling fragments accelerated by explosive detonation
Authors: Price Matthew A. , Nguyen Vinh‐Tan , Hassan Oubay , Morgan Ken
Published: November 2015

In this paper, a method is proposed for modeling explosive‐driven fragments as spherical particles with a point‐particle approach. Lagrangian particles are coupled with a multimaterial Eulerian solver that uses a three‐dimensional finite volume framework on unstructured grids. The Euler–Lagrange method provides a straightforward and inexpensive alternative to directly resolving particle surfaces or coupling with structural dynamics solvers. The importance of the drag and inviscid unsteady particle forces is shown through investigations of particles accelerated in shock tube experiments and in condensed phase explosive detonation. Numerical experiments are conducted to study the acceleration of isolated explosive‐driven particles at various locations relative to the explosive surface. The point‐particle method predicts fragment terminal velocities that are in good agreement with simulations where particles are fully resolved, while using a computational cell size that is eight times larger. It is determined that inviscid unsteady forces are dominating for particles sitting on, or embedded in, the explosive charge. The effect of explosive confinement, provided by multiple particles, is investigated through a numerical study with a cylindrical C4 charge. Decreasing particle spacing, until particles are touching, causes a 30–50% increase in particle terminal velocity and similar increase in gas impulse. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics of endometrial cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
Authors: Mittal Parul , Klingler‐Hoffmann Manuela , Arentz Georgia , Zhang Chao , Kaur Gurjeet , Oehler Martin K. , Hoffmann Peter
Published: November 2015

This review discusses the current status of proteomics technology in endometrial cancer diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The first part of this review focuses on recently identified biomarkers for endometrial cancer, their importance in clinical use as well as the proteomic methods used in their discovery. The second part highlights some of the emerging mass spectrometry based proteomic technologies that promise to contribute to a better understanding of endometrial cancer by comparing the abundance of hundreds or thousands of proteins simultaneously.
Review on the Reactivity of 1,1‐Diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7)
Authors: Zhang Yu , Sun Qian , Xu Kangzhen , Song Jirong , Zhao Fengqi
Published: November 2015

1,1‐Diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7) is a novel high‐energy insensitive material with good thermal stability and low sensitivity, and exhibits excellent application performance in the field of insensitive ammunitions and solid propellant. Although FOX‐7 is simple in molecular composition and structure, its chemical reactivity is abundant and surprising, including salification reaction, coordination reaction, nucleophilic substitution reaction, acetylate reaction, oxidizing reaction, reduction reaction, electrophilic addition reaction, among other reactions. These reactions are systemically summarized and some reaction mechanisms are analyzed in this review.
Ultrafast study of phonon transport in isotopically controlled semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Issenmann Daniel , Eon Soizic , Bracht Hartmut , Hettich Mike , Dekorsy Thomas , Buth Gernot , Steininger Ralph , Baumbach Tilo , Lundsgaard Hansen John , Nylandsted Larsen Arne , Ager Joel W. , Haller Eugene E. , Plech Anton
Published: November 2015

Isotopically modulated silicon and germanium multilayers are analyzed by means of femtosecond spectroscopy and pulsed X‐ray scattering for determining thermal conductivity and phonon modes. Isotopic modulation decreases thermal conductivity stronger than expected from a band bending model in the coherent phonon transport regime, in particular for silicon. Femtosecond spectroscopy and X‐ray scattering resolve zone‐folded vibration modes, which are located at the edge of the new, smaller Brillouin zone due to the multilayer periodicity. These modes can contribute to the reduction of thermal conductivity by Umklapp processes within the zone‐folded mini‐bands.

Color‐coded increase in ultrafast X‐ray scattering in vicinity to the mini‐zone boundary of a germanium multilayer.
Optimal transient performance under output set‐point reset
Authors: Jetto Leopoldo , Orsini Valentina , Romagnoli Raffaele
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method for the optimization of the output transition in the case of set‐point reset for LTI, non‐minimum phase, possibly non‐hyperbolic plants. Assuming that the plant is stabilized by a proper feedback controller, the problem consists in finding a feedforward linear filter yielding a suitable reference trajectory for the closed‐loop system. The approach situates in the framework of model pseudo‐inversion because the external reference trajectory is computed starting from some desired features of the transient output between the two set points. A significant aspect of the new method is that the transition trajectory is not ‘ad hoc’ exactly prespecified by the designer. Rather, it is implicitly defined by the procedure for the minimization of a suitable multi‐objective quadratic cost functional. As no pre‐actuation is required, the method can be practically implemented on line and also works for the critical class of non‐hyperbolic systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach: A Series of the First 60 Human Cases
Authors: Anuwong Angkoon
Published: November 2015

Background

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery has been adopted for thyroid surgery because of its potential for scar‐free operation. However, the previous technique still has some limitations. Thus, we present our initial experience in transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA).

Methods

From April 2014 to January 2015, we used a three‐port technique through the oral vestibule, one 10‐mm port for laparoscope and two additional 5‐mm ports for instruments. The CO2 insufflation pressure was set at 6 mm Hg. An anterior cervical subplatysmal space was created from the oral vestibule down to the sternal notch. The thyroidectomy was done endoscopically using conventional laparoscopic instruments and an ultrasonic device.

Results

A series of 60 procedures were accomplished successfully. 42 patients had single‐thyroid nodules, and a lobectomy was performed. 22 patients had multinodular goiters and two patients had Graves’ disease, with total thyroidectomy or Hartley‐Dunhill procedures performed. Two had papillary thyroid carcinoma, and total thyroidectomy with central node dissection was performed. The median operative time was 115.5 min (range 75–300 min). The median blood loss was 30 mL (range 8–130 mL). Two patients experienced a transient hoarseness, which was resolved within 2 months. One patient experienced a late postoperative hematoma, which was treated conservatively. No mental nerve injury or infections were found. The patients were discharged in an average of 3.6 days (range 2–7 days) postoperatively.

Conclusion

TOETVA is safe and feasible, resulting in no visible scarring. This technique may provide a method for ideal cosmetic results.
A randomized trial of sublingual misoprostol to augment routine third‐stage management among women at risk of postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Chaudhuri Picklu , Majumdar Arindam
Published: November 2015

Objective

To assess whether a combination of misoprostol and oxytocin is more beneficial than oxytocin alone in reducing blood loss after vaginal delivery among women with known risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind trial was conducted in a medical college in eastern India among women aged at least 18 years who had known high‐risk factors for PPH. Using a computer‐generated random number sequence (block size 6–8), participants were randomly assigned to receive 400 μg misoprostol or matched placebo tablets sublingually, in addition to 10 units of oxytocin, after vaginal delivery. The primary outcomes were postpartum blood loss at 1 hour and frequency of PPH. Analyses were by intention to treat.

Results

Both groups contained 144 participants. Postpartum blood loss at 1 hour after delivery was significantly lower among women who received misoprostol than among those who received placebo (225.8 ± 156.7 mL vs 302.4 ± 230.3 mL; P < 0.001). The frequency of moderate PPH (500–999 mL) was significantly lower in the group receiving misoprostol than in the placebo group (5 [3.5%] vs 15 [10.4%] participants; P = 0.03).

Conclusion

As compared with oxytocin alone, misoprostol with oxytocin more effectively reduced blood loss after vaginal delivery among women at risk of PPH.

Clinical Trial Registry India: CTRI/2014/03/004491
Radiofrequency ablation versus partial nephrectomy for treatment of renal masses: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pan Xiu‐Wu , Cui Xin‐Ming , Huang Hai , Huang Yi , Li Lin , Wang Zhi‐Jun , Qu Fa‐Jun , Gao Yi , Cui Xin‐Gang , Xu Dan‐Feng
Published: November 2015

Our study was to collect the data available in the literature on radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and partial nephrectomy (PN) and conduct a cumulative analysis on perioperative outcomes, renal function outcomes, and survival to evaluate the overall safety and efficacy of RFA versus PN for small renal cell cancer (SRCC). A literature search was carried out using various electronic databases. Data including age, tumor size, comorbid disease, operation duration, hospital stay, pre‐ and postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), major and minor complications, and local tumor recurrence and metastasis were collected for meta‐analysis. Sixteen studies were included for this meta‐analysis. The age of patients treated with RFA was significantly older than that of patients treated with PN [weighted mean difference (WMD) = 5.07 years]. There were more patients with cardiovascular disease in RFA group as compared with PN group [odds ratio (OR) = 4.24] before treatment. RFA was associated with a shorter length of hospital stay compared with PN (WMD = −2.02 days). No significant difference was found in major and minor complications between the two groups (major: OR = 0.74; minor: OR = 0.45). Preoperative eGFR and eGFR decline in RFA patients was significantly lower than that in PN patients (WMD = −7.27 and −4.82, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference in postoperative eGFR (WMD = −1.18). The local tumor recurrence rate in RFA group was higher than that in PN group (OR = 1.81). However, the distant metastasis rate was no statistical difference between the two groups (OR = 1.63). RFA is a suitable therapeutic option for older patients and those at high risk for SRCC because of a low risk of operation and better preservation of renal function.
The Emergence of Hybrid Grammars
Authors: Aboh Enoch Oladé
Published: November 2015

Children are extremely gifted in acquiring their native languages, but languages nevertheless change over time. Why does this paradox exist? In this study of creole languages, Enoch Aboh addresses this question, arguing that language acquisition requires contact between different linguistic sub-systems that feed into the hybrid grammars that learners develop. There is no qualitative difference between a child learning their language in a multilingual environment and a child raised in a monolingual environment. In both situations, children learn to master multiple linguistic sub-systems that are in contact and may be combined to produce new variants. These new variants are part of the inputs for subsequent learners. Contributing to the debate on language acquisition and change, Aboh shows that language learning is always imperfect: learners' motivation is not to replicate the target language faithfully but to develop a system close enough to the target that guarantees successful communication and group membership.
Standards of English in Higher Education
Authors: Murray Neil
Published: November 2015

The student demographic of universities today has changed quite dramatically from even a decade ago. As universities seek to internationalise, widen participation and derive attendant reputational and financial benefits, along with greater opportunities for research collaborations and industry links, they also face a growing challenge associated with what Neil Murray terms 'the English language question'. In particular, as the proportion of students of non-English speaking backgrounds entering universities increases, there is growing concern over levels of language proficiency and what this can mean for educational standards, the student experience and, ultimately, institutional standing. Standards of English in Higher Education unpacks a number of key and interrelated issues - for example, the assessment of proficiency and the structure and nature of provision - that bear on the question of English language standards and in doing so offers a frank critical appraisal of English language in higher education today.
Investing in Authoritarian Rule
Authors: Chakravarty Anuradha
Published: November 2015

This book shows how Rwanda's transitional courts that tried genocide crimes - the gacaca - produced social complicity and cemented authoritarian rule. It is unique for its in-depth investigation of the courts' legal operations: confessions, denunciation, and lay judging, and shows how targeted incentives such as grants of clemency, opportunities for private gain, and career advancement drew the masses into the orbit of the ethnic minority-dominated regime. Using previously untapped data, it illustrates how a decade of mass trials constructed a tacit patronage-driven relationship in which the interests of the citizenry became tied to the authoritarian elite that had discretionary power to grant or withdraw those benefits at will. The operation of law in individual behavior and authoritarian control presented in this volume will be of use to students and scholars in the social sciences, and practitioners interested in criminal law and transitional justice.
The Legacies of Totalitarianism
Authors: Tucker Aviezer
Published: November 2015

The first political theory of post-Communism examines its implications for understanding liberty, rights, transitional justice, property rights, privatization, rule of law, centrally planned public institutions, and the legacies of totalitarian thought in language and discourse. The transition to post-totalitarianism was the spontaneous adjustment of the rights of the late-totalitarian elite to its interest. Post-totalitarian governments faced severe scarcity in the supply of justice. Rough justice punished the perpetrators and compensated their victims. Historical theories of property rights became radical, and consequentialist theories, conservative. Totalitarianism in Europe disintegrated but did not end. The legacies of totalitarianism in higher education met New Public Management, totalitarian central planning under a new label. Totalitarianism divorced language from reality through the use of dialectics that identified opposites and the use of logical fallacies to argue for ideological conclusions. This book illustrates these legacies in the writings of Habermas, Derrida, and Žižek about democracy, personal responsibility, dissidence, and totalitarianism.
Constructing Dynamic Triangles Together
Authors: Stahl Gerry
Published: November 2015

Rational thinking as exemplified in mathematical cognition is immensely important in the modern world. This book documents how a group of three eighth-grade girls developed specific group practices typical of such thinking in an online educational experience. A longitudinal case study tracks the team through eight hour-long sessions, following the students' meaning-making processes through their mutual chat responses preserved in computer logs coordinated with their geometric actions. The examination of data focuses on key areas of the team's development: its effective team collaboration, its productive mathematical discourse, its enacted use of dynamic-geometry tools, and its ability to identify and construct dynamic-geometry dependencies. This detailed study of group cognition serves as a paradigmatic example of computer-supported collaborative learning, incorporating a unique model of human-computer interaction analysis applied to the use of innovative educational technology. A valuable resource for researchers, instructors, and students alike, it offers concrete suggestions for improving educational practice.
Gulf Coast Resilience Coalition: An Evolved Collaborative Built on Shared Disaster Experiences, Response, and Future Preparedness
Authors: Hansel Tonya Cross , Osofsky Howard J. , Langhinrichsen-Rohling Jennifer , Speier Anthony , Rehner Tim , Osofsky Joy D. , Rohrer Glenn
Published: November 2015

Objective

For close to a decade, the Gulf Coast of the United States has been in almost constant disaster recovery mode, and a number of lessons have been learned concerning disaster recovery and behavioral health. The purpose of this report was to describe the natural development of a Gulf Coast Resilience Coalition (GCRC).

Methods

The GCRC methods began with state-specific recovery goals following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and transitioned to a shared multistate and multidiscipline coalition. The coalition’s effectiveness is demonstrated through continuation, procurement of funding to provide response services, and increased membership to ensure sustainability.

Results

The coalition has enhanced response, recovery, and resilience by providing strategic plans for dissemination of knowledge; post-disaster surveillance and services; effective relationships and communication with local, state, and regional partners; disaster response informed by past experience; a network of professionals and community residents; and the ability to improve access to and efficiency of future behavioral health coordination through an organized response.

Conclusions

The GCRC can not only improve readiness and response, but work toward a shared vision of improved overall mental and behavioral health and thus resilience, with beneficial implications for the Gulf South and other communities as well. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:657–665)
Contributions of Health Care Coalitions to Preparedness and Resilience: Perspectives From Hospital Preparedness Program and Health Care Preparedness Coalitions
Authors: Acosta Joie , Howard Stefanie , Chandra Anita , Varda Danielle , Sprong Sara , Uscher-Pines Lori
Published: November 2015

Objective

The purpose of this article was to describe how the Hospital Preparedness Program (HPP) and other health care coalitions conceptualize and measure progress or success and to identify strategies to improve coalition success and address known barriers to success.

Methods

We conducted a structured literature review and interviews with key leaders from 22 HPPs and other coalitions. Interview transcripts were analyzed by using constant comparative analysis.

Results

Five dimensions of coalition success were identified: strong member participation, diversity of members, positive changes in members’ capacity to respond to or recover from disaster, sharing of resources among members, and being perceived as a trendsetter. Common barriers to success were also identified (eg, a lack of funding and staff). To address these barriers, coalitions suggested a range of mitigation strategies (eg, establishing formal memoranda of agreement). Both dimensions of and barriers to coalition success varied by coalition type.

Conclusions

Currently, the term health care coalition is a one-size-fits-all term. In reality, this umbrella term describes a variety of different configurations, member bodies, and capabilities. The analysis offered a typology to categorize health care coalitions by primary function during a disaster response. Developing a common typology that could be used to specify capabilities or functions of coalitions may be helpful to advancing their development. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:690–697)
Optimal heat transport solutions for Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Sondak David , Smith Leslie M. , Waleffe Fabian
Published: November 2015

Steady flows that optimize heat transport are obtained for two-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection with no-slip horizontal walls for a variety of Prandtl numbers $\mathit{Pr}$ and Rayleigh number up to $\mathit{Ra}\sim 10^{9}$. Power-law scalings of $\mathit{Nu}\sim \mathit{Ra}^{{\it\gamma}}$ are observed with ${\it\gamma}\approx 0.31$, where the Nusselt number $\mathit{Nu}$ is a non-dimensional measure of the vertical heat transport. Any dependence of the scaling exponent on $\mathit{Pr}$ is found to be extremely weak. On the other hand, the presence of two local maxima of $\mathit{Nu}$ with different horizontal wavenumbers at the same $\mathit{Ra}$ leads to the emergence of two different flow structures as candidates for optimizing the heat transport. For $\mathit{Pr}\lesssim 7$, optimal transport is achieved at the smaller maximal wavenumber. In these fluids, the optimal structure is a plume of warm rising fluid, which spawns left/right horizontal arms near the top of the channel, leading to downdraughts adjacent to the central updraught. For $\mathit{Pr}>7$ at high enough $\mathit{Ra}$, the optimal structure is a single updraught lacking significant horizontal structure, and characterized by the larger maximal wavenumber.
Paleocommunity Analysis of the Burgess Shale Tulip Beds, Mount Stephen, British Columbia: Comparison with the Walcott Quarry and Implications for Community Variation in the Burgess Shale
Authors: O’Brien Lorna J. , Caron Jean-Bernard
Published: November 2015

The Tulip Beds locality on Mount Stephen (Yoho National Park, British Columbia) yields one of the most abundant and diverse (~10,000 specimens in 110 taxa) Burgess Shale fossil assemblages in the Canadian Rockies. Detailed semi quantitative and quantitative analyses of this assemblage suggest strong similarities with the Walcott Quarry on Fossil Ridge. Both assemblages are dominated by epibenthic, sessile, and suspension feeding taxa, mostly represented by arthropods and sponges and have comparable diversity patterns, despite sharing only about half the genera. However, the Tulip Beds has a higher relative abundance of suspension feeders and taxa of unknown affinity compared to the Walcott Quarry. These biotic variations are probably largely attributable to ecological and evolutionary differences between the two temporally distinct communities that adapted to similar, but not identical, environmental settings. For instance, the Tulip Beds is farther away from the Cathedral Escarpment than the Walcott Quarry. The Tulip Beds and Walcott Quarry assemblages are more similar to each other than either one is to the assemblages of the Chengjiang biota, although the relative diversity of major taxonomic groups and ecological patterns are similar in all assemblages. The conserved diversity patterns and ecological structures among sites suggest that the ecological composition of Cambrian Burgess Shale-type communities was relatively stable across wide geographic and temporal scales.
The Chiefs of Community Policing in Rural Sierra Leone
Authors: Albrecht Peter
Published: November 2015

This paper argues that when police reform in Sierra Leone was instituted to consolidate a state system after the country's civil war ended in 2002, it reproduced a hybrid order instead that is embodied by Sierra Leone's primary local leaders: paramount and lesser chiefs. In this sense, policing has a distinctly political quality to it because those who enforce order also define what order is and determine access to resources. The hybrid authority of Sierra Leone's chiefs emanates from multiple state-based and localised sources simultaneously and comes into play as policing takes place and police reform moves forward. This argument is substantiated by an ethnographic exploration of how and with what implications community policing has been introduced in Peyima, a small town in Kono District, and focuses on one of its primary institutional expressions, Local Policing Partnership Boards.
Divergent subcortical activity for distinct executive functions: stopping and shifting in obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: Morein-Zamir S. , Voon V. , Dodds C. M. , Sule A. , van Niekerk J. , Sahakian B. J. , Robbins T. W.
Published: November 2015

Background

There is evidence of executive function impairment in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) that potentially contributes to symptom development and maintenance. Nevertheless, the precise nature of these executive impairments and their neural basis remains to be defined.

Method

We compared stopping and shifting, two key executive functions previously implicated in OCD, in the same task using functional magnetic resonance imaging, in patients with virtually no co-morbidities and age-, verbal IQ- and gender-matched healthy volunteers. The combined task allowed direct comparison of neural activity in stopping and shifting independent of patient sample characteristics and state variables such as arousal, learning, or current symptom expression.

Results

Both OCD patients and controls exhibited right inferior frontal cortex activation during stopping, and left inferior parietal cortex activation during shifting. However, widespread under-activation across frontal-parietal areas was found in OCD patients compared to controls for shifting but not stopping. Conservative, whole-brain analyses also indicated marked divergent abnormal activation in OCD in the caudate and thalamus for these two cognitive functions, with stopping-related over-activation contrasting with shift-related under-activation.

Conclusions

OCD is associated with selective components of executive function, which engage similar common elements of cortico-striatal regions in different abnormal ways. The results implicate altered neural activation of subcortical origin in executive function abnormalities in OCD that are dependent on the precise cognitive and contextual requirements, informing current theories of symptom expression.
Observations of the Aboriginal Child in the School Environment: The Need for Parental Involvement
Authors: Cook T.E.
Published: November 2015

Mr. Cook has been following a plan of parental involvement this year with his sixth class primary school students, and he feels that the principle is most applicable for teachers wishing to develop better attitudes towards school with their Aboriginal students.
The Northern Territory: An Aboriginal View of the Past
Authors: Read P. , Read J.
Published: November 2015

In 1975 we were preparing a source book of the Northern Territory for the Northern Territory Curriculum Branch. There was a thick book at the end of it, but it was evident to us that only one section of the population was represented. That was the European, and only the literate part of that. The Aboriginal view of the past was simply not available from history books, nor, except to Aboriginal children, from anywhere else. It was obvious, that to produce an Aboriginal history of the Territory, we would have to move from reading the written word to listening to the spoken.

This was the task we set ourselves for 1977–78. Employed by the Curriculum Branch, and backed by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, we would act as editors in the task of presenting an Aboriginal history of the Northern Territory to school children. All interviews and discussions would be taped, and cassettes made to go with each booklet of transcriptions and illustrations.

Faced with an enormous amount of material, vast distances to cover, and not unlimited time, we decided, rather than produce a hotch-potch volume of what we had managed to record, to edit a series of shorter books on different themes. Some are on specific topics, like the Coniston massacre, or wartime recollections. Other topics are more general but no less interesting: how, when and why did Aboriginal people give up (or were forced to give up) traditional life; how they adapted to the European intrusion; why there has been a shift to out-stations and a preference for bicultural education?

Obviously we have not been able to visit large areas of the Territory. We chose mostly to visit places where we already knew someone. Often this was the teacher, who would ask the community in advance if it were interested in taking part in the project. Almost everywhere, the older people were keen to tell stories of the early days, especially when they knew their words would be heard and read by children throughout the Territory. Generally the stories are no older than the third generation, and in English.
Aboriginal Studies Curriculum in South Australia
Authors: Craig D.
Published: November 2015

In March 1977, an Aboriginal Studies Curriculum Committee was officially established by the South Australian Education Department. The committee has representatives from primary and secondary schools, colleges of advanced education, Aboriginal and Historic Relics Section of the Department of Environment, Libraries Branch, and Principal Education Officers. Although meetings of the full committee are held on a regualr basis to plan on-going tasks and to review material being produced, the main impetus comes from the five sub-committees that have been formed :-

Primary sub-committee

Secondary sub-committee

In-Service sub-committee

Materials and resources review sub-committee

Aboriginal liaison sub-committee

The co-ordinators of the sub-committees also meet on a regular basis for planning and progress reporting so that the on-going program is continually under review and viable.
Getting Started on Myth…
Authors: Howard D.
Published: November 2015

Myths express what is significant during man’s experience, and so communicate at a deeper level than other stories. They should never be treated as pre-scientific attempts to explain how things began. The creation of myths met a much more profound and basic need.

In presenting myths to children, there are many methods that can be used. Rather than just presenting one or two myths and leaving it at that, significance is gained by presenting children with a collection of myths on one topic, for example, creation or fire, from a variety of places around the world. Children will find the values of literary objectives that the myths have in common. With guidance from the teacher, they will see that the myths are true to man’s experience.

Programs should allow for as much involvement of the pupils as possible during their study of myths. Integration with as many subject disciplines as possible, particularly the expressive arts, should come naturally. This gives the pupils a chance to convey thoughts of what the myth tells them or their group. The working out of a ritual dance, the making of music to accompany it, the writing of poetry, and the numerous art activities can be effective ways of saying what cannot be expressed through ordinary language. It is man’s imagination that has to be stirred and not his rationality. The celebration and the performance of these student fashioned rituals are the culmination of this study and can impregnate a very deep unconscious movement in the performers and witnesses.
Our Culture Program
Authors: Bakamana  , Djuwandayngu
Published: November 2015

This year in the post primary section of Yirrkala school my sister, Djuwandayngu and I have been teaching the students ways of understanding the two cultures; that is, the Balanda and the Yolngu ways. Our aim was to make the children aware of their culture and to give them a little bit of knowledge about the Balanda people who work closely with the Yolngu people.

We started out by teaching about the kinships system; from there we built on all the important things in the Yolngu ways. This took in marriage system, relationships, clans and the most important one, land. Land, we felt, was the most important issue because it concerns Yolngu people throughout Australia. The children already know about the fight for land and about the people who are concerned with it. We told the children which land they belong to and why it is very important to their fathers and grandfathers and to them. We told them what sacred things made our land. Then after this we invited older men from the camps to tell them more stories about Yirrkala and our other lands. We talked about our land at the present. Why are we going back to our own countries and making outstations of our own? Where do we get the money for all the things we need like iron to build houses, pipes for water, windmills, pumps and so on?

Not only did we teach about all the things that are mentioned above, but we also taught the children how to write in our own language, Gumatj, by using different activities to do with important Gumatj words.
Aboriginal Education in Victoria: New Directions – 1975 –?
Authors: Beaton G.
Published: November 2015

In the past our school system failed to attend to the educational, social, and emotional needs of Aborigines. By accepting the simplistic and convenient notion that a more advanced technology reflected a superior social, spiritual, cultural, and educational development we were able to justify the denial and denigration of the Aboriginal character, culture, and history in the very schools we compelled Aborigines to attend.
Developing a Positive Teacher/Child Relationship in an Aboriginal Teaching Situation
Authors: Elphick J.
Published: November 2015

I doubt that anyone would disagree with the need to establish a positive teacher/child relationship in any classroom situation. The fact is that most young children are expectant of this happening and are conditioned by their home environment and experience to relate to the school and the teacher. There is no doubt that this attitude tempers any sense of strangeness and assists in the development of a feeling of security so necessary to a successful school experience. Many of the steps taken to foster a positive relationship between teacher and pupils occur spontaneously and as a result of mutual interaction, on the basis of a common cultural background. In the case of Aboriginal children in a class situation, this common cultural background cannot be presumed to exist. Many aspects of the Aboriginal culture are vastly different from the European one, not the least of the differences being that the very concept of the school institution does not belong to the Aboriginal culture.

Some understanding of the basic cultural differences is necessary to provide for the building up of a feeling of mutual trust and ease. Suggestions, hopefully of a practical nature, are offered to facilitate this most important aspect of a class teacher’s responsibilities, for without it, I am convinced little meaningful learning will occur.
Determinants of School Success
Authors: Watts B.H.
Published: November 2015

Throughout this exploration of the education of Aborigines the view is taken that school success means success in achieving the full range of goals envisaged in the establishment of schools and the determination of their programs:
A Search for Relevance in Transition from Post-Primary to Secondary
Authors: Kelly S. , O’Brien M.
Published: November 2015

At St Therese’s Girls School, we have initiated what we believe to be a more meaningful and more relevant utilization of our resources in producing a secondary program that is more appropriate to the needs of our students.

During 1980, the program was organized in a similar manner to previous years. Each grade – eight, nine and ten – was in the charge of grade teachers. We were fortunate in having a specialist art teacher, but basically the Post Primary section was organized in the typical primary style.

After much consideration, in 1981, we decided to try a different approach. We were prepared to do some experimenting but we were not prepared to upset our students with too much unjustified change. We spent considerable time in consultation with our Tiwi staff members. We wanted to use the resources of both our European-Australian and Tiwi staff members far more effectively. Also we wanted to provide a program that would cater for the needs of our students in a far more meaningful way. We didn’t feel that we were meeting these objectives with our past mode of organization. Previously our two Tiwi teachers were acting in the capacity of mere teacher aides without any real responsibility. We knew that they had far more to offer and that our Tiwi students had far more to gain by their effective participation in the program.
Aboriginal Studies in Mount Isa: The Kalkadoon Cultural and Locality Education Group
Authors: Nutley D.
Published: November 2015

Just occasionally you hear of a really exciting project being undertaken. The Kalkadoon Cultural and Locality Education Group is one such project.

The highly enthusiastic and motivated team has been unearthing and collecting a wealth of information which they are feeding back into both primary and secondary classes around Mount Isa. At present they are working under the limitations of a Schools Commission Special Projects Program grant, with no guarantee of continued funding once the initial grant is spent.

Too often, due to lack of resources and/or interest, Aboriginal studies in Queensland schools is merely a superficial glance at what is a culturally rich, diverse and many faceted society. The booklet Aboriginal Studies in Queensland Schools, developed by the Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Consultative Committee, and published by the Education Department, is too often gathering dust in some obscure corner of the school both unknown and unused by most of the staff.

Hopefully, the Kalkadoon Cultural and Locality Education Group will receive the kind of support that will enable their project to become an integral and continuing part of the schools in Mount Isa. To provide a better picture of the activities of this group I have reprinted two articles. The first is part of a press release by Sunset State School in the North-West Star, Wednesday, 11th March, 1981.
Modelling considerations in the analysis of associations between antimicrobial use and resistance in beef feedlot cattle
Authors: NOYES N. R. , BENEDICT K. M. , GOW S. P. , WALDNER C. L. , REID-SMITH R. J. , BOOKER C. W. , McALLISTER T. A. , MORLEY P. S.
Published: November 2015

A number of sophisticated modelling approaches are available to investigate potential associations between antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance (AMR) in animal health settings. All have their advantages and disadvantages, making it unclear as to which model is most appropriate. We used advanced regression modelling to investigate AMU-AMR associations in faecal non-type-specificEscherichia coli(NTSEC) isolates recovered from 275 pens of feedlot cattle. Ten modelling strategies were employed to investigate AMU associations with resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline and streptomycin. Goodness-of-fit statistics did not show a consistent advantage for any one model type. Three AMU-AMR associations were significant in all models. Recent parenteral tetracycline use increased the odds of finding tetracycline-resistant NTSEC [odds ratios (OR) 1·1–3·2]; recent parenteral sulfonamide use increased the odds of finding sulfisoxazole-resistant NTSEC (OR 1·4–2·5); and recent parenteral macrolide use decreased the odds of recovering ampicillin-resistant NTSEC (OR 0·03–0·2). Other results varied markedly depending on the modelling approach, emphasizing the importance of exploring and reporting multiple modelling methods based on a balanced consideration of important factors such as study design, mathematical appropriateness, research question and target audience.
A multilevel prediction of physiological response to challenge: Interactions among child maltreatment, neighborhood crime, endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS), and GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 gene (GABRA6)
Authors: Lynch Michael , Manly Jody Todd , Cicchetti Dante
Published: November 2015

Physiological response to stress has been linked to a variety of healthy and pathological conditions. The current study conducted a multilevel examination of interactions among environmental toxins (i.e., neighborhood crime and child maltreatment) and specific genetic polymorphisms of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS) and GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 gene (GABRA6). One hundred eighty-six children were recruited at age 4. The presence or absence of child maltreatment as well as the amount of crime that occurred in their neighborhood during the previous year were determined at that time. At age 9, the children were brought to the lab, where their physiological response to a cognitive challenge (i.e., change in the amplitude of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia) was assessed and DNA samples were collected for subsequent genotyping. The results confirmed that complex Gene × Gene, Environment × Environment, and Gene × Environment interactions were associated with different patterns of respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity. The implications for future research and evidence-based intervention are discussed.
Does Administrative Data Reflect Individual Experience? Comparing an Index of Poverty with Individually Collected Data on Financial Well-being in a Multi-Ethnic Community
Authors: Prady Stephanie L. , Bloor Karen , Bradshaw Jonathan , Tunstall Helena , Petherick Emily S. , Pickett Kate E.
Published: November 2015

The Income Deprivation Affecting Children Index (IDACI) uses administrative data to count children living in households in receipt of both in-work and out-of-work means-tested benefits and provides small area ranking as an indicator of child poverty in neighbourhoods. Benefit take-up rates within an area will affect its reliability. We aimed to examine benefit take-up rates and compare area ranking by the IDACI with ranking using individually reported data across areas of varying ethnic composition. Mothers living in areas with high minority ethnic density were less likely to report claiming a benefit than those in majority White or mixed areas, despite reporting lower incomes. The correlation between self-reported material difficulties and worsening IDACI rank was much lower in areas characterised by minority ethnic populations. Further investigation into the performance of area-based deprivation measures in areas with high minority ethnic density is needed.
The effect of intrinsic crumpling on the mechanics of free-standing graphene
Authors: Nicholl Ryan J.T. , Conley Hiram J. , Lavrik Nickolay V. , Vlassiouk Ivan , Puzyrev Yevgeniy S. , Sreenivas Vijayashree Parsi , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Bolotin Kirill I.
Published: November 2015

Free-standing graphene is inherently crumpled in the out-of-plane direction due to dynamic flexural phonons and static wrinkling. We explore the consequences of this crumpling on the effective mechanical constants of graphene. We develop a sensitive experimental approach to probe stretching of graphene membranes under low applied stress at cryogenic to room temperatures. We find that the in-plane stiffness of graphene is 20–100 N m−1 at room temperature, much smaller than 340 N m−1 (the value expected for flat graphene). Moreover, while the in-plane stiffness only increases moderately when the devices are cooled down to 10 K, it approaches 300 N m−1 when the aspect ratio of graphene membranes is increased. These results indicate that softening of graphene at temperatures <400 K is caused by static wrinkling, with only a small contribution due to flexural phonons. Together, these results explain the large variation in reported mechanical constants of graphene devices and pave the way towards controlling their mechanical properties.
Identification of DNA lesions using a third base pair for amplification and nanopore sequencing
Authors: Riedl Jan , Ding Yun , Fleming Aaron M. , Burrows Cynthia J.
Published: November 2015

Damage to the genome is implicated in the progression of cancer and stress-induced diseases. DNA lesions exist in low levels, and cannot be amplified by standard PCR because they are frequently strong blocks to polymerases. Here, we describe a method for PCR amplification of lesion-containing DNA in which the site and identity could be marked, copied and sequenced. Critical for this method is installation of either the dNaM or d5SICS nucleotides at the lesion site after processing via the base excision repair process. These marker nucleotides constitute an unnatural base pair, allowing large quantities of marked DNA to be made by PCR amplification. Sanger sequencing confirms the potential for this method to locate lesions by marking, amplifying and sequencing a lesion in the KRAS gene. Detection using the α-hemolysin nanopore is also developed to analyse the markers in individual DNA strands with the potential to identify multiple lesions per strand.
Alcohol consumption and the risk of Barrett’s esophagus: a comprehensive meta-analysis
Authors: Ren Lin-Lin , Yan Ting-Ting , Wang Zhen-Hua , Bian Zhao-Lian , Yang Fan , Hong Jie , Chen Hao-Yan , Fang Jing-Yuan
Published: November 2015

Several studies have been proposed to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and risk of Barrett’s esophagus (BE), but as of yet, no quantitative summary of the literature to clarify the relationship between them. In our study, twenty eligible cohort studies involving 42925 participants were identified. Combined relative risk (RR) ratios for the highest versus lowest alcohol consumption levels were calculated. The alcohol dose-response analysis was performed to investigate the association between the increment consumption of 10 g/d alcohol and the risk of developing BE. Subgroup analyses were used to examine heterogeneity across the studies. A combined RR of 0.98 (0.62–1.34) was found when comparing highest vs. lowest alcohol consumption levels for BE. An inverse association between alcohol and incidence of BE (RR 0.51; 95% CI: 0.055–0.96) was demonstrated in women. Moreover, Asian drinkers had a relative higher risk of BE (RR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.11–1.56) compared with Western drinkers. In conclusion, our results showed that overall alcohol consumption was not associated with increased BE incidence. The limited data available on alcohol consumption supports a tentative inversion of alcohol consumption with BE risk in women, while Asian drinkers tend to have a higher risk of BE.
Nuclear PKM2 contributes to gefitinib resistance via upregulation of STAT3 activation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Li Qiong , Zhang Daoxiang , Chen Xiaoying , He Lei , Li Tianming , Xu Xiaoping , Li Min
Published: November 2015

Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD-1839), a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, is currently under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, as known, some patients develop resistance to TKIs and the mechanisms mediating intrinsic resistance to EGFR-TKIs in CRC have not been fully characterized. Resistance to EGFR inhibitors reportedly involves activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in glioma and lung cancer. Here, we demonstrated that the nuclear pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) levels were positively correlated with gefitinib resistance in CRC cells. The overexpression of nuclear PKM2 in HT29 cells decreased the effect of gefitinib therapy, whereas PKM2 knockdown increased gefitinib efficacy. Furthermore, the activation of STAT3 by nuclear PKM2 was associated with gefitinib resistance. Inhibition of STAT3 by Stattic, a STAT3-specific inhibitor, or STAT3-specific siRNA sensitized resistant cells to gefitinib. These results suggest that nuclear PKM2 modulates the sensitivity of CRC cells to gefitinib and indicate that small molecule pharmacological disruption of nuclear PKM2 association with STAT3 is a potential avenue for overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance in CRC patients.