bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Body Temperature Regulation in Domestic Dogs After Agility Trials: The Effects of Season, Training, Body Characteristics, Age, and Genetics
Authors: Russel William Andrew , Jiménez Ana Gabriela , Paul Kailey D. , Hoopes Barbara C. , Ay Ahmet
Published: January 2025

An animal's body mass is said to be indirectly related to its rate of heat loss; that is, smaller animals with higher surface area to volume tend to lose heat faster than larger animals. Thus, thermoregulation should be related to body size, however, generalizable patterns are still unclear. Domestic dogs are a diverse species of endothermic mammals, including a 44‐fold difference in body size. Previous work in sedentary dogs has determined that body size and other morphological variables tend to predict the thermoregulation of exercising pet dogs. Here, we aimed to address three questions: (1) whether thermoregulatory differences in domestic dogs across seasons are dictated strictly by external environmental temperatures or if individual thermal acclimation is affected by seasonal temperature variation, even indoors; (2) whether athleticism (or training experience) affects or changes thermoregulation in dogs, as it does in humans; and (3) whether thermoregulation in domestic dogs has a genetic basis. We obtained tympanic membrane (Tear) temperatures and thermal images to measure the rate of temperature change in the eyes, mouth, and nose of athletic dogs following an indoor agility trial. Additionally, we used image analysis to determine body morphology differences. We found body mass to play a strong role in thermoregulation in winter trials (Tmouth p = 0.017, Tnose p = 0.052) but a less determinate role in summer trials. We found distinct differences in thermoregulation patterns between winter and summer. Particularly, coat morphology and length may play different roles in thermoregulation across seasons. Additionally, we found that rates of mouth temperature change differ by an interaction between environmental temperature and training experience (p = 0.044), suggesting seasonal thermoregulation patterns in dogs depend on relative athleticism. Lastly, we found important genetic predictors of temperature change rate, such as GORAB and IGF1, as well as others that exert influence over body size, mitochondrial function, or coat characteristics. These genetic markers indicate markers similar to our whole‐animal physiological results. Overall, our data suggest that domestic dogs demonstrate thermal acclimation across seasons, that athleticism changes thermoregulatory patterns in domestic dogs, and that body size‐related genes are associated with thermoregulation in dogs.
A retrospective comparative study of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage versus endoscopic gallbladder stenting on the clinical course of acute cholecystitis: A propensity score matching analysis using a nationwide inpatient database in Japan
Authors: Ebinuma Shota , Nagano Hiroyuki , Itoshima Hisashi , Kunisawa Susumu , Fushimi Kiyohide , Sugiura Ryo , Kakisaka Tatsuhiko , Taketomi Akinobu , Imanaka Yuichi
Published: January 2025

Background

We performed a retrospective comparative study to clarify the optimal gallbladder drainage method prior to elective cholecystectomy.

Methods

We collected data from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database about cholecystitis patients who underwent gallbladder drainage prior to cholecystectomy in a subsequent hospitalization between April 2014 and March 2020. We divided the study population into two groups: an endoscopic gallbladder stenting (EGBS) group and a percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) group. We performed propensity score matching and compared surgical outcomes related to cholecystectomy.

Results

We collected 6306 cases (PTGBD: 6112 cases; EGBS: 194 cases). In propensity score matching, we obtained 193 matched pairs from the study population. Long‐term postoperative antibiotics therapy (2 vs. 9; risk ratio 4.7 [95% CI: 1.1–30.9]) was more frequent in the EGBS group than the PTGBD group. There were no significant differences between the two groups for laparotomic cholecystectomy and postoperative bile duct drainage. For reoperation, postoperative abdominal drainage and postoperative blood transfusion, there were few outcome occurrences and effect measures were not obtained.

Conclusion

Gallbladder drainage by EGBS may have more risk of surgical complications related to elective cholecystectomy than PTGBD. There are a few reports on this topic, so further research should be conducted.
Heads and Tails: Comparative Osteology of Nearctic Dipsadid Snakes
Authors: Murta‐Fonseca Roberta Azeredo , Fernandes Daniel Silva , Martins Angele
Published: January 2025

Although numerous studies have addressed some aspects of the cranial osteology of Nearctic dipsadid species, only the species within the genera Heterodon and Carphophis have a formal published description of their skull. Similarly, vertebral data on such species are extremely scarce, and most of the available literature is focused on fossils. Such group has a complex phylogenetic history, being recovered as monophyletic or nonmonophyletic depending on the approach. In this paper, we provide detailed and comparative descriptions of the osteology of dipsadid species distributed in the Nearctic region based on 69 specimens of dry material and high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) scans. Additionally, we explore the morphological variation of the skull and cervical vertebrae within the context of distinct phylogenetic hypotheses previously proposed. Only two suprageneric groups previously proposed shared exclusive morphological traits: (Carphophis amoenus + Contia tenuis), proposed by three studies, and (Diadophis punctatus (Ca. amoenus + Co. tenuis)), proposed by one study. Large and detailed studies on the skull, mandible, and vertebrae represent an important step toward the understanding of the evolution of species, especially when they also show intraspecific variation.
High‐Resolution Analysis of Severe Heat Wave Dynamics and Thermal Discomfort Across India
Authors: Lakshman Kesireddy , Nadimpalli Raghu , Srivastava Akhil , Osuri K. K. , Attada Raju , Parekh Anant
Published: January 2025

The study explores variability and dynamical characteristics of heatwaves during March–June for 1990–2020 over India. Normalised Tmax anomaly is used to identify different heatwave spells in vulnerable regions of North‐central India (NCI) and Southeast coast of India (SECI) using India Meteorological Department (IMD, 1° × 1° resolution) observations, Indian Monsoon Data Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA, 0.12° × 0.12°), and ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5, 0.25° × 0.25°). Results highlight that IMDAA exhibited a total 202 days (181 days) heatwaves duration in NCI (SECI) regions while ERA5 exhibited a total 132 days (89 days), respectively, compared with those of IMD (195 and 163 days). The primary heatwave periods for NCI (10 April to 20 June) and SECI region (1 May to 10 June) are well captured by IMDAA, unlike ERA5. The average length of the heatwave is 7.8, 7.5, and 7.76 days (8.15, 7.72, and 6.1 days) over NCI (SECI) in IMD, IMDAA, and ERA5, respectively. The high heat stress is more frequent in SECI than in the NCI region and is common during May–June (May only), as seen in IMDAA (ERA5). The middle to upper‐level anticyclone over NCI is stronger than SECI during heatwaves. Heat advection with stronger 850‐hPa north‐westerlies (~10 ms−1) abates sea breeze in the coastal region, aiding longer heatwaves in the SECI region. Ascending motion induced by surface heating is confined to the lower levels due to the subsidence by the upper‐level anomalous anticyclone, stagnating higher temperatures in the lower atmosphere, depicting a heat dome. The surface temperatures are slightly higher in NCI (31°C–39°C) than in SECI (30°C–37°C). However, the double moist heat dome in SECI has witnessed higher heat stress conditions than NCI. Higher relative humidity in the SECI region is contributed by maritime winds from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea, soil moisture, and so forth. The study highlights the value of atmospheric moisture in differentiating the study regions for heat stress conditions.
Return to preinjury pivoting sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is different between males and females, as are the patient‐reported reasons
Authors: Ebert Jay R. , Kneebone Liza , Edwards Peter , Radic Ross , D'Alessandro Peter
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To investigate return to sport (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), differences based on sex and concomitant meniscal repair, and identify reasons why patients do not RTS.

Methods

Overall, 232 patients undergoing ACLR, with or without concomitant meniscal repair, that were actively participating in pivoting sports at the time of injury, were prospectively recruited. At 2 years, return to preinjury pivoting sport was investigated and, if they had returned, whether they felt their performance was at (or better) or below preinjury status. Specific reasons for not returning were identified. RTS rates and reasons for not returning were compared based on sex and meniscal repair.

Results

Overall, 140 patients (60.3%) had returned to their preinjury pivoting sport, of which 98 (70.0%) felt they were performing at (or beyond) preinjury status. While a significantly greater (p = 0.024) percentage of males (66.9%) versus females (52.4%) had returned to pivoting sports by 2 years, no differences (p = 0.708) were seen based on concomitant meniscal repair. Overall, 92 patients (39.7%) had not RTS, with primary reasons being loss of interest (21.7%), too busy due to their work and/or family environment (22.8%), or fear of reinjury or lacking confidence (17.4%). Other less‐reported reasons included ongoing knee issues (6.5%) or not feeling physically ready (5.4%).

Conclusions

This study outlined specific reasons why community‐level patients do not RTS, with RTS status (and reasons for not returning to preinjury pivoting sports) differing between males and females, with the latter returning at a significantly lower rate overall.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
Exploring implementation of interventions to facilitate integration in fragmented healthcare systems
Authors: Bragdon Cassandra , Siden Rachel , Winget Marcy , Harris Sonia Rose , Carey Rebecca , Ko Justin , Vyas Alpa , Brown‐Johnson Cati
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Stanford Medicine is working to better coordinate care across the Stanford healthcare system, as well as improve patient and provider experiences in seeking and receiving care. This study aimed to explore the complexities of moving from a fragmented to an integrated academic healthcare system and to identify and explain factors (e.g., facilitators and barriers) of the implementation of three interventions meant to improve patient experience, reduce staff burden, and integrate health care systems across faculty and community settings.

Methods

We conducted qualitative semi‐structured interviews via Zoom with faculty and community physicians. Interviews were audio‐recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and open coding. Using consensus coding approaches, researchers met regularly to discuss themes and adaptations to CFIR.

Results

We analyzed transcripts from interviews with physicians (n = 26). Factors impacting integration included the following: (1) physicians supported the interventions, promoting mission alignment; (2) physicians were motivated for change, reporting the existing system was intolerable; (3) physicians reported different priorities between clinics: faculty versus community and primary care versus specialty; (4) physicians prioritized interpersonal versus system solutions; (5) specialists were wary of unintended consequences of integration, specifically inappropriate bookings or patients being redirected to other clinics. Broadly speaking, facilitator factors 1–2 focused on the openness to, and tension for, change; and barrier factors 3–5 promoted or sustained variation across specialties and faculty/community clinics.

Conclusions

Our results illustrate the challenges and opportunities of moving from a fragmented to an integrated healthcare system and emphasize the importance of building shared culture, collaboration, and coordinated actions across and within an integrated healthcare network.
U‐Shaped Association Between Dietary Copper Intake and New‐Onset Chronic Kidney Disease: A 30‐Year Follow‐Up Study From Young Adulthood to Midlife
Authors: Zhang Yiwei , Gan Xiaoqin , Xiang Hao , Zhang Yanjun , Yang Sisi , Ye Ziliang , Huang Yu , Wu Yiting , Mai Jinsheng , Jiang Jianping , Qin Xianhui , Zhang Yuanyuan
Published: January 2025

Scope: The relationship of dietary copper intake with new‐onset chronic kidney disease (CKD) remained unclear. We aimed to examine the association of dietary copper intake with new‐onset CKD in a 30‐year follow‐up study from young adulthood to midlife. Methods and results: A total of 4038 U.S. adults aged 18–30 years and without reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study was included. During a 30‐year follow‐up, 642 (15.9%) participants developed new‐onset CKD. Overall, there was a U‐shaped relationship between dietary copper intake and new‐onset CKD (p for nonlinearity = 0.034). When copper intake was assessed as quartiles, compared with those in the second quartile (2.03–<2.46 mg/day), the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval [CI]) for new‐onset CKD were 1.29 (1.05, 1.66), 1.29 (1.02, 1.64), and 1.49 (1.16, 1.91) for participants in the first (<2.03 mg/day), third (2.46–<3.11 mg/day), and fourth (≥3.11 mg/day) quartiles, respectively. Similar U‐shaped associations were observed for new‐onset eGFR decline and albuminuria. Conclusions: There was a U‐shaped relationship of dietary total copper intake with new‐onset CKD, with the lowest risk at a dietary copper intake of 2.03–<2.46 mg/day. Emphasizing the importance of maintaining optimal copper intake levels for the primary prevention of CKD.
An Exact and Approximate Schur Complement Method for Time‐Harmonic Optimal Control Problems
Authors: Axelsson Owe , Lukáš Dalibor , Neytcheva Maya
Published: January 2025

Time‐harmonic control problems, constrained by a linear differential equation, can be solved efficiently by utilizing a Fourier time series expansion in the angular frequency variable. Then the optimal solution consists of a series of complex variable space discretization equations, which are uncoupled with respect to the different frequencies. Hence, it suffices to consider a single equation with the angular frequency as a parameter. We consider here methods to solve the so‐arising linear system of equations and describe, analyze and test the performance of two novel approaches based on its exact and approximate Schur complement. The performance of the methods is tested and compared with another existing method.
Genome‐Wide Analysis of the APETALA2/Ethylene‐Responsive Factor Gene Family in Carthamus tinctorius L.
Authors: Tan Zheng‐Wei , Lu Dan‐Dan , Yu Yong‐Liang , Li Lei , Xu Lan‐Jie , Dong Wei , Li Chun‐Ming , Yang Qing , Liang Hui‐Zhen
Published: January 2025

The APETALA2/ethylene‐responsive factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily represents a class of transcription factors involved in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Carthamus tinctorius L., also known as safflower, is an important plant whose flowers contain carthamin, an expensive aromatic pigment with various medicinal and flavoring properties. This study aimed to elucidate the roles of these transcription factors in plant growth, metabolic regulation, and environmental adaptation in safflower, providing foundational information and theoretical support for genetic improvement and stress resilience research in this crop. In this study, we identified and characterized the AP2/ERF family genes in safflower through a comprehensive genomic analysis. A total of 127 AP2/ERF genes were identified and clustered into seven groups and 14 subgroups based on phylogenetic analysis. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that the basic region and two helical structures were highly conserved in most AP2/ERF proteins. Cis‐acting elements in the promoters of the AP2/ERF genes were analyzed, and a degree of safflower specificity was observed among different safflower species. Tissue‐specific expression analysis showed that 23, 21, 15, and 9 genes were most abundantly expressed in the roots, leaves, flowers, and buds, respectively, while only eight genes were highly expressed in all tissues examined. These results indicate that the AP2/ERF family genes in safflower are diverse and complex, with distinct expression patterns for different genes in different safflower species. The findings provide important fundamental data for in‐depth studies of the growth, development, and stress response mechanisms in safflower.
Muscular Performance of the Elbow Flexor and Extensor Muscles in Children With Myopathies: A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Teixeira Cruz Karoliny Lisandra , Martins Emanuela Juvenal , Barboza Franco Camila Scarpino , Will de Lemos Tenysson , Gomes dos Santos Amanda Silva , Mattiello Stela Marcia , Ferreira da Rosa Sobreira Claudia , Mattiello‐Sverzut Ana Claudia
Published: January 2025

Background and Purpose

Children with myopathies often experience muscle weakness in their lower limbs. However, the upper limbs are also affected and, at the same time, play a key role in daily living activities as well as in transfers and assisted mobility using auxiliary devices. The objective was to assess the performance of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles through static and dynamic contractions in children with myopathies and in their typical peers.

Methods

This was a case‐control study. Seven children with different myopathies participated and were matched with typical children by sex and age (1:2). The muscle performance of elbow flexors (EFL) and elbow extensors (EEX) was assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer using isometric and isokinetic contractions at a speed of 120°s‐1. The analyzed variables were peak torque (PT), total work (W), power (P), time to peak torque (TPT), acceleration time (AT), and deceleration time (DT). The raw variables were compared between groups using linear regression with mixed effects. A significance level of p < 0.05 was adopted.

Results and Discussion

Children with myopathies showed significantly lower values of PT, W, and P for both elbow muscle groups (p < 0.05) compared to typically developing children; TPT showed no difference between groups; and AT and DT were higher in children with myopathies than in typical ones (p < 0.05). Children with myopathies exhibited deficits in muscle performance, suggesting that the elbow muscles adopt atypical motor strategies, indicating impaired neuromuscular control. The isokinetic dynamometer is a device that can provide relevant information about muscle performance in this group of diseases.
Safety‐Critical Optimal Control of Discrete‐Time Non‐Linear Systems via Policy Iteration‐Based Q‐Learning
Authors: Long Lijun , Liu Xiaomei , Huang Xiaomin
Published: January 2025

This paper investigates the problem of safety‐critical optimal control for discrete‐time non‐linear systems. A safety‐critical control algorithm is developed based on Q‐learning and an iterative adaptive dynamic programming, that is, policy iteration. Discrete‐time control barrier functions (CBFs) are introduced into the utility function for guaranteeing safety, in which a novel definition of the safe set and its boundary with multiple discrete‐time CBFs are given. Also, for discrete‐time systems, by using multiple discrete‐time CBFs, the safety‐critical optimal control problem of multiple safety objectives is addressed. Meanwhile, safety, convergence, and stability of the developed algorithm are rigorously demonstrated. An effective method to obtain an initial safety‐admissible control law is established. Also, the developed algorithm is implemented by building an actor‐critic structure with neural networks. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by three simulation examples.
A Load‐Balancing Enhancement to Schedule‐Aware Bundle Routing
Authors: Kamps Jason J. , Palunčić Filip , Maharaj B. T.
Published: January 2025

Delay‐ and disruption‐tolerant networking (DTN) enables communication in networks afflicted by long propagation delays and sporadic connectivity. DTN routing techniques such as schedule‐aware bundle routing (SABR) exist to route data bundles in deterministic networks, such as those found in deep‐space environments, where node contacts are predictable. This article begins with an overview of DTN architecture and SABR. SABR's method of final route selection (forwarding rules) is closely examined. The article then addresses a limitation of SABR whereby the algorithm may overlook parallel channels, leading to network congestion. To mitigate this, an enhancement is proposed. This enhancement aims to optimize data bundle distribution across candidate routes in networks with parallel channels, thus alleviating congestion and enhancing overall network performance. This is achieved with simple modifications to SABR's forwarding rules to avoid the concentration of data bundles on a minority of node contacts. The enhancement is demonstrated through simulations in a reference scenario implemented in DtnSim.
Gen Z chooses trade schools over traditional colleges
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: January 2025

During the past several months, there has been a lot in the news about students from Generation Z (1997–2012) choosing to attend trade schools over more traditional colleges. Those of us who work at trade schools don’t call them that. The Technical College System of Georgia is, I suppose, what others might call a trade school. The colleges in the system offer such programs as welding, automotive maintenance and repair, plumbing, construction, industrial systems maintenance, electrical lineman, and aviation maintenance, among many others.
Dig into A Light in the Tower: A New Reckoning with Mental Health in Higher Education
Authors: Boon Sarah
Published: January 2025

Mental health is a somewhat taboo topic in academia. As Katie Rose Guest Pryal, a bipolar and autistic author and academic, writes in her new book A Light in the Tower: A New Reckoning with Mental Health in Higher Education (University Press of Kansas), “Based on the logic of academia, if my brain is wrong, then everything about me is wrong.” She argues that mental disability is stigmatized in higher education and pushed into the shadows and that the key solution to the mental disability crisis — Pryal's preferred terminology — is to increase accessibility overall rather than just provide accommodations for faculty and students. This can decrease the stigma around their illnesses.
Self‐Cleaning Textiles Through Dyeing with Natural Dyes: An Eco‐friendly Approach
Authors: Makokha Wangatia Lodrick , Senelisile Moyo , Maziya Nombuso Faith , Makhanya Bukisile P. , Pinkie Zwane , Letsiwe Mabuza , Dumisile Mngometulu
Published: January 2025

A photo catalytic self‐cleaning cotton fabric was prepared by dyeing cotton fabric with dye extracted from the turmeric plant. A simple one step batch process was used to dye the fabric. Methylene Blue (MB) dye has been used as a probe dye to test the self‐cleaning properties of the fabric dyed with turmeric. Optimization was done by using the Box–Behnken approach. Different parameters like the effect of pH, exposure time and dye concentration were analyzed. Under optimum conditions, a MB degradation efficiency of 61% was recorded with exposure time of 1.25 h, 3 g/l dye concentration and pH of 12. The dyed fabric stained using MB recorded a color change reduction of 10.18 when exposed to light, confirming the self‐cleaning property. The self‐cleaning properties of the dyed cotton fabric were characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and calorimeter. The study showed that the potential of using natural dyes like turmeric to impart self‐cleaning properties to textiles, which can greatly contribute towards environmental protection if fully realized and applied in the textile industry.
Comparative Assessment of the Antibacterial Property of Cotton Fabric Coated with the Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Chemical and Green Approach
Authors: Kachare Kranti S. , Shendage Shital S. , Vhanbatte Shirishkumar B. , Mai Fu D. , Ghule Anil Vithal
Published: January 2025

Worldwide, increasing pollution and bacterial infections are posing a serious risk to human well‐being and society. Clothing and textiles are the major pathways for the transmission and aggravation of infectious diseases. Thus, imparting antibacterial properties to the textiles is perceived with great interest. With this motivation, this study aims to fabricate durable antibacterial cotton fabrics to protect the wearer from pathogenic microorganisms. Herein, the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) via chemical (ZOCM) and green (ZOGM) routes, which were eventually applied onto the cotton fabric using the padding‐drying‐curing technique. The synthesized ZnO NPs and ZnO‐deposited cotton fabrics were analyzed by various characterization techniques. Including UV–vis, FTIR, BET, XRD, SEM‐EDAX, and TGA analysis. Additionally, the antibacterial effectiveness, washing durability, and mechanical properties of finished cotton (ZOCMC, ZOGMC) and uncoated fabric were investigated. The results indicate that ZOGM and ZOGMC show higher antibacterial efficiency than ZOCM and ZOCMC. Moreover, TGA analysis reveals the amount of ZnO loading before and its retention after multiple washing cycles. ZOGMC exhibits good adherence of NPs and better washing durability than ZOCMC. This study underscores the significance of environmentally friendly green synthesis methods for producing ZnO NPs, showcasing the potential for advancement in healthcare textiles.
A Spectroscopic Reassessment of 2,6‐Diformyl‐4‐methyl Phenol and its Use as a Fluorescent Probe in Solution and Solid Phases
Authors: Das Akash , Bhattacharyya Arghyadeep , Guchhait Nikhil
Published: January 2025

4‐methyl 2,6‐diformyl phenol (DFP) is widely used for constructing metal complexes as well as an array of chemosensors. However, the detailed photophysical understanding of DFP in various media and states of aggregation has not been explored. DFP shows an excellent dependence on solvent polarity to furnish varyingly emitting species, which were studied by steady state and time resolved emission spectroscopy. In lower polarity solvents the emission is from the keto form, whereas in polar aprotic and protic solvents the emission is by a cumulative contribution from the locally excited enol form, the anion as well as the keto form. In the solid state, the emission was due to the presence of various aggregated forms undergoing ESIPT to make it a yellow emitter. DFP could act as a ratiometric sensor for detecting water in THF and ACN (LOD∼ 0.4%). In neat water, DFP could detect Zn2+ upto 7.05 × 10−7 (M) by a ratiometric change in emission maximum from green to blue. DFP coated filter papers were utilized as reversible optical sensor for ammonia vapor using UV light and a smartphone‐based application. The sensing materialized due to ease of loss of ESIPT in DFP in polar/protic medium as well as in the presence of NH3.
Mn‐Doped CuO Nanostructure Films Based Gas Sensor for High Sensitive and Selective Formaldehyde Detection at a Room Temperature
Authors: Bhise Santhosh Laxman , Awale Mangesh Baburao , Jadhav Sandhya Anil , Lokhande Shweta Dnyaneshwar , Kathwate Lahu Hanmantrao , Dake Dnyaneshwar Vitthal , Raskar Nita Dnyaneshwar , Umadevi Godhavarti , Dole Babasaheb Nivrutti , Mote Vishwanath. D.
Published: January 2025

The development of an efficient gas‐sensing materials is crucial for applications in healthcare, industry, environmental monitoring, and agriculture. In this study, Mn‐doped CuO thin films were synthesized and evaluated for their gas‐sensing properties. The fabricated films exhibited a monoclinic CuO structure with (002) and (111) orientations, and their morphology reveals a uniform, spherical‐like crystalline distribution. Mn doping adjusts the optical bandgap from 2.11 eV to 2.03 eV. Compared with pure, 3% Mn‐doped CuO‐based sensor demonstrated a high response value of 82% to 20 ppm formaldehyde at room temperature with swift response and recovery times of 9 and 36 s, respectively. The high sensitivity and stability of these sensors make Mn‐doped CuO films a promising candidate for practical gas detection applications.
Surfing the Growth Parameters in the Quest for Low‐Power, Forming‐Free, and Highly Stable TiOx Memristors for Nanoscale Electronics
Authors: Hasina Dilruba , Mandal Aparajita , Srivastava Sanjeev Kumar , Mitra Anirban , Som Tapobrata
Published: January 2025

Understanding the resistive switching (RS) behavior of oxide‐based memory devices at nanoscale is crucial for advancement of high‐integration density in‐memory computing platforms. This study explores a comprehensive growth parameter space to address the RS behavior of pulsed‐laser‐deposited substoichiometric TiO2 (TiOx) thin films in search of tailored nanoscale memristors with low‐power consumption and high stability. Conductive‐atomic‐force‐microscopy‐based measurements facilitate deciphering the switching behavior at nanoscale, providing a direct avenue to understand the microstructure–property relationships. The present investigation reveals that rutile TiOx in an optimal stoichiometric configuration exhibits superior RS attributes, enabling forming‐free, low‐power, and highly stable memory functionalities at nanoscale. By contrast, the expected formation of the Magnéli phase within a highly defective as‐grown TiOx film hinders the occurrence of switching. Detailed analyses yield a comprehensive parametric phase diagram, providing valuable insights to predict the optimal growth parameters for fabricating on‐demand TiOx‐based switching devices. As bulk RS attributes do not always translate seamlessly to the nanoscale, present study leads the pathway to develop tailored memristors for nanoscale electronics promoting their integration into ultrahigh‐density, low‐energy‐consuming advanced memory technologies across diverse disciplines including robotics, data storage, and sensing.
Interlayer Spacing Optimization Combined with Zinc‐Philic Engineering Fostering Efficient Zn2+ Storage of V2CTx MXenes for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Fan Yulong , Yao Xinyi , Wang Guoxin , Xie Yingying , Wu Tianli , Zhou Naigen , Wei Yen , Qu Guoxing
Published: January 2025

As emerging cutting‐edge energy storage technologies, aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) have garnered extensive research attention for its high safety, low cost, abundant raw materials, and, eco‐friendliness. Nevertheless, the commercialization of AZIBs is mainly limited by insufficient development of cathode materials. Among potential candidates, MXene‐based materials stand out as a promising option for their unique combination of hydrophilicity and conductivity. However, the low Zn2+ kinetics, structural instability, and narrow interlayer spacing of MXenes hinder its practical application. Comprehensively addressing these issues remains a challenge. Herein, different ion pre‐embedded V2CTx MXenes are constructed to tune interlayer spacing, with findings showing NH4+ pre‐intercalation is more effective. To accelerate kinetics, it is proposed for the first time a zinc‐philic engineering that can effectively reduce Zn2+ migration energy barrier, achieved by decorating the NH4+‐intercalated V2CTx (NH4‐V2CTx) with ZnO nanoparticles. Various analyses and theoretical calculations prove there is a strong coupling effect between ZnO and V2CTx, which notably boosts reaction kinetics and structural stability. The ZnO‐decorated NH4‐V2CTx exhibits a high reversible capacity of 256.58 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and excellent rate capability (173.07 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1). This study pioneers a zinc‐philic engineering strategy for the modification of cathode materials in AZIBs.
Cesium‐Based Molecular Perovskites With Superior Stability for High‐Performance X‐Ray Detection
Authors: Wu Liang , Wei Qingsong , Di Yiming , Chen Fuhai , Qiu Qiangwen , Shan Xin , Chen Yong , Liao Qing , Chen Hongming , Lin Mei‐Jin
Published: January 2025

Metal‐free molecular perovskites have shown great potential for X‐ray detection due to their tunable chemical structures, low toxicity, and excellent photophysical properties. However, their limited X‐ray absorption and environmental instability restrict their practical application. In this study, cesium‐based molecular perovskites (MDABCO‐CsX3, X = Cl, Br, I) are developed by introducing Cs+ at the B‐site to enhance X‐ray absorption while retaining low toxicity. The effects of halide modulation on the physical properties and device performance are systematically investigated. Among the variants, MDABCO‐CsBr3 exhibited superior environmental stability, attributed to the optimal ionic radius and high chemical stability of Br−. This stability is further enhanced by a higher tolerance factor, which promotes a stable 3D cubic structure and suppresses ion migration within the crystal. Consequently, MDABCO‐CsBr3‐based X‐ray detectors demonstrated reduced ionic migration, minimal dark current drift, and a stable current response under X‐ray exposure, achieving a high sensitivity of 4124 µC Gy−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 0.45 µGy s−1. Moreover, the devices exhibit excellent thermal stability, operating effectively at temperatures up to 130 °C. These results highlight MDABCO‐CsBr3 as a promising candidate for stable and efficient X‐ray detection, expanding the applicability of molecular perovskites in advanced radiation detection technologies.
Ultrafast Synthesis of Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐ion Batteries: An Intense‐Pulsed‐Light‐Assisted Approach to Photothermal Carbonization of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composite Films
Authors: Ryoo Gyeongbeom , Kim Mi‐Jeong , Kim Min Su , Shin Sunghyeon , Lee Jae‐Won , Kim Byeong Guk , Lee Do Geun , Kim Yujin , Seo Hyunjeong , Cho Joon Young , Han Joong Tark , Jeong Seung Yol , Kim Jungmo , Lee Dong Yun , Jeong Hee Jin , Park Jong Hwan
Published: January 2025

The conventional carbonization process for synthesizing hard carbons (HCs) requires high‐temperature furnace operations exceeding 1000 °C, leading to excessive energy consumption and lengthy processing times, which necessitates the exploration of more efficient synthesis methods. This study demonstrates the rapid preparation of HC anodes using intense pulsed light (IPL)‐assisted photothermal carbonization without the prolonged and complex operations typical of traditional carbonization methods. A composite film of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is carbonized at high temperatures in less than 1 min. The SWCNTs efficiently absorbed light energy, enabling ultrafast heating and eliminating the need for prolonged, high‐energy furnace‐based processes. The IPL‐assisted HC anodes exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, with an initial desodiation capacity of 260.4 mAh g⁻¹anode and 97.5% capacity retention after 200 cycles. These results are comparable to those achieved using traditional furnace‐based carbonization processes, such as carbonizing HC anodes at 1200 °C, validating the effectiveness of IPL‐assisted processes. Additionally, surface and structural analyses revealed the development of pseudo‐graphitic domains, crucial for enhanced sodium‐ion storage. This research highlights IPL‐assisted photothermal carbonization as a viable, time‐efficient, and energy‐saving alternative to conventional methods, offering a sustainable pathway for the large‐scale production of HC anodes for future sodium‐ion battery technologies.
Study on the Temperature Uniformity of Sprocket Surface Based on Electromagnetic Guidance
Authors: Zhao Yuqian , Ouyang Yaolong , Wang Shan , Zheng Zehui , Han Yi , Xiao Yao
Published: January 2025

Sprockets, as the most important component of chain drives, are widely used in low‐speed and heavy‐duty engineering equipment. Due to the complex contour shape, it is difficult to obtain a uniform temperature layer before quenching, which limits the strength, hardness, wear resistance, and service life of the sprocket. Therefore, the distribution of the temperature gradient of the sprocket in asynchronous dual‐frequency induction heating is investigated. A bilateral arrangement method of magnetizers is proposed to guide the spatial magnetic field distribution and control the surface temperature uniformity of the sprocket. Reinforced and shielded magnetizers are designed, revealing the characteristic effect of the main structural parameters of these magnetizers on the temperature uniformity of the sprocket. The results indicate that using these magnetizers during the medium‐frequency heating stage can change the heat source distribution characteristics at the top and bottom of the sprocket tooth. The sprocket obtains a more uniform temperature layer during the subsequent high‐frequency heating stage. The method reduces the temperature difference of the sprocket tooth profile by 53.2%. It is proven that the designed magnetizers and the bilateral arrangement method effectively improve the uniformity of the temperature distribution of the sprocket.
Calcium Alginate Encapsulation of Rice Starch, Instead of a Physical Mixture of Both, Regulates the Fermentation Rate and Production of Acetate
Authors: Cao Senbin , Li Cheng
Published: January 2025

Calcium alginate–encapsulated rice starch (AES) could be potentially applied as a rice analog with a significantly improved amount of resistant starch, while its effects on gut microbiota remain less clear. To this end, structural characteristics of AES and their impact on gut microbiota, fermentation rate, and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were examined using an in vitro batch fermentation method. Cooked AES showed a significantly higher amount of intermolecular interactions (∼46 times), short‐range double helices, and degree of crystallinity compared to the simple mixture of rice starch and calcium alginate (Mix), resulting in a more homogenous and densely packed network microstructure. As a result, AES, instead of Mix, showed a significantly slower gas production rate (∼17%), while relatively higher production of SCFAs, especially the ratio of acetate. Bifidobacterium pesudocatenulatum was possibly responsible for the higher production of acetate in AES. Collectively, these results show that AES has the potential to be used as a slowly fermentable carbohydrate, favoring the production of acetate in the human colon.
Recent Advances in Electrolytes for Nonaqueous Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Chen Chunguang , Liu Jia , Liu Zhenqian , Xue Jiayi , Cui Xi , Liu Wenhan , Cheng Ping , Huang Tao , Yu Aishui
Published: January 2025

This paper emphasizes the critical role of electrolyte selection in enhancing the electrochemical performance of nonaqueous Li‐O2 batteries (LOBs). It provides a comprehensive overview of various electrolyte types and their effects on the electrochemical performance for LOBs, offering insights for future electrolyte screening and design. Despite recent advancements, current electrolyte systems exhibit inadequate stability, necessitating the urgent quest for an ideal nonaqueous electrolyte. Such an electrolyte should demonstrate superior physicochemical and electrochemical stability, particularly in the presence of superoxide radicals (O2−), with high oxygen solubility, rapid diffusion rates, and the capability to form a stable SEI film on the lithium anode. The paper advocates for further research in three key areas: the selection of suitable electrolytes, the construction of stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, and the mechanistic exploration of byproduct formation. Addressing these challenges will advance the development of electrolyte technology for LOBs, paving the way for its commercialization and broad application.
A Comprehensive Review on Advancements in Modification Strategies of Polymer Blends for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Capture and Reuse
Authors: Chandramouli Manasa , Ningaiah Srikantamurthy , Basavanna Vrushabendra
Published: January 2025

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted into the atmosphere through the combustion of fossil fuels and various industrial processes, and it is presently regarded as a significant factor in global warming. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) stands out as a prominent strategy put forward to address CO2 emissions. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in CO2‐based polymers, focusing on sustainable biopolymers, including copolymers and polymer blends. A thorough analysis of CO2 co‐polymers as components in polymer blends is conducted, focusing on the capture of CO2. In recent years, carbon capture technology has attracted considerable focus as a strategy to mitigate the negative effects of increasing CO2 levels in the environment. The process of developing polymer blends entails merging two or more polymeric substances to harness their distinct advantages. This investigation assessed polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyether sulfone (PES), polyurethane (PU), and polyimide (PI) based on their chemical properties as promising polymer blends for the efficient separation of CO2. Advances in polymer blend modifications for improved CO2 capture and reuse are highlighted in this review, with a focus on strategies such as chemical functionalization (e.g., amine or hydroxyl groups), the utilization of porous materials, and the integration of hybrid systems, delving into CO2 adsorption efficiency, selectivity, and reusability. The paper also examines novel materials' potential for CO2‐to‐product conversion, such as bio‐based polymers and nano‐engineered blends. The main obstacles and potential paths for applications that are sustainable and scalable are described.
Identifying Human–Tiger Conflict Risk and Priority Management Areas in Laoyeling, Northeast China
Authors: Jin Yongchao , Liang Yuxiang , Yao Mingyuan , Kong Weiyao , Zhu Shibing , Roberts Nathan James , Wang Jing , Chen Hong , Zhang Minghai
Published: January 2025

Realizing coexistence between humans and tigers is an important initiative of tiger recovery in the world. To define the priority management areas (PMAs) to mitigate the human–tiger conflict (HTC) in Laoyeling, where 90% of China's Amur tiger population is living, we analyzed the distribution of tiger habitat and HTC risk, and delineated PMAs for HTC mitigation. The results indicated that 26.77% (1851 km2) of Laoyeling is the most suitable habitat for the Amur tiger. The high‐risk area for HTC covers an area of 1173 km2, of which 413 km2 is the most suitable habitat for tiger. Among the six PMAs, 374 km2 of 1398 km2 are located outside protected areas and need to strengthen conservation and management. Our research can contribute to improving the management effectiveness of HTC in Laoyeling and promoting the recovery of the Amur tiger in China.
High‐resolution WENO‐Z type scheme with mapped global smoothness indicator for hyperbolic conservation laws
Authors: Tang Shujiang
Published: January 2025

To address the shortcomings of the WENO‐Z scheme in terms of reducing accuracy at higher‐order critical points, this paper proposes a new two‐parameter global smoothing factor by introducing a sub‐stencil mapping function and develops a new WENO‐Z scheme, WENO‐ZI. With the chosen parameters and , the new scheme can achieve the desired accuracy at critical points of any order, and the resolution is enhanced as increases. Numerical results indicate that the new scheme performs optimally when and for one‐dimensional problems, and for two‐dimensional problems. The theoretical results verify the high accuracy and high‐resolution of the new WENO‐ZI scheme. Numerical experiments of the new mapping method for one‐ and two‐dimensional benchmark problems are compared with various numerical schemes. Results demonstrate that the new WENO scheme achieves higher resolution compared to other numerical methods. It satisfies the desired accuracy at critical points of arbitrary orders and can be easily extended to higher‐order schemes.
Quadratic convective slip flow of a viscous dissipative Casson C2H6O2$C_{2}H_{6}O_{2}$—Diamond nanofluid over a stretching sheet
Authors: Balamurugan R. , Chamkha Ali J.
Published: January 2025

The present study explores the slip flow properties of a Casson ethylene glycol ‐diamond (spherical‐shaped particle) nanofluid across a stretched sheet, taking into account the effects of viscous dissipation, nonlinear (quadratic) convection, and the presence of space‐temperature dependent heat sources. The inquiry solves the strongly complicated partial differential equation (PDE) regulating the flow dynamics using an implicit Crank‐Nicolson approach. This is essential because it helps explain how nonlinear convective dissipation affects flow and heat transfer characteristics. In particular, a critical factor is the interaction between viscous dissipation and intense nonlinear convection against the heat source. Additionally, the evaluation prioritizes higher Prandtl numbers, adding further importance to the research. Numerical simulations compared against extant literature reveal excellent agreement. Observations indicate that as Prandtl numbers and volume fractions increase, skin friction tends to rise while the Nusselt number tends to decline. However, intriguingly, at , skin friction begins to diminish, whereas while the volume fraction increases, the Nusselt number grows as well. Steady and unsteady results have been captured and discussed in detail through the graphical plots and tables.
Geopolitics and the South China Sea
Authors: Buszynski Leszek
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the impact of geopolitics on the South China Sea maritime dispute and it submits three propositions. First, the resolution of this dispute to achieve long-term stability is through the application of UNCLOS and the accepted norms and rules of international law. However, China rejected a UNCLOS-based resolution of this issue when it repudiated the ruling of the 2016 Arbitral Tribunal of the Law of the Sea and insisted on the validity of its historical rights to the area and the nine-dash line.
Emission Reduction from Shipping and Net-Zero Shipping: Institutional Deficiencies and the Way Forward
Authors: Tsimplis Michael
Published: January 2025

A relatively small number of states dominate the shipping market. There are three major shipbuilding states and four ship-recycling states. Thirty-five states owned ninety-five percentage of the deadweight tonnage with Greece, China, and Japan, owning more than 42%. The top eight ship registers have more than 5% of the global tonnage each, and collectively account for 66% of the global tonnage.
Limits of Cooperation: China’s Strategic Intent in the South China Sea and the U.S.-China Security Dilemma
Authors: Kirchberger Sarah
Published: January 2025

This paper argues that an underlying security dilemma between the two great powers China and the U.S. exacerbates existing conflicts of interests and impairs chances for cooperation in the South China Sea (SCS) between China and most other claimants for the foreseeable future