bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arizona Literature Mapper: An integrated approach to monitor and analyze global bioterrorism research literature
Authors: Dang Yan , Zhang Yulei , Chen Hsinchun , Hu Paul Jen‐Hwa , Brown Susan A. , Larson Cathy
Published: April 2009

Biomedical research is critical to biodefense, which is drawing increasing attention from governments globally as well as from various research communities. The U.S. government has been closely monitoring and regulating biomedical research activities, particularly those studying or involving bioterrorism agents or diseases. Effective surveillance requires comprehensive understanding of extant biomedical research and timely detection of new developments or emerging trends. The rapid knowledge expansion, technical breakthroughs, and spiraling collaboration networks demand greater support for literature search and sharing, which cannot be effectively supported by conventional literature search mechanisms or systems. In this study, we propose an integrated approach that integrates advanced techniques for content analysis, network analysis, and information visualization. We design and implement Arizona Literature Mapper, a Web‐based portal that allows users to gain timely, comprehensive understanding of bioterrorism research, including leading scientists, research groups, institutions as well as insights about current mainstream interests or emerging trends. We conduct two user studies to evaluate Arizona Literature Mapper and include a well‐known system for benchmarking purposes. According to our results, Arizona Literature Mapper is significantly more effective for supporting users' search of bioterrorism publications than PubMed. Users consider Arizona Literature Mapper more useful and easier to use than PubMed. Users are also more satisfied with Arizona Literature Mapper and show stronger intentions to use it in the future. Assessments of Arizona Literature Mapper's analysis functions are also positive, as our subjects consider them useful, easy to use, and satisfactory. Our results have important implications that are also discussed in the article.
Kleine Ursache – großer Schaden – Fortsetzung einer komplexen Baumaßnahme im Anschluss an eine Havarie
Authors: Lühr Stefan , Morgen Karl
Published: April 2009

Im September 2008 konnte an der Müritz‐Elde‐Wasserstraße das neue Wehr Lewitz in Betrieb genommen werden. Die ursprünglich vorgesehene Bauzeit betrug 15 Monate; tatsächlich wurden jedoch etwa drei Jahre benötigt: Bei der Herstellung eines temporären Abflussgerinnes kam es im März 2006 zu einer Havarie. Die Folgen des Schadensfalls mussten zunächst beseitigt werden, bevor die geplante Baumaßnahme fortgesetzt werden konnte. Anschließend waren die Bauabläufe und Verfahren den veränderten Randbedingungen anzupassen. Die Havarie, die Beseitigung der Schäden und die Auswirkungen auf den Bauvertrag werden in diesem Beitrag dargestellt.
Developmental pathogenesis of short palpebral fissure length in children with fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Jones Kenneth Lyons , Hoyme H. Eugene , Robinson Luther K. , del Campo Miguel , Manning Melanie A. , Bakhireva Ludmila N. , Prewitt Lela M. , Chambers Christina D.
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND:

From the standpoint of normal embryologic development, the palpebral fissures are generally considered to be determined by and dependent on the underlying optic vesicles, outpouchings of the frontal area of the developing fetal brain. It has been suggested that short palpebral fissures are a reflection of an underlying defect in specific areas of forebrain development. Alternatively, short palpebral fissures, seen in a number of multiple malformation syndromes associated with small occipitofrontal circumference (OFC), such as the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), might be proportionally small as a reflection of the microcephaly. The purpose of this study was to examine whether short palpebral fissures are independent of or determined by the OFC.

METHODS:

Age‐specific palpebral fissure length (PFL) and OFC centiles were correlated in 273 children with FAS, 272 children with some features of FAS, and 385 children with no structural features characteristic of FAS.

RESULTS:

The OFC and PFL centiles demonstrated a statistically significant but weak correlation in all three study groups. Among children with FAS, only 10.2% of the total variation in PFL could be accounted for by OFC (p = 0.0001). A similar pattern was observed for children with some features of FAS (r2 = 0.142; p = 0.0001) and children with no structural features of FAS (r2 = 0.110; p = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Palpebral fissure length is predominately independent of occipitofrontal circumference in children with and without features of FAS. Short palpebral fissures may well reflect a defect in forebrain development rather than being proportionally reduced in size as a reflection of microcephaly. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Off‐Target Decoding of a Multitarget Kinase Inhibitor by Chemical Proteomics
Authors: Missner Enrico , Bahr Inke , Badock Volker , Lücking Ulrich , Siemeister Gerhard , Donner Peter
Published: April 2009

Unbiased: Chemical proteomics was used to profile compound interactions in an unbiased fashion. We present here the application of different compound‐immobilization routes for decoding nonprotein kinase off‐targets of the multitarget kinase inhibitor C1, which interacts with distinct compound moieties.

magnified image

Since the approval of the first selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, various drugs have been developed to target protein kinases. However, due to a high degree of structural conservation of the ATP binding site, off‐target effects have been reported for several drugs. Here, we report on off‐target decoding for a multitarget protein kinase inhibitor by chemical proteomics, by focusing on interactions with nonprotein kinases. We tested two different routes for the immobilization of the inhibitor on a carrier matrix, and thus identified off‐targets that interact with distinct compound moieties. Besides several of the kinases known to bind to the compound, the pyridoxal kinase (PDXK), which has been described to interact with the CDK inhibitor (R)‐roscovitine, was captured. The PDXK–inhibitor interaction was shown to occur at the substrate binding site rather than at the ATP binding site. In addition, carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) binding was demonstrated, and the determination of the IC50 revealed an enzyme inhibition in the submicromolar range. The data demonstrate that different compound immobilization routes for chemical proteomics approaches are a valuable method to improve the knowledge about the off‐target profile of a compound.
Diffusion and NOE NMR Studies on Multicationic DAB‐Organoruthenium Dendrimers: Size‐Dependent Noncovalent Self‐Assembly to Megamers and Ion Pairing
Authors: Pettirossi Stefania , Bellachioma Gianfranco , Ciancaleoni Gianluca , Zuccaccia Cristiano , Zuccaccia Daniele , Macchioni Alceo
Published: April 2009

Supra‐mega ion pairing: Multicationic organoruthenium dendrimers show a notable tendency to self‐aggregate when the concentration is increased, leading to megamers. This tendency increases with the generation. The self‐aggregation of dendrimers to megamers is coupled with a decrease in the extent of ion pairing, as illustrated.

magnified image

New multicationic organoruthenium dendrimers (RuPF6‐Dabn, n=2, 4, 8, 16) have been synthesized by coupling of [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(κ3‐dpk‐OCH2CH2OH)]X (1PF6, dpk=2,2′‐dipyridyl ketone, X=PF6) with 1,4‐diaminobutane (DAB) and polypropylenimine dendrimer DAB‐dendr‐(NH2)n {n=4, 8, 16} mediated by 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). The intermediate in the synthesis, [Ru(η6‐p‐cymene)(κ3‐dpk‐OCH2CH2OC(O)Im]X (2PF6, Im=imidazole, X=PF6) has been isolated and characterized by single‐crystal XRD. The intra‐ and supramolecular structures in a solution of RuPF6‐Dabn dendrimer have been investigated by multidimensional and multinuclear NMR techniques. Diffusion NMR experiments on dilute solutions indicated that the linear distance between two metal centers (14.9–22.1 Å depending on the dendrimer generation) is much greater than the diameter of 1PF6 (9.9 Å). 19F,1H‐HOESY NMR experiments (HOESY= heteronuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy) showed that the counterion is positioned on the surface of the dendrimers and assumes the same relative anion–cation orientation as in 2PF6. Diffusion NMR experiments on RuPF6‐Dabn dendrimers in CD2Cl2 at different concentrations revealed a process of supramolecular assembly of dendrimers to megamers that is strongly favored for the highest generations. Megamer formation is coupled with an increased fraction of free ions (α) and a consequent reduction in ion‐paired ruthenium centers. Graphs of α versus CRu (the concentration of ruthenium centers) showed a minimum for RuPF6‐Dab4, RuPF6‐Dab8, and RuPF6‐Dab16 at a position coinciding with the significant presence of supramolecular dendritic dimers. The tendency to ion pairing decreases as the dendrimer generation increases.
Controllable Synthesis of Mesoporous Co3O4 Nanostructures with Tunable Morphology for Application in Supercapacitors
Authors: Xiong Shenglin , Yuan Changzhou , Zhang Xiaogang , Xi Baojuan , Qian Yitai
Published: April 2009

Flower power: Various mesoporous Co3O4 architectural structures (see figure) have been successfully prepared through a facile binary‐solution route and sequential thermal decomposition at atmospheric pressure. The electrochemical experiments showed that the specific capacitance of Co3O4 nanosheets was higher than that of Co3O4 microspheres in a KOH electrolyte.

magnified image

Novel and complex mesoporous 2D and 3D architectures of the oxide semiconductor Co3O4, including nanosheets, nearly monodisperse microspheres that are self‐assembled from nanosheets, and copper‐coin‐like nanosheets, have been synthesized through a facile binary‐solution route and sequential thermal decomposition at atmospheric pressure. The influence of different reaction conditions on the morphology of the products has been discussed in detail. The results revealed that the volume ratio of H2O and ethanolamine (EA) play a crucial role in the morphology of the precursor. The thermal decomposition of the corresponding precursor leads to the formation of the mesoporous structure. The products have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction techniques, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of the Co3O4 electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. The electrochemical experiments revealed that the specific capacitance of the Co3O4 nanosheets was higher than that of the Co3O4 microspheres in a KOH electrolyte solution (3 m). Furthermore, the Co3O4 nanosheet electrodes exhibited good rate capabilities, and maintained 93 % of the initial capacity at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 in a KOH (3 m) electrolyte solution. The results show that Co3O4 nanosheets might have potential applications as electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Nanostructuring of Hybrid Silicas through a Self‐Recognition Process
Authors: Arrachart Guilhem , Creff Gaëlle , Wadepohl Hubert , Blanc Christophe , Bonhomme Christian , Babonneau Florence , Alonso Bruno , Bantignies Jean‐Louis , Carcel Carole , Moreau Joël J. E. , Dieudonné Philippe , Sauvajol Jean‐Louis , Massiot Dominique , Wong Chi Man Michel
Published: April 2009

The hydrolysis and condensation of a silylated derivative of ureidopyrimidinone led to nanostructured hybrid silica, such as that depicted, as clearly shown by powder XRD studies. The nanostructuring was directly related to molecular recognition through hydrogen bonding. By combining FTIR, solution and solid‐state NMR spectroscopic data, the transcription of the hydrogen‐bonding networks from the precursor to the final product was clearly evidenced.

magnified image
Efficient Oxidation of 1,2‐Diols into α‐Hydroxyketones Catalyzed by Organotin Compounds
Authors: Maki Toshihide , Iikawa Shinya , Mogami Gen , Harasawa Hitomi , Matsumura Yoshihiro , Onomura Osamu
Published: April 2009

Get selective! A selective oxidation of 1,2‐diols to α‐hydroxyketones catalyzed by organotin compounds has been developed (see scheme). Invaluable chemo‐ and stereoselectivity were found in the reaction. The catalytic system has been achieved by electrochemical and chemical oxidation.

magnified image

Electrochemical oxidation of 1,2‐diols with a catalytic amount of an organotin compound and a bromide ion as mediators has been developed. Various cyclic and acyclic 1,2‐diols were oxidized into the corresponding α‐hydroxyketones in good to excellent yields without CC bond cleavage. Also, oxidation with the use of chemical oxidants was accomplished in the presence of a catalytic amount of an organotin compound. These reactions could discriminate 1,2‐diols from isolated hydoxyl groups or 1,3‐diols. In the case of a conformationally restricted cyclic 1,2‐diol, the axial hydroxyl group was oxidized exclusively. Mono‐, di‐, and trialkylated tin compounds were examined as mediators and dialkylated tin compounds showed higher catalytic activity than mono‐ and trisubstituted ones. Me2SnCl2 was found to be the most suitable mediator for the selective oxidation.
Laserinduzierte Inkandeszenz (LII) zur Partikelgrößenbestimmung von aggregierten Rußpartikeln
Authors: Kuhlmann S.‐A. , Reimann J. , Will S.
Published: April 2009

Mit der laserinduzierten Inkandeszenz (LII) wurden Messungen an 14 verschiedenen Industrierußen (Carbon Blacks) durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der Aggregatgröße auf die Bestimmung von Primärteilchengrößen mit dieser Technik zu untersuchen. Durch Vergleich der gemessenen Werte mit elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen und Einbeziehung von unabhängig bestimmten Aggregatgrößen war es sowohl möglich zu quantifizieren, inwieweit sich die Wärmeleitung von Rußteilchen durch Aggregation reduziert, als auch den thermischen Akkommodationskoeffizienten α1 = 0,38 für isolierte Einzelpartikel zu bestimmen.
Produktgestaltung von mikro‐ und nanoskaligen Pulvern durch (Hoch‐) Intensivmischen mit hohem Leistungseintrag
Authors: Habermann R.
Published: April 2009

Die technische Anwendung nanoskaliger Partikel eröffnet neue, gezielte Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten von Produkteigenschaften und stellt zugleich neue Anforderungen an einzusetzende verfahrenstechnische Operationen. Hierbei spielt vor allem das Feststoffmischen eine besondere Rolle, da man damit unterschiedliche Produkteigenschaften kombinieren kann. Konventionelle Mischsysteme genügen infolge ihres zu geringen Leistungseintrags in das Prozessgut nicht, um erwünschte Funktionalisierungen und Modifikationen zu erreichen. Mit dem Mischsystem NOBILTA™ wird eine neue Generation von Intensivmischern vorgestellt.
Klassifizierung von Pollen durch Analyse der elastischen Lichtstreuung mit Bildverarbeitungsmethoden
Authors: Surbek M. , Fliess M. , Esen C. , Schweiger G.
Published: April 2009

Die chemische Charakterisierung von biologischen Aerosolen (Bakterien, Pollen, Viren), die in der Umgebungsluft in großer Anzahl vorkommen, gestaltet sich konventionell zeitaufwendig und ungenau. Eine Alternative bieten hier optische Messmethoden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, die Pollen anhand ihrer elastischen Streumuster, die über einen großen Winkelbereich aufgenommen werden, zu klassifizieren. Die ersten Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend und ermöglichen eine Trefferquote von mindestens 60 %.
Einfluss des Dispergierprozesses bei der Herstellung nanopartikelverstärkter Verbundwerkstoffe
Authors: Schilde C. , Arlt C. , Kwade A.
Published: April 2009

Zunehmend finden Nanopartikel im Bereich Leichtbau sowie der Luft‐ und Raumfahrttechnik Anwendung, um die mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften von Verbundwerkstoffen einzustellen und zu verbessern. Die Nanopartikel werden dabei meist durch Pyrolyse direkt als trockenes Pulver oder durch Fällung mit anschließender Trocknung hergestellt und in den Verbundwerkstoff eingearbeitet. Die Nanopartikel liegen dabei in agglomerierter oder sogar aggregierter Form vor und müssen zur Herstellung von nanopartikelverstärkten Verbundwerkstoffen mit neuartigen Produkteigenschaften deaggregiert werden. Für die Herstellung und Einstellung der mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften von nanopartikelverstärkten Verbundwerkstoffen sind Kenntnisse über den Einfluss der Prozessparameter auf das Dispergierergebnis notwendig. Die Dispergierung wurde mittels Dreiwalze und Rührwerkskugelmühle durchgeführt. Der Vergleich der Dispergierung zeigte für die nanopartikelverstärkten Verbundwerkstoffprobenkörper eine Verbesserung der mechanischen Kennwerte.
Partikel‐Morphologien und Festkörper‐Eigenschaften. Gestalten in der Nanowelt
Authors: Riss Alexander , Diwald Oliver
Published: April 2009

Für Festkörper mit einer räumlichen Ausdehnung von wenigen Nanometern ergeben sich oft eindeutige Zusammenhänge zwischen Festkörpergestalt und bestimmten physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften, die hinsichtlich der Verwendung von Nanomaterialien als Funktionswerkstoffe von Bedeutung sein können. In diesem Artikel wird exemplarisch aufgezeigt, dass Ensembles von Nanokristallen mit einheitlicher und enger Größenverteilung wertvolle Modellsysteme zur Aufklärung von Prozessen an der Grenzfläche und im Inneren des Festkörpers sein können. Auch aus Sicht der Materialsynthese haben Nanokristalle mit ausgezeichneter und einheitlicher Morphologie große Bedeutung. Dort können sie als elementare Bauelemente zum orientierungsabhängigen Wachstum komplexerer Nanostrukturen eingesetzt werden.
Allerlei vom Frühstücksei. Eine Oologisch‐chemische Osterbetrachtung
Authors: Roth Klaus
Published: April 2009

Ein hart‐ oder weichgekochtes Ei zuzubereiten, scheint trivial: Das täuscht! Die Übertragung von Wärmeenergie vom umgebenden Wasser im Kochtopf auf die verschiedenen internen Teile ist sehr komplex und die daraus resultierenden chemischen Prozesse sind viel komplizierter als ein einfaches Entwirren von Polymerknäulen. Unser Wissen um die grundlegenden chemischen Prozesse ist recht mager, so dass wir nur Staunen können, wie durch einfaches Eingeben eines Eis in kochendes Wasser am Ende eine solche Delikatesse entsteht. Dies ist wieder ein Beweis dafür, dass selbst von uns unbeabsichtigte Chemie Wunder vollbringen kann.
‘Spice’: Die getarnte Designerdroge
Authors: Welter Kira
Published: April 2009

Seit Ende Januar ist das Produkt ‘Spice’ in Deutschland verboten. Die angeblich harmlose Kräutermischung war bis dahin frei verkäuflich und wurde offiziell als Räucherwerk vermarktet. Tatsächlich wird ‘Spice’ häufig geraucht, insbesondere wegen seiner Wirkung, die im Wesentlichen mit der von Marihuana oder Haschisch übereinstimmt. Doch hinter der angeblichen “Biodroge“ verbergen sich gefährliche Stoffe aus der Pharmaforschung.
Amido‐Functionalised Prodigiosenes: Synthesis and Anticancer Properties
Authors: Sáez Díaz Rosa I. , Bennett Sarah M. , Thompson Alison
Published: April 2009

Prodigiosin: Amido‐functionalised prodigiosin‐derived compounds were synthesised via a robust and efficient synthetic route. These compounds were then evaluated against 60 human cell lines consisting of nine diverse tumour cell types and their anticancer activities were assessed.

magnified image
Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Biological Evaluation of Thioxoquinazoline Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase 7 Inhibitors
Authors: Castaño Tania , Wang Huanchen , Campillo Nuria E. , Ballester Sara , González‐García Coral , Hernández Javier , Pérez Concepción , Cuenca Jimena , Pérez‐Castillo Ana , Martínez Ana , Huertas Oscar , Gelpí José Luis , Luque F. Javier , Ke Hengming , Gil Carmen
Published: April 2009

PDE7 inhibitors regulate pro‐inflammatory and immune T‐cell functions, and are a potentially novel class of drugs particularly useful for treatment of a wide variety of immune and inflammatory disorders. Structural optimization of thioxoquinazoline derivatives led to new compounds with very interesting profiles as PDE7 or PDE7/PDE4 dual inhibitors, which may be further developed as new drugs for inflammatory and neurological diseases.

magnified image

PDE7 inhibitors regulate pro‐inflammatory and immune T‐cell functions, and are a potentially novel class of drugs especially useful in the treatment of a wide variety of immune and inflammatory disorders. Starting from our lead family of thioxoquinazolines, we designed, synthesized, and characterized a novel series of thioxoquinazoline derivatives. Many of these compounds showed inhibitory potencies at sub‐micromolar levels against the catalytic domain of PDE7A1 and at the micromolar level against PDE4D2. Cell‐based studies showed that these compounds not only increased intracellular cAMP levels, but also had interesting anti‐inflammatory properties within a therapeutic window. The in silico data predict that these compounds are capable of the crossing the blood–brain barrier. The X‐ray crystal structure of the PDE7A1 catalytic domain in complex with compound 15 at a resolution of 2.4 Å demonstrated that hydrophobic interactions at the active site pocket are a key feature. This structure, together with molecular modeling, provides insight into the selectivity of the PDE inhibitors and a template for the discovery of new PDE7 or PDE7/PDE4 dual inhibitors.
The calcium‐sensing receptor and parathyroid hormone‐related protein are expressed in differentiated, favorable neuroblastic tumors
Authors: de Torres Carmen , Beleta Helena , Díaz Rubén , Toran Núria , Rodríguez Eva , Lavarino Cinzia , García Idoia , Acosta Sandra , Suñol Mariona , Mora Jaume
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND:

Differentiated histopathology is a favorable prognostic factor in neuroblastic tumors, and molecular pathways underlying neuroblastoma differentiation can be modulated pharmacologically. The calcium‐sensing receptor (CaR) and parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) regulate differentiation processes in some cellular contexts.CaRis up‐regulated when neural stem cells are specified to the oligodendrocyte lineage and regulates PTHrP production in astrocytes. The objective of the current study was to assess whether CaR and PTHrP participate in neuroblastoma differentiation pathways.

METHODS:

CaRandPTHrPmessenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression were analyzed in neuroblastic tumors, and correlation with prognostic factors was assessed.CaRandPTHrPexpression levels were analyzed in neuroblastoma cell lines treated with all‐trans‐retinoic acid or 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU).

RESULTS:

CaRexpression was correlated with favorable histology, age at diagnosis <1 year, low clinical stage, and low clinical risk.CaRwas absent in undifferentiated neuroblasts and was expressed in differentiating neuroblasts.CaRandPTHrPwere highly expressed in ganglion and in Schwann‐like cells.PTHrPmRNA levels were higher in ganglioneuroblastomas and ganglioneuromas than in neuroblastomas (P< .0001). Both genes were up‐regulated in neuroblastomas with treatment‐induced maturation features.CaR, but notPTHrP, was up‐regulated at early phases of in vitro neuronal differentiation induction. Substrate‐adherent, non‐neuronal cell lines displayed the highestPTHrPlevels among the neuroblastoma cell lines examined. The up‐regulation ofPTHrPand of 2 glial differentiation markers was observed in 2 cell lines that were treated with BrdU, whereasCaRwas induced in only 1 cell line.

CONCLUSIONS:

CaRandPTHrPwere expressed in differentiated, favorable neuroblastic tumors, and both genes were up‐regulated by inducing differentiation. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Identification of novel neuropeptides in the ventral nerve cord ganglia and their targets in an annelid worm, Eisenia fetida
Authors: Herbert Zsófia , Pollák Edit , Zougman Alexandre , Boros Akos , Kapan Neval , Molnár László
Published: April 2009

Periviscerokinins (PVKs) and pyrokinins (PKs) are neuropeptides known in several arthropod species. Sequence homology of these peptides with the molluscan small cardioactive peptides reveals that the occurrence of PVKs and PKs is not restricted to arthropods. Our study focuses on the biochemical and immunocytochemical identification of neuropeptides with sequence homology to PVKs and PKs in the central and peripheral nervous system of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. By means of affinity chromatography, nanoflow liquid chromatography, and high accuracy mass spectrometry, six peptides, SPFPR(L/I)amide, APFPR(L/I)amide, SPLPR(L/I)amide, SFVR(L/I)amide, AFVR(L/I)amide, and SPAFVR(L/I)amide, were identified in the central nervous system with the common −XR(L/I)amide C‐terminal sequence. The exact anatomical position of 13 labeled XR(I/L)amide expressing neuron groups and numerous peptide‐containing fibers were determined by means of immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy in whole‐mount preparations of ventral nerve cord ganglia. The majority of the stained neurons were interneurons with processes joining the distinct fine‐fibered polysegmental tracts in the central neuropil. Some stained fibers were seen running in each segmental nerve that innervated metanephridia and body wall. Distinct groups of neurosecretory cells characterized by small round soma and short processes were also identified. Based on immunoelectron microscopy six different types of labeled cells were described showing morphological heterogeneity of earthworm peptides containing elements. Our findings confirm that the sequence of the identified earthworm neuropeptides homologous to the insect PVKs and PKs suggesting that these peptides are phylogenetically conservative molecules and are expressed in sister‐groups of animals such as annelids, mollusks, and insects. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:415–432, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complementary colors: The structure of wavelength discrimination, uniform hue, spectral sensitivity, saturation, chromatic adaptation, and chromatic induction
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W.
Published: April 2009

Complementary colors have long been thought important to color vision due to their ability (as admixed pairs) to extinguish all chromaticity, and to adapt automatically (i.e., wavelength pairs and radiant power ratios) to illuminant. Their role in color mixture and chromatic induction is well documented but other roles have not been demonstrated. This article studies the structure of complementary colors in the wavelength and radiance dimensions over the hue cycle (the nonspectrals are represented by a nominal‐wavelength metric). In the wavelength dimension, the basic structure of complementary colors is the complementary intervals ratio (ratio of a wavelength interval to its complementary interval of 1 nm). The ratio has RGB peaks, complementary CMY troughs, and provides models of chromatic induction, wavelength discrimination, and uniform hue difference in good agreement with data. Novel analyses of six color order/UCS hue circles indicate essential characteristics of a uniform hue scale. In the radiance dimension, basic structure is the complementary powers ratio (power of a stimulus required to neutralize its complementary of 1 Watt). The inverse structure has RGB peaks, complementary CMY troughs, and provides models of saturation, spectral sensitivity, and chromatic adaptation to illuminant. The RGB peaks demonstrate spectral sharpening, implying a postreceptoral location in the physiology. The models indicate that complementary colors have a significant role in color appearance besides their well known role in color mixture. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 233–252, 2009
Colour as a structural variable of historical urban form
Authors: Garcia‐Codoñer Angela , Verdú Jorge Llopis , Barchino Ana Torres , Guillén Ramon Villaplana , Lluch Juan Serra
Published: April 2009

The historic city is a complex structure resulting from a series of urban generation processes that can be analyzed and understood and which lead to an anisotropic structure where very different formal spaces coexist. We hold the thesis that this division of fields based on typological predominance can be interpreted as chromatic predominance fields. The existence of a significant number of analogous typologies in every field, meeting common chromatic and formal criteria, characterizes an area from a formal point of view. Therefore, this chromatic characterization is a heritage value which must be incorporated into urban restoration processes, since its destruction implies the loss of formal coherence in a historic city. This work starts from various research studies developed by the editing team in several historic cities, and this shows the validity and universality of the conclusions reached. The methodology described below has been put into practice in Spanish cities, and other cities belonging to diverse geographic areas (i.e., Havana, Cuba). It can be shown that while the predominant chromatic ranges vary among cities belonging to different cultures, the chromatic structure of urban spaces follows similar patterns. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 253–265, 2009
Adaptation and colour matching of display and surface colours
Authors: Oicherman Boris , Luo M. Ronnier , Rigg Brian , Robertson Alan R.
Published: April 2009

In an asymmetric colour matching experiment, eleven observers adjusted computer displays to colour‐match surface samples in a viewing booth. We found systematic discrepancies between the observers' judgments and the predictions of the CIE 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observer. The features of the discrepancies are consistent with previous reports on adaptation in colour matching and on failures of colorimetric additivity, but have never been confirmed to be significant in practical colorimetry. We attribute the discrepancies to post‐receptoral adaptation mainly of the blue‐yellow chromatic channel, and report a framework of an adaptation transform based on the MacLeod‐Boynton chromaticity diagram which can compensate for them without abandoning traditional colorimetry and the use of tristimulus values. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 182–193, 2009
Towards automation of color/weave selection in Jacquard design: Model verification
Authors: Mathur Kavita , Hinks David , Seyam Abdel‐Fattah M. , Donaldson Robert Alan
Published: April 2009

Jacquard woven fabrics are made from colored yarns and different weaves for designing complex pictorial and other patterning effects. The final visualized color effect is the result of assigning weave designs to different areas of the pattern to be created. The current practice in creating Jacquard woven fabric designs is to produce many samples in a trial‐and‐error attempt to match artwork colors. An ability to simulate accurately the appearance of a design prior to manufacture is highly desirable to reduce trial‐and‐error sample production. No automated accurate digital color methodology is yet available to assist designers in matching the patterned woven fabric to the desired artwork. To achieve this, we developed a geometrical model to predict the color contribution of each yarn on the face of the fabric. The geometrical model combined with a Kubelka‐Munk based color mixing model allowed the prediction of the reflectance properties of the final color for a given design. We compared the predicted and experimental values of the reflectance properties for a range of fabrics using the same geometric model with three separate color mixing models. The geometrical model combined with a log‐based color mixing model produced reasonable agreement between predicted and measured ΔEab, with an average ΔEabof approximately five. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 225–232, 2009
Design of virtual illuminants to control the colors under multiple illuminants
Authors: Agahian Farnaz , Amirshahi Seyed Hossein
Published: April 2009

A series of virtual illuminants are generated by applying weighted principal component analysis (wPCA) as well as weighted mean (wM) techniques to a set of artificial lights. The weights are selected in accordance to the importance of desired light source in control and/or matching process. In fact, the created virtual illuminants can be implemented in a colorimetric color matching trial or color control processing. In the case of color matching effort, by choosing suitable weights for different lighting conditions, more balanced color difference values under those illuminants which are presented in dataset could be expected. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 205–209, 2009
Molecular‐Weight‐Enlarged Multiple‐Pincer Ligands: Synthesis and Application in Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions
Authors: Ronde Niek J. , Totev Daniel , Müller Christian , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , Vogt Dieter
Published: April 2009

Bigger is better: PCP pincer ligands are attached to soluble supports of different shapes. Disc‐like structures lead to excellent retention by nanofiltration. High selectivity towards the linear trans products is obtained in palladium‐catalyzed allylic alkylation and amination. The kinetics of an allylic amination reaction are studied and one of the molecular‐weight‐enlarged homogeneous catalysts is applied in a membrane reactor under continuous conditions.

magnified image

Three different pincer ligand systems are synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reactions of polyaromatic benzyl bromides as support molecules and phenol derivatives as ligand precursors. Retention tests using a polymeric nanofiltration membrane show moderate to good retention in THF and CH2Cl2. Concentration‐dependent NMR spectroscopy gives no indication for the formation of aggregates in solution. The three ligand systems are active in both the allylic alkylation and allylic amination reactions and show high selectivity towards the linear trans products. An investigation of the kinetic parameters of the allylic amination reaction show that the reaction of cinnamyl acetate with morpholine is of zero order in cinnamyl acetate and of first order in morpholine. The order in catalyst is found to be one, and the rate constant k′ is determined for a reaction under standard conditions. Moreover, one of the tri(pincer)‐palladium complexes is used as soluble, molecular‐weight‐enlarged homogeneous catalyst in continuous allylic alkylation and amination reactions. The conversion of the allylic alkylation reaches a maximum of 30 %, while a maximum conversion of 80 % is reached in the allylic amination reaction. No palladium black was formed.
Acylation Reactions over Zeolites and Mesoporous Catalysts
Authors: Bejblová Martina , Procházková Dana , Čejka Jiří
Published: April 2009

Sievilized chemistry: Molecular sieves are highly active and selective catalysts with industrial potential for acylation reactions. Zeolites are the catalysts of choice when shape‐selectivity influences the preferential formation of some products, while high conversions are achieved over mesoporous catalysts with enhanced diffusion rates of reactants and products.

magnified image

Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions play an important role in the manufacture of aromatic ketones, which are used as intermediates or products in fine‐chemical synthesis. Molecular sieves are highly active and selective catalysts with industrial potential for acylation reactions. Zeolites are the catalysts of choice when shape selectivity influences the preferential formation of some products, while high conversions are achieved over mesoporous catalysts with enhanced diffusion rates of reactants and products. In this Minireview, we focus on the understanding of the relationship among the structure of molecular sieve, type and concentration of acid sites and activity/selectivity in various acylations of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. The products of these acylation reactions are important compounds for the pharmaceutical industry, fragrance and flavor materials, dyes, polymers, agrochemicals, and other applications.
Nonlinear distortion analysis via perturbation method
Authors: Buonomo Antonio , Lo Schiavo Alessandro
Published: April 2009

An analytical method based on the classical perturbation method and the harmonic balance method is presented to analyze the distortion due to circuit nonlinearities. Starting from the time‐domain‐modified nodal analysis formulation for a nonlinear dynamic circuit, a calculation procedure of the periodic solution is developed, leading to general formulae for harmonics and nonlinear distortion figures. These formulae are then particularized for the widely used polynomial and exponential nonlinearities. Circuit simulations are performed showing the accuracy of the presented formulae. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pro‐anorexia websites: What a clinician should know
Authors: Harshbarger Jenni L. , Ahlers‐Schmidt Carolyn R. , Mayans Laura , Mayans David , Hawkins Joseph H.
Published: April 2009

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to conduct a content analysis of the “Tips and Tricks” section of pro‐ana websites to better understand information shared on these sites, and aide clinicians in identification, treatment, and prevention of anorexia.

Method:

Nine pro‐ana websites were evaluated to identify categories of information in “Tips and Tricks.” A content analysis was performed using emergent coding methods and 16 categories were determined. Reliability was acceptable (Cohen's Kappa = 0.702). Discrepancies were corrected by consensus. Frequencies of individual categories were computed.

Results:

Most “Tips and Tricks” are directed at dieting/restricting calories (28.6%) and distraction (14.0%). Most disturbing, 11% of comments were directed at lying and concealing symptoms.

Discussion:

Clinicians aware of “Tips and Tricks” might be better equipped to recognize the symptoms of anorexia early in treatment. Knowledge of “Tips and Tricks” can also facilitate better education, making it difficult for clients to conceal their illness. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
The hematology of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Hütter Gero , Ganepola Susanne , Hofmann Wolf‐K.
Published: April 2009

Objective:

Changes of the peripheral blood cell count in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are frequent. Anemia and leukopenia are observed in one‐third of these patients. Examination of the bone marrow reveals in almost 50% of the patients with AN signs of bone marrow atrophy and can additionally suffer from a gelatinous bone marrow transformation.

Method:

Published studies and investigations concerning hematological changes in patients with AN were reviewed.

Results:

Anemia and mild neutropenia are detectable in almost one‐third of these patients, whereas thrombocytopenia is rather uncommon. The exact mechanism for these findings is still unclear, but 50% of AN‐patients with hematological changes display morphological signs of partial bone marrow atrophy.

Discussion:

Changes of the peripheral blood cell count in patients with AN is a frequent observation but the peripheral blood cell count cannot predict the severity of bone marrow atrophy. All hematological and morphological alterations disappear completely and rapidly after sufficient refeeding. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Compensatory eating disorder behaviors and gastric bypass surgery outcome
Authors: Chen Eunice , Roehrig Megan , Herbozo Sylvia , McCloskey Michael S. , Roehrig James , Cummings Hakeemah , Alverdy John , Le Grange Daniel
Published: April 2009

Objective:

This study prospectively examined the role of compensatory eating disorder behavior on gastric bypass (GB) surgery weight‐loss outcome.

Method:

The compensatory behaviors of 199 GB patients were evaluated presurgically using the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns. Hierarchical linear regression was used to assess the presence of compensatory behavior on 6‐month postsurgery body mass index (BMI), and 1‐year postsurgery BMI, controlling for age, sex, race, age becoming overweight, number of weeks postsurgery, and presurgery BMI.

Results:

The presence of presurgery compensatory behavior emerged as a small but significant predictor of lower BMI 6‐months postsurgery although not at 1‐year postsurgery. Other common predictors for lower BMI at 6‐months and 1‐year postsurgery were lower presurgery BMI and greater number of weeks postsurgery. Female sex also predicted lower BMI 1‐year postsurgery.

Discussion:

These results must be taken with caution as they contradict clinical guidelines. Future research is needed to replicate these findings. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
Accuracy of self‐reported weight and height: Relationship with eating psychopathology among young women
Authors: Meyer Caroline , McPartlan Lauren , Sines Jennie , Waller Glenn
Published: April 2009

Objective:

Self‐reported height and weight data are commonly reported within eating disorders research. The aims of this study are to demonstrate the accuracy of self‐reported height and weight and to determine whether that accuracy is associated with levels of eating psychopathology among a group of young nonclinical women.

Method:

One hundred and four women were asked to report their own height and weight. They then completed the Eating Disorders Examination‐Questionnaire. Finally, they were weighed and their height was measured in a standardized manner. Accuracy scores for height and weight were calculated by subtracting their actual weight and height from their self‐reports.

Results:

Overall, the women overestimated their heights and underestimated their weights, leading to significant errors in body mass index where self‐report is used. Those women with high eating concerns were likely to overestimate their weight, whereas those with high weight concerns were more likely to underestimate it.

Discussion:

These data show that self‐reports of height and weight are inaccurate in a way that skews any research that depends on them. The errors are influenced by eating psychopathology. These findings highlight the importance of obtaining objective height and weight data, particularly when comparing those data with those of patients with eating disorders. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
The road less traveled: Associations between externalizing behaviors and eating pathology
Authors: Slane Jennifer D. , Burt S. Alexandra , Klump Kelly L.
Published: April 2009

Objective:

Few studies have examined associations between externalizing behaviors and eating disorders in either sex. The current study investigated sex differences in associations between internalizing and externalizing symptoms and disordered eating.

Method:

A sample of 541 men and women completed self‐reported measures of disordered eating (e.g., binge eating), internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety), and externalizing behaviors (e.g., delinquency). Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine sex differences in associations between these symptoms and disordered eating.

Results:

Internalizing symptoms showed the strongest associations with disordered eating in both sexes. Hyperactivity and aggression were more strongly associated with disordered eating in men, whereas alcohol use was more strongly associated with disordered eating in women.

Discussion:

Results indicated several sex similarities in associations between internalizing symptoms and disordered eating, but some important sex differences among externalizing behaviors. Externalizing behaviors may play a significant role in the development of disordered eating uniquely within men and women. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
The factor structure of the eating disorder examination in clinical and community samples
Authors: Byrne Susan M. , Allen Karina L. , Lampard Amy M. , Dove Emma R. , Fursland Anthea
Published: April 2009

Objective:

To assess the factor structure of the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) in three different samples and to compare the goodness‐of‐fit of five models of EDE data.

Method:

The EDE was administered to eating disordered (n = 158), treatment‐seeking obese (n = 170) and non‐eating disordered community‐based (n = 329) participants. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the validity of the original four‐factor EDE model with that of three‐, two‐, and one‐factor models.

Results:

None of the tested models provided a “good fit” to the data in any sample, with the exception of a brief one‐factor model in the eating disorder group. Estimations of internal consistency, reliability, and validity were superior for the one‐, two‐, and three‐factor models compared to the four‐factor model in all samples.

Discussion:

Overall, there was more support for a one‐factor model of EDE data than for a multi‐factorial model. It may be more appropriate to use Global EDE scores than individual subscale scores for research purposes. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
An evaluation of a body image intervention based on risk factors for body dissatisfaction: A controlled study with adolescent girls
Authors: Richardson Shanel M. , Paxton Susan J.
Published: April 2009

Objective:

In this research we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a theoretically derived school‐based body image intervention for young adolescent girls.

Method:

Participants were 194, female Grade 7 students from two Catholic Secondary Schools in Melbourne, Australia. One school was allocated to the intervention group and the other school was allocated to the control group. The intervention group participated in three 50‐min body image intervention sessions, while the control group received their usual classes. All participants completed baseline, post‐intervention and 3‐month follow‐up questionnaires.

Results:

The intervention group reported significantly more positive outcomes than the control group on measures of intervention topic knowledge, risk factors for body dissatisfaction, body image, dietary restraint and self‐esteem, at post‐intervention and follow‐up.

Discussion:

This study provides support for the efficacy of a theoretically derived school‐based body image intervention with adolescent girls. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
The changing profile of eating disorders at a tertiary psychiatric clinic in Hong Kong (1987–2007)
Authors: Lee Sing , Ng King Lam , Kwok Kathleen , Fung Corina
Published: April 2009

Objective:

To examine the clinical profile of Chinese eating disorder patients at a tertiary psychiatric clinic in Hong Kong from 1987 to 2007.

Method:

Data on 195 consecutive patients were retrieved from a standardized intake interview by an eating disorder specialist. Patients seen between 1987–1997 (n = 67) and 1998–2007 (n = 128) and fat‐phobic (n = 76) and nonfat‐phobic (n = 39) anorexic patients were compared.

Results:

Patients were predominantly single (91.8%), female (99.0%), in their early‐20s and suffered from anorexia (n = 115; 59.0%) or bulimia (n = 78; 40.0%) nervosa. The number of patients increased twofold across the two periods. Bulimia nervosa became more common while anorexia nervosa exhibited an increasingly fat‐phobic pattern. Nonfat‐phobic anorexic patients exhibited significantly lower premorbid body weight, less body dissatisfaction, less weight control behavior, and lower EAT‐26 scores than fat‐phobic anorexic patients.

Discussion:

The clinical profile of eating disorders in Hong Kong has increasingly conformed to that of Western countries. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010