bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mammographic density assessed using deep learning in women at high risk of developing breast cancer: the effect of weight change on density
Authors: Squires Steven , Harvie Michelle , Howell Anthony , Evans D. Gareth , Astley Susan M.
Published: June 2024

Objectives

High mammographic density (MD) and excess weight are associated with increased risk of breast cancer. Weight loss interventions could reduce risk, but classically defined percentage density measures may not reflect this due to disproportionate loss of breast fat. We investigate an artificial intelligence-based density method, reporting density changes in 46 women enrolled in a weight-loss study in a family history breast cancer clinic, using a volumetric density method as a comparison.

Methods

We analysed data from women who had weight recorded and mammograms taken at the start and end of the 12-month weight intervention study. MD was assessed at both time points using a deep learning model, pVAS, trained on expert estimates of percent density, and Volpara ™ density software.

Results

The Spearman rank correlation between reduction in weight and change in density was 0.17 (−0.13 to 0.43) for pVAS and 0.59 (0.36 to 0.75) for Volpara volumetric percent density.

Conclusions

pVAS percent density measurements were not significantly affected by change in weight. Percent density measured with Volpara increased as weight decreased, driven by changes in fat volume.

Advances in knowledge

The effect of weight change on pVAS mammographic density predictions has not previously been published.
Assessing Antimicrobial Use Patterns in Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM) Health Facilities: A Cross-Sectional Study Protocol
Authors: Chirambo Evans Chimayi , Nkhoma Dumisani , Chiumia Francis , Odeo Sharon , Khomani Patience , Chibwe Innocent , Matchado Simon , Matchere Pacharo , Chiweza Beatrice , Mwenyekonde Elled , Kampira Elizabeth , Mitambo Collins , Makala Happy
Published: June 2024

Introduction

The threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Malawi is high with reported mortality of 19,300 annually, the 23rd highest age-standardised mortality. One of the drivers of AMR is misuse of antibiotics, a phenomenon that has not been adequately researched in Malawi. This study aims to investigate antimicrobial use patterns using prescribing, patient and facility indicators Christian Health Association of Malawi (CHAM) health facilities.

Methods

This will be a multiple cross-sectional study which will collect data from facility (194), patients (388), and prescriptions (3,104). Data will be collected using KoboToolbox v2021, and exported into Microsoft Excel version 2016 for cleaning and coding. Variables will be categorized according to the antimicrobial use indicators. The study will use STATA Version 14 statistical software for data analysis. Subsequently, facilities will be put in GPS map to show hotspots of irrational antimicrobial use. The study will run from January 2024 to December 2025.

Discussion

This study will provide detailed information on frequently used antimicrobials, the cost of antimicrobials relative to medicine budget, the intensity of exposure to antimicrobials, the availability of antimicrobials, patients’ understanding of antimicrobials use, and availability of important documents for antimicrobial use. Secondarily, the study will unravel the prevalence of irrational antimicrobial use, the main factors contributing to it, and location where irrational use is most prevalent. These findings will inform the national antimicrobial stewardship action plan, aiming to safeguard the available antimicrobials.

Ethics and Dissemination

The protocol has been approved by Malawi’s College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (COMREC) [Protocol # P.04/24-0651]. Participation in the study will be voluntary, and consent and assent will be sought during data collection. Data will be handled confidentially, with findings disseminated in conferences, to key AMR focused stakeholders, and finally through manuscript publication in a peer reviewed journal.
Menopause Hormone Replacement Therapy and Lifestyle Factors affect Metabolism and Immune System in the Serum Proteome of Aging Individuals
Authors: Dierks Clemens , Mizrak Roza Sürme , Shomroni Orr , Farztdinov Vadim , Textoris-Taube Kathrin , Ludwig Daniela , Rainer Johannes , Mülleder Michael , Demuth Ilja , Ralser Markus
Published: June 2024

Aging is a fundamental risk factor for a wide array of diseases. The Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II) is a cohort study designed to investigate the physical, mental, and social determinants of successful aging. We utilized high-throughput mass spectrometry to measure the proteomes of 1890 BASE-II participants, divided into two age groups: 27-37 years and 60-85 years. We employed multiple linear regression analyses to explore the effects of demographic factors such as age, sex, and BMI, along with hormonal treatments and lifestyle factors, on the serum proteome. We identify new associations and confirm previously described proteins linked to age, sex, BMI and hormonal contraceptive use (HCU). Notably, we observed that the abundance of nutrient transport proteins, particularly apolipoproteins, is linked to metabolic diseases in aged individuals, including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, we identified specific alterations explained by lifestyle factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. We further report a significant proteome signature in female study participants corresponding to menopause hormone replacement therapy (MHT). We successfully classified these participants based on MHT status with an AUROC of 0.82 using two proteins, Complement Component 9 and Plasminogen, slightly outperforming estradiol (AUROC: 0.80), the active ingredient in most MHT preparations. Overall, our study underscores the impact of lifestyle and hormonal therapies on the serum proteome during aging, primarily affecting components of the immune system and metabolism.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prevention: perception and willingness of expectant parents in the Netherlands
Authors: Harteveld Lisette M. , van Leeuwen Lisanne M. , Euser Sjoerd M. , Smit Lucy , Vollebregt Karlijn C. , Bogaert Debby , van Houten Marlies A.
Published: June 2024

Objectives

To investigate the perception and willingness of pregnant women and their partners to accept maternal vaccination or neonatal immunization against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Design

A cross-sectional survey study

Setting

Pregnant women and their partners were recruited through healthcare professionals (midwives, gynaecologists, and Youth Health care), social media platforms (Instagram, LinkedIn, Facebook via institutions like the Spaarne Hospital), and the 9-Months Fair in the Netherlands.

Main outcome measures

Willingness and motivation in decision-making for both maternal RSV vaccination or neonatal RSV immunization among pregnant women and their partners, including strategy preferences, and informational needs.

Results

In total 1001 pregnant women (mean age: 31.1 years) and their partners (mean age: 33.2 years) completed the survey. On average, they were 24 weeks pregnant at the time, and 54.6% had no other children yet. The majority was Dutch-born (95.2% of women); with 68.3% of women having completed higher education and with overall strong pro-vaccination attitudes (93.9% of partners intended to vaccinate their expected newborn). The overall acceptability to vaccination and immunization was high, with 87% of respondents indicating they would (likely) accept both strategies. A positive attitude towards both methods was associated with previous experience with severity of RSV, intention to vaccinate the newborn and parental vaccination status during childhood and current pregnancy. When the choice was given, the majority of participants, in particular those with children and the intention to breastfeed, favoured maternal vaccination over passive immunization of infants (75.3% of the pregnant and 71.6% of the partners). A majority of the respondents cited optimal protection for the child and knowledge of RSV as important factors for accepting RSV prophylaxis.

Conclusions

While most participants would accept both strategies for RSV protection of their infant, a majority, especially those with other children, favored maternal vaccination, due to concerns about infant safety and awareness of RSV severity.
A Mendelian randomization study identifies the causal association between plasma mitochondrial CHCHD proteins and polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Wei Shiyang , Wang Yafeng , Liu Niping , Zhao Renfeng
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The objective of this research was to examine the causal link between PCOS and plasma mitochondrial coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain(CHCHD) proteins using a Mendelian randomization (MR) method.

Methods

We performed a two-sample MR analyses by utilizing summary statistics obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of PCOS (642 cases and 118,228 controls) and the levels of CHCHD2 and CHCHD10 in plasma (3,301 individuals). The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used for the MR analyses, along with additional sensitivity analyses.

Results

The association between CHCHD2 and an increased risk of PCOS was identified (OR = 1.682; 95% CI = (1.231, 2.297); P = 0.001). The discovery of CHCHD10 revealed a protective impact on the likelihood of PCOS (OR = 0.828, 95% CI= 0.698-0.981, p = 0.029). The MR results were confirmed to be robust through the analysis of heterogeneity (P > 0.05) and pleiotropy (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Our findings indicates that mitochondrial proteins CHCHD2 and CHCHD10 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Additional research is necessary to clarify the underlying mechanisms and investigate the potential of these proteins as targets for therapeutic intervention in PCOS.

What does this study add to the clinical work

A strong causal relationship has been established between two plasma mitochondrial complexes with coiled-coil-helix domains and polycystic ovary syndrome. The exact role of serum mitochondrial protein in polycystic ovary syndrome needs to be investigated via large-scale randomization trials or further studies.
Subclass IId bacteriocins targeting Man-PTS—structural diversity and implications for receptor interaction and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Tymoszewska Aleksandra , Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk Tamara
Published: June 2024

The bacterial mannose phosphotransferase system (Man-PTS) mediates uptake of selected monosaccharides. Simultaneously, it is a receptor for diverse bacteriocins such as subclass IIa pediocin-like bacteriocins and some subclass IId ones (garvicins ABCQ, lactococcins ABZ, BacSJ, ubericin K, and angicin). So far, no attempt has been made to categorize this ever-expanding group of bacteriocins. Here, we identified Man-PTS as a receptor for a number of novel bacteriocins and demonstrated that they all belong to a large family of Man-PTS-binding non-pediocin-like peptides. Based on amino acid sequence similarities between members of this family, we propose their classification into five groups. This classification conveniently distinguishes bacteriocins with specific structures and properties regarding their spectrum of antimicrobial activity and pattern of interaction with Man-PTS. With respect to the latter, we indicate individual amino acid residues or regions of Man-PTS and the bacteriocin responsible for their interaction. In Man-PTS these residues localize to the exterior of the transport complex, specifically the extracellular loop of the so-called Vmotif domain containing regions γ and/or γ+, and to the interior of the transport complex, specifically the interface between the Core and Vmotif domains. Finally, we propose that while the bacteriocins from separate groups display specific binding patterns to Man-PTS, the general mechanism of their interaction with the receptor is universal despite significant differences in their predicted structures, i.e., after initial docking on the bacterial cell through an interaction with the Man-PTS regions γ and/or γ+, they pull away its Core and Vmotif from one another to form a pore across the membrane.
Marseilleviruses biological properties and viral translation-associated proteins based onin silicotertiary structure
Authors: Yucheng XIA , Wang Long , Xu Yutao , Wong Yue-Him , Zhou Zhichao , Rui ZHANG
Published: June 2024

Marseilleviruses are a group of double-strand DNA viruses that infect amoeba within theNucleocytoviricotaphylum and are ubiquitous in water and soil globally. Here, we report four novel strains isolated from mangroves in Guangdong province, China, namely, futianmevirus, futianmfvirus, dashavirus str. E, and xiwanvirus. Viral particles presented about 220∼240 nm icosahedrally shaped capsids and were wrapped by membranes to form giant vesicles. Based on stability assays, viral particles were halotolerant and acid-tolerant, but sensitive to chloroform and high temperature, while giant vesicles conferred thermal and acid/alkaline resistance to particles. Genomics and phylogenetic analyses showed that the four strains formed divergent branches within different lineages of marseillevirus. Notably, to our knowledge, futianmevirus was the first reported marseillevirus lacking translation elongation factor EF-1alpha (EF1A). Ourin silicoanalysis of marseillevirus coded translation-associated homolgs suggested their conserved functions. Additionally, we predicted at least four novel proteins that were structurally similar to components of the protozoan ribosome. Overall, not only our data comprehensively described the diversity of marseillevirus biological properties, but also proposed a new perspective on the giant virus translation system.

Importance

The familyMarseilleviridaewas the second reported family of giant viruses and distributed globally. In this work, we reported the four novel marseilleviruses isolated from saltwater samples of mangrove. Difference of biological properties between giant vesicles and viral particles revealed the environment fitness of marseillevirus.

On the other hand, sensitivity to chloroform indicated the importance of lipid components for viral infection. Additionally, our comparative genomics, phylogenetic analysis, and protein structure comparison revealed the diverse translation-associated gene sets of marseilleviruses. The prediction of ribosome components expands the knowledge about the giant viral translation-associated proteins, and will be helpful in future to reveal how giant viruses hijack the amoeba translation system.
ELAV mediates circular RNA biogenesis in neurons
Authors: Alfonso-Gonzalez Carlos , Holec Sarah , Gorey Sakshi , Shi Mengjin , Rauer Michael , Carrasco Judit , Tsagkris Stylianos , Hilgers Valerie
Published: June 2024

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) arise from back-splicing of precursor RNAs and accumulate in the nervous system of animals, where they are thought to regulate gene expression and synaptic function. Here, we show that neuronal circRNA biosynthesis is mediated by the pan-neuronal RNA-binding protein ELAV. In Drosophila embryos, we characterize the circRNA landscape in normal and elav mutant neurons. We find that neuronal circRNAs are globally (>75%) depleted upon ELAV knockout, and induction of ELAV expression drives ectopic RNA circularization. In brain tissue, ELAV binds to pre-mRNA introns flanking putative circRNAs and decreases efficiency of linear splicing in favor of intron pairing at reverse complementary matches, inducing circularization. Together, our data demonstrate that ELAV directly modulates splicing decisions to generate the neuronal circRNA landscape.
A single mutation in dairy cow-associated H5N1 viruses increases receptor binding breadth
Authors: Good Marina R. , Ji Wei , Fernández-Quintero Monica L. , Ward Andrew B. , Guthmiller Jenna J.
Published: June 2024

Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 is causing an unprecedented outbreak in dairy cows in the United States. To understand if recent H5N1 viruses are changing their receptor use, we screened recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) from historical and recent 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses for binding to distinct glycans bearing terminal sialic acids. We found that H5 from A/Texas/37/2024, an isolate from the dairy cow outbreak, has increased binding breadth to glycans bearing terminal α2,3 sialic acids, the avian receptor, compared to historical and recent 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses. We did not observe any binding to α2,6 sialic acids, the receptor used by human seasonal influenza viruses. We identified a single mutation outside of the receptor binding site, T199I, was responsible for increased binding breadth, as it increased receptor binding site flexibility. Together, these data show recent H5N1 viruses are evolving increased receptor binding breadth which could impact the host range and cell types infected with H5N1.
A Metagenomic Analysis of the Fecal Microbiota of the Critically Endangered Eastern Bongo
Authors: Kristopeit Suzanne M. , Murphy Kathryn A. , Bevis Durward L. , Brandt Janelle , McLaughlin Richard William
Published: June 2024

The Eastern Bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) is a critically endangered mammal. In zoos, this animal has been known to have a sensitive gastrointestinal tract. Using a metagenomic approach the purpose of this study was to determine the microbiota of two adult (n=2) Eastern Bongos living in a zoo in South Dakota, as well as a juvenile (n=6) over a six-week period to see the microbial succession, and to learn if there were pathogenic microorganisms present which are capable of causing gastrointestinal disease. The dominant phylum in seven samples was Bacillota with Pseudomonadota dominant in only one of the juvenile samples. Functional classifications showed Protein Synthesis was the most predominant (11.36–35.71%). Almost equally predominant were Energy and Precursor Metabolites Generation (7.00-13.27%) and Stress Response, Defense and Virulence (8.44-12.90%). Finally, we also determined the resistomes which will contribute to the One Health approach.
The Radical Pair Mechanism Cannot Explain Telecommunication Frequency Effects on Reactive Oxygen Species
Authors: Talbi Owaiss , Zadeh-Haghighi Hadi , Simon Christoph
Published: June 2024

In order to investigate whether the radical pair mechanism (RPM) can explain the effects of telecommunication frequency radiation on reactive oxygen species production, we modelled the effects of oscillating magnetic fields on radical pair systems. Our analysis indicates that the RPM cannot account for the biological effects observed under exposure to telecommunication frequencies due to negligible effects under low-amplitude conditions used in experimental setups. Observable effects on radical pairs at these frequencies would require hyperfine coupling constants that are precisely fine-tuned to large values that far exceed those naturally occurring within biological systems. We conclude that some other mechanism must be responsible for the effects of telecommunication frequency fields in biological systems.
Hypertension incidence among individuals successfully treated for pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Ontiveros Victoria C , Kipiani Maia , Avaliani Teona , Auld Sara C , Gujabidze Mariam , Kempker Russell R , Kornfeld Hardy , Bryan Cassandra , Huaman Moises A , Magee Matthew J , Salindri Argita D
Published: June 2024

We reported a cumulative incidence of hypertension of 28% among individuals successfully treated for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with no prior hypertension indication at TB treatment initiation (i.e., prevalent hypertension). The cumulative incidence of hypertension among those with ≥1 cavitary lesion was twice the cumulative incidence among those without cavitary lesions.
Combining chromatography coupled SAXS and AI-predicted structures to dissect the mechanism of ParB1-parS1partition assembly formation
Authors: Sodhi Anu , Lata Sneh , Chaudhuri Barnali N.
Published: June 2024

Coupling of solution SAXS and AI-predicted structures can be a powerful strategy for delineating subtle conformational changes and self-association in protein switches. ParB, which is a condensate-forming DNA clamp that aids in bacterial chromosomal origin segregation, undergoes CTP-induced conformational switching to enable DNA sliding. The nature ofparSDNA-induced conformational change in full-length ParB, and the structural features that govern self-association of ParB for partition assembly condensate formation, remains sparsely understood. We combined chromatography-coupled SAXS, rigid domains obtained from Alphafold model of ParB1 fromVibrio cholerae, and synthetic SAXS data describing known domain interfaces, to build integrative models of conformational states of full-length ParB1. These integrative models revealed howparS1DNA loading primed ParB1 for clamping and sliding. The CTPase domains in ParB1 were moved nearer upon DNA loading to facilitate clamping, and a lumen lined with a weak DNA binding site was formed belowparS1binding site for capturing the sliding DNA. Furthermore, we showed that an N-terminal segment of ParB1 undergoes concentration-dependent oligomerization. An intrinsically disordered linker joining this oligomerization-prone N-terminal segment and the C-terminal domain curbs self-association of full-length ParB1, which is likely relevant for ParB1-mediated higher order partition assembly formation. To summarize, SAXS and Alphafold were effectively combined to provide unique insights into context-specific domain rearrangements and self-association in ParB1 for the mechanistic understanding of partition assembly formation.
Nonlinear optimization for a low-emittance storage ring
Authors: Oh Bonghoon , Ko Jinjoo , Shin Seunghwan , Kim Jaehyun , Lee Jaeyu , Jang Gyeongsu
Published: June 2024

A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is a powerful global optimization tool, but its results are considerably affected by the crossover parameter ηc. Finding an appropriate ηc demands too much computing time because MOGA needs be run several times in order to find a good ηc. In this paper, a self-adaptive crossover parameter is introduced in a strategy to adopt a new ηc for every generation while running MOGA. This new scheme has also been adopted for a multi-generation Gaussian process optimization (MGGPO) when producing trial solutions. Compared with the existing MGGPO and MOGA, the MGGPO and MOGA with the new strategy show better performance in nonlinear optimization for the design of low-emittance storage rings.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and crystallographic characterization of various cymantrenyl thioethers [Mn{C5H
x
Br
y
(SMe)
z
}(PPh3)(CO)2]
Authors: Klein-Hessling Christian , Blockhaus Tobias , Sünkel Karlheinz
Published: June 2024

Starting from [Mn(C5H4Br)(PPh3)(CO)2] (1a), the cymantrenyl thioethers [Mn(C5H4SMe)(PPh3)(CO)2] (1b) and [Mn{C5H4–n
Br(SMe)
n
}(PPh3)(CO)2] (n = 1 for compound 2, n = 2 for 3 and n = 3 for 4) were obtained, using either n-butyllithium (n-BuLi), lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or lithium tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP) as base, followed by electrophilic quenching with MeSSMe. Stepwise consecutive reaction of [Mn(C5Br5)(PPh3)(CO)2] with n-BuLi and MeSSMe led finally to [Mn{C5(SMe)5}(PPh3)(CO)2] (11), only the fifth complex to be reported containing a perthiolated cyclopentadienyl ring. The molecular and crystal structures of 1b, 3, 4 and 11 were determined and were studied for the occurrence of S...S and S...Br interactions. It turned out that although some interactions of this type occurred, they were of minor importance for the arrangement of the molecules in the crystal.
Ideas of lattice-basis reduction theory for error-stable Bravais lattice determination and ab
initio indexing
Authors: Oishi-Tomiyasu Ryoko
Published: June 2024

In ab
initio indexing, for a given diffraction/scattering pattern, the unit-cell parameters and the Miller indices assigned to reflections in the pattern are determined simultaneously. `Ab initio' means a process performed without any good prior information on the crystal lattice. Newly developed ab
initio indexing software is frequently reported in crystallography. However, it is not widely recognized that use of a Bravais lattice determination method, which is tolerant of experimental errors, can simplify indexing algorithms and increase their success rates. One of the goals of this article is to collect information on the lattice-basis reduction theory and its applications. The main result is a Bravais lattice determination algorithm for 2D lattices, along with a mathematical proof that it works even for parameters containing large observational errors. It uses two lattice-basis reduction methods that seem to be optimal for different symmetries, similarly to the algorithm for 3D lattices implemented in the CONOGRAPH software. In indexing, a method for error-stable unit-cell identification is also required to exclude duplicate solutions. Several methods are introduced to measure the difference in unit cells known in crystallography and mathematics.
Between branding and being: how are inclusive city branding and inclusive city practices related?
Authors: Zhao Run , Edelenbos Jurian , de Jong Martin
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between being an inclusive city and branding oneself as such, as more cities adopt the inclusive city concept as part of their brand identity.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper builds theory by introducing a typology that categorizes cities based on their level of inclusion and degree of branding, supplemented by an analysis of the branding practices and identities. Integrating the literature on inclusive city and city branding, with a specific focus on the inherent conflict between their sharing and competing attributes, this research postulates that a city may choose to engage in being inclusive and branding itself as such in various ways depending on its dominant motivations of altruism or entrepreneurialism.

Findings

Four distinct types of inclusive city branding are identified: inclusion ambassadors (high inclusion and high branding); innate champions (high inclusion and low branding); façade marketers (low inclusion and high branding); and silent segregators (low inclusion and low branding). Furthermore, it underscores that inclusive city branding is shaped by the interplay of entrepreneurialism and altruism, not just a city’s inclusion. Different branding practices, such as media-generated images, narratives and events, are emphasized when entrepreneurialism is the primary motivation, whereas iconic architecture buildings, flagship projects and long-term policies are more associated with altruism.

Originality/value

This study develops a typology to unravel the paradoxical aspects of inclusive city branding. Examining the intersection of city branding motivations and practices enriches existing literature. Moreover, its findings offer valuable insights for cities grappling with the implementation of contentious inclusive branding strategies, thereby bridging theory with practical applications.
Exploring the structural relationships between augmented reality quality, perceived value, and psychological well-being in museum applications: a PLS-SEM analysis
Authors: Ma Dongming , Cheng Anping , Qian Hao
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of augmented reality (AR) on users' tour experience and psychological well-being in museums. The study utilizes the Information System (IS) Success Model and the Perceived Value Theory to investigate the relationships between AR quality, content quality, system quality, vividness, utilitarian value, hedonic value, tour experience, and psychological well-being.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts a quantitative research approach and surveys 286 visitors at the Wuhan Natural History Museum. The collected data is analyzed using PLS-SEM to test the proposed model.

Findings

The study finds that content quality, system quality, and vividness significantly influence utilitarian and hedonic value. Utilitarian and hedonic values mediate the relationship between AR quality and tour experience and psychological well-being, with hedonic value having a greater impact. Utilitarian value positively influences customers' hedonic value, while tour experience positively influences customers' psychological well-being.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the existing literature by applying the Information System Success Model and Perceived Value Theory to explore the impact of AR on users' tour experience and psychological well-being in museums. It provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of content quality and perceived value in promoting AR adoption and use. The findings add value to the field of augmented reality research and offer practical implications for AR service providers.
Utilization of agro waste activated carbons as carbon black replacement in electron beam irradiated styrene butadiene rubber composites
Authors: Radi H , El-Nemr Khaled F. , Elmesallamy Salwa M. , Amdeha Enas
Published: June 2024

Purpose

This study aims to prepare activated carbon (AC) and activated biochar (BC) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) can be used as carbon black (CB) replacement for styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites cured by electron beam (EB) radiation.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is carried out to investigate the effect of partial replacement of CB (as traditional filler) by AC or BC prepared from low-cost agricultural wastes (SCB) to improve the properties of SBR rubber cured by EB radiation (doses from 25 to 150 kGy).

Findings

The results indicated that the addition of AC or BC leads to improve the physical and mechanical properties of SBR with increasing irradiation dose [especially at concentration of 10 parts per hundred part of rubber (phr) from BC]. Also in this study, this paper examines how exposure of SBR rubber composites to ultraviolet (UV) radiation changes the mechanical properties for these composites, to do that, the specimens were examined before and after they were exposed to UV radiation for 300 h. The results showed that, the irradiated SBR composites, UV exposure, exhibit better retention in mechanical properties as compared with unirradiated ones, and the samples loaded with CB hybrid with ACs had an increased value of tensile strength (TS) retention as compared with blank sample.

Originality/value

The importance of this study is that, the production of AC from SCB offers a huge opportunity to overcome the problem of the disposal of SCB.
Are metaverse applications in quality 4.0 enablers of manufacturing resiliency? An exploratory review under disruption impressions and future research
Authors: El Jaouhari Asmae , Arif Jabir , Samadhiya Ashutosh , Kumar Anil , Jain Vranda , Agrawal Rohit
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate, from a thorough review of the literature, the role of metaverse-based quality 4.0 (MV-based Q4.0) in achieving manufacturing resilience (MFGRES). Based on a categorization of MV-based Q4.0 enabler technologies and MFGRES antecedents, the paper provides a conceptual framework depicting the relationship between both areas while exploring existing knowledge in current literature.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is structured as a comprehensive systematic literature review (SLR) at the intersection of MV-based Q4.0 and MFGRES fields. From the Scopus database up to 2023, a final sample of 182 papers is selected based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria that shape the knowledge base of the research.

Findings

In light of the classification of reviewed papers, the findings show that artificial intelligence is especially well-suited to enhancing MFGRES. Transparency and flexibility are the resilience enablers that gain most from the implementation of MV-based Q4.0. Through analysis and synthesis of the literature, the study reveals the lack of an integrated approach combining both MV-based Q4.0 and MFGRES. This is particularly clear during disruptions.

Practical implications

This study has a significant impact on managers and businesses. It also advances knowledge of the importance of MV-based Q4.0 in achieving MFGRES and gaining its full rewards.

Originality/value

This paper makes significant recommendations for academics, particularly those who are interested in the metaverse concept within MFGRES. The study also helps managers by illuminating a key area to concentrate on for the improvement of MFGRES within their organizations. In light of this, future research directions are suggested.
A genome catalogue of mercury‐methylating bacteria and archaea from sediments of a boreal river facing human disturbances
Authors: Lawruk‐Desjardins Charlène , Storck Veronika , Ponton Dominic E. , Amyot Marc , Walsh David A.
Published: June 2024

Methyl mercury, a toxic compound, is produced by anaerobic microbes and magnifies in aquatic food webs, affecting the health of animals and humans. The exploration of mercury methylators based on genomes is still limited, especially in the context of river ecosystems. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a genome catalogue of potential mercury‐methylating microorganisms. This was based on the presence of hgcAB from the sediments of a river affected by two run‐of‐river hydroelectric dams, logging activities and a wildfire. Through the use of genome‐resolved metagenomics, we discovered a unique and diverse group of mercury methylators. These were dominated by members of the metabolically versatile Bacteroidota and were particularly rich in microbes that ferment butyrate. By comparing the diversity and abundance of mercury methylators between sites subjected to different disturbances, we found that ongoing disturbances, such as the input of organic matter related to logging activities, were particularly conducive to the establishment of a mercury‐methylating niche. Finally, to gain a deeper understanding of the environmental factors that shape the diversity of mercury methylators, we compared the mercury‐methylating genome catalogue with the broader microbial community. The results suggest that mercury methylators respond to environmental conditions in a manner similar to the overall microbial community. Therefore, it is crucial to interpret the diversity and abundance of mercury methylators within their specific ecological context.
Fungi rather than bacteria drive early mass loss from fungal necromass regardless of particle size
Authors: Pérez‐Pazos Eduardo , Beidler Katilyn V. , Narayanan Achala , Beatty Briana H. , Maillard François , Bancos Alexandra , Heckman Katherine A. , Kennedy Peter G.
Published: June 2024

Microbial necromass is increasingly recognized as an important fast‐cycling component of the long‐term carbon present in soils. To better understand how fungi and bacteria individually contribute to the decomposition of fungal necromass, three particle sizes (>500, 250–500, and <250 μm) of Hyaloscypha bicolor necromass were incubated in laboratory microcosms inoculated with individual strains of two fungi and two bacteria. Decomposition was assessed after 15 and 28 days via necromass loss, microbial respiration, and changes in necromass pH, water content, and chemistry. To examine how fungal–bacterial interactions impact microbial growth on necromass, single and paired cultures of bacteria and fungi were grown in microplates containing necromass‐infused media. Microbial growth was measured after 5 days through quantitative PCR. Regardless of particle size, necromass colonized by fungi had higher mass loss and respiration than both bacteria and uninoculated controls. Fungal colonization increased necromass pH, water content, and altered chemistry, while necromass colonized by bacteria remained mostly unaltered. Bacteria grew significantly more when co‐cultured with a fungus, while fungal growth was not significantly affected by bacteria. Collectively, our results suggest that fungi act as key early decomposers of fungal necromass and that bacteria may require the presence of fungi to actively participate in necromass decomposition.
Comparative analysis of enzymatic profiles and biofilm formation in clinical and environmental Candida kefyr isolates
Authors: Nouraei Hasti , Zare Samira , Nemati Maryam , Amirzadeh Neda , Motamedi Marjan , Shabanzadeh Shafigheh , Zomorodian Kamiar , Pakshir Keyvan
Published: June 2024

The global landscape of Candida infections has seen a significant shift. Previously, Candida albicans was the predominant species. However, there has been an emergence of non‐albicans Candida species, which are often less susceptible to antifungal treatment. Candida kefyr, in particular, has been increasingly associated with infections. This study aimed to investigate the profiles of enzymatic activity and biofilm formation in both clinical and non‐clinical isolates of C. kefyr. A total of 66 C. kefyr isolates were analysed. The activities of proteinase and phospholipase were assessed using bovine serum albumin and egg yolk agar, respectively. Haemolysin, caseinolytic and esterase activities were evaluated using specific methods. Biofilm formation was investigated using crystal violet staining. The findings indicated that biofilm and proteinase activity were detected in 81.8% and 93.9% of all the isolates, respectively. Haemolysin activity was observed with the highest occurrence (95.5%) among normal microbiota isolates. Esterase activity was predominantly identified in dairy samples and was absent in hospital samples. Caseinase production was found with the highest occurrence (18.2%) in normal microbiota and hospital samples. Phospholipase activity was limited, found in only 3% of all the isolates. These findings reveal variations in enzyme activity between clinical and non‐clinical C. kefyr isolates. This sheds light on their pathogenic potential and has implications for therapeutic strategies.
Comparative resistomics analysis of multidrug‐resistant Chryseobacteria
Authors: Pham Dung Ngoc , Li Mengyan
Published: June 2024

Chryseobacteria consists of important human pathogens that can cause a myriad of nosocomial infections. We isolated four multidrug‐resistant Chryseobacterium bacteria from activated sludge collected at domestic wastewater treatment facilities in the New York Metropolitan area. Their genomes were sequenced with Nanopore technology and used for a comprehensive resistomics comparison with 211 Chryseobacterium genomes available in the public databases. A majority of Chryseobacteria harbor 3 or more antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with the potential to confer resistance to at least two types of commonly prescribed antimicrobials. The most abundant ARGs, including β‐lactam class A (blaCGA‐1 and blaCIA) and class B (blaCGB‐1 and blaIND) and aminoglycoside (ranA and ranB), are considered potentially intrinsic in Chryseobacteria. Notably, we reported a new resistance cluster consisting of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene catB11, a tetracycline resistance gene tetX, and two mobile genetic elements (MGEs), IS91 family transposase and XerD recombinase. Both catB11 and tetX are statistically enriched in clinical isolates as compared to those with environmental origins. In addition, two other ARGs encoding aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase (aadS) and the small multidrug resistance pump (abeS), respectively, are found co‐located with MGEs encoding recombinases (e.g., RecA and XerD) or transposases, suggesting their high transmissibility among Chryseobacteria and across the Bacteroidota phylum, particularly those with high pathogenicity. High resistance to different classes of β‐lactam, as well as other commonly used antimicrobials (i.e., kanamycin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol), was confirmed and assessed using our isolates to determine their minimum inhibitory concentrations. Collectively, though the majority of ARGs in Chryseobacteria are intrinsic, the discovery of a new resistance cluster and the co‐existence of several ARGs and MGEs corroborate interspecies and intergenera transfer, which may accelerate their dissemination in clinical environments and complicate efforts to combat bacterial infections.
Kinetics and pathways of sub‐lithic microbial community (hypolithon) development
Authors: Bosch Jason , Lebre Pedro H. , Marais Eugene , Maggs‐Kölling Gillian , Cowan Don A.
Published: June 2024

Type I hypolithons are microbial communities dominated by Cyanobacteria. They adhere to the underside of semi‐translucent rocks in desert pavements, providing them with a refuge from the harsh abiotic stresses found on the desert soil surface. Despite their crucial role in soil nutrient cycling, our understanding of their growth rates and community development pathways remains limited. This study aimed to quantify the dynamics of hypolithon formation in the pavements of the Namib Desert. We established replicate arrays of sterile rock tiles with varying light transmission in two areas of the Namib Desert, each with different annual precipitation regimes. These were sampled annually over 7 years, and the samples were analysed using eDNA extraction and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Our findings revealed that in the zone with higher precipitation, hypolithon formation became evident in semi‐translucent rocks 3 years after the arrays were set up. This coincided with a Cyanobacterial ‘bloom’ in the adherent microbial community in the third year. In contrast, no visible hypolithon formation was observed at the array set up in the hyper‐arid zone. This study provides the first quantitative evidence of the kinetics of hypolithon development in hot desert environments, suggesting that development rates are strongly influenced by precipitation regimes.
Seed or soil: Tracing back the plant mycobiota primary sources
Authors: Laurent‐Webb Liam , Maurice Kenji , Perez‐Lamarque Benoît , Bourceret Amélia , Ducousso Marc , Selosse Marc‐André
Published: June 2024

Plants host diverse communities of fungi (the mycobiota), playing crucial roles in their development. The assembly processes of the mycobiota, however, remain poorly understood, in particular, whether it is transmitted by parents through the seeds (vertical transmission) or recruited in the environment (horizontal transmission). Here we attempt to quantify the relative contributions of horizontal and vertical transmission in the mycobiota assembly of a desert shrub, Haloxylon salicornicum, by comparing the mycobiota of in situ bulk soil and seeds to that of (i) in situ adult individuals and (ii) in vitro‐germinated seedlings in soil collected in situ. We show that the mycobiota are partially vertically transmitted through the seeds to seedlings, whereas bulk soil has a limited contribution to the seedling's mycobiota. In adults, root and bulk soil mycobiota tend to resemble each other, suggesting a compositional turnover in plant mycobiota during plant development due to horizontal transmission. Thus, the mycobiota are transmitted both horizontally and vertically depending on the plant tissue and developmental stage. Understanding the respective contribution of these transmission pathways to the plant mycobiota is fundamental to deciphering potential coevolutionary processes between plants and fungi. Our findings particularly emphasize the importance of vertical transmission in desert ecosystems.
Evidence of a putative CO2 delivery system to the chromatophore in the photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella
Authors: Gabr Arwa , Stephens Timothy G. , Reinfelder John R. , Liau Pinky , Calatrava Victoria , Grossman Arthur R. , Bhattacharya Debashish
Published: June 2024

The photosynthetic amoeba, Paulinella provides a recent (ca. 120 Mya) example of primary plastid endosymbiosis. Given the extensive data demonstrating host lineage‐driven endosymbiont integration, we analysed nuclear genome and transcriptome data to investigate mechanisms that may have evolved in Paulinella micropora KR01 (hereinafter, KR01) to maintain photosynthetic function in the novel organelle, the chromatophore. The chromatophore is of α‐cyanobacterial provenance and has undergone massive gene loss due to Muller's ratchet, but still retains genes that encode the ancestral α‐carboxysome and the shell carbonic anhydrase, two critical components of the biophysical CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) in cyanobacteria. We identified KR01 nuclear genes potentially involved in the CCM that arose via duplication and divergence and are upregulated in response to high light and downregulated under elevated CO2. We speculate that these genes may comprise a novel CO2 delivery system (i.e., a biochemical CCM) to promote the turnover of the RuBisCO carboxylation reaction and counteract photorespiration. We posit that KR01 has an inefficient photorespiratory system that cannot fully recycle the C2 product of RuBisCO oxygenation back to the Calvin‐Benson cycle. Nonetheless, both these systems appear to be sufficient to allow Paulinella to persist in environments dominated by faster‐growing phototrophs.
Prevalence and correlates of daily‐level reasons not to drink among young adults who use alcohol
Authors: Arterberry Brooke J. , Peterson Sarah J. , Schepis Ty S. , Patrick Megan E.
Published: June 2024

Background

This study examined reasons not to drink in young adults in relation to demographics, alcohol use patterns, timing (weekend vs. weekday), and typical drinking motives.

Methods

Young adults who reported past 30‐day alcohol use and at least one nondrinking day (n = 614; mean age = 21.5 years ±0.53) completed a survey of alcohol‐related measures (e.g., typical drinking motives) and up to 14 daily surveys that included 12 reasons not to drink assessed on nondrinking days. Multilevel logistic regressions were estimated for each reason not to drink and related covariates.

Results

The most common reasons not to drink on a given day were “wasn't interested in drinking” (83.4% of nondrinking days) and “didn't want to get drunk” (81.8% of nondrinking days), with over 96% of participants endorsing each of these at least once. On days (11.6%; by 29.5% of participants) when another drug was used instead of alcohol, 81.8% used cannabis. Sex, race/ethnicity, weekend (vs. weekday), and drinking motives were differentially linked to reasons not to drink. Reporting high‐intensity drinking (i.e., ≥10 drinking on a day) versus binge (5–9 drinks on a day) in the past 2 weeks was linked to “had a hangover recently” (odds ratio = 2.85) as a reason not to drink.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that reasons not to drink reflect personal decisions and highlight ways to acknowledge situational barriers (e.g., saving money for food and essentials) that can be emphasized in brief interventions. Furthermore, reasons not to drink and alcohol motives may work in tandem within the motivational model to impact alcohol use behaviors.