bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histology, histochemistry and morphometry of the ovary of the adult plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) in different reproductive stages
Authors: Flamini Mirta Alicia , Barbeito Claudio Gustavo , Gimeno Eduardo Juan , Portiansky Enrique Leo
Published: March 2009

Lagostomus maximus is a South American Hystricognathi rodent whose reproductive behaviour shows characteristics unusual for mammals, such as polyovulation (200–800 oocytes) and a high rate of embryo mortality. Thirty‐six mature females captured in the province of Buenos Aires showed different physiological reproductive stages. Most of them presented a postpartum oestrus in August–September. This characteristic is different from that reported in other geographical areas. The stages considered were: anoestrus, follicular phase, early pregnancy and late pregnancy. The ovaries were light‐pink and smooth and presented a tortuous cord‐like aspect. Many primordial follicles were found in all the females studied. Follicles in different states of maturation and primary and accessory corpora lutea were observed in the cortex. These structures were smaller than those present in other related species. Follicles did not project into the surface of the organ. Calcified follicles of diverse size were found in all the ovaries. Atretic follicles were found in all the stages analysed. Interstitial tissue surrounding the follicles and the corpora lutea was also observed. The number and proportion of different cortical structures varied in the physiological stages analysed. The ovaries of the viscacha have differential characteristics in comparison to other Hystricognathi, some of them related to polyovulation.
The tritocerebrum and the clypeolabrum in mandibulate arthropods: segmental interpretations
Authors: Bitsch Jacques , Bitsch Colette
Published: March 2009

Bitsch, J. and Bitsch, C. 2010. The tritocerebrum and the clypeolabrum in mandibulate arthropods: segmental interpretations. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 249–266

Different interpretations of the segmental composition of the head in mandibulate arthropods are critically reviewed, with particular focus on three closely associated structures: the tritocerebrum, the stomatogastric nervous system and the clypeolabrum. The main conclusions arising from the different discussions are the following. (1) Each tritocerebral ganglion has a dual composition, clearly discernable in some crustacean and hexapod species, including a dorsal portion connected with the second antennae and a ventral portion connected with the stomatogastric nervous system via the frontal ganglion. (2) The suboesophageal commissure linking the tritocerebral lobes of the two sides, can be wholly ascribed to the tritocerebral segment. (3) The stomatogastric nervous system is a morphologically autonomous system that is not fundamentally affected by head metamerization. (4) The clypeolabrum, the epistome–labrum and the hypostome are regarded as homologous formations. The clypeolabrum represents a fundamental structure of the head probably present in the arthropod ground plan. Its close spatial and developmental association with the stomodeum and its derivative, the stomatogastric nervous system, suggests that it is an anterior outgrowth of the forehead arising from a preoral territory (presegmental acron or protocerebral–ocular region?) and secondarily connected with the tritocerebrum, rather than derived from a pair of reduced appendages.
Implications of recent epidemiology studies for the clinical management of lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Kaplan Steven A. , Roehrborn Claus G. , Chapple Christopher R. , Rosen Raymond C. , Irwin Debra E. , Kopp Zoe , Aiyer Lalitha P. , Mollon Patrick
Published: March 2009

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) include storage, voiding, and postmicturition symptoms, and occur commonly in both men and women. Findings from two recent epidemiological studies, the Epidemiology of LUTS study and the Boston Area Community Health survey, further extend the understanding of the prevalence of individual LUTS, the overlap of LUTS in men and women, the associations of LUTS with other comorbid conditions, the impact of LUTS on health‐related quality of life (HRQL), and the relationships between frequency and bother of LUTS and treatment‐seeking behaviour. Examining the clinical implications of these findings might provide directions to physicians for managing their patients with LUTS. For example, common findings of separate patient groups spanning a spectrum from those with typically one urinary symptom of mild to moderate severity to those with multiple more severe LUTS and frequent comorbidities might further encourage the diagnosis and treatment of comorbid conditions as a standard part of the management of patients with LUTS. Likewise, understanding that the impact of LUTS on HRQL and the degree of bother, rather than the frequency of LUTS, are significant drivers for treatment seeking might aid in assisting patients to make decisions about treatment.
The Aspect‐Perception Passages: A Critical Investigation of Köhler's Isomorphism Principle1
Authors: Ayob Gloria
Published: March 2009

In this paper I argue that Wittgenstein's aim in the aspect‐perception passages is to critically evaluate a specific hypothesis. The target hypothesis in these passages is the Gestalt psychologist Köhler's “isomorphism principle.” According to this principle, there are neural correlates of conscious perceptual experience, and these neural correlates determine the content of our perceptual experiences. Wittgenstein's argument against the isomorphism principle comprises two steps. First, he diffuses the substantiveness of the principle by undermining an important assumption that underpins this principle, namely, that there is a unitary concept of seeing. Next, Wittgenstein argues that some forms of aspect‐perception involve recognitional capacities, the exercise of which is normatively constrained. The normative nature of aspect‐perceiving plays a pivotal role in Wittgenstein's rejection of the isomorphism principle. Aside from the clear exegetical benefits gained from identifying the target hypothesis in the aspect‐perception passages as the isomorphism principle, construing the remarks in the way suggested here is also philosophically interesting in its own right: it shows Wittgenstein engaging directly in the mind–body problem, construed as the problem of intentionality.
Antibody responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane protein in the first trimester
Authors: SASAHARA Jun , KIKUCHI Akira , TAKAKUWA Koichi , SUGITA Noriko , ABIKO Yoshimitsu , YOSHIE Hiromasa , TANAKA Kenichi
Published: March 2009

Background:  Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is one of the most harmful periodontal pathogens and it has been reported that Pg is associated with preterm birth (PTB), intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH), discovered by animal experiments and clinical research. The relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal antibody response to Pg is controversial. On the other hand, the serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) has been recognised as a reliable serum marker of periodontal disease.

Aims:  To determine the significance of antibody responses to Pg affecting pregnancy outcomes in the first trimester.

Methods:  A case–control study was carried out on women with PTB (n = 58), IUGR (n = 91), PIH (n = 32) and without any complications (control, n = 98). The serum level of the CRP and IgG1 against 40‐kDa outer membrane protein of Pg (anti‐40‐kDa OMP Pg‐IgG1) in the first trimester was measured.

Results:  The IUGR group, and PTB patients whose placentas were diagnosed as chorioamnionitis or whose vaginal flora included Lactobacilli, showed a lower level of anti‐40‐kDa OMP Pg‐IgG1 than the control group. There was no difference in the serum CRP level between each case group and control group.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that a lack of humoral immunity against Pg in early pregnancy is associated with IUGR and some PTB.
Choosing medical or surgical terminations of pregnancy in the first trimester: What is the difference?
Authors: GOODYEAR‐SMITH Felicity , KNOWLES Alison
Published: March 2009

Background: Women seeking termination of pregnancy in Auckland, New Zealand can chose between medical and surgical options up to eight weeks gestation.

Aims: To assess demographic differences or changes over time between proportions of women choosing medical or surgical abortions at a single centre and determine whether changing the mifepristone–misoprostol interval from two to one day impacted on outcomes.

Methods: Retrospective audit of two consecutive years (December 2005–November 2006 and December 2006–November 2007) of first‐trimester surgical and medical terminations where the mifepristone‐misoprostol interval was reduced from two to one day between years. Analysis using descriptive statistics and assessment of probability of observed differences between groups.

Results: A total of 1495 terminations were performed in 2005–2006 and 1588 in 2006–2007. No significant difference (P = 0.4) of eligible women choosing medical (21% and 23%) or surgical abortion between years. Ethnicity, age and residency status did not influence choice. Medical termination of pregnancy was more likely in women who were without previous children (P = 0.009), pregnancies (P = 0.02) or terminations (P = 0.04). Medical termination was similarly effective within six hours with either two‐ or one‐day intervals.

Conclusions: Both medical and surgical first‐trimester abortions are safe and effective. It is optimal to be able to offer women choice. Reducing the medical interval to one day does not increase adverse outcomes.
−459C>T point mutation in 5′ non‐coding region of human GJB1 gene is linked to X‐linked Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathy
Authors: Li Miaoxin , Cheng Tat‐Sun , Ho Philip W.‐L. , Chan Koon‐Ho , Mak Windsor , Cheung Raymond T.‐F. , Ramsden David B. , Sham Pak‐Chung , Song Youqiang , Ho Shu‐Leong
Published: March 2009

Abstract  Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) neuropathy is inherited with genetic and clinical heterogeneity. The X‐linked form (CMTX) is linked to mutations in the GJB1 gene. However, the genotype‐phenotype correlation between variants in the non‐coding region of GJB1 gene and CMTX is unclear. We found two structural variants (−459C>T and −713G>A) in the 5′ non‐coding region of a transcript (Ref seq ID: NM_000166) of the GJB1 gene and explored its association with CMTX in two Chinese families. All family members who carried the −459C>T variant either were symptomatic or had abnormal electrophysiological studies compatible with CMTX, whereas all the non‐symptomatic family members who had normal electrophysiological studies and 10 healthy unrelated controls did not have this variant. The other variant in the 5′‐flanking region of the gene was found to be a benign polymorphism, although it had been earlier reported to be associated with CMTX in a Taiwanese family. Secondary structure prediction analysis of mutant mRNA using Mfold and RNAstructure softwares indicates that the −459C>T mutation may reduce translation efficiency of the GJB1 gene by changing its 5′‐untranslated region secondary structure and abolishing the internal ribosome entry site at the initialization of its translation in Schwann cells. Our study can help clarify the causal mutations of CMTX in the non–protein coding region of GJB1.
Immunohistochemical characterization of Renaut bodies in superficial digital nerves: further evidence supporting their perineurial cell origin
Authors: Piña‐Oviedo Sergio , Del Valle Luis , Baquera‐Heredia Javier , Ortiz‐Hidalgo Carlos
Published: March 2009

Abstract  Renaut bodies are well‐demarcated cylindrical (circular in cross section) hyaline structures attached to the inner layer of the perineurium that can be found in normal and pathological nerves of various animals and humans. They are composed of spidery fibroblasts and perineurial cells immersed in an extracellular matrix that contains randomly oriented collagen fibers and elastin precursors but not axons or Schwann cells. Frequently, they are associated with thickened subperineurial capillaries. As Renaut bodies are mainly located at sites of nerve compression, it is hypothesized they may act as ‘protective cushions’ for endoneurial components, and that they may be formed as a secondary reaction to trauma. Herein, we report the presence of Renaut bodies within numerous small dermal nerve trunks in an amputated finger. By immunohistochemistry, Renaut bodies expressed markers identical to those of perineurial cells (epithelial membrane antigen, Glut‐1, and claudin‐1), supporting the concept of a closely associated perineurial but not endoneurial origin. In addition, expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (which has been shown to increase Glut‐1 transcription), neurofibromatosis 1 gene related product and NF‐2, were also detected in these peripheral nerve structures.
Severe Guillain‐Barré syndrome: sorting out the pathological hallmark in an electrophysiological axonal case
Authors: Berciano José , García Antonio , Villagrá Nuria T. , González Félix , Ramón César , Illa Isabel , Berciano María T. , Lafarga Miguel
Published: March 2009

Abstract  We describe a clinicopathological study of a patient presenting with severe and electrophysiological axonal Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). An 83‐year‐old man had a 2‐day history of distal acroparesthesias and ascending weakness culminating in quadriplegia, the patient dying 1 month after onset. On day 3, motor conduction velocity (MCV) and distal motor latency values were normal or minimally delayed; most F waves were present with latencies normal or barely delayed. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitudes were variably reduced. On day 10, there was reduction of CMAPs with relative preservation of MCV. On histological study, the density of myelinated fibers was normal in L5 ventral and dorsal roots, where outstanding lesions included dark fibers, scattered macrophage infiltration, and occasional images of de‐remyelination or axonal degeneration. In the fifth spinal nerve, there was widespread loss of myelinated fibers with focal areas showing almost complete fiber loss and variable fascicular combination of extensive de‐remyelination and axonal degeneration. Wallerian‐like degeneration predominated in femoral and sciatic nerves. Peripheral neuron cell bodies showed central chromatolysis. We conclude that the pathological hallmark of this electrophysiological axonal GBS case is extensive but variable de‐remyelination of proximal nerve trunks with superimposed nerve ischemia and axonal degeneration.
Screening Trauma Patients With the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Biomarkers of Alcohol Use
Authors: Neumann Tim , Gentilello Larry M. , Neuner Bruno , Weiß‐Gerlach Edith , Schürmann Hajo , Schröder Torsten , Müller Christian , Haas Norbert P. , Spies Claudia D.
Published: March 2009

Background:  Alcohol screening and brief interventions have been shown to reduce alcohol‐related morbidity in injured patients. Use of self‐report questionnaires such as the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) is recommended as the optimum screening method. We hypothesized that the accuracy of screening is enhanced by combined use of the AUDIT and biomarkers of alcohol use in injured patients.

Methods:  The study was conducted in the emergency department of a large, urban, university hospital. Patients were evaluated with the AUDIT, and blood sampled to determine carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin, gamma‐glutamyl‐transferase, and mean corpuscular volume. Alcohol problems were defined as presence of ICD‐10 criteria for dependence or harmful use, or high‐risk drinking according to World Health Organization criteria (weekly intake >420 g in males, >280 g in females). Screening accuracy was determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves.

Results:  There were 787 males and 446 females in the study. Median age was 33 years. The accuracy of the AUDIT was good to excellent, whereas all biomarkers performed only fairly to poorly in males, and even worse in females. At a specificity >0.80, sensitivity for all biomarkers was <0.43, whereas sensitivity for the AUDIT was 0.76 for males and 0.81 for females. The addition of biomarkers added little additional discriminatory information compared to use of the AUDIT alone.

Conclusions:  Screening properties of the AUDIT are superior to %CDT, MCV, and GGT for detection of alcohol problems in injured patients and are not clinically significantly enhanced by the use of biomarkers.
Ethanol‐Mediated Fetal Dysmorphology and its Relationship to the Ontogeny of Maternal Liver Metallothionein
Authors: Coyle Peter , Martin Sean A. , Carey Luke C. , Summers Brooke L. , Rofe Allan M.
Published: March 2009

Background:  Fetal zinc (Zn) deficiency arising from ethanol‐induction of the Zn‐binding protein metallothionein (MT) in the mother’s liver has been proposed as a mechanism of teratogenicity. Here, we determine the ontogeny of MT and Zn homeostasis in rats and mice and then examine the effect of acute ethanol exposure in early embryonic development on this relationship. The protective effect of Zn against ethanol‐mediated fetal dysmorphology is also examined.

Methods:  Study 1: Maternal liver MT and Zn homeostasis was determined in Sprague–Dawley rats and C57BL/6J mice throughout gestation. Study 2: Rats were administered ethanol (25% in saline, intraperitoneal 0.015 ml/g) or vehicle alone on gestational day (GD) 9. Maternal liver MT and Zn, and plasma Zn was determined over the ensuing 24 hours. Study 3: Pregnant rats were treated with ethanol and Zn (s.c. 2.5 μg Zn/g) on GD9 and fetal dysmorphology was assessed on GD 19.

Results:  Study 1: Maternal liver MT began to rise around GD 9 peaking on GD 15 before falling to nonpregnant levels around term. The pregnancy‐related increase in MT was associated with a fall in plasma Zn which was significantly lower on GD 15 thereafter returning to nonpregnant levels by parturition. Study 2: Ethanol administered to pregnant rats on GD 9 resulted in a 10‐fold induction of MT in the maternal liver and was associated with a 33% rise in liver Zn and a 30% fall in plasma Zn, 16 hours after treatment. Study 3: Ethanol treatment on GD 9 resulted in a significant increase in craniofacial malformations which were prevented by concurrent Zn treatment.

Conclusions:  The findings indicate that maternal liver MT levels are lowest in early gestation (before GD 10) making this a sensitive period where ethanol‐induction of MT can affect fetal Zn homeostasis and cause fetal dysmorphology. The study further provides evidence of a protective role for Zn against ethanol‐mediated teratogenicity.
Catheter Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia Arising from the Aortic Root
Authors: CALLANS DAVID J.
Published: March 2009

Most idiopathic ventricular tachycardia (VT) arises from the area of the outflow tracts, and the most common left ventricular site is the aortic root, usually from the right and left sinuses of Valsalva. This site of origin is suggested by specific patterns on the electrocardiogram. Activation mapping and pace mapping are both useful strategies, and their relative benefits and limitations need to be appreciated. The mapping strategy for a VT of suspected aortic root origin is based on the consideration that multiple chambers may need to be mapped, and the temptation to ablate at suboptimal sites based on the justification that it was easy to get to should be resisted. The entire surface of each cusp needs to be sampled, as distinct activation times and pacemaps are obtained at each site. Standard radiofrequency energy is typically adequate and the precision of mapping rather than the amount of tissue ablated is tantamount to success. In my opinion, the indications for ablation of aortic root VT are similar to those for other idiopathic VT. Although I offer patients both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options, I feel that ablation is first line therapy for patients with sufficient symptoms to warrant therapy.
COMBINED DIESEL‐GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS IN COAST GUARD VESSELS
Authors: CASE ROBERT C. , FORSLUND K. W.
Published: March 2009

As was pointed out in the beginning of this paper, the gas turbine as a means of marine propulsion, is making inroads into a field once dominated by steam turbines and diesel engines. More important, it is being realized to a greater extent, that the gas turbine when used in conjunction with other prime movers illustrates definite advantages to be realized. Most important of these is the high horsepower to weight ratio, even realizing at the same time the turbine's additional specific fuel consumption and added weight due to larger inlet and exhaust ducts.

The two applications discussed previously are both of the CODAG variety with minor variations. CODAG was selected in both instances due to the fuel requirement for Coast Guard vessels of long range with good top speed characteristics. In both cases, the vessel can operate for most of its normal duties on the diesel engines, realizing the low specific fuel consumption of the diesel and hence the relatively long range produced. For top speed, the turbines are employed; in the 210 footer as a boost power plant, and in the 350 footer as the sole means of propulsion. In this manner it is felt that the most optimum plant was selected in each case to meet the various and many faceted duties of the Coast Guard.

A conclusion to this paper cannot really be written. Only after successful vessel trials and successful operating experience can a purely objective conclusion be reached. It is the author's opinion, however, that more combined plants will be used for marine propulsion in the future, whether they be CODAG, COSAG, or COGAG. As the frequency of successful applications grow, the natural reluctance many feel toward these types of propulsion schemes will most certainly diminish, until someday gas turbines combined with other modes of propulsion will be as common as the presently out‐moded Scotch marine boiler and triple expansion engine.
ON CURVE FITTING, SIMPSON'S RULE AND FOURIER COEFFICIENTS
Authors: PEACH R. W.
Published: March 2009

THE PROBLEM OF finding Fourier coefficients can be solved readily if the equation of the curve for which the coefficients are desired is known. Usually the equation is not known if the curve is obtained from experimental data. Therefore, a method must be found which will give the coefficients from the curve at selected points on the curve. It is shown that any method which is based on fitting a polynomial to the data of a curve can introduce errors that might be significant for any particular problem.

The method used for finding the coefficients is based on the fundamental definitions of the Fourier coefficients and involves integration under derived curves for each harmonic for the area. The coefficient is a function of the mean ordinate which by a neat manipulation of Simpson's Rule is readily obtained.

For those who prefer, the area can be obtained by use of planimeter and the coefficients determined. Both methods give engineering order accuracy which is dependent on the faithfulness of the representation of the area using Simpson's Rule or the mechanical fineness of the planimeter.
TECHNICAL SPECIALIZATION IN THE U. S. NAVY
Authors: CRAVEN FRANCIS S.
Published: March 2009

This article is complementary to “A Single Naval Material Agency” published in the August 1964 issue of this Journal with which was published a biography of the author. Together these articles comprise a comprehensive plan for ensuring excellence of naval material. Three basic proposals of the earlier article are summarized below for convenience of reference, but those who have not read the earlier article should consult it if the reasoning is not clear.
Search Operations In The Thresher Area – 1964 Section I
Authors: ANDREWS FRANK A.
Published: March 2009

A three unit task group, USS HOIST, USNS MIZAR and Research Vehicle TRIESTE II, conducted tactical and technical development operations in the THRESHER loss area during the summer months 1964. A team of Naval Research Laboratory scientists constructed and operated a highly successful towed vehicle which obtained photographs of the majority of THRESHER hulk. MIZAR was the laboratory and tow ship for this effort. TRIESTE II suffered an unfortunate main motor fire and hence did not possess adequate mobility for satisfactory search performance. However, the NRL acoustic tracking system on MIZAR was able to provide a precise location on THRESHER wreckage and of TRIESTE relative to a bottom transponder. Consequently, TRIESTE II was directed to THRESHER hull and conducted a one hour close inspection (5–7 feet) of a portion of the hull. This paper is a summary of the 1964 operations with comments on operational problems and solutions by the Task Group Commander.
TELEPROCESSING COMPUTER PROGRAM ASSISTS NAVY R&D MANAGEMENT
Authors: VITTUCCI R. V.
Published: March 2009

The Navy Exploratory Development Division is now successfully using a newly developed teleprocessing computer program to assist in managing its million dollar a day development program. The computerized Financial Data System (FDS), completed under Rear Admiral A. S. Goodfellow, Chief of Naval Development, is the first of its kind to be used at the headquarters office. The system provides for man‐machine dialog in simple, English language. It automatically divides the program's total funds, takes into account management's various constraints and weighting factors and delivers a balanced program neatly typed. As the available funds fluctuate, the various parts of the program are proportionally increased or decreased after first providing for various exceptions to this method. The computer assists in the quick reallocation of dollar resources, either preserving the technical mix of the program or intentionally effecting a change in technical emphasis by controlling the funding.
WELDING PROCESSES IN THE DEEP OCEAN
Authors: SILVA E. A.
Published: March 2009

This paper anticipates a future need for welding processes in depths to 5000 meters. Arc cutting and joining processes are found to be the most suitable for depths in excess of 1500 meters because they avoid the problem of gas liquification. The underwater arcs are enhanced by constricting effects produced by the deep ocean environment, and no problem with heat generation is expected. Argon or nitrogen shielded arcs are advised for deep sea work. Their use can lead to reduced power requirements, control of penetration and metal transfer rate, and a reduction in porosity and slag inclusions. The cumbersome diving dress required to offset the cold and the problem of visibility in bottom waters is expected to produce the most serious operating difficulties for the welders. Cryogenic gas transport and experimentation in the laboratory and at sea are recommended.
Pert/CPM Management For Tough‐Minded Shipyard Managers
Authors: HONSINGER VERNON C.
Published: March 2009

PERT/CPM (Program Evaluation and Review Technique/Critical Path Method) is a network technique for planning, scheduling, and controlling the progress of a project, usually a large and complex project such as the construction, conversion, or overhaul of a ship. PERT/CPM provides a comprehensive method for communicating among all of the supervisors and managers of a shipyard project. It is used widely in firms both large and small, government and private, including naval and private shipyards. PERT/CPM can be a tremendously effective tool for shipyard project management. Although this paper is addressed to shipyard managers, the remarks are equally applicable to all other managers who use, or might use, PERT/CPM.
FULL SCALE SAILING YACHT FLOW‐LINE EXPERIMENTS
Authors: HIRSCHBERGER CARL R.
Published: March 2009

Presented are qualitative data, photographic and sketch, of flow‐lines about the hull of a 43 modern racing‐cruising yawl. Utilizing a streamer technique following closely that of the David Taylor Model Basin, the experiments demonstrate reparation or unstable flow In the region of the after water‐lines under close‐hauled sailing conditions. Streamer, photographic, and observation techniques are described, as well as the parameters for selecting location and conditions for the runs. within the limits of the accuracy of the ship's equipment, the data are recorded, and calculations of various design and test parameters such as Reynolds numbers, displacement‐length quotients, Taylor and Froude numbers, sail force, balance, and resistance figures are included and discussed. Separation drag is calculated and attention drawn to the critical nature of terminus angles, particularly between hull slope and incoming flow.

Although the techniques utilised in these experiments are time‐consuming and costly, it is only in such full‐scale treatment that actual conditions of flow can be proven.
U.S. NAVY GAS TURBINE POWERED OCEAN ESCORT
Authors: MARRON HUGH W. , BAYLES GROVER C. , ROBINSON PETER G. , MITCHELL WILLIAM D.
Published: March 2009

“This article is from a paper presented in Washington, D. C. at the Association of Senior Engineers Naval Ship System Command 6th Annual Technical Symposium. The paper describes the special features of a gas turbine propulsion system concept of integrating high horsepower and C. P. propellers into a complete propulsion system. This advanced propulsion system design is unique in that it was developed to fit into an existing D. E. ship design and proposed for the fiscal year 1968 building program. The ship has been cancelled, however, the design should be of interest to people both within the Navy and in that sector of private industry concerned with the future of our Navy shipbuilding programs. The focus is now on the gas turbine as a prime mover for warships, and it seems likely that there will be an increased emphasis on the use of gas turbines in the U.S. Navy's future shipbuilding programs.”
A STUDY OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RELIABILITY USING MAINTENANCE DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM
Authors: MISKA JAN K.
Published: March 2009

For reliability of electrical shipboard equipment prediction and evaluation, the data on failure rates of parts and equipment is required. Maintenance Data Collection System (MDCS) contains maintenance data which, with certain limitations, may be ultilized for derivation of the data on electromechanical equipment for reliability evaluation and prediction. This paper presents a method of utilization of MDCS for reliability purposes.
DON'T WRITE IN THE BATHTUB
Authors: BROCK JOHN E.
Published: March 2009

I don't have the competence —or even the gall—to try to tell you how to become a good writer, but I can give you some simple rules for becoming a better writer than you are now. Some of the rules and suggestions in what follows are so very simple that by putting them into practice you can improve your writing immediately with almost no effort. Other rules and suggestions do call for some work—but that's life.

This presentation will be divided, for convenience of organization, into PLANNING EXECUTION CRITICISM AND CORRECTION MDITIONAL REMARKS
A SECOND APPROXIMATION FOR STABILITY ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE STRUCTURES
Authors: BROCK JOHN E.
Published: March 2009

Stability analysis of simple structures usually involves a rather complicated transcendental system. Previous work has shown the usefulness of a first approximation of hyperbolic form. Herein it is demonstrated that a second approximation, leading in most cases merely to a quadratic equation, provides substantially greater accuracy and permits dealing with problems that do not yield to the first approximation. The argument is illustrated by two examples.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN OF DIESEL ELECTRIC ICEBREAKER PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Authors: LEWIS JACK W.
Published: March 2009

The nature of the icebreaking process imposes certain unique loads on the propulsion systems of ships applied to such service. Propulsion systems in present use are not totally dependable when subjected to these loads. Consequently, these systems are subject to inefficient operation in addition to possible failure of propellers, shafting or other system components. To better the understanding of these loads, a brief description of the icebreaking process is presented and methods for calculating load torques are developed. Speed of advance of the ship through an ice field is chosen as a performance index for the propulsion system and used to derive a number of propulsion system performance requirements. An introduction is given to methods which utilize steady state, quasi‐steady state and dynamic techniques for synthesizing a propulsion system which meets given performance requirements.
A STUDY OF THE OPERATIONAL INTERFACE THE COASTAL HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY SHIP SYSTEM CONCEPT FORMULATION
Authors: JAYNE GARY L.
Published: March 2009

Naval Engineering in the past has been directed primarily at solving problems inherent in a particular ship of prescribed principal characteristics. In the very beginning of the traditional ship development process, these characteristics are varied slightly but they become fixed fairly early in the preliminary design phase. The ship proper then establishes the boundaries for the practice of Naval Engineering. This procedure is no longer always used.

Now the Naval Engineer must be concerned with the ship's entire operating environment. He must investigate the total mission, consider operational factors, and integrate these into the ship development process to develop a total ship system. In this procedure, the ship is no longer treated as an entity but as a highly dependent subsystem in the design of a much broader sea‐based system.

This new approach is known as Concept Formulation. The Hydrographic Survey Ship System is being developed under this process during which surveying instrumentation, surveying vehicles, data processing and cartographic equipment, and the mother ship configuration are being treated jointly as system variables. Designers will be expected to provide the design which is optimum from the standpoint of the total system. This will require Naval Engineers to understand total system objectives and the effectiveness analyses which will determine the specifications of the entire system.

This paper discusses the procedures used in Concept Formulation and shows some of the tech‐niques used in solving the Naval Engineering problems that arise from the consideration of the ship and its interface with the operational environment.
ALUMINUM‐MAGNESIUM ALLOYS 5086 AND 5456‐H116
Authors: BROOKS CARSON L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Alloys 5086‐H116 and 5456‐H116 represent sheet and plate materials equivalent in all properties to 5086‐H32 and 5456‐H321, with an additional requirement of full compliance with Interim Federal Specifications QQ‐A‐00250/19 and QQ‐A‐00250/20 (Navy Ships) 12/31/68, respectively. Compliance With these specifications requires testing and control procedures which check that the sheet and plate as received by the customer is predominately free of continuous grain boundary networks which could be susceptible to exfoliation or severe intergranular corrosion in some applications. These tempers of these alloys are appropriate for boats, ship hulls, and structures associated with marine environments.

5086‐H116 is a preferred choice over 5456‐H116 because its lower magnesium content gives this alloy a lower potential for developing trouble in fabrication and use.
THE NAVAL SHIPYARD COMPLEX
Authors: DOLAN JOHN W.
Published: March 2009

The U. S. Naval Shipyards are a tremendous industrial capability, of irreplaceable value to the Fleet. Their specific capabilities have been tailored to meet the needs of a changing mix of ship types that make up the Fleet today, and the modernization program now underway is keyed to the needs of the Fleet of the future.

The workforce in the naval shipyards contains skills and expertise necessary to the maintenance of the complex weapons systems essential to a modern Navy. There are programs to keep the workforce current in an everchanging technology, and also to insure a constant input of trained personnel.

The continuation of the Naval Shipyard system, ready and capable to support the fleet, is as important an ingredient of National Defense as the continuation of the Fleet itself.
THE MISSION RELIABILITY OF SHIP PROPULSION
Authors: WOODWARD JOHN B.
Published: March 2009

THE APPLICATION OF RELIABILITY theory to ship propulsion machinery is briefly reviewed, and then the weaknesses of the conventional approach to this application are pointed out. These weaknesses are principally the lack of distinction between complete failures and partial failures, and the inability to show the significance to the value of machinery reliability found. It is then pointed out that the significant information is the probability that the ship complete its assigned mission, not the probability that the machinery operate without failure, and that these two probabilities are not the same. The weather is used as an example of another uncertain factor that bears on the probability of a successful mission. A simulation technique is then outlined for finding the probability of mission success, this probability being called the mission reliability. For purposes of discussion, success is simplied to mean completion of a voyage within a specified time. The simulation technique examines all factors that influence voyage time, and calculates this time for enough cases to build up a statistical picture. The result can be presented as a distribution of voyage times; the mission reliability can be read from the distribution, and the effect of changes, such as relaxing the specified voyage time, can also be seen. Partial and complete failures in the machinery plant are examined component by component, and their influence on voyage time is included in the analysis, but no propulsion plant reliability, as such, is found. Results of examples worked for both commercial and military ships are included to further explain the method.
ENGINEERING OPERATIONAL SEQUENCING SYSTEM
Authors: CALOGERO ROBERT , McMANUS DONALD
Published: March 2009

The many varied types of engineering plants extent in today's modern Navy requires an ever creasing range and depth of operational knowledge by engineering personnel at all levels of shipboard operations. The Engineering Operational Sequencing System (EOSS) provides each of these levels with the required information to enable the engineering plant to respond to any demands placed upon it which are within its design capability.

The Engineering Operational Sequencing System is a set of systematic and detailed written procedures utilizing charts, instructions and diagrams which provide the information required for the operation of a shipboard propulsion plant.

The purpose of this paper will be to define and discuss the EOSS; to describe the system background, current status and future implementation plans.
Description of Propulsion System for DDH‐280 Class Gas Turbine Destroyers
Authors: SACHS R. M.
Published: March 2009

Four helicopters carrying destroyers are being built for the Canadian Armed Forces incorporating an advanced all gas turbine COGOG propulsion system supplied by United Aircraft of Canada Limited. The propulsion system installation described herein comprises two shaft lines, each with a Pratt & Whitney Aircraft FT4A‐2 main engine and a Pratt & Whitney Aircraft FT12A‐3 cruise engine, a reduction gearbox, propeller shaft and bearings, and a push rod actuated controllable pitch propeller.

The associated ancillary systems, controls and monitoring instrumentation are described with comments on the underlying objectives and design philosophy.
FATIGUE‐CRACK GROWH IN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: GROSS M. R.
Published: March 2009

THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN the crack‐growth rate [d.(2a) /dN] versus stress‐intensity range [ΔK] relationship, and the conventional stress [S] versus number of cycles to failure [N] relationship are discussed. The results of published fatigue‐crack growth studies are analyzed in terms of broad spectrum fatigue life and limiting conditions. It is concluded that fatigue‐crack growth rate is not a simple power function of stress‐intensity‐factor range as some contend. Furthermore, the scope of fatigue‐crack growth studies must be greatly expanded to cover the majority of fatigue failures that occur in service.
SHIP PERFORMANCE OF THE PG 84 CLASS PATROL GUYBOAT
Authors: BERG DAVID J. , SPARKS GEORGE T.
Published: March 2009

The PG 84 Class patrol gunboat is the U. S. Navy's first ship class with a combined diesel engine or gas turbine (CODOG) propulsion plant. Centralized control is provided for the propulsion system from either the pilot house or machinery control station. Extensive performance trials have been conducted on USS Ready (PG 87) to determine the class performance. Results of standardization, tactical and maneuvering and fuel consumption trials are presented for both the programmed control of the propulsion system and independent control of propeller speed and pitch.
CIVIL WAR MONITOR TECUMSE RECOVERY PLANNED
Authors: WISCHHOEFER WILLIAM J. G.
Published: March 2009

The national armed forces Museum Advisory Board of the Smithsonian Institution is planning to recover and restore the Civil War Union Monitor TECUMSEH from the bottom of Mobile Bay. TECUMSEH was sunk in 1864 during a Union Naval Force attack on this, the last major Confederate seaport in the Gulf of Mexico. The Smithsonian Institution, with assistance from the U.S. Navy's Supervisor of Salvage Office, found the hull in 1967 in an inverted position, buried in mud. Analysis of metal and wood samples and artifacts removed in 1968 found the hull and its contents to be in remarkably good condition. The author, with volunteer a distance from various members of the Supervisor of Salvage Office and the Naval Ship Engineering Center, has developed a general recovery plan and has built models of TECUMSEH, the salvage site in Mobile Bay, and the salvage equipment to demonstrate the recovery plan.

On the morning of the 5th of August 1864, a Union Naval Force with the monitor TECUMSEH in the lead, attacked the Confederate forts protecting Mobile Bay, While under heavy fire from Fort Morgan on Mobile Point, TECUMSEH sighted the Confederate ram TENNESSEE attempting to intercept Admiral David G. Farragut's flagship, HARTFORD. TECUMSEH's Commanding Officer, Commander T. A. Craven, changed course to attack the Confederate ship, disregarding the known torpedo
UNDERWATER ARCTIC OIL TRANSPORT
Authors: GOLAY MARCEL J. E.
Published: March 2009

The oft discussed possibility of submarine oil cargo is given a new and poignant dimension by the large oil discoveries on the Alaskan North Slope and by the possibility of further discoveries in the northern Canadian islands.

This article discusses the essential technical characteristics of very large unfoldable oil‐carrying submarine barges, and their dramatic economic advantages.
THE ARAPAHO SYSTEM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE SHIP‐A VIATION CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: MULQUIN JAMES J.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the ARAPAHO System as a means of extending sea control assets during emergencies where a positive submarine /cruise missile threat to sea lanes has been identified, and where commissioned units (CVS, SCS, CV, etc.) are inadequate in number for the task.

Under the plan, selected ASW Helo Squadrons would be trained and equipped for duty aboard ships of opportunity, with prime candidate hulls being the larger, faster new container ships. Designated Squadrons, in addition to their standard aircraft and support gear, they would be assigned as many as 100 standard cargo containers especially modified for aviation support. These 8 × 8 × 20 ft. vans would provide aviation spares, maintenance, power, water, hotel accommodation, ASW stores, sensor systems, and even JP‐5 fuel.

Exercised regularly at sea, the Aviation Units would be prepared to mobilize rapidly, deploy aboard the most accessible container ship, maintain round‐the‐clock air cover, and upon conclusion of the crisis, return to their home stations. The Host Ship immediately would remove the embarked containers and resume normal commercial operation.
Environmentally Protection R & D Applied to Ships and Watercraft
Authors: LEHR WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2009

Continued public concern over environmental quality has led to new requirements for pollution free operation of ships and watercraft These requirements are founded upon various Public Laws and their implementing Regulations. New equipment and operating procedures are needed to meet these requirements. In particular, systems to prevent ship accidents and equipment to reduce pollutant discharges must be developed. This paper summarizes the legal requirements for shipboard pollution prevention and describes the current status of R&D to provide waste treatment devices for shipboard use. Vessel Traffic Systems, bilge/ballast water separators, sewage treatment device and ship exhaust emission R&D is emphasized.
Environmentally Compatible Antifouling Materials Organometallic Polymers
Authors: DYCKMAN E. J. , MONTEMARANO J. A. , FISCHER E. C.
Published: March 2009

Effective long term antifouling protection for Navy ships and submerged equipments may be realized by the mid 1970's. A novel concept in antifouling technology, Nonfouling Organometallic Polymers have been developed by the Authors at the Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Annapolis, Maryland. The synthesis of these antifouling resins is described herein. Insitu field exposure trials and laboratory studies indicate that organometallic polymers are capable of good antifouling performance while releasing organometallic ions at a rate at least one order of magnitude less than state‐of‐the‐art antifouling coating systems. It is anticipated that the organometallic polymeric antifouling system will improve the longevity of ships' hull coatings to five years, and reduce the pollution attributable to presently used high leaching antifouling coatings. Besides their use as coatings, organometallic polymeric resins have further Navy applications as fouling resistant structural plastics.
Marine Borer Resistance of Controlled‐ Composition Polymers in Tropic Waters
Authors: BULTMAN JOHN D. , LEONARD JOHN M.
Published: March 2009

Marine borer resistance of various experimental polymeric materials, otherwise suitable for marine electric cable insulation, was evaluated. Twenty‐five candidate formulations containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin were prepared. Four non‐PVC formulations containing chlorosulfonated polyethylene, ethylenepropylene rubber, chlorinated polethylene, and crosslinked polyethylene, respectively, were also prepared. One commercial plastic, cellulose acetatebutyrate, was included. These plastics were exposed in the Pacific Ocean at Naos Island, C.Z., and in the Caribbean at Coco Solo, C.Z., for periods of 6 months to 14 months. Part of each specimen was exposed directly to the water; the remainder was juxtaposed with Honduran mahogany, partly in the form of a sandwich. No marine boring organisms attacked the plastics directly from the water; all damage occurred at the wood/plastic interfaces. None of the formulations was completely immune to attack by teredos or pholads, although the non‐PVC polymers were much more resistant to both than the PVC formulations. The presence of inert fillers or toxicants or a change in plastic hardness in the PVC formulations had little effect on the amount of pholad damage. Teredo damage was not as extreme or extensive as pholad damage. The PVC formulations containing the inert, inorganic fillers were virtually undamaged by teredos; those containing toxicants were also relatively free of damage by these organisms. Creosote as a co‐plasticizer protected one of the PVC formulations against teredos. The hardness in PVC plastics was not an important variable. The cellulose acetate‐butyrate; was heavily damaged by both teredos and pholads.