bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAPPING CIRCULAR ECONOMY PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY OF A MAJOR COMPANY IN THE SPORTS & OUTDOOR INDUSTRY
Authors: Rohsig Lopez Nicole Sofia , Legardeur Jérémy , Faucheu Jenny
Published: June 2023

participants have an average annual carbon footprint of 844 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions. Thus, it is crucial to find solutions that reduce the sports industry's environmental impact. In this context, the circular economy emerges as a possible alternative. This paper analyses a sports production and retail company transitioning to the circular economy. First, we identified 154 internal circular projects concerning 89 product categories and classified them into different circular strategies and approaches. Then, we conducted interviews with 33 project representatives. Our results show that repair & maintenance is the most employed loop, but sharing economy and recycling also have an essential role. Each circularity loop presents specific challenges, but personal conviction is the common motivator. However, there is a need for greater allocation of resources such as time and budget. Additionally, strong governance is essential to structure these initiatives.
METHODICAL APPROACH TO CLUSTER CONFIGURATIONS OF PRODUCT VARIANTS OF COMPLEX PRODUCT PORTFOLIOS
Authors: Mehlstäubl Jan , Pfeiffer Christoph , Kraul Ralf , Braun Felix , Paetzold-Byhain Kristin
Published: June 2023

Companies are increasingly struggling to manage their complex product portfolios. Since they do not fully understand the complexity, intelligent solutions are required. Emerging technologies and tools offer new ways to deal with existing problems. With the help of clustering, similarities between product variants can be identified automatically, and complexity can be systematically reduced. This article aims to develop a methodological approach to identify correlations between product variants in complex product portfolios automatically by using clustering algorithms. The approach includes the systematic cleaning and transformation of product portfolio data. In addition, a guide for algorithm selection and evaluation of clustering results is presented. As the last step, the results are systematically analysed and visualised. To validate the methodical approach, it is applied to a real-world data set of a commercial vehicle manufacturer and the usefulness of the results is confirmed in an expert workshop.
METHODS OF CHANGE IMPACT ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Mordaschew Viktoria , Herrmann Jan-Phillip , Tackenberg Sven
Published: June 2023

During product development, the customer or internal stakeholders initiate changes concerning the components or functions of a cyber-physical system (CPS). The complexity of such a CPS causes difficulties in evaluating the effects of a component change. Accordingly, product developers need an assistance system to quantify the impact of a component change on hardware, software, system functions, and production processes. Therefore, this paper focuses on concepts to evaluate the effects of component, functional, and process changes and contributes to its clarification and further understanding of the importance and requirements for such an assistance system. The literature review assesses the identified methods regarding their objectives, application objects, level of automation, and relations characteristics. However, the literature review pointed out that the change prediction method from Clarkson et al. (2004) is well-established in the literature and able to quantify the impact of a change.
MODELING COMPLEXITY IN THE STRUCTURE OF DESIGN REGULATION
Authors: Robinson David Myles , Dong Andy
Published: June 2023

Government regulation shapes many aspects of the design of a product. This paper addresses the effect of the complexity of a regulation on product architecture through the structure of the regulation itself. The structure of a regulation derives from dependencies among requirements and parameters in the regulation that are ipso facto design elements. Since design elements such as requirements and parameters have no formal definition in regulation, it is difficult to identify them accurately and consistently. We apply two approaches to defining and coding requirements and parameters in the context of washing machine regulation. The two coding approaches generate networks of design elements that are analyzed to measure the complexity of the regulation and by extension the product. We find significant differences in the complexity of the regulation when coded in different ways and note deficiencies and strengths of each approach. These findings will support future research to measure the impact of regulatory complexity on product architecture.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATORY DRIVEN MEDICAL DEVICE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Mishra Soumya Ranjan , Behdinan Kamran
Published: June 2023

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a technique used in the design of systems involving the integration of many disciplines. The architecture and formulation of MDO has an impact on the solution time and optimality of final designs. The process of developing medical devices requires the combination of medical and technical knowledge and abilities. Developing a medical device is done by a complicated collection of Product Development Processes that entail tremendous oversight to ensure conformity to regulatory requirements. Regulatory standards often provide stern “Go / No-Go” policies which may discretize the design variables further increasing the complexity of the optimization problem. This work proposes a novel design approach which utilizes systems engineering practices to undertake complex multidisciplinary design optimization while implementing regulatory guidelines for medical devices. The formulated model is then applied and examined in a case study towards the development of a piezoelectric respiratory sensor. It is observed that the novel framework would extensively improve the design space definition and process driven product development practices.
MULTI-INTERNAL ACTORS DIAGNOSIS OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN AN INDUSTRIAL SME
Authors: Gentric Gabrielle , Cluzel François , Boccara Vincent , Boudaoud Hakim , Gonzalo Julien
Published: June 2023

In big companies, Circular Economy (CE) is being explored, nevertheless, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) struggle to follow because of particular barriers and a lack of practical guide. Here, we use Style & Design, a French industrial SME, as a case study to explore how SMEs can perform a successful CE integration. This article aims at proposing a multi-internal actor circularity diagnosis method. It focuses on building an inclusive and co-constructed therefore well-accepted and persistent integration of CE for SMEs, which is lacking today in the existing literature. This work relies on a mixed qualitative and quantitative data analysis applied on a corpus of 42 one-hour-long semi-structured interviews, with 37 different professions. We capture the view of the current and desired situation and identify CE barriers unique to each interviewed worker. We also connect with each worker and open the dialog for the rest of the CE deployment. The final goal is to assemble this worker-oriented diagnosis with quantitative diagnosis, like Life Cycle Analysis of the products and Material Flow Analysis of the factory, to diagnose a complete picture of an industrial SME circularity.
NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING IN REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING AND ITS CHALLENGES FOR REQUIREMENTS MODELLING IN THE ENGINEERING DESIGN DOMAIN
Authors: van Remmen Judith Sophie , Horber Dennis , Lungu Adriana , Chang Fan , van Putten Sebastiaan , Goetz Stefan , Wartzack Sandro
Published: June 2023

Requirements represent a central element in product development. The large number of requirements inevitably results in an increased susceptibility to errors, an expenditure of time and development costs. The associated problems motivate the application of Artificial Intelligence in the form of Natural Language Processing (NLP). In Requirements Engineering one main task is the classification of requirements which serves as the input in architectural models e.g. in SysML. In mechanical engineering there is still little overview regarding the interface between requirements classification and modelling. This paper provides an overview of the requirement classes and entities used in the literature and analyses their utilisation in modelling. Existing requirements classes usually do not offer the flexibility to be transferred to other domains. However, basic structures can be adopted from those classifications. This enables a clear assignment of existing classes to object classes in modelling. Resulting from the conducted literature study the observed predominant focus of research on the software industry requires an extension of the existing requirement classes and entities to enable further use and transfer to mechanical engineering.
A METHOD TO CAPTURE AND SHARE PRODUCTION REQUIREMENTS SUPPORTING A COLLABORATIVE PRODUCTION PREPARATION PROCESS
Authors: Areth Koroth Rohith , Elgh Fredrik , Lennartsson Martin , Raudberget Dag
Published: June 2023

The production preparation process (3P) enables collaboration between design and production engineers during product development but its efficiency is limited by the abundance of documentation of manufacturing constraints and capabilities. Empirical studies showed that use of production requirements can increase the efficiency of 3P, however, the support for production engineers to capture and share production requirements is scarce. A method to support production engineers in identifying, defining, structuring and sharing production requirements and collaborating with design engineers is presented. The method has three major parts - focus areas and requirement categories, a worksheet for production requirements capturing and prioritization, and a workflow for using the worksheet. The method was developed in collaboration with practitioners and contributes to the existing knowledge by providing production engineers with a structured way of working with production requirements. Evaluation of the method in the case company showed its usability when developing product variants and that additional work is needed to support the development of new product families and assembly lines.
OPTIMISATION OF A DESIGN-TO-FABRICATION FRAMEWORK FOR INDIVIDUALISED HOMELESS HOUSING DESIGN IN MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
Authors: Anam Nadia Haquillah Deviana , Tan Linus
Published: June 2023

Digital design tools and technologies offer new opportunities for designers to generate a diverse range of design solutions. Previous research have discussed the multifaceted use of such technologies for 1) rapid visualisations, 2) generating design options, and 3) predicting design solutions. However, such research have focused more on simplifying design for fabrication and less on the integration of individual needs in design processes. This research adopts a human-centric design approach to merge user-to-design and design-to-fabrication processes. Through a scoping review on homelessness, design, and fabrication, we contribute a user-design-fabrication framework devised for the specific and dynamic needs of homeless individuals living in Melbourne, Australia. Our findings suggests that to optimise digital design processes for individuals with specific and dynamic needs, designers need to understand, translate, and embed the social, design, and fabrication complexities of a design problem. Future research should therefore test the real-world application of our user-design-fabrication framework and evaluate the impact of such digital design processes, for the provision of more individualised homeless housing design solutions.
PILOT STUDY UNDERSTANDING STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF FAILURE IN PRODUCT DESIGN
Authors: Lauff Carlye Anne , Friesen Alexis , Menold Jessica
Published: June 2023

Failure is part of the design process, and yet there is limited knowledge around how product design students perceive failure in their work. This pilot study aims to understand how a small sample size of undergraduate product design students conceptualize success and failure during specific stages of their design projects. This study uses a two-step data collection and analysis process. First, we collected responses from students on topics related to success and failure in a survey. Second, interviews were conducted with a subset of the survey respondents where these emergent topics were discussed and refined. In analyzing the responses, the research team used the Double Diamond Design process framework to organize what factors students deemed a success or failure within each stage. In summary, our preliminary findings indicate that determining success or failure is driven by the connection to the problem statement regardless of the stage; that student designers refer to failure as a spectrum but then in their examples showcase a binary view on the topic; and that examples of failure are often the opposite of success, reinforcing the notion of binary success vs. failure during student design projects.
PROJECT-BASED LEARNING FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF INDUSTRY 4.0: APPLICATION TO AUTOMOTIVE ASSEMBLY SYSTEM
Authors: Al khatib Ahmad , Malhaire Jean-Marie , Dauvé Stéphane , Fougères Alain-Jérôme
Published: June 2023

Fourth industrial revolution called Industry 4.0 has radically transformed production systems in manufacturing companies by the integration of emerging technologies. However, manufacturers must overcome several barriers, such as the lack of qualified talent to develop and manage various high-technology systems. Assembly system design aims to define proper assembly line configurations with the optimal performances to overcome increased competitiveness in the market. Nowadays, assembly system design should consider industry 4.0 concepts integration beyond traditional aspects like system balancing and sequencing. In this paper, we introduce a project-based learning approach to teach engineering students assembly system design taking into account industry 4.0 dimension. This project is carried out in collaboration with an industrial partner to design and implement car doors assembly line. The project demonstrated students interest and prepared them better for industry 4.0 era.
PROJECT-BASED LEARNING IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION – DEVELOPING DIGITAL TWINS IN A CASE STUDY
Authors: Hagedorn Lisa , Riedelsheimer Theresa , Stark Rainer
Published: June 2023

The current engineering environment demands for an increasing level of interdisciplinarity, innovation, creativity and cross-domain thinking as well as the consideration of sustainability aspects. New concepts, such as Digital Twins and complex product systems lead to the need for integrated product development approaches and new methods that put the user perspective in focus. This also needs to be an integral part in today's teaching concepts of the next generation of engineers.

At the Department of Industrial Information Technology of the Technical University of Berlin, a case study was conducted by applying a concept of project-based learning in the engineering domain to address these challenges. In this paper, the case study as well as the method and its validation are presented. Students from different engineering disciplines had the task of developing virtual and physical prototypes for a sustainable, complex product system with a digital twin and respective sustainable business models. Within a structured survey, the teaching concept and the applied method were validated and lessons learned as well as further improvement measures are derived.
“WE ALWAYS THINK IT'S NEVER GOING TO HAPPEN TO US”: UNDERSTANDING WHAT MOTIVATES COMMUNITIES TO ENGAGE IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
Authors: Maher Tera , Toh Christine
Published: June 2023

Community-based disaster risk reduction is an effective approach for emergency management to address the needs of communities. This approach focuses on identifying the community-specific needs and context of emergency management in that area to develop technologies that help mitigate effects of disasters. The complex network of community, technology, and user motivation makes it challenging to understand how to encourage users to adopt preparation efforts, as opposed to reactive measures that have been shown to be less effective and can lead to inequitable results. To address this research gap, qualitative interviews were conducted with participants from one medium-sized midwestern city in the United States to understand how community members think about preparation and make decision about adopting preventative technologies. The results of the qualitative analysis reveal that there were 5 main themes that are important to consider when developing technologies for emergency preparedness; Importance of communication during emergencies, the role of technology in emergency management, unequal access to resources, reaction instead of preparation, and motivation to engage in community preparedness and response.
PROPOSAL OF CLUSTER ANALYSIS METHOD FOR PRODUCTS CONSIDERING EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION IN ENGINEERING DESIGN
Authors: Okamoto Masahiro , Murakami Tamotsu
Published: June 2023

It is important for organizations to balance exploration and exploitation in order to respond quickly and sustainably to the needs of society and users in a rapidly changing business environment. However, there is insufficient research on design methods to balance exploration and exploitation in product design, and a method to objectively identify the product groups to be balanced has not yet been established. In this paper, on the basis of the characteristics of exploration and exploitation in design, a cluster analysis using functional and attribute distances between products is proposed. To validate the proposed method, it was applied to past product cases in which the relationship between exploration and exploitation was known. The results showed that in the cases of cameras, in addition to known product groups forming large clusters, reasonable minor classifications that had not been identified were also obtained. This indicates that the proposed method is capable of analyzing reasonable clusters in the cases and is potentially effective in identifying product groups taking into consideration the relationship between exploration and exploitation.
PROTOTYPING FOR CHILDREN: UNDERSTANDING HOW FIDELITY AFFECTS CHILDREN'S COMPREHENSION OF PROTOTYPES
Authors: Codner Andria Carolynn , Lauff Carlye Anne
Published: June 2023

Testing prototypes with intended end users is critical to the design process. There is limited research on testing prototypes with certain types of end users, specifically children for toy products. Additionally, prototypes evolve in fidelity throughout a project, adding to the complexity in developing best practices for prototype testing. This paper analyzes children's understanding of physical prototypes at various levels of fidelity throughout a university semester-long design project developing wooden toys. Through analyzing students’ feedback on their prototype testing sessions, aspects of the prototypes that aid or inhibit children from understanding both form and function are uncovered. These aspects relate to Norman's principles of interaction and their inclusion in prototypes, specifically mental models, signifiers, and affordances. This paper suggests to include these principles in prototypes early in development to guide the user during testing. The goal of this research is to be a resource for those developing products for children, as well as adding knowledge around prototyping testing at various levels of fidelity.
REFRAMING HEARING AIDS – EXPLORING THE DESIGN SPACE OF ANALOGUE FASHIONABLE HEARING AIDS FOR USERS WITH MILD HEARING IMPAIRMENTS
Authors: Klöckner Hermann , Wiesner Martin
Published: June 2023

Contemporary digital in ear hearing aids are of significant importance for social participation of users with hearing impairments. Through the advancement of technology, extreme miniaturisation of these devices has been achieved. However, by no means all people who could benefit from a hearing aid actually use one. Cormack and Fortnum state that the majority (80%) of adults aged 55–74 years who would benefit from a hearing aid, do not use them. This is in line with Arnold and Makenzie who estimate a gap of a factor of 5 between people who would benefit from the use of a hearing aid than actually do acquire and use one. Even according to the statistics from the Federal Guild of Hearing Aid Acousticians in Germany, only 3.7 million use a hearing aid out of 5.4 million who have an induced hearing loss. This article explores the design space of fashionable analogue contemporary hearing aids.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR SENSOR NETWORKS AND THEIR DATA ACQUISITION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Meyer zu Westerhausen Sören , Schneider Jannik , Lachmayer Roland
Published: June 2023

The use of sensor networks (SNs) on the surface or the inside of large-scale components allows the continuous acquisition of data on the applied loads and their structural integrity. A lot of publications on SN's system reliability deal with this topic from a hardware- or a data- and energy-oriented viewpoint. To give an overview on the state of the art in the field of reliability-oriented concept-optimization of SNs, a Systematic Literature Review is conducted. The found literature is used to investigate how different models combine the different viewpoints to analyse the system reliability. By analysing the results regarding the used reliability indicators and methods to assess the system reliability from the different viewpoints, it can be observed that most publications deal with the accuracy, loss and delay of data as well as the energy consumption in SNs. Few publications use common modelling methods like reliability block diagrams or Markov chains with a focus on the hardware reliability. Furthermore, none of the found publications combines the data, hardware and energy perspective and uses them to optimize a SN regarding its reliability from all three viewpoints.
RE-THINKING DESIGN REPRESENTATIONS IN DESIGN EDUCATION: AN INTERVIEW STUDY WITH PROFESSIONAL DESIGNERS
Authors: Eriksson Siw , Wallgren Pontus , Karlsson MariAnne
Published: June 2023

Design representations are important tools for designers in the design process. To help designers choose the appropriate representation, taxonomies have been proposed based on type, degree of fidelity, and when to use them. However, Design representations may also play an important role in designers' communication with users and enabling users as co-designers. Therefore, new taxonomies, focusing on design representations’ potential mediating roles in collaborative design processes with users, have been developed. The purpose of this interview study, with twelve designers within Swedish industry, was thus to investigate how designers use design representations in communication with users in the design process. The study indicates that the designers mainly interacted with users in order for them to answer specific design questions or to evaluate design solutions. If design representations’ value for facilitating communication and collaboration with users should be emphasized, we need to shift from teaching mainly taxonomies related to fidelity levels or when to use them in the design process, and rather educate future designers about design representations inherent potential to mediate and enhance the dialogue with users.
RETROSPECTIVE CODING OF THE UX DESIGN PROCESS FOR UX DESIGN ENHANCEMENT IN DESIGN AGENCIES
Authors: Dabouis Benoît , Boccara Vincent , Yannou Bernard
Published: June 2023

User Experience is becoming an increasing centre of interest both in the academic and industrial worlds. Design agencies are no strangers to this phenomenon and are willing to shift from product-oriented design toward user experience design. However, their design process is often loose which may explain a lack of final UX quality or proof of quality, and does not allow to diagnose misuses and improvement opportunities due to a lack of UX formulation and traceability. We propose in this paper to retrospectively represent a design project and its specified, designed and validated UX, in the perspective to conduct a posterior collective diagnosis of UX design in a design agency. The proposed representation model is used to analyse one design project. Results show that only a few UX traces are found in the presented project, and that many dimensions are not considered (like perceptions or affects). Finally, we discuss the next steps of this tool's deployment to create a shared mental model of the design process among the design players.
SHAPE GENERATION SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZING AESTHETIC INTEREST ASSOCIATED WITH NOVELTY AND COMPLEXITY
Authors: Honda Shimon , Yanagisawa Hideyoshi
Published: June 2023

Design aesthetics are one of the most important factors affecting the attractiveness of industrial products. Psychological theory suggests that a moderate level of novelty and complexity yields pleasant feelings in users. A design that is initially surprising to consumers and acceptable over time requires aesthetic interest associated with its novelty and complexity. In this study, we formulated the perceived novelty and complexity of a closed contour shape. Based on this formulation, we developed “Hybrid-GAN,” which is a shape-generation system capable of generating a variety of shapes of arbitrary novelty and complexity. In a series of experiment, we obtained subjective evaluations of novelty and complexity, as well as beauty and interest, for the generated shape samples. The results indicated that our novelty and complexity formulations had significant positive correlations with subjective evaluations. The sum of the formulated novelty and complexity also had a significant positive correlation with interest. The results of this study are expected to be used to support the design of attractive shapes by providing feedback to designers regarding the degrees of novelty and complexity that users find most pleasant.
SUPPORTING STUDENT LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS WITH AUGMENTED REALITY EXPERIENCE
Authors: Hallmann Jona , Stechert Carsten , Ahmed Syed Imad-Uddin
Published: June 2023

The large availability of powerful mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablets, enables the location-independent use of augmented reality (AR) technology for various application areas with considerable added value. For example, AR experiences can be used to support students in laboratory courses during experiment preparation and execution to ensure a safe process and significantly improve the learning success. In addition, digital learning success controls can be realized with the extension of a database connection. In this paper, an AR-experience for the experiment of standing transverse and longitudinal waves is developed for the laboratory course of experimental physics. Finally, the effectiveness is tested with an evaluation by the students.
SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN A VUCA-WORLD: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY TO DEVELOP A PROCESS ORIENTATED METHOD OF RISK AND TECHNICAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Authors: Lechner Jennifer , Schlüter Nadine
Published: June 2023

Revolutionary changes of a VUCA-world are effecting more and more industries. Focusing the automotive industry, this is caused by several new trends in technology or market. This situation is requiring high flexibility and is questioning for sustainability as well as resilience in system development projects. This publication represents results out of a survey, part of a wider research. The objective is the development of a process orientated method for risk and technical change management. The survey is conducted by participants of transdisciplinary system development in automotive industry. Topics questioned are VUCA, complexity, (re-)action, quality and module interfaces of Generic Systems Engineering. The results demonstrate the participants’ experience and demands for sustainable and resilient system development projects. In conclusion, this report provides information on the considering elements to develop a process orientated method for risk and technical change management in automotive industry.
A NEW DESIGN METHOD FOR GENERATING SURROGATE KINEMATIC TRUSS ORTHOSES TO SUPPORT PATHOLOGICAL GAIT PATTERNS IN HUMAN MODEL SIMULATIONS
Authors: Steck Patrick , Scherb David , Mayer Johannes , Jäger Michael , Miehling Jörg , Völkl Harald , Wartzack Sandro
Published: June 2023

With increasing life expectancy, the risk of diseases of the central nervous system, such as cancer, strokes, etc., also increases. Strokes often result in injury to the sciatic nerve, which is responsible for controlling the calf muscles (plantar and dorsal flexors). A so-called ankle joint orthosis (AFO) helps to support the pathological gait and to avoid foot drop during gait. Passive orthoses are of particular importance for research, as they do not require additional incoming energy from outside to the orthotic system. However, current passive orthoses are often not personalized. On the one hand, because they usually have only a temporary muscle-building function and, on the other hand, because the individual design process is computationally time consuming and thus expensive. This paper presents a possibility to pre-dimension and pre-design passive orthoses fast and cost-efficiently by reducing the complexity of the model based on volume-optimized truss elements. Therefor a traditional high calculation intensive design procedure is compared with the complexity reduced model to show its effectiviness and the similarity of the results.
A NEW METHOD FOR PASSIVE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS DESIGN – INTEGRATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL AND FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION
Authors: Scherb David , Steck Patrick , Völkl Harald , Wartzack Sandro , Miehling Jörg
Published: June 2023

Motor disorders are diseases affecting the muscle function of the human body. A frequently occurring motor disorder affects the lower leg muscles resulting in a pathological gait called foot drop. Patients have a higher risk of stumbling and falling. The most common treatment is the use of a passive ankle-foot-orthosis (AFO). However, the compensation of foot drop is only limited due to the non possible support of all rotational directions of the ankle joint. Therefore, a newly developed concept for a passive AFO is currently in work. To ensure a best possible treatment of the patient, the provided support by the AFO and required support by the patient have to be in accordance. Thus, in this contribution a method is presented that integrates model order reduced finite element analysis for computing the provided support of the AFO and musculoskeletal human models for representing the patients' gait behaviour. With the method, the design of the force generating structures of the AFO can be realized regarding the patients' requirements. The presented method is further evaluated with a specific use case. The main focus lies here in the principal functionality of the method and the provision of valid results.
THE INFLUENCE OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HEURISTIC DECISIONS AND COGNITIVE BIASES IN ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND JUNIOR ENGINEERS: CASE STUDIES FROM GERMANY AND THAILAND
Authors: Tanaiutchawoot Narucha
Published: June 2023

Understanding heuristics and cognitive biases might lessen their impact since they can cause decision errors. From the responses to the survey for case studies, this study aims to investigate the fundamental understanding of heuristics and cognitive biases in engineering students and junior engineers from Germany and Thailand. The results indicated that the majority of participants knew very little about them. In a brief lecture, only few students from Germany knew about them. They had less of an impact on students who already knew them than on those who did not. However, engineers were unaware of them and are able to limit their effects. That implies that they can manage cognitive biases' effects without being aware of them. Therefore, experience is another crucial element in lessening the impact of biases. The behavior can also impact how much cognitive biases influence decision-making. Culture and environment affect the way of thinking. Although the finding suggests that knowledge is not the primary element in decreasing the impact of heuristics and cognitive biases, it is still vital to explain and further study the level of knowledge and the effectiveness of knowledge transfer to determine how they may have an impact.
TOWARD A FRAMEWORK FOR SUSTAINABLE EXPERIENCE DESIGN EDUCATION AND AN ILLUSTRATIVE CASE OF A SERVICE DESIGN THINKING COURSE
Authors: Kim Yong Se , Kamal Rida
Published: June 2023

In sustainable experience design education, experience activities of consumers and users, design activities of student designers, and education activities of instructors should be addressed. It would be meaningful to compare various sustainable experience design education efforts considering regional and cultural context. This paper describes a framework where experience, design and education activities are systematically represented with diverse contexts also represented in a structured manner. Student design projects in a service design thinking course are illustrated where sustainability is gently introduced.
TOWARDS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL REFERENCES ON CONSUMER AESTHETIC PERCEPTION
Authors: Asuzu Chukwuma M , Olechowski Alison
Published: June 2023

When viewing a product for the first time, a consumer's aesthetic perception is based on their knowledge of other products, artefacts, and concepts. These mental images function as visual references for consumers and affect the processing fluency of the new product. Designers frequently use visual references as inspiration during the research stage of the design process. It has been documented, however, that there is a gap between designer intent and consumer response; Consumers do not always realize the intent of designers nor draw on the same visual references when perceiving a product, which can reduce their processing fluency of new products. Visual references differ from one consumer to the other which make them difficult to study. In this paper, we argue for a new way of studying visual references: by analyzing the cognitive process that occurs when consumers view a new product and recognize aspects of that product that are similar to visual references in their memory. We present a framework of three approaches for recognizing this similarity and implications for design practice.
TOWARDS A CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT INTEGRATION TO FEATURE MODELS IN MODEL-BASED PRODUCT LINE ENGINEERING
Authors: Lameh José , Dubray Alexandra , Jankovic Marija
Published: June 2023

In parallel with the industry 4.0 revolution, customers’ demand and number of product requirements are increasing, inducing increased product variability. System complexity is growing with the new technologies and system architectures. Hence, maintaining a system consistent and in the desired state becomes crucial. This paper tackles two problems: a product's variability and its temporal evolution. Regarding variability, Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) methods and Product Line Engineering (PLE) techniques become essential to configuring products by selecting and arranging features in a combination. In parallel, versioning and temporal evolution are managed with the configuration management (CM) principles. A versioned feature model (FM) is proposed. In PLE methodology, the first step is to model variability through traditional FM. This research presents an extension of the FM by integrating CM into it. The versioned FM includes not only features’ variants but also their versions, making it evolve in time. This work is presented as a base for a work that will study the application of CM for PLE. This study is done in an automotive industry context at Renault Group, and the model proposed is applied to Renault's systems.
A NOVEL MODEL FOR THE MATERIAL SELECTION OF SMART OBJECTS FOR HAND-REHABILITATION: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Bos Mikaël Ivar , Karahanoğlu Armağan , Haarman Juliet , Nizamis Kostas
Published: June 2023

Home hand rehabilitation for stroke is becoming increasingly important due to logistic and financial challenges. Developing Daily-life Integrated Hand-rehabilitation Products (DIHP) aims to enable the application of at-home rehabilitation. The materials of these products are essential for their success, however, selecting materials for DIHP has not been investigated yet. Previous research on material selection showed that it is done strictly on material properties or based on a human-centered approach. Hence, in this study, we propose a hybrid model for choosing materials for DIHP. To achieve this, we first combined the findings of previous material selection processes into a comprehensive material selection model. We applied this model in a case study, in which we first selected three materials based on their properties. Following, we 3d printed a DIHP out of the chosen materials and tested the feeling of the materials with multiple expert groups. Our findings suggest that the proposed material selection method is promising and highlights that our comprehensive model provides more insights when compared to a strict material property-based selection.
UNCERTAINTY MANAGEMENT IN CIRCULAR BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION – THE CASE OF CIRCULAR PLASTICS
Authors: Stingl Verena , Fuglsig Linea Vibe , Hoveling Cecilie
Published: June 2023

The transition towards circular economy means a radical systemic shift that requires re-design and innovation of business models. However, this radical systemic shift also creates high levels of uncertainty, which pose challenges to the circular business model innovation (CBMI) process. Using the transition towards circular plastics as a case context, this study aims to conceptualize different forms of uncertainty affecting CBMI, and to link them with approaches for managing these uncertainties. Based on interviews with incumbent manufacturing firms that have transitioned to circular plastics, or are in the process of doing so, we identified three domains of uncertainty: goal uncertainty, development uncertainty, and outcome uncertainty. We discuss the nature and sources of these uncertainties, and present different approaches chosen by manufacturers to manage these uncertainties in the context of their business. Our findings highlight the complex nature of uncertainty, and the importance of a nuanced consideration of uncertainty as a factor in the CBMI process. Moreover, our mapping of core uncertainties for CBMI and approaches to manage these uncertainties can guide practitioners in the innovation process.
A PATTERN LANGUAGE APPROACH TO IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IN THE CONTEXT OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Sonntag Sebastian , Luttmer Janosch , Pluhnau Robin , Nagarajah Arun
Published: June 2023

The product development process faces several challenges, such as an increasing and differentiated number of customer requirements, increasing product complexity, and shortened time-to-market. To address these challenges, the implementation of automation approaches in form of machine learning (ML) algorithms appears promising. However, companies lack the implementation of these approaches in their processes, inter alia due to inadequate knowledge and experience in this field. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to develop a structured formulized way of characterising ML algorithms, which can support non-experts in identifying the optimal algorithm to solve a given problem. First, existing approaches covering the determination of appropriate ML algorithms for a given task are examined. Based on this, a pattern language approach is introduced to characterise ML algorithms and problems, allowing matching to be performed to identify the most suitable one for a given task. Due to their broad application, the concept is demonstrated by creating patterns for decision trees and artificial neural networks. A study is conducted to prove that the proposed concept is appropriate to support the ML algorithm selection.
UNDERSTANDING UPCYCLING AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS THROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW FOR DESIGN EDUCATION
Authors: Sung Kyungeun
Published: June 2023

Design and engineering are fundamental activities in shaping the world we live in. Educating new generations in design and engineering, therefore, is crucial to build a better and more sustainable world. The changes in education for the transition from a linear economy to a circular economy, in particular, has become a priority for many educators. Aligned with the circular economy, a promising umbrella concept and practice called 'upcycling' is emerging. The concepts and practices in the circular economy and upcycling overlap depending on the definitions of the terms in various disciplines and sectors in different parts of the world. This has caused some confusion and misunderstanding. For educators aiming to teach students about sustainable design, production and consumption, it is beneficial to distinguish between these two concepts. Understanding the relationships (or interrelationships) between them in theory and practice is important for the educators to offer clear guidance and recommendations to future designers and engineers. This paper provides literature review on upcycling and circular economy, compares these two concepts, and visualises their interrelationship as draft teaching materials for design education.
USE CASES FOR A HYBRID AUGMENTED REALITY COMPUTER WORKSTATION IN CAD WORKFLOWS
Authors: Harlan Jakob , Goetz Stefan , Wartzack Sandro
Published: June 2023

Many immersive approaches for design activities show a great potential for their specific use cases, but still overall usage of extended reality technology in product developers day-to-day work is little. The user's workflow between classical desktop work environment and its immersive counterpart is interrupted by both a data gap and an interface gap. The three-dimensional product data usually needs preparation and the user has to physically change the interface in use. The hybrid augmented reality computer workstation aims to close these gaps. A hologram of the current model is visualized next to the screen in reach of the user for intuitive inspection and spatial interactions. In this paper we present use cases for this novel immersive workstation in the CAD workflow. An explorative user study of the typical product designer`s workflow reveals the most common activities. Guided by those, eight uses cases are formulated and classified into fundamental, drafting, and modelling CAD tasks. These cases include novel hybrid augmented reality interactions derived from literature, which are assessed with respect to their applicability.
USING LIKELIHOOD RATIO TABLE AND NAÏVE BAYES CLASSIFIER METHOD TO HOLISTICALLY ASSESS CODESIGN PROGRAMMES AND METHODS
Authors: Siew William , Silva Arlindo , Rai Bina
Published: June 2023

The concept of inclusivity involved an understanding of people, programmes and places, embedded with complex issues. 21 student designers took part in a first-of-its-kind five-day codesign programme to develop solutions for inclusive and engaged communities with residents. This quasi-experimental study aimed to develop a value-based approach using likelihood ratio table and a Naïve Bayes classifier method to assess the success of a codesign programme, in comparison to past programmes with different design challenges. Methodology proposed a systematic investigation to evaluate this programme holistically. Students discussed with stakeholders to uncover the complexities of human and environmental factors in design at early stage of ideation, and semi-structured participants’ observation tasks were considered instead of researcher's observations in the method of assessment. Selected teams were introduced to two new design methods to empathise better with seniors, i.e., Care Circle and See and Shoot. Findings revealed that these teams showed greater levels of critical inquiry when overcoming three key challenges, i.e., (1) identifying key personas, (2) examining potential use environment, and (3) access to market.
VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN A CIRCULAR ECONOMY: PACKAGING CHALLENGES AND DESIGN OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Broucke Juliette , Noeth Esther , Du Bois Els
Published: June 2023

Packaging of potatoes, vegetables and fruits (PVF) currently deals with the fragile opposition of food waste reduction and packaging resource consumption. In order to understand how designers can rethink this always negative balance and outcome of waste creation, research was done to understand packaging and preservation of PVFs from both a technological and consumer perspective. A mixed research approach was applied, including literature study, expert interviews, packaging analyses, consumer survey and photo study. In sum, we concluded that the main function of packaging is preservation, including both protection from outside influences and conservation in best possible conditions. Optimal preservation should consider each PVF's respiration and transpiration needs, and ethylene sensitivity. Consumers are mostly not aware of correct preservation methods. However, on the other hand, their awareness evokes an important tendency to ban plastics without considering their positive impact on food preservation. In the paper, design opportunities are formulated for new reusable packaging, reducing waste creation and offering higher quality in food preservation and consumer experience.
VIBRATION REDUCTION OF A HAMMER DRILL WITH A TOP-DOWN DESIGN METHOD
Authors: Le Philip , Xu Duo , Vazhapilli Sureshbabu Anand , Zimmermann Markus
Published: June 2023

Designing vibrating systems is challenging due to component interaction. One approach to reduce the resulting complexity is top-down design where requirements on components are formulated such that the overall system achieves the design goal. Previous work showed how to derive quantitative and solution-neutral requirements on components of a vibrating system, expressed as permissible ranges of impedance. This work adapts the methodology to a practical use case and provides a concrete technical solution: A hammer drill that can cause white finger syndromes to users is equipped with an appropriate vibration absorber. The hammer drill is represented by a lumped mass model and validated using experimental data of a reference design. Solution-neutral and quantitative component requirements on the overall dynamics of the vibration absorber expressed by impedance are derived. They provide a clear target for the component design. A vibration absorber in form of a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) is designed accordingly. The final design is validated experimentally and shown to reduce the vibration by 47%.
WHAT DETERMINES VR INTEGRATION IN DESIGN PRACTICE? AN INVESTIGATION OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGNER'S ACCEPTANCE OF VR VISUALISATION TOOLS
Authors: Zhang Wendy , Ranscombe Charlie , Piumsomboon Thammathip , Mallya Prabha
Published: June 2023

Emerging visualisation tools based on eXtended Reality (XR) platforms offer designers new possibilities and benefits, attracting increasing interest from academia and industry. However, as the users and consumers of these tools, practising designers' perceptions of XR visualisation tools need to be further verified as they shape the tools' acceptance and integration in the industry. This paper investigates industrial designers' acceptance of VR visualisation tools using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 12 designers from 3 countries to discuss their attitudes, motivations, experiences, and expectations regarding adopting VR visualisation tools as professional tools. The study highlights key opportunities to promote VR integration in industrial design as the tools' practical capabilities to support design performance and the social influence of stakeholders and peer designers on the professional use of VR. The main barriers lie in designers' expected effort to learn and use the tools and the investment and upkeep of VR systems and facilities in the industry. The paper concludes with recommendations for reaping benefits and overcoming barriers.