bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aleksandr Drevin, Nadezhda Udal'tsova: An Exhibition That Never Was
Authors: Sokolov Kirill
Published: October 2002

This juxtaposition of autobiographical statements written in 1933 by Aleksandr Drevin and Nadezhda Udal'tsova, together with an introduction to their artistic careers and a select chronology designed to place them in the context of their times, is intended to show how early twentieth-century Russian art evolved in parallel to Western thought and artistic practice, taking into account contemporary developments in non-Euclidean geometry, physics, mathematics, the laws of perspective and the awareness of the impossibility of “realistically” representing spatial forms on a flat surface, which, at the time, were exercising many minds. The artists, though from very different backgrounds, were closely involved with one another, as husband and wife and as close colleagues in art. Their artistic course is traced through and beyond the experimental 1910s and 1920s.
Simulated Aesthetics and Evolving Artworks: A Coevolutionary Approach
Authors: Greenfield Gary R.
Published: October 2002

The application of artificial-life principles for artistic use has its origins in the early works of Sommerer and Mignonneau, Sims and Latham. Most of these works are based on simulated evolution and the determination of fitness according to aesthetics. Of particular interest is the use of evolving expressions, which were first introduced by Sims. The author documents refinements to the method of evolving expressions by Rooke, Ibrahim, Musgrave, Unemi, himself and others. He then considers the challenge of creating autonomously evolved artworks on the basis of simulated aesthetics. The author surveys what little is known about the topic of simulated aesthetics and proceeds to describe his new coevolutionary approach modeled after the interaction of hosts and parasites.
Life Drawing and 3D Figure Modeling with MAYA: Developing Alternatives to Photo-Realistic Modeling
Authors: Garvey Gregory P.
Published: October 2002

This paper discusses the organization and motivation for a workshop devoted to the experimental use of 3D computer graphics to model the human figure. The workshop introduced a simple technique for modeling a leg by lofting a series of circles into the appropriate shape using sketches drawn from life. This approach links the expressive world of drawing to the impersonal mechanical tasks of computer modeling. The workshop also served as an introduction to 3D modeling and the MAYA 3D Computer Graphics Software Graphical User Interface. The drawing exercises of Kimon Nicolaïdes are discussed and provide inspiration to explore alternatives to photo-realistic modeling that reflect the artistic legacy of early modernist experiments such as cubism and futurism.
Composing an Interactive Virtual Opera: The Virtualis Project
Authors: Bonardi Alain , Rousseaux Francis
Published: October 2002

Designing the computer-based interactive opera Virtualis has led the authors to develop new tools for working with music, especially in three-dimensional spaces designed for representing and manipulating it, as well as an interaction model based on physical forces rather than on the user's intentions. Although opera and computing are two dissimilar interactive situations, the software environment presented in this article is intended (1) to combine them through the generalization of certain operatic functional relationships and (2) to offset the relative absence of the spectator from the classical performance of drama.
CAD and Creativity: Does the Computer Really Help?
Authors: Lawson Bryan
Published: October 2002

We are frequently told by its exponents that computer-aided design (CAD) liberates designers and gives them new ways of envisioning their work, but is this really true? CAD in architecture is examined to see to what extent it has enhanced creativity in design. This is partly done by applying a test of creativity advanced by contemporary architect Herman Hertzberger. In this analysis, CAD is found somewhat wanting, and some suggestions are made as to why this might be so.
What Does a Very Large-Scale Conversation Look Like? Artificial Dialectics and the Graphical Summarization of Large Volumes of E-Mail
Authors: Sack Warren
Published: October 2002

E-mail-based conversations between thousands of people-very large-scale conversations (VLSCs)-now take place in a variety of on-line public spaces such as Usenet newsgroups and large listservs. This article describes the author's prototype Conversation Map system, which can automatically analyze and graphically summarize thousands of e-mail messages exchanged in VLSCs. Example conversation maps of nine VLSCs are presented. Finally, the sociolinguistic analysis performed by the Conversation Map is discussed as a form of artificial dialectics, and the graphical summaries produced by the system are considered as potential common ground between participants in a VLSC.
Contributions of Subregions of the Prefrontal Cortex to Working Memory: Evidence from Brain Lesions in Humans
Authors: Müller Notger G. , Machado Liana , Knight Robert T.
Published: October 2002

We investigated working memory in patients with focal brain damage involving subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Lesions in the dorsal portion of lateral PFC or the ventromedial portion of orbital PFC did not impair performance in tasks that required maintenance and monitoring of object or spatial information. Larger lesions involving both ventral and dorsal parts of the lateral PFC impaired maintenance and monitoring of spatial and object information, with more severe deficits observed in the spatial tasks. The results support a distributed localization of function in lateral PFC during working memory.
Is the Human Amygdala Critical for the Subjective Experience of Emotion? Evidence of Intact Dispositional Affect in Patients with Amygdala Lesions
Authors: Anderson Adam K. , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2002

It is thought that the human amygdala is a critical component of the neural substrates of emotional experience, involved particularly in the generation of fear, anxiety, and general negative affectivity. Although many neuroimaging studies demonstrate findings consistent this notion, little evidence of altered emotional experience following amygdala damage has been gathered in humans. In a preliminary test of the amygdala's role in phenomenal affective states, we assessed the extent of experienced positive and negative affective states in patients with amygdala damage and age-, sex-, and education-matched controls. To assess chronic changes in experienced affect, all groups were administered the Positive and Negative Affect Schedules (PANAS, Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). In the first study, we examined the effects of amygdala lesions on affective traits in 10 left and 10 right amygdala-damaged patients, 1 patient with bilateral amygdala damage (SP), and 20 control subjects. Subjects were asked to indicate the typicality of different experiential states of positive (e.g., inspired, excited) and negative (e.g., afraid, nervous) valence. In a second study, we examined more closely the effects of bilateral amygdala damage on the day-to-day generation of affective states by administering the PANAS daily for a 30-day period to patient SP and age-, sex-, and education-matched controls. In both experiments, no differences in the magnitude and frequency of self-reported positive or negative affect were found between control subjects and patients with amygdala damage. Moreover, principal components analyses of the covariation among different affects (across individuals in Study 1 and within individuals across days in Study 2) confirmed a two-factor (positive vs. negative) description of experienced affect in controls. A highly similar two-factor description of experienced affect was found in patients with amygdala lesions. This suggests that the underlying structure of affective states was intact following amygdala damage. It is concluded that the human amygdala may be recruited during phenomenal affective states in the intact brain, but is not necessary for the production of these states.
The Influence of Working-Memory Demand and Subject Performance on Prefrontal Cortical Activity
Authors: Rypma Bart , Berger Jeffrey S. , D'Esposito Mark
Published: October 2002

Brain imaging and behavioral studies of working memory (WM) converge to suggest that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a capacity-limited storage buffer and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates memory organization processes that support supracapacity memory storage. Previous research from our laboratory has shown that the extent to which such memory organization processes are required depends on both task factors (i.e., memory load) and subject factors (i.e., response speed). Task factors exert their effects mainly during WM encoding while subject factors exert their effects mainly during WM retrieval. In this study, we sought to test the generalizability of these phenomena under more difficult memory-demand conditions than have been used previously. During scanning, subjects performed a WM task in which they were required to maintain between 1 and 8 letters over a brief delay. Neural activity was measured during encoding, maintenance, and retrieval task periods using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. With increasing memory load, there were reaction time increases and accuracy rate decreases, ventrolateral PFC activation decreases during encoding, and dorsolateral PFC activation increases during maintenance and retrieval. These results suggest that the ventrolateral PFC mediates WM storage and that the dorso-lateral PFC mediates strategic memory organization processes that facilitate supracapacity WM storage. Additionally, high-performing subjects showed overall less activation than low-performing subjects, but activation increases with increasing memory load in the lateral PFC during maintenance and retrieval. Low-performing subjects showed overall more activation than high-performing subjects, but minimal activation increases in the dorsolateral PFC with increasing memory load. These results suggest that individual differences in both neural efficiency and cognitive strategy underlie individual differences in the quality of subjects' WM performance.
Multiple Movement Representations in the Human Brain: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Authors: Toni Ivan , Shah Nadim J. , Fink Gereon R. , Thoenissen Daniel , Passingham Richard E. , Zilles Karl
Published: October 2002

Neurovascular correlates of response preparation have been investigated in human neuroimaging studies. However, conventional neuroimaging cannot distinguish, within the same trial, between areas involved in response selection and/ or response execution and areas specifically involved in response preparation. The specific contribution of parietal and frontal areas to motor preparation has been explored in electrophysiological studies in monkey. However, the associative nature of sensorimotor tasks calls for the additional contributions of other cortical regions. In this article, we have investigated the functional anatomy of movement representations in the context of an associative visuomotor task with instructed delays. Neural correlates of movement representations have been assessed by isolating preparatory activity that is independent from the performance of an actual motor act, or from the presence of a response's target. Movement instruction (specified by visual cues) and motor performance (specified by an auditory cue) were separated by a variable delay period. We have used whole-brain event-related fMRI to measure human brain activity during the performance of such a task. We have focused our analysis on specific preparatory activity, defined as a sustained response over variable delay periods between a transient visual instruction cue and a brief motor response, temporally independent from the transient events. Behavioral and electrophysiological controls ensured that preparatory activity was not contaminated by overt motor responses or working memory processes. We report suggestive evidence for multiple movement representations in the human brain. Specific sustained activity in preparation for an action was found not only in parieto-frontal regions but also in extrastriate areas and in the posterior portion of the superior temporal sulcus. We suggest that goal-directed preparatory activity relies on both visuo-motor and visuoperceptual areas. These findings point to a functional anatomical basis for the integration of perceptual and executive processes.
Dynamic Approximation of Spatiotemporal Receptive Fields in Nonlinear Neural Field Models
Authors: Wennekers Thomas
Published: October 2002

This article presents an approximation method to reduce the spatiotemporal behavior of localized activation peaks (also called “bumps”) in nonlinear neural field equations to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for only the amplitudes and tuning widths of these peaks. This enables a simplified analysis of steady-state receptive fields and their stability, as well as spatiotemporal point spread functions and dynamic tuning properties. A lowest-order approximation for peak amplitudes alone shows that much of the well-studied behavior of small neural systems (e.g., the Wilson-Cowan oscillator) should carry over to localized solutions in neural fields. Full spatiotemporal response profiles can further be reconstructed from this low-dimensional approximation. The method is applied to two standard neural field models: a one-layer model with difference-of-gaussians connectivity kernel and a two-layer excitatory-inhibitory network. Similar models have been previously employed in numerical studies addressing orientation tuning of cortical simple cells. Explicit formulas for tuning properties, instabilities, and oscillation frequencies are given, and exemplary spatiotemporal response functions, reconstructed from the low-dimensional approximation, are compared with full network simulations.
Robust Blind Source Separation by Beta Divergence
Authors: Mihoko Minami , Eguchi Shinto
Published: October 2002

Blind source separation is aimed at recovering original independent signals when their linear mixtures are observed. Various methods for estimating a recovering matrix have been proposed and applied to data in many fields, such as biological signal processing, communication engineering, and financial market data analysis. One problem these methods have is that they are often too sensitive to outliers, and the existence of a few outliers might change the estimate drastically. In this article, we propose a robust method of blind source separation based on theβ divergence. Shift parameters are explicitly included in our model instead of the conventional way which assumes that original signals have zero mean. The estimator gives smaller weights to possible outliers so that their influence on the estimate is weakened. Simulation results show that the proposed estimator significantly improves the performance over the existing methods when outliers exist; it keeps equal performance otherwise.
Bayesian A* Tree Search with Expected O(N) Node Expansions: Applications to Road Tracking
Authors: Coughlan James M. , Yuille A. L.
Published: October 2002

Many perception, reasoning, and learning problems can be expressed as Bayesian inference. We point out that formulating a problem as Bayesian inference implies specifying a probability distribution on the ensemble of problem instances. This ensemble can be used for analyzing the expected complexity of algorithms and also the algorithm-independent limits of inference. We illustrate this problem by analyzing the complexity of tree search. In particular, we study the problem of road detection, as formulated by Geman and Jedynak (1996). We prove that the expected convergence is linear in the size of the road (the depth of the tree) even though the worst-case performance is exponential. We also put a bound on the constant of the convergence and place a bound on the error rates.
Training v-Support Vector Regression: Theory and Algorithms
Authors: Chang Chih-Chung , Lin Chih-Jen
Published: October 2002

We discuss the relation betweenɛ-support vector regression (ɛ-SVR) and v-support vector regression (v-SVR). In particular, we focus on properties that are different from those of C-support vector classification (C-SVC) andv-support vector classification (v-SVC). We then discuss some issues that do not occur in the case of classification: the possible range of ɛ and the scaling of target values. A practical decomposition method forv-SVR is implemented, and computational experiments are conducted. We show some interesting numerical observations specific to regression.
Carolee Scheemann: A Life Drawing
Authors: Daly Ann , Rodgers Angela
Published: October 2002

More than visual art, this choreographed sequence in time and space made from Schneemann's childhood drawings is conceived and designed as “gestural performance.”
Cyborgs in Mutation: osseus labyrint's Alien Body Art
Authors: Cheng Meiling
Published: October 2002

This California-based company, founded in 1989, stages high-risk site-specific performances. Somewhere between sci-fi movies and extreme body art, the work of osseus labyrint takes place on the edges between art, ecology, and biology.
Design for Presence: A Structured Approach to Virtual Reality System Design
Authors: Seo Jinseok , Kim Gerard Jounghyun
Published: October 2002

The development and maintenance of a virtual reality (VR) system requires indepth knowledge and understanding in many different disciplines. Three major features that distinguish VR systems are real-time performance while maintaining acceptable realism and presence, objects with two clearly distinct yet inter-related aspects like geometry/structure and function/behavior, and the still experimental nature of multi-modal interaction design. Until now, little attention has been paid to methods and tools for the structured development of VR software that addresses these features. Many VR application development projects proceed by modeling needed objects on conventional CAD systems, then programming the system using simulation packages. Usually, these activities are carried out without much planning, which may be acceptable for only small-scale or noncritical demonstration systems. However, for VR to be taken seriously as a media technology, a structural approach to developing VR applications is required for the construction of large-scale VR worlds, and this will undoubtedly involve and require complex resource management, abstractions for basic system/object functionalities and interaction tasks, and integration and easy plug-ins of different input and output methods. In this paper, we assembled a comprehensive structured methodology for building VR systems, called CLEVR (Concurrent and LEvel by Level Development of VR System), which combines several conventional and new concepts. For instance, we employ concepts such as the simultaneous consideration of form, function, and behavior, hierarchical modeling and top-down creation of LODs (levels of detail), incremental execution and performance tuning, user task and interaction modeling, and compositional reuse of VR objects. The basic underlying modeling approach is to design VR objects (and the scenes they compose) hierarchically and incrementally, considering their realism, presence, behavioral correctness, performance, and even usability in a spiral manner. To support this modeling strategy, we developed a collection of computeraided tools called P-VoT (POSTECH-Virtual reality system development Tool). We demonstrate our approach by illustrating a step-by-step design of a virtual ship simulator using the CLEVR/P-VoT, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in terms of the quality (performance and correctness) of the resulting software and reduced effort in its development and maintenance.
Ant Colony Optimization and Stochastic Gradient Descent
Authors: Meuleau Nicolas , Dorigo Marco
Published: October 2002

In this article, we study the relationship between the two techniques known as ant colony optimization (ACO) and stochastic gradient descent. More precisely, we show that some empirical ACO algorithms approximate stochastic gradient descent in the space of pheromones, and we propose an implementation of stochastic gradient descent that belongs to the family of ACO algorithms. We then use this insight to explore the mutual contributions of the two techniques.
The United States, Italy, and the Opening to the Left, 1953–1963
Authors: Nuti Leopoldo
Published: October 2002

Drawing on newly declassified U.S. and Italian documentation, this article as-sesses U.S. policy toward Italy under the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations and uses this test case to draw some general conclusions about the nature of U.S. -Italian relations during the Cold War. The first part of the article focuses on issues that have been neglected or misinterpreted in the existing literature on the subject, and the second part presents some of the lessons that can be learned from the study of U.S. -Italian relations in the 1950s and 1960s. The aim is to cast broader light on the current debate about the role and influence of the United States in Western Europe after World War II.
What Kind of International Financial Architecture for an Integrated World Economy?
Authors: Park Yung Chul , Wang Yunjong
Published: October 2002

As was the case in the Mexican crisis of 1994–95, the G-7 and international financial institutions appear to have lost their zeal to garner the support they need for reform. The ongoing debate on the future direction of international financial reform suggests that most of the problems are likely to remain unchanged. This pessimistic outlook arouses a deep concern in developing countries that they will remain vulnerable to future financial crises, even if they faithfully carry out the kinds of reform recommended by the IMF and the World Bank. Given this reality, developing countries may have to develop a national or regional defense mechanism of their own by instituting a system of capital controls, adopting an exchange rate system that lies somewhere between the two-corner solutions, or strengthening regional financial cooperation.
Geography, Economic Policy, and Regional Development in China
Authors: Démurger Sylvie , Sachs Jeffrey D. , Woo Wing Thye , Bao Shuming , Chang Gene , Mellinger Andrew
Published: October 2002

Many studies of regional disparity in China have focused on the preferential policies received by the coastal provinces. We decomposed the location dummies in provincial growth regressions to obtain estimates of the effects of geography and policy on provincial growth rates in 1996–99. Their respective contributions in percentage points were 2.5 and 3.5 for the province-level metropolises, 0.6 and 2.3 for the northeastern provinces, 2.8 and 2.8 for the coastal provinces, 2.0 and 1.6 for the central provinces, 0 and 1.6 for the northwestern provinces, and 0.1 and 1.8 for the southwestern provinces. Because the so-called preferential policies are largely deregulation policies that have allowed coastal Chinese provinces to integrate into the international economy, it is far superior to reduce regional disparity by extending these deregulation policies to the interior provinces than by re-regulating the coastal provinces. Two additional inhibitions to income convergence are the household registration system, which makes the movement of the rural poor to prosperous areas illegal, and the monopoly state bank system that, because of its bureaucratic nature, disburses most of its funds to its large traditional customers, few of whom are located in the western provinces. Improving infrastructure to overcome geographic barriers is fundamental to increasing western growth, but increasing human capital formation (education and medical care) is also crucial because only it can come up with new better ideas to solve centuries-old problems like unbalanced growth.
A GREEK PARALLEL TO BOETHIUS' DE HYPOTHETICIS SYLLOGISMIS
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: October 2002

In this paper I present the text, a translation, and a commentary of a long anonymous scholium to Aristotle's Analytics which is a Greek parallel to Boethius' De Hypotheticis Syllogismis, but has so far not been recognized as such. The scholium discusses hypothetical syllogisms of the types modus ponens and modus tollens and hypothetical syllogisms constructed from three conditionals ('wholly hypothetical syllogisms'). It is Peripatetic, and not Stoic, in its theoretical approach as well as its terminology. There are several elements of early Peripatetic hypothetical syllogistic preserved in it, and there is a large number of close parallels to Boethius' De Hypotheticis Syllogismis which we find in no other source. It is very likely that there was a Greek source from which both the scholium and large parts of Boethius' De Hypotheticis Syllogismis are ultimately derived.
A NOTE ON THE TEXT OF CICERO'S TOPICA IN COD. VOSS. LAT. F86
Authors:   Reinhardt
Published: October 2002

The oldest witnesses for Cicero's Topica are two ninth-century manuscripts belonging to Leiden University Library (Codd. Voss. Lat. F84 and F86, dubbed A and B). The two mss. have been extensively studied in their function as main sources of Cicero's Leg. by P.L. Schmidt. In the best edition of the Topica by G. Di Maria, however, Schmidt's work is ignored, and the purpose of this article is to bring Schmidt's results to bear on what Di Maria has established, and to correct both scholars on some points. Schmidt's view is confirmed that the oldest correction layers in A and B do not reflect readings of a third manuscript and that B was completed in the ninth century by insertion of four additional folia after these correction layers had been produced. Then new information is added on the details of the completion of the text of the Topica in B.
CHRONOLOGY IN THE EUCHARISTICOS OF PAULINUS PELLAEUS: A REASSESSMENT
Authors:   Coşkun
Published: October 2002

Paulinus of Pella reveals his current age (around 83) in his autobiographical poem Eucharisticos, but the date of his birth (ca. August 377) and the time of composition (ca. Feb./May 460) have to be deduced by combining pieces of information given in the introductory verses (1-49) and by accounting for further sources related to the family of his grandfather Ausonius. The chronology thus established appears to be consistent with the remaining data of the poem as well as with the chronicle of Prosper Tiro; in two cases (v. 474/8), seeming contradictions vanish as soon as the transmitted text is re-established. Redating the steps of Paulinus' life not only enhances our understanding of his personality and of the historical events he was involved in, but also defends the unity of the biography against the analytical concept prevalent in modern scholarship.
DIE ANTIKEN QUELLEN ZUM SATURNISCHEN VERS
Authors: Kruschwitz Peter
Published: October 2002

This article is the first complete documentation and analysis of the ancient sources for the Saturnian metre. There are three main questions: (i) What can we say about the development of the name 'numerus Saturnius' resp. 'numerus Faunius'? What did it mean? (ii) Which characteristics had been attributed to this metre? (iii) What did the ancient authors know (or think) about its nature? (And what do they offer more than mere description of evident details?) The relevant passages are presented, usually with Latin text and a German translation, and broadly discussed in this article. The discussion of the text is focusing on all issues of metrical data that can be gained from the text, and the dependencies of tradition and the innovations of the authors are recognized. Finally, the questions raised at the beginning are answered (as far as possible).
SANCTUARIES, SACRIFICES, AND THE ELEUSINIAN MYSTERIES
Authors: Evans Nancy
Published: October 2002

Modern scholars studying Eleusis have consistently made some assumptions about the sanctuary and the famous rites that took place there throughout antiquity. Although we have no evidence for altars within the sanctuary walls, archaeologists continue to produce plans with altars in the courtyard before the temple, while historians of religion propose narratives for the Mysteries that feature scenes of animal sacrifice. While precise details of the famous nocturnal teletai may remain unknown to us, we can infer other significant details about the festival from the evidence that we do have. This essay argues that the type of animal sacrifice known as thusia that regularly took place at public altars in ancient Greece was deliberately excluded from the interior of the sanctuary at Eleusis. Beginning with a review of the development of the sanctuary, the essay focuses on the Anaktoron and Telesterion, and then turns to important features that were consistently located outside the sanctuary walls. Objects were dedicated both within the sanctuary walls and outside them. The analysis of the locations where the dedications were made suggests that mediation with the divine during the nocturnal teletai was not accomplished by priests officiating over animal sacrifices. Altars were absent from the interior of the sanctuary because the Mysteries entailed a more egalitarian experience of the gods than did the traditional customs of thusia.
TWO EUNUCHS, TWO CONSPIRACIES, AND ONE LOYAL JEW: THE NARRATIVE OF BOTCHED REGICIDE IN ESTHER AS TEXT- AND REDACTION-CRITICAL TEST CASE
Authors: Frolov Serge
Published: October 2002

The article revisits the problem of relationship between the Hebrew and Greek versions of the book of Esther, using the episode, in which Mordechai discloses a regicidal conspiracy of two eunuchs, as a test case. Analyzing the pattern of agreements and disagreements between the four versions of the episode (MT ii 21-23; AT A 11b-18; LXX A 12-17; ii 21-23), it argues that the A-text had a Hebrew Vorlage. This Vorlage emerged in the process of profound revision of what we know as the Masoretic text, aimed at making it more specific and disallowing certain interpretations. The author of the LXX knew both the Masoretic version and the Hebrew Vorlage of the A-text; hence his or her willingness to tell the story twice, in Addition A and in chapter ii.
HOW RELIABLE ARE BIBLICAL REPORTS? REPEATING LESTER GRABBE'S COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENT
Authors: Long V. Philips
Published: October 2002

A scientific experiment of any significance, and particularly one that gives rise to broad generalisations, must be repeated by other scientists before its results can be considered confirmed. Lester Grabbe's "rough-and-ready" exercise comparing historical assertions in the Old Testament with parallel assertions from ancient Near Eastern sources is just such an experiment. The generalisations to which Grabbe is led are 1) that the biblical framework for Israelite and Judean kings from the mid-ninth century onwards is reasonably accurate, and 2) that the details of the biblical accounts are at times misleading, inaccurate, or even invented. The aim of the present essay is to test the second, more controversial of Grabbe's generalisations by repeating the comparative experiment. The result of closely scrutinising the pertinent biblical and aNE texts is to reverse Grabbe's second generalisation. This in turn raises the larger question of why interpreters working with the same evidence sometimes arrive at quite different conclusions.
THE POETRY OF THE WISDOM OF SOLOMON RECONSIDERED
Authors: Reymond Eric
Published: October 2002

As noted by many scholars, the Wisdom of Solomon contains elements typical of both Greek and Hebrew literature. Numerous studies list specific Greek figures in the book, often making only passing reference to the Hebrew poetic features, referring to them with the single term parallelismus membrorum. But, Wisdom's form is a good deal more complex than these synopses suggest. Parallelism is realized in a number of ways in the Hebrew scriptures and its manifestation in this apocryphal book is a unique combination of different patterns. The present study aims at a detailed description of Wisdom's structure through a close study of the parallelism and verse length of the book's first 15 verses, and through a comparison of these patterns with those in Hebrew poems.
SAMSON'S HÎDÂ
Authors: Yadin Azzan
Published: October 2002

This article proposes a new interpretation of Judges xiv, the episode commonly referred to as Samson's riddle to the Philistines. I briefly demostrate that the traditional understanding of the exchange between Samson and the Philistines as a riddle is untenable. The correct interpretation is, I submit, that the exchange is a Greek skolion or "capping song" that are quite well-attested at wedding (and other) symposia. Building, in part, on a series of articles by O. Margalith in VT, I demostrate that the Greek cultural context is also key to understanding the wedding narrative as a whole, and leads to important conclusions concerning the redaction of the narrative, the literary figure of Samson and the semantic range of the term Hîdâ.
A WOLF SUBLIME: PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE ANIMAL
Authors: Powici Chris
Published: October 2002

Sigmund Freud's analysis of the childhood dream of the Wolf Man, in The History of an Infantile Neurosis, has come to be seen as one of the defining moments of psychoanalysis. Freud interpreted this dream in terms of the Oedipus complex, concluding that the wolves which threatened to devour his patient were, in effect, father-substitutes, the archaic trace in the unconscious of the individual of the threat posed by the tyrannical father of the 'original' human family. In this article I argue that this conclusion conceals a problematic reading, on Freud's part, of the human/animal border, which is evidenced, in The History of an Infantile Neurosis, as well as elsewhere in his writings, as an anxiety as to the ontological status of the human subject and the 'nature' of civilisation, and as a repressed acknowledgement of the animal as sublime presence. However, in trying to negotiate similar questions today, and despite this marked ambivalence toward the 'animal', I also argue that Freud's insight into the mechanisms of repression remains a valuable way of exploring the relationship of the human to the nonhuman.
Predatory plasticity in nephilengys cruentata (araneae: tetragnathidae): relevance for phylogeny reconstruction
Authors: Japyassú Hilton Ferreira , Viera Carmen
Published: October 2002

The plasticity of behavioural expression has been used as an argument against the use of behavioural characters in the reconstruction of phylogenetic patterns. Nevertheless, plasticity itself may vary strongly among taxa, so that phylogenetic considerations about behavioural data must be complemented by an analysis of behavioural plasticity. Plasticity may also vary among distinct behavioural domains in a single species. We have studied the foraging repertoire in N. cruentata using a cluster analysis method, in order to identify the behavioural sequences employed by the spider when preying upon either distinct prey types or distinct prey sizes. Foraging behaviour varies less with prey size than with prey type. Variation in predatory sequences is obtained through (1) repetitions of one same sequence of categories, (2) the use of one same sequence at distinct phases of the predatory behaviour, or (3) the arrangement of behavioural categories in new sequences. Despite this plasticity in spider responses to prey, almost 40% of the predatory repertoire is common to both large and small prey items; this percentage lowers to 20% when we compare the predation of distinct prey types. These results suggest that phylogenetic analysis of predatory behaviour should focus on building ethograms for one single prey type. Small variations in prey/predator size among the predator species selected for a behavioural phylogenetic analysis are preferred to variations of prey type among predator taxa. We discuss the implications of this 'single prey-type' approach to the phylogenetic analysis of behaviour.
Collective prey capture and feeding behaviours of Anelosimus jabaquara Levi 1956 (araneae: theridiidae)
Authors: Gonzaga Marcelo de Oliveira , Vasconcellos-Neto João
Published: October 2002

In this study we report on the predatory behaviour of Anelosimus jabaquara considering the frequency of bites in each prey body part during the immobilization phase, the proportion of the consumption time expended in each of these parts and the relative participation on capture and feeding processes by spiders of different body sizes. Generally, few individuals actively take part in prey immobilization events, biting mostly on fly's legs (body segments which promote vibrations strong enough to attract spiders, but not to dissuade attacks). However, many spiders usually take part in the consumption of this medium size prey item. During the consumption phase appendages were rarely used, probably due to the higher nutritional value and biomass availability of central body segments (thorax, abdomen and head). Non-aggressive contests over displaced prey body parts were frequently seen during collective feeding in natural colonies, but not in small artificial groups in laboratory.
Antipredator response to injury-released chemical alarm cues by convict cichlid young before and after independence from parental protection
Authors: Alemadi Shireen , Wisenden Brian
Published: October 2002

Injury-released chemical alarm cues are released when predators attack aquatic prey. These cues are generally released only in this context and as such, conspecific alarm cues form an important component of risk assessment. Minnows (Ostariophysi, Cyprinidae) possess a well-developed chemical alarm system. However, minnows do not respond to conspecific injury-released alarm cues until 30 to 50 d post-hatch. Non-ostariophysan fishes respond to chemical alarm cues with antipredator behavior but the ontogeny of this behavior is not known for any species. Here, we test convict cichlids (Acanthopterygii: Cichlidae), a species known to respond to alarm cues as adults. Convict cichlid parents care for their eggs and defend their developing young from predators for 4 to 6 weeks. In our experiment, we tested the ontogeny of antipredator response to chemical alarm cues in young convict cichlids well within and just beyond the size range typically defended by parents. We found that small convict cichlid young of a size typically defended by parents engaged in area avoidance and grouping behaviors in response to alarm cues and did so as effectively as young that would typically be independent of parental care.
Vigilance in human groups: a test of alternative hypotheses
Authors: Dunbar  , Cornah  , Daly  , Bowyer
Published: October 2002

Humans exhibit the same inverse relationship between group size and vigilance rates that has been classically described in animals. We collected data on natural human vigilance behaviour in two different contemporary environments (a large refectory-style cafeteria and open parks) to test between four alternative hypotheses for this relationship: predation risk, searching for friends, mate searching and mate guarding. The results demonstrate that, at least in contemporary city environments, humans monitor their surroundings largely for reasons motivated by mate searching. Data on whom subjects look at in a busy environment indicate that males are significantly more likely to attend differentially to female passers-by, but that females show a less clear-cut discrimination. We conclude that vigilance patterns are determined by locally salient functions.
Host suitability of Rosa accessions for Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Moens Maurice , Peng Yunliang
Published: October 2002

A method for screening Rosa accessions for their host suitability to Pratylenchus penetrans was developed. The best conditions were obtained in growth chambers with plants grown in sand, inoculated with 250 P.penetrans per 50 cm3 pot and fertilised weekly with 0.75 g/dm3 soluble fertiliser (containing 20% N, 20% P2O5, 20% K2O and balanced trace elements). Fifty days after nematode inoculation, these conditions permitted greater nematode multiplication than any other combination tested and also allowed good host development. When used for the screening of 21 Rosa accessions, these conditions revealed a large variation in host suitability. Least multiplication (Pf/Pi) was observed on R. virginiana (1.36) but this did not differ significantly from that on R. multiflora (2.87). The greatest Pf/Pi was on R. canina cv. Superba but this did not differ significantly from that on R. canina cv. Pollmeriana. The correlation of Pf/Pi with the nematode population and the number of eggs within the roots was significant; the percentage of nematodes outside roots was negatively correlated with Pf/Pi. The intermediate host status of R. corymbifera cv. Laxa, one of the most common rootstocks, was confirmed. Differences in host status became statistically significant when intra-accession variation was observed with a larger number of plants.
LE VOCABULAIRE DE LA SERVITUDE DANS LA SEPTANTE DU LIVRE DE RUTH
Authors: Bons Eberhard
Published: October 2002

Le but de cet article est d'expliquer une caractéristique de la Septante du livre de Ruth. Un examen de ce texte aboutit aux résultat suivants : La Septante emploie huit termes (δoυλη, κoρασιoν, νεανιας, νεανις, παιδαριoν, παιδιoν, παιδισκη et παις) pour en traduire six qui servent à qualifier d'après le Texte Massorétique Ruth et les autres personnes travaillant pour Booz. En plus, un terme grec peut en traduire deux en hébreu et l'inverse. Afin d'expliquer ces phénomènes, il convient d'analyser les connotations que peut avoir chaque terme grec en fonction de son contexte et de s'interroger sur la « technique de traduction » adoptée par le traducteur.
BIOLOGY OF RELIGION
Authors: Sweek Joel
Published: October 2002

This article brings together disparate scholarship touching upon a biological approach to religion. It suggests an explanation of religion from an evolutionary biological perspective, which promises to shake off apologetic and culturalist presumptions that humans represent a single, unnatural exception in the natural world.
The historical assessment of speech acts: clarifications of Austin and Skinner for the study of religions
Authors: BeDuhn Jason David
Published: October 2002

This essay examines Quentin Skinner's historicist use of J. L. Austin's speech act theory, corrects and clarifies some ways in which Skinner seems to misapply Austin's categories, and argues that Skinner's approach, when refined by these few adjustments, is a viable program for the historical study of religious literature. What must be left behind in refining Skinner's project is the latter's apparent interest in an author's intentions, which is a datum absent from historical evidence. It is argued that speech acts have their effect only by means of public construal and response, and that history is an account of these construals, regardless of whether these correspond to what agents subjectively intended. The use of intentional descriptions of speech and action turns out to be a mere historiographic trope, with heuristic, but not explanatory value.
Spongolite: a hollow fibrous mineral from Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil
Authors: Dos Santos F. J . , Salgado Siqueira O. , Delben A. A. S. T. , Jurkevicz Delben J . R. , Melnikov P.
Published: October 2002

Spongolite from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, contains the remains of fossil sponges and hollow needles or microcapillaries with uniform surfaces. The central tunnels are ∼1/10 to 1/2 of the cylinder's diameter. The material is essentially X-ray amorphous though it contains small amounts of orthosilicic acids. The other main elements were Ti and Fe. Spongolite may have uses as a sorbent, as a bioavailable silicon source or, after blending with glass waste, it can be used in the fabrication of lightweight products having a closed-cell structure, potentially useful as an industrial insulator.
Dickite genesis in the ‘varicoloured’ clay-shale formation of the Italian Apennines: an isotopic approach
Authors: Veniale F. , Delgado A. , Marinoni L. , Setti M.
Published: October 2002

Dickite occurs over wide areas along the Italian Apennines strip throughout Italy, mainly in the allochtonous ‘varicoloured’ clay-shale formation. Morphological, fabric and crystallochemical features suggest an authigenic origin, from pore solutions. The nature of the solutions and the process of dickite formation, including hydrothermalism, diagenesis or supergene evolution have all been discussed. Stable isotope analysis (O, H) was performed to investigate these points. The δD values of dickite range between −63.7 and −79.1% (SMOW) and δ18O between +21% and +16.1‰ (SMOW), and are similar to those reported for kaolinites formed in equilibrium with meteoric waters. The data fall along the ‘Line of Meteoric Kaolinites’, supporting an origin involving meteoric waters and low temperatures. The isotopic compositions of the waters are within the range of Apennines meteoric water, and the temperatures derived are close to surface conditions. Contributions of diagenetic, hydrothermal or metamorphic waters must be discounted. The authigenic dickite from ‘varicoloured’ clays of the Italian Apennines formed by precipitation from flushing meteoric waters whose ingress was favoured by repeated surface erosion.
A microstructural study of acid-activated montmorillonite from Choushan, China
Authors: He Hongping , Guo Jiugao , Xie Xiande , Lin Hongfu , Li Liyun
Published: October 2002

Bentonite samples from Choushan treated at various acid concentrations were studied using chemical analysis, XRD, 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR to investigate the microstructure of the activated montmorillonites. Two types of structural units were formed during the activation: (1) (SiO)3SiOH, in which up to 15% of Si is bound; (2) Q4(0Al), a major building unit when the acid concentration is >10%. A significant 27Al signal at 55.0 ppm was recorded for both untreated montmorillonite and (to a much greater extent) in acid-treated montmorillonites. This was interpreted as arising from four-fold coordinated Al located in the ‘bulk’ octahedral sheet of montmorillonite. In the course of activation, the removal of one of a pair of octahedral Al ions from montmorillonite removes two hydroxyl groups and leaves the other Al of the pair in four-fold coordination.
A comparative X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer and NMR spectroscopic study of the vermiculites from Béni Bousera, Morocco and Palabora, Republic of South Africa
Authors: Badreddine R. , Vandormael D. , Fransolet A. -M. , Long G. J . , Stone W. E. E. , Grandjean F.
Published: October 2002

Five vermiculite samples collected from Béni Bousera, Morocco and four from Palabora, South Africa were investigated by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The X-ray diffraction studies indicate that all vermiculites have very similar crystallographic parameters. The chemical analyses and the NMR spectra indicate that the Béni Bousera vermiculites contain Al3+ cations in both octahedral and tetrahedral sheets and the Palabora vermiculites contain Al3+ in the tetrahedral sheet. The Mössbauer spectra indicate that the Béni Bousera vermiculites contain more Fe2+ cations than the Palabora vermiculites and do not contain tetrahedral Fe3+ cations. The different cation compositions and distribution in the two sets of vermiculites may result from different parent minerals, i.e. chlorite in the case of Béni Bousera and phlogopite in the case of Palabora, and different genetic processes, i.e. weathering in Béni Bousera and hydrothermal alteration in Palabora.