bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression in Osteosarcoma
Authors: Shen Jacson K. , Cote Gregory M. , Choy Edwin , Yang Pei , Harmon David , Schwab Joseph , Nielsen G. Petur , Chebib Ivan , Ferrone Soldano , Wang Xinhui , Wang Yangyang , Mankin Henry , Hornicek Francis J. , Duan Zhenfeng
Published: April 2014

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1, also known as B7H1) is a cell-surface protein that suppresses the cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell–mediated immune response. PDL1 expression and its clinical relevance in sarcomas are not well understood. Therefore, we sought to measure RNA expression levels for PDL1 in 38 clinically annotated osteosarcoma tumor samples and aimed to determine if PDL1 expression correlates with clinical features and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR for PDL1 was optimized in 18 cell lines, of which 5 were osteosarcoma derived. qRT-PCR results were validated via flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in select cell lines. Total RNA was isolated from 38 human osteosarcoma samples for qRT-PCR analysis. Clinical data were sorted, and significance was determined by the Student t test. TILs were examined in patient samples by tissue microarray hematoxylin–eosin staining. We confirmed the constitutive PDL1 mRNA expression in cell lines by qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and IHC. Across human osteosarcoma samples, PDL1 mRNA gene expression ranged over 4 log (>5,000-fold difference). Relative expression levels were evaluated against clinical factors such as age/gender, metastasis, recurrence, chemotherapy, percentage of necrosis, and survival; no significant associations were identified. The presence of TILs was associated with high PDL1 expression (R2 = 0.37; P = 0.01). In summary, we developed an RNA-based assay to determine PDL1 expression levels, and we show, for the first time, that high levels of PDL1 are expressed in a subset of osteosarcoma, and PDL1 expression is positively correlated with TILs. Multiple agents targeting PD1/PDL1 are in clinical development, and this may be a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(7); 690–8. ©2014 AACR.
Sobre Memória e Sociedade
Authors: Oliveira Paulo de Salles
Published: April 2014

O artigo sugere reflexões a respeito do livro Memória e Sociedade: Lembranças de Velhos, de Ecléa Bosi, aqui considerado como obra-prima da psicologia social e das ciências humanas. Destaca as originalidades de natureza teórico-metodológica do texto, a começar por uma composição singular que incorpora poesia na construção científica, passando por uma redefinição das relações entre sujeito e objeto do conhecimento, ao desenvolver a perspectiva de alternância da condição entre ambos, no desdobramento da pesquisa. Mostra, também, como o estudo de Ecléa Bosi se fundamenta em estreitos vínculos entre a pesquisadora e os idosos pesquisados, de modo a se formar entre eles uma comunidade de destino.
Formação e gênese do ídolo
Authors: Bachi Adenor Leonardo
Published: April 2014

Novos ídolos podem aparecer a todo momento. A busca por referências faz parte das nossas características. Manter-se ídolo é o grande desafio. O técnico campeão do Mundo e da Taça Libertadores da América pelo Corinthians, Tite, comenta sobre a formação e a manutenção da figura do ídolo e como a formação familiar é decisiva nesse processo.
Práticas de violência e mortes de torcedores no futebol brasileiro
Authors: Murad Mauricio
Published: April 2014

Este artigo analisa as relações entre a violência e o futebol no Brasil, estudando seus casos extremos: as mortes de torcedores causadas pelos conflitos entre torcidas. O Brasil é um dos países com maior número de mortes entre torcedores de futebol. Dados quantitativos e informações qualitativas foram correlacionados para se entender melhor as causas dessas  violências e para se reprimir e prevenir o vandalismo. A metodologia integrou técnicas quantitativas com análises qualitativas, as quais se basearam nos parâmetros dos órgãos da segurança pública e da justiça brasileiras, além de interpretações sociológicas e históricas. A recolha dos dados para o mapeamento dos torcedores mortos foi feita em jornais e revistas, e a confirmação e aprofundamento, nos inquéritos das delegacias policiais.
Qual será o legado da Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 para o Brasil?
Authors: Marques António Teixeira
Published: April 2014

Este artigo procura analisar o legado a deixar pela Copa do Mundo 2014 após o encerramento deste evento. Numa primeira parte, faz-se uma análise do legado de outros grandes eventos, tomando como referência os Jogos Olímpicos de Barcelona 1992 e de Atenas 2004. Numa segunda parte, o artigo centra-se na análise de documentos que ajudem a perceber as actividades e projectos que foram planeados para a Copa. Finalmente, numa terceira parte, procuramos avaliar de que forma os documentos tornados públicos ajudam a perceber qual o legado planeado para a Copa, e quais as áreas em que ele está previsto. Este último aspecto é analisado tendo como referência o legado deixado pelos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres 2012.
Dando tratos à bola: futebol e Brasil
Authors: Kaz Leonel , Silva Paulo Costa e
Published: April 2014

Inicialmente um esporte de elite, o futebol logo foi “tomado” pelas classes mais populares. Incorporado a um caldo de cultura de base negro-mestiça que operava à margem da sociedade “oficial” – das esferas da política, da cidadania e do mercado –, o futebol foi reinventado a partir de um outro tipo de inteligência corporal. Ao mesmo tempo, ativou as forças da tradição oral e da emergente cultura de massa, tornando-se uma poderosa narrativa mítica do país. A partir dos anos 1930, o esporte de tal modo se emaranhou com o mito moderno da nação popular e mestiça, que acabou se tornando esse mito. Operando no registro da simultaneidade, suas lendas de fracasso e conquista passaram a atiçar os medos e desejos coletivos, definindo dentro de campo, em jogadas e gols, as possibilidades do país como nação e do brasileiro como povo.
Fisiologia do treinamento no alto desempenho do atleta de futebol
Authors: Soares José , Rebelo António Natal C.
Published: April 2014

O futebol é uma modalidade que requer, do jogador, várias capacidades: apurada competência técnica, boa compreensão táctica do jogo, atitude mental centrada no rendimento e excelente condição física.  O treinador precisa conhecer com rigor não só as características técnicas e táticas, mas também os aspectos fisiológicos da modalidade para planear o conteúdo e a aplicação temporal das cargas  do treino em função daquilo que o jogo exige. Pode-se concluir, com base em inúmeros estudos, que, do ponto de vista fisiológico, o futebol apresenta um perfil bioenergético misto com uma participação importante do metabolismo aeróbio.
Valsartan Regulates Myocardial Autophagy and Mitochondrial Turnover in Experimental Hypertension
Authors: Zhang Xin , Li Zi-Lun , Crane John A. , Jordan Kyra L. , Pawar Aditya S. , Textor Stephen C. , Lerman Amir , Lerman Lilach O.
Published: April 2014

Renovascular hypertension alters cardiac structure and function. Autophagy is activated during left ventricular hypertrophy and linked to adverse cardiac function. The angiotensin II receptor blocker, valsartan, lowers blood pressure and is cardioprotective, but whether it modulates autophagy in the myocardium is unclear. We hypothesized that valsartan would alleviate autophagy and improve left ventricular myocardial mitochondrial turnover in swine renovascular hypertension. Domestic pigs were randomized to control, unilateral renovascular hypertension, and renovascular hypertension treated with valsartan (320 mg/d) or conventional triple therapy (reserpine+hydralazine+hydrochlorothiazide) for 4 weeks after 6 weeks of renovascular hypertension (n=7 each group). Left ventricular remodeling, function, and myocardial oxygenation and microcirculation were assessed by multidetector computer tomography, blood oxygen level–dependent MRI, and microcomputer tomography. Myocardial autophagy, markers for mitochondrial degradation and biogenesis, and mitochondrial respiratory-chain proteins were examined ex vivo. Renovascular hypertension induced left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial hypoxia, enhanced cellular autophagy and mitochondrial degradation, and suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis. Valsartan and triple therapy similarly decreased blood pressure, but valsartan solely alleviated left ventricular hypertrophy, ameliorated myocardial autophagy and mitophagy, and increased mitochondrial biogenesis. In contrast, triple therapy only slightly attenuated autophagy and preserved mitochondrial proteins, but elicited no improvement in mitophagy. These data suggest a novel potential role of valsartan in modulating myocardial autophagy and mitochondrial turnover in renovascular hypertension–induced hypertensive heart disease, which may possibly bolster cardiac repair via a blood pressure–independent manner.
Serum Aldosterone and Death, End-Stage Renal Disease, and Cardiovascular Events in Blacks and Whites
Authors: Deo Rajat , Yang Wei , Khan Abigail M. , Bansal Nisha , Zhang Xiaoming , Leonard Mary B. , Keane Martin G. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Steigerwalt Susan , Townsend Raymond R. , Shlipak Michael G. , Feldman Harold I.
Published: April 2014

Prior studies have demonstrated that elevated aldosterone concentrations are an independent risk factor for death in patients with cardiovascular disease. Limited studies, however, have evaluated systematically the association between serum aldosterone and adverse events in the setting of chronic kidney disease. We investigated the association between serum aldosterone and death and end-stage renal disease in 3866 participants from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort. We also evaluated the association between aldosterone and incident congestive heart failure and atherosclerotic events in participants without baseline cardiovascular disease. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate independent associations between elevated aldosterone concentrations and each outcome. Interactions were hypothesized and explored between aldosterone and sex, race, and the use of loop diuretics and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors. During a median follow-up period of 5.4 years, 587 participants died, 743 developed end-stage renal disease, 187 developed congestive heart failure, and 177 experienced an atherosclerotic event. Aldosterone concentrations (per SD of the log-transformed aldosterone) were not an independent risk factor for death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.93–1.12), end-stage renal disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–1.17), or atherosclerotic events (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.85–1.18). Aldosterone was associated with congestive heart failure (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.35). Among participants with chronic kidney disease, higher aldosterone concentrations were independently associated with the development of congestive heart failure but not for death, end-stage renal disease, or atherosclerotic events. Further studies should evaluate whether mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may reduce adverse events in individuals with chronic kidney disease because elevated cortisol levels may activate the mineralocorticoid receptor.
The Meaning of zēr*
Authors: Eichler Raanan
Published: April 2014

Abstract

>The word זֵר (zēr) occurs ten times in the Hebrew Bible, where it designates a feature of several major cult objects in the tabernacle. What, specifically, does it mean? The tortuous history of exegesis related to this question is surveyed. Close attention is paid to the Septuagint and Letter of Aristeas, whose authors seem to have understood the word as referring to a guilloche molding, based on an etymological association with the word משזר. A novel solution is then proposed, according to which the זר should be identified with the cavetto cornice (German: Hohlkehlsims), a common element in ancient Near Eastern architecture and crafts. The cavetto cornice is a concave molding, quarter-circular in profile, which surrounds the top of a structure or object.
Deuteronomy and Centralization
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E.
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Biblical scholars have long attributed King Josiah’s reform to the influence of Deuteronomy and its call for centralizing the cult. Even those who trace the book’s origin to the Northern kingdom or regard chapter 12 as a late insertion understand it as requiring cult centralization. Since so much of modern biblical scholarship rests on linking Deuteronomy to Josiah’s reform, that chapter has been described as “an archimedean point” for biblical studies. However, the syntax of Deuteronomy 12 (especially verses 5 and 13-14) does not require that sacrifice be limited to a single place, though these verses may have come to be understood that way. As a result, the dating of other biblical books on the basis of their dependence on Deuteronomy or their awareness of cult centralization must be reconsidered.
Another Look at the Hosea/Malachi Framework in The Twelve
Authors: Leuchter Mark
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Though most scholars agree that the prophetic books identified as “The Twelve” (or “The Book of The Twelve”) have gone through extensive stages of redaction, debate ensues as to whether they should be read as a literary unity or as a collection of independent prophetic works. A closer look at the framework surrounding this material—the book of Hosea and the book of Malachi—suggests that the primary purpose of the redaction of The Twelve was not to be read as a literary unity or as an anthological collection, but to establish a model of how priestly scribes were to countenance and teach diverse textual corpora in the context of a single, dominant temple establishment. The redactors of the Twelve were probably a Levite scribal group, who created the work to affirm their own status within the hierarchy of the Jerusalem temple in the Late Persian period.
Psalm 19: A Sabbath Song1
Authors: Cooley Jeffrey L.
Published: April 2014

Abstract

The author of Psalm 19 consciously reflects on the cosmology in Genesis 1 and associated traditions. This reflection involves how the psalmist conceives of the sun, including the celestial feature’s personal nature, responsibility in the cosmic order in terms of calendrical regulation, and its deliberate obedience in the fulfillment of its cultic task. The sun’s obedience serves as a model for sacerdotal devotion, and, just as importantly, allows for the human priest to fulfill his own obligations vis-à-vis properly-timed observance of cultic activities. Of primary importance in all of this, whether at the celestial level or the human level, is the centrality of septenary Sabbath observance, which the sun is charged to mark and the righteous Yahweh devotee is charged to observe. Its importance is implicitly signaled by the psalmist, as it is in Genesis 1: by seven-fold repetition (of Yahweh’s name), and by cryptic allusion (the אות in שׁגיאות).
Adriel de Mehola (1 Sam 18:19) : « Vous chantiez ? j’en suis fort aise. Eh bien : dansez maintenant »
Authors: Luciani Didier
Published: April 2014

Abstract

Adriel de Mehola (1 Sam 18:19) sert-il la vengeance de Saül contre le jeune David pour une danse que le roi aurait mal assumée?
Systematics of Oukuriella Epler, 1986, including a revision of the species associated with freshwater sponges
Authors: Maria Fusari Lívia , De Oliveira Roque Fabio , Hamada Neusa
Published: April 2014

Oukuriella has been recorded only in the Neotropical region. Larvae of some species of the genus have associations with freshwater sponges and immersed wood. In this study we performed a phylogenetic analysis to test the hypothesis that species that inhabit freshwater sponges form a monophyletic group. Including the six species described here, the number of species in the genus now is 21. Our findings do not support the subgroups previously proposed within Oukuriella based on the morphology of adult males. The most parsimonious cladograms obtained indicate that Oukuriella is a monophyletic group and the inhabitants of freshwater sponges form a monophyletic group within Oukuriella.
Apiophorinae of Brazil: taxonomic revision of the genus Eumydas Wilcox & Papavero, 1971 (Diptera: Mydidae)
Authors: Almeida Julia Calhau , Lamas Carlos José Einicker , Nihei Silvio Shigueo
Published: April 2014

The Brazilian genus Eumydas Wilcox & Papavero, 1971 (Diptera: Mydidae: Apiophorinae) is herein revised. Three species are recognized: the type-species E. corupas Wilcox & Papavero, 1971, E. itapiruba sp.n. and E. wilcoxi (Papavero, 1976) comb.n. The female of E. wilcoxi is described for the first time. The known geographical range of the genus is expanded, with new records from Santa Catarina and Espírito Santo states in Brazil. An identification key is provided for the species.
Chalinochromis cyanophleps, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika
Authors: KULLANDER SVEN O. , KARLSSON MIKAEL , KARLSSON MAGNUS , NORÉN MICHAEL
Published: April 2014

Chalinochromis cyanophleps is described from nine specimens, the largest 129 mm SL, from Namansi. It differs from other species of Chalinochromis in plain trunk colouration, absence of black stripes on the head, relatively narrow lips, presence of tricuspid jaw teeth, and presence of five rather than four dentary lateralis foramina. The blue iridescent stripe below the eye is shared with other lamprologin cichlids, but is broader and more conspicuous in C. cyanophleps. Chalinochromis cyanophleps occurs at depths between 6 and 45 m in rocky habitats along the Tanzanian coast of Lake Tanganyika, from Mvuna Island south to Kalala Island, a stretch of about 90 km. Field observations were made of specimens up to 18 cm total length. The COI DNA barcode sequence differs by 1.8% from that of C. popelini.
A new species of Ituglanis from the Rio Xingu basin, Brazil, and the evolution of pelvic fin loss in trichomycterid catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Authors: DATOVO ALÉSSIO
Published: April 2014

A new species of the trichomycterid catfish genus Ituglanis is described from the Rio Curuá, Rio Xingu basin, Rio Amazonas drainage, Brazil. Ituglanis apteryx, new species, is promptly distinguished from congeners, except some specimens of I. parahybae (Eigenmann), by the absence of pelvic fins, girdle, and muscles. The new species differs from I. parahybae in the pattern of the cephalic laterosensory system; the absence of a posterior cranial fontanel; the presence of an epural; and the number of branchiostegal rays, ribs, and vertebrae. Ituglanis apteryx is one among the several trichomycterids lacking pelvic fins. Analysis reveals that pelvic fin loss independently evolved several times during the trichomycterid radiation.
Publication and Dating of Parts IV–VII of Brauer & Bergenstamm’s Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien (1889–1894)
Authors: EVENHUIS NEAL L.
Published: April 2014

Based on new evidence, the dates of publication of the journal and separate versions of parts IV–VII of Brauer & Bergenstamm’s Die Zweiflügler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien are given, correcting those dates previously published.
Simulation of the Global ENSO–Tropical Cyclone Teleconnection by a High-Resolution Coupled General Circulation Model
Authors: Bell Ray , Hodges Kevin , Vidale Pier Luigi , Strachan Jane , Roberts Malcolm
Published: April 2014

This study assesses the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on global tropical cyclone activity using a 150-yr-long integration with a high-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model [High-Resolution Global Environmental Model (HiGEM); with N144 resolution: ~90 km in the atmosphere and ~40 km in the ocean]. Tropical cyclone activity is compared to an atmosphere-only simulation using the atmospheric component of HiGEM (HiGAM). Observations of tropical cyclones in the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) and tropical cyclones identified in the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) are used to validate the models. Composite anomalies of tropical cyclone activity in El Niño and La Niña years are used. HiGEM is able to capture the shift in tropical cyclone locations to ENSO in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. However, HiGEM does not capture the expected ENSO–tropical cyclone teleconnection in the North Atlantic. HiGAM shows more skill in simulating the global ENSO–tropical cyclone teleconnection; however, variability in the Pacific is overpronounced. HiGAM is able to capture the ENSO–tropical cyclone teleconnection in the North Atlantic more accurately than HiGEM. An investigation into the large-scale environmental conditions, known to influence tropical cyclone activity, is used to further understand the response of tropical cyclone activity to ENSO in the North Atlantic and western North Pacific. The vertical wind shear response over the Caribbean is not captured in HiGEM compared to HiGAM and ERA-Interim. Biases in the mean ascent at 500 hPa in HiGEM remain in HiGAM over the western North Pacific; however, a more realistic low-level vorticity in HiGAM results in a more accurate ENSO–tropical cyclone teleconnection.
Measuring Antenna Patterns for Ocean Surface Current HF Radars with Ships of Opportunity
Authors: Emery Brian M. , Washburn Libe , Whelan Chad , Barrick Don , Harlan Jack
Published: April 2014

HF radars measure ocean surface currents near coastlines with a spatial and temporal resolution that remains unmatched by other approaches. Most HF radars employ direction-finding techniques, which obtain the most accurate ocean surface current data when using measured, rather than idealized, antenna patterns. Simplifying and automating the antenna pattern measurement (APM) process would improve the utility of HF radar data, since idealized patterns are widely used. A method is presented for obtaining antenna pattern measurements for direction-finding HF radars from ships of opportunity. Positions obtained from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) are used to identify signals backscattered from ships in ocean current radar data. These signals and ship position data are then combined to determine the HF radar APM. Data screening methods are developed and shown to produce APMs with low error when compared with APMs obtained with shipboard transponder-based approaches. The analysis indicates that APMs can be reproduced when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the backscattered signal is greater than 11 dB. Large angular sectors of the APM can be obtained on time scales of days, with as few as 50 ships.
Driver's Education for Students with Physical Disabilities
Authors: McGill Tama , Vogtle Laura K.
Published: April 2014

Although driving has a great impact on employment, self-esteem, and quality of life for adolescents, students with physical disabilities are not considered for driving programs in secondary schools. Such exclusion forces students to seek alternative driving programs, which are costly and difficult to locate. No studies have examined the perceptions of students with physical disabilities regarding the process of learning to drive. This study used qualitative interviews to develop an understanding of such perceptions. Results indicated participants felt driving would add freedom, independence, and responsibility to their lives and increase their educational, employment, and recreational choices. Most participants indicated they preferred to be included in high school driver's education. Personal experiences revealed that enrollment in that class was either delayed or not presented as an option.
Respect, Appreciation, and Acknowledgment of Paraprofessionals Who Support Students with Disabilities
Authors: Giangreco Michael F. , Edelman Susan W. , Broer Stephen M.
Published: April 2014

This article describes the experiences of 103 school personnel, including classroom teachers, paraprofessionals, special educators, and administrators who worked in four schools, Grades K-12. Data were collected during 22 school visits and 56 individual interviews. Six themes were identified pertaining to how school personnel think about and act upon, issues of respect, appreciation, and acknowledgment of paraprofessionals who work in general education classrooms supporting students with and without disabilities. The themes included (a) nonmonetary signs and symbols of appreciation, (b) compensation, (c) being entrusted with important responsibilities, (d) noninstructional responsibilities, (e) wanting to be listened to, and (f) orientation and support. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for how these data might be applied in schools.
After Preschool Inclusion: Children's Educational Pathways over the Early School Years
Authors: Hanson Marci J. , Horn Eva , Sandall Susan , Beckman Paula , Morgan Maria , Marquart Jules , Barnwell Deirdre , Chou Hsin-Ying
Published: April 2014

A complex array of factors influences the implementation of inclusion within educational systems. This article examines decision making regarding young children's participation in inclusive programs. A qualitative design was employed to study influential factors over the course of a 5-year period as children moved from inclusive preschool placements to elementary school. Family, classroom, school, and societal influences were examined through families' perspectives on children's school experiences. At the end of the 5-year follow-along period, 60% of the children remained in some level of inclusive placement. Placements were influenced by professionals' decisions and school options, families' abilities to access information, advocates, the match between family needs and expectations and school options, and the influence of specific child and family characteristics.
Manifestation Determination as a Golden Fleece
Authors: Katsiyannis Antonis , Maag John W.
Published: April 2014

Manifestation determination is a mandated provision for deciding whether a student's misbehavior is related to his disability and, consequently, whether cessation of services will be allowed. However, it is conceptually and methodologically flawed and appears to serve more of a political than educational purpose. In this article, we critique the manifestation determination provision by reviewing relevant case law and legislation, examining the social context surrounding this mandate, and questioning the validity of current approaches for making a manifestation determination. We believe this analysis will corroborate our thesis. Therefore, we conclude this article by proposing an alternative approach for conceptualizing and conducting a manifestation determination that has more functional implications than those currently in use and still addresses the spirit and letter of the law.
Effects of Functional Mobility Skills Training for Young Students with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Barnes Stacie B. , Whinnery Keith W.
Published: April 2014

The Mobility Opportunities Via Education (MOVE®) Curriculum is a functional mobility curriculum for individuals with severe disabilities. This study investigated the effects of the MOVE Curriculum on the functional walking skills of five elementary-aged students with severe, multiple disabilities. The MOVE Curriculum was implemented using a multiple-baseline across subjects design. Repeated measures were taken during baseline, intervention, and maintenance phases for each participant. All students demonstrated progress in taking reciprocal steps during either intervention or maintenance. Results for each participant are discussed as well as implications and future directions for research.
Setting Effects on Friendship Formation among Young Children with and without Disabilities
Authors: Buysse Virginia , Goldman Barbara Davis , Skinner Martie L.
Published: April 2014

This study examined the effects of social setting on the friendship formation of 333 preschool children (120 children with disabilities and 213 typically developing children) enrolled in inclusive early childhood programs. The study found that typically developing children in specialized classrooms had significantly more friends than did children with disabilities in those same settings. In child care settings, however, the difference between the reported number of friendships for typically developing children and their peers with disabilities did not reach statistical significance. Implications are presented for considering how the social ecology of the early childhood classroom setting may influence social outcomes for young children enrolled in inclusive programs.
Participation and Accommodation in State Assessment: The Role of Individualized Education Programs
Authors: Shriner James G. , Destefano Lizanne
Published: April 2014

The individualized education program (IEP) is both an important process and a document in decision-making concerning students' participation and accommodation in assessment. In this intervention study, training was found to increase the quality and extent of participation and accommodation documentation on the IEP. Correlations between what was documented on the IEP and what happened on the day of testing were highly variable. Although students' IEPs appeared to reflect individualized decisions, political and logistical factors limited the utility of the IEP and interfered with its actual implementation.
Stakeholders' Views of Factors That Impact Successful Interagency Collaboration
Authors: Johnson Lawrence J. , Zorn Debbie , Tam Brian Kai Yung , Lamontagne Maggie , Johnson Susan A
Published: April 2014

This study investigated factors related to successful and unsuccessful collaborations, studied the specific problems that are part of the collaboration process, and identified solutions to minimize their occurrence. Thirty-three stakeholders from nine state departments and three private social services agencies in Ohio were categorized into two groups: program chiefs and program specialists. Participants were interviewed as to their opinions on successes, problems, and solutions related to interagency collaboration. Interviews were transcribed and data were analyzed using content analysis. Significant differences were found in two areas: factors that jeopardized interagency collaboration and areas each group would change in future collaborative efforts. Based on the outcomes of this study, seven factors related to successful interagency collaboration were delineated.
How Cooperative Learning Works for Special Education and Remedial Students
Authors: Jenkins Joseph R. , Antil Laurence R. , Wayne Susan K. , Vadasy Patricia F.
Published: April 2014

This study reports new analyses from an earlier study by Antil, Jenkins, Wayne, & Vadasy (1998) in which 21 general education classroom teachers were interviewed about their use of cooperative learning. We report teachers' perceptions of how cooperative learning benefits special education and remedial students, the percentage of these students who consistently participated in classroom cooperative learning activities, its efficacy for these students, and the kind of modifications teachers made for students with special needs. Teachers were generally positive about cooperative learning's efficacy for students with learning problems, while acknowledging that it worked better for some students than others. Major benefits were improved self-esteem, a safe learning environment, and better classroom success rates and products. The primary modification for special and remedial education students was selecting suitable partners for them.
Music & Minds: Using a Talent Development Approach for Young Adults with Williams Syndrome
Authors: Reis Sally M. , Schader Robin , Milne Harry , Stephens Robert
Published: April 2014

Increased attention has been given to the perplexing issue of students with both disabilities and abilities. This study investigated whether a talent development approach could be adapted for persons with Williams syndrome (WS). Available school records and extensive interviews provided evidence that educational programs for these students with WS had focused primarily on remediating their deficits. Although the majority of participants demonstrated a lifelong interest in music, few had been able to participate in music enrichment during their entire school experience. For this group, use of a talent development approach focusing on strengths, interests, and learning style preferences was found to enhance all participants' understanding of mathematics and to provide opportunities for the further development of their abilities, especially their music potential.
Collaborative Teaming to Support Students at Risk and Students with Severe Disabilities in General Education Classrooms
Authors: Hunt Pam , Soto Gloria , Maier Julie , Doering Kathy
Published: April 2014

This study investigated the effectiveness of a general education/special education collaborative teaming process on the academic and social participation of six students in general education classrooms. Three of the students experienced severe disabilities. The other three were considered academically at risk. Each student was supported by an educational team that included general and special education personnel and the students' parents. Each team developed and collaboratively implemented individualized Unified Plans of Support for one student at risk and a classmate with disabilities, consisting of academic adaptations and communication and social supports. The effectiveness of the support plans was evaluated through behavioral observations and team interviews. Intervention outcomes suggested that for each of the six students consistent implementation of the plans of support by team members was associated with increases in academic skills, engagement in classroom activities, interactions with peers, and student-initiated interactions.
Prereferral Intervention Processes: A Survey of State Practices
Authors: Buck Glenn H. , Polloway Edward A. , Smith-Thomas Amy , Cook Kelly Wilcox
Published: April 2014

Without a federal mandate providing clear guidelines for specific practices, prereferral intervention practices are implemented in varied ways within and between the states. The current study focused on practices across all states as a replication of the research reported in 1989 by Carter and Sugai. Significant findings included the status of prereferral practices within the respective states, the pattern of terminology used, the professional ownership of the process, and the patterns of participation. The results are discussed in terms of changes noted since the Carter and Sugai research, apparent trends in the field, and directions for effective professional practice.
Parent Reading Behaviors and Communication Outcomes in Girls with Rett Syndrome
Authors: Skotko Brian G. , Koppenhaver Dave A. , Erickson Karen A.
Published: April 2014

We describe evidence and intervention strategies for parents, educators, and researchers who seek to enhance communication and literacy in children with Rett syndrome (RS). Four girls with RS and their mothers videotaped their storybook interactions at home for 4 months. Parent-child storybook interactions were coded for child behaviors (e.g., use of augmentative communication devices, attention to book, or vocalizations) and parent behaviors (e.g., pointing in the book or asking predictive questions). Correlation and multiple regression analyses of these variables revealed that girls with RS can learn to communicate in meaningful ways through storybooks; however, mothers may need to engage in different strategies to facilitate better use of augmentative strategies. Successful strategies are discussed for the mother-daughter dyads.
Disproportionate Representation of Minority Students in Special Education: Academic, Demographic, and Economic Predictors
Authors: Hosp John L. , Reschly Daniel J.
Published: April 2014

Research on variables that predict disproportionate representation of minority students in special education has often ignored an important variable—academic achievement. This study examined the prediction of representation of students from various minority racial/ethnic groups using district-level academic, demographic, and economic blocks of variables. The relative strength of these blocks was tested using weighted multiple least squares regression. The results show that academic achievement added significantly to predictive models for various racial/ethnic groups and disability categories. Implications and directions for future research are also discussed.
Priority Issues Reflected in General and Special Education Association Journals
Authors: Mason Christine , Thormann Mary S. , O'Connell Maria , Behrmann June
Published: April 2014

This study examined the number of articles published in 29 journals from 1999–2001 on priority topics related to curriculum access as identified in a recent survey of senior staff from 16 general and special education associations. These results were compared to articles published in these journals on a nonpriority topic related to curriculum access—school technology. The number of articles on school technology far exceeded any of the identified priorities for either general or special education associations. The authors discuss the implications for the research-to-practice agenda as well as implications for general–special education collaboration.
Evaluating Stress Levels of Parents of Children with Disabilities
Authors: Lessenberry Beth M. , Rehfeldt Ruth Anne
Published: April 2014

Research has shown that the interactions of parents with their children with disabilities can have a profound impact on the progress that a child makes in his or her therapeutic or educational programs. For this reason, we argue that an important component of the screening and assessment process is a measure of the stress level experienced by parents. We provide an overview of the different assessment instruments currently used to evaluate stress in parents of children with disabilities, and make recommendations for further research and/or professional use of each instrument.
The Working Conditions and Induction Support of Early Career Special Educators
Authors: Billingsley Bonnie , Carlson Elaine , Klein Sheri
Published: April 2014

This article presents a profile of early career special educators' ( n = 1,153) working conditions, induction support, and career plans using data from the Study of Personnel Needs in Special Education (SPeNSE). The majority of respondents are Caucasion and female, and 80% are certified for their main assignments. Most respondents reported receiving informal support from other teachers and viewed this informal support as more valuable than other forms of support. Approximately 60% of respondents participated in formal mentoring, although one third did not find this support helpful. Those who reported higher levels of induction support reported greater job manageability and success in getting through to difficult students. School climate was related to teachers' intent to remain in special education.
Extended Time as a Testing Accommodation: Its Effects and Perceived Consequences
Authors: Elliott Stephen N. , Marquart Ann M.
Published: April 2014

This investigation examined the effect of an extended time testing accommodation on the performance of students with disabilities, students educationally at risk in math, and students without disabilities. Ninety-seven eighth-grade students completed two equivalent forms of a standardized mathematics test, each under different testing conditions (standard time 20 mins.; extended time 40 mins.). It was predicted that both disability status and mathematical skill level would interact with the effectiveness of the extended time accommodation, such that students with disabilities and students with low math skills would benefit significantly from the extended time accommodation, but students without disabilities would not. Outcomes indicated that there were no significant differences by disability status; however, there was evidence to support differences between the three student groups in the amount of change in their performance in the two time conditions. Follow-up surveys indicated that the vast majority of students reacted more positively to the accommodated or extra time condition than to the nonaccommodated condition. These results are discussed within a validity framework and future research is outlined on extended time as an accommodation.
Online versus Traditional Classroom Delivery of a Course in Manual Communication
Authors: Scheetz Nanci A. , Gunter Philip L.
Published: April 2014

Outcome measures for students enrolled in separate sections of a manual communication course taught by the same instructor were compared. One group received instruction in a traditional university classroom setting. The other group received instruction through asynchronous, videostreamed online delivery. No statistically significant differences in expressive manual communication skills, as well as content knowledge, were found. There was a significant difference in the receptive comprehension of manually communicated information, even though the difference was only 6%. Results are discussed in terms of potential for online instruction to aid in addressing the critical shortage of personnel needed to provide services for students who are deaf and hard of hearing.
Evaluating the Quality of Evidence from Correlational Research for Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Diamond Karen E. , McWilliam Robin , Snyder Patricia , Snyder Scott W.
Published: April 2014

Only true experiments offer definitive evidence for causal inferences, but not all educational interventions are readily amenable to experiments. Correlational evidence can at least tentatively inform evidence-based practice when sophisticated causal modeling or exclusion methods are employed. Correlational evidence is most informative when exemplary practices are followed as regards (a) measurement, (b) quantifying effects, (c) avoiding common analysis errors, and (d) using confidence intervals to portray the range of possible effects and the precisions of the effect estimates.
The Impact of Teacher Training on State Alternate Assessment Scores
Authors: Browder Diane M. , Karvonen Meagan , Davis Stephanie , Fallin Kathy , Courtade-Little Ginevra
Published: April 2014

With the passage of No Child Left Behind and the start of the high-stakes accountability movement, it has become increasingly important that teachers are able to appropriately assess all students, including those who qualify for alternate assessments. If suitable assessment is occurring, teachers can use these data to help improve student performance to meet both individualized education program (IEP) goals and state standards. In this study, which was conducted with teachers in an urban system within a high-stakes accountability state, students' alternate assessment scores improved when teachers received training on instructional practices. In addition, students who did well on alternate assessments also showed growth in direct observation of performance of their IEP objectives.
Reading Instruction for Elementary-Age Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Academic and Behavioral Outcomes
Authors: Barton-Arwood Sally M. , Wehby Joseph H. , Falk Katherine B.
Published: April 2014

This study evaluated the effects of a reading intervention on the reading achievement and social behaviors of 6 third-grade students with emotional/behavioral disorders. Reading instruction occurred 4 days a week using the Horizons Fast Track reading program and Peer-Assisted Learning Strategies. Analyses indicated variable improvements in basic reading skills with limited transfer to oral reading fluency. Outcomes for social behaviors indicated that changes in total inappropriate behavior were not directly related to the reading intervention; improved engagement appeared related to intervention but not necessarily reading achievement. Results are discussed in the context of possible reasons for differential responding and implications for practice and future research.
Effects of a Prereading Intervention on the Literacy and Social Skills of Children
Authors: Nelson J. Ron , Stage Scott A. , Epstein Michael H. , Pierce Corey D.
Published: April 2014

This study investigated the effects of an intensive prereading intervention on the beginning reading skills and social behavior of kindergarten children at risk for behavioral disorders and reading difficulties. Children identified through a systematic screening process were assigned randomly to experimental or nonspecific treatment conditions. Children who received the intensive prereading intervention showed statistically and educationally significant gains in their beginning reading skills relative to their counterparts in the nonspecific treatment condition. In contrast, improvements in teacher ratings of the classroom competence, emotional and behavioral self-control, and self-confidence of children in the experimental and nonspecific treatment conditions were not statistically significant from one another.
Intellectual, Academic, and Behavioral Functioning of Students with High-Incidence Disabilities: A Cross-Categorical Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sabornie Edward J. , Cullinan Douglas , Osborne Susan S. , Brock Lynne B.
Published: April 2014

A meta-analysis of 58 studies was performed in which IQ, academic achievement, and behavior characteristics were examined across students with learning disabilities (LD), mild intellectual disabilities (MID), and emotional/behavioral disabilities (E/BD). The effect sizes between students with LD and MID were the largest in the domains of IQ and academic achievement, and the differences involving pupils with E/BD versus those with LD and MID were largest in the behavior realm. Very little disparity was found when comparing (a) those with LD and students with E/BD on IQ measures, and (b) pupils with LD and those with MID in behavior. Implications for cross-categorical and noncategorical special education are discussed.
A Content and Methodological Review of Self-Advocacy Intervention Studies
Authors: Test David W. , Fowler Catherine H. , Brewer Denise M. , Wood Wendy M.
Published: April 2014

A content and methodological review of the literature of 25 self-advocacy intervention studies was conducted. First, each article was analyzed in terms of purpose, participants, design, dependent variable(s), independent variable(s), and results. Second, each manuscript was reviewed in terms of the quality indicators for single subject ( n = 11), group experimental ( n = 11), or qualitative ( n = 3) studies. Our findings (a) provide preliminary evidence that individuals of varying ages and disabilities can learn self-advocacy skills using both researcher-developed interventions and published curricula, and (b) indicate the need for increasing methodological rigor in implementing and reporting self-advocacy intervention studies. Results are discussed in terms of implications for research and instruction.
Learning from Collaboration: The Role of Teacher Qualities
Authors: Brownell Mary T. , Adams Alyson , Sindelar Paul , Waldron Nancy , Vanhover Stephanie
Published: April 2014

In special education, professional collaboration is viewed as a powerful tool for helping teachers serve students with disabilities. An underlying assumption is that general educators will improve practice if they have opportunities to participate in collaborative professional development aimed at improving instruction for students with disabilities. Although sustainability studies suggest that teachers benefit from such collaboration, evidence also demonstrates that they profit differently. This study examined how teachers who readily adapt and adopt strategies acquired in collaboration differed from those who do not. Findings revealed differences in knowledge of curriculum, pedagogy, student management, and student-centered instruction, as well as differences in ability to reflect on and adapt instruction. Implications for improving professional collaboration in schools are provided.