bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking cognitive processes and learning outcomes: The influence of cognitive presence on learning performance in MOOCs
Authors: Liu Bowen , Xing Wanli , Zeng Yifang , Wu Yonghe
Published: February 2022

Massively open online courses (MOOCs) offer learners opportunities for self‐improvement and knowledge development. Linking cognitive processes and learning outcomes is helpful in supporting students learning with the help of MOOCs. Based on the cognitive presence of the Community of Inquiry framework, this study quantified the effect of cognitive presence on students’ learning performance by analysing more than 400,000 posts of 13 MOOCs. First, the study built a highly predictive classification model using a machine learning algorithm to automatically identify the phases of cognitive presence in MOOC forum posts. Subsequently, multilevel modelling was used to analyse the influence of learners’ cognitive presence on their learning performance. The results showed that different phases of cognitive presence influenced students’ learning differently. The findings help us understand the phases and depth of students’ cognitive presence and can be used as the basis for MOOCs to automatically provide appropriate cognitive feedback and support to students.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Massively open online courses (MOOCs) offer learners opportunities for self‐improvement and knowledge development.

Linking cognitive processes and learning outcomes is helpful in supporting student learning in MOOCs.

Little is known so far about the role of cognitive presence in influencing students’ learning performance.

What this paper adds

This study built a highly predictive classification model using a machine learning algorithm to automatically identify the phases of cognitive presence in MOOC forum posts.

Multilevel modelling was used to quantify the influence of learners’ cognitive presence on their learning performance.

The results showed that different phases of cognitive presence influenced students’ learning differently.

Implications for practice and/or policy

This study built an effective, high‐performance machine learning model with easy feature extraction, which could be used to automatically identify students’ cognitive processes in MOOC forums and beyond.

The combination of cognitive presence and learning performance helps us understand the phases and depth of students’ cognitive presence.

The findings can be used as the basis for MOOCs to automatically provide appropriate cognitive feedback and support to students.
The impact of smoking on sexual function
Authors: Mima Mahmoud , Huang Jason B. , Andriole Gerald L. , Freedland Stephen J. , Ohlander Samuel J. , Moreira Daniel M.
Published: February 2022

Objectives

To evaluate the hypothesis that there is an improvement in sexual function following smoking cessation (as smoking is a well‐established risk factor for sexual dysfunction), we analysed the association between cigarette smoking and smoking cessation with sexual function among participants of the REduction by DUtasteride of prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) study.

Subjects and Methods

We analysed baseline data of 6754 men, aged 50–75 years divided into: lifelong non‐smokers, former smokers, and current smokers. We examined total testosterone (TT, normal range ≥10 nmol/L) and sexual function variables: self‐reported sexual activity, low libido, and erectile dysfunction (ED). Differences between current vs non‐smokers and former vs current smokers were analysed using the chi‐square test, linear and logistic regressions.

Results

A total of 3069 (45.4%) men were non‐smokers, 2673 (39.6%) former smokers, and 1012 (15%) current smokers. Current smokers were significantly younger than former and non‐smokers (mean age 61.6, 63.2, and 62.7 years, respectively), leaner (mean body mass index 27.0, 27.7, and 27.2 kg/m2, respectively), and had less hypertension (32.4%, 41.6%, and 36.8%, respectively; all P < 0.01). In uni‐ and multivariable analysis, current smokers had higher mean TT than non‐smokers (485.4 vs 451.2 nmol/L, P < 0.001), higher prevalence of low libido (25.6% vs 21.0%, P = 0.002) and ED (31.6% vs 26.0%, P < 0.001) with comparable sexual activity (81.7% vs 82.8%, P = 0.420). In multivariable analysis, former smokers had statistically significantly less prevalence of low libido (odds ratio [OR] 0.8, P = 0.013) and ED (OR 0.8, P = 0.006) compared to current smokers.

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking was associated with worse sexual health compared to non‐smokers, while former smokers had better erectile function and libido than current smokers. Smoking cessation may improve male sexual health and counselling on smoking cessation may be considered at the time of sexual health evaluations.
Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in emergency dental services: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lima Thiago César da Silva , Coste Sylvia Cury , Fernandes Marina Izabelle Avelar Pires , Barbato‐Ferreira Daniela Augusta , Colosimo Enrico Antônio , Del Fabbro Massimo , Ribeiro Sobrinho Antônio Paulino , Côrtes Maria Ilma de Souza , Bastos Juliana Vilela
Published: February 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis regarding the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in emergency dental services.

Methods

Seven electronic and two grey literature databases were searched, up to December 2021, for studies that reported the TDI prevalence among dental emergencies. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for prevalence studies, and The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach were used to assess the risk of bias and quality of evidence respectively. The R software was used to perform a proportion meta‐analysis on a random‐effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence and respective 95% CI.

Results

From a total of 1476 studies identified after excluding duplicates, 38 met the inclusion criteria, and another five were identified through hand searching, summing 43 included observational studies with a total sample of 209099 individuals searching for emergency dental care. The overall pooled prevalence of TDI was 15.4% (95% CI: 11%‐21%, I² = 100%). Paediatric dental emergency services and age group from 0 to 21 years presented the highest prevalence, 29% (95% CI: 22%‐38%, I² = 99.5%) and 24% (95% CI: 15%‐35%, I² = 98%) respectively.

Conclusions

The overall pooled prevalence of TDI in emergency dental services was 15.4%, and 24% in the age group under 21 years. Considering the impact of prompt and correct emergency care in the long‐term prognosis of TDI, such knowledge is relevant to organize emergency healthcare and support public policies in this area.
Radiographic assessment of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and collagen‐stabilized DBBM for transalveolar sinus floor elevation: A 2‐year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wu Yefeng , Xiao Pei , Xu Antian , He Fuming
Published: February 2022

Background

Theoretically, collagen‐stabilized deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM‐C) has better operability compared with DBBM. DBBM‐C avoids dispersing during the transalveolar sinus floor elevation (TSFE) because of its block shape.

Purpose

To evaluate radiological changes of using DBBM‐C in TSFE.

Materials and Methods

Patients who received TSFE using DBBM (Bio‐Oss®) or DBBM‐C (Bio‐Oss® collagen) with simultaneous implantation were recruited. Graft bone height apically (aGH), endo‐sinus bone gain (ESBG), and crest bone level (CBL) were assessed through panoramic radiograph and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Results

A total of 138 patients (138 implants) were retrospectively enrolled. After 2 years of implantation, the incidence of postoperative complications was 4.2% (95% CI: 0.9%–11.7%) and 4.5% (95% CI: 0.9%–12.7%) for DBBM and DBBM‐C groups, respectively. Measured in panoramic radiograph, ΔaGH of DBBM‐C (1.8 mm, SD: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2–2.4, P = 0.044) group was significantly higher than that of DBBM (1.2 mm, SD: 1.4, 95% CI: 0.7–1.7) after 24 months. No significant differences for ΔCBL were noted during the entire observation period. Measured through CBCT, ESBG was 5.0 (SD: 1.8, 95% CI: 4.1–5.8) mm in DBBM group and 4.6 (SD: 1.6, 95% CI: 3.9–5.3) mm in DBBM‐C group 24 months after implantation. The aGH value of DBBM‐C group was significantly higher compared with DBBM in CBCT (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.9, P = 0.020).

Conclusions

DBBM‐C could achieve similar bone generation as DBBM in TSFE. Both materials could maintain aGH, ESBG, and CBL relatively stable 2 years after implantation.
Morningness‐Eveningness Preference, Time Perspective, and Passage of Time Judgments
Authors: Beracci Alessia , Fabbri Marco , Martoni Monica
Published: February 2022

Recent studies have shown that making accurate passage of time judgments (POTJs) for long‐time intervals is an important cognitive ability. Different temporal domains, such as circadian typology (biological time) and time perspective (psychological time), could have an effect on subjective POTJs, but few studies have investigated the reciprocal influences among these temporal domains. The present study is the first systematic attempt to fill this gap. A sample of 222 participants (53.20% females; 19–60 years) filled in the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory for the measurement of time perspective, the reduced version of the Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) for chronotypes, and an ad‐hoc questionnaire assessing sleep habits during weekdays and the weekend (for social jetlag). The POTJ was measured using a modified version of a pictorial timeline presented at five different moments. Also, participants judged how different temporal expressions were related to the past, present, and future along a 7‐point Likert scale. After confirming the association between eveningness and present‐hedonism orientation and morningness and future‐orientation, we found that evening‐types produced higher scores for future expressions. The subjective POTJ expressed in minutes was predicted by Deviation from Balanced Time (DBTP), present‐fatalism orientation, and social jetlag. Finally, the rMEQ score, past‐positive orientation, and DBTP predicted the difference between subjective and objective POT. The results are discussed offering an explanation in terms of the interconnections between circadian typology, individual time perspective, and the sense of the POT, suggesting the multicomponent nature of the concept of time.
Plentiful melanin pigment containing histiocyte‐like cells in Coats disease: Awareness avoids diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Shastri Malvika , Kundu Reetu , Singh Simar Rajan , Gupta Vishali , Rana Vipin
Published: February 2022

Coats disease is an exudative retinal vasculopathy characterised by presence of yellow‐golden deposits in the retina and retinal detachment. Subretinal fluid drainage performed as a part of therapeutic management makes the fluid amenable to cytological examination. Infection by Toxoplasma may closely simulate the ocular symptoms seen in Coats disease. Awareness of the cytological findings in Coats disease helps to clinch accurate diagnosis. We herein present a case of Coats disease with many histiocyte‐like cells with plentiful intracytoplasmic melanin pigment in cytology smears from subretinal fluid, where cytological diagnosis was challenging and a correct diagnosis was made with the aid of ancillary techniques.
Strengthening the role of science and technology in disaster risk reduction: the Chilean strategy
Authors: Gil Magdalena , Rivera Felipe
Published: February 2022

This paper presents an integrative case study of Chile's national strategy of research, development, and innovation (R&D+i) for disaster resilience and progress towards developing the institutional conditions necessary for its successful implementation. The paper covers the period between 2016 and 2021, concentrating on the work of the Chilean Commission of R&D+i for Resilience to Disasters of Natural Origin (CREDEN). Through an analysis of the official records of the initiative at all of its stages, and 29 semi‐structured interviews with CREDEN members and stakeholders, we aim to present a successful example of strengthening the role of science and technology in disaster risk reduction. Chile's experience is particularly interesting because its strategy focused on R&D+i and proposed developing an industry of scientific‐based technological solutions for disaster resilience. The study also illustrates how strategic interaction between academia, state, and industry can be a key factor in aligning knowledge production to tackle current socio‐technical challenges.
Negative Trade Shocks and Gender Inequality: Evidence from the USA
Authors: Ghosh Ishan , Larch Mario , Murtazashvili Irina , Yotov Yoto V.
Published: February 2022

We study the differential post‐layoff responses in labour market outcomes for men versus women when unemployment is caused by international trade. We capitalize on the richness and unique design of two US Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) datasets to analyse gender differentials in wages and employment. Three main findings stand out from our analysis. First, the pre‐layoff wage gap between men and women who have lost their jobs due to trade and enter the TAA programme is very wide: a 31.5% premium for men, even after controlling for a series of demographic characteristics. Second, the success rate in finding employment for women who have been laid off because of trade is similar to the rate for men, with significant differences across states and sectors. Third, the pre‐layoff wage premium for men is completely eliminated upon re‐employment. However, we attribute this result to wage compression. We also document a series of gender‐related outcomes across demographic characteristics, retraining choices, geography and sectors.
Acaulescence promotes speciation and shapes the distribution patterns of palms in Neotropical seasonally dry habitats
Authors: Cássia‐Silva Cibele , Oliveira Rafael S. , Sales Lílian P. , Freitas Cíntia G. , Jardim Lucas , Emilio Thaíse , Bacon Christine D. , Collevatti Rosane G.
Published: February 2022

Rainforests have been a source of lineages to open and seasonally dry habitats throughout Angiosperm evolution, especially in the Neotropics. However, the underlying mechanisms that allow such shifts remain poorly understood at large spatial scales. Here, we test whether acaulescence (an underground stem or a very short stem concealed in the ground) has affected the colonization and speciation in Neotropical seasonally dry habitats by cocosoid palms (Cocoseae). Acaulescent species maintain their growth underground, which increases their chances of survival from prolonged seasonal dry season and frequent fires. We use an integrative approach based on trait‐dependent diversification models, phylogenetic comparative methods and ecological niche models. We found that shifts towards acaulescent growth form were accompanied by evolutionary transitions to seasonally dry habitats. Acaulescent lineages had higher speciation rates than non‐acaulescent ones. However, the interaction between acaulescence and seasonally dry habitats had no significant effect on Cocoseae speciation rates. Acaulescent palms are primarily distributed in Neotropical seasonally dry habitats and non‐acaulescent palms are concentrated in Amazonian rainforests. Our results suggest that an underground stem, with high carbohydrate and water storage capacity, is a preadaptation by which rainforest lineages were able to colonize and diversify in new fire‐prone, increasingly seasonal and drier adaptive zones. The projected global expansion of dry seasonal habitats requires an understanding of how drought‐avoidance functional traits evolve and how they are linked to seasonally dry habitats. Our results are, thus, a step forward in determining plant response mechanisms to drier and seasonal conditions.
Experiment and simulation of high‐cycle corrosion fatigue damage evolution and corrosion pit tolerance analysis of crack nucleation
Authors: Yu Yanqun , Huang Xiaoguang , Wang Yichao , Yang Zhicheng
Published: February 2022

Based on the elasto‐plastic damage constitutive model, a continuum nonlinear damage evolution model for the high‐cycle corrosion fatigue of the API X65 pipeline steel is proposed. Firstly, a series of experiments are carried out to determine the corrosion fatigue damage parameters of X65 steel in the artificial seawater, then the corrosion fatigue damage model is used in the finite element (FE) analysis to predict the crack nucleation life of high‐cycle corrosion fatigue. In order to consider the influence of corrosion pit on the crack nucleation of corrosion fatigue, a user‐subroutine UMESHMOTION provided by the general software ABAQUS is used to construct a numerical model of damage evolution with the corrosion pit effect considered on the API X65 steel. Numerical results show that the numerical model considering the effect of damage and corrosion pit can better predict the crack nucleation life of the API X65 steel than that considering only the damage effect.
Evaluation of small‐scale yielding boundary using digital image correlation results
Authors: Vasco‐Olmo Jose M. , Díaz Francisco A. , Neto Diogo M. , Sérgio Edmundo R. , Antunes Fernando V. , James M. Neil
Published: February 2022

In this work, the boundaries of small‐scale yielding (SSY) and large‐scale yielding (LSY) have been experimentally evaluated from the analysis of crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) measured by digital image correlation (DIC). According to a previous numerical work, the ratio between the elastic CTOD range and the total CTOD range (Δδe/Δδt) defines the boundaries of SSY conditions and LSY. Three materials have been studied, commercially pure titanium and 2024‐T3 and 7050‐T6 aluminum alloys, tested at different stress ratio values. SSY conditions are shown to dominate when Δδe/Δδt ≥ 79% and ≥78% for titanium and the two aluminum alloys, respectively. In addition, LSY can be established when Δδe/Δδt ≤ 66.3% and ≤67.2% for titanium and for 2024‐T3 and 7050‐T6 aluminum alloys, respectively. Transition or LSY conditions are more probable in fatigue tests conducted at low R ratio and for crack lengths above 40% with respect to the width of the specimen.
Interest in dentistry in early months of the COVID‐19 global pandemic: A Google Trends approach
Authors: Bağcı Nuray , Peker Ilkay
Published: February 2022

Background

In early the COVID‐19 pandemic, routine dental treatments have been delayed due to the risk of disease transmission. This delay may lead public to search for information on the Internet for a solution.

Objectives

This study aims to evaluate the public interest in dentistry in the early months of the COVID‐19 global pandemic in the selected countries.

Methods

The daily numbers of new COVID‐19 cases were recorded for China, South Korea, Italy, Germany, Russia, Ukraine and Turkey. For these countries, Internet search interest of the keyword ‘dentistry’, ‘coronavirus’, ‘COVID‐19’, ‘SARS‐CoV‐2’ and ‘pandemic’ in the early months of the COVID‐19 pandemic was evaluated by using Google Trends data.

Results

In most countries included the public Internet search interest in ‘dentistry+coronavirus+COVID‐19+SARS‐CoV‐2+pandemic’ peaked prior to the peak of new COVID‐19 cases. While a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the number of new cases and Google Trends data in China, South Korea, Italy and Germany, a statistically significant negative correlation was observed in Turkey.

Conclusion

The peak public interest in dentistry has been prior to the peak of COVID‐19 new cases in most countries. The use of Internet data can provide useful information about pandemics and many other diseases.
An exploration of New Zealand mental health nurses’ personal physical activities
Authors: Philbrick Glen , Sheridan Nicolette Fay , McCauley Kay
Published: February 2022

This study assessed the physical activities of Mental Health Nurses (MHN) in New Zealand against the 2018 World Health Organization recommended minimum levels of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. The research design was exploratory and descriptive as there were no previous studies about physical activity levels of MHNs in New Zealand. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, Long Version) which included options for free‐text responses. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of 266 participants returned the survey, a response rate of 4%, and a limitation of the study. More than 50% of MHNs reported <150 min of moderate‐to‐vigorous exercise per week for each of the four physical activity domains. When individual physical activity domains were combined, only 10% spent <150 min on moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity. Work‐related physical activities were higher for those working in the inpatient area than in community settings. Transport‐related physical activities were higher for those working in community settings. Participants registered from 6 to 20 years had more time sitting than other groups. Nurses aged 55 years and above showed the highest total physical activity levels. Moreover, healthcare organizations and nurse leaders need to promote physical activity and provide wellness intervention for their staff. Nurses who are physically active may be more effective in supporting their patients to increase their physical activity.
Thermal and electrical properties of a high entropy carbide (Ta, Hf, Nb, Zr) at elevated temperatures
Authors: Schwind Evan C. , Reece Michael J. , Castle Elinor , Fahrenholtz William G. , Hilmas Gregory E.
Published: February 2022

The thermal and electrical properties were measured for a high entropy carbide ceramic, consisting of (Hf, Ta, Zr, Nb)C. The ceramic was produced by spark plasma sintering a mixture of the monocarbides and had a relative density of more than 97.6%. The resulting ceramic was chemically homogeneous as a single‐phase solid solution formed from the constituent carbides. The thermal diffusivity (0.045–0.087 cm2/s) and heat capacity (0.23–0.44 J/g•K) were measured from room temperature up to 2000°C. The thermal conductivity increased from 10.7 W/m•K at room temperature to 39.9 W/m•K at 2000°C. The phonon and electron contributions to the thermal conductivity were investigated, which showed that the increase in thermal conductivity was predominantly due to the electron contribution, while the phonon contribution was independent of temperature. The electrical resistivity increased from 80.9 μΩ•cm at room temperature to 114.1 μΩ•cm at 800°C.
Exploring the victim offender overlap among people with an intellectual disability
Authors: Anstis Sophie , Thomas Stuart D. M.
Published: February 2022

Background

While there is growing international evidence pointing to the increased risks of crime perpetration and victimisation for some people with an intellectual disability, the overlap between offending and victimisation (the victim‐offender overlap) remains unclear.

Method

This study utilised a data linkage methodology of 2600 people with an intellectual disability, exploring their contacts with public mental health services and the police in Victoria, Australia.

Results

Victim‐offenders accounted for a small proportion of the sample (n = 148, 5.7%). The victim‐offender overlap was evident for both violent and nonviolent nonsexual crimes, particularly for theft, burglary, and threat‐related crimes. Key differences were also noted between males and females.

Conclusions

People with an intellectual disability who are both victim and offenders comprise a small but particularly complex justice‐involved population. Future research should explore the victim offender overlap for males and females separately, as well as any additional risks and vulnerabilities associated with specific mental health diagnoses.
Challenging a host–pathogen paradigm: Susceptibility to chytridiomycosis is decoupled from genetic erosion
Authors: Smith Donal , O'Brien David , Hall Jeanette , Sergeant Chris , Brookes Lola M. , Harrison Xavier A. , Garner Trenton W. J. , Jehle Robert
Published: February 2022

The putatively positive association between host genetic diversity and the ability to defend against pathogens has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has emerged in recent decades as a cause of dramatic declines and extinctions across the amphibian clade. Bd susceptibility can vary widely across populations of the same species, but the relationship between standing genetic diversity and susceptibility has remained notably underexplored so far. Here, we focus on a putatively Bd‐naive system of two mainland and two island populations of the common toad (Bufo bufo) at the edge of the species’ range and use controlled infection experiments and dd‐RAD sequencing of >10 000 SNPs across 95 individuals to characterize the role of host population identity, genetic variation and individual body mass in mediating host response to the pathogen. We found strong genetic differentiation between populations and marked variation in their susceptibility to Bd. This variation was not, however, governed by isolation‐mediated genetic erosion, and individual heterozygosity was even found to be negatively correlated with survival. Individual survival during infection experiments was strongly positively related to body mass, which itself was unrelated to population of origin or heterozygosity. Our findings underscore the general importance of context‐dependency when assessing the role of host genetic variation for the ability of defence against pathogens.
Machine learning‐assisted industrial symbiosis: Testing the ability of word vectors to estimate similarity for material substitutions
Authors: Davis Chris , Aid Graham
Published: February 2022

A challenge of facilitating industrial symbiosis involves identifying novel uses of waste streams that can satisfy the demands of other industries. For these efforts, a variety of characteristics must often be considered. A mine of relevant knowledge has been gathered in resources such as academic journals and patent databases. However, in looking to harness the potential of such data to support facilitation, compiling information on expansive ranges of material properties and technical requirements from a variety of unstructured sources can pose a significant manual effort. To ameliorate this, we demonstrate and evaluate an automated system that, given a large collection of patents and academic articles related to waste valorization, is able to assist with the process of identifying which waste streams could potentially be used as substitute feedstocks. Instead of aiming to measure (potentially thousands of) material properties directly, we use word correlations as a proxy to reflect “common knowledge.” Novel in furthering this approach is the application of word vectors, which have emerged as a promising natural language processing tool. The process employs a machine learning approach where words are represented as high‐dimensional vectors which encode latent features related to words that often appear around it. When this approach is assessed by comparing its suggestions to documented cases, the use of vectors shows potential to incorporate latent information in data‐based explorations. Further research into how this approach compares, and could be integrated with, established symbiosis development practices will be key to understanding its full potential and drawbacks.
The effect of decision support systems on pain in patients with cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Sezgin Merve Gozde , Bektas Hicran
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This study was conducted to systematically examine the effect of decision support systems (DSSs) applied to patients with cancer on pain severity.

Review methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis. A search was done on Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCOhost/CINAHL Complete, Scopus, Springer Link, Cochrane Library, and Ovid databases, which covered a period until September 2021. Meta‐analysis of the data was conducted on the CMA 3 software package. Comprehensive reviews were conducted by two independent researchers in line with the PICOS criteria. The study was conducted according to the PRISMA checklist.

Findings

Five randomized controlled trials with 1.880 participants were included in this systematic review and meta‐analysis. In the study, visits, consultations, simulation of patient outcomes, telephone support, and email applications were employed for periods ranging from 6 weeks to 6 months. The evaluation of the meta‐analysis results indicated that DSSs had positive effects on pain severity in patients with cancer (Hedge's g = 0.22; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The findings of this systematic review and meta‐analysis show that DSSs can be used as an effective and comfortable technological application in reducing the severity of pain in patients with cancer.

Clinical relevance

The use of DSSs for pain severity in patients with cancer is an effective method. In line with the findings of this systematic review and meta‐analysis, awareness and knowledge levels of all health disciplines about DSSs will increase. It is believed that the use of DSSs to improve patient‐centered care will be guiding.
The moral economy of defence of territory and the political economy of extractivism in the Polochic valley, Guatemala
Authors: Konforti Lazar
Published: February 2022

Since the turn of the 21st century, sugarcane, oil palm, and nickel mining have transformed the Polochic valley lowlands in northeastern Guatemala. These industries have been met with different forms of resistance from local indigenous Q'eqchi' agrarian communities operating under the banner of “defence of territory” (DOT). In this paper, I argue that the concept of moral economy can help understand why the arrival of different (agro)extractive industries were met with different levels of resistance by Q'eqchi' communities. The key elements of the local moral economy that informs DOT in the Polochic lowlands are customary territorial practices, paternalistic class relationships, and rising livelihood expectations. The degree to which this moral economy was violated by different industries helps explain variegated responses and outcomes, particularly why sugarcane company Chabil Utzaj was met with widespread and sustained resistance that ultimately led to its decision to cease operations. This moral economy was itself shaped by previous cycles of agrarian change and continues to shape present‐day political contestation.
Influence of sleep bruxism on QTc interval and QT variability in patients with OSA: A pilot study
Authors: Zhong Zhijun , Li Qi , Zou Xueliang , Ouyang Qian , Zeng Qinghong , Hu Yinyin , Wang Mengmeng , Luo Yaxing , Yao Dongyuan
Published: February 2022

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with increases in QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc interval) and QT variability index (QTVI) and sleep bruxism (SB) is prevalent in OSA patients.

Objectives

To examine whether QTc interval and QT variability were changed during episodes of rhythmic masticatory muscle activities (RMMAs)/SB in SB patients with and without OSA.

Methods

The RR and QTc intervals, and QTVI during RMMAs with or without accompanied limb movements (RMMAs/LMs) in 10 normal controls and 10 SB patients without OSA and during apneic and recovery periods of OSA in 10 SB patients with OSA were analysed.

Results

In the SB patients without OSA and controls, QTc intervals and QTVI were significantly increased during RMMAs/LMs compared with those during the 10 s periods (from 10th to 20th s) before the onset and after the offset of RMMAs/LMs, and significantly increased during RMMAs/LMs with awakenings compared with those with microarousals and no arousals. In addition, QTc interval and QTVI were positively correlated with the duration of RMMAs/LMs. Moreover, in the SB patients with OSA, QTc interval and QTVI during the recovery period of OSA events were significantly longer and higher than those during the apneic period regardless of accompanied RMMAs/LMs, and QTc interval and QTVI during the apneic and recovery periods accompanied with RMMAs/LMs were significantly longer and higher than those without accompanied RMMAs/LMs.

Conclusion

OSA and RMMAs/LMs events were associated with longer QTc intervals and higher QTVI, and RMMAs/LMs might contribute to these changes associated with OSA events accompanied with RMMAs/LMs.
Lipoprotein profile of pleural and peritoneal transudates in dogs and cats
Authors: Alonso Flavio H. , Behling‐Kelly Erica , Borjesson Dori L.
Published: February 2022

Background

Current diagnostic evaluation of transudative effusions rarely aids in identifying an underlying etiology. Lipoproteins in the fluid might reflect the site or nature of vessel involvement.

Objectives

Improve the classification and diagnostic utility of pleural and peritoneal transudates in dogs and cats by investigating lipoprotein patterns in effusions. Compare these patterns with other peritonaeal and pleural fluid variables and underlying diseases.

Animals

Samples of transudates and serum from 18 cats and 37 dogs with transudative effusion (total nucleated cell count [TNCC] <5000 cells/μL) were analyzed.

Methods

Lipoprotein fractions, triglyceride, and cholesterol (CHO) concentrations were prospectively determined in paired fluid and serum samples. Standard fluid measurements were retrospectively collected.

Results

Two distinct fluid lipoprotein patterns were noted. Fluids rich in VLDL+IDL were associated with chronic kidney disease, acquired portosystemic shunts or protein‐losing enteropathy (group I). Fluids rich in denser lipoproteins were associated with underlying heart disease, caudal vena cava syndrome or intracavitary neoplasia (group II). Group I and group II also had significant differences between fluid concentrations of CHO (x̄ = 8 vs 110 mg/dL) and TP (x̄ = 0.6 vs 3.8 g/dL), respectively. Five peritoneal transudates were triglyceride‐rich (>100 mg/dL) and associated with pancreatitis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Protein‐poor (TP <1.5 g/dL) and protein‐rich (TP >2.5 g/dL) transudates were associated with distinct lipoprotein patterns and specific groups of disease. Effusions secondary to pancreatitis might be transudative and rich in triglycerides.
Genetic examination of historical North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) bone specimens from the eastern North Atlantic: Insights into species history, transoceanic population structure, and genetic diversity
Authors: Frasier Brenna A. , Springate Leah , Frasier Timothy R. , Brewington Seth , Carruthers Martin , Edvardsson Ragnar , Harrison Ramona , Kitchener Andrew C. , Mainland Ingrid , Szabo Vicki E.
Published: February 2022

Species monitoring and conservation is increasingly challenging under current climate change scenarios. For the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) this challenge is heightened by the added effects of complicated and uncertain past species demography. Right whales once had a much wider distribution across the North Atlantic Ocean, although the degree to which right whales in the western and eastern North Atlantic were genetically isolated remains unknown. We analyzed DNA from 24 4th–20th century (CE) right whale bone specimens that were collected from 10 historical and archaeological sites in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland. Following mtDNA species identification, we obtained 15‐locus nuclear microsatellite profiles from a subset of eight specimens and compared these to contemporary data from animals remaining in the western North Atlantic population. While some specimens share mtDNA haplotypes with the contemporary population, several new haplotypes were found. Moderate mtDNA and nuclear differentiation between the two regions was identified (mtDNA: FST = 0.0423, ΦST = 0.041; nuclear DNA: FST = 0.024). Interpretation of the relationships between animals in the two regions is not simple, and this research highlights the difficulty in conducting such assessments in species with complex histories of unknown structure prior to extensive exploitation.
Expression of a sphingomyelinase‐coding gene from Trichoderma harzianum conferred bacterial tolerance in tobacco
Authors: Berbert Pedro S. , Vieira Pabline M. , Cabral Glaucia B. , Martins Elaine C. , Wulff Nelson A. , Ulhoa Cirano J. , Aragão Francisco J. L.
Published: February 2022

Diseases caused by bacteria are an important and widespread constraint, occurring in almost all crops, including vegetables, pulses, cereals, ornamentals, fruit and forages. Although several strategies have been developed to obtain disease resistance in plants using genetic engineering, few studies have effectively demonstrated the control of bacterial diseases. It has previously been reported that a gene encoding a sphingomyelinase (ThSMase), identified in Trichoderma harzianum, is up‐regulated during biocontrol against phytopathogens, and this may have biotechnological applications. SMases are involved in multiple cellular functions, including the immune response against pathogens. We hypothesized that the expression of this gene from fungi in transgenic tobacco could generate resistance to plant pathogens. ThSMase was cloned under control of the double CaMV 35S promoter plus a leader sequence from alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and stably introduced and expressed in tobacco. Reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the ThSMase gene was expressed at similar levels in all transgenic lines tested. Our results showed no statistically significant difference in susceptibility after challenging transgenic and nontransgenic lines with the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. However, transgenic tobacco plants revealed a significant resistance to the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, and a tolerance to Xylella fastidiosa. Our results demonstrated the strong potential of ThSMase in biotechnological processes such as molecular breeding of the plants.
Dorsal‐to‐ventral imbalance in the superior longitudinal fasciculus mediates methylphenidate’s effect on beta oscillations in ADHD
Authors: Mazzetti Cecilia , Gonzales Damatac Christienne , Sprooten Emma , ter Huurne Niels , Buitelaar Jan K. , Jensen Ole
Published: February 2022

While pharmacological treatment with methylphenidate (MPH) is a first line intervention for ADHD, its mechanisms of action have yet to be elucidated. We here seek to identify the white matter tracts that mediate MPH’s effect on beta oscillations. We implemented a double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover design, where boys diagnosed with ADHD underwent behavioral and MEG measurements during a spatial attention task while on and off MPH. The results were compared with an age/IQ‐matched control group. Estimates of white matter tracts were obtained using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Via a stepwise model selection strategy, we identified the fiber tracts (regressors) significantly predicting values of the dependent variables of interest (i.e., oscillatory power, behavioral performance, and clinical symptoms): the anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), the superior longitudinal fasciculus (“parietal endings”) (SLFp), and superior longitudinal fasciculus (“temporal endings”) (SLFt). ADHD symptoms severity was associated with lower fractional anisotropy (FA) within the ATR. In addition, individuals with relatively higher FA in SLFp compared to SLFt, led to stronger behavioral effects of MPH in the form of faster and more accurate responses. Furthermore, the same parietotemporal FA gradient explained the effects of MPH on beta modulation: subjects with ADHD exhibiting higher FA in SLFp compared to SLFt also displayed greater effects of MPH on beta power during response preparation. Our data suggest that the behavioral deficits and aberrant oscillatory modulations observed in ADHD depend on a possibly detrimental structural connectivity imbalance within the SLF, caused by a diffusivity gradient in favor of parietal rather than temporal, fiber tracts.
Equivocal associations between small‐scale shoreline restoration and subtidal fishes in an urban estuary
Authors: Francis Tessa B. , Sullaway Genoa H. , Feist Blake E. , Shelton Andrew O. , Chui Emily , Daley Caroline , Frick Kinsey E. , Tolimieri Nick , Williams Gregory D. , Samhouri Jameal F.
Published: February 2022

Restoration of degraded coastal and estuarine habitats owing to human activities is a major global concern. In Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A., removal of hard armor from beaches and intertidal zones has become a priority for state and local agencies. However, the effectiveness of these shoreline restoration programs for subtidal habitats and fish is unknown. We surveyed six restoration sites in Puget Sound over 2 years to evaluate associations between shoreline restoration and subtidal fish abundance. We measured the abundance of juvenile salmonids and forage fishes along armored, restored, and reference shorelines. Bayesian generalized linear models showed limited support for associations between shoreline restoration and these fishes in the 3–7 years since armor removal. Pacific herring were more abundant at reference shorelines; the shoreline effect for surf smelt varied by survey site. Shoreline restoration was not an important predictor of salmonid abundance; the best models for Chinook and chum salmon included predictors for survey site and eelgrass, respectively. The retention of survey site in several species' top models reveals the influence of the broader landscape context. We also found seasonal variation in abundance for chum salmon and surf smelt. Our results suggest that juvenile forage fish and salmonids in estuaries likely have unique responses to shoreline features, and that the positive effects of armor removal either do not extend into subtidal areas or are not detectable at local scales. To be most effective, coastal restoration programs should consider broader landscape patterns as well as species‐specific habitat needs when prioritizing investments.
How do interests, ideas, and institutions affect multisectoral governance? The case of tobacco governance in two Pacific small island developing states
Authors: Patay Dori , Friel Sharon , Schram Ashley , Sell Susan
Published: February 2022

Multisectoral governance has been recognized to be vital to regulate harmful commodity industries, yet countries struggle with reaching policy coherence due to government agencies' conflicting mandates and industry interference. Limited empirical evidence is available on how interests, ideas, and institutions intersect and influence multisectoral governance in low‐ and middle‐income countries, particularly in Pacific small island developing states (PSIDS), often exploited by vested industry interests and whose non‐communicable disease crisis commands urgent action to regulate harmful commodities. This study assessed the ways interests, ideas, and institutions intersect and shape multisectoral tobacco governance in PSIDS. Interviewee data collected in Fiji and Vanuatu show that the idea of individual responsibility, the limited recognition of commercial determinants of health, the centralization of authority, and the vulnerabilities of small island developing states, (including small population, land, economy, geographic isolation, and status as a developing economy), prevent these states from achieving policy coherence in multisectoral tobacco governance.
Between a boy and a girl: Measuring gender identity on a continuum
Authors: Gülgöz Selin , Edwards Deja L. , Olson Kristina R.
Published: February 2022

Studies of gender development typically use binary, discrete measures of identity. However, growing literature indicates that some children might not identify with a binary gender. We tested a continuous measure of felt gender identity with gender‐non‐conforming children, socially transitioned transgender children, cisgender siblings, and unrelated cisgender children. In two studies, we found that transgender and cisgender children did not differ in their degree of identifying as their current gender, that they showed more binary identities compared with gender‐ non‐conforming children, and that the continuum was a valid predictor of other measures of gender development. We also found that children's use of the continuous measure was stable over time. Our results demonstrate the test–retest reliability and validity of a new single‐item continuous measure of gender.
Everyday Activities
Authors: Schultheis Holger , Cooper Richard P.
Published: February 2022

The ease with which humans usually perform everyday activities masks their inherit complexity. Tasks such as setting a table prior to a meal or preparing a hot beverage require the coordination of several cognitive abilities. At the same time, many everyday activities are simple enough to afford investigation in controlled lab settings. One main goal of this issue is to raise awareness of everyday activities as a topic and a field of study in its own right, which allows investigating (a) selected cognitive abilities with high ecological validity and (b) the interplay and integration of key cognitive abilities. To this end, this topic consists of eight papers that span different aspects of everyday activities, ranging from neuroscience through philosophical considerations and implications to lessons from robotics.
CiKN1 and CiKN6 are involved in leaf development in citrus by regulating CimiR164
Authors: Zeng Ren‐Fang , Fu Li‐Ming , Deng Luo , Liu Mei‐Feng , Gan Zhi‐Meng , Zhou Huan , Hu Si‐Fan , Hu Chun‐Gen , Zhang Jin‐Zhi
Published: February 2022

Leaf shape is an important agronomic trait that is involved in plant photosynthesis, flowering, disease resistance, and yield. In recent years, many leaf shape‐related genes have been identified in model plants, but the precise regulatory network of leaf shape development remains unclear, particularly in woody plants. Transcriptome analysis of trifoliate orange and lemon leaves revealed that two citrus Knotted1‐like (CiKN1 and CiKN6) genes might participate in leaf development. Overexpression of CiKN1 displays lobed leaves in simple leaf Arabidopsis and lemon. Further protein interaction analysis revealed that CiKN6 interacted with CiKN1, whose overexpression resulted in deeper lobed leaves in transgenic Arabidopsis and lemon. Suppressing CiKN6 expression also affected the development of lemon leaves. Furthermore, we found that the CiKN1–CiKN6 complex specifically binds to the citrus miR164a promoter and suppresses its expression. In addition, a SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein‐like (SPL) gene (CiSPL11) was identified using yeast one‐hybrid assays and was found to promote CiKN6 transcription by binding to its promoter. Transgenic Arabidopsis showed that CiSPL11 might be involved in the development of citrus leaves. These results suggested that the CiKN1–CiKN6 complex and miR164a interact to regulate leaf development in citrus.