bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive behavioural therapy: from face to face interaction to a broader contextual understanding of change
Authors: Jahoda A. , Dagnan D. , Stenfert Kroese B. , Pert C. , Trower P.
Published: July 2009

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is increasingly used to address the emotional and interpersonal problems of people with ID. There is a limited but promising evidence base supporting this activity. However, these individuals face real and continuing challenges in their lives that have implications for their self and interpersonal perceptions. These adversities have implications for the adaptation of CBT. First, it may mean that characteristically negative perceptions may be more common and may be the result of a complex interaction with a truly aversive environment and should not simply be considered as cognitive distortions. Secondly, clients may have limited control over their everyday lives, with limited opportunity to negotiate change with their informal and formal sources of support. This review suggests that it is important to consider the interpersonal context of therapy both to ensure effective work within sessions and to enable real change in clients' everyday lives. The review draws upon Vygotsky's theory of the zone of proximal development and ecological models of change to consider the challenges of establishing collaborative relationships and the potential to use CBT within a broad psychosocial model. The aim is to offer a helpful framework for practitioners and to identify directions for future research.
Glucocorticoid Dependency of Surgical Stress‐Induced FosB/ΔFosB Expression in the Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nuclei of the Rat Hypothalamus
Authors: Das G. , Uchida K. , Kageyama K. , Iwasaki Y. , Suda T. , Itoi K.
Published: July 2009

FosB is a member of the Fos family transcription factors. To determine whether FosB expression is regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs) in the hypothalamus, rats underwent sham adrenalectomy (sham‐ADX) or bilateral ADX, and FosB/ΔFosB (ΔFosB, a truncated splice variant of FosB)‐immunoreactivity (ir) was determined in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). In the parvocellular division of the PVN (paPVN) and SON, FosB/ΔFosB‐immunoreactivity (ir) increased significantly following sham‐ADX compared to naive rats, which was suppressed with either corticosterone (CORT) or dexamethasone (DEX). Following ADX, the increase in FosB/ΔFosB‐ir was much more prominent than that in the sham‐ADX group, and the ADX‐induced robust increase was suppressed by CORT or DEX, but not by aldosterone. Stressless removal of CORT from drinking water did not induce FosB/ΔFosB‐ir in either the PVN or SON, and thus the up‐regulation of FosB/ΔFosB‐ir following ADX was dependent on the systemic stress associated with surgery. In the paPVN, the majority of corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurones co‐expressed FosB/ΔFosB‐ir following ADX, whereas, in the magnocellular division of the PVN, vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) neurones did not express FosB/ΔFosB‐ir. In the SON, approximately 40% of the AVP neurones co‐expressed FosB/ΔFosB‐ir following ADX, but the OXT neurones were devoid of FosB/ΔFosB‐ir. In concert with these results obtained in vivo, DEX suppressed the forskolin‐induced increase in FosB gene promoter activity in a homologous hypothalamic cell line. These results suggest that GCs may be a potent regulator of FosB/ΔFosB expression, which is induced by stress, in hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurones.
Highly infectious symbiont dominates initial uptake in coral juveniles
Authors: ABREGO DAVID , VAN OPPEN MADELEINE J. H. , WILLIS BETTE L.
Published: July 2009

The majority of reef‐building corals acquire their obligate algal symbionts (Symbiodinium) from the environment. However, factors shaping the initial establishment of coral–algal symbioses, including parental effects, local environmental conditions and local availability of symbionts, are not well understood. This study monitored the uptake and maintenance of Symbiodinium in juveniles of two common corals, Acropora tenuis and Acropora millepora, that were reciprocally explanted between sites where adult colonies host different types of Symbiodinium. We found that coral juveniles were rapidly dominated by type D Symbiodinium, even though this type is not found in adult colonies (including the parental colonies) in four out of the five study populations. Furthermore, type D Symbiodinium was found in less than one‐third of a wide range of coral species (n > 50) sampled at the two main study sites, suggesting that its dominance in the acroporid juveniles is not because it is the most abundant local endosymbiotic type. Moreover, dominance by type D was observed irrespective of the light intensity to which juveniles were exposed in a field study. In summary, despite its relatively low abundance in coral assemblages at the study sites and irrespective of the surrounding light environment, type D Symbiodinium is the main symbiont type initially acquired by juveniles of A. millepora and A. tenuis. We conclude that during early ontogeny in these corals, there are few barriers to the uptake of Symbiodinium types which differ from those found in parental colonies, resulting in dominance by a highly infectious and potentially opportunistic symbiont.
Relationship between pretreatment specific IgE and the response to omalizumab therapy
Authors: Wahn U. , Martin C. , Freeman P. , Blogg M. , Jimenez P.
Published: July 2009

Background:  Omalizumab, an anti‐IgE antibody, has proven efficacy in patients with moderate‐to‐severe and severe persistent allergic (IgE‐mediated) asthma. While previous analyses have had some limited success in predicting which patients will gain greatest benefit based on pretreatment baseline characteristics, it remains important to try to improve this predictability.

Methods:  Following a run‐in phase, patients (12–75 years) inadequately controlled despite current therapy were randomized to receive omalizumab or placebo for 28 weeks in a double‐blind, parallel‐group, multicenter study (INNOVATE). Univariate analyses were performed to assess whether pretreatment specific IgE serum levels and related variables could be identified that were predictive of a response to omalizumab patients (n = 337) enrolled in INNOVATE. Response was measured via variables including exacerbations, QoL, FEV1 and physicians’ overall assessment.

Results:  A total of 305 patients (90.5%) were sensitive to more than one allergen and the majority of patients were positive to D1 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D2 Dermatophagoides farinae. Patients with relatively high values of D1 or D2, but with these making a relatively low contribution to total specific IgE load, appeared to attain most benefit from omalizumab. However, no consistent predictive effect for omalizumab response was observed either for total specific IgE or levels of IgEs specific for individual allergens.

Conclusions:  Based on these data, pretreatment allergen‐specific IgE levels do not provide any better prediction of response to treatment as compared with pretreatment total IgE. At present, the most reliable method of identifying patients who respond to omalizumab treatment remains a physician’s assessment.
Low genetic variability and strong differentiation among isolated populations of the rare steppe grass Stipa capillata L. in Central Europe
Authors: Hensen I. , Kilian C. , Wagner V. , Durka W. , Pusch J. , Wesche K.
Published: July 2009

Stipa capillata L. (Poaceae) is a rare grassland species in Central Europe that is thought to have once been widespread in post‐glacial times. Such relict species are expected to show low genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation between populations due to bottlenecks, long‐term isolation and ongoing habitat fragmentation. These patterns should be particularly pronounced in selfing species. We analysed patterns of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation in the facultatively cleistogamous S. capillata to examine whether genetic diversity is associated with population size, and to draw initial conclusions on the migration history of this species in Central Europe. We analysed 31 S. capillata populations distributed in northeastern, central and western Germany, Switzerland and Slovakia. Estimates of genetic diversity at the population level were low and not related to population size. Among all populations, extraordinarily high levels of genetic differentiation (amova: φST = 0.86; Bayesian analysis: θB = 0.758) and isolation‐by‐distance were detected. Hierarchical amova indicated that most of the variability was partitioned among geographic regions (59%), or among populations between regions when the genetically distinct Slovakian populations were excluded. These findings are supported by results of a multivariate ordination analysis. We also found two different groups in an UPGMA cluster analysis: one that contained the populations from Slovakia, and the other that combined the populations from Germany and Switzerland. Our findings imply that S. capillata is indeed a relict species that experienced strong bottlenecks in Central Europe, enhanced by isolation and selfing. Most likely, populations in Slovakia were not the main genetic source for the post‐glacial colonization of Central Europe.
Intraoperative assessment of microperfusion with visible light spectroscopy for prediction of anastomotic leakage in colorectal anastomoses
Authors: Karliczek A. , Benaron D. A. , Baas P. C. , Zeebregts C. J. , Wiggers T. , Van Dam G. M.
Published: July 2009

Purpose  Anastomotic leakage is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, there is no accurate tool to predict its occurrence. We evaluated the predictive value of visible light spectroscopy (VLS), a novel method to measure tissue oxygenation [saturated O2 (StO2)], for anastomotic leakage of the colon and the rectum.

Method  Oxygen saturation in the bowel was measured in 77 colorectal resections. The anastomosis was between 2 and 30 cm (mean 13 cm) from the anal verge. The oxygen saturation was measured in the colon and rectum before and after anastomosis construction. This was compared with a reference measurement in the caecum. Data on postoperative complications were prospectively collected.

Results  Anastomotic leakage occurred in 14 (18%) patients. When compared with a leaking anastomosis, normal anastomoses showed rising O2 values during the operation (mean StO2 72.1 ± 9.0–76.7 ± 8.0 vs 73.9 ± 7.9–73.1 ± 7.4) (P ≤ 0.05). There were also higher StO2 values in the caecum compared with those which ultimately leaked (73.6 ± 5.7 normal anastomoses, 69.6 ± 5.6 anastomotic leaks) (P ≤ 0.05). Both StO2 values were predictive of anastomotic leakage.

Conclusion  Tissue oxygenation O2 appears to be a potentially useful means of predicting anastomotic leakage after colorectal anastomosis.
Participation in Higher Education in Australia: Equity and Access*
Authors: CARDAK BULY A. , RYAN CHRIS
Published: July 2009

We study the relationship between university participation and socioeconomic status (SES) in Australia, focusing oneligibilityto attend university. Participation among those with similar eligibility to attend university does not vary by SES. Conditional on their Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER) scores, low SES students are as likely to attend university as high SES students. We find that possession and the quality of ENTER scores (eligibility) rises with SES. Our results suggest better understanding and policy targeting of the link between SES and school achievement, which is an important part of improving equity and access in Australian higher education.
Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Labour Force Participation in Australia: An Endogenous Multivariate Probit Analysis of Clinical Prevalence Data*
Authors: HARRIS ANTHONY
Published: July 2009

Reducing chronic disease has been identified as a priority for both health and labour force participation. This study estimates the influence of clinically diagnosed diabetes and cardiovascular disease on labour supply in men and women aged 25 years and over, taking account of the observed and unobserved factors that influence both the risk of these chronic diseases and labour force participation. The results show that diabetes and cardiovascular disease together have a strong impact on labour market outcomes, particularly for men, and that obesity, insufficient exercise, hypertension, lipid abnormality, smoking and parental diabetes all have significant indirect effects on labour force participation.
Value of Artificial Habitats for Amphibian Reproduction in Altered Landscapes
Authors: BRAND ADRIANNE B. , SNODGRASS JOEL W.
Published: July 2009

Abstract: Installation and maintenance of stormwater ponds to detain and treat runoff from impervious surfaces is a common method of stormwater control in developed areas. That these ponds capture pollutants, however, is of concern for wildlife species that use the ponds, particularly pond‐breeding amphibians. To assess the relative contribution of stormwater ponds to the persistence of amphibian populations in suburban landscapes, we compared amphibian use of stormwater ponds and other available wetlands in suburban and forested watersheds. We surveyed three suburban and three primarily forested first‐order watersheds to identify all potential wetlands that might serve as breeding sites for pond‐breeding amphibians. We performed call, egg‐mass, and larval surveys to measure breeding effort at each wetland in spring and summer 2007 and 2008. In suburban watersheds most (89%) of the wetlands that had breeding activity were either stormwater ponds or otherwise artificial. This pattern was also evident in the forested watersheds, where amphibians were primarily found breeding in wetlands created by past human activity. Late‐stage larvae were found only in anthropogenic wetlands in all study areas because the remaining natural wetlands did not hold water long enough for larvae to complete development. Our results suggest that in urban and suburban landscapes with naturally low densities of wetlands, wetlands created by current or historic land uses may be as important to amphibian conservation as natural wetlands or pools and that management strategies directed at urban and suburban landscapes should recognize and incorporate human‐created wetlands.
A new rapid micromethod for the assay of phenobarbital from dried blood spots by LC‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: La Marca Giancarlo , Malvagia Sabrina , Filippi Luca , Luceri Francesca , Moneti Gloriano , Guerrini Renzo
Published: July 2009

Advantages of dried blood spot include low invasiveness, ease and low cost of sample collection, transport, and storage. We used tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) to determine phenobarbital levels on dried blood spot specimens and compared this methodology to commercially available particle enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (PETINIA) in plasma/serum samples. The calibration curve in matrix using D5‐phenobarbital as internal standard was linear in the phenobarbital concentration range of 1–100 mg/L (correlation coefficient 0.9996). The coefficients of variation in blood spots ranged 2.29–6.71% and the accuracy ranged 96.54–103.87%. There were no significant differences between the concentrations measured using PETINA and LC‐MS/MS (both had similar precision and accuracy) however, LC‐MS/MS allows at least 1.5 times higher throughput of phenobarbital analysis and additionally offers ease of sample collection which is particularly important for newborns or small infants.
Yoga Decreases Kyphosis in Senior Women and Men with Adult‐Onset Hyperkyphosis: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Greendale Gail A. , Huang Mei‐Hua , Karlamangla Arun S. , Seeger Leanne , Crawford Sybil
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether a specifically designed yoga intervention can reduce hyperkyphosis.

DESIGN: A 6‐month, two‐group, randomized, controlled, single‐masked trial.

SETTING: Community research unit.

PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighteen women and men aged 60 and older with a kyphosis angle of 40° or greater. Major exclusions were serious medical comorbidity, use of assistive device, inability to hear or see adequately for participation, and inability to pass a physical safety screen.

INTERVENTION: The active treatment group attended hour‐long yoga classes 3 days per week for 24 weeks. The control group attended a monthly luncheon and seminar and received mailings.

MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were change (baseline to 6 months) in Debrunner kyphometer‐assessed kyphosis angle, standing height, timed chair stands, functional reach, and walking speed. Secondary outcomes were change in kyphosis index, flexicurve kyphosis angle, Rancho Bernardo Blocks posture assessment, and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL).

RESULTS: Compared with control participants, participants randomized to yoga experienced a 4.4% improvement in flexicurve kyphosis angle (P=.006) and a 5% improvement in kyphosis index (P=.004). The intervention did not result in statistically significant improvement in Debrunner kyphometer angle, measured physical performance, or self‐assessed HRQOL (each P>.1).

CONCLUSION: The decrease in flexicurve kyphosis angle in the yoga treatment group shows that hyperkyphosis is remediable, a critical first step in the pathway to treating or preventing this condition. Larger, more‐definitive studies of yoga or other interventions for hyperkyphosis should be considered. Targeting individuals with more‐malleable spines and using longitudinally precise measures of kyphosis could strengthen the treatment effect.
Student‐to‐Student Interaction Revisited: A Case Study of Working Adult Business Students in Online Courses*
Authors: Kellogg Deborah L. , Smith Marlene A.
Published: July 2009

Faculty teaching in online environments are universally encouraged to incorporate a variety of student‐to‐student learning activities into their courses. Although there is a body of both theoretical and empirical work supporting this, adult professional students participating in an online MBA program at an urban business school reported being at best indifferent and often negative regarding these learning activities. A case study was performed to explore how pervasive this attitude was and the possible reasons for it. Through various sources of data and exploration, we discovered that common interactive modalities are not associated with either perceived learning or satisfaction. A content analysis of a data analysis course revealed that 64.5% of responses recalled student‐to‐student interactivities when responding to a “learned least from” query. We identified three possible reasons for these negative responses: time inefficiency, interaction dysfunction, and flexibility intrusion. We conclude that, although some working professional students probably do learn from student‐to‐student interactivity, the costs incurred may be too great. If working adult students present a different profile than those students typically represented in academic research and thus have different needs and expectations, we may need to rethink the design of online education delivered to them.
Formation and Properties of a Novel Heavy‐Metal Chalcogenide Glass Doped with a High Dysprosium Concentration
Authors: Tao Guangming , Guo Haitao , Feng Lei , Lu Min , Wei Wei , Peng Bo
Published: July 2009

A novel heavy‐metal chalcogenide glass doped with a high dysprosium ion (Dy3+) concentration was prepared by the well‐established melt–quenching technique from high‐purity elements. The results show that when Cadmium (Cd) is introduced into chalcogenide glass, the concentration of Dy3+ ions doped in GeGaCdS glasses is markedly increased, the thermodynamic performance improves, and the difference between Tg and Tx is >120°C. The Vickers microhardness is also modified greatly, about 245 kgf/mm2. The optical spectra indicate that all absorption and emission bands of Dy3+ are clearly observed and red‐shifted with increasing Dy3+ concentration.
Synthesis and Low‐Temperature Sintering of Gd‐doped CeO2 Ceramic Materials Obtained by a Coprecipitation Process
Authors: Moure Alberto , Tartaj Jesus , Moure Carlos
Published: July 2009

Well‐dispersed ceria–gadolinia oxide powders were obtained from thoroughly isopropanol‐washed coprecipitated hydroxides and oxalates, followed by a controlled drying at low temperature and calcining at 550°C. The characteristics of the calcined powders and the microstructure of the green compacts were found to be of great importance in the sintering behavior. Green bodies with high agglomerate sizes need higher sintering temperatures for attaining a final density >99%Dth, while those having soft agglomerates with lower sizes were almost fully densified at a sintering temperature as low as 1250°C. The densification process was studied by isothermal and constant heating rate dilatometry, and microstructural development by scanning electron microscopy. By controlling the processing variables, it was possible to obtain this low‐temperature, nearly fully dense (better than 99%) sample with a homogeneous microstructure.
An Investigation into Whether or Not the Class and Individual Characteristics of Five Turkish Manufactured Pistols Change During Extensive Firing
Authors: Sarıbey Aylin Yalçın , Hannam Abigail Grace , Tarımcı Çelik
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  In order to assess whether or not the class and individual characteristics of a firearm change over time, five different makes of Turkish self‐loading pistol were tested and were each fired a large number of times. The class and individual characteristics were identified for each pistol and the first fired cartridge case was compared with the subsequent consecutive 250th fired cases for each pistol. It was found that there were slight changes in some of the individual and class characteristics; however, this was not statistically significant and did not affect the ability of the firearms examiner to match the first fired case to the last fired case for each firearm tested.
The Rise of the Techno‐Service Sector: The Growing Inter‐Dependency of Social and Technical Skills in the Work of ERP Implementers1
Authors: DARR ASAF
Published: July 2009

This paper attempts to move away from portraying service and knowledge work as opposite trends in advanced economies. Instead, it maintains that a closer look at the changing nature of work will highlight the need to rearrange our aggregate occupational data so as to include special categories for a hybrid form: the techno‐service sector. After presenting a typology of occupations based on the degree to which knowledge and service elements are intertwined, the paper analyze the work of Enterprise Resource Planning [ERP] implementers as a key example of techno‐service work. It highlights the practices of ‘reverse customization’ and ‘translation’ performed by the implementers, which effectively combine service and knowledge work. The paper explains the growing inter‐dependency of social and technical skills by the shift from the sale of a product to the sale of a process. This shift underpins the growing penetration of professional work into the heart of the industrial enterprise.
The Secret Life of Medical Records: A Study of Medical Records and the People Who Manage Them
Authors: MARTIN NATHANIEL , WALL PATRICIA
Published: July 2009

A study of the practices surrounding paper medical records captured key aspects of the work necessary to support this crucial element of health care. It uncovered work that was invisible to the nurses and physicians who use the records. This invisible work comprises tasks necessary to find and deliver the records as well as those necessary to ensure that the records are accurate and up to date. This study was undertaken because medical records are undergoing a transition from paper to digital systems, which will impact the practices of users of these systems at all levels, including clerical and medical staff. This is an area of particular interest to our organization as we look to provide technologies and services that enable seamless integration of paper and digital worlds. New technologies and practices will need to be developed to accomplish what is now being done invisibly.
Design Rituals and Performative Ethnography
Authors: HALSE JOACHIM , CLARK BRENDON
Published: July 2009

This paper proposes a course for ethnography in design that problematizes the implied authenticity of “people out there,” and rather favors a performative worldview where people, things and business opportunities are continuously and reciprocally in the making, and where anthropological analysis is only one competence among others relevant for understanding how this making unfolds. In contrast to perpetuating the “real people” discourse that often masks the analytic work of the anthropologist relegating the role of the ethnographer to that of data collector (Nafus and Anderson 2006), this paper advocates a performative ethnography that relocates the inescapable creative aspects of analysis from the anthropologist's solitary working office into a collaborative project space. The authors have explored the use of video clips, descriptions and quotes detached from their “real” context, not to claim how it really is out there, but to subject them to a range of diverse competencies, each with different interests in making sense of them. Hereby the realness of the ethnographic fragments lie as much in their ability to prompt meaningful re‐interpretations here‐and‐now as in how precisely they correspond to the imagined real world out there‐and‐then. We propose that it is precisely the investment of one self and one's own desires and agendas that lifts an ethnographic field inquiry out of its everydayness and into something of value to further‐reaching processes of change and development of attractive alternatives.
Design Anthropologists' Role in SMEs: Unveiling Aptitude and Attitude
Authors: ASBOE MARK
Published: July 2009

Research collaboration and methods development within user‐centered design and the emerging discipline of user‐driven innovation have traditionally taken place in research institutions and large forward‐looking enterprises. Due to this fact, concepts, methodologies, approaches have primarily gained foothold in companies with resources, competencies and organizational support to make sense of this seemingly fruitful but somehow elitist approach. The roles that the design anthropologist plays in user‐driven innovation will depend on size and competencies of the specific organization. The economic realities of small‐to‐medium sized companies (SMEs) suggest a more holistic research perspective from the single design anthropologist that potentially constitutes the entire (and affordable) user experience department of the SME. This paper suggests a plausible approach for utilizing the skills of a design anthropologist in a small manufacturing company based on experience from two collaborative projects. Rather than informing about ‘how we look at users’ the design anthropologist may inform and reframe the company's potential for innovation.
The Politics of Visibility: When Intel hired Levi‐Strauss, Or So They Thought
Authors: DE PAULA ROGÉRIO , EMPINOTTI VANESSA
Published: July 2009

This paper examines the politics of visibility — the ways in which the work of ethnographers is positioned inside and outside organizations not only as means of unpacking the “real‐world” but often as means to create business and marketing differentiation. We contend that the institutional embeddedness of ethnographic practices shapes “the where,”“the who,”“the what,”“the how,” and “the when” of doing ethnography. Thus, the choice of sites, who and what researchers choose to make ‘visible,’ the narratives about the field, and how and when they tell them are not without political and business weights. To examine visibility as this political question, we shifted our gaze from ethnography as a methodology and practice to ethnography as a part of a broader business and marketing discourse and strategy. Specifically, we explore a few particular encounters with the field and the organization that took place in course of two studies conducted in Brazil.
Closing Keynote Address ‐ Reassembling the visual
Authors: KIMBELL LUCY
Published: July 2009

In her presentation to EPIC, Kimbell reflects on how data is visualized and how it is experienced. Drawing on work in the visual arts and design, she considers what practices that seem to be gathering and visualising data are actually doing, from installations such as her project ‘Physical Bar Charts’ (2005–8) to methods such as cultural probes. These examples are combined with ideas from Science and Technology Studies (STS), which foregrounds the empirical and the mundane, and questions how accounts of the social are constructed. Writers in this tradition have emphasized the ways that public experiments are used to assemble data and paid attention how data are visualized. The discussion includes work from a recent public experiment in which Kimbell was involved, as organiser of an exhibition of work by artists and designers as part of an academic workshop in Oxford entitled ‘Imagining Business’. Together, these different ways of thinking about visualising and experiencing data raise questions for ethnographers and designers working in organisations where their role includes assembling data into accounts for others.
Effects of residual chlorfluazuron on haemolymph‐borne oviposition‐stimulating factors in Spodoptera litura
Authors: Perveen F.
Published: July 2009

Acylurea insecticides can have various effects on insect reproduction and may even interfere with haemolymph‐borne oviposition‐stimulating factors (OSFs). This study describes the effects of injecting haemolymph into females of the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the effects of chlorfluazuron on the activities of OSFs, when sublethal doses (LD10: 1.00 ng larva−1 or LD30: 3.75 ng larva−1) were applied topically to newly ecdysed fifth instars under laboratory conditions. The haemolymph of moths of varying age, sex, and mating status resulted in the following increases in oviposition rates within the first 24 h, listed in decreasing order: the haemolymph of mated females injected into mated females (56%), mated females into newly emerged virgin females (53%), virgin males into virgin females (49%), and virgin females into mated females (29%), compared with uninjected mated or virgin females. Two factors are involved in the activation of ovipositon: OSF‐I is found in virgin females, whereas OSF‐II may be formed or received by males during mating. By contrast, the haemolymph taken from chlorfluazuron‐treated adults (treated as fifth instars with sublethal doses) injected into females resulted in the following percentage decreases in oviposition rates within the first 24 h, listed in decreasing order: the haemolymph of LD10‐ and LD30‐treated virgin males injected into untreated virgin females (77 and 84%, respectively), LD10 and LD30‐treated virgin females into untreated mated females (70 and 80%, respectively), LD10 and LD30‐treated mated females into untreated mated females (61 and 69%, respectively), LD10 and LD30‐treated mated females into untreated virgin females (59 or 68%, respectively), compared with untreated ones. Hence, residual chlorfluazuron decreases the activities of OSFs by significantly decreasing the oviposition rates. Moreover, virgin females’ or males’ OSFs are more sensitive to chlorfluazuron than those of mated cutworms. Both OSFs are most likely proteins.
Diffusive Movement of Processive Kinesin‐1 on Microtubules
Authors: Lu Hailong , Ali M. Yusuf , Bookwalter Carol S. , Warshaw David M. , Trybus Kathleen M.
Published: July 2009

The processive motor kinesin‐1 moves unidirectionally toward the plus end of microtubules. This process can be visualized by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy of kinesin bound to a carboxylated quantum dot (Qdot), which acts both as cargo and label. Surprisingly, when kinesin is bound to an anti‐HIS Qdot, it shows diffusive movement on microtubules, which decreased in favor of processive runs with increasing salt concentration. This observation implies that kinesin movement on microtubules is governed by its conformation, as it is well established that kinesin undergoes a salt‐dependent transition from a folded (inactive) to an extended (active) molecule. A truncated kinesin lacking the last 75 amino acids (kinesin‐ΔC) showed both processive and diffusive movement on microtubules. The extent of each behavior depends on the relative amounts of ADP and ATP, with purely diffusive movement occurring in ADP alone. Taken together, these data imply that folded kinesin.ADP can exist in a state that diffuses along the microtubule lattice without expending energy. This mechanism may facilitate the ability of kinesin to pick up cargo, and/or allow the kinesin/cargo complex to stay bound after encountering obstacles.
The COG Complex, Rab6 and COPI Define a Novel Golgi Retrograde Trafficking Pathway that is Exploited by SubAB Toxin
Authors: Smith Richard D. , Willett Rose , Kudlyk Tetyana , Pokrovskaya Irina , Paton Adrienne W. , Paton James C. , Lupashin Vladimir V.
Published: July 2009

Toxin trafficking studies provide valuable information about endogenous pathways of intracellular transport. Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) is transported in a retrograde manner through the endosome to the Golgi and then to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it specifically cleaves the ER chaperone BiP/GRP78 (Binding immunoglobin protein/Glucose‐Regulated Protein of 78 kDa). To identify the SubAB Golgi trafficking route, we have used siRNA‐mediated silencing and immunofluorescence microscopy in HeLa and Vero cells. Knockdown (KD) of subunits of the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex significantly delays SubAB cytotoxicity and blocks SubAB trafficking to the cis Golgi. Depletion of Rab6 and β‐COP proteins causes a similar delay in SubAB‐mediated GRP78 cleavage and did not augment the trafficking block observed in COG KD cells, indicating that all three Golgi factors operate on the same ’fast' retrograde trafficking pathway. SubAB trafficking is completely blocked in cells deficient in the Golgi SNARE Syntaxin 5 and does not require the activity of endosomal sorting nexins SNX1 and SNX2. Surprisingly, depletion of Golgi tethers p115 and golgin‐84 that regulates two previously described coat protein I (COPI) vesicle‐mediated pathways did not interfere with SubAB trafficking, indicating that SubAB is exploiting a novel COG/Rab6/COPI‐dependent retrograde trafficking pathway.
Dental patient education: a survey from the perspective of dental hygienists
Authors: Rantanen M , Johansson K , Honkala E , Leino‐Kilpi H , Saarinen M , Salanterä S
Published: July 2009

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene  DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00403.x Rantanen M, Johansson K, Honkala E, Leino‐Kilpi H, Saarinen M, Salanterä S. Dental patient education: A survey from the perspective of dental hygienists.

Abstract:  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to describe the current patient education practices of dental hygienists by exploring their views concerning their skills and knowledge related to patient education and by determining the implementation of patient education in their work, with regard to both method and content.

Methods:  The target group consisted of 416 dental hygienists (n = 222, 53%) The research strategy used was a survey. The material was gathered using questionnaire.

Results:  According to the dental hygienists, their skills and knowledge about patient education were good. However, the implementation of education was not in line with these assessments. The content of the education given focused mostly on the functional dimension. Little use was made of various educational methods, and the dental hygienists felt that they were not in good enough command of the methods. The patient’s expectations and learning were not assessed systematically. The education provided and the assessment of the need for education often focused on the professional him/herself and the standpoint of the patient empowerment was disregarded.

Conclusions:  These results lay the foundation for additional research aimed at developing the patient education given by these professionals and making it support the empowerment of each patient.
A Five-Nation Survey to Assess the Distribution of the Intravaginal Ejaculatory Latency Time Among the General Male Population
Authors: Waldinger Marcel D. , McIntosh Joe , Schweitzer Dave H.
Published: July 2009

Introduction

The duration of the intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) may give rise to subjective complaints of premature ejaculation (PE) and is usually determined by self-assessment or by stopwatch.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the IELT distribution in the general male population and the accuracy of IELT assessment by using a blinded timer device instead of a stopwatch, thereby minimizing possible interference with the spontaneous and natural way of having intercourse.

Methods

The IELT was measured with a timer device during 4 weeks in a nonselected sample of 474 men from The Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, Turkey, and the United States. Questionnaires were administered before and after the 4-week IELT assessments.

Main Outcome Measures

IELT; erectile function dysfunction score of International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF).

Results

The IELT had a positively skewed distribution, with a geometric mean of 5.7 minutes and a median of 6.0 minutes (range: 0.1–52.1 minutes). Men from Turkey had the shortest median IELT (4.4 minutes). Men from the United Kingdom had the longest IELT (10.0 minutes). Circumcision and condom use had no significant impact on the median IELT. Subjects who were discontent with their latency time had slightly lower median IELT values of 5.2 minutes than the median of the population.

Conclusion

The IELT distribution, measured with a blinded timer device, is very similar to the IELT distribution of our previous population survey which utilized a stopwatch. In the general male population, complaints of discontent with self-perceived latency had a slightly lower median IELT value than the median of the overall population.
Sexual Dysfunction in Women During Dialysis and After Renal Transplantation
Authors: Filocamo Maria Teresa , Zanazzi Maria , Li Marzi Vincenzo , Lombardi Giuseppe , Del Popolo Giulio , Mancini Giovanni , Salvadori Maurizio , Nicita Giulio
Published: July 2009

Introduction

Disorders of the reproductive system and menstrual abnormalities often associated with loss of libido and inability to reach orgasm are common in adults of both sexes with an end-stage renal disease. These symptoms may significantly contribute to depression and reduce the sexual activity of women.

Aim

To determine if sexual function, as well as hormonal status, improves after kidney transplantation, comparing a group of pre-menopausal women during dialysis and after a successful renal transplantation.

Methods

We enrolled 58 women that received kidney transplantation. Patients included were 18–45 years old, on hemodialysis for more than 6 months following a fully functioning kidney transplantation, and on a stable corticosteroids immunosuppressive regimen for at least 6 months. All women underwent a general and urogynecological examination, a hormonal profile determination, and filled out the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and a Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire administered during dialysis and 12 months after transplantation.

Main Outcome Measures

We evaluated the prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction according to the FSFI cutoff points, sexual hormonal status, and menstrual status during dialysis and 12 months after kidney transplantation.

Results

Nineteen out of 58 women left the study prematurely. Thirty-nine women (mean age 36 ± 5.9 years) completed the study. A total of 74% of the patients had menstrual disturbances during dialysis, as opposed to 45% after transplantation (P < 0.001). Sixteen out of 39 (41%) patients acknowledged having an active sexual life during dialysis. Thirty-four out of 39 (88%) transplanted patients acknowledged having an active sexual life (Fischer’s exact test P = 0.000039). The hormonal profile and FSFI results improved significantly after transplantation.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that a successful transplantation should improve the sexual life in women with chronic renal failure.
Determining Critical Incident Nursing Interventions for the Critical Care Setting: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wong Elizabeth , Scott Lynne M. , Briseno Jennifer R. , Crawford Cecelia L. , Hsu Jin‐Wen Y.
Published: July 2009

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this research survey was to determine which Adult Critical Care Core Nursing Interventions (ACCCNIs) in the Nursing Interventions Classification constitutes a critical incident nursing intervention (CINI). A CINI is defined as any indirect or direct care registered nurse (RN)‐initiated treatment performed in response to a life‐threatening nursing diagnosis.

METHODS.  A list of ACCCNIs were sent to 50 critical care RNs in two survey rounds. Responses >80% for each ACCCNI was determined to be a CINI.

FINDINGS.  Forty‐one ACCCNIs were determined to be CINIs.

CONCLUSIONS.  It is recommended that CINIs be included as a separate Nursing Intervention Classification category to reflect current nursing practice.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  CINIs can enhance RN competency, education, and vigilance, thereby preventing or decreasing the number of deaths that occur from critical incidents.
Perspective: Implementation of Nursing Language in Long‐Term Care and Nursing Education
Authors: Aizenstein Shirley
Published: July 2009

PURPOSE.  This article describes one nurse's experiences of returning to school after a 10‐year absence, her introduction to nursing theory and terminology, and her subsequent implementation of nursing language in a long‐term care setting and later experiences in teaching nursing language to students.

DATA SOURCES.  A 21‐year career as a long‐term care nurse coincided with the evolution of the new organization North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International, and she found herself in a position to implement nursing diagnosis in the long‐term care setting. Practice experiences and pertinent nursing references and resources were used in clinical implementation and in teaching nursing students.

DATA SYNTHESIS.  The author reviewed the implementation and teaching of nursing language from a personal historical perspective.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE.  The author's experiences and perspectives on implementation of nursing language in clinical practice and in teaching provide information and a perspective for nurses and students involved in these processes.
Phenology, Lignotubers, and Water Relations of Cochlospermum vitifolium, a Pioneer Tropical Dry Forest Tree in Costa Rica
Authors: Fallas‐Cedeño Lottie , Michele Holbrook N. , Rocha Oscar J. , Vásquez Nelly , Gutiérrez‐Soto Marco V.
Published: July 2009

We examined structural and physiological traits relevant to the phenology of the tropical dry forest (TDF) pioneer tree Cochlospermum vitifolium. Despite marked seasonality in rainfall, meristem activity occurred throughout the year. Leaves were produced almost continuously during the rainy season, while leaf shedding started early during drought, before changes in soil water content were observed. Phenological activity under drought included flowering and fruiting of leafless trees; bud break and shoot extension took place before the end of the dry season. Low wood density of C. vitifolium stems (0.17 g/cm3) and lignotubers (0.14 g/cm3) provided water and starch storage needed to support phenological events such as branch extension, leaf flushing, and reproduction during the dry season, and probably also contributed to survival following mechanical damage and fire, typical of early TDF successional stages. Lignotuber water and starch contents showed substantial seasonal variation, declining from the beginning of the dry season to their lowest levels at the time of reproduction and dry‐season flushing. Stems progressively replaced lignotubers as main storage organs as tree size increased. Evidence for a role of water stores in buffering daily water deficits was weak. Leaf water potentials remained above −1.2 MPa and stomatal conductance below 350 mmol/m2/s, suggesting that gas exchange during the rainy season was limited to prevent xylem cavitation. Leaf shedding occurred when early‐morning and mid‐day ΨL converged at the rainy–dry season transition, without changes in lignotuber or soil water content, suggesting that leaves of C. vitifolium are closely tuned to atmospheric drought.
Caring for Stroke Survivors: Baseline and 1-Year Determinants of Caregiver Burden
Authors: Rigby H. , Gubitz G. , Eskes G. , Reidy Y. , Christian C. , Grover V. , Phillips S.
Published: July 2009

Background

Caregiver burden following stroke can have significant adverse health consequences for caregivers and threatens the recovery and successful rehabilitation of patients. Our objective was to identify patient factors that contribute to higher levels of caregiver burden.

Methods

We prospectively studied patients admitted to our stroke unit over a 2-year period (2001-2002). Data were collected at baseline and at 1 year. Caregiver burden was measured at 1 year using the Relatives Stress Scale (completed by 155 caregivers) and the Bakas Caregiver Outcomes Scale (143 caregivers). Explanatory patient factors at baseline included sociodemographic status, stroke severity, stroke sub-type, functional disability (Barthel Index), functional handicap (Oxford Handicap Scale and Modified Rankin Scale), and cognitive status (orientation, clock drawing). At 1 year, mental health and health-related quality of life were assessed using the Fatigue Impact Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale, Global Deterioration Scale, and 36-item Short Form Health Survey.

Results

The baseline patient factors predictive of caregiver burden by multiple regression analysis were older patient age ( P<0·01), male gender ( P<0·05), ischemic stroke ( P<0·05), urinary incontinence ( P<0·0001), and impaired clock drawing ( P<0·05). At 1 year, significant correlates of caregiver burden were older patient age ( P<0·05), male gender ( P<0·01), poor mental health ( P<0·05), functional handicap ( P<0·05), and functional disability ( P<0·001).

Conclusions

The functional status of patients can be used to identify caregivers at risk of caregiver burden. Patient demographic variables, cognitive function, and mental health status may further expose vulnerable caregivers. These factors should be considered in the development of strategies to offset caregiver burden.
Prospects for ASEAN–China Free Trade Area: A Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Park Donghyun , Park Innwon , Estrada Gemma Esther B.
Published: July 2009

The current global financial and economic crisis is giving new life to initiatives that promote closer economic integration among East Asian countries. A significant example is the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which is set to come into effect around 2010. ACFTA aims to boost trade between two economies that are partners as well as competitors: ASEAN and China. In the present paper, we use insights from customs union theory in a qualitative analysis considering whether ACFTA would benefit both sides. We also apply a computable general equilibrium model to perform a quantitative analysis of the same issue. Both our qualitative and quantitative analyses provide grounds for guarded optimism regarding ACFTA's prospects as a vehicle for strengthening the economic partnership between ASEAN and China.