bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerospace simulations on parallel computers using unstructured grids
Authors: Weatherill N. P. , Hassan O. , Morgan K. , Jones J. W. , Larwood B. G. , Sorenson K.
Published: October 2002

If complex simulations on realistic configurations are to be performed, it is critical that the large volume of data that will be produced can be handled efficiently. In our work, we have chosen to parallelize all the steps in the computational cycle; unstructured mesh generation, solvers, adaptation and visualization. In this way, data is distributed at the early stage of mesh generation and is never brought together, thereby preventing data bottlenecks. Using these parallel modules, large‐scale simulations have been performed for both computational fluid dynamics and computational electromagnetics. The paper briefly describes the approaches taken to parallelizing the unstructured grid techniques and examples are given using meshes to a quarter of a billion elements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear dynamics in high‐frequency intraday financial data: Evidence for the UK long gilt futures market
Authors: McMillan David G. , Speight Alan E. H.
Published: October 2002

Recent research investigating the properties of high‐frequency financial data has suggested that the
stochastic nonlinearity widely present in such data may be characterized by heterogeneous components in
conditional volatility, and nonlinear dependence of threshold autoregressive form due to market frictions. This
article tests for the presence of such effects in intraday long gilt futures returns on the UK LIFFE market.
Tests against the null of linearity indicate the significance of smooth transition autoregressive nonlinearities
in such returns at the 5‐min frequency, which entails a first‐order autoregressive process with
switching intercept. This nonlinear structure is robust to the presence of asymmetric and component structures
in conditional variance, and consistent with the existence of heterogeneous traders facing different levels of
transaction costs, noise trader risk, or capital constraints. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:1037–1057, 2002
Cryptic translocation t(5;11)(q35;p15.5) with involvement of the NSD1 and NUP98 genes without 5q deletion in childhood acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Panarello Claudio , Rosanda Cristina , Morerio Cristina
Published: October 2002

The cryptic translocation t(5;11)(q35;p15.5), which creates a NSD1‐NUP98 fusion gene, has been associated with a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5, del(5q), in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with differentiated phenotype. We screened five pediatric cases of AML with apparently normal karyotype by use of fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and detected one case with early myeloid phenotype and poor clinical outcome, but with the same breakpoints and no del(5q). These findings point to the involvement of t(5;11) as an early event in leukemogenesis. Screening for this translocation in AML patients with apparently normal karyotype at onset is recommended. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitor increases growth inhibition and reduces G2/M cell accumulation induced by temozolomide in malignant glioma cells
Authors: Tentori Lucio , Portarena Ilaria , Torino Francesco , Scerrati Massimo , Navarra Pierluigi , Graziani Grazia
Published: October 2002

Temozolomide (TZM) is a novel methylating agent currently under investigation for treatment of recurrent high‐grade gliomas. Although TZM generates a wide spectrum of methyl adducts, its cytotoxicity has been attributed to mismatch repair (MR)‐mediated processing of O6‐methylguanine:T mispairs. N3‐methyladenine and N7‐methylguanine adducts are promptly repaired by the base excision repair system, unless a poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor is combined to TZM. In this case, the repair process of N‐methylpurines cannot be completed and the deriving DNA strand breaks contribute to cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the influence on cell growth and cell cycle of treatment with TZM + PARP inhibitor in glioma cells characterized by different susceptibility to TZM. The results indicated that PARP inhibitor increases growth inhibition induced by TZM in either p53–wild‐type or p53‐mutant glioblastoma cells, as early as 24 h after drug exposure. The enhancing effect exerted by PARP inhibitor was particularly evident in glioma cells characterized by a defective expression of MR, since these cells are tolerant to O6‐methylguanine damage and show low sensitivity to TZM. In O6‐alkylguanine‐DNA alkyltransferase (OGAT)‐deficient and MR‐proficient tumor cells bearing wild‐type p53, the drug combination markedly reduced cell accumulation in the G2/M phase of cell cycle and induction of the G2 checkpoint regulator Chk1 kinase. In short‐term cultures of glioma cells derived from surgical specimens, PARP inhibitor enhanced chemosensitivity to TZM and this effect was especially evident in OGAT‐proficient tumors. Thus, a pharmacological strategy based on the interruption of N‐methylpurine repair might represent a novel strategy to restore or increase glioma sensitivity to TZM. GLIA 40:44–54, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chloride/anion channels in glial cell membranes
Authors: Walz Wolfgang
Published: October 2002

At least seven different chloride/anion currents have now been identified in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells, and microglia. Only for two of these currents is the corresponding gene known. One of these genes is not encoding for a chloride channel, but for a class of mitochondria‐like pores also found in cell membranes. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes differ in their resting properties: astrocytes accumulate chloride but do not have a significant permeability. Oligodendrocytes have a close to passive distribution and a significant permeability. Under certain circumstances, astrocytes can express a resting chloride conductance. Reactive and neoplastic astrocytes as well as astrocytes with an altered shape exhibit a resting conductance. The function of these channels certainly involves volume regulation. Other possible functions are potassium homeostasis, migration, proliferation (in microglia), and involvement in spreading depression waves. Of greatest interest are two phenomena discovered in situ: The ClC‐2 channel is only found in astrocytic endfeet near blood capillaries adjacent to neuronal GABAA receptors. In the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, there is an osmosensitive astrocytic taurine release. This released taurine interacts with glycine receptors in neighboring neurons, causing inhibition. It is assumed that with the future availability of more in situ, rather than in vitro, studies, an increased number of such complex interactions between glial cells, neurons, and blood vessels will be discovered. GLIA 40:1–10, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression and anxiety in memory clinic attenders and their carers: implications for evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation interventions
Authors: Clare Linda , Wilson Barbara A. , Carter Gina , Breen Kristin , Berrios German E. , Hodges John R.
Published: October 2002

Background

The potential of cognitive rehabilitation (CR) for people who have a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly being recognised. It has been suggested, however, that interventions targeting memory functioning in AD have negative effects on the well‐being of participants and carers in terms of mood and perceived strain. While some ‘memory training’ studies do report an increase in self‐report scores on scales assessing these variables, it is not clear whether the changes are attributable to the intervention. There is some overlap between CR and ‘memory training’, but CR is a much more individualised approach, and therefore CR intervention studies often adopt within‐subjects or single case experimental designs, for which relevant comparison data are required.

Method

Participant and carer depression and anxiety, and carer strain, were assessed at initial attendance and again by postal survey 6 months later in a consecutive series of 94 Memory Clinic referrals who received standard treatment but no specialised CR interventions.

Results

At the group level, there were no statistically significant changes in scores at follow up, athough the participants scoring above designated cut‐points were not necessarily the same individuals at the two time points.

Conclusions

The study provided useful comparison data for use in evaluating the effects of cognitive rehabilitation interventions on mood and carer strain, showing that in the absence of intervention scores remain generally stable over time. Significant changes observed in intervention studies should be viewed in this context. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of shallow landsliding by using a physically based model of hillslope stability
Authors: Borga Marco , Dalla Fontana Giancarlo , Gregoretti Carlo , Marchi Lorenzo
Published: October 2002

A model for the simulation of shallow landsliding triggered by heavy rainstorms is analysed and discussed. The model is applied in two mountainous catchments in the Dolomites (Eastern Italian Alps): the Cordon catchment (5 km2) and the Vauz catchment (1·9 km2), where field surveys provided a description of hydraulic and geotechnical properties of soils and an inventory of landslide scars is available. The stability mapping procedure, which is similar to that proposed by Montgomery and Dietrich (1994 Water Resources Research 30: 1153), combines steady‐state hydrologic concepts with the infinite slope stability model. The model provides an estimate of the spatial distribution of the critical rainfall, which is the minimum steady‐state rainfall predicted to cause instability. The comparison of the landslides observed in the study basins with model predictions shows that the distribution of critical rainfall obtained from the model provides a surrogate for failure initiation probability as a function of topographic location. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic activity of h‐R3: A humanized anti‐EGFR antibody
Authors: Crombet‐Ramos Tania , Rak Janusz , Pérez Rolando , Viloria‐Petit Alicia
Published: October 2002

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) proto‐oncogene is frequently overexpressed in tumors of epithelial origin. This event is thought to be causative for tumor development and progression and henceforth associated with poor prognosis. The recent considerable interest in developing EGFR‐targeting agents resulted in derivation of the monoclonal, humanized, neutralizing antibody h‐R3, which binds to the extracellular domain of EGFR with high affinity and strongly inhibits EGFR‐dependent cellular transformation. Thus, treatment of A431 squamous cell carcinoma cells with h‐R3 in either 2‐dimensional or 3‐dimensional culture resulted in appreciable antimitotic effects through induction of the G1 arrest. Although h‐R3 does not appear to have a direct proapoptotic activity in this setting, it inhibits production of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by A431 cells both in vitro and in vivo. In the latter case, h‐R3 treatment (0.25–1 mg/mouse; every other day per 2 weeks) not only significantly reduced VEGF mRNA expression of A431 tumors growing subcutaneously in SCID mice but also resulted in reduction of the overall microvascular density (MVD), disappearance of dilated “mother vessels,” as well as in suppression of tumor growth followed by regression of established tumors. This apparent antiangiogenic activity of h‐R3 was associated with reduction in Ki67‐positive tumor cell fraction and (unlike in vitro) also with an elevated apoptotic index, the latter indicative of a cytotoxic mode of action in vivo. Taken together, h‐R3 is a promising new antagonist of the EGFR oncogene, the anticancer properties of which are associated with combined and potent antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic activity. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intervening with foster infants' caregivers: Targeting three critical needs
Authors: Dozier Mary , Higley Elizabeth , Albus Kathleen E. , Nutter Anna
Published: October 2002

This article presents the theoretical and empirical rationale for an intervention that targets three critical needs of infants and young children in foster care. First, foster children tend to give behavioral signals that lead even nurturing caregivers to provide non‐nurturing care. Foster parents, therefore, need services that help them to reinterpret children's behavioral signals. Second, some caregivers are not comfortable providing nurturance. When surrogate caregivers do not provide nurturance to foster children, their children are at risk for a range of problematic outcomes. The second intervention component, therefore, targets caregiver difficulties in providing nurturance. Third, foster children are at risk for behavioral and biobehavioral dysregulation as the result of disrupted relationships with previous caregivers. The final intervention component helps caregivers provide children with a predictable interpersonal environment such that children develop better regulatory capabilities. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
A systems framework for evaluation of faculty web‐work
Authors: Marine Robert J.
Published: October 2002

A systems theory of evaluation provides a framework and critical indicators for evaluating effectiveness of Web‐mediated faculty work in creating and transferring knowledge.
The effects of diabetes with hyperlipidemia on P450 expression in APA hamster livers
Authors: Takatori Atsushi , Akahori Mizuki , Kawamura Seiji , Itagaki Shin‐ichi , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro
Published: October 2002

The effect of chronic hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia induced by streptozotocin (SZ) on the expression of P450 in the liver of APA hamsters was studied in this experiment. No effect on the total activity of P450 was seen in SZ‐induced diabetic hamsters throughout the experimental period. At 1 and 6 months after SZ‐injection, the levels of CYP1A, 2C6, and 3A of SZ‐injected hamsters were much lower than those of age‐matched control hamsters. CYP2B expression tended to decrease and CYP2E1 and 4A expression tended to increase in SZ‐injected hamsters, although the results were not significant. At 3 months after SZ‐injection, however, no significant difference between SZ‐injected and normal hamsters was seen in these P450 isozymes. On the other hand, CYP2C11 expression was slightly depressed in SZ1M and SZ6M, and almost equivalent to control hamsters in SZ3M. Immunohistochemistry by the use of each isozyme antibody revealed that SZ‐induced diabetes affected the localization of CYP2C6, 3A, and 4A in the hepatic acinus. The expression of CYP2C6 and 3A was depressed mainly in the periportal region of the acinus, and CYP4A expression was induced mainly in the perivenous region by SZ‐induced diabetes. On the other hand, the expression pattern of CYP1A, 2B, 2C11, and 2E1 were not affected. These results demonstrate that the effects of SZ‐induced diabetes on hepatic P450 differ for each isozyme in APA hamsters and also differ from those of other experimental diabetic animals, including golden hamsters. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 16:174–181, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.10036
Discovery of Sonic hedgehog expression in postnatal growth plate chondrocytes: Differential regulation of Sonic and Indian hedgehog by retinoic acid
Authors: Wu Licia N.Y. , Lu Min , Genge Brian R. , Guo George Y. , Nie Daotai , Wuthier Roy E.
Published: October 2002

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a key signal protein in early embryological patterning of limb bud development. Its analog, Indian hedgehog (Ihh), primarily expressed during early cartilage development in prehypertrophic chondrocytes, regulates proliferation and suppresses terminal differentiation of postnatal growth plate (GP) chondrocytes. We report here for the first time that both Shh and Ihh mRNA are expressed in the GP of rapidly growing 6‐week‐old broiler‐strain chickens. They are also expressed in other tissues such as articular chondrocytes, kidney, and bone. In situ hybridization and RT‐PCR analyses reveal Shh in all zones of the GP, with peak expression in late hypertrophy. Using primary cultures of GP chondrocytes in serum‐containing medium, we followed the patterns of Shh and Ihh mRNA expression as the cultures matured and mineralized. We find a cyclical expression of both hedgehog genes during the early period of culture development between day 10 and 14; when one is elevated, the other tended to be suppressed, suggesting that the two hedgehogs may play complementary roles during GP development. Retinoic acid (RA), a powerful modulator of gene expression in cell differentiation, stimulates GP chondrocytes toward terminal differentiation, enhancing mineral formation. We find that RA strongly suppresses Ihh, but enhances expression of Shh in this system. While Ihh suppresses maturation of GP chondrocytes to hypertrophy, we hypothesize that Shh acts to push these cells toward hypertrophy. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 173–187, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water polarizability in condensed phase: Ab initio evaluation by cluster approach
Authors: Morita Akihiro
Published: October 2002

The polarizability of a water molecule in liquid is evaluated via ab initio and density functional calculations for water clusters. This work has considerably improved our previous effort [J Chem Phys 1999, 110, 11987] to attain quantitative accuracy for polarizability. The calculations revealed that the water polarizability in the liquid is reduced from that in the gaseous phase by 7–9%. These results suggest significant implications for polarizable water models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1466–1471, 2002
Coding‐theoretic constructions for (t,m,s)‐nets and ordered orthogonal arrays
Authors: Bierbrauer Jürgen , Edel Yves , Schmid Wolfgang Ch.
Published: October 2002

(t,m,s)‐nets are point sets in Euclidean s‐space satisfying certain uniformity conditions, for use in numerical integration. They can be equivalently described in terms of ordered orthogonal arrays, a class of finite geometrical structures generalizing orthogonal arrays. This establishes a link between quasi‐Monte Carlo methods and coding theory. The ambient space is a metric space generalizing the Hamming space of coding theory. We denote it by NRT space (named after Niederreiter, Rosenbloom and Tsfasman). Our main results are generalizations of coding‐theoretic constructions from Hamming space to NRT space. These comprise a version of the Gilbert‐Varshamov bound, the (u,u+υ)‐construction and concatenation. We present a table of the best known parameters of q‐ary (t,m,s)‐nets for qε{2,3,4,5} and dimension m≤50. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 10: 403–418, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jcd.10015
Introduction: Reprioritizing the role of science in a realistic version of the scientist‐practitioner model
Authors: Lampropoulos Georgios K. , Spengler Paul M.
Published: October 2002

This series of articles attempts to redefine and reprioritize the role of science in search for a clinically meaningful and realistic version of the scientist‐practitioner (S‐P) model. To this end, science is discussed as both research‐driven practice and clinically meaningful research, keeping practitioners and their needs in the center of attention. In this process, common problems in the actualization of the S‐P model are discussed, and potential solutions are offered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1195–1197, 2002.
Oxidative stress: the role of cytochromes P450 in oxygen activation
Authors: Lewis David F V
Published: October 2002

Oxidative stress is associated with a number of degenerative disease states, such as cancer and AIDS. Fundamental to oxidative stress is the generation of superoxide, peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review focuses on the importance of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the activation of oxygen and ROS generation, together with a discussion of defence mechanisms which can offer protection against oxidative stress.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.
Treatment of wastewater containing copper, zinc, nickel and cobalt using Duolite ES‐467
Authors: Srinivasa Rao K , Sarangi D , Dash P K , Chaudhury G Roy
Published: October 2002

Duolite ES‐467 was used to treat wastewater containing heavy metal ions. Sorption experiments were carried out at varying pH values, agitation speeds, reaction times, and metal ion and sorbent concentrations. Each of the parameters affects the sorption behaviour of individual metal ions. Copper sorption was greater compared with other metal ions such as zinc, nickel and cobalt. The presence of other metal ions affects copper sorption. Equilibrium isotherm curves were developed. These were used to predict that the metal ion concentration would be reduced from 100 to less than 1 mg dm−3. Fixed bed tests were conducted to investigate the efficiency of Duolite ES‐467 for the selective removal of copper ions from multi‐metal solutions. Breakthrough curves were obtained using Duolite ES‐467 for solutions containing copper, nickel and copper, zinc, nickel and cobalt. Elution studies were also carried out using sulfuric acid.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Pigment pattern formation in zebrafish: A model for developmental genetics and the evolution of form
Authors: Quigley Ian K. , Parichy David M.
Published: October 2002

The zebrafish Danio rerio is an emerging model organism for understanding vertebrate development and genetics. One trait of both historical and recent interest is the pattern formed by neural crest–derived pigment cells, or chromatophores, which include black melanophores, yellow xanthophores, and iridescent iridophores. In zebrafish, an embryonic and early larval pigment pattern consists of several stripes of melanophores and iridophores, whereas xanthophores are scattered widely over the flank. During metamorphosis, however, this pattern is transformed into that of the adult, which comprises several dark stripes of melanophores and iridophores that alternate with light stripes of xanthophores and iridophores. In this review, we place zebrafish relative to other model and non‐model species; we review what is known about the processes of chromatophore specification, differentiation, and morphogenesis during the development of embryonic and adult pigment patterns, and we address how future studies of zebrafish will likely aid our understanding of human disease and the evolution of form. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:442–455, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How trematodes cause limb deformities in amphibians
Authors: Stopper Geffrey F. , Hecker Louise , Franssen R. Adam , Sessions Stanley K.
Published: October 2002

We used trematode cyst infestation to induce limb deformities in two species of frogs of the genus Rana and compared them to deformities induced by surgical limb bud rotations. The specific deformities produced by both treatments closely resemble those of wild‐caught deformed amphibians and are consistent with a known developmental response to disruption of the spatial organization of cells in developing limb buds. Histological analysis showed that trematode cysts cause massive disruption and abnormal cellular growth involving the limb buds of infected individuals. Our results indicate that trematode cyst infestation causes deformities in frogs by perturbation of the positional relationships of cells in developing limb buds. The crippling effects of cyst‐infection on frogs may reflect complex co‐evolutionary interactions among trematodes, frogs, and other hosts in the trematode's life cycle. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:252–263, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How do ants stick out their tongues?
Authors: Paul Jürgen , Roces Flavio , Hölldobler Bert
Published: October 2002

The mouthparts are very important tools for almost any task performed by ants. In particular, the labiomaxillary complex is essential for food intake. In the present study we investigated the anatomical design of the labiomaxillary complex in various ant species, focusing on movement mechanisms. Six labial and six maxillary muscles with different functions control the several joints and ensure the proper performance of the labiomaxillary complex. According to our measurements of sarcomere lengths, muscle fiber lengths and diameters, and the relative muscle volumes, the labial and maxillary muscles feature rather slow than fast muscle characteristics and do not seem to be specialized for specific tasks. Since glossa protractor muscles are absent, the protraction of the glossa, the distal end of the labium, is a nonmuscular movement. By histological measurements of hemolymph volumes we could exclude a pressure‐driven mechanism. Additional experiments showed that, upon relaxation of the glossa retractor muscles, the glossa protracts elastically. This elastic mechanism possibly sets an upper limit to licking frequency, thus influencing food intake rates and ultimately foraging behavior. In contrast to many other elastic mechanisms among arthropods, glossa protraction in ants is based on a mechanism where elasticity works as an actual antagonist to muscles. We compared the design of the labiomaxillary complex of ants with that of the honeybee and suggest an elastic mechanism for glossa protraction in honeybees as well. J. Morphol. 254:39–52, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel bridge of axon‐like processes of epithelial cells in the aboral sense organ of ctenophores
Authors: Tamm Sidney L. , Tamm Signhild
Published: October 2002

We describe by light and electron microscopy a novel structure in the aboral sense organ (apical organ) of cydippid (Pleurobrachia) and lobate (Mnemiopsis) ctenophores. An elevated bundle of long, thin, microtubule‐filled processes arises from the apical ends of two groups of epithelial cells located on opposite sides of the apical organ along the tentacular plane of the body. This bundle of axon‐like processes arches over the epithelial floor like a bridge, with branches at both ends running toward opposing pairs of ciliary balancers that are motile pacemakers for the rows of locomotory ciliary comb plates. The bridge in Pleurobrachia is ∼40 μm long and 3–4 μm wide and consists of ∼60 closely packed processes, 0.2–0.8 μm thick, containing vesicles and numerous microtubules running parallel to their long axes. There are ∼30 epithelial cells in each of the two groups giving rise to the bridge and each cell forms a single process, so roughly half of the processes in the bridge must originate from cells on one side and diverge into branches to a pair of balancers on the opposite side of the apical organ. The 150–200 cilia in each balancer arise from morphologically complex cellular projections with asymmetric lateral extensions directed towards a fork of the bridge. Presynaptic triad structures and vesicles are found in this region but clear examples of synaptic contacts between bridge processes and balancer cells have not yet been traced. Cydippid larvae of Mnemiopsis have a conspicuous bridge along the tentacular plane of the apical organ. Beroid ctenophores that lack tentacles at all stages do not have a bridge. We discuss the possibility that the bridge is an electrical conduction pathway to balancers that coordinates tentacle‐evoked swimming responses of ctenophores, such as global ciliary excitation. J. Morphol. 254:99–120, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Odontode morphology and skin surface features of Andean astroblepid catfishes (Siluriformes, Astroblepidae)
Authors: Schaefer Scott A. , Buitrago‐Suárez Uriel Angel
Published: October 2002

Two types of odontodes, or dermal teeth, occur in the neotropical Andean astroblepid catfishes. Both odontode types conform in structure to dermal teeth of gnathostomes in having dentine surrounding a central pulp cavity covered by a superficial layer of enameloid, but differ from one another in terms of attachment and association with other epidermis features. Type I odontodes in astroblepids, also found in all representatives of the superfamily Loricarioidea, are larger (40–50 μm base diameter), generally conical and sharply pointed, occur on the fin rays, and are associated with dermal bone. Type I odontodes attach to an elevated pediment of dermal bone of the fin lepidotrich, and to dermal bone generally in loricarioids, via a ring of connective tissue. Type II odontodes of astroblepids are smaller (15–20 μm base diameter) and blunt, occur in the skin of the head, maxillary barbels, nasal flap, and lip margins, and are not associated with dermal bone. Observations based on histology and scanning electron microscopy indicate that Type II odontodes are associated with other epithelial structures to form a putative mechanosensory organ. The odontode base lies deep in the dermis. The shaft is surrounded by a dense patch of microvillous epithelium and projects from within a pit formed by an elevated ring of laminar epithelial cells bearing several columnar, knob‐like putative mechanosensory structures. Type II odontode organs have thus far been observed in only three astroblepid species,Astroblepus longifilis, A. chotae, A. rosei, where they occur in especially dense arrays on the maxillary barbels, surrounded by discrete patches of microvilli and separate mechanoreceptors. Type II odontode organs are less dense elsewhere on the body, but also occur in the skin of the snout, head, and lips. Typical taste buds are absent from the barbels of these species, but present in other astroblepids. The presence of Type II odontodes and their association with specialized epithelial pit organs are unique to astroblepids among siluriforms and may be potentially important adaptations to life in torrential mountain streams. J. Morphol. 254:139–148, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional morphology of the hindlimb of tupaiids (Mammalia, Scandentia) and its phylogenetic implications
Authors: Sargis Eric J.
Published: October 2002

In this study, the hindlimb of 12 species of tupaiids was analyzed functionally and compared to that of primates, dermopterans, and chiropterans. Many aspects of the tupaiid hindlimb vary in relation to differential substrate use. These differences include width of the ilium, shape of the acetabulum, size of the anterior inferior iliac spine, size of the greater and third trochanters, depth of the femoral condyles, shape of the patellar groove, and size of the tibial tuberosity. The hindlimb of the arboreal Ptilocercus lowii, the only ptilocercine, is better adapted for arboreal locomotion, whereas that of tupaiines is better adapted for rapid terrestrial (or scansorial) locomotion. The hindlimb of Ptilocercus seems to be habitually flexed and has more joint mobility, a condition necessary for movement on uneven, discontinuous arboreal supports. The tarsus of Ptilocercus facilitates inversion of the foot and its grasping hallux is capable of a great range of abduction. Tupaiines, on the other hand, are characterized by more extended hindlimbs and less mobility in their joints. These restricted joints limit movements more to the parasagittal plane, which increases the efficiency of locomotion on a more even and continuous surface like the ground. The hindlimb of tupaiines is adapted for powerful flexion and extension. Even the most arboreal tupaiines remain similar to terrestrial tupaiines in their hindlimb morphology, which probably reflects the terrestrial ancestry of Tupaiinae (but not Tupaiidae). Many attributes of the tupaiid hindlimb, especially those of the foot, reflect the arboreal ancestry of Tupaiidae and it is proposed that the ancestral tupaiid was arboreal like Ptilocercus. Also, compared to the hindlimb character states of tupaiines, those of Ptilocercus are more similar to those of other archontans, and it is proposed that the hindlimb features of Ptilocercus are primitive for the Tupaiidae. Hence, Ptilocercus should be considered in any phylogenetic analysis that includes Scandentia. J. Morphol. 254:149–185, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation of [bn + 17 + Ag]+ product ions from Ag+ cationized native and acetylated peptides
Authors: Anbalagan V. , Perera B. A. , Silva A. T. M. , Gallardo A. L. , Barber M. , Barr J. M. , Terkarli S. M. , Talaty E. R. , Van Stipdonk M. J.
Published: October 2002

We compared the tandem mass spectra of a range of native and acetylated Ag+ cationized peptides to determine the influence of the derivatization step on the abundance of the [bn + 17 + Ag]+ product ions. Using tripeptides, the smallest for which the mechanisms to generate [b2 − 1 + Ag]+ and [b2 + 17 + Ag]+ products are both operative, we found that in most cases acetylation causes an increase in the abundance of the C‐terminal rearrangement ion, [b2 + 17 + Ag]+, relative to the rival N‐terminal rearrangement ion, [b2 − 1 + Ag]+. The presence of a free amino group to bind to the metal ion significantly influences the relative abundances of the product ions. We propose a mechanism for the formation of the [bn + 17 + Ag]+ that is based on the formation of a five‐membered oxazolidin‐5‐one and tetrahedral carbon intermediate that may collapse to a peptide upon release of CO and an imine, aided by the fact that the ring formed during C‐terminal rearrangement is both a hemiacylal and hemiaminal. We also identified an influence of amino acid sequence on the relative abundances of the [bn + 17 + Ag]+ and [bn − 1 + Ag]+ product ions, whereby bulky substituents located on the α‐carbon of the amino acid to the C‐terminal side of the cleavage site apparently promote the formation of the [bn + 17 + Ag]+ product over [bn − 1 + Ag]+ when the amino acid to the N‐terminal side of the cleavage site is glycine. The latter ion is the favored product, however, when the bulky group is positioned on the α‐carbon of the amino acid to the N‐terminal side of the cleavage site. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FDTD design of RF dosimetry apparatus to quantify the effects of near fields from mobile handsets on stress response mechanisms of human whole blood
Authors: Lim H. B. , Cook G. G. , Barker A. T. , Coulton L. A.
Published: October 2002

A Crawford transverse electro‐magnetic (TEM) cell, used for RF exposure of in vitrocell cultures to examine any pathological effects, is modelled using an original high resolution finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) code at cellular handset frequencies. The standard scalar specific absorption rate (SAR) dosimetry parameter is augmented by new vector parameters of field polarization type and phase, and an easily comprehensible way of displaying these data as polar plots is used. It is shown that whilst the incident field in the empty TEM cell has plane wave properties, the exposure field in a blood sample is not a TEM plane wave, nor is it representative of the near field produced by a mobile handset. It is suggested that the exposure field vector properties need to be quantified and controlled in the TEM cell, and experimentation performed to assess whether there is a differential cellular stress response to these parameters in addition to SAR level. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model order reduction and equivalent circuit extraction for fit discretized electromagnetic systems
Authors: Wittig Tilmann , Munteanu Irina , Schuhmann Rolf , Weiland Thomas
Published: October 2002

In this paper a new approach for model order reduction of electrodynamic devices discretized by the finite integration theory is presented. It has two main applications: The fast frequency sweep of the transfer behaviour of resonant filters and the extraction of general equivalent circuits simplifying coupled circuit–electromagnetic simulations. The proposed two‐step Lanczos (TSL) algorithm combines a Lanczos based projection in the first step to pre‐reduce the non‐inverted system with a PVL‐like algorithm in the second step to get an optimal Padé approximation. This algorithm drastically reduces the computational complexity of model order reduction while maintaining the same accuracy as direct PVL. By applying it to a curl–curl formulation of the system, the computational cost is further reduced by a factor of two. By use of a projection method the curl–curl formulation can also be extended to lossy systems. Additionally, the method keeps the system stable, passive, and real throughout the process—an important prerequisite for the interpretation of the model as an equivalent network. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence of functional β1‐ and β2‐adrenergic receptors on microglia
Authors: Tanaka Kenji F. , Kashima Haruo , Suzuki Hiromi , Ono Kenji , Sawada Makoto
Published: October 2002

We examined the expression and function of β‐adrenergic receptor (β‐AR) subtypes in both isolated primary rat microglia and a rat microglial cell line. RT‐PCR analyses revealed that microglia expressed β1‐ and β2‐ARs but not β3‐ARs, whereas rat primary peritoneal macrophages expressed only β2‐ARs. Stimulation of β‐ARs on microglia by norepinephrine (NE) resulted in an increase in the level of intracellular cAMP and the subsequent expression of interleukin‐1β mRNA. These effects were prevented by propranolol. Similar results were obtained with other selective β1‐AR agonists and antagonists. β2‐ARs on microglia were also functional. It is possible that noradrenergic innervations participate in the control of microglial functions via β1‐ARs on microglia in the brain, because NE has high affinity for β1‐ and β3‐ARs but little or no affinity for β2‐ARs. It seems physiologically significant that microglia can be controlled by NE, which predominates over epinephrine in the brain, whereas macrophages in peripheral tissues can be controlled by epinephrine, which is at higher levels in peripheral tissues. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival of fetal hippocampal CA3 cell grafts in the middle‐aged and aged hippocampus: Effect of host age and deafferentation
Authors: Zaman Vandana , Shetty Ashok K.
Published: October 2002

The potential application of neural transplantation to many neurodegenerative disorders at early stages of disease progression would involve middle‐aged and aged persons. Hence, it is important to examine critically the extent of graft cell survival in both intact and partially deafferented middle‐aged and aged brain. We investigated the degree of survival of 5′‐bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐labeled fetal hippocampal CA3 cells after grafting into both intact hippocampus and partially deafferented hippocampus (i.e., hippocampus contralateral to intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid) of middle‐aged and aged Fischer 344 rats. Absolute cell survival within these grafts was rigorously analyzed using BrdU immunostaining of serial sections and the optical fractionator cell counting method. In the intact hippocampus, graft cell survival was 23% of injected cells for middle‐aged rats and 18% for aged rats, which is consistent with the survival of fetal hippocampal cells in the intact young adult hippocampus reported earlier (Shetty and Turner [1995] Neuroscience 67:561–582). A partial deafferentation at the time of grafting significantly enhanced the degree of graft cell survival to 35% of injected cells in the middle‐aged hippocampus and 27% in the aged hippocampus. However, the overall graft cell survival after deafferentation was significantly (30%) greater in the middle‐aged hippocampus compared with the aged hippocampus. These results reveal that 1) the degree of survival of fetal neural cells in the intact mature brain remains constant with aging and 2) a partial deafferentation of the mature host brain at the time of grafting enhances survival of grafted fetal cells, regardless of the host age. However, the overall extent of graft cell survival after deafferentation depends on the age of the mature brain at the time of deafferentation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fourier transform Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra of cross‐linked polyurethaneurea films synthesized from solutions
Authors: Romanova Valentina , Begishev Valery , Karmanov Valery , Kondyurin Alexey , Maitz Manfred F.
Published: October 2002

Cross‐linked polyurethaneurea films based on polyoxytetramethylene glycol and polyoxypropylene glycol with toluene diisocyanate and 3,3′‐dichloro‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane were synthesized in a solution where the solvent evaporates during the polymerization. FT‐Raman and FTIR spectra were analysed and intermolecular force constants of hydrogen bonds were calculated. On the basis of the intensity of the Raman and IR spectral lines, which reflects hydrogen bond formation, the optimum structure of hydrogen bonds and the conformations of macromolecules of polyurethaneurea were observed for the solvent ethyl acetate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of the basic copper chloride minerals atacamite and paratacamite: implications for the study of copper, brass and bronze objects of archaeological significance
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Martens Wayde , Kloprogge J. Theo , Williams Peter A.
Published: October 2002

Raman spectra of the basic copper chloride minerals atacamite and paratacamite were obtained at 298 and 77 K using a Raman microprobe in combination with a thermal stage. Four distinct regions involved with hydroxyl stretching, hydroxyl deformation, CuO stretching and CuCl stretching and bending were identified. The implication from the study is that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool for identifying corrosion products of copper, brass and bronze objects of archaeological or antiquarian significance. In addition, the technique may be a useful aid in the restoration degraded pigment products from old paintings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of processing conditions and packaging material on the quality attributes of dry‐roasted peanuts
Authors: Adebiyi Abayomi P , Adeyemi Isaac A , Olorunda Ayodele O
Published: October 2002

Five different processing conditions of raw shelled unblanched peanuts were investigated. The first two treatments involved soaking the peanuts in tap water for 10 and 30 min respectively, then mixing thoroughly with dry NaCl before roasting. Another two treatments involved soaking the peanuts in saturated brine solution for 10 and 30 min respectively before roasting. Unsalted roasted peanuts served as the control. Packaging and storage studies were carried out by packaging the differently treated dry‐roasted peanuts in four different packaging materials and storing them under three different relative humidities for 3 months at ambient temperature. Proximate composition, NaCl content, peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid value were determined and sensory evaluation tests were carried out. Salting was found to improve the taste, flavour and overall acceptability of dry‐roasted peanuts but had no effect on shelf‐life. Peanuts treated in saturated brine solution for 30 min before roasting were the most preferred. The control packaging material, 18 µm transparent polyethylene, was found to be inadequate for protecting the quality attributes of dry‐roasted peanuts, with mould growth being observed on the 42nd day of storage at 80% relative humidity. However, acceptable results were obtained with 45 µm transparent polypropylene. The mean sensory scores and objective tests were found to be negatively correlated.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Respiration rate, ethylene production and biochemical changes during fruit development and maturation of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk)
Authors: Abbas Muay'ed F , Fandi Bushra S
Published: October 2002

Jujube fruits (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk) of cv Zaytoni were harvested from fruit set until maturity to study some physiological and biochemical changes. Jujube fruit cv Zaytoni displayed a double‐sigmoid growth curve with a very short second stage (2 weeks). Changes in respiration rate and ethylene production during fruit development were typical of climacteric fruits, the peak of ethylene production coinciding with the climacteric rise in respiration. As for chemical constituents, reducing sugars were dominant and sucrose was absent in ripe fruit. Total soluble solid content was low during the early stages of growth, then increased to a peak in ripe fruit. Titratable acidity was low initially, but increased to a peak in physiologically mature fruit and declined rapidly in ripe fruit. The pattern of changes in protein content was typical of that characterising climacteric fruits.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Formation of γ‐gluconolactone in a wine‐like model system
Authors: Bertrand Alain , Barbe Jean‐Christophe
Published: October 2002

By experiments performed in wine‐like and must‐like model solutions, we have shown that intramolecular gluconic acid esterification leads to the formation of not only the well‐known δ‐gluconolactone (glucono‐5‐lactone) but also γ‐gluconolactone (glucono‐4‐lactone). To our knowledge, the presence of the latter is reported for the first time under conditions similar to those in grape musts and wines. Equilibrium between these lactones and gluconic acid was reached within 24 h of preparing a solution of gluconic acid, and in both wine‐like and must‐like model solutions the concentrations of γ‐ and δ‐gluconolactone represented the same proportions of the acid, ie about 60 and 40 mg g−1 gluconic acid respectively. Owing to their chemical structures, not only δ‐gluconolactone but also γ‐gluconolactone could certainly contribute to sulphur dioxide binding in musts and wines containing gluconic acid.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Production and characterisation of enzymatically produced lauric acid esters of fructose
Authors: Şekeroğlu Gülten , Fadıloğlu Sibel , İbanoğlu Esra
Published: October 2002

Lauric acid esters of fructose were produced using immobilised lipase (EC 3.1.1.3; Novozym 435). A molecular sieve was used to shift the reaction towards the synthesis. The mono‐, di‐ and higher esters of lauric acid with fructose were obtained and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). At a 5:1 molar ratio of lauric acid to fructose the amounts of monoester, diester and higher esters produced were 37, 53 and 98 mg respectively after 96 h of reaction time. After purification of the products by column chromatography the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) values of fructose monolaurate and fructose dilaurate were found to be 8.95 and 5.3 respectively and their critical micelle concentration (CMC) values were calculated as 7.20 × 10−5 and 6.40 × 10−5 M respectively. The CMC values of esters obtained from the conductivity curve and the surface tension curve were significantly (P < 0.05) similar to each other. It was found that when the concentration of surfactant was increased from 0.25 to 0.50% (w/v), stabilisation of the emulsion also increased. Fructose dilaurate showed better stability than the other esters. Separation of the phases reached 70% within 30 h for the emulsion prepared with 0.50% (w/v) of this ester.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry