bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parasite powerhouse: A review of the Toxoplasma gondii mitochondrion
Authors: Usey Madelaine M. , Huet Diego
Published: March 2022

Toxoplasma gondii is a member of the apicomplexan phylum, a group of single‐celled eukaryotic parasites that cause significant human morbidity and mortality around the world. T. gondii harbors two organelles of endosymbiotic origin: a non‐photosynthetic plastid, known as the apicoplast, and a single mitochondrion derived from the ancient engulfment of an α‐proteobacterium. Due to excitement surrounding the novelty of the apicoplast, the T. gondii mitochondrion was, to a certain extent, overlooked for about two decades. However, recent work has illustrated that the mitochondrion is an essential hub of apicomplexan‐specific biology. Development of novel techniques, such as cryo‐electron microscopy, complexome profiling, and next‐generation sequencing have led to a renaissance in mitochondrial studies. This review will cover what is currently known about key features of the T. gondii mitochondrion, ranging from its genome to protein import machinery and biochemical pathways. Particular focus will be given to mitochondrial features that diverge significantly from the mammalian host, along with discussion of this important organelle as a drug target.
Understanding barriers to couples therapy
Authors: Hubbard Aimee K. , Anderson Jared R.
Published: March 2022

What prevents couples from entering therapy? Given that the rate of couple help‐seeking is low, we need a better understanding of barriers to couple help‐seeking. To expand our understanding of these barriers, we asked almost 300 people who expressed an interest in couples therapy, to clarify what kept them from seeking help. A content analysis of participant's responses found six distinctive categories: cost of treatment, logistics, the modality of treatment, trustworthiness, relational factors, and a clear therapeutic process. Additionally, some responses suggested that stigma and concerns around the emotional work involved deterred couples from seeking help. This expanded understanding of barriers to couples therapy can assist both researchers and clinicians address them in more intentional ways.
Effectiveness of music therapy as an adjuvant to conscious sedation in women undergoing transvaginal oocyte retrieval: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nandeibam Yohen , Joseph Treasa , Antonisamy Belavendra , Kamath Mohan S. , Kunjummen Aleyamma T.
Published: March 2022

Aim

Assisted reproductive technique (ART) has emerged as the highest form of treatment for infertile couples. Transvaginal oocyte retrieval is currently performed under conscious sedation in most centers. Since it is a relatively painful procedure, a number of adjuvant therapies have been tried to improve pain relief during the procedure. Music therapy is a nonpharmacological technique that has been successfully used for pain relief in perioperative and chronic pain of malignancy. However, studies evaluating its usefulness in ART‐related procedures are limited. We evaluated the effectiveness of music therapy as an adjuvant for pain relief during oocyte retrieval.

Methods

This was a randomized controlled trial conducted at a tertiary level teaching hospital in South India from September 2020 to March 2021. All women undergoing transvaginal oocyte retrieval were randomized to receive either music therapy along with conscious sedation (Group A) or conscious sedation alone (Group B). The primary outcome was postprocedure pain score assessed by the visual analog scale. Secondary outcomes included anxiety score.

Results

A total of 109 women were randomized into Group A (54 women) and Group B (55 women). The postprocedure pain score was comparable between the two study groups (6.0, interquartile range [IQR] 4 to 6 vs. 6.0, IQR 4 to 6; p = 0.69). However, anxiety levels were found to be significantly lower in women who were offered music therapy (3.0, IQR 1 to 5 vs. 4.0, IQR 3 to 6; p = 0.004).

Conclusion

The use of music therapy as an adjuvant to conscious sedation was found to have no significant benefit in pain relief during oocyte retrieval.
Acetylsalicylic acid use is associated with improved survival in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia: A long‐term nationwide study
Authors: Rögnvaldsson Kristján G. , Bjarnason Agnar , Kristinsson Karl , Bragason Hörður T. , Erlendsdóttir Helga , Þorgeirsson Guðmundur , Gottfreðsson Magnús
Published: March 2022

Background

Pneumonia is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and associated with subsequent cardiovascular complications and increased mortality. Potential short‐term survival benefits conferred by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) use in pneumonia remain controversial, and long‐term outcomes have not been studied.

Objectives

To evaluate the association between ASA use and survival for up to 1 year following bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia.

Methods

All bacteremic pneumococcal episodes in Iceland from 1975 to 2019 were reviewed. The study cohort consisted of individuals at least 18 years of age with symptoms and imaging results consistent with pneumonia. Differences in survival were assessed at 30 days, 90 days and 1 year using propensity score weighting (inverse probability weighting). Splitting and stratifying on survival at 7 days was done for the 30‐day survival, because of nonproportionality.

Results

In total, 815 bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia episodes (median age 67 years, females 48%) were identified. Cox regression using propensity score weighting on the association of ASA with survival at 30 days showed an average hazard ratio (HR) of 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34–1.05). A significantly improved survival was observed within 7 days (HR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.19–0.92) but not during days 7–30 (HR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.46–2.55). ASA was associated with survival at 90 days (HR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.32–0.87) and 1 year (HR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.31–0.75).

Conclusion

Use of ASA upon admission for bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia is associated with significantly reduced mortality for up to 1 year after diagnosis. ASA therapy in patients with pneumonia and other infectious syndromes warrants further study.
The psychology of diversity and its implications for workplace (in)equality: Looking back at the last decade and forward to the next
Authors: Fletcher Luke , Beauregard T. Alexandra
Published: March 2022

In this British Psychological Society (BPS) landmark paper, we employ an evidence synthesis approach to review the broad range of diversity research published in BPS journals between 2011 and 2021. By focusing on research that investigates stereotypes associated with, and discrimination towards, minority and minoritized groups, we seek to provide readers with a better understanding of the dynamics of a diverse workforce and, going forward, to facilitate the efforts of the psychology research community towards building a body of work that meaningfully addresses workplace inequalities. We thematically analyse and synthesize 25 articles, which fall into four interconnected themes: identity development and management; negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination; working in a diverse team; and the broader organizational environment. Highlighting key strengths of this work and areas for future development, we note the absence of overarching theoretical debates and discussions that might facilitate the development of an on‐going narrative across diversity‐related research published within BPS journals. We outline a future research agenda to bridge methodological divides and to connect with diversity literatures in related disciplines such as human resource development (HRD), human resource management (HRM), and organization studies. In so doing, we advocate for psychologists to move beyond a solely individualistic perspective and instead recognize and account for the context within which diversity‐related processes take place.
Effect Evaluation of a School‐Based Intervention Promoting Sleep in Adolescents: A Cluster‐Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Inhulsen Maj‐Britt M. R. , Busch Vincent , van Stralen Maartje M.
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated the effect of the school‐based intervention Charge Your Brainzzz on adolescents' social‐cognitive determinants, sleep hygiene and sleep duration and quality.

METHODS

A cluster‐randomized controlled trial was conducted with 972 students from 10 Dutch high schools. Schools were randomly allocated to the intervention (N = 5) or control condition (N = 5). Outcomes were measured with the digital Consensus Sleep Diary and via a digital questionnaire, based on valid measures. Data were collected at baseline (T0), ±1.5 weeks post‐intervention (T1) and ±3 months post‐intervention (T2). Mixed model analyses were performed to estimate the effects on social‐cognitive determinants, sleep hygiene, and sleep outcomes.

RESULTS

The intervention increased sleep knowledge post‐intervention (b = 1.91; 95%CI: 1.22‐2.60) and at follow up (b = 1.40; 95%CI: 0.70‐2.10). The intervention was also effective in changing adolescents' attitudes (b = 0.10; 95%CI: 0.01‐0.19) and perceived behavioral control (b = 0.11; 95%CI: 0.01‐0.22) post‐intervention. No positive changes were found regarding subjective norms, behavioral intentions, sleep hygiene, or sleep outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The intervention improved adolescents' sleep knowledge, attitude, and perceived behavioral control. To significantly impact sleep health, theoretically sound and systematically developed interventions are needed which take into account the interplay between sleep, sleep‐related behaviors, and adolescents' social and physical environment.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

Trial name: Evaluation of the school‐based intervention Charge Your Brainzzz promoting sleep in adolescents; URL:
https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN36701918; ID: ISRCTN36701918.
A Comprehensive School Health Approach to Student Physical Activity: A Multilevel Analysis Examining the Association between School‐Level Factors and Student Physical Activity Behaviors
Authors: Pirrie Melissa , Carson Valerie , Dubin Joel A. , Leatherdale Scott T.
Published: March 2022

BACKGROUND

The comprehensive school health (CSH) framework has four components: social and physical environment; partnerships and services; teaching and learning; and policy. This study examines associations between CSH and student physical activity (PA).

METHODS

Using 2015/2016 COMPASS study survey data of 37,397 students (grades 9‐12) from 80 secondary schools in Ontario and Alberta, Canada, associations between school‐level factors within CSH and student PA outcomes (weekly moderate‐to‐vigorous PA [MVPA] minutes and achieving the national PA recommendations of ≥60 min of MVPA daily, vigorous PA ≥3 days/week, strengthening activities ≥3 days/week) were analyzed using multilevel regression models stratified by gender and grade.

RESULTS

Factors within all four CSH components were associated with student PA. Four student subgroups were more likely to achieve the recommendations if their school had youth organization partnerships (Range of AORs:1.15‐1.33, p <.05) and female students were less likely if their school had low prioritization of PA (AOR = 0.77, 95% CI: [0.65‐0.92]). Grade 9 students had higher MVPA when provided non‐competitive PA opportunities (β = 100.4, 95%CI: [30.0‐170.9]). All student subgroups had better PA outcomes when schools provided access to equipment during non‐instructional time.

CONCLUSION

There is opportunity to improve student PA through CSH‐guided interventions, but different strategies may be more effective for each gender/grade.
Anxiety, depression, stress, burnout, and professional quality of life among the hospital workforce during a global health pandemic
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Schroeder Shawnda , Leighton Kristen
Published: March 2022

Purpose: Working in a hospital setting during a global health pandemic can lead to increased levels of anxiety, stress, burnout, and depression. Anecdotal evidence exists, but there is little research utilizing clinically validated tools to measure hospital staff psychological distress.

Methods: In Summer 2021, 771 hospital staff in North Dakota responded to an electronic survey collecting demographic data and employing validated behavioral health screening tools to assess anxiety, depression, emotional distress, and work‐related quality of life.

Findings: Compassion satisfaction was significantly higher for those who worked in rural areas than urban [t(769) = –1.99, P = .0467]. The burnout rating was significantly higher for those who worked in urban areas than rural [t(769) = 2.23, P = .0261)]. There was no significant geographic variation in stress, anxiety, or depression. Anxiety, depression, burnout, and stress were all significantly higher for those who worked directly with COVID‐19 patients than those who did not, regardless of hospital location.

Conclusions: Hospital staff caring for COVID‐19 patients experienced equitable (and high) levels of depression and anxiety. However, data indicate that rural providers experienced greater protective factors, resulting in lower rates of burnout and higher compassion satisfaction. Rural communities, hospitals, and health systems may have characteristics that could be duplicated in urban areas to support hospital staff well‐being. Support and promotion of mental wellness must also come from the hospital system, and health care and policy leaders. If we do not care for our hospital staff, there will not be hospital staff left to care for the community.
Against the mainstream: Field evidence on a positive link between media consumption and the demand for sports among children
Authors: Weimar Daniel , Breuer Christoph
Published: March 2022

The physical health of individuals is degenerating worldwide. The decrease in sporting activities among young people appears critical, as most life habits evolve during childhood. Among others, the rising share of media consumption among children is thought to be a primary determinant of the decline in demand for sports participation. Consequently, the mainstream of past studies on demand for media consumption and health argue with a “per se” negative link between TV consumption and physical activities. To shed new light on this, we investigate the impact of the Japanese animated cartoon (anime) “Attack No 1” on youth volleyball participation in Germany in the mid‐1990s. We base our estimations on official club membership data (1985–2007) and use a difference‐in‐differences (DID) approach to empirically estimate the anime's causal effect on youth volleyball participation. With an average annual growth rate of 22.75%, the results show a strong short‐term volleyball boom among young girls after the anime. Numbers also increased slightly among male adolescents. Correlations did not suggest solid long‐term effects. However, based on the available data, no causal statements regarding long‐term effects were possible either.

Additionally, we found no evidence that suggests substitution effects. Instead, accumulated youth female enrollments rose by 2.1% during the broadcasting time. Spill‐over effects on non‐ball‐based sports have not been identified. We conclude that TV content portraying sports might work as a nudge to increase sports demand among young people. Thus, the production or streaming of sport‐related animated cartoons should be incentivized to a greater extent.
What works to protect, promote and support breastfeeding on a large scale: A review of reviews
Authors: Tomori Cecília , Hernández‐Cordero Sonia , Busath Natalie , Menon Purnima , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael
Published: March 2022

Globally women continue to face substantial barriers to breastfeeding. The 2016 Lancet Breastfeeding Series identified key barriers and reviewed effective interventions that address them. The present study updates the evidence base since 2016 using a review of reviews approach. Searches were implemented using the Epistomenikos database. One hundred and fifteen reviews of interventions were identified and assessed for quality and risk of bias. Over half of reviews (53%) were high‐ or moderate quality, with the remaining low or critically low quality due to weaknesses in assessment of bias. A large portion of studies addressed high‐income and upper‐middle income settings, (41%), and a majority (63%) addressed health systems, followed by community and family settings (39%). Findings from reviews continue to strengthen the evidence base for effective interventions that improve breastfeeding outcomes across all levels of the social‐ecological model, including supportive workplace policies; implementation of the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative, skin to skin care, kangaroo mother care, and cup feeding in health settings; and the importance of continuity of care and support in community and family settings, via home visits delivered by CHWs, supported by fathers', grandmothers' and community involvement. Studies disproportionately focus on health systems in high income and upper‐middle income settings. There is insufficient attention to policy and structural interventions, the workplace and there is a need for rigorous assessment of multilevel interventions. Evidence from the past 5 years demonstrates the need to build on well‐established knowledge to scale up breastfeeding protection, promotion and support programmes.
Mast cell mediation of visceral sensation and permeability in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Hasler William L. , Grabauskas Gintautas , Singh Prashant , Owyang Chung
Published: March 2022

Abnormalities of mast cell structure or function may play prominent roles in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptom genesis. Mast cells show close apposition to sensory nerves and release bioactive substances in response to varied stimuli including infection, stress, and other neuroendocrine factors. Most studies focus on patients who develop IBS after enteric infection or who report diarrhea‐predominant symptoms. Three topics underlying IBS pathogenesis have been emphasized in recent investigations. Visceral hypersensitivity to luminal stimulation is found in most IBS patients and may contribute to abdominal pain. Mast cell dysfunction also may disrupt epithelial barrier function which alters mucosal permeability potentially leading to altered bowel function and pain. Mast cell products including histamine, proteases, prostaglandins, and cytokines may participate in hypersensitivity and permeability defects, especially with diarrhea‐predominant IBS. Recent experimental evidence indicates that the pronociceptive effects of histamine and proteases are mediated by the generation of prostaglandins in the mast cell. Enteric microbiome interactions including increased mucosal bacterial translocation may activate mast cells to elicit inflammatory responses underlying some of these pathogenic effects. Therapies to alter mast cell activity (mast cell stabilizers) or function (histamine antagonists) have shown modest benefits in IBS. Future investigations will seek to define patient subsets with greater potential to respond to therapies that address visceral hypersensitivity, epithelial permeability defects, and microbiome alterations secondary to mast cell dysfunction in IBS.
Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak and associated public health measures increase the progression of myopia among children and adolescents: Evidence synthesis
Authors: Watcharapalakorn Akarapon , Poyomtip Teera , Tawonkasiwattanakun Patarakorn
Published: March 2022

Purpose

Although studies have suggested that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak increased myopia progression, they had different settings and analysis methods. This study compared myopia progression before and during the COVID‐19 outbreak using meta‐analysis.

Methods

Relevant literature was searched on EMBASE, PubMed, ClinEpiDB and Web of Science and reviewed until 8 October 2021. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the original studies. The mean difference of change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was used for evaluation before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Results

The meta‐analysis included eight studies with 773, 797 individuals aged 5–18 years. Pooled analysis indicated that the mean difference of annual myopia progression during the pandemic was 0.41 D higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35–0.48, p < 0.01) than before the pandemic. Subgroup analysis using cycloplegic (mean difference, 0.30 D; 95% CI, 0.22–0.38; p < 0.01) or noncycloplegic refraction (mean difference, 0.60 D; 95% CI, 0.27–0.93; p < 0.01) indicated that the mean difference of annual myopia progression during COVID‐19 significantly increased in both refractive measurements.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that the COVID‐19 pandemic accelerated myopic progression compared to the past. Government policies are urgently required to prevent and control myopia progression.
Extraordinarily early Venus' flower basket sponges (Hexactinellida, Euplectellidae) from the uppermost Ordovician Anji Biota, China
Authors: Botting Joseph P. , Janussen Dorte , Muir Lucy A. , Dohrmann Martin , Ma Junye , Zhang Yuandong
Published: March 2022

The deep‐sea hexactinellid sponge Euplectella is an iconic living genus with no known fossil record. The family Euplectellidae (which includes a subset of genera that share the common name ‘Venus' flower basket’) has a very sparse record from the Middle Cretaceous onwards, and an estimated crown‐group origin at around 300 Ma based on molecular clocks. New material of Venus' flower baskets from the latest Ordovician Anji Biota of China (444 Ma) dramatically extends the known and predicted range of the group, with implications for the diversification of the class Hexactinellida and the timing of development of deep‐sea ecosystems. The new material is described as Anjiplectella davidipharus gen. et sp. nov., with an additional taxon remaining in open nomenclature but demonstrating diversification within the group by this time.
Autonomy support in disclosure and privacy maintenance regulation within romantic relationships
Authors: Kil Hali , Allen Marie‐Pier , Taing Jennifer , Mageau Geneviève A.
Published: March 2022

Romantic partners vary in their desire to share private information, and each partner must use appropriate strategies to elicit disclosure or maintain privacy from one's partner. In the present work, we propose that strategies that support the partner's autonomy, rather than being controlling, may be more acceptable and effective in eliciting disclosure and maintaining privacy in romantic relationships. In Study 1 (N = 268 individuals), participants rated the acceptability and effectiveness of autonomy supportive and controlling strategies presented in hypothetical scenarios. In Study 2 (N = 78 couples), we coded romantic partners' use of autonomy supportive and controlling strategies in recorded conversations, then assessed the acceptability and effectiveness of strategies. In both studies, autonomy supportive strategies were perceived as more acceptable and more effective than controlling strategies for eliciting disclosure and maintaining privacy from one's partner. Additionally, results of Study 2 demonstrated that eliciting disclosure using autonomy supportive strategies rather than controlling strategies resulted in greater and more personal content in partner disclosure. The results are discussed with reference to couples' interventions and the potential of autonomy supportive strategies to improve the quality of couples' communication and relationship quality.
Examining effects of rhizobacteria in relieving abiotic crop stresses using carbon‐11 radiotracing
Authors: Powell Avery , Wilder Stacy L. , Housh Alexandra B. , Scott Stephanie , Benoit Mary , Powell Garren , Waller Spenser , Guthrie James M. , Schueller Michael J. , Ferrieri Richard A.
Published: March 2022

In agriculture, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) are increasingly used for reducing environmental stress‐related crop losses through mutualistic actions of these microorganisms, activating physiological and biochemical responses, building tolerances within their hosts. Here we report the use of radioactive carbon‐11 (t½ 20.4 min) to examine the metabolic and physiological responses of Zea mays to Azospirillum brasilense (HM053) inoculation while plants were subjected to salinity and low nitrogen stresses. Host metabolism of “new” carbon resources (as 11C) and physiology including [11C]‐photosynthate translocation were measured in response to imposed growth conditions. Salinity stress caused shortened, dense root growth with a 6‐fold increase in foliar [11C]‐raffinose, a potent osmolyte. ICP‐MS analyses revealed increased foliar Na+ levels at the expense of K+. HM053 inoculation relieved these effects, reinstating normal root growth, lowering [11C]‐raffinose levels while increasing [11C]‐sucrose and its translocation to the roots. Na+ levels remained elevated with inoculation, but K+ levels were boosted slightly. Low nitrogen stress yielded longer roots possessing high levels of anthocyanins. Metabolic analysis revealed significant shifts in “new” carbon partitioning into the amino acid pool under low nitrogen stress, with significant increases in foliar [11C]‐glutamate, [11C]‐aspartate, and [11C]‐asparagine, a noted osmoprotectant. 11CO2 fixation and [11C]‐photosynthate translocation also decreased, limiting carbon supply to roots. However, starch levels in roots were reduced under nitrogen limitation, suggesting that carbon repartitioning could be a compensatory action to support root growth. Finally, inoculation with HM053 re‐instated normal root growth, reduced anthocyanin, boosted root starch, and returned 11C‐allocation levels back to those of unstressed plants.
Deploying microbes as drivers and indicators in ecological restoration
Authors: Singh Rawat Varunendra , Kaur Jasleen , Bhagwat Sakshi , Arora Pandit Manisha , Dogra Rawat Charu
Published: March 2022

Ecosystem degradation is a major environmental threat. Beyond conservation, restoration of degraded ecosystems is a prerequisite to reinstate their ability to provide essential services and benefits. Most of the restoration efforts focus on aboveground restoration, that is, plants, under the assumption that establishment of plant species will reestablish the faunal and microbial species. While this may be true for some cases, it is not a general rule. Reestablishment of microbial communities by dedicated efforts is also necessary for successful restoration, as cycling of essential nutrients for plant growth and decomposition of organic matter is dependent on them. The role of microbial fertilizers and efficient organisms used in agriculture needs to be explored in restoration. Testing of symbiotic interactions between potential plant growth‐promoting Rhizobacteria and plants native to a degraded ecosystem can be conducted and utilized for successful establishment of plant species. However, utmost care must be taken while introducing new microbial species or non‐native plant species to an area, as they can adversely affect the resident microbial community. Techniques like phospholipid fatty‐acid analysis can be used for taxonomic identification of large microbial groups in non‐degraded reference ecosystems before introducing microbial species into a degraded ecosystem. For use of microbes in restoration, more studies on microbe‐plant interactions need to be conducted. For use of Soil Microbial Community (SMC) as indicators of restoration, their role and function in the ecology of the area need to be elucidated by employing all the available techniques.
Industrial subsidies and impact on exports of trading partners: Case of China
Authors: Ambaw Dessie Tarko , Mugan Thangavelu Shandre
Published: March 2022

This paper explores the impact of Chinese subsidy interventions in the upstream sector on the competitiveness of the downstream sector. In particular, the paper investigates the causal effect of Chinese subsidies on base metal products on the export competitiveness of downstream sectors in other major trading countries. To explore the impact of base metal subsidy interventions on the downstream sector of a trading partner, we exploit both temporal variation in subsidy interventions and base‐metal consumption by the downstream sector. Using a panel data for 137 sectors in 40 major trading partners of the Chinese economy, the results of the paper reveal that a one‐unit increase in Chinese subsidies decreases competitors’ exports by an average of 16.6%. This indicates that an increase in one standard deviation of Chinese subsidies in the base metals sector decreases exports in the other major economies by 0.17 percentage points. The findings of the paper reveal that the impacts of Chinese subsidy interventions are larger and statistically significant for the exports of developed countries and metal‐intensive users in the downstream sectors. Production relocation to China, absorption of larger inexpensive base metals input by domestic Chinese firms, and subsidy complementarity in the Chinese upstream and downstream sectors could be some of the potential drivers for the negative impact of Chinese subsidy interventions on the export performance of foreign downstream firms.
Adolescents' future in the balance of family, school, and the neighborhood: A multidimensional application of two theoretical perspectives
Authors: Mijs Jonathan J. B. , Nieuwenhuis Jaap
Published: March 2022

Objective

Family, school, and neighborhood contexts provide cultural resources that may foster children's ambitions and bolster their academic performance. Reference group theory instead highlights how seemingly positive settings can depress educational aspirations, expectations, and performance. We test these competing claims.

Methods

We test these claims using the British Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N= 4968).

Results

Results are broadly in line with the cultural resource perspective. However, important exceptions to this pattern point to reference group processes for children from low‐educated parents, whose academic aspirations are especially low when they either attended an affluent school or lived in an affluent neighborhood—but not both, and for children from highly educated parents attending poor schools, whose realistic expectations of the future are higher than their peers in affluent schools.

Conclusion

The resource perspective strongly predicts adolescents’ (ideas about) education, but reference group processes also play an important role in neighborhoods and schools.
Life and Death Decisions and COVID‐19: Investigating and Modeling the Effect of Framing, Experience, and Context on Preference Reversals in the Asian Disease Problem
Authors: Uttrani Shashank , Sharma Neha , Dutt Varun
Published: March 2022

Prior research in judgment and decision making (JDM) has investigated the effect of problem framing on human preferences. Furthermore, research in JDM documented the absence of such reversal of preferences when making decisions from experience. However, little is known about the effect of context on preferences under the combined influence of problem framing and problem format. Also, little is known about how cognitive models would account for human choices in different problem frames and types (general/specific) in the experience format. One of the primary objectives of this research is to investigate the presence of preference reversals under the influence of problem framing (gain/loss), problem format (experience/description), and problem type (general/specific). Another objective of this research is to develop cognitive models to account for human choices across different problem frames and types in the experience format. A total of 320 participants from India were randomly assigned to one of eight between‐subjects conditions that differed in problem frame, format, and type. Results revealed preference reversals in the description condition; however, they were absent in the experience condition. Moreover, preference reversals were less pronounced in the general problem framing compared to the specific problem framing. Furthermore, specific problems influenced risk‐seeking behavior among participants. We developed cognitive and heuristics models using instance‐based learning theory and natural mean heuristic. Results reveal models’ dependency on recent and frequent observations during information sampling. These experience‐based cognitive models could help build artificial intelligence models with fewer preference reversals.
A Mediação na Administração ´Pública: Implementação nos Países Baixos e Aplicabilidade no Brasil
Authors: Cavalheiro Carmela Marcuzzo do Canto , Moreira Rafael Martins Costa
Published: March 2022

A complexidade da administração pública hodierna demanda formas céleres de solução de conflitos extrajudiciais, como a mediação. Por essa razão, a comunidade internacional, por meio da Carta das Nações Unidas, fomenta o uso da mediação também entre particulares e administração pública. A informalidade desse mecanismo o torna adaptável a diferentes realidades como a dos Países Baixos e do Brasil. O estudo comparativo corrobora o entendimento sobre os benefícios da mediação para o cidadão. Tanto os Países Baixos, por meio da “Wet bevordering Mediation”, publicada em 13 de julho de 2016, como o Brasil, com a Lei de Mediação, Lei no 13.140, de 26 de junho de 2015, contam com legislação especial sobre o tema. Não obstante, a existência de um marco legal não garante a implementação da mediação de forma semelhante em ambos ordenamentos. Existe uma política pública neerlandesa coordenada e eficiente para conduzir o uso da mediação, enquanto no Brasil há excessiva normatização, mas a cultura necessita ser modificada. Na realidade brasileira deve haver uma mudança na atitude e participação do cidadão na administração pública para que a mediação de fato se consolide.
The role of intracellular calcium‐store‐mediated calcium signals in in vivo sensor and effector functions of microglia
Authors: Pan Kuang , Garaschuk Olga
Published: March 2022

Under physiological conditions microglia, the immune sentinels of the brain, constantly monitor their microenvironment. In the case of danger, damage or cell/tissue dyshomeostasis, they react with changes in process motility, polarization, directed process movement, morphology and gene expression profile; release pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediators; proliferate; and clean brain parenchyma by means of phagocytosis. Based on recent transcriptomic and in vivo Ca2+ imaging data, we argue that the local cell/tissue dyshomeostasis is sensed by microglia via intracellular Ca2+ signals, many of which are mediated by Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ stores. These signals encode the strength, duration and spatiotemporal pattern of the stimulus and, at the same time, relay this information further to trigger the respective Ca2+‐dependent effector pathways. We also point to the fact that microglial Ca2+ signalling is sexually dimorphic and undergoes profound changes across the organism's lifespan. Interestingly, the first changes in microglial Ca2+ signalling are visible already in 9‐ to 11‐month‐old mice, roughly corresponding to 40‐year‐old humans.

image
El fomento de la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación en jóvenes hasta el nivel de pregrado. Experiencias de países de América Latina
Authors: Facundo Díaz Ángel Humberto , García Isaza José Guillermo , Peña Reyes José Ismael
Published: March 2022

Una de las funciones centrales de los gobiernos es identificar y poner en marcha políticas, estrategias y programas para incentivar el desarrollo social y económico. Desde hace varias décadas y cada vez con mayor incidencia, uno de los mayores esfuerzos se concentran en fomentar una cuidadosa y temprana formación práctica de los jóvenes en materia de investigación, tecnología e innovación, por medio de la articulación de esfuerzos entre el Estado, las Universidades, las Empresas y las Comunidades, con el propósito de acelerar el ingreso a la sociedad de conocimiento.
En el caso de los países latinoamericanos las experiencias han sido variadas. Recientemente, en algunos de ellos se han tomado nuevas medidas. En Colombia, se ha creado el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación y se ha constituido la Segunda Misión de Sabios con el fin de adoptar nuevas acciones. En consonancia con dichos propósitos, COLCIENCIAS ha venido solicitando igualmente la elaboración de una serie de documentos de base para la definición de políticas en distintas áreas y a diversos niveles.
Uno de esos documentos consistió en la revisión de las experiencias de aquellos países que han logrado mayores avances en una temprana y cuidadosa formación práctica de los jóvenes en materia de investigación, tecnología y la innovación y, a partir de dichas experiencias y por medio de una metodología participativa con actores de las experiencias más representativas en el país, acordar algunos programas prioritarios para desarrollar esa política.
El presente artículo se concentra exclusivamente en la presentación de la revisión de la literatura y experiencias de los países con mayores avances en la materia. En un artículo posterior se presentará la metodología participativa adelantada en las cuatro Mesas Técnicas Regionales realizadas, así como los programas definidos.
Brechas en la investigación relacionadas con el acceso al control prenatal en Colombia*
Authors: López Quiñonez Fabián , Obando Velasco Judith , Rodriguez Lopez Merida
Published: March 2022

Objetivo. Identificar las brechas de investigación relacionadas con el acceso al control prenatal (CPN), según los estudios colombianos publicados entre 1998 y 2018. Métodos. Revisión crítica del estado del arte y una descripción de la relación entre el número de artículos por departamentos del país y tres indicadores relacionados con el programa de CPN. Se realizó la búsqueda de artículos publicados en inglés o español en Ebsco, ProQuest, Medline, Science Direct, Scielo y Pubmed y se revisaron documentos oficiales nacionales. Los indicadores del CPN se obtuvieron del sistema de información nacional en salud. Se identificó el departamento, el tipo de estudio, la definición de acceso y los factores relacionados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 25 artículos y 7 documentos oficiales nacionales. Predominaron los estudios cuantitativos. El 28% de los estudios no reportó una definición operativa de acceso. El acceso se midió como el uso de servicios. La definición más usada fue la asistencia a una, cuatro o más consultas. Los factores sociodemográficos fueron los más explorados. No se encontraron estudios sobre acceso a CPN en 20 de los 33 departamentos del país. Conclusiones. No se evidenció acuerdo en la definición de acceso ni homogeneidad en las variables o categorías exploradas. Se identificó una deficiencia de estudios en los departamentos con peores indicadores del programa. En el país se requieren intervenciones orientadas a reducir estas disparidades en la investigación.
Política pública para la primera infancia y determinantes sociales de las Enfermedades Respiratorias Agudas en menores de cinco años en Colombia. Un análisis multinivel
Authors: Arrieta Flórez Rosaura , Echavarren Fernández José Manuel , Forero Vargas Daniel
Published: March 2022

Introducción. A pesar de tener políticas públicas, las Enfermedades Respiratorias Agudas (ERA) siguen causando alta morbilidad infantil en los territorios más rezagados de Colombia. Estas inequidades y otras de carácter regional han sido poco examinadas en los estudios de salud pública en países tan desiguales como Colombia. Objetivo. Incorporar, a partir de los determinantes sociales de salud, un análisis empírico sobre los efectos de la posición social y de las políticas sanitarias y no sanitarias sobre la prevalencia de ERA en menores de cinco años. Métodos. Se utilizó la encuesta de demografía y salud para estimar modelos de regresión logística multinivel como predictores de la prevalencia de ERA. Resultados. Un 21% del cambio en la probabilidad de presencia de una ERA en niños y niñas puede atribuirse al departamento donde reside. Dichas inequidades se explican principalmente por el nivel de riqueza individual y del territorio. Aunque las políticas públicas sanitarias y la gestión territorial logran compensarlas, las brechas urbano-rurales operan como barreras en los departamentos más pobres. Conclusiones. Este artículo amplía la comprensión de la incidencia de los programas de cuidado y atención de la política de primera infancia en los determinantes de la salud, así como en el fortalecimiento de sus efectos en el bienestar de niños y niñas.
Políticas públicas en salud escolar, una revisión integradora de la literatura
Authors: Rodríguez Melo Daisy Marisol , Martínez Ojeda Claudia Nathaly , Angarita Rodríguez Diana Cristina , Niño Hernandez César Augusto
Published: March 2022

Objetivo. Describir y analizar la literatura mundial entre 2010 y 2020 acerca de las políticas públicas relacionadas con la salud escolar. Método. Se realizó una revisión integrativa de la literatura existente sobre políticas públicas en salud escolar, basada en categorías a priori relacionadas con el ciclo y las características elementales de las políticas públicas. Las categorías fueron las siguientes: 1) ¿A qué necesidades responde? 2) Participación de actores involucrados. 3) Niveles de implementación y 4) Evaluación de las políticas. Discusión y conclusiones. Se identificaron 42 artículos en los cuales las políticas públicas se centran en el bienestar integral de los niños, niñas, jóvenes y adolescentes. Esto muestra la relevancia de su aplicación en el contexto escolar. Es necesario que haya mayor evidencia en los niveles de implementación y de la evaluación de las políticas.
Qualidade dos serviços de nutrição durante as consultas de pré-natal e puericultura na Estratégia Saúde da Família no estado da Paraíba, Brasil
Authors: Figueroa Pedraza Dixis
Published: March 2022

Objetivos. Examinar a qualidade dos serviços de nutrição durante as consultas de pré-natal y puericultura na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos. A qualidade dos serviços foi avaliada através da observação das consultas realizadas por médicos e enfermeiros de 86 equipes de saúde em 11 municípios. No pré-natal, consideraram-se as práticas relacionadas ao exame do peso, à hemograma e à edema, à orientação sobre a alimentação e à prescrição e à orientação da suplementação com ferro/ácido fólico e cálcio. Na puericultura, consideraram-se as práticas relacionadas à medição, ao aconselhamento e ao registro do peso, da estatura e do perímetro cefálico. A satisfação com a consulta foi obtida por entrevista com as mães e gestantes. Resultados. As 94 consultas de pré-natal observadas apontaram lacunas, nomeadamente na prescrição de suplementos e na orientação nutricional. A observação de 278 consultas de puericultura permitiu ressaltar marcantes deficiências no aconselhamento sobre o crescimento da criança e no registro das medidas antropométricas. A valorização dos dados antropométricos da criança, com seu registro e aconselhamento, associou-se à satisfação. Conclusões. A implementação de serviços essenciais de nutrição nos cuidados primários de saúde precisa de aperfeiçoamento, inclusive por ser capaz de interferir na satisfação do usuário com a assistência.
Uso de álcool por adolescentes envolvidos em bullying e cyberbullying, como autores, vítimas e autores-vítimas: uma revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Gonçalves Alves Dayse Lorrane , Pinto Francisco José Maia , Stelko-Pereira Ana Carina , Nunes Bruna Rodrigues , Da Silva Steffany Rocha , Cruz Tayane Carneiro
Published: March 2022

Objetivo. Sintetizar, mediante revisão sistemática, as evidências científicas sobre as associações entre o uso de álcool e o envolvimento em bullying e cyberbullying na adolescência. Materiais e métodos. A busca foi realizada em quatro bases de dados: PubMed, Medline, SciELO e Web of Science. Foram selecionados 58 artigos com base nos critérios de elegibilidade. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi realizada por meio de um instrumento do National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Resultado. Os estudos que atingiram classificação de boa qualidade metodológica apresentaram os seguintes achados: vitimização e autoria por bullying ou cyberbullying foram associados ao consumo de álcool; o sofrimento psicológico mediou parcialmente a associação entre vitimização por cyberbullying e uso posterior de álcool; o bullying e a perpetração violenta mediaram a relação entre violência na família e uso de álcool e outras drogas; sintomas depressivos e uso de álcool são preditores de mais vitimização por bullying, e a vitimização relacional esteve associada ao uso precoce de álcool. Conclusões. A maioria dos estudos indicou que adolescentes envolvidos em bullying e cyberbullying têm maiores chances de fazer uso de álcool do que adolescentes não envolvidos, sendo que autores fazem maior uso de álcool em relação aos autores-vítimas e às vítimas.
Vulnerabilidades e descentralização das ações de cuidado ao HIV/AIDS para a Atenção Primária à Saúde. Nordeste, Brasil, 2019
Authors: Costa Anne Santos da , Almeida Patty Fidelis de
Published: March 2022

Objetivo. Caracterizar a descentralização de ações de cuidado ao HIV/aids para a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), tendo como referencial analítico os componentes individuais, sociais e programáticos da vulnerabilidade. Métodos. Foi realizado estudo qualitativo, a partir de entrevistas com pessoas com HIV/aids em municípios de uma região de saúde no interior do Nordeste do Brasil. Resultados. Informações insuficientes sobre a infecção limitam a percepção da vulnerabilidade individual e postergam a busca por diagnóstico. Fatores relacionados a gênero, raça e orientação sexual ampliam a vulnerabilidade social e, associados ao estigma e à discriminação, influenciam o uso dos serviços de saúde. Na dimensão programática, os usuários reconheceram limitações na organização e na infraestrutura da APS, dificuldades no deslocamento ao serviço especializado na sede da região e fragmentação entre níveis assistenciais. Essas limitações se mostram mais severas nos municípios do interior e nas áreas rurais. São fortes os vínculos longitudinais com o serviço especializado. Conclusões. Sugere-se um caminho intermediário para a descentralização do cuidado ao HIV/aids, compartilhado entre serviço especializado e APS. Para tal, são imprescindíveis investimentos na qualificação da APS e estratégias de comunicação interprofissional na região de saúde.
Characterizing the Fatigue Behavior of Wrought Fe–Co–2V Using Experimental Techniques
Authors: Mills Matthew J. , Biddlecom Jacob L. , Piñeyro Benedict , Khraishi Tariq A. , Grutzik Scott J. , Brink Adam R. , Brake Matthew R. W. , Johnson Kyle L.
Published: March 2022

Fe–Co–2V (Hiperco®2 equivalent) is a soft ferromagnetic material that is commonly used for electrical components that require robust magnetic performance. Despite the excellent magnetic properties of Fe–Co–2V, it often exhibits low strength, ductility, and workability due to an ordered B2 microstructure. The mechanical properties exhibit considerable dependency on grain size and degree of order, which are influenced by processing methods. A thorough understanding of Fe–Co–2V’s fatigue performance is required to predict mechanical reliability under operating loads; however, limited fatigue data currently exist for Fe–Co alloys. This work characterizes the fatigue properties of wrought Fe–Co–2V through strain-controlled fatigue testing and fractography. Young’s modulus, ultimate strength, and yield stress were determined through monotonic tension tests. The fatigue behavior was quantified using fully reversed, strain-controlled fatigue testing for applied strain amplitudes ranging from 0.10% to 1.00%. Subsequently, the Coffin–Manson strain-life curve was fit to the experimental data. Failure mechanisms were investigated through fractography with a scanning electron microscope. Inspection of the failure surfaces revealed that crack initiation occurred at defects located on or near the specimen surface with a localized region of crack propagation prior to the transgranular cleavage fracture. Additionally, two material models were calibrated from the experimental static and cyclic experimental testing. The characterization of the fatigue behavior of wrought Fe–Co–2V presented herein will aid in the fatigue analysis of Fe–Co–2V components and the development of analytical fatigue modeling methodologies.