bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Fatigue Life Estimation of Notched Structural Components Using Low‐Cycle Fatigue Properties
Authors: Maksimovic S. , Posavljak S. , Maksimovic K. , Nikolic V. , Djurkovic V.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  In this investigation, an efficient fatigue life computation method under variable amplitude loading of structural components has been proposed. Attention in this study is focused on total fatigue life estimation of aircraft structural components. Flat specimens with central hole made of quenched and tempered steel 13H11N2V2MF were tested as representatives of different structural components. Total fatigue life of these specimens, defined as sum of fatigue crack initiation and crack growth life, was experimentally determined. Specimens were tested by blocks of positive variable amplitude loading. Crack initiation life was computed using theory of low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) properties. Cyclic stress–strain curve, Masing’s curve and approximate Sonsino’s curve were used for determining stress–strain response at critical point of considered specimens. Computation of crack initiation life was realised using Palmgren–Miner’s linear rule of damage accumulation, applied on Morrow’s curves of LCF properties. Crack growth life was predicted using strain energy density method. In this method, the same LCF properties were used for crack initiation life and for crack growth life computations also. Computation results are compared with own experimentally obtained results.
PUBLICATIONS SPONSORED BY THE SOCIETY'S IDENTIFICATION OF DYES COMMITTEE‐I
Authors: Jordinson F. , Lockwood R.
Published: July 2010

The results are described of tests carried out on dyeings of selected reactive dyes on cotton to distinguish between the various types of reactive dyes and between reactive dyes and other classes of dyes on cotton.
Colour fastness standards for textiles —update
Authors: Hall Alan J
Published: July 2010

All the developments that have taken place over the past two years to BS EN ISO 105 are listed.
Treatment of Glabellar Frown Lines with C. Botulinum‐A Exotoxin
Authors: CARRUTHERS JEAN D.A. , CARRUTHERS J. ALASTAIR
Published: July 2010

Eighteen patients with glabellar frown lines were treated with C. botulinum‐A exotoxin. Sixteen of the 17 patients followed showed improvement for periods ranging from 3 months to 11 months. Side‐effects were minimal and transient. Because C. botulinum‐A exotoxin therapy of glabellar frown lines treats the underlying cause of these lines, it is more effective than soft tissue augmentation although this improvement is temporary. Treatment with C. botulinum‐A exotoxin is a simple, safe procedure.
Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure
Authors: Berg Anne T.
Published: July 2010

Summary

The risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure has been examined in numerous observational studies and two large, high‐quality randomized trials. Overall, in untreated individuals, 40–50% can expect a recurrence within 2 years of the initial seizure. Treatment may reduce this risk by as much as half. Those at the greatest risk of recurrence have either an abnormal EEG or an identifiable neurological condition or symptoms consistent with one (“symptomatic”). Status epilepticus and a history of febrile seizures may be associated with an increased risk of recurrence in individuals with symptomatic seizures. The great majority of people (∼90%) who are seen for a first unprovoked seizure attain a one to two year remission within 4 or 5 years of the initial event.
Effect of Walking Distance on 8‐Year Incident Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Men with and without Chronic Disease: The Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study
Authors: Smith Toby L. , Masaki Kamal H. , Fong Kaon , Abbott Robert D. , Ross George W. , Petrovitch Helen , Blanchette Patricia L. , White Lon R.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of walking on incident depressive symptoms in elderly Japanese‐American men with and without chronic disease.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.

SETTING: The Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study.

PARTICIPANTS: Japanese‐American men aged 71 to 93 at baseline.

MEASUREMENTS: Physical activity was assessed according to self‐reported distance walked per day. Depressive symptoms were measured using an 11‐question version of the Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D 11) at the fourth examination (n=3,196) and at the seventh examination 8 years later (1999/00, n=1,417). Presence of incident depressive symptoms was defined as a CES‐D 11 score of 9 or greater or taking antidepressants at Examination 7. Subjects with prevalent depressive symptoms at baseline were excluded.

RESULTS: Age‐adjusted 8‐year incident depressive symptoms were 13.6%, 7.6%, and 8.5% for low (<0.25 miles/day), intermediate (0.25–1.5 miles/day), and high (>1.5  miles/day) walking groups at baseline (P=0.008). Multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for age, education, marital status, cardiovascular risk factors, prevalent diseases, and functional impairment, showed that those in the intermediate and highest walking groups had significantly lower odds of developing 8‐year incident depressive symptoms (odds ratio (OR)=0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.32–0.83, P=.006 and OR=0.61, 95% CI= 0.39–0.97, P=.04, respectively). Analysis found that this association was significant only in participants without chronic diseases (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accident, cancer, Parkinson's disease, dementia, or cognitive impairment) at baseline.

CONCLUSION: Daily physical activity (≥0.25 mile/day) is significantly associated with lower risk of 8‐year incident depressive symptoms in elderly Japanese‐American men without chronic disease at baseline.
A Checklist of Calliphoridae Blowflies (Insecta, Diptera) Associated with a Pig Carrion in Central Brazil*
Authors: Biavati Graziela M. , De Assis Santana Fernando H. , Pujol‐Luz José R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Although the Cerrado is the second major Brazilian biome, few studies have been undertaken about its entomofauna. Blowflies have an important role in forensic entomology, helping in the determination ofpostmortemintervals. The main goal of this exploratory study was to identify and to catalog the blowfly species associated with a pig carcass. The study was conducted in a pasture in Brasília, Distrito Federal. A pig (Sus scrofa) was killed with a .22 caliber shot in the frontal region of the head. Adult blowflies were surveyed daily from June 1 through 30, 2004. A total of 14,910 adult calliphorids were collected, representing eight species:Chrysomya albiceps, C. megacephala, Cochliomyia macellaria, Chloroprocta idioidea, Hemilucilia semidiaphana, H. segmentaria, Lucilia cuprina,andL. eximia.C. albicepswas the most frequent species, amounting to 94.76% of the catch. Five decomposition stages were observed, and for calliphorids, the most attractive stage was the bloated one.
Cellular Changes Induced by Manganese in the Rat Testis – Preliminary Results
Authors: Chandra Satya V.
Published: July 2010

Testicular damage was produced in rats by the intraperitoneal administration of manganese chloride (8 mg/kg) daily for a period of 180 days. Histopathological examination performed at 120 days showed oedema and congestion, at 150 days, degeneration of spermatids in about one third of the seminiferous tubules and subsequently at 180 days, about 50 per cent of seminiferous tubules were degenerated in all the animals. It is suggested that manganese possibly has a specific direct action on the spermatogenic epithelium.
Plasma Kininogen Determination by Use of Crude and Purified Trypsin Hydrolysates
Authors: Louhija Antti , Sipilä Risto
Published: July 2010

The current methods used for plasma total kininogen determination are mostly based on bioassay on smooth muscle of the bradykinin activity of a trypsin hydrolysate of denaturated plasma. The accuracy of this principle is, however, open to question, since it is known that some trypsin liberated plasma peptides are capable of potentiating the effect of bradykinin on smooth muscle. The interference caused by this potentiating factor in plasma kininogen determination was verified and quantitated in bioassay on the rat uterus in vitro. It has been shown that the bradykinin activity of the crude trypsin hydrolysate is considerably overestimated (by a factor of 1.9 on average in the present series) if the potentiating peptides are not removed. This can be easily accomplished by ion exchange chromatography, with a loss of about 10% of the bradykinin activity. The mean plasma kininogen content of 10 healthy human subjects, determined by using trypsin hydrolysates purified in this way, was found to be 3.8 μg/ml (S.D. 0.67) in bradykinin equivalents.
Variations in Gastrointestinal Functions Influencing the Absorption of Drugs
Authors: Andersson Sven
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The passage of various drugs through the gastric mucosa was studied in dogs. After a single intravenous injection of nortriptyline (10 mg/kg) the drug was greatly concentrated in the gastric juice. The absorption of tritium‐labelled penicillin‐V from an isolated gastric pouch was increased at pH 2 compared with absorption at pH 7. Both observations are agreement with the pH‐partition hypothesis of gastrointestinal absorption of drugs. By perfusion of isolated pouches of the pyloric antrum with choline it was shown that absorption of choline also was pH‐dependent ‐ the absorption was decreased as the pH of the choline solution was lowered. An hypothesis for the possible mechanisms behind the pH‐dependent absorption of choline is discussed. On the basis of results from gastric secretory studies in humans the significance of gastric secretory functions for the gastric absorption of drugs is emphasized.
Rupture of the Imidazole Ring of Histamine and N‐Acetylhistamine by Human Intestinal Contents
Authors: Sjaastad Ø. V. , Sjaastad Ottar
Published: July 2010

Previous experiments have shown that when 14C‐histamine is incubated with human faeces, the radioactivity at times disappears from the fluid fraction. The present study describes a mechanism involved in histamine decay that might explain this phenomenon and that also might be operative in the in vivo detoxication of dietary histamine as well as of histamine formed in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. Freshly expelled human faeces were homogenized and incubated in a closed system at 38° in an atmosphere of N2 with either ring‐labelled and unlabelled histamine or ring‐labelled and unlabelled N‐acetylhistamine. 14CO2 was collected on a paper cylinder moistened with NaOH. Considerable formation of 14CO2 from histamine was found in the faeces of 3 of 6 healthy subjects (15–42% recovered as CO2). These results demonstrate that the imidazole ring of histamine has been ruptured. 14CO2 formation from N‐acetylhistamine was demonstrated only in faecal samples with an inherent ability to form CO2 from histamine. Since N‐acetylhistamine is deacetylated by human faeces, the formation of histamine may be an obligatory step in the ring rupture of N‐acetylhistamine.
Effects of Mepivacaine (Carbocaine®) on Femoral Blood Flow in the Dog
Authors: Åberg G. , Dhunér K.‐G.
Published: July 2010

The vascular effects of the local anaesthetic compound mepivacaine were investigated on the femoral blood flow in anaesthetized dogs. The vascular resistance was increased by intraarterial infusions of mepivacaine when the initial vascular tone was low. When the initial vascular resistance was high, mepivacaine had a vasodilating effect. This was not caused by a blockade of the sympathetic nerves, but was attributed to a direct action on the vascular smooth muscle. The vasoconstricting and vasodilating actions of mepivacaine were in accordance with results from tests on isolated vascular smooth muscle.
Teratological Studies on Thalidomide in Rabbits
Authors: Jonsson B. Göran
Published: July 2010

Pregnant rabbit females, divided into five groups (10‐12 in each) were treated as shown below:

The substance was homogenised in a 0.5% solution of methylcellulose and was given orally. The foetuses were delivered by Caesarean section and were examined for soft tissue and skeletal malformation. The administration of 150 mg thalidomide per kg during days 0–6 or 7–9 of the gestation resulted in a high frequency of resorptions and of congenital malformations. 5 mg/kg given during days 7–9 had no effect either on the frequency of resorption or on malformations. When 150 mg/kg was given from day 10 through day 15 there was no increased frequency of either the number of resorptions or of soft tissue malformations. However, the number of skeletal malformations was increased.
The Distribution of Labelled Aldosterone in Mice Using Whole Body Autoradiography
Authors: Appelgren Lars‐Erik , Marrero Evangelina
Published: July 2010

Whole body autoradiography of mice 2, 20 and 60 minutes after intravenous injection of 14C‐4‐aldosterone showed a rapid and high accumulation of aldosterone and/or its metabolites in the liver, bile and kidney indicating the routes of excretion. Besides the uptake in the kidney and intestine, well known as target organs for aldosterone, a high uptake was also registered in ductus deferens, caput epididymidis and adrenal cortex. Thin‐layer chromatography of chloroform extract of selected tissues showed high amounts of unchanged aldosterone 2 minutes after the injection, but after 20 minutes scintillation counting showed that most of the radioactivity was found in the water phase and/or bound to the tissue residues.
Studies on the Closure of the Ductus Arteriosus IX: Transitory Effect of Phenoxybenzamine on Ductal Closure in the Guinea‐Pig
Authors: Hörnblad P. Y. , Larsson K. S.
Published: July 2010

The effect of phenoxybenzamine on the closure of the ductus arteriosus in the guinea‐pig was studied by means of the whole‐body freezing technique. Foetuses were injected intraperitoneally with 1 mg phenoxybenzamine 10 minutes before surgical delivery and sacrified 10 or 30 minutes later. A delay in ductal closure was observed 10 minutes but not 30 minutes after delivery. The observation suggests that ductal closure in the guinea‐pig is not solely mediated through the α‐adrenergic, cholinergic or histamine receptors.
Effects of Chronic Ethanol Treatment on Rat Liver Lysosomes
Authors: Berg Trond , Møland Jørg
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The subcellular distribution and the latency of the lysosomal enzymes b‐glucuronidase and acid DNase have been studied in livers from ethanol treated and control rats. Some livers were isolated and perfused with or without ethanol. Ethanol treatment (4‐5 weeks) increased the free (non‐latent) lysosomal enzyme activity significantly without affecting the total activities. In the perfused liver ethanol produced a small stabilizing effect on the lysosomes. The lipid content of the liver did not change, and the plasma enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate arninotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, b‐glucuronidase) and plasma bilirubin were in the present study unaffected by the ethanol treatment.
Choline Acetyltransferase Activity in the Rat's Heart and Urinary Bladder after Chemical Sympathectomy
Authors: Ekström Jörgen
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Although both surgical and chemical sympathectomy with 6‐hydroxydopamine have been found to cause the choline acetyltransferase activity to increase in certain salivary glands, the phenomenon could not be demonstrated in the present study, in which the heart and the urinary bladder of the rat were examined after 6‐hydroxydopamine administration. Of significance for the finding that there is an enhancement in the choline acetyltransferase activity in the salivary glands could be the fact that here, in contrast to the other organs studied, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are synergists.
Pharmacokinetics of 2,6‐cis‐Diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane in Man
Authors: Pilbrant Åke , Strindberg Bengt
Published: July 2010

Abstract: 2,6‐cis‐Diphenylhexamethylcyclotetrasiloxane was given to seven patients with prostatic cancer in stage IV of the disease in a single oral dose of 100 mg dissolved in soybean oil in soft gelatin capsules. Serum concentrations were determined by a gas chromatographic — mass fragmentographic method. Maximum serum levels of 1.1—5.0 mg/l were obtained after an average of 6 hours (range 4—7.5 hours). The biological half life varied between 14—23 hours, average being 18 hours. Serum concentration vs time data fitted fairly well to a pharmacokinetic two compartment open model, assuming first order absorption. The model parameters predicted steady state serum levels obtained up to 83 days of medication with fairly accurate precision.
The Interaction Between Manganese and Ethanol in Rats
Authors: Shukla Girja S. , Singh S. , Chandra Satya V.
Published: July 2010

Abstract The effects of manganese and ethanol interaction on some chemical constituents of the liver and serum of rats were investigated in order to assess the influence of these substances in inducing susceptibility to manganese poisoning. Manganese and ethanol alone or in combination were administered to the rats as drinking solutions for a period of 30 days. Both the chemicals had a synergistic effect in altering the activity of SDH and ATPase in the liver of rats. The combined treatment also produced significant increase in the activity of adenosine deaminase and α‐amylase in the liver and serum respectively. Furthermore, the accumulation of manganese in the liver and the increase in the calcium content of the serum were significantly greater after combined ethanol and manganese administration – than either of them alone. These alterations indicate that the toxic effects of manganese are enhanced when the metal and ethanol interact in the biological system.
Aspects of Present and Future Possibilities for Intraluminal Pressure Recordings in the Urogenital Tract.
Authors: Ulmsten U. , Hök B. , Lindström K.
Published: July 2010

Abstract In this brief survey some aspects of present and future possibilities for intraluminal pressure recordings in the urogenital tract are considered. It is emphasized that present water‐filled catheter‐manometer systems are afflicted with several biotechnical disadvantages. Althoug the micro‐transducers and centre‐hole catheters seem to be superior to conventional pressure recording systems, they ought to be further improved.

Feed‐back pressure transducers, electronic compensation, and micro‐manometers could be realistic alternatives for pressure recordings in the urogential tract in the future. Some results from pressure recordings obtained with different measuring systems are presented and discussed.
Increased Brain Uptake of Copper and Zinc in Mice Caused by Diethyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Aaseth Jan , Seli Nils E. , Førre Øystein
Published: July 2010

Abstract Mice given 64CuCl2 and 65ZnCl2 (10 μmol/kg) were treated with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (0.5 mmol/kg). The treatment increased the brain level of radioactive copper five‐fold and that of radioactive zinc three‐fold. Such redistribution of metal ions may be explained from the formation of lipophilic metal chelates. The increased brain levels may involve neurotoxic effects.
Fluoride Inhibition of DNA Synthesis in Isolated Nuclei from Cultured Cells
Authors: Holland Roy I.
Published: July 2010

Abstract DNA synthesis in isolated nuclei from both fluoride sensitive and resistant LS cells was inhibited by fluoride at and above 3 mM. These fluoride concentrations also had an inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in intact sensitive cells, but not in resistant cells. Due to previous findings that the intracellular fluoride concentration in the sensitive cells is only 30‐40% of the extracellular, it is suggested that inhibition of DNA synthesis in intact cells is secondary to the inhibitory effect on protein synthesis.
The Action of Six Lipid Perturbing Substances on Hormone Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Complex in Turkey Erythrocytes and Intestinal Mucosa Cells
Authors: Grynne Birthe H. , Toft Inger‐Lise
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Adenylate cyclase and β‐receptor binding in turkey erythrocytes is studied under the influence of dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (DSS), sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sodium deoxycholate (DOC), filipin, oxyphenisatine and ethanol. Intact and lysed erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes were investigated. In general the fluoride stimulated enzyme was most resistant to the action of the substances followed by the ligand binding, the hormone stimulated enzyme being most sensitive to the action of the substances. However, in certain ranges of concentrations, DSS, SDS, filipin and oxyphenisatine could further stimulate the fluoride stimulated enzyme. The adenylate cyclase in intestinal mucosa cells was studied in the presence of DSS, SDS, DOC and oxyphenisatine. The fluoride stimulated enzyme was here less stable than the basal enzyme activity, and two of the substances (SDS and oxyphenisatine) stimulating the erythrocyte enzyme could not stimulate the fluoride stimulated intestinal mucosa cell enzyme.
Species Differences in Zearalenone‐Reducing Activity in Subcellular Fractions of Liver from Female Domestic Animals
Authors: Olsen M. , Kiessling K.‐H.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The subcellular distribution of the zearalenone‐reducing activity in liver from female pig, goat, sheep, cow and hen was investigated. The distribution patterns for the reduction of zearalenone to α‐ or β‐zearalenol differed between species and was also dependent upon coenzyme. Pig and goat had the greatest ability to form both α‐ and β‐zearalenol in the microsomal fraction independently of coenzyme. Cow and hen formed α‐zearalenol almost entirely in the microsomal fraction and β‐zearalenol only in the cytosol fraction and only with NADPH as coenzyme. The sheep was distinct from the pig and goat in having the highest α‐zearalenol forming activity in the cytosol fraction when NADPH was used as coenzyme.
The Effect of Pretreatment with Vitamin E on the Effects of Endotoxin in Rat
Authors: Pekkanen Timo , Lindberg Paul , Sankari Satu
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Twenty male rats weighing about 100 g were treated subcutaneously with 25 mg α‐tocopherol acetate. The rats were given 0.4 mg/100 g endotoxin intraperitoneally 24 hrs after the pretreatment, and were sacrificed 18 hrs after the endotoxin injection. The lipid peroxide level as evaluated by the TBA‐value remained at the no‐treatment level. In a similar group of rats not pretreated but given the same dose of endotoxin intraperitoneally, the TBA‐value rose significantly. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean plasma ALAT and OCT activities or in the mean liver or plasma Zn concentrations between the endotoxin treated groups. The plasma OCT and ALAT activities were statistically significantly correlated with the liver TBA‐values in both endotoxin‐treated groups but the plasma Zn and OCT, or plasma Zn and ALAT were significantly correlated only in the group pretreated with vitamin E. In a control group of 20 animals not treated with either endotoxin or vitamin E the plasma Zn and vitamin E concentrations were statistically significantly (P<0.05) correlated. It is suggested that the endotoxin effect on the liver is probably mediated by prostaglandin‐like substances.
Hydrochlorothiazide and bendroflumethiazide in low doses–a comparative trial
Authors:   Multicenter Study Group
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The effect and tolerability of hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg and bendroflumethiazide 2.5 mg were compared in 36 previously untreated hypertensives in a double‐blind randomized multicenter trial. The results show a significant blood pressure reduction with both hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg and bendroflumethiazide 2.5 mg both at month 6 and 12 compared with month 0. Serum potassium was not significantly changed after twelve months of therapy with either of the thiazide compared with month 0. There was no significant difference between hydrochlorothiazide and bendroflumethiazide with respect to the hypotensive effect, the effect on potassium and uric acid in serum, fasting blood glucose, or any other variable studied. Few subjective side effects were reported.
Myocardial Calcium Uptake in Streptozotocin Diabetic and Control Rats after Dibutyryl‐cAMP; α‐Adrenergic Stimulation and Calcium Deprivation
Authors: Gøtzsche Ole
Published: July 2010

Previous studies have shown a decreased myocardial calcium uptake after β‐adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol in isolated perfused hearts from streptozotocin diabetic rats. Abnormalities in the β‐receptor‐adenylate cyclase system could explain this but in order to circumvene the receptor we studied the effect of the permeable cAMP analogue, dibutyryl‐cAMP on this calcium uptake. A marked increase was seen in control hearts while no increase could be registered in diabetic hearts. Defects in the protein kinase phosphorylation system or in the protein kinase substrate in the sarcolemma are suggested. α‐Adrenergic stimulation with phenylephrine, being a cAMP independent positive inotropic agent, was also tested but no increase in calcium uptake was seen in either control or diabetic hearts. This could be due to a different effect on calcium currents during action potential after α‐stimulation compared to the β‐adrenergic effect. Reexposure to calcium after calcium deprivation leads to excessive myocardial calcium uptake (calcium paradox), but the increase was significantly smaller in diabetic hearts, suggesting a differential responsiveness to the damage induced by this procedure. Early biochemical abnormalities in the basement membrane or in the composition and calcium binding ability of the sarcolemma could possibly constitute a common final site for the defect myocardial calcium uptake after isoproterenol, db‐cAMP and calcium deprivation in streptozotocin diabetic rats.
The Mechanism of Alcohol Intolerance Produced by Various Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Vasiliou Vasilis , Malamas Michael , Marselos Marios
Published: July 2010

Abstract: According to clinical reports, several therapeutic agents produce ethanol intolerance, which is often referred as disulfiram reaction. The mechanism of this manifestation was investigated in the Wistar rat, by measuring the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases (ADH, ALDH) of the liver and the brain after subacute administration of chloramphenicol (100 mg/kg × 4, intraperitoneally), chlorpropamide (80 mg/kg × 4, intrateritoneally), disulfiram (150 mg/kg × 4, intraperitoneally), griseofulvin (100 mg/kg × 4, intraperitoneally), isoniazid (200 mg/kg × 4, intraperitoneally), metronidazole (200 mg/kg × 4, intraperitoneally), and procarbazine (100 mg/kg × 4, intraperitoneally). All substances tested decrease the activity of the low‐Km ALDH in the brain, with the exception of griseofulvin. The hepatic low‐Km enzyme is also inhibited, with the exception of griseofulvin and metronidazole. The high‐Km ALDH responds in an inconsistent way, while ADH is not affected at all. The results suggest that the so‐called “disulfiram‐reaction” is mediated mainly, but not exclusively, by inhibition of the low‐Km ALDH.
Effect of Cadmium on Lipid Composition of the Weanling Rat Brain
Authors: Gulati S. , Gill K. D. , Nath R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The effect of early postnatal cadmium exposure (cadmium injected at dose levels of 1 and 2 mg cadmium/kg body weight on 3rd, 10th and 17th day after birth) on various lipid fractions of the weanling rat brain was studied. The results suggest that cadmium treatment (a dose of only 2 mg Cd/kg) results in an appreciable decrease in myelin‐specific lipids like nonesterified cholesterol, ethanolamine‐containing lipids, cerebrosides and sulfatides leading to hypomyelination. The lower dose of cadmium (1 mg Cd/kg) did not have any significant effect.
NUTRITIONAL Cu, Fe INTERRELATION AFFECTED BY ENERGY LEVELS? THE EFFECT OF IRON AND THYROXINE ON PIGS GIVEN EXTRA COPPER
Authors: Astrup H.N. , Lysø A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract Iron and thyroxine had at moderate levels effects upon lipid metabolism and copper deposition. Thyroxine acted against effects of iron. Thyroxine produced less fat on the carcasses of the pigs reduced growth, and the feed utilisation. Thyroxine also removed the iron influence upon copper deposition. Low energy may thus abolish iron corrections of copper in‐balance in animals.
Long‐term results after resection of the coracoacromial ligament for shoulder impingement in athletes
Authors: Albertsson M. , Karlsson J. , Peterson L. , Westlin N.
Published: July 2010

The impingement syndrome with shoulder pain is a well known problem in many sports, such as swimming. Anterior acromioplasty or only resection of the coracoacromial ligament have been used for the patients who do not respond to noninvasive therapy. In this retrospective study, the long‐term results after resection of the coracoacromial ligament were evaluated. Of 30 operated patients, 25 were examined on average 4 years after surgery. Almost all were active athletes at the elite professional level (national team) or the league competitive level. Their mean age was 23 years at the time of the operation and the dominant symptom was shoulder pain on effort. At follow‐up 21 (84%) were judged as excellent or good and 4 (16%) as fair or poor. Resection of the coracoacromial ligament without acromioplasty is a simple surgical procedure and a useful solution to an otherwise therapy‐resistant impingement shoulder pain in athletes.
Effects of equivolume strength training programmes of low, medium and high resistance on maximal isometric strength in sedentary women
Authors: Heinonen A. , Oja P. , Slevänen H. , Vuori I.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐nine previously sedentary women, mean age 30 ± 91 years, participated in this study of the relative importance of strength training resistance. The total work was the same in each group, but the work intensity (85%, 50% and 25% of one repetition maximum, 1‐RM) and number of sets (3 sets × 5 repetitions, 5 sets × 5 repetitions and 10 sets × 5 repetitions) varied. During 8 weeks, the subjects trained their leg extensor muscles and forearm flexors and extensors 5 times a week Body weight, body mass index, body fat, and thigh and forearm girth remained unchanged. All of the groups showed a significant increase in the maximal isometric strength of the leg extensors (15.5‐25.4%) and forearm flexors (9.3‐14.5%) and extensors (17.5‐19.0%). There were no differences between the groups in strength gain. Equivolume strength training with different resistances improved the maximal isometric strength of previously sedentary women equally.
The influence of training intensity, airway infections and environmental conditions on seasonal variations in bronchial responsiveness in cross‐country skiers
Authors: Heir T. , Larsen S.
Published: July 2010

The influence of physical training, airway infections and environmental conditions on changes in bronchial responsiveness to methacholine during a training and competitive season was studied in 19 high‐performance male cross‐country skiers 19–21 years old. The longitudinal changes in the methacholine concentration required for a 10% fall in FEV1 (PC10) were negatively correlated with the changes in the volume of physical activity at an intensity level above 90% of maximal heart rate. The variation in physical activity at this intensity level accounted for 54.8% of the change in PC10. No association was found, however, with regard to physical activity at lower intensity levels. Seasonal variation in PC10 was not associated with the changes in occurrence or duration of airway infections provided that the PC10 measurement was postponed for 3–6 weeks after the onset of a recent infection. Seasonal variation in PC10 seemed not to be associated with variations in ambient levels of air pollutants or aeroallergens. PC10 was lowest at the end of the coldest part of the year. In conclusion, seasonal variation in bronchial responsiveness in high‐performance crosscountry skiers could to a great extent be explained by changes in the volume of physical activity at a very high intensity level.
The epidemiology of sports injuries in schoolaged children
Authors: Sørensen L. , Larsen S. E. , Röck N. D.
Published: July 2010

In the 5‐year‐period 1988‐1992, 6096 children aged 6‐17 (54.5% boys and 45.5% girls) were treated at the Emergency Department at Esbjerg Central Hospital after having sustained a sports injury. The data were registred according to the European Home‐ and Leisure‐Accident Surveillance System (EHLASS) protocol. We found a total incidence rate in the municipality of Esbjerg of 73.3 per 1000 per year. Boys were most often injured in soccer, skateboard, handball, gymnastics and basketball, and girls in handball, horseriding, gymnastics, basketball and roller‐skating. The types of injuries were contusions 37.1%, fractures 22.0%, sprains 24.8%, wounds 9.5%, strains 5.0% and luxations 1.4%. The hospitalization rate was 3.8%. Compared to other studies the total incidence rate was high.
Completion rates and injuries in alpine races during the 1994 Olympic Winter Games
Authors: Ekeland A. , Dimmen S. , Lystad H. , Aune A. K.
Published: July 2010

The starting lists for the alpine disciplines during the 1994 Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer totalled 555 racers, but only 354 of them (64%) completed the different races. The race completion rate was 43% in the slalom, 51% in the giant slalom, 75% in the super giant slalom and 91% in the downhill. In combined downhill/slalom the race completion rate was 60%, but 96% in the downhill and 68% in the slalom part of the combination, respectively. Only three injuries were recorded, all in females. Including the training competitions a total of 1541 runs through the different alpine courses was recorded during the games. This means an injury rate of 1.9 injuries per 1000 runs. For downhill the injury rate was only 1.1 per 1000 runs. If the injury rate is related to the number of skiers who did not finish the race because of falls or skiing errors, the rate was 21.1 injuries per 1000 falls (skiing errors) for all alpine races. In conclusion, the race completion rate was twice as high in downhill as in slalom, and the injury rate was low.
Short‐term intermittent normobaric hypoxia‐haematological, physiological and mental effects
Authors: Aulin K. Piehl , Svedenhag J. , Wide L. , Berglund B. , Saltin B.
Published: July 2010

Effects on erythropoiesis and blood pressure as well as physical performance and mental effects were studied in 15 healthy subjects during intermittent exposure to normobaric hypoxia corresponding to either 2000 m (6 persons) or 2700 m (9 persons) above sea level; another group (5 persons) also served as controls at normoxia. The concept “live hightrain low” was used for 10 d consecutively and the exposure to hypoxia was 12 h/d. Blood pO2 and oxygen saturation were significantly decreased during the 10 d at hypoxia. [Hb] and Hct decreased significantly after 2 d in hypoxia and then returned to pre‐study levels. Erythropoietin was significantly elevated in both hypoxia groups during the initial 3–5 d. Reticulocytes were significantly increased during 7 d of hypoxia. Submaximal and maximal oxygen uptake, blood pressure at rest and during exercise and the profile of mood states (POMS test) did not change during the study. In conclusion, intermittent normobaric hypoxia for 10 d resulted in a significant stimulation of erythropoiesis. Staying at normobaric hypoxia may serve as a complement to an ordinary altitude level sojourn.
Toward a better prescription of the prone back extension exercise to strengthen the back muscles
Authors: Plamondon A. , Marceau C. , Stainton S. , Desjardins P.
Published: July 2010

This study investigated the level of resistance and the level of muscle activation of the prone back exercise. Fifteen male subjects with no previous history of low back injury performed two repetitions of seven exercises. These consisted of four maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVC) and three prone back extension (PBE) exercises. The subject was lying prone on a table, the upper body was suspended off the end of the table and the legs and thighs were secured to the table with straps. Three starting positions from the horizontal were investigated. 0°, 30° and 60°, and were compared with MVC to quantify the level of effort needed to perform the task. The results showed that the three PBE exercises require a level of resistance and a level of muscle activation generally under 40% of the maximum capacity of healthy subjects. Muscle activity of the erector spinae (ES) was slightly greater when the exercise started at 60°, compared to 0° and 30°. During the static phase of the PBE exercises, the level of resistance remained at 40% relative to the peak reaction moment of the MVC, but muscular activity of ES tended to work at a lower activity level. In conclusion, since for healthy subjects PBE exercises are low resistance exercises, they seem to be more specifically designed to develop muscular endurance of the back muscles.
The relationship between eating disorders and personality in physically active women
Authors: Augestad L. B. , Sæther B. , Götestam K. G.
Published: July 2010

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between personality factors, self‐reported eating disorders, type of physical activity, level of sport competition and hours spent on physical activity each week among physically active non‐athletes and athletes. A total of 591 high school women participated in the study. The mean age was 19 during the data collection. Scores were obtained on the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) and a questionnaire concerning eating disorders (1) and physical activity. All diagnoses were based upon the DSM‐IV criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). The prevalence of AN was 1.5%, BN 2.0%. AN + BN 0.3% and EDNOS 12.9%. The prevalence of eating disorders (ED) was highest among physically active non‐athletes who were members of fitness clubs (odds ratio (OR)=1.86. 95% CI: 1.08–2.79). However, there was no relationship between the prevalence of eating disorders and the level of sport competition or time spent on physical activity. The results showed that women with eating disorders scored higher in anxiety, hostility and detachment, and lower in socialisation than the women without eating disorders. The results indicated that individuals with certain personality characteristics had a higher risk for being classified with ED, but it does not seem to be related to whether they are physically active or not. The findings in this study may support the hypothesis that participating in physical activity can have some positive psychological effects, but this does not necessarily apply to patients with AN and BN. ED may have a biological/genetic explanation according to Eysenck's personality theory.
Effects of formoterol on endurance performance in athletes at an ambient temperature of −20°C
Authors: Tjørhom A. , Riiser A. , Carlsen K. H.
Published: July 2010

The use of inhaled β2‐agonists is restricted in sports. No benefit of inhaled formoterol upon performance was found in healthy athletes under normal climatic conditions, but it has not been investigated whether formoterol improves performance in athletes during exposure to cold. To investigate the effect of inhaled formoterol vs placebo upon performance and lung function at −20°C in 20 healthy male athletes. We used a randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over design. The subjects performed a run until exhaustion after inhaled study drug. The speed was 95% of the predetermined maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2 max) the first minute and increased to 107% of V̇O2 max for the remaining part of the test. Time until exhaustion, ventilation (V̇E), V̇O2, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), heart rate (HR) and arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SPO2) were recorded during exercise. Lung function was measured before inhaling, after inhaling the study drug and after the treadmill run. Inhaled formoterol did not improve endurance performance in cold environments compared with placebo, although formoterol significantly improved lung function (FEV1, FEF50 and PEF) and HR 4 min after the start of the exercise. Inhaled formoterol did not improve endurance performance in healthy, well‐trained athletes exposed to cold.
GOVERNMENT'S CONSTRUCTION OF THE RELATION BETWEEN PARENTS AND SCHOOLS IN THE UPBRINGING OF CHILDREN IN ENGLAND: 1963–2009
Authors: Bridges David
Published: July 2010

In this essay David Bridges argues that since most families choose to realize their responsibility for the major part of their children's education through state schools, then the way in which the state constructs parents' relation with these schools is one of its primary levers on parenting itself. Bridges then examines the way in which parent‐school relations have been defined in England through government and quasi‐government interventions over the last forty‐five years, tracing these through an awakening interest in the relation between social class and unequal school success in the 1960s, passing through the discourse of accountability in the 1970s, marketization in the 1980s and 1990s, performativity extending from this period into the first decade of the twenty‐first century, and, most recently, more direct interventions into parenting itself and the regulation of school relations with parents in the interests of safeguarding children. These have not, however, been entirely discrete policy themes, and the positive and pragmatic employment of the discourse of partnership has run throughout this period, albeit with different points of emphasis on the precise terms of such partnership.
How Labour lost: Wrong policies or poor delivery?
Authors: Curtice John
Published: July 2010

Examining the waxing and waning of public opinion over the past decade, John Curtice provides an early analysis of why Labour lost so badly in 2010's general election. Was the dominant factor the party's ideological positioning or the public's loss of faith in its ability to govern?
Phasing out hedge funds
Authors: Chapman John
Published: July 2010

The hedge fund is essentially an unregulated fund for millionaires; European financial regulators should persuade their American counterparts to phase them out, argues John Chapman
‘Circular migration’ and the potential to improve health outcomes
Authors: Lawrence Andrew
Published: July 2010

The UK has the potential to strengthen and stabilise longer‐term staffing for the National Health Service while observing and building on its commitments to recruit ethically, in ways that would not adversely affect health outcomes in the sending countries. However, to do so requires a new approach, explains Andrew Lawrence.
Identification of gamyb‐4 and Analysis of the Regulatory Role of GAMYB in Rice Anther Development
Authors: Liu Zhenhua , Bao Wenjie , Liang Wanqi , Yin Jingyuan , Zhang Dabing
Published: July 2010

In higher plants, male reproductive development is a complex biological process that includes cell division and differentiation, cell to cell communication etc., while the mechanism underlying plant male reproductive development remains less understood. GAMYB encodes a gibberellins acid (GA) inducible transcription factor that is required for the early anther development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a new allele gamyb‐4 with a C base deletion in the second exon (+2308), causing a frame shift and premature translational termination. Histological analysis showed that gamyb‐4 developed abnormal enlarged tapetum and could not undergo normal meiosis. To understand the regulatory role of GAMYB, we carried out quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis and comparison of microarray data. These results revealed that the expression of TDR (TAPETUM DEGENERATION RETARDATION), a tapetal cell death regulator, was downregulated in gamyb‐4 and udt1 (undeveloped tapetum1). While the GAMYB expression was not obviously changed in tdr and udt1‐1, and no apparent expression fold change of UDT1 in tdr and gamyb‐4, suggesting that TDR may act downstream of GAMYB and UDT1, and GAMYB and UDT1 work in parallel to regulate rice early anther development. This work is helpful in understanding the regulatory network in rice anther development.
Breeding the Black‐footed penguin Spheniscus demersus: at London Zoo
Authors: CLARK MIKE , FERGUSON AMANDA , MASKELL ALAN , SMITH FRED
Published: July 2010

The Black‐footed penguin Spheniscus demersus colony at London Zoo established in 1967 is now self‐sustaining. Largely because of limitations imposed by the historic enclosure, a protected building which cannot be altered, newly hatched chicks are removed for hand‐rearing. This paper describes the highly successful rearing and reintroduction techniques in use.
First hand‐rearing of Kakapo Strigops habroptilus: at the Auckland Zoological Park
Authors: SIBLEY M. D.
Published: July 2010

The Kakapo Strigops habroptilus is an endangered parrot with less than 50 birds known to survive in the wild. In 1989 the New Zealand Department of Conservation developed a recovery plan to manipulate the relict population in an attempt to increase breeding success. In 1992, Auckland Zoo received three chicks for hand‐rearing which had been removed from nests in the wild because of their critically low body weights and the threat from predators. The chicks were housed under controlled temperature and lighting regimes and fed Roudybush Formula 3 hand‐rearing mix. Weight gains lagged behind those recorded for parent‐reared chicks although physical development was similar. At the age of about ten weeks two chicks died from pneumonia possibly induced by inhalation of food particles. The surviving chick was weaned and transferred to a semi‐captive environment where it developed into a healthy adult. This is the first successful hand‐rearing of a Kakapo and the data provide baseline information for future attempts at rearing the species.
The Heat Shock/Stress Response in Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Nowak Thaddeus S. , Jacewicz Michael
Published: July 2010

Focal ischemia results in striking changes in gene expression. Induction of hsp72, a member of the family of 70 kDa heat shock/stress proteins is a widely studied component of the generalized cellular response to injury known as the ‘stress response’ that is detected in brain after ischemia and other insults. This overview summarizes observations on hsp72 expression in models of focal cerebral ischemia, considering its cellular distribution, factors affecting its transcriptional and translational expression, and its potential relevance to post‐ischemic pathophysiology. Hsp72 expression is essentially limited to regions in which cerebral blood flow falls below 50% of control levels, provided that residual perfusion allows synthesis of the induced mRNA and protein. The cellular distribution of hsp72 depends on the nature of the ischemic insult, with preferential vascular expression in severely ischemic territory that is destined to necrose, pronounced neuronal expression throughout the ischemic ‘penumbra’, and limited glial involvement in a narrow zone immediately surrounding the infarct. Together with results in other injury models, these observations indicate that hsp72 induction identifies discrete populations of surviving cells that are metabolically compromised, but not irreversibly damaged after focal ischemia. Available evidence suggests that the stress response is an important component of cellular defense mechanisms, and that successful accumulation of hsp72 is critical to survival following ischemia. Its expression may also contribute to mechanisms of induced ischemic tolerance. Future studies may be expected to more fully characterize the range of altered gene expression in response to focal ischemic injury and to establish specific roles for hsp72 and other induced proteins in the progression of injury and recovery following such insults