bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seed‐oil content of glanded and glandless cottons
Authors: da Silva Ramos Luis Carlos , Kohel Russell J.
Published: January 2007

Twelve cotton strains, six glanded and six glandless, with different seed‐oil contents, were mated in a full diallel system. All genotypes were evaluated for seed‐oil percentage (SO), seed index (SI, mg/seed) and seed‐oil index (SOI, mg/seed) to obtain information on the inheritance of these traits and to assess the significance of maternal and reciprocal effects. Data generated from the diallel mating system were additionally divided into two full diallels, glanded and glandless, of six parents each and evaluated by combining ability and diallel analyses.

The results indicated that maternal effects were not statistically significant for any trait, but reciprocal effects were significant for SI and SOI. Additive effects, or general combining ability (GCA), were highly significant in both analyses. Deviations from additivity, or specific combining ability (SCA), were significant for SI and SOI, and for SO in the glanded diallel. Deviations from additivity were not homogeneous over all the genotypes. Only the additive parameter of the genetic analysis for glandless SO was significant. This result indicated that additivity was greater in crosses involving glandless genotypes. Heritability of 0.53 based on GCA values was obtained for SO, which indicated that selection procedures could be applied successfully to change the oil content of cottonseed.

The highest SO parent was glandless, and the glandless genotypic arrays averaged more SO than glanded arrays, indicating that glandless genotypes could be preferred over glanded in breeding for this trait.
Hypohalogenation of β‐hydroxy olefinic fatty acid
Authors: Sinha S. , Osman S. M. , Ahmad M. U.
Published: January 2007

The reactions of hypohalous acids with β‐hydroxy olefinic (ricinoleic) acid have been examined. The hypobromination and hypoiodination reactions gave the expected halogen‐containing cyclic ether resulting from neighboring group participation between the hydroxyl group and the reaction occurring at the unsaturated center. A similar hypochlorination reaction did not furnish any cyclic ether. The structures of individual products were characterized by spectral methods. The mechanism of the cyclization reactions is discussed.
The flash devolatilization of cocoa butter
Authors: Bergman T. J. , Nauman E. B.
Published: January 2007

A water‐induced flash devolatilization process has been developed for the deodorization of cocoa butter. Per flash devolatilization efficiencies of 65⊋ash;75% are high enough to give commercial quality products in a single flash.
Studies on the antioxidants XVII: Photooxidation products of concomitantly used butylated hydroxyanisole and propyl gallate
Authors: Kurechi T. , Kunugi A.
Published: January 2007

The effects of antioxidants were studied with a veiw to pursuing the fate of antioxidant molecules during the antioxidation processes. In this study, with the same view, an equal mixture of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl gallate (PG) in ethanol was irradiated with ultraviolet rays and the chemical structure and antioxidative activities of the resulting oxides were examined. The resulting oxides were identified as 2,3,7,8‐tetrahydroxy [1] benzopyrano [5,4,3‐cde] [1] benzopyran‐5,10‐dione (ellagic acid), which was formed from PG by coupling of dehydrogenated molecules of OH group and by dealcoholization, and propyl 3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methoxy‐3′‐tert‐butylphenoxy)benzoate and propyl 3,5‐dihydroxy‐4‐(2′‐hydroxy‐5′‐methoxy‐3′‐tert‐butylphenoxy) benzoate, both of which were dimers, one formed from a BHA/PG mixture by separation of hydrogen in aromatic hydrogen and the other from PG by dehydrogenation of OH group. All of the resulting oxides showed antioxidative activity on lard, soybean oil, and methyl oleate in the stability testing by the active oxygen method (AOM).
Isolation of lipase from germinating oilseeds for biotechnological processes
Authors: Hassanien Fawzi R. , Mukherjee Kumar D.
Published: January 2007

Germinating oilseeds have been explored as a possible source of lipases (glycerol ester hydrolase, EC.3.1.1.3) for the biotechnological processing of oils and fats. Seedlings of rape (Brassica napus) and mustard (Sinapis alba) at day 4 of germination and cotyledons of lupine (Lupinus albus) seedlings at day 3 of germination yield active crude lipase preparations upon homogenization with Tricine buffer (pH 7.5) followed by centrifugation at 23,000 g. The major portion of the lipase activity, determined with an emulsion of sunflower oil as substrate, is recovered in the supernatant fraction. These crude lipase preparations exhibit highest activity between pH 8 and 9, but they are inactive in acidic pH or at pH>10. Each of the crude lipase preparations is highly specific for thesn‐1,3 positions of triacylglycerols. The crude lipase preparations exhibit excellent stability on storage at −10 C, but about 50–60% of their activity is lost upon freeze‐drying. Dialysis of the crude lipase prior to freeze‐drying does not prevent the loss of activity. However, acetone powder obtained from the seedlings exhibits a lipase activity as high as the undialyzed crude lipase preparation.
Selective hydrogenation of oleic acid to 9‐octadecen‐1‐ol: Catalyst preparation and optimum reaction conditions
Authors: Cheah K. Y. , Tang T. S. , Mizukami Fujio , Niwa Shu‐ichi , Toba Makoto , Choo Y. M.
Published: January 2007

A new catalyst, ruthenium‐tin‐alumina is found to selectively hydrogenate oleic acid to 9‐octadecen‐1‐ol (oleyl + elaidyl alcohol) at low pressure with high yield. Catalyst preparation methods, catalyst raw materials and activation conditions have a significant effect on the activity of the catalyst. The optimum atomic ratio of ruthenium to tin is about 1:2. Catalyst prepared by an improved sol‐gel method shows higher activity and selectivity than catalysts prepared by impregnation and coprecipitation methods. Chloride is found to have a negative effect on catalytic activity. The best catalyst is prepared from chloride‐free ruthenium and tin raw materials. Under the optimum reaction conditions of 250°C and 5.6 MPa, the selectivities for 9‐octadecen‐1‐ol and total alcohol (9‐octadecen‐1‐ol + stearyl alcohol) formation are 80.9% and 97%, respectively, at a conversion of 81.3%.
The determination of tocopherols in vegetable oils by square‐wave voltammetry
Authors: Clough Amy E.
Published: January 2007

Square‐wave voltammetry (SWV) has been applied to the determination of tocopherol concentrations in eight vegetable oils: canola, corn, olive, peanut, safflower, sesame, soybean, and sunflower. This technique has a lower limit of detection and somewhat better resolution than differential‐pulse voltammetry (DPV) and is significantly faster than both DPV and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the technique most often used for tocopherol determinations. The tocopherols are oxidized at a stationary glassy carbon electrode as its potential is scanned from 0.40 to 1.00 Vvs Ag/AgCl at a rate of 20 mV/s. The currents that arise from these oxidations are directly proportional to the tocopherols’ concentrations. A standard addition method is used to determine the tocopherol contents of the oils listed. Under the conditions employed, the limit of detection is 10 mg/L tocopherol in oil.
Effect of methyl 2‐hexadecynoate on hepatic fatty acid metabolism
Authors: Wood Randall , Lee Theresa , Gershon Herman
Published: January 2007

Normal and hepatoma bearing rats were fed a low level of methyl 2‐hexadecynoate in a low fat diet for one month. The effect of the acetylenic acid on lipid metabolism as derived from mass analysis of lipid classes, fatty acids and positional monoene isomers isolated from the major lipid classes of liver and hepatoma has been assessed. Methyl 2‐hexadecynoate caused a 25% decrease in body weight and the appearance of essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms within one week. Non‐tumor‐bearing animals contained a seven‐fold increase in all neutral lipid classes, except cholesterol, while host animals did not contain fatty livers. The apparent protective effect of the host animal by the hepatoma also resulted in only marginal changes in the fatty acid and positional monoene isomers from host liver and hepatoma lipids. In contrast to host liver and hepatoma, methyl 2‐hexadecynoate caused a massive accumulation of palmitate and hexadecenoates with a concomitant decrease in stearate and octadecenoates in most of the lipid classes from non‐tumor‐bearing animals. These changes were accompanied by a shift from the higher molecular weight triglycerides to lower molecular weights corresponding to carbon number 48. The high concentrations of hexadecenoates consisted predominantly of the Δ9 isomer. Despite the high concentrations ofcis Δ9 hexadecenoate, precursor ofcis Δ11 octadecenoate (vaccenate), total vaccenate levels of the five major lipid classes were lower than control values. All of these data strongly suggest that long‐chain 2‐ynoic acids inhibit elongation of saturated and monoene fatty acids.
A lipid mobilizing factor in serum of tumor‐bearing mice
Authors: Kitada S. , Hays E. F. , Mead J. F.
Published: January 2007

There is considerable evidence that the growing tumor requires a source of unsaturated fatty acids, but the nature of this source and the mechanism of mobilizing the fatty acids from it are obscure. These experiments make use of AKR mice with implanted adipose tisue labeled with 1‐14C linoleic acid. With this experimental animal, it has been found that: (a) in the normal, fed mouse, fat is mobilized slowly and appears largely as respiratory CO2, following oxidation, (b) in the normal, fasted mouse, fat is mobilized rapidly and appears largely as respiratory CO2; (c) in the tumor‐bearing, fed mouse, fat is mobilized rapidly and appears largely in the tumor; and (d) the serum from tumor‐bearin mice, when injected into normal mice, produces an immediate massive fat mobilization that does not respond to feeding, whereas the serum from normal, fed mice does not. It is concluded that a mobilizing factor of unknown nature is present in the serum of tumor‐bearing AKR mice.
Off‐flavor removal from soy‐protein isolate by using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Maheshwari P. , Ooi E. T. , Nikolov Z. L.
Published: January 2007

The efficacy of liquid carbon dioxide (L‐CO2), supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2), and SC‐CO2 containing 5% ethanol in the removal of off‐flavors from soybean protein isolate was studied. Medium‐chain aldehydes:n‐butanal,n‐pentanal, andn‐hexanal; ketones: 2‐butanone, 2‐pentanone, and 2‐hexanone; and alcohols: 1‐butanol and 2‐butanol; were the major compounds extracted. The extractions were performed at a constant fluid density of 901 kg/m3 with 100, 500, and 1000 standard liter of carbon dioxide. None of the treatments had a detrimental effect on soy‐protein functionality. Headspace gas chromatography (GC) and sensory analysis of the treated samples were compared with the untreated soy isolate (control). In general, L‐CO2 was the least effective, and SC‐CO2 was the most effective in removing the off‐flavor volatiles. Addition of ethanol as an entrainer did not improve the efficiency of off‐flavor removal by SC‐CO2. The results of sensory analysis correlated well with the GC analysis. Sensory analysis of a 33% (wt/vol) slurry of treated soy‐protein isolate had more off‐flavor notes than the dry soy isolate. Dry and slurried treated soy‐protein isolates had significantly less off‐flavors and significantly more acceptability than the untreated control.
Effect of natural antioxidants in virgin olive oil on oxidative stability of refined, bleached, and deodorized olive oil
Authors: Satue M. Teresa , Huang Shu‐Wen , Frankel Edwin N.
Published: January 2007

The factors influencing the oxidative stability of different commercial olive oils were evaluated. Comparisons were made of (i) the oxidative stability of commercial olive oils with that of a refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) olive oil, and (ii) the antioxidant activity of a mixture of phenolic compounds extracted from virgin olive oil with that of pure compounds andα‐tocopherol added to RBD olive oil. The progress of oxidation at 60°C was followed by measuring both the formation (peroxide value, PV) and the decomposition (hexanal and volatiles) of hydroperoxides. The trends in antioxidant activity were different according to whether PV or hexanal were measured. Although the virgin olive oils contained higher levels of phenolic compounds than did the refined and RBD oils, their oxidative stability was significantly decreased by their high initial PV. Phenolic compounds extracted from virgin olive oils increased the oxidative stability of RBD olive oil. On the basis of PV, the phenol extract had the best antioxidant activity at 50 ppm, as gallic acid equivalents, but on the basis of hexanal formation, better antioxidant activity was observed at 100 and 200 ppm.α‐Tocopherol behaved as a prooxidant at high concentrations (>250 ppm) on the basis of PV, but was more effective than the other antioxidants in inhibiting hexanal formation in RBD olive oil.o‐Diphenols (caffeic acid) and, to a lesser extent, substitutedo‐diphenols (ferulic and vanillic acids), showed better antioxidant activity than monophenols (p‐ ando‐coumaric), based on both PV and hexanal formation. This study emphasizes the need to measure at least two oxidation parameters to better evaluate antioxidants and the oxidative stability of olive oils. The antioxidant effectiveness of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oils can be significantly diminished in oils if their initial PV are too high.
Characteristics of safflower seed oils of turkish origin
Authors: Işigigür A. , Karaosmanoglu F. , Aksoy H. A.
Published: January 2007

Technological characteristics of oils extracted from seventeen varieties of safflower seeds (Carthamus tinctorius L.) of Turkish origin were investigated for their utilization prospects in the food industry and in other industrial sectors. Standard procedures were applied to determine the technological characteristics of seventeen varieties of safflower seeds and the safflower seed oils; fatty acid compositions were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Results show that safflower seed oils are suitable both for food and industrial purposes.
Continuous hydrogenation of soybean oil in a trickle‐bed reactor with copper catalyst
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Kwolek W. F.
Published: January 2007

Continuous hydrogenation of soybean oil with a stationary copper catalyst bed was performed at 110–180 C, 30–75 psig hydrogen and Iiquid hourly spaced velocities (LHSV) of 0.25–0.6 cc/hr/cc catalyst. In contrast to batch, continuous hydrogenation was achieved at a lower temperature with no need to postfilter the product. The soybean oil products from the continuous and batch processes hydrogenated to 0% triene were similar in fatty acid composition,trans content of 29% and linolenate selectivity of 5.
Molecular motion and transitions in solid tripalmitin measured by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Eads T. M. , Blaurock A. E. , Bryant R. G. , Roy D. J. , Croasmun W. R.
Published: January 2007

Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quadrupole echo spectra of deuterated acyl chains and the glyceryl moiety of tripalmitin were found to depend on the crystal form. At 20°C, which is below melting points, line shapes indicate that molecular motions in theβ form (triclinic subcell) are more restricted than inβ′ (orthorhombic) orα (hexagonal). Motional rates in excess of about 20 kHz are responsible for the line shapes. Spin‐lattice relaxation, sensitive to motional frequencies in the tens of megahertz range, is much faster for methyl (CD2) groups inα orβ′ than inβ, indicating that fast motions are also governed by crystal form. General theoretical considerations suggest that motion of methylene groups is dynamically heterogeneous and that motion of methyl (CD3) groups may be averaged by motions other than rotation about the terminal C‐C bond. The isothermal solid‐state transition fromα toβ, induced by increasing the temperature to 35°C, was accompanied by NMR lineshape changes consistent with immobilization. The reversible transition ofα to “sub‐α” upon cooling, accompanied by orthorhombic‐like Bragg spacings and other changes in the X‐ray pattern and by corresponding changes in the infrared spectrum, also produced a marked restriction in NMR‐detected mobility of the kind seen inβ′ relative toα. The advantages of2H NMR for studies of motions and transitions in solid glycerides are discussed.
Selective distribution of saturated fatty acids into the monoglyceride fraction during enzymatic glycerolysis
Authors: McNeill Gerald P. , Borowitz Dieter , Berger Ralf G.
Published: January 2007

Four triglyceride fats and oils (beef tallow, lard, rapeseed oil and soybean oil) were reacted with glycerol while using lipase as the catalyst. For all fats examined, at reaction temperatures above the critical temperature (Tc), the fatty acid compositions of the monoglyceride (MG) and diglyceride (DG) fractions and of the original fat were similar. A relatively low yield of MG was obtained (20–30 wt%). When the reaction was carried out with beef tallow or lard at a temperature below the Tc (40°C), the concentration of saturated fatty acids in the MG fraction was 2 to 4 times greater than that in the DG fraction. Correspondingly, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the DG fraction was more than two times greater than that in the MG fraction. At 5°C, a similar trend was observed for rapeseed oil and soybean oil. Direct analysis of partial glycerides during glycerolysis by high‐temperature gas‐liquid chromatography showed that below Tc the content of C16 MG increased relatively more than C18 MG. C36 DG and C54 TG were apparently resistant to glycerolysis. Preferential distribution of saturated fatty acids into the MG fraction was accompanied by a high yield of monoglyceride (45–70 wt%) and solidification of the reaction mixture. It is concluded that during glycerolysis below Tc, preferential crystallization occurs for MGs that contain a saturated fatty acid.
Viscosity‐structure relationship of dilute triglycerides’ solutions correlation to retention time in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Tasioula‐Margari Maria , Demetropoulos Ioannis N.
Published: January 2007

The dynamic viscosity (η) of dilute solutions of the trigly‐cerides triolein, trilinolein, trimyristin, tristearin and tripalmitin in benzene at temperatures in the range of 25–37°C can be expressed in terms of the viscosity of the solvent (η0), the triglycerides’ concentration (C) and structural characteristics, such as the length of the carbon chains (CN) and the number of double bonds (DB). The simple empirical equation ln η=k0+k1 ln η0+k2 CN+k3 DB+k4 C satisfactorily describes (within the experimental error of 0.002 cp) the solution viscosity of triglycerides inp‐xylene when using the coefficients derived from the benzene solutions. In addition, a relation is derived extending the application of the above‐mentioned empirical equation to multicomponent dilute solutions. This last one describes the dilute solution viscosity of natural oils in benzene and agrees with the experimental values. Furthermore, the triglycerides that have equal partition numbers in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) exhibit equal values for the solution viscosity. This relationship is similar to the equation expressing the retention time of RPLC in terms of the structure of the solute. Hence, it is suggested that the shape of the solute, which is a significant factor for the solution viscosity of triglycerides, also plays an important role in the retention mechanism of RPLC.
The positional and fatty acid selectivity of oat seed lipase in aqueous emulsions
Authors: Piazza G. J. , Bilyk A. , Brower D. P. , Haas M. J.
Published: January 2007

The positional and fatty acid selectivities of oat (Avena sativa L.) seed lipase (triacylglycerol hydrolase EC 3.1.1.3) were examined. Pure triacylglycerols were used as substrates. The products of lipolysis were examined by thin‐layer chromatography and gas‐liquid chromatography. Only symmetrical triacylglycerols were used as substrates; thus potential complications arising from stereobias were avoided. Controls were carried out with a lipase specific for primary positions. The lipase from oat seeds catalyzed the hydrolysis of both primary and secondary esters. When the lipase was tested upon mixtures of homoacid triacylglycerols (triacylglycerols composed of the same three fatty acids), the lipase acted most rapidly upon those containing oleate, elaidate, linoleate and linolenate. Strong intermolecular selectivity against homoacid triacylglycerols containing palmitate, petroselinate and stearate was observed. Comparison of assays performed at 26°C with those performed at 45°C showed that selectivity was temperature‐independent. When mixed‐acid triacylglycerols containing both oleate and stearate were treated with lipase, intramolecular selectivity was observed, with oleate hydrolysis predominating. From this work and earlier work, it can be concluded that the selectivity exhibited by the oat seed lipase is similar to that of the lipase fromGeotrichum candidum, except that the oat seed lipase attacks elaidate, a fatty acyl group with atrans double bond, whereas theG. candidum lipase strongly discriminates against elaidate.
Fate of minor free amino acids and phospholipids in crude tallow during steam splitting
Authors: Xu Shi Rong , Matsuo Takeshi , Danno Genichi , Wakiuchi Nariaki , Fujii Satoshi
Published: January 2007

Minor free amino acids and phospholipids contained in crude tallow were monitored during steam splitting of crude tallow. The bulk of the phospholipids was found in the glycerol sidestream after splitting. Phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine were present in both crude tallow and the glycerol fraction. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine present in crude tallow were hydrolized with the glycerides. Because of this hydrolysis, high amounts of serine and ethanolamine are found in the fatty acid and glycerol fractions. In addition to constituent amino acids of proteins present in crude tallow, other biological amino acids such as taurine and ornithine were also present.
Phospholipid adsorption onto rice hull ash from soy oil miscellas
Authors: Proctor A. , Tan L. C. , Palaniappan S.
Published: January 2007

Phospholipid was adsorbed from soy oil miscellas by rice hull ash, with small doses of adsorbent binding most efficiently. Adsorption increased with residual phosphorus, suggesting that less accessible adsorption sites were being used as residual values increased, probably due to the heterogeneous nature of the ash. Binding of phospholipid was enhanced by isopropanol, as has been found for adsorption on silicic acid.
Progeny analysis of tobacco that express a mammalian Δ9 desaturase
Authors: Grayburn W. S. , Hildebrand D. F.
Published: January 2007

Various tissues ofNicotiana tabacum plants transformed with a rat stearyl‐CoA desaturase gene were analyzed for lipid composition. Gas chromatographic analysis showed a decrease in saturated 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids in leaves and roots of several progeny. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of total DNA from leaves indicated the presence of the desaturase gene in kanamycin‐resistant progeny with altered fatty acid composition. Western immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of introduced desaturase protein. Data on the inheritance of kanamycin resistance is presented.
Analysis of estolides in technical hydroxylated fatty acids from plant oils
Authors: Fehling Eberhard
Published: January 2007

Gel permeation chromatography of hydroxylated fatty acids (HOFA), prepared from various plant oils by a novel technical process, showed the presence of considerable amounts of estolides formed by intermolecular esterification of the HOFA. Thin‐layer chromatographic fractionation followed by gas chromatography of the fractions revealed that the nonpolar estolides contain predominantly saturated fatty acids esterified tothero‐9, 10‐dihydroxy octadecanoic acid or dihydroxy tetrahydrofuran octadecanoic acids, e.g., 9,12‐dihydroxy‐10, 13‐epoxy octadecanoic acid and 10,13‐dihydroxy‐9, 12‐epoxy octadecanoic acid. The fractions of polar estolides consist mainly of intermolecular esters of the above dihydroxy fatty acids.
Preparation of alcohols from cyclic fatty acids
Authors: Bell E. W. , Friedrich J. P. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Saturated C18‐ and C20‐cyclic alcohols have been prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of methyl esters from cyclized linseed monomeric acids, purified saturated C18‐cyclic acids, ethylene adduct of conjugated soybean fatty acids, and ethylene adduct of conjugated octadecadienoic acids. The cyclic alcohols have also been prepared from free acids of crude cyclic linseed, cyclic linseed monomeric, and ethylene adduct of 9,11,t,t,‐octadecadienoic. Conversion of esters and acids was 88舑99% by hydroxyl determination; by gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis, almost quantitative Hydrogenations were carried out with 10%, by weight, copper chromite catalyst, an initial hydrogen pressure of 2,100 psi, and a temperature of 280C for 3舑5 hr.

Preliminary evaluations indicate that saturated C18‐ and C20‐cyclic alcohols have a potential use in cosmetic formulations.
Methods for determining thioglucosides inCrambe abyssinica
Authors: McGhee J. E. , Kirk L. D. , Mustakas G. C.
Published: January 2007

Four methods are described for the determination of thioglucosides inCrambe abyssinica: sulfate ion, sulfur balance, silver complexing, and hot‐water extraction. The analytical results of all four methods agree closely as to the thioglucoside content in dehulled, defatted meal, from 11舑12%. Any one of these methods should be useful in studying new plant species because approximate thioglucoside content is obtained even though the specific thioglucosides and isothiocyanates involved may not be known.
Oil and protein content, and oil composition of the seeds of some plants of the Canadian prairies
Authors: Coxworth E. C. M.
Published: January 2007

The oil and protein content are reported for the seeds of 19 plant species selected for their possible crop potential for the Canadian prairie region. Data on seed oil composition are reported for the 12 species which contained greater than 15% seed oil.
A comparison of participating solvents during ozonization
Authors: Moore D. J. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Sixteen different participating solvents and certain combinations thereof were evaluated for their effects on the conversion of methyl oleate to carbonyl compounds by ozonolysis. Depending upon the alcohol or carboxylic acid used as a single solvent, chemical reduction with zinc and acetic acid gave yields of 70舑100%; catalytic hydrogenation with 10% Pd/C, 62舑84%. When equimolar mixtures of an acid and a primary, unhindered alcohol were used, catalytic hydrogenation gave yields of 94舑98%. In preparative scale experiments, catalytic hydrogenation gave 98% yields of methyl azelaaldehydate in the representative solvent combinations of 2‐methoxyethanol/acetic acid and 1‐butanol/propionic acid. When anhydrous calcium sulfate was used as a drying agent for aldehyde/alcohol solutions significant acetal was formed in the absence of other catalysts.
A simplified procedure for the determination of aflatoxin B1 in cottonseed meals
Authors: Velasco James
Published: January 2007

A simplified procedure for the detection of aflatoxin B1 in cottonseed meals has been developed. The procedure substantially reduces the time and cost of aflatoxin analysis. A single chromatographic column of celite is used to concentrate and purify the aflatoxin fractions. A new solvent system of ether‐methanol‐water (96:3:1) improves separation of aflatoxin fractions on TLC plates. This improvement permits measurement of B1 spots in one sweep of the plate with a densitometer using a 10–15 mm slit. The number of samples which can be screened for aflatoxin contamination on one TLC plate is doubled by re‐use of the plate. The use of technical reagents and stainless steel beakers also helps reduce the time and cost of analysis. The procedure is sensitive to about 5 µg of B1 per kg of meal.
Rapid method for detecting aflatoxins in peanuts
Authors: Holaday Charles E.
Published: January 2007

The thin‐layer chromatographic procedure for detecting and quantifying aflatoxin in peanuts is too time‐consuming, costly, and difficult to be practical for use by untrained personnel. A method based on millicolumn chromatography was tested and found to be both rapid and simple. Columns are prepared by filling a length of 4‐mm glass tubing with silica gel to a depth of about 4.5 cm. The millicolumn is developed in a chloro‐form‐methanol extract of a peanut sample. If aflatoxin is present, a blue fluorescent band at the lower end of the column is observed when the column is exposed to long‐wave ultraviolet radiation. Sensitivity is in the order of 5 ppb and an assay can be completed in 15–25 min. Some degree of quantification is possible by comparison with columns developed in extracts with known aflatoxin contents.
Effect of carbon dioxide, temperature, and relative humidity on production of aflatoxin in peanuts
Authors: Sanders T. H. , Davis N. D. , Diener U. L.
Published: January 2007

Effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) in combination with reduced relative humidities (RH) and temperatures on growth and aflatoxin production byAspergillus flavus in peanuts were investigated. Sound mature kernels of Early Runner peanuts were surface disinfested, inoculated withA. flavus, and incubated at various temperatures, RH, and CO2 concentrations. Visible growth, aflatoxin production, and free fatty acid (FFA) formation byA. flavus was inhibited at approximately 86% RH by 20% CO2 at 17C and by 60 and 40% CO2 at 25C. Aflatoxin and FFA levels decreased as RH decreased from approximately 99% to 92% to 86%. At a constant temperature, an increase in CO2 concentration caused a decrease in aflatoxin and percentage FFA; and, at a given CO2 concentration, lowering the temperature resulted in a decrease in aflatoxin and percentage FFA.
Potential synthetic lubricants: Esters of C18‐saturated cyclic acids
Authors: Friedrich J. P. , Bell E. W. , Gast L. E.
Published: January 2007

A series of 16 esters of C18‐saturated cyclic acids (HCal) were prepared, and partial evaluation showed that several have qualities that recommend them as potential low‐temp lubricants. Starting materials used were primary, straight, and branched chain alcohols C4舑C7; perfluoro alcohols; phenol; cyclohexanol; and C18‐saturated cyclic alcohols prepared from cyclic acids. Viscosities were measured at 蜢40, 100, and 210F. Their viscosity indexes ranged from 26 to 143. Pour points or melting points of the esters ranged from 蜢27 to 蜢96F. The oxidative stability of these esters measured at 347F according to a modification of the test method for military specification MIL‐L‐7808 was in nearly all cases equal or superior to the control bis‐2‐ethylhexyl sebacate. More severe oxidation tests showed the esters of HCal to be slower than the control in the development of acidic decomposition products.
Further studies of degossypolized cottonseed meal as a source of plant protein in rabbit feeds
Authors: Casady R. B. , Kinney T. B. , Mize K. E.
Published: January 2007

Degossypolized cottonseed meal was fed to mature female rabbits throughout four successive litters, using a split‐plot randomized block design. When used as a replacement for soybean meal, at levels of 4, 7, 10 and 13% of the diet, no significant diet responses were found in the analyses of total litter weaning weight, average individual weaning weight, percentage mortality, number weaned, or feed conversion. However, block and litter effects on litter weight were significant, suggesting genetic differences, and the means for litter weights and mortality suggested an adverse effect at the 10 and 13% levels. Results indicated that at levels of 4 and 7% degossypolized cottonseed meal may serve as a satisfactory substitute for soybean meal in the rabbit diet.
Recent developments in the toilet‐bar market
Authors: Krause Charles C.
Published: January 2007

During recent years consumers have shown an increasing willingness to purchase more expensive toilet soaps. Two types of toilet bars in particular, surfactant formula bars and antibacterial bars, have shown steady growth.

Surfactant formula bars have gained acceptance because of their excellent lathering properties and the lack of soap scum, which eliminates the unsightly “bathtub ring.”

Antibacterial bars have gained acceptance because of their ability to reduce the number of resident bacteria on the skin. This reduces the incidence of superficial cutaneous infection and slows down the development of objectionable body odors attributable to the bacterial decomposition of sweat.
Nonionic detergent degradation. II. Thin‐layer chromatography and foaming properties of alkyl phenol polyethoxylates
Authors: Patterson Stella J. , Scott C. C. , Tucker K. B. E.
Published: January 2007

In Part I of this series (1) a study of the degradation of a number of commercially available alcohol polyethoxylates is described. This paper describes the application of the same procedures to the less degradable class of alkyl phenol polyethoxylates. It appears that, for these materials, the rate and extent of degradation is dependent on the environment in which the degradation occurs. Experiments are described that were carried out under neutral and high pH conditions, but it may well be that other variations in the environment could influence the degradation rate.

Slow degradation was observed under conditions comparable with those used for the alcohol polyethoxylates, for example, a common alkyl phenol 9‐ethoxylate initially at a concentration of 5 mg per liter showed approximately 50% loss after six weeks. No degradation residues of the polyethylene glycol type and no additional acid degradation products of the types derived from the alcohol ethoxylates were observed. The only visual evidence of degradation was a retardation of the spots on the thin‐layer plates, and it was most readily observed on chromatograms prepared so that they showed a resolved series of spots.

In the course of some of the degradation experiments using sewage effluent as the medium, an increase in pH value was observed. Under these conditions the degradation of the alkyl phenol ethoxylate was much more rapid and complete than usual, and the resolved trace on the thin‐layer plate showed a predominance of ethoxy groups near the top of the chromatogram.

In this series of experiments, as in those described in Part I, the foaming capacity during degradation could be closely correlated with the results obtained by using the thin‐layer chromatographic procedure.
Alternate method for the determination of unsaponifiable matter
Authors: Goghegan John T. , Rodson Marius
Published: January 2007

A method is described for the determination of unsaponifiable matter in fatty acids and mixtures of fatty and rosin acids by the use of a mixed bed ion‐exchange resin.
Polyesteramides from linseed oil for protective coatings low acid‐value polymers
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , Cowan J. C.
Published: January 2007

Linseed and soybean diethanolamides, from the sodium alkoxide‐catalyzed reaction of the corresponding oil with diethanolamine, were used as diols to prepare a series of polyesteramides. The diols and dibasic acids or anhydrides were heated in refluxing xylene until the theoretical amount of water was collected in a trap. Low acid‐value linseed polymers were prepared with 10, 20, and 30 mole percent excess diol over the dibasic acid, and the effect of the excess diol on molecular weight, viscosity, and film properties of the polymers was examined. Polyesteramides which contained 10 mole percent excess fatty diethanolamide were made with 11 dibasic acids or anhydrides. The polymers were brown‐orange oils with Gardner viscosities of Z7 to >>Z10.

Number‐average molecular weights ranged from 2,200 to 5,200. Data on drying characteristics, hardness, and chemical resistance of films were obtained. The better polymers air‐dried rapidly to give hard, glossy films (Sward rocker 20–60). Films baked at 190C for 10 min were softer than the corresponding air‐dried films. Xylene resistance of soybean and linseed polymer films was generally excellent, and alkali resistance was moderate. Soybean films showed the better alkali resistance.
Limit of the solid fat content modification of butter
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel
Published: January 2007

Three ways have been undertaken to modify solid fat content of butter oil: (i) interesterification, (ii) adjunction of high‐melting glycerides and (iii) joint effect of adjunction of high‐melting glycerides and interesterification. A solvent‐free interesterification, carried out with 1,3‐specific lipase fromMucor miehei, resulted in an increase of the solid fat content (SFC) by about 114% after 48 h of interesterification. The changes in triglyceride composition induced by this method were followed by quantitative determination of triglycerides of different equivalent carbon number (ECN) and different theoretical carbon number. The major changes in the triglyceride composition occurred mainly in the concentration of three groups of triglycerides with the same ECN (ECN=38). Adding high‐melting glycerides trimyristin (MMM) and tripalmitin (PPP) led to an increase of the SFC measured at 20°C as these proportions increased in the mixture. The joint effect of the addition of MMM or PPP and interesterification was quite significant, mainly for triglycerides that included myristic and palmitic acids. As far as the increase of SFC is concerned, the effect of interesterification decreases when both substrate amounts increase.
Biological modification of oil composition
Authors: Tan B. K. , Ong S. H. , Rajanaidu N. , Rao V.
Published: January 2007

Prospects for modification of palm oil composition through oil palm breeding, tissue culture and enzyme‐catalyzed transesterification are reviewed. Present emphasis in oil modification is toward greater unsaturation. The greatest prospect for this area lies in the interspecific hybridization ofE. oleifera andE. guineensis. The target recommended is for a hybrid oil of iodine value above 72 having a palmitic acid content below 25% and an oleic acid content above 60%. It is noted that the variability of linoleic acid in the oil palm is limited regardless of species. The greatest contribution towards unsaturation, therefore, lies mainly in oleic acid. Tissue culture is seen as a potential propagating tool for selecting progenies of important crosses from the hybridization ofE. oleifera andE. guineensis, while enzyme‐catalyzed transesterification using a 1,3 specific lipase offers the possibility of enhancing the level of linoleic acid in palm oil. Besides breeding for unsaturation, production of palms giving oils of specific fatty acid or triglyceride types also may be possible ultimately.
Physical properties of oils and mixtures of oils
Authors: Timms R. E.
Published: January 2007

The physical properties of palm, palm kernel and coconut oils are reviewed and compared and contrasted with the properties of other oils and fats. More information is available for palm oil than for the other two. The properties of mixtures of the oils also are considered, especially mixtures of palm and palm kernel oils in which a eutectic interaction occurs.

Basic physical properties considered are density, specific heat, heat of fusion and viscosity. Where appropriate, data is tabulated in SI and Imperial units.

Experimental methods used for determining melting points and solid fat contents are discussed and the empirical nature of the results emphasized. Wiley melting points and Slip melting points, and Solid Fat Content by NMR and Solid Fat Index by dilatometry, are compared and comparative data given. For palm oil, detailed olein and stearin information is presented.

The phase behavior and polymorphism of the three oils is reviewed. Special attention is given to the post‐hardening phenomenon in palm oil and the effects of diglycerides and storage time on phase behavior.
Other oleochemical uses: Palm oil products
Authors: Akaike Yoshiteru
Published: January 2007

Production and consumption of palm oil and its products are discussed as they relate to industrial products. The large volumes of palm oil being produced and projected for future production should increase the use of its byproducts in oleochemicals. Tallow is the most competitive fat to palm oil in these applications, but its market share (at least in Japan) seems to be declining. An enzymatic process for hydrolyzing fats and oils by a solid phase process is described.
Quality requirements from a consumer's point of view (oleochemical products)
Authors: Dewaet F.
Published: January 2007

The term “quality” includes not only intrinsic properties but also concepts such as availability, service, packaging, price level, price stability, delivery time and transport logistics. This paper discusses this definition as it relates to the oleochemical markets for commodity chemicals, specification chemicals and performance chemicals.
Interchangeability of fats and Oils
Authors: Young F. V. K.
Published: January 2007

The requirement for interchangeability of fats and oils is a result of such factors as availability and cost of raw materials, and the effects of legislation or market preference on product composition. Such changes should not affect the product's quality or performance. Interchangeability is practiced today in the production of products for human food, animal feed and technical uses, and is frequently controlled by computer.

It is necessary fully to identify a product and its essential features whether simply by melting point or a full triglyceride structure. Modern analytical techniques such as NMR, GC, HPLC and DSC have enabled this identification to become a more exact science.

The interchange may consist of a simple substitution of one oil or fat for another, or it may be more complex, involving a number of oils and fats and processes. Finally, the nature of the product may be such that it has to be “tailor‐made” using sophisticated processes to produce the required triglyceride composition. The unit processes which are employed are blending, hydrogenation, fractionation and interesterification. In the last process the recently published use of enzymes is of particular interest.

Problems encountered are mainly concerned with the polymorphism of fats and oils which frequently sets limits on the proportion of a particular fat which can be used. Limits are also imposed by plant processing capacity.

Palm and lauric acid oils are particularly important in the context of interchangeability for both edible and technical purposes because of their fatty acid and triglyceride compositions. They provide good examples of usefulness, problems resulting from polymorphism and the difficulties of substitution.
Fractionation of palm oil
Authors: Deffense E.
Published: January 2007

Because of its fatty acid composition, which includes 50% saturated and 50% unsaturated fatty acids, palm oil can readily be fractionated, i.e. partially crystallized and separated into a high melting fraction or stearin and a low melting fraction or olein.

Three main commercial processes for fractionating palm oil are in use: the fast dry process, the slow dry process and the detergent process. All these processes lead to specific products of different quality with different yield and operating costs. The physical and chemical characteristics as well as the triglyceride compositions by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of palm oil fractions from these industrial fractionation processes are given.

Other varieties of products produced by specific fractionation are presented with analytical data: the superoleins, palm‐mid‐fractions and cocoa butter substitutes.
Additives for quality maintenance
Authors: Berger K. G.
Published: January 2007

In the transport and storage of edible oils, oxidation and trace metals contamination are still problems today. A great deal of published information exists on the use of antioxidants and sequestering agents to reduce or prevent deterioration. Some recent information on their effects, especially in the transport operation, is presented here.
Preparation and properties of sulfonate salt‐type cleavable surfactants with a 1,3‐dioxane ring
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Yuan Xian‐You , Liu You‐Cheng , Lei Xue‐Gong
Published: January 2007

A series of di‐anionic cleavable surfactants were prepared by the condensation of aldehydes with 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐1,3‐propanediol, followed by reaction with 1,3‐propanesultone in the presence of sodium hydride. Surfactant 5a had a different1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum in D2O than products 5b−d. This was rationalized by its different conformation, which originates from the self‐coiling of its alkyl chain. The critical micelle concentrations, Krafft points and hydrolysis properties of these surfactants were determined.
The influence of sodium tripolyphosphate and zeolites on detergency of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the presence of Mg++
Authors: Cohen L. , Vergara R. , Moreno A. , Berna J. L.
Published: January 2007

The influence of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and zeolites on the detergency performance of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) has been evaluated at different water magnesium ion levels. This study demonstrates that LAS/STPP gives better results in the presence of calcium than in the presence of magnesium, whereas the LAS/zeolite mixture gives better results in the presence of magnesium than in the presence of calcium.
Foam enhancement by short‐chain hydrophobe alcohol ethoxylates in light‐duty liquids
Authors: Condon Brian D.
Published: January 2007

This study examined linear alcohol ethoxylates as foam‐enhancing agents in light‐duty liquids. The ethoxylates were formulated as supplementary surfactants to an anionic main surfactant system. The relationship between ethoxylate structure and performance was elucidated, comparisons were made between ethoxylates and other recognized foam‐enhancing agents, and a representative light‐duty liquid formula was optimized. Performance evaluation focused on manual plate washing capacity but also included agitation foam volume, surface activity, cloud and clear temperatures, viscosity and grease cutting. Shortchain alcohol ethoxylates with a high degree of ethoxylation (such as C8 with 70% or 7 moles of ethylene oxide) gave optimum performance that was comparable to or better than acknowledged foam‐enhancing agents. The substitution of an alcohol ethoxylate for a fatty acid ethanolamide in the test formulation resulted in substantially lower formulation viscosity.
Fatty acid distribution of fats, oils and soaps by high‐performance liquid chromatography without derivatization
Authors: George Edmund D.
Published: January 2007

A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure without derivatization was developed for quantitating fatty acid components of various soap‐related fats and oils, as well as for the direct quantitation of fatty acids from soap. The fatty acids are detected by refractive index after isocratic reverse‐phase chromatography. The method has been developed with radial compression and stainless‐steel column technology. The triglycerides are saponified and acid‐hydrolyzed into fatty acids, and they are dissolved in a solvent and injected. The soaps are dissolved in methanol and injected into the HPLC, where they are acid‐hydrolyzed directly on the column by an acid‐modified mobile phase. The total run time after injection is approximately 20 min, with quantitation performed on an NEC Powermate® computer driven by PE/Nelson Analytical Software. The typical carbon chains analyzed are from C6 to C20.