bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continentalism and Canadian Higher Education
Authors: WILSON H. T.
Published: March 2011

The historical argument does not enjoin a return to the beginning of things, but rather an intelligent appreciation of what things are coming to. THORSTEIN VEBLEN I In the short space of two years, my initial interest in the prof essionaliza-tion of academic life, particularly as it has taken place in the social sciences, has made me increasingly aware of a homogenizing process at work in Canada tending to make of North America a single society on the United States model. This phenomenon has elsewhere been termed continentalism1 because it expresses the essential reality of a liberalism which, if "beyond" doctrinal ideology,2 nevertheless provides a pragmatic justification for those values implicit in the worship of technique and in the kind of empiricism which defines freedom as the pursuit of happiness and elevates it to the status of a transcendent, if morally empty, goal.3
Proud Lineage: Willa Cather and Margaret Laurence
Authors: THOMAS CLARA
Published: March 2011

Margaret Laurence was born in 1926. She grew up in south-western Manitoba, and four of her works, The Stone Angel (1964), A Jest of Cod (1966), The Fire-Dwellers (1969), and A Bird in the House (1970), stem from a prairie town she calls Manawaka, its people and the land around it. Willa Cather was born in 1875. She grew up in Nebraska, and two of her novels, O Pioneers (1913) and My Antonia (1918), are rooted there, in a little western town she called Hanover, then Black Hawk, and in the prairie country surrounding it.
Stephen Crane's Calvinism
Authors: smith leverett t. jr.
Published: March 2011

Stephen Crane's chief thematic concern is with the problem of human conduct in a naturalistic universe, that is, in a universe overwhelmingly indifferent to man. In his writings he frequently demonstrates the patterns of human behavior which for him constitute the good life in this universe. Here I would like to consider two of his major works, "George's Mother" (1896), and "The Open Boat" (1897), as manifestations of this concern. Since the essay will focus on the problem of human conduct, it seems best to begin with a summary description of the understanding of the nature of the universe which emerges in Crane's fiction.
About Things As They Are
Authors: KRAFT JAMES
Published: March 2011

Paul Horgan is known mainly as a historian and novelist, and as a master of a prose style that is now almost out of style in its unostentatious care, its precision, and its clarity. He has written many works of fiction and Things As They Are was not ignored nor poorly reviewed when it first appeared in 1964. However, in the inevitable rush of reviewing, this novel could not be read and considered as it should be. It is a work in the genre of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Le Grand Meaulnes, and The Catcher in the Rye - to which it was compared - but the simplicity of its surface and the precision of its execution, within the complexity of its vision, place it more with Dubliners and Portrait of The Artist.
A Search for an American Identity
Authors: ABERBACH ALAN D.
Published: March 2011

Few students of contemporary Canadian civilization are unaware of the intensity of those feelings and thoughts permeating today's search for a national identity. Virtually every aspect of Canadian life today seems to involve some attempt to resolve the crisis of identification. We are, there- fore, inevitably exposed to endless debates over "a national anthem" versus "the national anthem/' and periodic questioning of whether "one nation" is reconcilable with "two nations." We have even learnt to toler- ate (and perhaps even enjoy) the perennial attempt to find out "who we are" and "where we belong." This search for a national identity is not an easy process for, as every student of nationalism knows, the quasi-psycho- logical forces of nationalism, with its components of patriotism, militar- ism, and chauvinism, often unleash passions that can not be easily con- tained.
Bret Harte and the Dickensian Mode in America
Authors: GARDNER JOSEPH H.
Published: March 2011

Mark Twain's attitude toward literary imitations was almost as vehe- mently hostile as his feelings toward his former friend and benefactor, Bret Harte. It is not surprising, therefore, that his remarks on Harte's debt to Dickens would be couched in tones of self-righteous scorn: "In the San Franciscan days Bret Harte was by no means ashamed when he was praised as being a successful imitator of Dickens; he was proud of it. I heard him say, myself, that he thought he was the best imitator of Dick- ens in America, a remark which indicates a fact, to wit: that there were a great many people at that time who were ambitiously and undisguisedly imitating Dickens/'1 But if Mark Twain's right to claim superior virtue is at least questionable, his facts are not. From 1868, when American publishers offered no less than thirty-one different editions of his col- lected works - one of which sold over one hundred thousand copies in less than two years - until the turn of the century when P. F. Collier reported selling over five million copies of his works from door to door, Dickens was the one novelist most widely read in America.2 He was also, unquestionably, the dominant influence upon American writers. In the early eighties James Herbert Morse strove valiantly to identify "the native element" in American fiction only to discover that of the three score some-odd novelists he chose to discuss as typically American, three quarters owed their primary inspiration to Dickens. Representative is his commentary on the now largely forgotten Theodore Winthrop. Win- throp is both "original" and "American"; "the reader has no doubt that Winthrop had taken his portraits from life." However, the reader also "wonders continually if the author would have chosen precisely these persons if Dickens had never lived." And of all writers who have flour- ished since the Civil War, Morse observes, Bret Harte is at once the most original and the most Dickensian.3
Systematic Analysis in the Study of U.S.-Canadian Relations
Authors: SWANSON ROGER FRANK
Published: March 2011

The similarities between the contemporary study of U.S.-Canadian rela- tions and the pre-World War II state of the discipline of international relations are striking. As J. N. Rosenau pointed out in International Poli- tics and Foreign Policy, the mid-1940's constituted a fundamental turning point in the study of international relations. Prior to that time, the dis- cipline had been primarily concerned with solving problems and reform- ing institutions/ an emphasis which very much characterizes the study of U.S.-Canadian relations today. After the mid-1940s, however, the study of international relations became more an attempt to "[understand] pro- cesses and [identify] causation/' The realization that international rela- tions not only could, but ought to, be examined more methodically re- sulted in a new phase which is best characterized by the word systematic.
The Bridge-Builder
Authors: LAFRANCE MARSTON
Published: March 2011

The Poetry of Hart Crane: A Critical Study, by R. W. B. Lewis. Princeton University Press. 1967. $11.00.426 pp. Hart Crane: An Introduction to the Poetry, by Herbert A. Leibowitz. Columbia University Press. 1968. $8.25. 308 pp. Robber Rocks: Letters and Memories of Hart Crane, 1923-1932, by Susan Jenkins Brown. Wesleyan University Press. 1968. $5.95.176 pp. Voyager: A Life of Hart Crane, by John Unterecker. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1969. $15.00. 787 pp. When Hart Crane first arrived in New York from the midwest, right after Christmas of 1916, he was seventeen years old, alone, and he knew per- sonally only one man in the whole city - a young painter named Carl Schmitt. At the time of his suicide he was thirty-two; and during the intervening decade and a half of America's golden age of modern litera- ture he was in and out of New York dozens of times, knew personally everyone worth knowing, and - without any apparent intention - man- aged to lift his own life toward the shadowy realm of myth inhabited by the gigantic shades of Melville and Whitman, the American predecessors whom he most admired.
Color, Culture and Power: Indian-White Relations in Canada and America
Authors: BAKER DONALD G.
Published: March 2011

I Observing that the "first Americans - the Indians - are the most deprived and isolated minority in our nation/' President Nixon, in a July 8, 1970 message to Congress, advocated major revisions in national policies af- fecting native Americans. Earlier, in his analysis of conditions among Canadian Indians, J. Melling arrived at very similar conclusions. Canada's indigenous groups, he noted, suffering from neglect, prejudice and dis- crimination, were largely "out of sight and out of mind of most white Canadians."1 His findings closely parallel those of President Nixon, who said of the American Indian's status: "On virtually every scale of measure- ment - employment, income, education, health - the condition of the Indian people ranks at the bottom."2
Thomas D'Arcy McGee and the American Republic
Authors: SNELL J. G.
Published: March 2011

Thomas D'Arcy McGee is one of the better known, if poorly understood, figures in mid-nineteenth century British North America. Famous for his oratorical abilities, for his frequent and forceful appeals to Canadian "nationalism/' and for the assassination which ended his life, McGee has become a minor folk-hero in Canadian history. Through these per- spectives of his career, McGee's life and ideas have been distorted and his contributions to British North American developments often ne- glected. His eleven years in Canada offer numerous insights into such things as the Canadian political scene, the changing nature of urban Irish Canadians, and the economic and political views of Montreal. A study of McGee's career also provides considerable understanding of the nature of Canadian-American relations at this time. His ideas and actions regarding the United States were reflective of much of the Canadian climate of opinion. American responses to McGee mirrored many American atti- tudes towards British North America. The strained relations, evident through looking at McGee, were a product of a complex of attitudes, assumptions, and local problems on each side of the border.
An American Progressive Looks North
Authors: CUFF ROBERT D.
Published: March 2011

The Promise of American Life, written by Herbert Croly in 1909, was one of the most significant intellectual statements to come out of the pro- gressive era. While Croly's book was not the fundamental source of Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalist program of 1912, as many once believed, it nevertheless sharpened and extended the ideology of a crucial group of liberal opinion-makers. Croly wrote a devastating critique of the Jefferson tradition, charging, in essence, that its legacy of excessive indi- vidualism, antagonism to big business, and suspicion of the state under- mined the search for national cohesion in modern American society. As part of his design to merge Jeffersonian ideals with Hamiltonian methods Croly urged professional political elites to abandon faith in Adam Smith's invisible hand and to cultivate the techniques and trends of corporate social organization.1
Review Essay: Promised Lands and Vanishing People
Authors: GOLD JOSEPH
Published: March 2011

Allan Guttmann, The Jewish Writer in America. Oxford University Press, 1971. $7.95. 256 pp. One of the most extraordinary features of 20th-century American literature is the large proportion it contains of Jewish writing. Allan Guttmann has written what amounts to a concise and knowledgeable history of this segment of American culture. It is from this point of view, the book as readable reference work, that The Jewish Writer in America seems to me an important work. Not that Prof. Guttmann would himself stake his claim for attention on these grounds. The book's subtitle, '''Assimilation and the Crisis of Identity/' reveals that the author has sought to construct his study around a thesis, namely, that the dynamic of Jewish writing, as distinct from writing by Jews, derives from one or another aspect of identity problems for Jews in America. There is, of course, nothing profound in such a discovery, which would seem, to an outsider like myself, a truism. Nor is this insight pursued at any deep level of analysis or with any startling complexity.
Review Essay: Fiction and Belief
Authors: WESTBROOK MAX
Published: March 2011

Marston La France, A Reading of Stephen Crane. Oxford University Press. 1971. $9.50. 272 pp. Peter Buitenhuis, The Grasping Imagination: The American Writings of Henry James. University of Toronto Press. 1970. $12.50. 288 pp. In an important book called Art and Illusion, E. H. Gombrich shows con- vincingly that we cannot capture that exact stroke which turns lines into a picture. The trick or illusion by which paint dabs and brush strokes become representational always escapes us. Up close, a portrait is mean- ingless color. At a proper distance, the blotches of meaningless color vanish, and a portrait or landscape appears. Gombrich says "we cannot, strictly speaking, watch ourselves having an illusion/' We "cannot make use of an illusion and watch it."
Sexual Longing in Richard Henry Dana, Jr.'s American Victorian Diary
Authors: FELLMAN MICHAEL
Published: March 2011

As a genre, diaries are now past their fashion. Literate, but essentially unconscious self-revelation, the hallmark of the diary form, is unlikely in our culture, where we are all psychologically aware at least to the degree that we know every utterance means something, some repression betrayed. In the nineteenth century ladies would faint and would have protracted illnesses of an unspecific nature, and men would openly de- clare their love for one another. More inwardly sexual fantasies could exist for themselves and be written about unanalytically in the common language of the day. At the same time, rigorous convention demanded that literature for publication preclude all but the most allusive treatment of sexual fantasies. In partial response to this conventional split between the private and the public, many literate people kept diaries as links be- tween the most personal fantasy, and formal literary efforts. Though there was always some sense of audience in diary keeping, it clearly was not a psychoanalyst to whom one was writing. As privately controlled realms, diaries may have maintained, rather than challenged or reoriented tensions between inward desires and outward demands, may have aided people in continuing to live under repressive social conventions by posi- tively reinforcing a compensatory shadow world of day dreams and night dreams.
The Romantic Separatism of Charles Reich
Authors: AKIN WILLIAM E.
Published: March 2011

With the possible exception of Eric Toffler's Future Shock, Charles Reich's The Greening of America has generated the liveliest debate of any book of the seventies. It has already found its way into use in a wide variety of college courses, has fathered a full length book of responses, and a spate of articles.1 Its author has even been enshrined in a pop comic strip. Both because of its own immense popularity, and because of its ability to express even more widespread beliefs, the book warrants serious consideration.
The "Myth" and "Value" Approaches to American Studies
Authors: MATTHEWS FRED
Published: March 2011

Seymour Martin Lipset, Revolution and Counter Revolution: Change and Persistence in Social Structures. Revised edition. Anchor Books, 1970. $2.25.416 pp. Revolution and Counter-Revolution is a collection of essays written be- tween 1963 and 1968 which develop the themes of Lipset's earlier works, Political Man and The First New Nation. The title is from an essay on Canadian/American contrasts, and may suggest both the fascination of the book and an element of caricature which may be inherent in its ap- proach. Lipset is pursuing a grand program of comparative political analy- sis, with emphasis on the evolutionary process of "modernization" and the national traits which influence its exact outcome. It is a work of great value to anyone interested in area studies, not only for the variety of use- ful information but for an exemplified method which may at the same time both focus and broaden that vaguest and most problematic of area programs, "American Studies."
Colours of Hope
Authors: KOLODNY ANNETTE
Published: March 2011

Michael Gecan, ed., Seen Through Our Eyes. Random House, 1972. $6.95. 237 pp. Once upon a time a group of very young people tried very hard to be honest. They even found a teacher in their school who, searching for his own honesty, encouraged theirs. So pleased were they with their written efforts that they decided to share them; so they found a friendly publisher and put together a book. End of fairy tale. The friendly publisher and his blue-pencilling copy editors turned out to be the same kind of people for whom the book had been intended, only they didn't seem to know that. So, scribble, scratch, cut, chop, the original words slowly got changed. "Why make a fuss over Nieman-Marcus prices in Texas," queried one copy-editor, "when you can find the same items here in New York at Bendel's or Bergdorf's? Nothing unusual." And another: ''Better change all these slang terms to 'marijuana/ so people will be sure to know what it means." And still another: "Periodic sentences, must have straight-forward periodic sentences. Otherwise it sounds too much like talking." And that, unfortunately, is some of the reality behind what should have been a blockbuster of a book.
Economic History Old or New
Authors: ERNST JOSEPH A.
Published: March 2011

George D. Green. Finance and Economic De- velopment in the Old South, Louisiana Banking, 1804-1861. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972. $8.75.268 pp. How are we to read a book like George D. Green's Finance and Economic Development in the Old South? According to its subtitle (which, of course, in the curious fashion of all recent works of history is its true title), the study is about "Louisiana Banking, 1804-1861." Yet by actual count of the 182 pages of text less than a quarter offer anything more than the sketchiest historical description or analysis of banking and financial prac- tices and economic changes in Louisiana during the half-century before the Civil War. The remainder of the work, which is to say the bulk of the book, is taken up by a kind of textbook discussion of recent theories of banking, credit and economic development that may be applied to the general economic situation in antebellum Louisiana. What is happening here? Clearly, this is not a detailed historical monograph in any traditional sense. But what is it exactly, and how are we to understand it?
The Historians and the Edenic Myth: A Critique
Authors: KRUEGER THOMAS A.
Published: March 2011

I Since its birth in the late 1940's, the American Studies movement has firmly established itself as an interdisciplinary academic enterprise and its scholarly adherents have written books and articles on a wide range of important subjects. Spread over departments of history, English, sociology, philosophy, anthropology, and the fine arts, it boasts of a number of journals in the United States and in several foreign countries. Its annual monographic output covers everything from philosophy to the nation's commonplace artifacts. Few if any aspects of American cul- tural life have escaped its notice: national character, folklore, dreams, aspirations, literature, music, and ideas ~ all have been described, cate- gorized, and analyzed.1
American Historians and the "Organizational Factor"
Authors: CUFF ROBERT D.
Published: March 2011

In the last few years, historians have given an increasing amount of atten- tion to the "organizational factor" in American history, to the develop- ment of those sprawling networks of large-scale organizations which dominate the United States and other industrial societies. The origins of this interest are diverse. In one respect, it is but a resurgence of that insti- tutional orientation characteristic of American historiography at the turn of the century. In a much more important and direct sense, the recent literature reflects prior and concurrent developments in the social sciences. This includes the theories of Weber and Burnham and their critics on the academic level, and the work of Boulding, Whyte, Reisman, Galbraith, Ellul and others on a more popular level. The interest springs as well from the historian's sense of his own situation. Historians are studying organi- zation-building and associational activity in the American past because those processes are so obviously fundamental for understanding the American present, and the historian's place within it.1
The Flying Serpent Contemporary Imaginations of the American Indian
Authors: MAYS JOHN BENTLEY
Published: March 2011

I Whether they are Aleuts or Australians, dwellers in South African kraals, Chinese communes or Vancouver apartments, men everywhere witness the disappearance of Nature and the simultaneous ending of the exper- ience of reality as dual.
Literature and Existential Psychoanalysis: "My Kinsman, Major Molineaux" and "Young Goodman Brown"
Authors: BROWN DENNIS
Published: March 2011

In his introduction to the Twentieth Century Views casebook on Haw- thorne, A. N. Kaul writes that the Nineteenth Century author "was pre- eminently a 'psychological' novelist - 'burrowing, to his utmost ability, into the depths of our common nature, for the purposes of psychological romance', as he puts it himself in the preface to The Snow Image - long before the psychological novel is officially supposed to have been born/'1 Probably the most significant psychological study of Hawthorne, to date, is Frederick C. Crews' The Sins of The Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychologi- cal Themes2 which represents the Freudian approach and accordingly emphasizes unconscious states, detecting the presence of such touchstones as father-figures and phallic symbols within the novels and tales. The final validity of such an approach may best be debated by psychologists them- selves, for it depends on the continuing importance of Freud's contribution to psychology. However, the literary critic may legitimately enquire whether there exists a psychological approach more consonant with the overt emphases of the fictions themselves - in particular, one which is not disposed to construe "spiritual" crises as disguised projections of a far different disturbance. This article suggests that Existential psychology in general,3 and the writings of R. D. Laing in particular,4 provide such an appropriate avenue of approach to Hawthorne's psychological insights.
The Fool Show in Roderick Hudson
Authors: COOK JOHN A.
Published: March 2011

Henry James began work on Roderick Hudson in 1874, the same year in which he reviewed a German translation of Turgenev's A King Lear of the Steppe. With this work of his Russian master in mind he appears to have extrapolated significant elements from Shakespeare's play in order to create a similarly ironic tragedy around the issues of irresponsibility, rashness, and lack of trust. Main themes which the play and the novel have in common are: the presence of a fool who mirrors the bad qualities just mentioned, and the father-figure's suspicion and victimization of the innocents in his charge.
Melville's Billy Budd: 'A Sort of Upright Barbarian"
Authors: FRIEDMAN IRENE
Published: March 2011

Confronted with the wealth of criticism surrounding Billy Budd, one feels somewhat reluctant to attempt yet another consideration of the work. Certainly it would appear that the "acceptance-versus-resistance" battle has been pursued as far as it would go, and attempts to reconcile the two have moreover been made by various critics. It seems, however, that the heat of the battle over the novel's central question has clouded other crucial statements Melville seems to be making. It is thus in the hope of shedding light on some of these issues that I offer one more reading of this controversial work. While I do not propose to examine previous criticism, some frequent conclusions of the proponents of the "acceptance" theory seem somewhat surprising and beg to be questioned.
Edmund Wilson and a "Truly Human Culture"
Authors: MCSWEENEY KERRY
Published: March 2011

Edmund Wilson, Upstate: Records and Recollections of Northern New York. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1971; Toronto: Doubleday, 1971. Pp. 386. $8.95. Edmund Wilson, A Window on Russia: for the Use of Foreign Readers. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1972; Toronto: Doubleday, 1972. Pp. 280. $9.25. Edmund Wilson, To the Finland Station: a Study in the Writing and Acting of History. With a New Introduction. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1972; Toronto, Doubleday, 1972. Pp. xvii + 590. $17.25. Leonard Kriegel, Edmund Wilson. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971; Don Mills: Burns and MacEachern, 1971. Pp. 145. $7.25. Edmund Wilson, who died last June at the age of seventy-seven at his ancestral home in Talcottville in upstate New York, was by almost uni- versal consent the leading twentieth-century American man of letters. His energies were protean, and the range of subjects upon which he wrote - always interestingly, often authoritatively, and sometimes, especially in his later years, crankily - is astonishing. His subjects include the Dead Sea scrolls, the Iroquois, income tax, the literatures and cultures of - inter alia - Canada, Haiti, Israel, Hungary, and Russia. There are a virtually countless number of essays, articles and reviews on literary subjects, some of them of classic stature, first-rate political and social reportage on the United States during the depression years, and other fine first-hand reporting - particularly his account of the plight of Europe at the end of World War II in Europe Without Baedeker: Sketches among the Ruins of Italy, Greece and England. There are also poems and stories, a novel, and a number of plays, which, if they will never occupy in Wilson's canon as major a place as he thought they deserved, are by no means uninteresting. And each of his three most major works - Axel's Castle: a Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930 (1931), To the Finland Station: a Study in the Writing and Acting of History (1940), and Patriotic Core: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (1962) - is both mas- terly in itself and quite different in subject matter from the others.
The Revolution Mislaid: Socialism and the Trade Unions Revisited
Authors: OSTRANDER GILMAN M.
Published: March 2011

William M. Dick, Labor and Socialism in America: the Gompers Era Kennikat Press, 1972, pp. 211 Both Marx and Engels were convinced that America, in the Gilded Age, was riper for socialism than any European nation. Marx wrote in 1879 that the United States "have at present overtaken England in the rapidity of economical progress . . . the masses are quicker, and have greater political means in their hands, to resent the form of a progress accom- plished at their expense/' Engels wrote in 1886 that ". . . the advancing waves are becoming more powerful, the set-backs less paralyzing. . . . Once the Americans get started it will be with an energy and volume compared with which we in Europe shall be mere children."
American Literature in American History
Authors: MILLGATE MICHAEL
Published: March 2011

Bert James Loewenberg, American History in American Thought: Christopher Columbus to Henry Adams. Simon and Schuster, 1972. $14.95. 731 pp. F. Garvin Davenport, Jr., The Myth of Southern History: Historical Consciousness in Twentieth- Century Southern Literature. Vanderbilt University Press, 1970. $7.95. ix + 212 pp. American History in American Thought is the immensely learned first volume in a promised - and surely prodigious - four-volume survey of American historiography. Its declared purpose is "to trace the develop- ment of historical scholarship in the United States from the European sources of its origin until yesterday" In practice, as the sub-title indicates, "yesterday" means the end of the nineteenth century; twentieth-century, including contemporary, developments in history will be covered, together with much else, in subsequent volumes. At one level the book is a straight- forward contribution to historiography, a kind of bibliography of signi- ficant historical writing annotated with great richness and discrimination and handled discursively in twenty-six extended chapters, beginning with "The New World Before Columbus'" and ending on a high note with a deeply appreciative discussion of Henry Adams - whose History of the United States of America is acclaimed as "unrivaled, the best single piece of literary craftsmanship in American historiography." But Professor Loewenberg is also deliberately, and successfully, seeking to make a con- tribution to the history of ideas, exploring in particular the cultural signi- ficance of scholarship, the transatlantic (and especially German) sources of much scholarly and pedagogical methodology, and the transmission of both methodology and inspiration through the medium of particular in- dividuals and institutions.
Roger Williams, St. Paul, and American Primitivism
Authors: TEUNISSEN JOHN J. , HINZ EVELYN J.
Published: March 2011

That the doctrinal and polemical writings of the seventeenth-century Protestant - and especially of the Puritan - are filled with citations from the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistles of St. Paul surprises no one. In many ways, it could be demonstrated, the deeds and writings of the re- doubtable Apostle to the Gentiles influenced the development of early Christianity even more than did the words of Jesus himself. The more reformist the seventeenth-century Christian was, the more he relied on the Bible (stripped of traditional and even patristic accretions) as his guide to the reestablishment of the true Church of Christ in the world; in turn it was inevitable that the writings of Paul should be specifically invoked. As the great establisher of the early churches, Paul provided the apostolic and therefore authentic instruction for the formation and reformation of Christian congregations. The spiritual fatherhood of Paul in Reformation Puritanism is thus as logical as it is everywhere evidenced.
The Classical Revival and Urban-Rural Conflict in Nineteenth Century North America
Authors: VANCE, JR. JAMES E.
Published: March 2011

One of the more perplexing problems we face in the historical geography of the nineteenth century in North America is the origin of the anti-urban sentiment that stood alongside other "fears" as the material of political warfare. When "twisting the Lion's tail," jeering native gentility, and decrying the "infection" of foreign culture failed to produce a rush to join a politician's legion, it was always possible to trot out the specter of the bloated, parasitic city feeding on the vital sap of America. Yet Carl Bridenbaugh showed us thirty-five years ago that the seeds of American urbanism were not "solely the product of nineteenth century industrialism, but rather . . . germinated with the earliest settlement on American soil." He concluded "Surviving evidence justifies the temerity of my conclusion that a full-fledged urban society existed well before the close of our first century of history." (Bridenbaugh, Cities in the Wilderness. Second Edition. New York, 1960, vii.) Any nativist argumentation would seem to require the inclusion of the city in our revered past, yet in the last century there was a strong belief that urban settlement was a late and non-vital growth on an older and more "basic" agricultural root-system.
Laying a Liberal Legend
Authors: NICHOLSON, JR. FRANCIS
Published: March 2011

Mary Ellison. Support for Secession: Lancashire and the American Civil War. Epilogue by Peter d'A. Jones. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1972. $10.50. Much of the historical scholarship of the past fifty years has been devoted to neutralizing the influence of the once supreme Liberal interpretation of English history. This interpretation, which even today haunts the pages of many a textbook, depicts events from Magna Carta to the Lloyd George Budget of 1909 as scenes in a never-ending morality play. In every political controversy of significance there is found an underlying struggle between the forces of good and those of evil, between the forces of progress and those of reaction, in short, between the "People" on the one hand and the "Privileged" on the other.
The Perils of Pluralism
Authors: BLOCKER, JR. JACK S.
Published: March 2011

Paul Kleppner, The Cross of Culture: A Social Analysis of Midwestern Politics, 1850-1900. New York: The Free Press, 1970. x + 402 pp., tables, appendixes, notes, bibl., index, $9.00. Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971. xvii + 357 pp., tables, appendix, notes, guide to sources, index, $12.50. Studies of political behaviour in the late nineteenth century have customarily suffered from three defects: institutionalism, elitism, and partisanship. By focusing on the activities of leaders in election cam- paigns and governmental affairs, historians have neglected to explore the behaviour of the rank and file or to elucidate connections between political and social conflict. The inability to resist the compulsions of party con- flict has left us with a seemingly endless spiral of revisionist polemics. The appearance of these two books indicates that the quantitative his- torians are now having their day. Have they escaped the traps which ensnared their presumably less objective predecessors? To what extent do they revise older interpretations?
Peeping Tommo: Typee as Satire
Authors: WILLIAMS DAVID
Published: March 2011

That Herman Melville's first book, Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life, contains elements of autobiography is indisputable, but what he made of his Marquesan excursion and captivity, if more than travelogue, is little explored.1 "The fact that the work is strongly autobiographical bothers some critics," observes a commentator who takes the real "memoirs" of Typee to be aesthetic rather than historical. "Although all agree that Melville stretched matters of time, setting, character, and plot to suit his narrative intentions, some fail to consider that he could also have stretched his point of view to allow an ironic relationship of author to protagonist."2 The one reading to date which takes cogent account of this possible distance between Melville and his narrator finds the latter to be unaware of the deadening non-complexity within his primitive "Eden.":i Apparently recalling that John Murray accepted the manu- script for his "Colonial and Home Library" on the assurance that its narrative was "authentic," and enlarging upon D. H. Lawrence's sug- gestion that Melville, as much as he wanted to, could not go back to savagery,'1 Richard Ruland says that "Tommo is Murray's narrator, speaking to the vast public for informative, uplifting, and escapist writ- ing. There are, of course, long sections of Typee in which Melville and Tommo merge. Melville supports Tommo's criticism of commercialism and the fruits of missionary activity. But he understands the valley far better than Tommo does and he knows what Tommo does not: what is wrong with the life lived there and why Tommo must not stay" (p. 318).
Hawthorne's Politics in The House of the Seven Gables
Authors: CLARK STERNE RICHARD
Published: March 2011

Reasonably enough, discussions of Hawthorne's politics in his most political romance1 have focussed on the economic relations between Pyncheons and Maules, and on Holgrave's social ideas. But the roles played by Ned Higgins, evidently a child of working-class parents,2 the young carpenter, Matthew Maule, and the Negro figures, Jim Crow and Scipio, deserve more careful consideration than they have received. It is clear that in dealing with the problem of property Hawthorne drew upon the ideas of Locke, Proudhon and Fourier.3 What is not so clear is the relationship between Hawthorne's explicit comments on slavery - in his 1852 campaign biography of the anti-Abolitionist Franklin Pierce, as well as in his Atlantic Monthly article of 1862, "Chiefly About War Matters" - and the depiction in The House of the Seven Cables of "aristocrats," blacks, and poor whites. I think that a careful analysis of all these matters may lead to a more satisfactory definition of Hawthorne's politics than that of Russell Kirk, who considers Hawthorne an outstanding conserva- tive,'1 or that of F. O. Matthiessen, who interestingly but cryptically refers to a "peculiar kind of social understanding" which "made Hawthorne hold to both the contrasting terms of [the] paradox of being at once a democrat and a conservative."5
The Perils of Freedom: The New Woman in Three American Plays of the 1900's
Authors: GOTTLIEB LOIS C.
Published: March 2011

The pre-World War I years in the United States, the seeding ground for the post-war Revolution in Morals, have been taken far more seriously by historians of culture and society than by historians of the drama, who apologize for the plays of this era as grossly inferior to contemporaneous European drama. The standard critical judgment is that "even the best of the serious plays" before the war fail to come to grips with the grim truths of human existence, that they rely, instead, on a superficial and less threatening resemblance to reality.1 This characteristic failing is most often explained by reference to the "complacency" and "facile optimism" of the Progressive Era. Alan Downer, for example, argues that "the suc- cessful plays of the first decade and a half of the century reflect a certain self-satisfaction, and their happy endings are not so much theatrical con- ventions as popular conviction: there were few problems incapable of solution in this oversize Eden."2
American Slavery: The Newer Exegesis
Authors: EGNAL MARC
Published: March 2011

Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1974. Time on the Cross: Evidence and Methods - A Supplement. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1974. 286 and 267 pp. Eugene D. Genovese. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World The Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon, 1974.823 pp. Within a single year, two major works on American Negro slavery have appeared, each suggesting a broad reinterpretation of our views on bondage in the Old South. Both have been widely acclaimed; reviews of these books in publications such as Time and Atlantic Monthly indicate an interest extending far beyond the usual academic circles. While the two works share certain common concerns, their methodologies, areas of concentration, and conclusions are strikingly different. Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman base their findings, in large part, on various bodies of quantitative data. They divide Time on the Cross into two volumes, one addressed to the general reader and presenting the authors' con- clusions in nonmathematical terms, the other providing the formulae and some of the statistical material that underlie the study. Eugene Genovese's sources are the more traditional ones such as slave narratives and planta- tion diaries. Unlike Fogel and Engerman, he does not discuss such issues as the profitability of slavery or the "rate of exploitation." On the other hand, his exploration of life in the slave quarters and the relationship between blacks and whites is fuller.
Anais Nin: A Reader and the Writer
Authors: HINZ EVELYN J.
Published: March 2011

Anais Nin Reader. Edited by Philip K. Jason; Intro- duction by Anna Balakian. Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc., 1973. 316 pp. The Diary of Anais Nin: 1947-1955. Edited and with a Preface by Gunther Stuhlmann. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974. 275 pp. That a prophet is without honour in his own country is a proverb with which numerous artists have had to console themselves. Only in rare cases, however, does history ever justify the individual's recourse to such a self-exalting explanation of apparent failure, while only in the most unusual instances is the individual ever fortunate enough to witness such a vindication in person. Anais Nin would seem to be one of these extra- ordinary exceptions.
Melville's "Bartleby": Over the Republic, a Ciceronian Shadow
Authors: SINGLETON MARVIN
Published: March 2011

The time was coming when neither the ped- ants nor the people would really understand Cicero.... Walter Pater, Marius the Epicurean I. INTRODUCTION The lawyer-narrator of Melville's "Bartleby the Scrivener" remarked, of his eponymous subject, that "nothing is ascertainable, except from the original sources." Many readers prefer to view the story itself as the adequate source: the narrator's leisurely account would appear to speak for itself, and the mixture of wry and pathos would call for no sophisticated interpretation. Literary critics, however, especially during the 1960's, ambitiously interpreted Melville's story. Some of this attention was inspired by the vogue for "urban" fiction, while others found in the story modish elements of alienation, or integration. And the commentary may be one upon which we can now selectively build.
Brothers at/in War: One Phase of Post-Civil-War Reconciliation
Authors: STARK CRUCE
Published: March 2011

In 1869, in the nation's capital, the marines were again on the alert. Washington, far from begin imperilled, was celebrating the first national Memorial Day; the marines were there to insure that no flowers be placed on graves of "traitorous" Confederate soldiers.1 More than a decade passed; in 1881, in New Orleans, Union and Confederate soldiers met officially and fraternally in joint reunion. The Southern soldier had become initiated into the Northern fraternity of arms.2
Transcendentalist Aesthetics and Patterns of Consciousness
Authors: NATH KHER INDER
Published: March 2011

Lawrence Buell. Literary Transcendentalism: Style and Vision in the American Renaissance. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1973. 336 pp. James Mcintosh. Thoreau As Romantic Naturalist: His Shifting Stance toward Nature. Ithaca and London: Cor- nell University Press, 1974. 310 pp. New England transcendentalism is largely a psychological phenomenon em- bodying epistemological, philosophical, religious, social, and aesthetic consid- erations. Epistemologically, it rebels against complete reliance on sense experi- ence, and defends intuition or imagination as a vital source of apprehension of truth or reality. Philosophically, it stands for creative idealism as fundamental to the discovery of the meaning of the whole of creation. Religiously, it typifies the concept of an organic universe in which Nature is ripe with an immanent God, in which man and woman partake of the divinity of their Creator, and in which miracles seem possible. Socially, it insists on individualism, on individual moral insights and culture, on the potentialities of individual lives, and on the unique- ness of each person. It does not celebrate "the omnipotence of God but the limitless possibilities of the self," as Norman Foerster puts it.1 Aesthetically, it encourages freedom and spontaneity in matters of expression and creativity. As a psychological or spiritual force, transcendentalism invigorates the inner life of the self; it generates that love or consciousness which helps us to come to terms with the disturbing polarities of life; above all, it reminds men and women of the existential imperative to become their true and particular selves. Lawrence Buell recognizes most of these features of American transcendentalism in his fine study of the transcendentalist aesthetics.
The Triumph of Elites
Authors: BLOCKER, JR. JACK S.
Published: March 2011

J. Morgan Kousser. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suf- frage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974. 319 pp. James Edward Wright. The Politics of Populism: Dissent in Colorado. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974. 314 pp. The United States, so barren of original political ideas, has been prolific in the creation of political systems. Since the emergence of the Republic, the shape arid size of the political universe have changed at least twice. With these changes have come shifts in campaign style, party life expectancy, party competition, and perhaps elite responsiveness. The first system, resting upon an electorate defined by property-holding, gave way in the early 19th century to a highly competitive system brought forth by universal white male suffrage and characterized by extensive participation in multi-party politics. During the middle and late 19th century, presidential elections typically mobilized three-quarters of the eligible voters; from 1824 to 1892, the vote margin between the two leading presidential candidates averaged 7.25% of the total, and the vote for other presidential candidates averaged 7.74%. The third system emerged after 1896, when the political universe contracted, as did the number of significant parties, and competition declined. By the 1920's barely half of the eligible voters were turning out for presidential elections; during 1896-1968, the average gap between the two top candidates increased to 12.5%, while the vote for minor presidential candi- dates dropped to 4.38%.1 Party competition has probably followed economic competition into the graveyard of 19th-century institutions. One analyst has plausibly argued that party collusion is now the rule, a situation made possible by widespread voter apathy. Secure in their own strongholds, Democrats and Republicans trade favours, dispense special privileges, undermine independent candidates, and generally sabotage attempts at reform.2 Such appears to be the price Americans have paid for stability.
Whatever Happened to the Socialist Party?
Authors: DICK W. M.
Published: March 2011

Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism. Edited by John H. M. Laslett and Seyfnour Martin Lipset. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1974. 754 pp. Joseph H. Cash. Working the Homestake, Ames, Iowa: The Iowa State University Press, 1973.137 pp. James C. Duram. Norman Thomas. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1974.165 pp. The Thurber cartoon lady who posed the question which serves as title for this essay would not get a very clear answer from current historians. For twenty years, since the publication of David A. Shannon's Socialist Party of America, the fires of debate on the failure of socialism have blazed, fanned more recently by the appearance and subsequent decline of the New Left. The need for some recapitu- lation and synthesis is partly provided for in Failure of a Dream?: Essays in the History of American Socialism. Each chapter consists of an original statement by a participant in the debate followed by a rejoinder and, where possible, a counter- reply by the original writer. One section deals with 'internal' explanations of socialism's failure (bad tactics, internal dissension, etc.), and another with exter- nal factors, (i.e., factors derived from the nature of American society and culture as a whole). A final section attempts to relate the Old Left and the New. Two essays introduce the book, one by Betty Yorberg giving the socialists' view of the problem, and another, much longer, by the editors themselves, representing the social science profession.
The Quagmire of Cooptation
Authors: MC NAUGHT KENNETH
Published: March 2011

Peter Clecak. Radical Paradoxes: The Dilemmas of the American Left 1945-1970. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.358 pp. The literature on the New Left grows by leaps - and bounds. Here we have another volume which Eugene Genovese says is so good he wishes he had written it. I don't agree with his view - but it is still a book that has to be read by anyone interested in the intellectual history of the American Left after 1945.