bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small Drusen and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Beaver Dam Eye Study
Authors: Klein Ronald , Myers Chelsea , Lee Kristine , Gangnon Ronald , Sivakumaran Theru , Iyengar Sudha , Klein Barbara
Published: March 2015

We tested the hypothesis that large areas of small hard drusen (diameter <63 µm) and intermediate drusen (diameter 63–124 µm) are associated with the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Eyes of 3344 older adults with at least two consecutive visits spaced five years apart over a 20-year period were included. A 6-level severity scale, including no drusen, four levels of increasing area (from minimal (<2596 µm²) to large (>9086 µm²)) of only small hard drusen, and intermediate drusen, was used. The five-year incidence of AMD was 3% in eyes at the start of the interval with no, minimal, small, and moderate areas of only small drusen and 5% and 25% for eyes with large area of only small drusen and intermediate drusen, respectively. Compared to eyes with a moderate area of small drusen, the odds ratio (OR) of developing AMD in eyes with a large area of only small drusen was 1.8 (p < 0.001). Compared to eyes with large area of only small drusen, eyes with intermediate drusen had an OR of 5.5 (p < 0.001) of developing AMD. Our results are consistent with our hypothesis that large areas of only small drusen are associated with the incidence of AMD.
Cyanobacterial Oxygenic Photosynthesis is Protected by Flavodiiron Proteins
Authors: Allahverdiyeva Yagut , Isojärvi Janne , Zhang Pengpeng , Aro Eva-Mari
Published: March 2015

Flavodiiron proteins (FDPs, also called flavoproteins, Flvs) are modular enzymes widely present in Bacteria and Archaea. The evolution of cyanobacteria and oxygenic photosynthesis occurred in concert with the modulation of typical bacterial FDPs. Present cyanobacterial FDPs are composed of three domains, the β-lactamase-like, flavodoxin-like and flavin-reductase like domains. Cyanobacterial FDPs function as hetero- and homodimers and are involved in the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport. Whilst Flv2 and Flv4 proteins are limited to specific cyanobacterial species (β-cyanobacteria) and function in photoprotection of Photosystem II, Flv1 and Flv3 proteins, functioning in the “Mehler-like” reaction and safeguarding Photosystem I under fluctuating light conditions, occur in nearly all cyanobacteria and additionally in green algae, mosses and lycophytes. Filamentous cyanobacteria have additional FDPs in heterocyst cells, ensuring a microaerobic environment for the function of the nitrogenase enzyme under the light. Here, the evolution, occurrence and functional mechanisms of various FDPs in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms are discussed.
CaCO3 Precipitation in Multilayered Cyanobacterial Mats: Clues to Explain the Alternation of Micrite and Sparite Layers in Calcareous Stromatolites
Authors: Kaźmierczak Józef , Fenchel Tom , Kühl Michael , Kempe Stephan , Kremer Barbara , Łącka Bożena , Małkowski Krzysztof
Published: March 2015

Marine cyanobacterial mats were cultured on coastal sediments (Nivå Bay, Øresund, Denmark) for over three years in a closed system. Carbonate particles formed in two different modes in the mat: (i) through precipitation of submicrometer-sized grains of Mg calcite within the mucilage near the base of living cyanobacterial layers, and (ii) through precipitation of a variety of mixed Mg calcite/aragonite morphs in layers of degraded cyanobacteria dominated by purple sulfur bacteria. The d13C values were about 2‰ heavier in carbonates from the living cyanobacterial zones as compared to those generated in the purple bacterial zones. Saturation indices calculated with respect to calcite, aragonite, and dolomite inside the mats showed extremely high values across the mat profile. Such high values were caused by high pH and high carbonate alkalinity generated within the mats in conjunction with increased concentrations of calcium and magnesium that were presumably stored in sheaths and extracellular polymer substances (EPS) of the living cyanobacteria and liberated during their post-mortem degradation. The generated CaCO3 morphs were highly similar to morphs reported from heterotrophic bacterial cultures, and from bacterially decomposed cyanobacterial biomass emplaced in Ca-rich media. They are also similar to CaCO3 morphs precipitated from purely inorganic solutions. No metabolically (enzymatically) controlled formation of particular CaCO3 morphs by heterotrophic bacteria was observed in the studied mats. The apparent alternation of in vivo and post-mortem generated calcareous layers in the studied cyanobacterial mats may explain the alternation of fine-grained (micritic) and coarse-grained (sparitic) laminae observed in modern and fossil calcareous cyanobacterial microbialites as the result of a probably similar multilayered mat organization.
Haloferax volcanii, as a Novel Tool for Producing Mammalian Olfactory Receptors Embedded in Archaeal Lipid Bilayer
Authors: Lobasso Simona , Vitale Rita , Lopalco Patrizia , Corcelli Angela
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to explore the possibility of using an archaeal microorganism as a host system for expressing mammalian olfactory receptors (ORs). We have selected the archaeon Haloferax volcanii as a cell host system and one of the most extensively investigated OR, namely I7-OR, whose preferred ligands are short-chain aldehydes, such as octanal, heptanal, nonanal. A novel plasmid has been constructed to express the rat I7-OR, fused with a hexahistidine-tag for protein immunodetection. The presence of the recombinant receptor at a membrane level was demonstrated by immunoblot of the membranes isolated from the transgenic archaeal strain. In addition, the lipid composition of archaeonanosomes containing ORs has been characterized in detail by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) in combination with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization—Time-Of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) analysis.
Measurement and Determination of Friction Characteristic of Air Flow through Porous Media
Authors: Zhong Wei , Li Xin , Tao Guoliang , Kagawa Toshiharu
Published: March 2015

Sintered metal porous media currently plays an important role in air bearing systems. When flowing through porous media, the flow properties are generally represented by incompressible Darcy-Forchheimer regime or Ergun regime. In this study, a modified Ergun equation, which includes air compressibility effects, is developed to describe friction characteristic. Experimental and theoretical investigations on friction characteristic are conducted with a series of metal-sintered porous media. Re = 10 is selected as the boundary for a viscous drag region and a form drag region. Experimental data are first used to determine the coefficient α in the viscous drag region, and then the coefficient β in the form drag region, rather than both simultaneously. Also, the theoretical mass flow rate in terms of the modified Ergun equation provides close approximations to the experimental data. Finally, it is also known that both the air compressibility and inertial effects can obviously enhance the pressure drop.
Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae) Leaves Increase SR-BI Expression and Reduce Cholesterol Levels in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet
Authors: Andriani Yosie , Tengku-Muhammad Tengku , Mohamad Habsah , Saidin Jasnizat , Syamsumir Desy , Chew Guat-Siew , Abdul Wahid Mohd
Published: March 2015

In vitro and in vivo studies of the activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Boerl (Thymelaeaceae) leaves against the therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia were done using the HDL receptor (SR-BI) and hypercholesterolemia-induced Sprague Dawley rats. The in vitro study showed that the active fraction (CF6) obtained from the ethyl acetate extract (EMD) and its component 2',6',4-trihydroxy-4'-methoxybenzophenone increased the SR-BI expression by 95% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study has proven the effect of EMD at 0.5 g/kgbw dosage in reducing the total cholesterol level by 224.9% and increasing the HDL cholesterol level by 157% compared to the cholesterol group. In the toxicity study, serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity were observed to be at normal levels. The liver histology also proved no toxicity and abnormalities in any of the treatment groups, so it can be categorized as non-toxic to the rat liver. The findings taken together show that P. macrocarpa leaves are safe and suitable as an alternative control and prevention treatment for hypercholesterolemia in Sprague Dawley rats.
A Multi-Temporal and Multi-Spectral Method to Estimate Aerosol Optical Thickness over Land, for the Atmospheric Correction of FormoSat-2, LandSat, VENμS and Sentinel-2 Images
Authors: Hagolle Olivier , Huc Mireille , Villa Pascual David , Dedieu Gerard
Published: March 2015

The correction of atmospheric effects is one of the preliminary steps required to make quantitative use of time series of high resolution images from optical remote sensing satellites. An accurate atmospheric correction requires good knowledge of the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and of the aerosol type. As a first step, this study compares the performances of two kinds of AOT estimation methods applied to FormoSat-2 and LandSat time series of images: a multi-spectral method that assumes a constant relationship between surface reflectance measurements and a multi-temporal method that assumes that the surface reflectances are stable with time. In a second step, these methods are combined to obtain more accurate and robust estimates. The estimated AOTs are compared to in situ measurements on several sites of the AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network). The methods, based on either spectral or temporal criteria, provide accuracies better than 0.07 in most cases, but show degraded accuracies in some special cases, such as the absence of vegetation for the spectral method or a very quick variation of landscape for the temporal method. The combination of both methods in a new spectro-temporal method increases the robustness of the results in all cases.
Comparison of Airborne LiDAR and Satellite Hyperspectral Remote Sensing to Estimate Vascular Plant Richness in Deciduous Mediterranean Forests of Central Chile
Authors: Ceballos Andrés , Hernández Jaime , Corvalán Patricio , Galleguillos Mauricio
Published: March 2015

The Andes foothills of central Chile are characterized by high levels of floristic diversity in a scenario, which offers little protection by public protected areas. Knowledge of the spatial distribution of this diversity must be gained in order to aid in conservation management. Heterogeneous environmental conditions involve an important number of niches closely related to species richness. Remote sensing information derived from satellite hyperspectral and airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data can be used as proxies to generate a spatial prediction of vascular plant richness. This study aimed to estimate the spatial distribution of plant species richness using remote sensing in the Andes foothills of the Maule Region, Chile. This region has a secondary deciduous forest dominated by Nothofagus obliqua mixed with sclerophyll species. Floristic measurements were performed using a nested plot design with 60 plots of 225 m2 each. Multiple predictors were evaluated: 30 topographical and vegetation structure indexes from LiDAR data, and 32 spectral indexes and band transformations from the EO1-Hyperion sensor. A random forest algorithm was used to identify relevant variables in richness prediction, and these variables were used in turn to obtain a final multiple linear regression predictive model (Adjusted R2 = 0.651; RSE = 3.69). An independent validation survey was performed with significant results (Adjusted R2 = 0.571, RMSE = 5.05). Selected variables were statistically significant: catchment slope, altitude, standard deviation of slope, average slope, Multiresolution Ridge Top Flatness index (MrRTF) and Digital Crown Height Model (DCM). The information provided by LiDAR delivered the best predictors, whereas hyperspectral data were discarded due to their low predictive power.
Global Trends in Exposure to Light Pollution in Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems
Authors: Bennie Jonathan , Duffy James , Davies Thomas , Correa-Cano Maria , Gaston Kevin
Published: March 2015

The rapid growth in electric light usage across the globe has led to increasing presence of artificial light in natural and semi-natural ecosystems at night. This occurs both due to direct illumination and skyglow - scattered light in the atmosphere. There is increasing concern about the effects of artificial light on biological processes, biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems. We combine intercalibrated Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) images of stable night-time lights for the period 1992 to 2012 with a remotely sensed landcover product (GLC2000) to assess recent changes in exposure to artificial light at night in 43 global ecosystem types. We find that Mediterranean-climate ecosystems have experienced the greatest increases in exposure, followed by temperate ecosystems. Boreal, Arctic and montane systems experienced the lowest increases. In tropical and subtropical regions, the greatest increases are in mangroves and subtropical needleleaf and mixed forests, and in arid regions increases are mainly in forest and agricultural areas. The global ecosystems experiencing the greatest increase in exposure to artificial light are already localized and fragmented, and often of particular conservation importance due to high levels of diversity, endemism and rarity. Night time remote sensing can play a key role in identifying the extent to which natural ecosystems are exposed to light pollution.
An SVM-Based Solution for Fault Detection in Wind Turbines
Authors: Santos Pedro , Villa Luisa , Reñones Aníbal , Bustillo Andres , Maudes Jesús
Published: March 2015

Research into fault diagnosis in machines with a wide range of variable loads and speeds, such as wind turbines, is of great industrial interest. Analysis of the power signals emitted by wind turbines for the diagnosis of mechanical faults in their mechanical transmission chain is insufficient. A successful diagnosis requires the inclusion of accelerometers to evaluate vibrations. This work presents a multi-sensory system for fault diagnosis in wind turbines, combined with a data-mining solution for the classification of the operational state of the turbine. The selected sensors are accelerometers, in which vibration signals are processed using angular resampling techniques and electrical, torque and speed measurements. Support vector machines (SVMs) are selected for the classification task, including two traditional and two promising new kernels. This multi-sensory system has been validated on a test-bed that simulates the real conditions of wind turbines with two fault typologies: misalignment and imbalance. Comparison of SVM performance with the results of artificial neural networks (ANNs) shows that linear kernel SVM outperforms other kernels and ANNs in terms of accuracy, training and tuning times. The suitability and superior performance of linear SVM is also experimentally analyzed, to conclude that this data acquisition technique generates linearly separable datasets.
An Efficient Mosaic Algorithm Considering Seasonal Variation: Application to KOMPSAT-2 Satellite Images
Authors: Choi Jaewon , Jung Hyung-Sup , Yun Sang-Ho
Published: March 2015

As the aerospace industry grows, images obtained from Earth observation satellites have been successfully used in various fields. Specifically, the demand for a high-resolution (HR) optical images is gradually increasing, and hence the generation of a high-quality mosaic image is being magnified as an interesting issue. In this paper, we have proposed an efficient mosaic algorithm for HR optical images that are significantly different due to seasonal change. The algorithm includes main steps such as: (1) seamline extraction from gradient magnitude and seam images; (2) histogram matching; and (3) image feathering. Eleven Kompsat-2 images characterized by seasonal variations are used for the performance validation of the proposed method. The results of the performance test show that the proposed method effectively mosaics Kompsat-2 adjacent images including severe seasonal changes. Moreover, the results reveal that the proposed method is applicable to HR optic images such as GeoEye, IKONOS, QuickBird, RapidEye, SPOT, WorldView, etc.
A Trajectory and Orientation Reconstruction Method for Moving Objects Based on a Moving Monocular Camera
Authors: Zhou Jian , Shang Yang , Zhang Xiaohu , Yu Wenxian
Published: March 2015

We propose a monocular trajectory intersection method to solve the problem that a monocular moving camera cannot be used for three-dimensional reconstruction of a moving object point. The necessary and sufficient condition of when this method has the unique solution is provided. An extended application of the method is to not only achieve the reconstruction of the 3D trajectory, but also to capture the orientation of the moving object, which would not be obtained by PnP problem methods due to lack of features. It is a breakthrough improvement that develops the intersection measurement from the traditional “point intersection” to “trajectory intersection” in videometrics. The trajectory of the object point can be obtained by using only linear equations without any initial value or iteration; the orientation of the object with poor conditions can also be calculated. The required condition for the existence of definite solution of this method is derived from equivalence relations of the orders of the moving trajectory equations of the object, which specifies the applicable conditions of the method. Simulation and experimental results show that it not only applies to objects moving along a straight line, or a conic and another simple trajectory, but also provides good result for more complicated trajectories, making it widely applicable.
Effects of Weather Variability on Crop Abandonment
Authors: Mulungu Kelvin , Tembo Gelson
Published: March 2015

In Zambia, every year some parts of the maize fields are abandoned post-planting. Reasons for this are not clearly known. In this paper, we examine the influence of soil and climatic factors on crop abandonment using a six-year (2007–2012) panel data by modeling the planted-to-harvested ratio (a good indicator of crop abandonment) using a fractional and linear approach. Therefore, for the first time, our study appropriately (as supported by the model specification tests that favour fractional probit over linear) models the fractional nature of crop abandonment. Regression results, which are not very different between the two specifications, indicate that, more than anything, high rainfall immediately after planting and inadequate fertilizer are the leading determinants of crop abandonment. In the agro-ecological region where dry planting takes place, low temperature during planting months negatively affects the harvested area. The results have implications on the sustainability of farming systems in the face of a changing climate.
Inflationary Cosmology in Modified Gravity Theories
Authors: Bamba Kazuharu , Odintsov Sergei
Published: March 2015

We review inflationary cosmology in modified gravity such as R2 gravity with its extensions in order to generalize the Starobinsky inflation model. In particular, we explore inflation realized by three kinds of effects: modification of gravity, the quantum anomaly, and the R2 term in loop quantum cosmology. It is explicitly demonstrated that in these inflationary models, the spectral index of scalar modes of the density perturbations and the tensor-to-scalar ratio can be consistent with the Planck results. Bounce cosmology in F(R) gravity is also explained.
Optimizing the Measurement of Colostrum Antibody Concentrations for Identifying BVDV Persistently Infected Calves
Authors: Jenvey Caitlin , Reichel Michael , Lanyon Sasha , Cockcroft Peter
Published: March 2015

Colostrum contains substantially higher concentrations of immunoglobulins compared to serum, which may help to improve the utility of diagnostic tests. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of colostrum antibody concentrations in identifying Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) PI (persistently infected) calf carrying beef heifers following an experimental infection. Colostrum was collected within 12 hours of parturition and tested in undiluted, 1:5, 1:10, 1:100, 1:200, and 1:500 dilutions using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for BVDV antibody. Cows were determined to be carrying a PI calf based on positive quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction and antigen ELISA result on pre-colostral serum and ear notch samples collected from their calf. The median ELISA sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio for colostrum collected from heifers that carried a PI calf were significantly higher than the median ELISA S/P ratio for colostrum collected from heifers that did not carry a PI calf at dilutions of 1:100, 1:200, and 1:500. This study provides further evidence for increased antigenic stimulation in utero by the BVDV viraemic PI calf, which can also be identified with 100% diagnostic sensitivity when using 1:500 dilution colostrum.
La condition des paysans dans un village catalan du XIIIe siècle
Authors: Freedman Paul
Published: March 2015

Situé en Nouvelle Catalogne, non loin de Tarragone, le village de La Guàrdia dels Prats est peuplé de paysans soumis à des charges oppressives : services en travail, taxes arbitraires, mauvais usages. Les documents les concernant - ainsi que d'autres documents concernant cette région - amènent à corriger le schéma traditionnel qui considère globalement la Nouvelle Catalogne comme une terre de liberté, en opposition à la Vieille Catalogne réputée terre de servitude.
Basoches et basochiens à Toulouse à l'époque moderne
Authors: Cassan Michel
Published: March 2015

Im Mittelalter schlossen sich die Gerichtsschreiber in einer Jugendvereinigung - la Basoche - zusammen, die das königliche Haus parodierte. Mit Billigung der Obrigkeit und zur größten Freude der Toulouser stürzten sie im Karneval die Stadt in die verkehrte Welt und prangerten mit viel Geräusch Verstöße gegen das Eheleben an. Vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert wird jedoch die Basoche von der Obrigkeit heftig angegriffen. Sie soll nur noch geduldet werden, falls sie sich mäßigt und zu harmlosen offiziellen Possen bereit ist, wozu sie sich im 18. Jahrhundert zu entschließen scheint, bevor sie, im Jahre 1776, in einem letzten, selbstzerstörerischen Karneval noch einmal alle Register des Spottes zieht.
La Faculté des Lettres de Toulouse de 1830 à 1875
Authors: Burney John
Published: March 2015

The Letters Faculty of Toulouse, created in 1810, did not really begin to function until 1820 ; and from 1830 to 1875, it kept about the same professors, 5 in number. Their principal activity was to administer the Baccalaureat examination and to give public lectures. Students were few. The professors also played a role in local politics. The best known among them was the philosopher Gatien-Arnoult, who was mayor of Toulouse and deputy in 1848, then rector in 1871. Professors took leading parts in different local Academies. The Letters Faculty of Toulouse was eclipsed by the Law Faculty, more prosperous and nationally well-known.
Les mauvaises coutumes d'Auvergne (fin Xe-XIe siècle)
Authors: Lauranson-Rosaz Christian
Published: March 2015

Banalités, that set of economic and judicial prerogatives upon which the feudal regime was based, appeared around 1000 A.D. with the laying on of « customs » by the masters of the land. The study of the genesis of these customs thus becomes, in Auvergne as elsewhere, the way to explore the process of the installation of the common seigniory with its privatization of the prerogatives of public powers. The inflation of customs from the end of the 10th century, and especially the unjust character that they took on, incite us to reexamine the question of resistance to the violence of lords and to the coming of the seigniory, with notably the Peace of God.
Les projets d'une halle au blé sur le port de Bordeaux (1773-1838)
Authors: Roux Isabel
Published: March 2015

Das ewige Problem der Getreidereserven, die Selbständigkeit der öffentlichen Gebäude, die allmählich an den Tag tritt, sowie die fortschreitende Trennung von öffentlichen und privaten Bauten bereiten das Aufkommen einer den Getreidespeichern spezifischen Architektur vor. Das einzige Pariser Modell, das unter der Herrschaft Ludwig XVI geschaffen worden war, findet erst spät - vor allem von der Revolution ab - in den Provinzen Nachahmung. Aus Furent, eine Getreidebastille entstehen zu sehen, zögert Bordeaux lange, aber ruft schliesslich in der architektonischen Schöpfung eine für ein derartig nützliches Gebäude äusserst phantasievolle Form ins Leben.
Autour de Roger le Vieux : les alliances matrimoniales des comtes de Carcassonne
Authors: Stasser Thierry
Published: March 2015

About Roger the Old : Matrimonial Unions of the Counts of Carcassonne.

The family relationships of Languedocian countesses and viscountesses during the 10th Century have rarely been identified with certainty. The analysis of the nobility's matrimonial behavior suggests new hypotheses concerning the unions between the counts of Rouergue, Carcassonne, Melgueil, Provence and the viscounts of Narbonne and Béziers. These hypotheses differ from habitual ones and suggest new directions for research.
Les réfugiés politiques dans l'Hérault de 1814 à 1848 : approche méthodologique
Authors: Monasse Emmanuel
Published: March 2015

Les migrations politiques en France pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle restent mal connues. Une étude dans le cadre départemental - ici celui de l'Hérault - permet de mieux saisir la diversité sociologique des réfugiés, la politique suivie à leur égard par le pouvoir local, notamment par le préfet, et enfin la vie de ces exilés dans la société qui les accueille.
La bibliothèque d'un érudit toulousain du XVIIIe siècle, l'abbé Magi
Authors: Yamazaki Koichi
Published: March 2015

Die Bibliothek des Abtes Magi, eines tolosaner Gelehrten des 18. Jahrhunderts.

Die Bibliothek des Abtes Jean-Pierre Magi, eines tolosaner Gelehrten des 18. Jahrhunderts, umfaßte 840 Bände, die sich in unterschiedlicher Anzahl auf folgende Bereiche bezogen : Geschichte (32 %), schöngeistige Literatur (29 %), Théologie (16 %), Naturwissenschaften und Künste (15 %), Rechtswissenschaften (8 %). Diese Bibhothek läßt neben einem schwerpunktmäßigen Interesse an der Lokalgeschichte und der südfranzösischen Zivilisation eine Geisteskultur erkennen, die in erster Linie auf den lateinischen Klassikern und der Literatur der Epoche Ludwigs XIV. fußte, sich jedoch auch den zeitgenössischen Strömungen der Aufklärung öffnete. Der große Anteil an Kleinformatigen Bänden wirft die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang zwischen dem Buchformat und dem Leseverhalten auf.
Une société savante multinationale : la Société académique hispano-portugaise de Toulouse (1878-1894)
Authors: Barrera Caroline
Published: March 2015

Eine multinationale Gelehrtenvereinigung : die hispano-portugiesische akademische Gesellschaft von Toulouse (1878-1894).

Die hispano-portugiesische akademische Gesellschaft von Toulouse (1878-1894) war eine auf die lateinischen Länder ausgerichtete multinationale Vereinigung, die ein neues Konzept einer gelehrten Gesellschaft verwirklichen wollte. Ihr intellektueller Ehrgeiz und ihr Anspruch, auf internationaler Ebene tätig zu werden, wurden jedoch schon bald durch mangelnde Mittel, die Ablehnung seitens der gehobenen Kreise von Toulouse sowie die zu eng gefaßten Artikel ihrer Satzung gebremst, die letstlich die Hauptursachen föur ihr Scheitem waren.
Les comtes de Quercy (fin VIIIe-début Xe siècle)
Authors: Aubel François
Published: March 2015

The Counts of Quercy (Late Eight-Early Tenth Centuries).

It seems that the ancestors of the counts of Quercy can be found as early as the time of Pepin the Short. Relatively abundant sources make it possible to throw light on the destiny of this lineage from about 823. Under Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald, it played a relatively important role in the dissidence of Aquitaine. Its summit came at the time of the counts Raoul I (ca 823-842) and Godfrey I (842-ca 867). In the course of time, the county title was lost to the family which retained however, with the viscounty of Turenne, decisive power in Haut Quercy.
À propos de la comtesse Garsende : nouvelles propositions pour l'histoire de la dynastie toulousaine au Xe siècle
Authors: de Latour Patrick
Published: March 2015

L'auteur identifie la comtesse Garsende, épouse de Raimond III Pons, puis comtesse douairière de Toulouse de ca 941 à ca 978, avec Garsende de Gascogne, fille du comte et marquis Garsie-Sanche. Il analyse ensuite les luttes qui, pendant près d'un demi-siècle, ont opposé les maisons de Toulouse-Rouergue et de Gascogne à propos du comté de Comminges-Couserans qui avait constitué la dot de Garsende. Ces reconsidérations l'amènent à formuler de nouvelles propositions quant à la chronologie des événements de la deuxième moitié du Xe siècle et quant à la généalogie des comtes de Toulouse-Rouergue.
Les serments de Lautrec : redatation et reconsidérations
Authors: Débax Hélène
Published: March 2015

The Oaths of Lautrec : New Dates and New Thoughts.

The oaths for the Lautrec castle were partially published by the Benedictines in the Histoire générale de Languedoc which dates them from about 985-987. This article attempts to put them back in their true context, in the feudal age, towards 1060-1070. It adds as well the first complete edition of the four oaths, from the copy contained in the Trencavel rolls, and a proposed translation.
Le mouvement communal en Auvergne, XIIe-XVe siècles
Authors: Teyssot Josianne
Published: March 2015

La mouvement communal auvergnat commence par la charte de Montferrand, octroyée par les comtes Dauphin vers 1196. L'apanage d'Alphonse de Poitiers en marque l'apogée avec la charte de Riom, dite l' Alphonsine, en 1270. Ce sont enfin de toutes petites bourgades qui sont touchées. Au carrefour des influences du Midi et du Nord, ce mouvement auvergnat s'attache surtout aux libertés judiciaires et fiscales, et peu aux gouvernement municipaux.
L'intime et le sacré chez les ecclésiastiques bordelais de la fin du XVIIIe siècle, d'après les perquisitions révolutionnaires
Authors: Cadilhon François
Published: March 2015

Privates und religiöses Leben der bordelaiser Geistlichen am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts im Spiegel der Durchsuchungsberichte der Revolutionszeit.

Die während der Revolution vorgenommenen Beschlagnahmungen sind eine einzigartige Quelle zum Studium des Alltagslebens der Franzosen am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die bordelaiser Geistlichien, die die Zivilverfassung des Klerus fast geschlossen ablehnten, stellen hier Keine Ausnahme dar. Die Effektenlisten geben Aufschluß über die Auswirkungen der Beschlüsse des Konzils von Trient und lassen erkennen, daß deren Disziplinarregeln eher maßvoll und punktuell beherzigt wurden, da der Zeitgeist der Aufklärung eine veräußerlichte Erscheinungskultur hervorgebracht und damit neue gesellschaftliche Umgangsformen durchgesetzt hatte.
La loi de l'indemnité de 1825 dans l'arrondissement de Bordeaux
Authors: Franke Almut
Published: March 2015

Promulguée le 27 avril 1825, la loi de l'indemnité devait mettre fin au débat engagé dès les premiers jours de la Restauration sur les biens confisqués aux émigrés pendant la Révolution. Le gouvernement de Villèle souhaitait permettre aux émigrés de reconstituer leur patrimoine, sans remettre en cause les ventes de biens nationaux. L'exemple de l'arrondissement de Bordeaux montre que le premier objectif ne fut pas vraiment atteint (les indemnités n'ayant concerné qu'un émigré sur quatre et plus de la moitié d'entre elles étant inférieures à 1000 francs), alors que le « milliard des émigrés » contribua à creuser le fossé entre les partisans et les adversaires de la monarchie restaurée.
L'histoire du Languedoc dans les dictionnaires et les encyclopédies (XVIIe-XXe siècles)
Authors: Sigal Pierre-André
Published: March 2015

Vingt-cinq encyclopédies et dictionnaires, s'échelonnant de 1674 à 1983, contiennent un article « Languedoc » suffisamment substantiel pour fournir la matière d'une étude historiographique. Ils privilégient systématiquement les périodes anciennes et surtout le Moyen Âge. On note cependant une évolution de la conception même du Languedoc : les dictionnaires les plus anciens n'évoquent que la période antérieure au rattachement au domaine royal, les ouvrages du XIXe siècle racontent l'histoire de l'ancienne province, et ce n'est que dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle qu'apparaît l'histoire contemporaine.
L'image du Languedoc chez les historiens de cette province au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Monpays Régine
Published: March 2015

Der Languedoc in der Sicht der einheimischen Geschichtsschreiber des 17. Jahrhunderts.

Im Laufe des 17. Jahrhunderts wurde die Geschichte des Languedoc von fünf meist aus der Provinz selbst gebürtigen Historikern behandelt : Jacques Cassan, Guillaume de Catel, Pierre Andoque, François Graverol und Pierre Louvet. Diese Autoren vermitteln ein sehr vorteilhaftes Bild ihrer Provinz, indem sie deren wirtschaftlichen Reichtum und die Pracht des Kulturellen Lebens in ihren Städten hervorheben. Ohne die Zugehörigkeit des Languedoc zum französischen Königreich grundsätzlich infrage zu stellen, beharren die Autoren jedoch auf dessen Eigenart und verteidigen seine juristischen und administrativen Privilegien.
Narbonne et la voie méditerranéenne du pastel (XVe-XVIIe siècles)
Authors: Larguier Gilbert
Published: March 2015

Gilles Caster avait révélé l'importance du pastel languedocien et le parti qu'en avait tiré Toulouse entre 1450 et 1560. Cette fortune pastelière s'achève-t-elle, comme il l'avance, avec la crise de la fin de la décennie 1560 ? Les choses sont à nuancer, en amont comme en aval : le pastel gagne la Méditerranée en plus grande quantité qu'on ne le soupçonnait dès le début du XVe siècle ; après 1560, pendant un demi-siècle, il s'en expédie au moins autant que pendant la période précédente, au point qu'on peut parler d'une véritable voie méditerranéenne d'exportation du pastel par le port de Narbonne. On replace mieux ainsi la phase brillante du pastel languedocien dans l'histoire longue du pastel européen.
Le compte de voyage de Dominique Guaches, facteur d'un pastelier toulousain au XVIe siècle
Authors: Lacombe-Saboly Michèle
Published: March 2015

Pour exercer leur négoce, les marchands du XVIe siècle ont recours au mandat. Quel rôle joue alors la comptabilité dans les rapports entre le facteur et le marchand qui le mandate ? Selon quelles modalités le facteur mène-t-il à bien sa mission commerciale ? L'étude du grand livre tenu par le facteur d'un pastelier toulousain lors d'un voyage à Anvers éclaire ces rôles, en se fondant sur le contenu des informations comptables et sur le type de technique comptable utilisée.
Les notables devant la mort à Montpellier au XVIe siècle
Authors: Lafage-Leclerc Valérie
Published: March 2015

Die Notabeln und der Tod im Montpellier des 16. Jahrhunderts.

Die in Montpellier wie auch ganz allgemein in den Territorien des kodifizierten Redites verbreitete Gepflogenheit, seinen Nachlaß durch ein Testament zu regeln, läßt zahlreiche Aspekte des Lebens und der Mentalität der Notabeln deutlich werden. Die Untersuchung von 360 Testamenten, die zwischen 1554 und 1602 abgefaßt wurden, erlaubt wichtige Aufschlüsse über die Verbreitung und die Verankerung der Reformation sowie über die familiären Beziehungen, die den Ehefrauen eine relativ bevorzugte Position einräumten und für die erstgeborenen Sonne keine grundsätzlichen Sonderreche vorsahen.
Bordeaux et la peste dans la première moitié du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Coste Laurent
Published: March 2015

Bordeaux und die Pest in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts.

Während der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts, und besonders in den Jahren 1604 und 1629, wurde Bordeaux, wie auch viele andere Städte, von Pestepidemien verheert. Die örtlichen Obrigkeiten, und hier vor allem die bordelaiser Stadtverwaltung sowie der Oberste Provinzialgerichthof, taten alles in ihrer Macht stehende, um dieser Heimsuchung entgegen zu treten. Der unter der Leitung einer Gesundheitsbehörde geführte Kampf gegen die Pest (Absonderung, Krankenhauseinweisung, medizinische Fürsorge und Bittgottesdienste) erwies sich jedoch, gemessen an den von der Stadt aufgewandten erheblichen Geldmitteln, als wenig erfolgreich.
La notion de proximité d'après la chronique des faits divers du Petit Marseillais et du Provençal, de 1870 à nos jours
Authors: M'Sili Marine
Published: March 2015

Der Begriff der Nähe in der Chronik der Vermischten Nachrichten des Petit Marseillais und des Provençal, von 1870 bis heute.

Die Nähe ist eines der Wichtigsten Kriterien bei der Auswahl der Vermischten Nachrichten in der regionalen Tagespresse. Die Untersuchung der Chronik der Vermischten Nachrichten der Tageszeitungen von Marseille seit 1870 zeigt, daß Nähe zwar zunächst räumlich definiert ist, jedoch auch noch weitere imaginäre und gefühlsmäßige Dimensionen hat : nah ist, was den Leser berührt. In der Entwicklung dieser Rubrik zwischen 1870 und 1914 läßt sich ebenfalls beobachten, in welchem Maße Lokalpatriotismus durch Nationalbewußtsein abgelöst wurde.
Bordeaux et la Défense nationale
Authors: Bonhomme Éric
Published: March 2015

Bordeaux und die Nationale Verteidigung.

Bordeaux hatte während der Zeit des Regimes der Nationalen Verteidigung (1870-1871) drei Gesichter : zunächst dasjenige einer seit dem Ende des Zweiten Kaiserreiches (1870) republikanischen Provinzhauptstadt, die nach Kräften die allgemeinen Kriegslasten mittrug ; diese wurde sodann im Dezember 1870 durch die Aufnahme der zuvor in Tours tagenden Regierungsdelegation zur provisorischen Landeshauptstadt, auf die sich die Hoffnung ganz Frankreichs richtete ; schließlich kam es in Bordeaux unter dem charismatischen Einfluß von Gambetta zur Herausbildung einer Einheitsfront, die allerdings im selben Maße zerfiel, als sich die Siegesaussichten verflüchtigten.
La Chambre de commerce de Bordeaux de 1945 à 1954 : dix années de Reconstruction
Authors: Boudjema Stéphane
Published: March 2015

De 1945 à 1954, la Chambre de commerce de Bordeaux bénéficie d'un réel pouvoir de décision face aux carences des pouvoirs publics ; mais si elle fait preuve d'efficacité dans la gestion d'une économie de pénurie, elle ne parvient pas à imposer la modernisation de l'industrie et du commerce. Les échecs des politiques de l'énergie ou des transports soulignent les limites d'une période encore marquée par la nostalgie du passé colonial du port. Au terme de dix années de Reconstruction, la Chambre n'est plus le lieu d'un débat fécond sur l'avenir économique de la Gironde, qu'anime désormais le Comité d'expansion Bordeaux Sud-Ouest créé en 1954.
La première élection de Jacques Chaban-Delmas
Authors: Troude-Chastenet Patrick
Published: March 2015

Der erste Wahlsieg von Jacques Chaban- Delmas.

Die Untersuchung der Anfange der politischen Karriere von Jacques Chaban- Delmas kann sich nicht mit der von ihm selbst gelieferten und daher zwangsläufig voreingenommenen Darstellung zufgriedengeben. Warum, wo, wann, wie und mit welchen ersten Ergebnissen hat dieser junge pariser Technokrat den Beruf des Politikers ergriffen ? Die Analyse der ihm eigenen Mittel und Fähigkeiten ist mit derjenigen seiner persönlichen Strategie unauflöslich verknüpft. Sicher waren die historischen Rahmenbedingungen in der Gironde des Herbstes 1946 günstig für den Erfolg einer jeden neuen politischen Begabung ; Chaban hat jedoch unter den gegebenen Umständen eine einzigartige Geschicklichkeit an den Tag gelegt, sich als den Mann der Stunde darzustellen.
L'opinion publique et les grèves en Gironde (1945-1954)
Authors: Chassaigne Philippe
Published: March 2015

Die öffentliche Meinung und die Streiks in der Gironde (1945-1954).

Das Studium der Akten aus dem Kabinett des Präfektes der Gironde aus den Jahren 1945 bis 1954 erlaubt es, die Entwicklung der großben Fragen zu verfolgen, die während der heiklen Jahre des "Wiederaufbaus" die öffentliche Meinung bestimmten. Hieraus ergibt sich das Bild einer Bevölkerung, die, zumindest bis 1950, vorrangig mit den Problemen des Alltags (Versorgung, Verteuerung) beschäftigt war und nur wenig Interesse an politischen Fragen (mit Ausnahme des Indochina-Krieges) zeigte. Die Vielzahl der Streiks zeugt von der Kampfkraft der Arbeiterschaft der Gironde, die von der CGT [Confédération générale du Travail : Allgemeiner Gewerkschaftsbund] und der PCF [Parti communiste français : Kommunistische Partei Frankreichs] starke Rückendeckung erhielt, während sich die örtlichen Arbeitgeber bis 1949-1950 passiv verhielten. Die Nachkriegszeit sollte erst mit der 1954 erfolgten Amtseinführung von Pierre Mendès-France, dem Jacques Chaban-Delmas seinen ersten Ministerposten verdankte, wirklich zuende gehen.
La confrérie des Corps-Saints de Saint-Sernin de Toulouse au XVe siècle
Authors: Fantuzzo Frédérique , Saint-Martin Catherine
Published: March 2015

The Confraternity of the Holy Bodies of Saint-Sernin of Toulouse in the Fifteenth Century.

The Confraternity of the Holy Bodies appeared and thrived within the Saint-Sernin church, imposing "saintly tabernacle". This community is attested at the end of the fourteenth century but its origins remain somewhat obscure. A financial analysis undertaken on the basis of one of its account books allows one to for the second half of the fifteenth century, the way it functioned and its budgetary priorities, primarily the preservation and the enhancement of relics.
Une grande confrérie urbaine
Authors: Fantuzzo Frédérique
Published: March 2015

A Great Urban Confraternity.

According to its constitution and the way it functioned, the Table of the Holy Bodies was a traditional parish confraternity. Nonetheless, its role as guardian of the holy relics of the city and as principal organizer of the Pentecost festival, the recruitment of its members beyond the parochial framework and their high social origins, the important place of its leaders within the Capitoulat and the close relationship that it maintained with the chapter and the abbey of Saint-Sernin, particularly in sharing the responsability of the vestry, made it a powerful association that belonged to the family of the Great Urban Confraternities.
Andalán : une aventure journalistique au service de l'Aragon et de la démocratie
Authors: Renaudet Isabelle
Published: March 2015

Andalán : ein journalistisches Wagnis im Dienste Aragoniens und der Demokratie.

Die aragonesische Zeitschrift Andalán wurde 1972 in Zaragoza gegründet, um einen doppelten Kampf aufzunehmen : gegen die frankistische Diktatur und für den Erhalt der regionalen Identität. Die von ihr in dem Vordergrund gestellte kulturelle Thematik entsprach dem Hauptanliegen ihrer jungen, linksintellektuellen Gründer, war aber auch ein strategischer Schachzug, um die Zensur zu umgehen. Wie viele andere anti-frankistische Presseerzeugnisse auch, durchlieg sie eine paradoxe Entwicklung : trotz dauernder finanzieller Schwierigkeiten war sie unter der Diktatur sehr lebendig, konnte sich danach aber dem demokratischen Übergang nicht anpassen und stellte ihr Erscheinen 1987 ein.
Clergé et bourgeoisie en Limousin durant les premières décennies du XIXe siècle
Authors: Pérouas Louis
Published: March 2015

Sur le thème classique de la rupture opérée au XIXe siècle entre le clergé catholique et une grande partie de la bourgeoisie, dont on donne souvent des explications faciles (« C'est la faute à Voltaire »), les archives limousines permettent d'entrevoir des phénomènes plus complexes. Elles mettent l'accent sur l'ascension de petits notables ruraux maintenant plus écoutés des paysans et sur la formation de noyaux urbains de bourgeois sensibles aux idées libérales héritées du XVIIIe siècle, ainsi que sur la responsabilité d'une clergé qui reste rivé à l'idée de restaurer son pouvoir ancien.
L'énigme des deux éditions concurrentes du Ramelet mondin de Pèire Godolin (1637-1638) : un tournant dans l'histoire littéraire toulousaine
Authors: Escudé Pierre
Published: March 2015

L'œuvre unique du poète toulousain de langue d'oc Pèire Godolin (1580-1649), le Ramelet mondin, élaborée en cinq Floretas successives, occupe une place de premier plan dans l'histoire de la littérature occitane. L'étude des deux éditions publiées en 1637 et 1638 par deux imprimeurs-libraires rivaux permet d'éclairer, outre les stratégies d'écriture du poète, les mutations qui affectent alors les élites toulousaines, à la charnière entre monde renaissant et monde moderne.
La présence militaire à Toulouse dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Laffont Jean-Luc
Published: March 2015

La presencia militar en Toulouse en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII.

Al principio de la década de los 40 del siglo XVIII, Toulouse vino a ser de hecho, a pesar de sus tradicionales privilegios, una ciudad que servía de etapa por lo cual tuvo que aprender a vivir, quiera que no, con un nuevo elemento que era el ejército. El alojamiento de los soldados, las actividades propias de su oficio y su mera presencia se convirtieron ne otros tantos problemas para la administración municipal que nunca los aceptó ni procuró sacar provecho de su estancia en la ciudad. Como vivian al margen de una sociedad civil que apenas si los toleraba y formaban un grupo homogéneo bajo el mando de una autoridad distinta de la ciudad, los soldados formaban un grupo marginado, considerado como peligroso por los Tolosanos que no apreciaban mucho su forma de portarse revoltosa y algunas veces violenta.
Les barbiers-perruquiers de Toulouse et leurs employés à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Hanne Georges
Published: March 2015

Les archives des bureaux de placement de la main-d'œuvre sous l'Ancien Régime offrent une des voies les plus fécondes pour étudier la nature des relations de travail à l'époque préindustrielle. Le livre d'enregistrement des garçons perruquiers toulousains, probablement la seule source de ce type à Toulouse, permet ainsi de mettre en évidence l'ampleur des écarts dans la situation économique des maîtres. On y découvre également la grande instabilité des employés, dont l'embauche répond largement à un rythme annuel, et dont la mobilité est attestée par la diversité des lieux de naissance déclarés.
L'emprise foncière de Bordeaux sur sa campagne : l'exemple des bourdieux (XIVe-XVIe siècles)
Authors: Lavaud Sandrine
Published: March 2015

Cómo Burdeos domina el campo circundante : el ejemplo de los « bourdieux » (desde el siglo XIV hasta el siglo XVI).

Desde el final de la Edad Media, el viñedo de Burdeos ha sufrido cambios profundos que atañen tanto a los bienes raices como a las estructuras sociales. El auge de una nueva forma de tenencia, el « bourdieu », ha sido probablemente lo que mas ha propiciado esa modernidad. El término « bourdieu » aparece en los documentes desde el siglo XIII pero no se generaliza hasta fines del siglo XIV, sobre todo a raíz de la reconstrucción que sigue a la Guerra de Cien Años. El « bourdieu » es, pues, una característica local que va a arraigarse desde entonces y que está en auge constante hasta el final del Antiguo Régimen, de modo que muchos de los « châteaux » actuales son sus herederos. Se trata de propiedades vitícolas que incluyen tanto edificios residenciales como edificios dedicados a uso agrícola. Creados por la burguesía emprendadora, los « bourdieux » han sido el sector más adelantado del viñedo de Burdeos hasta el final de la Edad Media, siendo explotaciones modelos, originales e innovadoras, muy distintas del viñedo traditional suburbano o campesino. Los « palus » - así se llaman esas depresiones aluviales que se extienden a orillas del Garona - han sido para los « bourdieux » el medio ideal para desarollarse y prosperar. Los « bourdieux » son probablemente, según palabras de H. Enjalbert « el esbozo del gran viñedo de Burdeos, el punto de partida hacia la calidad ».