bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAN TIMBER IMPORT IN LATVIA FROM RUSSIA AND BELARUS BE REDUCED?
Authors: Pilvere Aija , Pilvere Irina , Nipers Aleksejs
Published: October 2023

Forests provide humanity with essential raw materials, and the demand for these materials is growing, especially in conditions where it is necessary to replace the use of fossil resources with renewable ones. Latvia�s import of timber from Russia and Belarus has increased 8 times in 2021, when comparing 2013, reaching 33% of timber import value. Current geopolitical situation and supply chain sustainability calls for necessity to evaluate possibility to reduce the dependency on the timber import from Russia and Belarus. The aim of the research is to determine whether with existing growth and felling rates of forests in Latvia are sufficient to reduce timber imports from Russia and Belarus, to calculate the possible reduction rate and define the necessary steps for its implementation. Research results indicate that with current theoretical growth rates of main forest tree species, it is possible to increase the felling rates to the level that residual growth stock of the tree species to remain as it was in 2019. Research results shows that it would reduce 2021 import volume from Russia and Belarus to less than 20% from current 33% in the value of total timber imports. In long run it is possible to increase forest yields with using more intense forest growing management.
STOCKS OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN LITTERFALL IN BEECH (FAGUS SYLVATICA L.) FORESTS IN WESTERN STARA PLANINA
Authors: Dimitrova Violeta , Damyanova Sonya , Dimitrov Dimitar
Published: October 2023

The litterfall (fallen leaves, flowers, fruits and twigs) in the forests represents part of dead plant mass. The quantity and quality of litterfall in forests plays an important role in their state. Through it, a large part of chemical elements is returned to the cycle of the ecosystem, it is an essential carbon depot, it affects regeneration, soil moisture, fertility, composition, fauna and flora.
The study presents data on stocks of chemical elements in annual literfall of Western Stara planina. The sample plots are located on the territory of the Petrohan LTER site.
The average total quantity of litterfall was 481.17 g.m-2. The leaves were 54%, cupulas were 23%, seed were 21% and the fraction of branches had the smallest share - from 2%.
The total annual amount of elements returned to the beech forest ecosystem with leaves was 1569.42 kg.ha-1, of which macroelements are 1560.98 kg.ha-1, and microelements - 8.46 kg.ha-1. The predominant elements were: carbon - about 80%, hydrogen - about 13%, nitrogen - 3% and calcium - 2%. The remaining elements were represented in very small amounts � less than 1%. Microelements were presented in the following sequence: Mg >Mn >Fe >Zn >Pb >Cu. 790.88 kg.ha-1 elements were returned annually through the seeds and 582.21 kg.ha-1 elements were annually returned through the cupules.
TIMBER EXPORT TRENDS AND POTENTIAL IN LATVIA
Authors: Pilvere Aija , Pilvere Irina
Published: October 2023

Forests are import to the health of the planet, as well as an economic resource of the country. Latvia has 5th highest forest area coverage in the European Union. Major tree species in Latvia are birch, pine and spruce, with the birch having one of the highest felling rates as % of end of year stock. Importance of the topic is that as Latvia, in the particular in exports of selected timber products, as softwood sawn timber, birch plywood, chipboards and pellets, are among one of the ten largest exporters in the world. Therefore, the aim of the research is to evaluate the main timber export products and average value of Latvia and its future potential for strengthening the economic viability of the industry. For this study, the authors have applied monographic and statistical data analysis research methods. Research results indicate that main timber product average export value EUR per one cubic meter has been showing slower growth compared to the import value. However, average timber export value of reviewed products is 299 EUR per cubic meter and it is 16% higher than average timber product import value in 2021, which means that more value is added to wood industry products in Latvia. In Latvia forest trees growth stock and its felling rates creates potential for both: sustainable forest management and further timber products export value growth potential. Export value analysis provides valuable insights into a country�s trade performance, which allows achieving the economic sustainability of forest management in order to significantly develop the environmental dimension in the management of the industry in the future.
TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT, FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF BILBERRY (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) FROM U.P. V HIGIGEL
Authors: Dragomir Petru Ioan , Saiti Beatrice Otilia , Tulcan Camelia , Moatar Maria Mihaela , Camen Dorin Dumitru
Published: October 2023

Bilberries selected from U.P. V. Higigel were investigated for their antioxidative potential using 2,2-dyphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging. In order to determine the total content of polyphenols, the method described by Tamas-Krumpe Octavia and collaborators in 2010 [1] was chosen, consisting in the use of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent 0.2 N and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and the use of gallic acid in different concentrations as a standard. The spectrophotometric determination method based on the formation of the aluminum complex is the most widely used method for the analysis of flavonoid content in plant matrices.
The extract of Vaccinium myrtillus L. in ethanol, obtained by shaking, showed the highest content of total polyphenols, 10.04 � 0.29 mgGAE/g. In the case of the ethanolic extract obtained by stirring, the highest percentage of inhibition was obtained, with a value of 48.71%. After calculating the final results in relation to the reference curve performed on the routine standard, the values varied from 2001.8 � 1.6 ?g/ml, respectively 2.0018 mg/ml for the extract of bilberries in ethanol, up to the value the highest of 3105.4 � 2.8 ?g/ml, i.e. 3.1054 mg/ml in the case of the methanolic extract.
3-DIMENSIONAL ORBITING GIMBAL WITH A HEAD TRACKING SYSTEM FOR REMOTELY OPERATED SUBMARINES PERFORMING PRECISE UNDERWATER OPERATIONS
Authors: Karbowski Jakub , Kuczewska Hanna
Published: October 2023

From an ecological perspective, increasing autonomy in subsea operations is vital for maintaining marine sustainability. These operations involve inspecting, maintaining, and repairing underwater equipment and structures, which can significantly impact the ecosystem if not carried out correctly. Using precise systems can reduce the risk of human error and minimize disturbance to the surrounding environment.
This article presents an integrated head tracking system for ROV submarines, using a 3- dimensional orbiting gimbal for precise underwater operations, such as cutting, welding, moving objects, and waste collection.
ROV operators face multiple issues, such as insufficient lighting, floating debris, scene depth estimation, and dust fog. The ability to observe the working area from multiple angles is crucial for good performance. However, moving the ROV causes dust from the seabed to be kicked up by the water stream created by the motors and increases the risk of collision. A camera mounted on a moving gantry solves these issues but adds additional complexity to the manual controls, which would confuse the operator.
Our solution to this problem is an intuitive VR head-tracking system integrated with a 3D orbiting gimbal. The camera can move around the working area, giving the operator more information. Using this system does not require additional joysticks. The system has been integrated with an ROV submarine prototype and tested underwater.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS � CASE STUDY
Authors: Nedelcu Adrian , Danca Paul Alexandru , Babutanu Corina , Nicolaie Sergiu , Bunea Florentina
Published: October 2023

Nowadays, there is increased interest in valuing energies that are often unused. This phenomenon is called energy harvesting. Thermoelectric generators are often used to �harvest� thermal energy and to transform it into electrical energy. In the preliminary study presented in this paper have the purpose to use thermoelectric elements to capitalize thermal energy release outdoor by the air conditioning equipment. The results of experimental research showed a mean temperature difference (?t) of 50�C between the hot and cold sources. The energy which can be generated with this temperature gradient, according to technical data of a specified thermoelectric module, is around 1W and it can be raised by installing more modules.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY FEATURES AND WATER SOURCES IN THE AREA OF ELBASANI, ALBANIA
Authors: Como Elvin , Hasimi Albana , Ormeni Rrapo , Shatro Astrit , Dvorani Mirela
Published: October 2023

Geothermal energy sources in Albania are estimated as warm water sources of the underground layers of the earth, which have a sufficient temperature to be used as a source of energy. The area of Elbasan is a special area because it has a significant number of sources with geothermal potential. This area, as part of the Kruja geothermal area, has a length of 180 km and a width of 4-5 km. The current average flow of thermal water is about 15-18 l/s and temperatures vary from 55-65oC. It is estimated that the resources have specific reserves of 39.6 GJ/m2 and potential power to install 2760 kW. It is about thermal sources with low enthalpy and maximum temperature up to 80oC. The emergence of hot water on the surface shows that these thermal springs are mainly located near the result of intense tectonic activity in the seismically active parts. The geothermal regime of the geological structures in the area of Elbasan is conditioned by the heat flow density, the geothermal gradient and the distribution of the temperature field at different depths of these sources, closely related to the lithology of the geological structures, as well as to the hydrodynamics of underground waters.
POSSIBILITIES OF ENERGY USE OF WASTE FUELS IN HEAT SOURCES IN HOUSEHOLDS
Authors: Holubcik Michal , Jandacka Jozef , Kantova Nikola Cajova , Cibula Robert
Published: October 2023

Various users of small heat sources in household use incorrect solid fuels. This leads to a higher burden on the environment, mainly due to higher production of emissions, but also to various problems during the operation of the heat source. These various complications may arise as a result that these fuels usually have low bulk density, high ash content, low ash melting temperatures, and low calorific values, which lead to combustion problems and often also the emission formation and further environmental burden. This article deals with the emission formation during the combustion of four types of alternative fuels: leaves, lawn clipping and two types of solid non-separable waste. One type contained more plastic (plastic solid non-separable waste). Ash melting temperatures were also observed due to possible deposit formation, slagging, and sintering which can also lead to accidental damage to the heat source the inability to heat the household. The results confirmed that the combustion of fuels not recommended by the manufacturer of the heat source significantly increases the emission formation and causes combustion problems. When using tested fuels, there was detected a higher ash content, a higher concentration of particulate matter, and higher production of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides.
RENEWABLE ENERGY - FLOATING SOLAR FARMS IN ROMANIA
Authors: Fratita Michael , Rusu Eugen , Popescu Florin , Ion Ion , Mahu Razvan
Published: October 2023

The paper presents the possibility of floating photovoltaic farms on the reservoirs of the Olt river in Romania. For the analysis, a database with the solar irradiance evolution for one year in the four possible locations was created, using the PVGIS-SARAH2 database. The locations were chosen according to the surface area of the reservoir, geographical position, and possibility of connection to the national energy system. After the analysis, it was observed that during the cold season, the solar irradiance is higher in locations 1 and 2, while locations 3 and 4 show higher irradiance during the warm season. Simulations of electricity production were carried out for the location of solar farms, with an installed capacity of 1 MWh, with a southern positioning of the panels having different tilt angles of: 0, 15, 30 and 45 degrees. The paper continues with a statistical analysis of the monthly and annual electricity production when installing solar farms in the analysed locations.
RESEARCH ON THE MANAGEMENT OF INTERVENTION AND RESCUE ACTIVITY IN THE FIELD OF ENERGETIC USE OF HYDROGEN
Authors: Irimia Alin , Kovacs Izabella , Gaman George Artur , Pupazan Daniel , Nicolescu Cristian
Published: October 2023

On the way to a climate-neutral Europe and a cleaner planet in general, it is important to rethink energy supply and build a fully integrated energy system within the framework of the European Green Deal. According to research, renewable energies could provide a substantial part of the European energy mix until 2050. In this mix, hydrogen could represent up to 20%, respectively between 20-50% of energy needed in transport and between 5-20% of energy needed in industry. An economy based on renewable hydrogen can significantly reduce the impact on global warming compared to an economy based on fossil fuels. The flammable and explosive nature of hydrogen presents obvious safety concerns for its widespread use. The variety of technologies for production and use of hydrogen as an energy source that are considered to represent viable solutions from an economic point of view also bring a series of risks, in terms of safety of personnel who would operate these facilities but also for the economic activities carried out near hydrogen production areas. As a relatively new activity, but likely to have a large impact on the energy industry as technological solutions mature, it is expected that accidents and hazardous events will occur frequently, as has happened with other industries in the past, from coal exploitation to extraction of hydrocarbons and the use of nuclear reactors. Rescue teams are at the forefront of interventions in industrial areas where there is a risk of toxic/explosive gas occurrences, both when it comes to interventions to rescue personnel but also when it comes to recovering technological equipment. Considering the particularities of hydrogen, the low ignition temperature, the difficult to visually detect burning, this area becomes a major challenge for the management of rescue activities and an absolute necessity due to the impact it will have in a short period of time.
VIRTUAL DESIGN OF STANDS FOR EXPERIMENTING WITH HYDROGEN EXPLOSIONS
Authors: Vlasin Nicolae-Ioan , Cioara Cristian Raul , Florea Gheorghe Daniel , Simon-Marinica Adrian Bogdan , Vass Zoltan
Published: October 2023

Hydrogen explosions can occur in industrial processes, in laboratories, in hydrogen production and storage processes, or in new combustion processes used in modern transportation. This gas presents a particularly dangerous potential due to its flammability properties. The combustion reaction of this gas mixed with air or oxygen is strongly exothermic, resulting in a rapid increase in temperatures and pressures developed. When these overpressures become too great to be supported by the vessels or enclosures where the combustion reaction takes place, the walls of the storage/transport vessels suffer ruptures, thus leading to serious accidents. Hydrogen explosions occur when three conditions are met at the same time: a sufficient concentration of hydrogen, a sufficient concentration of oxygen and an effective source of initiation of the explosive mixture (open flame, electric spark, etc.).
To prevent this type of events, it is necessary to know how to handle, process and store this gas, to ensure the implementation and compliance with security protocols. This may include using explosion-proof equipment and ventilation systems and monitoring the presence of hydrogen gas in the environment.
Hydrogen explosion research has been ongoing for many years and focuses on understanding the fundamental mechanisms behind the explosive behavior of hydrogen gas, as well as developing new strategies to prevent or mitigate hydrogen explosions. The present work supports research in this field, studying the possibilities of building stands where the explosions of air-hydrogen mixtures can be experimented in a controlled manner. The design of the stand is carried out in the virtual environment, through computer simulations of hydrogen explosions in different enclosures and interconnected spaces. The results of these simulations concern the behavior of the flame front, the maximum values of temperatures and overpressures generated by the explosions, as well as the locations where these values were recorded, at different hydrogen concentrations. The usefulness of the resulting data can be found in the a priori approach of safe construction methods of stands for conducting physical experiments on hydrogen explosions, stands that are extremely necessary in the process of researching ways to prevent phenomena of this type.
INVESTIGATION OF RECYCLED POLYOL PRODUCED FROM SEMI-RIGID POLYURETHANE FOAM OUTSOURCED FROM THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Authors: Montag Petr , Kalendova Alena
Published: October 2023

Polyurethane, as a versatile polymer prepared by the polyaddition of isocyanates and hydroxyl group containing compounds, is widely used in the automotive industry and with an upcoming change of European legislation becomes recycling increasingly important as an alternative to landfilling or incineration. Glycolysis is one of the chemical degradation processes used to transform polyurethane waste using simple glycols as the degradation agents into a raw material. Single phase glycolysis was used to produce recycled polyol from polyurethane semi-rigid foam dedicated for headliner production. This paper is focused on comparison of obtained recycled polyol with the original fossil-based polyol with effect on hydroxyl number and viscosity. Infrared spectroscopy was carried out for identification of organic compounds. The result shows increased hydroxyl number and viscosity of recycled polyol versus original polyol. Reactivity of mixture containing recycled polyol was slower, but foam appearance was comparable to foam produced from original polyol. The research was supported by the BASF company.
REUSE OF DUSTS FROM CAST IRON CASTINGS PRODUCTION IN FOUNDRY
Authors: Pribulova Alena , Futas Peter , Petrik Jozef , Blasko Peter , Fedorko Patrik
Published: October 2023

In the production process of cast iron and steel castings, a large amount of waste is generated. Each stage of production of castings generates a certain type or types of waste. The largest volume of waste is the used molding compound, followed by slags from melting processes and dust, the creation of which is copied by the entire foundry process. Dust waste is generated from the beginning to the end of the production cycle in the foundry.
Finishing operations represent, in addition to a large source of noise, a large source of dust waste. They are primarily dusts from blasting and grinding of castings. These dusts are characterized by a high proportion of metallic iron.
This contribution deals with the treatment and subsequent use of dusts from blasting cast iron and steel castings. In the first stage, the dust is treated by magnetic separation, during which the magnetic (metallic) part is separated from the non-magnetic (nonmetallic) part. The non-magnetic part of the dust was added to the bentonite molding mixture, while the influence of the amount of dust in the mixture on the mechanical properties of the newly prepared molding mixture was monitored. The magnetic part, which mainly contained metallic iron, was used in the production of pellets, which were added to the metal charge intended for the production of cast iron. The effect of the amount of pellets in the charge on the quality of the cast iron determined by the mechanical properties and structure of the cast iron was observed. When the proportion of pellets in the charge was up to 6%, the mechanical properties of the cast iron did not deteriorate.
USE OF REGRESSION ANALYSIS TO REDUCE WASTE IN THE DEFORMATION OF ? +? TITANIUM ALLOYS
Authors: Futas Peter , Pribulova Alena , Petrik Jozef , Blasko Peter , Mihalikova Maria
Published: October 2023

The paper deals with the ? + ? titanium alloys, due to their good properties such as low specific weight and high values of mechanical properties have found wide application as a construction material. Their disadvantage is high price and complicated production of the basic material � titanium but also alloying components (molybdenum, chromium), associated with high energy demand and undesirable effects on ecology. The inhomogeneity of the deformation with formation of deformation bands are typical for these alloys, which can significantly deteriorate the properties of forgings. The recycling of such products is complicated and energy-intensive. The goal of the presented work is to establish a regression equations that defines the forging parameters, in which deformation inhomogeneity - bands do not arise or their character does not significantly deteriorate the property of final product. It can be considered as a novelty of research. Used linear regression takes into account the forming temperature, the strain rate, and the degree of strain. It is possible to predict the mechanical properties of the structure that will be created in this way: strength, hardness, and plastic properties.
The contribution of the authors lies in the practical implementation of deformation experiments, measurement of mechanical properties and metallographic analysis of forgings and the resulting summarization of the knowledge obtained in this way in the form of regression equations.
AGROMETEORLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN CENTRAL NORTH BULGARIA REGION FOR MAIZE GROWING
Authors: Georgieva V. , Kazandjiev V. , Ilchovska M. , Petrovska N. , Valkova V.
Published: October 2023

There exist a large variation in the yield of maize in Bulgaria regardless of the high productive potential of maize, and the favorable marketing conditions in the world. Climate change during the last 3 decades, the limited possibilities for irrigation are a limiting factor in determining suitable areas for maize growing. The period with sufficient moisture is decisive in choosing a suitable hybrid.
The analysis of the agro-climatic potential of the region and the adaptation of the cultivation technology to the peculiarities of the contemporary agro-meteorological conditions are the basis of the good crop yields. In recent years, there exist unfavorable trends of changes in the temperatures and distribution of precipitation during the growing season.
The aim of this study is to evaluating the agro-climatic conditions in Central Northern Bulgaria, with a view to the possibilities of growing maize hybrids with different durations of the growing season.
For this purpose we are used agroclimatic indices characterizing the complex of hydrothermal conditions and soil moisture for the period 1991-2020 in the Central Northern Bulgaria. We have assessed of statistical significance of the tendencies of changes at the rainfall. There were taken into account and results from field experiment carried out on the fields of the Maize Research Institute in Knezha. From this experiment are received data for the period of leaf formation duration and soil water availability for hybrids from different groups of FAO.
The results show that the temperatures and moisturizing state in the region of investigation as a result of new conditions are getting worse. The cultivation of maize for grain must be carried out with a very precise choice of the hybrids and their water requirements.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FINE AIR PARTICULATE MATTER IN URBAN CONDITIONS
Authors: Veleva Blagorodka , Hristova Elena , Beslic Ivan
Published: October 2023

Airborne particulate matter (APM), and in particular its fine fraction PM2.5, is well known as an important pollutant in the urban atmosphere worldwide. The health effects of APMs depend not only on their size but also on their chemical composition. Black carbon (BC), heavy metals and other constituents can impact human health and climate. The main sources of BC are the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biomass burning and other organic materials. Resuspension of soil and road materials, secondary aerosol formation, and industrial emissions are major sources of many elements attached to the atmospheric aerosol. Studies on the chemical composition of APM in Bulgaria are limited. This study presents the results of a field sampling campaign of PM2.5 in urban background conditions of Sofia for the period June 2020-May 2021. The experiment involved sampling every 1 of 3 days within the IAEA TC RER7012 project. In addition, three more frequent periods of daily sampling in June-July, September-October 2020 and January-February 2021 to study seasonal variations within the national CARBOAEROSOL project conducted. All samples were analysed for BC by Multiwavelength Absorption Black instrument (MABI). The trace elements were analysed in 166 samples by the ED-XRF technique at the IMROH laboratory in Zagreb. Elements such as Al, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn were measured in practically all filter samples, while trace elements Sc, As, Ba, Sr, Cd, and I were above the MDL (minimum detection limit) in less than 5% of the samples. The PM2.5 mass concentration ranged from 3.94 to 104.5 ?g.m-3 with an average value of 14.6 ?g.m-3. The second highest concentration after Na (Sodium) is for S (Sulphur) with an average value of 707.4 ng.m-3. The maximum measured daily elemental concentration was for Chlorine (3861.5 ng.m-3). There was a weak correlation between the daily PM2.5 mass and elemental concentrations. Temporal and seasonal variations of the concentrations of PM2.5, BC and trace elements were analyzed in terms of meteorological conditions.
DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPERATURE EXTREMES IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA
Authors: Minarik Martin , Cimo Jan , Kiss Vladimir
Published: October 2023

Today, humanity must deal with the consequences of ongoing climate change. The most observed manifestations of climate change include increasing temperatures, as well as increasing monthly and annual average temperatures. In the present work, the change in the number of days with temperatures between 30 and 35 degrees Celsius and above 35 degrees Celsius was compared. Meteorological data from 21 climatic stations on the territory of the Kosice and Presov self-governing regions (Slovakia) were provided by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute in Bratislava. The data covered the period 1961 - 2020. Based on these data, we determined the forecast of the development for the period 2031-2040 and 2051-2060. The results show that in the last 20 years there has been a huge increase in the number of tropical days in the warmest regions of Slovakia. In the Somotor area, this increase is at the level of about 200 days compared to the cold period of 1971 - 1980. In terms of super tropical days (above 35 degrees Celsius), the number of super tropical days increased approximately fourfold during 1961 - 2010. The largest increase is in the last decade 2011-2020. Some places now experience 50 or more super tropical days per year. Looking at the 2031 - 2040 and 2051 - 2060 projections, the numbers of tropical and super tropical days can be expected to increase in the future.
FUGITIVE DUST IN THE EXTRACTIVE SECTOR: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AT AN ITALIAN QUARRY
Authors: Carbone S. , De Brito V.
Published: October 2023

This paper refers on the result of an experimental work developed at an Italian limestone quarry. In such a site the pollutant emissions connected with standard activities such as drilling, blasting or crushing materials represent primary dust sources and contribute to determine the PM10 concentration all over the quarry plant and the surrounding area. Moreover many studies underlined the important contribution of secondary sources in the assessment of airborne dust climate. These ones, generally constituted by stockpiling or unpaved hauling roads, especially if in dry conditions and exposed to wind erosion, may affect OH&S environment and generate a massive airborne dust impact on the surrounding receptors. In this study, an emission model, based on emission factors is set up and a simulation is performed to define the PM10 concentration in the site. Then according with a sampling campaign, the quality of obtained results is verified and the two data sets are compared. The data analysis shows encouraging results that may assume a more general suitability if further studies should confirm this outcome.
INTERPRETATION OF CLIMATE RISK FACTORS FOR THE PERIOD 2019-2022 IN THE WESTERN AREA OF ROMANIA
Authors: Mircov Vlad Dragoslav , Okros Adalbert , Mihut Casiana Doina , Copcea Anisoara Duma , Chis Codruta
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this work is to identify some meteorological risk indicators that most accurately express the extreme nature of the manifestations of atmospheric phenomena in the western part of the country, and for this we analyzed a period of four years, between the years 2019-2022. Most of the basic meteorological parameters of these years were presented for the town of Timisoara, for which we took into account the thermal regime, the pluviometric regime, the atmospheric pressure, the duration of the glow. For the characterization of the wind regime, we used the data provided by other representative weather stations in the Banat area, data provided by the Banat Crisana Regional Meteorological Center and which were analyzed according to multi-year averages. January is the coldest month in the Banat region, as no anomalies are recorded, with average values between 0 and -30C, and spring is somewhat earlier and warmer compared to other areas of the country. Temperature oscillations occur with colder periods under the influence of air masses from the north and northeast, but also warmer periods due to the activity of Mediterranean cyclones. Thus, late frosts and isolated frost can occur in the coldest mornings even at the beginning of May, but also hot days in June. Also in the spring, the first convective manifestations appear with stormy phenomena, torrential rains, hail.
LOCAL MICROCLIMATES AND CLIMATE CHANGES INFLUENCE ON CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES, GRAPEVINE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY
Authors: Dobrei Alin , Nistor Eleonora , Scedei Daniela , Dobrei Alina Georgeta
Published: October 2023

The research was carried out between the 2020 and 2022 growing seasons, in six different wine-growing regions of Romania, including the west, central, south, and east. The grapevine growing technology and production process were investigated, which were carried out differently depending on the soil and environmental resources in each growing area. The climatic conditions were also analyzed, as well as the influence on the production and quality of two grape cultivars for superior red wines grown in the researched areas. Soil management systems, fertilization, disease and insect control were investigated. At the same time, less invasive, eco friendly experimental alternatives were tested as an option to conventional technological versions. Observations and determinations were performed for each experimental alternative regarding the combined influence of the local microclimate and the different management on grape production and concentration in sugars, acidity, and vitamins. Although the grape yield was lower compared to the control variants, the experimental, less invasive and eco-friendly variants proved to be viable alternatives to the conventional ones. These experimental alternatives resulted in lower carbon emissions, less pollution, healthier viticultural products, and higher profits.
PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY TIMI? COUNTY, ROMANIA
Authors: Chis Codruta , Mircov Vlad Dragoslav , Cozma Antoanela Lena , Okros Adalbert , Durau Carmen Claudia
Published: October 2023

The effects of climate change are already visible through rising air temperatures, melting glaciers and shrinking polar ice caps, rising sea levels, increasing desertification, as well as more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, floods and storms. Climate change is not uniform globally and affects some regions more than others. Climate changes directly affect Romania and lead to intense heat waves or extreme weather phenomena (floods due to heavy rains, wind intensifications). In terms of maximum temperatures, the number of tropical days in the city of Timisoara has doubled in recent years and the year 2021 brought absolute records at dozens of weather stations, also breaking records over 85 years old (there were +39 in Timi?oara). In the years 2000, 2005 and 2023 repeated floods were recorded in the Timi? county.
This study investigates the perception of climate change in Timi? based on an online survey consisting of 14 questions that was conducted in the spring of 2023 and aims at the level of information and interest, perceived causes, perceived changes in meteorological phenomena at the regional scale. The results of the study show significant differences in the perception of climate change according to age, place of residence (ruralurban) and level of education.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON CABERNET SAUVIGNON AND SAUVIGNON BLANC BERRY QUALITY PARAMETERS
Authors: Nistor Eleonora , Dobrei Alina Georgeta , Ciorica Gabriel , Dobrei Alin
Published: October 2023

Climatic variability from year to year and even within the same growing season has a significant impact on the composition of the grapes and the resulting wines. This study covered several vineyards along a 400-km route in western Romania to empirically describe the influence of climate on berry concentration in titratable acidity (TA), pH and anthocyanins of two wine varieties (Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon Blanc) during 2021-2022 growing seasons. The results showed that at a sugar level of 23o Brix total soluble solids, berries harvested in years with higher temperatures during the growing season had lower anthocyanins, and TA, but a higher pH, than berries harvested in cooler autumns. Depending on the variety, TA, anthocyanins and pH were explained on the basis of climatic variables from the vineyards location, such as the temperature during the growth and the ripening period of the berries. Despite variations in soil type and management, climate had a stronger impact on berry composition. This study revealed that climate is the most important factor in the accumulation of quality parameters in grape berries for all three wine grape varieties. The results of the study may be useful as a model for estimating changes in TA, pH, and anthocyanins in grape berries in response to climate change, in other grape varieties and wine-growing regions.
THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF ALUMINUM EMISSIONS IN AIR FROM TRANSPORT IN JELGAVA
Authors: Pilecka-Ulcugaceva Jovita , Grinfelde Inga , Bakute Anda , Burlakovs Juris , Bertins Maris
Published: October 2023

The number of transport units in cities is increasing every year. This trend contributes to air pollution problems in many rapidly urbanizing countries. Various heavy metals and other chemical elements, including aluminum, have been related to air quality degradation. Poor air quality affects people, especially young children, the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses, causing health problems and aggravating existing problems. The aim of the research is to find out which parts of the city of Jelgava have the highest risk of aluminum pollution in the air. In the research was used Jelgava city snow sampling spatial data of aluminum pollution in air collected over a period of four years. The concentrations of aluminum elements in snow water were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results show that the average arithmetic values of aluminum differ significantly when looking at the data from 2018-2021 and range from 0.076 ?g/l to 91.68 ?g/l. The collected data can be used in planning of the urban environment, in the selection of construction technologies, as well as in the implementation of air quality improvement solutions to reduce aluminum pollution in the air at residential areas.
ADAPTATION OF THE METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR SERVICES WITH ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT DECISIONS FOR TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Mondeshka �argarita , Yarlovska Nadezhda
Published: October 2023

A common practice under modern conditions in urban planning is the tendency of urban areas to grow, which is usually at the expense of agricultural areas. This, both in a global aspect and specifically for Bulgaria, is a particularly relevant problem due to the extremely important ecosystem functions of soil resources and the fact that they are an extremely slowly renewable natural resource.
The assessment of ecosystems condition and their services is a suitable approach as an additional study on the effects of changing the main purpose of one or a group of agricultural properties.
For this purpose, the established methodologies of MAES and the results of the project "Methodological support for the assessment of ecosystem services and biophysical assessment" were analyzed. As a result of the study, sets of indicators (of the state/pressure and vulnerability of the affected ecosystems) have been proposed. Their assessment provides an opportunity to compare alternative structural solutions in different situations concerning spatial planning. Often in planning practice, with available investment intentions, there is a need to change the main purpose of agricultural properties and, accordingly, a change in the current Spatial Development Plan. Applying this type of assessment contributes to achieving greater objectivity in decision-making, as well as a higher environmental and social impact.
CADMIUM AND LEAD LEVELS IN SOIL AND BETA VULGARIS SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM A ROMANIAN POLLUTED AREA
Authors: Alda Simion , Alda Liana Maria , Bordean Despina-Maria , Moatar Mihaela , Scedei Daniela Nicoleta
Published: October 2023

For most soils, genetic inheritance is the determining factor of heavy metal abundance. The anthropogenic impact on the soil produced by fertilizers, pesticides, zootechnical residues, wastewater or particles brought to the soil by gaseous emissions, brings important quantities of heavy metals into the soil. Among these, the most toxic are Cd and Pb. The aim of the study was to establish the levels of Cd and Pb in soil and Beta vulgaris roots, sampled from eight locations from Tarnaveni area, an industrial center from Romania. Soil samples were taken from the depth of 0-20 cm as well as 20-40 cm. For determinations we used the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Our results reveal that in all sites, the values of Cd and Pb in soil were higher than the normal values for Romania (1 ppm for Cd and 20 ppm for Pb). Corresponding to one location, the alert value established by legislation for Pb (50 ppm) was also exceeded. In four of the eight locations, the Cd content in the roots of Beta vulgaris exceeded the maximum admissible value for plants (0.1 ppm). In conclusion, following the results obtained, we recommend monitoring the content of these toxic metals in the soil and plants grown in this area.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY STRATEGIES IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION SECTORS
Authors: Libkovska Una , Lemss Ivo , Ozola Inta
Published: October 2023

The challenges of economic growth in today's economy are to create optimistic cooperation between industries and the state, local authorities and to maintain sustainability by balancing economic, environmental and social interests. The transition to a circular economy is in many cases understood only as an unnecessary barrier rather than as a new business model. Production based on a linear "take, make, dispose" model is no longer feasible on the grounds of environmental degradation. The aim of the study is to develop an adapted model for the implementation of a circular economy strategy for the long-term sustainable development of Latvian SMEs. The objective will be achieved by a detailed study of the circular economy factors influencing the development of SMEs. The stratified sampling method used in the study justifies the selection of five industrial sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, energy, water supply, wastewater and waste management and construction. These sectors are mainly associated with high consumption of various natural resources, including water, energy, raw materials and intensive waste flows (non-hazardous and hazardous waste). A stratified selection of specific enterprises was selected in all Latvian statistical planning regions. The expected outcome of the study is the development of an appropriate circular economy strategy model and criteria for SMEs in the manufacturing sector, as well as recommendations and proposals for the introduction and adaptation of ecoinnovation for successful development.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE WAYS OF RECYCLING GLASS CONTAINERS EFFICIENCY
Authors: Meshalkin Valeriy P. , Mikhailidi Dmitriy Kh. , Petrosyan Valeriy S. , Tavadyan Levon A. , Malkov Alexander V.
Published: October 2023

A comparative analysis has been carried out on a set of indicators of two ways of recycling glass containers � collecting in retail stores and fast washing of containers at beverage bottling plants and processing into cullet, taking into consideration the whole life cycle of glassware production, use, recycling and utilization. Methods of systematization and statistical generalization were applied for comparative analysis. The specified work was based on data, that were received from various glass manufacturing enterprises during the review procedure of the Russian National Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques (BAT) �Glass Production� in 2022, as well as according to statistical information and scientific publications. Russian Reference Documents are known in the Eurasian Economic Union and discussed as a possible background for the future research in the field on BAT and resource efficiency enhancement. The contribution of various performance factors to the cost of production and distribution of glass containers and the added value of its recycling is assessed. Economical and ecological potential and the possible impact of a change in the prevailing method of recycling glass containers on the economics of glass containers manufacturing are determined. A mathematical model has been developed that makes it possible to calculate efficiency factors for various options for resource consumption and transport logistics.
GREEN COMPETITIVENESS AND DIGITIZATION IN LATVIA MUNICIPALITIES
Authors: Abele Lilita , Rivza Baiba , Rivza Peteris , Markus Karlis
Published: October 2023

In 2019, the Green Cities submitted the first proposal for the Green Norm. The Green Norm is a set of practical recommendations mainly for politicians, officials and urban development officials. Green cities introduce this norm as a critical strategy for competitiveness. More and more people are moving to big cities, so we must consider climate-neutral solutions as the municipalities set an example. The number of green and climate-neutral towns in Europe and Latvia has constantly been increasing over the last decade, and their competitiveness is also growing. Liepaja is one of the 112 Pioneer cities in the EU which has joined the challenge of climate-neutral cities. One way to be more climate-neutral is to reduce the consumption of pollution and resources in the municipality. Digitization of internal and external municipal services opens the way in this direction. In this study, the authors focus on digitizing the municipality's internal processes and employees' motivation to change their habits and assessing resourcesaving opportunities.
The study aims to assess the readiness of municipal employees and detect weak points for the transition to complete internal process digitization to reduce the environmental impact and resource consumption.
The study uses surveys and data statistical processing methods with SPSS.
As a result of the study, proposals have been developed to improve employees' digital skills to increase municipal green competitiveness.
IDENTIFICATION OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS GROUPS IN THE AMBIENT AIR OF THE JIU VALLEY THROUGH MODERN INVESTIGATION METHODS
Authors: Toth Lorand , Gaman Angelica-Nicoleta , Nicolescu Cristian , Ilie Cosmin
Published: October 2023

One of the important environmental protection problems in Romania is air pollution, which is an extremely complex phenomenon. Industrialized urban settlements are susceptible to the phenomenon of pollution given the presence of various types of polluting species.
The area of interest, where the study was carried out (Jiu Valley), is a mountainous region located in the southwestern part of Romania, known for its mineral resources and for the mining industry that dominated the region for several decades.
Currently, the economic activity in Jiu Valley is focused on various light industry activities and mainly on the energy sector, through the mining units and the Paroseni thermal power plant, which is the major source of air pollution. This intense industrial activity has a significant impact on the environment and health of people in the region.
Originality of this work consists in the fact that, as a result of thermal processes produced by burning fossil and/or non-conventional fuels, appreciable amounts of various types of polluting species are generated, which requires their qualitative and quantitative identification and quantification.
Investigation and identification of gaseous pollutant species will be carried out by advanced methods of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, which initially allow identification of the group of pollutants and, subsequently, their description in a quantifiable manner.
MONITORING THE QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER SAMPLES BEFORE AND AFTER RETROFITTING A CHROME-PLATING PLANT THAT CARRIED OUT THE TRANSITION FROM CR6+ TO CR3+
Authors: Kovacs Marius , Sorin Simion , Toth Lorand , Gireada Andrei
Published: October 2023

Since ancient times, chromium oxide was used 2000 years ago by the Chinese to cover the tips of weapons and later, as late as 1988, hexavalent chromium was discovered to be dangerous to humans.
Currently, many companies carry out chrome plating of plastic parts, which consists in creating a superficial layer of diffusion, of an iron-chromium alloy with up to 10 - 20% chromium. Coating by electrolytic deposition is the most widely used method for creating protective layers for plastic materials and consists in electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts of the respective metal.
The paper studies the way in which pollution of underground water is influenced during the retrofitting of the chrome-plating plant by changing raw materials that use Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) to Trivalent Chromium (Cr3+). The monitoring period of hexavalent chromium in groundwater included both the period before and after the retrofitting of the factory. This change in the technological process indicates a significant decrease of Cr6+ present in groundwater.
Results of the study indicate that retrofitting of the technological process brings a positive effect on environmental pollution because the concentrations of chromium are significantly reduced after changing to trivalent chromium. The paper also highlights the period during which pollutant is absorbed into soil and transported to groundwater.