bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (
HUM
Systems) for Helicopters: Architecture and Performance
Authors: Pipe Kenneth
Published: September 2009

To enable the helicopter operator to discriminate between wide price/performance variations in the range of systems marketed as HUM system (health and usage monitoring system) requires that the systems' performance can be measured against recognized standards that relate to the HUM system's primary function of enhancing helicopter airworthiness. This article explores the criteria for measuring the performance of a HUM system, the features of the system that are important, and the standards that can be applied.

Ultimately, the performance of a HUM system is measured in actuarial terms, i.e., the impact of the technology in reducing the number of catastrophic and hazardous events on helicopters. The Regulatory Authorities and the manufacturers maintain appropriate statistical records on helicopter safety, but there is no consensus on how to factor in the contribution of HUM systems to the overall safety improvements achieved since the introduction of the technology. Given this difficulty, the article discusses the other performance criteria that are meaningful in establishing a system's efficacy.

The components of a HUM system form a hierarchy, from the sensors, through processing, alarm generation, and finally the operation of the system. The article discusses how the components of a HUM system contribute to its overall performance and the practical performance criteria that can be applied. Health as well as usage functions are covered, as well as functions that relate to maintenance benefits.

HUM systems are unusual in terms of the close interaction between the airborne and ground‐based components of the system. Because of this design feature of maintaining the system's integrity when operating in the helicopter environment is a major issue, the article outlines where standards need to be established.

Finally, the airborne components of a HUM system have to perform as any other item of avionics equipment and the standards that are peculiar to the HUM system are discussed.
Monitoring of Solid Rocket Motors
Authors: Ruderman Gregory A.
Published: September 2009

As so‐called wooden rounds, which are intended to sit stably in storage for extended periods and then function precisely as desired at a moment's notice, missiles would appear to be an ideal application for health monitoring. However, the solid rocket motors that serve as the propulsion system for these missiles present a number of unique challenges for the development of integrated vehicle health monitoring systems. Mechanical and chemical complexity, long service lives, aging materials, and designs with small margins are typical for solid motors, but the payoff for health monitoring is extreme as well. Maintaining a healthy and capable fleet—ensuring the viability of the missiles in the fleet, while not retiring or destroying good assets before it is necessary—could save as much as 50% in costs over a 50‐year life cycle. In this article, a number of unique aspects of solid rocket motors are explored, the difficulties and successes in the development of sensors and diagnostic systems are discussed, and a path to further continue the development of these systems is proposed.
Development of an Active Smart Patch for Aircraft Repair
Authors: Rajic Nik
Published: September 2009

This article describes an application of acousto‐ultrasonics to the development of an “active smart patch” (ASP) repair for the F‐111C, a high‐performance strike reconnaissance aircraft flown by the Royal Australian Air Force. Fatigue cracking caused by poor design of a stiffener depression in the lower wing skin inspired the development of a boron‐composite bonded repair as a cost‐efficient means of restoring wing strength. Although successful, the repair technology is hampered by burdensome structural certification requirements. Embedment in the repair of an acousto‐ultrasonic structural health monitoring system was conceived as an inexpensive approach to satisfying certification concerns. Descriptions are given of the transducer packaging technology and system control hardware developed for the application, and of a laboratory trial of a prototype ASP demonstrating the efficacy of the approach.
Fiber‐optic Sensors
Authors: Foote Peter
Published: September 2009

Fiber‐optic sensors for use in aerospace structural monitoring applications are described. The principles of operation of some commonly used sensors are described with examples of how they are used in aerospace‐related structural monitoring applications. The rationale for the use of fiber optics rather than electrical sensors is included. Airframe load monitoring and structural damage detection are discussed and the relative merits for fiber sensing techniques are explained. Some published trials over the last two decades of fiber‐optic sensors in aerospace applications are identified with brief descriptions of the outcomes. Finally, some opinions on the future prospects of fiber‐optic sensing in aerospace are offered.
Agile Military Aircraft
Authors: Molent Loris , Agius Jason
Published: September 2009

Structural health monitoring (SHM) of airframes has developed over the decades to the stage where it is now incumbent for all fighter‐type aircraft to be fitted with an airborne fatigue monitoring system. These systems typically collect operational data primarily for the calculation of the safe‐life or the inspection interval of the airframe, thus helping to ensure that the structural certification limits for the aircraft are not exceeded. The requirement for SHM systems is explicitly stated in current military structural design standards. This article presents the reasons for requiring such systems and some general requirements for their implementation. The article draws upon the extensive experiences from Australian fatigue monitoring programs, and highlights some of the potential pitfalls in the systems and techniques.
Landing Gear
Authors: Schmidt R. Kyle , Sartor Pia
Published: September 2009

Landing gear systems involve several unique issues that differentiate them from other aircraft systems and the airframe itself. These differences mean that often an alternative approach has to be taken with landing gear structural health monitoring solutions. This article discusses past and present approaches for monitoring the movable aspects of the landing gear, methods for detecting landing gear transient overloads, techniques for measuring the forces seen by the landing gear structure, and methods for determining the fatigue state of landing gear structure.
Thermal Protection System Monitoring of Space Structures
Authors: Prosser William H. , Madaras Eric I. , Studor George F. , Gorman Michael R.
Published: September 2009

The loss of the space shuttle Columbia, as a result of impact damage from foam debris during ascent, led NASA to develop and implement onboard impact‐detection technologies. Acoustic emission sensing, both with accelerometers and ultrasonic sensors, was used to monitor a wide variety of impact conditions on space shuttle components ranging from insulating foam and ablator materials, and ice at ascent velocities to simulated hypervelocity micrometeoroid and orbital debris impacts. Impact testing was performed on both reinforced carbon composite wing leading‐edge materials and shuttle tile materials on representative aluminum wing structures. Results of these impact tests are presented with a focus on the acoustic emission sensor responses to these impact conditions. These tests demonstrated the potential for onboard shuttle impact detection and led to the development and implementation of the shuttle wing leading‐edge impact‐detection system (WLEIDS). The WLEIDS has been installed on all space shuttles and has been monitored on all flights since the Columbia. Results from the WLEIDS are discussed.
Flight Demonstration of a
SHM
System on a
USAF
Fighter Airplane
Authors: Malkin Matthew C.
Published: September 2009

A flight demonstration of a structural health monitoring (SHM) system for a bonded structural repair is described. Motivations for health monitoring of bonded repairs are presented, and the flight test of a health monitoring system for a bonded repair on a fighter airplane is described. Experience gained by fielding a laboratory‐level system is discussed.
The Character of
SHM
in Civil Engineering
Authors: Wenzel Helmut
Published: September 2009

Health monitoring for civil engineering structures is a challenge. Our structures are each a protype and have small safety margins when used by the public. Bridges, for example, were the backbone of powerful empires from China to Rome and the Incas in America. Currently, the transportation infrastructure is directly related to the economic success of a nation. All these facts make structural health monitoring (SHM) of civil engineering structures more difficult than any monitoring of a well‐defined mechanical structure. The major number of uncertainties in geometry, material properties, and the influence of the environment might have a higher impact on monitoring results than any minor damage. Therefore, only complex approaches under consideration and compensation of the already known phenomena will be successful.
The Influence of Environmental Factors
Authors: Wenzel Helmut
Published: September 2009

Recent publications have raised doubts as to whether damage in structures can be detected by the application of frequency analyses. In fact, temperature changes very often show larger reactions in spectra than any smaller damage. Besides temperature, other environmental influences, such as radiation from sunshine, create changes in the structural systems that have to be considered.

When environmental conditions are monitored together with the structural response, a proper reaction can be predicted. The described compensation process, in general, deals with the following sources of input: temperature (daily and annual cycles), compensation of live load (moving vehicles, etc.), influence of wind loads, bearing friction, restoring forces, change of boundary conditions, impact energy, and instrumentation. Separate approaches are necessary, considering that each civil engineering structure is a prototype.
Monitoring of Bridges inKorea
Authors: Koh Hyun‐Moo , Lee Hae‐Sung , Kim Sungkon , Choo Jinkyo F.
Published: September 2009

Korea has adopted bridge monitoring systems since early 1990s. Existing bridges were at first instrumented to collect field data for design check and long‐term monitoring. Along with the rapid and massive progresses made in the domain of IT technologies for infrastructures, complete and integrated monitoring systems were systematically installed in all major bridges since 2000 in Korea, which can be seen today as one of the leading countries in bridge monitoring. The so‐collected database is currently exploited for diverse purposes, such as maintenance, evaluation of structural behavior, system identification, and feedback for future constructions. Continuous efforts have been and are being deployed to enhance structural health monitoring (SHM) of bridge structures, and numerous researches are being conducted on emerging smart technologies. Such ongoing efforts are dedicated to realize full integration of monitoring systems, in the future, to produce bridges providing real‐time continuous sensing, remote sensing, and self‐diagnostic and decision‐making functions with a lifetime perspective. Accordingly, bridge monitoring in Korea evolved to reach its third generation now in terms of development stage and functionality. This article reviews the development and applications of SHM for existing and newly built bridges in Korea with their objectives and characteristics.
Suspended Roof of
B
raga Sports Stadium,
P
ortugal
Authors: Cunha Álvaro , Magalhães Filipe , Caetano Elsa
Published: September 2009

Temporary ambient vibration monitoring of the suspended roof of the new Braga Sports Stadium was developed with the purpose of identifying modal properties through operational modal analysis. This experimental work allowed the validation of a numerical modeling that takes into account the geometric nonlinear structural behavior and the progressive application of loads during the construction phase. Special attention was given for the identification of modal damping ratios, owing to the necessity of analyzing the susceptibility of the suspended roof to buffeting effects. Modal damping ratios were estimated from data provided by free, forced, and ambient vibration tests, using an improved implementation of the enhanced frequency domain method and the covariance‐driven stochastic subspace identification (SSI‐COV) method.
Risk Monitoring of Civil Structures
Authors: Kurata Narito
Published: September 2009

Buildings and civil engineering structures are subjected to natural hazards such as severe earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and hurricanes, as well as man‐made hazards such as fires, crime, and terrorist attacks, during their long‐term use. To mitigate these hazards, monitoring various risks in a building employing structural health monitoring (SHM) technologies is necessary. In this article, a concept of risk monitoring of buildings for disaster mitigation is presented and related sensing technologies are reviewed. As advanced examples of risk monitoring of buildings, a ubiquitous structural monitoring (USM) system and a risk information delivery (RID) system using wireless sensor networks are introduced.
A genome‐wide screen for copy number alterations in Aicardi syndrome
Authors: Wang Xiaoling , Sutton V. Reid , Eble Tanya N. , Lewis Richard Alan , Gunaratne Preethi , Patel Ankita , Van den Veyver Ignatia B.
Published: September 2009

Aicardi syndrome is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder that affects females or rarely males with a 47,XXY karyotype. Therefore, it is thought to be caused by heterozygous defects in an essential X‐linked gene or by defects in an autosomal gene with sex‐limited expression. Because all reported cases are sporadic with one exception, traditional linkage analysis to identify the mutant gene is not possible, and the de novo mutation rate must be high. As an alternative approach to localize the mutant gene, we screened the DNA of 38 girls with Aicardi syndrome by high‐resolution, genome‐wide array comparative genomic hybridization for copy number gains and losses. We found 110 copy number variants (CNVs), 97 of which are known, presumably polymorphic, CNVs; 8 have been seen before in unrelated studies in unaffected individuals. Four previously unseen CNVs on autosomes were each inherited from a healthy parent. One subject with Aicardi syndrome had a de novo loss of X‐linked copy number in a region without known genes. Detailed analysis of this and flanking regions did not reveal CNVs or mutations in annotated genes in other affected subjects. We conclude that, in this study population of 38 subjects, Aicardi syndrome is not caused by CNVs detectable with the high‐resolution array platform that was used. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case report supporting that the Barber–Say and ablepharon macrostomia syndromes could represent one disorder
Authors: Haensel Jennifer , Kohlschmidt Nicolai , Pitz Susanne , Keilmann Annerose , Zenker Martin , Ullmann Reinhard , Haaf Thomas , Bartsch Oliver
Published: September 2009

We report on a 7‐year‐old girl with unequivocal features of Barber–Say syndrome (BSS): generalized hypertrichosis especially at the back, dry lax skin, macrostomia, thin lips, cup‐shaped ears, bulbous nose, hypoplastic nipples, and abnormal external genitalia. She also demonstrated conductive hearing impairment and microblepharon. BSS has been reported with ectropion (not present in our patient), but ablepharon and microblepharon (i.e., absent or hypoplastic eyelids) have always been considered as hallmarks of ablepharon macrostomia syndrome (AMS). This is the first report of microblepharon in BSS. Other authors have discussed that BSS and AMS could possibly represent one syndrome, and our report supports this hypothesis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fitzsimmons syndrome: Spastic paraplegia, brachydactyly and cognitive impairment
Authors: Armour Christine M. , Humphreys Peter , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Boycott Kym M.
Published: September 2009

Fitzsimmons syndrome is an infrequently described entity comprising slowly progressive spastic paraplegia, brachydactyly, and cone‐shaped epiphyses, dysarthria, and low‐normal intelligence. Five patients with this syndrome have been reported. The cause remains unknown. Here we describe a 16‐year‐old boy with Fitzsimmons syndrome. He was noted to toe‐walk at age 18 months and spasticity progressed slowly into a spastic gait with contractures. He has mild dysarthria and hypernasal speech. Brachydactyly is notable but cannot be classified into one of the recognized types. A cone‐shaped epiphysis was apparent on the only available childhood radiograph. He has moderate cognitive handicap and pervasive developmental delay. A detailed comparison of this patient with the earlier described cases is presented to further delineate the condition and increase awareness of this syndrome. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of CHRN genes with “dizziness” to tobacco
Authors: Ehringer Marissa A. , McQueen Matthew B. , Hoft Nicole R. , Saccone Nancy L. , Stitzel Jerry A. , Wang Jen C. , Bierut Laura J.
Published: September 2009

The neuronal nicotinic receptor genes (CHRN) have been implicated in a variety of smoking‐related behaviors. Here we tested for association between an early subjective response phenotype, “dizziness,” and 226 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CHRN genes. The sample included 789 nicotine‐dependent cases and 811 controls, where early “dizziness” reports were significantly associated with case/control status (P < 0.0001). Multiple SNPs in the putative promoter region of the CHRNB3 gene were nominally associated with “dizziness” experience from the first few cigarettes (P < 0.01). Cell culture studies were conducted to examine the ability of different haplotypes in the CHRNB3 promoter to drive luciferase expression. Data from these experiments support the hypothesis that different alleles in the CHRNB3 upstream promoter region may lead to different levels of RNA expression. In addition, a novel finding of association between SNPs in the CHRNA10 gene reached experiment‐wide empirical significance (P = 0.048), which implicates another CHRN gene as being involved in early subjective response to tobacco. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No association of dysbindin with symptom factors of schizophrenia in an Irish case–control sample
Authors: Bergen Sarah E. , Fanous Ayman H. , Kuo Po‐Hsiu , Wormley Brandon K. , O'Neill F. Anthony , Walsh Dermot , Riley Brien P. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: September 2009

Robust associations between the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) and schizophrenia have been demonstrated in many but not all samples, and evidence that this gene particularly predisposes to negative symptoms in this illness has been presented. The current study sought to replicate the previously reported negative symptom associations in an Irish case–control sample. Association between dysbindin and schizophrenia has been established in this cohort, and a factor analysis of the assessed symptoms yielded three factors, Positive, Negative, and Schneiderian. The sequential addition method was applied using UNPHASED to assess the relationship between these symptom factors and the high‐risk haplotype. No associations were detected for any of the symptom factors indicating that the dysbindin risk haplotype does not predispose to a particular group of symptoms in this sample. Several possibilities, such as differing risk haplotypes, may explain this finding. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of transition metal complexes of thiophene‐2‐methylamine: X‐ray crystal structure of palladium (II) and platinum (II) complexes and use of palladium(II) complexes as pre‐catalyst in Heck and Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions
Authors: Aydemir Murat , Baysal Akın , Durap Feyyaz , Gümgüm Bahattin , Özkar Saim , Yıldırım Leyla Tatar
Published: September 2009

The reactions of thiophene‐2‐(N‐diphenylphosphino)methylamine, Ph2PNHCH2‐C4H3S, 1 and thiophene‐2‐[N,N‐bis(diphenylphosphino)methylamine], (Ph2P)2NCH2‐C4H3S, 2, with MCl2(cod) (M = Pd, Pt; cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene) or [Cu(CH3CN)4]PF6 yields the new complexes [M(Ph2PNHCH2‐C4H3S)2Cl2], M = Pd 1a, Pt 1b, [Cu(Ph2PNHCH2‐C4H3S)4]PF6, 1c, and [M(Ph2P)2NCH2‐C4H3S)Cl2], M = Pd 2a, Pt 2b, {Cu[(Ph2P)2NCH2‐C4H3S]2}PF6, 2c, respectively. The new compounds were isolated as analytically pure crystalline solids and characterized by 31P‐, 13C‐, 1H‐NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the solid‐state molecular structures of representative palladium and platinum complexes of bis(phosphine)amine, 2a and 2b, respectively, were determined using single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The palladium complexes were tested as potential catalysts in the Heck and Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 4‐substituted styrene compounds via palladium catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura reaction using bidentate Schiff base ligands
Authors: Liu Yan , Wang Jinqu
Published: September 2009

Air‐stable symmetric Schiff base have been synthesized and proved to be efficient ligands for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction between aryl bromides and arylboronic acids using PdCl2(CH3CN)2 as palladium source under aerobic conditions. The coupling reaction proceeded smoothly using N,N‐bis(anthracen‐9‐ylmethylene)benzene‐1,2‐diamine (L7) as ligand to provide 4‐substituted styrene compounds in good yields. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Clathrate Hydrates
Authors: Shin Kyuchul , Cha Jong‐Ho , Seo Yongwon , Lee Huen
Published: September 2009

Ionic clathrate hydrates are known to be formed by the enclathration of hydrophobic cations or anions into confined cages and the incorporation of counterions into the water framework. As the ionic clathrate hydrates are considered for their potential applicability in various fields, including those that involve solid electrolytes, gas separation, and gas storage, numerous studies of the ionic clathrate hydrates have been reported. This review concentrates on the physicochemical properties of the ionic clathrate hydrates and the notable characteristics of these materials regarding their potential application are addressed.
Benzo[b]phosphole‐Containing π‐Electron Systems: Synthesis Based on an Intramolecular trans‐Halophosphanylation and Some Insights into Their Properties
Authors: Fukazawa Aiko , Ichihashi Yasunori , Kosaka Youhei , Yamaguchi Shigehiro
Published: September 2009

The intramolecular trans‐halophosphanylation of 2‐(aminophosphanyl)phenylacetylenes mediated by PBr3 followed by the oxidation with H2O2, produces 3‐bromobenzo[b]phosphole oxide derivatives. This cyclization is also used for the synthesis of a 3‐iodo derivative by conducting the reaction in the presence of LiI. Based on this synthetic method, various benzophosphole‐containing π‐conjugated compounds, including a phosphoryl and methylene‐bridged stilbene 10, 2,3,6,7‐tetraphenylbenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]diphosphole‐P,P′‐dioxides 11, and their phosphine sulfide derivatives 12, are synthesized. The study of the structure–property relationships in a series of the bridged stilbenes, including a bis(methylene)‐bridged stilbene 10, and a bis(phosphoryl)‐bridged stilbene, reveals that as the contribution of the phosphoryl groups increased, the absorption and emission maxima substantially shift to longer wavelengths. The intrinsic substituent effects of the phosphoryl group in this skeleton are to decrease the oscillator strength of the electronic transition and thus decrease the radiative decay rate constants from the singlet excited state. Nevertheless, these compounds maintain high fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF>0.8) owing to the significantly retarded nonradiative decay process. In the study of the benzodiphosphole derivatives 11 and 12, their cyclic voltammetry revealed that both of the phosphoryl and phosphine sulfide derivatives have low reduction potentials (−1.7 to −1.8 V vs ferrocene/ferrocenium couple) with the high reversibility of the redox waves. These compounds also showed high thermal stabilities with the high glass transition temperatures of 147–159 °C, indicative of their potential utilities as amorphous materials.
Epidemiologic features and clinical subgroups of anotia/microtia in Texas
Authors: Canfield Mark A. , Langlois Peter H. , Nguyen Ly M. , Scheuerle Angela E.
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND:

Few studies have investigated the epidemiologic features of clinically defined subgroups of anotia/microtia.

METHODS:

Data on cases of anotia and/or microtia among 1999–2005 deliveries were obtained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry, a population‐based active surveillance system. We determined crude and adjusted associations between selected factors and seven clinical subgroups of anotia/microtia.

RESULTS:

In total, 742 cases were diagnosed with anotia and/or microtia, corresponding to a prevalence of 2.86 per 10,000 live births. Of those, 45% had no other major birth defect (“isolated”), 77% were unilateral, and 22% bilateral. Anotia alone made up 6%, whereas microtia made up 94%. Birth prevalence was higher with increasing maternal age and among Mexico‐born Hispanics. Compared to white mothers, Hispanic mothers were two‐to‐three times more likely to have infants with all but the syndromic and bilateral groups (adjusted prevalence ratios [aPRs] = 2.05–2.61). Non‐Hispanic blacks had significantly lower risk for total anotia/microtia, and for the isolated, unilateral, and microtia subgroups (aPRs = 0.42–0.64). Less educated mothers were three‐to‐four times more likely to have children with anotia (aPRs = 2.98 for less than high school, 3.97 for high school graduates). Males were more likely to be born with total anotia/microtia and with syndromic, unilateral, and microtia subtypes (aPRs = 1.27–1.41).

CONCLUSIONS:

In Texas, most anotia/microtia cases were in the unilateral and microtia groups, and 45% were isolated. Several clinical subgroups exhibited higher prevalence in males and among older mothers. Relative to whites, blacks were at lower risk and Hispanics (especially Mexico‐born mothers) were at higher risk for selected types of anotia/microtia. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Cyanofluorene–Triphenylamine Copolymer: Synthesis and Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron Transfer Processes
Authors: Lin Ying , El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Chen Yu , Supur Mustafa , Gu Lingling , Li Yongxi , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: September 2009

A new π‐conjugated copolymer, namely, poly{cyanofluore‐alt‐[5‐(N,N′‐diphenylamino)phenylenevinylene]} ((CNF–TPA)n), was synthesized by condensation polymerization of 2,2′‐(9,9‐dioctyl‐9H‐fluorene‐2,7‐diyl)diacetonitrile and 5‐(N,N′‐diphenylamino)benzene‐1,3‐dicarbaldehyde by using the Knoevenagel reaction. By design, diphenylamine, alkylfluorene and poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) linkages were combined to form a (CNF–TPA)n copolymer which exhibits high thermal stability and glass‐transition temperature. Photodynamic measurements in polar benzonitrile indicate fast and efficient photoinduced electron transfer (≈1011 s−1) from triphenylamine (TPA) to cyanofluorene (CNF) to produce the long‐lived charge‐separated state (90 μs). The finding that the charge‐recombination process of (CNF.−–TPA.+)n is much slower than the charge separation in polar benzonitrile suggests a potential application in molecular‐level electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Self‐Assembled Supramolecular Nanocarrier Hosting Two Kinds of Guests in the Site‐Isolation State
Authors: Lou Xing‐Long , Cheng Fa , Cao Peng‐Fei , Tang Qiang , Liu Hua‐Ji , Chen Yu
Published: September 2009

Hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI) was simply mixed with a solution of amphiphilic calix[4]arene (AC4), which possesses four phenol groups and four aliphatic chains, in chloroform. This resulted in the novel supramolecular complex HPEI–AC4 through the noncovalent interaction of the amino groups of HPEI with the phenol groups of AC4. The formed HPEI–AC4 supramolecular complexes were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. The cationic water‐soluble dye methyl blue (MB) and the anionic water‐soluble dye methyl orange (MO) were used as the model guests to test the performance of HPEI–AC4 as a supramolecular nanocarrier. It was found that HPEI–AC4 could accommodate the anionic water‐soluble MO guests into the HPEI core. The MO encapsulation capacity of HPEI–AC4 was pH sensitive, which reached maximum loading under weakly acidic conditions. The loaded MO molecules could be totally released when the pH value was reduced to be around 4.5 or raised to be around 9.5, and this process was reversible. HPEI–AC4 could not only accommodate the anionic MO with the HPEI core but could also simultaneously load the cationic MB molecules using the formed AC4 shell, thereby realizing the site isolation of the two kinds of functional units. The amount of MO and MB encapsulated by HPEI–AC4 could be controlled by varying the ratio of hydroxyl groups of AC4 to amino groups of HPEI.
Fullerol–Titania Charge‐Transfer‐Mediated Photocatalysis Working under Visible Light
Authors: Park Yiseul , Singh N. Jiten , Kim Kwang S. , Tachikawa Takashi , Majima Tetsuro , Choi Wonyong
Published: September 2009

The development of visible‐light‐active photocatalysts is being investigated through various approaches. In this study, C60‐based sensitized photocatalysis that works through the charge transfer (CT) mechanism is proposed and tested as a new approach. By employing the water‐soluble fullerol (C60(OH)x) instead of C60, we demonstrate that the adsorbed fullerol activates TiO2 under visible‐light irradiation through the “surface–complex CT” mechanism, which is largely absent in the C60/TiO2 system. Although fullerene and its derivatives have often been utilized in TiO2‐based photochemical conversion systems as an electron transfer relay, their successful photocatalytic application as a visible‐light sensitizer of TiO2 is not well established. Fullerol/TiO2 exhibits marked visible photocatalytic activity not only for the redox conversion of 4‐chlorophenol, I−, and CrVI, but also for H2 production. The photoelectrode of fullerol/TiO2 also generates an enhanced anodic photocurrent under visible light as compared with the electrodes of bare TiO2 and C60/TiO2, which confirms that the visible‐light‐induced electron transfer from fullerol to TiO2 is particularly enhanced. The surface complexation of fullerol/TiO2 induced a visible absorption band around 400–500 nm, which was extinguished when the adsorption of fullerol was inhibited by fluorination of the surface of TiO2. The transient absorption spectroscopic measurement gave an absorption spectrum ascribed to fullerol radical cations (fullerol.+) the generation of which should be accompanied by the proposed CT. The theoretical calculation regarding the absorption spectra for the (TiO2 cluster+fullerol) model also confirmed the proposed CT, which involves excitation from HOMO (fullerol) to LUMO (TiO2 cluster) as the origin of the visible‐light absorption.
Designing Simple Tridentate Ligands for Highly Luminescent Europium Complexes
Authors: Shavaleev Nail M. , Eliseeva Svetlana V. , Scopelliti Rosario , Bünzli Jean‐Claude G.
Published: September 2009

A series of tridentate benzimidazole‐substituted pyridine‐2‐carboxylic acids have been prepared with a halogen, methyl or alkoxy group in the 6‐position of the benzimidazole ring, which additionally contains a solubilising N‐alkyl chain. The ligands form neutral homoleptic nine‐coordinate lanthanum, europium and terbium complexes as established from X‐ray crystallographic analysis of eight structures. The coordination polyhedron around the lanthanide ion is close to a tricapped trigonal prism with ligands arranged in an up–up–down fashion. The coordinated ligands serve as light‐harvesting chromophores in the complexes with absorption maxima in the range 321–341 nm (ε=(4.9–6.0)×104 M−1 cm−1) and triplet‐state energies between 21 300 and 18 800 cm−1; the largest redshifts occur for bromine and electron‐donor alkoxy substituents. The ligands efficiently sensitise europium luminescence with overall quantum yields (${Q{{{\rm Eu}\hfill \atop {\rm L}\hfill}}}$) and observed lifetimes (τobs) reaching 71 % and 3.00 ms, respectively, in the solid state and 52 % and 2.81 ms, respectively, in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. The radiative lifetimes of the Eu(5D0) level amount to τrad=3.6–4.6 ms and the sensitisation efficiency ηsens=${Q{{{\rm Eu}\hfill \atop {\rm L}\hfill}}}$(τrad/τobs) is close to unity for most of the complexes in the solid state and equal to approximately 80 % in solution. The photophysical parameters of the complexes correlate with the triplet energy of the ligands, which in turn is determined by the nature of the benzimidazole substituent. Facile modification of the ligands makes them promising for the development of brightly emissive europium‐containing materials.
Changes in synaptic populations in the spinal dorsal horn following a dorsal rhizotomy in the monkey
Authors: Darian‐Smith Corinna , Hopkins Stephanie , Ralston Henry J.
Published: September 2009

Studies in monkeys have shown substantial neuronal reorganization and behavioral recovery during the months following a cervical dorsal root lesion (DRL; Darian‐Smith [2004] J. Comp. Neurol. 470:134–150; Darian‐Smith and Ciferri [2005] J. Comp. Neurol. 491:27–45, [2006] J. Comp. Neurol. 498:552–565). The goal of the present study was to identify ultrastructural synaptic changes post‐DRL within the dorsal horn (DH). Two monkeys received a unilateral DRL, as described previously (Darian‐Smith and Brown [2000] Nat. Neurosci. 3:476–481), which removed cutaneous and proprioceptive input from the thumb, index finger, and middle finger. Six weeks before terminating the experiment at 4 post‐DRL months, hand representation was mapped electrophysiologically within the somatosensory cortex, and anterograde tracers were injected into reactivated cortex to label corticospinal terminals. Sections were collected through the spinal lesion zone. Corticospinal terminals and inhibitory profiles were visualized by using preembedding immunohistochemistry and postembedding γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunostaining, respectively. Synaptic elements were systematically counted through the superficial DH and included synaptic profiles with round vesicles (R), pleomorphic flattened vesicles (F; presumed inhibitory synapses), similar synapses immunolabeled for GABA (F‐GABA), primary afferent synapses (C‐type), synapses with dense‐cored vesicles (D, mostly primary afferents), and presynaptic dendrites of interneurons (PSD). Synapse types were compared bilaterally via ANOVAs. As expected, we found a significant drop in C‐type profiles on the lesioned side (∼16% of contralateral), and R profiles did not differ bilaterally. More surprising was a significant increase in the number of F profiles (∼170% of contralateral) and F‐GABA profiles (∼315% of contralateral) on the side of the lesion. Our results demonstrate a striking increase in the inhibitory circuitry within the deafferented DH. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:103–117, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic activity‐related classical protein kinase C isoform localization in the adult rat neuromuscular synapse
Authors: Besalduch Núria , Tomàs Marta , Santafé Manel M. , Garcia Neus , Tomàs Josep , Lanuza Maria Angel
Published: September 2009

Protein kinase C (PKC) is essential for signal transduction in a variety of cells, including neurons and myocytes, and is involved in both acetylcholine release and muscle fiber contraction. Here, we demonstrate that the increases in synaptic activity by nerve stimulation couple PKC to transmitter release in the rat neuromuscular junction and increase the level of α, βI, and βII isoforms in the membrane when muscle contraction follows the stimulation. The phosphorylation activity of these classical PKCs also increases. It seems that the muscle has to contract in order to maintain or increase classical PKCs in the membrane. We use immunohistochemistry to show that PKCα and PKCβI were located in the nerve terminals, whereas PKCα and PKCβII were located in the postsynaptic and the Schwann cells. Stimulation and contraction do not change these cellular distributions, but our results show that the localization of classical PKC isoforms in the membrane is affected by synaptic activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:211–228, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of fine‐needle aspiration as a diagnostic technique in breast lumps
Authors: Ahmed Hussain Gadelkarim , Ali Abdulsalam Salih , Almobarak Ahmed Omer
Published: September 2009

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, accurate, and safe procedure for the diagnosis of palpable breast lumps. The purpose of this study is to emphasis the utilization of FNAC in the Sudan and to evaluate our experience to identify the types of various breast lesions. A one year descriptive longitudinal study was conducted in Khartoum, Sudan. We obtained information (patient's personal data) and Fine‐Needle Aspiration (FNA) samples, for 200 patients with palpable breast lesions. Subsequent tissue biopsies were taken from 131 patients of the 200 studied patients. Data were analyzed using a computer's SPSS program. Pearson chi‐square test was used for statistical analyses. The diagnoses of the 200 breast FNAs were as follows: 61 (30.5%) were malignant, 5 (2.5%) were suspicious, and 134 (67%) were benign lesions. Subsequent histopathological examination was performed on 61 (100%) patients with malignant lesions, 5 (100%) of suspicious, and 65 (48.5%) patients of 134 patients with benign lesions. FNAC revealed a 92.6% sensitivity, a 95.2% specificity, a 95.5% positive predictive value, and a 92.2% negative predictive value. Of the 65 benign cases on cytology, five cases were found malignant on histopathology. FNAC of breast lesions is sensitive, specific, and highly accurate as the initial investigation of palpable breast lesions in a population of low resources and without screening program to diagnose breast cancer. We consequently encourage clinicians to embrace this procedure in the management of patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occult fallopian tube carcinoma detected in routine pelvic washing specimens submitted for staging: Another justification for pelvic washing cytology?
Authors: Jorns Julie M. , Knoepp Stewart M.
Published: September 2009

Peritoneal washing cytology is important in the staging, prognosis, and treatment schema for women diagnosed with gynecologic malignancies. Additionally, peritoneal washings are often performed before the specific diagnosis or even the distinction between benign or malignant lesion is known. Occasionally, the cytology and surgical pathology specimens, although obtained during the same procedure, will show unexpected and/or discordant findings. Perhaps, the greatest dilemma occurs when atypical cells suggestive of malignancy are identified in peritoneal washing specimens when a corresponding benign or discordantly low grade malignant diagnosis is made in the surgical pathology specimen. We present two such cases in which further investigation proved extremely valuable, not only leading to resolution of initially discrepant cytologic and surgical pathology findings but also in the process leading to second diagnoses of early fallopian tube carcinoma. Increasing evidence appears to be pointing to the fallopian tube as the site of origin of many serous carcinomas previously thought to be of primary pelvic or ovarian origin. These cases further confirm the utility of peritoneal washing cytology as a diagnostic modality when routine gross examination and sampling of the surgical specimens alone would have failed to provide the complete diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyoxothiomolybdenum Wheels as Anionic Receptors for Recognition of Sulfate and Sulfonate Anions
Authors: Lemonnier Jean‐François , Floquet Sébastien , Marrot Jérôme , Cadot Emmanuel
Published: September 2009

The formation of supramolecular host–guest cyclic architectures, built up through the self‐condensation process of [Mo2O2S2]2+ oxothiocations driven by sulfate and sulfonate anions is reported. The complexes [(SO4)2Mo10O10S10(OH)10(H2O)5]4– and [(EtSO3)2Mo10O10S10(OH)10(H2O)5]2– were characterized in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction, and particular attention was given to the analysis of the hydrogen‐bonding interactions, which ensure the host–guest stability of such architectures. Taking into account these properties, we report preliminary results on the grafting of oxothiomolybdenum cyclic materials onto sulfonated resin such as Dowex 50–80. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Carbodiphosphorane C(PPh3)2as a Single and Twofold Lewis Base with Boranes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Theoretical Studies on [H3B{C(PPh3)2}] and [{(μ‐H)H4B2}{C(PPh3)2}]+
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Öxler Florian , Neumüller Bernhard , Tonner Ralf , Frenking Gernot
Published: September 2009

The donor‐acceptor complex [(H3B){C(PPh3)2}] (2) has been synthesized by treating B2H6with C(PPh3)2and its geometry determined by X‐ray structure analysis. Treatment of2with DME yields the complex [{(μ‐H)H4B2}{C(PPh3)2}][B2H7] (4), which has also been isolated and structurally characterized. Compound4is the first complex of a carbodiphosphorane where the carbon donor atom binds with its two‐electron lone pairs to two main‐group Lewis acids larger than protons. This reaction is likely to occur via initial formation of [(H3B)2{C(PPh3)2}] (6), which subsequently reacts with B2H6, with loss of a hydride, to yield4. Quantum chemical calculations of2,4+and6show that the carbon–boron bonds in these complexes are very strong, and analysis of the bonding situation using the EDA, NBO and AIM methods reveals typical bonding patterns between the divalent carbon(0) moieties and one or two Lewis acids. The carbon donor atom of the carbodiphosphorane moiety remains strongly negatively charged even in the cation4+. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Efficient Deracemization of Pipecolic Acid Amides through Enantioselective Protonation of Their Lithium Enolates: Insights into the Origin of the Transferred Proton
Authors: Martin Juliette , Plaquevent Jean‐Christophe , Maddaluno Jacques , Rouden Jacques , Lasne Marie‐Claire
Published: September 2009

A detailed study of the deracemization of pipecolic acid amides is reported. Enantioselective protonation of the lithium enolates of these amides with use of commercially available ephedrines led to enantiomeric excesses (ee values) higher than 99 %. The success of the reaction was strongly dependent on the following parameters: the base, the reaction temperature, the structure of the chiral source, and the achiral quenching reagent. sBuLi and the bimetallic base “potassium alkoxide/nBuLi” were the only bases to allow complete formation of the enolate in conjunction with high stereocontrol of the protonation. Experiments with (+)‐ or(–)‐ephedrine derivatives as chiral sources and deuteriated reagents gave evidence that both the OH and NH protons of ephedrine were involved in the stereoinduction. External delivery of the proton was mainly operative with the aniline derivative (+)‐5, as shown by deuterium labeling experiments, whereas internal quenching was the major pathway observed with ephedrine (6). Finally, the deracemization procedure was successfully applied to prepare both enantiomers of N‐protected pipecolic acid from racemic pipecolic acid (51 % overall yield, 99 % ee).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cost and risk management for a local distribution company in purchasing electricity
Authors: Hailun Huang , Yan Zheng , Wu Felix F. , Hou Yunhe
Published: September 2009

In the competitive electricity markets, the allocation of electricity among multi‐markets for purchasers is worth concerning. Based on the portfolio optimization theory in the field of financial risk, a novel optimal electricity‐procurement model for the local distribution company (LDC) is presented, which can synthetically consider the risk and expected purchase cost. For the purpose of risk assessment, the conditional value at risk (CVaR) is implemented. This model is applied to determine the electricity allocation and efficient frontiers for the LDC among three markets. Then it is compared with the mean‐variance model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model can guarantee the LDC to bear the minimum CVaR risk within an acceptable expected procurement cost. It provides an effective way for the LDC to manage the cost and risk in electricity‐purchase decision. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation policy and evaluation practice
Authors: Trochim William M. K.
Published: September 2009

The author develops the basic idea of evaluation policy, describes a practical model for development and revision of evaluation policies (including a taxonomy, structure, and set of principles), and suggests critical challenges and opportunities for the future of evaluation policy. An evaluation policy is any rule or principle that a group or organization uses to guide its decisions and actions when doing evaluation. Every entity that engages in evaluation, including government agencies, private businesses, and nonprofit organizations, has evaluation policies. Sometimes they are explicit and written; more often they are implicit and ad hoc principles or norms that have simply evolved over time. Evaluation policies profoundly affect the day‐to‐day work of all evaluators and ultimately the quality of the programs they evaluate. Many recent and current controversies or conflicts in the field of evaluation can be viewed, at least in part, as a struggle around evaluation policy. Because evaluation policies typically apply across multiple evaluations, influencing policies directly may have systemic and far‐reaching effects for practice. Evaluation practice must play a critical role in informing and shaping the development of evaluation policies. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating evaluation units into the political environment of government: The role of evaluation policy
Authors: Chelimsky Eleanor
Published: September 2009

Most discussions of evaluation policy focus on the substance and process of doing evaluations. However, doing evaluations in government requires careful consideration not only of evaluation but also of the larger political structure into which it is expected to fit. I argue in this chapter that success for evaluation in government depends as much on the political context within which evaluation operates as it does on the merits of the evaluation process itself. For convenience, I divide the contextual governmental pressures on evaluation into three kinds: those stemming from the overarching structure of our democracy, those stemming from the bureaucratic climate of a particular agency, and those stemming from the dominant professional culture within that agency. I then examine how those three kinds of pressures have, in my experience, affected the independence, credibility, and ethical position of the evaluation units and evaluators concerned. Finally, I offer some suggestions for evaluation policy in the hope of avoiding a repetition of past evaluative failures that resulted either from unawareness of political relationships in government or from the inability of small evaluation units to protect their work in the face of much more powerful political forces. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.