bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Acromioclavicular Joint Morphology for Minimizing Subacromial Erosion after Surgical Fixation of the Joint Using a Clavicular Hook Plate
Authors: Kim Sung Jae , Kee Young Moon , Park Dong Hyuck , Ko Young Il , Lee Bong Gun
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND: Subacromial erosion remains a major concern after surgical fixation of acromioclavicular (AC) joint using a clavicular hook plate. To minimize postoperative subacromial erosion, we investigated the structural relationship between distal clavicle and acromion around the AC joint by considering the surgical fixation of the joint using the hook plate technique.METHODS: Computed tomography scans of 101 AC joints without any inherent pathology were analyzed. The angle between the distal clavicle and acromion around the AC joint (AC angle), depth of the acromion, differences in height between distal clavicle and acromion (AC height difference), and thickness of distal clavicle and acromion at the AC joint were measured. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each anatomical parameter, and all results were compared between gender groups.RESULTS: The mean AC angle was 17.1°(range, ?8.0° to 39.0°), and the mean AC height difference was 3.5 mm (range, ?0.7 to 8.7 mm). Both factors showed very high variability (coefficients of variation=62.6% and 46.6%, respectively). The mean AC angle was significantly higher in the female gender than in the male gender (19.8° vs. 13.8°, p=0.048). The mean acromion thickness and distal clavicular thickness were both significantly thinner in the female group than in the male group (p < 0.001) CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, we believe our results might be helpful in minimizing postoperative subacromial erosion when performing surgical fixation of the AC joint using the hook plate, and be valuable in improving future design of the hook plate.
The Volume of Subscapularis Muscle Remains Unaffected by Supraspinatus Tendon Tears: Three-dimensionally Reconstructed Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis
Authors: Jun Yong Cheol , Moon Young Lae , Bhardwaj Havinder Dev , Lim Jae Hwan , Cha Dong Hyuk
Published: February 2020

Background: This study aimed to compare the subscapularis muscle volume between the intact groups (group I) and supraspinatus tendon tear groups (group T) based on the sex and three different age groups.Methods: Subjects with a group I and subjects with group T without any other lesions were retrospectively evaluated from among patients who received a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan between January 2011 and December 2013. The MRI scans were studied by a consultant radiologist. The subscapularis muscle volume was compared according to the age and sex; the age groups were categorized as patients in their 40s, 50s, and 60s. The volume of subscapularis muscle was measured by three-dimensional reconstructed images acquired through the axial section of 1.5T MRI.Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between subscapularis muscle volume of the group I and group T, except for male patients in their 50s (group I: 100,650 mm3 vs. group T: 106,488 mm3) and 60s (group I: 76,347 mm3 vs. group T: 99,549 mm3) (p<0.05). Males had a larger mean volume of subscapularis muscle than females, and the subscapularis muscle volume decreased in a linear manner with increasing age.Conclusions: Decrease in subscapularis muscle volume was observed with increasing age, and the impact of supraspinatus tear on subscapularis muscle volume is age and sex dependent.
Synchronization of Synovial Chondromatosis and Mycobacterium intracellurae Infection in Olecranon Bursitis: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Dong Hyun , Min Seunggi , Lee Hyun Joo , Kim Hee-June , Lee Hoseok , Yoon Jong Pil
Published: February 2020

A 73-year-old woman presented with a recurrent cystic mass around her left olecranon. She had a history of 8 steroid injections due to elbow pain beginning 3 years ago and twice had undergone aspiration of olecranon bursitis that developed two months prior to presentation. She had been taking medications for hypertension and diabetes with no pertinent past history. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there were multiple nodules in the olecranon bursa, which were isointense to muscle on T1-weighted images and hyperintense to muscle on T2-weighted images. Our initial diagnosis was synovial chondromatosis. On bursoscopy, masses of gray-white colored nodules were observed in the bursa. Finally, synovial chondromatosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection were concurrently diagnosed. In conclusion, uncalcified synovial chondromatosis and rice bodies can have similar visual and MRI characteristics; therefore, we suggest that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of other infections in cases of this type.
Evaluation of a Real Time PCR Assay Method for the Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms in Food Products
Authors: Spanea Eleni , Tsironi Theofania , Tsakali Efstathia , Batrinou Anthimia , Stefanou Valentina , Antonopoulos Dionisios , Koussissis Stamatios , Tsaknis John , Impe Jan Van , Houhoula Dimitra
Published: February 2020

The objective of the study was to determine qualitatively by validated Real Time PCR method the occurrence of genetically modified maize and soybean in commercial food products from the Greek market. 70 independent samples were collected, including products from different categories (i.e. cereal based, biscuits and snacks) which declared either corn or soybean on the labelling. The result of the study indicated that 37.1% of maize and soy products (n=70) displayed in the Greek market have detectable levels of genetically modified maize or soy. These products were identified by specific primers and included common GMΟ detection primers for 35S and NOS terminator. Adequate repeatability and reproducibility was demonstrated for the applied Real Time PCR method, as evaluated by intra- and inter-laboratory tests.
Digital Economy Business Models as Factors of Structural Change in the Tourist Market – State of Research
Authors: Kachniewska Magdalena
Published: February 2020

Purpose. Identifying the research gap in the area of tourism business models (MB) and formulating a research programme to analyse structural changes within the tourism market.
Method. Review and synthesis of publications from the EBSCO, Emerald Insight, ProQuest, Science Direct and Web of Science databases, devoted to tourism MB in the years 2000-2018. Identification of common topics and identification of research gaps.
Findings. The research topics most frequently undertaken were: 1) MB configurations in the areas of tourism and hotel industry, transport, brokerage services and e-commerce; 2) analysis of value types; 3) sustainability of the business model; 4) susceptibility to the impact of technology; (5) role of formal and legal environment.
Research and conclusion limitations. The scope of analysis was limited to the mentioned databases and a review of scientific articles in English. Industry reports were omitted as not meeting the methodological requirements of scientific works, despite the fact that they illustrate the phenomenon of the emergence of new entities in tourism and the disappearance of the borders of markets, industries and entities.
Practical implications. Operationalisation of the MB concept and the answer to the question, what is the real source of the crisis of the industries and entities of the tourist market, will lead to avoiding improper solutions. Despite statutory changes aimed at ensuring equal legal conditions for the functioning of tourism economy entities, differences resulting from different MB effectiveness and failure to recognise structural changes limiting the chances for development and flexible response to environmental conditions persist.
Originality. In the article, it is indicated how scientists operationalise the MB concept and perceive the conditions for its modification. Together with the established directions of further research, this will allow to create a common conceptual basis and systematise knowledge resources useful in research on MB tourism market.
Type of paper. Research paper.
Spatial Proximity and its Importance for Cooperation in a Tourist Region - Complementary Use of Social Network Analysis and Agglomeration Theory
Authors: Czernek-Marszałek Katarzyna , Majewska Justyna
Published: February 2020

Purpose. Evaluation of the importance of spatial proximity for undertaking business cooperation in a tourist region. Method. Agglomeration economy analysis was combined with the network approach (i.e. Social Network Analysis). The method of case study was used – cooperation between various entities (actors) in five tourist municipalities united in the “Beskid Five” agreement. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 225 entities selected in purposeful sampling. Additionally, using the appropriate software, based on postal address and data on GPS coordinates of the location of the interviewed entities, were obtained. To analyse the data, some parameters of network analysis were used (i.e. the degree centrality – i.e. in-out and out-degree) and multidimensional data analysis. In particular, the logistic regression method was used, i.e. binary logic regressions were carried out in order to determine the significance of spatial proximity for undertaking cooperation and its intensity in a tourist region. In addition, Moran Ii local statistics were determined in order to measure the occurrence and direction of spatial autocorrelation (spatial correlation coefficient within Local Indicators of Spatial Associations, LISA). Visualisation techniques were also implemented in the work. Findings. In the research, it has been shown that spatial proximity is an important factor affecting cooperation in a tourist region, because it increases the likelihood of cooperation, although this relationship is not linear. Research and conclusion limitations. The study did not cover all entities from the region, but only the so-called key actors in a network. The region selected for research is so specific that the obtained results cannot be considered as representative for other regions in Poland or in the world. In addition, cooperation was analysed without division into various forms, which may also have influence on the obtained results. Practical implications. Entrepreneurs wishing to gain economic benefits regarding cooperation should consider the location and spatial arrangement of connections between potential partners of this cooperation, taking its various forms into account. In addition, by stimulating cooperation between entrepreneurs, local authorities should look at their (municipality office) location in the tourist region and the resulting spatial and functional structure of links between entities, which may determine the scope, intensity and level of effectiveness of the cooperation undertaken. Originality. To show the importance of geographic proximity with reference to intensity of cooperation in a tourist region, analysis of the agglomeration economies and social networks was combined for the first time. Type of paper. An article presenting the results of empirical research.
Estresse por calor na Atenção Primária à Saúde: uma revisão clínica
Authors: Floss Mayara , Barros Enrique Falceto
Published: February 2020

Introdução: A exposição nociva ao calor ganha mais relevância com a progressão do aquecimento global antropogênico e a Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) tem um papel crescente nesse cenário. No Brasil, as ondas de calor entre 2014 e 2015 duraram mais tempo que nos anos prévios, além disso, entre 2000-2015 a associação entre temperatura e hospitalizações variou de acordo com a duração da exposição ao calor. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desta revisão é realizar uma  atualização sobre manejo clínico de patologias relacionadas ao calor na APS. Metodologia: Realizou-se a busca na base de dados ACCESSS, que utiliza a pirâmide 5.0 da assistência à saúde baseada em evidências. Foram identificados 103 sumários sintetizados para referência clínica com as palavras “Heat stress”, “Heat Stroke”, “Heat Wave” e “Heat Exhaustion”, mas apenas três entravam no escopo deste estudo. Resultados e Discussão: O estresse pelo calor é uma condição comum, negligenciada e evitável que afeta diversos pacientes, iniciando-se com uma má adaptação ao calor que se não for corrigida pode gerar uma cascata de eventos inflamatórios. O estresse pelo calor é caracterizado por sintomas inespecíficos, como mal-estar, cefaleia e náusea. O tratamento envolve o resfriamento do paciente e monitoramento, garantindo hidratação adequada. A exaustão pelo calor, se não tratada, pode evoluir para insolação, uma doença grave que pode levar ao coma e morte, envolvendo disfunção do sistema nervoso central - necessitando de um tratamento mais agressivo além do resfriamento.
Spreading the Word
Authors: Blaugrund Erin Baca , Hoffman James J. ,   Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum
Published: February 2020

Over the past two years, the College of Business (COB) profiled in this article spent time reflecting on where it had been, what it was doing, and where it needed to go in terms of teaching ethics. Based on this analysis, the COB developed an initiative to teach ethics to students, faculty, business people, government employees and officials, and others across its state so all of key stakeholder groups would have a greater appreciation for the benefits of ethical decision-making, the need to exhibit ethical leadership, and the role that business and the free enterprise system can play in promoting the need to earn one’s reputation by doing the right thing. The current article discusses the process the COB followed to implement their ethics initiative.
Guiding Students in Assessing Ethical Behavior in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Murphy Michael J. ,   Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum
Published: February 2020

Holistic ethics education in the professions is never fully served by a reliance on regulatory compliance alone. Data obtained from penalties due to corporate non-compliance in specific professions rarely describe the underlying ethical failures that are the foundation for “rule-breaking” in the professions. However, “violations” data may serve as a springboard for an educational discussion and approach that helps professionals (and those studying to become professionals) to understand the basic moral reasoning that underlies the “good” that is served by adhering to professional Codes of Conduct, Codes of Practice, Codes of Ethics, and the professional regulatory environment. We here use data obtained from the US FDA, US DOJ, and from Violations Tracker and compare these data with the IFPMA (International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Association) Ethos and guiding principles. These side-by-side linkages serve as a mechanism to help students assess which ethical principles are at the core of each such violation in the pharmaceutical industry. We further recommend that this approach be incorporated into ethics education, especially beginning at the undergraduate level, as prophylaxis to ethical lapses in later professional life.
Digital Whole Slide Imaging Compared With Light Microscopy for Primary Diagnosis in Surgical Pathology
Authors: Borowsky Alexander D. , Glassy Eric F. , Wallace William Dean , Kallichanda Nathash S. , Behling Cynthia A. , Miller Dylan V. , Oswal Hemlata N. , Feddersen Richard M. , Bakhtar Omid R. , Mendoza Arturo E. , Molden Daniel P. , Saffer Helene L. , Wixom Christopher R. , Albro James E. , Cessna Melissa H. , Hall Brian J. , Lloyd Isaac E. , Bishop John W. , Darrow Morgan A. , Gui Dorina , Jen Kuang-Yu , Walby Julie Ann S. , Bauer Stephen M. , Cortez Daniel A. , Gandhi Pranav , Rodgers Melissa M. , Rodriguez Rafael A. , Martin David R. , McConnell Thomas G. , Reynolds Samuel J. , Spigel James H. , Stepenaskie Shelly A. , Viktorova Elena , Magari Robert , Wharton Keith A. , Qiu Jinsong , Bauer Thomas W.
Published: February 2020

Context.—

The adoption of digital capture of pathology slides as whole slide images (WSI) for educational and research applications has proven utility.

Objective.—

To compare pathologists' primary diagnoses derived from WSI versus the standard microscope. Because WSIs differ in format and method of observation compared with the current standard glass slide microscopy, this study is critical to potential clinical adoption of digital pathology.

Design.—

The study enrolled a total of 2045 cases enriched for more difficult diagnostic categories and represented as 5849 slides were curated and provided for diagnosis by a team of 19 reading pathologists separately as WSI or as glass slides viewed by light microscope. Cases were reviewed by each pathologist in both modalities in randomized order with a minimum 31-day washout between modality reads for each case. Each diagnosis was compared with the original clinical reference diagnosis by an independent central adjudication review.

Results.—

The overall major discrepancy rates were 3.64% for WSI review and 3.20% for manual slide review diagnosis methods, a difference of 0.44% (95% CI, −0.15 to 1.03). The time to review a case averaged 5.20 minutes for WSI and 4.95 minutes for glass slides. There was no specific subset of diagnostic category that showed higher rates of modality-specific discrepancy, though some categories showed greater discrepancy than others in both modalities.

Conclusions.—

WSIs are noninferior to traditional glass slides for primary diagnosis in anatomic pathology.
Vehicle Travel Time Estimation Using Sequence Prediction
Authors: Gündüz Gültekin , Acarman Tankut
Published: February 2020

This paper proposes a region-based travel time and traffic speed prediction method using sequence prediction. Floating Car Data collected from 8,317 vehicles during 34 days are used for evaluation purposes. Twelve districts are chosen and the spatio-temporal non-linear relations are learned with Recurrent Neural Networks. Time estimation of the total trip is solved by travel time estimation of the divided sub-trips, which are constituted between two consecutive GNSS measurement data. The travel time and final speed of sub-trips are learned with Long Short-term Memory cells using sequence prediction. A sequence is defined by including the day of the week meta-information, dynamic information about vehicle route start and end positions, and average travel speed of the road segment that has been traversed by the vehicle. The final travel time is estimated for this sequence. The sequence-based prediction shows promising results, outperforms function mapping and non-parametric linear velocity change based methods in terms of root-mean-square error and mean absolute error metrics.
Prediction of Fatal and Major Injury of Drivers, Cyclists, and Pedestrians in Collisions
Authors: Shanshal Dalia , Babaoglu Ceni , Başar Ayşe
Published: February 2020

Traffic-related deaths and severe injuries may affect every person on the roads, whether driving, cycling or walking. Toronto, the largest city in Canada and the fourth largest in North America, aims to eliminate traffic-related fatalities and serious injuries on city streets. The aim of this study is to build a prediction model using data analytics and machine learning techniques that learn from past patterns, providing additional data-driven decision support for strategic planning. A detailed exploratory analysis is presented, investigating the relationship between the variables and factors affecting collisions in Toronto. A learning-based model is proposed to predict the fatalities and severe injuries in traffic collisions through a comparison of two predictive models: Lasso Regression and Random Forest. Exploratory data analysis results reveal both spatio-temporal and behavioural patterns such as the prevalence of collisions in intersections, in the spring and summer and aggressive driving and inattentive behaviours in drivers. The prediction results show that the best predictor of injury severity for drivers, cyclists and pedestrians is Random Forest with an accuracy of 0.80, 0.89, and 0.80, respectively. The proposed methods demonstrate the effectiveness of machine learning application to traffic and collision data, both for exploratory and predictive analytics.
Estimation of Critical Headway at Small Urban Roundabout
Authors: Maslać Danijela , Cvitanić Dražen , Lovrić Ivan
Published: February 2020

Before choosing an intersection project design, an important step is to examine the justification of the construction on the basis of defined criteria. One of the key criteria is the analysis of capacity. Large numbers of roundabout capacity models are present in the world, most of them adapted to the conditions of the country they originate from and they need to be calibrated for local conditions. Key parameters for calibration are critical headway and follow-up headway. Follow-up headway can be measured directly in the field, while critical headway cannot be measured, but is estimated. Many critical headway estimation methods exist (over 30) and each of them provides different values. Different values of critical headway result in different capacity estimation values. This raises the question which method provides more realistic estimations under certain conditions. In this paper, four most frequently used critical headway estimation methods (Raff, Maximum likelihood method, Wu, Logit) were selected to be tested by comparison of theoretical capacity models and actual measured capacity at a small urban roundabout.
Association between the levels of physical activity and plantar pressure in 6-14-year-old children
Authors: Štefan Lovro , Kasović Mario , Zvonar Martin
Published: February 2020

Background

The main purpose of the study was to determine whether lower levels of physical activity were associated with higher plantar pressure generated under each foot.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 641 children aged 6–14 years (agemean ± SD = 9.7  ± 2.4 years; heightmean ± SD = 143.6  ± 15.3 cm, weightmean ± SD = 37.6  ± 13.4 kg; body-mass indexmean ± SD = 17.6  ± 3.2 kg/m2; 44.2% girls). We used EMED –XL pressure platform to measure force time integral, pressure-time integral, contact-time and contact area, peak plantar pressure and mean plantar pressure of the right and the left foot during the gait analysis. The level of physical activity was measured by using The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ–C). The associations were calculated by using generalized estimating equations with linear regression models.

Results

Lower levels of physical activity were associated with higher force- and pressure-time integrals, longer contact time and higher peak and mean plantar pressures in both feet.

Conclusion

Our study shows that the level of physical activity is strongly and inversely associated with plantar pressure in a sample of 6–14 year olds.
Intracranial aneurysm’s association with genetic variants, transcription abnormality, and methylation changes in ADAMTS genes
Authors: Chen Shi , Li Mengqi , Xin Wenqiang , Liu Shengze , Zheng Linfei , Li Yan , Li Mengyao , Zhan Mengxiong , Yang Xinyu
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The development of intracranial aneurysm (IA) has been linked to genetic factors. The current study examines the potential role of genes encoding disintegrin and metalloproteinase using thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) in IA development.

Material and Methods

High-throughput whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing were used when screening for deleterious single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in ADAMTS genes using samples from 20 Han Chinese patients: 19 with familial IA and one patient with sporadic IA. The variant frequencies in these subjects were compared to those in control individuals found in the Genome Aggregation Database. Transcriptome sequencing and methylation sequencing data were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify differentially expressed ADAMTS genes and their methylation sites. We predicted the network of interactions among proteins encoded by the overlapping set of ADAMTS genes showing deleterious variants and both differential expression and abnormal methylation in IA. Possible candidate proteins linked to IA were validated using Western blot analysis. The associations between IA and SNVs rs11750568 in ADAMTS2, as well as rs2301612 and rs2285489 in ADAMTS13, were verified using the Sequenom MassArray system on a separate sample set of 595 Han Chinese patients with sporadic IA and 600 control individuals.

Results

A total of 16 deleterious variants in 13 ADAMTS genes were identified in our patients, and seven of these genes overlapped with the genes found to be differentially expressed and differentially methylated in the GEO database. Protein–protein interaction analysis predicted that ADAMTSL1 was at the center of the seven genes. ADAMTSL1 protein was lower expressed in IA tissue than in the control cerebral artery. Frequencies of the IA-related SNVs rs11750568 in ADAMTS2 and rs2301612 and rs2285489 in ADAMTS13 were not significantly different between sporadic IA patients and controls.

Conclusion

IA is associated with genetic variants, differential expression, and abnormal methylation in ADAMTS genes, ADAMTSL1 in particular.
A convenient diagnostic tool for discriminating adult-onset glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-positive autoimmune diabetes from type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study
Authors: Sia Hon-Ke , Tu Shih-Te , Liao Pei-Yung , Lin Kuan-Han , Kor Chew-Teng , Yeh Ling-Ling
Published: February 2020

Background

The glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) test, commonly used to diagnose autoimmune diabetes, is not cost-effective in areas of low prevalence. The aim of this study was to develop a convenient tool to discriminate adult-onset GADA-positive autoimmune diabetes from type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.

Methods

This retrospective cross-sectional study, conducted at Changhua Christian Hospital in Taiwan, collected electronic medical record data from January 2009 to December 2018. Patients were divided into a case group (GADA+, n = 152) and a reference group (T2DM, n = 358). Variables that differed significantly between the groups were subjected to receiver operator characteristic analysis to establish cutoff values. Discriminant function analysis was then employed to discriminate the two groups.

Results

At the onset of diabetes, the GADA+ group was younger, with lower body mass index (BMI), higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and lower total cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). Five major factors were identified to form the linear discriminant functions: BMI, age at onset, TG, HDL-C, and HbA1c. BMI < 23 kg/m2 was the most important factor, followed by TG < 98 mg/dL, HDL-C ≥ 46 mg/dL, age at onset < 30 years, and HbA1c ≥ 8.6%. The overall accuracy of the linear discriminant functions was 87.1%, with 84.2% sensitivity and 88.3% specificity.

Conclusions

Routine tests in diabetes care were used to establish a convenient, low-cost tool that may assist in the early identification of adult-onset GAD+ autoimmune diabetes in clinical practice.
Complement interactions with the pathogenic Neisseriae: clinical features, deficiency states, and evasion mechanisms
Authors: Lewis Lisa A. , Ram Sanjay
Published: February 2020

Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while Neisseria meningitidis is an important cause of bacterial meningitis and sepsis. Complement is a central arm of innate immune defenses and plays an important role in combating Neisserial infections. Persons with congenital and acquired defects in complement are at a significantly higher risk for invasive Neisserial infections such as invasive meningococcal disease and disseminated gonococcal infection compared to the general population. Of note, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis can only infect humans, which in part may be related to their ability to evade only human complement. This review summarizes the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of Neisserial infections in persons with defects in the complement system. Mechanisms used by these pathogens to subvert killing by complement and preclinical studies showing how these complement evasion strategies may be used to counteract the global threat of meningococcal and gonococcal infections are discussed.
Pure Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence from Unique Micelle‐Assisted Assembly of Nanocrystals in Water
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Fang , Guo Wu‐Jie , Xiao Hongyan , Yang Qing‐Zheng , Chen Bin , Chen Yu‐Zhe , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu
Published: February 2020

Pure organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is highly preferable because of its long lifetime and potential applications. However, these kinds of materials are still very scarce due to the weak spin–orbit coupling between singlet and triplet states and easily nonradiative decay of the excited states. Achieving room temperature phosphorescence under visible light excitation is particularly challenging in aqueous solution. Herein, a micelle‐assisted assembling strategy has been developed to realize pure organic RTP in water by using donor–acceptor molecules. A visible‐light responsive long‐lived RTP in water with a lifetime more than 3 ms is obtained by the prepared nanocrystals. However, the same molecules show no RTP as rigid bulk crystals. Spectroscopic studies, single‐crystal structure analysis, X‐ray diffraction patterns, and density functional theory calculations reveal that the intermolecular interactions, heavy atom effect, and the molecular packing way play critical role to the long‐lived RTP character for the assembled nanocrystals in water and thermally activated delayed fluorescence for crystals in solid.
Liquid Phase Exfoliated Indium Selenide Based Highly Sensitive Photodetectors
Authors: Curreli Nicola , Serri Michele , Spirito Davide , Lago Emanuele , Petroni Elisa , Martín‐García Beatriz , Politano Antonio , Gürbulak Bekir , Duman Songül , Krahne Roman , Pellegrini Vittorio , Bonaccorso Francesco
Published: February 2020

Layered semiconductors of the IIIA–VIA group have attracted considerable attention in (opto)electronic applications thanks to their atomically thin structures and their thickness‐dependent optical and electronic properties, which promise ultrafast response and high sensitivity. In particular, 2D indium selenide (InSe) has emerged as a promising candidate for the realization of thin‐film field effect transistors and phototransistors due to its high intrinsic mobility (>102 cm2 V−1 s−1) and the direct optical transitions in an energy range suitable for visible and near‐infrared light detection. A key requirement for the exploitation of large‐scale (opto)electronic applications relies on the development of low‐cost and industrially relevant 2D material production processes, such as liquid phase exfoliation, combined with the availability of high‐throughput device fabrication methods. Here, a β polymorph of indium selenide (β‐InSe) is exfoliated in isopropanol and spray‐coated InSe‐based photodetectors are demonstrated, exhibiting high responsivity to visible light (maximum value of 274 A W−1 under blue excitation 455 nm) and fast response time (15 ms). The devices show a gate‐dependent conduction with an n‐channel transistor behavior. Overall, this study establishes that liquid phase exfoliated β‐InSe is a valid candidate for printed high‐performance photodetectors, which is critical for the development of industrial‐scale 2D material‐based optoelectronic devices.
Fluidic Flow Assisted Deterministic Folding of Van der Waals Materials
Authors: Zhao Huan , Wang Beibei , Liu Fanxin , Yan Xiaodong , Wang Haozhe , Leong Wei Sun , Stevens Mark J. , Vashishta Priya , Nakano Aiichiro , Kong Jing , Kalia Rajiv , Wang Han
Published: February 2020

Origami offers a distinct approach for designing and engineering new material structures and properties. The folding and stacking of atomically thin van der Waals (vdW) materials, for example, can lead to intriguing new physical properties including bandgap tuning, Van Hove singularity, and superconductivity. On the other hand, achieving well‐controlled folding of vdW materials with high spatial precision has been extremely challenging and difficult to scale toward large areas. Here, a deterministic technique is reported to fold vdW materials at a defined position and direction using microfluidic forces. Electron beam lithography (EBL) is utilized to define the folding area, which allows precise control of the folding geometry, direction, and position beyond 100 nm resolution. Using this technique, single‐atomic‐layer vdW materials or their heterostructures can be folded without the need for any external supporting layers in the final folded structure. In addition, arrays of patterns can be folded across a large area using this technique and electronic devices that can reconfigure device functionalities through folding are also demonstrated. Such scalable formation of folded vdW material structures with high precision can lead to the creation of new atomic‐scale materials and superlattices as well as opening the door to realizing foldable and reconfigurable electronics.
From Geometry to Activity: A Quantitative Analysis of WO3/Si Micropillar Arrays for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Zhao Yihui , Westerik Pieter , Santbergen Rudi , Zoethout Erwin , Gardeniers Han , Bieberle‐Hütter Anja
Published: February 2020

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity of microstructured electrodes remains low despite the highly enlarged surface area and enhanced light harvesting. To obtain a deeper understanding of the effect of 3D geometry on the PEC performance, well‐defined WO3/n‐Si and WO3/pn‐Si micropillar arrays are fabricated and subjected to a quantitative analysis of the relationship between the geometry of the micropillars (length, pitch) and their PEC activity. For WO3/n‐Si micropillars, it is found that the photocurrent increases for WO3/n‐Si pillars, but not in proportion to the increase in surface area that results from increased pillar length or reduced pillar pitch. Optical simulations show that a reduced pillar pitch results in areas of low light intensity due to a shadowing effect. For WO3/pn‐Si micropillar photoelectrodes, the p–n junction enhances the photocurrent density up to a factor of 4 at low applied bias potential (0.8 V vs RHE) compared to the WO3/n‐Si. However, the enhancement in photocurrent density increases first and then decreases with reduced pillar pitch, which scales with the photovoltage generated by the p–n junction. This is related to an increased dead layer of the p–n junction Si surface, which results in a decreased photovoltage even though the total surface area increases.
Dendrimer‐Based, High‐Luminescence Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films for Highly Sensitive and Selective Volatile Organic Compound Sensor Arrays
Authors: Liu Huaqian , Wang You , Mo Wanqi , Tang Hongliang , Cheng Zhiyong , Chen Yu , Zhang Shitong , Ma Hongwei , Li Bin , Li Xiaobai
Published: February 2020

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are attracting increasing attention in chemical sensing due to their extended π‐conjugated framework, permanent microporous structure, and large specific surface area. However, the extremely poor solubility and processability of CMPs, as well as the serious fluorescence quenching caused by aggregation, restrict their practical applications. Herein, a high‐luminescence CMP film is constructed based on a novel dendrimer (TPETCz) featured by its central tetraphenylethylene “core” with aggregation‐induced emission effect and its highly electro‐active “branches.” High specific surface area CMP films for analyte diffusion are fabricated by a facile in situ electropolymerization method. These dendrimer‐based CMP films exhibit superior sensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). More importantly, 18 types, the most types reported, of VOC vapors are precisely distinguished by the linear discriminant analysis by establishing a 2D fluorescence sensor array based on the CMP films and the dendrimer monomer films.
Microstructured Biodegradable Fibers for Advanced Control Delivery
Authors: Shadman Shahrzad , Nguyen‐Dang Tung , Das Gupta Tapajyoti , Page Alexis Gérald , Richard Inès , Leber Andreas , Ruza Jurgis , Krishnamani Govind , Sorin Fabien
Published: February 2020

Biodegradable polymers are increasingly employed at the heart of therapeutic devices. Particularly in the form of thin and elongated fibers, they offer an effective strategy for controlled release in a variety of biomedical configurations such as sutures, scaffolds, wound dressings, surgical or imaging probes, and smart textiles. So far however, the fabrication of fiber‐based drug delivery systems has been unable to fulfill significant requirements of medicated fibers such as multifunctionality, adequate mechanical strength, drug loading capability, and complex release profiles of multiple substances. Here, a novel paradigm in the design and fabrication of microstructured biodegradable fibers with tailored mechanical properties and capable of predefined release patterns from multiple reservoirs is proposed. Different biodegradable polymers compatible with the scalable thermal drawing process are identified, and their release properties as thin films of various thicknesses in the fiber form are experimentally investigated and modeled. Multimaterial microstructured fibers with predictable complex release profiles of potentially different substances are then designed and fabricated. Moreover, the tunability of the mechanical properties via tailoring the drawing process parameters is demonstrated, as well as the ability to weave such fibers. This work establishes a novel platform for biodegradable microstructured fibers for applications in implants, sutures, wound dressing, or tissue scaffolds.
Toward Stimuli‐Responsive Dynamic Thermosets through Continuous Development and Improvements in Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs)
Authors: Podgórski Maciej , Fairbanks Benjamin D. , Kirkpatrick Bruce E. , McBride Matthew , Martinez Alina , Dobson Adam , Bongiardina Nicholas J. , Bowman Christopher N.
Published: February 2020

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs), unlike typical thermosets or other covalently crosslinked networks, possess a unique, often dormant ability to activate one or more forms of stimuli‐responsive, dynamic covalent chemistries as a means to transition their behavior from that of a viscoelastic solid to a material with fluid‐like plastic flow. Upon application of a stimulus, such as light or other irradiation, temperature, or even a distinct chemical signal, the CAN responds by transforming to a state of temporal plasticity through activation of either reversible addition or reversible bond exchange, either of which allows the material to essentially re‐equilibrate to an altered set of conditions that are distinct from those in which the original covalently crosslinked network is formed, often simultaneously enabling a new and distinct shape, function, and characteristics. As such, CANs span the divide between thermosets and thermoplastics, thus offering unprecedented possibilities for innovation in polymer and materials science. Without attempting to comprehensively review the literature, recent developments in CANs are discussed here with an emphasis on the most effective dynamic chemistries that render these materials to be stimuli responsive, enabling features that make CANs more broadly applicable.
The Role of Tie Chains on the Mechano‐Electrical Properties of Semiconducting Polymer Films
Authors: Gu Kaichen , Onorato Jonathan W. , Luscombe Christine K. , Loo Yueh‐Lin
Published: February 2020

The mechano‐electrical properties of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) thin films are investigated as a function of their tie‐chain content. Tie chains play an indispensable role in enabling strain‐induced structural alignment and charge‐transport enhancement in the strain direction. In the absence of sufficient tie chains, the external mechanical force cannot induce any significant polymer backbone alignment locally or crystallite reorientation at the mesoscale. These samples instead undergo brittle fracture on deformation, with cracks forming normal to the direction of strain; charge transport in this direction is hindered as a consequence. This mechanistic insight on strain alignment points to the promise of leveraging tie‐chain fraction as a practical tuning knob for effecting the mechano‐electrical properties in conjugated polymer systems.
The Genotypic and Phenotypic Spectrum of BICD2 Variants in Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Koboldt Daniel C. , Waldrop Megan A. , Wilson Richard K. , Flanigan Kevin M.
Published: February 2020

The bicaudal D cargo adaptor 2 (BICD2) gene encodes a conserved cargo adaptor protein required for dynein‐mediated transport. Inherited and de novo variants in BICD2 cause SMALED2 (spinal muscular atrophy lower extremity dominant 2), and a subset have recently been reported to cause severe, often lethal disease. However, a true genotype–phenotype correlation for BICD2 has not been performed, and cases described to date are scattered among at least 14 publications. In this review, we identify the characteristics of disease‐causing variants in BICD2 that distinguish them from benign variation and perform genotype–phenotype correlations for 99 BICD2 variant carriers from 35 families. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:487–496
Gadolinium Photocatalysis: Dearomative [2+2] Cycloaddition/Ring‐Expansion Sequence with Indoles
Authors: Ma Jiajia , Schäfers Felix , Daniliuc Constantin , Bergander Klaus , Strassert Cristian A. , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2020

Lanthanide photocatalysts are much less investigated in synthetic chemistry than rare and expensive late transition metals. We herein introduce GdIIIphotocatalysis of a highly regioselective, intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition/ring‐expansion sequence with indoles, which could provide divergent access to cyclopenta[b]indoles and indolines. A simple and commercially available Gd(OTf)3salt is sufficient for this visible‐violet‐light‐induced transformation. The reaction proceeds either through a transient or start‐to‐end dearomatization cascade and shows excellent regioselectivity (usually >95:5 r.r.), broad scope (59 examples), good functional group tolerance and facile scale‐up under mild, direct visible‐light‐excitation conditions. Mechanistic investigations reveal that direct excitation of the Gd(OTf)3/indole mixture gives an excited state intermediate, which undergoes the subsequent [2+2] cycloaddition and cyclobutane‐expansion cascade.
B−B Bond Nucleophilicity in a Tetraaryl μ‐Hydridodiborane(4) Anion
Authors: Trageser Timo , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias
Published: February 2020

The tetraaryl μ‐hydridodiborane(4) anion [2H]− possesses nucleophilic B−B and B−H bonds. Treatment of K[2H] with the electrophilic 9‐H‐9‐borafluorene (HBFlu) furnishes the B3 cluster K[3], with a triangular boron core linked through two BHB two‐electron, three‐center bonds and one electron‐precise B−B bond, reminiscent of the prominent [B3H8]− anion. Upon heating or prolonged stirring at room temperature, K[3] rearranges to a slightly more stable isomer K[3 a]. The reaction of M[2H] (M+=Li+, K+) with MeI or Me3SiCl leads to equimolar amounts of 9‐R‐9‐borafluorene and HBFlu (R=Me or Me3Si). Thus, [2H]− behaves as a masked [:BFlu]− nucleophile. The HBFlu by‐product was used in situ to establish a tandem substitution‐hydroboration reaction: a 1:1 mixture of M[2H] and allyl bromide gave the 1,3‐propylene‐linked ditopic 9‐borafluorene 5 as sole product. M[2H] also participates in unprecedented [4+1] cycloadditions with dienes to furnish dialkyl diaryl spiroborates, M[R2BFlu].
cRacle: R tools for estimating climate from vegetation
Authors: Harbert Robert S. , Baryiames Alex A.
Published: February 2020

Premise

The Climate Reconstruction Analysis using Coexistence Likelihood Estimation (CRACLE) method utilizes a robust set of modeling tools for estimating climate and paleoclimate from vegetation using large repositories of biodiversity data and open access R software.

Methods

Here, we implement a new R package for the estimation of climate from extant and fossil vegetation. The ‘cRacle’ package implements functions for data access, aggregation, and modeling to estimate climate from plant community compositions. ‘cRacle’ is modular and includes many best‐practice features.

Results

Performance tests using modern vegetation survey data from North and South America shows that CRACLE outperforms alternative methods. CRACLE estimates of mean annual temperature are usually within 1°C of the actual values when optimal model parameters are used. Generalized boosted regression (GBR) model correction improves CRACLE estimates by reducing bias.

Discussion

CRACLE provides accurate estimates of climate based on the composition of modern plant communities. Non‐parametric CRACLE modeling coupled with GBR model correction produces the most accurate results to date. The ‘cRacle’ R package streamlines the estimation of climate from plant community data, which will make this modeling more accessible to a wider range of users.
Deep learning based automated analysis of archaeo‐geophysical images
Authors: Küçükdemirci Melda , Sarris Apostolos
Published: February 2020

Thanks to recent advances in deep learning (DL) and the increasing availability of large labeled/annotated datasets and trained network models, there has been impressive progress in the automated analysis of images from different scientific domains such as medicine, microbiology, astronomy and remote sensing. The automated analysis of archaeo‐geophysical data is also considered important due to the large spatial extent of areas covered by landscape surveys using multi‐sensor arrays driven by motorized carts and subsequently the large volume of collected data. In this work, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is built by Python 3.6 programming language using the Deep Learning Library of Keras with Tensorflow backends, a library that implements the building blocks for CNN. The network is trained from scratch adopting U‐Net architecture to accomplish an automatic analysis of the archaeo‐geophysical features with emphasis on ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) anomalies.
Sensory Processing Patterns and Fusiform Activity During Face Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kuno‐Fujita Ayaka , Iwabuchi Toshiki , Wakusawa Keisuke , Ito Hiroyuki , Suzuki Katsuaki , Shigetomi Akira , Kosaka Hirotaka , Tsujii Masatsugu , Tsuchiya Kenji J.
Published: February 2020

A growing body of evidence has indicated that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit abnormal reactions to sensory stimuli and impaired face processing. Although behavioral studies have reported that individual differences in sensory processing patterns are correlated with performance in face processing tasks, the neural substrates underlying the association between sensory processing patterns and face processing remain unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the present study examined the relationships between sensory processing patterns assessed with the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) and brain activity during a one‐back task with two types of stimuli (face or house pictures). We enrolled 18 Japanese adults with ASD and 19 age‐ and IQ‐matched controls. Sensation Avoiding scores, which were assessed using the AASP, were positively correlated with right fusiform activity during the presentation of pictures of faces in the ASD group, but not in the control group. This suggests that abnormal sensory processing patterns in ASD are associated with abnormal face‐related brain activity, possibly resulting in impaired face processing. Autism Res 2020, 13: 741–750. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Sensory abnormalities are one of the most common symptoms in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study shows that individuals with ASD who react abnormally to sensory stimuli also exhibit atypical brain activity when recognizing faces. Abnormal sensory processing may partly explain the difficulty that people diagnosed with ASD have in identifying others' faces.