bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dispatch Optimization Model for Hybrid Renewable and Battery Systems Incorporating a Battery Degradation Model
Authors: Upadhya Sahana , Wagner Michael J.
Published: November 2021

A recent increase in the integration of renewable energy systems in existing power grids along with a lack of integrated dispatch models has led to waste in power produced. This paper presents a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization model for hybrid renewable-generator-plus-battery systems, with the objective of maximizing long-term profit. Prior studies have revealed that both high and low state of charge (SOC) of the battery is detrimental to its lifetime and results in reduced battery capacity over time. In addition, increased number of cycles of charge and discharge also causes capacity reduction. This paper models these two factors with a constraint relating capacity loss to the SOC and number of cycles completed by the battery. Loss in capacity is penalized in the objective function of the optimization model, thereby disincentivizing high and low SOCs and frequent cycling. A rolling time horizon optimization approach is used to overcome the computational difficulties of achieving global optimality within a long-term time horizon. By incorporating battery degradation, the model is capable of maximizing the profits from the power dispatch to the grid while also maximizing the life of the battery. This paper exercises the model within a case study using a sample photovoltaic system generation time series that considers multiple battery capacities. The results indicate that the optimal battery lifetime is extended in comparison to conventional models that ignore battery degradation in dispatch decisions. Finally, we analyze the relationship between battery operational decisions and the resultant capacity fade.
Thermal Performance Analysis of Hydronic Ceiling Radiant Panel Heaters Under Different Parameters
Authors: Dikmen Tahir , Calisir Tamer , Baskaya Senol
Published: November 2021

A numerical analysis of a ceiling-type radiant panel heater system was performed to examine the heating performance under different parameters, using the FloEFD code. Three-dimensional models of the room and radiant panel heater were created, and the effects of the Reynolds number, water inlet temperature, pipe diameter and pipe runs on the heating performance of the system were examined in detail. The effects of these parameters on the total heat load, the net radiation rate, and the average surface temperature on the sheet and insulation material have been presented. The total heat load and net radiation rate obtained from the system increase with the increase in the Reynolds number. In addition, a rise in the water inlet temperature increases the heat output of the system. An increase of approximately 500 W was observed in the total heat output as the pipe diameter increased. It was observed, too, that the heat output increased with an increase in pipe runs, although above a certain value the heat output became almost constant. The results of this study could offer information to engineers and manufacturers on the design and use of hydronic radiant systems.
Nonlinear Stability of Circular Cylindrical Shells in Axially Flowing Fluid
Authors: Amabili M. , Païdoussis M. P. , Pellicano F.
Published: November 2021

The stability of supported, circular cylindrical shells in compressible, inviscid axial flow is investigated. Nonlinearities due to large amplitude shell motion are considered by using the nonlinear Donnell shallow shell theory and the effect of viscous structural damping is taken into account. Two different in-plane constraints are applied to the shell edges: zero axial force and zero axial displacement; the other boundary conditions are those for simply supported shells. Linear potential flow theory is applied to describe the fluid-structure interaction. Both annular and unbounded external flow are considered by using two different sets of boundary conditions for the flow beyond the shell length: (i) a flexible wall of infinite extent in the longitudinal direction, and (ii) rigid extensions of the shell (baffles). The system is discretised by Galerkin projections and is investigated by using a model involving seven degrees of freedom, allowing for travelling wave response of the shell and shell axisymmetric contraction. Results for both annular and unbounded external flow show that the system loses stability by divergence through strongly subcritical bifurcations. Jumps to bifurcated positions can happen much before the onset of instability predicted by linear theories, showing the necessity of a nonlinear study.
Influence of the Demand Rate and Repair Rate on the Hazard Rate of a Plant Equipped With a Two-Channel Protective System
Authors: Kara-Zaitri Chakib
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a Markovian model is developed to compute the Hazard Rate of a system equipped with two protective channels. The paper presents a generalised methodology properly accounting for the influence of high and low values of Failure and Demand Rates and Proof Test Intervals on the Hazard Rate of a system equipped with two protective channels. Numerical results for on-line and off-line repair options are presented, discussed and the differences existing between them analysed. Models 1 and 2 are presented and analysed depending on whether the failure of a single protective channel is or is not revealed by a demand. In Model 2, it is shown that the Hazard Rate increases as the Demand Rate increases, it reaches a maximum and then actually decreases with an increasing Demand Rate.
Navigation System Improvement Decision Making for Ohio River Locks and Dams
Authors: Schaaf David M.
Published: November 2021

The Ohio River is one of the busiest inland waterways in the world with over 250 million tons of cargo being carried on the system annually. The river is kept navigable year round by a series of locks and dams along its 981-mile length. Each of the locks and dams process a large number of commercial and recreational vessels through their locks.

The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is presently conducting the Ohio River Mainstem Systems Study (ORMSS), to address future major investment needs for the Ohio River Navigation System (ORNS) in order to get the most out of limited, available funding. The study is investigating alternative investments for the years 2000 through 2060. Investment options must be weighed considering items such as major maintenance, major rehabilitation of lock chambers/dams, and large-scale improvements. Examples of large-scale improvements are new lock chambers and extensions of shorter, auxiliary lock chambers.
Population Densities Allowed Around Dutch SEVESO Establishments
Authors: Laheij G. M. H. , Ale B. J. M. , Post J. G.
Published: November 2021

In the Netherlands, the individual risk and societal risk are used in efforts to reduce the number of people exposed to the effect of an accident at an establishment with dangerous substances.

To facilitate the societal risk planning policy an investigation was carried out for the Dutch SEVESO establishments to investigate the possibility of determining a generic uniform population density for the zone between the individual risk contours of 10−5 and 10−6 per year. The indicative limit for the societal risk at this density was not to be exceeded. Also there was to be enough space left for a significantly higher population density outside the individual risk contour of 10−6 per year.

The RORISC methodology and the actual data for the 124 Dutch SEVESO establishments were used to determine the generic uniform population density.

Based on the data available it can be concluded that the maximum allowed uniform population density in the zone between the individual risk contours of 10−5 and 10−6 per year is lower than one person per hectare. At this density there is no space left for a higher population density outside the individual risk contour of 10−6 per year. For uniform population densities the relative contribution to the societal risk has been found significant up to the individual risk contour of 10−7 per year.
Investment, Risk and Safety Opportunities of RBI
Authors: Valbuena Ricardo R. , Long David N. , Geisenhoff Mark S.
Published: November 2021

Two case studies are presented to show how the Risk Based Inspection (RBI) methodology can be used to evaluate the risk and increased maintenance and inspection costs associated with refining opportunity crudes, and demonstrate the investment, risk, and safety benefits of implementing RBI on an entire refinery complex.
Concepts in Machine Guarding and Safeguarding
Authors: Tudor Andrew H.
Published: November 2021

This paper explores general concepts of machine guarding with emphasis on practical examples. Power transmission motions and their associated hazards are discussed, as is the safeguarding of hazards during machine operation and servicing.

The mechanical power press is used as an example of a hazardous machine for which various methods of guarding have been developed. This paper examines current safeguards and safeguarding requirements for the power press.

A survey of some common safeguarding devices is presented, with explanations on their application in various situations. Guarding methods for robotic equipment are reviewed. Finally, a risk assessment model is presented with an example of its application in ameliorating the hazards of industrial robots.
Force Flow Analysis: Opportunities for Creative Component Combination
Authors: Jensen Daniel D. , Greer James L. , Wood Kristin L. , Nowack Mark L.
Published: November 2021

Part count reduction through part combination is a recognized goal of Design For Assembly (DFA). Some of the many benefits of part count reduction are: a reduced number of assembly operations, reduced procurement costs, cycle time reduction, supply chain reduction, and higher potential profits. In previous work, force flow analysis, a new technique to map forces as they flow across interfaces in a product, was shown to be successful at systematically providing creative insights for part combination. These insights arise by highlighting components having no relative motion between them. This paper presents a novel concept that extends the theoretical basis of force flow analysis to address component combinations having varying degrees of relative motion. A systematic method for classifying these sets of components is given, and compliant mechanisms are presented as an example of combining parts with relative motion. Examples are provided for the redesign of a “Quick Grip™ Clamp” and a staple remover, both of which highlight a specific class of relative motion components.
Conceptual Product Design Using BTIPS: Theory, Applications, Effectiveness and Software
Authors: Bzymek Zbigniew M.
Published: November 2021

Brief Theory of Inventive Problems Solving (BTIPS) is a compact and somewhat simplified and changed version of TIPS (Theory of Inventive Problems Solving). BTIPS is as effective as TIPS, but easier to learn and apply. Designed to support the most uncontrollable phase of design “creative design synthesis” [12], it provides a handy tool for industry. The purpose of this presentation, which includes explanations, notes and examples, is to provide a stepping stone toward making the method more commonly available to industry and academia. Brief TIPS (BTIPS) is based on Altshuller’s TRIZ (Teoria Reshenia Izobretatielnyh Zadatch), Invention Machine’s research team contributions and the author’s experience in practical design, design research, consulting and teaching of engineering design. The basic algorithm in BTIPS is shorter than in TRIZ; the list of Principles is somewhat changed; some Effects are added - some skipped; and, Prediction of systems interactions is simplified. BTIPS may be used with or without a computer. If used with a computer, Invention Machine v.2.1 for Windows or TechOptimizer would be very useful packages. This presentation should be treated as a companion paper to reference [3].
Quasi-Static and Fatigue Fracture Strength of Microsized Silicon Film Measured by On-Chip Test Method
Authors: Ando Taeko , Yoshioka Tetsuo , Shikida Mitsuhiro , Sato Kazuo
Published: November 2021

Quasi-static and fatigue tests under uniaxial tensile loading condition were carried out for single-crystal-silicon in a direction of <110> by using on-chip testing method. A film specimen and tensile testing system were integrated on a silicon chip. A measurement system allowing both quasi-static and dynamic loading was newly introduced. In quasi-static loading measured fracture strain of silicon thin-film was 3.4%. Fatigue fractures were observed during 103∼106 cycles when the maximum strains of sinusoidal wave were higher than the average fracture strain of tensile tests.
Design and Realization of a Miniature Capacitive Silicon Force Sensor for Loads up to 500 KG
Authors: Zwijze R. A. F. , Wiegerink R. J. , Krijnen G. J. M. , Hien T. , Elwenspoek M. C.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a micromachined silicon load cell (force sensor) is presented for measuring loads up to 500 kg. The load cell has been realized and tested. Measurement results show a hysteresis error of ±0.02% of the full-scale output (fso). Creep at 500 kg after 30 minutes is within 0.01% of the fso. These measurements show that the performance has improved by a factor of 10 compared to the previous design.
Micromachined Planar Coil Tactile Sensor Implantable in Soft Structure
Authors: Futai Nobuyuki , Yasuda Takashi , Inaba Masayuki , Shimoyama Isao , Inoue Hirochika
Published: November 2021

This paper describes design and fabrication of a small, thin and deformable tactile sensing unit including micromachined LC trap circuitry. One tactile sensing element consists of a capacitor and a planar spiral coil. Each element has own resonance frequency, and small deformation of the coil in the element is detected by measuring its frequency deviation. Only three wires are necessary to obtain signals from multiple sensing elements. Since the sensing elements do not need any substrate, they can be implanted in soft material.

A prototype array of the sensing elements has been fabricated and tested. Seven-turn coils 1.5 mm in diameter have been obtained. Range of the resonance frequencies of the fabricated elements is 50 MHz – 170 MHz. Using a silicone rubber body in which a sensing element is embedded, push-in depth values are detected by resonance frequency deviations when a wax ball (3 mm in diameter) touches the silicone rubber body.

On condition that the sensing element is embedded in standard silicone rubber, its frequency sensitivity is 0.15%/mm. In the frequency band 50 – 400 MHz, the experiment shows that a simultaneous measurement of not less than 20 elements can be done.
Electrostatically Coupled MEM Oscillators
Authors: Baskaran Rajashree , Turner Kimberly L.
Published: November 2021

MicroElectroMechanical (MEM) Oscillators have a wide range of potential applications and understanding the underlying system dynamics thoroughly is essential. In this paper, we present the design, modeling and characterization of a pair of electrostatically coupled torsional oscillators fabricated with the SCREAM(1) process. The dynamic and electrostatic characteristics of the new design lead to various applications and also serve as an interesting ground for understanding the electromechanical interaction and non-linearities in MEM devices.
Switching of a Double-Comb Microactuator by Time-Lag Modulation and Electrical-Damping Control
Authors: Chen Yijian , Shroff Yashesh , Oldham William G.
Published: November 2021

A switching and control scheme for a novel double-comb microactuator is proposed in this paper. The device is actuated by a time-lag modulation voltage and its transient behavior is controlled by the time lag and a resistor. Numerical simulation is applied to analyze the nonlinear transient dynamics of an example system. A transient optimization to reduce the settling time and overshoot of the time response to a time-lag modulation is carried out using the OCS performance index. The optimal control parameters are obtained including the optimal resistance and time lag to balance the performance tradeoff.
The Improvement of the Micro Torsional Mirror by a Reinforced Folded Frame
Authors: Lin Hung-Yi , Fang Weileun
Published: November 2021

Stiffness of micromachined structures is limited by thin film thickness. Hence, static loads such as thin film residual stresses, or dynamic loads such as the inertia force could significantly deform the thinness micromachined torsional mirror. This work aims to stiffen the thin film micromachinined torsional mirror. The proposed torsional mirror exploits a reinforced frame to improve the stiffness of the mirror plate. Consequently, the mirror plate has less deformation no matter subject to the residual stresses or to the dynamic inertia force. In addition the reinforced frame stiffen the mirror without increasing the mass significantly. In application of this technique, the micro torsional mirror was fabricated through the integration of DRIE, conventional bulk and surface micromachining processes. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed design significantly improves the flatness of the mirror plate in both static and dynamic conditions. Consequently, the optical performance of the micro torsional mirror was improved.
Partially Etched Holes for Residual Stress Release in Diaphragm-Based Pressure Sensors
Authors: Niu Meng-Nian , von Preissig Fred J. , Kim Eun Sok
Published: November 2021

We have designed and fabricated various diaphragm-based piezoelectric microphones with film-layer structure SiN1/poly-Si/SiN2/ZnO/parylene/Al/parylene (from bottom to top) that contain various square “holes” uniformly distributed over the whole diaphragm with various hole ratios (defined to be the ratio between the total area of the holes and the whole diaphragm area). The holes (which are formed by etching out all the layers except SiN2 and top parylene in the diaphragm) are to release the residual stress in the diaphragm. We have fabricated and analyzed various microphones with and without the holes, and have observed that the microphones with the holes have significantly larger acoustic sensitivities and diaphragm displacements than those without any hole. The best microphone sensitivity of the hole-array microphones has been over 12 times greater than that of the no-hole microphones. Also, we have observed that the center displacement of the diaphragm is dependent on the hole ratio but not on the hole size. We have corroborated the experimental results with FEM analysis.
Meso-Scale Electromagnetic Pumps Fabricated With Low-Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic Tapes and Kapton Polyimide Films
Authors: Kim Moon , Ananthasuresh G. K. , Bau Haim H.
Published: November 2021

Meso-scale electromagnetically actuated reciprocating diaphragm pumps were fabricated with low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) tapes and Kapton polyimide film. One design of the pump consisted of a chamber machined in LTCC substrate layers. The chamber was covered on one side with a Kapton diaphragm on which copper coils were shaped. The diaphragm was electromagnetically actuated in the presence of a permanent magnet. Passive Kapton flap valves were used to direct fluid flow into and out of the chamber. In the second pump design, the chamber was covered on both sides with Kapton diaphragms. Coils were formed on both diaphragms and current was transmitted through these coils in opposite directions and in the presence of a permanent magnet. Data for flow rate as a function of actuation frequency is presented for the first pump design. Although the pump was not optimized, flow rates on the order of a few mL per minute were recorded.
Mechanical Properties of Different Polysilicons
Authors: Sharpe W. N. , Jackson K. , Coles G. , LaVan D. A.
Published: November 2021

Polysilicon materials from three different suppliers were tested in tension to determine their Young’s modulus and strength. The modulus of polysilicon from Cronos was 158 ± 8 GPa and its strength 1.56 ± 0.25 GPa, and the material from Sandia National Laboratories showed 157 ± 6.5 GPa and 3.09 ± 0.18 GPa. Two polysilicons from Standard MEMS Inc. showed 164 ± 11.2 GPa and 152 ± 10.0 GPa for modulus values and 2.08 ± 0.35 GPa and 2.00 ± 0.25 GPa for strengths. Polysilicon is therefore similar to most structural materials in that its modulus is essentially constant, but its strength can depend on processing.
Transient Optimization of an Electrically-Damped Cantilever-Supported Microactuator and the Pull-In Analysis
Authors: Chen Yijian , Shroff Yashesh , Oldham William G.
Published: November 2021

Analytic modeling of the transient behavior of an electrically-damped cantilever-supported microactuator using the perturbation method and linear control theory is presented. Five control parameters are identified and the transient optimization of the dynamic system to reduce the overshoot and settling time is carried out. With the ITAE performance index minimized, the optimal control parameters are obtained and the resultant optimized transient behavior is shown. We apply the Routh-Hurwitz criterion to analyze the stability of the dynamic system and three inequality relations for a stable system are derived. The pull-in phenomenon for a short-cantilever actuator is investigated with this simple model.
Parasitic-Capacitance-Induced Degradation of the Transient Behavior of Electrically-Damped Microactuators
Authors: Chen Yijian , Shroff Yashesh , Oldham William G.
Published: November 2021

The influence of the parasitic capacitance on the transient behavior of two electrically-damped microactuators is investigated. Analytic modeling of the parasitic-capacitance effect is performed using the perturbation method and linear control theory. We show that the optimal control parameters are changed by the parasitic capacitance. The resultant degradation of the optimal transient behavior of two actuators is observed.
A Peristaltic Meso-Scale Mixer
Authors: Yi Mingqiang , Bau Haim H. , Hu Howard
Published: November 2021

We consider incompressible, viscous fluid confined in a rectangular cavity. One or more of the cavity walls are made of a thin membrane. Traveling waves are transmitted in a cavity’s wall and induce peristaltic motion. The induced velocity profiles are determined analytically for small amplitude waves (ε) and numerically for waves of arbitrary amplitude. The analysis consists of a perturbation expansion in terms of the wave amplitude (ε). Solutions for large amplitude oscillations are obtained through the use of a finite element code that employs a moving grid. The effect of the peristaltic motion on the stretching and deformation of material lines is discussed. The study is relevant to the analysis and design of micro and meso-scale mixers and stirrers.
Microfluidic Level Sensors
Authors: Sesterhenn M. , Strobelt T. , Ashauer H. , Raffa G. , Sandmaier H. , Schmitt M.
Published: November 2021

In this paper a new sensor detecting fluidic levels of electrolytes in capillary microfluidic systems is presented. The sensor shown in figure 2 uses two different and independent working principles, that complement one another. On the one hand an array of microelectrodes is used to measure the change in conductance at discrete points during priming. On the other hand a capacitive sensor similar to an electrolytic capacitor measures the analog, continuous position of the meniscus. On account of the difference between and the transient behavior of the two signals, the sensor is also able to detect not simply connected surfaces like liquids afflicted with gaseous bubbles. Due to the special design there is no need to calibrate any of the two working principles for detecting diverse electrolytes and the relative signal deviation is greater than two orders of magnitude for each principle. This high relative signal deviation leads to an outstanding resolution, so that positions of menisci can be resolved with submicron accuracy and in suitable reservoirs the stored volume can be resolved in the subnanoliter range. The appearing capacitances and resistances can easily be evaluated, so that by giving up a part of the high resolution simple and energy optimized drive electronics can be used to read out the sensor. Furthermore it is shown that the sensor can withstand harsh environments (pH 1 to pH 9, particles up to 10μm) for at least ten years.
Anomalous Transition to Turbulence in Microtubes
Authors: Sharp Kendra V. , Adrian Ronald J. , Beebe David J.
Published: November 2021

As the microfluidics field expands, required flowrates in microdevices are expected to span a large range of Reynolds numbers (Re), and the prediction of flow regime, namely laminar versus turbulent, is highly relevant. Recent measurements have been inconclusive in answering a fundamental question: Does microscale flow behave differently than macroscale flow? Previous measurements have suggested that the transition to turbulence occurs at Re much lower than 2000, the generally accepted lower limit of macroscale transition to turbulence. The current experiments use both bulk flow resistance measurements and micro-Particle Image Velocimetry (micro-PIV) results to show that, for Re < 1100–1500 and microchannel diameters 75 to 250 μm, the velocity profiles and flow resistance are well-predicted by macroscale laminar flow theory. For Re > 1100–1500, an initial departure from laminar behavior is noted both from the flow resistance and the micro-PIV experiments. Thus, some “micro-scale” effects are observed, though they are not as dramatic as those observed in previous studies. A brief literature review of transitional macroscale pipe flow is presented, and potential explanations are proposed for the possible “micro-scale” effects observed in these experiments.
Microchannels in Series With Gradual Contraction/Expansion
Authors: Lee Wing Yin , Lee Sylvanus Yuk Kwan , Wong Man , Zohar Yitshak
Published: November 2021

Fluidic systems usually contain multiple channels connected together, and the blood system or the lungs are typical examples. Microdevices consisting of a pair of microchannels in series, integrated with pressure sensors, were fabricated to study fluid flow in such complex microsystems. The dimensions of the channels are about 40μm×1.2μm×2000μm for the wide channel and about 20μm×1.2μm×2000μm for the narrow one. The channels are connected via an expansion/contraction section with an included angle of either 15° or 90°. Nitrogen was passed through the micro devices under inlet pressures up to 50psi. Each device was tested in the expansion, flow from narrow to wide channel, and contraction mode, flow from wide to narrow channel. Mass flow rate was first measured as a function of the overall pressure drop. Then the detailed pressure distribution along the channels was measured to understand the flow pattern around the expansion/contraction section. The reduced Reynolds number for such flows is about 0.001, suggesting that the flow is of the Hele-Shaw type with no separation. However, our results show that the flow resistance is higher than the friction losses, indicating that the flow may separate at the transition between the channels, and the added resistance due to the separated flow is not negligible although the channels are very long.
Fabrication and Packaging of Microfluidic Devices With SU-8 Epoxy
Authors: Kuan N. , Liepmann D. , Pisano A. P.
Published: November 2021

Sealed fluidic microchannels were fabricated from SU-8 epoxy, sandwiched between glass and silicon substrates. The process flow for fabricating microfluidic devices, including packaging, is described. Features integrated in the packaged device include sealed channels, electrical circuits, membrane for thermal isolation and pressure sensing, as well as interconnects for fluids and electrical signal. The resulting channel is optically transparent from all sides. The objective is to introduce a new fabrication technique for microfluidic systems that is both flexible and cost-effective, allowing new designs and mass-production capabilities.
High Density Through-Wafer Electrical Interconnects for Direct-Chip-Attach, Device-Scale MEMS Packaging
Authors: Neysmith Jordan , Baldwin Daniel F.
Published: November 2021

This paper outlines the motivation behind, and fabrication process for, a novel through-wafer electrical interconnect structure. The interconnect was designed in order to test the feasibility of routing electrical signals through full thickness silicon wafers. The completed interconnect is compatible with solder-based direct-chip-attach (DCA) processing and CMOS circuitry. The core of the through-wafer electrical interconnect structure consists of a high-aspect-ratio via which is subsequently insulated and metallized. On the wafer backside, an under bump metallurgy (UBM) is added around the via opening and a solder bump is formed to complete the interconnect.
Optically-Driven Microstructures Fabricated by Two-Photon Microstereolithography
Authors: Maruo Shoji , Ikuta Koji
Published: November 2021

Freely movable microstructures were made by the use of two-photon microstereolithography with 0.2 micrometers resolution. in our method, movable microstructures are fabricated by fast scanning a focal point through the inside of liquid photopolymerizable resin. Since the method does not need sacrificial layers normally required in major micromachining such as surface micromachining and LIGA process, the fabrication process of movable structures can be drastically simplified. In addition, the movable microstructures were successfully driven by laser-scanning manipulation based on radiation pressure of a focused laser beam. In a preliminary experiment, a micro gear (External diameter: 14 μm) was rotated around an attached shaft at 7.7 rpm by focusing a laser beam on the gear and scanning circularly. Such light-driven micromechanism will provide us diverse microdevices.
Screening Analysis for EPACT-Covered Commercial HVAC and Water-Heating Equipment
Authors: Somasundaram S. , Winiarski D. W. , Belzer D. B.
Published: November 2021

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA), as amended by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT), establishes that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) regulate efficiency levels of certain commercial heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and service water-heating (SWH) equipment categories. Initial minimum efficiency levels for products falling under these categories were established in EPACT, based on the requirements in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989. EPCA requirements state that, if the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) amends efficiency levels prescribed in Standard 90.1-1989, then DOE must establish an amended uniform national manufacturing standard at the minimum level specified in amended Standard 90.1.

On October 29, 1999, ASHRAE approved the amended Standard 90.1 (Standard 90.1-1999), which increases the minimum efficiency levels for some of the commercial HVAC and SWH equipment covered by EPCA 92. DOE asked Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)2 to conduct a screening analysis to determine the energy-savings potential of the efficiency levels listed in Standard 90.1-1999. The analysis estimated the annual national energy savings and carbon emissions reductions that would result if the EPACT-covered products were required to meet these efficiency levels, and additional energy-savings potential for these products if they exceeded these levels.

From 2004 through 2030, the estimated national energy savings achieved by adopting Standard 90.1-1999 efficiency levels for spacecooling equipment is about 3 quadrillion Btu (quads3). The energy savings potential for space-heating equipment is about 0.5 quad and for water-heating equipment is about 0.06 quad. The cumulative commercial-sector building energy consumption during the same time period is estimated to be 485 quads. The total carbon emissions reduction is about 52 millions of metric tons (MMtons).
Decision Support Tools for Managing Unpredictability in the Supply Chain
Authors: Vesier Carol
Published: November 2021

Effectively managing unpredictability requires decision support tools that can predict the financial and business outcomes of various supply chain strategies. This paper will discuss the role of these decision support tools and their characteristics as well as review a case study. In the case study, decision support tools facilitated development of strategies that increased after tax profit by $140 Million. These strategies included:

• Reliability improvement strategy: Identifying the reliability improvements that offered the biggest profitability impact.

• Supply chain strategy: Defining inventory management and production scheduling rules that ensured order shipment within two days.

• Capital investment strategy: Defining when new capacity should come on line as well as the minimum capital investment.
State of the Art Demanufacturing of Electronic Equipment for Reuse and Recycling (DEER2)
Authors: Colon Nelson , Battista Laura , Kuntz Glenn , Allen Woody
Published: November 2021

The disposal of electronic equipment in landfills is receiving significantly increased consideration due to the unknown impact of the environmental hazards they contain. It is also estimated that more than 63.4 million personal computers (PCs) and workstations will be come obsolete in the year 2005 in the United States alone. The DOD projects an annual disposal requirement for more than 25 million pounds of electronic equipment. While computers originating from the Department of Defense (DOD) represent only ten percent (10%) of the total electronic scrap found in landfills, ninety percent (90%) of this scrap consists of military-unique electronic equipment (i.e., test equipment, radios and radar equipment); the remaining 10% is desktop equipment (Federal Electronic Asset Management Task Force Final Report to the Federal Environmental Executive February 16, 1999 Draft Working Copy.) The sheer volume of electronic material, coupled with environmental considerations, is prompting states to keep electronic equipment out of landfills. Consequently, the Department of Defense and other Federal Agencies are voluntarily striving to dispose of its inactive, obsolete or surplus electronic scrap by implementing demanufacturing, reusing, and recycling options rather than landfilling. One way the Department of Defense is addressing the environmental concerns associated with the disposal of its inactive, obsolete or surplus electronic equipment is through the DEER2 Program (Demanufacturing of Electronic Equipment for Reuse and Recycling). This program will develop, demonstrate and validate technology enhancements to facilitate separation and decontamination of materials, tracking, glass and plastics reprocessing and reuse, and precious metals recovery. These innovations will take place in a state of the art technology facility located in Largo, Florida.
Mitigating Environmental and Occupational Health Concerns for the Electronic Demanufacturing Industry
Authors: Gibson LuAnn
Published: November 2021

There are numerous aspects of the electronics demanufacturing industry that may be scrutinized by Occupational Safety and Health regulators. In older computer equipment, there may be materials that have since been banned from use in industry, such as PCBs. Workers disassembling electronic equipment need to be able to recognize components containing this hazardous material. Disassemblers are also exposed to lifting and cutting hazards in their activities. Those who shred or grind their electronics may be exposed to particulated heavy metals or silica, as well as dangerous levels of noise. When electronic components are removed from circuit boards, melting the solder will release lead fumes that must be properly ventilated. Recent and pending changes in OSHA requirements will affect electronics demanufacturers. Forklift standards were revised March 1, 1999, silica exposure limits may soon be reduced, and an ergonomics standard is pending. Universal and waste must be properly handled and stored in ways that comply with regulations and protect the safety and health of the workers. As a new but growing industry, electronics demanufacturers and recylers must remain aware of potential errors that could cost tens of thousands of dollars in OSHA fines or workers’ compensation claims.
Some Equivalences in the Theory of Linear Viscoelasticity and Their Implications in Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Papoulia Katerina D. , Panoskaltsis Vassilis P. , Korovajchuk Igor
Published: November 2021

A class of linear viscoelastic models is examined which accurately represent the response of many materials in a wide frequency range. These include power law and logarithmic type models, such as those of fractional order, the Kuhn model of linear viscoelasticity and generalizations thereof. An equivalence between the fractional element and the generalized Kuhn model is established. A continuous representation of these models is naturally available. It is shown that a discrete rheological representation, in the form of series of springs and dashpots, is also possible. This allows an internal variable formulation, which establishes the thermodynamic admissibility of this class of models, in the sense that they satisfy the dissipation inequality. Introduction of appropriate state variables leads to convolution type equations, which, in the finite deformation case, retain much of the structure of linear viscoelasticity. Numerical implementation of the models is enhanced by the equivalence principles. It is shown that the accuracy expected of a long chain of classical structural units is achieved with a greatly reduced number of model parameters.
Development of a New Technique for Measuring Volume Change of Dry Particulate Systems Under Very Low Confining Pressures
Authors: Abdel-Hadi Ali I. , Cristescu N. D. , Cazacu O. , Bucklin Ray A.
Published: November 2021

A new technique has been developed to measure volume change at very low confining pressures. Such low confining stress levels may be experienced in typical powder technology applications (storage and transport of particulate systems). The aim of this technique is to obtain more accurate information on the deformation, failure and flow behavior of cohesive powders under a variety of loading conditions and deformation rates. The technique allows covering the entire pressure regime that is covered by commercially available and industrially applied powder flow testers. It bridges the gap of multiple devices, whose ranges of test conditions do not overlap, thus facilitating cross-calibration of equipment and increases confidence (and reliability) of all compaction data obtained. The investigation of the effect of initial porosity on powder flowability was chosen to test the new experimental setup.

In particular, triaxial tests have been carried out on samples of different particulate systems and the results have been presented at different confining pressures and on samples of different initial porosities.
Study of Road Damage Potentials of Mixed Traffic
Authors: Romero José A. , Lozano Alejandro
Published: November 2021

Dynamic interactions between the mixed traffic situations and the pavement are investigated through analysis of accumulated stored energy within the pavement. The proposed methodology integrates the dynamic response of heavy vehicles population within the mixed traffic with the primary pavement response and an objective pavement damage measure. The results attained from the proposed methodology revealed reasonably good correlation with the AASHO data on the rut depth. The proposed methodology is applied to establish the influence of traffic distribution, time of the day, weather temperature condition, average traffic speed and the type of traffic distribution on the accumulated stored energy of the pavement. The results show that a uniform traffic distribution can yield considerable reduction in the stored energy and thus the damage potentials of the mixed traffic.
Optimum Design of an A-Pillar Trim With Rib Structures for Occupant Head Protection
Authors: Kim Hyoung-Gon , Kang Shinill
Published: November 2021

NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) has been conducting biomechanical studies to reduce head injuries sustained during automotive collision. Furthermore, NHTSA added the new regulation to the FMVSS201 (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard), limiting the equivalent HIC (Head Injury Criterion) value under 1000. In the present study, a methodology is developed for the optimum design of the A-pillar trim with rib structures, which can maximize the energy dissipation during the head impact. The design variables for the rib structures are the transverse spacing, the longitudinal spacing, and the thickness. The required set of design variables is decided on the bases of the design of experiments. A series of simulations for head impact to A-pillar trim are carried out by using the LS-DYNA3D, and the HIC(d) values are computed using results from simulations, which utilize design variables determined by a combination of the central composite design and the full factorial design. A proper regression function with R-square value above 0.9 was constructed using the response surface method, and it was used as an objective function for optimization. A HIC(d) value under 850 for 15mph head-trim impact was obtained using the rib structures suggested by the present design methodology.
Spur Bevel Differential Dynamics
Authors: Vantsevich Vladimir V.
Published: November 2021

As a vehicle unit, the differential has been serving since the first vehicle appeared. Its conceptual schema has not changed much.
Swing Reduction of Ropeway Carriers by Means of Inclined Pendulum Trajectory and Ball Rolling Type Damping Equipment
Authors: Sato Hisao
Published: November 2021

Ropeway systems provide transportation using carriers that are suspended from ropes. From the view point of transportation safety, an important factor is to improve the windproof performance for carriers. It is especially important to reduce the amount of rolling movement caused to carriers by lateral winds.

In order to improve the windproof performance for carriers of ropeway systems, this report presents an inclined pendulum trajectory and ball rolling type damping equipment as a carrier swing damping equipment, and also describes the test results of the scale model experiments performed for investigating its effect.
Numerical Simulation of Co-Injection Molding
Authors: Wang James T.
Published: November 2021

In the co-injection molding process, two (or more) different polymers are injected into the cavity simultaneously or sequentially. Different properties of these two polymers and their distribution in the cavity greatly affect the applications of this molding process. The skin layer can use special polymers to provide good appearance and texture, strength, chemical resistance, EMI shielding and other functions. The core layer can use recycled or inexpensive materials. Together these can improve part quality and lower the cost.

However, due to the dynamic interaction of two polymers in the manufacturing process and their difference in properties, process control becomes more complicated and process design becomes a challenge. The rules used for the traditional injection molding process design may not always be useful for co-injection molding any more. An integrated CAE software has been developed to simulate the co-injection molding process. In this study, the capability and usefulness of the CAE tool will be shown. The control of polymer distribution will be discussed. The effects of polymer properties and their distribution on part quality will also be studied.
CAE for Injection Molding: What’s Next?
Authors: Wang Kuo K.
Published: November 2021

After a well-focused research effort over the past quarter of a century, CAE for injection molding has become a common engineering tool used widely in industrial practice. Today, part and mold designers readily make use of CAE software tools to make rational design decisions based on scientific principles rather than solely on prior experiences. While the common goal of the industry is to produce plastic parts anywhere in the world at the lowest cost, with the best quality and fastest speed to market, a missing link in an integrated production system seems to lie in the ability at the shop floor to control the molding process automatically and adaptively without compromising part quality. As the IT (Information Technologies) and Web-based engineering continue to strive, the injection molding industry would benefit immensely to achieve its goals. This paper discusses some issues on technical challenges and opportunities.
Modeling of Hydrostatic Pressure Effect on Progressive Damage in Particulate Composites
Authors: Kwon Y. W. , Liu C. T.
Published: November 2021

Hydrostatic pressure affects the damage growth in a particulate composite. As a result, an analytical model was presented to represent the damage growth in a particulate composite under various hydrostatic pressures. The model was based on a multi-level approach with damage description at the micro-level. A damage theory was presented to describe the material behavior under hydrostatic pressure. The predicted stress-strain curves compared well with the experimental measurements. Furthermore, the initial crack size at a notch tip was studied with and without hydrostatic pressure.
Finite Element Modeling for Vibration Analysis of Constrained Layer Damping Treated Structures
Authors: Xu Yanchu , Chen Dennis
Published: November 2021

A compound plate element is presented for modeling all layers of the damped structure into a single element. By associating deformations of the damping layer to those of base structure layer and constraining layer, the kinetic and potential energies of the damping layer as well as those of base and constraining layers can be derived. Then the element mass and stiffness matrices can be obtained for all layers as a whole. The newly derived element formulation results in significant simplification of constrained layer modeling and dramatic reduction of element density while maintaining the desired accuracy. The use of the element also allows direct and more accurate calculation of structural modal damping in modal analysis.
Ballistic Impact Analysis of the Human Thorax With a Protective Body Armor
Authors: Kwon Y. W. , Jolly J. E. , Hughes T. A.
Published: November 2021

The biomechanical response of a finite element model of the human thorax and a protective body armor system was studied under impact loading from a projectile. The objective of the study was to create a viable finite element model of the human thorax. The model was validated by comparing the results of tests of body armor systems conducted on cadavers to results obtained from finite element analysis. A parametric study was undertaken to determine the essential components of the model. The results from this investigation determined that the path of force propagation from a body armor system to the thorax upon bullet impact is directly through the vest to the sternum and then through the skeleton to the rest of the body. Thus, any parameters that affect the components in this pathway were essential to the model. This included the muscles, their geometries, material properties, and viscosity, as well as the Young’s modulus of the sternochondral cartilage and the bones themselves.