bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Osteoclast density is not increased in bone adjacent to radiolucencies (cysts) in juvenile equine medial femoral condyles
Authors: Fortin‐Trahan Rosalie , Lemirre Thibaut , Santschi Elizabeth M. , Janes Jennifer G. , Richard Hélène , Fogarty Ursula , Beauchamp Guy , Girard Christiane A. , Laverty Sheila
Published: October 2021

Background

There is a knowledge gap about how equine MFC subchondral radiolucencies (SR) arise and evolve. Osteoclasts are believed to have a role but have not been studied in situ.

Objectives

To measure and compare osteoclast density and the percentage of chondroclasts in healthy and MFC SR specimens from juvenile Thoroughbreds.

Study design

Cadaveric study.

Methods

Medial femoral condyles (MFC) from a tissue bank of equine stifles were studied. Inclusion criteria were MFCs (≤8 months old) with a computed tomography SR lesion and histological focal failure of endochondral ossification (L group). Contralateral, lesion‐free, MFCs were a control group (CC). Osteochondral slabs were cut through the lesion (L), a healthy site immediately caudal to the lesion, (internal control; IC) and the contralateral, site‐matched controls (CC). Histological sections were immunostained with Cathepsin K for osteoclast counting. Osteoclasts in contact with the growth cartilage (chondroclasts) were also counted. The sections were segmented into regions of interest (ROI) at different depths in the subchondral bone: ROI1 (0‐1 mm), ROI2 (1‐3 mm) and ROI3 (3‐6 mm). Osteoclasts were counted and the bone area was measured in each ROI to calculate their density. Chondroclasts were counted in ROI1.

Results

Sections were studied from L and IC (n = 6) and CC sites (n = 5). Osteoclast density was significantly higher in ROI1 when compared with ROI3 in all groups. Although higher osteoclast density was measured in ROI1 in the L group, no significant differences were detected when compared with control ROIs. The proportion of chondroclasts in ROI1 was lower in the L sections when compared with controls but no significant differences were detected.

Main limitations

Limited sample size.

Conclusions

Osteoclasts are important actors in MFC subchondral bone development, digesting both growth cartilage (chondroclasts) and bone, but the pathophysiology of early MFC SRs cannot be explained solely by an increased osteoclast presence in the subchondral bone.
Robustness of five different visual assessment methods for the evaluation of hindlimb lameness based on tubera coxarum movement in horses at the trot on a straight line
Authors: Starke Sandra D. , May Stephen A.
Published: October 2021

Background

The evaluation of hindlimb lameness remains a major challenge in everyday clinical practice. In the absence of clear guidelines, veterinarians use different visual assessment methods for this task whose robustness is unknown.

Objectives

Determination of the robustness of five visual hindlimb lameness assessment methods based on the comparison of left and right tuber coxae movement.

Study design

Validated mathematical hindlimb lameness model based on experimental data from the literature.

Methods

Vertical movement of left (LTC) and right (RTC) tuber coxae was simulated for the range of common hindlimb lameness movement patterns that horses present within practice. Lameness severity ranged from sound to moderately lame (0% to 60% motion asymmetry). The scenarios of a pelvis held tilted and asymmetrical pelvic roll were included to reflect possible adaptations in pelvic rotation. Across all conditions, the outcomes for five different visual assessment methods based on comparative tubera coxarum movement were quantified, including hip hike, ‐drop and range of motion. The robustness of each assessment method was established through comparison to sacrum‐based overall motion asymmetry as the ground truth.

Results

Tubera coxarum‐based lameness assessment was highly sensitive to all the unique lameness patterns and changes in pelvic rotation which a lame horse may adopt. None of the five visual lameness assessment methods was 100% robust across all conditions tested. For everyday clinical practice, comparing the upward movement amplitude of the RTC before right hind foot contact and of the LTC before left hind foot contact (Hip_hike_diff) would be the most robust single tubera coxarum‐based visual assessment method.

Main limitations

In the absence of published data regarding the frequency of different movement patterns and hip rotation adaptations in clinical practice, this study cannot indicate the proportion of assessments that would be incorrect for a given visual assessment method.

Conclusions

Using a single tubera coxarum‐based visual hindlimb lameness assessment method may lead to incorrect clinical judgement. Therefore, using multiple assessment methods would be beneficial to substantiate impressions.
The role of PI3'‐lipid signalling in melanoma initiation, progression and maintenance
Authors: Parkman Gennie L. , Foth Mona , Kircher David A. , Holmen Sheri L. , McMahon Martin
Published: October 2021

Phosphatidylinositol‐3'‐kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3' hydroxyl (OH) of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositides (PI). Through their downstream effectors, PI3K generated lipids (PI3K‐lipids hereafter) such as PI(3,4,5)P3 and PI(3,4)P2 regulate myriad biochemical and biological processes in both normal and cancer cells including responses to growth hormones and cytokines; the cell division cycle; cell death; cellular growth; angiogenesis; membrane dynamics; and autophagy and many aspects of cellular metabolism. Engagement of receptor tyrosine kinase by their cognate ligands leads to activation of members of the Class I family of PI3'‐kinases (PI3Kα, β, δ & γ) leading to accumulation of PI3K‐lipids. Importantly, PI3K‐lipid accumulation is antagonized by the hydrolytic action of a number of PI3K‐lipid phosphatases, most notably the melanoma suppressor PTEN (lipid phosphatase and tensin homologue). Downstream of PI3K‐lipid production, the protein kinases AKT1‐3 are believed to be key effectors of PI3'‐kinase signalling in cells. Indeed, in preclinical models, activation of the PI3K→AKT signalling axis cooperates with alterations such as expression of the BRAFV600E oncoprotein kinase to promote melanoma progression and metastasis. In this review, we describe the different classes of PI3K‐lipid effectors, and how they may promote melanomagenesis, influence the tumour microenvironment, melanoma maintenance and progression to metastatic disease. We also provide an update on both FDA‐approved or experimental inhibitors of the PI3K→AKT pathway that are currently being evaluated for the treatment of melanoma either in preclinical models or in clinical trials.
Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva due to a novel mutation in GJB4
Authors: Zhang Xilin , Xu Peng , Lu Jiajing , Ding Yangfeng , Gu Jun , Shi Yuling
Published: October 2021

Erythrokeratodermia variabilis et progressiva (EKVP) is a rare genodermatosis of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, characterized by the manifestations of localized or disseminated persistent hyperkeratotic plagues and stationary to migratory transient erythematous patches. The majority of EKVP cases display an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance, although recessive transmission has also been described. Mutations associated with EKVP have been primarily detected in connexin (Cx) genes. We herein reported a Chinese sporadic case of late‐onset EKVP with a novel heterozygous missense mutation c.109G>A (p.V37M) in GJB4 (Cx30.3) gene, which resulted in a significant reduction of GJB4 expression in the epidermis of the patient. In accordance, while wild‐type GJB4 localized at the cell membrane of HeLa cells forming intercellular junctions and intracellular puncta, V37M mutant variant was diffusely expressed within HeLa cells at a considerably lower level. Our findings reveal an essential role of GJB4 in the pathogenesis of EKVP and provides insights into the therapeutic potential of the disease.
The combination of biochar and PGPBs stimulates the differentiation in rhizosphere soil microbiome and metabolites to suppress soil‐borne pathogens under consecutive monoculture regimes
Authors: Wu Hongmiao , Wu Huiming , Jiao Yanyang , Zhang Zhongyi , Rensing Christopher , Lin Wenxiong
Published: October 2021

The application of biochar and plant‐growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPBs) in biocontrol soil‐borne pathogens has garnered worldwide interest recently. However, how agricultural replanting disease is alleviated by a combination of biochar and PGPBs treatment (SYBB) remains largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the beneficial effects of single biochar addition and the combination of biochar and PGPBs on alleviating replanting disease by altering the rhizosphere microbiome and metabolites. Our field experiment showed that the SYBB treatment had a better alleviating effect on replanting disease than the single biochar addition. The study indicated the dominant effect of deterministic processes on the bacterial community and of stochastic processes on the fungal community under biochar and PGPBs treatment. The combination of biochar and PGPBs tended to convert the stochastic processes of fungal community assembly into deterministic processes. We found SYBB treatment increased the abundance of potentially beneficial Pseudomonas, Lysobacter, Gemmatimonadetes and Nitrospira, and decreasing the abundance of potentially pathogenic Fusarium, Talaromyces and Fusarium oxysporum. Moreover, the SYBB treatment increased the abundances of carbohydrates, fatty acids and plant hormones, and decreased the abundances of amino acids in the rhizosphere soil. Co‐occurrence network analysis indicated that SYBB treatment increased the connections within the microbial communities and drove the alteration of co‐occurrence network among the microbial communities and metabolites, which increased positive correlations in bacteria‐metabolite networks and decreased positive correlations in fungi‐metabolite networks. Spearman correlation analysis showed the abundances of beneficial Streptomyces, Pseudomonas and Lysobacter were significantly and positively correlated to the metabolites most increased under SYBB treatment. The combination of biochar and PGPBs alleviated replanting disease by mediating the change of rhizosphere soil metabolites, and stimulating the proliferation of indigenous and beneficial soil microbes. The research results are intended to provide the basis for new strategies for green and sustainable remediation of soil‐borne pathogens.
Pathology updates and diagnostic approaches to haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Kikuchi Alexander , Singh Kunwar , Gars Eric , Ohgami Robert S
Published: October 2021

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a complex, often under‐recognised hyperinflammatory immune dysregulation syndrome arising in a diverse range of clinical scenarios and conditions. The accurate and timely diagnosis of HLH is crucial for patient survival, and usually requires a high level of clinical suspicion. The histological corollary to clinical HLH—haemophagocytosis—is neither necessary nor sufficient for the diagnosis of HLH, as it may be seen in a variety of reactive conditions and may be absent in true HLH. Nevertheless, the finding of haemophagocytosis in specific clinical situations should prompt consideration of HLH and further testing to exclude the condition. Although haemophagocytosis is traditionally described in bone marrow, identification of it in other tissues, including lymphoid, splenic, liver or neural tissue, can contribute importantly to the overall recognition of HLH. In this review we discuss the underlying pathophysiology and aetiologies of HLH, and the morphological aspects of haemophagocytosis and its associated histological findings in different tissues, and give a brief overview of diagnostic criteria and clinical evaluation.
Trends of endodontic and periapical status in adult Danish populations from 1997 to 2009: A repeated cross‐sectional study
Authors: Razdan Ankur , Jungnickel Luise , Schropp Lars , Væth Michael , Kirkevang Lise‐Lotte
Published: October 2021

Aim

To compare the endodontic and periapical status of two similar adult Danish populations examined in 1997–1998 and 2007–2009, respectively.

Methodology

Two populations from Aarhus County, Denmark (age range: 20–64 years) were randomly selected using the Danish Civil Registration System. Full‐mouth intraoral radiographs (14 periapical, 2 bitewing) of 616 individuals in 1997–1998 (C1: 16 018 teeth) and 398 individuals in 2007–2009 (C2: 10 668 teeth) were taken to ascertain the number of teeth, presence of root fillings (RFs) and apical periodontitis (AP) using the periapical index (PAI). T‐tests with unequal variances were used to assess differences between C1 and C2 with respect to age and the number of teeth. Multivariable and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to assess the effect of cohort, age and tooth type on the prevalence and relative frequency of RFs and AP.

Results

Mean age and mean number of teeth were higher in C2 than C1 (age; C1: 42.3 years, C2: 44.6 years; p = .003), (teeth; C1: 26.0, C2: 26.8; p < .001). The prevalence of root filled teeth was lower in C2 than C1 (C1: 51.8%, C2: 45.0%; p = .03); however, the prevalence of AP was similar (C1: 42.0%, C2: 45.0%). The relative frequency of root filled teeth was lower in C2 than C1 (C1: 4.8%, C2: 3.6%; p = .004), although the individuals were older in C2. The relative frequency of AP was similar in the two cohorts (C1: 3.3%, C2: 3.6%; p = .42). The relative frequency of AP in non‐root filled teeth doubled from 0.9% in C1 to 1.8% in C2. C2 had higher PAI scores than C1 for root filled and non‐root filled teeth, despite age correction (p ≤ .0007).

Conclusions

Two similar general Danish populations examined, respectively, in 1997–1998 and 2007–2009, were associated with a decreasing trend in the prevalence and relative frequency of RFs over the decade. There was no difference in relative frequency of AP in root filled teeth, but an increase in relative frequency of AP in non‐root filled teeth. Further population‐based studies including analysis of non‐root filled teeth using the full‐scale PAI and quality assessment of restorations are recommended.
A comprehensive review of IL‐26 to pave a new way for a profound understanding of the pathobiology of cancer, inflammatory diseases and infections
Authors: Gowhari Shabgah Arezoo , Abdelbasset Walid Kamal , Sulaiman Rahman Heshu , Bokov Dmitry O. , Suksatan Wanich , Thangavelu Lakshmi , Ahmadi Majid , Malekahmadi Mahsa , Gheibihayat Seyed Mohammad , Gholizadeh Navashenaq Jamshid
Published: October 2021

Cytokines are considered vital mediators of the immune system. Down‐ or upregulation of these mediators is linked to several inflammatory and pathologic situations. IL‐26 is referred to as an identified member of the IL‐10 family and IL‐20 subfamily. Due to having a unique cationic structure, IL‐26 exerts diverse functions in several diseases. Since IL‐26 is mainly secreted from Th17, it is primarily considered a pro‐inflammatory cytokine. Upon binding to its receptor complex (IL‐10R1/IL‐20R2), IL‐26 activates multiple signalling mediators, especially STAT1/STAT3. In cancer, IL‐26 induces IL‐22‐producing cells, which consequently decrease cytotoxic T‐cell functions and promote tumour growth through activating anti‐apoptotic proteins. In hypersensitivity conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and allergic disease, this cytokine functions primarily as the disease‐promoting mediator and might be considered a biomarker for disease prognosis. Although IL‐26 exerts antimicrobial function in infections such as hepatitis, tuberculosis and leprosy, it has also been shown that IL‐26 might be involved in the pathogenesis and exacerbation of sepsis. Besides, the involvement of IL‐26 has been confirmed in other conditions, including graft‐versus‐host disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Therefore, due to the multifarious function of this cytokine, it is proposed that the underlying mechanism regarding IL‐26 function should be elucidated. Collectively, it is hoped that the examination of IL‐26 in several contexts might be promising in predicting disease prognosis and might introduce novel approaches in the treatment of various diseases.
Depletion of m6A reader protein YTHDC1 induces dilated cardiomyopathy by abnormal splicing of Titin
Authors: Gao Siyun , Sun Haifeng , Chen Kejing , Gu Xueying , Chen Hongyu , Jiang Liudan , Chen Lei , Zhang Shengqi , Liu Yi , Shi Dan , Liang Dandan , Xu Liang , Yang Jian , Ruan Yanjiao , Chen Hao , Shen Bin , Ma Honghui , Chen Yi‐Han
Published: October 2021

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification in mRNA and engages in multiple biological processes. Previous studies indicated that m6A methyltransferase METTL3 (‘writer’) and demethylase FTO (‘eraser’) play critical roles in heart‐related disease. However, in the heart, the function of m6A ‘reader’, such as YTH (YT521‐B homology) domain‐containing proteins remains unclear. Here, we report that the defect in YTHDC1 but not other YTH family members contributes to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in mice. Cardiac‐specific conditional Ythdc1 knockout led to obvious left ventricular chamber enlargement and severe systolic dysfunction. YTHDC1 deficiency also resulted in the decrease of cardiomyocyte contractility and disordered sarcomere arrangement. By means of integrating multiple high‐throughput sequence technologies, including m6A‐MeRIP, RIP‐seq and mRNA‐seq, we identified 42 transcripts as potential downstream targets of YTHDC1. Amongst them, we found that Titin mRNA was decorated with m6A modification and depletion of YTHDC1 resulted in aberrant splicing of Titin. Our study suggests that Ythdc1 plays crucial role in regulating the normal contractile function and the development of DCM. These findings clarify the essential role of m6A reader in cardiac biofunction and provide a novel potential target for the treatment of DCM.
In vitro mastication of cooked rice: How it influences the bolus characteristics
Authors: Asimi Sailimuhan , Ren Xin , Zhang Min , Zhongyan Xie , Amjad Sohail , Liu Dongxiao , Qixin Lv , Wang Zhenhua , Liang Shan , Wang Ziyuan
Published: October 2021

By the in vitro simulation of mastication, we studied the variation of cooked rice in terms of mastication parameters. However, because there is no in vitro model for cooked rice, it was impossible to specifically study the effect of mastication parameters on the properties of the rice bolus. Therefore, first we established an in vitro model, and then, we explored the effects of saliva addition, α‐amylase, and blending time on the physical properties of cooked Japonica rice in an in vitro simulation of mastication. The results showed that with the increasing saliva addition, the degree of lubrication, transverse relaxation time of free water (T23), and proportion of free water (A23) significantly increased, and the degree of structure, the elastic modulus (G′), and the viscous modulus (G″) of the bolus significantly decreased. With the increase of α‐amylase, the A23 significantly increased, and the degree of structure, G′, and G″ of the bolus significantly decreased. Increased blending times decreased the particle size of rice, resulting in the decrease of G′ and G″, while, A23 significantly increased, and the microstructure of the bolus became looser. Overall, the trends observed with different blending and different saliva addition models for simulated saliva fluid with 75 U/mL of α‐amylase were similar to those of an in vivo mastication model.

Practical Applications

In vitro simulation of oral processing depends on saliva composition, saliva addition, and the effect of salivary enzymes on food and food type. Therefore, through the in vitro simulating oral processing, we have been better studied the changes of sensory characteristics of rice with oral processing parameters. Thus, this study provides a simple, fast, and reproducible method for studying mastication's dynamic changes in rice's flavor, taste, and texture. Furthermore, this study provides a method for the in vitro mastication of rice and other foods. In addition, it offers scientific basis and theoretical reference for the variety improvement of Japonica rice and the quality improvement of instant rice.
Effectiveness of combined microfocused ultrasound with visualization and subdermal calcium hydroxyapatite injections for the management of brachial skin laxity
Authors: Ramirez Sylvia , Puah Ivan Boon Kwang
Published: October 2021

Background

There is no publication to date on the combined use of microfocused ultrasound with visualization (MFU‐V) and calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) for brachial skin laxity.

Aim

To assess the effectiveness of combining MFU‐V with diluted/hyperdiluted CaHA in a single session for treating brachial skin laxity.

Subjects/Methods

Female subjects who had skin laxity in the brachial regions and who desired non‐surgical intervention were enrolled into this prospective, single‐arm pilot study. MFU‐V (Ultherapy®, Merz North America, Inc. Raleigh, N.C.) was applied using the 4.0 MHz‐4.5 mm and 7.0 MHz‐3.0 mm depth transducers, followed by subdermal injections of diluted (1:1)/hyperdiluted (1:2) CaHA (Radiesse®, Merz North America, Inc). Subjects were followed for six months after treatment. Objective biophysical skin assessments were conducted using a cutometer (Cutometer® Dual 580 MPA; Courage & Khazaka, Cologne, Germany). Subjective assessments included the arm visual analogue scale (VAS), global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS), and subject global satisfaction scale.

Results

Twelve subjects participated in the study. The mean R0 reading (measure of skin firmness) progressively improved from 0.515 mm at baseline to 0.433 mm at 24 weeks (p < 0.05 for 12 and 24 weeks). The mean R2 reading (measure of skin elasticity) and mean arm VAS improved significantly from baseline at all visits (p < 0.05 for all). The majority of subjects at each visit showed improved arm appearance and were satisfied with their treatment. Both procedures were well‐tolerated.

Conclusions

Combined use of MFU‐V with diluted/hyperdiluted CaHA demonstrates significant improvements in both objective and subjective measures of brachial skin laxity.
Evaluation of safety and efficacy of a new device for muscle toning and body shaping
Authors: Leone Alessandro , Piccolo Domenico , Conforti Claudio , Pieri Laura , Fusco Irene
Published: October 2021

Background

The spread of non‐invasive procedures for fat deposits removal has increased rapidly in recent years. In the field of esthetic medicine, high‐intensity focused electromagnetic field (HIFEM) technology has recently been introduced, as a tool for toning and strengthening muscles, which goes far beyond normal physical exercise.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new device for body remodeling.

Methods

A set of 15 patients (7 males and 8 females, BMI 24.05 ± 2.01 kg m−2, age 32–57) participated in this study. Patients were enrolled at Dermatos center, Montesilvano, Abruzzo, Italy. The technology used is FMS (Flat Magnetic Stimulation): 6–8 treatment sessions were performed. The sessions must be repeated twice a week, with a minimum of 2 days between each session. Treatment duration varies from 20 to 45 min, depending on patients.

Results

During 1‐month follow‐up after the last treatment evaluations, the results showed tonification, the strengthening of muscles, and the reduction of localized adiposity. There is a significant reduction in waist circumference (80.7 ± 4.3 cm vs 77.3 ± 5.6 cm, p < 0.001). All patients showed relatively high satisfaction immediately after the last treatment.

Conclusions

Our data show that intense muscle activity is generated by FMS treatments, suggesting that this technology could be used as a convenient and effective muscle toning tool.
Does couple communication predict later relationship quality and dissolution? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kanter Jeremy B. , Lavner Justin A. , Lannin Daniel G. , Hilgard Joseph , Monk J. Kale
Published: October 2021

Objective

To estimate the overall effect between positive and negative communication behaviors and later relationship quality and dissolution.

Background

Behavioral models of relationship development argue that the quality of couples' communication is key to understanding later relational outcomes. However, longitudinal studies have yielded inconsistent associations between communication behaviors and subsequent relationship functioning, leaving questions about the robustness of these effects.

Method

To explore these potential associations, we conducted a meta‐analysis of 64 dyadic studies and 1784 parameter estimates to generate a weighted average effect of positive and negative communication behaviors predicting later relationship quality and dissolution. We conducted multiple‐regression moderation analyses to identify key study‐level moderators.

Results

Positive (rwithin‐partner = .15, p < .001; rcross‐partner = .09, p = .017) and negative (rwithin‐partner = −.17, p < .001; rcross‐partner = −.16, p < .001) communication behaviors had a small and significant effect on later relationship quality. Positive communication behaviors had a small but not statistically significant effect on relationship dissolution (d = 0.24, p = .105), whereas negative communication behaviors had a small‐to‐moderate statistically significant effect on relationship dissolution (d = −0.41, p < .001). Few study‐level characteristics consistently moderated these associations.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis indicates that couples' positive and negative communication behaviors are reliably associated with their later relationship quality, and couples' negative communication is associated with later dissolution. However, these effects are small, suggesting single, early assessments of positive and negative communication behaviors may be only modestly predictive of later relationship functioning. Greater attention to other factors that interact with communication to predict couples' outcomes over time is needed.
Insomnia and circadian sleep disorders in ovarian cancer: Evaluation and management of underestimated modifiable factors potentially contributing to morbidity
Authors: Palagini Laura , Miniati Mario , Massa Lucia , Folesani Federica , Marazziti Donatella , Grassi Luigi , Riemann Dieter
Published: October 2021

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynaecological cancer deaths and the seventh most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide, so that, as it is related to substantial and increasing disease burden, the management of ovarian cancer survivors should be a priority. Such issues involve prevention and management of emotional distress, anxiety/depressive symptoms, and maintenance of quality of life from initial diagnosis to post‐treatment. Within this framework, sleep disturbances, in particular insomnia, are emerging as modifiable determinants of mental health, also contributing to substantial morbidity among cancer, including ovarian cancer. To this aim we conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines on prevalence and management of insomnia and circadian sleep disorders in ovarian cancer, while selecting 22 papers. Insomnia was evaluated in ovarian cancer and, while circadian sleep disturbances were poorly assessed in ovarian cancer, insomnia increased from 14% to 60% of patients. Insomnia was associated with cancer‐related comorbid conditions such as emotional distress, anxiety/depressive symptoms and low quality of life. Despite this evidence, no studies have been conducted about insomnia treatment in ovarian cancer. The burden of insomnia and circadian sleep disorders in patients with ovarian cancer still needs to be addressed, and requires a call to action for the evaluation and management of these potential modifiable factors that might contribute to ovarian cancer morbidity.
Immunoglobulin G and phosphatidylserine in regenerative and nonregenerative immune‐mediated anemias of dogs
Authors: Lucidi Cynthia A. , Gerlach John A. , Jutkowitz Ari , Scott Michael A.
Published: October 2021

Background

Although precursor‐targeted immune‐mediated anemia (PIMA) is thought to be caused by immune targeting of erythroid precursors (nucleated RBCs, nRBCs), its pathogenesis is unknown. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) or phosphatidylserine (PS) may promote nRBC destruction in PIMA.

Hypothesis

Dogs with PIMA have increased nRBC IgG and PS, and dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) have increased RBC PS compared to healthy dogs.

Animals

Blood from 20 healthy dogs and from dogs with IMHA (11) or other (non‐IMHA) conditions (9), and marrow aspirates with or without blood from 10 healthy dogs and from dogs with PIMA (17) or other (non‐IMHA, non‐PIMA) conditions (7).

Methods

Marrow nRBC stages were separated by density gradient. Flow cytometry was used to assess the percentage of RBCs or nRBCs with increased IgG or PS.

Results

Red blood cell (RBC) IgG positivity was increased in 9/11 IMHA dogs and 0/9 non‐IMHA dogs. Red blood cell PS positivity was increased in 10/11 IMHA dogs and 2/9 non‐IMHA dogs. Five of 17 PIMA dogs had increased nRBC IgG positivity in mid‐ or late‐stage fractions, whereas all 7 non‐PIMA dogs were negative. Mid‐ and late‐stage erythroid precursor PS was significantly higher in PIMA dogs compared to healthy dogs. Five of 14 PIMA dogs had increased RBC IgG positivity.

Conclusions

Immunoglobulin G and PS may promote destruction of nRBCs in PIMA dogs; PS may promote destruction of RBCs in IMHA dogs.
Detangling the mechanisms and timing of MHC‐dependent sexual selection using Soay sheep
Authors: Winternitz Jamie
Published: October 2021

Immune defence is a key component of fitness, and individuals are expected to have evolved preferences for mates that ensure immunocompetent offspring. Potential preferences include those for mates with specific heritable immune gene profiles (“good genes”) or for immunogenetically dissimilar mates to increase offspring immune gene diversity. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is by far the most investigated immune gene in mate choice studies, but we still know very little about its role in sexual selection for genetic benefits. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Huang et al. capitalize on the extraordinary wealth of behavioural, life history and genetic/genomic data from the free‐living Soay sheep population on the Island of Hirta to address this problem. While the authors find evidence of both pre‐ and postcopulatory MHC‐based sexual selection, postcopulatory MHC‐dissimilar mate choice is indistinguishable from genome‐wide effects, suggesting it is a byproduct of inbreeding avoidance in Soay sheep. The study's comprehensive sampling ensures that inferences are generalizable to the entire population and provides a gold standard for studies investigating immune gene‐based sexual selection.
Refining the genomic location of single nucleotide polymorphism variation affecting Atlantic salmon maturation timing at a key large‐effect locus
Authors: Sinclair‐Waters Marion , Piavchenko Nikolai , Ruokolainen Annukka , Aykanat Tutku , Erkinaro Jaakko , Primmer Craig R.
Published: October 2021

Efforts to understand the genetic underpinnings of phenotypic variation are becoming more and more frequent in molecular ecology. Such efforts often lead to the identification of candidate regions showing signals of association and/or selection. These regions may contain multiple genes and therefore validation of which genes are actually responsible for the signal is required. In Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), a large‐effect locus for maturation timing, an ecologically important trait, occurs in a genomic region including two genes, vgll3 and akap11, but data for clearly determining which of the genes (or both) contribute to the association have been lacking. Here, we take advantage of natural recombination events detected between the two candidate genes in a salmon broodstock to reduce linkage disequilibrium at the locus, thus enabling delineation of the influence of variation at these two genes on early maturation. By rearing 5,895 males to maturation age, of which 81% had recombinant vgll3/akap11 allelic combinations, we found that vgll3 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation was strongly associated with early maturation, whereas there was little or no association between akap11 SNP variation and early maturation. These findings provide strong evidence supporting vgll3 as the primary candidate gene in the chromosome 25 locus for influencing early maturation. This will help guide future research for understanding the genetic processes controlling early maturation. This also exemplifies the utility of natural recombinants to more precisely map causal variation underlying ecologically important phenotypic diversity.
Ready on arrival: Standing variation at a chromosomal inversion contributes to rapid adaptation in an invasive marine crab
Authors: Thia Joshua A.
Published: October 2021

In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Tepolt et al. (2021) illustrate how the genetic architecture of adaptation and life history influence invasive success. A marvel of many invasive species is that they are incredibly successful despite evolutionary expectations that they will have low adaptive potential and suffer inbreeding depression due to initially small founding population sizes. Determining the combinations of ecoevolutionary factors that permit this apparent “genetic paradox of invasions” is an ongoing endeavour of invasive species research. Tepolt et al. (2021) study the European green crab in its invasive range on the North American west coast. Following a single introduction into California, this crab quickly spread across a wide latitude gradient, despite low diversity in the original founding population. Adaptation of this crab to clinal variation in temperature appeared largely driven by an inferred chromosomal inversion. This inversion exists as a balanced polymorphism in the European home range of green crabs and is associated with thermal tolerance. Tepolt et al. (2021) therefore demonstrate that adaptive evolution post introduction need not be impeded by bottlenecks if variation at key parts of the genome is available and can be maintained in introduced populations. Moreover, Tepolt et al. (2021) show how chromosomal inversions acting as large‐effect loci might facilitate rapid responses to selection in introduced populations.
Individual tree damage dominates mortality risk factors across six tropical forests
Authors: Zuleta Daniel , Arellano Gabriel , Muller‐Landau Helene C. , McMahon Sean M. , Aguilar Salomón , Bunyavejchewin Sarayudh , Cárdenas Dairon , Chang‐Yang Chia‐Hao , Duque Alvaro , Mitre David , Nasardin Musalmah , Pérez Rolando , Sun I‐Fang , Yao Tze Leong , Davies Stuart J.
Published: October 2021

The relative importance of tree mortality risk factors remains unknown, especially in diverse tropical forests where species may vary widely in their responses to particular conditions.

We present a new framework for quantifying the importance of mortality risk factors and apply it to compare 19 risks on 31 203 trees (1977 species) in 14 one‐year periods in six tropical forests. We defined a condition as a risk factor for a species if it was associated with at least a doubling of mortality rate in univariate analyses. For each risk, we estimated prevalence (frequency), lethality (difference in mortality between trees with and without the risk) and impact (‘excess mortality’ associated with the risk, relative to stand‐level mortality).

The most impactful risk factors were light limitation and crown/trunk loss; the most prevalent were light limitation and small size; the most lethal were leaf damage and wounds. Modes of death (standing, broken and uprooted) had limited links with previous conditions and mortality risk factors.

We provide the first ranking of importance of tree‐level mortality risk factors in tropical forests. Future research should focus on the links between these risks, their climatic drivers and the physiological processes to enable mechanistic predictions of future tree mortality.
Sucrose promotes D53 accumulation and tillering in rice
Authors: Patil Suyash B. , Barbier Francois F. , Zhao Jinfeng , Zafar Syed A. , Uzair Muhammad , Sun Yinglu , Fang Jingjing , Perez‐Garcia Maria‐Dolores , Bertheloot Jessica , Sakr Soulaiman , Fichtner Franziska , Chabikwa Tinashe G. , Yuan Shoujiang , Beveridge Christine A. , Li Xueyong
Published: October 2021

Shoot branching is regulated by multiple signals. Previous studies have indicated that sucrose may promote shoot branching through suppressing the inhibitory effect of the hormone strigolactone (SL). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown.

Here, we used molecular and genetic tools to identify the molecular targets underlying the antagonistic interaction between sucrose and SL.

We showed that sucrose antagonizes the suppressive action of SL on tillering in rice and on the degradation of D53, a major target of SL signalling. Sucrose inhibits the gene expression of D3, the orthologue of the Arabidopsis F‐box MAX2 required for SL signalling. Overexpression of D3 antagonizes sucrose inhibition of D53 degradation and enables the SL inhibition of tillering under high sucrose. Sucrose prevents SL‐induced degradation of D14, the SL receptor involved in D53 degradation. In contrast to D3, D14 overexpression enhances D53 protein levels and sucrose‐induced tillering, even in the presence of SL.

Our results show that sucrose inhibits SL response by affecting key components of SL signalling and, together with previous studies reporting the inhibition of SL synthesis by nitrate and phosphate, demonstrate the central role played by SLs in the regulation of plant architecture by nutrients.
A sugarcane smut fungus effector simulates the host endogenous elicitor peptide to suppress plant immunity
Authors: Ling Hui , Fu Xueqin , Huang Ning , Zhong Zaofa , Su Weihua , Lin Wenxiong , Cui Haitao , Que Youxiong
Published: October 2021

The smut fungus Sporisorium scitamineum causes the most prevalent disease on sugarcane. The mechanism of its pathogenesis, especially the functions and host targets of its effector proteins, are unknown.

In order to identify putative effectors involving in S. scitamineum infection, a weighted gene co‐expression network analysis was conducted based on the transcriptome profiles of both smut fungus and sugarcane using a customized microarray. A smut effector gene, termed SsPele1, showed strong co‐expression with sugarcane PLANT ELICITOR PEPTIDE RECEPTOR1 (ScPEPR1), which encodes a receptor like kinase for perception of plant elicitor peptide1 (ScPep1). The relationship between SsPele1 and ScPEPR1, and the biological function of SsPele1 were characterized in this study.

The SsPele1 C‐terminus contains a plant elicitor peptide‐like motif, by which SsPele1 interacts strongly with ScPEPR1. Strikingly, the perception of ScPep1 on ScPEPR1 is competed by SsPele1 association, leading to the suppression of ScPEPR1‐mediated immune responses. Moreover, the Ustilago maydis effector UmPele1, an ortholog of SsPele1, promotes fungal virulence using the same strategy.

This study reveals a novel strategy by which a fungal effector can mimic the plant elicitor peptide to complete its perception and attenuate receptor‐activated immunity.
Enhanced job satisfaction under tighter technological control: The paradoxical outcomes of digitalisation
Authors: Bisht Nidhi S. , Trusson Clive , Siwale Juliana , Ravishankar M. N.
Published: October 2021

Via a multiple case study of work in microfinance institutions in India, this paper reports on the experiences of field officers and branch managers following work digitalisation. It identifies and explains an intriguing post‐digitalisation paradox of reported increased job satisfaction and tighter technological control diminishing branch managers' work‐life balance. The paradox draws attention to the significance of context in workers' experiences of mobile digital technologies (MDTs) and contradicts previous studies on workers' positive experiences of adopting MDTs: the workers in this study did not experience greater autonomy or flexibility but reported enhanced employment security and status. The paper also adds to literature on employment relations following work digitalisation by revealing powerful enforcement of technological control, with ‘WhatsApp’ identified as a key managerial tool used for surveillance and discipline, and worker resistance at the margins.
Root dynamic growth strategies in response to salinity
Authors: Zou Yutao , Zhang Yanxia , Testerink Christa
Published: October 2021

Increasing soil salinization largely impacts crop yield worldwide. To deal with salinity stress, plants exhibit an array of responses, including root system architecture remodelling. Here, we review recent progress in physiological, developmental and cellular mechanisms of root growth responses to salinity. Most recent research in modulation of root branching, root tropisms, as well as in root cell wall modifications under salinity stress, is discussed in the context of the contribution of these responses to overall plant performance. We highlight the power of natural variation approaches revealing novel potential pathways responsible for differences in root salt stress responses. Together, these new findings promote our understanding of how salt shapes the root phenotype, which may provide potential avenues for engineering crops with better yield and survival in saline soils.
What COVID‐19 has taught us about social inequities and the urgent need for systemic change
Authors: Wright Toni , Sah Rajeeb Kumar , Keys Clare , Nanayakkara Gowri , Onyejekwe Chisa
Published: October 2021

This paper critically comments on the state of affairs in the UK relating to the pandemic and explores how a focus on inequities experienced by marginalized and vulnerable groups is necessary for exposing the material realties of everyday life, but also how such a focus has been hijacked by center right politics to distract us from collective responsibilities and building alliances for systemic change. The paper critically reviews the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the most marginalized and vulnerable in UK society and highlights the interconnected risk factors of COVID‐19 and its secondary impacts to demonstrate how these are linked to political ideology, policy, and practice. We conclude with recommendations informed through a looking back at the key tenants and purposes of universal healthcare to apprise what is needed in this moment of crisis and beyond.
The use of motivational interviewing to overcome COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy in primary care settings
Authors: Breckenridge Leigh Ann , Burns Dana , Nye Carla
Published: October 2021

Vaccine hesitancy is not a new phenomenon. However, the COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the impact of political, racial, and health disparities on vaccine hesitancy at a global level. With the creation of the COVID‐19 vaccine, a resurgence of vaccine hesitancy has emerged and many are reluctant to receive the vaccination. The reluctance varies from concerns about government interference in vaccine development, to the speed of vaccine development, to long‐term health outcomes and potential side effects. Health care professionals need to consider evidence‐based approaches that are effective in assisting patients with health care decision‐making regarding vaccine uptake. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is an effective technique to positively impact behavior change. Definitions and examples of MI techniques are provided to illustrate how MI can be used to support patient autonomy and provide a safe and trusting environment, with the goal of increasing COVID‐19 vaccination uptake.
The effect of two retraining programs, barefoot running vs increasing cadence, on kinematic parameters: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Molina‐Molina Alejandro , Latorre‐Román Pedro Ángel , Mercado‐Palomino Elia , Delgado‐García Gabriel , Richards Jim , Soto‐Hermoso Víctor Manuel
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two 10‐week non‐laboratory‐based running retraining programs on foot kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters in recreational runners. One hundred and three recreational runners (30 ± 7.2 years old, 39% females) were randomly assigned to either: a barefoot retraining group (BAR) with 3 sessions/week over 10 weeks, a cadence retraining group (CAD) who increased cadence by 10% again with 3 sessions/week over 10 weeks and a control group (CON) who did not perform any retraining. The footstrike pattern, footstrike angle (FSA), and spatial‐temporal variables at comfortable and high speeds were measured using 2D/3D photogrammetry and a floor‐based photocell system. A 3 × 2 ANOVA was used to compare between the groups and 2 time points. The FSA significantly reduced at the comfortable speed by 5.81° for BAR (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.749) and 4.81° for CAD (p = 0.002; Cohen's d = 0.638), and at high speed by 6.54° for BAR (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.753) and by 4.71° for CAD (p = 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.623). The cadence significantly increased by 2% in the CAD group (p = 0.015; Cohen's d = 0.344) at comfortable speed and the BAR group showed a 1.7% increase at high speed. BAR and CAD retraining programs showed a moderate effect for reducing FSA and rearfoot prevalence, and a small effect for increasing cadence. Both offer low‐cost and feasible tools for gait modification within recreational runners in clinical scenarios.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*15:10:08 allele by two next‐generation sequencing methods
Authors: Walencik Alexandre , Calvo De Olmos Orane , Bonneville Francoise , Blanchet Gaelle , Cesbron‐Gautier Anne
Published: October 2021

The novel HLA‐B*15:10:08 allele was characterized using two next generation sequencing technologies.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*40:02:35 allele by two next‐generation sequencing methods
Authors: Walencik Alexandre , Calvo De Olmos Orane , Bonneville Francoise , Blanchet Gaelle , Cesbron‐Gautier Anne
Published: October 2021

The novel HLA‐B*40:02:35 allele was characterized using two next generation sequencing technologies.
Bifurcations and Arnold Tongues of a Multiplier-Accelerator Model
Authors: Zhong Jiyu
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we investigate the bifurcations of a multiplier-accelerator model with nonlinear investment function in an anticyclical fiscal policy rule. First, we give the conditions that the model produces supercritical flip bifurcation and subcritical one, respectively. Second, we prove that the model undergoes a generalized flip bifurcation and present a parameter region such that the model possesses two two-periodic orbits. Third, it is proved that the model undergoes supercritical Neimark–Sacker bifurcation and produces an attracting invariant circle surrounding a fixed point. Fourth, we present the Arnold tongues such that the model has periodic orbits on the invariant circle produced from the Neimark–Sacker bifurcation. Finally, to verify the correctness of our results, we numerically simulate an attracting two-periodic orbit, a stable invariant circle, an Arnold tongue with rotation number 1/7 and an attracting seven-periodic orbit on the invariant circle.