bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
18.2: Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes Selectively Grown on Stainless Steel Using a‐Si Buffer Layer
Authors: Lim Sung Hoon , Kim Hong Sik , Moon Jong Hyun , Jang Jin , Lee Choong Hun
Published: January 2005

We have developed a selective growth technique of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on stainless steel (SS) using a patterned amorphous silicon (a‐Si) buffer layer by inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ICP‐CVD). The deposition of a 30 nm thick a‐Si on SS gives a uniform growth of multi‐walled CNTs, aligned vertically to the substrate with an average diameter of 70 ∼ 200 nm and a length of ∼1 μm. The CNTs exhibited a turn‐on field of 0.9 V/μm, a current density of 1 mA/cm2 at 3.5 V/μm and uniform electron emission
18.4: Field Emission Display Architecture based on Hopping Electron Transport
Authors: Visser H. M. , Rosink J. J. W. M. , Gillies M. F. , van der Vaart N. C. , van der Poel W. A. J. A. , Cosman E. C.
Published: January 2005

The Hopping Field Emission Display (HopFED) is a new architecture for field emission displays. In this architecture electrons from each sub‐pixel are transported in a hopping mode via secondary electron emission over the wall of a funnel placed above the sub‐pixel emitters. This leads to the following advantages: Improved sub‐pixel electron spot, improved contrast and color purity, reduced damage to field emitters by ion‐bombardment and a low capacitance addressing option.
19.4: An Image Improving Method for Delta Subpixel Displays
Authors: Yim Sang‐Hoon , Chae Su‐Yong , Woo Dong‐Ju , Cho Yoon‐Hyoung , Kim Chang‐Yeong
Published: January 2005

A method for improving the image quality on delta subpixel displays is proposed. We analyzed the causes of image deterioration problems in delta topology and developed a masking algorithm to improve the image quality on delta subpixel panels. Conditions under which the developed algorithm can be effectively used were identified. We succeeded in realizing significant improvements in real‐time moving video under the recommended conditions.
21.1: Invited Paper: 3‐inch Full‐color OLED Display using a Plastic Substrate
Authors: Yoshida Ayako , Fujimura Sou , Miyake Takako , Yoshizawa Tatsuya , Ochi Hideo , Sugimoto Akira , Kubota Hirofumi , Miyadera Toshiyuki , Ishizuka Shinichi , Tsuchida Masami , Nakada Hitoshi
Published: January 2005

We developed a full‐color Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) display on a plastic substrate. The display area is a 3‐ inch diagonal area with 160 × RGB × 120 pixels. Silicon oxynitride (SiON) was used as a moisture barrier film on the substrate and silicon nitride (SiN) as a passivation film on the device. The display was approximately 0.2 mm thick, weighted approximately 3 g, and it was bendable.
21.2: Transparent Thin Film Desiccant for OLEDs
Authors: Tsuruoka Yoshihisa , Hieda Shigeru , Tanaka Satoshi , Takahashi Hisamitsu
Published: January 2005

A transparent thin film desiccant capable of improving the storage reliability of OLED was developed, which was named OleDry. OleDry is an excellent desiccant mainly composed of aluminum complex, which well dissolves in hydrocarbon solvent. Taking advantage of the dissolubility of aluminum complex, transparent thin film can be formed by coating OleDry on the inner surface of the cover glass and drying it. Not only to the standard OLEDs, a thin transparent OLED, a top‐emission OLED and even a flexible OLED using resin substrate are viable with high storage reliability by the use of OleDry.
21.3: Flexible Color AM‐OLED Display Fabricated Using Surface Free Technology by Laser Ablation/Annealing (SUFTLA®) and Ink‐jet Printing Technology
Authors: Utsunomiya Sumio , Kamakura Tomoyuki , Kasuga Masashi , Kimura Mutsumi , Miyazawa Wakao , Inoue Satoshi , Shimoda Tatsuya
Published: January 2005

A color AM‐OLED display device was fabricated on a plastic substrate using SUFTLA technology, which makes it possible to transfer a thin film device from an original substrate to another, combining ink‐jet printing technology. An LTPS‐TFT circuit of a 5.3cm diagonal OLED display was transferred onto a plastic substrate, and then color OLED display was assembled using inkjet printing technique. The AM‐OLED display was 0.7mm thick and weighed only 3.2g. A clear image was successfully obtained on the all‐plastic substrate color AM‐OLED display, indicating the tremendous potential of SUFTLA technology in the manufacture of thin, lightweight, flexible electronic devices.
22.4: A Fine‐pitch Screen for Rear Projection TV
Authors: Shimizu Yuichiro , Iwata Satoshi , Yoshida Tsutomu , Takahashi Susumu , Abe Takashi
Published: January 2005

An advanced screen (fine‐pitch FC‐Screen) for application on LCD/DLP rear projection TV was developed. A lenticular lens of pitch 98 μm was achieved without loss of contrast and other optical properties. That is effective for high‐definition imaging as well as reduction of moire.
23.1: Invited Paper: Electrical and Mechanical Properties of MgO Protecting Layer
Authors: Kajiyama Hiroshi , Miyake Tatsuya , Hidaka Souichirou , Imamura Akira , Kubo Momoji , Sasata Katsumi , Yokosuka Toshiyuki , Kusagaya Tomonori , Endou Akira , Miyamoto Akira
Published: January 2005

This paper focuses on the secondary electron emission coefficient (γ) and the degradation dynamics of the MgO protecting layer. It is demonstrated that the γ could be improved by 50 % at the maximum using an ion implantation technique. We discuss that the γ improvement is not based on the same principle as reported in the thermally equilibrium compound. As for the degradation dynamic, we point out that the desorption of MgO clusters from the MgO surface is enhanced in the surface normal direction by applying a bias voltage to the substrate. From a computer simulation, it is confirmed for the first time that the desorption of MgO constituent, in other words, the surface degradation, is certainly occurring under the electric field condition.
23.3: Surface Fluorination of MgO Protective Film to Reduce Chemical Reactivity with H2O and CO2
Authors: Sakurai Hideaki , Toyoguchi Ginjiro , Kuromitsu Yoshirou
Published: January 2005

Just after fabrication of a MgO protective film by EB deposition, a surface modification of the film with a fluorinating gas was performed. This technique achieved a remarkable reduction in the amount of outgassing from the film, and therefore it can be expected to shorten the duration of the gas‐evacuation process in PDP manufacturing.
23.4: High Strain Point Glass with Improved Chemical Stability and Mechanical Properties for FPDs
Authors: Duisit Géraldine , Gaume Olivier , Khiati Nathalie El
Published: January 2005

An improved glass composition has been designed for Displays applications like emissive Displays, and especially PDPs. Results show improved mechanical, and chemical properties of the glass. It enables increasing yields during manufacturing of the panels, life‐time of the panel, and image quality.
24.2: Fundamental Characteristics of Carbon‐Nanotube Lighting Tubes Used for Large‐Scale Tiled Display
Authors: Shibayama Kozaburo , Saito Yusaku , Hiraki Masaki , Hosono Akihiko , Nakata Shuhei , Okuda Soichiro
Published: January 2005

In this paper, cathodes and gate electrodes structure of a CNT tube and its fundamental characteristics such as brightness, drive voltage vs emission current, adjacent leakage of light and emission life are described. The brightness of 3000 cd/m2 was obtained with a 10 kV anode voltage and a 0.5 mA anode current. The CNT cathode was made by printing to achieve low costs, and its thickness was approximately 10 μm. The gaps between the bare cathodes glass and the gate electrodes were about 50 μm, therefore, the gaps between the CNT cathodes and the gate electrodes were 40 μm. An emission current up to 2.5 mA was extracted by applying pulse voltage of 200‐300V to the gate electrode and about 20% reached the anode to excite the phosphor. The variation in electron emissions was measured over 6000 hours, and it was found that a sharp decrease of the emission current occurred at an early stage of the test and then it decreased gradually. It is very important for the successful manufacturing of the CNT tube to avoid a short circuit between the cathodes and the gate electrodes. We added some adhesive additives to the CNT paste and achieved no short circuits between them.
24.3: Improvement of CNT‐ FED Characteristics
Authors: Yotani Junko , Uemura Sashiro , Nagasako Takeshi , Kurachi Hiroyuki , Yamada Hiromu , Ezaki Tomotaka , Maesoba Tsuyoshi , Nakao Takehiro , Saito Yahachi , Yumura Motoo
Published: January 2005

We have revealed that the carbon nanotube(CNT) nanoscale material should be applicable as the field emitter for display devices. In IDRC'01, we developed an improved structure in order to realize an uniform luminance all over the large display area. The results revealed that the new structure performed the luminous uniformity with high‐luminance. And the structure was applied for a larger size panel. Experimentally, we performed up to a 40‐inch size CNT‐FED panel in SID'02. In this study, we investigated the various factors of CNT‐FED in order to improve luminous uniformity, low driving voltage and high luminance for actual displays. The improved CNT‐FED panel will display characters and graphics by high luminance color pixels.
24.4: Planar Triode Structure Carbon Nanotubes Field Emission Display
Authors: Lee Chun‐Tao , Cheng Hua‐Chi , Chang Yu‐Yang , Sheu Jyh‐Rong , Liao Jane‐Hway , Cho Ching‐Shiun , Jiang Shin‐Chiuan , Ho Jia‐Chong , Huang Shin‐Mao , Hsiao Ming‐Chun , Chen Ying‐Xian , Lin Wei‐Yi , Shiau Yun‐Jiau , Huang Wen‐Kuei , Lee Cheng‐Chung , Tsui Bing‐Yue , Lan Yung‐Chiang
Published: January 2005

A new planar triode structure of CNT‐FED has been fabricated. The gate electrode and the CNTs emitters were almost on the same plane. The gate pulls out the electrons from the both side CNTs emitters. The electron beam would be focus on the top of the gate electrode.
26.2: Optical Properties of Single‐Polarizer Reflective Bistable Nematic Displays
Authors: Osterman Jesper , Madsen Louise , Birgerson Jonas , Skarp Kent
Published: January 2005

Optical modes for the direct view single‐polarizer reflective bistable nematic display are derived using Jones matrix method. Both theoretical and experimental results show that these modes possess excellent brightness, high contrast ratio and wide viewing angles. Bistable switching realized by anchor breaking on a photosensitive polymer is demonstrated.
27.3: Efficient Red Organic Electroluminescent Devices Based on a Novel co‐Host Emitter System
Authors: Iou Chung‐Yeh , Liu Tswen‐Hsin , Chen Hsian‐Hung , Shen Wen‐Jian , Chen Chin H.
Published: January 2005

We have developed an efficient red OLED device based on the fluorescent dye DCJTB doped in a novel co‐host matrix system of 9,10‐di(2‐naphthyl) anthracene (ADN) and Alq3, which achieved a luminance efficiency of 4.2– 5.5 cd/A at 20 mA/cm2 with a CIEx, y color coordinate of [0.64, 0.35] – [0.62, 0.37]. At high ADN concentration (>60%), this co‐hosted emitter system has the advantage of alleviating the current‐induced fluorescence quenching problem often encountered in red organic EL devices and greatly improves the EL efficiency over a wide range of drive current conditions.
27.4: Top‐emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diode using Nanometer Platinum Layers as Hole Injector
Authors: Qiu Chengfeng , Peng Huajun , Chen Haiying , Xie Zhilang , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: January 2005

Top‐emitting organic light emitting diodes (Top‐OLED) were made with platinum (Pt) and praseodymium oxide (Pr2O3) as the anode buffer. ITO on thin Al was used as the transparent cathode. Efficient Top‐OLED were obtained with a microcavity design. It was found that this Top‐OLED was highly non‐Lambertian. It emitted 10% more photons than conventional bottom‐emitting‐ OLED after integration over all angles.
28.4: Solution‐based Polymer TFT LCD on Plastic Substrates
Authors: Kim Y. H. , Park S. K. , Han J. I. , Moon D. G. , Kim W. K.
Published: January 2005

Poly (3‐hexylthiophene) thin film transistor (TFT) LCD was fabricated with flexible polycarbonate substrates by employing contact printing and spin‐coating methods. With oxygen plasma treatment, TFT devices with 0.025 cm2/V⋅s in saturation field effect mobility and on/off current ratio of 104 were achieved. Based on the results, we successfully fabricated P3HT TFT LCD including 32 × 24 pixels with polycarbonate substrates.
29.2: Low‐Cost Barrier Rib and Address Electrode Formation for a 42‐in. High‐Definition PDP
Authors: Terao Yoshitaka , Miyama Takashi , Yamada Yukika , Komatsu Takashi , Moon Cheol‐Hee , Oh Je‐Hwan , Heo Eun‐Gi
Published: January 2005

The method in which the barrier rib is formed from the glass substrate directly by sandblasting is an effective part of a low cost process, because it can eliminate the baking process and the rib material. Furthermore we developed a new method in which the address electrode is formed without photolithography by using a slurry solution in which the electrode material is dispersed. Finally, we actually produced a 42inch HD‐PDP(1366×768).
29.3: Barrier Rib Molding Process using Capillary Action
Authors: Chang Tae‐Jeong , Kim Yong‐Ho , Yoo Kwang‐Suk , Kim Yong‐Seog , Joe Sung‐Won
Published: January 2005

In this study, barrier ribs of plasma display panel were formed via capillary molding process. Various types of working molds were prepared by casting liquid polydimethylsiloxane on master molds that were produced from a photoresist film. A thermosetting paste was filled into the cavities of working molds by means of capillary action of paste and was cured prior to removing the molds. The effects of solid loading in the paste, prefiring temperature and type of barrier ribs on the sintering shrinkage were investigated. It was demonstrated that various types of barrier ribs could be produced successfully by sintering the ribs formed by the molding process.
30.2: HDMI: High‐Definition Multimedia Interface
Authors: Eidson Stevan , Gaines Brett , Wolf Paul
Published: January 2005

The year 2002 heralded the transition of television to a digital interface, with widespread DVI/HDCP adoption in digital televisions and high‐definition set‐top boxes. The High‐Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) will supplant DVI as the digital television interface of choice over the next few years. HDMI is fully backward compatible with DVI and incorporates digital audio, standard television video formats, link intelligence, and a more robust, consumer friendly connector. This paper reviews the technology specified by HDMI.
31.1:Invited Paper:Fundamental Phenomena Underlying Artifacts Induced by Image Motion and the Solutions for Decreasing the Artifacts on FPDs
Authors: Shimodaira Yoshifumi
Published: January 2005

Mechanisms of the artifacts accompanying with image motion on Flat Panel Displays (FPDs), e.g. motion blur, jerky motion, and dynamic false contour, etc deteriorating picture quality, will be explained on the bases of image projected on the retina. The solutions for decreasing the artifacts will be reviewed and other possible artifacts will be discussed.
31:3 Judder‐Induced Edge Flicker at Zero Spatial Contrast
Authors: Larimer James , Feng Christine , Gille Jennifer , Cheung Victor
Published: January 2005

Judder is a motion artifact that degrades the quality of video imagery. Smooth motion appears jerky and can appear to flicker along the leading and trailing edge of the moving object. In a previous paper (1) we demonstrated that the strength of the edge flicker signal depended upon the brightness of the scene and the contrast of the moving object relative to the background. Reducing the contrast between foreground and background reduced the flicker signal. In this report, we show that the contrast signal required for judder‐induced edge flicker is due to temporal contrast and not simply to spatial contrast. Bars made of random dots of the same dot density as the background exhibit edge flicker when moved at sufficient rate.
32.1: Properties of Fluorinated Liquid Crystalline Naphthalenes
Authors: Umezu Yasuo , Iwashita Yoshinori , Kawakami Shotaro , Takeuchi Kiyofumi , Kusumoto Tetsuo , Tani Yuichiro , Kanematsu Takayuki , Takatsu Haruyoshi
Published: January 2005

We have synthesized a new series of fluorinated liquid crystalline napthalenes having fluorinated naphthalene moiety at the end of molecule and compared the properties to the previously presented naphthalenes with a similar chemical structure. The new fluorinated liquid crystalline naphthalene with calculated smaller molecular volume shows lower rotational viscosity. Moreover, the naphthalene with calculated larger dipole moment shows larger dielectric anisotropy.
32.2: High Birefringence and Low Viscosity LC Mixtures
Authors: Gauza Sebastian , Du Fang , Wu Janet R. , Wu Shin‐Tson , Spadło Anna , Da˛browski Roman , Janarthanan Narayanasamy , Hsu Chain‐Shu
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we described some isothiocyanato tolane liquid crystals (LCs) that exhibit a high birefringence and reasonably low viscosity. We evaluated the phase transition temperatures, birefringence (Δn) and visco‐elastic coefficient of several high birefringence isothiocyanato tolane compounds. Using these compounds, we have formulated eutectic mixtures that exhibit a wide nematic range, high birefringence and low viscosity. We reported the temperature‐dependent birefringence and viscoelastic coefficient of these eutectic mixtures.
32.3: Novel Optical Compensation Method Based upon a Discotic Optical Compensation Film for Wide‐Viewing‐Angle LCDs
Authors: Mori H. , Nagai M. , Nakayama H. , Itoh Y. , Kamada K. , Arakawa K. , Kawata K.
Published: January 2005

A novel optical compensation method is proposed utilizing an optical compensation film made of a discotic compound. By precisely controlling the alignment structure of the discotic film, we have succeeded in obtaining excellent viewing angle characteristics. This idea of optical compensation is universal and applicable to any other LCD modes.
33.1: Invited Paper: OLED Aging Mechanisms: from Fluorescence Quenchers to Nonradiative Recombination Centers
Authors: Kondakov D. Y. , Sandifer J. R. , Tang C. W. , Young R. H.
Published: January 2005

A recently introduced technique to measure fixed charge densities inside OLEDs was applied to study the electrical aging phenomenon. Strong linear correlations between luminance efficiency and deeply trapped positive charge were observed. Correlations between these non‐trivially evolving quantities in OLEDs of various chemical composition were interpreted in terms of a common degradation mechanism— generation of nonradiative recombination centers.
33.2: Invited Paper: Electronic Traps in Polymeric Semiconductors
Authors: von Malm Norwin , Schmechel Roland , von Seggern Heinz
Published: January 2005

Charge transport in organic semiconductors is strongly influenced by electronic traps, which determine operational parameters of today's organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this talk we highlight the possibility of characterizing these traps in terms of activation energy and DOS for two prominent electroluminescent polymers and show their influence on charge transport.
34.3: 0.5 μm Fine‐Gate TFT Fabrication on 300 × 300 mm2 Glass Substrate using Holographic Microlithography
Authors: Iriguchi Chiharu , Higashi Seiichiro , Inoue Satoshi , Shimoda Tatsuya , Obari Ali Reza , Iba Tadashi
Published: January 2005

Fine‐gate poly‐Si TFTs have been fabricated on a 300 × 300 mm2 glass substrate by means of fine‐gate electrode patterning using a holographic microlithography system. At gate lengths of less than 2 μm, TFTs exhibit lower threshold voltage. The subthreshold slope of the TFT decreases commensurately with gate length until 0.8 μm and increases when gate length is less than 0.8μm. A 0.5μm gate TFT successfully operates exhibiting switching characteristics.
36.1: Passive Matrix OLED Driver for Mobile Application
Authors: Ee Giljae , Noh J. D. , Back J. H. , Kim J. , Kim T. J. , Ahn H. R. , Park J.
Published: January 2005

One chip area color OLED(Organic Light Emitting display) driver with 16 grayscale had been developed to drive PM(passive matrix) OLED panel. The developed OLED driver was designed on the 0.6um CMOS process with 16V high voltage and is composed of MPU interface, embedded memory, LUT handler, internal oscillator, scan driver, data driver and bias circuit to control the current. An 1.7inch PM OLED panel with 128 data and 128 scan channels had been fabricated to test the driver and to demonstrate the image. The COF(Chip On Film) method is used in the connection between one chip OLED driver and PM OLED panel. A controller was designed to control the driver for emulating MCU(micro‐control unit). A good image with 16 grayscale is displayed on the 128 × 128 OLED panel. The one chip OLED driver consumes the power about 0.1Watt when the full white image is displayed.
36.5L: Late‐News Paper: Development of Source Driver LSI for AMOLED Displays Using Current Driving Method
Authors: Date Yoshito , Omori Tetsuro , Nakamura Fumihisa , Tsuge Hitoshi , Yamano Atsuhiro , Takahara Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

We have developed a source driver LSI for active matrix OLED displays using the current driving method. The current driving method is better able to overcome non‐uniformity of pixel transistor characteristics, such as threshold voltage and mobility, than either voltage or PWM driving. We propose two current driving topologies: a new type of reference source distribution and a new type of gamma correction circuits.
37.1: Invited Paper: Full‐Field High‐Resolution Binocular HMD
Authors: Massof Robert W. , Brown Lawrence G. , Shapiro Marc D. , Barnett G. David , Baker Frank H. , Kurosawa Fuminobu
Published: January 2005

We describe a new high resolution, wide‐field of view, binocular HMD. Sixteen miniature flat panel emissive SVGA color displays are tiled in a spherical array and viewed through a spherical faceted lens array. The HMD has a 150° × 100° binocular field of view with 70° of binocular overlap and a resolution of 3 arcmin. per pixel.
37.2: A New Refreshable Tactile Graphic Display Technology for the Blind and Visually Impaired
Authors: Roberts John , Slattery Oliver , O'Doherty James , Comstock Tracy
Published: January 2005

Existing electronic Braille displays for accessibility are limited to text‐based information. A new technology enables affordable electronic displays for viewing images by the sense of touch on a reusable surface. Applications include education, engineering/artistic design, web surfing, and viewing of art and photographs.
37.3: Dynamic Magnification of Video for People with Visual Impairment
Authors: Goldstein Robert B. , Apfelbaum Henry , Luo Gang , Peli Eli
Published: January 2005

Magnification is an effective aid for people with conditions causing resolution loss, but it inherently restricts the field of view. Therefore, magnification must be centered on the most important point of the scene. We determine this “point of regard” (POR) by recording eye movements of normal subjects while they watch video.
37.4: MPEG based Image Enhancement for People with Low‐Vision
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Hoon , Peli Eli
Published: January 2005

A new MPEG based image enhancement algorithm for people with low‐vision is presented. Contrast enhancement is performed by modifying the Inter and Intra quantization matrices in the decoder. The algorithm has low computational complexity and does not affect the existing MPEG compressibility of the original image.
38.1: Invited Paper: Photo‐Aligned Anisotropic Optical Thin Films
Authors: Seiberle Hubert , Benecke Carsten , Bachels Thomas
Published: January 2005

Photo‐alignment of anisotropic optical thin films enables realization of novel optical elements, which were not feasible so far. Photo‐aligned anisotropic thin films can be applied to rigid or flexible substrates, which may be flat or curved. The optical performance of such films can be tailored to application specific requirements by introducing tilt profiles of the optical axis and/or generate patterned retarders with continuous or periodical in‐plane variation of the optical axis.
39.4: Development of Full Color Passive PLED Displays by Inkjet Printing
Authors: MacPherson Charlie , Anzlowar M. , Innocenzo J. , Kolosov D. , Lehr W. , O'Regan M. , Sant P. , Stainer M. , Sysavat S. , Venkatesh S.
Published: January 2005

The solution processibility of polymer OLED materials allows for the development of a full color display by inkjet printing RGB subpixels. We report on the development of a two‐inch diagonal (80 dpi) passive matrix display using multi‐nozzle inkjet tools. Both the aqueous PEDOT buffer layer and organic solvent‐based PLED inks were deposited by inkjet printing. This paper will discuss some of the technical issues surrounding inkjet printing OLED displays. Images of the all‐print passive matrix PLED display are presented.
40.1: Invited Paper: Super Large Sized TFT‐LCD (52‐inch) for HDTV Application
Authors: Yeo S. D. , Choi H. C. , Oh C. H. , Moon H. M. , Kim W. S. , Park K. S.
Published: January 2005

We have developed an ultra‐super large TFT‐LCD which has a 52‐inch diagonal size. This magnificent LCD has the features of 1920 × 1080 (16:9) resolution for full HDTV image, 500nit brightness, 75% color gamut and 12msec response time at all the grays. The size of the panel (52‐inch) is determined by the maximum efficiency of one of our fifth generation lines (glass size: 1000 × 1200mm). To overcome the limitation of size in photo‐lithography equipment, a new stitching‐free technology was applied in both TFT and C/F side. And the super‐IPS mode was used as a wide viewing angle technology because it is suitable for such a large panel. In this paper, we present issues on both the fabrication and characteristics of 52‐inch TFTLCD.
40.2: Invited Paper: Large‐area TFT‐LCD using MVA‐LCD Mode for TV Applications
Authors: Kuo Chen‐Lung , Wei Chung‐Kuang , Suzuki Masaru , Lin Wen‐Tsung , Li Wang‐Yang , Chen Li‐Yi
Published: January 2005

A wide‐format, 29.6‐inch AM LCD using MVA‐LCD mode for HDTV applications has been developed. Key technologies to achieve excellent features of high brightness, high contrast ratio, ultra wide viewing angle, fast response for whole gray levels, high color gamut, light weight and thin shape are summarized. The future trend of large‐size LCD TVs and the challenge for performance enhancement are also discussed.
40.5L: Late‐News Paper: TFT‐LCD with RGBW Color System
Authors: Lee Baek‐Woon , Park Cheolwoo , Kim Sangil , Kim Taehwan , Yang Youngchol , Oh Joonhak , Choi Jeongye , Hong Munpyo , Sakong Dongsik , Chung Kyuha , Lee Seongdeok , Kim Changyong
Published: January 2005

Although LCDs are widely used in power‐consumption critical applications, they are not very energy‐efficient. The largest absorber of light is the color filter. We developed a TFT‐LCD with four‐color subpixels: red, green, blue and white. The addition of the white subpixel greatly enhanced the light efficiency: up by 50%. The RGB‐to‐RGBW mapping algorithm was designed so that the hue and saturation remains unchanged from the original color. The result is a very bright display with color characteristic almost identical to RGB LCDs.
41.3: Luminescence Deterioration of Blue‐Emitting ZnS: Ag, Cl Phosphors in High‐Voltage FEDs
Authors: Kajiwara Kazuo
Published: January 2005

Aluminized screens by using two conventional blue‐emitting P22B phosphors were prepared for high‐voltage FEDs. Aged phosphors in FEDs were studied by cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. Deterioration mechanism of luminescence of P22B phosphors is described in this work.
41.4: Up‐Conversion Efficiencies of Potential Candidates for Photonic Displays
Authors: Milliez Janet , Rapaport Alexandra , Szipo˝cs Ferenc , Jenssen Hans P. , Bass Michael , Cassanho Arlete
Published: January 2005

We present our latest results on up conversion efficiencies measured for our fluoride materials which emit in the green, red and blue. We present experimental results which agree with a theoretical model that show that the efficiency increases when the materials are excited with a pulsed pump source.
42.1: Invited Paper: Display Electronics Required for AMLCDs with Pixel Level Data‐Line Multiplexing
Authors: Kodate Manabu , Kanzaki Eisuke , Schleupen Kai
Published: January 2005

The Pixel Level Data‐Line Multiplexing was demonstrated with high‐resolution AMLCDs last year. This technique reduces the numbers of data‐driver chips, data‐lines, and crossovers of data/gate‐lines by one‐half with the a‐Si technology. The advantages of applying this technique are lower‐cost, lower power‐consumption, and higher‐robustness especially for wide format like digital TV. This invited paper will focus on display electronics required to support the Pixel Level Data‐Line Multiplexing array.
43.5L: Late News Paper: Prototype of a Wide Gamut Monitor Adopting an LED‐Backlighting LCD Panel
Authors: Sugiura Hiroaki , Kaneko Hideyuki , Kagawa Shuichi , Ozawa Masahiko , Niki Kenichi , Tanizoe Hideki
Published: January 2005

This paper presents development of a wide color gamut monitor that has 104.4 [%] color gamut comparing to NTSC color gamut. In this paper we would like to report about a prototype of wide color gamut monitor. And more we have compared color gamut of our prototype vs. some major set of standard color patches. We would like to also touch upon this comparison. Specifications of our newly developed monitors are as follows: (1) Color gamut; more than 100 [%] for NTSC, (2) Screen size; 22 [inches] (480mm * 288mm), (3) Resolution; WXGA (H; 1280 * V; 768 [pixels]), (4) Maximum brightness; more than 600 [cd/m2] and (5) liquid crystal mode; IPS (In‐Plane‐Switching). (6) Supporting the bi‐directional communication function called DDC/CI (Display Data Channel Command Interface). We believe that our monitor is useful for soft proofing of DTP as replacement of conventional CRT displays. This research is organized in part by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan).
44.2: Super‐High‐Resolution FLC Display Based on Field Sequential Color Method with Low Driving Voltage
Authors: Yoshihara Toshiaki , Makino Tetsuya , Tadaki Shinji , Shiroto Hironori , Kiyota Yoshinori , Kasahara Shigeo , Betsui Keiichi
Published: January 2005

We investigated the effect of a storage capacitor (Cs) on the driving voltage in ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) displays by which a TFT array drives the FLCs. The addition of Cs enabled a decrease in the driving voltage. When spontaneous polarization (Ps) was large, the decrease in the driving voltage was larger than when Ps was small. We were able to use 5V as the driving voltage of an FLC display. According to the prototype we built based on the field sequential color (FSC) method, we were able to achieve the characteristics of super‐high‐resolution (318 ppi), high‐speed response (300 μs), and high color purity (greater than the NTSC standard).
44.3: Photo‐Aligned Passively Addressed Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display Cells: Effect of Aligning Layer Thickness
Authors: Pozhidaev E. P. , Huang D. D. , Chigrinov V. G. , Ho Y. L. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2005

Effect of photoaligning azo‐dye layers thickness on the alignment quality and multiplex operation of passively addressed ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) 1.5μm display cells has been investigated. An optimal (about 3∼5 nm) azo‐dye layer thickness, that provides both the highest multiplex operation steadiness and the best contrast ratio of FLC display cells was found.
45.1: Full‐Color Polymer‐LEDs by Solution Processing
Authors: Becker Heinrich , Falcou Aurélie , Heun Susanne , Steiger Jürgen , Müller C. David , Reckefuß Nina , Meerholz Klaus , Rojahn Markus , Wiederhirn Valérie , Nuyken Oskar
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate the synthesis and use of a new class of EL polymers, which can be applied similar to a standard photoresist. Soluble poly‐spiros with oxetane sidegroups were crosslinked photochemically to yield insoluble polymer networks in the desired areas with μm resolution. Consecutive deposition of the three colors yielded an RGB device with efficiencies and lifetimes comparable to state‐of‐the‐art EL polymers.
45.2: Fabrication Technique of PELD by Printing Methods
Authors: Shimizu Takahisa , Nakamura Akio , Komaki Hatsumi , Minato Takao , Spreitzer Hubert , Kroeber Jonas
Published: January 2005

We have developed a die coating technology to print polymeric light emissives and hole injection materials with very high layer uniformity. This technique may be used to make flat light sources and passive type matrix displays.
45.3: Tetra‐Substituted Pyrenes: New Class of Blue Emitter for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Sotoyama Wataru , Sato Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Masaru , Takahashi Toshiro , Matsuura Azuma , Kodama Jun , Sawatari Norio , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new class of highly‐fluorescent blue emitter for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) consisting of tetra‐substituted pyrenes. From the analysis of the excited state diagrams of pyrene and its derivatives by molecular orbital calculations, we found that the new tetra‐substituted pyrenes are highly fluorescent. OLEDs fabricated using the synthesized tetra‐substituted pyrenes as emitters showed high efficiency and good color purity.
46.2: Controlling Nucleation Sites for Silicide‐Mediated Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Kim Kyung Ho , Park Seong Jin , Cho Kyu Sik , Oh Jae Hwan , Sohn Woo Sung , Kwak Jong Uk , Kang Sang Hoon , Son Yong Duck , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

We developed a novel method to control nucleation sites by means of SUS tip pressing on a‐Si. Nucleation and grain growth started from the tip‐pressed points. The ordered large grains with average size of 30 μm were realized. This technique can be used for the control of TFT position in active‐matrix displays to avoid grain boundary in a TFT channel. The electron back‐scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis indicates that disk‐like grain has a single orientation although low angle misorientation grain boundaries remain.
46.4: Oblique Incidence Excimer Laser Annealed (OI‐ELA) Poly‐Si TFTs for Eliminating Residual Source/Drain Junction Defects
Authors: Nam Woo‐Jin , Park Kee‐Chan , Shin Hee‐Sun , Han Min‐Koo
Published: January 2005

We report residual ion implantation damage at source/drain junctions of self‐aligned, excimer‐laser‐annealed poly‐Si TFTs. The laser irradiation intensity decreased remarkably at the junction due to diffraction of laser beam at gate electrode edge. We eliminated the junction defects by oblique‐incidence excimer laser annealing and improved the characteristics of poly‐Si TFTs.
46.5: Fully Self‐Aligned Low‐Temperature Poly‐Silicon TFT Process with Symmetric LDD Structure
Authors: Fang Chun‐Hsiang , Deng De‐Hua , Chang Shih‐Chang , Tsai Yaw‐Ming
Published: January 2005

A fully self‐aligned low‐temperature poly‐silicon (LTPS) TFT process with symmetric LDD structure is developed. The gate insulator is deposited, then the insulator is etched during gate etching step with well‐controlled LDD structure. With this insulator foot, the source/drain of NMOS or PMOS is self‐aligned doped and the length of insulator foot controls the leakage current. In this paper, we discussed the effect of insulator foot in NMOS and PMOS, and we found the TFT characteristics of NMOS and PMOS are good enough for both pixel and driver applications.
47.2: Plastic Displays ‐ Films for OLED Displays
Authors: Innocenzo J. G. , Wessel R. A. , O'Regan M. , Sellars M.
Published: January 2005

A plastic display will offer light weight construction, durability, and the potential for flexible product design. Key to achieving these goals is the design of the substrate. This paper will discuss the specifications of a plastic substrate for OLEDs, the development of a substrate that meets the processing requirements, and the results of device testing.
48.1: A Novel Method for Image Contrast Enhancement in TFT‐LCDs: Dynamic Gamma Control (DGC)
Authors: Park Haeng Won , Lee Seung Woo , Kim Young Gi , Kim Jong Seon , Jeon Byeungwoo , Souk Jun
Published: January 2005

This paper describes a novel method for image contrast enhancement by controlling gamma curve in AMLCD. The key idea is to automatically manipulate gamma voltage in accordance with the image data distribution. This method is applied to 17″ SXGA LCD monitor module. The contrast ratio and the brightness are enhanced by about 3 times and 1.7 times, respectively, by using the proposed method.
48.4: Pre‐Emphasis Driving Method for Large Size and High Resolution TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kim Seong‐Joong , Sung Yoo‐Chang , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: January 2005

As the size and resolution of TFT‐LCD panels increase, the parasitic capacitance and resistance of the data lines and one row‐line‐time become larger and shorter, respectively. Because of the large RC‐delay of the data line, it becomes insufficient to transfer the video signal voltage to a pixel through the data line during one row‐line‐time. In this paper, we proposed the preemphasis driving method and its circuit which can compensate the RC‐delay and efficiently transfer the video signal voltage to the pixel within one row‐line‐time by adding pre‐emphasis voltage on the video signal voltage. Simulation results show that the charging time of transferring display signal through data line which has resistance of 20kΩ and capacitance of 200pF is 5.3μsec(within 2mV error).
51.1: A DC‐DC Converter Circuit Integrated into a Poly‐Si TFT LCD Containing a 6‐bit DAC
Authors: Nonaka Yoshihiro , Tsuchi Hiroshi , Haga Hiroshi , Asada Hideki , Hayama Hiroshi , Takada Naruaki , Sera Kenji , Uchida Hiroyuki
Published: January 2005

A DC‐DC converter composed of charge pumps and regulators has been integrated into a poly‐Si TFT LCD that also contains a 6‐bit DAC. It has the ability to supply regulated voltages to the 6‐bit DAC and to the LCD's gate driver circuit.
51.3: Successful Electrostatic Discharge Protection Design for LTPS Circuits Integrated on Panel
Authors: Ker Ming‐Dou , Tseng Tang‐Kui , Shih An , Yang Sheng‐Chieh , Tsai Yaw‐Ming
Published: January 2005

A successful electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design for 2.2‐inch TFT‐OLED product has been proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The panel‐B with this successful ESD protection design has shown higher ESD robustness, as comparing to the panel‐A with old‐version ESD protection method. The VDD‐to‐VSS ESD clamp circuits have been inserted in I/O region of panel‐B to effectively protect the internal circuits. Moreover, the turn‐on behavior in time domain of VDD‐to‐VSS ESD clamp circuits has been verified to clamp the overstress ESD pulse. The I‐V curve shifting and failure analysis with hot‐spot pictures after ESD zapping are also shown in this paper.
52.1: OLED Manufacturing Using Vertical In‐Line Machine Concept
Authors: Hoffmann U. , Netuschil P. , Bender M. , Sauer P. , Schreil M. , Amelung J. , Leo K.
Published: January 2005

We present the results of the first vertical In‐Line Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) manufacturing machine (VES 400) equipped with linear etch and linear evaporation sources for organic materials as well as metals. The deposition height of 400 mm and the deposition width of > 470 mm fit to generation 2 or even larger substrates.
52.3: Invited Paper: OLED Manufacturing by Organic Vapor Phase Deposition
Authors: Schwambera Markus , Meyer Nico , Gersdorff Markus , Reinhold Markus , Strauch Gerd , Beccard Rainer , Heuken Michael
Published: January 2005

The current status of the development of Organic Vapor Phase Deposition technology (OVPD) for the manufacturing of OLEDs will be reviewed. The basic OVPD principle is explained and typical performance data will be presented. Starting from a small scale R&D setup, the development of larger OVPD systems up to the first mass production unit is described. Special emphasis is put on the scalability of the process. The successful up‐scaling of the OVPD principle is supported by extensive numerical modeling that is also described.
53.2: A Goniometric Reflective Display Measurement System and its Application to the Measurement of Pretilt for 45TN Mode LCoS Displays
Authors: Flynn Mark F. , Bone Matthew
Published: January 2005

We have designed and built a goniometric display measurement system, which allows a direct measurement of the viewing angle performance of reflective displays. We have used this system to measure contrast over viewing angle. Additionally, we have developed a simple and quick method for measuring the pretilt of LCoS displays using a 45 TN LC mode, and have also applied Isocon to the measurement of polarization over viewing angle and applied voltage.
53.3: Automated, Eye‐like Analysis of MURA Defects
Authors: Gibour Véronique , Leroux Thierry
Published: January 2005

In this paper we report new developments in automation of MURA defect testing. Two main steps are tackled: segmentation and quantification. The relevance of two families of segmenting algorithm is first analyzed. Then quantification functions ‐based on the SEMI standard proposal‐ are discussed. The final aim is to objectively quote MURA defect with respect to the user's eyes sensation of discomfort.
54.1: Ultra Low Power Black and White Cholesteric Display with COG and Solar Array
Authors: Miller Nick , Huang Xiao‐Yang , Armbruster Ross , Nicholson Forrest , Pfeifer John , Ernst Todd , Khan Asad , Haga Shigemitsu , Kamata Toshiaki , Fukuda Kazuo , Takami Manabu
Published: January 2005

The first chip‐on‐glass polymer modified black and white reflective cholesteric display is reported. The COG module contains an integrated solar array panel for energy harvesting providing an ultra low power concept for electronic books. The module is addressed with an enhanced dynamic drive scheme to enable higher voltage operation and improved image uniformity.
54.3: Modeling and Control of the Resonant Fiber Scanner for Laser Scanning Display or Acquisition
Authors: Smithwick Quinn Y. J. , Vagners Juris , Reinhall Per G. , Seibel Eric J.
Published: January 2005

The resonant fiber scanner produces a flying laser spot scan for display or image acquisition purposes. Dynamic nonlinearities during large amplitude vibrations of the resonant fiber scanner result in distortions in the two‐dimensional scan pattern and the acquired images. A dynamic model which includes the fibers dynamic nonlinearities has been developed to understand the nonlinear behavior and as the basis of a controller to remove the scan distortion. A robust state‐space controller has been implemented to force the resonant fiber scanner to follow a spiral scan pattern. Acquired images at 250×250 pixel resolution demonstrate improved image fidelity over previous images taken with open‐loop scanning.
54.5L: Late‐News Paper: A 24‐inch AM‐OLED Display with XGA Resolution by Novel Seamless Tiling Technology
Authors: Terada Shoji , Izumi Gaku , Sato Yukio , Takahashi Masayuki , Tada Mitsuru , Kawase Kimitaka , Shimotoku Koji , Tamashiro Hitoshi , Ozawa Nobuo , Shibasaki Takanori , Sato Chiyoko , Nakadaira Tadakatsu , Iwase Yuichi , Sasaoka Tatsuya , Urabe Tetsuo
Published: January 2005

We developed a novel seamless tiling technology for full color AM‐OLED display. This technology is based on three items: 1) TAC‐based tiling structure, 2) High precision tiling process, 3) Brightness and color matching system. As a result, a 24‐inch panel, the largest OLED display ever reported, has been fabricated using 2×2 tiles with no apparent seams.
55.2: Fast Switching Dual‐Frequency Liquid Crystal Optical Retarder, Driven by an Amplitude and Frequency Modulated Voltage
Authors: Golovin Andrii B. , Shiyanovskii Sergij V. , Lavrentovich Oleg D.
Published: January 2005

We employed amplitude and frequency modulated voltage in fast switching optical retarder with a high pretilt angle dual‐frequency nematic cell. We obtained the response times 150 − 500 μs for an optical retardation shift on 0.3 − 2.2 μm in optical retarder with 12 μm thick nematic cell. The results could be used in beam steering, adaptive optics and display devices.
55.3: High Contrast, Wide Viewing Angle LCD Light‐Shutter
Authors: Pirš J. , Bažec M. , Vrečko A. , Ponikvar D.
Published: January 2005

The paper presents a novel concept of a wide viewing angle LCD light shutter, making advantage of the highly symmetric 180°‐twisted LC‐configuration and ordinary mode of the light propagation. The resulting very high overall symmetry allows for efficient angular compensation using just a simple negative‐birefringent c‐plate retarder.
55.4: 270° Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Light Valve with Fast Response
Authors: Xiang C. Y. , Sun X. W. , Guo J. X. , Sun Zhengmin
Published: January 2005

By applying low pre‐tilt angle polyimide, a 270° twisted nematic liquid crystal light valve with fast response of τon< 3ms and τoff<5ms was fabricated. The polarizers were laminated as the normal 90° TN, so the 270° twisted nematic works in the wave‐guiding mode instead of the conventional super‐twisted birefringence effect (SBE) mode. In two types of 270° twisted nematic cells fabricated with different liquid crystals, two opposite kinds of optical bounce were observed in the relaxation process (after removing the applied voltage). By mixing these two types of liquid crystals, the optical bounce effect can be eliminated so as to realize fast response. A fast response device with τon<3ms and τoff<5ms were obtained without optical bounce.
56.2: Invited Paper: Low Temperature Poly‐Si TFTs with Advanced Device Structures
Authors: Han Min‐Koo , Song In Hyuk
Published: January 2005

We report several advanced excimer laser annealed poly‐Si TFTs device structures which improve field effect mobility, reliability and kink problem. For practical display application, kink effect and reliability issues should be investigated and LBT(Lateral Body Terminal) found to be effective. Air cavity is also effective to reliability and leakage problems. High device mobility exceeding 500 cm2/Vsec has been obtained by excimer laser irradiation on a selectively floating a‐Si thin film.
57.2: Fabrication of High‐Transmittance TFT‐LCD Panels Using Low‐k CVD Films
Authors: Hong Wan‐Shick , Jung Kwan‐Wook , Yang Sung‐Hoon , Chung Kyuha , Hwang Byung‐Keun , Cerny Glenn
Published: January 2005

Fabrication of TFT‐LCD panels of high resolution and aperture ratio was demonstrated by using a low‐k dielectric film as a passivation layer for the first time. The low‐k dielectric films were successfully deposited and patterned using a conventional PECVD and plasma‐assisted etching techniques, causing no drastic modification to the standard TFT process. Thin film transistors having the a‐Si:C:O:H passivation showed a transfer characteristics similar to that of conventional TFT's. The high transmittance panel showed brightness approximately 30% higher than that of a standard panel without degrading other display characteristics, such as cross‐talk.
58.1: A Wide‐Field‐of‐View 3‐D Display
Authors: Sakamoto Yasutada , Miyamoto Kazunori , Fukuda Ichiro
Published: January 2005

We developed the turn type three‐dimensional(3D) display system using arrayed light emitting diodes. This system can display three‐dimensional images in real space. It has wide viewing angle and has high brightness. We succeeded in the display of 3D animation. We believe that this system will find application in the field of advertisement.
58.2: A Compact Depth‐Fused 3‐D LCD
Authors: Takada H. , Suyama S. , Hiruma K. , Nakazawa K.
Published: January 2005

We have developed a compact 3‐D display using the depth‐fused 3‐D phenomenon in which two overlapped images with many edges displayed at different depths can be perceived as a 3‐D image through visual illusion. To make the display compact, we utilize the apparent luminance summation of polarization rotation‐angle changes at two transparent LCDs instead of direct luminance summation.